bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
European States in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Kelemen R. Daniel
Published: July 2016

The character of European states—their approaches to governance, the extent to which they penetrate and shape their societies—has changed radically over centuries. Today, European states continue to vary from one another across many fundamental dimensions. Some are nation states, other states are openly multinational. Some are unitary, others federal. Some command strong bureaucratic capacities, others struggle to collect taxes and keep roads paved. Some states operate impartial and effective systems of justice, while in others judicial systems are riven with corruption or hobbled by inefficiency. Some states intervene heavily in the economy, while others do so minimally. This chapter provides an overview of the contributions that historical institutionalist scholarship has made to our understanding of the origins, evolution and impact of the state in Europe.
Institutional Change
Authors: Thelen Kathleen , Conran James
Published: July 2016

This chapter traces developments in historical institutionalist approaches to institutional change. Originally, historical (like rational choice and sociological) institutionalism focused on institutions as “independent” variables, favoring a “comparative statics” mode of analysis. Institutions were relatively fixed and unproblematically enforced rules, while change came through periodic “critical junctures.” A dualistic institutional imagery treated institutions as exogenous for some analytical purposes, highly plastic for others. More recently, historical institutionalists have turned their attention to the dynamics of institutional evolution through political contestation and contextual change. This has allowed the identification of previously neglected processes of incremental and endogenous institutional change.
Challenges and Reforms of Local and Regional Governments in Sweden
Authors: Niklasson Lars
Published: July 2016

Three major themes or waves of regional reform are distinguished—consolidation, decentralization, and collaboration combined with regionalization. Efficiency has been the main driver, while concern for democracy has been largely a counterweight to some of the actions taken in the name of efficiency. The path of reform can be explained by motives and struggles at the central rather than the local level. Factions (policy networks) within the central government have different opinions on what the local, regional, and central government and agencies should do. In particular, the role of agencies as an alternative to local welfare production has been overlooked in previous analyses.
The Election System
Authors: Hermansson Jörgen
Published: July 2016

The key word for understanding the essence of the election system in Sweden is proportionality. The proportional representation system was introduced in 1911 by a Conservative government before the introduction of universal and equal suffrage. The goal was to avoid a catastrophe for the political right as a consequence of a coming change to democracy. The party interests have continued to shape the politics in this area, and the principle of proportionality has increasingly become the norm for all political parties. They have been engaged in an ever-present and ongoing fine-tuning of the system with improved proportionality as the primary purpose.
The Parliamentary System
Authors: Möller Tommy
Published: July 2016

In Sweden, parliamentarianism developed in parallel with the process of democratization that started in the end of the nineteenth century and ended with the implementation of universal suffrage in 1921. The definitive parliamentary breakthrough came in 1917, after a drawn-out process. Not until the establishing of the Instrument of Government of 1974 was parliamentarianism formally expressed in the Constitution. Swedish parliamentarianism has been distinguished for its stability, although minority governments have dominated within the system. In recent decades, after the new constitution was adopted, the government’s position in relation to Parliament has been strengthened, mainly as a consequence of the EU membership.
Goethe’s Figurative Method
Authors: Uhlig Stefan
Published: July 2016

This chapter focuses on how Goethe’s writing thought about, and to a point negotiated, the discontinuities it tracked between the visual arts, poetic writing, and the natural sciences. Even a modest set of Goethe’s works offers art history and criticism alongside his novels, drama, lyric, epic, autobiographical and aphoristic writings. What is more, his literary and critical achievements find some of their most expressive, corresponding interfaces in the scientific work to which the poet gave a large part of his life—as if he had undertaken to triangulate a map of creativity and method which late seventeenth- and eighteenth-century thinkers had worked hard to differentiate. Goethe’s effort to reflect on his encyclopedic writings critically evoked a kind of theory that would be nearly universal, and yet stay integral to distinctive kinds of understanding, practice, or analysis.
Hungarian Romanticism
Authors: Aczel Richard
Published: July 2016

Traditionally, Hungarian literature newly born of Romanticism began to look to its national past and popular traditions for the foundations of its identity. The result was the birth of the national historical epic, championed by the likes of Mihály Vörösmarty and a new lyric poetry based on the language of folksong which was to reach its heights in the poetry of Sándor Petőfi and, later, János Arany. This chapter will correct two oversimplifications in this narrative. First, a notion of Romanticism that altogether bypasses questions of the imagination, the approach to nature, the irrational, and the post-Kantian dilemma of the experiencing subject, seems to run the risk of emptying the term of any fruitful comparative basis. Secondly, the cultural moment identified to mark the birth of Hungarian literature is considerably richer than the notion of a belated Enlightenment might suggest.
Voice, Speaking, Silence in Leopardi’s Verse
Authors: Caesar Michael
Published: July 2016

This chapter is concerned with what is often taken for granted in the Romantic lyric and in Leopardi’s poetry in particular: that is, the act of speech in a poetic context, and its realization in the figure of voice. The focus is on the poet’s speaking, that speech which presents itself immediately, before any reference, and that, for the reader or listener, always re-presents itself, looping, so that even when we are absorbed in the reading of what the poem says, we never entirely succeed in forgetting its saying. This is one of the capital differences between lyric poetry—at least, in the affective, strongly personalized, version that it assumes in the eyes of Leopardi—and narrative forms; for while the reading of a novel allows us to enter into another, entirely imagined and imaginable reality, which leaves its sources and its departure points behind it, the poem continually reminds us that there is a someone or a something that is saying it.
François-René de Chateaubriand
Authors: Roulin Jean-Marie
Published: July 2016

Chateaubriand’s seminal debate with de Staël at the dawn of the nineteenth century around perceptions of literary history and the orientations of modern literature was largely focused on what aspects of this Enlightenment legacy should be retained or rejected. A contemporary of Germaine de Staël and Benjamin Constant, Chateaubriand was marked, like them, by the experience of the French Revolution. This sets him apart from the Romantics of the ‘battle ofHernani’ (1830), for whom the Revolution was a pre-existing narrative. For Chateaubriand’s generation the Revolution was crucial, posing ontological, political, and metaphysical questions—how could that ‘river of blood’ be crossed, to borrow one of his recurrent metaphors? What should the new literature be like, and for what type of society in revolutionized France? Chateaubriand’s Romanticism was first of all an answer to these questions, an elegiac adieu to a past forever lost and an uneasy questioning of the future.
Histories of Geography
Authors: Stock Paul
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses the history of geography during the Romantic period, concentrating on contemporary books which attempt to describe the whole earth and, in doing so, set out procedures for geographical study. Noting that ‘geography’ can refer both to the physical characteristics of the earth’s surface, and to the disciplined interpretation of those characteristics, the chapter begins by outlining the range of methodologies employed by these works. At the heart of geographical enquiry in the Romantic period are a set of significant epistemological questions about knowledge acquisition, and the perception and interpretation of the world. The chapter illustrates this by showing how two contemporary maps of Europe use different methods to justify and represent the limits of ‘European’ space. Furthermore, an understanding of geographical epistemologies—with their different assumptions about how to comprehend and intervene in the world—can help us interpret the tumultuous political events of the period.
Science and the Scientific Disciplines
Authors: Dawson Benjamin
Published: July 2016

For a long time, empirical science lay outside the field of scholarship concerned with European Romanticism. Recently, however, Romanticism’s traditional reconstruction in terms of an exclusively literary absolute has been challenged and revised. It is now more frequently acknowledged that even the notion ofromantische Poesie, which had always appeared to affirm poetry as Romanticism’s sovereign form, quickly outgrew any stringently restrictive reference to literature. This chapter examines the self-grounding and self-depending character of Romantic scientific discourse. Modern scientific discourse has especially sought to repress such self-consciousness. Romantic science rather becomes an especially interesting variety of Romantic experience, because it seeks to preserve consciousness of the temporal and operational nature of its own statements, while not giving up on the positivity of description, the possibility of veridical reference to objects, or the sensible reality of material nature.
Identity Crises
Authors: Esterhammer Angela
Published: July 2016

This chapter addresses the European dimension of nineteenth-century celebrity culture, the extent to which it involves international media networks and figures who, in person and by reputation, crossed borders to engage with multiple publics. Fame on an international scale was facilitated by the reopening of the continent to travel and tourism after the Battle of Waterloo in 1815—but the post-Napoleonic era also altered the conditions of fame, and as the effects of celebrity culture made themselves felt, so did some ironic counter-currents. In the wake of the personality-driven poetry of Byron or the novels and essays of Mme de Staël, late Romantic literature manifests certain anti-celebrity impulses. All of this brings the issue of personal identity to the forefront in the literature and culture of the early nineteenth century, a moment when Romanticism’s recently awakened concern with unique subjectivity confronts the spectre of externalized, commodified, reproducible selves.
French Romantic Poetry
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Katherine
Published: July 2016

French Romantic poetry marked a dramatic break with a national tradition of verse which had been inherited almost unaltered from the seventeenth century. During the eighteenth century, the neo-classical conception of poetry as a rule-governed and highly stylized art had continued to prevail; verse was characterized by a solemn tone and narrow lexis, and there was a rigid distinction between poetic genres. Whereas Romantic poetry in England and Germany seemed already to allow the imagination free reign, in France poets needed first to reject these neo-classical conventions. Victor Hugo declared in the preface to hisOdes et balladesof 1822 that ‘La poésie n’est pas dans la forme des idées, mais dans les idées elles-mêmes’ (poetry lies not in the form of ideas but in the ideas themselves), and the French Romantic poets were all in different ways engaged in reshaping the forms of poetry to suit their individual purposes.
The History of Clinical Neuropsychology in Israel
Authors: Vakil Eli , Hoofien Dan
Published: July 2016

The history of clinical neuropsychology in Israel has been affected by both the worldwide development of the field of neuropsychology, which began in the 1970s and provided the conceptual and theoretical frameworks of clinical neuropsychology, and by the social implication of the unique geopolitical situation of the state of Israel. These circumstances led to a great need for neuropsychological rehabilitation services initially for veterans and later for civilians. While European and American influences are evident in the scientific knowledge of neuropsychology and neuropsychological assessment, Israel has been pioneering, creative, and original in neuropsychological rehabilitation. Israel’s contributions are reflected in the research conducted on various aspects of rehabilitation that has exploited an advantage that exists in Israel—the long-term follow-up of individuals after traumatic brain injury (TBI). This research has, in turn, encouraged the formation of graduate programs and training facilities for clinical neuropsychology at most of the universities in Israel.
The History of Behavioral Neurology
Authors: Filley Christopher M.
Published: July 2016

Behavioral neurology is the neurologic subspecialty devoted to the study of brain-behavior relationships. Whereas systematic thinking about the brain as the organ of the mind began in antiquity, modern investigation began in the early 19th century as cerebral localization of function became securely appreciated. Clinical-pathological correlation using the lesion method yielded many important insights, and, in the mid-20th century, Norman Geschwind defined behavioral neurology as it exists today. The scope of the field soon expanded to include focal and diffuse disorders across the lifespan, and powerful neuroimaging technologies then led to increasingly sophisticated understanding of the representation of cognition and emotion in the brain. While the term behavioral neurology refers mainly to subspecialty neurologists working in North America and Britain, the interests of behavioral neurologists are virtually identical to those of neuropsychologists, neuropsychiatrists, and many others around the world attracted to the neurology of behavior.
Resistance to Influence
Authors: Sagarin Brad J. , Miller Henningsen Mary Lynn
Published: July 2016

This chapter reviews research on resistance to influence, active or passive processes that reduce the impact of a potential source of social influence. This chapter begins with a discussion of the antecedents of resistance: characteristics of the influence target (strong attitudes, demographics, and personality), perceived aspects of the influence attempt (manipulative intent, threats to freedoms), or counterinfluence messages from a third party (forewarning, inoculation, stealing thunder, the poison parasite defense, resistance to social engineering) that motivate resistance. The chapter proceeds to a discussion of internal mechanisms of resistance (counterarguing, bolstering initial attitudes, derogating the source, attributing negative affect to the message or source, attempting to correct for bias) and external mechanisms of resistance (interpersonal strategies of communicating resistance and issuing refusals) and concludes with a discussion of the consequences of resistance for attitudes and relationships.
Romanticism and War
Authors: Bainbridge Simon
Published: July 2016

This article examines the development of scholarship on literary responses to the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1793–1815. It examines the reasons for the surprising lack of research on this area in both traditional and new historicist accounts of romanticism, as seen in the work of M. H. Abrams and Jerome J. McGann, despite the pioneering work of Betty T. Bennett. It then examines the major studies of the topic produced by Gillian Russell, Simon Bainbridge, Philip Shaw, Mary A. Favret, Neil Ramsey, and others. Particular focus is placed on key critical issues, including the distance from the scene of conflict of those writing and reading about war, the representation of suffering and wounding, and the impact of war on noncombatants. The article ends with pointing to areas for further study.
Timbre, Pitch, and Music
Authors: McLachlan Neil M.
Published: July 2016

The perception of a sound’s timbre and pitch may be related to the more basic auditory function of sound recognition. Timbre may be related to the sensory experience (or memory) by which we recognize the source or meaning of a sound, while pitch may involve the recognition and mapping of timbres along a cognitive spatial dimension. Musical dissonance may then result from failure of sound recognition mechanisms, resulting in poor integration of pitch information and heightened arousal in musicians. Neurobiological models of auditory processing that include cortico-ponto-cerebellar and limbic pathways provide an account of the neural plasticity that underpins sound recognition and more complex human musical behaviors.
Torture
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines torture in relation to rescue, prevention, and punishment, beginning with a discussion of what torture is and the differences among various legal and philosophical conceptions of torture. It analyses the legal definitions of torture proposed by the UN Convention Against Torture, and Other Cruel, Inhumane or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the US Torture Statute; Henry Shue; and David Sussman. These conceptions of torture focus on the type of pain and suffering being inflicted as well as their purposes and by whom and when they are inflicted. The chapter considers hypothetical cases that address whether torture is permissible and involve officials who know the perpetrator and expect what he would do. It also explores other categories of people whom it might be useful to torture aside from a perpetrator whose being tortured will save only his own victim from the harm he would cause.
Diffusion in Networks
Authors: Lamberson P. J.
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines models of diffusion in networks, and specifically how the topology of the network impacts the spreading process. The chapter begins by discussing epidemiological models and how stochastic dominance relations can be used to understand the effect of the degree distribution of the network. The chapter then turns to more sophisticated models of social influence, including threshold models and models of social learning. A key insight that emerges from the collection of models discussed is that not only does network structure matter, but how the network matters depends on the way in which agents influence one another. Network features that facilitate contagion under one model of influence can inhibit diffusion in another. The chapter concludes with thoughts on directions for future research.
Conflict and Networks
Authors: Dziubinski Marcin , Goyal Sanjeev , Vigier Adrien
Published: July 2016

Conflict remains a central element in human interaction. Networks—social, economic, and infrastructure—are a defining feature of society. Conflict and networks intersect in a wide range of empirical contexts.. The aim of this chapter is to present the general themes, provide a survey of the nascent research, and point to a number of interesting open questions .
Social Networks and the Labor Market
Authors: Beaman Lori
Published: July 2016

This chapter provides an overview of the role of social networks in the labor market. Both workers and firms report widespread use of social contacts in labor market search. The objective of the chapter is to survey various models for why firms and workers use social contacts, with a focus on empirical predictions. The main explanations explored include: search costs, imperfect information about worker productivity or match quality, and peer effects. The chapter then turns to summarizing the empirical evidence related to the existing theoretical predictions. The chapter concludes by highlighting holes in the existing literature and the need for additional empirical and theoretical work.
Managing Social Interactions
Authors: Mayzlin Dina
Published: July 2016

In the past decade and a half, there has been a growth in new technologies that have enhanced peer-to-peer interactions. One of the more exciting implications of this development from a marketing perspective is that these platforms enable the exchange of product-related information. This chapter summarizes recent research in marketing that relates to the issue of management of social interactions, a broader concept than the traditional concept of word of mouth since it encompasses new electronic types of communication such as email, consumer reviews, and Twitter. The chapter categorizes the literature in terms of the roles that the firm plays in managing these interactions, which range from passive (listener) to active (participant).
Networks
Authors: Kirman Alan
Published: July 2016

Networks in economics can be conceived as a useful adjunct to standard theory that helps incorporate the externalities generated by the interaction between individuals. Alternatively, the economy can be considered as a network where aggregate activity emerges from direct interaction between simple individuals often with only local knowledge. This constitutes a paradigm shift which, this chapter argues, is needed in economics. Rather than considering isolated optimizing individuals at equilibrium, experts should analyze the system, its structure, and its evolution over time, and thus understand sudden large endogenous movements in markets or the economy without recourse to exogenous shocks as an explanation. Examples include the evolution of the network of trading relations on a perishable goods market and the collapse of the mortgage-backed securities market. The structure and evolution of the network of interactions are perhaps more important than the specification of the characteristics of the individuals themselves.
The Best Dance Is the Way People Die in Movies (or Gestures Toward a New Definition of “Screendance”)
Authors: Copeland Roger
Published: July 2016

On screen, inanimate objects can be made to “dance” as surely as human dancers can be reduced to the status of objects. This is one way screendance redefines dance and establishes its uniqueness as a genre, differentiating itself from every conceivable form of live, theatrical dancing. For example, in David Hinton and Yolanda Snaith’s Birds, the only “dancers” are finches, owls and bluebirds; creative editing of “found” documentary footage imbues the birds’ movements with “dance-like” qualities. But in so doing, it inadvertently blurs essential distinctions between dance-for-screen and countless other screen-based “dance-like” experience, for example, the harrowing bullet-riddled final moments of Bonnie and Clyde in Arthur Penn’s film, often described as a “dance of death.” But no one proposes that films like Bonnie and Clyde are screendance works. This essay examines the contradictions that arise when we define screendance in ways that de-emphasize the prominence of human dancers.
Virtualizing Dance
Authors: Vincs Kim
Published: July 2016

The central project of contemporary dance has been to create a spatiotemporal poetics of the body based on its relationship to gravity. Virtual reality technologies enable a much more radical deconstruction of the conventional dancing body; in three-dimensional computer-generated space, the laws of physics can literally be coded into being, and Susanne Langer’s notion of “virtual force” becomes negotiable by dancers on an entirely new scale. Dancers can float free of gravity or change their physical morphology seemingly at will. Game-engine technology enables “virtual choreography” in digitally generated worlds; motion capture technology is central to transferring dance movement into CG interactive environments. Drawing on work by dance technology artists and research centers around the world, this chapter argues that the poetic affordances of motion capture provide a fundamental shift in conceptualizing dance movement that expands dance’s ability to critically and artistically engage with virtual environments, and therefore with an increasingly virtualized cultural imagination.
Extending the Discourse of Screendance
Authors: Davidson Andrea
Published: July 2016

Over the past twenty years, new choreographic forms have emerged that involve digital processing for their conception, fabrication, and presentation. These new practices are introducing modes of discourse that call into question the ways that choreography, the body, and performance are traditionally viewed and understood; the terms "digital dance" and "dance and new media" reference choreographic models which follow new aesthetic paradigms affecting their modes of representation, enunciation, narratology, composition, and reception. This chapter identifies the primary role of the computer as a metamedium; mediation as a form of non-matrixed representation and new strategy of performativity; new media as digital “stages” highlighting perceptual experience and spectatorial participation; and digital logic as introducing new modes of composition. Analyzing a spectrum of digital platforms including interactive installations, immersive sensory environments, networked performances, and wearable technologies, the chapter considers these interfaces as new viewing/sensing devices that reveal perspective as an aesthetic form and dramaturgical strategy.
Loïe Fuller’s Serpentines and Poetics of Self-Abnegation in the Era of Electrotechnics
Authors: Pruska-Oldenhof Izabella
Published: July 2016

This chapter argues that artists’ self-abnegation was central to the compositional core of Loïe Fuller’s Serpentine Dance performances, and that it also extended to her life. Fuller’s performances belong to the tradition of artists at the turn of last century, who began to challenge the authority of artist/author over the artwork and its intended meaning, giving over this process to the audience/readers. Fuller’s dances in part recapitulated Arthur Rimbaud’s statement “J’est un autre”, embodying a transformation through electrotechnics shared by her viewers. This chapter contends that the emphasis on participation is inherent in electric technology, as is the repudiation of individual perspective and the loss of individualism. It concludes with the claim that Fuller’s hybrid-media approach in her performances, part of the excitement about then futuristic electric technology at the 1900 Expo in Paris, also anticipated twenty-first-century new media performances and new media installations, and share with these works an aesthetic originating in artistic self-abnegation.
Gadgets, Bodies, and Screens
Authors: Borelli Melissa Blanco
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the use of dance in the advertising campaigns for new technological gadgets. These advertisements utilize dance as the embodied manifestation of the speed, prowess, and efficiency that new technologies provide. The bodies in the commercials are alive and full of energy and act as metaphors for the consumer capitalism’s machine of desire—a machine which looks for new things to consume, appropriate, and use to enable its existence. Utilizing ideas of Franco Berardi and Richard Sennett on how capitalism and technology work together to influence social relations, this chapter draws on ideas of speed, time, and cooperation within the realm of neoliberalism in order to posit a corpus ex machina, a body that neatly and, often in an aesthetically pleasing way, brings about corpo-technological cohesion and consumerism. Overall, this chapter argues for what bodies can do working together to create dance and choreography that goes against certain logics of techno-corporate capitalism.
Yvonne Rainer’s Lives of Performers
Authors: Brannigan Erin
Published: July 2016

Yvonne Rainer enjoys a position in the twentieth-century canon of dance pioneers that is built more on discourse than repertoire, ideas rather than choreographic works. This chapter reconsiders the legacy of Rainer by locating the substance of her innovations between several art forms, including dance and film, and taking her “medial” work Lives of Performers (1972) as its case study. Informed by the historic and aesthetic milieu of mid-twentieth-century New York interdisciplinary art, Rainer’s project, spanning live performance and moving image between 1965 and 1972, mapped new parameters for screendance post-Maya Deren. Lives of Performers tests disciplinary categories through its preoccupation with destabilizing dominant structures of narrative, authorship, and spectatorship. Rainer achieves this by mobilizing an aesthetics of difference that owes much to the theories of John Cage and is characterized by openness, decentering, random orders, collage, contingency, multiplicity, nonhierarchical orders, and a complication of the art/life divide.
The Virtual Body Is Real!
Authors: Misi Mirella , Pimental Ludmila
Published: July 2016

Based on the studies of Don Ihde on the “embodiment relations” between the body and technological artifacts, Gretchen Schiller’s concept of “kinesfield,” and revisiting Merleau-Ponty’s (1945) concepts of “body schema” and “flesh of the world,” this chapter examines the forms of relation that are established in the bodily experience of mediadance, promoting new sensorial and perceptive experiences for dancers and for the public/participant/user, such as innovative forms of body re-presentations and new ways for the public to experience dance. Examples include intermedia performances that allow the performer to make changes to sound and light on the stage or in videos that, through cameras and software, translates movements into sound, light, or graphical patterns. Interactive user-computer software, like Wii and the Sony motion controller, allow the capture (by video) of the movement of the user transmitting it to a virtual body and environment. And dance telematics creates virtual encounters between remote dancers.
Interface
Authors: McClure Michael Jay
Published: July 2016

The argument in this chapter diagrams a subtle relationship between screen and dance in showing how video artist Pipilotti Rist and choreographer Jonah Bokaer create works where the screen invades the event itself, or, perhaps, is inextricable from it. In Rist’s installation Ever Is Over All there are videos that seem acutely aware of their status as such while a woman appears in the supersaturated colors particular to the medium and subverts while capitalizing on expectations associated with the home movie. Choreographer Jonah Bokaer and his solo dance False Start make the viewer acutely aware of the computer program that generated the movement, the painting by Jasper Johns that inspired it, and, on various stages, a host of screens the dancer interacts with. Bokaer’s choreography seems to suggest that the screens shape not only the movement, but also the image, and imaginary status, of the human subject and the self.
Real for Reel
Authors: Hayes Marisa
Published: July 2016

Three prolific editing motifs have continued to resurface in screendance, from dance films created at the advent of cinema to the current era of digital video. By examining the use of suspension (hovering/flying), multiples (images of the same body/body parts), and repetition (instant replay, etc.), this chapter offers a deeper understanding of how three central editing themes have influenced the practical, aesthetic, and symbolic representation of choreography and its subject(s) on screen. The chapter approaches editing as a tool used to transcend traditional physical boundaries, aiming to expand the realm of screendance movement potential in space and time. In both dance and film history, how such effects are achieved in both historic and digital editing methods are addressed, as the chapter argues that screendance editing techniques are integral aspects of the genre's landscape, both past and present, that help to create a unique environment in which screendance thrives.
Selective Histories
Authors: Whyte Chirstinn
Published: July 2016

Beginning with the traditions of Chinese shadow-theater and the magic lantern, and progressing through the photographic innovations of late-nineteenth-century motion studies, including the work of Eadweard Muybridge and Etienne-Jules Marey, the moving image established itself and gained nonlinear dance-related freedom in the work of René Clair and Ferdinand Leger. This informed its legacy in the twentieth-century avant-garde film movement and in the works of dance-based filmmakers such as Maya Deren and Shirley Clarke, with particular reference to Deren’s notion of “vertical form” and concept of the term “choreographic” as used within a screen context. Meanwhile, despite the dominance of more narrative-based film and television industry production models, so-called hybrid dance/screen practice arose from twenty-first-century artists such as Katrina McPherson, Alex Reuben, and Lisa May Thomas. The chapter concludes with recent writing on the history of mobile filmmaking by Caridad Botella Lorenzo and the potential future impact of mobile technologies.
Scriptwriting Dance
Authors: Mitchell Tracie
Published: July 2016

Screendance artist Maya Deren places emphasis on the importance of the preproduction phase, stating that both the filming and editing rests upon the initial conception and planning. To date, minimal critical discussion investigates the preproduction period of a screendance work and the contribution it makes to the creative growth of the artwork—in particular, the role of the script. Scriptwriting and development significantly contribute to the creation of a narrative film by holding both the creative and organizational elements inherent in filmmaking in hand. But the use of a narrative script model in screendance lacks the intricate detailing of the dance—the use of energy, weight, and intention. While questioning the narrative filmmaking script paradigm, this chapter serves to restructure the creation of script, drawing on Maya Deren’s theory of vertical cinema, so that it involves a dancing/thinking/writing/camera process in order to create avenues for an articulation of movement emphasis, weight, and energy.
Can Rihanna Have Her Cake and Eat It Too?
Authors: Jones Adanna
Published: July 2016

Sifting through the layered ways in which the winin’ Afro-Caribbean woman, exemplified here by the pop-diva Rihanna, weaves in and out of vulgarity, this chapter discusses the colonizing gaze, which propagates a culture of continual colonization by entrapping the black dancing body within the negative spaces of primitivism and deviant sexuality. In turn, the very public performance of Rihanna slapping her cake on the Saturday Night Live (SNL) show underscores the various ways in which the Caribbean gyrating “cake” has been captured, consumed, and reinterpreted throughout history by Western science, medicine, law, religion, heteropatriarchy, and slavery. The tension between the need to promote a decolonized discourse on the black dancing female body and the historical shame naturalized onto it triggers a state of schizophrenia, especially for the Afro-Caribbean female spectator who resides in the global North and must partake in multiple cultural codes of blackness.
Bill Robinson and Shirley Temple Tap Past Jim Crow
Authors: Murphy Ann
Published: July 2016

During the Great Depression, Bill Robinson and Shirley Temple made a number of films together in which narratives depict an America where African Americans are happy slaves or docile servants, Civil War (even southern) soldiers are noble Americans, and voracious capitalists are kindly old men. But within these minstrel tropes and origin stories designed for uplift, the films challenge regressive ideologies through the incendiary dance partnership of Robinson and Temple. Studying the Stair Dance in The Little Colonel, this chapter argues that their screendance interludes complexly shift and manipulate our perspective: while the tap dance is part of the story, it is bracketed as a time outside the movie’s narrative flow. This thrusts the dance through the fixity of Jim Crow social constructs to reveal them as constructs, demonstrating the layered and molten nature of race and gender, and offering moviegoers a vision of the sociological and existential structures of US society reimagined.
Moto-Bio-Cine-Event
Authors: Olenina Ana
Published: July 2016

In the 1920s Soviet avant-garde film was developing alongside modern dance, and the two arts often drew on each other’s stylistic and conceptual achievements. This chapter considers approaches to the cinematic mediation of dance and expressive movement, as they were articulated by the Choreological Laboratory of the Russian State Academy of Artistic Sciences (RAKhN) and two pioneers of montage, Lev Kuleshov and Dziga Vertov. In a historicization of the techniques and instruments used for staging and representing movement, Moscow’s Central Institute of Labor (CIT) promoted chronophotographic studies of labor efficiency and biomechanics. It then disseminated its methods in avant-garde circles; thus studies of movement inherited from science formed a conceptual amalgam with modern choreographic and theater discourses. Meanwhile, Russian thinkers theorized the capabilities of cinema to convey the character and duration of movement, and how film viewing differed from real-time observation in the theater, further enriching the future of dance’s potential on the screen.
Sensory Screens, Digitized Desires
Authors: Chakravorty Pallabi
Published: July 2016

Bombay cinema incorporated songs, dances, choreography, staging, and costumes from a variety of traditional forms to mark a modern national identity. The pioneering figure for using dance in films was Uday Shankar in his experimental film Kalpana. Bombay’s spectacular song-and-dance cinema then moves through films such as Chandralekha to contemporary Bollywood and its byproducts such as dance reality shows. The search for aesthetic modernity in India is embodied in the concept of “desire” as it evolved from traditional aesthetics to contemporary culture and new media technology; to uncover its evolution from Bombay cinema to reality show, I first analyze the historically transforming cinematography and content through a few select musicals. Secondly, I trace the emergence of the “Item” numbers in Bollywood and their relationship to music videos; and third, I explore the current expressions of screendance on reality shows in India as expressions of class mobility and democratization of culture
Surgical Management of Progressive Thoracolumbar Kyphosis in Mucopolysaccharidosis: Is a Posterior-only Approach Safe and Effective?
Authors: Bekmez Senol , Demirkiran Halil G. , Dede Ozgur , Ismayilov Vusal , Yazici Muharrem
Published: July 2016

Background:

According to the current literature, the recommended surgical treatment is circumferential spinal fusion, including both anterior and posterior procedures, for progressive thoracolumbar kyphosis in mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS). The purpose of this study was to report our experience with the posterior-only approach and instrumented fusion for MPS kyphosis.

Methods:

Six consecutive patients with MPS and thoracolumbar junctional kyphosis managed with the posterior-only approach were included. Demographic data, the type of MPS, medical comorbidities, and accompanying clinical manifestations were recorded. Measurements recorded on radiographs for the study included the presence of any coronal-plane deformity, fusion levels, changes in the local kyphosis angle (LKA), proximal and distal junctional kyphosis angles, and the apical vertebral wedge angle.

Results:

The average age at the time of surgery was 6.6 (range, 4 to 12) years. The average follow-up duration was 52.6 (range, 44 to 64) months. The mean preoperative LKA of 63.1±15.8 (range, 48 to 92) degrees decreased to a mean of 16.6±8.4 (range, 5 to 30) degrees immediately after surgery. At the latest follow-up, the mean LKA was 19.6±8.8 (range, 8 to 34) degrees. Apical vertebral listhesis was reduced in all patients with surgical correction. The average apical vertebral wedge angle of 15 (range, 11 to 19) degrees at the early postoperative period decreased to 4.6 (range, 2 to 7) degrees at the latest follow-up. Adjacent-segment problems occurred in 2 patients. There were no neurological complications or implant failures in any of the patients.

Conclusions:

Posterior-only corrective techniques and instrumented fusion with pedicle screws for progressive thoracolumbar junctional kyphosis in MPS patients are safe and effective methods. Its results are comparable to those achieved with conventional circumferential fusion. However, patients should be monitored closely for adjacent-segment problems.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV—retrospective case series.
Efficacy of Monsel Solution After Cervical Biopsy: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Hilal Ziad , Rezniczek Günther A. , Tettenborn Zena , Hefler Lukas A. , Tempfer Clemens B.
Published: July 2016

Objectives

To estimate the efficacy and side effects of Monsel solution for hemostasis after cervical punch biopsy.

Methods

In a prospective, randomized trial, we compared application of Monsel solution versus a “wait and see” approach in women undergoing cervical punch biopsies in a 1:1 ratio. The primary end point was vaginal bleeding (VB) after 15 minutes measured by scoring a sanitary pad with a 5-level pictogram. Secondary end points were VB after 3, 6, and 24 hours (5-level pictogram), subjective estimation of overall VB during 24 hours, pain after 15 minutes and subjective estimation of overall pain after 24 hours, and overall satisfaction after 24 hours (11-level visual analogue scale).

Results

One hundred forty-five women were randomized between July 2015 and January 2016. Mean objective VB scores after 15 minutes in 75 women with Monsel solution were 1.2 ± 0.6 compared with 1.8 ± 1.0 in 70 women without Monsel solution (P < 0.001). The secondary end points VB after 3 and 6 hours, but not after 24 hours, were also in favor of Monsel solution (2.1 ± 1.1 vs 2.9 ± 1.2; P < 0.001; 1.6 ± 0.7 vs 2.2 ± 1.0; P < 0.001; 1.6 ± 0.9 vs 1.7 ± 0.9; P = 0.4, respectively). Subjective estimation of overall VB during 24 hours was lower for Monsel solution (23.2 ± 15.8 vs 35.9 ± 19.5; P < 0.001), but pain after 15 minutes, overall pain, and overall satisfaction were not significantly different between groups (19.2 ± 14.4 vs 17.9 ± 16.2; P = 0.3; 20.7 ± 15.8 vs 20.1 ± 18.0; P = 0.5; and 44.1 ± 21.5 vs 43.6 ± 23.2; P = 0.9, respectively).

Conclusions

Application of Monsel solution significantly reduces bleeding for 6 hours after cervical biopsy but does not affect overall pain or overall satisfaction.
The role of elastography in thyroid ultrasonography
Authors: Magri Flavia , Chytiris Spyridon , Chiovato Luca
Published: July 2016

Purpose of review

Elastography is a novel noninvasive diagnostic tool that is helpful in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the use of elastography in the clinical thyroid setting.

Recent findings

Initial and subsequent studies show that elastography has both a sensitivity and specificity that approaches 100% for the determination of thyroid cancer within a thyroid nodule. In addition, the technique also has a very high negative predictive value and thus, may also be helpful in identification of thyroid nodules that do not need further diagnostic evaluation, including fine-needle aspiration biopsy. These characteristics also apply to both strain and shear wave elastography. However, as both the extent of tissue compression and the operator's classification of a nodule using a qualitative color code are subjective, intra and interobserver variability is an important reason for some conflicting findings.

Elasticity within a thyroid nodule, as evaluated by elastography, offers diagnostic results that are equal to or sometimes even greater than that of conventional ultrasonography for the determination of thyroid malignancy. The integration of both techniques in the clinical work-up of thyroid nodules can thus significantly improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of thyroid nodules.
Fecal calprotectin for the prediction of small-bowel Crohn’s disease by capsule endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kopylov Uri , Yung Diana E. , Engel Tal , Avni Tomer , Battat Robert , Ben-Horin Shomron , Plevris John N. , Eliakim Rami , Koulaouzidis Anastasios
Published: July 2016

Background and aims

Fecal calprotectin is a well-established marker of mucosal inflammation. Although the correlation of elevated calprotectin levels with colonic inflammation has been confirmed repeatedly, it is less established for the small bowel. The aim of the current study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of calprotectin for the prediction of active small-bowel disease on capsule endoscopy by performing a diagnostic test meta-analysis.

Materials and methods

A comprehensive search was performed using PubMed/Embase. Studies addressing patients with suspected/established Crohn’s disease (CD) evaluated with calprotectin and videocapsule were included. A diagnostic meta-analysis was carried out; pooled diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were calculated for each cut-off.

Results

Seven studies (463 patients) were entered into the final analysis. The DOR was significant for all the evaluated FC cut-offs (50 μg/g: sensitivity 0.83, specificity 0.53, DOR-5.64; 100 μg/g: sensitivity 0.68, specificity 0.71, DOR-5.01; 200 μg/g: sensitivity 0.42, specificity 0.94, DOR-13.64). On sensitivity analyses, when only studies addressing suspected Crohn’s or retrospective studies were included, the results did not change significantly. For studies including patients with suspected CD only, the overall accuracy for FC cut-off 50 μg/g was further increased (sensitivity 0.89, specificity 0.55, DOR-10.3), with a negative predictive value of 91.8%.

Summary and conclusion

Fecal calprotectin has a significant diagnostic accuracy for the detection of small-bowel CD. Our results suggest that in patients with suspected CD with calprotectin <50 μg/g, the likelihood of positive diagnosis is very low.