bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐Temperature Contact Formation on n‐Type Silicon: Basic Reactions and Contact Model for Seed‐Layer Contacts
Authors: Hörteis Matthias , Gutberlet Tobias , Reller Armin , Glunz Stefan W.
Published: December 2009

Contact formation on n‐type silicon, especially using a high‐temperature process, has been the subject of research for more than 40 years. After its application in microelectronics, n‐type silicon is widely used in silicon solar cells as the emitter layer. The formation of a low ohmic contact grid using an industrially feasible process step is one of the key features required to improve the solar‐cell efficiency. The contact materials, typically deposited in a printing step, have to fulfil several functions: opening the dielectric antireflection layer and forming an intimate metal‐semiconductor contact with good mechanical adhesion and low specific contact resistance. As the used contact inks typically contain several functional materials, such as silver and a glass frit, the detailed contact formation is still not entirely understood. Therefore, the chemical reactions during the contact firing process have been studied in detail by thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis in combination with mass spectroscopy. Based on these studies, a contact ink has been developed, optimized and tested on silicon solar cells. In this paper, the mechanism of the etching process, the opening of a dielectric layer, the influence of different atmospheres and the impact of the glass‐frit content are investigated. The observed microscopic contact structure, the resulting electrical solar‐cell parameters and the studied reactions are combined to clarify the physics behind the high‐temperature contact formation.
Effects of self‐reported health conditions and pesticide exposures on probability of follow‐up in a prospective cohort study
Authors: Montgomery Martha P. , Kamel Freya , Hoppin Jane A. , Freeman Laura E. Beane , Alavanja Michael C.R. , Sandler Dale P.
Published: December 2009

Background

We investigated the potential for selection bias due to non‐participation in the follow‐up of a large prospective cohort study.

Methods

Licensed pesticide applicators (52,395 private; 4,916 commercial) in the Agricultural Health Study provided demographic, health, and pesticide exposure information at enrollment (1993–1997) and in a 5‐year follow‐up telephone interview. Factors associated with non‐participation in the follow‐up were identified using multiple logistic regression. Potential for selection bias was evaluated by comparing exposure–disease associations between the entire cohort and the follow‐up subset.

Results

Sixty‐six percent of private and 60% of commercial applicators completed the follow‐up interview. Private and commercial applicators who did not complete the follow‐up reported at enrollment younger age, less education, lower body mass index, poorer health behaviors but fewer health conditions, and lower pesticide use. Estimates of exposure–disease associations calculated with and without non‐participants did not indicate strong selection bias.

Conclusions

Differences between non‐participants and participants in the follow‐up interview were generally small, and we did not find significant evidence of selection bias. However, the extent of bias may depend on the specific exposure and outcome under study. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:486–496, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient synthesis of conjugated alkynyl cycloalkenones: Pd(PPh3)4–AgOAc‐ catalyzed direct coupling of 1‐alkynes with 3‐oxocycloalkenyl triflates
Authors: Jiang Chenggang , Zhang Zonglei , Xu Hangxian , Sun Liang , Liu Lanhai , Wang Cunde
Published: December 2009

Palladium—silver acetate‐catalyzed cross coupling of vinyl triflates and 1‐alkynes was investigated. This strategy offered a very straightforward and efficient method for access to conjugated alkynyl cycloalkenones from the conjugated vinyl triflates and 1‐alkynes. Moreover, the triflates derived from 1,3‐cycloalkadione needed no further purification and could be reacted immediately with 1‐alkynes to provide the conjugated alkynyl cycloalkenones in excellent overall yields. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organocatalytic synthesis of cyanohydrin trimethylsilyl ethers by potassium 4‐benzylpiperidinedithiocarbamate under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Dekamin Mohammad G. , Alizadeh Roghieh , Reza Naimi‐Jamal M.
Published: December 2009

Potassium 4‐benzylpiperidinedithiocarbamate was found to be an efficient organocatalyst for facile addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to a wide variety of aldehydes and ketones to afford corresponding cyanohydrin trimethylsilyl ethers in high to quantitative yields. The reaction proceeded smoothly by employing 2.0 mol% PBPDC loading under mild conditions at room temperature within a very short reaction time. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)‐induced porous poly(ether sulfone) blend membranes for the separation of proteins and metal ions
Authors: Arthanareeswaran G. , Thanikaivelan P. , Raajenthiren M.
Published: December 2009

Asymmetric ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were prepared by the blending of poly(ether sulfone) (PES) and sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) polymers with N,N′‐dimethylformamide solvent by the phase‐inversion method. SPEEK was selected as the hydrophilic polymer in a blend with different composition of PES and SPEEK. The solution‐cast PES/SPEEK blend membranes were homogeneous for all of the studied compositions from 100/0 to 60/40 wt % in a total of 17.5 wt % polymer and 82.5 wt % solvent. The presence of SPEEK beyond 40 wt % in the casting solution did not form membranes. The prepared membranes were characterized for their UF performances, such as pure water flux, water content, porosity, and membrane hydraulic resistance, and morphology and melting temperature. We estimated that the pure water flux of the PES/SPEEK blend membranes increased from 17.3 to 85.6 L m−2 h−1 when the concentration of SPEEK increased from 0 to 40 wt % in the casting solution. The membranes were also characterized their separation performance with proteins and metal‐ion solutions. The results indicate significant improvement in the performance characteristics of the blend membranes with the addition of SPEEK. In particular, the rejection of proteins and metal ions was marginally decreased, whereas the permeate flux was radically improved. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Short‐term and long‐term performance of thermosets exposed to water at elevated temperatures
Authors: Römhild S. , Bergman G. , Hedenqvist M. S.
Published: December 2009

The water‐transport, mechanical, and chemical‐structure changes in various vinyl ester, novolac, and urethane‐modified vinyl ester thermosets exposed to water at 50 to 95°C for times up to 1000 days have been studied within the framework of a larger study of osmotic blistering in fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) process components. The water sorption saturation concentration did not reach a steady‐state value but gradually increased in many cases upon long‐term exposure. The diffusion coefficient was not significantly affected. Infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry indicated that the net mass loss from the thermosets on immersion in water was due to the leaching of non‐reacted styrene, monomer, and additives. It is suggested that this, together with polymer relaxation processes (as measured on specimens under tension in water at 80°C), is the primary reason for the time‐dependent increase in the water saturation concentration. Infrared spectroscopy indicated that, even at the highest temperatures, hydrolysis of the polymer ester groups was small. Correlations were found between the styrene content in the uncured thermosets, the estimated solubility parameters, and the sorption and diffusion coefficients. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of poly(acrylic acid) end‐group functionality on inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal growth
Authors: Wallace Andrew D. , Al‐Hamzah Ali , East Christopher P. , Doherty William O. S. , Fellows Christopher M.
Published: December 2009

A number of series of poly(acrylic acids) (PAA) of differing end‐groups and molecular weights prepared using atom transfer radical polymerization were used as inhibitors for the crystallization of calcium oxalate at 23 and 80°C. As measured by turbidimetry and conductivity and as expected from previous reports, all PAA series were most effective for inhibition of crystallization at molecular weights of 1500–4000. However, the extent of inhibition was in general strongly dependent on the hydrophobicity and molecular weight of the end‐group. These results may be explicable in terms of adsorption/desorption of PAA to growth sites on crystallites. The overall effectiveness of the series didn't follow a simple trend with end‐group hydrophobicity, suggesting self‐assembly behavior or a balance between adsorption and desorption rates to crystallite surfaces may be critical in the mechanism of inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallization. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The effect of propylene–ethylene copolymers with different comonomer content on melting and crystallization behavior of polypropylene
Authors: Chen Jinyao , Cao Ya , Li Huilin
Published: December 2009

The effect of propylene–ethylene copolymers (PEc) with different ethylene‐unit contents on melting and crystallization behaviors of isotactic‐polypropylene (iPP) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). The results show that the addition of PEc decreases significantly crystallization temperature (Tc) of iPP, but slightly affects melting temperature (Tm). With increasing the ethylene‐unit content of the propylene–ethylene copolymers, the decrease in crystallization temperature of iPP is smaller. The PLM results show that the spherulite growth rate decreases with increasing crystallization temperature for iPP and iPP/PEc blends. The higher the ethylene‐unit content of the copolymers is, the lower the spherulite growth rate (G) of iPP/PEc blends is. The influence of the PEc on nucleation rate constant (Kg) and fold surface energy (σe) of iPP was examined by nucleation theory of Hoffman and Lauritzen. The results show that both Kg and σe of iPP/PE20(80/20) and iPP/PE23(80/20) blends are higher than those of iPP, demonstrating that the overall crystallization rate of iPP/PEc blends decreased as compared to that of iPP, resulting from the decrease of the nucleation rate and the spherulite growth rate of iPP. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
DNA supercoiling helps to unlink sister duplexes after replication
Authors: Vologodskii Alexander
Published: December 2009

DNA supercoiling is one of the mechanisms that can help unlinking of newly replicated DNA molecules. Although DNA topoisomerases, which catalyze the strand passing of DNA segments through one another, make the unlinking problem solvable in principle, it remains difficult to complete the process that enables the separation of the sister duplexes. A few different mechanisms were developed by nature to solve the problem. Some of the mechanisms are very intuitive while the others, like topology simplification by type II DNA topoisomerases and DNA supercoiling, are not so evident. A computer simulation and analysis of linked sister plasmids formed inEscherichia colicells with suppressed topoisomerase IV suggests an insight into the latter mechanism.
Boron‐Containing Protoporphyrin IX Derivatives and Their Modification for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: Synthesis, Characterization, and Comparative In Vitro Toxicity Evaluation
Authors: El‐Zaria Mohamed E. , Ban Hyun Seung , Nakamura Hiroyuki
Published: December 2009

A novel series of boronated porphyrins for potential use in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) for tumor suppression is described. Protoporphyrin IX {i.e., bis(α‐methyl‐β‐pentylethylether)protoporphyrin IX, and bis(α‐methyl‐β‐dodecanylethylether)protoporphyrin IX} bearing polyhedral borane anions (B12H11SH2−, B12H11NH3−, or B12H11OH2−) were synthesized with reasonable yields. Modification of the protoporphyrin IX structure was achieved by variation of the lengths of the alkyl chains (pentyl and dodecanyl) attached through ether linkages to the former vinyl groups. The goal of this modification was to develop boronated porphyrins with chemical and physical properties that differed from those of protoporphyrin IX. Performance of an MTT assay with each derivative revealed that the synthesized boronated porphyrins showed low cytotoxicities in a variety of cancer cells. Of these compounds, B12H11NH22−‐conjugated porphyrin induced a significant increase in the level of boron accumulation and PDT efficacy against HeLa cells.
Developmental expression of the actin depolymerizing factor ADF in the mouse inner ear and spiral ganglia
Authors: Herde Michel K. , Friauf Eckhard , Rust Marco B.
Published: December 2009

Hair cells, the inner ear's sensory cells, are characterized by tens to hundreds of actin‐rich stereocilia that form the hair bundle apparatus necessary for mechanoelectrical transduction. Both the number and length of actin filaments are precisely regulated in stereocilia. Proper cochlear and vestibular function also depends on actin filaments in nonsensory supporting cells. The formation of actin filaments is a dynamic, treadmill‐like process in which actin‐binding proteins play crucial roles. However, little is known about the presence and function of actin binding molecules in the inner ear, which set up, and maintain, actin‐rich structures and regulate actin turnover. Here we examined the expression and subcellular location of the actin filament depolymerizing factor (ADF) in the cochlea and vestibular organs. By means of immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy, we analyzed whole‐mount preparations and cross‐sections in fetal and postnatal mice (E15–P26). We found a transient ADF expression in immature hair cells of the organ of Corti, the utricle, and the saccule. Interestingly, the stereocilia were not labeled. By P26, ADF expression was restricted to supporting cells. In addition, we localized ADF in presynaptic terminals of medio‐olivocochlear projections after hearing onset. A small population of spiral ganglion neurons strongly expressed ADF. Based on their relative number, peripheral location within the ganglion, smaller soma size, and coexpression of neurofilament 200, we identified these cells as Type II spiral ganglion neurons. The developmentally regulated ADF expression suggests a temporally restricted function in the stereocilia and, thus, a hitherto undescribed role of ADF. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1724–1741, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Commentary on ‘School based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6–18’
Authors: Haroon Munib
Published: December 2009

This is a commentary on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Dobbins M, DeCorby K, Robeson P, Husson H, Tirilis D. School‐based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6–18. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD007651. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007651.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Two commentaries on ‘Interventions for treating obesity in children’
Authors: Weiss Ram , Berry Elliot M. , Ball Geoff D. C. , Chanoine Jean‐Pierre
Published: December 2009

These are commentaries on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Oude Luttikhuis H, Baur L, Jansen H, Shrewsbury VA, O'Malley C, Stolk RP, Summerbell CD. Interventions for treating obesity in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD001872. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001872.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Summary of ‘School‐based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6–18’, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials
Authors: Dobbins M. , DeCorby K. , Robeson P. , Husson H. , Tirilis D. , van Dalen E.C. , Kremer L.C.M.
Published: December 2009

This is a summary, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials, of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Dobbins M, DeCorby K, Robeson P, Husson H, Tirilis D. School‐based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6‐18. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD007651. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007651.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Summary of ‘Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children’, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials
Authors: Lazzerini M. , Ronfani L. , van Dalen E.C. , Kremer L.C.M.
Published: December 2009

This is a summary, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials, of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Lazzerini M, Ronfani L. Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD005436. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005436.pub2.

Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Tapasin edits peptides on MHC class I molecules by accelerating peptide exchange
Authors: Praveen P. V. K. , Yaneva Rakina , Kalbacher Hubert , Springer Sebastian
Published: December 2009

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein tapasin is essential for the loading of high‐affinity peptides onto MHC class I molecules. It mediates peptide editing,i.e.the binding of peptides of successively higher affinity until class I molecules pass ER quality control and exit to the cell surface. The molecular mechanism of action of tapasin is unknown. We describe here the reconstitution of tapasin‐mediated peptide editing on class I molecules in the lumen of microsomal membranes. We find that in a competitive situation between high‐ and low‐affinity peptides, tapasin mediates the binding of the high‐affinity peptide to class I by accelerating the dissociation of the peptide from an unstable intermediate of the binding reaction.
Physicochemical Studies of New Anthocyano‐Ellagitannin Hybrid Pigments: About the Origin of the Influence of Oak C‐Glycosidic Ellagitannins on Wine Color (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1/2010)
Authors: Chassaing Stefan , Lefeuvre Dorothée , Jacquet Rémi , Jourdes Michael , Ducasse Laurent , Galland Stéphanie , Grelard Axelle , Saucier Cédric , Teissedre Pierre‐Louis , Dangles Olivier , Quideau Stéphane
Published: December 2009

The cover picture shows the bathochromism observed when the grape‐derived wine red pigment oenin reacts with the oak‐derived C‐glycosidic ellagitannin vescalagin to furnish the deep‐purple anthocyano‐ellagitannin 1‐deoxyvescalagin‐(1β→8)‐oenin. Results of a detailed physicochemical characterization of this fascinating new hybrid pigment are discussed in the article by O. Dangles S. Quideau, et al. on p. 55 ff. Such a bathochromism‐inducing covalent association is a plausible consequence of the aging of wine in oak‐made barrels. Cheers!
Cost effective protocol for in vitro mass propagation of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw.– a medicinally important orchid
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Musharof , Sharma Madhu , Pathak Promila
Published: December 2009

In the present study, four nutrient media viz., Murashige and Skoog (MS), Phytamax (PM), Mitra et al. (M) and Knudson ‘C’ (KC), were evaluated for seed germination and early protocorm development in Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw., a medicinally important orchid of Bangladesh. Besides, effect of peptone, activated charcoal, plant growth regulators viz., 6‐benzylaminopurine (1.0–2.0 mg/L) and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (1.0–2.0 mg/L), and light and dark conditions were also studied. Varied response in terms of per cent seed germination was observed in different media. Mitra et al. medium supplemented with 2.0 g/L activated charcoal (AC) showed 100% seed germination and effective for induction of significantly large size protocorms (1.64 mm in dia.). Protocorms turned necrotic under dark condition. Within two weeks of culture spherules emerged out due to cracking of the seed coat. The spherules developed into protocorms with a leaf primordium at apical portion after 3‐4 weeks and gradually produced complete seedlings. A strong and stout root system was induced in in vitro seedlings upon transfer to half strength PM and M media fortified with 0.5 mg/L indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA). Well‐rooted seedlings were transferred to a green house with 95% survival. Based upon cost analysis it was suggested that Mitra et al. medium supplemented with AC (2.0 g/L) was more effective and economic for high frequency germination of seeds and seedlings development. IAA (0.5 mg/L) in Mitra et al. medium was suitable for development of stout root system which helped in high survival of seedlings under greenhouse condition.
Numerical modelling and flow analysis of a centrifugal pump running as a turbine: Unsteady flow structures and its effects on the global performance
Authors: Santolaria Morros Carlos , Fernández Oro Jesús Manuel , Argüelles Díaz Katia María
Published: December 2009

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the flow patterns in a centrifugal pump when it works as a centripetal turbine, with special interest in the unsteady behavior in order to explain the shape of the performance curves. Also, we focus on the determination of the radial thrust and other mechanical loads over a pump‐designed machine. The pump studied is commercial, with single axial suction and a vaneless spiral volute casing.

A numerical study has been carried out in order to obtain more information about the flow into the volute and the impeller. A numerical three‐dimensional unsteady simulation has been developed using a commercial code that solves the URANS set of equations with a standard k–ε turbulence model. The results show the non‐axisymmetric flow developed in the volute, responsible for a significant radial thrust; the interaction between the tongue and the impeller, generating force fluctuations; the velocity and pressure distributions inside the impeller; and the exit flow, characterized with post‐rotation and low‐pressure. These flow results allow us to understand the behavior of the machine by comparing it with the pump mode. Complementarily, an experimental study was conducted to validate the numerical model and characterize the pump‐turbine performance curves at constant head. Fast‐response pressure taps and a three‐hole pneumatic pressure probe were employed to obtain a complete data set of non‐stationary and stationary measurements throughout the centrifugal machine. As a result, loss of efficiency or susceptibility to cavitation, detected numerically, was confirmed experimentally.

The study demonstrates that the numerical methodology presented here has shown its reliability and possibilities to predict the unsteady flow and time‐mean characteristics of centrifugal pumps working as turbines. In particular, it is shown that the commercial design of the pump allows a reasonable use of the impeller as a turbine runner, due to the suitable adaptation of the inflow distributions to the volute casing. Moreover, the efficiency for the inverse mode is shown to be as high as achieved for the pumping operational mode. In addition, it is concluded that both axial and radial thrusts are controlled, though important unsteady fluctuations—up to 25%—clocked with the blade passing frequency appear beyond the nominal conditions. In that case, a moderate use of the pump as a turbine is recommended in order to minimize risks of fatigue failure of the bearings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amygdala damage affects event‐related potentials for fearful faces at specific time windows
Authors: Rotshtein Pia , Richardson Mark P. , Winston Joel S. , Kiebel Stefan J. , Vuilleumier Patrik , Eimer Martin , Driver Jon , Dolan Raymond J.
Published: December 2009

The amygdala is known to influence processing of threat‐related stimuli in distant brain regions, including visual cortex. The time‐course of these distant influences is unknown, although this information is important for resolving debates over likely pathways mediating an apparent rapidity in emotional processing. To address this, we recorded event‐related potentials (ERPs) to seen fearful face expressions, in preoperative patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy who had varying degrees of amygdala pathology, plus healthy volunteers. We found that amygdala damage diminished ERPs for fearful versus neutral faces within the P1 time‐range, ∼100–150 ms, and for a later component at ∼500–600 ms. Individual severity of amygdala damage determined the magnitude of both these effects, consistent with a causal amygdala role. By contrast, amygdala damage did not affect explicit perception of fearful expressions nor a distinct emotional ERP effect at 150–250 ms. These results demonstrate two distinct time‐points at which the amygdala influences fear processing. The data also demonstrate that while not all aspects of expression processing are disrupted by amygdala damage, there is a crucial impact on an early P1 component. These findings are consistent with the existence of multiple processing stages or routes for fearful faces that vary in their dependence on amygdala function. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of genetic algorithms and shuffled complex evolution approach for calibrating distributed rainfall–runoff model
Authors: Wang Yu‐Chi , Yu Pao‐Shan , Yang Tao‐Chang
Published: December 2009

Three methods, Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE), Simple Genetic Algorithm (SGA) and Micro‐Genetic Algorithm (µGA), are applied in parameter calibration of a grid‐based distributed rainfall–runoff model (GBDM) and compared by their performances. Ten and four historical storm events in the Yan‐Shui Creek catchment, Taiwan, provide the database for model calibration and verification, respectively. The study reveals that the SCE, SGA and µGA have close calibration results, and none of them are superior with respect to all the performance measures, i.e. the errors of time to peak, peak discharge and the total runoff volume, etc. The performances of the GBDM for the verification events are slightly worse than those in the calibration events, but still quite satisfactory. Among the three methods, the SCE seems to be more robust than the other two approaches because of the smallest influence of different initial random number seeds on calibrated model parameters, and has the best performance of verification with a relatively small number of calibration events. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grid‐based distribution model for simulating runoff and soil erosion from a large‐scale river basin
Authors: Wang Guoqiang , Hapuarachchi, H. A. P. , Takeuchi Kuniyoshi , Ishidaira Hiroshi
Published: December 2009

Grid‐based modelling is an effective approach for handling the spatial heterogeneity of basin characteristics, such as land use, soil, rainfall and topographical information. In this study, the grid‐based block‐wise use of TOPMODEL together with the Muskingum–Cunge (BTOPMC) model (block‐wise use of TOPMODEL together with the Muskingum–Cunge) was improved by using an erosion module to estimate soil erosion and sediment outflow during storm events. Instead of representing a grid using a single erosion type, the model accounts for the erosion caused by both raindrop detachment in the sheet area as well as concentrated flow detachment in the channel area. The sediment transport process is simulated at the assumed river channel networks, which avoids the problems that are caused by the difference between the channel widths in the upstream and downstream areas. This also enables the model to be applicable in simulating soil erosion and sediment outflow from a large river basin. Geographic information system (GIS) techniques have been utilized in the model to delineate the river network and extract the basin information from the digital elevation model (DEM) data. Through a case study in China's Lushi basin, the improved BTOPMC model got an average Nash–Sutcliffe (NS) efficiency of about 86·1% in discharge simulations and an average NS efficiency of about 75% in sediment outflow simulations. Overall, the results show a satisfactory accuracy for all of the selected events. Moreover, by analysing the spatial distribution of soil erosion or deposition, the erosion‐prone areas can be identified and prioritized. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RACK1: A superior independent predictor for poor clinical outcome in breast cancer
Authors: Cao Xi‐Xi , Xu Jing‐Da , Liu Xiao‐Li , Xu Jia‐Wen , Wang Wen‐Juan , Li Qing‐Quan , Chen Qi , Xu Zu‐De , Liu Xiu‐Ping
Published: December 2009

We aimed to investigate the expression of RACK1 in breast cancer, evaluate its role in predicting prognosis and compare with commonly used biomarkers: Ki67, ER, PR and HER‐2 for patients with breast cancer. The RACK1 expression and its clinical significance were examined in 160 breast carcinoma patients using immunohistochemistry. Correlations of RACK1 expression with other commonly used biomarkers and survival analyses were assessed. Immunohistochemistry results showed that the number of RACK1 cases scoring 0, 1, and 2 were 66, 54, and 40, respectively. RACK1 staining was strongly related to clinical stage, histological grade, Ki67, ER, PR and HER‐2 (all p < 0.05). Consistently, all of the cases exhibiting RACK1 staining score 0 were survivors, whereas the majority (55.0%) of those exhibiting RACK1 staining score 2 were deaths. Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis of 160 cases revealed a correlation between higher RACK1 expression levels and shorter overall survival times (p < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that RACK1, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and HER‐2 were independent prognostic factors (all p < 0.05). Interestingly, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves showed that the ROC areas for RACK1, Ki67, ER, PR and HER‐2 were 0.833, 0.766, 0.446, 0.387, and 0.689, respectively, and the superiority of RACK1 in sensitivity and specificity as biomarker was demonstrated. To our knowledge, it is the first time to investigate the expression of RACK1, and identified that RACK1 is a superior independent biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis comparing with currently widely used diagnostic index in breast carcinoma.
Radial‐template approach for accurate density representation in computational quantum theory
Authors: Miljacic Lj. , Ellis D. E.
Published: December 2009

A method for improved representation of electronic charge and spin densities for molecular and solid state systems is presented, based upon extensions of least squares fits to quantum mechanical “true” densities using basis functions of limited support. Attention is given to optimization of radial degrees of fit freedom, and the design of fit functions permitting rapid analytic manipulation and calculation of properties, such as Coulomb potentials. The method is demonstrated for covalent CO and for a large metal‐organic crystalline structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
A new unconventional halogen bond CX···HM between HCCX (X = Cl and Br) and HMH (M = Be and Mg): An ab initio study
Authors: Li Qing‐Zhong , Dong Xu , Jing Bo , Li Wen‐Zuo , Cheng Jian‐Bo , Gong Bao‐An , Yu Zhi‐Wu
Published: December 2009

In this article, a new type of halogen‐bonded complex YCCX···HMY (X = Cl, Br; M = Be, Mg; Y = H, F, CH3) has been predicted and characterized at the MP2/aug‐cc‐pVTZ level. We named it as halogen‐hydride halogen bonding. In each YCCX···HMY complex, a halogen bond is formed between the positively charged X atom and the negatively charged H atom. This new kind of halogen bond has similar characteristics to the conventional halogen bond, such as the elongation of the CX bond and the red shift of the CX stretch frequency upon complexation. The interaction strength of this type of halogen bond is in a range of 3.34–10.52 kJ/mol, which is smaller than that of dihydrogen bond and conventional halogen bond. The nature of the electrostatic interaction in this type of halogen bond has also been unveiled by means of the natural bond orbital, atoms in molecules, and energy decomposition analyses. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2010
Attitudes of mental health professionals about mental illness: a review of the recent literature
Authors: Wahl Otto , Aroesty‐Cohen Eli
Published: December 2009

A large body of research has documented public attitudes toward people with mental illness. The current attitudes of the people who provide services to those with psychiatric disorders are important to understand, as well. The authors review what studies over the past 5 years reveal about the attitudes of psychiatric professionals. Empirical studies of the attitudes of mental health professionals, published since 2004, were identified and reviewed. Only 19 such studies were found. Most of these studies revealed overall positive attitudes among mental health professionals. However, evidence of negative attitudes and expectations was also found, particularly with respect to social acceptance of people with mental illness. Results indicate a need for greater research attention to mental health professionals' views and for improved attitudes among caregivers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytometry and DNA ploidy: Clinical uses and molecular perspective in gastric and lung cancer
Authors: D'Urso Vittorio , Collodoro Angelo , Mattioli Eliseo , Giordano Antonio , Bagella Luigi
Published: December 2009

Flow cytometry is one of the most powerful and specific methods used for the integrated study of the molecular and morphological events occurring during cell proliferation. Many methods have been described for investigating this process. Several cell cycle regulators controlling the correct entry and progression through the cell cycle are altered in tumors. In fact, in most, if not all, human cancers there is a deregulated control of G1 phase progression, the period when cells decide if they will start proliferation or stay quiescent. Cytometry (flow and image) is able to analyze DNA content thanks to the use of the same “molecule” conjugates with a fluorochrome that permits to identify DNA content of single cell in a sample. Most important results of studies on DNA ploidy have been reviewed during the last years and as a result the analyses of DNA ploidy in cancer may provide clinically useful information on diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic aspects. In fact, aneuploid cancer has a high proliferative activity and a metastatic or invasive potential, markers of a poor prognosis. Multiparametric flow cytometry should allow the simultaneous determination of morphology, phenotype, intracellular protein expression, and status of chromatin and DNA. Evaluating if a particular protein is responsible for the aggressiveness of cancer, or the alteration of DNA content, or if the activation of its state is the cause of rapid growth of cancer cells, is very important and it can facilitate the clinical treatment of patients. J. Cell. Physiol. 222: 532–539, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and characterization of a human articular cartilage‐derived chondrocyte cell line that retains chondrocyte phenotype
Authors: Hoffman Bryan E. , Newman‐Tarr Tonie M. , Gibbard Anna , Wang Shen , Hanning Charles , Pratta Michael A. , Boyle Ryan J. , Kumar Sanjay , Majumdar Manas K.
Published: December 2009

Chondrocytes, the only cell type present in articular cartilage, regulate tissue homeostasis by a fine balance of metabolism that includes both anabolic and catabolic activities. Therefore, the biology of chondrocytes is critical for understanding cartilage metabolism. One major limitation when studying primary chondrocytes in culture is their loss of phenotype. To overcome this hurdle, limited attempts have been made to develop human chondrocyte cell lines that retain the phenotype for use as a good surrogate model. In this study, we report a novel approach to the establishment and characterization of human articular cartilage‐derived chondrocyte cell lines. Adenoviral infection followed by culture of chondrocytes in 3‐dimensional matrix within 48 h post‐infection maintained the phenotype prior to clonal selection. Cells were then placed in culture either as monolayer, or in 3‐dimensional matrix of alginate or agarose. The clones were characterized by their basal gene expression profile of chondrocyte markers. Based on type II collagen expression, 21 clones were analyzed for gene expression following treatment with IL‐1 or BMP‐7 and compared to similarly stimulated primary chondrocytes. This resulted in selection of two clones that retained the chondrocyte phenotype as evidenced by expression of type II collagen and other extra‐cellular matrix molecules. In addition, one clone (AL‐4‐17) showed similar responses as primary chondrocytes when treated with IL‐1 or BMP‐7. In summary, this report provides a novel procedure to develop human articular cartilage‐derived chondrocyte cell lines, which preserve important characteristics of articular chondrocytes and represent a useful model to study chondrocyte biology. J. Cell. Physiol. 222: 695–702, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibroblasts/myofibroblasts that participate in cutaneous wound healing are not derived from circulating progenitor cells
Authors: Barisic‐Dujmovic Tatjana , Boban Ivana , Clark Stephen H.
Published: December 2009

Dermal fibroblasts/myofibroblasts involved in the wound healing are thought to originate from the resident fibroblast progenitors. To test the hypothesis of an extra dermal origin of the dermal fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, bone marrow (BM) transplantation and parabiosis experiments were initiated utilizing a collagen promoter green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter transgene as a visible marker for dermal fibroblasts/myofibroblasts. BM transplantation experiments using BM from Col3.6GFPsapph transgenic mice showed no evidence that BM derived progenitors differentiated into dermal fibroblasts/myofibroblasts at the wound site. Rather the GFP positive cells (GFP+) observed at the wound site were not dermal fibroblasts/myofibroblasts but immune cells. These GFP+ cells were also detected in the lung and spleen. Furthermore, GFP+ fibroblasts were not detected in primary dermal fibroblast cultures initiated from BM chimeras. Using the same transgenic mice, parabiotic pairs were generated. One partner in the parabiosis carried a GFP expressing transgene while the other partner was a non‐transgenic C57BL/6 mouse. Similar to the BM transplantation experiments, GFP+ immune cells were detected in the wound of the non‐transgenic parabiont, however, GFP expressing dermal fibroblasts/myofibroblasts were not observed. Collectively, these data suggest that dermal fibroblast/myofibroblast progenitors do not readily circulate. The expression of the Col3.6GFPsapph in the hematopoietic cells confirmed that our methods were sensitive enough to detect Col3.6GFP expressing dermal fibroblasts derived from the peripheral circulation if they had originated in the BM. J. Cell. Physiol. 222: 703–712, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal modelling of the chip for the REMS wind sensor
Authors: Kowalski L. , Ricart J. , Jiménez V. , Domínguez M. , Castañer L.
Published: December 2009

The silicon chip designed and fabricated by Micro and Nano Technology Group from Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, which has been delivered to the Rover Environment Monitoring Station project, is the basic sensing element of the wind sensor included on the meteorological station for the Mars rover. The purpose of this article is to describe a thermal modelling analysis of the sensor under the rarefied Martian environment and to assure the sensor ability for reliable wind speed and incidence angle measurements. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiofrequency and microwave ablation of lung tumors
Authors: Abbas Ghulam , Pennathur Arjun , Landreneau Rodney J. , Luketich James D.
Published: December 2009

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer‐related mortality in the United States. Surgical resection remains the standard treatment for early stage, non‐small cell lung cancer, and limited pulmonary metastases. However, many patients with resectable disease have significant co‐morbidities which preclude surgical resection. Radiofrequency and microwave ablation are emerging modalities of treatment for these high‐risk patients. Here, we review the principles, common devices in use, and treatment results of ablative therapy for lung tumors. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:645–650. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biocatalytic Approach for the Synthesis of Glycerol‐Based Macroamphiphiles and their Self‐Assembly to Micellar Nanotransporters
Authors: Gupta Shilpi , Pandey Mukesh K. , Levon Kalle , Haag Rainer , Watterson Arthur C. , Parmar Virinder S. , Sharma Sunil K.
Published: December 2009

Glycerol is one of the most versatile and valuable chemical substances and is utilized in a variety of commercial products with no known adverse pharmacological or environmental effects. Moreover, it exhibits good chemical stability and inertness under biological conditions. We have designed and developed Candida antarctica lipase (CAL B) catalyzed biocatalytic method to synthesize novel polymeric systems using glycerol and poly[ethylene glycol bis(carboxymethyl) ether] dimethylester. Both synthons are biocompatible, non‐toxic, and are readily available. The polymerization occurs regioselectively through the primary hydroxyl groups of glycerol leaving the secondary hydroxyls for post‐polymerization chemical modifications and also for attaching drugs/bioactive molecules. We have utilized these sites for the synthesis of amphiphilic polymers by attaching alkyl chains at the secondary hydroxyl groups simply by acylation. The drug encapsulation abilities of the resulting polymers have been evaluated for potential biomedical applications.

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Use of formal and informal mental health resources by cancer survivors: differences between rural and nonrural survivors and a preliminary test of the theory of planned behavior
Authors: Andrykowski Michael A. , Burris Jessica L.
Published: December 2009

Objective: Previous research has identified rural residence as a risk factor for poorer mental health (MH) outcomes in cancer survivors. This may be due to less use of various MH resources due to poorer access and less favorable attitudes and social norms related to MH resource utilization. The present study sought to examine use of MH resources in rural and nonrural survivors and identify factors associated with MH resource use.

Methods: Cancer survivors (n=113, 1–5 years postdiagnosis) completed a questionnaire packet and telephone interview. Accessibility and postdiagnosis use of various formal and informal MH resources were assessed along with constructs potentially linked to use of MH resources by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB; personal attitude, social norm, perceived behavioral control).

Results: Results indicated no widespread differences between rural and nonrural cancer survivors in MH resource use although some evidence suggested poorer accessibility and less use of mental health professionals and cancer support groups among rural survivors. In general, rural survivors reported less favorable personal attitudes and social norms regarding MH resource use. TPB constructs accounted for a significant portion of variance in use of most MH resources with personal attitudes generally being the strongest predictor of MH resource use.

Conclusions: Additional research is needed to expand the search for factors, particularly modifiable factors, which might account for disparities in MH outcomes between rural and nonrural survivors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous Determination of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate and 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) Method
Authors: Nejad‐Darzi Seyed Karim Hassani , Chaloosi Marzieh , Gholamian Forozan
Published: December 2009

High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) has been used for the simultaneous determination of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT). With this aim, the spots were developed on silica gel 60 F254 layers with petroleum ether–acetone (2 : 1 v/v). Both PETN and TNT compounds were separated from other constituent materials, and were developed at the same speed, by this solvent system. Then ultraviolet (UV) spectra of these materials were recorded with TLC‐scanner3 of CAMAG Company, and partial least squares regression‐2 (PLSR‐2) method was applied for the calibration and quantitative determination of these materials. The figure of merit (FOM) of this method was determined, and the method was applied for the analysis of an artificial sample.
Dinitromethyltetrazole and its Salts – A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Steemann F. Xaver
Published: December 2009

Dinitromethyltetrazole is an easily accessible and highly energetic compound which – due to its acidity – gives rise to a wide range of energetic salts. The present study investigates dinitromethyltetrazole and several of its salts. The compounds were characterized using multinuclear NMR as well as vibrational spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The energetic properties were estimated using the EXPLO5 code and the sensitivities of the compounds were measured.
Aggregation of a multidomain protein: A coagulation mechanism governs aggregation of a model IgG1 antibody under weak thermal stress
Authors: Andersen Christian Beyschau , Manno Mauro , Rischel Christian , Thórólfsson Matthías , Martorana Vincenzo
Published: December 2009

Using an IgG1 antibody as a model system, we have studied the mechanisms by which multidomain proteins aggregate at physiological pH when incubated at temperatures just below their lowest thermal transition. In this temperature interval, only minor changes to the protein conformation are observed. Light scattering consistently showed two coupled phases: an initial fast phase followed by several hours of exponential growth of the scattered intensity. This is the exact opposite of the lag‐time behavior typically observed in protein fibrillation. Dynamic light scattering showed the rapid formation of an aggregate species with a hydrodynamic radius of about 25 nm, which then increased in size throughout the experiment. Theoretical analysis of our light scattering data showed that the aggregate number density goes through a maximum in time providing compelling evidence for a coagulation mechanism in which aggregates fuse together. Both the analysis as well as size‐exclusion chromatography of incubated samples showed the actual increase in aggregate mass to be linear and reach saturation long before all molecules had been converted to aggregates. The CH2 domain is the only domain partly unfolded in the temperature interval studied, suggesting a pivotal role of this least stable domain in the aggregation process. Our results show that for multidomain proteins at temperatures below their thermal denaturation, transient unfolding of a single domain can prime the molecule for aggregation, and that the formation of large aggregates is driven by coagulation.