bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing craft skills with quasi-cases
Authors: Straussman Jeffrey D
Published: August 2014

This article adopts the perspective expounded by Weimer, and Vining and Weimer, that policy analysis requires “craft skills” and, therefore, one of the fundamental objectives of public affairs programs is to prepare graduates for the professional working world by providing opportunities to learn and practice these skills. Second, the article then introduces a method of experiential learning advanced by Weaver which he calls “quasi-cases.” The two concepts are then linked through an exposition of a quasi-case—New York City’s flirtation with “congestion pricing.” The goal of the article is to show that by linking these two ideas, one can enhance experiential learning in the classroom (and outside the classroom) and thereby provide students with the opportunity to practice craft skills in semester length courses in addition to the usual approach of relying on internships and capstone projects to provide public affairs students with opportunities to learn what it means to be professional. The quasi-case of New York City’s flirtation with congestion pricing illustrates the following ideas: 1) Economic concepts and tools are necessary but rarely sufficient to understand a policy issue adequately. 2) Policy takes place in a specific intergovernmental context that shapes both process and outcome. Understanding the intergovernmental context is important if one is to appreciate how various political constraints operate in the particular setting.
Does One Size Fit All? Investigating Pay–Future Performance Relationships Over the “Seasons” of CEO Tenure
Authors: Hou Wanrong , Priem Richard L. , Goranova Maria
Published: August 2014

Boards of directors must navigate between adopting standardized “best practices” for their CEOs’ pay plans, on the one hand, and customizing their CEOs’ pay to align their particular CEO’s goals with those of shareholders, on the other. We build theory proposing that the incentive effects of different CEO compensation types vary consistently over CEO tenures and, therefore, that overstandardization of CEO pay plans actually can hurt shareholders. Our analysis of a sample of U.S. Standard & Poor’s 500 firms from 1998 to 2005 shows declining benefits to shareholders from performance-based compensation (i.e., options and bonuses) as CEO tenure increases but an opposite effect for non-performance-based (i.e., salary) pay. These findings can be considered a preliminary warning that normative “best practices” should not become the exclusive approach to determining CEO pay packages; instead, boards should consider more holistic approaches that incorporate the fit between CEO characteristics and organizational goals.
Sharing Food and Breaking Boundaries: Reading of Acts 10–11: 18 as a Key to Luke’s Ecumenical Agenda in Acts
Authors: O’Loughlin Thomas
Published: August 2014

In Acts 10–11: 18, Luke use a set of connected stories about Peter, shared eating, and food to explore issues of Christian boundaries and the boundaries between Christians. Luke’s presentation of the apostolic history argues for a genuine ecumenism between Jewish and Gentile Christians characterized and enacted through commensality. Moreover, when this commensality within the Eucharistic pattern of all early Christian community meals, we see that it has a bearing on how Luke viewed the Christian symposium; while it has definite implications for Christian Eucharistic sharing/ecumenism today.
Comparison of Allograft Versus Autograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Graft Survival in an Active Adolescent Cohort
Authors: Engelman Glenn H. , Carry Patrick M. , Hitt Kirtley G. , Polousky John D. , Vidal Armando F.
Published: August 2014

Background:

Graft selection for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructive surgery is a controversial topic. Few studies have compared graft outcomes in adolescents.

Purpose:

To identify factors related to ACL graft failure in an adolescent cohort.

Study Design:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

After institutional review board approval was obtained, adolescent subjects (age range, 11-18 years) who underwent primary ACL reconstruction surgery at a large tertiary pediatric hospital between July 2005 and July 2009 were identified through a query of International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, diagnostic and Current Procedural Terminology codes. Subject data were obtained by means of a retrospective chart review, phone survey, and the administration of functional knee outcome instruments. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to analyze factors related to graft survival.

Results:

The average ages at surgery in the allograft (n = 38) and autograft (n = 35) groups were 15.29 ± 2.24 and 15.60 ± 1.57 years, respectively. There were 11 graft failures (28.95%) in the allograft group compared with 4 graft failures (11.43%) in the autograft group. In the multivariate model, graft type ( P = .0352) and postoperative knee laxity according to the Lachman test ( P = .0217) were the only variables significantly related to graft survival. The hazard of graft failure was 4.4 (95% CI, 1.23-18.89) times greater in the allograft group compared with the autograft group. The hazard of graft failure was 5.28 times (95% CI, 1.1-12.72; P = .0217) greater for a subject who demonstrated increased postoperative knee laxity relative to the contralateral knee. The risk for autograft failure tended to remain constant 24 to 48 months after initial surgery, whereas the risk for allograft failure continued to increase during postoperative months 24 to 48. There were no differences ( P > .05) between the allograft and autograft groups with respect to International Knee Documentation Committee score, Lysholm score, and the rate of return to previous activity level.

Conclusion:

Graft type and postoperative knee laxity were identified as significant predictors of graft survival. On the basis of this large retrospective cohort, we recommend the use of autogenous grafts in children and adolescents undergoing primary, transphyseal ACL reconstruction. Patients who demonstrate increased translation during a postoperative Lachman test should be carefully followed because of concerns for subsequent graft failure.
Stereological Quantification of Immune-Competent Cells in Baseline Biopsy Specimens From Achilles Tendons
Authors: Kragsnaes Maja Skov , Fredberg Ulrich , Stribolt Katrine , Kjaer Soren Geill , Bendix Knud , Ellingsen Torkell
Published: August 2014

Background:

Limited data exist on the presence and function of immune-competent cells in chronic tendinopathic tendons and their potential role in inflammation and tissue healing as well as in predicting long-term outcome.

Purpose:

To quantify subtypes of immune-competent cells in biopsy specimens from nonruptured chronic tendinopathic Achilles tendons and healthy control tendons. In addition, to examine whether findings in baseline cell biopsy specimens can predict the long-term presence of Achilles tendon symptoms.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional and case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Fifty patients with nonruptured chronic Achilles tendinopathy and 15 healthy participants were included. At time of inclusion, an ultrasound examination was performed immediately before an ultrasound-guided Achilles tendon biopsy specimen was obtained. Tissue samples were evaluated immunohistochemically by quantifying the presence of macrophages (CD68-PGM1+, CD68-KP1+), hemosiderophages (Perls blue), T lymphocytes (CD2+, CD3+, CD4+, CD7+, CD8+), B lymphocytes (CD20+), natural killer cells (CD56+), mast cells (NaSDCl+), Schwann cells (S100+), and endothelial cells (CD34+) using a stereological technique. A follow-up examination was conducted more than 4 years (range, 4-9 years) after the biopsy procedure to evaluate the long-term presence of Achilles tendon symptoms.

Results:

Macrophages, T lymphocytes, mast cells, and natural killer cells were observed in the majority (range, 52%-96%) of biopsy specimens from nonruptured chronic tendinopathic Achilles tendons. CD68-KP1+ macrophages (0.29% vs 0; P = .005) and CD34+ endothelial cells (3% vs 0.97%; P = .04) were significantly more numerous in tendinopathic tendons compared with healthy tendons. The presence of iron+ hemosiderophages was more frequently observed in biopsy specimens obtained from the group who was asymptomatic at follow-up compared with the symptomatic group (42% vs 5%; P = .02).

Conclusion:

This study provides evidence for the presence of immune-competent cells in the majority of biopsy specimens from nonruptured chronic tendinopathic Achilles tendons. Macrophages and endothelial cells were significantly more numerous in tendinopathic tendons than in healthy tendons. The presence of iron+ hemosiderophages in baseline biopsy specimens was associated with a good prognosis.

Clinical Relevance:

New insight into the role of immune-competent cells in chronic Achilles tendinopathy.
Forces in spinal cannulation and breaches ex vivo
Authors: Blair-Pattison Aubrey , Hu Richard W , Swamy Ganesh , Anglin Carolyn
Published: August 2014

Background:

Pedicle screw insertion, to stabilize or correct the spine, relies on creating a probe path with the correct trajectory to prevent unsafe breaching of the cortical wall. Safe pedicle cannulation is aided when the surgeon can feel the difference between a safe and unsafe path. Pedicle probe forces and torques are currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the forces and torques encountered while cannulating the pedicle tract in both correct and incorrect cannulations.

Methods:

Two experienced surgeons used a standard lumbar probe modified to incorporate a 6 degree-of-freedom load cell to cannulate and breach the T12 to S1 vertebrae of six fresh frozen cadavers (3 males, 3 females, ages 65 to 92). A total of 76 pedicles were tested.

Findings:

Cannulation axial forces averaged 48 N (standard deviation = 13 N), medial breach 129 N (standard deviation = 25 N), and lateral breach 86 N (standard deviation = 27 N). Cannulation values were significantly lower than the breach values in all 6 degrees of freedom (p < 0.001). There were significant differences between specimens, including males and females, and between degrees of freedom, but no significant right and left differences or by vertebral level.

Conclusion:

A large range of cannulation and breach forces and torques were measured due to variations in bone quality and geometry, as experienced clinically. This is the first time that the absolute and relative force and torque levels have been reported, to our knowledge.
Tending the Flock
Authors: Valenzuela Ali Adam
Published: August 2014

This study investigates the direction and extent to which religious belonging and regular church attendance are related to distinct political preferences among U.S. Latinos. The key question is whether Latino churchgoers are more committed than infrequent attenders to liberal policy views and the Democratic Party, or whether Latino religious commitments are related to conservative policy views and Republican Party support. Findings indicate that Latino Protestants are more likely to hold conservative views, while Latino Catholics—the vast majority of religious Latinos—are more likely to hold liberal views, or show no political differences, if they attend church regularly.
Labor Unions and the Mobilization of Latino Voters
Authors: Francia Peter L. , Orr Susan
Published: August 2014

Despite large population gains, political observers commonly refer to Latinos as a “sleeping giant” because of low voter turnout. Conversely, steady declines in union membership have led some to label organized labor a “dinosaur.” Several unions have made special outreach efforts to Latinos to rebuild their ranks and improve Latino political participation. Incorporating insights from the Civic Voluntarism Model, we find union affiliation increases Latino voter registration and turnout, and disproportionately so in comparison with non-Latinos and in recent elections. We conclude that continued declines in union membership have significant implications for Latino political power and inequalities in political voice.
The Management of Infection Following Total Ankle Replacement
Authors: Myerson Mark S. , Shariff Raheel , Zonno Alan J.
Published: August 2014

Background:

Little has been published on the management of infected total ankle replacements. This study reviewed our experience with this difficult clinical problem.

Methods:

From 2002 to 2011 we retrospectively evaluated patients requiring prosthesis removal for infection following primary or revision total ankle replacement. Infections were classified as acute postoperative, late chronic, or remote hematogenous. The demographics, treatment, and outcome of the infected replacements were evaluated.

Results:

Of 613 replacements performed during this time period, 15 infections occurred at our institution and 4 from other institutions were treated. These 19 cases included 15 late chronic infections, 3 early postoperative infections, and 1 acute hematogenous infection. Fourteen of the infections occurred in a subset of 433 prostheses (3.2%) placed between 2002 and 2009 when we used an implant with a unique design that necessitated a tibiofibular syndesmosis fusion for the tibial component support (Agility, Depuy). One infection occurred out of 139 other prostheses (0.7%) between 2009 and 2011 when we switched to an anatomic design fixed bearing implant system. Prosthesis salvage was attempted in the 3 early postoperative and 1 acute hematogenous cases, however they all required subsequent removal of the prosthesis. Mean time to removal of the prosthesis after the index arthroplasty was 18 months. Mean follow-up was 19 months from the time of prosthesis removal. Three of the 19 patients underwent successful revision with replacement, 6 with arthrodesis, 7 with a permanent antibiotic spacer, and 3 patients required a transtibial amputation.

Conclusion:

Only a limited number of patients who develop a deep infection following primary or revision total ankle arthroplasty can expect to undergo successful joint-preserving revision ankle arthroplasty.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, retrospective case series.
Community Views and Public Health Priority Setting
Authors: Earle-Richardson Giulia , Scribani Melissa , Wyckoff Lynae , Strogatz David , May John , Jenkins Paul
Published: August 2014

Objectives. New York, like many other states, provides county-level health statistics for use in local priority settings but does not provide any data on public views about priority health issues. This study assessed whether health department priorities are notably different from community concerns about health, and how both groups’ priorities compare with local health statistics. Method. Data from a 2009 rural survey on community health concerns were compared to priorities named by the seven area county health departments, and to local health indicator data. Results. Health care/insurance cost (60%), obesity (53%), and prescription cost (41%) were leading community concerns, regardless of age, education, sex, or Internet in the home. Six of seven county health departments selected access to quality health care (which includes health care/insurance cost) as a leading public health priority, but only three identified obesity. The following leading local health issues were suggested by health indicators: Physical activity and nutrition, Smoking, and Unintentional injury. Conclusions. Health departments diverged from community priorities, from health indicator data, and from one another in choosing priorities. Adding a question about community health priorities to existing state telephone surveys on health behavior and lifestyle would provide an important tool to local health departments.
Integration of Endovascular Therapy of Ruptured Abdominal and Iliac Aneurysms in the Treatment Algorithm
Authors: Raupach Jan , Dobes Daniel , Lojik Miroslav , Chovanec Vendelin , Ferko Alexander , Gunka Igor , Maly Radovan , Vojacek Jan , Havel Eduard , Lesko Michal , Renc Ondrej , Hoffmann Petr , Ryska Pavel , Krajina Antonin
Published: August 2014

Purpose:

To evaluate the influence of endovascular therapy of ruptured abdominal or iliac aneurysms on total mortality.

Materials and Methods:

We analyzed the mortality of 40 patients from 2005 to 2009, when only surgical treatment was available. These results were compared with the period 2010 to 2013, when endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) was assessed as the first option in selected patients.

Results:

During 2005 to 2009, the mortality was 37.5%. From 2010 to 2013, 45 patients were treated with mortality 28.9%. Open repair was performed in 35 (77.8%) patients and EVAR in 10 (22.2%) patients. The 30-day and 1-year mortality rates of the EVAR group were 0% and 20%, respectively, and the total mortality rate was 30% during follow-up (median 11 months, range 1-42 months). The 30-day mortality in the surgical group remained unchanged, at 37.1%, and 1-year and total mortality rates were 45.7% and 51.4%, respectively.

Conclusion:

Following integration in the treatment algorithm, EVAR decreased total mortality in our center by 8.6%.
MedIntegrate
Authors: Tomas Marko , Crown Natalie , Borschel Debaroti , McCarthy Lisa
Published: August 2014

Background:

Medication reconciliation (MR) is associated with reduced discrepancies and adverse events within institutions. In ambulatory care, MR is often considered more challenging due to periodic, brief patient encounters and the involvement of multiple prescribers who lack shared records. MedsCheck, a community pharmacy program in Ontario for patients with diabetes or those taking 3 or more medications, generates a best possible medication history (BPMH) that can serve as a starting point for MR. Our objectives were to develop and evaluate a program to integrate MedsCheck into the workflow of an ambulatory clinic.

Methods:

An initiative was implemented within the Complex Care Clinic (CCC), an academic internal medicine clinic at Women’s College Hospital (WCH). During booking of their first appointment, patients were encouraged to receive a MedsCheck. A letter was faxed to the patient’s preferred community pharmacy with a request to conduct a MedsCheck and send documentation to the clinic. Evaluation included patient and health care provider questionnaires and chart review.

Results:

Fifty-five of 86 new patients referred to the CCC were eligible for a MedsCheck. Fifty-four patients consented to having their community pharmacy contacted, and documentation was received for 21 (39%) of these reviews. Chart review was conducted for patients who completed the patient feedback questionnaire ( n = 32). Community pharmacists reported at least 1 drug therapy problem for 12 (57%) patients with a mean of 2.6 (SD 1.5) per patient. Medical residents reported an estimated mean appointment time savings of 7.9 minutes (SD 2.4).

Conclusion:

The program was feasibly integrated into clinic workflow and shortened the time spent creating BPMHs. This approach could be adopted by other ambulatory care clinics.
Viewing recycling’s long-term sustainability through the prism of the internet?
Authors: Mani Zied , Cova Véronique
Published: August 2014

The article uses a netnographic study to try to analyse the long-term sustainability of domestic recycling practices. By monitoring narratives and practices, it identifies two profiles for recyclers: leaders and followers. This categorization raises questions about the informality of recycling while differentiating between different degrees of long-term sustainability. It also reveals the role that the internet plays because of its ability to generate an ideological recycling of the recycling of materials.
Electrochemical study of Pb anodes for zinc electrowinning industry
Authors: Nakisa Sh. , Parvini Ahmadi N. , Moghaddam J.
Published: August 2014

The corrosion resistance and electrochemical behaviour of recovery (recovery anodes are made of remelted alloys) Pb, Pb–0·4Ag (wt-%) and Pb–0·1Ag–0·07Ca (wt-%), anode alloys in acidic zinc sulphate electrolyte were investigated. Their electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and corrosion resistance were evaluated using potentiodynamic polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The EIS data were approved by Kramers–Kroning transformation (KKT). Also the corrosion resistance of virgin (virgin anodes are made of freshly mined ore which cast from more than 60 ton molten alloy) pure lead anode was compared with recovery pure lead anode by their Tafel diagrams in acidic zinc sulphate electrolyte. Microstructures of the anode alloys were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The results point to that anode Pb–0·4Ag (wt-%) alloy had the lowest corrosion current among the three examined anodes followed by Pb and Pb–0·1Ag–0·07Ca (wt-%), alloys. Also, corrosion resistance the virgin Pb anode is more than recovery one.
Erosion–corrosion behaviour of Ni–20Cr plasma coating in actual boiler environment
Authors: Mishra S. B. , Prakash S.
Published: August 2014

Erosion–corrosion is encountered in a large variety of engineering industries. In such environments, protective coatings are used. In this investigation, erosion–corrosion of the Ni–20Cr coating on nickel and iron based superalloys has been investigated by subjecting them to the boiler of coal fired thermal power plant at the temperature zone of 540°C for 1000 h duration. The erosion–corrosion kinetics of the plasma sprayed Ni–20Cr coating on different superalloys has been investigated. XRD, SEM with EDS and EPMA have been used to analyse the eroded–corroded products along the surface and cross-section. Main phases identified in all the Ni–20Cr coated superalloys after exposure are NiO, Cr2O3, Al2O3 and SiO2. Aluminium has penetrated from the bond coat to the top coat along the splat boundaries. Oxides of chromium, nickel and aluminium are recognized as protective oxides for boiler environment. The probable mechanism of attack for Ni–20Cr coating in the given boiler environment is discussed.
Nonhomogeneous boundary value problem for "Equation missing" similar solutions of incompressible two-dimensional Euler equations
Authors: Song Wenjing , Li Hua , Yang Ganshan , Yuan George Xianzhi
Published: August 2014

In this paper we introduce the

(
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,
J
)

similar method for incompressible two-dimensional Euler equations, and obtain a series of explicit

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I
,
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)

similar solutions to the incompressible two-dimensional Euler equations. These solutions include all of the twin wave solutions, some new singularity solutions, and some global smooth solutions with a finite energy. We also reveal that the twin wave solution and an affine solution to the two-dimensional incompressible Euler equations are, respectively, a plane wave and constant vector. We prove that the initial boundary value problem of the incompressible two-dimensional Euler equations admits a unique solution and discuss the stability of the solution. Finally, we supply some explicit piecewise smooth solutions to the incompressible three-dimensional Euler case and an example of the incompressible three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations which indicates that the viscosity limit of a solution to the Navier-Stokes equations does not need to be a solution to the Euler equations.

MSC:35Q30, 76D05, 76D10.
Begonia jinyunensis (Begoniaceae, section Platycentrum), a new palmately compound leaved species from Chongqing, China
Authors: Ding Bo , Nakamura Koh , Kono Yoshiko , Ho Meng-Jung , Peng Ching-I
Published: August 2014

Background

Continental China is the center of Begonia species diversity in Asia and contains more than 60 species out of about 110 named species of section Platycentrum. Mt. Jinyun, located in Chongqing City at the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, harbors a subtropical broadleaved forest with high species diversity. During a botanical survey in Mt. Jinyun, an unknown Begonia species of sect. Platycentrum with palmately compound leaves was collected and studied based on detailed morphological observations and cytological and molecular phylogenetic analyses.

Results

The unknown Begonia bears a superficial resemblance to B. hemsleyana in having palmately compound leaves, a feature unseen in other species of sect. Platycentrum in China. It is however sharply distinct from the latter in the acaulous habit with aerial stems seen only at anthesis and long rhizomes (vs. erect stems to 70 cm or taller with short rhizomes), 4–6 pinnatilobed leaflets with indistinct, decurrent petiolules (vs. 7–10 serrate leaflets with distinct petiolules), and white (vs. pink) tepals. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast DNA sequences indicated that this species was allied to Platycentrum species occurring in Southwest and South-central China and Vietnam, including B. hemsleyana, and clearly separable from these species. Somatic chromosome number of 2n = 22 was reported for this unknown species. The diploid chromosome number is agreeable with those published for Begonia sect. Platycentrum.

Conclusions

The unknown Begonia is confirmed to be a new species of sect. Platycentrum and hereto described as Begonia jinyunensis C.-I Peng, B. Ding & Q. Wang.
LL-37 modulates human neutrophil responses to influenza A virus
Authors: Tripathi Shweta , Verma Anamika , Kim Eun-Jeong , White Mitchell R , Hartshorn Kevan L
Published: August 2014

Recent studies have shown that the human cathelicidin, LL-37, has antiviral activity against IAV in vitro and in vivo. Neutrophils are important cellular components of the initial innate response to IAV infection. In addition to its direct antimicrobial activities, LL-37 has important immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we explore how LL-37 affects interactions of IAV with human neutrophils. LL-37 did not alter neutrophil uptake of IAV but significantly increased neutrophil H2O2 responses to the virus. IAV stimulated production of NETs in vitro, and this response was increased by preincubating the virus with LL-37. NADPH-oxidase blockade did not reduce IAV-induced NET formation or the increased NET response stimulated by LL-37 + IAV. The increased respiratory burst and NET responses were, however, inhibited by preincubating cells with a formyl peptide receptor blocker, indicating that LL-37 engages these receptors when complexed with IAV. Responses to IAV alone were not inhibited by formyl peptide receptor blockade. It has been reported that LL-37 reduces proinflammatory cytokine responses during IAV infection in vivo. We now show that IAV alone potentiated release of IL-8 from neutrophils, and preincubation with LL-37 reduced IAV-stimulated IL-8 release. These results confirm that LL-37 modulates human neutrophil responses to IAV in a distinctive manner and could have important bearing on the protective effects of LL-37 during IAV infection in vivo.
Active players in resolution of shock/sepsis induced indirect lung injury: immunomodulatory effects of Tregs and PD-1
Authors: Tang Lunxian , Bai Jianwen , Chung Chun-Shiang , Lomas-Neira Joanne , Chen Yaping , Huang Xin , Ayala Alfred
Published: August 2014

The immunomodulatory effects of PD-1 and CD4+CD25+ Tregs in the resolution of ALI are still poorly understood. Accordingly, 1 million Tregs were isolated from spleens of WT C57BL/6 or PD-1−/− mice (magnetical bead purification and subsequent labeling with/without Vybrant dye) and then AT into mice subjected to Hem shock during their resuscitation period, which were subsequently subjected to CLP/septic challenge (24 h post-Hem) to induce iALI. Initially, we demonstrated that Vybrant-labeled AT Tregs appear in the lungs of iALI mice. Subsequently, we found that AT of WT Tregs induced a significant repression of the indices of lung injury: a reduction of neutrophil influx to the lung tissue and a decrease of lung apoptosis compared with vehicle-treated iALI mice. In addition, these mice had substantially higher concentrations of BALF and lung-tissue IL-10 but significantly decreased levels of lung KC. However, these beneficial effects of the AT of Tregs were lost with the administration of PD-1−/− mouse Tregs to the recipient WT mice. ALI was exacerbated in these recipient mice receiving AT PD-1−/− Tregs to the same extent as iALI mice that did not receive Tregs. These data imply that Tregs can act directly to modify the innate immune response induced by experimental iALI, and this is mediated, in part, by PD-1. Hence, the manipulation of Tregs may represent a plausible target for treating iALI.
Optimal Project Selection Mechanisms
Authors: Bar Talia , Gordon Sidartha
Published: August 2014

We study mechanisms for selecting up to m out of n projects. Project managers' private information on quality is elicited through transfers. Under limited liability, the optimal mechanism selects projects that maximize some function of the project's observable and reported characteristics. When all reported qualities exceed their own project-specific thresholds, the selected set only depends on observable characteristics, not reported qualities. Each threshold is related to (i) the outside option level at which the cost and benefit of eliciting information on the project cancel out and (ii) the optimal value of selecting one among infinitely many ex ante identical projects. (JEL D21, D82, O32)
Sequential Kidney Exchange
Authors: Ausubel Lawrence M. , Morrill Thayer
Published: August 2014

The traditional literature on kidney exchange assumes that all components of the exchange must occur simultaneously. Unfortunately, the number of operating rooms required for concurrent surgeries poses a significant constraint on the beneficial exchanges that may be attained. The basic insight of this paper is that incentive compatibility does not require simultaneous exchange; rather, it requires that organ donation occurs no later than the associated organ receipt. Using sequential exchanges may relax the operating room constraint and thereby increase the number of beneficial exchanges. We show that most benefits of sequential exchange can be accomplished with only two concurrent operating rooms. (JEL D47, I11)
Atypical femoral fractures in elderly women
Authors: Meling T. , Nawab A. , Harboe K. , Fosse L.
Published: August 2014

An atypical femoral fracture (AFF), with a transverse fracture radiologically through the lateral cortex is a rare but serious condition. In order to improve our ability to identify patients with this condition, we retrospectively surveyed all subtrochanteric, peri-implant and diaphyseal femoral fractures in patients aged ≥ 65 years who underwent surgical treatment at our hospital between 2004 and 2011.

We describe the incidence of atypical fractures and their characteristics, with observational data including a review of the hospital and general practitioner records. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Harris hip score (HHS) and the timed up-and-go (TUG) test.

Atypical fractures only occurred in women with an incidence of 9.8 per 100 000 person-years. The incidence in those who were treated with bisphosphonates was 79.0 per 100 000 person-years; eight of 17 fractures occurred around metal implants. There was a high incidence of delayed union and revision surgery. A total of nine patients (ten AFFs) were available for review at a mean follow-up of 36.5 months (10 to 104). The clinical outcome was poor with a mean HHS of 58.9 (95% CI 47.4 to 70.4) and a mean TUG test of 25.7 s (95% CI 12.7 to 38.8).

The delay in diagnosis and treatment of AFF may result from a lack of knowledge of this condition.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:1035–40.
Evidence-based medicine
Authors: Stahel P. F. , Mauffrey C.
Published: August 2014

We explore the limitations of complete reliance on evidence-based medicine which can be diminished by confounding issues and sampling bias. Other strategies which may be reasonably invoked are discussed.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:997–9.
Exam Corner – August 2014
Authors: Khanduja V.
Published: August 2014

The FRCS (Tr & Orth) examination has three components: MCQs, Vivas and Clinical Examination. The Vivas are further divided into four sections comprising Basic Science, Adult Pathology, Hands and Children’s Orthopaedics and Trauma. The Clinical Examination section is divided into Upper and Lower limb cases. The aim of this section in the Journal is to focus specifically on the trainees preparing for the exam and to cater to all the sections of the exam. The vision is to complete the cycle of all relevant exam topics (as per the syllabus) in four years.
Innovative Approach to Preparing Radial Artery Cocktails in Response to Manufacturer Shortages of Nitroglycerin and Verapamil
Authors: Parbhoo Rupal K. , Wetz Karen , Tschampel Marva , Pompili Vincent , Schenko Elena , Mavko Lou , Blais Danielle
Published: August 2014

Background

Transradial access has gained popularity over transfemoral access for cardiac catheterization, because of the decreased risk of bleeding, time to ambulation, and length of stay leading to improved patient satisfaction. One disadvantage of the radial artery approach is vasospasm, which can be prevented with the administration of verapamil and nitroglycerin in a pre- and postradial cocktail. Unfortunately, there have been manufacturer shortages for both of these medications.

Methods

The utilization of radial artery cocktails and other nitroglycerin compounding practices were evaluated in response to cost containment and waste reduction initiatives and to medication shortages.

Results

A modified process for supplying verapamil and nitroglycerin for the transradial approach via separate syringes enabled physicians to have quick access to the medications and to customize the cocktail based on the patient's needs. This process also decreased costs and minimized wastage. The change in practice decreased waste from 44% for preradial cocktail syringes and 66% for postradial cocktail syringes to 8.7%.

Discussion

This process for supplying the medications necessary to perform a radial artery catheterization and intracoronary nitroglycerin has allowed for conservation of commercial product supply.
Approvals, Submission, and Important Labeling Changes for US Marketed Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Baker Danial E.
Published: August 2014

This monthly feature will help readers keep current on new drugs, new indications, dosage forms, and safety-related changes in labeling or use. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of this information; however, if there are any questions, please let me know at danial.baker@wsu.edu .
Chasing the European Dream: Unaccompanied African Youths’ Educational Experience in a Canary Islands’ Reception Centre and Beyond
Authors: Auger-Voyer Valérie , Montero-Sieburth Martha , Cabrera Perez Lidia
Published: August 2014

In the last two decades, Spain’s Canary Islands have received thousands of undocumented migrants arriving by boat from the coasts of North and West Africa. The sharp increase of unaccompanied minors has presented a particular challenge, as these minors fall under the State’s protection system and are entitled to an education and other rights, once in Spain. What economic and socio-cultural factors push these youth to seek a better life whilst endangering their own? What educational opportunities are available to them in Spain and how can these propel them into secure living situations? What can be said about their integration prospects?This ethnographic study, based on field research carried out in a reception centre for unaccompanied minors in Tenerife, focuses on the youth’s migration trajectories, and on the extent to which the education and support they receive in Spain relates to their socio-economic integration into European society and beyond. The findings reveal that although the centre provides the youth with a window of opportunity to be in Spain and gain an education, the ambiguousness of their legal situation brought about by immigration policies once they have left the centre, is not conducive to their leading a stable and productive life in the current context.
Radiant Healing
Authors: Robertson Beth A.
Published: August 2014

The Church of Divine Revelation and the Radiant Healing Center, in St. Catharines, Ontario, proposed that mystical realities shaped bodily and mental wellness. Receiving diagnoses and medical treatments from perceived disembodied beings, congregants in the 1920s and 1930s evoked the mystical origins of alternative medicine by envisioning health as a process through which spirit, mind and body coalesced. Female participants therefore were enabled to reject the label of pathology and heal themselves through the power of their minds. Uneasy with the label of paranormal or supernormal, members viewed their interactions as fulfilling rather than violating natural laws. In the process, spirits personified what Jeffrey Kripal has called “the sacred in transit” as they moved fluidly from the metaphysical to the physical. Crossing modern boundaries between faith and secular medicine, these St. Catharines spiritualists and the phantoms they envisioned reconceived the role of spirit as intervening in physical and mental processes.
On the Shear Degradation of Lost-Circulation Materials
Authors: Valsecchi Pietro
Published: August 2014

Lost-circulation materials (LCMs) are widely used to mitigate fluid loss when drilling permeable zones. Their effectiveness, however, generally declines with circulation time, and this decline is linked to the reduction in the average size of the solids components, or “shear degradation.” In this paper, dimensional analysis and first-principle physics are used to frame those mechanisms into a scientific definition that directly connects the progressive LCM size reduction to operational parameters such as the densities of particles and suspending fluid, the size of particles, and the fluid viscosity.

The introduction of large-sized materials in the drilling-mud circulation system has become a common practice during the past few decades for the mitigation of lost circulation while drilling in permeable intervals. Solids with an average diameter larger than 100 μm are carried with the drilling mud and, when fractures occur, they deposit in the fractures or at the opening of the fractures, successfully blocking the discharge of fluid out of the wellbore. The effectiveness of such material was observed, however, to decline over time as the drilling mud circulates through the mud pumps, the drillstring, the bit nozzles, the wellbore annulus, and the mud-recycling system. The decline over time in the effectiveness of the so-called LCMs and loss-prevention materials (LPMs) during drilling is widely linked to the degradation of the LCM/LPM components that have an average size that drops with circulation time.

A large amount of literature in the petroleum industry is dedicated to the investigation of the issue, and numerous experimental studies have attempted to quantify the LCM degradation by reproducing the root phenomena in the laboratory. The concept of “shear degradation” has thus become a synonym for such studies, and it is widely used for the selection of materials to be used in drilling operations.

In the present paper, a harder look is taken on the very concept of “shear degradation” and on its effectiveness in capturing the progressive size reduction of LCM during circulation. By use of dimensional analysis, the tendency of a material to degrade can be determined in advance, whereby the density of the particles and suspending fluid, the size of particles, and the fluid viscosity are examined as the governing parameters. Understanding the underlying physics enables the selection of a more-shear-resistant engineered-particle drilling fluid, regardless of its application.
Transdentinal Cytotoxicity of Carbodiimide (EDC) and Glutaraldehyde on Odontoblast-like Cells
Authors: Scheffel DLS , Bianchi L , Soares DG , Basso FG , Sabatini C , de Souza Costa CA , Pashley DH , Hebling J
Published: August 2014

Objective

To evaluate the transdentinal cytotoxicity of three different concentrations of carbodiimide (EDC) or 5% glutaraldehyde (GA) on MDPC-23 cells.

Methods

Seventy 0.4-mm-thick dentin disks obtained from human molars were adapted to artificial pulp chambers. MDPC-23 cells were seeded on the pulpal surface of the disks. After 48 hours, the occlusal dentin was acid-etched and treated for 60 seconds with one of the following solutions (n=10): no treatment (negative control); 0.1 M, 0.3 M, or 0.5 M EDC; 5% GA; Sorensen buffer; or 29% hydrogen peroxide (positive control). Cell viability and morphology were assessed by methyltetrazolium assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The eluates were collected after the treatments and applied on MDPC-23 seeded in a 24-well plate to analyze cell death, total protein (TP), and collagen production. The last two tests were performed 24 hours and seven days after the challenge. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (p<0.05).

Results

EDC at all test concentrations did not reduce cell viability, while 5% GA did increase cell metabolism. Cell death by necrosis was not elicited by EDC or 5% GA. At the 24-hour period, 0.3 M and 0.5 M EDC reduced TP production by 18% and 36.8%, respectively. At seven days, increased TP production was observed in all groups. Collagen production at the 24-hour period was reduced when 0.5 M EDC was used. After seven days, no difference was observed among the groups. SEM showed no alteration in cell morphology or number, except in the hydrogen peroxide group.

Conclusions

Treatment of acid-etched dentin with EDC or GA did not cause transdentinal cytotoxic effects on odontoblast-like cells.
Diagnosis and management of primary pyogenic spinal infections in intravenous recreational drug users
Authors: Ziu Mateo , Dengler Bradley , Cordell Davin , Bartanusz Viktor
Published: August 2014

Object

Primary spine infection secondary to intravenous drug abuse (IVDA) is a difficult clinical entity encountered by spine surgeons and infectious disease specialists. Patients tend to be noncompliant with the treatment and follow-up, and some continue to use IV recreational drugs even after the diagnosis of spine infection. The authors undertook this study to analyze the presentation, etiology, demographic characteristics, treatment, and outcome of primary pyogenic spinal infection in patients with IVDA as the major risk factor.

Methods

The medical records, radiology imaging, and laboratory results (white blood cell count, inflammatory markers, bacteriology cultures) of all patients with pyogenic spine infection and history of IVDA presenting to a tertiary care center from August 2005 through December 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The department of neurosurgery database and the hospital electronic medical records of University Hospital in San Antonio were used to identify the cohort for our study.

Results

A total of 164 patients with spinal infection were evaluated during the study period; 102 of these patients had a history of IVDA. Their average age was 45.4 years, and only 14 (13.7%) were women. The mean laboratory values at presentation included a white blood cell count of 11.1 × 103 cells/μl (range 0.5–32 × 103 cells/μl), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 74 mm/hr (range 9.9–140 mm/hr), and C-reactive protein (CRP) level of 67 mg/L (range 0.1–327 mg/L). Twenty-six patients (25.4%) had an associated epidural abscess. The most common organism isolated from cultures of the bone and/or blood was methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), which was found in 37 cases. A close second was methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), found in 23 cases. The most commonly involved region was the lumbar spine (24 cases [57.8%]), and most patients (69.6%) had involvement of only a single level. Eighty patients were initially treated with long-term IV antibiotic therapy, and only 22 underwent surgical intervention (24 procedures). Of the latter group, 8 patients underwent laminectomy alone while 16 required some type of instrumented stabilization. Of the patients requiring stabilization procedures, 2 (12.5%) required reoperation with extension of their surgical constructs to other levels. The average follow-up was 29.7 weeks (range 6 weeks to 3 years).

Conclusions

Diagnosis and management of spinal infection in patients with a history of IVDA is challenging. The data from this study show that initial laboratory values are difficult to interpret given that only a minority of these patients present with leukocytosis. Back pain was the only reliable predictor of spine infection. The authors' experience indicates that the majority of patients with spine infection and a history of IVDA can be successfully treated with IV antibiotic therapy alone.
Waldunternehmen gehört die Zukunft (Essay)
Authors: Schmidt Roger , Hostettler Martin
Published: August 2014

The future belongs to forest entrepreneurs (essay)

An evaluation has recently been carried out of the achievements and organization of the Forest Service of the Canton of Bern. It appears from the study that the present administrative structure is not adequately adapted to the challenges of the future: a lower level of forest management, increasing expectations for the forest, higher risk, fewer management options for forest development. The new strategy for the Service is “Help the forest owners to help themselves”. Forest entrepreneurs are the motor of the forest economy. The Canton of Bern, working with the forest owner association of the Canton, is therefore looking for new ways of working with them. It is focusing on its core tasks and giving organizational priority to solidarity, speed of response and concentration of resources.
A Survey of Children’s Reported Experience in Outpatient Pediatric Ophthalmology Clinics
Authors: Tan Naomi E. T. , Lim Wei Sing , Jain Saurabh
Published: August 2014

Purpose:

Patient-reported experience measures influence contemporary health care. To monitor the experience of children in health care, some inherent difficulties must be overcome. The authors sampled the opinion of children in outpatient pediatric ophthalmology clinics.

Methods:

Questionnaires were designed and distributed to children ages 2 to 16 years in pediatric ophthalmology clinics over three sites.

Results:

Ninety-three forms were completed by children ages 2 to 16 years. The average duration of clinic visits was 69 minutes. Children commented that helpful staff improved their experience. Waiting times and boredom were negative issues raised consistently. Children particularly enjoyed visual acuity testing, which they also described as the most challenging aspect of the clinic. On average, patients found eye drops only mildly painful.

Conclusions:

Various areas for service improvement were identified from this study, including the value of keeping children occupied and minimizing waiting times. It was not clear to children which healthcare professionals they were seeing and this was an area of confusion. Adolescent patients felt the clinic was too childish. Sampling children’s opinions through questionnaires had some limitations in terms of some inconsistencies of response, incomplete questionnaires, and multiple answers, but overall provided useful information specific to the clinics.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2014;51(5):270–273.]
Case report: Incarceration of the gravid uterus: a radiologic and obstetric challenge
Authors: Dierickx Inge , Delens Fréderic , Backaert Thomas , Pauwels Walter , Gyselaers Wilfried
Published: August 2014

We will present the fourth case in the English-language literature of a mid-gestational colonoscopy-assisted manual reposition of an incarcerated uterus. Despite the ready availability of ultrasound, a great number of incarcerations are not recognized before term. Since early diagnosis is the key to a successful treatment, it is important that providers acquire prompt knowledge of this obstetric disorder. Magnetic Resonance Imaging has an important additional value to ultrasound in the detailed scanning of this potentially perilous condition.