bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Antitrypanosomal 1,2‐Dioxane Derivatives Based on a Natural Product Scaffold.
Authors: Holla Harish , Labaied Mehdi , Pham Ngoc , Jenkins Ian D. , Stuart Kenneth , Quinn Ronald J.
Published: November 2011

The new scaffold (IV), based on antitrypanosomal and antimalarial compounds isolated from different Plakortis species, contains a peroxide unit which is stable to chemical manipulation elsewhere in the molecule.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrazine‐Hydroquinone Complex as an Efficient Solid Phase Hydrazine Donor: High Yield Synthesis of Luminol and Isoluminol.
Authors: Chattopadhyay Gautam , Ray Partha Sinha
Published: November 2011

A simple solid phase synthesis of luminol (IV), isoluminol (VI) and related chemiluminescent compounds (X) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of an Aryloxy Oxo Pyrimidinone Library that Displays ALK‐Selective Inhibition.
Authors: Slavish P. Jake , Price Jeanine E. , Jiang Qin , Cui Xiaoli , Morris Stephan W. , Webb Thomas R.
Published: November 2011

Some of the synthesized compounds exhibit single digit micromolecular inhibition of ALK in vitro.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica‐Bonded S‐Sulfonic Acid as a Recyclable Catalyst for Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Niknam Khodabakhsh , Mohammadizadeh Mohammad Reza , Mirzaee Salimeh
Published: November 2011

Silica‐bonded S‐sulfonic acid (SBSSA) is prepared in three steps and can be recycled for at least ten times.
ChemInform Abstract: Cationic Palladium‐Catalyzed [5 + 2] Annulation of 2‐Acylmethoxyboronic Acids and Allenoates: Synthesis of 1‐Benzoxepine Derivatives.
Authors: Yu Xufen , Lu Xiyan
Published: November 2011

The formation of naphthoxepines, benzocycloheptanes, and fused 8‐membered O‐heterocycles is not possible.
ChemInform Abstract: Switch in Stereoselectivity Caused by the Isocyanide Structure in the Rhodium‐Catalyzed Silylimination of Alkynes.
Authors: Fukumoto Yoshiya , Hagihara Motoyuki , Kinashi Fuyuko , Chatani Naoto
Published: November 2011

Reaction of terminal alkynes with isocyanides and hydrosilanes proceeds smoothly in the presence of a Rh catalyst to give, after imine hydrolysis, the β‐silyl‐α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes (IV)/(V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorohydrins Through Electrophilic Fluorination of Allyl Silanes.
Authors: Wang Weibo , Xu Bo , Hammond Gerald B.
Published: November 2011

Regioselective monohalogenation becomes possible in the presence of Selectfluor.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrohydroxyalkylation of 2‐Silyl‐butadienes: Carbonyl syn‐Crotylation from the Alcohol Oxidation Level.
Authors: Zbieg Jason R. , Moran Joseph , Krische Michael J.
Published: November 2011

The reaction of silylbutadiene (I) with a wide variety of primary alcohols is catalyzed by Ru(II) and SEGPHOS ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoredox Catalyzed C—P Bond Forming Reactions — Visible Light Mediated Oxidative Phosphonylations of Amines.
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Zhu Shaoqun , Koenigs Rene M.
Published: November 2011

The first protocol for an oxidative carbon‐phosphorous bond formation using a photoredox catalysis procedure is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper/DIPEA‐Catalyzed, Aldehyde‐Induced Tandem Decarboxylation—Coupling of Natural α‐Amino Acids and Phosphites or Secondary Phosphine Oxides.
Authors: Yang Dongxu , Zhao Depeng , Mao Lijuan , Wang Linqing , Wang Rui
Published: November 2011

The reaction allows a new access to α‐amino phosphonates and phosphine oxides.
ChemInform Abstract: A Protecting‐Group‐Free Route to Chiral BINOL—Phosphoric Acids.
Authors: Li Baojian , Chiu Pauline
Published: November 2011

A two‐step, protecting‐group‐free route for the synthesis of 3,3‐disubstituted and 6,6‐disubstituted chiral BINOL—phosphoric acids is realized.
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Megastigmane Glucopyranosides from the Cardamine komarovii.
Authors: Lee Il Kyun , Kim Ki Hyun , Lee Seung Young , Choi Sang Un , Lee Kang Ro
Published: November 2011

The three new compounds, named komaroveside A (I), B (II), and C (III) are isolated together with eight known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Nothospondin, a New AP‐1 Inhibitory Quassinoid from the Cameroonian Plant Nothospondias staudtii.
Authors: Diyabalanage Thushara , Ratnayake Ranjala , Wilson Jennifer A. , Henrich Curtis J. , Beutler John A. , Colburn Nancy H. , McMahon James B. , Gustafson Kirk R.
Published: November 2011

The quassinoid, nothospondin (I), is obtained along with the known compound glaucarubinone.
ChemInform Abstract: A Powerful New Construction of Complex Chiral Polycycles by an Indium(III)‐Catalyzed Cationic Cascade.
Authors: Surendra Karavadhi , Qiu Wenwei , Corey E. J.
Published: November 2011

InI3‐ and InBr3‐promoted π activation of CC triple bonds initiates cationic cascade reactions of propargylic alcohols or silyl ethers to give polycycles with up to six fused ring systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Fast and Efficient Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Functionalized Peptoids via Ugi Reactions.
Authors: Barreto Angelica de Fatima S. , Vercillo Otilie E. , Birkett Mike A. , Caulfield John C. , Wessjohann Ludger A. , Andrade Carlos Kleber Z.
Published: November 2011

Microwave‐assisted four‐component Ugi reaction of isocyanoacetate (I) with Cbz‐glycine (II), paraformaldehyde and a diversity of amines provides an efficient access towards functionalized peptoids (V).
ChemInform Abstract: New Insight on 2‐Naphthylmethyl (NAP) Ether as a Protecting Group in Carbohydrate Synthesis: A Divergent Approach Toward a High‐Mannose Type Oligosaccharide Library.
Authors: Li Yao , Roy Bimalendu , Liu Xinyu
Published: November 2011

A new method for the selective cleavage of 2‐naphthylmethyl ether utilizing 10—20 molar excess of HF/Py is revealed and applied to a divergent approach towards the generation of an oligosaccharide library.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Renieramycins: Construction of the Core Ring System of Cribrostatin 4 Through Modified Pictet—Spengler Cyclization of 3,6‐Bisarylpiperazine‐2,5‐dione with Diethoxyethyl Benzoate.
Authors: Yokoya Masashi , Ito Hiroshi , Saito Naoki
Published: November 2011

The synthesis of the compound (V), which is a key intermediate in the synthesis of cribrostatin 4 can be achieved by a stereoselective cyclization, cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Glutarimide Alkaloids Cordiarimides A, B, Crotonimides A, B, and Julocrotine.
Authors: Teng Bo , Zheng Jianfeng , Huang Huiying , Huang Peiqiang
Published: November 2011

For the confirmation of their structures all alkaloids are synthesized starting from Boc‐L‐glutamine.
ChemInform Abstract: Anatase TiO2 with Dominant High‐Energy {001} Facets: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications.
Authors: Liu Shengwei , Yu Jiaguo , Jaroniec Mietek
Published: November 2011

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Analysis of the Line Shape of Electrically Detected Ferromagnetic Resonance
Authors: Harder M. , Cao Z. X. , Gui Y. S. , Fan X. L. , Hu C.‐M.
Published: November 2011

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemistry of Post‐Transition Metal Oxides: Revision of the Classical Lone Pair Model
Authors: Walsh Aron , Payne David J. , Egdell Rusell G. , Watson Graeme W.
Published: November 2011

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Durability Prediction of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode Material under Thermomechanical and Fuel Gas Contaminant Effects
Authors: Iqbal Gulfam , Guo Huang , Kang Bruce S. , Marina Olga A.
Published: November 2011

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Meyers Reaction (1994‐2010)
Authors: Mortier Jacques
Published: November 2011

Review: 136 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polar Organometallic Reagents: An Evergreen Tool for Tuning the Reactivity of Unsaturated Systems
Authors: Deagostino Annamaria , Prandi Cristina , Tabasso Silvia , Venturello Paolo
Published: November 2011

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐Deprotonating Methodologies for Organolithium Reagents Starting from Non‐Halogenated Materials. Part 2. Transmetallation and Addition to Multiple Bonds
Authors: Guijarro David , Pastor Isidro M. , Yus Miguel
Published: November 2011

Review: 216 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Umpolung Catalysis in Benzoin‐Type and Stetter‐Type Reactions. From Enzymatic Performances to Biomimetic Organocatalytic Concepts
Authors: Dominguez de Maria Pablo , Shanmuganathan Saravanakumar
Published: November 2011

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Organocatalytic Cyclization and Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Moyano Albert , Rios Ramon
Published: November 2011

Review: 707 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitroxide‐Catalyzed Alcohol Oxidations in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Bruckner Christian
Published: November 2011

Review: 203 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐Supported Organic Synthesis
Authors: Montesarchio Daniela
Published: November 2011

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polar Organometallic Reagents: Advantages and Limits in Synthesis
Authors: De Paolis Michael , Maddaluno Jacques
Published: November 2011

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Nonfunctionalized Enamides and Enecarbamates in Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Gopalaiah Kovuru , Kagan Henri B.
Published: November 2011

Review: 195 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Fluorine Compounds: A Great Opportunity for Enhanced Materials Properties
Authors: Berger Ricarda , Resnati Giuseppe , Metrangolo Pierangelo , Weber Edwin , Hulliger Juerg
Published: November 2011

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioinspired Terpene Synthesis: A Radical Approach
Authors: Justicia Jose , Alvarez de Cienfuegos Luis , Campana Araceli G. , Miguel Delia , Jakoby Verena , Gansaeuer Andreas , Cuerva Juan M.
Published: November 2011

Review: 83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Antibiotic Activities of Host Defense Peptides: More to it than Lipid Bilayer Perturbation
Authors: Wilmes Miriam , Cammue Bruno P. A. , Sahl Hans‐Georg , Thevissen Karin
Published: November 2011

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Electrocyclic Reactions
Authors: Thompson Sam , Coyne Anthony G. , Knipe Peter C. , Smith Martin D.
Published: November 2011

Review: 195 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetically Useful Carbon—Carbon and Carbon—Sulfur Bond Construction Mediated by Carbon‐ and Sulfur‐Centered Radicals in Water and Aqueous Media
Authors: Postigo Al
Published: November 2011

Review: 83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: NHC—NiH Reactions with Simple Olefins: Advances in Hydroalkenylation, Polymerization, and Ionic‐Liquid Synthesis
Authors: Ho Chun‐Yu , He Lisi , Chan Chun‐Wa
Published: November 2011

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt(I)‐Catalyzed Reactions for the Synthesis of Acyclic 1,4‐Dienes — Genesis of Two Synthetic Methods
Authors: Hilt Gerhard
Published: November 2011

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Organocatalyzed Direct Aldol Additions of Enolizable Aldehydes
Authors: Scheffler Ulf , Mahrwald Rainer
Published: November 2011

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective [2,3]‐Rearrangements of Amine N‐Oxides
Authors: Bao Hongli , Qi Xiangbing , Tambar Uttam K.
Published: November 2011

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Examples of Heterogeneous Catalytic Processes for Fine Chemistry
Authors: Lucarelli Carlo , Vaccari Angelo
Published: November 2011

Review: preparation of indoles, quinolines;110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bimetallic Catalysts for the Fischer—Tropsch Reaction
Authors: Calderone V. Roberto , Shiju N. Raveendran , Ferre Daniel Curulla , Rothenberg Gadi
Published: November 2011

Review: CoFe alloys on a variety of supports; 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Substituted 2,5‐Di(2‐thienyl)pyrroles: Application, Production, Properties, and Electrochemical Polymerization
Authors: Abashev G. G. , Bushueva A. Y. , Shklyaeva E. V.
Published: November 2011

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorinated Thiophenes and Their Analogues
Authors: Serdyuk Olga V. , Abaev Vladimir T. , Butin Alexander V. , Nenajdenko Valentine G.
Published: November 2011

Review: ca. 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Mediated C—H Activation Processes
Authors: de Haro Teresa , Nevado Cristina
Published: November 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Fused Heterocycles by Metal‐Mediated [2 + 2 + 2] Cyclotrimerization of Alkynes and/or Nitriles
Authors: Shaaban Mohamed R. , El‐Sayed Refat , Elwahy Ahmed H. M.
Published: November 2011

Review: 139 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Challenge to Process Chemistry Using Biocatalysts
Authors: Hirose Yoshihiko
Published: November 2011

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Polymeric Metal Catalysts via Molecular Convolution and of Catalytic Membrane‐Installed Microflow Devices
Authors: Yamada Yoichi M. A. , Uozumi Yasuhiro
Published: November 2011

Review: about 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of a Potent hNK—1 Receptor Antagonist
Authors: Yasuda Nobuyoshi , et al. et al.
Published: November 2011

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Heterostructure Materials Toward Functionality
Authors: Zheng Haiyan , Li Yongjun , Liu Huibiao , Yin Xiaodong , Li Yuliang
Published: November 2011

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards Mild Metal‐Catalyzed C—H Bond Activation
Authors: Wencel‐Delord Joanna , Droege Thomas , Liu Fan , Glorius Frank
Published: November 2011

Review: about 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioconjugation via Azide—Staudinger Ligation: An Overview
Authors: Schilling Christine I. , Jung Nicole , Biskup Moritz , Schepers Ute , Braese Stefan
Published: November 2011

Review: 179 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploring a Unique Reactivity of 6π‐Azaelectrocyclization to Enzyme Inhibition, Natural Products Synthesis, and Molecular Imaging: An Approach to Chemical Biology by Synthetic Chemists
Authors: Tanaka Katsunori , Fukase Koichi , Katsumura Shigeo
Published: November 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conformational Aspects in the Studies of Organic Compounds by Electronic Circular Dichroism
Authors: Pescitelli Gennaro , Di Bari Lorenzo , Berova Nina
Published: November 2011

Review: 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorescent and Luminescent Probes for Detection of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species
Authors: Chen Xiaoqiang , Tian Xizhe , Shin Injae , Yoon Juyoung
Published: November 2011

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Optical Methods for Sensing Glucose
Authors: Steiner Mark‐Steven , Duerkop Axel , Wolfbeis Otto S.
Published: November 2011

Review: 237 refs.
Pathways for plasmalemmal repair mediated by PKA, Epac, and cytosolic oxidation in rat B104 cells in vitro and rat sciatic axons ex vivo
Authors: Spaeth Christopher S. , Spaeth Elaine B. , Wilcott Robert W. , Fan Jerry D. , Robison Taylor , Bittner George D.
Published: November 2011

Plasmalemmal repair (sealing) is necessary for survival of damaged eukaryotic cells. Ca2+ influx through plasmalemmal disruptions activates pathways that initiate sealing, which is commonly assessed by exclusion of extracellular dye. These sealing pathways include PKA, Epac, and cytosolic oxidation. In this article, we investigate whether PKA, Epac, and/or cytosolic oxidation, activate specific proteins required to produce a plasmalemmal seal. We report that toxin cleavage of proteins required for neurotransmitter release (SNAP‐25), inhibition of Golgi trafficking (with Brefeldin A: Bref A) or inhibition of N‐ethylmaleimide sensitive factor (NSF) all decrease sealing of rat B104 hippocampal cells with transected neuritis in vitro. Epac, but not PKA or cytosolic oxidation, partly overcomes the decrease in sealing produced by cleavage of SNAP‐25. PKA and increased cytosolic oxidation, but not Epac, can partly overcome the decrease in sealing due to Bref A. PKA, Epac, and/or cytosolic oxidation cannot overcome NSF inhibition. Substances that affect plasmalemmal sealing of B104 neurites in vitro have similar effects on plasmalemmal sealing in rat sciatic axons ex vivo. From these and other data, we propose a model of plasmalemmal sealing having three redundant, evolutionarily conserved, parallel pathways that all converge on NSF. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2012
Glutamate carboxypeptidase II and folate deficiencies result in reciprocal protection against cognitive and social deficits in mice: Implications for neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Schaevitz Laura R. , Picker Jonathan D. , Rana Jasmine , Kolodny Nancy H. , Shane Barry , Berger‐Sweeney Joanne E. , Coyle Joseph T.
Published: November 2011

Interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors underlie a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SZ) and autism (AD). Due to the complexity and multitude of the genetic and environmental factors attributed to these disorders, recent research strategies focus on elucidating the common molecular pathways through which these multiple risk factors may function. In this study, we examine the combined effects of a haplo‐insufficiency of glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) and dietary folic acid deficiency. In addition to serving as a neuropeptidase, GCPII catalyzes the absorption of folate. GCPII and folate depletion interact within the one‐carbon metabolic pathway and/or of modulate the glutamatergic system. Four groups of mice were tested: wild‐type, GCPII hypomorphs, and wild‐types and GCPII hypomorphs both fed a folate deficient diet. Due to sex differences in the prevalence of SZ and AD, both male and female mice were assessed on a number of behavioral tasks including locomotor activity, rotorod, social interaction, prepulse inhibition, and spatial memory. Wild‐type mice of both sexes fed a folic acid deficient diet showed motor coordination impairments and cognitive deficits, while social interactions were decreased only in males. GCPII mutant mice of both sexes also exhibited reduced social propensities. In contrast, all folate‐depleted GCPII hypomorphs performed similarly to untreated wild‐type mice, suggesting that reduced GCPII expression and folate deficiency are mutually protective. Analyses of folate and neurometabolite levels associated with glutamatergic function suggest several potential mechanisms through which GCPII and folate may be interacting to create this protective effect. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 891–905, 2012
Crystal Growth and Structure of the New Ferrimagnetic Oxyphosphate PbFe3O(PO4)3
Authors: El Hafid Hassan , Velázquez Matias , Pérez Olivier , El Jazouli Abdelaziz , Pautrat Alain , Decourt Rodolphe , Veber Philippe , Viraphong Oudomsack , Delmas Claude
Published: November 2011

A new oxyphosphate, PbFe3O(PO4)3, has been discovered and its structure has been characterized by single‐crystal XRD between 293 and 973 K (monoclinic, space groupP21/m, a = 7.5826 Å, b = 6.3759 Å, c = 10.4245 Å, β = 99.956°, Z = 2, at r.t.). Direct‐current (DC) magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurements performed on single crystals revealed an unusual sequence of second‐order ferromagnetic‐like phase transitions at Tc1 = 31.8 K, Tc2 = 23.4 K and Tc3 ≈ 10 K. Alternating‐current (AC) magnetic susceptibility measurements suggest glass‐like dynamics between ca. 20 K and Tc3.
A prototypic system of parallel electrophoresis in multiple capillaries coupled with microwell arrays
Authors: Su Jing , Ren Kangning , Dai Wen , Zhao Yihua , Zhou Jianhua , Wu Hongkai
Published: November 2011

We present a microfluidic system that can be directly coupled with microwell array and perform parallel electrophoresis in multiple capillaries simultaneously. The system is based on an array of glass capillaries, fixed in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic scaffold, with one end open for interfacing with microwells. In this capillary array, every two adjacent capillaries act as a pair to be coupled with one microwell; samples in the microwells are introduced and separated by simply applying voltage between two electrodes that are placed at the other ends of capillaries; thus no complicated circuit design is required. We evaluate the performance of this system and perform multiple CE with direct sample introduction from microwell array. Also with this system, we demonstrate the analysis of cellular contents of cells lysed in a microwell array. Our results show that this prototypic system is a promising platform for high‐throughput analysis of samples in microwell arrays.
A simultaneous space sampling method for DNA fraction collection using a comb structure in microfluidic devices
Authors: Li Zheyu , Sun Kai , Sunayama Misato , Araki Ryoko , Ueno Kosei , Abe Masumi , Misawa Hiroaki
Published: November 2011

Fraction collection of selected components from a complex mixture plays a critical role in biomedical research, environmental analysis, and biotechnology. Here, we introduce a novel electrophoretic chip device based on a signal processing theorem that allows simultaneous space sampling for fractionation of ssDNA target fragments. Ten parallel extraction channels, which covered 1.5‐mm‐long sampling ranges, were used to facilitate the capturing of fast‐moving fragments. Furthermore, the space sampling extraction made it possible to acquire pure collection, even from partly overlapping fragments that had been insufficiently separated after a short electrophoretic run. Fragments of 180, 181, and 182 bases were simultaneously collected, and then the recovered DNA was PCR amplified and assessed by CE analysis. The 181‐base target was shown to be isolated in a 70‐mm‐long separation length within 10 min, in contrast to the >50 min required for the 300‐mm‐long separation channel in our previous study. This method provides effective combination of time and space, which is a breakthrough in the traditional concept of fraction collection on a chip.
Developmental profile of SK2 channel expression and function in CA1 neurons
Authors: Ballesteros‐Merino Carmen , Lin Mike , Wu Wendy W. , Ferrandiz‐Huertas Clotilde , Cabañero María J. , Watanabe Masahiko , Fukazawa Yugo , Shigemoto Ryuichi , Maylie James , Adelman John P. , Luján Rafael
Published: November 2011

We investigated the temporal and spatial expression of SK2 in the developing mouse hippocampus using molecular and biochemical techniques, quantitative immunogold electron microscopy, and electrophysiology. The mRNA encoding SK2 was expressed in the developing and adult hippocampus. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry showed that SK2 protein increased with age. This was accompanied by a shift in subcellular localization. Early in development (P5), SK2 was predominantly localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in the pyramidal cell layer. But by P30 SK2 was almost exclusively expressed in the dendrites and spines. The level of SK2 at the postsynaptic density (PSD) also increased during development. In the adult, SK2 expression on the spine plasma membrane showed a proximal‐to‐distal gradient. Consistent with this redistribution and gradient of SK2, the selective SK channel blocker apamin increased evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) only in CA1 pyramidal neurons from mice older than P15. However, the effect of apamin on EPSPs was not different between synapses in proximal or distal stratum radiatum or stratum lacunosum‐moleculare in adult. These results show a developmental increase and gradient in SK2‐containing channel surface expression that underlie their influence on neurotransmission, and that may contribute to increased memory acquisition during early development. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxygen Productivity of Planktonic Algae under Fluctuating and Constant Light Conditions
Authors: Gervais Frank
Published: November 2011

Net oxygen productivity in cultures of Monoraphidium minutum, Cryptomonas sp. and Planktothrix agardhii exposed to fluctuating and constant light conditions was measured in a laboratory incubator. The fluctuating light climate simulated a linear up and down movement in a 2 m water column at 4 different ratios of euphotic depth to mixing depth. In addition, cultures were kept at a constant light climate simulating static incubation at 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 m depth and at the depth of the mean irradiance, respectively. Integral productivity in the simulated water column was lowest when algae were incubated at constant light in different depths, highest when the algae were incubated at constant mean photon flux density (PFD) and intermediate under fluctuating light. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inexpert business angels: how even investors with ‘nothing to add’ can add value
Authors: Macht Stephanie A.
Published: November 2011

Business angels, whose experience or knowledge seems not relevant to their investee businesses, can offer valuable involvement if they engage in ‘soft’ (people‐centered) activities, as opposed to ‘hard’ (task‐centered) activities.
CLAY DISPERSION IN TYPICAL SOILS OF NORTH CAMEROON AS A FUNCTION OF PH AND ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION
Authors: Nguetnkam J. P. , Dultz S.
Published: November 2011

Knowledge of clay dispersion behaviour [which is highly influenced by ion concentration in the aqueous phase and by related surface charge (SC) of colloids] is important for rating soil erosion risk (by water). It can also be useful for improving soil management systems. Clay fractions separated from samples of the A‐horizon of a Vertisol, Ultisol and Oxisol were collected, representing typical soils of North Cameroon. These soils were very different in physicochemical and mineral parameters. The effect of pH and the multivalent ions Ca2+, SO42− and PO43− on SC and dispersion characteristics were determined. The water dispersible clay was found to be higher in the Vertisol and Ultisol than in the Oxisol, indicating that the <2 µm fractions from the Vertisol and Ultisol are more dispersible than that from the Oxisol. The clay dispersion ratio together with the dispersion ratio were found to be in good agreement with water dispersible clay and are negatively correlated with the amount of organic matter and dithionite citrate bicarbonate soluble Fe and Al. Generally, SC of the <2 µm fraction was found to be negative when the pH was in the region of 3 to 9; thus the absolute value is highly pH‐dependent. At pH 6 and 8, CaCl2, Na2SO4 and Na2HPO4 additions had antagonistic effects on SC: Ca2+ increased SC, whereas SO42− and PO43−decreased SC indicating the adsorption of positively as well as negatively charged multivalent ions by soil colloids. Along with the increase of SC, there was a fall in repulsive forces and formation of Ca‐bridges, the addition of Ca2+ induced flocculation more rapidly than SO42− and PO43− amendments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resolution adapted finite element modeling of radio frequency interactions on conductive resonant structures in MRI
Authors: Ruoff Jürgen , Würslin Christian , Graf Hansjörg , Schick Fritz
Published: November 2011

Prediction of interactions between the radiofrequency electromagnetic field in magnetic resonance scanners and electrically conductive material surrounded by tissue plays an increasing role for magnetic resonance safety. Testing of conductive implants or instruments is usually performed by standardized experimental setups and temperature measurements at distinct geometrical points, which cannot always reflect worst‐case situations. A finite element method based on Matlab (The Mathworks, Natick, MA) and the finite element method program Comsol Multiphysics (Stockholm, Sweden) with a spatially highly variable mesh size solving Maxwell's full‐wave equations was applied for a comprehensive simulation of the complete geometrical arrangement of typical birdcage radiofrequency coils loaded with small conductive structures in a homogenous medium. Conductive implants like rods of variable length and closed and open ring structures, partly exhibiting electromagnetic resonance behavior, were modeled and evaluated regarding the distribution of the B1‐ and E‐field, induced currents and specific absorption rates. Numerical simulations corresponded well with experiments using a spin‐echo sequence for visualization of marked B1‐field inhomogeneities. Even resonance effects in conductive rods and open rings with suitable geometry were depicted accurately. The proposed method has high potential for complementation or even replacement of common experimental magnetic resonance compatibility measurements. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computational study on structures, thermochemical properties, and bond energies of disulfide oxygen (S–S–O)‐bridged CH3SSOH and CH3SS(=O)H and radicals
Authors: Pillai Shyamala , Bozzelli Joseph W.
Published: November 2011

Cleavage of disulfide bonds is a common method used in linking peptides to proteins in biochemical reactions. The structures, internal rotor potentials, bond energies, and thermochemical properties (ΔfH°, S°, and Cp(T)) of the S–S bridge molecules CH3SSOH and CH3SS(=O)H and the radicals CH3SS•=O and C•H2SSOH that correspond to H‐atom loss are determined by computational chemistry. Structure and thermochemical parameters (S° and Cp(T)) are determined using density functional Becke, three‐parameter, Lee–Yang–Parr (B3LYP)/6‐31++G (d, p), B3LYP/6‐311++G (3df, 2p). The enthalpies of formation for stable species are calculated using the total energies at B3LYP/6‐31++G (d, p), B3LYP/6‐311++G (3df, 2p), and the higher level composite CBS–QB3 levels with work reactions that are close to isodesmic in most cases. The enthalpies of formation for CH3SSOH, CH3SS(=O)H are −38.3 and −16.6 kcal mol−1, respectively, where the difference is in enthalpy RSO–H versus RS(=O)–H bonding. The C–H bond energy of CH3SSOH is 99.2 kcal mol−1, and the O–H bond energy is weaker at 76.9 kcal mol−1. Cleavage of the weak O–H bond in CH3SSOH results in an electron rearrangement upon loss of the CH3SSO–H hydrogen atom; the radical rearranges to form the more stable CH3SS· = O radical structure. Cleavage of the C–H bond in CH3SS(=O)H results in an unstable [CH2SS(=O)H]* intermediate, which decomposes exothermically to lower energy CH2 = S + HSO. The CH3SS(=O)–H bond energy is quite weak at 54.8 kcal mol−1 with the H–C bond estimated at between 91 and 98 kcal mol−1. Disulfide bond energies for CH3S–SOH and CH3S–S(=O)H are low: 67.1 and 39.2 kcal mol−1. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of Capillarisin from Artemisia capillaris on Penile Erection
Authors: Kim Hye Kyung , Choi Bo Ram , Bak Yun Ok , Zhao Chen , Lee Sung Won , Jeon Ju‐Hong , So Insuk , Park Jong Kwan
Published: November 2011

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect and mechanism of capillarisin from Artemisia capillaris (A. capillaris) on rabbit penile corpus cavernosum (PCC). The pre‐contracted New Zealand White rabbit (2.5–3.0 kg) penis with phenylephrine (Phe; 10‐5 m) was treated with various concentrations of ethanol extract of A. capillaris (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL) and capillarisin, the active component of A. capillaris (10‐7, 10‐6, 10‐5 and 10‐4 m). Capillarisin was also applied to PCC tissues contracted with Phe, which were pre‐incubated with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5 Is). Cyclic nucleotides in the perfusate were measured by radioimmunoassay. The tissues were pre‐incubated with Nω nitro‐l‐arginine‐methyl ester (L‐NAME, 10‐3 m) and 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ, 10‐5 m) to block nitric oxide (NO) synthase and guanylate cyclase, respectively. Capillarisin induced penile relaxation and enhanced PDE5 Is‐induced relaxation. Capillarisin increased cGMP and cAMP in the perfusate. The application of capillarisin on PCC pre‐treated with L‐NAME and ODQ significantly inhibited the relaxation. Capillarisin exerts the relaxing effect on PCC by activating the NO‐cGMP and adenylyl cAMP signaling pathways and may become an alternative medicine for patients who want to use natural products to improve erectile function or do not completely respond to PDE5 Is. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced complexity sphere decoding
Authors: Li Boyu , Ayanoglu Ender
Published: November 2011

In multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) systems, sphere decoding (SD) can achieve a performance equivalent to a full‐search maximum likelihood decoding, with reduced complexity. Several researchers reported techniques that reduce the complexity of SD further. In this paper, a new technique that decreases the computational complexity of SD substantially, without sacrificing performance, is introduced. The reduction is accomplished by deconstructing the decoding metric to decrease the number of computations and by exploiting the structure of a lattice representation. Furthermore, an application of SD employing a proposed smart implementation with very low computational complexity is introduced. This application calculates the soft bit metrics of a bit‐interleaved convolutional‐coded MIMO system in an efficient manner. On the basis of the reduced complexity SD, the proposed smart implementation employs the initial radius acquired by zero‐forcing decision feedback equalization, which ensures no empty spheres. Other than that, a technique of a particular data structure is also incorporated to efficiently reduce the number of executions carried out by SD. Simulation results show that these approaches achieve substantial gains in terms of the computational complexity for both uncoded and coded MIMO systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resource allocation via sum‐rate maximization in the uplink of multi‐cell OFDMA networks
Authors: Tabassum Hina , Dawy Zaher , Alouini Mohamed Slim
Published: November 2011

In this paper, we consider maximizing the sum rate in the uplink of a multi‐cell orthogonal frequency‐division multiple access network. The problem has a non‐convex combinatorial structure and is known to be NP‐hard. Because of the inherent complexity of implementing the optimal solution, firstly, we derive an upper bound (UB) and a lower bound (LB) to the optimal average network throughput. Moreover, we investigate the performance of a near‐optimal single cell resource allocation scheme in the presence of inter‐cell interference, which leads to another easily computable LB. We then develop a centralized sub‐optimal scheme that is composed of a geometric programming‐based power control phase in conjunction with an iterative subcarrier allocation phase. Although the scheme is computationally complex, it provides an effective benchmark for low complexity schemes even without the power control phase. Finally, we propose less complex centralized and distributed schemes that are well suited for practical scenarios. The computational complexity of all schemes is analyzed, and the performance is compared through simulations. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed low complexity schemes can achieve comparable performance with that of the centralized sub‐optimal scheme in various scenarios. Moreover, comparisons with the UB and LB provide insight on the performance gap between the proposed schemes and the optimal solution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bone development in children and adolescents with PKU
Authors: Mendes A. B. , Martins F. F. , Cruz W. M. S. , da Silva L. E. , Abadesso C.B.M. , Boaventura G.T.
Published: November 2011

Introduction

Individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU, OMIM 261600) have shown bone disease from childhood. Factors such as non‐adherence to treatment, nutritional inadequacy, and high phenylalanine levels are associated with bone disease in several studies. This research aimed to describe the impact of dietary factors (consumption of energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, and phenylalanine), and the control of plasma phenylalanine levels on bone age (BA) and bone mineral density (BMD).

Methodology

Thirteen patients of both genders, from 8 to 16 years old participated in this study. Control data were collected of phenylalanine levels, food frequency and record, hand and fist X‐rays, and spinal bone densitometry.

Results

In children group (CG), individuals non‐adherent to diet (NAD) consumed lower amounts of calcium (472 ± 100 mg/day) and energy (1743 ± 486 Kcal); they had higher rates of phenylalanine (564 ± 94 μmol/L) in blood, intake phenylalanine (701 ± 334 mg/g), and higher protein intake from free foods (14 ± 6.67 g/day); bone age (BA) values higher than the chronological age (CA) and less BMD values (−0.7 ± 1.6 SD) also were verified. In adolescent group (AG, N = 8) of NAD, values were lower for energy intake (1379 ± 258 Kcal), calcium (801 ± 152 mg/day), phosphorus (657 ± 102 mg/day), food protein (25 ± 7.6 g/day), and intake phenylalanine (1067 ± 382 mg/day) than recommended. Higher levels of plasma phenylalanine (851 ± 244 μmol/L), bone age greater than chronological age and lower BMD values (−2.4 ± −2.5 SD) were observed.

Conclusion

The results suggest effects on BA and on BMD, in both children and adolescent groups. The bone development is expressed differently in children and adolescents. The non‐adherence to the diet verified in both groups and the consequent imbalance in the nutrients intake involved in bone metabolism suggest that these factors influence the failure to thrive in children and reduced bone mineralization in adolescents.
Drugs as instruments from a developmental child and adolescent psychiatric perspective
Authors: Banaschewski Tobias , Blomeyer Dorothea , Buchmann Arlette F. , Poustka Luise , Rothenberger Aribert , Laucht Manfred
Published: November 2011

Developmental, epidemiological, and neurobiological studies indicate that the adaptive and maladaptive functions, as well as immediate and long-term consequences of drug use, may vary by age. Early initiation seems to be associated with a reduced ability to use drugs purposely in a temporally stable, non-addictive manner. Prevention strategies should consider social environmental factors and aim to delay age at initiation.
Drugs, mental instruments, and self-control
Authors: Van Gulick Robert
Published: November 2011

The instrumental model offered by Müller & Schumann (M&S) is broadened to apply not only to drugs, but also to other methods of self-control, including the use of mental constructs to produce adaptive changes in behavior with the possibility of synergistic interactions between various instruments.
Paramedic Electrocardiogram and Rhythm Identification: A Convenient Training Device
Authors: Hale Peggy , Lowe Robert , Seamon Jason P. , Jenkins James J.
Published: November 2011

Introduction:A common reason for utilizing local paramedics and the emergency medical services is for the recognition and immediate treatment of chest pain, a complaint that has multiple possible etiologies. While many of those complaining of disease processes responsible for chest pain are benign, some will be life-threatening and will require immediate identification and treatment. The ability of paramedics to not only perform field electrocardiograms (ECGs), but to accurately diagnose various unstable cardiac rhythms has shown significant reduction in time to specific treatments. Increasing the overall accuracy of ECG interpretation by paramedics has the potential to facilitate early and appropriate treatment and decrease patient morbidity and mortality.

Methods:A convenient training device (flip book) on ambulances and in common areas in the fire station could improve field interpretation of certain cardiac rhythms. This training device consists of illustrated sample ECG tracings and their associated diagnostic criteria. The goal was to enhance the recognition and interpretation of ECGs, and thereby, reduce delays in the initiation of treatment and potential complications associated with misinterpretation.

This study was a prospective, observational study using a matched pre-test/post-test design. The study period was from November 2008 to December 2008. A total of 136 paramedics were approached to participate in this study. A pre-test consisting of 15 12-lead ECGs was given to all paramedics who agreed to participate in the study. Once the pre-tests were completed, the flip books were placed in common areas. Approximately one month after the flip books were made available to the paramedics, a post-test was administered.

Statistical comparisons were made between the pre- and post-test scores for both the global test and each type of rhythm.

Results:Using these data, there were no statistically significant improvements in the global ECG interpretation or on individual rhythm interpretations.

Conclusions:A flip book with multiple ECG rhythms and definitions without the benefit of any outside support was not effective in improving paramedic identification of ECG rhythms on a post-test. Suggestions for further research include repeating the study with a larger sample size; utilizing a lecturer to explain how to use the flip book in the most efficient manner; reiterating how to read and interpret ECGs; and answering questions. Comparing test scores of paramedic students, and newly certified paramedics as opposed to veteran paramedics also may indicate that the flip books are more suited for one group over another.
Hunting for the lowest-mass exoplanets
Authors: Pepe Francesco , Mayor Michel , Lovis Christophe , Benz Willy , Bouchy François , Dumusque Xavier , Queloz Didier , Santos Nuno C. , Ségransan Damien , Udry Stéphane
Published: November 2011

In order to understand general planet characteristics and constrain formation models it is necessary to scan over the widest possible parameter range of discovered systems. Due to detection biases, the domain of very-low mass planets had remained poorly explored. Only with improving measurement precision it has been possible to enter in the sub-Neptune mass range. The HARPS planet search program has been particularly efficient in detecting such ice giants and super earths. The present talk will summarize the obtained results and the characteristics of the low-mass population of exoplanets.
Characterizing planetesimal belts through the study of debris dust
Authors: Moro-Martín Amaya
Published: November 2011

Main sequence stars are commonly surrounded by disks of dust. From lifetime arguments, it is inferred that the dust particles are not primordial but originate from the collision of planetesimals, similar to the asteroids, comets and KBOs in our Solar system. The presence of these debris disks around stars with a wide range of masses, luminosities, and metallicities, with and without binary companions, is evidence that planetesimal formation is a robust process that can take place under a wide range of conditions. Debris disks can help us learn about the formation, evolution and diversity of planetary systems.
Lessons from detections of the near-infrared thermal emission of hot Jupiters
Authors: Croll Bryce
Published: November 2011

There have recently been a flood of ground-based detections of the near-infrared thermal emission of a number of hot Jupiters. Although these near-infrared detections have revealed a great deal about the atmospheric characteristics of individual hot Jupiters, the question is: what information does this ensemble of near-infrared detections reveal about the atmospheric dynamics and reradiation of all hot Jupiters? I explore whether there is any correlation between how brightly these planets shine in the near-infrared compared to their incident stellar flux, as was theoretically predicted to be the case. Secondly, I look for whether there is any correlation between the host star's activity and the planet's near-infrared emission, like there is in the mid-infrared, where Spitzer observations have revealed a correlation between the host star activity with the presence, or lack thereof, of a temperature inversion and a hot stratosphere.
A multi-wavelength analysis of the WASP-12 planetary system
Authors: Fossati Luca , Haswell Carole A. , Froning Cynthia S.
Published: November 2011

WASP-12 is a 2 Gyr old solar type star, hosting WASP-12b, one of the most irradiated transiting planets currently known. We observed WASP-12 in the UV with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) on HST. The light curves we obtained in the three covered UV wavelength ranges, all of which contain many photospheric absorption lines, imply effective radii of 2.69±0.24 RJ, 2.18±0.18 RJ, and 2.66±0.22 RJ, suggesting that the planet is surrounded by an absorbing cloud which overfills the Roche lobe. We clearly detected enhanced transit depths at the wavelengths of the MgII h&k resonance lines. Spectropolarimetric analysis of the host star was also performed. We found no global magnetic field, but there were hints of atmospheric pollution, which might be connected to the very unusual activity of the host star.
GJ 1214b and the prospects for liquid water on super Earths
Authors: Rogers Leslie A. , Seager Sara
Published: November 2011

GJ 1214b is one of the first discovered transiting planets having mass (6.55 M⊕) and radius (2.678 R⊕) smaller than Neptune. To account for its low average density (1870 kg m−3), GJ 1214b must have a significant gas component. We use interior structure models to constrain GJ 1214b's gas envelope mass, and to explore the conditions needed to achieve within the planet pressures and temperatures conducive to liquid water. We consider three possible origins for the gas layer: direct accretion of gas from the protoplanetary nebula, sublimation of ices, and outgassing from rocky material. Despite having an equilibrium temperature below 647 K (the critical temperature of water) GJ 1214b does not have liquid water under most conditions we consider. Even if the outer envelope is predominantly sublimated water ice, in our model a low intrinsic planet luminosity (less than 2 TW) is needed for the water envelope to pass through the liquid phase; at higher interior luminosities the outer envelope transitions from a vapor to a super-fluid then to a plasma at successively greater depths.
Uncertainties in tidal theory: Implications for bloated hot Jupiters
Authors: Leconte Jérémy , Chabrier Gilles , Baraffe Isabelle
Published: November 2011

Thanks to the combination of transit photometry and radial velocity doppler measurements, we are now able to constrain theoretical models of the structure and evolution of objects in the whole mass range between icy giants and stars, including the giant planet/brown dwarf overlapping mass regime (Leconte et al. 2009). In the giant planet mass range, the significant fraction of planets showing a larger radius than predicted by the models suggests that a missing physical mechanism which is either injecting energy in the deep convective zone or reducing the net outward thermal flux is taking place in these objects. Several possibilities have been suggested for such a mechanism:

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downward transport of kinetic energy originating from strong winds generated at the planet's surface (Showman & Guillot 2002),

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enhanced opacity sources in hot-Jupiter atmospheres (Burrows et al. 2007),

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ohmic dissipation in the ionized atmosphere (Batygin & Stevenson 2010),

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(inefficient) layered or oscillatory convection in the planet's interior (Chabrier & Baraffe 2007),

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Tidal heating due to circularization of the orbit, as originally suggested by Bodenheimer, Lin & Mardling (2001).

Here we first review the differences between current models of tidal evolution and their uncertainties. We then revisit the viability of the tidal heating hypothesis using a tidal model which treats properly the highly eccentric and misaligned orbits commonly encountered in exoplanetary systems. We stress again that the low order expansions in eccentricity often used in constant phase lag tidal models (i.e. constant Q) necessarily yields incorrect results as soon as the (present or initial) eccentricity exceeds ~ 0.2, as can be rigorously demonstrated from Kepler's equations.
Spin-orbit angles: A probe to evolution
Authors: Triaud Amaury H. M. J. , Queloz Didier , Cameron Andrew Collier
Published: November 2011

We will present our campaign to estimate the projected spin-orbit angle for transiting hot Jupiters, obtained via observations of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect. Combining our results to those of other teams we show what the current distribution in projected spin-orbit angle is, quickly reminding what interpretation we make of it. Finally we will show early results from a campaign that we initiated, surveying the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect on transiting SB1 intended to provide a comparison sample to the transiting planet's results.