bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supported Employment and Social Validity
Authors: Test David W.
Published: June 2014

Whereas considerable data exist demonstrating positive outcomes for people working as a result of supported employment, little attention has been paid to more qualitative measures of consumer satisfaction. Given the vast array of potential consumers of supported employment services, it seems imperative to determine consumer acceptability, or the social validity, of supported employment goals, procedures, and outcomes. The purpose of the present paper was to review a portion of the supported employment/social validity literature in relation to a proposed Social Validity Matrix and to suggest areas for future research. A review of 30 studies based on the matrix indicated future research is needed to (a) broaden the scope of supported employment social validity assessment, (b) investigate alternative strategies for assessing social validity, (c) develop systematic procedures for collecting and using social validity data, and (d) establish functional variables within supported employment.
Interrater Reliability of the Motivation Assessment Scale: Another, Closer Look
Authors: Kearney Christopher A.
Published: June 2014

Recent evidence indicates that the Motivation Assessment Scale (MAS), designed by Durand and Crimmins (1988) to measure influential maintaining variables of maladaptive behavior, is associated with inadequate interrater reliability. In this study, interrater reliability of the MAS was reinvestigated utilizing direct-care staff members familiar with persons with mental retardation. Problematic overt behaviors were evaluated in 42 adults in southern Nevada. MAS items were found to be reliable moderately but significantly across raters. Variables that affect reliability, including low or high behavior frequency, differential training procedures for raters, and setting selection should be considered closely by MAS administrators.
What Children Report and Remember: A Six-Year Follow-Up of the Effects of Social Contact between Peers with and without Severe Disabilities
Authors: Kishi Gloria S. , Meyer Luanna H.
Published: June 2014

Various models and strategies to promote meaningful social interactions between children with and without severe disabilities have been reported in the special education literature. The reported outcomes associated with these efforts include positive effects on children's attitudes toward disabilities, social competence, and social values (e.g., fairness and community caring). This is an investigation of what teenagers report and remember as a function of elementary school experiences involving different levels of social contact with peers with severe disabilities. Two self-report interpersonal measures were administered to 183 students without disabilities comprising social contact, exposure, and control groups. A subsample of 93 teenagers was interviewed about experiences and attitudes toward persons with disabilities and their memories from earlier school experiences. Analysis of the attitudinal data revealed significantly more positive attitudes, higher levels of current reported social contact, and more support for full community participation as a function of earlier social contact—although all children were relatively positive. The self-concept measure also revealed differences between subgroups of children as a function of gender and condition. The interview data with children in the high social contact group offer caveats for future inclusion efforts to avoid potential negative effects upon children's personal relationships and social attitudes. Suggestions are made for future research to investigate the impact of inclusion on children's socio-personal development and social relationships.
Building an Ecology of Support: A Case Study of One Young Woman with Severe Problem Behaviors Living in the Community
Authors: Lucyshyn Joseph M. , Olson Deborah , Horner Robert H.
Published: June 2014

This case study describes 30 months in the life of a young woman with a history of life-threatening self-injurious behaviors (SIB) who moved from a large public institution to her community. Quantitative and qualitative research methods were employed to provide a nonexperimental description of her behavior and lifestyle in the community. Quantitative measurements included: (a) activity patterns, (b) social network, (c) self-injurious behaviors, (d) aggression against others, and (e) staff changes. Qualitative results emerged from semistructured interviews and participant observations conducted over a 6-month period. Together, these data revealed a young woman actively involved in a lifestyle characterized by an increase in the frequency and diversity of activities performed in the community. Problem behaviors occurred at low levels for extended periods, yet there continued to be times with major regression. Qualitative results also indicate a general reduction in the intensity of self-injurious behaviors. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of multicomponent positive interventions, the need to design environments that promote lifestyle changes, and the value of collaboratively employing quantitative and qualitative research methods.
Issues Raised in the Name of Inclusion: Perspectives of Educators, Parents, and Students
Authors: York Jennifer , Tundidor Madelin
Published: June 2014

Forty-five focus group discussions involving 335 general and special educators, administrators, support staff, parents, and students from a midwestern urban community were held to discuss the education initiative referred to as inclusive education. This study was conducted to develop a district-wide profile of the issues raised when considering systems change to more inclusive educational practices for students with special education labels. Specifically, information was sought about the preliminary issues and concerns that might need to be addressed in future inclusion efforts. Participants represented a diverse array of constituents and individuals with the vast majority having little to no knowledge of or experience with including special education students in general education. Findings, therefore, largely represent opinions about inclusion given little knowledge or experience. Results indicated that for the past decade, there has been an increase in the percentage of students with disabilities who attend regular schools, but that special education services remain largely separate from general education within those schools. Perceived facilitators of inclusion centered around the attitudes and skills of service providers in schools and the allocation of collaboration time for general and special educators. Perceived barriers included rigid general education curricular expectations, insufficient resources for staffing and materials, lack of collaboration time, and negative attitudes with particular concern that “regular” students would lose out. The appropriateness of inclusion was questioned for students with the most severe disabilities (e.g., severe behavior challenges, health and medical needs). Although much of the information obtained was similar across constituencies, there were a number of differences—especially between the adult groups and the student groups.
Assessing Choice Making of a Person with Profound Disabilities: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Nozaki Kazuko , Mochizuki Akira
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine two issues in choice-making research through a case study assessing the leisure-activity preferences of a woman with profound mental retardation in a residential setting. The issues include (a) providing the participant with the option of expressing “no” for given choice options and (b) analyzing environmental variables that might control choice-making behavior. The investigation consisted of two experiments; single-subject designs were used in each. The results of the two experiments suggested that (a) the participant could express distinct musical preference when given choice-making opportunities; (b) adding as a choice option a notebook that signaled the termination of a session allowed the participant to express a preference for ending the session when only less preferred options were presented; and (c) preference patterns varied with the activity partner and/or the locale. Results are discussed in terms of choice making and autonomy leading to an improved quality of life.
Teachers' Perceptions of the Supports Critical to the Success of Inclusion Programs
Authors: Werts Margaret Gessler , Wolery Mark , Snyder Erin D. , Caldwell Nicola K.
Published: June 2014

Two mail surveys, one with a follow-up, were conducted to determine if consensus existed among general and special education teachers on (a) the conditions and supports that are critical to including children with substantial disabilities in general education classrooms and (b) problems faced in implementing inclusive education. The data were collected in three stages. The first stage was a questionnaire sent to teachers in Pennsylvania who had experience including children with moderate to severe disabilities in general education classrooms. Through two open-ended questions, they were asked to identify critical supports for inclusion and major problems they faced when including children with disabilities. For the second stage, the same respondents were asked to rate the importance of the categories of supports and to rate the significance of the problems they faced. The results indicated that training, support from a team of professionals, and having help in the classroom were mentioned by a large portion of the respondents. The third stage involved a national sample of elementary, general education teachers responding to the open-ended questions. The respondents in the national sample (teachers who may or may not have been involved in a supported program of inclusion) identified the same three supports more often than other supports.
Perspectives on the Future of IDEA
Authors: Hardman Michael L. , McDonnell John , Welch Marshall
Published: June 2014

Since its original passage in 1975 as Public Law 94-142, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has been the cornerstone of practice in special education. This federal law has enabled all eligible students with disabilities to access a free and appropriate public education. During the past 2 years, the 104th Congress has debated vigorously some of the law's basic tenets (e.g., definition of disability, content of the individualized education plan [IEP], parental rights to attorneys, fees, discipline, and placement). The basic requirements of the law remain intact and continue to shape the scope and content of special education. This article addresses whether or not the assumptions upon which IDEA is based remain valid as we approach the 21st century. We critique these assumptions within the context of four requirements of IDEA: (a) eligibility and labeling, (b) free and appropriate public education, (c) the individualized education program (IEP), and (d) the least restrictive environment. Recommendations for changes in existing law relative to each of the above requirements are presented.
Accountability for All Students: Kentucky's Alternate Portfolio Assessment for Students with Moderate and Severe Cognitive Disabilities
Authors: Kleinert Harold L. , Kearns Jacqueline Farmer , Kennedy Sarah
Published: June 2014

One of the keys to ensuring high expectations for all students is the requirement for inclusive measures of educational accountability. Recognizing this need, Congress enacted Title II, National Education Reform Leadership, Standards, and Assessments, calling for the development of state assessment systems that fully include all students, as a major component of the 1994 Goals 2000: Educate America Act. At present, Kentucky is the only state in the nation that fully includes all students within a statewide educational assessment and accountability system. Students with moderate and severe cognitive disabilities participate in Kentucky's assessment system via the Alternate Portfolio. This article describes the development of Kentucky's alternate assessment, including the content and scoring standards for the Alternate Portfolio. Specific examples of entries at each grade level (4th, 8th, and 12th) are given as well. Initial implementation data, including reliability, validity, and instructional impact measures, are presented. Finally, critical issues in the development of alternate statewide assessments are discussed, with recommendations for future research efforts in this area.
A Process for Measuring Adoption of Innovation within the Supports Paradigm
Authors: Roberts Greg , Becker Heather , Seay Penny
Published: June 2014

This study describes a method to measure adoption of person-centered planning, a key element of the emerging supports paradigm. Based on the Levels of Use framework outlined by Hall and his colleagues to measure adoption of an innovation, the six-item Guttman scale yielded a coefficient of reproducibility of ***.90. Initial psychometric testing was based on the responses of 27 employees of an agency that provides services to persons with developmental disabilities. Those scoring highest on this scale were significantly more likely to have attended multiple training sessions on person-centered planning and to report that person-centered planning training has changed how they think about clients. This instrument can assist managers and trainers in determining the extent to which trainees are adopting person-centered planning and can be useful to researchers who wish to explore what variables are related to adoption of person-centered planning.
A clinico-pathological review of non-haematological metastases to the testes
Authors: D’Arcy Frank T , Raheem Omer , Dunne Barbara , Grainger Ronald
Published: June 2014

Objective:

Metastatic disease within the testicle is rare and the bulk of the literature relating to this is limited to individual case reports. In this study we retrospectively review all orchidectomy specimens in a single university-affiliated institution over a 20-year period and report on the incidence of non-haematological, histologically proven metastatic disease within this series, discussing clinical outcome.

Patients and methods:

In total 739 orchidectomy cases were reviewed. No autopsy cases were considered. Histological reports were supplemented with clinical notes in cases of interest.

Results:

Five cases of non-haematological, secondary tumours were identified in the testes (2% of all tumours). Of these, two were of prostatic origin, two were carcinoid lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and one a malignant melanoma. Survival in this group ranged from one to 48 months with one of the patients still alive 15 years later.

Conclusion:

Secondary testicular spread is a rare phenomenon generally associated with poor overall survival. Outside prostate cancer, this is a condition seen in younger men. Little is known about this interesting condition.
On minorities and outliers: The case for making Big Data small
Authors: Welles Brooke Foucault
Published: June 2014

In this essay, I make the case for choosing to examine small subsets of Big Data datasets—making big data small. Big Data allows us to produce summaries of human behavior at a scale never before possible. But in the push to produce these summaries, we risk losing sight of a secondary but equally important advantage of Big Data—the plentiful representation of minorities. Women, minorities and statistical outliers have historically been omitted from the scientific record, with problematic consequences. Big Data affords the opportunity to remedy those omissions. However, to do so, Big Data researchers must choose to examine very small subsets of otherwise large datasets. I encourage researchers to embrace an ethical, empirical and epistemological stance on Big Data that includes minorities and outliers as reference categories, rather than the exceptions to statistical norms.
Ferromagnetic shape memory alloys: Synthesis, characterisation and biocompatibility of Fe–Pd for mechanical coupling to cells
Authors: Zink M. , Mayr S. G.
Published: June 2014

Yielding magnetically switchable strains of several percentage, ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) constitute a highly attractive materials class for engineering and biomedical applications. The Fe–Pd alloy is considered as a promising candidate to fulfil this goal, yet synthesis in the desirable martensite phase poses a major challenge, particularly when miniaturised as thin films. The present contribution reviews recent progress in synthesis via the splat-quenching and molecular beam epitaxy routes and reports on the physical picture that emerges from systematic characterisation. Moreover, since no cell damaging temperature variations are required to induce shape changes of FSMAs, Fe–Pd bears great potential for medical devices if good biocompatibility is ensured. Here we review studies on cellular response in contact with Fe–Pd, as well as morphological changes on roughness graded surfaces. We end with a summary how polymer coatings can enhance bioactive properties of Fe–Pd to promote cell adhesion and viability for future applications.
Therapeutic effect of Botulinum toxin-A in 88 patients with Trigeminal Neuralgia with 14-month follow-up
Authors: Li Shuang , Lian Ya-Jun , Chen Yuan , Zhang Hai-Feng , Ma Yun-Qing , He Cai-Hong , Wu Chuan-Jie , Xie Nan-Chang , Zheng Ya-Ke , Zhang Yi
Published: June 2014

Background

We investigated the long-term effects and safety of botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) for treating trigeminal neuralgia (TN). We also studied long-term maintenance of this therapeutic effect.

Methods

A visual analog scale (VAS) score, pain attack frequency per day, patient’s overall response to treatment and side effects during 14-month follow-up were evaluated in 88 patients with TN receiving BTX-A. The primary endpoints were pain severity (assessed by VAS) and pain attack frequency per day. The secondary endpoint was the patient’s overall response to treatment, assessed using the Patient Global Impression of Change. The influence of different doses (≤50, 50–100 and ≥100 U) on the therapeutic effect was evaluated.

Results

Treatment was deemed “effective” within 1 month in 81 patients and at 2 months in 88 patients (100%). The shortest period of effective treatment was 3 months, and complete control of pain was observed in a maximum of 46 patients. The therapeutic effect decreased gradually after 3 months, and the prevalence of effective treatment at 14 months was 38.6%, with complete control of pain seen in 22 patients (25%). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of effective treatment between different dose groups at identical time points (p > 0.05). Three patients showed swelling at injection sites and 10 patients showed facial asymmetry, both of which disappeared spontaneously without special treatment.

Conclusion

Local subcutaneous injection of BTX-A for TN treatment has considerable therapeutic effects lasting several months and is safe for this indication. At least one-quarter of patients maintained complete analgesia. The maintenance period of the therapeutic effect may be related to the reduction in the VAS score after the first injection of BTX-A.
Activity of EGFR, mTOR and PI3K inhibitors in an isogenic breast cell line model
Authors: Glaysher Sharon , Bolton Louise M , Johnson Penny , Torrance Christopher , Cree Ian A
Published: June 2014

Background

The epidermal growth factor receptor family is expressed in breast cancer, and agents targeting this pathway have single agent effects (e.g. traztuzumab). Development of resistance may be due to the presence of alternative pathways, particularly activation of the PI3K/Akt/MTOR pathway. We have therefore examined the effect of inhibitors of this pathway (ZSTK474 and sirolimus) in combination with the epidermal growth factor (EGFR) inhibitors erlotinib and gefitinib in breast MCF10a isogenic cell lines with EGFR, BRAF, AKT, and PI3K mutations.

Results

PI3K mutation conferred increased activity of EGFR inhibitors against MCF10a cells in comparison with the parental cell line and other mutations studied. Combination of EGFR inhibitors with either the PI3K inhibitor ZSTK474 or the MTOR inhibitor sirolimus showed increased activity.

Conclusions

These results are encouraging for the use of combinations targeting the PI3K and EGFR pathway simultaneously.
Loss of histone H4K20 trimethylation predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer and is associated with invasive activity
Authors: Yokoyama Yuhki , Matsumoto Ayaka , Hieda Miki , Shinchi Yoshimi , Ogihara Eri , Hamada Mai , Nishioka Yu , Kimura Hiroshi , Yoshidome Katsuhide , Tsujimoto Masahiko , Matsuura Nariaki
Published: June 2014

Introduction

Loss of histone H4 lysine 20 trimethylation (H4K20me3) is associated with multiple cancers, but its role in breast tumors is unclear. In addition, the pathological effects of global reduction in H4K20me3 remain mostly unknown. Therefore, a major goal of this study was to elucidate the global H4K20me3 level in breast cancer tissue and investigate its pathological functions.

Methods

Levels of H4K20me3 and an associated histone modification, H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3), were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a series of breast cancer tissues. Univariate and multivariate clinicopathological and survival analyses were performed. We also examined the effect of overexpression or knockdown of the histone H4K20 methyltransferases, SUV420H1 and SUV420H2, on cancer-cell invasion activity in vitro.

Results

H4K20me3, but not H3K9me3, was clearly reduced in breast cancer tissue. A reduced level of H4K20me3 was correlated with several aspects of clinicopathological status, including luminal subtypes, but not with HER2 expression. Multivariate analysis showed that reduced levels of H4K20me3 independently associated with lower disease-free survival. Moreover, ectopic expression of SUV420H1 and SUV420H2 in breast cancer cells suppressed cell invasiveness, whereas knockdown of SUV420H2 activated normal mammary epithelial-cell invasion in vitro.

Conclusions

H4K20me3 was reduced in cancerous regions of breast-tumor tissue, as in other types of tumor. Reduced H4K20me3 level can be used as an independent marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Most importantly, this study suggests that a reduced level of H4K20me3 increases the invasiveness of breast cancer cells in a HER2-independent manner.
A comparison of retrokeratoprosthetic membrane and conjunctival inflammatory responses to silicone oil
Authors: Gilbert Aubrey L , Jakobiec Frederick A , Chodosh James , Eliott Dean
Published: June 2014

Silicone oil continues to be an important aid in retinal detachment surgery. We report a case in which disparate responses to silicone oil were noted in the conjunctiva and intraocularly. Intraocularly, the oil permeated a fibrous membrane that formed behind a keratoprosthesis, the first example of this phenomenon. We detail the histological response to the oil at this site as well as a distinctly different reaction present to oil in the conjunctiva of the same eye. The divergence of histological responses provides a demonstration of the eye's apparent retained capacity to protect against intraocular inflammation, despite multiple previous surgeries.
Three-dimensional sampling of material structure for property modeling and design
Authors: Echlin McLean P , Lenthe William C , Pollock Tresa M
Published: June 2014

Newly developed 3-D tomographic techniques permit acquisition of quantitative materials data for input to structure-property models. At the mesoscale, techniques that enable sampling of larger material volumes provide information such as grain size and morphology, 3-D interfacial character, and chemical gradients. However, systematic approaches for determining the characteristic material volume for 3-D analysis have yet to be established. In this work, the variability in properties due to microstructure is discussed in the context of a methodology for defining volume elements that link microstructure, properties, and design. As such, we propose a 3-D sampling methodology based on convergence of microstructural parameters and associated properties and design considerations.
Investigation of Genotoxicity in Acromegaly From Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Cultures Using a Micronucleus Assay
Authors: Unal Oguz Kaan , Cinkilic Nilufer , Gul Ozen Oz , Cander Soner , Vatan Ozgur , Ersoy Canan , Yilmaz Dilek , Tuncel Ercan
Published: June 2014

Context:

Although patients with acromegaly may have an increased risk of developing several types of cancers, the degree of risk for malignancy in these patients is unresolved.

Objective:

The present study aimed to investigate the potential genotoxic effects of acromegaly on the cell cycle in peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures.

Design:

This was a single center, crossover, case-control study conducted on the acromegalic patients in Turkey.

Setting:

The study was conducted in the outpatient clinic of a university hospital.

Patients:

Seventy-one consecutively screened acromegalic patients and 56 controls participated in the study.

Intervention:

Patients were included, regardless of the disease activity status and their treatment duration before the study.

Main Outcome Measures:

The primary end point was the frequency of micronucleus (MN) in the peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures, and the secondary end point was its clinical correlations.

Results:

The MN level was 3.82 ± 1.49 in the control group and 18.00 ± 6.13 in the acromegalic group (P < .01), whereas the nuclear division index (NDI) was 1.79 ± 0.12 in the control group and 1.68 ± 0.07 in the acromegalic group (P < .01). Neither MN nor NDI was correlated with age, GH, IGF-I, initial GH, initial IGF-I, duration of the remission period, and initial tumor size. Only the MN level was positively correlated with the duration of disease (r = 0.323, P = .014).

Conclusion:

Our results indicated that acromegalic patients had genotoxic damage at a substantial level, and there was a positive correlation between the duration of disease and genotoxicity level.
The nuclear lamina is mechano-responsive to ECM elasticity in mature tissue
Authors: Swift Joe , Discher Dennis E.
Published: June 2014

How cells respond to physical cues in order to meet and withstand the physical demands of their immediate surroundings has been of great interest for many years, with current research efforts focused on mechanisms that transduce signals into gene expression. Pathways that mechano-regulate the entry of transcription factors into the cell nucleus are emerging, and our most recent studies show that the mechanical properties of the nucleus itself are actively controlled in response to the elasticity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in both mature and developing tissue. In this Commentary, we review the mechano-responsive properties of nuclei as determined by the intermediate filament lamin proteins that line the inside of the nuclear envelope and that also impact upon transcription factor entry and broader epigenetic mechanisms. We summarize the signaling pathways that regulate lamin levels and cell-fate decisions in response to a combination of ECM mechanics and molecular cues. We will also discuss recent work that highlights the importance of nuclear mechanics in niche anchorage and cell motility during development, hematopoietic differentiation and cancer metastasis, as well as emphasizing a role for nuclear mechanics in protecting chromatin from stress-induced damage.
Molecular Mechanism for Heme-Mediated Inhibition of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthase 1
Authors: Kitatsuji Chihiro , Ogura Mariko , Uchida Takeshi , Ishimori Koichiro , Aono Shigetoshi
Published: June 2014

Mammalian 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase 1 (ALAS1), an isozyme expressed in all cell types, catalyzes the first reaction in the heme biosynthetic pathway in mitochondria. Heme regulates ALAS1 function at multiple levels including the regulation of transcription, translation, mitochondrial import, protein degradation, and enzyme activity to maintain intracellular heme concentrations in an appropriate range. In this study, we elucidated the molecular mechanism of heme-mediated regulation of enzymatic activity for rat ALAS1. ALAS1 has three putative heme regulatory motifs (HRMs), two of which were found to be the iron(III) heme binding sites in ALAS1. Electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopy demonstrated that 110Cys and 527Cys were the axial ligand of the iron(III) hemes bound to ALAS1. The heme binding to the HRMs in ALAS1 was found not to be responsible for heme-mediated inhibition of ALAS1 activity. Protoporphyrin IX, a reaction intermediate of heme biogenesis, was found to inhibit ALAS1 activity more efficiently than heme, indicating the presence of multiple pathways for the feedback regulation of ALAS1 activity.
Development of Cobalt-Catalyzed C–H Bond Functionalization Reactions
Authors: Yoshikai Naohiko
Published: June 2014

This account provides an overview of cobalt-catalyzed C–H bond functionalization reactions that have been developed in our group since 2009, including hydroarylation of alkynes and alkenes, C–H/electrophile coupling, and addition of arylzinc reagents to alkynes involving 1,4-cobalt migration.
Modelling the Influence of the Nozzle Geometry on the Primary Breakup of Diesel Jets
Authors: Soriano-Palao Oscar J. , Sommerfeld Martin , Burkhardt Axel
Published: June 2014

In this work, the performance of an enhancement of a well-known, energy based CFD model for the primary breakup of high pressure diesel jets is presented. This new formulation of the model has been developed in order to take into account the different turbulent and cavitating flow conditions experimentally found inside the injection hole (geometric cavitation and “string” cavitation). A detailed spatial and temporal resolution of the cavitating flow in the hole is used by the model to deliver three-dimensional sprays, providing all the starting conditions for the calculation of the secondary breakup of the diesel spray by means of a Lagrangian approach. The characteristic feature of the model is the variable size and velocity distribution of the primary droplets as a function of the available breakup energy. Another main advantage of the model is the direct calculation of the droplet size distribution and spray angle based on the flow properties, so that empirical correlations or measurement data are not needed as input for the calculations. Measurements carried out on real engine nozzles were conducted to validate the simulations of both nozzle flow and spray development.
The Science of Social Impact Innovation: How to Deliver More Impact through Innovative Business Models
Authors: Ortega Salvael , Furr Nathan , Liman Erin , Flint Caleb
Published: June 2014

Rather than spend an inordinate amount of time and resources on planning what is inherently unknown and uncertain, socially-focused organizations like Panera Cares, Banco Davivienda, and Brigham Young University's (BYU) Design Exploration lab quickly map out their assumptions, run experiments to test those assumptions, and adjust their plans based on their learnings. In this article, we explain and expand on how organizations of all kinds (whether they be large corporations, social ventures, or government agencies) have bought into the idea of using innovation and experimentation for impact; and how despite recent advancements of design thinking on the social impact front, the actual implementation of innovative ideas remains elusive for many organizations. The article further presents a more systemic model for social impact innovation: social impact models, which provide one possible solution by enabling social ventures to achieve a more robust validation of their new- and not-so-new-to-the-world ideas by mapping and strategies by mapping out each assumption and iteratively testing them in the field. With this article, the authors seek to provide a practical process for how to apply the model, and how to avoid the most common illusory validation traps, which together would allow socially-focused organizations to more frequently succeed and deliver more impact with their endeavors.
Atividade, Gravidade e Prognóstico de pacientes com Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico após prima internação – Estudo de Série de Casos.
Authors: Santiago Milvelena de Paula Britto , Dantas Naiara Castelo Banco , Carvalho Sara Bezerra Figueiredo , Viana Raphael Magalhães , Fontenele Sheila Márcia de Araújo
Published: June 2014

O Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES) caracteriza-se pela formação e deposição de auto-anticorpos contra os mais diversos órgãos. O diagnóstico precoce e a terapêutica adequada são imprescindíveis para o controle da doença e a sobrevida dos pacientes. Objetivo: Descrever a morbidade, o dano e o prognóstico de pacientes com LES internados. Metodologia: Estudo de revisão documental, tipo série de casos, da primeira internação de pacientes com LES escolhidos aleatoriamente na unidade de pacientes externos do HGCC. Resultados: Todos os 30 pacientes com LES eram do sexo feminino; a média de idade ficou em torno de 29,8 anos; a maioria apresentou sintomas cutâneo-articulares como manifestação inicial; metade foi internada no primeiro ano de doença, 16 internou-se para estabelecer diagnóstico e apenas 19 relataram tomar CE associado ou não a cloroquina; 66,7% estavam em franca atividade da doença, sendo o comprometimento renal o mais prevalente; o dano renal também se destacou como o mais comum, seguido do SNC; durante a internação, todas receberam dose imunossupressora de CE, 11 foram pulsadas com metilprednisolona e 5 com ciclofosfamida, 10% evoluiu para IRC dialítica e 5 foram transferidas para UTI; no seguimento, 36,7% foram reinternadas, 6 por nefrite em atividade e 3 desenvolveram IRC terminal. Conclusões: Ao se descrever um perfil de pacientes com LES potencialmente grave espera-se contribuir para o planejamento e a inclusão de ações que promovam o diagnóstico precoce da doença, aliadas ao bom uso de medidas clínico-laboratorias de disfunção orgânica e terapêuticas adequadas, que contribuam para melhorar o prognóstico desses indivíduos.
Algebraic trigonometric values at rational multipliers of π
Authors: Tangsupphathawat Pinthira
Published: June 2014

The problem of finding all algebraic values of α ∈ [−1; 1] when arccos α arcsin α and arctan α are rational multiples of π is solved. The values of such α of degree less than five are explicitly determined.
Interaction between the Fourier transform and the Hilbert transform
Authors: Liflyand Elijah
Published: June 2014

Well-known and recently observed situations where the two main transforms in harmonic analysis, the Fourier transform and the Hilbert transform, show their adjacency and interplay in a specic interesting manner are overviewed. Some relations of that kind are new, while in other cases well-known formulas are considered in a different setting.
Traces of operators and their history
Authors: Pietsch Albrecht
Published: June 2014

As well known, the trace of an n×n-matrix is dened to be the sum of all entries of the main diagonal. Extending this concept to the infinite-dimensional setting does not always work, since non-converging infinite series may occur. So one had to identify those operators that possess something like a trace. In a first step, integral operators generated from continuous kernels were treated. Then the case of operators on the infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert space followed. The situation in Banach spaces turned out to be more complicated, since the missing approximation property causes a lot of trouble. To overcome those difficulties, we present an axiomatic approach in which operator ideals play a dominant rule. The considerations include also singular traces that, by denition, vanish on all finite rank operators.
Equiconvergence of expansions in multiple trigonometric Fourier series and Fourier integral with "Jk-lacunary sequences of rectangular partial sums"
Authors: Bloshanskii Igor L. , Grafov Denis A.
Published: June 2014

We give a review of recent results on equiconvergence of expansions in multiple trigonometric Fourier series and Fourier integral in the case of summation over rectangles.
Dominions, zigzags and epimorphisms for partially ordered semigroups
Authors: Sohail Nasir , Tart Lauri
Published: June 2014

We prove an analogue of Isbell's celebrated zigzag theorem for partially ordered semigroups. This theorem provides a useful description of dominions which we employ to describe absolute closedness of posemigroups and epimorphisms in varieties of absolutely closed posemigroups.
On (a, B, c)-ideals in Banach spaces
Authors: Niglas Ksenia , Zolk Indrek
Published: June 2014

In this paper we focus on subspaces of Banach spaces that are (a, B, c)-ideals. We study (a, B, c)-ideals in l2∞ and present easily verifiable conditions for a subspace of l2∞ to be an (a, B, c)-ideal. Our main results concern the transitivity of (a, B, c)-ideals. We show that if X is an (a, B, c)-ideal in Y and Y is a (d, E, f)-ideal in Z, then X is a certain type of ideal in Z. Relying on this result, we show that if X is an (a, B, c)-ideal in its bidual, then X is a certain type of ideal in X(2n) for every n ∈ N.
Supercomputer Technologies Application in Social Sciences
Authors: Макаров  , Makarov V. , Бахтизин  , Bakhtizin A.
Published: June 2014

This paper contains a brief on questions related to use of supercomputing technologies in social sciences, primarily - in terms of technical implementation of large-scale agent-focused models (AFM). The essence of this tool is that by increasing computers’ power it has become possible to describe a behavior of complex system’s many separate fragments. As a result, many thinkers’ dream to learn to explain a macro phenomenon based on its components behavior is becoming to reality. For example, physics, able to describe the behavior of elementary particles, have created a computer simulation of such particles’ large ensemble actions, and have begun to study this large ensemble’s behavior in the computer, not in the

life. Thus, an artificial reality notion has appeared. In this paper the experience of foreign scientists and practitioners related to launch AFM using supercomputers, as well as on example of AFM developed in CEMI RAS, have been considered, steps and methods related to effective display of multiagent system’s calculating core on modern supercomputer architecture have been analyzed. This work has been financially supported by Russian Humanitarian Scientific Fund (grants № 14-02-00431 and № 12-02-00082).
Criminal-Law Protection of Religious Relations
Authors: Bespalko Viktor
Published: June 2014

In the article the author analyzes the current state of Russian law on crimes against freedom of conscience and religious security. He proves social necessity for criminal law protection of religious relations. He also proposes his classification of the criminal offenses. The article contains the term «religious security». It shows the main threats to religious security in modern conditions, which need counteraction by criminal law. The author developed amendments and additions to the Criminal Code, taking into account the level of religious relations in Russian society. He demonstrates the social significance of protection of the personal freedom of conscience and religious security from criminal trespasses in a democratic state. The author based results of his investigation on sociological findings and links to sources of domestic and foreign criminal law.
Criteria of Awareness in Challenging Transactions with Preference under the Bankruptcy Legislation
Authors: Ayurova Ayuna
Published: June 2014

In the article the author consider the questions related to the party’s good faith who acted with the debtor in the contested over the preference and causing of harm transaction. The author analyze the grounds and common contestation over the preference transactions procedure, criteria on which the judges come to a decision about party’s good faith marked in the practice of the arbitrazh courts.
Editorial
Authors: Staelin Richard
Published: June 2014

I would like to use some precious Journal space to report to you the state of Marketing Science, and to share with you some of my thoughts on the review process and subsequent issues of the Journal.
Nursing and aggression in the workplace: a systematic review
Authors: Edward Karen-leigh , Ousey Karen , Warelow Philip , Lui Steve
Published: June 2014

Personal experiences of aggression or violence in the workplace lead to serious consequences for nurses, their patients, patient care and the organisation as a whole. While there is a plethora of research on this topic, no review is available that identifies types of aggression encountered, individuals perceived to be most at risk and coping strategies for victims. The aim of this systematic review was to examine occupational anxiety related to actual aggression in the workplace for nurses. Databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO) were searched, resulting in 1543 titles and abstracts. After removal of duplicates and non-relevant titles, 137 papers were read in full. Physical aggression was found to be most frequent in mental health, nursing homes and emergency departments while verbal aggression was more commonly experienced by general nurses. Nurses exposed to verbal or physical abuse often experienced a negative psychological impact post incident.
Hillsborough part 2: advance decisions and futile treatment
Authors: Griffith Richard
Published: June 2014

In the second article on the impact of the Hillsborough football stadium disaster on healthcare law, Richard Griffith discusses the case of Tony Bland, who suffered prolonged hypoxia due to the crushing crowd surge, leaving him in a persistent vegetative state. Some 3 years after the incident, the judicial committee of the House of Lords was asked to rule on whether it would be lawful to withdraw his artificial nutrition and hydration, resulting in death. The opinions of the law lords in Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] continue to inform health law 25 years after the disaster, shaping and developing the use of advance decisions to refuse treatment and setting out when it would be lawful to withdraw futile life-sustaining treatment.
Pursuing concordance: moving away from paternalism
Authors: McKinnon John
Published: June 2014

In the second of two articles exploring the value and application of concordance across nursing practice the discussion is aimed at clinical settings and patient groups where concordance may have been viewed as impractical. The author harnesses Cribb and Entwhistle's broader conception of shared decision making and the notion of decision-making capacity as a continuum to argue that concordance can be pursued effectively in challenging settings such as childcare practice, mental health and the care of older people. As in the first paper ( McKinnon, 2013 ) the discussion is not limited to medicines management but remains engaged with all aspects of nursing practice. Legal and ethical frameworks, social participation theory and research across healthcare practice are sourced to argue for concordant approaches in the care of patients who may at times have compromised decision-making capacity. Ideas of direct and indirect concordance are explored.
Functional independence in teenage patients with burns
Authors: Nicolosi Júlia T , de Carvalho Viviane F , Sabatés Ana L , Paggiaro André O
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this study was to assess the functional independence of teenagers undergoing a process of rehabilitation. A cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 63 teenagers, aged 12 to 20, who had suffered burns and were going through a process of rehabilitation, with the application of the Functional Independence Measurement (FIM). The data was analysed using descriptive statistics and also a test for comparison of means (Student's t-test), as well as Cronbach's reliability test. There was proof of a high degree of independence in FIM. Analysis of the location of the burn and also the performance of work and/or study activities showed these not to interfere with functional independence. The results indicate the reliability of the instruments applied, making it possible to conduct an assessment of the functional independence of the teenagers during the rehabilitation process.
Do patients and carers find separate palliative care clinic consultations acceptable? A pilot study
Authors: Swetenham Kate , Tieman Jennifer , Currow David
Published: June 2014

Background:

As differing patient and carer information needs have been reported, and in light of changing health-system priorities and issues identified in a self-assessment study, a specialist palliative care service established an interdisciplinary psychosocial assessment clinic to separately assess patient and carer needs.

Aim:

To determine the acceptability of the separate assessment to patients and carers.

Method:

Patients with a high functional score and who were deemed well enough to manage an appointment were invited to attend the clinic. Consent to follow-up was obtained. Patient and carer satisfaction surveys were developed based on existing tools. Questionnaires were posted out with a pre-paid reply envelope to patients and carers. Data from completed surveys was entered into a data management system and frequency analysis completed. A secondary analysis of the comments was undertaken.

Findings:

The clinic was attended by 41 patients and 37 carers between September 2011 and the end of February 2012. There was a 46% response rate, with 24 questionnaires returned from both the patient and their carer, 6 from patients only, and 6 from carers only (2 of whom were bereaved). The opportunity for privacy to discuss their own fears and concerns related to the illness was appreciated by 94% of the patients and 83% of the carers.

Conclusion:

This initial pilot data shows patient and carer satisfaction with this clinic model. Further qualitative data would provide more information on the patient and carer experiences of the clinic.
Boxer cardiomyopathy
Authors: Pace Charlotte
Published: June 2014

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is a specific myocardial disease affecting Boxer dogs. It is an adult-onset disease that affects dogs over a wide age range, and results in a wide spectrum of clinical signs: asymptomatic ventricular tachycardia, syncope, congestive heart failure and sudden death. Veterinary nurses should be aware of this disease because it has implications for nursing of Boxer dogs with episodes of syncope. Patients with a history of fainting should be treated with caution and stress should be minimised. If a patient has an episode while in the practice, the veterinary surgeon should be informed immediately and routine airway, breathing and circulation checks commenced. Placement of an intravenous catheter would be useful in case antiarrhythmic medication is required, and an electrocardiogram (ECG) would provide important diagnostic information.
Stjórnmál eða stjórnsýsla? - Frumundirbúningur og ákvörðunartaka vegna opinbers verkefnis á Íslandi borið saman við norskar lágmarkskröfur
Authors: Friðgeirsson Þórður Víkingur , Bragason Helgi Vignir
Published: June 2014

Opinber verkefni fara gjarnan fram úr áætlun bæði hvað varðar tíma, kostnað auk þess að standast ekki væntingar um ávinning. Sýnt hefur verið fram á með rannsóknum að við undirbúning opinberra verkefna kann sjálf ákvörðunin um verkefnið að byggja á óskhyggju frekar en raunsæi. Þetta er hætta sem mörg vestræn samfélög hafa brugðist við með því að gefa út ítarleg viðmið um ferla og aðferðir sem skylt er að nota við frumundirbúning verkefna. Við undirbúning Vaðlaheiðarganga voru gefnar út nokkrar álitsgerðir sem innlegg við ákvörðunartökuna. Þær eru um sumt mótsagnakenndar. Í þessari grein eru þær skoðaðar sérstaklega, bæði einar og sér og sem heild, og bornar saman við þær kröfur um vinnubrögð við frumundirbúning opinberrar framkvæmdar sem eru gerðar í Noregi.