bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Namaste (counterbalancing) technique: Overcoming warping in costal cartilage
Authors: Agrawal Kapil S. , Bachhav Manoj , Shrotriya Raghav
Published: August 2015

Background: Indian noses are broader and lack projection as compared to other populations, hence very often need augmentation, that too by large volume. Costal cartilage remains the material of choice in large volume augmentations and repair of complex primary and secondary nasal deformities. One major disadvantage of costal cartilage grafts (CCG) which offsets all other advantages is the tendency to warp and become distorted over a period of time. We propose a simple technique to overcome this menace of warping. Materials and Methods: We present the data of 51 patients of rhinoplasty done using CCG with counterbalancing technique over a period of 4 years. Results: No evidence of warping was found in any patient up to a maximum follow-up period of 4 years. Conclusion: Counterbalancing is a useful technique to overcome the problem of warping. It gives liberty to utilize even unbalanced cartilage safely to provide desired shape and use the cartilage without any wastage.
How were lipofilling cannulae designed and are they as safe as we believe?
Authors: Yazar Memet , Yazar Sevgi Kurt , Sevim Kamuran Zeynep , Irmak Fatih , Tekesin Merva Soluk , Kozanoğlu Erol , Karsidag Semra
Published: August 2015

Background: Most practitioners in plastic surgery believe that blunt tipped cannulae are safer. Interestingly, there is no study about their safety, and the problem is exactly this. As the use of blunt tipped cannulae is somehow difficult, some surgeons try other extreme alternatives, such as sharp and cutting tipped injection needles. But, they can cause complications such as vessel damage. According to these hypotheses, we tried to design a cannula which would ease the application of lipofilling and which would minimise the trauma. Contrary to the injection needle, the tips of the cannula would be blunter, and trauma would be diminished. Objectives: After designing such a cannula, we compared it with the most frequently used Coleman type cannulae with regard to ease in utilisation, and safety. We also tried to evaluate the potential for trauma, of the regularly used cannulae. Materials and Methods: In the first part, the penetration capacity of all cannulae was measured and compared, and in the second part, the tissue damage was evaluated in an experimental model. Results: According to the statistical and histological findings, the pointed-tip cannulae, blunted to a certain degree, can be applied easily through the tissues. The surgeon works more comfortably and we have noted that these cannulae cause less tissue damage.
Thoracodorsal artery perforator flap: Indeed a versatile flap
Authors: Jain Leena , Kumta Samir M. , Purohit Shrirang K. , Raut Rashmi
Published: August 2015

Introduction: The thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flap has emerged as one of the ideal perforator flaps. We, hereby, describe its versatility in indications (free/pedicled), methods of harvest (patient position and paddle orientation) and perforator consistency. Materials and Methods: We have performed a total of six TDAP flaps-five free and one pedicled, over a period of 1-year from March 2014 to February 2015 at a single centre. Our indications have been: Reconstruction of oral cavity, breast and upper and lower extremities. Results: We had neither any failures nor any re-explorations. The average perforator length is about 6 cm and the pedicle length can be extended to 12-14 cm by including the thoracodorsal artery. There is inconsistency in perforator position; however, the presence of a perforator is certain. It can be harvested in lateral, prone or supine position, thus, does not require any position change allowing a two-team approach to reconstruction. The paddle can be oriented vertically or horizontally, both healing with scars in inconspicuous locations. Apart from providing a good colour match for extremities, this flap can be thinned primarily. Conclusion: The versatility of TDAP has several advantages that make it a workhorse flap for most reconstructions requiring soft tissue cover. Further, the ease of harvest makes it a good perforator flap for beginners. Its use in chimerism with the underlying latissimus dorsi muscle provides reconstruction for coverage and volume replacement.
White Roll Vermilion turn down flap in primary unilateral cleft lip repair: A novel approach
Authors: Mishra R. K. , Agarwal Amit
Published: August 2015

Aim: Numerous modifications of Millard′s technique of rotation - advancement repair have been described in literature. This article envisions a new modification in Millard’s technique of primary unilateral chieloplasty. Material and Methods: Eliminating or reducing the secondary deformities in children with cleft lip has been a motivating factor for the continual refinement of cleft lip surgical techniques through the years. Vermilion notching, visibility of paramedian scars and scar contracture along the white roll are quite noticeable in close-up view even in good repairs. Any scar is less noticeable if it is in midline or along the lines of embryological closure. White Roll Vermilion turn down Flap (WRV Flap), a modification in the Millard’s repair is an attempt to prevent these secondary deformities during the primary cleft lip sugery. This entails the use of white roll and the vermilion from the lateral lip segment for augmenting the medial lip vermilion with the final scar in midline at the vermilion. Result: With an experience of more than 100 cases of primary cleft lip repair with this technique, we have achieved a good symmetry and peaking of cupid’s bow with no vermilion notching of the lips. Conclusion: WRV flap aims to high light the importance of achieving a near normal look of the cleft patient with the only drawback of associated learning curve with this technique.
Tunica vaginalis flap following ‘Tubularised Incised Plate’ urethroplasty to prevent urethrocutaneous fistulaa
Authors: Hamid Raashid , Baba Aejaz A. , Shera Altaf , Ahmad Sarfaraz
Published: August 2015

Introduction: Surgery for hypospadias has been continuously evolving, implying thereby that no single technique is perfect and suitable for all types of hypospadias. Snodgrass technique is presently the most common surgical procedure performed for hypospadias. Materials and Methods: We analysed the results of tunica vaginalis flap (TVF) as an additional cover to the tubularised incised plate (TIP) repair. Results: A total of 35 patients of hypospadias were repaired using TIP urethroplasty and TVF as a second layer. Mean age at the time of presentation was 6.63 ± 3.4 years. Post-operative complications namely wound infection, flap necrosis, scrotal haematoma, scrotal abscess, urethral fistula, meatal stenosis were recorded and analysed during follow-up period. Need for re-do surgery was considered as failure of the operative procedure. Out of 35 patients, 8 (22.85%) patients had proximal penile hypospadias and 27 (77.14%) patients had distal penile hypospadias. Mean post-operative follow-up was 24.53 months. During the follow-up complications noticed included wound infection (n = 2), urethrocutaneous fistula (n = 1) and meatal stenosis (n = 1). Wound infection was managed with appropriate antibiotics as per hospital policy/culture and sensitivity reports. Meatal stenosis responded to bougie dilatation/calibration during follow-up. Conclusion: To conclude, TVF as an additional cover is associated with an acceptable complication rate and good cosmetic results if performed with meticulous tissue handling.
Bony tumour in an unusual location on the mandible
Authors: Sasidharan Aashish , Gohil Amish , Koshy Santosh , Gupta Ashish Kumar
Published: August 2015

Osteomas are benign osteogenic tumors that are seen in the facial bones, but uncommonly in the mandible. In the facial bones, both central and peripheral osteomas have been described. Peripheral osteomas have been described to occur in the frontal, ethmoid, and maxillary sinuses but are not common in jawbones. When in the mandible, they are usually found over the angle and inferior border of the mandible. We report on a solitary peripheral osteoma located unusually in the sigmoid notch of the left mandible causing facial asymmetry.
A rare case of plexiform schwannoma of the lower lip: Treatment and management
Authors: Dhua Subha
Published: August 2015

An 18-year-old female presented with a swelling on the lower lip, which was insidious in onset and gradually progressive. The mass was completely excised under local anaesthesia. Complete histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies were conducted. The Antoni A areas were found along with typical verocay bodies composed of palisading nuclei and surrounding spaces filled with eosinophilic filaments. No necrosis was noted and there were no atypical mitotic figures. In the Antoni B region, a closely textured matrix with areas of edema, myxomatous changes, cystic degeneration and dilated vessels were noted. On the basis of the histopathologic and immunohistochemical staining with S-100 protein, a diagnosis of plexiform schwannoma was made and has been reported in this study. The post-operative view confirmed complete recovery after 6 weeks of surgery. This is a rare case with the tumour located in the lower lip, as very few cases have been reported in literature and it may be the first one reported from India.
The High Burden of Malaria in Primary School Children in Southern Malawi
Authors: Mathanga Don P. , Halliday Katherine E. , Jawati Mpumulo , Verney Allison , Bauleni Andrew , Sande John , Ali Doreen , Jones Rebecca , Witek-McManus Stefan , Roschnik Natalie , Brooker Simon J.
Published: August 2015

Malaria among school children has received increased attention recently, yet there remain few detailed data on the health and educational burden of malaria, especially in southern Africa. This paper reports a survey among school children in 50 schools in Zomba District, Malawi. Children were assessed for Plasmodium infection, anemia, and nutritional status and took a battery of age-appropriate tests of attention, literacy, and numeracy. Overall, 60.0% of children were infected with Plasmodium falciparum, 32.4% were anemic and 32.4% reported sleeping under a mosquito net the previous night. Patterns of P. falciparum infection and anemia varied markedly by school. In multivariable analysis, higher odds of P. falciparum infection were associated with younger age and being stunted, whereas lower odds were associated with reported net use, higher parental education, and socioeconomic status. The odds of anemia were significantly associated with P. falciparum infection, with a dose–response relationship between density of infection and odds of anemia. No clear relationship was observed between health status and cognitive and educational outcomes. The high burden of malaria highlights the need to tackle malaria among school children.
Changes in Genetic Diversity from Field to Laboratory During Colonization of Anopheles darlingi Root (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Lainhart William , Bickersmith Sara A. , Moreno Marta , Rios Carlos Tong , Vinetz Joseph M. , Conn Jan E.
Published: August 2015

The process of colonizing any arthropod species, including vector mosquitoes, necessarily involves adaptation to laboratory conditions. The adaptation and evolution of colonized mosquito populations needs consideration when such colonies are used as representative models for pathogen transmission dynamics. A recently established colony of Anopheles darlingi, the primary malaria vector in Amazonian South America, was tested for genetic diversity and bottleneck after 21 generations, using microsatellites. As expected, laboratory An. darlingi had fewer private and rare alleles (frequency < 0.05), decreased observed heterozygosity, and more common alleles (frequency > 0.50), but no significant evidence of a bottleneck, decrease in total alleles, or increase in inbreeding compared with field specimens (founder population). Low-moderate differentiation between field and laboratory populations was detected. With these findings, and the documented inherent differences between laboratory and field populations, results of pathogen transmission studies using this An. darlingi colony need to be interpreted cautiously.
The McGurk effect and autistic traits; an analogue perspective.
Authors: Ujiie Yuta , Asai Tomohisa , Tanaka Akihiro , Wakabayashi Akio
Published: August 2015

The McGurk effect is a perceptual phenomenon that an observer would perceive the intermediate phoneme when a speaking movie dubbed with an incongruent voice is presented. Several autism spectrum disorders (ASD) studies have shown that individuals with ASD showed weak influence of visual speech in the McGurk effect. Other studies, however, have reported negative results. This inconsistency among previous studies might be caused by the heterogeneity of clinical group. This study examined the relationship between autistic traits and McGurk effect among 51 healthy university students, on the basis of the dimensional model of ASD (Frith, 1991). Results revealed that autistic traits negatively correlated with the rate of visual response and positively correlated with the rate of fused response for the McGurk stimuli, while no correlation with the accuracy in perceiving the audiovisual congruent stimuli. This indicates that autistic traits might predict the weak influence of visual speech in the McGurk effect.
No effect on condemnation of short or long exposure to eye images
Authors: Sparks Adam , Barclay Pat
Published: August 2015

The effect of exposure to eye images on various behaviors has been explained as a response to an invalid cue of observation. This interpretation has been supported by an experiment showing that a short exposure to eye images increased dictator game generosity, but a long exposure did not. We attempted to conceptually replicate that finding with a different dependent variable, and found no effect of short or long exposure to eye images on moral condemnation. Thus, we failed to replicate previous work showing an effect of eye images on condemnation and therefore these results do not inform the invalid cue hypothesis. We found that women condemned more strongly than men and discuss this finding in light of functional theories of moral condemnation.
Integration of 2-D hydraulic model and high-resolution lidar-derived DEM for floodplain flow modeling
Authors: Shen D. , Wang J. , Cheng X. , Rui Y. , Ye S.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The rapid progress of lidar technology has made the acquirement and application of high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) data increasingly popular, especially in regards to the study of floodplain flow. However, high-resolution DEM data pose several disadvantages for floodplain modeling studies; e.g., the data sets contain many redundant interpolation points, large numbers of calculations are required to work with data, and the data do not match the size of the computational mesh. Two-dimensional (2-D) hydraulic modeling, which is a popular method for analyzing floodplain flow, offers highly precise elevation parameterization for computational mesh while ignoring much of the micro-topographic information of the DEM data itself. We offer a flood simulation method that integrates 2-D hydraulic model results and high-resolution DEM data, thus enabling the calculation of flood water levels in DEM grid cells through local inverse distance-weighted interpolation. To get rid of the false inundation areas during interpolation, it employs the run-length encoding method to mark the inundated DEM grid cells and determine the real inundation areas through the run-length boundary tracing technique, which solves the complicated problem of connectivity between DEM grid cells. We constructed a 2-D hydraulic model for the Gongshuangcha detention basin, which is a flood storage area of Dongting Lake in China, by using our integrated method to simulate the floodplain flow. The results demonstrate that this method can solve DEM associated problems efficiently and simulate flooding processes with greater accuracy than simulations only with DEM.
A method for predicting the factor of safety of an infinite slope based on the depth ratio of the wetting front induced by rainfall infiltration
Authors: Chae B.-G. , Lee J.-H. , Park H.-J. , Choi J.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Most landslides in Korea are classified as shallow landslides with an average depth of less than 2 m. These shallow landslides are associated with the advance of a wetting front in the unsaturated soil due to rainfall infiltration, which results in an increase in water content and a reduction in the matric suction in the soil. Therefore, this study presents a modified equation of infinite slope stability analysis based on the concept of the saturation depth ratio to analyze the slope stability change associated with the rainfall on a slope. A rainfall infiltration test in unsaturated soil was performed using a column to develop an understanding of the effect of the saturation depth ratio following rainfall infiltration. The results indicated that the rainfall infiltration velocity due to the increase in rainfall in the soil layer was faster when the rainfall intensity increased. In addition, the rainfall infiltration velocity tends to decrease with increases in the unit weight of soil. The proposed model was applied to assess its feasibility and to develop a regional landslide susceptibility map using a geographic information system (GIS). For that purpose, spatial databases for input parameters were constructed and landslide locations were obtained. In order to validate the proposed approach, the results of the proposed approach were compared with the landslide inventory using a ROC (receiver operating characteristics) graph. In addition, the results of the proposed approach were compared with the previous approach used: a steady-state hydrological model. Consequently, the approach proposed in this study displayed satisfactory performance in classifying landslide susceptibility and showed better performance than the steady-state approach.
Design and validation of MEDRYS, a Mediterranean Sea reanalysis over 1992–2013
Authors: Hamon M. , Beuvier J. , Somot S. , Lellouche J. M. , Greiner E. , Jordà G. , Bouin M. N. , Arsouze T. , Béranger K. , Sevault F. , Dubois C. , Drevillon M. , Drillet Y.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The French research community on the Mediterranean Sea modelling and the French operational ocean forecasting center Mercator Océan have gathered their skill and expertise in physical oceanography, ocean modelling, atmospheric forcings and data assimilation, to carry out a MEDiterranean sea ReanalYsiS (MEDRYS) at high resolution for the period 1992–2013. The ocean model used is NEMOMED12, a Mediterranean configuration of NEMO with a 1/12° (∼ 7 km) horizontal resolution and 75 vertical z levels with partial steps. At the surface, it is forced by a new atmospheric forcing dataset (ALDERA), coming from a dynamical downscaling of the ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis by the regional climate model ALADIN-Climate with a 12 km horizontal and 3 h temporal resolutions. This configuration is used to carry a 34 year free simulation over the period 1979–2013 (NM12-FREE) which is the initial state of the reanalysis in October 1992. The first version of MEDRYS uses the existing Mercator Océan data assimilation system SAM that is based on a reduced-order Kalman filter with a 3-D multivariate modal decomposition of the forecast error. Altimeter data, satellite SST and temperature and salinity vertical profiles are jointly assimilated. This paper describes the configuration we used to perform the MEDRYS simulation. We then first validate the skills of the data assimilation system. It is shown that the data assimilation restores a good averaged temperature and salinity in intermediate layers compared to the free simulation. No particular biases are identified in the bottom layers. However, the reanalysis show slight positive biases of 0.02 psu and 0.15 °C above 150 m depth. In the validation stage, it is also shown that the assimilation allows to better reproduce water, heat and salt transports through the Strait of Gibraltar. Finally, the ability of the reanalysis to represent the sea surface high frequency variability is pointed out.
Higher Education Research Expenditure in South Africa
Authors: Odhiambo Nicholas M. , Ntenga Lydia
Published: August 2015

The trends and the trajectory of higher education research expenditure in South Africa since the introduction of the New Funding Formula in 2004 have been analysed. The paper also compares the level of South Africa's total gross expenditure on research and development with those of other selected economies. The findings show that following introduction of the New Funding Formula there has been a significant increase in higher education research expenditure in South Africa. It was also found that although South Africa's total gross expenditure on research and development, as a percentage of GDP, is currently the highest in Africa, it is still lagging behind countries such as China, Russia and Brazil. The study therefore recommends further investment in research and development in South Africa so that the country can achieve its vision of becoming a knowledge-based economy.
Research Note: Better Tourism Market Analysis by Using Import Gap Analysis
Authors: Cummings J. Reid , Epley Donald R.
Published: August 2015

In a previous article published in this journal, the authors show that the total requirements approach to analysing a region's tourism and hospitality industry is superior to the traditional use of location quotients. This paper extends the authors' previous research by focusing on imports. It introduces the import gap analysis as a powerful, highly accurate analytical tool for use by local policymakers and economic development officials charged with identifying, targeting, and recruiting industries and businesses offering the highest opportunities for growth. The best method to define and analyse the local tourism industry is to utilize both exports and imports as a package approach.
Simulation, visualization and dosimetric validation of scatter radiation distribution under fluoroscopy settings
Authors: Chan Lawrence WC , Chan TP , Cheung Ben TF , Mo Kelvin , Fung Karl KL
Published: August 2015

Objective: This study developed a three-dimensional visualization method for presenting the geometric pattern of the relative dose generated by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and validated the simulated dose values against the physical measurement. Methods: In fluoroscopy and interventional radiology examinations, relatively high level of occupational dose is delivered to healthcare workers due to prolonged radiation exposure in imaging procedures. As the spatial difference in dose is never negligible, the scatter radiation distribution under fluoroscopic exposures is thus worth investigating. MC simulation is a sophisticated statistical method, which has been widely applied for modeling scatter radiation in general X-ray examination room. However, the application and validation of MC simulation under fluoroscopy setting have not been found yet. In this study, a stack of tissue equivalent slabs were used as the object under fluoroscopic irradiation. EGSnrc-based DOSXYZnrc code was applied to simulate the scatter dose distribution and the physical measurement of radiation dose was performed using an ionization chamber radiation detector. Results: At 19 representative locations taking into account the work area and radiosensitive organs of healthcare workers, the trend compliance of the simulated with the measured dose values was examined using the correlation analysis. A significant monotonic association between the MC simulation and physical measurement of dose values was identified (rs=0.822 and P<.01). At the same horizontal distance from the irradiation axis, it was observed that the air dose was relatively higher at the level of gonad region than at the eye level. Conclusions: The proposed visualization approach illustrates a three dimensional dose simulation in local display density, which arouses the awareness about prolonged radiation exposure in clinical environment. The reliability and validity of the simulation were examined.
CONSTRUCTION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY: POWER IN ACCEPTANCE SPEECHES
Authors: Gyuró Monika
Published: August 2015

The study aims at analyzing the links between identity, institutions and discourse. As a method, the author applies Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to demonstrate how a prominent fi gure of the American political life interacts in an exceptional social situation refl ecting the macro level of social forces. Within CDA’s language analysis, the study also detects power relations through the lexico-grammatical level of language use. According to the functional theory of language (Halliday 1994), the paper investigates the acceptance speech of Barack Obama on the representational, positional and expressive levels of language use. On the one hand, the contribution intends to reveal that the metaphor, pronoun, and modality system may show the charismatic ways of power manifestation in political talk. On the other hand, the paper concludes that the linguistic means the speaker applies in the speech contribute to the construction of national identity.
A CONSIDERATION OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SPOKEN AND WRITTEN ENGLISH OF NATIVE SPEAKERS AND JAPANESE LEARNERS: A CORPUS-BASED STUDY
Authors: Ishikawa Shin’ichiro
Published: August 2015

It is often said that speeches and writings vary greatly with regard to vocabulary and grammar. However, how these differences can be seen in language use by English native speakers and non-native speakers has not been wholly elucidated. The current study, using the International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English (ICNALE), quantitatively compares topic-controlled speeches and writings by native speakers and Japanese learners of English. Our learner-corpus-based analyses revealed that the difference is not as substantial as widely believed for native speakers in terms of highly frequent words, frequency of eleven textual indices, statistical positioning of individual samples, clustering structure of the indices, and the relationship between the production mode and the indices.
TO-INFINITIVE CLAUSES IN ACADEMIC DISCOURSE – NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE WRITERS COMPARED
Authors: Kozáčiková Zuzana
Published: August 2015

The objective of the paper is to examine the use of non-fi nite clauses, more specifi cally to-infi nitive clauses, in written academic discourse and the application of their syntactic and semantic properties in a selected corpus. Based on Quirk et al.’s (1985) subdivision they can be viewed as formal means of text formation and may have nominal, relative and adverbial meaning. This functional classifi cation resembles to some extent that of subclausal units such as noun phrases and adverbs. The analysis focuses on subordinate to-infi nitive clauses in selected papers found in Topics in Linguistics, an international scientifi c journal published by the Department of English and American Studies, Faculty of Arts, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia. Moreover, it tries to investigate possible differences in the application of the presented structure by native and non-native writers of English.
Análise dos livros didáticos utilizados no ensino médio sobre peixes
Authors: Silva Anderson Antonio da , Queiroz Ericka Fernanda Ferreira de , Cavalcanti Maria Elizabeth Simeão , Oliveira Vagne de Melo , Almeida Argus Vasconcelos de
Published: August 2015

No ensino médio o livro didático é um dos recursos mais usados pelos professores. Para alguns docentes, ele é um dos poucos materiais didáticos disponíveis, e pode ser para outros a única fonte de informação para alunos e professores. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o conteúdo do Filo Cordata e da Classe Pisces, em livros didáticos de Biologia do Ensino Médio, observando a quantidade e a qualidade das informações apresentadas e a forma como foram abordadas seguindo critérios pré-definidos. Para tanto, analisaram-se os conteúdos relativos à Superclasse Pisces, contidos nos livros didáticos do Ensino Médio, na área de Biologia, totalizando 06 obras no universo da amostra pesquisada cuja analise procedeu-se através de uma ficha modelo para a coleta de dados, a fim de assegurar uniformidade na obtenção dos mesmos enfocando informações quantitativas e qualitativas. Pela análise de cada contexto e avaliação, o livro que melhor se enquadrou nos parâmetros e critérios de análise e avaliação do conteúdo peixes para o ensino meio nos livros de Biologia, dentre as obras analisadas, foi o de Sônia Lopes e Vivian Lavander Mendonça, fornecendo informações claras, didáticas, coerentes e objetivas. O livro que mantém regularidade é a obra do Nélio Bizzo. O livro identificado com maior grau de deficiência foi o Adolfo, Augusto; Crozetta, Marcos; Lago, Samuel.
Percepção ambiental dos moradores do Maria do Carmo, São Cristóvão, Sergipe
Authors: Vieira Fabiana Silva , Messias Ana Paula Dantas , Dias Douglas Matos
Published: August 2015

A percepção ambiental positiva é tida como sendo uma tomada de consciência das questões ligadas ao ambiente, o que significa que os indivíduos adquirem conhecimentos que os tornam aptos a agir individual e coletivamente na tentativa de solucionar os problemas ambientais. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a percepção ambiental da comunidade carente do Conjunto Maria do Carmo em São Cristovão, Sergipe, procurando verificar se as condições socioeconômicas interferem na relação com o meio em que vivem. Foram entrevistados 100 moradores a partir de questionários contendo 20 perguntas objetivas. Constatatou-se que o nível socioeconômiconão não se constitui em impedimento do ato de perceber o ambiente no qual se está inserido, pois muitos conseguem distinguir o que se deve ou não fazer em relação às problemáticas ambientais, porém uma postura crítica e de ação diante dos problemas expostos ainda não foi alcançada, fato evidenciado pelos problemas ambientais vivenciados.
Trends and variability in rain‐on‐snow events
Authors: Cohen Judah , Ye Hengchun , Jones Justin
Published: August 2015

We analyzed rain‐on‐snow (ROS) events in two reanalysis products. ROS events are a relatively rare phenomenon outside of a few regional maxima including western Eurasia, the higher elevations of western North America, the northeastern United States, and southeastern Canada. ROS events occur at the high latitudes, especially away from the continental interior, and no robust trends were found in the frequency of ROS events. We also explored the variability of ROS events with dominant large climate modes. The most robust relationship was found with the Arctic Oscillation or North Atlantic Oscillation (AO/NAO). The most notable variability associated with the AO/NAO was a northeast/southwest dipole feature across western Eurasia. More ROS events were found for northeastern Europe for the positive phase of the AO/NAO due to the increased frequency of rainfall. However, more ROS events were found for Central Europe for the negative phase of the AO/NAO due to the increased frequency of snow cover.
Scaling multiblast craters: General approach and application to volcanic craters
Authors: Sonder I. , Graettinger A. H. , Valentine G. A.
Published: August 2015

Most volcanic explosions leave a crater in the surface around the center of the explosions. Such craters differ from products of single events like meteorite impacts or those produced by military testing because they typically result from multiple, rather than single, explosions. Here we analyze the evolution of experimental craters that were created by several detonations of chemical explosives in layered aggregates. An empirical relationship for the scaled crater radius as a function of scaled explosion depth for single blasts in flat test beds is derived from experimental data, which differs from existing relations and has better applicability for deep blasts. A method to calculate an effective explosion depth for nonflat topography (e.g., for explosions below existing craters) is derived, showing how multiblast crater sizes differ from the single‐blast case: Sizes of natural caters (radii and volumes) are not characteristic of the number of explosions, nor therefore of the total acting energy, that formed a crater. Also, the crater size is not simply related to the largest explosion in a sequence but depends upon that explosion and the energy of that single blast and on the cumulative energy of all blasts that formed a crater. The two energies can be combined to form an effective number of explosions that is characteristic for the crater evolution. The multiblast crater size evolution has implications on the estimates of volcanic eruption energies, indicating that it is not correct to estimate explosion energy from crater size using previously published relationships that were derived for single‐blast cases.
Synergistic measurements of ocean winds and waves from SAR
Authors: Zhang Biao , Li Xiaofeng , Perrie William , He Yijun
Published: August 2015

In this study we present a synergistic method to retrieve both ocean surface wave and wind fields from spaceborne quad‐polarization (QP) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging mode data. This algorithm integrates QP‐SAR wind vector retrieval model and the wave retrieval model, with consideration to the nonlinear mapping relationship between ocean wave spectra and SAR image spectra, in order to synergistically retrieve wind fields and wave directional spectra. The method does not require a priori information on the sea state. It combines the observed VV‐polarized SAR image spectra with the retrieved wind vectors from the VH‐polarized SAR image, to estimate the wind‐generated wave directional spectra. The differences between the observed SAR spectra and optimal SAR image spectra associated with the wind waves are interpreted as the contributions from the swell waves. The retrieved ocean wave spectra are used to estimate the integrated spectral wave parameters such as significant wave heights, wavelengths, wave directions and wave periods. The wind and wave parameters retrieved by QP‐SAR are validated against those measured by the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) directional wave buoys under different sea states. The validation results show that the QP‐SAR SAR has potential to simultaneously measure the ocean surface waves and wind fields from space.
A simple inversion method for determining optimal dispersion model parameters from satellite detections of volcanic sulfur dioxide
Authors: Zidikheri Meelis J. , Potts Rodney J.
Published: August 2015

A simple inversion scheme for optimizing volcanic emission dispersion model parameters with respect to satellite detections is presented in this paper. In this scheme, multiple dispersion model simulations, obtained by varying relevant model parameters, are created and compared against satellite detections using pattern correlation as a measure of model agreement with observations. It is shown that the scheme is successful in inferring emission source parameters such as those describing the vertical extent of the nascent sulfur dioxide emissions in the November 2010 Mount Merapi eruption in Java, Indonesia. These optimal parameter values then become a basis for improved forecasts of the transport of volcanic emissions.
Aerobic Bacteria Containing Bacteriochlorophyll and Belonging to the
Alphaproteobacteria
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F. , Hiraishi Akira
Published: August 2015

In this chapter, the group containing the obligately aerobic chemoheterotrophic bacteria with bacteriochlorophyll (BChl)
a
and carotenoids, having a photosynthetic apparatus in which the BChl is integrated, and developing internal membrane systems as seen in the anoxygenic phototrophic purple bacteria is studied. The BChl content in this group is significantly lower than in the phototrophic purple nonsulfur bacteria. The aerobic bacteriochlorophyll‐containing bacteria (“ABC bacteria”) are strictly dependent on energy generation by respiratory electron transport processes with O
2
or alternative electron acceptors (
Roseobacter denitrificans
). The mol% G + C content of the DNA ranges from 57 to 60 (Td) in
Erythrobacter
species to 74.0–74.8 (Td) in
Rubrimonas
species.
Bacteria that Respire Oxyanions of Chlorine
Authors: Coates John D.
Published: August 2015

It is a study of chlorine oxyanions in the environment resulting from anthropogenic sources including disinfectants, bleaching agents, herbicides and munitions. The only known natural source of perchlorate is associated with mineral deposits found in Chile, where the perchlorate may represent as much as 6–7% of the total mass. Initial investigation of the microbiology of chlorate reduction suggested that it was mediated by nitrate‐respiring organisms in the environment, and chlorate uptake and reduction was simply a competitive reaction for the nitrate reductase system of these bacteria. Early studies demonstrated that membrane‐bound respiratory nitrate reductases and assimilatory nitrate reductases could alternatively reduce chlorate, and selection for chlorate resistance has been used to obtain mutants that are unable to synthesize the molybdenum cofactor required for nitrate reduction.
Intellectual Property of Procaryotes
Authors: Meredith Roy D.
Published: August 2015

Procaryotes and their macromolecular components are protectable as intellectual property, which is a composite legal field of mostly federal laws on patents, trademarks, and copyrights. Patents cover scientific inventions evidencing practical application, and provide exclusive rights for a limited period. Trademarks, as well as tradenames and trade dress, are labels designed to identify to the public particular goods or services, and function to preserve the reputation of a business and to prevent confusing similarity. Copyrights protect original works fixed in any tangible medium of expression, and may be applicable to nucleotide or amino acid sequences. All three of these kinds of intellectual property possess the common characteristic of enabling the owner to obtain an injunction against unlicensed use, and to seek monetary damages.
Microbial Ecology—New Directions, New Importance
Authors: Zinder Stephen H. , Salyers Abigail A.
Published: August 2015

This chapter will not give a comprehensive overview of microbial ecology, but will, instead, discuss the relevance of microbial ecology to pure culture studies and vice versa. Here it is explained how microbial ecology is linked with all branches of microbiology. Despite success in applying cultural techniques to the study of microbial ecosystems, it has long been known that the number of organisms obtained from most natural habitats using cultural techniques is usually one to several orders of magnitude lower than that seen under the microscope, a phenomenon termed the “great plate count anomaly”. Carl Woese's studies on molecular phylogeny had a revolutionary effect on microbial systematics. Woese's phylogeny made the extent of diversity in the microbial world more apparent by displaying genetic diversity in a way that had high visual impact and showed clearly how much diversity exists in the microbial world. The idea of unculturability is bolstered by the previously mentioned “great plate count anomaly”, since direct microscopic counts are so often much higher than viable counts.

There are several other reasonable explanations for this phenomenon, however. Pure culture studies can lead to the development of more sophisticated hypotheses about metabolic interactions between microorganisms in a natural environment.
Nitrifying Bacteria
Authors: Spieck Eva , Bock Eberhard
Published: August 2015

Two groups of highly specialized organisms—the ammonia and the nitrite oxidizers—are called nitrifiers. The organisms are characterized by the capacity for lithotrophic growth in which energy is generated by the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite (ammonia oxidizers) or nitrite to nitrate (nitrite oxidizers). Nitrifiers are autotrophic bacteria, fixing
CO2
as the main carbon source via the Calvin cycle. In addition to aerobic lithotrophic growth, the organisms possess a high metabolic diversity. The nitrogen of the biosphere exists in the oxidations states of NH
3
. Lithotrophic nitrification is considered to be the main process by which the transformation of more reduced nitrogen compounds to nitrate occurs. The nitrogen cycle is characterized by mobilization, immobilization, and transformation of the various nitrogen‐containing compounds. Nitrifying bacteria are of ecological importance because these organisms convert ammonia, which is often absorbed to soil particles, to nitrate, which is mobile in soil water. Although
Nitrosomonas
and
Nitrobacter
are the two most commonly isolated nitrifiers, they are not necessarily the most abundant ones in natural habitats. Their dominance in enrichment cultures may be explained by the fact that conditions in the commonly used enrichment culture methods promote the growth of these organisms.
Numerical Taxonomy
Authors: Sneath Peter H.A.
Published: August 2015

The numerical taxonomy has been broadly successful in most of these aims, particularly in defining homogeneous
clusters
of strains, and in integrating data of different kinds (morphological, physiological, antigenic).
The Revised Road Map to theManual
Authors: Garrity George M. , Bell Julia A. , Lilburn Timothy
Published: August 2015

The Second Edition ofBergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology(the“Systematics”) represents a major departure from the First Edition, as well as from the Eighth and Ninth Editions of theBergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology(the‘Determinative”), in that the organization of the content follows a phylogenetic framework based on analyses of the nucleotide sequence of the ribosomal small‐subunit RNA, rather than one based on phenotypic characters. The connection between systematics and evolution is pervasive but not logically necessary: purely phenetic taxonomies have been widely used in bacteriology; for many bacteriologists, the current “best practice” in bacterial systematics is polyphasic taxonomy, in which both phenotypic and genotypic information are used. Each volume of this edition will have an updated “road map” chapter (at the current rate of description of new taxa, the number of new genera validly published between the first volume and the fifth and last could number well over 500). A related strategy using genomic information for evolutionary studies has been to produce trees based on the presence or absence of orthologous genes in the genomes being analyzed. As new data become available, more precise placement is likely to occur. Higher taxa and genera that have been moved are listed in Table 2, along with the reasons for these moves. While we believe that the current taxonomy is a better reflection of reality than previous versions, we expect that further changes will be made as we work our way through the subsequent volumes and plan for future editions of theSystematics.
Synergistia
Authors:   Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Syn.er.gis'ti.a. N.L.. n.
Synergistes
–type genus of the type order of the class; suff. –
ia
ending to denote class; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Synergistia
the
Synergistales
class

Synergistetes / Synergistia
Rubrobacterales
Authors: Suzuki Ken‐ichiro
Published: August 2015

Ru.bro.bac.te'ra.les. N.L. masc. n.
Rubrobacter
type genus of the order; suff. ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Rubrobacterales
the
Rubrobacter
order.

Actinobacteria / Rubrobacteria / Rubrobacterales
“
Herpetosiphonales
”
Authors: Castenholz Richard W.
Published: August 2015

The order “
Herpetosiphonales
” and family “
Herpetosiphonaceae
”, under the phylum Chloroflexi, are represented by one genus (Herpetosiphon). Other genera that may eventually be added to this order are “
flexibacteria
”, aerobic chemoheterotrophs, and organisms that show a close phylogenetic relationship to members of the phototrophic Chloroflexus group of the order “
Chloroflexales
”/family “
Chloroflexaceae
”. It is likely that these aerobic heterotrophic organisms have evolved by the loss of a photosystem from the “
Chloroflexaceae
”, which also show in some strains the potential for facultative aerobic chemoheterotrophic growth.

Chloroflexi / “Chloroflexi” / “Herpetosiphonales”
Deinococcales
Authors: Battista John R. , Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

Dei.no.coc.ca' les
. M.L. masc. n.
Deinococcus
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Deinococcales
the
Deinococcus
order.

“Deinococcus‐Thermus” / Deinococci / Deinococcales
Methanobacteriales
Authors: Boone David R. , Whitman William B. , Koga Yosuke
Published: August 2015

Me.tha.no.bac.te.ri.a' les
. M.L. neut. n.
Methanobacterium
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Methanobacteriales
the order of
Methanobacterium
.

Euryarchaeota / Methanobacteria / Methanobacteriales
Enhancing Mechanical Properties of TiZrAlV by Engineering a Multi‐Modal‐Laminated Structure
Authors: Shi Yindong , Wang Lina , Li Ming , Zhang Guosheng , Guo Defeng , Zhang Xiangyi
Published: August 2015

In the present study, microstructure and mechanical properties of a new β‐metastable TiZrAlV prepared via thermomechanical processing (TMP) treatments have been studied. An excellent combination of ultimate tensile strength (σb ≈ 1 630 MPa) and ductility (ϵf ≈ 6.6%) has been achieved in the alloy after cold rolling, thermal annealing (665 °C/1 h), and two‐step aging (650 °C/0.5 h + 450 °C/2 h). This is attributed to the formation of a refined β microstructure with grain size of ≈10 µm and a multi‐modal‐laminated structure that consists of large primary ap grains (2 µm, 9.5 vol%) and coarse α precipitates (300 nm, 21 vol%) and fine α platelets (50 nm, 65 vol%). The fine α platelets contribute to high strength while the large primary αp grains and the refined β grain size provide ductility.
A High‐Reliability Kevlar Fiber‐ZnO Nanowires Hybrid Nanogenerator and its Application on Self‐Powered UV Detection
Authors: Zhang Lu , Bai Suo , Su Chen , Zheng Youbin , Qin Yong , Xu Chen , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: August 2015

A microfiber‐nanowire hybrid structure is the fundamental component for a wearable piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) for harvesting body motion energy. Here, a novel approach combining surface coating and plasma etching techniques is reported to enhance the mechanical reliability of Kevlar microfiber‐ZnO nanowires (NWs) hybrid structure that is used for PENG. After treatment, the hybrid structure has dramatically improved high flexibility, robustness, and durability. On the basis of the coupled piezoelectric and semiconducting properties of ZnO, the processed Kevlar fibers covered with ZnO NWs are utilized to fabricate a 2D nanogenerator (2DNG). The open‐circuit voltage and short‐circuit current of the 2DNG are 1.8 mV and 4.8 pA, respectively. Furthermore, the 2DNG is successfully employed to quantitatively detect UV intensity from 0.2 to 1 mW cm−2 as a self‐powered system.