bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Levels of lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and antioxidant vitamins in plasma of patients with fibromyalgia
Authors: Akkuş Selami , Nazıroğlu Mustafa , Eriş Sevilay , Yalman Kadir , Yılmaz Nigar , Yener Mahmut
Published: March 2009

The etiology of fibromyalgia is not clearly understood. In recent years, a few studies have investigated the possible role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the etiology and pathogenesis of fibromyalgia. The aim of this study was to investigate plasma antioxidant vitamins, lipid peroxidation (LP), and nitric oxide (NO) levels in patients with fibromyalgia and controls. The study was performed on the blood plasma of 30 female patients and 30 age‐matched controls. After a fast of 12 h, blood samples were taken, and plasma samples were obtained for measurement of vitamins A, C, E, and β‐carotene concentrations and levels of LP and NO. Concentrations of vitamins A (p < 0.01) and E (p < 0.001) were significantly lower in patients with fibromyalgia than in controls, and LP levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the plasma of the patients than in controls. Concentrations of vitamin C and β‐carotene and levels of NO did not change significantly. These results provide some evidence for a potential role of LP and fat‐soluble antioxidants in the patients with fibromyalgia. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large‐Scale Synthesis of Few‐Layered Graphene using CVD
Authors: Wang Xianbao , You Haijun , Liu Fangming , Li Mingjian , Wan Li , Li Shaoqing , Li Qin , Xu Yang , Tian Rong , Yu Ziyong , Xiang Dong , Cheng Jing
Published: March 2009

Large‐scale, substrate‐free graphene, with few‐layered sheets, is synthesized by the CVD of methane over cobalt supported on magnesium oxides at 1000 °C in a gas flow of argon. Typically, 50 mg of the few‐layered graphene materials over 500 mg of the Co/MgO catalysts are synthesized under our experimental conditions. Randomly aggregated, thin, crumpled graphene sheets stacked closely together are produced. Both carbon (94.6 at.‐%) and oxygen (5.4 at.‐%) are present in the graphene sheets. The oxygen may originate from air adsorbed on the graphene sheets. Our results indicate the presence of localized sp3 defects within the sp2 carbon network and small sp2 domains in the few‐layered graphene particles.
Dr John M Blocher Jr: 90 Years Young
Authors: Wahl Georg
Published: March 2009

Essay: Prof. Georg Wahl joins the CVD community in wishing John Blocher, ‘the father of CVD’, many happy returns on the occasion of his 90th birthday.
Anti‐CD3 mAbs for treatment of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Kaufman Adam , Herold Kevan C.
Published: March 2009

The use of anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has moved from the bench to the bedside. The experience with the anti‐human CD3 mAb OKT3 for treatment of transplant rejection identified limitations that were largely overcome with the creation of humanized non‐FcR binding antibodies: Teplizumab, Otelixizumab and Visilizumab. Preclinical studies showed the ability of the drugs to reverse hyperglycaemia in diabetic non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice providing rationale for clinical trials with the agents. The former two drugs have been tested in subjects with new onset type 1 diabetes. They have both shown, in randomized clinical trials, an ability to reduce the loss of insulin production over the first 2 years of the disease. In addition, the need for exogenous insulin to maintain glucose control has been reduced. However, these agents alone do not restore normal glucose control, and future approaches will likely require combinations of agents with complementary immune or metabolic activity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Photochemical Reactions of Phosphonium‐Iodonium Ylides: Synthesis of Phosphonium‐Substituted Oxazoles
Authors: Matveeva Elena D. , Podrugina Tatyana A. , Pavlova Anna S. , Mironov Andrey V. , Gleiter Rolf , Zefirov Nikolai S.
Published: March 2009

Irradiation of the mixed phosphonium‐iodonium ylides 4–6 in the presence of acetonitrile, propionitrile, and benzonitrile yielded the oxazole derivatives 9a–9c, 10a–10c, and 11a–11c in 30 %–50 % yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Total Synthesis of Neoaltenuene
Authors: Altemöller Martina , Podlech Joachim
Published: March 2009

The total synthesis of neoaltenuene, a toxin produced by alternaria fungi, has been achieved for the first time in 14 steps in a yield of 10 % starting from quinic acid and phloroglucinic acid, the longest linear sequence consisting of 10 steps. The key reaction was a palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki‐type coupling of an arene boronate with an iodinated cyclohexene.4a‐epi‐Neoaltenuene, a non‐natural isomer has been synthesized similarly. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Analysis of mono‐, di‐ and oligosaccharides by CE using a two‐stage derivatization method and LIF detection
Authors: Tseng Hua‐Ming , Gattolin Stefano , Pritchard Jeremy , Newbury H. John , Barrett David A.
Published: March 2009

A sensitive CE with LIF method has been developed for quantitative analysis of small carbohydrates. In this work, 17 carbohydrates including mono‐, di‐ and oligosaccharides were simultaneously derivatized with 4‐fluoro‐7‐nitrobenzofurazane (NBD‐F) via a two‐step reaction involving reductive amination with ammonia followed by condensation with NBD‐F. Under the optimized derivatization conditions all carbohydrates were successfully derivatized within 2.5 h and separated within 15 min using borate buffer (90 mmol/L, pH 9.2). For sugar standards LODs were in the range of 49.7 to 243.6 nmol/L. Migration time and peak area reproducibility were better than RSD 0.1 and 3%, respectively. The method was applied to measure sugars in nanoliter volume samples of phloem sap obtained by stylectomy from wheat and to honeydew samples obtained from aphids feeding from wheat and willow.
Simulating 3D deformable particle suspensions using lattice Boltzmann method with discrete external boundary force
Authors: Wu Jingshu , Aidun Cyrus K.
Published: March 2009

A method for direct numerical analysis of three‐dimensional deformable particles suspended in fluid is presented. The flow is computed on a fixed regular ‘lattice’ using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), where each solid particle is mapped onto a Lagrangian frame moving continuously through the domain. Instead of the bounce‐back method, an external boundary force (EBF) is used to impose the no‐slip boundary condition at the fluid–solid interface for stationary or moving boundaries. The EBF is added directly to the lattice Boltzmann equation. The motion and orientation of the particles are obtained from Newtonian dynamics equations. The advantage of this approach is outlined in comparison with the standard and higher‐order interpolated bounce‐back methods as well as the LBM immersed‐boundary and the volume‐of‐fluid methods. Although the EBF method is general, in this application, it is used in conjunction with the lattice–spring model for deformable particles. The methodology is validated by comparing with experimental and theoretical results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selection and the effect of prenatal smoking
Authors: Fertig Angela R.
Published: March 2009

There is a debate about the extent to which the effect of prenatal smoking on infant health outcomes is causal. Poor outcomes could be attributable to mother characteristics, which are correlated with smoking. I examine the importance of selection on the effect of prenatal smoking by using three British cohorts where the mothers' knowledge about the harms of prenatal smoking varied substantially. I find that the effect of smoking on the probability of a low birth weight birth conditional on gestation is slightly more than twice as large in 2000 compared with 1958, implying that selection could explain as much as 50% of the current association between smoking and birth outcomes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
5,12‐Diacylated‐5,6,11,12‐tetrahydrodibenzo[b,f][1,4]‐diazocines and related compounds
Authors: Yale Harry L. , Spitzmiller Ervin R.
Published: March 2009

Both N,N′ ‐(o‐phenylene)diformamide (1) and N,N′ ‐(4‐chloro‐1,2‐phenylene)diformamide (30) reacted with α,α‐dibromo‐o‐xylene (2) in DMF at 95–100° to give 5,6,11,12‐tetrahydrodibenzo‐[b,f][1,4]diazocine‐5,12‐dicarboxaldehyde (3a) and the corresponding 2‐chloro derivative (3b). With potassium hydroxide in ethylene glycol at 110°, 3a and 3b were selectively saponified to the 5‐carboxaldehyde derivatives (4) and either 21a or 22a. Reacylation of the latter led to a series of 5,12‐unsymmetrically diacylated derivatives, 5–18. Additionally, 4 was subjected (a) to a basecatalyzed addition to acrylonitrile to give the 12‐cyanoethyl derivative (19) and (b) alkylation with α‐bromotoluene to give the 12‐benzyl compound (20). Saponification of both carboxaldehyde groups in 3a,b required potassium hydroxide in ethylene glycol at 135° and gave the N,N′ ‐unsubstituted heterocycles (23 and 24); these were subsequently reacted with several aldehydes to yield the 5,12‐methano derivatives (25–29).
Reactions of acetylenic β‐keto cyanides and β‐keto esters with different ammonia derivatives
Authors: Al‐Jallo H. , Shandala M. , Al‐Hajjar F. , Al‐Jabour N.
Published: March 2009

Different aryl substituted acetylenic β‐keto cyanides (IAa‐o) and β‐keto esters (IBa‐o) reacted with each of hydrazine hydrate, phenylhydrazine, hydroxylamine hydrochloride and semicarbazide hydrochloride in boiling alcohol to give the same heterocyclic nucleus for each type of ammonia derivative. In certain cases, intermediate acetylenic hydrazides were isolated at room or zero temperatures and cyclized to give the appropriate pyrazol‐5‐one compounds when healed above their melting points. It is concluded that Michael addition is favoured at elevated temperatures and Claisen addition is favoured at lower temperatures.
The antiarrhythmic and antiinflammatory activity of a series of tricyclic pyrazoles
Authors: Hamilton Robert W.
Published: March 2009

A series of tricyclic pyrazoles were prepared from intermediates available from steroid total synthesis and tested for antiarrhythmic and antiinflammatory activity.
The oxidation of s‐triazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazines with selenium dioxide
Authors: Iwao Masatomo , Kuraishi Tsukasa
Published: March 2009

Some s‐triazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazines were oxidized to 2,3‐dihydro‐s‐triazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazin‐3‐ones with selenium dioxide in nitrobenzene at 160–165° (external temperature) for 1–2 hours in 30–40% yields.
Polycondensed nitrogen heterocycles. VI. Pyrrolo[3,4‐b]‐1,4‐thiazine. A new heterocyclic ring system
Authors: Aiello Enrico , Dattolo Gaeteno , Plescia Salvatore
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the synthesis of a new ring system, pyrrolo[3,4‐b]‐1,4‐thiazine, obtained via H → III → IV.
Reaction of substituted benzylideneacetylacetones with hydroxylamine hydrochloride
Authors: Kurihara Takushi , Sakaguchi Toshiko , Hirano Hiroshi
Published: March 2009

The reaction of α,β‐unsaturated β‐diketones, such as 3‐(o‐chloro, m‐nitro, and o‐nitrobenzylidene)acetylacetones (I, II, and III) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride was carried out. Among them, compound I and II in acetonitrile, methanol, and acetic acid afforded 4‐(α‐hydroxy, methoxy, acetoxy, and chlorobenzyl)‐3,5‐dimethylisoxazoles (IV‐XI) in fairly good yield. On the other hand, III yielded 3‐(3′,5′‐dimethylpyrazolo)‐5‐chloroanthranil (XV) under the almost same conditions by the participation of o‐nitro group.
Photochemistry of 1‐methoxyphthalazine 3‐oxide
Authors: Šket Boris , Zupan Marko , Pollak Alfred
Published: March 2009

Irradiation of 1‐methoxyphthalazine 3‐oxide in cyclohexane at 3500 Å resulted in the formation of phthalimide. On the other hand, irradiation in the presence of maleic anhydride resulted in the formation of 1‐methoxynaphthalene‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid anhydride. The similar cycloadduct was also observed by irradiation in the presence of benzoquinone. The formation of the cycloaddition products was also observed in acetic anhydride at 60°.
Weapons used by juveniles and adult offenders in sexual homicides: An empirical analysis of 29 years of US data
Authors: Chan Heng Choon (Oliver) , Heide Kathleen M.
Published: March 2009

Most studies of sexual murderers consist of small samples made up of primarily adult offenders. Accordingly, little is known about similarities and differences between juvenile (under 18) and adult (over 18) sexual murderers. This article is the first to utilise a large sample (n = 3845) that spans almost three decades (1976–2004) of Supplemental Homicide Reports data to analyse juvenile (n = 452) and adult (n = 3393) sexual murderers, particularly in terms of weapons used to kill different victim types. This study underscores the importance of analyses of specific types of murderers. In comparison with homicide arrestees, those arrested for sexual murder were more likely to be male, less likely to be black, and about as likely to be under 18. Consistent with previous literature, sexual murderers in this study were more likely to use personal and close contact weapons than firearms and other more distant methods of killing. Several significant differences emerged in weapons selected to kill different victim types between juvenile and adult offenders. Findings with respect to weapon selection by offender age groups are consistent with Heide's physical strength hypothesis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current HIV‐2 diagnostic strategy overestimates HIV‐2 prevalence in China
Authors: Qiu Maofeng , Liu Xin , Jiang Yan , Nkengasong John N. , Xing Wenge , Pei Lijian , Parekh Bharat S.
Published: March 2009

A significant number of HIV‐2 infections have been reported in China using Western blot as per current guidelines for HIV‐2 diagnosis in China. However, most specimens were also positive on HIV‐1 Western blot suggesting cross‐reactivity and possible overestimation. We carried out the current study to evaluate a strategy to diagnose the HIV‐2 infections in China. A total of 119 specimens received from 16 provinces were likely to be HIV‐2 when tested according to current guidelines in China using the Genelabs Western blot (HIV Blot 2.2 WB). Further testing by HIV‐2 WB (Bio‐Rad New LAV Blot II or Genelabs HIV Blot 1.2 WB) scored 56 (47.1%) of 119 samples with banding pattern suggestive of HIV‐2 infection, and 63 (52.9%) were HIV‐2 indeterminate. A peptide‐based HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 enzyme immunoassay for differential diagnosis of HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 infections was validated and used. This in‐house EIA demonstrated that only 1 (0.8%) of 119 specimens had HIV‐2 specific antibodies, while 2 (1.7%) were dually reactive. These results were highly concordant (>99%) with those by Inno‐LIA HIV‐I/II (Innogenetics, Belgium), which also use specific peptides for type‐specific diagnosis. Our data demonstrates that HIV‐2 infection is rare in China, and HIV‐2 Western blot may overestimate the prevalence of HIV‐2 in the population with HIV‐1. The HIV‐2 diagnostic strategy in China needs to be revised to include more specific peptide‐based immunoassays. J. Med. Virol. 81:790–797, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor in HCV genotype‐1 patients who develop Peg‐IFN‐α2b related severe neutropenia: A preliminary report on treatment, safety and efficacy
Authors: Koskinas John , Zacharakis George , Sidiropoulos John , Elefsiniotis John , Savvas Savvas , Kotsiou Stamatia , Kountouras Dimitrios , Schina Maria , Kostopoulos Panagiotis , Archimandritis Athanasios
Published: March 2009

Dose reductions of Peg‐IFNa because of severe neutropenia may affect the virologic response in patients with hepatitis C infection (HCV). Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) has been used occasionally but studies addressing its safety and efficacy in the current treatment of HCV infection are missing. The database of 232 naïve patients with HCV genotype‐1 who received PEG‐IFNα2b 1.5 mcg/kg/week plus Ribavirin 800–1,400 mg/day and completed the treatment was examined. Nineteen patients who exhibited significant neutropenia and received 150–300 µg G‐CSF (Group A) with 19 matched control patients who had dose reductions of Peg‐IFNα according to the standard recommendations (Group B) were examined. None of the patients had treatment modifications due to thrombocytopenia or anemia. The mean decline of the neutrophils was similar in groups A and B (1,760 ± 1,030/mm3at 11 ± 8.6 weeks and 1,630 ± 890 at 12.3 ± 6.1, respectively). Nadir neutrophil values were also not statistically different. Patients who received G‐CSF two before IFNα, maintained neutrophils between 1,400/mm3and 2,700/mm3and remained on G‐CSF for 29 weeks (2–40). Virologic response at the end of treatment was observed in 12/19 (63%) patients and at 6 months follow‐up in 6/19 (32%) in group A as compared to 9/19 (47%) and 4/19 (21%) in group B, respectively. No side effects related to G‐CSF were encountered. Administration of G‐CSF 2 days before Peg‐IFNα is safe, maintains sustained neutrophil count, improves adherence to treatment and seems to increase the virologic response in patients infected with HCV genotype 1 who develop Peg‐IFN‐α2b related severe neutropenia. J. Med. Virol. 81:848–852, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A meta‐analytic investigation into the moderating effects of situational strength on the conscientiousness–performance relationship
Authors: Meyer Rustin D. , Dalal Reeshad S. , Bonaccio Silvia
Published: March 2009

Debates about the utility of conscientiousness as a predictor of job performance have focused primarily on mean effect size estimates, despite theoretical and empirical reasons to expect variability across situations. The present study meta‐analytically demonstrates that occupation‐level situational strength is one important source of this variability. Consistent with theory, predicted uncorrected conscientiousness–performance correlations ranged from r = .09 to .23 (overall performance) and r = .06 to .18 (task performance), with stronger correlations observed in weak occupations. These results highlight the need for continued inquiry into the nature of situational strength, its impact on other predictor–outcome relationships, and the implications of these issues vis‐à‐vis theory and practice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Posttraumatic stress in AIDS‐orphaned children exposed to high levels of trauma: The protective role of perceived social support
Authors: Cluver Lucie , Fincham Dylan S. , Seedat Soraya
Published: March 2009

Poor urban children in South Africa are exposed to multiple community traumas, but AIDS‐orphaned children are at particular risk for posttraumatic stress. This study examined the hypothesis that social support may moderate the relationship between trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress for this group. Four hundred twenty‐five AIDS‐orphaned children were interviewed using standardized measures of psychopathology. Compared to participants with low perceived social support, those with high perceived social support demonstrated significantly lower levels of PTSD symptoms after both low and high levels of trauma exposure. This suggests that strong perception of social support from carers, school staff, and friends may lessen deleterious effects of exposure to trauma, and could be a focus of intervention efforts to improve psychological outcomes for AIDS‐orphaned children.
Autoantibodies to recombinant human CTL2 in autoimmune hearing loss
Authors: Kommareddi Pavan K. , Nair Thankam S. , Vallurupalli Mounica , Telian Steven A. , Alexander Arts H. , El‐Kashlan Hussam K. , Sataloff Robert T. , Carey Thomas E.
Published: March 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Choline transporter‐like protein 2 (CTL2), a 68–72 kDa inner‐ear membrane glycoprotein, is a candidate target antigen in autoimmune hearing loss (AIHL). The objective of this study was to test recombinant human CTL2 as a potential target for the detection of human autoantibodies in patients with AIHL.

Study Design:

In vitro assay development.

Methods:

Human inner ear CTL2 mRNA was cloned into baculovirus and used to infect insect cells. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to determine optimal expression of recombinant human CTL2 (rHuCTL2) in insect cells. AIHL patient sera of known reactivity with guinea pig inner ear were tested for antibodies to purified rHuCTL2 on western blots. Sera from normal hearing donors were used as controls.

Results:

The rHuCTL2 protein migrated as three bands: a core protein of 62kDa and two N‐glycosylated bands at 66 and 70 kDa. Sera from 6/12 (50%) of AIHL patients with antibody to the 68–72 kDa inner‐ear protein or to supporting cells also have antibody to rHuCTL2. Four of the four patients with antibody to rHuCTL2 responded to corticosteroids, whereas 4/8 that lacked antibody to rHuCTL2 did not. Among normal human sera, 80% were negative; binding was barely detectable in 3/15 (20%).

Conclusions:

The rHuCTL2 protein can be produced efficiently and used as a substrate for testing human sera. Antibodies to rHuCTL2 were detected in 50% of inner‐ear–reactive AIHL sera. Additionally, circulating antibody to rHuCTL2 is with associated response to corticosteroids in some AIHL patients. Laryngoscope, 2009
Mathematical description of q‐space in spherical coordinates: Exact q‐ball imaging
Authors: Canales‐Rodríguez Erick Jorge , Melie‐García Lester , Iturria‐Medina Yasser
Published: March 2009

Novel methodologies have been recently developed to characterize the microgeometry of neural tissues and porous structures via diffusion MRI data. In line with these previous works, this article provides a detailed mathematical description of q‐space in spherical coordinates that helps to highlight the differences and similarities between various related q‐space methodologies proposed to date such as q‐ball imaging (QBI), diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI), and diffusion orientation transform imaging (DOT). This formulation provides a direct relationship between the orientation distribution function (ODF) and the diffusion data without using any approximation. Under this relationship, the exact ODF can be computed by means of the Radon transform of the radial projection (in q‐space) of the diffusion MRI signal. This new methodology, termed exact q‐ball imaging (EQBI), was put into practice using an analytical ODF estimation in terms of spherical harmonics that allows obtaining model‐free and model‐based reconstructions. This work provides a new framework for combining information coming from diffusion data recorded on multiple spherical shells in q‐space (hybrid diffusion imaging encoding scheme), which is capable of mapping ODF to a high accuracy. This represents a step toward a more efficient development of diffusion MRI experiments for obtaining better ODF estimates. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T1 mapping using spoiled FLASH‐EPI hybrid sequences and varying flip angles
Authors: Preibisch C. , Deichmann R.
Published: March 2009

In this work a method for considerably improving the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) in T1 maps based on the variable flip angle approach is proposed, employing spoiled fast low angle shot (FLASH) echo‐planar imaging (EPI) hybrid sequences with two echoes per excitation. In phantom measurements it could be verified that the SNR improvement in the underlying images translated into an SNR increase in the T1 maps exceeding theoretical predictions. Even a hybrid sequence with an 18% shorter measurement time than a standard FLASH readout with identical spatial coverage and resolution yielded an SNR gain of 23% in the resulting T1 maps. Hybrid sequences with either identical measurement time (9:05 min) or bandwidth (9:30 min) yielded gains of 60% and 67%, respectively. These results could be confirmed by measurements on four healthy volunteers. The image quality of T1 maps based on hybrid sequences was excellent and the SNR improvement was clearly visible. The measured SNR gains in T1 maps were between 20% (shortest sequence, white matter) and 66% (sequence with identical bandwidth, gray matter). The resulting T1 values were comparable, with a slight tendency toward higher values in the hybrid sequences. In summary, without prolonging experiment durations the method proposed yields SNR gains that are commonly achieved by acquiring two averages. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of the dorsal raphe nucleus in the development, expression, and treatment ofL‐dopa‐induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian rats
Authors: Eskow Karen L. , Dupre Kristin B. , Barnum Christopher J. , Dickinson Sando O. , Park John Y. , Bishop Christopher
Published: March 2009

Convergent evidence indicates that in later stages of Parkinson's disease raphestriatal serotonin neurons compensate for the loss of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons by converting and releasing dopamine derived from exogenous administration of the pharmacotherapeutic L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl‐L‐alanine (L‐dopa). Because the serotonin system is not equipped with dopamine autoregulatory mechanisms, it has been postulated that raphe‐mediated striatal dopamine release may fluctuate dramatically. These fluctuations may portend the development of abnormal involuntary movements calledL‐dopa‐induced dyskinesia (LID). As such, it has been hypothesized that reducing the activity of raphestriatal neurons could dampen supraphysiological stimulation of striatal dopamine receptors thereby alleviating LID. To directly address this, the current study employed the rodent model of LID to investigate the contribution of the rostral raphe nuclei (RRN) in the development, expression and treatment of LID. In the first study, dual serotonin/dopamine selective lesions of the RRN and medial forebrain bundle, respectively, verified that the RRN are essential for the development of LID. In a direct investigation into the neuroanatomical specificity of these effects, microinfusions of ±8‐OH‐DPAT into the intact dorsal raphe nucleus dose‐dependently attenuated the expression of LID without affecting the antiparkinsonian efficacy ofL‐dopa. These current findings reveal the integral contribution of the RRN in the development and expression of LID and implicate a prominent role for dorsal raphe 5‐HT1AR in the efficacious properties of 5‐HT1AR agonists. Synapse 63:610–620, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extended daily access to cocaine results in distinct alterations in Homer 1b/c and NMDA receptor subunit expression within the medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Ben‐Shahar Osnat , Obara Ilona , Ary Alexis W. , Ma Natalie , Mangiardi Mario A. , Medina Robert L. , Szumlinski Karen K.
Published: March 2009

Human cocaine addicts show altered function within the basal ganglia and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and altered glutamate function within these areas is postulated to be critical for cocaine addiction. The present project utilized a highly valid animal model of cocaine addiction, to test whether excessive use of cocaine alters glutamate function within these brain areas. Rats were trained to lever‐press for i.v. saline vehicle or cocaine (0.25 mg/infusion) over seven 1‐h daily sessions, after which, saline controls and half of cocaine self‐administering animals (brief access condition) received 10 more 1‐h daily sessions, whereas the remaining cocaine animals received 10 additional 6‐h daily sessions (extended access condition). One, 14, or 60 days after the last self‐administration session, animals were sacrificed. Tissue samples from the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (N.Acc) core and shell, and mPFC were analyzed by immunoblotting for expression of Homer1b/c, Homer2a/b, mGluR1, mGluR5, NR2a, and NR2b subunits of the NMDA receptor. Brief and extended access to cocaine failed to alter protein levels within the VTA, and produced transient and similar changes in N.Acc protein expression, which were more pronounced in the core subregion. In contrast, extended access to cocaine resulted in distinct and long lasting alterations of protein expression within the mPFC that included: increased levels of Homer1b/c at 1 day, NR2b at 14 days, and NR2a at 60 days, of withdrawal. These data support the notion that altered NMDA function within the mPFC may contribute, in part, to the transition to excessive uncontrolled consumption of cocaine. Synapse 63:598–609, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The mating response cascade does not modulate changes in the steady‐state level of target mRNAs through control of mRNA stability
Authors: Kitchen Chad M. , Leung Sara W. , Corbett Anita H. , Murphy T. J.
Published: March 2009

Many extracellular signals trigger changes in gene expression by altering the steady‐state level of target transcripts. This modulation of transcript levels is typically ascribed to changes in transcription of target genes; however, there are numerous examples of changes in mRNA processing and stability that contribute to the overall change in transcript levels following signalling pathway activation. The α‐factor‐stimulated mating pathway inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeis a receptor‐operated MAP kinase cascade that results in increased levels of a large number of target mRNA transcripts when stimulated acutely. A previous study identified many of the transcripts modulated in response to α‐factor and argued, based on genetic studies, that the response occurred solely at the level of gene transcription (Robertset al., 2000). We directly examined whether enhanced mRNA stability contributes to the increase in the steady‐state level of α‐factor target transcripts by exploiting a temperature‐sensitive RNA Polymerase II mutant, a Ste12 transcription factor import mutant, and tet‐regulated synthetic mating factor minigene reporters. Examination of a panel of α‐factor‐responsive transcripts reveals no change in mRNA stability in response to α‐factor stimulation, providing direct evidence that this signal transduction pathway inS. cerevisiaedoes not function through modulating transcript stability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphorus Heterocycles from Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphide: Simple Synthesis and Structure of 3,5‐Diphenyl‐2,4‐diazaphospholide
Authors: Stein Daniel , Ott Timo , Grützmacher Hansjörg
Published: March 2009

The mixed phosphide‐alkoxide aggregate [Na5(OtBu)4PH2]·dme is readily available by reacting first red phosphorus with sodium metal in dimethoxyethane (dme) in presence of 5 mol‐% naphthalene and then adding tert‐butanol. [Na5(OtBu)4PH2]·dme is a suitable reagent for the direct synthesis of heterocyclic phosphorus compounds like sodium isophosphindolin‐1,3‐dionide, [Na{P(CO)2C6H4}] and sodium 3,5‐diphenyl‐1,2,4‐diazaphospholide, [Na{P(CPh)2N2}]. The latter was characterized by a X‐ray diffraction study as a one dimensional coordination polymer [Na(dme){P(CPh)2N2}]∞.
Synthesis and Application of Trimethylsilyl Dinitramide Me3SiN(NO2)2 as Dinitramide Transfer Reagent; Preparation of Covalent Organotellurium(IV) Dinitramides
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Krumm Burkhard , Scherr Matthias
Published: March 2009

The preparation and properties of trimethylsilyl dinitramide Me3SiN(NO2)2 are reported. Its application as dinitramide transfer reagent furnished the first covalent organotellurium(IV) bis(dinitramides) R2Te[N(NO2)2]2, which were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Alternatively, R2Te[N(NO2)2]2 were synthesized from the corresponding organotellurium(IV) halides R2TeX2 with silver dinitramide.
Changes in gait pattern as assessed by the GAITRite™ walkway system in MPS II patients undergoing enzyme replacement therapy
Authors: Wood M. , Cleary M. A. , Alderson L. , Vellodi A.
Published: March 2009

Patients with MPS II often present with limitations to functional mobility. With the advent of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), robust assessment tools are important to assess response to treatment. The aim of this study was to see if the GAITRite™ system (electronic pressure sensitive walkway) could identify any changes to gait pattern following commencement of ERT. Six boys with MPS type II were assessed at baseline and at intervals post commencing ERT. Four individual characteristics of gait were studied – velocity, cadence, step length and base of support. Changes in parameters for each individual could be analysed and be compared with age matched controls. The data generated from the GAITRite™ indicated all six boys had changes to their gait pattern. The most notable changes were in velocity, step length and base of support. The GAITRite™ was found to identify changes in gait parameters in this group of patients. It is an accessible way of providing both quantitative and qualitative analysis of gait in the clinical environment, and could potentially be used to monitor response to treatment. Larger studies are needed to corroborate our findings, as well as to establish the GAITRite™ as a monitoring tool.
Cardiac stem/progenitor cells, secreted proteins, and proteomics
Authors: Stastna Miroslava , Abraham M. Roselle , Van Eyk Jennifer E.
Published: March 2009

Stem cell‐based therapy is emerging as a novel approach for myocardial repair over conventional cardiovascular therapies. In addition to embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells from noncardiac sources, there is a small population of resident stem cells in the heart from which new cardiac cells (myocytes, vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells) can be derived and used for cardiac repair in case of heart injury. It has been proposed that the clinical benefit of stem cells may arise from secreted proteins that mediate regeneration in a paracrine/autocrine manner. To be able to track the regulatory pathway on a molecular basis, utilization of proteomics in stem cell research is essential. Proteomics offers a tool that can address questions regarding stem cell response to disease/injury.
The Hypocrea jecorina (syn. Trichoderma reesei) lxr1 gene encodes a d‐mannitol dehydrogenase and is not involved in l‐arabinose catabolism
Authors: Metz Benjamin , de Vries Ronald P. , Polak Stefan , Seidl Verena , Seiboth Bernhard
Published: March 2009

The Hypocrea jecorina LXR1 was described as the first fungal l‐xylulose reductase responsible for NADPH dependent reduction of l‐xylulose to xylitol in l‐arabinose catabolism. Phylogenetic analysis now reveals that LXR1 forms a clade with fungal d‐mannitol 2‐dehydrogenases. Lxr1 and the orthologous Aspergillus niger mtdA are not induced by l‐arabinose but expressed at low levels during growth on different carbon sources. Deletion of lxr1 does not affect growth on l‐arabinose and l‐xylulose reductase activity remains unaltered whereas d‐mannitol 2‐dehydrogenase activities are reduced. We conclude that LXR1 is a d‐mannitol 2‐dehydrogenase and that a true LXR1 is still awaiting discovery.
Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α activates and is inhibited by unoccupied estrogen receptor β
Authors: Lim Wonchung , Cho Jungyoon , Kwon Hyeok-yi , Park Yeomyeong , Rhyu Mee-Ra , Lee YoungJoo
Published: March 2009

Previously, we showed that hypoxia induces ligand‐independent estrogen receptor (ER)α activation. In this study, we found that hypoxia activated the ERβ‐mediated transcriptional response in HEK293 cells in the absence of estrogen. ERβ transactivation was induced by the expression of the hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α) under normoxia. ERβ interacted with HIF‐1α, and SRC1 and CBP potentiated the effect of HIF‐1α on ERβ‐mediated transcription. We then examined the effect of ERβ on HIF1‐α transactivation. Surprisingly, ERβ attenuated the transcriptional activity of HIF‐1α, as measured by HRE‐driven reporter gene expression and hypoxic induction of VEGF mRNA in HEK293 cells. Taken together, these data show that HIF‐1α activates ERβ‐mediated transcription in the absence of a ligand, and ERβ inhibits HIF‐1α‐mediated transcription.
Venoms, venomics, antivenomics
Authors: Calvete Juan J. , Sanz Libia , Angulo Yamileth , Lomonte Bruno , Gutiérrez José María
Published: March 2009

Venoms comprise mixtures of peptides and proteins tailored by Natural Selection to act on vital systems of the prey or victim. Here we review our proteomic protocols for uncoiling the composition, immunological profile, and evolution of snake venoms. Our long‐term goal is to gain a deep insight of all viperid venom proteomes. Knowledge of the inter‐ and intraspecies ontogenetic, individual, and geographic venom variability has applied importance for the design of immunization protocols aimed at producing more effective polyspecific antivenoms. A practical consequence of assessing the cross‐reactivity of heterologous antivenoms is the possibility of circumventing the restricted availability of species‐specific antivenoms in some regions. Further, the high degree of target specificity makes toxins valuable scaffolds for drug development.
Induction of gene encoding FABP4 in Pten‐null keratinocytes
Authors: Tsuda Masaaki , Inoue-Narita Tae , Suzuki Akira , Itami Satoshi , Blumenberg Miroslav , Manabe Motomu
Published: March 2009

Keratinocyte‐specific Pten‐null mice revealed distinct phenotypes, including epidermal and sebaceous gland hyperplasia. To determine the candidate genes that contribute to their phenotypes, we analyzed a comprehensive gene expression of Pten‐null keratinocytes using microarray technology. Consequently, it was demonstrated that the most induced gene was adipocyte‐specific fatty acid‐binding protein (FABP4). Collectively, it is conceivable that the FABP4 pathway mediates the sebaceous gland hyperplasia in keratinocyte‐specific Pten‐null mice.
Functional genomics and proteomics approaches to study the ERBB network in cancer
Authors: Sahin Özgür , Wiemann Stefan
Published: March 2009

Substantial progress in functional genomic and proteomic technologies has opened new perspectives in biomedical research. The sequence of the human genome has been mostly determined and opened new visions on its complexity and regulation. New technologies, like RNAi and protein arrays, allow gathering knowledge beyond single gene analysis. Increasingly, biological processes are studied with systems biological approaches, where qualitative and quantitative data of the components are utilized to model the respective processes, to predict effects of perturbations, and to then refine these models after experimental testing. Here, we describe the potential of applying functional genomics and proteomics, taking the ERBB family of growth‐factor receptors as an example to study the signaling network and its impact on cancer.
Dual effects of implicit bystanders: Inhibiting vs. facilitating helping behavior
Authors: Garcia Stephen M. , Weaver Kimberlee , Darley John M. , Spence Bryan T.
Published: March 2009

Encouraging consumers to engage in helpful behavior is a perennial task of marketers in non‐profit and for‐profit organizations. Recent research suggests that merely imagining the presence of others can lead to less helping behavior on a subsequent unrelated task (Garcia, S.M., Weaver, K.D., Moskowitz, G.B., and Darley, J.M. (2002). Crowded minds: The implicit bystander effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 843–853.). The present analysis uncovers the boundary conditions of this effect. Across four studies, we establish that the degree to which a group situation fosters public scrutiny is an important moderator. When group primes are paired with public scrutiny, their inhibitive effect on helping behavior diminishes, and helping behavior on a subsequent task tends to increase. The present research thus adds complexity to previous findings by suggesting that implicit bystanders can both decrease and increase helping behavior.
Pediatric tonsil size: Objective vs subjective measurements correlated to overnight polysomnogram
Authors: Howard N. Scott , Brietzke Scott E.
Published: March 2009

Objective

To compare subjective and objective tonsil size measurements (weight, volume, intertonsillar distance) along with simple pharyngeal measurements in the prediction of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) severity.

Study Design

Prospective case series.

Subjects and Methods

Tonsil size (0–4+) and Mallampati/Friedman palate position were subjectively measured. During adenotonsillectomy, tonsil size was objectively measured along with simple pharyngeal dimensions. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were calculated and forward and reverse stepwise multivariate regression modeling was used to assess the prediction of preoperative OSAHS severity as determined by polysomnogram (PSG). Evaluation of possible outlier influence was also performed.

Results

Thirty‐four pediatric patients (median age, 4; range, 2–9) were included. Objective tonsil weight (Spearman's ρ = 0.6143, P = 0.0002), tonsil volume (ρ = 0.4960, P = 0.0039), and intertonsillar distance (ρ = −0.7559, P < 0.0001) were strongly correlated with subjective tonsil size but not with age, body mass index (BMI), or preoperative apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI). Regression modeling demonstrated that only measured tonsil weight (β = 1.43, P = 0.003), age (β = −3.21, P = 0.001), and hard palate length (β = 0.979, P = 0.003) were significant predictors of the preoperative AHI (R2 = 0.5358). Evaluation of possible outliers indicated tonsil weight was the most robust predictor of preoperative AHI.

Conclusion

Subjective tonsil size measurements correlate well with objective tonsil volume measurements. However, only objective tonsil measurements were significantly predictive of objective PSG‐measured OSAHS severity.
‘The modern idea is to bring the country into the city’: Australian Urban Reformers and the Ideal of Rurality, 1900–1918*
Authors: MURPHY KATE
Published: March 2009

In the early twentieth century, Australians strove to create a rural civilisation through state legislation to encourage rural closer settlement. The fantasy that Australia might one day support a rural population of perhaps hundreds of millions endured despite the overwhelmingly urbanised character of the nation and the harsh realities of its environment. This rural dream was present not merely in the discourse surrounding the rural settlement imperative, but also inflected the language and modes of urban reform, as planners sought to ‘ruralise’ the urban environment to reflect something distinctive about Australian life. Previous scholarship addressing the rural ideal in Australian history, as well as urban history, has failed to interrogate these links. This article illuminates the power and ideological reach of rurality in the Australian nation-building project and pushes the boundaries of ‘rural history’ by considering the ways in which reformers sought to extend a projected Australian ‘rural civilisation’ into the cities.
Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP) for Phoenix
Authors: Zent Aaron P. , Hecht Michael H. , Cobos Doug R. , Campbell Gaylon S. , Campbell Colin S. , Cardell Greg , Foote Marc C. , Wood Stephen E. , Mehta Manish
Published: March 2009

The Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP) is a component of the Microscopy, Electrochemistry and Conductivity Analyzer (MECA) payload on the Phoenix Lander. TECP will measure the temperature, thermal conductivity, and volumetric heat capacity of the regolith. It will also detect and quantify the population of mobile H2O molecules in the regolith, if any, throughout the polar summer, by measuring the electrical conductivity of the regolith as well as the dielectric permittivity. In the vapor phase, TECP is capable of measuring the atmospheric H2O vapor abundance as well as augmenting the wind velocity measurements from the meteorology instrumentation. TECP is mounted near the end of the 2.3 m Robotic Arm and can be placed either in the regolith material or held aloft in the atmosphere. This paper describes the development and calibration of the TECP. In addition, substantial characterization of the instrument has been conducted to identify behavioral characteristics that might affect landed surface operations. The greatest potential issue identified in characterization tests is the extraordinary sensitivity of the TECP to placement. Small gaps alter the contact between the TECP and regolith, complicating data interpretation. Testing with the Phoenix Robotic Arm identified mitigation techniques that will be implemented during flight. A flight model of the instrument was also field tested in the Antarctic Dry Valleys during the 2007–2008 International Polar Year.
Teacher-Based Assessment in the Elementary and Middle Grades
Authors: Calfee Robert
Published: March 2009

Informed judgments by classroom teachers are the most valid basis for instructional assessments for all curriculum areas and all students. Two models are presented as a foundation for classroom-based assessment: the CORE paradigm and the RWS paradigm. A large-scale assessment conducted in California demonstrates the feasibility of these concepts.
Self-Regulation and the Writing Process: Enhancing the Performance of Students With Language and Learning Difficulties
Authors: Troia Gary A.
Published: March 2009

This article first provides an overview of components of self-regulation in writing and specific examples of each component are given. The remainder of the article addresses common reasons why struggling learners experience trouble with revising, followed by evidence-based practices to help students revise their papers more effectively.
The Nature of Writing Difficulties in Students With Language/Learning Disabilities
Authors: Green Laura
Published: March 2009

Students with language/learning disabilities very often struggle with writing and tend to find the process very frustrating. Their difficulties with transcription, sentence structure, cohesive ties, self-regulated learning, and genre knowledge all play a role in this challenging experience. An understanding of the nature of these difficulties can help us as speech-language pathologists better facilitate students' written language success, thereby helping them meet the writing demands of the classroom.
They Have a Write to Go To College Too: Challenges for Secondary Level Students
Authors: Aker Joan
Published: March 2009

Children with language disabilities at the secondary level experience significant difficulty in all components of the writing process. This article discusses issues contributing to student’s difficulty in writing as well as suggestions for how to support written language development in this population.
The sintering properties and interfacial investigation of barium ferrite and ceramic cofiring system for the application of LTCC technology
Authors: Li Yuan-xun , Liu Ying-li , Zhang Huai-wu , Han Li-kun
Published: March 2009

The BaFe12O19 ferrite and BaTiO3 ceramic nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method, respectively. In order to involve the different functional materials and to improve the packaging density of devices using low temperature cofired ceramic technology, different content Bi2O3⋅B2O3⋅SiO2⋅ZnO as the sintering additives were added to lower the sintering temperature at 920 °C. The layers of BaFe12O19 ferrite and BaTiO3 ceramic prepared by tape casting were stocked alternately. The sintering properties and interfacial diffusion of cofired system were studied. Scanning electronic microscopy observation of the multilayer sample indicates obvious warp at the interface due to the sintering mismatch between ferrite and ceramic. The cofiring property of BaFe12O19 and BaTiO3 is modified by adjusting the composition of the slurry and a crack-free multilayer structure could be obtained. The results prove that this cofiring system could be used for the fabrication of broadband and high frequency of chip electronic components.
Lateral epitaxial overgrowth of (0001) AlN on patterned sapphire using hydride vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Newman Scott A. , Kamber Derrick S. , Baker Troy J. , Wu Yuan , Wu Feng , Chen Zhen , Namakura Shuji , Speck James S. , DenBaars Steven P.
Published: March 2009

Coalesced, crack-free (0001) AlN films were grown on stripe patterned sapphire substrates without AlN seed layers using hydride vapor phase epitaxy. Using templates with stripes oriented in the ⟨112¯0⟩sapphire direction, lateral epitaxial overgrowth AlN films were coalesced over trench regions as wide as 10 μm despite parasitic sidewall and trench growth. Using transmission electron microscopy, a reduction in the dislocation density from 1.6×109 cm−2 in the seed region to less than 1.0×108 cm−2 in the wing region was demonstrated. Atomic force microscopy and cathodoluminescence measurements were also performed to assess the material quality.