bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DSVM-Based Model-Free Predictive Current Control of an Induction Motor
Authors: Hussain Md Asif , Hati Ananda Shankar , Chakrabarti Prasun , Hung Bui Thanh , Bolshev Vadim , Panchenko Vladimir
Published: July 2023

Classical model-free predictive current control (MFPCC) is a robust control technique for a two-level inverter-fed induction-motor drive, with advantages that consist of a simple concept, rapid response, simple implementation, and excellent performance. However, the classic finite-control-set MFPCC still exhibits a significant current ripple. This article presents a method to enhance performance using a combination of model-free predictive current control (MFPCC) and discrete-space vector modulation (DSVM). The MFPCC employs an ultralocal model with an extended-state observer (ESO) that does not consider motor parameters, therefore improving the control system’s reliability by eliminating the parameter dependency. The proposed method integrates DSVM, which divides a single sample period into N equal intervals and generates virtual vectors to reduce stator current ripple. It achieves the minimum cost-function value across the entire operating range of the induction-motor (IM) drive by selecting the optimal vector from a limited set of permissible voltage vectors. Using DSVM effectively reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) without any detrimental effects during transients or steady states. Experimental studies validate the effectiveness and superiority of the suggested technique over the Finite-Control-Set (FCS) MFPCC, which only considers real voltage vectors in its computations.
Optimal Extreme Random Forest Ensemble for Active Distribution Network Forecasting-Aided State Estimation Based on Maximum Average Energy Concentration VMD State Decomposition
Authors: Yu Yue , Guo Jiahui , Jin Zhaoyang
Published: July 2023

As the penetration rate of distributed generators (DG) in active distribution networks (ADNs) gradually increases, it is necessary to accurately estimate the operating state of the ADNs to ensure their safe and stable operation. However, the high randomness and volatility of distributed generator output and active loads have increased the difficulty of state estimation. To solve this problem, a method is proposed for forecasting-aided state estimation (FASE) in ADNs, which integrates the optimal extreme random forest based on the maximum average energy concentration (MAEC) and variable mode decomposition (VMD) of states. Firstly, a parameter optimization model based on MAEC is constructed to decompose the state variables of the ADNs into a set of intrinsic mode components using VMD. Then, strongly correlated weather and date features in ADNs state prediction are selected using the multivariate rapid maximum information coefficient (RapidMIC) based on Schmidt orthogonal decomposition. Finally, by combining the set of intrinsic mode functions of the ADNs state, calendar rules, and weather features, an ensemble FASE method based on the extreme random tree (ERT) ensemble for the ADNs based on cubature particle filtering (CPF) is developed. An optimization model based on mean absolute error and root mean square error is established to obtain the optimal integration strategy and final estimation results. Simulation verification is performed on the IEEE 118-bus standard distribution system. The results show that the proposed method achieves higher accuracy compared to other estimation methods, with root mean square errors of 1.4902 × 10−4 for voltage magnitude and 4.8915 × 10−3 for phase angle.
Attention-Focused Machine Learning Method to Provide the Stochastic Load Forecasts Needed by Electric Utilities for the Evolving Electrical Distribution System
Authors: O’Donnell John , Su Wencong
Published: July 2023

Greater variation in electrical load should be expected in the future due to the increasing penetration of electric vehicles, photovoltaics, storage, and other technologies. The adoption of these technologies will vary by area and time, and if not identified early and managed by electric utilities, these new customer needs could result in power quality, reliability, and protection issues. Furthermore, comprehensively studying the uncertainty and variation in the load on circuit elements over periods of several months has the potential to increase the efficient use of traditional resources, non-wires alternatives, and microgrids to better serve customers. To increase the understanding of electrical load, the authors propose a multistep, attention-focused, and efficient machine learning process to provide probabilistic forecasts of distribution transformer load for several months into the future. The method uses the solar irradiance, temperature, dew point, time of day, and other features to achieve up to an 86% coefficient of determination (R2).
Interpretable Feature Construction and Incremental Update Fine-Tuning Strategy for Prediction of Rate of Penetration
Authors: Ding Jianxin , Zhang Rui , Wen Xin , Li Xuesong , Song Xianzhi , Ma Baodong , Li Dayu , Han Liang
Published: July 2023

Prediction of the rate of penetration (ROP) is integral to drilling optimization. Many scholars have established intelligent prediction models of the ROP. However, these models face challenges in adapting to different formation properties across well sections or regions, limiting their applicability. In this paper, we explore a novel prediction framework combining feature construction and incremental updating. The framework fine-tunes the model using a pre-trained ROP representation. Our method adopts genetic programming to construct interpretable features, which fuse bit properties with engineering and hydraulic parameters. The model is incrementally updated with constant data streams, enabling it to learn the static and dynamic data. We conduct ablation experiments to analyze the impact of interpretable features’ construction and incremental updating. The results on field drilling datasets demonstrate that the proposed model achieves robustness against forgetting while maintaining high accuracy in ROP prediction. The model effectively extracts information from data streams and constructs interpretable representational features, which influence the current ROP, with a mean absolute percentage error of 7.5% on the new dataset, 40% lower than the static-trained model. This work provides a theoretical reference for the interpretability and transferability of ROP intelligent prediction models.
Experimental Activities on a Hydrogen-Powered Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System and Guidelines for Its Implementation in Aviation and Maritime Sectors
Authors: Fragiacomo Petronilla , Piraino Francesco , Genovese Matteo , Corigliano Orlando , De Lorenzo Giuseppe
Published: July 2023

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems are spreading worldwide and, for limited applications, also in the transport sector where high power rates are required. In this context, this paper investigates the performance of a six-cell SOFC stack by means of experimental tests at different power levels. The experimental campaign is based on two different stages: the heating phase, useful for leading the system temperature to approximately 750 °C, and the test stage, in which the experimental activities are properly carried out with varying input parameters, such as the DC current load. In addition, a detailed post-processing activity is conducted to investigate the main performance that could be used in the scale-up processes to design and size a SOFC-based system for transportation. The experimental results concern the electrical power, which reaches 165 W, roughly 27 W for each cell and with 52% electrical efficiency, as well as the theoretical thermal power and efficiency, useful for cogeneration processes, with maximum values of 80 W and 25%, respectively, achieved at maximum load. This discussion then shifts to an in-depth analysis of the possible applications of SOFCs in sustainable mobility, particularly in the maritime and aviation industries. The complexities of the issues presented underscore the field’s multidisciplinary nature, ranging from materials science to system integration, and environmental science to regulatory standards. The findings presented could be useful to scientists, engineers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders working on the development and commercialization of SOFC systems in the sustainable transportation sectors.
Optimization of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Combustion Key Control Parameters Based on Machine Learning
Authors: Han Lei , Wang Lingmei , Yang Hairui , Jia Chengzhen , Meng Enlong , Liu Yushan , Yin Shaoping
Published: July 2023

During the coal-fired circulating fluidized bed unit participation in the peak regulation process of the power grid, the thermal automatic control system assists the operator to adjust the mode focusing on pollutant control and ignoring the economy so that the unit’s operating performance maintains a huge potential for deep mining. The high-dimensional and coupling-related data characteristics of circulating fluidized bed boilers put forward more refined and demanding requirements for combustion optimization analysis and open-loop guidance operation. Therefore, this paper proposes a combustion optimization method that incorporates neighborhood rough set machine learning. This method first reduces the control parameters affecting multi-objective combustion optimization with the neighborhood rough set algorithm that fully considers the correlation of each variable combination and then establishes a multi-objective combustion optimization prediction model by combining the online calculation of boiler thermal efficiency. Finally, the NSGAII algorithm realizes the optimization of the control parameter setting value of the boiler combustion system. The results show that this method reduces the number of control commands involved in combustion optimization adjustment from 26 to 11. At the same time, based on the optimization results obtained by using traditional combustion optimization methods under high, medium, and medium-low load conditions, the boiler thermal efficiency increased by 0.07%, decreased by 0.02%, and increased by 0.55%, respectively, and the nitrogen oxide emission concentration decreased by 5.02 mg/Nm3, 7.77 mg/Nm3, and 7.03 mg/Nm3, respectively. The implementation of this method can help better account for the economy and pollutant discharge of the boiler combustion system during the variable working conditions, guide the operators to adjust the combustion more accurately, and effectively reduce the ineffective energy consumption in the adjustment process. The proposal and application of this method laid the foundation for the construction of smart power plants.
Thermodynamic Analyses of Sub- and Supercritical ORCs Using R1234yf, R236ea and Their Mixtures as Working Fluids for Geothermal Power Generation
Authors: Liu Qiang , Chen Ran , Yang Xinliu , Xiao Xiao
Published: July 2023

Organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) have been widely used to convert medium-low-temperature geothermal energy to electricity. Proper cycle layout is generally determined by considering both the thermo-physical properties of the working fluid and the geothermal brine temperature. This work investigates saturated, superheated and supercritical ORCs using R1234yf/R236ea for brine temperatures of 383.15 K, 403.15 K and 423.15 K. The evaporation and condensation pressures were optimized to maximize the net power outputs. The thermodynamic characteristics of the cycles at the optimal conditions were analyzed. The saturated ORCs produced slightly more net power than superheated cycles for the R1234yf mole fraction less than 0.2 due to lower exergy losses in the evaporator and condenser; however, the limited evaporation pressure by the turning point at the higher R1234yf mole fraction led to excessive exergy losses in the evaporator. Two R1234yf mole fractions maximized the net power and exergy efficiency in a superheated cycle, with the maximum net power output occurring at the R1234yf mole fraction of 0.8 for brine temperatures of 383.15 K and 403.15 K. The exergy losses for evaporation were reduced by 6–12.7% due to the use of an IHE, while those for condensation were reduced up to 42% in a superheated cycle for a brine temperature of 423.15 K, resulting in a 1–17.8% increase in the exergy efficiency. A supercritical cycle with an IHE using R1234yf/R236ea (0.85/0.15) generated the maximum net power output for a brine temperature of 423.15 K, 8.2–17.5% higher than a superheated cycle with an IHE.
A Comprehensive Review of Flexible Power-Point-Tracking Algorithms for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems
Authors: Sharma Sakshi , Jately Vibhu , Kuchhal Piyush , Kala Peeyush , Azzopardi Brian
Published: July 2023

The rapid increase in the penetration of photovoltaic (PV) power plants results in an increased risk of grid failure, primarily due to the intermittent nature of the plant. To overcome this problem, the flexible power point tracking (FPPT) algorithm has been proposed in the literature over the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. These algorithms regulate the PV power to a certain value instead of continuously monitoring the maximum power point (MPP). The proposed work carries out a detailed comparative study of various constant power generation (CPG) control strategies. The control strategies are categorized in terms of current-, voltage-, and power-based tracking capabilities. The comparative analysis of various reported CPG/FPPT techniques was carried out. This analysis was based on some key performance indices, such as the type of control strategy, irradiance pattern, variation in G, region of operation, speed of tracking, steady-state power oscillations, drift severity scenario, partial shading scenario, implementation complexity, stability, fast dynamic response, robustness, reactive power, cost, and tracking efficiency. Among existing FPPT algorithms, model-based control has a superior performance in terms of tracking speed and low steady-state power oscillations, with a maximum tracking efficiency of 98.57%.
Use of Effective Feedback in Veterinary Clinical Teaching
Authors: Carr Amanda Nichole (Mandi) , Kirkwood Roy Neville , Petrovski Kiro Risto
Published: July 2023

Feedback is essential for the development of veterinary medical learners. This review explores the theory and practical use of feedback in the modern clinical teaching environment. Our purpose is to assist veterinary teaching institutions engage in effective feedback exchange between instructors and learners. Based on literature evidence, quality feedback requires training for both learners and instructors. Effectively executed feedback should be a powerful learning and teaching tool in the development of competencies of the learner. Following the theoretical discussion, we propose a method for delivering scheduled feedback sessions to veterinary medical learners. This differs from ‘on-the-go’ feedback during each clinical encounter, which we have discussed in a previous article related to the use of the five microskills in clinical teaching.
Effects of Renin–Angiotensin Blockade on the Components of Early Interstitial Expansion in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Khan Zahrah , Mauer Michael , Caramori Maria Luiza
Published: July 2023

Interstitial expansion is associated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) loss in many renal diseases, including diabetic nephropathy. The Renin–Angiotensin System Study (RASS) tested whether a 5-year renin–angiotensin system (RAS) blockade with enalapril or losartan versus placebo slowed progression of early diabetic nephropathy lesions in 285 normoalbuminuric, normotensive, normal/high GFR patients with type 1 diabetes. RASS found no benefit to the RAS blockade on diabetic glomerular lesions but observed an unexpected 50% increase in the fractional volume of the renal cortex which is the interstitium. The effects of the RAS blockade on individual interstitial components––striated collagen, interstitial cells, and peritubular capillaries––were not assessed. We evaluated by electron microscopy changes in fractional volume of each component in seven patients from each group between baseline and five years. At baseline, 49% of the interstitium was collagen, 12% cells, 26% peritubular capillaries, 7% space, and 2% artifact. There was no overall change in the interstitial composition during the RASS. There were no statistically significant effects of treatment group on any interstitial components. Renal volume remained stable in all groups. The RAS blockade affected neither the approximately 50% increase in interstitium fractional volume per cortex nor the parallel increase in all interstitial components that occurred over the five years of the RASS.
Effects of Additives on the Fermentation Quality, In Vitro Digestibility, and Aerobic Stability of Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) and Wheat Bran Mixed Silage
Authors: Yi Qixuan , Wang Peng , Yu Meng , Zhao Tianyue , Li Xinxin , Tang Hongyu
Published: July 2023

This experiment investigated the effects of different additives on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and aerobic stability of amaranth and wheat bran (AWB) mixed silage. In this experiment, a two-factor (moisture content × additive) completely randomized experimental design was used, with amaranth as the raw silage material, and the moisture content was adjusted to 60%, 65%, and 70% using wheat bran. At each moisture content condition, the silage treatments included groups without any additives (control), with lactic acid bacteria (L), with cellulase (E), and with lactic acid bacteria and cellulase (M). Six replicates of each treatment were analyzed for fermentation quality, chemical composition, and in vitro digestibility of AWB mixed silage after 60 days of ensiling. The results showed that in the same L group, the pH and the lactic acid (LA) in the 60% moisture content (MC) group were lower and higher, respectively, than in the 70% MC group (p < 0.05). In the same E and M groups, the ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen (AN/TN) in the 60% MC group was lower than that in the 70% MC group, and the in vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD) was higher than that in the 70% MC group (p < 0.05). At the same time, the aerobic stability of AWB mixed silage gradually decreased as the MC of the raw material increased (p < 0.05). Under 60% MC, the IVCPD and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) in AWB mixed silage from the E and M groups were higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). Under 60% MC, the pH and AN/TN in AWB mixed silage from the M group were lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05). Compared with the control under 60% MC, the aerobic stability of AWB mixed silage inoculated with L, E, and M increased by 33 h, 42 h, and 57 h, respectively. It was shown that the addition of M resulted in the best fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and aerobic stability of AWB mixed silage when the amaranth MC was 60%.
The Effect of Fermented Momordica charantia with Leuconostoc mesenteroides MKSR on Metabolic Complications Induced by High-Fat High-Cholesterol Diet in C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Moon Heewon , Ha Jung-Heun , Lee Jisu , Jang Hyunsoo , Kwon Dain , Cho Minji , Kang Dahyun , Kim Inyong , Kim Misook
Published: July 2023

This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of Momordica charantia (MC) extract and MC fermented with Leuconostoc mesenteroides MKSR (FMC) on high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-induced metabolic complications. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into six groups: normal diet (ND), high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFCD), HFCD with 1% MC extract (HFCD + 1M), HFCD with 4% MC extract (HFCD + 4M), HFCD with 1% fermented MC (HFCD + 1F), and HFCD with 4% fermented MC (HFCD + 4F). After 12 weeks of dietary intervention, the consumption of MC fermented with L. mesenteroides MKSR resulted in significant decreases in white adipose tissue weights (epididymal adipose tissue and retroperitoneal adipose tissue), serum alanine aminotransferase activity, and hepatic triglyceride levels. FMC also lowered total hepatic cholesterol content, improved glucose clearance during the oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests, and increased fecal cholesterol efflux from the enterohepatic circulation. Furthermore, the FMC notably increased hepatic mRNA expressions, which may indicate a compensatory mechanism against induced cholesterol efflux. Moreover, FMC induced both adipogenic (sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c) and lipolytic (lipoprotein lipase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, and adiponectin) mRNA expressions. These findings suggest that fermentation with the probiotic L. mesenteroides MKSR enhances the beneficial effects of MC, preventing metabolic complications associated with a high-fat diet.
Experimental Study on the Effect of Sub-Flash Point Fuel Temperature on the Spread Characteristics of Spill Fire
Authors: Ding Chao , Ma Shuangyang , Yan Zijian , He Lingfeng , Li Yuyao , Fang Tingyong , Jiao Yan
Published: July 2023

The spill fires caused by liquid fuel leaks greatly threaten the safety of fuel transportation and storage. In this work, the effect of fuel temperature on the spread characteristics of flowing flames was investigated through n-butanol spilling fire experiments. The spill fire spread can be divided into three stages at different temperatures and leakage rates (I) full spread, (II) gradually extinguished spread, and (III) unable to spread. The oscillation of the flame is related to the fuel thickness and the discharge rate. As the discharge rate or temperature increases, the spread mode changes from pulsation to uniform. With an increase in temperature, the surface flow of the flame is reduced, leading to a decrease in both the preheating time and pulsation amplitude. However, the rate of liquid surface detachment from the flame increases with increasing temperature. The view factor of flame spread can be calculated by the solid flame model, and the flame influences the heat radiation spread state with stable phases or peaks. The research findings presented in this paper hold significant implications for the development of fire safety regulations pertaining to fuel leakage fires.
Alternate Admissibility LMI Criteria for Descriptor Fractional Order Systems with 0 < α < 2
Authors: Di Ying , Zhang Jin-Xi , Zhang Xuefeng
Published: July 2023

The paper focuses on the admissibility problem of descriptor fractional-order systems (DFOSs). The alternate admissibility criteria are addressed for DFOSs with order in (0,2) which involve a non-strict linear matrix inequality (LMI) method and a strict LMI method, respectively. The forms of non-strict and strict LMIs are brand new and distinguished with the existing literature, which fills the gaps of studies for admissibility. These necessary and sufficient conditions of admissibility are available to the order in (0,2) without separating the order ranges into (0,1) and [1,2). Based on the special position of singular matrix, the non-strict LMI criterion has an advantage in handling the DFOSs with uncertain derivative matrices. For the strict LMI form, a method involving least real decision variables is derived which is more convenient to process the practical solution. Three numerical examples are given to illustrate the validity of the proposed results.
New Estimates on Hermite–Hadamard Type Inequalities via Generalized Tempered Fractional Integrals for Convex Functions with Applications
Authors: Kashuri Artion , Almalki Yahya , Mahnashi Ali M. , Sahoo Soubhagya Kumar
Published: July 2023

This paper presents a novel approach by introducing a set of operators known as the left and right generalized tempered fractional integral operators. These operators are utilized to establish new Hermite–Hadamard inequalities for convex functions as well as the multiplication of two convex functions. Additionally, this paper gives two useful identities involving the generalized tempered fractional integral operator for differentiable functions. By leveraging these identities, our results consist of integral inequalities of the Hermite–Hadamard type, which are specifically designed to accommodate convex functions. Furthermore, this study encompasses the identification of several special cases and the recovery of specific known results through comprehensive research. Lastly, this paper offers a range of applications in areas such as matrices, modified Bessel functions and q-digamma functions.
Certain Novel Fractional Integral Inequalities via Fuzzy Interval Valued Functions
Authors: Vivas-Cortez Miguel , Ali Rana Safdar , Saif Humira , Jeelani Mdi Begum , Rahman Gauhar , Elmasry Yasser
Published: July 2023

Fuzzy-interval valued functions (FIVFs) are the generalization of interval valued and real valued functions, which have a great contribution to resolve the problems arising in the theory of interval analysis. In this article, we elaborate the convexities and pre-invexities in aspects of FIVFs and investigate the existence of fuzzy fractional integral operators (FFIOs) having a generalized Bessel–Maitland function as their kernel. Using the class of convexities and pre-invexities FIVFs, we prove some Hermite–Hadamard (H-H) and trapezoid-type inequalities by the implementation of FFIOs. Additionally, we obtain other well known inequalities having significant behavior in the field of fuzzy interval analysis.
Lessons Learned from Age-Friendly, Team-Based Training
Authors: Murphy Sara C. , Severance Jennifer J. , Camp Kathlene , Knebl Janice A. , Fairchild Thomas J. , Soto Isabel
Published: July 2023

According to the Institute of Medicine, immediate steps must be taken across the United States to educate and train the healthcare workforce to work collaboratively to address the needs of the growing older adult population. The Geriatric Practice Leadership Institute (GPLI) was designed to support professional teams working in acute and post-acute care in transforming their organization into a designated Age-Friendly Health System. The program was built around the Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s Age-Friendly Health Systems 4Ms framework. This framework focuses on What Matters, Medication, Mentation, and Mobility (the 4Ms) in supporting care for older adults. The GPLI program is an online, seven-month team-based program with four to seven participants from one organization per team. Additionally, each team selected, developed, and completed a quality improvement project based on Age-Friendly Health Systems 4Ms. The curriculum also includes organizational culture, leadership, and interprofessional team-building modules. Using a post-completion survey, the experiences of 41 participants in the GPLI program were assessed. All respondents found the information in the program ‘very’ or ‘extremely’ valuable, and their executive sponsor ‘very’ or ‘extremely’ valuable in supporting their team’s involvement and project. The GPLI program has trained over 200 healthcare professionals and teams that have successfully implemented projects across their organizations.
The Amplification and Activity Analysis of the Small Rubber Particle Protein (SRPP) Promoter of Eucommia ulmoides (EuSRPP) Revealed That Its Activity Was Regulated by MeJA, GA3, and Drought Pathways
Authors: Zhao Huimin , Yao Xinzhuan , Lu Litang
Published: July 2023

As an important temperate gum source plant, Eucommia ulmoides is widely distributed in China, but the low yield of Eucommia ulmoides gum considerably affects its application as a natural rubber in practical production. The small rubber particle protein (SRPP) gene is an influential participant in the Eucommia ulmoides gum biosynthesis process, and its expression affects the gum content. In this study, the promoter activity of the Eucommia ulmoides SRPP (EuSRPP) gene was analyzed by molecular biology and bioinformatics. In order to understand the molecular regulation mechanism of the EuSRPP genes at the transcriptional level, we first obtained the promoter sequences of the EuSRPP1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 genes via genome walking and PCR amplification experiments. Then, the T3 generation of the transgenic homozygous line was obtained via a genetic transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana mediated by Agrobacterium. The six EuSRPP promoters were expressed in transgenic plants and were stably expressed in the leaves, pollinated flowers, and mature pods. As the transgenic plant grows and develops, promoter activity in the root is barely expressed. In addition, after the transgenic Arabidopsis was treated with methyl jasmonate (1 mmol/L MeJA), gibberellin (1 mmol/L GA3), and drought (20% PEG6000), the activity expression of the six EuSRPP promoters increased first and then decreased. The difference, however, is that EuSRPP1, 3, and 4 reach their strongest GUS activity at 3 h of plant treatment, while EuSRPP5, 6, and 7 reach their strongest activity at 6 h of treatment. Based on all experimental results, for the first time, it has been shown that the expression loci of the six EuSRPP gene promoters were relatively consistent. Second, the expression activity of the promoters of the six EuSRPP genes was different under MeJA, GA3, and drought treatment, suggesting that the promoter activity of the EuSRPP genes was regulated by endogenous hormones and drought pathways.
The Composition and the Content of ∆-5 Sterols, Fatty Acids, and the Activity of Acyl-Lipid Desaturases in the Shoots of Ephedra monosperma, Introduced in the Botanical Garden of the Cryolithozone of Yakutia
Authors: Nokhsorov Vasiliy V. , Dudareva Luybov V. , Semenova Natalia V. , Sofronova Valentina E.
Published: July 2023

Evergreen plants in permafrost ecosystems survive unfavorable autumn cooling and extremely low winter temperatures by maintaining optimal physiological activity of tissue cell membranes. To some extent, these features are due to the properties of shoot lipids performing a number of functions during adaptation. Sterols (STs) play a key role in regulating the fluidity and permeability of plant membranes (phytosterols) with a wide structural diversity. The composition of neutral lipids, STs, and fatty acids (FAs) in shoots of the evergreen shrub Ephedra monosperma growing in the Botanical Garden cryolithozone was first studied with HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD and GC-MS. Twenty FAs were found, from C14:0 to C23:0; they included mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraene FAs. The high content of β-sitosterol among other ∆-5 sterols and an increased amount of C18:2(∆9,12) linoleic acid in lipids composition during the autumn–winter period was found to play an important role in the adaptation of ephedra shoots to the autumn–winter period, providing the cell membrane with greater plasticity, fluidity, and flexibility. The important role of diene linoleic fatty acid C18:2(∆9,12) in ephedra shoot lipids in the processes of low-temperature adaptation was shown.
Influence of Suboptimal Temperature on Flower Quality and Floral Organ Development in Spray-Type Cut Rose ‘Pink Shine’
Authors: Shin Yeong Chan , Yeon Je Yeon , Kim Wan Soon
Published: July 2023

Low temperatures commonly delay flowering in cut roses but enhance final flower quality, i.e., biomass, petal doubling, and flower size. However, this information remains unclear for spray-type cut roses. This study was conducted to understand the effect of suboptimal temperatures on flower quality in the spray-type cut rose ‘Pink Shine.’ The 6-month-old rooted cuttings were cultivated in environmentally controlled growth chambers at four temperature levels: 25/20 °C (optimal temperature, OT) and 20/20 °C, 20/15 °C, and 15/15 °C (suboptimal temperatures, SOTs). As expected, SOTs significantly delayed the flowering time (11.2–25 days) but enhanced flower quality, with 51% and 160% increases in flower size and biomass, respectively. SOTs did not statistically amplify petal numbers, as expected, compared with OT. Instead, SOTs significantly increased stamen and carpel numbers by 1.3 and 2 times, respectively, resulting in a 1.4-fold increase in total floral organ formation. Moreover, SOTs increased the mRNA levels of A-function genes (RhAP1** and RhFUL**) and C-function genes (RhSHP*) but suppressed the B-function gene (RhPI*), which is linked to the development of plant reproductive structures (stamen and carpel) in spray-type cut roses. Conclusively, the growth temperature was more effective for quantity accumulation than for the number of petals but was similar in carpels. These results suggest that SOTs enhance carpel differentiation during flowering, implying that flowers may choose a reproductive strategy through carpels over petals.
Beyond Plants: The Ultra-Processing of Global Diets Is Harming the Health of People, Places, and Planet
Authors: Prescott Susan L. , D’Adamo Christopher R. , Holton Kathleen F. , Ortiz Selena , Overby Nina , Logan Alan C.
Published: July 2023

Global food systems are a central issue for personal and planetary health in the Anthropocene. One aspect of major concern is the dramatic global spread of ultra-processed convenience foods in the last 75 years, which is linked with the rising human burden of disease and growing sustainability and environmental health challenges. However, there are also calls to radically transform global food systems, from animal to plant-derived protein sources, which may have unintended consequences. Commercial entities have moved toward this “great plant transition” with vigor. Whether motivated by profit or genuine environmental concern, this effort has facilitated the emergence of novel ultra-processed “plant-based” commercial products devoid of nutrients and fiber, and sometimes inclusive of high sugar, industrial fats, and synthetic additives. These and other ingredients combined into “plant-based” foods are often assumed to be healthy and lower in calorie content. However, the available evidence indicates that many of these products can potentially compromise health at all scales—of people, places, and planet. In this viewpoint, we summarize and reflect on the evidence and discussions presented at the Nova Network planetary health meeting on the “Future of Food”, which had a particular focus on the encroachment of ultra-processed foods into the global food supply, including the plant-sourced animal protein alternatives (and the collective of ingredients therein) that are finding their way into global fast-food chains. We contend that while there has been much uncritical media attention given to the environmental impact of protein and macronutrient sources—meat vs. novel soy/pea protein burgers, etc.—the impact of the heavy industrial processing on both human and environmental health is significant but often overlooked, including effects on cognition and mental health. This calls for a more nuanced discourse that considers these complexities and refocuses priorities and value systems towards mutualistic solutions, with co-benefits for individuals, local communities, and global ecology.
Biomechanical Consequences of Using Passive and Active Back-Support Exoskeletons during Different Manual Handling Tasks
Authors: Schwartz Mathilde , Desbrosses Kévin , Theurel Jean , Mornieux Guillaume
Published: July 2023

The aim of this study was to assess, for both men and women, the consequences of using different back-support exoskeletons during various manual material tasks (MMH) on the activity of back muscles and trunk kinematics. Fifteen men and fourteen women performed MMH involving a 15 kg load (a static task, a symmetric lifting task, and an asymmetric lifting task). Four exoskeleton conditions were tested: without equipment (CON) and with three exoskeletons passive (P-EXO), and active (A-EXO1 and A-EXO2)). The electromyographic activity of the lower trapezius (TZ), latissimus dorsi (LD), erector spinae (ES), gluteus maximus (GM), and biceps femoris (BF) muscles was recorded. Trunk kinematics were evaluated to provide average thoracic, lumbar, and hip angles. The use of the P-EXO decreased the activity of LD, GM, and BF from −12 to −27% (p < 0.01) compared to CON, mostly during the static task. The A-EXO1 and A-EXO2 reduced the muscle activity of all studied muscles from −7 to −62% (p < 0.01) compared to CON and from −10 to −52% (p < 0.005) compared to the P-EXO, independently of the modalities of the experimental tasks. A statistical interaction between the sex and exoskeleton was only observed in a few rare conditions. Occupational back-support exoskeletons can reduce trunk extensor muscle activity compared to no equipment being used. However, these reductions were modulated by the exoskeleton technology (passive vs. active), design (weight and anthropomorphism), and the modalities of the task performed (static vs. dynamic). Our results also showed that the active exoskeletons could modify the trunk kinematics.
Interventions to Facilitate Return to Work after Stroke: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pearce Gemma , O’Donnell Joan , Pimentel Rebecca , Blake Elizabeth , Mackenzie Lynette
Published: July 2023

Purpose: To gather knowledge about effective return to work interventions for survivors of stroke. Methods: A database search was conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science using keywords and medical subject headings. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (i) studies published in English since the year 2000; (ii) adult patients aged 18–65 with a primary diagnosis of stroke; (iii) working pre-stroke; and (iv) intervention in which one of the primary outcomes is return to work. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed and the evidence synthesised. Results: Twelve studies were included, of which three were randomised controlled trials, four were retrospective studies, one was a cohort study, one was an explorative longitudinal study, one was a pre-post treatment observation study and two were pilot studies. The employment rate at follow-up ranged from 7% to 75.6%. Overall, there was limited published evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions to promote return to work for this population, and it was unclear if return to pre-stroke work was the goal. Conclusion: A lack of large, controlled trials, variations in follow-up time and the definitions of return to work accounted for the large range of employment rates at follow-up. There is limited published high-quality evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions to promote return to work in working-age survivors of stroke.
The Transcriptome Landscape of the In Vitro Human Airway Epithelium Response to SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Assou Said , Ahmed Engi , Morichon Lisa , Nasri Amel , Foisset Florent , Bourdais Carine , Gros Nathalie , Tieo Sonia , Petit Aurelie , Vachier Isabelle , Muriaux Delphine , Bourdin Arnaud , De Vos John
Published: July 2023

Airway–liquid interface cultures of primary epithelial cells and of induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived airway epithelial cells (ALI and iALI, respectively) are physiologically relevant models for respiratory virus infection studies because they can mimic the in vivo human bronchial epithelium. Here, we investigated gene expression profiles in human airway cultures (ALI and iALI models), infected or not with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), using our own and publicly available bulk and single-cell transcriptome datasets. SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly increased the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (IFI44, IFIT1, IFIT3, IFI35, IRF9, MX1, OAS1, OAS3 and ISG15) and inflammatory genes (NFKBIA, CSF1, FOSL1, IL32 and CXCL10) by day 4 post-infection, indicating activation of the interferon and immune responses to the virus. Extracellular matrix genes (ITGB6, ITGB1 and GJA1) were also altered in infected cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing data revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infection damaged the respiratory epithelium, particularly mature ciliated cells. The expression of genes encoding intercellular communication and adhesion proteins was also deregulated, suggesting a mechanism to promote shedding of infected epithelial cells. These data demonstrate that ALI/iALI models help to explain the airway epithelium response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and are a key tool for developing COVID-19 treatments.
Evaluation of Differentially Expressed Genes in Leaves vs. Roots Subjected to Drought Stress in Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Authors: Wang Ningning , Qi Fan , Wang Fu , Lin Yujie , Xiaoyang Chunxiao , Peng Zhanwu , Zhang Bi , Qi Xin , Deyholos Michael K. , Zhang Jian
Published: July 2023

Drought stress is a common environmental challenge that plants face, severely constraining plant growth and reducing crop yield and quality. Several studies have highlighted distinct responses between monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. However, the mechanisms underlying flax tolerance to abiotic stress, such as drought, remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and the genome-wide gene expression of oil flax and fiber flax in response to drought stress. The results revealed that drought stress caused significant wilting of flax leaves. Within the first 24 h of stress, various physiological and biochemical characteristics exhibited rapid responses. These included fresh weight, relative water content (RWC), proline, soluble protein, soluble sugar, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in the leaves or roots of flax. Additionally, drought stress led to a significant rise in lignin content in fiber flax. In addition, the transcriptome analysis demonstrated genome-wide variations in gene expression induced by drought stress. Specifically, genes associated with photosynthesis, proline biosynthesis, and phytohormone metabolism exhibited significant differences in expression levels under stress conditions in flax. These findings highlight the rapid response of flax to drought stress within a short-term period. Our experiment also revealed that, although there were variations in the levels of small compound content or gene expression between Longya10 and Fany under drought stress, most stress-resistance responses were similar. Furthermore, the results provide additional evidence supporting the existence of mechanisms underlying the response to drought stress in plants.
Targeting KRAS in Colorectal Cancer: A Bench to Bedside Review
Authors: Bteich Fernand , Mohammadi Mahshid , Li Terence , Bhat Muzaffer Ahmed , Sofianidi Amalia , Wei Ning , Kuang Chaoyuan
Published: July 2023

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease with a myriad of alterations at the cellular and molecular levels. Kristen rat sarcoma (KRAS) mutations occur in up to 40% of CRCs and serve as both a prognostic and predictive biomarker. Oncogenic mutations in the KRAS protein affect cellular proliferation and survival, leading to tumorigenesis through RAS/MAPK pathways. Until recently, only indirect targeting of the pathway had been investigated. There are now several KRAS allele-specific inhibitors in late-phase clinical trials, and many newer agents and targeting strategies undergoing preclinical and early-phase clinical testing. The adequate treatment of KRAS-mutated CRC will inevitably involve combination therapies due to the existence of robust adaptive resistance mechanisms in these tumors. In this article, we review the most recent understanding and findings related to targeting KRAS mutations in CRC, mechanisms of resistance to KRAS inhibitors, as well as evolving treatment strategies for KRAS-mutated CRC patients.
Binding Affinity of Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab Monoclonal Antibodies to Extracellular HER2 Domain
Authors: Cruz Victor L. , Souza-Egipsy Virginia , Gion María , Pérez-García José , Cortes Javier , Ramos Javier , Vega Juan F.
Published: July 2023

The binding affinity of trastuzumab and pertuzumab to HER2 has been studied using both experimental and in silico methods. The experiments were conducted using the antibodies in their complete IgG form, as used in clinical therapy, and the extracellular domain of the HER2 protein in solution. This approach provides a precise, reproducible, and reliable view of the interaction between them in physicochemical conditions similar to those found in the tumoral environment. Dynamic light scattering and size exclusion chromatography coupled with tetra detection were utilized to characterize the protein complexes, measure their concentrations, and calculate the equilibrium-free binding energy, ΔGbind. In addition, PRODIGY, a QSAR-like model with excellent predictive ability, was employed to obtain in silico ΔGbind estimations. The results obtained indicate that pertuzumab exhibits a slightly higher binding affinity to HER2 than trastuzumab. The difference in binding affinity was explained based on the contribution of the different interfacial contact (IC) descriptors to the ΔGbind value estimated by the PRODIGY model. Furthermore, experiments revealed that the pertuzumab IgG antibody binds preferentially to two HER2 proteins, one per Fab fragment, while trastuzumab mainly forms a monovalent complex. This finding was interpreted based on a geometrical model that identified steric crowding in the trastuzumab–HER2 complex as compared with the pertuzumab–HER2 complex.
Effects of Human Leukocyte Antigen DRB1 Genetic Polymorphism on Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (ANTI-CCP) and Rheumatoid Factor (RF) Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Patients
Authors: Chen Yu-Chia , Huang Chung-Ming , Liu Ting-Yuan , Wu Ning , Chan Chia-Jung , Shih Peng-Yu , Chen Hsin-Han , Chen Shih-Yin , Tsai Fuu-Jen
Published: July 2023

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic disease characterized by non-infectious inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues, which can cause severe health problems, affect the patient’s daily life, and even cause death. RA can be clinically diagnosed by the occurrence of blood serological markers, rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti-CCP). However, about 20% of RA patients exhibit negative results for both markers, which makes RA diagnosis difficult and, therefore, may delay the effective treatment. Previous studies found some evidence that human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-related genes might be the susceptibility genes for RA and their polymorphisms might contribute to varieties of susceptibility and disease severity. This study aimed for the genetic polymorphisms of the RA patient genome and their effects on the RA patient’s serological makers, RF and anti-CCP. A total of 4580 patients’ electronic medical records from 1992 to 2020 were retrieved from the China Medical University Hospital database. The most representative single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) validation using the blood from 30 additional RA patients. The results showed significant changes at the position of chromosome 6 with rs9270481 being the most significant locus, which indicated the location of the HLA-DRB1 gene. Further, patients with the CC genotype at this locus were more likely to exhibit negative results for RF and anti-CCP than those with the TT genotype. The C allele was also more likely to be associated with negative results for RF and anti-CCP. The results demonstrated that a genetic polymorphism at rs9270481 affected the expression of RF and anti-CCP in RA patients, which might indicate the necessity to develop a personalized treatment plan for each individual patient based on the genetic profile.