bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructure of the Intestinal Mucosa in Pigs Experimentally Inoculated with an Edema Disease-Producing Strain of Escherichia coli (0139:K12:H1)
Authors: Methiyapun S. , Pohlenz J. F. L. , Bertschinger H. U.
Published: January 2017

The intestinal tissues from 11 pigs orally inoculated with Escherichia coli ( E. coli, 0139:K12:H1) were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The colonization of E. coli along the small intestinal mucosa was found in seven principals without any major changes in the enterocytes from day 2 to day 7 after inoculation when the experiment was terminated.

Lesions of vessels of the intestinal mucosa could be detected as early as two days after inoculation and persisted until the experiment was terminated. Lesions consisted of endothelial swelling and vacuolation, subendothelial fibrin deposition, perivascular edema, microthrombus formation, endothelial proliferation, and necrosis of the tunica media. The possible pathogenesis of the disease is discussed.
Experimental Viral Pneumonia in Guinea Pigs: An Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Kaup F.-J. , Naumann S. , Kunstyr I. , Drommer W.
Published: January 2017

Homogenized lung tissue was used to experimentally reproduce lethal viral pneumonia in guinea pigs. The resultant lesions corresponded with those of the spontaneous disease. Pneumonia with necrotic bronchiolar epithelium accompanied by basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies was the primary finding. With transmission electron microscopy, numerous viral particles were found—mainly within the nucleus of pulmonary epithelial cells but also within the cytoplasm and in extracellular space. The appearance of viral particles, in particular their paracrystalline and crystalline deposition within the nucleus, indicates that our experimentally induced pneumonia was caused by an adenovirus.
Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Moniliella suaveolens in Two Cats
Authors: McKenzie R. A. , Connole M. D. , McGinnis M. R. , Lepelaar R.
Published: January 2017

Moniliella suaveolens was isolated in pure culture from histologically typical phaeohyphomycotic granulomas containing dematiaceous fungi in two cats. One cat had several slow-growing black lesions up to 2 cm in diameter in the abdominal subcutis. These lesions recurred after surgical excision was attempted. The second cat had a single black subcutaneous 0.5 × 1.5-cm lesion near one dewclaw. This lesion was successfully removed surgically without recurrence. M. suaveolens has not been isolated previously from lesions in animals including man.
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Roberts E. D. , Baskin G. B. , Watson E. , Henk W. G. , Shelton T. C. , Bowen M. S.
Published: January 2017

Naturally occurring deposition of calcium pyrophosphate has been identified in six rhesus monkeys following acute episodes of trauma and various septicemias. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analytical system and single crystal electron diffraction studies were used to identify the crystals within the articular cartilage. The osteoarthritis grading system was used to determine the degree of cartilage degenerative changes.
Cytologie Differentiation of Benign from Malignant Canine Mammary Tumors
Authors: Allen S. W. , Prasse K. W. , Mahaffey E. A.
Published: January 2017

Cytologic and histologic examination of 91 canine mammary masses was performed by two cytologists and two histopathologists. Ten important cytologic criteria of malignancy for canine mammary tumors were identified. A cytologic grading system for differentiation of benign from malignant mammary tumors was proposed using these criteria. With this system, approximately one fourth of the malignant mammary tumors were given a concordant cytologic diagnosis. Approximately one-half of the benign masses were given a concordant cytologic diagnosis by the two cytologists. One-half of all the tumors examined were given inconclusive cytologic diagnoses by both cytologists. The cytologic identification of spindle cells did not differentiate complex and mixed mammary tumors from simple tumors. Only five of the animals studied died of mammary cancer, precluding a critical analysis of the cytologic criteria for prediction of cancer mortality.
Electronic Measurement of Erythrocyte Volume and Volume Heterogeneity in Horses During Erythrocyte Regeneration Associated with Experimental Anemias
Authors: Radin M. J. , Eubank M. C. , Weiser M. G.
Published: January 2017

Anemia was induced in three groups of horses by moderate or severe acute hemorrhage, or by acetyl phenylhydrazine-induced hemolysis (Groups I, II, and III, respectively). Serial hemograms were done on a multichannel automated blood cell counter with histogram capability. Changes in hematocrit, mean cell volume, erythrocyte number, red cell distribution width (RDW), and standard deviation of erythrocyte volume were examined over time. Significant increases in mean cell volume were first detectable by days 17, 20, and 14 and reached maximum by days 43, 41, and 29, in Groups I, II, and III, respectively ( P < 0.05). Increased mean cell volume was interpreted as reflecting accelerated erythrocyte regeneration; however, not all horses with accelerated regeneration had changes in mean cell volume. Estimated erythrocyte production rate correlated poorly with hematocrit nadir and change in mean cell volume ( r = 0.37 and r = 0.36, respectively, P > 0.05). In some horses effective regeneration occurs without development of macrocytosis. Mean cell volume remained increased after other parameters returned to control values, suggesting that mean cell volume values may provide retrospective evidence of altered erythrocyte turnover. Anisocytosis as indicated by significant increases in the standard deviation was greatest during the early part of the regenerative response, reaching maximum values on days 30, 28, and 21 in Groups I, II, and III, respectively, and began to decrease as homogeneous repopulation with macrocytes occurred. Red cell distribution width increased significantly only in severe hemorrhage and hemolysis groups, reaching mean maximum values of 24.3 on day 20 and of 26.4 on day 21 in Groups II and III, respectively ( P < 0.05). Red cell distribution width did not detect increased erythrocyte volume heterogeneity in Group I.
Intravascular Macrophages in Lungs of Pigs Infected with Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae
Authors: Bertram T. A.
Published: January 2017

Pigs were inoculated intratracheally with a virulent or an avirulent isolate of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 and sacrificed during the first 24 hours post-inoculation. Intravascular macrophages were examined by electron microscopic and morphometric techniques. Samples of lung were taken from regions with no macroscopic lesions (Zone 0), 2.5 to 3.0 cm from lesions (Zone 1), and from the immediate edge of lesions (Zone 2). Those pigs inoculated with the avirulent isolate did not develop lesions. Pigs given the virulent isolate consistently developed necrohemorrhagic lesions in the dorsolateral aspect of the caudal and middle lung lobes. Relative volumes of intravascular macrophages in Zones 1 and 2 increased with increased time post-inoculation; in pigs given the avirulent isolate, intravascular macrophage volume decreased with increased time post-inoculation. Cytoplasmic volume to nuclear volume ratios for macrophages in Zone 2 from pigs with necrohemorrhagic lesions progressively increased with increased time post-inoculation. Enlarged intravascular macrophages had large nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and abundant cytoplasm. Increased cytoplasmic volume was the result of increased numbers of lysosomes, phagosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and large Golgi complexes. Pigs inoculated with the virulent bacteria had IV macrophages with large phagosomes that contained necrotic cell debris and fibrin. Macrophages with phagosomes were more frequent in the 6-, 9-, and 24-hour sample periods of pigs with lesions than in any other group. Intercellular adhesion plaques (ICAP) were present between IV macrophages and subjacent endothelial cells. ICAP's increased in length with increased time post-inoculation in Zones 1 and 2 from pigs with necrohemorrhagic lesions. In later sample periods, multiple closely associated and interlacing IV macrophages formed a discontinuous layer over endothelial cells in Zone 2 samples near necrohemorrhagic lesions. These results suggest that the intravascular macrophage population changes from immature macrophages to mature macrophages or immature epithelioid cells within 24 hours after inhalation of a virulent Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. Furthermore, intravascular macrophages likely function to clear cellular and acellular debris from the blood in pneumonic conditions.
Muscle Lesions in Beige (Chediak-Higashi Syndrome) and Heterozygous C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Amann J. F. , Prieur D. J.
Published: January 2017

Muscles from male and female C57BL/6J Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) and phenotypically normal mice with the bgJ allele were studied microscopically and histochemically for the presence of basophilic cytoplasmic structures seen by other investigators in muscles of CHS mice of the SB/Le strain. Triceps brachii, gastrocnemius, quadriceps femoris, and biceps femoris muscles were examined. Multiple basophilic cylindrical lesions were present in hematoxylin and eosin-stained muscle from all groups. Lesions were positive for esterase, Sudan black, and periodic acid-Schiff. Lesions were only seen in type II muscle fibers. Type I muscle cells comprised less than an estimated 5% of the total muscle fibers in the four muscles examined. Scores were assigned based on the presence or absence of lesions in each muscle. Male mice of both phenotypes had significantly more lesions ( P < 0.05) than female mice. When sexes were combined, lesions were significantly ( P < 0.05) more numerous in normal mice than CHS mice for all muscles except the gastrocnemius. Lesions were significantly ( P < 0.05) more numerous in the phenotypically normal male than the CHS male mice for the triceps and quadriceps muscles. There was no significant difference ( P > 0.05) between lesions of phenotypically normal female and female CHS mice. Basophilic cytoplasmic structures did not prove to be a manifestation of the CHS trait.
Utilization of Cytoplasmic Lysozyme Immunoreactivity as a Histiocytic Marker in Canine Histiocytic Disorders
Authors: Moore P. F.
Published: January 2017

Immunoreactive lysozyme was readily detectable in canine histiocytic disorders including systemic histiocytosis, malignant histiocytosis and granulomatous panniculitis. Lysozyme was less reliable as a histiocytic marker in cutaneous histiocytoma; forty percent of these tumors were negative for lysozyme expression. The marked heterogeneity in lysozyme expression in cutaneous histiocytoma may indicate that a proportion of these tumors show relatively primitive histiocytic differentiation and do not express lysozyme. Alternatively, this same proportion may exhibit a phenotype akin to cutaneous Langerhans cells which do not contain lysozyme. Lysozyme was not detectable in the tumor cells in lymphomatoid granulomatosis, atypical cutaneous histiocytoma, and histiocytic lymphosarcoma. Other evidence that these three disorders do not represent true histiocytic proliferative disorders is discussed.
Pathology of the Canine and Feline Uterine Tube
Authors: Gelberg H. B. , McEntee K.
Published: January 2017

Lesions of the uterine tube were described in 37 dogs and nine cats. Of the 52 lesions noted, 18 were developmental abnormalities; four paramesonephric remnants, and 14 mesonephric remnants. Uterine tube cysts were seen in 16 animals, and seven animals had salpingitis. One dog had hyperplastic changes of the infundibular mucosa, and one cat and one dog demonstrated adenomyosis. There were three primary benign uterine tube neoplasms, one adenocarcinoma, two metastatic neoplasms in the uterine tube, and two bursal lipomas, all in dogs. With the exception of neoplasia of the uterine tube, most lesions were unlikely to affect the reproductive performance of these animals and/or were incidental or secondary to disorders elsewhere in the reproductive tract.
Congress Ministry and the Labour Policy, 1937–1939: Madras Presidency
Authors: Reddy K. Venugopal
Published: January 2017

The article, while critically examining the ideas of M.K. Gandhi on the industrial strikes, seeks to locate the implication of his ideas, which had largely fashioned the policy and perspective of the Congress ministry toward the industrial conflicts in the Madras Presidency, that is, the first Congress government under the British Colonial State during 1937-1939. It also endeavours to analyse Gandhi's ideas on the issues of ‘Class’ and ‘Class Struggle’ and demonstrates how the Congress ministry under C. Rajagopalachary had attempted to put them into practice during 1937-1939. And in the process, it presents a critical analysis of the labour policy of the Congress government under C. Rajagopalachary as Prime Minister and V.V. Giri as Labour Minister While the moderate working class leaders sought to guide the industrial workers with emphasis on the approach of class collaboration forsaking the line of confrontation as its main plank and conduct the strikes through non-violent method, the Left radical working class leadership on the contrary strove to educate the workers in socialism and communism and lead them to adopt an uncompromising and unyielding attitude in their struggle against the capitalist class. Class struggle and class confrontation were explained to the workers to be the only methods suitable to achieve their demands. This approach of the Left working class leadership inevitably led to the conflict with the Congress ministry and its labour policy. Therefore, the article, while unmasking the uneasy and intricate relationship underlying the Congress ministry and the working class leadership also traces the perception of the working class and its leadership in the Congress ministry and its historic role in the advancement of the working class movement in India. It also seeks to present the appraisal of the capitalist class and colonial bureaucracy on the performance of the Congress ministry vis-à-vis the problem of the rising militancy of the working class.
‘Neighbourhood Trivia’ and ‘Coffee Parties’: Hatred and Malice in the Totalitarian Nazi Regime
Authors: Joshi Vandana
Published: January 2017

The article talks about ordinary German women ‘s willing participation in the discriminatory mechanisms of the racial Nazi regime. It does so by exploring spaces within the patriarchal, sexist and racist power structures of the Nazi regime that ‘Aryan’ women appropriated by articulating and resolving their conflicts with Jewish citizens through acts of denunciation. An intensive treatment of the Gestapo case files of private individuals relating to the Jews visiblizes the so-far-little-talked-about ordinary female denouncers. The article demonstrates how they attempted to mould their ‘private’ lives to their deeply racialized surroundings by cleverly making use of the provision of denunciation, and how they participated in the fight against the ‘alien’ within the racial state. ‘Aryan’ women acted as self-appointed neighbourhood watchdogs of the racial community in hounding out Jewish citizens from their immediate surroundings.

Most importantly, the study places the informal power of housewives and mothers at the centre ofthe discourse on anti-Semitism. It argues that the ‘separate sphere’ did not just entail housekeeping, cooking and looking after the children, it also involved keeping a watch on a Jewish neighbour, cooking up malicious stories, eavesdropping, guarding his or her morality and sexuality. This activity required no formal gathering at the fixed place. Shop floors, house floors, doorsteps, staircases and bunkers provided space enough for this racial gossip to do rounds. Kaffeeklatsch (gossip around the coffee table) and Haustratsch (idle gossip with family members or neighbours) took anti-Semitic colour just as living rooms turned into venuesfor drafting letters ofdenunciation signed by groups of ‘disgruntled Aryan women’.
Toxocarosis as Zoonosis. A Review of Literature and the Prevalence of Toxocara Canis Antibodies in 511 Serum Sample
Authors: Theodoridis I. , Frydas S. , Papazahariadou M. , Hatzistilianou M. , Adamama-Moraitou K. K. , Di Gioacchino M. , Felaco M.
Published: January 2017

A total of 511 serum samples from children aged between 6 months to 15 years old, with different clinical signs – living in the region of Northern Greece – were tested by ELISA (enzyme links immunosorbent assay) technique, for the detection of specific IgG and IgM antibodies against T. canis antigen. The reason IgM was detected was because IgM levels are elevated in the acute phase of toxocara infection, in spite of their notorious non-specificity.

In this seroepidemiologic survey of children, a remarkably high percentage (12.5%) reacted positively to this method. Sixteen (3.1%) out of 511 sera showed IgG antibodies, 43 (8.4%) showed IgM, while 5 (1%) showed both IgG and IgM antibodies against T. canis E/S (excretory – secretory) antigen. Females were significantly more infected than males. Seropositivity rate was highest in children over the age of 10.
Immunohistochemical Profile and VEGF, TGF-β and PGE2 in Human Pterygium and Normal Conjunctiva: Experimental Study and Review of the Literature
Authors: Bianchi E. , Scarinci F. , Grande C. , Plateroti R. , Plateroti P. , Plateroti A.M. , Fumagalli L. , Capozzi P. , Feher J. , Artico M.
Published: January 2017

Human pterygium is made up of chronic proliferative fibro-vascular tissue growing on the ocular surface. This disease exhibits both degenerative and hyperplastic properties. Some fibroangiogenic factors have recently been shown to play a potential role in fibrovascular diseases via the angiogenesis process. The aim of this study is to evaluate VEGF, TGF-β and PGE2 expression in the epithelial, endothelial and stromal cells of human pterygium and normal conjunctiva in order to determine whether these factors participate in the development of pterygium. Ten specimens from patients with pterygium and two normal conjunctivas (cadavers) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies against these growth factors. The technique used was ABC/HRP (Avidin complexed with biotinylated peroxidase). Immunoreactivity of VEGF was significantly increased in the epithelium, vascular endothelium and stromal cells in primary pterygium as compared with normal conjunctiva. A moderate expression of TGF-β in the pterygium was observed in the epithelial and stromal layers. On the contrary, immunolabeling of this growth factor in the human normal conjunctiva was weak. PGE2 was strongly expressed in the epithelium of patients with pterygium, as in control conjunctival tissues, and the immunolabeling was moderate in the stroma from the same patients. Our results suggest that these growth factors may contribute to the progression of primary pterygium by increasing angiogenesis, thus leading to the formation of new blood vessels from the pre-existing vasculature. We conclude that VEGF, TGF-β and PGE2 may be potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of this disease although proof of this evidence requires further studies.
Hormone and Cytokine Orcadian Alteration in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients
Authors: Mazzoccoli G. , Sothern R.B. , Francavilla M. , Giuliani F. , Carughi S. , Muscarella L.A. , Fazio V.M. , Parrella P. , Vinciguerra M. , Tarquini R.
Published: January 2017

Alterations in hormone secretion and cytokine levels have been evidenced in many neoplastic diseases. In this study we have evaluated the circadian profile of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), interleukin-2 (IL2), melatonin (MEL) and Cortisol (COR) serum levels in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Blood was sampled every 4 h for 24 h in 11 healthy (H) men (ages 35–53 years) and 9 men with stage 2, 3 or 4 non-small cell lung cancer (C) (ages 43–63 years). Serum GH, total IGF1, IL2, MEL and COR were measured and examined for group differences, trends, and rhythm characteristics. 24-h means were significantly higher in C234 vs H for GH, GH/IGF1, IL2 and COR, and lower for IGF1, but IL2 and COR were not different for C23 vs H. A linear regression across 4 groups (H, C2, C3, C4) found a positive trend for COR, GH, GH/IGF1 and IL2, and a negative trend for IGF1. A linear regression run between the 24-h mean levels of GH, IGF1, COR, MEL and IL2 in healthy subjects evidenced a statistically significant positive trend between MEL and GH (R=0.281, p=0.022) and in cancer patients showed a statistically significant negative trend between GH and IGF1 (R=0.332, p=0.01), COR and IGF1 (R=0.430, p=0.001), and a statistically significant positive trend between the 24-h mean of COR and GH (R=0.304, p=0.02). Rhythms in MEL and COR (peaks near 01:00h and 08:00h, respectively) indicated identical synchronization to the light-dark cycle for both groups. A circadian rhythm was detected in GH and GH/IGF1 for C23 and H, with IGF1 and IL2 non-rhythmic in any group. In conclusion, an increasing trend and progressive loss of circadian rhythmicity in GH and GH/IGF1, an increasing trend in Cortisol and IL2, and a decreasing trend in IGF1 in C, reflect a complex chain of events that could be involved in progression of neoplastic disease. A therapeutic strategy needs to take into account circadian patterns and complex interactions of the multiple functions that characterize the hormone and cytokine levels in the frame cancer progression.
Neoangiogenesis is Reduced in Chronic Tendinopathies and Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Abate M. , Schiavone C. , Salini V.
Published: January 2017

In diabetes, the prevalence of tendon degeneration is increased. As neoangiogenesis is impaired in several diabetic complications, the aim of this study is to evaluate the neovessel formation in tendinopathies. Patients aged > 55 years were selected, and divided into two groups: a) type 2 diabetic patients, and b) non-diabetic subjects. In both groups, those with ultrasound features of tendinopathy were included, and intratendinous vascularisation was estimated by means of Power Doppler. Ultrasound features of tendinopathy were observed in 104 diabetic subjects and in 221 controls. Neovascularisation, with higher Power Doppler scores, was found more frequently in controls, while lower Power Doppler scores were prevalent in diabetic subjects. In subjects with diabetes, tendinopathic features are significantly higher than healthy controls, while the prevalence of neovascularization inside tendons is less represented.
Chronic Idiophatic Urticaria and Helicobacter Pylori: A Specific Pattern of Gastritis and Urticaria Remission after Helicobacter Pylori Eradication
Authors: Persechino S. , Annibale B. , Caperchi C. , Persechino F. , Narcisi A. , Tammaro A. , Milione M. , Corleto V.
Published: January 2017

Chronic urticaria (CU) is defined as the occurrence of spontaneous wheals for a duration of more than 6 weeks and is the most frequent skin disease, with prevalence ranging between 15 and 25%, and is a seriously disabling condition, with social isolation and mood changes causing a significant degree of dysfunction and quality of life impairment to many patients. The main clinical features of CU are the repeated occurrence of transient eruptions of pruritic wheals or patchy erythema on the skin that last less than 24 hours and disappear without sequelae. CU is often defined as Chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) because the causes of CU remain unknown in the great majority (70–95%) of patients. Drugs, food, viruses, alimentary conservative substances or inhalant substances often seem to be involved in determining CIU skin flare. Despite a general agreement that bacteria infections and parasitic infestations can be involved in the pathogenesis of CIU, proven evidence of these relationships is lacking. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, and the extension and severity of gastritis in a group of CIU patients compared to controls and to evaluate the effectiveness of eradication of Hp on the CIU symptomatology, and the role of Hp infection in pathogenesis of CIU.
Serum Concentrations and IL-2, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α in Patients with Alopecia Areata
Authors: Rossi A. , Cantisani C. , Carlesimo M. , Scarnò M. , Scali E. , Mari E. , Garelli V. , Maxia C. , Calvieri S.
Published: January 2017

Alopecia areata (AA) has been represented as a restricted T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Several studies have shown that cytokines may play an important role in its pathogenesis although many pathways exist. We investigated cytokine (IL-2, IL-6, IL-12 and TNFα) levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of 105 patients with different grade and duration of alopecia areata, to confirm that T-cell responses in AA is regulated via mechanisms of peripheral T-cell tolerance. We observed that IL-12 levels are higher for patients with bigger extensions and tend to increase according to the duration of the AA; TNFα, instead, is more related to the gender of the patients and to the duration. Therefore abnormalities in cytokines production, showed by our results, may suggest that T-cell responses in AA scalp are closely regulated via mechanisms of peripheral T-cell tolerance and therefore confirm that this disease has an immuno-pathogenesis. Our aim is to shed light upon the complexity of AA underlying mechanisms and indicate pathways that may suggest future treatments.
Impact and Oral Immunotherapy on Quality of Life in Children with Cow Milk Allergy: A Pilot Study
Authors: Carraro S. , Frigo A.C. , Perin M. , Stefani S. , Cardarelli C. , Bozzetto S. , Baraldi E. , Zanconato S.
Published: January 2017

Quality of life is negatively affected in children with food allergy. Oral immunotherapy is an approach to food allergy that leads to patient desensitization by administering gradually increasing amounts of a given food allergen. The aim of this pilot study is to evaluate how oral immunotherapy affects quality of life in children allergic to cow milk proteins. Thirty children (aged 3–12 years) with cow milk allergy were recruited. Their parents were provided with a validated disease specific quality of life questionnaire (the food allergy quality of life questionnaire – parent form, FAQLQ-PF) before and again 2 months after completing an oral immunotherapy protocol with cow milk. A significant improvement in all the investigated domains - emotional impact, food anxiety and social and dietary limitations - was found. The separate analysis of the different age groups demonstrated that the emotional impact and the food-related anxiety improved in children older than 4, while the social domains improved in each age group. In this pilot experience, oral immunotherapy significantly improves quality of life in children with cow milk allergy. The improvement seems particularly evident in children over 4 years old, who are most likely to benefit from the oral immunotherapy approach. Further placebo-controlled studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.
Antibacterial Activity and Various Antibiotics against Oral Streptocci Isolated in the Oral Cavity
Authors: Pasquantonio G. , Condò S. , Cerroni L. , Bikiqu L. , Nicoletti M. , Prenna M. , Ripa S.
Published: January 2017

A total of 550 oral streptococci: 270 Streptococcus mitis, 110 Streptococcus sanguis, 90 Streptococcus anginosus, 50 Streptococcus mutans, 30 Streptococcus salivarius, were isolated from dental plaque and gengival crevices of patients and tested for their susceptibility to 12 β-lactam antibiotics and to 5 non-β-lactam antibiotics, using the microdiluition method. Overall, a reduced susceptibility to penicillin was recorded in 13.4% of cases. The percentage of strains resistant to penicillin appeared significantly higher in S. mitis (24%) than in S. sanguis (19%), in S. mutans (14%) and in S. salivarius (10%). No levels of penicillin resistance were shown by 90 strains of S. anginosus. In susceptibility test to antibiotics, imipenem was the most active molecule tested, confirming its general good activity against oral streptococci. Also third generation cephalosporins such as ceftriaxone and fourth generation cephalosporins such as cefepime, showed good activity. Chinolones, glycopeptides and rifampicin confirmed a good activity against oral streptococci.
A Novel Cytokine That Activates Human Neutrophils
Authors: Baggiolini M. , Walz A. , Peveri P. , Dewald B.
Published: January 2017

A novel neutrophil-activating peptide was recently characterized by different laboratories and named NAF (neutrophil-activating factor) (Walz et al., 1987) MDNCF (monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic peptide) (Yoshimura et al., 1987) and MONAP (monocyte-derived neutrophil-activating peptide) (Gregory et al., 1988). The peptide detected in the culture fluids of stimulated human mononuclear phagocytes consists of 72 amino acids. Minor amino-terminal truncation variants are also found (Lindley et al., 1988). The major form was now obtained by recombinant methods and was shown to be biologically equivalent to purified natural NAF (Lindley et al., 1988).
The Pathophysiology of Phagocytes
Authors: Ricevuti G. , Mazzone A. , Notario A.
Published: January 2017

No survey of clinically important immunological phenomena would be complete without consideration of the functions of phagocytic cells. They play a pivotal role in the immune response by kiling microbes, by presenting antigens to lymphocytes and by serving as supportive, accessory cells to lymphocytes, at least partly by releasing soluble factors. The phagocytes of the body, professional and non professional, consist of two specialized groups of cells: granulocytes, which can be mobilized rapidly and which reach inflamed sites quickly and in large numbers, and which are highly efficient at dealing with many types of injury and infection but which have no capacity for differentiation and live only a short time; and the mononuclear phagocyte system consisting partly of motile cells which respond initially more slowly than neutrophils but which can differentiate in sites of inflammation into cells which are more efficient in various functions than the cells from which they originated. Many mononuclear phagocytes are fixed cells located in tissues where they act as trays or filters for material circulating through the tissue. Phagocytes, which usually function as the primary defender in infections, have also been implicated as effector cells in several conditions characterized by a destructive inflammatory response.
Phagocytes and Their Pharmacological Modulation in Chronic Bronchitis
Authors: Fietta Anna , Bersani Carla , Mangiarotti Patrizia , Merlini Carla , Uccelli M.
Published: January 2017

Altered values of many functional properties of both peripheral phagocytes (neutrophils and monocytes) and alveolar macrophages were demonstrated in patients with chronic bronchitis. Out of this population 16 patients with defective phagocytosis index were included in an open randomized trial to investigate the effect of RU41740, a glycoprotein extract of K1. pneumoniae, on this phagocytic function and its efficacy in reducing the number of exacerbations.

A relationship between the restoration of the immunological parameter and the clinical improvement was demonstrated. This effect suggests that phagocytosis can play a role in protecting patients with chronic bronchitis from infectious exacerbations.
Life, Liberty and The Pursuit of Happiness: A Jeffersonian Approach to Development Indicators
Authors: Rezek Jon , Cano Graham , Evans Brent
Published: January 2017

International comparisons of societal development are traditionally based, at least partially, on per capita GDP. This paper develops an alternative approach to evaluating human progress using criteria outside the traditional income-based metrics. We evaluate national achievement using Thomas Jefferson's inalienable rights – Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness – as the development indicator. The results suggest that the northwestern European countries and their offshoots are most successful. Former Spanish territories, including the Philippines and those in Latin America, also perform well according to this metric. Eastern European and economically prosperous East Asian nations perform poorly.
Human Capital in The Classroom: The Role of Teacher Knowledge in Economic Literacy
Authors: Butters Roger B. , Asarta Carlos J. , Fischer Tammie J.
Published: January 2017

Renewed emphasis on increasing student academic achievement highlights the importance of improving educational quality despite limited educational budgets. This paper illustrates that investing in teachers' human capital has significant returns in the classroom. Using test and survey data on the educational background of teachers, we show that teacher knowledge and training have a significant impact on student performance and classroom productivity. Specifically, formal college-level instruction, learning by doing, and explicit measures of economic understanding all play important roles. Additionally, the data show that general in-service training is an imperfect substitute for formal education in economics. These results can be used to guide educational research, instructional programming, and school reform at the state and local levels.
Does It Pay to Be Unethical? The Case of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Mlb
Authors: Pantuosco Louis J.
Published: January 2017

The question of “does it pay to be unethical?” is investigated within the framework of Major League Baseball (MLB). The issue of gaining a competitive advantage by operating outside of the rules is first addressed from a marginal benefit and marginal costs perspective. Then, using career data compiled in the 2005 season, regression analysis is performed to estimate the affect of steroids on player salaries. The analysis focuses on whether players are encouraged financially to consume performance enhancing drugs (PEDs). The results reveal a positive relationship between PEDs and salaries. While this result is interesting, the interpretation of the PEDs' specific impact on salaries is difficult to estimate. In separate regressions, slugging average and PEDs were positively correlated, as were PEDs and allstar appearance. With these benefits in mind, it is no wonder why unmonitored players engaged in the steroid epidemic in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
TG4, Féiniúlacht Agus Saorántacht
Authors: Watson Iarfhlaith
Published: January 2017

Pléitear stair an chraolacháin Ghaeilge thar na cúig bliana is seachtó ó thosaigh an stáisiún raidió 2RN, suas go dtí an lá atá inniu ann agus teacht TG4. Cuirtear an argóint chun cinn go bhfuil coimhlint ann idir dhá idé-eolaíocht – bíonn daoine ag súil go mbeidh TG4 in ann freastal ar an mhionlach a labhrann Gaeilge agus teacht ar airgead ó fhógraíocht a bhíonn ag brath ar lucht féachana níos mó ná mar atá ar fáil i measc lucht labhartha na Gaeilge amháin. Ar an lámh eile de thig le TG4 ról tábhachtach a bheith aici mar réimse miotasach inar féidir le Gaeilgeoirí a bhféiniúlacht a dhlisteanú.
Keeping the Peace? Politics, Television News and the Northern Ireland Peace Process
Authors: Spencer Graham
Published: January 2017

This article looks at the communicative strategies adopted by the main political parties when dealing with British television news coverage of the Northern Ireland peace process. It examines the disadvantageous as well as advantageous impact of reporting on peace politics and highlights how political groups applied different communicative strategies when engaging with news. Drawing on original interview material gathered from politicians and journalists who were involved with the politics and reporting of the peace process from 1994–1998, this study invites a rethinking of the relationship between politics and news in the emerging climate of peace in Northern Ireland.
Social Polarisation in the Post-Fordist Informational Economy: Ireland in International Context
Authors: Breathnach Proinnsias
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the processes whereby post-Fordist economic restructuring is widely held to have led to growing social polarisation in the advanced capitalist economies. Conceptual fuzziness has clouded the polarisation hypothesis, and a review of international evidence shows no clear trend towards either occupational or earnings inequality. There is stronger evidence of growing household income inequality, due mainly to changes in household composition and national taxation and social welfare policies. In the case of the Republic of Ireland, there has been a more definite tendency towards occupational, earnings and household income polarisation in the 1990s, giving rise to important policy implications at a time of unprecedented national prosperity.
Risk, Morality and the Sociology of Animals — Reflections on the Foot and Mouth Outbreak in Ireland
Authors: Tovey Hilary
Published: January 2017

Using the occasion of the recent outbreak of Foot and Mouth in Europe/Ireland, this paper draws attention to the suppression of animals from most sociological discussions of society-nature relations or of ecological risks. It explores the ideas of two major theorists of ‘transition beyond modernity’ – Beck and Bauman – and argues that this most recent crisis in the food system considerably problematises their arguments for the transition. However it also draws on Bauman's work on morality and modernity to find an explanation for the treatment of the animals involved in the crisis and more generally for the non-recognition of these sentient others within the social world.
Young People's Ideas about Time and Space
Authors: O'Connor Pat , Kane Ciara , Haynes Amanda
Published: January 2017

Suggesting that a focus on young people can be regarded as a kind of litmus test of the cultural processes operating in a society, this article looks at their ideas about time and space in the context of exploring the extent to which Ireland is a post/late modern society. Drawing on a stratified one in ten random sample of approximately 34,000 texts written by 10–12 year olds and 15–17 year olds, the article explores the importance and meaning of the local, ideas about time (including generational positioning), adult concepts of time, spatial time, and ideas about the future. The method of analysis is both quantitative and qualitative, with variation being explored in terms of gender and age.
Irish Mental Health Social Movements: A Consideration of Movement Habitus
Authors: Speed Ewen
Published: January 2017

There has been a lack of any concerted mental health service users‘ movement within the Republic of Ireland. Mental health service users’ movements elsewhere have a marked orientation towards strategies of empowerment and the provision of peer advocacy and support for mental health service users. Two potential user habituses (drawn from the literature) are expounded and discussed, in a context of transformations they have effected in the mental health field. Through an analysis of Department of Health and Children literature and literature offered by mental health service user groups (such as Schizophrenia Ireland and AWARE) service user habitus in Ireland are delineated and explored. A comparison between the habitus drawn from international literature and the Irish literature illustrates that the dominant Irish mental health social movement habitus is a consumer habitus. This analysis demonstrates that Irish governmental psychiatric policy is driven by a consumer model that in turn is adopted by mental health social movement organisations, resulting in a dominant consumer habitus.
The Emigration of Irish Accountants: Economic Restructuring and Producer Services in the Periphery
Authors: Hanlon Gerard
Published: January 2017

This paper examines emigration patterns among Irish accountants in the context of the growth of an international labour market in highly skilled, professional work. It uses documentary sources and interviews with a sample of young Irish accountants to illustrate how changes in the international nature of accountancy has affected the profession in Ireland and have given rise to a particular kind of career-oriented emigration among accountants. These developments in turn are related to broader changes in the producer services sector of the economy in Ireland and in the way this sector is integrated into the international capitalist economy.
Foucault, Bourdieu and the Field of Irish Sexuality
Authors: Inglis Tom
Published: January 2017

Sociological analysis of Irish sexuality has been notable for its absence. This paper examines the contribution which Foucault's theory of sexuality as a discourse of truth and apparatus of power makes toward elucidating key issues in the history and contemporary field of Irish sexuality. Although Foucault provides good insights into the constitution of a hermeneutics of the self within different ethical regimes, his analysis of sexuality is inadequate when it comes to explaining how sexuality operates in everyday life and the individual struggle to attain power and position in social life. In this respect, the paper turns to the work of Bourdieu and examines the field of Irish sexuality in relation to his concepts of habitus, practice and capital.
Educational Cohort Generations in Northern Ireland 1922–1972, with Particular Reference to Males
Authors: Miller Robert L.
Published: January 2017

Although the educational system in Northern Ireland has been subjected to extensive sociological research since the 1970s with extensive debate over the use of the educational system to secure equality of opportunity, a single reference summarizing the history of the Northern Irish educational system with direct reference to social stratification issues does not exist. This article has three main goals. First, conceptual differences between four analytically distinct types of phenomena are clarified: age or maturation effects; cohort or generational effects; historical trends; and period effects. The cohort generation is proposed as a structural variable of equal significance to other variables such as social class, gender, religion or ethnic group. Second, a detailed overview of the changes in the Northern Ireland education system over its first fifty years with particular reference to the implications of these changes for the analysis of social mobility is given. Third, data on changes in educational attainment in the male population of Northern Ireland over the same fifty year period are presented in order to clarify the conceptual discussion and overview of the educational system. Sociologically-determined cohort generations developed for Northern Ireland are used to place this presentation in a valid historical context.
Irish Demography in a Comparative Context: European Transition Theory vs. A Post-Colonial Understanding
Authors: White Timothy J.
Published: January 2017

While studies of Irish society have concentrated on the effects of colonialism on late industrialisation and Irish social life, less work has been done on the uniqueness of Irish demographic change and its connection to the country's colonial past. The present article argues that Ireland demographic history has more in common with post-colonial societies than with European states that went through the so-called demographic transition. Irish demographic patterns differ even from peripheral societies of Europe, primarily because its historic pattern of emigration allowed for a stable population despite relatively high birth rates and rapidly declining death rates. Ireland's recent economic success, however, has dramatically altered this historic pattern and its vital rates now correspond more closely to the pattern of European countries that experienced an early demographic transition.
Rural Siting Conflicts in Ireland, 1990–1999
Authors: Sheoin Tomas Mac
Published: January 2017

This note documents changes in the Irish environmental movement during the 1990s. It provides basic data confirming the continued existence of an environmental movement in rural Ireland and illustrating how this movement has widened and deepened during the 1990s, with opposition spreading from what had been a narrow niche of activities during the 1980s—chemical factories, mines and toxic dumping—to a much wider range of activities.
Topical Review: Neuronal Migration in Developmental Disorders
Authors: McManus Matthew F. , Golden Jeffrey A.
Published: January 2017

Normal central nervous system development is dependent on extensive cell migration. Cells born in the proliferative ventricular zone migrate radially along specialized glial processes to their final locations. In contrast, most inhibitory interneurons found in the adult mammalian cerebral cortex and some other structures migrate along a nonradial pathway and on substrates only recently defined. Defects in radial cell migration have been implicated in several distinct human syndromes in which patients often present with epilepsy and mental retardation and have characteristic cerebral abnormalities. The identification of several genes responsible for human neural cell migration defects has led to a better understanding of the cellular and molecular interactions necessary for normal migration and the pathogenesis of these disorders. The prototypic cell migration disorder in humans is type I lissencephaly. Although type 1 lissencephaly is clearly a defect in radial cell migration, recent data from two model systems ( Lis1 and ARX mutant mice) indicate that a defect in non—radial cell migration also exists. Thus, the result of a LIS1 mutation appears to have broader implications than a radial cell migration defect alone. Furthermore, it is likely that the observed defect in non—radial cell migration contributes to the clinical phenotype observed in these patients. Herein we discuss the role of normal non—radial cell migration in cortical development, as well as how perturbations in both radial and nonradial migration result in developmental anomalies. ( J Child Neurol 2005;20:280—286).
Topical Review: Intractable Seizures in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: From Molecular Pathogenesis to the Rationale for Treatment
Authors: Curatolo Paolo , Bombardieri Roberta , Verdecchia Magda , Seri Stefano
Published: January 2017

Tuberous sclerosis complex is a multisystem autosomal dominant genetic disorder resulting from mutations in one of two genes, TSC1 and TSC2. Pathologically, tuberous sclerosis complex is characterized by abnormal cellular differentiation and proliferation, as well as abnormal neuronal migration. Epilepsy occurs in about 90% of patients, with onset frequently in the first year of life. In a sizable proportion of individuals, seizures tend to be refractory to antiepileptic drug treatment. This article reviews the progress in understanding drug-resistant seizures in tuberous sclerosis complex, from molecular pathogenesis to the pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis, and the rationale for appropriate medical and surgical treatment. ( J Child Neurol 2005;20:318—325).
Topical Review: Molecular and Neurologic Findings of Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders
Authors: Shimozawa Nobuyuki , Nagase Tomoko , Takemoto Yasuhiko , Funato Michinori , Kondo Naomi , Suzuki Yasuyuki
Published: January 2017

Peroxisomal disorders, an expanding group of genetic disorders in humans, can be grouped into three categories: peroxisome biogenesis disorders, single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies, and contiguous gene syndrome. At present, 13 complementation groups of peroxisome biogenesis disorders and their responsible genes have been identified, including our newly identified group with a PEX14 defect. We describe neuronal abnormalities related to deficiencies in peroxisomes and the phenotype-genotype relationship in peroxisome biogenesis disorders. We also identified 32 Japanese patients with peroxisome biogenesis disorders, subdivided into six complementation groups. Our institution acts as the only diagnostic center for studies on peroxisomal disorders in Japan. ( J Child Neurol 2005;20:326—329).