bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality assessment of integrated water vapour measurements at the St. Petersburg site, Russia: FTIR vs. MW and GPS techniques
Authors: Virolainen Yana A. , Timofeyev Yury M. , Kostsov Vladimir S. , Ionov Dmitry V. , Kalinnikov Vladislav V. , Makarova Maria V. , Poberovsky Anatoly V. , Zaitsev Nikita A. , Imhasin Hamud H. , Polyakov Alexander V. , Schneider Matthias , Hase Frank , Barthlott Sabine , Blumenstock Thomas
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The cross-comparison of different techniques for atmospheric integrated water vapour (IWV) measurements is the essential part of their quality assessment protocol. We inter-compare the synchronised data sets of IWV values measured by the Bruker 125 HR Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), RPG-HATPRO microwave radiometer (MW), and Novatel ProPak-V3 global navigation satellite system receiver (GPS) at the St. Petersburg site between August 2014 and October 2016. As the result of accurate spatial and temporal matching of different IWV measurements, all three techniques agree well with each other except for small IWV values. We show that GPS and MW data quality depends on the atmospheric conditions; in dry atmosphere (IWV smaller than 6 mm), these techniques are less reliable at the St. Petersburg site than the FTIR method. We evaluate the upper bound of statistical measurement errors for clear-sky conditions as 0.29 ± 0.02 mm (1.6 ± 0.3 %), 0.55 ± 0.02 mm (4.7 ± 0.4 %), and 0.76 ± 0.04 mm (6.3 ± 0.8 %) for FTIR, GPS, and MW methods, respectively. We propose the use of FTIR as a reference method under clear-sky conditions since it is reliable on all scales of IWV variability.
Latest Permian carbonate carbon isotope variability traces heterogeneous organic carbon accumulation and authigenic carbonate formation
Authors: Schobben Martin , van de Velde Sebastiaan , Gliwa Jana , Leda Lucyna , Korn Dieter , Struck Ulrich , Ullmann Clemens Vinzenz , Hairapetian Vachik , Ghaderi Abbas , Korte Christoph , Newton Robert J. , Poulton Simon W. , Wignall Paul B.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Bulk-carbonate carbon isotope ratios are a widely applied proxy for investigating the ancient biogeochemical carbon cycle. Temporal carbon isotope trends serve as a prime stratigraphic tool, with the inherent assumption that bulk micritic carbonate rock is a faithful geochemical recorder of the isotopic composition of seawater dissolved inorganic carbon. However, bulk-carbonate rock is also prone to incorporate diagenetic signals. The aim of the present study is to disentangle primary trends from diagenetic signals in carbon isotope records which traverse the Permian–Triassic boundary in the marine carbonate-bearing sequences of Iran and South China. By pooling newly produced and published carbon isotope data, we confirm that a global first-order trend towards depleted values exists. However, a large amount of scatter is superimposed on this geochemical record. In addition, we observe a temporal trend in the amplitude of this residual δ13C variability, which is reproducible for the two studied regions. We suggest that (sub-)sea-floor microbial communities and their control on calcite nucleation and ambient porewater dissolved inorganic carbon δ13C pose a viable mechanism to induce bulk-rock δ13C variability. Numerical model calculations highlight that early diagenetic carbonate rock stabilization and linked carbon isotope alteration can be controlled by organic matter supply and subsequent microbial remineralization. A major biotic decline among Late Permian bottom-dwelling organisms facilitated a spatial increase in heterogeneous organic carbon accumulation. Combined with low marine sulfate, this resulted in varying degrees of carbon isotope overprinting. A simulated time series suggests that a 50 % increase in the spatial scatter of organic carbon relative to the average, in addition to an imposed increase in the likelihood of sampling cements formed by microbial calcite nucleation to 1 out of 10 samples, is sufficient to induce the observed signal of carbon isotope variability. These findings put constraints on the application of Permian–Triassic carbon isotope chemostratigraphy based on whole-rock samples, which appears less refined than classical biozonation dating schemes. On the other hand, this signal of increased carbon isotope variability concurrent with the largest mass extinction of the Phanerozoic may provide information about local carbon cycling mediated by spatially heterogeneous (sub-)sea-floor microbial communities under suppressed bioturbation.
A Nietzschean Critique of Metaphysical Philosophy
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan
Published: November 2017

This article provides a new account of Nietzsche's critique of metaphysical philosophy. After framing Nietzsche's anti-metaphysical project (section 1), I suggest that to understand the logic of his critique we should reconstruct a taxonomy that distinguishes between “rich metaphysics” and “thin metaphysics” (section 2). I then consider Nietzsche's methodological critique of “rich metaphysics,” arguing that his position, which alleges motivational bias against “rich metaphysics,” is not compelling, since even granting that previous “rich metaphysicians” exemplified such bias there is no reason that a new “rich metaphysician” should necessarily do so (section 3). Nonetheless, there is much of interest in the second aspect of Nietzsche's critique, understood in terms of indifference to “thin metaphysics,” which I consider in section 4. I argue that the existing readings are unsatisfactory, and as an alternative we should think of this idea in skeptical terms by drawing on an argument from “thin metaphysical” disagreement.
The Local Polish Community in Action: The Polish Studies Program at Central Connecticut State University
Authors: Vickrey Renata C.
Published: November 2017

Connecticut welcomed a considerable number of Polish immigrants in the late nineteenth century, and again just after World War II. The latter group included a large number of intellectuals, politicians, and artists. They actively joined civic organizations like the Polish American Congress (PAC). The 1960s and 1970s was a dynamic time for the Connecticut Division of the PAC especially the Committee on Education and Culture. Their work was instrumental in getting the state to establish a Polish Studies Program at Central Connecticut State College. The program allowed for in-depth academic courses related to Poland’s history, politics, and culture, and the establishment of a Polish Heritage Room and Collection in the university library. The Program also had a community-outreach function that provided evening lectures and cultural events free to the public. Later, various endowments allowed several cultural programs to be sustained and an endowed chair in Polish Studies to be created. Today the program is on a firm footing. A formal minor in Polish History is now available and community programs have expanded to include public lectures delivered by prominent historians, writers, musicians, journalists, politicians, and film makers draw large audiences. This article presents a case study in how local community groups working with university officials and elected state and local government representatives can successfully create a high quality Polish Studies program that benefits both the university community and the larger surrounding population.
Short communication: The main factors affecting somatic cell count in organic dairy farming
Authors: Orjales Inmaculada , Lopez-Alonso Marta , Miranda Marta , Rodríguez-Bermúdez Ruth , Rey-Crespo Francisco , Villar Ana
Published: November 2017

Preventive management practices are essential for maintaining acceptable udder health status, especially in organic farming, in which the use of antimicrobials is restricted. The contribution of the following factors to somatic cell count (SCC) was assessed in 788 cows from 15 organically reared herds in northern Spain: milk production, lactation number, treatments applied, selective dry cow therapy and teat dipping routines. The data were examined by linear logistic regression. Lactation number was the main factor affecting logSCC (β= 0.339, p<0.001) followed in order of importance by milk production (β= -0.205, p<0.001), use of alternative treatments (β=0.153, p<0.001), selective dry cow therapy (β=0.120, p=0.005) and teat dipping routines (β=-0.076, p=0.028). However, the model only explained 17.0% of the total variation in SCC. This variable depends on factors other than those considered here, amongst which udder infection is probably one of the most important. Nonetheless, the study findings enabled us to determine the contribution of the main management factors that should be taken into account to improve udder health status on organic farms.
The Impact of Internal Service Quality on Organizational Innovation Examining the Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment: “An Empirical Study in the Foreign Banks in Jordan”
Authors: Al-Bilbiese Mais Emad , Al-Nuaimi Mohammad
Published: November 2017

The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of internal service quality including its dimensions (tangible , Reliability, Empathy, Responsiveness, Assurance) on organizational innovation and the effect of organizational commitment as a mediating variable. The researchers adopted an analytical and descriptive approach to identify the concepts related to the topic of the study. In order to achieve this objectives of the research a questionnaire have been developed and distributed to a Random stratified sample consist of 230 employees in the foreign banks in Jordan. After distributing (230) questionnaires of the study sample, a total of (212) answered questionnaires were retrieved, of which (12) were invalid. Therefore, (200) answered questionnaires were valid for analysis. The results of the study indicate a positive relationship between the dimensions of internal quality of service (tangible / reliability / empathy) and organizational innovation. It also, the internal service quality has a positive impact on organizational commitment. In addition, the study showed that organizational commitment (as mediating variable) improves the relationship between internal service quality and organizational innovation. Based on the results of this study, the researchers recommend the following: Enhance the concept of quality of internal service for employees in foreign banks by improving the quality of offices and designing the workplace as well as enhancing confidence among employees which leads to improved innovation. Moreover, improve the organizational commitment in these banks.
The Impact of Performance Audit on Public Administrations in Saudi Arabia: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Alwardat Yousef Ali , Basheikh Abdullatif Mohamed
Published: November 2017

This study aims to examine if auditors of the Saudi Supreme Audit Institution (SSAI) have exerted influence on administrators in Saudi Public Institutions in order to improve the way they manage public resources. The study also examines the impact of the public administrators’ personal factors, i.e. the experience and qualifications of administrators on the contributions made by the SSAI, in terms of facilitating the undertaking of changes in the public administrations. The result of a survey of 96 Saudi public officials shows that the SSAI can claim remarkable achievements, in terms of improving Saudi public affairs. Administrators, irrespective of their experience and qualifications, have shown positive perceptions of the process of performance audit and that they are convinced of the usefulness and the quality of the SSAI’s reports. This study reveals that the SSAI has contributed towards helping the managements of public organisations define their priorities and adopt both strategic and operational plans. It has also helped them evaluate their projects and services, identify the problems and shortcomings of these projects and services, and then provide valuable recommendations to rectify them.
Alternative Performance Measures and ESMA Guidelines: Improving Stakeholders’ Communication
Authors: Magli Francesca , Nobolo Alberto , Ogliari Matteo
Published: November 2017

In a world more interconnected and globalized, the Entities periodically communicate to stakeholders, and in general to market, their performances and results. The Entities use, in their financial communication, Alternative Performance Indicators (APM) that are not required by accounting principles.  APM are increasingly used by Entities to help provide insights on performance. These indicators are a financial measure of historical or future financial performance, financial position, or cash flows, other than a financial measure defined or specified in the applicable financial reporting framework. This study aims to analyse the spread of APM, investigating the financial communications of Listed Italian Industrial Entities on FTSE-MIB index 40. As APM have become more widespread, their reporting has turned out to be an hot topic around the world for prepares, stakeholders, auditors and regulators. The European Securities and Markets Authority issued new guidelines that aim to improve the usefulness and transparency of Alternative Performance Measures. In the second part, the study aims to analyse how the Entities expects to apply these new guidelines and the impacts on financial communication.
The Relationship between Network Security Policies and Audit Evidence Documentation: The Accounting Information Security Culture as a Mediator
Authors: Musa Hamdan Mohammad Naser
Published: November 2017

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between network security policies (the department policy, system director policy, user policy, information security officer policy) on the one hand, and audit evidence documenting on the other hand. As the security, culture of accounting information has been introduced as a variable mediating that relationship. The researcher sent (450) questionnaires to all the companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange in Jordan equivalent to (228) company until 2015. The study found that there is a significant relationship between networks (the department policy, system director policy, user policy, information security officer policy) and documentation of the audit evidence. While the respondents said that, there is not a significant relationship between information security officer and policy and documentation of the audit evidence. Besides, the value of the correlation coefficient between network security policies and documentation of audit evidence had increased from (0.56) to (0.62), after entering the variable of security culture of accounting information systems to demonstrate its impact as a variable rate of the regression model and this result demonstrates the importance of awareness of security culture of the companies. These results will be very useful for those are interested, especially auditors to help them to appreciate the importance of documenting the audit evidence of network security and their implementation on the ground.
An Exploratory Study on the Factors Contributing Loan Repayment Default among the Loan Borrowers in Micro Finance Institutions in Shah Alam, Selangor
Authors: Murthy Uma , Anthony Mariadas Paul
Published: November 2017

This research is carried out to discover the factors contributing to loan repayment default in micro finance institutions based in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. The findings will be useful for the micro finance institutions in Malaysia in selecting and implementing suitable policies to reduce defaults. In this research, data is collected through questionnaires. These questionnaires are distributed to 120 loan borrowers of micro finance institution in Shah Alam, Selangor. Furthermore, the data was analyzed with the software known as Statistical package for Social Science, for short SPSS. This study established that nature of business operated by loan borrowers is one of the factors that will influence loan repayment. Finding of this study are established that there is a positive relationship between nature of business operation and negative relationship between age of borrowers, diversion of funds by borrowers as well as repayment schedule to loan defaults.
Asymmetric Persuasive Effects of Gain- and Loss-related Messages in Electronic Word of Mouth
Authors: Shin Heejae , Dahana Wirawan D.
Published: November 2017

This study examines the aggregate effect of electronic word mouth (eWOM) communications containing multiple messages of different type on brand attitude. It focuses on the moderating role of individuals’ regulatory focus and message proportion in influencing the extent to which consumers respond to gain- and loss-related messages. We develop some hypotheses regarding the interplay between the constructs, and test them through two web-based experimental studies on online product reviews. In study 1, we examine the persuasiveness of four different reviews composed of several combinations of gain- and loss-related messages. In study 2, we modify the proportion of positive and negative messages to examine how the impact of eWOM is affected by disproportionate message structure. The results reveal that different combinations of message types lead to different evaluation of the focal brand. Furthermore, subjects with different regulatory focus exhibit different attitudes toward the focal brand when exposed to the same message combination. In addition, the moderating effects of regulatory focus appear to be altered by eWOM message proportion. Theoretical and managerial implications of this study are discussed.
Corporate Universities’ Configuration in the Italian Context: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Sammarra Alessia , Mormino Sara , Innocenti Laura , Profili Silvia
Published: November 2017

The popularity of Corporate Universities (CUs) has grown considerably over the last decades, gaining both scholars and practitioners’ interest. This exploratory study contributes to the CU-related research field adding empirical evidence to the scant literature that examines how the CU configuration is operationalized in the Italian context. Our findings reveal that different features exist with varied prominence among the selected CUs, revealing a great heterogeneity that cannot be explained uniquely by their stage of life cycle. Nevertheless, it is worth noting some common features across the selected cases. First of all, these CUs devote most of their activities exclusively or prominently to their internal audiences. Moreover, although they have relationships with universities and business schools, the level of involvement of external partners is still modest. Together these two aspects denote a low level of openness of these entities that may be explained by institutional and cultural factors characterizing the Italian context.
Slutten på en epoke. Pomorenes fangststasjon på Kapp Lee, Svalbard
Authors: Jørgensen Roger
Published: November 2017

The end of an era. The fate of the Kapp Lee hunting stationRemains of the Russian Pomors’ hunting activity are seen across Svalbard. Remnants of houses, graves and large, votive crosses are conspicuous and easily visible when travelling on foot in the barren, arctic landscape, which is little influenced by modern economic activity. These remains have been the object of extensive research, and many sites have been subject to excavations, mostly by Russian archaeologists but also by Polish and Norwegian researchers. Russian archaeologists have conducted extensive excavations searching especially for the oldest Pomor hunting stations on the western coast of Spitsbergen.This paper focuses on the late period of the Pomors’ hunt on Svalbard. Several hunting stations have been found on Edgeøya documenting a complex organization including headquarters surrounded by outpost huts. The Kapp Lee hunting station was part of such a system of small cabins with headquarter in Habenichtbukta, 70 km to the south. This distant outpost is studied to shed light on the final stages of the Pomor hunting activity on Svalbard.
Advanced exergetic analysis of a heat pump providing space heating in built environment
Authors: Voloshchuk Volodymyr A.
Published: November 2017

In addition to conventional exergy-based methods, advanced exergetic analyses consider the interactions among components of the energy-conversion system and the real potential for improving each system component.
The paper demonstrates the results of application of a detailed advanced exergetic analysis to a wastewater source heat pump providing space heating in the built environment. In order to determine thermodynamic parameters of the refrigeration vapour compression cycle in different operating modes, the simulation model has been used. The analysis includes splitting the exergy destruction within each component of a heat pump into unavoidable, avoidable, endogenous and exogenous parts as well as detailed splitting of the avoidable exogenous exergy destruction. Besides, variabilities of heating demands of a building within both the chosen heating season and also from year to year are taken into account. Distribution of the split exergy destructions during different periods of time is also presented for the analysed cases of the heat pump and built environment. It is shown that in the investigated system only about 50% of the total annual destruction in components of the heat pump can be avoided. About 30…40% of this avoidable thermodynamic inefficiency is caused by interactions among components. Based on the applied advanced exergetic analysis it is possible to receive more precise and useful information for better understanding and improving the design and operation of the analysed energy-conversion system.
Methodology for estimation of Lithuanian residents’ willingness to pay for agricultural public goods
Authors: Vaznonis Bernardas , Novikova Anastasija
Published: November 2017

The agricultural sector is the biggest user of land and affects mostly the environment and landscape. Land use, cropstructure, application of good practice and preservation of recreational and cultural objects determine the unique Lithuanian landscape. This study focuses on the application of the special method, which could let to evaluate the agricultural impact on landscape goods and creation of such methodology. The objectives of this paper are to check the applicability of the choice experiments method for estimation of Lithuanian residents’ willingness to pay for agricultural public goods and to create the trusty methodology for further research. CE is a survey-based method implying creation of repetitive choice situations about alternatives of agri-environmental schemes for revealing how much inhabitants of Lithuania are willing to pay for the positive improvements of agricultural landscape. This methodology is focused to reveal how Lithuanian inhabitants value public goods created in agroecosystems and what they think about alternative measures to enhance the economic value of these goods. The results of the pilot survey have shown that the questionnaire was interesting to the respondents, revealing that the valuation of agricultural landscape is in demand by the society. The results of modelling, applying the conditional logit, have shown a good model fit, allowing to use the estimation framework for the main survey and estimate consumers’ willingness to pay for public goods/improvements from agricultural landscape. Applying the constructed and checked methodology, consumers’ willingness to pay for agricultural public goods will be elicited during the main survey. It will contribute to the development of the agri-environmental and climate programme, linked with the landscape management, by relating agri-environmental payments with the real value of agricultural public goods.
Entre el mito y la historia: el Éxodo de los israelitas desde Egipto a Canaán.
Authors: Villar Vegas David
Published: November 2017

El presente ensayo parte de la premisa temática de que para realizar una adecuada exposición sobre el Éxodo de los israelitas desde Egipto a Canaán es imprescindible contar con las aportaciones de los hallazgos arqueológicos y de las fuentes literarias, tanto de la Biblia como fuera de ella, y con el mayor número de investigaciones que los especialistas de esta materia hayan realizado.Se utiliza como perspectiva teórico-metodológica un enfoque crítico que lleva a presentar, en primer lugar, lo aportado por cada una de las fuentes y lo sostenido por los diversos enfoques, para después realizar una contrastación de todo ello con el objetivo de que lo sostenido en cada uno de los temas analizados tenga un fuerte apoyo teórico y empírico.

This essay focuses on the thematic premise which realizes a suitable exhibition of the Israelite´s Exodus from Egypt. It is essential to rely on the contributions of the archaeological findings, the literary sources and the majority of the Bible with the most number of research studies conducted by the specialists of this matter.There is a theoretical - methodological perspective and a critical approach that leads to presenting, first, the contribution for each of the sources and the support for the diverse approaches. Later, it will focus on a contrast of all of this with the aim that the support for each of the analyzed topics has a strong theoretical and empirical support.
Filosofía y paganismo en las postrimerías del Imperio Romano de Occidente. El caso del cónsul Mesio Febo Severo.
Authors: González Fernández Rafael , Sancho Gómez Miguel Pablo
Published: November 2017

Con la aceptación del cristianismo como religión oficial del Imperio, el proceso de hostilidad hacia los otros cultos, ya originado casi un siglo antes al final del reinado de Constantino, se verá reforzado y ampliado con la promulgación de numerosos decretos que muy pronto comenzaron a poner en apuros tanto a los practicantes del paganismo como a los considerados heréticos. Pese a que las acciones gubernamentales junto a las medidas de la propia Iglesia propiciaron el cierre de un creciente número de templos y la clausura de numerosos cultos e instituciones educativas, ciertas prácticas y pervivencias del mundo clásico perduraron a través del tiempo y siguieron manifestándose en periodos sorprendentemente tardíos. Ofreceremos aquí un caso en concreto, el del colaborador del emperador Procopio Antemio, Mesio Febo Severo, cónsul en el año 470 pese a su abierta condición de filósofo y pagano.

With the acceptance of Christianity as official religion of the Empire, the process of hostility towards the other cults, originated almost a century before at the end of the reign of Constantine, will be strengthened and expanded by the enactment of numerous decrees which soon began to trouble both the practitioners of paganism and those considered heretical among Christians. Although government actions along with the measures of the very Church led to the closure of a growing number of temples and of numerous cults and educational institutions, certain practices and survivals of the Classical world persisted over time and continued to manifest in surprisingly late periods. We will offer here a specific case, that of the collaborator of the emperor Procopius Anthemius, Messius Phoebus Severus, consul in the year 470 despite of his open condition of philosopher and pagan.
Archivistique, histoire et Web sémantique : une approche interdisciplinaire basée sur l’événementiel
Authors: Michon Philippe
Published: November 2017

Le Web sémantique commence à intéresser les chercheurs en sciences historiques au Québec. Son fonctionnement demande par contre une restructuration des méthodologies archivistique et historienne afin d’accroître l’interopérabilité des données produites par chacune de ces disciplines. Les données liées, initiative technique qui sous-tend le Web sémantique, nécessitent l’utilisation de multiples vocabulaires et normes afin de créer des liens entre les contenus dans le but d’inscrire ces derniers dans un nuage de données interrogeable dynamiquement. Ce court article explique succinctement le fonctionnement du Web sémantique dans le but de présenter un modèle ontologique construit autour de la notion d’événement qui s’intituleConceptual Reference Modelélaboré par leComité international pour la documentationde l’International Council of Museums. Cette introduction à une des ontologies susceptibles d’emmagasiner la complexité d’un fait patrimonial, amènera une réflexion autour des compétences communes et à acquérir pour les professionnels de chacune de ces disciplines. La question de l’interdisciplinarité est au coeur de l’argumentaire afin de démontrer que l’implication d’un grand nombre d’acteurs est primordiale pour assurer le développement d’une plateforme sémantique provinciale sur l’histoire québécoise.
The gating cycle of a K+ channel at atomic resolution
Authors: Cuello Luis G , Cortes D Marien , Perozo Eduardo
Published: November 2017

C-type inactivation in potassium channels helps fine-tune long-term channel activity through conformational changes at the selectivity filter. Here, through the use of cross-linked constitutively open constructs, we determined the structures of KcsA’s mutants that stabilize the selectivity filter in its conductive (E71A, at 2.25 Å) and deep C-type inactivated (Y82A at 2.4 Å) conformations. These structural snapshots represent KcsA’s transient open-conductive (O/O) and the stable open deep C-type inactivated states (O/I), respectively. The present structures provide an unprecedented view of the selectivity filter backbone in its collapsed deep C-type inactivated conformation, highlighting the close interactions with structural waters and the local allosteric interactions that couple activation and inactivation gating. Together with the structures associated with the closed-inactivated state (C/I) and in the well-known closed conductive state (C/O), this work recapitulates, at atomic resolution, the key conformational changes of a potassium channel pore domain as it progresses along its gating cycle.
Lifting the veil on the dynamics of neuronal activities evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Li Bingshuo , Virtanen Juha P , Oeltermann Axel , Schwarz Cornelius , Giese Martin A , Ziemann Ulf , Benali Alia
Published: November 2017

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a widely used non-invasive tool to study and modulate human brain functions. However, TMS-evoked activity of individual neurons has remained largely inaccessible due to the large TMS-induced electromagnetic fields. Here, we present a general method providing direct in vivo electrophysiological access to TMS-evoked neuronal activity 0.8–1 ms after TMS onset. We translated human single-pulse TMS to rodents and unveiled time-grained evoked activities of motor cortex layer V neurons that show high-frequency spiking within the first 6 ms depending on TMS-induced current orientation and a multiphasic spike-rhythm alternating between excitation and inhibition in the 6–300 ms epoch, all of which can be linked to various human TMS responses recorded at the level of spinal cord and muscles. The advance here facilitates a new level of insight into the TMS-brain interaction that is vital for developing this non-invasive tool to purposefully explore and effectively treat the human brain.
Modus operandi and affect in Sweden: the Swedish version of the Regulatory Mode Questionnaire
Authors: Amato Clara , Nima Ali Al , Mihailovic Marko , Garcia Danilo
Published: November 2017

Background

The Regulatory Mode Questionnaire (RMQ) is the most used and internationally well-known instrument for the measurement of individual differences in the two self-regulatory modes: locomotion (i.e., the aspect of self-regulation that is concerned with movement from state to state) and assessment (i.e., the comparative aspect of self-regulation). The aim of the present study was to verify the independence of the two regulatory modes, as postulated by the Regulatory Mode Theory (Kruglanski et al., 2000), and the psychometric properties of the RMQ in the Swedish context. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between regulatory modes (locomotion and assessment) and affective well-being (i.e., positive affect and negative affect).

Method

A total of 655 university and high school students in the West of Sweden (males = 408 females = 242, and five participants who didn’t report their gender; agemean= 21.93 ± 6.51) responded to the RMQ and the Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule. We conducted two confirmatory factor analyses using structural equation modeling (SEM). A third SEM was conducted to test the relationship between locomotion and assessment to positive affect and negative affect.

Results

The first analyses confirmed the unidimensional factor structure of locomotion and assessment and both scales showed good reliability. The assessment scale, however, was modified by dropping item 10 (“I don’t spend much time thinking about ways others could improve themselves”.) because it showed low loading (.07,p= .115). Furthermore, the effect of locomotion on positive affect was stronger than the effect of assessment on positive affect (Z= −15.16,p < .001), while the effect of assessment on negative affect was stronger than the effect of locomotion on negative affect (Z= 10.73,p < .001).

Conclusion

The factor structure of the Swedish version of the RMQ is, as Regulatory Mode Theory suggests, unidimensional and it showed good reliability. The scales discriminated between the two affective well-being dimensions. We suggest that the Swedish version of the RMQ, with only minor modifications, is a useful instrument to tap individual differences in locomotion and assessment. Hence, the present study contributes to the validation of the RMQ in the Swedish culture and adds support to the theoretical framework of self-regulatory mode.
Antarctic Grounding Line Mapping From CryoSat‐2 Radar Altimetry
Authors: Dawson G. J. , Bamber J. L.
Published: November 2017

We present a new technique for mapping the grounding line of Antarctic ice shelves using a combination of CryoSat‐2 standard and swath elevation data. Our method is based on detecting the tidal signal in pseudo crossovers and is tested on the Siple Coast region of West Antarctica. The mapped grounding line is in good agreement with previous observations from differential SAR interferometry and from ICESat repeat tracks, with a standard deviation of 1.1 km and 1.0 km, respectively, between these methods and ours. There is, however, an average seaward bias of 0.6 km, which is due to the poorer precision of CryoSat‐2. We have improved coverage particularly near the Echelmeyer Ice Stream where we have shown that the grounding zone is approximately 25 km inland from previous estimates. This new method is computationally efficient and can be applied to the rest of Antarctica.
Estimating Ground‐Level PM2.5 by Fusing Satellite and Station Observations: A Geo‐Intelligent Deep Learning Approach
Authors: Li Tongwen , Shen Huanfeng , Yuan Qiangqiang , Zhang Xuechen , Zhang Liangpei
Published: November 2017

Fusing satellite observations and station measurements to estimate ground‐level PM2.5 is promising for monitoring PM2.5 pollution. A geo‐intelligent approach, which incorporates geographical correlation into an intelligent deep learning architecture, is developed to estimate PM2.5. Specifically, it considers geographical distance and spatiotemporally correlated PM2.5 in a deep belief network (denoted as Geoi‐DBN). Geoi‐DBN can capture the essential features associated with PM2.5 from latent factors. It was trained and tested with data from China in 2015. The results show that Geoi‐DBN performs significantly better than the traditional neural network. The out‐of‐sample cross‐validation R2 increases from 0.42 to 0.88, and RMSE decreases from 29.96 to 13.03 μg/m3. On the basis of the derived PM2.5 distribution, it is predicted that over 80% of the Chinese population live in areas with an annual mean PM2.5 of greater than 35 μg/m3. This study provides a new perspective for air pollution monitoring in large geographic regions.
Fiber‐Optic Network Observations of Earthquake Wavefields
Authors: Lindsey Nathaniel J. , Martin Eileen R. , Dreger Douglas S. , Freifeld Barry , Cole Stephen , James Stephanie R. , Biondi Biondo L. , Ajo‐Franklin Jonathan B.
Published: November 2017

Our understanding of subsurface processes suffers from a profound observation bias: seismometers are sparse and clustered on continents. A new seismic recording approach, distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), transforms telecommunication fiber‐optic cables into sensor arrays enabling meter‐scale recording over tens of kilometers of linear fiber length. We analyze cataloged earthquake observations from three DAS arrays with different horizontal geometries to demonstrate some possibilities using this technology. In Fairbanks, Alaska, we find that stacking ground motion records along 20 m of fiber yield a waveform that shows a high degree of correlation in amplitude and phase with a colocated inertial seismometer record at 0.8–1.6 Hz. Using an L‐shaped DAS array in Northern California, we record the nearly vertically incident arrival of an earthquake from The Geysers Geothermal Field and estimate its backazimuth and slowness via beamforming for different phases of the seismic wavefield. Lastly, we install a fiber in existing telecommunications conduits below Stanford University and show that little cable‐to‐soil coupling is required for teleseismic P and S phase arrival detection.
The Relationship of High‐Latitude Thermospheric Wind With Ionospheric Horizontal Current, as Observed by CHAMP Satellite
Authors: Huang Tao , Lühr Hermann , Wang Hui , Xiong Chao
Published: November 2017

The relationship between high‐latitude ionospheric currents (Hall current and field‐aligned current) and thermospheric wind is investigated. The 2‐D patterns of horizontal wind and equivalent current in the Northern Hemisphere derived from the CHAMP satellite are considered for the first time simultaneously. The equivalent currents show strong dependences on both interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By and Bz components. However, IMF By orientation is more important in controlling the wind velocity patterns. The duskside wind vortex as well as the antisunward wind in the morning polar cap is more evident for positive By. To better understand their spatial relation in different sectors, a systematic superposed epoch analysis is applied. Our results show that in the dusk sector, the vectors of the zonal wind and equivalent current are anticorrelated, and both of them form a vortical flow pattern for different activity levels. The currents and zonal wind are intensified with the increase of merging electric field. However, on the dawnside, where the relation is less clear, antisunward zonal winds dominate. Plasma drift seems to play a less important role for the wind than neutral forces in this sector. In the noon sector, the best anticorrelation between equivalent current and wind is observed for a positive IMF By component and it is less obvious for negative By. A clear seasonal effect with current intensities increasing from winter to summer is observed in the noon sector. Different from the currents, the zonal wind intensity shows little dependence on seasons. Our results indicate that the plasma drift and the neutral forces are of comparable influence on the zonal wind at CHAMP altitude in the noon sector.
Iron Abundances in Lunar Impact Basin Melt Sheets From Orbital Magnetic Field Data
Authors: Oliveira Joana S. , Wieczorek Mark A. , Kletetschka Gunther
Published: November 2017

Magnetic field data acquired from orbit shows that the Moon possesses many magnetic anomalies. Though most of these are not associated with known geologic structures, some are found within large impact basins within the interior peak ring. The primary magnetic carrier in lunar rocks is metallic iron, but indigenous lunar rocks are metal poor and cannot account easily for the observed field strengths. The projectiles that formed the largest impact basins must have contained a significant quantity of metallic iron, and a portion of this iron would have been retained on the Moon's surface within the impact melt sheet. Here we use orbital magnetic field data to invert for the magnetization within large impact basins using the assumption that the crust is unidirectionally magnetized. We develop a technique based on laboratory thermoremanent magnetization acquisition to quantify the relationship between the strength of the magnetic field at the time the rock cooled and the abundance of metal in the rock. If we assume that the magnetized portion of the impact melt sheet is 1 km thick, we find average abundances of metallic iron ranging from 0.11% to 0.45 wt %, with an uncertainty of a factor of about 3. This abundance is consistent with the metallic iron abundances in sampled lunar impact melts and the abundance of projectile contamination in terrestrial impact melts. These results help constrain the composition of the projectile, the impact process, and the time evolution of the lunar dynamo.
Pulling Levers Strategy
Authors: Urwick Aubrey M. , Bonner Heidi S.
Published: November 2017

Pioneered in Boston in 1996, the pulling levers strategy is a focused deterrence approach aimed at high‐risk youthful offenders. Designed to intensify enforcement efforts against those most responsible for violence in a jurisdiction, the strategy couples a specific method of communicating a deterrence message to targeted offenders (notification meetings) with social service outreach. Those who ignore the “cease and desist” warning are subject to increased law enforcement crackdown; those who adhere to it are given the opportunity to choose a path away from violent criminal activity. The success of the strategy in Boston led to the implementation of pulling levers strategies in numerous cities, many of which had similar success in reducing violent crime.
Race (Correlations and Contexts of Delinquency)
Authors: Peck Jennifer H. , Leiber Michael J.
Published: November 2017

This entry provides an overview of race and delinquency with a focus on differential offending. Statistics are first provided to describe the extent to which minority youth are involved in delinquency and empirical research is discussed to underscore the controversies surrounding the topic. The entry concludes with a discussion of the theoretical explanations for understanding the correlations and contexts of the participation of minority youth in delinquency.
Self‐Report Delinquency Data
Authors: Jennings Wesley G.
Published: November 2017

Self‐report delinquency data represent one of the main sources of criminological data for measuring the nature and extent of juvenile crime and delinquency. This entry provides a brief review of the history of this source of crime measurement and details its implications for the study of crime and delinquency.
Peer Group, The
Authors: Boman John H.
Published: November 2017

There are few concepts in criminology that are as central to research, theory, and criminal justice practice as the peer group. With deep‐seated theoretical underpinnings in Sutherland's theory of differential association, peer influence has been a fundamental concept to criminology for the past 70 years. Since Sutherland's groundbreaking work, many other theories of crime have incorporated hypotheses as to how the behavior of peers may influence the behavior of a person. With only a few exceptions, these theories' hypotheses are so strongly supported in research that it led Agnew to state that “Next to prior delinquency, association with delinquent peers is the best predictor of delinquency.” In short, there is little question that the behavior of peers is an incredibly important correlate and cause of crime. After an overview of the importance of peers in criminological theory, this entry explores some critically important findings on the nature of peer influence. This is followed by a discussion of some peer‐based approaches to crime prevention and intervention that have been used in the criminal justice field. The entry concludes by discussing some unanswered questions on how peers influence behavior, with comments on necessary future directions of peer research.
Race (Juvenile Justice: The Court)
Authors: Poore Jane , Gunnison Elaine
Published: November 2017

The juvenile justice system has existed for over a century to process and convict juveniles. Although the juvenile justice system has transformed from its rehabilitative foundation to a “get tough” on crime model, the continuing rise of the overrepresentation of minority youth is a critical issue. Not only are some races and ethnicities more likely to be recommended for formal processing, referred to court, and found delinquent or criminal, but are also more likely to be given harsher punishments and incarcerated in adult institutions. Researchers have offered numerous explanations to attempt to explain why these disparities exist, but without extensive and thorough research, and also policy changes, overrepresentation of minority youth will continue to be a major issue throughout the juvenile justice system.
Multisystemic Therapy
Authors: Henggeler Scott W.
Published: November 2017

Multisystemic therapy (MST) is an intensive and comprehensive community‐based treatment that aims to empower caregivers and serious juvenile offenders with the skills needed to function effectively in their home communities – staying out of trouble, remaining in school, and avoiding out‐of‐home placements. With almost 20 published controlled trials, MST has extensive support in the treatment of serious antisocial behavior in adolescents, including violent offending, sex offending, substance abuse, and chronic offending. In addition to decreasing long‐term rates of criminal behavior, MST has effectively improved youth (e.g., decreased mental health symptoms and substance use, increased school attendance, improved peer relations), caregiver (e.g., improved parenting, decreased mental health symptoms), and sibling (e.g., decreased criminal behavior) functioning. In light of such empirical support, more than 500 MST programs have been transported worldwide, and a well‐validated quality assurance system supports treatment and program fidelity in each of these programs.
T
uthill,
R
ichard
Authors: Federle Katherine Hunt
Published: November 2017

Richard Stanley Tuthill was the first judge of the first juvenile court in the United States. He championed the view of the parental state and the court as a means by which to save children from lives of delinquency and depravity. He actively promoted the juvenile court as a viable and effective state institution and was instrumental in establishing a structure for the court that would be replicated in other states.
Delinquency
Authors: Shoemaker Donald J.
Published: November 2017

The term “juvenile delinquency” is used to refer to a variety of illegal acts committed by underage youth. In all states, the legal age of adulthood, or the age of majority, determines whether illegal acts are considered “delinquent” or criminal. If a person was under the age of majority at the time an illegal act was committed, the act is usually considered delinquent. The age of majority varies by states but most states consider age 18 years to be the legal age of adulthood. Some cases may be waived, or transferred, to adult court jurisdiction. In juvenile delinquency terminology, young people under the age of majority are often referred to as children or youth. Some disciplines refer to delinquency as youth misconduct or conduct offenses.