bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive finite element analysis of mode I fracture in cement‐based materials
Authors: Prasad M. V. K. V. , Krishnamoorthy C. S.
Published: August 2002

Microscopic studies using advanced experimental techniques have provided better insight into the fracture mechanisms in cement‐based materials. A clear understanding of fracture mechanisms is critical for the development of rigorous computational models for analysing fracture. Fracture analysis is usually carried out by finite element method. Accuracy of FE analysis depends upon the choice of mesh and for the predictions to be reliable, discretization errors are to be minimized. In cohesive crack approach, the non‐linearity is limited to the boundary conditions along the geometric discontinuity while the bulk of the material retains its elastic nature. The paper presents a mesh‐adaptive strategy based on ZZ error estimator to model discrete crack propagation in cement‐based materials. Examples of simulations have demonstrated the potential of the mesh‐adaptive technique in modelling the evolution of the localized strain profiles as well as failure of concrete test specimen. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of thermodynamics to the global modelling of shallow foundations on frictional material
Authors: Le Pape Y. , Sieffert J.‐G.
Published: August 2002

Soil–shallow foundation interaction has been theoretically analysed within the framework of thermomechanics. The design of a global interaction model has been achieved with an original treatment of the Clausius–Duhem inequality. The role of the gravity volume forces is emphasized. The paper is focused on a strip footing based on dense sand and subjected to time‐independent plastic processes. The theoretical approach has confirmed that an associated global flow rule cannot be expected to hold true. The analysis of the sources of dissipation has led to the development of a soil–footing interface model and a complete interaction model accounting for the interface constraints and the intrinsic frictional properties of the soil. Finally, the abilities of the complete model are checked by comparisons with experimental results found in the literature. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of property variation and modelling on convection in a fluid overlying a porous layer
Authors: Straughan B.
Published: August 2002

An accurate computational analysis is presented for the onset of thermal convection in a two‐layer system which is comprised of a saturated layer of porous material described by Darcy's law, over which lies a layer of the same saturating fluid. The two‐layer system is heated from below and the upper (fluid) surface is allowed to be fixed or stress free. The onset of convection may have a bi‐modal nature in which convection may be dominated by the porous medium or by the fluid depending on the depths of the relative layers, but this is strongly controlled by material parameters. The effect of variation of relevant fluid and porous material properties is investigated in detail, as is the effect of the interface boundary condition between the fluid and the porous medium. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constitutive modelling of aggregate interlock in concrete
Authors: Jefferson A. D.
Published: August 2002

A model for formed cracks in concrete is presented. The model can be used in isolation for existing cracks or linked with other damage or plasticity models and applied once a crack has fully formed. It can be applied directly to interface finite elements or used to control the behaviour of crack planes in more general constitutive models that are applied to 2D and 3D continuum elements. The focus of the present development is on aggregate interlock and crack closing behaviour, which is examined from available experimental data. A contact function is derived and is used to differentiate between three contact states. These states are named open, where there is no contact, interlock, for which the stresses depend upon the nearest distance to the contact surface and closed, for which the stresses depend upon the relative displacements directly. The model is developed within an elasto‐plastic framework using effective stresses, which are related to the total stresses via a contact proportion function. The relationship between the effective normal and shear yield stresses is found to be parabolic and the yield shear stress to be dependent upon the opening and embedment displacements. The performance of the model is assessed against experimental data from shear‐normal tests and it is concluded that the model is able to represent the key characteristics of the behaviour of formed cracks in concrete. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mobile lipid production after confluence and pH stress in perfused C6 cells
Authors: Barba Ignasi , Mann Paul , Cabañas Miquel E. , Arús Carles , Gasparovic Charles
Published: August 2002

NMR‐visible mobile lipid (ML) has been observed in aggressive tumors and also in in vitro tumor cell models subjected to growth‐inhibiting conditions, such as confluence or low‐pH stress. The aim of the present study was to determine if ML production after confluence or low pH stress in a cultured cell model of brain tumor is due to growth arrest alone. ML was observed in situ by one‐ and two‐dimensional 1H NMR in viable but growth‐arrested C6 glioma cells superfused for a period of 48 h after harvesting. The rate of ML production in cells harvested at subconfluence was compared to the rate in cells confluent for one cell cycle and to the rate in subconfluent‐harvested cells superfused at low pH (pH 6.1). Confluent‐harvested cells produced ML at a markedly greater rate than that of cells harvested at subconfluence, suggesting the involvement of prior cell–cell contact rather than simple growth arrest. A high rate was also observed in subconfluent‐harvested cells subjected to low pH, indicating that ML in pH‐stressed cells also does not arise from growth arrest alone. Furthermore, two‐dimensional data on the degree of unsaturation of the ML fatty acyl chains and one‐dimensional 31P and two‐dimensional 1H NMR data on the GPC content of the cells suggest distinct metabolic pathways for the production of ML following confluence and low‐pH stress. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abbreviations used:

ACSF

artificial cerebrospinal fluid

GPC

glycerophosphocholine

ICr

initial creatine

ML

NMR‐visible mobile lipid

PCr

phosphocreatine

PLA1

phospholipase A1

PLA2 phospholipase A2

TG triacylglycerol.
FAIR exempting separate T1 measurement (FAIREST): a novel technique for online quantitative perfusion imaging and multi‐contrast fMRI
Authors: Lai Song , Wang Jiongjiong , Jahng Geon‐Ho
Published: August 2002

A new pulse sequence, dubbed FAIR exempting separate T1 measurement (FAIREST) in which a slice‐selective saturation recovery acquisition is added in addition to the standard FAIR (flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery) scheme, was developed for quantitative perfusion imaging and multi‐contrast fMRI. The technique allows for clean separation between and thus simultaneous assessment of BOLD and perfusion effects, whereas quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) and tissue T1 values are monitored online. Online CBF maps were obtained using the FAIREST technique and the measured CBF values were consistent with the off‐line CBF maps obtained from using the FAIR technique in combination with a separate sequence for T1 measurement. Finger tapping activation studies were carried out to demonstrate the applicability of the FAIREST technique in a typical fMRI setting for multi‐contrast fMRI. The relative CBF and BOLD changes induced by finger‐tapping were 75.1 ± 18.3 and 1.8 ± 0.4%, respectively, and the relative oxygen consumption rate change was 2.5 ± 7.7%. The results from correlation of the T1 maps with the activation images on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis show that the mean T1 value of the CBF activation pixels is close to the T1 of gray matter while the mean T1 value of the BOLD activation pixels is close to the T1 range of blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracellular trafficking of a tagged and functional mammalian olfactory receptor
Authors: Ivic Lidija , Zhang Cen , Zhang Xinmin , Yoon Sung Ok , Firestein Stuart
Published: August 2002

Tagged G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been used to facilitate intracellular visualization of these receptors. We have used a combination of adenoviral vector gene transfer and tagged olfactory receptors to help visualize mammalian olfactory receptor proteins in the normal olfactory epithelium of rats, and in cell culture. Three recombinant adenoviral vectors were generated carrying variously tagged versions of rat olfactory receptor I7. The constructs include an N‐terminal Flag epitope tag (Flag:I7), enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion protein (EGFP:I7), and a C‐terminal EGFP fusion (I7:EGFP). These receptor constructs were assayed in rat olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and in a heterologous system (HEK 293 cell line) for protein localization and functional expression. Functional expression of the tagged receptor proteins was tested by electroolfactogram (EOG) recordings in the infected rat olfactory epithelium, and by calcium imaging in single cells. Our results demonstrate that the I7:EGFP fusion protein and Flag:I7 are functionally expressed in OSNs while the EGFP:I7 fusion is not, probably due to inappropriate processing of the protein in the cells. These data suggest that a small epitope tag (Flag) at the N‐terminus, or EGFP located at the C‐terminus of the receptor, does not affect ligand binding or downstream signaling. In addition, both functional fusion proteins (Flag:I7 and I7:EGFP) are properly targeted to the plasma membrane of HEK 293 cells. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 50: 56–68, 2002
A finite volume method with a modified ENO scheme using a Hermite interpolation to solve advection diffusion equations
Authors: Balaguer A. , Conde C. , López J. A. , Martínez V.
Published: August 2002

In this paper we have developed a finite volume ENO scheme, third‐order accurate, based on cell averages and a TVD Runge–Kutta time discretization to solve advection–diffusion equations in a two‐dimensional spatial domain. We have designed a special interpolating polynomial based on a modified ENO scheme and a Hermite procedure which avoids the excessive smearing in regions with sharpconcentration fronts and the overcompression effects produced by the modified ENO technique. Thesemodifications do not affect the non‐oscillatory philosophy since we compare divided differences inthe modified ENO scheme and in the evaluation of the Hermite polynomial derivatives. Numericalresults compare favourably with their respective analytical solutions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing Culture for Competitive Advantage at United Parcel Service
Authors: Soupata Lea
Published: August 2002

Competitive advantage traditionally is seen as a function of excellence in products, systems, marketing, or other operational attributes of a business. UPS has led in many of these areas. Its fundamental competitive strength, however, derives from the organization's unique culture, which has spanned almost a century, growing deeper all along. This culture provides solid, consistent roots for everything the company does, from skill training to technological innovation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Currents: Books in Brief
Authors: Lawton LaRoi
Published: August 2002

The Roots and Future of Management Theory

Profit From the Core: Growth Strategy in an Era of Turbulence

90 Days to Launch: Internet Projects on Time and on Budget

The Six Sigma Revolution: How General Electric and Others Turned Process into Profits

In Good Company

Evolve! Succeeding in the Digital Culture of Tomorrow

Lessons from the Heart of American Business: A Roadmap for Managers in the 21st Century

The Passion Plan at Work: A Step‐by‐Step Guide to Building a Passion‐Driven Organization

The Inner Work of Leaders: Leadership as a Habit of Mind

Corporate Sin: Leaderless Leadership and Dissonant Workers

The HR Scorecard

Place to Space: Migrating to Ebusiness Models

Building the Integrated Company

Protecting Your Company's Intellectual Property: A Practical Guide to Trademarks, Copyrights, Patents, & Trade Secrets

Gaming the System: Stop Playing the Organizational Game
Nigrostriatal pathway laterality in unlesioned old female rats
Authors: Mishima Akira , Fujii Tomoko , Matsumura Nobuko , Maruyama Daisuke , Hishikawa Keiichi , Nakaki Toshio
Published: August 2002

We investigated whether there is an imbalance in the nigrostriatal pathway in unlesioned young (8 weeks) and old (20 months) female rats. Rotation behavior and stepping tests were employed to evaluate the functional laterality of this pathway. In the absence of methamphetamine, there was no preference in the rotational direction in young rats but there was temporally consistent rotational preference in old rats. Methamphetamine injection (5 mg/kg, i.p.) uncovered the imbalance of rotational direction in young rats and enhanced in old rats. Old rat showed a temporally consistent rotational direction preference, as measured weekly for three consecutive weeks. Neither the presence nor the absence of methamphetamine affected rotational direction during the three weeks. Furthermore, statistical analyses revealed lateral malfunctions, which had been predicted from the methamphetamine‐induced rotational test, to be consistent with those revealed by the stepping test in old rats. On the other hand, there was no temporal consistency in young rats. These results suggest that old female rats have a persistent functional imbalance of the nigrostriatal pathway.
Analyzing and visualizing a discretized semilinear elliptic problem with Neumann boundary conditions
Authors: Hwang Tsung‐Min , Wang Weichung
Published: August 2002

A semilinear elliptic equation dΔu − u + up =0 over the unit ball in ℝ2 with positive solution and the homogeneous Neumann boundary condition is considered. This equation models applications like chemotactic aggregation and biological pattern formation. Recent theoretical analyses on the equation suggest little continuous solution properties. Focusing on solving the discretized version of the equation, this work proposes an efficient algorithm that combines a newly developed discretization scheme on polar coordinates with a fast Fourier solver. An analysis of the induced matrix structures proves the algorithm converges to positive solutions; the analysis also establishes the q‐axial symmetry and monotonicity behavior of the solutions. Based on the q‐axial symmetry property, Numerical experiments were conducted to visualize various solution forms that are new to the best of our knowledge. The experiments also illustrated sensitivity behavior of the solutions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 261–279, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/num.10006
Refined mixed finite element method for the elasticity problem in a polygonal domain
Authors: Farhloul M. , Paquet L.
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this article is to study a mixed formulation of the elasticity problem in plane polygonal domains and its numerical approximation. In this mixed formulation the strain tensor is introduced as a new unknown and its symmetry is relaxed by a Lagrange multiplier, which is nothing else than the rotation. Because of the corner points, the displacement field is not regular in general in the vicinity of the vertices but belongs to some weighted Sobolev space. Using this information, appropriate refinement rules are imposed on the family of triangulations in order to recapture optimal error estimates. Moreover, uniform error estimates in the Lamé coefficient λ are obtained for λ large. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 323–339, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/num.10009
Superconvergence of a finite element method for the biharmonic equation
Authors: Lin Jiafu , Lin Qun
Published: August 2002

Ciarlet‐Raviart's scheme is a finite element method for solving the mixed formulation of the biharmonic equation. So far, there has been no superconvergence for the vorticity from this method if a general rectangular mesh is used. In this article, we deal with the biquadratic elements under the uniform rectangular mesh and prove for the first time a superconvergence for the vorticity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 420–427, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/num.10010
An hp‐adaptive refinement strategy for hypersingular operators on surfaces
Authors: Heuer Norbert
Published: August 2002

An adaptive refinement strategy for the hp‐version of the boundary element method with hypersingular operators on surfaces is presented. The error indicators are based on local projections provided by two‐level decompositions of ansatz spaces with additional bubble functions. Assuming a saturation property and locally quasi‐uniform meshes, efficiency and reliability of the resulting error estimator is proved. A second error estimator based on mesh refinement and overlapping decompositions that better fulfills the saturation property is presented. The performance of the algorithm and the estimators is demonstrated for a model problem. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 396–419, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/num.10011
Indecomposable quasi‐characteristics scheme on pyramidal stencil and its application for numerical simulation of two‐phase flows through heterogeneous porous medium
Authors: Kwak Do Young , Levin Mikhail P. , Lee Sungyun
Published: August 2002

A new high‐resolution indecomposable quasi‐characteristics scheme with monotone properties based on pyramidal stencil is considered. This scheme is based on consideration of two high‐resolution numerical schemes approximated governing equations on the pyramidal stencil with different kinds of dispersion terms approximation. Two numerical solutions obtained by these schemes are analyzed, and the final solution is chosen according to the special criterion to provide the monotone properties in regions where discontinuities of solutions could arise. This technique allows to construct the high‐order monotone solutions and keeps both the monotone properties and the high‐order approximation in regions with discontinuities of solutions. The selection criterion has a local character suitable for parallel computation. Application of the proposed technique to the solution of the time‐dependent 2D two‐phase flows through the porous media with the essentially heterogeneous properties is considered, and some numerical results are presented. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 44–55, 2002
Development and testing of the patient expectations and satisfaction with prenatal care instrument
Authors: Omar Mildred A. , Schiffman Rachel F. , Bingham C. Raymond
Published: August 2002

Addressing consumer needs requires the development of a valid means of specifically measuring pregnant women's satisfaction with prenatal care. This study's purpose was to develop items for, to pilot‐test, and to examine the structural validity of the Patient Expectations and Satisfaction with Prenatal Care (PESPC) instrument. Extant literature and information obtained from focus groups were used in the development. The PESPC was pilot‐tested with a sample of 114 pregnant women receiving prenatal care. To structurally validate the PESPC, data collected from 587 women who participated in a cross‐sectional, self‐administered survey were used. Structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis were used to develop and cross‐validate the PESPC. The PESPC was found to be structurally valid, and the subscales of Expectations and Satisfaction demonstrated acceptable levels of internal consistency. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24: 218–229, 2001
Variation in tuna fish catches in pacific prehistory
Authors: Fraser K.L.
Published: August 2002

The archaeological evidence from Pacific faunal assemblages held in the Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa, is reviewed. An emphasis on inshore fish and fishing is demonstrated, while evidence for offshore fish, such as tuna, is slight. Yet ethnographic accounts of fishing in the Pacific often contain detailed descriptions of offshore fishing expeditions to catch pelagic fish, including tuna, and these fish continue to occupy a significant place in the cultural life of many Pacific island communities. The uneven representation of tuna in archaeological sites is not thought to derive from any known taphonomic process, but fairly represents the relative abundance of tuna in catches throughout the Pacific. Discontinuities in catch frequency do not follow any known variations in natural abundance, and the preferred explanation is cultural choice. Moreover, in sites where tuna were a major component of the catch, there appears to be a small but consistent decline in their relative abundance, again believed to reflect cultural–historical, rather than natural, processes. It is suggested that the social importance, as well as economic aspects of tuna fishing, need to be incorporated in explanations for the presence of tuna in archaeological sites. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency of cribra orbitalia in the subadult medieval population from Gruczno, Poland
Authors: Piontek J. , Kozlowski T.
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this work is to present data on the frequency of cribra orbitalia in the skulls of children from a Polish medieval population cemetery in Gruczno and to compare the results with the frequency of this phenomenon in adult populations. The frequency of cribra orbitalia was investigated in 92 skulls belonging to individuals who died between the ages of 0 to 15 years. The Hengen scale (1971) and the Nathan & Haas scale (1966) as modified by Robledo et al (1995) were used. The frequency of cribra orbitalia in children whose age at death was between 0 and 7 years was 47.1%, and in children who died between 7 to 15 years was 50.0%.

The results described allow us to conclude that the living conditions of the medieval population of Gruczno did not guarantee the good health of children and adolescents. They were exposed to a variety of factors, in particular to pathological factors, disturbing their growth and development. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimum‐time control of systems with Coulomb friction: near global optima via mixed integer linear programming
Authors: Driessen Brian J. , Sadegh Nader
Published: August 2002

This work presents a method of finding near global optima to minimum‐time trajectory generation problems for systems that would be linear if it were not for the presence of Coulomb friction. The required final state of the system is assumed to be maintainable by the system, and the input bounds are assumed to be large enough so that the role of maintaining zero acceleration during finite time intervals of zero velocity (the role of static friction) can always be assumed by the input. Other than the previous work for generating minimum‐time trajectories for robotic manipulators for which the path in joint space is already specified, this work represents, to the best of our knowledge, the first approach for generating near global optima for minimum‐time problems involving a non‐linear class of dynamic systems. The reason the optima generated are near global optima instead of exactly global optima is due to a discrete‐time approximation of the system (which is usually used anyway to simulate such a system numerically). The method closely resembles previous methods for generating minimum‐time trajectories for linear systems, where the core operation is the solution of a Phase I linear programming problem. For the non‐linear systems considered herein, the core operation is instead the solution of a mixed integer linear programming problem. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
State and output feedback design for robust tracking of linear systems with rate limited actuators
Authors: Lin Zongli , Pachter Meir , Banda Siva , Shamash Yacov
Published: August 2002

A design technique (Control of Uncertain Systems with Bounded Inputs, Tarbouriech S, Garcia G, (Eds), Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, vol. 227, Springer: Berlin, 1997; 173–186) recently proposed for stabilization of a linear system with rate‐limited actuators is utilized to design feedback laws that cause the system output to track a desired command signal. This design technique combines two design techniques recently developed for linear systems with position limited actuators, piecewise‐linear LQ control (Automatica, 1994; 30: 403–416) and low‐and‐high gain feedback (IEEE Trans. Automat. Control, 1996; 41: 368–378), and hence takes advantage of both design techniques, while avoiding their disadvantages. In the case that only the output is available for feedback, the performance of the state feedback law is preserved by the use of a fast observer. An open‐loop exponentially unstable fighter aircraft is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control design method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of government in maintaining rural water supplies: caveats from Malawi's gravity schemes
Authors: Kleemeier Elizabeth
Published: August 2002

Malawi earned a great deal of praise for its programme to build gravity‐fed piped water schemes in rural areas, because the government limited its own role by turning over many responsibilities to the community. Unfortunately, the government has not been able to provide the supporting services and recurrent financing necessary under even this limited role. As a result, the schemes are functioning at about 50% of capacity. These problems did not arise because programme designers and implementers neglected to plan for operation and maintenance. Rather, they thought that a very good system was in place. However, both observers and those directly concerned failed to identify or act on flaws in the planned system for a number of reasons, such as the blinding success of the construction programme, and a willingness to accept rather than evaluate underlying critical assumptions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Training and public sector reform: an integrated approach
Authors: Healy Padraig
Published: August 2002

This article is partly a response to McCourt and Sola (1999), who raised a number of important observations about the role and limitations of training in promoting public sector reform in Tanzania. In particular, their discussion of the relationship between individual and organizational change is referred to. The article outlines a possible alternative to the straight training approach to capacity building, and suggests it as a possible model for the kind of OD intervention mentioned in McCourt and Sola, The author describes a programme of capacity building for rural district councils in Zimbabwe, which tried to avoid the mistakes of earlier public sector training programmes. In discussing ways of integrating human resource development into programmes of capacity building and public sector reform, the article adds to the debate about process and blueprint approaches as discussed in this journal by Cook, (1997), Blunt (1997) and others. The article concludes with an attempt to assess some of the achievements and failures of the training programme after the initial three years. It draws attention to some of the external factors in the programme operating environment which combine with the internal coordination and management aspects, in determining the overall achievement of such a complex programme. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Government–nonprofit partnership: a defining framework
Authors: Brinkerhoff Jennifer M.
Published: August 2002

Partnership has emerged as an increasingly popular approach to privatization and government–nonprofit relations generally. While in principle it offers many advantages, there is no consensus on what it means and its practice varies. Following a review of partnership literature, the article refines the partnership concept, developing two definitional dimensions: mutuality and organization identity. Based on these dimensions, partnership is defined on a relative scale and is distinguished from other relationship types: contracting, extension, and co‐optation or gradual absorption. Examples of each are provided. The model enables actors to assess their relative tolerance for partnership approaches, and provides a common language among potential partners. Linking its defining dimensions to partnership's value‐added assists partners to advocate for partnership approaches from an instrumental as well as normative perspective. The model and inter‐organizational relationship matrix can inform continuing theory building and practical experimentation both to refine defining dimensions and indicators of partnership practice, and to enhance responsiveness to partners' expectations of partnership. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cutting the bars: thoughts on ‘prisoners and escapees’ in Bangladesh
Authors: Curtis Donald
Published: August 2002

The idea that problems in governance have deep roots in social structure has been revisited by Geof Wood in a recent article in this journal. His article takes a position in relation to an ongoing debate about how to improve public administration and management in Bangladesh, a debate that seems to be almost as ‘imprisoned’ in incompatible values and premises as, he argues, are the various Bangladeshi actors in society. But behind this debate are some very practical issues about how the administration there might be persuaded to work better. Key to his contribution is the idea of ‘room for manoeuvre’ or conditions for ‘escape’. This article argues that embedded institutions and values matter but that behaviour is also responsive to opportunity. ‘Old’ values can be put together into new institutional complexes if given a chance. The key to successful institutional change is effectiveness. ‘Escape’ is not only, or even primarily, a matter of changing values but of responding to circumstances and changing institutions—cutting the bars. A close look at institutional and organizational reform in any country, including the UK, shows that, whatever moral language and posture inform the reform agenda, it is constructive compromise that produces the structure that works. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why things are never quite as simple in practice: opportunities for creating a system of social dispute resolution in Russia
Authors: Jacobs Colin
Published: August 2002

The article explores four themes based on my participation in the inception phase of a DFID‐funded project in Russia. The first is to assess the role of technical assistance in providing new models for social development and institutional change. What obstacles and difficulties do donors face in introducing changes in practices, which are comparatively new in their own countries? The second theme is the degree to which external changes put pressure on governments to legislate in favour of vulnerable groups. In this case the break‐up of the Soviet Union and subsequent impoverishment of large sectors of society provide the context. Third, the article examines the potential for change through the setting up of a ‘Conflict Commission’ in the pilot region of Samara oblast. Here, there is a comparatively supportive environment with evidence of a shared commitment by the state, their services and civil society. An outstanding and challenging question for this experiment is the degree to which this shared axis for change can become the basis for wider legal reform at the federal level. The article will finally consider the role of monitoring and evaluation in a pilot project. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiation synthesis of poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐g‐tartaric acid) hydrogels ­and their swelling behaviors
Authors: Özyürek Cengiz , Çaykara Tuncer , Kantoğlu Ömer , Güven Olgun
Published: August 2002

Poly(N‐Vinyl 2‐pyrrolidone‐g‐tartaric acid), PVP‐g‐TA hydrogels were prepared by γ‐irradiating ternary mixture of VP/TA/Water. The influence of pH, temperature and ionic strength of swelling media on the equilibrium swelling properties of these hydrogels was investigated. Typical pH and temperature responses were observed by hydrogels such as high pH and low temperature swelling and low pH and high temperature deswelling. A change in the ionic strength of the swelling solution from 0.01 to 0.2 caused a decrease in equilibrium degree of swelling hydrogels. The average molecular weight between cross‐links,
M

c and polymer ‐ solvent interaction parameter, χ of PVP‐g‐TA hydrogels were determined according to equation recently derived by Şen and Güven for the swelling behavior of charged polymeric network. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of ether‐linked bisoxazolines and their use in step‐growth polymerization reactions with phenolics
Authors: Tong Yuhua , Gao Feng , Huang Yongqing , Schricker Scott R. , Culbertson Bill M.
Published: August 2002

Six new ether‐linked bisoxazolines have been synthesized via reaction of p‐hydroxyphenyl‐2‐oxazoline with dihalides. These bisoxazolines may be used as chain extenders or crosslinkers for resins, monomers or polymers containing various acidic groups, including phenolics, via step‐growth (1 : 1) reactions. As an illustration, a phenol‐formaldehyde polycondensate (Alnovol) and an enzyme oligomerized bisphenol A resin, as well as poly (p‐hydroxystyrene), was chain extended and crosslinked to produce thermosets with high glass transition temperatures. The new bisoxazolines were also polymerized with diphenol compounds, such as diphone D and bisphenol P to generate linear or branched oligomers and polymers. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to evaluate the potential for polymerization and crosslinking reactions. Preliminary results showed that the new, ether‐linked bisoxazolines have potential for formulating high performance thermosets. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of an acrylate pressure sensitive adhesive for transdermal drug delivery
Authors: Kotiyan P. N. , Vavia P. R.
Published: August 2002

The present investigation was directed towards the synthesis of a copolymer of 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate and acrylic acid to be exploited as a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) matrix in transdermal drug delivery systems. The polymer synthesis involved free radical solution polymerization using 2, 2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as the free radical initiator. The experimental methodology involved the optimization of reaction conditions for the polymer synthesis. The optimized copolymer was then characterized by IR, 1H‐NMR, DSC, GPC and XRD. The PSA was also evaluated for percent free monomer content, intrinsic viscosity, refractive index, moisture uptake potential and film forming properties. To assess it suitability in the development of transdermal systems, peel strength values with respect to release liner as well as human skin and skin irritation potential were also determined. In addition, wear performance test was conducted to evaluate adhesion and adhesive transfer. The synthesized adhesive was found to have good peel strength; exhibited excellent adhesion and adhesive transfer on removal. It was found suitable for use in transdermals and could be further exploited either as an adhesive matrix or as a system component in the area of transdermal drug delivery. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and evaluation of some polymeric surfactants for treating crude oil—Part II. Destabilization of naturally occurring water‐in‐oil emulsions by polyalkylphenol formaldehyde amine resins
Authors: Al‐Sabagh A. M. , Nehal S. A. , Amal M. N. , Gabr M. M.
Published: August 2002

In the present work, three polymeric surfactants were prepared and used as demulsifiers; polyalkyl phenol formaldehyde monoethanol amine ethoxylate, eo, 136(D1), polyalkyl phenol formaldehyde diethanol amine ethoxylate, eo, 37(D2) and polyalkyl phenol formaldehyde triethanol amine ethoxylate, eo, 21.5(D3). Their demulsification potency in breaking water‐in‐crude oil emulsions was investigated. In this respect, two naturally occurring Egyptian water‐in‐oil (w/o) emulsions, one of them was waxy and the other was asphaltenic, were used in order to study the demulsification power of these compounds. The data revealed that, the resolution of water from waxy crude emulsion was easier than asphaltenic crude emulsion. The demulsification efficiency increases with increasing demulsifier concentration, contact time and temperature. The interfacial tension (IFT) at the crude oil–water interface was measured, it was found that the concentration of demulsifiers required to cause a minimum IFT are always less than these indicating a maximum demulsification efficiency. All the results were discussed in relation to emulsifier chemical structure and crude oil composition. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are all ductal proliferations of the breast premalignant?
Authors: Walker Rosemary A.
Published: August 2002

The evidence for ductal proliferations of the breast being associated with the development of breast carcinoma originally came from epidemiological studies. There have now been a variety of genetic analyses of such lesions, which have shown a range of alterations from none to 37% of hyperplasias. Alterations in growth regulatory factors (steroid receptors, proliferation and apoptosis‐related proteins) can also be found in a proportion of hyperplasias. The findings to date indicate that not all hyperplasias are premalignant and that the early events in breast carcinogenesis remain elusive. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the value of reporting partial screening results in prenatal screening for Down syndrome
Authors: Hackshaw A. K. , Wald N. J.
Published: August 2002

Prenatal screening for Down syndrome can be performed using the first trimester Combined Test [nuchal translucency (NT), pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A), free β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and maternal age] or the Integrated Test (for example, NT and PAPP‐A in the first trimester and two or more serum markers in the second trimester, all with maternal age). We investigated the value of providing partial results when using the Combined Test or Integrated Test to identify women with a high enough risk of having an affected pregnancy based on NT and maternal age alone such that there would be little advantage in combining this information with data on the serum markers. We also assessed whether in programmes using the Integrated Test it is worthwhile reporting partial results based on risk using first trimester markers and not obtaining a second trimester blood sample. Published data based on 480 affected and 96 839 unaffected pregnancies were used for the present study. Using NT and age alone, about 0.14% of all women screened would have such a high risk that they would always remain screen‐positive after the Combined Test and only 0.06% would remain screen‐positive after the Integrated Test. Similarly, about 0.07% of all women screened who have a high risk based on NT, PAPP‐A and age would remain screen‐positive after the Integrated Test. These percentages are too small to justify reporting two risk estimates for all women, given the confusion this would generate. It is therefore not worthwhile reporting partial risk estimates in screening programmes using the Combined Test or Integrated Test. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Familial X centromere variant resulting in false‐positive prenatal diagnosis of monosomy X by interphase FISH
Authors: Tsuchiya Karen , Schueler Mary G. , Dev V. G.
Published: August 2002

Interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis performed on uncultured amniotic fluid cells from a female fetus revealed a single signal using an X chromosome alpha‐satellite probe, and the absence of any signal using a Y chromosome alpha‐satellite probe. This result was initially interpreted as monosomy for the X chromosome in the fetus. Subsequent chromosome analysis from the cultured amniotic fluid cells showed two apparently normal X chromosomes. FISH using the X alpha‐satellite probe on metaphase spreads revealed hybridization to both X chromosomes, although one signal was markedly reduced compared to the other. The same hybridization pattern was observed in the mother of the fetus. This is the first report of a rare familial X centromere variant resulting in a false‐positive diagnosis of monosomy X by interphase FISH analysis for prenatal diagnosis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal UPD 20 in an infant from a pregnancy with mosaic trisomy 20
Authors: Salafsky Ira S. , MacGregor Scott N. , Claussen Uwe , von Eggeling Ferdinand
Published: August 2002

Maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) 20 was found in a 35‐month‐old girl, the product of a pregnancy complicated by a prenatal diagnosis of mosaic trisomy 20. Phenotypic abnormalities included pre‐ and postnatal growth failure, microcephaly, minor dysmorphic features and psychomotor developmental delay. Chromosomal analysis on cord blood revealed only a normal 46,XX karyotype. Microsatellite analysis of 27 chromosome 20 loci confirmed maternal UPD for all 11 informative markers. Maternal heterodisomy was detected in two and maternal isodisomy in three loci. In the remaining six loci, a non‐informative maternal UPD pattern was displayed, as mother and proband are homozygous for the same allele. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of maternal disomy 20 with normal karyotype ascertained by a mosaic trisomy 20 pregnancy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequential first and second trimester screening tests: correlation of the markers' levels in normal versus Down syndrome affected pregnancies†
Authors: Maymon R. , Bergman M. , Segal S. , Dreazen E. , Weinraub Z. , Herman A.
Published: August 2002

Sss Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular analysis of genomic DNA allows rapid, and accurate, prenatal diagnosis of peroxisomal D‐bifunctional protein deficiency
Authors: Paton B. C. , Solly P. B. , Nelson P. V. , Pollard A. N. , Sharp P. C. , Fietz M. J.
Published: August 2002

Prenatal diagnosis was requested for a couple with a previous child affected by the peroxisomal disorder D‐bifunctional protein deficiency. Prior analysis of the D‐bifunctional protein cDNA sequence from the propositus had shown that it was missing 22 bp. This was subsequently attributed to a point mutation in the intron 5 donor site (IVS5+1G>C) of the D‐bifunctional protein gene. Consistent with parental consanguinity, the patient was shown to be homozygous for this mutation, which is associated with loss of a Hph 1 restriction site in the genomic sequence. Prenatal testing of the fetus using genomic DNA isolated from uncultured amniocytes indicated that both alleles of the D‐bifunctional protein had the IVS5+1G>C substitution. The peroxisomal defect was later confirmed biochemically using cultured amniocytes, which were found to have elevated levels of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA). This is the first report of prenatal diagnosis of D‐bifunctional protein deficiency using molecular analysis of genomic DNA. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of de novo distal 11q deletion associated with sonographic findings of unilateral duplex renal system, pyelectasis and orofacial clefts
Authors: Chen Chih‐Ping , Chern Schu‐Rern , Tzen Chin‐Yuan , Lee Meng‐Shan , Pan Chen‐Wen , Chang Tung‐Yao , Wang Wayseen
Published: August 2002

In utero diagnosis of de novo distal 11q deletion associated with renal and orofacial malformations has not been previously described. We present a 35‐year‐old pregnant woman with prenatal sonographic findings of a unilateral duplex renal system, pyelectasis and orofacial clefts at 20 weeks' gestation. Both genetic amniocentesis and postnatal cytogenetic analysis revealed de novo 46,XX,del(11)(q23). After birth, the fetus manifested a dysmorphic phenotype correlated with del(11q) syndrome. Genetic marker analysis showed a paternally derived distal deletion of chromosome 11q and a breakpoint centromeric to D11S1341. The present case represents the earliest prenatal diagnosis of a duplex renal system, pyelectasis and an additional feature of orofacial clefts associated with distal 11q deletion. Prenatal sonographic detection of a duplex renal system, pyelectasis and orofacial clefts should warrant a careful assessment of fetal anatomy and prompt cytogenetic analysis looking for chromosomal aberrations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinico‐pathological conference: vascular catastrophe in a previously well 81 year old type 2 diabetic subject
Authors: Ibrahim B.A. , Gandhi R.A. , Campbell I.W. , Adamson B.A.
Published: August 2002

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peri‐conceptual folic acid supplementation in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Wills C.J. , Page S.R.
Published: August 2002

Aim

To document peri‐conceptual folic acid supplementation in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) attending the diabetic ante‐natal clinic of a university teaching hospital.

Methods

Women with pre‐existing type 1 DM who booked at the diabetes antenatal clinic at University Hospital, Nottingham over 3 years (1996–98) took part in a telephone survey about folic acid supplements.

Results

Data was available on 50 women, 65 pregnancies. Folic acid supplements were used before 50.7% (33) pregnancies, all planned, and started on confirmation of pregnancy in 34% (22), at a mean gestation of 5.8 weeks. No folic acid was used before or during 10 (15.4%) pregnancies. 75.4% (49) pregnancies were planned. 24 planned pregnancies were in women who had never had pre‐pregnancy counselling. 70.8%(17) of these were in multiparous women, and folic acid was taken before 41.1% (seven) of such pregnancies. Lack of awareness was the predominant reason for failure to take folic acid supplements in all groups.

Conclusions

Folic acid was taken before conception in only half of the pregnancies in the survey, due to lack of awareness of its importance.

Three‐quarters of pregnancies were planned but a disappointing number of women had pre‐pregnancy counselling, probably due to poor advertising and the assumption that women who had been pregnant before did not need such a session.

Women with DM should be informed about folic acid and offered pre‐pregnancy counselling. It should not be assumed that women who have had a pregnancy know about folic acid. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Points

Folic acid supplementation prior to conception and in the first trimester helps to prevent neural tube defects.

Almost half of the women in this survey failed to take folic acid prior to conception.

Women who did not take folic acid were unaware of its importance.

We need to ensure that women with diabetes understand the importance of folic acid.
The provision of diabetes information collections in public libraries as an adjunct to patient centred education: a preliminary study
Authors: Curtis S. , Hall J. , Robertson A.
Published: August 2002

From August 1995 onwards a range of diabetes information, designed for parents, young adults and older people, was placed in the 19 public libraries of Tameside and Glossop. The availability of the collections was promoted to newly diagnosed and established diabetic patients via dietitians, practice nurses and chiropodists. An on‐going promotion of the project to the public was organised. Loans from the collections were quite impressive with between 3000 and 3500 loans being made over a three year period. Patients were appreciative of the project and an ongoing survey of diabetes knowledge amongst newly diagnosed patients is suggesting that patients borrowing from the project may be increasing their knowledge and understanding score in the first year following diagnosis, while patients who do not borrow from the collections are not. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.