bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hiding role assignment in mission‐critical collaborative systems
Authors: Fu Xinwen , Guan Yong , Bettati Riccardo , Zhao Wei
Published: October 2002

In a mission critical collaboration system, a group of roles are assigned to computer nodes connected by a communication network. Role assignment is mission‐critical information and needs to be protected. In this paper, we develop methods to effectively and efficiently protect the information of role assignment from traffic analysis, a passive attack. To measure the system security, we introduce a metric ofdetection probability, defined as the probability that a role assignment can be discovered. A heuristic greedy algorithm is given to minimize the resource consumption while guaranteeing a low detection‐probability level. Our performance evaluation shows that the algorithm proposed in this paper performs well in terms of execution time and resource usage compared to an exhaustive search algorithm. We also propose to use additional means (e.g. additional nodes) to further increase the security level of a system at the cost of a mild resource consumption increase. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grid‐ and dummy‐cluster‐based learning of normal and intrusive clusters for computer intrusion detection
Authors: Li Xiangyang , Ye Nong
Published: October 2002

As an important part of information security, computer intrusion detection aims at capturing intrusive activities occurring in computer and network systems. Many existing signature recognition techniques for intrusion detection cannot handle huge amounts of complex data from computer and network systems to detect intrusions in a scalable, incremental manner. This paper presents an application of an innovative data‐mining algorithm—CCAS—to intrusion detection through intrusion signature recognition. CCAS provides a scalable, incremental procedure to learn clusters of different classes (i.e. normal and intrusive classes) from historic training data of normal and intrusive activities in computer and network systems. These clusters of normal and intrusive computer activities are used to classify observed data of computer activities for intrusion detection. Two different methods of learning clusters are developed, tested and compared: grid based and dummy‐cluster based. Training and testing data are computer audit data produced by the Basic Security Module of a Solaris operating system to record activities in a UNIX‐based host machine. The two methods of CCAS are tested using four different input orders of training data points to examine the robustness (sensitivity) of these methods to the input order of training data points. The detection performance and robustness of both CCAS methods are analyzed. The testing results show that different input orders of training data have a certain impact on the performance of both methods. The impact on the performance of CCAS based on dummy clusters is more significant when all normal data are presented first, before attack data in the training data set. CCAS based on dummy clusters produces a better performance than grid‐based CCAS for three of the four input orders, and in overall produces fewer clusters and thus requires less computation time in clustering and classification for intrusion detection. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperspherical harmonics for polyatomic systems: Basis set for kinematic rotations
Authors: Aquilanti Vincenzo , Beddoni Andrea , Lombardi Andrea , Littlejohn Robert
Published: October 2002

In a symmetrical hyperspherical framework, the internal coordinates for the treatment of N‐body systems are conveniently broken up into kinematic invariants and kinematic rotations. Kinematic rotations describe motions that leave unaltered the moments of the inertia of the N‐body system and perform the permutation of particles. This article considers the corresponding expansions of the wave function in terms of hyperspherical harmonics giving explicit examples for the four‐body case, for which the space of kinematic rotations (the “kinetic cube”) is the space SO(3)/V4 and then the related eigenfunctions will provide a basis on such manifold, as well as be symmetrical with respect to the exchange of identical particles (if any). V4 is also denoted as D2. The eigenfunctions are obtained studying the action of projection operators for V4 on Wigner D‐functions. When n of the particles are identical, the exchange symmetry can be obtained using the projection operators for the Sn group. This eigenfunction expansion basis set for kinematic rotations can be also of interest for the mapping of the potential energy surfaces. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Distributed Gaussian basis sets: Variationally optimized s‐type sets for H2, LiH, and BH
Authors: Glushkov V. N. , Wilson S.
Published: October 2002

Distributed basis sets of s‐type Gaussian functions are determined by invoking the variation principle for the Hartree–Fock ground states of the H2, LiH, and BH molecules at their respective experimental equilibrium geometries. The calculated energy expectation values supported by these finite basis sets are compared with finite difference Hartree–Fock energies reported by Kobus et al. A distributed basis set of 54 s‐type Gaussian functions distributed along the internuclear axis is shown to support an accuracy of 0.05 μHartree for the Hartree–Fock ground‐state energy of the H2 molecule while a similar set containing 50 functions leads to an accuracy of 0.8 μHartree for the ground‐state energy of the LiH molecule. For the BH ground state, a Hartree–Fock energy in error by 1.7 μHartree is supported by a variationally optimized distributed basis set of 65 s‐type Gaussian functions distributed along the internuclear axis. The parameters, that is, the exponents and positions, defining the variationally optimized distributed basis sets are presented and discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Structural signs and carrier completeness of Liouvillian quasiparticle algebras: Dual group invariants for explicit 𝒮n‐auxiliary tensor labels via projective mappings applicable to [A]n≤20 NMR spin ensembles
Authors: Temme F. P.
Published: October 2002

Various structural sign aspects of (Liouvillian) dual carrier spaces are examined under (quasiparticle [QP]) dual group projective mappings and Lie‐based algebras. The completeness of these superboson mappings and the nature of the correlation between the two distinct spatial QP sets of mappings are demonstrated in a direct Lie algebraic approach as being superior to supergenerator‐based right‐derivation methods. The dual tensorial auxiliary labels of superboson dual carrier mappings are presented in terms of dual group invariants based on democratic recoupling. The 𝒮2n decompositional modeling is utilized for the cardinality of SU(2) × 𝒮2n group invariants (SIs) of (polyhedral) higher‐(2n) [A]2n: 12 ∼ 2n ≤ 20 systems and the auxiliary “v” sets. Use of (augmented Weyl) time‐reversal invariance over sets of uniform (democratic) (2n)‐apical geometric lattice points allows one to treat all the intrinsic (2i) < (2n) subproblems originating from stepwise substitution of (Î · Î) pairs by 1 unities. Use of established 𝒮2n logic provides a ∑ (χ)2(𝒮n) model for the fundamental |SI| terms. PACS: 2.10; 02.20‐a; 33.20 Vq; 33.25 + j. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Quantum chemical study on ferromagnetic property on the N,N‐dimethylaniline dimer radical cation
Authors: Su Zhongmin , Qiu Yongqing , Zhao Hongmei , Wang Rongshun , Zhang Ruifeng , Shen Jiacong
Published: October 2002

Electronic state of the N,N‐dimethylaniline (DMA) dimer radical cation was calculated by the quantum chemical density functional theory method and the effect of linkage and geometric conformation on its magnetic property was discussed. The results show that the m‐dimer of the DMA radical cation is in a high‐spin ground state and p‐dimer is in a low‐spin ground state; the dependence of ferromagnetic property on structure in a nonplanar conjugated system can be explained by through‐space and through‐bond interactions. In the current system, because the distance of two radicals is more than 0.8 nm through‐space interaction is less significant than through‐bond interaction, in agreement with the opinions of Hoffman et al. The conclusion provides a basis for studying ground‐state spin coupling rules of a nonplanar organic diradical system and develops a new approach of molecular design of organic magnetic materials. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Backbone cleavages of [M − H]− anions derived from caerin 1 peptides and some synthetic modifications. Molecular recognition initiating internal cyclisation of Glu23
Authors: Brinkworth Craig S. , Bowie John H.
Published: October 2002

The collision induced spectra of [M − H]− anions from of caerin 1 peptides and some synthetic modifications show the usual α, β and β′ backbone cleavages together with Ser (ϵ,γ) and Glu (γ) cleavages which break the peptide backbone in the vicinity of those residues. All of these cleavages require the peptide backbone to be flexible. There is also a backbone cleavage of a type not observed before. This cleavage involves nucleophilic attack of the carboxylate anion of the Glu23 side chain at the backbone CH of Ile 21. We propose that this cleavage requires the caerin peptide to be in an alpha helical conformation (the 3D structure that this peptide adopts in solution) in order that the interacting groups are held in close proximity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of nebulizing and drying gas flow on capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry
Authors: Huikko Katri , Kotiaho Tapio , Kostiainen Risto
Published: October 2002

This study was focused on examining the influence of gas flow parameters on capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE /MS) performance using sheath‐liquid CE /MS interfaces. The effects of nebulizing and drying gas velocity and drying gas temperature on CE separation and MS detection sensitivity were systematically determined. Nebulizing gas velocity was observed to be a critical parameter in the optimization of CE /MS method, since it affected both MS detection sensitivity, and also CE separation efficiency for one interface design tested. Better detection sensitivity was obtained when the nebulizing gas velocity was increased. However, high velocity of the nebulizing gas flow can cause a hydrodynamic bulk flow inside the CE capillary, thus clearly increasing the apparent mobility and decreasing the resolution obtained for the compounds studied. Increasing the drying gas velocity or temperature did not affect the apparent mobility or the separation efficiency and the temperature could be increased to achieve the optimal detection sensitivity in the CE /MS analysis. For comparison, the effects of nebulizing gas flow were studied using a different design of the coaxial sheath‐liquid CE /MS interface, and in this case better detection sensitivity but no effect on CE separation efficiency was observed with increased nebulizing gas velocity. These different effects of nebulizing gas flow on the CE bulk flow were concluded to result from pressure differences at the tip of the CE capillaries for the different CE /MS interface arrangements. It is therefore recommended that the cross‐sectional dimensions of the fused‐silica and steel capillaries, and the gas streamlines, should be optimized when CE /MS interfaces are built. Moreover, the effect of gas flow on CE separation should be studied when optimizing the CE /MS operation parameters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactions of lead cluster ions with ethylene, propene, trans‐butene, and cis‐butene
Authors: Tian Zhixin , Xing Xiaopeng , Tang Zichao
Published: October 2002

Reactions of lead cluster cations and anions with ethylene, propene, and trans‐and cis‐butene have been studied using a home‐built reflectron time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. Both the high‐ and low‐energy pathway reactions were observed in the lead cluster reactions. For ethylene, only association products [Pbk(C2H4)n+] were observed. For propene, both association products [Pbk(C3H6)n+], high‐energy pathway products [Pbk(CH3)+] and their further association products [Pbk(CH3)m(C3H6)n+] were observed, while for butenes, besides the three kinds of products mentioned above, Pbk(C4H8)n+,PbkCH3+ and Pbk(CH3)m(C4H8)n+, low‐energy pathway products [PbkC4H6+,PbkC3H3(5)+ , PbkC3H2(3)+ (for cis‐butene only)] and their further association products [PbkC4H6(C4H8)n+, PbkC3H3(5)(C4H8)n+,PbkC3H2(3)(C4H8)n+ (for cis‐butene only)] were also observed. Bond selectivity and effects of steric hindrance were observed in the low‐energy pathway reactions of lead cluster cations with trans‐ and cis‐butene. The same anionic products, PbkCm−, with nearly the same intensity distribution, were observed in the reactions of lead cluster anions with all four alkenes studied here. Some reaction mechanisms are proposed for these reactions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric screening method for eight synthetic corticosteroids in bovine feces and the simultaneous differentiation between dexamethasone and betamethasone
Authors: Noben J. P. , Gielen B. , Royackers E. , Missotten M. , Jacobs A. , Raus J.
Published: October 2002

A screening method was developed to monitor the illegal use of synthetic corticosteroids in cattle. Diethyl ether extracts from spiked feces samples were cleaned‐up by solid phase extraction followed by semipreparative reversed‐phase chromatography (RPC). The fraction containing the corticosteroids was derivatized with ethoxyamine hydrochloride. The corresponding ethoximes were separated using silica‐based C18 RPC and analyzed on‐line in an ion trap mass spectrometer using atmospheric pressure positive chemical ionization. Ethoxime derivatives of dexamethasone and betamethasone were baseline resolved, allowing for the simultaneous mass spectrometric differentiation of both epimers in bovine feces by conventional non‐chiral chromatography. At the lowest level tested (1 µg/kg), corticosteroids (except triamcinolone) could be identified in compliance with the recent European criteria for residue identification. The quantitative performance of the method was best at residue levels ≥2 µg/kg. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of compound classes in soil and peat fulvic acids as observed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Mclntyre Cameron , McRae Christopher , Jardine Daniel , Batts Barry D.
Published: October 2002

Soil and peat fulvic acids obtained from the International Humic Substances Society were fractionated by their solubility in methanol and analyzed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Precursor and product ion experiments produced mass spectra that indicated the presence of benzene, phenol, dihydroxy benzene, furan and thiophene carboxylic acids. Standards were used to substantiate the fragmentation patterns observed in the product ion spectra of the fulvic acid samples. This study makes significant progress into the direct identification of individual compounds in humic substances using a non‐degradation technique. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial modelling of freshwater fish in semi‐arid river systems: a tool for conservation
Authors: Filipe A. F. , Cowx I. G. , Collares‐Pereira M. J.
Published: October 2002

This paper examines the feasibility of using multivariate statistics to model fish species distribution and habitat requirements for intermittent streams in semi‐arid regions, many of which are coming under increasing pressure from water resource development schemes. The assessment was based on the geographical distribution of six endemic fish species in the Guadiana river, a semi‐arid river system in southern Iberia. Their presence was related to 20 environmental variables linked to climate, geomorphology, riparian vegetation and location in the drainage basin. These variables were collected in the field or from topographical maps to evaluate habitat suitability and to predict the presence of the species according to season. Multivariate logistic regression in a geographic information system (GIS) environment was performed to identify regions with high probability of occurrence for each species. The variables that best explained the occurrence of the species were the sample location in the drainage basin, the geomorphology and the riparian vegetation. The models presented have a high predictive power and can be used in monitoring and predicting temporal changes caused by human activities. This modelling approach can be used to predict the areas that need to be conserved to protect or rehabilitate the endangered species. Armed with this information, managers can formulate conservation measures to prevent further degradation of the stocks and possibly enhance the populations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of the performance of a Ka‐band VSAT videoconferencing system with uplink power control and data rate reduction to mitigate atmospheric propagation effects
Authors: Castanet Laurent , Bousquet Michel , Mertens David
Published: October 2002

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of propagation effects at 20/30 GHz on the performances of the radio interface of a VSAT videoconferencing system and to demonstrate the interest to implement Fade Mitigation Techniques in order to improve the link availability. Specifications and system requirements of the VSAT network are briefly described. System performances of the physical layer are simulated using time‐series data measured with the ESA's OLYMPUS satellite. The simulations enable to implement and optimize Up‐Link Power Control and Data Rate Reduction, and to assess the related link performance improvement. Moreover, the introduction of propagation data sets allows to have a better idea of some system parameters which directly impact on the quality of service such as the switching rate or the link availability that such a system should have when deployed in operational conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐speed consistency checking for hypothetical reasoning systems using inference path network
Authors: Kimura Haruhiko , Hirose Sadaki , Nambo Hidetaka
Published: October 2002

Hypothetical reasoning is popular in fault diagnostics and design systems, but slow reasoning speed is its drawback. The goal of the current study is developing hypothetical reasoning based on inference path network, which would overcome this drawback. In hypothetical reasoning systems based on inference path network, there is much room for improvement regarding the computing costs of connotation processing and consistency checking. The authors of this study demonstrate improvement ideas regarding one of these problems, namely, consistency checking. First, the authors obtained necessary and sufficient conditions under which inconsistencies occur during hypothesis composition. Based on the obtained results, the authors proposed an algorithm for speeding up the process of consistency checking. Processing with this algorithm in its core consists in transforming the inference path network in such a way that inconsistencies do not occur during the hypothesis composition, under the condition of unchanged solution hypotheses. The efficiency of this algorithm was confirmed by tests. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(9): 109–118, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1157
XPS detection of some redox phenomena in Cu‐zeolites
Authors: Meda L. , Ranghino G. , Moretti G. , Cerofolini G. F.
Published: October 2002

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of Cu 2p peaks is able to discriminate between Cu(II) and Cu(I). This is particularly useful when copper is supported in a zeolite matrix, as in heterogeneous catalysts. The preparation route, the Si/Al ratio and the kind of zeolite all contribute to determine the final oxidation state of copper. In turn, the oxidation state determines the effectiveness of the catalyst. Samples prepared via the gas phase and solution are considered in this work after calcination. Both H‐zeolite and Na‐zeolite are found in different copper final states when considered just after preparation, depending on ion‐exchange or impregnation routes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infrared spectroscopic study of the CO‐mediated decrease of the percolation threshold during the growth of ultrathin metal films on MgO(001)
Authors: Lust M. , Priebe A. , Fahsold G. , Pucci A.
Published: October 2002

Metals are known to grow three‐dimensionally on clean ionic crystal surfaces with low surface energies. As a consequence, the naturally grown films consist of islands and are non‐conductive up to the percolation threshold, which is at ∼1 nm for iron films grown on MgO(001) at room temperature and is much larger for noble metals and higher temperatures, respectively. In this paper we show that CO exposure at ∼10−8 mbar during deposition modifies the growth on MgO(001) for iron and copper. The development of infrared transmission spectra versus metal film thickness clearly is changed by CO exposure. The spectral differences correspond to a significant percolation threshold decrease induced by CO. Infrared conductivity parameters calculated from transmittance spectra indicate that the surface relaxation of the free charge carriers is decreased due to CO exposure during growth but the plasma frequency is unchanged. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the boundaries of ZrO2 and HfO2 thin films by atomic force microscopy and the combined optical method
Authors: Klapetek Petr , Ohlídal Ivan , Franta Daniel , Pokorný Pavel
Published: October 2002

In this paper an atomic force microscopy analysis of the microrough upper boundaries of ZrO2 and HfO2 thin films is presented. Within this analysis the values of the width, root‐mean‐square value of heights and power spectral density function of these boundaries are determined for ZrO2 and HfO2 exhibiting different thicknesses. The thickness dependences of the quantities mentioned are introduced. The values of the thicknesses of the films are evaluated using the combined optical method. This optical method is also used to describe boundary microroughness within the effective medium theory. A discussion of the results concerning the microroughness of the upper boundaries of both the ZrO2 and HfO2 thin films is also introduced. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous estimation of intrarater and interrater agreement for multiple raters under order restrictions for a binary trait
Authors: Lester Kirchner H. , Lemke Jon H.
Published: October 2002

It is valuable in many studies to assess both intrarater and interrater agreement. Most measures of intrarater agreement do not adjust for unequal estimates of prevalence between the separate rating occasions for a given rater and measures of interrater agreement typically ignore data from the second set of assessments when raters make duplicate assessments. In the event when both measures are assessed there are instances where interrater agreement is larger than at least one of the corresponding intrarater agreements. This implies that a rater agrees less with him/herself and more with another rater. In the situation of multiple raters making duplicate assessments on all subjects, the authors propose properties for an agreement measure based on the odds ratio for a dichotomous trait: (i) estimate a single prevalence across two reading occasions for each rater; (ii) estimate pairwise interrater agreement from all available data; (iii) bound the pairwise interrater agreement above by the corresponding intrarater agreements. Estimation of odds ratios under these properties is done by maximizing the multinomial likelihood with constraints using generalized log‐linear models in combination with a generalization of the Lemke–Dykstra iterative‐incremental algorithm. An example from a mammography examination reliability study is used to demonstrate the new method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving the scalability of the CORBA event service with a multi‐agent load balancing algorithm
Authors: Ho K. S. , Leong H. V.
Published: October 2002

The event service of the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is useful in supporting decoupled and asynchronous communication between distributed object components. However, the specification of the event service standard does not require implementation to provide facilities to guarantee efficient event/data delivery. Consequently, applications in which a large number of objects need to communicate via an event service channel may suffer from poor performance. In this paper, a generic CORBA‐based framework is proposed to tackle this scalability problem. Two techniques are applied; namely, event channel federation and load balancing. The solution is transparent in the sense that it exports the same IDL interface as the original event service. We explore three critical dimensions underlying the design of the load‐balancing algorithm and conduct experiments to evaluate their impact on the overall performance of the framework. The results provide some useful insights into the improvement of the scalability of the event service. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
J3DV: A Java‐based 3D database visualization tool
Authors: Fang Xiang , Miller John A. , Arnold Jonathan
Published: October 2002

Database visualization helps users process, interpret and act upon large stored data sets. In this paper, we present a Java‐based 3D database visualization tool called J3DV. The J3DV tool successfully solved the problem of data management faced by many other visualization systems by integrating multiple data sources with the visualization tool. The tool utilizes two‐level mapping to transform the data into intermediate data that can be used to render graphs. Intermediate data offers better performance with a two‐tier cache.

This visualization tool presents a sound framework, which has good extensibility for plugging in new data sources, supporting new data models and visual presentation types and allowing new graph layout algorithms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationships: The critical ties that bind professionals
Authors: Roper Larry
Published: October 2002

The author discusses essential principles and skills in developing and managing professional relationships.
Further postmortem autoradiographic studies of AMPA receptor binding in schizophrenia
Authors: Noga J. Thomas , Wang Hui
Published: October 2002

Previous research indicated an increased binding of AMPA receptor ligand [3H]CNQX at 50 nM in the caudate nucleus of schizophrenics and suicides relative to normal and neuroleptic‐treated controls. The current work aimed to replicate this finding in a larger, independent sample of schizophrenics and controls. In addition to neostriatal structures, the hippocampal region and amygdala were also studied. Postmortem frozen sections from 15 schizophrenics (four suicides), 15 normal controls, 15 bipolars (eight suicides), and 15 unipolar nonpsychotic depressed (seven suicides) subjects were studied with quantitative autoradiographic procedures at 5, 20, and 50 nM [3H]CNQX in the striatum and at 20 nM in medial temporal structures. [3H]KA (kainic acid) binding was also examined. Instead of an expected increase, schizophrenics in this sample have a lower degree of [3H]CNQX binding in caudate and nucleus accumbens at 20 nM and in the nucleus accumbens at 50 nM, with suicided schizophrenics having higher binding than nonsuicided schizophrenics at the 20 nM concentration of [3H]CNQX in the caudate. [3H]CNQX binding was uniform across diagnostic categories at 5 nM in the striatum and at 20 nM in amygdala and hippocampal structures. KA receptor binding also did not differ among groups in any structures examined. These assays in a larger sample at three different concentrations do not support the previously reported increase in binding to AMPA receptors in schizophrenia but rather indicate an abnormal decrease in binding to this receptor in this sample. Possible explanations for the disparity in results between the two studies are considered. The data continue to indicate pathology of AMPA glutamate receptors in striatal structures in schizophrenia; however, it may be variable and its precise nature remains to be clarified. Synapse 45:250–258, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction and assessment of extrapyramidal side effects induced by risperidone based on dopamine D2 receptor occupancy
Authors: Yamada Yasuhiko , Ohno Yoshiyuki , Nakashima Yoshifumi , Fukuda Masato , Takayanagi Risa , Sato Hitoshi , Tsuchiya Fumito , Sawada Yasufumi , Iga Tatsuji
Published: October 2002

In the present study, we attempted to predict the risk of extrapyramidal side effects of a selective monoaminergic antagonist, risperidone, by analyzing the correlation between the dopamine D2 receptor occupancy and the degree of extrapyramidal side effects of the drug. The occupancies of D2 and 5‐HT2 receptors at various doses of risperidone were calculated by means of a receptor occupancy theory. The extrapyramidal side effects after administration of risperidone were attempted to predict by theoretical analysis of the correlation between the calculated occupancies and the evidence of extrapyramidal symptoms using a ternary complex model. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis utilized the data concerning the pharmacokinetics of risperidone and 9‐hydroxyrisperidone (active metabolite), their binding affinities with D2 and 5‐HT2 receptors, and the clinical evidence of extrapyramidal symptoms (Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale: ESRS), gathered from the literature. The mean occupancy of 5‐HT2 receptors after the administration of regular doses of risperidone was suggested to be more than 90%, whereas the mean occupancy of D2 receptors varied between 50–80%, depending on the dose. The correlation between the occupancy of D2 receptors and the extrapyramidal symptoms could be successfully analyzed with a ternary complex model, showing the predictability of the model for the extrapyramidal side effects of risperidone. Since the estimated risk of the extrapyramidal side effects varied with the dose, the present method of predicting the extrapyramidal side effects of risperidone may provide a basis for developing a rational dosing regimen for the drug. Synapse 46:32–37, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anti‐mutagenic activity of Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn in vitro as well as in vivo
Authors: Regi Raphael K. , Ajith T.A. , Joseph Swarnam , Kuttan Ramadasan
Published: October 2002

Methanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus was tested for its anti‐mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA100, and TA102 (Ames test). P. amarus extract was able to inhibit the activation and mutagenicity of 2‐acetaminofluorene (2‐AAF) and aflatoxinB1 at concentrations of 0.25–2 mg/plate. It was also found to inhibit mutagenicity induced by direct acting mutagens sodium azide (NaN3), N‐methyl‐N‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), and 4‐nitro‐0‐phenylenediamine (NPD), at concentrations of 1 mg to 0.25 mg/plate. Urinary mutagenicity produced in rats by benzo[a] pyrene was found to be significantly inhibited by the oral administration of Phyllanthus extract. These results indicate significant anti‐mutagenicity of the extract in vitro as well as in vivo. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sphericity Governs Both Stereochemistry in a Molecule and Stereoisomerism Among Molecules
Authors: Fujita Shinsaku
Published: October 2002

The concept of sphericity and relevant fundamental concepts that we have proposed have produced a systematized format for comprehending stereochemical phenomena. Permutability of ligands in conventional approaches is discussed from a stereochemical point of view. After the introduction of orbits governed by coset representations, the concepts of subduction and sphericity are proposed to characterize desymmetrization processes, with a tetrahedral skeleton as an example. The stereochemistry and stereoisomerism of the resulting promolecules (molecules formulated abstractly) are discussed in terms of the concept of sphericity as a common mathematical and logical framework. Thus, these promolecules are characterized by point group and permutation group symmetry. Prochirality, stereogenicity, prostereogenicity, and relevant topics are described in terms of the concept of sphericity. © 2002 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Chem Rec 2: 164–176; 2002: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10018
Constructing genealogies of teachers' emotions in science teaching
Authors: Zembylas Michalinos
Published: October 2002

This article reports on a three‐year ethnographic study with an experienced elementary science teacher and describes the role of her positive and negative emotions in constructing her science pedagogy, curriculum planning, and relationships with children and colleagues. Examples are offered of the different emotional experiences she related to her science teaching, and it is shown how insights from this research are useful and significant to researchers and educators who want to improve science teaching and learning. A conceptual and methodological framework developed by the author that is based on an interdisciplinary approach in researching emotions is presented. Finally, some implications of researching emotions for elementary science teacher education and science education reform are suggested. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 79–103, 2002
Fetal methotrexate and misoprostol exposure: The past revisited
Authors: Wheeler Marsha , O'Meara Patrick , Stanford Michelle
Published: October 2002

Background

Fetal aminopterin/methotrexate syndrome was described nearly 50 years ago when these agents were first used as abortifacients. Physicians essentially stopped using these agents when the associated anomalies were recognized. Over the last several years the use of methotrexate with or without misoprostol for management of ectopic pregnancy and medical terminations of pregnancy has increased.

Methods

A 23‐year‐old female sought a termination at eight weeks gestation. She was given methotrexate followed by misoprostol.

Results

The medical termination was unsuccessful. The patient elected to continue the pregnancy secondary to financial considerations. She presented at 39 weeks without intervening prenatal care. She was diagnosed with severe preeclampsia. At delivery the infant was hypotonic and growth restricted with multiple anomalies.

Conclusions

Physicians are increasingly using methotrexate with or without misoprostol for treatment of ectopic pregnancies and medical terminations. Clinicians need to be aware of the characteristic teratologic effects of these two agents. Teratology 66:73–76, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Offspring of male and female parents with thalidomide embryopathy: Birth defects and functional anomalies
Authors: Strömland Kerstin , Philipson Eva , Andersson Grönlund Marita
Published: October 2002

Background

The aim of the study was to evaluate congenital malformations and functional anomalies in the offspring of Swedish parents with thalidomide embryopathy (TE).

Methods

Sixty‐four children (29 girls, 35 boys) with ages ranging from 0–18 years, born to 34 Swedish parents (14 women, 20 men) with TE, were studied. Data on malformations and dysfunction were collected from medical records at maternity and child healthcare units, delivery units, hospitals, outpatient clinics and schools.

Results

Five children had both a mother and father with TE, 23 had a mother suffering from TE, and in 36 children the father had TE. One girl had a major malformation consisting of pulmonary stenosis, and single cases of minor physical features and positional deformities were observed. One boy had autism. Four children were born preterm, all to a TE mother. One child died within 24 hr after birth. Seven spontaneous abortions were registered, five of them in TE mothers. The cesarian section rate was 39% among the TE mothers, compared to 14% among the non‐TE mothers.

Conclusions

Malformations or functional anomalies similar to those typical for TE were not found in this group of children born to Swedish parents with TE. Cesarian sections were more frequently performed in TE mothers, partly because of pelvic and uterine malformations. Teratology 66:115–121, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The mycotoxins citrinin, gliotoxin, and patulin affect interferon‐γ rather than interleukin‐4 production in human blood cells
Authors: Wichmann G. , Herbarth O. , Lehmann I.
Published: October 2002

Exposure to molds diminishes the numbers of T‐helper type 1 (Th1) cells in the peripheral blood of children and is a risk factor for the development of allergic diseases (results of LARS: Leipzig Allergy Risk Children Study, Mueller et al. 2002). We hypothesized that mycotoxins are responsible for this effect and therefore investigated the influence of citrinin, gliotoxin, and patulin on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). CD3/CD28‐stimulated PBMC of healthy donors were incubated for 24 h with the mycotoxins in serial dilutions and triplicates. Vitality and proliferation were tested using the MTT assay and T‐cell function by the expression of cytokines (ELISA, intracellular cytokine staining, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4). The cytokine secretion was inhibited at concentrations 2–130 times lower compared to vitality (ELISA versus MTT assay). The strongest inhibition of cytokine expression was found for IFN‐γ: 8.3 μg/mL citrinin, 34.2 ng/mL gliotoxin, and 64.8 ng/mL patulin caused a 50% inhibition of the IFN‐γ release (50% inhibitory dose, ID50). For IL‐4 release the corresponding ID50 values were 21.6 μg/mL citrinin, 82.8 ng/mL gliotoxin, and 243.2 ng/mL patulin. Furthermore, 3 ng/mL patulin caused a significant increase of IL‐4 but a significant suppression of IFN‐γ. On the mRNA level, after 24 h an unaltered or enhanced IL‐4 was observed compared to a reduced IFN‐γ expression. Using a method of intracellular cytokine staining, we were able to show that the described effects are caused by a reduction of the number of IFN‐γ‐producing T lymphocytes rather than by a reduced functional capacity of the single cell. We suggest that mycotoxins primarily cause stronger inhibition of IFN‐γ‐producing Th1 cells, which may lead to T‐cell polarization toward the Th2 phenotype and may raise the risk for the development of allergies. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 211–218, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10050
New paradigms for interactive 3D volume segmentation
Authors: Harders Matthias , Wildermuth Simon , Székely Gábor
Published: October 2002

We present a new virtual reality‐based interaction metaphor for semi‐automatic segmentation of medical 3D volume data. The mouse‐based, manual initialization of deformable surfaces in 3D represents a major bottleneck in interactive segmentation. In our multi‐modal system we enhance this process with additional sensory feedback. A 3D haptic device is used to extract the centreline of a tubular structure. Based on the obtained path a cylinder with varying diameter is generated, which in turn is used as the initial guess for a deformable surface. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis of zinc in prostate cancer tissues using synchrotron radiation microbeams
Authors: Ide‐Ektessabi A. , Fujisawa S. , Sugimura K. , Kitamura Y. , Gotoh A.
Published: October 2002

Metallic elements and their organic compounds have dynamic regulatory functions in cells. The role of zinc and its possible causal effects in prostate cancer has attracted attention in recent years. X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy using a synchrotron radiation (SR) microbeam was applied to cancerous and the normal tissues of the human prostate in order to investigate the differences in the density and distribution of zinc in these tissues. Zinc was detected in both the cancerous and the normal tissues. In the cancerous tissues, the density of zinc was 89–221 ppm in the adenocarcinoma and 44–713 ppm in the stroma. In the normal tissues, zinc was detected at 158–474 ppm in the epithelial cells and 101–180 ppm in the stroma. Calcium and other trace metallic elements were also detected in the cancerous and normal tissues. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research on grain size effect in XRF analysis of pelletized samples
Authors: Mzyk Zofia , Baranowska Irena , Mzyk Jan
Published: October 2002

Calibration with an internal standard was applied to eliminate particle size effects for powdered samples of copper ores, concentrates and copper slag prepared in the form of pellets. Internal standards were added in a powder form of extremely small particle size, which means that changes in their particle size could cause only negligible changes in their x‐ray fluorescence intensity. The observed clear relationship between the internal standard x‐ray fluorescence intensity and sample particle size was applied for the correction of x‐ray fluorescence intensities of many analytes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust non‐Gaussian statistics and long‐range correlation of total ozone
Authors: Toumi R. , Syroka J. , Barnes C. , Lewis P.
Published: October 2002

Three long‐term total ozone time series at Camborne, Lerwick and Arosa are examined for their statistical properties. Non‐Gaussian behaviour is seen for all locations. There are large interannual fluctuations in the higher moments of the probability distribution. However, only the mean for all stations and summer standard deviation at Lerwick show significant trends. This suggests that there has been no long‐term change in the stratospheric circulation, but there are decadal variations. The time series can be also characterised as scale invariant with a Hurst exponent of about 0.8 for all three sites. The Arosa time series was found to be weakly intermittent, in agreement with the non‐Gaussian characteristics of the data set. Copyright © 2001 Academic Press.
PCNA independence of Ki‐67 expression in HPV infection.
Authors: Boon M. E. , Howard C. V. , van Velzen D.
Published: October 2002

12 Infectious Wart lesions were stained using the streptavidin‐biotin immunoperoxidase method for PCNA10, MIB‐1 (Ki‐67 equivalent antigen) and Human Papilloma Virus antigen to study the effect of HPV presence on epidermal proliferation. Using strict methods to avoid observer bias, Ki‐67 antigen was found in a high proportion of nuclei in the suprabasal layers together with HPV antigens, in the absence of PCNA staining. This finding indicates that DNA synthesis related, Ki‐67 antigen bearing structures can be raised in the human nucleus in the absence of induction of PCNA bearing structures, suggesting also structural independence between the antigen bearing molecules.
Steady‐state levels of different tenascin mRNAs in various normal human tissues.
Authors: Borsi Laura , Carnemolla Barbara , Ponassi Marco , Zardi Luciano
Published: October 2002

Northern blot analysis of TN mRNA from different human tissues shows two major bands of about 6 and 8 kb which correspond to two different mRNAs generated by alternative splicing of the primary transcript. In liver, pancreas and kidney only the 6 kb TN mRNA was detectable. The highest levels of 8 kb TN mRNA were observed in placenta and skin representing 30% and 52% of total TN mRNA, respectively. In all other tissues tested the 8 kb TN mRNA represented less than 20% of total TN mRNA.
Phenotype of T cell clones obtained from bronchial biopsies and peripheral blood from three asthmatics.
Authors: Pène Jérôme , Lagier Béatrice , Rivier Agnès , Chanez Pascal , Vendrell Jean‐Pierre , Bousquet Jean
Published: October 2002

Establishment of T cell clones derived from bronchial biopsies and peripheral blood from allergic asthmatics has shown that they secret a different IL‐4 and IFN‐γ pattern of cytokines, suggesting that the micro‐environment of the bronchi may influence the phenotype of the T cells.
Effects of catechins on the mouse lung carcinoma cell adhesion to the endothelial cells.
Authors: Isemura Mamoru , Suzuki Yasuo , Satoh Ken , Narumi Koh , Motomiya Masakichi
Published: October 2002

We studied the effects of 5 kinds of catechins on the adhesion of mouse lung carcinoma 3LL cells to the monolayer of bovine lung endothelial cells. (‐)‐Epicatechin gallate and (‐)‐epigallocatechin gallate were active in inhibiting the 3LL cell adhesion, while (+)‐catechin and (‐)‐epicatechin were inactive. (‐)‐Epigallocatechin showed a considerable cytotoxicity. These data suggest that the specific chemical structure is required to exert the inhibitory activity of catechins and the search for the cellular binding protein(s) bound to these inhibitory catechins would provide a clue to clarify the mechanism of interactions between tumor cells and endothelial cells.
Uncoordinate expressions of type I and III collagens, collagenase and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 along in vitro proliferative life span of human skin fibroblasts
Authors: Bizot‐Foulon Valérie , Bouchard Brigitte , Hornebeck William , Dubertret Louis , Bertaux Brigitte
Published: October 2002

In vitro human skin fibroblasts aging was characterized by a continuous increase of collagenase mRNA levels. On the contrary, TIMP‐1 mRNA level decreased only at late passages (> 65% of proliferative life span). Type I and III mRNA levels showed a high variability depending on cell strains studied. However, type I and III collagen expressions varied parallely. All‐trans retinoic acid (RA) decreased collagenase expression and stimulated TIMP‐1 expression. Under RA action, high variability in mRNAs levels encoding type I and III collagens was observed with HSF passages. However, RA tended to correct variations in collagens expressions observed along HSF life span.
Ion transport in primary cultures from human sweat gland coils studied with X‐ray microanalysis
Authors: Mörk Ann‐Christin , Hongpaisan Jarin , Roomans Godfried M.
Published: October 2002

Chloride secretion in primary cultures of cells originating from the secretory coil of human sweat glands was investigated by electron probe X‐ray microanalysis. The total intracellular Cl concentration was lowered by muscarinic agonists (carbachol and acetylcholine), as well as by the calcium ionophore A23187. The muscarinic agonists also lowered the cellular K concentration. Cl− secretion induced by these agonists could be inhibited by the chloride channel blocker NPPB. After cAMP stimulation, the frequency distribution of the Cl concentration changed from Gaussian to bimodal, indicating that cAMP induces Cl− secretion only from a subpopulation of the cells. Also ATP stimulated Cl− secretion, indicating the presence of purinergic receptors. The results suggest that some of the cells in addition to Ca2+ ‐regulated Cl− channels also possess cAMP‐activated Cl− channels. Hence, the primary cultures still possess the Cl− transport mechanisms known to be present in intact glands. It can, however, not be excluded that some coil cells have acquired ductal characteristics during culture.
N‐acetyl‐cysteine enhances cell adhesion properties of epithelial and lymphoid cells.
Authors: Rivabene Roberto , Viora Marina , Matarrese Paola , Rainaldi Gabriella , D'Ambrosio Antonella , Malorni Walter
Published: October 2002

In this paper, we show that the antioxidant N‐acetyl‐cysteine (NAC) is capable of enhancing the adhesion properties of the epithelial cell line A431 and of the lymphocytic cells with cytotoxic activitv from human peripheral blood: the natural killer (NK) cells. This effect leads to an increased efficiency of A431 cells to form a monolayer and of NK cells to kill their targets. In both cases a specific effect of NAC was found in the distribution of those molecules of the cytoskeleton which are generally involved in cell substrate and cell‐to‐cell contact region formation, e.g., the actin microfilaments. NAC could thus behave as a drug influencing certain cytoskeleton‐dependent cell processes in a non‐histotype dependent manner.