bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A NITROSAMINE ROUTE TO (.+‐.)‐MACROSTOMINE
Authors: WYKYPIEL W. , SEEBACH D.
Published: April 2016

Veratrumaldehyd (I) liefert mit dem Aminoaldehyddiethylacetal (II) in bekannter Weise das Tetrahydroisochinolinol (IIIa), das zu (IIIb) nitrosiert wird und weiter mit dem entsprechenden Benzylbromid zu (IVa) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: THIOCARBAMIC AND CARBAMIC ESTERS OF BENZENEDITHIOLS WITH ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY
Authors: MONTANARI L. , MAZZA M. , PAVANETTO F. , MODENA T.
Published: April 2016

Durch Umsetzung entsprechender Dithio‐phenole mit Isothiocyanaten bzw. Isocyanaten erhält man die Carbamidsäureester (I)‐(III).
Enantiomeric 4‐Acylamino‐6‐alkyloxy‐2 Alkylthiopyrimidines As Potential A3Adenosine Receptor Antagonists: HPLC Chiral Resolution and Absolute Configuration Assignment by a Full Set of Chiroptical Spectroscopy
Authors: Rossi Daniela , Nasti Rita , Marra Annamaria , Meneghini Silvia , Mazzeo Giuseppe , Longhi Giovanna , Memo Maurizio , Cosimelli Barbara , Greco Giovanni , Novellino Ettore , Da Settimo Federico , Martini Claudia , Taliani Sabrina , Abbate Sergio , Collina Simona
Published: April 2016

The chiral separation of enantiomeric couples of three potential A3adenosine receptor antagonists: (R/S)‐N‐(6‐(1‐phenylethoxy)‐2‐(propylthio)pyrimidin‐4‐yl)acetamide (1), (R/S)‐N‐(2‐(1‐phenylethylthio)‐6‐propoxypyrimidin‐4‐yl)acetamide (2), and (R/S)‐N‐(2‐(benzylthio)‐6‐sec‐butoxypyrimidin‐4‐yl)acetamide (3) was achieved by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Three types of chiroptical spectroscopies, namely, optical rotatory dispersion (ORD), electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), were applied to enantiomeric compounds. Through comparison with Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, encompassing extensive conformational analysis, full assignment of the absolute configuration (AC) for the three sets of compounds was obtained.Chirality 28:434–440, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Degradation of Toxic Compounds at Low and Medium Temperature Conditions Using Isolated Fungus
Authors: Chang Young‐Cheol , Fuzisawa Soichiro , Reddy Motakatla Venkateswar , Kobayashi Hikari , Yoshida Eri , Yajima Yuka , Hoshino Tamotsu , Choi DuBok
Published: April 2016

In the present study, a fungal strain isolated from the Antarctic soil was identified as Penicillium sp. CHY‐2 based on its 5.8S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Furthermore, its biodegradation ability towards 13 different toxic compounds such as 4‐butylphenol (4‐BP), 4‐sec‐butylphenol (4‐s‐BP), 4‐tert‐butylphenol (4‐t‐BP), 4‐nonylphenol (4‐NP), 4‐tert‐octylphenol (4‐t‐OP), 4‐chlorophenol (4‐CP), phenol, bisphenol A (BPA), benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene at low (4°C) and medium (15°C) temperature conditions was evaluated using high pressure liquid chromatography. Among the 13 compounds, the strain CHY‐2 effectively degraded the six compounds i.e., 4‐BP, 4‐s‐BP, 4‐t‐BP, 4‐NP, 4‐CP, and phenol at 15°C within one week, and at 4°C within 3 weeks. Also CHY‐2 effectively degraded the 4‐t‐OP at 15°C (70%), but not at 4°C (35%). Among different carbon sources tested, glucose was found to be the most suitable and the growth of CHY‐2 at 4°C was slower than at 15°C. Addition of Tween 80 increased the growth and degradation ability of CHY‐2 towards 4‐BP at 4 and 15°C. The metabolites produced during the degradation of 4‐BP were identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Also, bacteria present in the Antarctic soil were determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and the result showed the presence of Pseudomonas and Syntrophus groups of bacteria.
Pharmacokinetic Studies around the Mono‐ and Difunctionalization of a Bioavailable Cyclic Decapeptide Scaffold
Authors: Fouché Marianne , Schäfer Michael , Blatter Markus , Berghausen Jörg , Desrayaud Sandrine , Roth Hans‐Jörg
Published: April 2016

We previously reported the design of several cyclic decapeptides based on a generic scaffold that achieved favorable oral bioavailability and exposure. With the goal to further investigate the potential of this approach, we describe herein the effect of mono‐ and difunctionalization of this scaffold. A series of cyclic decapeptides were therefore subjected to a range of in vitro assays and pharmacokinetic (PK) studies to investigate whether the introduction of polar or charged groups could be tolerated by the “engineered” scaffold while maintaining good PK profiles. Whereas the introduction of charged amino acids proved—besides maintaining low clearance—to conceal the inherent PK properties of the scaffold, the introduction of polar amino acids (i.e., threonine and pyridyl alanine) led to several cyclic decapeptides exhibiting excellent PK profiles together with a solubility that was significantly improved relative to that of previously reported cyclic decapeptides.
Fluorine Scan of Inhibitors of the Cysteine Protease Human Cathepsin L: Dipolar and Quadrupolar Effects in the π‐Stacking of Fluorinated Phenyl Rings on Peptide Amide Bonds
Authors: Giroud Maude , Harder Michael , Kuhn Bernd , Haap Wolfgang , Trapp Nils , Schweizer W. Bernd , Schirmeister Tanja , Diederich François
Published: April 2016

The π‐stacking of fluorinated benzene rings on protein backbone amide groups was investigated, using a dual approach comprising enzyme–ligand binding studies complemented by high‐level quantum chemical calculations. In the experimental study, the phenyl substituent of triazine nitrile inhibitors of human cathepsin L (hCatL), which stacks onto the peptide amide bond Gly67−Gly68 at the entrance of the S3 pocket, was systematically fluorinated, and differences in inhibitory potency were measured in a fluorimetric assay. Binding affinity is influenced by lipophilicity (clog P), the dipole and quadrupole moments of the fluorinated rings, but also by additional interactions of the introduced fluorine atoms with the local environment of the pocket. Generally, the higher the degree of fluorination, the better the binding affinities. Gas phase calculations strongly support the contributions of the molecular quadrupole moments of the fluorinated phenyl rings to the π‐stacking interaction with the peptide bond. These findings provide useful guidelines for enhancing π‐stacking on protein amide fragments.
Hydrogen Adsorption Properties of Carbon Nanotubes and Platinum Nanoparticles from a New Ammonium‐Ethylimidazolium Chloroplatinate Salt
Authors: Tamburri Emanuela , Cassani Maria Cristina , Ballarin Barbara , Tomellini Massimo , Femoni Cristina , Mignani Adriana , Terranova Maria Letizia , Orlanducci Silvia
Published: April 2016

Self‐supporting membranes built entirely of carbon nanotubes have been prepared by wet methods and characterized by Raman spectroscopy. The membranes are used as supports for the electrodeposition of Pt nanoparticles without the use of additional additives and/or stabilizers. The Pt precursor is an ad hoc synthesized ammonium‐ethylimidazolium chloroplatinate(IV) salt, [NH3(CH2)2MIM)][PtCl6]. The Pt complex was characterized using NMR spectroscopy, XRD, ESI‐MS, and FTIR spectroscopy. The interaction between the Pt‐carbon nanotubes nanocomposites and hydrogen is analyzed using electrochemical and quartz microbalance measurements under near‐ambient conditions. The contribution of the Pt phase to the hydrogen adsorption on nanotube is found and explained by a kinetic model that takes into account a spillover event. Such a phenomenon may be exploited conveniently for catalysis and electrocatalysis applications in which the hybrid systems could act as a hydrogen transfer agent in specific hydrogenation reactions.
Energy Storage in Strained Organic Molecules: (Spectro)Electrochemical Characterization of Norbornadiene and Quadricyclane
Authors: Brummel Olaf , Besold Daniel , Döpper Tibor , Wu Yanlin , Bochmann Sebastian , Lazzari Federica , Waidhas Fabian , Bauer Udo , Bachmann Philipp , Papp Christian , Steinrück Hans‐Peter , Görling Andreas , Libuda Jörg , Bachmann Julien
Published: April 2016

We have investigated the electrochemically triggered cycloreversion of quadricyclane (QC) to norbornadiene (NBD), a system that holds the potential to combine both energy storage and conversion in a single molecule. Unambiguous voltammetric traces are obtained for pure NBD and pure QC, the latter a strained polycyclic isomer of the former. The difference in redox potentials is smaller than the energy difference between the neutral molecules. This is owing to a significant energy difference between the corresponding radical cations, as demonstrated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The vibrational modes of each pure compound are characterized experimentally in the fingerprint region and identified by DFT methods. Thermal and electrochemical transformations of NBD and QC are monitored in situ by IR spectroelectrochemical methods. The kinetics of the cycloreversion of QC to NBD, which is catalyzed by oxidizing equivalents, can be controlled by an applied electrode potential, which implies the ability to adjust in real time the release of thermal power stored in QC.
Developmental changes in motor cortex activity as infants develop functional motor skills
Authors: Nishiyori Ryota , Bisconti Silvia , Meehan Sean K. , Ulrich Beverly D.
Published: April 2016

Despite extensive research examining overt behavioral changes of motor skills in infants, the neural basis underlying the emergence of functional motor control has yet to be determined. We used functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to record hemodynamic activity of the primary motor cortex (M1) from 22 infants (11 six month‐olds, 11 twelve month‐olds) as they reached for an object, and stepped while supported over a treadmill. Based on the developmental systems framework, we hypothesized that as infants increased goal‐directed experience, neural activity shifts from a diffused to focal pattern. Results showed that for reaching, younger infants showed diffuse areas of M1 activity that became focused by 12 months. For elicited stepping, younger infants produced much less M1 activity which shifted to diffuse activity by 12 months. Thus, the data suggest that as infants gain goal‐directed experience, M1 activity emerges, initially showing a diffuse area of activity, becoming refined as the behavior stabilizes. Our data begin to document the cortical activity underlying early functional skill acquisition.
Advocate for international accessibility rights
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: April 2016

In the United States, disability services offices are guided by the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. In many countries, no similar laws exist. But officials at colleges and universities in those countries want to do the right thing to help their institution's students with disabilities succeed.
Magistrate denies motion to dismiss in cases against Harvard and MIT on web content captioning
Authors: Charmatz Marc
Published: April 2016

A United States magistrate issued a report and recommendation which denied Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology's motion to dismiss a class action under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. 794, and Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. 12181 et seq., for failure to provide equal access for deaf and hard of hearing individuals to the audio and audiovisual content that defendants made available online to the general public by not providing captioning. (For a summary of the complaints in National Association of the Deaf et al. v. Harvard University and President and Fellows of Harvard College, Civil Action No. 3:15‐cv‐30023‐MGM (D. Mass.); and National Association of the Deaf et al. v. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Civil Action No. 3:15‐cv‐300024‐MGM (D.Mass.) see the July 2015 issue.)
Incorporate universal design in your strategies
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: April 2016

Loren O'Connor, Ph.D., assistant vice chancellor, Office of Accessible Education and Counseling Services at Brandman University, and Alex Price, M.A., disability services coordinator at Brandman, explained during a presentation in Sri Lanka how Universal Design for Instruction can benefit a broad range of learners, including students with disabilities. Consider sharing their information with faculty members or new staff members at your institution to give them an overview of UDI.
Policy and Governance for Sustainable Consumption at the Crossroads of Theories and Concepts
Authors: Keller Margit , Halkier Bente , Wilska Terhi‐Anna
Published: April 2016

This introductory article of the special issue compares different conceptual underpinnings of efforts to make the everyday activities of consumers more sustainable. As social practice theory (SPT) is the main theoretical foundation of the articles collected here, we outline its strengths and limitations, when compared with the dominant individual‐oriented behaviour change approach, and we focus on theories of planned behaviour, social marketing as well as ‘choice architecture’, based on behavioural economics. This article analyses SPT's usefulness, particularly from the applied point of view for policy‐makers and social change programme designers. In the final section we provide some recommendations. These consider the need for greater reflexivity and experimentation with the practices of policy‐ and programme‐making and the building of coalitions of ‘distributed interveners’. They also relate to the need for more focus on consumers' workplace practices alongside domestic practices and analysis of and intervention in the material environments and objects in which social practices are embedded. Finally, they are concerned with the identification of moments of transition in consumers' lives and they focus on the ‘transition practices’ that familiarize people with their new life situations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
DBU‐Mediated [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Nitromethane: Efficient Strategy for the Construction of Isoxazole Skeletons
Authors: Xue Shuwen , Liu Jiaming , Wang Cunde
Published: April 2016

A new DBU‐mediated [3+2] cycloaddition reaction has been developed using readily available donor–acceptor cyclopropanes and nitromethane. This approach provides a straightforward and efficient route to the construction of polysubstituted isoxazole scaffolds in high yields.
Optimal design of tuned mass dampers for a multi‐storey cross laminated timber building against seismic loads
Authors: Poh'sie G. H. , Chisari C. , Rinaldin G. , Amadio C. , Fragiacomo M.
Published: April 2016

In this paper, the effectiveness of different design solutions for tuned mass dampers (TMD) applied to high‐rise cross‐laminated (X‐Lam) timber buildings as a means to reduce the seismic accelerations was investigated. A seven‐storey full‐scale structure previously tested on shaking table was used as a reference. The optimal design parameters of the TMDs, i.e. damping and frequency ratios, were determined by using a genetic algorithm on a simplified model of the reference structure, composed by seven masses each representing one storey. The optimal solutions for the TMDs were then applied to a detailed finite element model of the seven‐storey building, where the timber panels were modelled with shell elements and the steel connectors with linear spring. By comparing the numerical results of the building with and without multiple TMDs, the improvement in seismic response was assessed. Dynamic time‐history analyses were carried out for a set of seven natural records, selected in accordance with Eurocode 8, on the simplified model, and for Kobe earthquake ground motion on the detailed model. Results in terms of acceleration reduction for different TMD configurations show that the behaviour of the seven‐storey timber building can be significantly improved, especially at the upper storeys. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Informational Content of the Term Spread in Forecasting the US Inflation Rate: A Nonlinear Approach
Authors: Plakandaras Vasilios , Gogas Periklis , Papadimitriou Theophilos , Gupta Rangan
Published: April 2016

The difficulty in modelling inflation and the significance in discovering the underlying data‐generating process of inflation is expressed in an extensive literature regarding inflation forecasting. In this paper we evaluate nonlinear machine learning and econometric methodologies in forecasting US inflation based on autoregressive and structural models of the term structure. We employ two nonlinear methodologies: the econometric least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and the machine‐learning support vector regression (SVR) method. The SVR has never been used before in inflation forecasting considering the term spread as a regressor. In doing so, we use a long monthly dataset spanning the period 1871:1–2015:3 that covers the entire history of inflation in the US economy. For comparison purposes we also use ordinary least squares regression models as a benchmark. In order to evaluate the contribution of the term spread in inflation forecasting in different time periods, we measure the out‐of‐sample forecasting performance of all models using rolling window regressions. Considering various forecasting horizons, the empirical evidence suggests that the structural models do not outperform the autoregressive ones, regardless of the model's method. Thus we conclude that the term spread models are not more accurate than autoregressive models in inflation forecasting. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non–Pt Catalyst Layer Operation in a PEM Fuel Cell: A Variable‐thickness Regime
Authors: Kulikovsky A.
Published: April 2016

A recently pubilshed experimental polarization curve of a PEM fuel cell with the non–Pt cathode catalyst layer (CCL) exhibits unusual feature: in the region of small current densities, the curve is close to linear. We report a model for the CCL performance which explains this effect. The model includes finite rate of the oxygen adsorption on the catalyst surface. Qualitatively, due to a very high exchange current density of the non–Pt catalyst, the ORR rate close to the membrane is determined by the potential–independent oxygen adsorption rate. This leads to a specific regime of the CCL operation, when only part of the CCL thickness contributes to current production, while the rest part is completely inactive. With the growth of the cell current, the active part increases in width, while the inactive part shrinks. The resulting polarization curve appears to be close to linear.
Climate Variability and Change: Impacts On Water Availability†
Authors: Lengoasa J.
Published: April 2016

Climate change adaptation is an important issue for water and food security but also to sustainable development in the future. How the weather and climate elements will change in the future under climate change conditions will determine the long‐term sustainability of water supplies for food production in many areas. Therefore, it is critical to address the issue of climate variability and change on the impacts on water availability. This paper highlights the following topics: latest scientific understanding on climate change; efforts being made by World Meteorological Organization (WMO) through its network of National Hydrological and Meteorological Services in delivering science based services; establishment of the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) which has been established by the WMO in collaboration with other international agencies to provide climate information and services; and need for broader collaboration and cooperation among different development sectors at global as well as regional and national levels. ICID and its members were urged to establish linkages at the global, regional and national levels to ensure that climate information and services reach their audiences for the betterment of humanity. It was stressed that the various ICID and WMO communities can make a difference by working together. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Note on Strategy Theme Knowledge Management
Authors: Pandya A.B. , Hadimoeljono Basuki
Published: April 2016

Managing knowledge is the key to the success of any professional network like the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID). Fast‐changing technologies influence the knowledge process. It is crucial that all knowledge management processes make use of developments in information and other technologies. In order to fulfil the mission of ICID of pooling and dissemination of knowledge in the field of irrigation, drainage and flood management, the strategies to manage knowledge have to align themselves with the available IT tools. ICID Working Groups engaged in various facets of irrigation, drainage and flood management need to make the best use of these technologies. The strategy theme ‘Knowledge’, under which activities related to knowledge management are organized, was reviewed during the 65th Meeting of the International Executive Council of ICID in September 2014 in Gwangju, Republic of Korea. This paper presents an overview of the knowledge management activities of various working groups and presents some of the decisions taken by the Council for its improvement. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanodiamond for biolabelling and toxicity evaluation in the zebrafish embryo in vivo
Authors: Lin Y.‐C. , Wu K.‐T. , Lin Z.‐R. , Perevedentseva E. , Karmenyan A. , Lin M.‐D. , Cheng C.‐L.
Published: April 2016

Nanodiamond (ND) has been proposed for various biomedical applications, including bioimaging, biosensing and drug delivery, owing to its physical‐chemical properties and biocompatibility. Particularly, ND has been demonstrated as fluorescence‐ and Raman‐detectable labels in many cellular models. Different surface functionalization methods have been developed, varying the ND's surface properties and rendering the possibility to attach biomolecules to provide interaction with biological targets. For this, toxicity is of major concern in animal models. Aside from cellular models, a cost‐effective animal test will greatly facilitate the development of applications. In this study, we use the rapid, sensitive and reproducible zebrafish embryo model for in vivo nanotoxicity test. We optimize the conditions for using this animal model and analyze the zebrafish embryonic development in the presence of ND. ND is observed in the embryo in vivo using laser confocal fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging. Using the zebrafish model for a safety evaluation of ND‐based nanolabel is discussed.

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The Relationship Among the Level of Serum Amyloid A, High‐Density Lipoprotein and Microalbuminuria in Patients With Familial Mediterranean Fever
Authors: Uslu Ali Ugur , Aydin Bahattin , Icagasıoğlu Ibrahim Serhat , Balta Sevket , Deveci Köksal , Alkan Filiz , Yıldız Gürsel , Sahin Ali
Published: April 2016

Background

Serum amyloid A (SAA), which is produced in the liver, acts as an apoprotein of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) accumulation in extracellular matrix of tissues and organs. SAA elevations play a significant role in the development of amyloidosis. Microalbuminuria (MAU) is the early period of amyloidosis in patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). We assessed the association between SAA as an important factor for the development of amyloidosis in patients with FMF and cytokines, HDL, and MAU.

Methods

A total of 40 FMF patients diagnosed with Tel‐Hashomer criteria and making regular follow‐up visits at the tertiary referral center from 2012 to 2013 were included in this study, besides 40 age‐ and sex‐matched individuals as controls.

Results

Compared with controls, FMF patients had higher SAA (25.20 ± 45.78 vs. 1.68 ± 0.63 ng/ml; P = 0.002). Also, FMF patients had higher MAU than controls (23.20 ± 39.86 vs. 9.40 ± 5.32 mg/day; P = 0.036). HDL was significantly lower in the patient group than in controls (39.35 ± 10.45 vs. 47.82 ± 15.31 mg/dl; P = 0.023). Interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1), IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) levels were higher in the FMF group than in controls (P < 0.0001, P = 0.009, P = 0.003, respectively).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that IL‐1, IL‐6, TNF‐α, SAA, and HDL may serve as markers of subclinical inflammation in FMF patients. Due to increased plasma HDL levels, antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects may elevate in FMF patients.
Pharmacokinetic Properties of Nintedanib in Healthy Volunteers and Patients With Advanced Cancer
Authors: Dallinger Claudia , Trommeshauser Dirk , Marzin Kristell , Liesener Andre , Kaiser Rolf , Stopfer Peter
Published: April 2016

Nintedanib, a triple angiokinase inhibitor, has undergone clinical investigation for the treatment of solid tumors and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Nintedanib (Vargatef®) plus docetaxel is approved in the EU for the treatment of patients with adenocarcinoma non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after first‐line chemotherapy, and as monotherapy (Ofev®) in the United States and EU for the treatment of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pharmacokinetics (PK) of nintedanib after oral single and multiple doses and intravenous (IV) administration were assessed using 3 data sets: (1) an absolute bioavailability trial that enrolled 30 healthy volunteers; (2) a pooled data analysis of 4 studies that enrolled a total of 107 healthy volunteers; and (3) a pooled data analysis of 4 studies that enrolled a total of 149 patients with advanced cancer. In the absolute bioavailability trial of healthy volunteers, nintedanib showed a high total clearance (geometric mean 1390 mL/min) and a high volume of distribution at steady state (Vss = 1050 L). Urinary excretion of IV nintedanib was about 1% of dose; renal clearance was about 20 mL/min and therefore negligible. There was no deviation from dose proportionality after IV administration in the dose range tested. Absolute bioavailability of oral nintedanib (100 mg capsule) relative to IV dosing (4‐hour infusion, 6 mg) was slightly below 5%. Nintedanib was quickly absorbed after oral administration. It underwent rapid and extensive first‐pass metabolism and followed at least biphasic disposition kinetics. In advanced cancer patients, steady state was reached at the latest at 7 days for twice‐daily dosing. Nintedanib's PK was time‐independent; accumulation after repeated administration was negligible.
Light and scanning electron microscopic features of the tongue in cattle egret
Authors: Al‐Ahmady Al‐Zahaby Sheren
Published: April 2016

Adult individuals of both sexes were sacrificed by decapitation and their tongues were teared out in order to be investigated. Cattle egret's tongue is distinguished into the apex, body, and root regions. A shallow median sulcus is apparently noticed on the dorsal surface of the tongue's body only. Histologically, the tongue mucosa is covered with a thick parakeratinized epithelium. The dorsal epithelia of the apex and body are densely packed with exfoliated superficial cells. However, the dorsal surface showed microridges observed on the surface epithelial cells. In the body region, the gland's outlets are integrated in glandular patches on the top of keratinized folds at both sides of the median sulcus. The ventral surface of the tongue is devoid of any glandular outlets. The egret's tongue is supported by a paraglossum cartilage wrapped up with a fibrous perichondrium and striated muscle fibers. It extends ventrally as paraglossale apex then flattened in the body giving the corpus paraglossale which bifurcates caudally in the root giving paraglossalis caudalis. The tongue exhibits certain features that are unique as an adaptation to food intake, the type of food, lifestyles and bird's habitat with no any sex‐specific differences. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:595–603, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sign language in the CT suite: a new approach in communicating between radiologists and radiographers
Authors: Wang Edward H. , Sampson Matthew J.
Published: April 2016

When performing CT‐guided procedures or angiographic procedures, radiologists performing procedures need to communicate with radiographers at a workstation behind radiation shielding glass. As shielding renders verbal communication impossible, we have developed a set of standardised hand signals for use at our department to help us achieve clear and efficient communication between radiologists and radiographers while performing CT‐guided or angiographic procedures.
Non‐annular response of sea ice cover in the Indian sector of the Antarctic during extreme SAM events
Authors: Deb Pranab , Dash Mihir Kumar , Dey Subhra Prakash , Pandey Prem Chand
Published: April 2016

This study investigates the impact of wind‐induced sea ice drift on sea ice cover over the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean (IOS) in the contrasting Southern Annular Mode (SAM) years during a summer (February) and a winter (July) month. Analysis of reanalysis wind shows that during positive SAM events, westerlies show stronger and more zonal flow over the west IOS (west of 45°E), while a stronger northerly component is seen over the east IOS, to the south of 55°S during both February and July. This is attributed to the zonally asymmetric feature of sea level pressure over the IOS. A coupled ocean–sea ice model was forced with dynamical wind forcing for positive and negative SAM events during above months. The zonal contrast as seen in wind and surface current is transferred to the sea ice drift. A stronger zonal eastward sea ice drift is apparent over the west IOS, suggesting increased transport of sea ice from the Weddell Sea region in July. The eastward advection of sea ice results in piling of sea ice over west IOS and causes an increase in sea ice concentration and thickness. Over east IOS, the sea ice drift shows a strong southeastward anomaly from the sea ice edge towards the coast. This results in a piling of sea ice near the coast and a divergence of sea ice near the edge. This results in a negative anomaly in sea ice concentration and sea ice thickness over east IOS. Thus, the dynamical SAM forcing leads to a non‐annular response in sea ice cover over the IOS.
A study of the scaling properties of rainfall in spain and its appropriateness to generate intensity‐duration‐frequency curves from daily records
Authors: Rodríguez‐Solà Raúl , Casas‐Castillo M. Carmen , Navarro Xavier , Redaño Ángel
Published: April 2016

A methodology based on the fractal properties of rainfall has been applied to obtain the intensity‐duration‐frequency, IDF, curves for 100 pluviometric Spanish stations over the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands from their daily precipitation series. The scaling behaviour of maximum rainfall intensities has been investigated and simple scaling has resulted suitable. This methodology has been verified in three emblematic observatories with available sub‐daily registers and current known generalized IDF relationships: the Fabra Observatory of Barcelona, the Ebre Observatory near Tortosa (Tarragona) and the Retiro Observatory of Madrid. Despite some general concordance with the mean annual rainfall distribution over Spain, the spatial distribution of the scaling parameter found for the 100 stations shows some discrepancies in diverse areas probably due to the influence of other features, as the inter‐annual rainfall variability and the contribution of convective rainfall to total precipitation, on the characteristic rainfall pattern in these areas.
Polyaniline‐coated cigarette filters as a solid‐phase extraction sorbent for the extraction and enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in water samples
Authors: Bunkoed Opas , Rueankaew Thanaschaphorn , Nurerk Piyaluk , Kanatharana Proespichaya
Published: April 2016

Polyaniline coated cigarette filters were successfully synthesized and used as a solid‐phase extraction sorbent for the extraction and preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. The polyaniline helped to enhance the adsorption ability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the sorbent through π–π interactions. The high porosity and large surface area of the cigarette filters helped to reduce backpressure and can be operated with high sample flow rate without loss of extraction efficiency. The developed sorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The parameters that affected the extraction efficiencies, i.e. polymerization time, type of desorption solvent and its volume, sample flow rate, sample volume, sample pH, ionic strength, and organic modifier were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the method was linear over the range of 0.5–10 μg/L and a detection limit of 0.5 ng/L. This simple, rapid, and cost‐effective method was successfully applied to the preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water samples. The developed method provided a high enrichment factor with good extraction efficiency (85–98%) and a relative standard deviation <10%.
Stochastic simulation for the precipitation frequency over some Brazilian cities through the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm
Authors: Santos Marconio , Lucio Paulo Sérgio , Gomes Ana Carla
Published: April 2016

This work analyses precipitation patterns in Brazilian cities with different climatic classifications, according to Köppen–Geiger, in order to estimate the probability of precipitation on any day of a particular month. It is focused on the frequency of precipitation and its probability. For this aim, the R software was used to perform stochastic simulations by the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm, assuming that the days of a particular month are distributed identically regarding the frequency of rainfall. It is also assumed that this frequency can be modelled by the Beta distribution, with adjusted parameters. The distribution proposed in this work is suitable for adequately estimating the frequency of precipitation when the average chosen rates are higher than 50%. However, this frequency could not be approximated by the proposed method, because the average chosen rates were <50%. The results can contribute to numerical prediction models for cities with a shortage of or missing rainfall data, providing information that contributes to urban planning in these cities.
Computational aspects of a new multi‐scale dispersive gradient elasticity model with micro‐inertia
Authors: De Domenico Dario , Askes Harm
Published: April 2016

Computational aspects of a recently developed gradient elasticity model are discussed in this paper. This model includes the (Aifantis) strain gradient term along with two higher‐order acceleration terms (micro‐inertia contributions). It has been demonstrated that the presence of these three gradient terms enables one to capture the dispersive wave propagation with great accuracy. In this paper, the discretisation details of this model are thoroughly investigated, including both discretisation in time and in space. Firstly, the critical time step is derived that is relevant for conditionally stable time integrators. Secondly, recommendations on how to choose the numerical parameters, primarily the element size and time step, are given by comparing the dispersion behaviour of the original higher‐order continuum with that of the discretised medium. In so doing, the accuracy of the discretised model can be assessed a priori depending on the selected discretisation parameters for given length‐scales. A set of guidelines can therefore be established to select optimal discretisation parameters that balance computational efficiency and numerical accuracy. These guidelines are then verified numerically by examining the wave propagation in a one‐dimensional bar as well as in a two‐dimensional example. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A coupled SDPH–FVM method for gas‐particle multiphase flow: Methodology
Authors: Chen Fuzhen , Qiang Hongfu , Zhang Han , Gao Weiran
Published: April 2016

This paper describes a novel methodology that combines smoothed discrete particle hydrodynamics (SDPH) and finite volume method (FVM) to enhance the effective performance in solving the problems of gas‐particle multiphase flow. To describe the collision and fluctuation of particles, this method also increases a new parameter, namely, granular temperature, according to the kinetic theory of granular flow. The coupled framework of SDPH–FVM has been established, in which the drag force and pressure gradient act on the SDPH particles and the momentum sources of drag force are added back onto the FVM mesh. The proposed technique is a coupled discrete‐continuum method based on the two‐fluid model. To compute for the discrete phase, its SDPH is developed from smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), in which the properties of SPH are redefined with some new physical quantities added into the traditional SPH parameters, so that it is more beneficial for SDPH in representing the particle characteristics. For the continuum phase, FVM is employed to discretize the continuum flow field on a stationary grid by capturing fluid characteristics. The coupled method exhibits strong efficiency and accuracy in several two‐dimensional numerical simulations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local and non‐local thermomechanical modeling of elastic‐plastic materials undergoing large strains
Authors: Wcisło Balbina , Pamin Jerzy
Published: April 2016

This paper deals with the numerical analysis of instabilities for elastic‐plastic materials undergoing large deformations in non‐isothermal conditions. The considered isotropic model is fully thermomechanically coupled and includes temperature‐induced softening, which is another source of strain localization next to geometrical effects. Due to complexity of the model, a symbolic‐numerical tool Ace is used for the preparation of user‐supplied subroutines for the finite element method. The computational verification is performed using two benchmark tests: necking of circular bar in tension and shear banding of elongated rectangular plate in plain strain conditions. The attention is focused on mesh dependence of the numerical results and the regularizing effect of heat conduction. The research reveals that the conductivity influences the shear band width and ductility of the material response; however, for the adiabatic case, the results are discretization sensitive, and another regularization is needed. A new gradient‐enhanced thermomechanical model is developed that introduces an internal length parameter governing the size of the shear band caused by thermal softening. The numerical verification of the non‐local model is performed for the adiabatic case. Subsequently, the simultaneous application of the gradient enhancement and heat conduction in the model is analyzed, which reproduces an evolving shear band. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Common Agency in Nonprofit Advocacy Organizations
Authors: Mason Dyana P.
Published: April 2016

Most theories of nonprofit organizations and nonprofit leadership recognize the multitude of stakeholders—including board members, donors and volunteers, funders, the media, and policy makers—that organizational leaders must contend with in doing their work. For nonprofits engaged in advocacy, demands from stakeholders may be even more challenging to meet. Although stakeholder theory recognizes the effect of various groups on an organization, it does not explain how leaders manage the preferences of their often‐competing stakeholders while they make choices for the organization. This study develops a common agency framework, evaluating the roles of three groups crucial to nonprofit advocacy organizations: the organization's board of directors, elected officials, and donors/members. The common agency framework is then illustrated with interviews with leaders of nonprofit advocacy organizations in California. Findings suggest that the leaders of these groups have a significant amount of discretion in guiding their organizations’ activities and operations.
Maternal inflammation during pregnancy and childhood adiposity
Authors: Gaillard Romy , Rifas‐Shiman Sheryl L. , Perng Wei , Oken Emily , Gillman Matthew W.
Published: April 2016

Objective

Maternal pre‐pregnancy obesity is associated with offspring obesity. Underlying mechanisms may involve a maternal obesity‐mediated proinflammatory state during pregnancy. Maternal C‐reactive protein (CRP) level during pregnancy is a biomarker of low‐grade systemic inflammation.

Methods

Among 1,116 mother‐child pairs, this study examined associations of maternal second‐trimester CRP plasma level, measured by high‐sensitivity CRP arrays, with mid‐childhood DXA fat mass index (FMI), trunk fat mass index (trunkFMI), fat‐free mass index (FFMI), and early and mid‐childhood BMI‐z and waist circumference (WC). Main analyses were adjusted for maternal sociodemographic and lifestyle‐related characteristics, gestational age at blood draw, and child's age and sex.

Results

Higher maternal CRP level was associated with higher mid‐childhood FMI and trunkFMI (adjusted difference: 0.15 kg/m2 [95% CI: 0.01, 0.29] [P = 0.04] and 0.06 kg/m2 [95% CI: 0.00, 0.12] [P = 0.06], per SD increment in maternal CRP, respectively), but not FFMI. Higher maternal CRP level was associated with higher early and mid‐childhood BMI‐z and WC in the basic models [P < 0.05], but these associations attenuated after adjustment for maternal characteristics (adjusted difference in early and mid‐childhood BMI‐z and WC: 0.05 [95% CI: −0.03, 0.13] [P = 0.20], 0.10 cm [95% CI: −0.17, 0.37] [P = 0.46], 0.07 [95% CI: −0.01, 0.14] [P = 0.09], 0.34 cm [95% CI: −0.25, 0.94] [P = 0.26], per SD increment in maternal CRP, respectively).

Conclusions

Higher second‐trimester maternal CRP level was associated with higher mid‐childhood overall and central adiposity.
Coconut water drink and the risk of hyperkalaemia in diabetes
Authors: Devgun MS
Published: April 2016

Coconut water is available as a substitute for table water and as a sports rehydrating drink. Because of the nature of its micronutrients, it may lead to biochemical changes that may not be beneficial for all groups of people.

A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus consumed daily around one litre of coconut water drink. As a result, there was a gradual increase in serum potassium. On cessation of beverage consumption, serum potassium decreased to within the reference interval. However, an increase in urea and creatinine concentration did not revert to the level seen prior to coconut water consumption. There was a decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase and zinc when consuming the beverage. Reduction occurred in diastolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum enzymes and zinc, while serum potassium concentration increased in this patient with type 2 diabetes. The observed changes resulted from consuming excessive quantities of coconut water drinks.

In patients with diabetes and renal impairment and on potassium‐retaining medication, there is a high risk of developing hyperkalaemia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons.
Renal safety of newer medications
Authors: Puttanna Amar , Varadhan Lakshminarayanan
Published: April 2016

Over the last 10 years there has been a seismic change in the therapeutic options available to clinicians in managing patients with type 2 diabetes. Three different classes of drugs – the DPP‐4 inhibitors, GLP‐1 receptor agonists and SGLT‐2 inhibitors – as well as new insulins such as degludec have added to the repertoire of the diabetologist. However, one concern still remains and limits the management of the patient with diabetes: renal impairment. Many of the options for managing patients with type 2 diabetes, though generally safe in mild to moderate renal impairment, are restricted or ineffective in severe renal impairment.

This article will aim to focus on and discuss the current newer medications, their renal safety and dosing, as well as the implications of use in patients with renal impairment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons.
Technology advances needed for photovoltaics to achieve widespread grid price parity
Authors: Jones‐Albertus Rebecca , Feldman David , Fu Ran , Horowitz Kelsey , Woodhouse Michael
Published: April 2016

To quantify the potential value of technological advances to the photovoltaics (PV) sector, this paper examines the impact of changes to key PV module and system parameters on the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The parameters selected include module manufacturing cost, efficiency, degradation rate, and service lifetime. NREL's System Advisor Model (SAM) is used to calculate the lifecycle cost per kilowatt‐hour (kWh) for residential, commercial, and utility scale PV systems within the contiguous United States, with a focus on utility scale. Different technological pathways are illustrated that may achieve the Department of Energy's SunShot goal of PV electricity that is at grid price parity with conventional electricity sources. In addition, the impacts on the 2015 baseline LCOE due to changes to each parameter are shown. These results may be used to identify research directions with the greatest potential to impact the cost of PV electricity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometry of transferrin glycoforms to detect congenital disorders of glycosylation: Site‐specific profiles and pitfalls
Authors: Wada Yoshinao
Published: April 2016

Mass spectrometry of transferrin is an established method for the detection and diagnosis of congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG). Transferrin is an 80 kDa glycoprotein and the glycoform at two N‐glycosylation sites is comprised of a di‐sialylated biantennary oligosaccharide as the major form and minor species with fucosylated or triantennary structures. Rapid CDG screening is carried out by MS of native transferrin. On the other hand, MS of glycopeptides enables site‐specific determination of glycoforms, and the affinity‐based enrichment of glycopeptides from a complex mixture of proteolytic peptides facilitates efficient analysis. MS of glycopeptides reveals the presence of immature glycoforms even in healthy individuals, indicating that the diagnosis of CDG based on molecular phenotypes requires quantitative evaluation. In this technical note, the aberrant glycosylation profiles of CDG cases are presented to shed light on the MS of native transferrin and glycopeptides from the viewpoint of clinical glycoproteomics.
Rouse–Bueche theory and the calculation of the monomeric friction coefficient in a filled system
Authors: Martinetti Luca , Macosko Christopher W. , Bates Frank S.
Published: April 2016

Direct experimental access to the monomeric friction coefficient (ζ0) relies on the availability of a suitable polymer dynamics model. Thus far, no method has been suggested that is applicable to filled systems, such as filled rubbers or microphase‐segregated A–B–A thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) atTg,B < T < Tg,A. Building upon the procedure proposed by Ferry for entangled and unfilled polymer melts, the Rouse–Bueche theory is applied to an undiluted triblock copolymer to extractζ0from the linear behavior in the rubber‐glass transition region, and to estimate the size of Gaussian submolecules. When compared at constantT – Tg, the matrix monomeric friction factor is consistent with the corresponding value for the homopolymer melt. In addition, the characteristic Rouse dimensions are in good agreement with independent estimates based on the Kratky–Porod worm‐like chain model. These results seem to validate the proposed approach for estimatingζ0in filled systems. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.2016,54, 1437–1442