bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of the Italian version of theParental Bonding Instrument(PBI) in a clinical sample and in a student group: an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis study
Authors: Scinto Antonella , Marinangeli Maria Grazia , Kalyvoka Artemis , Daneluzzo Enrico , Rossi Alessandro
Published: October 2011

RIASSUNTO

Scopo- Il presente studio ha lo scopo di verificare la validità di costrutto della versione italiana del questionarioParental Bonding Instrument(PBI) che misura lo stile genitoriale come ricordato dal figlio.Materiali e metodi- Il questionario è stato somministrato ad un gruppo di 102 studenti dell'Università degli Studi de L'Aquila (62 maschi e 40 femmine) ed a 128 pazienti (76 maschi e 52 femmine) consecutivamente ricoverati in un reparto di psichiatria per un episodio indice. Nel gruppo dei pazienti ed in quello degli studenti sono state confrontate le medie dei valori delle due dimensioni («cura» e «protezione») per ciascun genitore in ogni gruppo, con un t-test per campioni indipendenti. Dopo la verifica della consistenza interna degli item del questionario calcolando il valore dell'alfa di Cronbach, è stata effettuata un'analisi fattoriale esplorativa per studenti e pazienti separatamente per individuare i fattori latenti del questionario e un'analisi fattoriale confermatoria nel gruppo di studenti per valutare l'adeguatezza dei dati reali rispetto ai modelli proposti in letteratura.Risultati- La versione italiana del PBI, ha dimostrato di differenziare i 2 gruppi e di possedere una buona consistenza interna degli item. L'analisi fattoriale esplorativa condotta nel gruppo degli studenti identificava due fattori che spiegavano il 44.6% ed il 44.3% della varianza per le scale del PBI della madre e del padre rispettivamente, mentre nel gruppo dei pazienti identificava due fattori che spiegavano il 49.3% ed il 46.6% della varianza per le scale del PBI rispettivamente della madre e del padre.Conclusioni- I pazienti affetti da patologie psichiatriche evidenziano una bassa «cura»/alta «protezione» rispetto agli studenti, confermando l'associazione tra unpatternaffettivo diaffectionless controle la presenza di un disturbo psichiatrico.
Expressions of depression in Alzheimer's disease. The current scientific debate
Authors: Balestrieri Matteo
Published: October 2011

RIASSUNTO

Scopo– In questa rassegna sono stati raccolti ed analizzati i dati conoscitivi provenienti da ricerche che si occupano della relazione tra depressione e malattia di Alzheimer (Alzheimer's Disease, AD).Metodo– E' stata analizzata in modo sistematico la letteratura, attingendo sia alle segnalazione presenti nella banca-datiMedlineche alle informazioni ricavabili da una analisi ragionata degli studi pubblicati.Risultati– La prevalenza di segni e sintomi depressivi nei pazienti con AD è piuttosto elevata (40-50%). II ruolo della depressione all'interno dell'AD (indipendente, prodromo, fattore di rischio) deve in realtà essere ancora definito. I dati sulla familiarità per la depressione suggeriscono che l'AD agisca come stimolo scatenante la depressione su una base di vulnerabilità genetica. Su un versante biologico l'insorgenza di depressione nell'AD potrebbe derivare da uno sbilanciamento tra sistema colinergico e noradrenergico, mentre sul versante della comprensione psicologica la depressione costituirebbe una reazione di lutto per il decadimento cognitivo. Gli attuali strumenti diagnostici validati in pazienti con AD costituiscono un buon ausilio nella clinica e nella ricerca. L'individuazione di una depressione nel corso di un AD rimane in realtà sempre difficoltosa se non sono presenti sintomi affettivi franchi, poichè i sintomi cognitivi, psicomotori e vegetativi appartengono sia alia depressione che all'AD. I disturbi affettivi più frequentemente riportati sono la depressione maggiore e la distimia. Nel trattamento farmacologico si suggerisce l'utilizzo dei farmaci antidepressivi con minori effetti anticolinergici. Buoni risultati sono stati ottenuti anche adattando diversi tipi di psicoterapia alle particolari esigenze del paziente demente.Conclusioni– L'attuale dibattito scientifico si basa su conoscenze ancora limitate e parcellizzate. La futura ricerca in questo campo dovrà produrre studi che siano in grado di soddisfare criteri di indagine più rigidi, con una migliore definizione dei casi, una stratificazione per fattori di rischio ed una prospettiva longitudinale.
Financial literacy and retirement preparation in the Netherlands
Authors: ALESSIE ROB , VAN ROOIJ MAARTEN , LUSARDI ANNAMARIA
Published: October 2011

We present new evidence on financial literacy and retirement preparation in the Netherlands based on two surveys conducted before and after the onset of the financial crisis. We document that while financial knowledge did not increase from 2005 to 2010, in 2010 significantly more individuals report having thought about their retirement. Using information on financial conditions and financial knowledge of relatives, we find a positive causal effect of financial literacy on retirement preparation. Employing the panel feature of our dataset, we show that the effect of financial knowledge on retirement planning is bound to be positive.
Financial literacy and pension plan participation in Italy
Authors: FORNERO ELSA , MONTICONE CHIARA
Published: October 2011

Recent pension reforms in Italy require individuals to decide whether to participate in pension funds, how much to contribute, and how to invest their wealth, raising concerns about their ability to deal with financial matters. Using the Bank of Italy's Survey on Household Income and Wealth (SHIW), our empirical analysis shows that most individuals lack knowledge of basic concepts such as interest rates and inflation. Men, the more educated, and residents in the Centre–North possess higher financial literacy. We also find that financial literacy has a positive and significant impact on the probability of pension plan participation.
Financial literacy and retirement planning: the Russian case
Authors: KLAPPER LEORA , PANOS GEORGIOS A.
Published: October 2011

We examine the relationship between financial literacy and retirement planning in Russia, a country with a relatively old and rapidly ageing population, large regional disparities, and emerging financial markets. We find that only 36% of respondents in our sample understand interest compounding and only half can answer a simple question about inflation. In a country with widespread public pension provisions, we find that financial literacy is significantly and positively related to retirement planning involving private pension funds. Thus, along with encouraging the availability of private retirement plans, efforts to improve financial literacy can be pivotal to the expansion of the use of such funds.
Financial literacy and retirement planning in Japan
Authors: SEKITA SHIZUKA
Published: October 2011

The level of financial literacy is not high in Japan. Although a majority of respondents were able to correctly answer a simple question about interest rates, more than half were not able to correctly answer a question about risk diversification. Many respondents stated they did not know the answer to the financial literacy questions, which might indicate that Japanese are very cautious and only answer when confident in their response. Women, the young, and those with lower incomes and lower educational attainment have the lowest levels of financial literacy, and financial literacy increases the probability of having a retirement savings plan.
Assessing financial literacy in 12 countries: an OECD/INFE international pilot exercise
Authors: ATKINSON ADELE , MESSY FLORE-ANNE
Published: October 2011

The OECD International Network on Financial Education has addressed the demand for an internationally comparable measure of financial literacy by developing a financial literacy questionnaire that can be used across a diverse range of countries. This questionnaire takes into account knowledge, behaviours, and attitudes related to personal finance and is designed to identify similarities and differences in levels of financial literacy around the world. It is currently being piloted in 12 countries, with the expectation that the final survey instrument will become a useful tool for policy-makers, academics, and financial education programme designers seeking to identify robust questions to assess financial literacy.
Wirksamkeit internetbasierter Programme zum Tabakrauchen
Authors: Haug Severin , Schaub Michael
Published: October 2011

Zusammenfassung. Ziel dieser systematischen Literaturübersicht ist, die Wirksamkeit internetbasierter Programme zur Förderung des Rauchausstiegs, zur Verhinderung des Raucheinstiegs und zum Schutz vor Passivrauch anhand der vorliegenden empirischen Evidenz zu beurteilen. Die Literatursuche erfolgte im Juli 2010 und umfasste die Datenbanken PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycINFO sowie das Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials. Randomisiert-kontrollierte Studien, die Ergebnisse zur Wirksamkeit einer Intervention im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe oder einer Standardintervention berichten, wurden eingeschlossen. Von 359 Publikationen, die in den Literaturdatenbanken recherchiert wurden, konnten 17 in diese Übersicht eingeschlossen werden. Diese beschrieben 16 Studien: 14 Studien überprüften Programme zur Förderung des Rauchausstiegs, 2 Studien überprüften kombinierte Programme zur Förderung des Ausstiegs und zur Verhinderung des Einstiegs bei Jugendlichen. Von den 14 Rauchausstiegs-Interventionen erwiesen sich sechs als wirksam zur Erhöhung der Rate Rauchabstinenter gegenüber einer Kontrollgruppe. Aufgrund der Heterogenität der Studien v.a. hinsichtlich der verwendeten Kontrollgruppen wurden keine gepoolten Effektgrößen über alle Studien hinweg berechnet. Eine separate Berechnung von Effektgrößen für Studien mit ähnlichen Kontrollgruppen, ergab eine tendenziell, aber nicht signifikant höhere Rate Rauchabstinenter bei Internetinterventionen im Vergleich zu Kontrollgruppen ohne Intervention (Relatives Risiko (RR) 1.42; 95%-Konfidenzintervall (KI) 0.85–2.37). Ein Vergleich der Internetinterventionen mit Kontrollgruppen, die eine Minimalintervention erhielten, ergab einen signifikanten Interventionseffekt (RR 1.31; KI 1.09–1.57). Beim Vergleich der Internetinterventionen mit persönlichen Beratungsinterventionen ergab sich kein signifikanter Interventionseffekt (RR 0.86; KI 0.72–1.04); tendenziell waren die persönlichen Beratungsinterventionen überlegen. Im Vergleich zu einer Standardintervention allein, erwies sich eine Standardintervention mit zusätzlichem Internetprogramm nicht als wirksamer (RR 1.27; KI 0.70–2.31). Interventionen, die ausschließlich aufhörbereite Raucher adressierten, erwiesen sich eher als erfolgversprechend als Interventionen, welche sich an alle Raucher einer bestimmten Population richteten. Die beiden kombinierten Programme zur Förderung des Ausstiegs und zur Verhinderung des Einstiegs bei Jugendlichen waren auf einzelnen, aber nicht allen Zielkriterien wirksam. Zur Förderung des Rauchausstiegs bei aufhörbereiten Rauchern liegen international bereits wirksame Programme vor, allerdings wurde keines dieser Programme im deutschsprachigen Raum überprüft. Die empirische Evidenz zu Internetprogrammen zur Verhinderung des Raucheinstiegs ist bislang sehr gering; Wirksamkeitsstudien zu Internetprogrammen zum Schutz vor Passivrauch liegen bislang keine vor.
The Tortured Brain
Authors: Elbert Thomas , Schauer Maggie , Ruf Martina , Weierstall Roland , Neuner Frank , Rockstroh Brigitte , Junghöfer Markus
Published: October 2011

Traumatic stressors such as water boarding, electric shock, or false execution all activate similar bodily, affective, and cognitive responses even when they are quite different from one another. As a result, the memory traces merge into a “trauma network” that includes sensory memories but becomes detached from the particular episodic memory; that is, the trauma network has no time or place. As, with increasing traumatic experiences, more and more cues become integrated in the network, the threshold for excitation is continually lowered and the individual is likely to show frequent alarm and other defense responses to reminders of the trauma. Neuroplastic mechanisms determine subsequent reorganization of brain circuitry in order to adapt to a presumed permanent need for defense.

We hypothesized that aversive pictorial material is differentially processed in visual as well as frontal and limbic areas of the traumatized brain. We used Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (three pictures per second) to present aversive, neutral, and appetitive pictorial stimuli. Event-related magnetic fields were recorded in 41 survivors of torture and organized violence who suffered from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as 43 controls with a comparable ethnic background. Traumatized individuals showed an early shift in the processing of aversive pictures from sensory visual areas to fronto-temporal areas and the amygdala compared to controls without trauma-related symptoms. For survivors, as opposed to controls, these stimuli automatically activate aspects of the defense cascade and thus lead to an excitation of action-related neural activity. We conclude that an enlarged fear network in survivors of organized violence has a low excitation threshold, thus leading to prominent PTSD symptoms. A disintegration of the fear network by reconnecting its elements to the respective episodic memory or by some form of inhibition of the network may bring relief.
Methods and Tools for Drought Analysis and Management
Authors: Knutson Cody
Published: October 2011

Drought is an ambiguous concept. It is often difficult to tell when you are in a drought because of its slow, protracted nature and lack of news‐grabbing impacts—such as water inundating communities or buildings burning—associated with other natural disasters. It is equally difficult to track the effect of drought on people, their livelihoods, and the environment because of the ubiquitous role that water plays in our world. As a result, we often wait until we are in the midst of a water crisis to seek ad hoc solutions, which can be costly, inefficient, and highly politicized.
Vegetation controls on variably saturated processes between surface water and groundwater and their impact on the state of connection
Authors: Banks E. W. , Brunner P. , Simmons C. T.
Published: October 2011

The vadose zone plays an important role in surface water–groundwater interaction and exerts strong influences on biogeochemical, ecological, and hyporheic processes. It is also the presence of an unsaturated zone that controls the state of connection between surface water and groundwater. Despite recent advances on how hydrogeological variables affect surface water–groundwater interactions, there is limited understanding of the hydroclimatic effects of precipitation and evapotranspiration. More specifically, there is a need for a physically based understanding on the changes that may occur in response to changes in vegetation. While it may seem qualitatively obvious that the presence of vegetation can cause an unsaturated zone to develop underneath a riverbed and alter the state of connection, it has so far not been demonstrated quantitatively. Also, the influence of variables such as root extinction depth, topography, and the influence of land clearance has so far not been explored. In this study, fully coupled, physically based 2‐D transient homogeneous models were used to simulate the impact of land clearance and revegetation on the state of connection of a perennial river system. The simulations showed that the presence of vegetation can create an unsaturated zone between a river and an aquifer and affect the state of connection and that the removal of deep‐rooted vegetation from a catchment may have a significant impact on the state of connection as well as the condition of the water resource.
Notable council actions: The President's Page
Authors: Landsberg Helmut E.
Published: October 2011

Members of learned societies are markedly passive when it comes to the business affairs and even policies of their associations. They leave these matters to a group of elected few. As long as the member receives his publications and has the opportunity to present papers and exchange views with his fellows at meetings, he feels that all his further obligations to the Union are covered by a bit of mild grumbling about the dues and the officers. Some may scan the minutes of the Council and wonder how people can spend a whole day transacting so little business. Many never even go that far.
Earthquake prediction from fault movement monitoring in California
Authors: Hofmann Renner B.
Published: October 2011

Annual measurements of the distance between station marks on either side of the San Andreas fault have yielded estimates of fault movement. Measurements have been made by the California Department of Water Resources on over 500 miles of the San Andreas and related faults with a Model 2A Geodimeter since 1959. Results have been reported by this author and others in California's Department of Water Resources Bulletin 116‐6, Geodimeter Fault Movement Investigations in California, May 1968, and in Proceedings of the 2nd United States‐Japan Conference on Research Related to Earthquake Prediction Problems, June 1966.

Earthquakes of Richter Magnitude 4.5 to 6 were often preceded by anomalous fault movements measured with the Geodimeter. These events have been analyzed during the past year to determine their effectiveness in providing earthquake warnings.
Surface faulting during the Matsushiro earthquakes*
Authors: Nakamura Kazuaki
Published: October 2011

More than ten en echelon cracks, ranging from 100–700 meters in length, successively formed on alluvial deposits and continued to creep during higher seismicity periods of the Matsushiro swarm earthquakes in 1966. Some of these cracks are still creeping at present with a velocity of a few millimeters per year. The en echelon cracks, especially those with left‐lateral displacement, define a straight zone, 0.1–0.5 km wide and 4 km long, and are again arranged en echelon. The amount of displacement along the zone is estimated by various field measurements at about 50 cm in the left‐lateral component and 10–20‐cm uplift of the southwest side. The double en echelon cracks in the zone are best interpreted as surface traces of a left‐lateral strike‐slip fault newly formed in the bed rock. There are other evidences of the faulting on the northwest extension of the zone. They are the left‐lateral shift of railroad tracks in an interval of a few hundred meters and systematic breakage of a network of dikes between the rice paddy.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The first flight tests of an airborne refractometer to measure humidity changes were made last summer as one of the scientific projects of the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment. The instrument has a small barrel‐shaped device mounted atop a twin‐engine aircraft. This sampling cavity and its associated electronics measure refractive index at microwave frequencies with great accuracy.
Survey of short courses in hydrology and related fields: 1967–1968—A preliminary report
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The U.S./IHD Work Group on Education and Training conducted a survey of short courses in hydrology that are open to foreign and domestic participants. The original survey, conducted in January 1967, was updated through June 1968. A few more recent short courses have been added as information became available.

Questionnaires were sent to 63 institutions in 1967 (35 replies received) and to 69 institutions in 1968 (42 replies received).
Short courses
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Announcements of short courses in hydrology and related fields will be summarized regularly in calendar formal Information should be received in the IHD office at least six months before the registration deadline.
Scientific Programs Involving the International Geophysical Calendar
Authors: Shapley Alan H.
Published: October 2011

The International Geophysical Calendar is issued annually as a guide to geophysicists and scientists in related fields in the conduct of their programs of observation and data analysis, in particular for programs that cannot be carried out continuously. It is a mechanism for general international coordination of work in geophysics. The calendar provides a basis for the systematic sampling of geophysical conditions on various time scales and for a useful concentration of effort by observers in various countries and various scientific disciplines. Regional or global geophysical modeling and the detailed study of particular short‐lived phenomena is enhanced because the amount of raw data in existence, as well as analyzed data in World Data Centers, tends to be greater on days and intervals marked on the calendar.
Symposium on costs of water pollution control
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A National Symposium on Costs of Water Pollution Control will be held in Raleigh, North Carolina, April 6–7, 1972. The symposium is sponsored by the Research Triangle Universities (Duke University, North Carolina State University, and the University of North Carolina and several national societies. The program will include sessions on economic implications of national goals for water pollution control cost effectiveness of comprehensive planning, design and construction information and monitoring systems, economic incentives for pollution control and economics of industrial waste management.
International Symposium on Mathematical Models in Hydrology: Warsaw, Poland July 26–31, 1971
Authors: Anderson W.
Published: October 2011

In a sense, all models used in the analysis or synthesis of hydrology data are mathematical models. These models occupy the vast area between physical models that explain phenomena fully and strictly empirical explanations. Between these two extremes, in a the mathematical models dominate, which explains the wide scope of the papers in this symposium.
International Association of Hydrogeology Meeting: Tokyo, Japan, August 18–21, 1971
Authors: Callahan J. T.
Published: October 2011

More than 300 persons, including more than 160 non‐Japanese, registered for the Asian Regional Meeting of the International Association of Hydrogeology Countries represented included Belgium, France, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, Iran, Turkey, United Arab Republic, Ethopia, Afghanistan, Ceylon, Nepal India, Republic of China, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, ECAFE, Argentina, the United States, and the host country, Japan

The main emphasis of the program was artificial recharge, hut several papers dealt with groundwater development and the occurrence of groundwater. The meeting consisted of two days of technical papers, a one‐day field trip to the experimental groundwater recharge site of the Geological Survey of Japan, and a second day devoted to visiting the manufacturers of pumps, well drilling equipment, and other allied water development and treatment equipment
Fifteenth COSPAR Meeting
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Fifteenth Meeting of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) will be held in Madrid, Spain, May 10–24, 1972. The meeting will comprise the sessions of the plenary, executive council, bureau, open and business meetings of the COSPAR working groups and panels.
Report on the IUGG Fifteenth General Assembly
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Fifteenth General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics was held in Moscow, USSR, August 2–14, 1971, at the Moscow State University. Following a magnificent ceremony at the Kremlin Palace of Congresses, which included a concert and ballet, the Assembly began focusing on interdisciplinary symposia described in each of the Association's reports that follow. Meetings of the IUGG Council were held, the results of these meetings are reported below. At the closing plenary session held at the Moscow State University, 21 resolutions were passed by the delegates present. These resolutions are given at the end of this General Report.
Glaciers
Authors: Benson, C. , Harrison W. , Raymond C. , Meier M. , Shreve R. , Weller G.
Published: October 2011

There is so much common ground between studies of seasonal and perennial snow and ice that it is difficult to subdivide the broad field of glaciology (which includes all aspects of research on snow, ice, and frozen ground) in to the current AGU subcommittees of ‘Snow and Ice’ and ‘Glaciers’. A merger of the two U.S. subcommittees is now being considered.

The mass balance of a glacier is the connection between the glacier's meteorological environment and its dynamic response to that environment. Heat and mass fluxes to the surface determine components of mass balances; the net mass balance at each point represents a thickening or thinning of glacier which determines changes in glacier flow. Knowledge of mass balance is crucial to any understanding of the relation of glacier dynamics to climatic variations.
Program on engineering aspects of heat disposal from power generation
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A special one‐week summer program on Engineering Aspects of Heat Disposal from Power Generation will be held at the MIT Department of Civil Engineering, Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, from June 26 through June 30, 1972.

This program is designed for engineers, ecologists, educators, and members of the utility industry and regulatory agencies who are concerned with the problem of heat disposal associated with fossil and nuclear power generation. Emphasis will be placed on the use of predictive techniques in assessing the feasibility of alternative methods of heat disposal. Topics will include mathematical and physical modeling and field measurements for once‐through cooling processes in lakes, rivers, estuaries, and the ocean; heat dissipation in cooling ponds, wet and dry cooling towers; and engineering and cost considerations in meeting thermal discharge criteria and environmental impact and constraints.
Symposium on cosmochemistry
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry will sponsor a Symposium on Cosmochemistry during the week of August 14–18, 1972. It will be held in Caimbridge, Massachusetts, and the Smithsonian Astrophysical and Harvard College Observatories will be local hosts. The general theme of the meeting is the composition of the universe, including stars, the inter‐stellar medium, the solar wind, the moon and planets and their atmospheres, meteorites, comets, and inter‐planetary dust. There will be invited papers in the mornings, contributed papers in the afternoons, and a final rapporteur session.
Fall Annual Meeting 1971
Authors: Dessler Alexander J. , Abelson Philip H. , Pickering William , Cohen Robert
Published: October 2011

The meeting was held at the Jack Tar Hotel in San Francisco, December 6–9. Over 1100 registrants attended 68 sessions at the highly successful meeting. Exhibitors included: Kinemetrics, Inc., TRW Systems, NASA, American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Weather Measure Corporation, Teledyne Geotech, Deep Sea Drilling Project, The Geological Society of America; and Naval Weather Service Command. The complete program with abstracts was published in the November 1971 Issue of EOS, pages 810–934.
1973 International IEEE/G“AP Symposium on USNC/URSI Meeting”Call for Papers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The 1973 Main Meeting sponsored by the U.S. National Committee of URSI and the 1973 IEEE International Antennas and Propagation Symposium will be held jointly at the Engineering Center of the Univers ity of Colorado. URSI and IEEE/G AP technical programs will be arranged separately except for the appropriate coordination.

Authors are invited to present theoretical, experimental, and developmental papers in their fields of interest related to the following topics: radio measurements and standards, radio and nonionized media, ionospheric radio, magnetospheric radio, radio and radar astronomy, radio waves and transmission of informat ion, radio electronics, antennas, scattering and diffraction, electromagnetic theory, guided and unguided propagation of radio waves, and allied fields of radio physics, such as plasmas. Deadline for submission for all authors is May 28, 1973.
The global water balance
Authors: Lvovitch M. I.
Published: October 2011

This paper was originally prepared— in English as well as Russian— as ‘The Water Balance of the Continents of the World and the Method of Studying It’ (Vodnii Balans Materikov Zemnovo Shara i. Metod Polozhennii v Osnovu Yevo Izucheniya) for the Working Meeting on Water Balance Maps of the Continents of the World, held during the Fifteenth General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, in Moscow in August 1971. It has been edited only very lightly for the IHD Bulletin.
Ocean tides
Authors: Hendershott Myrl C.
Published: October 2011

Progress in the understanding of ocean tides since the field was reviewed two years ago by Hendershott and Munk [1970] has confirmed their characterization of the field as rapidly developing. The First Geodesy/ Solid‐Earth and Ocean Physics (GEOP) Research Conference on Solid‐ Earth and Ocean Tides provided an opportunity to gather subsequent results and to view them in the context of long‐term trends in the development of the field. This review, therefore, largely picks up where that of Hendershott and Munk [1970] left off; the two reviews together are intended to provide a modern view of our state of understanding of ocean tides. Vital progress in instrumentation, in data analysis, and in the closely related field of solid‐earth tides is outlined in the accompanying summary of conference discussions beginning on page 96 of this issue.
First World Congress on Water Resources
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The International Water Resources Association will hold its First World Congress on Water Resources, September 24–28, 1973, at the Hotel Sheraton Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. The theme of the congress will emphasize the international scope of ‘Water for the Human Environment.’ Papers are invited on any subject related to the theme.
Short Course on Marine Acoustics
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A short course on Marine Acoustics will be held June 25–29, 1973, at Texas A&M University. The course is designed to present both basic and selected advanced topics in marine acoustics and to provide additional graduate education for scientists and engineers. Emphasis will be placed on environmental aspects and civil uses.

A degree in engineering, science, or mathematics and a knowledge of differential equations are necessary. Deadline for applications is May 21, and they should be sent to Marine Acoustics Course, Dept. of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843.
Charge Transfer Conference
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Center for Earth and Planetary Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, is sponsoring an informal one‐day conference on the theory and observation of charge transfer in minerals on Saturday, April 21, 1973, following the Fifty‐Fourth Annual Meeting of AGU. This conference is part of the Center's activity in bringing together scientists from across the traditional barriers between scientific disciplines. The Center is a joint venture between Harvard's Division of Engineering and Applied Physics and the Department of Geological Sciences, and it includes geologists, solid‐earth geophysicists, atmospheric physicists, oceanographers, and meteorologists. In this case, it is hoped that mineralogists and geophysicists together with solid‐state physicists and chemists will acquaint each other with some related problems and solutions in their respective fields.
Precipitation distribution in mountainous areas
Authors: Rechard P. A.
Published: October 2011

The symposium on ‘The Distribution of Precipitation in Mountainous Areas’ was sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization in coopration with the International Association of Hydrological Sciences and the Norwegian Organizing Committee. One hundred and ten scientists in the fields of meteorology and hydrology, representing 28 countries, discussed various aspects of precipitation, its measurement, and the influence of orographic features on precipitation.

During the discussion on types of instruments and techniques for measuring precipitation, the difficulties in obtaining precise measurements were highlighted. Regardless of the instrument used, the major source of error in the catch of precipitation gages is wind. This is true everywhere, but wind effects are more pronounced in mountainous areas because of topographically influenced eddies, higher average wind speeds, and, most significantly, because a larger proportion of the annual amount of precipitation occurs in the form of snow.
Referees and the publications crisis
Authors: Manheim F. T.
Published: October 2011

Routine refereeing by peers of manuscripts submitted to scholarly journals is a logical and effective device that can obviate ‘crankiness, irrelevance and gross incompetence’ [Ziman, 1970a] on the one hand and minimize editorial arbitrariness on the other. As reviewed by Zuckerman and Merton [1971], the device has historical roots that extend back to the beginning of the first scholarly journals, such as Transactions of the Royal Society, and Journal des Scavans. The growth of science since World War II and the pressure of burgeoning manuscript submission appear to have been important factors in making automatic peer review nearly universal in American and British Commonwealth natural science journals and in international journals influenced by Anglo‐North Americans. A 1962 survey cited by Zuckerman and Merton [1971] found that 71% of 156 physical and biological science journals in 13 countries made use of referees.
International Symposium on Geomorphic Processes in Arid Environments
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Commission on Present‐Day Geomorphic Processes of The International Geographic Union with the cosponsorship of The Commission on Erosion and Sedimentation of IAHS, the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, the Israel National Committee, IUG, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem are organizing an International Symposium on Geomorphic Processes in Arid Environments to be held at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem on March 18–23, 1974. The objectives of the symposium are to review the present state of research on geomorphic processes in arid and semiarid environments.

Topics for papers are to include such subjects as processes in deserts, dynamics of landform relationships in deserts, techniques, applied geomorphology in deserts. Papers should be submitted by September 30, 1973, to the Organizing Committee.
Colorado approves National Hail Research Experiment
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Colorado has approved the application of the National Center for Atmospheric Research for a permit to conduct the 1973 field research program of the National Hail Research Experiment in northeastern Colorado this spring and summer. According to William Swinbank, director of the hail experiment, NHRE has two goals: to learn more about the physics and dynamics of hailstorms and to test the feasibility of using cloud seeding to reduce damaging hail. Swinbank emphasizes that the program is a scientific experiment, not a large‐scale weather modification program.

The experiment is designed to study hailstorms over a five‐year period in an area along the Colorado‐Nebraska border northwest of Sterling and southeast of Kimball, Nebraska. More than 200 ground stations have been set up to measure hailfall, rainfall, and other weather features in this area, which is roughly in the shape of a square 25 miles on each side. Two meteorological radar systems, one at the NHRE field headquarters near Grover, Colorado, and the other just north of Fort Morgan, are used to track and probe hailstorms. Research aircraft, weather balloons, and other tools of atmospheric research are used to gather additional data.
Earth, Air, Fire, and Water
Authors: Hanshaw B. B.
Published: October 2011

In September 1970 approximately 400 earth scientists from 26 countries met in Tokyo to present 50 papers on hydrogeochemistry. The proceedings of this symposium have just been published by the Clarke Company; the 662‐page volume is a bar gain at $12.50. Much of the material should be of great interest to hydrologists. In fact, the volume should be required reading for hydrologists interested in the origin of water, evolution of oceans and continents, geothermal systems, geochemical processes in the aqueous environment, and air‐water interactions.
U.S.–Soviet Earthquake Prediction Exchange Program
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

As a result of President Nixon's visit to the Soviet Union in May 1973, a program of environmental exchange was established under the guidance of the Council on Environmental Quality. One project under this program is earthquake prediction.

The first phase of the earthquake prediction exchange was completed in April 1973 with the visit to the U.S. by M.A. Sadovsky, I. L. Nersesov, and S. Kh. Nigmatulaev of the Institute of the Physics of the Earth, and the signing of an agreement between the USSR and USA Working Groups. Members of the USA Working Group include C. R. Allen, J. N. Brune, J. P. Eaton, L. Knopoff, R. B. Matthiesen, F. Press, K. V. Steinbrugge, and L.R. Sykes with R. E. Wallace and L. R. Alldredge serving as cochairmen.
Conference on Gulf of California Planned
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A Penrose Conference on The Implications of the Gulf of California Rift System for the Tectonics of Western North America, is being convened by Wilfred Elders and Shawn Biehler at Lake Arrowhead, in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, June 16–21, 1974.

Discussion will focus on the transition from divergent to transform plate boundaries as exemplified by this part of the western edge of the North American plate. In the Gulf of California and its landward extension, the Salton trough, the San Andreas fault system, a strike‐slip system affecting continental crust, joins the East Pacific rise, a spreading system within oceanic crust. The conference will permit confrontation hopefully leading to integration, between land‐based geological and geophysical studies of the southern San Andreas fault system and the Salton trough with complementary marine geophysical and geological investigations of the Gulf of California and the adjacent East Pacific rise.
New product
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A new low‐cost invention now makes it possible for anyone to drill his own water well at a reported cost of about 10¢ per foot.

This one‐man portable outfit is called Hydra‐Drill 200, and it is designed to drill small‐diameter water wells to a depth of 200 feet at speeds up to 40 feet per hour.
Pollution and the nation's waters–Where the program stands
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

It is doubtful that the federal government will meet the 1985 goal set by Congress to eliminate the discharge of pollutants into the nation's waters because ‘much’ of the necessary research and development work is still to be done, the U.S. General Accounting Office has told Congress in a 447‐page report.
NOAA offers new service in technical information
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A new service known as Oasis (Oceanic and Atmospheric Scientific Information System) has been announced by the Technical Information Division (TID) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The service offers computer searches of citations to published literature and references to research in progress or recently completed in the fields of atmospheric, marine, and earth sciences and of marine resources. Data bases that can be searched by making a request to the TID include both NOAA and non‐NOAA bibliographic files. Current awareness (periodic search for new information) as well as one‐time retrospective searches (everything available to date) are offered.
Thermal Pollution Study undertaken by CERI
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

With funding from NASA's Kennedy Space Center, the Clean Energy Research Institute (CERI) of the University of Miami, Florida, has launched the first phase of research to develop a means of detecting and predicting thermal pollution.

A mathematical model will be developed on the basis of studies of hot water discharges into ocean waters from a fossil fuel plant and discharges of saline water from nuclear plant cooling canals. In addition to on‐site measurements, data will be gathered by NASA aircraft and satellites using infrared and laser remote sensing techniques.
Antarctic Oceanographic Research Program begins in 1975
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A new phase of physical oceanographic research in the Antarctic will begin in 1975 with the start of a coordinated sequence of ocean dynamics and monitoring experiments in the Southern Ocean in a program known as the International Southern Ocean Studies (ISOS). The research is supported by the office for the International Decade of Oceanic Exploration (I DOE) of the National Science Foundation.

The long‐range goal of the program is to determine the relationship of circumpolar dynamics to global ocean circulation and its possible influence on world weather and climate. The first major field operation will be a two‐ship expedition to the Drake Passage—Scotia Sea region to carry out the First Dynamic Response and Kinematic Experiment.
1976 Geographical Congress will meet in Soviet Russia
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

At the invitation of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the International Geographical Union will hold its Twenty‐Third International Geographical Congress in the Soviet Union.

The congress proper will be held in Moscow from July 27 to August 3, 1976. This meeting will be preceded by symposiums of the IGU commissions and working groups to be held July 12–26 in Moscow and Leningrad. Excursions are being organized to follow the congress from August 4 to 13.
U.S. plans contribution to United Nations University
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

On December 6, 1973, the United Nations Assembly, by a vote of 118 member governments, established the United Nations University, which will consist of a network of regional research and training centers around the world, with headquarters in Tokyo.

The U.N. University is committed by its charter to ‘devote its work and research to the pressing global problems of human survival, development, and welfare…’ U.N. officials, U.S. Government scientists, and representatives of a number of U.S. universities have met twice during the past few months to organize one possible response by the United States to the need for competent U.N. Unversity centers.
Eastern Snow Conference 1975 dates announced
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Thirty‐Second Annual Eastern Snow Conference will be held on February 6 and 7, 1975, at the Sheraton‐Wayfarer Motor Inn, Bedford, New Hampshire.

The meeting is sponsored by the Eastern Snow Conference, an international organization in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States concerned with the origin, precipitation, accumulation, character, melt, and runoff of snow from the viewpoint of meteorology, power generation, conservation, engineering, forestry, hydrology, and related fields.
ASCE Symposium and Conference will consider irrigation, drainage, watershed management
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The American Society of Civil Engineers, in cooperation with Utah State University and several allied professional societies, in sponsoring a Symposium on Watershed Management in Logan, Utah, from August 13 to 15, 1975. The symposium will be followed by the regular ASCE Irrigation and Drainage Specialty Conference on August 13–15.

The symposium theme will be ‘Operational Watershed Management: Research to Application.’ Papers are solicited on the general subjects of applied watershed management, critical reviews, state of the art, new techniques, outlooks and methodologies, and field or planning experiences. Specific topics suggested include timber, grazing, or agricultural management; weather modification; strip mining; diffuse pollution sources; sediment and water yield; on‐site flood control; and environmental impact. However, all submissions will be seriously considered, regardless of the topics listing.
President's page: AGU questionnaire
Authors: Press Frank
Published: October 2011

Polls are expensive when one considers the time required to fill out the questionnaire and process and evaluate the answers (not to mention the postage and handling). However, there is no better way for the officers and Council of AGU to discover the sentiments of the membership on the important issues facing our society. We must avoid falsely perceiving the wishes of our membership through the voices of a few outspoken individuals.

Our recent poll is remarkable in many ways. Some 40% of our membership responded, an unusually large fraction for a survey of this kind. Most pollsters claim that they can achieve statistically valid results with only a few percent response. The results are summarized in this issue of EOS.
Earthquake research in China
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A visit to China of an American seismological delegation, which took place October 5 to November 5, 1974, is covered in this report. The Americans were sponsored by the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China (CSCPRC), and the hosts in China were the Scientific and Technical Association and the State Seismological Bureau. The CSCPRC is sponsored jointly by the National Academy of Sciences, the Social Science Research Council, and the American Council of Learned Societies.

The visit had its origins in an invitation extended in January 1973 by Carl Kisslinger, as President of the Seismological Society of America, to the Chinese Academy of Sciences to send representatives to a Symposium on Earthquake Prediction Research. Although the Chinese declined to participate, this invitation was one step towards a reciprocal exchange of seismologists between the United States and the People's Republic of China. Several months after Kisslinger's letter the CSCPRC visited Peking. Their purpose was to arrange an exchange program with the Chinese Scientific and Technical Association. Prompted by Kisslinger, the committee's proposals for American delegations included seismology. Not only was this particular exchange accepted, but the Chinese in turn suggested that a Chinese seismology group visit the United States.
South Pole ice moves 30 feet/yr
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

South Pole ice is moving 27–30 feet/yr toward 40°W longitude according to preliminary new calculations by the USGS, Department of the Interior. This new estimate is based on measurements using U.S. Navy navigational satellites, a much more accurate technique than the gravity technique used for the 1967 estimate (i.e., 150 feet/yr) or the astronomical observations used for the 1970 estimate (i.e., 65 feet/yr).

Determining the rate of flow of ice and the direction of movement is difficult, since the ice moves constantly and since there are no fixed reference points, such as mountains. The new Doppler receiver monitoring method, however, enables topographic engineers to map the mountainless parts of the south polar ice cap and to measure a geodetic position to within 3 m. By taking repeated readings from various places on the ice at and near the South Pole, one can pinpoint the location of the pole and also measure how far various spots on the ice cap move over periods of time. In addition, it was possible to measure the elevation of the ice surface, 9370 feet, for the first time precisely.