bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GO5.0: The joint NERC-Met Office NEMO global ocean model for use in coupled and forced applications
Authors: Megann A. , Storkey D. , Aksenov Y. , Alderson S. , Calvert D. , Graham T. , Hyder P. , Siddorn J. , Sinha B.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. We describe a new Global Ocean standard configuration (GO5.0) at eddy-permitting resolution, developed jointly between the National Oceanography Centre and the Met Office as part of the Joint Ocean Modelling Programme (JOMP). This programme is a working group of the UK's National Centre for Ocean Forecasting (NCOF) and part of the Joint Weather and Climate Research Programme (JWCRP). The configuration has been developed with the seamless approach to modelling in mind for ocean modelling across timescales and for a range of applications, from short-range ocean forecasting through seasonal forecasting to climate predictions as well as research use. The GO5.0 configuration has been coupled with sea-ice (GSI5.0), atmosphere (GA5.0) and land-surface (GL5.0) configurations to form a standard coupled global model (GC1). The GO5.0 model will become the basis for the ocean model component of the Forecasting Ocean Assimilation Model, which provides forced short-range forecasting services. The global coupled model (GC1) or future releases of it will be used in coupled short-range ocean forecasting, seasonal forecasting, decadal prediction and for climate prediction as part of the UK Earth System Model. A 30 yr integration of GO5.0, run with CORE2 surface forcing from 1976 to 2005, is described, and the performance of the model in the final ten years of the integration is evaluated against observations and against a comparable integration of an earlier configuration, GO1. An additional set of 10 yr sensitivity studies, carried out to attribute changes in the model performance to individual changes in the model physics, is also analysed. GO5.0 is found to have substantially reduced subsurface drift above the depth of the thermocline relative to GO1, and also shows a significant improvement in the representation of the annual cycle of surface temperature and mixed-layer depth.
Pertinent spatio-temporal scale of observation to understand suspended sediment yield control factors in the Andean region: the case of the Santa River (Peru)
Authors: Morera S. B. , Condom T. , Vauchel P. , Guyot J.-L. , Galvez C. , Crave A.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Hydro-sedimentology development is a great challenge in Peru due to limited data as well as sparse and confidential information. This study aimed to quantify and to understand the suspended sediment yield from the west-central Andes Mountains and to identify the main erosion-control factors and their relevance. The Tablachaca River (3132 km2) and the Santa River (6815 km2), located in two adjacent Andes catchments, showed similar statistical daily rainfall and discharge variability but large differences in specific suspended-sediment yield (SSY). In order to investigate the main erosion factors, daily water discharge and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) datasets of the Santa and Tablachaca rivers were analysed. Mining activity in specific lithologies was identified as the major factor that controls the high SSY of the Tablachaca (2204 t km2 yr−1), which is four times greater than the Santa's SSY. These results show that the analysis of control factors of regional SSY at the Andes scale should be done carefully. Indeed, spatial data at kilometric scale and also daily water discharge and SSC time series are needed to define the main erosion factors along the entire Andean range.
Analyzing the applicability of the least risk path algorithm in indoor space
Authors: Vanclooster A. , Viaene P. , Van de Weghe N. , Fack V. , De Maeyer Ph.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Over the last couple of years, applications that support navigation and wayfinding in indoor environments have become one of the booming industries. However, the algorithmic support for indoor navigation has so far been left mostly untouched, as most applications mainly rely on adapting Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm to an indoor network. In outdoor space, several alternative algorithms have been proposed adding a more cognitive notion to the calculated paths and as such adhering to the natural wayfinding behavior (e.g. simplest paths, least risk paths). The need for indoor cognitive algorithms is highlighted by a more challenged navigation and orientation due to the specific indoor structure (e.g. fragmentation, less visibility, confined areas…). Therefore, the aim of this research is to extend those richer cognitive algorithms to three-dimensional indoor environments. More specifically for this paper, we will focus on the application of the least risk path algorithm of Grum (2005) to an indoor space. The algorithm as proposed by Grum (2005) is duplicated and tested in a complex multi-story building. Several analyses compare shortest and least risk paths in indoor and in outdoor space. The results of these analyses indicate that the current outdoor least risk path algorithm does not calculate less risky paths compared to its shortest paths. In some cases, worse routes have been suggested. Adjustments to the original algorithm are proposed to be more aligned to the specific structure of indoor environments. In a later stage, other cognitive algorithms will be implemented and tested in both an indoor and combined indoor-outdoor setting, in an effort to improve the overall user experience during navigation in indoor environments.
Pan-information Location Map
Authors: Zhu X.Y. , Guo W. , Huang L. , Hu T. , Gao W.X.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. A huge amount of information, including geographic, environmental, socio-economic, personal and social network information, has been generated from diverse sources. Most of this information exists separately and is disorderly even if some of it is about the same person, feature, phenomenon or event. Users generally need to collect related information from different sources and then utilize them in applications. An automatic mechanism, therefore, for establishing a connection between potentially-related information will profoundly expand the usefulness of this huge body of information. A connection tie is semantic location describing semantically concepts and attributes of locations as well as relationships between locations, since 80% of information contains some kind of geographic reference but not all of geographic reference has explicit geographic coordinates. Semantic location is an orthogonal form of location representation which can be represented as domain ontology or UML format. Semantic location associates various kinds of information about a same object to provide timely information services according to users’ demands, habits, preferences and applications. Based on this idea, a Pan-Information Location Map (PILM) is proposed as a new-style 4D map to associates semantic location-based information dynamically to organize and consolidate the locality and characteristics of corresponding features and events, and delivers on-demand information with a User-Adaptive Smart Display (UASD).
Combined postharvest X-ray and cold quarantine treatments against the Mediterranean fruit fly in "Clemenules" mandarins
Authors: Palou L. , Del Rio M.A. , Marcilla A. , Alonso M. , Jacas Miret J.A.
Published: November 2013

In the present work, survival of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on artificially infested "Clemenules" clementine mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco) was assessed on fruit subjected to integrated quarantine treatments consisting of irradiation with X-rays at doses of 0 (control), 30, 54, and 164 Gy followed by exposure to 1 deg C for 0 (control), 3, 6, 9, or 12 days. Additionally, physico-chemical (rind color, firmness, and physiological disorders, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, maturity index, juice yield, and ethanol and acetaldehyde content) and sensory (sweetness, acidity, sensory maturity index, off-flavors, and mandarin-like flavor) fruit quality of "Clemenules" clementines were assessed on X-irradiated fruit exposed to 1 deg C for 0 (control), 6, or 12 days. Complete insect mortality with no negative effects on fruit quality after 7 days at 20 deg C of shelf life was obtained on clementines firstly X-irradiated at 30 Gy and subsequently exposed to 1 deg C for 2 days. This combination of treatments considerably reduced quarantine time if compared to standard cold quarantine treatments (1.1-2.2 deg C for 14-18 days) and therefore showed promise as a potential commercial treatment for Spanish citrus exports.
Organic food product purchase behaviour: a pilot study for urban consumers in the South of Italy
Authors: Gracia A. , De Magistris T.
Published: November 2013

The aim of this paper is to explain factors that influence organic food purchases of urban consumers in the South of Italy. To achieve this goal, a multivariate limited dependent variable model has been specified to simultaneously analyse consumers’ organic food purchases, the intention to purchase organic food products and the level of organic knowledge. This study uses survey data gathered from 200 consumers in Naples in 2003. Results indicate that consumers who are more willing to buy organic food products are more likely to buy a larger amount of those products. The intention to purchase depends on attitudes and organic product knowledge. Moreover, consumers’ attitudes towards health and environmental benefits provided by organic foods are the most important factors explaining, both, the intention to purchase and the final decision. Finally, income and organic knowledge positively influences the final decision to buy organic food products
Description of Lagocheirus delestali n. sp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from the Reserva Biológica Alberto Manuel Brenes, Alajuela, Costa Rica
Authors: Toledo V.H. , Esteban Durán J.R.
Published: November 2013

A new species of the genus Lagocheirus Dejean, Lagocheirus delestali Toledo & Esteban is described from specimens collected from the Reserva Biológica Alberto Manuel Brenes, Alajuela, Costa Rica during 2006 and 2007.
Genetic diversity and allelic richness in Spanish wild and domestic pig population estimated from microsatellite markers
Authors: Rodrigáñez J. , Barragán C. , Alves E. , Gortázar C. , Toro M.A. , Silió L.
Published: November 2013

Genetic diversity measures support the conservation decisions aiming to maintain the genetic flexibility of animal populations and breeds. Many of these measures utilize neutral genetic markers and are based on classical concepts as coancestry and expected heterozygosity. As a component of genetic diversity, allelic richness is also important in conservation genetics. Its measurement requires that variations of sample size be taken into account using either the rarefaction and extrapolation techniques. Methods to estimate genetic diversity and allelic richness were compared in this study. DNA samples from 68 wild boars and 234 domestic pigs of the Duroc and Iberian breeds, including 63 animals of the Torbiscal and Guadyerbas Iberian lines, were genotyped for 18 microsatellites (one per autosome). As the results outline, the rank of these pig populations according to their contributions to the diversity will be different depending on the criteria utilized, because genetic diversity and private allelic richness do not exactly address the same type of diversity. Rarefaction and extrapolation-based techniques also produce partially discrepant results. The desirable integration of allelic richness into the diversity theory poses at the moment some unsolved difficulties.
Analysis of external factors that affect formation and accumulation of D-RNAs in Bromovirus infections
Authors: Sandoval C. , Llamas S. , Romero J.
Published: November 2013

Defective RNA molecules (D-RNAs) are being studied in several plant RNA virus groups. In the genus Bromovirus, D-RNAs have been described for Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV), they are formed by a single internal deletion in the RNA2 and have been generated de novo by serial passages. In contrast, in Brome mosaic virus (BMV) D-RNAs are generated by a single or double internal deletion in the RNA3 without serial passages in their hosts. In this work the external effects of the host and the growth temperature in the generation and accumulation of D-RNAs in BBMV, BMV and Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) are studied. The BBMV and BMV D-RNAs were generated and accumulated with or without serial passages of the viruses in different hosts and cultivars. Plants grown at 12, 16, 20 and 24 deg C in a growth chamber and in a greenhouse (22 +/- 5 deg C) generated D-RNAs after being inoculated with virusfree D-RNAs, with and without passages. The D-RNAs observed in BBMV and BMV presented some common characteristics: both were formed de novo after serial passages or without passages, their deletion borders had short repeated and palindrome sequences that favour recombination. In addition, growing inoculated plants at lower temperatures greatly facilitated the generation and accumulation of D-RNAs. The CCMV did not generate defective molecules in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and Nicotiana benthamiana plants after several serial passages or without passages. This is the first time that D-RNAs have been generated in BBMV without passages and BMV with serial passages.
International Natural Gas Market Integration
Authors: Li Raymond , Joyeux Roselyne , Ripple Ronald D.
Published: November 2013

We explore the relationships among the North American, European and Asian natural gas markets for evidence of convergence and integration for the January 1997 through May 2011 period. The analyses are conducted under a multivariate framework, so the dynamics among the prices can be captured without the necessity of identifying an anchor price series. We find evidence of convergence among the Japanese, Korean, Taiwanese and UK prices. The North American price displays behaviour that is distinct from this group of prices. We conclude that there is not a fully integrated international natural gas market. The integration between European (represented by NBP) and Asian geographic regions appears to be due primarily to underlying contractual mechanisms specifically linking natural gas prices to oil prices rather than the result of market supply and demand interactions. We also find that the relationship among the Asian markets has evolved with Japanese prices adjusting to changes in South Korean and Taiwanese prices.
Sobre os filmes Em teu nome, de Paulo Nascimento, e Batismo de sangue, de Helvécio Ratton
Authors: Pachêco José Augusto Lima
Published: November 2013

O propósito deste trabalho é refletir a respeito da prática da tortura no período da ditadura militar no Brasil durante os anos 70 a partir de dois filmes: Em teu nome (2009), de Paulo Nascimento, e Batismo de sangue (2006), de Helvécio Rattton. A primeira parte apresenta o drama político e histórico como um dos gêneros explorados pelo cinema brasileiro, configurando-se como uma vertente autoral que provoca a reflexão sobre os conturbados anos de chumbo da ditadura brasileira, seja como documentário ou ficção. A seguir, a tortura, o exílio, o processo de adaptação literária para o cinema na proposta intimista de Paulo Nascimento e denúncia realista de Helvécio Rattton.
Os recursos hídricos subterrâneos e as novas exigências ambientais
Authors: Hirata Ricardo César Aoki
Published: November 2013

A gestão das águas subterrâneas se faz pela administração do recurso em aspectos de qualidade e quantidade. O primeiro associado à proteção dos aqüíferos contra a contaminação antrópica e o outro, à proteção contra a exploração excessiva, que exaure o recurso. Este trabalho apresenta as bases técnicas para compor um programa integrado de proteção dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos, definindo estratégias e prioridades de ação por parte de órgãos estatais e privados. É discutida, também, a relação da hidrogeologia com outras áreas das ciências da Terra, no planejamento físico-territorial. A avaliação e administração do recurso hídrico subterrâneo deve se iniciar pelo reconhecimento dos aqüíferos, através de cadastros de poços já perfurados. Estas informações, associadas aos mapas geológicos e aos dados da hidrologia superficial, permitirão construir mapas hidrogeológicos e avaliar os recursos e seus usuários. Nas áreas de maior demanda e/ou densidade de obras de captação será necessária uma atenção maior dos órgãos gestores do recurso. Em tais locais a perfuração e exploração de poços deverão ser precedidas por estudos e autorizações de uso, volume e tempo de bombeamento permitidos. Ao contrário, em áreas onde a possibilidade de conflitos é menor, muitas vezes somente será necessária a notificação da perfuração da obra. Um programa de proteção da qualidade deverá contemplar, de forma integrada, duas linhas de ação: uma voltada à obra de captação, como estabelecimento de perímetros de proteção de poços, e outra voltada ao aqüífero, definindo áreas de maior e menor susceptibilidade de contaminação por eventos antrópicos, através de cartografias de vulnerabilidade. Para a implementação de ações corretivas e de programas de monitoração regulares dos aqüíferos, é necessária a identificação de áreas de maior risco de contaminação. Estas poderão ser estabelecidas a partir do cruzamento da cartografia de vulnerabilidade com a carga contaminante potencial. Os maiores riscos permitirão definir prioridades de ação dos órgãos competentes
Functional and Psychosocial Characteristics of Elderly in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Edina Saric , Senad Mehmedinovic , Vesna Bratovcic , Sadik Ahmetovic
Published: November 2013

The aim of the research was to identify psychosocial factors and functional characteristics of the elderly. The survey covered a stratified sample of 60 patients with advanced age, both sexes, living in a family environment. In order to assess functional and psychosocial characteristics of older persons were used: Barthel index test, self-assessment scale for depression, self-esteem Rosenberg scale, PD Questionnaire / Form A scale for assessing the degree of social support, as well as Structured questionnaire of personal data which we collected data on gender, age, marital status, number of children, diagnosis, and self-economic situation. Data analysis was performed using parametric and nonparametric statistics. To determine the latent space of applied variables factor analysis was used. Based on the results of the study there are four (4) factors: Factor of somatopsychic dimensions of existential anxiety, Factor of socioeconomic status, Factor of social status and Health status factor.
Subtypes of Intellectual Disability in School-Aged Children
Authors: Taylor Andrew , Saunders Cory , Koushik Nikhil S. , Strang John , Casey Joseph
Published: November 2013

Purpose: To explore the presence of subtypes of intellectual functioning in children with mild intellectual disability (ID) and to externally validate the subtypes on measures of academic, adaptive and psychosocial functioning. Method: Participants were 167 children age 6-16 years with a mild ID. All children completed the WISC-III, WIAT, VABS, and PIC-R. Results: Based on a two-stage cluster analysis on the four WISC-III Index scores four subtypes emerged reflecting distinct profiles: (1) language-strength subtype; (2) nonverbal strength subtype; (3) symbol-processing strength subtype; and (4) global deficits subtype. The subtypes were externally validated on tests of academic achievement, adaptive functioning, and psychosocial functioning. Conclusions: Rather than only demonstrating a global or “flat” pattern of cognitive deficits, the findings suggest that children with mild ID have certain profiles of intellectual functioning that are similar to those seen in normal children and children with learning disabilities.
Which Factors do Parents of Offspring with Intellectual Disability Experience as Promoting Inclusive Education for their Children?
Authors: Bachke Carl Chr.
Published: November 2013

The background of this research is that few studies on inclusive education internationally, use parents as informants. Even fewer emphasize their positive experiences only. From the Norwegian support organisation for people with intellectual disability 14 parent-members were selected and qualitatively interviewed about their positive experiences with inclusive education for their offspring. By means of a discourse analytic approach their statements about constructive factors were benchmarked with twelve formerly identified literature-based factors in order to investigate which of twelve factors were validated by parental experiences, and to detect possible new factors.
The general research question illuminated is which factors do parents of offspring with intellectual disability experience as promoting inclusive education for their children? The results are linked to the following four sub-questions: (1) which of the factors, disclosed in current literature, is frequently mentioned by the informants; (2) which new factors are disclosed; (3) which factor is so frequently mentioned that it is considered substantial; and (4) which factors might be combined, and possibly renamed?
The results show that the informants contributed all in all with 18 factors. In the discussions it was argued that five factors were interpreted as new, four factors proved to be substantial, that a fifth factor almost gained equal status, while three more factors were considered vital. These eight factors represented the main answer to the research question, and were summarised in metaphoric model, baptized” the school-house of inclusive education”.
Le rôle des organismes communautaires dans la réussite scolaire et le développement identitaire des jeunes issus de l’immigration
Authors: Rahm Jrène , Lachaîne Audrey , Martel-Reny Marie-Paule , Kanouté Fasal
Published: November 2013

En plus de la famille et de l’école, les programmes communautaires sont, pour les jeunes, un espace de réparation et d’éveil contribuant considérablement à leur développement et leur réussite scolaire. Dans le cadre d’une d’étude ethnographique multi-sites, nous avons exploré les occasions d’apprentissage et de développement identitaire qu’offrent ces programmes aux jeunes immigrants de première et deuxième génération. Ces programmes répondent aux besoins d’une population potentiellement vulnérable, mais qui porte avec elle une diversité permettant des occasions d’apprentissage uniques. Tout en reconnaissant la diversité de leurs trajectoires et les défis de leurs réalités, notre intérêt porte sur la façon dont ces jeunes vivent leur participation et leur développement identitaire dans ces programmes et y mobilisent leurs ressources en tant que jeunes vivant une dynamique transculturelle.
Comparing Supplementary Ethnic Schools and the Academic Achievement of Chinese Immigrant Students in Quebec and Flanders
Authors: Sun Ming , Braeye Sarah
Published: November 2013

Supplementary or extra-curricular ethnic schools have been neglected in the research literature, especially in non-English speaking contexts such as Quebec and Flanders. Yet they are important for understanding the influence of ethnic social structures on the educational integration and academic achievement of immigrant students. From a comparative perspective, this paper focuses on the response of Chinese language schools to the educational needs of Chinese youth. Data were collected through ethnographic observations in Chinese schools in Quebec and Flanders,1as well as in semi-structured interviews with students of Chinese origin, their parents, and school personnel. The findings demonstrate that the influence of ethnic social structures on the progression of minority/immigrant students through schooling is related to the particular profile of their ethnic community, as well as to the larger socio-economic and political environment of the host society.
Multiple knockout mouse models reveal lincRNAs are required for life and brain development
Authors: Sauvageau Martin , Goff Loyal A , Lodato Simona , Bonev Boyan , Groff Abigail F , Gerhardinger Chiara , Sanchez-Gomez Diana B , Hacisuleyman Ezgi , Li Eric , Spence Matthew , Liapis Stephen C , Mallard William , Morse Michael , Swerdel Mavis R , D’Ecclessis Michael F , Moore Jennifer C , Lai Venus , Gong Guochun , Yancopoulos George D , Frendewey David , Kellis Manolis , Hart Ronald P , Valenzuela David M , Arlotta Paola , Rinn John L
Published: November 2013

Many studies are uncovering functional roles for long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), yet few have been tested for in vivo relevance through genetic ablation in animal models. To investigate the functional relevance of lncRNAs in various physiological conditions, we have developed a collection of 18 lncRNA knockout strains in which the locus is maintained transcriptionally active. Initial characterization revealed peri- and postnatal lethal phenotypes in three mutant strains (Fendrr, Peril, and Mdgt), the latter two exhibiting incomplete penetrance and growth defects in survivors. We also report growth defects for two additional mutant strains (linc–Brn1b and linc–Pint). Further analysis revealed defects in lung, gastrointestinal tract, and heart in Fendrr−/− neonates, whereas linc–Brn1b−/− mutants displayed distinct abnormalities in the generation of upper layer II–IV neurons in the neocortex. This study demonstrates that lncRNAs play critical roles in vivo and provides a framework and impetus for future larger-scale functional investigation into the roles of lncRNA molecules.
Survival of the fattest
Authors: Morgani Sophie M , Brickman Joshua M
Published: November 2013

Experiments on the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum show that the origins of lineage bias in this system lie in the nutritional history of individual cells. Clues to the molecular basis for this process suggest similar forces may be at work in early mammalian development.
Library Publishing Toolkit edited by Allison P. Brown
Authors: Lally Ann
Published: November 2013

The “library as publisher” is a hot topic right now in both public and academic libraries. From promoting open access to providing patrons with new services to meet a growing demand, libraries are rising to the challenge of moving from being consumers and providers of information to becoming publishers of information. For those libraries who are interested in learning more, or are implementing such programs at their institutions, the Library Publishing Toolkit serves as an excellent guide.
On the Mark? Responses to a Sting
Authors: Buckland Amy , Eve Martin Paul , Steel Graham , Gardy Jennifer , Salo Dorothea
Published: November 2013

It all seems very simple. A researcher writes up her findings to share them with her community. The findings are sent to a journal where the editor sends the manuscript out to peers to read. The reviewers comment and return the manuscript to the editor. The editor either asks the researcher to address the comments, or rejects the manuscript based on the reviews. The researcher sends their final manuscript to the editor, who in turn works with the publisher to ensure dissemination. Done.
Coastal radar observations reveal complex surface circulations
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: November 2013

The behavior of nearshore ocean surface currents has important effects on the coastal ecosystem, with the alongshore propagating waves helping transport marine organisms and affecting how nutrients, salt, and heat are distributed. Using a network of 61 high‐frequency radar stations off the U.S. West Coast, Kim et al. got a detailed look at the motion of the coastal ocean. They found that there are essentially two distinct sets of poleward propagating waves driving the nearshore flow.
Low‐frequency western Pacific Ocean sea level and circulation changes due to the connectivity of the Philippine Archipelago
Authors: Zhuang Wei , Qiu Bo , Du Yan
Published: November 2013

Interannual‐to‐decadal sea level and circulation changes associated with the oceanic connectivity around the Philippine Archipelago are studied using satellite altimeter sea surface height (SSH) data and a reduced gravity ocean model. SSHs in the tropical North Pacific, the Sulu Sea and the eastern South China Sea (ESCS) display very similar low‐frequency oscillations that are highly correlated with El Niño and Southern Oscillation. Model experiments reveal that these variations are mainly forced by the low‐frequency winds over the North Pacific tropical gyre and affected little by the winds over the marginal seas and the North Pacific subtropical gyre. The wind‐driven baroclinic Rossby waves impinge on the eastern Philippine coast and excite coastal Kelvin waves, conveying the SSH signals through the Sibutu Passage‐Mindoro Strait pathway into the Sulu Sea and the ESCS. Closures of the Luzon Strait, Karimata Strait, and ITF passages have little impacts on the low‐frequency sea level changes in the Sulu Sea and the ESCS. The oceanic pathway west of the Philippine Archipelago modulates the western boundary current system in the tropical North Pacific. Opening of this pathway weakens the time‐varying amplitudes of the North Equatorial Current bifurcation latitude and Kuroshio transport. Changes of the amplitudes can be explained by the conceptual framework of island rule that allows for baroclinic adjustment. Although it fails to capture the interannual changes in the strongly nonlinear Mindanao Current, the time‐dependent island rule is nevertheless helpful in clarifying the role of the archipelago in regulating its multidecadal variations.
Network design for heavy rainfall analysis
Authors: Rietsch T. , Naveau P. , Gilardi N. , Guillou A.
Published: November 2013

The analysis of heavy rainfall distributional properties is a complex object of study in hydrology and climatology, and it is essential for impact studies. In this paper, we investigate the question of how to optimize the spatial design of a network of existing weather stations. Our main criterion for such an inquiry is the capability of the network to capture the statistical properties of heavy rainfall described by the Extreme Value Theory. We combine this theory with a machine learning algorithm based on neural networks and a Query By Committee approach. Our resulting algorithm is tested on simulated data and applied to high‐quality extreme daily precipitation measurements recorded in France at 331 weather stations during the time period 1980–2010.
Estimates of seismic activity in the Cerberus Fossae region of Mars
Authors: Taylor J. , Teanby N. A. , Wookey J.
Published: November 2013

The 2016 NASA InSight lander is the first planetary mission designed to study the deep interior of Mars. InSight's Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) package will quantify global and regional seismic activity and determine parameters like core properties, mantle composition, and Martian lithospheric thickness. An improved understanding of the location, magnitude, and frequency of potential seismic sources is essential for optimization of instrument design, sampling strategy, and interpretation of mission data. We focus on forecasting seismic activity for the Cerberus Fossae of the Elysium Planitia, chosen for their proximity to the proposed landing site and their recent formation and assuming these are active tectonic grabens. The minimum age we determine for the units around the Fossae, using Context Camera and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment imagery for crater density surveying, is 10 Ma, placing them in the Late Amazonian. We are able to determine the rate of motion from measurements of observed throw, assuming that the faults remain active. Digital terrain models, made from stereo‐image pairs from the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC), are used to determine the maximum throw on four graben systems. Using these measured throws to estimate a length‐averaged slip and assuming an inferred slip rate from surface age, we estimate an annual moment release of . From this we calculate an annual size‐frequency distribution of events using the Gütenberg‐Richter relationship. We estimate that between 1.5×100and 1.9×105events per year will have an amplitude greater than the peak band noise and so will be detectable at the InSight landing site.
Effect of Organic Montmorillonite Type on the Swelling Behavior of Superabsorbent Nanocomposites
Authors: Zhang Yuhong , Gu Qingfeng , Yin Jun , Wang Zhiguo , He Peixin
Published: November 2013

Montmorillonite was modified with N,N′‐dimethyl‐N‐dodecyl methacryloxylethyl ammonium bromide (DMAEA–DB), and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as the intercalation agent. Then, a series of different types of superabsorbent composites based on the monomers acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM), and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) were synthesized through inverse suspension polymerization. The superabsorbent hydrogels prepared were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer; and the swelling behaviors of the hydrogels were also investigated. Results showed that the intercalation was successful. The water absorbency for poly(AA–AM/DMAEA–DB–MMT) was always higher than that of poly(AA–AM/CTAB–MMT) in the range of the OMMT content investigated. The amount of OMMT also influenced the water absorbency of the hydrogels, they reached the highest water absorbency of 1100 g/g for the former at the content of 10%, and 875 g/g for the latter at the content of 6% in distilled water, respectively. The water absorbency decreased with the increase in the concentration of saline solutions for all the samples. The swelling behavior of the hydrogels was dependent on the pH. Poly(AA–AM/DMAEA–DB–MMT) had a better thermal stability than poly(AA–AM/CTAB–MMT), while having a lower water‐retention capacity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2014, 33, 21400; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21400
Neural Network: A Potential Approach for Error Reduction in Color Values of Polycarbonate
Authors: Saeed U. , Alsadi J. , Ahmad S. , Rizvi G. , Ross D.
Published: November 2013

In current exploration, the artificial neural network (ANN) is executed to reduce the errors in color values of polycarbonate. The network consists of sigmoid hidden units and a linear output unit arranged in a feed forward backpropagation architecture. An optimal design is accomplished for 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 hidden neurons on a hidden layer with five different algorithms involving batch gradient descent, batch variable learning rate, resilient back propagation, scaled conjugate gradient, and Levenberg–Marquardt. The training data for ANN are obtained from experimental measurements. There were 22 inputs and three tristimulus color values L*, a*, and b* were used as an output layer. Statistical analysis in terms of root‐mean‐squared, an absolute fraction of variance (R2), as well as a mean square error is used to investigate the performance of ANN. The best result in terms of statistics is presented by the LM algorithm with 14 neurons in the designed ANN model. The degree of accuracy of the ANN model in reduction of errors is proven acceptable in all statistical analysis and shown in results. However, it was concluded that ANN provides a possible method in error reduction in specific color tristimulus values. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Technol 2014, 33, 21402; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.21402
New insights into the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis sinusitis
Authors: Chang Eugene H.
Published: November 2013

Background

People with cystic fibrosis (CF) sinus disease have developmental sinus abnormalities with airway bacterial infection, inflammation, impaired mucociliary clearance and thick obstructive mucus. The pathophysiology of airway disease in CF is not completely understood, and current treatments in CF sinus disease ameliorate symptoms but do not provide a cure.

Methods

This manuscript reviews the history of CF, its manifestations in sinus disease, and the potential impact and relationship of CF on the upper and lower airway.

Results

There is increasing evidence that CF sinus disease may affect CF lung disease, the most common cause of mortality in CF. We have been limited in treating the symptoms of advanced CF sinus disease with our current therapies.

Conclusions

Recent discoveries in the pathophysiology of CF using the CF porcine animal model and exciting treatments that address the primary gene defect that may translate into improved outcomes in CF and non‐CF sinusitis in humans.
Magnetogenese in Wasser, ausgelöst durch einen chemischen Analyten
Authors: Hasserodt Jens , Kolanowski Jacek Lukasz , Touti Faycal
Published: November 2013

Dieser Kurzaufsatz befasst sich mit einem neuen Forschungsfeld: dem Auslösen der Änderung der magnetischen Eigenschaften einer flüssigen Probe bei Zugabe eines chemischen Analyten. Die Kenntnisse über Materialproben, die ihr magnetisches Verhalten bei Modulation physikalischer Umweltparameter ändern, sind umfassend; man kennt sogar einige Beispiele, bei denen dies für flüssige Proben zutrifft. Dagegen sind Fälle von gelösten Molekülen oder Partikeln, die auf diese Weise bei konstanten Bedingungen auf einen chemischen Analyten reagieren, begrenzt. Auch wenn unsere Diskussion Beispiele in organischen Lösungsmitteln einschließt, so liegt doch der Schwerpunkt des Kurzaufsatzes auf Wasser. Dieser soll dem Leser ein Leitfaden zum Entwurf neuer magnetogener Sonden für den Nachweis des chemischen Analyten seiner Wahl sein.
Why is Firefly Oxyluciferin a Notoriously Labile Substance?
Authors: Maltsev Oleg V. , Nath Naba K. , Naumov Panče , Hintermann Lukas
Published: November 2013

The chemistry of firefly bioluminescence is important for numerous applications in biochemistry and analytical chemistry. The emitter of this bioluminescent system, firefly oxyluciferin, is difficult to handle. The cause of its lability was clarified while its synthesis was reinvestigated. A side product was identified and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. The reason for the lability of oxyluciferin is now ascribed to autodimerization of the coexisting enol and keto forms in a Mannich‐type reaction.
Stabilization of Copper Catalysts for Liquid‐Phase Reactions by Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: O'Neill Brandon J. , Jackson David H. K. , Crisci Anthony J. , Farberow Carrie A. , Shi Fengyuan , Alba‐Rubio Ana C. , Lu Junling , Dietrich Paul J. , Gu Xiangkui , Marshall Christopher L. , Stair Peter C. , Elam Jeffrey W. , Miller Jeffrey T. , Ribeiro Fabio H. , Voyles Paul M. , Greeley Jeffrey , Mavrikakis Manos , Scott Susannah L. , Kuech Thomas F. , Dumesic James A.
Published: November 2013

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of an alumina overcoat can stabilize a base metal catalyst (e.g., copper) for liquid‐phase catalytic reactions (e.g., hydrogenation of biomass‐derived furfural in alcoholic solvents or water), thereby eliminating the deactivation of conventional catalysts by sintering and leaching. This method of catalyst stabilization alleviates the need to employ precious metals (e.g., platinum) in liquid‐phase catalytic processing. The alumina overcoat initially covers the catalyst surface completely. By using solid state NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and electron microscopy, it was shown that high temperature treatment opens porosity in the overcoat by forming crystallites of γ‐Al2O3. Infrared spectroscopic measurements and scanning tunneling microscopy studies of trimethylaluminum ALD on copper show that the remarkable stability imparted to the nanoparticles arises from selective armoring of under‐coordinated copper atoms on the nanoparticle surface.
Preparation and characterization of polychloroprene nanocomposites with cellulose nanofibers from oil palm empty fruit bunches as a nanofiller
Authors: Fahma Farah , Hori Naruhito , Iwata Tadahisa , Takemura Akio
Published: November 2013

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) from oil palm empty fruit bunches were chemically modified by acetylation with acetic anhydride and pyridine (as the solvent and catalyst). The acetylated CNFs showed good dispersion in a polychloroprene (PCR) matrix. The tensile strength and modulus of neat PCR were improved, whereas its elongation at break decreased with increasing nanofiber content. Above the glass‐transition temperature (Tg), the dynamic mechanical analysis profiles showed that the storage modulus of the PCR–cellulose nanocomposites was higher than that of neat PCR. Meanwhile, the thermal stability was still maintained, and the Tg was close to the neat PCR at the 5 wt % addition level of CNFs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40159.
Modification of a nicotinic acid functionalized water‐soluble acrylamide sulfonate copolymer for chemically enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Gou Shaohua , Liu Man , Ye Zhongbin , Zhou Lihua , Jiang Wenchao , Cai Xiaoxiao , He Yang
Published: November 2013

N,N‐Diallyl nicotinamide (DANA) and acrylic acid (AA) were used to react with acrylamide (AM) and synthesize a novel nicotinic acid functionalized water‐soluble copolymer AM/AA/DANA by redox free‐radical polymerization. Then, the acrylamide/sodium acrylamido methanesulfonate/acrylic acid/N,N‐diallyl nicotinamide (AM/AMS/AA/DANA) was obtained by the introduction of the SO3− group into AM/AA/DANA after sulfomethylation. The optimal reaction conditions, such as the monomer ratio, initiator concentration, reaction temperature, and pH of the copolymerization or sulfomethylation, were investigated. Both AM/AA/DANA and AM/AMS/AA/DANA were characterized by IR spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR, scanning electron microscopy, and intrinsic viscosity testing. We found that the AM/AMS/AA/DANA had a remarkable temperature tolerance (120°C, viscosity retention rate = 39.8%), shear tolerance (1000 s−1, viscosity retention rate = 23.3%), and salt tolerance (10 g/L NaCl, 1.5 g/L MgCl2, 1.5 g/L CaCl2, viscosity retention rates = 37.4, 27.5, and 21.6%). In addition, the result of the core flood test showed that the about 13.1% oil recovery could be enhanced by 2.0 g/L AM/AMS/AA/DANA at 70°C. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40165.
Two‐pore channels (TPCs): Current controversies
Authors: Morgan Anthony J. , Galione Antony
Published: November 2013

Much excitement surrounded the proposal that a family of endo‐lysosomal channels, the two‐pore channels (TPCs) were the long sought after targets of the Ca2+‐mobilising messenger, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP). However, the role of TPCs in NAADP signalling may be more complex than originally envisaged. First, NAADP may not bind directly to TPCs but via an accessory protein. Second, two papers recently challenged the notion that TPCs are NAADP‐regulated Ca2+ channels by suggesting that they are highly selective Na+ channels regulated by the lipid phosphatidylinositol 3,5‐bisphosphate and by ATP. This paper aims critically to evaluate the evidence for TPCs as NAADP targets and to discuss how the new findings fit in with what we know about endo‐lysosomal Ca2+ stores.
De novo design of functional proteins: Toward artificial hydrogenases
Authors: Faiella Marina , Roy Anindya , Sommer Dayn , Ghirlanda Giovanna
Published: November 2013

Over the last 25 years, de novo design has proven to be a valid approach to generate novel, well‐folded proteins, and most recently, functional proteins. In response to societal needs, this approach is been used increasingly to design functional proteins developed with an eye toward sustainable fuel production. This review surveys recent examples of bioinspired de novo designed peptide based catalysts, focusing in particular on artificial hydrogenases. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 100: 558–571, 2013.
Total chemical synthesis of an Orf virus protein, ORFV002, an inhibitor of the master gene regulator NF‐κB
Authors: Son S. J. , Harris P. W. R. , Squire C. J. , Baker E. N. , Kent S. B. H. , Brimble M. A.
Published: November 2013

ORFV002 is a novel orf viral protein (117 Aa) that inhibits nuclear events through the regulation of the transcriptional activity of NF‐κB, a master regulator of human gene expression (Diel et al., J Virol 2011, 85, 264–275). It is identified as the first nuclear inhibitor of NF‐κB produced by orf virus (ORFV) and no homologues in other genera of the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily have been reported to date (Diel et al., J Virol 2011, 85, 264–275). Our molecular structure predictions suggest that ORFV002 may mimic part of IκB, an inhibitor and natural human partner of NF‐κB. Recent advances in total chemical synthesis of proteins have provided solutions in overcoming challenges of current recombinant methods of protein isolation for structure elucidation. Aided by Boc solid phase peptide synthesis and native chemical ligation, ORFV002 was successfully synthesized in multimilligram amounts in good yield and high purity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 102: 137–144, 2014.
Multidisciplinary management strategies for acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: Lu Y , Loffroy R , Lau J Y W , Barkun A
Published: November 2013

Background

The modern management of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding is centred on endoscopy, with recourse to interventional radiology and surgery in refractory cases. The appropriate use of intervention to optimize outcomes is reviewed.

Methods

A literature search was undertaken of PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials between January 1990 and April 2013 using validated search terms (with restrictions) relevant to upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Results

Appropriate and adequate resuscitation, and risk stratification using validated scores should be initiated at diagnosis. Coagulopathy should be corrected along with blood transfusions, aiming for an international normalized ratio of less than 2·5 to proceed with possible endoscopic haemostasis and a haemoglobin level of 70 g/l (excluding patients with severe bleeding or ischaemia). Prokinetics and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) can be administered while awaiting endoscopy, although they do not affect rebleeding, surgery or mortality rates. Endoscopic haemostasis using thermal or mechanical therapies alone or in combination with injection should be used in all patients with high-risk stigmata (Forrest I–IIb) within 24 h of presentation (possibly within 12 h if there is severe bleeding), followed by a 72-h intravenous infusion of PPI that has been shown to decrease further rebleeding, surgery and mortality. A second attempt at endoscopic haemostasis is generally made in patients with rebleeding. Uncontrolled bleeding should be treated with targeted or empirical transcatheter arterial embolization. Surgical intervention is required in the event of failure of endoscopic and radiological measures. Secondary PPI prophylaxis when indicated and Helicobacter pylori eradication are necessary to decrease recurrent bleeding, keeping in mind the increased false-negative testing rates in the setting of acute bleeding.

Conclusion

An evidence-based approach with multidisciplinary collaboration is required to optimize outcomes of patients presenting with acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.