bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sundowner Winds Experiment (SWEX) Pilot Study: Understanding Downslope Windstorms in the Santa Ynez Mountains, Santa Barbara, California
Authors: Carvalho Leila , Duine Gert-Jan , Jones Charles , Zigner Katelyn , Clements Craig , Kane Heather , Gore Chloe , Bell Garret , Gamelin Brandi , Gomberg Dave , Hall Todd , Jackson Mark , Dumas John , Boldt Eric , Hazard Rob , Enos Woody
Published: February 2020

Sundowner winds are downslope gusty winds often observed on the southern slopes of the Santa Ynez Mountains (SYM) in coastal Santa Barbara (SB), California. They typically peak near sunset and exhibit characteristics of downslope windstorms through the evening. They are SB’s most critical fire weather in all seasons and represent a major hazard for aviation. The Sundowner Winds Experiment Pilot Study was designed to evaluate vertical profiles of winds, temperature, humidity, and stability leeward of the SYM during a Sundowner event. This was accomplished by launching 3-hourly radiosondes during a significant Sundowner event on 28–29 April 2018. This study showed that winds in the lee of the SYM exhibit complex spatial and temporal patterns. Vertical profiles showed a transition from humid onshore winds from morning to midafternoon to very pronounced offshore winds during the evening after sunset. These winds accompanied mountain waves and a northerly nocturnal lee jet with variable temporal behavior. Around sunset, the jet was characterized by strong wind speeds enhanced by mountain-wave breaking. Winds weakened considerably at 2300 PDT 29 April but enhanced dramatically at 0200 PDT 29 April at much lower elevations. These transitions were accompanied by changes in stability profiles and in the Richardson number. A simulation with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model at 1-km grid spacing was examined to evaluate the skill of the model in capturing the observed winds and stability profiles and to assess mesoscale processes associated with this event. These results advanced understanding on Sundowner’s spatiotemporal characteristics and driving mechanisms.
Drivers’ Spatio-Temporal Attentional Distributions Are Influenced by Vehicle Dynamics and Displayed Point of View
Authors: Morrison Tyler N. , Rizzi Emanuele , Turkkan O. Anil , Jagacinski Richard J. , Su Haijun , Wang Junmin
Published: February 2020

Objective

The aim of this study is to measure drivers’ attention to preview and their velocity and acceleration tracking error to evaluate two- and three-dimensional displays for following a winding roadway.

Background

Display perturbation techniques and Fourier analysis of steering movements can be used to infer drivers’ spatio-temporal distribution of attention to preview. Fourier analysis of tracking error time histories provides measures of position, velocity, and acceleration error.

Method

Participants tracked a winding roadway with 1 s of preview in low-fidelity driving simulations. Position and rate-aided vehicle dynamics were paired with top-down and windshield displays of the roadway.

Results

For both vehicle dynamics, tracking was smoother with the windshield display. This display emphasizes nearer preview positions and has a closer correspondence to the control-theoretic optimal attentional distributions for these tasks than the top-down display. This correspondence is interpreted as a form of stimulus–response compatibility. The position error and attentional signal-to-noise ratios did not differ between the two displays with position control, but with more complex rate-aided control much higher position error and much lower attentional signal-to-noise ratios occurred with the top-down display.

Conclusion

Display-driven influences on the distribution of attention may facilitate tracking with preview when they are similar to optimal attentional distributions derived from control theory.

Application

Display perturbation techniques can be used to assess spatially distributed attention to evaluate displays and secondary tasks in the context of driving. This methodology can supplement eye movement measurements to determine what information is guiding drivers’ actions.
Genome-wide Identification of Foxf2 Target Genes in Palate Development
Authors: Xu J. , Liu H. , Lan Y. , Park J.S. , Jiang R.
Published: February 2020

Cleft palate is among the most common structural birth defects in humans. Previous studies have shown that mutations in FOXF2 are associated with cleft palate in humans and mice and that Foxf2 acts in a Shh-Foxf-Fgf18-Shh molecular network controlling palatal shelf growth. In this study, we combined RNA-seq and ChIP-seq approaches to identify direct transcriptional target genes mediating Foxf2 function in palate development in mice. Of 155 genes that exhibited Foxf2-dependent expression in the developing palatal mesenchyme, 88 contained or were located next to Foxf2-binding sites. Through in situ hybridization analyses, we demonstrate that expression of many of these target genes, including multiple genes encoding transcription factors and several encoding extracellular matrix–modifying proteins, were specifically upregulated in the posterior region of palatal shelves in Foxf2-/- mouse embryos. Foxf2 occupancy at many of these putative target loci, including Fgf18, in the developing palatal tissues was verified by ChIP–polymerase chain reaction analyses. One of the Foxf2 target genes, Chst2, encodes a carbohydrate sulfotransferase integral to glycosaminoglycan sulfation. Correlating with ectopic Chst2 expression, Foxf2-/- embryos a exhibited region-specific increase in sulfated keratan sulfate and a concomitant reduction in chondroitin sulfate accumulation in the posterior palatal mesenchyme. However, expression of the core protein of versican, a major chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan important in palatal shelf morphogenesis, was increased, whereas expression of collagen I was reduced in the corresponding region of the palatal mesenchyme. These results indicate that, in addition to regulating palatal shelf growth through the Fgf18-Shh signaling network, Foxf2 controls palatal shelf morphogenesis through regulating expression of multiple transcription factors as well as through directly controlling the synthesis and processing of extracellular matrix components in the palatal mesenchyme. Our ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data sets provide an excellent resource for comprehensive understanding of the molecular network controlling palate development.
Marketplace Donations: The Role of Moral Identity Discrepancy and Gender
Authors: Shang Jen , Reed Americus , Sargeant Adrian , Carpenter Kathryn
Published: February 2020

A demonstration field experiment in a live-radio fund drive shows that women (but not men) primed with moral traits give about 20% more. The authors test one understudied explanation for this finding: gender differences in how market behavior (e.g., giving and supporting a nonprofit) shrinks moral identity discrepancy (i.e., the gap between actual and ideal moral identity). Field Survey 1 demonstrates the basic effect: the less money women (but not men) have historically given on average to a nonprofit, the larger their moral identity discrepancy. Field Experiment 2 shows a managerial implication of this basic effect: when primed with moral identity, women (but not men) who have supported the nonprofit less frequently in the past are more likely to follow an emailed link to help the nonprofit again. Study 3 tests one possible pathway underpinning this finding: even though giving makes women and men experience similar feelings of encouragement and uplift and similar reinforcement of their moral identity, only women with larger prebehavior moral identity discrepancy consequently shrink this discrepancy.
Investigation and Response to an Outbreak of Dengue: Island of Hawaii, 2015-2016
Authors: Johnston David I. , Viray Melissa A. , Ushiroda Jenny M. , He Hua , Whelen A. Christian , Sciulli Rebecca H. , Kunimoto Gail Y. , Y. Park Sarah
Published: February 2020

Objectives:

From September 2015 through March 2016, Hawaii had the largest outbreak of locally transmitted dengue since 1944. We report on the Hawaii Department of Health’s (HDOH’s) investigation, findings, and response to the outbreak.

Methods:

We defined cases of dengue using a modified version of the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists’ case definition for dengue virus infections. We conducted epidemiologic investigations, including interviews with case-persons, review of medical records, laboratory testing, genetic sequencing of specimens, and geographic information system (GIS) data analysis. Outbreak response included community outreach and vector-control activities.

Results:

We identified 264 confirmed cases of dengue; illness onset dates ranged from September 11, 2015, to March 17, 2016, all with reported travel to or residence on the Island of Hawaii. Of 264 persons with confirmed dengue, 238 (90.2%) were Hawaii residents. Thirty-seven (14.0%) persons required hospitalization; no cases of severe dengue or death were reported. GIS hot-spot analysis identified a cluster of cases on the western side of the island. Established risk factors for dengue exposure included holes in window or door screens, presence of standing water, and not using insect repellent or wearing protective clothing.

Conclusions:

To prevent or mitigate the spread of future arboviral introductions and outbreaks, the public health response should focus on behavioral and cultural attitudes, emphasizing personal mosquito protection and mosquito control at the community level. Outbreak responses can also be enhanced through the use of advanced GIS techniques, such as hot-spot analysis, to provide situational awareness and guide response efforts.
Effects of deep knee flexion on skin pressure profile with lower limb device: A computational study
Authors: Lin Yinglei , Li Yi , Yao Lei , Zhao Guoru , Wang Lei
Published: February 2020

Knee flexion behavior alters the contact pressure distribution exerted by compression devices during exercise. This study aimed to develop a three-dimensional dynamic finite element model of the lower limb with detailed bony structures, wearing a compression device with higher pressure over the calf, and then to quantify and compare the garment–body interface contact pressure and the cross-section pressure gradient deviation in standing and deep knee flexion postures (30°, 60°, 90°, and 120° of knee flexion). Contact pressure experiment on seven muscle points was applied to validate the model. The cross-section pressure gradient deviation was calculated on landmarks based on deviation along the four axial pathways from the average cross-section pressure gradients. In general, the results demonstrated that the whole pressure profile gradually decreased from the ankle to the thigh with higher compression on the calf in a standing position. Cross-section pressure gradient deviation resulted in a dramatic increase of ∼100% and ∼110% on positions B1 and D on the anterior of calf at 60° flexion, respectively, which resembled an M shape. This phenomenon was caused by the combination of the stretch of clothing during knee flexion, high compression over the calf, and the shape of the lower limb. This finite element model and its findings together could help us to understand the compression effects of sports lower limb devices and garments to enhance walking and running performance, and help to improve the design concepts.
Indication-specific pricing of drugs: a utopian idea, a pragmatic proposition or unrealistic in economically constrained settings?
Authors: Meher Bikash R , Padhy Biswa M
Published: February 2020

The concept of indication-specific pricing (ISP) of drugs means that the cost of a drug will vary depending on the reasons for its use. ISP is a novel concept and its beneficial or detrimental effects are unknown. Experience from richer countries suggests that it is fraught with many administrative, ethical and regulatory challenges. It seems, though, that prices of some drugs have been set using this model. The barriers, real and potential, to the implementation of ISP in low- and middle-income countries are discussed. Implementation of ISP is impractical in such environments because of the large impoverished population, low frequency of health insurance, generally poor health infrastructure, lack of regulatory oversight, and the fact that most healthcare expenditure is borne personally.
Are group assignments effective pedagogy or a waste of time? A review of the literature and implications for practice
Authors: Thom Michael
Published: February 2020

Group assignments are a near-universal feature of classrooms around the world. They are broadly viewed as more effective than passive forms of learning and are assumed to position students for success in fields that demand high levels of interpersonal communication, like public affairs. But does research support that view? This article examines the literature on group assignments. It illustrates that most studies on group assignments suffer from weak research designs, leaving little empirical basis for their presumed benefits. The article offers suggestions for improving the design and implementation of group assignments, but also encourages instructors to reconsider their use.
Life Purpose in Youth: Turning Potential Into a Lifelong Pursuit of Prosocial Contribution
Authors: Moran Seana
Published: February 2020

Rather than considering human potential in terms of an unrealized desired state, what if we framed it as gaining momentum in worthy long-term pursuits? This conceptual article, integrating ideas and findings from several scholarly literatures, explores how life purpose can serve as a meaningful, intentional guide for individuals, especially youth, to direct their other potentials into prosocial contributions to society. The argument (a) considers life purpose itself as a form of intrapersonal giftedness different from academic giftedness; (b) describes how life purpose could include distinctions of further potentials: coherence among purpose dimensions, influence on different life domains, reach of others impacted by the youths’ contributions, emphasis to change society, and precocious emergence of purpose’s dimensions and distinctions; and (c) muses how life purpose’s directing of other potentials might become a potential that could be realized by all youth.
Mediated ownership: capital as media
Authors: Schneider Nathan
Published: February 2020

This article unravels opportunities that arise from regarding corporate capital as media. First, it reviews relevant overlaps between media theory and legal theory. Second, it considers cases in which capital ownership can be best understood as mediated, affective claims. Third, it explores how recognizing capital as media can open doors to constructive, creative entrepreneurship and activism – to the point of reinventing or undermining received practices of capital ownership altogether. When we think of capital ownership as mediation, we discover our institutional surroundings to be more vulnerable to critical research and more pliable to tactical intervention.
Seasonal variation in the frequency of venous thromboembolism: An updated result of a meta-analysis and systemic review
Authors: Zhao Haibin , Li Yeni , Wu Manli , Ren Weidong , Ji Chao , Miao Hongyan , Han Yanshuo
Published: February 2020

Objective

Venous thromboembolism, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is likely to cause the death of both medical and surgical patients. Despite some evidence of seasonal variation in the incidence of venous thromboembolism, the existing studies obtain contradictory results. A temporal pattern for pulmonary embolism is known, but data on deep vein thrombosis are inconclusive. The purpose of this study is to make a meta-analysis and systematically review the literature about seasonal variations of pulmonary embolism and/or deep vein thrombosis in order to objectively diagnose venous thromboembolism.

Methods

According to dichotomous data, risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to compare the incidence of venous thromboembolism in different seasons. The research was classified according to pulmonary embolism mortality, pulmonary embolism/deep vein thrombosis incidence, latitude/elevation/climatic types, and monthly incidence for four subgroup comparisons. There were a total of 23 eligible studies, in which 40,309 patients with venous thromboembolism were compared.

Results

The pooled total venous thromboembolism incidence was 27.2% in winter, 23.1% in spring, 24.6% in summer, and 25.1% in autumn. According to the results of pooled analysis, the incidence of venous thromboembolism in winter was much higher than that in summer (RR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01–1.24, adjusted P = .04), especially deep vein thrombosis. Moreover, the incidence of venous thromboembolism in summer and autumn was lower than that in winter in low-latitude (<200 m) areas and median low-latitude (0–50°-N) areas. Interestingly, the frequency of pulmonary embolism mortality was the largest in spring and smallest in summer (spring > winter ≈ autumn > summer). For monthly data, a statistically significantly lower incidence of venous thromboembolism was observed in May and July than in October.

Conclusions

The study revealed a significantly higher incidence of venous thromboembolism and deep vein thrombosis in winter than in summer. Pulmonary embolism mortality occurred more frequently in spring than during other seasons. A statistically significantly lower incidence of venous thromboembolism was observed in May and July compared with that in October.
Phase I randomized single-blinded controlled study investigating the potential benefit of aerobic exercise in degenerative cerebellar disease
Authors: Barbuto Scott , Martelli Dario , Omofuma Isarime Babajide , Lee Nancy , Kuo Sheng-Han , Agrawal Sunil , Lee Seonjoo , O’Dell Michael , Stein Joel
Published: February 2020

Objectives:

To investigate whether people with cerebellar degeneration can perform rigorous aerobic exercise and to assess the clinical impact of training.

Design:

Randomized single-blinded controlled, feasibility study comparing aerobic training to no training.

Setting:

Home intervention, assessments conducted at an academic medical center.

Subjects:

Twenty individuals with cerebellar degeneration caused by a range of genetic disorders.

Intervention:

Aerobic training consisted of four weeks of stationary bicycle training, five times per week for 30-minute sessions. Intensity ranged from 65% to 80% of the participant’s maximal heart rate determined during cardiopulmonary exercise testing.

Main measures:

Primary outcome measure was change in the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia scores. Recruitment rate, adherence, drop-out, and adverse events were also determined. The treatment was considered technically feasible if participants achieved target training frequency, duration, and intensity.

Results:

The 20 participants mean age was 50 years (standard deviation 15.65 years) and average Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia score was 9.6 (standard deviation 3.13). Ten participants were randomized to aerobic training and 10 to no training. Seven participants in the aerobic group attained target training duration, frequency, and intensity. There was a mean reduction in ataxia severity of 2.1 points (standard deviation 1.26) with four weeks of aerobic training, whereas ataxia severity increased by 0.3 (standard deviation 0.62) in the control group over the same period. Walking speed, balance measures, and fitness also improved in individuals who performed aerobic exercise.

Conclusions:

Rigorous aerobic training is feasible in people with cerebellar degeneration. Improvements in ataxia, balance, and gait are promising.
Contextualising Smiles: Is Perception of Smile Genuineness Influenced by Situation and Culture?
Authors: Mui Phoebe H. C. , Gan Yangfan , Goudbeek Martijn B. , Swerts Marc G. J.
Published: February 2020

Considerable evidence for contextual effects in emotion perception has been reported, but little is known about how contexts influence the perception of smiles, a rich source of social information. We investigated whether the perceived genuineness of a smile depends on the valence of the situation accompanying the smile, and whether such contextual effects depend on culture. Seventy-two North Americans and 83 mainland Chinese rated the genuineness of smiles displayed by Caucasians and East Asians in three situational contexts (positive, negative, and in isolation). Smiles in a negative situation were considered less genuine than the same smiles rated in isolation; this effect was observed for both groups of observers but stronger for North Americans, a finding at odds with the notion that East Asians are more likely to engage in holistic perceptual processes. Our study demonstrates contextual effects in assessment of smile genuineness, contributing new insights into the perception of affective information.
A Pilot Study on Diagnostic Radiology Residency Case Volumes From a Canadian Perspective: A Marker of Resident Knowledge
Authors: Kwan Benjamin Y. M. , Mussari Benedetto , Moore Pam , Meilleur Lynne , Islam Omar , Menard Alexandre , Soboleski Don , Cofie Nicholas
Published: February 2020

Purpose:

New guidelines from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) have proposed minimum case volumes to be obtained during residency. While radiology residency programs in Canada are accredited by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, there are currently no minimum case volumes standards for radiology residency training in Canada. New changes in residency training throughout Canada are coming in the form of competency-based medical education. Using data from a pilot study, this article examines radiology resident case volumes among recently graduated cohorts of residents and determines whether there is a correlation between case volumes and measures of resident success.

Materials and Methods:

Resident case volumes for 3 cohorts of graduated residents (2016-2018) were extracted from the institutional database. Achievement of minimum case volumes based on the ACGME guidelines was performed for each resident. Pearson correlation analysis (n = 9) was performed to examine the relationships between resident case volumes and markers of resident success including residents’ relative knowledge ranking and their American College of Radiology (ACR) in-training exam scores.

Results:

A statistically significant, positive correlation was observed between residents’ case volume and their relative knowledge ranking ( r = 0.682, P < .05). Residents’ relative knowledge ranking was also statistically significant and positively correlated with their ACR in-training percentile score ( r = 0.715, P < .05).

Conclusions:

This study suggests that residents who interpret more cases are more likely to demonstrate higher knowledge, thereby highlighting the utility of case volumes as a prognostic marker of resident success. As well, the results underscore the potential use of ACGME minimum case volumes as a prognostic marker. These findings can inform future curriculum planning and development in radiology residency training programs.
Attitudes Toward Wife Beating Among Female and Male Adolescents in Jordan
Authors: Schuster Isabell , Gul Pelin , Eisner Manuel , Ghuneim Lana
Published: February 2020

Previous research in the Middle East and North Africa has revealed justifying attitudes toward wife beating among adults, but little is known about adolescent attitudes and its predictors. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine theoretically relevant predictors of supportive attitudes toward wife beating among adolescents in Jordan. Due to limited evidence on the role of gender, potential differences between girls and boys were explored. A total of 856 students (455 female) from 14 secondary schools in Amman, the capital city of Jordan, participated in the cross-sectional study which was conducted during normal school hours. Religiosity, beliefs regarding control of female sexuality, moral neutralization of aggression, and parental harsh discipline were assessed to predict attitudes toward wife beating, controlling for sociodemographic variables. Acceptance rates of wife beating ranged between 6.1% and 50.5%. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that beliefs supporting control of female sexuality, moral neutralization of aggression, and paternal harsh discipline predicted supportive attitudes toward wife beating, but religiosity and maternal harsh discipline did not. Separate analyses for each gender yielded that maternal harsh discipline was a significant predictor of wife beating attitudes for girls, but not for boys, whereas paternal harsh discipline was a significant predictor for boys, but not for girls. Furthermore, beliefs regarding female sexuality and moral neutralization of aggression mediated the relationship between religiosity and wife beating attitudes. Policy measures and intervention efforts targeting particularly harsh discipline and sociocultural beliefs are sorely needed to address this issue in Jordanian society.
Community Service Sentencing for Corporations
Authors: Homer Emily M. , Higgins George E.
Published: February 2020

This study examines if judges sentence criminal corporations that are more blameworthy in the commission of crimes to community service penalties. This blameworthiness consideration is drawn from the focal concerns framework. The study uses data compiled by the U.S. Sentencing Commission from court documents for the cases of 1125 corporations that were sentenced in federal criminal courts nationwide between October 1, 2010, and September 30, 2017. Results showed that corporations with higher base fines were significantly more likely to be sentenced to terms of community service compared to those corporations with base fines. Policy implications are discussed.
The effect of methyl and methoxy substituents on dianilines for a thermosetting polyimide system
Authors: La Scala John J , Yandek Greg , Lamb Jason , Paquette Craig M , Eck William S , Adams Valerie , Lastovickova Dominika , Sadler Joshua M
Published: February 2020

4,4′-Methylenedianiline (MDA) is widely used in high-temperature polyimide resins, including polymerization of monomer reactants-15. The toxicity of MDA significantly limits the manufacturability using this resin. Modifying the substitution and electronics of MDA could allow for the reduction of toxicity while maintaining the high-performing properties of the materials derived from the modified MDA. The addition of a single methyl substituent, methoxy substituent, location of these substituents, and location of the amine relative to the phenolic bridge were modified as were other non-aniline diamines. Various anilines were condensed with paraformaldehyde under acidic conditions to yield dianilines. These dianilines and diamines were reacted with nadic anhydride and 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride in methanol to form the polyamic acid oligomers and heated at elevated temperature to form polyimide oligomers. It was found that the molecular weight of the oligomers derived from MDA alternatives was generally lower than that of MDA oligomers resulting in lower glass transition temperatures ( T gs) and degradation temperatures. Additionally, methoxy substituents further reduce the T g of the polymers versus methyl substituents and reduce the thermal stability of the resin. Methyl-substituted alternatives produced polyimides with similar T gs and degradation temperatures. The toxicity of the MDA alternatives was examined. Although a few were identified with reduced toxicities, the alternatives with properties similar to that of MDA also had high toxicities.
Sliding mode observer-based fractional-order proportional–integral–derivative sliding mode control for electro-hydraulic servo systems
Authors: Cheng Cheng , Liu Songyong , Wu Hongzhuang
Published: February 2020

This paper proposes an observer-based sliding mode control method for electro-hydraulic servo systems with uncertain nonlinearities, external disturbances, and immeasurable states. The mathematical model is built based on the principle of electro-hydraulic servo systems. Owing to its highly robustness and finite time properties, the sliding mode observer is chosen and designed to estimate the velocity and the equivalent pressure online only using the position feedback. Then, in order to tackle the chattering problem of conventional sliding mode control and increase the control accuracy, a novel second-order sliding mode control scheme is proposed based on the fractional-order proportional–integral–derivative sliding surface and the state observer. The stability of the overall system is proved by Lyapunov theory. Finally, the detailed simulations are conducted, which include the comparative analysis of control performance with other methods and the study of observation performance.
Systemic lupus erythematosus and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, etiology and novel treatment strategies
Authors: Al-Adhoubi N K , Bystrom J
Published: February 2020

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is a severe respiratory complication of systemic lupus erythematosus. The illness develops over hours to a few days and is the systemic lupus erythematosus-associated syndrome with highest mortality. Although no specific symptoms have been identified, a number of features are associated with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, with a drop in blood hemoglobin the most prominent. Dyspnea, blood-stained sputum, diffuse infiltrates identified by chest imaging, elevated single breath-diffusing capacity for monoxide, thrombocytopenia and C3 hypocomplementemia are other commonly reported signs of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. The etiology is not completely understood but many patients develop diffuse alveolar hemorrhage concomitant with lupus nephritis, suggesting immune complex-driven pathology. Biopsy studies have identified both cases with capillaritis and a bland non-inflammatory phenotype. An animal model of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage has indicated requirement of B lymphocytes and complement receptor-mediated apoptotic body phagocytosis by monocytes as part of the pathogenesis. This review will discuss considerations when diagnosing the condition and available therapies. Infections and other causes of hemorrhage have to be excluded as these require different treatment strategies. Methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide remain the most commonly used therapies. Plasmapheresis and rituximab are other beneficial treatment options. A few studies have also considered intrapulmonary Factor VII therapy, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and mesenchymal stem cell therapy. There is an unmet need of better definition of diffuse alveolar hemorrhages etiology and pathology for development of improved treatment strategies.
Current System of Overseeing Drug Trials in Developing Countries by the FDA Is Dangerous
Authors: White C. Michael
Published: February 2020

Clinical research used to substantiate Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug approval is increasingly being conducted overseas. One of the enticements to move overseas is unequal oversight by the FDA, and these differences can result in poor quality research and human subject risk. Downstream, patients, clinicians, and payers of health care can be harmed by inaccuracies in the new drug approval process. The need of the hour is to bridge the gap in the standards by ensuring that the investigators in the developing countries adhere to the same quality standards as the domestic investigators.
TRENDS: Economic Interests Cause Elected Officials to Liberalize Their Racial Attitudes
Authors: Grose Christian R. , Peterson Jordan Carr
Published: February 2020

Do attitudes of elected officials toward racial issues change when the issues are portrayed as economic? Traditionally, scholars have presented Confederate symbols as primarily a racial issue: elites supporting their eradication from public life tend to emphasize the association of Confederate symbols with slavery and institutionalized racism, while those elected officials who oppose the removal of Confederate symbols often cite the heritage of white southerners. In addition to these racial explanations, we argue that there is an economic component underlying support for removal of Confederate symbols among political elites. Racial issues can also be economic issues, and framing a racial issue as an economic issue can change elite attitudes. In the case of removal of Confederate symbols, the presence of such imagery is considered harmful to business. Two survey experiments of elected officials in eleven U.S. southern states show that framing the decision to remove Confederate symbols as good for business causes those elected officials to favor removing the Confederate flag from public spaces. Elected officials can be susceptible to framing, just like regular citizens.
Utility of Dehydrated Human Amniotic Membrane (DHAM) in Total Ankle Arthroplasty
Authors: Horn Andrew , Saller Jeremy , Cuttica Daniel J. , Geng Xue , Neufeld Steven
Published: February 2020

Background:

Wound complications after total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) are a common postoperative complication occurring in 14% to 66% of all surgeries. Soft tissue breakdown along the anterior incision can cause exposure of anterior tendons and implant, and adhesions of the extensor tendons of the foot. Recent publications have advocated for the implantation of dehydrated human amniotic membrane (DHAM) allograft during closure of anterior ankle incisions during TAA. The goal of this study was to determine whether implantation of DHAM allograft in TAAs decreased overall postoperative wound complications.

Methods:

One hundred seventy patients with end-stage ankle arthritis refractory to conservative management underwent TAA with a standard anterior approach by 1 of 3 board-certified foot and ankle orthopedic surgeons. Ninety-one patients underwent closure of the anterior incision with addition of DHAM, whereas 79 patients served as the control (no addition of DHAM). The primary endpoints considered were postoperative complications and reoperation. Included in the postoperative complications was return to the operating room, postoperative plastic surgery intervention, wound communication with the implant, removal of the implant, neurolysis, tendon debridement, and extensor hallucis longus contracture/adhesions.

Results:

In the analysis of our demographically homogenous cohorts, there was no statistically significant difference in any postoperative complications between patients closed with DHAM and controls. Return to the operating room occurred in 8.9% of controls and 15.4% of the DHAM group ( P = .291). Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference in postoperative plastic surgery, wound communication with the implant, implant removal, neurolysis, and tendon debridement between the control and DHAM groups.

Conclusion:

The application of DHAM theoretically acts to decrease overall wound complications in TAA. The use of DHAM preceding wound closure in TAA did not show a statistically significant reduction in overall wound complications in our retrospective analysis. Further study, including prospective randomized studies, is needed to further investigate the effectiveness of DHAM in reducing wound complications in TAAs.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, retrospective cohort study.
Administrators’ Roles: Providing Special Educators with Opportunities to Learn and Enact Effective Reading Practices for Students With EBD
Authors: Bettini Elizabeth , Cumming Michelle M. , Brunsting Nelson C. , McKenna John William , Cooper Schneider Caitlin , Muller Rebecca , Peyton David
Published: February 2020

Special educators are responsible for providing quality reading instruction to students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD), but they often experience difficulties fulfilling this responsibility, especially for students with EBD who are placed in dedicated settings, including self-contained classes. Administrators can help by ensuring special educators have what they need to provide effective reading instruction. We highlight how administrators can leverage special educators’ working conditions to improve the reading instruction that students with EBD receive in self-contained settings.
Tracing the curation of Indigenous knowledge in a biopiracy case
Authors: Kapepiso Fabian Simasiku , Higgs Richard
Published: February 2020

This study presents a constructivist grounded theory study of curation and biopiracy of the San people’s knowledge about Hoodia. The “discoveries” and records of the Hoodia species by Carl P. Thunberg, Francis Masson, as well as the recorded experience of Rudolf Marloth, led to scientific experiments and commercial trials in an attempt to develop slimming drugs. This study has identified key layers and knowledge domains that have added new layers of information and knowledge to traditional knowledge concerning the use of Hoodia for medicinal purposes. The study traces the movement of Indigenous knowledge from the San to the CSIR, from CSIR to Phytopharm, Pfizer and Unilever, through the licencing of a patent on Hoodia. An emergent theory based on the concept of palimpsest suggests that erasures of the existing traditional knowledge occurred as new layers of knowledge were added or applied.
A feminist reflection on male victims of conflict-related sexual violence
Authors: du Toit Louise , le Roux Elisabet
Published: February 2020

The authors identify a pervasive tendency, especially in the world of development and humanitarian response, to hierarchize or prioritize certain types of victims of sexual violence in armed conflict over others. Within this broader context, they focus on what a considered feminist acknowledgement of male victims of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) should look like. On the one hand, they emphasize that one and the same patriarchal template is used to humiliate and shame male and female victims of sexual violence alike. On the other, they urge that in light of the pervasiveness of patriarchal ideology and its harmful and wide-reaching social effects, the time is not yet ripe to endorse a gender-blind approach to CRSV.
Possession and exorcism in the Muslim migrant context
Authors: Oparin Dmitriy
Published: February 2020

This paper is based on fieldwork carried out among Muslim migrants in Moscow. The research focuses on practices of ritual healing and expelling djinn in an urban post-secular environment and in the context of migration. Concerning the procedure of exorcism, both self-reflection and introspection of all the participants of the treatment are of interest to me – the mullah, his patients, their relatives and even critics of these Muslim practices. In this study, it is not my intention to delve too deeply into the analysis of what possession is or determine its causes, but rather to look at specific situations from my fieldwork through the lens of morality, authority and precarity, in order to attempt to present the experience of possession and my informants’ struggle against it in all its richness and complexity.
Evaluating a framework for policymakers
Authors: Schrag Francis
Published: February 2020

With respect to framework presented in K Shores and S Loeb’s article, I answer two questions: How well does the framework map onto a real-world situation marked by conflict over fair opportunity? What use might the framework be to decision makers?
Labor Reporting and Its Critics in the CIO Years
Authors: Glende Philip
Published: February 2020

This monograph examines daily newspaper coverage of organized labor during the burst of union activity that began in the early 1930s. Three factors influenced labor reporting during this period: the dramatic rise of unions as a political, economic, and cultural force in the New Deal; trends in journalism, including the dominance of objectivity as an operating norm and the shift toward interpretive reporting; and journalists, their sources in labor leadership, and the emergence of the American Newspaper Guild. Union leaders were highly critical of the general circulation press and its coverage of labor issues. I argue that labor news was biased against unions, but that bias was not the result of a deliberate attempt to discredit unions. Despite prounion inclinations of some journalists, news values, news gathering routines, and newsroom practices shaped labor reporting in a way that emphasized organized labor’s role in repeatedly challenging and disrupting the status quo.
Monitoring the Prognosis of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Predictive Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Red Blood Cell Distribution Width
Authors: Arıcan Gökhun , Kahraman Hamit Çağlayan , Özmeriç Ahmet , İltar Serkan , Alemdaroğlu Kadir Bahadır
Published: February 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic values of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and red blood cell distribution width in diabetic foot ulcers treatment. A total of 250 adult patients who were treated in our clinic between 2007 and 2018 for diabetic foot ulcers were evaluated retrospectively. Diabetic foot ulcers were divided into 4 groups: major amputation, minor amputation, chronic wound, and complete healing. The mean age of our study groups was 60 years (range = 55-65 years). The mean follow-up period was 28 ± 4.3 months. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and red blood cell distribution width cutoff values were determined as 4.3 and 12.1, respectively, for patients in complete recovery group (C sig. = .995 and .871, respectively; P < .05). Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and red blood cell distribution width cutoff values for patients in the major amputation group were 6.73 and 13.4 (C sig. = .864 and .951, respectively; P < .05), respectively. According to the χ2 comparison of the groups, major amputation was seen in patients with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio >6.3, and complete recovery was seen in patients with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio <4.3. In patients with red blood cell distribution width >13.4, major amputation was found to be significant ( P < .05). According to these results, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and red blood cell distribution width are inexpensive and easy to access predictive parameters in the diagnosis and follow-up of diabetic foot ulcers.
Intermediate and Long-term Outcomes Following Surgical Decompression of Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome in an Adolescent Patient Population
Authors: Ransom Erin F. , Minton Heather L. , Young Bradley L. , He Jun Kit , Ponce Brent A. , McGwin Gerald , Meyer Richard D. , Brabston Eugene W.
Published: February 2020

Background: Although the diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is often missed, outcomes from surgical intervention significantly improve patient satisfaction. This article seeks to highlight patient characteristics, intraoperative findings, and both short and long-term outcomes of thoracic outlet decompression in the adolescent population. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients between the ages of 13 and 21 years with a clinical diagnosis of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) who were treated surgically between 2000 and 2015 was performed. Data points including preoperative patient characteristics and intraoperative findings were collected. In addition, patient-reported outcome scores, including Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE), Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (QuickDASH) questionnaire, Cervical Brachial Symptom Questionnaire (CBSQ), and NTOS index, were obtained for a cohort of patients with follow-up ranging from 2 to 15 years. Results: The study population consisted of 54 patients involving 61 extremities. The most common procedures included neurolysis of the supraclavicular brachial plexus (60, 98.4%), anterior scalenectomy (59, 96.7%), and middle scalenectomy (54, 88.5%). First rib resection (FRR) was performed in 28 patients (45.9%). Long-term outcomes were collected for 24 (44%) of 54 patients with an average follow-up of 69.5 months (range, 24-180 months). The average VAS improved from 7.5 preoperatively to 1.8 postoperatively. The average SANE increased from 28.9 preoperatively to 85.4 postoperatively. The average postoperative scores were 11.4 for the QuickDASH, 27.4 for the CBSQ, and 17.2 for the NTOS index. Subgroup analysis of patients having FRR (28, 45.9%) demonstrated no difference in clinical outcome measures compared with patients who did not have FRR. Conclusion: Surgical treatment of NTOS in adolescent patients has favorable intermediate and long-term outcomes.
Spirit Baptism and Spiritual Formation: A Pentecostal Proposal
Authors: Macchia Frank D.
Published: February 2020

The Pentecostal understandings of baptism in the Holy Spirit hold potential for a more substantively pneumatological understanding of spiritual formation, but there are conceptual barriers to overcome before this potential can be realized. Specifically, the emphasis of revivalism on crisis experience and individualistic piety must be set within a larger framework that is more expansively ecclesiological and eschatological. A more expansively eschatological view of Spirit baptism can provide this framework, opening breathing room for prioritizing a pneumatological vision of spiritual formation in the life and mission of the church. Spirit baptism can still refer to new breakthroughs in the life of the Spirit (moments of Spirit filling) but those experiences would be couched within a larger vision of spiritual formation.
Rapidly Progressive Dementia and Temporal Lobe Atrophy in a Case of Nonketotic Hyperglycemic Hemichorea
Authors: Kammeyer Ryan M. , Orjuela Karen D.
Published: February 2020

Hemichorea has been well-reported in association with nonketotic hyperosmolar hyperglycemia (NKHH), but reports of concurrent temporal lobe involvement are rare. We present the case of a man with NKHH who developed hemichorea in the setting of rapidly progressive memory and cognitive impairments. He demonstrated the unilateral striatal T1 hyperintensities expected for NKHH-induced hemichorea but was also found to have fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensity, contrast enhancement, and eventual atrophy of his ipsilateral temporal lobe. A review of similar case reports and radiologic findings was performed. His temporal lobe injury shows a progression mimicking that seen in cortical laminar necrosis, suggesting transient ischemia to this lobe as a consequence of either blood hyperviscosity or vasoconstriction; atypical infections or parainfectious processes cannot fully be excluded, however. In addition to hemichorea or focal neurologic deficits, NKHH may also be associated with a rapidly progressive dementia and temporal lobe injury, with deficits that may not fully reverse after glycemic control.