bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pascal, Blaise
Authors: Garber Daniel
Published: November 2021

B
laise Pascal (1623–1662) was an important French mathematician, natural philosopher, and religious thinker. His
Pensées
(1670), the posthumously published notes for an unfinished apology for Christianity articulates a philosophical view on faith, human nature, the human condition, and our relation to God that is of great general interest to the philosophy of religion.
Peirce, Charles Sanders
Authors: Raposa Michael L.
Published: November 2021

Charles Sanders Peirce's (1839–1914) ideas about religion were never systematically developed in a single text, but are scattered throughout his vast corpus. His 1908 “Neglected Argument” provides a useful outline for the organization of those ideas. Peirce's objective idealism, metaphysical realism, pragmatism, thoughts about science, evolutionary theory, the logic of vagueness and semiotics are all crucial for understanding his philosophy of religion. His interpretation of certain basic Christian beliefs is also relevant for understanding his religious worldview.
Phillips, Dewi Zephaniah
Authors: Burley Mikel
Published: November 2021

D.Z. Phillips (1934–2006) pioneered a Wittgenstein‐inspired approach to philosophy of religion that he came to call a “contemplative conception.” Accused by his critics equally of atheism, nonrealism, and fideism, Phillips rejected the standard terms of debate, prioritizing the elucidation of “possibilities of sense” over evaluating beliefs and practices in the name of a purportedly context‐independent rationality. Engaging not only with philosophy but also with theology, anthropology, literature, and film, Phillips consistently accentuated the need for attention to the particularities of diverse language‐games and forms of life as opposed to general theory‐construction.
Porphyry
Authors: Edwards Mark
Published: November 2021

Porphyry was born in Tyre in 232 or 234
ce
and died c. 305. He was the editor of the
Enneads
of Plotinus, and also the author of writings against Christianity, including an exposure of the pseudonymity of the Book of Daniel. His other religious writings include the
Philosophy from Oracles
, in which he lays down precepts for sacrifice, but also the four books
On Abstinence
and the life of Pythagoras in which he espouses vegetarianism. Minor works (not all extant in full) include a letter of counsel to his wife Marcella, a treatise on divine statues, a letter questioning Egyptian religious practices, an allegorical reading of the cave of the nymphs in Homer's
Odyssey
, a commentary on the
Harmonics
of Ptolemy and a treatise on embryology which denies a rational soul to the foetus. His most influential writings were his commentary on Aristotle's categories and his introduction to Aristotelian logic entitled the
Isagoge
. Attempts to reconstruct his lost metaphysical writings in recent years have not produced a scholarly consensus.
Predestination
Authors: Helm Paul
Published: November 2021

The idea of predestination as represented in some of its historically important proponents is presented. It is a verb presupposing a certain end, and is the means to that end. It is distinguished from election, and divine providence. It is also distinguished from secular determinism. However, like compatibilism it presupposes the harmony of predestination and human moral accountability. It is regarded as rooted in the inscrutable will of God, and thus it is not amenable to elucidation by mundane thought experiments.
Purāṇas
Authors: Bisschop Peter C.
Published: November 2021

The Purāṇas form a prolific genre of religious literature that constitutes the backbone of Brahmanical Hinduism. Purāṇas consist largely of mythological narratives and deal with such diverse topics as ritual, devotion, theology, origins of castes, pilgrimage, and sacred space. All Purāṇas show a concern for origins, history, time, and place. Many Purāṇas have a sectarian character and show a tendency to integrate all deities into an overarching system centered on one god who is the ultimate lord. Purāṇas have been frequently drawn upon by medieval thinkers in order to demonstrate the authority of a school of thought.
Religious Pluralism
Authors: D'Costa Gavin
Published: November 2021

Four approaches to religious pluralism are inspected, along with their presuppositions and critical problems. Given the manifest historical reality that the world's many religious traditions make numerous claims that seem, prima facie, to contradict one another, several philosophical problems arise from the fact of religious pluralism. These include adjudicating on conflicting truth claims, the epistemic warrant for such claims, whether ethical commonalities can help provide a bridge between differences and whether truth claims are incommensurable. This entry will inspect four approaches to these questions found in the literature and provide some assessment of their strengths and weaknesses.
Resurrection
Authors: Yang Eric
Published: November 2021

This entry focuses on contemporary philosophical discussion of the general resurrection, with an emphasis on recent attempts to provide an account concerning how the resurrected body can be the same as the premortem body. After raising several of the main concerns with each view, some metaphysical positions or issues will be presented as showing potential for fruitful investigation.
Sakya Paṇḍita
Authors: Gold Jonathan C.
Published: November 2021

Sakya Paṇḍita (1182–1251) was among Tibet's most consequential and controversial philosophers, especially in the areas of epistemology and philosophy of language. He retranslated the
Pramāṇavārttika
of Dharmakīrti with his teacher, the Kashmiri
paṇḍita
Śākyaśrībhadra, and he helped to establish his home monastery of Sakya as a major center for the study of Buddhist
pramāṇa
. He became expert in Sanskrit grammar, lexicography, poetics, and metrics, and he advocated for a broad approach to Indic learning for Tibetans of his time. In his famous and influential
Treasury of Epistemological Reasoning
(
Tshad ma ‘rig pa'i gter
), Sapaṇ defended the anti‐realism of the crucial doctrine of
apoha
, which explains how erroneous concept formation is grounded in karma. Many critiques of his contemporaries flowed from this nominalist, pragmatic view as well as a consistently austere separation between the two truths of ultimate and conventional reality.
Shinran
Authors: Muriuki Wamae W.
Published: November 2021

Shinran (1173–1262
ce
), founder of the True Pure Land Buddhist school, taught utter reliance on the saving activity of Amida Buddha, and the recitation of his name (
nembutsu
). Believing in the bankruptcy of “self‐power” efforts at achieving enlightenment, that humans in the latter days of Final Dharma were burdened with countless eons' worth of karmic afflictions, and were incapable of distinguishing good from evil, he advocated for the abandonment of ego and “calculating thinking.” From this abandonment, he believed, a practice of “naturalness” would emerge; founded on the power of Amida's saving activity working spontaneously and naturally through the Pure Land practitioner.
Sikhism
Authors: Murphy Anne
Published: November 2021

Sikhism was founded with the words, practices, and institutions initiated by Nanak (1469–1539), who is revered as the first of ten human‐embodied Gurus of the tradition, before Guruship came to be invested in the sacred scripture that stands at the center of the community, the Guru Granth Sahib. The community is believed today to be comprised of approximately 27 million adherents, the great majority of them living in the Indian state of Punjab, the locus of the historical development of the community. The Sikh Diaspora, however, is large and influential, with significant communities in Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Singapore. The tradition reflects its early modern origins as well as its ongoing modern transformations, and is notable for its prominence both within Indian society and in many diasporic locations.
Skeptical Theism
Authors: Matheson Jonathan
Published: November 2021

Skeptical theism is a skeptical response to the evidential argument from evil. It is the claim that we are not justified in believing that there are (or probably are) gratuitous evils in the world, due to human cognitive limitations. This entry explains the central claims of skeptical theism, outlines the principal motivations for the view, and discusses moral and epistemic objections to skeptical theism.
Space Charge Suppression Method of Insulation Layer of HVDC Cable Based on Semi‐Conductive Shielding Layer Modified by Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene
Authors: Li Guochang , Li Xuejing , Liang Xiaojian , Hu Kai , Liu Mingyue , Wei Yanhui , Li Shengtao , Hao Chuncheng , Lei Qingquan
Published: November 2021

Space charge accumulation in the cable insulation will cause local electric field distortion, and accelerate the aging of the material. The inner semi‐conductive layer as an important structure of cable will affect the charge injection characteristics in the insulation layer. This work intended to explore the method of modifying the semi‐conductive layer with the Nitrogen‐doped graphene (NG) to suppress the charge accumulation utilizing the super‐smoothness of graphene and electron adsorption of N element. First, the NG is prepared using N‐modified graphene, and the semi‐conductive layer with different NG content is fabricated. Second, the physical and chemical properties of the semi‐conductive composite are carried out, then the charge accumulation characteristics in the insulation layer under the effect of the semi‐conductive layer are characterized. The results showed that an appropriate amount of NG doping can significantly inhibit the charge accumulation in the insulation layer. The surface roughness decreased by about 32.13% when the doped NG content is 0.5 phr. With the increase of NG content from 0 to 1 phr, the accumulation charges inside the insulation layer decreased by about 36.84%. This research provided a new approach for suppressing space charge accumulation in the insulation material of high voltage cable.
Covalent‐Linking‐Enabled Superior Compatibility of ZIF‐8 Hybrid Membrane for Efficient Propylene Separation
Authors: Wang Ziyang , Wang Wenjian , Zeng Tao , Ma Dan , Zhang Panpan , Zhao Siqi , Yang Li , Zou Xiaoqin , Zhu Guangshan
Published: November 2021

The interface is a critical issue for metal–organic‐framework hybrid membranes in propylene separation. Here, a covalent‐linking strategy is reported for strikingly reinforcing the interfacial compatibility in a ZIF‐8‐based membrane. A functionalized ZIF‐8 material named ZIF‐8‐CN is synthesized using the mixed‐ligand approach. ZIF‐8‐CN has an identical crystalline structure to ZIF‐8, and the 4,5‐dicyanoimidazole ligand is available for further functionalization. Covalent linkage of ZIF‐8‐CN with PIM‐1 is driven by the thermal reaction of the cyano groups on both entities, which strengthens the filler–polymer connection in the ZIF‐8‐CN@tPIM‐1 membrane. ZIF‐8‐CN@tPIM‐1 exhibits remarkably enhanced propylene permeation property with C3H6/C3H8 selectivity of ≈28, which is 350% and 180% higher than those on non‐treated ZIF‐8‐CN/PIM‐1 and non‐functionalized ZIF‐8@tPIM‐1, respectively. Additionally, ZIF‐8‐CN@tPIM‐1 shows the highest C3H6 permeability of ≈370 Barrer among all relevant ZIF‐8 membranes. This strategy opens an avenue for precise interface engineering in membranes and the resultant high performance is appealing in the propylene separation industry.
Electrostatic–Mechanical Synergistic In Situ Multiscale Tissue Adhesion for Sustainable Residue‐Free Bioelectronics Interfaces
Authors: Kim Da Wan , Song Kang‐Il , Seong Duhwan , Lee Yeon Soo , Baik Sangyul , Song Jin Ho , Lee Heon Joon , Son Donghee , Pang Changhyun
Published: November 2021

Recent studies on soft adhesives have sought to deeply understand how their chemical or mechanical structures interact strongly with living tissues. The aim is to optimally address the unmet needs of patients with acute or chronic diseases. Synergistic adhesion involving both electrostatic (hydrogen bonds) and mechanical interactions (capillarity‐assisted suction stress) seems to be effective in overcoming the challenges associated with long‐term unstable coupling to tissues. Here, an electrostatically and mechanically synergistic mechanism of residue‐free, sustainable, in situ tissue adhesion by implementing hybrid multiscale architectonics. To deduce the mechanism, a thermodynamic model based on a tailored multiscale combinatory adhesive is proposed. The model supports the experimental results that the thermodynamically controlled swelling of the nanoporous hydrogel embedded in the hierarchical elastomeric structure enhances biofluid‐insensitive, sustainable, in situ adhesion to diverse soft, slippery, and wet organ surfaces, as well as clean detachment in the peeling direction. Based on the robust tissue adhesion capability, universal reliable measurements of electrophysiological signals generated by various tissues, ranging from rodent sciatic nerve, the muscle, brain, and human skin, are successfully demonstrated.
Tailoring Aggregation Extent of Photosensitizers to Boost Phototherapy Potency for Eliciting Systemic Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Zhao Hao , Xu Jiabao , Feng Chan , Ren Jiayu , Bao Lin , Zhao Yanbing , Tao Wei , Zhao Yuliang , Yang Xiangliang
Published: November 2021

Phototherapy is effective for triggering the immunogenic cell death (ICD) effect. However, its efficacy is limited by low 1O2 generation and photothermal conversion efficacy due to two irreconcilable obstacles, namely the aggregation‐caused‐quenching (ACQ) effect and photobleaching. In this work, a discretely integrated nanofabrication (DIN) platform (Pt‐ICG/PES) is developed by facile coordination coassembly of cisplatin (Pt), photosensitizer molecules (indocyanine green (ICG)), and polymeric spacer (p(MEO2MA‐co‐OEGMA)‐b‐pSS (PES)). By controlling the ICG/PES feeding ratio, the aggregation of ICG can be easily tailored using PES as an isolator to balance the ACQ effect and photobleaching, thereby maximizing the phototherapy potency of Pt‐ICG/PES. With the optimized ratio of each component, Pt‐ICG/PES integrates the complementarity of photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and chemotherapeutics to magnify the ICD effect, exerting a synergistic antitumor immunity‐promoting effect. Additionally, temperature‐sensitive PES enables photothermally guided drug delivery. In a tumor‐bearing mouse model, Pt‐ICG/PES elicits effective release of danger‐associated molecular patterns, dendritic cell maturation, cytotoxic T lymphocytes activation, cytokine secretion, M2 macrophage repolarization, and distal tumor suppression, confirming the excellent in situ tumor ICD effect as well as robust systematic antitumor immunity. Ultimately, a versatile DIN strategy is developed to optimize the phototherapeutic efficacy for improving antitumor effects and strengthening systemic antitumor immunity.
Molecular Engineering toward High‐Crystallinity Yet High‐Surface‐Area Porous Carbon Nanosheets for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Chen Yongqi , Huang Junlong , Chen Zirun , Shi Chenguang , Yang Haozhen , Tang Youchen , Cen Zongheng , Liu Shaohong , Fu Ruowen , Wu Dingcai
Published: November 2021

Carbon‐based nanomaterials have been regarded as promising non‐noble metal catalysts for renewable energy conversion system (e.g., fuel cells and metal–air batteries). In general, graphitic skeleton and porous structure are both critical for the performances of carbon‐based catalysts. However, the pursuit of high surface area while maintaining high graphitization degree remains an arduous challenge because of the trade‐off relationship between these two key characteristics. Herein, a simple yet efficient approach is demonstrated to fabricate a class of 2D N‐doped graphitized porous carbon nanosheets (GPCNSs) featuring both high crystallinity and high specific surface area by utilizing amine aromatic organoalkoxysilane as an all‐in‐one precursor and FeCl3·6H2O as an active salt template. The highly porous structure of the as‐obtained GPCNSs is mainly attributed to the alkoxysilane‐derived SiOx nanodomains that function as micro/mesopore templates; meanwhile, the highly crystalline graphitic skeleton is synergistically contributed by the aromatic nucleus of the precursor and FeCl3·6H2O. The unusual integration of graphitic skeleton with porous structure endows GPCNSs with superior catalytic activity and long‐term stability when used as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction and Zn–air batteries. These findings will shed new light on the facile fabrication of highly porous carbon materials with desired graphitic structure for numerous applications.
Phenethylamine‐Based Interfacial Dipole Engineering for High Voc Triple‐Cation Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Kim Gyu Min , Sato Hiroshi , Ohkura Yuya , Ishii Ayumi , Miyasaka Tsutomu
Published: November 2021

Surface modification of 3D hybrid perovskites using 2D perovskites, such as phenethylamine halides (PEAX), increases the overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The effect is based on a surface passivation phenomenon where PEAX is in direct contact with the perovskite and hole transport layer (HTL). However, it is herein observed that the PCE of PSCs containing PEAX increases significantly when they are not in direct contact with either the bottom layers (perovskites) or top layers (HTLs). Moreover, the highest PCE (>22%) is obtained for the PSCs when PEAX is not in contact with HTLs by using poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Photoemission measurements reveal that the shift of the highest occupied molecular orbital of the hole transporting material (a donor‐acceptor‐donor molecule synthesized for the study) to a deeper level results in an increased hole transfer at the perovskite/HTL interface leading to an improved device performance. It is proposed that PEAX acts as dipoles aligned between perovskite and HTL resulting in a shift in the energy levels. The combination of PEAX/PMMA at the interface enables high open‐circuit voltage (1.19V) close to the Shockley–Queisser limit for the triple‐cation (Cs‐MA‐FA) perovskites (bandgap, 1.51 eV).
Comparison of resource use for farmed shrimp in Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , Davis Robert P. , McNevin Aaron A.
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this study was to assess the amounts of land, water, energy in fuels, and wild fish for fishmeal and fish oil in feeds required per tonne of harvested, farmed shrimp in five countries producing most of the shrimp destined for the international market. Land use for whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei production differed slightly between Indonesia (0.37 ha/t shrimp) and the other four, major shrimp exporting countries – Ecuador, India, Thailand, and Vietnam (0.42–0.46 ha/t shrimp). Total water use was greater in Ecuador (76,800 m3/t) and Indonesia (55,000 m3/t) than in the other three countries (14,000–45,500 m3/t), but most water was saline. Freshwater use was mainly embodied in feed, did not differ among countries, and averaged 6.3% of total water use. Energy use ranged from 56.0 GJ/t (Ecuador) to 98.8 GJ/t (Thailand). All Asian countries had energy use above 75 GJ/t. Wild fish use for fishmeal and fish oil in feeds was greatest in Ecuador (0.891 t/t) and similar in Asian countries (0.612–0.670 t/t). In terms of edible crude protein, whiteleg shrimp was similar to broiler chickens, but more efficient than pigs and beef cattle in land and freshwater use, but greater in energy use than were the three terrestrial meat sources. Compared to L. vannamei, black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon required more land, a greater amount of water, but less energy per tonne of shrimp. Although comparatively small differences in average uses of these primary resources were found among countries, the large variation which was noted among farms in each country suggests that resource use could be improved considerably.
A systems framework depicting how complex neighborhood dynamics and contextual factors could impact the effectiveness of an alcohol outlet zoning policy
Authors: Matson Pamela A. , Stankov Ivana , Hassmiller Lich Kristen , Flessa Sarah , Lowy Jacob , Thornton Rachel L. J.
Published: November 2021

An updated zoning policy eliminating all alcohol outlets (liquor stores) in residential districts was implemented to reduce high rates of violent crime in Baltimore City. Diverse stakeholders were engaged in group model building (GMB) activities to develop causal loop diagrams (CLDs) that elucidate the impact of the new zoning policy on crime, and more broadly, the potentially unintended social and environmental consequences of the policy. Three distinct groups, community advocates, city officials/academics, and community residents, participated in three separate GMB sessions. Three CLDs, one from each stakeholder group, were created to depict the possible outcomes of the zoning policy. Our findings offer insight into potential unintended consequences of removing liquor stores from residential areas that may undermine the policy. Community members described the need for additional supports related to mental health and substance use, opportunities for investment in the community, access to other goods and services, and community‐police relations to ensure the policy achieved its intended goal of reducing violent crime. Our findings highlight the importance of timely engagement of local stakeholders to understand how complex neighborhood dynamics and contextual factors could impact the effectiveness of a zoning policy change.
Necropsies disclose a low helminth parasite diversity in periurban howler monkeys
Authors: Lopes Stephanie , Calegaro‐Marques Cláudia , Klain Vinícius , Chaves Óscar M. , Bicca‐Marques Júlio César
Published: November 2021

Primate–parasite interactions are often investigated via coprological studies given ethical and conservation restrictions of collecting primate hosts. Yet, these studies are inadequate to recover adult helminths for taxonomic identification and to accurately assess their prevalence, intensity, abundance, and site of infection. Fresh carcasses found in anthropogenic landscapes come as informative and reliable alternatives. In this study, we identified the helminths of brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) and their sites of infection, and measured their prevalence, intensity, and abundance of infection. We necropsied 18 adult males, 11 adult females, and 7 juvenile males that died in conflicts with the anthropogenic environment (domestic dog attacks, n = 11; electrocutions and road‐kills, n = 10 each; unknown, n = 5) in periurban landscapes of southern Brazil between 2013 and 2019. We found three nematodes (Trypanoxyuris minutus, Dipetalonema gracile, and Parabronema bonnei) and one cestode (Bertiella cf. studeri), a diversity estimated to account for a sampling completeness of 99%. Prevalence ranged from 3% for P. bonnei to 100% for T. minutus. Mean abundance ranged from 2 (D. gracile and B. cf. studeri) to 55,116 (T. minutus) and mean intensity of infection ranged from 4 (B. cf. studeri) to 55,116 (T. minutus). Trypanoxyuris minutus sex ratio was strongly male‐biased. The intensity of infection with T. minutus was higher in juvenile males and adult females than in adult males. The low parasite diversity and the helminths' mode of transmission are compatible with howlers' arboreality and folivorous‐frugivorous diet. The howlers were not infected with soil‐transmitted helminth parasites of humans and domestic animals on the ground and probably did not eat invertebrates to complement the diet. Given the lack of evidence of howler health problems, we suggest that the causes of death of the necropsied howlers are the major threats to the long‐term conservation of the species at the study periurban landscapes.
Rhinology Medicare reimbursements have not been keeping up with inflation
Authors: Torabi Sina J. , Patel Rahul A. , Kasle David A. , Fujita Kevin , Bhandarkar Naveen D. , Kuan Edward C. , Manes R. Peter
Published: November 2021

Background

Studies have suggested that physicians are steadily being paid less per Medicare service over time based on inflation‐adjusted dollars. The objective of this study was to determine whether this phenomenon was true for rhinologic procedures.

Methods

This study was a retrospective analysis of the 2000‐2021 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Physician Fee Schedule investigating fees for in‐office endoscopies (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT] codes 31231‐31238), in‐office balloon ostial dilation (CPTs 31295‐31298), in‐facility low‐relative value unit (RVU) surgeries (<10 work RVUs [wRVUs]; CPTs 31239‐31288 and 61782), and in‐facility high‐RVU surgeries (>10 wRVUs; CPTs 31290‐31294). Total number of and reimbursements for these services was obtained from yearly National Part B Summary Datafiles.

Results

Between 2000 and 2021, adjusted reimbursements for low‐ and high‐wRVU rhinologic surgeries decreased by 50.0% and 36.1%, respectively. The average compound annual growth rate (CAGR) decrease was 3.3% and 2.1%, respectively. Excluding a 48.3% unadjusted reimbursement increase between 2000 and 2004, endoscopies saw an adjusted reimbursement decrease of 29.4% from 2004 onward, an average CAGR of −2.1%. From 2011 onward, balloon ostial dilations saw a decrease in adjusted reimbursement of 43.8%, an average CAGR of −6.0%. Nevertheless, after inflation adjustment, National Part B data reveal that Medicare paid more, in total, for these procedures in 2019 than in 2000 due to increasing utilization.

Conclusion

Medicare reimbursements are complex, adjusted yearly, and undergo constant federal scrutiny due to the increasing costs of health care. These results suggest that, in terms of real dollars, rhinologic procedures have seen a large gradual decrease in Medicare reimbursement, which is important information for policymakers and surgeons alike.
Methodology to screen vendors for predictive maintenance in the chemical industry
Authors: Braun Birgit , Dessauer Michael , Henderson Kaytlin , Peng You , Seasholtz Mary Beth
Published: November 2021

As an industry leader in digitalization and implementation of value‐added data‐driven methodologies, Dow is executing a structured evaluation of predictive maintenance (PdM) vendor offerings. PdM offers a tailored alternative to scheduled maintenance or run‐to‐failure operations, but the identification of suitable solutions offered by third parties is not trivial given the large number of offerings. This paper describes a methodology developed by Dow to deal with the challenge of efficiently screening many vendors with relevant PdM offerings. Prior to the evaluation process, scoring criteria for vendor performance must be identified. For Dow, these included the requirements (1) models can be created and deployed easily, (2) modeled asset health provides information for root causes, (3) the software operates in our preferred IT architecture, (4) confidential data cannot leave the premises, and (5) models have some transparency. The process involves four steps beginning with vendor identification, which explored existing relationships and landscape surveys. Following was the completion of a questionnaire by vendors about the offering. Upon positive completion, a dataset for two reflux pumps was provided for a first demonstration of the tool. The model performance was compared to internal modeling efforts, of which key results are shared in this paper. The last step involved an in‐depth evaluation including on‐site installation and online deployment of the PdM models, allowing scoring of all categories. What is presented herein is a framework that can be utilized for screening predictive maintenance modeling tools as well as many analytics applications arising in the age of Industry 4.0.
Highly Efficient Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on an Organic Antimony(III) Halide Hybrid
Authors: Li Jin‐Long , Sang Yu‐Feng , Xu Liang‐Jin , Lu Hai‐Yue , Wang Jin‐Yun , Chen Zhong‐Ning
Published: November 2021

As low‐dimensional lead‐free hybrids with higher stability and lower toxicity than those of three‐dimensional lead perovskites, organic antimony(III) halides show great application potential in opt‐electronic field owing to diverse topologies along with exceptional optical properties. We report herein an antimony(III) hybrid (MePPh3)2SbCl5 with a zero‐dimensional (0D) structure, which exhibits brilliant orange emission peaked at 593 nm with near‐unity photoluminescent quantum yield (99.4 %). The characterization of photophysical properties demonstrates that the broadband emission with a microsecond lifetime (3.24 μs) arises from self‐trapped emission (STE). Electrically driven organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on neat and doped films of (MePPh3)2SbCl5 were fabricated. The doped devices show significant improvement in comparison to non‐doped OLEDs. Owing to the much improved surface morphology and balanced carrier transport in light‐emitting layers of doped devices, the peak luminance, current efficiency (CE) and external quantum efficiency (EQE) are boosted from 82 cd m−2 to 3500 cd m−2, 1.1 cd A−1 to 6.8 cd A−1, and 0.7 % to 3.1 % relative to non‐doped devices, respectively.
Using the Lorenz–Park, Mooney–Rivlin, and dynamic mechanical analysis relationship on natural rubber/leather shavings composites
Authors: Santos Renivaldo J. , Hiranobe Carlos T. , Dognani Guilherme , Silva Michael J. , Paim Leonardo L. , Cabrera Flavio C. , Torres Giovanni B. , Job Aldo E.
Published: November 2021

The tanning industry generates millions of tons of waste every year, which can cause environmental damage as well as problems to human health. In this article, we analyzed the use of leather shavings (20 to 80 parts per hundred rubber) as fillers in Natural Rubber (NR) composites. For this purpose, the interfacial interaction of the filler was quantitatively evaluated based on the cross‐link density value calculated by the Flory–Rehner methodology using the Lorenz–Park equation (swelling). Then, the results of this evaluation were compared with those obtained by the Mooney–Rivlin method (by a stress–strain test). According to our findings, the tensile strength at rupture of the composites increased by 100%, that is, from 7.0 MPa (NR) to 14.0 MPa, when 80 phr of leather waste were incorporated. In addition, their final deformation decreased around 50% compared to pure gum (no filler). According to the Lorentz–Park equation, values over 0.7 indicate a strong interaction between the leather shavings and the NR matrix. Likewise, a dynamic mechanical analysis confirmed a strong interfacial interaction based on the B parameter. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to examine the morphology and chemical properties of the composites.
The role of 20E biosynthesis relative gene Shadow in the reproduction of the predatory mirid bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Hu Kui , Fu Baobao , Wang Chuchu , Liu Jianqi , Tang Yingying , Zhang Wendan , Zhu Jun , Li Yao , Pan Qinjian , Liu Fang
Published: November 2021

Cytorhinus lividipennis is a natural enemy of rice planthoppers and leafhoppers. Improving the fecundity of C. lividipennis will be helpful to improve its control effect on pests. However, little is known about the hormonal regulatory mechanism of reproduction in C. lividipennis. In the current study, we examined the role of 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) biosynthesis relative gene Shadow in the reproduction of C. lividipennis. The complementary DNA sequence of ClSad is 2018 ‐bp in length with an open reading frame of 1398‐bp encoding 465 amino acid residues. ClSad was readily detected in nymphal and adult stages, and highly expressed in the adult stage. ClSad was highly expressed in the midgut and ovaries of adult females. Moreover, RNA interference‐mediated knockdown of ClSad reduced the 20E titers and ClVg transcript level, resulting in fewer fully developed eggs and a decrease in the number of eggs laid by dsSad‐injected adult females within 15 days. These results suggest that ClSad plays a critical role in the reproduction of C. lividipennis. The present study provides insights into the molecular mechanism of the ClSad gene for the reproduction of C. lividipennis.
Deoxygenative hydroboration of primary, secondary, and tertiary amides: Catalyst‐free synthesis of various substituted amines
Authors: Yi Jaeeun , Kim Hyun Tae , Jaladi Ashok Kumar , An Duk Keun
Published: November 2021

Transformation of relatively less reactive functional groups under catalyst‐free conditions is an interesting aspect and requires a typical protocol. Herein, we report the synthesis of various primary, secondary, and tertiary amines through hydroboration of amides using pinacolborane under catalyst‐free and solvent‐free conditions. The deoxygenative hydroboration of primary and secondary amides proceeded with excellent conversions. The comparatively less reactive tertiary amides were also converted to the corresponding N,N‐diamines in moderate yields under catalyst‐free conditions, although alcohols were obtained as a minor product.
Emergency Medicine Physicians' Screening Practices for Physical Child Abuse in Infants with Skull Fractures
Authors: Lee Moon O. , Fang Andrea , Nuño Miriam , Atigapramoj Nisa , Leibovich Sara , Magaña Julia
Published: November 2021

Key Practitioner Messages

Emergency medicine physicians demonstrate practice variation in child abuse screening in infants with skull fractures.

Previously unknown barriers may contribute to emergency medicine physicians' practice variation in child abuse screening of infants with skull fractures.
To travel, or not to travel? The impacts of travel constraints and perceived travel risk on travel intention among Malaysian tourists amid the COVID‐19
Authors: Aziz Norzalita Abd , Long Fei
Published: November 2021

The tourism and hospitality industry has been deeply disrupted by the COVID‐19 pandemic since its inception in December 2019. Many tourists are too anxious to travel. Thus, understanding how travel constraints and perceived travel risk influence travel intention is crucial for many destinations in their post‐crisis recovery. Drawing upon 357 Malaysian respondents, this study finds that structural constraints initiate tourists' negotiation process for travel decisions, which is inconsistent with the original Leisure Constraints Model. Nevertheless, it is reaffirmed that intrapersonal constraints remain the centrality of the negotiation process as they mediate the relationship between structural constraints, perceived travel risk and travel intention. These findings provide some theoretical contributions with regard to the Leisure Constraints Model and perceived travel risk in the context of the COVID‐19. Based on the theoretical contributions, this study also sheds light on tourism revival from a practical perspective. Tourism authorities, destination marketing organizations, and business operators are suggested to take measures to restore tourists' confidence toward travel by reducing structural constraints and mitigating tourists' risk perception in a cooperative manner.
3‐Aminopyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine: Effective Precursor for Barium Hydroxide‐Mediated Three Components Synthesis of New Mono‐ and Bis(pyrimidines) with Potential Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Sanad Sherif M. H. , Mekky Ahmed E. M.
Published: November 2021

In this study, an efficient one‐pot procedure for preparing a new series of pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine‐fused pyrimidines was described. The target hybrids were developed through a three‐component reaction of 3‐amino‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine, benzaldehydes, and acetophenones (molar ratio 1 : 1 : 1). The best conditions for the previous reaction were 2.5 equivalents of barium hydroxide in DMF at 150 °C for 6 h. New bis(pyrimidines) were synthesized in high yields using a similar one‐pot reaction protocol with some modifications. Thus, two equivalents of each of the appropriate acetophenones and 3‐aminopyrazolopyridine were reacted with one equivalent of the appropriate bis(aldehydes). The reaction was carried out at 150 °C for 8 h using 4.5 equivalents of barium hydroxide in DMF. Repeating the previous reaction with the appropriate bis(acetyl) derivatives and benzaldehydes resulted in good yields of the target bis(pyrimidines). The in vitro cytotoxic activity of new pyrimidines against the MCF‐7, HEPG2, and Caco2 cell lines was evaluated using the reference doxorubicin (IC50 values of 4.34–6.97 μM). Hybrid 6h had the best activity against Caco2 and MCF‐7 cell lines, IC50 values of 12.62 and 14.50 μM, respectively. The IC50 values for hybrids 6c, 6e, and 6f against MCF‐7 and Caco2 cell lines were 23.99–41.69 and 33.14–43.33 μM, respectively. Furthermore, hybrid 6e displayed IC50 value of 20.06 μM HEPG2 cell lines, while the hybrids 6c, 6f and 6h exhibited IC50 values ranging between 26.29–50.51 μM. Furthermore, hybrid 6e had an IC50 value of 20.06 μM for the HEPG2 cell lines, whereas hybrids 6c, 6f, and 6h had IC50 values ranging from 26.29 to 50.51 μM.
Advances in Bioreactor Systems for the Production of Biologicals in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Sharma Rajesh , Harrison Susan T. L. , Tai Siew Leng
Published: November 2021

With the steady advancement of medicine and the healthcare industry, the demand for recombinant biotherapeutics drugs and vaccines has increased in the last two decades. This has put substantial pressure on the biopharma industry to meet the increasing need for treatment of prevailing and new diseases. Different technologies and bioreactor designs have been developed over the years to ensure safe and economical manufacturing of biopharmaceutical products by attaining high cell densities and longevities for extended periods of time. Bioreactors are the backbone of the bioprocessing industry albeit each bioreactor design has its advantages and disadvantages. A comprehensive design suitable for wide varieties of cell lines to produce high‐yielding products with the lowest cost and risk in the shortest span of time is sought. This paper focuses on evaluating the engineering aspects of currently available bioreactor designs and their suitability for mammalian cell cultures.
Impact of malnourishment on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen and susceptibility to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity
Authors: Zillen Daan , Movig Kris L. L. , Kant Gert , Masselink Joost B. , Mian Paola
Published: November 2021

Background

Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity is thought to be primarily caused by formation of the specific reactive metabolite N‐acetyl‐para‐benzo‐quinone imine (NAPQI). Malnourished individuals are at increased risk of acetaminophen‐related hepatotoxicity. We report a case of low acetaminophen clearance in a severely underweight young woman, and elaborate on the possible effects of malnutrition on the total clearance of acetaminophen as well as on the separate contributions of the different metabolic pathways.

Case report

An 18‐year‐old Caucasian woman weighing 43 kg with a history of eating disorder‐related hospital admissions presented at the emergency department after having ingested 33 tablets of acetaminophen 500 mg two hours earlier. She then received intravenous N‐acetylcysteine for 33 h. Nine hours after ingestion, the acetaminophen elimination half‐life (t½) was estimated to be >100 h.

Discussion

While decreased total acetaminophen clearance (twofold) due to malnutrition has been reported in literature, the extremely low clearance in this specific patient cannot be explained. Malnourished individuals generally have reduced antioxidant reserves, coinciding with a shift in metabolic routes toward oxidative metabolism. This may result in increased formation of NAPQI and reduced neutralizing capacity, thereby increasing the risk of acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity. Evidence for this observation can be found in animal and to a lesser extent in human studies.
Diagnosing granulomatous disease during appendectomy
Authors: Şenaylı Atilla
Published: November 2021

Difficulties during surgery are uncommon situations in appendectomy. For granulomatous appendicitis, literature is insufficient about surgical findings. The procedure of a 17‐year‐old male patient was a struggle due to adhesions. I thought a surgeon could expect granulomatous diseases by evaluating the macroscopic appearance of the appendix during surgical procedure.
A surprising finding during solid‐phase gastric emptying scintigraphy
Authors: Hambye Anne‐Sophie , Kosmopoulou Olga
Published: November 2021

In case of repeated episodes of abdominal discomfort and vagal symptoms, especially occurring after ingestion of a rich meal, the diagnosis of intermittent volvulus could be considered. The sudden arrival of large amounts of partially digested food in the intestine after spontaneous resolution might be associated with a dumping syndrome.
Emphysematous gastritis
Authors: Takase Ryosuke , Fukuda Naoko , Sui Osamu , Hagiya Hideharu
Published: November 2021

An 89‐year‐old woman who had type 2 diabetes mellitus suddenly presented with abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography showed thickening of the wall and intramural gas in the gastric hilum, suggesting emphysematous gastritis. The patient underwent treatment with a proton‐pump inhibitor and broad‐spectrum antibacterial agents.
Phase 1 Maximal Use Pharmacokinetic Study of Tirbanibulin Ointment 1% in Subjects With Actinic Keratosis
Authors: Yavel Regina , Overcash J. Scott , Cutler David , Fang Jane , Zhi Jay
Published: November 2021

Tirbanibulin is a novel tubulin polymerization and Src kinase signaling inhibitor. This study was designed to fully characterize tirbanibulin pharmacokinetics (PK) when applied topically under maximal use conditions. This was an open‐label, parallel‐group PK safety study of tirbanibulin ointment 1% applied to 25 cm2 of the face or balding scalp in adults with actinic keratosis (AK). Eligible subjects self‐applied tirbanibulin once‐daily for 5 days. PK sampling occurred on days 1, 3 and 4 at 0 hour (before dosing), and on day 5 at prespecified time points up to 24 hours after application. Safety assessments included adverse events and local skin reactions were evaluated up to day 29. Eighteen subjects (face or scalp, n = 9 each) completed the study. Subjects were White (100%), of mean [range] age 66.4 [43‐83] years, predominantly men (83.3%) with Fitzpatrick skin type I to III (94.4%); baseline AK lesion count, mean [range] 8.2 [6‒14]. All subjects had quantifiable but low plasma concentrations of tirbanibulin. On day 5, overall mean (standard deviation) maximum concentration (Cmax) was 0.26 (0.23) ng/mL (or 0.60 nM), median time to maximum concentration was 6.91 hours, and mean (standard deviation) area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to 24 hours was 4.09 (3.15) ng ∙ h/mL. Four subjects experienced a total of 5 treatment‐emergent adverse events that resolved. Mild to moderate erythema, flaking, or scaling in the treatment area peaked around day 8 before resolving or returning to baseline by day 29. In conclusion, under maximal use conditions, tirbanibulin ointment 1% for 5 days in the treatment of AK on the face or scalp was well tolerated and resulted in low systemic exposure with subnanomolar plasma concentrations.
Effect of Diamine Bridge on Reactivity of Tetradentate ONNO Nickel(II) Complexes
Authors: Pruszkowska Kamila , Stasyuk Olga A. , Zep Anna , Krówczyński Adam , Sicinski Rafal R. , Solà Miquel , Cyrański Michał K.
Published: November 2021

Two new square planar ONNO nickel(II) complexes C2_core and C3_core have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and DFT calculations. The experimental results revealed the effect of the length of diamine bridge in the ligand on the behavior of the studied complexes in the reaction with N‐heterocyclic aromatic amines, while DFT calculations provided a basis for the rationalization of this observation. The complex with propylenediamine bridge (C3_core) readily reacts with pyridine and its derivatives to form high‐spin (paramagnetic) complexes with octahedral geometry as characterized by X‐ray diffraction; electron‐donating substituents on the pyridine ring facilitate the coordination of axial ligands. In contrast, the complex with ethylenediamine bridge (C2_core) does not undergo such a reaction because of the high deformation energy of the core required for the formation of C2_Py complex.
Understanding curricula as theories of action
Authors: Hannah Darren , Sinnema Claire , Robinson Viviane
Published: November 2021

Curriculum reforms often fail because teachers are asked to implement approaches to teaching and learning that are contrary to their beliefs about students and how to teach them. Since curriculum reforms are attempts to resolve particular educational problems, failures in implementation produce parallel failures to resolve the problem for which the curriculum was the intended solution. We propose an approach to understanding curricula that makes the mismatch between assumptions about teaching and learning in policy and teachers' practice apparent. By describing curricula as theories of action we can explain why teachers persist in teaching as they usually do. Once described, the gap between policy and implementation can be bridged by creatively redesigning the current theories that underpin them. We demonstrate this approach to understanding curricula by describing the espoused and enacted locally designed curriculum of a Japanese junior and senior high school programme and find that teachers' strongly held beliefs about their students constrained them from enacting the active student‐centred approaches they had initially espoused. In so doing, we show how even where there is broad agreement between teachers and policy makers there may be a considerable gap between the curriculum that was intended and that which is enacted in the classroom. By deeply understanding and comparing the assumptions underpinning both curricula, we explain such mismatches and discuss how they might be reduced through creative and principled reformulation.
Synchronous uterine and bladder cancers detected in urine and vaginal samples by cytology
Authors: Narine Nadira , Rana Durgesh , Shelton David , Awad Dina , O'Flynn Helena , Jones Eleanor R. , Ryan Neil A. J. , Crosbie Emma J.
Published: November 2021

Novel diagnostics for uterine cancer are urgently needed to reduce the burden of invasive testing for the majority of healthy women with postmenopausal bleeding. We have previously shown that uterine cancer cells can be detected by cytology in urine and vaginal samples with high diagnostic accuracy. Here, we demonstrate its potential to distinguish malignant cells of different aetiologies in the same urogenital biofluid sample according to their distinctive morphology and immunoprofiles. Synchronous tumours of the urogenital tract are uncommon but can cause diagnostic confusion, delays and poor outcomes. A 79‐year‐old woman presented to accident and emergency with postmenopausal bleeding. Voided urine and Delphi screener‐collected vaginal samples were assessed by cytology and immunocytochemistry. Two malignant cell populations with distinct morphology and immunophenotypes consistent with synchronous uterine and urothelial tumours were identified. Subsequent routine diagnostics confirmed concurrent uterine carcinosarcoma and high‐grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. This case demonstrates that cytology and adjunctive immunocytochemistry can simultaneously identify and phenotype cancers of different aetiologies from a single urogenital biofluid sample. This can help rationalise diagnostic pathways in complex, unusual cases of dual urogenital primaries.