bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qualitative Description on Characteristics of Gravitational Field
Authors: 段贤香
Published: September 2018

The logic of Einstein's relativity is to replace the medium with the reference frame, which solves the computational paradox of classical electromagnetism. This paper reconsiders the medium and proposes to use the medium method to obtain a theory similar to relativity, which is calculated in many places like the results of relativity, it can also deal with the paradox of Lorentz force calculation, the paradox of Faraday's law, etc. I also derive an equation for mass energy exactly as relativity and derive a formula as the gravitational redshift derived from the "Newtonian mechanics + equivalence principle". The same theory of relativity cannot explain light aberrations, however, the use of medium theory can be. Finally, the space-time view of this theory is the same as that of Newtonian mechanics, and therefore, it is not contradictory to quantum mechanics.Before the advent of relativity, there were some paradoxes in electromagnetism, and both the Lorentz force and Maxwell's equations had a reference frame paradox, which relativity was solved with reference frame transformations.In this paper, I propose a different treatment from relativity, namely, add a medium reference frame to the electromagnetic field, and propose the hypothesis that "the magnetic induction intensity of the particle is related to its motion speed", and then add the speed parameter to Maxwell's equations. Finally, I will give a system of gravitational field equations with added velocity parameters. The paper proposes a force that is the opposite of "gravity", namely the "repulsive force". Newton's second law is the repulsive force. With this change, the Poynting vector of Oliver·Heaviside's gravitational magnetic equations becomes positive.In addition, relativity cannot explain light aberrations, and light aberrations can be explained using this medium theory.
Negara dan Bangsa
Authors: Siregar Shohibul Anshor
Published: September 2018

Semua ancaman yang pernah terjadi akan terus menjadi ancaman selama keadilan tidak dihadirkan, tak perduli permainan doktrin terus dilakukan untuk menjejalkan bahwa bangsa adalah suatu jiwa atau suatu azas spiritual.Secara teoritis terdapat banyak argumen sejarah, politik, ekonomi dan budaya yang menunjukkan bahwa sesungguhnya tidaklah mudah untuk menemukan kesepakatan yang memuaskan semua pihak tentang Presiden seperti apa yang paling baik untuk Indonesia khususnya saat ini.
Manguras Tao
Authors: Siregar Shohibul Anshor
Published: September 2018

Nilai kesakralan lahan (katakanlah wilayah inti mitos Batak Pusuk Buhit) tidaklah bermakna apa-apa bagi dan untuk disubordinasikan oleh kepentingan agregasi kapital. Di lingkungan petani gurem di Indonesia, sertifikat tanah hak milik dapat bermakna sebuah fasilitasi percepatan proses pemindahan hak atas tanah kepada pemodal.
Mengontrol Negara - 1
Authors: Siregar Shohibul Anshor
Published: September 2018

Memang dengan pola dan perspektif sekularitas, di negara-negara seperti Indonesia seseorang ahli yang tak menekuni studi formal dalam bidang dan dari institusi pendidikan berlabel agama, kerap akan disangkakan sebagai seseorang yang tak faham agama dan sebaliknya julukan ustaz atau ulama hanyalah dominasi bagi para lulusan lembaga pendidikan resmi agama.
Kemiskinan Perkotaan
Authors: Siregar Shohibul Anshor
Published: September 2018

Kemiskinan perkotaan hanyalah sebuah fakta tentang betapa keadilan tak dikenali oleh dunia karena brutalitas kapitalisme dan neoliberalisme yang sangat ganas. Boleh saja ada pemerintahan di kolong langit yang sambil berneoliberasi ria sekaligus meneriakkan keadilan dan pemberian affirmative action membela kaum lemah korban keadilan yang miskin di perkotaan itu.
Pengaruh Penerapan Aplikasi Electronic Filling (e-filling) Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi Dalam Melaporkan Surat Pemberitahuan Tahunan (SPT Tahunan).
Authors: rahayu puji
Published: September 2018

Reformasi yang dilakukan oleh Kementerian Keuangan khususnya dibidang perpajakandengan memberikan fasilitas pelayanan yang lebih efisien kepada wajib pajak dalam memenuhikewajiban perpajakan melalui modernisasi aplikasi perpajakan yaitu pelaporan perpajakan denganmenggunakan sistem Electronic Filling (e-filling). Dengan penggunaan teknologi informasi dalamperpajakan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kepatuhan wajib pajak khususnya wajib pajak orangpribadi dalam melaporkan surat pemberitahuan pajak tahunan agar lebih efektif. Tujuan yanghendak dicapai dengan dilakukan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui “Pengaruh PenerapanAplikasi Electronic Filling (e-filling) Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Orang Pribadi DalamMelaporkan Surat Pemberitahuan Tahunan (SPT Tahunan)” studi kasus atas penyampaian suratpemberitahuan tahunan pada dosen, karyawan dan mahasiswa di universitas islam kadiri, kediri.Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer. Data primer yangdigunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa lokasi penelitian, jumlah dosen, karyawan dan mahasiswa.Tehnik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi linier sederhana denganmenganalisis kuesioner dan respondennya adalah wajib pajak orang pribadi yang melaporkan suratpemberitahuan tahunan.Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa electronic filling (e-filling) masih ada kelemahan –kelemahan sehingga Kantor Pelayanan Pajak (KPP) perlu mengadakan sosialisasi lagi terhadapwajib pajak orang pribadi dan memberikan pelatihan khusus di lingkungan universitas islam kadiri,kediri sehingga wajib pajak orang pribadi lebih mudah dalam mengoperasikan aplikasi e-filling.Melalui aplikasi e-filling dapat meningkatkan kepatuhan wajib pajak orang pribadi dalammelaporkan surat pemberitahuan tahunan secara mudah, cepat, efektif dan efisien serta terjagakerahasiaan data perpajakan.
Mengontrol Negara - 2
Authors: Siregar Shohibul Anshor
Published: September 2018

Di Indonesia, menurut laporan pada situs http://www.nu.or.id/post/ berjudul “Mengapa jumlah umat Islam di Indonesia menurun?” data penurunan jumlah umat Islam dilukiskan dengan sebuah trend yang konstan. Dari tahun ke tahun jumlah umat Islam yang terus mengalami penurunan itu semula mencapi 95 persen dan secara perlahan terus berkurang menjadi 92 persen, turun lagi 90 persen, kemudian menjadi 87 persen, dan kini anjlok menjadi 85 persen (Menteri Agama RI, Kiblat Garut 26 Juni 2012).
The Greek- and the Syriac-Orthodox Patriarchates of Antioch in the context of the Syrian Conflict
Authors: Leonhardt Christoph
Published: September 2018

Oriental Christianity is not only a special part of global Christianity, but also its oldest one. The members of the ancient Christian community in the Hellenistic city of Antioch were the first to be called christianoi — Christians.2 But with the recent developments of the Syrian Crisis, the deep- rooted Christians of the region see themselves as a threatened minority. Since the Islamist rebel militia, the so called al-Dawlah al-lslamiyah ("The Islamic State") announced the establishment of a caliphate in parts of the region of northeastern Syria and northwestern Iraq, threats against local Christians have been occurring more frequently. Recently, Islamists have forced Christians to either convert to Islam, to flee, or in the case of refusal, they have even been killed (Gol 2014).
Une page dans l’histoire du régime communiste en Roumanie : la suppression de l’Église gréco-catholique
Authors: Zotea Christina-Diana
Published: September 2018

Entre 1948-1989, l'Église gréco-catholique de Roumanie (Église unie à Rome mais restée de rite byzantin) a cessé d'exister officiellement, suite à sa « réintégration » par la force dans l'Église orthodoxe roumaine (Mahieu 2004 : 94). Le terme « réintégration » était utilisé par la propagande officielle du régime pour faire référence à la position de l'Église orthodoxe roumaine face à l'Église gréco-catholique. Conformément à la hiérarchie orthodoxe, la « réintégration » de celle-ci dans I' Eglise orthodoxe mettait fin à la séparation causée par l'union avec Rome de 1701. Par conséquent, le clergé et les fidèles uniates se sont vus obligés d'avoir à faire le choix entre la conversion à l'orthodoxie et le refus, avec pour conséquences, dans le second cas, la persécution et l'emprisonnement (Mahieu 2004 : 94).
Les espaces funéraires à Tyr : entre enracinement et déracinement
Authors: Ghorayeb Abdel-Hay Germaine
Published: September 2018

Cet anicle porte sur la dimension spatiale de la mort. Il se propose de réfléchir sur les rapports entre la ville et les cimetières et sur le rôle des cimetières dans la ville, en interrogeant leur localisation, leur mode d'implantation, leur composition, et la distance géographique instaurée entre eux et l'espace urbain à proprement parler. Nous pensons ainsi pouvoir cerner la relation des vivants par rapport à leurs morts dans la cité. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes intéressée à la ville de Tyr, en raison de l'histoire socioreligieuse et culturelle complexe qui la caractérise et où les cimetières, groupés au même endroit, occupent une place remarquable tout en étant un reflet important de la ville. Cette dernière est aussi dotée de vestiges archéologiques considérables, somptueux pour grande partie et dans le voisinage desquels se trouvent justement les cimetières, qui occupent un emplacement devenu stratégique, du fait qu'ils sont localisés sur le front de mer en un endroit très touristique et bien avant la découverte en 1960 de ces ruines importantes à leur proximité directe.
PERİ MASALLARININ ORJİNİ
Authors: DUMAN Nesrin
Published: September 2018

Batı ülkelerinde
kullanılan ‘peri masalı’ (fairy tale)
ifadesi aslında bu türdeki hikâyelerinin tümünü adlandırmak için
kullanılmamıştır. Peri masalı sözcüğünü ilk kez Madame Catherine-Anne d’Aulnoy,
1697 yılında yayınladığı, üst sınıftan kişiler için hazırladığı 4 ciltlik ‘Les
contes de fees’ (The Tales of the Fairies)
“periler hakkında masallar” kitabında kullanmıştır. İngilizce’ye
“fairy tales” peri masalları olarak çevrilmesi ile birlikte kullanımı
yaygınlaşmıştır. Peri masalları kökenini halk masallarından (folk tales) alan ayrı bir türdür. 15.yy’da
yazılı basının icadı ve okuryazarlığın artışıyla masal anlatımının sözlü
geleneği muazzam bir köklü değişikliğe uğramıştır. Yetenekli yazarlar
tarafından ele alınarak değiştirilen halk masallarından peri masalları olarak
adlandırılan ayrı bir tür doğmuştur. Bu masallar aristokrat yetişkinlere bir
misyon duygusu kazandırmak için salonlarda anlatılmaya başlanmıştır. Her ne
kadar günümüzde peri masalı denilince akla çocuklar gelse de tarihe
bakıldığında bu masallar çocuklar için değil yetişkinler için yazılmıştır. Peri
masalları, daha sonraları içeriklerinin çocuklara uygun hale getirilmesiyle
çocuklarla tanıştırılmıştır. Avrupa’da edebî masalların doğuşu üzerinde çalışma
yapan neredeyse bütün eleştirmenler, eğitimli yazarların bilinçli olarak halk
masalları üzerinde değişiklik yaptığını, çocukların ve yetişkinlerin günün
sosyal kodlarına göre medenileşmesi adına masalı âdetler, değerler ve tavırlar
üzerine bir edebi türe çevirdikleri konusunda hemfikirlerdir. Bu çalışmada
“peri masalları” türünün ortaya çıkışı, bu adlandırmanın yaygın kullanıma ne
şekilde ulaştığı, kökenini aldığı halk masallarının doğuşu, yayılması ile
birlikte peri masalları türüne oluşturduğu zemine dair bir literatür
incelemesinin yapılması hedeflenmektedir.
TÜRKÇE EBEVEYN TUTUM ÖLÇEĞİNİN RUSÇA KONUŞAN KÜLTÜRLER İÇİN UYARLANMASI
Authors: YILMAZ Hasan
Published: September 2018

Ebeveyn tutumları,
üzerinde çok sayıda araştırma yapılmasına rağmen güncelliğini sürdürmektedir.
Bu durumun en önemli sebebi; günümüz şartlarındaki hızlı değişime uygun olarak
anne baba tutumlarının da değişmesi zorunluluğudur. Bu çalışma; Rusça konuşan
toplumlardaki eğitimcilere ve araştırmacılara ebeveyn tutum ölçeği kazandırmayı
amaçlamaktadır. Uyarlama dilinin Rusça seçilmesinin sebebi Belarus, Kazakistan
ve Kırgızistan’da resmi dil olmak üzere, diğer Orta Asya ülkelerinde de
konuşuluyor olmasıdır. Bu amaçla Türkçe olarak geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması
yapılmış bir ölçek seçilmiş ve ölçek uyarlamanın ilkelerine uygun olarak, Rusça
uyarlaması yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemi 394 Türk, 189 Kırgız ve 138 Rus
anne babadan oluşmaktadır. Kırgız ve Rus anne babalar Bişkek’te yaşamaktadırlar.
Dil güvenirliği sağlanan ölçek üzerinde yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre dört
alt boyut için Cronbach alfa değerleri; .89, .78, .76 ve .57 olarak
hesaplanmıştır. Uyum endeksi değerleri; Türkiye örneklemi için 2.71, Rusya
örneklemi için 1.31 ve Kırgızistan örneklemi için 2.67 olarak hesaplanmıştır. değeri her üç örneklem için 3’ten küçük olduğundan verinin modele çok
iyi uyum gösterdiği görülmüştür. Üç örneklem grubuna ait faktör yük değerleri
ise; Türkiye örneklemi için .80, Rusya örneklemi için .78 ve Kırgızistan
örneklemi için .79 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak Rusça’ya uyarlaması
yapılan ebeveyn tutum ölçeğinin Rusça konuşulan ülkelerde eğitimci ve
araştırmacılar tarafından kullanılabilecek bilimsel niteliklere sahip olduğu
görülmüştür.
+lI/+lU ve +sIz/+sUz EKLERİ TEMELİNDE CİNSİYET
Authors: ÇELİK Ali
Published: September 2018

Türkçede cinsiyet kategorisi bulunmamasına rağmen, bazı kelimeler
üzerinden cinsiyet varlığı görülmektedir. Bu durum kendi biyolojik
özelliklerinin temelinde ve dil bilgisel ya da sözvarlığı başta olmak üzere
çeşitli biçimlerde olmaktadır.

İsimden isim yapım eklerinden olan +lI/+lU eki varlığı, bulunmayı; +sIz/+sUz
eki ise daha çok yokluğu, yetersizliği bildirmektedir. Bu yapım
ekleri,  bazı kelimelere eklenerek sanki
belli bir cinsiyete ait olunduğunu göstermektedir. Bu durum daha çok +lI/+lU ve +sIz/+sUz i.i.y.e.’nin sıfat görevi üstlenmesinden
kaynaklanmaktadır. +lI/+lU ve +sIz/+sUz i.i.y.e. ile verilen örnekler,
kesinlikle dil bilgisel cinsiyetin Türkçede olduğunu kanıtlamamaktadır. Bu
ekler, kelimeyi daha çok isim ve sıfat biçimine sokması nedeniyle cinsiyete
bağlı olduğunu göstermektedir.

Bu makalede +lI/+lU ve +sIz/+sUz i.i.y.e.’nin Türkçe Sözlük
(2011)’te cinsiyet anlamı veren kelimelerle ilişkisi üzerine durulacaktır.
Yapılan genel taramada 69 adet kelime tespit edilmiş,
ardından cinsiyete göre aldığı rol
kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda konuyla ilgili detaylı açıklamalar ve
örnekler verilip ardından bazı fikirler belirtilmeye çalışılmıştır.
NURİ BİLGE CEYLAN SİNEMASININ ULUSLARARASI BASINDAKİ ELEŞTİRİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR SÖYLEM ANALİZİ: BİR ZAMANLAR ANADOLU’DA ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: YETİMOVA Serhat , ASLAN Mustafa
Published: September 2018

Nuri
Bilge Ceylan gerek Türkiye’de gerekse dünya çapında sinema çevrelerinin
yakından takip ettiği yönetmenlerden biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu
ilginin nedenleri arasında yönetmenin sunduğu içeriğin evrensel dili olabildiği
gibi bunda sanatın evrenselliği de belirleyici olabilmektedir. Yeni Türk
Sineması içinde dünya sineması ile edebiyatını yakından takip eden bir Türk
yönetmen olarak Nuri Bilge Ceylan, filmlerinde yerel ile evrenseli
buluşturmaktadır. Anadoluluk olgusunu incelediği Bir Zamanlar Anadolu’da filmi
gerek Türkiye’de gerekse yurtdışında oldukça ilgi ile karşılanmıştır. Filminde
bürokrasi, taşralılık, kadın-erkek ilişkileri, ataerkillik ve atalet
fikirlerinin işlendiği gözlenen yönetmenin filmi yurt dışı basınında birçok
eleştiri ve haberin konusu olmuştur.  Bu
makale yönetmenin belirtilen filminin dünya basınındaki yansımalarına film
eleştirisi başlığı altında bakmaktadır. 
Bu sebeple filmin basın arşivinde yer alan yazılar arasından İngilizce
ve Fransızca basında yazan dokuz farklı ulustan eleştirmenin kaleme aldığı
eleştiri yazılarını söylem analizi yöntemi kullanılarak çözümlemekte ve küresel
modern kültürün etkisindeki eleştirmenlerin Anadolu gibi bir yerelliği eleştirme
biçimlerine bakmaktadır. Araştırmanın sonucunda dokuz farklı ulustan eleştirmen
modernizm ortak paydasında belirtilen filmi eleştirmiş, kendi kültürleri ile
Anadoluluk arasında ilişki kurmak yerine Batı literatürünün kavram haritası
olan feminizm, bürokrasi, Hristiyanlık, realizm, sembolizm, güvenlik, rekabet
ve minimalizm gibi kavramları referans alarak Anadolu’ya bakmayı tercih
etmişlerdir. Bu durum yapılan eleştirilerin bir ölçüde tek tipleşerek
standartlaşmasını beraberinde getirmiş, Anadolu’ya ilişkin özgün fikir ve
deneyimlerin eleştirilerin içinde yer almaması ile sonuçlanmıştır. Tüm bu
veriler küreselleşen dünyanın kültürünün Batı merkezli bir okuma içinde
olduğunu da göstermektedir.
TÜRK KİMLİĞİNİN TEMEL KAVRAMLARI Uygarlıklararası Diyalogun Temeli Olarak Proto-İnanç Söylemi
Authors: CANHOCA Rustem
Published: September 2018

Bu makalede, Türk milletinin ortak etnik kültürel
alanının ve birliğinin temel esaslarını ve önemli özelliklerini tanımlayan eski
Türk tarihi ve etnik-kültürel söyleminin eserleri ve sözlü efsaneleri analiz
edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada yazar Türklerin eski tarihi, kültürü ve inançları
ile ilgili yazılan araştırma eserleri inceleyerek, Türklerin tarih boyunca
önemli jeostratejik topraklara sahip olması ile birlikte ilk monoteist din
olarak kabul edilen Gök Tanrıcılığa sahip olduklarına vurgu yapmaktadır. Yazar,
eski Türklerin inancı olan Gök Tanrıcılığın, Avrasya’nın uçsuz bucaksız
coğrafyasında bazen dağınık şekilde de yaşayan ama yaşamını devamlı sürdüren
eski Türklerin birleştirici unsuru ve kolektif bilincin önemli bir bileşeni
olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Karşılaştırmalı analize dayanarak, Türk etnik ve
kültürel coğrafyada yaşayan halkların geleneksel özelliklerinin sağlam
temellere (genetik hafızanın bütünlüğü ve devamlılığı, Türk birliğine
aitliğinin bilinci, homojen yapının korunması, siyasi varlığının sürdürülmesi
vs.) dayandığı sonucuna varılmaktadır. Bu temelde ise, genel Türk kültürünün
modern gelişmiş bir model olarak canlandırıla bileceği neticesi ortaya
konulmaktadır. Bugünlerde hızla gelişen küreselleşme süreçleri her şeyi aynı standarda
getirmeye zorlamakla birlikte farkındalıkları ortadan kaldırmaktadır.
Küreselleşmenin genişlemesine paralel olarak gelişen halk ve toplulukların
etnik özellikleri ile müteakip etnik-kültürel kimliklerinin kaybolması
tehdidine karşı halk ve milletlerin etnik, sosyal ve kültürel özellikleri ve bu
özelliklerin korunması, yaşatılması ve geliştirilmesi doğrultusundaki
araştırmaların derinleşmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmaktadır.
OSMANLI DÖNEMİ TÜRK MÜZİĞİNİN WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART’IN ESERLERİNE ETKİSİ
Authors: AYDINOĞLU Tutu
Published: September 2018

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile Avrupa devletleri
yüzyıllar boyunca politika, siyasi ve birçok konuda birbirlerinden etkilendiği
gibi sanat alanında da fikir alışverişi yapmışlardır. Osmanlı sanatının gelişim
sürecinde batılılaşma yolunda önemli adımlar sağlanırken, Batı’nın da özellikle
Osmanlı dönemi Türk müziğinin ritim anlayışından etkilendikleri bilinmektedir.
Viyana klasikleri olarak bilinen ve çocuk yaştan beri çok önemli eserler
besteleyen Mozart, Osmanlı dönemi Türk müziğinden oldukça etkilenmiş bir bestecidir.
Bugün neredeyse tüm dünyanın bildiği ‘Türk Marşı’ Mozart’ın Osmanlı dönemi Türk
müziğine ilgisinin bir örneği olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bu araştırmanın
amacı, W. A. Mozart’ın eserlerinde kullanmış olduğu Türk izlerini belirlemek,
hangi alanda ve ne kadar etkilendiğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda
Mozart’ın eserleri içerisinde Türk müziği etkilerini görebilmek için içerik ve
müzikal yönlerden incelenmiştir. Bu araştırma betimsel bir araştırma olup,
durum tespiti yapılmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma tekniklerinden doküman
analizi yöntemi kullanılmış olup konu ile ilgili kaynaklar taranmıştır. Kaynak
tarama ve eser analizleri sonucunda Mozart’ın beş eserinde Türk müziği
etkilerinin görüldüğü tespit edilmiştir. Saraydan Kız Kaçırma operasında
yoğunlukla mehter takımına benzer ritimler kullanan Mozart, Alla Turca adı
altında bilinen La majör Piyano Sonatı’nın son bölümünde ise Türk izlerini
zirveye ulaştırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Zaide operasında ise her ne kadar
mehter müziğine benzer ritimleri kullanmış olsa da özellikle konu olarak
Osmanlı haremini ele alması, Mozart’ın Osmanlı dönemi Türk müziği ve Osmanlı
saraylarında yaşanan olayları yakından takip ettiği söylenebilir.
Changes in Lean Muscle Mass Associated with Neoadjuvant Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Patients with Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer
Authors: Rimar Kalen J. , Glaser Alexander P. , Kundu Shilajit , Schaeffer Edward M. , Meeks Joshua , Psutka Sarah P.
Published: September 2018

Background:

Baseline sarcopenia or severe lean muscle deficiency is independently associated with increased mortality after cystectomy for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (MIUC). The impact of chemotherapy on muscle mass in MIUC patients remains undefined

Objectives:

To describe preoperative changes in body composition in MIUC patients receiving platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC).

Methods:

Patients with cT2-4 N0-1 M0 UC of the bladder who received NC were identified. Lumbar skeletal muscle index (SMI, cm2/m2), visceral adipose index (VAI, cm2/m2), and the subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose index (SAI, cm2/m2) were calculated using validated methodology (cross sectional area of skeletal muscle/height2 at L3) from measurement of soft tissue areas on pre- (pre-NC) and post-NC (post-NC) computed tomography. Patients were classified as sarcopenic according to consensus definitions: Male: SMI <55 cm2/m2, Female: SMI <38.5 cm2/m2. Pre-NC and post-NC median body mass index (BMI kg/m2), SMI, and adipose indices were compared.

Results:

The study cohort consisted of 26 patients, with a median age 70 years, including 7 females (27%). Chemotherapy regimens included dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin (31%), gemcitabine/cisplatin (62%) and gemcitabine/carboplatin (3.8%) with a median of 3.5 (range 2–6) cycles. Median pre- and post-NC BMI were 27.1 kg/m2 and 27.2 kg/m2 ( p = 0.36). Median pre- and post-NC SMI were 49.1 cm2/m2 and 44.5 ( p < 0.001) respectively. Median percent change in SMI was –6.4% (range –30% to 10%). Pre-NC, 18 (69%) patients were sarcopenic vs. 21 (81%, p = 0.002) post-NC. Median time between initiation of chemotherapy and cystectomy was 110 days.

Conclusions:

We observed a significant decrease in lean muscle mass among MIUC patients treated with platinum-based NC prior to cystectomy, with an associated increase in the prevalence of sarcopenia. Patients undergoing NC may benefit from pre-habilitative interventions to mitigate lean muscle loss prior to cystectomy.
Microglia CREB-Phosphorylation Mediates Amyloid-β-Induced Neuronal Toxicity
Authors: Gao Yuan , Liu En-Jie , Wang Wei-Jin , Wang Ya-Li , Li Xiao-Guang , Wang Xin , Li Shi-Hong , Zhang Shu-Juan , Li Meng-Zhu , Zhou Qiu-Zhi , Long Xiao-Bing , Zhang Hua-Qiu , Wang Jian-Zhi
Published: September 2018

Extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) forming senile plaques is one of the hallmark pathologies in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), while the mechanisms underlying the neuronal toxic effect of Aβ are not fully understood. Here, we found that intracerebroventricular infusion of the aged Aβ42 in mice only induces memory deficit at 24 h but not at 7 days. Interestingly, a remarkably increased CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) Ser133-phosphorylation (pS133-CREB) with microglial activation was detected at 24 h but not at 7 days after Aβ infusion. Aβ treatment for 24 h increased pS133-CREB level in microglia of the hippocampal non-granular cell layers with remarkably decreased pS133-CREB immunoreactivity in neurons of the hippocampal granular cell layers, including CA1, CA3, and DG subsets. Inhibition of microglia activation by minocycline or CREB phosphorylation by H89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA), abolished Aβ-induced microglia CREB hyperphosphorylation with restoration of neuronal function and attenuation of inflammatory response, i.e., reduced levels of interleukin-6 (IL6) and pCREB binding of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) DNA. Finally, treatment of the primary hippocampal neurons with Aβ-potentiated microglia media decreased neuronal GluN1 and GluA2 levels, while simultaneous inhibition of PKA restored the levels. These novel findings reveal that intracerebroventricular infusion of Aβ only induces transient memory deficit in mice and the molecular mechanisms involve a stimulated microglial CREB phosphorylation.
Effect of Physical Activity on the Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease: The Clinical Research Center for Dementia of South Korea Study
Authors: Minn Yang-Ki , Choi Seong Hye , Suh Young Ju , Jeong Jee Hyang , Kim Eun-Joo , Kim Jong Hun , Park Kyung Won , Park Moon Ho , Youn Young Chul , Yoon Bora , Choi Seok-Jin , Oh Youn Kyung , Yoon Soo Jin
Published: September 2018

Background:

There is a lack of research on the effects of physical activity (PA) on the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Objectives:

We investigated whether PA is associated with progression of dementia and mortality in AD.

Methods:

In the present study, 934 patients with mild-to-moderate AD were included. PA was evaluated using a questionnaire written by the caregiver. The outcome measures were the Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB), Seoul-Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (S-IADL), Caregiver-Administered Neuropsychiatric Inventory (CGA-NPI), a global composite score of neuropsychological subtests, and mortality. They were evaluated annually and received a maximum of three follow-up examinations.

Results:

Between-group differences compared with the no PA group in the change of CDR-SB scores were –0.431 (95% CI = –0.824∼–0.039; p = 0.031) for the moderate PA group (150–750 minutes per week of moderate intensity PA), and –1.148 (–1.656∼–0.639; p < 0.001) for the high PA group (>750 minutes per week). As PA increased, there was a significant trend to slow the rate of increase in the CDR-SB, S-IADL, and CGA-NPI scores. The patients with ≥150 minutes per week for each of non-recreational and recreational PAs had a lower risk of mortality compared to those with <150 minutes per week for each of the PAs (hazard ratio 0.22, 95% CI = 0.05∼0.88; p = 0.033).

Conclusion:

More PA is associated with slower progression of dementia severity, functional decline, and abnormal behavior, and with a lower risk of mortality in AD.
Subjective Cognitive Decline Prediction of Mortality: Results from the Einstein Aging Study
Authors: Katz Mindy J. , Wang Cuiling , Derby Carol A. , Lipton Richard B. , Zimmerman Molly E. , Sliwinski Martin J. , Rabin Laura A.
Published: September 2018

Background:

The relation of pre-dementia stages to mortality has not been fully explored. Previous work examining subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mortality is limited and mixed regarding methods used and consistency of findings.

Objective:

To examine SCD and mortality in a longitudinal, community-based cohort, using item response theory (IRT) methodology to form a composite SCD measure. Also, to assess whether this relationship was independent of clinical cognitive status.

Methods:

The Einstein Aging Study is a diverse longitudinal cohort of adults aged ≥70. SCD items were extracted from baseline CERAD questionnaires and a composite score was formed using IRT methodology. A total of 1,741 participants with complete data were clinically diagnosed as cognitively normal, or as having amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI), or dementia. 645 deaths occurred over a period of 8,912 person-years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazard models predicted time to death adjusting for covariates.

Results:

A one standard deviation unit increase in level of SCD was associated with >20% higher risk of mortality. However, when models were adjusted for clinical cognitive status, the association was no longer significant. Both dementia and aMCI predicted mortality. Furthermore, when analyses focused only on those without cognitive impairment, SCD level did not predict mortality.

Conclusions:

The association of SCD with mortality may be due to the association of SCD with clinical cognitive status. Thus, SCD may be used as a community-based screen to initially identify those with cognitive impairment who may be at greatest risk for death.
Amyloid and FDG PET of Successful Cognitive Aging: Global and Cingulate-Specific Differences
Authors: Baran Timothy M. , Lin Feng Vankee ,   Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: September 2018

Background:

Some individuals, called Supernormals (SN), maintain excellent memory in old age. While brain structural and functional integrity in SN seem to be aging-resistant, their amyloidosis and neural injury status has not been well studied.

Objective:

The goal of this study was to compare cortical amyloid deposition and glucose metabolism between SN and older adults with normal cognition (NC), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Methods:

Subjects from the ADNI database were included if they received T1-weighted MRI, amyloid PET, FDG-PET, and cognitive testing within a 6-month period, yielding 27 AD, 69 MCI, 172 NC, and 122 SN. PET standardized uptake value ratios (SUVrs) were calculated for the whole cortex and 68 regions of interest, with whole cerebellum serving as reference.

Results:

SN had lower whole cortex amyloid than MCI, and higher glucose metabolism than all others. Regional analysis revealed that amyloid burden and glucose metabolism in the right isthmus cingulate cortex differed in SN compared to others, while SN glucose metabolism also differed from others in several frontal and temporal regions.

Conclusion:

Preserved cortical glucose metabolism, and lower levels of amyloidosis and glucose hypometabolism in the right isthmus cingulate cortex, contributes to the Supernormal phenomenon. These findings may be informative for development of early screening biomarkers and therapeutic targets for modification of cognitive trajectories.
Aortic Stiffness is Associated with Increased Risk of Incident Dementia in Older Adults
Authors: Cui Chendi , Sekikawa Akira , Kuller Lewis H. , Lopez Oscar L. , Newman Anne B. , Kuipers Allison L. , Mackey Rachel H.
Published: September 2018

Cardiovascular disease risk factors, including age, hypertension, and diabetes, contribute to aortic stiffness and subclinical cardiovascular and brain disease, increasing dementia risk. Aortic stiffness, measured by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), reduces the buffering of pulsatile blood flow, exposing cerebral small arteries to microvascular damage. High cfPWV is related to white matter hyperintensities and brain amyloid deposition, and to cognitive decline, but it is unclear whether cfPWV independently predicts incident dementia. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that cfPWV predicts incident dementia in older adults, independent of potential confounders. The Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study followed 532 non-demented older adults with annual cognitive exams from 1998-99 through 2013. CfPWV was measured on 356 (mean age = 78, 59% women) between 1996–2000. Over 15 years, 212 (59.6%) developed dementia (median time from cfPWV measurement = 4 years). In age and sex-adjusted Cox models, cfPWV was significantly associated with increased risk of dementia, but systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure were not. CfPWV (transformed as – 1/cfPWV) remained significantly associated with dementia risk when further adjusted for education, race, APOE ɛ4, diabetes, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, and anti-hypertensive medication (hazard ratio = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.02, 2.51). Results were similar when further adjusted for baseline global cognition, subclinical brain measures, and coronary artery calcification. Finally, higher cfPWV was related to lower physical activity intensity and higher systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and waist circumference measured 5 years prior. An important unanswered question is whether interventions to slow arterial stiffening can reduce the risk of dementia.
Reappraisal of Aβ40 and Aβ42 Peptides Measurements in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Fiorini Michele , Bongianni Matilde , Benedetti Maria Donata , Monaco Salvatore , Zanusso Gianluigi
Published: September 2018

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are currently included in the diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), in particular, decreased concentrations of amyloid-β peptide 1–42 (Aβ42) in the CSF, coupled with increased levels of tau and phosphorylated tau proteins, are supportive of AD diagnosis. To date, the quantification of Aβ42 levels with antibody-dependent immunoassay shows a marked variability among different laboratories and is also affected by different pre-analytical factors, suggesting that part of Aβ42 peptides might be aggregated and thus undetected by antibodies. To bypass an antibody-dependent measurement, we determined the Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels by immunoblot. We analyzed CSF samples from 35 patients with clinical diagnosis of probable AD and from 15 age-matched normal controls; CSF Aβ levels were determined by two different ELISA kits and by immunoblot analysis. Aβ40 levels measured by ELISA were comparable to those obtained by immunoblot, whereas CSF concentrations of Aβ42 measured by ELISA were significantly lower compared to values obtained by immunoblot quantification. Biochemical analysis, following 1D- and 2D-PAGE analysis, showed that the qualitative composition of Aβ peptides in the CSF is similar in AD and controls but different from that of AD brain tissues. Moreover, sedimentation velocity in sucrose gradient of CSF and brain homogenate from AD demonstrated that Aβ42 in CSF is different from Aβ42 in brain in terms of solubility and aggregation state.
Effects of chitosan oligosaccharides postharvest treatment on the quality and ripening related gene expression of cultivated strawberry fruits
Authors: He Yanqiu , Bose Santosh Kumar , Wang Mengyu , Liu Tongmei , Wang Wenxia , Lu Hang , Yin Heng
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND:

Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), degraded from chitosan, has been proved as an effective plant immunity elicitor, eco-friendly, easily soluble in water and influenced several secondary metabolites content to improve fruit qualities.

OBJECTIVE:

The effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on the quality and ripening related gene expression of strawberry ( Fragaria× ananassa cv . qingxiang) during storage were investigated in this study.

METHODS:

COS was dissolved in distilled water at a concentration of 50 and 100 mg·L–1. Then the fruits were dipped in COS solution and the control group was dipped in equal amount of distilled water for 1 minute. After that the fruits were air-dried and stored at 20±0.5°C with 80±2% relative humidity.

RESULTS:

COS treated fruits significantly delayed the loss of hardness, total sugar and ascorbate content. In addition, COS treatments had positive effect on maintaining higher concentration of total phenol, anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity. Moreover, COS treatments also had positive effect on inhibition of relative gene expression of cell wall polysaccharides degradation pathways, including pectate lyase ( FaPL), pectin esterase ( FaPE) and endoglucanase ( FaEG) and ethylene biosynthesis ( FaACS and FaACO) pathway. These findings suggest that the use of COS 100 mg·L–1 postharvest treatment is useful for maintaining quality and storage life of strawberry fruits.

CONCLUSION:

COS postharvest treatment appeared to have a beneficial impact on the quality retention, maintained lower activities of cell wall degradation and the ethylene biosynthesis pathway by suppressing the gene expression during storage of strawberry.
Risiko terjadinya rinitis akibat kerja pada pekerja yang terpajan debu terigu
Authors: Quadarusman Emanuel , Rahardjo Sutji Pratiwi , Punagi Abdul Qadar , Djamin Riskiana
Published: September 2018

Background: Occupational rhinitis (OR) may decrease quality of life and productivity, but there is still little information about occupational rhinitis in flour industries. Purpose: To know the influence of atopic history, working duration, work placement and face-mask use in the incidence of occupational rhinitis in wheat flour workers of PT. X in Makassar. Methods: A cross-sectional study on workers in production and packing sections of flour factory X had been conducted. Result: Prevalence of occupational rhinitis in that factory was about 50.7%, and there was a significant relationship between atopic history and work placement with OR incidence (p<0.05). Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between atopic  history and work placement with OR incidence, but relationship between OR with working duration and face-mask use could not be established. It was shown that in atopic workers, longer working duration and un-routine use of face-mask increased the risk of OR incidence twice higher. Keywords: occupational rhinitis, flour dust, face mask   Abstrak :  Latar belakang: Rinitis akibat kerja (RAK) dapat mempengaruhi kualitas hidup pekerja, menghilangkan banyak waktu kerja dan dapat menurunkan produktivitas, namun masih sedikit informasi yang dimiliki mengenai epidemiologi pada industri terigu. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui pengaruh riwayat atopi, lama bekerja, bagian kerja dan penggunaan masker terhadap kejadian rinitis akibat kerja pada pekerja pabrik terigu X di Makassar. Metode: Suatu studi potong lintang pada pekerja bagian produksi dan pengepakan di pabrik terigu X. Hasil: Didapatkan angka kejadian RAK pada pekerja pabrik adalah 50,7%, dan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara atopi dan tempat kerja dengan kejadian RAK (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Faktor atopi dan tempat kerja dapat mempengaruhi angka kejadian RAK, sedangkan hubungan antara RAK dengan lama kerja dan penggunaan masker belum dapat dibuktikan. Didapati bahwa pada pekerja dengan riwayat penyakit atopi semakin lama masa kerja dan dengan penggunaan masker tidak rutin dapat meningkatkan risiko dua kali lebih tinggi untuk terkena RAK. Kata kunci: rinitis akibat kerja, debu terigu, masker
Pengaruh suplementasi probiotik Lactobacillus casei L shirota strain terhadap kadar IgE penderita rinitis alergi
Authors: Widuri Asti , Suryani Lilis
Published: September 2018

Background: Allergic rhinitis is a nasal mucosal inflammatory reactions mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE), after allergen exposure. Probiotics is considered has strong influence on the regulation of primary immunophysiology in intestinal mucosal barrier and might be useful to prevent allergy attacks.Purpose: To study the benefits of Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain L in preventing allergy attacks through the mechanism  of immunomodulatory systems that inhibit the production of IgE. Methods:The study was quasi-experimental  with pretest-posttest design. The subjects were 45 students with history of allergic rhinitis. Serum IgE levels were measured before and after given milk containing probiotics for one month. Results: With a paired t test, there was significant difference of the average IgE levels between before (291.88 IU/L) and after one month. Probiotic supplementation (141.43 IU/L),p<0.05. Conclusion: Supplementation of probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota strain L is useful in preventing allergy attacks.  Keywords: allergic rhinitis, probiotics, immunoglobulin E (IgE) Abstrak :  Latar belakang: Rinitis alergi adalah reaksi peradangan mukosa hidung yang diperantarai oleh imunoglobulin E (IgE) setelah terjadi pajanan alergen. Pemberian probiotik dianggap mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat terhadap regulasi imunofisiologi primer dalam barier mukosa usus. Tujuan:Mengkaji manfaat suplemen probiotik Lactobacillus casei L shirota strain dalam mencegah serangan alergi melalui mekanisme sistem imunomodulator yang menghambat produksi IgE. Metode: Desain penelitian adalah eksperimental kuasi case control dengan rancangan pretest-postest design. Subjek penelitian adalah 45 orang yang mempunyai riwayat rinitis alergi, diambil darah sampel untuk diperiksa kadar IgE sebelum dan setelah diberi susu yang mengandung probiotik selama satu bulan. Hasil: Dengan paired t test, terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara rata-rata kadar IgE sebelum suplementasi (291,88 IU/L) dan setelah diberi suplementasi probiotik Lactobacillus casei Lshirota strain selama satu bulan (141,43 IU/L), p<0,05. Kesimpulan: Suplementasi probiotikLactobacillus casei L shirota strain bermanfaat dalam mencegah serangan alergi melalui mekanisme imunomodulator yang menghambat produksi IgE. Kata kunci: rinitis alergi, probiotik, imunogobulin E (IgE)
Validitas metode rinohigrometri sebagai indikator sumbatan hidung
Authors: Djalal Rachmawati , Punagi Abdul Qadar , Sulaiman Andi Baso , Perkasa Fadjar
Published: September 2018

Background: The narrowing of nasal cavity due to nasal mucosa changes or other factors may leadsto nasal obstruction. Symptoms of nasal obstruction can be classified from mild to severe and in somecases total obstruction may occur. Purpose: The objective of the research was to determine the validity of rhinohygrometric method as nasal obstruction indicator. The complaint of nasal obstruction depicted theexistence of abnormalities either anatomically, physiologically or pathologically. The evaluation of   thenasal obstruction was based on anamnesis, physical examination and also supporting examination forthe measurement of the nasal patency. Method: An analytic study had been carried out on the diagnostic test for determining sensitivity and specificity values of rhinohygrometeric method as nasal obstruction indicator compared with peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) as the basic standard on subjects who hadnasal obstruction and subjects who did not have nasal obstruction. Results: In the research, the valuesof cutting off point rhinohygrometeric method are 3 cm and 4 cm on the length and width, while thevalue of basic standard of PNIF cutting off point is 80 liter/minute. Sensitivity and specificity methodof rhinohygrometeric on the length were 87.8% and 100% while on the width were 95.1% and 89.8%.Conclusion: Rhinohigrometeric method has validity as indicator of nasal obstruction.  Keywords: rhinohygrometeric method, nasal obstruction, cutting off point, sensitivity and specificity Abstrak :  Latar belakang: Setiap penyempitan rongga hidung baik akibat proses perubahan pada mukosahidung ataupun penyebab yang lain akan mengakibatkan timbulnya gejala sumbatan hidung. Gejalasumbatan hidung dapat bersifat ringan sampai berat bahkan dapat terjadi sumbatan total. Tujuan: Untukmenentukan validitas metode rinohigrometri sebagai indikator sumbatan hidung. Metode: Penelitian inimenggunakan studi analitik terhadap uji diagnostik untuk menentukan nilai sensitivitas dan spesifisitasmetode rinohigrometri sebagai indikator sumbatan hidung dibandingkan dengan peak nasal inspiratoryflow (PNIF) sebagai standar baku pada subjek yang mengalami sumbatan hidung dan subjek yang tidakmengalami sumbatan hidung. Hasil: Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa telah ditetapkan nilai titik potongmetode rinohigrometri adalah 3 cm dan 4 cm pada sisi panjang dan lebar, sedangkan nilai titik potongstandar baku PNIF adalah 80 liter/menit. Sensitivitas dan spesifisitas metode rinohigrometri padasisi panjang adalah 87,8% dan 100%, sedangkan pada sisi lebar adalah 95,1% dan 89,8%. Kesimpulan:Metode rinohigrometri memiliki validitas sebagai indikator sumbatan hidung. Kata kunci: metode rinohigrometri, sumbatan hidung, titik potong, sensitivitas, spesifisitas
Analisis pedigree gangguan pendengaran dan ketulian pada penduduk dusun Sepang, Polewali Mandar, Sulawesi Barat
Authors: Perkasa Muhammad Fadjar , Punagi Abdul Qadar , K Khaeruddin
Published: September 2018

Background. Pedigree Analysis of hearing loss and deafness in the population of Sepang hamlet, Tenggelang village, Luyo district, Polewali Mandar regency, West Sulawesi. Purpose: To determine the inheritance pattern of hearing loss and deafness in the population of Sepang Hamlet. Methods:  Explorative study was conducted among 167 people using pure tone audiometry Interacoustics AD229  type, impedance audiometry Madsen Electronics Zodiac type 901 and Otoread Interacoustics TEOAE. Pedigree of the subjects were made and  analyzed.   Results: The result of Chi-square goodness of fit showed that the test of conformity with the notion of inheritance pattern of hearing loss and deafness were autosomal dominant, obtain the results of χ²= 6.721>χ² = 3.84 and p value =0,01<0,05, with df = 1, while assuming conformance testing inheritance pattern of hearing loss and deafness were autosomal recessive, obtain the results of χ ² =0,628 < χ²tabeltabel=3.84 and p value= 0.428>0.05 with df = 1. Conclusion: The inheritancepattern of hearing loss and deafness in familial marriage in the population of Sepang hamlet, Tenggelang village, Luyo district, Polewali Mandar regency, West Sulawesi was found to be  autosomal recessive transmission.   Keywords: pedigree analysis, familal marriage, hearing loss, deafness, Polewali Mandar, West Sulawesi.   Abstrak :  Latar Belakang: Gangguan pendengaran dan ketulian ditemukan pada penduduk Dusun Sepang, Desa Tenggelang, Kecamatan Luyo, Kabupaten Polewali Mandar Sulawesi Barat yang mempunyai adat perkawinan keluarga. Tujuan: Analisis pedigree ini bertujuan menentukan pola pewarisan gangguan pendengaran dan ketulian pada penduduk dusun tersebut. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah studi eksploratif dengan jumlah subjek sebanyak 167 orang. Pemeriksaan yang dilakukan adalah audiometri nada murni menggunakan audiometer merk Interacoustics tipe AD229, Audiometer impedans merk Madsen Electronics tipe Zodiac 901 dan TEOAE merk Interacoustics tipe Otoread. Subjek dibuatkan pedigree dan dianalisis. Hasil: Uji statistik chi-square test goodness of fit menunjukkan bahwa uji kesesuaian dengan anggapan pola pewarisan gangguan pendengaran dan ketulian secara autosomal dominan didapatkan nilai χ²  hasil=6,721 > χ² = 3,84 dan nilai p= 0,01<0,05 dengan df = 1, sedangkan uji kesesuaian dengan anggapan pola pewarisan gangguan pendengaran dan ketulian secara autosomal resesif didapatkan nilai  χ²  hasil=0,628 <χ²tabeltabel =3,84 dan nilai p=0,428>0,05 dengan df =1. Kesimpulan: Pola pewarisan gangguan pendengaran dan ketulian pada perkawinan keluarga pada penduduk dusun Sepang, Desa Tenggelang, Kecamatan Luyo, Kabupaten polewali Mandar Sulawesi Barat terjadi melalui transmisi autosomal resesif. Kata Kunci : analisis pedigree, perkawinan keluarga, gangguan pendengaran, ketulian, Polewali Mandar, Sulawesi Barat