bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth of PdCoO2 films with controlled termination by molecular-beam epitaxy and determination of their electronic structure by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Authors: Song Qi , Sun Jiaxin , Parzyck Christopher T. , Miao Ludi , Xu Qing , Hensling Felix V. E. , Barone Matthew R. , Hu Cheng , Kim Jinkwon , Faeth Brendan D. , Paik Hanjong , King Phil D. C. , Shen Kyle M. , Schlom Darrell G.
Published: September 2022

Utilizing the powerful combination of molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), we produce and study the effect of different terminating layers on the electronic structure of the metallic delafossite PdCoO2. Attempts to introduce unpaired electrons and synthesize new antiferromagnetic metals akin to the isostructural compound PdCrO2 have been made by replacing cobalt with iron in PdCoO2 films grown by MBE. Using ARPES, we observe similar bulk bands in these PdCoO2 films with Pd-, CoO2-, and FeO2-termination. Nevertheless, Pd- and CoO2-terminated films show a reduced intensity of surface states. Additionally, we are able to epitaxially stabilize PdFexCo1−xO2 films that show an anomaly in the derivative of the electrical resistance with respect to temperature at 20 K, but do not display pronounced magnetic order.
Molecular dynamics study of structure and reactions at the hydroxylated Mg(0001)/bulk water interface
Authors: Fogarty R. M. , Horsfield A. P.
Published: September 2022

A molecular level understanding of the aqueous Mg corrosion mechanism will be essential in developing improved alloys for battery electrodes, automobile parts, and biomedical implants. The structure and reactivity of the hydroxylated surface is expected to be key to the overall mechanism because (i) it is predicted to be the metastable surface state (rather than the bare surface) under a range of conditions and (ii) it provides a reasonable model for the outer corrosion film/water interface. We investigate the structure, interactions, and reactivity at the hydroxylated Mg(0001)/water interface using a combination of static Density Functional Theory calculations and second-generation Car–Parrinello ab initio molecular dynamics. We carry out detailed structural analyses into, among other properties, near-surface water orientations, favored adsorption sites, and near-surface hydrogen bonding behavior. Despite the short timescale (tens of ps) of our molecular dynamics run, we observe a cathodic water splitting event; the rapid timescale for this reaction is explained in terms of near-surface water structuring lowering the reaction barrier. Furthermore, we observe oxidation of an Mg surface atom to effectively generate a univalent Mg species (Mg+). Results are discussed in the context of understanding the Mg corrosion mechanism: For example, our results provide an explanation for the catalytic nature of the Mg corrosion film toward water splitting and a feasible mechanism for the generation of the univalent Mg species often proposed as a key intermediate.
The qualitative and quantitative relationships between pattern formation and average degree in networked reaction-diffusion systems
Authors: Chang Lili , Guo Luyao , Liu Chen , Wang Zhen , Sun Guiquan
Published: September 2022

The Turing pattern is an important dynamic behavior characteristic of activator–inhibitor systems. Differentiating from traditional assumption of activator–inhibitor interactions in a spatially continuous domain, a Turing pattern in networked reaction-diffusion systems has received much attention during the past few decades. In spite of its great progress, it still fails to evaluate the precise influences of network topology on pattern formation. To this end, we try to promote the research on this important and interesting issue from the point of view of average degree—a critical topological feature of networks. We first qualitatively analyze the influence of average degree on pattern formation. Then, a quantitative relationship between pattern formation and average degree, the exponential decay of pattern formation, is proposed via nonlinear regression. The finding holds true for several activator–inhibitor systems including biology model, ecology model, and chemistry model. The significance of this study lies that the exponential decay not only quantitatively depicts the influence of average degree on pattern formation, but also provides the possibility for predicting and controlling pattern formation.
Structural position vectors and symmetries in complex networks
Authors: Long Yong-Shang , Zhai Zheng-Meng , Tang Ming , Liu Ying , Lai Ying-Cheng
Published: September 2022

Symmetries, due to their fundamental importance to dynamical processes on networks, have attracted a great deal of current research. Finding all symmetric nodes in large complex networks typically relies on automorphism groups from algebraic-group theory, which are solvable in quasipolynomial time. We articulate a conceptually appealing and computationally extremely efficient approach to finding and characterizing all symmetric nodes by introducing a structural position vector (SPV) for each node in networks. We establish the mathematical result that symmetric nodes must have the same SPV value and demonstrate, using six representative complex networks from the real world, that all symmetric nodes in these networks can be found in linear time. Furthermore, the SPVs not only characterize the similarity of nodes but also quantify the nodal influences in propagation dynamics. A caveat is that the proved mathematical result relating the SPV values to nodal symmetries is not sufficient; i.e., nodes having the same SPV values may not be symmetric, which arises in regular networks or networks with a dominant regular component. We point out with an analysis that this caveat is, in fact, shared by the known existing approaches to finding symmetric nodes in the literature. We further argue, with the aid of a mathematical analysis, that our SPV method is generally effective for finding the symmetric nodes in real-world networks that typically do not have a dominant regular component. Our SPV-based framework, therefore, provides a physically intuitive and computationally efficient way to uncover, understand, and exploit symmetric structures in complex networks arising from real-world applications.
X-ray radioluminescent battery with near milliwatt output power using CsI:Tl single crystal scintillator
Authors: Zhao Chen , Ren Jiwei , lei Lin , Liao Feiyi , Liu Kezhao , Zhao Yiying
Published: September 2022

Low output power has long been the bottleneck of micro-radioisotope batteries as power supplies for the wireless sensor network, implantable medical equipment, and outer space exploration. Recently, x-ray radioluminescent batteries demonstrated the great potential to break the deadlock. In this work, we fabricated an x-ray radioluminescent battery with near milliwatt output power and demonstrated various potential applications. A 100% improvement on the conversion efficiency of 2.46% and the highest output power of 136.1 μW/cm2 were achieved when adopting a thallium doped cesium iodide (CsI:Tl) single-crystal scintillator in the battery. Subsequently, a 2 × 2 battery array was fabricated with a maximum output power of 466.9 μW and was used to power devices including micro-LEDs and a wireless sensor system with temperature monitoring. This demo system shows the feasibility of x-ray radioluminescent batteries as a long-lifetime micropower. The tremendous progress will draw broad attention on micro-nuclear batteries and inspire further exploration on the applications in the field of medical devices, space explorations, and Internet of Things.
Study of the transient flow structures generated by a pulsed nanosecond plasma actuator on a delta wing
Authors: Chen Sinuo , Shi Zhiwei , Geng Xi , Zhao Zijie , Chen Zhen , Sun Quanbing
Published: September 2022

The transient flow structures produced by a pulsed nanosecond plasma actuator and the mechanism by which they are generated are investigated experimentally and through simulations for the case of flow control on a non-slender delta wing. Phase-averaged particle image velocimetry reveals a phenomenon in which, after each discharge pulse, two sub-vortices are generated in sequence and move along the shear layer regardless of the angle of attack, and this is confirmed by hot-wire anemometry. However, at high actuation frequencies (F+ = fc/U∞ ≥ 6.435), this phenomenon of double sub-vortices is not observed, and only one sub-vortex is generated per period. The results of pressure measurements indicate that each sub-vortex gives rise to a distinct pressure fluctuation on the wing surface. Numerical simulations reveal a number of residual heats resulting from plasma thermal effects in the shear layer, each of which turns out to induce a corresponding sub-vortex. At low actuation frequencies (F+ ≤ 4.29), there is a division of the initial residual heat into two independent residual heats and, hence, double sub-vortices per period, whereas at high actuation frequencies (F+ ≥ 6.435), residual heats from two consecutive periods merge into one, resulting in just one sub-vortex per period, which provides an explanation for the experimentally observed flow behavior.
Hypersonic boundary layer transition on a concave wall induced by low-frequency blowing and suction
Authors: Chen Xi , Chen Jianqiang , Yuan Xianxu
Published: September 2022

Hypersonic boundary layer transitions caused by unsteady blowing and suction are investigated with linear stability analyses and direct numerical simulations (DNS). Three blowing–suction frequencies, i.e., 15, 30, and 45 kHz, are separately utilized to excite a pair of unsteady Görtler instability waves (the first two cases) or first-mode instability waves (the last case). These two primary instabilities, respectively, induce diamond-shaped and Λ-shaped structures through self-interactions. These structures are highly susceptible to high-frequency secondary instabilities, as is demonstrated by global Floquet analyses that take into account both temporal unsteadiness and spanwise spatial variations of the base flow. The secondary instability manifests as hairpin packets riding on the downstream end of the diamond-shaped structures or reside in the outward sides of the two legs of the Λ-shaped structures. The theoretical results quantitatively agree with the DNS results. Energy analyses further reveal that the wall-normal productions dominate the energy transfer for the secondary instability of the unsteady Görtler vortices, while the spanwise productions are crucial to the secondary instabilities in the first-mode oblique breakdown. Quasi-steady analyses based on the “frozen” base flow are also performed, whose results compare favorably with those from Floquet analyses in the lowest-frequency case.
Hydrophilic porous materials as helmet padding able to prevent traumatic brain injuries
Authors: Sokoloff J. B.
Published: September 2022

The ideal way to reduce the likelihood of traumatic brain injuries for a player engaged in an impact sport such as football or hockey, as a result of an impact of his/her helmet with a surface or another player, would be to reduce the average value of the acceleration of the player's head in an impact as much as possible. The minimum possible value of the average deceleration of the head is inversely proportional to the helmet padding thickness. Since there are practical limits to its maximum thickness, it is difficult to significantly reduce the average acceleration. There is evidence, however, that the peak, rather than the average, acceleration is the most significant cause of brain injury. It is proposed here that brain injuries, that occur as a result of an impact, could be reduced by using as padding a hydrophilic porous material swollen with fluid. The friction experienced by the fluid as it is squeezed out of the porous material in an impact can “tune” the acceleration of the skull so that it is never significantly higher than its average value during the impact.
Multiscale modeling of different cavitating flow patterns around NACA66 hydrofoil
Authors: Tian Beichen , Li Linmin , Meng Yang , Huang Biao
Published: September 2022

The multiscale effect of cavitation is a complicated multiphase phenomenon involving macroscale cavities and microscale bubbles. The cavitating flows at four different patterns around a (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) NACA66 hydrofoil are simulated based on the multiscale model under the Eulerian–Lagrangian framework. The volume-of-fluid method is used to capture the transportation of large-scale cavities in the Eulerian framework, while small-scale bubbles smaller than the threshold value of computational cells are solved using the Lagrangian method and the simplified Rayleigh–Plesset equation. The turbulent flow is solved using the large-eddy simulation approach, and the two-way coupling source for momentum is calculated by integrating interacting forces of discrete bubbles. This work proposes a multiscale model to better investigate the vapor structure with an extensive range of length scales, and analyzes the evolution mechanism of vapor morphology and scale in different cavitation patterns first. The simulation results are compared with the experimental observations to verify the accuracy of the numerical method. Meanwhile, the results illustrate that the turbulence has a significant influence on the bubble behavior. With a decrease in cavitation number, the number and size of discrete bubbles increase significantly, and the probability density function of discrete bubble diameter similarly conforms to Gamma distribution at all cavitation patterns. For inception cavitation, sheet cavitation, and supercavitation, the shape of large-scale cavity is relatively stable, and the standard deviation of the number and Sauter mean diameter of microscale bubbles are much smaller than cloud cavitating flow. In contrast, the large-scale cavity sheds periodically in the cloud cavitating flow leading to the periodical variation of the number and the Sauter mean diameter of microscale bubbles as well. Additionally, the discrete bubbles are mainly distributed in the region with strong turbulence intensity and high vorticity.
Electrochemically controlled rectification in symmetric single-molecule junctions
Authors: Wang Zixiao , Palma Julio L. , Wang Hui , Liu Junzhi , Zhou Gang , Ajayakumar M. R. , Feng Xinliang , Wang Wei , Ulstrup Jens , Kornyshev Alexei A. , Li Yueqi , Tao Nongjian
Published: September 2022

Single-molecule electrochemical science has advanced over the past decades and now extends well beyond molecular imaging, to molecular electronics functions such as rectification and amplification. Rectification is conceptually the simplest but has involved mostly challenging chemical synthesis of asymmetric molecular structures or asymmetric materials and geometry of the two enclosing electrodes. Here we propose an experimental and theoretical strategy for building and tuning in situ (in operando) rectification in two symmetric molecular structures in electrochemical environment. The molecules were designed to conduct electronically via either their lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO; electron transfer) or highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO; “hole transfer”). We used a bipotentiostat to control separately the electrochemical potential of the tip and substrate electrodes of an electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope (EC-STM), which leads to independent energy alignment of the STM tip, the molecule, and the STM substrate. By creating an asymmetric energy alignment, we observed single-molecule rectification of each molecule within a voltage range of ±0.5 V. By varying both the dominating charge transporting LUMO or HOMO energy and the electrolyte concentration, we achieved tuning of the polarity as well as the amplitude of the rectification. We have extended an earlier proposed theory that predicts electrolyte-controlled rectification to rationalize all the observed in situ rectification features and found excellent agreement between theory and experiments. Our study thus offers a way toward building controllable single-molecule rectifying devices without involving asymmetric molecular structures.
The son (érzi) is not really a son
Authors: Yang Kun , Chen Jing
Published: September 2022

This paper aims to explore the generalization of address terms in online discourse, a largely unheeded pragmatic phenomenon. Taking the generalized Chinese kinship term “son” (érzi) as an example, it analyzes its referents and functions. The analysis was based on a sizable data set collected from WeChat, and interviews with some WeChat users. It demonstrates that the address term “son” (érzi) conveys its faithful meaning when referring to the male child of (a) parent(s) but virtual meaning when referring to the addresser’s friends, classmates or pets. It is also argued that the generalized use of the address term “son” (érzi) can function to enhance relationships, make jocular abuse, and express emotions. These functions suggest the users’ identity avoidance and relating needs in a virtual community. This study attempts to contribute to a better understanding of the virtualization of address terms and rapport management in online discourse.
Design and fabrication of color coatings for high-performance building-integrated photovoltaics
Authors: Kim Mac , Cho Se-Phin , Cho Eunmi , Kim Sung Hyun , Kwon Seongwon , Lee Sang-Jin
Published: September 2022

Materials used on a building’s exterior must have high transmittance and excellent aesthetic design. In this study, the optimum design was achieved by calculating the optical properties and color distribution to fabricate a high-quality multilayer color thin film through sputtering, and a silicon solar panel was equipped with transmissive- and reflective-type color optical thin films. A three-layer color thin film with a Nb2O5/SiO2/Nb2O5 structure exhibited an average transmittance of over 85.96% and a clear blue color. Simultaneously, it maintained a high overall efficiency with a maximum output value greater than 99% of the value of a reference silicon solar cell. Therefore, the sputtered multilayer thin-film coating not only offers a fracile approach to manufacture colorful solar panels, but also has great potential for various industrial applications such as building-integrated solar power generation, automobile production, and glass production.
Spin fluctuations in the 112-type iron-based superconductor Ca0.82La0.18Fe0.96Ni0.04As2
Authors: Xie Tao , Liu Chang , Kajimoto Ryoichi , Ikeuchi Kazuhiko , Li Shiliang , Luo Huiqian
Published: September 2022

We report time-of-flight inelastic neutron scattering (INS) investigations on the spin fluctuation spectrum in the 112-type iron-based superconductor (FeSC) Ca0.82La0.18Fe0.96Ni0.04As2 (CaLa-112). In comparison to the 122-type FeSCs with a centrosymmetric tetragonal lattice structure (space group

I
4

/

m
m
m

) at room temperature and an in-plane stripe-type antiferromagnetic (AF) order at low temperature, the 112 system has a noncentrosymmetric structure (space group

P

2

1

) with additional zigzag arsenic chains between Ca/La layers and a magnetic ground state with similar wavevector

Q

A
F

but different orientations of ordered moments in the parent compounds. Our INS study clearly reveals that the in-plane dispersions and the bandwidth of spin excitations in the superconducting CaLa-112 closely resemble to those in 122 systems. While the total fluctuating moments

⟨

m
2

⟩
≈
4.6
±
0.2

μ

B

2

/Fe are larger than 122 system, the dynamic correlation lengths are similar (ξ ≈ 10 Å). These results suggest that superconductivity in iron arsenides may have a common magnetic origin under similar magnetic exchange couplings with a dual nature from local moments and itinerant electrons, despite their different magnetic patterns and lattice symmetries.
Multi-task generative adversarial network for retinal optical coherence tomography image denoising
Authors: Xie Qiaoxue , Ma Zongqing , Zhu Lianqing , Fan Fan , Meng Xiaochen , Gao Xinxiao , Zhu Jiang
Published: September 2022

Objective. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become an essential imaging modality for the assessment of ophthalmic diseases. However, speckle noise in OCT images obscures subtle but important morphological details and hampers its clinical applications. In this work, a novel multi-task generative adversarial network (MGAN) is proposed for retinal OCT image denoising. Approach. To strengthen the preservation of retinal structural information in the OCT denoising procedure, the proposed MGAN integrates adversarial learning and multi-task learning. Specifically, the generator of MGAN simultaneously undertakes two tasks, including the denoising task and the segmentation task. The segmentation task aims at the generation of the retinal segmentation map, which can guide the denoising task to focus on the retina-related region based on the retina-attention module. In doing so, the denoising task can enhance the attention to the retinal region and subsequently protect the structural detail based on the supervision of the structural similarity index measure loss. Main results. The proposed MGAN was evaluated and analyzed on three public OCT datasets. The qualitative and quantitative comparisons show that the MGAN method can achieve higher image quality, and is more effective in both speckle noise reduction and structural information preservation than previous denoising methods. Significance. We have presented a MGAN for retinal OCT image denoising. The proposed method provides an effective way to strengthen the preservation of structural information while suppressing speckle noise, and can promote the OCT applications in the clinical observation and diagnosis of retinopathy.
Detecting multiple lesions of lung cancer-caused metastasis with bone scans using a self-defined object detection model based on SSD framework
Authors: Lin Qiang , Chen Xiaoyan , Liu Liangxia , Cao Yongchun , Man Zhengxing , Zeng Xianwu , Huang Xiaodi
Published: September 2022

Objective. To facilitate manual diagnosis of lung cancer-caused metastasis, in this work, we propose a deep learning-based method to automatically identify and locate the hotspots in a bone scan image which denote the lesions metastasized from lung cancer. Approach. An end-to-end metastasis lesion detection model is proposed by following the classical object detection framework single shot multibox object detector (SSD). The proposed model casts lesion detection problem into automatically learning the hierarchal representations of lesion features, locating the spatial position of lesion areas, and boxing the detected lesions. Main results. Experimental evaluation conducted on clinical data of retrospective bone scans shows the comparable performance with a mean score of 0.7911 for average precision. A comparative analysis between our network and others including SSD shows the feasibility of the proposed detection network on automatically detecting multiple lesions of metastasis lesions caused by lung cancer. Significance. The proposed method has the potential to be used as an auxiliary tool for improving the accuracy and efficiency of metastasis diagnosis routinely conducted by nuclear medicine physicians.
Shape memory polymer smart plaster for orthopaedic treatments
Authors: Jeewantha Janitha , Jayalath Sandaruwan , Emmanuel Chris , Herath Madhubhashitha , Forster Elizabeth , Islam Mainul , Leng Jinsong , Epaarachchi Jayantha
Published: September 2022

Shape memory polymer (SMP) is a smart material that can respond to external stimuli and recover its permanent shape after being programmed. Researchers have been interested in SMPs for invasive biomedical applications, but there are many opportunities for non-invasive applications. Thus, in this study, a novel hybrid SMP nanocomposite smart plaster (SP) is synthesised for non-invasive orthopaedic fractured bone immobilisation. Due to its considerable structural properties, the SP for this study was synthesised with Bisphenol A epoxy, reinforced with E-glass fibres, its bioinspiration qualities were improved incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles. After that, the SP was preserved for three months under five different conditions. This was done to compare their environmental durability and usability for fractured bone immobilisation by analysing the resulting thermomechanical and shape memory properties. In addition, an Abaqus finite element model was developed and validated which can be used to optimise the design and geometrical parameters of the SP. The SP vitro performance was verified, demonstrating a lower limb leg cylindrical cast in less than 10 min. The SP at 50 °C and two layers of cotton webril produced the optimum results, and the recorded maximum undercast temperature was less than 45 °C, which was within the safe limit for human use. Furthermore, the undercast pressure did not surpass 30.2 ± 5.2 mmHg, indicating that the results are equivalent to other bone immobilisation procedures. Therefore, the synthesised SP showed a promising approach to address existing orthopaedic fractured bone limb immobilisation challenges.
Defect passivation with potassium trifluoroborate for efficient spray-coated perovskite solar cells in air
Authors: Gao Chen , Wang Hui , Wang Pang , Cai Jinlong , Sun Yuandong , Yu Cong , Li Teng , Zhang Xiaoshuai , Liu Dan , Wang Tao
Published: September 2022

Defects as non-radiative recombination centers hinder the further efficiency improvements of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Additive engineering has been demonstrated to be an effective method for defect passivation in perovskite films. Here, we employed (4-methoxyphenyl) potassium trifluoroborate (C7H7BF3KO) with

and K+ functional groups to passivate spray-coated (FAPbI3)
x
(MAPbBr3)1–x
perovskite and eliminate hysteresis. It is shown that the F of

can form hydrogen bonds with the H atom in the amino group of MA+/FA+ ions of perovskite, thus reducing the generation of MA+/FA+ vacancies and improving device efficiency. Meanwhile, K+ and reduced MA+/FA+ vacancies can inhibit ion migration, thereby eliminating hysteresis. With the aid of C7H7BF3KO, we obtained hysteresis-free PSCs with the maximum efficiency of 19.5% by spray-coating in air. Our work demonstrates that additive engineering is promising to improve the performance of spray-coated PSCs.
Hybrid computational pregnant female phantom construction for radiation dosimetry applications
Authors: Makkia Rasha , Nelson Keith , Zaidi Habib , Dingfelder Michael
Published: September 2022

The number of patients undergoing diagnostic radiology and radiation therapy procedures has increased drastically owing to improvements in cancer diagnosis and treatment, and consequently, patient survival. However, the risk of secondary malignancies owing to radiation exposure remains a matter of concern. We previously published three hybrid computational fetal phantoms, which contained 27 fetal organs, as a starting point for developing the whole hybrid computational pregnant phantom set, which is the final objective of this study. An International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) reference female voxel model was converted to a non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surface model to construct a hybrid computational female phantom as a pregnant mother for each fetal model. Both fetal and maternal organs were matched with the ICRP- 89 reference data. To create a complete standard pregnant computational phantom set at 20, 30, and 35 weeks of pregnancy, the model mother’s reproductive organs were removed, and fetal phantoms with appropriate placental and uterine models were added to the female pelvis using a 3D-modeling software. With the aid of radiological image sets that had originally been used to construct the fetal models, each fetal position and rotation inside the uterus were carefully adjusted to represent the real fetal locations inside the uterus. The major abdominal soft tissue organs below the diaphragm, namely the small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, uterus, and urinary bladder, were removed from non-pregnant females. The resulting fetal phantom was positioned in the appropriate location, matching the original radiological image sets. An obstetrician-gynecologist reviewed the complete internal anatomy of all fetus phantoms and the pregnant women for accuracy, and suggested changes were implemented as needed. The remaining female anatomical tissues were reshaped and modified to accommodate the location of the fetus inside the uterus. This new series of hybrid computational pregnant phantom models provides realistic anatomical details that can be useful in evaluating fetal radiation doses in pregnant patients undergoing diagnostic imaging or radiotherapy procedures where realistic fetal computational human phantoms are required.
Wafer-level testing of inverse-designed and adjoint-inspired dual layer Si-SiN vertical grating couplers
Authors: Van Vaerenbergh Thomas , Hooten Sean , Jain Mudit , Sun Peng , Wilmart Quentin , Seyedi Ashkan , Huang Zhihong , Fiorentino Marco , Beausoleil Ray
Published: September 2022

Recently, silicon photonics foundries started providing access to new dielectric stacks which can be utilized to reduce optical I/O losses. For example, in a hybrid c-Si/SiN platform, inverse design techniques can be used to create novel dual layer grating coupler (GC) designs which, in simulations, reach state-of-the-art performance. In this paper, we experimentally validate such designs for perfectly vertical single-polarization GCs in the O-band consisting of a single-etch c-Si layer with a patterned SiN overlay, fabricated using a

193

n
m

DUV immersion lithography process on

300

m
m

wafers. Here, we investigate designs generated by two different design paradigms: inverse design based on the adjoint method and adjoint-inspired design. Using wafer-level testing, we experimentally demonstrate a record low median insertion loss (IL) of

1.3

d
B

(with interquartile range of

∼

0.1

–

0.2

d
B

) for perfectly vertical coupling in DUV lithography compatible devices which is a

∼

0.5

d
B

improvement over previously demonstrated single-layer, single-etch c-Si

0

d
e
g

GCs.
Influence maximization under limited network information: seeding high-degree neighbors
Authors: Ou Jiamin , Buskens Vincent , van de Rijt Arnout , Panja Debabrata
Published: September 2022

The diffusion of information, norms, and practices across a social network can be initiated by compelling a small number of seed individuals to adopt first. Strategies proposed in previous work either assume full network information or a large degree of control over what information is collected. However, privacy settings on the Internet and high non-response in surveys often severely limit available connectivity information. Here we propose a seeding strategy for scenarios with limited network information: Only the degrees and connections of some random nodes are known. This new strategy is a modification of ‘random neighbor sampling’ (or ‘one-hop’) and seeds the highest-degree neighbors of randomly selected nodes. Simulating a fractional threshold model, we find that this new strategy excels in networks with heavy tailed degree distributions such as scale-free networks and large online social networks. It outperforms the conventional one-hop strategy even though the latter can seed 50% more nodes, and other seeding possibilities including pure high-degree seeding and clustered seeding.
Dark solitons in Bose–Einstein condensates: a dataset for many-body physics research
Authors: Fritsch Amilson R , Guo Shangjie , Koh Sophia M , Spielman I B , Zwolak Justyna P
Published: September 2022

We establish a dataset of over

1.6
×

10
4

experimental images of Bose–Einstein condensates containing solitonic excitations to enable machine learning (ML) for many-body physics research. About

33

% of this dataset has manually assigned and carefully curated labels. The remainder is automatically labeled using SolDet—an implementation of a physics-informed ML data analysis framework—consisting of a convolutional-neural-network-based classifier and object detector as well as a statistically motivated physics-informed classifier and a quality metric. This technical note constitutes the definitive reference of the dataset, providing an opportunity for the data science community to develop more sophisticated analysis tools, to further understand nonlinear many-body physics, and even advance cold atom experiments.
The American Judicial System: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Zelden Charles L.
Published: September 2022

The book provides a very short, but complete introduction to the institutions and people, the rules and processes, that make up the American judicial system. Jargon free and aimed at a general reader, it explains the where, when, and who of American courts. It also makes clear the how and why behind the law as it affects everyday people. It is, in a word, a starting place to understanding the third branch of American government at both the state and the federal levels, a guide to those wishing to know the basics of the American judicial system, and a cogent synthesis of how the various elements that make up the law and legal institutions fit together.
Politics and policy
Authors: Zelden Charles L.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the interactions between courts and other parts of government. It emphasizes that courts do not operate in a vacuum, but inevitably interact with, and often struggle with, the other institutions that govern America—specifically the legislative and executive branches. Starting with the constitutional structures that shape these interactions, it moves on to discuss the power of judicial review as employed by the US Supreme Court as an example of this process of constitutional, legal, and practical interactions between the three branches of government—starting with issues of property rights and economic regulation before moving on to civil rights and liberties cases.
Certainty
Authors: Todes Daniel P.
Published: September 2022

For the young Pavlov, certainty resided in the Orthodox Christian faith, which he imbibed from his family and in religious school and seminary. As a teenager, however, he embraced the popular new creed of science, modernization, and Westernization propounded by the “people of the 1860s.” He abandoned seminary for scientific studies in St. Petersburg, where he learned from his mentor Il’ia Tsion a style of physiology that emphasized vivisection, experimentation, and quantitative precision in the search for precise, mechanistic laws of vital activity. Tsion’s career was abruptly destroyed, and Pavlov was forced to make his own way. He was defeated by better-connected candidates for positions in physiology. Always high-strung and depressive, he suffered nervous symptoms that physicians diagnosed as “hysteria.” In 1891, however, another series of unforeseeable events raised him suddenly to the directorship of Russia’s new, lavishly financed physiological laboratory at the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine.
Come the Bolsheviks
Authors: Todes Daniel P.
Published: September 2022

Pavlov’s political ideology featured patriotism and scientism (belief that science was the most important force for social progress). For him at age sixty-eight, the Bolshevik seizure of power was catastrophic. He considered emigration, but, assured of Lenin’s support for his science, decided to remain. In the 1920s, his lived comfortably, with a flourishing scientific enterprise. Protected by his special status, he was the Bolsheviks’ most vocal public critic. During the 1930s his opinion of Soviet power changed. Having earlier regarded it as a terrorist regime, he now saw it as his country’s government, with both crimes and achievements. Russia’s scientific institutions were increasing rapidly, and science enjoyed unprecedented cultural prestige. This, Pavlov believed, would make Bolshevism more realistic, humane, and democratic. Preoccupied by the Nazi threat, he ceased criticizing the government publicly. He wrote outraged letters to Communist leaders, however, and used his influence to save many from the gulag.
Space
Authors: Katz Mark
Published: September 2022

The technologies of music configure and reconfigure our relationship with space. Dating back centuries to the earliest examples of notation and printing, technology has made it possible for music to move across distances and cultures, and the circulation of music has allowed for the circulation of aesthetics, values, and power. But even when music stays rooted in place, it influences our sense of the spaces in which we encounter it. At the same time these spaces, whether caves, cathedrals, or concert halls, shape how we create and hear music. This chapter probes the relationship between music and space through case studies on architectural acoustics, printed notation and its use in Western imperialism, the boombox and Walkman, x-ray records in the U.S.S.R, and the circulation of music via portable drives in Cuba.
Loss of PTEN phosphorylation via single point mutation alters cortical connectivity and behaviour
Authors: Binder Matthew , Bordey Angélique
Published: September 2022

This scientific commentary refers to ‘The impact of phosphorylated PTEN at threonine 366 on cortical connectivity and behaviour’ by Ledderose et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac188).
Reduced RNA adenosine-to-inosine editing in hippocampus vasculature associated with Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Crooke Philip S , Tossberg John T , Heinrich Rachel M , Porter Krislyn P , Aune Thomas M
Published: September 2022

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia and recent studies identify a type 1 interferon response in Alzheimer’s disease possibly driving neuro-inflammation and other Alzheimer’s disease pathologies. Loss of adenosine-to-inosine editing of endogenous Alu RNAs results in accumulation of Alu double-stranded RNAs, activation of double-stranded RNA sensors, and induction of interferon and nuclear factor kappa B regulated genes. Here, we investigated if changes in adenosine-to-inosine editing were associated with presence of Alzheimer’s disease in total prefrontal cortex, total hippocampus, cortex vasculature and hippocampus vasculature using available RNA sequencing files. We found similar levels of Alu RNA adenosine-to-inosine editing in cortex and cortex vasculature from individuals with Alzheimer’s disease or normal cognition at the time of death and brain donation. We found modest and substantial loss of adenosine-to-inosine editing in hippocampus and hippocampus vasculature, respectively, in Alzheimer’s disease relative to normal cognition and increased expression of interferon and nuclear factor kappa B regulated genes in hippocampus. Unedited Alu RNAs as found in Alzheimer’s disease hippocampus vasculature were potent innate immune activators while edited Alu RNAs as found in normal cognition hippocampus vasculature were weak innate immune activators. Taken together, our results support a model whereby loss of Alu RNA adenosine-to-inosine editing in hippocampus results in innate immune activation that may contribute to Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis.
NOS1AP is a novel molecular target and critical factor in TDP-43 pathology
Authors: Cappelli Sara , Spalloni Alida , Feiguin Fabian , Visani Giulia , Šušnjar Urša , Brown Anna-Leigh ,   NYGC ALS Consortium, Phatnani Hemali , Kwan Justin , Sareen Dhruv , Broach James R , Simmons Zachary , Arcila-Londono Ximena , Lee Edward B , Van Deerlin Vivianna M , Shneider Neil A , Fraenkel Ernest , Ostrow Lyle W , Baas Frank , Zaitlen Noah , Berry James D , Malaspina Andrea , Fratta Pietro , Cox Gregory A , Thompson Leslie M , Finkbeiner Steve , Dardiotis Efthimios , Miller Timothy M , Chandran Siddharthan , Pal Suvankar , Hornstein Eran , MacGowan Daniel J , Heiman-Patterson Terry , Hammell Molly G , Patsopoulos Nikolaos. A , Butovsky Oleg , Dubnau Joshua , Nath Avindra , Bowser Robert , Harms Matt , Aronica Eleonora , Poss Mary , Phillips-Cremins Jennifer , Crary John , Atassi Nazem , Lange Dale J , Adams Darius J , Stefanis Leonidas , Gotkine Marc , Baloh Robert H , Babu Suma , Raj Towfique , Paganoni Sabrina , Shalem Ophir , Smith Colin , Zhang Bin , Harris Brent , Broce Iris , Drory Vivian , Ravits John , McMillan Corey , Menon Vilas , De Bardi Marco , Borsellino Giovanna , Secrier Maria , Phatnani Hemali , Romano Maurizio , Fratta Pietro , Longone Patrizia , Buratti Emanuele
Published: September 2022

Many lines of evidence have highlighted the role played by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In this study, we have aimed to identify transcripts co-regulated by TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa and highly conserved heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins which have been previously shown to regulate TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa toxicity (deleted in azoospermia-associated protein 1, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein -Q, -D, -K and -U). Using the transcriptome analyses, we have uncovered that Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 Adaptor Protein mRNA is a direct TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa target, and in flies, its modulation alone can rescue TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa pathology. In primary mouse cortical neurons, we show that TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa mediated downregulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 Adaptor Protein expression strongly affects the NMDA-receptor signalling pathway. In human patients, the downregulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 Adaptor Protein mRNA strongly correlates with TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa proteinopathy as measured by cryptic Stathmin-2 and Unc-13 homolog A cryptic exon inclusion. Overall, our results demonstrate that Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 Adaptor Protein may represent a novel disease-relevant gene, potentially suitable for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Co-administration of Oral Cholera Vaccine With Oral Polio Vaccine Among Bangladeshi Young Children: A Randomized Controlled Open Label Trial to Assess Interference
Authors: Islam Md Taufiqul , Date Kashmira , Khan Ashraful Islam , Bhuiyan Taufiqur Rahman , Khan Zahid Hasan , Ahmed Shamim , Hossain Motaher , Khaton Fatema , Zaman K , McMillan Nigel A J , Anand Abhijeet , An Qian , Zhang Chenhua , Weldon William C , Yu Alexander , Luby Stephen , Qadri Firdausi
Published: September 2022

Background

Cholera remains a public health threat for low- and middle-income countries, particularly in Asia and Africa. Shanchol™, an inactivated oral cholera vaccine (OCV) is currently in use globally. OCV and oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) could be administered concomitantly, but the immunogenicity and safety of coadministration among children aged 1–3 years is unknown.

Methods

We undertook an open-label, randomized, controlled, inequality trial in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Healthy children aged 1–3 years were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: bivalent OPV (bOPV)-alone, OCV-alone, or combined bOPV + OCV and received vaccines on the day of enrollment and 28 days later. Blood samples were collected on the day of enrollment, day 28, and day 56. Serum poliovirus neutralizing antibodies and vibriocidal antibodies against Vibrio cholerae O1 were assessed using microneutralization assays.

Results

A total of 579 children aged 1‒3 years were recruited, 193 children per group. More than 90% of the children completed visits at day 56. Few adverse events following immunization were recorded and were equivalent among study arms. On day 28, 60% (90% confidence interval: 53%–67%) and 54% (46%–61%) of participants with co-administration of bOPV + OCV responded to polioviruses type 1 and 3, respectively, compared to 55% (47%–62%) and 46% (38%–53%) in the bOPV-only group. Additionally, >50% of participants showed a ≥4-fold increase in vibriocidal antibody titer responses on day 28, comparable to the responses observed in OCV-only arm.

Conclusions

Co-administration of bOPV and OCV is safe and effective in children aged 1–3 years and can be cost-beneficial.

Clinical Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03581734).
Association of Treated and Untreated Chronic Hepatitis C With the Incidence of Active Tuberculosis Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Baliashvili Davit , Blumberg Henry M , Benkeser David , Kempker Russell R , Shadaker Shaun , Averhoff Francisco , Gvinjilia Lia , Adamashvili Natalia , Magee Matthew , Kamkamidze George , Zakalashvili Mamuka , Tsertsvadze Tengiz , Sharvadze Lali , Chincharauli Mamuka , Tukvadze Nestan , Gandhi Neel R
Published: September 2022

Background

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes dysregulation and suppression of immune pathways involved in the control of tuberculosis (TB) infection. However, data on the role of chronic hepatitis C as a risk factor for active TB are lacking. We sought to evaluate the association between HCV infection and the development of active TB.

Methods

We conducted a cohort study in Georgia among adults tested for HCV antibodies (January 2015–September 2020) and followed longitudinally for the development of newly diagnosed active TB. Data were obtained from the Georgian national programs of hepatitis C and TB. The exposures of interest were untreated and treated HCV infection. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs).

Results

A total of 1 828 808 adults were included (median follow-up time: 26 months; IQR: 13–39 months). Active TB was diagnosed in 3163 (0.17%) individuals after a median of 6 months follow-up (IQR: 1–18 months). The incidence rate per 100 000 person-years was 296 among persons with untreated HCV infection, 109 among those with treated HCV infection, and 65 among HCV-negative persons. In multivariable analysis, both untreated (aHR = 2.9; 95% CI: 2.4–3.4) and treated (aHR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.4–2.0) HCV infections were associated with a higher hazard of active TB, compared with HCV-negative persons.

Conclusions

Adults with HCV infection, particularly untreated individuals, were at higher risk of developing active TB disease. Screening for latent TB infection and active TB disease should be part of clinical evaluation of people with HCV infection, especially in high-TB-burden areas.
Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial (NTM) Pulmonary Infection in the US Bronchiectasis and NTM Registry: Treatment Patterns, Adverse Events, and Adherence to American Thoracic Society/Infectious Disease Society of America Treatment Guidelines
Authors: Ku Jennifer H , Henkle Emily , Aksamit Timothy R , Barker Alan , Brunton Amanda E , Winthrop Kevin L ,   for the Bronchiectasis and NTM Research Registry investigators
Published: September 2022

Among 1038 participants with pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex and 120 with Mycobacterium abscessus enrolled in the US Bronchiectasis and NTM Research Registry, less than half received antibiotic therapy in the 24 months before registry enrollment, of which less than half were guideline based. Adverse effects occurred in 21% of therapy recipients, of whom 33% discontinued therapy.
Glucose protects the cell membrane, Na+/K+-ATPase, nucleic acids, and proteins in Bacillus subtilis spores under high pressure thermal sterilization
Authors: Bi Ke , Zhang Zhong , Shang Binling , Xin Weishan , Zhang Bianfei , Yang Jie , Liu Yue
Published: September 2022

The extreme resistance of bacterial spores to sterilization makes them a major concern to the food industry and consumers. In this study, the effect of glucose on the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores by high pressure thermal sterilization (HPTS) was evaluated. The results showed that the protective effects of glucose increased with the increase in its concentration. Compared with the HPTS control (no addition of glucose), the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase was increased, the leakage of proteins and the release of 2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (DPA) was decreased, and the vibrational strength of the functional group P = O was reduced by the addition of glucose. At the same time, glucose treatment increased the content of α-helix by 6%–22%, while decreased the random coil content by 5%–13% of the cellular protein. In conclusion, the addition of glucose protected the cell membrane, Na+/K+-ATPase, cellular nucleic acids and proteins of B. subtilis under HPTS treatment.