bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cellulose nanocrystals are effective in inhibiting host cell bacterial adhesion
Authors: D'Orazio G. , Munizza L. , Zampolli J. , Forcella M. , Zoia L. , Fusi P. , Di Gennaro P. , La Ferla B.
Published: August 2017

The use of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as a biomaterial able to inhibit host cell bacterial adhesion is described. Pre-incubation ofE. coliwith a suspension of CNCs affords a significant reduction of bacterial adhesion to intestinal cell monolayer HT29, without exerting a bactericidal effect.
Au–Mesoporous silica nanoparticles gated with disulfide-linked oligo(ethylene glycol) chains for tunable cargo delivery mediated by an integrated enzymatic control unit
Authors: Llopis-Lorente Antoni , de Luis Beatriz , García-Fernández Alba , Díez Paula , Sánchez Alfredo , Dolores Marcos M. , Villalonga Reynaldo , Martínez-Máñez Ramón , Sancenón Félix
Published: August 2017

Acetylcholinesterase-functionalized Au–mesoporous silica capped with a thiol-responsive gate is reported.
Cluster phases of 4-cyanoresorcinol derived hockey-stick liquid crystals
Authors: Alaasar Mohamed , Poppe Silvio , Kerzig Christoph , Klopp Christoph , Eremin Alexey , Tschierske Carsten
Published: August 2017

We explore the formation of polar smectic clusters and the effects of the chemical structure on the phase formation in novel hockey-stick liquid crystalline materials derived from 4-cyanoresorcinol as the central core unit.
Hydrogenation of monolayer molybdenum diselenide via hydrogen plasma treatment
Authors: Ma Kyung Yeol , Yoon Seong In , Jang A-Rang , Jeong Hu Young , Kim Yong-Jin , Nayak Pramoda K. , Shin Hyeon Suk
Published: August 2017

We report a simple and effective method for hydrogenation of monolayer MoSe2 using hydrogen plasma treatment.
5-(2,6-Bis((E)-4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-1-ethylpyridin-4(1H)-ylidene)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione: aggregation-induced emission, polymorphism, mechanochromism, and thermochromism
Authors: Zhou Yibin , Qian Lebin , Liu Miaochang , Huang Xiaobo , Wang Yuxiang , Cheng Yixiang , Gao Wenxia , Wu Ge , Wu Huayue
Published: August 2017

A new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative was reported to display intriguing multifunctional photophysical properties.
Fast electrochromic display: tetrathiafulvalene–graphene nanoflake as facilitating materials
Authors: Mishra Suryakant , Yogi Priyanka , Saxena Shailendra K. , Roy Swarup , Sagdeo P. R. , Kumar Rajesh
Published: August 2017

A new electrochromic gel (EC-Gel)-based active material has been prepared by using ethyl viologen (EV)–graphene nanoflakes (GNFs)–tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) for a faster and more efficient electrochromism.
Preparation and optoelectronic behaviours of novel electrochromic devices based on triphenylamine-containing ambipolar materials
Authors: Huang De-Cheng , Wu Jung-Tsu , Fan Yang-Ze , Liou Guey-Sheng
Published: August 2017

Electrochromic performance could be enhanced by combining anodic and cathodic moieties into an ambipolar material via an ether linkage.
Ionic conductivity of acceptor doped sodium bismuth titanate: influence of dopants, phase transitions and defect associates
Authors: Koch Leonie , Steiner Sebastian , Meyer Kai-Christian , Seo In-Tae , Albe Karsten , Frömling Till
Published: August 2017

The temperature dependent ionic conductivity of NBT results from an interplay of defect complex formation, phase coexistence, and dopant concentration.
Recent Advances in Nitrogen–Nitrogen Bond Formation
Authors: Guo Qihang , Lu Zhan
Published: August 2017

Over the last decade, N–N bond formation as a synthetic strategy has emerged as a powerful key step in the construction of highly valuable heterocycles from easily obtained materials. This review focuses on recent methods used to build N–N bonds, classified by intra- and intermolecular reactions with various types of N–X (O, C, N, H) bond cleavage.

1 I ntroduction

2 Intramolecular N–N Bond Formation

2.1 Cleavage of N–O Bonds

2.2 Cleavage of N–C Bonds

2.3 Cleavage of N–N Bonds

2.4 Cleavage of N–H Bonds

2.4.1 Construction of Pyrazole Derivatives

2.4.2 Construction of Triazole Derivatives

2.4.3 Construction of Indazole and Pyrazoline Derivatives

2.4.4 Construction of Other N–N Bond Derivatives

3 Intermolecular N–N Bond Formation

4 Conclusion
Uterine Artery Doppler Velocimetry of Uterine Leiomyomas in Nigerian Women
Authors: Idowu Bukunmi Michael , Ibitoye Bolanle Olubunmi , Adetiloye Victor Adebayo
Published: August 2017

Objective To describe the blood flow velocities and impedance indices changes in the uterine arteries of leiomyomatous uteri using Doppler sonography.

Methods This was a prospective, case-control study conducted on 140 premenopausal women with sonographic diagnosis of uterine leiomyoma and 140 premenopausal controls without leiomyomas. Pelvic sonography was performed to diagnose and characterize the leiomyomas. The hemodynamics of the ascending branches of both main uterine arteries was assessed by Doppler interrogation. Statistical analysis was performed mainly using non-parametric tests.

Results The median uterine volume of the subjects was 556 cm3, while that of the controls was 90.5 cm3 (p < 0.001). The mean peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMX), time-averaged mean velocity (Tmean), acceleration time (AT), acceleration index (AI), diastolic/systolic ratio (DSR), diastolic average ratio (DAR), and inverse pulsatility index (PI) were significantly higher in the subjects (94.2 cm/s, 29.7 cm/s, 49.1 cm/s, 25.5 cm/s, 118 ms, 0.8, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.8 respectively) compared with the controls (54.2 cm/s, 7.7 cm/s, 20.0 cm/s, 10.0 cm/s, 92.0 ms, 0.6, 0.1, 0.4, and 0.4 respectively); p < 0.001 for all values. Conversely, the mean PI, resistivity index (RI), systolic/diastolic ratio (SDR) and impedance index (ImI) of the subjects (1.52, 0.70, 3.81, and 3.81 respectively) were significantly lower than those of the controls (2.38, 0.86, 7.23, and 7.24 respectively); p < 0.001 for all values.

Conclusion There is a significantly increased perfusion of leiomyomatous uteri that is most likely due to uterine enlargement.
New approach to decrease post-ERCP adverse events in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: Navaneethan Udayakumar , Lourdusamy Dennisdhilak , Gutierrez Norma , Zhu Xiang , Vargo John , Parsi Mansour
Published: August 2017

Background and study aims Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is often performed in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Our aim was to validate a treatment approach with the objective of decreasing ERCP related adverse events (AEs).

Patients and methods All patients who had undergone ERCP for PSC during the period from 2002 – 2012 were identified (group I). This group had traditional ERCP (no bile aspiration prior to contrast injection with balloon dilation and stent placement for treatment of dominant strictures). To decrease ERCP-related AEs, we changed the ERCP approach in which bile aspiration was performed prior to contrast injection and balloon dilation alone was performed for treatment of dominant strictures. This was tested prospectively in all patients undergoing ERCP for PSC from 2012 – 2014 (group II).

Results The risk of overall AEs and cholangitis was relatively less in group II compared with group I [(2.1 % vs. 10.3 %; P = .38) and (0 % vs. 4.4 %; P = .68)]. On bivariate analysis, change in ERCP approach was associated with decreased risk of post-procedure cholangitis (0 % vs. 10.2 %, P = .03) and overall AE (0 % vs. 18.6 %, P = .03). There were no AEs in 22/46 patients in group II who had bile aspiration with balloon dilation. On multivariate analysis, only biliary stent placement was associated with increased risk of AEs (OR 4.10 (1.32 – 12.71); P = .02) and cholangitis (OR 5.43, 1.38 – 21.38; P = .02) respectively.

Conclusion Biliary aspiration and avoidance of stenting approach after dilation of strictures during ERCP in PSC patients appears to be associated with decreased risk of cholangitis and overall AEs. Future prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to validate our observation.
Gastric superficial neoplasia: high miss rate but slow progression
Authors: Shimodate Yuichi , Mizuno Motowo , Doi Akira , Nishimura Naoyuki , Mouri Hirokazu , Matsueda Kazuhiro , Yamamoto Hiroshi
Published: August 2017

Background and aims Gastric superficial neoplasia (GSN) is often overlooked at endoscopy because of difficulty in identifying it. The miss rate of GSN at endoscopy and the impact on clinical outcome of the missed GSN have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated these issues.

Methods Among 1462 endoscopically and pathologically diagnosed gastric cancers in our hospital from January 2011 to December 2014, previous records of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) were available for 198 lesions (index lesions) and were reviewed retrospectively. Among those, 157 lesions, which were diagnosed as GSN on the basis of their EGD findings at initial endoscopy, were analyzed. Progression was defined as advanced cancer in the index lesion.

Results Among the 157 GSNs, 118 (75.2 %) had not been recorded in the previous EGD report but were evident upon review of endoscopic photographs for this study. Progression to advanced cancer was observed in only 13 (8.3 %) of the 157 GSNs during a mean interval of 41 months and as long as 96 months, and the rate of progression was similar in missed and not-missed lesions (8.5 % and 7.7 %, respectively). Cumulative incidence rates of progression of missed GSNs to advanced cancer were 0.8 %, 1.7 %, 4.2 %, and 7.6 % at 36, 48, 60, and 72 months after the initial EGD, respectively.

Conclusions Our findings illustrate that GSNs are often missed at endoscopy but progress slowly in most cases. Even though the rate of progression to cancer is relatively low, rigorous attempts should be made to reduce the miss rate of GSNs at EGD.
Movement Patterns of a U-20 National Women’s Soccer Team during Competitive Matches: Influence of Playing Position and Performance in the First Half
Authors: Ramos Guilherme , Nakamura Fábio , Pereira Lucas , Junior Wanderley , Mahseredjian Fábio , Wilke Carolina , Garcia Emerson , Coimbra Cândido
Published: August 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the match locomotor characteristics of a sample of U-20 Brazilian female soccer players. Seven international matches were analyzed during the 2015 U-20 South American Championship, using global positioning technology. During a typical match, fullbacks and forwards covered greater distances in high-intensity running and sprinting than central defenders and midfielders (effect size [ES]=1.42–3.69). In the final 15 min of a game, total and high-intensity running distance and player load were ≈20 to 35% (ES=0.41–3.86) lower than in the first 15 min period for midfielders, fullbacks, forwards, and central defenders. Sprinting, and high-intensity running distances, and the frequency of accelerations >2 m.s−2 immediately after the most intense 5-min period declined in forwards (ES=1.78–2.67), fullbacks (ES=1.96–5.25), midfielders (ES=1.66–3.77), and central defenders (ES=1.50–4.22). Maintaining ‘high’ levels of activity in the first half resulted in ≈19% reductions in the second half for sprinting distance and frequency of accelerations >2 m.s−2 (ES=0.43 and 0.88), while increases in these locomotor activities were observed in situations with ‘low’ levels of activity (ES=0.64 and 1.12, for sprinting and accelerations >2 m.s−2, respectively) (within-subject analysis). The data demonstrate that high-intensity efforts are reduced during various phases of international matches and overall activity patterns vary among playing positions. This information could be useful in the development and prescription of sex- and age-specific training regimes.
Survey study on the practice patterns in the endoscopic management of malignant distal biliary obstruction
Authors: Yang Dennis , Perbtani Yaseen , An Qi , Agarwal Mitali , Riverso Michael , Chakraborty Joydeep , Brar Tony , Westerveld Donevan , Zhang Han , Chauhan Shailendra , Forsmark Christopher , Draganov Peter
Published: August 2017

Background and study aim Endoscopic biliary drainage for malignant distal biliary obstruction (MDBO) is a common practice. Controversy persists with regard to its role in resectable MDBO, the optimal technical method and type of stent. The aim of this study was to evaluate practice patterns in the treatment of MDBO among endoscopists with varying levels of experience and practice backgrounds.

Methods Electronic survey distributed to members of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE). The main outcome measures included practice setting (academic vs. community), volume of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies (ERCPs), reasons for endoscopic drainage in MDBO, and technical approach.

Results A total of 335 subjects (54 % community-based endoscopists) completed the survey. Most academic physicians (69 %) reported performing ≥ 150 ERCPs annually compared to 18.8 % of community physicians (P < 0.001). In aggregate, 13.1 % of respondents performed ERCP in resectable MDBO because of surgeon preference or as the standard of care at their institution. The use of metal vs. plastic stents in MDBO varied based on practice setting. Routine sphincterotomy for MDBO was more common among community (78 %) vs academic endoscopists (61.1 %) (P < 0.001). Over half (58 %) of the subjects avoided covering the cystic duct take-off during stenting MDBO if there was a gallbladder in situ.

Conclusion There is significant variability in practice patterns for the treatment of MDBO. In spite of the recent ASGE guideline recommendations, some patients with resectable MDBO still undergo preoperative ERCP. Current clinical practices are not clearly supported by available data and underscore the need to increase adherence to gastrointestinal societal recommendations and an evidence-based approach to standardized patient care.
Nasal Nitric Oxide Measurement and a Modified PICADAR Score for the Screening of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia in Adults with Bronchiectasis
Authors: Rademacher J. , Buck A. , Schwerk N. , Price M. , Fuge J. , Welte T. , Ringshausen F.
Published: August 2017

Background Determining the underlying diagnosis is essential for the targeted and specific treatment of bronchiectasis. Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disease, which is characterized by abnormalities in ciliary structure and/or function and which may result in bronchiectasis. The disease is probably underestimated among adults with bronchiectasis due to the fact that extensive diagnostic testing is required and that the recognition of PCD is low.

Objective To evaluate a feasible screening algorithm for PCD among adults with bronchiectasis.

Methods Data from all patients who presented to our bronchiectasis outpatient clinic from June 2010 until July 2016 were retrospectively analysed from our database. Nasal NO (nNO) and a modified PICADAR score (PrImary CiliAry DyskinesiA Rule) were measured and compared in the two groups of PCD-bronchiectasis and non-PCD-bronchiectasis.

Results 185 of 365 patients (75 males, 110 females) had a sufficient measurement of nNO concentration and complete clinical data and were eligible for analysis. The mean (SD) nNO concentration in nL/ml was significant lower in the PCD group compared to the non-PCD group (25 [31] and 227 [112] nL/min, respectively; p < 0.001). A nNO level of 77 nL/min had the best discriminative value to differentiate between the two groups. Patients with PCD had a significant higher modified PIDACAR score than patients without PCD (5 2 and 1 1, respectively [p < 0.001]). Using ROC curve analysis, the modified PICADAR score of 2 had the best discriminative value with a sensitivity of 1.00 and a specificity of 0.89.

Conclusions Low nNO concentration and the modified PICADAR score are suitable and cheap screening tests for PCD in adults with bronchiectasis.
Für den Notfall gerüstet
Authors: Weisner Thomas
Published: August 2017

Reanimation von Kindern Der kindliche Atem-Kreislauf-Stillstand ist zwar selten, aber wahrscheinlich gerade deshalb mit hohem
emotionalem Stress verbunden. Für ein möglichst gutes Outcome ist es unerlässlich, dass bei Kindern vor allem auf die Basismaßnahmen der
Reanimation größter Wert gelegt wird. Anhand der im Oktober 2015 aktualisierten Fassung der Leitlinien zur kardiopulmonalen Reanimation bei
Kindern soll dieser Artikel einen Überblick über dieses wichtige Thema und die dazugehörigen Handlungsabläufe geben. Zudem soll der Leser
motiviert werden, sich mit Kindernotfällen näher zu beschäftigen und sich dazu regelmäßig fortzubilden.
Eltern lernen
Authors: Sommerfeld Marion , Hinner Patricia , Reichert Jörg
Published: August 2017

Strukturierte Elternanleitung in der Neonatologie Zu früh oder krank geborene Kinder stellen Eltern vor eine schwierige Aufgabe. Was
gilt es im Umgang mit dem Kind zu beachten? Wie begegnen sie den emotionalen Belastungen, die mit der Situation verbunden sind? Am
Perinatalzentrum der Uniklinik Dresden begleitet ein Team aus Spezialisten die Eltern und zeigt ihnen in einem speziellen Schulungsprogramm,
wie sie ihr Kind am besten versorgen.
Efficacy and safety of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial cancer of the cervical esophagus
Authors: Iizuka Toshiro , Kikuchi Daisuke , Hoteya Shu , Kajiyama Yoshiaki , Kaise Mitsuru
Published: August 2017

Background and study aims Cervical esophageal cancer (CEC) is a less common form of cancer and often locally advanced at the time of diagnosis; thus, survival rates for patients with CEC remain poor. However, no reports exist on results of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for superficial cancer at the cervical esophagus. The aim of this retrospective study was to elucidate the clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes of ESD for superficial CEC.

Patients and methods ESD was performed on 891 lesions (in 662 patients) for superficial esophageal cancer from January 2008 to December 2015. Of these, 45 lesions (45 patients) were enrolled in the case group (CEC), and 405 lesions (375 patients) were enrolled in the control group (superficial cancer in the middle thoracic esophagus). The safety of ESD, including R0 resection rate and adverse events, and the efficacy, such as the local recurrence rate and overall survival rate, were evaluated.

Results The R0 resection rate was 91.1 % in the case group and 96 % in the control group. The rate of esophageal stricture was significantly higher in the case group (20 %) than in the control group (6.6 %). There was no local recurrence, and the 3-year survival rate was 88.4 % in the case group and 96.7 % in the control group.

Conclusions ESD for superficial cancer in the cervical esophagus was achieved safely, and successful local control was also confirmed. However, the esophageal stricture after ESD was more frequent.
Clinical impact of EUS treatment of walled-off pancreatic necrosis with dedicated devices
Authors: Tarantino Ilaria , Ligresti Dario , Tuzzolino Fabio , Barresi Luca , Curcio Gabriele , Granata Antonino , Traina Mario
Published: August 2017

Background and study aims Walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) represents the major risk factor for sepsis-related multiple organ failure. Surgical debridement is an invasive approach associated with high rates of adverse events (AEs) and death. As an alternative, endoscopic ultrasound-guided cysto-gastro-anastomosis has emerged as an effective treatment for WOPNs. Recently a new dedicated-lumen apposing metal stent (LAMS) has been used with satisfactory results in treating peri-pancreatic fluid collections, including WOPNs. The primary outcomes of this study were to evaluate survival and clinical success. Secondary outcomes included: technical success, adverse events and recurrence rate.

Patients and methods All consecutive patients with infected WOPN between February 2014 and June 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients underwent placement of a new LAMS incorporated in an electrocautery-enhanced delivery system and direct endoscopic necrosectomy (DEN). DEN was performed immediately after stent deployment and repeated every 3 to 7 days until complete resolution.

Results In the study period we treated 20 consecutive patients with infected WOPN using the new LAMS. Technical success was achieved in 95 % of patients. Clinical success was achieved in 73 % and 84.2 % of patients at 1 and 3 months, respectively. Survival rate was 84.2 % and 79 %. Mean length of hospital stay was 19 days (range 3 – 43). No AEs occurred. Patients were followed up after stent retrieval for a mean time of 554,7 days (range 70 – 986) and no recurrence was observed.

Conclusions DEN following “1-step, exchange-free” LAMS positioning recorded excellent results. We believe that simplicity of procedure plays a key role in terms of safety.
Lattice animals in diffusion limited binary colloidal system
Authors: Shireen Zakiya , Babu Sujin B.
Published: August 2017

In a soft matter system, controlling the structure of the amorphous materials has been a key challenge. In this work, we have modeled irreversible diffusion limited cluster aggregation of binary colloids, which serves as a model for chemical gels. Irreversible aggregation of binary colloidal particles leads to the formation of a percolating cluster of one species or both species which are also called bigels. Before the formation of the percolating cluster, the system forms a self-similar structure defined by a fractal dimension. For a one component system when the volume fraction is very small, the clusters are far apart from each other and the system has a fractal dimension of 1.8. Contrary to this, we will show that for the binary system, we observe the presence of lattice animals which has a fractal dimension of 2 irrespective of the volume fraction. When the clusters start inter-penetrating, we observe a fractal dimension of 2.5, which is the same as in the case of the one component system. We were also able to predict the formation of bigels using a simple inequality relation. We have also shown that the growth of clusters follows the kinetic equations introduced by Smoluchowski for diffusion limited cluster aggregation. We will also show that the chemical distance of a cluster in the flocculation regime will follow the same scaling law as predicted for the lattice animals. Further, we will also show that irreversible binary aggregation comes under the universality class of the percolation theory.
Temperature extrapolation of multicomponent grand canonical free energy landscapes
Authors: Mahynski Nathan A. , Errington Jeffrey R. , Shen Vincent K.
Published: August 2017

We derive a method for extrapolating the grand canonical free energy landscape of a multicomponent fluid system from one temperature to another. Previously, we introduced this statistical mechanical framework for the case where kinetic energy contributions to the classical partition function were neglected for simplicity [N. A. Mahynski et al., J. Chem. Phys. 146, 074101 (2017)]. Here, we generalize the derivation to admit these contributions in order to explicitly illustrate the differences that result. Specifically, we show how factoring out kinetic energy effects a priori, in order to consider only the configurational partition function, leads to simpler mathematical expressions that tend to produce more accurate extrapolations than when these effects are included. We demonstrate this by comparing and contrasting these two approaches for the simple cases of an ideal gas and a non-ideal, square-well fluid.
Computational simulations of solvation force and squeezing out of dodecane chain molecules in an atomic force microscope
Authors: Xu Rong-Guang , Xiang Yuan , Leng Yongsheng
Published: August 2017

Understanding the squeeze out behaviors of liquid films at nanometer scale in an atomic force microscope (AFM) has been a significant interest since the 1990s. We carry out all-atom static-mode AFM simulations in a liquid-vapor molecular dynamics ensemble to investigate the solvation force oscillation and squeeze out mechanisms of a confined linear dodecane fluid between a gold AFM tip and a mica substrate. Solvation force oscillations are found to be associated with the layering transition of the liquid film and unstable jumps of the AFM tip. Detailed structural analyses and molecular animations show that the local permeation of chain molecules and the squeeze out of molecules near the edge of contact promote the layering transition under compression. The confinement-induced slow down dynamics is manifested by the decrease in diffusivity and increase in rotational relaxation times. However, the persistent diffusive behavior of dodecane chain molecules even in the single-monolayer film is attributed to the chain sliding motions in the film due to the substantial vacancy space and thermal fluctuations.
Nitrogen performance indicators for dairy production systems
Authors: de Klein Cecile A. M. , Monaghan Ross M. , Alfaro Marta , Gourley Cameron J. P. , Oenema Oene , Powell J. Mark
Published: August 2017

Nitrogen (N) is invaluable for maintaining agricultural production, but its use, and particularly inefficient use, can lead to environmental losses. This paper reviews N use efficiency (NUE) and N surplus indicators for dairy production systems to assess their utility for optimising N use outcomes and minimising environmental N losses. Using case-study examples, we also assess realistic goals for these indicators and discuss key issues associated with their use. Published whole-farm NUE and whole-farm N surplus values ranged within 10–65% and 40–700 kg N ha–1 year–1 respectively. In a study of five catchments across New Zealand, whole-farm NUE was more strongly affected by catchment differences in soil and climatic conditions than by differences in management. In contrast, whole-farm N surplus differed both between- and within-catchments and was a good indicator of N losses to water. Realistic goals for both NUE and N surplus thus depend on the agro-climatic context of the dairy system and on its economic and environmental goals. Crop and animal NUE values can be valuable indicators for optimising fertiliser and feed use and minimising N losses. However, global or national whole-farm NUE values appear of limited value if the ultimate goal for setting targets is to reduce the environmental impact of N use; whole-farm level targets based on N surplus would be a more useful indicator for this purpose. Our review also reinforces the importance of standardising the variables that should be used to estimate NUE and N surplus values, to ensure equitable comparisons between different systems. Finally, NUE and N surplus targets should also be set in the context of other agro-environmental considerations.
Predicting pasture yield response to nitrogenous fertiliser in Australia using a meta-analysis-derived model, with field validation
Authors: Gourley Cameron J. P. , Hannah Murray C. , Chia Kohleth T. H.
Published: August 2017

An improved ability to predict pasture dry matter (DM) yield response to applied nitrogen (N) is a crucial step in determining the production and economic benefits of N fertiliser inputs with associated environmental benefits from reducing inefficient N fertiliser use. Pasture DM yield responses to applied N fertiliser from 920 independent field trial sites were used from a database repository of Australian fertiliser experiments. These data were analysed and a quantitative non-linear mixed-effects model based on the Mitscherlich function was developed. The fitted model provided a good fit to a large body of data (R2 = 0.92), using readily interpretable coefficients, including fixed effects for state by season, phosphorus status and harvest type (initial or residual), and nested random effects for location and trial or subtrial. The model was limited by patchiness of metadata, uneven representation of regions and few very high rates of applied N in the data. Nonetheless, model predictions were comparable with independent spring pasture DM responses to applied N fertiliser from subsequent field studies on three contrasting pastures on commercial dairy farms in Victoria. The final derived model can be used to predict pasture yield response to applied N fertiliser as a proportion of obtainable yield and can be scaled to absolute response using the fitted model estimates of maximal yield or, more usefully, a specified maximal yield by the user. Importantly, the response function exhibits diminishing returns, enabling marginal economic analysis and determination of optimum N fertiliser application rate to a specified pasture.
Uncivility on the web
Authors: Krzyżanowski Michał , Ledin Per
Published: August 2017

This paper explores the connection between the rise of new types of online uncivil discourses and the recent success of populism. While discussions on the upsurge of populism have centred on institutionalised politics and politicians, only limited attention has been paid to how the success of the former and the latter was propelled by developments outside of the political realm narrowly conceived. Our interest is therefore in the rise of uncivil society, especially on the web, and in its ‘borderline discourse’ at the verge of civil and uncivil ideas, ideologies and norms. Those discourses – showcased here on the example of the language on immigration/refugees in Austria and Sweden – have been using civil-to-uncivil shifts in the discursive representations of society and politics. They have progressively ‘normalised’ the anti-pluralist views across many European public spheres on a par with nativist and exclusionary views now widely propagated by right-wing populist politics in Europe and beyond.
Social media and the cordon sanitaire
Authors: Littler Mark , Feldman Matthew
Published: August 2017

Much research has sought to map the spread of extreme and populist political ideologies across Western Europe. Despite this, it often fails to explain how these ideologies move from the political fringes to positions of influence, subverting the traditional cordon sanitaire around extreme views. As a result of recent successes by populist actors, a more nuanced understanding of this process is required.

This paper posits an explanation for this success, suggesting that the growing pluralisation of the online media environment and the impact of social media content sharing are key to understanding how fringe political actors avoid both overt and implicit barriers to popularising extreme positions. Using data from the British Election Study, this paper offers a quantitative test of this approach, finding an inconsistent relationship between social media use and extreme political opinions. Potential explanations for this are discussed alongside possible directions for future research.
An Ecosystem-Based Approach to Evaluating Impacts and Management of Invasive Lionfish
Authors: Chagaris David , Binion-Rock Samantha , Bogdanoff Alex , Dahl Kristen , Granneman Jennifer , Harris Holden , Mohan John , Rudd Merrill B. , Swenarton Mary Kate , Ahrens Rob , Patterson William F. , Morris James A. , Allen Micheal
Published: August 2017

Species invasions in marine ecosystems pose a threat to native fish communities and can disrupt the food webs that support valuable commercial and recreational fisheries. In the Gulf of Mexico, densities of invasive Indo-Pacific Lionfish, Pterois volitans and P. miles, are among the highest in their invaded range. In a workshop setting held over a 2-week period, we adapted an existing trophic dynamic model of the West Florida Shelf, located in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, to simulate the lionfish (both species) invasion and community effects over a range of harvest scenarios for both lionfish and native predators. Our results suggest small increases in lionfish harvest can reduce peak biomass by up to 25% and also that reduced harvest of native reef fish predators can lead to lower lionfish densities. This model can help managers identify target harvest and benefits of a lionfish fishery and inform the assessment and management of valuable reef fish fisheries.
The Arab National Conference (ANC) and the resurgence of Arab nationalism
Authors: Hafez Ziad
Published: August 2017

The Arab National Conference (ANC) is the prime popular Arab nationalist institution in the Arab world. Over the last three decades it has managed to reframe the Arab nationalist narrative and redefine the concept of Arab nationalism. The positions and statements of the ANC are key to the resurgence of Arab nationalism and to the understanding of events currently taking place in the Arab homeland.
Developmental origin and maintenance of distinct testicular macrophage populations
Authors: Mossadegh-Keller Noushin , Gentek Rebecca , Gimenez Gregory , Bigot Sylvain , Mailfert Sebastien , Sieweke Michael H.
Published: August 2017

Testicular macrophages (tMφ) are the principal immune cells of the mammalian testis. Beyond classical immune functions, they have been shown to be important for organogenesis, spermatogenesis, and male hormone production. In the adult testis, two different macrophage populations have been identified based on their distinct tissue localization and morphology, but their developmental origin and mode of homeostatic maintenance are unknown. In this study, we use genetic lineage–tracing models and adoptive transfer protocols to address this question. We show that embryonic progenitors give rise to the interstitial macrophage population, whereas peritubular macrophages are exclusively seeded postnatally in the prepuberty period from bone marrow (BM)–derived progenitors. As the proliferative capacity of interstitial macrophages declines, BM progenitors also contribute to this population. Once established, both the peritubular and interstitial macrophage populations exhibit a long life span and a low turnover in the steady state. Our observations identify distinct developmental pathways for two different tMφ populations that have important implications for the further dissection of their distinct roles in organ homeostasis and testicular function.
Electronic, Elastic and Piezoelectric Properties of Two-Dimensional Group-IV Buckled Monolayers*
Authors: Shi Jing , Gao Yong , Wang Xiao-Li , Yun Si-Ning
Published: August 2017

Electronic, elastic and piezoelectric properties of two-dimensional (2D) group-IV buckled monolayers (GeSi, SnSi and SnGe) are studied by first principle calculations. According to our calculations, SnSi and SnGe are good 2D piezoelectric materials with large piezoelectric coefficients. The values of d
11
of SnSi and SnGe are 5.04 pm/V and 5.42 pm/V, respectively, which are much larger than 2D MoS2 (3.6 pm/V) and are comparable with some frequently used bulk materials (e.g., wurtzite AlN 5.1 pm/V). Charge transfer is calculated by the Löwdin analysis and we find that the piezoelectric coefficients (d
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and d31) are highly dependent on the polarizabilities of the anions and cations in group-IV monolayers.
Fully automatic left ventricular myocardial strain estimation in 2D short-axis tagged magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Morais Pedro , Queirós Sandro , Heyde Brecht , Engvall Jan , ’hooge Jan D , Vilaça João L
Published: August 2017

Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death and frequently result in local myocardial dysfunction. Among the numerous imaging modalities available to detect these dysfunctional regions, cardiac deformation imaging through tagged magnetic resonance imaging (t-MRI) has been an attractive approach. Nevertheless, fully automatic analysis of these data sets is still challenging. In this work, we present a fully automatic framework to estimate left ventricular myocardial deformation from t-MRI. This strategy performs automatic myocardial segmentation based on B-spline explicit active surfaces, which are initialized using an annular model. A non-rigid image-registration technique is then used to assess myocardial deformation. Three experiments were set up to validate the proposed framework using a clinical database of 75 patients. First, automatic segmentation accuracy was evaluated by comparing against manual delineations at one specific cardiac phase. The proposed solution showed an average perpendicular distance error of 2.35  ±  1.21 mm and 2.27  ±  1.02 mm for the endo- and epicardium, respectively. Second, starting from either manual or automatic segmentation, myocardial tracking was performed and the resulting strain curves were compared. It is shown that the automatic segmentation adds negligible differences during the strain-estimation stage, corroborating its accuracy. Finally, segmental strain was compared with scar tissue extent determined by delay-enhanced MRI. The results proved that both strain components were able to distinguish between normal and infarct regions. Overall, the proposed framework was shown to be accurate, robust, and attractive for clinical practice, as it overcomes several limitations of a manual analysis.
BSviewer: a genotype-preserving, nucleotide-level visualizer for bisulfite sequencing data
Authors: Sun Kun , Lun Fiona F M , Jiang Peiyong , Sun Hao
Published: August 2017

Motivation

The bisulfite sequencing technology has been widely used to study the DNA methylation profile in many species. However, most of the current visualization tools for bisulfite sequencing data only provide high-level views (i.e. overall methylation densities) while miss the methylation dynamics at nucleotide level. Meanwhile, they also focus on CpG sites while omit other information (such as genotypes on SNP sites) which could be helpful for interpreting the methylation pattern of the data. A bioinformatics tool that visualizes the methylation statuses at nucleotide level and preserves the most essential information of the sequencing data is thus valuable and needed.

Results

We have developed BSviewer, a lightweight nucleotide-level visualization tool for bisulfite sequencing data. Using an imprinting gene as an example, we show that BSviewer could be specifically helpful for interpreting the data with allele-specific DNA methylation pattern.

Availability and implementation

BSviewer is implemented in Perl and runs on most GNU/Linux platforms. Source code and testing dataset are freely available at http://sunlab.cpy.cuhk.edu.hk/BSviewer/.
2. The Institutions
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. There are seven principal institutions listed in Article 13 of the Treaty on European Union entrusted with carrying out the tasks of the Union: the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the Commission, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank, and the Court of Auditors. This chapter considers their respective roles and the way in which they interrelate, and also looks at other important institutions such as the Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, and agencies.
6. Decision-Making and New Forms of Governance
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter introduces the debate over new modes of decision-making and governance in the EU, and provides an account of the apparent shift towards greater use of these over time. The language of ‘new’ forms of governance in the EU refers to the move away from reliance on hierarchical modes towards more flexible modes as the preferred method of governing. A number of examples of new governance instruments and methods are provided, in particular the ‘new approach to harmonization’ and the ‘open method of coordination’. A number of other EU governance reform initiatives related to the new governance debate are also discussed, such as the subsidiarity and proportionality principles, the ‘better regulation’ initiative, and the Commission White Paper on Governance and its follow-up.
17. The Single Market
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. The single market is central to the EU and is still its principal economic rationale. This chapter discusses the forms and techniques of economic integration, the limits of integration prior to 1986, and the subsequent steps taken to complete the single market. There is both a substantive and an institutional dimension to this story. In substantive terms, it is important to understand the economic dimension to the single market. In institutional terms, a subtle mix of legislative, administrative, and judicial initiatives has furthered evolution of the single market.
1. Exam Skills for Success in Family Law
Authors: Gaffney-Rhys Ruth
Published: August 2017

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam and assignment questions. Each book includes key debates, typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary and tips to gain extra marks. The aim of Concentrate Q&A Family Law 2015 and 2016 is to show candidates how to display their learning. This chapter starts with tips for writing essays and answering problem questions, which are followed by four lists of exam hints. Where relevant, the assumption is that the exam is to be set internally. The first list consists of preparation advice, whilst the second and third cover the exam itself. Some of the points made in these lists are obviously applicable to any exam, law or otherwise. Even third-year students may gain from these lists, if only by way of a refresher course. The fourth list is exclusively concerned with family law exams (and assignments).
4. Divorce, Dissolution and (Judicial) Separation
Authors: Gaffney-Rhys Ruth
Published: August 2017

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam and assignment questions. Each book includes key debates, typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary and tips to gain extra marks. This chapter deals with divorce, dissolution, separation orders and judicial separation and contains a mixture of essay and problem questions. The first question is a problem question that considers the ground and facts for divorce contained in the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 and the equivalent provisions of the Civil Partnership Act 2004. The second is a problem question that also requires students to apply the law of divorce, but further necessitates consideration of judicial separation. The third and fourth questions are essay questions that focus on reform of divorce law and the use of mediation in divorce proceedings.
4. Character of defendant
Authors: Spencer Maureen , Spencer John
Published: August 2017

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and diagrams and flow charts. This chapter concerns a complex question in criminal evidence: situations where defendants may adduce evidence of good character to suggest lack of guilt and support credibility, and those where prosecution counsel or counsel for the co-defendant may cross-examine them on previous ‘reprehensible’ behaviour. The exclusionary rule was fundamental to the English legal system and founded on the principle that the defendant should have a fair trial. The Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003 made comprehensive changes to the rules of admissibility of evidence of bad character of the defendant and witnesses providing that ‘the common law rules governing the admissibility of evidence of bad character in criminal proceedings are abolished’. There is now a presumption of admissibility of that evidence.
7. Supporting evidence: lies, identification evidence and suspect witnesses
Authors: Spencer Maureen , Spencer John
Published: August 2017

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flow charts. This chapter discusses supporting evidence, which is variously referred to in textbooks as hazardous evidence, supporting evidence or safeguards against unreliability and error. Supporting evidence encompasses types of evidence that might intrinsically be of questionable reliability and, therefore, require supportive evidence. Key areas are disputed identification and lies told by the defendant. It is important to be familiar with the two distinct ways that the reliability of identification evidence is enhanced: first, the judge should issue the Turnbull guidelines; and, secondly, Code D of the Codes of Practice of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 should be followed in relation to identification procedures.
12. Skills for success in coursework assessments
Authors: Spencer Maureen , Spencer John
Published: August 2017

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flow charts. This chapter gives guidance on answering coursework questions and expands on the distinguishing features of coursework which are research, authorities and citation. You will be expected to have researched in more than usual depth to answer these types of questions and to give full as well as accurate references for your arguments and analysis. The chapter also covers writing and reading; sources; academic writing; keeping organised notes; analysis, writing style and referencing; and assessment criteria.
8. Informal methods of acquisition:
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Hopkins Nicholas , Nield Sarah
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource.
This chapter investigates in detail adverse possession. The acquisition of title by adverse possession consists of two distinct stages: firstly, the inception of adverse possession; and, secondly, the operation of limitation rules at the end of the requisite period of adverse possession. The operation of adverse possession reflects the ideas underlying unregistered titles. The operation of adverse possession is generally incompatible with the ideas underpinning registration of title, which led to significant reforms in the Land Registration Act 2002 (LRA 2002). The LRA 2002 provides a new scheme of adverse possession through which title is obtained by registration rather than by possession. The Act preserves the rights of adverse possessors who completed 12 years of adverse possession at the time that the Act came into force. A criminal offence of squatting in a residential building was introduced in 2012, but it has been held that the commission of the offence does not preclude a claim to title by adverse possession under the LRA 2002. Adverse possession rules have been held to be human rights compliant.