bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Andrographolide: A Review on Experimental Clinical Trials and Applications
Authors: Teli Divya , Vaghela Dixa A. , Chaudhri Amit , Solanki Hetvi K. , Jetha Keshav , Chavda Vivek P.
Published: April 2024

Throughout human history, plants have been used for medicinal purposes. Plants can synthesise a vast range of chemical compounds that possess biological activities and can be employed as medicines. Andrographis paniculata is an Asian medicinal herb and a well-known Chinese herbal remedy. It is referred to as “king of bitters” in English, “Chiretteverte” and “Roi des amers” in French, “Kariyatu” in Gujarati, and “Kirayat” or “Kalpanath” in Hindi. In India, it is commonly known as "kalmegh". Traditionally, it has been used to treat lung infections, cold, fever, diarrhoea, flu, syphilis, rabies, upper respiratory infections, leptospirosis, leprosy, malaria, sinusitis, HIV/AIDS, and TB, among other conditions. A chemical constituent present in the leaves of Andrographis paniculate, a diterpenoid labdane also known as andrographolide, was identified as a key bioactive component of A. paniculata in 1951. It is believed to be responsible for the various biological applications like anti-oxidant, immunity enhancer, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and upper respiratory tract infection. Since 1984, andrographolide and its analogues have been studied for anti-inflammatory activities using contemporary drug development strategies. The anticancer properties of andrographolide have been investigated on several cancer models, yielding promising results. This manuscript primarily focuses on the clinical aspects of andrographolide. We aim to elucidate its applications, preclinical findings, and clinical studies.
Implementasi Algoritma Tunstall Codes Untuk Kompresi File Vidio Pada Aplikasi Chatting Berbasis Android
Authors: Tifri Muhammad
Published: April 2024

File video adalah sebuah teknologi untuk menangkap, memproses mentranmisikan dan menata ulang gambar yan bergerak saat merekam video maka akan membutuhkan tempat penyimpanan yang besar dan sehingga dalam proses pertukaran data tidak terjadi masalah. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut maka didapatkan solusi dengan melakukan kompresi. Algoritma Stuntal code merupakan teknik kompresi lossless, yang tidak menghilangkan informasi sebelumnya, dimana hasil dekompresi dari video yang terkompresi sama dengan file tvideo aslinya. Dengan menggunakan algoritma Stunstal code menghasilkan kinerja Compression Ratio sebesar 50% Hasil tersebut membuktikan bahwa kompresi file video dengan menerapkan algortitma Stuntal code dapat memperkecil ukuran file video yang besar menjadi lebih kecil dari ukuran aslinya.
Implications of Including Zipporah’s Story in a Theology of Mediation
Authors: Huffman Michael
Published: April 2024

Due to his role as mediator between YHWH and Israel (see Ex. 32:11-14; 33:12-13), Moses has often been seen as a type of Christ. But perhaps due both in part to the brevity of her story and in part to her identity as a “foreign” woman, Zipporah’s role as a mediator has not afforded her the same legacy in the church. Nevertheless, her legacy is needed. The way that Zipporah acts in the narrative serves to fill out important aspects of Exodus’s theology of mediation that are missed when she is overlooked. Reminding ourselves of her role is especially important today, when populist nationalism and xenophobia are gaining ground in too many majority Christian countries. Not only does Zipporah’s actions in the narrative demonstrate that even Moses needed a mediator, and that God found one in a “foreign” woman, Zipporah’s location between Moses’s calling and YHWH’s alleged slaughter of the firstborn Egyptian children provides a much-needed counter-voice in the text that hints toward a hope that, with the right mediator, God can become the saviour of all people, no matter which “side” they are on. Christians have tended to focus on the Passover Lamb as the substitute in the Exodus narrative–the one who stands in Israel’s place and dies for it. But in practical terms it was the Egyptian firstborn children whose deaths effected Pharaoh’s (temporary) change of heart, leading to the Israelites’ liberation. If the story is read without Zipporah, an “us-versus-them” dualism tends stubbornly to emerge and re-emerge. But when Zipporah’s is story is given its proper place, the force of the “us-versus-them” way of reading the Exodus story is mitigated. Meditating on Zipporah as mediator illuminates both our understanding of the theology of Exodus as a cohesive narrative as well as our Christology, as we consider how she foreshadows the mediating work of Jesus as the final deliverer of Israel and the world.
Omkostninger ved vandmiljøforurening i Danmark
Authors: Donsby Noe Thor , Bredahl Jacobsen Jette , Birch Sørensen Peter
Published: April 2024

Danmark er i medfør af EU’s Vandrammedirektiv forpligtet til at sikre en god vandmiljøkvalitet i vort grundvand og overfladevand. Ved brug af centrale indikatorer for vandkvaliteten opgør vi udviklingen i andelen af danske vandområder i perioden 1990- 2020, der ikke opfyldte dette krav. Omkostningerne ved vandmiljøforurening måles som den danske befolknings estimerede villighed til at betale for de vandkvalitetsforbedringer, der ville have været nødvendige for at sikre god kvalitet af alle danske vandområder i hvert år i perioden. Vi finder tegn på forbedring af den fysiske vandkvalitet, men da der samtidig er sket en stigning i antallet af husstande og deres betalingsvillighed som følge af stigende realindkomster, skønnes de løbende årlige forureningsomkostninger at være steget fra 9,1 mia. kr. i 1990 til 12,5 mia. kr. i 2020, målt i 2023-priser. Værdien af investeringerne i forbedret vandkvalitet har udvist store årlige udsving.
Hinsides BNP? Udvikling og implementering af alternativer til BNP i Danmark og udlandet
Authors: Hoff Jens Viilliam , Møller Boje Rasmussen Martin
Published: April 2024

Denne artikel fokuserer på den kritik af det traditionelle BNP, som med øget intensitet har været fremført de seneste 20-30 år, og de alternative indikatorer for et samfunds velfærd, som er blevet udviklet i samme periode. Herudover ser artiklen på barriererne og mulighederne for at implementere alternativer til BNP i den politisk-administrative beslutningsproces i Danmark og udlandet. Det konkluderes, at hvad der er behov for, for at sikre integrationen af en eller flere alternative BNP-indikatorer i national politisk beslutningstagen, ikke er udviklingen af (endnu) flere alternative indikatorer, men snarere politiske og administrative ildsjæle med en klar vilje og kapacitet til at få dette til at ske.
Statsministermagt har skabt sjuskede ministerrokader
Authors: Knudsen Tim
Published: April 2024

Danske statsministre har gennem tiden fået stadig større muligheder for egenhændigt at hyre og fyre ministre – dog med den begrænsning, at de i koalitionsregeringer må dele denne magt med partiledere fra andre regeringspartier, når det gælder koalitionspartnernes ministre. Frigjort fra tidligere tiders forventninger om, at ministre skulle have særlig forudsætninger på deres områder fagligt eller politisk, har de i stadigt hurtigere tempo flyttet især de perifere ministre fra post til post. Eller fyret dem. Mange ministerposter er derfor blevet udsat for hurtige kavalkader af skiftende ministre uden dybere kendskab til deres område og med begrænset tid til at få den fornødne indsigt. Det underminerer det politiske lederskab og det politiske ansvar i en række ministerier. Derfor bør statsministre forberede ministerskift bedre og undgå impulsive rokader. Eventuelt må Folketinget gennemføre forebyggende høringer af nye ministre om deres baggrund og hensigter.
Futility, communicating bad news and burnout in doctors and other health practitioners
Authors: Carmichael T , Gower L
Published: April 2024

Futile medical interventions have virtually no chance of success. Doctors might perform such procedures because of pressure from families or patients. The doctor might also have an ulterior motive of gain or prefer to do it rather than take time to communicate with the patient about a poor prognosis. Established ways to communicate bad news to patients are not always used by managing physicians with time constraints. The SPIKES protocol method is outlined to assist in sensitive communication where further intervention is futile.
This review primarily explores various aspects of medical futility. It also explores strategies for effectively communicating with patients and their families regarding futility interventions. A side-effect of futile interventions is burnout in doctors and other health practitioners (HPs). The complex relationship between futility and burnout is described.
Bedside critical care training: A quasi-experimental study in the paediatric emergency department of a referral hospital in Nigeria
Authors: Abiodun M T , Ochaba E A , Kpongo-Ogieva A
Published: April 2024

Background. There is a need for critical care services outside intensive care units (ICUs), especially in emergency departments (EDs). However, there is a paucity of skilled manpower for ED critical care or emergency critical care (ECC) in resource-limited settings.
Objective. To evaluate the impact of bedside training on emergency critical care practices of clinical staff.
Methods. This was a quasi-experimental study using a pretest - post-test design in a paediatric ED. The intervention was a six-week structured bedside training on bubble continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and mechanical ventilation. Participants’ actual ECC practices pre and post training were evaluated, including their perceived proficiency on an uncalibrated 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS). Descriptive and inferential analyses were done; p<0.05 was considered significant.
Results. A total of 35 clinical staff participated in the training, comprising 9 (24.3%) paediatric registrars, 12 (32.5%) senior registrars, 10 (27.0%) nurses, 4 (10.8%) house officers and 2 (5.4%) paediatric consultants. The male:female ratio of the participants was 1:1.6, and their mean (SD) age was 33.24 (6.30 years. Participants’ understanding of testing the CPAP circuit, connecting the patient and weaning significantly improved following training (p=0.004). Their capacity to select appropriate HFNC parameters improved (p=0.013). They performed more endotracheal intubations in the post-training period (p=0.001). Their pretest-post-test proficiency in mechanical ventilation increased on VAS (mean scores 45.26+31.99 v. 63.26+22.26; p=0.038). Also, there was a significant increase in their perceived proficiency in paediatric analgesia/sedation (30.83+29.86 v. 49.83+23.90; p=0.029).
Conclusion. Short-term bedside critical care training enhanced the self-reported competency of paediatric ED staff. There is a need for on-the-job ECC training and retraining of clinical staff in our setting.
Evaluation of cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of Kyllinga nemoralis leaves and stems methanolic extract
Authors: Abd Wahab Noor Zarina , Mohd Saidi Syamila Izzati , Rahman Nor Iza A. , Ibrahim Nazlina
Published: April 2024

This present study aimed to investigate the potential stems and leaves methanolic extract of Kyllinga nemoralis as an antiviral agent against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1). The leaves and stems of K. nemoralis methanolic extract were assessed in the cytotoxicity test using the MTT assays. The plaque reduction assay was evaluated in the post-treatment assay, pre-treatment assay, virucidal assay, time-addition test, and time-removal test. Cytotoxicity screening of stems and leaves of K. nemoralis against Vero cells shows that the cytotoxicity concentration of 50% of cell viability (CC50) values was 0.75 mg/mL, which indicates that K. nemoralis is non-cytotoxic and safe. The antiviral assay provides a Selective Index (SI) value (CC50/EC50) to determine the good SI for antiviral activity. In post-treatment, the SI value for this extract against HSV-1 was 8.33. In pre-treatment, the SI value for this extract was 21.43. In the virucidal test, the SI value for this extract was 24.19 mg/mL. In the time addition assay, the plaque inhibition reached 43% when the extract was added at 2 h.p.i, and it dropped to 15% at 10 h.p.i. In the time removal assay, the plaque inhibition reached 50% after the extract was removed at 2 h.p.i., and it increased to 87% at 24 h.p.i. This study showed that K. nemoralis has potential as a drug used to fight herpes infections.
Standardization of reference genes for real-time PCR analysis of Vigna radiata L. under Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection
Authors: Nivya V. M. , Shah Jasmine M.
Published: April 2024

Gene expression analysis using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) requires the validation of a stable reference gene for normalization. Previously reported candidates may not be suitable for novel crops. Vigna radiata is a protein-rich legume crop used in many countries across the world. As this crop is recalcitrant to transformation such as most legumes, we were interested in V. radiata-Agrobacterium interaction studies. Toward this end, we wanted to identify a suitable reference for normalization under Agrobacterium-infections conditions. We selected seven candidate genes (Actin, Tubulin, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Ubiquitin 10, Cyclophilin, 18S Ribosomal RNA, and F-box protein) and performed temporal-expression analysis using real-time PCR at 3 h, 24 h, and 4-day post-infection. When their Ct values were compared using the routinely used four algorithms, Normfinder, geNorm, Bestkeeper, and RefFinder, each suggested a different candidate gene. We narrowed-down to Cyclophilin by taking the statistical approach of using analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significant difference. Thus, our report signifies the use of additional statistical analyses in case of situations of discrepancies due to variable suggestions by software.
Improvement in productivity of strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) under vertical farming system
Authors: Verma Pallvi , Singh Gurpreet , Singh Shailesh Kumar , Mirza Anis Ahmad , Bakshi Manish , Anmol Anmol , Bishnoi Lakshya
Published: April 2024

Vertical farming has evolved keeping in view the constraints of space due to the increasing population and shrinking agricultural land. Although vertical farming is more associated with small-duration crops, especially vegetables, flowers, and annuals such as strawberry can also be grown through the selection of appropriate variety and farming structure. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of full spectrum light on the growth, flowering, fruiting, and yield of strawberry under a vertical farming system. Results revealed that plant height, plant spread, petiole length, number of leaves, number of fruits, average berry weight, and average yield were highest at light intensity of 175–200 μmol s-1m-2. It was observed that in T1 when plants were at the fourth level or top level (L4) of verticals under natural light, were superior in comparison to plants at lower levels in T2 (L3), T3 (L2), and T4 (L1) due to decreasing light intensity down to the base of verticals. The plants grown with an additional supply of artificial full spectrum light (AFSL) at these lower levels had performed better in T5 (2 h at L3), T6 (4 h at L2) and T7 (6 h at L1) in terms of growth, flowering, fruiting, and yield of strawberry and were at par to T1. In the vertical farming system, space, water, nutrient, and light optimization is possible as it ensures efficient resource utilization such as precision agriculture. Thus, the supply of AFSL is important to ensure sustainable yield in vertical farming.
Inhibitory G proteins play multiple roles to polarize sensory hair cell morphogenesis
Authors: Jarysta Amandine , Tadenev Abigail LD , Day Matthew , Krawchuk Barry , Low Benjamin E , Wiles Michael V , Tarchini Basile
Published: April 2024

Inhibitory G alpha (GNAI or Gαi) proteins are critical for the polarized morphogenesis of sensory hair cells and for hearing. The extent and nature of their actual contributions remains unclear, however, as previous studies did not investigate all GNAI proteins and included non-physiological approaches. Pertussis toxin can downregulate functionally redundant GNAI1, GNAI2, GNAI3, and GNAO proteins, but may also induce unrelated defects. Here, we directly and systematically determine the role(s) of each individual GNAI protein in mouse auditory hair cells. GNAI2 and GNAI3 are similarly polarized at the hair cell apex with their binding partner G protein signaling modulator 2 (GPSM2), whereas GNAI1 and GNAO are not detected. In Gnai3 mutants, GNAI2 progressively fails to fully occupy the sub-cellular compartments where GNAI3 is missing. In contrast, GNAI3 can fully compensate for the loss of GNAI2 and is essential for hair bundle morphogenesis and auditory function. Simultaneous inactivation of Gnai2 and Gnai3 recapitulates for the first time two distinct types of defects only observed so far with pertussis toxin: (1) a delay or failure of the basal body to migrate off-center in prospective hair cells, and (2) a reversal in the orientation of some hair cell types. We conclude that GNAI proteins are critical for hair cells to break planar symmetry and to orient properly before GNAI2/3 regulate hair bundle morphogenesis with GPSM2.
Regional response to light illuminance across the human hypothalamus
Authors: Campbell Islay , Sharifpour Roya , Balda Aizpurua Jose Fermin , Beckers Elise , Paparella Ilenia , Berger Alexandre , Koshmanova Ekaterina , Mortazavi Nasrin , Read John , Zubkov Mikhail , Talwar Puneet , Collette Fabienne , Sherif Siya , Phillips Christophe , Lamalle Laurent , Vandewalle Gilles
Published: April 2024

Light exerts multiple non-image-forming biological effects on physiology including the stimulation of alertness and cognition. However, the subcortical circuitry underlying the stimulating impact of light is not established in humans. We used 7 Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the impact of variations in light illuminance on the regional activity of the hypothalamus while healthy young adults (N=26; 16 women; 24.3±2.9 y) were completing two auditory cognitive tasks. We find that, during both the executive and emotional tasks, higher illuminance triggered an activity increase over the posterior part of the hypothalamus, which includes part of the tuberomamillary nucleus and the posterior part of the lateral hypothalamus. In contrast, increasing illuminance evoked a decrease in activity over the anterior and ventral parts of the hypothalamus, encompassing notably the suprachiasmatic nucleus and another part of the tuberomammillary nucleus. Critically, the performance of the executive task was improved under higher illuminance and was negatively correlated with the activity of the posterior hypothalamus area. These findings reveal the distinct local dynamics of different hypothalamus regions that underlie the impact of light on cognition.
A comparison of the effects of two protocols of concurrent resistance and aerobic training on physical fitness in middle school students
Authors: Li Zhen , Ding Teng , Gao Yanan , Han Xiaowei , Liu Yang , Zhou Zhixiong
Published: April 2024

Objective

This study aimed to compare the effects of two concurrent training (CT) protocols on the physical fitness of middle school students.

Method

A 12-week quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test study was conducted with 157 middle school students (age = 12.48 ± 0.34, n = 90 females) divided into three groups: CT group A (CT-0h) received combined resistance training (RT) and aerobic training (AT) in each physical education session, CT group B (CT-48h) received RT and AT across two separate physical education classes 48 h apart, and a control group (Con) received no training. Training occurred twice a week. Test indicators included cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) measured by estimated VO2max and 20 m shuttle run (laps), as well as muscle strength assessed through long jump, vertical jump, and handgrip strength.

Results

The intervention groups exhibited significant increases in estimated VO2max and muscle strength compared to their baseline values (p < 0.05). Both CT-0h and CT-48h groups demonstrated significant improvements in 20 m shuttle run (laps) (mean difference: 8.88 laps, p < 0.01; mean difference: 4.81 laps, p < 0.01, respectively), standing long jump (mean difference: 6.20 cm, p < 0.01; mean difference: 3.68 cm, p < 0.01, respectively), vertical jump (mean difference: 4.95 cm, p < 0.01; mean difference: 4.04 cm, p < 0.01, respectively), and handgrip strength (mean difference: 11.17 kg, p < 0.01; mean difference: 6.99 kg, p < 0.01, respectively). CT-0h group exhibited significantly increased estimated VO2max (mean difference: 1.47 ml/kg/min, p < 0.01) compared to the CT-48h group.

Conclusion

Both CT programs effectively improved adolescents’ physical fitness indicators. However, the program that integrated RT and AT within the same physical education class demonstrated superior enhancement in adolescents’ CRF.
Role of Madhutailik basti and Shaman Section chikitsa in the Management of Acute on Chronic Pancreatitis: A Case Report
Authors: Gamne Reeya , Wajpeyi Sadhana Misar , Nara Vinay , Mandal Sonia
Published: April 2024

Chronic pancreatitis is a condition characterised by persistent inflammation of the pancreas, leading to permanent damage and loss of its exocrine and endocrine functions. Clinical symptoms of the disease include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, steatorrhoea, indigestion, and weight loss. In Ayurveda, it can be correlated with Grahani dosha, a disorder of the duodenum and gut. Mandagni, which is the hypo-functioning of Agni, is considered the root cause of Grahani dosha and is addressed through various treatment modalities in Ayurveda. Hereby, the authors present a case report of 40-year-old male diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis presented with severe pain in the epigastric and left hypochondriac region of the abdomen, decreased appetite, nausea, and constipation for five years. After three years of conservative treatment and unsuccessful advice to undergo Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), the patient sought Ayurvedic treatment. The treatment involved Shodhan (purificatory) and Shamana (palliative) approaches, including Vata pitta shamaka kriya, Mridu virechana (mild purgation), and the use of Yakrutottejaka (hepato stimulant), Pramehaghna (pancreas protecting), and Rasayana (rejuvenating) formulations. Within four months, the patient experienced a significant improvement, with total remission of symptoms and a notable reduction in objective criteria such as serum lipase and serum amylase levels. The present case report suggests that Ayurvedic modalities can be effective in treating chronic pancreatitis. However, to draw definitive conclusions, further research with extensive follow-up and a larger sample size is necessary.
ГЕНЕРАТОР ЧАСТОТЫ С СИСТЕМОЙ ФАПЧ РАСШИРЕННОГО ДИАПАЗОНАС АВТОМАТИЧЕСКОЙ КОРРЕКЦИЕЙ ВОЛЬТ-ЧАСТОТНОЙ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ДЛЯ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ В ВЫСОКОСКОРОСТНЫХ УСТРОЙСТВАХ СЕРИАЛИЗАЦИИ-ДЕСЕРИАЛИЗАЦИИ
Authors: Паташев П.А. , Белоусов Е.О. , Моленкамп К.М. , Эннс А.В. , Кочетков Д.В.
Published: April 2024

Представлена разработка и анализ генератора с системой ФАПЧ для применения в высокоскоростных устройствах сериализации-десериализации. Предложенный генератор обладает расширенным диапазоном поддерживаемых частот от 0,5 до 2,5 ГГц и низким значением суммарного джиттера в 19 пс. Воспроизводимость передаточной характеристики генератора частоты, низкое значение джиттера и расширенный диапазон частот достигаются при помощи предложенной схемы автоматической коррекции
PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VISUCHIKAHARA ARKA
Authors: KR Anusha , Hegde Aishwarya laxmi , KR Manaswini , Sajeev Gayathri , Y Sandeep , Pagad Archana B
Published: April 2024

Background: Arka is a simple preparation mentioned by Ravana in his book, Arka Prakasha. Visuchikahara arka is a formulation indicated in Visuchika and its complications. Visuchika is type of Ama, mainly characterised by pricking type of pain in the abdomen, vomiting and diarrhoea. The principle of treating ama is Agni-deepana (increasing the digestive fire). All the ingredients of Visuchikahara arka are having Katu rasa, Ushna veerya and Katu Vipaka. They possess deepana, pachana, anulomana properties that help in pacifying Ama-dosha by doing Agni-deepana. Aim: To develop preliminary standards for Visuchikahara arka. Materials and methods: Pippali, Pippali mula, Chavya, Chitraka, Nagara, Ajaji, Haritaki and Maricha were made into busavath churna/ coarse powder. 100ml of the powder was soaked in 200ml of Nimbu swarasa in a glass beaker for 48 hours. Later, distilled using distillation apparatus to obtain Visuchikahara arka. The prepared arka was subjected to organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters. Observations and results: The results of organoleptic characters like colour, odour, taste and physico-chemical parameters like pH, specific gravity, viscosity, refractive index were carried out. Discussion and conclusion: Visuchikahara arka is mainly indicated in Visuchika. It can also be used in all types of Ama, as it mainly possess Katu rasa, Ushna veerya and Katu-Madhura Vipaka that may help in pacifying all the doshas. It may also help in increasing Agni and may help in improving digestion by its deepana and pachana actions.
Survey, Morpho-microscopic Characterization of Paddy Straw Mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) from Different Locations of Chhattisgarh, India
Authors: Sahu Rahul , Maharania Manish , Jangde Chetana , Sahu Shanta
Published: April 2024

Paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea), commonly known as the straw mushroom, or the Chinese mushroom, belongs to the family Pluteaceae (Kotl. & Pouz) of the Basidiomycetes (Singer, 1961). The present research was undertaken to explore the diversity, distribution, morphological, and microscopic characteristics of V. volvacea native isolates from Chhattisgarh.A total of eight isolates were collected in a survey conducted across Chhattisgarh from six districts viz. Rajnandgaon, Raipur, Dhamtari, and Bemetara, Kabirdham, Durg and all the relevant information on habitat, temperature, relative humidity, location (GPS data), habit, and related substrates in native environments; were recorded delligently. Volvariella isolates collected were characterized morphologically and found possessing pink spores, free lamellae, and a stipe bearing no annulus but was encased at the base by a volva. The gills of all the isolates were freely arranged; consistency was fleshy; colour was moderate brown; and texture was smooth. The stipes of all the isolates were cylindrical, centrally attached to the pileus; the consistency was fleshy; the colour was yellowish white; and the bases were swollen. Pileus characters of all isolates show a light brown outer colour, a moderate brown middle colour, and regular margins. The volva characters of all isolates show a sheathed arrangement and brownish colour. Spore print colours were observed as pink and moderate brown, gill colour varied from light pink to brown for all isolates. Microscopic characterization was done and was found that spore size of all collected isolates ranges between six to nine micrometre and the basidium bears sterigmata.
Anteilsveräußerung nach Auf- oder Abspaltung — Die Auslegung des § 15 Abs. 2 Satz 2 bis 7 UmwStG in der Fassung durch das Wachstumschancengesetz – Alte und neue Zweifelsfragen
Authors: Schumacher Andreas
Published: April 2024

Nach langer Hängepartie ist das Wachstumschancengesetz in Kraft getreten, durch das auch die steuerliche Behandlung von Anteilsveräußerungen nach einer Auf- oder Abspaltung neu geregelt wurde. Dadurch soll Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten zur steuerbegünstigten Veräußerung von Teilbetrieben entgegengewirkt werden, die nach der bisherigen Rechtslage bestanden. Die Neuregelung beseitigt allerdings nicht alle bisherigen Zweifelsfragen und wirft neue auf. Dieser Beitrag enthält eine erste Analyse der Neuregelung.
Zur anfechtbaren Herstellung einer Aufrechnungslage nach § 96 Abs. 1 Nr. 3, § 133 InsO bei Ansprüchen aus dem Umsatzsteuerschuldverhältnis
Authors: Reisinger Thomas
Published: April 2024

Die Unzulässigkeit der Aufrechnung nach § 96 Abs. 1 Nr. 3 InsO führte, außerhalb des sog. Drei-Monats-Zeitraums, in Rechtsprechung und Literatur lange Zeit ein Schattendasein. Die jüngsten Entscheidungen des VII. und XI. BFH-Senats geben aus Sicht des Autors allerdings Anlass, die Unzulässigkeit der Aufrechnung aufgrund anfechtbarer Rechtshandlungen unter den Voraussetzungen des § 133 InsO nun in den Fokus zu rücken. Dabei wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob der BFH dadurch einen Paradigmenwechsel eingeleitet hat und entgegen der bisherigen Aufrechnungspraxis, die Unzulässigkeit der Aufrechnung auch über die Drei-Monatsgrenze hinweg massiv an Bedeutung gewonnen hat.
O6‐(Benzotriazol‐1‐yl)inosine Derivatives for C6 Modification of Purine Nucleosides
Authors: Bae Suyeal , Chaturvedi Surendra , Lakshman Mahesh K.
Published: March 2009

A new class of reactive nucleosides, O6‐(benzotriazol‐1‐yl) derivatives of inosine and 2′‐deoxyinosine, have been developed via reaction of silyl‐protected or unprotected inosine and 2′‐deoxyinosine with 1H‐benzotriazol‐1‐yloxy‐tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP). Alternatively, the silyl‐protected O6‐(benzotriazol‐1‐yl) derivatives can be synthesized via reaction of protected inosine and 2′‐deoxyinosine with triphenylphosphine/iodine/1‐hydroxybenzotriazole. These new O6‐(benzotriazol‐1‐yl) inosine derivatives are excellent reagents for the synthesis of other nucleoside analogues via SNAr reaction with a range of nucleophiles. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 36:1.22.1‐1.22.23. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DNA Oligonucleotides Containing Stereodefined Phosphorothioate Linkages in Selected Positions
Authors: Nawrot Barbara , Rebowska Beata
Published: March 2009

This unit describes a method for the synthesis of DNA chimeric PO/PS‐oligonucleotides with a stereodefined phosphorothioate bond in the selected position. Diastereomerically pure 5′‐O‐DMTr‐N‐protected‐deoxyribonucleoside‐3′‐O‐(2‐thio‐spiro‐4,4‐pentamethylene‐1,3,2‐oxathiaphospholane)s obtained according to the previously described protocol (UNIT 4.17) are transformed via a stereospecific 1,3,2‐oxathiaphospholane‐ring opening condensation into the corresponding dinucleoside phosphorothioates. Such dimers cannot be introduced into an oligonucleotide chain via the phosphoramidite approach since the unprotected P‐S− bond is easily oxidized during routine I2/Py/water oxidation of the phosphite function. In the methodology described here, the reversible alkylation of the PS function is applied. Subsequently, the 3′‐phosphoramidites of such PS‐protected dimers prepared in situ are used for routine synthesis of chimeric PO/PS‐oligonucleotides according to the phosphoramidite method. The presence of the alkylated PS‐function requires modified conditions for oligonucleotide deprotection and cleavage from the solid support. Detailed procedures for the synthesis of PS‐dimers and their incorporation into an oligonucleotide chain, as well as deprotection/purification steps are presented. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 36:4.34.1‐4.34.15. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Screening for copy number alterations in loci associated with autism spectrum disorders by two‐color multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification
Authors: Bremer Anna , Giacobini MaiBritt , Nordenskjöld Magnus , Brøndum‐Nielsen Karen , Mansouri Mahmoud , Dahl Niklas , Anderlid BrittMarie , Schoumans Jacqueline
Published: March 2009

The autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogenous condition characterized by impaired socialization and communication in association with stereotypic behaviors. ASD is highly heritable and heterogeneous with a complex genetic etiology. Recurrent submicroscopic deletions or duplications have been identified in a subgroup of individuals with ASD using array technology. Adequate genetic testing for these genomic imbalances have not yet been widely implemented in the diagnostic setting due to lack of feasible and cost‐effective methods as well as difficulties to interpret the clinical significance of these small copy number variants (CNVs). We developed a multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay to investigate its usefulness for detection of copy number alterations (CNAs) in autistic patients. This test proved to be easy to perform, fast, cost‐effective, and suitable for reliable detection of multiple loci in a single reaction. We screened 148 autistic patients for 15 different loci covering 26 genes and found a 15q11‐13 interstitial duplication that had escaped detection by conventional karyotyping in 1.3% of the patients. Synthetic probe MLPA allows for a flexible analysis of a continuously increasing number of CNAs associated with autism. Our result show that MLPA assay is an easy and cost‐effective method for the identification of selected CNAs in diagnostic laboratories. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innentitelbild: Artificial Ribozyme Switches Containing Natural Riboswitch Aptamer Domains (Angew. Chem. 15/2009)
Authors: Wieland Markus , Benz Armin , Klauser Benedikt , Hartig Jörg S.
Published: March 2009

Mit Fusionen aus einem Ribozym und dem Aptamer eines natürlichen RNA‐Schalters (Thiaminpyrophosphat, TPP) werden künstliche thiaminabhängige Schalter der Genexpression aufgebaut. Wie J. S. Hartig et al. in der Zuschrift auf S. 2753 ff. beschreiben, lässt sich nach Einbau dieser RNA‐Elemente in bakterielle mRNAs die Translation der Botschaft an‐ und ausschalten. TPP bewirkt Änderungen der ribozymvermittelten mRNA‐Spaltung, die ein Freisetzen der Botschaft für den Start der Translation zur Folge haben.

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The Chemical Biology of Aptamers
Authors: Mayer Günter
Published: March 2009

Taking a strand: Aptamers are small single‐stranded oligonucleotides that fold into a well‐defined 3D structure and interact with high affinity and specificity with their target molecules, thereby inhibiting their biological functions. Aptamers can be synthesized by either chemical and/or enzymatic procedures and can thus be considered as both chemical and biological substances. The current status and new developments in this area are described.

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Aptamers are small single‐stranded nucleic acids that fold into a well‐defined three‐dimensional structure. They show a high affinity and specificity for their target molecules and inhibit their biological functions. Aptamers belong to the nucleic acids family and can be synthesized by chemical or enzymatic procedures, or a combination of the two. They can, therefore, be considered as both chemical and biological substances. This Review summarizes the most convenient approaches to their preparation and new developments in the field of aptamers. The application of aptamers in chemical biology is also discussed.
Investigations of chemically synthesized poly(aniline‐co‐o‐toluidine)s doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid
Authors: Shreepathi Subrahmanya , Holze Rudolf
Published: March 2009

In situ ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) and Raman spectroelectrochemical investigations of chemically synthesized homopolymers and copolymers of aniline and o‐toluidine are reported and discussed. The copolymers in their metallic state are soluble in volatile solvents such as chloroform and thus could be processed easily for electrochemical investigations. The oxidation wave in cyclic voltammograms corresponding to the emeraldine‐to‐pernigraniline transformation of poly(o‐toluidine) (POT), unlike in polyaniline (PANI), does not show multiple peaks, and this indicates a relatively faster exchange of counterions. In situ UV–vis and Raman spectroscopy has revealed that the electrode potential at which the transformation from the emeraldine state to the pernigraniline state occurs is influenced by the fraction of o‐toluidine in the feed. The spectroelectrochemical behavior of copolymers containing higher feed fractions of aniline resembles that of PANI, whereas the spectroelectrochemical behavior of copolymers with a higher feed fraction of o‐toluidine resembles that of POT. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and properties of a carboxyl‐terminated butadiene acrylonitrile toughened epoxy/montmorillonite nanocomposite
Authors: Lee Hun‐Bong , Kim Ho‐Gyum , Yoon Keun‐Byoung , Lee Dong‐Ho , Min Kyung‐Eun
Published: March 2009

The influence of the montmorillonite type and concentration on the mechanical properties and morphology of a carboxyl‐terminated butadiene acrylonitrile toughened epoxy/montmorillonite nanocomposite has been studied. Modified montmorillonite can be well dispersed in a carboxyl‐terminated butadiene acrylonitrile toughened epoxy/montmorillonite nanocomposite. Jeffamine, a curing agent, contributes to the intercalation of sodium montmorillonite, allowing the loss of the ordered layered structure in the nanocomposite. The preparation method of the nanocomposite has a slight effect on the mechanical properties. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Decadal changes (1996–2006) in coastal ecosystems of the Chagos archipelago determined from rapid assessment
Authors: Price Andrew R.G. , Harris Alasdair
Published: March 2009

The atolls and islands comprising Chagos are a biodiversity hotspot of global conservation significance in a remote part of the central Indian Ocean.

This study examines the condition of the archipelago's coastal ecosystems by rapid environmental assessment at 21 sites/islands, which were also investigated a decade earlier using the same methodology. Major changes in ecosystem structure and environmental disturbance were determined.

Coral fish abundance was significantly lower in 2006 than 1996. Decrease in the physical structural complexity of the reefs, as a result of coral bleaching and mortality induced by the 1998 warming event, may have been a contributing factor.

Evidence of collecting/fishing was significantly greater in 2006 than 1996. This is attributed mainly to an illegal fishery for holothurians (sea cucumbers), which has expanded over recent years and now exerts substantial pressure on the resource. The significant decline observed in beach wood, a readily accessible fuel for fishing camps, is consistent with this.

Solid waste on islands was high (median 2 to 20 items m−1 beach) in both 1996 and 2006. Potentially harmful biological impacts, determined from other studies, include entanglement, toxic effects and provision of transport for invasives or other ‘hitchhiker’ species.

Significantly higher bird abundances were recorded in protected areas than ‘unprotected’ areas, attributed mainly to absence of predation by rats.

Rapid assessment augments more comprehensive ecosystem investigations. It provides a valuable snapshot of environmental conditions based upon a broad suite of features (ecosystems and disturbances) determined, concurrently, within the same site inspection quadrats and using the same scale of assessment.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multimethodological approach to investigate chamber tombs in the Sabine Necropolis at Colle del Forno (CNR, Rome, Italy)
Authors: Piro Salvatore , Gabrielli Roberto
Published: March 2009

Non‐destructive geophysical prospecting methods are increasingly used for the investigation of archaeological sites, especially where a detailed physical and geometrical reconstruction of structures is required prior to any excavation work. Often, due to the limited size and depth of an archaeological structure, it may be rather difficult to single out its position and extent because of the generally low signal‐to noise (S/N) ratio. This can be overcome by improving data acquisition and processing techniques and integrating different geophysical methods. In this work the results of a multimethodological surveys, used with the aim of detecting sharp discontinuities (boundary of cavities and fractures in the host medium) at the Archaeological Test Site of Sabine Necropolis at Research Area of National Research Council of Rome (Montelibretti, Italy) are shown. For the survey a combination of passive and active methods (magnetic, ground‐penetrating radar (GPR), and dipole–dipole geoelectric (DDG)), topographical and three‐dimensional laser scanner surveys and archaeological excavations were used to study the state of conservation of underground tombs. With all geophysical methods a high‐resolution data acquisition was adopted with the aim of reconstructing a global vision of the study area. Signal processing and amplitude time‐slice representation techniques were used for the analysis of GPR data. The bi‐dimensional cross‐correlation technique was applied to enhance the S/N ratio of the magnetic data. An example of the integration (both qualitative and quantitative) of these results is presented for a portion of the investigated area in the Sabine Necropolis at Colle del Forno (Rome, Italy). Archaeological excavations were then conducted systematically after completing the geophysical surveys and interpretations (from 2000 to 2006), which confirmed the location and shape of the individual chamber tombs with associated corridors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Switching Akt: from survival signaling to deadly response
Authors: Los Marek , Maddika Subbareddy , Erb Bettina , Schulze‐Osthoff Klaus
Published: March 2009

Akt, a protein kinase hyperactivated in many tumors, plays a major role in both cell survival and resistance to tumor therapy. A recent study,1 along with other evidences, shows interestingly, that Akt is not a single‐function kinase, but may facilitate rather than inhibit cell death under certain conditions. This hitherto undetected function of Akt is accomplished by its ability to increase reactive oxygen species and to suppress antioxidant enzymes. The ability of Akt to down‐regulate antioxidant defenses uncovers a novel Achilles' heel, which could be exploited by oxidant therapies in order to selectively eradicate tumor cells that express high levels of Akt activity.
Development of a novel HPLC‐MS/MS method for the determination of aconitine and its application to in vitro and rat microdialysis samples
Authors: Zhang Quan‐long , Hu Jin‐Hong , Zhu Quan‐Gang , Li Feng‐Qian , Liu Ji‐Yong , Wang Dan
Published: March 2009

A sensitive and selective LC‐MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of aconitine in microdialysate and rat plasma. Extraction of plasma sample was conducted by use of 1% trichloracetic acid and acetonitrile solution with 10 ng/mL internal standard (propafenone) spiked. Microdialysates were analyzed without sample purification. After sample preparation, 2 µL were injected and separated with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:0.1% formic acid (60:40, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The Agilent G6410A triple quadrupole LC/MS system was operated under the multiple‐reaction monitoring mode (MRM) using the electrospray ionization technique in positive mode. Overall, the assay exhibited good precision and accuracy. The diffusion properties of aconitine investigated in in vitro microdialysis experiments revealed unfavourable concentration dependence avertable by keeping a constant pH 5.77 using isotonic phosphate buffer solution as perfusate. The mean relative recoveries were 48.23% [coefficient of variation (CV 4.47%)] and 55.38% (CV 2.89%) for retrodialysis and recovery experiments, respectively. The in vivo recovery of aconitine was 34.48% (CV 3.05%) and was stable over the 6 h study period. Following characterization of aconitine both in vitro and in vivo microdialysis, the developed setting is suitable for application in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐performance liquid chromatography method for determination of carnosic acid in rat plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Yan Haixia , Wang Li , Li Xingnuo , Yu Chun , Zhang Ke , Jiang Yong , Wu Lijun , Lu Wei , Tu Pengfei
Published: March 2009

A sensitive and reproducible high‐performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection (UV) was developed for the determination of carnosic acid (CA) in rat plasma. After simple acidification and liquid–liquid extraction of plasma samples using gemfibrozil as an internal standard, the supernatant was evaporated to dryness under a gentle stream of nitrogen. The residue was reconstituted in 200 µL before being injected into the chromatographic system. The analysis was performed on a C18 column protected by an ODS guard column using acetonitrile–0.1% phosphoric acid (55:45, v/v) as mobile phase, and the wavelength of the UV detector was set at 210 nm. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.265–265.0 µg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997. The recovery for plasma samples of 0.530, 13.25, 132.5 and 265.0 µg/mL was 72.2, 87.9, 90.4 and 94.7%, respectively. The intra‐day and inter‐day relative standard deviations for the measurements of quality control samples were less than 3.1%. The stability of the plasma samples was also validated. This method was successfully used to study the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of CA in rats. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioanalytical methods for the determination of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole: overview from clinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and metabolism perspectives
Authors: Yao Ming , Srinivas Nuggehally R.
Published: March 2009

Itraconazole represents an important therapeutic option for the treatment of fungal infections. Itraconazole undergoes rapid metabolism to form hydroxyitraconazole, which also contributes to the anti‐fungal activity exhibited by the parent compound. Since both itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole are effective inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and p‐glycoprotein (pgp)‐mediated efflux transporters, they have the potential to elicit drug–drug interaction with a number of CYP3A4 and/or pgp substrates. This review focuses on providing comprehensive details on the bioanalytical methods available for the quantitation of both itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole. Additionally, it provides an overview of the clinical pharmacology (several case studies of drug–drug interactions), pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and metabolism related aspects of itraconazole. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversed‐phase liquid chromatographic determination of enantiomers of atenolol in rat plasma using derivatization with Marfey's reagent
Authors: Bhushan Ravi , Tanwar Shivani
Published: March 2009

An HPLC method was established for enantioseparation of (R,S)‐atenolol (ATE) and determination of enantiomers in rat plasma. Marfey's reagent (1‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrophenyl‐5‐L‐alanine amide, FDNP‐L‐Ala‐NH2, MR) was used as chiral derivatizing reagent with detection of diastereomers at 340 nm. It was shown that the R‐isomer eluted before the S‐isomer. The method was validated for linearity, repeatability, limits of detection and limit of quantification (LOQ). Recovery of ATE at LOQ was 92.8% for (R)‐ATE and 92.6% for (S)‐ATE. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.