bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OPTIMIZATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF CERAMIC FLUX GRANULES
Authors: MATUSHKIN I. YU. , GLININ А. A. , DEGAI D. A.
Published: November 2023

Currently, ceramic welding flux is widely used for automatic welding, since it has a low cost in combination with the required properties. One of the important advantages of this flux is the ability to alloy the weld. However, there are some disadvantages such as the strength of the granules and the hygroscopicity of the ceramic flux. Low strength leads to rapid abrasion of granules and formation of dust, therefore, to an increase in packed density and poor separation of the slag crust. In the presented work, the authors have considered the structure of granules of ceramic flux used inautomatic arc welding. The identified disadvantages can cause a negative effect on the strength of the granules and increase the hygroscopicity of the flux. To improve the quality of the produced flux, its structure was optimized in order to reduce pores and improve the wettability of the charge materials. After studying the literature data, it was assumed that in order to achieve the goal, it is necessary to grind the initial dry mixture of charge materials and reduce the viscosity of
the binder. The granules obtained under laboratory conditions are distinguished by a good spreading of liquid glass and the absence of pores.

KEYWORDS
A MODEL OF WELDING THERMAL PROCESSES WITH A LIMITED NUMBER OF FICTITIOUS POINT SOURCES
Authors: RYBIN V. S. , SHCHERBAKOV I. A.
Published: November 2023

Analytical methods of calculation of thermal processes at welding enable to estimate operatively the influence of welding modes on parameters of a temperature field and to predict structural changes in a zone of thermal influence. In the mid-twentieth century it was suggested to calculate the heat processes in welded products with parallel boundary planes by summing up the temperature fields of the main and infinite number of fictitious point sources using thereflection method. However, due to computational difficulties, this method could not be brought to a state of wide practical application. Furthermore, since the schematization of heated bodies is conditional, the choice of the body scheme (plate, flat layer, semi-infinite body) and therefore the thermal calculation model is performed intuitively based on the accumulated experience. This uncertainty inevitably leads to discrepancy between the calculated and actual parameters of the thermal welding process. The purpose of this work is to adapt a model of thermal processes with a limited number of fictitious fast moving point sources to the calculation of thermal welding processes. The proposed model, solvable in Mathcad software, contains the equations of temperature field and temperature rate of change with account of the number
of fictitious heat sources involved in the calculation. This model allows a reasonable limitation of the number of fictitious heat sources for providing the required accuracy of calculations, since as the fictitious heat sources move away from the product and their influence on the product heating decreases. In most cases for practical calculations 2 pairs of fictitious sources are enough for welding of 2 cm thick steel products, of 0.5 cm thick products ‒ 5 pairs, of 0.2 cm thick products ‒ 12 pairs. Comparison of the calculated values of the proposed model with actual temperature field measurements and known effects of cooling rate in the plate, plane layer and semi-infinite body within the accepted limits have confirmed its adequacy. The presented comparative results demonstrate versatility of the proposed model with a limited number of fictitious fast moving point sources, which can be applied sufficiently and successfully for analysis of the thermal welding processes of real industrial products of arbitrary thickness without discriminating into plate, plane layer and semi-infinite body models.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF CERAMIC FLUX GRANULES
Authors: SHIKOVA I. I. , KAICHEVA N. A. , MIKHAILOV G. G.
Published: November 2023

Currently, ceramic welding flux is widely used for automatic welding, since it has a low cost in combination with the required properties. One of the important advantages of this flux is the ability to alloy the weld. However, there are some disadvantages such as the strength of the granules and the hygroscopicity of the ceramic flux. Low strength leads to rapid abrasion of granules and formation of dust, therefore, to an increase in packed density and poor separation of the slag crust. In the presented work, the authors have considered the structure of granules of ceramic flux used inautomatic arc welding. The identified disadvantages can cause a negative effect on the strength of the granules and increase the hygroscopicity of the flux. To improve the quality of the produced flux, its structure was optimized in order to reduce pores and improve the wettability of the charge materials. After studying the literature data, it was assumed that in order to achieve the goal, it is necessary to grind the initial dry mixture of charge materials and reduce the viscosity of
the binder. The granules obtained under laboratory conditions are distinguished by a good spreading of liquid glass and the absence of pores
HOW TO RAISE FINANCE BY RUSSIAN COMPANIES IN THE CURRENT SITUATION
Authors: YATSENKO B. N.
Published: November 2023

In the context of an abnormally high key rate, the replenishing working capital and launching investment projects is an interesting task. The most relevant and effective financing solutions are considered in the article, including mezzanine financing, advances from buyers under long-term contracts, co-financing of projects by the Industrial Development Fund on favorable terms, investments in the capital of project companies by the International Fund of Technological Development and attracting capital from Russian private investment funds and investors. It is shown that for companies implementing investment projects and being in the growth phase, mezzanine financing can reduce the burden of paying interest on debt at the beginning of the growth and project implementation cycle. It is noted that advance payments from buyers under long-term contracts can be attracted to finance working capital and expand production capacity. For the implementation of new industrial and technological investment projects, financing can be attracted from the Industrial Development Fund, as well as from the International Fund of Technological Development. These funds stimulate the inflow of direct investments into the real sector of the Russian economy. In addition, opportunities for attracting private venture and strategic investments are relevant today
CURRENT ISSUES IN THE FIELD OF DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF RESOURCEAND ENERGY-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES, ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE DESIGNS AND MODES OF OPERATION OF HEATING AND SMELTING FURNACES (on materials of scientific and practical conference)
Authors: SPIRIN N. A. , KAZYAEV М. D. , KISELEV Е. V.
Published: November 2023

On March 17‒18, 2022 a conference devoted to actual problems of metallurgical heat engineering, theory and practice of design and construction, technical re-equipment and modernization of designs of modern industrial furnaces of various technological purposes was held. The reports were presented on questions of modern innovativations in metallurgy, including preparation of ore and nonmetallic raw materials, manufacture of sinter and pellets, direct reduction of iron, technologies of reduction of iron ore materials in electric arc furnaces with obtaining pig-iron; production of highquality lime in shaft, double-shaft and kiln furnaces, and also in the combined units; granulation of metallurgical melts; a complex of issues in the area of rolling manufacture, etc. Special attention was paid to the developments in the field of resource- and energy-saving, environmentally friendly designs and modes of operation of the heating and smelting furnaces and new fuel-burning devices. The assessment of current state of theory and practice in the field of metallurgical heat engineering in Russia was provided with recommendations for their further development. The results of the scientific practical conference showed the close link in our scientific-technical community that has a significant potential for improvement of competitiveness and import substitution in the field of pyrometallurgical technologies of the Russian industrial enterprises. The range of problems has been determined in order to achieve the strategic goal of the Russian metallurgy development, i.e. transformation into a dynamically developing, hi-tech, efficient and competitive industry integrated into the world metallurgy within the framework of the international division of labor.
REVIEW OF WAYS TO IMPROVE THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF WEAKLY MAGNETIC IRON ORES
Authors: GANIN D. R. , PANYCHEV A. A.
Published: November 2023

The issues of using hardly enriched weakly magnetic iron ore raw materials, which should be widely involved in production in connection with the depletion of reserves of the richest and most accessible iron ore deposits, are considered. A literature and patent review of ways to improve the magnetic properties of weakly magnetic iron ores has been carried out. Magnetizing roasting of ores, which is widely used to convert weakly magnetic minerals into highly magnetic ones, as well as methods based on heating the ore with a concentrated energy flow in the form of laser radiation irradiating the ore with plasma, and treating the ore with ultrasound are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods for increasing the magnetic properties of weakly magnetic iron ores are analyzed. Information about the method of magnetic enrichment of iron ore material developed at the Novotroitsk branch of the National University of Science and Technology “MISIS” is presented. The method includes preparation of iron ore material, crushing and grinding to open ore grains, transportation to a magnetic separator and separation into magnetic and non-magnetic parts. At the same time, the transportation of iron ore material is carried out through a solenoid coil connected to an adjustable high voltage direct current source. The necessity of studying the regimes of magnetic influence on minerals by this method and the prospects of its use for increasing the magnetic properties of hardly enriched weakly magnetic iron ore.
Y2O3‒SiO2 SYSTEM DIAGRAM
Authors: MAKROVETS L. A.
Published: November 2023

The deoxidizing ability of yttrium has not been sufficiently studied, although it has a high affinity for oxygen. In ferrous metallurgy, yttrium is often used in the form of an alloy with silicon. The effect of each of the components of the silicoyttrium alloy on the process of liquid metal deoxidation can be established by studying the Fe‒Y‒Si‒O system. The composition of the formed non-metallic inclusions in steel in this case is mainly determined by the type of oxide state diagrams of the Y2O3‒SiO2 and FeO‒Y2O3‒SiO2 systems associated with the region of existence of metallic melts. In this work, using the method of thermodynamic modeling of phase equilibrium in oxide system state diagrams and the theory of subregular ionic solutions, we analyze and calculate liquidus lines in the Y2O3‒SiO2 oxide system. A diagram of the state of this system was constructed. According to the thermodynamic analysis, the most stable in the system are three compounds ‒ oxy- Y2O3·SiO2 and yttrium orthosilicate 2Y2O3·3SiO2 (congruent melting, 1979 and 1915 °C, respectively), as well as yttrium pyrosilicate Y2O3·2SiO2 (incongruent melting), which is consistent with the literature data. In the course of the work, the enthalpies and entropies of formation of these yttrium silicates from the components of the oxide melt, as well as the melting constants of these compounds, were obtained. The area of delamination borders on the field of cristobalite at 1668 °C in the concentration range 0.593‒0.980 (ionic fraction of SiO2) or 74.5‒99.0 % (mol.) SiO2. The values of the enthalpy and entropy of yttrium silicates obtained in this work allow us to proceed to the next stage of the study – modeling the state diagram of the ternary oxide system FeO‒Y2O3‒SiO2, which is necessary to consider the interaction of yttrium and silicon with oxygen in liquid iron.
SIMULATION MODELING OF IRONMAKING AND STEELMAKING PROCESSES AT CHEREPOVETS STEEL MILL OF PAO SEVERSTAL
Authors: LASKIN A. A. , KORYAKOVTSEV А. V. , TSYMAI D. V. , MURASHEV P. A. , Zaiysev А. А.
Published: November 2023

This paper presents the results of running the model of ironmaking and steelmaking processes at Cherepovets steel mill of PAO Severstal. The model was developed using Anylogic software. The main goals of the work were: modeling of changes in the quantities of raw materials/ finished products; determining optimal productivity values for the equipment units involved in the process chain; identification of the process stages which may be overloaded in the process of modeling with further debottlenecking; conducting experiments on increasing throughput of the process stages (by increasing productivity or accumulation of accepted raw materials at the warehouses); checking achievability of the business plan targets for production of hot metal and steel. The main results of the work done are as follows: it is possible to get a 50% increase in the quantity of pellets transported by conveyors from tilting cars to blast furnaces considering the conveyor repairs; the system of conveyors would allow transportation of materials (sinter and concentrate) in case of increase in the blast furnaces productivity by 7.8% versus the current level; it has been established that the BOF shop productivity is influenced by geometry of slabs produced, line speed of the slab casting and tap-to-tap time; minimum tap-to-tap time at which the BOF shop productivity would be at maximum level is 36 minutes. Further reduction of tapto-tap time may be advised only if the casting machines are upgraded.
STUDY OF THE GAS DYNAMIC OPERATION OF SINTERING MACHINES AT SINTER PLANT No. 5 OF PJSC MMK
Authors: CHUKIN D. M. , FROLOV YU. A. , KOTYSHEV V. Е.
Published: November 2023

A brief equipment description of the Sinter Plant No. 5 at PJSC MMK. The technical and economic inefficiency of the recirculation system based on the direct selection of waste gases from eight vacuum chambers of the sinter machines is shown. The expediency of connecting the vacuum chambers of the recirculation system to the collectors of sinter machines is substantiated. The influence of successive connection of these vacuum chambers to collectors on the gas-dynamic and technological parameters of the sinter machine has been studied. The accompanying factors were taken into account, such as climatic conditions (work with raw iron ore materials in warm time and relatively dry in cold), work with a gradually increasing mix layer bed at sinter machines. The technical inexpediency of using parallel collectors of sinter machines and the expediency of installing a sectional collector are substantiated using the example of a sinter machine with a sintering area of 312 m2 . For a generalized assessment of the influence of the sintering area, the width and length of the sinter machine on the gas-dynamic and technological parameters, the gas-dynamic model of the sintering process was adapted, and the corresponding analysis was carried out. The data obtained can be used in modernization of the existing sinter machines, including Sinter Plant No. 5, and in the design of the new ones.
ABOUT THE SLAG-FREE SILICOCALCIUM AND SILICOBARIUM PRODUCTION METHOD
Authors: RYABCHIKOV I. V. , BAKIN I. V. , USMANOV R. G. , ROMASHKO A. O.
Published: November 2023

The state of production of silicocalcium and silicobarium by the carbon-thermal method from lumpy and briquetted charge is considered. It is shown that the use of lumpy charge leads to frequent adjustment of its composition, unstable technological and electrical melting conditions, gradual formation of carbide accretion in the furnace bath, which is an obstacle to the creation of continuous and low waste productions. The use of ore-coal briquettes makes it possible to optimize the chemistry of the reduction of elements with carbon, create favorable conditions for the occurrence of lowtemperature chemical reactions and reduce the energy intensity of the technological process. As a result of the use of orecoal briquettes, it becomes possible to mechanize the loading of the charge into the furnace, eliminate the labor-intensive operations to adjust the composition of the charge, utilize own production waste and organize the waste-free production. The examples of the use of the briquetted charge in a semi-industrial furnace with a capacity of 1.6 MVA are provided.
THE CHROMIUM AND MANGANESE DISTRIBUTION IN THE DIFFUSION LAYER OF STEEL 35CrNi2-3 DURING THERMОDIFFUSION SATURATION
Authors: SHABUROVA N. A. , SHABUROVA YU. D. , PASHKEEV I. YU.
Published: November 2023

Increasing the strength, hardness and wear resistance of the material of machine parts and mechanisms has been an urgent task for many decades. The most promising option of its solution is surface hardening. Among the wide variety of surface hardening methods (heat treatment, deformation methods, etc.), in recent time, much attention has been paid to the chemical-thermal treatment methods, which consist in saturating the metal surface with one or more elements. The article describes the features of thermal diffusion saturation of steel 35CrNi2-3 with chromium and manganese at a temperature of 1000°C. A technique for analyzing the obtained coating is presented, based on the possibilities of X-ray spectral microanalysis of the diffusion layer on transverse microsections of the obtained samples. The elemental composition of the diffusion layer was monitored using a JEOL JSM-6460 LV universal scanning (scanning) electron microscope. The results obtained show that the joint diffusion saturation of the surface of steel 35CrNi2-3 with manganese and chromium leads to the formation of an external diffusion layer on the metal surface, consisting of a solid solution of Cr‒Fe‒Mn substitution with a gradient in composition. The average diffusion coefficients of chromium and manganese in the α-phase of chromium were DCr = 3,5·10‒15 m2/s and DMn = 5,14·10‒14 m2/s, respectively; in the γ-phase of iron ‒ DCr == 1,16·10‒17 m2/s and DMn = 1,43·10‒17 m2/s, respectively. The depth of the diffusion layer of chromium in the metal at joint saturation with manganese was 30 μm, the diffusion layer of manganese was 37 μm. The large depth of penetration
of manganese into steel is explained by its lower work function of electrons and the contribution of electromigration of manganese ions to diffusion.
THE STUDY OF STRENGTH, DEFORMABILITY AND CRACK RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE SLABS REINFORCED WITH FACTORY-MADE WELDED AND KNITTED PRODUCTS
Authors: SAVRASOV I. P. , VOSTROV M. S.
Published: November 2023

The advantages of using ready-made welded meshes and prefabricated frames in monolithic housing construction are a reduction in labor intensity, an increase in the pace and an increase in the culture of reinforcing work. In Russia, in the construction of buildings and structures, the use of reinforcement from factory-made products is not widespread due to a number of circumstances. These include the availability of cheap labor for manual knitting of reinforcement, the lack and high cost of adequate computer design programs for the rational layout of grids of unified standard sizes, etc. As part of the work performed, an assessment was made of the level of increasing safety, economic efficiency and reducing material consumption when using reinforcing products of various types of connections that meet the technical requirements. The purpose of the work was to obtain experimental data on the influence of the type of reinforcing products on the stress-strain state of reinforced concrete slabs and their consideration in the design. As a result of the work carried out, the excess of the bearing capacity of structures reinforced with the welded meshes over those with knitted meshes was recorded. The proposals have been formulated for using the results of the work in the development of regulatory, technical, organizational and methodological documents for amending the SP 430.1325800.2018 “Monolithic Structural Systems. Design Rules”.
THE EFFECT OF SiC DISPERSED SILICON CARBIDES ON THE QUALITY AND MICROHARDNESS OF Ni‒P-COATINGS AFTER CRYSTALLIZATION ANNEALING
Authors: POLUKHIN D. S. , GOIKHENBERG YU. N. , BODROV Е. G.
Published: November 2023

The effect of SiC dispersed silicon carbides SiC additive (1.0 g/l) on formation of high (more than 1000HV) microhardness and defectiveness of the nickel-phosphorus coating of the steel parts used in critical assemblies and mechanisms at transportation of oil and mineral oil was evaluated. It is established, that regardless of SiC presence in the structure, the coating crystallizes with formation of identical microhardness level. However, the addition of SiC can drastically reduce the heat treatment time especially on parts with significant weight-size characteristics. The presence of defects in the coating – cracks and pore chains, was established by the standard method of wetting the inspected surface with an indicator solution. It has been shown that if the steel composition has less than 0.5% nickel, there are no defects on the surface of the coated parts both after crystallization annealing and during the long-term operation. If the nickel concentration is greater than 1.5%, cracking will occur in the nickel-phosphorus coating during heat treatment, despite the presence of the dispersive SiC additive in the composition. The revealed regularities of SiC dispersed silicon carbides effect on the microhardness value formed at crystallization annealing allow recommending their use in order to reduce the production process. The refined classification of steels, which nickel-phosphorus coatings are applied due to their tendency to defects, has revealed the main criterion – the content of nickel in the composition. It turned out that than lower the concentration of nickel is, then lower the risk of defect formation in the coating.
STUDY OF DEFORMATION AND CONTACT HEATING OF WIRE DURING THE HIGH-SPEED DRAWING PROCESS IN A MONOLITHIC DIE
Authors: RADIONOVA L. V. , LISOVSKII R. A.
Published: November 2023

This article presents the results of analytical studies of the deformation and contact heating of the wire, depending on the drawing technological parameters. The analysis was carried out by the calculation method and the computer simulation method in the QForm package based on the finite element method. The increase in the temperature of the wire during drawing in a monolithic die consists of deformational heating and heating caused by sliding friction on the “wire – die” surface. In the course of the research, it was found that the half-angle of the die has an effect on the uniformity of the distribution of deformation and, as a consequence, on the deformation heating over the wire section. With an increase in the die half-angle in the surface layers, the metal heats up to higher temperatures than in the central section. The values of deformation heating obtained by calculation are consistent with the results obtained in a numerical experiment. The deformation heating in both cases does not exceed 50 °C. An increase in the drawing speed from 10 to 40 m/s leads to an increase in deformation heating by 2–4 °C. Heating of the wire due to contact sliding friction, depending on the technological parameters of drawing, can reach 300 °C. An analysis of the temperature field during wire heating due to sliding friction in computer simulation showed that the proportion of metal heated to a temperature above 150 °C does not exceed 5%. About 50% of the metal volume is heated only due to deformation, and 45% of the metal volume is heated to temperatures of 70–150 °C due to deformation and heat conduction from the surface layer heated due to sliding friction. A comparative analysis of the calculated values and the results of computer simulation showed that both methods show similar results. The advantage of computer simulation is the ability to estimate the temperature field over the wire section, and the advantage of the calculation method is the high speed of obtaining information in the evaluation calculations.
Thermodynamic analysis of processes in the high-temperature polycomponent Fe–Y–Si–O–C system
Authors: Mikhailov G. G. , Makrovets L. A.
Published: November 2023

In the production of low-carbon and high-quality steels, it is recommended to use special complex alloys of rare earth metals for deoxidation, microalloying and modification. To elucidate the mechanism of action of each of the components of the alloy, it is necessary to differentiate the action of each individual element. Yttrium is usually classified as a rare earth metal, but its deoxidizing and modifying ability deficiency studies. The use of yttrium applica-tion is known to increase in density, ductility, scale resistance, resistance to high-temperature corrosion of steel, effec-tively affects the shape, size and distribution of non-metallic inclusions. This paper consider the interaction of yttrium, silicon, and carbon with oxygen dissolved in liquid iron. Nonmetallic inclusions formed in this case can be identified on the state diagram of the FeO–Y2O3–SiO2 oxide system. This diagram is absent in the literature; therefore, it was mod-eled on the basis of the available binary phase diagrams of the FeO–Y2O3, FeO–SiO2, and Y2O3–SiO2 systems. Com-plex deoxidation by yttrium and silicon is possible only at yttrium concentrations in liquid iron less than 0.0001% (ox-ide melt or yttrium silicates are formed as non-metallic inclusions). If the concentration of yttrium is higher than this value, then it is the only deoxidizer. In the presence of carbon, liquid non-metallic inclusions can form in a very narrow range of liquid metal compositions, and the main oxide non-metallic inclusion is yttrium oxide. At yttrium concentra-tions below 0.0001% and silicon concentrations up to 1%, only carbon is the deoxidizer. Taking into account the previ-ously studied Fe–Y–Me–O–C (Me–Ca, Mg, Al, Cr) systems, a thermodynamic data base was created for designing the compositions of complex yttrium-containing ligatures.
Dynamic and static strain aging of steel during high-speed wire drawing
Authors: Radionova L. V.
Published: November 2023

This article presents the analytical studies results on the effect of high-speed drawing technological parameters on the temperature and deformation conditions of the wire. The temperature increase of the wire during drawing in a monolithic die is the sum of the strain heating and heating caused by sliding friction on the “die–metal” surface. In the course of the research, it was found that the strain heating of the wire does not exceed 50 °C. An increase in the drawing speed from 10 to 40 m/s leads to an increase in deformation heating by 2–4 °C. The heating of the wire due to contact sliding friction, depending on the technological parameters of drawing, can reach 320 °C, while the proportion of metal heated to a temperature above 150 °C does not exceed 5%. The degree of influence of the friction coefficient on the heating of the wire is shown. The average strain rates under the conditions of modern high-speed drawing reach 7000 s‒1. The research results demonstrated that the maximum strain rate during drawing in monolithic dies can exceed twice the average strain rate. Increasing the drawing speed from 10 to 40 m/s leads to an increase in the strain rate up to 5 times. In the course of the research it was established that there are absence of conditions for the occurrence of dynamic strain aging due to impurity atoms of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen was established. At the same time the temperature-rate parameters of high-speed wire drawing creates conditions for the beginning of dynamic deformation aging of steel in the presence of hydrogen atoms. Therefore, during heat treatment and pickling, it is necessary to exclude the hydrogenation of steel. It has been established that in order to exclude static deformation aging of steel during drawing, it is necessary to prevent heating of the wire above 180‒200 °C.
Improving the quality of sintering fuel preparation. Reconstruction of the solid fuel preparation unit at sinter plant No. 3
Authors: Detkova T. V. , Kuchin V. Yu.
Published: November 2023

JSK “Severstal” is working to reduce the load on the environment. Considering that more than 70% of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere fall on the share of sintering production, special attention is paid to the introduction of rational technological schemes for preparing the charge for sintering. The results of laboratory studies to determine the optimal granulometric composition of coke breeze for various charge conditions are presented. The analytical model of predicting the quality of crushing was developed to analyze and optimize the operation of the fuel preparation section. The model describes the main dependences of the separation of fuel by size on the screen, in the separator and the dependence of the fractional yield ‒0.5 mm and +3.15 mm on roller crushers. The use of the model is supposed to compile regime maps of the operation parameters of four-roll crushers and a classifier, depending on the quality of the incoming fuel, the proportion of sinter ore in the iron ore part of the sinter charge, and the productivity of the complex as a whole. The diagrams are presented for the flow diagrams for preparation of coke breeze in Sinter Plant No. 3 before and after reconstruction. It is shown that the transition to the technology of fuel preparation in four-roll crushers makes it possible to reduce its consumption for agglomeration and reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. The total potential for reducing of CO emissions due to this activity is about 6 thousand tons per year. It is noted that the refinement of equipment and technology for the classification of coke breeze has additional potential to reduce the consumption of coke breeze for the sintering of iron ore raw materials and improve the quality of the sinter.
Influence of the technology of thermal diffusion chroming on the depth of the diffusion layer
Authors: Shaburova N. A. , Pashkeev I. Yu.
Published: November 2023

Previously, the author’s works were shown that the introduction of powders of electron emitters or oxygen anions into the composition of the technological filling creates an electric field between the particles of the filling and the part to be saturated. The cumulative effect of this field and the diffusion flow leads to the intensification of diffusion processes and an increase in the diffusion depth of the main saturating element, chromium. This paper presents new results on improving the technology of thermal diffusion chromium plating of structural steels through the use of an internal emission field. In the experiments, the saturation of 35X2H3 steel samples was carried out in sealed containers at a temperature 1000°C for 24 hours. The elemental composition of the diffusion layer was monitored on transverse sections in the direction from the saturated surface to the base metal of the sample using a JEOL JSM-6460LV universal scanning electron microscope. The microhardness of the coatings was measured on an FM-800 microhardness tester. It is shown that partial or complete replacement of aluminum oxide in the technological filling with powders of natural and artificial oxide materials (serpentine and scheelite) has a positive effect not only on the knock-out of parts from containers, but also significantly increases the depth of the chromium diffusion layer. Moreover, the most effective is the use of scheelite powder in the saturating mixture. The use of additional equipment for thermal diffusion chromium plating in the form of cumulative gratings, both for chromium plating in mixtures of traditional composition and in mixtures with minerals, provides an increase in the depth of chromium diffusion by at least 2 times and an increase in the hardness of coatings from 10 to 70 HV. It also enriches the surface layers of the saturated part with the lattice metal element
Physicochemical properties of the СаО–SiO2–B2O3–2 % Cr2O3–3 % Аl2O3–8 % МgO slag system.
Authors: Babenko A. A. , Shartdinov R. R. , Lobanov D. A. , Smetannikov A. N. , Upolovnikova A. G.
Published: November 2023

Using the simplex lattice method of experiment planning lattices, the physicochemical properties of slags of the СаО–SiO2–B2O3–2 % Cr2O3–3 % Аl2O3–8 % МgO oxide system are studied in a wide range of chemical composition (CaO/SiO2 = 1.0–2.5; 0–6 % B2O3), i. e. viscosity, crystallization onset temperature, equilibrium distribution of sulfur between slag and metal. Mathematical models of slag properties dependence on its composition are constructed in the form of a reduced polynomial of the third degree. The results of mathematical modeling of the sulfur removal reaction and experimental studies of the viscosity of slags and their crystallization onset temperatures are presented graphically in the form of “composition–property” diagrams. It’s found that the addition of up to 6% boron oxide significantly liquefies slags and reduces the temperature of the onset of crystallization, while maintaining the possibility of deep desulphurization of the metal. For effective metal processing, the composition range of slags with a basicity of 2.0–2.5 and a content of 4.0–6.0 % boron oxide is optimal. These slags have high liquid mobility (viscosity of the formed slags does not exceed 0.3 Pa•s) and provide the sulfur content in the metal not more than 0.003–0.004 %. The slags of this area are homogeneous, since their crystallization onset temperature doesn’t exceed 1500 °C. Experimental studies of metal desulfurization under the basic slags of the studied local simplex confirmed the data characterizing the influence of the boron oxide content and the basicity of the formed slags on their viscosity and its role in the efficiency of the desulfurization process.
Investigation of thermal processes in out-of-furnace treatment of steel with the help of mathematical modeling.
Authors: Kabakov Z. K. , Mashchenko M. A.
Published: November 2023

The main method of metal finishing in terms of chemical composition and temperature in modern converter production is out-of-furnace treatment of steel. The duration of stay of metal in the ladle increased several times, which led to an increase in heat losses from the metal, in particular, when blowing metal with inert gas, as well as during transportation of the ladle with metal. While the temperature of steel in the ladle decreased. Therefore, to ensure the required temperature at the next technological operation it is necessary to heat the metal, which will lead to an increase in average process duration and as well as to an increase in energy consumption for steel production. To study the regu-larities of thermal processes in ladles, a two-dimensional mathematical model has been developed that differs from the known ones: using a systematic approach in formalizing the physical description, taking into account heat transfer in slag, taking into account the slag solidification process, taking into account the heat transfer between slag and the ladle lid. It is known that the lid is used for metal casting, while during neutral gas blowing and ladle transportation the lid is used very rarely. Regularities of metal cooling in the steel ladle depending on the application of the ladle lid were estab-lished. A comparative analysis of the results of research on the application of the lid during metal curing in the ladle during out-of-furnace processing of steel has been carried out. The analysis and evaluation of changes in the metal cooling rate and absolutevalues of metal heat loss have been carried out. The study showed that the transportation of the ladle from out-of-furnace processing facilities to the casting stand covered with a lid, will reduce all the heat loss from the metal by more than 2 times. The results obtained can be used to predict the reduction of metal temperature and minimize heat losses during out-of-furnace treatment of metal in the steel ladle.
Investigation of defect formation in the form of longitudinal folds at the ends of semi-finished pipes during rolling on an automatic TPA mill
Authors: Sherbutaev N. I.
Published: November 2023

The article presents an elimination method aimed at addressing the defects in the form of longitudinal folds at the ends of semi-finished pipes during rolling on automatic mills of a pipe rolling plant (TPA). Currently, this issue is relevant, as it significantly affects the quality of the pipes produced. The developed solution is based on the implementation of a special design that prevents the occurrence of longitudinal folds at the ends of semi-finished pipes. Experimental studies have been conducted to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technical solution. The obtained results demonstrate a significant reduction in the number of defective pipes and an increase in the overall volume of high-quality production. The developed technical solution represents a significant contribution to the improvement of pipe rolling technology on automatic TPA mills and can be applied in production conditions to enhance outcomes and resource efficiency
Modeling of diagrams of hardenability of steels with using machine learning methods.
Authors: Gafarov M. F. , Okishev K. Yu. , Pavlova K. P. , Gafarova E. A.
Published: November 2023

One of the production’s main stages of pipes from low-carbon and medium-carbon steel grades is heat treatment. During the hardening process, the structure of the metal changes and, as a result, the mechanical properties change. Comparing various indicators, for example, hardness, strength, plasticity, etc., it is possible to judge how successful the heat treatment regimes have been selected. Therefore, it is important to pre-establish optimal conditions in order to obtain a metal with the necessary mechanical properties. Standard approximations that allow predicting the values of mechanical properties are usually not adaptive for use in different production conditions due to the fact that in most cases they are either inaccurate or tied to a specific production unit and, as a result, are not suitable for use in other (different) conditions. The purpose of this work is to construct steel hardenability diagrams using modern machine learning methods. The choice for the study is a complex of aggregated experimental data, which includes diagrams of the decomposition of super cooled austenite, tabular values and other types of data obtained from various sources. This article describes in detail the stage of preliminary data processing, model construction and validation. Special emphasis is placed on the process of processing the initial data for modeling and comparing the fundamental features of the model with the experimental ones. The analysis of the significance of signs with real physical prerequisites is carried out in a complex. In addition, the simulation results are compared with real cal inability diagrams
Improving the efficiency of steelmaking slag processing at PJSC “MMK”
Authors: Mas’yanov S. V. , Aikashev A. V. , Bigeev V. A. , Abdullina L. Sh.
Published: November 2023

This paper assesses the efficiency of metallurgical slag processing at PJSC “MMK” in LLC “Slagservice”, which indicates the need to improve it in terms of increasing the degree of extraction of iron from slag. Proposals for improving the existing technology of steelmaking slag processing and the development of new technologies have been developed. An assessment of the efficiency of the metallurgical slag recycling at LLC “Slakservice” in 2019 is given. Ways to improve the efficiency of steelmaking slag processing in the conditions of existing production are presented. The description of the experimental setup for testing the basic principles of the proposed technology is given. The method of metallurgical slag processing was used in laboratory conditions, it corresponds to the existing technology of metallurgical slag processing in LLC “Slakservice”, including slag crushing, classification by size, metal separation by screening and magnetic separation.It is established that the method of separation of slag-metal conglomerate can be used in industrial conditions. The method of assessing the efficiency of metallurgical slag processing through the degree of extraction of metal-containing components from the slag was used for processing the results. A method of improving the existing technology of steelmaking slag processing is proposed, which includes increasing the content of metallic iron in the current converter slag by means of liquid-phase reduction of iron oxides using coal. The method of increasing the content of metallic iron in the current BOF slag in slag bowls using movable reactors is proposed. This method makes it possible to increase the content of metallic iron in the current BOF slag by about two times, which contributes to increasing the efficiency of magnetic separation at the stage of secondary slag processing.
Review of Streptococcus pyogenes
Authors: Abusaiba Thualfakar Hayder Hasan , Hussein Ali Abdul , Almahbob Taghreed F.
Published: November 2023

_Streptococcus pyogenes_, commonly known as group A _Streptococcus_ (GAS), is a bacterium that causes a wide range of clinical diseases. Its ability to cause superficial, invasive, and even life-threatening infections makes it an important pathogen that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. It is a Gram-positive bacterium. These infections involve the bloodstream and can lead to sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, and necrotizing fasciitis. These infections require immediate medical attention and treatment with high doses of antibiotics and aggressive supportive care.

_S. pyogenes_ is a bacterium that causes a wide range of clinical diseases. Its ability to cause superficial, invasive, and even life-threatening infections makes it an important pathogen that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. With the appropriate use of antibiotics and appropriate infection control measures, the incidence of _S. pyogenes_ infections can be significantly reduced. The main objectives of this review are to know the causes of _Streptococcus pyogenes_.
The Efficacy of Copper Nanoparticles in Treating Viral Skin Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Abusaiba Thualfakar Hayder Hasan , Hussein Ali Abdul , Almahbob Taghreed F.
Published: November 2023

Viral skin infections pose a significant health concern worldwide, causing discomfort, pain, and potential complications. The development of effective treatments for these infections is crucial in minimizing their impact on individuals’ quality of life. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the potential use of copper nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic approach. Copper nanoparticles exhibit unique antimicrobial properties and have shown promise in combating various pathogens. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficacy of copper nanoparticles in treating viral skin infections, providing a comprehensive assessment of their potential as an alternative or complementary treatment modality. By synthesizing available evidence, this study aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge regarding the use of copper nanoparticles in dermatology and guide future research and clinical practice in this field.
Biobibliographical Indexes of Researchers as a Source of Studying the Activities of the OUN-UPA and Determining the Legal Status of Their Participants
Authors: Dudnik Oleksandr
Published: November 2023

The purpose of the study is to compare the results of the activities of scientists and lawmakers regarding the recognition and definition of the national liberation movement and the legal status of its participants on the example of the activities of the OUN and the UPA. Research methodology: the principles of historicism, objectivity, systematics and comprehensiveness were applied, as well as – general methods of scientific research – analysis, synthesis, and comparison. Scientific novelty: for the first time, an attempt was made to show the conformity of the laws of Ukraine, in particular, “On the legal status and commemoration of fighters for the independence of Ukraine in the 20th century”, to the results of scientific research on the recognition and the definition of the Ukrainian liberation movement of the 1920–1950 years and the legal status of its participants. Conclusions. A complete inconsistency between the results of the scientists' scientific research was revealed, which is reflected in the personal indexes concluded in their honour, and the law of Ukraine “On the legal status and commemoration of the fighters for the independence of Ukraine in the 20th century” regarding recognition and definition of the Ukrainian liberation movement of the 1920–1950 years and of the legal status of its participants. Contrary to the research of scholars, local historians at the legislative level, members of the OUN, soldiers of the UPA and other nationalist organisations of the 1920s-1950s were recognised as fighters not for an independent sovereign and cathedral Ukrainian state, but for the independence of the Ukrainian SSR, against which they waged an uncompromising struggle. After all, in the second half of 1991, the Ukrainian SSR was officially renamed Ukraine, and the independent state – the Republic of Ukraine, according to the Constitution of Ukraine of 1996, was not created. This also explains the absence of a definition of the liberation struggle or resistance movement in the mentioned law of Ukraine.
Keywords: personal indexes of researchers, national liberation struggle, OUN-UPA, sovereign Ukrainian state, the law of Ukraine “On the legal status and commemoration of the fighters for the independence of Ukraine in the 20th century”, the Republic of Ukraine.