bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Lymphoma Coexisting With Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia Of The Stomach
Authors: Murayama Hiroshi , Kikuchi Masahiro , Eimoto Tadaaki , Doki Tatsuo , Doki Kiyoshi
Published: January 2011

A 55‐year‐old woman with a small focus of malignant lymphoma, 6 mm in diameter, arising within an area of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH) of the stomach is reported. The diagnosis of lymphoma was suspected by the preoperative endoscopic biopsy. This is the case of this association with an unusually small lymphoma in the early stage, in support of the view that there may be an intimate histogenetic relationship between lymphoma and RLH. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 679–686, 1984.
Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma With Massive Foamy Cells: Codfish Roe‐Like Mesothelioma
Authors: Kitazawa Mikio , Kaneko Hiroshi , Toshima Muneatsu , Ishikawa Hiroshi , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Sekiya Masao
Published: January 2011

An autopsy case of a 45 years old Japanese female with malignant masothelioma a showing peculiar stromal change was presented. The tumor had occupied the abdominal cavity around the uterus and both ovaries, and was diagnosed as a malignant peritoneal mesothelioma of epithelial type. The characteristic feature of the tumor was that the foam cells, which contained abundant amount of lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, and were thought to be histiocytes, massively occupied the stroma of the papillary tumor. Macroscopically, the tumor simulated a codfish roe. To our knowledge, no case of this sort of appearance of mesothelioma has ever been reported. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 687–692, 1984.
Estrogen‐Producing Adrenocortical Carcinoma A Light And Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Inai Kouki , Ohe Kazuhiko , Tokuoka Shoji , Miyachi Yukitaka
Published: January 2011

A case of adrenocortical carcinoma with feminization seen in a man aged 35, is reported. The levels of estrone (E1 and estradiol (E2) in the venous blood draining the tumor were high, and it was confirmed by in vitro assay of tumor cells taken from the primary tumor of the left adrenal gland that the tumor produced estrone. The light microscopic examination demonstrated that the primary tumor was composed of mixture of large cells with pleomorphic nuclei and vacuolated cytoplasm and uniform cells with ovoid nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm. The electron microscopic examination on the latter cells revealed numerous large and irregularly shaped mitochondria with mostly tubular or lamellar and occasionally vesicular cristae and electron‐dense matrix, well‐developed smooth‐surfaced endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm. However, lipid droplets and lysosomes or lipofuscin granules were scanty. From these findings, it is suggested that cells of the present tumor have characteristics of those in the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex as well as in the fetal cortex, and the functional property of this tumor is well correlated with its morphological features. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 693–704, 1984.
A pathological study of fulminant hepatic disease3,4
Authors: Mori Wataru , Machinami Rikuo , Shiga Junji , Taguchi Tomoya , Tanaka Kaoru , Fukusato Toshio , Hasegawa Akio , Aoki Naoto , Narita Takeo , Kikuchi Fumihito , Kodama Takaya , Irie Hiroshi , Oka Teruaki , Yoshimura Ashio , Aoyama Hiromu
Published: January 2011

Among 4,030 autopsies, 67 cases of fulminant hepatic failure were selected and studied from a pathological viewpoint. No sex difference in incidence was seen and the patients' age ranged very widely from 3 months to 78 years, showing comparatively high risk in the 20 s and 30 s in both sexes. Hepatitis virus was the most common cause, followed by toxic chemicals, shock, etc. Histopathological study revealed severe and extensive hepatic cell necrosis as the most conspicuous and common change of the liver, which was pathomorphologically quite similar to that experimentally produced by focal intravascular coagulation in rabbit. This evidence, as well as pathological findings of the other organs obtained at autopsy and the patients' reported clinical course, including laboratory data, were consistent with our proposal of a pathological disease entity, fulminant liver disease, which corresponds to the clinical symptom‐complex known as fulminant hepatic failure. It is suggested that the characteristic feature of acute, severe and extensive hepatic cell necrosis which is seen in such cases is probably a result of an anoxic state caused in most instances by intrahepatic circulatory disturbances. Besides, we consider that fulminant liver disease can be regarded as a group of systemic diseases with the main focus of illness in the liver, rather than a specific disease of a single organ, the liver.

ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 34: 727∼742, 1984.
Immunohistological study on malignant fibrous histiocytoma3
Authors: Inoue Akifumi , Aozasa Katsuyuki , Tsujimoto Masahiko , Tamai Masamitsu , Chatani Fumio , Ueno Hiroshi
Published: January 2011

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) shows a mixed proliferation of both fibroblastic and histiocytic cells. Because of their complex morphologic appearances, the nature of truly neoplastic cells in MFH has been controversial. In the present study, immunoperoxidase method (PAP method) was used to examine the intracytoplasmic lysozyme (LY), alpha‐1‐antitrypsin (A***1AT), fibronectin (FN), and polyvalent immunoglobulin (PI) in the fibroblastic and histiocytic cells. Twenty‐three cases with MFH were histologically divided into three groups; predominantly fibroblastic type (Group I; 5 cases), mixed fibroblastic and histiocytic type (Group II; 15 cases), and almost pure histiocytic type (Group III; 3 cases). Fibroblastic cells showed a strong positive reaction for LY and A1AT, suggesting the histiocytic nature, while the proliferating cells in Group II were more intensely stained by each of the antibodies than in Groups I and III. Enzyme histochemical examinations on fresh materials were available in 3 cases. These findings suggest that proliferating cells in MFH possess a histiocytic nature.

Acta pathol. jpn. 34: 759∼765, 1984.
Pigmented storiform neurofibroma
Authors: Miyamoto Yuichi , Morimatsu Minoru , Nakashima Teruyuki
Published: January 2011

A case of pigmented storiform neurofibroma is presented. The lesion was present in the right loin of a 35−year‐old Japanese woman. Grossly, a round, slightly elevated, approximately 1.5 cm in diameter tumor showed a red‐purplish coloration of the central part of the overlying skin without ulceration. The characteristic storiform pattern and scattered melanin‐containing cells were the relevant features for histological diagnosis. To our knowledge, our case is the second reported case in Japan. The histogenesis and its relationship with tumors of neural crest origin is briefly discussed. Acta pathol. jpn. 34: 821 ∼ 826, 1984.
Leiomyosarcoma of pulmonary truncus
Authors: Iwasaki Isao , Iwase Hirosato , Horie Hiroshi , Ide Genshiro , Saito Toshihiro , Furukawa Yoichiro
Published: January 2011

Insidious and progressive right heart failure of obscure origin warrants differential diagnosis of primary sarcoma of the pulmonary artery in patients of both sexes and 20 years of age and older. We report a case of primary leiomyosarcoma of the pulmonary truncus in a 67 years old woman. She had been well in general until when she started having fluctuating and progressive right heart failure three years ago. Clinical data included systolic murmurs in the pulmonary valve area, right ventricular hypertrophy, diminished x‐ray density of the pulmonary vasculature, moderate elevation of serum LDH, alkaline phosphatase, and uric acid, and prolonged or unobtainable circulation time from the arm to lungs. The immediate cause of death was attributable to right heart failure due to pulmonary arterial stenosis caused by a locally invasive leiomyosarcoma apparently arising in the pulmonary truncus. Contributing to this right heart failure were 280 ml of serosanguinous pericardial effusion and fibrinous pericarditis. Acta pathol. jpn. 34: 863∼867, 1984.
Signet ring cell carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Kondo Yoichiro , Akita Tohru , Sugano Isamu , Isono Kaichi
Published: January 2011

A rare case of signet ring cell (SRC) carcinoma of the breast occurring in a 51‐year‐old female is presented. She was first admitted under the diagnosis of gastric carcinoma. Incidentally, a right breast tumor was detected and double cancer was thus suspected clinically. Concurrent right mastectomy and partial gastrectomy were performed. Histologic examination on the removed tumors revealed infiltration of numerous SRCs. The signet ring appearance of tumor cells resulted from formation of a large intracytoplasmic globule. From this unique cytologic feature along with the presence of in situ lesion in the breast tumor, it was concluded that the gastric malignancy was a sequela of metastasis of infiltrating lobular carcinoma. Wide‐spread metastases later occurred, especially on the serosal surfaces. The importance for the knowledge about the unique metastatic pattern of SRC carcinoma of the breast was emphasized. Acta pathol. jpn. 34: 875∼880, 1984.
Malignant mediastinal myxoid tumor and renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Kuhara Hajime , Wakabayashi Takashi , Kishimoto Hidemasa , Sadoh Satofumi , Suzuki Takamoto , Senda Yoshihiro
Published: January 2011

A 69−year‐old man with a malignant mediastinal myxoid tumor and a right renal cell carcinoma died from bilateral compression atelectasis after a two months' clinical course. The mediastinal tumor simulated a myxoid malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) because of great pleomorphism of tumor cells, although the histological differential diagnosis of myxoid MFH, other myxoid sarcomas, and metastatic renal cell carcinoma was very difficult. Three reported cases of primary mediastinal MFH are briefly reviewed. Acta pathol. jpn. 34: 881∼887, 1984.
A Clinicopathologic Study of 62 Cases
Authors: Ushijima Masahiro , Tsuneyoshi Masazumi , Enjoji Munetomo
Published: January 2011

This clinicopathologic study concerns 62 patients with one of the Dupuytren type fibromatoses. Of the 62 patients, 42 had the lesion in the palm (palmar fibromatosis), 12 in the sole (plantar fibromatosis), 2 in the penis (penile fibromatosis), and 6 in the ectopic locations, the dorsal aspect of the hand in 3 patients, the dorsum of the fingers in 2, and the forearm in 1. The clinically palpable nodules were histologically classified into those of the following three phases, according to Luck's classification:12 proliferative phase (27), involutional phase (23), and residual phase (12). In addition to fibroblastic proliferation, the lesion of the proliferative phase exhibited vascular features consisting of one or more layers of cells with oval nuclei around the vessels within the nodule. In the lesions of the late proliferative and involutional phase, the intracytoplasmic fine filaments were visible in cells compatible with myofibroblasts by Masson's trichrome stain. The nuclei of the elemental fibroblasts in the same phases were often crossed transversely by one or more fine basophilic lines.
Renal Allografts With Glomerulonephritic Change and Proteinuria
Authors: Wakabayashi Tomo , Akiyama Nobuo , Ohtsubo Osamu , Yamauchi Jun , Sugimoto Hisayuki , Takahashi Ikuo , Maeda Tokihiko , Yanagisawa Takayoshi , Inou Tsunamasa
Published: January 2011

Eight cases of renal allografts with glomerulonephritic change and proteinuria were classified into three groups according to the morphological features of the glomerular lesions. Group I (3 cases): By light microscope, remarkable reduplication of glomerular basement membrane (GBM), widening of mesangial region, and slight increase in mesangial cells, were observed. Electron microscopy revealed thickening of subendothelial space by deposition of electron‐lucent material, mesangial interposition, and dense deposits in various regions (mainly in the subendothelial space). Group II (3 cases): By light microscope, crescent formation and reduplication of GBM were observed, while by electron microscope, changes of GBM similar to group I, but less remarkable, were seen. Group III (2 cases): Light microscope revealed spike formation in one case, but not in the other. With an electron microscope, subepithelial dense deposits were observed in both cases. Thickening of subendothelial space by deposition of electron‐lucent material was noted in one case, while thickening of lamina densa was observed in the other case. Morphological change caused by rejection was observed in all eight cases, with six cases showing massive proteinuria and the other two showing slight proteinuria.
Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Characteristics of Cardiac Myxoma
Authors: Takagi Masayuki
Published: January 2011

Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies of six cardiac myxomas were carried out to further elucidate the histogenesis of this tumor and the cell character of myxoma cell. Ultrastructurally myxoma cells have varying degrees of endothelial characteristics with prominent vasoformative activity. Immunohistochemically, blood group H‐antigen and Factor VIII‐related antigen were identified in tumor cells of all six cases. Prostaglandin I2 was demonstrated in five. The contractile proteins (actin and myosin), basement membrane components (laminin and fibronectin) were identified in all cases. Intermediate filament vimentin was demonstrated in two cases. On the other hand, desmin, keratin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein were not demonstrated. This result further supports the concept of the endothelial origin of cardiac myxoma rather than origin from multipotential mesenchymal cells. Myxoma cells infiltrated and covered the fibrin thrombi attached to the surface of the tumor, and the fibrin thrombi were replaced by myxoid matrix as the myxoma cells infiltrated it. This finding suggests that fibrin thrombi may be related to the growth of cardiac myxoma and active synthesis of prostaglandin I2 in myxoma cells may be due to intimate contact with platelet‐rich fibrin thrombi attached to the tumor.
Myocardial Sarcoidosis With A Tumor‐Like Left Atrial Thrombus
Authors: Tanaka Toshio , Nakata Yasunari , Okazaki Morihiro , Kobayashi Yozo , Kishi Toshiyuki , Ejiri Togo , Kimura Ikuro , Saino Susumu
Published: January 2011

We report here an elderly woman who started vague complaints around the age of 50, was proved to be a sarcoidosis by negative skin reaction with purified protein derivative, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, and sarcoid lesions in biopsied liver and lymph nodes, and died of cardiac insufficiency after 15 years of the illness. Necropsy revealed a huge tumor‐ like left atrial thrombus with nonspecific fibrous lesions throughout the myocardium, a pulmonary hamartoma, pneumonia, liver cell necrosis, and cholecystopathy. To our knowledge, this may be the first case of myocardial sarcoidosis associated with this kind of atrial thrombus, although the sarcoidosis and thrombus may have occurred independently.
Unhealthy substance‐use behaviors as symptom‐related self‐care in persons with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Brion John M. , Dawson Rose Carol , Nicholas Patrice K. , Sloane Rick , Voss Joachim G. , Corless Inge B. , Lindgren Teri G. , Wantland Dean J. , Kemppainen Jeanne K. , Sefcik Elizabeth F. , Nokes Kathleen M. , Kirksey Kenn M. , Sanzero Eller Lucille , Hamilton Mary Jane , Holzemer William L. , Portillo Carmen J. , Rivero Mendez Marta , Robinson Linda M. , Moezzi Shahnaz , Rosa Maria , Human Sarie , Maryland Mary , Arudo John , Viamonte Ros Ana , Nicholas Thomas P. , Cuca Yvette , Huang Emily , Bain Catherine , Tyer‐Viola Lynda , Zang Sheryl M. , Shannon Maureen , Peters‐Lewis Angelleen , Willard Suzanne
Published: January 2011

Unhealthy substance‐use behaviors, including a heavy alcohol intake, illicit drug use, and cigarette smoking, are engaged in by many HIV‐positive individuals, often as a way to manage their disease‐related symptoms. This study, based on data from a larger randomized controlled trial of an HIV/AIDS symptom management manual, examines the prevalence and characteristics of unhealthy behaviors in relation to HIV/AIDS symptoms. The mean age of the sample (n = 775) was 42.8 years and 38.5% of the sample was female. The mean number of years living with HIV was 9.1 years. The specific self‐reported unhealthy substance‐use behaviors were the use of marijuana, cigarettes, a large amount of alcohol, and illicit drugs. A subset of individuals who identified high levels of specific symptoms also reported significantly higher substance‐use behaviors, including amphetamine and injection drug use, heavy alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and marijuana use. The implications for clinical practice include the assessment of self‐care behaviors, screening for substance abuse, and education of persons regarding the self‐management of HIV.
Adverse events from targeted therapies in advanced renal cell carcinoma: the impact on long‐term use
Authors: Kirkali Ziya
Published: January 2011

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

The side‐effect of targeted agents is known.

The clinician should be aware of the side‐effects of targeted agents and how to prevent/diminish them, particularly in sequential and combination therapies.

The aim of this review is to help physicians tailor targeted treatments for advanced renal cell carcinoma to suit patient needs and ensure maximum overall duration of response to therapy by providing a summary of the frequency and time of onset of adverse events (AEs) and by raising awareness of AE profiles. A PubMed literature search was performed, and papers on targeted therapy‐related AEs were reviewed. The frequency, severity and management of targeted therapy‐related AEs are discussed. Manageable AEs commonly reported with all the approved targeted agents include: fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders (diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting), hypertension, skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders. Life‐threatening AEs are less common than manageable AEs and are usually class specific. Data suggest that long‐term treatment with well‐established targeted agents does not result in increased or unexpected AEs. Caution is required with regard to the long‐term use of newer targeted agents for which there are no long‐term tolerability data or clinical experience. Studies have reported that the type and frequency of observed AEs associated with sequential tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) use are similar to those reported in the literature for TKI monotherapy. Having an awareness of the AE profiles of targeted agents allows the development of effective management strategies. Generally, more extensive clinical experience has accumulated, and AE profiles are more predictable, for well‐established targeted agents.
Safety and efficacy of ultrasonography as an adjunct to fluoroscopy for renal access in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)
Authors: Agarwal Mayank , Agrawal Madhu S. , Jaiswal Abhinav , Kumar Deepak , Yadav Himanshu , Lavania Prashant
Published: January 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

OBJECTIVE

• To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ultrasonography (US)‐guided renal access in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), as compared with conventional fluoroscopy‐guided renal access in a prospective randomized trial.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• From January 2008 to October 2009, 224 patients with renal calculi undergoing PCNL were randomized into two groups.

• Group 1 (112 patients) underwent PCNL using only fluoroscopy‐guided renal access; while in group 2 (112 patients), US guidance for puncture was used in addition to fluoroscopy.

• The inclusion criteria were: normal renal functions, American Society of Anesthesiology scores 1 or 2, absence of congenital abnormalities, aged 15–70 years, and anticipated single‐tract procedure. The patients in both groups were matched for age, sex, and stone characteristics.

• The Student t‐test was used for statistical analysis with an allowable error of 5%.

RESULTS

• The mean time to successful puncture was 3.2 min and 1.8 min in group 1 and group 2, respectively (P < 0.01).

• The mean duration of radiation exposure to successful puncture was 28.6 s in group 1 and 14.4 s in group 2 (P < 0.01).

• The mean numbers of attempts for successful puncture in the desired calyx was 3.3 in group 1 as compared with 1.5 in group 2 (P < 0.01).

• The meantime taken for tract formation in group 1 was 7.4 min with radiation exposure of 82 s, while in group 2 it took 4.8 min with radiation exposure of 58 s (P < 0.01).

• Successful access was achieved in all patients. All patients were stone‐free at the end of the operation. The hospital stay (2–3 days) was same in both groups. There was no incidence of significant bleeding requiring transfusion during or after surgery. All the patients were followed‐up for a ≥6 months.

CONCLUSION

• US‐guided puncture in PCNL helps in increasing accuracy of puncture and decreasing radiation exposure for the surgical team and the patients.
MARKET PRICE MECHANISMS AND STACKELBERG GENERAL EQUILIBRIA: AN EXAMPLE
Authors: Julien Ludovic A. , Tricou Fabrice
Published: January 2011

This paper considers Stackelberg competition in a general equilibrium framework with a productive sector. The working of market power and the configurations of strategic interactions are complexified by the presence of a leader. Two market price mechanisms are studied: one is associated with the Stackelberg–Walras equilibrium and the other is linked to the Stackelberg–Cournot equilibrium. Throughout the example of a two commodity economy, several results are obtained about equilibria mergings and about welfare comparisons.
Reality and Philosophy: Reflections on Cora Diamond's Work
Authors: Lawlor Leonard
Published: January 2011

The publication of Cora Diamond's important 2002 “The Difficulty of Reality and the Difficulty of Philosophy” (in Philosophy and Animal Life) stimulated the writing of this essay. “The Difficulty of Reality and the Difficulty of Philosophy” attempted to show that there are experiences of reality (recounted especially in literature like John Coetzee's novels and Ted Hughes' poetry) in relation to which philosophical concepts and words encounter difficulty. The experiences resist conceptualization. By examining several of Diamond's earlier writings, I try to show that the difficulty of philosophical conceptualization of reality is due to the fact that reality does not exist external to experience. Reality being internal to experience means that reality contains an unfixed set of possibilities. Being experiential, reality is historical. The historical dimension of reality – such as the reality of animal life suffering – makes the words through we describe this reality too weak, i.e. they are not powerful enough to capture reality, hence the difficulty. Consequently, as I argue, for Diamond, the weakness of words means that words are never complete concepts. The meaning of them seems always still to come since reality seems always to have a surplus of possibilities. I suggest that because of this always still “to come” aspect of the meaning of words, we might characterise Diamond's thought as a messianism.
The Politics of Social Policy Language
Authors: Béland Daniel
Published: January 2011

A number of scholars have recently shown that key social policy concepts like ‘welfare state’ are both vague and problematic. Drawing on the international literature on the role of ideas in social policy, this article compares the development of two major policy concepts in two countries where the language of social policy is openly contentious: the USA and France. Focusing on the last three decades, the article discusses the meaning and development of the concepts of ‘social security’/‘sécurité sociale’ and ‘welfare state’/‘État‐providence’ in both countries. As suggested, these two concepts have long been controversial, in part because they are typically involved in the inherently political drawing and redrawing of the contested boundaries of state action. Overall, the article explains how the comparative analysis of social policy language can help scholars adopt a more reflexive approach.
Personalization: From Story‐line to Practice
Authors: Needham Catherine
Published: January 2011

Personalization has become a unifying theme and a dominant narrative across public services in England. Key to understanding the dominance of personalization is the recognition that it is a story that is told about public services, their history and the roles and experiences of the people who use them and work in them. Like other stories it is compelling, emotionally resonant, but also multi‐interpretable. This article identifies five key themes which are central to the personalization story‐line, noting their reliance on a combination of formal evidence, personal narratives and common sense. These are: (1) personalization works, transforming people's lives for the better; (2) person‐centred approaches reflect the way people live their lives, rather than artificial departmental boundaries; (3) personalization is applicable to everyone, not just to people with social care needs; (4) people are experts on their own lives; (5) personalization will save money. The article goes on to examine some of the complexities that audiences face in translating a story‐line into policy programmes and frontline practice. Three aspects in particular are considered: the ambiguity of personalization as a guide to action; the tensions between user empowerment and user responsibility; and the extent to which personalization is used to legitimize other reforms, in particular budget cuts.
An Audit of the Welfare Modelling Business
Authors: Powell Martin , Barrientos Armando
Published: January 2011

The ‘welfare modelling business’ has become central to comparative social policy in recent years. However, we argue that one important element in this literature, the usefulness of identifying ‘ideal types’ of welfare production that support theoretical development, has been neglected. While much effort has been devoted to the results of the number and composition of the worlds, insufficient attention has been paid to the analytical basis of welfare regimes. This article attempts an audit of the ‘welfare modelling business’, with a review and consideration of the main concepts used in the literature. Our main conclusion is that definitions, concepts and methods need to be given urgent priority for the investment in the business to produce future returns.
Detraditionalisation, gender and alternative and complementary medicines
Authors: Sointu Eeva
Published: January 2011

This article is premised on the importance of locating the appeal and meaning of alternative and complementary medicines in the context of gendered identities. I argue that the discourse of wellbeing – captured in many alternative and complementary health practices – is congruent with culturally prevalent ideals of self‐fulfilling, authentic, unique and self‐responsible subjectivity. The discourse of wellbeing places the self at the centre, thus providing a contrast with traditional ideas of other‐directed and caring femininity. As such, involvement in alternative and complementary medicines is entwined with a negotiation of shifting femininities in detraditionalising societies. Simultaneously, many alternative and complementary health practices readily tap into and reproduce traditional representations of caring femininity. It is through an emphasis on emotional honesty and intimacy that the discourse of wellbeing also captures a challenge to traditional ideas of masculinity. Expectations and experiences relating to gender add a further level of complexity to the meaningfulness and therapeutic value of alternative and complementary medicines and underlie the gender difference in the utilisation of holistic health practices. I draw on data from a qualitative study with 44, primarily white, middle‐class users and practitioners of varied alternative and complementary medicines in the UK.
Effects of Negative and Positive Evidence on Adult Word Learning
Authors: Strapp Chehalis M. , Helmick Augusta L. , Tonkovich Hayley M. , Bleakney Dana M.
Published: January 2011

This study compared negative and positive evidence in adult word learning, predicting that adults would learn more forms following negative evidence. Ninety‐two native English speakers (32 men and 60 women [Mage= 20.38 years, SD = 2.80]), learned nonsense nouns and verbs provided within English frames. Later, participants produced plural and past tense forms for the irregular nouns and verbs following negative or positive evidence. As anticipated, correct production followed negative evidence, and errors followed positive evidence. Additionally, participants learned more verbs than nouns. Implications for first and second language learning are discussed.
Fluency Training in the ESL Classroom: An Experimental Study of Fluency Development and Proceduralization
Authors: de Jong Nel , Perfetti Charles A.
Published: January 2011

The present study investigates the role of speech repetition in oral fluency development. Twenty‐four students enrolled in English‐as‐a‐second‐language classes performed three training sessions in which they recorded three speeches, of 4, 3, and 2 min, respectively. Some students spoke about the same topic three times, whereas others spoke about three different topics. It was found that fluency improved for both groups during training but was maintained on posttests only by the students who repeated their speeches. These students had used more words repeatedly across speeches, most of which were not specifically related to the topic. It is argued that proceduralization of linguistic knowledge represented a change in underlying cognitive mechanisms, resulting in improvements in observable fluency.
Intrinsic Finks and Dispositional/Categorical Distinction
Authors: Choi Sungho
Published: January 2011

The central theme of this paper is the dispositional/categorical distinction that has been one of the top agendas in contemporary metaphysics. I will first develop from my semantic account of dispositions what I think the correct formulation of the dispositional/categorical distinction in terms of counterfactual conditionals. It will be argued that my formulation does not have the shortcomings that have plagued previously proposed ones. Then I will turn my attention to one of its consequences, the thesis that dispositional properties are not susceptible to intrinsic finks. This thesis was first advanced by me and has ever since stirred up a big controversy, endorsed by some philosophers like Handfield, Bird, and Cohen but rejected by others like Clarke and Fara. Against this background, I will remedy my defense of the impossibility of intrinsically finkable dispositions and then refute some of apparently powerful criticisms of it. And so the upshot is that it is much more reasonable to hold on to the thesis that dispositions are intrinsically unfinkable. This will have the effect of putting the dispositional/categorical distinction on firmer and more secure ground.
Rational Imagination and Modal Knowledge
Authors: Ichikawa Jonathan , Jarvis Benjamin
Published: January 2011

How do we know what's (metaphysically) possible and impossible? Arguments from Kripke and Putnam suggest that possibility is not merely a matter of (coherent) conceivability/imaginability. For example, we can coherently imagine that Hesperus and Phosphorus are distinct objects even though they are not possibly distinct. Despite this apparent problem, we suggest, nevertheless, that imagination plays an important role in an adequate modal epistemology. When we discover what is possible or what is impossible, we generally exploit important connections between what is possible and what we can coherently imagine. We can often come to knowledge of metaphysical modality a priori.
“The Experience of Left and Right” Meets the Physics of Left and Right
Authors: John Baker David
Published: January 2011

I consider an argument, due to Geoffrey Lee, that we can know a priori  from the left‐right asymmetrical character of experience that our brains are left‐right asymmetrical. Lee's argument assumes a premise he calls relationism, which I show is well‐supported by the best philosophical picture of spacetime. I explain why Lee's relationism is compatible with left‐right asymmetrical laws. I then show that the conclusion of Lee's argument is not as strong or surprising as he makes it out to be.
The Role of Practice in the Development of Military Masculinities
Authors: Hale Hannah C.
Published: January 2011

This article seeks to explore the extent to which the military rebuilds or reframes masculinities as a means of meeting the aims of the process of militarization. It focuses on the dimensions of military masculinities that can be distinguished as distinctive in practice. Drawing on Etienne Wenger's notion of communities of practice, this research asks how military men orient themselves in their social and material world, considering the role of practice in the development of military masculinities. A total of 71 semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 53 male and 18 female personnel of various ranks working in the Army, Navy and Royal Air Force. Six focus groups were also carried out (with a total of 10 male and six female participants). Thematic analyses of the narratives indicated that one outcome of militarization is the construction of military masculinities. The military reframes masculinities as a means of meeting the aims of the process of militarization. Dimensions of military masculinities can be distinguished as attributes and qualities and masculinities that are distinctive to the military are constructed through military practice. A strong sense of belonging to the military community of practice is fundamental to the development of military masculinities. In order to feel that one belongs, the recognition and acceptance of others is needed. Those who share the attributes and comply with the practices peculiar to the military achieve this recognition.
Flawed Policy, Failed Politics? Challenging the Sexual Politics of Managing Diversity in Engineering Organizations
Authors: Sharp Rhonda , Franzway Suzanne , Mills Julie , Gill Judith
Published: January 2011

In Australia, as in most other developed countries, women constitute less than 10 per cent of engineers and they are leaving the profession faster than men. Engineering organizations have taken up managing diversity as a key policy to improve the recruitment and retention rates of women engineers. This article contributes to the developing literature of critical approaches to diversity by drawing on data from three large engineering companies to argue that this policy fails to challenge the prevailing sexual politics in engineering. We propose the concept of ‘sexual politics’ in order to stress that gender is relational, contested and always political. In failing to engage with the sexual politics in engineering organizations, managing diversity obscures the systematic nature of women's disadvantage and men's advantage in the workplace. Only when these politics are recognized, confronted and transformed will engineering careers be more equitable.
Sex Work, Office Work: Women Working Behind the Scenes in the US Adult Film Industry
Authors: Tibbals Chauntelle Anne
Published: January 2011

Women currently working behind the scenes in the adult film industry both inform considerations of the contemporary experiences of sex work in the USA and shed some light on differential experiences of gendered workplace organizations. Based on ethnographic observations and informal interviews conducted at a typical adult film production company and on examining the industry's historical development, I have found that a diverse range of occupations and occupational opportunities are available for women in the adult film industry and women workers in the US adult film industry experience their gendered workplace in unique ways. I suggest that this is due in part to the adult film industry's wider social network, which has itself been shaped by the historical development of the adult film industry and the stigma of sex work.
The Brown‐Vialetto‐van Laere syndrome: a case report and literature review
Authors: Davenport R.J. , Mumford C.J.
Published: January 2011

We describe a female presenting with a progressive bulbar palsy, deafness and respiratory failure necessitating long‐term ventilation. These clinical features are consistent with the Brown‐Vialetto‐van Laere syndrome, a rare, sometimes inherited progressive ponto‐bulbar neuronopathy with associated deafness. This case provides further evidence of the genetic heterogeneity of the syndrome and we describe a previously unreported form of treatment which had negative results. We suggest that improved recognition of this rare syndrome is essential to provide aetiological clues and we describe the worthwhile symptomatic improvement which can be achieved with simple supportive measures.
Isolated palsy of the third nerve nuclear complex caused by cerebral toxoplasmosis
Authors: Segovia J.G. , Montilla P. , Jimenez‐Escrig A. , Corral I. , Gobernado J.M.
Published: January 2011

We present a patient with palsy of the third nerve nuclear complex secondary to cerebral toxoplasmosis. There was a unique lesion by magnetic resonance and there were no other neurological symptoms. A complete radiographic and clinical resolution was obtained by specific treatment. Such neurological symptoms in cases of toxoplasmosis have not been reported previously.
Endothelin‐like immunoreactivity is expressed in reactive astrocytes in cases of cerebral infarcts and lacunes
Authors: Nie X.J. , Höög A. , Jiang M.H. , Ma K.‐C. , Olsson Y. , Zhang W.W.
Published: January 2011

The avidin‐biotin peroxidase complex method and a polyclonal antiserum were used to investigate the expression of endothelin‐like immunoreactivity in human autopsy cases presenting cerebral infarcts and lacunes. Cases with recent infarcts showed loss of immunoreactivity in neurons of the infarcts. Immunoreactive granules started to appear in astrocytic endfeet of microvessels of the border zones. Later on, numerous reactive astrocytes presented immunoreactivity in the entire cell body. Cases with old infarcts had a more widespread presence of astrocytes with endothelin‐like immunoreactivity around the lesions. Macrophages particularly of old infarcts showed a strong immunoreactivity. Cases with old lacunes presented numerous reactive fibrillary astrocytes with endothelin‐like immunoreactivity in the cell body and the processes. Astrocytes of controls showing endothelin‐like immunoreactivity were very rare and such cells were usually confined to the molecular layer of the cerebral cortex. The endothelin‐like immunoreactivity in astrocytes and macrophages of cases with cerebrovascular diseases probably reflects an increased intracellular content of endothelin. If this compound is released from such cells it may act as a mitogen and influence microcirculation by inducing vasoconstriction of intracerebral arterioles.‐
Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits cerebral cortical vasodilatation caused by superior sagittal sinus stimulation in the cat*
Authors: Kaube H. , Hoskin K.L. , Goadsby P.J.
Published: January 2011

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; aspirin) is one of the most widely used pain reliefs in the world and is certainly effective in the treatment of acute attacks of migraine of moderate severity. It has usually been considered that the action of ASA in migraine is related to peripheral inhibition of mediators of inflammation. Migraine involves episodic head pain that is thought generally to involve intracranial pain structures innervated by the ophthalmic (first) division of the trigeminal nerve, particularly vascular structures that have come to be known as the trigeminovascular system. In this study the effect of ASA on the cerebrovascular effects of the trigeminovascular system were assessed directly with measurements of cerebral blood flow. The trigeminovascular system was activated by stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus (SSS), a midline large venous sinus that is pain sensitive in humans. The SSS was stimulated electrically and cerebral blood flow measured using laser Doppler flowmetry (CBFLDF). Stimulation of the SSS resulted in a stimulus‐locked frequency‐dependent increase in CBFLDFthat reached a mean maximum at 2 Hz with a 60 ± 6% reduction in calculated cerebrovascuiar resistance. Administration of ASA (30 mg/kg i.v.) resulted in a small non‐sustained increase in blood pressure but no change in resting CBFLDF. The CBFLDFresponse to SSS stimulation was reduced at all but one frequency of stimulation to a maximum of a 43 ± 10% reduction in cerebrovascular resistance. Since electrical stimulation involves consecutive depolarization of trigeminovascular axons and bypasses the peripheral nerve vessel interaction it is likely that this effect of ASA is mediated in the central nervous system. Such a possibility draws attention to a possibly novel therapeutic locus of action for ASA and to the importance of central nervous system processing of trigeminovascular inputs that are integral to the clinical expression of migraine.
Impaired colour discrimination in Huntington's disease
Authors: Büttner Th. , Schulz S. , Kuhn W. , Blumenschein A. , Przuntek H.
Published: January 2011

Colour discrimination and visual contrast perception were investigated in 18 patients with Huntington's disease (HD) and in 18 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy volunteers using the Farnsworth‐Munsell 100 Hue test (FM) and stationary contrast targets. The mean total error score (MTES) and the partial scores for the “red‐green” and the “blue‐yellow” axes in the FM of the patients with HD were significantly elevated as compared to controls (MTES in HD: 113.0 ± 90.8; MTES in controls: 19.2 ± 8.8). The spatial contrast sensitivity in HD patients was normal. The colour perception dysfunction indicates that the visual system is affected in HD. The visual disorder may be related to an imbalance of certain neurotransmitters in the visual system of HD patients. Possible anatomical sites of the dysfunction responsible for colour discrimination abnormalities could be the retinal cone system and/or impaired parvocellular central visual pathways in HD.
Everyday memory impairment, neuroradiological findings and physical disability in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Haupts M. , Calabrese P. , Babinsky R. , Markowitsch H.J. , Gehlen W.
Published: January 2011

Thirty‐five multiple sclerosis (MS) patients diagnosed according to the Poser criteria were examined in a variety of cognition and memory tasks. Their performance was compared to age‐ and gender‐matched healthy individuals. While there was no difference in overall intellectual performance and short‐term memory between the MS group and control subjects, the patient group showed significant deficits in several everyday memory tasks including story recall, object and face recognition, procedural, topographical and prospective memory tasks. An intra‐group comparison in the MS cohort revealed that those patients with a chronic‐progressive MS course exhibited the most substantial everyday memory impairments and highest EDSS scores. These findings coincide with the neuroradiological, semiquantitative lesion analysis which was also performed. In this analysis, the latter MS subgroup also had the highest lesion score, as a sign of an overall brain involvement
Simvastatin‐induced rhabdomyolysis
Authors: McNaughton H. , Mumford C.J. , Warlow C.P.
Published: January 2011

At a time of increasing use of simvastatin and other “statin” drugs for cholesterol lowering, we report a case of simvastatin‐induced acute massive rhabdomyolysis with renal failure in a woman with primary biliary cirrhosis, occurring 2 years after starting the drug. The differential diagnosis is highlighted and the literature reviewed.
European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS): (rt‐PA—Thrombolysis in acute stroke) study design and progress report
Authors: Boysen G. ,   The ECASS Study Group
Published: January 2011

At present, no therapy for acute ischemic stroke has been established. Vascular occlusions are demonstrated in up to 75–90% of ischemic stroke patients, and it is assumed that rapid lysis of the causal vascular occlusion will improve outcome of ischemic stroke. The purpose of the ECASS study is to evaluate whether thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, alteplase, improves outcome compared to a placebo‐treated control group. Patients with acute ischemic hemispheric stroke in whom intravenous rt‐PA (alteplase) could be initiated within 6 h from the onset of symptoms were evaluated by neurological examination and cerebral computed tomographic scans (CT scans) of the brain. Patients fulfilling inclusion criteria and not meeting any exclusion criteria were, after informed consent, treated by 1.1 mg rt‐PA per kg body weight (max 100 mg) intravenously or placebo. No angiographic evaluation was included in the trial. In total, 623 patients were randomized in 14 European countries. In addition, 81 patients were treated in an open pilot phase with the active drug. Treatment effect was evaluated using the Barthel Index and the Modified Rankin Scale at 90 ± 7 days in both an intention‐to‐treat analysis and an explanatory analysis. The clinical course was evaluated by repeated neurological ratings on the Scandinavian Stroke Scale. Adverse events (intracranial hemorrhage or cerebral edema) were evaluated by repeating CT scans at 24 h and at 7 days. Recruitment was terminated in March 1994. Follow‐up evaluations were terminated in late June 1994. The first unblinded results are expected in February 1995. Overall mortality was 18.5% in the pilot study and 18.9% in the randomized trial. The incidence of cerebral bleeding complications associated with clinical deterioration was 11.1% (pilot) and 6.5% (randomized trial).
Does frontal cortex hypometabolism in progressive supranuclear palsy result from subcortical dysfunction?
Authors: Blin J. , Horwitz B. , Baron J.C. , Agid Y.
Published: January 2011

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), a neurodegenerative disease with frontal lobe‐like features, shows brain hypometabolism which predominates in frontal cortex, although the most severe histopathological lesions are subcortical. To test the hypothesis of the subcortical origin of the metabolic dysfunction in frontal cortex, we used previously obtained data measured using positron emission tomography (PET) in PSP patients and controls to examine the metabolic links between cortical and subcortical brain regions. We calculated interregional correlations of metabolic values in PSP patients and we compared these values to those obtained in controls. Compared to 20 age‐matched controls, the 20 PSP patients studied showed an increase in positive metabolic coupling between frontal and non‐frontal cortical regions. There was an abnormal linkage between frontal cortex and thalamus hypometabolism, the latter partly coupled to caudate nucleus hypometabolism. This study suggests a subcortical origin for frontal cortex hypometabolism in which thalamic activity appears to play a pivotal role.