bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐strength functionalized pectin/fibroin hydrogel with tunable properties: A structure–property relationship study
Authors: Khorshidi Sajedeh , Karkhaneh Akbar , Bonakdar Shahin , Omidian Mohammadmahdi
Published: December 2019

Hydrogels possessing high mechanical strength and well‐controlled properties are of utmost interest in bone tissue engineering. In the current study, a strong self‐crosslinked hydrogel with variable properties has been developed from a combinatory composition of functionalized pectin and silk fibroin. Pectin chains underwent partial oxidation to be decorated with aldehyde functionalities. Later on, functionalized polysaccharide and protein were blended with different ratios, and corresponding variations in crystalline structure as well as in morphological, mechanical, and rheological properties have been monitored. Some theories have been used to better perceive the relation between blending ratio and hydrogel properties.Avrami equationbased on time sweep rheological analysis elucidated that in sample with equivalent ratio of oxidized pectin and fibroin, the crystallization was highly delayed due to dominance of Schiff's base reaction. The Herschel–Bulkley model based on flow curve rheology test corroborated that aforesaid composition revealed the most noticeable shear thinning behavior and accordingly the strongest crosslinked network. Finally, rubber elastic theory based on dynamic mechanical analysis implied that said formulation possessed the highest crosslinking density due to higher availability of aldehyde to amine functionalities. Moreover, cell culture studies proved that P50 F50 sample prevailed over other compositions with respect to cell viability and function. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2020,137, 48859.
Thermoresponsive hydrogels based on renewable resources
Authors: Isikci Koca Elif , Bozdag Gülnihal , Cayli Gökhan , Kazan Dilek , Cakir Hatir Pinar
Published: December 2019

This work aims to synthesize novel thermoresponsive hydrogels from renewable resources, bacterial cellulose (BC), and castor oil (CO), and to investigate the effect of CO on physical and thermal behaviors of BC/Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogels. The structural properties of the hydrogels are analyzed by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) technique and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) are also performed to examine the thermal properties of the hydrogels. The morphological differences of the hydrogels are analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The thermoresponsive performances of the hydrogels are examined by swelling and deswelling behaviors. The hydrogel with CO is found to be more sensitive to temperature changes than the one without CO. Deswelling study demonstrates 91 and 25% of water loss for hydrogels with and without CO, respectively. The present study shows a novel approach to synthesize thermoresponsive hydrogels with renewable resources for biomedical applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48861.
pH‐responsive variation of biomineralization via collagen self‐assembly and the simultaneous formation of apatite minerals
Authors: Shen Lirui , Bu Honghong , Yang Huan , Xu Songcheng , Li Guoying
Published: December 2019

Collagen self‐assembly and simultaneous mineralization by incubating a mixture containing collagen, calcium, and phosphate ions under physiological conditions, is an effective method to prepare bone‐like biomimetic materials. The formation of fibrils and minerals is related to pH of system. In the present work, we evaluated the effect of pH (7.9–10.4) on biomineralization process and synthesized composites. Turbidity kinetics and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements revealed that increasing pH delayed the crystallization process from nucleation phase to plateau phase because of promoting chelation of Ca2+ with collagen. Typical peaks of phosphate in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupling with characteristic peaks of hydroxyapatite (HAp) in XRD spectra illustrated the formation of HAp after biomineralization. Scanning electron microscopy measurements indicated that the increase of pH promoted the deposition of spherical minerals in fibrils. Especially, the minerals tended to form cluster‐like structure at pH 10.4. The hyp content, Ca and P contents, and gel strength measurements suggested that higher pH promoted the formation of HAp with a Ca/P closed to 1.67 and the prolongation of crystallization gave the time for collagen self‐assembly leading to the increase of gel strength at higher pH (9.4–10.4). These results might provide some new ideas for designing biomimetic materials. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48876.
Quantification of carbon nanotube dispersion and its correlation with mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy nanocomposites
Authors: Tiwari Mayank , Billing Beant K. , Bedi Harpreet S. , Agnihotri Prabhat K.
Published: December 2019

An experimental study is carried out to quantitatively assess the dispersion quality of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in epoxy matrix as a function of CNT variant and weight fraction. To this end, two weight fractions (0.05% and 0.25%) of as‐grown, oxidized, and functionalized CNTs are used to process CNT/epoxy nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared analysis of different variants of CNTs are used to establish the efficiency of purification route. While the relative change in mechanical properties is investigated through tensile and micro‐hardness testing, thermal conductivity of different nanocomposites is measured to characterize the effect of CNT addition on the average thermal properties of epoxy. Later on, a quantitative analysis is carried out to establish the relationship between the observed improvements in average composite properties with the dispersion quality of CNTs in epoxy. It is shown that carboxylic (‐COOH) functionalization reduces the average CNT agglomerate size and thus ensures better dispersion of CNTs in epoxy even at higher CNT weight fraction. The improved dispersion leads to enhanced interfacial interaction at the CNT/epoxy interface and hence provides higher relative improvement in nanocomposite properties compared to the samples prepared using as‐grown and oxidized CNTs. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48879.
Listing may not achieve conservation: A call for proactive approaches to threatened species management
Authors: Mamo Lea T. , Coleman Melinda A. , Dwyer Patrick G. , Kelaher Brendan P.
Published: December 2019

Species listing and subsequent conservation efforts are dependent on a number of political, social, and scientific factors, often to the disadvantage of uncharismatic taxa, such as small, cryptic, and rare species, and those that lack commercial value.

This case study examined the listing, impact assessment and conservation process of the critically endangered marine seaweed Nereia lophocladia (Nereia hereafter), which is a small and sporadically occurring species.

Nereia was initially listed as vulnerable, and upgraded to critically endangered, following the precautionary principle. Despite the elevation of its listing and the existence of a recovery plan, little conservation effort was devoted to Nereia.

A major upgrade to a large breakwater adjacent to Nereia's only known location triggered legislation and targeted searches for the species. Once found at the site, adaptive management actions, including modifications to the breakwater and some of the first targeted scientific surveys for this species took place.

The targeted surveys quickly revealed a far greater population of Nereia with a broader distribution than was previously realized. Given this, the breakwater upgrade probably caused less extinction risk to Nereia than predicted and a costly redesign may not have been necessary to secure the species' survival.

The case study argues for a proactive, evidentiary approach to species conservation, where conservation actions should be initiated as soon as species are listed and not when an immediate risk of extinction arises. Such approaches would improve conservation efforts and may also reduce the overall costs of saving species
Transcriptomic Analyses of Inner Ear Sensory Epithelia in Zebrafish
Authors: Yao Qi , Wang Lingyu , Mittal Rahul , Yan Denise , Richmond Michael T. , Denyer Steven , Requena Teresa , Liu Kaili , Varshney Gaurav K. , Lu Zhongmin , Liu Xue Zhong
Published: December 2019

Analysis of gene expression has the potential to assist in the understanding of multiple cellular processes including proliferation, cell‐fate specification, senesence, and activity in both healthy and disease states. Zebrafish model has been increasingly used to understand the process of hearing and the development of the vertebrate auditory system. Within the zebrafish inner ear, there are three otolith organs, each containing a sensory macula of hair cells. The saccular macula is primarily involved in hearing, the utricular macula is primarily involved in balance and the function of the lagenar macula is not completely understood. The goal of this study is to understand the transcriptional differences in the sensory macula associated with different otolith organs with the intention of understanding the genetic mechanisms responsible for the distinct role each organ plays in sensory perception. The sensory maculae of the saccule, utricle, and lagena were dissected out of adult Et(krt4:GFP)sqet4 zebrafish expressing green fluorescent protein in hair cells for transcriptional analysis. The total RNAs of the maculae were isolated and analyzed by RNA GeneChip microarray. Several of the differentially expressed genes are known to be involved in deafness, otolith development and balance. Gene expression among these otolith organs was very well conserved with less than 10% of genes showing differential expression. Data from this study will help to elucidate which genes are involved in hearing and balance. Furthermore, the findings of this study will assist in the development of the zebrafish model for human hearing and balance disorders. Anat Rec, 303:527–543, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
A Web‐Based Virtual Microscopy Platform for Improving Academic Performance in Histology and Pathology Laboratory Courses: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lee Bai‐Chin , Hsieh Sung‐Tsang , Chang Yih‐Leong , Tseng Fen‐Yu , Lin Yu‐Jung , Chen Yuh‐Lien , Wang Shu‐Huei , Chang Yu‐Fong , Ho Yi‐Lwun , Ni Yen‐Hsuan , Chang Shan‐Chwen
Published: December 2019

Virtual microscopy (VM) has been utilized to improve students' learning experience in microscope laboratory sessions, but minimal attention has been given to determining how to use VM more effectively. The study examined the influence of VM on academic performance and teacher and student perceptions and compared laboratory test scores before and after VM incorporation. A total of 662 third‐year students studying histology and 651 fourth‐year students studying pathology were divided into two groups. The light microscopy (LM) group used a light microscope in 2014 and 2015, while the LM + VM group used the VM platform and a light microscope in 2016 and 2017. Four factors positively predict laboratory scores (R square, 0.323; P < 0.001): (i) the pathology course and test‐enhanced learning, (ii) the VM platform and experience, (iii) medical students and lecture scores, and (iv) female students. The LM + VM group exhibited less score variability on laboratory examinations relative to their mean than the LM group. The LM + VM group was also associated with fewer failing grades (F grade; odds ratio, 0.336; P < 0.001) and higher scores (A grade; odds ratio, 2.084; P < 0.001) after controlling for sex, school, course, and lecture grades. The positive effect of the VM platform on laboratory test grades was associated with prior experience using the VM platform and was synergistic with more interim tests. Both teachers and students agreed that the VM platform enhanced laboratory learning. The incorporation of the VM platform in the context of test‐enhanced learning may help more students to master microscopic laboratory content.
Depicting the binding of furazolidone/furacilin with DNA by multiple spectroscopies, voltammetric as well as molecular docking
Authors: Bi Shuyun , Sun Xiaoyue , Li Xu , Zhao Rui , Shao Di
Published: December 2019

The interaction between DNA and furazolidone/furacillin was investigated using various analytical techniques including spectroscopy and electroanalysis and molecular modelling. With the aid of acridine orange (AO), the fluorescence lifetimes of DNA–AO, DNA–furazolidone/furacillin–AO remained almost the same, which proved that the ground state complex was formed due to furazolidone/furacillin binding with DNA. Circular dichroism spectra and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that the second structure of DNA changed. Viscosity experiments presented that relative viscosity of DNA was increased with the increasing concentrations of furazolidone and almost unchanged for furacilin. In addition, the results of melting temperature (Tm), ionic strength, site competition experiments, cyclic voltammetry, and molecular docking all proved the intercalation binding mode for furazolidone and groove binding mode for furacilin. The binding constants (Ka) obtained from Wolfe–Shimmer equation were calculated as 3.66 × 104 L mol−1 and 3.95 × 104 L mol−1 for furazolidone–DNA and furacilin–DNA, respectively.
Exploring the interactions of a Tb(III)–quercetin complex with serum albumins (HSA and BSA): spectroscopic and molecular docking studies
Authors: Shaghaghi Masoomeh , Rashtbari Samaneh , Vejdani Samira , Dehghan Gholamreza , Jouyban Abolghasem , Yekta Reza
Published: December 2019

Serum albumins (human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), two main circulatory proteins), are globular and monomeric macromolecules in plasma that transport many drugs and compounds. In the present study, we investigated the interactions of the Tb(III)–quercetin (Tb–QUE) complex with HSA and BSA using common spectroscopic techniques and a molecular docking study. Fluorescence data revealed that the inherent fluorescence emission of HSA and BSA was markedly quenched by the Tb–QUE complex through a static quenching mechanism, confirming stable complex formation (a ground‐state association) between albumins and Tb–QUE. Binding and thermodynamic parameters were obtained from the fluorescence spectra and the related equations at different temperatures under biological conditions. The binding constants (Kb) were calculated to be 0.8547 × 103 M−1 for HSA and 0.1363 × 103 M−1 for BSA at 298 K. Also, the number of binding sites (n) of the HSA/BSA–Tb–QUE systems was obtained to be approximately 1. Thermodynamic data calculations along with molecular docking results indicated that electrostatic interactions have a main role in the binding process of the Tb–QUE complex with HSA/BSA. Furthermore, molecular docking outputs revealed that the Tb–QUE complex has high affinity to bind to subdomain IIA of HSA and BSA. Binding distances (r) between HSA–Tb–QUE and BSA–Tb–QUE systems were also calculated using the Forster (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) method. It is expected that this study will provide a pathway for designing new compounds with multiple beneficial effects on human health from the phenolic compounds family such as the Tb–QUE complex.
Deciphering binding mechanism between bovine serum albumin and new pyrazoline compound K4
Authors: Bozkurt Ebru , Gul Halise Inci
Published: December 2019

The binding mechanism of a new and possible drug candidate pyrazoline derivative compound K4 and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated in buffer solution (pH 7.4) using ultraviolet–visible light absorption and steady‐state and synchronous fluorescence techniques. The fluorescence intensity of BSA was quenched in the presence of K4. The quenching process between BSA and K4 was examined at four different temperatures. Decrease of the quenching constants calculated using the Stern–Volmer equation and at increasing temperature suggested that the interaction BSA–K4 was realized through a static quenching mechanism. Synchronous fluorescence measurements suggested that K4 bounded to BSA at the tryptophan region. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that there was no significant change in polarity around the tryptophan residue The forces responsible for the BSA–K4 interaction were examined using thermodynamic parameters. In this study, the calculated negative value of ΔG, the negative value of ΔH and the positive value of ΔS pointed to the interaction being through spontaneous and electrostatic interactions that were dominant for our cases. This study provides a very useful in vitro model to researchers by mimicking in vivo conditions to estimate interactions between a possible drug candidate or a drug and body proteins.
Resveratrol ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis via activation of SIRT1‐Nrf2 signaling pathway
Authors: Wang Gaoyuan , Xie Xinxin , Yuan lingli , Qiu Jie , Duan Wenchao , Xu Bin , Chen Xiaoyu
Published: December 2019

The present study was designed to explore the biological role of resveratrol (RES) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the underlying mechanism. The adjuvant‐induced arthritic rats were administered RES on the 12th day after model establishment, and then arthritis assessment, oxidative stress measurement, histological examination, and immunohistochemical staining were performed. The primary rat fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) were isolated and treated with RES in vitro and then cell proliferation and apoptosis assay were examined. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, luciferase reporter assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination, western blot, and quantitative real time‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) were performed to investigate the mechanisms. RES administration decreased arthritis scores and serum levels of antioxidant enzymes, attenuated paw swelling, synovial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cartilage degradation, as well as inhibited synoviocyte proliferation in synovial tissues. Further investigation indicated that RES inhibited ROS production and FLS proliferation through activating the silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. NF‐κB was confirmed to negatively regulate miR‐29a‐3p and miR‐23a‐3p expression by directly binding to its promoter. Mechanistic analyses further revealed that Kelch‐like erythroid cell‐derived protein with CNC homology (ECH)‐associated protein 1 (Keap1), a negative regulator of Nrf2, was a downstream target of miR‐29a‐3p, while miR‐23a‐3p directly targeted cullin3 (cul3), a master regulator of ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2. Together, the present study provided evidence that RES ameliorated RA through activation of Nrf2‐ARE signaling pathway via SIRT1/NF‐κB/miR‐29a‐3p/Keap1 and SIRT1/NF‐κB/miR‐23a‐3p/cul3 signaling pathway.
Mesoporous Graphene‐Modified Electrode for Independent and Selective Detection of Dopamine in the Presence of High Concentration of Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Nankya Rosalynn , Opar David O. , Jung Hyun
Published: December 2019

Mesoporous graphene (MG) synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method using soft‐template, triblock copolymer P123 and graphene oxide was utilized for the detection of dopamine (DA) in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA). The structure and morphology of the obtained MG were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. The obtained MG was dispersed in DMF solution and then drop‐casted on to a platinum plate. It was primarily tested for electrochemical sensing of biomolecules. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to evaluate the electrochemical behaviors of MG on a platinum electrode. DPV facilitated selective and sensitive detection of DA in the presence of a high concentration of AA. MG showed a faster electron transfer rate and increased current density. It exhibited good sensitivity, selectivity, and a linear relationship with concentration, with a 7 μM limit of detection, suggesting that MG is a promising material for electrochemical sensing applications.
Distal nerve transfer for thenar palsy: A cadaveric study
Authors: Abou‐Al‐Shaar Hussam , Dorius Geoffrey T. , Morton David A. , Mahan Mark A.
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Severe proximal median nerve palsies often result in irreversible thenar atrophy and thumb abduction function loss. Tendon transfer involves substantial limitations and challenges; but, distal nerve transfer may provide an alternative treatment. Our goal was to validate the anatomical suitability of two distal ulnar nerve branches for thenar muscle reanimation.

Materials and Methods

We assessed nerve transfer to the recurrent branch of median nerve (RMN) in 16 embalmed cadaveric hands. The ulnar motor branch to the flexor digiti minimi brevis (FDMBn) and the ulnar motor branch to the third lumbrical (3rdLn) were assessed for transfer. Coaptation success was measured by the overlap of the nerve donor with the RMN and correspondence of nerve diameters.

Results

The mean transferable length and width of the RMN were 20.7 ± 4.5 and 1.0 ± 0.3 mm, respectively. We identified an average of three branches in the branching anatomy from the ulnar nerve to the hypothenar muscles. The maximal transferable lengths and widths of the FDMBn and the 3rdLn were 13.8 ± 4.4 and 0.5 ± 0.1 mm and 24.1 ± 6.4 and 0.4 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. The overlap with the RMN of the FDMBn and 3rdLn was 9.0 ± 3.6 (2.0–15.3) and 17.8 ± 6.0 (4.7–27.5) mm, respectively.

Conclusions

This anatomical study demonstrates the feasibility of distal nerve transfers between the ulnar and median nerves in the hand for reanimation of thenar muscles. Ulnar motor donors of the BrFDMBn and 3rdLn likely represent the least morbid donors with short distances for regeneration and a single coaptation repair.
Comparability of size measurements of the pancreas in magnetic resonance imaging and transabdominal ultrasound
Authors: Aghdassi Ali A. , Schauer Birgit , Duscha David , Ittermann Till , Pickartz Tilman , Budde Christoph , Simon Peter , Moskwa Patryk , Kromrey Marie L. , Bülow Robin , Völzke Henry , Kühn Jens , Lerch Markus M.
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Transabdominal ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used for the examination of the pancreas in clinical routine. We therefore were interested in the concordance of these two imaging methods for the size measurement of the pancreas and how age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) affect the organ size.

Methods

A total of 342 participants from the Study of Health in Pomerania underwent whole‐body MRI and transabdominal US on the same day, and the diameter of the pancreatic head, body, and tail were measured. The agreement between US and MRI measurements was assessed by Bland and Altman plots. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to compare observers. A multivariable regression model was applied using the independent variables age, gender, and body mass index.

Results

Compared to MRI, abdominal US returned smaller values for each segment of the pancreas, with a high level of inconsistency between these two methods. The mean difference was 0.39, 0.18, and 0.54 cm for the head, body, and tail, respectively. A high interobserver variability was detected for US. Multivariable analysis showed that pancreatic size in all three segments increased with BMI in both genders whereas pancreatic head and tail size decreased with age, an effect more marked in women.

Conclusions

Agreement of pancreatic size measurements is poor between US and MRI. These limitations should be considered when evaluating morphologic features for pathologic conditions or setting limits of normal size. Adjustments for BMI, gender, and age may also be warranted.
The sigmoidea ima artery: A player in colonic ischemia?
Authors: Landen Christoph , Dreu Manuel , Weiglein Andreas
Published: December 2019

Introduction

The sigmoidea ima artery is defined as the lowest sigmoid artery, which forms the distal end of the marginal artery by linking with the superior rectal artery. It supplies the rectosigmoid junction, which is a critical area for ischemia. The aim of the present study was to delineate the area supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery with special consideration of the sigmoidea ima artery.

Materials and Methods

The inferior mesenteric artery was dissected from its origin to the bifurcation of the superior rectal artery in 30 cadavers (15 male, 15 female). Vessel length and distance to the promontory were measured for each branch.

Results

There were two manifestations of the sigmoidea ima artery, irrespective of the branching pattern of the inferior mesenteric artery. It originated below the promontory in 25 cases (83.3%) and above it in three (10%). It did not derive from the superior rectal artery in two cases (6.7%). In these 16.7%, the marginal artery was absent near the rectosigmoid junction.

Conclusions

We suggest the terms “arteria sigmoidea ima pelvina” and “arteria sigmoidea ima abdominalis” for the two variants. The terms “arteria marginalis pelvina” and “arteria marginalis abdominalis” could be applied in clinical practice. An abdominal marginal artery could be considered a risk factor for colonic ischemia in colorectal resections and abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Both variants should be considered when pre‐ and intra‐operative perfusion measurements are interpreted.
Patterns of distant metastases in 215 Merkel cell carcinoma patients: Implications for prognosis and surveillance
Authors: Lewis Christopher W. , Qazi Jamiluddin , Hippe Daniel S. , Lachance Kristina , Thomas Hannah , Cook Maclean M. , Juhlin Ilsa , Singh Neha , Thuesmunn Zoe , Takagishi Seesha R. , McEvoy Aubriana , Doolittle‐Amieva Coley , Bhatia Shailender , Paulson Kelly G. , O'Malley Ryan B. , Wang Carolyn L. , Nghiem Paul
Published: December 2019

Approximately one‐third of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) patients eventually develop distant metastatic disease. Little is known about whether the location of the primary lesion is predictive of initial distant metastatic site, or if survival likelihood differs depending on the metastatic site. Such data could inform imaging/surveillance practices and improve prognostic accuracy. Multivariate and competing‐risk analyses were performed on a cohort of 215 MCC patients with distant metastases, 31% of whom had two or more initial sites of distant metastasis. At time of initial distant metastasis in the 215 patients, metastatic sites (n = 305) included non‐regional lymph nodes (present in 41% of patients), skin/body wall (25%), liver (23%), bone (21%), pancreas (8%), lung (7%), and brain (5%). Among the 194 patients who presented with MCC limited to local or regional sites (stage I‐III) but who ultimately developed distant metastases, distant progression occurred in 49% by 1 year and in 80% by 2 years following initial diagnosis. Primary MCC locations differed in how likely they were to metastasize to specific organs/sites (P < .001). For example, liver metastases were far more likely from a head/neck primary (43% of 58 patients) versus a lower limb primary (5% of 39 patients; P < .0001). Skin‐only distant metastasis was associated with lower MCC‐specific mortality as compared to metastases in multiple organs/sites (HR 2.7; P = .003), in the liver (HR 2.1; P = .05), or in distant lymph nodes (HR 2.0; P = .045). These data reflect outcomes before PD1‐pathway inhibitor availability, which may positively impact survival. In conclusion, primary MCC location is associated with a pattern of distant spread, which may assist in optimizing surveillance. Because it is linked to survival, the site of initial distant metastasis should be considered when assessing prognosis.
Ischemic stroke as the first presentation of takayasu’s arteritis in young male
Authors: Gouda Wesam , Alsaqabi Faisal , Alkadi Amjad , Amr Hanan Abd El‐Aziz , Moshrif Abdelhafeez , Mahdy Mohammed E.
Published: December 2019

Takayasu's arteritis should be kept under the differential diagnosis of stroke in all young patients. Early, proper diagnosis and treatment are necessary to reduce any further progression, morbidity, and mortality rates of the disease.
Origin of the High CO Oxidation Activity on CeO2 Supported Pt Nanoparticles: Weaker Binding of CO or Facile Oxygen Transfer from the Support?
Authors: Lu Yubing , Thompson Coogan , Kunwar Deepak , Datye Abhaya K. , Karim Ayman M.
Published: December 2019

Pt clusters supported on CeO2 are highly active for low temperature CO oxidation. The enhanced reactivity could be caused by weakening of the CO binding on Pt, allowing adsorbed oxygen to more effectively compete for sites. An alternative explanation is that interfacial sites allow adsorbed CO on Pt to react with lattice oxygen in the ceria. Here we explore the origins of enhanced CO oxidation reactivity on Pt/CeO2 using in‐situ/operando infrared and x‐ray spectroscopies, microcalorimetry, and reaction kinetics. We show that CO adsorbs strongly (∼110–120 kJ/mol) on Pt clusters (∼1.5 nm) and Pt is almost fully covered by CO during reaction, indicating that the high activity can be related to reactive interfacial O* species. Using in‐situ infrared spectroscopy we show that when the reaction mixture of CO and O2 stops flowing over the catalyst, the adsorbed CO on Pt is lost since it reacts with interfacial O*, but if this O* is depleted, the CO band does not disappear. The role of CeO2 is not to alter the binding of CO, but rather to enhance the reactivity of the interfacial metal‐support lattice oxygens. The reaction mechanism involving the interfacial Pt−CeO2 sites (two‐site mechanism) is further confirmed by kinetic measurements which show near zero order dependence on CO and O2 partial pressures.
Green Synthesis of Pyridyl Conjugated Microporous Polymers as Precursors for Porous Carbon Microspheres for Efficient Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: He Yan , Cheng Zhonghua , Zuo Hongyu , Yan Chunna , Liao Yaozu
Published: December 2019

Efficient materials for electrochemical energy storage have received much attention. Herein we report a green metal‐free route to synthesize pyridyl conjugated microporous polymers (PCMPs) as precursors for nitrogen‐doped porous carbon microspheres (NCMs) with high surface areas up to 1232 m2 g−1 via a simple carbonization method. The resulting NCMs as supercapacitor electrodes exhibit high specific capacitance of 324 F g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, and high rate ability (182 F g−1 at 10 A g−1), and excellent cyclability (remained >97 % of initial capacitance at 2 A g−1 after 10000 cycles). This work also presents that molecular engineering of PCMP precursor, pyrolysis temperature and charge/discharge cycling allow the electrochemical energy storage properties of the NCMs to be controlled.
Efficient and Divergent Synthesis of Medium‐Sized Lactams through Zinc‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclization of Indoly Ynamides†
Authors: Li Hang‐Hao , Ye Si‐Han , Chen Yang‐Bo , Luo Wen‐Feng , Qian Peng‐Cheng , Ye Long‐Wu
Published: December 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusion

An efficient zinc‐catalyzed oxidative cyclization of readily available indoly ynamides has been developed, enabling rapid and practical access to a diverse array of valuable medium‐sized lactams in mostly good to excellent yields with wide substrate scope. In addition, such an asymmetric synthesis has also been explored by employing the chiral substrate.
Effects of exergaming in postmenopausal women with high cardiovascular risk: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Jo Eun‐Ah , Wu Shan‐Shan , Han Hyung‐Rae , Park Jung‐Jun , Park Saejong , Cho Kyoung‐Im
Published: December 2019

Objective

Recently, exergames have been used an exercise modality as aerobic fitness activities. However, evidence of its effectiveness on cardiovascular (CV)‐related risk factors remain unclear.

Hypothesis

We evaluate the effects of exergaming on CV‐related risk factors compared with traditional aerobic exercise in high CV risk patients.

Methods

Sixty‐five postmenopausal women with high CV risk were randomized among exergame (n = 22), treadmill (n = 22), and control (n = 21) groups. The exergame group was engaged in the running‐based exergame using Exer Heart and the treadmill group walked or jogged on a treadmill. Cardiorespiratory fitness, flow‐mediated dilation, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), epicardial fat thickness, metabolic parameters, and anthropometric parameters were measured in patients before and 12 weeks after the training.

Results

Exergaming significantly improved VO2 peak (P < .001; different from control, P < .05), flow‐mediated dilation (P < .001; different from control, P < .05), EPCs (CD34/CD117+, P < .01). Treadmill exercise was effective at improving VO2 peak (P < .01; different from control, P < .05), flow‐mediated dilation (P < .05), EPCs (CD34/CD117+, P < .01; different from control P < .05). Epicardial fat thickness decreased after both exercise programs (exergame, P < .01; treadmill, P < .01; no different from control).

Conclusion

Exergaming showed similar effects to traditional aerobic exercise in improving cardiorespiratory fitness and endothelial function in postmenopausal women with high CV risk. These findings suggest that the exergames may serve as an alternative to conventional aerobic exercises for prevention and treatment in high CV risk patients.
Differences in surgical resection rate and risk of malignancy in thyroid cytopathology practice between Western and Asian countries: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Vuong Huy Gia , Ngo Hanh Thi Tuyet , Bychkov Andrey , Jung Chan Kwon , Vu Trang Huyen , Lu Kim Bach , Kakudo Kennichi , Kondo Tetsuo
Published: December 2019

There is increasing evidence showing that clinicians employ different management strategies in their use of The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC). In this meta‐analysis, we investigated the differences in diagnosis frequency, resection rate (RR), and risk of malignancy (ROM) between Western (ie, American and European) and Asian cytopathology practices. We searched PubMed and Web of Science from January 2010 to January 2019. Proportion and 95% CIs were calculated using a random‐effect model. We used independent sample t tests to compare frequencies, RR, and ROM between Western and Asian practices. We analyzed a total of 38 studies with 145,066 fine‐needle aspirations. Compared with Asian practice, Western series had a significantly lower ROM in most of TBSRTC categories, whereas the RR was not statistically different. Focusing on indeterminate nodules, the RR in Western series was significantly higher (51.3% vs 37.6%; P = .048), whereas the ROM was significantly lower (25.4% vs 41.9%; P = .002) compared with those in Asian series. The addition of Asian cohorts increased ROM for most of diagnostic categories compared with the original TBSRTC. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a difference in Western and Asian thyroid cytology practice, especially regarding the indeterminate categories. Lower RR and higher ROM suggest that Asian clinicians adopt a more conservative approach, whereas immediate diagnostic surgery is favored in Western practice for indeterminate nodules. The addition of Asian series into a meta‐analysis of TBSRTC altered ROM for several categories, which should be considered in future revisions of TBSRTC.
A multiscale subvoxel perfusion model to estimate diffusive capillary wall conductivity in multiple sclerosis lesions from perfusion MRI data
Authors: Koch Timo , Flemisch Bernd , Helmig Rainer , Wiest Roland , Obrist Dominik
Published: December 2019

We propose a new mathematical model to learn capillary leakage coefficients from dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI data. To this end, we derive an embedded mixed‐dimension flow and transport model for brain tissue perfusion on a subvoxel scale. This model is used to obtain the contrast agent concentration distribution in a single MRI voxel during a perfusion MRI sequence. We further present a magnetic resonance signal model for the considered sequence including a model for local susceptibility effects. This allows modeling MR signal‐time curves that can be compared with clinical MRI data. The proposed model can be used as a forward model in the inverse modeling problem of inferring model parameters such as the diffusive capillary wall conductivity. Acute multiple sclerosis lesions are associated with a breach in the integrity of the blood‐brain barrier. Applying the model to perfusion MR data of a patient with acute multiple sclerosis lesions, we conclude that diffusive capillary wall conductivity is a good indicator for characterizing activity of lesions, even if other patient‐specific model parameters are not well‐known.
Finite element generation of sibilants /s/ and /z/ using random distributions of Kirchhoff vortices
Authors: Pont Arnau , Guasch Oriol , Arnela Marc
Published: December 2019

The numerical simulation of sibilant sounds in three‐dimensional realistic vocal tracts constitutes a challenging problem because it involves a wide range of turbulent flow scales. Rotating eddies generate acoustic waves whose wavelengths are inversely proportional to the flow local Mach number. If that is low, very fine meshes are required to capture the flow dynamics. In standard hybrid computational aeroacoustics (CAA), where the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations are first solved to get a source term that is secondly input into an acoustic wave equation, this implies resorting to supercomputer facilities. As a consequence, only very short time intervals of the sibilant can be produced, which may be enough for its spectral characterization but insufficient to synthesize, for instance, an audio file from it or a syllable sound. In this work, we propose to substitute the aeroacoustic source term obtained from the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the first step of hybrid CAA, by a random distribution of Kirchhoff's spinning vortices, located in the region between the upper incisors and the lower lip. In this way, one only needs to solve a linear wave equation to generate a sibilant, and therefore avoids the costly large‐scale computations. We show that our proposal can recover the outcomes of hybrid CAA simulations in average, and that it can be applied to generate sibilants /s/ and /z/. Modeling and implementation details of the Kirchhoff vortex distribution in a stabilized finite element code are discussed in the paper, as well as the outcomes of the simulations.
Computerized adaptive testing and short form development for child and adolescent oral health patient‐reported outcomes measurement
Authors: Shen Jie , Hays Ron D. , Wang Yan , Marcus Marvin , Maida Carl A. , Xiong Di , Lee Steve Y. , Spolsky Vladimir W. , Coulter Ian D. , Crall James J. , Liu Honghu
Published: December 2019

Objectives

To develop computerized adaptive testing (CAT) and short forms of self‐report oral health measures that are predictive of both the children's oral health status index (COHSI) and the children's oral health referral recommendation (COHRR) scales, for children and adolescents, ages 8–17.

Material and methods

Using final item calibration parameters (discrimination and difficulty parameters) from the item response theory analysis, we performed post hoc CAT simulation. Items most frequently administered in the simulation were incorporated for possible inclusion in final oral health assessment toolkits, to select the best performing eight items for COHSI and COHRR.

Results

Two previously identified unidimensional sets of self‐report items consisting of 19 items for the COHSI and 22 items for the COHRR were administered through CAT resulting in eight‐item short forms for both the COHSI and COHRR. Correlations between the simulated CAT scores and the full item bank representing the latent trait arer= .94 for COHSI andr= .96 for COHRR, respectively, which demonstrated high reliability of the CAT and short form.

Conclusions

Using established rigorous measurement development standards, the CAT and corresponding eight‐item short form items for COHSI and COHRR were developed to assess the oral health status of children and adolescents, ages 8–17. These measures demonstrated good psychometric properties and can have clinical utility in oral health screening and evaluation and clinical referral recommendations.
Sustainable development and dynamic capabilities in the fashion industry: A multi‐case study
Authors: Da Giau Alessandro , Foss Nicolai J. , Furlan Andrea , Vinelli Andrea
Published: December 2019

We used the dynamic capabilities approach to study environmental sustainability and development in the fashion industry. To achieve green transformation, companies need to develop effective dynamic capabilities, which entails changing their current organizational design by realigning their activities, partnerships, and routines with the changed external environment. By means of three case studies, we identified the components of dynamic capabilities that can be instrumental in companies' innovation and adaptability toward sustainability goals. In particular, we examined how companies sensed market opportunities and threats, seized such opportunities, and reconfigured their internal assets. We also investigated how structural changes in these firms reflected their strategies for supporting sustainability development.
Metal‐Free, Solid‐State, Paperlike Rechargeable Batteries Consisting of Redox‐Active Polyethers
Authors: Hatakeyama‐Sato Kan , Tezuka Toshiki , Ichinoi Rieka , Matsumono Satoshi , Sadakuni Karin , Oyaizu Kenichi
Published: December 2019

Metal‐free and totally organic based batteries were fabricated from functional polyethers. Aliphatic polyethers, in which 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐oxyl and viologen were introduced with high density, were used as the cathode and anode active materials, respectively. By stacking nanosheets of the polymers and an imidazolium‐substituted polyether as the electrolyte, a solid‐state cell only 2 μm thick was made. The anion‐type rocking‐chair cell showed reversible charge/discharge even at a high rate of 5 C without adding any solvents or plasticizers. Although the unsealed cell was measured under ambient conditions, no significant side reactions (including self‐discharging and capacity decay) occurred, whereas conventional electrodes are sensitive to air and water in the charged state. The intrinsic plasticity of the polyethers is also compatible with making free‐form, 3D‐printable batteries.
Preparation of Iron‐ and Nitrogen‐Codoped Carbon Nanotubes from Waste Plastics Pyrolysis for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Cai Ning , Xia Sunwen , Zhang Xiong , Meng Zihan , Bartocci Pietro , Fantozzi Francesco , Chen Yingquan , Chen Hanping , Williams Paul T. , Yang Haiping
Published: December 2019

A novel method for the preparation of iron‐ and nitrogen‐codoped carbon nanotubes (Fe‐N‐CNTs) is proposed, based on the catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics. First, carbon nanotubes are produced from pyrolysis of plastic waste over Fe‐Al2O3; then, Fe‐CNTs and melamine are heated together in an inert atmosphere. Different co‐pyrolysis temperatures are tested to optimize the electrocatalyst production. A high doping temperature improves the degree of graphite formation and promotes the conversion of nitrogen into a more stable form. Compared with commercial Pt/C, the electrocatalyst obtained from pyrolysis at 850 °C shows remarkable properties, with an onset potential of 0.943 V versus RHE and a half‐wave potential of 0.811 V versus RHE, and even better stability and anti‐poisoning properties. In addition, zinc–air battery tests are performed, and the optimized catalyst exhibits a high maximum power density.
Molecular Engineering of Fully Conjugated sp2Carbon‐Linked Polymers for High‐Efficiency Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Huang Tao , Lin Xi , Liu Yang , Zhao Jiwu , Lin Huan , Xu Ziting , Zhong Shuncong , Zhang Chunjie , Wang Xuxu , Fu Xianzhi , Long Jinlin
Published: December 2019

The diverse nature of organic precursors offers a versatile platform for precisely tailoring the electronic properties of semiconducting polymers. In this study, three fully conjugated sp2carbon‐linked polymers have been designed and synthesized for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible‐light illumination, by copolymerizing differentC3‐symmetric aromatic aldehydes as knots with the 1,4‐phenylene diacetonitrile (PDAN) linker through a C=C condensation reaction. The hydrogen evolution (HER) is achieved at a maximum rate of 30.2 mmol g−1 h−1over a polymer based on 2,4,6‐triphenyl‐1,3,5‐triazine units linked by cyano‐substituted phenylene, with an apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 7.20 % at 420 nm. Increasing the degree of conjugation and planarity not only extends visible‐light absorption, but also stabilizes the fully conjugated sp2‐carbon‐linked donor–acceptor (D–A) polymer. Incorporating additional electron‐withdrawing triazine units into the D–A polymer to form multiple electron donors and acceptors can greatly promote exciton separation and charge transfer, thus significantly enhancing the photocatalytic activity.
Influence of the inverse sheath on divertor plasma performance in tokamak edge plasma simulations
Authors: Masline Rebecca , Smirnov Roman D. , Krasheninnikov Sergei I.
Published: December 2019

Recently, it was shown that strong electron thermionic emission from material walls could result in the formation of an “inverse sheath,” which prevents the flow of cold ions to the wall.[1–3] Such regimes look very favourably from the point of view of plasma–material interactions at the edge of magnetic fusion devices, where the problem of the erosion of plasma‐facing components under ion irradiation is one of the key issues for the development of future magnetic fusion reactors. However, it is not clear whether such regimes are compatible with edge plasma parameters and heat removal requirements in fusion reactors. To address the issue of practicality of the “inverse sheath” regime for edge tokamak plasma conditions, we perform a set of numerical simulations with 2D edge plasma transport code UEDGE[4] for a DIII‐D‐like geometry and magnetic configuration. To describe both “standard” and “inverse sheath” conditions within the framework of the UEDGE code (which does not consider the sheath region per se), at the material surfaces, we apply effective boundary conditions that emulate both “standard” and “inverse sheath” regimes. We demonstrate that, for the same input parameters, spatial distributions of edge plasma parameters corresponding to detached divertor and “inverse sheath” regimes are similar, with only a few minor differences. We discuss the compatibility of “inverse sheath” regimes with core plasma parameters.