bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental costs of buildings: monetary valuation of ecological indicators for the building industry
Authors: Schneider-Marin Patricia , Lang Werner
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Building life cycle assessment (LCA) draws on a number of indicators, including primary energy (PE) demand and global warming potential (GWP). A method of constructing a composite index of weighted individual indicators facilitates their use in comparisons and optimization of buildings, but a standard for weighting has not been established. This study investigates the use of monetary valuation of building LCA results as a way to weigh, aggregate, and compare results.

Methods

A set of six recent German office buildings served as a case study. For these, standard LCA and life cycle cost (LCC) calculations were conducted. Monetary valuation models from the literature were investigated as a basis for evaluation. From these, maximum and minimum valuation was chosen and applied to the LCA results for the embedded impacts of the case study buildings. The buildings’ environmental costs (EC) were thereafter calculated and contributions of single impacts are analyzed. The EC—based on external costs—are subsequently compared with the life cycle costs (LCC)—based on market prices—of the respective buildings.

Results and discussion

Of the five standard environmental indicators used in Germany, GWP contributes approximately 80 to 95% of the overall EC. Acidification potential (AP) is the second largest contributor with up to 18%. Eutrophication (EP), photochemical oxidization (POCP), and ozone depletion potential (ODP) contribute less than 2.0%, 1.05%, and 2.4E−6% respectively. An additional assessment of the contribution of resource depletion to EC shows an impact at least as large as the impact of GWP. The relation between the EC and LCC strongly depends on the EC model used: if EC are internalized, they add between 1 and 37% to the life cycle costs of the buildings. Varying construction materials for a case study building shows that materials with low GWP have the potential to lower environmental costs significantly without a trade-off in favor of other indicators.

Conclusions

Despite their sensitivity to the monetary valuation model used, EC provide an indication that GWP and resource depletion—followed by AP—are the most relevant of the environmental indicators currently considered for the construction industry. Monetary valuation of environmental impacts is a valuable tool for comparisons of different buildings and design options and provides an effective and valuable way of communicating LCA results to stakeholders.
The ENIGMA sports injury working group:– an international collaboration to further our understanding of sport-related brain injury
Authors: Koerte Inga K. , Esopenko Carrie , Hinds Sidney R. , Shenton Martha E. , Bonke Elena M. , Bazarian Jeffrey J. , Bickart Kevin C. , Bigler Erin D. , Bouix Sylvain , Buckley Thomas A. , Choe Meeryo C. , Echlin Paul S. , Gill Jessica , Giza Christopher C. , Hayes Jasmeet , Hodges Cooper B. , Irimia Andrei , Johnson Paula K. , Kenney Kimbra , Levin Harvey S. , Lin Alexander P. , Lindsey Hannah M. , Lipton Michael L. , Max Jeffrey E. , Mayer Andrew R. , Meier Timothy B. , Merchant-Borna Kian , Merkley Tricia L. , Mills Brian D. , Newsome Mary R. , Porfido Tara , Stephens Jaclyn A. , Tartaglia Maria Carmela , Ware Ashley L. , Zafonte Ross D. , Zeineh Michael M. , Thompson Paul M. , Tate David F. , Dennis Emily L. , Wilde Elisabeth A. , Baron David
Published: July 2020

Sport-related brain injury is very common, and the potential long-term effects include a wide range of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, and potentially neurodegeneration. Around the globe, researchers are conducting neuroimaging studies on primarily homogenous samples of athletes. However, neuroimaging studies are expensive and time consuming, and thus current findings from studies of sport-related brain injury are often limited by small sample sizes. Further, current studies apply a variety of neuroimaging techniques and analysis tools which limit comparability among studies. The ENIGMA Sports Injury working group aims to provide a platform for data sharing and collaborative data analysis thereby leveraging existing data and expertise. By harmonizing data from a large number of studies from around the globe, we will work towards reproducibility of previously published findings and towards addressing important research questions with regard to diagnosis, prognosis, and efficacy of treatment for sport-related brain injury. Moreover, the ENIGMA Sports Injury working group is committed to providing recommendations for future prospective data acquisition to enhance data quality and scientific rigor.
Structure Refinement Upon Ultrasonic Melt Treatment in a DC Casting Launder
Authors: Subroto Tungky , Eskin Dmitry G. , Beckwith Christopher , Skalicky Ivan , Roberts Dan , Tzanakis Iakovos , Pericleous Koulis
Published: July 2020

This work focuses on ultrasonic melt treatment (UST) in a launder upon pilot-scale direct chill (DC) casting of 152-mm-diameter billets from an AA6XXX alloy with Zr addition. Two casting temperatures (650°C and 665°C) were used to assess their effect on the resulting microstructure (grain size, particle size, and number density).
Structure refinement results show the feasibility of UST in the DC casting launder. This is quantified through the corresponding reduction of grain size by around 50% in the billet center, or more towards the billet surface, reduction of the average Al3Zr particle size, and increase in the particle number density. A higher Al3Zr particle density was obtained when the alloy was cast at 665°C. Numerical simulation results and suggestions on how to improve the treatment quality of UST in DC casting launder are also provided.
Work Disability in Axial Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Nikiphorou Elena , Ramiro Sofia
Published: July 2020

Purpose of Review

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that typically affects people of working age. Work-related outcomes are therefore important to study, both from an individual but also a societal perspective. Through this review of the literature, we explore the impact of axSpA on key work outcomes including work and productivity loss and predictors for these.

Recent Findings

Recent evidence confirms that axSpA is associated with substantial consequences on the ability to work. Reassuringly, early treatment and use of biologics have been associated with improved wok outcomes highlighting the importance of prompt diagnosis and management. High disease activity, labour-intensive jobs, poor physical function and impaired spinal mobility are among identified predictors of adverse work outcomes in axSpA.

The impact of axSpA on work outcomes is considerable and necessitates optimal intervention, including suppression of disease activity, to enhance people’s chances of remaining in work.
Coronary physiology before and after chronic total occlusion treatment: what does it tell us?
Authors: Keulards D. C. J. , Vlaar P. J. , Wijnbergen I. , Pijls N. H. J. , Teeuwen K.
Published: July 2020

Studies performed in the last two decades demonstrate that after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of a chronically occluded coronary artery, the physiology of the chronic total occlusion (CTO) vessel and dependent microvasculature does not normalise immediately but improves significantly over time. Generally, there is an increase in fractional flow reserve (FFR) in the CTO artery, a decrease in collateral blood supply and an increase in FFR in the donor artery accompanied by an increase in blood flow and decrease in microvascular resistance in the myocardium supplied by the CTO vessel. Analogous to these physiological changes, positive remodelling of the distal CTO artery also occurs over time, and intravascular imaging can be helpful for analysing distal vessel parameters. Follow-up coronary angiography with physiological measurements after several weeks to months can be helpful and informative in a subset of patients in order to decide upon the necessity for treatment of residual coronary artery stenosis in the vessel distal to the CTO or in the contralateral donor artery, as well as in deciding whether stent optimisation is indicated. We suggest that such physiological guidance of CTO procedures avoids unnecessary overtreatment during the initial procedure, guides interventions at follow-up, and improves our understanding of what PCI in CTO means.
Single-Mode Modified Tapered Fiber Structure Functionalized With GO-PVA Composite Layer for Relative Humidity Sensing
Authors: Syuhada Aneez , Shamsudin Muhammad Salleh , Daud Suzairi , Krishnan Ganesan , Harun Sulaiman Wadi , Aziz Muhammad Safwan Abd.
Published: July 2020

A sensitive tapered optical fiber sensor incorporating graphene oxide (GO) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite film for the rapid measurement of changes in relative humidity was proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensing principle was based on the intensity modulation of the transmitted light induced by the refractive index changes of the sensitive coatings. The sensing region was obtained by tapering a section of single-mode optical fiber (SMF) from its original 125 µm diameter down to 9.03 µm. The tapered structure was then modified through deposition of GO/PVA nanocomposites by using the dip-coating technique. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the structure of the composite film. As evidenced by a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, the presence of oxygen functional groups (such as −OH and COOH) on the GO structure enabled the attachment of PVA molecules through hydrogen bonding and strong adhesion between GO/PVA layers. The performance of the sensor was tested over a wide range (20%RH to 99.9%RH) of relative humidity. The sensor showed a good response with its signal increasing linearly with the surrounding humidity. The tapered optical fiber sensor with the coating of GO/0.3g PVA achieved the highest sensitivity [0.5290RH (%)]. The stability, repeatability, reversibility, as well as response time of the designated sensor were also measured and analyzed.
Ultrasound evaluation of varicoceles: systematic literature review and rationale of the ESUR-SPIWG Guidelines and Recommendations
Authors:   Members of the ESUR-SPIWG WG, Bertolotto Michele , Freeman Simon , Richenberg Jonathan , Belfield Jane , Dogra Vikram , Huang Dean Y. , Lotti Francesco , Markiet Karolina , Nikolic Olivera , Ramanathan Subramaniyan , Ramchandani Parvati , Rocher Laurence , Secil Mustafa , Sidhu Paul S. , Skrobisz Katarzyna , Studniarek Michal , Tsili Athina , Turgut Ahmet Tuncay , Pavlica Pietro , Derchi Lorenzo E.
Published: July 2020

Although often asymptomatic and detected incidentally, varicocele is a relatively common problem in patients who seek medical attention for infertility problems. Ultrasound (US) is the imaging modality of choice for evaluation, but there is no consensus on the diagnostic criteria, classification, and examination technique. In view of this uncertainty, the Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR-SPIWG) undertook a systematic review of the available literature on this topic, to use as the basis for evidence-based guidelines and recommendations. This paper provides the results of the systematic review on which guidelines were constructed.
A Comprehensive Review of Peri-implantitis Risk Factors
Authors: Hashim Dena , Cionca Norbert
Published: July 2020

Purpose of Review

This is a comprehensive narrative review aimed at identifying relevant risk factors associated with peri-implantitis.

Recent Findings

Recent studies suggest that water pipes and electronic cigarettes present potentially significant risk factors for peri-implantitis. In addition, we have recently appreciated that the release of titanium particles into the peri-implant tissues is associated with inflammation and disease progression. Yet the question remains as to whether these factors could be sole or major causes of peri-implantitis, or merely additional factors contributing to the aggravation of the disease. Furthermore, the use of zirconia implants does not prevent the development of peri-implantitis, but it has been associated with lower inflammation and marginal bone resorption.

Established peri-implantitis risk factors include periodontal disease, lack of maintenance, cigarette and smokeless tobacco use, hyperglycaemia and obesity. Local risk factors include inadequate plaque control, mucositis, implant’s malposition and poorly designed prostheses or presence of excess cement. Potential risk factors requiring additional research include genetic and systemic conditions, high doses of bisphosphonates and hormonal replacement therapy. Occlusal overload, lack of keratinised tissue and local presence of titanium particles seem to aggravate peri-implant disease, but studies are still required prior to drawing definitive conclusions.
Die Messung der Fähigkeit zur Unterrichtsplanung im Fach Physik mit Hilfe eines standardisierten Performanztests
Authors: Schröder Jan , Riese Josef , Vogelsang Christoph , Borowski Andreas , Buschhüter David , Enkrott Patrick , Kempin Maren , Kulgemeyer Christoph , Reinhold Peter , Schecker Horst
Published: July 2020

Die Unterrichtsplanung stellt eine zentrale berufliche Anforderung an (Physik‑)Lehrkräfte dar. Bereits im Lehramtsstudium sollen grundlegende Fähigkeiten zur Unterrichtsplanung erworben und im Rahmen von schulpraktischen Phasen erprobt bzw. erweitert werden. Unklar ist jedoch, inwieweit das professionelle Wissen, das Lehramtsstudierende in ihren fachlichen, fachdidaktischen und erziehungswissenschaftlichen Studienteilen erwerben, tatsächlich bei der Planung von Fachunterricht genutzt wird. Ebenso gibt es nur punktuelle Erkenntnisse über die Entwicklung der Fähigkeit zur Unterrichtsplanung im Lehramtsstudium. Um diese Fragen zu klären, sind Messverfahren erforderlich, die die Fähigkeiten zur Unterrichtsplanung valide erfassen können und die gleichzeitig ökonomisch auswertbar sind, um Fallzahlen realisieren zu können, die auch kleine Effekte auflösen. Bisherige Ansätze, die reale Handlungsproben der Unterrichtsplanung (z. B. schriftliche Unterrichtsentwürfe) untersuchen, stehen vor der methodischen Herausforderung, dass die Generierung eines Fähigkeitsmaßes höchst anspruchsvoll ist, da reale Planungen individuell sehr unterschiedlich angelegt sind und vielen Randbedingungen unterliegen, die statistisch kaum kontrollierbar sind. In diesem Beitrag wird daher ein sogenannter Performanztest zur Erfassung der Fähigkeit zur Unterrichtsplanung vorgestellt und diskutiert. Ein Performanztest ist ein Verfahren, in dem in einem realitätsnahen Setting Handlungen unter standardisierten Rahmenbedingungen simuliert werden. Neben der theoriegeleiteten Entwicklung des Instruments und Vorstudien zur Sammlung von Validitätsargumenten werden auch erste Ergebnisse dargestellt, die aus Erhebungen vor und nach einem Praxissemester an vier Universitäten in drei Bundesländern resultieren (N = 174 Unterrichtsplanungen). Dabei stellt sich das Testverfahren als ausreichend sensitiv heraus, um fürN = 68 Testpersonen (ca. 20 % Dropout) erwartungstreu eine signifikante Zunahme des Testscores während des Praxissemesters, welches als Lerngelegenheit angenommen werden kann, zu messen.
Influence of different biomass ash additive on anthracite pyrolysis process and char gasification reactivity
Authors: Li Xiaoming , Yang Caifeng , Liu Mengjie , Bai Jin , Li Wen
Published: July 2020

Catalytic coal gasification technology shows prominent advantages in enhancing coal gasification reactivity and is restrained by the cost of catalyst. Two typical biomass ash additions, corn stalk ash (CSA, high K–Na and low Si) and poplar sawdust ash (PSA, high K–Ca and high Si), were employed to study the influence of biomass ash on pyrolysis process and char gasification reactivity of the typical anthracite. Microstructure characteristics of the char samples were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Based on isothermal char-CO2 gasification experiments, the influence of biomass ash on reactivity of anthracite char was determined using thermogravimetric analyzer. Furthermore, structural parameters were correlated with different reactivity parameters to illustrate the crucial factor on the gasification reactivity varied with char reaction stages. The results indicate that both CSA and PSA additives hinder the growth of adjacent basic structural units in a vertical direction of the carbon structure, and then slow down the graphitization process of the anthracite during pyrolysis. The inhibition effect is more prominent with the increasing of biomass ash. In addition, the gasification reactivity of anthracite char is significantly promoted, which could be mainly attributed to the abundant active AAEM (especially K and Na) contents of biomass ash and a lower graphitization degree of mixed chars. Higher K and Na contents illustrate that the CSA has more remarkable promotion effect on char gasification reactivity than PSA, in accordance with the inhibition effect on the order degree of anthracite char. The stacking layer number could reasonably act as a rough indicator for evaluating the gasification reactivity of the char samples.
Correction to: Global Justice Index Report
Authors: Gu Yanfeng , Qin Xuan , Wang Zhongyuan , Zhang Chunman , Guo Sujian
Published: July 2020

The article “Global Justice Index Report”, written by Yanfeng Gu.
Intestinal drug transporters in pathological states: an overview
Authors: Drozdzik Marek , Czekawy Izabela , Oswald Stefan , Drozdzik Agnieszka
Published: July 2020

Emerging information suggests that gastrointestinal and systemic pathology states may affect expression and function of membrane transporters in the gastrointestinal tract. Altered status of the transporters could affect drug as well as endogenous compounds handling with subsequent clinical consequences. It seems that in some pathologies, e.g., liver or kidney failure, changes in the intestinal transporter function provide compensatory functions, eliminating substrates excreted by dysfunctional organs. A literature search was conducted on Ovid and Pubmed databases to select relevant in vitro, animal and human studies that have reported expression, protein abundance and function of intestinal drug transporters. The accumulated data suggest that gastrointestinal pathology (inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, cholestasis) as well as systemic pathologies (kidney failure, liver failure, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, obesity, diabetes mellitus, systemic inflammation and Alzheimer disease) may affect drug transporter expression and function in the gastrointestinal tract. The altered status of drug transporters may provide compensatory activity in handling endogenous compounds, affect local drug actions in the gastrointestinal tract as well as impact drug bioavailability.

Graphic abstract
New insights into the pathogenesis of Peyronie's disease: A narrative review
Authors: Krakhotkin Denis V. , Chernylovskyi Volodymyr A. , Mottrie Alexandre , Greco Francesco , Bugaev Ruslan A.
Published: July 2020

Peyronie’s disease (PD) is a benign, progressive fibrotic disorder characterized by scar or plaques within the tunica albuginea (TA) of the penis. This study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of PD based on data from different studies regarding the roles of cytokines, cell signaling pathways, biochemical mechanisms, genetic factors responsible for fibrogenesis. A growing body of literature has shown that PD is a chronically impaired, localized, wound healing process within the TA and the Smith space. It is caused by the influence of different pathological stimuli, most often the effects of mechanical stress during sexual intercourse in genetically sensitive individuals with unusual anatomical TA features, imbalanced matrix metalloproteinase/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (MMP/TIMP), and suppressed antioxidant systems during chronic inflammation. Other intracellular signal cascades are activated during fibrosis along with low expression levels of their negative regulators and transforming growth factor‐β1 signaling. The development of multikinase agents with minimal side effects that can block several signal cell pathways would significantly improve fibrosis in PD tissues by acting on common downstream mediators.
Supporting multi-point fan design with dimension reduction
Authors: Seshadri P. , Yuchi S. , Parks G.T. , Shahpar S.
Published: July 2020

Motivated by the idea of turbomachinery active subspace performance maps, this paper studies dimension reduction in turbomachinery 3D CFD simulations. First, we show that these subspaces exist across different blades—under the same parametrisation—largely independent of their Mach number or Reynolds number. This is demonstrated via a numerical study on three different blades. Then, in an attempt to reduce the computational cost of identifying a suitable dimension reducing subspace, we examine statistical sufficient dimension reduction methods, including sliced inverse regression, sliced average variance estimation, principal Hessian directions and contour regression. Unsatisfied by these results, we evaluate a new idea based on polynomial variable projection—a non-linear least-squares problem. Our results using polynomial variable projection clearly demonstrate that one can accurately identify dimension reducing subspaces for turbomachinery functionals at a fraction of the cost associated with prior methods. We apply these subspaces to the problem of comparing design configurations across different flight points on a working line of a fan blade. We demonstrate how designs that offer a healthy compromise between performance at cruise and sea-level conditions can be easily found by visually inspecting their subspaces.
Material Suitability Testing for Nonmedical Grade Community Face Masks to Decrease Viral Transmission During a Pandemic
Authors: Varallyay Csanad , Li Ningcheng (Peter) , Case Brendan , Wolf Bryan
Published: July 2020

Objectives:

Cloth face covering has been recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to decrease community viral transmission. This study aims to determine the filtration efficiency and airflow resistance of common household materials available for homemade mask production by comparing numbers of fabrics, various layers, and manipulation.

Methods:

Common household woven, knitted, and nonwoven fabrics were tested for filtration efficiency using a fit testing setup and airflow resistance with pressure gauge setup. Three different levels of layering (1, 2, and 4) were tested. Some fabric material was further tested after washing and drying. Filtration performance, the area under the fitted curve comparing airflow resistance and filtration efficiency, was calculated for each fabric material and compared.

Results:

Layering increased filtration efficiency and airflow resistance (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Polyester felt demonstrated the highest filtration performance index (P < 0.0001), higher than all tested 100% cotton materials (all P < 0.05) as well as surgical masks (P < 0.05). Washing plus drying did not alter filtration performance significantly (P > 0.05).

Conclusions:

A filtration performance of common household fabrics were compared. Homemade mask designers and producers will have improved data to better balance effectiveness, availability, and comfort with the goal of decreasing community viral transmission.
Prone Positioning in Non-Intubated Patients With COVID-19 Outside of the Intensive Care Unit: More Evidence Needed
Authors: Ripoll-Gallardo Alba , Grillenzoni Luca , Bollon Jordy , della Corte Francesco , Barone-Adesi Francesco
Published: July 2020

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has brought the Italian National Health System to its knees. The abnormally high influx of patients, together with the limited resources available, has forced clinicians to make unprecedented decisions and provide compassionate treatments for which little or no evidence is yet available. This is the case for the use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and continuous airway pressure ventilation, combined with prone position in patients with COVID-19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome treated outside of intensive care units. In our article, we comment on the evidence available, so far, and provide a brief summary of data collected at our health institution in Piedmont, Italy.
The Two Pandemics
Authors: Boccalatte Luis Alejandro
Published: July 2020

This article reflects on the importance and the impact of scientific publications in the midst of a global health crisis. It aims to raise awareness about the responsibility of accepting manuscripts in such sensitive times and is intended to motivate the production of high-quality papers through a critical vision.
The Muddle of the ‘Westminster Model’: A Concept Stretched Beyond Repair
Authors: Russell Meg , Serban Ruxandra
Published: July 2020

The term ‘Westminster model’, widely used in both the academic and practitioner literatures, is a familiar one. But detailed examination finds significant confusion about its meaning. This article follows Giovanni Sartori's advice for ‘reconstructing’ a social science term whose meaning may be unclear through review of its use in the recent literature. It finds that many authors in comparative politics use the term ‘Westminster model’ without definition, while those providing definitions associate it with a large (and sometimes conflicting) set of attributes, and a set of countries often not demonstrating those attributes. Some have sought to respect this diversity by proposing variants like ‘Washminster’ or ‘Eastminster’, while others suggest that the term should be seen as a loose ‘family resemblance’ concept. But on examination it no longer meets even the – relatively weak – requirements for family resemblance. To end the muddle, and the risk of flawed inferences and false generalization, comparative scholars should drop this term, and select cases based on more precise attributes instead.
ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY OF GOSAN-RI-TYPE POTTERY, THE OLDEST MANUFACTURED POTTERY IN KOREA
Authors: Kim Myung-Jin , Go Jae-Won , Bang Mun-Bae , Hong Wan , Lee Gi-Kil
Published: July 2020

Gosan-ri-type pottery (GTP) is a unique plant-fiber-tempered pottery from Korea and has only been found in Early Neolithic sites on Jeju Island. In this study, we conducted radiocarbon (14C) dating for one GTP sample and 10 charcoal samples collected from archaeological structures in which GTP was found in 2012. The measurement conditions, the internal quality assurance test, and the reliability test indicate that each 14C date is very reliable. However, the 14C dates of the charcoal samples were more accurate than that of the GTP sample due to contamination from younger humic acids. From the summary of all 14C dates of charcoal samples using the KDE model, we finally conclude that GTP was manufactured and utilized throughout the period 9610–9490 cal BP (7670–7550 BC) with 95.4% confidence level. This age corroborates the inference that GTP is the oldest known Korean Neolithic pottery.
A RADIOCARBON DATING APPROACH TO THE DEPOSITION AND REMOVAL OF HUMAN BONE REMAINS IN MEGALITHIC MONUMENTS
Authors: Aranda Jiménez Gonzalo , Díaz-Zorita Bonilla Marta , Hamilton Derek , Milesi Lara , Sánchez Romero Margarita
Published: July 2020

The formation of commingled human bone assemblages is a key aspect for better understanding funerary rituals. The megalithic cemetery of Panoría (Spain) provides an excellent opportunity to explore bone assemblage formation thanks to the recent excavation of an undisturbed burial. For this purpose, we have approached the differential skeletal representation found between bone and teeth at the site through radiocarbon (14C) dating and Bayesian modeling. The comparison between the series of 14C dates on bone (n=12) and teeth (n=14) stress three main aspects: (1) the dates of teeth show a long period of funerary use before the deposition of the human bone remains; (2) both kinds of samples appear to be chronologically sequenced; the end of the teeth 14C series matches with the beginning of human bone deposition; and (3) bone remains span a short period, not more than a few decades, which probably represents the last episode of intense mortuary activity. These differences suggest that teeth could be the evidence of skeletal depositions subsequently removed from the tomb. The deposition and removal of bone remains emerge as key aspects in the formation of the bone assemblage.
Association between unhealthy plant-based diets and the metabolic syndrome in adult men and women: a population-based study in South Korea
Authors: Kim Hyunju , Lee Kyueun , Rebholz Casey M. , Kim Jihye
Published: July 2020

No studies have investigated the associations between established plant-based diet indices and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We evaluated the associations between an overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthy PDI (hPDI), unhealthy PDI (uPDI) and the MetS in a nationally representative sample using data from 14 450 Korean adults (≥19 years) in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012–2016. Dietary intakes were assessed by a semi-quantitative FFQ. In the PDI, all plant foods received positive scores. In the hPDI, only healthy plant foods received positive scores. In the uPDI, only unhealthy plant foods received positive scores. All indices reverse scored animal food intake. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between three PDI and the MetS by sex, adjusting for potential risk factors. A total of 23·3 % of Korean adults had the MetS. In the overall study population, individuals in the highest quintile of uPDI had greater odds (OR 1·54, 95 % CI 1·28, 1·86, Ptrend < 0·001) of the MetS than those in the lowest quintile. Higher uPDI score was associated with higher odds of hypertriacylglycerolaemia in men and abdominal obesity, high fasting glucose and hypertriacylglycerolaemia in women. No significant associations were observed between PDI, hPDI and the MetS. Greater adherence to unhealthy plant-based diets was associated with greater odds of the MetS and its components suggesting the importance of the quality of plant-based diet in South Korean adults. Sex differences may be considered when recommending plant-based diets for the prevention and management of metabolic diseases.
Nocturnal whey protein ingestion impairs post-prandial glucose tolerance at breakfast
Authors: Smith Eleanor S. , Adama Emmanuel , Clayton Keeley , Holbrey James , Palubiski Gabriel , Smith Harry A. , Gonzalez Javier T. , Betts James A.
Published: July 2020

Poor post-prandial glucose control is a risk factor for multiple health conditions. The second-meal effect refers to the progressively improved glycaemic control with repeated feedings, an effect which is achievable with protein ingestion at the initial eating occasion. The most pronounced glycaemic response each day therefore typically occurs following breakfast, so the present study investigated whether ingesting protein during the night could improve glucose control at the first meal of the day. In a randomised crossover design, fifteen adults (seven males, eight females; age, 22 (sd3) years; BMI, 24·0 (sd2·8) kg/m2; fasting blood glucose, 4·9 (sd0·5) mmol/l) woke at 04.00 (sd1) hours to ingest 300 ml water with or without 63 g whey protein. Participants then completed a mixed-macronutrient meal tolerance test (1 g carbohydrate/kg body mass, 2356 (sd435) kJ), 5 h 39 min following the nocturnal feeding. Nocturnal protein ingestion increased the glycaemic response (incremental AUC) to breakfast by 43·5 (sd55·5) mmol × 120 min/l (P= 0·009,d= 0·94). Consistent with this effect, individual peak blood glucose concentrations were 0·6 (sd1·0) mmol/l higher following breakfast when protein had been ingested (P= 0·049,d= 0·50). Immediately prior to breakfast, rates of lipid oxidation were 0·02 (sd0·03) g/min higher (P= 0·045) in the protein condition, followed by an elevated post-prandial energy expenditure (0·38 (sd0·50) kJ/min,P= 0·018). Post-prandial appetite and energy intake were similar between conditions. The present study reveals a paradoxical second-meal phenomenon whereby nocturnal whey protein feeding impaired subsequent glucose tolerance, whilst increasing post-prandial energy expenditure.
A Distinctive Culture? The Sources of Public Support for Immigration in Canada, 1980–2019
Authors: Banting Keith , Soroka Stuart
Published: July 2020

Canada has often been seen as immune from the powerful backlash against globalization and immigration that has driven political shifts elsewhere. This article challenges this belief, at least in part, by tracing the evolution of public attitudes toward immigration and analyzing the factors that have shaped the trajectory for over three decades. Drawing on nearly forty years of Environics Focus Canada surveys, combined with annual data on macro-economics and immigration flows, findings here suggest that Canadians’ tolerance toward immigration responds to immigration flows and is heavily influenced by macro-economic conditions.
Pharmacotherapy failure and progression to botulinum toxin injection in vestibular migraine
Authors: Liu Y F , Macias D , Donaldson L , Dornhoffer J R , Rizk H G
Published: July 2020

Objective

Given the lack of evidence on patients with medically refractory vestibular migraine, this study aimed to identify factors associated with pharmacotherapy failure and progression to botulinum toxin injection in vestibular migraine.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on definite vestibular migraine patients from September 2015 to July 2019 who completed the Dizziness Handicap Inventory at least six weeks apart..

Results

The study comprised 47 patients (mean age = 50.2 ± 15.8 years), with a mean follow-up time of 6.0 ± 6.0 months. The mean pre-treatment Dizziness Handicap Inventory score was 57.5 ± 23.5, with a mean reduction of 17.3 ± 25.2 (p < 0.001) at last follow up. Oscillopsia (r = 0.458, p = 0.007), failure of first medication (r = 0.518, p = 0.001) and pre-treatment Dizziness Handicap Inventory question 15 (an emotional domain question) score (r = 0.364, p = 0.019) were the only variables significantly correlated with progression to botulinum toxin injection.

Conclusion

Motion hypersensitivity, failure of first medication, and fear of social stigmatisation suggest a decreased treatment response. These symptoms may require more aggressive treatment at an earlier stage.
Contrast, Verum Focus and Anaphora: The Case ofet pourtant si/nonin French
Authors: BUSQUETS JOAN
Published: July 2020

This study examines the anaphoric status of the sequenceet pourtant si/nonin French. This sequence displays some properties not only of TP-Ellipsis but also of propositional anaphora. Consequently, the antecedent of this sequence can be recovered by means of either type of anaphoric process. I argue that the salient and relevant antecedent is constrained by the presence of a modalized environment. I claim that the discursive markerpourtantis assimilated to a modal operator (Jayez 1988, Martin 1987) expressingdiscourse contrastbetween two propositions anchored in two possible worlds that are not contradictory.Polarity Particles(POLPARTS) involved in this sequence are analyzed as emphasizing the truth of a proposition. As such, they are conveyingsemantic contrastbetween two polarities, that of a salient and accessible discourse antecedent and that of the missing part afteret pourtant si/non. This is how POLPARTS upgrade the Common Ground. I develop a focus-based account forVerum Focus, building on alternatives along the lines of Hardt & Romero (2004). I suggest that the scope of an epistemic operator (Romero & Han 2004) and the conditions of use are relevant in order to reconstruct the adequate antecedent, which is not possible in an analysis based solely on lexical insertion and upgrading the Question Under Discussion (qud) by conditions governing the felicitous use ofet pourtant si/non.
Targeting binge eating in bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder using inhibitory control training and implementation intentions: a feasibility trial
Authors: Chami Rayane , Cardi Valentina , Lawrence Natalia , MacDonald Pamela , Rowlands Katie , Hodsoll John , Treasure Janet
Published: July 2020

Background

This trial examined the feasibility, acceptability, and effect sizes of clinical outcomes of an intervention that combines inhibitory control training (ICT) and implementation intentions (if-then planning) to target binge eating and eating disorder psychopathology.

Methods

Seventy-eight adult participants with bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder were randomly allocated to receive food-specific, or general, ICT and if-then planning for 4 weeks.

Results

Recruitment and retention rates at 4 weeks (97.5% and 79.5%, respectively) met the pre-set cut-offs. The pre-set adherence to the intervention was met for the ICT sessions (84.6%), but not for if-then planning (53.4%). Binge eating frequency and eating disorder psychopathology decreased in both intervention groups at post-intervention (4 weeks) and follow-up (8 weeks), with moderate to large effect sizes. There was a tendency for greater reductions in binge eating frequency and eating disorders psychopathology (i.e. larger effect sizes) in the food-specific intervention group. Across both groups, ICT and if-then planning were associated with small-to-moderate reductions in high energy-dense food valuation (post-intervention), food approach (post-intervention and follow-up), anxiety (follow-up), and depression (follow-up). Participants indicated that both interventions were acceptable.

Conclusions

The study findings reveal that combined ICT and if-then planning is associated with reductions in binge eating frequency and eating disorder psychopathology and that the feasibility of ICT is promising, while improvements to if-then planning condition may be needed.
Borderline personality disorder: stress reactivity or stress generation? A prospective dimensional study
Authors: Allen Timothy A. , Dombrovski Alexandre Y. , Soloff Paul H. , Hallquist Michael N.
Published: July 2020

Background

Individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) often describe their lives as stressful and unpredictable. However, it is unclear whether the adversity faced by those with BPD is a product of stress reactivity or stress generation. Here, we examined the dynamic, prospective associations between BPD and stressful life events over 3 years. Given the heterogeneity present in BPD, we sought to understand which empirically derived dimensions of this heterogeneous disorder explain stress reactivity v. stress generation.

Methods

Participants included 355 individuals diagnosed with BPD and followed longitudinally at three annual assessments. Auto-regressive cross-lagged panel models were used to examine prospective associations between stressful life events and three latent dimensions implicated in BPD: negative affect, disinhibition, and antagonism.

Results

Antagonism and disinhibition, but not negative affect, prospectively predicted dependent stressful life events (events the individual may have some role in). Evidence for decompensation under stress was more tenuous, with independent stressful life events (those presumably outside the individual's control) predicting increases in negative affect.

Conclusions

Our longitudinal study of a well-characterized clinical sample found more evidence for stress generation than for stress-induced decompensation in BPD. Stress generation in BPD is driven by externalizing dimensions: antagonism and disinhibition. These results highlight the utility of empirically derived dimensions for parsing heterogeneity present in BPD, leading to improvements in diagnostic evaluation, clinical prediction, and individualized approaches to treatment planning.
What Remains? A Critical Historiography of 1960s–70s Israeli Lost Performance-Based Works
Authors: Harari Dror
Published: July 2020

To understand performance art of the past is to grapple with the fact that this art was designed to be lost. That is to say, it purposefully aspired to the condition of the lost work of art.
Exploring the identification, validation, and categorization of the cost and benefits of criminal justice in mental health: the PECUNIA project
Authors: Janssen Luca M. M. , Pokhilenko Irina , Evers Silvia M. A. A. , Paulus Aggie T. G. , Simon Judit , König Hans-Helmut , Brodszky Valentin , Salvador-Carulla Luis , Park A-La , Hollingworth W. , Drost Ruben M. W. A. ,   on behalf of the PECUNIA group
Published: July 2020

Background

Mental health disorders and their treatments produce significant costs and benefits in both healthcare and non-healthcare sectors. The latter are often referred to as intersectoral costs and benefits (ICBs). Little is known about healthcare-related ICBs in the criminal justice sector and how to include these in health economics research.

Objectives

The triple aim of this study is (i) to identify healthcare-related ICBs in the criminal justice sector, (ii) to validate the list of healthcare-related ICBs in the criminal justice sector on a European level by sector-specific experts, and (iii) to classify the identified ICBs.

Methods

A scientific literature search in PubMed and an additional grey literature search, carried out in six European countries, were used to retrieve ICBs. In order to validate the international applicability of the ICBs, a survey was conducted with an international group of experts from the criminal justice sector. The list of criminal justice ICBs was categorized according to the PECUNIA conceptual framework.

Results

The full-text analysis of forty-five peer-reviewed journal articles and eleven grey literature sources resulted in a draft list of items. Input from the expert survey resulted in a final list of fourteen unique criminal justice ICBs, categorized according to the care atom.

Conclusion

This study laid further foundations for the inclusion of important societal costs of mental health-related interventions within the criminal justice sector. More research is needed to facilitate the further and increased inclusion of ICBs in health economics research.
How permanent were farms in the manorial system? Changes of farm occupancy in the nineteenth-century Russian Baltic Provinces of Estland and Livland
Authors: Lust Kersti
Published: July 2020

This article addresses how long tenant farmers in the Russian Baltic Provinces of Estland and Livland managed to occupy the farms and whether they transferred them within the family in the early phase of agricultural transformation (1841–1889). It contributes to the long-standing debate over the relative power of manorial lords and tenants in the (East Elbian) manorial system. Looking at individual-level data on the changes in tenantship on more than 1,000 farmsteads across 5 parishes, the article demonstrates the relative instability of tenant holdings and lack of independence in land transfers on noble manors.
Reversible privatisation. Conflict, bricolage, and the sale of common lands in the Spanish province of Navarre, 1808–1860
Authors: Lana-Berasain José-Miguel
Published: July 2020

The privatisation of communal assets tends to be presented as an irreversible linear movement that was driven from above. Based on a case study (Navarre, nineteenth century), this article seeks to give greater prominence to local players and their response to changing circumstances. The process thus appears less linear and compact by revealing certain anomalies, such as the reversibility of certain sales or the alienation of partial ownership rights that were compatible with the preservation of rights of use in favour of local councils and households, as an example of institutional bricolage. Against a backdrop of war and municipal bankruptcy, the privatisation of collective lands between 1808 and 1860 followed various paths, each one benefitting different social classes. Borrowers, outside investors and wealthy individuals accumulated large estates, but there was also a chance for peasants and local people to become property owners. The recovery of part of these lands on the back of social conflicts from 1884 onwards confirms that privatisation was not a fait accompli.
Geographical mobility and community-building in seventeenth-century Palestine: insights from the records of Bethlehem's Catholic Parish
Authors: Tramontana Felicita
Published: July 2020

This article focuses on the role played by local mobility in processes of confession and community building, taking the Catholic population in seventeenth-century Palestine as a case study. Works on the Reformation in Europe have acknowledged a connection between the strengthening of confessional identities and geographical mobility. Through the analysis of the parish records of Bethlehem, the article reveals some characteristics of seventeenth-century Catholic mobility in Palestine and shows how this mobility was bound up with the consolidation of a tiny Catholic minority and the establishment of a sacramental network. From a larger perspective, this research suggests that mobility plays an important role in the development and consolidation of small communities in a context of competing religion. From a methodological point of view, it also shows the importance of microanalysis in understanding the geographical mobility associated with religious practices and allegiances.
Quantification of solid-state impurity with powder X-ray diffraction using laboratory source
Authors: Sundaram Meenakshi , Natarajan Saravanan , Dikundwar Amol G. , Bhutani Hemant
Published: July 2020

The application of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) for the detection and quantification of low levels of a solid-state chemical impurity, BrettPhos oxide, in an active pharmaceutical ingredient is discussed. It is demonstrated that with appropriate methodology and experimentation, the impurity levels of as low as 0.07% w/w could be detected reliably and limit of quantification of 0.10% w/w could be achieved by PXRD, using a laboratory X-ray source. Method development, validation, and benchmarking using conventional high-performance liquid chromatography are presented in the manuscript highlighting the robustness and reproducibility of such measurements.
Impact of the Film Array Meningitis/Encephalitis panel in adults with meningitis and encephalitis in Colombia
Authors: Díaz Karen Melissa Ordóñez , Piedrahíta John Alexander Alzate , Suárez Brochero Oscar Felipe , Granada Daniel Orozco , Barón Laura Marcela , Bonilla Isabella Cortés , Hasbun Rodrigo
Published: July 2020

The Biofire® Film Array Meningitis Encephalitis (FAME) panel can rapidly diagnose common aetiologies but its impact in Colombia is unknown. A retrospective study of adults with CNS infections in one tertiary hospital in Colombia. The cohort was divided into two time periods: before and after the implementation of the Biofire® FAME panel in May 2016. A total of 98 patients were enrolled, 52 and 46 were enrolled in the Standard of Care (SOC) group and in the FAME group, respectively. The most common comorbidity was human immunodeficiency virus infection (47.4%). The median time to a change in therapy was significantly shorter in the FAME group than in the SOC group (3 vs. 137.3 h, P < 0.001). This difference was driven by the timing to appropriate therapy (2.1 vs. 195 h, P < 0.001) by identifying viral aetiologies. Overall outcomes and length of stay were no different between both groups (P > 0.2). The FAME panel detected six aetiologies that had negative cultures but missed identifying one patient with Cryptococcus neoformans. The introduction of the Biofire FAME panel in Colombia has facilitated the identification of viral pathogens and has significantly reduced the time to the adjustment of empirical antimicrobial therapy.