bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Politically valued resources and preferred outcomes: Does the political context matter?
Authors: Bailey Nicholas , Norder Kurt
Published: October 2018

Previous research has concluded that ownership of economic resources that are politically valued leads to preferential outcomes during interactions with government officials. However, how the political context, and specifically the roles of the government actors involved, influences the relationship between political valued resources (PVRs) and desired outcomes has to date been relatively unexplored. In our paper, we argue that in interactions with elected legislators, PVRs are much more likely to lead to preferential outcomes. Conversely, due to the lack of power these resources have with bureaucrats in charge of regulatory enforcement, PVRs are less likely to lead to preferential outcomes. We provide some support for our arguments by looking for shifting patterns of effects in outcome variables that typically fall under the jurisdiction of each political role type. We find that large firms, export firms, and technology firms largely report having favorable influence over laws and regulations due to lobbying and increased foreign ownership, while also spending more days in inspections and more managerial time dealing with regulations.
A novel strategy for the extraction and preparation of bamboo fiber‐reinforced polypropylene composites
Authors: Tang Qiheng , Wang Yunfei , Ren Yiping , Zhang Wei , Guo Wenjing
Published: October 2018

A new type of flexible bamboo fiber (BF) was extracted by using an environmentally friendly solvent‐extraction technique. A series of mats with different mass ratios of BFs and polypropylene (PP) fibers was prepared by nonwoven air paving to improve the distribution of BFs in the PP. PP composites that contain varied BF contents were prepared by hot pressing the mats. The effect of BF loading on the mechanical, thermal, morphological and physical properties of the bamboo‐reinforced modified PP composites was studied. The flexural strength of the composites increases initially, then decreases gradually, and the composite that contained 20% BFs exhibited the highest flexural strength. The impact strength exhibited the opposite trend. Scanning electron microscopy studies of the inner structures of the composites showed that many fibers were removed from the matrix. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimeter analysis indicated that the thermal stability and melting point of the composites decreased with an increase in BF content. The water absorption and thickness swelling of the composites increased with an increase in BF content because of the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups on the BF surfaces. At last, the mats are molded into two kinds of interiors of cars, indicating that the mats exhibit good molding properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2178–2186, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Investigation on dielectric and thermal properties of in‐situ ZrB2/epoxy resin matrix composites
Authors: He Yannan , Yu Zhiqiang
Published: October 2018

Bisphenol A epoxy resin (BAEP) was modified with high performance zirconium diboride (ZrB2) ceramic particles using an in‐situ polymerization method for the improvement of its dielectric and thermal properties. The dielectric properties of ZrB2/BAEP composites were investigated by numerical simulation and experiment. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) were used to study thermal stability of the composites. Microstructures of filling composites were also observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results indicated that ZrB2 particles were well dispersed in the polymer matrix. The dielectric constant of composites firstly decreased with the introduction of ZrB2 particles. The composite filled with 2 wt% ZrB2 particles exhibited the optimal dielectric properties. Data obtained from finite element analysis (FEA) were reasonable agreement with the experimental values. The thermal stability of BAEP also significantly increased due to the addition of ZrB2 particles. The initial decomposition temperature of 2 wt% ZrB2/BAEP composite increased by 10°C compared with that of the pure BAEP. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2734–2744, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
PVA grafted POSS hybrid for high performance polyvinyl alcohol films with enhanced thermal, hydrophobic and mechanical properties
Authors: Liu Di , Yuan Li , Xu Hongyue , Tian Huafeng , Xiang Aimin
Published: October 2018

As one kind of novel nanomaterial, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) can improve the thermal stability, water resistance, and mechanical properties of the composites when introduced into a polymer matrix. In this work, we carried a novel method to fabricate polymeric nanocomposite films from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by grafting octa(−chloropropyl) POSS using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a catalyst. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectral analysis confirmed the structure of POSS‐graft‐PVA (POSS‐g‐PVA) nanoparticles. For the cast nanocomposite films, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs revealed that good POSS dispersion/distribution into PVA matrix was achieved, leading to substantial improvement of mechanical properties, reduced water absorption, and enhanced thermal stability. The chemical grafting of PVA on the nanoparticles plays an important role in improving these properties compared with conventional filled composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2768–2776, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Functionalization of boron nitride nanosheets by diazonium salt for preparation of nanocomposites with high‐density polyethylene
Authors: Wang Zhujun , Li Qian , Chen Zheming , Li Huayi , Zheng Shuirong , Tang Xiaobin
Published: October 2018

Functionalization of boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) has always been a challenge due to its chemical inertness and anti‐oxidative properties. In a concentrated base environment, the B‐N bonds on the surface of BNNSs were broken to produce a large number of B‐OH and N‐H functional groups. Afterwards, aniline carbocation produced by decomposition of the diazonium salt was utilized to achieve high grafting content of Ph‐NH2 groups onto the surface of BNNSs. Further, the amide reaction between amino and stearyl chloride verified the reactivity of Ph‐NH2 groups on the surface of BNNSs, with the result that BNNSs were abundantly decorated by aliphatic chains at 22.9 wt% grafting yield. The surface aliphatic chains of BNNSs strongly improved the interfacial adhesion between the High‐density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix and the filler and provided an excellent dispersion of SC‐BNNSs in the HDPE matrix. Therefore, HDPE/SC‐BNNSs nanocomposites showed improved thermal stability, thermal conductivity, neutron shielding property and flexural modulus with no apparent reduction in tensile strength. When filler content exceeded 5 wt%, the HDPE/SC‐BNNSs nanocomposites showed a higher thermal decomposition temperature than the composites with pristine BNNSs fillers. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2346–2356, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Magnetic graphene oxide grafted with different hydrophobic chain lengths low‐generation polyamidoamine dendrimers for adsorption of Pb(II) and Hg(II) in aqueous solution
Authors: Ma Ying‐Xia , Shao Wen‐Jie , Jin Peng‐Sheng , Kou Ya‐Lan , Li Xin
Published: October 2018

In this study, using hexamethylenediamine (HMD)‐modified magnetic graphene oxide (HMGO‐NH2) as carrier, HMD and methyl acrylate as function monomers, MGO grafted with longer hydrophobic chain length low‐generation HMD type polyamidoamine dendrimers (HMGO‐PAMAM‐G1.0) was prepared by Michael addition and amidation condensation reaction. The obtained HMGO‐PAMAM‐G1.0 sample was characterized by transmission electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, thermal properties analysis, vibrating sample magnetometer, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The adsorption properties for Pb(II) and Hg(II) heavy metal ions of HMGO‐PAMAM‐G1.0 and the magnetic graphene oxide grafted with shorter hydrophobic chain length low‐generation ethylenediamine type polyamidoamine dendrimers (MGO‐PAMAM‐G1.0) reported in our previous work were explored. The results showed that the HMGO‐PAMAM‐G1.0 with longer hydrophobic chain length had higher adsorption capacity for Pb(II) and Hg(II) than MGO‐PAMAM‐G1.0 at the higher concentrations. The adsorption process of HMGO‐PAMAM‐G1.0 and MGO‐PAMAM‐G1.0 for Pb(II) and Hg(II) was well in agreement with pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. The Pb(II) was only adsorbed on the sample, while the Hg(II) was partially reduced to Hg(I) in the adsorption process. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E1685–E1696, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
A study to assess global availability of fetal surgery for myelomeningocele
Authors: Sacco Adalina , Simpson Lynn , Deprest Jan , David Anna L.
Published: October 2018

Aim

To establish the provision of fetal surgery for myelomeningocele (MMC) worldwide.

Methods

Through the International Society for Prenatal Diagnosis (ISPD) Fetal Therapy Special Interest Group and the North American Fetal Therapy Network (NAFTNet), fetal therapy centres were surveyed (September 2017‐June 2018) regarding availability of fetal MMC surgical repair, patient inclusion criteria, repair techniques, number of cases, and outcome reporting. Responses were summarised on an interactive map on the ISPD website.

Results

Forty‐four of 59 centres responded (74.6%) of which 34 centres (77.1%) currently offered fetal surgery for MMC and seven centres (15.9%) were awaiting a first case after service set up. Patient inclusion criteria were similar and based on the Management of Myelomeningocele (MOMS) trial. Five centres (14.7%) operated beyond 26 weeks' gestational age, outside the MOMS criteria. Open fetal surgery was provided in 23 centres (67.6%), fetoscopic surgery only in five (14.7%), and six centres offered both types (17.6%). Neurosurgical closure was similar for open surgery but highly variable in fetoscopy surgery. The median number of cases per centre was 21 (range 1‐253).

Conclusions

Fetal surgery for MMC is now offered globally. Two thirds of centres offer open repair via hysterotomy using criteria based on the MOMS trial.
Comparing drug effectiveness in children: A systematic review
Authors: Dukanovic Julijana , Osokogu Osemeke U. , Patel Krupa , Ferrajolo Carmen , Sturkenboom Miriam C.J.M. ,   on behalf of the Global Research in Pediatrics project
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to assess the current state of the art in pediatric comparative effectiveness research, potential gaps, and areas for improvement.

Methods

Relevant articles from inception to February 2015 were retrieved from Embase and Medline. We sequentially screened titles, abstracts, and full texts, with independent validation. Data regarding general information and study methods including statistical analysis were extracted. Study quality was assessed using Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale (NOS). Investigated drugs were ranked and compared with data on the prevalence of pediatric drug use.

Results

Three thousand nine hundred twenty‐six abstracts were screened for eligibility and inclusion, and 164 articles were included in the review. Most studies were from North America (46.7%). Only 78 studies (47.6%) reported the design: 90.8% were cohort studies. Neonates were least frequently investigated. The drugs that were most often studied included systemic antibacterials (11.4%), psycholeptics (7.9%), and antiepileptics (7.6%). Adjustment for confounding was made using propensity scores in 8.5% of the studies. Studies that did not report the design were of lower quality. Many effectiveness studies were done on antineoplastic agents, which are not frequently used and few studies on analgesics and drugs for obstructive airway diseases which are frequently prescribed.

Conclusions

There is ample opportunity to improve comparative effectiveness research for drugs used in pediatrics. Routinely prescribed drugs were seldom investigated. Modern methods for confounding adjustment, such as propensity scores, were rarely used.
Cover Image, Volume 67, Issue 12
Authors: Toh Guat Yee , Ong Hui Lin , Bindumadhavan Kartick , Doong Ruey‐an
Published: October 2018

The cover image is based on the Research Article Physicochemical properties of reduced graphite oxide conglomerated polyethylene nanocomposites by Guat Yee Toh et al., DOI: 10.1002/pi.5687. Supported by Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan. Project numbers MOST 105‐2113‐M‐009‐023‐MY3 and MOST 107‐2221‐E‐007‐113‐MY3.

image
On the dual fluorescence of α,ω‐diphenylpolyenes from five to seven polyene double bonds
Authors: Catalán Javier , Díaz‐Oliva Cristina
Published: October 2018

From analyses of the UV/Vis absorption, emission and excitation of emission spectra of all‐trans‐α,ω‐diphenylpolyenes with five to seven polyene double bonds (1,10‐diphenyldecapentaene, DPP5, 1,12‐diphenyldodecapentaene, DPP6, and 1,14‐diphenyltetradecaheptaene, DPP7), it is concluded that these compounds do not exhibit a dual S1/S2 fluorescence, as hitherto proposed by Bachilo et al (Chemical Physics Letter, 283, 235 [1998]) and Itoh (The Journal of Chemical Physics., 121, 6956 [2004]; ibid. 123, 064302 [2005]). The spectral data of DPP5, DPP6, and DPP7 show a unique fluorescence the intensity of which decreases with the increase of the polyene chain length.
Preparation of Liquid Crystalline Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Coated Metal Organic Framework for Capecitabine Delivery
Authors: Zhang Li‐Ping , Mo Chun‐E , Huang Yan‐Ping , Liu Zhao‐Sheng
Published: October 2018

A novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) coated metal organic framework (MOF) containing a liquid crystalline (LC) monomer is successfully synthesized for use in drug delivery systems. In this study, [Cu3(BTC)2(H2O)3]
n
(HKUST‐1) is chosen as the MOF support owing to its large pore volume, good diffusion, and thermostability. 4‐Methyl phenyl dicyclohexyl ethylene (MPDE) is used as a LC monomer to increase the solvent‐responsive floating of the composite. The preparation conditions of HKUST‐1@LC‐MIP with capecitabine (CAPE) as a template, including the types of functional monomer, the ratio between template and functional monomer, as well as the content of MPDE, are investigated. Characterizations of the HKUST‐1@LC‐MIP are explored using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscope images, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption. Compared to the HKUST‐1, the HKUST‐1@LC‐MIP shows better stability in aqueous solution. In vitro release studies of CAPE of HKUST‐1@LC‐MIP show zero‐order release of profiles at the loaded concentration of 500 µg mL−1. From in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, the HKUST‐1@LC‐MIP displays higher relative bioavailability. It turns out that the HKUST‐1@LC‐MIP possesses the properties of controlled release and has the potentials for oral administration.
The practice of support personnel, supervised by physiotherapists, in Norwegian reablement services
Authors: Eliassen Marianne , Henriksen Nils , Moe Siri
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Reablement is a relatively new service targeting people with or at risk of functional decline. The approach is team based, and physiotherapists (PTs), occupational therapists, and nurses have the responsibility to guide and supervise the support personnel, referred to as home trainers (HTs). The aim of this study was to explore how the HTs follow up instructions and supervision by PTs in reablement.

Methods

This qualitative study included video recordings of practice and individual interviews in seven Norwegian reablement teams. The analysis involved a triangulation of all data.

Results

The results identified that HTs had the main responsibility to carry out interventions in reablement and were also expected to report back to the therapists if they recognized further need for assessment or adjustments. The content of the practices varied considerably along a continuum from rigidly standardized practices to individually tailored approaches emphasizing quality of movement. This paper presents analyses of two examples representing the two widely different approaches.

Conclusion

Practitioners and health authorities should be aware of the broad variation in reablement services in Norwegian municipalities. The results indicate that a standardized approach may be more efficient in the short term, targeting a large population, whereas a tailored approach, valuing quality of movement, is essential to provide high‐quality movement training for users with complex rehabilitation needs. The target groups receiving the different reablement methods should be clearly identified.
Inverse Opal Photonic Gel Containing Charge Stabilized Boronate Anions for Glucose Sensing at Physiological pH
Authors: Kim Dongyoun , Koh Young Gook , Lee Wonmok
Published: October 2018

A glucose‐sensing inverse opal photonic gel (IOPG) that functions at physiological pH has been demonstrated in this study. Photopolymerization of the monomer mixtures is templated by opal films. The structural colors of the optimized IOPG change from red to green upon the addition of the glucose solution at pH 7.4 due to the formation of 2:1 boronates–glucose complexes which induces a shrinkage of IOPG. The intramolecular charge stabilization of anionic boronate by neighboring quaternary‐amine group leads to an efficient diester formation at physiological pH. The optimized IOPG glucose sensor shows a response time as fast as 1 min, as well as reversible and reproducible sensing responses to make it a promising candidate for continuous glucose monitoring system.
How can we make better graphs? An initiative to increase the graphical expertise and productivity of quantitative scientists
Authors: Vandemeulebroecke Marc , Baillie Mark , Carr David , Kanitra Linda , Margolskee Alison , Wright Andrew , Magnusson Baldur
Published: October 2018

Graphics are at the core of exploring and understanding data, communicating results and conclusions, and supporting decision‐making. Increasing our graphical expertise can significantly strengthen our impact as professional statisticians and quantitative scientists.

In this article, we present a concerted effort to improve the way we create graphics at Novartis. We provide our vision and guiding principles, before describing seven work packages in more detail. The actions, principles, and experiences laid out in this paper are applicable generally, also beyond drug development, which is our field of work. The purpose of this article is to share our experiences and help foster the use of good graphs in pharmaceutical statistics and beyond.

A Graphics Principles “Cheat Sheet” is available online athttps://graphicsprinciples.github.io/.
Sensitive detection of topiramate degradation products by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using ion‐pairing reagents and polarity switching
Authors: Pinto Eduardo Costa , Xu Chengdong , Cabral Lucio Mendes , Armstrong Daniel W. , de Sousa Valéria Pereira
Published: October 2018

Rationale

The chromatographic analysis of topiramate and its degradation products is challenging due to the absence of chromophoric moieties in their structures, the wide polarity range of the compounds and their ionization differences. This work proposes two new mass spectrometry approaches for evaluating these analytes.

Methods

Based on the calculated experimental limit of detection (LOD), a highly sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) paired‐ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PIESI‐MS) method was developed for the determination of topiramate inorganic degradation products. The influence of different solvent systems on the LODs for topiramate and its main degradation products was determined in both positive/negative ionization modes. In addition, a HPLC method to analyze both organic and inorganic degradation products was proposed by mass spectrometry with positive/negative ion switching electrospray ionization.

Results

A sensitive HPLC/PIESI‐MS method was achieved for the efficient separation of topiramate inorganic degradation products. Both sulfate and sulfamate were detected in the positive selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode with an increased sensitivity compared with the negative SIM mode. The HPLC/ESI‐MS analysis with positive/negative ion switching allowed the simultaneous separation and detection of the major degradation products of topiramate in a 10‐min run using a single column and a single detector.

Conclusions

Two new alternative MS approaches for analyzing the main degradation products of topiramate were developed. The proposed methods are considered advantageous over the existing methods and can be applied to quality control studies of topiramate.
Bioinspired design of a landing system with soft shock absorbers for autonomous aerial robots
Authors: Zhang Ketao , Chermprayong Pisak , Tzoumanikas Dimos , Li Wenbin , Grimm Marius , Smentoch Mariusz , Leutenegger Stefan , Kovac Mirko
Published: October 2018

One of the main challenges for autonomous aerial robots is to land safely on a target position on varied surface structures in real‐world applications. Most of current aerial robots (especially multirotors) use only rigid landing gears, which limit the adaptability to environments and can cause damage to the sensitive cameras and other electronics onboard. This paper presents a bioinpsired landing system for autonomous aerial robots, built on the inspire–abstract–implement design paradigm and an additive manufacturing process for soft thermoplastic materials. This novel landing system consists of 3D printable Sarrus shock absorbers and soft landing pads which are integrated with an one‐degree‐of‐freedom actuation mechanism. Both designs of the Sarrus shock absorber and the soft landing pad are analyzed via finite element analysis, and are characterized with dynamic mechanical measurements. The landing system with 3D printed soft components is characterized by completing landing tests on flat, convex, and concave steel structures and grassy field in a total of 60 times at different speeds between 1 and 2 m/s. The adaptability and shock absorption capacity of the proposed landing system is then evaluated and benchmarked against rigid legs. It reveals that the system is able to adapt to varied surface structures and reduce impact force by 540N at maximum. The bioinspired landing strategy presented in this paper opens a promising avenue in Aerial Biorobotics, where a cross‐disciplinary approach in vehicle control and navigation is combined with soft technologies, enabled with adaptive morphology.
Impact of the operation of a large‐scale reservoir on downstream river channel geomorphic adjustments: A case study of the Three Gorges
Authors: Yang Yunping , Zhang Mingjin , Zhu Lingling , Zhang Huaqing , Liu Wanli , Wang Jianjun
Published: October 2018

To evaluate the effects of reservoir construction on the geomorphology of downstream reaches, a case study is performed on the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) by comparing data collected before and after impoundment of the reservoir. This study focuses on a 1,183‐km‐long reach downstream from the TGR and investigates the temporal and spatial characteristics and patterns of geomorphic adjustment in the downstream reaches. The amount of erosion in flood plain channels and the annual average intensity of erosion in downstream reaches after 12 years of impoundment are larger than the predicted values before the impoundment of the TGR. The maximum intensity of erosion was found at 410 km from the dam, with an average thalweg incision of 1.5 m, and the main zone of erosion migrated approximately 80 km downstream. At both preimpoundment and postimpoundment, erosion occurred the along beaches and channels in the Yichang–Chenglingji reach. The pattern of erosional channels and depositional river floodplain changed to erosional channels and erosional river floodplain in the Chenglingji–Hankou reach after the trial impoundment stage. In the Hankou–Hukou reach, the erosional channels and depositional river floodplain pattern changed to erosional deep channels, erosional low beaches, and depositional high‐river floodplain during the early impoundment stage. After the trial impoundment stage, erosion continued in the deep channels, but minor deposition occurred on the river floodplain. Moreover, the discharge of clear water increased, and the duration from middle to low‐water levels increased, leading to more concentrated erosion in low‐water channels. The intensity of the erosion along the river floodplain decreased due to the shortened duration of high‐water levels and reduced human activity.
Identification of the source of an interferer by comparison with known carriers using a single satellite
Authors: Glendinning Ian , Nölle Michael , Hausleitner Christian , Greilinger Erwin
Published: October 2018

We describe a method for identifying the source of a satellite interferer using a single satellite. The technique relies on the fact that the strength of a carrier signal measured at the downlink station varies with time due to a number of factors, and we use a quantum‐inspired algorithm to compute a “signature” for a signal, which captures part of the pattern of variation that is a characteristic of the uplink antenna. We define a distance measure to numerically quantify the degree of similarity between two signatures, and by computing the distances between the signature for an interfering carrier and the signatures of the known carriers being relayed by the same satellite at the same time, we can identify the antenna that the interferer originated from, if a known carrier is being relayed from it. As a proof of concept, we evaluate the performance of the technique using a simple statistical model applied to measured carrier data.
Software component identification and selection: A research review
Authors: Gholamshahi Shabnam , Hasheminejad Seyed Mohammad Hossein
Published: October 2018

Nowadays, with the development of software reuse, software developers are paying more attention to component‐related technologies, which have been mostly applied in the development of large‐scale complex applications to enhance the productivity of software development and accelerate time to market. Component‐based software development is well acknowledged as a methodology, which establishes the reusability of software and reduces the development cost effectively. Two crucial problems in component‐based software development are component identification and component selection. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a reference point for future research by categorizing and classifying different component identification and component selection methods and emphasizing their respective strengths and weaknesses. We hope that it can help researchers find the current status of this issue and serve as a basis for future activities.
Reciprocal Reprogramming of Cancer Cells and Associated Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Gastric Cancer
Authors: Shamai Yeela , Alperovich Dalia Cohn , Yakhini Zohar , Skorecki Karl , Tzukerman Maty
Published: October 2018

The interactions of cancer stem cells (CSCs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME), contribute to the overall phenomenon of intratumoral heterogeneity, which also involve CSC interactions with noncancer stromal cells. Comprehensive understanding of the tumorigenesis process requires elucidating the coordinated gene expression between cancer and tumor stromal cells for each tumor. We show that human gastric cancer cells (GSC1) subvert gene expression and cytokine production by mesenchymal stem cells (GSC-MSC), thus promoting tumor progression. Using mixed composition of human tumor xenografts, organotypic culture, and in vitro assays, we demonstrate GSC1-mediated specific reprogramming of “naïve” MSC into specialized tumor associated MSC equipped with a tumor-promoting phenotype. Although paracrine effect of GSC-MSC or primed-MSC is sufficient to enable 2D growth of GSC1, cell–cell interaction with GSC-MSC is necessary for 3D growth and in vivo tumor formation. At both the transcriptional and at the protein level, RNA-Seq and proteome analyses, respectively, revealed increased R-spondin expression in primed-MSC, and paracrine and juxtacrine mediated elevation of Lgr5 expression in GSC1, suggesting GSC-MSC-mediated support of cancer stemness in GSC1. CSC properties are sustained in vivo through the interplay between GSC1 and GSC-MSC, activating the R-spondin/Lgr5 axis and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. β-Catenin+ cell clusters show β-catenin nuclear localization, indicating the activation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway in these cells. The β-catenin+ cluster of cells overlap the Lgr5+ cells, however, not all Lgr5+ cells express β-catenin. A predominant means to sustain the CSC contribution to tumor progression appears to be subversion of MSC in the TME by cancer cells. Stem Cells  2018 Stem Cells  2019;37:176–189
CO2 Conversion with Alcohols and Amines into Carbonates, Ureas, and Carbamates over CeO2 Catalyst in the Presence and Absence of 2‐Cyanopyridine
Authors: Tomishige Keiichi , Tamura Masazumi , Nakagawa Yoshinao
Published: October 2018

Recent progress on the CeO2 catalyzed synthesis of organic carbonates, ureas, and carbamates from CO2+alcohols, CO2+amines, and CO2+alcohols+amines, respectively, is reviewed. The reactions of CO2 with alcohols and amines are reversible ones and the degree of the equilibrium limitation of the synthesis reactions is strongly dependent on the properties of alcohols and amines as the substrates. When the equilibrium limitation of the reaction is serious, the equilibrium conversion of the substrate and the yield of the target product is very low, therefore, the shift of the equilibrium reaction to the product side by the removal of H2O is essential in order to get the target product in high yield. One of the effective method of the H2O removal from the related reaction systems is the combination with the hydration of 2‐cyanopyridine to 2‐picolinamide, which is also catalyzed by CeO2.
Polyanionic Compounds for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hosaka Tomooki , Shimamura Tomoaki , Kubota Kei , Komaba Shinichi
Published: October 2018

Lithium‐ion batteries have the highest energy density among practical secondary batteries and are widely used for electronic devices, electric vehicles, and even stationary energy‐storage systems. Along with the expansion of demand and applications, the concern about resources of lithium and cobalt is growing. Therefore, secondary batteries composed of abundant elements are required to complement lithium‐ion batteries. In recent years, the development of potassium‐ion batteries has attracted much attention, especially for large‐scale energy storage. In order to realize potassium‐ion batteries, various compounds are proposed and investigated as positive electrode materials, including layered transition‐metal oxides, Prussian blue analogues, and polyanionic compounds. This article offers a review of polyanionic compounds which are typically composed of abundant elements and expected high operating potential. Furthermore, we deliver our new results to partially compensate for lack of studies and provide a future perspective.
Environmental identity, health locus of control, and quality of life in oil‐producing community
Authors: F.M. Ilevbare , E.S. Idemudia , S. Atiola
Published: October 2018

The present study examines the role of environmental identity and health locus of control in determining the quality of life (QoL) of inhabitants in the oil‐producing community of Badagry, Lagos State, Nigeria. A descriptive survey research design was used to conduct this study with a sample comprising 171 residents of the Badagry oil‐producing community of Nigeria composed of 58.5% males and 48.5% females (mean age = 37.6 years, SD = 10.7 years). Data were collected using the Environmental Identity Scale, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, and World Health Organization's QoL‐BREF. The results suggest that, among inhabitants of oil‐producing communities in Nigeria, environmental identity has a significant influence on QoL. The result also showed that health locus of control significantly influenced QoL. Finally, environmental identity and health locus of control together exerted a joint influence on QoL.
Biogas generation related to carbon removal from anaerobic co‐digestion of sludge, blood, and swine manure combined in different proportions: Production of biogas by anaerobic co‐digestion
Authors: Hasan Camila , Marder Munique , Hickmann Eugênia Vargas , Feldkircher Tiago , Bücker Francielle , Konrad Odorico
Published: October 2018

This study evaluated, at a laboratory scale, samples composed of wastewater treatment sludge, blood, and swine manure, which were subjected to the process of anaerobic co‐digestion. The goal of the study is to identify the reduction of organic loads through the removal of available carbon and its conversion to biogas. The results showed variation in hydraulic retention time, and that the total average volumes of biogas generated in 1‐liter (L) reactors filled with 600 milliliters (ml) of samples, ranged from 3.37 to 18.76 L, with percentages of methane ranging between 57.9% and 71.1%. The largest volumes of biogas resulted from blends with lower percentages of swine manure, where the initial amounts of carbon in milligrams per liter (mg/L) were larger within the samples. All of the blends submitted to anaerobic treatment showed reductions in carbon content, and consequently, in chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, demonstrating that the efficiency of biodigesters in the treatment of waste is variable and related to physical–chemical factors, such as the amount of carbon available.
Crystalline composition and morphology in isotactic polypropylene pipe under combining effects of rotation extrusion and fibril β‐nucleating Agent
Authors: Pi Lin , Nie Min , Wang Qi
Published: October 2018

Polypropylene (PP) pipe is extraordinarily important in modern construction and transportation engineering owing its predominant advantages over metal such as good dimensional stability, low cost, and light weight. However, low toughness and hoop strength always stand in the way of the wide application. In this study, two kinds of β‐nucleating agents (NAs) (WBG‐II and NAB‐83) were added in isotactic polypropylene and thereafter, the crystalline composition, morphology, and alignment were investigated under the combination effects of rotation extrusion and NA. The experimental results showed that both NAB‐83 and WBG‐II could promote numerous β crystals, but dot‐like NAB‐83 could only induce randomly distributed isotropic spherulites. On the contrary, by adjusting the temperature gradient along the extrusion to rotation section, WBG‐II first dissolved into PP melts and then self‐assembled into fiber‐like nuclei before the formation of PP crystals. Compared to homogeneous crystallization, fibrous WBG‐II nuclei lowered the energy barrier for PP crystals; therefore, epitaxial β lamellae grew on these fibrous NAs and stacked into β‐form hybrid shish kebabs. Meanwhile, the alignment of these highly oriented structures deflected from the axis driven by the helical movement caused by die rotation. Consequently, PP pipe with outstanding hoop tensile performance as well as excellent toughness was prepared. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:E195–E202, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Evolution and development of the fish jaw skeleton
Authors: DeLaurier April
Published: October 2018

The evolution of the jaw represents a key innovation in driving the diversification of vertebrate body plans and behavior. The pharyngeal apparatus originated as gill bars separated by slits in chordate ancestors to vertebrates. Later, with the acquisition of neural crest, pharyngeal arches gave rise to branchial basket cartilages in jawless vertebrates (agnathans), and later bone and cartilage of the jaw, jaw support, and gills of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). Major events in the evolution of jaw structure from agnathans to gnathostomes include axial regionalization of pharyngeal elements and formation of a jaw joint. Hox genes specify the anterior–posterior identity of arches, andedn1, dlx, hand2,Jag1b‐Notch2 signaling, and Nr2f factors specify dorsal–ventral identity. The formation of a jaw joint, an important step in the transition from an un‐jointed pharynx in agnathans to a hinged jaw in gnathostomes involves interaction betweennkx3.2, hand2,andbarx1factors. Major events in jaw patterning between fishes and reptiles include changes to elements of the second pharyngeal arch, including a loss of opercular and branchiostegal ray bones and transformation of the hyomandibula into the stapes. Further changes occurred between reptiles and mammals, including the transformation of the articular and quadrate elements of the jaw joint into the malleus and incus of the middle ear. Fossils of transitional jaw phenotypes can be analyzed from a developmental perspective, and there exists potential to use genetic manipulation techniques in extant taxa to test hypotheses about the evolution of jaw patterning in ancient vertebrates.

This article is categorized under:

Comparative Development and Evolution > Evolutionary Novelties

Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan

Comparative Development and Evolution > Body Plan Evolution
Introducing Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) as a Novel, Cheap and Non‐destructive Method to Study the Changes of Mechanical Properties of Plastic Bonded Explosives (PBX)
Authors: Ahmadi Seyyed Hamid , Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Hafizi Atabak Hamid Reza
Published: October 2018

This work introduces laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a novel, cheap and non‐destructive method to study the changes of mechanical properties of plastic bonded explosives (PBX) during their aging. Accelerated aging was used in three different temperatures 60, 70, and 80 °C to obtain different aged samples. The measurements of mechanical properties analysis were also done on the aged samples to validate the resulted data from LIBS spectroscopy. LIBS tests were done in both air and argon atmosphere, in which molecular bands such as CN and C2 radiation were compared for all aged samples. In order to more accurate discrimination between spectra of different samples, principal component analysis (PCA) was used as a suitable chemometric method. All these results represent the changes in the chemical structure of specimens, which are due to increasing time and temperature during their aging processes.
Effective action for relativistic hydrodynamics: fluctuations, dissipation, and entropy inflow
Authors: Haehl Felix M. , Loganayagam R. , Rangamani Mukund
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We present a detailed and self-contained analysis of the universal SchwingerKeldysh effective field theory which describes macroscopic thermal fluctuations of a relativistic field theory, elaborating on our earlier construction [1]. We write an effective action for appropriate hydrodynamic Goldstone modes and fluctuation fields, and discuss the symmetries to be imposed. The constraints imposed by fluctuation-dissipation theorem are manifest in our formalism. Consequently, the action reproduces hydrodynamic constitutive relations consistent with the local second law at all orders in the derivative expansion, and captures the essential elements of the eightfold classification of hydrodynamic transport of [2]. We demonstrate how to recover the hydrodynamic entropy and give predictions for the non-Gaussian hydrodynamic fluctuations.

The basic ingredients of our construction involve (i) doubling of degrees of freedom a la Schwinger-Keldysh, (ii) an emergent gauge U(1)T symmetry associated with entropy which is encapsulated in a Noether current a la Wald, and (iii) a BRST/topological supersymmetry imposing the fluctuation-dissipation theorem a la Parisi-Sourlas. The overarching mathematical framework for our construction is provided by the balanced equivariant cohomology of thermal translations, which captures the basic constraints arising from the Schwinger-Keldysh doubling, and the thermal Kubo-Martin-Schwinger relations. All these features are conveniently implemented in a covariant superspace formalism. An added benefit is that the second law can be understood as being due to entropy inflow from the Grassmann-odd directions of superspace.
A forward branching phase space generator for hadron colliders
Authors: Figy Terrance M. , Giele Walter T.
Published: October 2018

Abstract

In this paper we develop a projective phase space generator appropriate for hadron collider geometry. The generator integrates over bremsstrahlung events which project back to a single, fixed Born event. The projection is dictated by the experimental jet algorithm allowing for the forward branching phase space generator to integrate out the jet masses and initial state radiation. When integrating over the virtual and bremsstrahlung amplitudes this results in a single K-factor, assigning an event probability to each Born event. This K-factor is calculable as a perturbative expansion in the strong coupling constant.

One can build observables from the Born kinematics, giving identical results to traditional observables as long as the observable does not depend on the infrared sensitive jet mass or initial state radiation.
Recognition and Disclosure of Medical Errors Among Residents in Surgical Specialties in a Tertiary Hospital in Ibadan
Authors: Balogun James A. , Adekanmbi Adefisayo , Balogun Folusho M.
Published: October 2018

Background

Medical error (ME) remains central to discussions regarding patient’s safety and its frequency appears high in surgical specialties because of some peculiarities. We set out to study the perception of surgical residents about medical errors, their ability to recognize them and predisposition to disclosing their errors.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study among surgical residents at the University College Hospital, Nigeria. Data about their knowledge, perception and recognition of medical errors were obtained. Knowledge and practice of medical error disclosure was also examined. Each of these was scored on Likert scale and scores categorized. Chi‐square test and logistic regression were used for analysis with p at <0.05.

Results

92 residents participated and 11(12.0%) were females. 32.6% of the respondents had less knowledge about medical errors and these were significantly junior residents. Residents with poor perception about ME were 43.5% and recent involvement with ME was significantly associated with good perception about ME. Delay in obtaining consultation and delay in diagnosis were identified respectively as MEs by only 40(43.5%) and 31(33.7) of the participants. While 82(89.1%) agreed that all errors should be reported to the consultant, only 20(21.7%) believed patients/relatives should be informed of all errors, while 49(53.3%) were well disposed to disclosing ME. Only 4(4.3%) residents had a formal training on ME.

Conclusions

Knowledge of ME was low among junior residents and residents are less likely to disclose error to patients/relatives. A formal training on ME will impact on their recognition, practice, and disclosure of ME.
The labour market and income distribution in post-socialist economies — Non-obvious regularities
Authors: Tomkiewicz Jacek
Published: October 2018

The goal of this paper is to analyse the major processes which took place on the labour market of post-socialist economies and to check what the outcomes of thee mechanisms used for income distribution. Few findings are especially interesting because of its counterintuitive character. First, there is a “strange” relation between the depth of recession and scale of rise in unemployment. Countries which suffered from quite moderate fall in GDP experienced high level of unemployment, while the economies which noticed substantial recession were able to sustain very limited unemployment rate. One can also expect that economy which suffered from sharp rise in unemployment should be the one in which income inequalities deteriorate in the biggest extend. Again, this is not what has happened in post-socialist countries. Economies like Russia or Ukraine which noticed quite limited rise in unemployment rates, experienced the highest deterioration in the income inequalities indicators. Finally, closer look at labour markets of EU New Member states shows that social cohesion in these countries is a much bigger problem than it appears from simple Gini coefficients.
The microbiome and chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Sivasubramaniam Rahuram , Douglas Richard
Published: October 2018

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifactorial condition in which the microbiota plays a pathogenic role. The nature of the interaction between the microbiota and the local immune system is very complex and has not been fully elucidated. Recent improvements in the microbiological techniques have greatly advanced our understanding of the complex nature of this interaction. This paper summarizes the current state of the rapidly evolving research on this subject. Defining the nature of the role of the microbiota in CRS is important because of the associated therapeutic implications.
Utilizing the Paleobiology Database to Provide Educational Opportunities for Undergraduates
Authors: Lockwood Rowan , Cohen Phoebe A. , Uhen Mark D. , Ryker Katherine
Published: October 2018

Integration of research experiences into the undergraduate classroom can result in increased recruitment, retention, and motivation of science students. “Big data” science initiatives, such as the Paleobiology Database (PBDB), can provide inexpensive and accessible research opportunities. Here, we provide an introduction to what the PBDB is, how to use it, how it can be deployed in introductory and advanced courses, and examples of how it has been used in undergraduate research. The PBDB aims to provide information on all fossil organisms, across the tree of life, around the world, and through all of geologic time. The PBDB Resource Page (paleobiodb.org/#/resources) contains a range of PBDB tutorials and activities for use in physical geology, historical geology, paleontology, sedimentology, and stratigraphy courses. As two year colleges, universities, and distance-based learning initiatives seek research-based alternatives to traditional lab exercises, the PBDB can provide opportunities for hands-on science activities.
Provider Delivery of Emergency Preparedness Education in Home-Based Primary Care
Authors: Wyte-Lake Tamar , Der-Martirosian Claudia , Claver Maria , Davis Darlene , Dobalian Aram
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Home health agencies have been tasked to improve their patients’ disaster preparedness. Few studies have evaluated the robustness of tools to support preparedness in home health. Through evaluation of the Home-Based Primary Care (HBPC) Patient Assessment Tool, we conducted a survey to identify strengths and challenges in supporting the preparedness of patients served by home health programs such as the Veterans Health Administration’s HBPC program.

Methods

Practitioners from 10 HBPC programs fielded the Patient Assessment Tool with all patients during a 3-week period. Logistic regression and bivariate analyses were used to identify patient characteristics associated with the delivery of preparedness education.

Results

A total of 754 Patient Assessment Tools were returned. The educational item most likely to be covered was how to activate 911 services (87%). The item least likely to be discussed was information on emergency shelter registration and emergency specialty transportation (44%). When compared to the low risk group, HBPC patients in the high/medium risk group were more likely to receive preparedness education materials for 6 of the 9 educational preparedness items (P values less than 0.05).

Discussion

Practitioners are relaying preparedness education to their most vulnerable patients, suggesting that home health agencies can provide disaster preparedness in the home. Nonetheless, there is room for improvement. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:547-554)