bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Rumen-Protected Choline and Monensin Controlled-Release Capsule on Milk Production, Health and Metabolic Function of Periparturient Dairy Cows
Authors: Zahra L. C. , LeBlanc S. J. , Leslie K. E. , Duffield T. F. , Overton T. , Putnam D.
Published: February 2023

During early lactation, dairy cows undergo a phase of negative energy balance which may lead to metabolic disorders and subsequent losses in production. To help reduce this, ionophores may be administered. Administration of monensin controlled-release capsules (CRC) prior to calving improves energy balance, while choline aids in fat metabolism and transport. Choline may be a limiting nutrient in lactating dairy cows. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an interection between these two supplements on metabolic parameters and milk production.
Pregnancy Diagnosis in Dairy Cows by Palpation or Ultrasound
Authors: Rosenbaum Amir , Warnick L. D.
Published: February 2023

Our objective was to study palpation and ultrasound pregnancy-diagnostic practices used for dairy cows by US veterinarians.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella Isolates from Organic and Conventional Dairy Farms
Authors: Mitchell R. , Warnick L. D. , Ray K. , Kaneene J. B. , Ruegg P. L. , Wells S. J. , Fossler C. P. , Halbert L. W.
Published: February 2023

Use of antimicrobials in livestock is under scrutiny as a potential contributing factor to the increased prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella. The purpose of this study was to compare antimicrobial resistance for Salmonella isolated on conventional and organic dairy farms in the midwest and northeastern United States.
Systemic Effects of Peritoneal Instillation of a Polyethylene Polymer Based Obstetrical Lubricant in Cows
Authors: Frazer G. S. , Silviera F. , Anderson D. E. , Beard W. L. , Abrahamsen E. , Premanandan C. , DeBruin A.
Published: February 2023

Incidence of dystocia in well managed herds has declined due to better selection of bulls that have proven 'calving ease' scores, However, obstetrical complications remain an important reason for veterinary services on many farms, Instillation of copious volumes of obstetrical lubricant is advocated to protect the delicate tissues of the cow's reproductive tract, Another important consideration is the need to distend the uterus such that additional space becomes available in which to manipulate the fetus, If attempts at manipulation are unsuccessful, then an experienced clinician may be able to resolve the problem by fetotomy. However, if a uterine laceration is present, or if a cesarean section becomes necessary, then the lubricant may enter the peritoneal cavity. This is especially likely during a standing flank cesarean section where complete exteriorization of the incised portion of the uterus does not always occur. A common obstetrical lubricant consists of a polyethylene polymer (PEP) in a dispersing agent base that, when mixed with water to the appropriate consistency, forms a 1-2% (w/v) solution. Effects of this PEP-based lubricanton the peritoneal cavity, and potential for toxicity, are not known. Thus, some surgeons express concern about prior use of large volumes of liquid obstetrical lubricant. However, the principal investigator counters that if copious volumes are not used, then far more cows will require surgery.

This project was designed to simulate accidental contamination of the peritoneal cavity during a cesarean section (approx. 1.0 liter), and to determine what effects, if any, a PEP-based lubricant may have on the bovine peritoneal cavity. The hypothesis was that a mild, transient peritonitis would result; that no fibrin deposition would occur; and that no systemic effects would occur. Peritonitis is a serious disease that, if not treated early and actively, can be fatal. The fibrin deposited on damaged or irritated tissues often results in adhesions which can lead to rumenal atony, intestinal blockage and abdominal pain. The proposal entailed serial abdominocentesis followed by euthanasia at two weeks to investigate the possibility of adhesions. The Ohio State University Institutional Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee (ILACUC) required that a preliminary study be conducted on rodents.
Metabolic Profiling And Health Risk In Transition Cows
Authors: Van Saun R. J.
Published: February 2023

Blood chemistry analyses are frequently used by veterinarians for disease diagnosis. Use of blood chemistries in the form of metabolic profiles to determine nutritional status has been advocated, but acceptance has been limited as a result of high cost and interpretation difficulties. Different criteria are needed using blood metabolite concentrations to determine disease potential compared to disease diagnosis. Blood metabolite measures are compared to laboratory-defined reference ranges, however, these reference ranges often are based on mid-to-late lactation cow populations and may not be appropriate for evaluating transition cows. Objectives of this study were to determine effects of time relative to calving and health status on blood metabolite concentrations and determine if any diagnostic relationships are present between prepartum blood metabolite concentrations and postpartum health status.
Antimicrobial Treatment of Fresh Cows with Subclinical Gram Positive Mastitis
Authors: Crandall K. D. , Guterbock W. M. , Sears P. M.
Published: February 2023

Subclinical mastitis is a major contributor to the bulk tank somatic cell count (SCC). Dairies with a moderate to high bulk tank SCC and a low clinical mastitis rate can expect to have a number of cows with subclinical mastitis. Using Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) SCC results on a regular basis, subclinical mastitis can be identified as the high SCC cows. Identifying the high SCC cows is relatively easy on herds that utilize DHI testing on a regular basis. However, not all high SCC cows need treatment nor is it cost effective to treat all high SCC cows. Antimicrobial treatment should be reserved for those cows that treatment is likely to cure. It is generally regarded that these cows are relatively early in lactation with gram-positive, environmental mastitis (Staphylococcus spp and Streptococcus spp) and have not had chronic episodes of clinical mastitis. This study compared the cure rates of fresh cows with subclinical gram-positive mastitis with and without intramammary antimicrobial treatment.
Evaluation of Rally™ Dairy Feed on Holstein Transition Cow Performance
Authors: Porter P. A. , Standaert F. E. , Mahoney J. H. , Weakley D. C.
Published: February 2023

Improved performance during the transition period can have a significant impact on a dairy farm's profitability. Nutritional factors that promote dry matter (DM) intake and/or reduce the risk of metabolic disease can be a key factor in a manager's action plan.
AVMA-Pfizer Business Practices Study
Authors: Lehmen Fred D. , Saltman Roger L.
Published: February 2023

The goal of the AVMA-Pfizer business practices study was to identify management behaviors, attitudes and actions that had an impact on the incomes of practicing veterinarians. In March 2004, a survey was sent via mail and the World Wide Web to a random sample of 17,063 practicing veterinarians, including 2,255 veterinarians who had identified themselves as bovine veterinarians and 7,195 who had identified themselves as mixed animal practitioners. Responses were received from 2,655 (16%) practice owners and associates with 18% return from bovine veterinarians. Comprehensive statistical analyses were conducted on study findings. The study revealed that four demographics and environmental characteristics has strong relationships with personal income and accounted for as much as 30% of differences among incomes: practice ownership, gender (male), community size and household income of the practice area. However, these were basically uncontrollable. The study also identified seven key business/managerial behaviors in three basic categories that were correlated with income levels in food animal practices, including bovine practices. The behaviors and categories included personnel management (employee development), client relations (new client development, client loyalty), and financial management (business orientation, negotiating skills, frequency of financial data review, sound judgment). The difference in mean annual incomes between veterinarians who ranked in the upper versus lower third in the use of the seven business practices/skills ranged from a low of $2,880 (new client development practices) to the highest difference of $47,070 (business orientation).
Effects of Preconditioning on Health, Performance and Prices of Weaned Calves
Authors: Lalman David , Ward Clement E.
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory disease is very costly to the beef industry because affected animals have reduced performance, increased cost of production and reduced carcass quality. Based on the limited data available, preconditioning (defined as the combination of appropriate vaccination, 45-day weaning and balanced nutrition) significantly reduces morbidity and mortality as well as improves weight gain and feed efficiency. Data is not available documenting the potential benefits of preconditioning relative to carcass quality. Further information is needed to better identify the true value of preconditioning programs in different situations. This information is necessary to forecast a realistic price that buyers can pay for preconditioned calves, while allowing cow/calf producers to reap some of the added value. Conservatively, preconditioning may capture $50 to $75 per head of additional value from weaning through the packing phase compared to a production system where weaning, vaccination and other management practices associated with preconditioning occur after shipment from the ranch of origin.
Questions for the Camelid Consultant
Authors: Johnson LaRue W.
Published: February 2023

This question and answer presentation will deal with a wide variety of subjects including reproductive, castration, herd health, some routine as well as special procedures and my approach to some various clinical presentations. Attendees are encouraged to share their opinions and experiences and we will have adequate time for some questions unrelated to my presentation.
Parasite Management Programs for Small Ruminants
Authors: Smith Mary C. , Bowman Dwight D. , Frongillo Marguerite K.
Published: February 2023

Implementation of effective parasite control programs in small ruminants requires the ability to monitor live animals for anemia and body condition score. The effectiveness of the program and of the drugs being used can be further monitored by qualitative and quantitative fecal examinations and fecal egg count reduction tests. Additional tests that may be needed occasionally are the Baermann for collection of lungworm larvae from the feces and larval culture to identify the species of strongyles that are present, especially when resistance has developed.
Calf Respiratory Disease and Pen Microenvironments in Naturally Ventilated Calf Barns in Winter
Authors: Lago A. , Bennett T. B. , McGuirk S. M. , Cook N. B. , Nordlund K. V.
Published: February 2023

Dairy operators have constructed naturally ventilated barns with individual pens to house calves from birth to weaning. These barns vary in terms of construction materials, stocking density, pen enclosures, bedding, and operation of sidewall openings and ridges. Endemic calf pneumonia is common in these barns, particularly through the winter months. We investigated the use of airborne bacteria counts to characterize naturally ventilated calf barns and pens, and examined the relationship between airborne bacterial counts, various pen factors, and calf respiratory health.
Serum Mineral Concentrations and Risk of Periparturient Disease
Authors: Van Saun R. J. , Todd Amy , Varga G. A.
Published: February 2023

Serum mineral concentrations are very dynamic around the time of calving as homeostatic mechanisms are altered to facilitate transition into lactation or mineral is lost to colostrum formation. If homeostatic control or reserve mobilization are unable to maintain normal physiologic mineral concentrations, a variety of periparturient metabolic diseases may occur. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of serum mineral concentration around the time of calving to animal health status and specific disease conditions.
Use and Interpretation of Pooled Metabolic Profiles for Evaluating Transition Cow Health Status
Authors: Van Saun Robert J.
Published: February 2023

Use of metabolic profiles for evaluating herd nutritional or health status has not been widely accepted in the United States. Costs associated with metabolic profiling have been a primary deterrent, as well as interpretation. In a traditional profile protocol eight to 12 individuals are sampled within a herd or animal group for evaluation. Profile results are then interpreted as a mean value or percent of individuals deviating from some defined values. Use of pooled samples was evaluated as a method to collect usable information on herd metabolic status without the high cost of individual sampling. Objectives of this study were to determine if blood metabolite concentrations from pooled serum samples were different from arithmetic mean results of individual samples, and to develop preliminary guidelines for interpretation of pooled samples.
Comparing the Use of Systemic Antibiotics with Intramammary Antibiotics in Dry Cow Therapy
Authors: O'Boyle N. J. , Guterbock W. M. , Sears P. M.
Published: February 2023

The non-lactating (dry) period is well known as an important time for both the acquisition and treatment of intramammary infections. Although systemic use of antibiotic has been used in conjuction with intramammary therapy in lactating cattle, intramammary therapy alone has been routinely used for dry cow therapy. Previous studies have suggested that systemic therapy may be beneficial, but most producers rely solely on intramammary dry cow therapy (DCT). It has been suggested that systemic antibiotics possess pharmacokinetics that enable better penetration into the udder tissue and improves the success of DCT. This study was designed to compare the use of an intramammary antibiotic alone or in conjunction with either systemic tylosin (Tylan®, Elanco Animal Health) or oxytetracycline (LA 200®, Pfizer, Inc).
Development of a New Diagnostic Test for the Detection of Passively Acquired Immunoglobulin G 1 (IgG 1) in Newborn Calves Using Immunostick ELISA Technology
Authors: Mackie D. P. , Logan E. F.
Published: February 2023

It is generally accepted that there is no transfer of immunity in utero in the bovine. The calf is dependent on ingestion and absorption of immunoglobulins (antibodies) from colostrum by the endothelial cells of the small intestine for protection against neonatal disease. Absorption of immunoglobulins (lg) is maximal at birth, declines rapidly and ceases by 24 hours post-partum. Because of modern dairy herd management practices worldwide, a high percentage of calves receive insufficient amounts of colostrum, and thus are deficient in protective antibodies and very susceptible to neonatal disease, particularly colisepticemia and diarrhea. Currently the level of immunity can be assessed by measuring the levels of lgG 1 in the blood, but these tests frequently must be conducted in a veterinary laboratory. Because of the lag time in obtaining a result, the calf is often already 24 hours old, immunoglobulin absorption has ceased and it is too late to correct the deficiency by feeding additional colostrum. This new test is non-invasive and measures the level of IgG 1 in nasal mucus. The test can be conducted on the farm, and takes 35 minutes to complete. If immunity is minimal, then the calf can be immediately fed colostrum to boost its immunity.
Use of Ultrasound in Cow/Calf Applications
Authors: Stroud Brad
Published: February 2023

Transrectal guided real-time ultrasound has been used extensively to diagnose reproductive scenarios in the bovine female for almost 20 years. Uterine diagnoses include early pregnancy, multiple pregnancies, sex of the fetus, exudates in the uterine lumen, early embryonic death, stage of the estrous cycle (estrus vs. diestrous), and other abnormal conditions. Ovarian diagnoses include follicular dynamics, stage of estrous cycle (estrus vs. diestrous), presence or absence of corpora lutea, cystic ovarian disease, response to super stimulation of donors at estrus and diestrous, ovarian tumors, polycystic ovaries, and anestrous vs. cycling females. In addition, ultrasound has been used as an instrument for collecting oocytes for in vitro fertilization. This paper reviews the procedures, discusses the efficacy of the diagnoses of the various conditions, and reflects on the scenarios most commonly encountered in bovine practice. The learning curve for using ultrasound will also be thoroughly reviewed.
Re-examination of the Etiology of Fatal Undifferentiated Fever/Bovine Resipratory Disease
Authors: Booker C. W. , Guichon P. T. , Jim G. K. , Schunicht O. C. , Wildman B. K. , Pittman T. J. , Perrett T. , Morley P. S. , Jones C. W. , Pollock C. M. , Janzen E. D.
Published: February 2023

Results of this study demonstrate that several etiologic agents and pathologic processes are involved in fatal BRD of feedlot cattle, with MH (peracute, acute, and subacute cases) and MB (subacute, bronchiolar, and chronic cases) identified as the predominant pathogens in the vast majority of fatal BRD cases.
Serum Neutralizing Antibody to the Alpha Toxin of Clostridium perfringens type A in Dairy Calves Fed Colostrum from Immunized Dams
Authors: Van Metre David C. , Morley Paul S. , Walz Michelle L. , Dobberstein Skye E. , Nichols Jeruesha A. R.
Published: February 2023

The goal of this study was to determine if immunization of pregnant dairy cows and heifers with a commercially available vaccine affected the serum neutralizing antibody titer to alpha toxin (AbAT) in their colostrum-fed calves.
Strategies for Controlling Neonatal Diarrhea in Cow-Calf Herds
Authors: Smith David R. , Grotelueschen Dale M. , Knott Tim , Ensley Steven
Published: February 2023

Undifferentiated neonatal diarrhea is an economically important cause of morbidity and mortality in beef calves. Understanding the multifactorial nature of neonatal calf diarrhea in cattle populations is the basis for developing strategies for prevention. The common pathogens of neonatal calf diarrhea are endemic, and it is unlikely that cattle populations could be made biosecure from these agents. Managers of extensive beef cattle systems have limited practical opportunities to improve rates of passive transfer, and vaccines have not always been protective. Lactogenic immunity wanes, making calves age-susceptible and age-infective. For these reasons a biocontainment approach to control neonatal calf diarrhea seems prudent. The Sandhills Calving System is a biocontainment strategy to protect calves from effective contact with the agents of neonatal diarrhea by: 1) segregating calves by age to prevent direct and indirect transmission of pathogens from older to younger calves; and 2) scheduled movement of pregnant cows to clean calving pastures to minimize pathogen dose-load in the environment and contact time between calves and the larger portion of the cow herd. The effect of the system is to re-create the more ideal conditions that exist at the start of the calving season during each subsequent week of the season. The Sandhills Calving System has been tested over six and five calving seasons, respectively, in two privately-owned ranch herds. We have observed important and statistically significant reductions in morbidity and mortality due to neonatal calf diarrhea, and greatly reduced use of medications on these operations. Although the system has been tested and adopted in ranches typical of the Nebraska Sandhills, it should be useful elsewhere because the principles on which it is based are widely applicable.
Feeding Behavior Identifies Cows at Risk for Metritis
Authors: Huzzey J. M. , Urton G. , Weary D. M. , Von Keyserlingk M. A. G.
Published: February 2023

Identification of sick animals is a key component of any dairy herd health program. Metritis, one common disease following calving, can be a costly disease to producers. These costs are incurred by increased days open, lower first-service conception, more inseminations, and failure to become pregnant, leading to involuntary culling. Clearly, an improved ability to identify or predict metritis will help avoid these costs by aiding prevention and early treatment. Previous research has indicated that cows with lower feed intakes are more likely to be diagnosed with metabolic and infectious diseases during the transition period. However, changes in feed intake must ultimately result from changes in feeding behavior. Moreover, feeding behavior has been shown to predict morbidity in feedlot steers and may be similarly useful for prediction of disease in transition dairy cows. There is little opportunity to monitor individual feed intake on commercial farms due to prohibitive costs; however, electronic monitoring of feeding behavior shows greater promise for commercial application. This paper will present and discuss studies conducted by our research group that provide evidence that changes in prepartum feeding behavior can be used to identify cows at risk of postpartum metritis.
Metabolic Profiles for Evaluation of the Transition Period
Authors: Van Saun Robert J.
Published: February 2023

Metabolic profiling as originally defined using the Compton Metabolic Profile procedure was insufficient for identifying herd problems. More recent research has better characterized metabolic dynamics around the time of calving and their relationship with high prevalence of metabolic and infectious disease problems. This, coupled with a series of factors including improved diagnostic tests, increasing herd size and recognition of transition cow health impact on herd performance, have revived interest in new testing protocols to assess herd periparturient disease risk. Cost and interpretation have been the limiting factors to widespread adoption of a metabolic profiling procedure. New strategies to reduce costs and yet maintain some useful diagnostic value have evolved either herd-based diagnostic or screening approaches. Use of pooled samples collected from pre-defined physiologic groups, and testing a wide array of analytes, have been advocated as a practical and economical method of screening the dairy herd for periparturient disease risk. Key diagnostic analytes identified as predictive for transition cow problems include non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), NEFA:cholesterol ratio; B-hydroxybutyrate, albumin, calcium, sodium and magnesium. The current challenge is development of diagnostically valid interpretation criteria for pooled samples. Most importantly, it must be remembered that metabolic profiles are almost useless without being coupled with animal and facility evaluations, body condition scoring and ration evaluation. The combination, used within a team approach, can be an extremely useful diagnostic tool in nutritional evaluations of the dairy herd.
Quantification and the Associated Costs of Lameness on Today's Dairies
Authors: Guard Charles
Published: February 2023

Quantifying the amount of lameness in a herd requires data from the observations of hoof trimmers, veterinarians and farm workers. The quality and accessibility of this data varies widely across dairies. Opinions and historical recall of past circumstances are of little value in management decisions. The incidence rates for treated cases can be determined from hard data, and are the only reliable means of quantifying herd problems. Three categories of disease, infectious or claw horn lesions or overwear/trauma, are important in formulating control strategies as each occurs from different risk factors. The prevalence of lameness is measured by locomotion scoring. Simple systems that classify cows as lame or not lame are preferred. Prevalence depends on both the incidence and the management of treated cases. Herds with aggressive detection and intervention practices may have low prevalence of lameness regardless of incidence. The financial losses associated with lameness have been estimated for current economic circumstances in the US, and are about $378 per case. Clearly different diseases result in differing costs. Insufficient data has been collected and analyzed to be much more specific in assigning losses to each disease. Sole ulcer and footrot appear to be the most costly common problems, and digital dermatitis the least costly on a per case basis.
Understanding Bovine Behavior for Safe Handling
Authors: Wagner Sarah
Published: February 2023

Understanding the behavior of cattle makes working with them easier, safer and more enjoyable. Reading the cow's body language helps indicate if she is relaxed or stressed, healthy or ill. A cow will remain calmer and easier to work with if she can see you approach her. Stress may be minimized by taking care not to isolate a cow away from other cattle and by minimizing startling or loud noises, including yelling. Cows are individuals; like people, some will remain relatively calm and some will become agitated under the same circumstances. Cows that are handled gently tend to be gentler cows than those that are handled roughly.

Keeping the principles of flight zone and point of balance in mind will make moving cattle as quick and calm as possible. When cattle are lined up in a chute or alley, walking through their flight zone in a nose-to-tail direction will cause each animal to step forward as their point of balance is passed.

Cattle may become aggressive when they feel threatened, anxious, or protective of a calf. If a cow shows signs such as vocalization, pacing, pawing, or head-shaking, entering her flight zone may cause her to attack. Bulls must always be handled carefully, particularly dairy breed bulls. A bull that displays a broadside threat should be removed from the herd at once.
Relationship of Teat-end Hyperkeratosis to Incidence of Clinical Mastitis and Composite Milk Somatic Cell Count in a Large Holstein Dairy Herd with an Environmental Mastitis Problem
Authors: Kasravi R. , Bolourchi M.
Published: February 2023

Several studies have demonstrated a positive association between teat-end hyperkeratosis (TEHK) and subclinical or clinical mastitis. Some studies found no positive correlation between them. To the knowledge of the authors, there is only one longitudinal study which demonstrated a negative association between teat-end callosity thickness and clinical Escherichia coli mastitis (Neijenhuis et al, 2001). The objective of this study was to determine whether TEHK is associated with an increased risk of clinical or subclinical mastitis in a large Holstein dairy herd in Tehran province of Iran, in which the monthly incidence rate of clinical mastitis was 9% prior to the beginning of the study.
Association Between Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis Fecal Shedding or Clinical Johne's Disease and Lactation Performance on Two Minnesota, USA Dairy Farms
Authors: Raizman Eran A. , Fetrow John , Wells Scott J. , Godden Sandra M. , Oakes Michael J.
Published: February 2023

The scientific literature provides little information about the impact of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis shedding in dairy cattle on lactation performance, including the attributable reduction of milk production and productive longevity in the herd due to clinical and sub-clinical Johne's disease (JD). It is clear from the literature that JD infected cows are removed from the herd earlier in life than their non-infected herdmates. Many cattle with JD clinical signs are culled due to poor production even before a diagnosis of JD is confirmed, especially common in freestall housing where an individual cow's manure consistency is less obvious than in tiestall housing. Although several studies have considered the effect of JD on culling rate, none have addressed the impact of subclinical JD or fecal shedding level on the survival of the cow in the herd.

Because of its economic importance, the impact of JD on milk production has been the most commonly evaluated effect of JD. Most studies have shown that JD-positive cows produce between 2-17% less milk than their negative herdmates, though the diagnostic test and the definition of positive cows varied between the studies. None of these studies have addressed the potential confounding impact of other factors, such as other clinical diseases, on this relationship.

Few studies have estimated the impact of JD on reproductive performance. These studies have used different diagnostic testing methods, with some defining positive cows based on fecal culture or histology, and others using ELISA results. The lack of consistent associations in these studies may be explained by the variation of results from use of different diagnostic methods.
Ohio's Johne's Disease Demonstration Project
Authors: Shulaw W. , Rajeev S. , Byrum B. , Zhang Y.
Published: February 2023

Ohio has participated in the National Johne's Disease Demonstration Project since the summer of 2004. Our overall goals included obtaining experience with and evaluation of the Trek ESP broth culture system, assessing the overall usefulness of culture of pooled fecal samples as compared to individual animal fecal cultures in identifying infected animals and infected herds, culturing samples taken from selected environmental sources to compare environmental "load" on the farm with apparent prevalence of infection in the animals and to determine if specific sites in the environment are more likely to present a hazard to young animals in that environment. In addition, we wanted to collect some of this data in beef herds to better characterize the disease in beef herds typical of our region.
One World, One Health, One Medicine
Authors: Mahr Roger K.
Published: February 2023

Animal health and public health are truly at a crossroads. The convergence of animal, human and ecosystem health dictates that the "One World, One Health, One Medicine" concept must be embraced. As veterinarians, collaborating and cooperating with our colleagues in human medicine, public health and the environmental sciences is imperative. By working together, more can be accomplished to improve health worldwide than by working alone. The veterinary medical profession has the responsibility to assume a major leadership role in that effort. The AVMA has established the One Health Initiative Task Force. This is the first step of a one health initiative to establish a coordinated mechanism, which will facilitate communication, collaboration and cooperation among the various health science professions, academia, government agencies and industries with a focus on one health, one medicine.
Dairy Worker Training in Newborn Calf Management
Authors: Garry Franklyn B. , Román-Muñiz Ivette N. , Lombard Jason E. , Van Metre David C.
Published: February 2023

Dairy calf death rates from birth to weaning approximate 8 to 10% in the US. Stillbirths on dairies, measured as calves dead at delivery or within the first 24 to 48 hours after delivery, are less closely monitored, but are estimated between 6 and 12%. Numerous factors influence calf health and survival, but the key contributors to calf morbidity and mortality can be managed to greatly reduce these losses. Except on small dairies, most calving events and postnatal calf care are overseen by paid employees. As the available dairy workforce has changed over time, it is common that the people making critical decisions about newborn calves do not have extensive prior experience in calf management. Workers with appropriate education and training, provided with good calf management protocols, can dramatically improve calf health and survival.
Polymicrobial Etiology of Bacterial Pneumonia Associated with the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex
Authors: McVey D. S.
Published: February 2023

The continued recognition that the bacterial pneumonia of the BRDC is polymicrobial could have significant impact on therapeutic strategies as well as clinical outcomes.
Diseases of Importance of Domestic Ruininants and Free-ranging North American Cervids
Authors: Spraker Terry R.
Published: February 2023

Numerous diseases of importance in domestic ruminants and free-ranging wildlife can be transmitted between each other. This section will be limited to diseases that are known to affect both wild and domestic animals. In most cases, the disease can be transmitted in both directions and have important impacts in both domestic and free-ranging animals. In some cases the disease is primarily in domestic animals and spills over into wildlife, and in others the disease is primarily in wildlife and spills over into domestic animals. Diseases covered in this presentation include tuberculosis, brucellosis, anthrax, paratuberculosis, malignant catarrhal fever, bluetongue/epizootic hemorrhage disease, elaeophoriasis and bovine virus diarrhea.
Laboratory Variation of Serum Immunoglobulin Analysis
Authors: Campbell J. M. , Russell L. E. , Weaver E. M. , Crenshaw J.D. , Grinstead K.
Published: February 2023

Data indicate that laboratory variation exists. When interpreting serum IgG results, knowledge of the laboratory, techniques, and analytical variation should be considered. Consistency is essential to reduce variation. Thus, using the same laboratory and analytical techniques will reduce variation and minimize inaccurate diagnosis.
Body Temperature and White Blood Cell Count in Dairy Cows During the First Ten Days After Calving
Authors: Wagner S. A. , Schimek D. E. , Cheng F. C.
Published: February 2023

The postpartum period is a time of physiological stress for high-producing dairy cows. Close monitoring of recently calved cows enables the earliest possible intervention when illness develops. An objective of this study was to evaluate the use of rectal temperature as a diagnostic tool in postpartum cows. As immune suppression is common in postpartum dairy cows, another objective was to compare white blood cell counts in the postpartum period between cows that developed clinical disease and those that did not.
Unusual Presenting Clinical Signs of Mycoplasma bovis Arthritis and Mastitis in a Closed Commercial Dairy Herd
Authors: Wilson D. J. , Skirpstunas R. T. , Trujillo J. D. , Cavender K. B. , Bagley C. V. , Harding R. L.
Published: February 2023

Delay in diagnosis of mycoplasmal infections in dairy herds can result in substantial financial loss and the establishment of chronic subclinical carriers. When the dairy cattle, including those residing in closed herds, display lameness, swelling of the carpal or metacarpophalangeal joints, edema of the distal portions of the forelimbs, or polyarthritis, infection with Mycoplasma spp should be investigated.
Claw and Limb Health as Part of the Veterinary Herd Controlling System
Authors: Martin R. , Neumann M. , Mansfeld R.
Published: February 2023

The Veterinary Herd Controlling System (VHCSystem) is a pyramidal, dynamic quality assurance system for dairy farms. It allows optimization of process and product related quality. Individual farm goals are pursued through farm-specific strategies and target to performance comparison. Number and intensity of implemented measures are derived from careful evaluation of results of a preliminary status quo determination. The individual control areas are staffed with direct (directly related to animal health) and indirect (related to factors affecting animal health) control points and corresponding indicators. The indicators are quantitative or semi quantitative criteria allowing to set goals and to evaluate a herd or a group of animals. Claw and limb health represent one of the mentioned control areas.
Protecting our Freedom to Operate Earning and Maintaining Public Trust and our Social License
Authors: Arnot Charlie
Published: February 2023

Animal agriculture is under increasing pressure. In addition to the traditional challenges of herd health, productivity and profitability, there are growing questions about our production systems and practices. Finding an acceptable location for a livestock facility and generating local support is difficult. Activist groups opposed to contemporary production practices are pursuing litigation, pressuring customers and initiating legislation to change the way we operate. Customers and consumers are asking questions about animal welfare, sustainability, pre-harvest food safety and immigration issues.
Managing the Cow at Calving Time
Authors: Mee John F.
Published: February 2023

Despite increased emphasis in recent years on declining dairy cow reproductive performance, there has been very little focus on the management of the periparturient dairy heifer and cow at calving time. Perhaps as a result, US producers are now reporting increasing perinatal calf losses at calving. A critical determinant in reducing periparturient losses is good calving management. The tenets of good calving management are predicting accurately when calving is due, moving heifers and cows to the maternity unit on time, discrete calving supervision, and critically knowing when and how to intervene during calving. This article deals with each of these topics, outlining where veterinarian-led producer implementation of good calving management can improve perinatal survival and welfare.

The three rules of spring.If it's in, pull it out,If it's out, push it in,And if it's down, give it calcium.--(Irish veterinary aphorism)
Rotational Grazing Benefits and Specific Methods
Authors: Andrae John
Published: February 2023

Rotational grazing is a topic frequently discussed among forage producers. Many testimonials have been made regarding the benefits of rotational grazing. Some claim that simply implementing a rotational grazing system will allow doubling or even tripling stocking rates and total elimination of fertilizer inputs. These claims are far from true; however, rotational grazing does offer substantial benefits to cattle producers located in the humid eastern US, including improved animal productivity, increased plant persistence, conservation of environmental resources, and improved animal temperament. This article gives a general overview of rotational grazing, with examples taken in part from Southern Forages (3rd ed) and a large, three-year grazing study conducted by Drs. Hoveland, McCann, and Hill at the University of Georgia.
Fly Infestations of Cattle in the United States
Authors: Campbell John B.
Published: February 2023

Several species of the order Diptera (flies) impact the performance of cattle in the United States. The most important of these is the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.) followed by the face fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer and the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Less important because of their restricted infestation area are several species of black flies (Simuliidae species), biting gnats (Culicoides), deer flies (Tabanidae) and horse flies, mosquitoes and two species of heel flies (cattle grubs). All of these species except the face fly and the heel flies are blood feeders. Several species can transmit disease to cattle.
Influence of different track structures on the development of corrugation in small radius curve section of subway
Authors: Lei Zhenyu , Zhou Yulong , Li Li
Published: February 2023

Many studies have shown that the rail corrugation on the small radius curve section of subway floating slab track is serious. And it seems to be different from the rail corrugation on the common track. The track structure must play an important role in the generation and development of rail corrugation. This paper measured a subway line in Tianjin, including 2 different track structures, and analyzed the measured data by using the international evaluation and acceptance indexes of rail corrugation. The results show that the inner rail of short sleeper monolithic track (SSMT) has poor smoothness in the wavelength range of 0-300 mm, and the overall smoothness of outer rail is good; the inner rail of steel spring floating slab track (SSFST) has poor smoothness in the wavelength range of 100-300 mm, and the outer rail has poor smoothness in the wavelength range of 300-1000 mm. Then the vehicle-track coupling model and wheel-rail wear calculation model is established. The calculation results show that in the existing rail corrugation, the short-wavelength rail corrugation of 20-25 mm will continue to appear or deteriorate, and the development of rail corrugation of other wavelengths will slow down or stop to varying degrees; with the increase of train passing times, the rail corrugation of SSFST with the wavelength of 315 mm develops the fastest, and the rail corrugation of SSMT with wavelengths of 20 mm and 160 mm develops the fastest.
The impact of the regularization on the economic analysis of rooftop rainwater harvesting system
Authors: Himat Abobakar , Dogan Selim
Published: February 2023

In this study, the economic feasibility of rooftop rainwater harvesting of residential and public/commercial buildings for all 81 provinces of Türkiye is assessed. The Rippl method (RM) is used for optimal storage tank estimation. The net present value (NPV) and the discounted payback period (DPP) are used for economic analysis. Two scenarios were assessed using RM for (I) residential buildings and (II) public buildings. Optimal storage tanks for scenarios I and II were estimated by the selection of minimum roof areas to supply the demand for toilet flushing water for above 90% volumetric reliability. ArcGIS 10.2 was used to illustrate nationwide results of (1) roof areas and storage tank volumes, and (2) the economic analysis. The average DPP of rainwater harvesting system is 36 years for residential buildings and 23 years for public buildings. Based on NPV analysis, 17 out of 81 provinces are economically feasible for residential buildings. The feasibility status in public buildings is 43 economically feasible and 38 infeasible. More savings in public buildings can be obtained in a relatively shorter DPP. Furthermore, regularization is more effective in public buildings than residential buildings.
Evaluating the multi-dimensional resilience of water distribution networks to contamination events
Authors: Acharya Albira , Liu Jia , Shin Sangmin
Published: February 2023

Recent contamination events in water distribution networks (WDNs) suggest the need for resilience strategies to address the uncertainty of contamination intrusion. Resilience-based decision-making requires a resilience evaluation process. However, the suggestions on resilience options can vary with the definition of the system's functionality considered in the resilience evaluation. Thus, this study characterized resilience and its attributes (i.e., robustness, loss rate, recovery rate, failure duration, and recovery completeness) in multiple functional dimensions for a WDN to contamination events. The resilience evaluation was performed using a resilience measure based on a time-dependent functionality variation during contamination events. This study considered the functionalities in four dimensions: the contaminated node, compromised demand, biodegradable dissolved organic carbon concentration, and consumed mass. The hydraulic and water quality models were simulated using EPANET-MSX to evaluate the functionality variation under bacterial intrusion events. The results noted that the resilience levels significantly varied with the functional dimensions and relatedness and contamination event conditions. The results also identified that different profiles of resilience attributes could characterize similar levels of multi-dimensional resilience. The findings suggest insights on incorporating the concept of multi-dimensional resilience in decision-making processes, therefore achieving the goal of improving the overall resilience of the system in diverse aspects of functionality.
Evaluación de síntomas de ansiedad: evidencias psicométricas del Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 en adultos peruanos
Authors: Baños-Chaparro Jonatan , Lamas-Delgado Fernando , Ynquillay-Lima Paul , Jacobi-Romero Dante Jesus , Fuster-Guillen Fiorella Gaby
Published: February 2023

La ansiedad generalizada es un problema psicológico recurrente en adultos de población general, siendo un factor de riesgo a otros desórdenes de salud física y mental. Dado estos problemas, es necesario disponer de un instrumento confiable para evaluar la ansiedad e identificar los probables casos. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las fuentes de evidencias de validez del Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) en adultos peruanos de población general. Los participantes fueron seleccionados por muestreo de conveniencia y criterios de inclusión. Un total de 567 adultos residentes en Lima contestaron el GAD-7 y otro instrumento psicológico. Los análisis se realizaron a partir de la Teoría Clásica de los Test y Teoría de Respuesta a los ítems. Se evidenció una estructura unidimensional con índices de ajuste adecuados, aceptable confiabilidad, invarianza de medición para sexo y edad, evidencia de relación con la desesperanza y parámetros α y β adecuados para los ítems, siendo la escala más útil en niveles altos de ansiedad. En conclusión, las inferencias e interpretaciones realizadas a partir de sus puntuaciones son adecuadas en adultos peruanos, recomendando su uso para evaluar la ansiedad generalizada y realizar análisis comparativos sin sesgo de medición para los grupos de sexo y edad.
Nanodiamond Mediated Molecular Targeting in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma:
Disrupting the Tumor-stromal Cross-talk, Next Hope on the
Horizon?
Authors: Singh Mohini , Pal Paulami , Dutta Rajat Subhra , Marbaniang Daphisha , Ray Subhabrata , Mazumder Bhaskar
Published: February 2023

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the foremost causes of cancer-related
morbidities worldwide. Novel nanotechnology-backed drug delivery stratagems, including molecular
targeting of the chemotherapeutic payload, have been considered. However, no quantum leap in the
gross survival rate of patients with PDAC has been realized. One of the predominant causes behind this
is tumor desmoplasia, a dense and heterogenous stromal extracellular matrix of the tumor, aptly termed
tumor microenvironment (TME). It plays a pivotal role in the tumor pathogenesis of PDAC as it occupies
most of the tumor mass, making PDAC one of the most stromal-rich cancers. The complex crosstalk
between the tumor and dynamic components of the TME impacts tumor progression and poses a
potential barrier to drug delivery. Understanding and deciphering the complex cascade of tumorstromal
interactions are the need of the hour so that we can develop neoteric nano-carriers to disrupt
the stroma and target the tumor. Nanodiamonds (NDs), due to their unique surface characteristics, have
emerged as a promising nano delivery system in various pre-clinical cancer models and have the potential
to deliver the chemotherapeutic payload by moving beyond the dynamic tumor-stromal barrier. It
can be the next revolution in nanoparticle-mediated pancreatic cancer targeting.