bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Competitiveness of U.S. and Japanese Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Tange Toshiko
Published: October 2023

Steady increases in Japan’s trade surpluses and U.S. trade deficits in recent years indicate that Japan has been continuously gaining position in competitiveness while the United States has been losing position. There are several measures of competitiveness of a country relative to other countries: market shares, trade balances, productivity, and unit costs of production.
Technology, Capital Formation, and U.S. Competitiveness
Authors: Dau Ralph Lan
Published: October 2023

We hear much about the lack of competitiveness of the United States, but seldom is this term defined. It is obvious that this country could improve its trade balance by reducing the wages and living standards of the American working population to those of Korea or Brazil, but this would not make the United States more competitive. What we should mean by competitiveness, and thus the principal goal of our economic policy, is the ability to sustain, in a global economy, an acceptable growth in the real standard of living of the population with an acceptably fair distribution, while efficiently providing employment for substantially all who can and wish to work, and doing so without reducing the growth potential in the standard of living of future generations.
How the Media Affect What People Think-and Think They Think
Authors: Entman Robert M
Published: October 2023

Previous chapters assume that news slant significantly influences public opinion. This assumption clashes with the belief long dominant in the scholarly community: that news messages have “minimal consequences.” Many media scholars still endorse something close to this view. Other scholars think media influence is significant but confined to shaping the problems the public considers most important-their agendas. In some respects agenda research challenges the minimal consequences view, but the two approaches share a core postulate. Both assume the audience enjoys substantial autonomy.
Introduction
Authors: Williams Robert A
Published: October 2023

A Response Soon after completing The American Indian in Western Legal Thought, I realized the need to imagine a very different kind of work for my next project. I had set out in that first book to tell the history of the legal ideas that the West brought to the New World to justify the colonization of American Indian peoples. But this, as I knew even then, was only half the story. As the cultural critic Edward Said has written, nearly everywhere in the non-Western world, the coming of the white man brought forth a response.
The Way of the Mystics-1
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: October 2023

If Tradition, Religion and daily practice inculcated in women a deep sense of mental inferiority, which they were to regard as both natural and God-given, one must wonder how some of them managed to overcome this sense and give themselves authority and warrant to think and speak, even to write. We have earlier discussed some of the obstacles they faced and the sacrifices they had to make in order to function as thinking persons. Let us now examine some of the trends and movements that fostered female spiritual and mental emancipation.
Authorization Through Motherhood
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: October 2023

Alongside The Women mystics and those motivated by religious impulse there were always others, writers who sought a different source of female authority. They found it in the most basic and common experience of women-motherhood. As mothers, their duty to instruct the young provided them with the authority to express their ideas on a broad range of subjects. Armed with such authority, they could give advice, instruction in morals and even offer theological interpretations. In the modern period, women would reason their way to claims of equality based on motherhood and later even to group consciousness.
The Marquis de Meese
Authors: Stewart Scsan
Published: October 2023

The pornography debate occupies a prominent site of contradiction in contemporary culture: a site where the interests of cultural feminism merge with those of the Far Right, where an underground enterprise becomes a major growth industry, and where forms of speculation turn alarmingly practical. Another more problematic confluence occurs as a result of this debate. That is, by juxtaposing the 1986 Final Report of the Attorney General’s Commission on Pornography (known informally as the Meese Commission Report) and the Marquis de Sade’s 120 Days of Sodom, we will see how pornography and the public discourse on pornography have the same comparative logic.
Chaos and Complexity
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis
Published: October 2023

I concluded the last chapter with the suggestion—deliberately provocative, I’m afraid—that the methods of historians are closer to those of certain natural scientists than to those of most social scientists. The reason, I argued, is that too many social scientists, in their efforts to specify independent variables, have lost sight of a basic requirement of theory, which is to account for reality. They reduce complexity to simplicity in order to anticipate the future, but in doing so they oversimplify the past.

It’s hardly surprising that these tendencies have placed the social scientists at odds with historians in general; and no doubt some social scientists will be especially at odds, when they read what I’ve written, with this historian in particular. But the social sciences have also diverged from the methods of those so-called “hard” scientists who don’t rely solely, for the verification of findings, upon reproducible experimentation—in effect, the rerunning of time, the manipulation of variables this procedure allows, and their subsequent identification as either independent or dependent. Fields like astronomy, geology, paleontology, evolutionary biology, and medicine don’t easily fit within the confines of laboratories.
Poetry and Messianism in Palestine Between the Two World Wars
Authors: Bever Hannan
Published: October 2023

Was there one among the Hebrew poets active in Palestine between the two World Wars who did not touch upon messianic themes in his or her work? Uri Zvi Greenberg, Avigdor Hameiri, Avraham Shlonsky, Yitzhak Lamdan, David Shimonovitz, Yitzhak Ogen, Yehuda Kami, Yocheved Bat-Miryam, Shin Shalom and even, as I shall explain later, Natan Alterman-not one could totally escape the messianic obsession. The messianic strands interwoven into this poetry were closely linked to the Zionist politics and everyday life in Palestine as they developed during the 1920s and 1930s. Working in secular contexts, of course, the poets were drawn time and again to the language, the symbols or even the politics of messianism in their quest to bridge the gap-sometimes perceived as an abyss-between the sublime glory of the national vision and the harsh prosaic realities of the period. Like other revolutionary and national liberation movements, Zionism transposed eschatology and millenerianism from the religious to a modem and secular sphere, seeking to implement a utopian vision as a necessary phase1 in the historical progress toward a general salvation of mankind.
The Messianism of Gush Emunim
Authors: Aviad Janet
Published: October 2023

Gush Emunim has been characterized as a messianic movement whose radicalism stems from eschatological categories and imperatives. This image has been fostered by both journalistic reports and academic analyses of the movement. The popular conception of the settlers as fanatic messianists propelled to activist tactics and even to violence in order to advance the process of Redemption and to “force the End” was strengthened in recent years by the disclosure in 1984 of a Jewish underground, whose leaders and key members were central figures in Gush Emunim. The plan to blow up the mosques on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem in order to spur the redemptive process onward (which was conceived by, and only known to, a few underground members and which in the end was abandoned) reinforced the messianic image of Gush Emunim.
The Nature Of Science
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

It is the union of science, mathematics, and technology that forms the scientific endeavor and that makes it so successful. Although each of these human enterprises has a character and history of its own, each is dependent on and reinforces the others. Accordingly, the first three chapters of recommendations draw portraits of science, mathematics, and technology that emphasize their roles in the scientific endeavor and reveal some of the similarities and connections among them.
The Nature Of Technology
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

As long as there have been people, there has been technology. Indeed, the techniques of shaping tools are taken as the chief evidence of the beginning of human culture. On the whole, technology has been a powerfulforce in the development of civilization, all the more so as its link with science has been forged. Technology—like language, ritual, values, commerce, and the arts—is an intrinsic part of a cultural system and it both shapes and reflects the system’s values. In today’s world, technology is a complex social enterprise that includes not only research, design, and crafts but also finance, manufacturing, management, labor, marketing, and maintenance.
Next Steps
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

As one response to the challenge of reforming science, mathematics, and technology education, the American Association for the Advancement of Science has initiated Project 2061, a long-range, multi-phase effort designed to help the nation achieve scientific literacy. It was started in 1985, a year when Comet Halley happened to be in the earth’s vicinity. That coincidence prompted the project’s name, for it was realized that the children who would live to see the return of the comet in 2061 would soon be starting their school years.
The Geneva Academy in the Eighteenth Century: A Calvinist Seminary or a Civic University?
Authors: Heyd Michael
Published: October 2023

In February 1795 Thomas Jefferson made a somewhat startling suggestion to President George Washington. Speaking on behalf of Fran\!ois D’Ivernois, a Genevan publisher and intellectual living as a refugee in England, Jefferson suggested transferring the whole faculty of the Genevan Academy to America and thus establishing a national university in the new United States. Geneva was in the grips of revolution at that time, and the future of the Academy seemed very uncertain. In America funds were available for such a purpose from the shares of the Potomac and James River companies. Jefferson, who knew D’Ivernois from his years in Paris, enthusiastically endorsed the idea. Having failed to convince the Virginia Legislature to adopt that plan, he wrote to Washington and urged him to allocate the funds of the Potomac shares to bring the Genevan faculty over. He stressed that Geneva, together with Edinburgh, “were considered the two eyes of Europe in matters of science,” and that whereas Edinburgh had been most famous in medicine, Geneva was “most so in other branches of science.”
Preparing for Public Life: The Collegiate Students at New York University 1832-1881
Authors: Stevenson Louise L
Published: October 2023

From 1832 to 1881 New York City grew and developed as it climbed to rank with the great European capitals-London, Paris, Vienna, and Rome. By midcentury the former walking city had become the home of more than half a million people, 60 percent of whom had been born somewhere else. With the completion of the Erie Canal and the beginning of regularly scheduled packet service to Europe, New York became the leading commercial and financial center in the nation, outpacing its previous rivals Philadelphia, Boston, and Baltimore. New York also became an intellectual and artistic center. Here were to be found the National Academy of Design and the studios of famous and about-to-be famous artists such as Samuel F. B. Morse and Eastman Johnson. Boston had to cede its title as literary capital of the United States as book and magazine publishers located themselves in the burgeoning city. New Yorkers could even claim that their city was becoming the religious capital of the country, for many Protestant voluntary and benevolent organizations had chosen the city for their headquarters.
The University, the City, and the World: Chicago and the University of Chicago
Authors: Shils Edward
Published: October 2023

Universities, for the most part, transmit truths which they themselves have not discovered. Those which they discover are not for their own contemplation exclusively; they have to be diffused to wider, even worldwide, intellectual communities. What is essential in a university-knowledge-must be drawn from and offered to students, teachers, and investigators in other parts of the world. Intellectually, no university can be wholly self-contained.
Two NYUs and “The Obligation of Universities to the Social Order” in the Great Depression
Authors: Hollinger David A
Published: October 2023

The Great Depression happened along at a uniquely inconvenient time for the leaders of New York University. NYU was ready to celebrate its centennial, but what kind of celebration would be appropriate amid “the dis organized economic conditions” and the “widespread personal distress and social confusion” to which NYU leaders professed to be sensitive in 1932? Finding the right tone for a big party at the Waldorf-Astoria was far from the most serious challenge created for academic administrators by the Great Depression, but the problem was a delicate one. The solution, explained the editor of the published proceedings of the centennial event, was to select a theme suitably responsive to the times: “The Obligation of Universities to the Social Order.” NYU would project no ivory-tower aloofness, no complacent self-absorption; it would instead confront society head-on. It would convene at the Waldorf an ambitious conference on the social responsibilities of higher education.
The Jacksonian World.
Authors: Kohl Lawrence Frederick
Published: October 2023

The Jacksonian Democrat was a man torn between the conflicting demands of his character and his society. While, as an individual, he still relied heavily on the secure relations of a personal world, his society increasingly bestowed its benefits on those who were more comfortable with an ethic of individualism. Most Jacksonians found that they could adapt their behavior more easily than their feelings. Democrats were often induced to take up the new ways, but the political policies they enacted and the language they used to describe them reveal an anxiety born of inner conflict.
Vietnam At War
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

Weaving together the histories of three distinct conflicts, Phillip B. Davidson follows the entire course of the Vietnam War, from the initial French skirmishes in 1946 to the dramatic fall of Saigon nearly thirty years later. His connecting thread is North Vietnamese General Vo Nguyen Giap, a remarkable figure who, with no formal military training, fashioned a rag-tag militia into one of the world’s largest and most formidable armies. By focusing on Giap’s role throughout the war, and by making available for the first time a wealth of recently declassified North Vietnamese documents, Davidson offers unprecedented insight into Hanoi’s military strategies, an insight surpassed only by his inside knowledge of American operations and planning. Eminently qualified to write this history, Davidson—who served as chief intelligence officer under Generals Westmoreland and Abrams—tells firsthand the story of our tragic ordeal in Indochina and brings his unique understanding to bear on topics of continuing controversy, offering a chilling account, for example, of when and where the U.S. considered using nuclear weapons. The most comprehensive and authoritative history of the conflict to date, Vietnam at War sparkles with a rare immediacy, and brings to life in compelling fashion the war that tore America apart. We witness the chaos in Saigon when fireworks celebrating the Tet holiday are suddenly transformed into deadly rocket and machine-gun fire. We sit in on high-level meetings where General Westmoreland plans operations, or simply engages in some tough “headknocking” with subordinates. And in the end we learn that even the seemingly limitless resources of the U.S. military could not match the revolutionary “grand strategy” of the North Vietnamese. With its easy movement from intimate memoir to trenchant military analysis, from the conference rooms of generals to the battle-scarred streets of Hue, this is military history at its most gripping. A monumental, engrossing, and unforgettable chronicle, Vietnam at War is indispensable for anyone hoping to understand a conflict that still rages in the American psyche.
A War That Nobody Wanted 1965
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

The year 1965 saw the United States shift from “helping the Vietnamese people help themselves” to fighting a full-scale war on and over the land mass of Asia. Over two decades later, what strikes an observer is not only such a massive reversal of policy, but the suddenness and apparent thoughtlessness with which the United States leaders adopted the new concept. Franz Joseph Strauss, that wise old German, recently stated a generality which is appropriate here. He wrote, “Few wars were started with deliberate intention. Most of them arose from neglecting the lessons of history, from underestimating the risks, and from carelessly crossing the border of the point of no return” Eventually, he declares, “. . . events develop a dynamism of their own and . . . they can no longer be controlled. “1
Decision, Dissent, and Defection 1968
Authors: Davidson Phillip B
Published: October 2023

As the month of March ebbed, decision-time arrived for President John son. The war policies, premises, and strategies which had governed the Vietnam War since 1966 were demolished by the Tet offensive and the powder train of events which it ignited. The debris from the explosion had come back to earth, and the wreckage was all too evident to the White House.
The Insanity Defense: Moral Blameworthiness and Criminal Punishment
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S
Published: October 2023

On March 30, 1981, a troubled 25-year-old man with a .22-caliber pistol lurked in the crowd outside the Washington Hilton, where President Ronald Reagan was addressing a luncheon gathering of 3,500 AFL-CIO delegates. As the President emerged from the hotel lobby, the crowd surged toward him. Carefully positioned in the front rank, the young man pulled the pistol from his jacket and began firing. His first shot hit presidential press secretary James Brady over his left eye, entering the frontal lobe of his brain. The next bullet struck a Washington police officer; the third barely missed a presidential aide. A Secret Service agent who was attempting to shield the President took the fourth round in his abdomen, as the President was shoved by another agent into the Presidential limousine. The fifth shot smashed into the car’s bulletproof window, behind which a startled Ronald Reagan was huddled. Only one round remained in the gun. As the young man squeezed the trigger for the last time, the bullet ricocheted off the rear fender of the limousine, entered the vehicle through the still-open door, and struck the President on the left side of his chest. The assailant, his gun now empty, was wrestled to the ground by Secret Service agents.
Humor
Authors: Apte Mahadev L
Published: October 2023

A significant amount of human communication is devoted to humor. Humor influences listeners’ views and persuades them to accept or reject ideas; it gives pleasure, creates playful moods and an atmosphere of conviviality, induces feelings of social solidarity, permits venting of aggression, and relieves tension. It is also used for criticism and ridicule. In short, it is one of the most powerful tools available to humans in their communicative endeavors. Yet its nature has been a mystery and a subject of fascination since antiquity, and efforts to analyze it have often foundered. Historically there has always been a great interest in understanding the nature of humor. Scholars have investigated its antecedents, form, content, use, and consequences since ancient times. Literary critics have explored the nature of comedy, a dramatic form of humor with a long tradition. During the twentieth century, humor has been subjected to rigorous empirical scrutiny by social scientists, especially by psychologists, who have conducted various kinds of experiments to determine its nature and role in human social inter action. Attention has also been focused on the evolutionary and developmental aspects of humor, with particular emphasis on the relationship between humor and Play and the emergence of the concept of a sense of humor.
Ethnomusicology
Authors: Blacking John
Published: October 2023

A discipline that combines scientific and humanistic methods of research to study human musical communication. The claims of ethnomusicology to be scientific are supported by its use of the phonograph and electrical instruments, enabling people to measure accurately the varieties of musical scales and to listen repeatedly to the subtleties and complexities of aurally trans mitted PERFORMANCE. Its aims and methods are humanistic in that it does not postulate a universal definition of music but rather takes into account the socially shared perceptions and definitions of music makers. Since this includes the perceptions of ethnomusicologists, an observer may treat Qur’anic chant as music for comparative purposes or for the study of tune-text associations, even though orthodox Muslims might not regard it as music. Ethnomusicology arose as part of the response of people in Europe and North America to the impact of other musical systems on their listening habits and their thinking about music. A rationale for a discipline of ethnomusicology was implicitly suggested by British philologist and physicist A. J. Ellis in a paper published in 1885, shortly before Claude Debussy and other musicians were struck by the sounds of Indonesian and African music in Paris.
Insult
Authors: Abrahams Roger D
Published: October 2023

Originally a figurative jump over someone else; hence, later, a triumph over someone, an attack intended as an affront. Today insult is used somewhat more broadly to refer to a range of rude or insolent expressive acts which, intentionally or not, create animosity. Those who study language in social contexts approach insults as units of ongoing speech that are contrived acts of rudeness or personal challenge intended to intensify a conflict relationship between the insulter and those to whom the insult is directed. In Western speaking systems, which value the appearance of spontaneity, the study of such turns of phrase shows them to be conventional and learned, part of a practiced conversational repertoire, like proverbs and other traditional examples of verbal art (see also Ethnography Of Speaking; Proverb).
Oratory
Authors: Duranti Allessandro
Published: October 2023

The art of using speech effectively in addressing an audience within political, legal, ceremonial, or religious settings. In the Western tradition of Greek and Roman rhetoric, oratory is strongly associated with public speaking in political and legal settings, and it is defined as the art of getting the audience to take a particular perspective and eventually to accept the speaker’s position or resolution on a particular issue. In the anthropological and linguistic literature, oratory also refers to the skillful Performance of particular speech genres within ceremonial or magico-religious settings, such as curing sessions, initiation rites, weddings, and funerals. In these contexts the orator’s task may include one or more from a variety of functions that range from interpretation of the occasion to creation of a context in which psychological, social, or even physical change can be said to occur. See also Ethnography Of Speaking.
Spectacle
Authors: Manning Frank E
Published: October 2023

A large-scale, extravagant cultural production that is replete with striking visual imagery and dramatic action and that is watched by a mass audience. The spectacle is especially characteristic of modem societies, socialist and capitalist, but is also found in traditional societies significantly affected by modem influences. It is arguable that spectacle has surpassed religious RITUAL as the principal symbolic context in which contemporary societies enact and communicate their guiding beliefs, values, concerns, and selfunder standings. The repertoire of spectacles is vast, but the most familiar examples come from the field of sports. The greatest of all spectacles is probably the Olympic Games, which attract tens of thousands of participants, live audiences of two to three million persons, and media audiences estimated to number a third of the world’s total population. World Cup soccer matches also draw huge live and television audiences, as do, in the United States, championship and other “classic” games in professional baseball and football, college football, and various other sports ranging from golf through horse and stock car racing. When the magazine Sports Illustrated was started in 1954, it included a photographic section called “Spectacle,” which in its prospec tus stated, “Sport . . . is magic to the eye. It lingers in the life-long treasury of vision.”
Application Preparation
Authors: Schwartz Samuel M , Friedman Mischa E
Published: October 2023

To enter the competitive fray for obtaining research grant funds, it is necessary for the investigator to transfer research ideas to paper. While there are a number of different application forms, the most common one is the PHS Form 398. Application kits are available at most applicant institutions, usually in the Office of Grants and Contracts or the Office of Sponsored Research. They also can be obtained from the Office of Grants nquiries, DRG. The application forms used by the USPHS granting agencies are as follows: PHS 398; New, Competing Continuation, and Supplemental Research Project Grants, AREA Grants, FIRST Awards, Cooperative Agreements, Program Projects, Centers, RCDA, and National Research Service Institutional Awards PHS 6246-1; SBIR Program, Phase I PHS 6246-2; SBIR, Phase II PHS 416-1; Individual NRSA or Senior International Fellowship Award NIH 1541-1; International Research Fellowship Award PHS 6025; Nonresearch Training Grant PHS 5161-1; Grant to State or Local Government Agency; Health Services Project NIH 2575; Construction Grant NIH 147-1; Biomedical Research Support Grant NIH 1887; Medical Library Resource Improvement Grant In this chapter, emphasis is on the PHS 398 for the Research Project (ROI) Award, the FIRST (R29) Award, and the RCDA (K04); the PHS 416-1 for the Individual (F32) and Senior (F33) NRSA; and the PHS 6246-1 (R43) and -2 (R44) for the SBIR program.
Areas of Special Interest
Authors: Schwartz Samuel M , Friedman Mischa E
Published: October 2023

Shared responsibility between members of the biomedical research community and NIH staff is an important aspect of the extramural programs and the peer review system. One aspect of this is service by members of the research community on advisory councils and review panels. In addition, many of these individuals are Pis themselves. They and their institutions as applicants share important roles in assur ing the responsible and ethical conduct of research and the training for this, the proper care of human subjects and experimental animals in research protocols, the equitable involvement of minorities and women as subjects in clinical research, and the protection of research personnel and the environment.
Reinsurance
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B
Published: October 2023

Reinsurance is a way that insurers themselves share risk with another in urer. One insurer, the ceding company, transfers responsibility for some or all of the liability assumed under the policies it selb to the reinsurer, along with a share of the premium. Reinsurance generally involves a contract between a primary insurer that sells insur¬ ance to the public and a reinsurer; with very few exceptions, the rcinsurer has no contractual obligations to the public. (Hence reinsurers are seldom regulated; see Chapter 3.) The rcinsurcr, in tum, frequently rcinsurcs some of the loss expo urc with other reinsurers. Such transactions arc termed “retrocessions.” Primary insurers typ¬ ically do not cede all of their liability; rather, in insurance terminology, they “retain” part of the liability. Normally, reinsurance i1, sought especially against very large losses.
Risk Classification
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B
Published: October 2023

Insurance rates are based on experience. That is, actuaries examine historical daims patterns to predict future rates for particular insured groups or classes of individually rated insureds. Normally, the experience of an entire insured group or a whole class of individuals is used for basic prediction, but the past claims history of an individual may also be used, a practice known as “experience rating.” Experience rating (or ..merit rating”) is common in automobile coverage, for example, where having one or more chargeable accidents in a base period typically affects the premium charged (Mehr and Cammack 1980). Surcharges or discounts based on a driving record, for example, arc thought to improve the accurac) and fairness of the rating system and to provide an incentive to avoid accidents.\
“The Plainest Road”: The Coming of the Cherokee War
Authors: Hatley Tom
Published: October 2023

IN the late 1750s, the Cherokees’ impatience grew toward the colonial allies who had ventured to build new towns within their settlements. The troubled stay of a Presbyterian missionary among the tribe during this period opens a window on Cherokee displeasure with colonial society and the escalation of tension in the villages. Missionary William Richardson had come into the distant Overhill Towns late in 1758, while Little Carpenter and his warriors were still away on the Forbes expedition. During Richardson’s visit Cherokee disillusionment increased with each round of bad news filtering back from Virginia.
Postwar Colonial Society, 1761–1768
Authors: Hatley Tom
Published: October 2023

THE immediate aftermath of the three-year crisis found Carolina wrestling both with the unavoidable reflection on its wartime performance and with recovery. The evidence was far from reassuring on the old, sensitive issue of the colony’s vulnerability. The smallpox epidemic had killed 650 people, 300 white and 350 black, 12 percent of the town’s official population. There was little evidence that the steps taken by the authorities to control the spread of the disease, including inoculation, had been effective. The record also showed an inability to cope with food shortage and the strain of suppressing domestic unrest by blacks and white minorities.
The Cherokee Village World in Crisis and in Recovery
Authors: Hatley Tom
Published: October 2023

THE war left stories of great suffering in the Cherokee towns. Postwar eye-witness accounts by white visitors are scarce; the Cherokees were themselves silent for the most part, with a silence that suggests the outsized scale of suffering in the towns and the inwardness of the struggle for recovery. After the war, when questions were raised in South Carolina about whether the Cherokees had been punished enough, even Henry Laurens was moved to correct those who argued that simply burning village houses and com had no effect on the tribe. Laurens sarcastically asked Christopher Gadsden if he believed “that the Indians were like Tortoises carrying their houses upon their backs,” and added that their “women and children are as susceptible … of injury from inclemency of the weather as ours are.”
From Sycamore Shoals to Chickamauga
Authors: Hatley Tom
Published: October 2023

ACherokee hunter surprised Quaker naturalist William Bartram as he paused near Jore in the summer of 1775, to pull a lunch of “biscut and cheese, and a peace of neat’s tongue” from his wallet. “Upon sight of me he stood, and seemed a little surprised, as I was very much … Speaking in the Cherokee tongue, our conversation was not continued to a great length … I presented him with some Tobacco” and “parted in friendship; he descended the hills, singing as he went.” Bartram quickly set out again too, around him a world of “mountains piled upon mountains,” but felt a chill in the unfolding distance: “an alteration in the air, from warm to cold.”
Introduction: Patriotic Pageantry in America
Authors: Fried Richard M
Published: October 2023

“Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp.” So begins the final verse of Emma Lazarus’s “The New Colossus:’ Though less often recited than her paean to the golden door, these words sound a powerful theme of national identity. Americans reject the pomp and pageantry of the tired, monarchical, militaristic, oppressive Old World. They do not “stand on ceremony.” During World War I, President Woodrow Wilson defined the enemy as “Governments clothed with the strange trappings and primitive authority of an age that is altogether alien and hostile to our own:’ Negative political repercussions befall those who forget the egalitarian folklore, from John Adams to Richard M. Nixon, who garbed White House police in uniforms befitting an operetta set in Mitteleuropa.
Introduction
Authors: Bernstein Iver
Published: October 2023

The New York City draft riots had deep and troubling significance for mid nineteenth-century Americans. For five days in July 1863, armed mobs interrupted enforcement of the first federal conscription and struggled with authorities for sway over the nation’s manufacturing and commercial capital. What began on the morning of July 13 as a demonstration against the draft soon expanded into a sweeping assault against the local institutions and personnel of President Abraham Lincoln’s Republican Party, as well as a grotesque and bloody race riot. The awesome destruction of property and life stunned a generation of urban Americans well familiar with street violence.
Earnings Frontiers and Labor Market Efficiency
Authors: Hunt-McCool Janet C , Warren Ronald S
Published: October 2023

The rhetoric of human capital theory borrows heavily from the neoclassical theories of investment and production. Investments in human capital in the form of schooling, on-the-job training, and work experience represent inputs to an earnings production function, which is usually given empirical expression by the semilogarithmic earnings equation popularized by Becker and Chiswick (1966), Mincer (1974), and Heckman and Polachek (1974). With a few very recent exceptions, however, the stochastic specifications of empirical earnings equations have not been faithful to the theoretical concept of a production function as giving “... the maximum scalar output as a function of the inputs ... “ [Varian (1984), p. 10]. In particular, the specification and estimation of human capital earnings functions have not kept pace with developments in the theory and estimation of econometric production frontiers, which envelop the technically efficient combinations of input sets and outputs.
Do Physicians Minimize Cost?
Authors: Eakin B Kelly
Published: October 2023

Uwe Reinhardt (1972), in a widely cited article, concludes that physicians under­ employ aides and consequently produce only about 80 percent of the patient visits possible if physicians worked as much but employed twice the number of aides. The policy implication is obvious: the perceived physician shortage (of the time) could be alleviated if physicians would employ assistants in an economically efficient manner. Since Reinhardt ‘s research many changes have occurred. The “physician shortage” has all but disappeared as an issue. Instead, there is often talk (particularly by physicians) of a “physician glut” and intense competition among physicians. Tightening reimbursement policies of third-party payers presumably has reduced physician prof­ its. Also, health care inflation over this period has continued to hover well above the growth rate of the consumer price index. These conditions highlight the need to reinvestigate the issue of efficiency in the production of physician services.
Productivity Growth In Norwegian Ferries
Authors: F¢rsund Finn R
Published: October 2023

The field of economic index number theory is a veritable graveyard, so full is it of mathematically ingenious indices that are useless because they have no economic significance. Key concepts when studying production over time are productivity, efficiency, and technical change. Productivity is defined as an index of outputs divided by an index of inputs. Efficiency is defined as a production unit ‘s “success in producing as large as possible an output from a given set of inputs” [Farrell (1957, p.254)]. Technical change is the change in the transformation functions between inputs and outputs. When studying productivity change over time these concepts are related, as elaborated upon in Chapter 4. Empirical studies show that a generic feature of production units at the micro level in the same business is that efficiency varies across units. A natural reference for technology is then best practice or the frontier production function. As pointed out in Chapter 4 change in productivity is the net effect of changes in efficiency and shift in the frontier production function.
The International Safety Record
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt
Published: October 2023

As international travel has grown, the extent to which citizens of one country fly on airlines of other nations is at an all time high. Any assessment of aviation safety worldwide must go beyond merely comparing safety records of international flag carriers that fly relatively long flights between major airports to examine flights within countries as well. Furthermore, the globalization of the airline industry has led to a growing number of marketing agreements, operational ties, and cross-ownership relations.
Aviation Security
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt
Published: October 2023

The bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, on December 21,1988, reminded travelers throughout the world that the risk of a terrorist incident is always present and is not confined to the Middle East and other trouble spots in the world. Acts of aviation sabotage, such as hijacking and bombing, have plagued the industry for many years. However, improved media coverage of these events and closer links between political conflicts and aviation sabotage have heightened public awareness and concern.
The Rush to German Unity
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

An historic event of the first magnitude, German unification has transformed the face of Europe. In one stunning year, two separate states with clashing ideologies, hostile armies, competing economies and incompatible social systems merged into one. The speed and extent of the rupture has been so great, that people are still trying to figure out what happened. Initial elation about liberation has given way to deep depression over the consequences of unity. Written by a distinguished German historian who has followed the unification question for nearly thirty years, The Rush to German Unity is the first attempt at an historical reconstruction of the momentous events. Jarausch draws on the rich sources produced by the collapse of East Germany to examine the dramatic experiences of the German people. From the public debate in West Germany, Jarausch explores the decisions of the West German elite which made unification possible. Ideal as a resource for the student of modern Germany, and for the lay reader wanting an informed analysis of the events, The Rush to German Unity's thoughtful reconstruction of the unification process is an invaluable guide to current debates about the new Germany.
Introduction The German Upheaval
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

The opening of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, was a complete surprise. During an evening press conference, Gunter Schabowski, secretary of the Socialist Unity Party (SED) of Berlin, read the draft of a new travel law: “Applications for private trips abroad may be submitted without further preconditions.... Permission will be granted immediately. “1 Since this news was not meant to be released until the following day, journalists, without prior briefing, were stunned and confused. Only at the last minute had the Central Committee included free personal movement in the bill that intended to liberalize emigration. The SED leaders hardly realized what they had just set in motion. The ruling Marxist party justified the Wall as “antifascist protection” against Western revanchism. In early 1989, Erich Honecker, the East German SED chief, still predicted that it would stand another hundred years, as long as it was required. But most GDR citizens did not feel threatened by the West and resented this curtailment of their freedom to travel. To ease the pressure of protests, the Krenz government gambled that granting the wish for free movement would stabilize its embattled rule. Since many members of the GDR elite had been able to go to the West, they fundamentally underestimated public hunger for lifting the restraints. With its most popular decision, the Communist regime inadvertently paved the way not only for its own demise, but for the collapse of East Germany as a separate state.
Running Away
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

A hole in the Iron Curtain started the mass exodus. When Hungarian soldiers cut the barbed wire fence on May 2, 1989, desperate East Germans began to cross the Austrian frontier. Those who were turned back or were less daring crowded into West German embassies in Budapest, Prague, and East Berlin. Though the GDR protested against “crude interference in [its] sovereign affairs,” Bonn welcomed the refugees from poverty and repression: “When they come to us, we accept them as Germans. We will not throw them out by force.”1 Sure of a warm reception, more and more East Germans sought to leave without permission, since they had given up any hope for change. In mid-August 661 refugees rushed across .the Austro-Hungarian frontier. When overcrowding closed the embassies, desperate East Germans fled during a peace picnic sponsored by the pan-European Union. Others were stopped and one was shot by a Hungarian border guard. With several thousand thronging around the FRG legation in Budapest, the Red Cross set up tent camps for those unwilling to go back in spite of their government’s frantic efforts to retrieve them. Though leery of accepting too many migrants, Chancellor Helmut Kohl urged Hungarian leaders to open the border. But East German foreign minister Oskar Fischer threatened them with dire consequences. Caught in the diplomatic crossfire, Budapest wanted the Germans to resolve the issue themselves. In the makeshift camps crowded with six thousand refugees, impatience grew. 2 The Hungarian cabinet faced a difficult dilemma. Bloc solidarity and a travel agreement with the GDR mandated the return of all refugees to East Berlin. But assisting in such a “barbaric, antihuman cause” would reduce chances for Western aid. Since the East Germans refused to let their citizens go, Hungarian Foreign Minister Guyla Horn worked out a one-time release of over one hundred with Red Cross documents. When refugee numbers continued to swell, Horn became convinced that a more
Protesting for Freedom
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

The democratic awakening began in the streets of Leipzig. Choking air, fouled water, and crumbling buildings plagued Saxon citizens and aroused resentment against East Berlin. On September 4, 1989, youthful peace protesters emerged from the sanctuary of the Nikolaikirche, shouting “We want to leave.” The secret police tore banners that demanded “an open country with free people” out of their hands, a picture captured by Western journalists who were attending the trade fair. Not intimidated, the restless groups grew larger during the peace service on the following Monday. Claiming that the “illegal assembly . . . disturb[ed] public order and safety,” the police proceeded more brutally and detained about one hundred demonstrators.1 Repression only bred further dissent. On September 18 protesters marched silently with candles in their hands, forming and reforming fluidly so as to offer no clear target to the security forces. About five thousand demonstrators ignored warnings in the press and assembled on September 25. In contrast to those who wanted to get out, they chanted “We are staying here!” Prodded by nightstick-wielding police, they circled the center city ring with shouts of “Gorbi, Gorbi” and called for the legalization of opposition groups. Time and again protesters broke through cordons, inviting those in uniform to “come and join us.” Curious spectators merged with the milling throng and the crowd gradually lost its fear. 2 Encouraged by growing support, this courageous minority reclaimed its right to free speech, singing “We shall overcome.”
Overthrowing Post-Stalinist Rule
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

The fortieth anniversary of the GDR failed to stabilize the tottering regime. Though the people hoped for a signal of change, the SEO staged elaborate celebrations to demonstrate the superiority of Communism. On October 3, veterans of the antifascist resistance gathered to demonstrate the historical legitimacy of the East German state. Three days later Erich Honecker regaled four thousand dignitaries, seventy foreign delegations, and a national TV audience with accounts of economic triumphs such as the production of a mega-chip. In response to the mass exodus, he denounced the “boundless slander campaign against the GDR.” When one hundred thousand members of the party youth FDJ marched with torches to affirm their undying loyalty, the crowd shouted “Gorbi, Gorbi” to express its disappointment with the immobility of the old guard. After the customary military parade on October 7, Mikhail Gorbachev tried to explain the logic of perestroika. But a rigid Honecker wanted only to be complimented on his life’s work. The Soviet visitor spoke frankly to the SED politburo about the need for courageous changes: “If we fall behind, life will punish us immediately.” When hostile protesters spoiled the official reception by demanding real reforms, the police brutally beat them down. In many East German eyes and in copious foreign media comments, the staged celebrations only demonstrated the weakness of the regime. Russian calls for action signaled a lack of international respect, and mass arrests illustrated a growing loss of domestic support. Even some SEO politicians began to realize that “Honecker must go.”
Searching for a Third Way
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H
Published: October 2023

In early December 1989 the German Democratic Republic teetered on the brink of chaos. Partisans of unification and advocates of independence began to clash during demonstrations. With “the SEO collapsing and governmental structures crumbling,” radicalized mobs threatened to take matters into their own hands. Frightened by potential anarchy, moderates looked for a way to bring the opposition into dialogue with the Modrow cabinet. Neighboring Poland and Hungary had avoided bloodshed through an Anglo-American institution that facilitated discussion between opponents-the round table. Sitting around one table symbolized cooperation. By not specifying power, the circular arrangement facilitated constructive discourse. Avoiding confrontation required mutual respect, joint problem solving, and citizens’ input. Proliferating all through the GDR, round tables (runde Tische) formalized public dialogue and became the characteristic innovation of the civic revolution. They evoked the revolutionary Soviets of 1917, but by including representatives of the tottering regime aimed less at confrontation than at compromise. With direct participation and prepolitical spontaneity they presented an alternative to Stalinist repression and parliamentary formalism.