bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ECJ Case Reports: Case C-322/00: Commission of the European Communities v Kingdom of the Netherlands
Authors: Somsen Han
Published: April 2022

Directive 91/676/EEC – Protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources – Art. 5(4) and (5), paras A (1), (2), (4) and (6) of Annex II and paras 1(2) and (3) and 2 of Annex III – Capacity of storage vessels for livestock manure – Limitation of the land application of fertilisers based on a balance between the foreseeable nitrogen requirements of crops and the nitrogen supply to crops from the soil and from fertilisation – Ensuring that the amount of livestock manure applied to land each year does not exceed the specified amount per hectare – Provisions contained in a code of good agricultural practice and covering periods, conditions and procedures for the land application of fertilisers – Obligations to adopt any additional measures or reinforced actions necessary; Judgment of 2 October 2003 (not yet reported)
Selected International Developments regarding Health and Environmental Regulation of Relevance to the European Union
Authors: Prévost Denise
Published: April 2022

Summary: This contribution provides an overview of a selection of significant recent developments on international level regarding the regulation of health and the environment, which are of relevance to the European Union. It focuses on developments with regard to the interaction between free trade and risk regulation in the area of health and the environment. Developments in this regard will be examined in the context of the World Trade Organisation, and other international organisations or initiatives establishing rules, setting harmonised standards or promoting international cooperation in this area. As the European Union plays an active role in the international arena, these developments will have an impact on its internal regulatory policies as well as on its external actions in international fora.
Promoting Biofuels in Energy Supply: the European Legal Framework
Authors: Delvaux Bram
Published: April 2022

Summary: The purpose of this article is to examine the European legal framework to promote and support the use of biofuels. The biggest obstacle for a greater use of renewable energies and in particular biofuels is their high production costs as compared to conventional energies. Therefore the EU has established different specific measures to promote their use and to overcome the high production costs. This article gives an insight into today's main legislative instruments, namely the Guidelines on State aid for environmental protection, the Directive on the promotion of biofuels and various taxation measures, among which is, most recently, the new Council Directive restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity.
International Report
Authors: Delvaux Bram
Published: April 2022

This contribution reviews at regular intervals a selection of the most remarkable recent developments in international environmental law and policy. It does not aim to be all-inclusive or in-depth.
Subsidiarity – A Conventional Industry Defence. Is the Directive on Environmental Liability with Regard to Prevention and Remedying of Environmental Damage Justified under the Subsidiarity Princ
Authors: Farnsworth Nick
Published: April 2022

Summary: Is the ``Directive on Environmental Liability with regard to prevention and remedying of environmental damage'' justified under the subsidiarity principle? This article examines the pros and cons of arguments submitted by recognised lawyers, non-governmental organisations and industry on the one hand to show whether the agreed Directive complies with the principle of subsidiarity as set out in the Treaty establishing the European Community (ECT) but on the other that the Community institutions have failed in their duty to adequately observe the application of the subsidiarity principle. The author draws two conclusions: the subsidiarity principle remains a ``dynamic concept'' and the Commission, Parliament and Council have collectively failed to acquit themselves of their duty to justify the Directive.
RoHS and WEEE - The New European Directives: Do They Work and Why (Or Why Not?) Current Application and Development in the EU and USA
Authors: Hristev Iliyana
Published: April 2022

This article examines the application and development of regimes covering both the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment and also the waste from electrical and electronic equipment in the European Union and its Member States and in the USA. This first instalment of the two parts covers compliance with and exceptions from compliance.
International Comparisons of Energy Use and the Environment: Does It Make Sense to Call on Wind Power?
Authors: Zedalis Rex J. , Langenkamp R. Dobie
Published: April 2022

By its very nature, the Kyoto Climate Change accord attempts to control greenhouse gas emissions and affect attitudes with regard to both the amount of and methods by which energy is used. Herein, the authors examine the current factual situation concerning comparative energy intensity positions of the world’s major energy consuming regions and their corresponding contributions to carbon dioxide levels. In view of the environmental and economic reasons for improving energy use figures and controlling carbon dioxide emissions, one much talked about alternative energy source has been wind power. The direct greenhouse gas benefits of the electrical energy produced by wind power seem beyond dispute. Nonetheless, it is suggested that the distinct problems associated with looking in wind’s direction for providing assistance on the environmental front present issues that serious policymakers must candidly confront before embarking on any major deployment programme.
Environmental Crime and the Police in Europe: A Panorama and Possible Paths for Future Action
Authors: Comte Françoise
Published: April 2022

Environmental crime is one of the most lucrative forms of criminal activity. The illegal dumping of hazardous waste, trafficking of dangerous substances and smuggling of protected natural resources is estimated to be worth between EUR18 and EUR25 billion per year. The trafficking of endangered species generates the highest revenue of all types of environmental crime and is widely considered to be second in value only to drug trafficking. Environmental crime is believed to be expanding constantly. In spite of this, it is not currently a political priority, having taken a back seat to anti-terrorism measures since 11 September 2001.

This article aims to show that environmental crime is one of the most serious forms of criminal activity - it threatens the very existence of mankind. In order to do this, the article begins by advancing a definition of environmental crime, which is intended to allow the reader better to understand its implications for our society. An attempt is then made to provide a financial estimate of the worldwide value of this criminal activity, in order to shed light on its scale and diversity. Next, the article examines various examples from European Union (?EU?) countries (Member States and candidate countries) in order to illustrate the ways in which police combat environmental crime. Examples of international cooperation in this field are also provided. Finally, the article proposes a number of possible paths for future action which might push environmental crime up the criminal law and crime-fighting policy agenda in EU Member States and EU policy as a whole. In this respect, the recent judgment by the European Court of Justice (?ECJ?) concerning European Community competence in criminal law provides interesting material for reflection.
The Environmental Liability Directive: A UK Perspective
Authors: Crowhurst Georgina
Published: April 2022

This article critically analyses the future impact of Environmental Liability Directive in the UK and the issues covering implementation of the Directive in the UK. The article discusses the problems created by the Directive and provides recommendations on how it should be transposed in the UK. It also considers whether insurance can cover the increased risks imposed on UK operators by the Directive.
The EU Directive on Port Reception Facilities: A Case Study in the Development of an EU Environmental Directive
Authors: Carpenter Angela
Published: April 2022

This paper provides an analysis of the European Union Directive on Port Reception Facilities which was developed as a result of a number of major oil spills in European waters and from a perceived laxity in the application of enforcement of international environmental regulations identified in the 1993 “A Common Policy on Safe Seas”. This paper examines the development of Directive 2000/59/EC in light of the Common Policy, setting it within the decision making process of the EU. An historical overview of the development of the Directive is provided, identifying how it changed and adapted from the Proposal of the Commission being adopted in July 1998 through to the signing off of the Directive by the Parliament and Council in November 2000. Comparison is made of three versions of the Directive - an early working document, the proposed directive and the final directive. Finally, the paper examines recent developments in the Directive in response to other EU legislation and an ongoing review of its implementation in ports in order to assess how the Directive has or might change in the future.
“Microgeneration, Power from the People”: Britain’s Regulatory, Policy and Legislative Framework
Authors: Crowhurst Georgina , Crowhurst Georgina
Published: April 2022

“The world is on the path to climate chaos” and the Stern Review sets out why action to combat it needs to start now. Along side global and European tiered approaches to reducing carbon emissions, Britain is focusing, at a national level, on microgeneration as one way of reducing its carbon emissions. This article analyses some of the main legislative, regulatory and policy measures in place to promote microgeneration and also comments on the likely constraints to it.
The New Regulations on Waste Shipments: Green List Controls
Authors: Crowhurst Georgina , Crowhurst Georgina
Published: April 2022

On 12 July 2007, European Parliament and Council Regulation 1013/2006 on Shipments of Waste (“the Regulation”) came into force. This establishes new rules applicable to transboundary shipments of waste, both within the EU and with non- EU countries.

This article explains and analyses the rules on the international shipment of waste in view of this new Regulation and also considers how the position is enhanced in the UK by the UK statutory instrument the Transfrontier Shipment of Waste Regulations 2007.

In order to ascertain which controls apply to shipments of international waste, legal practitioners need to consider the details of:

. whether the waste is to be recovered or disposed;

. the type of waste being exported;

. and the status of the consignee’s country.

This article focuses on the export of international waste shipments from the UK and the “Green List Controls” applying to shipments of non-hazardous waste for recovery. The purpose of the article is to provide analysis on whether the new rules place the responsibility on the carrier to ensure that the documentation is correct or whether it is the responsibility of the shipper.
Environmental Criminal Law in the First Pillar: A Positive Development for Environmental Protection in the European Union?
Authors: Pereira Ricardo
Published: April 2022

Summary: The quest for a “high” level of environmental protection1 in the European Union (EU) is dependent on the successful implementation and enforcement of EU legislation by Member States. Thus, despite the fact that the Community did not originally have a mandate to impose the choice of instrument of implementation of Community Law on Member States, the decision of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) of 13 September 2005 (Case C-176/03 Commission v Council) has finally established that while the Community does not have competence in criminal matters per se, the Community institutions may require Member States to introduce criminal sanctions for the protection of the environment. The ECJ has therefore annulled a Framework Decision of the Council which aimed at harmonising the criminal sanctions for protection of the environment of Member States under the third pillar of the EU, rather than the first pillar (which allows the Commission and ECJ to exercise stronger enforcement powers). These developments demonstrate that for the first time a supranational institution may be able effectively to enforce an obligation on national authorities to enact penal sanctions for environmental protection. The objective of this paper will be to discuss whether the harmonisation of environmental criminal standards may lead to better environmental protection within the EU.
Implementation of Reduction Commitments Under the Kyoto Protocol in Switzerland
Authors: Conrad Curdin , Liniger Hans U.
Published: April 2022

Summary: Having ratified the Kyoto Protocol, Switzerland has taken on a commitment to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by eight per cent on base year levels. This article provides a brief overview of the climate-related measures in individual policy areas. The authors then describe the content and effects of the Swiss CO2 Law, as well as the introduction of a CO2 tax and the ‘Climate Cent’. They conclude with an overview of the highly complex economic and legal practical implementation of the reduction commitments of the Kyoto Protocol in Switzerland.
Declassification of Protected Areas under the Habitats and the Wild Birds Directive
Authors: Thomas Henning
Published: April 2022

Under the regime of the Wild Birds Directive (WBD) as well as the Habitats Directive (HD), special areas for protection shall be designated. But what happens if the natural functions in these areas decrease to such an extent that they are not anymore of the ecological value they have been protected for?

Art. 9 s.2 of the HD allows declassifying protected areas “where this is warranted by natural developments”. The definition of “natural developments” can be found by contrasting the clause to Art. 6(4) HD. All changes in the quality of the area should be included which are due to ecological effects and whose causes cannot be hindered by the competent Member State alone.

The indispensable protection against declassifying areas which still require protection results out of the additional condition “where this is warranted”. Due to the protection and restoration obligations for Member States under the Directive, a declassification can only be the very last step after intensive attempts to protect or even recreate the area.

Under the WBD, no explicit provision for declassifications exists. With allowing them as an actus contrarius to Art. 4(1) WBD, a similar system for declassifications like under the HD is established.
The Implementation of the Regulation of Electrical and Electronic Products (WEEE and RoHS Directives) – An evaluation of the Belgian situation in light of the review of Directive 2002/96
Authors: Jacobs Greg
Published: April 2022

This article focuses on the transposition and the economical and environmental impact of Directive 2002/96/EC on waste and electrical equipment (WEEE) and of Directive 2002/95/EC on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical equipment (RoHS) in Belgium. Although focused on the Belgian situation, a lot of observations and conclusions will also be valid for other EU countries with a similar approach. The conclusions will also be held against the remarks and recommendations made during the recent stakeholder consultation on the review of the WEEE Directive that is scheduled in 2008. At the same time this article gives an update of the latest developments in legislation and secondary legislation of the WEEE and RoHS Directives
The Brazilian Tyres Case: Competing Trade and Non–Trade Interests and Competing Jurisdictions between MERCOSUR and WTO
Authors: Vielliard Nicolas
Published: April 2022

Brazilian efforts to regulate remoulded and retreaded tires on the basis of human health and environmental considerations have been challenged by both the European Community and Uruguay in WTO and MERCOSUR dispute settlement fora respectively. Such cases are part of and belong to the evolving history of so–called “trade and environment” disputes that have appeared over the past 20 years. Since the infamous and divisive “Tuna–Dolphin” dispute litigated at the GATT in 1991, European and international attention has focused increasingly on this apparently divisive field of law. Rather encouragingly, the more recent case law is moving to were a more balanced and proportionate approach to the trade–environment interface. Ironically, in the wake of the EU–Brazil WTO retreaded tyre dispute, the German nongovernmental organization Form for Environment and Development has sought to encourage EU Trade Commissioner Mandelson to withdraw his appeal of the WTO decision stating that “(A)n appeal of the panel report would be an assault on the health needs of the poor and the environment” and noting that “the European Community has defended several European environmental and health policies at the WTO (asbestos, GMO imports, hormones in beef) and will likely have to defend others in the future. It does notmake sense to challenge a decision that will be useful for arguing pending and future environment and health cases at the WTO.” This article examines the WTO and MERCOSUR dispute settlement challenges and the interaction between the two dispute settlement bodies prior to providing some concluding analysis on balancing health and environment and trade law considerations.
The EU and Carbon Leakage: How to Reconcile Border Adjustments with the WTO?
Authors: Sindico Francesco
Published: April 2022

Climate change is a global problem that needs a comprehensive international response. If countries adopt different measures this may lead to carbon leakage that then leads to further emissions and to competitiveness concerns from those countries that have adopted more stringent measures. One approach to deal with carbon leakage and competitiveness concerns is through the adoption of border adjustment measures. This paper focuses on possible climate border adjustment measures that may arise from the development of the current EU climate policy, the final goal being to determine their compatibility vis–à–vis the WTO regime.
On the Legality of the Ship–Source Pollution 2005/35/EC Directive – The Intertanko Case and Selected Others
Authors: Pereira Ricardo
Published: April 2022

The case is an interesting example of the legal difficulties faced by private parties challenging before a Member State’s courts the validity of Community acts in light of the ever proliferating international environmental agreements signed by the Community or the Member States themselves. In this case, a shipping industry coalition challenged in the English High Court the legality of Directive 2005/35/ EC on Ship–Source Pollution in light of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (“Marpol 73/78”) and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982 UNCLOS), which in turn referred questions for a preliminary ruling before the European Court of Justice. Predictably, the Directive has been vilified by the shipping industry for imposing higher standards than those established under international law. The case also shows how the concept of serious negligence, which appears in a number of EU/EC acts or proposals establishing an obligation of Member States to introduce criminal sanctions for violations of Community legislation or with the broader object of combating crime in the EU, may be interpreted by the national courts and the legislature of the Member States.
United States Court Upholds Regulation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency
Authors: de Saillan Charles
Published: April 2022

Last year, the US Court of Appeals (D.C. Circuit) upheld a series of findings, interpretations, and regulations that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had issued as its first steps to limit the emissions of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act. First, EPA had made a finding that emissions of greenhouse gases from motor vehicles cause or contribute to an endangerment to the public health or welfare. Second, to address this endangerment, EPA together with the Department of Transportation, promulgated greenhouse gas emission and fuel efficiency standards for cars and light trucks for model years 2012 through 2016. EPA estimates that these standards will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 960 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent over the life of these model years. Third, EPA formally reaffirmed its interpretation that the motor vehicle emission standards - by regulating greenhouse gases under the Act - would trigger permitting requirements for greenhouse gas emissions from stationary facilities. These permitting requirements include the installation of best available control technology to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from new or modified facilities. Fourth, EPA issued regulations phasing in these permitting requirements over several years. Rejecting a multitude of challenges, the court upheld all these actions, thus paving the way for EPA to significantly regulate and limit greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles and stationary facilities.

On 26 June 2012, the prominent US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit handed the Barak Obama Administration a decisive, quadruple victory in its efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions through regulations. The court upheld the finding of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that greenhouse gas emissions are reasonably anticipated to endanger public health and welfare. The court also upheld EPA regulations and interpretations that will require reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles and large stationary sources. The court reaffirmed its decision, denying a petition for rehearing, on 20 December 2012. The decision paves the way for significant mandatory reductions of greenhouse gas emissions in the US.
Adoption of Legislation on Shale Gas in France: Hesitation and/or Progress?
Authors: Cournil Christel
Published: April 2022

This paper provides a chronological account of the eventful adoption of France's first law on shale gas. This governance issue calls into question the implementation of environmental principles, such as the principles of prevention, public information and participation, which were constitutionalized in the 2005 Environmental Charter. The hesitations of the French government illustrate the management difficulties at the state level with regards to new unconventional hydrocarbons that have a particular impact on the environment. On 13th July 2011, the legislator adopted a law that prohibited the use of hydraulic fracturing for the prospection of shale gas and oil. Although this represents a world first, it was designed hastily and has failed to satisfy any of the stakeholders involved. We examine the chronology of events, with particular focus on the chaotic governmental and legislative responses to public pressure on an unprecedented scale.
A Legal Assessment of the Producer Exemption from Transport Tariffs under EU Law
Authors: van de Kooij Alex Crespo
Published: April 2022

This article examines the producer exemption from paying transport charges in the light of European Union sector specific regulation and the European Union state aid rules. In the Netherlands and several other EU Member States, the ministries and/or the energy authorities have decided that producers of electricity will not be charged for using the electricity network for the transport of electricity. These charges have to be paid to the network operator and thereby ensure that this network operator can recover the costs that are made to provide the transport service to the users of the network. EU law assumes that both producers and consumers are users of the electricity network. This article assesses whether exempting producers from contributing to the payment of the transport charges for using the electricity network is legal under European Union law. First, the relevant provisions from the Third Energy Package are examined. This legislative package does not provide strict rules with regard to the allocation of transport tariffs on the electricity market. It does however contain the principle of non-discrimination. The exact contours of this principle have not yet crystalized and it raises questions whether or not it is infringed by the producer exemptions. Secondly, the exemptions will be tested under the EU state aid doctrine. It is controversial whether or not the state aid rules are infringed by the exemption, as this will depend on the exact interpretation (broad or narrow) of the specific elements of the state aid rules. It would thus be useful that the Member States involved notify the measures to the European Commission, urging the latter to give more clarity on the legality of the producer exemption in the light of EU Law.
Environmental Protection in the EU and the WTO: Is Article XX GATT in its Present Interpretation Consistent with the Current Standard of Environmental Protection of the EU?
Authors: Walter Antonia
Published: April 2022

In this essay, I address the different approaches of the EU and the WTO to the trade and environment conflict and find out in how far the present environmental policy of the EU is compatible with the conditions of the WTO's Art XX GATT. Therefore, I first establish the current level of environmental protection in the EU by analysing the standard aimed for by the EU and its realization in legislation and jurisprudence. To show how environmental protection works in practice, I analyse selected case law and show how EU courts treat trade restrictions on environmental grounds enacted by Member States. Having evaluated the current standard of the EU, I proceed to compare the result with the WTO. I briefly explain institutional environmental developments within the GATT 1947, important environmental cases before the establishment of the WTO 1994 and textual changes in the new WTO Agreement. I then evaluate how Art XX GATT is dealt with in key case law and simultaneously compare this to the results of my analysis of similar EU cases. To conclude, I give a brief outlook on pending cases and a summary of the results of my study in both the EU and the WTO ambit. I point out some important differences in legal texts and case law and finally come to give a negative answer to my initial question.
Operators' General Obligations as an Instrument for Implementation of EU and National Environmental Policy
Authors: Vahtrus Siim , Veinla Hannes
Published: April 2022

Codification of environmental law has been underway in Estonia from 2007. As the first result of this process, the General Part of the Environmental Code Act (GPECA) was adopted in February 2011. Among other provisions, the framework act establishes operators' general obligations.

These obligations, applicable to all operators, are focused on prevention of environmental hazards and implementation of precautionary measures in order to minimize environmental risks to the reasonable extent. Being generally applicable and abstract in their nature, they constitute a ``safety net'' supporting the often overly casuistic and fragmented legal structure in the present environmental law (e.g. air quality law, nature protection law), national as well as EU.

This article aims to draw attention to the concept of operators' general obligations and to highlight their possible role as tools for implementation of environmental policy goals both on EU and national level.
Environmental Participation in China and Europe
Authors: Poto Margherita
Published: April 2022

Abstract: Our responsibility for the natural environment goes beyond the individual awareness; it reaches the legal domains of the Nation-States and the global interrelation of the different legal systems. In this article, two systems are analysed and compared, with a special focus on the role of good administration principles, and in particular on the bottom-up participation to the decision-making process.
The Impact of EU Law on Access to Scientific Knowledge and the Standard of Review in National Environmental Litigation: A Story of Moving Targets and Vague Guidance
Authors: Eliantonio Mariolina
Published: April 2022

This article examines the European Union (EU) legal requirements contained in secondary law and in the European courts' case law concerning, firstly, the standard of review to which national courts must adhere when deciding matters within the scope of EU law and, secondly, access to scientific knowledge in environmental litigation. The article shows that national courts are limited to an assessment of whether a "manifest error" has been committed by the public authorities. However, it is argued, in order to make that assessment, national courts have to be empowered, under EU law, to access the scientific knowledge necessary to review the choices of the administration.
Securing Scientific Understanding: Expert Judges in Finnish Environmental Administrative Judicial Review
Authors: Kangasmaa Sinikka , Paloniitty Tiina
Published: April 2022

Finland has opted for an "internalized solution" when it comes to securing courts access to adequate scientific knowledge: in the administrative courts, in-house expert judges are part of the court's panel. The expert judges have scientific or technical education but no lawyer's qualifications, yet are considered judges as much as the judicial ones. In the Supreme Administrative Court and in the first court of appeal most, albeit not all, of the environmental cases are heard by panels with expert judges - notably, the cases dealing with nature conservation but not with the Water Act or the Environmental Protection Act are problematic in not receiving such attention. The combination of administrative judicial system of broad scope of review, in-house environmental expert judges and inquisitorial and investigative approach enables thorough consideration of the cases, allowing for an elegant solution to the fundamental epistemological and ontological challenges faced by environmental regulation - namely those of "legal questions and scientific answers". The Finnish solution brings indisputable benefits and as such is recommended to other jurisdictions. Domestically, we suggest that national legislation be amended in order to convene cases dealing with nature conservation matters to the administrative court with expert members as well.
The Ukrainian Public Administration of Territorial Seas: A European Example
Authors: Kormych Borys , Averochkina Tetiana , Gaverskyi Vitalii
Published: April 2022

The article evaluates the modern doctrine of territorial sea administration. The article views the administration of coastal state as an application and enforcement of UNCLOS based regimes of maritime zones. The article examines the legal regulation of the territorial sea. It also studies the process of overlapping and interaction between different administrative and legal regulations applicable to a given maritime zone. The features of such regulation are pointed out based upon the combination and mutual influence of international, EU and national law. Ukraine’s experience in administering the territorial sea after the illegal annexation of Crimea is studied. The pros and cons of EU concept of Maritime spatial planning with respect to the demands of protection and security are revealed in the context of hybrid conflicts.

public administration, territorial sea, maritime zone, coastal state jurisdiction, marine environment, Ukraine
Power Purchase Agreements: An Emerging Tool at the Centre of the European Energy transition A Focus on France
Authors: Harada Louis-Narito , Coussi Marie
Published: April 2022

Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) enjoy great success in Europe. This is especially true of Green Corporate PPAs (GC PPAs), also known as Corporate Renewable PPAs, which are agreements under which a corporate customer agrees to purchase renewable electricity directly from the electricity producer, pursuant to the definition set forth in the 2018 Renewable Energy Directive (‘RED II’) (Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 Dec. 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (recast).). Nearly 14GW in PPAs were entered into in 2018 worldwide, of which 1.9GW in Europe (2017: 1GW) and approx. 8GW in the United States (2017: 2.4GW) (Europe Corporate Renewable, PPA Market Report 2018 – 2027.). Wind energy accounts for 85% of GC PPAs entered into in Europe to date, with solar energy accounting for the remaining 15%. This progress can be explained partly by an increase in energy demand worldwide, the companies’ willingness to reduce their carbon footprint and control energy costs, the need for clear and foreseeable price signals for investors and producers, but also the development of public support schemes for renewable energies (‘RE’).

Power Purchase Agreement, Renewable Energy, Electricity, French Law, Energy transition, Corporate Social Responsibility
Implementing Sustainable Development Into One Integrated Domestic Environmental Legislative Act. A Law Comparison Between Two Frontrunners: New Zealand and The Netherlands
Authors: Kistenkas Frederik H. , Smits Marie-José , Kamphorst Dana
Published: April 2022

Whereas in most countries environmental law is commonly highly fragmented into an enormous amount of sectoral legislative acts, New Zealand and The Netherlands uniquely intend to have just one domestic environmental legislative act putting all fragmented sectoral laws and decrees in only one act of parliament. Both are supposed to achieve sustainable development by a novel integrated approach. However, there are differences as the New Zealand model puts all environmental norms in a subordinate position under one supreme principle of sustainable development, which is obviously not the case in the Dutch act.

This article discusses both legislative acts and analyses which system would better serve sustainable multi-functional land use.

environmental law, circular economy, multi-functional land use, sustainable development
Concept of Essential Uses: An Exploration
Authors: Carr Kaljo Cassandra
Published: April 2022

European chemicals legislation – while among the most advanced in the world – still needs tools for bringing greater consistency to the substance evaluation processes. This article explores the elements of the ‘essential use’ concept – as proposed by the Montreal Protocol – in the European framework. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union provides context to understanding ‘health’, ‘safety’, and ‘functioning of society’ in order to then view how these elements are reflected within Union legislation and case law. In the balancing of EU priorities, examples exist where importance is given through exemptions and derogations to sectors within the categories of health, safety, and societal advancement. This demonstrates the possibility of the concept to help define essentiality and to determine specific uses that may be deemed essential.

Essential Use, Chemicals, Chemicals Legislation, European Law, Environmental Law, Montreal Protocol
Energy Corporations and Their Information Duties Towards State Authorities
Authors: Charalampidou Natalia
Published: April 2022

This article identifies the statutory obligations, according to which energy corporations must disclose any information that national authorities and the European Commission deem relevant to their duties under European Law. It then specifies the protection of commercially sensitive information under European Energy Law and Law on Trade Secrets along with the mechanisms that transform this protection from paper into reality. It establishes that the Law on Trade Secrets can be used to draw the line at the authorities’ powers. This is significant, as the information that can be requested by the authorities can, and usually does, contain invaluable information, to the dismay of energy corporations

electricity, natural gas, hydrocarbons, data, information, commercially sensitive information, trade secrets
Transatlantic Relations Among Radical Republican Circles During the Age of Revolutions: The Centrality of Women
Authors: Luiz Bernardo
Published: April 2022

Migratory movements between the two shores of the Atlantic have been of great relevance, both due to their quantity and their heterogeneity, from the moment these territories came into contact. The constant flow of people, as well as goods and ideas in this oceanic environment, caused that in the second half of the 18th century the English and American republican circles strengthened their ties, with some women as notable activists. The English writer Catharine Macaulay (1731-1791), in addition to writing about the crucial events of the moment, crossed the ocean with the desire to be close and experience them in the first person. On the other hand, due to common interests, she maintained an intense epistolary relationship for more than twenty years with the American writer Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814). Despite the limitations that they found in primarily male areas, such as history and politics, the contribution of these women was not limited to the expected support, but their concerns were reflected in some important writings for the Republican cause. Despite this and paradoxically, these revolutionary movements did not bring about significant changes in the situation and the rights of women.
Motvilliga vittnen
Authors: Andén Lovisa
Published: April 2022

Reluctant Witnesses: Swedish Memoirs from the Soviet Karelian Purges
Several hundred Swedes emigrated to Soviet Karelia in the beginning of the 1930s. Many of them remained there when the Great Terror began, and they became targets of repression. As of now, there is no coherent public narrative in Sweden that acknowledge the Swedish survivors; most survivors never talked publicly about their experiences, let alone wrote about them, and the few who did, did so reluctantly. This article discusses four memoirs written by Swedish survivors of the Soviet repression and the silence that still surrounds these memoirs. The narratives themselves, as well as the reception of the narratives, bear witness to the difficulty of narrating experiences that have not yet been publicly acknowledged. Based on the Swedish witness accounts, this article aims to examine 1) the difficulty of testifying in the absence of a public narrative, and 2) the ability of witness literature to challenge and change established historical narratives.
Conflict of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions in the first diagnoses of skin cancer in 2020: a single-centre study
Authors: Antoniou Asterios , Politis Solon , Grivas Theodoros , Manoli Sofia-Magdalini , Papageorgiou Chryssoula , Lallas Konstantinos , Kyrgidis Athanassios , Apalla Zoe
Published: April 2022

The data results of the skin cancer treatment institute aim to approach the affect of COVID-19 pandemic in the first detection of new skin cancer cases in 2020. Materials and Methods The study is retrospective and compares the data between 2020 and the expected incidence of the same year (mean of the years 2016-2019) of the new diagnosed cases of skin cancer which concerns squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), basal cell carcinomas (BCC), and melanomas. Results The results of the institutional data disclose the expected concern related to COVID-19 pandemic, with a reduction of 30.1% new skin cancer cases. The decrease of first-diagnosed SCC, BCC, and melanomas compared to expected incidence is respectively 44.8%, 22.3% and 36.3%. The mean age of the patients’ skin cancer first diagnosis is impressively lower and similarly the diagnosis at stages 0 and IA shows a same course. On the contrary, skin cancer at stages IIC, III and IV that were first detected, confirmed to be much higher. Conclusions The study data revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic effluent led to skin cancer diagnosis delay. It is highly recommended to the authorities and the national health system support the early skin cancer diagnosis of the population.
Evaluating the Minimal clinically important differences in Quality-of-Life Questionnaires EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-HN35, in head and neck cancer patients according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer.
Authors: Louizakis Alexandros , Politis Solon , Kyrgidis Athanassios , Triaridis Stefanos , Printza Athanasia , Konstantinidis Jannis , Antoniades Konstantinos
Published: April 2022

Objective Specific and certified quality of life (QoL) Instruments, regarding the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-HN35 are used to evaluate the scale of change that is clinically significant in a number of diagnosed and treated head and neck cancer patients. The purpose of the study was to calculate both the statistical and the clinical impact that the disease and the treatment had, in the life of those patients. Materials and Methods The patients answered the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-HN35 questionnaires at baseline and in a two-month follow-up period. The calculation of the Minimal clinically important differences (MCID) was feasible via anchor and distribution-based methods both for deterioration and improvement. The anchor used for determining the meaningful change was the Karnofsky Performance (KPS). Results In patients that deteriorated, the symptoms that reached statistical significant meaningful change were greater. Using the KPS anchor, results for meaningful change values in a range from 7.2 (physical functioning) to 16.7 units (Global Health Status) for deterioration were recorded, whereas for improvement, the values ranged from 1.6 (role functioning) to 6.6units (Global Health Status). For both Instruments used, the distribution-based estimates were as good as 0.5 SD. Conclusion The EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-HN35 questionnaires and especially the significant changes on them are important tools when used to evaluate the effect and the outcome of the treatment methods in QoL and also for follow-up reasons. MCIDs are also useful for sample size determination and clinical trial purposes.
AUTOLOGOUS BONE GRAFTS – INDICATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS
Authors: Papatheodorou Athanasios , Petsinis Konstantinos , Sarivalassis Stavros
Published: April 2022

INTRODUCTION : Autologous bone grafts and especially intraoral autografts have been used with increasing success for centuries and remain in common use today. They involve the transport of bone from an intraoral donor site to a different intraoral site, in the same patient. AIM AND METHOD: The aim of this poster is to introduce the intraoral autogenous bone grafts and evaluate the indications and restrictions of these techniques. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Autografts are commonly obtained from intraoral sites such as: symphysis mandible, ramus mandible, anterior sinus wall and lateral zygomatic buttress. Autograft bone harvested from mandibular ramus is used when the requiring augmentation is less than 4mm in thickness and span a maximum of four teeth. Although this graft presents a risk of damage to the inferior alveolar nerve, it is associated with secondary complications compared to other intraoral sites. Generally, indications for bone augmentation procedures are determined by means of the following parameters: a)Presence of severe alveolar ridge atrophy rated classes IV and V according to the Cawood and Howell classification b)Residual maxillary bone less than 5 mm from the alveolar crest to the sinus floor. RESULTS: Even when major augmentation procedures with autografts had to be carried out for severely resorbed jaws, success rates exceeding 95% have been achieved. CONCLUSION: Although, autolografts occasionally have significant drawbacks, such as increased postoperative morbidity, the need of secondary surgical visit and the lack of sufficient bone mass at the donor site, it is still regarded as the gold standard in alveolar reconstruction, due to its osteoconduction, osteoinduction and osteogenesis-inducing characteristics.
VERTICAL RIDGE AUGMENTATION IN THE POSTERIOR MANDIBLE – A CASE REPORT
Authors: Pavlopoulou Antigoni , Gkika Sofia , Millioni Eleanna , Zahopoulou Athanasia , Tsiorva Lydia , Samanidis Konstantinos , Pelekanos Stavros , Papadimitriou Dimitrios
Published: April 2022

Tooth loss leads to bone resorption and, in some cases, to insufficient alveolar bone, for implant placement. To provide adequate bone volume and ensure an aesthetic result, Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) often is prerequisite in order to increase alveolar ridge vertically and horizontally. The purpose of this poster is to analyze a case with extended bone loss in the posterior mandible and to present the clinical procedure and outcome of a vertical ridge augmentation followed by the implant placement. An extended vertical bone augmentation was performed, using autogenous graft combined with allograft and xenograft, stabilized by a fibrin sealant made from pooled human plasma. To protect the graft, a non-resorbable high-density PTFE membrane with titanium frame was used, fixed in place with titanium pins. Seven months later, a second surgery took place for the membrane removal and the guided implant placement. Furthermore, due to limited attached keratinized tissues, a free gingival graft from the palatal was placed to the area. After the period of osseointegration, and the effective increase of the attached gingiva, a digitally made monolithic zirconia implant-supported bridge was designed and successfully restored the edentulous area. The rehabilitation of edentulism using implants requires a sufficient bone volume for the purpose of long-term prognosis. GBR is one of the most reliable and predictable methods to reconstruct alveolar ridge even in cases with extended bone loss. However, extended vertical bone augmentation constitutes a serious clinical challenge and has to be carefully executed following the contemporary protocols.
HEAD AND NECK RECONSTRUCTION WITH MAJOR REGIONAL FLAPS; WHAT THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC TAUGHT US
Authors: Tatsis Dimitris , Louizakis Alexandros , Politis Solon , Antoniou Asterios , Grivas Theodoros , Paraskevopoulos Konstantinos , Vahtsevanos Konstantinos
Published: April 2022

Objectives The aim of this study was to record the patients with advanced head and neck cancer who received a major regional flap for reconstruction in the COVID-19 pandemic period. Materials and Methods The surgical registry of a single centre was retrospectively searched for identification of patients who met the inclusion criteria of receiving a major regional flap for head and neck reconstruction, after resection of a locally advanced tumour, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The period recorded on this study as March 2020 to February 2021. All data available were recorded (tumour type, staging, operation, reconstruction) as well as post-operative follow up until up to date. Results 10 patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 71.9 years old. 6 patients were newly diagnosed patients, whereas 4 were patients with recurrence. As far as staging is concerned, all had stage IV cancers, whereas 6 patients had T4 tumours, 2 T3 and 2 Tx. The latter 2 concern a patient with an occult neck mass of unknown origin and a patient with parotid adenocarcinoma. 4 patients were reconstructed with pectoralis major flap, 4 patients with cervicothoracic flaps, 1 with cervicofacial flap and 1 with deltopectoral flap. All immediate post-operative periods were uneventful but one, who presented a localized hematoma which required drainage. 5 patients appeared with a recurrence in the follow-up period of the first year and did not survive. The rest are surviving disease free with a mean follow-up period of 1.5 years. Conclusion Major regional flaps remain a valid alternative for head and neck reconstruction in patients with advanced head and neck cancer. The COVID-19 pandemic reduced the available human and technical resources for other types of flap reconstructions, forcing the use of regional flaps as the treatment of choice for advanced patients.