bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of inverted metamorphic GaInP/GaAs/In0.3Ga0.7As (1 eV) triple junction solar cells for space applications
Authors: Zhang Yong  , Shan Zhi-Fa  , Cai Jian-Jiu  , Wu Hong-Qing  , Li Jun-Cheng  , Chen Kai-Xuan  , Lin Zhi-Wei  , Wang Xiang-Wu  ,   Xiamen Changelight Co., LTD, Xiamen 361101, China
Published: December 2020

High efficiency inverted metamorphic (IMM) GaInP/GaAs/In0.3Ga0.7As(1.0 eV) triple-junction solar cells have been fabricated by growing In0.3Ga0.7As(1.0 eV) sub-cell using step-graded buffer layer, which is 2% lattice mismatch to the GaAs middle cell. The high crystalline quality and low threading dislocation density are confirmed by high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The quantum efficiency and I-V characteristic are measured for the IMM GaInP/GaAs/In0.3Ga0.7As solar cells, as well as for the conventional triple-junction solar cell based on Ge substrate (GaInP/GaAs/Ge). The efficiency of the designed cell with an area of 10.922 cm2 is 32.64% (AM0, 25 ℃), which is 3% higher than the conventional GaInP/GaAs/Ge triple junction solar cell.
Electron spin studies of nitrogen vacancy centers in nanodiamonds
Authors: Liu Dong-Qi  , Chang Yan-Chun  , Liu Gang-Qin  , Pan Xin-Yu  ,   Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Published: December 2020

Fluorescent nanodiamonds containing nitrogen vacancy centers are created by electron irradiation. The values of spin echo coherence time T2 of nitrogen vacancy centers in nanodiamonds are very small, which are between 0.86 s and 5.6 s. The results of Ramsey interference fringes show that the values of dephasing time T2* differ from each other and the T2* of nitrogen vacancy center NV1 is biggest (0.7 s). Its inhomogeneous linewidth obtained from Fourier transform frequency spectrum of Ramsey interference fringes is 1.05 MHz. The hyperfine structure for the nitrogen vacancy center electron spin coupled to the host nitrogen-14 nuclear spin can be detected by the electron spin resonance spectrum in nitrogen vacancy center NV1. It is important for the realization of the manipulation of nuclear spins and quantum gates of multiqubit in nanodiamonds.
Molecular dynamics study of interaction between the H atoms and Si surface
Authors: Ke Chuan  , Zhao Cheng-Li  , Gou Fu-Jun  , Zhao Yong  ,   Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, Superconductivity and New Energy Research and Development Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China;,   Institute of Plasma Surface Interactions, College of Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;,   Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
Published: December 2020

In this paper, molecular dynamics simulation is used to study the interactions between H atoms and the crystalline Si surface when H atoms bombard the Si surface in different incident energies. The results show that the adsorption rate of H atoms first increases and then reaches an equilibrium value with the increase of incident energy, which is consistent with the experimental results. The results also reveal that the H atoms are deposited on the Si surface, forming hydrogenated amorphous silicon film. The etching products (H2, SiH2, SiH3 and SiH4) influence the adsorption rate of H atoms, and determine the surface roughness of the hydrogenated amorphous silicon film. The surface roughness reaches a minimal value when the incident energy is 1 eV. However, both the yield and the distribution of the composition (SiH, SiH2, SiH3) in the hydrogenated amorphous silicon film change with the increase of incident energy.
Study on the effect of stochastic perturbations on the dynamics of spiral wave
Authors: Tian Chang-Hai  , Deng Min-Yi  ,   Department of Physics and Electronic Science, Tongren University, Tongren 554300, China;,   College of Physics and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
Published: December 2020

The cardiac muscle, which is composed of many discrete cells, is a typical excitable medium. In this paper, we study the effect of refractory period with stochastic perturbations on dynamical behaviors of spiral wave using the model of discrete excitable medium. When the perturbations are random in space, the stability of spiral wave is related to the amplitude of the perturbations and the number of perturbation cells. Computer simulation results show that refractory period perturbations can result in meandering, breakup and disappearance of the spiral waves under suitable conditions, and then their mechanisms are analyzed.
The ab initio potential energy curve of HNO(1A’)
Authors: Han Xiao-Qin  , Xiao Xia-Jie  , Liu Yu-Fang  ,   Department of Physics, Shangqiu Normal College, Shangqiu 476000, China;,   Department of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China;,   Henan Quality Polytechnic, Pingdingshan 467000, China
Published: December 2020

The ab initio coupled-cluster theory and the configuration interaction method have been used to optimize the possible ground state structures of NH, NO and HNO. The potential energy functions of HNO have been derived from the many-body expansion theory. In the symmetric stretching vibration and rotation potential energy diagram of HNO, there are saddle points in reaction kinetics O+NH→HNO, H+NO→HNO, N+HO→HNO, when O, H, N atoms with the energies surpassing 1.153 eV, 1.683 eV, 2.216 eV respectively, a stable HNO molecule could be formed. These are reported for the first time so for as we know. In addition, It is reported that the position of HNO’s isomer in the curve and the energy of transition from HNO to HON are also determined.
Theoretical and experimental study on M2 factor matrix for astigmatic elliptical Gaussian beam
Authors: Liu Xiao-Li  , Feng Guo-Ying  , Li Wei  , Tang Chun  , Zhou Shou-Huan  ,   College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China;,   Institute of Applied Electronics, China Academy of Engnieering Phycics, Mianyang 621900, China;,   North China Research Institute of Electro-Optics, Beijing 100015, China
Published: December 2020

Mx2 and My2 are provided for characterizing and measuring the beam quality of an astigmatic elliptical Gaussian beam. The value undergoes certain changes when the beam is not at an arbitrary azimuth angle . Accordingly, problem arises: merely using Mx2 and My2 cannot characterize beam quality effectively. So in this paper M2 factor matrix is introduced. The M2 factor matrix for the beam at an azimuth angle is theoretically derived. It is found that elements of the matrix for the original field are related to that beam at azimuth angle . The matrix elements, including diagonal and off-diagonal elements, versus azimuth angle have been presented on the basis of calculation results. Theoretical results are in agreement with experimental ones. Results imply that the sum of Mx2 and My2 for an astigmatic elliptical Gaussian beam is to be minimum as the principal axes correspond to the laboratory coordinate axes; off-diagonal elements, however, vary periodically with the variation in , and are to be zero as the principal axes correspond to the laboratory coordinate axes.
Shock temperature of femtosecond laser ablation of solid target
Authors: Wang Wen-Ting  , Zhang Nan  , Wang Ming-Wei  , He Yuan-Hang  , Yang Jian-Jun  , Zhu Xiao-Nong  ,   Institute of Modern Optics, Key Laboratory of Optical Information Science & Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;,   National Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;,   National Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
Published: December 2020

The concept of shock temperature in the interaction betweer femtosecond laser pulses and a solid target is defined. The relationship between the shock temperature and other physical parameters in the process of femtosecond laser ablation of aluminum and copper targets is discussed. Absolute values of shock temperature are calculated by means of a two-temperature model. Shock temperature is calculated distribution based on the non-Fourier heat conduction model. Result of this investigation plays an important role in the secure femtosecond laser processing of energetic materials.
Evaluation of Functional Outcome of Management of Proximal Humerus Fractures by Different Treatment Modalities
Authors: Kushwaha Sudhir Shyam , Thakur Ambrish , Khan Yasir Ali , Verma Amit , Mohammed Farid , Kumar Ashish
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Proximal humerus fractures account for 4-5% of all fractures and could be managed both conservatively and surgically. As much as 85% minimally or non-displaced fractures can be managed conservatively. In spite of early union and exercise programme by conservative treatment, the problem of shoulder stiffness is common. To overcome stiffness, early mobilisation is mandatory which is not possible in conservative treatment before three weeks. Therefore, surgical intervention is needed for early mobilisation and early return of function. Aim: To compare the functional outcome between the four common methods of managing proximal humerus fractures namely locking plate, Joshi External Stabilisation System (JESS), percutaneous K-wire fixation and conservative method. Materials and Methods: Patients with proximal humerus fracture above 18 years of age between August 2011 to August 2013 were included in the study. The study population was divided into four groups viz., Group A, B, C, D depending on the mode of treatment by locking plate, external fixator, K-wire fixation and conservative method of treatment, respectively. The patients were followed-up at 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, 18 weeks and thereafter every 6 weeks’ interval till 9 months. After union, cases were evaluated radiologically and clinically for functional results by using the Swanson Shoulder Score and Constant Scoring System (Modified). Results: At the end of the study there were 17 patients in the Group ‘A’, 7 patients in the Group ‘B’, 7 patients in the Group ‘C’ and 11 patients in Group ‘D’. At 9 months of follow-up according to modified constant shoulder score the percentage of excellent score in group A was maximum. Group B and Group D had maximum number of good scores. The mean constant shoulder score increased in all groups at 9 months of follow-up as compared to 3 months of follow-up except in group D. Similarly, according to Swanson’s shoulder score, group A had the maximum number of excellent scores. Conclusion: From the above study it can be concluded locking plates are an excellent modality of treatment of proximal humerus fractures with excellent union rate and early mobilisation.
Role of TRUS and MRI in the Detection of Prostate Cancer-A Prospective Study
Authors: Bhambri Kanika , Pandey Alok Kumar , Jhobta Anupam , Bhambri Amit , Sharma Sanjiv , Singh Balraj , Barwal Kailash
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Prostate cancer ranks second among all cancers affecting men. Common diagnostic tests like Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS) and Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) are suboptimal for diagnostic purpose. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has a promising role in detection, guidance for targeted biopsy and staging of prostate cancer. Aim: To evaluate the role of TRUS and MRI in the detection of prostate cancer and to ascertain if any functional parameter or union of parameters is of any utility in detection of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted which included fifty patients who underwent TRUS and 1.5-T MRI before being subjected toTRUS-guided biopsy. Imaging was compared with histopathological results. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, positive and negative likelihood ratio for each of the investigation was calculated. Results: The accuracy of the model combining all the imaging variables {T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), MR spectroscopy (MRS), Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI), Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE) MRI} in predicting prostate cancer was 94%, which was higher than the diagnostic accuracy of each variable considered alone (DWI, 92%; ADC, 92%; MRS, 88.0%; DCE-MRI, 92%; and T2WI, 72%). TRUS had a diagnostic accuracy of 80%, sensitivity of 100.0%, specificity of 67.7%, PPV of 65.5% and NPV of 100.0%. Conclusion: TRUS had a high sensitivity and negative predictive value but a low specificity. MRI had both high sensitivity and specificity especially when the combination of functional sequences was used. But, the addition of a third functional technique does not further improve detection. Thus, a limited number of functional sequences are needed in every MRI study for prostatic cancer. However, DWI being the most valuable should be included as one of the sequences.
Giant Glomus Tumour of the Forearm- An Unusual Occurrence
Authors: Manas Ammar Muizzuddin , Bajuri Mohd Yazid , Duski Suryasmi , Ching Chye Ping
Published: December 2020

Glomus tumour is a rare small benign lesion which is typically located at fingertip. Most patients with glomus tumour have delayed diagnosis. Recognition of the classical triad of glomus tumour which include paroxysmal pain, exquisite tenderness to touch and cold intolerance; and advanced imaging like MRI and biopsy would help in making the diagnosis. Here, a case of an elderly patient is reported with painful right forearm swelling for three years which progressively increased in size. The size of the swelling was unusually large for glomus tumour. Unfortunately, during the same time period he suffered from acute coronary event. MRI revealed subcutaneously located lobulated soft tissue mass. Surgical biopsy with marginal excision was done. Histopathological examination revealed small uniform rounded cells surrounding capillary vessels, consistent with the diagnosis of glomus tumour. There was no recurrence up to 2 year of follow-up and his cardiac symptoms also stabilised.
Acid Hydrolysis of Bis(2,2'; 6',2''–Terpyridyl) Iron(II) Complex in the Water Pools of CTAB/Hexane/Chloroform Reverse Micelles-A Kinetic Study in Confined Medium
Authors: Nagalakshmi K. V. , Shyamala P.
Published: December 2020

The kinetics of acid hydrolysis of bis(2,2';6',2''–terpyridyl) iron(II) complex has been studied in CTAB/Hexane/Chloroform reverse micelles. The reaction obeys first order kinetics with respect to each of the reactants at all values of W, {W= [H2O]/[CTAB]}. In the reverse micellar medium, the reaction is much slower compared to aqueous medium due to low micropolarity of the water pools which does not facilitate a reaction between reactants of same charge. The effect of variation of W {W=[H2O]/[CTAB]} at constant [CTAB] and variation of [CTAB] at fixed W has been studied. The second order rate constant (k2) of the reaction increases as the value of W increases up to W = 8.88 and remains constant thereafter and it is independent of concentration of [CTAB] at constant W. The variation of rate of reaction with W has been explained by considering variation of micropolarity and ionic strength of water pools of reverse micelles with W. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Discovery and validation of extracellular vesicle‐associated miRNAs as noninvasive detection biomarkers for early‐stage non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhong Yujie , Ding Xiaoyu , Bian Yuying , Wang Jing , Zhou Wanqing , Wang Xiangdong , Li Pumin , Shen Yi , Wang Jun‐Jun , Li Jing , Zhang Chunni , Wang Cheng
Published: December 2020

miRNAs in circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising biomarkers for cancer. However, their diagnostic ability for early‐stage non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not well known. In this study, the circulating EV miRNAs profiling was initially performed in 36 untreated NSCLC patients and 36 healthy controls by TaqMan Low Density Array (TLDA). Subsequently, we performed quantitative reverse‐transcription PCR assay (RT‐qPCR) validation in several independent cohorts that included 159 NSCLC patients, 120 age/sex‐matched healthy controls and 31 benign nodule patients enrolled from three different clinical centres. In addition, 38 cases of NSCLC were analysed before and after surgery. We demonstrated that miR‐520c‐3p and miR‐1274b were significantly and steadily increased in NSCLC patients in comparison with healthy controls and benign nodule patients (P < 0.001) and decreased markedly after tumour resection (P < 0.001). The areas under the curve (AUCs) of the ROC curve of the two‐miRNA panel were 0.857 (95% CI, 0813–0.901; P < 0.0001) and 0.845 (95% CI, 0.793–0.896; P < 0.0001) for NSCLC and NSCLC stage I, respectively. Furthermore, the panel was able to differentiate NSCLC from benign nodules with an AUC of 0.823 (95% CI, 0.730–0.915; P < 0.0001). Furthermore, logistic regression analysis revealed the two‐miRNA panel as an independent risk factor for NSCLC (OR = 16.128, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, miR‐520c‐3p and miR‐1274b have biomarker potential for early diagnosis of NSCLC in multiple centres.
Recent Advances in Iron‐Catalyzed Chemical and Enzymatic Carbene‐Transfer Reactions
Authors: Kaur Parmjeet , Tyagi Vikas
Published: December 2020

The use of diazo compounds in the transition‐metal‐catalyzed coupling reactions to form C−C and C−X (X=O, S, N, Si, P etc.) bonds have been a well established approach in organic synthesis. In this context, various transition metals such as Pd, Cu, Rh, Ni, Co, Fe, Ir etc. have proved useful to generate a metal‐carbene intermediate which subsequently undergoes carbene transfer or insertion to form C−C, C−Si or C‐heteroatom bonds. However, the use of most abundant, cheaper and environmentally benign metal such as iron to catalyze carbene‐transfer reactions has attracted considerable attention in the last few years. Iron is the second most abundant transition metal in nature and also an integral part of various biological systems which make it highly valuable to use as a catalyst in organic chemistry. This review summarizes the efforts made after 2013 in the area of iron‐catalyzed chemical and enzymatic carbene‐transfer reactions using diazo compounds as carbene precursor.

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Nucleic acid damage and DNA repair are affected by freezing stress in annual wheat (Triticum aestivum) and by plant age and freezing in its perennial relative (Thinopyrum intermedium)
Authors: Jaikumar Nikhil S. , Dorn Kevin M. , Baas Dean , Wilke Brook , Kapp Christian , Snapp Sieglinde S.
Published: December 2020

PREMISE

Nucleic acid integrity can be compromised under many abiotic stresses. To date, however, few studies have considered whether nucleic acid damage and damage repair play a role in cold‐stress adaptation. A further insufficiently explored question concerns how age affects cold stress adaptation among mature perennials. As a plant ages, the optimal trade‐off between growth and stress tolerance may shift.

METHODS

Oxidative damage to RNA and expression of genes involved in DNA repair were compared in multiple mature cohorts of Thinopyrum intermedium (an emerging perennial cereal) and in wheat and barley under intermittent freezing stress and under nonfreezing conditions. Activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and four other antioxidative enzymes was also measured under these conditions. DNA repair genes included photolyases involved in repairing ultraviolet‐induced damage and two genes involved in repairing oxidatively induced damage (ERCC1, RAD23).

RESULTS

Freezing stress was accompanied by large increases in photolyase expression and ERCC1 expression (in wheat and Thinopyrum) and in GPX and GR activity (particularly in Thinopyrum). This is the first report of DNA photolyases being overexpressed under freezing stress. Older Thinopyrum had lower photolyase expression and less freezing‐induced overexpression of ERCC1. Younger Thinopyrum plants sustained more oxidative damage to RNA.

CONCLUSIONS

Overexpression of DNA repair genes is an important aspect of cold acclimation. When comparing adult cohorts, aging was associated with changes in the freezing stress response, but not with overall increases or decreases in stress tolerance.
Total Syntheses of Kirkamide and N‐acetyl ent‐Conduramine B‐1
Authors: Narayana Chintam , Khanna Ashish , Kumari Priti , Sagar Ram
Published: December 2020

The second total synthesis of recently isolated new C7N aminocyclitol, kirkamide, has been developed. The enantiopure epoxide derived from N‐acetylglucosamine in few steps was used as a synthon to accomplish the metal free synthesis of kirkamide and N‐acetyl ent‐conduramine B‐1 in gram scale. The key synthetic steps involve stereoselective epoxidation, acid mediated regioselective epoxide ring opening followed by selective olefination.
A Review of Phosphate and Borate Sol–Gel Glasses for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Lepry William C. , Nazhat Showan N.
Published: December 2020

The sol–gel processing method revolutionizes the biomedical materials field, allowing for the customized creation of nano‐ and porous materials to help treat the toughest challenges in human health. However, this process and the subsequently produced materials have mostly been based on silica, particularly in terms of biomedical glasses. Yet, within the last two decades, there has been increased interest in silica‐free glass chemistries, such as those based on borate or phosphate. Attributable to their distinct properties which allows for linear and complete degradation, these glass compositions have shown great promise for both hard and soft tissue engineering applications, albeit with only a limited number of studies on glasses created through the sol–gel process. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the advancement of nonsilica sol–gel glasses, by focusing on borate and phosphate chemistries, for biomedical applications. A comprehensive review of these materials, including the challenges in processing as well as the current uses and future potential, is discussed.
An Integrated Electrochemical Nanodevice for Intracellular RNA Collection and Detection in Single Living Cell
Authors: Wang Hai‐Yan , Ruan Yi‐Fan , Zhu Li‐Bang , Shi Xiao‐Mei , Zhao Wei‐Wei , Chen Hong‐Yuan , Xu Jing‐Juan
Published: December 2020

New tools for single‐cell interrogation enable deeper understanding of cellular heterogeneity and associated cellular behaviors and functions. Information of RNA expression in single cell could contribute to our knowledge of the genetic regulatory circuits and molecular mechanism of disease development. Although significant progresses have been made for intracellular RNA analysis, existing methods have a trade‐off between operational complexity and practical feasibility. We address this challenge by combining the ionic current rectification property of nanopipette reactor with duplex‐specific nuclease‐assisted hybridization chain reaction for signal amplification to realize a simple and practical intracellular nanosensor with minimal invasiveness, which enables single‐cell collection and electrochemical detection of intracellular RNA with cell‐context preservation. Systematic studies on differentiation of oncogenic miR‐10b expression levels in non‐malignant breast cells, metastatic breast cancer cells as well as non‐metastatic breast cancer cells were then realized by this nanotool accompanied by assessment of different drugs effects. This work has unveiled the ability of electrochemistry to probe intracellular RNA and opened new opportunities to study the gene expression and heterogeneous complexity under physiological conditions down to single‐cell level.
Unveiling the Hydration Structure of Ferrihydrite for Hole Storage in Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Wang Pengpeng , Li Deng , Chi Haibo , Zhao Yongle , Wang Junhu , Li Dongfeng , Pang Shan , Fu Ping , Shi Jingying , Li Can
Published: December 2020

Ferrihydrite (Fh) has been demonstrated acting as a hole‐storage layer (HSL) in photoelectrocatalysis system. However, the intrinsic structure responsible for the hole storage function for Fh remains unclear. Herein, by dehydrating the Fh via a careful calcination, the essential relation between the HSL function and the structure evolution of Fh material is unraveled. The irreversible and gradual loss of crystal water molecules in Fh leads to the weakening of the HSL function, accompanied with the arrangement of inner structure units. A structure evolution of the dehydration process is proposed and the primary active structure of Fh for HSL is identified as the [FeO6] polyhedral units bonding with two or three molecules of crystal water. With the successive loss of chemical crystal water, the coordination symmetry of [FeO6] hydration units undergoes mutation and a more ordered structure is formed, causing the difficulty for accepting photogenerated holes as a consequence.
Singlet‐Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Unlocking Hyperpolarization with Metabolism**
Authors: Eills J. , Cavallari E. , Kircher R. , Di Matteo G. , Carrera C. , Dagys L. , Levitt M. H. , Ivanov K. L. , Aime S. , Reineri F. , Münnemann K. , Budker D. , Buntkowsky G. , Knecht S.
Published: December 2020

Hyperpolarization‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can be used to study biomolecular processes in the body, but typically requires nuclei such as 13C, 15N, or 129Xe due to their long spin‐polarization lifetimes and the absence of a proton‐background signal from water and fat in the images. Here we present a novel type of 1H imaging, in which hyperpolarized spin order is locked in a nonmagnetic long‐lived correlated (singlet) state, and is only liberated for imaging by a specific biochemical reaction. In this work we produce hyperpolarized fumarate via chemical reaction of a precursor molecule with para‐enriched hydrogen gas, and the proton singlet order in fumarate is released as antiphase NMR signals by enzymatic conversion to malate in D2O. Using this model system we show two pulse sequences to rephase the NMR signals for imaging and suppress the background signals from water. The hyperpolarization‐enhanced 1H‐imaging modality presented here can allow for hyperpolarized imaging without the need for low‐abundance, low‐sensitivity heteronuclei.
The improved interface performance between carbon fiber and poly(ether‐ether‐ketone) by sulfonated polyether sulfone (s‐PSF) sizing agent with different sulfonation degree
Authors: Ren Tianning , Zhu Guangming , Hou Xiao
Published: December 2020

The effects of sulfonated polyether sulfone (s‐PSF) with different sulfonation degrees on the interfacial properties of carbon fiber (CF)/poly(ether‐ether‐ketone) (PEEK) composites were investigated systematically. The performance of the modified CF and the corresponding CF/PEEK composites and was tested and characterized. Test results show that the CF surface polarity increases, the surface contact angle decreases, and the surface free energy increases with the increase in the s‐PSF sulfonation degree. Scanning electron microscopy analysis shows that the increase in the sulfonation degree of s‐PSF is beneficial to improve the interface between CF and PEEK. This condition can be ascribed to the hydrogen bonding force between the s‐PSF sulfonic acid group and the polar functional group on the surface of the modified CF and the compatibility between s‐PSF and PEEK. In terms of physical properties, the thermal and mechanical properties of CF/PEEK composite are improved with the increase in s‐PSF sulfonation degree. The interlaminar shear strength, flexural strength, and modulus of CF/PEEK composites increase by 60.16%, 30.27%, and 19.30%, respectively.
First report of COVID‐19 reinfection in a patient with beta thalassemia major
Authors: Okar Lina , Ahmad Rita , Yassin Mohamed A.
Published: December 2020

To optimize care for patients with hemoglobinopathies, frequent screening for COVID‐19 is prudent as viral kinetics in asplenic patients are unknown and differentiating prolonged viral shedding versus reinfection remains a challenge.
Intermediate Valence States in Lanthanide Compounds
Authors: Tricoire Maxime , Mahieu Nolwenn , Simler Thomas , Nocton Grégory
Published: December 2020

Over more than 50 years, intermediate valence states in lanthanide compounds have often resulted in unexpected or puzzling spectroscopic and magnetic properties. Such experimental singularities could not be rationalised until new theoretical models involving multiconfigurational electronic ground states were established. In this minireview, the different singularities that have been observed among lanthanide complexes are highlighted, the models used to rationalise them are detailed and how such electronic effects may be adjusted depending on energy and symmetry considerations is considered. Understanding and tuning the ground‐state multiconfigurational behaviour in lanthanide complexes may open new doors to modular and unusual reactivities.
Ultrastrong Regulation Effect of the Electric Field on the All‐Carboatomic Ring Cyclo[18]Carbon**
Authors: Lu Tian , Chen Qinxue
Published: December 2020

Cyclo[18]carbon has a very unique geometry and electronic structure. We found that an external electric field (EEF) has an ultrastrong regulation effect on various aspects of the cyclo[18]carbon: (1) The EEF makes the shape of the cyclo[18]carbon change from a circle to an oval, the elongation is particularly striking at a large EEF magnitude. (2) The EEF causes a huge polarization of distribution of in‐plane π electrons, and strong EEF can even make some of the electrons detached from the carbon ring (3) EEF significantly lowers LUMO energy and reduces HOMO‐LUMO gap (4) Large EEF leads to absorption band in the visible light range and thus makes the cyclo[18]carbon display color (5) Strong EEF causes a large number of new absorption peaks in IR spectrum. We also carefully analyzed how EEF deforms structure of the cyclo[18]carbon from the perspective of atomic forces and decomposition of energy variation, and the reason why the in‐plane π electrons are much more polarizable by EEF than the out‐of‐plane π electrons is discussed. Moreover, we demonstrated that it is feasible to equivalently apply a strong EEF on the cyclo[18]carbon via a purely chemical and thus a more easily achieve way, namely introducing divalent alkaline earth metal cation.
Remdesivir and Acute Renal Failure: A Potential Safety Signal From Disproportionality Analysis of the WHO Safety Database
Authors: Gérard Alexandre O. , Laurain Audrey , Fresse Audrey , Parassol Nadège , Muzzone Marine , Rocher Fanny , Esnault Vincent L.M. , Drici Milou‐Daniel
Published: December 2020

Remdesivir is approved for emergency use by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and authorized conditionally by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Its benefit‐risk ratio is still being explored because data in the field are rather scant. A decrease of the creatinine clearance associated with remdesivir has been inconstantly reported in clinical trials with unclear relevance. Despite these uncertainties, we searched for a potential signal of acute renal failure (ARF) in pharmacovigilance postmarketing data. An analysis of the international pharmacovigilance postmarketing databases (VigiBase) of the World Health Organization (WHO) was performed, using two disproportionality methods. Reporting odds ratio (ROR) compared the number of ARF cases reported with remdesivir, with those reported with other drugs prescribed in comparable situations of COVID‐19 (hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, and lopinavir/ritonavir). The combination of the terms “acute renal failure” and “remdesivir” yielded a statistically significant disproportionality signal with 138 observed cases instead of the 9 expected. ROR of ARF with remdesivir was 20‐fold (20.3; confidence interval 0.95 [15.7–26.3], P < 0.0001]) that of comparative drugs. Based on ARF cases reported in VigiBase, and despite the caveats inherent to COVID‐19 circumstances, we detected a statistically significant pharmacovigilance signal of nephrotoxicity associated with remdesivir, deserving a thorough qualitative assessment of all available data. Meanwhile, as recommended in its Summary of Product Characteristics, assessment of patients with COVID‐19 renal function should prevail before and during treatment with remdesivir in COVID‐19.
The impact of urbanization on body size of Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica gutturalis
Authors: Zhao Yanyan , Liu Yu , Scordato Elizabeth S. C. , Lee Myung‐Bok , Xing Xiaoying , Pan Xinyuan , Liu Yang , Safran Rebecca J. , Pagani‐Núñez Emilio
Published: December 2020

Urbanization implies a dramatic impact on ecosystems, which may lead to drastic phenotypic differences between urban and nonurban individuals. For instance, urbanization is associated with increased metabolic costs, which may constrain body size, but urbanization also leads to habitat fragmentation, which may favor increases in body mass when for instance it correlates with dispersal capacity. However, this apparent contradiction has rarely been studied. This is particularly evident in China where the urbanization process is currently occurring at an unprecedented scale. Moreover, no study has addressed this issue across large geographical areas encompassing locations in different climates. In this regard, Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) are a suitable model to study the impact of urbanization on wild animals because they are a widely distributed species tightly associated with humans. Here, we collected body mass and wing length data for 359 breeding individuals of Barn Swallow (H. r. gutturalis) from 128 sites showing different levels of urbanization around the whole China. Using a set of linear mixed‐effects models, we assessed how urbanization and geography influenced body size measured using body mass, wing length, and their regression residuals. Interestingly, we found that the impact of urbanization was sex‐dependent, negatively affecting males’ body mass, its regression residuals, and females’ wing length. We also found that northern and western individuals were larger, regarding both body mass and wing length, than southern and eastern individuals. Females were heavier than males, yet males had slightly longer wings than females. Overall, our results showed that body mass of males was particularly sensitive trait to urbanization, latitude, and longitude, while it only showed a weak response to latitude in females. Conversely, while wing length showed a similar geographical pattern, it was only affected by urbanization in the case of females. Further research is needed to determine whether these phenotypic differences are associated with negative effects of urbanization or potential selective advantages.
Quantitative analysis of the three‐dimensional trap stiffness of a dielectrophoretic corral trap
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Rizwen Ur , Kwak Tae Joon , Woehl Jörg C. , Chang Woo‐Jin
Published: December 2020

Dielectrophoresis is a robust approach for the manipulation and separation of (bio)particles using microfluidic platforms. We developed a dielectrophoretic corral trap in a microfluidic device that utilizes negative dielectrophoresis to capture single spherical polystyrene particles. Circular‐shaped micron‐size traps were employed inside the device and the three‐dimensional trap stiffness (restoring trapping force from equilibrium trapping location) was analyzed using 4.42 μm particles and 1 MHz of an alternating electric field from 6 VP‐P to 10 VP‐P. The trap stiffness increased exponentially in the x‐ and y‐direction, and linearly in the z‐direction. Image analysis of the trapped particle movements revealed that the trap stiffness is increased 608.4, 539.3, and 79.7% by increasing the voltage from 6 VP‐P to 10 VP‐P in the x‐, y‐, and z‐direction, respectively. The trap stiffness calculated from a finite element simulation of the device confirmed the experimental results. This analysis provides important insights to predict the trapping location, strength of the trapping, and optimum geometry for single particle trapping and its applications such as single‐molecule analysis and drug discovery.
Optimization and Analysis of Minimizing Exergy Loss in Ironmaking System
Authors: He Jianfei , Zhang Weilong , Na Hongming , Sun Jingchao , Yuan Yuxing , Qiu Ziyang , Yan Tianyi , Du Tao
Published: December 2020

Application of energy saving and consumption reduction technologies in the iron and steel industry (ISI) is an effective way to achieve sustainable development. As the highly energy‐consuming ironmaking system is an important part of steel production, reducing its exergy loss is of great significance for overall energy saving in ISI. The optimization model of the ironmaking system is established in this study based on the law of conservation of mass and the second law of thermodynamics. For the target of minimum exergy loss, material and energy systems of ironmaking are optimized and analyzed. Factors that influence the ironmaking system are further discussed. The results show that the minimum exergy loss of the ironmaking system is 4605.80 MJ t‐HM−1 by improving operation conditions. Among them, 51.15% of the total exergy loss is contributed by the blast furnace ironmaking process.
Sustainable Solvent‐Free Production and Resulting Performance of Polymer Electrolyte‐Based All‐Solid‐State Battery Electrodes
Authors: Helmers Laura , Froböse Linus , Friedrich Karsten , Steffens Maja , Kern Dominik , Michalowski Peter , Kwade Arno
Published: December 2020

For the development of all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs), it is of major importance to identify scalable process routes, to define limits of the processing technologies, and to investigate how the electrochemical performance can be influenced by the manufacturing process. Herein, two scalable and sustainable production chains are presented, extrusion‐ and direct calendaring of composite cathode granules, which are suitable for industrial series production. Both process routes start with a melt granulation step to desagglomerate the carbon black to homogenize the cathode components. By adjusting the granulation process parameters the process time and, thus, the production costs can be reduced. The polymer solid electrolyte distribution induced by the process shows a considerable influence on the rate capability of the ASSB cells. The manufactured pouch cells reach ≈140 mAh g−1 at 0.1C and 75/50 mAh g−1 at 1C discharge rate and 80 °C for extruded‐calendered and directly calendered electrodes, respectively, which is comparable to other recent publications on laboratory scale.
Performance evaluation of a high concentrator photovoltaic integrating a Fresnel lens in Saudi Arabia: A case study
Authors: Aldossary Abdulrahman S.
Published: December 2020

Saudi Arabia has plentiful freely accessible solar energy with daily total Direct Normal Irradiance on the higher side. Furthermore, because of its extensive desert land with over 2 million km2 expanse and high clearance index, the country could be a successful contender for accommodating the High Concentrator Photovoltaic (HCPV) technology. This technology, which assimilates Fresnel lens, has drawn more attention particularly after presenting III‐V Multi‐Junction solar cells for terrestrial uses since they keep achieving new conversion efficiency accomplishments. This article evaluates the HCPV performance in Saudi Arabia using direct normal irradiance data gathered in recent times. To undertake this assessment, a validated developed optical simulation using a ray‐tracing technique is employed to evaluate the maximum and average power output that may be gathered using a single HCPV unit in the primary regions and cities in the nation. Results indicate that the highest values for average and maximum annual power yield belong to the Western Inland area with one HCPV unit having a Fresnel lens with a 0.25×0.25 m2 aperture area, and those values are over 36 and 59 kWh, respectively. Concerning cities, Tabuk has HCPV unit producing the highest average annual yield greater than 39 kWh while the maximum annual yield crosses 60 kWh. Hence, the yearly electrical energy yield of 194 such units that use an area less than 12.2 m2 corresponds to approximately 33% of the electricity demanded yearly by a typical home in Saudi Arabia, which includes heavy energy‐consuming devices like air conditioners. Additionally, the estimated pollution potentially displaced by these units as per the global warming potential indicator is around eight tons of CO2 annually.
Increasing lactose concentration is a strategy to improve the proliferation of Lactobacillushelveticus in milk
Authors: Zang Jingyi , Wang Tao , Piotr Dziugan , Zhao Hongfei , Zhang Bolin
Published: December 2020

The aim of the research was to explore the effect of carbon sources on the proliferation of Lactobacillus helveticus. In this study, lactose was added to skim milk medium and the effects of carbon sources on the growth and proliferation of Lactobacillus helveticus in low‐ and high‐sugar media were compared from the aspects of metabolism‐related enzyme activity, proteomics, and transcriptomics. The results showed that under high‐sugar conditions, the rate of substance transport to cells and the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathway were significantly accelerated. The synthesis and metabolism of cells were significantly enhanced, which was beneficial to the rapid proliferation of cells. By increasing the lactose concentration in the medium and optimizing the culture method, the cell density of Lactobacillus helveticus reached 3.98 × 109 CFU/ml; a good proliferation effect was obtained.
Establishment of a Cell Culture Model Permissive for Infection by Hepatitis B and C Viruses
Authors: Otoguro Teruhime , Tanaka Tomohisa , Kasai Hirotake , Kobayashi Nobuhiro , Yamashita Atsuya , Fukuhara Takasuke , Ryo Akihide , Fukai Moto , Taketomi Akinobu , Matsuura Yoshiharu , Moriishi Kohji
Published: December 2020

Compared with each monoinfection, coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is well known to increase the risks of developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the mechanism by which HBV/HCV coinfection is established in hepatocytes is not well understood. Common cell culture models for coinfection are required to examine viral propagation. In this study, we aimed to establish a cell line permissive for both HBV and HCV infection. We first prepared a HepG2 cell line expressing sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, an HBV receptor, and then selected a cell line highly permissive for HBV infection, G2/NT18‐B. After transduction with a lentivirus‐encoding microRNA‐122, the cell line harboring the highest level of replicon RNA was selected and then treated with anti‐HCV compounds to eliminate the replicon RNA. The resulting cured cell line was transduced with a plasmid‐encoding CD81. The cell line permissive for HCV infection was cloned and then designated the G2BC‐C2 cell line, which exhibited permissiveness for HBV and HCV propagation. JAK inhibitor I potentiated the HCV superinfection of HBV‐infected cells, and fluorescence‐activated cell‐sorting analysis indicated that HBV/HCV double‐positive cells accounted for approximately 30% of the coinfected cells. Among several host genes tested, cyclooxygenase‐2 showed synergistic induction by coinfection compared with each monoinfection. Conclusion: These data indicate that our in vitro HBV/HCV coinfection system provides an easy‐to‐use platform for the study of host and viral responses against coinfection and the development of antiviral agents targeting HBV and HCV.
Mining frequent approximate patterns in large networks
Authors: Driss Kaouthar , Boulila Wadii , Leborgne Aurélie , Gançarski Pierre
Published: December 2020

Frequent pattern mining (FPM) algorithms are often based on graph isomorphism in order to identify common pattern occurrences. Recent research works, however, have focused on cases in which patterns can differ from their occurrences. Such cases have great potential for the analysis of noisy network data. Most existing FPM algorithms consider differences in edges and their labels, but none of them so far has considered the structural differences of vertices and their labels. Discerning how to identify cases that differ from the initial pattern by any number of vertices, edges, or labels has become the main challenge of recent research works. As a solution, we suggest a novel FMP algorithm named mining frequent approximate patterns (MFAPs) with two central new characteristics. First, we begin by using the inexact matching technique, which allows for structural differences in edge, vertices, and labels. Second, we follow the approximate matching with a focus on mining patterns within the directed graph, as opposed to the more commonly explored case of patterns being mined from the undirected graph. Our results illustrate the effectiveness of this new MFAP algorithm in identifying patterns within an optimized time.
Adaptation of babies in three types of placement: An ethological approach
Authors: Ducreux Edwige , Puentes‐Neuman Guadalupe
Published: December 2020

The present pilot study focuses on the adaptive processes of babies who are placed during their first months of life. It used an ethological approach to explore the behavioural adjustment of 19 infants from their arrival in placement through their first 6 weeks in Residential Care (RC; France), a Foster Family (FF; Québec) or an Infant–Mother Centre (IMC; Québec). Direct observations were conducted once a week during feeding sessions. Observed behaviours were as follows: sleep–wake state, self‐soothing, burp, visual exploration, motor activity, facial and vocal expressions. Then, a Kruskal–Wallis test was conducted to examine differences in babies’ adaption as a function of placement setting. Results showed that, in RC, the duration of the post‐feeding phase is the shortest. Moreover, these institutionalized babies showed the most modes of self‐protection and the fewest vocalizations. By contrast, babies placed in the IMC spent the least time in withdrawal, expressed motor activity more regularly and were never placed back in their recliner before burping. Larger differences appear comparing placement in RC and that in the IMC, the placement in FF showing intermediate results.