bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meta-Regulation Approach of Law: A Potential Legal Strategy to Develop Socially Responsible Business Self-Regulation in Least Developed Common Law Countries
Authors: Rahim Mia Mahmudur
Published: April 2011

In the corporate regulation landscape, ‘meta-regulation’ is a comparatively new legal approach. The sketchy role of state promulgated authoritative laws in pluralized society and scepticism in corporate self-regulation's role have resulted in the development of this legal approach. It has opened up possibilities to synthesize corporate governance to add social values in corporate self-regulation. The core of this approach is the fusion of responsive and reflexive legal strategies to combine regulators and regulatees for reaching a particular goal. This paper argues that it is a potential strategy that can be successfully deployed to develop a socially responsible corporate culture for the business enterprises, so that they will be able to acquire social, environmental and ethical values in their self-regulation sustainably. Taking Bangladeshi corporate laws as an instance, this paper also evaluates the scope of incorporating this approach in laws of the least developed common law countries in general.
The Epistemology of Statistical Evidence
Authors: Pundik Amit
Published: April 2011

Numerous accounts have been suggested to explain differences between statistical and individualised evidence and to justify restrictions on the use of statistical evidence in court. A dominant direction in such accounts is the idea that statistical evidence is lacking in some certain quality, making it epistemologically unwarranted for establishing the fact it is introduced to prove. Among the qualities suggested are luck, appropriate causal connection, weight, and case-specificity. Epistemic accounts thus constitute attempts to identify an intrinsic quality which individualised evidence (such as eyewitness testimony, confession, the individual's medical records) has but statistical evidence lacks, a quality which makes inference from the statistical evidence to the particular case epistemologically deficient. To the existing debate around epistemic accounts, this article adds several generic and inherent problems from which any epistemic account suffers. Based on these generic problems, it is concluded that the epistemic direction lacks potential. If there is any justification for restricting the use of statistical evidence in court, it does not lie in epistemology; it has to lie elsewhere.
Multiple-Victim Murder, Multiple Murders and Sched. 21 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003
Authors: Mitchell Barry
Published: April 2011

A small proportion of convicted murderers kill more than one victim: some kill two or more victims by a single act; others kill one at a time. Schedule 21 to the Criminal Justice Act 2003 identifies various starting points which judges should have regard to when setting the minimum terms for murderers, but one clear consequence of this is that the murder of a single victim may result in a starting point of a whole life term, whereas the murder of multiple victims may indicate a starting point of a 30-year term. Obviously, all aggravating and mitigating factors must be taken into account, but this article questions whether the number of murder victims should automatically be given more weight in determining the minimum term.
Selecting Scotland's Police Leaders: A ‘Crisis' Revisited
Authors: Scott Kenneth B.
Published: April 2011

Traditionally leadership in the senior ranks of the police organisation has been regarded as a key factor in producing effective police performance. The aim of this article is to revisit Scott and Wilkie's (2001) analysis of whether or not there is a ‘crisis' in Scottish policing regarding the appointments to top police jobs, especially at chief constable level. An update is provided of the background of current ACPOS (Association of Chief Police Officers in Scotland) ranks, and comparisons are drawn between the situations in 2001 and 2010. Developments in Scottish policing which relate to senior leadership appointments are discussed, and a review of these developments is used to cast light on the extent to which there continues to be a ‘crisis' in police leadership in Scotland.
Epigenetherapy, a new concept
Authors: Husso Tiia , Turunen Mikko P. , Parker Nigel , Ylä-Herttuala Seppo
Published: April 2011

Small RNAs have been shown to regulate gene transcription by interacting with the promoter region and modifying the histone code. The exact mechanism of function is still unclear but the feasibility to activate or repress endogenous gene expression with small RNA molecules has already been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. In traditional gene therapy non-mutated or otherwise useful genes are inserted into patient's cells to treat a disease. In epigenetherapy the action of small RNAs is utilized by delivering only the small RNAs to patient's cells where they then regulate gene expression by epigenetic mechanisms. This method could be widely useful not only for basic research but also for clinical applications of small RNAs.
Molecular diagnostics for pharmacogenomic testing of fluoropyrimidine based-therapy: costs, methods and applications
Authors: Di Francia Raffaele , Berretta Massimiliano , Catapano Oriana , Canzoniero Lorella M.T. , Formisano Luigi
Published: April 2011

Genetic testing of drug response represents an important goal for targeted therapy. In particular, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is the backbone of several chemotherapic protocols for treatment of solid tumors. Unfortunately, in some patients, 5-FU is toxic and causes gastrointestinal and hematologic lesions leading to the suspension of therapy. Some adverse drug responses can be predicted by pharmacogenomics. Recently, several polymorphic traits of different genes involved with 5-FU biotransformation have been reported. Many methods have been used for qualitative and quantitative assessment of the mutational status of these genes, without a precise cost-effectiveness analysis. This article reviews recent findings on the seven germline polymorphic traits of four genes involved in the biotransformation of the 5-FU. In particular, we analyze the most common platforms used to identify the specific genetic alterations and their relative costs. Genotyping can be performed either by custom service laboratories or academic reference laboratories by using either the commercial kits (when available) or “in house” tests. By random selection of 20 certified laboratories out of a total of 71, we estimate that the cost of the analysis/single trait is on average €120.00 as custom genotyping service. “In house” validated tests by PCR-based platforms cost approximately €20.00 per single polimorphism. On the basis of this information, the lab manager can evaluate the advantage and limitations, in terms of costs and applicability, of the most appropriate methods for diagnostics of 5-FU pharmacogenomics tests.
Current role of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in clinical toxicology screening methods
Authors: Viette Véronique , Fathi Marc , Rudaz Serge , Hochstrasser Denis , Veuthey Jean-Luc
Published: April 2011

Toxicological screening is the analysis of a biological specimen to detect and identify compounds in patients admitted to the hospital with acute intoxication of unknown origin. The screening of a wide range of toxicologically relevant compounds in biological samples is a serious challenge for clinical laboratories. The high selectivity and sensitivity of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry technology provides an attractive alternative to the current methods. For these reasons, an increasing number of applications for multi-target screening or general screening of unknown compounds in biological matrices are being published. This paper is an overview of sample clean-up, chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry detection procedures which can be combined to obtain screening methods adapted to the constraints and needs of various laboratories, and none specifically in clinical toxicology. Currently the techniques are in the hands of specialists, principally in academic institutes. However, the evolution in technology should allow application of the techniques as a tool in toxicology laboratories and thus more widespread exploitation of their potential.
Erfolgsfaktoren und Hindernisse bei der Einführung vernetzter Point-of-Care Glukosemessgeräte: Erkenntnisse und Empfehlungen aus der GLUMO-Studie/Factors affecting success and constrains of introducing interconnected Point-of-Care glucose meters: findings and recommendations from the GLUMO-Study
Authors: von Eiff Wilfried , Henke Viola
Published: April 2011

Innovative Technologien spielen im Gesundheitssektor eine wichtige Rolle. Sie führen zu Verbesserungen in der Behandlungsqualität und ermöglichen lebensverlängernde bzw. lebenserhaltende Maßnahmen. Im zunehmenden Effizienz- und Qualitätswettbewerb unterstützen medizintechnologische Innovationen die Erstellung von Dienstleistungen, mit denen sich medizinische Leistungserbringer, zum Beispiel Krankenhäuser, am Markt positionieren und ihre Wettbewerbsstellung sichern können. Neben der grundsätzlichen Finanzierbarkeit, ist für einen erfolgreichen Einsatz einer Innovation im Krankenhaus die tatsächliche Adaption durch das Behandlungsteam auf den jeweiligen Stationen entscheidend. So gehen von Innovationen oft auch prozessverändernde Impulse aus, die eine Überarbeitung und Reorganisation der bisherigen Prozesse notwendig machen. Die Neugestaltung von Prozessabläufen ist in der Regel nur durch aktives Einbeziehen aller Beteiligten realisierbar. Change Management ist als zwingende Voraussetzung anzusehen, um Innovationseinführungen und mögliche Prozessänderungen auf den Stationen zu klinischen und wirtschaftlichen Erfolgen zu führen sowie die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Fehlern während der Einführungsphase zu verringern.

Im Rahmen eines Studienprojektes des Centrums für Krankenhausmanagement wurde die Einführung und Anwendung von vernetzten Glukose-Monitoring-Geräten in deutschen, österreichischen und schweizerischen Krankenhäusern begleitet und analysiert. Neben Hindernissen, die bei der Einführung und Adaption der Innovation identifiziert wurden, zeigten sich auch Erfolgsfaktoren, die eine schnelle Einführung und Adaption vernetzter Point-of-Care Geräte gefördert haben.
Monographs on drugs which are frequently analyzed in therapeutic drug monitoring/Arzneimittel-Monographien für Medikamente, die regelmäßig im Rahmen des Therapeutic Drug Monitorings analysiert werden
Authors: Rentsch Katharina , Buhl Daniela , Eap Chin Bin , Fathi Marc , Thormann Wolfgang , Werner Dominique
Published: April 2011

In addition to the monographs which have been published in the last 6 years by the working group “Drug Monitoring” of the Swiss Society of Clinical Chemistry (SSCC) [Rentsch, Fathi, Grignaschi, Magnin, Printzen, Thormann, J Lab Med 29: 287–97, 2005 – Rentsch, Buhl, Eap, Fathi, Jöchle, Magnin, J Lab Med 34: 129–39, 2010], new monographs have been written. The data presented in these monographs provide an overview of the information which is important for the request and interpretation of the results. Therefore, laboratory health professionals and the receivers of the reports are the targeted readers. With the exception of digoxin, the drugs presented in this series are not administered frequently and are only analyzed in special situations.

First, information about pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of these drugs (protein binding, metabolic pathways and enzymes involved, elimination half-life time and elimination route(s) of the parent drug and therapeutic as well as toxic concentrations) is given. Secondly, the indications for therapeutic drug monitoring are listed. Last but not least, important preanalytical information is provided, including time points of blood sampling and time interval after which steady-state concentrations are reached after changing the dose. Furthermore, the stability of the drug and its metabolite(s) after blood sampling are described.

For readers with a specific interest, references to important publications are given.

The number of the monographs will be further enlarged. The updated files are presented on the homepage of the SSCC (www.sscc.ch). We hope that these monographs are helpful for the better handling of therapeutic drug monitoring and we are looking forward to receiving comments from the readers.
Synthesis and solution behaviors of star hydrophobically modified acrylamide copolymers
Authors: Zhang Liehui , Duan Ming , Fang Shenwen , Zhang Peng , Zhang Jian , Wang Fuxiao
Published: April 2011

Star copolymers of acrylamide andN,N-dimethyl-N-vinyl­nonadecan-1-aminium chloride (C18DMAAC) were synthesized by photopolymerization in water. Solution behaviors of these star hydrophobically modified acrylamide copolymers (SHMPAMs) with different C18DMAAC contents and the linear hydrophobically modified acrylamide copolymers (LHMPAMs) were characterized. The increase in C18DMAAC content resulted in decreased intrinsic viscosity and increased the Huggins constant for SHMPAMs. Similar results were observed for LHMPAMs. With similar intrinsic viscosity and C18DMAAC content, the Huggins constant of SHMPAMs was much higher than that of LHMPAMs, which could be due to the fact that SHMPAMs had much stronger intramolecular interaction in dilute polymer solutions. In semi-dilute solutions, the apparent viscosity of SHMPAMs was increased with increasing C18DMAAC content, which was similar to that of LHMPAMs. However, SHMPAMs exhibited higher apparent viscosity than LHMPAMs because it had more arms and thus had more chances to form three-dimensional networks in semi-dilute solutions. In the flow-induced scission experiment, SHMPAMs exhibited superior shear stability in comparison with LHMPAMs. When the strain rate was ≈40,000 s-1, the reduction ratios of the apparent viscosities of the four SHMPAMs after the scission were approximately 80%. By contrast, when the strain rate was ≈20,000 s-1, the reduction ratio of the apparent viscosity of LHMPAM-0.40 had already reached around 80%.
Rules of Competitive Stimulus Selection in a Cholinergic Isthmic Nucleus of the Owl Midbrain
Authors: Asadollahi Ali , Mysore Shreesh P. , Knudsen Eric I.
Published: April 2011

In a natural scene, multiple stimuli compete for the control of gaze direction and attention. The nucleus isthmi pars parvocellularis (Ipc) is a cholinergic, midbrain nucleus that is reciprocally interconnected to the optic tectum, a structure known to be involved in the control of gaze and attention. Previous research has shown that the responses of many Ipc units to a visual stimulus presented inside the classical receptive field (RF) can be powerfully inhibited when the strength of a distant, competing stimulus becomes the stronger stimulus. This study investigated further the nature of competitive interactions in the Ipc of owls by using two complementary protocols: in the first protocol, we measured the effects of a distant stimulus on responses to an RF stimulus located at different positions inside the RF; in the second protocol, we measured the effects of a distant stimulus on responses to RF stimuli of different strengths. The first protocol demonstrated that the effect of a competing stimulus is purely divisive: the competitor caused a proportional reduction in responses to the RF stimulus that did not alter either the location or sharpness of spatial tuning. The second protocol demonstrated that, for most units, the strength of this divisive inhibition is regulated powerfully by the relative strengths of the competing stimuli: inhibition was strong when the competitor was the stronger stimulus and weak when the competitor was the weaker stimulus. The data indicate that competitive interactions in the Ipc depend on feedback and a globally divisive inhibitory network.
Neuronal Activity Causes Rapid Changes of Lateral Amygdala Neuronal Membrane Properties and Reduction of Synaptic Integration and Synaptic PlasticityIn Vivo
Authors: Rosenkranz J. Amiel
Published: April 2011

Neuronal membrane properties dictate neuronal responsiveness. Plasticity of membrane properties alters neuronal function and can arise in response to robust neuronal activity. Despite the potential for great impact, there is little evidence for a rapid effect of activity-dependent changes of membrane properties on many neuronal functionsin vivoin mammalian brain. In this study it was tested whether periods of neuronal firing lead to a rapid change of membrane properties in neurons of a rat brain region important for some forms of learning, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala, usingin vivointracellular recordings. Our results demonstrate that rapid plasticity of membrane properties occursin vivo, in response to action potential firing. This plasticity of membrane properties leads to changes of synaptic integration and subsequent synaptic plasticity. These changes require Ca2+and hyperpolarization-activated ion channels, but are NMDA independent. Furthermore, the parameters and time course of these changes would not have been predicted from mostin vitrostudies. The plasticity of membrane properties demonstrated here may represent a basic form ofin vivoshort-term plasticity that modifies neuronal function.
Astrocytes from the Contused Spinal Cord Inhibit Oligodendrocyte Differentiation of Adult Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells by Increasing the Expression of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
Authors: Wang Yaping , Cheng Xiaoxin , He Qian , Zheng Yiyan , Kim Dong H. , Whittemore Scott R. , Cao Qilin L.
Published: April 2011

Promotion of remyelination is an important therapeutic strategy to facilitate functional recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) or oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) has been used to enhance remyelination after SCI. However, the microenvironment in the injured spinal cord is inhibitory for oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation of NSCs or OPCs. Identifying the signaling pathways that inhibit OL differentiation in the injured spinal cord could lead to new therapeutic strategies to enhance remyelination and functional recovery after SCI. In the present study, we show that reactive astrocytes from the injured rat spinal cord or their conditioned media inhibit OL differentiation of adult OPCs with concurrent promotion of astrocyte differentiation. The expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) is dramatically increased in the reactive astrocytes and their conditioned media. Importantly, blocking BMP activity by BMP receptor antagonist, noggin, reverse the effects of active astrocytes on OPC differentiation by increasing the differentiation of OL from OPCs while decreasing the generation of astrocytes. These data indicate that the upregulated bone morphogenetic proteins in the reactive astrocytes are major factors to inhibit OL differentiation of OPCs and to promote its astrocyte differentiation. These data suggest that manipulation of BMP signaling in the endogenous or grafted NSCs or OPCs may be a useful therapeutic strategy to increase their OL differentiation and remyelination and enhance functional recovery after SCI.
Opposite Movement of the External Gate of a Glutamate Transporter Homolog upon Binding Cotransported Sodium Compared with Substrate
Authors: Focke Paul J. , Moenne-Loccoz Pierre , Larsson H. Peter
Published: April 2011

Recently, a new model for glutamate uptake by glutamate transporters was proposed based on crystal structures of the bacterial glutamate transporter homolog GltPh. It was proposed that hairpin two (HP2) functions as the extracellular gate and that Na+and glutamate binding closes HP2, thereby allowing for the translocation of the glutamate binding pocket across the membrane. However, the conformation of HP2 in the apo state and the Na+bound state is unknown. We here use double site-directed spin-labeling electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy on the bacterial transporter GltPhfromPyrococcus horikoshito examine conformational changes in HP2. Surprisingly, the cotransported substrates Na+and aspartate induce opposite movements of HP2. We find that in the apo state, HP2 is in a similar conformation as in the aspartate-bound closed state. Na+binding to the apo state opens HP2, whereas the subsequent binding of aspartate closes HP2. Our findings show that Na+binding opens and stabilizes the extracellular gate, thereby allowing for amino acid substrate binding. In contrast, in the absence of Na+and aspartate, HP2 closes, suggesting a potential mechanism for the translocation of the empty binding pocket necessary to complete the transport cycle. The finding that physiological Na+concentrations stabilize the open HP2 state would ensure that the outward-facing conformation of the transporter is maintained in physiological solutions and that glutamate transporters are ready to quickly bind glutamate released from glutamatergic synapses.
Differential Binding of Calmodulin to Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Regulates Receptor Trafficking and Signaling
Authors: Choi Kyu Yeong , Chung Seungsoo , Roche Katherine W.
Published: April 2011

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G-protein-coupled receptors that modulate excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. The group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5) have long intracellular C-terminal domains, which interact with many proteins. Our previous studies identified calmodulin (CaM) as a strong regulator of mGluR5 trafficking and mGluR5-induced calcium signaling. Although it has been accepted that both mGluR1 and mGluR5 interact with CaM, we now show that CaM specifically binds mGluR5 and not mGluR1. We have identified a single critical residue in mGluR5 (L896) that is required for CaM binding. In mGluR1, mutation of the corresponding residue, V909, to leucine is sufficient to confer CaM binding to mGluR1. To investigate the functional effects of CaM binding, we examined the surface expression of mGluR1 and mGluR5 in hippocampal neurons. The mutation in mGluR1 (V909L) that confers CaM binding dramatically increases mGluR1 surface expression, whereas the analogous mutation in mGluR5 that disrupts CaM binding (L896V) decreases mGluR5 surface expression. In addition, the critical residue that alters CaM binding regulates mGluR internalization. Furthermore, we find that mGluR-mediated AMPA receptor endocytosis is enhanced by CaM binding to group I mGluRs. Finally, we show that calcium responses evoked by group I mGluRs are modulated by these mutations, which regulate CaM binding. Our findings elucidate a critical mechanism that specifically affects mGluR5 trafficking and signaling, and distinguishes mGluR1 and mGluR5 regulation.
Explaining Online Recommendations Using Personalized Tag Clouds
Authors: Gedikli Fatih , Ge Mouzhi , Jannach Dietmar
Published: April 2011

Recommender systems are sales-supporting applications that are usually integrated into online shops and are designed to point the visitor to products or services she or he might be interested in but has not bought yet. In the last decade, many techniques have been developed to improve the predictive accuracy of such systems. However, there are also factors other than accuracy that infl uence the user-perceived quality of such a system. In particular, system-generated explanations as to why a certain item has been recommended have shown to be a valuable tool to improve both the user's satisfaction and the system's effi ciency. This paper reports the results of a fi rst user study which was conducted to evaluate whether personalized tag clouds are an appropriate means to visually explain recommendations. The evaluation reveals that using tag clouds as explanation mechanism leads to higher user satisfaction and recommendation effi ciency than previous keyword-style explanations.
Context Adaptive Systems
Authors: Oppermann Reinhard , Zimmermann Andreas
Published: April 2011

An analysis of approaches to adaptive and context-aware systems will be given. Adaptation between the user needs and the system performance will be discussed reflecting the context of use. Context-awareness will be discussed affecting the adaptation in a long-term perspective; situation-awareness will be discussed affecting the adaptation in a specific point in time and space. Three functions are presented that determine the adaptation process: the sensory function collecting the internal and external stimuli for the adaptation; the inference function identifying the adaption mechanisms based on adaptation models; and the effector function performing the identifi ed mechanisms. Finally the actors in the process of adaptation will be discussed like the user (adaptable version of adaptations), the system (adaptive version of adaptations) and a combination of both eventually together with an end-user expert.
Video-Annotationen in der universitären Lehre. Anwendungsszenarien und koaktive Software
Authors: Reinhardt Wolfgang , Engbring Dieter , Magenheim Johannes
Published: April 2011

In diesem Artikel beschreiben wir didaktische Szenarien, in denen Video-Annotationen zur Unterstützung der universitären Lehre eingesetzt werden können und wie damit individuelle Lernprozesse von Studenten unterstützt werden. Wir beschreiben ViLM – eine Plattform-unabhängige Software – mit der allein oder kooperativ Videos annotiert werden können. Weiterhin stellen wir die Integration von ViLM in das universitätsweit eingesetzte koaktive Lernmanagementsystem (koaLA) vor und besprechen weitere Forschungsmöglichkeiten und Lernszenarien, die vom Einsatz von ViLM möglicherweise profitieren.
Usable Business-App: Mobile Services im Vertrieb für KMUs
Authors: Daus Markus , Viola Jörg
Published: April 2011

Apps sind in aller Munde. In den meisten Fällen handelt es sich um Apps zur privaten Nutzung die Aufgaben des täglichen Lebens unterstützen wie beispielsweise das Finden der nächstgelegenen Bushaltestelle oder das Ordnen von Notizen. Im Gegensatz hierzu beschäftigt sich der vorliegenden Beitrag mit der Entwicklung einer gewinnbringenden Business-App, welche den Vertrieb eines Unternehmens aus der metallverarbeitenden Industrie nachhaltig verbessert hat. Im Vordergrund stand hierbei der übersichtliche und zügige Zugriff auf relevante Kundendaten.
Effektive und effiziente Fahrzeuginteraktion durch die Verwendung des digitalen Stifts
Authors: Holl Konstantin , Hambsch Dominik , Bröckl Ulrich
Published: April 2011

Dieser Beitrag stellt zwei Entwicklungen zur effektiven und effizienten Fahrzeuginteraktion unter Verwendung des digitalen Stifts dar. Eine der beiden Entwicklungen ermöglicht die Verknüpfung des digitalen Stifts mit der Bedienungsanleitung, die andere Entwicklung die Kopplung von papierbasiertem Kartenmaterial und dem Navigationssystem des Fahrzeugs. Eine erste Nutzerstudie (N=13) lieferte vielversprechende Ergebnisse. Die zweite, hier näher beschriebene Studie zeigt, dass insbesondere ältere Teilnehmer den Prototyp positiv bewerteten. Alle Teilnehmer erfüllten die ihnen gestellten Aufgaben (Änderung diverser Fahrzeugeinstellungen, Routenplanung) erfolgreich mittels der neuen Interaktionsform. Neben einer Steigerung der Effektivität und der Effizienz ist bei beiden Entwicklungen eine erweiterte Barrierefreiheit anzunehmen, da auch Menschen die nicht mit klassischen Bedienelementen von Rechnersystemen wie zum Beispiel Tastaturen vertraut sind, wieder eine effektive Teilhabe an der Interaktion mit dem Datenerfassungssystemen erlangen können.
A krónikus pancreatitis sebészi kezelése, 2010
Authors: Farkas Gyula
Published: April 2011

Absztrakt

Bevezetés: A krónikus pancreatitis (CP) egy jóindulatú, gyulladásos megbetegedés, mely a pancreasfej jelentős megnagyobbodását idézi elő, ennek következménye a súlyosbodó fájdalom, a testsúly csökkenése és az életminőség jelentős romlása. A betegséget alapvetően a fájdalom és a funkcionális eltérések jellemzik, melyeket kezdetben konzervatív módon kezelhetünk, de komplikációk jelentkezésekor (nem csillapítható fájdalom, vezetékrendszerek obstructiója) a sebészi terápia válik szükségessé. Módszerek: A közlemény áttekinti a CP gyógyításával kapcsolatos irodalmi vonatkozásokat, különös tekintettel a CP szövődményeinek sebészi kezelését taglaló randomizált kontroll- és metaanalízisen alapuló vizsgálatokra. Eredmények: Az utóbbi időszak felmérései igazolták, hogy a hosszú távú életminőség-javulás és a fájdalommentesség vonatkozásában a sebészi kezelés elsődlegesen hatásosabb az endoscopos terápiával szemben. Összehasonlítva a pancreatico-duodenectomiát (PD) a Beger szerinti duodenummegtartó pancreasfej-resectióval (DPPHR) és ennek módosításával (duodenum- és szervmegtartó pancreasfej-resectio [DOPPHR]) igazolást nyert, hogy a műtétek után a posztoperatív fájdalommentesség, az összmortalitás nem különbözik, ugyanakkor a DPPHR és a DOPPHR-t követően, a kórházi tartózkodás, testsúlynövekedés, az exokrin, endokrin státus és az életminőség szignifikánsan javul. Következtetések: A DPPHR és PD műtétek egyaránt hatásosak a fájdalommentesség és az összmortalitás vonatkozásában. A jelen vizsgálatok azonban a DOPPHR elsődlegességét támasztják alá a CP szövődményeinek sebészi gyógyítására a peri- és posztoperatív paraméterek és az életminőség javulása alapján.
Single port transumbilicalis cholecystectomia (SILS) – Nem szelektált 30 eset összehasonlító elemzése
Authors: Kupcsulik Péter , Szlávik Rezső , Nehéz László , Lukovich Péter
Published: April 2011

Absztrakt

A SE I. sz. Sebészeti Klinikáján 2008–2010 között egy sebész által végzett 30 hagyományos (3 port) laparoscopos cholecystectomiát (LC), 30 transumbilicalis laparoscopos cholecystectomiával (SILS) hasonlítottunk össze. A SILS-esetek válogatás nélküli sorozatban történtek. A SILS műtéteknél transabdominalis tartóöltéseket nem alkalmaztunk, 3 esetben volt szükség egy kiegészítő port bevezetésére. 2 eset kivételével egyenes eszközzel történt a műtét. A SILS-csoport életkora (43,2 év) alacsonyabb volt, mint az LC-csoporté (53,5 év), a férfi/nő arány, és a BMI azonos volt. A SILS-eseteknél konverzió nem volt, az LC-csoportban egy. Reoperációra a SILS-csoportban került sor egy esetben nem sebészi eredetű haemascos miatt: transumbilicalis laparoscopos lavage történt. A SILS-csoportban az átlagos műtéti idő 75,9 ± 25 perc, a posztoperatív ápolási idő 2,0 nap. Az LC-csoportban ugyanez: 55,7 ± 17 perc, 2,8 nap. A transumbilicalis cholecystectomia biztonsággal végezhető hagyományos eszközökkel. Az angol nyelvű irodalomban nem találtunk válogatás nélküli SILS cholecystectomia-esetekről közlést.
Hogyan befolyásolják a posztoperatív komplikációk a késői recidívák és a távoli metastasisok kialakulását colorectalis carcinomák elektív, kuratív resectióját követően?
Authors: Zsoldos Péter , Hegedüs László , Issekutz Ákos , Oláh Attila
Published: April 2011

Absztrakt

Célkitűzések: Irodalmi adatok alapján a súlyos posztoperatív komplikációkat követően feltételezhetően gyakrabban alakul ki lokális recidíva, illetve távoli metastasis. Ezt saját beteganyagunk vizsgálatával szerettük volna igazolni. Módszerek: 2000. január 1. és 2004. december 31. között 332 betegnél végeztünk elektív, kuratív resectiót colorectalis carcinoma miatt. A posztoperatív szövődményeket a módosított Clavien-beosztás szerint osztályoztuk. A műtétet követően 30 napon belül fellépő szövődményeket rendszereztük. A szövődmények összesítésében minden szövődményt feldolgoztunk, betegenként pedig mindig a legsúlyosabb szövődményt vettük figyelembe. Az utánkövetési időszak 2009. december 31-ig terjedt. A vizsgált tényezőket egy-, illetve többváltozós rendszerben, statisztikai próbákkal elemeztük. Eredmények: A betegek átlagéletkora 64 év volt, 56%-uk (187 beteg) férfi volt. Műtét előtt 84 beteg (25,3%) részesült onkológiai kezelésben. A vizsgálatba csak R0 resectión átesett betegeket választottunk be. 182 beteg esetében (56,3%) szövődménymentes volt a műtét utáni időszak. A mortalitás 3,3% volt. Grade 4-es szövődmény 5 betegnél (1,5%), Grade 3-as 26 betegnél (8%), Grade 2-es 83 betegnél (25,8%), Grade 1-es 25 betegnél (7,7%) jelentkezett. Az utánkövetési idő alatt 75 betegnél (23,3%) alakult ki lokális recidíva és/vagy távoli metastasis. A tumor gradusa (p = 0,008), a daganat stádiuma (p = 0,0001), és a szövettani vizsgálat során észlelt ér-, illetve nyirokérbetörés (p = 0,0001) egyértelműen hajlamosít későbbi lokális recidíva és/vagy metastasis kialakulására. Grade 3-as szövődményeket követően gyakrabban alakul ki recidíva (p = 0,0039), és magasabb a tumorspecifikus halálozás aránya is (p = 0,05). Konklúziók: Elektív, kuratív colorectalis carcinomák resectióját követően jelentkező Grade 3-as típusú szövődmények esetében gyakrabban lehet recidíva és/vagy távoli metastasis kialakulására számítani, magasabb a tumorspecifikus halálozás is. A posztoperatív szövődmények nem csupán a közvetlen műtéti időszakban jelentenek veszélyt a beteg számára, de onkológiai hatásuk révén a hosszú távú túlélés esélyét is jelentősen rontják.
„Jótékony” iatrogén duodenalis diverticulum perforatio esete
Authors: El-Meouch Hicham , Nagy Imre , Simsay Laura , Váradi Gábor , Lőrincz Magdolna , Hajszán Nikoletta , Demján György , Szentléleki Károly
Published: April 2011

Absztrakt

A szerzők egy 78 éves nőbeteg esetét ismertetik, aki kórházuk kardiológiai osztályára került felvételre pacemaker-beültetés elbírálásának céljából. Kivizsgálása során észlelt anaemia, illetve melena miatt végzett gastrocopos vizsgálat (felső panendoscopia) nagy duodenalis diverticulumot igazolt. A vizsgálat után acut has képe alakult ki, az elvégzett vizsgálatok a diverticulum perforatióját mutatták. Sürgős műtétet végeztek, a diverticulumot resecálták, ezt követően a beteg gyógyultan távozott. A szerzők tárgyalják a diverticulum ritka lokalizációját, a preoperatív diagnózis nehézségeit, a sikeres felismerést és kezelést, valamint az irodalmi adatokat.
Primer suppurativ costochondritisről – egy sikeresen kezelt esetünk kapcsán
Authors: Agócs László , Lévay Bernadett , Fehér Csaba , Vadász Pál
Published: April 2011

Absztrakt

A sebészeti beavatkozást követő másodlagos mellkasfali fertőzések előfordulása jól ismert az orvosi szakirodalomból. A primer suppurativ costochondritis (PSC) azonban nagyon ritka megbetegedés. Egy 34 éves PSC miatt operált betegünk kapcsán ismertetjük a kórképet. A fiatal férfi beteg a mellkasfal bal oldalán levő perzisztáló draináló sinus miatt került felvételre. Mellkasi CT és UH costochondritist igazolt. A beteg műtétre került, amely során széles necrectomia és izomlebennyel történő rekonstrukció történt egy ülésben.
Occurrence and biology of Tolype innocens (Burmeister) on blueberry
Authors: Louzada Renata Salvador , Muller Fernanda Appel , Gonçalves Rafael da Silva , Nava Dori Edson
Published: April 2011

Tolype innocens (Burmeister, 1878) is reported for the first time damaging blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) plants in Brazil having the caterpillars feeding on leaves and new shoots. T. innocens biology was studied on blueberry leaves in laboratory conditions and then a fertility life table was elaborated. Developmental time and viability of egg, larval and pupal stages and egg-adult period were 15.0 and 35.3, 33.3 and 84.5, 20.6 and 100, and 69.2 days and 45%, respectively. Average pupal weight was 0.840g for the females and 0.580g for the males. The sex ratio was 0.5. Pre-oviposition and oviposition time lasted 6.34 and 12.1 days, respectively. Mean fecundity was 251 eggs per female. Eggs were laid either individually or in masses. Longevity was 19.0 and 20.0 days for males and females, respectively. T. innocens population increased 47 times per generation, with a mean generation time of 77 days, and a finite rate of increase of 1.02. This data on biological parameters will be useful for establishing control strategies.
Deficiência de macronutrientes e de boro em abacaxizeiro 'Imperial': composição mineral
Authors: Ramos Maria José Mota , Monnerat Pedro Henrique , Pinho Leandro Glaydson da Rocha , Silva José Accácio da
Published: April 2011

Avaliaram-se, neste trabalho, os efeitos das deficiências dos macronutrientes e do boro em abacaxizeiro 'Imperial' sobre os teores foliares desses nutrientes. Os tratamentos Completo, - N; - P;- K; - Ca; - Mg; - S e - B foram aplicados como soluções nutritivas, em vasos plásticos com 14 kg de areia de praia purificada e uma muda de abacaxi como unidade experimental. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados completos, com seis repetições. Determinaram-se os teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S e B na folha "D" inteira aos cinco, sete, nove e 12 meses após o plantio. A deficiência de N reduziu a absorção de S, mas aumentou os teores de P, K, Mg e B; a de P reduziu os teores de N, Ca, Mg, S e B, mas aumentou os de K; a de K aumentou os teores de N, P, Ca, Mg, S e B; a de Ca aumentou os teores de K e Mg e reduziu os de S; as de Mg e de B aumentaram os teores de Ca, e a de S aumentou os teores de K e B. Os teores foliares das plantas normais e deficientes, no início da formação dos frutos, foram, respectivamente: N= 14,8 e 9,7; P= 1,23 e 0,67; K= 20,0 e 11,6; Ca: 4,37 e 0,91; Mg= 2,26 e 0,73; S= 1,45 e 0,45 g kg-1 e B= 18,4 e 5,8 mg kg-1.
Adição de torta de mamona em substratos na aclimatação de mudas micropropagadas de bananeira
Authors: Martins Adriana Novais , Suguino Eduardo , Dias Naíssa Maria Silvestre , Perdoná Marcos José
Published: April 2011

A utilização de mudas micropropagadas de bananeira que oferecem qualidade genética e fitossanitária, favorecendo o desenvolvimento, instalação e uniformidade do pomar, é importante para a exploração comercial da bananicultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da adição da torta de mamona nos substratos na aclimatação de mudas micropropagadas de bananeira da cv. Willians. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 10 tratamentos, sendo 2 substratos e 5 dosagens de torta de mamona (0; 6; 12; 18 e 24 g vaso-1). O substrato Vivatto Slim Plus® possibilitou o melhor desenvolvimento das plantas na aclimatação. Não são recomendadas doses superiores a 12 g planta-1 de torta de mamona misturadas ao substrato na aclimatação de mudas de bananeira.
Desempenho vitivinícola da Cabernet Sauvignon sobre diferentes porta-enxertos em região de altitude de Santa Catarina
Authors: Brighenti Alberto Fontanella , Rufato Leo , Kretzschmar Aike Anneliese , Schlemper Caroline
Published: April 2011

Apesar de os porta-enxertos serem usados primariamente como uma forma de resistência a pragas, eles são uma ligação entre o solo e a copa, e desempenham um papel importante na adaptação da videira a fatores ambientais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar três porta-enxertos e dois sistemas de condução na produtividade do vinhedo, no crescimento da copa e nas características físicas dos frutos. O experimento foi conduzido em um vinhedo experimental da Epagri - Estação Experimental de São Joaquim, localizada no município de Painel (28°01'02"S e 50°08'57"O, altitude 1.200 m). O trabalho foi executado com a cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon, enxertada sobre Paulsen 1.103 (Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris), Couderc 3309 (Vitis riparia x Vitis rupestris) e 1.014-14 Mgt (Vitis riparia x Vitis rupestris), em dois sistemas de condução, espaldeira e manjedoura, com cinco anos de idade, no espaçamento de 3,0 x 1,5 m. O experimento foi avaliado nas safras de 2007/08 e 2008/09. Os tratamentos porta-enxerto e sistema de condução foram arranjados em um fatorial (3 x 2). O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro blocos e 20 plantas por parcela. Foram avaliados a área foliar, a produtividade médias das plantas, o índice de Ravaz, o peso de material podado, o peso de cachos, peso de 50 bagas, o número de bagas por cacho, o diâmetro das bagas, os teores de sólidos solúveis, a acidez total, o pH, os teores de antocianinas, o índice de polifenóis totais e os taninos. Plantas enxertadas em Paulsen 1103 apresentaram as menores produtividades e as maiores áreas foliares. 3.309C é o porta-enxerto menos vigoroso e interfere de maneira positiva na frutificação efetiva, pois produz maior número de bagas por cacho e bagas mais pesadas. Os porta-enxertos 1.103P e 101-14 Mgt, apresentam os melhores resultados para antocianinas.
Atividade antifúngica de extratos vegetais sobre o desenvolvimento de fitopatógenos
Authors: Venturoso L.R. , Bacchi L.M.A. , Gavassoni W.L. , Conus L.A. , Pontim B.C.A. , Bergamin A.C.
Published: April 2011

A formação de uma consciência ecológica e a busca pela preservação do meio ambiente tem gerado a necessidade de testar produtos naturais, visando um controle alternativo de fitopatógenos. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar o potencial de dez extratos aquosos sobre o desenvolvimento in vitro de fungos fitopatogênicos. Foram conduzidos seis ensaios experimentais em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 11 tratamentos e 10 repetições para cada ensaio. Os tratamentos constaram dos extratos bruto aquosos de alho, arruda, canela, cravo-da-índia, cavalinha, eucalipto, hortelã, jabuticaba, melão de são caetano e nim na concentração de 20%, mais a testemunha (somente BDA). Os ensaios foram realizados com os fungos Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Cercosporakikuchii, Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium solani e Phomopsis sp. Os extratos foram filtrados em papel wathman nº 1, colocados em banho maria a 65ºC, durante 1 hora, incorporados em meio BDA e após vertido em placas de Petri, transferiu-se discos de micélio dos patógenos (0,3 cm de diâmetro). Foi analisado o crescimento micelial da colônia, a porcentagem de inibição e a taxa de crescimento dos fungos. Observou-se que os meios de cultura contendo os extratos de cravo-da-índia, alho e canela apresentaram maior atividade antifúngica sobre os fitopatógenos, quando comparados aos demais extratos utilizados, destacando o extrato de cravo-da-índia, que inibiu completamente o desenvolvimento de todos os fitopatógenos testados.
Controle e progresso temporal da ferrugem asiática da soja sob controle alternativo em campo
Authors: Mesquini R.M. , Schwan-Estrada K.R.F. , Vieira R.A. , Nascimento J.F.
Published: April 2011

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o controle e o progresso temporal da ferrugem asiática da soja, causada por Phakopsora pachyrhizi, sob manejo com tratamentos alternativos. Para isso, implementou-se um ensaio em delineamento de blocos completos com tratamentos ao acaso, com 4 repetições, em Itambé-PR, durante a safra 2007/2008. Os tratamentos alternativos foram: biomassa cítrica, extrato bruto e óleo essencial de Eucalyptus citriodora e grãos de kefir. Avaliou-se também o controle químico com azoxistrobina + ciproconazole + adjuvante 0,5 v/v e a testemunha. Para comparação dos tratamentos utilizou-se a severidade da doença (em cinco avaliações), a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD), a taxa de progresso da doença, a produtividade e o peso de mil grãos. Foram constatadas diferenças significativas (Pd"0,05) para as avaliações de severidade, para AACPD e para a taxa de progresso da doença. De modo geral, dentre os tratamentos alternativos, a biomassa cítrica e os grãos de kefir apresentaram os maiores índices de controle e menores taxas de progresso da doença, superando os tratamentos com extrato bruto e óleo essencial de E. citriodora. Porém, o tratamento com azoxistrobina + ciproconazole foi mais eficiente para controle e proporcionou as menores taxas de progresso quando comparado aos tratamentos alternativos.
Efeito da temperatura e da luz na germinação de urediniósporos de Phakopsora euvitis
Authors: Angelotti F. , Tessmann D.J. , Scapin C.R. , Vida J.B.
Published: April 2011

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram analisar o efeito da temperatura e da luz na germinação in vitro de urediniósporos de Phakopsoraeuvitis, assim como avaliar a viabilidade dos urediniósporos armazenados em diferentes temperaturas. Para a determinação do período de incubação foi avaliada a germinação dos urediniósporos em ágar-água 2%, após 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 e 24 h. Para avaliar o efeito da temperatura e da luz na germinação, placas de Petri contendo suspensão de urediniósporos foram mantidas no escuro e sob luz contínua, nas temperaturas de 15, 20, 25 e 30 ºC, por um período de 24 h. No estudo de viabilidade, urediniósporos armazenados em tubos Eppendorf foram mantidos nas temperaturas de -20±2, 5±2, 23±2 e 33±2ºC, no escuro. Verificou-se o aumento contínuo na germinação dos esporos entre as avaliações com 6 a 24 horas de incubação. As temperaturas cardinais (mínima, ótima e máxima) para a germinação de urediniósporos in vitro estimadas foram de 11,6; 21,0 e 30,6 ºC; e 13,1; 21,0 e 30,0 ºC; respectivamente, nas condições de luz contínua e escuro. A viabilidade dos esporos foi reduzida drasticamente no período de 60 dias de armazenamento, verificando-se maior preservação na temperatura de 23±2 ºC.
Crescimento econômico e desenvolvimento urbano: por que nossas cidades continuam tão precárias?
Authors: Rolnik Raquel , Klink Jeroen
Published: April 2011

Não obstante os logros da política econômica - que incluem um aumento espetacular do gasto público no setor de desenvolvimento urbano - e as promessas da descentralização e do Estatuto das Cidades, as marcas de um modelo de desenvolvimento urbano excludente e predatório continuam presentes em várias dimensões do processo de urbanização no Brasil. Este ensaio busca discutir alguns dos obstáculos que têm incidido sobre a capacidade da rede urbana brasileira de responder ao desafio de ampliar o direito à moradia e à cidade para o conjunto de moradores.
Alucinações e alegorias: W. G. Sebald se recorda de W. Benjamin, leitor de Paris
Authors: Oehler Dolf
Published: April 2011

A partir de uma leitura de Austerlitz, de W. G. Sebald, o autor examina o jogo complexo de remissões e correspondências entre o romance do autor alemão e autores e temas clássicos da literatura europeia do século XIX.
Fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas: vigilância por meio de inquérito telefônico, VIGITEL, Brasil, 2007
Authors: Moura Erly Catarina , Silva Sara Araújo da , Malta Deborah Carvalho , Morais Neto Otaliba Libânio
Published: April 2011

Este artigo descreve a prevalência de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, a partir dos dados de 2007 do sistema de monitoramento por inquérito telefônico - o VIGITEL. Foram avaliados 54.251 adultos das capitais de estados e do Distrito Federal, Brasil. Os homens apresentaram maior frequência de hábito de fumar, de excesso de peso, de consumo de refrigerantes e de carnes com gordura, de atividade física suficiente no tempo livre, de inatividade física no geral e de consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas; as mulheres, de consumo regular e recomendado de frutas, legumes e verduras. Para os homens, no nível de maior escolaridade, a probabilidade de tabagismo reduz 42%, e a de consumo de carnes com gordura, 31%; as probabilidades de excesso de peso e de inatividade física aumentam, respectivamente, 86% e 42%; consumo recomendado de frutas, legumes e verduras atinge 89%; atividade física no tempo livre aumenta para 78%. Para as mulheres, a probabilidade de tabagismo reduz em 31%, excesso de peso, 26%, e consumo de carnes com gordura, 35%; inatividade física aumenta em 76%, atividade física no tempo livre, 77%, consumo regular de frutas, legumes e verduras, 48%, e recomendado, 75%.