bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periodontal regeneration risk assessment in the treatment of intrabony defects
Authors: Levine Robert A. , Saleh Muhammad H. A. , Dias Debora R. , Ganeles Jeffrey , Araújo Maurício G. , Renouard Franck , Pinsky Harold M. , Miller Preston D. , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: June 2023

Background

Regenerative approaches performed in periodontics seems to be efficient in treating intrabony defects. There are, however, many factors that may affect the predictability of the regenerative procedures. The present article aimed to propose a new risk assessment tool for treating periodontal intrabony defects by regenerative therapy.

Methods

Different variables that could affect the success of a regenerative procedure were considered based on their impact on (i) the wound healing potential, promoting wound stability, cells, and angiogenesis, or (ii) the ability to clean the root surface and maintain an optimal plaque control or (iii) aesthetics (risk for gingival recession).

Results

The risk assessment variables were divided into a patient, tooth, defect, and operator level. Patient‐related factors included medical conditions such as diabetes, smoking habit, plaque control, compliance with supportive care, and expectations. Tooth‐related factors included prognosis, traumatic occlusal forces or mobility, endodontic status, root surface topography, soft tissue anatomy, and gingival phenotype. Defect‐associated factors included local anatomy (number of residual bone walls, width, and depth), furcation involvement, cleansability, and number of sides of the root involved. Operator‐related factors should not be neglected and included the clinician's level of experience, the presence of environmental stress factors, and the use of checklists in the daily routine.

Conclusions

Using a risk assessment comprised of patient‐, tooth‐, defect‐ and operator‐level factors can aid the clinician in identifying challenging characteristics and in the treatment decision process.
Synthesis, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Evaluation, Molecular Docking and DFT Studies of Some Novel Coumarin and Fused Coumarin Derivatives
Authors: Gouda Mustafa A. S. , Salem Mounir A. I. , Marzouk Magda I. , Mahmoud Naglaa F. H. , Ismail Mahmoud F.
Published: June 2023

N′‐[(4‐Chloro‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)methylene]‐2‐cyanoacetohydrazide (3) was synthesized in excellent yield from the condensation of 4‐Chloro‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromene‐3‐carbaldehyde with cyanoacetohydrazide. Compound 3 was utilized as a building block to synthesize novel coumarin and heterocycle‐fused coumarin derivatives. The chemical structures of all the new coumarin compounds were identified by spectral analyses. Some of the new coumarins compounds were screened in human cancer cell lines (HEPG‐2, MCF‐7, HCT‐116 and PC‐3) to learn about their cytotoxic effects in addition to the study of their DNA damage and antioxidant activity. Three of these compounds exhibited remarkable antioxidant and anti‐proliferative activities. Moreover, they have the capability to protect DNA from damage induced by bleomycin. Molecular docking, DFT and molecular electrostatic potential studies were performed on the compounds in vitro.
Density Functional Theory Calculations for Multiple Conformers Explaining the Regio‐ and Stereoselectivity of Ti‐Catalyzed Hydroaminoalkylation Reactions
Authors: Thoben Niklas , Kaper Tobias , de Graaff Simon , Gerhards Luca , Schmidtmann Marc , Klüner Thorsten , Beckhaus Rüdiger , Doye Sven
Published: June 2023

Hybrid Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations for multiple conformers of the insertion reactions of a methylenecyclopropane into the Ti−C bond of two differently α‐substituted titanaaziridines explain the experimentally observed differences in regioselectivity between catalytic hydroaminoalkylation reactions of methylenecyclopropanes with α‐phenyl‐substituted secondary amines and corresponding stoichiometric reactions of a methylenecyclopropane with titanaaziridines, which can only be achieved with α‐unsubstituted titanaaziridines. In addition, the lack of reactivity of α‐phenyl‐substituted titanaaziridines as well as the diastereoselectivity of the catalytic and stoichiometric reactions can be understood.
Sustainable Polyvinyl Chloride‐Derived Soft Carbon Anodes for Potassium‐Ion Storage: Electrochemical Behaviors and Mechanism
Authors: He Xing , Zhong Lei , Qiu Xueqing , Wen Fuwang , Sun Shirong , Zu Xihong , Zhang Wenli
Published: June 2023

Soft carbon is a promising anode material for potassium‐ion batteries due to its favorable properties such as low cost, high conductivity, stable capacity, and low potential platform. Polyvinyl chloride, as a white pollutant, is a soft carbon precursor that can be carbonized at varying temperatures to produce soft carbons with controllable defect and crystal structures. This work investigates the effect of carbonization temperature on the crystalline structures of the obtained soft carbons. In situ Raman spectroscopy was used to elucidate the adsorption‐intercalation charge storage mechanism of potassium ions in soft carbons. Soft carbons prepared at the temperature of 800 °C have a defect‐rich, short‐range ordered structure, which provides optimal intercalation and adsorption sites for potassium ions, resulting in a satisfactory capacity of 302 mAh g−1. This work presents new possibilities for designing soft carbon materials from recycling plastics for potassium‐ion batteries.
Narrow‐band imaging with magnification for the diagnosis of colorectal adenoma in a patient with Cronkhite‐Canada syndrome
Authors: Fukase Hitoshi , Honda Munenori , Miyamoto Hideaki , Nakashima Masatoshi , Gushima Ryosuke , Naoe Hideaki , Yamada Rin , Komohara Yoshihiro , Tanaka Yasuhito
Published: June 2023

Cronkhite‐Canada syndrome (CCS) is a rare disease characterized by gastrointestinal polyposis, skin pigmentation, alopecia, and abnormal nailfolds. Although colorectal cancer has been reported in patients with CCS, reports are limited regarding the effectiveness of the usage of image‐enhanced endoscopy in CCS lesions. Here, we report a case of CCS in which narrow‐band imaging (NBI) magnifying endoscopy was applied to detect an adenomatous component in multiple hamartomatous polyps. A 79‐year‐old female complained of taste disorder, anorexia, and weight loss over several months. Endoscopic examination revealed multiple reddened polyps in the stomach and colon, leading to a diagnosis of CCS. Narrow‐band imaging magnification showed sparse and dilated round pits on the CCS polyps. Furthermore, 12 out of the numerous colorectal CCS polyps had a coexisting light reddish elevated component with a regular distribution of microvessels and a regular reticular pattern. This pattern satisfied the criteria for Type 2A of the Japan Narrow‐band‐imaging Expert Team classification, indicating adenoma. After resection, these twelve polyps were subject to pathological analysis, which confirmed they were all hamartomatous polyps with low‐grade adenoma on the superficial layer. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a significant increase in the Ki‐67 index and p53 staining only in the adenomatous lesions. We conclude that narrow‐band imaging magnifying endoscopy would be useful in differentiating adenoma from CCS‐related polyps, which thereby facilitates early detection and treatment of precancerous lesions.
Comparison of Electric and Internal Combustion Engine SuperSport Bikes
Authors: Boretti Alberto
Published: June 2023

Electric and internal combustion engine super sport bikes are compared for performance, energy efficiency, and range, based on market data and simulations of acceleration and top speed. Electric motorcycles deliver better performances, despite still suffering from a larger weight. They offer a much larger maximum torque, available from zero speed, and a slightly larger maximum power, producing sharper acceleration and higher top speed. Working with a nearly constant torque up to maximum power, they also offer excellent drivability on straight lines. They produce less noise, and no pollutant emissions, and permit better energy economy. They suffer from a reduced range and drivability over corners, for the larger weight and the less favorable mass distribution. Crashworthiness is a major issue of electric motorcycles, as they need to be “written‐off” even after minor crashes since the safety of the battery is difficult to be established. Electric motorcycles are competitive for city driving, where range or long‐time recharge is not an issue, sport driving is impractical, and regenerative braking may further save energy. The introduction of solid‐state batteries may further improve the appeal of electric supersport motorcycles, reducing the weight penalty for acceptable ranges, and providing a more balanced vehicle much easier to handle.
Barriers and enablers to participation in the National Cervical Screening Program experienced by young women and people with a cervix aged between 25 and 35
Authors: Temminghoff Lauren , Russell Claire , Andersson Tove , Broun Kate , McGrath Nikki , Wyatt Kerryann
Published: June 2023

Issue Addressed

Cervical screening rates for young women aged between 25 and 35 are lower than older Australian women, however, little research has been conducted to understand why. This study aimed to identify and explore the barriers and enablers faced by young Victorians with a cervix to regular cervical screening.

Methods

This study used a mixed method exploratory design consisting of qualitative focus groups and a quantitative online survey. Four focus groups were conducted with 24 Victorians with a cervix aged between 25 and 35. Barriers, enablers and knowledge of cervical screening were explored. Focus groups were recorded and transcribed for thematic analysis of common themes. A supporting online survey was completed by 98 respondents. Summary statistics were analysed for differences in age.

Results

Focus groups and the online survey revealed four main factors that influence young people's cervical screening behaviour. These include past negative screening experiences, practitioner factors, priority placed on cervical screening, and cervical screening knowledge. These factors differ to the opinions of people older than 35, with young people focusing more on the psychological elements of cervical screening compared with practical factors.

Conclusions

This research provides a unique insight into cervical screening barriers faced by women and people with a cervix aged between 25 and 35 as well as what factors motivate them to screen.

So What?

These findings should be utilised to inform the design of public health campaign messaging targeting this age demographic. Findings can also assist practitioners to improve how they communicate with young people in a clinical setting.
A Randomized, Controlled Study to Assess Changes in Biomarkers of Exposures Among Adults Who Smoke That Switch to Oral Nicotine Pouch Products Relative to Continuing Smoking or Stopping All Tobacco Use
Authors: Rensch Jesse , Edmiston Jeffery , Wang Jingzhu , Jin Xiaohong , Sarkar Mohamadi
Published: June 2023

The purpose of this open‐label, randomized, controlled, in‐clinic, 5‐parallel‐group study was to assess biomarkers of exposure (BoE) to select harmful and potentially harmful constituents in adults who smoke (N = 144) switching to oral tobacco products (on!® mint nicotine pouches; test products) compared to continuing smoking cigarettes (CS) and completely quitting all tobacco products (NT). Changes in 20 BoE to select harmful and potentially harmful constituents, including 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanol (NNAL), were evaluated. Adult smokers smoked their usual brand of cigarettes for 2 days (baseline assessments) and then were randomly assigned to ad libitum use of 2, 4, or 8 mg test products, CS, or NT for 7 days. Analysis of covariance was used to assess the Day 7 BoE levels between each group using test products, CS, and NT. The creatinine‐adjusted total urinary NNAL and other 18 of 19 BoE levels (except nicotine equivalents [NEs]) were significantly lower (P < .05) on Day 7, among all test product groups compared to CS. Geometric least‐square means were reduced for all biomarkers of exposure, except NEs, in test product groups by approximately 42%–96% compared to the CS group, and reductions were comparable to the NT group. The geometric least‐square means for urinary NE between the test product and the CS groups, although not significantly different, the Day 7 mean change relative to the CS group were 49.9%, 65.8%, and 101% for the 2, 4, and 8 mg test product groups, respectively. The substantial reduction in harmful and potentially harmful constituent exposure suggests complete switching from cigarettes to test products may present a harm reduction opportunity for adults who smoke.
Multilevel analysis of matching behavior: A comparison of maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation
Authors: Ilagan Michael John , Caron Pier‐Olivier , Miočević Milica
Published: June 2023

While trying to infer laws of behavior, accounting for both within‐subjects and between‐subjects variance is often overlooked. It has been advocated recently to use multilevel modeling to analyze matching behavior. Using multilevel modeling within behavior analysis has its own challenges though. Adequate sample sizes are required (at both levels) for unbiased parameter estimates. The purpose of the current study is to compare parameter recovery and hypothesis rejection rates of maximum likelihood (ML) estimation and Bayesian estimation (BE) of multilevel models for matching behavior studies. Four factors were investigated through simulations: number of subjects, number of measurements by subject, sensitivity (slope), and variance of the random effect. Results showed that both ML estimation and BE with flat priors yielded acceptable statistical properties for intercept and slope fixed effects. The ML estimation procedure generally had less bias, lower RMSE, more power, and false‐positive rates closer to the nominal rate. Thus, we recommend ML estimation over BE with uninformative priors, considering our results. The BE procedure requires more informative priors to be used in multilevel modeling of matching behavior, which will require further studies.
Construction of a prognostic model based on genes associated with mitochondrial energy metabolic pathway in colon adenocarcinoma and its clinical significance
Authors: Zhang Xiangcheng , Liang Ce , Zhou Bingchuan , Pang Liming
Published: June 2023

Mitochondria are the main sites of oxidative metabolism and energy release of sugars, fats and amino acids in the body. According to studies, malignant tumor occurrence and development have been linked to abnormal mitochondrial energy metabolism (MEM). However, the feasible role of abnormal MEM in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is poorly understood. In this work, we obtained COAD patient data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) as the training set, and GSE103479 from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) as the validation set. Combined with the mitochondrial energy metabolic pathway (MEMP)‐related genes in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, a risk prognostic model was constructed by utilizing Cox regression analysis to identify 6 feature genes (CYP4A11, PGM2, PKLR, PPARGC1A, CPT2 and ACAT2) that were significantly associated with MEMP in COAD. By stratifying the samples based on riskscore, two distinct groups, namely the high‐ and low‐risk groups, were identified. The model demonstrated accurate assessment of the prognosis risk in COAD patients and exhibited independent prognostic capability, as evidenced by the survival curve and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. A nomogram was plotted based on clinical information and riskscore. We proved it could predict the survival time of COAD patients effectively combined with the calibration curve of risk prediction. Subsequently, based on the immune evaluation and mutation frequency analysis performed on COAD patients, patients in high‐risk group had observably higher immune scores, immune activity and PDCD1 expression level than low‐risk group. In general, the prognostic model developed using MEMP‐related genes served as a valuable biomarker for forecasting the prognosis of COAD patients, which offered a reference for the prognosis evaluation and clinical cure of COAD patients.
Spatial tissue proteomics reveals distinct landscapes of heterogeneity in cutaneous papillomavirus‐induced keratinocyte carcinomas
Authors: Schäfer Miriam , Schneider Martin , Müller Torsten , Franz Natascha , Braspenning‐Wesch Ilona , Stephan Sonja , Schmidt Gabriele , Krijgsveld Jeroen , Helm Dominic , Rösl Frank , Hasche Daniel
Published: June 2023

Infection with certain cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPV), in conjunction with chronic ultraviolet (UV) exposure, are the major cofactors of non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), the most frequent cancer type worldwide. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) as well as tumors in general represent three‐dimensional entities determined by both temporal and spatial constraints. Whole tissue proteomics is a straightforward approach to understand tumorigenesis in better detail, but studies focusing on different progression states toward a dedifferentiated SCC phenotype on a spatial level are rare. Here, we applied an innovative proteomic workflow on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) epithelial tumors derived from the preclinical animal modelMastomys coucha. This rodent is naturally infected with its genuine cutaneous papillomavirus and closely mimics skin carcinogenesis in the context of cutaneous HPV infections in humans. We deciphered cellular networks by comparing diverse epithelial tissues with respect to their differentiation level and infection status. Our study reveals novel regulatory proteins and pathways associated with virus‐induced tumor initiation and progression of SCCs. This approach provides the basis to better comprehend the multistep process of skin carcinogenesis.
Genomic and ultrastructural analysis of monkeypox virus in skin lesions and in human/animal infected cells reveals further morphofunctional insights into viral pathogenicity
Authors: Paniz‐Mondolfi Alberto , Reidy Jason , Pagani Nina , Lednicky John A. , McGrail Joseph Patrick , Kasminskaya Yana , Patino Luz H. , Garcia‐Sastre Adolfo , Palacios Gustavo , Gonzalez‐Reiche Ana Silvia , van Bakel Harm , Firpo Betancourt Adolfo , Hernandez Matthew M. , Cordon‐Cardo Carlos , Simon Viviana , Sordillo Emilia M. , Ramírez Juan David , Guerra Susana
Published: June 2023

Monkeypox (MPOX) is a zoonotic disease that affects humans and other primates, resulting in a smallpox‐like illness. It is caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which belongs to the Poxviridae family. Clinically manifested by a range of cutaneous and systemic findings, as well as variable disease severity phenotypes based on the genetic makeup of the virus, the cutaneous niche and respiratory mucosa are the epicenters of MPXV pathogenicity. Herein, we describe the ultrastructural features of MPXV infection in both human cultured cells and cutaneous clinical specimens collected during the 2022–2023 MPOX outbreak in New York City that were revealed through electron microscopy. We observed typical enveloped virions with brick‐shaped morphologies that contained surface protrusions, consistent with the classic ultrastructural features of MPXV. In addition, we describe morpho‐functional evidence that point to roles of distinct cellular organelles in viral assembly during clinical MPXV infection. Interestingly, in skin lesions, we found abundant melanosomes near viral assembly sites, particularly in the vicinity of mature virions, which provides further insight into virus‐host interactions at the subcellular level that contribute to MPXV pathogenesis. These findings not only highlight the importance of electron microscopic studies for further investigation of this emerging pathogen but also in characterizing MPXV pathogenesis during human infection.
Corrosion of metal parts in the power plant
Authors: Radojković Bojana , Pejić Jovanka , Marunkić Dunja , Simović Anđela , Pantović Sanja Eraković , Jegdić Bore , Bajat Jelena
Published: June 2023

The AISI 304 (X5CrNi19‐10) stainless steel is widely used for the production of various metal parts in power plants. A procedure for testing the influence of the dust from a power plant on resistance to general and pitting corrosion of the AISI 304 stainless steel is developed and performed. The quantitative (XRD method) and qualitative (Fourier–transform infrared spectroscopy [FTIR] method) composition of the dust present in the power plant is determined. Applying the Mott–Schottky method, the properties of the passive layer are analyzed, while a degree of chromium depletion of the grain boundary is determined by the electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation method with double loop method. Values of polarization resistance (linear polarization resistance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods) and the corrosion current density (polarization measurements) indicate that the stainless steel has a higher resistance to general corrosion in the dust solutions than in the etalon solution. Also, based on the measured value of the pitting potential (Epit) and the difference between the values of the pitting potential and the corrosion potential (Epit – Ecorr), it can be seen that stainless steel has a higher resistance to localized types of corrosion, such as pitting corrosion, in dust solutions than in the etalon solution.
The Effect of a Fish Oil and/or Probiotic Intervention from Early Pregnancy Onwards on Colostrum Immune Mediators: A Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled, Double‐Blinded Clinical Trial in Overweight/Obese Mothers
Authors: Soukka Jenni , Polari Lauri , Kalliomäki Marko , Saros Lotta , Laajala Teemu D. , Vahlberg Tero , Toivola Diana M. , Laitinen Kirsi
Published: June 2023

Scope

Modifying the composition of colostrum by external factors may provide opportunities to improve the infant's health. Here, we evaluated how fish oil and/or probiotics supplementation modify concentrations of colostrum immune mediators and their associations with perinatal clinical factors on mothers with overweight/obesity.

Methods and results

Pregnant women were randomized in a double‐blind manner into four intervention groups, and the supplements were consumed daily from early pregnancy onwards. Colostrum samples were collected from 187 mothers, and 16 immune mediators were measured using bead‐based immunoassays.

Interventions modified colostrum composition; the fish oil+probiotics group had higher concentrations of IL‐12p70 than probiotics+placebo and higher FMS‐like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT‐3L) than fish oil+placebo and probiotics+placebo (one‐way analysis of variance, post‐hoc Tukey's test). Although the fish oil+probiotics group had higher levels of IFNα2 compared to the fish oil+placebo group, these differences were not statistically significant after correction for multiple testing. Multivariate linear model revealed significant associations between several immune mediators and the perinatal use of medication.

Conclusion

Fish oil/probiotics intervention exerted a minor effect on concentrations of colostrum immune mediators. However, medication during the perinatal period modulated the immune mediators. These changes in colostrum's composition may contribute to immune system development in the infant.
Retrospective analysis for predictors of postsurgical complications from third molar extraction with use of oxytetracycline–hydrocortisone‐coated gauze inserted in extraction socket
Authors: Matsuda Sayumi , Sato Yoko , Otake Hiroki , Takei Shingo , Nakamura Arihiro , Fukuta Kohta , Abe Atsushi , Adachi Moriyasu
Published: June 2023

Aim

Our previous study proposed a technique of inserting gauze coated with oxytetracycline–hydrocortisone ointment into the extraction socket that suppressed the occurrence of dry socket and post‐extraction pain compared with the gauze‐free group. In this study, we estimated the incidence of dry socket and post‐extraction infection in patients with ointment gauze insertion and identified predictors of post‐extraction pain and change in maximum opening volume.

Methods

This retrospective study was carried out on patients who underwent lower third molar extraction in the Department of Oral Surgery at a general hospital in Japan.

Results

The incidence of dry socket and infection after tooth extraction was 1.05% and 0.35%. The mean visual analog scale (VAS) on the operative day was 4.15; the VAS for postoperative day (POD)1 and POD7 were 2.28 and 0.55, respectively. The percentage change in maximum mouth opening on POD1 was −9.88%, and that on POD7 was −1.51%. Multivariable analysis indicated that age and Winter position classification were predictors of POD1 VAS, and female sex, smoking, and Winter position classification were predictors of POD7 VAS. Winter position classification and preoperative maximum mouth opening, respectively, were identified as predictors of maximum mouth opening percent change on POD1 and POD7.

Conclusions

The insertion of gauze coated with oxytetracycline–hydrocortisone ointment into the extraction socket of the mandibular third molar showed a low incidence of dry socket and post‐extraction infection. Moreover, the Winter position classification was suggested to be an independent predictor of postoperative pain and the maximum mouth opening percent change.
NDH‐1L with a truncated NdhM subunit is unstable under stress conditions in cyanobacteria
Authors: Che Liping , Guo Yuecheng , Huang Yanjie , Peng Lianwei , Gao Fudan
Published: June 2023

Cyanobacterial NdhM, an oxygenic photosynthesis‐specific NDH‐1 subunit, has been found to be essential for the formation of a large complex of NDH‐1 (NDH‐1L). The cryo‐electron microscopic (cryo‐EM) structure of NdhM from Thermosynechococcus elongatus showed that the N‐terminus of NdhM contains three β‐sheets, while two α‐helixes are present in the middle and C‐terminal part of NdhM. Here, we obtained a mutant of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803 expressing a C‐terminal truncated NdhM subunit designated NdhMΔC. Accumulation and activity of NDH‐1 were not affected in NdhMΔC under normal growth conditions. However, the NDH‐1 complex with truncated NdhM is unstable under stress. Immunoblot analyses showed that the assembly process of the cyanobacterial NDH‐1L hydrophilic arm was not affected in the NdhMΔC mutant even under high temperature. Thus, our results indicate that NdhM can bind to the NDH‐1 complex without its C‐terminal α‐helix, but the interaction is weakened. NDH‐1L with truncated NdhM is more prone to dissociation, and this is particularly evident under stress conditions.
The high identity of the Trypanosoma cruziGroup‐I of trans‐sialidases points them as promising vaccine immunogens
Authors: Pacini Maria Florencia , Perdomini Adrián , Bulfoni Balbi Camila , Dinatale Brenda , Herrera Fernando E. , Perez Ana Rosa , Marcipar Iván
Published: June 2023

Trans‐sialidase (TS) superfamily of proteins comprises eight subgroups, being the proteins of Group‐I (TS‐GI) promising immunogens in vaccine approaches against Trypanosoma cruzi. Strikingly, TS‐GI antigenic variability among parasite lineages and their influence on vaccine development has not been previously analyzed. Here, a search in GenBank detects 49 TS‐GI indexed sequences, whereas the main infecting human different parasite discrete typing units (DTU) are represented. In silico comparison among these sequences indicate that they share an identity above 92%. Moreover, the antigenic regions (T‐cell and B‐cell epitopes) are conserved in most sequences or present amino acid substitutions that scarcely may alter the antigenicity. Additionally, since the generic term TS is usually used to refer to different immunogens of this broad family, a further in silico analysis of the TS‐GI‐derived fragments tested in preclinical vaccines was done to determine the coverage and identity among them, showing that overall amino acid identity of vaccine immunogens is high, but the segment coverage varies widely. Accordingly, strong H‐2K, H‐2I, and B‐cell epitopes are dissimilarly represented among vaccine TS‐derived fragments depending on the extension of the TG‐GI sequence used. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis detected a set of 150 T‐cell strong epitopes among the DTU‐indexed sequences that strongly bind human HLA‐I supertypes. In all currently reported experimental vaccines based on TS‐GI fragments, mapping these 150 epitopes showed that they are moderately represented. However, despite vaccine epitopes do not present all the substitutions observed in the DTUs, these regions of the proteins are equally recognized by the same HLAs.  Interestingly, the predictions regarding global and South American population coverage estimated in these 150 epitopes are similar to the estimations in experimental vaccines when the complete sequence of TS‐GI is used as an antigen. In silico prediction also shows that a number of these MHC‐I restricted T‐cell strong epitopes could be also cross‐recognized by HLA‐I supertypes and H‐2Kb or H‐2Kd backgrounds, indicating that these mice may be used to improve and facilitate the development of new TS‐based vaccines and suggesting an immunogenic and protective potential in humans. Further molecular docking analyses were performed to strengthen these results. Taken together, different strategies that would cover more or eventually fully of these T‐cell and also B‐cell epitopes to reach a high level of coverage are considered.
SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralising antibody therapies: Recent advances and future challenges
Authors: Liu Mingtao , Liang Zhiman , Cheng Zhangkai J. , Liu Li , Liu Qiwen , Mai Yiyin , Chen Huihuang , Lei Baoying , Yu Shangwei , Chen Huihui , Zheng Peiyan , Sun Baoqing
Published: June 2023

The COVID‐19 pandemic represents an unparalleled global public health crisis. Despite concerted research endeavours, the repertoire of effective treatment options remains limited. However, neutralising‐antibody‐based therapies hold promise across an array of practices, encompassing the prophylaxis and management of acute infectious diseases. Presently, numerous investigations into COVID‐19‐neutralising antibodies are underway around the world, with some studies reaching clinical application stages. The advent of COVID‐19‐neutralising antibodies signifies the dawn of an innovative and promising strategy for treatment against SARS‐CoV‐2 variants. Comprehensively, our objective is to amalgamate contemporary understanding concerning antibodies targeting various regions, including receptor‐binding domain (RBD), non‐RBD, host cell targets, and cross‐neutralising antibodies. Furthermore, we critically examine the prevailing scientific literature supporting neutralising antibody‐based interventions, and also delve into the functional evaluation of antibodies, with a particular focus on in vitro (vivo) assays. Lastly, we identify and consider several pertinent challenges inherent to the realm of COVID‐19‐neutralising antibody‐based treatments, offering insights into potential future directions for research and development.
Secure state estimation and actuator attack reconstruction for cyber‐physical systems based on sliding‐mode observer
Authors: He Ke , Li Tieshan , Long Yue , Park Ju H. , Chen C. L. Philip
Published: June 2023

In this paper, the secure state estimation attack and reconstruction problems are considered for linear cyber‐physical systems (CPSs) under actuator attacks and unknown disturbances. By introducing a continuous sliding mode observer with an exponential reaching law strategy, the dynamic quality of approach motion is greatly improved and the chattering is eliminated. Then by transforming the original system into a special attack channel separation form so that an improved sliding mode observer with disturbance compensation is obtained to solve the secure state estimation problem. In addition, with the obtained observer's information, not only the actuator attack can be reconstructed but also the estimation of the disturbance can be obtained. Meanwhile, the influence of disturbance estimation error on attack reconstruction can be attenuated. Finally, simulations on a VTOL aircraft are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Molybdenum disulfide/carbon multilayer films achieve ultra‐low wear in vacuum
Authors: Cheng Zhiqiang , Wei Xiaoli , Gao Kaixiong , Li Chunyan
Published: June 2023

Although diamond‐like carbon (DLC) films are known for their low friction and wear properties in atmospheric environments, they commonly experience failure in vacuum environments. On the other hand, MoS2 exhibits a low friction coefficient under vacuum conditions, but its columnar structure limits its load‐bearing capacity and results in high wear rates. In this study, we prepared MoS2/DLC multilayer films using a high‐power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) technique and examined the composition, bonding structure, mechanical properties, and frictional wear of the resulting films. The study findings revealed that the multilayer film exhibits a significantly low coefficient of friction (0.04), particularly in vacuum conditions (5 × 10−3 Pa). Remarkably, compared to the pure MoS2 film, the wear rate of the multilayer film is reduced by two orders of magnitude, wear rate as low as 3.6 × 10−9 mm3/Nm. Additionally, the DLC component enhances the hardness and reduces the wear rate of the multilayer film. Furthermore, the use of nanometer thickness (17 nm) allows for the incorporation of more MoS2 and DLC layers, which promotes the formation of graphene bands and further reduces the friction coefficient and wear rate. Our findings open new avenues for the application of MoS2 and DLC in vacuum environments.
n→π* Electron Transitions and Directional Charge Migration Synergistically Promoting O2 Activation and Holes Utilization on Carbon Nitride for Efficiently Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Contaminants
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Chen Juan , Che Huinan , Liu Bin , Ao Yanhui
Published: June 2023

Stimulating electron transitions and promoting exciton dissociation are crucial for improving the photocatalytic performance of polymeric carbon nitride (CN) yet still challenging. Herein, a novel CN with C dopant and asymmetric structure (CC‐UCN2) is ingeniously synthesized. The obtained CC‐UCN2 not only reinforces the intrinsic π→π* electron transitions, but also successfully awakens additional n→π* electron transitions. Besides, charge centers dislocation caused by symmetry breaking induces a spontaneous polarized electric field, effectively breaking the constraints of Coulomb electrostatic interaction between electrons and holes and driving their directional migration. Along with the spatial separation of reduction and oxidation sites, CC‐UCN2 shows exceptional O2 activation and holes oxidation efficiency, thus exhibits a high degradation rate constant (0.201 min−1) and mineralization rate (80.1%) for bisphenol A (BPA)(far outperforming pristine and other modified CNs). This work proposes a novel perspective for developing high‐efficiency photocatalysts and comprehending the underlying mechanism of O2 activation and holes oxidation for pollutant degradation.
Formation Mechanism of the Brittle Layer in Carbon Brick of Blast Furnace Hearth
Authors: Cao Jian , Wang Cui , Zhang Jianliang , Yang Xiaoting , Xu Jia , Zhang Guohua
Published: June 2023

The brittle layer of carbon brick in a Chinese 4000 m3 blast furnace hearth is investigated in detail, and its formation mechanism is proposed correspondingly. The occurrence form of the brittle layer in carbon brick is characterized by chemical analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that obvious harmful element (K, Na, and Zn) erosion on the sidewall of the blast furnace hearth is observed, in which Zn erosion is dominant. The K2O, Na2O, and KCl produced in the carbon brick by K and Na are the inducement of the brittle layer formation, and the ZnO formed by Zn is the main reason for the brittle layer formation. The thermal stress caused by temperature gradients in carbon brick is greater than its bending strength, which will increase the microcracks in carbon brick. The brittle layer has a lower thermal conductivity due to higher porosity, resulting in a large temperature difference. The resulting thermal stress will aggravate the embrittlement degree.
Evolution of Interface Characteristic between Quicklime and CaO–SiO2–FetO–MgO Melt during Slag‐Forming Procedure in Converter under Different Times
Authors: Zhang Mengxu , Li Jianli , Jia Cao , Yu Yue , Xie Xiao
Published: June 2023

In 2022, China produced 1.018 billion tons of crude steel, with steel slag accounting for 10–15% of the output. The presence of 10–20% f‐CaO in steel slag causes volume instability, hindering comprehensive utilization. The generation of f‐CaO is closely associated with the dissolution of quicklime during the converter slag‐forming procedure. This study focuses on investigating the evolution of the lime–slag interface and the variations in lime dissolution rate under different slag conditions using the electron probe microanalyzer and ImageJ. The results reveal that the formation of the CaO–FeO solid solution, (Ca, Mg, Fe) olivine, and low‐melting point (Ca, Mg) olivine at 1400 °C. As the FeO content decreases, a dense and high‐melting‐point 2CaO·SiO2 layer is formed. A maximum thickness of the 2CaO·SiO2 layer is precipitated at a dissolution time of 180 s. Additionally, the average dissolution rate of lime in different slags shows an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease. Among the slag studied, the highest average dissolution rate is in slag A3 at 2.24 × 10−6 m s−1, while the lowest rate is in slag A4 at 1.49 × 10−6 m s−1. The presence of the 2CaO·SiO2 layer hinders the mass transfer, thereby further inhibiting the reaction.
Numerical Simulation of Electric Arc Heating Process in the Refining Ladle
Authors: Guo Xipeng , Ryan Steve , Walla Nicholas , Zhou Chenn
Published: June 2023

This article presents a comprehensive multiphase computational fluid dynamics model to simulate the arc heating process in the ladle. The results on temperature distribution, slag eye size, flow characteristics, and wall shear stress under three flow rate conditions are discussed. Validation of the results is carried out by comparing them with industrial measurements. The study highlights that when the flow rate increases by 100%, the temperature difference in the ladle decreases by 17.37%, while the slag eye‐opening and wall shear stress increase by 116.38% and 49.86%, respectively. The study emphasizes the details of model development and utilization of models to optimize the process.
Fault Control Strategy of Grid‐Forming Converter Considering the Voltage Support of Faulty Phase
Authors: Guo Wenming , Zhou Feng , Yang Bo
Published: June 2023

The grid‐forming converter (GFC) is used to regulate the voltage and frequency of a local grid. However, due to the limited current capacity, the GFC must actively modify its control strategy when a serious external fault occurs, thus to avoid the possible damage caused by overcurrent. This paper proposes a novel voltage reference generation method for GFC based on the external equivalent impedance magnitude (EEIM), which has the following merits: (i) the faulty phase currents and the non‐faulty phase voltage can be controlled within their operational limits. (ii) The voltage reference unbalance factor (VRUF) of the GFC can be adjusted flexibly if necessary. Then, in order to achieve the optimal support effect for the faulty phase voltages, a two‐stage GFC fault control strategy is proposed in this paper. In the first stage, the fault type is judged by computing and comparing the EEIM of each phase. In the second stage, the voltage reference mode is determined according to the fault type, and the VRUF is adjusted to its optimum value through a search algorithm. Simulation results based on Matlab/Simulink verify the effectiveness of the proposed GFC fault control strategy in terms of current limiting and faulty phase voltage support. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Mortality and severe neurological morbidity in extremely preterm growth‐restricted fetuses
Authors: Mazarico E. , Meler E. , Mendoza M. , Herraiz I. , Llurba E. , De Diego R. , Comas M. , Boada D. , González A. , Bonacina E. , Armengol‐Alsina M. , Moline E. , Hurtado I. , Torre N. , Gomez‐Roig M. D. , Galindo A. , Figueras F.
Published: June 2023

Objective

To develop a model for the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome in growth‐restricted fetuses requiring delivery before 28 weeks in order to provide individualized patient counseling.

Methods

This was a retrospective multicenter cohort study of singleton pregnancies with antenatal suspicion of fetal growth restriction requiring delivery before 28 weeks' gestation between January 2010 and January 2020 in six tertiary public hospitals in the Barcelona area, Spain. Separate predictive models for mortality only and mortality or severe neurological morbidity were created using logistic regression from variables available antenatally. For each model, predictive performance was evaluated using receiver‐operating‐characteristics (ROC)‐curve analysis. Predictive models were validated externally in an additional cohort of growth‐restricted fetuses from another public tertiary hospital with the same inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results

A total of 110 cases were included. The neonatal mortality rate was 37.3% and, among the survivors, the rate of severe neurological morbidity was 21.7%. The following factors were retained in the multivariate analysis as significant predictors of mortality: magnesium sulfate neuroprotection, gestational age at birth, estimated fetal weight, male sex and Doppler stage. This model had a significantly higher area under the ROC curve (AUC) compared with a model including only gestational age at birth (0.810 (95% CI, 0.730–0.889) vs 0.695 (95% CI, 0.594–0.795); P = 0.016). At a 20% false‐positive rate, the model showed a sensitivity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value of 66%, 80% and 66%, respectively. For the prediction of the composite adverse outcome (mortality or severe neurological morbidity), the model included: gestational age at birth, male sex and Doppler stage. This model had a significantly higher AUC compared with a model including only gestational age at birth (0.810 (95% CI, 0.731–0.892) vs 0.689 (95% CI, 0.588–0.799); P = 0.017). At a 20% false‐positive rate, the model showed a sensitivity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value of 55%, 63% and 74%, respectively. External validation of both models yielded similar AUCs that did not differ significantly from those obtained in the original sample.

Conclusions

Estimated fetal weight, fetal sex and Doppler stage can be combined with gestational age to improve the prediction of death or severe neurological sequelae in growth‐restricted fetuses requiring delivery before 28 weeks. This approach may be useful for parental counseling and decision‐making. © 2023 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Protecting the USA's rarest wild birds
Authors: Mills Georgina
Published: June 2023

Georgina Mills reports on news that the USA has approved the vaccination of California condors against avian influenza.
One Health early warning and response system for zoonotic diseases outbreaks: Emphasis on the involvement of grassroots actors
Authors: Hassan Osama Ahmed , de Balogh Katinka , Winkler Andrea Sylvia
Published: June 2023

Background

Emerging and reemerging zoonotic diseases have become a global concern due to their frequent occurrence. Large delays between onset of emerging zoonotic disease outbreaks and their reporting and control are indicative of weak animal and human health systems.

Objectives

The objective of this paper is to tackle the time delay by suggesting a One Health Early Warning and Response System (OH‐EWRS) aiming at improving the surveillance and notification of zoonotic diseases by strengthening ‘bottom‐up’ approaches and systems for early detection, especially in hot spot areas where they emerge.

Methods

In this conceptual paper, we searched online database including PubMed, Google and Google Scholar to explore the scientific landscape for zoonotic diseases and One Health Early Warning and Response Systems published in English up to December, 2020. In addition, the authors made use of their own expertise and critically reviewed the retrieved papers that were found to be of relevance as the three authors are experts in their own fields, coming from different backgrounds, but are all working to improve the prevention and control of zoonotic disease outbreak.

Results

The OH‐EWRS advocates for collaboration between relevant stakeholders including nongovernmental organisations, country offices of international and intergovernmental technical organisations, governmental bodies, research institutes, the private sector and local communities with the aim of an integrated One Health prevention and control system. The OH‐EWRS considers various priorities and objectives of the different stakeholders, taking into account possible conflict of interests and considering the need for trust, transparency and mutual benefits.

Conclusions

Although the operationalisation, governance and institutionalisation of the OH‐EWRS should be the responsibility of government bodies, inputs from and feedback to relevant stakeholders through a bottom‐up and top‐down approach are essential elements for the application of the successful operationalisation of a OH‐EWRS.
The influence of feeding routines on the behavior of zoo‐housed Sulawesi crested black macaques (Macaca nigra)
Authors: Howell C. P. , Warnes Connor , Bayliss P. A.
Published: June 2023

Many species thrive in captivity, yet there is still much to be assessed regarding the often‐unknown stressors present that can compromise welfare. Uncovering such stressors is of paramount importance if we are to ensure the zoo environment provides the highest levels of animal welfare that will contribute to species conservation. Zoo‐housed primates are subject to many potential stressors, including daily husbandry routines which they may find aversive or habituate to, regardless of their outcome. The specific aim of this study was to assess the behavioral responses to daily husbandry feeding routines on a total of 33 Sulawesi crested black macaques (Macaca nigra), across two different UK zoological collections. Group scan sampling was used to record behaviors for 30‐min periods before feeding (BF), for 30 min after feeding (AF), which we began 30 min after feed provision, and for 30 min when no feeding occurred (NF). The feeding condition significantly influenced behaviors recorded and post‐hoc comparisons showed that BF conditions produced significantly higher frequencies of food anticipatory related activity (FAA). Furthermore, during BF periods, behaviors associated with FAA increased during the 15 min closer to a feed. This research finds that temporal feeding events cause changes in the behavior of two independent groups of crested macaques, indicative of food anticipation activity, during 30‐min periods leading up to a feed. These results have implications for how animal keeper routines and advertised zoo feeds are managed for this species within zoological collections.