bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Press
Authors: Brown David
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the role of the newspaper, and of public opinion, in a political society that frequently described and defined itself as advanced and progressive, and which was apparently moving inexorably towards democracy. Yet while the press was often seen as crucial to this process—as a liberating, inclusive, and representative agent—it could often serve equally as a mechanism of political control and influence. Historians have written of ‘educational ideals’ and the growing professionalization of journalism, but there is clearly no simple characterization of the press. Examining how the perceived role of the press has changed over 200 years, taking account of the views of owners and editors, politicians, and readers, the chapter considers the political functions of the press and, more widely, how the so-called fourth estate has impacted on and shaped political change in modern Britain.
Britain and Europe
Authors: Hicks Geoff
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents a broad overview of the place of Europe and European questions in British political history. It establishes a sense of the historiographical context, considering in turn the ‘new’ political history of recent decades, the histories of party politics, diplomacy and its culture, Europe as Britain’s comparator, British identity, post-war attitudes to European unity, and structural tensions. Reflecting on this contextual framework prompts questions about the chronological parameters we use to assess the last two centuries of interaction with the Continent, not least about the historiographical role of the two world wars, their origins, and their impact. It also raises the issue of the generational phases through which the British polity has passed in its complicated dance with its European neighbours.
Imperial Policy
Authors: Smith Simon
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines British external policy against the background of the expansion of the British empire up to the end of the First World War and its long and uneven demise thereafter. In exploring the political dimensions of this process of expansion and contraction the chapter aims to explore the complexities of the scholarships and chronologies involved. It evaluates how historians have approached key challenges and critical turning points, including the debates surrounding ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ empire, the impact of two world wars, the Suez crisis of 1956 and the decision to withdraw from positions ‘East of Suez’ in 1971.
Parliamentary Reform
Authors: Pentland Gordon
Published: May 2018

This chapter evaluates the large volume of creative scholarship that has reinterpreted and recast our understanding of the ‘heroic age’ of parliamentary reform before the early twentieth century. In doing so, it argues that this varied body of work in itself highlights the value of parliamentary reform as an area for historical research, not least because it has acted as a fertile source of new questions and approaches for political history more generally. Its centrality to accounts of Britain’s political past makes the conspicuous absence of historical accounts of parliamentary reform over the longue durée puzzling. The chapter ends by discussing whether a long-term analysis of parliamentary reform is desirable or possible and examining the potential for historical research into parliamentary reform after 1945.
Welfare and the State
Authors: Thane Pat
Published: May 2018

The chapter examines development and change in the welfare role of the British state and the main influences upon it in the context of changing social, economic, and political conditions. It explores the Poor Law and its reform in the early nineteenth century and challenges to it later in the century; the growing role of the state in such fields as education, public health, and labour conditions through the nineteenth century; its more rapid growth through the twentieth century; and finally the challenges to state welfare from the 1980s. Throughout, the shifting but always significant relationship between the state and the voluntary sector in provision for welfare is described and discussed.
Religion and the Churches
Authors: Green S.J.D.
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the role of religion and the churches in British political life since 1800. It argues that during this period the British state gradually attempted to remove religious dispute from public life, and yet frequently failed to do so. The chapter examines a series of political problems posed by questions of religion and the churches, including nineteenth-century Ireland, the proliferation of diverse varieties of Christianity throughout the United Kingdom, the connections between religion and the political parties, and the challenges of secularization. It concludes that, even in a mostly secular country, British politics continues to be haunted by religion.
Parliament
Authors: Salmon Philip
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on the changing functions and organization of Parliament in areas that have received less attention in existing scholarship. The ‘rise of democracy’ was not the only imperative driving Parliament’s almost complete remodelling as an institution during the period under study. Broader cultural factors also played their part, as a number of innovative studies examining the environment of Parliament from the perspective of architectural space, historic identity, parliamentary debate, scientific inquiry, and the concept of time (to name but a few) have sought to indicate. Gaps still remain, however, particularly in terms of work on the House of Lords and the development of Parliament’s legislative and scrutiny functions. Drawing on some of these historical approaches, and proposing a few new ones, this chapter explores the changing power structures and operation of Parliament in two key areas: the business of law-making and the relationship between its two houses.
Women and Politics
Authors: Davey Jennifer
Published: May 2018

This chapter traces the connections and tensions between the political history of women and the history of British politics. First, it examines the historiographical development of a political history of women, exploring the key debates and focal points. Second, it considers how the political history of women was both a major beneficiary of the challenges faced by political history and itself a challenger to political history. Third, this chapter attempts to trace chronologies of women’s politics, thinking about how we might conceptualize the narratives of change and continuity. Finally, it considers the possible future directions that research might take, thinking about areas that seem important and in need of further study.
Jon Elster,Sour Grapes
Authors: Schliesser Eric
Published: May 2018

This chapter evaluates Jon Elster’s Sour Grapes: Studies in the Subversion of Rationality thirty-five years after publication. In the first section of the chapter, Elster’s work is put in intellectual context. The chapter draws attention to the significance of Elster’s framework in changing our understanding and scope of rational choice theory. It argues that the focus on adaptive preferences has opened up important questions for any political theory and policy science confronting the relationship between experts and the agents theorized. In the second section of the chapter Elster’s aesthetics and his critical treatment of Foucault is re-evaluated and found to be less compelling. In particular, Elster’s critique of a certain kind of consequence explanation is criticized.
Medard Boss
Authors: Mayr Franz
Published: May 2018

Medard Boss’s extensive medical education in Zürich, Paris, Vienna, Berlin, and London was crowned with his lifelong friendship with Freud and Heidegger. He admired Freud’s praxis of psychotherapy but opposed his ‘scientistic’ metapsychology. After his service as a military doctor he got to know the Swiss psychiatrist L. Binswanger who acquainted him with Heidegger’s greatest work Sein und Zeist(1927). After the war, Boss himself met Heidegger who introduced him to the human, time-and death bound Da-sein, to his critique of Western metaphysics as ‘Oblivion of Being’ and to his new quest for the revealing-concealing mystery of Beings as disclosive Ereignis. Consequently Boss’ own Daseins-Analysis, inspired and supervised by Heidegger, transformed Freud’s metapsychology of the unconscious and the interpretation of dreams into an entirely new approach to medicine and psychotherapy. Unfortunately, the revolutionary theory of the unconscious as a unique language by the French philosopher J. Lacan. Could not anymore integrated into Boss’ work. Other influences upon Boss have been C.G. Jung, J.P. Satre, K. Jaspers, M. Merleau-Ponty, E. Umkourski, W. Blankenburg, H. Plugge, and H. Hellenbach.
Use of Fluorescent Microsphere-Based Assay for Detection of Three Cucurbit-Infecting Viruses
Authors: Kuan Cheng-Ping , Chang Wen-Shi , Yang Tso-Chi
Published: May 2018

In this study, we describe multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with the LiquiChip assay for the identification of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, and Cucumber mosaic virus by coamplification with plant mRNA as an internal control. Multiplex reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR products were subjected to allele-specific primer extension, then hybridized to carboxylated microspheres with unique fluorescent identifiers followed by detection using the LiquiChip 200 workstation. This assay is highly specific for distinguishing individual viruses from a mixed viral population and is 10 times more sensitive than multiplex RT-PCR. In addition, the establishment of this method enabled the detection of cucurbit viruses in field samples.
Honoring Thyself in the Transition to Online Teaching
Authors: Maggio Lauren A. , Daley Barbara J. , Pratt Daniel D. , Torre Dario M.
Published: May 2018

Increasingly, health professions education (HPE) faculty are choosing or being required to transition their face-to-face teaching to online teaching. For many faculty, the online learning environment may represent a new context with unfamiliar technology, changing expectations, and unknown challenges. In this context, faculty members may find themselves teaching in ways that are dissonant with the existing assumptions, beliefs, and views that are central to their pedagogical or teaching identity. This “identity dissonance” may lead to dissatisfaction and frustration for faculty members and potentially suboptimal learning experiences for students. In this Perspective, the authors propose that faculty consider using Pratt’s five teaching perspectives as a conceptual framework to recognize and mitigate potential identity dissonance as they transition to teaching online. Derived and refined through several years of research, these teaching perspectives are based on interrelated sets of intentions and beliefs that give direction and justification to faculty members’ actions. They have been used in higher education to improve faculty satisfaction, self-reflection capabilities, and faculty development. The authors, therefore, believe that these teaching perspectives hold the potential to help HPE faculty enhance their teaching and retain their primary teaching identify, even as they shift to online teaching. Doing so may ensure that the components of teaching they enjoy and draw self-efficacy from are still central to their teaching experience. Pratt’s teaching perspectives also provide a conceptual framework for creating future faculty development initiatives and conducting research to better understand and improve the experience of transitioning to online teaching.
Persistent Postsurgical Pain
Authors: Richebé Philippe , Capdevila Xavier , Rivat Cyril
Published: May 2018

The development of chronic pain is considered a major complication after surgery. Basic science research in animal models helps us understand the transition from acute to chronic pain by identifying the numerous molecular and cellular changes that occur in the peripheral and central nervous systems. It is now well recognized that inflammation and nerve injury lead to long-term synaptic plasticity that amplifies and also maintains pain signaling, a phenomenon referred to as pain sensitization. In the context of surgery in humans, pain sensitization is both responsible for an increase in postoperative pain via the expression of wound hyperalgesia and considered a critical factor for the development of persistent postsurgical pain. Using specific drugs that block the processes of pain sensitization reduces postoperative pain and prevents the development of persistent postoperative pain. This narrative review of the literature describes clinical investigations evaluating different preventative pharmacologic strategies that are routinely used by anesthesiologists in their daily clinical practices for preventing persistent postoperative pain. Nevertheless, further efforts are needed in both basic and clinical science research to identify preclinical models and novel therapeutics targets. There remains a need for more patient numbers in clinical research, for more reliable data, and for the development of the safest and the most effective strategies to limit the incidence of persistent postoperative pain.
Psychometric Properties and Factor Structure of a New Scale to Measure Hyperacusis: Introducing the Inventory of Hyperacusis Symptoms
Authors: Greenberg Benjamin , Carlos Megan
Published: May 2018

Objectives:

Despite increasing interest in hyperacusis and other disorders of auditory sensitivity, there is still a lack of valid, standardized assessment tools to measure symptom severity, treatment outcomes, and diagnostic differentiation. Accordingly, this study sought to create a new scale that is reliable, valid, brief, and easy to score with the purpose of filling this gap.

Design:

Original items were constructed through review of currently existing models of hyperacusis measurement, as well as qualitative data collected from professional audiologists and individuals reporting heightened audiological sensitivity with tinnitus. An initial 26-item scale yielded sound reliability and validity properties. Refinement based on review of initial data resulted in a 25-question second version with a maximum score of 100. A total of 450 completed survey protocols were analyzed from 469 refined Inventory of Hyperacusis Symptoms (IHS) administrations collected online, representing individuals from 37 countries with a mean age of 34.8 years.

Results:

Internal consistency reliability analysis yielded a Cronbach’s α of 0.93, indicating excellent reliability. Furthermore, the IHS showed sound convergent validity with established measures of quality of life, anxiety, and depression in bivariate correlation analysis of Pearson’s r. Factor analysis revealed a dimensional structure containing five factors, which were designated psychosocial impact, emotional arousal, functional impact, general loudness, and communication. Analysis of variance between perceived global hyperacusis severity categories provided a preliminary framework for scoring thresholds. Although the level of hearing loss did not correlate with IHS scores, increased tinnitus symptoms were a significant factor in predicting hyperacusis distress and severity.

Conclusions:

These initial results demonstrated sound statistical properties of the IHS and usefulness as a hyperacusis measurement tool in research and clinical practice. Factor structure and scale dimensions allow for differentiation between subtypes of loudness, annoyance, fear, and pain based on responses to clusters of specific items within the dimensional factor structure of the scale, and may thus prove useful in clinical practice and research.
Cadaveric Study of Bone Tissue Temperature During Pin Site Drilling Using Fluoroptic Thermography
Authors: Muffly Matthew T. , Winegar Corbett D. , Miller Mark Carl , Altman Gregory T.
Published: May 2018

Background:

Using fluoroptic thermography, temperature was measured during pin site drilling of intact cortical human cadaver bone with a combination of 1-step drilling, graduated drilling, and 1-step drilling with irrigation of 5.0-mm Schanz pins.

Materials and Methods:

A 1440 revolutions per minute constant force drilling was used on tibial diaphyses while a sensor probe placed 0.5 mm adjacent to the drill hole measured temperature. Four drilling techniques on each of the tibial segments were performed: 3.5-mm drill bit, 5.0-mm Schanz pin, 5.0-mm Schanz pin in a 3.5-mm predrilled entry site, and 5.0-mm Schanz pin using irrigation.

Results:

One-step drilling using a 5.0-mm Schanz pin without irrigation produced a temperature that exceeded the threshold temperature for heat-induced injury in 5 of the 8 trials. With the other 3 drilling techniques, only 1 in 24 trials produced a temperature that would result in thermal injury. This difference was found to be statistically significant (P= 0.003). The use of irrigation significantly reduced the maximum bone tissue temperature in 1-step drilling of a 5.0-mm Schanz pin (P= 0.02). One-step drilling with a 3.5-mm drill bit achieved maximum temperature significantly faster than graduated drilling and drilling with irrigation using a 5.0-mm Schanz pin (P< 0.01).

Conclusions:

One-step drilling with a 5.0-mm Schanz pin into cortical bone can produce temperatures that can lead to heat-induced injury. Irrigation alone can reduce the temperatures sufficiently to avoid damage. Predrilling can increase temperatures significantly, but the extent of any injury should be small.
Clinical Factors Associated With ICU-Specific Care Following Supratentoral Brain Tumor Resection and Validation of a Risk Prediction Score
Authors: Franko Lynze R. , Hollon Todd , Linzey Joseph , Roark Christopher , Rajajee Venkatakrishna , Sheehan Kyle , Teig Magnus , Hervey-Jumper Shawn , Heth Jason , Orringer Daniel , Williamson Craig A.
Published: May 2018

Objectives:

The postoperative management of patients who undergo brain tumor resection frequently occurs in an ICU. However, the routine admission of all patients to an ICU following surgery is controversial. This study seeks to identify the frequency with which patients undergoing elective supratentorial tumor resection require care, aside from frequent neurologic checks, that is specific to an ICU and to determine the frequency of new complications during ICU admission. Additionally, clinical predictors of ICU-specific care are identified, and a scoring system to discriminate patients most likely to require ICU-specific treatment is validated.

Design:

Retrospective observational cohort study.

Setting:

Academic neurosurgical center.

Patients:

Two-hundred consecutive adult patients who underwent supratentorial brain tumor surgery. An additional 100 consecutive patients were used to validate the prediction score.

Interventions:

None.

Measurements and Main Results:

Univariate statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify clinical characteristics associated with ICU-specific treatment. Eighteen patients (9%) received ICU-specific care, and 19 (9.5%) experienced new complications or underwent emergent imaging while in the ICU. Factors significantly associated with ICU-specific care included nonelective admission, preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale, and volume of IV fluids. A simple clinical scoring system that included Karnofsky Performance Status less than 70 (1 point), general endotracheal anesthesia (1 point), and any early postoperative complications (2 points) demonstrated excellent ability to discriminate patients who required ICU-specific care in both the derivation and validation cohorts.

Conclusions:

Less than 10% of patients required ICU-specific care following supratentorial tumor resection. A simple clinical scoring system may aid clinicians in stratifying the risk of requiring ICU care and could inform triage decisions when ICU bed availability is limited.
Gallstones and cholecystectomy in relation to risk of liver cancer
Authors: Wang Yue , Xie Long-Fei , Lin Jie
Published: May 2018

The association between gallstones or cholecystectomy and the incidence risk of liver cancer is controversial. This is a meta-analysis of observational studies on the role of gallstones or cholecystectomy in primary liver cancer. Relevant studies were identified after the literature search via electronic databases until June 2014. A random-effects model was used to generate pooled multivariable adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity among studies was evaluated using Cochran’s Q and I
2 statistics. A total of 14 studies (four case–control, 10 cohort) were included in this study. Our study showed the pooled OR was 2.66 (95% CI: 2.05–3.28) for gallstones with liver cancer risk and OR was 1.47 (95% CI: 1.24–1.71) for cholecystectomy. Though there was obvious heterogeneity among these studies, the risk of incidence was consistent in the subgroup analyses and sensitivity analysis. The findings from meta-analysis provided that patients with gallstones or cholecystectomy had significant increased the risk of liver cancer, although the biological mechanisms underlying the link still need to be clarified.
NaoXinTong Capsule Inhibits Carrageenan-Induced Thrombosis in Mice
Authors: Li Qi , Chen Yi , Zhao Dan , Wei Zhuo , Zhang Shuang , Chen Yuanli , Wang Yong , Qian Ke , Zhao Buchang , Zhu Yan , Gao Xiumei , Dong Pengzhi , Li Xiaoju , Duan Yajun , Han Jihong , Yang Xiaoxiao
Published: May 2018

Formation of thrombosis is mainly associated with dysfunctions of endothelial cells. NaoXinTong capsule (NXT), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been demonstrated multiple protective effects on vascular systems. However, it is unknown the effect of NXT on thrombosis. In this study, we determined whether NXT can inhibit carrageenan-induced thrombosis and the underlying mechanisms. Two days after carrageenan injection, severe thrombi were found in blood vessels of mouse tail and liver. By contrast, thrombi were substantially reduced by NXT treatment, and the reduction was associated with reduced serum tumor necrosis factor α and P-selectin levels. In vitro, NXT reduced lipopolysaccharide-activated adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by inhibiting expression of adhesion molecules and interleukin 6, and reducing production of mitochondrial superoxide that is related to activation of antioxidant enzymes expression. NXT also reduced oxidized low-density lipoprotein-activated adhesion of platelets to HUVECs. In addition, NXT protected HUVECs against clopidogrel-induced cell death by inhibiting expression of tumor necrosis factor–like cytokine 1A and activating expression of vascular endothelial growth factor α. Taken together, our study indicates the potential application of NXT in antithrombosis by multiple antithrombotic functions.
Risk factors for 5-year prospective height loss among postmenopausal women
Authors: Mai Xiaodan , Marshall Britt , Hovey Kathleen M. , Sperrazza Jill , Wactawski-Wende Jean
Published: May 2018

Objective:

Height loss is common in older women and has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In this study, we identified factors that could predict prospective height loss in postmenopausal women.

Methods:

Height was measured in 1,024 postmenopausal women, enrolled in the Buffalo Osteoporosis and Periodontal Disease Study, at baseline and 5 years later using a fixed stadiometer. Demographics, lifestyle, medical history, and medication use were assessed at baseline. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify factors that are associated with marked height loss of ≥1 inch. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for each predictor. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to determine the discriminatory ability of the prediction model.

Results:

The mean loss of height was 0.4 (SD 0.7) inches. Age (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.06-1.16), weight (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.07), use of oral corticosteroids (OR 4.96, 95% CI 1.25-19.72), and strenuous exercise at age 18 ≥ three times per week (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.31-0.98) were significantly associated with marked height loss in the multivariable-adjusted model. The area under the ROC curve is 72.1%. Addition of bone mineral density measures did not improve the discriminatory ability of the prediction model.

Conclusions:

This set of available variables may be useful in predicting the 5-year risk of height loss of 1 inch or more in postmenopausal women. These findings may help to target older women at risk of height loss who may benefit most from prevention strategies for fracture and mortality.
Estrogen-alone therapy and invasive breast cancer incidence by dose, formulation, and route of delivery: findings from the WHI observational study
Authors: Shufelt Chrisandra , Bairey Merz C. Noel , Pettinger Mary B. , Choi Lydia , Chlebowski Rowan , Crandall Carolyn J. , Liu Simin , Lane Dorothy , Prentice Ross , Manson JoAnn E.
Published: May 2018

Objective:

Research on the relationships between different hormone therapy doses, formulation and routes of delivery, and subsequent breast cancer incidence has been limited. This study directly compared different estrogen doses, formulations, and route of delivery of estrogen alone among women with a hysterectomy in relation to invasive breast cancer incidence.

Methods:

The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study is a large multicenter prospective cohort study conducted at 40 US sites. Analyses included 26,525 postmenopausal women with a hysterectomy, aged 50 to 79 years, at study entry, recruited between September, 1993 and December, 1998, with annual follow-up through September 12, 2005.

Results:

Average follow-up was 8.2 years. For conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) users, no difference was observed between low-dose CEE (<0.625 mg) compared with conventional-dose CEE (0.625 mg) for breast cancer (hazard ratio [HR] 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65, 1.48)]. Compared with conventional-dose CEE, transdermal estrogen was associated with a nonsignificant lower risk of invasive breast cancer (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.47, 1.19). The low prevalence of transdermal use likely limited power for this comparison, and for a comparison of oral estradiol to conventional-dose CEE (HR 1.20, 95% CI 0.84, 1.39).

Conclusion:

Our results indicate that invasive breast cancer risk did not differ appreciably in women with a hysterectomy using estrogen-alone when directly comparing different doses, formulations, and routes of delivery to the conventional oral CEE. These findings suggest that the lower breast cancer risk found in the WHI estrogen-alone trial may extend to lower doses of CEE. Additional research is needed to confirm these hypotheses.
Vasomotor symptoms in women over 60: results from the Data Registry on Experiences of Aging, Menopause, and Sexuality (DREAMS)
Authors: David Paru S. , Kling Juliana M. , Vegunta Suneela , Faubion Stephanie S. , Kapoor Ekta , Mara Kristin C. , Schroeder Darrell R. , Hilsaca Karla Frohmader , Kuhle Carol L.
Published: May 2018

Objective:

Frequency of vasomotor symptoms (VMS) in older women and the contributing factors are largely undefined. We measured the frequency of moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms (msVMS) in women ≥60 years of age and examined their characteristics to determine factors that may associate with VMS in older women.

Methods:

A cross-sectional survey was completed using the Menopause Health Questionnaire from the Data Registry on Experiences of Aging, Menopause, and Sexuality. Data were collected from women presenting for menopause consultation to Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, from January 1, 2006 to October 7, 2014. We created a binary variable where women were classified as having msVMS bother if they reported “quite a bit” or “extremely” compared with women reporting “not at all” or “a little bit.” Women with and without msVMS were evaluated by menopause type, self-rated heath, current tobacco, caffeine, and alcohol use, as well as pertinent medication use. Associations between participant characteristics and msVMS were evaluated using logistic regression and a multivariable model with age as a covariate. Interactions between participant characteristics and age were also assessed.

Results:

Of the 4,956 women presenting for menopause consultation, 921 (18%) were ≥60 years old. Of these, 379 (41.2%) reported msVMS bother. Women with msVMS were more likely to have a history of nonspontaneous menopause and report their health as fair, versus good or excellent. Women reporting current use of hormone therapy (HT) (21%) were less likely to report msVMS compared with those not taking HT (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

A substantial number of women seen in a specialty menopause clinic were over age 60 years and reported msVMS, highlighting that VMS may be disruptive in women over a decade past the natural age of menopause.
Is There a Higher Risk of Mother-to-child Transmission of HIV Among Pregnant Women With Perinatal HIV Infection?
Authors: Goodenough Christopher J. , Patel Kunjal , Van Dyke Russell B.
Published: May 2018

Cases of mother-to-child-transmission in the Surveillance Monitoring of ART Toxicities Study of Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study were identified from 2007 to 2015. Among 2123 births, 9 infants were HIV infected, giving a mother-to-child-transmission rate of 0.5% (95% confidence interval: 0.3%–1.0%). Mothers with perinatal HIV infections had a higher mother-to-child-transmission rate (1.1%; 95% confidence interval: 0.3%–4.3%) than mothers without perinatal HIV infections (0.4%; 95% confidence interval: 0.2%–1.0%), associated with a greater likelihood of detectable viral load at delivery.
Endolymphatic Sac Decompression With Intra-Sac Dexamethasone Injection in Menière's Disease
Authors: Bojrab Dennis I. , LaRouere Michael J. , Bojrab Dennis I. , Babu Seilesh C. , Sargent Eric W. , Chan Eleanor Y. , Hong Robert S.
Published: May 2018

Objective:

Endolymphatic sac decompression surgery (ELSD) may be used to treat patients who have Menière's 's disease refractory to medical therapy. In this study, we investigated whether or not the injection of steroid into the endolymphatic sac at the time of ELSD provides additional benefit to patient outcomes.

Study Design:

Randomized prospective single-blinded placebo-controlled study.

Setting:

Tertiary center.

Patients:

Patients with Menière's disease with poorly controlled vertigo despite medical therapy and serviceable hearing that were offered ELSD.

Intervention(s):

Patients randomized into two groups, with control group (n = 17) undergone ELSD without steroid injection and experimental group undergone ELSD with steroid injection (n = 18)

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Audiogram, dizziness handicap inventory, tinnitus handicap inventory, frequency of vertigo spells, functional level scale, and quality of life were obtained at multiple intervals from preoperatively to 24 months postoperatively.

Results:

ELSD resulted in a statistically significant improvement in vertigo control whether or not steroid was injected into the endolymphatic sac at the time of surgery. However, no additional benefit was observed with the addition of intra-sac steroid injection. No statistical difference in pure-tone average, tinnitus handicap inventory, dizziness handicap inventory, or quality of life was observed between the steroid and nonsteroid surgical groups up to 24 months postoperatively.

Conclusion:

ELSD is an effective treatment for Menière's disease refractory to medical therapy; however, the addition of intra-sac steroid injection at the time of surgery does not seem to result in a further improvement in patient outcomes.
A Newly Recognized Histologic Pattern of IgG4-related Lymphadenopathy
Authors: Chen Ying-Ren , Chen Yi-Ju , Wang Ming-Chung , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Chang Kung-Chao
Published: May 2018

Immunoglobulin (Ig)G4-related sclerosing disease is a fibroinflammatory disorder characterized by tumor-forming lesions at multiple anatomic sites and by increased serum levels of IgG4. IgG4-related lymphadenopathy, defined as lymphadenopathy developing in patients with IgG4-related sclerosing disease, is known to manifest in 5 histologic patterns: (1) multicentric Castleman disease-like; (2) reactive follicular hyperplasia; (3) interfollicular plasmacytosis with immunoblasts; (4) progressive transformation of germinal centers-like; and (5) inflammatory pseudotumor-like. Herein, we describe a 37-year-old man with an additional pattern of IgG4-related lymphadenopathy that we designate as infectious mononucleosis-like. This pattern is characterized by effacement of the nodal architecture by an infiltrate composed of numerous mature plasma cells, plasmacytoid cells, large basophilic transformed lymphocytes (immunoblasts), and small-sized to medium-sized lymphocytes and histiocytes. Perivascular fibrosis and karyorrhectic debris with fibrin deposition were also focally identified. Epstein-Barr virus–encoded small RNA in situ hybridization showed scattered positive small lymphocytes, 1% to 2%. The initial spike of IgG4 in serum (>4400 mg/dL) decreased by half after 1 month of steroid therapy. His condition was stable during 1 year of follow-up. We report this case because the findings expand the morphologic spectrum of IgG4-related lymphadenopathy.
Colonic Adenomatous Polyps Involving Submucosal Lymphoglandular Complexes
Authors: Lee Hee Eun , Wu Tsung-Teh , Chandan Vishal S. , Torbenson Michael S. , Mounajjed Taofic
Published: May 2018

Lymphoglandular complexes (LGCs) are lymphoid nodules containing intestinal mucosa, present in close apposition to muscularis mucosae or submucosa. Rarely, colorectal adenomas involve submucosal LGCs, simulating invasive adenocarcinoma with associated submucosal lymphoid aggregates, and presenting a diagnostic pitfall. We aimed to identify distinctive histologic features between submucosal LGCs and true invasion. Seven adenomas (tubular/tubulovillous adenomas [n=6], including 4 with high-grade dysplasia and 1 with focal intramucosal adenocarcinoma, and sessile serrated adenoma [n=1]) were in the right (n=5) and left colon (n=2). Seven adenocarcinomas were in the right (n=3), left (n=2), and rectum/rectosigmoid colon (n=2). Adenomatous glands involving submucosal LGCs were invested in lamina propria, showed continuity with surface adenoma, were well rounded and contained within lymphoid tissue, and predominantly lacked classic features of “pseudoinvasion.” One case showed a herniation pattern carrying muscularis mucosae. Adenocarcinomas had at least one of the following features: infiltrating single cells/small clusters (n=5), poorly formed, fused, and irregular glands (n=2), solid tumor nests (n=1), desmoplastic reaction (n=5), intraluminal necrosis (n=3), or lymphovascular invasion (n=1). In contrast, no adenoma had these features. Adenocarcinomas showed no herniation, but connection to surface tumor (n=5) was seen. Five invasive adenocarcinomas extended into the submucosa beyond the lymphoid aggregate. In conclusion, adenomas involving LGCs are a rare, clinicopathologically distinct form of pseudoinvasion that mimics invasive adenocarcinoma; histologic features that distinguish them are a well-rounded contour contained within the lymphoid tissue, and lack of infiltrating single cells/small clusters, poorly formed, fused, and irregular glands, solid tumor nests, desmoplastic reaction, and lymphovascular invasion.
Slowly Repeated Evoked Pain as a Marker of Central Sensitization in Fibromyalgia: Diagnostic Accuracy and Reliability in Comparison With Temporal Summation of Pain
Authors: de la Coba Pablo , Bruehl Stephen , Galvez-Sánchez Carmen María , Reyes del Paso Gustavo A.
Published: May 2018

Objective

This study examined the diagnostic accuracy and test-retest reliability of a novel dynamic evoked pain protocol (slowly repeated evoked pain [SREP]) compared with temporal summation of pain (TSP), a standard index of central sensitization.

Methods

Thirty-five fibromyalgia (FM) patients and 30 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients completed, in pseudorandomized order, a standard mechanical TSP protocol (10 stimuli of 1-second duration at the thenar eminence using a 300-g monofilament with 1 second interstimulus interval) and the SREP protocol (9 suprathreshold pressure stimuli of 5-second duration applied to the fingernail with a 30-second interstimulus interval). To evaluate reliability for both protocols, they were repeated in a second session 4–7 days later.

Results

Evidence for significant pain sensitization over trials (increasing pain intensity ratings) was observed for SREP in FM (p < .001) but not in RA (p = .35), whereas significant sensitization was observed in both diagnostic groups for the TSP protocol (p < .008). Compared with TSP, SREP demonstrated higher overall diagnostic accuracy (87.7% versus 64.6%), greater sensitivity (0.89 versus 0.57), and greater specificity (0.87 versus 0.73) in discriminating between FM and RA patients. Test-retest reliability of SREP sensitization was good in FM (intraclass correlations = 0.80), and moderate in RA (intraclass correlations = 0.68).

Conclusions

SREP seems to be a dynamic evoked pain index tapping into pain sensitization that allows for greater diagnostic accuracy in identifying FM patients compared with a standard TSP protocol. Further research is needed to study mechanisms underlying SREP and the potential utility of adding SREP to standard pain evaluation protocols.
The Effect of Different Doses of Extracorporeal Shock Waves on Experimental Model Mandibular Distraction
Authors: Bereket Cihan , Çakir-Özkan Nilüfer , Önger Mehmet Emin , Arici Selim
Published: May 2018

Objective:

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is widely used treatment for the bone deformities. In addition extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a new perspective on noninvasive modalities of management of the bone regeneration. We examined the effects of 2 different single doses of ESWT on the consolidation period of DO of the rabbit mandible using stereological, radiological and immunohistochemical methods in the present study.

Methods:

DO was performed unilaterally in the mandible of 18 New Zealand rabbits (6 months’ old, weighing between 2.5 and 3 kg). The distraction zone of the mandible has received no treatment as controls. Group 2 (ESWT 500) received ESWT (single dose of 500 impulses 0.19 mJ/mm2energy flux intensity and 2155 mJ totally) were applied on the first day of the consolidation. Group 3 (ESWT 1000) treated with ESWT (single dose of 1000 impulses0.19 mJ/mm2energy flux intensity and 4310 mJ totally) were applied on the first day of the consolidation period. After the sacrification, radiologically bone mineral density, new bone formation, new fibrous tissue, and new vessel formation were analyzed using unbiased stereological methods.

Results:

It was found a statistically significant difference between the study groups and control group in the bone mineral density measurements and the highest values were in the ESWT1000 group. In terms of stereological analysis, there was a significant difference between the study groups and control group (P = 0.00). The new capillary volume was highest in the E1000 group. Additionally, significant differences were found in point of the capillary volumes between the groups control and ESWT500 (P = 0.001), control and ESWT1000 (P = 0.000), ESWT500 and ESWT1000 (P = 0.040), respectively.

Conclusions:

A total of 1000 impulses ESWT may induce the growth factors to enhance the newly formed bone regeneration.
Surgical Management of the Recent Orbital War Injury
Authors: Riyadh Safaa , Abdulrazaq Saif Saadedeen , Zirjawi Ali Mhana Sabeeh
Published: May 2018

Maxillofacial trauma affects sensitive and essential functions for the human being such as smell, breathing, talking, and the most importantly the sight. Trauma to the orbit may cause a vision loss especially if this trauma yields a high kinetic energy like that encountered during wars. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes of the orbital war trauma, enriching the literature with the experience of the authors in this field. A total of 16 patients were injured, evacuated, and managed, between June 2014 and June 2017, from the fight between the Iraqi army and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in different areas of Iraq. Two-stage protocol was adopted, that is debridement and reconstruction. There were 14 military patients and 2 civilians. The cause of trauma was either bullet or shrapnel from an explosion. In the battlefield, delayed evacuation of the casualties led to increase the morbidity and mortality. Wearing a protective shield over the eye during the war along with fast evacuation highly improved the survival rates.
The Comparison of Midazolam and Propofol in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Rongzan , Lu Quan , Wu Younong
Published: May 2018

Introduction:

Midazolam and propofol are both used for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of midazolam and propofol in gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Materials and Methods:

PubMed, EMbase, Web of science, EBSCO, and Cochrane library databases were systematically searched. Randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of midazolam versus propofol on sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy are included. Two investigators have independently searched for articles, extracted data, and assessed the quality of included studies. This meta-analysis was performed using the random-effect model.

Results:

Five randomized controlled trials involving 552 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, compared with midazolam sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy, propofol sedation results in higher endoscopist satisfaction scores during gastrointestinal endoscopy than midazolam [standard mean difference (Std. MD)=−0.71; 95% confidence interval (CI)=−1.05 to −0.37; P<0.0001), but the comparison shows no remarkable influence on patient satisfaction scores between midazolam and propofol (Std. MD=−0.34; 95% CI=−0.88 to 0.20; P=0.21), procedure time (Std. MD=0.14; 95% CI=−0.13 to 0.42; P=0.31), hypoxia [risk ratio (RR)=0.86; 95% CI=0.53-1.38; P=0.53), and bradycardia (RR=1.05; 95% CI=0.54-2.06; P=0.89). In addition, propofol shows higher incidence of hypotension than midazolam (RR=0.58; 95% CI=0.34-0.99; P=0.04).

Conclusions:

When compared with midazolam sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy, propofol sedation results in higher endoscopist satisfaction scores, but may increase the incidence of hypotension.
Congenital Third Nerve Palsy Associated With Midbrain Hypoplasia Due to Bilateral Segmental Internal Carotid Artery Agenesis
Authors: Dhiman Rebika , Gorimanipalli Bhavya , Swamy Deepa R. , Sharma Sanjay , Garg Ajay , Saxena Rohit
Published: May 2018

A 15-year-old girl, diagnosed with a partial right third nerve palsy, was found to have bilateral internal carotid artery agenesis. Neuroimaging with 3D-constructive interference in steady state scanning identified the possible etiology of the third nerve palsy as midbrain hypoplasia.
Selling visions: Kantianism, cameralism and applied science realized through encyclopaediae in Germany and beyond
Authors: Bud Robert
Published: May 2018

This paper explores the introduction of the term ‘applied sciences’ into English from German at the beginning of the nineteenth century. First used for, and in,
The Encyclopaedia Metropolitana
, a project of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, the term served to describe the space between pure knowledge and practice, for a community to whom change in commerce and agriculture required elite management as well as encouragement. Addressed to those of ‘clerkly acquirements’, the audience anticipated Coleridge's later term of ‘clerisy’. I argue that we see a rather late example, on the periphery of the German cultural world in academically underserved Britain, of the importance of the encyclopaedia as a means of structuring knowledge. Mediating between an international cameralist tradition, a Kantian philosophical framework and a newly wealthy and aspirational audience,
The Encyclopaedia Metropolitana
was a cultural weapon through both its contents and its structure. It provided meaning to applied sciences as an epistemic category less certain than, and dependent on, the pure sciences, but also inclusive of a range of important subjects from chemistry to fortification. I argue that the term had served this role already in German, particularly after its adoption by Kantians, and moreover in encyclopaediae. In
The Encyclopaedia Metropolitana
, too, the categories of pure and applied science enabled the editor and readers to manage the burgeoning knowledge and destabilizing change of the early nineteenth century.
Effects of exposure to bodies of different sizes on perception of and satisfaction with own body size: two randomized studies
Authors: Bould Helen , Carnegie Rebecca , Allward Heather , Bacon Emily , Lambe Emily , Sapseid Megan , Button Katherine S. , Lewis Glyn , Skinner Andy , Broome Matthew R. , Park Rebecca , Harmer Catherine J. , Penton-Voak Ian S. , Munafò Marcus R.
Published: May 2018

Body dissatisfaction is prevalent among women and associated with subsequent obesity and eating disorders. Exposure to images of bodies of different sizes has been suggested to change the perception of ‘normal’ body size in others. We tested whether exposure to different-sized (otherwise identical) bodies changes perception of own and others' body size, satisfaction with body size and amount of chocolate consumed. In Study 1, 90 18–25-year-old women with normal BMI were randomized into one of three groups to complete a 15 min two-back task using photographs of women either of ‘normal weight’ (Body Mass Index (BMI) 22–23 kg m
−2
), or altered to appear either under- or over-weight. Study 2 was identical except the 96 participants had high baseline body dissatisfaction and were followed up after 24 h. We also conducted a mega-analysis combining both studies. Participants rated size of others' bodies, own size, and satisfaction with size pre- and post-task. Post-task ratings were compared between groups, adjusting for pre-task ratings. Participants exposed to over- or normal-weight images subsequently perceived others' bodies as smaller, in comparison to those shown underweight bodies (
p
 < 0.001). They also perceived their own bodies as smaller (Study 1,
p
 = 0.073; Study 2,
p
 = 0.018; mega-analysis,
p
 = 0.001), and felt more satisfied with their size (Study 1,
p
 = 0.046; Study 2,
p
 = 0.004; mega-analysis,
p
 = 0.006). There were no differences in chocolate consumption. This study suggests that a move towards using images of women with a BMI in the healthy range in the media may help to reduce body dissatisfaction, and the associated risk of eating disorders.
A critical revision of the fossil record, stratigraphy and diversity of the Neogene seal genusMonotherium(Carnivora, Phocidae)
Authors: Dewaele Leonard , Lambert Olivier , Louwye Stephen
Published: May 2018

Historically,Monotheriumhad been one of the few genera of extinct Phocidae (true seals) that served as a wastebin taxon. Consequently, it did neither aid in understanding phylogenetic relationships of extinct Phocidae, nor in understanding seal diversity in deep time. This urged the reassessment of the genus. Before our review,Monotheriumincluded five different species:Monotherium aberratum,Monotherium affine, andMonotherium delogniifrom Belgium;Monotherium gaudinifrom Italy; andMonotherium?wymanifrom the east coast USA. In this work we redescribe the fossil record of the genus, retaining the type speciesM. delognii.Monotherium aberratumandM. affineare reassigned to the new phocine genusFrisiphoca.Monotherium gaudiniis renamed and considered a stem-monachine (Noriphoca gaudini). The holotype of the monachineM.?wymanirequires further study pending the discovery of new fossil material that could be attributed to the same taxon. Reinvestigating the stratigraphic context reveals thatN. gaudinimost likely represents one of the two oldest named phocid seals, or even the oldest, dated to the late Oligocene–earliest Miocene. Our results allow questioning the widespread idea that Phocidae originated in the western Atlantic and better appreciate their palaeobiogeography during the late Oligocene–Miocene interval in the North Atlantic realm.