bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of cobaltocene as an n-dopant in organic molecular films
Authors: Chan Calvin K. , Kahn Antoine , Zhang Qing , Barlow Stephen , Marder Seth R.
Published: July 2007

Electrical or chemical doping of molecular films is an efficient means of improving and controlling charge injection and carrier transport in organic devices. Recent work demonstrated that bis(cyclopentadienyl)cobalt(II) (cobaltocene, CoCp2) efficiently dopes a tris(thieno)hexaazatriphenylene (THAP) derivative, as shown by a 0.56eV shift of the Fermi level toward the empty states and an increase of current density by a factor of 103 over undoped THAP devices. In this work, a combination of x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering is used to elucidate the details of dopant incorporation into bulk films. Cobaltocene is observed to codeposit into the THAP matrix in a controllable manner, with preferential adsorption of the dopant onto the surface of the host film. In the case of CoCp2-doped tris(8-hydroxy-quinolinato) aluminum (Alq3) films, negligible amounts of the dopant are found in the bulk matrix and on the film surface, resulting in minimal improvements in the electrical characteristics of doped Alq3 films. The process of CoCp2 adsorption onto a film surface or the evolving surface of a growing film which leads to dopant incorporation is likely assisted by charge transfer from cobaltocene to the host material, resulting in ion pairing between the dopant and host.
Multilayers and superlattices of ferroelectric barium strontium titanate
Authors: Jaakola I. , Levoska J. , Tyunina M.
Published: July 2007

Epitaxial multilayers and superlattices of Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 and Ba0.4Sr0.6TiO3 were grown by pulsed laser deposition on MgO substrates using a La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 bottom electrode. The epitaxial relations, crystal perfection, and strains were studied by x-ray diffraction at room temperature. Pseudomorphic growth of superlattices was demonstrated for the period as large as 62unit cells. The obtained in-plane strain was consistent with that theoretically expected. Low-frequency functionality was found to depend on strain, period, and amount and quality of interfaces.
Laser direct write of silver nanoparticles from solution onto glass substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Henley S. J. , Silva S. R. P.
Published: July 2007

A solution based laser direct write technique for patterning of glass substrates with silver nanoparticles is presented. Photoreduction of an AgNO3 solution, by nanosecond UV laser pulses, produces a source solution of silver particles. A glass substrate is then inserted into this solution and the laser is scanned over its surface. Laser-induced fragmentation of the silver particles in the solution, assisted by the melting of the glass surface, produces coatings of silver nanoparticles in the laser-irradiated regions. Strong enhancement of the Raman signal from a dilute Rhodamine 6G analyte confirmed that these substrates are suitable for surface-enhanced Raman measurements.
Spin accumulation in lateral all-ferromagnetic spin valves
Authors: Lee B. C. , Kim Tae-Suk , Rhie Kungwon , Hong Jinki
Published: July 2007

Spin accumulation in magnetic tunnel junctions and lateral all-ferromagnetic spin valves is theoretically investigated by using a spin-dependent diffusive transport model. When electric current tunnels through a barrier, spin accumulation occurs in the ferromagnetic layer and can be detected with nonlocal spin valve measurements. Depending on the relative orientation of magnetization, the nonlocal spin signal has three different values and can determine the bulk spin polarization of the ferromagnetic material.
Development of superconducting contacts for the CRESST II 66-channel superconducting quantum interference device readout system
Authors: Majorovits B. , Henry S. , Kraus H.
Published: July 2007

The CRESST experiment is designed to search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter with cryogenic detectors. CRESST II will use up to 33 CaWO4 crystals with a total mass of ∼10kg. These many detectors require a readout system based on 66-channel superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). In this article we report on the development of a modular superconducting connector for the 66-channel SQUID readout circuit. We show that the technique developed reliably produces superconducting contacts.
Push-pull analysis of photonic Doppler velocimetry measurements
Authors: Dolan D. H. , Jones S. C.
Published: July 2007

A robust analysis method is presented for multiple-phase heterodyne velocimetry measurements. By combining information from three phase-shifted signals, it is possible to eliminate coherent intensity variations and incoherent light from the measurement. The three data signals are reduced to a pair of quadrature signals, allowing unambiguous calculation of target displacement. The analysis relies on a minimum number of adjustable parameters, and these parameters can be precisely determined from simple interferometer characterization.
Depth profile of alloying extent and composition in bimetallic nanoparticles investigated by in situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Hwang B. J. , Sarma L. S. , Chen C. H. , Tang M. T. , Liu D. G. , Lee J. F.
Published: July 2007

The authors report a general methodology for probing the depth profile of alloying extent and composition in bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) by a combined in situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and electrochemical strategy. The XAS results of Pt-richcore–Ru-richshell NPs during methanol electro-oxidation revealed that the alloying extent of Pt (JPt) and Ru (JRu) is higher in the core region compared to those in the shell region. An average decrease in the JPt and JRu is observed when the cluster undergoes reduction. By controlling the cluster oxidation degree it is possible to probe the depth profile of the alloying extent in bimetallic NPs.
High-efficiency nondoped white organic light-emitting devices
Authors: Tong Qing-Xiao , Lai Shiu-Lun , Chan Mei-Yee , Tang Jian-Xin , Kwong Hoi-Lun , Lee Chun-Sing , Lee Shuit-Tong
Published: July 2007

High-efficiency nondoped white organic light-emitting devices (WOLEDs) were demonstrated by using both the intrinsic and exciplex emissions from a single electroluminescent material, 4,4′,4″-trispyrenylphenylamine (TPyPA). The simple device structure of indium tin oxide/N,N′-bis(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine/TPyPA/4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline/LiF∕Al exhibited a luminance of 10000cd∕m2 at a low driving voltage of 4.5V, and high current and power efficiencies of 9.4cd∕A and 9.0lm∕W, respectively. Such WOLED showed excellent color stability and purity with the Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage coordinates of (0.31, 0.35), which remained unchanged over a wide range of luminance from 100to20000cd∕m2.
Tomato MAPKs LeMPK1, LeMPK2, and LeMPK3 function in the systemin-mediated defense response against herbivorous insects
Authors: Kandoth Pramod Kaitheri , Ranf Stefanie , Pancholi Suchita S. , Jayanty Sastry , Walla Michael D. , Miller Wayne , Howe Gregg A. , Lincoln David E. , Stratmann Johannes W.
Published: July 2007

Systemin is a wound-signaling peptide that mediates defenses of tomato plants against herbivorous insects. Perception of systemin by the membrane-bound receptor SR160 results in activation of MAPKs, synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA), and expression of defense genes. To test the function of MAPKs in the response to systemin, we used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in plants that overexpress the systemin precursor prosystemin (
35S::prosys
plants). These transgenic plants accumulate high levels of defense proteins and exhibit increased resistance to herbivorous insects. Cosilencing of the MAPKs
MPK1
and
MPK2
reduced MPK1/2 kinase activity, JA biosynthesis, and expression of JA-dependent defense genes. Application of methyl-JA restored the full defense response. These data show that MPK1 and MPK2 are essential components of the systemin signaling pathway and most likely function upstream of JA biosynthesis. MPK1 and MPK2 are 95% identical at the amino acid level. Specific VIGS of only
MPK1
or
MPK2
resulted in the same reduction of defense gene expression as cosilencing of
MPK1
and
MPK2
, indicating that gene dosage effects may be important for MPK signaling. In addition, VIGS of the closely related
MPK3
also reduced systemin-induced defense responses. The function of MPK1/2 and orthologs in pathogen-induced defenses is well established. Here we show that cosilencing of
MPK1
and
MPK2
compromised prosystemin-mediated resistance to
Manduca sexta
(Lepidoptera) herbivory, demonstrating that MPK1 and MPK2 are also required for successful defenses against herbivorous insects.
Brevundimonas aveniformis sp. nov., a stalked species isolated from activated sludge
Authors: Ryu Seung Hyun , Park Minjeong , Lee Jung Ro , Yun Pil-Yong , Jeon Che Ok
Published: July 2007

A Gram-negative, rod-like, stalk-producing bacterium, designated strain EMB102T, was isolated from activated sludge that performed enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a sequencing batch reactor. Cells without stalks were motile with single polar flagella, but cells that did produce stalks were non-motile and lacked polar flagella. Growth of strain EMB102T was observed at temperatures between 15 and 35 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and between pH 6.0 and 9.0 (optimum, pH 7.5–8.5). The predominant fatty acids of strain EMB102T were C18 : 1
ω7c, C16 : 0 and C15 : 0. The predominant polar lipid was phosphatidylglycerol. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 64.1 mol% and the major quinone was Q-10. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain EMB102T formed a distinct phyletic lineage within the genus Brevundimonas. The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the type strains of Brevundimonas species ranged from 95.8 to 97.5 %. DNA–DNA relatedness levels between the EMB102T and closely related Brevundimonas species were below 15.0 %. On the basis of chemotaxonomic data and molecular properties, strain EMB102T represents a novel species within the genus Brevundimonas, for which the name Brevundimonas aveniformis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EMB102T (=KCTC 12609T=DSM 17977T).
Rhodotorula subericola sp. nov., an anamorphic basidiomycetous yeast species isolated from bark of Quercus suber (cork oak)
Authors: Belloch C. , Villa-Carvajal M. , Álvarez-Rodríguez M. L. , Coque J. J. R.
Published: July 2007

Two yeasts strains, Y-31T and Y-20B, pertaining to a previously unknown yeast species were isolated from bark of cork oak in Spain. Physiological characterization revealed a pattern of assimilation of carbon and nitrogen compounds compatible with members of the genus Rhodotorula. From sequence analysis of the D1/D2 region of the 26S rRNA gene, Rhodotorula cycloclastica and Rhodotorula philyla were related to the unknown species. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the D1/D2 region of the 26S rRNA gene showed that the novel species clustered in a branch together with R. cycloclastica. The name Rhodotorula subericola sp. nov. is proposed, with isolate Y-31T (=CECT 11976T=CBS 10442T) the type strain of this novel taxon in the Microbotryum lineage, subclass Microbotryomycetidae, class Urediniomycetes of basidiomycetous yeasts.
Streptococcus ictaluri sp. nov., isolated from Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus broodstock
Authors: Shewmaker P. Lynn , Camus Alvin C. , Bailiff Tim , Steigerwalt Arnold G. , Morey Roger E. , Carvalho Maria da Glória S.
Published: July 2007

A streptococcal-like organism was associated with diseased Channel CatfishIctalurus punctatusbroodstock on four commercial aquaculture operations in the Mississippi Delta. Conventional biochemical testing, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and DNA–DNA hybridization distinguished the isolates from these fish from previously publishedStreptococcusspecies. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies revealed that the isolates were phylogenetically most similar toStreptococcus iniae,Streptococcus uberisandStreptococcus parauberiswith divergence ranging from 2.0 to 2.3 %.Streptococcus pyogenes,Streptococcus urinalis,Streptococcus dysgalactiaesubsp.dysgalactiaeandStreptococcus caniswere included in the analysis and showed even greater differences (2.5–3.2 % divergence). DNA relatedness was 22 % or less to the most phylogenetically related species at the optimal temperature. These data suggest that the isolates represent a novel species ofStreptococcusfor which the nameStreptococcus ictalurisp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 707-05T(=SO2-1108T=ATCC BAA-1300T=CCUG 52536T).
Oceanicola marinus sp. nov., a marine alphaproteobacterium isolated from seawater collected off Taiwan
Authors: Lin Kuan-Yin , Sheu Shih-Yi , Chang Poh-Shing , Cho Jang-Cheon , Chen Wen-Ming
Published: July 2007

A short-rod-shaped, Gram-negative, non-motile bacterial strain, designated AZO-CT, was isolated from a sample of seawater collected from the Eluanbi coast of Pingtung County in southern Taiwan and was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain formed a monophyletic branch at the periphery of the evolutionary radiation occupied by the genus Oceanicola in the order Rhodobacterales of the Alphaproteobacteria. The closest neighbours were Oceanicola batsensis HTCC2597T (95.6 % similarity), Oceanicola nanhaiensis SS011B1-20T (94.5 %) and Oceanicola granulosus HTCC2516T (94.0 %). The predominant fatty acid was 18 : 1ω7c (49.1 %), and significant amounts of 19 : 0 cyclo (24.6 %) and 16 : 0 (14.7 %) were present. The DNA–DNA relatedness of the strain with respect to recognized species of the genus Oceanicola was less than 70 %. The isolate was also distinguishable from members of the genus Oceanicola on the basis of phenotypic and biochemical characteristics. It is evident from the genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, therefore, that strain AZO-CT represents a novel species of the genus Oceanicola, for which the name Oceanicola marinus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AZO-CT (=LMG 23705T=BCRC 17591T).
A novel testis ubiquitin-binding protein gene arose by exon shuffling in hominoids
Authors: Babushok Daria V. , Ohshima Kazuhiko , Ostertag Eric M. , Chen Xinsheng , Wang Yanfeng , Mandal Prabhat K. , Okada Norihiro , Abrams Charles S. , Kazazian Haig H.
Published: July 2007

Most new genes arise by duplication of existing gene structures, after which relaxed selection on the new copy frequently leads to mutational inactivation of the duplicate; only rarely will a new gene with modified function emerge. Here we describe a unique mechanism of gene creation, whereby new combinations of functional domains are assembled at the RNA level from distinct genes, and the resulting chimera is then reverse transcribed and integrated into the genome by the L1 retrotransposon. We characterized a novel gene, which we termed PIP5K1A and PSMD4-like (PIPSL), created by this mechanism from an intergenic transcript between the phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K1A) and the 26S proteasome subunit (PSMD4) genes in a hominoid ancestor. PIPSL is transcribed specifically in the testis both in humans and chimpanzees, and is post-transcriptionally repressed by independent mechanisms in these primate lineages. The PIPSL gene encodes a chimeric protein combining the lipid kinase domain of PIP5K1A and the ubiquitin-binding motifs of PSMD4. Strong positive selection on PIPSL led to its rapid divergence from the parental genes PIP5K1A and PSMD4, forming a chimeric protein with a distinct cellular localization and minimal lipid kinase activity, but significant affinity for cellular ubiquitinated proteins. PIPSL is a tightly regulated, testis-specific novel ubiquitin-binding protein formed by an unusual exon-shuffling mechanism in hominoid primates and represents a key example of rapid evolution of a testis-specific gene.
Internal Audit Professionalism and Section 404 Compliance: The View of Chief Audit Executives from Northeast Ohio
Authors: Nagy Albert L. , Cenker William J.
Published: July 2007

This study explores the notion that the recently heightened regulation over United States public company reporting limits the amount of professional judgment required by internal auditors, and in the long run may reduce the overall value and professionalism of the internal audit group. Our assessment is based on face‐to‐face interviews conducted with Chief Audit Executives (CAEs) from 17 publicly listed companies located in Northeast Ohio, United States, and is in general agreement with the extant literature on the topic. We find that despite several short‐term benefits from the Section 404 work for the individual auditor (e.g., increased pay and job security), the compliance work may indeed be a threat to the long‐term reputation of the internal audit profession. Based on the existing literature and the CAEs’ responses, the Section 404 work does appear to be driving the internal audit profession down a new path.
Gene transfer of endostatin enhances the efficacy of doxorubicin to suppress human hepatocellular carcinomas in mice
Authors: Liu Fengjun , Tan Gang , Li Jie , Dong Xuesong , Krissansen Geoffrey W. , Sun Xueying
Published: July 2007

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancer‐related causes of death, and is chemoresistant to anticancer drugs. Anti‐angiogenic therapy has been shown to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy to treat solid tumors. The aim of the present study was to determine whether endostatin, a potent antiangiogenic agent, could enhance the efficacy of doxorubicin to combat HCC. An endostatin expression plasmid was constructed and its expression in vitro and in vivo was detected after gene transfer. Recombinant endostatin inhibited angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane assay, and showed synergistic effects with doxorubicin in inhibiting the in vitro proliferation of endothelial cells, but not that of tumor cells. Both endostatin gene therapy and doxorubicin suppressed the growth of subcutaneous human HepG2 tumors established in BALB/c nude mice, and tumor angiogenesis. Combination therapy with endostatin gene therapy and doxorubicin showed a stronger effect in suppressing tumor growth, and tumor angiogenesis, than the respective monotherapies. Gene transfer of endostatin down‐regulated the expression of both hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), whereas doxorubicin only down‐regulated VEGF expression. Endostatin and doxorubicin synergized to down‐regulate VEGF expression. Endostatin and doxorubicin combination therapy warrants investigation as a therapeutic strategy to combat HCC. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1381–1387)
ESE‐3, an Ets family transcription factor, is up‐regulated in cellular senescence
Authors: Fujikawa Makoto , Katagiri Toyomasa , Tugores Antonio , Nakamura Yusuke , Ishikawa Fuyuki
Published: July 2007

Normal cells irreversibly stop dividing after being exposed to a variety of stresses. This state, called cellular senescence, has recently been demonstrated to act as a tumor‐suppressing mechanism in vivo. A common set of features are exhibited by senescent cells, but the molecular mechanism leading to the state is poorly understood. It has been shown that p38, a stress‐induced mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), plays a pivotal role in inducing cellular senescence in diverse settings. To better understand the senescence‐inducing pathway, microarray analyses of normal human fibroblasts that ectopically activated p38 were performed. It was found that five genes encoding ESE‐3, inhibin βA, RGS5, SSAT and DIO2 were up‐regulated in senescent cells induced by RasV12, H2O2 and telomere shortening, but not in quiescent or actively growing cells, suggesting that these genes serve as molecular markers for various types of cellular senescence. The ectopic expression of ESE‐3 resulted in retarded growth, up‐regulation of p16INK4a but not of p21, and increased levels of SA‐β‐gal activity. In contrast, RGS5, SSAT and the constitutive active form of the inhibin βA receptor gene did not induce such senescence phenotypes when ectopically expressed. ESE‐3 expression increased the activity of the p16INK4a promoter in a reporter assay, and recombinant ESE‐3 protein bound to the Ets‐binding sequences present in the promoter. These results suggest that ESE‐3 plays a role in the induction of cellular senescence as a downstream molecule of p38. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1468–1475)
Normal fault development in a sedimentary succession with multiple detachment levels: the Lower Cretaceous Oliete sub‐basin, Eastern Spain
Authors: Rodríguez‐López J. P. , Liesa C. L. , Meléndez N. , Soria A. R.
Published: July 2007

Field exposures of Lower Cretaceous strata in the Oliete sub‐basin (eastern Spain) allow identification of syn‐rift features such as listric and planar normal faults, rotated fault blocks, fault‐related folds, sharp thickness variations and wedge‐shaped sedimentary geometries, as well as intra‐rift angular unconformities defined by the erosive truncation of rotated fault blocks and the onlap of upper units. The combined use of both stratigraphic and extensional tectonic features at the outcrop scale has allowed us to characterise different syn‐sedimentary tectonic events and their correlation between the footwall and the hangingwall block of the major extensional Gargallo fault. Such events have been interpreted as induced by the major Gargallo fault activity, and they are the basis for proposing a polyphase evolutionary model for this master fault. Data indicate that the deformation tends not to be concentrated on the major fault; instead, it is distributed over a wide area. We interpret that both the interlayered detachment levels in the pre‐rift (especially the Late Triassic Keuper Facies) and syn‐rift series, together with the rheology of the sedimentary pile, play an important role in transmitting deformation from master faults to hangingwall and footwall blocks.
Emotional and behavioural problems in offenders with intellectual disability: comparative data from three forensic services
Authors: Hogue T. E. , Mooney P. , Morrissey C. , Steptoe L. , Johnston S. , Lindsay W. R. , Taylor J.
Published: July 2007

Background  Despite an increasing knowledge base concerning the assessment of emotional and behavioural problems in people with intellectual disabilities (ID), relatively little research has examined such problems in offenders with ID.

Methods  The study assessed 172 male offenders with ID in three service settings (high, medium‐low security and community) using the Behaviour Rating Scale of the Emotional Problem Scales (EPS), with the aim of assessing differences in Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviour Problems.

Results  Normative information is presented on the Behaviour Rating Scale of the EPS across three levels of forensic ID care. It was found that offenders in higher secure care scored higher on sub‐scales reflecting physical aggression than those in lower secure care. However, there was no difference in terms of other Externalizing Behaviour Problems, such as verbal aggression, non‐compliance or hyperactivity. In addition, those offenders in higher secure care scored significantly higher on all Internalizing Behaviour Problems sub‐scales, including anxiety, depression and low self‐esteem.

Conclusions  Implications for research and clinical pratice are discussed, including the utility of the EPS as a measure of clinical need and treatment outcome.
Genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons
Authors: JOHNSON JEFF A. , BURNHAM KURT K. , BURNHAM WILLIAM A. , MINDELL DAVID P.
Published: July 2007

Little is known about the possible influence that past glacial events have had on the phylogeography and population structure of avian predators in the Arctic and sub‐Arctic. In this study, we use microsatellite and mitochondrial control region DNA variation to investigate the population genetic structure of gyrfalcons (Falco rusticolus) throughout a large portion of their circumpolar distribution. In most locations sampled, the mtDNA data revealed little geographic structure; however, five out of eight mtDNA haplotypes were unique to a particular geographic area (Greenland, Iceland, or Alaska) and the Iceland population differed from others based on haplotype frequency differences (FST). With the microsatellite results, significant population structure (FST, principal components analysis, and cluster analysis) was observed identifying Greenland and Iceland as separate populations, while Norway, Alaska and Canada were identified as a single population consistent with contemporary gene flow across Russia. Within Greenland, differing levels of gene flow between western and eastern sampling locations was indicated with apparent asymmetric dispersal in western Greenland from north to south. This dispersal bias is in agreement with the distribution of plumage colour variants with white gyrfalcons in much higher proportion in northern Greenland. Lastly, because the mtDNA control region sequence differed by only one to four nucleotides from a common haplotype among all gyrfalcons, we infer that the observed microsatellite population genetic structure has developed since the last glacial maximum. This conclusion is further supported by our finding that a closely related species, the saker falcon (Falco cherrug), has greater genetic heterogeneity, including mtDNA haplotypes differing by 1–16 nucleotide substitutions from a common gyrfalcon haplotype. This is consistent with gyrfalcons having expanded rapidly from a single glacial‐age refugium to their current circumpolar distribution. Additional sampling of gyrfalcons from Fennoscandia and Russia throughout Siberia is necessary to test putative gene flow between Norway and Alaska and Canada as suggested by this study.
Effect of statin drugs and aspirin on progression in open‐angle glaucoma suspects using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
Authors: De Castro Dawn K , Punjabi Omar S , Bostrom Alan G , Stamper Robert L , Lietman Thomas M , Ray Kathryn , Lin Shan C
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Purpose:  To determine the effect of statins and aspirin on the rate of progression of optic nerve parameters in open‐angle glaucoma (OAG) suspects, as defined by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO).

Methods:  Data of OAG suspects who had undergone at least two CSLO tests at the Beckman Vision Center at UCSF from January 2001 to June 2006 was collected. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 149 eyes from 76 patients considered suspect for glaucoma based on a cup‐to‐disc ratio >0.5, but with normal intraocular pressures (IOP) and visual fields. Subjects included glaucoma suspects who took statin drugs or aspirin for greater than 23 months. The control group consisted of suspects who never used statins or aspirin. The data were analysed using mixed effects regression.

Results:  When comparing controls with the statin group there were significant differences in the progression of multiple CSLO parameters per year, including rim volume (−13.7% controls, +26.7% statin only; P = 0.0156), retinal nerve fibre layer cross‐sectional area (−12.2% controls, +24.3% statin only; P = 0.0051), and mean global retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (−10.3% controls, +26.6% statin only; P = 0.0114), with adjustment for age, gender, race, IOP, central corneal thickness, refractive error and multiple systemic comorbidities. No significant differences were found when comparing subjects taking a statin plus aspirin or aspirin alone with the controls.

Conclusions:  Statin drugs may be associated with slowed progression of optic nerve parameters in glaucoma suspects as measured by CSLO.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for a fig‐pollinating wasp (Ceratosolen sp. 1) of Ficus septica
Authors: LIN RONG‐CHIEN , HUANG CHUAN‐CHIN , LI SHOU‐HSIEN
Published: July 2007

For an undescribed fig‐pollinating wasp (Ceratosolen sp. 1) of Ficus septica, we isolated 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers from a genomic library partially enriched for GATA and CAG repeats. Polymorphism of these loci was evaluated by genotyping 40 female individuals collected from different fruits of host trees in southern Taiwan. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 15 and the observed heterozygosity of each locus ranged from 0.100 to 0.775. These loci would be suitable for further studies concerning population genetics, hybridization and sex ratio adjustment of the coexisting fig‐pollinating wasps.
Simple identification of mitochondrial lineages in contact zones based on lineage‐selective primers
Authors: LINDELL JOHAN , MURPHY ROBERT W.
Published: July 2007

A variety of research projects focus on genetic variation among and within maternal lineages as encompassed by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). While mtDNA often differs substantially between species, large differences may also be found within species. The evaluation of such divergent lineages, for example in intraspecific contact zones (hybrid zones), commonly involves sequencing numerous individuals. Large‐scale sequencing is both expensive and labour‐intensive. Based on sequences from 15 individuals, we devised a simple and quick polymerase chain reaction assay for identification of divergent mtDNA lineages in a secondary contact zone of the side‐blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana). The application uses lineage‐selective primers to amplify a lineage‐diagnostic product, and is based on each group of mtDNA haplotypes being a monophyletic assemblage of haplotypes sharing the same maternal ancestry, deeply divergent from the other group. The assay was tested on a larger sample (n = 147) of specimens from the contact zone, confirming its usefulness in quick and reliable identification of mtDNA lineages. This approach can be modified for other species, provided diagnostic lineage variation is available, and may also be performed in simple laboratory settings while conducting fieldwork.
The association between intimacy goals and plans for initiating dating relationships
Authors: SANDERSON CATHERINE A. , KEITER EMILY J. , MILES MICHAEL G. , YOPYK DARREN J. A.
Published: July 2007

This research examines the association between the strength of an individual’s intimacy goals in dating and preferences for dating partners, relationship initiation strategies, and contexts in which to pursue dating. Two studies demonstrate that intimacy goal strength positively corresponds with preferring partners who have strong intimacy and are warm and open, similar in attitudes and interests, and securely attached. The strength of intimacy goals also positively corresponds with the perceived use and effectiveness of emotional involvement as a strategy for initiating dating and negatively with meeting potential partners at campus parties. Data collected at a 4‐month follow‐up indicate that a stronger focus on intimacy goals is associated with entering a dating relationship for men, but not for women.
Scripting sexual passivity: A gender role perspective
Authors: KIEFER AMY K. , SANCHEZ DIANA T.
Published: July 2007

In two studies, we demonstrate that attitudes toward traditional sexual roles are linked with increased sexual passivity for women but decreased passivity for men. For both genders, sexual passivity predicts poor sexual functioning and satisfaction. Study 1 showed that endorsement of traditional sexual roles of male dominance and female passivity relates to greater sexual passivity among college‐aged heterosexual women but less passivity for college‐aged heterosexual men. For both young men and women, greater sexual passivity predicts less overall sexual satisfaction. The findings for Study 2 replicate Study 1 among sexually experienced adults recruited over the Internet. Autonomy mediated these relationships, which persisted when controlling for multiple potential confounds.
Misoprostol to induce labour: A review of its use in a NSW hospital
Authors: ROBERTS Lynne M. , HOMER Caroline S. E. , DAVIS Gregory K. , MILLER Trent D.
Published: July 2007

Background:  Induction of labour (IOL) is a common procedure in maternity care. Misoprostol is a prostaglandin E1 analogue that is effective, cheap and easily stored but not licensed for this use in Australia. Despite evidence supporting the use of misoprostol for IOL, few Australian maternity units use it.

Aims:  To review the outcomes of women who received vaginal misoprostol for IOL.

Methods:  A retrospective review of all births induced with vaginal misoprostol from July 1998 to October 2005 at one hospital in New South Wales. Women who had an IOL for multiple pregnancy, known fetal death or congenital abnormality were excluded.

Results:  In total, 1998 women with a normal, viable, single fetus received vaginal misoprostol for IOL. More than half (57%) of women did not require augmentation during labour. More than one third (37%) had epidural analgesia, 25% had an emergency Caesarean section, 7% had a post‐partum haemorrhage and 16% of babies were admitted to the special care nursery. Uterine rupture occurred in two women, one of whom had a history of uterine surgery. There were two neonatal deaths, both because of Group B Streptococcus infection.

Conclusions:  In this cohort of women, misoprostol was an effective and safe agent to induce labour. Recent legal concerns at this hospital make its future use in normal clinical practice unlikely.
Screening for gestational diabetes: The effect of varying blood glucose definitions in the prediction of adverse maternal and infant health outcomes
Authors: DODD Jodie M. , CROWTHER Caroline A. , ANTONIOU Georgia , BAGHURST Peter , ROBINSON Jeffrey S.
Published: July 2007

Background:  Impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy and gestational diabetes are associated with increased maternal and fetal risks. There is considerable uncertainty in the literature relating to the merits of screening for gestational diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, and variable definitions in the cut‐off values to be used.

Aims:  To assess different levels of glucose intolerance in predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Methods:  Retrospective cohort study involving screening pregnant women with a 50‐g oral glucose load, followed by a formal 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test for women who screened positive (defined as a plasma glucose level ≥ 7.8 mmol/L). Plasma glucose results were correlated with pregnancy and birth outcomes, and receiver–operator curves were constructed.

Results:  A total of 16 975 women were screened with a glucose challenge test, with pregnancy outcome information available for 1804 women who screened positive on glucose challenge test. With increasing plasma glucose values, there was a significant increase in pre‐eclampsia, Caesarean section, shoulder dystocia and neonatal hypoglycaemia.

Conclusions:  The risk of adverse maternal and infant pregnancy outcomes increases with increasing levels of glucose impairment despite treatment.
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma agonist rosiglitazone reduces the size of experimental endometriosis in the rat model
Authors: AYTAN Hakan , CALISKAN Ahmet C. , DEMIRTURK Fazli , AYTAN Pelin , KOSEOGLU Dogan R.
Published: July 2007

Background:  The effect of rosiglitazone, an activator of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma, on the growth of ectopic uterine tissue was assessed.

Methods:  Endometriosis was surgically induced in 28 rats by transplanting an autologous fragment of endometrial tissue onto the inner surface of the abdominal wall. Four weeks later, rats were randomly grouped and a second laparatomy was performed. The length, width, height and volume of the explants were measured. Rosiglitazone at 0.2 mg/kg/day was orally administered to one group, while vehicle treatment was given to the control group. Four weeks later, rats were sacrificed and ectopic uterine tissues were re‐evaluated morphologically and histologically. Scoring system was used to evaluate the preservation of epithelia.

Results:  One rat in the study group and two rats in the control group died as a result of complications related to surgery. There was a significant difference in post‐treatment length, width, height, and spherical volumes between control and rosiglitazone‐treated groups. The epithelia were found to be preserved significantly better in the control group when compared with the rosiglitazone‐treated group.

Conclusion:  Rosiglitazone was found to cause regression of experimental endometriosis in rats.
ASDIN Original Investigations: Myocardial Abscess and Fatal Cardiac Arrhythmia in a Hemodialysis Patient with an Arterio‐venous Fistula Infection
Authors: Khan Behram , Strate Randall W. , Hellman Richard
Published: July 2007

Myocardial abscess formation is a life‐threatening complication that is frequently but not exclusively associated with infective endocarditis. To our knowledge there are only two case reports of myocardial abscess formation in hemodialysis patients. Only one of these reports describes a myocardial abscess of bacterial etiology secondary to an infected intravascular hemodialysis catheter. Furthermore, there are no reports of bacterial myocardial abscess occurring in a hemodialysis patient with an infected arteriovenous fistula. Myocardial abscess can manifest in a variety of clinical scenarios ranging from an asymptomatic state to a catastrophic myocardial wall rupture. In the case described, the myocardial abscess lead to a rapidly progressive course consisting of recurrent cardiac arrhythmias that were ultimately fatal. Our case involved the formation of a myocardial abscess in the presence of a methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia without any evidence of infective endocarditis. We report this case to call attention to the possibility of bacterial myocardial abscess occurring with infection of an arteriovenous fistula in a hemodialysis patient, which can manifest as recurrent severe cardiac arrhythmias refractory to medical therapy.
REGULATION OF PROLINE METABOLISM UNDER SALT STRESS IN THE PSYCHROPHILIC DIATOM FRAGILARIOPSIS CYLINDRUS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Krell Andreas , Funck Dietmar , Plettner Ina , John Uwe , Dieckmann Gerhard
Published: July 2007

Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Grunow) Willi Krieger, a bipolar psychrophilic and highly abundant diatom, experiences strong shifts in salinity during the formation of sea ice. We investigated the effects of osmotic stress due to an increased salt concentration from 34 to 70 practical salinity units (PSU) in conjunction with a temperature decrease from 0°C to −4°C on the anabolic and catabolic pathways of proline metabolism. Gene expression levels of Δ1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthase (P5CS) strongly decreased by a factor of 17.3 in the 70 PSU/0°C treatment, whereas copy numbers of ornithine δ‐aminotransferase (δ‐OAT) increased 7.6‐fold. Transcript levels of Δ1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate reductase (P5CR) and proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) were also slightly up‐regulated by 2.5 and 2.88, respectively. This contrasts with findings in higher plants where a reverse regulation of P5CS and δ‐OAT was observed and indicates that under elevated external salinities, the ornithine route is preferred to the glutamate pathway in F. cylindrus. Photosynthetic quantum yield at PSII instantly dropped from 0.61 to 0.24 after the upshift in salinity, which confirmed a detrimental effect of elevated salt concentrations on the photosynthetic machinery. Reduced photosynthetic energy capture might explain the preference for the ornithine route over the more energyconsuming proline route. Salt proved to be the dominating stressor, while an additional temperature decrease appeared to have an ameliorating effect.
Does Scopolamine Block the Development of Ethanol‐Induced Behavioral Sensitization?
Authors: Takahashi Shirley , Fornari Raquel Vechio , Quadros Isabel Marian Hartmann , Oliveira Maria Gabriela Menezes , Souza‐Formigoni Maria Lucia Oliveira
Published: July 2007

Background:  The cholinergic system is important in learning processes and probably influences behavioral sensitization to drugs. This study examined the effects of scopolamine (scop), a muscarinic antagonist, on the behavioral sensitization to ethanol (EtOH) stimulant effect in mice.

Methods:  In experiments 1 and 2, male Swiss albino mice received saline or 1.0 mg/kg scop (s.c.) + saline or EtOH (i.p). (1.0 g/kg in experiment 1 and 2.2 g/kg in experiment 2), for 21 days. Locomotor activity (LA) was recorded once a week, being the treatment withdrawn for 7 days after the last test. On the 28th day (challenge 1), they were evaluated under saline or EtOH. In experiment 2, 3 days after the first challenge, they were tested in an open‐field arena, under saline or 2.2 g/kg EtOH. Three days after this, mice were tested under saline or 1.0 mg/kg scop in the activity cages.

Results:  Acutely, EtOH and scop did not alter the LA. However, when both drugs were coadministered, a significant reduction was observed. During the treatment, tolerance to the depressor effect was developed and behavioral sensitization observed only in the saline + 2.2 EtOH group. In challenge 1, the groups scop + 1.0 EtOH, saline + 2.2 EtOH, and scop + 2.2 EtOH presented higher levels of LA than that of the control groups. However, in challenge 2, conducted in a different setting, no differences between groups were observed. In challenge 3, when the animals received scop, both groups pretreated with 2.2 g/kg EtOH (saline + 2.2 EtOH and scop + 2.2 EtOH groups) presented higher levels of activity suggesting an interaction between EtOH and scop.

Conclusions:  Although the coadministration of scopolamine had impaired the observation of sensitization on the 21st day test, when the group scop + EtOH was challenged with scop + EtOH, it seems that the scop just masked the observation, but did not impair the development, of the EtOH‐sensitization observed in the challenge with EtOH alone. The higher levels of LA in groups pretreated with EtOH only in the cages but not in the open‐field arena confirm the importance of environmental factors, such as the context of drug administration and testing.
State Lotteries and Agency Costs: Hidden Costs to Nonparticipants
Authors: Whitaker Richard B.
Published: July 2007

Abstract.  Some nonparticipants support lotteries because they expect the lottery will shift a portion of their tax burden to participants. The principal‐agent model suggests that lotteries will result in an above normal increase in state expenditures. This paper finds that 77 percent of net lottery proceeds are utilized for above normal spending increases, suggesting that tax benefits to nonparticipants are greatly diminished.
High‐Temperature Thermal Expansion and Stability of V2AlC Up To 950°C
Authors: Kulkarni Shrinivas R. , Merlini Marco , Phatak Nishad , Saxena Surendra K. , Artioli Gilberto , Gupta Surojit , Barsoum Michel W.
Published: July 2007

Herein, we report on the thermal expansion and stability of V2AlC in the 25°–950°C temperature range. The sample was heated in an Argon atmosphere in a quartz capillary and the thermal expansion was measured using a X‐ray synchrotron radiation source. Up to the maximum temperature explored, there were no signs of decomposition or phase transitions. The temperature variation of volumetric thermal expansion is given by αv=2.53(5) × 10−5+5.75(3) × 10−9T°C−1. At ≈9.40 × 10−6°C−1, the thermal expansions along both the a and c lattice directions are quite comparable; in other words, there is little thermal expansion anisotropy in V2AlC.
Transaction costs, strategic interaction, and farm restructuring
Authors: Buduru Bogdan , Brem Markus
Published: July 2007

This article offers a transaction cost explanation for the different paths of organizational adjustment in the case of the former state and collective farms in Czech Republic after 1989. The focus is the strategic interaction among the stakeholders in the agricultural organization undergoing restructuring. In the presence of a neutral institutional environment, the number of players involved in the intraorganizational process, their ability to make collective decisions, and their perceived payoffs in alternative farming structures determine the restructuring outcome. These factors influence the choice between maintaining the inherited deployment of assets and the creation of a deeply restructured organization. Empirical results based on a farm‐level data set support this basic idea.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to methyldibromoglutaronitrile in hand degreasing toilet paper
Authors: Marcano M. E. , Heras F. , Conde‐Salazar L.
Published: July 2007

We inform about a case of occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD) to methyldibromoglutaronitrile (MDBGN) in industrial hand degreasing moist toilet paper. To our knowledge, this is the first published case of OACD to MDBGN in industrial hand degreasing toilet papers. A cause–effect relationship seems to be clearly established. We believe that physicians must keep in mind that MDBGN is a strong allergen either mixed or as a single component of industrial moist toilet papers. MDBGN must be taken into account for OACD at an appropriate work environment.
Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis to an exotic wood: a very harmful toilet seat
Authors: Ezzedine Khaled , Rafii Nadia , Heenen Michel
Published: July 2007

We report the case of a 58‐year‐old man who experienced a 2‐year history of arciform rash of the buttocks associated with an intense pruritis. The lesion worsened despite several multipotent topical steroid courses. Punch biopsy with immunohistochemistry of the lesion was suggestive of lymphomatoid contact dermatitis, and extensive screening for cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) remained totally negative. Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis is an inflammatory disease that can clinically simulate malignant lymphoma. Although the course of the disease is considered to be benign, it should be regarded with attention as it has been hypothesized that the condition could be a precursor of CTCL.
Susceptibility of Middle Adolescent Females to Sexually Transmitted infections: Impact of Hormone Contraception and Sexual Behaviors on Vaginal Immunity
Authors: Barousse Melissa M. , Theall Katherine P. , Van Der Pol Barbara , Fortenberry J. Dennis , Orr Donald P. , Fidel Paul L.
Published: July 2007

Problem  The resistance and/or susceptibility to infections can be influenced by patterns of immunomodulators. Based on this and the high rate of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in adolescents, we examined the longitudinal relationship between sexual behaviors, hormonal contraceptive use, and bacterial vaginosis (BV) with vaginal‐associated immunomodulators in adolescent females.

Method of study  Over 27 months, subjects completed detailed questionnaires, and consented to vaginal swabs for STI testing, and vaginal lavages for identification of immunomodulators including T‐helper, proinflammatory, and chemokines. Concentrations of immunomodulators were correlated with each parameter together with prevalence of STIs.

Results  Each parameter had a limited influence on vaginal immunomodulators with no evidence of any pattern(s) associated with infection. Conversely, the local presence of proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophils in those with an STI indicated some immune responsiveness.

Conclusion  Sexual behaviors, contraceptive usage, and BV do not appear as factors in susceptibility of adolescents to STIs through the influence of local immunomodulators.