bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some effects of mouthrinses containing salifluor on de novo plaque formation and developing gingivitis
Authors: Furuichi Y. , Ramberg P. , Lindhe J. , Nabi N. , Gaffar A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Three clinical trials were carried out to evaluate the effects of mouth‐rinses containing 5n‐oetanoyl‐3’trifluormethylsalieylanilide (salifluor) on plaque and gingivitis. Each trial was performed as a double‐blind, randomised and cross‐over designed study (studies 1. 2 and 3). In each study, 10 young individuals with healthy gingiva abolished all means of mechanical plaque control during the course of the experimental period including 6 × 4 days (study 1), 3 × 18 days (study1) and 3 × 14 days (study 2). They rinsed, 2 × daily, with various mouthwash preparations for 4 days (study 1), for the last 4 days of a 18 day period (study 2) or for 14 days (study 3), 6 (control, vehicle control, 0.08%. 0.12% and 0.2% salifluor and 0.12% chlorhexidine), 3 (control, 0.12% salifluor and 0.12% chlorhexidine) and 3 (control, 0.12% salifluor and 0.12% chlorhexidine) mouthwash preparations were tested in studies 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The findings of study 1 indicated that (i) mouthrinses containing salifluor were significantly more effective than control rinses and that (ii) the salifluor mouthrinses were equally effective as the 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse, in retarding 4‐day de novo plaque formation. The findings of study 2 indicated that (i) the mouthrinse containing 0.12% salifluor retarded de novo plaque formation to the same extent as the 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse at healthy as well as at inflamed sites but that (ii) the anti‐plaque effects of the salifluor and chlorhexidine mouthrinses were significantly smaller at sites with inflamed than with healthy gingiva. In study 3, it was observed that there was no significant difference between the 0.12% salifiuor and 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinses in retarding de novo plaque formation and the development of gingivitis during a 14‐day period of no mechanical plaque control. Thus, the results of the 3 clinical trials demonstrated the potential of salifluor as an effective anti‐plaque and anti‐inflammatory agent.
Effect of non‐erupted 3rd molars on distal roots and supporting structures of approximal teeth A radiographic survey of 202 cases
Authors: Nemcovsky Carlos E. , Libfeld Harry , Zubery Yuval
Published: December 2005

Abstract Root resorption of 2nd molars in proximity to non‐erupted 3rd molars has been widely reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of root resorption in second molars adjacent to non‐erupted third molars. Its association to age and gender of the patient, location and inclination of the non‐erupted third molar and to distal bone support of the 2nd molars was analyzed. A radiographic survey of 202 periapical radiographs taken in patients with clinically missing third molars was conducted. 3 examiners independently evaluated the radiographs and only those cases where at least 2 observers agreed were included in this report. Statistical analysis was performed on 186 radiographs. Associations were analyzed with the Pearson χ2 test. Radiographic evidence of root resorption was found in 45 2nd molars (24.2%) of which 12 (6.5%) showed moderate to complete root resorption. Non‐erupted tooth apical position and mesio‐inclination of 60° or more relative to the distal root of the second molar were significantly associated with root resorption (p=0.01368 and p=0.0194. respectively). Resorption was positively associated with age of patient (p=0.00606). These results may support early extraction of impacted 3rd molars especially in cases with a mesio‐angulation of 60° or more and an apical location in proximity to the distal root of the 2nd molar.
Papillon‐Lefèvre syndrome
Authors: Firatli Erhan , Gürel Nuray , Efeoǧlu Ahmet
Published: December 2005

Abstract We have studied the peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in our 6 patients (2 female and 4 male) with a mean age of 11.19 with Papillon‐Lèfevre Syndrome (PLS) using adequate monoclonal antibodies and double coloured flow cytometry. Total B, T, CD4, CD8, CD29, CD45RA, NK, HLA‐DR cells were studied. Total B, T, CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes were within normal limits. We have observed an increase in the CD29 lymphocytes and NK cells and a decrease in CD45RA lymphocytes. We think that these findings are important in explaining B lymphocyte activation and in the pathogenesis of the PLS.
Ultrasonic determination of gingival thickness
Authors: Eger T. , Müller H.‐P. , Heinecke A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The objectives of the present study were (I) to determine the validity and reliability of measuring gingival thickness (GTH) with a recently developed, commercially available ultrasonic device: (II) to measure GTH in relation to tooth type and age of proband;(III) to correlate GTH with varying forms of pre‐molars, canines and incisors. Ultrasonic measurements were performed in 200 periodontally healthy, male probands representing 3 different age groups (20–25, 40–45, 55–60 years). In the maxilla, mean GTH varied between 0.9 mm (canines, 1st molars) and 1.3 mm (2nd molars). In the mandible respective mean values ranged between 0.8 mm (canines) and 1.5 mm (2nd molars). No differences in means and standard deviations (0.36–0.39 mm) were observed in different age groups. In order to correlate GTH with other clinical parameters and form of tooth, in 42 probands of the youngest age group, presenting with no attrition or abrasion, no artificial crown restorations and (following prophylaxis) no overt gingivitis and no periodontal probing depth in excess of 3 mm. detailed clinical measurements and stone model cast analyses were performed. By stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, 24% (p < 0.0001) of the variation of GTH was explained by probing depth, recession, width of gingiva and tooth type. The ratio of the width of the crown to its length was not included into the model. When performing analysis of covariance with the subject as factor, the model was improved, now explaining 41% of the variation of GTH. In this model, the influence of periodontal probing depth was decreased, and recession was not included. It was concluded that there are individual differences in GTH (i.e., different biotypes). However, thickness mainly depends on tooth type and is correlated with width of gingiva. There appears to be no association with shape and form of the tooth. Validity and reliability of measuring GTH with the ultrasonic device was found to be excellent.
Fibrin glue application in conjunction with tetracycline root conditioning and coronally positioned flap procedure in the treatment of human gingival recession defects
Authors: Trombelli Leonardo , Scabbia Alessandro , Wikesjö Ulf M.E. , Calura Giorgio
Published: December 2005

Abstract A split‐mouth clinical study was designed to determine the effect of fibrin glue (FG) in addition to tetracycline HCl (TTC) root conditioning and the coronally positioned flap (CPF) procedure in the treatment of maxillary buccal recession defects. 11 patients presenting with a pair of Class 1 or II recession defects were selected. After initial therapy, defect‐specific and full‐mouth oral hygiene standards and gingival condition, recession depth, recession width, probing depth, attachment level, and width of keratinized gingiva were recorded. The surgical procedure included elevation of a full split thickness flap, root debridement and root conditioning with a 10 mg/ml TTC solution for 4 minutes. According to a randomization list, in each patient. 1 defect was treated with topical FG application, while the paired defect did not receive FG. The flap was adapted and sutured coronally to the cemento‐enamel junction without tension. Healing was evaluated 6 months postsurgery. Significant recession depth reduction and attachment gain were observed for both treatments. Average root coverage amounted to 65% in FG treated defects and 55% in defects treated with TTC conditioning only. There were no clinical and statistical significant differences between the treatments for any parameter considered. This study suggests that FG may not meaningfully enhance the outcome of the CPF procedure with TTC root conditioning.
Cyclosporin‐a‐induced gingival overgrowth in heart transplant patients
Authors: Montebugnoli L. , Bernardi F. , Magelli C.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The incidence of gingival overgrowth secondary to the administration of cyclosporine A (CsA) is widely reported in renal transplant recipients, while there is no information about periodontal conditions in heart transplant patients. In the present cross‐sectional investigation the relationship between clinical periodontal conditions and pharmacological profiles of CsA was determined in 39 patients (31 male and 8 female, aged 18–63 years, mean 45.6±15.2 years) who possessed their 6 upper and 6 lower anterior teeth. All patients had been on a CsA‐based immunosoppression regimen for at least 6 months (6–101. mean 39.3±30.1). 2 periodontal parameters (recorded on the 12 anterior teeth only) relating to gingival overgrowth were considered: hyperplastic index and % of sites with probing depth >3 mm. These parameters were always recorded by the same observer at first appointment and 2 months after an oral hygiene programme. Both non parametric statistical analysis (Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way analysis by rank. Wilcoxon signed rank‐test and Mann Whitney U‐test) and parametric analysis (stepwise multiple regression analysis, one‐sample and two‐sample t‐test) were used to investigate the relationship between the periodontal parameters (dependent variables) and a series of independent variables: age. sex. plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), CsA dose, CsA blood level, duration of therapy (months since allograft). Results failed to demonstrate any significant correlation between gingival overgrowth and age, sex, CsA dose or CsA blood level, PI. A positive significant correlation was found between periodontal conditions and GI and a significant inverse correlation between periodontal conditions and duration of therapy, suggesting that the relation between CsA therapy and gingival overgrowth in heart‐transplant patients could be time‐related and the negative influence of the drug on the periodontal status could spontaneously decrease over time.
Comparison of the plaque removal efficacy of a new flossing aid (Quik Floss®) to finger flossing
Authors: Carter‐Hanson Carrie , Gadbury‐Amyot Cynthia , Killoy William
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of this clinical trial was to compare the effectiveness and safety of a new dental flossing device (Quik Floss®) to finger flossing in plaque removal, reduction of gingival inflammation and patient preference. 30 healthy, non‐flossing adults with 20 natural teeth, a plaque index (PI) of at least 1.8 and a gingival index (GI) of 1.3 or greater participated in this two‐phase crossover design study. Patients were randomly assigned to use either the new flossing device or finger flossing first in the sequence. At baseline, data were collected and patients were given flossing method instructions. The Silness & Löe GI, Quigley‐Hein PI, Eastman Bleeding Index (BI) and trauma were assessed at baseline. 15 and 30 days for each treatment period. After the initial 30‐day treatment phase, patients were instructed to cease all flossing during a 14‐day “washout” period. Subjects were then assigned to the opposite treatment group during the 2nd treatment phase. A 3‐factor repeated measures ANOVA analyzed data for differences within and between groups over time. Results revealed statistically significant (p < 0.01) within group improvement in PI, GI, and BI for both treatment groups over time. No statistically significant between group differences were found for either group at any time period. In addition, no significant gingival trauma was recorded and no differences were found between groups. Quik Floss® was as effective as finger flossing. Subjects preferred (55%) Quik Floss® over finger flossing. In conclusion, Quik Floss® is a safe and effective oral hygiene measure for reducing plaque, inflammation and bleeding over time.
Saliva composition in children and young adults with Papillon‐Lefèvre syndrome
Authors: Lundgren Tord , Twetman Svante , Johansson Ingegerd , Crossner Claes‐Göan , Birkhed Dowen
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the salivary secretion rate and composition in a group of 16 children and young adults (6‐27 years) with Papillon‐Lefèvre Syndrome (PLS). and to compare the findings with a group (n= 16) of healthy controls, Unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva was collected at least 2 h after meals and the secretion rate determined. The stimulated saliva was assessed for buffer capacity, total protein, peroxidase and hexosamine, while the unstimulated samples were evaluated for total protein, lysozyme. Thiocyanate, lactoferrin and salivary IgA. Both the unstimulated (p < 0.01) and stimulated (p < 0.05) saliva secretion rates were significantly lower among the PLS patients compared with the controls. Furthermore salivary buffer capacity was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in the PLS patients. The total protein content in saliva was comparatively high in the study group, while the concentrations of immunoglobulins and non‐immunoglobulins were within normal ranges. When calculating the output of the assessed antimicrobial factors, the mean peroxidase level in stimulated whole saliva was found to be significantly (p < 0.01) lower in the PLS patients than in the healthy controls. In conclusion, the present study indicates an impaired water secretion and a somewhat altered saliva gland function in children and young adults with PLS.
Generalized prepubertal periodontitis
Authors: Firatli Erhan , Gürel Nuray , Efeoǧlu Ahmet , Cebeci Irfan
Published: December 2005

Abstract The clinical and immunological data from 4 patients with generalized prepubertal periodontitis are presented. The peripheral blood neutrophil chemo‐taxis was measured using zymosan activated sera as the chemoattractant. All of the 4 patients have shown depressed neutrophil chemotaxis compared to those of the healthy controls. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were analysed by double‐coloured flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies for the receptors CD2. CD3. CD4. CD8. CD19. CD29, CD45RA +, 34,29dK, CD56, CD11b/CD18. Lymphocytes bearing CD3 receptors showed a significant decrease compared to those of the controls. Natural killer cells were lowered in 3 of the 4 cases. All of the patients showed a higher increase in CD11b/CD18 expression. The evaluation of CDllb/CD18 receptor in peripheral blood leukocytes may be of help explaining the rôle of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Periodontal parameters around porous‐coated dental implants after 3 to 4 years supporting overdentures
Authors: Levy Dana , Deporter Douglas A. , Watson Philip A. , Pilliar Robert M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract In this study, an assessment using modified periodontal indices was done on a group of 48 fully edentulous patients who had each been treated with 3 porous‐coated (EndoPoreTM) dental implants and a mandibular overdenture. Parameters assessed included plaque index (PI), sulcular bleeding index (SBI), pocket probing depth (PD), probing attachment level (PAL) and mobility (M) using a Periotest device. At the time of the assessment, all of the patients had passed 3 years of continuous function while 26 had passed 4 years. Approximately 50% of implant surfaces were plaque‐free while 79% of surfaces showed no bleeding upon probing. There was no correlation between PI and SBI. The mean PD was 3.1 mm with 64% of sites ≤3.5 mm. Mobility measurements taken with the Periotest device gave a mean PTV of (‐4.35) with 96% of measurements (‐0.5). No significant correlations were found between mobility and either PAL or implant length.
Patterns of attachment loss in advanced periodontitis patients monitored following initial periodontal treatment
Authors: Claffey Noel , Kelly Alan , Bergquist John , Egelberg Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract 2 main concepts seem to exist for the progression of periodontitis: (1) a slow continuous process of attachment loss; (2) periodic bursts of activity followed by quiescence or remission. This study addresses this problem and presents data for 69 sites having experienced a net loss of probing attachment amounting to ≥3.0 mm over 42 months. The sites originated from 16 adult patients monitored after nonsurgical treatment of advanced chronic periodontitis. Probing attachment level recordings were obtained every 3rd month. The sequential probing attachment level data for each site were smoothed using cubic splines. Subjective evaluation of the raw and the smoothed data from the study sites suggested that the majority of the sites seemed to lose probing attachment in a continuous fashion, and over periods of 12 months or more. The smoothed curves were subjected to principal components analysis, which allowed the 69 sites to be ordered according to curve similarity. Nonparametric runs test failed to show that the shape of the curves for the sites was significantly associated with any of the following characteristics: patient, tooth type, tooth surface, initial probing depth, bleeding frequency, occurrence of suppuration, or a combination of inflammatory characteristics of sites.
The periodontal tissues in healed degree III furcation defects
Authors: Araújo M. , Berglundh T. , Lindhe J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present study was (i) to describe the periodontal tissue that formed in degree III furcation defects in mandibular molars of dogs following GTR therapy and (ii) to compare this healed periodontium to the corresponding tissue of pristine furcations. The study was performed in 10 mongrels dogs. In 6 of the dogs (group A), the 2nd and 4th premolars in both sides of the mandible were extracted 2 months prior to the start of the study. The 4 remaining dogs (group B) were used as normal untreated controls. In the dogs of group A, a furcation defect was produced in the 3rd mandibular premolars and reconstructive surgery was later performed in accordance with the GTR technique. 5 months after reconstructive surgery, all 10 animals (groups A+B) were sacrified and perfused with a solution of 10% neutral, buffered formalin through the carotid arteries. Tissue blocks containing the experimental teeth were excised, demin‐eralized in EDTA, embedded in paraffin. Serial sections were cut in the mesiodistal plane and parallel with the long axis of the roots. The microtome was set at 7μm. The sections were stained in hematoxyline and eosin or Van Gieson's connective tissue staining. From each biopsy, 3 sections, 14μ apart, and representing the central part of the furcation, were selected for light microscopic examination. In the healed furcation sites, histometric and morphometric measurements were performed at different levels (zones), either at the mesial or distal root surfaces; (zone 1) immediately apical of the notch; (zone 2) coronal to the notch where the newly formed alveolar bone was in continuity with the reduced bone crest; (zone 3) coronal to the notch; representing the most coronally positioned area of new bone formation; (zone 4) coronal to the notch; representing areas with no alveolar bone present. In the pristine furcation sites, the measurements were made at zones which corresponded to the location of the zones in the healed furcations. The present data demonstrated that all furcation sites in group A after 5 months of healing exhibited comprehensive de novo cementum formation in the previously exposed parts of the intraradicular root surfaces, and that collagen fibers invested in the newly formed cementum. Comparisons between the pristine and the healed furcations disclosed that the periodontal ligament of the healed furcations was poorly organised, and that bone formation was frequently incomplete.
Factors affecting the healing response of intrabony defects following guided tissue regeneration and access flap surgery
Authors: Tonetti Maurizio S. , Prato Giovanpaolo Pini , Cortellini Pierpaolo
Published: December 2005

Abstract Identification and control of significant factors determining clinical outcomes is of paramount importance to improve expected results of a variety of therapeutic procedures. The aim of this investigation was to identify, with a multivariate approach, factors associated with healing outcomes of 3 penodontal surgical procedures in deep intrabony defects. 45 patients with evidence of deep intrabony defects were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups: access flap (group C), conventional guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with non‐resorbable expanded polytetrafluoroethilene (ePTFE) membranes (group B), and GTR with self supporting membranes combined with the modified papilla preservation technique (group A). In both GTR procedures, membranes were positioned coronal to the interproxymal alveolar crest. Primary outcome variables (i.e., probing attachment level gains at 1 year and the amount of newly formed tissue present at membrane removal) were explained in terms of a series of patient, defect morphology and surgical factors, using a multivariate approach. Highly significant treatment effects were observed, indicating that the 3 tested therapeutic modalities resulted in significant differences in primary outcome variables. Detailed analysis assessing the significance of the tested factors in determining the healing outcomes following each procedure was performed with a stepwise elimination approach of non‐significant factors. The results indicated that: (i) the need to create and maintain space should be a key objective of regenerative approaches based upon the principles of guided tissue regeneration; (ii) control of patient's oral hygiene and residual periodontal infection in the oral cavity are strongly associated with clinical outcomes of both regenerative and conventional surgical procedures and should receive proper attention.
Source of suspected periodontal pathogens re‐emerging after periodontal treatment
Authors: von Troil‐Lindén Birgitta , Saarela Maria , Mättö Jaana , Alaluusua Satu , Jousimies‐Somer Hannele , Asikainen Sirkka
Published: December 2005

Abstract To clarify the source of re‐emerging periodontal pathogens after treatment, we compared the ribotypes of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia/Prevotella nigrescens group and Campylobacter rectus before and after treatment in 7 periodontitis patients and in 6 of the spouses. The patients harbored A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia/P. nigrescens group or C. rectus in their subgingival or salivary samples before treatment. The respective bacterial species were not detected 1 month after treatment, but reappeared by 6 months later. When available, 4 random colonies of each of the 4 species were isolated from both subgingival and salivary samples at each sampling occasion, the isolates were subcultured. identified and typed applying pheno‐ and genotypic intraspecies characterization methods. Altogether 90 strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis. P. intermedia, P. nigrescens group and C. rectus were available from 2, 3, 2 and 4 patients, respectively. The pre‐ and post‐treatment ribotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans‐, P. gingivalis‐ and P. intermedia P. nigrescens group‐isolates were identical in all respective patients. The pre‐ and post‐treatment ribotypes of C. rectus were identical in 1 of 4 patients, whereas 2 patients harbored a previously not detected post‐treatment ribotype and 1 patient harbored the initial and a previously not detected post‐treatment ribotype. To study the possibility that periodontitis patients may acquire strains from the spouse after treatment, isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis. P. intermedia/P. nigrescens group and C. rectus (n=95) from the patients' spouses were ribotyped and compared with those of the patients. The patient exhibited his own post‐treatment ribotypes. different from those of the spouse, of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis in 1 couple and of P. intermedial, P. nigrescens group and C. rectus in 1 couple. In the 2 patients who harbored a previously not detected post‐treatment ribotype of C. rectus. one patient shared the new ribotype with the spouse, whereas the other one did not. Although an exogenous source cannot be fully ruled out, the patient's own oral flora seems to be the main source of re‐emerging periodontal pathogens after treatment.
Effectiveness of a prescale gel on subgingival calculus
Authors: Harding Cynthia D. , Cobb Charles M. , Schulz Patti Hawkins , Williams Karen B. , Bray Kimberly Krust , Brown Alan R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract A prescale gel product, designed to facilitate the removal of calculus, has recently been introduced and marketed to the dental profession. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this gel on the removal of subgingival calculus, 10 patients, each with 5 periodontally diseased teeth scheduled for extraction, participated in this in vivo/in vitro study, 4 teeth per patient were randomly assigned using a 2‐by‐2 block design and treated in vivo with either active or placebo gel, with or without scaling, prior to extraction. To assess possible overexposure to the product, 10 selected teeth from the sample were treated with active gel for an extended exposure time. Standardized scaling was performed on a 4x4 mm treated root area in vitro on groups as assigned. Quantification of residual calculus was determined by one examiner blind to treatment group assignment using SEM photomicrograph montages and the Java image analysis computer system. Repeated measures ANOVA showed no statistically significant treatment effect for gel (p>0.05) in the scaled and no‐scaled groups. The 5th group exposed to the prescale gel for an extended time was evaluated descriptively for root surface morphological changes with no noticeable effect. Based on the results of this investigation, treatment of subgingival calculus with prescale gel offers no advantage for calculus removal over scaling alone. The findings suggest no significant clinical impact of product use.
Effect of localized experimental gingivitis on early supragingival plaque accumulation
Authors: Daly C. G. , Highfield J. E.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Previous investigations have reported increased plaque formation in the presence of gingival inflammation as compared with gingival health. In these investigations, experimental gingivitis has been induced by total abolition of oral hygiene such that increased levels of salivary bacteria could contribute to the increased plaque formation. In the present study, experimental gingivitis was localized to 2 selected teeth whilst maintaining normal oral hygiene measures in the rest of the mouth. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the mass of plaque accumulating in a 3‐day period is influenced by the inflammatory status of the adjacent gingival margins. Following scaling, prophylaxis and a period of optimal hygiene to establish gingival health, “plaque‐guards” were worn during routine oral hygiene performance to prevent any cleaning on the buccal surfaces of teeth 14 and 15 from days 0 to 3. On day 3, accumulated plaque was removed from a 1.5 mm zone on the buccal surfaces of 14 and 15 adjacent to the gingival margins and weighed immediately. Subjects continued to wear their plaque‐guards during oral hygiene until day 14 to induce experimental gingivitis around the experimental teeth. At day 14, all plaque was cleaned from the buccal surfaces of the experimental teeth and the mass of plaque accumulating over the next 3 days weighed on day 17. Comparison of plaque weights showed that the wet‐weight of 3 day‐old plaque was higher in the presence of experimental gingivitis than in the presence of gingival health (p= 0.02). This observation suggests that the inflammatory status of the marginal gingival has an important effect on early, supragingival plaque accumulation.
Longitudinal changes in antibody avidity to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in periodontitis
Authors: O'Dell D.S. , Ebersole J.L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Longitudinal investigations concerning Immunological responses and periodontal disease activity support a relationship between serum antibody levels and the micro‐organisms associated with dental plaque. To define this host response further, we studied the relationship of antibody avidity to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in 11 adult periodontitis and 6 localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) patients with Aa infections. Patients were monitored every 3–4 months for immunological and clinical variables including probing pocket depths (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PLI), and the number of disease active sites (DA), Avidity indices were determined using an ELISA and significant changes from each patients' baseline level were determined. The results showed different response patterns between and within the patient groups, A subset of the subjects experienced significant changes in antibody avidity over time. Between group comparisons yielded no significant differences in the number of positive or negative avidity index changes, although there were more frequent changes in the disease active adult periodontitis group. There were also no significant correlations between clinical parameters and antibody avidity, although there were changes in the clinical parameters between baseline and significant avidity change points, and also between baseline and the determination of active disease. Further studies will be necessary to define fully the role of antibody avidity and its relationship to the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
Host response assessment in recurring periodontitis
Authors: Ebersole J. L. , Cappelli D. , Steffen M.J. , Willmann D.E , O'Dell D.S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Data derived from periodontitis patients have provided support for a relationship between the distribution of selected members of the periodontopathic microbiota and antibody levels to the intact bacteria in both serum and GCE These data are consistent with the systemic antibody as a reflection of the host response to an infectious process associated with an episode of disease activity. The purpose of this report is to address the concept that the host antibody responses may help to elucidate the specific etiologic agents and be used to model the risk for future periodontal disease progression in recurring periodontitis. These findings from one study in adult periodontitis patients indicated that elevations in certain antibody specificities are most closely associated with patients exhibiting a risk of disease recurrence. Furthermore, analysis of the frequency of antibody elevations suggested that patients capable of maintaining elevated antibody to these pathogens past–treatment, may be indicative of an individual at less risk. A 2nd investigation was implemented to address questions concerning host–parasite interactions in A. actinomycetemcomitans–associated recurring periodontitis. The results showed distinctive characteristics of local and systemic antibody responses and A. actinomycetemcomitans infection in patients with varying extents of recurrent disease. These longitudinal studies developed evidence for the potential of local and/or systemic antibody responses as indicators of periodontal disease recurrence.
Refractory periodontitis or recurrence of disease
Authors: Magnusson Ingvar , Walker Clay B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Refractory periodontal disease is characterized by low plaque scores and low responsiveness to periodontal therapy. The patients often have a history of antibiotic therapy and therefore have a high incidence of resistance in the subgingival microflora. The above features are in contrast to adult chronic periodontal disease and recurrence of disease. The subgingival microflora of refractory disease may be either predominantly gram–positive with elevated levels of Streptococcus intermedius or may be gram negative and contain elevated levels of the classical periodontal pathogens. In some cases serum IgG antibodies against Porphyromonas gingivalis are elevated and seem to decrease after therapy. Smoking may be an important factor in refractory periodontal disease. Treatment with directed antibiotic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing retards the progression of disease for a limited time. Many questions are still not answered and suggestions are made for future directions in research.
On the dynamics of periodontal tissue formation in degree III furcation defects
Authors: Araujo M. G. , Berglundh T. , Lindhe J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the experiment was to describe the formation of periodontal tissues in degree III furcation defects following GTR therapy. The study was performed in 8 foxhound dogs. The 2nd and 4th premolars in both sides of the mandible were extracted. Furcation defects were produced in the 3rd mandibular premolars. 3 weeks later, reconstructive surgery was performed. The dogs were scheduled for sacrifice 2, 4, 8, and 20 weeks after GTR therapy. Tissue blocks containing the experimental teeth were excised, demineralized in EDTA and embedded in paraffin. Serial sections were cut in the mesio‐distal plane and parallel with the long axis of the roots. The microtome was set at 7 μm. The sections were stained in hematoxyline and eosin. From each biopsy, 3 sections representing the central part of the furcation, were selected for light microscopic examination. In the healed furcation sites, descriptive histological analysis of the newly‐formed tissues was performed and the relative proportions of the hard and soft tissues were determined. It was demonstrated that at 2 weeks, the furcation defect contained granulation tissue and cell‐rich connective tissue, while at 4 weeks the furcation was mainly occupied by connective tissue. At 8 weeks, woven bone occupied the central portion of the furcation, whereas connective tissue and cementum were observed in the lateral portions. The furcation area at 20 weeks was comprised of newly‐formed cementum, periodontal ligament and bone. The onset of cementum formation had started as early as 2 weeks after GTR therapy. The cementum formation apparently occurred in 3 phases: organisation of collagen fibers adjacent and perpendicular to the root surface (phase 1), assembly of the collagen fibers and deposition of matrix (phase 2), and addition of cells and collagen fibers organised parallel to the root surface (phase 3). Bone formation took place through a process that included (1) organisation of a fibrous connective tissue, (2) differentiation of this tissue into woven bone and (3) maturation of the woven bone into lamellar bone and bone marrow.
Investigations into the cellular contribution to host tissue proteases and inhibitors in gingival crevicular fluid
Authors: Kennett C.N. , Cox S.W. , Eley B.M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected from chronic periodontitis patients using plastic micropipettes and coverslip smears stained with antibodies for leukocyte markers and Toluidine Blue for mast cells. The smears consisted of 70–80% granulocytes, 10–20% monocytes/macrophages. 5% mast cells and 5% T lymphocytes: no B lymphocytes were found. Proteases and inhibitors in GCF cells were investigated by enzyme cytochemistry using 2‐methoxy‐4‐naph‐thylamine‐linked peptide substrates and simultaneous coupling to Fast Blue B and immunocytochemistry using biotinylated secondary antibodies and an alkaline phosphatase/new fuchsin detecting system. Elastase was detected in granulocytes, cathepsin B in macrophages. dipeptidyl peptidases II and IV in a small proportion of macrophages, dipeptidyl peptidase IV in a few T lymphocytes, tryptase in mast cells and α‐1‐proteinase inhibitor and α‐2‐macroglobulin in some macrophages. GCF was also collected on filter paper strips and eluted into buffer for biochemical enzyme assays. Lysis of cells by addition of detergent to the elution buffer increased activities to 140–240% of control values. Removal of cells by centrifugation reduced measured activities to 1–30% of original figures; this effect was less if samples were pre‐treated with detergent. Proteases from inflammatory cells therefore appear to make up most of the measured enzyme activity in GCF, and this association may explain recent correlations with periodontal disease progression.
The influence of endodontic treatment upon periodontal wound healing
Authors: Chen Shyuan‐Yow , Wang Horn‐Lay , Glickman Gerald N.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The interrelationship between periodontal and endodontic disease has aroused much speculation, confusion, and controversy. Pulpal and periodontal problems are responsible for more than 50% of tooth mortality today. Diagnosis is often difficult since these diseases have been studied primarily as separate entities. The toxic substances of the pulp may initiate periodontal defects through canal ramifications and patent dentinal tubules, thus impairing wound healing in regenerative procedures. Although no studies exist addressing the direct effect of pulpal infection on the outcome of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) procedures, several studies do indicate that pulpal status may play a significant role toward the end results of GTR. This review article discusses the potential influence of endodontic treatment on the long‐term outcomes of GTR. Potential pathways between the pulp and periodontal ligament, which may be responsible for the failure of the regeneration of new periodontal attachment apparatus, are explored. Examination and review of the clinical and research findings in the literature relating to perio‐endo lesions are made to demonstrate that a negative influence may exist between GTR outcomes and the status of the pulp.
Tetracycline demineralization of dentin: the effects of concentration and application time
Authors: Sterrett J.D. , Simmons J. , Whitford G. , Russell C. M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The current investigation was initiated to study the effect concentration and application time has on the rate of tetracycline demineralization of dentin. Buccal and lingual surfaces of extracted bovine molars were ground to a smooth flat dentin surface using wetted silicon carbide discs. Standardized depressions were made in the dentin surface with a #909‐055 diamond round wheel. Fresh tetracycline HCl (TTC‐HCl) (Flavine Int. Inc.) solutions, i.e., 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 mg/ml were prepared. A 30% citric acid solution was used as a positive control. The pH of each solution was recorded. 7 μl of each solution were pipetted into a depression and remained undisturbed for 1, 3, or 5 min. At the end of each application time period a fresh #3 cotton pellet was placed in the depression, once every 20 s for 1 min, to soak up the solution. The 3 pellets were placed in a 2.00 ml of 18 Mω H2O sample. As a measure of the rate of demineralization the parts per million calcium (ppm Ca++) found in each sample were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Two‐way analysis of variance was used to determine effects of TTC‐HC1 concentration and time on the rate of demineralization. No significant differences were found in the mean ppm Ca++ released at 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐min application times for 0, 25, or 50 mg/ml TTC. No significant differences were found in the mean ppm Ca++ released (i) between 3‐ and 5‐rmn application times for 75, 100, 125 and 150 mg/ml TTC‐HCl solutions and (ii) between 75, 100, 125 and 150 mg/ml TTC‐HCl solutions within either the 3‐ or 5‐min application times. The mean ppm Ca++ released at 3‐ and 5‐min application times for 75, 100, 125 and 150 mg/ml TTC‐HCl solutions were all significantly greater than the respective readings at the 1‐min application time. The mean ppm Ca++ recorded for the 30% citric acid solution for all 3 application times were 3 to 5.5 × greater than the highest mean ppm Ca++ recording for TTC‐HCl. The results of this study show that a 3‐min application time of 75 mg/ml TTC‐HCl solution is equally as effective at demineralizing dentin as is higher concentrations and/or longer application times, but was far less effective than a 30% citric acid solution.
Treatment of 3rd molar‐induced periodontal defects with guided tissue regeneration
Authors: Oxford Gregory E. , Quintero George , Stuller Charles B. , Gher Marlin E.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Recent reports provide evidence of increased attachment levels when using guided tissue regeneration (GTR) techniques for the treatment of periodontal defects. Periodontal defects frequently occur at the distal aspect of mandibular 2nd molars which are next to mesioangular impacted 3rd molars that have oral communication. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of GTR can enhance probing attachment levels (PALs) following extraction of mesioangular impacted third molars. 12 patients with bilateral soft tissue impacted mandibular 3rd molars entered this split mouth study. After extractions, the previously exposed distal root surface of the 2nd molars were debrided. The defects on the randomly selected experimental sites were covered with expanded polytetraflouro‐ethylene (e‐PTFE) membrane and the tissue was replaced to cover the membrane. Membranes were removed after 6 weeks. Control sites were treated identically except no membrane was placed. GI, PII, PD, PAL and BOP records were obtained at 0, 3 and 6 months. The use of barrier material did not provide statistically‐significant differences in PAL when comparing experimental versus control sites. Nevertheless, PAL gain was consistently greater at 3 and 6 months when GTR techniques were used in sites with deep impactions.
Clinical response to local delivery of tetracycline in relation to overall and local periodontal conditions
Authors: Mombelli A. , Lehmann B. , Tonetti M. , Lang N. P.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical response to local delivery of tetracycline in relation to clinical and microbiological conditions of the other teeth. 4 deep pockets were monitored in 19 subjects with multiple deep periodontal lesions and high counts of P. gingivalis. In 9 patients (XT) only 2 of the selected lesions were treated by placement of tetracycline fibers (Actisite®). while the rest of the dentition was left untreated. In the other 10 patients, all teeth were supragingivally scaled and then treated by application of polymeric tetracycline HCl containing fibers, the whole dentition was subject to full mouth scaling and root planing, and the patients rinsed with 0.2% chlorhexidine (FT). A significant reduction in mean PPD was observed in all treated sites after two months. This reduction was maintained over the following 4 months. The magnitude of the effect was significantly greater in the FT group (1.74 mm) than in the LT group (0.88 mm). The mean attachment level changes were similar after 2 months in locally and fully treated subjects. A tendency of relapse was noted for treated sites in LT patients from month 2 to 6. A level of statistical significance was not reached for this effect. Data from measurements recorded at 6 sites around all teeth in the full mouth treated patients were analyzed using multiple linear regression. This analysis showed local changes in PPD and AL were significantly and strongly correlated with the baseline value of the respective parameter at the same site. In addition, more pocket depth reduction was noted if a site was not bleeding on probing at 6 months, if the location of a site was not approximal and if the tooth was not a second molar. Sites located on second molars showed also less AL gain than sites located on other teeth. Smokers showed significantly less reduction in PPD and significantly less AL gain. Furthermore, if subjects had a high % of pockets deeper than 4 mm at baseline they showed significantly less attachment gain.
Healing response of gingival recession defects following guided tissue regeneration procedures in smokers and non‐smokers
Authors: Trombelli Leonardo , Scabbia Alessandro
Published: December 2005

Abstract This retrospective study evaluated healing response in gingival recession defects following guided tissue regeneration (GTR) in smokers. 22 systemically healthy patients who had been treated for deep (4 mm), buccal. Miller's class I or II gingival recession defects with ePTFE membranes were included. Patients were regarded as smokers if they smoked more than 10 cigarettes/day at the time of surgical procedure. Occasional and former smokers were excluded. 9 patients (6 male, mean age 29 years) were smokers, while 13 patients (4 male, mean age 35 years) were non smokers. Clinical parameters, recorded pre surgery and at 6 months post surgery. included defect‐specific plaque (DPI) and bleeding on probing (BoP) scores, recession depth (RD). probing depth (PD). clinical attachment level (CAL). and keratinized tissue width (KG). Extent of membrane exposure (ME) and newly formed tissue (NFT) gain were assessed at membrane removal. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between smokers and non‐smokers in demographic and pre surgery defect characteristics. DPI and BoP scores were similar pre surgery and remained almost unchanged thorough out the observation interval in both groups. ME was significantly greater in smokers (2.6±1.4 mm) than in non smokers (1.3±0.6 mm). NFT gain was 2.8±1.0 mm in smokers and 3.6±1.4 mm in non‐smokers, the difference being not statistically significant. Smokers showed significantly less RD reduction and root coverage (2.5±1.2 mm and 57%, respectively) compared to non‐smokers (3.6±1.1 mm and 78%, respectively). In conclusion, the results indicate that treatment outcome following GTR in gingival recession defects is impaired in cigarette smokers.
Effect of different concentrations of EDTA on smear removal and collagen exposure in periodontitis‐affected root surfaces
Authors: Blomlöf Johan , Blomlöf Leif , Lindskog Sven
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to explore the possibility of obtaining an acceptable smear‐removing and collagen‐exposing effect following EDTA etching with concentrations lower than super saturation (24%). A flat den‐tin surface was created on human teeth extracted due to severe periodontitis. The teeth were etched with the following concentrations of EDTA for 2 min: 1.5% (group I). 5% (.group II), 15% (group III) and 24% (group IV). and evaluated with scanning electron microscopy with respect to smear layer removal and exposure of root‐associated collagen fibers. It was found that neither 1.5% nor 5% EDTA etching was sufficient to dissolve the smear layer to any higher degree. Etching with 15% EDTA dissolved the smear more effectively than the lower concentrations and collagen fibers were sparsely found. Following etching with 24% EDTA (group IV), significantly less smear was seen on the dentin surfaces than in any of the other groups and collagen fibers were seen covering the entire inter‐tubular dentin surfaces. Based on these findings, the concentration of EDTA should be somewhere between 15 to 24% in order to obtain an acceptable smear removing and collagen‐exposing effect within a clinically acceptable time period.