bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Metabolites in Muscles of Lueyang Black-Bone Chickens: A Comparative Analysis of Caged and Cage-Free Rearing Modes Using Untargeted Metabolomic Techniques
Authors: Wang Ling , Gao Jie , Li Guojin , Cheng Jia , Yuan Guoqiang , Zhang Tao , Zeng Wenxian , Lu Hongzhao
Published: July 2024

The Lueyang black-bone chicken is a specific native chicken strain in China. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different rearing systems on the meat quality of Lueyang black-bone chickens. Six hundred Lueyang black-bone hens were randomly divided into two groups at 7 weeks of age and raised in cage and cage-free systems for 20 weeks. The carcass yield, meat quality, and total metabolites were measured in both the leg and breast muscles. By comparison, the carcass yield of hens in the cage-free (CF) group (1.26 ± 0.09 kg) was significantly lower than that in the caged rearing (CR) group (1.52 ± 0.15 kg). However, the shear force of leg muscles in the CF group (27.98 ± 2.43 N) was significantly greater than that in the CR group (24.15 ± 1.93 N). In addition, six samples from each group were randomly selected and their metabolites were detected by the non-targeted metabolomics technique. Among these metabolites, 408 and 354 significantly differentially abundant metabolites were identified in breast and leg muscles, which were mainly involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. We found that the levels of 19 phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholines, were significantly greater in the CF group than in the CR group. Additionally, the contents of eight unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid were dramatically greater in the CF group than in the caged group. The accumulation of 4-hydroxy-proline, glutamate, and adenosine 3′-monophosphate (AMP) was enhanced in the CF group. Moreover, many more volatile organic compounds were identified in the muscles of the cage-free group, enhancing the flavor of the chicken meat. In conclusion, the cage-free rearing mode facilitates the accumulation of nutrients and flavor substances in the chicken meat and is a better rearing system for Lueyang black-bone chickens.
Miniaturizing Nanotoxicity Assays in Daphnids
Authors: Kakavas Dimitrios , Panagiotidis Konstantinos , Rochfort Keith D. , Grintzalis Konstantinos
Published: July 2024

The rapid progress of the modern world has resulted in new materials and products created at an accelerating pace. As such, nanoparticles have widespread applications and often find their way into the aquatic ecosystem. In the case of freshwater ecosystems, one of the commonly used bioindicators species used for pollution assessment is Daphnid magna. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and other organizations such as the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), have set guidelines for acute toxicity testing in daphnids that are severely lacking in terms of information on the characteristics of the exposure vessel when studying the adverse effects of nanoparticles (NPs). Understanding the toxicity mechanisms of nanomaterials is imperative given the scarcity of information on their adverse effects. Furthermore, miniaturization of nanotoxicity assays can reduce the number of daphnids used, as well as the cost and nanomaterial waste, and provide results even at the individual animal level with enhanced reproducibility of testing. In this study, the impact of the exposure vessel on the observed physiological changes of daphnids was investigated for a silver nano ink. Exposures in eleven commercially available vessels; nine made of plastic and two made of glass were compared for 24 h. The effect of surface to volume ratio of the exposure vessel and the animal number or “crowding” during exposure was investigated in the context of miniaturizing biomarker assays as alternatives to traditional experimental setups in Daphnid magna. Toxicity curves showed differences depending on the vessel used, while a novel feeding rate assay and the activity of key enzymes were assessed as physiology endpoints.
The Presence of Microplastics in the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Song Thrushes (Turdus philomelos) Wintering in Apulia (Southern Italy)—Preliminary Results
Authors: Tarricone Simona , Colonna Maria Antonietta , Freschi Pierangelo , Cosentino Carlo , La Gioia Giuseppe , Carbonara Claudia , Ragni Marco
Published: July 2024

The term microplastics (MPs) describes a heterogeneous mixture of particles that can vary in size, color, and shape. Once released into the environment, MPs have various toxicological and physical effects on wildlife. The Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos) is a migratory species, staying in Italy in late autumn and winter. The aim of this study is to assess, quantify, and characterize the presence of microplastics in Song Thrushes hunted in the Apulia region of Italy. The birds (n = 360) were hunted in the Bari countryside and donated for research purposes by hunters. MPs were classified in relation to their shape in fibers, films, fragments, and pellets; then, they were divided according to their color and the length of the particles was measured. Nikon image analysis software was applied to the litter size measurements. Of the total of 360 birds, MPs were detected in the stomachs of 129 birds shot in December and 128 birds shot in January. The majority of ingested MPs were fibers that were observed in all contaminated birds. Film fragments were observed in every contaminated specimen. Among all the MPs found, 31.75% were red, 30.13% were black, and 25.91% were blue, while the other colors were less represented. This study provides the first analysis of MPs bioaccumulation in Song Thrushes wintering in the Apulia region, and the high contamination of thrushes confirmed the ubiquity of MPs in terrestrial ecosystems.
Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 1 (NR4A1) Promotes the Adipogenesis of Intramuscular Preadipocytes through PI3K/AKT Pathway in Goats
Authors: Xing Jiani , Zheng Jianying , Cui Sheng , Wang Jinling , Wang Yong , Li Yanyan , Zhu Jiangjiang , Lin Yaqiu
Published: July 2024

As a transcription factor, Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 1 (NR4A1) binds to downstream target genes to participate in cell proliferation and cell differentiation. We found that the NR4A1 reached the highest expression at 60 h after the differentiation of goat intramuscular preadipocytes. Overexpression of goat NR4A1 increased the number of intracellular lipid droplets and up-regulated the expression of adipocyte-differentiation-related marker genes including AP2, SREBP1, ACC, GPAM, and DGAT2, while the relative expression levels of Pref-1 and HSL were significantly decreased. On the contrary, after NR4A1 was knocked down by siRNA, the number of intracellular lipid droplets and the relative expression levels of LPL, CEBPα, CEBPβ, ACC, and DGAT2 were significantly decreased, and the relative expression levels of Pref-1 and HSL were significantly up-regulated. These results suggest that NR4A1 promotes the differentiation of goat intramuscular preadipocytes. Transcriptome sequencing was carried out after overexpression of goat NR4A1, and the KEGG enrichment analysis result showed that the most differentially expressed genes were related to adipocyte differentiation and were enriched in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. LY249002, an inhibitor of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, was introduced and decreased the number of intracellular lipid droplets, and the relative expression levels of C/EBPα, SREBP1, AP2, C/EBPβ, GPAM, ACC, DGAT1, DGAT2, and ATGL were decreased accordingly. The above results indicate that overexpression of goat NR4A1 may promote the differentiation of intramuscular preadipocytes through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
N-acetyl Cysteine Overdose Induced Acute Toxicity and Hepatic Microvesicular Steatosis by Disrupting GSH and Interfering Lipid Metabolisms in Normal Mice
Authors: Tsai Ming-Shiun , Liou Gunn-Guang , Liao Jiunn-Wang , Lai Pin-Yen , Yang Di-Jie , Wu Szu-Hua , Wang Sue-Hong
Published: July 2024

N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a versatile drug used in various conditions, but the limitations and toxicities are not clear. The acute toxicity and toxicological mechanisms of an intraperitoneal injection of NAC in normal mice were deciphered. The LD50 for male and female BALB/cByJNarl mice were 800 mg/kg and 933 mg/kg. The toxicological mechanisms of 800 mg/kg NAC (N800) were investigated. The serum biomarkers of hepatic and renal indices dramatically increased, followed by hepatic microvesicular steatosis, renal tubular injury and necrosis, and splenic red pulp atrophy and loss. Thus, N800 resulted in mouse mortality mainly due to acute liver, kidney, and spleen damages. The safe dose (275 mg/kg) of NAC (N275) increased hepatic antioxidant capacity by increasing glutathione levels and catalase activity. N275 elevated the hepatic gene expressions of lipid transporter, lipid synthesis, β-oxidation, and ketogenesis, suggesting a balance between lipid production and consumption, and finally, increased ATP production. In contrast, N800 increased hepatic oxidative stress by decreasing glutathione levels through suppressing Gclc, and reducing catalase activity. N800 decreased the hepatic gene expressions of lipid transporter, lipid synthesis, and interferred β-oxidation, leading to lipid accumulation and increasing Cyp2E1 expression, and finally, decreased ATP production. Therefore, NAC doses are limited for normal individuals, especially via intraperitoneal injection or similar means.
Glycaemic Index of Bakery Products and Possibilities of Its Optimization
Authors: Skřivan Pavel , Sluková Marcela , Sinica Andrej , Bleha Roman , Švec Ivan , Šárka Evžen , Pourová Veronika
Published: July 2024

Common bakery and many other cereal products are characterised by high glycaemic index values. Given the increasing number of people suffering from type 2 diabetes at a very young age, technological approaches to reduce the glycaemic index of cereal products are extremely important. In addition to increasing the dietary fibre content, either by using wholemeal flours or flours with added fibre from other sources, practices leading to an increase in resistant starch content are also of great interest. This review summarises the most important technological processes used to reduce the glycaemic index of bread and other bakery products. The summarization shows that the potential of various technological processes or their physical and physicochemical modifications to reduce the glycaemic index of common bakery products exists. At the same time, however, it has been shown that these processes have not been sufficiently explored, let alone applied in production practice.
Systematic Concept Study of Brayton Batteries for Coupled Generation of Electricity, Heat, and Cooling
Authors: Krüger Michael
Published: July 2024

This study presents a systematic analysis of Brayton batteries using Ebsilon Professional® simulations. Over 200,000 concept configurations were evaluated, with less than 1% proving physically feasible. The research aimed to assess electricity generation; coupled generation of electricity and heat; coupled generation of electricity and cooling; and coupled generation of electricity, heat, and cooling, all with or without waste heat integration. Efficiency ranged from 20% to 50% for electricity generation alone, with higher efficiencies at a compressor discharge temperature of 625 °C compared to 450 °C. Co-generation improved the overall efficiency, although at the expense of power efficiency. Notably, simultaneous electricity, heat, and cooling generation solutions were absent within the study’s parameters. Lead concepts, predominantly air-based systems with or without charging line recuperators and heat exchange at various stages, were identified. These will undergo detailed dynamic system simulations, focusing on thermal energy storage. Comparison with the existing literature was limited due to differing parameters and topologies, highlighting the value of this systematic analysis in identifying optimal solutions.
Research on Improved Lightweight YOLOv5s for Multi-Scale Ship Target Detection
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zhu Peiqiao , Sun Ze , Ding Jun , Zhang Jiale , Dong Junwei , Guo Wei
Published: July 2024

Fast and accurate ship target detection technology plays an important role in improving driving safety, rescue at sea, marine environmental protection, and sea traffic control. It is also one of the key technologies for the development of ship informatization and intelligence. However, the current ship target detection models used at different scales in multiple scenarios exhibit high complexity and slow inference speed. The trade-off between model detection speed and accuracy limits the deployment of ship target detection models on edge devices. This study proposes a lightweight multi-scale ship target detection model based on the Yolov5s model. In the proposed model, the lightweight EfficientnetV2 and C3Ghost networks are integrated into the backbone and neck networks of the Yolov5s model to compress the computational and parametric quantities of the model and improve the detection speed. The Shuffle Attention mechanism is embedded in the neck network component of the model to enhance the representation of important feature information, suppress irrelevant feature information, and improve the model’s detection performance. The improved method is trained and verified on the dataset collected and labeled by the authors. Compared with the baseline model, the inference speed of the proposed model increased by 29.58%, mAP0.5 improved by 0.1%, and the parameters and floating-point operations decreased by 42.82% and 68.35%, respectively. The file size of the model is 8.02MB, which is 41.46% lower than the baseline model. Compared with other lightweight models, the method proposed in this study is more favored in edge computing.
A Systematic Review of Insole Sensor Technology: Recent Studies and Future Directions
Authors: Santos Vítor Miguel , Gomes Beatriz B. , Neto Maria Augusta , Amaro Ana Martins
Published: July 2024

Background: Integrating diverse sensor technologies into smart insoles offers significant potential for monitoring biomechanical metrics; enhancing sports performance; and managing therapeutic interventions, diseases, disorders, and other health-related issues. The variation in sensor types and applications requires a systematic review to synthesize existing evidence and guide future innovations. Objectives: This review aims to identify, categorize, and critically evaluate the various sensors used in smart insoles, focusing on their technical specifications, application scopes, and validity. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, a search was conducted in three major electronic databases, namely, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, for relevant literature published from 2014 to 2024. Other works not located in the mentioned databases were added manually by parallel searches on related themes and suggestions from the website of the databases. To be eligible, studies were required to describe sensor implementation in insoles, specify the sensor types, and report on either validation experiments or practical outcomes. Results: The search identified 33 qualifying studies. Proper analysis revealed a dominance of pressure sensors, with accelerometers and gyroscopes also being widely used. Critical applications included gait analysis, posture correction, and real-time athletic and rehabilitation feedback. The review also examined the relative effectiveness of different sensor configurations. Conclusions: This systematic review comprehensively classifies sensor technologies within smart insoles and highlights their broad application potential across various fields. Future research should aim to standardize measurement protocols, enhance sensor integration, and advance data processing techniques to boost functionality and clinical applicability.
Evaluating the Accuracy of the Reverse Engineering Process of Worn, Non-Standard Spur Gears—Pilot Studies
Authors: Konecki Karol , Wojtkowiak Dominik , Talaśka Krzysztof
Published: July 2024

For years, gears have been self-made by many industrial plants as substitutes (custom spare parts) for original parts from the manufacturer. This common practice uses a process called reverse engineering (RE). However, in the available scientific database, it is difficult to find articles about the accuracy of such a process. And while it is obvious that in order to obtain the most accurate quality of such a process, modern measurement techniques (coordinate, optical) should be used, most companies cannot afford to purchase such equipment. Reproducing gear geometry is difficult. But the issue of RE of non-standard gears seems to be even more difficult. This is why the authors undertook pilot studies to assess the accuracy of the RE process of worn, non-standard spur gears using conventional techniques and measuring instruments. Eight gears were tested, the module of which ranges from 1.020 to 4.98 mm. The key parameter was selected to estimate the accuracy of the process—the base pitch. The goal is to determine the value of the profile angle. Eleven models were proposed to estimate the nominal tolerance field, using various types of random data distribution. The tested gears were made in IT grade: 6, 7, 8, and 9 according to DIN 3961. Vernier disk micrometers were used for research. It has been shown that the nominal module does not have to be treated as a random variable in the population. Equation of identity was developed, allowing conversion of any gear with specific values of geometric parameters into an identical gear with alternative values of these parameters. The most effective estimating model was selected taking into account the symmetric Student–Fisher distribution with a confidence level of 60%. However, it is not possible to correctly reproduce the geometry of the gear wheel in that way. The following aspects should be taken into account: type and degree of mode of failure, number of load cycles, rotational speed, direction of rotation, material, type of thermochemical treatment, and torque. A simulation using FEM should be performed to determine the fatigue plastic deformations and diagnose their impact on the geometric dimensions of the gear wheel.
Partial Discharge Source Classification in Power Transformers: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Thobejane Lucas T. , Thango Bonginkosi A.
Published: July 2024

Power transformers, like other High-Voltage (HV) electrical equipment, experience aging and insulation degradation due to chemical, mechanical and electrical forces during their operation. Partial discharges (PD) are among the most predominant insulation breakdown mechanisms. Monitoring partial discharges has proven to provide valuable information on the state of the insulation systems of power transformer, allowing transformer operators to make calculated decisions for maintenance, major interventions and plan for replacement. This systematic literature review aims to systematically examine the use of machine learning techniques in classifying PD in transformers to present a complete indicator of the available literature as well as potential literature gaps which will allow for future research in the field. The systematic review surveyed a total of 81 research literatures published from 2010 to 2023 that fulfilled a specific methodology which was developed as part of this study. The results revealed that supervised learning has been the most widely used Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithm, primarily in the form of Support Vector Machine (SVM). The collected research indicated 20 countries represented in the publications, with China carrying out 32% of the research, followed by India with 10%. Regarding PD, the survey revealed that most researchers tend to investigate numerous types of PD and compare them to one another. Furthermore, the use of artificial PD defect models to simulate the occurrence of PD is widely used versus the use of actual power transformers. Most of the literature tends to not specify the physical characteristics of PD, such as the magnitude of PD, PD inception voltage and PD extinction voltage.
Detection of Threats to Farm Animals Using Deep Learning Models: A Comparative Study
Authors: Korkmaz Adem , Agdas Mehmet Tevfik , Kosunalp Selahattin , Iliev Teodor , Stoyanov Ivaylo
Published: July 2024

The increasing global population and environmental changes pose significant challenges to food security and sustainable agricultural practices. To overcome these challenges, protecting farm animals and effectively detecting potential environmental threats is critical for economic and ecological sustainability. In this context, the current study examined the animal detection capabilities and efficiency of advanced deep learning models, such as YOLOv8, Yolo-NAS, and Fast-RNN, across a dataset of 2462 images encompassing various animal species that could pose a risk to farm animals. After converting the images into a standardized format, they were divided into three sets for training, validation, and testing, and each model was evaluated on this dataset during the analysis process. The findings indicated that the YOLOv8 model demonstrated superior performance, with 93% precision, 85.2% recall, and 93.1% mAP50 values, while Yolo-NAS was particularly noteworthy for its high recall value, indicating a remarkable detection ability. The Fast-RNN model also offered significant efficiency with balanced performance. The results reveal the considerable potential of deep learning-based object detection technologies in protecting farm animals and enhancing farm security. Additionally, this study provides valuable insights for future model optimization and customization research.
Optimization of Replanning Processes for Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy Plans at Risk of QA Failure Predicted by a Machine Learning Model
Authors: Lambri Nicola , Zaccone Caterina , Bianchi Monica , Bresolin Andrea , Dei Damiano , Gallo Pasqualina , La Fauci Francesco , Lobefalo Francesca , Paganini Lucia , Pelizzoli Marco , Reggiori Giacomo , Tomatis Stefano , Scorsetti Marta , Lenardi Cristina , Mancosu Pietro
Published: July 2024

Patient-specific quality assurance (PSQA) procedures ensure the safe delivery of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans. PSQA requires extensive time and resources and may cause treatment delays if replanning is needed due to failures. Recently, our group developed a machine learning (ML) model predicting gamma passing rate (GPR) for VMAT arcs. This study explores automatable replanning strategies for plans identified at risk of failure, aiming to improve deliverability while maintaining dosimetric quality. Between 2022 and 2023, our ML model analyzed 1252 VMAT plans. Ten patients having a predicted GPR (pGPR) <95% were selected. Replanning strategies consisted of limiting monitor units (MUlimit) and employing the aperture shape controller (ASC) tool. Re-optimized plans were compared with the originals in terms of dose volume constraints (DVCs) for the target and organs-at-risk (OARs), and deliverability using the modulation complexity score (MCS), pGPR, and measured GPR (mGPR). Forty-five re-optimizations were performed. Replanning led to an increase in DVCs for OARs and a reduction for the target. Complexity decreased, reflected by the increase in the MCS from 0.17 to 0.21 (MUlimit) and 0.20 (ASC). The deliverability improved, with the pGPR increasing from 93.3% to 94.4% (MUlimit) and 95.1% (ASC), and the mGPR from 99.3% to 99.7% (MUlimit) and 99.8% (ASC). Limiting the MUs or utilizing the ASC reduced the complexity of plans and improved the GPR without compromising the dosimetric quality. These strategies can be used to automate replanning procedures, reduce the workload related to PSQA, and improve patient safety.
Residual Stresses in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Products and Their Measurement Techniques: A Systematic Review
Authors: Gurmesa Fakada , Lemu Hirpa , Adugna Yosef , Harsibo Mesfin
Published: July 2024

This literature review provides an in-depth exploration of the research conducted on residual stresses (RS) in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) products, particularly focusing on how process parameters influence the phenomenon. The motivation of the study is the growing focus on WAAM technology and the observation that RS plays a crucial role in determining the mechanical behavior and structural integrity of WAAM components. Thus, the review is intended to provide a better understanding of the relationship between process parameters and RS to optimize the WAAM process and ensure the durability of the final products. It also summarizes key findings, measurement techniques, challenges, and future directions in this evolving field. The review also analyzes measurement techniques used to characterize RS in products fabricated by WAAM as a function of process parameters. Experimental measuring techniques and numerical analysis of RS to determine the impacts of RS in mechanical responses in products of WAAM were discussed. Experimental measuring techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction (ND), contour and ND, digital image correlation, thermomechanical coupling and contour, and hole-drilling methods, along with numerical simulations like finite element analysis, are discussed to determine the impacts of RS on the mechanical responses of WAAM products. Additionally, it addresses the influence of thermal cycles, cooling rates, and deposition strategies on RS formation. The role of material properties, such as thermal conductivity and expansion coefficients, in RS development is also considered. By offering a comprehensive overview of current research trends and insights, this review serves as a valuable resource to guide future investigations, fostering the advancement of WAAM as a robust and efficient manufacturing technology. The review also underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches combining experimental and numerical methods to tackle the complex issues of RS in WAAM, aiming to enhance the performance and reliability of additively manufactured components.
Assessing the Impact of Lightning Data Assimilation in the WRF Model
Authors: Vargas Vanderlei , Ferreira Rute Costa , Pinto Osmar , Herdies Dirceu Luis
Published: July 2024

Recent advancements in computational technologies have enhanced the importance of meteorological modeling, driven by an increased reliance on weather-dependent systems. This research implemented a lightning data assimilation technique to improve short-term weather forecasts in South America, potentially refining initialization methods used in meteorological operation centers. The main goal was to implement and enhance a data assimilation algorithm integrating lightning data into the WRF model, assessing its impact on forecast accuracy. Focusing on southern Brazil, a region with extensive observational infrastructure and frequent meteorological activity, this research utilized several data sources: precipitation data from the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), lightning data from the Brazilian Lightning Detection Network (BrasilDAT), GOES-16 satellite images, synoptic weather charts from the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), and initial conditions from the GFS model. Employing the WRF-ARW model version 3.9.1.1 and WRFDA system version 3.9.1 with 3DVAR methodology, the study conducted three experimental setups during two meteorological events to evaluate the assimilation algorithm. These included a control (CTRL) without assimilation, a lightning data assimilation (LIGHT), and an adaptive humidity threshold assimilation (ALIGHT). Results showed that the lightning data assimilation system enhanced forecasts for large-scale systems, especially with humidity threshold adjustments. While it improved squall line timing and positioning, it had mixed effects when convection was thermally driven. The lightning data assimilation methodology represents a significant contribution to the field, indicating that using such alternative data can markedly improve short-term forecasts, benefiting various societal sectors.
The Abrupt Change in Potential Evapotranspiration and Its Climatic Attribution over the Past 50 Years in the Sichuan–Chongqing Region, China
Authors: Zheng Qingzhou , Huang Xiaolin , Zheng Tianxiong , He Jun , Xiang Ming , Qin Mengsheng , Jin Kailun
Published: July 2024

Potential evapotranspiration (PET), as an indicator of atmospheric evaporative demand, is a critical hydrological and meteorological factor to reflect regional and global hydrological cycles and environmental change. Understanding these nuanced responses of PET to environmental changes is important for agricultural production and water demand estimation. This study rigorously evaluated fluctuations in PET using the Penman–Monteith model over a 50-year span from 1970 to 2020 in the Sichuan–Chongqing region, an area notably susceptible to climate change. The changing characteristics of PET and local meteorological factors were detected by integrating the Mann–Kendall method and Pettitt test. Furthermore, the contribution and sensitivity of key meteorological variables to the observed variation in PET were also thoroughly investigated. Breakpoint analysis revealed that abrupt changes appeared in 1996 for annual PET. The detrending method indicated that substantial decreases in net radiation and wind speed (p < 0.01) were responsible for the decrease in annual PET from 1970 to 1996. Marked increases in minimum temperature and wind speed were the driving forces behind the uptick in annual PET in 1997–2020. At seasonal scales, wind speed and net radiation predominantly influenced PET in 1970–1996 in general. However, from 1997 to 2020, the factors controlling PET fluctuations displayed considerable seasonal variation. Sensitivity analysis showed that Ws and Tmin were the second-most sensitive factors. By exploring the impacts of PET changes and shifts, attention must be paid when allocating water resources reasonably under the background of ongoing climate change and likelihood of future drought.
Analysis of the Causes of an O3 Pollution Event in Suqian on 18–21 June 2020 Based on the WRF-CMAQ Model
Authors: Wang Ju , Zhang Wei , Shi Weihao , Li Xinlong , Fang Chunsheng
Published: July 2024

In recent years, O3 pollution events have occurred frequently in Chinese cities. Utilizing the WRF-CMAQ model, this study analyzed the causes of an O3 pollution event in Suqian on 18–21 June 2020, considering meteorological conditions, process analysis, and source analysis. It also designed 25 emission reduction scenarios to explore more effective O3 emission reduction strategies. The results show that meteorological conditions such as temperature and wind field play an important role in the formation and accumulation of O3. During the heavy pollution period, the contribution of vertical transport (VTRA) and horizontal transport (HTRA) to O3 concentration is significantly enhanced. The photochemical reactions of precursors, such as NOx and VOCs transported from long distances and O3 directly transported to Suqian from other regions, contribute greatly to O3 pollution in Suqian; local sources contribute very little, between 12.22% and 18.33%. Based on the simulation of 25 emission reduction scenarios, it was found that excessive emission reduction of NOx is not conducive to the reduction of O3 concentration, and it is best to control the emission reduction ratio at about 10%. Without affecting normal production and life, it is recommended to reduce VOCs as much as possible, particularly those generated by traffic sources.
Understanding the Dynamics of Source-Apportioned Black Carbon in an Urban Background Environment
Authors: Pashneva Daria , Minderytė Agnė , Davulienė Lina , Dudoitis Vadimas , Byčenkienė Steigvilė
Published: July 2024

This study aims to delineate the characteristics of black carbon (BC) in the atmosphere over the urban background environment in Vilnius (Lithuania) from 1 June 2021 to 31 May 2022 using aethalometer (Magee Scientific) measurements. The annual mean concentrations of BC originating from fossil fuels (BCff) and from biomass burning (BCbb) were found to be 0.63 μg m−3 with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.67 μg m−3 and 0.27 µg m−3 (0.35 μg m−3). The further findings highlight the dominance of fossil-fuel-related BC throughout the study period (71%) and the seasonal variability of BC pollution, with biomass-burning-related BC making the largest contribution during the summer season (41%) and the smallest contribution during autumn (23%). This information provides valuable insights into the sources and dynamics of BC pollution in the region. The sources and composition of BC on the days with the highest pollution levels were influenced by a combination of local and regional factors in every season. Additionally, this study employs an advanced approach to understanding urban BC pollution by focusing on high-pollution days (18), identified based on a daily mean BC mass concentration exceeding the 95th percentile, alongside an analysis of overall seasonal and diurnal variations. This methodology surpasses many those of previous urban BC studies, offering a comprehensive examination of the sources and composition of BC pollution.
An Example of a Continuous Field of Roe Algebras
Authors: Manuilov Vladimir
Published: July 2024

The Roe algebra C*(X) is a noncommutative C*-algebra reflecting metric properties of a space X, and it is interesting to understand the correlation between the Roe algebra of X and the (uniform) Roe algebra of its discretization. Here, we perform a minor step in this direction in the simplest non-trivial example, namely X=R, by constructing a continuous field of C*-algebras over [0,1], with the fibers over non-zero points constituting the uniform C*-algebra of the integers, and the fibers over 0 constituting a C*-algebra related to R.
Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Enzyme-Inhibitory Properties of Dittany and Thyme Extracts and Their Application in Hydrogel Preparation
Authors: Spyrou Stamatia , Bellou Myrto G. , Papanikolaou Angelos , Nakou Konstantina , Kontogianni Vasiliki G. , Chatzikonstantinou Alexandra V. , Stamatis Haralambos
Published: July 2024

In the present work, methanolic extracts from thyme and dittany plants were prepared and characterized in terms of their polyphenolic content through analytical and spectrophotometric techniques. Rosmarinic acid, thymol and carvacrol were found to be the main components of the extracts, which were further biologically assessed for their antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-lipase and antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. As found, thyme extracts exhibited superior antioxidant activity (SC50 at 33.9 μg mL−1), while dittany extracts inhibited the microbial growth to a great extent against Bacillus subtilis strain (MIC at 0.5 mg mL−1) and E. coli strain (MIC at 2 mg mL−1). Furthermore, the thyme extract was proven to strongly inhibit the activity of lipase from Candida rugosa (IC50 at 63.9 μg mL−1), comparable to the standard inhibitor orlistat, while its inhibitory effect against mushroom tyrosinase was weak. On the other hand, the dittany extract presented an inhibitory effect against the tested lipase (IC50 over 500 μg mL−1) and an activation effect against tyrosinase (at concentrations > 500 μg mL−1). Additionally, molecular docking studies of the main compounds of the extracts showed that rosmarinic acid plays a crucial role on the inhibitory activity of the extracts against lipase, while thymol has a stronger effect on inhibiting tyrosinase. Furthermore, both extracts were employed in the preparation of gelatin-deep eutectic solvent (DES) hydrogels that were further studied for their antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The results showed that the incorporation of the extracts offered antibacterial properties to the biopolymer-based hydrogels and enhanced the antioxidant activity of gelatin up to 85%.
Huperzine A Regulates the Physiological Homeostasis of Amyloid Precursor Protein Proteolysis and Tau Protein Conformation—A Computational and Experimental Investigation
Authors: Wongjaikam Suwakon , Nopparat Chutikorn , Boontem Parichart , Panmanee Jiraporn , Thasana Nopporn , Shukla Mayuri , Govitrapong Piyarat
Published: July 2024

The beneficial actions of the natural compound Huperzine A (Hup A) against age-associated learning and memory deficits promote this compound as a nootropic agent. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathophysiology is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ). Toxic Aβ oligomers account for the cognitive dysfunctions much before the pathological lesions are manifested in the brain. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Hup A on amyloid precursor protein (APP) proteolysis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Hup A downregulated the expression of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and presenilin 1 (PS1) levels but augmented the levels of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) with significant decrement in the Aβ levels. We herein report for the first time an in silico molecular docking analysis that revealed that Hup A binds to the functionally active site of BACE1. We further analyzed the effect of Hup A on glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK3β) and phosphorylation status of tau. In this scenario, based on the current observations, we propose that Hup A is a potent regulator of APP processing and capable of modulating tau homeostasis under physiological conditions holding immense potential in preventing and treating AD like disorders.
Ion Signaling in Cell Motility and Development in Dictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Morimoto Yusuke V.
Published: July 2024

Cell-to-cell communication is fundamental to the organization and functionality of multicellular organisms. Intercellular signals orchestrate a variety of cellular responses, including gene expression and protein function changes, and contribute to the integrated functions of individual tissues. Dictyostelium discoideum is a model organism for cell-to-cell interactions mediated by chemical signals and multicellular formation mechanisms. Upon starvation, D. discoideum cells exhibit coordinated cell aggregation via cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) gradients and chemotaxis, which facilitates the unicellular-to-multicellular transition. During this process, the calcium signaling synchronizes with the cAMP signaling. The resulting multicellular body exhibits organized collective migration and ultimately forms a fruiting body. Various signaling molecules, such as ion signals, regulate the spatiotemporal differentiation patterns within multicellular bodies. Understanding cell-to-cell and ion signaling in Dictyostelium provides insight into general multicellular formation and differentiation processes. Exploring cell-to-cell and ion signaling enhances our understanding of the fundamental biological processes related to cell communication, coordination, and differentiation, with wide-ranging implications for developmental biology, evolutionary biology, biomedical research, and synthetic biology. In this review, I discuss the role of ion signaling in cell motility and development in D. discoideum.
Femoral Translation in Patients with Unicompartmental Osteoarthritis—A Cohort Study
Authors: Wegner Mathis , Kuwert Simon , Kratzenstein Stefan , Simon Maciej J. K. , Moradi Babak
Published: July 2024

The use of three-dimensional (3D) gait analysis to image femorotibial translation can aid in the diagnosis of pathology and provide additional insight into the severity of KOA (knee osteoarthritis). Femorotibial translation is of particular importance in patients undergoing UKA (unicompartmental knee arthroplasty), as the absence or elongation of ligamentous structures results in changes in the kinematic alignment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the parameters of femorotibial translation in patients with MOA (medial unicompartmental OA). An artificial model was employed to develop a method for calculating femorotibial translation in vitro. In a prospective cohort study, gait data using three-dimensional gait analysis were collected from 11 patients (68.73 ± 9.22 years) with severe OA scheduled for UKA and 29 unmatched healthy participants (22.07 ± 2.23 years). The discrete variables characterising femorotibial translation were compared for statistical significance (p < 0.05) using the Student’s t-test and the Mann–Whitney U-test. The results of the study validated an artificial model to mimic femorotibial translation. The comparison of patients scheduled for UKA and a healthy unmatched control group showed no statistically significant differences concerning femorotibial translation in all three planes (p > 0.05). However, the PROMs (patient-reported outcome measures), spatiotemporal, and kinematic parameters showed statistically significant differences between the groups (p < 0.001). The data presented here demonstrate typical changes in PROMs as well as spatiotemporal and kinematic outcomes for MOA as seen in knee OA. The results of the clinical gait analyses demonstrate individualised femorotibial translation. The extent of individual femorotibial translation may prove to be an important parameter for altered joint kinematics in patients with MOA, especially prior to UKA implantation.
CRISPR Base Editing to Create Potential Charcot–Marie–Tooth Disease Models with High Editing Efficiency: Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Harboring SH3TC2 Variants
Authors: Loret Camille , Pauset Amandine , Faye Pierre-Antoine , Prouzet-Mauleon Valérie , Pyromali Ioanna , Nizou Angélique , Miressi Federica , Sturtz Franck , Favreau Frédéric , Turcq Béatrice , Lia Anne-Sophie
Published: July 2024

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represent a powerful tool to investigate neuropathological disorders in which the cells of interest are inaccessible, such as in the Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT), the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy. Developing appropriate cellular models becomes crucial in order to both study the disease’s pathophysiology and test new therapeutic approaches. The generation of hiPS cellular models for disorders caused by a single nucleotide variation has been significantly improved following the development of CRISPR-based editing tools. In this study, we efficiently and quickly generated, by CRISPR editing, the two first hiPSCs cellular models carrying alterations involved in CMT4C, also called AR-CMTde-SH3TC2. This subtype of CMT is associated with alterations in the SH3TC2 gene and represents the most prevalent form of autosomal recessive demyelinating CMT. We aimed to develop models for two different SH3TC2 nonsense variants, c.211C>T, p.Gln71* and the most common AR-CMTde-SH3TC2 alteration, c.2860C>T, p.Arg954*. First, in order to determine the best CRISPR strategy to adopt on hiPSCs, we first tested a variety of sgRNAs combined with a selection of recent base editors using the conveniently cultivable and transfectable HEK-293T cell line. The chosen CRISPR base-editing strategy was then applied to hiPSCs derived from healthy individuals to generate isogenic CMT disease models with up to 93% editing efficiency. For point mutation generation, we first recommend to test your strategies on alternative cell line such as HEK-293T before hiPSCs to evaluate a variety of sgRNA-BE combinations, thus boosting the chance of achieving edited cellular clones with the hard-to-culture and to transfect hiPSCs.
The Impact of Social Cognition Deficits on Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis: A Scoping Review
Authors: Marafioti Giulia , Cardile Davide , Culicetto Laura , Quartarone Angelo , Lo Buono Viviana
Published: July 2024

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease that affects the Central Nervous System by causing demyelination. Social cognition (SC) deficits are common among individuals with MS and can significantly impact their quality of life (QoL) due to difficulties in interpreting social cues and establishing meaningful relationships. Objective: This scoping review aimed to investigate SC in subjects with MS and its impact on QoL. Methods: Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases. After reading the full text of the selected studies and applying predefined inclusion criteria, four studies were included based on pertinence and relevance to the topic. Results: The findings highlight significant associations between SC deficits, social support, fatigue, and QoL outcomes. Cognitive decline was identified as a predictive factor for SC impairment in the MS population, which affects daily activities and relationships, thereby reducing QoL. Moreover, emotional impairments such as depression and anxiety exacerbate these challenges. Enhancing social support networks may improve psychological well-being and disease management in MS. Conclusions: Although evidence is limited, assessing SC is crucial in the care pathways for MS to develop tailored psychosocial interventions that address the cognitive, emotional, and social facets of the disease, thereby improving overall outcomes and QoL.
Cope PPA—Adaptation of the Biographic-Narrative Approach for Persons with Primary Progressive Aphasia: Protocol for Clinical Trial Design
Authors: Gauch Mirjam , Corsten Sabine , Köb Anna-Lena , Tüscher Oliver , Heinrich Isabel , Geschke Katharina
Published: July 2024

Persons with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) often experience limitations in their quality of life (QoL). Some studies have shown positive effects of speech and language therapy on QoL in persons with PPA. However, there is still a lack of evidence for disorder-specific approaches for this important therapeutic goal. The biographic-narrative approach (narraktiv) has been shown to significantly improve QoL in persons with post-stroke aphasia. In the planned study, the biographic-narrative approach will be adapted for persons with PPA (Cope PPA), and its efficacy will be investigated. First, a focus group interview with five persons with PPA will be conducted to identify the wishes and needs of participants. Based on the results, the narraktiv manual according to Corsten et al. (2015) will be revised. Second, an efficacy study will be conducted according to the new Cope PPA manual with 24 persons with PPA in a waiting group control design. The primary outcome, QoL, will be assessed using questionnaires (Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale-39) and semistructured interviews. Depressive symptoms, life satisfaction and cognitive/communicative functioning will also be assessed. If Cope PPA proves efficacy, this study may help to improve the treatment of persons with PPA.