bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amphibole perspective to unravel the rhyolite as a potential fertile source for the Yonaguni Knoll IV hydrothermal system in the southwestern Okinawa Trough
Authors: Chen Zuxing , Zeng Zhigang , Qi Haiyan , Wang Xiaoyuan , Yin Xuebo , Chen Shuai , Yang Wenqiang , Ma Yao , Zhang Yuxiang
Published: November 2019

Yonaguni Knoll IV is an active seafloor hydrothermal system containing massive Zn–Pb sulfides located in the southwestern Okinawa Trough. Previous research has suggested that the metal elements Zn and Pb were dominantly derived from the local volcanic rocks via water–rock interactions. However, it is not known whether or why the volcanic rocks are rich in these metals. Here, we performed a detailed in situ analysis of the major and trace elements in amphiboles in the rhyolite from the hydrothermal field to decipher the physical‐chemical conditions of the silicic magma, including temperature (T), pressure (P), oxygen fugacity (fO2), volatile contents (Cl, H2O) and metal contents (Pb, Zn), and investigate the behavior of the metals (Zn and Pb) during melt evolution. Our results show that the amphiboles are euhedral calcic magnesio‐hornblende and are in equilibrium with the hydrous and oxidized host rhyolitic melt characterized by high H2Omelt (~5.8–6.5 wt.%), fO2 (NNO +0.1 to +0.6) and SiO2melt (~71.73–72.62 wt.%) values at 761–797°C and 102–137 MPa, corresponding to an approximate depth of 3.9–5.2 km. In addition, the rare earth element (REE) patterns of the melt reconstructed from the amphiboles are analogous to those of cold‐wet‐oxidized rhyolites. Thus, the amphiboles crystallized in a cold‐wet‐oxidized shallow silicic magma chamber. The high oxygen fugacity is inferred to have favored sulfur and metal enrichment in the melt. The most abundant metal in the amphiboles is Zn (237–294 ppm), and the concentrations of Pb are much lower (0.86–3.32 ppm), suggesting that Zn preferentially entered the amphibole and that Pb was retained in the melt. The Cl content of the amphiboles ranges from 0.11 to 0.25 wt.%, and accordingly, the Clmelt content estimated from the amphiboles varies from 0.15 to 0.28 wt.%. The low (Cl/H2O)melt ratios, which are <0.05 (i.e., ~0.02–0.04), suggest that the melt exsolved an H2O‐rich vapor rather than a hydrosaline fluid with insufficient Cl to transport metals (e.g., Pb and Zn) into the vapor phase during degassing both in the magma chamber and during ascent. The lack of exsolved hydrosaline fluid and the high oxidation conditions resulted in the metal elements Pb and Zn remaining dissolved in the rhyolitic melt and/or partitioning into crystalline minerals upon eruption. Thus, the large volumes of rhyolitic magma that intruded into the upper crust of the Yonaguni Knoll IV hydrothermal field are a potential fertile source of these elements via leaching by heated seawater.
Petrogenesis of Early Devonian granodiorite in the Xiaobaishitou W–(Mo) ore district of East Tianshan, Northwest China, and tectonic implications: U–Pb geochronological, geochemical, and Sr–Nd isotopic evidence
Authors: Li Ning , Yang Fuquan , Zhang Zhixin
Published: November 2019

The Palaeozoic intrusions of East Tianshan, China, are important for understanding the tectonic evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. We investigated one such Devonian granodiorite, located in the Xiaobaishitou W–(Mo) ore district of the Central Tianshan Block, to constrain its petrogenesis and geodynamic setting. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) zircon U–Pb dating indicates that the granodiorite emplaced at 407 Ma and can be classified as an I‐type granite based on its mineralogy and whole‐rock geochemistry. The granodiorite also exhibits moderate Mg#values, high MgO, Ni, and CaO contents, depleted Ti and Nb concentrations, and negative εNd(t) values (−8.32 to −3.73), indicating a magma derived from the mantle but contaminated with ancient crustal rock. Mineral chemistry, saturation thermometry, and whole‐rock Fe2O3/FeO ratios indicate crystallisation temperatures of 654–822°C, pressures of 1.8–2.1 kbar, and oxygen fugacity of ≤NNO for the granodiorite stock. We compare granodiorite geochemical data to those from other recent studies of Palaeozoic intrusive rocks in East Tianshan and infer that the formation of the Early Devonian granodiorite in the East Tianshan was due to a south‐dipping subduction of the Kanggur Ocean plate toward the Central Tianshan Block.
Source and evolution of the Luanling gold deposit in the Xiong'ershan region, western Henan Province: Constraints from pyrite trace elements, in situ sulfur isotopes, and He–Ar isotopes
Authors: Chao Weiwei , Ye Huishou , Chao Duan
Published: November 2019

The Luanling gold deposit is a lode gold deposit in the Xiong'ershan region located on the southern margin of the North China Craton. Based on typical mineral assemblages and relative Au contents, the pyrites in the Luanling deposit can be divided into four types: Py1‐s, pyrite with abnormally high levels of Au in pyrite–quartz veins; Py1, pyrite with low levels of Au in pyrite–quartz veins; Py2‐1, pyrite intergrowth with molybdenite; and Py2‐2, pyrite with higher concentrations of Au in association with molybdenite. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyses reveal that the gold mainly occurs as “visible gold” (either native gold or electrum) inclusions and disseminations. “Invisible gold” is only hosted in the Py2‐2 pyrite grains, and Py1 and Py2‐1 contain low levels of Au concentrations (Py1 ≤ 6.563 ppm; Py2‐1 ≤ 8.377 ppm). Interestingly, As shows a strong correlation with gold concentrations in Py2‐2. The δ34S values of Py1 from Stage I span from −7.4‰ to −5.1‰. At Stage II, the δ34S values of Py2‐1 exhibit a range of −11.0‰ to −7.5‰. Pyrite in Py2‐2 shows δ34S values from −12.6‰ to −11.0‰. In situ sulfur isotope analyses of pyrite show an obvious decreasing trend, which is a result decreasing ore‐forming temperatures during the ore‐forming process. The He–Ar isotope data indicate that the ore‐forming fluids were derived from a mantle‐fluid mixing source. The metallogenesis in the Luanling deposit is closely related to the lithospheric thinning and the destruction of the North China Craton.
Bioactive glass‐containing hydrogel delivery system for osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells
Authors: Sevari Sevda P. , Shahnazi Faezeh , Chen Chider , Mitchell John C. , Ansari Sahar , Moshaverinia Alireza
Published: November 2019

Osteoconductive hydrogels can be fabricated by incorporating necessary growth factors and bioactive particles or simply utilizing the ability of the hydrogel itself to induce bone regeneration. The osteogenic inductive potential of the bioactive glass microparticles (BG MPs) has been well‐studied. However, the role of the hydrogel embedding the BG MPs on the osteogenic differentiation of the encapsulated stem cells has not been well established. Moreover, it has been reported that the dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) has the capability of regenerating the craniofacial bone tissue when receiving the necessary osteogenic signals from the microenvironment. In the current study, we have fabricated a composite hydrogel based on alginate and Matrigel containing BG MPs and evaluated the role of the BG MPs and Matrigel on osteogenic differentiation of the encapsulated DPSCs. Our results confirmed that presence of Matrigel enhances the osteogenic differentiation of the DPSCs regardless of the decrease in elasticity of the hydrogel in presence of the BG MPs. This strategy of modifying the microenvironment can be a promising approach for craniofacial bone tissue engineering.
Fetal umbilical cord cyst may evolve to omphalocele during pregnancy
Authors: Suzuki Toshifumi , Yamamoto Yuka , Nakamura Hiroki , Sei‐Okawa Kiguna , Maruyama Yojiro , Takeda Jun , Makino Shintaro , Yamataka Atsuyuki , Itakura Atsuo
Published: November 2019

Omphalocele is rarely complicated by umbilical cord cysts. In our case, an umbilical cord cyst and fetal ascites were detected at 26 weeks' gestation in a fetus with trisomy 13. This changed to omphalocele with subsequently absorbed fetal ascites at 35 weeks' gestation. We propose two hypotheses. The abdominal wall may have been physically pierced or an omphalocele might have preexisted, and the intestinal tract in the hernia sac was pushed by fetal ascites.
Pharmacokinetics and distribution of 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin following a single intrathecal dose to cats
Authors: Kao Mark L. , Stellar Susan , Solon Eric , Lordi Alfred , Kasica Nicole , Swain Gary , Bagel Jessica H. , Gurda Brittney L. , Vite Charles H.
Published: November 2019

2‐Hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) is an experimental therapy for Niemann‐Pick disease type C (NPC) that reduced neuronal cholesterol and ganglioside storage, reduced Purkinje cell death, and increased lifespan in npc1−/− mice and NPC1 cats. In this study, tissue distribution was investigated in normal cats that received a single 120‐mg dose of [14C]‐HP‐β‐CD (approximately 200 μCi/cat) via the cerebellomedullary cistern (CBMC) and lumbar cistern. One cat was euthanized at each of various time points up to 24 hours postdose for subsequent processing and quantitative whole‐body autoradiographic analysis. HP‐β‐CD‐derived radioactivity absorbed from the CBMC was widely distributed to cat tissues; most tissues were observed to have reached their highest concentration at 1 hour postdose. HP‐β‐CD‐derived radioactivity penetrated into the deeper parts of the central nervous system with the highest concentration at 4 hours (403 μg Eq/g or 0.28 mM) and remained high (49.7 μg Eq/g or 0.03 mM) at 24 hours. The relatively long half‐life (11‐30 hours) in cerebral ventricles and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord might contribute to the efficacy of HP‐β‐CD in NPC1 cats. Other tissues with high concentrations of radioactivity were nasal turbinates, pituitary gland, and urinary bladder, while relatively low concentrations were observed in blood and bile.
Expanding the clinical utility of glucosylsphingosine for Gaucher disease
Authors: Saville Jennifer T. , McDermott Belinda K. , Chin Sharon J. , Fletcher Janice M. , Fuller Maria
Published: November 2019

Gaucher disease (GD) is an inherited metabolic disorder characterised by impaired catabolism of the glycosphingolipid, glucosylceramide. The deacetylated derivative, glucosylsphingosine (GluSph, lyso‐Gb1) has materialised as a biomarker for GD. Further appraisal of the clinical utility of GluSph is required in terms of its prognostic power to inform disease course and pre‐symptomatic testing. In this study, we show that plasma GluSph concentrations are significantly higher in GD patients with neuronopathic disease compared with non‐neuronopathic disease, even in the neonatal period. A neonate diagnosed at 1 day of age (homozygous for N370S) due to an affected older sibling, returned GluSph of 70 nmol/L compared with 1070‐2620 nmol/L for four neuronopathic patients diagnosed <20 days of age. Given this result shows promise for newborn screening, we developed a rapid, simple, and robust assay for GluSph in dried filter paper blood spots (DBS) and were able to detect 23 GD patients from 220 unaffected individuals. Neuronopathic GD patients also had significantly higher DBS concentrations of GluSph than their non‐neuronopathic counterparts. We went on to measure GluSph in tissue extracts prepared from chorionic villus sampling and confirmed concentrations were undetectable in unaffected tissue but elevated in GD tissue demonstrating utility in the prenatal setting. Additionally, GluSph is a pharmacodynamic biomarker, revealing a precipitous drop following initiation of enzyme replacement therapy. In conclusion, GluSph is a reliable and specific biomarker for GD and shows promise for prenatal diagnosis and DBS screening programmes.
The east–west division of changing precipitation in Nepal
Authors: Pokharel Binod , Wang S.‐Y. Simon , Meyer Jonathan , Marahatta Suresh , Nepal Bikash , Chikamoto Yoshimitsu , Gillies Robert
Published: November 2019

Changes to precipitation patterns and extremes over the Nepalese Himalayas were examined using a high‐resolution, station‐based daily dataset, Asian Precipitation‐Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation (0.05° × 0.05° APHRODITE) from 1951 to 2007. The annual statistics of extreme precipitation across Nepal show a significant increase since the end of the 20th century. However, seasonal mean precipitation shows a remarkable decrease in western Nepal, particularly since 1980, forming an east–west division in the precipitation change. This decreasing trend of precipitation led to a reduction to the dry‐season stream flow of Karnali River, the major river in western Nepal. At the same time, the increasing extreme precipitation produced greater threat of flash flood in Nepal. This east–west division of the precipitation trend agrees with the second leading mode of the mean precipitation variability, which was traced to the interannual variability of the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature that showed a slowdown of warming. Similar to the APHRODITE trends, precipitation simulated by the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models depicted the decreasing historical trend in western Nepal, but future projections reverse that trend towards an all‐Nepal increase. CMIP5 future climate projections depict continual warming in the Indian Ocean, potentially reversing the historical decreasing trends of precipitation in western Nepal.
Non‐hybridization single nucleotide polymorphism detection and genotyping assay through direct discrimination of single base mutation by capillary electrophoretic separation of single‐stranded DNA
Authors: Takahashi Toru , Fukagawa Mayu , Sakurai Takao , Hoshino Hitoshi
Published: November 2019

The significant demands for single nucleotide polymorphism detection and genotyping assays have grown. Most common assays are based on the recognition of the target sequence by the hybridization with its specific probe having the complementary sequence of the target. Herein, a simple, label‐free, and economical non‐hybridization assay was developed for single nucleotide polymorphism detection and genotyping, based on the direct discrimination of single base mutation by simple capillary electrophoresis separation for single‐stranded DNA in an acidic electrophoretic buffer solution containing urea. Capillary electrophoresis separation of single‐base sequential isomers of DNA was achieved due to charge differences resulting from the different protonation properties of the DNA bases. Single nucleotide polymorphism detection and genotyping were achieved by discriminating the electropherogram pattern change, that is, peak number in the electropherogram, obtained by the proposed method. The successful practical application of the proposed method was demonstrated through single nucleotide polymorphism detection and genotyping on a known gene region of 84‐mer, in which guanine to adenine single‐base mutation is commonly observed, using a human hair sample in combination with genomic DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction amplification, DNA purification from polymerase chain reaction products, and capillary electrophoresis separation.
Very high cycle fatigue behaviour of compression springs under constant and variable amplitude loading
Authors: Geilen M.B. , Klein M. , Oechsner M.
Published: November 2019

In diesem Artikel wird eine Prüfvorrichtung zur simultanen Untersuchung von bis zu 88 Schraubendruckfedern an einer servohydraulischen Prüfmaschine mit konstanten und variablen Beanspruchungsamplituden vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse von Wöhler‐ und Gaßnerversuchen an Schraubendruckfedern mit den Grenzschwingspielzahlen 5 ⋅ 108 bzw. 1,4 ⋅ 107 werden mit der Maximum‐Likelihood‐Methode ausgewertet. Mithilfe der linearen Schadensakkumulationshypothese nach Miner werden theoretische Gaßnerlinien auf Basis der Wöhlerlinien erstellt und mit den experimentell ermittelten Gaßnerlinien verglichen. Die Ergebnisse der Wöhlerversuche werden mit Ermüdungsuntersuchungen von Werkstoffproben und Federn aus der Literatur abgeglichen. Es wird erörtert, wie die Prüffrequenz bei variablen Amplituden erhöht werden kann. Dazu wird die Übertragbarkeit der Ergebnisse von Werkstoffprüfungen mit Torsionsbelastung an Prüfmaschinen mit Ultraschallanregung auf Bauteilprüfungen von Schraubendruckfedern betrachtet.
CU placement over a reconfigurable wireless fronthaul in 5G networks with functional splits
Authors: Harutyunyan Davit , Riggio Roberto , Kuklinski Slawomir , Ahmed Toufik
Published: November 2019

Mobile network operators are currently facing a tremendous increase in the level of data traffic. Although cell size reduction is one of the most common ways used to accommodate such traffic demand, densely deployed small cells also dramatically increase the level of intercell interference. By centralizing baseband signal processing at powerful computing infrastructures, called centralized unit (CU) pools, cloud radio access network (C‐RAN) enables advanced coordination algorithms to be employed in dense small cell networks. In C‐RAN, due to stringent bandwidth and latency requirements at the fronthaul links, the optical fiber, thanks to its bandwidth and latency characteristics, continues to be the most prevalent fronthaul medium option. Nevertheless, the optical fiber is one of the fronthaul options, while C‐RAN (physical layer radio frequency [PHY‐RF] split) is one of the functional splits that can be defined each coming with different fronthaul requirements.

In this paper, we formulate and solve a dynamic CU placement problem for mobile networks as an integer linear programming (ILP) problem. In the considered network, CU pools are placed at the edges of the network, and a reconfigurable millimeter wave (MMW) wireless fronthaul links are used in order to provide decentralized units (DUs) with connectivity. We study the impact of different functional splits on the placement cost and on the acceptance ratio using different substrate networks. Lastly, we propose and evaluate a CU placement heuristic algorithm using a numerical simulator. The results reveal that the optimal functional split selection can lead to significant resource utilization benefits in the RAN.
Clinical characterization and long‐term outcomes in pediatric epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
Authors: Cournoyer Eily , Al‐Ibraheemi Alyaa , Engel Elissa , Chaudry Gulraiz , Stapleton Stacie , Adams Denise M.
Published: November 2019

There is a paucity of information about the clinical characteristics and long‐term outcomes of pediatric epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE), a rare vascular neoplasm commonly presenting in adulthood. In our case series of 24 patients with EHE aged 2‐26 years, the majority presented with multi‐organ disease. Progression was seen in 63% of patients with a mean time to progression of 18.4 months (range: 0‐72). Three patients treated with sirolimus achieved stable disease or partial response for >2.5 years. Longitudinal prospective pediatric studies are needed to develop standardized approaches to surgical and medical management.
Individuals With Recurrent Low Back Pain Exhibit Significant Changes in Paraspinal Muscle Strength After Intramuscular Fine Wire Electrode Insertion
Authors: Lee Szu‐Ping , Dinglasan Vincent , Duong Anthony , Totten Russell , Smith Jo A.
Published: November 2019

Objective

To examine how insertion and presence of intramuscular fine‐wire electromyography electrodes (IFWEs) in lumbar multifidus affect paraspinal muscle strength, endurance, and activation in persons with and without recurrent lower back pain (RLBP) during activities that require high levels of muscle contraction.

Design

Case‐control with randomization of conditions.

Setting

Clinical research laboratory.

Participants

Forty participants age 18 to 40 years were recruited (18 female; mean age = 25.5 years); 20 with a history of RLBP were compared to a matching control group of 20 without RLBP.

Interventions

Each participant was tested under three conditions over three sessions. On Session 1, the baseline condition, we assessed muscle performance without IFWE insertion. On Sessions 2 and 3, participants were randomly alternated between two experimental conditions: (1) wire‐in, in which the IFWE was inserted and remained within the muscle during testing; and (2) wire‐out, in which the IFWE was inserted and immediately removed.

Main Outcome Measurements

Lumbar spinal extensor peak strength, endurance, and normalized electromyography (EMG) amplitude during the endurance test.

Results

Individuals with RLBP showed a significant decrease in peak strength during conditions that involved IFWE insertion and tend to experience more pain during muscle testing. Both groups exhibited similar levels of performance and muscle activation during the endurance test.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that individuals with RLBP exhibited reduced lumbar extensor strength in response to IFWE insertion to the deep paraspinal muscles. This behavior is different from those without RLBP. Researchers should carefully consider the use of IFWE in individuals with RLBP during high exertion activities.
Imine‐based dynamic polymer networks as photoprogrammable amine sensing devices
Authors: Kathan Michael , Jurissek Christoph , Kovaříček Petr , Hecht Stefan
Published: November 2019

Here, we describe a “smart” polymeric material, which is able to readily detect and discriminate amine vapors. The dynamic imine‐based network can be conveniently prepared by mixing a commercially available, amino‐functionalized polysiloxane with small amounts of a diarylethene dialdehyde. The photoswitchable crosslinker allows for reversible imprinting of custom‐designed patterns on the polymer surface with (sun)light and thus enables noninvasive information storage in the material, which before, during, and after amine exposure can readily be decoded with commonly used smartphone apps. This feature along with the self‐healing nature of the dynamic polymer, an easy recycling and manufacturing procedure, and the overall low cost and toxicity render this material advantageous to develop low‐cost and practical amine sensing devices for the broad public. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 2378–2382
Disease‐Specific IgG Fc Glycosylation Ratios as Personalized Biomarkers to Differentiate Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer from Benign Lung Diseases
Authors: Zhang Dan , Li Xiaoou , Liu Xiaofeng , Wang Yanmin , Zhang Mo , Wang Qing , Chen Tianjing , Li Zhili
Published: November 2019

Purpose

The authors aimed to separate Fc N‐glycopeptides of disease‐specific immunoglobulin G (DSIgG) as personalized biomarkers to distinguish non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from benign lung diseases (BLDs).

Experimental design

DSIgG from 509 BLDs patients and 477 NSCLC patients was isolated using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then the Fc glycosylation was determined using mass spectrometry.

Results

For the patients below 60 years of age, a combination of the glycopeptides ratios with one fucose residue difference of DSIgG1 and DSIgG2 can differentiate NSCLC from BLDs, with area under curve (AUC) values of >0.76, sensitivities of >87%, and specificities of >61%. For the patients above 60 years of age, a combination of the glycopeptides ratios with one monosaccharide residue of DSIgG2 can differentiate NSCLC from BLDs, with AUC values of >0.78, sensitivities of >91%, and specificities of >54%. For the same participants, the commonly used clinical biomarkers have AUC values of 0.5–0.621, sensitivities of 15.8–32.9%, and specificities of 75.7–90.5%.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that these DSIgG Fc glycoforms are potential personalized biomarkers to differentiate NSCLC from BLDs.
Dams select individual morphology but do not modify upstream migration speed of tropical amphidromous gobies
Authors: Lagarde Raphaël , Borie Guillaume , Ponton Dominique
Published: November 2019

Fish locomotor performance depends on inter‐individual morphological differences and influences the response of populations to anthropogenic impacts. Amphidromous gobies,Sicyopterus lagocephalusandCotylopus acutipinniscan climb up obstacles several metres high, after their arrival in rivers from the ocean. A previous study demonstrated that juveniles ofS.lagocephalusperformed better thanC.acutipinniswhen challenged with an artificial climbing ramp, and that individual morphology explained climbing performance for both species. This present study was focused on the effects of two 10‐m high dams on the individual morphological selection of these species. We hypothesized that, compared withC.acutipinnis, (a)S.lagocephalusjuveniles will reach the dams faster after they arrive in freshwater and (b) their morphology will play a lesser role in their capacity to climb up the dams. Anatomical traits were measured for 186 and 201S.lagocephalusand 179 and 221C.acutipinniscaptured downstream and upstream of the dams, respectively. The time they spent in freshwater was estimated by examining the microstructures of their otoliths. As expected,S.lagocephalusindividuals reached the dams 10–20 days faster thanC.acutipinnis, and their morphology upstream and downstream of the dams did not differ, in contrast toC.acutipinnis. Upstream of the dam,C.acutipinnishad a larger pelvic sucker than downstream, confirming experimental observations. It suggests that juveniles of the cosmopolitanS.lagocephalushave more efficient upstream migration capacities than the endemicC.acutipinnis. Moreover, differences in individual morphologies above and below barriers appear efficient for quantifying their impact on upstream migration of amphidromous species.
Fabrication of Strontium Nitrate Nanoparticles through a Spraying‐in Non‐Solvent Process Optimized by Taguchi Approach
Authors: Pourmortazavi Seied Mahdi , Keramati Ahmad , Mirsadeghi Somayeh
Published: November 2019

The operation variables of the solution spraying‐in non‐solvent as a micronization process were effectively optimized through Taguchi robust design to obtain Sr(NO3)2 nanoparticles. The process conditions, which were evaluated at two levels, included the concentration of Sr(NO3)2, type of the non‐solvent, the approach of solution adding to the non‐solvent, temperature, type and ratio of the modifier. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to quantitatively evaluate the role of these operating conditions on the size of resulting Sr(NO3)2 particles. It was found that spraying‐in non‐solvent technique can be adjusted to efficiently control the size of Sr(NO3)2 particles by optimizing the operating conditions. The results showed that at the concentration of 85% (w/v) Sr(NO3)2 in aqueous solution, using methanol as the non‐solvent, tuning 5
as the non‐solvent temperature, adding the solution by spraying, utilizing methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) as the modifier and 1:4 as the modifier/non‐solvent ratio lead to optimal results in terms of the properties of the Sr(NO3)2 nanoparticles. The experimental data confirmed that the formation of Sr(NO3)2 nanoparticles with an average size of about 38 nm under optimal process conditions.
Cancer Modeling‐on‐a‐Chip with Future Artificial Intelligence Integration
Authors: Fetah Kirsten Lee , DiPardo Benjamin J. , Kongadzem Eve‐Mary , Tomlinson James S. , Elzagheid Adam , Elmusrati Mohammed , Khademhosseini Ali , Ashammakhi Nureddin
Published: November 2019

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, despite the large efforts to improve the understanding of cancer biology and development of treatments. The attempts to improve cancer treatment are limited by the complexity of the local milieu in which cancer cells exist. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a diverse population of tumor cells and stromal cells with immune constituents, microvasculature, extracellular matrix components, and gradients of oxygen, nutrients, and growth factors. The TME is not recapitulated in traditional models used in cancer investigation, limiting the translation of preliminary findings to clinical practice. Advances in 3D cell culture, tissue engineering, and microfluidics have led to the development of “cancer‐on‐a‐chip” platforms that expand the ability to model the TME in vitro and allow for high‐throughput analysis. The advances in the development of cancer‐on‐a‐chip platforms, implications for drug development, challenges to leveraging this technology for improved cancer treatment, and future integration with artificial intelligence for improved predictive drug screening models are discussed.
Validation and Calculation of Alpha Decay Parameters using MATLAB and Different Standard Sources
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Mohamed A. E. , Mohsen Mohamed Y. M.
Published: November 2019

This work investigates in some details the conditions and parameters affecting and controlling the performance of the α‐spectrometer. The quality and accuracy of any results depend on the optimum working parameters. The major geometrical parameters, α‐spectra, energy resolution and half‐life time were comprehensively studied and validated for the α‐spectrometer. The spectrometer, at the optimized conditions, was used for analysis of IAEA reference α‐sources as quality control measure. The results of the optimized parameters verification for enhancing the system performance, the specific activity (SA), the Half‐life time were precisely validated, calculated and discussed as equations, figures and tables. The MATLAB software was also used with standard point sources for producing curves showing the relationship between half‐life times and both kinetic energy (Q) and angular momentum (L) of the α‐particles.
Queue length asymptotics for the multiple-server queue with heavy-tailed Weibull service times
Authors: Bazhba Mihail , Blanchet Jose , Rhee Chang-Han , Zwart Bert
Published: November 2019

We study the occurrence of large queue lengths in the GI / GI / d queue with heavy-tailed Weibull-type service times. Our analysis hinges on a recently developed sample path large-deviations principle for Lévy processes and random walks, following a continuous mapping approach. Also, we identify and solve a key variational problem which provides physical insight into the way a large queue length occurs. In contrast to the regularly varying case, we observe several subtle features such as a non-trivial trade-off between the number of big jobs and their sizes and a surprising asymmetric structure in asymptotic job sizes leading to congestion.
Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery among Hungarian Women in a Global Context: the Hungarian Version of the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale (ACSS)
Authors: Meskó Norbert , Láng András
Published: November 2019

In recent years, the popularity of surgical cosmetic procedures has dramatically increased in the Western world. The Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale (ACSS) provides a measure of psychological acceptance of cosmetic surgery. The original instrument (ACSS) contains three subscales (Interpersonal, Social, and Consider). Since its publication, the ACSS has been adapted for many languages. The primary objective of the present study was to develop the Hungarian version of the ACSS. Furthermore, focus was laid on whether the original factor structure could be replicated with a Hungarian sample despite expectable cultural differences from other national samples. To obtain cross-culturally comparable data, the same scales were used for psychometric analysis as those used in the development of the original ACSS and its various national versions. The Hungarian sample included 482 female participants aged between 18 and 68 years (M = 29.02, SD = 10.71), who completed a questionnaire battery. Validity of the Hungarian version was tested with the following measures: the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS), and the Photographic Figure Rating Scale (PFRS) developed for women. The results show that the obtained Hungarian version of the ACSS is a reliable and valid measure, which enables researchers in the field to study Hungarian samples. Furthermore, the factor structure of the Hungarian scale is identical with that of the original ACSS, which enables reliable cross-cultural comparisons. For these reasons, the authors expect that the Hungarian ACSS will stimulate more in-depth quantitative research on attitudes towards cosmetic surgery within the Hungarian context, and it will also contribute to a better understanding of acceptance of cosmetic surgery from a cross-cultural perspective.
Field study results of a 3rd generation roof bolter canopy air curtain for respirable coal mine dust control
Authors: Reed W. R. , Shahan M. , Klima S. , Ross G. , Singh K. , Cross R. , Grounds T.
Published: November 2019

A 3rd generation roof bolter canopy air curtain (CAC) has been developed and constructed by J.H. Fletcher & Co., Inc. As with the previous generation of the CAC, this design uses the principle of providing uniform airflow across the canopy area as recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The new modifications include a plenum that is constructed of a single flat aluminum plate, smaller-diameter airflow openings, and a single row of perimeter nozzles designed to prevent mine air contaminated by respirable dust from entering the CAC protection zone. Field testing was conducted on this new 3rd generation design showing reductions in coal mine respirable dust exposure for roof bolter operators. Dust control efficiencies for the CAC for the left bolter operator (intake side) ranged from approximately 26%–60%, while the efficiencies for the CAC for the right bolter operator (return side) ranged from 3% to 47%.
Associations between participation in a Physical Activity‐Based Positive Youth Development Program and Academic Outcomes
Authors: McDavid Lindley , McDonough Meghan H. , Wong Janet B. , Snyder Frank J. , Ruiz Yumary , Blankenship Bonnie B.
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Physical activity‐based positive youth development (PYD) programs offer asset building experiences to foster the overall well‐being of youth. These programs have the potential to enhance success in other important contexts for children, such as school. However, rigorous examination of this potential impact is needed.

Methods

Propensity score matching was used to compare school outcomes among children who participated in a short, summer physical activity‐based PYD program in the USA and children who were from similar backgrounds and from the same school district but did not attend the program. The sample included 149 pairs of students aged 7–12 years (M = 10.11, SD = 1.26) and, in each group, 62% were from ethnically diverse backgrounds, 38% were from primarily Caucasian backgrounds, and 80 were female and 69 were male, and birth years were equally distributed. Ordinal and logistic regression models were used to test for differences between standardized math and language arts test scores, excused and unexcused absences, and total suspensions and expulsions between the two groups.

Results

PYD program youth had 55% and 46% greater odds being in the highest math (χ2(1, N = 298) = 4.06, p = .04) and total days attended categories (χ2(1, N = 298) = 5.58, p = .02) respectively. No other significant differences were found. When using a more rigorous quasi‐experimental and longitudinal design, participation in a PYD program predicted some but not all academic performance and behaviors. PYD programs may need to be designed to specifically nurture academic skills to consistently impact academic outcomes.
Effects of dual tasking on postural and gait performances in children with cerebral palsy and healthy children
Authors: Palluel Estelle , Chauvel Guillaume , Bourg Véronique , Commare Marie‐Christine , Prado Chloé , Farigoule Vincent , Nougier Vincent , Olivier Isabelle
Published: November 2019

Simultaneous execution of motor and cognitive tasks is embedded in the daily life of children. 53 children of 7–12 years and 22 adults (study 1), 20 healthy children and 20 children of 7–12 years with cerebral palsy (study 2) performed a Stroop‐animal task simultaneously with a standing or a walking task in order to determine the attentional demand of postural control and locomotion. Dual‐task cost decreased with advancing age in healthy children during balance. CP and healthy children were similarly affected by dual‐task constraints during standing and walking. Children with diplegia were more affected by the DT during the postural task than children with hemiplegia. We found that adults could benefit from dual‐tasking for standing. The integrated model of task prioritization might explain our results regarding postural reserve of each population.
Oceanic environment changes caused the Late Ordovician extinction: evidence from geochemical and Nd isotopic composition in the Yangtze area, South China
Authors: Yang Xiangrong , Yan Detian , Li Tong , Zhang Liwei , Zhang Bao , He Jie , Fan Haoyuan , Shangguan Yunfei
Published: November 2019

The Ordovician–Silurian (O–S) transition was a critical interval in geological history. Multiple geochemical methods are used to explore the changes in oceanic environment. The Nd isotopic compositions in the Yangtze Sea are controlled by two sources: the continental erosion and the Panthalassa Ocean. HighεNd(t) values during the Katian, late Hirnantian and Rhuddanian intervals are associated with the high sea level, which resulted in less terrestrial input based on the low Ti/Al and Zr/Al ratios. In contrast, lowεNd(t) values during the early Hirnantian interval are related to the sea-level fall; in this case, the exposure of submarine highs and the growth of Yangtze Oldlands could lead to more continental materials being transported into the Yangtze Sea based on high Ti/Al and Zr/Al ratios. In addition, the negativeεNd(t) excursion can also be attributed to the weak circulation between the Yangtze Sea and Panthalassa Ocean when sea level was low. Furthermore, the sea-level eustacy plays a significant role in the changes in redox water conditions. The redox indices, mainly UEF, Ce/Ce* and Corg/PT, across the O–S transition show a predominance of anoxic ocean over the Yangtze Sea during the Katian, late Hirnantian and Rhuddanian intervals, and an oxygenated episode was briefly introduced during the early Hirnantian period because of the fall in sea level. The Late Ordovician biotic crisis was marked by two-phase extinction events, and the change in sea level and redox chemistry may be the important kill mechanisms.
The effect of physiological state, milk production traits and environmental conditions on milk fat globule size in cow's milk
Authors: Walter Leonie , Finch Sue , Cullen Brendan , Fry Richard , Logan Amy , Leury Brian J.
Published: November 2019

This research was carried out to quantify the effects of a range of variables on milk fat globule (MFG) size for a herd of Holstein-Friesian cows managed through an automatic milking system with year-round calving. We hypothesised that the overall variation in average MFG size observed between individual animals of the same herd cannot sufficiently be explained by the magnitude of the effects of variables that could be manipulated on-farm. Hence, we aimed to conduct an extensive analysis of possible determinants of MFG size, including physiological characteristics (parity, days in milk, days pregnant, weight, age, rumination minutes, somatic cell count) and milk production traits (number of milkings, milk yield, fat yield, protein and fat content, fat-protein ratio) on the individual animal level; and environmental conditions (diet, weather, season) for the whole herd. Our results show that when analysed in isolation, many of the studied variables have a detectable effect on MFG size. However, analysis of their additive effects identified days in milk, parity and milk yield as the most important variables. In accordance with our hypothesis, the estimated effects of these variables, calculated using a multiple variable linear mixed model, do not sufficiently explain the overall variation between cows, ranging from 2.70 to 5.69 µm in average MFG size. We further show that environmental variables, such as sampling day (across seasons) or the proportion of pasture and silage in the diet, have limited effects on MFG size and that physiological differences outweigh the effects of milk production traits and environmental conditions. This presents further evidence that the selection of individual animals is more important than the adjustment of on-farm variables to control MFG size.
If I [Take] Leave, Will You Stay? Paternity Leave and Relationship Stability
Authors: PETTS RICHARD J. , CARLSON DANIEL L. , KNOESTER CHRIS
Published: November 2019

Recent European studies suggest that fathers’ leave-taking may contribute to parental relationship stability. Paternity leave-taking may signal a commitment by fathers toward a greater investment in family life, which may reduce the burden on mothers and strengthen parental relationships. This study uses longitudinal data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) to analyze the association between paternity leave-taking and relationship stability in the United States. Results indicate that paternity leave-taking, and taking relatively short leaves (i.e. two weeks or less) in particular, is associated with greater relationship stability. These findings increase our understanding of the potential benefits of paternity leave, and can inform policy decisions that aim to increase family stability.
Cosmogenic 10Be exposure dating of glacial erratics on Horseshoe Island in western Antarctic Peninsula confirms rapid deglaciation in the Early Holocene
Authors: Çiner Attila , Yildirim Cengiz , Sarikaya M. Akif , Seong Yeong Bae , Yong Yu Byung
Published: November 2019

The rapid warming observed in the western Antarctic Peninsula gives rise to a fast disintegration of ice shelves and thinning and retreat of marine-terminating continental glaciers, which is likely to raise global sea levels in the near future. In order to understand the contemporary changes in context and to provide constraints for hindcasting models, it is important to understand the Late Quaternary history of the region. Here, we build on previous work on the deglacial history of the western Antarctic Peninsula and we present four new cosmogenic 10Be exposure ages from Horseshoe Island in Marguerite Bay, which has been suggested as a former location of very fast ice stream retreat. Four samples collected from erratic pink granite boulders at an altitude of ~80 m above sea level yielded ages that range between 12.9 ± 1.1 ka and 9.4 ± 0.8 ka. As in other studies on Antarctic erratics, we have chosen to report the youngest erratic age (9.4 ± 0.8 ka) as the true age of deglaciation, which confirms a rapid thinning of the Marguerite Trough Ice Stream at the onset of Holocene. This result is consistent with other cosmogenic age data and other proxies (marine and lacustrine 14C and optically stimulated luminescence) reported from nearby areas.
Larger Future Intensification of Rainfall in the West African Sahel in a Convection‐Permitting Model
Authors: Berthou S. , Kendon E. J. , Rowell D. P. , Roberts M. J. , Tucker S. , Stratton R. A.
Published: November 2019

Monsoon rainfall in West Africa mostly comes from mesoscale convective systems, which are not well represented by standard convection‐parameterized regional climate models (RCMs). We use a 4.5 km resolution convection‐permitting RCM (CP4A) which has a good representation of these processes in the Sahel. By comparing the climate change signals of CP4A and a standard RCM (R25), we find that changes in mean rainfall and wet‐day frequency are linearly related. However, rainfall intensity changes are independent. Intensification of rainfall is larger in CP4A and happens in regions of both increasing and decreasing mean rainfall. Rainfall from extreme events increases by a factor of 5 to 10 in CP4A, compared to 2 to 3 in R25. CP4A also shows larger changes in intraseasonal rainfall variability, dry spells, and short and long duration extreme rainfall than R25, all of which are relevant for hydrology and agriculture.
Simple Metrics Predict Salt‐Marsh Sediment Fluxes
Authors: Nowacki Daniel J. , Ganju Neil K.
Published: November 2019

The growth (or decay) of salt marshes depends on suspended‐sediment flux into and out of the marsh. Suspended‐sediment concentration (SSC) is a key element of the flux, and SSC‐based metrics reflect the long‐term sediment‐flux trajectories of a variety of salt marshes. One metric, the flood‐ebb SSC differential, correlates with area‐normalized sediment flux and can indicate salt‐marsh resilience over months to years. We hypothesize that these metrics may be relevant over shorter time periods. With data from 13 salt‐marsh channels, we show that sediment flux direction and magnitude can be inferred from SSC differential over a wide range of timescales. Furthermore, in settings characterized by a standing tidal wave, the water‐level gradient can be used instead of velocity to compute the SSC differential, enabling less‐intensive measurements that capture fundamental sediment‐flux parameters. Distilling the sediment‐flux trajectory into simple metrics improves sediment‐budget assessment, drives geomorphic model development, and clarifies field observations.
Contributions of Extreme and Non‐Extreme Precipitation to California Precipitation Seasonality Changes Under Warming
Authors: Dong Lu , Leung L. Ruby , Lu Jian , Gao Yang
Published: November 2019

Changes in seasonality of extreme precipitation have important implications for flood and fire hazards and water resources. Here we explore the contributions of extreme and non‐extreme precipitation in the sharpened wet season in California under warming and the underlying mechanisms. Modeling evidence shows that increased extreme precipitation due to enhanced extreme intensity and more extreme days dominates the wetter winter, while decreased non‐extreme precipitation due to fewer wet days induces the dryer spring and fall. Moisture budget analysis indicates that increased moisture dominates the extreme precipitation increase in winter, while weakened circulation offsets the moisture increase, resulting in no changes in spring and fall. The sharpened seasonal cycle of extreme precipitation via both dynamic and thermodynamic effects is consistent with the seasonality changes in atmospheric river days and is mainly attributed to the seasonality changes in the number of extreme days rather than the intensity during extreme days.
Data‐Driven Modeling of the Distribution of Diazotrophs in the Global Ocean
Authors: Tang Weiyi , Cassar Nicolas
Published: November 2019

Diazotrophs play a critical role in the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen, carbon, and other elements in the global ocean. Despite their well‐recognized role, the diversity, abundance, and distribution of diazotrophs in the world's ocean remain poorly characterized largely due to limited observations. Here we update the database of diazotroph nifH gene abundances and assess how environmental factors may regulate diazotrophs at the global scale. Our meta‐analysis more than doubles the number of observations in the previous database. Using linear and nonlinear regressions, we find that the abundances of Trichodesmium, UCYN‐A, UCYN‐B, and Richelia relate differently to temperature, light, and nutrients. We further apply a random forest algorithm to estimate the global distributions of these diazotrophic groups, identifying undersampled potential hot spots of diazotrophy in the South Atlantic and southern Indian Ocean, and in coastal waters. The distinct ecophysiologies of diazotrophs highlighted here argue for separate parameterizations of different diazotrophs in model simulations.