bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suspension flow past a cylinder: particle interactions with recirculating wakes
Authors: Haddadi Hamed , Shojaei-Zadeh Shahab , Connington Kevin , Morris Jeffrey F.
Published: November 2014

Experimental observations of the flow of a suspension of solid fraction ${\it\phi}\approx 0.084$ over a circular cylindrical post in a shallow microchannel (depth smaller than the cylinder radius) find that the recirculating wake behind the obstacle at moderate Reynolds numbers is depleted or devoid of particles. Particles injected into the wake exit to regain the depleted state. By numerical simulation of the discrete particle motion, the basis for the depletion behind the cylinder is studied; rather than a shallow channel, the numerical simulations consider a periodic domain, mimicking the flow past an infinite cylinder. The Reynolds number is defined, using the average axial velocity ${\bar{U}}$, diameter of the obstacle $D$ and the kinematic viscosity of the suspension ${\it\nu}$, as $Re={\bar{U}}D/{\it\nu}$, and is studied for $Re<30$ in the simulation – conditions for which the pure fluid exhibits an extended steady closed-streamline (recirculating) wake behind the cylinder; unsteadiness is found to be suppressed by the channel walls in the experiments, allowing steady flow at a larger $Re$ than expected for an infinite cylinder (up to at least $Re=300$). The simulations use the lattice-Boltzmann method to determine the motion of the fluid and neutrally buoyant particles. The trajectory of a single particle (small relative to the cylinder) shows migration to a limit cycle inside the wake. With an increase of the number of particles in the wake alone (no particles in the free stream), particles can escape the wake due to velocity fluctuations. Simulation of the flow of suspensions of ${\it\phi}=0.04,0.06$ and 0.08 demonstrates that there is particle exchange between the wake and the free stream; the net flux of particles out of the wake leads to a particle-depleted wake, qualitatively very similar to the experimental observation.
Te Reo Māori as a Subject: The Impact of Language Ideology, Language Practice, and Language Management on Secondary School Students’ Decision Making
Authors: Jeurissen Maree
Published: November 2014

Te reo Māori, the Indigenous language of Aotearoa (New Zealand), remains ‘endangered’ despite concentrated ongoing efforts to reverse declining numbers of speakers. Most of these efforts have focused on te reo Māori immersion education settings as these were considered the most effective means to ensure the survival of the language (May & Hill, 2008). More recently, the home has been identified as an important setting for language regeneration (Te Puni Kokiri, 2011). Despite the fact that the vast majority of secondary school-aged students (both Māori and non-Māori) attend English-medium schools, these settings are seldom considered as having potential to increase numbers of te reo Māori speakers. This article reports findings from a case study of one English-medium secondary school where factors surrounding the uptake of te reo Māori as a subject were investigated. Using Spolsky and Shohamy's (2000) language policy framework as an explanatory lens, it was revealed that even when students’ language ideologies orient them towards learning te reo Māori, language management and practice decisions can discourage rather than encourage this choice.
‘It's All in the Context’: Indigenous Education for Pre-Service Teachers
Authors: Taylor Raegina
Published: November 2014

This article describes how five pre-service teachers at similar stages of completion in their course at an Australian university responded to case studies on Indigenous education topics such as government policies, developing relationships, and teacher attitudes in the final assessment of a core unit of study. With the intent of encouraging student–teacher understandings to move beyond prior knowledge through dynamic scholarship, a case-study methodology was embedded across the pedagogical approach in an intensively taught Indigenous education core unit. The data consisted of an in-depth examination of five pre-service teachers’ assignments for levels of reflective language, and degree of orientation towards discourses in Indigenous education as associated with the assessment criteria. The findings support prior research in asserting core units in Indigenous education for pre-service teachers as paramount for developing teacher competencies, and argues careful consideration when deeming a graduate ready to teach according to the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers.
Raising Awareness to Transcend Disciplines: Developing Teachers' Critical Awareness Across Disciplines to Increase Indigenous Learner Engagement
Authors: Riley Tasha
Published: November 2014

The issue of low graduation rates among Indigenous learners transcends borders. Some argue that racism and discrimination in schools and in wider society impede the success of Indigenous learners. Although teachers may not intend to make discriminatory decisions based on a learner's ascribed characteristics, research has demonstrated that teachers are capable of making biased decisions that deny opportunities to Indigenous learners. After reflecting upon current debates regarding effective educational strategies for diversity and Indigenous learners, the author contends that courses directed towards best practices for Indigenous learners in the classroom may be less beneficial than developing teachers' overall critical consciousness-raising and self-awareness abilities. The author presents what the literature reveals regarding various educational methods, practices, and epistemologies that have been successfully shared across disciplines in order to create more effective teachers and more responsive learners.
Addressing Uncomfortable Issues: Reflexivity as a Tool for Culturally Safe Practice in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health
Authors: Wilson Annabelle
Published: November 2014

It is well recognised that research with Aboriginal communities needs to be ethical, meaningful and useful, in a way that is defined by communities themselves. This article provides an example of how reflexivity, from a number of positions and paradigms, can be used to undertake such research. I used a reflexive journal to document and critically assess the challenges and discomfort I experienced while undertaking research with Aboriginal communities, including uncertainty and feeling in the minority. Reflexivity allowed me to experience a number of key learnings, including: the importance of relationships; the importance of time, transparency and trust in relationships; reciprocity; the importance of listening; a partnership approach; and the impact of Aboriginal culture and past experience. The way in which I redefined my success as a researcher is also explored. In using reflexivity I reached new levels of understanding about myself, which enabled me to alter my practice and therefore change the experiences of those I was working with, ideally towards experiences that were perceived as culturally safe. Using reflexivity also enabled me to identify my position as a White researcher and centralise the needs and perspectives of Aboriginal people in my research. The purpose of this article is to present my own journey, as well as start a dialogue and provide a framework for how others might use reflexivity to become a culturally safe health professional or researcher and centralise the needs and perspectives of Aboriginal people in research and practice.
Neuropsychological profile of a male psychiatric patient with a Morgagni-Stewart-Morel syndrome
Authors: Hansen Aksel , Engelhardt Liliana , Pleschutznig Wolfgang , Dammann Gerhard , Vietze Stephanie
Published: November 2014

In 1765 Giovanni Morgagni described a syndrome consisting of hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI), obesity and hirsutism. In 1928 Stewart and in 1930 Morel added neuropsychiatric symptoms, e.g. depression and dementia, which led to the definition of the Morgagni-Stewart-Morel Syndrome (MSM). Although mostly women were characterized in literature no gender specifity is demanded. This case report presents the rare case of a 66 year old male psychiatric patient with Morgagni-Stewart-Morel Syndrome. The patient complained of loss of concentration and difficulties with activities of daily living. Admission diagnosis was an opioid misuse on the basis of a chronic pain syndrome. In this case report we are describing clinical features, the patient history and technical (MRI) and neuropsychological tests. Although severe psychiatric symptoms and neuropsychological deficits are commonly seen in these patients, our patient showed only mild symptoms. This case reports shows the possibility of a male patient with MSM. If MSM is a separate entity or just an epiphenomena of hormone dysregulation should be investigated in further studies.
Supple networks: Preferential attachment by diversity in nascent social graphs
Authors: WATTS JAMESON K. M. , KOPUT KENNETH W.
Published: November 2014

A preference for diversity has been identified as an important predictor of tie formation in certain networks, both social and organizational, that also exhibit a high degree of suppleness–the ability to retain their general form and character under stress (Durkheim, 1893/1997. The division of labor in society; Powell et al., 1996. Administrative Science Quarterly 116–145; Powell et al., 2005. American Journal of Sociology, 110(4), 1132–1205; Koput & Gutek, 2010. Gender stratification in the IT industry: Sex, status and social capital. Edward Elgar Publishing). Extant models of preferential attachment, based on popularity, similarity, and cohesion, meanwhile, produce exceedingly brittle networks (Albert et al., 2000. Nature, 406(6794), 378–382; Callaway et al., 2000. Physical Review Letters, 85(25), 5468–5471; Holme et al., 2002. Physical Review E, 65(2), 026107; Shore et al., 2013 Social Networks, 35(1), 116–123). A model of preferential attachment based on diversity is introduced and simulated, demonstrating that a preference for diversity can create a structure characterized by suppleness. This occurs because a preference for diversity promotes overlapping and redundant weak ties during the early stages of network formation.
Kinetic behaviour ofStaphylococcus aureuson cheese as a function of water activity and temperature
Authors: Lee Heeyoung , Kim Kyungmi , Lee Soomin , Yoon Yohan
Published: November 2014

This study developed mathematical models in order to evaluate the effect ofAw(Water activity) and growth temperature onStaphylococcus aureuskinetic behaviour. TheAwlevels (0·970, 0·975, 0·983, and 0·991) of cheese were adjusted by NaCl; then,Staph. aureuswas inoculated on the cheese, followed by storage at 7–30 °C for 72–720 h. Total bacterial andStaph. aureuscell counts were enumerated on tryptic soy agar and mannitol salt agar, respectively. The Baranyi model was fitted to theStaph. aureusgrowth data in order to calculate the maximum specific growth rate (μmax; log CFU/g/h), lag phase duration (λ; h), lower asymptote (N0; log CFU/g) and upper asymptote (Nmax; log CFU/g). The effects of storage temperature andAwon the kinetic parameters (μmaxand λ) were then further analysed with the Ratkowsky-type model and a polynomial equation, respectively. The root mean square error (RMSE) and relative error (RE) were calculated in order to estimate the model performance. No significant effect ofAwonStaph. aureusgrowth was observed at 7 °C; thus, the Baranyi model was fitted to the growth data from 15, 25 and 30 °C. The μmaxvalues (0·011–0·303 log CFU/g/h) increased (P<0·05) as the storage temperature andAwincreased. In addition, λ values (2·42–63·48 h) decreased (P<0·05) as storage temperature andAwincreased; yet, the effect ofAwon λ was observed only at 15 °C. The theoretical minimum storage temperature andAwwere 10·15 °C and 0·882, respectively.RMSE(0·010–1·544) andREvalues (−0·131 to 0·187) from validation indicated that model performance was appropriate. Hence, these results suggest that the developed models in this study should be useful in describing the effect of temperature andAwon the growth kinetic behaviour ofStaph. aureusin cheese along with the exposure assessment ofStaph. aureusin cheese as well.
Hypoglycaemic effect of galactooligosaccharides in alloxan-induced diabetic rats
Authors: Sangwan Vikas , Tomar Sudhir K , Ali Babar , Singh Ram R B , Singh Ashish K
Published: November 2014

This study was conducted to assess the effect of prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on alloxan-induced diabetes in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Diabetes was induced by administration of alloxan (100 mg/kg) and rats were divided in 4 groups: normal control group (NCG), prebiotic control group (PCG), diabetic control group (DCG) and diabetic prebiotic group (DPG). While PCG and DPG were fed with GOS supplemented (10% w/w) diet, NCG and DCG were administered with basal diet. Rats were sacrificed after 42 d for collection of blood and liver. Faecal samples were collected at the interval of 7 d throughout the study for measurement of lactobacilli and coliform count. Feeding of GOS decreased or delayed the severity of diabetes by amelioration of diabetes associated markers including fasting blood glucose, haemoglobin, glycosylated haemoglobin triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, creatinine and urea. GOS was also found to improve the levels of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) in liver and blood. Improvement in lactobacilli count along with a concomitant decrease in coliform count was observed in GOS fed groups.
Community policing and the politics of local development in Tanzania
Authors: Cross Charlotte
Published: November 2014

This paper explores how the concept of ‘community policing’ has been understood and implemented in Tanzania. Whilst community policing is locally considered to be a very effective means of preventing crime and improving neighbourhood safety, the extent to which it constitutes a more accountable, responsive or ‘democratic’ form of policing, as assumed by proponents, is questionable. Based on research conducted in the city of Mwanza, this paper explains these outcomes in terms of continuities between forms of popular mobilisation that developed during Tanzania's socialist one-party era, and particularly the co-optation by the ruling party ofsungusunguvigilantism, and understandings of the role of citizen participation in local development today. However, this paper suggests that as multiparty political competition becomes increasingly competitive, the sustainability of this model of community policing may be undermined, as citizens challenge the notion that they are obliged to provide resources for development directed from above.
The black middle class and democracy in South Africa
Authors: Southall Roger
Published: November 2014

Against the background of celebrations about the rise of a middle class in Africa and its widely posited role in promoting democracy, this paper explores the politics of the black middle class in South Africa. It does so by examining three propositions: first, that the black middle class was a positive force in the struggle for liberation and democracy; second, that post-1994 strategies of the African National Congress (ANC) government which have benefited it secure its political alignment with the ANC's ‘party-state’; and third, that its growth and increasing diversity will contribute to the consolidation of democracy. The conclusion drawn is that while the black middle class may indeed play an important role in furthering democracy, its political orientations and behaviour cannot be assumed to be inherently progressive.
The effect of pedal mucus on barnacle cyprid settlement: a source for indirect interactions in the rocky intertidal?
Authors: Holmes Sebastian P.
Published: November 2014

Laboratory assessment of barnacle cyprid settlement showed that it was increased by a multiple of ∼6 and by a multiple of ∼3 by the pedal mucus produced by Patella vulgata and by Littorina littorea, respectively. Field experiments showed that pedal mucus produced by P. vulgata could increase cyprid settlement by a multiple of ∼4, but that there was no effect of the pedal mucus produced by L. littorea. Evaluation of the effect of pedal mucus coated with nitro-cellulose and various pedal extracts, on cyprid settlement, ascertained that there appeared to be no chemotactic or chemotaxic effect of pedal mucus on cyprid settlement. In contrast, the use of a physical analogue to pedal mucus, silicon grease, increased cyprid settlement by a multiple of ∼18.  Pedal mucus produced by P. vulgata and by L. littorea increased the time spent by cyprids in surface suitability testing by a multiple of ∼10 and ∼3, respectively. Only the pedal mucus produced by P. vulgata had any effect on the exploratory behaviour of cyprids increasing the time spent on this behaviour by a multiple of ∼3. Pedal mucus affects the settlement of cyprids through adhesive enmeshment, resulting in positive feedback to the mechanoreceptors housed in the antennules of cyprids, in what is effectively a settlement cascade. Pedal mucus produced by P. vulgata and L. littorea can affect the settlement of the majority of settling marine organisms through physical entrapment. Pedal mucus produced by L. littorea will have little, if any, effect on the settlement of organisms in the field whereas the pedal mucus produced by P. vulgata may be of major importance in determining the adult distribution patterns.
Different neural and cognitive response to emotional faces in healthy monozygotic twins at risk of depression
Authors: Miskowiak K. W. , Glerup L. , Vestbo C. , Harmer C. J. , Reinecke A. , Macoveanu J. , Siebner H. R. , Kessing L. V. , Vinberg M.
Published: November 2014

Background

Negative cognitive bias and aberrant neural processing of emotional faces are trait-marks of depression. Yet it is unclear whether these changes constitute an endophenotype for depression and are also present in healthy individuals with hereditary risk for depression.

Method

Thirty healthy, never-depressed monozygotic (MZ) twins with a co-twin history of depression (high risk group: n = 13) or without co-twin history of depression (low-risk group: n = 17) were enrolled in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. During fMRI, participants viewed fearful and happy faces while performing a gender discrimination task. After the scan, they were given a faces dot-probe task, a facial expression recognition task and questionnaires assessing mood, personality traits and coping strategies.

Results

High-risk twins showed increased neural response to happy and fearful faces in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), pre-supplementary motor area and occipito-parietal regions compared to low-risk twins. They also displayed stronger negative coupling between amygdala and pregenual ACC, dmPFC and temporo-parietal regions during emotional face processing. These task-related changes in neural responses in high-risk twins were accompanied by impaired gender discrimination performance during face processing. They also displayed increased attention vigilance for fearful faces and were slower at recognizing facial expressions relative to low-risk controls. These effects occurred in the absence of differences between groups in mood, subjective state or coping.

Conclusions

Different neural response and functional connectivity within fronto-limbic and occipito-parietal regions during emotional face processing and enhanced fear vigilance may be key endophenotypes for depression.
Molecular biology and biophysical properties of ion channel gating pores
Authors: Moreau Adrien , Gosselin-Badaroudine Pascal , Chahine Mohamed
Published: November 2014

The voltage sensitive domain (VSD) is a pivotal structure of voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) and plays an essential role in the generation of electrochemical signals by neurons, striated muscle cells, and endocrine cells. The VSD is not unique to VGICs. Recent studies have shown that a VSD regulates a phosphatase. Similarly, Hv1, a voltage-sensitive protein that lacks an apparent pore domain, is a self-contained voltage sensor that operates as an H+channel.

VSDs are formed by four transmembrane helices (S1–S4). The S4 helix is positively charged due to the presence of arginine and lysine residues. It is surrounded by two water crevices that extend into the membrane from both the extracellular and intracellular milieus. A hydrophobic septum disrupts communication between these water crevices thus preventing the permeation of ions. The septum is maintained by interactions between the charged residues of the S4 segment and the gating charge transfer center. Mutating the charged residue of the S4 segment allows the water crevices to communicate and generate gating pore or omega pore. Gating pore currents have been reported to underlie several neuronal and striated muscle channelopathies. Depending on which charged residue on the S4 segment is mutated, gating pores are permeant either at depolarized or hyperpolarized voltages. Gating pores are cation selective and seem to converge toward Eisenmann's first or second selectivity sequences. Most gating pores are blocked by guanidine derivatives as well as trivalent and quadrivalent cations. Gating pores can be used to study the movement of the voltage sensor and could serve as targets for novel small therapeutic molecules.
5.—Adiabatic Motion in a Charged Particle Trap
Authors: Byrne J.
Published: November 2014

Synopsis

The adiabatic invariants associated with the motion of charged particles, trapped in electromagnetic fields with rotational and reflection symmetry, have been studied using classical methods based on the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. It has been shown that results, valid for trapping in purely magnetic configurations, may be applied in the analysis of electromagnetic charged particle traps, provided that suitably modified expressions are used for the angular frequencies in the various dynamical modes. Attention is drawn to circumstances in which the adiabatic conditions may be violated because of cancellation of electric and magnetic terms in the equations.
Structural investigation of tungsten bronze-type relaxor ferroelectrics in the BaxSr3−xTiNb4O15system
Authors: Whittle Thomas A. , Schmid Siegbert
Published: November 2014

Compounds in the BaxSr3−xTiNb4O15series withx = 0.0–3.0 were synthesised. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction data were collected for each member synthesised. Rietveld refinements were performed for all compositions. A composition-dependent phase transition between orthorhombic and tetragonal symmetries was found. Cation ordering was observed between barium and strontium atoms in the two distinctAsite cavities
Neutron diffraction residual stress measurements of welds made with pulsed tandem gas metal arc welding (PT-GMAW)
Authors: Paradowska A.M. , Larkin N. , Li H. , Pan Z. , Shen C. , Law M.
Published: November 2014

Pulsed tandem gas metal arc welding (PT-GMAW) is being developed to increase productivity and minimise weld-induced distortion in ship-building. The PT-GMAW process was used in pulse–pulse mode to butt-weld two different strength and thickness steels; the residual stress and hardness profiles of the welds are reported and correlated.
Preface: Special issue on objects and services
Authors: LANESE IVAN , SANGIORGI DAVIDE
Published: November 2014

Objects and services are pervasive concepts in modern distributed systems. Objects and services, sometimes generically referred to as components, represent the unit of interaction. They offer mechanisms for abstraction and encapsulation, through a well-defined interface that specifies the way in which a given component can be used from the outside, thus hiding the details of the internal implementation. These features are important for building flexible systems, in which components can be used just by inspecting their interface.
Abstract delta modelling
Authors: CLARKE DAVE , HELVENSTEIJN MICHIEL , SCHAEFER INA
Published: November 2014

Delta modelling is an approach to facilitate the automated product derivation for software product lines. It is based on a set of deltas specifying modifications that are incrementally applied to a core product. The applicability of deltas depends on application conditions over features. This paper presentsabstract delta modelling, which explores delta modelling from an abstract, algebraic perspective. Compared to the previous work, we take a more flexible approach to conflicts between modifications by introducing the notion of conflict-resolving deltas. Furthermore, we extend our approach to allow the nesting of delta models for increased modularity. We also present conditions on the structure of deltas to ensure unambiguous product generation.
Verification of tree-processing programs via higher-order mode checking
Authors: UNNO HIROSHI , TABUCHI NAOSHI , KOBAYASHI NAOKI
Published: November 2014

We propose a new method to verify that a higher-order, tree-processing functional program conforms to an input/output specification. Our method reduces the verification problem to multiple verification problems for higher-order multi-tree transducers, which are then transformed into higher-order recursion schemes and model-checked. Unlike previous methods, our new method can deal with arbitrary higher-order functional programs manipulating algebraic data structures, as long as certain invariants on intermediate data structures are provided by a programmer. We have proved the soundness of the method and implemented a prototype verifier.
Concurrency cannot be observed, asynchronously
Authors: BALDAN PAOLO , BONCHI FILIPPO , GADDUCCI FABIO , MONREALE GIACOMA VALENTINA
Published: November 2014

The paper is devoted to an analysis of the concurrent features of asynchronous systems. A preliminary step is represented by the introduction of a non-interleaving extension of barbed equivalence. This notion is then exploited in order to prove thatconcurrency cannot be observedthrough asynchronous interactions, i.e., that the interleaving and concurrent versions of a suitable asynchronous weak equivalence actually coincide. The theory is validated on some case studies, related to nominal calculi (π-calculus) and visual specification formalisms (Petri nets). Additionally, we prove that a class of systems which is deemed (output-buffered) asynchronous, according to a characterization that was previously proposed in the literature, falls into our theory.
Program extraction in exact real arithmetic
Authors: MIYAMOTO KENJI , SCHWICHTENBERG HELMUT
Published: November 2014

The importance of an abstract approach to a computation theory over general data types has been stressed by Tucker in many of his papers. Berger and Seisenberger recently elaborated the idea for extraction out of proofs involving (only) abstract reals. They considered a proof involving coinduction of the proposition that any two reals in [−1, 1] have their average in the same interval, and informally extract a Haskell program from this proof, which works with stream representations of reals. Here we formalize the proof, and machine extract its computational content using the Minlog proof assistant. This required an extension of this system to also take coinduction into account.
Wadge-like reducibilities on arbitrary quasi-Polish spaces
Authors: MOTTO ROS LUCA , SCHLICHT PHILIPP , SELIVANOV VICTOR
Published: November 2014

The structure of the Wadge degrees on zero-dimensional spaces is very simple (almost well ordered), but for many other natural nonzero-dimensional spaces (including the space of reals) this structure is much more complicated. We consider weaker notions of reducibility, including the so-called Δ0α-reductions, and try to find for various natural topological spaces X the least ordinal αX such that for every αX ⩽ β < ω1 the degree-structure induced on X by the Δ0β-reductions is simple (i.e. similar to the Wadge hierarchy on the Baire space). We show that αX ⩽ ω for every quasi-Polish space X, that αX ⩽ 3 for quasi-Polish spaces of dimension ≠ ∞, and that this last bound is in fact optimal for many (quasi-)Polish spaces, including the real line and its powers.
Multidimensional infinite data in the language Lucid
Authors: BECK JARRYD P. , PLAICE JOHN , WADGE WILLIAM W.
Published: November 2014

Although the language Lucid was not originally intended to support computing with infinite data structures, the notion of (infinite) sequence quickly came to the fore, together with a demand-driven computation model in which demands are propagated for the values of particular values at particular index points. This naturally generalized to sequences of multiple dimensions so that a programmer could, for example, write a program that could be understood as a (nonterminating) loop in which one of the loop variables is an infinite vector.

Programmers inevitably found use for more and more dimensions, which led to a problem which is fully solved for the first time in this paper. The problem is that the implementation's cache requires some estimate of the dimensions actually used to compute a value being fetched. This estimate can be difficult or (if dimensions are passed as parameters) impossible to obtain, and the demand-driven evaluation model for Lucid breaks down.

We outline the evolution of Lucid which gave rise to this problem, and outline the solution, as used for the implementation of TransLucid, the latest descendant of Lucid.
Spatiality of countably presentable locales (proved with the Baire category theorem)
Authors: HECKMANN REINHOLD
Published: November 2014

The first part of the paper presents a generalization of the well-known Baire category theorem. The generalization consists in replacing the dense open sets of the original formulation by dense UCO sets, where UCO means union of closed and open. This topological theorem is exactly what is needed to prove in the second part of the paper the locale-theoretic result that locales whose frame of opens has a countable presentation (countably many generators and countably many relations) are spatial. This spatiality theorem does not require choice.
Asymptotic information leakage under one-try attacks
Authors: BOREALE MICHELE , PAMPALONI FRANCESCA , PAOLINI MICHELA
Published: November 2014

We study the asymptotic behaviour of (a) information leakage and (b) adversary's error probability in information hiding systems modelled as noisy channels. Specifically, we assume the attacker can make a single guess after observing n independent executions of the system, throughout which the secret information is kept fixed. We show that the asymptotic behaviour of quantities (a) and (b) can be determined in a simple way from the channel matrix. Moreover, simple and tight bounds on them as functions of n show that the convergence is exponential. We also discuss feasible methods to evaluate the rate of convergence. Our results cover both the Bayesian case, where an a priori probability distribution on the secrets is assumed known to the attacker, and the maximum-likelihood case, where the attacker does not know such distribution. In the Bayesian case, we identify the distributions that maximize leakage. We consider both the min-entropy setting studied by Smith and the additive form recently proposed by Braun et al. and show the two forms do agree asymptotically. Next, we extend these results to a more sophisticated eavesdropping scenario, where the attacker can perform a (noisy) observation at each state of the computation and the systems are modelled as hidden Markov models.
Algebraic foundations for quantitative information flow
Authors: MALACARIA PASQUALE
Published: November 2014

Several mathematical ideas have been investigated for quantitative information flow. Information theory, probability, guessability are the main ideas in most proposals. They aim to quantifyhow much informationis leaked,how likely is to guessthe secret andhow long does it taketo guess the secret respectively. In this work, we investigate the relationship between these ideas in the context of the quantitative analysis of deterministic systems. We propose the lattice of information as a valuable foundation for these approaches; not only it provides an elegant algebraic framework for the ideas, but also to investigate their relationship. In particular, we will use this lattice to prove some results establishing order relation correspondences between the different quantitative approaches. The implications of these results w.r.t. recent work in the community is also investigated. While this work concentrates on the foundational importance of the lattice of information its practical relevance has been recently proven, notably with the quantitative analysis of Linux kernel vulnerabilities. Overall, we believe these works set the case for establishing the lattice of information as one of the main reference structure for quantitative information flow.
On recursive operations over logic LTS
Authors: ZHANG YAN , ZHU ZHAOHUI , ZHANG JINJIN
Published: November 2014

Recently, in order to mix algebraic and logic styles of specification in a uniform framework, the notion of a logic labelled transition system (Logic LTS or LLTS for short) has been introduced and explored. A variety of constructors over LLTS, including usual process-algebraic operators, logic connectives (conjunction and disjunction) and standard temporal modalities (always and unless), have been given. However, no attempt has been made so far to develop the general theory concerning (nested) recursive operations over LLTS and a few fundamental problems are still open. This paper intends to study this issue in a pure process-algebraic style. A few fundamental properties, including precongruence and the uniqueness of consistent solutions of equations, will be established.
General conditions for full abstraction
Authors: PARROW JOACHIM
Published: November 2014

Full abstraction, i.e. that a function preserves equivalence from a source to a target, has been used extensively as a correctness criterion for mappings between models of computation. I here show that with fixed equivalences, fully abstract functions almost always exist. Also, with the function and one of the equivalences fixed the other equivalence can almost always be found.
Proof nets and semi-star-autonomous categories
Authors: HEIJLTJES WILLEM , STRAßBURGER LUTZ
Published: November 2014

In this paper, it is proved that Girard's proof nets for multiplicative linear logic characterize free semi-star-autonomous categories.
Higher HDL Cholesterol Is Associated with Better Cognitive Function: the Maine-Syracuse Study
Authors: Crichton Georgina E. , Elias Merrill F. , Davey Adam , Sullivan Kevin J. , Robbins Michael A.
Published: November 2014

Few studies have examined associations between different subcategories of cholesterol and cognitive function. We examined relationships between total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglyceride levels and cognitive performance in the Maine-Syracuse Longitudinal Study, a community-based study of cardiovascular risk factors. Cross-sectional analyses were undertaken on data from 540 participants, aged 60 to 98 years, free of dementia and stroke. TC, HDL, LDL, and triglyceride levels were obtained. Cognitive function was assessed using a thorough neuropsychological test battery, including domains of cognitive function indexed by multiple cognitive tests. The cognitive outcomes studied were as follows: Visual-Spatial Memory and Organization, Verbal and Working Memory, Scanning and Tracking, Abstract Reasoning, a Global Composite score, and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Significant positive associations were observed between HDL-cholesterol and the Global Composite score, Working Memory, and the MMSE after adjustment for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors. Participants with desirable levels of HDL (≥60 mg/dL) had the highest scores on all cognitive outcomes. There were no significant associations observed between TC, LDL, or triglyceride concentrations and cognition. In older individuals, HDL-cholesterol was related to a composite of Working Memory tests and for general measures of cognitive ability when adjusted for cardiovascular variables. We speculate that persons over 60 are survivors and thus less likely to show cognitive deficit in relation to TC, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine relations between specific cognitive abilities and the different subcategories of cholesterol. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–10)
Validity of the Dynamic Wisconsin Card Sorting Test for Assessing Learning Potential in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
Authors: Boosman Hileen , Visser-Meily Johanna M.A. , Ownsworth Tamara , Winkens Ieke , Van Heugten Caroline M.
Published: November 2014

The dynamic Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (dWCST) examines the effects of brief training on test performance where pre- to post-test change reflects learning potential. The objective was to examine the validity of the dWCST as a measure of learning potential in patients with acquired brain injury (ABI). A total of 104 patients with ABI completed the dWCST at rehabilitation admission. Performance of a subgroup (n=63) was compared to patients (n=28) who completed a repeated administration of the conventional WCST (rWCST). Furthermore, dWCST performance was compared between patients with ABI (n=63) and healthy controls (n=30) matched on gender, age, and education. Three learning potential indices were used: post-test score, gain score, and a group classification (decliners, poor learners, strong learners, high achievers). The median dWCST administration time was 30 min. The dWCST showed no floor or ceiling effects and the post-test and gain score were significantly intercorrelated. The pre-test score showed no significant associations with other neuropsychological tests. The learning potential indices were significantly associated with language and/or memory. In contrast to the dWCST group, the rWCST group showed no significant pre- to post-test improvement. There were significantly more poor learners in the rWCST group. Compared to controls, patients obtained similar gains, but significantly lower pre- and post-test scores for the dWCST. The ratio of poor learners between-groups was not significantly different. The results support the validity of the dWCST for assessing learning potential in patients with ABI. Further research is needed to investigate the predictive validity of the dWCST. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–11)
Like a rolling stone: the changing use of English premodifying present participles
Authors: DE SMET HENDRIK , VANCAYZEELE EVELYN
Published: November 2014

This article develops a functional classification of the different uses of English premodifying present participles and applies it to historical corpus data to show that premodifying present participles have undergone functional change. It is argued that three core functions can be distinguished: identifying uses (e.g. the following evening); type-oriented uses (e.g. a talking dog) and situation-oriented uses (e.g. a passing car). Historically, the use of premodifying present participles has shifted from predominantly identifying and type-oriented uses, to predominantly situation-oriented uses, particularly in narrative discourse. This means that premodifying present participles have come to fulfil a function that is less typical of noun-phrase-internal modification, instead being increasingly used to denote backgrounded situations that are temporally aligned to the situation evoked by their main clause. The shift can be interpreted as an instance of functional clausalization.
Missing portion sizes in FFQ – alternatives to use of standard portions
Authors: Køster-Rasmussen Rasmus , Siersma Volkert , Halldorsson Thorhallur I , de Fine Olivarius Niels , Henriksen Jan E , Heitmann Berit L
Published: November 2014

Objective

Standard portions or substitution of missing portion sizes with medians may generate bias when quantifying the dietary intake from FFQ. The present study compared four different methods to include portion sizes in FFQ.

Design

We evaluated three stochastic methods for imputation of portion sizes based on information about anthropometry, sex, physical activity and age. Energy intakes computed with standard portion sizes, defined as sex-specific medians (median), or with portion sizes estimated with multinomial logistic regression (MLR), ‘comparable categories’ (Coca) ork-nearest neighbours (KNN) were compared with a reference based on self-reported portion sizes (quantified by a photographic food atlas embedded in the FFQ).

Setting

The Danish Health Examination Survey 2007–2008.

Subjects

The study included 3728 adults with complete portion size data.

Results

Compared with the reference, the root-mean-square errors of the mean daily total energy intake (in kJ) computed with portion sizes estimated by the four methods were (men; women): median (1118; 1061), MLR (1060; 1051), Coca (1230; 1146), KNN (1281; 1181). The equivalent biases (mean error) were (in kJ): median (579; 469), MLR (248; 178), Coca (234; 188), KNN (−340; 218).

Conclusions

The methods MLR and Coca provided the best agreement with the reference. The stochastic methods allowed for estimation of meaningful portion sizes by conditioning on information about physiology and they were suitable for multiple imputation. We propose to use MLR or Coca to substitute missing portion size values or when portion sizes needs to be included in FFQ without portion size data.
Tracking of body size from birth to 7 years of age and factors associated with maintenance of a high body size from birth to 7 years of age – the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort study (MoBa)
Authors: Kristiansen Anne Lene , Bjelland Mona , Brantsæter Anne Lise , Haugen Margaretha , Meltzer Helle Margrete , Nystad Wenche , Andersen Lene Frost
Published: November 2014

Objective

To examine tracking of body size among children participating in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) from birth to 7 years of age and additionally to explore child and parental characteristics associated with maintenance of a high body size in this period of life.

Design

Anthropometric data at birth and at 1, 3 and 7 years of age were collected by questionnaires addressed to the mother.

Setting

Participants were recruited from all over Norway during the period 1999–2008.

Subjects

A total of 3771 children had complete anthropometric data at birth and at 1, 3 and 7 years of age; the sample includes children born between 2002 and 2004.

Results

Cohen’s weighted kappa pointed to fair (0·36) to moderate (0·43) tracking of body size from birth to 7 years of age. Generalized estimating equations further indicated that children in the highest tertile of ponderal index at birth had nearly one unit higher BMI (kg/m2) at the age of 7 years compared with children in other tertiles of ponderal index at birth. Having parents with high BMI (≥25·0 kg/m2) increased the odds of having a stable high body size from birth to 7 years of age; moreover, girls had significantly higher odds compared with boys.

Conclusions

The study indicates fair to moderate tracking of body size from birth to 7 years of age. From a public health perspective, early prevention of childhood overweight and obesity seems to be especially important among children of parents having a high BMI.
The clinical syndrome of BRD: what it is and what it is not
Authors: Apley Michael
Published: November 2014

The clinical syndrome of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) continues to be a major challenge in bovine production systems. We are challenged by our ability to predict morbidity in groups of cattle, our ability to accurately diagnose and provide a prognosis for individual cases, and our ability to evaluate the results of preventive and therapeutic interventions in the field when production system data are the sole basis for analysis. However, we are fortunate to have perhaps the highest quantity and quality of negative-controlled, prospective, randomized, and masked clinical trial data for any disease in veterinary medicine. It is nevertheless important to recognize that case definitions in these studies may not be consistent or necessarily externally relevant, and that production data in these studies are often missing.
Control of BRD in large dairy calf populations
Authors: Lehenbauer Terry W.
Published: November 2014

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in dairy calves. As the number of calves being raised on the dairy farm or at a calf-raising operation has become larger, both opportunity and risk have increased. Opportunities for applying economies of size and scale exist in these large dairy calf populations while meeting specific needs of the dairy calf. BRD control requires effective biosecurity and biocontainment efforts, adequate passive transfer of immunoglobulins, a strategic immunization program, and appropriate diagnostic strategies for ongoing disease surveillance. These components are necessary to achieve an evidence-based approach for preventing and reducing severity of BRD cases. Proper nutrition, housing, and environmental management are important for achieving optimal dairy calf health and performance. Good record keeping and analysis of outcomes are needed to document dairy calf health and performance and to efficiently identify new problems that require attention in these large dairy calf populations. Proper management of calves to prevent and control BRD requires careful planning and follow through to achieve those results but will likely pay big dividends in improved calf health and future productivity.
Are thermophilic microorganisms active in cold environments?
Authors: Cockell Charles S. , Cousins Claire , Wilkinson Paul T. , Olsson-Francis Karen , Rozitis Ben
Published: November 2014

The mean air temperature of the Icelandic interior is below 10 °C. However, we have previously observed 16S rDNA sequences associated with thermophilic lineages in Icelandic basalts. Measurements of the temperatures of igneous rocks in Iceland showed that solar insolation of these low albedo substrates achieved a peak surface temperature of 44.5 °C. We isolated seven thermophilicGeobacillusspecies from basalt with optimal growth temperatures of ~65 °C. The minimum growth temperature of these organisms was ~36 °C, suggesting that they could be active in the rock environment. Basalt dissolution rates at 40 °C were increased in the presence of one of the isolates compared to abiotic controls, showing its potential to be involved in active biogeochemistry at environmental temperatures. These data raise the possibility of transient active thermophilic growth in macroclimatically cold rocky environments, implying that the biogeographical distribution of active thermophiles might be greater than previously understood. These data show that temperatures measured or predicted over large scales on a planet are not in themselves adequate to assess niches available to extremophiles at micron scales.
Dual-band impedance transformation networks for integrated power amplifiers
Authors: Wolf Robert , Joram Niko , Schumann Stefan , Ellinger Frank
Published: November 2014

This paper shows that the two most common impedance transformation networks for power amplifiers (PAs) can be designed to achieve optimum transformation at two frequencies. Hence, a larger bandwidth for the required impedance transformation ratio is achieved. A design procedure is proposed, which takes imperfections like losses into account. Furthermore, an analysis method is presented to estimate the maximum uncompressed output power of a PA with respect to frequency. Based on these results, a fully integrated PA with a dual-band impedance transformation network is designed and its functionality is proven by large signal measurement results. The amplifier covers the frequency band from 450 MHz to 1.2 GHz (3 dB bandwidth of the output power and efficiency), corresponding to a relative bandwidth of more than 100%. It delivers 23.7 dBm output power in the 1 dB compression point, having a power-added efficiency of 33%.