bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Presumption of Innocence: A Deflationary Account
Authors: Picinali Federico
Published: November 2020

The presumption of innocence is unanimously considered a fundamental requirement for criminal justice. This notwithstanding, the meaning of the presumption is hotly disputed in the legal scholarship. This article contributes to the debate, advancing a novel theory of the meaning as well as of the justification of the presumption of innocence. It assesses critically the components of the presumption that are discussed and defended in the literature; and it shows that the meaning of the presumption should be unloaded of most of these components. The upshot is a markedly deflationary account, according to which the presumption of innocence consists exclusively of a rule on the allocation of the burden of proof. This rule is justified by appealing to the principle of inertia in argumentation, rather than – as it generally occurs – to the value of protecting the innocent from conviction.
Changes in the physical properties of frozen cooked rice depending on thermal insulation levels of packaging during freeze‐thaw
Authors: Lee Hyun‐Gyu , Yoo SeungRan
Published: November 2020

Frozen cooked rice, a common commercially available product, has become the food of convenience in different parts of the world. Frozen foods that are well made in factories often experience quality deterioration due to temperature fluctuation during distribution. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of repeated freeze‐thaw, which may occur during distribution, on the physical quality of frozen cooked rice. Additionally, the effect of the thermal insulation levels of the packaging on the quality change of frozen cooked rice as a result of repeated freeze‐thaw was analyzed. The repeated freeze‐thaw treatment of frozen cooked rice resulted in moisture loss, microstructure destruction, increase in hardness, increase in adhesiveness, decrease in the L*‐value, increase in the a*‐value, increase in the b*‐value, and increase in the ΔE‐value. In particular, the quality of frozen cooked rice quickly deteriorated in samples stored in packaging with low thermal insulation. On the contrary, the higher the thermal insulation of the packaging, the longer the changes in the physical properties of the frozen cooked rice were delayed. The findings of the present study show that the deterioration of quality induced by the repeated freeze‐thaw treatment of frozen cooked rice could be suppressed by thermal insulated packaging.

Practical Application

The present study indicates that thermal insulated packaging can be used for industrial packaging of frozen cooked rice, as it delays the quality deteriorating effects of repeated freeze‐thaw. This can help maintain the quality of frozen cooked rice and improve consumer satisfaction despite temperature fluctuations during distribution.
Structural Evolution of the Western Makran
Authors: CHU Yang , CHEN Lin , WAN Bo , LIN Wei , TALEBIAN Morteza
Published: November 2020

The Makran represents a huge accretionary wedge in SE Iran that resulted from the long‐lasting subduction of the Neotethys Ocean since the Mesozoic. From west to east, this accretionary wedge extends ∼1000 km between the Minab Fault in Iran, and the Ornach‐Nal Fault in Pakistan. The ongoing oceanic subduction characterizes this belt between the Iranian Plateau and the Tibetan Plateau, both of which were generated by collision of Eurasian with the Arabian and Indian plates, and provides an ideal target to recover the tectonic history of subduction. The western Makran located in Iran can be subdivided into four units: The North Makran ophiolitic mélange, the Inner Makran, the Outer Makran, and the Coastal Makran. Based on our detailed structural analysis and geochronological dating, we obtain several new results that can help us to better understand the structural evolution: (1) The North Makran ophiolitic mélange includes thick piles of volcanic rocks and limestone that directly cover the mantle peridotite, so it is likely to be part of an Early Cretaceous volcanic arc by our zircon dating at ∼115 Ma on mafic intrusions; (2) The entire western Makran underwent three phases of deformation. D1 is characterized by top‐to‐the S/SW thrusting as evidence by southward emplacement of the ophiolitic mélange onto the Eocene sedimentary rocks. D2 deformation strongly folded the pre‐late Miocene/early Pliocene strata that also corresponds to the final emplacement of the ophiolite to the surface. D3 structures extends in a N‐S direction with top‐to‐the W kinematics that overthrust the Miocene sandstone onto the Pliocene fluvial sediments along the Minab Fault; (3) Combined with geological and geochronological relationship, D1 occurred at ∼45‐35 Ma, D2 initiated in middle Miocene and ended with a regional late Miocene‐early Pliocene uncomformity, and D3 structures are still active as the subduction continues.
Fingerprints of the Kerguelen Mantle Plume in Southern Tibet: Evidence from Early Cretaceous Magmatism in the Tethyan Himalaya
Authors: LIAN Dongyang , YANG Jingsui , LIU Fei , WU Weiwei , XU Zhiqin
Published: November 2020

Early Cretaceous magmatism suggested to be related with the Kerguelen mantle plume has been reported in both the eastern and western Tethyan Himalayan terrane. Coeval magmatism (133–138 Ma) recorded by hypabyssal intrusive rocks have been recently discovered in the central Tethyan Himalaya (TH). The hypabyssal intrusions are dominated by OIB‐like basaltic rocks intruded by later porphyritic/ophitic intermediate rocks and are characterized by strongly light rare earth element enrichment and prominent Na‐Ta depletion and Pb enrichment. The basaltic rocks have low 143Nd/144Nd ratios ranging from 0.512365 to 0.512476 but relatively high 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.708185 to 0.708966. The ∊Nd(t) ratios of the basaltic rocks are between −4.33 and −2.20 and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios are 0.707807 to 0.708557. Geochemical data demonstrate that these rocks have experienced combined crustal assimilation and fractional crystallization processes. Magmatic zircons from the hypabyssal rocks exclusively have negative ∊Hf (t) values ranging from −0.7 to −12.7, suggestive of assimilation of crustal material. Zircons from these hypabyssal rocks have U‐Pb ages ranging from 130 to 147 Ma. Inherited zircons have U‐Pb ages from 397 to 2495 Ma. All the zircons are characterized by negative ∊Hf(t) values. The Jiding ocean island basalt (OIB)‐like magmatism is geochemically and geochronologically comparable with that in the western and eastern Tethyan Himalaya, indicating widespread OIB‐like magmatism in the northern margin of Greater India during the Cretaceous. Collectively, these rocks can be correlated with other early Cretaceous magmatism in western Australia and northern Antarctica. Considering the similarities, we suggest that the Jiding hypabyssal rocks are also genetically related to Kerguelen plume. Within the Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone (YZSZ), there are also numerous occurrences of OIB‐like rocks derived from mantle sources different from those of N‐MORB‐like magmas. The OIB‐like magmatism in the YZSZ is nearly coeval with that in the TH, and the two are geochemically similar. We suggest that the OIB‐like magmatism in the Neo‐Tethyan ocean and the northern margin of Greater India may represent the dispersed fingerprints of the Kerguelen plume preserved in southern Tibet, China.
Early Devonian Ultrapotassic Magmatism in the North China Craton: Geochemical and Isotopic Evidence for Subcontinental Lithospheric Mantle Metasomatism by Subducted Sediment–Derived Fluid
Authors: NIU Xiaolu , DILEK Yildirim , LIU Fei , FENG Guangying , YANG Jingsui
Published: November 2020

The North China Craton (NCC) represents one of the oldest and largest cratons in the earth with a nearly complete record of Precambrian history. In the northern part of the NCC, the earliest phase of alkaline magmatism occurred in discrete pulses in the Early and Middle Devonian; whereas the next episode of alkaline magmatism took place in the early Mesozoic. The Gucheng pluton is exposed in the northern part of the NCC and forms a composite intrusion, consisting of K‐feldspar–bearing clinopyroxenite, clinopyroxene–bearing syenite and alkali‐feldspar syenite. Mineral phases in these lithologies include clinopyroxene (Wo43‐48En19‐35Fs18‐38), sanidine (An0Ab3‐11Or89‐97), and subordinate titanite, andradite and Na‐feldspar. These rocks show homogeneous Sr but variable Nd isotopic compositions, and have relatively high zircon in‐situ oxygen isotopes (δ18O=5.2–6.7). The Gucheng plutonic rocks formed through fractional crystallization and accumulation from ultrapotassic magmas, which were originated from partial melting of metasomatic vein systems in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle of the NCC. These vein networks developed as a result of the reactions of fluids derived from subducted pelitic sediments on the downgoing Palaeo‐Asian ocean floor with the enriched, subcontinental lithospheric mantle peridotites. SHRIMP U‐Pb zircon dating has revealed a crystallization age of 415 Ma for the timing of the emplacement of the Gucheng pluton that marks the early stages of alkaline magmatism associated with the Andean‐type continental margin evolution along the northern edge of the NCC facing the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean.
Beta‐lactam hypersensitivity in children: Frequency and risk factors
Authors: Ben Romdhane Haifa , Ben Fredj Nadia , Ben Fadhel Najah , Chadli Zohra , Abderrahmen Ahlem , Boughattas Naceur A. , Chaabane Amel , Aouam Karim
Published: November 2020

Aims

To determine the frequency of an authentic β‐lactam (BL) hypersensitivity (HS) amongst a large number of children and to identify clinical risk factors that predict this hypersensitivity.

Methods

All children with suspected BL allergy were evaluated by skin tests (ST) with the suspected BL. A 1‐day oral provocation test (OPT) was performed in children with negative ST. We defined an authentic BL‐HS case if the child exhibited a positive ST or a positive OPT. Risk factors associated with BL‐HS were assessed using a univariate analysis. Covariates showing a P‐value <.2 were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine independent predictors.

Results

A total of 354 patients reporting 368 suspected BL reactions were included. The diagnosis of BL‐HS was established in 24 children (6.7%). All these children had a positive ST. OPT was performed in 30 patients and was negative in all of them. In 110 children with a negative ST, BL was tolerated. In the risk factors analysis, 164 children were included. Older age (>5 years) at the reaction (odds ratio = 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.22; P = .02) and BL administered (odds ratio = 7.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.76–21.8; P < .001) were significantly associated with authentic BL‐HS.

Conclusion

BL‐HS should be evaluated with an appropriate allergy work‐up before strict prohibition is made. In addition, age of patient and BL involved can be used as predictive factors of developing BL‐HS in this population.
Interpretations of partners’ responses to pain behaviours: Perspectives of patients and partners
Authors: Akbari Fatemeh , Mohammadi Somayyeh , Dehghani Mohsen , Sanderman Robbert , Hagedoorn Mariёt
Published: November 2020

Objectives

Partner’s responses to pain behaviours play a pivotal role in the patient’s adjustment. This study aims to further our knowledge regarding patients’ and partners’ interpretation of partners’ responses to pain behaviours, and the possible discrepancies between patients’ and partners’ perceptions. Further, this study examines patients’ preferred responses to pain behaviours and possible discrepancies between received and preferred responses to pain behaviours.

Design

A qualitative research design based on a semi‐structured in‐depth interview.

Methods

Patients with chronic low back pain and their partners (n = 54) were recruited through purposive sampling and interviewed. Data were analysed based on an inductive analytic approach.

Results

Patients as well as partners indicated a number of different interpretations of partners’ responses to pain behaviours, including invalidation, relieving pain, validation, encouragement, caregiving exhaustion, and expressing resentment. Patients and partners revealed similarities in the interpretation of response categories that they associated with validation, invalidation, and expressing resentment. Discrepancies between patients and partners indicated that partners interpreted some responses as caused by caregiving exhaustion while patients did not. Patients perceived partner responses that included the active involvement of the partner (e.g., encouraging pain talk) more positively than responses that showed less active involvement of the partner.

Conclusion

Patients and partners are likely to make various interpretations of a certain partner response to pain behaviours. Our findings underscore that patients’ interpretation about a certain behaviour might determine whether that behaviour is rated as desirable or aversive.
“Three‐in‐one” patient‐specific surgical guides for simultaneous dental implants in fibula flap jaw reconstruction: A prospective case series
Authors: Zhu Wang‐yong , Su Yu‐xiong , Pow Edmond Ho Nang , Yang Wei‐fa , Qin Ling , Choi Wing Shan
Published: November 2020

Background

Conventional freehand immediate placement of dental implants is technically challenging in the jaw reconstructive surgery. Computer‐aided surgery might be the best solution, however, there has not been any standard approach to ensure the accuracy and efficiency of simultaneous dental implants in fibula flap jaw reconstruction.

Purpose

We aim to evaluate the clinical outcome of simultaneous dental implant in fibula flap using the “three‐in‐one” patient‐specific surgical guide (3‐in‐1‐PSSG) in an open‐label, prospective, single‐arm, and single‐center clinical trial.

Materials and Methods

A novel computer‐aided designed and three‐dimensional (3D) printed 3‐in‐1‐PSSG, which contains functions of fibula segmentation, surgical plate positioning and implant placement, was used to facilitate the reconstructive surgery and simultaneous dental implant placement. The intraoperative success of dental implant placement, implant survival rate and accuracy of dental implant placement were reported.

Results

From November 2018 to June 2020, 15 consecutive patients with 48 dental implants were enrolled in this study. Fifteen 3‐in‐1‐PSSGs were fabricated with a mean number of dental implants per guide of 3.2 ± 1.5. The intraoperative success rate of this approach was 14 out of 15. With an average follow‐up period of 40 weeks, the overall implant survival rate was 83.3% (40/48). Eight implants were removed due to two fibula flap failures. The mean deviation at the implant platform and implant apex were 2.8 mm (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.9‐3.4) and 3.2 mm (IQR: 2.0‐4.6), and the angular deviation was 2.5° (IQR: 1.1‐6.8).

Conclusions

Our preliminary data indicated that the 3D printed 3‐in‐1‐PSSG facilitated simultaneous dental implant in fibula flap jaw reconstruction with a favorable intraoperative success and short‐term clinical outcome. It might be a viable alternative to allow one‐step immediate oral rehabilitation in patients underwent jaw reconstruction with free flaps. Long‐term results with a larger sample size are warranted.
When does agriculture enter into conflict with wildlife? A global assessment of parrot–agriculture conflicts and their conservation effects
Authors: Barbosa Jomar M. , Hiraldo Fernando , Romero Miguel Á. , Tella José L.
Published: November 2020

Aim

No human activity has changed natural habitat availability and ecosystem functioning more than agriculture. As a consequence, species may be forced to use croplands as foraging habitat, resulting in potential conflicts with farmers. To assess the causes and consequences of wildlife–agriculture interactions, we investigated the underlying associations among species traits, climate and landscapes factors that determine parrot species to use croplands, and related them to their conservation status.

Location

Global.

Methods

We used parrots as a model due to their global distribution, high behavioural plasticity, high proportion of species using croplands (43%) and threatened species (26%). Within the distribution range of the 398 extant parrot species, we calculated annual averages and seasonality of ecosystem productivity, climate conditions and land‐use patterns from satellite data. We then categorized species conservation status using information provided by IUCN.

Results

We found that habitat degradation, where biodiversity is low and primary productivity is low and intermittent, together with the plasticity of species to use different habitats, is key interrelated conditions that increase the likelihood of species to use croplands worldwide. The persecution of parrots as crop pests varied among regions, being higher for large‐bodied species, those with small distributions, and in highly human‐impacted areas. Moreover, persecution is contributing to the global population decline and extinction risk of parrots, especially in those species with small distribution ranges.

Main conclusions

Parrot–agriculture conflicts may affect both the conservation of parrot species and their key ecological functions. Our results highlight the importance of using multi‐specific and multi‐source information to understand and predict where and why human–wildlife conflicts may arise, as their main drivers interact and are heterogeneous at large spatial scales. Further studies should evaluate the actual extent and economic impact of crop losses caused by wild species to help solve agriculture–wildlife conflicts.
Postcardiotomy effusive–constrictive pericarditis in a 65‐year‐old man: Noteworthy echocardiographic signs
Authors: Scoglio Martin , Vivekanantham Hari , Arroyo Diego
Published: November 2020

Effusive–constrictive pericarditis (eCP) is a rare entity where constriction of the heart occurs through the visceral pericardium, with concomitant presence of a tense effusion in the pericardial space. We present the case of a 65‐year‐old patient with shortness of breath and pericardial effusion, 4 months after aortic and mitral valve replacement for Streptococcus agalactiae endocarditis. The present report focuses on the echocardiographic features of constrictive pericarditis (CP) and provides a brief overview of the pathophysiology, work‐up, and management guidelines.
Untreated dental trauma among homeless people in Midwest Brazil
Authors: Freire Maria do Carmo Matias , Lawder Juliana Aparecida de Campos , Souza João Batista de , Matos Marcos André de
Published: November 2020

Homeless people are usually more exposed to traumatic events that may cause dental injuries than those with more stable housing. Previous studies on the oral health condition of this population group have shown high levels of dental caries, periodontal diseases, and tooth loss, but evidence on dental trauma is scarce. Furthermore, there is no report from Latin American countries. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of untreated traumatic dental injuries (TDI) among adult homeless people in a Brazilian capital city. A sample of 102 adults attending a public homeless shelter was clinically examined using the criteria of the 2010 Brazilian National Oral Health Survey. TDI was found in 10.8% of the participants, and the most common types of injury were enamel‐dentin fractures and avulsion. The overall prevalence was relatively low, but the proportion of anterior tooth loss due to trauma and other reasons shows the need for more appropriate health care for this vulnerable population group.
Treatment Outcomes in Patients Treated With Galcanezumab vs Placebo: Post Hoc Analyses From a Phase 3 Randomized Study in Patients With Episodic Cluster Headache
Authors: Kudrow David , Andrews J. Scott , Rettiganti Mallikarjuna , Oakes Tina , Bardos Jennifer , Gaul Charly , Riesenberg Robert , Wenzel Richard , Kuruppu Dulanji , Martinez James
Published: November 2020

Background

Cluster headache (CH) is a highly disabling primary headache disorder. To date, characterization of outcomes in the preventive treatment of episodic CH, including precise definitions of clinically meaningful attack frequency reduction and impact on acute treatment management, is lacking.

Methods

This was a Phase 3, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study in patients (men or women aged 18‐65 years) diagnosed with episodic CH as defined by the International Classification of Headache Disorders‐3 beta criteria. In this post hoc analysis, we evaluated the median time‐to‐first occurrence of ≥50, ≥75, or 100% reduction from baseline in CH attack frequency, and impact on acute medication use. An anchor‐based assessment of clinically relevant attack frequency reduction using the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI‐I) scores at Week 4 was also assessed.

Results

The median time‐to‐first occurrence of ≥50, ≥75, or 100% reduction from baseline in CH attacks was consistently shorter (9‐10 days sooner) with galcanezumab vs placebo (median [95% confidence interval, 95% CI]: ≥50%, 5 days [4.0 to 7.0] vs 14 days [6.0 to 19.0]; ≥75%, 11 days [7.0 to 16.0] vs 21 days [13.0 to 26.0]; 100%, 22 days [16.0 to 37.0] vs 32 days [23.0 to 34.0]). Mean reduction from baseline in the overall frequency of weekly pooled acute medication use across Weeks 1‐3 was significantly greater with galcanezumab vs placebo (11.0 vs 5.5; odds ratio, OR [95% CI]: 5.52 [1.02, 10.01];Pvalue = .017). Patients reporting “much better” on the PGI‐I experienced a median weekly CH attack reduction of approximately 43% from baseline across Weeks 1‐3. The overall odds of achieving an attack reduction threshold of 43% across Weeks 1‐3 was significantly higher with galcanezumab vs placebo (Weeks 1‐3: OR [95% CI], 2.60 [1.3 to 5.3]).

Conclusions

Faster median time‐to‐first occurrence of response rates, lower frequency of pooled acute medications use, and a greater proportion of patients achieving a response anchored by patient‐reported improvement were observed for galcanezumab vs placebo.
Closing gigantic left atrial appendage using a LAmbre Closure System: First implant experience in North America
Authors: Inohara Taku , Tsang Michael Y. , Lee Christopher , Saw Jacqueline
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Despite maturing experience and growing procedural familiarity, there remain challenges in percutaneous left atrial appendage (LAA) closure due to anatomical complexities.

Methods

We report a complex and extremely large LAA that was successfully closed percutaneously using a LAmbre Closure System (Lifetech Scientific Corp.). Cardiac computed tomography angiography demonstrated a gigantic multilobed LAA measuring 48 × 45.3 mm at the level of the ostium that cannot be occluded by the currently approved LAA closure devices in Canada.

Results

The manufacturer custom‐made a LAmbre 30/50 mm (lobe/disc) device to fit this patient's LAA according to his CTA, which was successfully deployed under fluoroscopy and transesophageal echocardiogram guidance without procedure‐related complications.

Conclusion

The LAmbre device may be considered to close very large LAAs.
Low let‐7d exosomes from pulmonary vascular endothelial cells drive lung pericyte fibrosis through the TGFβRI/FoxM1/Smad/β‐catenin pathway
Authors: Xie Han , Gao Yuan‐Mei , Zhang Yong‐Chang , Jia Ming‐Wang , Peng Fang , Meng Qing‐He , Wang Yi‐Chun
Published: November 2020

The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) was mediated by the progressive deposition of excessive extracellular matrix, but little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of fibrogenesis by lung pericytes. The mouse PF model was established by treatment with bleomycin, followed by isolation of exosomes from mouse broncho‐alveolar lavage fluids by the centrifuge method. Relative mRNA/microRNA levels and protein expression were assessed by qRT‐PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The binding of let‐7d with gene promoter was validated by dual‐luciferase reporter assay. Protein interactions were verified via GST pull‐down and co‐immunoprecipitation. Nuclear retention of Smad3 was analysed by extraction of cytoplasmic and nuclear fraction of pericytes followed by Western blotting. Association of FoxM1 with gene promoter was detected by EMSA and ChIP‐PCR methods. FoxM1 expression is significantly elevated in human lung fibroblasts of PF patients and mouse PF model. The expression of let‐7d is repressed in exosomes derived from broncho‐alveolar lavage fluids of PF mice. Let‐7d or FoxM1 knockdown suppressed the expression of FoxM1, Smad3, β‐catenin, Col1A and α‐SMA expression in mouse lung pericytes under TGF‐β1 treatment. FoxM1 overexpression elevated above gene expression in mouse lung pericytes under TGF‐β1 treatment. Let‐7d directly targets TGFβRI to regulate FoxM1 and downstream gene expression in mouse lung pericytes. FoxM1 directly interacts with Smad3 proteins to promote Smad3 nuclear retention and binds with β‐catenin promoter sequence to promote fibrogenesis. Exosomes with low let‐7d from pulmonary vascular endothelial cells drive lung pericyte fibrosis through activating the TGFβRI/FoxM1/Smad/β‐catenin signalling pathway.
Field validation of senesced banana leaf extracts for trapping banana weevils on smallholder banana/plantain farms
Authors: Abagale Samson A. , Braimah Haruna , Osafo‐Acquaah Samuel , Powers Stephen J. , van Emden Helmut , Birkett Michael A. , Pickett John A. , Sanda Umar I. , Vuts József
Published: November 2020

Palm wine alcohol extract of senesced banana leaf material, Musa spp., was tested for its efficacy in open field trapping of the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus in Ghana from June to August 2015. Modified pitfall and bottle traps were baited with either individual treatments, that is palm alcohol extract, C. sordidus aggregation pheromone or pseudostem or with combinations of extract plus aggregation pheromone or extract plus pseudostem. The combination of extract plus aggregation pheromone was able to lure more weevils into traps compared with the respective individual lures. There was a 2.1‐fold increase in mean catch per week when the palm alcohol extract was used in combination with pheromone compared with using pheromone alone, and a corresponding 2.6‐fold increase when the extract was used with pseudostem in traps. There was no statistically significant interaction between the palm alcohol extract (presence or absence) and treatment (pheromone or pseudostem), but the best combination for maximal catches of adult banana weevils was a combination of palm alcohol extract with aggregation pheromone. Management of banana weevils with attractive banana leaf extract has important practical applications in parts of the world where other management options are too expensive or commercial treatments are in short supply, but where leaf material is cheap and readily available for local use by smallholder farmers.
Capital and Mining Property Relations: Reconsidering Marxist Understanding of Feudal Mining Land
Authors: Graulau Jeannette
Published: November 2020

Marxism holds that feudal mining land was characterized by production relations that gave lords the upper hand. Lacking productive capital, mining land was generally a site of coercive feudal‐property relations. The idea is indefensible, as evidence shows that mining lands triggered property arrangements antagonizing lordly power. This article discusses the labor and capital relations that transformed feudal land into mining land. It argues that this transformation challenged the supremacy of feudal lords by triggering property relations relatively unconstrained by feudal lordly power. The article concludes that mining lands were sites of antagonistic relations, were capital confronted feudal landed property, aiming at isolating lords from the gains of mines.
Genome‐wide search for genes affecting the age at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Syreeni A. , Sandholm N. , Sidore C. , Cucca F. , Haukka J. , Harjutsalo V. , Groop P.‐H. ,   the FinnDiane Study Group
Published: November 2020

Background

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease affecting individuals in the early years of life. Although previous studies have identified genetic loci influencing T1D diagnosis age, these studies did not investigate the genome with high resolution.

Objective and methods

We performed a genome‐wide meta‐analysis for age at diagnosis with cohorts from Finland (Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study), the United Kingdom (UK Genetic Resource Investigating Diabetes) and Sardinia. Through SNP associations, transcriptome‐wide association analysis linked T1D diagnosis age and gene expression.

Results

We identified two chromosomal regions associated with T1D diagnosis age: multiple independent variants in the HLA region on chromosome 6 and a locus on chromosome 17q12. We performed gene‐level association tests with transcriptome prediction models from two whole blood datasets, lymphocyte cell line, spleen, pancreas and small intestine tissues. Of the non‐HLA genes, lower PNMT expression in whole blood, and higher IKZF3 and ZPBP2, and lower ORMDL3 and GSDMB transcription levels in multiple tissues were associated with lower T1D diagnosis age (FDR = 0.05). These genes lie on chr17q12 which is associated with T1D, other autoimmune diseases, and childhood asthma. Additionally, higher expression of PHF20L1, a gene not previously implicated in T1D, was associated with lower diagnosis age in lymphocytes, pancreas, and spleen. Altogether, the non‐HLA associations were enriched in open chromatin in various blood cells, blood vessel tissues and foetal thymus tissue.

Conclusion

Multiple genes on chr17q12 and PHF20L1 on chr8 were associated with T1D diagnosis age and only further studies may elucidate the role of these genes for immunity and T1D onset.
Laboratory Trends for Removable Prosthodontics: A Comparison of Two Surveys
Authors: Yarborough Alexandra B. , Clark Wendy Auclair , Givan Daniel A. , De Kok Ingeborg J.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

 The purpose of this survey was to assess dental laboratory technicians’ perceptions of the quality of communication and techniques used when receiving removable prosthodontic cases. Additionally, responses were compared to a 2009 survey and changes in trends were evaluated.

Materials and Methods

   An eleven‐question anonymous response survey was developed based on a 2009 survey that assessed dental laboratory technicians’ perceptions.  The survey was distributed via Qualtrics to members of the National Association of Dental Laboratories (NADL) The survey included questions related to detail of instruction, quality of work received, design of the prosthesis, and type of articulator used.  Responses were compared to those received in 2009.

Results

 Fifty‐two survey responses were received from dental laboratory technicians. Of these, 12 did not provide removable prosthodontics services and were excluded. The remaining 40 responses were analyzed. Of these, only 3.7% of the responding laboratory technicians reported receiving work authorizations from dentists that were complete enough to do their best work. While roughly half of the respondents (48.49%) expected a dentist to send a design for a cast partial denture framework, most respondents (72.5%) answered that they designed the majority of the partial denture frameworks they fabricated. The majority of respondents reported that complete denture impressions were not border molded in custom trays, and that most dentists did not rearrange or modify a wax setup for complete or partial dentures. These findings were consistent with the trends reported in the 2009 survey.

Conclusions

 Most dental laboratory technicians answered that based on their selected techniques, dentists tend to complete clinical procedures that minimize patient chair time. While the surveyed technicians appeared satisfied with the quality of work they received, there was a consistent message that communication was frequently inadequate, limiting the technicians ability to fabricate their best work.
Dictyota cyanoloma (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae), a Newly Introduced Brown Algal Species in California
Authors: Tran Lan‐Anh T. , Bafort Quinten , Steen Frederique , Gómez Garreta Amelia , D’Hondt Sofie , Miller Kathy Ann , Vranken Sofie , Žuljević Ante , Smith Jennifer E. , De Clerck Olivier
Published: November 2020

Here, we report for the first time the presence of Dictyota cyanoloma in southern California. Dictyota cyanoloma is conspicuous in harbors and bays by its distinctive bright blue‐iridescent margins. This species was originally described from Europe, but subsequent studies have revealed that it represented an introduction from Australia. The current distribution of D. cyanoloma comprises southern Australia and the North East Atlantic, including the Mediterranean Sea and the Macaronesian islands. The presence of D. cyanoloma in southern California is supported by molecular cox1 and psbA gene sequences. A reconstruction of the invasive history based on nine polymorphic microsatellite markers reveals a close affinity of the Californian specimens with European populations. Dictyota cyanoloma in the United States appears to be (so far) restricted to the Californian coast from San Diego Bay in the south to Santa Catalina Island and Long Beach Harbor in the north. A correlative species distribution model suggests gradually declining habitat suitability north of the Southern Californian Bight and high suitability in Baja California, including the Gulf of California. Finally, its widespread abundance in bays and harbors suggests shipping is a likely transport mechanism.
Differences in Loneliness Across the Rural‐Urban Continuum Among Adults Living in Washington State
Authors: Abshire Demetrius A. , Graves Janessa M. , Amiri Solmaz , Williams‐Gilbert Wendy
Published: November 2020

Purpose

Rural residents may be at higher risk for loneliness than urban residents due to factors such as social isolation, poorer health, and socioeconomic disadvantage. To date, there have been few studies examining rural‐urban differences in loneliness among adults in the United States. We examined differences in loneliness across the rural‐urban continuum among adult residents living in Washington State.

Methods

Stratified random sampling was used to select 2,575 adults from small rural, large rural, suburban, and urban areas who were invited to complete a survey on factors affecting health. Data were obtained from 616 adults (278 from small rural, 100 from large rural, 98 from suburban, and 140 from urban areas) from June 2018 through October 2019. Loneliness was measured using the UCLA Loneliness Scale (3rd version). Multivariable linear and logistic regressions were used to examine geographic differences in loneliness (measured continuously and dichotomously).

Findings

Mean unadjusted loneliness scores were lower in suburban compared to urban areas (35.06 vs 38.57, P = .03). The prevalence of loneliness was 50.7%, 59.0%, 40.8%, and 54.3% in small rural, large rural, suburban, and urban areas, respectively. Suburban living was associated with lower odds for being lonely compared to urban living (unadjusted OR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.34‐0.98), but this association was not statistically significant in the adjusted model (OR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.33‐1.19).

Conclusion

Loneliness is a prevalent health issue across the rural‐urban continuum among Washington State adults.
Comparison of two protocols for early treatment of dentoskeletal Class III malocclusion: Modified SEC III versus RME/FM
Authors: Fabozzi Filomena Federica , Nucci Ludovica , Correra Antonia , d'Apuzzo Fabrizia , Franchi Lorenzo , Perillo Letizia
Published: November 2020

Objective

To compare the short‐term cephalometric outcomes of the protocols modified splints, Class III elastics, chincup (SEC III) and rapid maxillary expansion and facial mask (RME/FM) for the early treatment of growing subjects with Class III dentoskeletal malocclusion.

Settings and sample population

This retrospective observational study included 20 patients (11 males, nine females) treated with the modified SEC III protocol and 31 patients (16 males, 15 females) treated with the RME/FM one. The sample was evaluated before (T1, mean age 7.9 ± 1.0 years) and at the end of treatment (T2, mean age 9.0 ± 1.0 years). Statistical comparisons between the two groups were performed with independent sample t tests.

Results

Both the modified SEC III and the RME/FM sample groups showed significantly favourable effects in terms of maxillary advancement (SNA +1.3° and +1.5°, respectively), control of mandibular projection (SNB −0.5° and −0.8°, respectively), and intermaxillary relationships (ANB +1.8° and +2.3°, respectively; Wits +3.4 and +1.9 mm, respectively). The modified SEC III group showed a statistically significant greater control in the intermaxillary divergency considering the SN to Pal. Pl. (P < 0.006) and Pal. Pl. to Mand. Pl. angle (P < 0.002) with a difference of 2.3 mm between the two groups.

Limitations

The main limitations of this study are its retrospective nature and the short‐term outcomes.

Conclusion

Early treatment of growing patients with dentoskeletal Class III disharmonies is efficient using either modified SEC III or RME/FM protocols. However, a higher vertical control is achieved with the modified SEC III.
Effectiveness of a 3D mapping benchmark for ablation in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia
Authors: Yamamoto Masanori , Tachibana Motomi , Banba Kimikazu , Hasui Yusuke , Matsumoto Kensuke
Published: November 2020

Background

Avoiding excessively fast junctional rhythm (JR) during slow pathway (SP) modification for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) helps prevent serious atrioventricular block. This study investigated the usefulness of a predictive ablation point that lies near the boundary line between appropriate and excessively fast JRs with three‐dimensional (3D) electroanatomical mapping in AVNRT patients.

Methods

Participants were 141 consecutive patients with common AVNRT who received anatomical ablation to an antegrade SP at our institution between August 2013 and December 2019. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A, treated using a location marker that predicts successful ablation sites in a 3D mapping system, and Group B, treated prior to the development of this marker and therefore without it.

Results

The average age was 61.9 ± 16.9 years, and 41.1% of patients were male. Excessively fast JRs appeared less frequently in Group A than in Group B, though this difference did not reach significance. The distance from the His bundle to the successful ablation point was significantly longer in Group A than in Group B (13.4 ± 4.5 vs 10.8 ± 4.4 mm, P < .01). The number of ablations near the successful ablation point was significantly lower in Group A (6.5 ± 5.2 vs 11.4 ± 9.9, P < .01), and a greater number of accelerated JRs at the successful ablation point were observed in Group A (46.9 ± 29.2 vs 32.8 ± 19.2, P < .01).

Conclusion

Using our benchmark for a predictive successful ablation point in 3D mapping simplifies and improves common AVNRT ablation procedures.
Hospital outcomes for pediatric heart transplant recipients undergoing tracheostomy: A multi‐institutional analysis
Authors: Spinner Joseph A. , Denfield Susan W. , Puri Kriti , Morris Shaine A. , Costello John M. , Moffett Brady S. , Wang Yunfei , Shekerdemian Lara S. , Tunuguntla Hari P. , Price Jack F. , Heinle Jeffrey S. , Adachi Iki , Dreyer William J. , Cabrera Antonio G.
Published: November 2020

Tracheostomy is associated with increased mortality and resource utilization in children with CHD. However, the prevalence and hospital outcomes of tracheostomy in children with HTx are not known. We describe the prevalence and compare the post‐HTx hospital outcomes of pediatric patients with Pre‐TT and Post‐TT to those without tracheostomy. A multi‐institutional retrospective cohort study was performed using the Pediatric Health Information System database. Hospital mortality, mediastinitis, LOS, and costs were compared among patients with Pre‐TT, Post‐TT, and no tracheostomy. Pre‐TT was identified in 29 (1.1%) and Post‐TT was identified in 41 (1.6%) of 2603 index HTx hospitalizations. Patients with Pre‐TT were younger and more likely to have CHD, a non‐cardiac birth defect, or an airway anomaly compared to those without Pre‐TT. Pre‐TT was not independently associated with increased post‐HTx in‐hospital mortality. Age at HTx < 1 year, CHD, and Post‐TT were associated with increased in‐hospital mortality. Pre‐TT that occurred during the HTx hospitalization and Post‐TT were associated with increased resource utilization. Tracheostomy was not associated with mediastinitis.
Stacking for future: Pyramiding genes to improve drought and salinity tolerance in rice
Authors: Shailani Anjali , Joshi Rohit , Singla‐Pareek Sneh Lata , Pareek Ashwani
Published: November 2020

Abiotic stresses, such as drought and salinity, adversely affect rice production and cause a severe threat to food security. Conventional crop breeding techniques alone are inadequate for achieving drought stress tolerance in crop plants. Using transgenic technology, incremental improvements in tolerance to drought and salinity have been successfully attained via manipulation of gene(s) in several crop species. However, achieving the goal via pyramiding multiple genes from the same or different tolerance mechanisms has received little attention. Pyramiding of multiple genes can be achieved either through breeding, by using marker‐assisted selection, or by genetic engineering through molecular stacking co‐transformation or re‐transformation. Transgene stacking into a single locus has added advantages over breeding or re‐transformation since the former assures co‐inheritance of genes, contributing to more effective tolerance in transgenic plants for generations. Drought, being a polygenic trait, the potential candidate genes for gene stacking are those contributing to cellular detoxification, osmolyte accumulation, antioxidant machinery, and signaling pathways. Since cellular dehydration is inbuilt in salinity stress, manipulation of these genes results in improving tolerance to salinity along with drought in most of the cases. In this review, attempts have been made to provide a critical assessment of transgenic plants developed through transgene stacking and approaches to achieve the same. Identification and functional validation of more such candidate genes is needed for research programs targeting the gene stacking for developing crop plants with high precision in the shortest possible time to ensure sustainable crop productivity under marginal lands.
Characterization of semen collected by pharmacologically induced ejaculation from a stallion with seminal vesiculitis
Authors: Cavalero Thaís Mendes Sanches , Segabinazzi Lorenzo Garrido Teixeira M. , Scheeren Verônica Flores da Cunha , Freitas‐Dell'Aqua Camila P. , Papa Frederico Ozanam
Published: November 2020

The present study compared the quality of sperm collected by artificial vagina or pharmacologically induced ejaculation from a 10‐year‐old thoroughbred stallion with seminal vesiculitis. The pharmacological protocol involved intravenous administration of detomidine (0.01 mg/kg) and oxytocin (20 IU) and successfully induced ejaculation in all attempts of semen collection. Sperm motility, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity (PMAI), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) percentage, and bacterial profiles of fresh and cooled semen (5°C for 24 hr) were evaluated. Semen obtained by the pharmacological method presented reduced seminal volume, decreased PMN percentage and superior sperm motility in cooled samples. Moreover, higher PMAI and lower ROS levels were observed in semen collected by the pharmacological method. Therefore, pharmacologically induced ejaculation is an alternative to obtain semen with minimal contamination and with sperm of superior quality and longevity from stallions with seminal vesiculitis.
Successful hair removal on intraoral grafts using the diode laser: Report of two cases
Authors: Rodrigues Bruno Teixeira Gonçalves , Nunes Lucas Alberto dos Santos , Amaral Layla dos Reis , Siqueira Débora Aparecida Vianna , Pêssoa Thiago Moreira , Ramos Ruth Tramontani , Cantisano Marília Heffer , Silva‐Junior Geraldo Oliveira
Published: November 2020

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the successful epilation of intraoral grafts using the diode laser system.

Methods and Results: Two male patients at a 12‐month follow‐up – who underwent radical resection of oral cancer located in the mouth floor and tongue followed by reconstruction with cutaneous flap – showed hypertrichosis in the graft region, leading to dysphagia and dysphonia. The diode (980 nm) laser was performed for both cases in order to remove the ectopic hair. Excellent aesthetic and functional outcomes with total hair removal and alteration of the tissue surface were achieved.

Conclusions: There is no currently standard protocol for the laser epilation use on hairy grafts because each graft required a different number of sessions for total epilation. The diode laser system appears to be a successful therapeutic option for patients suffering from hypertrichrosis in the oral cavity.
Tactical behavior of high‐level male marathon runners
Authors: García‐Manso Juan Manuel , Martínez‐Patiño Maria José , de la Paz Arencibia Lázaro , Valverde‐Esteve Teresa
Published: November 2020

This study analyzes the strategy used by the best male runners who participated in one of the major city marathons (Frankfurt Marathon, 2008‐2018), the all‐time performances <2:04:00, the male world records achieved during the 21st century and the Nike Breaking2 Project and INEOS 1:59 Challenge (total = 235 races). The races of the best runners in the Frankfurt Marathon (top 10) were analyzed (n = 110 runners, range: 2:03:42‐2:14:05 hours); the runners were divided into two groups according to the tactical used. The pace of Group A (stable pace) remained steady throughout the race, while in Group B (decrease in running speed toward the end of the race) a moderate, but significant drop in speed was detected (P ≤ .001), starting from halfway through the race and getting sharper from the 30th kilometer (30‐35 km = 1.6%, P ≤ .001 – 35‐40 km = 4.3%, P ≤ .001 – 40‐42.195 km: 3.9%, P ≤ .001, total = ≈10%). In the races in which the world record is achieved, the running speed tends to be steady and relatively conservative during the first stretch of the race, increasing smoothly in the second half and achieving a significant increase in the last 2195 m of the race (P = .016, ES = 1.14). Among all the possible strategies, running at a steady pace throughout the race seems the most effective option, especially when priority is given to time rather than position (ie, world records and best all‐time races).
A novel variant of HLA‐C*12, HLA‐C*12:130, detected in a Taiwanese individual
Authors: Yang Kuo‐Liang , Li Chi‐Cheng , Lin Py‐Yu
Published: November 2020

One nucleotide substitution in codon 40 of HLA‐C*12:02:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐C*12:130.