bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of the Th1 Genomic Locus from Ifng through Tmevpg1 by T-bet
Authors: Collier Sarah P. , Henderson Melodie A. , Tossberg John T. , Aune Thomas M.
Published: September 2014

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), critical regulators of protein-coding genes, are likely to be coexpressed with neighboring protein-coding genes in the genome. How the genome integrates signals to achieve coexpression of lncRNA genes and neighboring protein-coding genes is not well understood. The lncRNA Tmevpg1 (NeST, Ifng-AS1) is critical for Th1-lineage–specific expression of Ifng and is coexpressed with Ifng. In this study, we show that T-bet guides epigenetic remodeling of Tmevpg1 proximal and distal enhancers, leading to recruitment of stimulus-inducible transcription factors, NF-κB and Ets-1, to the locus. Activities of Tmevpg1-specific enhancers and Tmevpg1 transcription are dependent upon NF-κB. Thus, we propose that T-bet stimulates epigenetic remodeling of Tmevpg1-specific enhancers and Ifng-specific enhancers to achieve Th1-lineage–specific expression of Ifng.
Banding together: an investigation of post-surgery support groups for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding patients
Authors: Opolski Melissa , Winefield Helen , Howell Cate , Toouli Jim , Collins Jane , Kow Lilian
Published: September 2014

Though advocated as useful for patients, there is little in the literature regarding the use and effectiveness of bariatric support groups. This study investigated characteristics and experiences of bariatric patients who did and did not attend offered groups. Seventy-eight postoperative laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding patients from a private bariatric clinic completed mailed self-report questionnaires. Almost 60% reported having attended the clinic groups, with most wanting to meet other patients and obtain information rather than access psychological assistance. Participants reported generally positive experiences of attending. Nonattendance was often attributed to practical barriers. Satisfaction with support from others was not related to past or predicted future attendance, but higher psychological distress was related to and predictive of greater intention to attend future groups. Likely future attenders also held more positive beliefs about the groups than those who were unlikely to attend. Further research is required into potential positive and negative consequences of attendance, and characteristics of those who are likely to benefit or be harmed by attending. Interventions addressing stereotypes about support groups may help patients make informed decisions about whether to attend a bariatric support group.
Factors identified with higher levels of career satisfaction of physicians in Andalusia, Spain
Authors: Peña-Sánchez Juan Nicolás , Lepnurm Rein , Morales-Asencio José Miguel , Delgado Ana , Domagała Alicja , Górkiewicz Maciej
Published: September 2014

The satisfaction of physicians is a world-wide issue linked with the quality of health services; their satisfaction needs to be studied from a multi-dimensional perspective, considering lower- and higher-order needs. The objectives of this study were to: i) measure the career satisfaction of physicians; ii) identify differences in the dimensions of career satisfaction; and iii) test factors that affect higher- and lower-order needs of satisfaction among physicians working in Andalusian hospitals (Spain). Forty-one percent of 299 eligible physicians participated in a study conducted in six selected hospitals. Physicians reported higher professional, inherent, and performance satisfaction than personal satisfaction. Foreign physicians reported higher levels of personal and performance satisfaction than local physicians, and those who received non-monetary incentives had higher professional and performance satisfaction. In conclusion, physicians in the selected Andalusian hospitals reported low levels of personal satisfaction. Non-monetary incentives were more relevant to influence their career satisfaction. Further investigations are recommended to study differences in the career satisfaction between foreign and local physicians.
Comparison of Clinical Samples and Methods in Chronic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Eroglu Fadime , Uzun Soner , Koltas Ismail Soner
Published: September 2014

This study aimed at finding out the most effective clinical samples and methods in chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CCL). Smear, aspiration fluid, and filter paper samples were taken from 104 skin lesions of suspected cases with CCL, and they were compared using microscopic examination, culture, and molecular methods. We characterized four different forms of CCL and identified the causative agents in CCL forms using high-resolution melting curve real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. We observed that smear was detected to be the most sensitive (63.5%) among clinical samples, and real-time polymerase chain reaction method was the most sensitive (96.8%) among the methods used in diagnosis of CCL. We identified 68.8% Leishmania tropica and 31.2% L. infantum in papular lesions, 69.2% L. infantum and 30.8% L. tropica in nodular lesions, 57.9% L. tropica and 42.1% L. major in ulcerating plaque lesions, and 55.5% L. tropica and 44.5% L. major in noduloulcerative lesions in CCL patients.
Modular Laboratories—Cost-Effective and Sustainable Infrastructure for Resource-Limited Settings
Authors: Bridges Daniel J. , Colborn James , Chan Adeline S. T. , Winters Anna M. , Dengala Dereje , Fornadel Christen M. , Kosloff Barry
Published: September 2014

High-quality laboratory space to support basic science, clinical research projects, or health services is often severely lacking in the developing world. Moreover, the construction of suitable facilities using traditional methods is time-consuming, expensive, and challenging to implement. Three real world examples showing how shipping containers can be converted into modern laboratories are highlighted. These include use as an insectary, a molecular laboratory, and a BSL-3 containment laboratory. These modular conversions have a number of advantages over brick and mortar construction and provide a cost-effective and timely solution to offer high-quality, user-friendly laboratory space applicable within the developing world.
Prevalence of Diarrhea Among Children Less Than 36 Months of Age in Rural Western China in 2001 and 2005
Authors: Gao Wenlong , Liu Xiaoning , Yan Hong
Published: September 2014

We collected for rural western China data for 14,658 children less than 36 months of age in 2001 and for 14,112 children in 2005. A generalized estimated equation log-binomial model was used to identify the determinants of childhood diarrhea. In 2005, prevalence of diarrhea was approximately 7.4%, which compared with that for 2001, had decreased by 8.7%. The generalized estimated equation analysis showed that region affected the prevalence of childhood diarrhea significantly. Age was negatively associated with childhood diarrhea. Although childhood upper respiratory infections increased the risk of diarrhea, the risk could be decreased by use of vitamin A in the previous year. In addition, children of Han ethnicity or those living in one-child families had a lower risk of diarrhea in 2001, but underweight children had a higher risk in 2005. These findings may have some implications for formulating policies of childhood diarrhea prevention and control in rural western China.
Sustained, Area-Wide Control of Aedes aegypti Using CDC Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps
Authors: Barrera Roberto , Amador Manuel , Acevedo Verónica , Hemme Ryan R. , Félix Gilberto
Published: September 2014

We have shown that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) autocidal gravid ovitraps (AGO trap) reduced the Aedes aegypti population and prevented mosquito outbreaks in southern Puerto Rico. After showing treatment efficacy for 1 year, we deployed three traps per home in an area that formerly did not have traps and in a site that served as the intervention area. Two new areas were selected as reference sites to compare the density of Ae. aegypti without traps. We monitored mosquitoes and weather every week in all four sites. The hypotheses were the density of Ae. aegypti in the former reference area converges to the low levels observed in the intervention area, and mosquito density in both areas having control traps is lower than in the new reference areas. Mosquito density in the former reference area decreased 79% and mosquito density in the new reference areas was 88% greater than in the intervention areas.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Blood Donors toward Blood Donation
Authors: Sachdev Suchet , Das Karobi , LNU Geetanjali , Kaur Baljeet , Singh Charan Inder , Nongbri Daiamonlang
Published: September 2014

Aim

To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of blood donors toward blood donation and to find out association of knowledge and attitude with selected demographic variables.

Materials and methods

A total of sixty (60) subjects were selected using purposive sampling technique. The knowledge, attitude, and expressed practice questionnaire, was devised and construct and content validated before usage. The study was conducted at the Department of Transfusion Medicine of a tertiary level Institute from northern India during the year 2011-2012. Paper and pencil technique was used to collect the data.

Results

Analysis of data collected revealed that 23 (38.4%) of the participants had good knowledge, 21 (35%) had average knowledge, 12 (20%) had excellent knowledge and only few 04 (6.6%) had poor level of knowledge regarding blood donation. Mean of the knowledge score was 6.21 ± 2.3 and the mean percentage was 51.8%. Assessment of attitude revealed that majority of the participants had a strongly favorable attitude toward blood donation. Assessment of practices showed that majority 45 (75%) of the donors had donated blood for almost five times. Nearly half 28 (46.7%) of the donors donated blood only when they were asked for and more than half 32 (53.3%) of donors started donating blood when they were in age group of 21 to 30 years. Regarding reasons for blood donation, exactly half 30 (50%) of them donated due to altruism, and all the donors (100%) were willing to do so in future. The demographic variables like education and occupation were found to be associated with level of knowledge and attitude toward blood donation.

Conclusion

The findings of the study revealed that blood donors had good knowledge and a positive attitude toward blood donation but majority of individuals were not donating blood regularly as volunteers.

How to cite this article

Das K, Geetanjali, Sachdev S, Kaur B, Singh CI, Nongbri D. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Blood Donors toward Blood Donation. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014;48(3):123-127.
Primary Vaginismus and Associated Phobia: Successful Treatment with Behavior Therapy
Authors: Singh Vinita , Padhy Susanta Kumar , Sahoo Manoj Kumar , Biswas Harshita
Published: September 2014

Objectives

To report two cases of primary vaginismus with associated phobia, successfully treated with behavior therapy.

Results

In our two reports, we describe the successful treatment of vaginismus with associated phobias using behavioral therapy. The behavioral approach involved psycho education, graded exposure, relaxation therapy and systematic desensitization.

Conclusion

The report demonstrates a successful approach toward managing vaginismus and associated phobias in a clinical setting.

How to cite this article

Sahoo MK, Biswas H, Singh V, Padhy SK. Primary Vaginismus and Associated Phobia: Successful Treatment with Behavior Therapy. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2014;48(3):151-153.
Hygroscopic properties and mixing state of aerosol measured at the high-altitude site Puy de Dôme (1465 m a.s.l.), France
Authors: Holmgren H. , Sellegri K. , Hervo M. , Rose C. , Freney E. , Villani P. , Laj P.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. A Hygroscopicity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser (HTDMA) was used to evaluate the hygroscopic properties of aerosol particles measured at the Puy de Dôme research station in central France, periodically from September 2008 to January 2010, and almost continuously from October 2010 to December 2012. This high-altitude site is ideally situated to allow for both the upper part of the planetary boundary layer and the lower free troposphere to be sampled. The aim of the study is to investigate both the influence of year-to-year, seasonal and diurnal cycles, as well as the influence of air mass type on particle hygroscopicity and mixing state. Results show that particle hygroscopicity increases with particle size and depends both on air mass type and on season. Average growth factor values, GFs, are lowest in winter (1.21 ± 0.13, 1.23 ± 0.18 and 1.38 ± 0.25 for 25, 50 and 165 nm particles, respectively) and highest in autumn (1.27 ± 0.11, 1.32 ± 0.12 and 1.49 ± 0.15 for 25, 50 and 165 nm particles, respectively). Particles are generally more hygroscopic at night than during the day. The seasonal and diurnal variations are likely to be strongly influenced by boundary layer dynamics. Furthermore, particles originating from oceanic and continental regions tend to be more hygroscopic than those measured in African and local air masses. The high hygroscopicity of oceanic aerosol can be explained by large proportions of inorganic aerosol and sea salts. Aerosols measured at the Puy de Dôme display a high degree of external mixing, and hygroscopic growth spectra can be divided into three different hygroscopic modes: a less-hygroscopic mode (GF < 1.3), a hygroscopic mode (GF~1.3–1.7) and a more-hygroscopic mode (GF > 1.7). The majority of particles measured can be classified as being in either the less-hygroscopic mode or the hygroscopic mode, and only few of them have more-hygroscopic properties. The degree of external mixing, evaluated as the fraction of time when the aerosol is found with two or more aerosol populations with different hygroscopic properties, increases with particle size (average yearly values are 20, 28 and 45 {%} for 25, 50, and 165 nm particles, respectively). The degree of external mixing is more sensitive to season than to air mass type, and it is higher in the cold seasons than in the warm seasons. With more than two years of nearly continuous measurements, this study gathers the results from one of the longest data sets of hygroscopic growth factor measurements to date, allowing a statistically relevant hygroscopic growth parameterization to be determined as a function of both air mass type and season.
Constraining the N2O5 UV absorption cross section from spectroscopic trace gas measurements in the tropical mid-stratosphere
Authors: Kritten L. , Butz A. , Chipperfield M. P. , Dorf M. , Dhomse S. , Hossaini R. , Oelhaf H. , Prados-Roman C. , Wetzel G. , Pfeilsticker K.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The absorption cross section of N2O5, σN2O5(λ, T), which is known from laboratory measurements with the uncertainty of a factor of 2 (Table 4-2 in (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) JPL-2011; the spread in laboratory data, however, points to an uncertainty in the range of 25 to 30%, Sander et al., 2011), was investigated by balloon-borne observations of the relevant trace gases in the tropical mid-stratosphere. The method relies on the observation of the diurnal variation of NO2 by limb scanning DOAS (differential optical absorption spectroscopy) measurements (Weidner et al., 2005; Kritten et al., 2010), supported by detailed photochemical modelling of NOy (NOx(= NO + NO2) + NO3 + 2N2O5 + ClONO2 + HO2NO2 + BrONO2 + HNO3) photochemistry and a non-linear least square fitting of the model result to the NO2 observations. Simulations are initialised with O3 measured by direct sun observations, the NOy partitioning from MIPAS-B (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding – Balloon-borne version) observations in similar air masses at night-time, and all other relevant species from simulations of the SLIMCAT (Single Layer Isentropic Model of Chemistry And Transport) chemical transport model (CTM). Best agreement between the simulated and observed diurnal increase of NO2 is found if the σN2O5(λ, T) is scaled by a factor of 1.6 ± 0.8 in the UV-C (200–260 nm) and by a factor of 0.9 ± 0.26 in the UV-B/A (260–350 nm), compared to current recommendations. As a consequence, at 30 km altitude, the N2O5 lifetime against photolysis becomes a factor of 0.77 shorter at solar zenith angle (SZA) of 30° than using the recommended σN2O5(λ, T), and stays more or less constant at SZAs of 60°. Our scaled N2O5 photolysis frequency slightly reduces the lifetime (0.2–0.6%) of ozone in the tropical mid- and upper stratosphere, but not to an extent to be important for global ozone.
Simulation of the interannual variations of aerosols in China: role of variations in meteorological parameters
Authors: Mu Q. , Liao H.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. We used the nested grid version of the global three-dimensional Goddard Earth Observing System chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to examine the interannual variations (IAVs) of aerosols over heavily polluted regions in China for years 2004–2012. The role of variations in meteorological parameters was quantified by a simulation with fixed anthropogenic emissions at year 2006 levels and changes in meteorological parameters over 2004–2012. Simulated PM2.5 (particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less) aerosol concentrations exhibited large IAVs in North China (NC; 32–42° N, 110–120° E), with regionally averaged absolute percent departure from the mean (APDM) values of 17, 14, 14, and 11% in December-January-February (DJF), March-April-May (MAM), June-July-August (JJA), and September-October-November (SON), respectively. Over South China (SC; 22–32° N, 110–120° E), the IAVs in PM2.5 were found to be the largest in JJA, with the regional mean APDM values of 14% in JJA and of about 9% in other seasons. The concentrations of PM2.5 over the Sichuan Basin (SCB; 27–33° N, 102–110° E) were simulated to have the smallest IAVs among the polluted regions examined in this work, with APDM values of 8–9% in all seasons. All aerosol species (sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, and organic carbon) were simulated to have the largest IAVs over NC in DJF, corresponding to the large variations in meteorological parameters over NC in this season. Process analyses were performed to identify the key meteorological parameters that determined the IAVs of different aerosol species in different regions. While the variations in temperature and specific humidity, which influenced the gas-phase formation of sulfate, jointly determined the IAVs of sulfate over NC in both DJF and JJA, wind (or convergence of wind) in DJF and precipitation in JJA were the dominant meteorological factors to influence IAVs of sulfate over SC and the SCB. The IAVs in temperature and specific humidity influenced gas-to-aerosol partitioning, which were the major factors that led to the IAVs of nitrate aerosol in China. The IAVs in wind and precipitation were found to drive the IAVs of organic carbon aerosol. We also compared the IAVs of aerosols simulated with variations in meteorological parameters alone with those simulated with variations in anthropogenic emissions alone; the variations in meteorological fields were found to dominate the IAVs of aerosols in northern and southern China over 2004–2012. Considering that the IAVs in meteorological fields are mainly associated with natural variability in the climate system, the IAVs in aerosol concentrations driven by meteorological parameters have important implications for the effectiveness of short-term air quality control strategies in China.
Links between satellite-retrieved aerosol and precipitation
Authors: Gryspeerdt E. , Stier P. , Partridge D. G.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Many theories have been proposed detailing how aerosols might impact precipitation, predicting both increases and decreases depending on the prevailing meteorological conditions and aerosol type. In convective clouds, increased aerosol concentrations have been speculated to invigorate convective activity. Previous studies have shown large increases in precipitation with increasing aerosol optical depth, concluding an aerosol effect on precipitation. Our analysis reveals that these studies may have been influenced by cloud effects on the retrieved aerosol, as well as by meteorological covariations. We use a regime-based approach to separate out different cloud regimes, allowing for the study of aerosol–cloud interactions in individual cloud regimes. We account for the influence of cloud properties on the aerosol retrieval and make use of the diurnal sampling of the TRMM satellite and the TRMM merged precipitation product to investigate the precipitation development. We find that whilst there is little effect on precipitation at the time of the aerosol retrieval, in the 6 h after the aerosol retrieval, there is an increase in precipitation from cloud in high-aerosol environments, consistent with the invigoration hypothesis. Increases in lightning flash count with increased aerosol are also observed in this period. The invigoration effect appears to be dependent on the cloud-top temperature, with clouds with tops colder than 0 °C showing increases in precipitation at times after the retrieval, as well as increases in wet scavenging. Warm clouds show little change in precipitation development with increasing aerosol, suggesting ice processes are important for the invigoration of precipitation.
Sources of humic-like substances in the Pearl River Delta, China: positive matrix factorization analysis of PM2.5 major components and source markers
Authors: Kuang B. Y. , Lin P. , Huang X. H. H. , Yu J. Z.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. HUmic-LIke Substances (HULIS), the hydrophobic part of water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), account for a significant fraction of PM2.5 mass. Their source studies are so far largely qualitative. In this study, HULIS and WSOC were determined in 100 PM2.5 samples collected in 2009 at an urban site (Guangzhou) and a suburban site (Nansha) in the Pearl River Delta in South China. The annual average concentration of HULIS was 4.83 and 4.71 μg m−3, constituting 8.5 and 10.2% of the PM2.5 mass, while HULIS-C (the carbon component of HULIS) contributed 48 and 57% of WSOC at the two sites, respectively. HULIS was found to correlate with biomass burning (BB) tracers (i.e., levoglucosan and K) and secondary species (e.g., sulfate and ammonium), suggesting its association with BB emissions and secondary formation processes. Sources of HULIS were investigated using positive matrix factorization analysis of PM2.5 chemical composition data, including major components and source markers. In addition to secondary formation process and BB emissions, residual oil combustion related to shipping was identified for the first time as a significant source of HULIS. Secondary formation process contributed the most, accounting for 49–82% of ambient HULIS at the two sites in different seasons. BB emissions contributed a seasonal average of 8–28%, with more contributions observed in the winter months (November–February) due to crop residue burning during harvest season. Residual oil combustion was revealed to be an important source at the suburban site in summer (44% of HULIS-C) due to its proximity to one of the ports and the shipping lane in the region. Vehicle emissions were found to contribute little to HULIS but had contributions to the hydrophilic WSOC fraction. The contrast in contributions from different combustion sources to HULIS and hydrophilic WSOC suggests that primary sources of HULIS are linked to inefficient combustion. This source analysis suggests further study of HULIS be focused on secondary formation process and source characteristics of HULIS from BB and residual oil combustion.
Measuring the atmospheric organic aerosol volatility distribution: a theoretical analysis
Authors: Karnezi E. , Riipinen I. , Pandis S. N.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Organic compounds represent a significant fraction of submicrometer atmospheric aerosol mass. Even if most of these compounds are semi-volatile in atmospheric concentrations, the ambient organic aerosol volatility is quite uncertain. The most common volatility measurement method relies on the use of a thermodenuder (TD). The aerosol passes through a heated tube where its more volatile components evaporate, leaving the less volatile components behind in the particulate phase. The typical result of a thermodenuder measurement is the mass fraction remaining (MFR), which depends, among other factors, on the organic aerosol (OA) vaporization enthalpy and the accommodation coefficient. We use a new method combining forward modeling, introduction of "experimental" error, and inverse modeling with error minimization for the interpretation of TD measurements. The OA volatility distribution, its effective vaporization enthalpy, the mass accommodation coefficient and the corresponding uncertainty ranges are calculated. Our results indicate that existing TD-based approaches quite often cannot estimate reliably the OA volatility distribution, leading to large uncertainties, since there are many different combinations of the three properties that can lead to similar thermograms. We propose an improved experimental approach combining TD and isothermal dilution measurements. We evaluate this experimental approach using the same model, and show that it is suitable for studies of OA volatility in the lab and the field.
A horizontal mobile measuring system for atmospheric quantities
Authors: Hübner J. , Olesch J. , Falke H. , Meixner F. X. , Foken T.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. A fully automatic horizontal mobile measuring system (HMMS) for atmospheric quantities has been developed. The HMMS is based on the drive mechanism of a garden railway system and can be installed at any location and along any measuring track. In addition to meteorological quantities (temperature, humidity and short-/long-wave down/upwelling radiation), HMMS also measures trace gas concentrations (carbon dioxide and ozone). While sufficient spatial resolution is a problem even for measurements on distributed towers, this could be easily achieved with the HMMS, which has been specifically developed to obtain higher information density about horizontal gradients in a heterogeneous forest ecosystem. There, horizontal gradients of meteorological quantities and trace gases could be immense, particularly at the transition from a dense forest to an open clearing, with large impact on meteorological parameters and exchange processes. Consequently, HMMS was firstly applied during the EGER IOP3 project (ExchanGE processes in mountainous Regions – Intense Observation Period 3) in the Fichtelgebirge Mountains (SE Germany) during summer 2011. At a constant 1 m above ground, the measuring track of the HMMS consisted of a straight line perpendicular to the forest edge, starting in the dense spruce forest and leading 75 m into an open clearing. Tags with bar codes, mounted every metre on the wooden substructure, allowed (a) keeping the speed of the HMMS constant (approx. 0.5 m s−1) and (b) operation of the HMMS in a continuous back and forth running mode. During EGER IOP3, HMMS was operational for almost 250 h. Results show that – due to considerably long response times (between 4 and 20 s) of commercial temperature, humidity and the radiation sensors – true spatial variations of the meteorological quantities could not be adequately captured (mainly at the forest edge). Corresponding dynamical (spatial) errors of the measurement values were corrected on the basis of well-defined individual response times of the sensors and application of a linear correction algorithm. Due to the very short response times (≤ 1 s) of the applied commercial CO2 and O3 analysers, dynamical errors for the trace gas data were negligible and no corrections were done.
Overview: Tropospheric profiling: state of the art and future challenges – introduction to the AMT special issue
Authors: Cimini D. , Rizi V. , Di Girolamo P. , Marzano F. S. , Macke A. , Pappalardo G. , Richter A.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. This paper introduces the Atmospheric Measurement Techniques special issue on tropospheric profiling, which was conceived to host full papers presenting the results shown at the 9th International Symposium on Tropospheric Profiling (ISTP9). ISTP9 was held in L'Aquila (Italy) from 3 to 7 September 2012, bringing together 150 scientists representing of 28 countries and 3 continents. The tropospheric profiling special issue collects the highlights of ISTP9, reporting recent advances and future challenges in research and technology development.
Consistent increase in dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in response to high CO2 in five shipboard bioassays from contrasting NW European waters
Authors: Hopkins F. E. , Archer S. D.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The ubiquitous marine trace gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS) comprises the greatest natural source of sulfur to the atmosphere and is a key player in atmospheric chemistry and climate. We explore the short-term response of DMS production and cycling and that of its algal precursor dimethyl sulfoniopropionate (DMSP) to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ocean acidification (OA) in five 96 h shipboard bioassay experiments. Experiments were performed in June and July 2011, using water collected from contrasting sites in NW European waters (Outer Hebrides, Irish Sea, Bay of Biscay, North Sea). Concentrations of DMS and DMSP, alongside rates of DMSP synthesis and DMS production and consumption, were determined during all experiments for ambient CO2 and three high-CO2 treatments (550, 750, 1000 μatm). In general, the response to OA throughout this region showed little variation, despite encompassing a range of biological and biogeochemical conditions. We observed consistent and marked increases in DMS concentrations relative to ambient controls (110% (28–223%) at 550 μatm, 153% (56–295%) at 750 μatm and 225% (79–413%) at 1000 μatm), and decreases in DMSP concentrations (28% (18–40%) at 550 μatm, 44% (18–64%) at 750 μatm and 52% (24–72%) at 1000 μatm). Significant decreases in DMSP synthesis rate constants (μDMSP, d−1) and DMSP production rates (nmol d−1) were observed in two experiments (7–90% decrease), whilst the response under high CO2 from the remaining experiments was generally indistinguishable from ambient controls. Rates of bacterial DMS gross consumption and production gave weak and inconsistent responses to high CO2. The variables and rates we report increase our understanding of the processes behind the response to OA. This could provide the opportunity to improve upon mesocosm-derived empirical modelling relationships and to move towards a mechanistic approach for predicting future DMS concentrations.
Responses of nitrous oxide emissions to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in two tropical plantations with N-fixing vs. non-N-fixing tree species
Authors: Zhang W. , Zhu X. , Luo Y. , Rafique R. , Chen H. , Huang J. , Mo J.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Leguminous tree plantations at phosphorus (P) limited sites may result in excess nitrogen (N) and higher rates of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. However, the effects of N and P applications on soil N2O emissions from plantations with N-fixing vs. non-N-fixing tree species have rarely been studied in the field. We conducted an experimental manipulation of N and/or P additions in two plantations with Acacia auriculiformis (AA, N-fixing) and Eucalyptus urophylla (EU, non-N-fixing) in South China. The objective was to determine the effects of N or P addition alone, as well as NP application together on soil N2O emissions from these tropical plantations. We found that the average N2O emission from control was greater in the AA (2.3 ± 0.1 kg N2O–N ha−1 yr−1) than in EU plantation (1.9 ± 0.1 kg N2O–N ha−1 yr−1). For the AA plantation, N addition stimulated N2O emission from the soil while P addition did not. Applications of N with P together significantly decreased N2O emission compared to N addition alone, especially in the high-level treatments (decreased by 18%). In the EU plantation, N2O emissions significantly decreased in P-addition plots compared with the controls; however, N and NP additions did not. The different response of N2O emission to N or P addition was attributed to the higher initial soil N status in the AA than that of EU plantation, due to symbiotic N fixation in the former. Our result suggests that atmospheric N deposition potentially stimulates N2O emissions from leguminous tree plantations in the tropics, whereas P fertilization has the potential to mitigate N-deposition-induced N2O emissions from such plantations.
Observations of a stratospheric aerosol veil from a tropical volcanic eruption in December 1808: is this the Unknown ∼1809 eruption?
Authors: Guevara-Murua A. , Williams C. A. , Hendy E. J. , Rust A. C. , Cashman K. V.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The Unknown eruption of 1808/1809 was the second most explosive SO2-rich volcanic eruption in the last two centuries, eclipsed only by the cataclysmic VEI 7 Tambora eruption in April 1815. However, no eyewitness accounts of the event, and therefore its location, or the atmospheric optical effects associated with its aerosols have been documented from historical records. Here we report on two meteorological observations dating from the end of 1808 that describe phenomena we attribute to volcanic-induced atmospheric effects caused by the Unknown eruption. The observations were made by two highly respected Latin American scientists. The first, Francisco José de Caldas, describes a stratospheric aerosol haze, a "transparent cloud that obstructs the sun's brilliance", that was visible over the city of Bogotá, Colombia, from 11 December 1808 to at least mid-February 1809. The second, made by physician José Hipólito Unanue in Lima, Peru, describes sunset after-glows (akin to well-documented examples known to be caused by stratospheric volcanic aerosols) from mid-December 1808 to February 1809. These two accounts provide direct evidence of a persistent stratospheric aerosol veil that spanned at least 2600 km into both Northern and Southern Hemispheres and establish that the source was a tropical volcano. Moreover, these observations confirm that the Unknown eruption, previously identified and tentatively assigned to February 1809 (±4 months) from analysis of ice core sulfate records, occurred in late November or early December 1808 (4 December 1808 ±7 days). This date has important implications for the associated hemispheric climate impacts and temporal pattern of aerosol dispersal.
Thermal structure and basal sliding parametrisation at Pine Island Glacier – a 3-D full-Stokes model study
Authors: Wilkens N. , Behrens J. , Kleiner T. , Rippin D. , Rückamp M. , Humbert A.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Pine Island Glacier is one of the fastest changing glaciers in the Antarctic Ice Sheet and therefore in scientific focus. The glacier holds enough ice to raise global sea level significantly (∼0.5 m), when fully melted. The question addressed by numerous modelling studies of the glacier focuses on whether the observed changes are a start for an uncontrolled and accelerating retreat. The movement of the glacier is, in the fast flowing areas, dominated by basal motion. In modelling studies the parametrisation of the basal motion is therefore crucial. Inversion methods are commonly applied to reproduce the complex surface flow structure at Pine Island Glacier, which use information of the observed surface velocity field, to constrain basal sliding. We introduce two different approaches of combining a physical parameter, the basal roughness, with basal sliding parametrisations. This way basal sliding is connected again to its original formulation. We show that the basal roughness is an important and helpful parameter to consider and that many features of the flow structure could be reproduced with these approaches.
PEROXIDE CROSS-LINKING OF EPDM USING MOVING DIE RHEOMETER MEASUREMENTS. I: EFFECTS OF THE THIRD MONOMER CONCENTRATION AND PEROXIDE CONTENT
Authors: Wang He , Ding Ying , Zhao Shugao , Wrana Claus
Published: September 2014

The influence of the third monomer 5-ethylene-2-norbornene (ENB) and peroxide content on cure behavior and network structure of peroxide-cured EPDM were investigated by moving die rheometer, NMR relaxation, and dynamic mechanical thermal spectroscopy. According to the rubber elasticity theory, the torque measurement results showed the network structure of peroxide-cured EPDM contained chemical cross-links via combination reaction (Ccom), chemical cross-links via addition reaction (Cadd), and the contribution of entanglement density and network defects to the total cross-link density (CEN). The total cross-link density (Ctot) increased linearly with the peroxide content. The increase of ENB concentration was beneficial for the improvement of cross-linking efficiency of peroxide, but it made the diene conversion of EPDM decrease. CEN was dependent on the third monomer content, which also provided the dominant contribution to the Ctot at low peroxide contents. Furthermore, Ccom and Cadd were dependent on peroxide content linearly, and the latter also was governed by the ENB level.
PEROXIDE CROSS-LINKING OF EPDMs HAVING HIGH FRACTIONS OF ETHYLENIC UNITS
Authors: Shabani Amin , Colin Xavier , Marque Gregory , Monchy-Leroy Carole
Published: September 2014

The considerable amount of research in the literature has practically allowed the elucidation of the mechanism of peroxide cross-linking of ethylene–propylene–diene–monomer rubber (EPDM), which occurs through a radical chain reaction initiated by the thermal decomposition of the peroxide molecule. According to this radical chain reaction, all types of labile hydrocarbon bonds (i.e., allylic, methynic, and methylenic CH bonds) would be exposed to alkoxy radicals and involved in the formation of the elastomeric network. However, for high fractions of ethylenic units (typically ≥60 mol.%), simple chemical kinetics and thermochemical analyses have shown that the radical attack would essentially occur on the methylenic CH bonds. Starting from this assertion, a simplified mechanistic scheme has been proposed for the three commercial EPDMs under study. The corresponding kinetic model, derived from this new scheme by using the basic concepts of the chemical kinetics, provides access to the changes in concentration of the main reactive chemical functions (against exposure time), among which are double bonds and changes in cross-linking density. The validity of these predictions has been eventually successfully verified by five distinct analytical techniques frequently used for studying the cross-linking of rubbers.
BICENTENÁRIO DO POETA FRIEDRICH VON SCHILLER
Authors: Bossmann Reinaldo
Published: September 2014

BICENTENÁRIO DO POETAFRIEDRICH VON SCHILLER
WILHELM VON SCHOLZ
Authors: Alker Prof. Dr. Ernst
Published: September 2014

WILHELM VON SCHOLZ
Divagações
Authors: Nunes Pereira Altamirano
Published: September 2014

DIVAGAÇÕES
O PRIMEIRO MESTRE-ESCOLA DO BRASIL
Authors: Gomes Francisco José
Published: September 2014

O PRIMEIRO MESTRE-ESCOLA DO BRASIL
A DOMINAÇÃO FILIPINA - ALGUNS ASPECTOS POSITIVOS
Authors: Casado Gomes Francisco
Published: September 2014

A DOMINAÇÃO FILIPINA - ALGUNSASPECTOS POSITIVOS
LHEÍSMO NO PORTUGUÊS DO BRASIL
Authors: Nascentes Antenor
Published: September 2014

LHEÍSMO NO PORTUGUÊS DO BRASIL
A LINGÜÍSTICA ROMÁNICA NA RÚSSIA
Authors: Hampejs Zdenek
Published: September 2014

A LINGÜÍSTICA ROMÁNICA NA RÚSSIA
PRIMO MILLENARIO DELLA LINGUA ITALIANA
Authors: Albanese Carolina
Published: September 2014

PRIMO MILLENARIO DELLA LINGUA ITALIANA
Notícias
Authors: Da Silva Serafim
Published: September 2014

noticias
TABUS LINGÜÍSTICOS
Authors: Mansur Guérios R. F.
Published: September 2014

TABUS LINGÜÍSTICOS
Duas Quadras
Authors: Giavarina Valmor
Published: September 2014

poemas
RELENDO GRACILIANO MEMORIALISTA
Authors: Linhares Temístocles
Published: September 2014

RELENDO GRACILIANO MEMORIALISTA
ESPÍRITO CRISTÃO NA LITERATURA ATUAL
Authors: Bossmann Reinaldo
Published: September 2014

ESPÍRITO CRISTÃO NA LITERATURA ATUAL
MONDO NUDO OSSIA LA DESCRIZIONE NELLA NOVELLISTICA PIRANDELLIANA
Authors: Perfetti Philip
Published: September 2014

MONDO NUDO OSSIALA DESCRIZIONE NELLA NOVELLISTICAPIRANDELLIANA
EMILIANO PERNETA, POETA DE EVASÃO
Authors: Da Silveira Tasso
Published: September 2014

EMILIANO PERNETA, POETA DE EVASÃO
TRADUÇÃO: O IMPOSSÍVEL IMPRESCINDÍVEL
Authors: Grant Keener U.
Published: September 2014

TRADUÇÃO: O IMPOSSÍVEL IMPRESCINDÍVEL
SEMANTICS AND PHILOSOPHY
Authors: Perfetti Philip
Published: September 2014

SEMANTICS AND PHILOSOPHY
ROSÁRIO FARÂNI HANSUR GUÉRIOS Uma vida dedicada à ciência da Linguagem
Authors: Castagnola Luigi
Published: September 2014

ROSÁRIO FARÂNI HANSUR GUÉRIOSUma vida dedicada à ciência da Linguagem
Presença do Mar
Authors: Mattana Villa Adelaide
Published: September 2014

poesia
NO UNA, SINO MUCHAS MUERTES
Authors: Dos Santos Silva Antonio Manoel
Published: September 2014

NO UNA, SINO MUCHAS MUERTES(Maruja: Angustia, Malogros y Crecimiento)
ALGUNS VERBETES DO "DICIONÁRIO DE ETIMOLOGIAS DA LÍNGUA PORTUGUÊSA"
Authors: Mansur Guérios R. F.
Published: September 2014

ALGUNS VERBETES DO "DICIONÁRIO DE ETIMOLOGIAS DA LÍNGUA PORTUGUÊSA"
REQUIEM PARA FIDELINO DE FIGUEIREDO
Authors: Linhares Temístocles
Published: September 2014

REQUIEM PARA FIDELINO DE FIGUEIREDO
UM MAQUIAVEL DIFERENTE?
Authors: Castagnola Luigi
Published: September 2014

UM MAQUIAVEL DIFERENTE?
ALGUMAS PARTICULARIDADES LINGÜÍSTICAS DE LARANJEIRAS DO SUL, PARANÁ (*)
Authors: M. M. Andreetta Therezinha
Published: September 2014

ALGUMAS PARTICULARIDADES LINGÜÍSTICASDE LARANJEIRAS DO SUL, PARANÁ (*)
Poemas
Authors: Kolody Helena
Published: September 2014

poesia
POEMAS
Authors: Coelho de Araújo Yvelise
Published: September 2014

poemas
NOTAS DE BIBLIOGRAFIA E CRITICA
Authors: Teixeira de Oliveira Zokner Cecília
Published: September 2014

NOTAS DE BIBLIOGRAFIA E CRITICA
PROF. DR. JOAQUIM MATTOSO CAMARA JR.
Authors: Mansur Guérios R. F.
Published: September 2014

PROF. DR. JOAQUIM MATTOSO CAMARA JR.
NOTAS DE FONÉTICA HISTÓRICA LATINO PORTUGUÊSA
Authors: Mansur Guérios R . F .
Published: September 2014

NOTAS DE FONÉTICA HISTÓRICA LATINO PORTUGUÊSA
O TRINÔMIO: HOMEM - NATUREZA - DEUS NA FENOMENOLOGIA LITERÁRIA
Authors: Arns Heriberto
Published: September 2014

O TRINÔMIO: HOMEM - NATUREZA - DEUSNA FENOMENOLOGIA LITERÁRIA
NOTAS DE BIBLIOGRAFIA E DE CRÍTICA
Authors: Autores Vários
Published: September 2014

notas
ARTIGO DEFINIDO ITALIANO ORIGEM E EVOLUÇÃO
Authors: Castagnola Luigi
Published: September 2014

ARTIGO DEFINIDO ITALIANOORIGEM E EVOLUÇÃO
Papel da Província no Simbolismo Brasileiro
Authors: Lacerda Carollo Cassiana
Published: September 2014

Papel da Província no Simbolismo Brasileiro
MARIANAGEM ou DE COMO O PASSADO SE FAZ PRESENTE NO FUTURO
Authors: Morais da Costa Marta
Published: September 2014

MARIANAGEMouDE COMO O PASSADO SE FAZ PRESENTE NO FUTURO
"HENDERSON: FROM CHAOS TO CLARITY"
Authors: P. M. L. S. Renaux Sigrid
Published: September 2014

"HENDERSON: FROM CHAOS TO CLARITY"
ANGEL GABRIEL
Authors: De La Cruz-Coronado Guillermo
Published: September 2014

ANGEL GABRIEL
A TRANSGRESSÃO DO TEXTO (Macunaima: linguagem dialógica)
Authors: Chamie Mario
Published: September 2014

A TRANSGRESSÃO DO TEXTO(Macunaima: linguagem dialógica)
OS MANIFESTOS DE JOAQUIM: O espírito irreverente de 22 e as preocupações de 45
Authors: L. de Lacerda Carollo Cassiana
Published: September 2014

OS MANIFESTOS DE JOAQUIM:O espírito irreverente de 22 e as preocupações de 45
LA ANGUSTIA DE MARTÍN FIERRO: atualidad
Authors: Teixeira de Oliveira Zokner Cecília
Published: September 2014

LA ANGUSTIA DE MARTÍN FIERRO: atualidad
VIDA Y PRESENCIA DE GIL VICENTE
Authors: Zapata Acosta Ramón
Published: September 2014

VIDA Y PRESENCIA DE GIL VICENTE
CÉSPEDES E ROA BASTOS, DUAS VISÕES DA GUERRA DO CHACO: UNIDADE
Authors: Teixeira de Oliveira Zokner Cecilia
Published: September 2014

CÉSPEDES E ROA BASTOS, DUAS VISÕES DA GUERRA DOCHACO: UNIDADE
SEGUNDO MOTIVO
Authors: Rodrigues José Mario
Published: September 2014

SEGUNDO MOTIVO
DESAFIO DE EDUCAÇÃO ARTÍSTICA NO BRASIL, HOJE
Authors: De Oliveira J. Zula
Published: September 2014

DESAFIO DE EDUCAÇÃO ARTÍSTICA NO BRASIL, HOJE
GUARAQUEÇABA Y LOS ALVAR
Authors: Sánchez José María Alfonso
Published: September 2014

GUARAQUEÇABA Y LOS ALVAR
REDUNDÂNCIA & AMBIGÜIDADE
Authors: Mendonça Antônio Sérgio
Published: September 2014

A perspectiva da redundância X possibilidades da ambigüidade, ambigüidade conduiindo à relação ent.-e conotação de 2.° grau e metáfora, denotação de 2.° g.-au e metonimia, matriz estrutural para comprender a contribuição de 1922 para a vanguarda, Oswald de Andrade X Mário de Andrade = Poética da ambigüidade XPoética da Redundância.
ANÁLISE DO SONETO "ENTRE A RAIZ E A FLOR" DE JORGE DE LIMA
Authors: RENAUX SIGRID
Published: September 2014

Partindo da "fo.ma" para chegar à "significação", analisamos o soneto "Entre a Raiz e a Florr'\ de Jorge de Lima, em seus níveis lingüísticos (fonético, morfológico, sintático e semântico'. Fizemos depois UTÍ integração final, projetando o soneto, para um contexto biblico, alegórico e metalinguistico, numa tentativa de enriquecer o processo de significação.
TEXTOS INÉDITOS DE JOAQUIM DE CARVALHO SOBRE TEIXEIRA DE PASCOAES
Authors: Montezuma de Carvalho Joaquim de
Published: September 2014

TEXTOS INÉDITOS DE JOAQUIM DE CARVALHOSOBRE TEIXEIRA DE PASCOAES
O SÍMBOLO DO "ÜLTIMO CIGARRO" EM A CONSCIÊNCIA DE ZENO
Authors: Massi Albanese Carolina
Published: September 2014

Zeno não narra a sua vida mas sim, cònscia e inconscientemente, a sua doença. A origem da doença está na origem do vício do fumo. Daí em diante, Zeno tentará insistentemente achar alguém que lhe proíba o fumo. Quando jovem, escreve nas paredes do quarto as datas dos acontecimentos mais marcantes de sua vida, acompanhadas invariavelmente do propósito de acabar com o vício do fumo. Para ele, isso tem um ritmo próprio, porque cada data anula a precedente. Significativo é o procedimento de Zeno que, para evitar de ser curado, se faz internar em uma clínica. A proibição do cigarro é um estímulo à ação. A ação é adiar a morte.
PERSPECTIVA NARRATIVA E ESTATUTO DO PERSONAGEM BRÁS CUBAS
Authors: Azevedo D. Guimarães Denise
Published: September 2014

Nas Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas a situação criada já é,em si mesma, absurda. Sendo ele um defunto, ou um defunto-autor, fornece uma visão de mundo decorrente de seu ponto de vista arbitrário e supra-realista.Na obra analisada, o ponto de vista, é, em certo sentido, um truque técnico, um meio para servir a fins estéticos mais ambiciosos.Um momento, marcado pelo tom metafisico-irònico, é seguido por outro mais longo de caráter memorialista-irônico. Duas perspectivas — transcendental e humana — cujo ponto comum é a ironia, revelam um narrador profundamente crítico diante da matéria narrada, dor, leitores, da própria linguagem.A partir da visão do narrador, estatui-se a personalidade de BrásCubas-narrador e Brás Cubas-personagem. Portanto, uma espécie de auto-retrato: o Brás Cubas que fala sem rodeios da própria consciência para melhor criticar a alheia.O texto não é estruturado radicalmente, porém relativamente.O humor, como uma tomada de posição entre o verdadeiro e o verossímil, explica a relação Brás Cubas-morto/Brás Cubas-vivo. O morto torna-se a articulação da memória do vivo, aquele que vai criticar a vida do homem em termos de ironia.Brás Cubas não é apenas um narrador narrando suas memóriasde um ponto de vista incomum. 0 livro é diferente sobretudo pelaruptura dialética verificada, o que lhe confere nova dimensão.