bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technique for Differentiating Cortical Hemispheric Activity following Exercise
Authors: Powell Richard R.
Published: September 2011

Peripheral Critical Flicker Fusion technology was explored as a basis for inferred differences between right and left cortical hemispheric activity following exercise. 18 subjects underwent three treatments presented in randomized order with 1-wk. intervals in between them. Conditions included a control, 30 min. of steady-state treadmill running, and 20 min. of treadmill running followed by progressively increasing speed until exhaustion intervened. Immediately following each treatment, subjects were given a test of peripheral critical flicker fusion as measured in both peripheral retinal fields. Differences between right and left peripheral retinal field perception were analyzed for the three conditions with a one-way analysis of variance using a repeated-measures design. A significant difference was found among the three treatments for peripheral CFF differences between right and left peripheral fields. A Newman-Keuls test demonstrated a significant shift in cortical activation toward the left hemisphere following the exhaustive exercise. The inferred shift in cortical activity inferred from peripheral CFF, occurs following exhaustive exercise. The left hemisphere was viewed as the dominant locus of cortical activation in that fatigue state.
Balance Performance under Varied Conditions of Sensory Cues
Authors: Shick Jacqueline
Published: September 2011

43 junior-high-school girls performed three trials on a dynabilometer on each of seven days. After learning the balance task with all sensory cues available, subjects were tested under three conditions of partial feedback occlusion, i.e., with earphones, blindfold, and combination of earphone and blindfold. When visual feedback was absent, performance deteriorated significantly. Such deterioration did not occur when hearing was occluded.
Factor Analysis of the Revised Wechsler Memory Scale Tests in a Neuropsychological Battery
Authors: Russell Elbert W.
Published: September 2011

The Revised Wechsler Memory Scale (4 scales) along with 13 subtests from the WAIS and Halstead-Reitan battery were subjected to a principal components factor analysis. 9 tests of memory loaded on 5 of the 6 factors indicating that 5 types of memory were isolated. These were immediate verbal memory, recent verbal memory, recent figural memory, figural learning, verbal learning storage. Loading of memory and nonmemory tests on the same factors indicates a closer relationship between some memory and nonmemory processes than between kinds of memory.
Information-Processing Load and Variability of Visual Evoked Potentials
Authors: Yagi Akihiro
Published: September 2011

5 subjects were assigned two tasks during which they were simultaneously presented brightness-changes of the spot light on the CRT and the speech in a foreign language. They were asked to count the number of the changes in the visual task and listen to the speech to discern the content in the auditory task. A pair of averaged visual evoked potentials (VEP) to the brightness-changes were obtained for each task to calculate a subset correlation as an index of the variance of VEP. The mean correlation coefficient of VEP across the subjects was significantly higher during the visual task than that in the auditory task. This means that VEP was more stable during the visual task. The result suggests that the subset correlation measure might be available to evaluate visual information-processing load.
Effects of Physical Attractiveness on Perception of Social Skill
Authors: Guise Barrie J. , Pollans Cynthia H. , Turkat Ira Daniel
Published: September 2011

To evaluate whether physically attractive individuals are seen as more socially skilled than unattractive ones, nine color photographs of a female in attractive, neutral, and unattractive presentations were developed and evaluated by independent raters. Three photographs received 100% agreement and were selected for the three conditions. 45 males were randomly assigned to the three groups and completed the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule based on their evaluation of the photograph. Groups shown the attractive photograph differed from the other two groups but the latter two did not. A moderate, positive, and significant correlation of .43 between attractiveness and perceived assertiveness was observed. The relationship between physical attractiveness and social skill development is discussed as are clinical issues.
The Porteus Maze Test in the Measurement of Reflection/Impulsivity
Authors: Gow Lyn , Ward James
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the use of the Porteus Maze test as a measure of reflection/impulsivity when used with both normal and retarded subjects. Study 1 ( N = 90) provided sample data for three equal groups of 30 adolescent students in the regular school. These were defined as above average, average, and below average in general intelligence. In addition to measures of qualitative and quantitative scoring, data were also available from Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test and a specially constructed Teachers' Rating Scale. The below-average group showed a significantly more impulsive approach. There was evidence of the concurrent validity of Porteus Maze as shown in substantial correlations with the other variables. Study 2 investigated the use of the Porteus Maze with 41 mildly intellectually handicapped adolescents. The data were in keeping with those obtained from a below-average group in Study 1.
Validity of a Primary Screening Device as a Predictor of Subsequent Academic Achievement
Authors: Dziuban Charles D. , Mealor David J.
Published: September 2011

Correlations among scores on motor, visual, auditory, and language subscales of a primary device, Yellow Brick Road, with subsequent academic achievement on Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills were moderate (.35 to .81). Comparisons of the third grade boys ( n, 113) and girls ( n, 111) on the screening device yielded little difference. Implications for screening and educational strategies were discussed.
Vibration Effects on Three Measures of Relaxation
Authors: Johnson Michael D. , Hensel Carol L. , Matheson Douglas W.
Published: September 2011

The effect of vibrotactile stimulation on relaxation as measured by EMG recording of the frontalis and trapezius muscles and by subjective report was assessed. It was predicted that low-frequency vibrotactile stimulation (<70 Hz) would facilitate muscle relaxation when measured by both EMG frontalis and trapezius recordings and by subjective report. The participants (8 male and 8 female) were randomly assigned to split-plot, before/after design consisting of four between-subjects treatments and one within-subjects treatment (pre- and post-treatment). The between-subjects treatments were footrest vibration, backrest vibration, footrest-backrest vibration combined, and control. The within-subjects treatment included pre- and post-treatment levels. Results of repeated-measures analyses of variance on each set of data yielded a significant change from pre- to posttreatment condition on all EMG and subjective report measures of muscle tension except the control. The utility of using EMG as a measure of relaxation is discussed.
Interactive Effects of Color Realism and Learners' IQ on Effectiveness of Visual Instruction
Authors: Berry Louis H. , Dwyer Francis M.
Published: September 2011

To measure the effectiveness with which color in illustrations facilitates subjects' achievement of different educational objectives, each subject received a pretest, a mental ability test, participated in his respective instructional treatment, and took 4 individual criterion tests. To obtain a measure of delayed retention, the same criterion tests were administered 6 wk. later. Analyses indicated that subjects of different levels of ability (IQ) profit differentially from identical types of visualization and that identical types of visualization are not equally effective in facilitating subjects' achievement of different educational objectives. Delayed retention of content material was not enhanced by visualization as employed here.
Language Disorders and Prognosis for Reading Disabilities in Developmental Age
Authors: Levi Gabriel , Capozzi Flavia , Fabrizi Anna , Sechi Enzo
Published: September 2011

2 groups of language-disordered children were studied regarding the reading levels reached at the end of the first year of school. The first group was composed by children with language retardation mainly on phonological level, the second group was composed by children with retardation also on semantic-syntactic level. The results confirmed the strong association between reading disability and language disorders and yielded significant differences between the two groups: the reading achievement seemed to be associated mainly to semantic and syntactic competences.
Use of Nonverbal Behavior in Detecting Winning and Losing in Tennis
Authors: Whittaker-Bleuler Sharon A.
Published: September 2011

This study compared the ability of experienced and inexperienced tennis players to detect winning and losing behavior of selected championship tennis players (3 males and 3 females). 80 males and 80 females, experienced Canadian adult tennis playing volunteers, and a similar number of Canadian adults who did not play tennis regularly, viewed “between-point” behavior of selected championship tennis players on two video-tapes. The subjects responded as to whether the player on the tape had won or lost the point immediately preceding the behavioral episode and also indicated the degree of confidence they had in each response. Experienced subjects were significantly better than inexperienced ones in the detection of winning and particularly losing behavior. Sex differences were not found in either the experienced or inexperienced group even when wins and losses or male and female players on the tapes were considered separately. Experienced subjects generally expressed confidence in the correctness of their responses particularly on Tape 1 while inexperienced subjects were unsure of their responses. Involvement in tennis appears to be important to the detection of winning and losing.
Self-Concepts and Movement Skills of Third Grade Children after Physical Education Programs
Authors: Smith Theresa L.
Published: September 2011

Self-concept and selected movement skills of third grade children were examined following 8-wk. programs of physical education. While data did not clearly show effects of these programs on self-concept or movement, some findings provide support for statements from the literature.
Demographic Influences on Perceptions of School Psychological Services
Authors: Gargiulo Richard M. , Chambers Norman S. , Fiscus Edward D.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the influence of demographic variables on the perceptions of 191 teachers, 90 administrators, and 51 school psychologists when establishing preference rankings in five areas of school psychological services: priority for referral, information-gathering techniques, utilization of the school psychologist, effectiveness with exceptional children, and strategies of remediation employed. A nonparametric analysis of rank indicated contradictory perceptions among the respondents. Age, sex, degree, experience, and level of assignment affected the subjects' perceptions variously. Explanations were proposed.
Relationship of Disembedding Ability to Performance in Volleyball, Tennis, and Badminton
Authors: Docherty David , Boyd Douglas G.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to determine the relationship between different perceptual abilities and performance in volleyball, badminton, and tennis. 41 boys and 37 girls enrolled in a Grade 10 physical education program served as subjects. Performance in the three sports and four perceptual ability measures were determined. A multiple regression analysis indicated that the Group Embedded Figures Test was the most consistent perceptual measure for predicting significant motor performance but accounted for only 8 to 20% of the actual variance. Further, multiple regression analysis confirmed the importance of previous experience in a specific sport which accounted for 24 to 50% of the variance.
Relationships between WAIS Verbal versus Performance Decrements and Bender-Gestalt Errors
Authors: Wagner Edwin E. , McCormick Mary Kathleen
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 42 cases each were matched on age, sex, and WAIS Full Scale IQ. They differed, however, in discrepancies between Verbal IQ and Performance IQ. One group had Verbal IQs which were average or better and were at least 20 points higher than the Performance IQs; conversely, the other group had Performance IQs which were average or better and at least 20 points higher than their Verbal IQs. The group with high Verbal IQs achieved significantly higher (poorer) Pascal-Suttell Bender-Gestalt scores than the group with high Performance IQs. It was also noticed that the latter subjects were more likely to have dropped out of high school and to have spent some time in prison.
Effects of Sex of Subject and Emotional Role-Playing on Reactance
Authors: Joseph Christopher A. , Joseph Carolyn R. , Barto Joseph , McKay Timothy D.
Published: September 2011

48 males who role-played a script, which was obviously an attempt to make them anxious, reacted by scoring less anxious on a post measure. 48 females and the control groups did not react as predicted by reactance theory. The results indicate that research is needed to clarify the variables that influence predictions with reactance theory.
Two-Point Tactual Discrimination on the Back: A Signal-Detection Approach
Authors: Guyot Gary W. , Johnson Floyd D. , Weaver Collin
Published: September 2011

This investigation determined if subthreshold two-point aesthesiometer separations could be discriminated from one-point on the back, using a fixed-based matching signal detection technique. Subjects reliably discriminated two-point separations as small as 2 mm from one point on the back. In addition, the back appears to be more sensitive to discriminating two points from one point than the dorsal forearm.
Different Semantic Factors Representing Laughter and Smiles
Authors: Whissell Cynthia M.
Published: September 2011

Two factor analyses of 11 semantic and 13 direct ratings performed by 19 subjects for 13 verbs describing expressions of amusement yielded two connotative factors (Pleasure, Kindness) and three denotative factors (Laughter, Smiling, Covert Amusement). Data were interpreted in terms of standard semantic factors and with reference to theories stressing the phylogenetically diverse origins of smiling and laughter.
XVIII. Remarks on Retirement
Authors: Bartley S. Howard
Published: September 2011

Remarks on retirement represent a variety of points.
Effects of Preliminary Contacts on Volunteering in Mail Surveys
Authors: Nederhof Anton J.
Published: September 2011

The effects of preliminary mail and telephone contacts on response rate and volunteer bias were studied. Advance telephone and mail contacts did not lead to significantly different response rates. The advance telephone contact, however, did give rise to volunteer bias: females volunteered significantly less often than male subjects. Preliminary mail contacts and political stance of the subjects were not related to the volunteering. Instead of advance telephone calls, the use of follow-up contacts seems to be preferable.
Analysis of a Spanish Translation of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
Authors: Chavez Ernest L.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was undertaken in which Spanish translations of the English forms of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test were compared. 37 Spanish-speaking children scored significantly higher on the English version. Significant interactions of trial × form and trial × language were found. The author concludes that this local Spanish version of the Peabody is an inappropriate instrument for use with bilingual children. Full standardization is required.
Concurrent Validity of McCarthy's Scales
Authors: Arinoldo Carlo G.
Published: September 2011

Data on the concurrent validity of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities, using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised as the criteria, were compared with those of other studies. In the present work 40 children were given the McCarthy scales and one of the Wechsler scales depending on the age of the child. Significant moderate to strong correlations at the preschool and school-age levels between the General Cognitive Index of the McCarthy and Wechsler's IQs were noted.
Construct Validity of the Weigl Color-Form Sorting Test
Authors: Tamkin Arthur S. , Kunce Joseph T.
Published: September 2011

This research, conducted on 38 male psychiatric inpatients, replicated previous findings that inability to “shift” conceptual attitude on the Weigl Color-Form Sorting Test is consistent with indices often associated with cortical dysfunction, such as Bender-Gestalt recall, WAIS Similarities subtest scores, and age. Regression analysis yielded a multiple R of .52, with ability to shift predictable from the difference between WAIS Verbal IQ and subjects' age. The relationship between the Weigl and the Hooper approached significance, but that between the Weigl and Trail Making did not. The Weigl might serve as a non-verbal instrument to assess cortical dysfunction where inability to “shift” appears to tap a dysfunction in symbolic reasoning rather than spatial reasoning.
Predicting Reading and Arithmetic Achievement with Measures of Reading Attitudes and Cognitive Styles
Authors: Blaha John
Published: September 2011

The predictive validity of eight dimensions of reading attitude, field independence, and locus of control was investigated for 324 inner-city Detroit fifth graders. Analysis consisted of determining the regression of reading and arithmetic achievement criteria on students' responses to A Survey of Reading Attitudes, Group Embedded Figures Test, Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Scale, and demographic variables of age, sex, and race. The results were encouraging since the multiple Rs were not only significant but also accounted for a substantial proportion of achievement criterion variance. The regression equations accounted for the following criterion variance: reading, 36%; arithmetic concepts, 23%; and arithmetic computation, 19%. The Expressed Reading Difficulty reading attitude was the most important predictor in two equations and second most important in the third equation. Field independence contributed consistently to all three equations and locus of control (1+) made substantial contributions to the criteria of reading and arithmetic computation.
Time-of-Day Effects in Performance by Seventh Grade Students on Two Measures of Impulse Control
Authors: Simpson Madeline L.
Published: September 2011

This study examined differential performance of 52 boys and 52 girls in Grade 7, who were randomly assigned to morning and afternoon groups and administered two tasks of impulse control on Tuesdays one week apart. Selected measures of impulse control were tasks of delayed reward choice, modeled after Mischel's technique and estimation of a 60-sec. interval. Larger overestimations of time and fewer delayed choices by students tested in afternoons were predicted on the basis of circadian effects of increase in body temperature. Consistent with prior research, as cited by Maccoby and Jacklin (1974), boys and girls were expected to perform equally well on both tasks. Analysis of variance yielded no differences between morning and afternoon groups. Girls tended to manifest predicted circadian effects more than boys, tended to make fewer delayed reward choices than boys, and made less accurate time estimations than boys.
Perception of Organizational Climate
Authors: Narayanan S. , Venkatachalam R.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that the perceptions of climate by workers and employers and the perceptions of members of different levels of productivity would differ. Such differences, it was hypothesized, are mediated through the vulnerability of the items of climate described emotionally. An analysis of variance of the response of workers and employers of hosiery units 15 high and 15 low in productivity and correlations between responses of workers and employers on Likert's climate scale items support the first and last hypotheses.
Locus of Control in Predicting Differential Response to a Treatment for Flight Anxiety
Authors: Traub Gary S. , Grosslight J. H. , Boroto Daniel R.
Published: September 2011

Response to an informational-experiential treatment for flight anxiety was compared for 5 internal and 6 external aerophobics. The treatment provided an understanding of the noises and events of a typical commercial flight by relating these to flying an airplane simulator. Locus of control was significantly related to outcome of treatment. Internal subjects reported both more control and less anxiety on an actual post-treatment commercial flight than did external subjects. The results support the contention that understanding is a form of control and that internal persons more effectively utilize control-oriented treatments.
Sex Differences in Self-Assessed, Everyday Spatial Abilities
Authors: Lunneborg Patricia W.
Published: September 2011

397 female and 383 male college students assessed themselves on six everyday spatial abilities relative to others of the same gender and age. Males consistently judged themselves to have significantly greater spatial ability than females. Differential participation in sports is tentatively suggested as a critical social influence affecting not only putative spatial performance but even within-gender self-assessments of commonplace activities using spatial ability.
Schema Theory: A Test of the Hypothesis, Variation in Practice
Authors: Johnson Robert , McCabe John
Published: September 2011

Schema theory predictions concerning variation in practice and the production of novel movement received only partial support. Subjects' error was documented as a powerful source of variation in practice which should be given consideration in further tests of the theory and also in the structure of training.
Intellectual Deficiencies in Left-Handers: A Review of the Research
Authors: Sunseri Anita B.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this paper was to examine current research and to determine whether the idea that the majority of left-handers were intellectually inferior to right-handers is empirically supported. This view was inferred in two studies and partially endorsed in another. Inquiry indicated that the cognitive performance of left-handers was not significantly lower than that of right-handers. Based on empirical evidence, then, the idea that left-handers possess cognitive deficits was not demonstrated.
Predictive Value of the Parent Guide to Quality Day Care Centers: Study II
Authors: Bradbard Marilyn R. , Endsley Richard C.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to establish, through a replication in a second community, the reliability and predictive validity of the Parent Guide to Quality Day Care Centers. 28 women were asked to use the items in the guide as a basis for observing in 11 licensed day care centers prejudged by child care experts to provide either above- or below-average services. Paralleling our initial research, a significant number of the items (91%) were reliably observed more frequently in centers prejudged to provide above-average services than in centers prejudged to provide below-average services. We concluded that parents must use observational guidelines to help them select day-care programs above average in quality because day-care licensing has limited value.
Role-Reversed Systematic Desensitization in the Treatment of a Writing Phobia
Authors: Johnson Carl H. , Shenoy Ramakrishnan S. , Gilmore Jerome D.
Published: September 2011

A role-reversal technique was employed to teach cognitive coping skills to a patient with a writing phobia. The patient presented desensitization scenes to the therapist and devised coping strategies for lessening anxiety. Treatment resulted in a reduction of anxiety and an increased ability to write in the presence of other people. A 10-mo. follow-up showed no relapse.
Scaling Apparent Distance in a Large Open Field: Presence of a Standard Does Not Increase the Exponent of the Power Function
Authors: Da Silva José Aparecido , Santos Raquel Alves Dos
Published: September 2011

Apparent distance in a large open field was scaled by the method of magnitude estimation with or without a standard distance present. The presence of the standard did not increase the exponent of the power law. The average exponent of the power function relating judged to physical distance was .87. The results are consistent with those of other studies showing that apparent distance is a decelerating function of actual distance in a natural outdoor setting.
Analyzing Modifications across Dream Reports
Authors: Cicogna Piercarla , Cavallero Corrado , Bosinelli Marino
Published: September 2011

Reports of 56 dreams from 5 subjects, given upon awakening during the second REMP, were analyzed and compared with a further 3 reports of each dream, obtained the following morning, 3 days, and 1 wk. later, using a system of Coding Units (CUs) and the Scoring System for Latent Structure of Foulkes. There were no significant differences between the second, third, and fourth reports, while the most important differences between the first and subsequent reports concerned: (a) a decrease in the number of CUs, words and sentences as indicated by the scoring; (b) a partial restructuring of the material, interpretable as secondary revision; (c) a decrease in the motivational component (interactive sentences) vs the cognitive component (associative sentences); (d) a decrease in the interactive sentences with Ego present in the text vs those without Ego present. Results are discussed in the light of interference and repression hypotheses.
Asymmetric Parafoveal Interference with Dichoptic Presentations
Authors: Chastain Garvin
Published: September 2011

A Landolt C target and letter X nontarget were dichoptically presented to 8 subjects. The nontarget presented to one eye foveally or peripherally flanked the area of the parafovea corresponding to that receiving the target in the other eye. Identification of the orientation of the C was poorer with the nontarget in the peripheral position. If, as has been proposed previously, asymmetric lateral inhibition is responsible for the phenomenon, its locus would seem to lie beyond the retina.
“Jamaicanizing” the Mednick Remote Associates Test of Creativity
Authors: Hamilton Marlene A.
Published: September 2011

Modification/adaptation of Mednick's Remote Associates Test to make it culture-specific for Jamaica resulted in the production of a 35-item version ( r = 0.872) dubbed the “Jamaican RAT.” This was administered, along with a number of other measures of creativity, to a Grade 11 sample of 275 students. Factor analysis showed the Jamaican RAT loading with the Circles Test on what appeared to be a fluency factor of creativity. This was taken as an indication of the test's validity.
The Egocentricity Index and Self-Esteem in Children
Authors: Gordon Michael , Tegtmeyer Paul F.
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that pairs and reflections on a Rorschach protocol are related to self-esteem, the Egocentricity Indices (3r + 2/R) of 64 children were correlated with factors generated by two self-report measures of self-esteem. No significant relationships emerged for any of the variables. Similarly, there were no significant differences when the sample was divided between those with normal and abnormal indices. It was concluded that the Egocentricity Index may be more related to an unconscious process of self-focus than to conscious feelings of self-worth.
Spatial Grouping, Imagery, and Free Recall
Authors: Decker Wayne H. , Wheatley Paula C.
Published: September 2011

100 undergraduates learned lists of high- or low-imagery nouns arranged in one column (ungrouped) or in three columns (grouped). Grouped-list recall was significantly greater than ungrouped on the third and fourth trials. This effect was independent of level of imagery. Spatial grouping seems to provide important cues which are independent of the words learned.
Cross-Validation of Privacy Factors
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire previously developed to measure six privacy factors—Reserve, Isolation, Solitude, Intimacy with Family, Intimacy with Friends, and Anonymity—was administered to 56 subjects for the purpose of cross-validating the relative independence of the factor scales. The correlations corroborated the original findings with one exception.
Correlation of Shyness and Self-Esteem for Elementary School Children
Authors: Lazarus Philip J.
Published: September 2011

98 children were identified as shy based on their self-perceptions and specific criteria related to shyness. These shy children were administered a self-esteem inventory and self-report measures of shyness. A significant correlation of .63 was found between shyness and self-esteem scores which indicated that shyness is related to low self-esteem.
Dimensionality of Body Awareness
Authors: Reihman Jacqueline , Fisher Seymour
Published: September 2011

Bruchon-Schweitzer reported in 1978 and 1979 that Fisher's Body-Focus Questionnaire may be characterized by two main perceptual patterns, one of which is linked to orality and the other to anality. Results of a principal axis analysis of data for 300 American subjects contradict Bruchon-Schweitzer's conclusions based on responses of French subjects and affirm the independence of the Body-Focus Questionnaire Scales.
Comparison of Sign versus Verbal Symbol Training in Retarded Adults
Authors: Penner Kandace A. , Williams William N.
Published: September 2011

Sign language as an alternative or as an augmentive system to verbal language training in the mentally retarded is in widespread use. This study began an exploration of the relationship between sign and verbal learning in 10 institutionalized severely mentally retarded adults. Three experimental groups were taught color labels. Three persons received sign training only, 4 more received verbal training only, and last 3 received combined verbal and sign training. Sign labels tended to be learned more efficiently than verbal labels by this small group. Combined sign and verbal training improved verbal learning whereas sign learning was not improved through the combined approach. Replication and extension of this preliminary work with a larger and more representative sample is needed.
The Original Assessment Center Revisited: Prediction of Leadership Performance from Global Assessments of Potential
Authors: Hendrick Hal W.
Published: September 2011

Using the United States Air Force Academy Group Reaction Course as a leadership-assessment center, global ratings of leadership potential were determined for 545 entering cadets, using a five-point scale. The Group Reaction Course consists of 12 problem environments similar to those used in World War II by the Office of Strategic Services for assessment. These assessments then were used to predict independent ratings of leadership by peers, upper-classmen, and tactical officers in the cadets' respective squadrons, and an averaged composite of the three independent ratings at the end of the cadets' fourth-class (freshman) year. The predictive validity of the assessments was statistically significant for all four sets of criterion ratings; Pearson product-moment correlations ranged from –.26 to –.34. Potential applications of similar assessments in selection and training are discussed.
Lead in the Water Supply Alters Swimming-Maze Behavior in Adult Mice
Authors: Mc Lean K. , Parker G. H. , Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

After about two weeks of exposure to either 20 ppm or approximately 2000 ppm of lead in the drinking water or tap water only and under an ad libitum or restricted food regime, albino male and female mice ( N = 48) were tested for three consecutive days (3 blocks of 3 trials per day) in a swimming maze. Body weights were not altered by lead treatments significantly. The mice treated with the lead displayed longer escape latencies and more errors than the controls on tap water. Statistically significant interactions of lead treatment by test day by test block were also apparent.
Aerobic Fitness and Emotional Arousal: A Reply to Zimmerman and Fulton
Authors: Jamieson J. L. , Evans J. F. , Cox J. P.
Published: September 2011

The rationale for our previous use of hierarchical multiple regression is given along with additional analyses to refute the criticisms of Zimmerman and Fulton.
Discriminant Analysis of Gross and Fine Motor Proficiency Data
Authors: Broadhead Geoffrey D. , Church Gabie E.
Published: September 2011

Two classes of non-handicapped and two classes of handicapped children ( n = 67), aged 5 to 12 years, took part in a study designed to determine whether a regular or specially designed physical education program suited their individual needs best. Initially receiving instruction with class peers each child was administered the 14-item short-form Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Discriminant analysis of the data indicated that two of the three functions were significant, together accounting for 93% of the variance. For each significant function fewer than half the test items contributed substantial discriminatory power. Over-all, 75% of the subjects were correctly classified but misclassifications occurred in each class; different placements seem appropriate for non-handicapped and handicapped children.
Scoring Rod-and-Frame Tests: Quantitative and Qualitative Considerations
Authors: Haller Otto , Edgington Eugene S.
Published: September 2011

An examination of current scoring procedures on the rod-and-frame test showed that these procedures depend on unrealistic assumptions about subjects' performance on the rod-and-frame test. A more general scoring procedure with more realistic assumptions was outlined and illustrated. Like the 1974 Nyborg procedure, this one (a) corrects for constant error, an error unrelated to current concepts of field dependence, (b) is sensitive to a subject's response strategy and choice of cues, i.e., a subject's qualitative aspects of rod-and-frame test performance, and (c) discriminates consistent from inconsistent responding. However, unlike Nyborg's procedure, this one also expresses field dependence relative to maximal field dependence given a subject's response strategy and choice of cue and utilizes all available information. This procedure is useful for the investigation of qualitative and quantitative aspects of rod-and-frame test performance and individual differences in laterality bias as defined by a constant error. Since this scoring procedure relies on computer scoring, a FORTRAN program has been made available.
Orthographic Regularity, Lexical Status, and Letter-Identification Acuity
Authors: Hershenson Maurice
Published: September 2011

Hershenson reported in 1980 that accuracy for identifying letters from seven-letter strings was not affected by the orthographic regularity or the lexical status of the strings when the letter to be reported was indicated by a vertical bar marker that appeared simultaneously with the string or immediately after it. Since the initial visual representation begins to fade soon after stimulus offset and lasts for about 250 msec., stimulus structure may affect the extraction and storage processes necessary to produce a correct response if the indicator is delayed. Two experiments explored this region by sampling seven retinal locations within the central 2.6° of the visual field. The indicator was delayed for 100, 200, and 300 msec, in Exp. 1 and 0, 25, 50, and 75 msec, in Exp. 2. Stimulus structure did not affect accuracy of identification when subjects were equally familiar with the letter strings (memorization group) but had a strong effect for the group instructed to guess (forced-guess group). The group unfamiliar with the strings but instructed not to guess (no-guess group) showed effects of stimulus structure only at delays of the indicator longer than 100 msec. These data support a model of visual processing that includes an initial representation unaffected by orthographic regularity or lexical status, variables that determine the availability of information only when it must be retained before it is used.
Effects of Covert Sensitization on Facial EMG: A Pilot Study
Authors: Carney Robert M. , Hong Barry A.
Published: September 2011

Two subjects currently undergoing covert sensitization treatment were asked to imagine alternately the covert scene and a pleasant imagery scene while EMGs from the corrugator and forearm extensor muscle sites were continuously monitored. Visual inspection of the data suggests that corrugator EMG can reliably discriminate the covert-sensitization scene from the pleasant imagery and from resting baseline conditions. Facial EMG may have potential for objectively studying imagery and its role in covert sensitization and other imagery-based treatments.
Stimulus Characteristics of Rorschach Space Responses
Authors: Carlson Roy W. , Drehmer David E.
Published: September 2011

The contention that stimulus brightness rather than figure-ground reversal operates as the critical perceptual stimulus property in determining space responses was investigated. In the protocols of 329 students the occurrence of responses to two non-white, yet bright grey blot areas (Dll of Figure VI and Dll of Figure VII) was comparable to that of completely white blot regions. Results suggested stimulus properties to study.
Handedness in Navy and Student Populations
Authors: Schlichting Christine L.
Published: September 2011

Briggs and Nebes' (1975) handedness questionnaire was administered to three different groups of Navy men. Analysis showed fewer left-handers and more mixed-handers than the data from Briggs and Nebes' study. Possible reasons for the differences and their implications are discussed.
Repeated Measurements of Forgetting by Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Davis Roger T. , Bennett Cynthia L. , Weisenburger Walter P.
Published: September 2011

Forgetting of spatial information was studied three times (1968, 1972, and 1980) in three feral-born rhesus monkeys ( Macaca Mulatta) acquired in 1952 at the approximate age of 2 yr. and in three rhesus monkeys born in the laboratory between 1956 and 1958. Memory was evaluated by illuminating one cell at a time in a 4 × 4 matrix, varying the interval between the time the monkey saw the stimulus and being allowed to respond to it. Considerable practice was given on this task between the 1968 and 1972 studies. No further practice occurred between 1973 and 1980. Forgetting occurred over brief intervals of time (0 to 18 sec.) for all subjects and persisted in spite of considerable changes in the level of performance.
Demographic Variables in General Job Satisfaction in a Hospital: A Multivariate Study
Authors: Rahim Afzalur
Published: September 2011

The relationships between demographic variables, such as income, age, education, sex, marital status, job categories (nurses, medical technologists, pharmacists, and administrators) and general job satisfaction were studied in a community general hospital. Analysis showed that females were more satisfied than males when income, age, and education were controlled through covariance. Income and age positively affected job satisfaction when sex, marital status, and job categories were controlled through covariance.
Effects of Loss of Visual Feedback on Performance of Two Swimming Strokes
Authors: Cicciarella Charles F.
Published: September 2011

20 subjects, aged 11 to 21 yr., skilled in competitive swimming in both the crawl and the breaststroke, performed a total of 8 timed swimming trials of 25 yd. in both strokes both with and without blindfolds to test the hypothesis that the loss in performance which would occur with loss of visual feedback is related to the complexity of the motor skill being performed. After correction for differences in the speed of each stroke, the loss in speed (performance decrement) in the more complex stroke (crawl) was significantly greater than the decrement in the less complex (breast) stroke.
Dimensionality of the Body Symptom Questionnaire
Authors: Reihman Jacqueline , Fisher Seymour , Greenberg Roger P.
Published: September 2011

A good deal of recent research on somatic discomfort has employed the Body Symptom Questionnaire of Fisher and Greenberg to quantify the perceived location of the somatic discomfort. Certain formal psychometric properties of the instrument have not yet been established, and it is the purpose of this paper to do so. Specifically, since the independence of the questionnaire scales has not been determined, it is a primary focus of this discussion. A principal axis method of factoring showed that the Body Symptom Questionnaire scales are orthogonal to each other.
Dimensions of Affect and a Paired-Comparison Sorting Algorithm: A Simultaneous Validation
Authors: Brisson Marguerite , Dewson Michael , Whissell Cynthia
Published: September 2011

Ten subjects made paired comparisons of fifty “emotional” words on two dimensions; pleasantness and activation. The pairs were presented by a computer sorting algorithm which permitted a complete ranking of the word list after a relatively small number of trials; an average of 31% of the number of comparisons which would be required using a complete pairing procedure. The rankings of the emotional words generated with this procedure were highly correlated with the mean scale ratings of the same words as determined in a previous study by Whissell.
Accuracy in Nonverbal Communication as Affected by Trait and State Anxiety
Authors: Gard K. A. , Gard G. C. , Dossett D. , Turone R.
Published: September 2011

66 students from a midwest junior college participated in an investigation of the effects of trait and state anxiety on accuracy in interpreting nonverbal communication. The students were asked in normal and stress-induced settings to decode facial emotions from a series of slides depicting 6 categories of facial expressions. Analysis indicated that low trait-anxious subjects were more accurate in interpreting nonverbal facial expressions in stressful situations, whereas high trait-anxious subjects were superior in non-stressful situations but showed a significant deterioration in accuracy when subjected to situational stress.
Density of Dormitory Living and Stress: Mediating Effects of Sex, Self-Monitoring, and Environmental Affective Qualities
Authors: Ronchi Don , Sparacino Jack
Published: September 2011

Mediating effects of sex, self-monitoring, and environmental perception were examined in a study of the effects of social density on stress. Subjects were 53 male and 49 female dormitory residents living in single ( n=38) vs triple ( n=64) occupancy rooms. Measures of stress included blood pressure, heart rate, and psychosomatic symptomatology. It was hypothesized that the potential negative effects of high density would be greatest for males, low self-monitors, and persons judging their environment as relatively arousing and unpleasant. None of the major hypotheses were supported, and there was a tendency for singles to have higher mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure and greater diastolic variability.
Individual Differences in Skilled Performance following Imagery of Bilateral Skill
Authors: Turner Paul E. , Kohl Robert M. , Morris Larry W.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined individual differences related to imagery about bilateral skill. 100 males were pretested on the Betts and Gordon scales for competency of imagery and the Eysenck Personality Inventory (to assess introversion-extraversion), and randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. Experimental subjects were given 15 30-sec. sessions performing rotary pursuit, 5 min. rest, and 15 30-sec. trials with the non-dominant hand. Controls received identical treatment but recited the multiplication table instead of generating mental imagery. As expected, skill imagery facilitated bilateral transfer of pursuit tracking. Limited support for competency in generating imagery as a prerequisite for effective imagery of one skill was given only to the extent that subjects who could control imagery, practiced mental imagery, and were given 10 to 15 physical practice trials, performed better than those with less control. Contrary to prediction, there was no evidence of personality effects either in correlations of personality scores with performance or in a post hoc analysis of variance in which subjects were assigned to treatment versus control and extravert versus introvert groups.
Influence of Motor Therapy on Children with Multisensory Disabilities: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Rider Robert A. , Candeletti Glenn
Published: September 2011

Effects of a program of motor therapy on the motor ability levels of 8 multisensory handicapped children were examined. Participation improved performance for all subjects. The gain scores from pretest to posttest indicated that children with multisensory disabilities may benefit from such a program.
Hypnosis and Recognition of a Face
Authors: Wagstaff Graham F.
Published: September 2011

13 hypnotically susceptible subjects were given a hypnotic induction procedure with suggestions to facilitate recognition of a target face shown 7 days earlier. Their accuracy was compared with that of 12 subjects in an untreated control condition. There was no support for the hypothesis that hypnosis improves facial recognition; indeed, there was evidence that hypnosis may serve to increase the number of false positive identifications.
Depression and Figure Size on the Draw-a-Person Test
Authors: Holmes Cooper B. , Wiederholt Jerilyn
Published: September 2011

The relationship between figure size on the Draw-A-Person and depression was studied for depressed patients, non-depressed patients, and non-depressed hospital employees (30 males and 30 females in each group). All participants completed a figure drawing and a measure of depression, Beck's Inventory or the MMPI. No differences were found between any of the groups, that is, all groups drew figures of close to the same size. Figure size and depression were not related.
Effects of Intrauterine Growth and Gestational Age upon Infants' Early Psychomotor Development in Brazil
Authors: Paine Patricia Ann , Pasquali Luiz
Published: September 2011

In a sample of 245 Brazilian infants, the effects of intrauterine growth and gestational age upon psychomotor development were studied through ages 4 to 18 mo. Gestational age was more important than intrauterine growth in determining psychomotor development in the first 18 mo. of life. Intrauterine growth had a significant but smaller and more stable effect than gestational age upon psychomotor development at all ages. Maternal parity, interval between the birth of the child studied and the next oldest sibling, 5-min. Apgar score, and socioeconomic status were also relevant to psychomotor development at these early ages.
Relationship between Quick Test and WISC-R and Reading Ability as Used in a Juvenile Setting
Authors: Paramesh C. R.
Published: September 2011

As part of a regular screening procedure, Quick Test, WISC-R and WRAT, among others, were administered to 87 boys and 53 girls. Significant correlations were obtained between Quick Test and WISC-R IQs, and between Quick Test and WRAT Reading scores. The results clearly indicate that Quick Test is an effective tool for making a valid brief estimate of intelligence.