bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Eagle and the Serpent on the Screen: The State as Spectacle in Mexican Cinema
Authors: Chávez Daniel
Published: September 2022

Recent studies of the history of Mexican cinema continue to speak of the complex relations between the state and the film industry, and the most frequently analyzed aspects tend to be the same: the reach and forms of censorship, as well as the financial dependence on the state. To broaden this perspective, I propose a classification of cinematic discourses that represent the relations between film characters and state powers. I discuss four basic modes of representation that, determined by historical and economic circumstances, reflect and mediate the attitudes and dispositions of viewers toward the political regime. For each mode, I discuss a sequence in a paradigmatic film, analyzing visual and ideological aspects in relation to the political moment at the time of the film's release. Finally, I argue that, despite the resurgence of the Mexican cinema and a more critical tone in its approach to state institutions, fictional films still rest on indirect and allegorical representations of recent events. This is due to the uncertainty of the prolonged and still-incomplete transition to institutional democracy in Mexico.
Precursors to Femicide: Guatemalan Women in a Vortex of Violence
Authors: Carey David , Torres M. Gabriela
Published: September 2022

Today women in Guatemala are killed at nearly the same rate as they were in the early 1980s when the civil war became genocidal. Yet the current femicide epidemic is less an aberration than a reflection of the way violence against women has become normalized in Guatemala. Used to re-inscribe patriarchy and sustain both dictatorships and democracies, gender-based violence morphed into femicide when peacetime governments became too weak to control extralegal and paramilitary powers. The naturalization of gender-based violence over the course of the twentieth century maintained and promoted the systemic impunity that undergirds femicide today. By accounting for the gendered and historical dimensions of the cultural practices of violence and impunity, we offer a re-conceptualization of the social relations that perpetuate femicide as an expression of post-war violence.
Household Shocks, Child Labor, and Child Schooling: Evidence from Guatemala
Authors: Vásquez William F. , Bohara Alok K.
Published: September 2022

Using data from the National Survey of Standards of Living conducted in Guatemala in 2000, this article tests the hypothesis that Guatemalan households use child labor and reduce child schooling to cope with household shocks. First, the authors use factor analysis to estimate the latent household propensity to natural disasters and socioeconomic shocks. Then, they estimate bivariate probit models to identify the determinants of child labor and schooling, including household propensity to natural disasters and socioeconomic shocks. Results suggest that households use child labor to cope with natural disasters and socioeconomic shocks. In contrast, the authors found no evidence that suggests that households reduce child schooling to cope with shocks. Findings also indicate that poor households are more likely to use child labor and schooling reduction as strategies to cope with socioeconomic shocks.
Instituciones políticas y políticas públicas en la Federación brasileña
Authors: Santos Fabiano , Batista Cristiane
Published: September 2022

El objetivo del trabajo es analizar los determinantes de las políticas públicas de naturaleza social en los estados brasileños. Más específicamente, se trata de examinar el gasto público en las áreas de salud y educación y explorar las posibles causas de la variación eventualmente observada. La motivación teórica de esta propuesta adviene de una línea de investigación en la literatura que afirma que a nivel estatal el ejecutivo es una fuerza sin contraposición dentro del sistema político y que, además, la lógica de producción de políticas públicas estaría, sobre todo, vinculada a los objetivos individuales del gobernador. Entretanto, según nuestros resultados fueron descartadas las hipótesis nulas de la inexistencia de un efecto positivo de la ideología del gobernador sobre el nivel del gasto social y de la ausencia de impacto negativo del número de comisiones, aún en gobiernos controlados por la izquierda, en este mismo nivel de gasto.
Name(ing) norms: Mispronunciations and ethnic categories in political talk
Authors: Svensson Hanna
Published: September 2022

This article investigates the situated orientation to and production of social and political norms related to the pronunciation of person names in the context of announcing next speakers during a political meeting. Through a detailed multimodal analysis of naturally occurring interaction, the article discusses how participants to a political party's congress in Sweden treat the chairpersons’ pronunciation of person names as rendering them (non)normative and as relating them to ethnic categories. In associating specific prosodic realizations of person names with ‘(non)Swedish-ness’ and orienting to this as inacceptable, the participants reflexively establish these membership categories as (non)normative and, moreover, as unequal. In this way, the article contributes to our understanding of normative aspects regarding public announcements of next speakers as a turn-taking procedure in political interaction and how names are invoked and established as related to (non)normative ethnic categories by virtue of the formal properties of their production. (Conversation analysis, ethnomethodology, person names, political interaction, turn-taking, ethnicity, prosody)*
The i-frame and the s-frame: How focusing on individual-level solutions has led behavioral public policy astray
Authors: Chater Nick , Loewenstein George
Published: September 2022

An influential line of thinking in behavioral science, to which the two authors have long subscribed, is that many of society's most pressing problems can be addressed cheaply and effectively at the level of the individual, without modifying the system in which the individual operates. We now believe this was a mistake, along with, we suspect, many colleagues in both the academic and policy communities. Results from such interventions have been disappointingly modest. But more importantly, they have guided many (though by no means all) behavioral scientists to frame policy problems in individual, not systemic, terms: To adopt what we call the “i-frame,” rather than the “s-frame.” The difference may be more consequential than i-frame advocates have realized, by deflecting attention and support away from s-frame policies. Indeed, highlighting the i-frame is a long-established objective of corporate opponents of concerted systemic action such as regulation and taxation. We illustrate our argument briefly for six policy problems, and in depth with the examples of climate change, obesity, retirement savings, and pollution from plastic waste. We argue that the most important way in which behavioral scientists can contribute to public policy is by employing their skills to develop and implement value-creating system-level change.
Ageing as a driver of progressive politics? What the European Silver Economy teaches us about the co-constitution of ageing and innovation
Authors: Lipp Benjamin , Peine Alexander
Published: September 2022

Ageing has become a ubiquitous concern in European policy. Critics have bemoaned that such policies are not so much about older people but rather about finding justification for other policy aims, such as economic growth or technological innovation. However, such critiques do not capture the co-constitutive relationship between ageing and innovation shaping one another. Using the example of the Silver Economy discourse, we show that ageing has not only been reframed under the imperatives of economic and innovation policies, but that ageing itself can also affect those policies. In its formative stages, the Silver Economy was characterised by a number of tensions between, on the one hand, common ageist assumptions about old age and, on the other hand, alternative visions of what ageing could mean as a policy field. However, these potentials have later been domesticated within the broader field of Active and Healthy Ageing. In this Forum Article, we therefore hypothesise what it would mean to take ageing more seriously as a driver of progressive politics as indicated in those formative years of the Silver Economy. Such a speculative take on current old-age policy, we hold, opens up a number of fruitful avenues and new interfaces between critical researchers, practitioners and policy makers interested in driving progressive politics.
The partner in the plate: the association between changes in partnership status and protein consumption among older people in Europe
Authors: Pasqualini Marta , Solé-Auró Aïda , Arpino Bruno
Published: September 2022

Experiencing a change in partnership status at older ages might have detrimental effects on an individual's habits, including eating behaviours. Prior studies presented evidence that widowhood is related to altered diets with a decrease in the amount of protein consumed, which is considered to be an important risk factor of frailty among older people. Using data from Waves 4–8 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (N = 134,313), we investigate the association between stability and changes in partnership status and changes in the frequency of protein consumption at older ages. We also explore the potential moderating role played by changes in economic resources. Having never been married, being divorced and being widowed were significantly associated with a lower frequency of protein consumption among both men and women. The transition to widowhood was significantly associated with a reduction in the frequency of protein consumption, while this same association was not found in the transition to divorce. Subjective evaluation of economic resources did not moderate the relationship between changes in partnership status and frequency of protein consumption. In short, changes in eating behaviours after having experienced the loss of a partner due to widowhood might contribute to accounting for health differentials between those ageing alone and those with a partner.
Intervals of s-torsion pairs in extriangulated categories with negative first extensions
Authors: ADACHI TAKAHIDE , ENOMOTO HARUHISA , TSUKAMOTO MAYU
Published: September 2022

As a general framework for the studies of t-structures on triangulated categories and torsion pairs in abelian categories, we introduce the notions of extriangulated categories with negative first extensions and s-torsion pairs. We define a heart of an interval in the poset of s-torsion pairs, which naturally becomes an extriangulated category with a negative first extension. This notion generalises hearts of t-structures on triangulated categories and hearts of twin torsion pairs in abelian categories. In this paper, we show that an interval in the poset of s-torsion pairs is bijectively associated with s-torsion pairs in the corresponding heart. This bijection unifies two well-known bijections: one is the bijection induced by the HRS-tilt of t-structures on triangulated categories. The other is Asai–Pfeifer’s and Tattar’s bijections for torsion pairs in an abelian category, which is related to
$\tau$
-tilting reduction and brick labelling.
An International Ombudsman to make non-governmental organizations more accountable? Too good to be true …
Authors: Carolei Domenico
Published: September 2022

In 2018, the Dutch Government proposed to establish an independent international ombudsman, known as the International Ombuds for Humanitarian and Development Aid (IOHDA), to hold non-governmental organizations (NGOs) accountable for their safeguarding and accountability failures, notably the Oxfam GB sexual abuse scandal in Haiti (March 2018) and in the Democratic Republic of Congo (April 2021). While establishing an international ombudsman would fill a regulatory and accountability gap in global governance, there are many legal and logistic challenges, some of which have been identified by the IOHDA proposal itself, that undermine the creation of this brand new body. Besides the legal and logistic challenges outlined in the proposal, this article argues that the IOHDA is unlikely to succeed because of three additional challenges. First, the IOHDA’s scope is too broad and misinterprets the ombudsman’s jurisdiction and traditional role. Second, the IOHDA neglects that existing ombudsman schemes present limitations in enacting accountability and does not learn any lessons from them. Third, the IOHDA lacks support from NGOs, a driving force, and the principal standard-setters for an international accountability mechanism, like the proposed ombudsman. This article provides a series of recommendations to mitigate these three challenges whilst identifying alternative routes to enact NGO accountability.
Novel, popular, fashionable and partisan: making coffeehouses ‘burgherly’ spaces in early modern Hamburg
Authors: Robilliard Gabrielle
Published: September 2022

This article examines the nature of sociability, communication and the ‘practical public sphere’ of Hamburg's early coffeehouses (1677–1714) and provides insight into the ‘social life’ of these coffeehouse spaces during the ‘early’ Enlightenment. Using licensing records, administrative sources and supplications, it shows how novelty, popularity, political partisanship and fashionability were characteristic of these early coffeehouses, creating a fluid and capricious dynamic of custom and communication that stressed established notions of honourable sociabilities and communication in urban public spaces. It argues that these destabilizing social and communication practices led to social stratification and a redefinition of ‘honourable’ burgherly behaviour in the normative public sphere. Strategies to govern the coffeehouses sought thus to bind these spaces and their actors to this newly articulated ‘normative’ burgherly public sphere.
Adjunctive neuronavigated accelerated continuous theta-burst stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized sham-controlled study
Authors: Mukherjee Aniruddha , Kumre Pramod Kumar , Goyal Nishant , Khanra Sourav
Published: September 2022

Background

Approximately 40% of patients treated for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) do not respond to standard and second-line augmentation treatments leading to the exploration of alternate biological treatments. Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) is a form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation inducing more rapid and longer-lasting effects on synaptic plasticity than the latter. To the best of our knowledge, only one recent study and a case report investigated the effect of cTBS at the supplementary motor area (SMA) in OCD.

Objective

This study aimed to examine the effect of accelerated robotized neuronavigated cTBS over SMA in patients with OCD.

Methods

A total of 32 patients with OCD were enrolled and randomized into active and sham cTBS groups. For active cTBS stimulation, an accelerated protocol was used. Bursts of three stimuli at 50 Hz, at 80% of MT, repeated at 5 Hz were used. Daily 2 sessions of 900 pulses each, for a total of 30 sessions over 3 wk (weekly 10 sessions), were given. Yale–Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Rating Scale (YBOCS), Clinical Global Impressions scale (CGI), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) were administered at baseline and at end of weeks 3 and 8.

Results

A total of 26 patients completed the study. Active cTBS group showed significant group × time effect in YBOCS obsession (P < .001, η2 = 0.288), compulsion (P = .004, η2 = 0.207), YBOCS total (P < .001, η2 = 0.288), CGI-S (P = .010, η2 = 0.248), CGI-C (P = .010, η2 = 0.248), HAM-D (P = .014, η2 = 0.224) than sham cTBS group.

Conclusions

Findings from our study suggest that adjunctive accelerated cTBS significantly improves psychopathology, severity of illness, and depression among patients with OCD. Future studies with larger sample sizes will add to our knowledge.
Unsupervised high-frequency smartphone-based cognitive assessments are reliable, valid, and feasible in older adults at risk for Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Nicosia Jessica , Aschenbrenner Andrew J. , Balota David A. , Sliwinski Martin J. , Tahan Marisol , Adams Sarah , Stout Sarah S. , Wilks Hannah , Gordon Brian A. , Benzinger Tammie L. S. , Fagan Anne M. , Xiong Chengjie , Bateman Randall J. , Morris John C. , Hassenstab Jason
Published: September 2022

Objective:

Smartphones have the potential for capturing subtle changes in cognition that characterize preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in older adults. The Ambulatory Research in Cognition (ARC) smartphone application is based on principles from ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and administers brief tests of associative memory, processing speed, and working memory up to 4 times per day over 7 consecutive days. ARC was designed to be administered unsupervised using participants’ personal devices in their everyday environments.

Methods:

We evaluated the reliability and validity of ARC in a sample of 268 cognitively normal older adults (ages 65–97 years) and 22 individuals with very mild dementia (ages 61–88 years). Participants completed at least one 7-day cycle of ARC testing and conventional cognitive assessments; most also completed cerebrospinal fluid, amyloid and tau positron emission tomography, and structural magnetic resonance imaging studies.

Results:

First, ARC tasks were reliable as between-person reliability across the 7-day cycle and test-retest reliabilities at 6-month and 1-year follow-ups all exceeded 0.85. Second, ARC demonstrated construct validity as evidenced by correlations with conventional cognitive measures (r = 0.53 between composite scores). Third, ARC measures correlated with AD biomarker burden at baseline to a similar degree as conventional cognitive measures. Finally, the intensive 7-day cycle indicated that ARC was feasible (86.50% approached chose to enroll), well tolerated (80.42% adherence, 4.83% dropout), and was rated favorably by older adult participants.

Conclusions:

Overall, the results suggest that ARC is reliable and valid and represents a feasible tool for assessing cognitive changes associated with the earliest stages of AD.
Cognitive outcomes in anti-LGI-1 encephalitis
Authors: Galioto Rachel , Aboseif Albert , Krishnan Kamini , Lace John , Kunchok Amy
Published: September 2022

Objective:

Cognitive impairment is one of the most common symptoms of anti-leucine rich glioma inactivated 1 (anti-LGI-1) encephalitis, but little is known about the cognitive profile of these patients. This study characterized the cognitive profile of patients with anti-LGI-1 encephalitis and compared patterns of impairment to healthy controls and other patient groups with known temporal lobe/limbic involvement.

Methods:

A retrospective analysis of adult patients with anti-LGI-1 encephalitis who underwent neuropsychological assessment was conducted. Performance patterns of anti-LGI-1 patients were compared to patients deemed cognitively healthy (HC), as well as patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).

Results:

Among 10 anti-LGI encephalitis patients (60% male, median age 67.5 years) who underwent neuropsychological testing (median = 38.5 months from symptom onset), cognitive deficits were common, with 100% of patients showing impairment (≤1.5 SD below mean) on 1+ measures and 80% on 2+ measures. Patients with anti-LGI-1 encephalitis performed worse than controls on measures of basic attention, vigilance, psychomotor speed, complex figure copy, and aspects of learning/memory. Of measures which differed from controls, there were no differences between the anti-LGI-1 and TLE patients, while the anti-LGI-1 patients exhibited higher rates of impairment in basic attention and lower rates of delayed verbal memory impairment compared to the aMCI patients.

Conclusions:

Long-term cognitive deficits are common in patients with anti-LGI-1 encephalitis and involve multiple domains. Future research in larger samples is needed to confirm these findings.
High-Performance Compact Pre-Lens Retarding Field Energy Analyzer for Energy Distribution Measurements of an Electron Gun
Authors: Lee Ha Rim , Hwang Junhyeok , Ogawa Takashi , Jung Haewon , Yun Dal-Jae , Lee Sangsun , Park In-Yong
Published: September 2022

The energy distribution of an electron gun is one of the most important characteristics determining the performance of electron beam-based instruments, such as electron microscopes and electron energy loss spectroscopes. For accurate measurements of the energy distribution, this study presents a novel retarding field energy analyzer (RFEA) with the feature of an additional integrated pre-lens, which enables an adjustment of beam trajectory into the analyzer. The advantages of this analyzer are its compact size and simple electrode configuration. According to trajectory simulation theories, the optimum condition arises when the incident electron beam inside the RFEA is focused on the center of a retarding electrode. Comparing I–V curves depending on whether the pre-lens working or not, it is confirmed that the use of the pre-lens dramatically improves the energy resolution and efficiency of the signal acquisition process. The pre-lens RFEA was applied to characterize a Schottky electron gun under various temperatures and extraction voltages as operational conditions. When the tip temperature was increased by 50 K, we were able to measure an energy distribution broadening of 13.8 meV with the proposed pre-lens RFEA. The relative standard deviation of energy distribution was 0.7% for each working condition.
Performance Evaluation of Focal Plane Array (FPA)-FTIR and Synchrotron Radiation (SR)-FTIR Microspectroscopy to Classify Rice Components
Authors: Siriwong Supatcharee , Tanthanuch Waraporn , Srisamut Duangjai , Chantarakhon Chulalak , Kamkajon Kanokwan , Thumanu Kanjana
Published: September 2022

The development of biochemical analysis techniques to study heterogeneous biological samples is increasing. These techniques include synchrotron radiation Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy. This method has been applied to analyze biological tissue with multivariate statistical analysis to classify the components revealed by the spectral data. This study aims to compare the efficiencies of SR-FTIR microspectroscopy and focal plane array (FPA)-FTIR microspectroscopy when classifying rice tissue components. Spectral data were acquired for mapping the same sample areas from both techniques. Principal component analysis and cluster imaging were used to investigate the biochemical variations of the tissue types. The classification was based on the functional groups of pectin, protein, and polysaccharide. Four layers from SR-FTIR microspectroscopy including pericarp, aleurone layer, sub-aleurone layer, and endosperm were classified using cluster imaging, while FPA-FTIR microspectroscopy could classify only three layers of pericarp, aleurone layer, and endosperm. Moreover, SR-FTIR microspectroscopy increased the image contrast of the biochemical distribution in rice tissue more efficiently than FPA-FTIR microspectroscopy. We have demonstrated the capability of the high-resolution synchrotron technique and its ability to clarify small structures in rice tissue. The use of this technique might increase in future studies of tissue characterization.
Association of antipsychotic use with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies with over 2 million individuals
Authors: Leung Janice Ching Nam , Ng Dora Wai Yee , Chu Rachel Yui Ki , Chan Edward Wai Wa , Huang Lei , Lum Dawn Hei , Chan Esther Wai Yin , Smith Daniel J. , Wong Ian Chi Kei , Lai Francisco Tsz Tsun
Published: September 2022

Aims

Despite reports of an elevated risk of breast cancer associated with antipsychotic use in women, existing evidence remains inconclusive. We aimed to examine existing observational data in the literature and determine this hypothesised association.

Methods

We searched Embase, PubMed and Web of Science™ databases on 27 January 2022 for articles reporting relevant cohort or case-control studies published since inception, supplemented with hand searches of the reference lists of the included articles. Quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We generated the pooled odds ratio (OR) and pooled hazard ratio (HR) using a random-effects model to quantify the association. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022307913).

Results

Nine observational studies, including five cohort and four case-control studies, were eventually included for review (N = 2 031 380) and seven for meta-analysis (N = 1 557 013). All included studies were rated as high-quality (seven to nine stars). Six studies reported a significant association of antipsychotic use with breast cancer, and a stronger association was reported when a greater extent of antipsychotic use, e.g. longer duration, was operationalised as the exposure. Pooled estimates of HRs extracted from cohort studies and ORs from case-control studies were 1.39 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11–1.73] and 1.37 (95% CI 0.90–2.09), suggesting a moderate association of antipsychotic use with breast cancer.

Conclusions

Antipsychotic use is moderately associated with breast cancer, possibly mediated by prolactin-elevating properties of certain medications. This risk should be weighed against the potential treatment effects for a balanced prescription decision.
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis
Authors: Jayarathna Dulari K. , Rentería Miguel E. , Kho Pik Fang , Batra Jyotsna , Gandhi Neha S.
Published: September 2022

Colorectal cancer is the third most common and second most deadly type of cancer worldwide, with approximately 1.9 million cases and 0.9 million deaths worldwide in 2020. Previous studies have shown that estrogen and testosterone hormones are associated with colorectal cancer risk and mortality. However, the potential effect of their precursor, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), on colorectal cancer risk has not been investigated. Therefore, evaluating DHEAS’s effect on colorectal cancer will expand our understanding of the hormonal contribution to colorectal cancer risk. In this study, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal effect of DHEAS on colorectal cancer. We obtained DHEAS and colorectal cancer genomewide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from the Leipzig Health Atlas and the GWAS catalog and conducted MR analyses using the TwoSampleMR R package. Our results suggest that higher DHEAS levels are causally associated with decreased colorectal cancer risk (odds ratio per unit increase in DHEAS levels z score = 0.70; 95% confidence interval [0.51, 0.96]), which is in line with previous observations in a case–control study of colon cancer. The outcome of this study will be beneficial in developing plasma DHEAS-based biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Further studies should be conducted to interpret the DHEAS-colorectal cancer association among different ancestries and populations.
Supervised exercise training in patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease
Authors: Lanzi Stefano , Belch Jill , Brodmann Marianne , Madaric Juraj , Bura-Riviere Alessandra , Visonà Adriana , Mazzolai Lucia
Published: September 2022

Summary: The optimal first line management of patients with symptomatic chronic lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) includes secondary prevention of cardiovascular risk factors, pharmacological treatment, and supervised exercise therapy (SET). SET programs have shown to be effective in improving walking performance, functional performance, and quality of life. However, despite a large body of evidence, and despite national and international guidelines recommending SET as first line therapy, SET remains largely underused in patients with chronic PAD. This position paper aims to describe how SET is perceived, its accessibility and structure through Europe. An anonymous web-based survey was used. It comprised 21 questions developed in conjunction with an angiologist and a clinical exercise physiologist specialist in vascular rehabilitation. We had 131 responders from 17 countries. For patients with PAD, SET programs exist only in 59% of European countries. SET reimbursement is available in 41% of countries. SET programs showed to be heterogeneous across countries. Thirty-four percent of the SET programs are PAD-dedicated, while 23% are part of a cardiac rehabilitation program. In addition, among existing SET programs, 65% are dedicated to symptomatic patients with PAD only, 9% to both asymptomatic and symptomatic, 8% to post-revascularized patients only, and 1% to asymptomatic patients with PAD only. Finally, 17% reported not knowing which patients are eligible for enrolment in a SET program. Duration, frequency, and modality of SET also varied from country to country. Overall, these data indicate that a large variability of SET availability and characteristics exists across Europe. Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide detailed guidance to deliver optimal exercise therapeutic care in patients with PAD.
Die Dunkle Triade in einer deutschen repräsentativen Stichprobe
Authors: Krasko Julia , Kaiser Till
Published: September 2022

Zusammenfassung. Die „Niederträchtigen Neun“ ist eine psychometrisch optimierte deutsche Version des „Dreckigen Dutzends“ zur Erfassung der Dunklen Triade. In dieser Studie betrachten wir diverse psychometrische Eigenschaften der Niederträchtigen Neun mit einer repräsentativen deutschen Stichprobe. Es wurden verschiedene Faktorstrukturen miteinander verglichen sowie Messinvarianzanalysen über das Geschlecht und über das Alter anhand von konfirmatorischen Faktoranalysen und lokal gewichteten Strukturgleichungsmodellen durchgeführt. Außerdem stellen wir Normwerte zur individualdiagnostischen Interpretation von Rohwerten zur Verfügung. Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Niederträchtigen Neun durch Bifaktor-Modelle mit Machiavellismus als inhaltlicher Anker des allgemeinen Faktors (dem „dunklen Kern“) am besten repräsentiert wird. Über das Geschlecht ergaben sich Einschränkungen der metrischen Invarianz, die hauptsächlich auf Indikatoren von Psychopathie zurückzuführen sind. Partielle metrische Invarianz konnte jedoch belegt werden. Über das Alter konnte metrische Invarianz belegt werden, jedoch ergaben sich Einschränkungen der skalaren und strikten Invarianz. Implikationen für die Erfassung der Dunklen Triade mit der Niederträchtigen Neun oder dem Dreckigen Dutzend werden diskutiert.
The Martian Boulder Automatic Recognition System, MBARS
Authors: Hood Don R. , Sholes S. F. , Karunatillake S. , Fassett C. I. , Ewing R. C. , Levy J.
Published: September 2022

Boulder‐sized clasts are common on the surface of Mars, and many are sufficiently large to be resolved by the high resolution imaging science experiment (HiRISE) camera aboard the Mars reconnaissance orbiter. The size, number, and location of boulders on the surface and their spatial distribution can reveal the processes that have operated on the surface, including boulder erosion, burial, impact excavation, and other mechanisms of boulder transport and generation. However, quantitative analysis of statistically significant boulder populations, which could inform these processes, entails prohibitively laborious manual segmentation, granulometry, and morphometry measurements over large areas. Here, we develop, describe, and validate an automated tool to locate and measure boulders on the Martian surface: the Martian Boulder Automatic Recognition System (MBARS). Our open‐source Python‐based toolkit automatically measures boulder diameter and height in HiRISE images enabling rapid and accurate assessments of boulder populations. We compare our algorithm with existing boulder‐counting methods, manual analyses, and objects of known size to verify accuracy and precision. Additionally, we test how MBARS quantitatively characterizes boulders around an impact crater in the Martian northern lowlands. We compare this to previous work on rock excavation during impact cratering using manually counted boulders around lunar craters.
Variations of the Intensity of the Siberian High During the Last Glacial Revealed by the Sorting Coefficient of Loess‐Paleosol Deposits in Eastern Central Asia
Authors: Cheng Liangqing , Song Yougui , Yang Linhai , Chang Hong , Wu Yubin , Long Hao , Miao Xiaodong , Dong Zhibao
Published: September 2022

Eastern Central Asia has an arid environment and experiences frequent dust storms. Modern observations indicate that the dust storm frequency in eastern Central Asia is modulated mainly by the intensity of the Siberian High (SH). However, a lack of knowledge about the process influencing the variation of the SH limits our ability to understand the genesis of dust storms and their predictions. In this study, we present data on heavy mineral assemblages and sediment grain size in a loess section in eastern Central Asia, spanning the last glacial. Combined with previously published results, we propose that the sorting coefficient in loess‐paleosol sequences is a more sensitive proxy for wind intensity—and thus for the intensity of the SH—than the commonly used proxies of the mean grain size and grain size fractions, which are also influenced by changes in dust source and vegetation cover. Our sorting coefficient series clearly reveals Heinrich events, as well as the prominent ∼5 kyr Bond cycle. Larger sorting coefficients correspond to more depleted Sanbao Cave stalagmite δ18O values, revealing an antiphase relationship between the intensity of the SH and the East Asian Summer Monsoon during the last glacial. The sorting coefficient series also support the significant influence of Arctic sea‐ice cover on the intensity of the SH.
Computational psychiatry: from synapses to sentience
Authors: Friston Karl
Published: September 2022

This review considers computational psychiatry from a particular viewpoint: namely, a commitment to explaining psychopathology in terms of pathophysiology. It rests on the notion of agenerative modelas underwriting (i) sentient processing in the brain, and (ii) the scientific process in psychiatry. The story starts with a view of the brain—from cognitive and computational neuroscience—as an organ of inference and prediction. This offers a formal description of neuronal message passing, distributed processing and belief propagation in neuronal networks; and how certain kinds of dysconnection lead to aberrant belief updating and false inference. The dysconnections in question can be read as a pernicious synaptopathy that fits comfortably with formal notions of how we—or our brains—encode uncertainty or its complement,precision. It then considers how the ensuing process theories are tested empirically, with an emphasis on the computational modelling of neuronal circuits and synaptic gain control that mediates attentional set, active inference, learning and planning. The opportunities afforded by this sort of modelling are considered in light of in silico experiments; namely, computational neuropsychology, computational phenotyping and the promises of a computational nosology for psychiatry. The resulting survey of computational approaches is not scholarly or exhaustive. Rather, its aim is to review a theoretical narrative that is emerging across subdisciplines within psychiatry and empirical scales of investigation. These range from epilepsy research to neurodegenerative disorders; from post-traumatic stress disorder to the management of chronic pain, from schizophrenia to functional medical symptoms.
Smoldering multiple myeloma current treatment algorithms
Authors: Rajkumar S. Vincent , Kumar Shaji , Lonial Sagar , Mateos Maria Victoria
Published: September 2022

Smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) is an asymptomatic condition that occupies a space between monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma (MM) along the spectrum of clonal plasma cell proliferative disorders. It is not a biologic intermediate stage between MGUS and MM, but rather represents a heterogeneous clinically defined condition in which some patients (approximately two-thirds) have MGUS (pre-malignancy), and some (approximately one-third) have MM (biologic malignancy). Unfortunately, no single pathologic or molecular feature can reliably distinguish these two groups of patients. For purposes of practice and clinical trials, specific risk factors are used to identify patients with SMM in whom malignant transformation has already likely occurred (high risk SMM). Patients with newly diagnosed high risk SMM should be offered therapy with lenalidomide or lenalidomide plus dexamethasone (Rd) for 2 years, or enrollment in clinical trials. Patients with low risk SMM should be observed without therapy every 3–4 months.
ZMYND8 suppresses MAPT213 LncRNA transcription to promote neuronal differentiation
Authors: Adhikary Santanu , Singh Vipin , Choudhari Ramesh , Yang Barbara , Adhikari Swagata , Ramos Enrique I. , Chaudhuri Soumi , Roy Siddhartha , Gadad Shrikanth S. , Das Chandrima
Published: September 2022

Zinc Finger transcription factors are crucial in modulating various cellular processes, including differentiation. Chromatin reader Zinc Finger MYND (Myeloid, Nervy, and DEAF-1) type containing 8 (ZMYND8), an All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA)-responsive gene, was previously shown to play a crucial role in promoting the expression of neuronal-lineage committed genes. Here, we report that ZMYND8 promotes neuronal differentiation by positively regulating canonical MAPT protein-coding gene isoform, a key player in the axonal development of neurons. Additionally, ZMYND8 modulates gene-isoform switching by epigenetically silencing key regulatory regions within the MAPT gene, thereby suppressing the expression of non-protein-coding isoforms such as MAPT213. Genetic deletion of ZMYND8 led to an increase in the MAPT213 that potentially suppressed the parental MAPT protein-coding transcript expression related to neuronal differentiation programs. In addition, ectopic expression of MAPT213 led to repression of MAPT protein-coding transcript. Similarly, ZMYND8-driven transcription regulation was also observed in other neuronal differentiation-promoting genes. Collectively our results elucidate a novel mechanism of ZMYND8-dependent transcription regulation of different neuronal lineage committing genes, including MAPT, to promote neural differentiation.
A Cryptochrome adopts distinct moon- and sunlight states and functions as sun- versus moonlight interpreter in monthly oscillator entrainment
Authors: Poehn Birgit , Krishnan Shruthi , Zurl Martin , Coric Aida , Rokvic Dunja , Häfker N. Sören , Jaenicke Elmar , Arboleda Enrique , Orel Lukas , Raible Florian , Wolf Eva , Tessmar-Raible Kristin
Published: September 2022

The moon’s monthly cycle synchronizes reproduction in countless marine organisms. The mass-spawning bristle worm Platynereis dumerilii uses an endogenous monthly oscillator set by full moon to phase reproduction to specific days. But how do organisms recognize specific moon phases? We uncover that the light receptor L-Cryptochrome (L-Cry) discriminates between different moonlight durations, as well as between sun- and moonlight. A biochemical characterization of purified L-Cry protein, exposed to naturalistic sun- or moonlight, reveals the formation of distinct sun- and moonlight states characterized by different photoreduction- and recovery kinetics of L-Cry’s co-factor Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide. In Platynereis, L-Cry’s sun- versus moonlight states correlate with distinct subcellular localizations, indicating different signaling. In contrast, r-Opsin1, the most abundant ocular opsin, is not required for monthly oscillator entrainment. Our work reveals a photo-ecological concept for natural light interpretation involving a “valence interpreter” that provides entraining photoreceptor(s) with light source and moon phase information.
Molecular basis for polysaccharide recognition and modulated ATP hydrolysis by the O antigen ABC transporter
Authors: Spellmon Nicholas , Muszyński Artur , Górniak Ireneusz , Vlach Jiri , Hahn David , Azadi Parastoo , Zimmer Jochen
Published: September 2022

O antigens are ubiquitous protective extensions of lipopolysaccharides in the extracellular leaflet of the Gram-negative outer membrane. Following biosynthesis in the cytosol, the lipid-linked polysaccharide is transported to the periplasm by the WzmWzt ABC transporter. Often, O antigen secretion requires the chemical modification of its elongating terminus, which the transporter recognizes via a carbohydrate-binding domain (CBD). Here, using components from A. aeolicus, we identify the O antigen structure with methylated mannose or rhamnose as its cap. Crystal and cryo electron microscopy structures reveal how WzmWzt recognizes this cap between its carbohydrate and nucleotide-binding domains in a nucleotide-free state. ATP binding induces drastic conformational changes of its CBD, terminating interactions with the O antigen. ATPase assays and site directed mutagenesis reveal reduced hydrolytic activity upon O antigen binding, likely to facilitate polymer loading into the ABC transporter. Our results elucidate critical steps in the recognition and translocation of polysaccharides by ABC transporters.
High-density electrode recordings reveal strong and specific connections between retinal ganglion cells and midbrain neurons
Authors: Sibille Jérémie , Gehr Carolin , Benichov Jonathan I. , Balasubramanian Hymavathy , Teh Kai Lun , Lupashina Tatiana , Vallentin Daniela , Kremkow Jens
Published: September 2022

The superior colliculus is a midbrain structure that plays important roles in visually guided behaviors in mammals. Neurons in the superior colliculus receive inputs from retinal ganglion cells but how these inputs are integrated in vivo is unknown. Here, we discovered that high-density electrodes simultaneously capture the activity of retinal axons and their postsynaptic target neurons in the superior colliculus, in vivo. We show that retinal ganglion cell axons in the mouse provide a single cell precise representation of the retina as input to superior colliculus. This isomorphic mapping builds the scaffold for precise retinotopic wiring and functionally specific connection strength. Our methods are broadly applicable, which we demonstrate by recording retinal inputs in the optic tectum in zebra finches. We find common wiring rules in mice and zebra finches that provide a precise representation of the visual world encoded in retinal ganglion cells connections to neurons in retinorecipient areas.
In-sensor image memorization and encoding via optical neurons for bio-stimulus domain reduction toward visual cognitive processing
Authors: Lee Doeon , Park Minseong , Baek Yongmin , Bae Byungjoon , Heo Junseok , Lee Kyusang
Published: September 2022

As machine vision technology generates large amounts of data from sensors, it requires efficient computational systems for visual cognitive processing. Recently, in-sensor computing systems have emerged as a potential solution for reducing unnecessary data transfer and realizing fast and energy-efficient visual cognitive processing. However, they still lack the capability to process stored images directly within the sensor. Here, we demonstrate a heterogeneously integrated 1-photodiode and 1 memristor (1P-1R) crossbar for in-sensor visual cognitive processing, emulating a mammalian image encoding process to extract features from the input images. Unlike other neuromorphic vision processes, the trained weight values are applied as an input voltage to the image-saved crossbar array instead of storing the weight value in the memristors, realizing the in-sensor computing paradigm. We believe the heterogeneously integrated in-sensor computing platform provides an advanced architecture for real-time and data-intensive machine-vision applications via bio-stimulus domain reduction.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of self-organized branching in pancreas-derived organoids
Authors: Randriamanantsoa S. , Papargyriou A. , Maurer H. C. , Peschke K. , Schuster M. , Zecchin G. , Steiger K. , Öllinger R. , Saur D. , Scheel C. , Rad R. , Hannezo E. , Reichert M. , Bausch A. R.
Published: September 2022

The development dynamics and self-organization of glandular branched epithelia is of utmost importance for our understanding of diverse processes ranging from normal tissue growth to the growth of cancerous tissues. Using single primary murine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells embedded in a collagen matrix and adapted media supplementation, we generate organoids that self-organize into highly branched structures displaying a seamless lumen connecting terminal end buds, replicating in vivo PDAC architecture. We identify distinct morphogenesis phases, each characterized by a unique pattern of cell invasion, matrix deformation, protein expression, and respective molecular dependencies. We propose a minimal theoretical model of a branching and proliferating tissue, capturing the dynamics of the first phases. Observing the interaction of morphogenesis, mechanical environment and gene expression in vitro sets a benchmark for the understanding of self-organization processes governing complex organoid structure formation processes and branching morphogenesis.
Structural basis for recognition of N-formyl peptides as pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Authors: Chen Geng , Wang Xiankun , Liao Qiwen , Ge Yunjun , Jiao Haizhan , Chen Qiang , Liu Yezhou , Lyu Wenping , Zhu Lizhe , van Zundert Gydo C. P. , Robertson Michael J. , Skiniotis Georgios , Du Yang , Hu Hongli , Ye Richard D.
Published: September 2022

The formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) is primarily responsible for detection of short peptides bearing N-formylated methionine (fMet) that are characteristic of protein synthesis in bacteria and mitochondria. As a result, FPR1 is critical to phagocyte migration and activation in bacterial infection, tissue injury and inflammation. How FPR1 distinguishes between formyl peptides and non-formyl peptides remains elusive. Here we report cryo-EM structures of human FPR1-Gi protein complex bound toS. aureus-derived peptide fMet-Ile-Phe-Leu (fMIFL) andE. coli-derived peptide fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLF). Both structures of FPR1 adopt an active conformation and exhibit a binding pocket containing the R2015.38XXXR2055.42(RGIIR) motif for formyl group interaction and receptor activation. This motif works together with D1063.33for hydrogen bond formation with the N-formyl group and with fMet, a model supported by MD simulation and functional assays of mutant receptors with key residues for recognition substituted by alanine. The cryo-EM model of agonist-bound FPR1 provides a structural basis for recognition of bacteria-derived chemotactic peptides with potential applications in developing FPR1-targeting agents.