bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Civil society in the context of tourism institute development
Authors: Karpenko Yu. , Logvyn M. , Stepanova L.
Published: July 2021

Approaches and definition of the civil society phenomenon in the context of comprehension and interconnection with institution of tourism are generalized. The carried out analysis results in to conclusion that civil society is a sphere of society endowed with principle supremacy over the state, acts independently within its legal field, but at the same time interacts with it. In particular, tourism makes it possible to implement effectively the principles of equality, non-discrimination of human and civil rights and freedoms, to realize the values of civil society and the need for its sustainable development. Civil society is viewed through the system of connections, relationships and interactions of society members, which is formed as a result of their self-organization for self-preservation in order to protect and completely realize their interests and rights. Tourism is developing as a system that affects the quality and meaning of people's lives, by creating opportunities for them to soak up the history, culture, customs, and values in order to deepen the dialogue of civilizations, to achieve mutual understanding between countries and people. In addition, tourism refers to the tertiary sector of the economy, which in the economically developed countries has the largest number of employees and is growing at the fastest pace since it interacts with the largest number of other economy sectors and accelerates the growth of the latter. The set of social institutions and practices are created and functioning to spread the relevant values and virtues, which include the institution of tourism in particular. It is proved that one of the conditions for civil society existence is the availability of effective social institutions of the state created and functioning for spreading the relevant values and virtues. Such institutions include the institution of tourism, which activities are aimed at structuring and coordinating economic relations in order to ensure their effectiveness, achieving major socio-political goals, reducing uncertainty in relations, reaching unity and consensus, promoting conflict resolution and overcoming contradictions in economy.
Medical reform: initial institutional, organizational, economic principles and regional peculiarities of implementation (on the example of Luhansk region)
Authors: Chebotarova N. , Chebotarov V.
Published: July 2021

Medical reform is a complex systemic, not only purely professional, but also socio-economic, legal and in general institutional phenomenon. In many respects, under modern conditions, medical reform is becoming a kind of barometer of socio-economic and political stability of Ukraine and a criterion of its development level. At the same time, the medical sphere directly affects the life of every family, every person and every administrative-territorial unit of the country. However, at present, domestic science and state regulation practice leave out of consideration the relationship between health care and local government reform. Such a systemic professional, socio-economic and institutional phenomenon requires the appropriate systemic interdisciplinary analysis. The last years of medical reform in Ukraine have already provided the epistemological and empirical basis for such analysis. The authors, on the basis of the interdisciplinary approach in the generalized form, reveal the institutional content of medical reform with the separation of its – the cause-effect sequence of implementation. This logic is reflected in the proposed cognitive pentagram: «formation of the family doctor institution» – «introduction of health insurance» – «connection with local government reform» – «formation of the network of hospital districts» – «equality of public and private medicine», based on the peculiar triangle «inbuilt» in the pentagram (the first, second and fourth elements of the pentagram). Emphasis is placed on the need for institutional, economic and professional projection of the selected pentagram and triangle on the “health care institution” as a defining organizational and sectoral basis for providing high quality medical services to citizens, which should be the generalizing criterion for medical reform. The example of Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts also are considered as the regional features of medical reform in the context of hospital districts formation (objective possibility / impossibility of compliance with the norms of the Ukraine Ministry of Health on determining the parameters of hospital districts) and some relevant problems which arose taking into account the war in the east.
The world experience of state support for the hotel business
Authors: Biriukova Yu.
Published: July 2021

The investigation of the world experience of state support for the hotel business is carried out in this paper. In the course of scientific research, the methods of analysis and synthesis are used in order to describe the forms and methods of state support for the hotel business; inductions and deductions in order to formulate the relevance, results and conclusions; method of analogy to highlight the features and peculiarities; schematic and tabular presentation of information to visualize the results of the investigation. In the study, the features of classical state support in leading countries have been presented. It is determined that in accordance with the international experience, the important and effective means of regulating the development of the hotel business are as follows: the implementation of legal methods (development of regulatory framework), implementation of strategic programs, innovative projects of hotel construction and similar accommodation facilities. Under COVID-19 conditions, a number of European governments developed unique assistance programs for various business sectors and plans for assisting the hotel business. It is defined that measures directed to support the hotel business include: direct grants or tax benefits; subsidized state guarantees for bank loans; public and private loans with subsidized interest rates; deferred payment of taxes and / or deferred social security contributions; wage subsidies to employees in order to avoid layoffs during the virus outbreak. It is established that in Ukraine the government has provided the program to support hotel business because of COVID-19 pandemic. However, such assistance lags far behind the hotel business support and promotion offered by developed foreign countries. It is reasonable for the government of Ukraine to monitor the methods of international state support for hotel business development and to introduce them in the national environment making it possible to keep them at the level of functioning without reducing the competitiveness of the national hotel business, to develop directions for their further strategic development, to find optimal methods of hotel business management under crisis conditions.
The necessity of evaluation of deregulation processes in business environment of Ukraine considering the world practice
Authors: Farion M. , Matsko V.
Published: July 2021

Deregulation is the basis for creating a national business model that should be close to European ones. Business climate in Ukraine has been characterized by unstable position that did not give opportunities to develop the national economy. Investors and entrepreneurs, during the period of independence, have noticed the cyclical character of the supporting level for doing business, it means that most state regulators justified their relevance, but many of them are ineffective, or are not relevant. The impossibility of business transparency has led to the reduction in the number of business units, as well as investment resources. The creation of favorable investment climate is the main task and object of the investigation for many scientific works. Transparency of the market, minimization of regulatory barriers and control bodies, as well as fair rules for organizing and doing business, can radically change the environment for business. Despite the attitude to Ukraine by foreign investors as for the country with significant business prospects, the level of foreign investment attraction remains low. Theoretically, it is assumed that with advantageous geographical provisions, industrial base and significant land resources, Ukraine has been able to triple capital in the conditions of existence of the favorable primary model of business management. The agrarian and energy industries could become dominant in attracting external capital. However, the recent years showed the significant reduction in foreign investment in the economy of Ukraine, and business players on the national market are trading, partially industry and construction, which also work at a small level of profitability, and the current economy state proves that these sectors cannot significantly effect on its development in perspective. Thus, searching for possible ways to improve the business environment, where the key indicator is the deregulation of business processes, remain relevant and should become the basis for economic reform without which Ukraine will not be able to become a highly competitive state, and therefore economic uncertainty will continue to affect its development negatively.
Management of formation of the enterprise organizational culture
Authors: Mykhailychenko V. , Dolgalova O.
Published: July 2021

The objective of the paper is to investigate the features of organizational culture, analysis of the stages of formation and selection of the main sequential processes of its effective management. The essence of such concept as «organizational culture», the main stages of its formation and the factors that influence its formation are considered in this paper. The essence of management of organizational culture formation is analyzed, the concept of values and mission of the organization, connection of the development strategy with effective organizational culture formation is considered and basic approaches to its formation as a management tool are defined. The necessity of step-by-step development of organizational culture is substantiated, recommendations on management of formation of organizational culture of the enterprise are developed. Four main approaches to the organizational culture formation are considered - internal, cognitive, symbolic and stimulating. The formation of organizational culture based on the development strategy of the enterprise is determined. It is analyzed that the organizational culture is a complex phenomenon and is applied to both objects and subjects of management, the features of its management and socio-psychological components from the standpoint of business conditions are defined. A number of primary and secondary mechanisms of organizational culture formation, the complex of consecutive processes of effective management and the procedure of the estimation of organizational culture efficiency, its diagnostics are considered. It is determined that the main purpose of the organizational culture development is the commercial success of the enterprise in terms of adaptation to the dynamics of the external environment. The organizational culture of the enterprise is an important tool for ensuring the organizational, economic and psychological unity of the enterprise staff for the increase of its operation efficiency. It is determined that the management of organizational culture should be based on the systematic approach, which is reflected in the availability of appropriate legislative tools and internal indicators, which are embedded in the principles of organizational culture management.
Financial centers of new industrial countries in the world financial architecture
Authors: Savchenko M. , Tsybrii L.
Published: July 2021

The views of scholars concerning the definition of «international financial center», which makes it possible to formulate the definition of international financial center essence are summarized in this paper. The factors influencing the formation of international financial center incluing: stable financial system, stable currency, exchange rate stability, political and social stability in the country, favorable geographical location, developed financial infrastructure, open economy for free movement of capital, etc. are identified. The role of international financial centers in increasing their global competitiveness, achieving higher levels of economic growth, prosperity and social progress is substantiated. The classification of international financial centers is investigated. The place of the Hong Kong Financial Center in the financial architecture of the world is determined. The main parameters of the current state of the Hong Kong Financial Center: the USD / HKD exchange rate, the effective exchange rate index weighted by trade, the Hang Seng index, market capitalization, etc. are diagnosed. SWOT-analysis of the Hong Kong Financia Cente is carried out in order to identify its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Based on the results of the problem of its functioning, a set of measures to improve competitiveness is also proposed. Hong Kong has favorable macroeconomic and institutional environment, qualified personnel, and is the fifth most competitive international financial center in the world. However, there is a low degree of international element in the domestic stock market, there is also risk of losing the status of «international financial center», other regional economies that have greater access to international investment opportunities in the stock market, such as Singapore, may be a threat. The financial center should focus on overcoming the effects of the coronavirus, promote the share of foreign investment in the economy, take a set of measures to overcome the country's recession, review legal, regulatory and tax requirements to promote development, improve quality of life and attractiveness, and become Asia's leading currency hub.
The feeding value of two ensiled Sudan grass hybrids
Authors: Vranić Marina , Andreata-Koren Marcela , Krapinec Krešimir , Gantner Ranko , Bošnjak Krešimir , Lehunšek Jasna
Published: July 2021

Cilj rada bio je usporediti proizvodnost i hranidbenu vrijednost fermentirane krme dvaju hibrida sudanske trave s obzirom na prinos krme po jedinici površine te osnovni kemijski sastav i kvalitetu fermentacije krme u silosu. U istraživanju su korištene dvije sorte sudanske trave, sorta Su-Su i sorta Pacific graze. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom vegetacijske sezone 2014. godine na pokusnoj površini pokušališta Maksimir Agronomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Pokošena biljna masa je silirana u laboratorijske silose. Nakon 35 dana od zatvaranja silosa, fermentirana krma je analizirana NIR spektroskopijom na osnovni kemijski sastav i kvalitetu fermentacije, procjenom sadržaja organske tvari (OT), sirovih proteina (SP), neutralnih detergent vlakana (NDV), kiselih detergent vlakana (KDV), metaboličke energije (ME), probavljivosti organske tvari u suhoj tvari (D-vrijednost), razgradivosti sirovih proteina (RSP), faktora konzumacije za ovce i goveda, pH vrijednosti i amonijskog N (NH3-N). Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između hibrida Pacific graze i Su-su u istraživanim parametrima. Prinos ST hibrida Pacific graze i Su-su je iznosio 11,5 t ha-1 i 12,88 t ha-1 tim slijedom (P>0,409), sadržaj SP 102,3 g kg-1 ST i 103,8 g kg-1 ST tim slijedom (P>0,802), sadržaj NDV 507 g kg-1 ST i 514 g kg-1 ST tim slijedom(P>0.523), D-vrijednost 605 g kg-1 ST i 602 g kg-1 ST tim slijedom (P>0,341), pH vrijednost 4,26 i 4,4 tim slijedom (P>0,193), a sadržaj NH3-N 116 g NH3 kg-1 ukupnog N i 131 g NH3 kg-1 ukupnog N tim slijedom (P>0,254). Zaključeno je da oba hibrida sudanske trave imaju potencijal za proizvodnju fermentirane voluminozne krme visokog prinosa po jedinici površine, a niža hranidbena vrijednost fermentirane krme utvrđena u ovom istraživanju je rezultat kasnijeg roka košnje biljne mase za siliranje.
Utjecaj predsjetvenih tretmana na klijanje sjemena nevena (Calendula officinalis L.) pri stresnim uvjetim
Authors: Vidak Monika , Duvančić Anita , Šatović Zlatko , Carović-Stanko Klaudija
Published: July 2021

Neven (Calendula officinalis L.) je poznat po svojim ljekovitim svojstvima kao i primjeni u medicinskoj, kemijskoj, kozmetičkoj i prehrambenoj industriji. Prilagođen je umjerenoj klimi te mu je optimalna temperatura klijanja 20 °C. Klijanje sjemena i rani rast sadnica su najosjetljiviji stadiji na abiotske stresove, kao što su nepovoljna temperatura i suša, a predsjetveni tretmani sjemena pozitivno utječu na svojstva klijavosti ili kvalitetu sjemena i sadnica u stresnim uvjetima. S obzirom da se sjetva nevena obavlja čim se uspostave minimalni uvjeti, a tada temperature i količine oborina mogu biti znatno niže od optimalnih, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj predtretmana na svojstva klijavosti sjemena nevena u uvjetima niskih temperatura i suše (-0,8 MPa PEG 6000). Laboratorijskim pokusom istražen je utjecaj temperature (14 °C, 18 °C i 22 °C) na klijavost sjemena nevena uz predtretmane dH2O i GA3 (250 ppm) u trajanju od 24 h. Netretirano sjeme je predstavljalo kontrolu. Utvrđeno je da sjeme nevena ne klije u uvjetima suše bez obzira na predsjetveni tretman i na temperaturu pri kojoj je klijalo. Ni temperatura niti predtretman sjemena ne utječu značajno na broj proklijalih sjemenki nevena, ali utječu na brzinu klijanja.
A philosophy, a methodology, and a gender identity
Authors: Brown LeAnn
Published: July 2021

Mixed methods research (MMR) based in a pragmatic research philosophy involves the integration of qualitative and quantitative methods to triangulate research findings and strengthen interpretations. This especially holds for complex research questions and/or data. Non-binary focused sociolinguistic research often deals with multiple complexities, including dynamic and contextually dependent ways of identifying and variation in body modification affecting speech production. While echoing prior calls for researchers to apply, when appropriate, a pragmatic/MMR framework (Angouri 2010), I uniquely argue that it can empower non-binary researchers and research collaborators, ultimately generating positive social change. My objective in presenting non-binary focused sociophonetic research is to demonstrate the framework’s advantages. These include foregrounding non-binary voices and experiences to generate rich, nuanced research questions, data, and analyses. These elements, as well as demonstrable ecological validity and multiple (collaborative and/or cross-discipline) perspectives are the hallmarks of transformative research which focuses on fostering social change.
Heel Pain with an Osteopathic Component
Authors: Italiano, III, DO, RT (R) Jack , Bitterman Adam
Published: July 2021

Family medicine is a field that is exposed to a large amount of musculoskeletal complaints. More than 100 million people present with musculoskeletal disease annually in the United States. This translates to over $320B in healthcare costs per year. Due to these astonishing numbers, it is imperative that family medicine physicians, who typically make up the first line of management, properly identify the many causes of musculoskeletal pain. Heel pain is a common complaint of patients seeking professional care. Due to the complex anatomy of the foot, identification and proper management can be challenging and thus prolong care. The present article reviews the anatomic structure, clinical evaluation, differential diagnoses, and diverse treatment with an osteopathic approach surround the foot and ankle.
Görsel Kültürde İşçi Sınıfının Temsili (1960 – 1980)
Authors: Gürdaş Bora
Published: July 2021

Türkiye’de işçi sınıfı en hareketli dönemini 1961’de Türkiye İşçi Partisi’nin (TİP) kuruluşuyla yaşamıştır. TİP, siyasi söylemlerini ve kimliğini sanatçıların desteğiyle görselleştirmiş, yayın organı Sosyal Adalet Dergisi’nde Abidin Dino ve Fikret Otyam gibi sanatçıların illüstrasyon ve fotoğraf çalışmalarına yer vermiştir. Aynı yıllarda Nedim Günsür resimlerinde, Halit Refiğ, Ertem Göreç ve Atıf Yılmaz gibi yönetmenler filmlerinde işçi temasını ele almışlardır. 1970’lerde ise işçi sınıfı ve sorunları görsel kültürde kendine daha sık yer bulmaya başlamış, Görsel Sanatçılar Derneği’nin kuruluşuyla birlikte sanatçılar işçi sınıfıyla birlikte taleplerini ve beklentilerini daha net dile getirmeye başlamıştır. Bu yıllarda Yüksel Arslan resimlerinde Karl Marx’ın Das Kapital’ini yorumlamış, Mehmet Aksoy ve Muzaffer Ertoran’ın işçi heykelleri saldırıya uğramış, yurt dışında yaşayan Türkiyeli sanatçılar da işçi sorunlarını üretimlerine taşımıştır. Öte yandan önceki on yıla kıyasla işçi temalı filmlerin sayısı artmış, Lütfi Ö. Akad, Tunç Okan ve Yavuz Özkan gibi yönetmenler konuya dair filmler çekmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada 1960-1980 yılları arasında görsel kültürde önemli bir motif olarak karşımıza çıkan işçi sınıfının resim, illüstrasyon, grafik tasarım, heykel ve sinemada nasıl ele alındığı ve yorumlandığı söz konusu dönemin siyasi ve toplumsal dinamikleri ekseninde irdelenecektir.
Cengiz Han'ın Kızları ve Yapmış Oldukları Evlilikler
Authors: Kaya Çetin
Published: July 2021

1206 yılında düzenlenen kurultayda Temüçin, Moğol ve diğer milletlere mensup beylerin desteği ile Büyük Moğol Ulusu’nu kurmuştur. Böylece Moğolistan’ı siyasi olarak bir bütün hâline getirmiştir. Yine aynı kurultayda Cengiz Han unvanını almıştır. Cengiz Han’ın birçok eşi ve bu eşlerinden dünyaya gelen çocukları vardır. İlk eşi Börte Üçin’den dört erkek, beş kızı olmuştur. Cengiz Han’ın Börte Üçin’den doğan kızlarının en büyüğü Koçin Begi adı ile bilinmektedir. Koçin Begi İkires boyuna gelin olarak verilmiştir. Cengiz Han’ın ikinci kızı Çiçegen Begi, Oyrat boyuna gelin edilmiştir. Üçüncü kızı Alaha Begi, Önggütler ile evlendirilmiştir. Dördüncü kızı Tumalun Begi, Kongirat boyuna gelin verilmiştir. Cengiz Han’ın en sevdiği beşinci kızı Altalun Begi ise, Olhunut boyuna gelin olmuştur. Cengiz Han’ın Börte Üçin’den doğanlar haricinde, diğer kızları da bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan Al Altun Begi, Uygurlara gelin edilmiştir. Alaçin Begi’nin ise Cengiz Han’ın kızı olup olmadığı tam olarak bilinmese de, Ögedey Kağan zamanında Al Altun’un ölümü sonrası Uygurlara gelin olmuştur. Kaynaklardan tam olarak tespit edilemeyen ancak bazı araştırmacıların iddiası üzere Cengiz Han’ın, Kulan Hatun’dan doğan, Tulga isimli bir kızı bulunmaktadır. Bu kızın Karluklara gelin edildiği görülmektedir. Hakkında bilgi sahibi olduğumuz Cengiz Han’ın bütün kızları dönemin önde gelen şahsiyetleri ile evlendirilmişlerdir. Bu kişiler özenle seçilmiş olup, Cengiz Han’a devletini kurar iken veya kurduktan sonra bağlılıklarını bildiren destekçilerinden oluşmaktadır. Moğollar tarafından bu kızlar ile evlenen damatlara “Güregen” denilmektedir.
Çeviribilimde Güncel Tartışmalardan Kavramsal Sorgulamalara
Authors: Görgüler Zeynep
Published: July 2021

Bilimsel üretim süreçlerinde, disiplinlerarası kavramsal sorgulama pratiklerinin önem kazanmasıyla birlikte çeviribilim alanında yenilikçi düşünme ve tartışma biçimlerine ihtiyaç duyulması kaçınılmaz bir gerçeklik olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu noktada, Trakya Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Mütercim-Tercümanlık Bölümü’nde görev yapmakta olan Doçent Doktor Seda Taş İlmek’in editörlüğünü üstlendiği ve 2018 yılında Hiperlink Yayınları tarafından yayımlanan Çeviribilimde Güncel Tartışmalardan Kavramsal Sorgulamalara adlı yapıt, çeviri eylemine yönelik disiplinlerarası düzlemde yeni yaklaşımların ve yeni ilişkisel üretim alanlarının oluşmasına tanıklık etmektedir.
Toxicity and efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma above the age of 70 years compared to younger patients – a matched control multicenter cohort study
Authors: Ram Ron , Grisariu Sigal , Shargian-Alon Liat , Amit Odelia , Bar-On Yaeli , Stepensky Polina , Yeshurun Moshe , Avni Batia , Hagin David , Perry Chava , Gurion Ronit , Sarid Nadav , Herishanu Yair , Gold Ronit , Glait-Santar Chen , Kay Sigi , Avivi Irit
Published: July 2021

Data regarding efficacy and toxicity of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy in the elderly, geriatric population are insufficient. In 2019, tisagenlecleucel and axicabtagene-ciloleucel were commercially approved for relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. From May 2019 onwards, 47 relapsed/refractory diffuse large Bcell lymphoma patients, ≥70 years underwent lymphopharesis in three Israeli centers. Elderly (n=41, mean age 76.2 years) and young (n=41, mean age 55.4 years) patients were matched based on ECOG performance status and lactose dehydrogenase levels. There were no differences in CD4/CD8 ratio (P=0.94), %CD4 naive (P=0.92), %CD8 naive (P=0.44) and exhaustion markers (both HLA-DR and PD-1) between CAR-T cell products in both cohorts. Forty-one elderly patients (87%) received CAR-T cell infusion. There were no differences in the incidence of grade ≥3 cytokine-release-syndrome (P=0.29), grade≥3 neurotoxicity (P=0.54), and duration of hospitalization (P=0.55) between elderly and younger patients. There was no difference in median D7-CAR-T cell expansion (P=0.145). Response rates were similar between the two groups (complete response 46% and partial response 17% in the elderly group, P=0.337). Non-relapse mortality at 1 and 3 months was 0 in both groups. With a median follow-up of 7 months (range, 1.3-17.2 months), 6- and 12-months progression-free and overall survival in elderly patients were 39% and 32%, and 74% and 69%, respectively. EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaires, obtained at 1 month, showed worsening of disability and cancer-related-symptoms in elderly versus younger patients. We conclude that outcomes of CAR-T cell therapy are comparable between elderly, geriatric and younger patients, indicating that age as per se should not preclude CAR-T cell administration. Longer rehabilitation therapy is essential to improve disabilities and long-term symptoms.
Gamma Shielding Experiment Simulation utilizing MCNPX Code
Authors: Faisal Shafiqul Islam , Jalal Bayar Abi Muttaquin Bin
Published: July 2021

Experimental investigation requires materials, radiation sources, and test arrangements with a high monetary financial plan. Furthermore, radiation exposure involves people during the experiment. On the contrary, the simulation technique for examining radiation interactions is radio-logically safer, less timeconsuming, cost-effective, and applicable for all desired radiation sources. Through 48.86 mCi 662 keV Caesium-137 gamma-ray source; shielding experiment as well as simulation of it with MCNPX were performed for three shielding materials Lead, Copper, and Aluminum. These materials were placed in front of the gamma source and the emergent radiation was counted in a Geiger- Muller detector to understand the attenuation quality of these materials to each other. These courses of action were simulated utilizing the MCNPX code version 2.7.0 and the results likewise gave and looked at that of the experiment. There are huge similarities of shielding behavior between MCNPX simulation and experiments for the three absorbing materials. The modeled geometry of this MCNPX simulation could be used for future approaches of new designs and structures of radiation shielding, especially where no analogous experimental data exist

Journal of Engineering Science 12(2), 2021, 11-21
Exploring the Architectural Dimensions of Vulnerability: A Case of the Participatory Upgradation in Informal Settlement at Talaimari, Rajshahi
Authors: Hossain Md Shahriar
Published: July 2021

The informal settlers have been enduring a vast array of substandard, overcrowded, and hazardous living conditions. The main objective of this research is to provide some design guidelines for future generation expansion of the slum with minimum interventions of the slum dweller’s way of life. The empirical information was obtained through field survey and interview program from 120 participants in a particular slum area located in the fourth largest city of Bangladesh namely, Rajshahi. For this research extensive level of field work has been performed for mapping the existing infrastructure and physical condition of the settlement. The findings reveal the household and housing characteristics, dynamic space sharing relationship among the households, indigenous house making techniques and development obstacles. Respecting the existing considerable disparity and variety of the settlement, the design guidelines and polices are provided on the basis of “minimum relocations, maximum retentions”. The outcome of this research will help the authority to ensure tenure security of the slum dwellers through design justice.

Journal of Engineering Science 12(2), 2021, 29-46
Improving Motor Imagery EEG Signals Classification Accuracy with CSP by Available Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Farhana Umme , Ferdous Mst  Jannatul
Published: July 2021

In brain computer interface (BCI) systems, the electroencephalography (EEG) signals give a pathway to a motor disabled person to communicate outside using the brain signal and a computer. EEG signals of different motor imagery (MI) movements can be differentiated using an effective classification technique to aid a motor disabled patient. The purpose of this paper is to classify two different types of MI movement tasks, movement of the left hand and movement of the right foot EEG signals accurately. For this purpose we have used a publicly available dataset. Since the feature extraction for classification is an important task, so we have used popular common spatial pattern (CSP) method for spatial feature extraction. Two different machine learning classifiers named support vector machine (SVM) and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) have been used to verify the proposed method. We got the highest average results 95.55%, 98.73% and 92.38% in case of SVM and 93.5%, 98.73% and 90.15% in case of KNN for classification accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, respectively when a Butterworth band-pass filter passed through [10–30] Hz. On the other hand accuracy came to 89.4% in [10-30] Hz when applying CSP for feature extraction and fisher linear discriminant analysis (FLDA) for classification on this dataset earlier.

Journal of Engineering Science 12(2), 2021, 67-77
Cetáceos del sur del Perú
Authors: Santillán Corrales Luis Alfredo
Published: July 2021

Se realizó una revisión del registro de especies de cetáceos en el sur del Perú entre las latitudes 16° y 18° LS. Las fuentes de información fueron artículos publicados, información obtenida por el autor e información compartida por colegas biólogos. El número de especies que contaron con una identificación positiva fue de 16, lo cual corresponde al 50 % de la diversidad de especies registradas en el Perú. La mayoría de especies son odontocetos o cetáceos con dientes con doce especies. Por su parte, las especies de misticetos o cetáceos con barbas alcanzaron a cuatro. Las latitudes 16° y 17° LS son los que albergan a la mayoría de las especies, así como a los grupos grandes de odontocetos. Esta distribución coincide con la extensión de la plataforma continental que se ensancha entre las latitudes 16° y 17° LS por efecto del aporte de los grandes ríos costeros del sur de Arequipa.
Etno-ornitología del Género Sicalis en Mollendo, Arequipa
Authors: Pizarro Neyra José Guillermo Celso
Published: July 2021

Algunos aspectos etno-ornitológicos de Sicalis luteola Sparrman 1789 y Sicalis raimondii Taczanowski 1874 se explican en esta nota. El trabajo de campo se llevó a cabo en Mollendo, distrito de la provincia de Islay, departamento de Arequipa durante diciembre de 2020 y enero de 2021. La metodología utilizada fue la entrevista a informantes clave, quienes brindaron información sobre captura, cría y competencia de aves en concursos a nivel local. Los resultados indican que los criadores de aves conocen bien su hábitat. Además, la información de los participantes sobre la morfología y vocalización de las aves coincide con la literatura; sin embargo, es impreciso en el tamaño de S. raimondii. De acuerdo con los entrevistados, S. raimondii se denomina “chollonco”, mientras que S. luteola se conoce como “pichí”. Otro dato relevante es que la captura de aves canoras silvestres en Mollendo se remonta al menos a la primera década del siglo XX y algunos pobladores la consideran una tradición local.
THE EFFECT OF BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS, AUDIT COMMITTEE, COMPANY SIZE, AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON AGENCY COSTS: INDONESIA PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Simanjuntak Deo Dio Du , Sinaga Judith T. Gallena
Published: July 2021

This research was conducted to examine whether agency cost can be influenced by the board of commissioners, audit committee, company size, and capital structure. This seeks to contribute to the literature of factors influencing agency cost in Indonesia.  Agency cost exists because of some assymetircal information and conflicts between principal and agent.  The study used descriptive method of which purposive sampling method was used in sample selection.  The samples were selected from the top 100 largest wealth-creators companies in 2019 in Indonesia.  Using the wealth-creators companies as the samples makes this research a unique one.  The classical assumption test was conducted to check the relationship between variables. Data gathered were analyzed and interpreted using multiple regression analysisof which t-test and F-test were considered. The study revealed that agency cost was simultaneously influenced by the board of commissioners, audit committee, company size, and capital structure. Partially, this study found that board of commissioners and company size have siginificant influence on agency cost, while audit committee and capital structure have no influence on agency cost. The findings indicate that there are several factors that influences agency cost. Thus, agency cost can be minimized by proper monitoring by the presence of board of commissioner; while company size and capital structure trigger agency costs.
THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM, INFORMATION ASYMMETRY, SUITABILITY OF COMPENSATION AND ORGANIZATION'S ETHICAL CULTURE ON ACCOUNTING FRAUD
Authors: Robani Muhammad Hafizh , Halimatusyadiah Halimatusyadiah
Published: July 2021

This research aims to the examine the the effect of the internal control system, information asymmetry, suitability of compensation and organization's ethical culture on accounting fraud. This research was conducted at an insurance company in Bengkulu City using sampling techniques that is purposive sampling. This research uses a quantitative approach. The method to collection this data in research using primary data obtained from the result of the distribution questionnaire to accounting and finance employees at insurance companies in Bengkulu. The data were using the analyze of multiple regression with using analysisSPSS Statistic 24 program. The result from this research showing (1) the internal control system has no influence on accounting fraud. (2) information asymmetry has no influence on accounting fraud. (3) suitability of compensation has a negative influence and significant on accounting fraud. (4) organization’s ethical culture has a negative influence and significant on accounting fraud.
ADİL YARGILANMA İLKELERİ AÇISINDAN TÜRK CEZA YARGILAMASINDA GİZLİ TANIKLIK KURUMU
Authors: AYDIN Devrim
Published: July 2021

Ceza yargılamasında tanık beyanının güvenilirliğinin sınanabilmesi için tanığın açık bir duruşmada dinlenmesi, sanıkla yüzleştirilebilmesi, beyanının doğruluğunun sınanabilmesi için savunma makamına tanığa soru sorma imkânının verilmesi gerekir. Ancak can güvenliğinin sağlanabilmesi için zorunlu olan hallerde tanığın duruşma salonu dışında ya da kimliğinin gizlenerek dinlenmesi, tanığa soru sorulmasının kısıtlanması gibi ceza muhakemesi tedbirlerinin yanı sıra tanığın korunması amacıyla fiziksel özelliklerinin ve kimlik bilgilerinin değiştirilmesi şeklinde kolluk tedbirlerinin uygulanması söz konusu olabilir. Genel olarak gizli tanıklık olarak nitelenen bu kurum, Türk hukukunda 5271 sayılı Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu m. 58’de ve 5726 sayılı Tanık Koruma Kanunu’nda düzenlenmiştir. Bu hükümlerin uygulanması halinde, tanığın beyanının duruşmada taraflarca tartışılması ve tanığa soru sorulması sınırlanmaktadır. Gizli tanıklığa ilişkin hükümlerin uygulanması halinde, adil yargılamanın gereklerinden biri olan tanığa soru sorma imkânı kısıtlanmaktadır. Gizli tanığın korunmasına dair kolluk tedbirlerinin düzenlendiği Tanık Koruma Kanunu’nda bu tanığın duruşmada dinlenme usulüne ve beyanının delil olma değerine ilişkin hüküm de yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada Türk ceza yargılamasında gizli tanıklık kurumuna ilişkin söz konusu düzenlemeler duruşmaların açıklığı, delillerin doğrudan doğruyalığı ve delillerin müşterekliği ilkeleri açısından değerlendirilerek iki ayrı Kanun’daki düzenlemelerin birbirleriyle ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi içtihatlarıyla uyumlu olup olmadığı tartışılacaktır.
DIAGNOSIS DETECTION OF ACUTE RESPIRATOR INFECTION WITH FORWARD CHAINING METHOD
Authors: Pamungkas Tri Wisnu , Taufan Resi , Batlayeri Petrus Damianus , Saragih Gabriel Vangeran , Retnasari Tri
Published: July 2021

Many acute respiratory infections or ARI are caused by viruses that attack the nose, trachea (breathing tube), or the lungs. It can be said that ARI is caused by inflammation that disrupts a person's breathing process. If not treated quickly, ARI can spread to all respiratory systems and prevent the body from getting proper oxygen, moreover it can cause the loss of a person's life. This research aims to diagnose ARI as an early step in practicing artificial intelligence in medicine, designing and apply an expert system that can diagnose ARI. The procedure used in this study uses forward chaining with tracking that begins with input data, and then creates a diagnosis or solution. The expert system used to diagnose acute respiratory inflammation uses the Forward chaining procedure with a data-driven approach, in this approach tracking starts from input data, and then seeks to draw conclusions, so that it can be used. diagnose the type of disease associated with the ARD disease experienced by showing the existing signs.
Improving Suppression of Hemipteran Vectors and Bacterial Pathogens of Citrus and Solanaceous Plants: Advances in Antisense Oligonucleotides (FANA)
Authors: Hunter Wayne Brian , Cooper William Rodney , Sandoval-Mojica Andres F. , McCollum Greg , Aishwarya Veenu , Pelz-Stelinski Kirsten S.
Published: July 2021

We report on the development, evaluation, and efficient delivery of antisense oligonucleotide FANA (2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-arabinonucleotide) RNA-targeting technology into citrus trees and potato plants for management of bacterial pathogens and arthropod pests. The FANA ASO technology is a single nucleotide strand of 20–24 nt in length that incorporates 2′F- chemically modifications of nucleotides, along with a phosphorothioate backbone and modified flanking nucleotides, in their structure called “gapmers,” produced by AUM LifeTech., Inc. These unique modified structures of FANA “triggers” enables gymnotic activity that self-delivers into cells, moving systemically in treated plants and insects, with significant suppression of their RNA targets. Reported is the FANA suppression of two plant-infecting bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, CLas (in citrus trees), and C. Liberibacter solanacearum, CLso (in potato and tomato). The CLas pathogen is associated with huanglongbing (a.k.a. Citrus Greening Disease), which causes severe loss of citrus trees, threatening global citrus production. The CLas bacterium is transmitted during feeding by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae). CLso causes Zebra-Chip disease in potato and is transmitted by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae). Infected citrus trees or potato plants were treated with aqueous FANA solutions applied as a soil drench, root-infusion, topical spray, tree trunk injection or by absorption into cuttings, detached leaves, and leaf disks. Plants showed significant reduction of each pathogen or symptom development in response to FANA treatments. Similarly, ingestion of FANA solutions designed specifically to CLas by insects via artificial diets produced significant titer reductions in infected citrus psyllid adults that resulted in reduction of CLas transmission. The unique properties of FANA ASO solves many of the problems of stability, cell entry, and binding affinity that plagues exogenous RNAi strategies. Breakthroughs in production methods are reducing costs enabling these ASO to expand beyond medical applications into agricultural treatments. Thus, FANA ASO may provide viable treatments in the response to crop pandemics, like huanglongbing in citrus that threatens global food production.
Long-Term Pollen Monitoring in the Benelux: Evaluation of Allergenic Pollen Levels and Temporal Variations of Pollen Seasons
Authors: de Weger Letty A. , Bruffaerts Nicolas , Koenders Mieke M. J. F. , Verstraeten Willem W. , Delcloo Andy W. , Hentges Pierre , Hentges François
Published: July 2021

Airborne pollen is a major cause of allergic rhinitis, affecting between 10 and 30% of the population in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg (Benelux). Allergenic pollen is produced by wind pollinating plants and released in relatively low to massive amounts. Current climate changes, in combination with increasing urbanization, are likely to affect the presence of airborne allergenic pollen with respect to exposure intensity, timing as well as duration. Detailed analysis of long-term temporal trends at supranational scale may provide more comprehensive insight into these phenomena. To this end, the Spearman correlation was used to statistically compare the temporal trends in airborne pollen concentration monitored at the aerobiological stations which gathered the longest time-series (30–44 years) in the Benelux with a focus on the allergenic pollen taxa: Alnus, Corylus, Betula, Fraxinus, Quercus, Platanus, Poaceae, and Artemisia. Most arboreal species showed an overall trend toward an increase in the annual pollen integral and peak values and an overall trend toward an earlier start and end of the pollen season, which for Betula resulted in a significant decrease in season length. For the herbaceous species (Poaceae and Artemisia), the annual pollen integral and peak values showed a decreasing trend. The season timing of Poaceae showed a trend toward earlier starts and longer seasons in all locations. In all, these results show that temporal variations in pollen levels almost always follow a common trend in the Benelux, suggesting a similar force of climate change-driven factors, especially for Betula where a clear positive correlation was found between changes in temperature and pollen release over time. However, some trends were more local-specific indicating the influence of other environmental factors, e.g., the increasing urbanization in the surroundings of these monitoring locations. The dynamics in the observed trends can impact allergic patients by increasing the severity of symptoms, upsetting the habit of timing of the season, complicating diagnosis due to overlapping pollen seasons and the emergence of new symptoms due allergens that were weak at first.
Overcoming Multidrug Resistance in Bacteria Through Antibiotics Delivery in Surface-Engineered Nano-Cargos: Recent Developments for Future Nano-Antibiotics
Authors: Yang Xinfu , Ye Wenxin , Qi Yajun , Ying Yin , Xia Zhongni
Published: July 2021

In the recent few decades, the increase in multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has reached an alarming rate and caused serious health problems. The incidence of infections due to MDR bacteria has been accompanied by morbidity and mortality; therefore, tackling bacterial resistance has become an urgent and unmet challenge to be properly addressed. The field of nanomedicine has the potential to design and develop efficient antimicrobials for MDR bacteria using its innovative and alternative approaches. The uniquely constructed nano-sized antimicrobials have a predominance over traditional antibiotics because their small size helps them in better interaction with bacterial cells. Moreover, surface engineering of nanocarriers offers significant advantages of targeting and modulating various resistance mechanisms, thus owe superior qualities for overcoming bacterial resistance. This review covers different mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, application of nanocarrier systems in drug delivery, functionalization of nanocarriers, application of functionalized nanocarriers for overcoming bacterial resistance, possible limitations of nanocarrier-based approach for antibacterial delivery, and future of surface-functionalized antimicrobial delivery systems.
Exosomes Mediated Transfer of Circ_0000337 Contributes to Cisplatin (CDDP) Resistance of Esophageal Cancer by Regulating JAK2 via miR-377-3p
Authors: Zang Rukun , Qiu Xiaowen , Song Yipeng , Wang Yang
Published: July 2021

Background: Chemoresistance remains a major obstacle to the treatment of esophageal cancer patients. Exosome-mediated transfer of circular RNAs (circRNAs) has been reported to be related to drug resistance in esophageal cancer. This study is designed to explore the role and mechanism of exosomal circ_0000337 on CDDP resistance in esophageal cancer.

Methods: Cell viability, proliferation, colony number, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation, flow cytometry, and transwell assays. Circ_0000337, microRNA-377 (miR-377-3p), and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) levels were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Exosomes were isolated and detected by differential centrifugation and a transmission electron microscope. Protein levels of CD9, CD63, and JAK2 were tested by Western blot assay. The binding relationship between miR-377-3p and circ_0000337 or JAK2 was predicted by circinteractome or Starbase and then verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assay. The biological role of exosomal circ_0000337 and CDDP on esophageal cancer cell growth was examined by the xenograft tumor model in vivo.

Results: Circ_0000337 and JAK2 were highly expressed, and miR-377-3p was decreased in CDDP-resistant esophageal cancer tissues and cells. Moreover, circ_0000337-containing exosomes secreted by CDDP-resistant esophageal cancer cells could promote CDDP resistance, cell growth, and metastasis in CDDP-sensitive esophageal cancer cells in vitro. The mechanical analysis discovered that circ_0000337 functioned as a sponge of miR-377-3p to regulate JAK2 expression. Exosomal circ_0000337 increased the drug resistance of esophageal cancer in vivo.

Conclusion: Exosomal circ_0000337 accelerated CDDP resistance of esophageal cancer cells partly by regulating the miR-377-3p/JAK2 axis, hinting a promising therapeutic target for the esophageal cancer treatment.