bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gigantomastia in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus successfully treated by reduction mammoplasty
Authors: Lanzon AE , Navarra SV
Published: October 2009

The objective of the study was to describe a Filipino woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who developed gigantomastia associated with hyperoestrogenemia and successfully treated by reduction mammoplasty. A 37-year-old Filipino woman with SLE of 5-year duration presented with enlargement of breasts, which became more noticeable and progressive during disease flares requiring increased steroid dose (±40 mg/day). Following control of the last SLE flare, with prednisone effectively tapered to 15 mg/day, she consented to surgical breast reduction. Preoperative physical examination recorded the right and left breast measurement of 61 cm and 54.5 cm from sternal notch to nipple tip, respectively. serum oestrogen assay was elevated. She successfully underwent reduction mammoplasty with free nipple graft, with an uneventful postoperative course. The breast tissue oestrogen and progesterone receptor assays were strongly positive. In the succeeding months, SLE disease remained stable with prednisone tapered to 10 mg daily. This case illustrates a rare occurrence of gigantomastia associated with hyperoestrogenemia in a patient with SLE, successfully treated with reduction mammoplasty. Lupus (2009) 18, 1309—1312.
Limbic encephalitis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Kano O. , Arasaki K. , Ikeda K. , Aoyagi J. , Shiraishi H. , Motomura M. , Iwasaki Y.
Published: October 2009

A 34-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presented with general fatigue, seizures and memory loss. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed a high signal area in the mesial temporal lobe bilaterally. Computed tomography scan of the chest and abdomen and ultrasound of pelvis detected no malignancy and tumour marker, antibodies to antineuronal antibodies (anti-Hu, anti-Ta and anti-Ma) and antibodies to voltage-gated potassium channels were all negative. The present case is limbic encephalitis (LE) associated with SLE and the pathogenesis may include autoimmunity shared. Our experience indicates that the immunologic spectrum of LE will expand to include additional immune mechanisms. Lupus (2009) 18, 1316—1319.
Prognostic factors in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus admitted to the intensive care unit
Authors: Ñamendys-Silva SA , Baltazar-Torres JA , Rivero-Sigarroa E. , Fonseca-Lazcano JA , Montiel-López L. , Domínguez-Cherit G.
Published: October 2009

The objectives of this study were to identify risk factors associated with mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and to evaluate the usefulness of Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score to predict outcomes in these patients, through the use of a retrospective patient record review from a multidisciplinary intensive care unit in a teaching hospital. One hundred and four patients with SLE admitted to the ICU were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 32.44 years, 96.2% were female and 61.5% were admitted with infection. The mean APACHE II score was 19.7, 46.2% had acute renal dysfunction, 67.3% received inotropics/ vasopressors, 27.9% pulmonary artery catheter and 74% invasive mechanical ventilation. The mean length of stay in ICU was 18.5 days and mortality rate was 32.7%. In the univariate logistic regression analysis, factors associated with mortality were high APACHE II score, use of inotropics/vasopressors, pulmonary artery catheter and invasive mechanical ventilation. High APACHE II score and use of inotropics/vasopressors remained significant in the multi-variate analysis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the APACHE II score to predict mortality was 0.689 (95% CI 0.586—0.791 p = 0.002) and the Hosmer— Lemeshow χ 2 was 5.094 (p = 0.747). We conclude that the mortality rate in patients with SLE admitted to the ICU is high. The most common cause of admission was infection. The factors associated with mortality were high APACHE II score and the use of inotropics/vasopressors. APACHE II score was unable to accurately predict mortality. Lupus (2009) 18, 1252—1258.
Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia in a young woman with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report
Authors: Stepanić V. , Ćorušić A. , Matković V. , Sentić M. , Bosnić D. , Mahovlić V.
Published: October 2009

Diagnosing vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia in a young woman presenting mainly with skin manifestations of lupus and with no other risk factors is a major challenge. The case of a 27-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia is described. Although progression of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive planocellular carcinoma is rare, prompt and adequate diagnosis and treatment will help ensure the best possible quality of life.
Temperature Dependence of Magneto-rheological Materials
Authors: Sahin Huseyin , Wang Xiaojie , Gordaninejad Faramarz
Published: October 2009

The properties of magneto-rheological (MR) materials are temperature dependent. Compared to MR fluids, MR greases (MRGs) are more sensitive to temperature due to their inherent behavior of carrier materials. In this study, MRGs are studied to examine the temperature effect on their yield stress and apparent viscosity. Experimental data are obtained for magnetic fields ranging from 0.14 T to 0.53 T and temperatures ranging from 10°C to 70 °C. It is observed that temperature has a significant effect on the field-induced yield stress of MRGs. A new yield stress model, based on an extended Herschel—Bulkley constitutive relation, in which the shear yield stress is a function of magnetic field and temperature, is proposed. Excellent agreement between the theoretical results and experimental data is obtained.
Sixth-Grade Boys' Perceived Benefits of and Barriers to Physical Activity and Suggestions for Increasing Physical Activity
Authors: Robbins Lorraine B. , Talley Henry C. , Wu Tsu-Yin , Wilbur JoEllen
Published: October 2009

Interventions are needed to reduce the high overweight prevalence noted among boys in early high school. Because decreased physical activity (PA) is a factor for weight gain and a decline in boys' PA occurs across the middle school years, a need exists to intervene, as soon as boys reach middle school, to help them get adequate PA. The purpose of this study was to explore perceived benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, enjoyment or activity preferences, and situational or environmental influences related to PA among sixth-grade boys ( N = 40). Each boy participated in one of seven focus groups. Having an average weight was the most important benefit. The most prominent personal barrier focused on being unmotivated. Environmental barriers included lacking equipment and places for PA. Suggestions for increasing boys' PA were identified. Findings have implications for nurses interested in designing interventions to assist boys of this age in achieving PA recommendations.
Cultural Variation in Parental Influence on Mate Choice
Authors: Buunk Abraham P. , Park Justin H. , Duncan Lesley A.
Published: October 2009

Contrary to assumptions underlying current psychological theories of human mating, throughout much of human history parents often controlled the mating behavior of their children. In the present research, the authors tested the hypothesis that the level of parental influence on mating is associated with the level of collectivism in a culture. A scale to assess the degree of parental influence on mate choice was administered to four samples: 371 students from the Netherlands; 197 young people from Kurdistan, Iraq; 80 students from 30 different countries studying in the Netherlands; and 102 students in Canada. As expected, the Kurdish sample reported higher levels of parental influence on mate choice than the Dutch sample, and parental influence was found to be higher in more collectivistic countries. In the Canadian sample, participants with an East Asian background (who have greater exposure to collectivistic cultural norms) indicated greater parental influence than did participants with a European background.
European Community and US-FDA Approval of Recombinant Human Antithrombin Produced in Genetically Altered Goats
Authors: Adiguzel Cafer , Iqbal Omer , Demir Muzaffer , Fareed Jawed
Published: October 2009

Thrombin and factor Xa play a central role in thrombogenesis in both medical and surgical patients. Antithrombin (AT) is the key inhibitor, which controls the action of these enzymes in hypercoagulable states. The AT concentrates prepared from human blood have been used to treat patients with thrombotic disorders and heparin resistance. The AT concentrates are prepared from pooled human plasma and beside limited supply, suffer from viral and other biological contaminants. The availability of recombinant human AT (rhAT) obtained from genetically engineered goats provide a biologically equivalent product that can be used in practically all indications where human AT is indicated including heparin resistance. Moreover, because of its high affinity to heparin and related drugs, recombinant AT can also be developed in further indications. On review of the preclinical and clinical data on the safety and efficacy, the European Union and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) have recently approved the use of rhAT in specified clinical indications.
FXa Inhibition and Coagulation Changes During DVT Prophylaxis by Enoxaparin Over the Course of a 15-Day Follow-Up in Septic Patients
Authors: Zenáhlíková Zuzana , Kvasnička Jan , Kudrnová Zuzana , Sudrová Magda , Brzežková Radka , Mazoch Jiří , Malíková Ivana , Vyborny Josef , Erhart David , Pecen Ladislav
Published: October 2009

The objective of our study was to examine the changes in coagulation parameters and inflammatory reaction over the course of 15 days in patients with severe sepsis. We tried to identify mechanisms by which sepsis-induced pathophysiological changes may influence the effectiveness of subcutaneously (SC) administered enoxaparin 40 mg once daily.

A total of 16 patients (8 men, 8 women; age 35-83 years) meeting the inclusion criteria of severe sepsis were enrolled in this study. The follow-up was performed on days 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 of hospitalization at the intensive care unit (ICU). Blood coagulation (activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT], prothrombin time [PT], fibrinogen, antithrombin (AT), protein C [PC], D-dimer, fragment 1.2 [F1.2], factor Xa [FXa] inhibition) and inflammatory reactants (interleukin 6 [IL-6], C-reactive protein [CRP], orosomucoid, α-1-antitrypsin) were tested.

The mean FXa inhibition was 0.17 (±0.17) IU/mL. The arbitrarily established range of FXa inhibition for prophylaxis, 0.2 to 0.4 IU/mL, was reached in 22 cases (20%), while in 74 cases (68%), it was below and in 13 cases (12%) above the aforementioned range. Factor Xa inhibition positively correlated with AT (r = .42; P < .001) and PC (r = .45; P < .001) activities. A negative correlation was found between the FXa inhibition and α-1-antitrypsin concentrations (r = —.33; P = .01) but only in the subgroup with α-1-antitrypsin concentrations ≥2.2 g/L.

We confirmed that in most patients with sepsis, the prophylaxis with enoxaparin did not lead to the required FXa inhibition. The inhibition of FXa by enoxaparin depends mainly on the AT and PC activities.
Mechanical Methods for Thrombosis Prophylaxis
Authors: Caprini Joseph A.
Published: October 2009

Prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains the number one preventable cause of death in hospitalized patients. The pathogenesis of thrombosis involves the triad of venous stasis, dilatation of the leg veins, and changes in coagulability of the blood. These changes can be modified by the use of intermittent pneumatic compression devices (IPC) and, to a much lesser extent, by graduated compression hose (GCS). Studies have shown the effectiveness of GCS in preventing deep vein thrombosis (DVT) compared to placebo, but there is no evidence that they reduce the incidence of pulmonary emboli (PE). No venographic data are available regarding the efficacy of GCS; however, IPC have shown excellent efficacy in several venographic studies over the past 25 years. Mechanical methods are important to use in situations where the risk of bleeding exists, thereby making the use of anticoagulants hazardous. One of the key uses for mechanical methods is in combination with anticoagulants in patients at the highest risk of developing VTE. Chest consensus guidelines assigns a 2A recommendation for the use of combination prophylaxis in the highest risk patients. Unfortunately, studies to show which type of leg compression device is optimal for DVT prevention are not available, so individual preference, ease of use, and company support are the determining factors at the present time. Finally, compliance using these devices is a major problem, and until systems have been developed to easily monitor and ensure compliance, these methods will enjoy only limited use.
How to Tell a New Story About Battering
Authors: Polletta Francesca
Published: October 2009

As Evan Stark observes, getting domestic violence against women recognized as coercive control will require a major effort of storytelling. Women’s accounts of subjugation have to be narrated in a way that is both true to their experiences and capable of eliciting public understanding, sympathy, and action. This essay draws on an interdisciplinary literature on narrative to show why doing that poses such a formidable challenge. In lieu of the tragic form that has dominated battered women’s storytelling, and in lieu of the quest and mystery forms that appear in Stark’s own accounts, this article argues for using a rebirth story line.This genre, which has affinities with the fairytales Snow White and Sleeping Beauty, seems an unlikely vehicle for asserting battered women’s combination of victimization and agency. Drawing on the stories told by battered women as part of a successful reform effort, however, this article shows how women have used the form effectively.
Rethinking Coercive Control
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: October 2009

The critical appraisals of Coercive Control focus largely on what my analysis implies for intervention, a matter to which the book devotes only limited space. In this reply, I reiterate core concepts in the book and acknowledge that much more work is needed to translate the realities of coercive control into practical legal and advocacy strategies. I review how coercive control differs from partner assaults and so why it merits a distinct response; the extent to which coercive control targets gender identity; the wisdom of complementing the focus on violence with an emphasis on male domination, sexual inequality and personal liberty; what this implies for shelters and the law; why sexual inequality differentiates coercive control from female partner abuse of men; how sexual equality can be both cause and antidote for coercive control; why I think an affirmative concept of freedom is essential to grasp the human rights violations inflicted by coercive control; and what it means to “story” coercive control by integrating women into the larger liberty narrative on which our national identity rests.
“How Would That Help Our Work?”: The Intersection of Domestic Violence and Human Rights in the United States
Authors: Morgaine Karen
Published: October 2009

This qualitative study explores whether individuals working within the domestic violence (DV) field in the United States have utilized a human rights framework and identifies potential benefits of this framework. Using the critique and experiences of women of color as a focal point, data were gathered through interviews with key individuals working with national and regional DV and human rights organizations. This article focuses on challenges within the mainstream DV movement and how a human rights approach could potentially ameliorate some of these concerns by supporting a more holistic approach to DV and increasing coalition building and community engagement.
Instabilities of Highly Anisotropic Spinning Disks
Authors: Coman Ciprian D.
Published: October 2009

This work investigates the asymptotic structure of a boundary-value problem proposed recently in connection with in-plane instabilities of spinning disks. Assuming an orthotropic elastic material with cylindrical symmetry we consider a perturbation with respect to the constitutive behavior. The material is assumed to be very stiff in the azimuthal direction, a situation which is commonly encountered in the case of composite flywheels based on hoop-wound carbon fibers in a flexible polyurethane resin. The accuracy of the asymptotic strategy is confirmed by a number of direct computer simulations of the original problem.
The Comorbidity of ADHD in the General Population of Saudi Arabian School-Age Children
Authors: Alqahtani Mohammed M.
Published: October 2009

Objective: To investigate comorbidity of oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), anxiety, and depression and to investigate the impaired social and academic developments among children with ADHD in primary school settings in Saudi Arabia. Method: Data for the purpose of this study are obtained from parent and teachers of 652 primary school children attending Grades 1 to 3 (children aged between 7 and 9 years). Vanderbilt ADHD diagnostic rating scale, which has relevance and found to be reliable by previous studies, is used in the study. Results: ODD and CD are reported to be present in close to two thirds (73%) of children with ADHD, as assessed with DSM-IV-TR criteria. Anxiety and depression disorder are estimated to be present in 36% of children with ADHD. Children with ADHD show high levels of impairment in academic achievements (63%) and social performance (90%), compared with non-ADHD children. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a significant minority of disruptive children may have their difficulties compounded by the presence of ADHD, which raises the question whether their problems are known and whether they have received appropriate help. It is important to develop a specific set of psychological clinical intervention for helping children with ADHD, ODD, CD, and other related problems. Educating teachers and parents about ADHD and its comorbidity is considered essential in this regard. (J. of Att. Dis. 2010; 14(1) 25-30)
Menu Engineering Using Activity-Based Costing: An Exploratory Study Using a Profit Factor Comparison Approach
Authors: Raab Carola , Mayer Karl , Shoemaker Stowe
Published: October 2009

Traditional cost accounting systems have been replaced in the manufacturing sector by activity-based costing (ABC) systems. Now in wide use by manufacturing firms, ABC has made few inroads in the services and hospitality sector, including the restaurant industry. Several recent studies have begun to reverse this trend by applying ABC to restaurants. This study extends those works by creating an ABC menu engineering (ME) analysis, and comparing the results with traditional ME results. Four hypotheses were constructed that tested the relationships between the restaurant manager’s perceptions, traditional ME methods, and ABC-based ME. The results suggest that ABC-based ME may be a feasible alternative for examining menu profitability.
Dissent in a Party-Based Parliament
Authors: Leston-Bandeira Cristina
Published: October 2009

With a focus on the Portuguese case, this article shows how MPs express disagreement with their parties in a highly cohesive and party-dominated parliament. We review the features that explain why the Portuguese institutional framework reinforces party control over the parliamentary mandate and discuss the different ways Portuguese MPs express party dissent. In the last section of the article, we analyse data on voting for a period of just over 30 years. Contrary to what the literature tells us, Portuguese MPs have been breaching voting discipline regularly since 1976.
Sick building syndrome in relation to domestic exposure in Sweden - A cohort study from 1991 to 2001
Authors: Sahlberg B. , Wieslander G. , Norbäck D.
Published: October 2009

Background: Most studies on sick building syndrome (SBS) are cross-sectional and have dealt with symptoms among office workers. There are very few longitudinal cohort studies and few studies on SBS in relation to domestic exposures. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in SBS symptoms during the follow-up period and also to investigate changes in different types of indoor exposures at home and relate them to SBS symptoms in a population sample of adults from Sweden. We also wanted to investigate if there was any seasonal or regional variation in associations between exposure and SBS. Methods: A random sample of 1,000 people of the general population in Sweden (1991) was sent a self administered questionnaire. A follow-up questionnaire was sent in 2001. Results: An increased risk for onset of any skin symptoms (risk ratio (RR) 2.32, 1.37—3.93), mucosal symptoms (RR 3.17, 1.69—5.95) or general symptoms (RR 2.18, 1.29—3.70) was found for those who had dampness or moulds in the dwelling during follow-up. In addition people living in damp dwellings had a lower remission of general symptoms and skin symptoms. Conclusions: Dampness in the dwelling is a risk factor for new onset of SBS symptoms. Focus on indoor environment improvements in dwellings can be beneficial both for the inhabitants and the general population. Reducing dampness in buildings is an important factor for reducing SBS symptoms in the general population.
Practices and representations of health education among primary school teachers
Authors: Jourdan Didier , Pommier Jeanine , Quidu Frédérique
Published: October 2009

Aims: School is one of the key settings for health education (HE). The objectives of this study are to assess primary school teachers’ self-reported teaching practices in HE and to describe their representation concerning their role in HE. Methods: A quantitative study was conducted on a sample of primary school teachers (n = 626) in two French regions in order to analyze their practices and representations in HE. A hierarchical clustering dendogram was performed on questions exploring representations of HE. Multiple linear regression analysis helped explain the motivation and self-perceived competency score. Results: Three quarters of the teachers declare they work in HE. Only one third of them declare they work in a comprehensive HE perspective. The HE approach is often considered in terms of specific unique curriculum intervention. Two thirds of the teachers say they work alone in HE, the other third associate other partners and choose mainly school health services. Parents are rarely (12%) involved in HE initiatives. It is essentially the practice of HE, teacher training and teachers’ representation of HE that condition their motivation to develop HE. Conclusions: Teachers can take different approaches to HE. Teachers’ representation of HE plays an important role in the development of HE activities: some teachers consider that HE is the mission of the health professionals and the parents. Our expectations of teacher involvement should be realistic, should take into account the representations of their role, the difficulties they encounter, and should be sustained by specific training.
Predictive validity of common mental disorders screening questionnaire as a screening instrument in long term sickness absence
Authors: Søgaard Hans Jørgen , Bech Per
Published: October 2009

Aims: Screening instruments for detection of common mental disorders have not been validity tested in long term sickness absence (LSA), which is the aim of this study for the Common Mental Disorders Screening Questionnaire (CMD-SQ). Methods: Of all 2,414 incident persons on continuous sick-leave for more than eight weeks in a Danish population of 120,000 inhabitants 1,121 participated in a two-phased study by being screened for mental disorders by CMD-SQ in Phase 1. A subgroup of 337 was examined by a psychiatrist and diagnosed with Present State Examination in Phase 2. Results performed on Phase 2 were weighted up to Phase 1. Test performance was analyzed by ROC-analyses, and the fraction with a positive screening test, Q, the sensitivity SE, and 1 minus the specificity, SP, were plotted against decreasing cut-point in the tested scales for specific diagnostic groups. Results: A sub-scale in CMD-SQ, SCL-8AD, compiled of SCL-ANX4, SCL-8, and SCL-DEP6, showed the best psychometric properties in detection of any mental disorder (AUC 0.80). Other scales were tested as well. The psychometric properties were dependent on sex and age. The plots of Q, SE, and 1-SP against decreasing cut-point gave a comprehensive view of the performance of the scales, which could be of significance in addressing the ethical aspects of screening. Conclusions: SCL-8AD is a promising candidate for the screening of mental disorders in LSA. It is intended to be administered by the social services because in Denmark there is not a legal requirement that sick-listed persons are certified as sick by a physician.
Healthcare reform in Denmark
Authors: Andersen Pernille Tanggaard , Jensen Jens-Jørgen
Published: October 2009

The article discusses and describes how healthcare reform from 2007 in Denmark has influenced the health sector. This reform has been labelled the most radical reform of the political administrative system since the first democratic constitution in 1849. Local government reform is the latest step in a process of reforming the welfare state and the health sector. In more concrete terms this article analyzes two key issues that have had top priority in the first period of reform implementation — the new planning of hospital structure and the first generation of health agreements.
Environmental Comparison of the Use of Biodiesel and Gasoline for Transportation — A Case Study for Athens
Authors: Nanaki Evanthia A.
Published: October 2009

Energy usage, in the Greek transport sector, takes the form of gasoline consumption by automobiles, diesel oil for taxis, trucks, maritime transport, and railroads as well as jet fuel for aircraft. The control of CO2 emissions constitutes a major environmental issue in most countries and many authorities seek to stabilize or decrease these emissions. During the past decade, biofuels in the form of blended gasoline and biodiesel have begun to find places in the energy economy since a sustainable transport future requires the reduction of CO2 emissions. The Greek car market shows a remarkably low rate in the penetration of biodiesel compared to the average European Union market. In this study we try to find out the combined effects of probable changes in biodiesel and gasoline future fuel consumption in the city of Athens.
Residential Location, Travel Behaviour, and Energy Use: Hangzhou Metropolitan Area Compared to Copenhagen
Authors: Næss Petter
Published: October 2009

This paper presents the results of a study of the influence of residential locations on travelling behaviour in the Hangzhou Metropolitan Area in China. Based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, the study shows that the location of a dwelling, relative to the centre structure of Hangzhou Metropolitan Area, can exert a considerable influence on the travelling behaviour of the respondents included in the survey. On average, people living close to downtown Hangzhou used less energy for transport. They travelled less in total and made a greater share of their journeys by bike or on foot.

The location of the dwelling relative to the closest second-order and third-order centre can also influence travelling, but not to the same extent as the location of the residence relative to the city centre of Hangzhou. The geographical differences in travelling behaviour exist independently of residential preferences and attitudes to transport and environmental issues and therefore cannot be explained by residential self-selection. Instead, a number of rationales for travel behaviour identified in the qualitative interviews showed important links in the causal mechanisms by which residential location can influence travel.
Fair distribution of welfare gain
Authors: Chen John-ren
Published: October 2009

International institutions play the major role in the current global governance to provide global public goods (GPG) efficiently and to regulate cross border externalities (CBE) effectively. Also there are many international institutions. But the global community has been continually confronted with new CBEs, new GPGs and, thus, the need to implement new or to reform existing international institution. Welfare improvement is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for emerging international institution. In addition to the welfare improvement, an agreement of the potential members about the distribution of the welfare gain between them is a further necessary condition, while both together are necessary and sufficient for the emergence of an international institution. In this paper, we are going to discuss how the potential members can achieve an agreement to distribute the welfare gains of setting up an international institution. Equity considerations have a strong influence on observed payoff divisions. The equity principle is the formal structure of equity consideration. This principle is well known in the social psychology literature. The equity principle in international politics is equity consideration in respect of the strength of players. This can provide a norm or a fundamental principle of international bargaining to distribute the net welfare gain of international cooperation (IC).
Social knowledge and international policymaking at the World Bank
Authors: Toye John
Published: October 2009

The production of social knowledge in all international organizations is problematic because all are public bureaucracies. The World Bank provides a case study of the problems of managing in-house research in an international public bureaucracy. Not only are there managerial constraints on what the Bank is willing to publish, but the binding constraints on publication evolve. The evolution in managerial objectives at the Bank in recent years and the factors that have influenced shifts in its rhetoric and policy are examined. Are these adjustments merely rhetorical? Recent research on poverty reduction, governance and conditionality is discussed to gauge how far the Bank has moved.
International institutions, globalization and the inequality among nations
Authors: Dutt Amitava Krishna , Mukhopadhyay Kajal
Published: October 2009

In the 1950s, Gunnar Myrdal pointed out that while inequality between regions within many economically advanced countries was falling due to the policies of national government, inequality between countries was growing, given the absence of anything resembling a world government. Since then, international institutions such as the United Nations (UN), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) have grown in size and scope. This paper uses econometric techniques to argue that these institutions, by liberalizing and increasing international trade and capital flows, have not had the effect of reducing inequality across nations and may, in fact, have exacerbated it.
Should the WTO deal with e-trade taxation issues?
Authors: Chen John-ren , Smekal Christian
Published: October 2009

Electronic commerce may be a great equalizer that helps to reduce, or even to eliminate, distance-related barriers to trade, but it can also exacerbate a so-called ‘digital dividend’ vis-à-vis countries with technological and infrastructural deficiencies, especially developing countries. In the following we concentrate on trade distortion caused by taxation of e-trade in intangible goods. We believe this will have a particular ramification for the developing world. General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) provisions may be relevant to many concerns with respect to the regulations of e-commerce, such as online privacy protection, illegal or illicit content, cyber crime and fraud, en-forcement of contracts, consumer protection, and taxation. In this paper, we will focus our debate mainly on the issues of taxation of e-trade with respect to the two basic principles of the WTO, that is. the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) and the National Treatment (NT) principles.
The Doha development agenda of the WTO
Authors: Reiterer Michael
Published: October 2009

Size of membership, diverging interest because of different stages of development and the depth of regulation undertaken or foreseen in the World Trade Organization (WTO) made the economics and politics of international trade negotiations more complicated. This has repercussions on the negotiating mechanics in the WTO including the continued appropriateness of the technique of ‘rounds’. At the same time, the rational of further trade liberalization in the context of sustainable development is questioned. The widening scope of issues covered – which impact of domestic policies give raise to – quests for more transparency and accountability. The lack of adequate know-how renders the effective participation of developing countries in the negotiating round more difficult or even impossible. New forms of network formation – drawing on the many forms of international cooperation, participation and agenda setting – have to be developed in order to maintain the WTO as the centre of the multilateral rule-based system.
Place symbolism and land politics in Beowulf
Authors: Elden Stuart
Published: October 2009

This article provides a reading of the Old English poem Beowulf, with a focus on its symbolic and political geographies. The key question is the role of place or site in the poem in general terms, and the more specific issue of land. The article first analyses three significant sites in the narrative — the locations of the battles between Beowulf and Grendel, Grendel’s mother and the dragon. Each of these places — the hall, the mere, and the burial-mound — are shot through with powerful emotive, elemental, symbolic and material geographies. Analysis then moves to the politics of land, a resource which is gifted, distributed, disputed and fought over. While part of a larger project which seeks to look at the conceptual and historical relation between land, terrain and territory, this article offers a more modest focused study of a single text from a particular period.
Televangelical publics: secularized publicity and privacy in the Trinity Broadcasting Network
Authors: Wilford Justin
Published: October 2009

With a recent resurgence in interest in the geography of religion, questions of the limits, qualities and efficacy of public versus private religiosity have come to the fore. This article is concerned with interpreting the public headquarters of one of the world’s most popular religious broadcasters, Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN), through the lens of the public/private binary and its use in the secularization paradigm. It is argued that the mediated public engagement of religious broadcasting renders the public/private distinction in the secularization paradigm problematic. Despite the paradigm’s postulation of increasing privatization, religious broadcasters like TBN are fully engaged with a mediatic public. However, the peculiar nature of TBN’s headquarters and its relationship to the broadcaster’s central mission suggest that in the final instance, the secularization paradigm accounts for TBN’s inability to effectively engage a material, embodied public.
Malthus at mid-century: neo-Malthusianism as bio-political governance in the post-WWII United States
Authors: Schlosser Kolson
Published: October 2009

This paper provides a discursive history of neo-Malthusianism in the United States, focusing primarily on the mid-20th century. In the process, I critically examine texts invoking Malthusian arguments in relation to the politics of sex and birth control, class and eugenics, and race and geopolitics, focusing on how they rendered human population growth intelligible in particularly reductive and naturalistic ways. The purpose is to show how this history impinges upon the construction of population-resource theory after WWII, focusing specifically on William Vogt’s Road to survival and Fairfield Osborn’s Our plundered planet. I argue that the production and circulation of generalized models of population-induced conflict in the post-war United States was an important part of the nationalization and government harnessing of science in the name of national security, and relevant to post-war developmentalism and early Cold War containment doctrine. This helps us understand how neo-Malthusian discourse has been deployed as a form of bio-political governance.
mediated discourse analysis: researching young children’s non-verbal interactions as social practice
Authors: Wohlwend Karen E.
Published: October 2009

Young children often use actions rather than talk as they interact with objects and each other to strategically shape the social, material, and cultural environment. New dynamic research designs and methods are needed to capture the collaborative learning and social positioning achieved through children’s non-verbal interactions. Mediated discourse analysis (MDA), a hybrid ethnographic/sociolinguistic approach rooted in cultural-historical activity and practice theories, analyzes mediated actions with objects. A three-year ethnographic study of children’s literacy play illustrates the five-stage process in MDA research design that resulted in microanalysis of children’s activity with social practices, positioning and spaces that included and excluded peers.
listening to children with communication impairment talking through their drawings
Authors: Holliday Erin L. , Harrison Linda J. , McLeod Sharynne
Published: October 2009

Including children as research participants is an important new direction in early childhood research. However, it is rare for such studies to include the voices of children with significant communication impairment. This article suggests that drawing may be an appropriate non-verbal method for ‘listening’ to these children’s ideas and recording their perspectives. Three areas of inquiry are reviewed: (1) the use of drawings as a method of listening respectfully to children; (2) approaches to the analysis of children’s drawings; and (3) the analysis of drawings completed by children with communication impairment. We identify six aspects of children’s drawings — facial expressions, accentuation of body features (e.g. mouth and ears), portrayal of talking/listening, colours used, conversational partners, and sense of self — that are potentially pertinent for children with communication impairment.
interviewing children with Acquired Brain Injury (ABI)
Authors: Boylan Anne-Marie , Linden Mark , Alderdice Fiona
Published: October 2009

Research into the lives of children with acquired brain injury (ABI) often neglects to incorporate children as participants, preferring to obtain the opinions of the adult carer (e.g. McKinlay et al., 2002). There has been a concerted attempt to move away from this position by those working in children’s research with current etiquette highlighting the inclusion of children and the use of a child-friendly methodology (Chappell, 2000). Children with disabilities can represent a challenge to the qualitative researcher due to the combination of maintaining the child’s attention and the demands placed on them by their disability. The focus of this article is to discuss possible impediments to interviewing children with acquired brain injury (ABI) and provide an insight into how the qualitative researcher may address these.
researching with children: ethical tensions
Authors: Dockett Sue , Einarsdottir Johanna , Perry Bob
Published: October 2009

There is a need to reflect on both the processes and outcomes of the range of approaches aimed at promoting children’s engagement in research, with the specific intent of listening to children’s voices. This article considers some of the ethical tensions we have experienced when engaging children in research about their prior-to-school and school environments and their perspectives of the transitions between these environments. Examples from projects conducted in Iceland and Australia are drawn upon to illustrate these tensions and, to reflect on the strategies and questions we have developed to guide our engagement with children. This article raises issues rather than offering simple solutions. We suggest that there are a number of contextual and relational variables that guide our research interactions, and no ‘one best solution’ applicable to all contexts. Our aim in sharing these tensions is to stimulate further debate and discussions around children’s participation in research.
a Bakhtinian homecoming
Authors: White E. Jayne
Published: October 2009

Dialogic research, building on the dialogic philosophy of Mikhail Bakhtin, is fundamentally concerned with the social, discursive nature of language. This article describes an application of dialogic research methods in a pilot study conducted in an Education and Care setting in Wellington, New Zealand focusing on an 18-month-old toddler and his teacher. The purpose of this exploratory study was to ‘operationalize’ dialogic research within this early childhood education context, in preparation for a larger investigation. Approaching the field through this dialogic research method offered an alternative means of investigating the acts of a toddler through genre (as the framework of analysis) and utterance (as the unit of analysis). This article argues for dialogic research as a method which enables toddler and teacher ‘voices’ to authentically inter-animate and contribute accordingly to the research process, thus promoting hermeneutic complexity rather than scientific truth.
Letting Students Be Innovative! Using Mini-Grants to Fund Student-Designed HIV/AIDS Education
Authors: Wyatt Tammy Jordan , Oswalt Sara B.
Published: October 2009

This article describes a project designed to use student leaders to increase the awareness of HIV/AIDS among college students. Student organizations apply for a competitive mini-grant that is used to increase their members’ knowledge level about HIV/AIDS and increase the likelihood of individuals’ practicing behaviors that would reduce the risk of transmission or contraction. Four student organizations receive funds to design a unique HIV/ AIDS prevention intervention that match its members’ needs for a total of 126 individuals receiving HIV/AIDS education. An evaluation indicates positive behavioral intentions related to sexual communication and safer sex practices. Moreover, the majority of participants report the education received as relevant and applicable. The methods, intervention applications, and benefits to using an award competition to deliver HIV prevention education to college students in a nontraditional and innovative approach are detailed within this article.
Doing Mixed Methods Research Pragmatically: Implications for the Rediscovery of Pragmatism as a Research Paradigm
Authors: Yvonne Feilzer Martina
Published: October 2009

This article explores the practical relevance of pragmatism as a research paradigm through the example of a piece of pragmatic research that not only used both quantitative and qualitative research methods but also exploited the inherent duality of the data analyzed. Thus, the article aims to make the case that pragmatism as a research paradigm supports the use of a mix of different research methods as well as modes of analysis and a continuous cycle of abductive reasoning while being guided primarily by the researcher’s desire to produce socially useful knowledge. It will be argued that pragmatism can serve as a rationale for formal research design as well as a more grounded approach to research.
Diabetes Health Coaching Improves Medication Adherence: A Pilot Study
Authors: Melko Christine N. , Terry Paul E. , Camp Kiralee , Min Xi  , Healey Margaret L.
Published: October 2009

Adherence to medications is central to successfully managing diabetes. Health coaching, which relies on frequent contact and ongoing intervention, has emerged in recent years as part of disease management initiatives and has been promoted as an effective method for improving health outcomes and patient compliance with medication. This study evaluated a 6-month worksite health coaching model to promote medication adherence. It assessed the effectiveness of tailoring health coaching for compliance with medication regimens among people with diabetes. The program was delivered through 3 face-to-face and 3 telephone consultations. Participants set goals promoting diabetes management at the end of each monthly consultation. The authors collected questionnaires from enrolled employees at baseline (n = 27) and from those who stayed in the program at completion of the intervention (n = 23). Using the ASK-20 SM for evaluation, the authors were able to significantly reduce the average number of barriers to medication adherence from pre (3.7) to post (2.2; P < .001) in those who completed the program. The results of this study suggest that health coaching combined with tools to help identify barriers increased medication adherence.
Community Involvement in School Development
Authors: Prew Martin
Published: October 2009

The article posits a paradigm for school development (SD) in the context of a developing country, which is somewhat different from the dominant SD and school improvement (SI) paradigm in the West. Within this paradigm the norm of a school—parent engagement over pedagogical issues as in the West is replaced by imperatives based on full community involvement in the school on the local community’s own terms. This article uses evidence collected from a case study of 96 schools in Soshanguve township outside Pretoria. The Soshanguve School Development Project (SSDP), a partnership between the local education district office and a non-government organization (Link Community Development), aimed to implement a school development planning process in all the schools in the township. Over the course of the project, the school development approach used led to a novel, highly contextualized response to the needs of the local communities and schools and ultimately to full community participation in most of the schools—and so to real school development within a developing world context.
Assessing the Performance of Secondary School Headteachers
Authors: Khan Shafqat Hussain , Saeed Muhammad , Fatima Kiran
Published: October 2009

This article focuses on assessing the performance of government secondary school headteachers in the context of heads’ leadership qualities, instructional behavior, capabilities of interpersonal relationships, professional attitude and managerial abilities. The small-scale survey was carried out in 2006 in district Mianwali, Pakistan. The sample comprised 150 secondary school teachers drawn at random from 15 government schools. Data was collected through a questionnaire comprising 38 items on a five-point rating scale on various aspects of headteacher performance. The instrument was validated through a pilot study and its reliability was established at 0.901 (Cronbach’s alpha). Results revealed that the performance indicators of professional attitude, interpersonal relationship, leadership qualities and managerial abilities were found to be better, but the aspect of instructional behavior was weaker among the headteachers. The performance of female headteachers in regard to instructional behavior, professional attitude and managerial abilities was found to be relatively better than those of their male counterparts. There were significant intercorrelations among all the independent variables of headteacher performance.