bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Outcome and Immune Follow-Up of Different Surgical Approaches for Human Cyst Hydatid Disease in Liver
Authors: Chen Xinhua , Chen Xinmei , Shao Yingmei , Zhao Jingming , Li Haitao , Wen Hao
Published: July 2014

A new surgical approach (subadventitial cystectomy) has been developed for liver hydatid disease. We retrospectively compared clinical outcomes and immune status 24 months after a subadventitial cystectomy with traditional surgical approaches. Patients with liver hydatid cysts were treated with a subadventitial cystectomy (N = 11), pericystectomy (N = 16), partial pericystectomy (N = 18), or hepatic resection (N = 12). By the end of the follow-up period, the subadventitial cystectomy group had the fewest post-operative complications and shortest hospital stays. Two recurrences occurred: one recurrence after partial pericystectomy and one recurrence after pericystectomy. The total immunoglobulin E (IgE) level decreased significantly in the subadventitial cystectomy group. The post-surgery IgG level was lower in the subadventitial cystectomy than the pericystectomy and partial pericystectomy groups. In conclusion, subadventitial cystectomy completely removes the parasite, causing lower complication rates and lower immune reactions.
Climate ethics and human rights
Authors: Knox John H
Published: July 2014

Compared to other ethical approaches to climate change, a human rights approach has several advantages: it draws on a widely accepted, coherent and well-developed set of legal norms, it places the human beings most affected by climate change at the centre of its analysis, and it has strong connections to mechanisms of implementation and enforcement. Human rights already provide a sturdy framework for addressing climate change at the micro level of specific projects and national adaptation policies, but face greater challenges at the macro level of global mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, human rights law contains elements that should allow it to address climate change as a global challenge to human rights.
Trade in the service of climate change mitigation: the question of linkage
Authors: De Schutter Olivier
Published: July 2014

This article takes as its departure point the problem of ‘carbon leakage’. While industrialized countries outsource their most polluting industries, they can pretend to comply with their commitments to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions simply by increasing volumes of imports. Instead of the current fragmentation of the trade and climate change agendas, a more coherent system is needed, in which access to markets is made conditional on the adoption of more robust mitigation efforts, and in which developing countries are supported in such efforts. This article reviews a range of tools that could ensure such coherence, including higher import tariffs for goods produced through methods that do not use the cleanest technologies available, border tax adjustments and ecolabelling schemes. The article concludes that while defining a range of conditions that should be complied with in order to avoid the risk of GHG-reduction related conditionalities being misused for protectionist purposes, WTO law generally allows for meaningful linkages to be established between trade and climate change. It is possible, therefore, to move from the current state of fragmentation of global governance towards greater coherence. Doing so, it is argued here, would serve the cause of climate justice.
EDUCAÇÃO ESPECIAL E INCLUSÃO ESCOLAR: POLÍTICAS, PRÁTICAS CURRICULARES E PROCESSOS DE ENSINO E APRENDIZAGEM
Authors: Pletsh Márcia Denise
Published: July 2014

Este texto discute a implementação das políticas de inclusão escolar em diferentesredes de ensino do Rio de Janeiro, especialmente a partir de 2008, quando ocorrem mudançaslegais associadas à Política Nacional de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da EducaçãoInclusiva (BRASIL, 2008) e às Diretrizes Operacionais do Atendimento EducacionalEspecializado na Educação Básica, modalidade Educação Especial (BRASIL, 2009). A partirde dados coligidos em pesquisas de campo, o foco do artigo consiste em refletir sobre osimpactos dessas mudanças no âmbito das práticas pedagógicas e no desenvolvimento dosalunos com necessidades educacionais especiais. A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante (1)observação participante, (2) entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores educacionais eprofessores do atendimento educacional especializado e (3) filmagens de práticas pedagógicasdesenvolvidas em salas de atendimento educacional especializado. Os resultados analisados àluz da teoria histórico-cultural evidenciaram que, apesar da existência de diretrizes federais,as redes municipais têm implementado ações muito diversas entre si. O trabalho destaca essadiversidade e problematiza as estratégias e os desafios vivenciados pelos professores doAtendimento Educacional Especializado, em particular no trabalho com alunos comdeficiência intelectual e múltipla.
AVALIAÇÃO E O ATENDIMENTO EDUCACIONAL ESPECIALIZADO
Authors: Tartuci Dulcéria , Flores Maria Marta Lopes , Bergamaschi Elânia Maria Marques , Deus Dayanne Cristina Moraes de
Published: July 2014

A educação especial, como modalidade que perpassa níveis, etapas e modalidadesde ensino, trouxe para o sistema educacional demandas de novos serviços que suscitam areflexão a respeito dos aspectos que surgem neste processo e, dentre eles, destaca-seavaliação. A temática, que já é complexa, torna-se ainda mais polêmica quando recai sobre aavaliação de alunos que são público alvo da educação especial. Assim, este trabalho visaapresentar a análise da avaliação no atendimento educacional especializado em sala derecursos multifuncionais, mais especificamente o modo como os alunos têm sido identificadospara o encaminhamento da avaliação da aprendizagem e das avaliações institucionais. Estapesquisa foi desenvolvida no âmbito do Observatório Goiano de Educação Especial,vinculado ao Observatório Nacional de Educação Especial, e envolveu professores de salas derecursos de dez municípios do sudeste goiano. É uma pesquisa do tipo colaborativa e aconstrução dos dados ocorreu por intermédio de sessões reflexivas, através das etapas dedescrição, informação, confrontação e reconstrução. Foram elencadas três categorias:avaliação para encaminhamento, avaliação da aprendizagem do estudante e avaliação emlarga escala. Os resultados demonstram o seguinte: o laudo médico perpassa todas asdiscussões atinentes ao atendimento destes alunos e é considerado importante para oplanejamento das ações educativas; a necessidade dos instrumentos avaliativos seremadaptados para checar a aprendizagem desses alunos; as avaliações externas não consideramas especificidades dos alunos e que o insucesso pode implicar consequências negativas para aescola, interferindo em seu Ideb. Os resultados revelam ainda a preocupação e a dificuldadedos professores em avaliarem esses alunos.
The Effect of Socio-cultural Factors on the Self-care Capacity of Hospitalized Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Galindo Martínez Mireya Gricelia , Rico Herrera Laura , Padilla Raygoza Nicolás ,   Hospital General Tecomán
Published: July 2014

Introducción: la diabetes tipo 2 es considerada como un problema de salud pública por su creciente prevalencia e incidencia. Obje- tivo: describir el efecto de los factores socioculturales en la capacidad de autocuidado del paciente hospitalizado con diabetes tipo 2 en el Hospital General de Tecomán, Colima, México. Método: estudio transversal, observacional. Se trabajó con 68 pacientes hospitalizados con diabetes tipo 2; se utilizó un instrumento que midió el efecto de los factores socioculturales en la capacidad de autocuidado. El análisis de datos se realizó con Razón de Momios, intervalos de confianza al 95 % y fracción atribuible en expuestos. Resultados: los factores socioculturales tuvieron un leve efecto positivo en la capacidad de autocuidado (RM = 1,10; IC 95 %: 0,26-4,74) en pacientes hospitali- zados con diabetes tipo 2. Conclusiones: los factores socioculturales: experiencias vitales, experiencias laborales, religión, costumbres y tradiciones, prácticas curativas y ritos, señalados en la Teoría General del Déficit de Autocuidado, muestran un efecto positivo sobre la capacidad de autocuidado de las personas con diabetes tipo 2.
Skills for Nurses in the Field of Management and Administration: Contemporary Challenges to the Profession
Authors: Soto Fuentes Paz Eugenia , Reynaldos-Grandón Katiuska , Martínez-Santana Dayann , Jerez-Yáñez Oscar ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Published: July 2014

Las competencias laborales de enfermería permiten disminuir inequidades, acceso limitado a los servicios y favorecen una atención segura y de calidad. La formación de enfermeras/os es fundamental en la composición y dinámica de la fuerza de trabajo en enfermería, la calidad y pertinencia de los cuidados y el desarrollo de la capacidad institucional en salud. Objetivo: responder dos interrogantes: ¿Cuá- les son los requerimientos actuales para el/la enfermero/a en el ámbito de la gestión y administración?, y ¿cuáles son las competencias de gestión de enfermería más importantes y su relación con la gestión de cuidado? Método: revisión de la literatura que parte con una exploración de campo desde los contextos y desafíos actuales de la profesión. La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en las bases de datos Cochrane Library, Lilacs, CINHAL, Dialnet, Universidad de la Rioja, ProQuest, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, Business Source Premier, SciELO, Scopus. Se encontraron 4.697 artículos. Precisando la búsqueda se seleccionaron 51 artículos y documentos técnicos. Resultados: los estudios que priorizan las competencias de gestión coinciden en colocar entre las más importantes: comunicación, tra- bajo en equipo, resolución de conflictos y habilidades interpersonales y de liderazgo. En liderazgo priorizan dominio personal, efectividad interpersonal, gestión financiera y de recursos humanos. Conclusiones: las habilidades de gestión y liderazgo se deben basar en conoci- mientos sólidos y en la experiencia. Asimismo, la concepción de gestión y liderazgo ocupa un lugar complementario al rol de cuidado que tiene la enfermera/o. El liderazgo transformacional y relacional son necesarios para mejorar la satisfacción de las/os enfermeras/os.
Trends in Health Research: Analysis and Reflections
Authors: Delgado-Bravo Adriana Isabel , Naranjo-Toro Miguel , Castillo Rocío , Basante Yudy , Rosero-Otero Mildred
Published: July 2014

Objetivo: analizar el estado de la investigación en salud en Colombia, Ecuador y en Latinoamérica; sus implicaciones, la importancia de esta para tratar de impactar en políticas y estrategias de salud que mejoren el nivel de vida de las poblaciones y los asentamientos urbanos. Método: se realizó una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos latinoamericanas Scielo, Redalyc, Bireme y Pubmed en los últimos 8 años. Resultados: se evidencia la trascendencia de las universidades como instituciones, que tienen la obligación de influir en lo social, lo humano y lo cultural, y transformen en entornos ligados a programas sociales y de gobierno en pro de una comunidad. Igualmente, se hace un análisis de las políticas de investigación, de organismos rectores y sus implicaciones en las instituciones formadoras de recurso humano a nivel superior. Conclusiones: es necesario fortalecer la reflexión crítica en los espacios académicos comprometidos con la transformación de las condiciones colectivas de la comunidad en los procesos de salud, enfermedad, promoción, prevención y atención, que tocan los hilos de la conciencia, afirmando que el individuo y la colectividad son responsables de “cuidar su salud”, mediante el abordaje transdisciplinario, teniendo en cuenta la normatividad ética que rige las investigaciones; fortaleciéndola mediante la consolidación de redes, divulgando los hallazgos.
Coping and Health Problems of Caregivers of Survivors with Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Chayaput Prangtip , Utriyaprasit Ketsarin , Bootcheewan Somsong , Thosingha Orapan ,   Mahidol University
Published: July 2014

Objetivos: Evaluar el afrontamiento y los problemas de salud de los cuidadores en el momento en que el sobreviviente fue dado de alta y un mes después de que el sobreviviente fue dado de alta y determinar las correlaciones entre los datos de carácter personal, afrontamiento y los problemas de salud de los cuidadores y la incapacidad de los sobrevivientes. Método: Ochenta y cinco díadas de supervivientes con lesiones cerebrales traumáticas y sus cuidadores fueron incluidos en la investigación. Los instrumentos utilizados para la recolección de datos fueron la versión tailandesa de la Escala de Medición del Proceso de Afrontamiento y Adaptación – Formato Corto, con 27 ítems, el Cuestionario de Problemas de Salud para los cuidadores y la Clasificación de Escala de Discapacidad para los sobrevivientes. El Modelo de Adaptación de Roy se utilizó como marco conceptual para este estudio. La correlación producto-momento de Pearson se utilizó para el análisis. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre los problemas de afrontamiento y de salud en los cuidadores. Los problemas de salud reportados más frecuentemente por los cuidadores fueron dolor de cabeza en el día de alta y ningún problema de salud después de un mes de participación en el cuidado del sobreviviente. El nivel de la discapacidad de los sobrevivientes y el estado civil de los cuidadores se correlacionaron negativamente con el afrontamiento (r = - 0,245 , p = 0,024 , r = - 0,220 , p = 0,043 , respectivamente). Conclusiones: Los resultados demuestran que los cuidadores permanecieron capaces de manejar las dificultades que implica el cuidado de los sobrevivientes en casa con menos problemas de salud. Los cuidadores casados eran propensos a manejar esta carga mejor que otros cuidadores.
The Quality of Prenatal Period Nursing Care from the Perspective of Pregnant Women
Authors: Vasconcelos-Moura Maria Aparecida , Fernandes e-Silva Giuliana , Santos Cláudia , Mendes de Araújo-Silva Vivianne ,   Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro
Published: July 2014

Introducción: la calidad de la atención a la embarazada exige acogimiento, escucha, envolvimiento y compromiso, además de la resolución de problemas o disponibilidad de recursos tecnológicos e infraestructura. Objetivo: describir la visión de las embarazadas acerca de la calidad de la asistencia de enfermería en el periodo prenatal e identificar las expectativas y necesidades de las mujeres en esa perspectiva. Materiales y métodos: investigación cualitativa, exploratoria, realizada en el Hospital de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Participaron veinte embarazadas. Se utilizó la entrevista abierta e individual; el referencial metodológico fue el análisis del contenido de Bardin. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética, los sujetos fueron las mujeres embarazadas en su mayoría casadas y con la enseñanza media completa. Resultados: como resultados satisfactorios emergieron aquellos referentes por la atención recibida por parte de los enfermeros en el prenatal, mientras la insatisfacción se dio por la infraestructura, los recursos materiales y la falta de una unidad materna para la atención del parto. Conclusiones: la visión de las madres frente a la atención prestada en el prenatal fue positiva en cuanto a sus expectativas y necesidades. La calidad de la asistencia está centrada en la interacción de los profesionales de enfermería durante los momentos de verdad donde las embarazadas entran en contacto con la atención, desde la admisión hasta el alta.
Effectiveness of an Intervention to Reduce the Fear of Falling in Elderly Persons
Authors: Meléndez-Moral Juan Carlos , Garzón-Soler Tatiana , Sales-Galán Alicia , Mayordomo-Rodríguez Teresa ,   Universidad de Valencia
Published: July 2014

Objetivo: las caídas y el miedo a caerse se relacionan entre sí, siendo cada uno de ellos factor de riesgo del otro. Este trabajo pretende analizar la efectividad de una intervención para reducir el miedo a caer y sus consecuencias dado que la aplicación de este tipo de tratamientos ha mostrado resultados satisfactorios. Método: mediante un diseño cuasi-experimental, con medidas pre-pos, se evaluó a 53 sujetos, con edades comprendidas entre 65 y 89 años y que habían sufrido una caída anterior. La muestra fue dividida en grupo control y tratamiento, poniéndose en marcha un método combinado de ejercicios y educación sanitaria para la prevención de caídas. Resultados: se obtuvieron resultados significativos en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, el equilibrio y el miedo a caer, observándose mejoras en el grupo tratamiento. Conclusión: la aplicación de intervenciones para la reducción del miedo a caerse en población anciana se plantea como un tratamiento cuyos efectos serían dobles, pues no solo se reduciría el propio miedo sino que, dada la asociación existente, se reduciría la posible caída por repetición.
Towards a Bioethics of Wonder: Contributions to Personalist Bioethics
Authors: Rosas-Jiménez Carlos Alberto ,   Fundación Colombiana de Ética y Bioética
Published: July 2014

A comienzos de la década del 2000 ya se mencionaba que una de las cuestiones que aquejaba la bioética era la falta de asombro. En la actualidad vemos que el paciente, el débil y el indefenso han pasado a ser clientes u objetos puestos a disposición de caprichos personales, comunitarios o empresariales basados en la funcionalidad o utilidad que pueda tener una vida en particular. Es por eso que en este trabajo proponemos el asombro como una actitud que permite no solo situar a la persona humana como centro y punto de partida de la reflexión bioética, sino que en dicho centro esté de manera preponderante el que más sufre, el débil y el indefenso.
Role of planting stock size and fertilizing in initial growth performance of rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) reforestation in a mountain frost hollow
Authors: Kuneš Ivan , Baláš Martin , Zahradník Daniel , Nováková Olga , Gallo Josef , Nárovcová Jarmila , Drury Miles Louis
Published: July 2014

The aim of study: (1) to compare the survival rate, growth performance and nutrition of large and common-sized planting stock of rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) on a frost-exposed site and (2) to assess whether fertilizing had any effect on the plantations.Area of study: The Jizera Mts., an area heavily disturbed by air pollution situated on the Czech-Polish border close to GermanyMaterials and methods: Two types of planting stock were tested in a mountain frost hollow on an acidic mountain humic podsol: (a) the bare-rooted saplings 131–140 cm tall and (b) common-sized containerized transplants 26–35 cm. One half of the saplings and common-sized transplants were left untreated and the other half were fertilized with a low dose (30 g per tree) of a slow release fertilizer based on methylene urea and potassium magnesium phosphate. Growth performance and nutrition of plantations were investigated.Main results: Due to serious deformations and stem breakages inflicted by snow and frost, the prospects of common-sized transplants seem much worse than those of saplings. The height growth of saplings was significantly more rapid than that of common-sized transplants. As for growth, neither the saplings nor common-sized transplants did significantly respond to fertilizing. The effects of fertilizing on nutrition of rowans were unconvincing. The extreme temperature events during growth seasons and snow deformations in winters might be the decisive factors influencing growth performance of rowans under referred conditions.Research highlights: On the frost-exposed sites, the height of taller saplings might partly compensate for a missing shelter of forest stand since the terminal leaders are above ground-frost zone.Key words: mountain ash; sapling; common-sized transplants; nutritional status; temperature.Abbreviations: CS – Control Saplings; CT – Control Transplants; FS – Fertilized Saplings; FT – Fertilized Transplants
A rare and unusual retinal arterioarterial communication in a prepapillary vascular loop
Authors: Makino Shinji
Published: July 2014

Fundus examination of a 40-year-old man presenting with blurred vision in his right eye revealed mild vitreous hemorrhage, a prepapillary vascular loop, and a peripapillary epiretinal membrane. Additionally, a superotemporal branch retinal artery communicated directly with an inferotemporal branch retinal artery in the temporal fovea at 2 locations. Fluorescein angiography confirmed an extremely rare arterioarterial communication. Two weeks later the vitreous hemorrhage and small intraretinal hemorrhage had disappeared, and the visual acuity in the right eye improved.
A 49-year-old man with unilateral, nontender left eyelid swelling
Authors: Wong Brandon J. , Hong Bryan K. , Samrao Daman , Kim Gene H. , Rao Narsing A.
Published: July 2014

A 49-year-old Hispanic man presented to the Los Angeles County Hospital Ophthalmology clinic with a nontender, left upper eyelid swelling of 14 months’ duration (Figure 1). On two occasions, his eyelid had been lanced at an outside ophthalmology clinic and yielded a “dark, reddish-brown liquid,” which did not grow any organisms on bacterial culture. According to the patient, the edema improved for 3 days after lancing and then recurred. A 3-week course of oral phenylephrine hydrochloride 20 mg/chlorpheniramine maleate 4 mg and a 4-week trial of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim double strength 500 mg twice daily prescribed by the patient’s referring doctor had no effect. The apparent cellulitis, which had slowly worsened over a month then stabilized in character for more than a year, led to the patient’s loss of employment and further rendered him unable to obtain work in the food industry due to concerns over his appearance. The patient denied any eye pain or changes in his vision, including loss of vision or diplopia. He had no other systemic symptoms and denied any facial muscle weakness. Past medical and surgical history were unremarkable. Other than the 2 previous eyelid lancings, the patient denied any other eyelid surgery, injectables, or ocular history. The patient was not on any medications. Family and social history were noncontributory.
Overexpression of Polysialylated Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Improves the Migration Capacity of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocyte Precursors
Authors: Czepiel Marcin , Leicher Lasse , Becker Katja , Boddeke Erik , Copray Sjef
Published: July 2014

Cell replacement therapy aiming at the compensation of lost oligodendrocytes and restoration of myelination in acquired or congenital demyelination disorders has gained considerable interest since the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Patient-derived iPSCs provide an inexhaustible source for transplantable autologous oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs). The first transplantation studies in animal models for demyelination with iPSC-derived OPCs demonstrated their survival and remyelinating capacity, but also revealed their limited migration capacity. In the present study, we induced overexpression of the polysialylating enzyme sialyltransferase X (STX) in iPSC-derived OPCs to stimulate the production of polysialic acid-neuronal cell adhesion molecules (PSA-NCAMs), known to promote and facilitate the migration of OPCs. The STX-overexpressing iPSC-derived OPCs showed a normal differentiation and maturation pattern and were able to downregulate PSA-NCAMs when they became myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. After implantation in the demyelinated corpus callosum of cuprizone-fed mice, STX-expressing iPSC-derived OPCs demonstrated a significant increase in migration along the axons. Our findings suggest that the reach and efficacy of iPSC-derived OPC transplantation can be improved by stimulating the OPC migration potential via specific gene modulation.
ROCK Inhibition Extends Passage of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigmented Epithelium
Authors: Croze Roxanne H. , Buchholz David E. , Radeke Monte J. , Thi William J. , Hu Qirui , Coffey Peter J. , Clegg Dennis O.
Published: July 2014

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) offer a potentially unlimited supply of cells for emerging cell-based therapies. Unfortunately, the process of deriving distinct cell types can be time consuming and expensive. In the developed world, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly, with more than 7.2 million people afflicted in the U.S. alone. Both hESC-derived retinal pigmented epithelium (hESC-RPE) and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived RPE (iPSC-RPE) are being developed for AMD therapies by multiple groups, but their potential for expansion in culture is limited. To attempt to overcome this passage limitation, we examined the involvement of Rho-associated, coiled-coil protein kinase (ROCK) in hESC-RPE and iPSC-RPE culture. We report that inhibiting ROCK1/2 with Y-27632 allows extended passage of hESC-RPE and iPSC-RPE. Microarray analysis suggests that ROCK inhibition could be suppressing an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through various pathways. These include inhibition of key ligands of the transforming growth factor-β pathway (TGFB1 and GDF6) and Wnt signaling. Two important processes are affected, allowing for an increase in hESC-RPE expansion. First, ROCK inhibition promotes proliferation by inducing multiple components that are involved in cell cycle progression. Second, ROCK inhibition affects many pathways that could be converging to suppress RPE-to-mesenchymal transition. This allows hESC-RPE to remain functional for an extended but finite period in culture.
A new, improved high‐resolution precipitation model
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: July 2014

For day‐to‐day needs, high‐resolution weather radar observations can provide an accurate baseline from which to assess future rainfall patterns. For longer time horizons, such as those considered in flood risk assessments or water resource management work, however, stochastic models of precipitation statistics are needed. Relying on a number of randomized simulations gives water managers a more overarching assessment of possible future rainfall scenarios.
Highly structured electron anisotropy in collisionless reconnection exhausts
Authors: Shuster J. R. , Chen L.‐J. , Daughton W. S. , Lee L. C. , Lee K. H. , Bessho N. , Torbert R. B. , Li G. , Argall M. R.
Published: July 2014

Results from two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations of collisionless magnetic reconnection with zero guide field discussed in this paper reveal that around the time when the reconnection rate peaks, electron velocity distributions become highly structured in magnetic islands and open exhausts. Rings, arcs, and counterstreaming beams are generic and lasting components of the exhaust electron distributions. The temporal dependence of electron distributions provides a perspective to explain an outstanding discrepancy concerning the degree of electron anisotropy in reconnection exhausts and enables inference of the reconnection phase based on observed anisotropic electron distributions. Some of the structures predicted by our simulations are confirmed by measurements from the Cluster spacecraft during its encounter with reconnection exhausts in the magnetotail.
Ionospheric electron density profiles inverted from a spectral riometer measurement
Authors: Kero Antti , Vierinen Juha , McKay‐Bukowski Derek , Enell Carl‐Fredrik , Sinor Malefia , Roininen Lassi , Ogawa Yasunobu
Published: July 2014

The first implementation of the so‐called spectral riometer technique for the ionospheric electron density profile estimation is presented. In contrast to the traditional riometer operating at a single frequency, this experiment monitors the cosmic radio noise at 244 frequencies, ranging between 10 and 80 MHz, by using the new Kilpisj rvi Atmospheric Imaging Receiver Array radio telescope. The received power at each time and frequency is compared to the corresponding quiet‐day value, resulting in the cosmic radio noise absorption spectrum as a measurement of ionization in the ionosphere. In this study, the observed absorption spectrum is used to invert the corresponding electron density profile by applying a simple parameterized electron precipitation model. By comparing the inverted electron density profiles to a simultaneous and nearly colocated European Incoherent Scatter VHF radar measurement on 13–14 November 2012, we show that the spectral riometry approach is capable of producing realistic electron density profiles under conditions of substorm‐related electron precipitation.
Performance of the 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics and the 1997 American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Real‐Life Scenario
Authors: Amezcua‐Guerra Luis M. , Higuera‐Ortiz Violeta , Arteaga‐García Ulises , Gallegos‐Nava Selma , Hübbe‐Tena Claudia
Published: July 2014

Objective

To evaluate the performance of the 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) criteria in classifying systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in an uncontrolled real‐life scenario.

Methods

Chart review study was performed in which each criterion from the 1997 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the 2012 SLICC criteria to classify SLE was applied to patients from an outpatient rheumatology clinic. The clinical diagnosis was used as the gold standard.

Results

The sensitivity and specificity of the 2012 SLICC criteria were 92% and 99%, respectively, compared with the 1997 ACR criteria, which were 97% and 99%, respectively. The 2012 SLICC criteria were similar to the 1997 ACR criteria in terms of positive (98.9% versus 99%) and negative (92.5% versus 97.1%) predictive values as well as positive (92 versus 97) and negative (0.08 versus 0.03) likelihood ratios. A concordance of 0.96 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.92–1.00) was observed between clinical diagnosis and the 1997 ACR criteria, while the concordance was 0.91 (95% CI 0.85–0.97) for the 2012 SLICC criteria. Seven SLE patients classified by the 1997 ACR criteria did not meet the 2012 SLICC criteria because of either the new definition for lymphopenia (2 patients) or the presence of isolated cutaneous involvement (5 patients), while 2 SLE patients who were classified by the 2012 SLICC criteria did not meet the 1997 ACR criteria because of either the presence of erosive arthritis or biopsy‐proven nephritis with circulating antinuclear antibodies.

Conclusion

Overall, the 1997 ACR and the 2012 SLICC criteria are similar to classify SLE in an uncontrolled real‐life scenario, although several new items contained in the 2012 SLICC criteria could represent a step forward for research purposes in selected clinical settings.
Interstitial 10p11.23–p12.1 microdeletions associated with developmental delay, craniofacial abnormalities, and cryptorchidism
Authors: Mroczkowski Henry J. , Arnold Georgianne , Schneck Francis X. , Rajkovic Aleksandar , Yatsenko Svetlana A.
Published: July 2014

Cryptorchidism is the most common genital problem encountered in males and is associated with many chromosomal disorders; however, the genetic factors are mostly unknown. To delineate critical genes affecting testicular migration, we performed genotype–phenotype correlation in patients with deletions involving the proximal short arm of chromosome 10 (10p11–p12), a rare abnormality characterized by developmental delay, craniofacial abnormalities, and in some cases, cryptorchidism. Here we report on a male patient with developmental delay, mild craniofacial dysmorphism, bilateral cryptorchidism, and an 850‐kb deletion, within the 10p11.2 region, involving three genes—MKX, ARMC4, and MPP7—as determined by array comparative genomic hybridization analysis. Comparison with four previously reported male patients with overlapping deletions revealed a 140‐kb common region, containing the MKX gene, in association with cryptorchidism. The MKX gene is a member of the three amino acid loop extension (TALE) superclass of homeobox genes that is expressed in developing male gonads (male gonadal ridge and testis cords) in temporal relationship to SOX9, a critical regulator of sexual differentiation. Our results suggest that haploinsufficiency of the MKX gene may affect the developmental process during testis migration or serve as a genetic susceptibility locus for cryptorchidism. We propose that deletions of the proximal 10p represent a contiguous gene syndrome; therefore, patients may present with a complex phenotype, depending on the extent of the deletion. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing the unmanageable: Psychotherapy in grendon prison
Authors: Morris Mark
Published: July 2014

This paper provides an account of some of the organizational and dynamics issues that emerge in a setting that contains and provides psychotherapy to 230 severely personality‐disordered and dangerous men. It proposes that in addition to their strategic managerial role, the senior team have an additional task to provide psychodynamic containment for the clinical work of the organization by tracing the journey of dynamics on the clinical factory floor up the organisational structure to the senior team. A conceptualization of this work is proposed, and some implications discussed.
Highly Selective and Immortal Magnesium Calixarene Complexes for the Ring‐Opening Polymerization of rac‐Lactide
Authors: Walton Mark J. , Lancaster Simon J. , Redshaw Carl
Published: July 2014

The front cover artwork for Issue 07/2014 represents a collaboration between the University of Hull and the University of East Anglia. The image shows a crocodile with a cavernous mouth as a metaphor for our metal catalysts. The reptile is swallowing whole cyclic monomers, ring opening them and excreting a polymeric product. The 2 D NMR backdrop illustrates the innovative and hugely convenient approach we have taken for facile stereochemical assignment. See the Full Paper itself at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201402041.
Embryonic expression of EphA receptor genes in mice supports their candidacy for involvement in cleft lip and palate
Authors: Agrawal Puja , Wang Michael , Kim Seungil , Lewis Ace E. , Bush Jeffrey O.
Published: July 2014

Background: Eph receptors, comprising the A‐ and B‐subfamilies, are the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases in the mammalian genome, and their function is critical for morphogenesis in a variety of contexts. Whereas signaling through B‐type Ephs has been demonstrated to play a role in cleft lip and palate (CL/P), the involvement of A‐type Ephs has not been examined in this context notwithstanding a recent genome‐wide association study that identified the EPHA3 locus as a candidate for non‐syndromic CL/P. Results: Here, we present a systematic analysis of the gene expression patterns for the nine EphA receptors at progressive stages of mouse development and find that EphA3, EphA4, and EphA7 exhibit restricted overlapping patterns of expression during palate development. We find that homozygous mutation of EphA3 or compound homozygous mutation of EphA3 and EphA4 in mice does not result in defective midfacial development, supporting the possibility of redundant function with EphA7. We also document previously undescribed expression patterns in other tissues of the craniofacial complex including the lacrimal duct and salivary glands. Conclusions: Together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that mutations in EPHA family genes may cause CL/P and also suggest that functional redundancy between family members may be at play. Developmental Dynamics 243:1470–1476, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatial variation in the climatic predictors of species compositional turnover and endemism
Authors: Di Virgilio Giovanni , Laffan Shawn W. , Ebach Malte C. , Chapple David G.
Published: July 2014

Previous research focusing on broad‐scale or geographically invariant species‐environment dependencies suggest that temperature‐related variables explain more of the variation in reptile distributions than precipitation. However, species–environment relationships may exhibit considerable spatial variation contingent upon the geographic nuances that vary between locations. Broad‐scale, geographically invariant analyses may mask this local variation and their findings may not generalize to different locations at local scales. We assess how reptile–climatic relationships change with varying spatial scale, location, and direction. Since the spatial distributions of diversity and endemism hotspots differ for other species groups, we also assess whether reptile species turnover and endemism hotspots are influenced differently by climatic predictors. Using New Zealand reptiles as an example, the variation in species turnover, endemism and turnover in climatic variables was measured using directional moving window analyses, rotated through 360°. Correlations between the species turnover, endemism and climatic turnover results generated by each rotation of the moving window were analysed using multivariate generalized linear models applied at national, regional, and local scales. At national‐scale, temperature turnover consistently exhibited the greatest influence on species turnover and endemism, but model predictive capacity was low (typically r2 = 0.05, P < 0.001). At regional scales the relative influence of temperature and precipitation turnover varied between regions, although model predictive capacity was also generally low. Climatic turnover was considerably more predictive of species turnover and endemism at local scales (e.g., r2 = 0.65, P < 0.001). While temperature turnover had the greatest effect in one locale (the northern North Island), there was substantial variation in the relative influence of temperature and precipitation predictors in the remaining four locales. Species turnover and endemism hotspots often occurred in different locations. Climatic predictors had a smaller influence on endemism. Our results caution against assuming that variability in temperature will always be most predictive of reptile biodiversity across different spatial scales, locations and directions. The influence of climatic turnover on the species turnover and endemism of other taxa may exhibit similar patterns of spatial variation. Such intricate variation might be discerned more readily if studies at broad scales are complemented by geographically variant, local‐scale analyses.
Langerhans cells promote early germinal center formation in response to Leishmania‐derived cutaneous antigens
Authors: Zimara Nicole , Florian Christian , Schmid Maximilian , Malissen Bernard , Kissenpfennig Adrien , Männel Daniela N. , Edinger Matthias , Hutchinson James A. , Hoffmann Petra , Ritter Uwe
Published: July 2014

Efficient formation of early GCs depends on the close interaction between GC B cells and antigen‐primed CD4+ follicular helper T cells (TFH). A tight and stable formation of TFH/B cell conjugates is required for cytokine‐driven immunoglobulin class switching and somatic hypermutation of GC B cells. Recently, it has been shown that the formation of TFH/B cell conjugates is crucial for B‐cell differentiation and class switch following infection with Leishmania major parasites. However, the subtype of DCs responsible for TFH‐cell priming against dermal antigens is thus far unknown. Utilizing a transgenic C57BL/6 mouse model designed to trigger the ablation of Langerin+ DC subsets in vivo, we show that the functionality of TFH/B cell conjugates is disturbed after depletion of Langerhans cells (LCs): LC‐depleted mice show a reduction in somatic hypermutation in B cells isolated from TFH/B cell conjugates and markedly reduced GC reactions within skin‐draining lymph nodes. In conclusion, this study reveals an indispensable role for LCs in promoting GC B‐cell differentiation following cutaneous infection with Leishmania major parasites. We propose that LCs are key regulators of GC formation and therefore have broader implications for the development of allergies and autoimmunity as well as for future vaccination strategies.
Effects of message framing in policy communication on climate change
Authors: Bertolotti Mauro , Catellani Patrizia
Published: July 2014

In two studies, we investigated the framing effects of policy messages regarding climate change. In Study 1, we asked participants to read policy messages that envisioned positive consequences. Messages varied as to their outcome sensitivity (achievement of positive outcomes versus avoidance of negative outcomes), regulatory concern (growth versus safety) and goal‐pursuit strategy (investment in renewable energy versus intervention on greenhouse gas emissions). Participants showed the highest agreement with a policy message on renewable energy when it was formulated in terms of the achievement of positive, growth‐related outcomes and with a greenhouse gas emissions message when it was formulated in terms of the avoidance of negative, safety‐related outcomes. The same held for the intention to vote for candidates proposing those policies. In Study 2, participants' regulatory focus moderated these effects, with promotion‐focused participants preferring messages focused on the achievement of positive outcomes and prevention‐focused participants preferring messages focused on the avoidance of negative outcomes. Results show that the fit among the various levels of framing of a policy message regarding climate change, moderated by individual regulatory focus, increases the probability that recipients agree with the policy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discovery of highly specific protein markers for the identification of biological stains
Authors: Legg Kevin M. , Powell Roger , Reisdorph Nichole , Reisdorph Rick , Danielson Phillip B.
Published: July 2014

DNA profiling has transformed the field of forensic biology by making it possible to individualize biological stains. The identification of the stain itself, however, continues to present forensic serologists with significant challenges. Current antibody‐ and enzyme activity‐based assays yield only presumptive results as detection in nontarget body fluids or cross‐reactivity with nonhuman sources have both been well documented. For other critical body fluids such as vaginal and menstrual fluids, there are no commercial tests at all. Using a three‐pronged, comparative proteomic strategy based on proteome fractionation by HPLC followed by MS, a panel of 29 candidate protein biomarkers have been proposed as highly specific indicators of human saliva, urine, seminal fluid, vaginal fluid, peripheral blood, and menstrual fluid. The combination of consistent identification by multiple strategies in the current study; confirmation in independently compiled proteomic databases; and information on tissue expression and/or functionality from the proteomic literature all support the proposition that these proteins will have utility as reliable biomarkers of their target body fluids. The identification of candidate high‐specificity protein biomarkers for human body fluids encountered in forensic investigations lays the foundation for the development of faster and more reliable approaches to the serological analysis of evidentiary stains.
Analysis of monoclonal antibody by a novel CE‐UV/MALDI‐MS interface
Authors: Biacchi Michael , Bhajun Ricky , Saïd Nassur , Beck Alain , François Yannis Nicolas , Leize‐Wagner Emmanuelle
Published: July 2014

mAbs are highly complex proteins that present a wide range of microheterogeneity that requires multiple analytical methods for full structure assessment and quality control. As a consequence, the characterization of mAbs on different levels is particularly product‐ and time‐consuming. CE‐MS couplings, especially to MALDI, appear really attractive methods for the characterization of biological samples. In this work, we report the last instrumental development and performance of the first totally automated off‐line CE‐UV/MALDI‐MS/MS. This interface is based on the removal of the original UV cell of the CE apparatus, modification of the spotting device geometry, and creation of an integrated delivery matrix system. The performance of the method was evaluated with separation of five intact proteins and a tryptic digest mixture of nine proteins. Intact protein application shows the acquisition of electropherograms with high resolution and high repeatability. In the peptide mapping approach, a total number of 154 unique identified peptides were characterized using MS/MS spectra corresponding to average sequence coverage of 64.1%. Comparison with NanoLC/MALDI‐MS/MS showed complementarity at the peptide level with an increase of 42% when using CE/MALDI‐MS coupling. Finally, this work represents the first analysis of intact mAb charge variants by CZE using an MS detection. Moreover, using a peptide mapping approach CE‐UV/MALDI‐MS/MS fragmentation allowed 100% sequence coverage of the light chain and 92% of the heavy chain, and the separation of four major glycosylated peptides and their structural characterization.
Ten‐year long‐term results after non‐surgical management of hepatolithiasis, including cases with choledochoenterostomy
Authors: Tsuyuguchi Toshio , Miyakawa Kaoru , Sugiyama Harutoshi , Sakai Yuji , Nishikawa Takao , Sakamoto Dai , Nakamura Masato , Yasui Shin , Mikata Rintaro , Yokosuka Osamu
Published: July 2014

Background

Long‐term follow‐up of non‐surgical procedures for the management of hepatolithiasis has been reported, but risk factors for mortality have not been properly evaluated.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study of the case records of 121 patients with hepatolithiasis who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), peroral cholangioscopy (POCS), percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS), or conservative treatment at the Department of Gastroenterology of Chiba University Hospital between January 1980 and July 2011. The primary outcome measure was mortality, defined as death due to hepatolithiasis (concomitant liver failure with cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma).

Results

Complete clearance of intrahepatic stones was achieved in 22 (57.8%) of 38 patients by POCS, in 12 (66.7%) of 18 patients by ERCP, and in 10 (52.6%) of 18 patients by PTCS. The remaining 46 patients were treated conservatively. The mean follow‐up period was 11.4 ± 7.1 years (range, 0.6–32.8). There were 14 hepatolithiasis‐related deaths (11 with cholangiocarcinoma and three from liver failure with cholangitis) during the follow‐up periods. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed liver atrophy (P = 0.015; HR = 3.98; 95% CI, 1.30–12.20) and congenital biliary dilatation after biliary‐enteric anastomosis (P = 0.036; HR = 4.57; 95% CI, 1.11–18.87) as significant risk factors for mortality.

Conclusions

Analysis of the 10‐year long‐term results after non‐surgical management of hepatolithiasis identified liver atrophy and congenital biliary dilatation as risk factors for mortality. Patients with hepatic lobe atrophy should undergo a hepatectomy, if operable.