bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Coming Community of Art Education: Introducing Lesson Blueprinting to Saturday Art
Authors: Holland Kristopher J.
Published: April 2015

This paper chronicles the theory and practice of shifting a Saturday Art Program designed for pre-service teachers that had focused on traditional lesson planning and craft products into a dynamic engagement with the community, contemporary art, and pedagogical inquiry by emphasizing one aspect of this change: lesson blueprinting. Over the past three years, the Saturday Art Program has been re-focused by re-conceptualizing lesson planning, assessment, edTPA issues, the infusion of contemporary art practices, collaborative teaching, and a renewed use of aesthetic theory. All of these trajectories have resulted in creating a new Saturday art community, one that was successful enough to spawn demand for more Saturday art outside of the practicum that continues to serve the community as a space for art inquiry decoupled from teacher training. This essay begins a dialogue about how Saturday art communities across the United States can be more than supplemental art experiences or art-labs for pre-service teacher training and instead become spaces for public debate about what art is and how it can be practiced in different contexts.
Black Faces, White Voices/White Faces, Black Voices: The Implications of “Race Fail” for Community-Based Arts Education
Authors: Chernoff Carolyn
Published: April 2015

This article analyzes the ways that a rhetoric of "community" can reproduce the very racial and economic inequalities community-based arts practitioners seek to address in their practice. Based on multi-sited ethnographic data, this article presents three examples of racialized conflict in community-based art settings to discuss some of the central challenges for predominantly White community-based arts educators as well as formal training programs. The question of how to build classroom community across social difference suggests that silencing dissent or difference in the name of "community" does more harm than good. Deliberate training around power and praxis could help community- based arts educators name and transform lived inequalities in their classrooms and beyond. Best practices include teacher self-education outside of the classroom, and ongoing collaboration with community stakeholders.
Key Issues in Sino-Japanese Relations: Continuity and Change since the Tiananmen Incident
Authors: Yoshifumi Nakai
Published: April 2015

No abstract available. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v4i0.417 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.4 2007: 28-34
Some External Aspects of Mongolia’s Security
Authors: Enkhsaykhan Jargalsaykhany
Published: April 2015

No abstract available. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v4i0.420 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.4 2007: 54-61
One American Educators' Sensitivity to Mongolia
Authors: Kaye Candace
Published: April 2015

No abstract available. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v4i0.423 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs Vol.4 2007: 79-83
Indoor Slope and Edge Detection by Using Two-Dimensional EKF-SLAM with Orthogonal Assumption
Authors: Lv Jixin , Kobayashi Yukinori , Emaru Takanori , Ravankar Ankit A.
Published: April 2015

In an indoor environment, slope and edge detection is an important problem in simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), which is a basic requirement for mobile robot autonomous navigation. Slope detection allows the robot to find areas that are more traversable while the edge detection can prevent robot from falling. Three-dimensional (3D) solutions usually require a large memory and high computational costs. This study proposes an efficient two-dimensional (2D) solution to combine slope and edge detection with a line-segment-based extended Kalman filter SLAM (EKF-SLAM) in a structured indoor area. The robot is designed to use two fixed 2D laser range finders (LRFs) to perform horizontal and vertical scans. With local area orthogonal assumption, the slope and edge are modelled into line segments swiftly from each vertical scan, and then are merged into the EKF-SLAM framework. The EKF-SLAM framework features an optional prediction model that can automatically decide whether the application of iterative closest point (ICP) is necessary to compensate for the dead reckoning error. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is capable of building an accurate 2D map swiftly, which contains crucial information of the edge and slope.
Refinement of welfare through development of a quantitative system for assessment of lifetime experience
Authors: Wolfensohn S , Sharpe S , Hall I , Lawrence S , Kitchen S , Dennis M
Published: April 2015

This paper proposes a system that uses intrinsic study data to provide a clear visualisation of the stresses involved during the animal's life history that can be applied to all types of studies, even those not requiring invasive techniques. Thus, it provides an opportunity for researchers to identify and refine key events which impact on the welfare of an animal, and to explain clearly the totality of any necessary harms when justifying the research. Assessment of animal welfare depends on measurement of a number of parameters which will vary according to species, the animal's environment and the scientific procedure, all of which are inter-related. Currently, there are few tools to assess the effects of lifetime events on welfare or even, in some cases, to recognise that they have an impact on the level of suffering. A matrix to assess the combined effects of environment, experimental and contingent events on welfare has been applied, retrospectively, to programmes of work involving macaques (Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis). Lifetime records, available for animals from their birth in the breeding colony through to experimental use in vaccine efficacy evaluation studies, were analysed as a robust validation test for the assessment matrix and refinement of the way in which information on these events is captured. A meaningful assessment method is required prospectively for project licence applications and retrospectively for licence review or decisions on re-use. The analysis will provide information that would support the application of refinements that would optimally enhance the lives of experimental animals.
The reliability of welfare assessment according to the WelFur-protocol in the nursing period of mink(Neovison vison)is challenged by increasing welfare problems prior to weaning
Authors: Henriksen BIF , Møller SH
Published: April 2015

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the body condition of the mink dam, the frequency of dirty nests, frequency of injuries and diarrhoea change significantly with the day of assessment, post-partum, within the data collection period from parturition to weaning, influencing the scores of WelFur at criteria level, but not at principal level or the overall category of mink(Neovison vison)welfare according to the WelFur-Mink protocol. Data from a representative sample of around 120 dams and litters on four farms were collected three to four times in the period stipulated by the WelFur-Mink protocol. WelFur-scores between 0 (worst) and 100 (best) were calculated, aggregated and compared at criteria and principal level. The score for the criterion, ‘Absence of prolonged hunger’ dropped from 86 to 38 after about five weeks of lactation, affecting the principal score ‘Good feeding’, but not by enough to affect the estimated welfare classification. The score for the three other measures also varied with date of assessment but not enough to affect the classification. However, the observed change in the four measures we focused on indicates that a change in the overall WelFur classification can occur if these or other measures change a little more for the better or worse. Possible solutions to this could be reducing the time window for assessment, development of a valid correction factor or to stratify the visits into an early, middle and late visit on a farm within the three registration periods.
Stress levels in dogs, and its recognition by their handlers, during animal-assisted therapy in a prison
Authors: Koda N , Watanabe G , Miyaji Y , Ishida A , MiyaJi C
Published: April 2015

The stress on dogs and their handlers during animal-assisted therapy in a prison programme was evaluated using questionnaires and measurement of the dogs’ saliva cortisol concentrations before and after the sessions. Their handlers were volunteers who underwent training classes with their pet dogs. Overall, the dogs did not show serious signs of stress in the programme, which was also the impression of their handlers. In most cases, the dogs’ saliva cortisol values decreased following their participation in the sessions. There was an association between the dogs’ stress levels and the handlers’ self-reported stress. In 11% of cases, the dogs were evaluated as stressed during the session, but their saliva cortisol values did not change significantly from before to after the session. Some handlers might have misconstrued their dogs’ behavioural states. Improvement of the dogs’ welfare may be achievable through giving feedback to the handlers to more accurately evaluate their dogs’ behaviours, by strengthening the selection of appropriate units and classes prior the programme, by developing a programme and handling methods less burdensome to the animals, and by enhancing the aftercare of animals when they are stressed in a session. Achievement of these goals would also strengthen the bonds between dogs and handlers, contributing to a more effective programme for clients.
Attitudes of Taiwan veterinarians towards animal welfare
Authors: Wu S-Y , Lai Y-T , Fei C-Y , Jong D-S
Published: April 2015

A survey was carried out to examine the attitudes of veterinarians in Taiwan towards animal welfare issues and current systems related to animal protection. The respondents were asked to express the extent to which they agreed with the importance of the Five Freedoms and relevant education in animal welfare. The survey was sent to 889 veterinarians and the response rate was 34%. According to the findings, veterinarians in Taiwan consider that current animal protection laws in Taiwan, and their relevant systems, are unable to protect animals effectively. They mostly have an uncertain attitude towards the statement that animal welfare can upgrade their professional abilities or enhance their image, in that they have a relative lack of awareness of animal welfare as well as also lacking further understanding of the importance and influence of animal welfare. However, many veterinarians strongly support the content of ‘The Five Freedoms’ and relevant training of animal welfare and ethics. Instead of denying the necessity and importance of the relevant issues, we consider that some veterinarians lack confidence in animal welfare merely because of a lack of relevant training. The results of the survey indicate that providing veterinarians with professional education of animal welfare is the first step which brooks no delay.
Railway Excursion Agents in Britain, 1840–60
Authors: Major Susan
Published: April 2015

Using a range of contemporary press evidence, now searchable online, this article offers new perspectives on the British railway excursion agent in the period 1840–60. It argues that competing forces which were specific to localities shaped the potential for working-class leisure mobility offered by these agents, who might be regarded as social entrepreneurs. The role of Thomas Cook has been re-interpreted, using a case study of excursion agent Henry Marcus.
Stakeholders and Competition in the Transportation of Migrants: Moving Greeks to Australia in the Post-War Era
Authors: Limnios-Sekeris Ioannis
Published: April 2015

This article examines the transportation of Greek emigrants to Australia during the first post-WWII decades, c. 1945–77. It considers the relative politics, the business of transportation, the lived experiences of the emigrants and the discrimination which they faced. It also examines the transportation means offered by the ICEM, and its role in the management of the emigration process. It further highlights the transition from sea to air transportation, the genesis of which can be found during the first decades of the post-war period. This article is supported by a rich archival base (the archives of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the archives of the ICEM Mission in Athens; the National Archives of Australia; the Greek and Australian Press; and personal interviews), which assisted this new angle of research.
GEOBASI: The geochemical Database of Tuscany Region (Italy)
Authors: Raco Brunella , Buccianti Antonella , Corongiu Manuela , Lavorini Guido , Macera Patrizia , Manetti Francesco , Mari Riccardo , Masetti Giulio , Menichetti Stefano , Nisi Barbara , Protano Giuseppe , Romanelli Stefano
Published: April 2015

In this study the new Regional Geochemical Database (RGDB), called GEOBASI, is presented and illustrated in the framework of a joint collaboration among the three Tuscan universities (Florence, Pisa and Siena), CNR-IGG (Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources of Pisa), ARPAT (Regional Agency for the Environmental Protection), LAMMA (Environmental Modelling and Monitoring Laboratory for Sustainable Development) Consortium and S.I.R.A. (Territorial and Environmental Informative System of Tuscany). The database has permitted the construction of a repository where the geochemical information (compositional and isotopic) has been stored in a structured way so that it can be available for different groups of users (e.g. institutional, public and private companies). The information contained in the database can in fact be downloaded freely and queried to correlate geochemistry to other non compositional variables. The first phase of the project was aimed at promoting the use of the geochemical data already available from previous investigations through a powerful Web-GIS interface to implement the exploratory statistics graphical-numerical tools used to: 1) analyse the spatial variability of the investigated context, 2) highlight the geographic location of data pertaining to classes of values or single cases, 3) compare the results of different analytical methodologies applied to the determination of the same element and/or chemical species, 4) extract the geochemical data related to specific monitoring plans and/or geographical areas, and finally 5) recover information about data below the detection limit to understand their impact on the behaviour of the investigated variable. Developments of this project will be focused on the definition of rules and standardized methods in a way that external users could also interactively pursue the RGDB. Furthermore, a detailed investigation of the Scarlino-Follonica plain will permit the improvement and test of statistical and geostatistical methods, using open source software (QGIS and R) to support the process of evaluation of the geochemical baseline.
Groundwater Flow and Transport Model in Cecina Plain (Tuscany, Italy) using GIS processing
Authors: Armellini Riccardo , Baldini Elena , Del Seppia Dario , Franceschini Fabrizio , Gori Natacha , Menichetti Stefano , Tessitore Stefano
Published: April 2015

This work provides a groundwater flow and transport model of trichlorethylene and tetrachlorethylene contamination in the Cecina’s coastal aquifer. The contamination analysis, with source located in the Poggio Gagliardo area (Montescudaio, Pisa), was necessary to optimize the groundwater monitoring and remediation design. The work was carried out in two phases: • design of a conceptual model of the aquifer using GIS analysis of many stratigraphic, chemical and hydrogeological data, collected from 2004 to 2012 in six aqueduct wells; • implementation of a groundwater flow and transport numerical model using the MODFLOW 88/96 and MT3D code and the graphical user interface GroundWaterVistas 5. The conceptual model hypothesizes a multilayer aquifer in the coastal plain extended to the sandy-clay hills, recharged by rainfall and by the Cecina River. The aquifer shows important hydrodynamic features affecting both the contamination spreading, due to the presence of a perched and heavily polluted layer separate from the underlying productive aquifer, and the hydrological balance, due to a thick separation layer that limits exchanges between the river and the second groundwater aquifer. The numerical model, built using increasingly complex versions of the initial conceptual model, has been calibrated using monitoring surveys conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency of Regione Toscana (ARPAT), in order to obtain possible forecast scenarios based on the minimum and maximum flow periods, and it is currently used as a tool for decision support regarding the reclamation and/or protection of the aquifer. Future developments will regard the implementation of the multilayer transport model, based on a new survey, and the final coupling with the regional hydrological model named MOBIDIC.
Numerical modelling in the coastal aquifer between Burlamacca Canal and Bufalina Ditch, southern Versilia (Tuscany, Italy)
Authors: Bravini Gioia , Menichini Matia , Doveri Marco
Published: April 2015

Groundwater numerical models are necessary instruments for management of water resources and for their protection, both in terms of quantity and quality. In this paper we present a study on an area located along the southern coastline of Versilia (Viareggio,LU) affected by marine intrusion. The main purpose of this work was to create a mathematical flow model based on a conceptual hydrogeological model defined by a multidisciplinary approach. For the realization of the numerical model the ModFlow code and the graphic interface Visual ModFlow was used. The procedure for defining the mathematical model involves a series of steps such as horizontal and vertical discretization of the space, the definition of the initial and boundary conditions, the assignment of the hydraulic properties of the cells and, finally, the definitions of external perturbations to the system (recharge, evapotranspiration, drainage and pumping wells). Implementation, development and calibration of the numerical flow model was performed both in steady and transient state. Both models were calibrated using the manual “trial and error adjustment” method using heads measurements. Moreover the model results gathered in transient state simulation were compared with the data continuously recorded by a piezometer of the monitoring network of the Regional Hydrological Service. There is a good correlation between the measured data and those calculated by the model which then turns out to be sufficiently representative and provides a solid basis for the development of a transport model that could be useful to control and manage the phenomenon of the salt water intrusion.
Synaptojanin cooperates in vivo with endophilin through an unexpected mechanism
Authors: Dong Yongming , Gou Yueyang , Li Yi , Liu Yan , Bai Jihong
Published: April 2015

Synaptojanin and endophilin represent a classic pair of endocytic proteins that exhibit coordinated action during rapid synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Current models suggest that synaptojanin activity is tightly associated with endophilin through high-affinity binding between the synaptojanin proline-rich domain (PRD) and the endophilin SH3 domain. Surprisingly, we find that truncated synaptojanin lacking the PRD domain sustains normal synaptic transmission, indicating that synaptojanin's core function in vivo resides in the remaining two domains that contain phosphoinositide-phosphatase activities: an N-terminal Sac1 phosphatase domain and a 5-phosphatase domain. We further show that the Sac1 domain plays an unexpected role in targeting synaptojanin to synapses. The requirement for Sac1 is bypassed by tethering the synaptojanin 5-phophatase to the endophilin membrane-bending Bin–Amphiphysin–Rvs (BAR) domain. Together, our results uncover an unexpected role for the Sac1 domain in vivo in supporting coincident action between synaptojanin and endophilin at synapses.
The preRC protein ORCA organizes heterochromatin by assembling histone H3 lysine 9 methyltransferases on chromatin
Authors: Giri Sumanprava , Aggarwal Vasudha , Pontis Julien , Shen Zhen , Chakraborty Arindam , Khan Abid , Mizzen Craig , Prasanth Kannanganattu V , Ait-Si-Ali Slimane , Ha Taekjip , Prasanth Supriya G
Published: April 2015

Heterochromatic domains are enriched with repressive histone marks, including histone H3 lysine 9 methylation, written by lysine methyltransferases (KMTs). The pre-replication complex protein, origin recognition complex-associated (ORCA/LRWD1), preferentially localizes to heterochromatic regions in post-replicated cells. Its role in heterochromatin organization remained elusive. ORCA recognizes methylated H3K9 marks and interacts with repressive KMTs, including G9a/GLP and Suv39H1 in a chromatin context-dependent manner. Single-molecule pull-down assays demonstrate that ORCA-ORC (Origin Recognition Complex) and multiple H3K9 KMTs exist in a single complex and that ORCA stabilizes H3K9 KMT complex. Cells lacking ORCA show alterations in chromatin architecture, with significantly reduced H3K9 di- and tri-methylation at specific chromatin sites. Changes in heterochromatin structure due to loss of ORCA affect replication timing, preferentially at the late-replicating regions. We demonstrate that ORCA acts as a scaffold for the establishment of H3K9 KMT complex and its association and activity at specific chromatin sites is crucial for the organization of heterochromatin structure.
TRIP13 is a protein-remodeling AAA+ ATPase that catalyzes MAD2 conformation switching
Authors: Ye Qiaozhen , Rosenberg Scott C , Moeller Arne , Speir Jeffrey A , Su Tiffany Y , Corbett Kevin D
Published: April 2015

The AAA+ family ATPase TRIP13 is a key regulator of meiotic recombination and the spindle assembly checkpoint, acting on signaling proteins of the conserved HORMA domain family. Here we present the structure of the Caenorhabditis elegans TRIP13 ortholog PCH-2, revealing a new family of AAA+ ATPase protein remodelers. PCH-2 possesses a substrate-recognition domain related to those of the protein remodelers NSF and p97, while its overall hexameric architecture and likely structural mechanism bear close similarities to the bacterial protein unfoldase ClpX. We find that TRIP13, aided by the adapter protein p31(comet), converts the HORMA-family spindle checkpoint protein MAD2 from a signaling-active ‘closed’ conformer to an inactive ‘open’ conformer. We propose that TRIP13 and p31(comet) collaborate to inactivate the spindle assembly checkpoint through MAD2 conformational conversion and disassembly of mitotic checkpoint complexes. A parallel HORMA protein disassembly activity likely underlies TRIP13's critical regulatory functions in meiotic chromosome structure and recombination.
Error analysis for numerical estimates of space plasma parameters
Authors: Wilson R. J.
Published: April 2015

Many papers estimate space plasma parameters from instrumentation data via a fitting method, such as reduced chi‐square minimization of a model to the data; however, it is currently rare to see uncertainties for those estimates given in the form of error bars or a covariance matrix. This paper seeks to address this issue by providing a simple method that will provide the covariance matrix and therefore uncertainties with little extra computation, no matter how complex the model. Using established “black box” minimization codes will provide a best fit to the data but may not provide the covariance matrix, while others may provide the covariance matrix (providing their settings are tuned appropriately) but tend to locate a best fit vector to near‐machine precision first. Our method allows the fitting to a physically sensible number of decimal places for the instrument yet also provides the covariance matrix with far fewer iterations required to locate the best fit values, greatly decreasing code run time for the fit procedure itself—a great benefit when there are years of data, or multiple spacecraft, to analyze. While the underlying method utilizing the Hessian matrix is not new, the application is currently rarely applied to spacecraft data and this approach is simple to implement. This paper reviews the basic technique and application to data and ends with simple pseudocode that anyone may employ to calculate the covariance matrix for the fitted parameters.
The causal relationship between plasma bubbles and blobs in the low‐latitude F region during a solar minimum
Authors: Kil Hyosub , Kwak Young‐Sil , Lee Woo Kyoung , Miller Ethan S. , Oh Seung‐Jun , Choi Ho‐Sung
Published: April 2015

Plasma density depletions (bubbles) and enhancements (blobs) with respect to the background ionosphere occur at night in the low‐latitude F region. Those phenomena are understood to be either causally linked or independent. The idea of the causal relationship between bubbles and blobs is on the basis of the observations of them in the same longitude. However, the occurrence of bubbles and blobs in the same longitude can also be just a coincidence. We investigate causal linkage of bubbles and blobs using the measurements of the ion density on 5 days in June 2008 and April 2009 by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System and CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload satellites. The observations during the solar minimum show that blobs occur in broader longitudes than do bubbles and occur in any longitudes regardless of the existence of bubbles. These observations indicate that a significant portion of blobs are not associated with bubbles. Even if some blobs are associated with bubbles, those blobs are indistinguishable from those produced by other sources. Therefore, the observations of bubbles and blobs at the same longitudes do not warrant their causal relationship. The independent behavior of bubbles and blobs rather indicates that their occurrences in the same longitudes are mostly coincidences. Considering the frequent occurrence of blobs near midnight, June solstice, and the solar minimum, medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances are likely the major source of blobs. This idea is supported by the observations of blobs with the ionospheric disturbances in broad longitudes and latitudes.
Precipitation over East Asia simulated by NCAR CAM5 at different horizontal resolutions
Authors: Li Jian , Yu Rucong , Yuan Weihua , Chen Haoming , Sun Wei , Zhang Yi
Published: April 2015

Long‐term simulations using version 5.1 of the National Center for Atmospheric Research’ Community Atmosphere Model at low (T42), medium (T106), and high (T266) resolutions were carried out to study the impact of horizontal resolution on the model's performance in reproducing the climatological features of precipitation over East Asia. The simulated spatial pattern of annual mean precipitation amount improves significantly with increased resolution. The low‐resolution model is inadequate to reproduce the precipitation closely associated with fine‐scale orographic forcing, such as the narrow large‐rainfall belt along the southern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The distribution of rainfall over and around the elevation of the Tibetan Plateau and high‐altitude mountains becomes more realistic at higher resolutions. The proportion of the large‐bias (small‐bias) area continuously reduces (increases) when moving from T42 to T266 resolution. Simulations at all three resolutions can capture the key features of the major seasonal variation of rainfall arising from the onset and advancement of the Asian monsoon. A novel method is used to evaluate the sensitivity of the simulated intensity‐frequency structure to the horizontal resolution. The proportion of light rain, which demonstrates large positive bias in climate models, decreases dramatically at higher resolution. The intensity‐frequency structures averaged over steep‐terrain regions and plain areas become more distinctive and realistic as the resolution increases.
Debates—Perspectives on socio‐hydrology: Capturing feedbacks between physical and social processes
Authors: Di Baldassarre Giuliano , Viglione Alberto , Carr Gemma , Kuil Linda , Yan Kun , Brandimarte Luigia , Blöschl Günter
Published: April 2015

In flood risk assessment, there remains a lack of analytical frameworks capturing the dynamics emerging from two‐way feedbacks between physical and social processes, such as adaptation and levee effect. The former, “adaptation effect”, relates to the observation that the occurrence of more frequent flooding is often associated with decreasing vulnerability. The latter, “levee effect”, relates to the observation that the non‐occurrence of frequent flooding (possibly caused by flood protection structures, e.g. levees) is often associated to increasing vulnerability. As current analytical frameworks do not capture these dynamics, projections of future flood risk are not realistic. In this paper, we develop a new approach whereby the mutual interactions and continuous feedbacks between floods and societies are explicitly accounted for. Moreover, we show an application of this approach by using a socio‐hydrological model to simulate the behavior of two main prototypes of societies: green societies, which cope with flooding by resettling out of flood‐prone areas; and technological societies, which deal with flooding also by building levees or dikes. This application shows that the proposed approach is able to capture and explain the aforementioned dynamics (i.e. adaptation and levee effect) and therefore contribute to a better understanding of changes in flood risk, within an iterative process of theory development and empirical research.
Changes in erosion and flooding risk due to long‐term and cyclic oceanographic trends
Authors: Wahl Thomas , Plant Nathaniel G.
Published: April 2015

We assess temporal variations in waves and sea level, which are driving factors for beach erosion and coastal flooding in the northern Gulf of Mexico. We find that long‐term trends in the relevant variables have caused an increase of ~30% in the erosion/flooding risk since the 1980s. Changes in the wave climate—which have often been ignored in earlier assessments—were at least as important as sea level rise (SLR). In the next decades, SLR will likely become the dominating driver and may in combination with ongoing changes in the wave climate (and depending on the emission scenario) escalate the erosion/flooding risk by up to 300% over the next 30 years. We also find significant changes in the seasonal cycles of sea level and significant wave height, which have in combination caused a considerable increase of the erosion/flooding risk in summer and decrease in winter relative to long‐term trends.
Two‐dimensional configuration of the magnetotail current sheet: THEMIS observations
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Petrukovich A. A. , Nakamura R. , Zelenyi L. M.
Published: April 2015

In this paper we investigate 2‐D configuration of the magnetotail current sheet. We use measurements of magnetic field and plasma parameters by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission in 2008–2009 to restore for the first time the current sheet configuration at three distances downtail (i.e., in the corresponding locations of THEMIS spacecraft:x<− 25RE,x∼− 17RE, andx∼− 10RE). The vertical velocity of current sheets (flapping motion) allows estimating the current sheet thicknessL(x) and the current densityj0(x)≈(c/4π)B0/L, whereB0(x) is the amplitude ofBxfield. We have shown that the current sheet configuration is more or less stable (spacecraft observe the same current sheet thickness and magnetic field amplitudes for successive crossings of the neutral plane) for time intervals around 1–3 h. The typical 2‐D configuration of the magnetotail current sheet assumes the increase ofL(x) and magnetic fieldsB0(x),Bz(x) toward the Earth, while the ratioBz/B0is almost constant along the magnetotail. Observed current sheets are very stretched with the typical scale ofBz(x) inhomogeneityLx≫LB0/2Bz. We compare obtained results with existing current sheet models.
Debates—Perspectives on socio‐hydrology: Modeling flood risk as a public policy problem
Authors: Gober Patricia , Wheater Howard S.
Published: April 2015

Socio‐hydrology views human activities as endogenous to water system dynamics; it is the interaction between human and biophysical processes that threatens the viability of current water systems through positive feedbacks and unintended consequences. Di Baldassarre et al. implement socio‐hydrology as a flood risk problem using the concept of social memory as a vehicle to link human perceptions to flood damage. Their mathematical model has heuristic value in comparing potential flood damages in green versus technological societies. It can also support communities in exploring the potential consequences of policy decisions and evaluating critical policy tradeoffs, for example, between flood protection and economic development. The concept of social memory does not, however, adequately capture the social processes whereby public perceptions are translated into policy action, including the pivotal role played by the media in intensifying or attenuating perceived flood risk, the success of policy entrepreneurs in keeping flood hazard on the public agenda during short windows of opportunity for policy action, and different societal approaches to managing flood risk that derive from cultural values and economic interests. We endorse the value of seeking to capture these dynamics in a simplified conceptual framework, but favor a broader conceptualization of socio‐hydrology that includes a knowledge exchange component, including the way modeling insights and scientific results are communicated to floodplain managers. The social processes used to disseminate the products of socio‐hydrological research are as important as the research results themselves in determining whether modeling is used for real‐world decision making.
Adaptive PI secondary control for smart autonomous microgrid systems
Authors: Mahmoud Magdi S. , Hussain S. Azher
Published: April 2015

In this paper, the authors present a neural‐network‐based distributed secondary control to regulate the output voltage and frequency of a smart autonomous microgrid system. Generally, the secondary controller is implemented in a centralized manner using a fixed‐gain proportional‐plus‐integral controller which may perform well under certain operating conditions only. Also the failure of centralized controller implies no secondary control action for the entire system. The control technique proposed in this paper is a distributed one and makes use of neural network (NN) concept to improve the performance of system. A well‐trained NN supplies the controller with suitable gains according to each operating point. Before training the NN, evolutionary optimization technique, differential evolution, is employed to obtain the optimal gains of controller at each operating load condition which forms the training set for NN. Simulation results show that the proposed controller damps the oscillations caused by load changes, restores the output voltage and frequency of the system to their nominal values, and maintains proper load sharing property of the baseline controller. The performance of the controller is also compared with fixed‐gain controller. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social Capital among Members in Grain Marketing Cooperatives of Different Sizes
Authors: Feng Li , Friis Anna , Nilsson Jerker
Published: April 2015

According to social capital theory, small cooperatives with simple business operations have more social capital in their membership than large, complex cooperatives. The geographical and social proximity among members, and between members and leadership, fosters social capital. This proposition is investigated empirically using data from member surveys in three Swedish farm supply and grain marketing cooperatives that vary greatly in size, from about 36,000 to 1,600 and 150 members. The findings strongly support the view that the smaller the cooperative, the higher the social capital, expressed in terms of members’ involvement, trust, satisfaction, and loyalty.
The Interdigital Brace and Other Grips for Termite Nest Perforation by Chimpanzees of the Goualougo Triangle, Republic of Congo
Authors: Lesnik Julie J. , Sanz Crickette M. , Morgan David B.
Published: April 2015

Studies of chimpanzee termite foraging enlighten our understanding of early hominin tool use not only by modeling the cognitive ability of our ancestors but also by emphasizing the possible role of social insects in the hominin diet. The chimpanzees of the Goualougo Triangle are known to have one of the largest and most complex tool repertoires reported for wild chimpanzees. One tool set habitually used by this population includes a perforating tool to penetrate the hard outer crust of elevated termite nests before fishing for termite prey with an herbaceous stem. Here, we report the variation present in the grips used on the perforating tool. Our analysis of video recordings of chimpanzee visitation to termite nests over a 3‐year period shows that these chimpanzees use a variety of grips to navigate the challenges encountered in opening a termite nest. For situations in which the soil is most hardened, perforating requires force and a power grip is often used. When the soil in the passageway is loose, precision grips are suitable for the task. One of the preferred grips reported here is an interdigital brace, which has previously been described in studies of how some people hold a pencil. In this study, for the first time, the interdigital brace has been thoroughly described for chimpanzees. The various strategies and grips used during perforation emphasize the importance of termites as a nutritional resource that should be considered more strongly as a food used by early hominins. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:252–259, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Moiré superlattice effects in graphene/boron‐nitride van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Wallbank John R. , Mucha‐Kruczyński Marcin , Chen Xi , Fal'ko Vladimir I.
Published: April 2015

Van der Waals heterostructures of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride feature a moiré superlattice for graphene's Dirac electrons. Here, we review the effects generated by this superlattice, including a specific miniband structure featuring gaps and secondary Dirac points, and a fractal spectrum of magnetic minibands known as Hofstadter's butterfly.

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Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Using a Neutral π Radical as Emitter: The Emission from a Doublet
Authors: Peng Qiming , Obolda Ablikim , Zhang Ming , Li Feng
Published: April 2015

Triplet harvesting is a main challenge in organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs), because the radiative decay of the triplet is spin‐forbidden. Here, we propose a new kind of OLED, in which an organic open‐shell molecule, (4‐N‐carbazolyl‐2,6‐dichlorophenyl)bis(2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl)methyl (TTM‐1Cz) radical, is used as an emitter, to circumvent the transition problem of triplet. For TTM‐1Cz, there is only one unpaired electron in the highest singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO). When this electron is excited to the lowest singly unoccupied molecular orbital (SUMO), the SOMO is empty. Thus, transition back of the excited electron to the SOMO is totally spin‐allowed. Spectral analysis showed that electroluminescence of the OLED originated from the electron transition between SUMO and SOMO. The magneto‐electroluminescence measurements revealed that the spin configuration of the excited state of TTM‐1Cz is a doublet. Our results pave a new way to obtain 100 % internal quantum efficiency of OLEDs.
TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR Bmsage PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN SILK GLAND GENERATION IN SILKWORM, Bombyx mori
Authors: Xin Hu‐hu , Zhang Deng‐pan , Chen Rui‐ting , Cai Zi‐zheng , Lu Yan , Liang Shuang , Miao Yun‐gen
Published: April 2015

Salivary gland secretion is altered in Drosophila embryos with loss of function of the sage gene. Saliva has a reduced volume and an increased electron density according to transmission electron microscopy, resulting in regions of tube dilation and constriction with intermittent tube closure. However, the precise functions of Bmsage in silkworm (Bombyx mori) are unknown, although its sequence had been deposited in SilkDB. From this, Bmsage is inferred to be a transcription factor that regulates the synthesis of silk fibroin and interacts with another silk gland‐specific transcription factor, namely, silk gland factor‐1. In this study, we introduced a germline mutation of Bmsage using the Cas9/sgRNA system, a genome‐editing technology, resulting in deletion of Bmsage from the genome of B. mori. Of the 15 tested samples, seven displayed alterations at the target site. The mutagenesis efficiency was about 46.7% and there were no obvious off‐target effects. In the screened homozygous mutants, silk glands developed poorly and the middle and posterior silk glands (MSG and PSG) were absent, which was significantly different from the wild type. The offspring of G0 mosaic silkworms had indel mutations causing 2‐ or 9‐bp deletions at the target site, but exhibited the same abnormal silk gland structure. Mutant larvae containing different open‐reading frames of Bmsage had the same silk gland phenotype. This illustrated that the mutant phenotype was due to Bmsage knockout. We conclude that Bmsage participates in embryonic development of the silk gland.
Anatomy and humanity: Examining the effects of a short documentary film and first anatomy laboratory experience on medical students
Authors: Dosani Farah , Neuberger Lindsay
Published: April 2015

Medical students begin their education inside a laboratory dissecting cadavers to learn human gross anatomy. Many schools use the course experience as a way to instill empathy and some have begun integrating video and recorded interviews with body donors to humanize the experience, but their impact has yet to be measured. This study examines the effects of a brief documentary film and the initial cadaver encounter on student perceptions and attitudes towards the laboratory experience. A pre‐test, exposure, post‐test design was used with 77 first‐year medical students at the University of Central Florida. A previously validated questionnaire was adapted to measure attitudes, emotions, initial reaction to cadaver, perception of the donor as a person, and impressions of the film. An online questionnaire was completed before the first day of laboratory, in which students watched the film Anatomy and Humanity and handled their respective cadavers (no dissection was performed). The post‐test was administered immediately following the activities of the first laboratory day. Results indicate an increase in negative attitudes towards dissection, but a more positive initial reaction to the cadaver than originally anticipated. Students also experienced a decrease in emotions like sadness and guilt regarding anatomy laboratory and were less likely to view the cadaver as a once‐living person. Findings suggest a higher comfort level, but also greater detachment toward the cadavers from day one despite the video intervention. These results provide novel insight that may aid other interventions aimed at promoting humanism in the anatomy laboratory experience. Anat Sci Educ. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists.
Nanoscale Zero‐Valent Iron Particles Supported on Reduced Graphene Oxides by Using a Plasma Technique and Their Application for Removal of Heavy‐Metal Ions
Authors: Li Jie , Chen Changlun , Zhang Rui , Wang Xiangke
Published: April 2015

Nanoscale zero‐valent iron particles supported on reduced graphene oxides (NZVI/rGOs) from spent graphene oxide (GO)‐bound iron ions were developed by using a hydrogen/argon plasma reduction method to improve the reactivity and stability of NZVI. The NZVI/rGOs exhibited excellent water treatment performance with excellent removal capacities of 187.16 and 396.37 mg g−1 for chromium and lead, respectively. Moreover, the NZVI/rGOs could be regenerated by plasma treatment and maintained high removal ability after four cycles. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis results implied that the removal mechanisms could be attributed to adsorption/precipitation, reduction, or both. Such multiple removal mechanisms by the NZVI/rGOs were attributed to the reduction ability of the NZVI particles and the role of dispersing and stabilizing abilities of the rGOs. The results indicated that the NZVI/rGOs prepared by a hydrogen/argon plasma reduction method might be an effective composite for heavy‐metal‐ion removal.
Hardness Alternation in α,ω‐Alkanedicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Mishra Manish Kumar , Ramamurty Upadrasta , Desiraju Gautam R.
Published: April 2015

The variation of hardness as a function of the number of carbon atoms in α,ω‐alkanedicarboxylic acids, CNH2N−2O4 (4≤N≤9), was examined by recourse to nanoindentation on the major faces of single crystals. Hardness exhibits odd–even alternation, with the odd acids being softer and the even ones harder; the differences decrease with increasing chain length. These variations are similar to those seen for other mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of these diacids. The softness of odd acids is rationalized due to strained molecular conformations in them, which facilitate easier plastic deformation. Relationships between structural features, such as interplanar spacing, interlayer separation distance, molecular chain length, and signatures of the nanoindentation responses, namely, discrete displacement bursts, were also examined. Shear sliding of molecular layers past each other during indentation is key to the mechanism for plastic deformation in these organic crystals.
CHOgenome.org 2.0: Genome resources and website updates
Authors: Kremkow Benjamin G. , Baik Jong Youn , MacDonald Madolyn L. , Lee Kelvin H.
Published: April 2015

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are a major host cell line for the production of therapeutic proteins, and CHO cell and Chinese hamster (CH) genomes have recently been sequenced using next‐generation sequencing methods. CHOgenome.org was launched in 2011 (version 1.0) to serve as a database repository and to provide bioinformatics tools for the CHO community. CHOgenome.org (version 1.0) maintained GenBank CHO‐K1 genome data, identified CHO‐omics literature, and provided a CHO‐specific BLAST service. Recent major updates to CHOgenome.org (version 2.0) include new sequence and annotation databases for both CHO and CH genomes, a more user‐friendly website, and new research tools, including a proteome browser and a genome viewer. CHO cell‐line specific sequences and annotations facilitate cell line development opportunities, several of which are discussed. Moving forward, CHOgenome.org will host the increasing amount of CHO‐omics data and continue to make useful bioinformatics tools available to the CHO community.