bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the routine use of pelvic MRI in women presenting with symptomatic uterine fibroids: When is pelvic MRI useful?
Authors: Vu Kim‐Nhien , Fast Angela M. , Shaffer Robyn K. , Rosenberg Jarrett , Dababou Susan , Marrocchio Cristina , Vasanawala Shreyas S. , Lum Deirdre A. , Chen Bertha , Hovsepian David M. , Ghanouni Pejman
Published: January 2019

Background

Pelvic ultrasound (US) diagnosis of uterine fibroids may overlook coexisting gynecological conditions that contribute to women's symptoms.

Purpose

To determine the added value of pelvic MRI for women diagnosed with symptomatic fibroids by US, and to identify clinical factors associated with additional MRI findings.

Study Type

Retrospective observational study.

Population

In all, 367 consecutive women with fibroids diagnosed by US and referred to our multidisciplinary fibroid center between 2013–2017.

Field Strength/Sequence

All patients had both pelvic US and MRI prior to their consultations. MRIs were performed at 1.5 T or 3 T and included multiplanar T2‐weighted sequences, and precontrast and postcontrast T1‐weighted imaging.

Assessment

Demographics, symptoms, uterine fibroid symptom severity scores, and health‐related quality of life scores, as well as imaging findings were evaluated.

Statistical Tests

Patients were separated into two subgroups according to whether MRI provided additional findings to the initial US. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed.

Results

Pelvic MRI provided additional information in 162 patients (44%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 39–49%). The most common significant findings were adenomyosis (22%), endometriosis (17%), and partially endocavitary fibroids (15%). Women with pelvic pain, health‐related quality of life scores less than 30 out of 100, or multiple fibroids visualized on US had greater odds of additional MRI findings (odds ratio [OR] 1.68, 2.26, 1.63; P = 0.02, 0.004, 0.03, respectively), while nulliparous women had reduced odds (OR 0.55, P = 0.01). Patients with additional MRI findings were treated less often with uterine fibroid embolization (14% vs. 36%, P < 0.001) or MR‐guided focused US (1% vs. 5%, P = 0.04), and more often with medical management (17% vs. 8%, P = 0.01).

Data Conclusion

Pelvic MRI revealed additional findings in more than 40% of women presenting with symptoms initially ascribed to fibroids by US. Further evaluation using MRI is particularly useful for parous women with pelvic pain, poor quality of life scores, and/or multiple fibroids.

Level of Evidence: 4

Technical Efficacy: Stage 3

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019.
Prospective comparative diagnostic accuracy evaluation of dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) vs. dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MR perfusion in differentiating tumor recurrence from radiation necrosis in treated high‐grade gliomas
Authors: Zakhari Nader , Taccone Michael S. , Torres Carlos H. , Chakraborty Santanu , Sinclair John , Woulfe John , Jansen Gerard H. , Cron Greg O. , Thornhill Rebecca E. , McInnes Matthew D.F. , Nguyen Thanh B.
Published: January 2019

Background

The appearance of a new enhancing lesion after surgery and chemoradiation for high‐grade glioma (HGG) presents a common diagnostic dilemma. Histopathological analysis remains the reference standard in this situation.

Purpose

To prospectively compare the diagnostic accuracy of dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) vs. dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) in differentiating tumor recurrence (TR) from radiation necrosis (RN).

Study Type

Prospective diagnostic accuracy study.

Population

In all, 98 consecutive treated HGG patients with new enhancing lesion. We excluded 32 patients due to inadequate follow‐up or technical limitation.

Field Strength/Sequence

3 T DCE and DSC MR.

Assessment

Histogram and hot‐spot analysis of cerebral blood volume (CBV), corrected CBV, Ktrans, area under the curve (AUC), and plasma volume (Vp). The reference standard of TR and/or RN was determined by histopathology in 43 surgically resected lesions or by clinical/imaging follow‐up in the rest.

Statistical Tests

Mann–Whitney U‐tests, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and logistic regression analysis.

Results

A total of 68 lesions were included. There were 37 TR, 28 RN, and three lesions with equal proportions of TR and RN. TR had significantly higher CBV, corrected CBV, CBV ratio, corrected CBV ratio, AUC ratio, and Vp ratio (P < 0.05) than RN on hot‐spot analysis. CBV had the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUROC 0.71). On histogram analysis, TR had higher CBV and corrected CBV maximal value compared with RN (P = 0.006, AUROC = 0.70). Only CBV on hot‐spot analysis remained significant after correction for multiple comparison, with no significant improvement in diagnostic accuracy when using a combination of parameters (AUROC 0.71 vs. 0.76, P = 0.24).

Data Conclusion

DSC‐derived CBV is the most accurate perfusion parameter in differentiating TR and RN. DSC and DCE‐derived parameters reflecting the blood volume in an enhancing lesion are more accurate than the DCE‐derived parameter Ktrans. Clinical practice may be best guided by blood volume measurements, rather than permeability assessment for differentiation of TR from RN.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy Stage: 4

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:573–582.
Ongoing change of severe hand, foot, and mouth disease pathogens in Yunnan, China, 2012 to 2016
Authors: Du Zengqing , Zhao Yilin , Luo Yunjiao , Du Lijiang , Gan Quan , Zhang Haihao , Li Jianlan , Yang Zhaoqing , Ma Shaohui
Published: January 2019

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease caused by enteroviruses (EVs). In this study, a total of 341 children with serious HFMD were admitted to a pediatric hospital in Yunnan, China in 2012 to 2016. EVs were detected in 283 specimens (83.0%) and were assigned to 17 EV types. Enterovirus A71 (EV‐A71) was predominant, accounting for 41.6%, and was followed by coxsackievirus A16 (CV‐A16; 18.8%), CV‐A6 (9.1%), CV‐A10 and E‐9 (2.9%), CV‐B5 (1.8%), CV‐A9 (1.2%), E‐30 (0.9%), E‐18, CV‐A4, C‐B3, and CV‐A2 (0.6%) and other EV types such as CV‐A8, CV‐A14, E‐14, E‐11, and CV‐B4 (0.3%). All of the EV‐A71 isolates belonged to C4a; the CV‐A16 belonged to B1b or B1a, although the B1b strains were predominant; and CV‐A6 belonged to D3. In 2012 to 2014, E‐9 was the third most frequent serotype (8.2%, 5.0%, and 6.5%, respectively). E‐9 was not detected in 2015 and 2016. CV‐A6 was not detected in 2012 but was the second most frequent serotype (25.3%) in 2015. Active etiological surveillance of HFMD makes it necessary to be aware of these emerging pathogens.
Milk Fat Globule Membrane Ameliorates Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Neonatal Rats and Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Inflammatory Response in IEC‐6 Enterocytes
Authors: Zhang Dandan , Wen Jie , Zhou Jiefei , Cai Wei , Qian Linxi
Published: January 2019

Background

Evidence has provided support for the beneficial effects of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) on inflammation in the intestinal tract. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of MFGM on a rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and its potential mechanism of action.

Methods

Sixty‐two newborn Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups: Breast‐fed normal, formula fed (FF), FF + 6 g/L MFGM, and FF + 12 g/L MFGM. The FF rats and the FF rats supplemented with MFGM were exposed to asphyxia/cold stress to induce NEC. Body weight, histological score, survival time, oxidative stress injury, enterocyte proliferation/apoptosis, and inflammatory response were assessed. Meanwhile, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated IEC‐6 enterocytes were used as a model to test the anti‐inflammatory effects of MFGM.

Results

Supplementation with 12 g/L MFGM alleviated body weight loss, reduced the incidence of NEC, increased the survival rate, and attenuated the severity of bowel damage in the NEC rat model. Furthermore, 12 g/L MFGM administration inhibited the protein expression of toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the animal model. In IEC‐6 enterocytes, the upregulation of TLR4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), phosphorylated nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) p65 subunit, and the nuclear translocation of NF‐κBp65 induced by LPS was partially inhibited by MFGM pretreatment.

Conclusion

Our findings suggested that MFGM has beneficial effects on neonatal rats with NEC by suppressing inflammation via the TLR4/MyD88/NF‐κB pathway.
Reduction in meso‐mammal nest predators improves northern bobwhite demographics
Authors: Palmer William E. , Carroll John P. , Sisson D. Clay , Wellendorf Shane D. , Terhune Theron M. , Ellis‐Felege Susan N. , Martin James A.
Published: January 2019

Nest predation is the major cause of nest failure in northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus; i.e., bobwhites). Control of mid‐sized mammalian nest predators (i.e., meso‐mammals) is often conducted to increase reproductive success on lands managed for bobwhites. Nest predation by meso‐mammals, however, is only one part of a complex predator‐prey trophic system. There is limited understanding of the effect of nest predators on bobwhite demographics, which creates uncertainty about the efficacy of nest predator control. We quantified demographic effects on bobwhite populations from reducing meso‐mammals on 4 study areas managed for bobwhites in northern Florida and southwestern Georgia, USA, during 2000–2006. After 1 year of pre‐treatment monitoring (2000), we reduced meso‐mammal nest predator abundance through trapping over 3‐year intervals, March to September, on 2 sites using a crossover design. Efficacy of trapping was demonstrated by a 43% reduction in scent station visitation rates of meso‐mammals. Meso‐mammal control increased all demographic metrics including a 30% increase in nesting propensity, a 10% increase in nest success, and a 43% increase in chicks produced. Despite significant regional variation in breeding season survival rates, this equated to an average 18% increase in autumn density on trapped sites. Decision‐makers should weigh the tradeoffs between bobwhite population goals and costs of meso‐mammal control, where those that value maximum bobwhite density and reduced annual variation should likely implement control of meso‐mammals. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Comparison between topical recombinant human epidermal growth factor and Aloe vera gel in combination with ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser as treatment for striae alba: A randomized double‐blind trial
Authors: Disphanurat Wareeporn , Kaewkes Arisa , Suthiwartnarueput Worapop
Published: January 2019

Objectives

Striae distensae are linear atrophic dermal scars. Despite several currently available therapeutic modalities, no consistently effective therapies have been established. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of topical recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) and ablative fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser (AFXL) versus ablative fractional CO2 laser and topical Aloe vera gel in treating striae alba.

Methods

A total of 24 participants with striae alba were enrolled. Patients’ striae were divided into the left and right sides. Participants were treated with fractional CO2 laser on both sides for three sessions at 4‐week intervals. Immediately after the laser treatment, each side of the striae was randomly assigned to either rhEGF or Aloe vera gel treatment. Patients were required to apply the medication twice daily up to 1 month after the last laser treatment session. Texture, average melanin, and melanin variation were assessed at pretreatment, 1 month after the first, second, and third treatments, and 6 months after the last treatment. Participants were asked to complete a self‐administered questionnaire. Nine participants underwent skin biopsies of the nontreated and treated striae, which were obtained from each treated side.

Results

Both sides of the treatment area showed significant improvement in texture starting from 1‐month follow‐up, which sustained up to 6 months after the final treatment, albeit without statistically significant difference between the rhEGF‐ and Aloe vera‐treated sides (P < 0.001, 0.003, and 0.002 for the AFXL–rhEGF‐treated side and P = 0.024, 0.001, and 0.001 for the AFXL–Aloe‐treated side at 1 month after the first treatment, 1 month after the last treatment, and 6 months after the last treatment, respectively). Participants expressed satisfaction with the AFXL–rhEGF‐treated side, which showed significantly greater marked improvement (at 50%) than the AFXL–Aloe‐treated side at 6 months after the final treatment (P = 0.034). Post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) occurred in 95.8% of participants, which decreased after 6 months compared with baseline. Both treatments improved melanin variation at 6 months after the final treatment, although without significant difference from pretreatment between both groups. Skin biopsy revealed a statistically significant increase in epidermal thickness and decrease in elastic fragmentation in both groups.

Conclusion

AFXL–rhEGF and AFXL–Aloe significantly improved the striae surface texture. PIH was the most common side effect, which improved at 6 months. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using meta‐ethnography to develop a conceptual model of peer‐assisted learning of nursing students in clinical practice
Authors: Carey Matthew C. , Kent Bridie , Latour Jos M.
Published: January 2019

Aim

The study presents the findings of a meta‐ethnographic study, developing a conceptual model for peer‐assisted learning for undergraduate nurses in clinical practice.

Design

Qualitative meta‐ethnography.

Methods

Meta‐ethnography was used to synthesize the findings of two ethnographic studies and a qualitative review related to the influence of peer‐assisted learning on student nurses in clinical practice.

Results

Four key themes were identified underpinned by six sub‐themes: (a) “Social” whereby “connecting with peers” is an important part in peer‐assisted learning. (b) “Enabling” peers through “collaborative support for advice and guidance” and “reducing anxiety/increasing confidence.” (c) “Organizational” aspects in peer‐assisted learning in “establishing structure and navigating practice” and “establishing the role of the PAL.” (d) “Learning” as a product of developing knowledge and skills through “sharing of practice experience” and “enhancing knowledge of care.” The conceptual model presents a structure outlining elements required for developing effective knowledge and skills through peer‐assisted learning.
Intolerance of uncertainty, social support, and loneliness in relation to anxiety and depressive symptoms among women diagnosed with ovarian cancer
Authors: Hill Erin M. , Hamm Andriana
Published: January 2019

Objective

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a trait variable that captures an individual's lack of tolerance for unknown outcomes and events. Positive correlations between IU and mental health symptoms have been observed in various populations, while social variables (social support and decreased loneliness) seem to serve as protective factors against psychological distress among individuals with cancer. The present study examined the moderation effect of social support and loneliness in the relationship between IU and mental health symptoms among women diagnosed with ovarian cancer.

Methods

This study was a cross‐sectional design involving 131 women diagnosed with ovarian cancer recruited through social media and other online sources. Participants completed questionnaires that assessed their IU (prospective and inhibitory), anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, social support, and loneliness. Moderated regression analyses were applied to test the hypothesis that low social support and high loneliness would exacerbate the relationship between IU and symptoms of anxiety and depression.

Results

The hypothesized moderation effects (social support × IU, loneliness × IU) were not supported in the anxiety and depressive symptoms models. Post hoc linear regression analyses indicated that IU and loneliness were predictive of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Loneliness was the strongest predictor in both the anxiety and depressive symptoms models, followed by IU.

Conclusions

The findings indicate that loneliness and IU—particularly inhibitory IU—are important considerations in understanding mental health symptoms among women diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Addressing both loneliness and IU may be an important avenue in clinical settings.
Feature selection and fault‐severity classification–based machine health assessment methodology for point machine sliding‐chair degradation
Authors: Atamuradov Vepa , Medjaher Kamal , Camci Fatih , Zerhouni Noureddine , Dersin Pierre , Lamoureux Benjamin
Published: January 2019

In this paper, we propose an offline and online machine health assessment (MHA) methodology composed of feature extraction and selection, segmentation‐based fault severity evaluation, and classification steps. In the offline phase, the best representative feature of degradation is selected by a new filter‐based feature selection approach. The selected feature is further segmented by utilizing the bottom‐up time series segmentation to discriminate machine health states, ie, degradation levels. Then, the health state fault severity is extracted by a proposed segment evaluation approach based on within segment rate‐of‐change (RoC) and coefficient of variation (CV) statistics. To train supervised classifiers, a priori knowledge about the availability of the labeled data set is needed. To overcome this limitation, the health state fault‐severity information is used to label (eg, healthy, minor, medium, and severe) unlabeled raw condition monitoring (CM) data. In the online phase, the fault‐severity classification is carried out by kernel‐based support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Next to SVM, the k‐nearest neighbor (KNN) is also used in comparative analysis on the fault severity classification problem. Supervised classifiers are trained in the offline phase and tested in the online phase. Unlike to traditional supervised approaches, this proposed method does not require any a priori knowledge about the availability of the labeled data set. The proposed methodology is validated on infield point machine sliding‐chair degradation data to illustrate its effectiveness and applicability. The results show that the time series segmentation‐based failure severity detection and SVM‐based classification are promising.
An international collaborative investigation of beginning seventh grade students' understandings of scientific inquiry: Establishing a baseline
Authors: Lederman Judith , Lederman Norman , Bartels Selina , Jimenez Juan , Akubo Mark , Aly Shereen , Bao Chengcheng , Blanquet Estelle , Blonder Ron , Bologna Soares de Andrade Mariana , Buntting Catherine , Cakir Mustafa , EL‐Deghaidy Heba , ElZorkani Ahmed , Gaigher Estelle , Guo Shuchen , Hakanen Arvi , Hamed Al‐Lal Soraya , Han‐Tosunoglu Cigdem , Hattingh Annemarie , Hume Anne , Irez Serhat , Kay Gillian , Kivilcan Dogan Ozgur , Kremer Kerstin , Kuo Pi‐Chu , Lavonen Jari , Lin Shu‐Fen , Liu Cheng , Liu Enshan , Liu Shiang‐Yao , Lv Bin , Mamlok‐Naaman Rachel , McDonald Christine , Neumann Irene , Pan Yaozhen , Picholle Eric , Rivero García Ana , Rundgren Carl‐Johan , Santibáñez‐Gómez David , Saunders Kathy , Schwartz Renee , Voitle Frauke , von Gyllenpalm Jakob , Wei Fangbing , Wishart Jocelyn , Wu Zhifeng , Xiao Huang , Yalaki Yalcin , Zhou Qiaoxue
Published: January 2019

Although understandings of scientific inquiry (as opposed to conducting inquiry) are included in science education reform documents around the world, little is known about what students have learned about inquiry during their elementary school years. This is partially due to the lack of any assessment instrument to measure understandings about scientific inquiry. However, a valid and reliable assessment has recently been developed and published, Views About Scientific Inquiry (VASI; Lederman et al. [2014], Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 51, 65–83). The purpose of this large‐scale international project was to collect the first baseline data on what beginning middle school students have learned about scientific inquiry during their elementary school years. Eighteen countries/regions spanning six continents including 2,634 students participated in the study. The participating countries/regions were: Australia, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, England, Finland, France, Germany, Israel, Mainland China, New Zealand, Nigeria, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, Turkey, and the United States. In many countries, science is not formally taught until middle school, which is the rationale for choosing seventh grade students for this investigation. This baseline data will simultaneously provide information on what, if anything, students learn about inquiry in elementary school, as well as their beginning knowledge as they enter secondary school. It is important to note that collecting data from all of the approximately 200 countries globally was not humanly possible, and it was also not possible to collect data from every region of each country. The results overwhelmingly show that students around the world at the beginning of grade seven have very little understandings about scientific inquiry. Some countries do show reasonable understandings in certain aspects but the overall picture of understandings of scientific inquiry is not what is hoped for after completing 6 years of elementary education in any country.
Is Pornography Use Related to Erectile Functioning? Results From Cross-Sectional and Latent Growth Curve Analyses
Authors: Grubbs J. B. , Gola M.
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Despite evidence to the contrary, a number of advocacy and self-help groups persist in claiming that internet pornography use is driving an epidemic of erectile dysfunction (ED).

Aim

The present work sought to explore whether mere pornography use itself and self-reported problematic use of pornography are related to ED, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.

Methods

A series of 3 samples of sexually active men who also used pornography were collected: a cross-sectional sample of undergraduate men in the United States (n = 147), an online sample of men derived from a larger sample that was matched to U.S. nationally representative norms (n = 297), and a 1-year, 4-wave longitudinal sample of adult men derived from an online convenience sample (Mechanical Turk: time 1, n = 433; time 2, n = 223; time 3, n = 202; time 4, n = 196). Pearson correlations and cross-sectional structural equation models were conducted in each sample. Latent growth curve analyses were conducted in the longitudinal sample.

Main Outcome Measure

The primary outcomes of interest were cross-sectional and longitudinal reports of erectile functioning as measured by the International Index of Erectile Functioning 5.

Results

Across all 3 samples, there was evidence of a positive, cross-sectional association between self-reported problematic use and ED, but no consistent association between mere use itself and ED. In our longitudinal sample, there were correlations among baseline pornography use, baseline self-reported problematic use, and prospective ED at times 2–4; however, latent growth curve analyses demonstrated no significant relationships between any pornography-related variables and trajectories of ED.

Clinical Implications

These results suggest that among non-treatment-seeking pornography users, self-reported problematic use likely is associated with concurrent reports of ED, but that the links between these variables are not directional or causal in nature.

Strength & Limitations

This work is the first work to systematically examine the links between self-reported problematic use of pornography and ED, and it did so in a variety of samples, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal methods. Even so, the work relied exclusively on self-report methods, and did not control for medical covariates that may be related to the experience of ED.

Conclusion

In conjunction with prior literature, we conclude that there is little or no evidence of an association between mere pornography use and ED, consistent evidence of an association between self-reported problematic use and ED cross-sectionally, and no evidence of causal links between any pornography variables and ED.
Revisiting the Rayleigh–Plateau instability for the nanoscale
Authors: Zhao Chengxi , Sprittles James E. , Lockerby Duncan A.
Published: January 2019

The theoretical framework developed by Rayleigh and Plateau in the 19th century has been remarkably accurate in describing macroscale experiments of liquid cylinder instability. Here we re-evaluate and revise the Rayleigh–Plateau instability for the nanoscale, where molecular dynamics experiments demonstrate its inadequacy. A new framework based on the stochastic lubrication equation is developed that captures nanoscale flow features and highlights the critical role of thermal fluctuations at small scales. Remarkably, the model indicates that classically stable (i.e. ‘fat’) liquid cylinders can be broken at the nanoscale, and this is confirmed by molecular dynamics.
Longitudinal characterization of the wake and electron bunch in a laser wakefield accelerator
Authors: Zhang Zhijun , Wang Wentao , Liu Jiansheng , Fang Ming , Li Wentao , Tian Ye , Qi Rong , Wang Cheng , Yu Changhai , Qin Zhiyong , Liu Jiaqi , Li Ruxin , Xu Zhizhan
Published: January 2019

Energy chirp compensation of the electron bunch (e-bunch) in a laser wakefield accelerator, which is caused by the phase space rotation in the gradient wakefield, has been applied in many schemes for low energy spread e-bunch generation. We report the experimental observation of energy chirp compensation of the e-bunch in a nonlinear laser wakefield accelerator with a negligible beam loading effect. By adjusting the acceleration length using a wedge-roof block, the chirp compensation of the accelerated e-bunch was observed via an electron spectrometer. Apart from this, some significant parameters for the compensation process, such as the longitudinal dispersion and wakefield slope at the bunch position, were also estimated. A detailed comparison between experiment and simulation shows good agreement of the wakefield and bunch parameters. These results give a clear demonstration of the longitudinal characteristics of the wakefield in a plasma and the bunch dynamics, which are important for better control of a compact laser wakefield accelerator.
MONEY SUPPLY VOLATILITY AND THE MACROECONOMY
Authors: Serletis Apostolos , Xu Libo
Published: January 2019

This paper extends the ongoing literature on the macroeconomic effects of money supply volatility. We use monthly data for the USA and a bivariate, Markov switching, structural vector error correction model that is modified to accommodate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity-in-mean errors to isolate the effects of money growth volatility on output growth. The model allows us to study how monetary uncertainty affects economic growth across different macroeconomic regimes.
Prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of household-level double burden of malnutrition in Bangladesh
Authors: Das Subhasish , Fahim Shah Mohammad , Islam Md Saimul , Biswas Tuhin , Mahfuz Mustafa , Ahmed Tahmeed
Published: January 2019

Objective

To investigate the prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of household-level mother–child double burden (MCDB) of malnutrition in Bangladesh.

Design

The analysis was done using Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2014 data. Multivariable logistic regression identified the sociodemographic factors associated with double-burden households.

Setting

Nationally representative cross-sectional survey.

Participants

A total of 5951 households were included in the analysis.

Results

A coexistence of overweight or obese mother and underweight or stunted or wasted child (OWOBM/USWC) was found in 6·3 % households. The prevalence of overweight or obese mother and underweight child (OWOBM/UWC) was 3·8 %, of overweight or obese mother and stunted child (OWOBM/STC) was 4·7 %, and of overweight or obese mother and wasted child (OWOBM/WSC) was 1·7 %. Mother’s age 21–25 years at first birth, middle wealth index group, having two or three children and having four or more children showed statistically significant (P<0·05) associations with OWOBM/UWC. Households with mother’s age 21–25 years at first birth, middle wealth index group, no exposure to information media, having two or three children and having four or more children had higher odds of OWOBM/STC and OWOBM/USWC which were statistically significant (P<0·05). Delivery of child through caesarean section was significantly associated with OWOBM/USWC (P<0·05).

Conclusions

Although the prevalence of MCDB of malnutrition in Bangladesh is low, prevention programmes must consider the nutrition concerns of the entire household to prevent future risks. Such programmes also need to be tagged with family planning and increasing awareness through social and behaviour change counselling and exposure to information media.
Planetary mass, vegetation height and climate
Authors: Stevenson David S.
Published: January 2019

The maximum height trees can grow on Earth is around 122–130 m. The height is constrained by two factors: the availability of water, and where water is not limiting, the pressure available to drive the column of water along the xylem vessels against the pull of gravity (cohesion tension). In turn the height of trees impacts the biodiversity of the environment in a number of ways. On Earth the largest trees are found in maritime temperate environments along the Pacific Northwest coasts of northern California and southern Oregon. These forests provide a large number of secondary habitats for species and serve as moisture pumps that return significant volumes of water to the lower atmosphere. In this work, we apply simple mathematical rules to illustrate how super-terran planets will have significantly smaller trees, with concomitant effects on the habitability of the planet. We also consider the impact of varying tree height on climate models.
ANALYTIC HYPOELLIPTICITY FOR SUMS OF SQUARES IN THE PRESENCE OF SYMPLECTIC NON TREVES STRATA
Authors: Bove Antonio , Mughetti Marco
Published: January 2019

In Albano, Bove and Mughetti [J. Funct. Anal. 274(10) (2018), 2725–2753]; Bove and Mughetti [Anal. PDE 10(7) (2017), 1613–1635] it was shown that Treves conjecture for the real analytic hypoellipticity of sums of squares operators does not hold. Models were proposed where the critical points causing a non-analytic regularity might be interpreted as strata. We stress that up to now there is no notion of stratum which could replace the original Treves stratum. In the proposed models such ‘strata’ were non-symplectic analytic submanifolds of the characteristic variety. In this note we modify one of those models in such a way that the critical points are a symplectic submanifold of the characteristic variety while still not being a Treves stratum. We show that the operator is analytic hypoelliptic.
Study of Terrestrial Glints Based on DSCOVR Observations
Authors: Li Jia‐Zheng , Fan Siteng , Kopparla Pushkar , Liu Chao , Jiang Jonathan H. , Natraj Vijay , Yung Yuk L.
Published: January 2019

Small flashes of reflected light—called glints—are found in images taken by spacecraft observing the Earth, and occur due to specularly reflected solar radiation. These glints have been found over both ocean and land. Using Deep Space Climate Observatory observations, we show that glints over land are due to specular reflection off horizontally oriented ice platelets floating in the air, while glints over ocean have contributions from reflection off either platelets floating above the ocean or a relatively smooth ocean surface. We use a radiative transfer model to simulate different kinds of glints and to explore their properties. This technique of comparing observations of terrestrial glints with model simulations may provide new information relevant to atmospheric dynamics and the search for habitable exoplanets.
Dissolved Organic Matter Chemistry and Transport Along an Arctic Tundra Hillslope
Authors: Lynch Laurel M. , Machmuller Megan B. , Boot Claudia M. , Covino Timothy P. , Rithner Christopher D. , Cotrufo M. Francesca , Hoyt David W. , Wallenstein Matthew D.
Published: January 2019

Permafrost thaw is projected to restructure the connectivity of surface and subsurface flow paths, influencing export dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) through Arctic watersheds. Resulting shifts in flow path exchange between both soil horizons (organic‐mineral) and landscape positions (hillslope‐riparian) could alter DOM mobility and molecular‐level patterns in chemical composition. Using conservative tracers, we found relatively rapid lateral flows occurred across a headwater Arctic tundra hillslope, as well as along the mineral‐permafrost interface. While pore waters collected from the organic horizon were associated with plant‐derived molecules, those collected from permafrost‐influenced mineral horizons had a microbial origin, as determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. Using high‐resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we found that riparian DOM had greater structural diversity than hillslope DOM, suggesting riparian soils could supply a diverse array of compounds to surface waters if terrestrial‐aquatic connectivity increases with warming. In combination, these results suggest that integrating DOM mobilization with its chemical and spatial heterogeneity can help predict how permafrost loss will structure ecosystem metabolism and carbon‐climate feedbacks in Arctic catchments with similar topographic features.
Estimating Air‐Sea Carbon Flux Uncertainty Over the Tropical Pacific: Importance of Winds and Wind Analysis Uncertainty
Authors: Chiodi A. M. , Dunne J. P. , Harrison D. E.
Published: January 2019

The tropical Pacific is a major natural source of CO2 to the atmosphere and contributor to global air‐sea carbon flux variability. High time‐resolution wind and CO2 measurements from equatorial Pacific moorings reveal the primary factor controlling mooring‐observed flux variability to be near‐surface wind variability, above CO2 variability, in this region over the last 10 years. The analysis product winds used most widely in previous calculations of basin‐scale carbon flux are compared with mooring winds and found to exhibit significant differences in mean, variability, and trend. Earth system model calculations are in basic agreement with the mooring results and used to estimate effects of wind uncertainty on our knowledge of regional air‐sea carbon exchange. Results show that NCEP1 and NCEP2 winds contain biases large enough to obscure the interannual variability of CO2 flux (RMSE ≈ σ) and cause spurious 25‐year (1992–2016) trend components in equatorial Pacific carbon flux of 0.038–0.039 and 0.016–0.021 Pg C yr−1 per decade, respectively. These spurious trends act to reduce by up to 50% the 25‐year trend in equatorial Pacific carbon flux simulated by the Earth system model under increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. The Cross‐Calibrated‐Multi‐Platform wind product tracks observed variability of equatorial Pacific wind better (interannual RMSE ≈ 0.4σ) than the NCEP reanalyses when site sampled at mooring locations yet still causes a spurious regional trend (0.03 Pg C yr−1 per decade) that masks 40% of the simulated 25‐year trend in carbon flux. The mooring observations are fundamental to identifying the limitations of current wind products to characterizing long‐term trends and understanding air‐sea carbon exchange.
The Effect of Stress on Limestone Permeability and Effective Stress Behavior of Damaged Samples
Authors: Meng Fanbao , Baud Patrick , Ge Hongkui , Wong Teng‐fong
Published: January 2019

The evolution of permeability and its effective stress behavior is related to inelastic deformation and failure mode. This was systematically investigated in Indiana and Purbeck limestones with porosities of 16% and 14%, respectively. High‐pressure compression tests were conducted at room temperature on water‐saturated samples. At relatively high confinement shear‐enhanced compaction was observed to initiate at a critical stress, accompanied by significant permeability reduction of up to a factor of ~3. Overall, the permeability reduction due to inelastic compaction in our limestones is smaller than that observed in sandstones. At relatively low confinement, dilatant failure was observed, which was accompanied by a decrease and increase of permeability in Indiana and Purbeck limestones, respectively. There seems to be a trend for the correlation between porosity and permeability changes to switch from positive to negative with increasing porosity. The void space of both limestones has significant proportions of macropores and micropores. The effective stress behavior of such a limestone with dual porosity has been documented to be different from the prediction for a microscopically homogeneous assemblage, in that its effective stress coefficients for permeability and pore volume change may attain values significantly >1. In contrast, our investigation of damaged samples consistently showed effective stress coefficients for both permeability and pore volume change with values <1. This suggests that the behavior in the damaged samples is akin to that of a microscopically homogeneous assemblage, possibly due to pervasive collapse of macropores that would effectively homogenize the initially bimodal pore size distribution.
Formation and Removal of a Coastal Flood Deposit
Authors: Eidam E. F. , Ogston A. S. , Nittrouer C. A.
Published: January 2019

During floods, small mountainous rivers transport large sediment loads to the coastal ocean. This sediment often deposits near shore, and if conditions allow, various types of gravity flows (including hyperpycnal river plumes) can transport the sediment across the shelf within minutes to months of delivery. The stochastic and energetic nature of small‐mountainous‐river flood dispersal presents challenges to observations of transport processes and flood‐deposit formation during events, however. In this study, the removal of two dams on the Elwha River afforded an opportunity to closely monitor coastal sediment dispersal using boundary‐layer instrument systems during 4 years of intense sediment loading. A flood in March 2014 generated fluvial sediment concentrations of 14–20 g/L, coastal boundary‐layer concentrations of up to 14 g/L, and 23 cm of muddy sand deposition in a few days. Limited evidence exists for a gravity flow lasting <2 hr during slack tide, coinciding with the waning phase of the secondary flood peak. However, rapid sediment deposition over the 4‐day event period was dominated by advection of sediment in the boundary layer and by suspension settling from turbid river water, which never exceeded the well‐established 35–40 g/L required for hyperpycnal river plume formation. Within 3 weeks, the entire sandy flood deposit had been eroded by strong tidal currents. This system highlights the difficulty in forming hyperpycnal river plumes within tidally energetic systems, even from an extremely turbid river, and the conditions that can erase major sediment delivery events from the sedimentary record.
Quantification of Tidal Asymmetry and Its Nonstationary Variations
Authors: Guo Leicheng , Wang Zheng Bing , Townend Ian , He Qing
Published: January 2019

Tidal wave deformation and tidal asymmetry widely occur in tidal estuaries and lagoons. Tidal asymmetry has been intensively studied because of its controlling role on residual sediment transport and large‐scale morphological evolution. There are several methods available to characterize tidal asymmetry prompting the need for an overview of their applicability and shortcomings. In this work we provide a brief review and evaluation of two methods, namely, the harmonic method and the statistical method. The latter comprises several statistical measures that estimate the probability density function and various forms of skewness. We find that both the harmonic and statistical methods are effective and have complementary advantages. The harmonic method is applicable to predominantly semidiurnal or diurnal regimes, while the statistical methods can be used in mixed tidal regimes. Assisted by harmonic data, a modified skewness measure can isolate the contribution of different tidal interactions on net tidal asymmetry and also reveal its subtidal variations. The application of the skewness measure to nonstationary river tides reveals stronger tidal asymmetry during spring tides than neap tides, and the nonlinear effects of river discharges on tidal asymmetry in the upper and lower regions of long estuaries.
Modeling Benthic Versus Hyporheic Nutrient Uptake in Unshaded Streams With Varying Substrates
Authors: Roche Kevin R. , Shogren Arial J. , Aubeneau Antoine , Tank Jennifer L. , Bolster Diogo
Published: January 2019

Assessments of riverine ecosystem health and water quality require knowledge of how headwater streams transport and transform nutrients. Estimates of nutrient demand at the watershed scale are commonly inferred from reach‐scale solute injections, which are typically reported as uptake velocities (vf). Multiple interacting processes control vf, making it challenging to predict how vf responds to physical changes in the stream. In this study, we link vf to a continuous time random walk model to quantify how vf is controlled by in‐stream (velocity, dispersion, and benthic reaction) and hyporheic processes (exchange rate, residence times, and hyporheic reaction). We fit the model to conservative (NaCl) and nitrate (NO3−‐N) pulse tracer injections in unshaded replicate streams at the Notre Dame Linked Experimental Ecosystem Facility, which differed only in substrate size and distribution. Experiments were conducted over the first 25 days of biofilm colonization to examine how the interaction between substrate type and biofilm growth influenced modeled processes and vf. Model fits of benthic reaction rates were ∼8× greater than hyporheic reaction rates for all experiments and did not vary with substrate type or over time. High benthic reactivity was associated with filamentous green algae coverage on the streambed, which dominated total algal biomass. Finally, vf was most sensitive to benthic reaction rate and stream velocity, and sensitivity varied with stream conditions due to its nonlinear dependence on all modeled processes. Together, these results demonstrate how reach‐scale nutrient demand reflects the relative contributions of biotic and abiotic processes in the benthic layer and the hyporheic zone.
Diffraction of a TE‐Polarized Wave by a Nonlinear Goubau Line
Authors: Smirnov Yuri , Smolkin Eugene , Shestopalov Yury
Published: January 2019

The diffraction of a cylindrical wave by a nonlinear metal‐dielectric waveguide filled with nonlinear medium is considered. Two widely used types of nonlinearities (Kerr nonlinearity and nonlinearity with saturation) are considered. The problem is to find amplitudes of the reflected and the transmitted fields when the amplitude of the incident field is known. The analytical and numerical solution techniques are developed. Numerical results are presented.
Half a degree and rapid socioeconomic development matter for heatwave risk
Authors: Russo Simone , Sillmann Jana , Sippel Sebastian , Barcikowska Monika J. , Ghisetti Claudia , Smid Marek , O’Neill Brian
Published: January 2019

While every society can be exposed to heatwaves, some people suffer far less harm and recover more quickly than others from their occurrence. Here we project indicators of global heatwave risk associated with global warming of 1.5 and 2 °C, specified by the Paris agreement, for two future pathways of societal development representing low and high vulnerability conditions. Results suggest that at the 1.5 °C warming level, heatwave exposure in 2075 estimated for the population living in low development countries is expected to be greater than exposure at the warming level of 2 °C for the population living in very high development countries. A similar result holds for an illustrative heatwave risk index. However, the projected difference in heatwave exposure and the illustrative risk index for the low and very high development countries will be significantly reduced if global warming is stabilized below 1.5 °C, and in the presence of rapid social development.
Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of mouse neocortical development
Authors: Loo Lipin , Simon Jeremy M. , Xing Lei , McCoy Eric S. , Niehaus Jesse K. , Guo Jiami , Anton E. S. , Zylka Mark J.
Published: January 2019

The development of the mammalian cerebral cortex depends on careful orchestration of proliferation, maturation, and migration events, ultimately giving rise to a wide variety of neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. To better understand cellular and molecular processes that unfold during late corticogenesis, we perform single-cell RNA-seq on the mouse cerebral cortex at a progenitor driven phase (embryonic day 14.5) and at birth—after neurons from all six cortical layers are born. We identify numerous classes of neurons, progenitors, and glia, their proliferative, migratory, and activation states, and their relatedness within and across age. Using the cell-type-specific expression patterns of genes mutated in neurological and psychiatric diseases, we identify putative disease subtypes that associate with clinical phenotypes. Our study reveals the cellular template of a complex neurodevelopmental process, and provides a window into the cellular origins of brain diseases.
Attentional bias assessed by a facial expression cuing paradigm in infants
Authors: Nakagawa Atsuko , Sukigara Masune
Published: January 2019

To disambiguate infants’ attentional bias towards fearful facial expressions, we applied a facial expression cueing paradigm to 36 6-month-old and 33 12-month-old infants, with 21 infants taking part at both ages. Infants made saccades towards a peripheral target preceded by a happy, fearful, or neutral cue directing their attention to the target location (congruent) or the wrong location (incongruent). The results show that infants were faster to respond when shown a fearful (vs. happy) face as a congruent cue, which is consistent with previous studies referring to fearful vigilance, while an incongruent fearful cue reduces attention shifts to the target on the opposite side of the monitor to a greater extent than an incongruent happy cue at 12 months, implying that a fearful facial expression prolongs attentional disengagement or is associated with a greater narrowing of attention. Additionally, the latencies of 6-month-olds were significantly faster than those of 12-month-olds in a congruent condition. The relationship between attentional bias and temperamental disposition was examined using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire–Revised. High temperamental orienting scores partly correlated with attentional bias at 12 months. The contributions of attentional brain networks to socio-cognitive and emotional development are also discussed.