bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mothers' Advice About Facilitating Breastfeeding in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Nyqvist Kerstin Hedberg , Sjoden Per-Olow , Ewald Uwe
Published: March 2007

Admission of newborn infants to neonatal intensive care units (NICU) has been considered an obstacle to breastfeeding because of mother-infant separation and hospital feeding routines. In order to obtain advice on facilitating breastfeeding, we interviewed by telephone 178 mothers of fullterm NICU patients three months after the infants' discharge from hospital. Mothers' advice, in order of prominence, concerned the disturbing impact of the NICU environment, lack of systematic breastfeeding advice, distance between infants' and mothers' units in the hospital, conflicts about parents' roles, perceived lack of organization of work, dissatisfaction with nurse behavior towards parents, and importance of skin-to-skin contact during the mother's first visit. Adaptation of the NICU environment, nurses' awareness of mothers' perspectives, and nurse attitudes and behavior change appear to be as important for facilitating breastfeeding as are routines for breastfeeding advice.
A Comparison of Chilled Cabbage Leaves and Chilled Gelpaks in Reducing Breast Engorgement
Authors: Roberts Kathryn L.
Published: March 2007

This study compared the effectiveness of chilled green cabbage leaves and chilled gelpaks in reducing breast engorgement in postpartum mothers. Thirtyfour lactating women with breast engorgement used chilled cabbage leaves on one breast and chilled gelpaks on the other for up to eight hours. Their pain levels were established pre-treatment and compared post-treatment for both conditions. There was no difference in the post-treatment ratings for the two treatments. Mothers reported a statistically significant drop in pain with both treatments; 68 percent obtained relief within one to two hours. The majority of mothers preferred the cabbage leaves.
Mothers' Attitudes Towards Donated Breastmilk in Jos, Nigeria
Authors: Ighogboja I. S. , Olarewaju R. S. , Odumodu C. U. , Okuonghae H. O.
Published: March 2007

In many developing countries, the use of pooled human milk is not widely accepted. Six hundred eighty breastfeeding mothers were interviewed to ascertain their acceptance of donated breastmilk. Their attitudes toward stored breastmilk, human milk banking, and breastfeeding in the event of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positivity were solicited. About 71 percent would not accept donated breastmilk for their baby while the rest would consent only if the donor were a close family relative, owing to fear of transfer of diseases (28 percent), fear of transfer of genetic traits (22 percent), and religious and cultural taboos (14 percent). However, 60 percent were willing to donate breastmilk. Only 38 percent would accept milk from a breastmilk bank. None would breastfeed if she were HIV positive.
Minimizing Alcohol Exposure of the Breastfeeding Infant
Authors: Schulte Pat
Published: March 2007

What are the effects of alcohol consumed by breastfeeding women on their nursing infants? The woman's weight, whether she is amenorrheic during lactation, and the age of her baby are important considerations that influence blood alcohol concentrations and the effect of a mother's alcohol consumption.
The Concept of Weaning: Definitions and Their Implications
Authors: Greiner Ted
Published: March 2007

"Weaning" is usually said to refer to the entire process during which the infant changes from full dependence on breast milk to complete independence from it. However, "wean" is sometimes used to refer to provision of an "educational diet" during the first six months when exclusive breastfeeding is the ideal; to complementary feeding; to replacement of breastmilk; or to the cessation of breastfeeding. The processes involved are illustrated by a graph that theoretically compares the infant's nutritional needs with the proportion of those needs that can come from breastmilk under ideal circumstances. The development of consistent, relevant research, policies and programs on young child feeding may be particularly hindered by the failure to discriminate between complementation and replacement.
Breastfeeding the Sleepy Baby
Authors: Walker Marsha
Published: March 2007

Sleepy babies can be a source of frustration to both mothers and health care providers during the early days of breastfeeding. This paper looks at some reasons for excessive sleepiness and offers suggestions for helping sleepy babies to breastfeed using the baby as a guide.
From Obscuruty to Oblivion: Running in the Congressional Primary, Louis Sandy Maisel, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1982. 173 pp. $12.50 (cloth).
Authors: Corsino Louis
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies Editor. The preferred form is the short, critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. In preparation of this section, and in addition to the standard academic audience, the New Ethnographies Editor invites the participation of practitioners and graduate students committed to the application of field research. Please direct volunteered reviews to Marc L. Miller, New Ethnographies Editor, University of Washington, HF-05, Seattle, WA 98195.
Developing Loyalty
Authors: Prus Robert
Published: March 2007

Addressing the more general topic of developing and maintaining relationships, this article considers the ways in which vendors endeavor to generate and sustain repeat patronage on the part of those with whom they do business. Using data collected as part of a larger ethnographic study of the social basis of marketing and sales behavior, this article examines (1) the significance of repeat patronage for businesses and those working therein, (2) the forms this patronage assumes, and (3) vendor attempts to cultivate repeat patronage. Although uneven in their efforts, vendors' efforts to promote such patronage reflects buyer perspectives, identifications, activities, investments, and relationships. These themes suggest some of the more general limitations people encounter in their attempts to sustain the involvements of others in particular settings.
New Ethnographies
Authors: Charmaz Kathy
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies or methods texts are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies editor. The preferred form, unless specified otherwise, is an 800-1000-word critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. Unsolicited reviews are welcome, but without the assurance of publication. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations based on ethnographic research and completed within the last year or two are invited. The abstracts should be succinct (200-350 words) and should highlight the theoretical or substantive focus of the research and the field methods employed. Please send book reviews and dissertation abstracts to: David A. Snow, New Ethnographies Editor, Department of Sociology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721.
NEW ETHNOGRAPHIES
Authors: Nash Jeffrey E.
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies or methods texts are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies editor. The preferred form, unless specified otherwise, is an 800-1,000-word critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. Unsolicited reviews are welcome, but without the assurance of publication. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations based on ethnographic research and completed within the last year or two are invited. The abstracts should be succinct (200-350 words) and should highlight the theoretical or substantive focus of the research and the field methods employed. Please send book reviews and dissertation abstracts to: David A. Snow, New Ethnographies Editor, Department of Sociology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721.
STUDYING “FAMILY USAGE”:
Authors: HOLSTEIN JAMES A.
Published: March 2007

This article offers an approach to family studies focusing on “family usage”—that is, discursive application and manipulation of family signs and imagery. Reconceptualizing family in terms of descriptive practice, I examine how family image and discourse are used to interpret and organize everyday social relations. Field data from community mental health and legal settings provide illustrations, and the role of family image and rhetoric in involuntary commitment decisions is discussed. I conclude by suggesting some possible directions for further qualitative studies of family usage.
PARENTAL DIVISION OF LABOR IN ADOLESCENT SEXUAL SOCIALIZATION
Authors: FOX GREER LITTON , COLOMBO MARIE , CLEVENGER WILLIAM F. , FERGUSON CELIA
Published: March 2007

How parents describe their responsibility for sexual socialization of their teenage children is explored in this article. This analysis relies upon intensive interview data with black and white mothers and fathers from a larger qualitative study of intergenerational patterns of sexual communication. It was possible to identify four different patterns that couples used to divide responsibility for this aspect of parenting. Additionally, four distinctive styles of interparent communication about their teens were identified. Implications of these patterns for teen sexual socialization were drawn.
WORKING AT AND WORKING
Authors: NASH JEFFREY E.
Published: March 2007

Computers may affect the work of ethnographers by transforming the organization of working. The concept of fritter captures a distinction between working and working at doing ethnography. A computer fritter, then, is a way of working at doing work that functions to organize and impart meaning to using computers in research and writing. Several types of computer fritters are identified and described, and these are depicted as a logic-in-action for ethnography on the computer. Since the computer fritter embodies the character of work on the computer, understanding its many forms and uses may further an understanding of the developing tension between new meanings of doing work and old ways of accounting for when work has been done.
UNDERSTANDING DOGS
Authors: SANDERS CLINTON R.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the criteria used by dog owners to define their animals as minded individuals with whom they maintain viable and satisfying social relationships. The discussion is based on field data drawn from a study in a veterinary clinic, interviews with dog owners, and autoethnographic materials compiled by the author as he observed and interacted with his own dogs. Special attention is directed at caretakers' understandings of their dogs' thought processes, emotional experiences, and unique personalities. The significance of investigations of animal-human interaction to enlarging sociological views of mindedness and the construction of social identities is emphasized.
A NARRATIVE ANALYSIS OF ABUSE
Authors: LEMPERT LORA BEX
Published: March 2007

Narrating experiences of intimate, interpersonal violence is a means by which abused women make the violence coherent to self and to others. Narratives demonstrate that abusive relationships have courses, that women's actions within these relationships are rational and reasonable, and, further, that these actions can be made understandable to others. By using the theoretical literature on narrative structure, this analysis of one woman's (“Jane” 's) story of intimate, interpersonal violence elucidates a system of social meanings that can facilitate the processes by which other abused women, and their supporters, can make existential sense of violence from an intimate partner. This article is a detailed analysis of one woman's violent relationship. Jane's is a story of abuse, not the story of abuse.
QUALITATIVELY DIFFERENT
Authors: KLEINMAN SHERRYL , COPP MARTHA A. , HENDERSON KARLA A.
Published: March 2007

What is it like to teach qualitative methods to graduate students in predominantly quantitative departments? We draw on our experiences teaching fieldwork in three departments to show that folk notions of science—ideas about how scientific work should be done—make it difficult to teach an inductive approach to fieldwork. Specifically, these folk notions make it hard for students to take an open approach to their studies, use their emotions in developing their analyses, and write ongoing analyses of their field notes. Throughout the article, we offer strategies for dealing with students' resistance.
ENCULTURATION INTO SECRECY AMONG JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS
Authors: MERTEN DON E.
Published: March 2007

Secrecy has long been recognized as an important, and at times problematic, aspect of social life. While much has been written about the functions that secrets play in society, how individuals learn to use secrets remains relatively unexplored. Girls' accounts of their enculturation into secrecy reveal how they treated secrets as social objects and often depersonalized secrets when using them as social currency. Also, the absence of a well-developed concept of privacy contributed to the instrumental use of secrets. Moreover, using secrets to shape friendship and enhance social position was part of the larger process whereby secrecy became a vehicle for developing subjective reason and an exchange perspective among these girls. Thus, enculturation into secrecy involved much more than learning whom to tell which secrets under what circumstance. Girls were also learning fundamental, but largely tacit, aspects of mainstream American culture as they learned to use and interpret the meaning of secrets.
Jobs in the Future?
Authors: Schwartz Gail Garfield
Published: March 2007

The author identifies three myths that dominate our expectations about the future of work: (1) that we have a thriving economy with a private sector that can create enough jobs for those who are willing and able to work; (2) that we will continue to maintain our traditional high standard of living; and (3) that intrinsic job satisfaction will characterize most types of work. It is held that many industries will continue to reduce their levels of employment in the United States due to the production of parts and products abroad, technological advances in production techniques, and the interlocking interests of large multinational firms. It is maintained that some jobs will become less interesting and more routine (dumb jobs), while others become more interesting and less drudgery-dependent (smart jobs). She sees a continuing high unemployment rate well into the future and the continual domination of white males in the smart jobs. She believes that new public policies are the only way to break this cycle and suggests a "Quality-of-Life"jobs program as an affordable remedy.
The Small Business Incubator Industry: Micro-Level Economic Development
Authors: Campbell Candace , Allen David N.
Published: March 2007

The increasing number of small business incubators reflects the growing importance of the small business sector in conjunction with local and state support for new enterprise development and for public-private cooperation in development. The authors review literature on incubator development and examine how and why incubators continue as aids for new development and redevelopment in declining areas, as well as serve as an enhancement to innovation and entrepreneurship through university-related incubators or innovation centers. The authors conclude that improving the base of small business and nurturing new business formation will be more important in the long run than attempts to attract new employers from the outside. Yet, it is clear that few incubating firms create more than a handful of jobs. Continuing research will contribute to a better understanding of how and if business incubators can make lasting contributions to economic development.
Recent Regional Growth Patterns: More Inequality
Authors: Ray Cadwell L. , Rittenoure R. Lynn
Published: March 2007

The "convergence thesis"states that when a national economy attains a certain but unspecified level of development, regional income differences will disappear due to market forces. Historically, income data in the United States have generally supported the convergence thesis; however, data for the first half of the current decade are inconsistent with the thesis and invite reconsideration of the issue. In recent years, dynamic or exogenous factors leading to divergence have overwhelmed passive market forces. The long-run convergence thesis may be irrelevant for open regional economies operating in a dynamic world economy. This has implications for regional analysts and policymakers who will need to identify and understand the dynamic factors that are critical in the regional economic development process.
Can Industrial R&D Survive the Decline of Production Activity: A Case Study of the Chicago Area
Authors: Giese Alenka S. , Testa William A.
Published: March 2007

By distinguishing industrial R&D from manufacturing production, this study identifies a local economy's comparative advantage by activity rather than by product. The Chicago area's comparative advantage has shifted away from production and toward R&D activity during the 1976 to 1985 period. Underlying the Chicago area's overall manufacturing decline, those Chicago area R&D activities associated with its mainstay industries have survived and grown. The product cycle paradigm provides a behavioral framework with which to interpret the underlying revival in R&D activity. Production activities have moved away in search of low-cost environments while attendant R&D facilities have continued to display an attraction for Chicago's urban resources. So too, Chicago's past development has left a legacy of technological infrastructure, which some outside industries have found attractive in locating their R&D facilities.
The Export Trading Company Act of 1982: Japanese-Style Exporting for America?
Authors: Egan Mary Lou
Published: March 2007

Through the Export Trading Company Act of 1982 (ETCA), Congress has sought to develop powerful new American trade intermediaries in the spirit of Japanese sogoshosha. However, a survey of firms registered under the ETCA indicates that their number is small, and their modest scale and non-integrative style of operation does not depart markedly from pre-existing American institutions. More effective export promotion would concentrate on increasing exports overall, which would increase the demand for export intermediation services rather than promote their supply.
Do Long-Tenure Workers have Special Problems Following Job Displacement?
Authors: Ruhm Christopher J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines whether the adjustment problems that follow job displacement become more severe as preseparation tenure increases. Recent research using nationally representative samples generally finds that the independent effect of seniority is quite weak and is dwarfed by other factors such as ethnicity, gender, or regional economic conditions. There is some evidence that persons with very high seniority (over 20 years) suffer larger wage losses than do other workers and that they might also be expected to lose pension benefits under defined benefit plans. The findings provide no justification for the Bureau of Labor Statistics's narrow definition of displaced workers, which includes only persons with more than three years' seniority on preseparation employment.
Amenities as an Economic Development Tool: Is there Enough Evidence?
Authors: Gottlieb Paul D.
Published: March 2007

The argument for using amenities as an economic development tool appears to be a powerful one. Even if such a strategy failed to attract industry, constituents presumably would benefit. Outside of the survey literature, however, there is little hard evidence that firms actually react to "quality of life" in their location decisions. This article reviews the theoretical, survey, and econometric literatures on amenity-oriented firm location and employment growth. Though limited, the existing literature suggests that an amenities strategy for development should be regional; that jurisdictions should focus on basics like schools, environment, crime, and congestion; and that amenities should be managed in the broader context of trends in urbanization.
What Role for the Economic Development Administration in the New Economy?
Authors: Chinitz Ben
Published: March 2007

Do regional variations in economic performance affect the performance of the national economy as a whole? Is it possible to use public policy to increase output and employment in one region without decreasing them elsewhere? The conventional answer to both questions has been no. But recently, a "bottoms-up" view of the national economy seems to be emerging that would suggest a yes answer to these questions. The author attributes this "turnaround " to major changes in the "content" of the U.S. economy and its deeper involvement in the global economy. He then explores the implications for the Economic Development Administration in these new circumstances.
The Industrial Composition of Edge Cities and Downtowns: The New Urban Reality
Authors: Bingham Richard D. , Kimble Deborah
Published: March 2007

This article reports on research examining the industrial composition of edge cities in Ohio and their downtowns. Using the definition of edge cities devised by Joel Garreau, the authors identified 26 edge cities and near-edge cities in Ohio. The research finds that Ohio edge cities are far more economically diverse places than was hypothesized, that they tend to be highly specialized in terms of their industrial structures, and that they do not resemble the downtowns that they surround. The authors hold that edge cities have replaced a segment of downtowns, which are now only one component of specialized regional economic landscapes.
Why State and Local Economic Development Programs Cause so Little Economic Development
Authors: Dewar Margaret E.
Published: March 2007

Although evaluations show that state and local economic development programs have few effects on economic growth or redistribution of economic activity, explanations for the failures are incomplete. Technocratic explanations have dominated economic development research but cannot account for many program activities. Based on evidence from a Minnesota program, the best explanation emphasizes a perspective of bureaucratic and political imperatives. Economic development programs are not designed and implemented in ways that can achieve their goals, principally because of important politicalforces. Administrators must run a program to garner support of legislators, a governor, and opinion leaders for program survival. State and locally elected officials need economic development programs to deliver quick, visible projects in their efforts to solve their districts' economic problems, manage business climate politics, and achieve other aims. Achieving implicit goals means that programs only occasionally undertake activities likely to achieve explicit aims.
International Trade and Shift-Share Analysis: A Response to Dinc and Haynes
Authors: Noponen Heizi , Markusen Ann , Driessen Karl
Published: March 2007

In this article, in response to the Dinc and Haynes comment, the authors correct their published formulation of the import/export disaggregated dynamic shift-share analysis used to characterize differential metropolitan employment growth rates in the United States. The empirical results of the analysis and the inferences drawn from them in their 1997 EDQ article remain valid. The authors contrast the formulation they used with that suggested by Dinc and Haynes, pointing out the differential treatment of productivity in each. They maintain that separating productivity gains from the trade-related components is preferable to the Dinc and Haynes assumption of proportional gains, because successful exporting sectors are more apt to post superior productivity growth rates than are import-vulnerable sectors. The authors show that the results of the two versions are otherwise equivalent.
LEARNING TO BE AN “AMERICAN LADY”?
Authors: SASSLER SHARON
Published: March 2007

Studies of acculturation generally assume a similar process for men and women. Historically, the spectrum of young adults' activities was broader for women than for men, including domestic work in the home and labor force participation or school attendance. Using cross-sectional data from the 1910 Census Public Use Sample, this article applies a gendered critique of assimilation theory to explore ethnic differences in daughters' activities. Generational changes in daughters' pursuits reflect middle-class norms of women's domesticity. The findings highlight gender roles transmission within the family and the fluidity of daughters' activities in response to distinctive ethnic preferences. Families engaged in household strategies regarding the allocation of members' activities to negotiate valued cultural goals, whether retaining daughters in the home or enabling daughters to attend school. The results do not support a simple assimilation model but, rather, point to considerable variation across ethnic groups in the activities pursued by coresident daughters.
THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE GENDERED ORGANIZATION
Authors: BRITTON DANA M.
Published: March 2007

Considerable attention has been paid recently to the gendering of organizations and occupations. Unfortunately, the gendered-organizations approach remains theoretically and empirically underdeveloped, as there have as yet been few clear answers to the question central to the perspective: What does it really mean to say that an organization itself, or a policy, practice, or slot in the hierarchy, is “gendered”? Reviewing literature in the gendered-organizations tradition, the author discusses three of the most common ways the perspective has been applied and argues that all of these definitions pose potential problems for the project of meaningful social and organizational change. The article concludes with some suggestions about how a more useful conception of the gendered organization might be built.
ENGENDERING SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Authors: EINWOHNER RACHEL L. , HOLLANDER JOCELYN A. , OLSON TOSKA
Published: March 2007

The fields of gender and social movements have traditionally consisted of separate literatures. Recently, however, a number of scholars have begun a fruitful exploration of the ways in which gender shapes political protest. This study adds three things to this ongoing discussion. First, the authors offer a systematic typology of the various ways in which movements are gendered and apply that typology to a wide variety of movements, including those that do not center on gender issues in any obvious way. Second, the authors discuss the process by which movements become gendered. In doing so, they go beyond current scholarship by bringing “others” (e.g., opponents and the general public) squarely into the gendered analysis. The article concludes by speculating about the outcomes of these processes and suggests that movements that draw on feminine stereotypes face a double bind that hampers their success. Illustrations come from movements in the United States, Europe, and Latin America.
BARBIE GIRLS VERSUS SEA MONSTERS
Authors: MESSNER MICHAEL A.
Published: March 2007

Recent research on children's worlds has revealed how gender varies in salience across social contexts. Building on this observation, the author examines a highly salient gendered moment of group life among four- and five-year-old children at a youth soccer opening ceremony, where gender boundaries were activated and enforced in ways that constructed an apparently “natural” categorical difference between the girls and the boys. The author employs a multilevel analytical framework to explore (1) how children “do gender” at the level of interaction or performance, (2) how the structured gender regime constrains and enables the actions of children and parents, and (3) how children's gendered immersion in popular culture provides symbolic resources with which children and parents actively create (or disrupt) categorical differences. The article ends with a discussion of how gendered interactions, structure, and cultural meanings are intertwined, in both mutually reinforcing and contradictory ways.
GENDER SHOWS
Authors: BAILEY LUCY
Published: March 2007

This article draws on data from a study of the transition to motherhood to contribute to feminist theorizing of embodiment. Three bodily aspects of women's gendered sense of self are identified as undergoing possible change during this period—sensuality, shape, and space. The work of Arthur Frank is drawn on to theorize shifts in women's experience of these dimensions, and the author shows how the white, middle-class women studied could use such discourses around the body as resources in renegotiating their social positioning. This empirical analysis demonstrates how physical changes may facilitate challenging the dominant body norms, although the work of Robert Connell indicates that social control may also be a consequence of such bodily conceptualizations. This article therefore uses its empirical analysis to contribute to theorizing the connections between bodily practices and gendered identity.
GENDERING VIOLENCE
Authors: ANDERSON KRISTIN L. , UMBERSON DEBRA
Published: March 2007

This article examines the construction of gender within men's accounts of domestic violence. Analyses of in-depth interviews conducted with 33 domestically violent heterosexual men indicate that these batterers used diverse strategies to present themselves as nonviolent, capable, and rational men. Respondents performed gender by contrasting effectual male violence with ineffectual female violence, by claiming that female partners were responsible for the violence in their relationships and by constructing men as victims of a biased criminal justice system. This study suggests that violence against female partners is a means by which batterers reproduce a binary framework of gender.
The Impact of Male Work Environments and Organizational Policies on Women's Experiences of Sexual Harassment
Authors: GRUBER JAMES E.
Published: March 2007

Women's experiences with sexual harassment were analyzed with three types of variables: occupational and workplace sex ratios, organizational policies and procedures for dealing with sexual harassment problems, and women's cultural status (age and marital status). Regression analyses revealed that extent of contact with men was a key predictor of incidence of harassment, number of different types of harrassment, sexual comments, sexual categorical remarks, and sexual materials. Gender predominance was a significant predictor of physical threats and sexual materials. Informational methods were less successful than proactive methods in reducing incidents of sexual harassment. The analyses support two generalizations. The “contact hypothesis” tested and verified by Gutek and her colleagues provides a substantive understanding of our findings on workplace and occupational numerical predominance. Second, organizations that take a variety of steps to address sexual harassment are more apt to be successful in curtailing the problem than those relying mainly on “get out the word” techniques.
JOB QUITS AND JOB CHANGES:
Authors: GLASS JENNIFER
Published: March 2007

This article conceptualizes labor force exits as a parallel option to employer changes in the gender-specific opportunity structure for employed young women. It argues that the same working conditions should predict both employment exits and employer changes. Family characteristics (including pregnancy and presence of preschool children), rather than working conditions, should differentiate between job changers and job leavers. These hypotheses were tested with 1970-1980 data from the National Longitudinal Survey. Results from logit analyses showed that employment conditions do affect young women's decisions to change jobs or exit the labor force, and influence them in similar ways, and that household factors affect labor force exits more strongly than they do job changes. While pregnant women are more likely to leave the labor force, both improved job conditions and existing preschool children (implying prior experience with substitute care) enhance the likelihood of continuous employment for pregnant women.
RACE AND CLASS BIAS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON WOMEN
Authors: CANNON LYNN WEBER , HIGGINBOTHAM ELIZABETH , LEUNG MARIANNE L. A.
Published: March 2007

Exploratory studies employing volunteer subjects are especially vulnerable to race and class bias. This article illustrates how inattention to race and class as critical dimensions in women's lives can produce biased research samples and lead to false conclusions. It analyzes the race and class background of 200 women who volunteered to participate in an in-depth study of Black and White professional, managerial, and administrative women. Despite a multiplicity of methods used to solicit subjects, White women raised in middle-class families who worked in male-dominated occupations were the most likely to volunteer, and White women were more than twice as likely to respond to media solicitations or letters. To recruit most Black subjects and address their concerns about participation required more labor-intensive strategies involving personal contact. The article discusses reasons for differential volunteering and ways to integrate race and class into qualitative research on women.
HIDDEN POWER IN MARRIAGE
Authors: KOMTER AAFKE
Published: March 2007

Without patriarchal laws and legally permitted gender discrimination, it becomes clearer that a powerful draw back to gender equality springs from norms about gender identity, concepts of masculinity and femininity, and tacit rules of interaction between women and men. This article offers a theoretical perspective to analyze hidden power in gender relationships. The conceptualization is based on research into marital power carried out in the Netherlands. The focus of this research was not on the way the “power cake” is divided up between spouses but rather on the operation of power processes and mechanisms that can explain why change toward gender equality in marriage is so slow.
JULY 18, 1988, AT A SEXUAL ASSAULT AND BATTERED WOMEN'S CENTER
Authors: BORIA MARY SCOTT , BEVILAQUA CHRISTINA , GUALTIERI HELEN , HERNANDEZ YOLANDA , JIMENEZ JAMIE A. , SORENSON ERIN , WEBER DEBORAH
Published: March 2007

On July 18, 1988, workers at the Metropolitan YWCA Women's Services, a Chicago-area center designed to assist women and children who are survivors of violence and sexual assault, agreed to record in a journal their thoughts at a chosen hour during that day. Each section was written by a different worker. The purpose was to bring together separate voices, all connected through their common work with survivors to begin to understand the impact of this work on their own lives.
HIDDEN BY THE INVISIBLE HAND:
Authors: FEINER SUSAN F. , ROBERTS BRUCE B.
Published: March 2007

The neglect of issues related to the economic status of minorities and women in introductory economics textbooks widely used in the United States is a problem rooted in the most fundamental theoretical propositions of mainstream economics. Despite the fact that the claims of both mainstream methodology and general equilibrium theory have been seriously questioned in recent years, introductory economics textbooks fail to incorporate into the principles curriculum those critical findings which would allow analysis of the economic problems of women and minorities in the United States. This article compares mainstream and radical textbooks' treatments of race and gender issues to show how the radical approach to these economic questions overcomes many of the deficiencies of the mainstream approach.
THE HOME AS WORKSHOP:
Authors: GLAZER NONA Y.
Published: March 2007

The high-tech health service work done by amateur family caregivers in U.S. homes challenges the conventional division of the social world into public and private. Under new federal reimbursement systems, the diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), patients are being discharged sicker than before from hospitals and nursing homes, or after treatments in outpatient clinics. Health care facilities depend on a work transfer, shifting their earlier responsibilities for the sick to the family. There, women family members do for free the work once done by paid health service workers in health care facilities, caring for family members who need their nursing and housekeeping services. Women's unpaid work knits together “public” and “private,” demonstrating how capitalism reorganizes the labor process to make use of free service labor.
ANTIVIOLENCE ACTIVISM AND THE (IN)VISIBILITY OF GENDER IN THE GAY/LESBIAN AND WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS
Authors: JENNESS VALERIE , BROAD KENDAL
Published: March 2007

Gay and lesbian-sponsored antiviolence projects have used activist strategies and “collective action frames” similar to the contemporary women's movement's antiviolence against women campaigns and have defined violence against gays and lesbians as a social problem resulting from criminal sexual assault that stems from institutionalized sexual terrorism. Unlike the contemporary feminist movement, which has been anchored in an all-encompassing critique of patriarchy, activism around antigay and lesbian violence has ignored patriarchy and the gender relations that sustain and reflect it; instead, gay and lesbian activism has been preoccupied with homophobia and only implicitly concerned with institutionalized heterosexism. As a result, the fact that gays and lesbians embody gender and are firmly situated in gender relations is rendered invisible. This analysis examines how the collective action frame(s) of one social movement can be appropriated, employed, and transformed by a subsequent movement.
GENDER AND REVOLUTIONARY TRANSFORMATION
Authors: MOGHADAM VALENTINE M.
Published: March 2007

The sociology of revolution has produced a prodigious body of scholarship that is nonetheless deficient in one area: attention to gender in the unfolding of revolutions and in the building of new states. Feminist scholars, however, have been attentive to women's participation in revolutions, the effects of revolutions on gender systems and women's positions, and how gender shapes revolutionary processes, including patterns of mobilization, revolutionary programs, and the policies of revolutionary states. This article discusses the literature on revolutions, presents a theoretical framework for the study of revolutions based on gender outcomes, and examines two cases of revolutionary transformation that conform to what I call the patriarchal model of revolution: Iran in 1979 and the 1989 revolutions in East Central Europe.
WOMEN AND MEN IN FILM
Authors: BIELBY DENISE D. , BIELBY WILLIAM T.
Published: March 2007

Distinctive features of culture industries suggest that women culture workers face formidable barriers to career advancement. Using longitudinal data on the careers of screenwriters, we examine gender inequality in the labor market for writers of feature films. We hypothesize and test three different models of labor market dynamics and find support for a model of cumulative disadvantage whereby the gender gap in earnings grows as men and women move through their careers. We suggest that the transition of screenwriting from a mixed to a male-dominated occupation parallels the “empty field” phenomenon described in a study by Tuchman of nineteenth-century novelists. The institutionalization of male dominance of the film industry in the 1930s and the typecasting of women writers has had a lasting impact on gender inequality, which shows little change through the early 1990s.
DECODING FEMININITY
Authors: CURRIE DAWN H.
Published: March 2007

The author explores how the discursive practices of social texts relate to the subjectivities of readers. Employing Dorothy Smith's notion of femininity as textually mediated discourse, the author analyzes how teenage girls read the depictions of femininity in the glossy advertisements of fashion magazines. Through interviews with 48 girls aged 13 to 17 years, she explores both why and how young girls negotiate “what it means to be a woman.” Most young girls in her study draw on stereotypical meanings of adult femininity. By giving these stereotypes truth status, these readers valorize not only patriarchal meanings of womanhood but also naturalize associations between femininity and the commodities through which this femininity is expressed as the everyday doing of gender. The author concludes by discussing implications of this study for both a feminist theory and a feminist politics of culture.
TOMBOY RESISTANCE AND CONFORMITY
Authors: CARR C LYNN
Published: March 2007

Using life history narratives, the present study investigates processes of agency and consciousness among 14 women who identified themselves as tomboys. Most informants shared two “moments” of consciousness—a rejection of femininity and a choice of masculinity. Participants also revealed two forms of agency—active gender resistance and conformity. Implications for building agentic understandings of gender identity are discussed. While agency appears to be an important factor in gender identification, it tends to be overlooked by individuals themselves, perhaps through a process of “naturalized embodiment.” In addition, gender consciousness appears to be critical in understanding agency in identification processes.
BETWEEN PAID AND UNPAID WORK
Authors: NELSON MARGARET K.
Published: March 2007

This article explores gender differences in three varieties of economic activities that supplement regular employment and housework: entrepreneurial moonlighting, self-provisioning, and casual exchanges with the members of other households. Drawing on data gathered through a random survey and interviews conducted with a white, rural, working-class population, gender differences were found in the content of these activities, their location, the time devoted to them, the degree to which they were delineated from other activities, and the opportunities they provided for sociability. These differences are shown to have consequences for the internal gendered dynamics of the household and for the reinforcement of some kinds of male privilege.
Electroencephalographic Coherence in Alzheimer's Disease: Comparisons with a Control Group and Population Norms
Authors: Knott Verner , Mohr Erich , Mahoney Colleen , Ilivitsky Vadim
Published: March 2007

Previous research from independent laboratories has shown reduced electroencephalographic coherence in patients diagnosed with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). This study added to this work by comparing interhemispheric and intrahemispheric coherence in nonmedicated DAT patients (n = 35) with that of a normal control group (n = 30), as well as with a data bank of population norms. Raw and Z-score transformed values showed reduced coherence, interhemispherically (in delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands) and intrahemispherically (delta and theta bands) in DAT patients with both comparison procedures. Discriminant analysis correctly classified 73% to 75% of patients. The results are discussed in relation to earlier research, "trait" versus "state" factors, the cholinergic system, and cognitive processes in dementia. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:1-8).
Telemedicine Use and the Reduction of Psychiatric Admissions from a Long-Term Care Facility
Authors: Lyketsos Constantine G. , Roques Carmel , Hovanec Linda , Jones Beverly N.
Published: March 2007

Copper Ridge is a long-term care facility that provides care for persons with dementia and their families from early diagnosis to end of life. A low-cost videoconferencing system was employed in the development of a comprehensive, integrated continuum of care for Copper Ridge residents by bridging long-term care with inpatient psychiatric care at Johns Hopkins Hospital. In this article, we discuss the Copper Ridge/Johns Hopkins telemedicine project and how its operation appears to have brought about a reduction in psychiatric admissions. Telemedicine projects using inexpensive technology over standard telephone lines can be successfully used in long-term care settings. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:76-79).
No Long-Term Effect of Behavioral Treatment on Psychotropic Drug Use for Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease Patients
Authors: Weiner Myron F. , Tractenberg Rochelle E. , Sano Mary , Logsdon Rebecca , Teri Linda , Galasko Douglas , Gamst Anthony , Thomas Ron , Thal Leon J.
Published: March 2007

To determine if teaching caregivers behavior management techniques (BMTs) reduces long-term psychotropic use in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, we examined 12-month follow-up data from a 4-month randomized study com paring placebo, BMTs, trazodone, and haloperidol for the treatment of agitated behaviors in persons with AD. After 4 months, treatment was allowed with any agent. Between 42.8% and 51% of AD patients received additional psy chotropics between 4 and 12 months. The relative risk of being prescribed any psychotropic drug after the 4-month trial was at or about 1.0 for subjects in each drug arm or placebo arm versus BMTs. We concluded that teaching caregivers BMTs did not diminish long-term prescription of psychotropic drugs. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:95-98).
The Solidification of PEEK. Part II: Kinetics
Authors: Motz Heike , Schultz J.M.
Published: March 2007

Crystallization at constant temperature and under nonisothermal conditions was analyzed using the time-temperature-transformation concept. The correlation between isothermal and continuous cooling curves allows the rate of cooling that is needed to manufacture a product with a specific microstructure to be determined The crystallization range (time or temperature), which has a major impact on the quality and quantity of crystallinity within the material, can be predicted for various heat treatments This con cept is universely applicable to any number of materials.
Thermoplastic Filament Winding with On-Line Impregnation
Authors: Åstrom B. Tomas , Pipes R. Byron
Published: March 2007

A novel concept for filament winding with a thermoplastic matrix has been explored The impregnation of the unidirectional reinforcement is performed in line with the winding operation, and the impregnated reinforcement is wound into rings with in situ consolidation. The reinforcement is impregnated with the matrix powder, after which it is melt impregnated in a small pultrusion die to form a well-defined rectangular cross sec tion. The matrix of the impregnated reinforcement is kept in its molten state until it reaches the contact point on the nng, where it is welded to the previously wound layer by means of controlled pressure and a concentrated and controlled heat source. The initial work presented here has proved the method to be Successful.
The Influence of a Fiber-Matrix Coupling Agent on the Properties of a Glass Fiber / Polypropylene GMT
Authors: Cantwell W.J. , Tato W. , Kausch H.H. , Jacquemet R.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the effect of adding a low molecular weight modifying agent to a glass fiber reinforced polypropylene GMT has been investigated in detail The modi fying agent is introduced during the processing cycle in order to improve the fiber-matrix interfacial strength and thereby enhance certain key mechanical properties. Three different weight fractions of modifying agent have been used and the resulting mechanical proper ties of the composites have been compared to those of the base material containing no such modifying agent.