bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health Issues and Policy Options
Authors: DeSario Jack
Published: April 2006

The high cost and inefficiency of the United States' health care system has been widely documented. These problems, augmented by increased government financing of the health cost spiral, have led policymakers to search frantically for programs and strategies which can interject a modicum of rationality back into the health care field. There has been general agreement among health care analysts about the need to control costs and even the principal causes of these rapid increases. However, there has been less agreement on appropriate and effective solutions. The following analysis will provide an overview of current problems and proposed solutions.
Biracial Coalition Politics in Los Angeles
Authors: Sonenshein Raphe
Published: April 2006

In their 1984 bookProtest Is Not EnoughBrowning, Marshall, and Tabb suggest that biracial coalitions are powerful vehicles for achieving minority incorporation in the political life of cities. They argue that black electoral mobilization and subsequent incorporation depend on both the relative size of the black community and white support. Similarly, Hispanic incorporation is a function not only of the percentage of Hispanics in the population but also joint membership with blacks in a liberal coalition (pp. 245–246).

Their optimistic view of biracial and multiracial coalitions contrasts strikingly with the more common pessimism about cross-racial politics. Racial polarization in such major cities as New York, Chicago and Philadelphia (as well as in a number of medium and smaller-sized cities) has fed the belief that the black protests and white backlash of the 1960s have doomed biracial politics.

Protest Is Not Enoughfocuses on ten small and medium-sized Northern California cities. The largest, San Francisco, is the 16th most populous city in the U.S. But biracial coalition politics has been most advanced in Berkeley, a city of only 103,328 in 1980. Thus the book's argument is vulnerable to the challenge that full-blown biracial politics worked only in a rather small, unusual city and otherwise had a significant impact in cities of only moderate size in the traditionally liberal Bay Area.
Excerpts from Declaration of Gordon E. Baker in Badham v. Eu
Authors: Baker Gordon E.
Published: April 2006

Gerrymandering—the intentional manipulation of legislative boundaries for political advantage—is a venerable practice. Why, then, some might wonder, should we pay greater attention to it at this time? In particular, should judicial inquiry into constitutional issues of fair representation, intense for some two decades, now turn to what may well seem to comprise the heart of the “political thicket”? Throughout this period of reapportionment litigation, federal courts have alluded to the problem, with increasing concern shown by members of the Supreme Court of the United States, about its importance (e.g., Karcher v. Daggett, 103 S. Ct. 2653: 1983). Is the time ripe for a direct judicial examination of the gerrymander on constitutional grounds? And, if so, does California comprise an appropriate test case?

Prerequisite to answering such questions are: (1) an understanding of how and why gerrymandering, in magnitude, extent, and impact, has become an essentially new kind of issue rather than a mere extension of a traditional practice; and (2) a need to develop judicially manageable standards of identifying gerrymanders.

Prior to the reapportionment revolution of the 1960s, there existed a variety of constraints that conditioned boundary manipulation. For one thing, a large number of states simply failed to redistrict for several decades, the situation that triggered Baker v. Can (369 U.S. 186: 1962), Wesberry v. Sanders (376 U.S. 1: 1964), et al. This resulted in great disparities in population among districts, a form of “silent” or “status quo” gerrymander that in practice minimized periodic boundary manipulation. For example, district lines for Congress were typically redrawn only in states—usually a minority—that lost or gained seats.
Declaration of Nelson W. Polsby in Badham v. Eu
Authors: Polsby Nelson W.
Published: April 2006

1. I offer the Court this declaration because I believe that it is helpful for the Court to consider the extent to which the reapportionment process is inescapably political and value-laden. The drawing of district boundaries requires the weighing of many different and often conflicting interests. Any result will be a political result pleasing to some and not to others. Tests that could be used by the courts to manage cases, like this one, in which a partisan group petitions the courts to impose a judicial result in a state in which one political party claims to be disadvantaged by the outcome of the political process, are not neutral but political in their outcomes, and trade-offs between and among the various tests that might be used require the exercise of political judgment.

2. In the early 1960s, the United States Supreme Court affirmed the principle that members of Congress must represent districts containing equal numbers of individuals (regardless of whether they vote or are even eligible to vote) as measured by the United States census. The application of this standard required only that the courts determine the respective populations of districts, a readily manageable task. The plaintiffs in this case, however, are asking the Court to do something much more difficult, namely protect the interests of one of many political or social groups, and have suggested that there may be an ideal degree of collective “effectiveness” of votes cast by a particular group. This is an entirely different matter.
Excerpts from Second Declaration of Bernard N. Grofman in Badham v. Eu
Authors: Grofman Bernard N.
Published: April 2006

The 1980s California congressional plans are not shown to be gerrymanders by the fact that the 1982 results were grossly disproportional to the votes of the electorate, nor by the fact that these plans each have only a very small number of seats where both parties have reasonable chances for the victory, nor by the fact that each plan is characterized by tortuously shaped districts, e.g., in San Diego and Northern California, which have no justification in terms of minority protection or in preserving city boundaries intact, although all three of these statements are true. It is well recognized that single member districts cannot be expected to yield proportionality between a party's vote percentage and the percentage of seats it wins (indeed, defense experts cite my own work on just this point); and it is also recognized that neither the absence of competition, nor the existence of ill-compact districts, make a gerrymander in and of themselves. Each of these factors, rather, is an indicator of possible gerrymandering efforts. When all three of these factors are found together with others (e.g., a plan passed in frantic haste by a partisan majority with no input from the minority party, a plan with clear discriminatory impact on the incumbents of the minority party) we have evidence for the conclusion that a plan that looks like a gerrymander, was intended to be a gerrymander, and has the effects of a gerrymander, is a gerrymander.
The Electoral Connection in the 99th Congress
Authors: Cook Timothy E.
Published: April 2006

Participant observation has provided some of our most impressive insights into the contemporary Congress. In particular, two scholars relied upon this method for results that must be regarded as shaping our current paradigm on Congress and its members: David Mayhew, who, six years after serving as an APSA Congressional Fellow, published his essay, Congress: The Electoral Connection (1974), and Richard Fenno, who traveled with representatives and senators in order to assess how members of Congress interact with their constituents and the impact of those interactions upon their performances in Washington in Home Style (1978) and its companion volume on the Senate (1982).

Despite the influence of these works, some ambiguities remained when I began my stint as a Congressional Fellow in the fall of 1984. For one thing, Mayhew and Fenno had reached different conclusions regarding the impact of the need to run for reelection. Mayhew asserted that congressional behavior and congressional outcomes could be explained solely by the goal of getting reelected; on the other hand, Fenno contended that members could establish separate “home styles” and “Washington styles,” as leeway in the latter increased with more successful presentations of self back home. Likewise, whereas Mayhew made no distinction between the strength of the electoral incentive for representatives and senators, Fenno argued that having longer terms than representatives provided much more temptation for senators to do something besides merely run for reelection. A second ambiguity was that most of Mayhew's and Fenno's fieldwork was accomplished in the early to mid 1970s, before the sea-change in American politics best symbolized by Ronald Reagan's election and the dramatic shifts in policy and in political style that ensued (see especially Edsall, 1984; Chubb and Peterson, 1985). While studies suggest that congressional decision-making has changed only slightly in the Reagan years (e.g., Smith, 1985), the altered electoral environment may have produced far-reaching changes in how the electoral connection shapes Congress.
Democracy and Religion
Authors: Reichley A. James
Published: April 2006

Relations between American democracy and religion have always been somewhat equivocal.

On the one hand, moral and ethical principles derived from the Judeo-Christian tradition have been a major source of democratic values. Religion was an important motivating factor in both the colonization of North America and the American Revolution. The Founding Fathers set such high store by religion that they included its free exercise along with free speech and a free press among the liberties specifically protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution. Organized religion played a key role in such drives to perfect democracy as the abolition of slavery, the enactment of woman's suffrage, and the civil rights struggle of the 1960s. Perhaps most important, the so-called Protestant ethic provided the moral bedrock on which republican institutions were built.

On the other hand, democratic theorists and much of the general public have been wary of the absolutist social outlook often associated with religion. Practically all religions claim to embody ultimate truths about the nature of the universe and the human condition. At some level, therefore, they can hardly be tolerant of rival beliefs. Religious bodies can avoid social intolerance by acknowledging that human imperfection clouds and corrupts the judgments of all institutions, including the churches, or by limiting their social pronouncement to broad moral directives. In practice, however, individuals or institutions claiming to represent transcendent moral authority are often tempted to attach certainty to their opinions on complex issues in secular politics.
Some Modest Propositions About an Immodest Subject
Authors: Dunn Charles W.
Published: April 2006

Few subjects arouse emotions like religion and politics. And when combined, few subjects raise more obstacles to balanced and objective scholarly analysis. Many strong and competing biases among both religious and political groups together with a scholar's own ideological and religious views may make it difficult to examine dispassionately the issues raised.

Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority on the right and Norman Lear's People for the American Way on the left pose perplexing problems for American democracy. Each group speaks fervently with immodest assurance that its views of American democracy is correct.

Comments by Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn and former Yale University President A. Bartlett Giamatti contrast between these polarized positions. Solzhenitsyn in his 1978 Harvard University commencement address charged that humanism “started Western civilization on the dangerous trend of worshipping man and his material needs. … As humanism in its development was becoming more and more materialistic, it also increasingly allowed its concepts to be used first by socialism and then by communism” (Solzhenitsyn, p. 53). Giamatti, on the other hand, has condemned groups like the Moral Majority by saying they “would sweep before them anyone who holds a different opinion” (The New York Times, September 1, 1981, p. 1).
The Presidency, Democratic Reform, and Constitutional Change
Authors: Milkis Sidney M.
Published: April 2006

Recent events have rendered the politics and governance of the American presidency a source of scorn and derision. While the nation seeks to come to terms with problems of the most serious magnitude in domestic and foreign affairs, the incumbent of the nation's highest office is crippled by a byzantine arms scandal. Moreover, the candidacy of the opposition's “front-runner” for the 1988 presidential nomination has been derailed by a scandal sufficiently salacious to displace as the focus of the media's attention the first week of congressional hearings that are investigating the Iran-Contra affair.

These developments represent an extraordinarily sharp shift in perceptions about the state of the presidency and American politics. Until the Iran-Contra revelations, many statesmen and scholars credited the Reagan Administration with suspending the paralysis that seemed to grip the nation during the post-Watergate years. For example, a survey of political scientists carried out by the National Journal in 1985 revealed that even many scholars who opposed Reagan's policies granted that the president had shown impressive leadership ability in dominating the government's agenda and mastering the Congress (National Journal, April 6, 1985, 743–747). Yet the Iran-Contra affair has apparently spoiled the Reagan legacy, belying the prospects for an enduring restoration of the presidency and a renewed sense of national purpose. The rapid demise of Senator Hart's candidacy reaffirmed that presidential politics was once again mired in issues of personality and institutional disarray. Indeed, the extreme scrutiny of Hart's “private” activities highlighted the ongoing lack of commitment in American politics to a public philosophy, as well as the absence of institutional strength necessary to cultivate and sustain a coherent sense of national purpose (Brinkley, 1987).
Commerce and the Development of Contract Law in Early New South Wales
Authors: Kercher Bruce
Published: April 2006

The penal colony of New South Wales was founded in January, 1788, with a population of convicts, military people, and a few civil officers. The settlement displaced one of the oldest cultures on earth, as English law failed to recognize that the Aborigines had any right to the land they had occupied for 40,000 years. On their first night ashore the women convicts were greeted by mass debauchery that deserved to be recorded by Hogarth, all under a heavy thunderstorm.
The “Discovery” of Law by English and American Jurists of the Seventeenth, Eighteenth, and Nineteenth Centuries: Third-Party Beneficiary Contracts as a Test Case
Authors: Karsten Peter
Published: April 2006

Two generations of legal historians have debated the question of the reception and evolution of common law and equity in England and America by jurists of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Briefly, one school argues that jurists of these years employed a “doctrinal method” to discover, through deduction, the principles of the law in a particular case. Such a jurist, in the words of the late Lon Fuller, “does not consider that it is the primary function of judges or legal scholars to weigh the practical consequences of deciding a particular case one way or the other. Rather [he] regards them as having a purely deductive function. The starting point for the deciding of any case is to be found in certain premises dictated by the nature of law and legal relationships. Each relationship or transaction has its ‘essential nature.’”
Procedural Innovation and Institutional Change in Medieval English Manorial Courts
Authors: Beckerman John S.
Published: April 2006

In England during the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries, the royal courts cast a longer and longer shadow over private and local jurisdictions. By a series of steps embracing much innovation, the custom of the king's court gradually became the common law of England, and the royal courts asserted their supremacy over other jurisdictions in many areas. Foremost among these were disputes over freehold land and cases involving felonies. It has been suggested that the royal innovations’ jurisdictional effects on private courts were “neither intended nor foreseen.” Nonetheless, they reduced private jurisdictions—with the exception of the palatinates—to constitutional insignificance during the thirteenth century. Occasional baronial objections, such as that enshrined in clause thirty-four of Magna Carta or the bluff waving of a rusty sword at a quo warranto inquest do not disguise this basic fact of English legal and constitutional history.
When All the Women Were White, and All the Blacks Were Men: Gender, Class, Race, and the Road toPlessy, 1855–1914
Authors: Welke Barbara Y.
Published: April 2006

The train Mary Jane Chilton had boarded, typical of trains of the period, had two passenger coaches: a ladies' car and a smoker. Only women and women accompanied by gentlemen rode in the ladies' car, while in the smoker rode all manner of men traveling alone, some of whom were smoking and drinking. In the oncoming darkness, Mary Jane Chilton feared the smoker and the men there who were strangers to her. Yet as she tried to enter the ladies' car, the brakeman blocked her way; the conductor seconded his actions: “that car was not for niggers.” Rather than go into the smoker, Mary Jane Chilton sat down on the steps of the ladies' car until the conductor, as she describes, bodily moved her to the train platform in front of a crowd of cheering bystanders, and the train pulled out of the station. Mary Jane Chilton, her fifteen-year-old daughter, and her eight-year-old nephew were left to walk to Carondelet, Missouri.
The Evolution of Law: Continued
Authors: Watson Alan
Published: April 2006

In my bookThe Evolution of LawI sought to give a general theory of legal evolution based on detailed legal examples from which generalizations could be drawn, offering as few examples as were consistent with my case in order to present as clear a picture as possible. I was well aware as I was writing that some critics would regard the examples as mere isolated aberrations and for them and for other readers who, whether convinced of the thesis or not, would like further evidence, I want here to bring forward a few extra significant examples.
Settlement of Disputes by Arbitration in Fifteenth-Century England
Authors: Powell Edward
Published: April 2006

The history of arbitration procedures and extra-judicial forms of dispute settlement in medieval England remains largely unwritten. This neglect is no doubt attributable to the precocious development of the common law, which has monopolized the attention of English legal historians and left them little time to consider alternative forms of dispute resolution. Their main preoccupation, epitomized in the work of great scholars such as Maitland, Holdsworth and Plucknett, has been to trace the evolution of legal institutions, procedures and doctrine. Consideration of arbitration has at best been regarded as peripheral to this central task.
The Origins of the English Legal Profession
Authors: Brand Paul A.
Published: April 2006

Shortly after Henry II had succeeded to the English throne, Richard of Anstey commenced litigation against his cousin, Mabel de Francheville. His uncle, William de Sackville, had held a sizeable mesne barony, consisting of at least seven Essex manors and the overlordship of ten knights' fees in Essex and three neighbouring counties. Richard's aim was to secure this property for himself. Mabel claimed that (as William's daughter and heiress) she was rightfully in possession. Richard asserted that she was illegitimate, the issue of a marriage that had been annulled by the Church; and that as Williams's nephew, the eldest son of William's sister, the lands should pass to him, as William's heir. The litigation began in 1158 in the king's court; but once the question of Mabel's status had been raised it was transferred to the Church courts. Her legitimacy was discussed in turn in the court of the archbishop of Canterbury, before papal judges delegate, and finally before the papal court of audience in Rome. The eventual decision was that Mabel was illegitimate. The case then returned to the king's court, and, some five years after the proceedings had begun, the king's court awarded William de Sackville's lands to Richard of Anstey.
Constructing Gender: Sexual Slander in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: King Andrew J.
Published: April 2006

The decades following the American Revolution witnessed major changes in American society. As traditional means of social control eroded, an increasingly secular society turned to lawmakers—both judicial and legislative—to craft new norms. Nineteenth-century legislators and judges actively promoted new visions of the economy, politics, and society. No area of social concern escaped their attention. Recent scholarship focusing on women and the family has explored how lawmakers transformed pre-Revolutionary legal concepts in reaction to changes in the nature of the family itself. This article examines the legal response in one narrow intersection of law and society: the law of sexual slander.
Imperia in Imperio:The Multiple Constitutions of Empire in New York, 1750–1777
Authors: Hulsebosch Daniel J.
Published: April 2006

At least once during his tenure, the royal governor of colonial New York received a list of questions from London. The Board of Trade, which recommended colonial policy to the king's Privy Council, sought information about the province's geography, population, trade, and legal regime. This last question often came first: “What is the constitution of the Government?” The responses, from the first British governor in 1669 to the last before the Revolution, described the imperial arrangement as a hierarchy of power flowing directly from the Crown. In 1738, for example, the lieutenant governor wrote that “The constitution is such as his Majesty by his commission to his Governour directs, whereby the Governour with the Council and assembly are empowered to pass laws not repugnant to the laws of England.” A decade later, Governor George Clinton replied more insightfully, with the help of his closest advisor, Cadwallader Colden: “The constitution of this Government is founded on His Majesty's Commission & Instructions to his Governor. But the assembly have made such Encroachments on his Majesty's Prerogative by their having the power of the purse that they in effect assume the whole executive powers into their own hands.”
The People versus Zephyr Davis: Law and Popular Justice in Late Nineteenth-Century Chicago
Authors: Dale Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

Shortly after 3 P.M. on February 27, 1888, Eddie Dwyer, one of the young employees at Greene's Boot Heel Factory in Chicago, began to clear empty sacks out of a closet in the rear of the factory so that coal could be loaded into the room. After pulling out roughly five sacks, Eddie called out that there seemed to be something else in the closet. Investigation established that the something else was the body of another employee, fourteen-year-old Maggie Gaughan, who had been missing all day and apparently had been hacked to death with the hatchet found beneath her body. Suspicion quickly centered on the factory foreman, a seventeen-year-old African American named Zephyr Davis, who was away from the factory on an errand at the time the body was discovered. That suspicion became certainty when Davis did not return from the errand, driven away, as he later admitted, by the crowds he saw gathered outside of Greene's when he returned.
Settlement and the Decline of Private Prosecution in Thirteenth-Century England
Authors: Klerman Daniel
Published: April 2006

Although modern societies generally entrust enforcement of the criminal law to public prosecutors, most crimes in premodern societies were prosecuted privately. In classical Athens, ninth-century Germany, and England before the nineteenth century, there were no public prosecutors for most crimes. Instead, the victim or a relative initiated and litigated the cases. This article is the first rigorously quantitative analysis of private prosecution. It focuses on thirteenth-century England and uses statistical techniques, such as regression analysis, to show that changes in the treatment of settled cases can explain the rate of private prosecution.
State, Citizenship, and Territory: The Legal Construction of Immigrants in Antebellum Massachusetts
Authors: Parker Kunal M.
Published: April 2006

Modern citizenship—understood in terms of the formal legal distinction between “citizen” and “alien”—functions as a barrier to the individual's territorial rights. In other words, it determines whether a given individual does or does not enjoy unimpeded rights of access to, and presence within, the territory that the state calls its own. In this capacity, it is wielded efficiently, systematically, and even brutally against individuals who seek to fashion better lives for themselves by moving into, or remaining within, the territories of states other than their “own.” In the contemporary West, entirely as a matter of routine, millions are kept out of, and removed from, the territories of states on the ground that they are not citizens of the states in question.
The Denials of Justice
Authors: Meranze Michael
Published: April 2006

The contemporary American will to punish is simultaneously in disarray and experiencing dramatic expansion. Crime, despite the ambiguities of its statistical measurement, remains a central focus of contemporary politics. Notwithstanding a “crisis of penological modernism” that has undercut traditional explanations and justifications for the penal apparatus, prison construction continues at an accelerated pace while proposals for increasing the severity of juvenile punishments seem omnipresent. Criminological discussions continue to stress the technicalities of the problem of punishment while larger social issues remain marginalized. In this situation, the evident problems of the criminal justice system are transmuted into programs for increasing its reach and power.
James Willard Hurst as Entrepreneur for the Field of Law and Social Science
Authors: Garth Bryant G.
Published: April 2006

Celebrations of the career of Willard Hurst tend to concentrate, quite understandably, on his scholarship in legal history. Most of those who now read and comment on his works are professional legal historians, and they tend to read and define Hurst according to that professional identification. This article takes a different approach, concentrating on Hurst's own role in the more general politics of legal scholarship. Hurst was not content with making a mark in legal history. He sought to challenge the legal establishment. We see the legacy of his efforts in the development of the field of law and social science, institutionalized in the mid 1960s in the Law and Society Association (LSA). Therefore, my focus is on the sociology and politics of scholarship rather than on intellectual history. I will not examine the relationship of Hurst's particular works to those who came before or after him, nor will I go through the exercise of suggesting what was good or lasting or useful about his work for present purposes.
Law, Capitalism, and the Liberal State: The Historical Sociology of James Willard Hurst
Authors: Novak William J.
Published: April 2006

Two legacies vie to take the measure of the work of Willard Hurst. The first understands Hurst primarily in his formal role as the “founding father” of an academic sub-specialty known as “American legal history”—the author of a canonical textLaw and the Conditions of Freedom, and the coiner of interpretive phrases like “legal instrumentalism” and “the release of energy” that established the boundaries of disciplinary debate for two generations of acolytes and dissenters. The second legacy flows from the substantive range of Hurst's research and writing as a whole—the depth and breadth of an intellectual project that tears at and transcends the very disciplinary borders being constructed by his texts and phrases. In this essay, I will ignore the first perspective, which tends to dominate hagiographic and commemorative commentaries.
Federalism and the Processes of Governance in Hurst's Legal History
Authors: Scheiber Harry N.
Published: April 2006

“The more important any legal theme is in United States history,” Willard Hurst once wrote, “the more likely it is that it has been significantly affected by the coexistence and interplay of the national and the state governments.” That federalism and its impact on legal development should have been of central importance to Hurst's interpretations of American history is by no means surprising, yet the subject seldom finds a place in the growing literature on Hurst's seminal research contributions. His estimate of federalism's importance may no doubt be explained in part by the close relationship that he had with Felix Frankfurter as the research assistant in 1935–36 for Frankfurter's book of lectures on the Commerce Clause in the nineteenth century. This was a study animated, one can be certain, by Frankfurter's interest in finding ample room within the constitutional order for giving the states adequate space to pursue their varied individual policy preferences in response to the challenges posed by economic and social change. Indeed, Frankfurter had long been struggling with the issue of what authority was left, by a proper interpretation of constitutional federalism, to the state legislatures and courts; and he must have been pleased when Hurst wrote to him in 1938 that he was thinking about undertaking a historical study of diversity jurisdiction as a way of getting “a slant on the business of making federalism work.”
Reactions of Polychlorophenyllithium Compounds with Electrophiles.
Authors: Burukin A. S. , Vasil'ev A. A. , Struchkova M. I. , Kachala V. V. , Zlotin S. G.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photoinduced Metalation of Nonactivated C—Cl Bonds with Samarium Diiodide: Synthesis of Alkenes with High (Z)‐Selectivity Through β‐Elimination Reactions.
Authors: Concellon Jose M. , Rodrigues‐Solla Humberto , Simal Carmen , Huerta Monica
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Amination and Imidation of 2,3‐Allenyl Phosphates.
Authors: Imada Yasushi , Nishida Masayuki , Kutsuwa Koji , Murahashi Shun‐Ichi , Naota Takeshi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Formation of O‐Allyl Oximes by Reaction of Allylzinc Reagents with α‐Chloronitroso Compounds.
Authors: Filip Sorin V. , Sewald Norbert
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of an Anomalous Heck Reaction: Skeletal Rearrangement of Divinyl and Enyne Carbinols.
Authors: Ndungu J. Maina , Larson Kimberly K. , Sarpong Richmond
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Concise and Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of (S)‐2‐Ethylphenylpropanoic Acid Derivatives: Dual Agonists for Human Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor α and δ.
Authors: Kasuga Jun‐ichi , Hashimoto Yuichi , Miyachi Hiroyuki
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
ZrCl4 Dispersed on Dry Silica Gel Provides a Useful Reagent for S‐Alkylation of Thiols with Alcohols under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Firouzabadi Habib , Iranpoor Nasser , Jafarpour Maasoumeh
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Photophysical Characterization of a Titanium(IV) Phthalocyanine—C60 Supramolecular Dyad.
Authors: Ballesteros Beatriz , de la Torre Gema , Torres Tomas , Hug Gordon L. , Rahman G. M. Aminur , Guldi Dirk M.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrroles from Nitroso‐Diels—Alder Cycloadducts.
Authors: Calvet Geraldine , Blanchard Nicolas , Kouklovsky Cyrille
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Design and Synthesis of C‐2 Substituted Chiral Imidazolium Ionic Liquids from Amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Ni Bukuo , Headley Allan D. , Li Guigen
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazoles from Nitroalkenes — Revisited.
Authors: Quiclet‐Sire Beatrice , Zard Samir Z.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of 4‐Hydroxypiperidin‐2‐ones via Cu(I)‐Catalyzed Reductive Aldol Cyclization.
Authors: Lam Hon Wai , Murray Gordon J. , Firth James D.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of N‐Diphenylphosphinoylimines Using the Kresze Reaction
Authors: Lauzon Caroline , Desrosiers Jean‐Nicolas , Charette Andre B.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple Method for Deprotection of the N‐ and O‐Carbobenzoxy Groups and N‐Methylation of the Desosamine Sugar Moiety of Ketolides.
Authors: Iwaki Tsutomu , Nomura Takashi , Narukawa Yukitoshi , Uotani Koichi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Research and Development of VUV Phosphors for a Mercury‐Free Lamp
Authors: Toda Kenji
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A 12 to 24 weeks pilot study of sertraline treatment in obese women binge eaters
Authors: Leombruni Paolo , Pierò Andrea , Brustolin Annalisa , Mondelli Valeria , Levi Maura , Campisi Stefania , Marozio Susanna , Abbate‐Daga Giovanni , Fassino Secondo
Published: April 2006

Previous studies tested the efficacy of sertraline in Binge Eating Disorder (BED) over a period of 6 weeks. The present open study assesses the efficacy of sertraline over a period of 24 weeks in obese persons with binge eating behaviour (with or without the full criteria for BED) confirmed by high scores on the Binge Eating Scale (BES). Thirty‐two obese outpatients (14 with BED and 18 without full criteria for BED), without co‐occurring psychiatric comorbidities, were treated with sertraline (dose range 100–200 mg/d). Subjects were assessed at baseline and at 8, 12 and 24 weeks of treatment for number of binges, weight and psychopathology. After 8 weeks of treatment a significant improvement in the BES score and a significant weight loss emerged. These results were maintained over 24 weeks. A moderate drop out rate was detected, but no significant association with the severity of side effects was found. Further studies are needed to confirm the usefulness of sertraline in the treatment of patients with BED and also in binge eaters with a less severe eating psychopathology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Quasi-Physical Algorithm for the Structure Optimization in an Off-Lattice Protein Model
Authors: Liu Jing-Fa , Huang Wen-Qi
Published: April 2006

In this paper, we study an off-lattice protein AB model with two species of monomers, hydrophobic and hydrophilic, and present a heuristic quasi-physical algorithm. First, by elaborately simulating the movement of the smooth solids in the physical world, we find low-energy conformations for a given monomer chain. A subsequent off-trap strategy is then proposed to trigger a jump for a stuck situation in order to get out of the local minima. The algorithm has been tested in the three-dimensional AB model for all sequences with lengths of 13–55 monomers. In several cases, we renew the putative ground state energy values. The numerical results show that the proposed methods are very promising for finding the ground states of proteins.
The plane turbulent impinging jet
Authors: Gutmark E. , Wolfshtein M. , Wygnanski I.
Published: April 2006

This paper presents an experimental study of the turbulent structure on the centre-line of a two-dimensional impinging jet. The mean velocity, turbulent stresses, triple velocity products and temporal derivatives were measured and the energy balances for the three fluctuating components were calculated. The results indicate a selective stretching of vortices in the direction in which the streamlines spread near the wall, causing anisotropy in this region. The distribution of energy among various frequencies was found from spectral measurements. These measurements revealed the existence of a neutral frequency above which the energy was attenuated by viscous dissipation and below which it was augmented by a vortex-stretching mechanism.
Separation from spherical caps in Stokes flow
Authors: Collins R.
Published: April 2006

Flow-visualization experiments for Stokes flow past thin spherical caps show separation from the rims of the caps in agreement with Dorrepaal, O'Neill & Ranger's (1976) theoretical prediction.
Domains and boundaries of non-stationary oblique shock-wave reflexions. 1. Diatomic gas
Authors: Ben-Dor G. , Glass I. I.
Published: April 2006

Interferometric data were obtained in the UTIAS 10 × 18 cm hypervelocity shock tube of oblique shock-wave reflexions in nitrogen at initial temperatures and pressures of about 300 K and 15 torr. The shock-Mach-number range covered was 2 ≤Ms≤ 8 over a series of wedge angles 2° ≤ θw≤ 60°. Dual-wavelength laser interferograms were obtained by using a 23 cm diameter field of view Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In addition to our numerous results the available data for nitrogen, air and oxygen obtained over the last three decades were also utilized. It is shown analytically and experimentally that in non-stationary flows seven domains exist in the (Ms, θw) plane where regular reflexion (RR), single-Mach reflexion (SMR), complex-Mach reflexion (CMR) and double-Mach reflexion (DMR) can occur. In addition, the transition boundaries between these regions were established. The experimental results from many sources substantiate the present analysis, and areas of disagreement which existed in the literature are now clarified and resolved. It is shown that real-gas effects have a significant influence on the size of the regions and their boundaries. The comprehensive, accurate and sensitive isopycnic data will form a base for comparing existing and future numerical analyses of such complex flows.
Flow separation on a spheroid at incidence
Authors: Han Taeyoung , Patel V. C.
Published: April 2006

Surface streamline patterns on a spheroid have been examined at several angles of attack. Most of the tests were performed at low Reynolds numbers in a hydraulic flume using coloured dye to make the surface flow visible. A limited number of experiments was also carried out in a wind tunnel, using wool tufts, to study the influence of Reynolds number and turbulent separation. The study has verified some of the important qualitative features of three-dimensional separation criteria proposed earlier by Maskell, Wang and others. The observed locations of laminar separation lines on a spheroid at various incidences have been compared with the numerical solutions of Wang and show qualitative agreement. The quantitative differences are attributed largely to the significant viscous-inviscid flow interaction which is present, especially at large incidences.
Three-dimensional natural convection in a confined porous medium heated from below
Authors: Horne Roland N.
Published: April 2006

Previous analyses of natural convection in a porous medium have drawn seemingly contradictory conclusions as to whether the motion is two- or three-dimensional. This investigation uses numerical results to show the relationship between previous contending observations, and demonstrates that there exists more than one mode of convection for any particular physical configuration and Rayleigh number. In some cases, a particular flow situation may be stable even though it does not maximize the energy transfer across the system.

The methods used are based on the efficient numerical solution of the governing equations, formulated with the definition of a vector potential. This approach is shown to be superior to formulating the equations in terms of pressure.

For a cubic region the flow pattern at a particular value of the Rayleigh number is not unique and is determined by the initial conditions. In some cases there exist four alternatives, two- and three-dimensional, steady and unsteady.
Dynamical instabilities and the transition to chaotic Taylor vortex flow
Authors: Fenstermacher P. R. , Swinney Harry L. , Gollub J. P.
Published: April 2006

We have used the technique of laser-Doppler velocimetry to study the transition to turbulence in a fluid contained between concentric cylinders with the inner cylinder rotating. The experiment was designed to test recent proposals for the number and types of dynamical regimes exhibited by a flow before it becomes turbulent. For different Reynolds numbers the radial component of the local velocity was recorded as a function of time in a computer, and the records were then Fourier-transformed to obtain velocity power spectra. The first two instabilities in the flow, to time-independent Taylor vortex flow and then to time-dependent wavy vortex flow, are well known, but the present experiment provides the first quantitative information on the subsequent regimes that precede turbulent flow. Beyond the onset of wavy vortex flow the velocity spectra contain a single sharp frequency component and its harmonics; the flow is strictly periodic. As the Reynolds number is increased, a previously unobserved second sharp frequency component appears atR/Rc= 10·1, whereRcis the critical Reynolds number for the Taylor instability. The two frequencies appear to be irrationally related; hence this is a quasi-periodic flow. A chaotic element appears in the flow atR/Rc≃ 12, where a weak broadband component is observed in addition to the sharp components; this flow can be described as weakly turbulent. AsRis increased further, the component that appeared atR/Rc= 10·1 disappears atR/Rc= 19·3, and the remaining sharp component disappears atR/Rc= 21·9, leaving a spectrum with only the broad component and a background continuum. The observance of only two discrete frequencies and then chaotic flow is contrary to Landau's picture of an infinite sequence of instabilities, each adding a new frequency to the motion. However, recent studies of nonlinear models with a few degrees of freedom show a behaviour similar in most respects to that observed.
Stability and mixing of a vertical plane buoyant jet in confined depth
Authors: Jirka Gerhard H. , Harleman Donald R. F.
Published: April 2006

A plane turbulent buoyant jet discharging vertically into a two-dimensional channel of confined depth is considered. The channel opens at both ends into a large outside reservoir, thus defining a steady symmetrical flow field within the channel. The analysis is aimed at two aspects, the stability and the bulk mixing characteristics of the discharge. A stable discharge configuration is defined as one in which a buoyant surface layer is formed which spreads horizontally and does not communicate with the initial buoyant jet region. On the other hand, the discharge configuration is unstable when a recirculating cell exists on both sides of the jet efflux.

It is shown that discharge stability is only dependent on the dynamic interaction of three near-field regions, a buoyant jet region, a surface impingement region and an internal hydraulic jump region. The buoyant jet region is analysed with the assumption of a variable entrainment coefficient in a form corresponding to an approximately constant jet-spreading angle as confirmed by different experimental sources. The properties of surface impingement and internal jump regions are determined on the basis of control volume analyses. Under the Boussinesq approximation, only two dimensionless parameters govern the near-field interaction; these are a discharge densimetric Froude number and a relative depth. For certain parameter combinations, namely those implying low buoyancy and shallow depth, there is no solution to the conjugate downstream condition in the hydraulic jump which would satisfy both momentum and energy conservation principles. Arguments are given which interpret this condition as one which leads to the establishment of a near-field recirculation cell and, thus, discharge instability.

The far-field boundary conditions, while having no influence on discharge stability, determine the bulk mixing characteristics of the jet discharge. The governing equations for the two-layered counterflow system in the far field are solved. The strength of the convective transport, and hence the related dilution ratio, is governed by another non-dimensional parameter, the product of the relative channel length and the boundary friction coefficient.

Experiments in a laboratory flume, covering a range of the governing parameters, are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions, both the stability criterion and the bulk mixing characteristics.