bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital Twin: Reference Model, Realizations, and Recommendations
Authors: Pinon Fischer Olivia J. , Matlik John F. , Schindel William D. , French Mathew O. , Kabir Mohammed H. , Ganguli Jayendra S. , Hardwick Martin , Arnold Steven M. , Byar Alan D. , Lewe Jung‐Ho , Mahadevan Sankara , Duncan Scott , Dong John J. , Kinard Don A. , Maiaru Marianna
Published: April 2022

Organizations continuously develop Digital Twins across a wide number of applications and industries. While this represents a testimony to the benefits and opportunities Digital Twins provide (AIAA 2022), their development, maintenance and evolution still face major challenges (Bordeleau et al. 2020). Most past and current efforts focusing on the development of Digital Twins have relied on ad‐hoc approaches, where most of the efforts start with building models without properly framing the problem (Martin 2019, Lu et al. 2020). More importantly it has led to the development of models that provide a solution to the wrong problem and consequently fail to address the core questions and needs of the stakeholders (Martin 2019)]. The development and implementation of Digital Twins also lack standardization (Shao 2021), instead relying on bespoke methods and technologies (Niederer et al. 2021), which in turns leads to a lack of consistency in their description and implementation, as well as limited interoperability across applications, tools and disciplines (Niederer et al. 2021, Piroumian 2021). The development of Digital Twins has been plagued by a lack of scalable approaches, leading to implementations that are highly specialized and require considerable resources in terms of subject matter expertise (Niederer et al. 2021).

The development of standardized methodologies has been identified as a means to unleash the full potential of Digital Twins (Shao 2021, Piroumian 2021) and increase their adoption across a wider range of disciplines and applications (Niederer et al. 2021). To that end, this paper presents a domain agnostic and descriptive reference model, which builds on recognized industry practices and guidelines, to support the planning, description, and analysis of Digital Twins. It also introduces real‐world examples of aerospace Digital Twin use cases and discusses how the generic reference model supports the various use case applications. Finally, this paper briefly discusses recommendations and next steps on how to realize value from Digital Twins more broadly.
Acquirer Driven Digital Engineering Transformation
Authors: Robinson Kevin , Liddy Tommie
Published: April 2022

Digital Engineering, like any initiative, should have a clear purpose and direction. For organisations that sit as Acquirers/Clients the Digital Transformation may not seem immediately valuable. However, for this group Digital Engineering can provide opportunities to tightly engage with their supplier network, understand trade‐offs through design and upgraded lifecycles and enhanced supplier outcomes.

This paper discusses the benefits and challenges of adopting Digital Engineering in the Concept Phase, where most of the project costs are committed. It highlights that the greatest return on investment for Digital Engineering is during Concept Phase as the flow of authoritative information permeates the remainder of the lifecycle. This presents the case for acquisition agencies to both drive the application of Digital Engineering within their industry and lead by example, through Digital Engineering adoption.
Physical properties of sports turf rootzones modified with organic fibers
Authors: Chang Zhihui , Wang Cheng , Zhu Huisen , Li Deying
Published: April 2022

The rootzones of athletic fields are often built of sand for the benefit of improved drainage. Sand‐based rootzones often have stability issues if the turfgrass is not fully established. The use of inorganic fibers to stabilize rootzone may create disposal and environmental issues. Previous work showed that undecomposed organic fibers such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw could stabilize sand rootzones without causing negative effect and organic matter (OM) buildup. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the physical properties of sand rootzones modified with 1% (w/w) peat, wheat straw, coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) coir, and recycled cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) fiber, and 2% peat. The study was conducted in field plots during 2017 and 2018. The results showed that OM content in all treatments with 1% organic fiber was comparable with that amended with 1% peat. Coconut coir and wheat straw at 1% showed similar soil moisture, water infiltration, turfgrass shoot density, and ball bounce to the values in the 1% peat treatment. The sand rootzone modified with 1% recycled cotton had lower shoot density and soil moisture than the other treatments, despite its higher infiltration rate. All rootzones modified with 1% organic fiber showed accelerated water infiltration during the 6‐mo period following rootzone construction and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) establishment. In conclusion, wheat straw presented physical properties similar to or better than peat.
Bisphosphonate Drug Holidays: Evidence From Clinical Trials and Real‐World Studies
Authors: Wang Mawson , Wu Yu‐Fang , Girgis Christian M.
Published: April 2022

Bisphosphonates (BPs) are commonly used in the treatment of osteoporosis and are effective in the prevention of fragility fracture. Long‐term use has been associated with the development of atypical femur fractures (AFFs) and osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). Drug holidays seek to reduce the risk of insufficiency fractures (AFFs) while maintaining durable effects of long‐term treatment in the prevention of fragility fracture. Guidelines suggest that BP drug holidays be considered after 3 to 5 years. However individual factors impacting this decision and outcomes are unclear. This review examines key factors in the planning of a safe BP drug holiday and surrogate markers of fracture risk in patients discontinuing treatment. Fifteen randomized control trials and 19 real‐world studies were included, including nationwide prospective studies from several countries. Increases in bone turnover markers (BTMs) and reductions in bone mineral density (BMD) were generally observed during BP drug holidays. Resurgent bone turnover was problematic in high‐risk patients in whom fractures recurred as early as 12 months following a drug holiday. Risk factors for holiday‐related fractures included older age, low hip BMD, underweight, low medication adherence, and prevalent/incident fractures. Zoledronic acid conferred the most durable reduction in fractures, particularly after six annual infusions. Five years of alendronate was insufficient in preventing vertebral fractures in high‐risk patients embarking on a drug holiday. Relatively faster offset of antiresorptive effect was seen in risedronate users with more frequent fractures than alendronate during a drug holiday. Studies directly counterbalancing effects of long‐term treatment on AFF risk versus drug holiday outcomes in the same population were lacking. In the absence of persistently high fracture risk and following a specific treatment duration dependent on the BP used, drug holidays are safe and mitigate the risk of AFF. However, anti‐resorptive effects diminish over time; ongoing monitoring and careful planning of BP resumption is necessary. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Ab initio characterization of the aluminum dimer in its X3Πu and A3∑g− electronic states
Authors: Koput Jacek
Published: April 2022

The potential energy functions of the aluminum dimer, Al2, in its lowest‐energy electronic states, X and A have been determined from ab initio calculations using the multi‐reference averaged coupled‐pair functional method in conjunction with the correlation‐consistent basis sets up to septuple‐zeta quality. The core‐electron correlation, scalar relativistic, and spin‐orbit effects were taken into account. The vibration‐rotation energy levels for both the states of Al2 were calculated to near the “spectroscopic” accuracy. The state was unequivocally confirmed to be the electronic ground state of Al2, and the electronic term value of the state was predicted to be 247 cm−1. The energies and intensities of direct electronic‐vibration transitions X  ↔ A were predicted.
Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies of thiazolo[4,5‐b]pyridin‐5‐ones as antimicrobial agents
Authors: Kartsev Victor , Geronikaki Athina , Lichitsky Boris , Komogortsev Andrey , Petrou Anthi , Ivanov Marija , Glamočlija Jasmina , Soković Marina
Published: April 2022

Herein we report the design and synthesis of thiazolo[4,5‐b]pyridin‐5‐ones and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity. The design was based on a molecular hybridization approach. Evaluation of their antibacterial activity revealed that these compounds generally showed moderate antibacterial activity. The best activity was achieved for compound 4p with MIC/MBC in the range of 0.12–0.47 and 0.23–0.94 mg mL−1 respectively. Three compounds (4g, 4n, and 4p) were tested against three resistant strains, namely MRSA, p.aeruginosa, and E.coli, showing higher inhibition potential than the reference drug ampicillin. These three compounds also were tested for their ability to inhibit biofilm formation, with two of them showing better activity than streptomycin in a concentration of MIC (4p) and ampicillin in both concentrations (MIC and 0.5 MIC). As far as antifungal activity is concerned, the best activity was observed for compound 4i with MIC at 0.12–0.47 mg mL−1 and MFC at 0.23–0.94 mg m−1. According to docking studies, the predicted inhibition of E.coli MurB enzyme is probably a putative mechanism of the antibacterial activity of these compounds, while inhibition of 14a‐lanosterol demethylase is probably the mechanism of their antifungal activity.
Effectiveness of a manual dragging laser irradiation technique using the first‐generation endoscopic laser balloon ablation system for pulmonary vein isolation
Authors: Sasaki Yasuhiro , Kobori Atsushi , Ishikura Masahiro , Murai Ryosuke , Okada Taiji , Toyota Toshiaki , Taniguchi Tomohiko , Kim Kitae , Ehara Natsuhiko , Kinoshita Makoto , Furukawa Yutaka
Published: April 2022

Background

Although high efficacy of laser balloon (LB) ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) has been shown, the conventional point‐by‐point technique requires a long procedure time. We investigated the clinical effectiveness of the manual dragging laser technique.

Methods

We enrolled 51 consecutive patients with paroxysmal AF who underwent pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using first‐generation LB (LB1) at our institution. The first 25 patients underwent PVI using a point‐by‐point laser irradiation maneuver (point‐by‐point group). The latter 26 patients underwent PVI using a manually dragging laser irradiation maneuver (dragging group). The power and delivery time for the laser energy were selected from a preset protocol with 5.5–12 W and 20–30 s for each application. The dragging irradiation method was performed by manually rotating approximately 1.5°/s during one irradiation application.

Results

PVI was successful in all cases. The duration of PVI was shorter (66 ± 20 vs. 116 ± 39 min, p < 0.0001), and the number of laser irradiations for the 4PVs were significantly less in the dragging group. There were four recurrent cases (16%) in the point‐by‐point group and 1 (4%) in the dragging group. There was no significant difference in the survival rate free from recurrence after the blanking period between the two groups (log‐rank p = 0.1570). The complications were similar between the groups (4% vs. 4%, ns).

Conclusions

The manual dragging laser irradiation technique using LB1 could shorten the PVI procedure time while preserving clinical effectiveness.
Seasonal forecasting of tropical cyclones over the Bay of Bengal using a hybrid statistical/dynamical model
Authors: Sabeerali C. T. , Sreejith O. P. , Acharya Nachiketa , Surendran Divya E. , Pai D. S.
Published: April 2022

The post‐monsoon (October–November–December) tropical cyclone (TC) over the Bay of Bengal is one of the most devastating natural disasters causing economic and human losses over India and its neighbouring countries. This study discusses a hybrid statistical/dynamical model developed to forecast the post‐monsoon cyclone activities over the Bay of Bengal, where 80% of the TCs of the North Indian Ocean are originated. In the hybrid model, the coupled model CFSv2 predicts the large‐scale climate indices, and the principal component regression (PCR) model is used to relate these indices with the TC frequency. A solid concurrent relation between the cyclonic disturbance frequencies and various large‐scale variables is noted. The dynamical variable, for example, the zonal wind, acts as a precursor variable. We identified three concurrent predictors (ocean heat content over the Bay of Bengal, sea surface temperature (SST) over the Indian Ocean, and SST over the tropical central Pacific regions) and two precursor predictors (low‐level wind at equatorial Indian ocean and strength of upper‐level easterly jet over African coast) influencing the cyclonic disturbance frequencies over the Bay of Bengal. The concurrent predictors are calculated from the CFSv2 hindcast/forecast output and the precursor predictors are calculated from the reanalysis data. The predictors influencing the cyclonic disturbance over the Bay of Bengal are also influencing the cyclonic storms. Hence, the same predictors are used for developing a hybrid model for cyclonic disturbance and storm frequencies. A significant inter‐correlation among different predictors is observed and the PCR model avoids these inter‐correlations and, in this method, PCs are estimated on the predictors to make them orthogonal to each other. The hybrid model achieved a significant skill for seasonal cyclone forecast over the Bay of Bengal. Results suggest the potential for using the hybrid model for the operational seasonal forecasting of post‐monsoon cyclone activity over the Bay of Bengal.
Comparison of conventional and shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy for bacterial identification
Authors: Lorenz Björn , Guo Shuxia , Raab Christoph , Leisching Patrick , Bocklitz Thomas , Rösch Petra , Popp Jürgen
Published: April 2022

Raman spectroscopy is an emerging tool for fast bacterial identification. However, Raman spectroscopy is depending on suitable preprocessing of the spectra, thereby background removal is a decisive step for conventional Raman spectroscopy. The background has to be estimated, which is challenging especially for high fluorescence backgrounds. Shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) eliminates the background through the experimental procedure and holds as promising approach for highly fluorescent samples. Bacterial Raman spectra might be especially complex because these spectra consist of a multitude of overlapping Raman bands from a large multiplicity of biomolecules and only subtitle differences between the species Raman spectra enable the bacterial identification. Here, we investigate the benefits of SERDS compared with conventional Raman spectroscopy specific for the study and identification of bacteria. The comparison utilizes spectra sets of four bacterial species measured with conventional Raman spectroscopy and SERDS and covers three processing approaches for SERDS spectra, for example, the reconstruction with a non‐negative least square algorithm.
Preparation and characterization of W1/O/W2 emulsions stabilized by glycated and heat‐modified egg white proteins
Authors: Su Yujie , Lu Cheng , Chang Cuihua , Li Junhua , Sun Yujia , Zhang Wanqiu , Gong Lin , Gu Luping , Yang Yanjun
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND

Water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W1/O/W2) emulsions stabilized by protein–carbohydrate complexes were prepared from an inner water phase (W1), an oil phase (O) and an outer water phase (W2). The complexes consisted of heat‐induced aggregates (HIAs) of isomalto‐oligosaccharide/egg white protein Maillard conjugates. The effects of polyglycerol ester of polyricinoleic acid (PGPR) concentration, HIA concentration, W1‐to‐O volume ratio and W1/O‐to‐W2 volume ratio on the properties of the W1/O/W2 emulsions were systematically investigated.

RESULTS

At sufficiently high PGPR concentrations (>2%), the emulsions possess a high negative charge (≈−44 mV). The encapsulation efficiency of the emulsions, which was determined by incorporating a hydrophilic yellow dye in the inner water phase prior to homogenization, was relatively high (up to 93%) and did not change significantly during 14‐day storage at 4 °C. All emulsions were fluids that exhibited shear thinning behavior.

CONCLUSION

Overall, this study shows that nature‐derived emulsifiers can be used to create W1/O/W2 emulsions suitable for application in the food industry. In addition, we provided a viable strategy to encapsulate water‐soluble nutrients. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Single surgeon versus co‐surgeon bilateral mastectomy: Comparing outcomes and costs based on health economic modeling from the perspective of the hospital system
Authors: Hudson Laura , Reese Emily , Hecksher Anna , Schepel Courtney , Trufan Sally J. , Cruz Adilen , Verbyla Allison , White Richard L. , Hadzikadic‐Gusic Lejla
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Co‐surgeon approach for bilateral mastectomy may lead to shorter operative times and improved outcomes compared with single‐surgeon approach, but cost differences remain unclear. Economic models were applied to determine whether either approach offered a lower cost opportunity.

Methods

A retrospective review of 409 patients undergoing single‐surgeon or co‐surgeon bilateral mastectomy between January 1, 2010 through April 30, 2016 was conducted. Outcomes included narcotic and antinausea doses, length of stay (LOS), and operative time. Analyses stratified by reconstruction and no reconstruction included Wilcoxon tests, Poisson regression, generalized linear models, and a cost calculator.

Results

Of 409 patients, 310 had reconstruction and 99 had no reconstruction. Compared with single‐surgeon approach, co‐surgeon approach was associated with less operative time and shorter LOS (233 vs. 250 min and 1.0 vs. 1.8 days no reconstruction; and 429 vs. 493 min and 2.2 vs. 2.8 days reconstruction). Economic analysis demonstrated less operative time, shorter LOS, and lower average cost for co‐surgeon approach ($32,400 vs. $34,400 no reconstruction; and $76,700 vs. $79,400 reconstruction).

Conclusion

Compared with the single‐surgeon, the co‐surgeon approach with reconstruction was associated with a statistically significant decrease in operative time and LOS. Economic analysis estimated the co‐surgeon approach could lead to lower costs.
Hepatitis E seroprevalence, cases and management in a large German centre for liver transplantation
Authors: Nkongolo Shirin , Mohr Isabelle , Wenzel Jürgen J. , Khalid Dina , Mieth Markus , Mehrabi Arianeb , Weiss Karl Heinz , Schnitzler Paul
Published: April 2022

Background and Aims

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an increasingly recognised pathogen in industrialised countries, in particular genotype 3. Patients with underlying liver disease are at increased risk for severe course of the infection. Additionally, patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy can develop chronic HEV infection, which may cause further liver damage and ultimately lead to cirrhosis, decompensation or death.

Methods

This retrospective study assessed 1023 patients on the waiting list for liver transplantation, of which 636 were transplanted, for conducted HEV diagnostics, courses of disease and management, in the time from 2007 to 2018. Viral loads and HEV genotypes were determined retrospectively for selected cases.

Results

We found a seroprevalence of 29.7%. Forty‐five patients (4.4%) seroconverted during the study period, indicating newly acquired infection. HEV replication was detected in nine patients (0.9%), seven of which were managed in our clinic and further analysed. Three of these patients were diagnosed with active HEV infection retrospectively. All patients with replicating HEV were liver‐transplanted and therefore treated with immunosuppressants; four developed chronic infection >3 months. Two patients were also diagnosed with graft rejection when they had active hepatitis E. Patients who received antiviral treatment with Ribavirin cleared the infection and normalised alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels within few weeks.

Conclusion

The results argue for more and systematic HEV testing of liver‐transplanted patients, in routine settings and especially when ALT is elevated, as infections may be significantly underdiagnosed. Patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy who develop chronic infection can effectively be treated to prevent further liver damage.
Post‐farmland conversion spatio‐temporal dynamics of net soil nitrogen mineralization and availability in a chronosequence of Zanthoxylum bungeanum plantations
Authors: Saba Tahseen , Lv Chen , Wang Jingyan , Hui Wenkai , Hassan Waseem , Gong Wei
Published: April 2022

Afforestation on cultivated farmlands causes major shifts in the nitrogen (N) cycle. The consequences of large‐scale Zanthoxylum bungeanum afforestation on spatio‐temporal patterns of soil N mineralization and inorganic N (ION) availability have not been reported. Moreover, the regulatory roles of microbial biomass and soluble organic N (MBN and SON) in the N cycle are poorly characterized in soils below 20 cm. To investigate the long‐term effects of afforestation on the governing mechanism of vertical N dynamics, a 0–100 cm soil profile was collected from a chronosequence of Z. bungeanum plantations aged 8‐year (H8), 15‐year (H15), 20‐year (H20) and 28‐year (H28), as well as adjacent farmland and abandoned‐land (28‐year) as controls in an arid valley in Southwest China. With increasing stand age, conversion of farmland to Z. bungeanum plantations significantly improved soil organic carbon, available nutrients, and all N forms. These impacts were more evident in the topsoil (0–20 cm) than in the subsoil layers. MBN and SON contents improved by 1.42‐fold and 1.34‐fold in H28, respectively, compared to H8. Net N mineralization (1.31‐fold), net nitrification rates (1.30‐fold), and total ION (1.31‐fold) content followed similar trends of increase along with the stand age. Correlation and redundancy analysis also established a positive relationship and demonstrated that increased ION availability is due to improved MBN, SON, and urease activity with the plantations age. Although the nitrate‐N content was highest in abandoned‐land, its content also increased steadily in Z. bungeanum plantations with the stand age. A relatively low ammonium/nitrate ratio (0.331) in H28 advocated improved N supply via nitrification as well as low N leaching risks from plantations. The spatial investigation provided novel insights into controls of N cycle and suggested converting farmland to Z. bungeanum plantations is a suitable approach for restoring soil N.
Changes in phytoplankton and biomineral content of particles during episodic fluxes to abyssal depth
Authors: Michaud Cynthia A. , Huffard Christine L. , Smith Kenneth L. , Durkin Colleen A.
Published: April 2022

Large episodic pulses of particulate organic carbon (POC) at the deep‐sea (~ 4000 m) time‐series Sta. M in the Northeast Pacific Ocean have increased in frequency and magnitude over the past 32 years. We inferred the ecological drivers of these events by quantifying the phytoplankton and biomineral composition within particles collected by bottom‐moored sediment traps immediately before, during, and after 14 high‐flux events. Samples collected during high‐flux events contained a significantly different phytoplankton community from other sampling periods. These particles contained relatively fewer intact phytoplankton cells and a sustained contribution from fragmented diatom frustules from species typical in coastal blooms. Biomineral fluxes did not appear to be driving high‐flux events. We suggest that most of the observed high‐flux events were generated by offshore transport of coastal diatom blooms, but that these particles were also highly transformed by deep‐sea pelagic food webs before reaching bathypelagic depths.
Gap‐2 morass‐definable η1‐orderings
Authors: Dumas Bob A.
Published: April 2022

We prove that in the Cohen extension adding ℵ3 generic reals to a model of containing a simplified (ω1, 2)‐morass, gap‐2 morass‐definable η1‐orderings with cardinality ℵ3 are order‐isomorphic. Hence it is consistent that and that morass‐definable η1‐orderings with cardinality of the continuum are order‐isomorphic. We prove that there are ultrapowers of over ω that are gap‐2 morass‐definable. The constructions use a simplified gap‐2 morass, and commutativity with morass‐maps and morass‐embeddings, to extend a transfinite back‐and‐forth construction of order‐type ω1 to an order‐preserving bijection between objects of cardinality ℵ3.
How does Micro‐ and Macro‐Phase Separation of Block Copolymers Affect the Formation of Integral Asymmetric Isoporous Membranes? A Review on Effective Factors
Authors: Foroutani Kamran , Ghasemi Seyed Morteza
Published: April 2022

Self‐standing isoporous membranes based on amphiphilic block copolymers (BCPs) are an outstanding candidate for efficient separation processes. Such fascinating membranes have been generated through combining the BCP self‐assembly (micro‐phase separation) together with the classical non‐solvent induced phase separation (macro‐phase separation), known as SNIPS process. However, the controllability, reproducibility, and cost‐effectiveness of the process along with the mechanism for pores generation are still challenging in the SNIPS strategy, especially when new BCP or conditions are utilized. It is mainly due to the narrow efficacy window of numerous variables influencing the desired structure formation. In this review, first, an overview of the one‐step readily scalable SNIPS technique and the stepwise explanation of the process are given. Then the formation mechanism of SNIPS membranes, according to the related hypotheses and assumptions proposed on the basis of experimental evidence so far, is presented and discussed. As the main focus , governing factors in the SNIPS process which affect the preparation and structural characteristics of final membrane structures are entirely reviewed and interpreted. This review will help to have a better understanding of the connection between determinant factors and final membrane structure, which facilitates successful preparation of BCP membranes via SNIPS.
Discrete Laplacian in a half‐space with a periodic surface potential I: Resolvent expansions, scattering matrix, and wave operators
Authors: Nguyen H. S. , Richard S. , Tiedra de Aldecoa R.
Published: April 2022

We present a detailed study of the scattering system given by the Neumann Laplacian on the discrete half‐space perturbed by a periodic potential at the boundary. We derive asymptotic resolvent expansions at thresholds and eigenvalues, we prove the continuity of the scattering matrix, and we establish new formulas for the wave operators. Along the way, our analysis puts into evidence a surprising relation between some properties of the potential, like the parity of its period, and the behaviour of the integral kernel of the wave operators.
Incorporation of Sequence Aza‐Substitution and Thiophene Bridge in Linear Conjugated Polymers Toward Highly Efficient Photo‐Catalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Chen Ruikun , Hu Pengwei , Xian Yuxi , Hu Xianhai , Zhang Guobing
Published: April 2022

The hydrogen evolution performance of organic photo‐catalysts is lagged by numerous factors, such as the narrow photon absorption window, low charge transport, and so on. In this paper, four linear conjugated polymers are designed and synthesized based on dibenzothiophene‐S,S‐dioxide as an acceptor, and aza‐substituted thiophene‐phenyl‐thiophene with different substitution numbers as co‐units. The polymers with the thiophene bridge and aza‐substitution exhibit broad visible absorption because of the extended conjugated length and improved planar structures resulting from the intramolecular non‐covalent interactions (S···N or CH···N). The mono‐substitution polymer without the addition of any co‐catalysts shows the highest photo‐catalytic performances with the hydrogen evolution rates of 8950 and 7388 µmol g−1 h−1 under the UV−vis (>295 nm) and visible (>420 nm) irradiation, respectively. The corresponding apparent quantum yields are as high as 8.34, 5.37, and 1.96% for the 420, 500, and 550 nm monochromatic light irradiation, respectively, which are much higher than those of the classic polymer (P7) without thiophene bridge and aza‐substitution. This work indicats that the incorporation of thiophene bridge enhances visible absorption and aza‐substitution optimized co‐planarity and activate reactive sites, which should be an effective strategy to improve the photo‐catalytic performance of linear conjugated polymers.
Metal‐Ligand Interactions and Oligo(p‐phenylene vinylene) Derivatives Based Supramolecular Polymer Possessing Variable Fluorescence Colors
Authors: Lou Kai , Li Qingyun , Zhang Ruiyan , Sun Haibo , Ji Xiaofan
Published: April 2022

Fluorescent supramolecular polymers combine the benefits of supramolecular polymers in terms of dynamic nature with the optoelectronic features of incorporated fluorophores. However, the majority of fluorescent supramolecular polymers can only exhibit a single fluorescent state, restricting their applications. Incorporating J‐type dyes into supramolecular monomers is expected to impart supramolecular polymers with variable fluorescence colors, because the aggregation mode of J‐type dyes is closely related to the formation of supramolecular polymers. Herein, the authors report a supramolecular polymer [M1·Zn(OTf)2]n, in which the monomer M1 contains a J‐type dye, oligo(p‐phenylene vinylene) derivative, and two terpyridine ends. The M1 + Zn(OTf)2 solutions exhibit fluorescence color changes varying from cyan to yellow‐green in the monomer concentration ranging from 0.04 to 1.00 mm. Moreover, based on the outputs from laser scanning confocal microscopy, the fluorescence color transition during the formation of supramolecular polymers is intuitively proven. Additionally, considering the close relationship between the supramolecular polymer structure and the fluorescence color, the fluorescence color can be regulated by introducing tetraethylammonium hydroxide that can bind with Zn2+ competitively to break up the structure of the supramolecular polymer.
Spatiotemporal Variation in Distribution, Size, and Relative Abundance within a Salish Sea Nearshore Forage Fish Community
Authors: Frick Kinsey E. , Kagley Anna N. , Fresh Kurt L. , Samhouri Jameal F. , Ward Larry S. , Stapleton Justin T. , Shelton Andrew O.
Published: April 2022

Forage fish are schooling species commonly occurring in both offshore pelagic and nearshore coastal habitats. Beyond use by some species for spawning, the dynamics of nearshore habitat use are not well understood. The objective of our study was to evaluate the spring–summer dynamics of forage fish occurrence in nearshore habitats of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington. We suspected that habitat changes resulting from removal of two large dams on the Elwha River (2009–2011) may have altered fish presence and abundance. Monthly beach seine sampling in four regions along 40 km of shoreline was conducted from April to September between 2006 and 2019. We caught nearly 600,000 fish, comprising 82 different species. Nine species of forage fish accounted for 81.7% of all fishes caught; most were classified as postlarvae and juveniles based on size. There were spatial differences in the forage fish assemblage between two of our sites but no discernable year effects and no obvious impact of dam removal on forage community composition. Three species represented 78.8% of the catch: Pacific Herring Clupea pallasii, Pacific Sand Lance Ammodytes hexapterus, and Surf Smelt Hypomesus pretiosus. We used a Bayesian generalized linear mixed model to evaluate spatial and temporal variability in the probability of occurrence of these species. Each species exhibited a unique pattern of intra-annual, interannual, and regional fluctuations. Pacific Herring occurrence progressively increased monthly, Pacific Sand Lance occurrence decreased, and Surf Smelt probability of occurrence peaked in June. Temporal variations in distribution and abundance of these species are likely driven by life history differences and biological requirements. We speculate that specific characteristics of each region, including proximity to spawning areas, spawn timing, extant current patterns, and ecosystem processes, drove variations in distribution between species.
Ground states for critical fractional Schrödinger‐Poisson systems with vanishing potentials
Authors: Dou Xilin , He Xiaoming
Published: April 2022

This paper deals with a class of fractional Schrödinger‐Poisson system

with a critical nonlocal term and multiple competing potentials, which may decay and vanish at infinity, where
is the fractional critical exponent. The problem is set on the whole space, and compactness issues have to be tackled. By employing the mountain pass theorem, concentration‐compactness principle, and approximation method, the existence of a positive ground state solution is obtained under appropriate assumptions imposed on
,
,
, and
.
Vitexin and Isovitexin Act through Inhibition of Insulin Receptor to Promote Longevity and Fitness in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Tao Mingfang , Li Rong , Zhang Zhuo , Wu Ting , Xu Tingting , Zogona Daniel , Huang Yuting , Pan Siyi , Xu Xiaoyun
Published: April 2022

Scope

Vitexin and isovitexin are natural plant nutraceuticals for human health and longevity. This research investigates the underlying mechanisms of vitexin and isovitexin on aging and health. The vital role of DAF‐2/insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor (IGFR) is illustrated in the insulin/insulin‐like growth signaling pathway (IIS) modulated by vitexin and isovitexin.

Methods and results

In vitro, in vivo models and molecular docking methods are performed to explore the antiaging mechanism of vitexin and isovitexin. Vitexin and isovitexin (50 and 100 µM) extended the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. The declines of pharyngeal pumping and body bending rates, and the increase of intestinal lipofuscin accumulation, three markers of aging, are postponed by these compounds. They inhibit IIS pathway in a daf‐16‐dependent manner, subsequently increasing the expressions of DAF‐16 downstream protein and gene in nematodes. Molecular docking studies demonstrate that these compounds mightinhibit insulin signal by binding to the crucial amino acid residue ARG1003 in the pocket of IGFR. Western blot indicates that IGFR, PI3K, and AKT kinase expressions in senescent cells are decreased after vitexin and isovitexin treatment.

Conclusion

Vitexin and isovitexin may inhibit IIS pathway by occupying adenosine‐triphosphate binding site pocket of IGFR, subsequently decreasing IGFR expression, thereby promoting longevity and fitness.
A simple and modular MIMO antenna system for closely spaced patch antennas
Authors: Abbasi Muhammad Nawaz , Aziz Abdul , Malik Waqar A. , Chishti Abdul Rehman , Hussain Rifaqat
Published: April 2022

A simple, low cost and modular decoupling technique is proposed to achieve high isolation between very close antenna elements of a multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) system without any complex decoupling structure, vias, or defected ground structure (DGS). A rectangular thin parasitic strip is used to decouple square patch elements, which are separated by an extremely close distance of at  GHz. The proposed technique has achieved more than  dB isolation between MIMO antenna elements with a minimum return loss of  dB. A straightforward three‐step method is also proposed to shift the resonance frequency to some other frequency with similar isolation and impedance matching. All the important characteristics and performance parameters of the proposed design technique are analyzed, simulated, and verified through the measurement of the fabricated prototype.
Horse‐riding as a habitual activity among the early medieval Avar population of the cemetery of Csokorgasse (Vienna): Sex and chronological differences
Authors: Bühler Birgit , Kirchengast Sylvia
Published: April 2022

Little is known about sex and gender differences in the daily life activities of early medieval Avar populations. Of particular interest is habitual horse‐riding, which is assumed to be typical for these populations. Importantly, fundamental changes in the “Avar lifestyle” occurred over time and this may have led to less horse‐riding. This study identifies possible sex and chronological differences in the prevalence of metric and nonmetric traits indicating habitual horse‐riding within the adult population of the Avar cemetery Wien11‐Csokorgasse in Austria. A total of 149 skeletons from this cemetery (ca. 625–800 AD) were analyzed. Poirier's facets, plaque, and cribriform changes of the femur‐neck junction were documented, and the index of ovalization (IOA) of the acetabulum was calculated. Males surpassed females significantly in the prevalence of Poirier's facets of the right (p = 0.011) and the left femur (p = 0.048) and showed significantly higher IOAs of the right (p = 0.019) and the left (p = 0.037) acetabulum. Among males, no chronological differences in the appearance of nonmetric traits and the IOA were detected. In contrast, females showed a significantly higher IOA during the earliest phases of this burial ground (Early Avar period 2/Middle Avar period 1; 625–675 AD), indicating a chronological decline of habitual horse‐riding. Horse‐riding was a typical male activity. Our results, however, suggest that a particular segment of women practiced horse‐riding habitually. From the early to the middle phase of the studied Avar cemetery, its prevalence declined in females, pointing to changes in female daily life activities.
Recurrent WWTR1S89W mutations and Hippo pathway deregulation in clear cell carcinomas of the cervix
Authors: Kim Sarah H , Basili Thais , Dopeso Higinio , Da Cruz Paula Arnaud , Bi Rui , Issa Bhaloo Shirin , Pareja Fresia , Li Qing , da Silva Edaise M , Zhu Yingjie , Hoang Timothy , Selenica Pier , Murali Rajmohan , Chan Eric , Wu Michelle , Derakhshan Fatemeh , Maroldi Ana , Hanlon Etta , Ferreira Carlos Gil , Lapa e Silva Jose Roberto , Abu‐Rustum Nadeem R , Zamarin Dmitriy , Chandarlapaty Sarat , Matrai Cathleen , Yoon Ju‐Yoon , Reis‐Filho Jorge S , Park Kay J , Weigelt Britta
Published: April 2022

Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the cervix (cCCC) is a rare and aggressive type of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐negative cervical cancer with limited effective treatment options for recurrent or metastatic disease. Historically, CCCs of the lower genital tract were associated with in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure; however, the genetic landscape of sporadic cCCCs remains unknown. Here we sought to define the molecular underpinning of cCCCs. Using a combination of whole‐exome, targeted capture, and RNA‐sequencing, we identified pathogenic genetic alterations in the Hippo signaling pathway in 50% (10/20) of cCCCs, including recurrent WWTR1 S89W somatic mutations in 40% (4/10) of the cases harboring mutations in the Hippo pathway. Irrespective of the presence or absence of Hippo pathway genetic alterations, however, all primary cCCCs analyzed in this study (n = 20) harbored features of Hippo pathway deregulation at the transcriptomic and protein levels. In vitro functional analysis revealed that expression of the WWTR1 S89W mutation leads to reduced binding of TAZ to 14‐3‐3, promoting constitutive nuclear translocation of TAZ and Hippo pathway repression. WWTR1 S89W expression was found to lead to acquisition of oncogenic behavior, including increased proliferation, migration, and colony formation in vitro as well as increased tumorigenesis in vivo, which could be reversed by targeted inhibition of the TAZ/YAP1 complex with verteporfin. Finally, xenografts expressing WWTR1 S89W displayed a shift in tumor phenotype, becoming more infiltrative as well as less differentiated, and were found to be composed of cells with conspicuous cytoplasmic clearing as compared to controls. Our results demonstrate that Hippo pathway alterations are likely drivers of cCCCs and likely contribute to the clear cell phenotype. Therapies targeting this pathway may constitute a new class of treatment for these rare, aggressive tumors. © 2022 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Characterization of sustainable natural fiber reinforced geopolymer composites
Authors: Ranjithkumar M. G. , Chandrasekaran P. , Rajeshkumar G.
Published: April 2022

This article focuses on the investigation of properties of Phoenix sp. fiber based geopolymer composites. Control samples (0 wt.%) and fiber reinforced samples (1, 2, 3, and 4 wt.%) with different quantities were produced and determined their physical, mechanical, morphological, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water absorption, thermal conductivity and fracture toughness properties. The outcomes show that the incorporation of Phoenix sp. fibers to geopolymer improved the splitting tensile (1.28–2.35 MPa), compressive (27.85–32.18 MPa) and flexural strengths (3.34–6.53 MPa). By contrast, as the fiber loading increased to 4 wt.%, the workability and bulk density of geopolymer decreased to 86% and 13%, respectively. Furthermore, a linear relationship was evidenced between the bulk density and thermal conductivity, as well as ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength. Due to the hydrophilic character of Phoenix sp. fibers, the water absorption increased as the fiber content increases. Due to the local mechanisms that control the bridging activity, the addition of Phoenix sp. fibers improved the fracture toughness of the composites.
Women's relative earnings and depressive symptoms in dual‐earner households in South Korea: Traditional gender role attitudes as moderators
Authors: Seol Kyoung Ok , Kim Jiyoung , Baek Sangeun
Published: April 2022

This study investigated the association between relative earnings and depressive symptoms among 578 married women from dual‐earning households. We also examined the moderating role of both spouses' traditional gender role attitudes. Women's relative earnings in their households did not directly predict their depressive symptoms. However, there was a significant three‐way interaction effect of women's relative earnings and both spouses' traditional gender role attitudes on women's depressive symptoms. Particularly, women with considerably stronger‐than‐average traditional gender role attitudes reported more depressive symptoms when their relative earnings were greater and when their husbands showed strong traditional gender role attitudes. However, women holding even slightly weaker‐than‐average traditional gender role attitudes reported significantly fewer depressive symptoms as their relative earnings increased, even when their husbands showed strong traditional gender role attitudes. These results indicate that traditional wives with high relative earnings may feel threatened by the discrepancy between their values (traditional gender role attitudes) and behaviors (high relative earnings), especially when their husbands hold strong traditional gender role attitudes.
A systematic evaluation of electrical resistivity tomography for permafrost interface detection using forward modeling
Authors: Herring Teddi , Lewkowicz Antoni G.
Published: April 2022

The accuracy of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) as a method for locating frozen‐to‐unfrozen interfaces in permafrost environments was investigated systematically for simplified scenarios using forward modeling. The impacts of varying the resistivity, thickness, and lateral continuity of the frozen region, altering the thickness of the surface thaw layer, and of differing array types were evaluated in relation to the detection and positioning of frozen–unfrozen interfaces. The results from these simple scenarios show that boundaries between frozen and unfrozen ground are more accurately indicated by maximum gradients rather than a fixed threshold value based on the resistivity at the base of the surface thawed layer. The resistivity of the frozen region plays a significant role in interpreted boundary locations, with high resistivity values causing a decrease in model sensitivity at depth and increased uncertainty in the interpreted base of the frozen zone, particularly in laterally continuous permafrost. Error in the interpreted base of the frozen zone also increases for thicker permafrost bodies, while thaw layer thickness plays a less significant role. In laterally discontinuous permafrost, wider frozen bodies cause the boundary at the base of the frozen region to become less distinct. Array type affected the appearance of the inverted resistivity models and the frozen–unfrozen boundaries located using the threshold method, but boundary locations were comparable among array types when the maximum gradient method was used. This synthetic modeling showed that the boundaries between unfrozen and frozen regions in ERT images should be interpreted with caution, particularly in ice‐rich, laterally continuous permafrost where sensitivity at depth is low. We conclude that forward modeling is a useful tool for permafrost investigations, both for assessing the likelihood of achieving ERT survey goals prior to fieldwork, and as an interpretive aid after field data have been acquired.
Quantitative system pharmacology as a legitimate approach to examine extrapolation strategies used to support pediatric drug development
Authors: Azer Karim , Barrett Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2022

Extrapolation strategies from adult data for designing pediatric drug development programs are explored using the quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) modeling approach, a mechanistic drug and disease modeling framework that can predict clinical response and guide pediatric drug development in general. This innovative model‐informed drug discovery and development approach can leverage adult‐pediatric pharmacology and disease similarity metrics to validate extrapolation assumptions. We describe the QSP model strategy and framework for extrapolation to design pediatric drug development programs by leveraging adult data across a wide range of therapeutic areas and illustrating stage‐gate decisions informed by such an approach.
The effect of Brassica vegetables on blood glucose levels and lipid profiles in adults. A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Darand Mina , Alizadeh Shahab , Mansourian Marjan
Published: April 2022

Previous studies on the effect of Brassica vegetables on blood glucose and lipid profile have reported inconclusive findings. Due to the high prevalence of glucose and lipid metabolism disorders and their importance as predictors of chronic diseases, the present meta‐analysis was performed to clarify the effect of Brassica vegetables on blood glucose and lipid profile. A systematic search of the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Cochran Library was performed up to October 2020. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effect of Brassica vegetables on blood glucose and lipid profile were included in the study. The search results were limited to English‐language publications. Finally, nine RCTs, including 548 participants, were selected for the present study. Pooled analysis indicated a significant reduction in total cholesterol (TC) (SMD = −0.28, 95%CI: 0.48 to 0.08; p = 0.005) following Brassica vegetables consumption. Overall, Brassica vegetables had no significant impact on serum levels of triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood sugar, and glycated hemoglobin. Consumption of Brassica vegetables had a statistically significant effect on TC concentration. However, further high‐quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of these plants.