bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La polyploïdie hépatique
Authors: Donné Romain , Saroul Maëva , Maillet Vanessa , Celton-Morizur Séverine , Desdouets Chantal
Published: July 2019

La polyploïdie (amplification du génome entier) fait référence à des organismes dont les cellules ont plus de deux jeux complets de chromosomes homologues. La polyploïdie a été observée pour la première fois chez les plantes, il y a plus d'un siècle. Il est dorénavant connu que ce processus se produit chez de nombreux eucaryotes dans diverses circonstances. Chez les mammifères, le développement de cellules polyploïdes peut contribuer à la différenciation des tissus. Il peut donc présenter un gain de fonction. Alternativement, il peut être associé au développement de différentes pathologies comme le cancer. Il existe différents mécanismes qui favorisent la genèse des cellules polyploïdes, dont la fusion cellulaire ou une division cellulaire anormale. Chez les mammifères, la polyploïdie est une des caractéristiques des cellules hépatiques. La polyploïdisation survient en effet principalement au cours du développement du parenchyme hépatique, mais également chez l'adulte, à la suite de différents stress. Des progrès récents ont permis de comprendre les mécanismes de polyploïdisation du tissu hépatique et ses conséquences fonctionnelles dans un contexte physiologique et pathologique.
Façonner l’intestin à partir des cellules souches pluripotentes humaines
Authors: Flatres Charlotte , Loffet Élise , Neunlist Michel , Mahé Maxime M.
Published: July 2019

L’étude des maladies digestives est parfois limitée par l’accès aux tissus de patients et les modèles précliniques ne sont pas toujours fidèles aux pathologies observées chez l’homme. Dans ce contexte, le développement d’organoïdes intestinaux à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes humaines représente une avancée importante dans l’étude des processus physiologiques et des pathologies digestives. Dans cette revue, nous rappelons les étapes majeures du développement du tractus digestif chez l’homme et décrivons le rationnel de la différenciation dirigée des cellules souches pluripotentes humaines. Nous faisons également un état des lieux sur les différents types d’organoïdes intestinaux existants et leurs applications en recherche fondamentale et préclinique. Enfin, nous discutons des opportunités offertes par les organoïdes intestinaux humains dans un contexte de médecine de précision et de médecine réparatrice.
Modèles alternatifs (6)
Authors: Poirier Laetitia , Ghigo Éric , Daudé David , Chabrière Éric
Published: July 2019

Depuis quelques dizaines d’années, un nouveau modèle animal invertébré a fait son apparition dans les études toxicologiques : la planaire. Ce ver plat non parasitaire, du phylum des Plathelminthes, possède une incroyable capacité de régénération : il a été décrit comme « immortel sous la lame du couteau » en 1814 par Dalyell. Cette impressionnante capacité est due à l’abondance de cellules souches, appelées néoblastes, qui permettent à un fragment équivalent à 1/279 de la taille de ce ver de générer un animal entier. La planaire dispose d’un système nerveux semblable à celui de l’homme. Elle a ainsi été utilisée pour évaluer les perturbations de développement et la neurotoxicité engendrées par différent composés. Cette revue rassemble les principales études de toxicité réalisées chez la planaire qui illustrent le fort potentiel de ce ver en recherche.
Le microbiote intestinal, un modulateur clé de la physiologie immunitaire
Authors: Boutherin Valentine , Piastra-Facon Florence , Risson Emma
Published: July 2019

Microbiote et immunité : nouveaux mécanismes, nouveaux acteurs

Microbiota and immunity: new mechanisms, new actors

Le dossier thématique qui suit a été rédigé par les étudiants de Master 1 de Biologie de l’École normale supérieure (ENS) de Lyon à l’issue de l’UE Microbiologie Moléculaire et Structurale (2018- 19). Le Master de Biologie de l’ENS de Lyon, cohabilité par l’université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, accueille chaque année environ 50 étudiants en M1 et en M2 et propose une formation de haut niveau à la recherche en biosciences. Chaque étudiant y construit son parcours à la carte, en choisissant ses options parmi un large panel de modules, favorisant ainsi une approche pluridisciplinaire des sciences du vivant, et ce en relation étroite avec les laboratoires de recherche du tissu local, national et international. En participant à diverses activités scientifiques connexes aux UE de leur formation, les étudiants préparent également l’obtention du diplôme de l’ENS de Lyon, qui valide leur scolarité à l’ENS. La rédaction du présent dossier, qui vise à transmettre de façon claire les principaux messages issus d’articles scientifiques publiés récemment dans le domaine de la microbiologie, constitue l’une de ces activités connexes proposées aux étudiants. Ces dernières années, des progrès immenses ont été réalisés dans la compréhension des interactions entre le microbiote bactérien, notamment intestinal, et l’immunité (→).

(→) Voir le numéro thématique Le microbiote, cet inconnu qui réside en nous, m/s n° 11, novembre 2016, pages 921-1016

En parallèle, de nouvelles avancées techniques ont permis d’identifier et de caractériser les virus présents au sein du microbiote, rendant possible une meilleure appréhension de la diversité du virobiote et de ses impacts fonctionnels. Le présent dossier illustre quelques aspects de ces relations entre microbiote au sens large et immunité.
Dysarthrie et troubles de la déglutition dans la myosite à inclusions. Revue de la littérature sur les méthodes d’évaluation et les prises en charge orthophoniques
Authors: Solman Clara , Sobanski Vincent , Nguyen Sylvie , Tard Céline
Published: July 2019

La myosite à inclusions est une pathologie neuromusculaire rare touchant principalement les adultes âgés de plus de 50 ans. L’incidence de la dysphagie y est la plus élevée au sein des myopathies inflammatoires. La dysarthrie est un symptôme clinique pouvant également être présent. Actuellement, aucune revue ne s’est spécifiquement intéressée à la place occupée par l’orthophoniste dans l’évaluation et la prise en charge de cette pathologie. Cette revue de la littérature a pour but de faire un état des lieux de la recherche scientifique concernant l’évaluation de la dysarthrie et de la dysphagie dans la myosite à inclusions ainsi que des méthodes de rééducation orthophonique existantes.
Präprothetische Intrusion elongierter oberer Molaren mittels „Mini-Mausefalle“
Authors: Wilmes Benedict , Drescher Dieter
Published: July 2019

Elongierte obere Molaren müssen vor einer prothetischen Rehabilitation der Unterkiefer-Molarenregion in vielen Fällen zunächst intrudiert werden. Dies stellt jedoch eine große Herausforderung an die Verankerung dar. In diesem Artikel wird die Verwendung der „Mini-Mausefalle“ beschrieben, die sich auf (Mini-) Implantaten im anterioren Gaumen abstützt. Um die Apparatur klein und effizient zu gestalten, kann die Intrusionsmechanik auch ohne einen Transpalatinalbogen eingesetzt werden. Bei nicht optimal ausgerichteter Kraftwirkungslinie kann es jedoch ohne TPA zu Kippungen der zu intrudierenden Zähne kommen.
Korrektur des offenen Bisses mithilfe von Mini-Implantat gestützter Molarenintrusion
Authors: Willmann Jan H. , Nienkemper Manuel , Stocker Bruce , Wilmes Benedict , Drescher Dieter
Published: July 2019

Einleitung Der Artikel beschreibt die Korrektur skelettal offener Bisse geringgradiger bis moderater Ausprägung mithilfe der Molarenintrusion im Oberkiefer als Verfahren der indirekten Bissvertiefung.

Material und Methode Anhand von 2 Kasuisitiken werden die eingesetzten Intrusionsmechaniken und die klinischen Vorgehensweisen detailliert beschrieben. Die Verankerung erfolgte mit Mini-Implantaten im anterioren Gaumen.

Ergebnisse Die Korrektur der offenen Bisse erfolgte primär durch die Molarenintrusion und die folgende Autorotation der Mandibula. Bei den vorliegenden Fällen zeigte sich 2 Jahre nach der aktiven Behandlung eine stabile Korrektur des offenen Bisses.

Schlussfolgerung Die Korrektur des skelettal offenen Bisses mithilfe einer durch Mini-Implantat gestützten Mechanik stellt bei geringen und moderaten Ausprägungen eine Alternative zur kombiniert kieferorthopädisch-kieferchirugischen Therapie dar. Aufgrund des zu erwartenden Relapses der Molarenintrusion erscheint eine Überkorrektur sowie eine effektive Retentionsstrategie wünschenswert.
Chondroitinsulfat und Glucosamin bei
Arthrose
Authors: Schurgast Hugo
Published: July 2019

Für die Behandlung der Arthrose mit den SYSADOAs (symptomatic slow-acting drugs
in osteoarthritis) Chondroitinsulfat und Glucosamin (einzeln oder in
Kombination) liegt mittlerweile eine gute wissenschaftliche Evidenz vor: Weniger
Schmerz und Entzündung, Reduktion der Verengung des Gelenkspalts, Verbesserung
der Funktionalität und Lebensqualität bei einem guten Nutzen-Risiko-Verhältnis
machen Chondroitinsulfat, aber auch Glucosamin zu einem praktikablen
First-Line-Treatment, insbesondere bei der Behandlung der Kniearthrose. Um diese
positiven Wirkungen zu erzielen, müssen aber einige Voraussetzungen erfüllt
sein: Qualität der Wirkstoffe, korrekte Dosierung und eine je nach Zielsetzung
ausreichend lange Interventionsdauer (Compliance des Patienten!). Dies ist nur
mit einer fachmännischen Beratung gewährleistet.
Neurostrukturelle Integrationstechnik – NST
Authors: Ruppen Olivier
Published: July 2019

Jeder dritte Erwachsene in Deutschland hat öfter oder ständig Rückenbeschwerden
1. 2017 litten drei Viertel aller
berufstätigen Deutschen unter solchen Schmerzen 2. Schätzungsweise jeder Dritte leidet besonders unter Beschwerden
am Nacken- und Schultergürtel 3. Diese
Symptome sind das typische Anwendungsgebiet der Neurostrukturellen
Integrationstechnik, kurz NST, die jedoch auch bei so unterschiedlichen
Krankheitsbildern wie Depressionen, ADHS oder Bruxismus eingesetzt werden kann.
NST ist für jede Altersgruppe geeignet – vom Säugling bis zum älteren
Menschen.
Das große Problem mit dem kleinen Geschäft – Kinder mit Enuresis in der Ergotherapie
Authors: Schartmüller Anita , Fiebiger Helgrit
Published: July 2019

Kinder mit Enuresis nässen wiederholt unwillkürlich ein. Je nach Ursache der Harninkontinenz ergeben sich verschiedene Behandlungsmöglichkeiten. Da das Einnässen ein Betätigungsproblem darstellt, kann das Trockenwerden durchaus auch ein Ziel in der Ergotherapie sein.
Dem Verhalten auf den Grund gehen – Transaktionsanalyse
Authors: Sorge André
Published: July 2019

Jeder Mensch lässt sich in seinem Verhalten von früheren und aktuellen Erfahrungen leiten. Dabei beeinflussen das Eltern-Ich, das Erwachsenen-Ich und das Kind-Ich die Art und Weise, wie wir reagieren. Um diese Verhaltensweisen zu untersuchen, können Ergotherapeuten die Transaktionsanalyse nutzen. Sie hilft dabei, das Handeln einer Person nachzuvollziehen und Veränderungen anzustoßen.
Zurück zum American Football nach
Schulter-OP
Authors: Dyer Linda
Published: July 2019

Felix spielt American Football und hat innerhalb von zweieinhalb Jahren rechts
drei Schulterluxationen erlitten. Nach der 3. Luxation entschied er sich für die
operative Schulterstabilisierung nach Latarjet. Dieses Fallbeispiel beschreibt
die Rehabilitation nach der Operation bis zur Wiederaufnahme des Sports.
Kräftigung wider das Altern
Authors: Köppel Maximilian , Hamacher Dennis
Published: July 2019

Mit der steigenden Lebenserwartung und dem demografischen Wandel ist auch ein
Panoramawandel in der Gesundheitslandschaft zu verzeichnen. Diese äußert sich in
einem Anstieg der Prävalenz von altersassoziierten Erkrankungen, aber auch von
Multimorbidität. Körperliche Aktivität im Allgemeinen, aber auch körperliches
Training im Speziellen stellt hierbei ein immens wichtiger protektiver Faktor
dar, welcher auch die Selbstständigkeit und körperliche wie geistige Funktion im
höheren Alter sichert. In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit wird ein Einblick in
die verschiedenen Wirkbereiche von körperlicher Aktivität mit Blick auf die
älter werdende Gesellschaft gegeben.
Eliciting and Exploiting Utility Coefficients in an Integrated Environment for Shared Decision-Making
Authors: Salvi Elisa , Parimbelli Enea , Quaglini Silvana , Sacchi Lucia
Published: July 2019

Background In shared decision-making, a key step is quantifying the patient's preferences in relation to all the possible outcomes of the compared clinical options. According to utility theory, this can be done by eliciting utility coefficients (UCs) from the patient. The obtained UCs are then used in decision models (e.g., decision trees). The elicitation process involves the choice of one or more elicitation methods, which is not easy for decision-makers who are unfamiliar with the theoretical framework. Moreover, to our knowledge there are no tools that integrate functionalities for UC elicitation with functionalities to run decision models that include the elicited values.

Objectives The first aim of this work is to provide decision support to the clinicians for the selection of the elicitation method. The second aim is to bridge the gap between UC elicitation and the exploitation of those UCs in shared decision-making.

Methods Based on evidence from the utility theory literature, we developed a set of production rules that recommend the optimal elicitation method(s) according to the patient's profile and health state. We then complemented this decision support tool with a functionality for quantifying and running decision trees defined through the commercial software TreeAge.

Results The result is an integrated framework for shared decision-making. Given the primary aim of this work, we focus for result evaluation on the elicitation tool. It was tested on 51 volunteers, who expressed UCs for four purposely selected health states. The insights on the collected UCs validated the rules included in the decision support system. The usability of the tool was assessed through the System Usability Scale, obtaining positive results.

Conclusion We developed an integrated environment to facilitate shared decision-making in the clinical practice. The next step is the validation of the entire framework and its use besides shared decision-making. As a matter of fact, it may also be exploited to target cost-utility analysis to a specific patient population.
Clinical indications treated with unregistered antimicrobials: regulatory challenges of antimicrobial resistance and access to effective treatment for patients
Authors: Hillock Nadine T. , Paradiso Lisa , Turnidge John , Karnon Jonathan , Merlin Tracy L.
Published: July 2019

Objective
Increasing antimicrobial resistance and a concurrent paucity of new antimicrobials marketed increases the risk that patients will develop infections resistant to currently available drugs. This study aimed to determine the range of clinical indications for which unregistered antimicrobials are prescribed at two tertiary hospitals in South Australia to identify any trends over a 2-year period. The effects of recent regulatory changes to the Special Access Scheme (SAS) were assessed.

Methods
Data were extracted from application forms submitted to the Therapeutic Goods Administration to access unregistered antimicrobials via the SAS pathway at two Australian tertiary hospitals for the period July 2015–June 2017. Average weighted antimicrobial prices were retrieved from the hospital iPharmacy (DXC Technology, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia) dispensing system. To estimate the effect of a new access pathway (Category C), the SAS classification for each application was retrospectively assessed over time with each regulatory change.

Results
Between July 2015 and June 2017, 477 SAS applications for 29 different antimicrobials were submitted for 353 patients at the two hospitals. The most common indications were tuberculosis (43.6%) and refractory Helicobacter pylori (10%). Regulatory changes reduced the proportion of applications requiring preapproval for access.

Conclusions
Although the introduction of a new pathway has decreased the administrative burden when accessing unregistered antimicrobials, this study highlights the range of clinical conditions for which there are no registered drugs available in Australia.

What is known about the topic?
With increasing antimicrobial resistance and a paucity of novel antimicrobials entering the market, access to older, previously less-used antimicrobials is increasingly important in clinical practice. Accessing unregistered antimicrobials is common practice in Australian hospitals, but the range of clinical indications for which they are used is unclear.

What does this paper add?
Increasing antimicrobial resistance and a concurrent paucity of new antimicrobials being marketed globally is increasing the risk that patients may develop infections that cannot be treated with registered products. This study describes the range of clinical conditions for which registered antimicrobials are not available or appropriate, illustrating the challenges associated with sustainable access to effective treatments.

What are the implications for practitioners?
Access to effective antimicrobials in a timely manner is essential for optimal patient outcomes. Reliance on unregistered products is associated with increased risks regarding timely access to safe, quality-assured, effective medicines.
Interpersonal rhetoric of attitude in news
Authors: Bahmani Mona , Alharbi Ahlam
Published: July 2019

Drawing on principles of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) the proposed study examined and compared the attitudinal positioning of both CNN and Al-Jazeera English (AJE) concerning Iran’s Nuclear Program (INP). The paper has employed theappraisalframework (Martin & White 2005) to reveal the different subtypes ofattitude, i.e.,affect,judgment, andappreciation, which have been encoded in the selected news items. It has been found that AJE discourse is highly evaluated. AJE has appraised INP positively; yet, it has evaluated Iran (apart from INP) and the US negatively. Unlike CNN, it is very obvious that AJE has various agendas. To achieve its goals, AJE has employedjudgmentmore than the other subsystems ofattitude. This is not surprising, given that the function ofjudgmentis to judge people and their actions rather than things. This may explain why AJE news coverage is biased. On the other hand, although CNN relies heavily onappreciation, its coverage is biased as well. Indirectly through appreciating INP as being a nuclear weapons program, CNN has tried to invoke readers’ judgment of Iran. In addition, CNN has highlighted aspects of their opposition towards Iran such as unity, unification, consensus, etc, through the use of (+sec). Unlike AJE, CNN has one agenda and they achieved it through appraising the “self” positively and the “other”, i.e., Iran negatively.
Antioxidant activity of phenylethanoid glycosides on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity
Authors: Ji Shi-Liang , Cao Ke-Ke , Zhao Xing-Xing , Kang Nai-Xin , Zhang Ying , Xu Qiong-Ming , Yang Shi-Lin , Liu Yan-Li , Wang Cheng
Published: July 2019

Exposure of PC12 cells to 10 mM glutamate caused significant viability loss, cell apoptosis, decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) as well as increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). In parallel, glutamate significantly increased the intracellular levels of ROS and intracellular calcium. However, pretreatment of the cells with acteoside and isoacteoside significantly suppressed glutamate-induced cellular events. Moreover, acteoside and isoacteoside reduced the glutamate-induced increase of caspase-3 activity and also ameliorated the glutamate-induced Bcl-2/Bax ratio reduction in PC12 cells. Furthermore, acteoside and isoacteoside significantly inhibited glutamate-induced DNA damage. In the mouse model, acteoside significantly attenuated cognitive deficits in the Y maze test and attenuated neuronal damage of the hippocampal CA1 regions induced by glutamate. These data indicated that acteoside and isoacteoside play neuroprotective effects through anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, and maintenance of steady intracellular calcium.
Multiple components of feather microstructure contribute to structural plumage colour diversity in fairy-wrens
Authors: Fan Marie , D’alba Liliana , Shawkey Matthew D , Peters Anne , Delhey Kaspar
Published: July 2019

Closely related species often differ in coloration. Understanding the mechanistic bases of such differences can reveal whether evolutionary changes in colour are driven by single key mechanisms or changes in multiple pathways. Non-iridescent structural plumage colours in birds are a good model in which to test these questions. These colours result from light absorption by pigments, light scattering by the medullary spongy layer (a nanostructure found within barbs) and contributions from other structural elements. Fairy-wrens (Malurus spp.) are a small clade of closely related birds that display a large diversity of ornamental structural colours. Using spectrometry, electron microscopy and Fourier analysis, we show that 30 structural colours, varying from ultraviolet to blue and purple, share a similar barb morphology. Despite this similarity, we find that at the microscopic scale, variation across multiple structural elements, including the size and density of the keratin cortex, spongy layer and melanin, explains colour diversity. These independent axes of morphological variation together account for sizeable amounts of structural colour variability (R2 = 0.21–0.65). The coexistence of many independent, evolutionarily labile mechanisms that generate colour variation suggests that the diversity of structural colours in this clade could be mediated by many independent genetic and environmental factors.
Ecological niche modelling and genetic diversity of Anomochloa marantoidea (Poaceae): filling the gaps for conservation in the earliest-diverging grass subfamily
Authors: Vieira João P Silva , Schnadelbach Alessandra S , Hughes Frederic Mendes , Jardim Jomar G , Clark Lynn G , De Oliveira R Patrícia
Published: July 2019

Anomochlooideae (Poaceae) represent the earliest-diverging extant lineage of grasses. One of the two genera is the monotypic Anomochloa, which is extremely rare and restricted to the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia state in Brazil, where only two natural populations have been recorded to date. Knowledge of A. marantoidea is considered crucial to understanding evolutionary and diversification patterns in Poaceae. Despite this, knowledge of the biology and distribution of A. marantoidea remain incomplete, and thus the conservation of this poorly known species is problematic. We used niche modelling to estimate its current distribution and assess potential ranges in situ to explore new occurrences. In addition, genetic diversity and the factors that disrupt gene flow between populations of this species were estimated using molecular markers. Two new populations were documented; the modelled ecological niche indicates high climatic restriction, but also revealed suitable sites for the establishment of new populations. Genetic diversity is correlated to population size, and genetic structure analysis suggests recent fragmentation and low gene flow among the remaining populations, which exhibit high levels of inbreeding. These levels also indicate the capacity of A. marantoidea to respond favourably to selection and, thus, that a conservation plan could be designed to maintain the current genetic diversity.
Multi-vessel coronary artery aneurysms in a patient with Parry Romberg syndrome: a case report
Authors: Mehlman Andrew , Patel Jaymin , Bitetzakis Christopher , Berlowitz Michael
Published: July 2019

Background

Coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) are a very rare finding on coronary angiograms with multiple known aetiologies. Parry Romberg syndrome (PRS) is also a very rare disease, and the underlying aetiology remains unknown. We present a rare case of CAAs in a patient with PRS, and discuss possible implications regarding the primary pathophysiological cause for both of these diseases.

Case summary

A 48-year-old woman with a history of PRS presented with atypical and non-exertional chest pain. Initial evaluation demonstrated a rising troponin without associated electrocardiogram changes, and as such she was taken for left heart catheterization. Left heart catheterization demonstrated diffuse aneurysmal and ectatic disease of multiple coronary arteries. Further evaluation with magnetic resonance angiogram and autoantibody panel did not demonstrate other vascular anomalies or rheumatologic disease, respectively. She was treated with dual anti-platelet therapy and statin, and at 1 year follow-up, she had resolution of her symptoms.

Discussion

It has been postulated that the underlying mechanism causing CAA is intravascular inflammation. Parry Romberg syndrome is theorized to be a neurovasculopathy, as evidenced by cases of associated intracranial aneurysms. Intravascular inflammation may play a key pathological role in CAA, and an association between CAA and PRS may exist.
Protecting healing relationships in the age of electronic health records: report from an international conference
Authors: Toll Elizabeth T , Alkureishi Maria A , Lee Wei Wei , Babbott Stewart F , Bain Philip A , Beasley John W , Frankel Richard M , Loveys Alice A , Wald Hedy S , Woods Susan S , Hersh William R
Published: July 2019

We present findings of an international conference of diverse participants exploring the influence of electronic health records (EHRs) on the patient–practitioner relationship. Attendees united around a belief in the primacy of this relationship and the importance of undistracted attention. They explored administrative, regulatory, and financial requirements that have guided United States (US) EHR design and challenged patient-care documentation, usability, user satisfaction, interconnectivity, and data sharing. The United States experience was contrasted with those of other nations, many of which have prioritized patient-care documentation rather than billing requirements and experienced high user satisfaction. Conference participants examined educational methods to teach diverse learners effective patient-centered EHR use, including alternative models of care delivery and documentation, and explored novel ways to involve patients as healthcare partners like health-data uploading, chart co-creation, shared practitioner notes, applications, and telehealth. Future best practices must preserve human relationships, while building an effective patient–practitioner (or team)-EHR triad.
Diagnostic performance and utility of very high-resolution ultrasonography in diagnosing giant cell arteritis of the temporal artery
Authors: Sundholm Johnny K M , Pettersson Tom , Paetau Anders , Albäck Anders , Sarkola Taisto
Published: July 2019

Objective

Very-high resolution US (VHRU; 55 MHz) provides improved resolution and could provide non-invasive diagnostic information in GCA of the temporal artery. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic utility of VHRU-derived intima thickness (VHRU-IT) in comparison to high-resolution US halo-to-Doppler ratio (HRU-HDR) in patients referred for temporal artery biopsy.

Methods

VHRU and HRU of the temporal artery were performed before a biopsy procedure in 78 prospectively recruited consecutive patients who had received glucocorticoid treatment for a median of 8 days (interquartile range 0–13 days) before imaging. Based on the final diagnosis and biopsy findings, the study population was divided into the following four groups: non GCA (n = 40); clinical GCA with no inflammation on biopsy (n = 15); clinical GCA with inflammation limited to adventitia (n = 9); and clinical GCA with transmural inflammation (TMI; n = 11).

Results

Both VHRU and HRU were useful for identifying subjects with TMI, with VHRU outperforming HRU (area under curve: VHRU-IT 0.99, 95% CI 0.97, 1.00; HRU-HDR 0.74, 95% CI 0.52, 0.96; P=0.026). The diagnostic utility for diagnosing clinical GCA (negative biopsy) or inflammation limited to the adventitia was poor for both VHRU and HRU-HDR. From 5 days after initiation of glucocorticoid treatment, VHRU-IT was increased in eight of nine patients, whereas HRU-HDR was positive in three of seven patients. Both methods showed excellent inter-observer agreement (Cohen’s κ: VHRU-IT 0.873; HRU-HDR 0.811).

Conclusion

In suspected GCA, VHRU allows non-invasive real-time imaging of TMI manifestations of the temporal artery wall. VHRU-derived intimal thickness measurement seems to be more sensitive than the halo sign and HRU-HDR in detecting TMI in patients with prolonged glucocorticoid treatment.
Transforming mobility: The Dutch smart mobility policy as an example of a transformative STI policy
Authors: Salas Gironés Edgar , van Est Rinie , Verbong Geert
Published: July 2019

The recent orientation toward societal challenges in Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policies has exposed the limitations of contemporary governance to deal with these endeavors. For this reason, it has been urged a shift toward the so-called ‘transformative change’ approach, drawn from socio-technical transitions literature. This research suggests that this approach can be considered an emerging policy paradigm, and studies the implications of its adoption in STI policy. For doing so, we developed a conceptual framework based on policy sciences and STI policy literature, and used to study a policy resembling this societal challenge orientation: the Dutch smart mobility policy. Our case study suggests that the transformative change approach can be considered a new paradigm in STI policy, as novel theories, approaches, and mechanisms are being used to govern this policy. This research contributes to a better understanding of transformative approaches, by empirically looking the changing role of governance in societal challenge-led STI policies.
Intestinal Parasites Infections among HIV Infected Children Under Antiretrovirals Treatment in Yaounde, Cameroon
Authors: Abange William Baiye , Nkenfou Celine Nguefeu , Gonsu Kamga Hortense , Nguedia Clement Assob , Kamgaing Nelly , Lozupone Catherine , Sosso Samuel Martin , Kamgaing Rachel , Fosso Samuel , Essomba Arthur , Ndjolo Alexis , Koki Paul
Published: July 2019

Background

Intestinal parasitic infections are among the most common communicable diseases worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes dysregulation of the immune system through the depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes which gives rise to opportunistic infections.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to October 2018. Stool and blood samples were collected from participants aged 1 to 19. Stool samples were analyzed for intestinal parasites. Blood samples were analyzed for HIV and CD4 + T cell counts.

Results

Out of 214 children enrolled, 119 (55.6%) were HIV infected and 95 (44.4%) were HIV non-infected. All infected children were on antiretroviral treatment (ART). The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 20.2% in HIV infected and 15.8% in non-infected children. Among the 119 HIV infected children, 33 (27.7%) of them had a CD4+ T cell count less than 500 cells/mm3, and amongst them 5.9% had CD4+ T cell count less than 200 cells/mm3. Among HIV infected children, Cryptosporidium spp. was frequently detected, 7/119 (5.9%), followed by Giardia lamblia 5/119 (4.2%) then Blastocystis hominis 3/119 (2.5%) and Entamoeba coli 3/119 (2.5%). Participants on ART and prophylactic co-trimoxazole for >10 years had little or no parasite infestation.

Conclusions

Although ART treatment in combination with prophylactic co-trimoxazole reduces the risk of parasitic infection, 20.2% of HIV infected children harbored intestinal parasites including Cryptosporidium spp. Stool analysis may be routinely carried out in order to treat detected cases of opportunistic parasites and such improve more on the life quality of HIV infected children.
Imagining Opportunity: The 1909 Enlarged Homestead Act and the Promise of the Public Domain
Authors: Gregg Sara M
Published: July 2019

The turn of the twentieth century brought a significant expansion of the nation-state, as the U.S. Congress passed new homestead laws that experimented with adapting land policy to regional conditions. That focus on creating opportunity on challenging, non-irrigable terrain presents a striking contradiction to the firsthand experiences of the western legislators who argued in support of the bill. Elected representatives from these districts justified larger acreages by candidly acknowledging the geophysical realities of the western landscape—those climatic and topographic conditions that were the most frequently cited challenges to settlers in the West—even as they argued that land law should be made more flexible to support new farms and ranches. Adapting to the limits of the western landscape became a paramount goal of legislators who drafted federal land policy, ultimately contributing to expanding the reach of the expert and interventionist state and signaling a new era in regional development.
The impact of involving young children in improving the understanding of a new eye test
Authors: Casanova Therese , Black Carla , Rafiq Sheima , Hugill Jessica , Read Jenny C A , Vancleef Kathleen
Published: July 2019

Background

Although considered important, the involvement of young children in research is rare and its impact has never been measured. We aim to provide a good practice example of involvement of young children in the development of a tablet-based 3D eye test or stereotest, ASTEROID. We focus on improving understanding of test instructions.

Methods

After a pre-measure of understanding was taken, we explored issues with the test instructions in patient and public involvement (PPI) sessions. Feedback was collected via observations, rating scales and children’s comments. An interdisciplinary panel reviewed the feedback and decided on the implementation. Subsequently, a post-measure was collected. In Study 1, 650 children (2-11.8 years old) took part in the pre-measure, 111 children (1-12 years old) in the PPI sessions, and 52 children (4-6 years old) in the post-measure which also served as a pre-measure for Study 2. PPI sessions for Study 2 attracted 122 children (1-12 years old) and adults. 53 people (2-39 years old) participated in the post-measure of Study 2.

Results

Following feedback in Study 1, we added a frame cue and included a shuffle animation. This increased the percentage of correct practice trials from 76% to 97% (t(231)=14.29, p<.001). After adding a cardboard demo in Study 2, the percentage of correct trials remained stable but the number of additional instructions given decreased (t(103)=3.72, p<.001).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates impact of involvement of very young children in research through accessible activities. It can encourage researchers to involve young children and contribute to developing guidelines.
Protocols for fast simulations of protein structure flexibility using CABS-flex and SURPASS
Authors: Badaczewska-Dawid Aleksandra , Kolinski Andrzej , Kmiecik Sebastian
Published: July 2019

Conformational flexibility of protein structures can play an important role in protein function. The flexibility is often studied using computational methods, since experimental characterization can be difficult. Depending on protein system size; computational tools may require large computational resources or significant simplifications in the modeled systems to speed-up calculations. In this work, we present the protocols for efficient simulations of flexibility of folded protein structures that use coarse-grained simulation tools of different resolutions: medium, represented by CABS-flex, and low, represented by SUPRASS. We test the protocols using a set of 140 globular proteins and compare the results with structure fluctuations observed in MD simulations, ENM modeling and NMR ensembles. As demonstrated, CABS-flex predictions show high correlation to experimental and MD simulation data, while SURPASS is less accurate but promising in terms of future developments.
Synthesis, structure and photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes of a copper(II) metal–organic framework (Cu–MOF) with a 4-coordinated three-dimensional CdSO4 topology
Authors: Qian Lin-Lu , Wang Zhi-Xiang , Tian Hai-Xin , Li Min , Li Bao-Long , Li Hai-Yan
Published: July 2019

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much interest in the fields of gas separation and storage, catalysis synthesis, nonlinear optics, sensors, luminescence, magnetism, photocatalysis gradation and crystal engineering because of their diverse properties and intriguing topologies. A Cu–MOF, namely poly[[(μ2-succinato-κ2
O:O′){μ2-tris[4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]amine-κ2
N:N′}copper(II)] dihydrate], {[Cu(C4H4O4)(C24H18N10)]·2H2O}
n
or {[Cu(suc)(ttpa)]·2H2O}
n
, (I), was synthesized by the hydrothermal method using tris[4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phenyl]amine (ttpa) and succinate (suc2−), and characterized by IR, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), luminescence, optical band gap and valence band X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (VB XPS). Cu–MOF (I) shows a twofold interpenetrating 4-coordinated three-dimensional CdSO4 topology with point symbol {65·8}. It presents good photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) under visible-light irradiation. A photocatalytic mechanism was proposed and confirmed.
MNEs and human rights: from responsibilities to rights to governance
Authors: Zagelmeyer Stefan
Published: July 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the links between multinational enterprises (MNEs) and human rights abuses and review the development of international business (IB) and human rights initiatives. Arguing that the focus of the business and human rights debate has shifted from responsibility to rights, and subsequently to governance, it proposes a framework for analysing IB and human rights governance issues in the context of social value creation.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper develops a framework for analysing business and human rights governance with respect to the business and human rights field and four business and human rights subfields (labour, consumption, community and environment).

Findings

The analytical framework is organised around the relationships between human rights duty-bearers (companies) and human rights-holders (e.g., employees, consumers). It emphasises the role of actors and their interests, the relationships between actors, the objectives of these relationships and the role of governance mechanisms and structures, which, for a particular human rights subfield, define the IB and human rights governance system.

Originality/value

The analytical framework can be used by IB researchers, practitioners and public policymakers to describe, analyse, discuss and address business and human rights issues and challenges. It can be used for comparing and evaluating characteristics and properties of alternative institutional arrangements in the field of business and human rights. Furthermore, it can be used to support the design corporate non-market strategies as well as public policies.
Dissemination in archaeology: a GIS-based StoryMap for Chan Chan
Authors: Malinverni Eva Savina , Pierdicca Roberto , Colosi Francesca , Orazi Roberto
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of exploiting a geographic information system (GIS)-based data management, designed and implemented for an important monumental site. In particular, data collected during the years have been used to create a storytelling experience to disseminate the tangible and intangible heritage of Chan Chan (Peru), the wider site in mud bricks of Latin America.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper discusses the steps that have been performed to use the data stored in a GIS, arguing over the importance of sharing the knowledge through web-based tools, and in particular by the implementation of a storytelling. In this context, the data were structured in interoperable forms in order to preserve the universal value of the archaeological site. The exploitation in an all-in-one solution of the archival research, field surveys and planning represents a step forward for let known ancient testimonies to the whole mankind.

Findings

The GIS-based inventories represent the backbone for an affordable management of heritage resources. The novelty of the proposed approach lies on the creation of an integrated, accessible and updatable data system sharable on web.

Originality/value

The GIS of Chan Chan is an example of documentation of a wide archaeological area (14 km2) with complex and heterogeneous data. The developed web tool makes use of these data which can be queried even by non-expert users. The pipeline of this paper can act as useful guidelines to practitioners and researchers who want to disseminate cultural information.
The freshness of the fell streams: contextualizing the success of Lapin Kulta Beer in the 1960s
Authors: Ikäheimo Janne
Published: July 2019

Purpose

As Finland became an associate member of the European Free Trade Association in early 1960s, the domestic brewing industry faced a new threat posed by imported beer. It was neutralized effectively with joint and individual efforts of the breweries. This paper aims to analyze the maneuvers taken by Tornion Olut Oy to brand its new product, Lapin Kulta, which ultimately became the most popular beer in Finland. In addition, the contemporary changes in the Finnish society with related social tensions are shown to have contributed to its success significantly.

Design/methodology/approach

Archival research focusing on primary sources complemented with biographies, historical newspaper and magazine articles as well contemporary research papers with an aim to reconstruct and better understand the historical and social context of the events.

Findings

The success of the Lapin Kulta beer in 1960s was not only based on the effective marketing, although a well-thought name, the successful participation in international beer “competitions” enhancing the brand and both improved distribution and logistics certainly contributed to it. Instead the success is shown to have depended also on seemingly odd collection of external factors. However, when put together, the success is shown to have been based on brand's capability to address the social tensions present in Finland during 1960s.

Originality/value

The importance of the context reconstruction in historical marketing research is underlined as developments traditionally attributed solely to product qualities and marketing may equally stem from a multitude of external factors. As a case study, the research represents a fresh take on the subject through a variety of previously neglected sources.
Lactobacillus plantarum L‐137 upregulates hyaluronic acid production in epidermal cells and fibroblasts in mice
Authors: Nakai Hiroko , Hirose Yoshitaka , Murosaki Shinji , Yoshikai Yasunobu
Published: July 2019

Heat‐killed Lactobacillus plantarum L‐137 (HK L‐137), an immunobiotic lactic acid bacterium, has been reported to enhance IFN‐γ production through induction of IL‐12. In this study, we investigated the effects of HK L‐137 on skin moisturizing and production of hyaluronic acid (HA), an extracellular matrix associated with the retention of skin moisture. Oral administration of HK L‐137 suppressed the loss of water content in the stratum corneum in hairless mice. Treatment of primary epidermal cells with HK L‐137 increased HA production. Supernatant from immune cells stimulated by HK L‐137, which contained proinflammatory cytokines such as IL‐12, TNF‐α, and IFN‐γ, upregulated HA production and hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) messenger RNA expression by BALB/3T3 fibroblasts via activation of transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NFκB). Although treatment of the supernatant with anti‐TNF‐α antibody (Ab) alone did not inhibit the HA production, combination of anti‐TNF‐α Ab with anti‐IFN‐γ Ab significantly inhibited the HA production. Thus, HK L‐137‐induced IFN‐γ plays a critical role in upregulated HA production in collaboration with TNF‐α. HK L‐137 may be useful for improvement of skin functions such as moisture retention by inducing HA production.
Speech and language therapy best practice for patients in prolonged disorders of consciousness: a modified Delphi study
Authors: Roberts Hannah , Greenwood Nan
Published: July 2019

Background

Research regarding speech and language therapy (SLT) for patients in prolonged disorders of consciousness (PDOC) is very limited. The Royal College of Physicians’ (RCP) PDOC guideline provides recommendations regarding best practice, but does not give detail about many aspects of assessment and management. As a result, SLTs have little information regarding best practice for this complex patient group.

Aims

To ascertain the degree of consensus amongst expert SLTs regarding SLT best practice for patients in PDOC in order to inform the future development of SLT guidelines.

Methods & Procedures

A two‐round modified Delphi technique was used. Participants were recruited from major trauma centres and neurorehabilitation units in England and national SLT clinical excellence networks. To participate, SLTs had to be working on neurosciences, neurosurgery or neurorehabilitation wards that treat adult PDOC patients, or have ≥ 3 years’ experience of working with PDOC. The Round 1 questionnaire was developed from the RCP's PDOC guideline and from existing research literature. It included ratings of statements regarding SLT best practice using Likert or temporal scales, with optional written justifications/comments and opportunities for participants to suggest additional statements. The percentage agreement amongst participants was calculated for each Round 1 statement. Written justifications for views were analysed using content analysis. The Round 2 questionnaire contained both quantitative and qualitative feedback from Round 1, allowing participants to reappraise their views. The final degree of consensus was then calculated after completion of both rounds.

Outcomes & Results

A total of 40 SLTs completed Round 1, with 36 completing Round 2 (90% response rate). Consensus was achieved for 87% (67/77) of statements regarding best practice on a variety of topics including communication, tracheostomy, dysphagia and oral hypersensitivity. The statements represented assessment, management and service delivery components of SLT practice.

Conclusions & Implications

A total of 67 best practice statements were created. The statements provide a useful starting point for the creation of SLT guidelines to support best practice, and also have the potential to be used to advocate for the provision of SLT services for patients in PDOC. Future studies should focus on whether the expert opinion generated here can be borne out in experimental research.