bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribución espacio-temporal de los deslizamientos y erosión hídrica en una cuenca Andina tropical
Authors: Vanacker Veerle , Guns Marie , Clapuyt Francois , Balthazar Vincent , Tenorio Gustavo , Molina Armando
Published: September 2020

Las cadenas montañosas en las regiones tropicales se caracterizan por las altas tasas de erosión debido a los eventos de lluvia intensa, terrenos escarpados y al alto grado de meteorización del material parental. Los deslizamientos son fenómenos recurrentes, y son considerados como los procesos más importantes de erosión en las zonas montañosas y las principales fuentes de sedimentos en el sistema fluvial. Con el objetivo de cuantificar la contribución de sedimentos provenientes de los deslizamientos al sistema fluvial, se realizó un estudio de caso en la Cuenca del Río Pangór, Ecuador. En este estudio, se cuantificó las tasas de erosión a escala de cuenca por medio de información derivada de estaciones de aforo de caudales e inventarios de isótopos cosmogénicos en sedimentos fluviales. Después, se evaluó la fiabilidad y validez de la información obtenida con el objetivo de cuantificar la carga de sedimento transportado por el río en regiones montañosas. Finalmente, se analizó la fracción de la carga total de sedimento proveniente de deslizamientos en las laderas. La cuenca del Río Pangór fue seleccionada por su extensa serie de tiempo de datos hidrometeorológicos (1974-2009). La carga de sedimento en el Río Pangór fue estimada por medio de un análisis de magnitudfrecuencia de la información recolectada en una estación hidrométrica y datos de concentración de sedimentos en suspensión. Los resultados muestran un valor de un orden de magnitud menor que la tasa de erosión calculada en función de los inventarios de isótopos cosmogénicos. Esta diferencia se explica por (i) la dificultad de extrapolar la información sobre la frecuencia temporal de los caudales y la carga de sedimento en regímenes hidrológicos no estacionarios, y (ii) el submuestreo de eventos extremos. Bajo estas condiciones, la cuantificación de las tasas de erosión derivadas de los isótopos cosmogénicos proporcionan una metodología alternativa para la cuantificación de la carga total de sedimentos en el sistema fluvial. Un inventario multitemporal (1963-2010) de deslizamientos fue desarrollado a partir de imágenes de satélite y fotografías aéreas. Mediante trabajo de campo se generó información sobre la geometría de los deslizamientos para la cuantificación de volúmenes de sedimento producido por los deslizamientos. En la cuenca del Río Pangór las altas tasas de erosión producida por los deslizamientos varían entre 1688+901−326 y 630+300−108 t.km2.y-1, valores que son similares a las tasas de erosión derivadas de isotopos cosmogénicos. Los resultados indican que los deslizamientos son las principales fuentes de sedimento en esta cuenca montañosa.
Fluxos monetaris a través del Pirineu
Authors: Crusafont i Sabater Miquel , Balaguer Anna M.
Published: September 2020

La moneda pròpia d’un estat té àmbit de circulació gairebé sempre exclusivament en l’espai territorial de sobirania d’aquest estat. És per això que la presència significativa de numeraris externs en un territori demana generalment una explicació. Al llarg de la història es produeixen fluxos monetaris a través del Pirineu, la qual cosa determina la presència de moneda francesa o encara d’altres països a la península Ibèrica o, inversament, presència de moneda peninsular a França o encara més enllà. Hem analitzat els casos més notables d’aquests fluxos, fent veure en primer lloc que ja es produïen a l’edat antiga i als temps altmedievals. En el s. XIII es detecten les irrupcions a Catalunya, Aragó i Navarra de diners llenguadocians de Montpeller i el Bearn, que en algun cas poden arribar a Mallorca. També s’escampa vers el sud francès el florí català a mitjan s. XIV. D’altra banda, el Camí de Santiago s’evidencia per un rosari de troballes de numeraris externs al llarg de la seva ruta peninsular. En cronologies més modernes examinem el macrofenomen del pas de la moneda espanyola a tot Europa i el flux de la moneda francesa a la península a la primera meitat del s. XIX.
Réseaux de crédit et marché textile dans la Cerdagne du Bas Moyen Âge
Authors: Denjean Claude
Published: September 2020

Durant les XIIIe et XIVe siècles, des communautés juives prospères se développent en Roussillon, Cerdagne et Urgell alors que le marché local de la draperie connaît un essor rapide. L’historiographie traditionnelle lie généralement l’implantation de communautés juives à une demande accrue de numéraire et d’intermédiaires commerciaux sans pouvoir trancher faute de sources assez riches sur la question de l’importance des artisans juifs ; mais toutes les études confirment également que le petit crédit rural demeure la grande affaire des juifs. La reconstitution des réseaux relationnels des juifs de Roussillon et de Cerdagne permet de tenter de répondre à des questions qui méritent encore débat.Nous observons après 1260 l’élaboration des réseaux locaux des nouveaux arrivants, nous voyons les divers associés s’appuyer sur leurs amis et parents languedociens puis catalans. La multiplication des échanges permet la participation de nombreuses familles puis l’émergence d’un groupe réduit capable de prendre une place remarquable dans le commerce local. Cependant, dès le milieu du XIVe siècle, les sociétés juives sont les premières touchées par la crise qui se marque par l’abandon d’activités et surtout par la perte de liens sociaux. Il semble bien que ces difficultés provoquent la réorganisation du semis des implantations juives bien avant les émeutes et les conversions. Cette constatation met en lumière l’extrême variabilité de certaines constructions sociales qui va de pair avec des structures durables.En évaluant la place de communautés particulières dont le rôle dans le courtage a sans doute été survalorisé, nous pouvons surtout chercher à juger l’articulation entre des domaines que nous posons a priori comme distincts : entre le commerce de l’argent et celui de matières premières et de productions textiles, entre le monde rural producteur de laine et de peaux et les marchands urbains, entre les villes de l’axe reliant Perpignan à Urgell, point de passage entre le Languedoc et la Catalogne et donc du commerce international et des centres secondaires.
Minerai de fer, charbon de bois et métal : diversité et complexité des échanges de la sidérurgie ariégeoise dans les Pyrénées (XVIIe-XIXe siècle)
Authors: Cantelaube Jean
Published: September 2020

Dans le monde des hommes du fer pyrénéens, les temporalités, les échanges et les espaces ne sont pas les mêmes pour tous. Pour se fournir en minerai et charbon de bois, les industriels mobilisent différents réseaux. Ainsi se dessinent plusieurs aires d’approvisionnement très individualisées, conjuguées avec différentes échelles : de la mine de Rancié à un vaste bassin sidérurgique, de la forge à la forêt landaise, du versant français au versant espagnol. La commercialisation des fers bruts en barres tourne le dos aux Pyrénées. Certes, plusieurs courants secondaires existent, certains vers l’Espagne de façon licite ou en contrebande. Mais l’essentiel se fait vers Toulouse qui redistribue le métal sur un grand marché régional. Au XIXe siècle, l’industrie naissante de la cémentation donne au marché une dimension nationale. La complexité de la géographie et des pratiques commerciales a été un gage de pérennité pour la sidérurgie directe ariégeoise.
Voir, Faire voir et apprendre à voir
Authors: Rémery Vanessa , Benou Nelly Duret
Published: September 2020

Cet article propose une étude des activités de travail et de formation prenant place dans un environnement médical et technologique particulier, celui de l’échographie fœtale. Nous restituons quelques résultats d’une recherche exploratoire réalisée en partenariat avec l’unité de médecine fœtale et d’échographies d’un hôpital visant à documenter le travail des praticiens échographistes, médecin et sage-femme. Il s’agit de mettre en évidence les connaissances pratiques, tacites et incorporées utilisées dans la fabrication et l’interprétation des images échographiques. A partir d’une étude vidéo-ethnographique de l’accomplissement pratique du travail et de la formation, nous analysons ce qui est au fondement de l’expertise des échographistes du point de vue des habiletés visuelles mobilisées. Nous nous intéressons plus spécifiquement aux façons de voir, de faire voir et d’apprendre à voir les images fabriquées pour poser un diagnostic et le traduire aux patientes. Nous proposons de décrire ces différents registres du voir, en tant qu’ils constituent une dimension centrale de la vision professionnelle des échographistes, et de mettre en évidence les médiations instrumentales en jeu dans la fabrication et l’interprétation des images.
Voir l’urgence
Authors: St-Denis Karine
Published: September 2020

Les pompiers et paramédics du Québec acquièrent une acuité visuelle spécifique, un regard expert. Ce regard expert est à la fois une technique du corps efficace pour percevoir les signes et symptômes des patients et à la fois porteur d’une vision du monde. À partir de données ethnographiques, cet article s’intéressera à ce regard expert sous deux angles. Premièrement, nous analyserons l’acquisition de cette technique du corps et sa pertinence en intervention, plus particulièrement pour l’élaboration d’hypothèses diagnostiques. Deuxièmement, nous montrerons comment les perceptions sensorielles et leurs mémorisations peuvent être marquées par les contextes d’urgence tout autant que par la lenteur des interventions non urgentes et des périodes d’attente entre les appels. Nous conclurons en portant un regard réflexif sur les transformations perceptuelles vécues en tant qu’anthropologue sur le terrain.
La vision professionnelle des restaurateurs d’œuvres d’art
Authors: Kreplak Yaël
Published: September 2020

Qu’est-ce que voir une œuvre d’art professionnellement ? Comment observer et analyser ce regard ? En s’inspirant des travaux de l’anthropologue Charles Goodwin et en prenant appui sur des matériaux ethnographiques, cet article aborde la vision professionnelle des restaurateurs à travers une activité structurante de la profession : la réalisation de constats d’état des œuvres. Produit de l’activité spécifique des restaurateurs, le constat comme document, avec des visuels annotés, est une ressource majeure du travail de la conservation. À travers l’étude de la production, de la mise en forme et de la circulation des constats, j’examine comment s’opère le passage de la situation d’observation au compte-rendu qui en est fait, pour rendre compte de la vision professionnelle des restaurateurs, des modalités de sa mise en forme, de sa transmission et de ses usages. Cet article fournit ainsi une étude de cas des activités pratiques des restaurateurs, ancrée dans une discussion du concept de vision professionnelle forgé par Goodwin.
Être attentif en archéologie
Authors: Torterat Gwendoline
Published: September 2020

Que signifie être attentif à la fragilité d’un sol archéologique vieux de plusieurs dizaines de milliers d’années ? Pour celles et ceux qui travaillent sur le chantier de fouille préhistorique d’Ormesson (Seine-et-Marne, en France), l’attention est une condition au bien faire, car les conséquences de chaque geste ne se rattrapent pas. Balayer ou gratter, quelle que soit l’action, la transformation du sol s’avère en effet irrévocable, voire fatale dans le cas d’actes manqués, malhabiles et, surtout, effectués avec inattention. C’est à travers les expériences d’une poignée de travailleurs, experts ou non, que cet article propose de restituer la fabrique d’un « savoir voir » en archéologie, une dimension clef pour qui souhaite comprendre les modalités pratiques de la transmission de connaissances au sein de cette profession.
Voir dans la pierre
Authors: Bolay Matthieu , Calvão Filipe
Published: September 2020

Sur la base d'une étude ethnographique de l’apprentissage de l’évaluation des diamants taillés dans des laboratoires de gemmologie en Belgique et en Inde ainsi que d'entretiens avec des évaluateurs novices et chevronnés (Belgique, États-Unis, Inde, Royaume-Uni, Suisse), cet article propose la notion de réfraction visuelle pour analyser la construction subjective et technique du certificat dans le commerce global du diamant. En analysant l’apprentissage des gestes et les procédures visant à « voir dans la pierre » afin d'ordonner les imperfections d’objets naturels, nous mettons à jour les tensions entre les aspirations d’objectivité et les pratiques visuelles subjectives qui caractérisent le régime de classification de l’industrie diamantaire. Nous soutenons que l’expertise visuelle qu’apprennent les évaluateurs consiste notamment à accepter et valoriser la faillibilité de leurs appréciations sensorielles. Cet apparent paradoxe est selon nous constitutif du système de certification et s’aligne sur la rhétorique de l’exceptionnalité sur laquelle sont construites l’industrie diamantaire et ses marchés.
Visualiser l’endométriose
Authors: Millepied Anne-Charlotte
Published: September 2020

Cet article porte sur la vision professionnelle des radiologues spécialisé·e·s dans l’endométriose. Le diagnostic y est appréhendé comme un dispositif d’authentification des corps. Il s’agit d’aborder, d’une part, les enjeux liés à la division du travail médical et, d’autre part, ceux liés à l’apprentissage d’habiletés techniques et sensorielles, en cherchant à montrer leur imbrication et leurs implications pour faire advenir au monde une maladie – l’endométriose. La démonstration procède en deux temps : la première partie porte sur le travail de légitimation de l’expertise visuelle des radiologues à travers un travail de frontières avec la chirurgie gynécologique ayant entraîné un déplacement de juridiction au sein du processus diagnostique ; la deuxième partie se centre sur la façon dont les radiologues apprennent à voir l’endométriose et à donner sens aux images produites par le biais de la mobilisation d’un ensemble de prises et repères perceptuels.
l’œil du forestier, instrument et miroir de l’activité professionnelle
Authors: Guidoni-Stoltz Dominique
Published: September 2020

Dans cet article, nous proposons d’examiner « l’œil du forestier » comme un instrument et un miroir de l’activité cognitive du forestier quand il doit réaliser un diagnostic de parcelle forestière en vue de prendre des décisions d’actions sylvicoles. Comment voir et apprendre à voir dans un environnement vivant que l’ergonomie cognitive qualifie d’environnement complexe et dynamique ? Dans une perspective de didactique professionnelle, nous étudions comment le « savoir voir » des forestiers s’exerce en situation, s’enseigne et se construit en formation. Nous analysons les compétences visuelles des forestiers mobilisées dans l’activité professionnelle en situation de travail et en formation et dégageons les principaux concepts organisateurs qui structurent leur représentation de la forêt. Nous modélisons à la suite une structure conceptuelle de la situation de diagnostic d’une parcelle forestière prenant en compte différentes variables et indicateurs pour raisonner et articuler peuplement et station, production et écologie. Ces résultats peuvent constituer une ressource potentielle au développement d’une intelligence professionnelle du « savoir voir » forestier.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Authors: Sheshe Sadeeq Muhammad
Published: September 2020

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare disease associated with neurodegeneration mostly characterized by damage to the neurons. CJD is caused by aggregation of misfolded proteins known as prions; thus, CJD is said to be a prion-related illness. CJD and other prion-related illnesses such as Kuru and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) have been reported to have complex mechanisms due to their association with the brain and the nervous system in general. A lot of questions have been raised about the mechanism, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of this disease. The complexity of prion proteins themselves have contributed to more questions about the complications of CJD, whether misfolding of the prions are responsible for neurodegeneration or the misfolding are mere symptoms of the disease. This chapter attempts to explore some details about CJD and answers most related questions about the disease's mechanism. The author finally attempts to explore recent development in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of CJD.
Assessment of Cognitive-Communicative Functions in Persons With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia of Alzheimer's Type
Authors: Varghese Reuben Thomas , Goswami S. P.
Published: September 2020

According to world population prospects data report, older individuals, especially those aged 60 years and above, have increased substantially over the recent year, which is going to accelerate in the coming decades. The most common problems the aging population faces are dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Assessment of cognitive-communicative markers is essential for persons with MCI and DAT. Furthermore, it can help in the differential diagnosis of DAT and MCI. Proper assessment by speech-language pathologists is warranted in this area as it will throw light on the differential diagnosis of MCI and DAT, the clinical description of the characteristics between the two clinical groups, the prognosis for improved outcomes, recommendations for intervention and support, and referral for other professionals for assessments or services.
Dealing With Noise and Partial Volume Effects in Alzheimer Disease Brain Tissue Classification by a Fuzzy-Possibilistic Modeling Based on Fuzzy-Genetic Initialization
Authors: Lazli Lilia , Boukadoum Mounir
Published: September 2020

Segmentation is a key step in brain imaging where clustering techniques are widely used, particularly the fuzzy approach which offers active and robust methods against noise and partial volume effect (PVE). To address those imperfections, this article suggests an automatic segmentation of brain tissues for magnetic resonance and functional images of Alzheimer's patients, based on an efficient and robust genetic-fuzzy-possibilistic clustering scheme for the assessment of white matter, gray matter and cerebrospinal fluid volumes. The proposed hybrid clustering process based on: 1) A fuzzy possibilistic c-means algorithm that models the degree of relationship between each voxel and a given tissue. 2) A fuzzy c-means algorithm to initialize the clusters centers, with subsequent optimization by a genetic algorithm. Each stage of the proposed clustering process is validated on real brain data and synthetic images of an Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) phantom. A performance comparison is made with the usual fuzzy techniques. The visual and quantitative results obtained with the proposed approach using various signal-to-noise ratios prove its effectiveness to quantify the tissue volume of images of different modalities types in the presence of noise and PVE. The effectiveness in terms of computational rate is also demonstrated.
User-Independent Detection for Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease Using Random Forest Classification
Authors: Meshram Amruta , Rai Bharatendra
Published: September 2020

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a gait impairment which occurs in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. As PD progresses, the patient is unable to perform locomotion normally. This increases the risk of falls and adversely affects the patient's quality of life. In this article, a user-independent method has been proposed to detect FOG events in PD patients. The proposed method is divided into three phases. Phase-1 extracts the statistical features from a FOG dataset. Phase-2 divides the data into two clusters based on FOG events. Phase-3 selects significant factors, using a randomized block design with replication. A Random Forest model is built using a combination of significant factors obtained from the design of experiments. The proposed method classifies FOG events with an average sensitivity up to 94.33% and specificity up to 92.77%. This model can be integrated along with non-pharmaceutical treatments to generate sensory-motor feedback at the onset of a FOG event.
Environmental Landscape Design for Alzheimer's
Authors: Yücel Gökçen Firdevs
Published: September 2020

People suffering from Alzheimer's may feel anxious or unsettled as a result of these symptoms – in particular the decrease in their cognitive abilities and in their ability to take into account new information or external stimuli – as well from the effects of their medications. Because of their sensitivity, such individuals find it difficult to keep up a positive attitude and remain emotionally stable for long: they experience mood swings, and are unable to keep their negative emotions in check. For this reason, the best practice in treatment is to help them maintain a positive view of their lives and balance their emotions, both personally, in terms of keeping their sense of self, and in social environments, where they have to recognize and interact with others. In this way, good environmental landscape design will have an important role to play in improving their quality of life.
Wearable Devices and Privacy Concerns
Authors: Dincelli Ersin , Zhou Xin , Yayla Alper , Jafarian Haadi
Published: September 2020

Wearable devices have evolved over the years and shown significant increase in popularity. With the advances in sensor technologies, data collection capabilities, and data analytics, wearable devices now enable interaction among users, devices, and their environment seamlessly. Multifunctional nature of this technology enables users to track their daily physical activities, engage with other users through social networking capabilities, and log their lifestyle habits. In this chapter, the authors discuss the types of sensor technologies embedded in wearable devices and how the data collected through such devices can be further interpreted by data analytics. In parallel with abundance of personal data that can be collected via wearable devices, they also discuss issues related to data privacy, suggestions for users, developers, and policymakers regarding how to protect data privacy are also discussed.
How Do Mobile Applications for Cancer Communicate About Their Privacy Practices?
Authors: Khan Zerin Mahzabin , Ahmed Rukhsana , Sen Devjani
Published: September 2020

No previous research on cancer mobile applications (apps) has investigated issues associated with the data privacy of its consumers. The current chapter addressed this gap in the literature by assessing the content of online privacy policies of selected cancer mobile apps through applying a checklist and performing an in-depth critical analysis to determine how the apps communicated their privacy practices to end users. The results revealed that the privacy policies were mostly ambiguous, with content often presented in a complex manner and inadequate information on the ownership, use, disclosure, retention, and collection of end users' personal data. These results highlight the importance of improving the transparency of privacy practices in health and fitness cancer mobile apps to clearly and effectively communicate how end users' personal data are collected, stored, and shared. The chapter concludes with recommendations and discussion on practical implications for stakeholders like cancer app users, developers, policymakers, and clinicians.
Integrating Scientific Modeling and Socio-Scientific Reasoning to Promote Scientific Literacy
Authors: Ke Li , Zangori Laura A. , Sadler Troy D. , Friedrichsen Patricia J.
Published: September 2020

Socio-scientific issues (SSI) are widely advocated as a productive context for promoting scientific literacy that aims to prepare responsible citizens who can use science in their daily lives. However, many teachers find it challenging to enact SSI and consider SSI and discipline-based instruction as mutually exclusive approaches to science teaching. In this chapter, the authors present their framework for SSI instruction, socio-scientific issue and model-based learning (SIMBL), that emphasizes both disciplinary knowledge and its social implications. In particular, the authors argue that the integration of scientific modeling and socio-scientific reasoning (SSR) can advance students' competencies in both areas, thus promoting students' scientific literacy. The authors use an illustrative example from their work with elementary students to demonstrate the connection between students' modeling practice and their SSR. The authors conclude the chapter by introducing the epistemic tools developed to support students' modeling practice and SSR as well as implications for classroom enactments.
Use of the SEE-SEP Model in Preservice Science Teacher Education
Authors: Karisan Dilek , Cebesoy Umran Betul
Published: September 2020

This study aims to assess how preservice teachers' supporting reasons vary in relation to six subject areas, namely, sociology/culture (S), environment (E), economy (E), science (S), ethics/morality (E), and policy (P), in different socioscientific issues (SSI) and how preservice teachers' decisions regarding these issues interact with the aspects of value, knowledge, and personal experience. Exploratory sequential design was utilized in this study and 47 third-grade preservice science teachers. Data were collected via written reports in two different SSI scenarios, namely, gene therapy and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Preservice teachers' written reports were analyzed using the SEE-SEP model. The results showed that preservice teachers' supporting reasons mainly stemmed from the subject areas of ethics/morality (41%) and science (32%). The results also revealed little use of justifications from the subject areas of policy and sociology/culture (11% and 10%, respectively), and subject area of economy (6%) was the least referred.
Defining the Verbs for “Understanding and Interpretation” of Japanese Sake
Authors: Fukushima Hiroki
Published: September 2020

In this chapter, the author attempts to define the verbs in the description of Japanese sake taste by employing 1) a usage-based approach, 2) “encyclopedic semantics” rather than a “dictionary view,” and 3) sense-making theory, drawing on data from a “sake tasting description corpus” (approximately 120,000 words). The chapter selects eight verbs of high frequency (e.g., hirogaru ‘spread') and defines their sense(s) in a bottom-up and abductive fashion, based on a score indicating the strength of co-occurrence between terms. In this study, the authors deal with the verbs for “Understanding” or “Interpretation ”; it means, verbs that contribute to narrating the personal, individual story (contents) of the tasters. This study suggests the verbs for understanding have senses related to [Timeline] and [Space]. On the other hand, verbs do not tend to collocate with [Movement] and interestingly, the [Structure], as same as the tendency of adjectival-nouns.
Importance of Applying Big Data Concept in Marketing Decision Making
Authors: Stupar Savo , Kurtović Emir , Ćar Mirha Bičo
Published: September 2020

The aim of this chapter is to enable marketing managers to gain basic knowledge of the capabilities of the latest data management technology, big data, which has the potential of digitally storing huge amounts of data, processing and utilizing the results of processing different types of data, as well as data of different formats in real-time. Due to the enormous potential of implementing the big data, there are also tremendous expectations in terms of the direct financial benefits of its implementation. Realizing all these expectations is a very complex task, which is set to marketing and other managers. The knowledge and skills of managers acquired by education will greatly help to understand the benefits of faster adoption and implementation of new data management paradigms. This chapter emphasizes the differences between the big data concept and conventional data processing technologies, as well as the benefits and potentials that this concept offers, especially when it comes to the process of making quick marketing decisions or making decisions in a reasonably short time.
Governing by Humans, Not by Robots
Authors: Gantzias George
Published: September 2020

Artificial intelligence and robots together with fake news have challenged irrevocably not only the traditional business organizations and representative democracy but also the role of regulatory mechanisms in digital capitalism. In 2020, companies will need to develop a new culture (i.e., the business intelligence culture[BIC]) in order to understand that human resources, currently one of the lowest rungs in a company ladder, will be elevated to the same position as research and development. This chapter examines and analyses artificial intelligence, robots, and human decision-making process together with the role of automatic decision-making algorithms in business systems. It considers critical questions regarding global regulation, ethical standards, public interest, and democracy. It examines the need for regulation in digital capitalism. Finally, it outlines the models business intelligence culture (BIC) and collective will democracy (CWD) as methodological tools to analyze humans and robots' governance in the digital era.
Fuzzy Logic in Portfolio Selection
Authors: Škrinjarić Tihana
Published: September 2020

This chapter deals with possibilities of using fuzzy logic in the process of selecting stocks for the portfolio. Often investors observe specific cognitive uncertainty problems within the portfolio selection. This is where fuzzy logic can help with the final decision. After the description of the selected fuzzy logic concepts and comparison with other similar approaches, an empirical section provides detailed insights into the applications of such methodology. The analysis utilizes weekly data for the period January 2018 – April 2019 for 20 selected stocks in order to exhibit the usefulness of the observed approach in the portfolio selection.
Business Intelligence
Authors: Sultana Jakia , Jimoh Ahmed
Published: September 2020

This chapter discussed business intelligence (BI), highlighting its general strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities in the organizational context and in the context of unstructured data. Initially, a brief background on BI was discussed, followed by the discussion on benefit and challenges in different context. Recommendations provided for the challenges were discussed. Later, the chapter further looked at business intelligence and artificial intelligence followed by the future outlook of business intelligence. The contents of this chapter will help theoretically to understand the business intelligence, its background, benefits and challenges, and how to deal with the challenges by the given recommendations. Practically, this chapter will give insight to organizations about challenges to think about earlier stage based on the discussion on challenges in the organizational context.
Finding the Solution of Balanced and Unbalanced Intuitionistic Fuzzy Transportation Problems by Using Different Methods With Some Software Packages
Authors: Kumar P. Senthil
Published: September 2020

In this chapter, two different methodologies are proposed to find out the optimal solution to the balanced and unbalanced intuitionistic fuzzy transportation problems (UBIFTPs). In addition, the parameter of both the balanced and UBIFTPs are considered to be triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (TIFNs). Two new methodologies, respectively method-1 and method-2, are presented in this chapter. Proposed method-1 is based on linear programming technique, and proposed method-2 is based on modified distribution method. Both the methodologies are used to solve the balanced and UBIFTPs. The ideas of the proposed methodologies are illustrated with the help of real-life numerical examples. The solutions obtained by the proposed methodologies are checked with some software (e.g., MATLAB, LINGO) and the computer code related to the proposed problems is also given. The unique results, comparative study, discussions, and the merits of the proposed methodologies are all given. At the end of the chapter, future work is mentioned.
Use of Finite Markov Chains in Business Problems Involving Decision Making and Case-Based Reasoning
Authors: Voskoglou Michael
Published: September 2020

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science focusing on the creation of intelligent machines that mimic human reasoning and behaviour. Probability theory is among the mathematical tools used in AI applications to deal with situations of uncertainty caused by randomness. In particular, the Markov chain (MC) theory is a smart combination of probability and linear algebra that offers ideal conditions for modelling such situations. International business is about the trade of goods, services, technology, capital, and knowledge at a global level, while decision making (DM) and case-based reasoning (CBR) are among the processes that are frequently used in this field. In this chapter, an absorbing and an ergodic MC model are developed on the steps of DM and CBR respectively for representing mathematically those two processes, thus providing valuable information about their evolution. The examples presented are connected to international business applications.
Evaluation of LPI Values of Transition Economies Countries With a Grey MCDM Model
Authors: Ulutaş Alptekin , Karaköy Çağatay
Published: September 2020

This study has three objectives. First, there are many publications in the literature on the countries of transition economies. However, there are few publications in the literature on the logistics performance of countries of transition economies. This study analyses the logistics performance of countries of transition economies to fill this research gap. Second, only a few studies on LPI considered the period in calculating LPI values. This study considers the period in LPI calculation by using grey MCDM methods to fill this research gap. Third, this study proposes a new integrated grey MCDM model consisting of grey SWARA and grey MOORA. Both grey methods are more practical compared to other grey methods. Both methods were preferred in this study as they have simpler and less processing steps than other grey MCDM methods. According to the results of grey SWARA, the most important criterion is determined as “Infrastructure” (I) criterion. According to the results of grey MOORA, the country with the best logistics performance has been identified as “Serbia.”
Extremely Fast Heuristic Event-Driven Job Shop Scheduler With a New Class of Extended Petri Nets
Authors: Kostin Alexander
Published: September 2020

A very fast scheduling system is proposed and experimentally investigated. The system consists of a job shop manager and dynamic models of machines. A schedule is created in the course of a close cooperation with models of the machines that generate driving events for the scheduler. The system is implemented with a new class of extended Petri nets and runs in the environment of the Petri-net tool WINSIM. The scheduler creates a schedule sequentially, without any form of enumerative search. To investigate the scheduler performance, a large number of experiments were conducted with the use of few strategies. Due to a unique mechanism of monitoring of triggering events in the Petri net, the developed scheduler runs at least hundreds of times faster than any known single-processor job shop scheduler.
Inevitable Battle Against Botnets
Authors: Firat Ibrahim
Published: September 2020

It is undeniable that technology is developing and growing at an unstoppable pace. Technology has become a part of people's daily lives. It has been used for many purposes but mainly to make human life easier. In addition to being useful, these advancements in technology have some bad consequences. A new malware called botnet has recently emerged. It is considered to be one of the most important and dangerous cyber security problems as it is not well understood and evolves quickly. Communication of bots between each other and their botmaster results in the formation of botnet; this is also known as a zombie army. As botnets become popular among cybercriminals, more studies have been done in botnet detection area. Researchers have developed new detection mechanisms in order to understand and tackle this growing botnet issue. This chapter aims to review working principles of botnets and botnet detection mechanisms in order to increase general knowledge about botnets.
Detection of Botnet Based Attacks on Network
Authors: Prachi
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes how with Botnets becoming more and more the leading cyber threat on the web nowadays, they also serve as the key platform for carrying out large-scale distributed attacks. Although a substantial amount of research in the fields of botnet detection and analysis, bot-masters inculcate new techniques to make them more sophisticated, destructive and hard to detect with the help of code encryption and obfuscation. This chapter proposes a new model to detect botnet behavior on the basis of traffic analysis and machine learning techniques. Traffic analysis behavior does not depend upon payload analysis so the proposed technique is immune to code encryption and other evasion techniques generally used by bot-masters. This chapter analyzes the benchmark datasets as well as real-time generated traffic to determine the feasibility of botnet detection using traffic flow analysis. Experimental results clearly indicate that a proposed model is able to classify the network traffic as a botnet or as normal traffic with a high accuracy and low false-positive rates.
Visualization Technique for Intrusion Detection
Authors: Cheikh Mohamed , Hacini Salima , Boufaida Zizette
Published: September 2020

Intrusion detection system (IDS) plays a vital and crucial role in a computer security. However, they suffer from a number of problems such as low detection of DoS (denial-of-service)/DDoS (distributed denial-of-service) attacks with a high rate of false alarms. In this chapter, a new technique for detecting DoS attacks is proposed; it detects DOS attacks using a set of classifiers and visualizes them in real time. This technique is based on the collection of network parameter values (data packets), which are automatically represented by simple geometric graphs in order to highlight relevant elements. Two implementations for this technique are performed. The first is based on the Euclidian distance while the second is based on KNN algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed technique has been proven through a simulation of network traffic drawn from the 10% KDD and a comparison with other classification techniques for intrusion detection.
Association Rule-Mining-Based Intrusion Detection System With Entropy-Based Feature Selection
Authors: Sellappan Devaraju , Srinivasan Ramakrishnan
Published: September 2020

Intrusion detection system (IDSs) are important to industries and organizations to solve the problems of networks, and various classifiers are used to classify the activity as malicious or normal. Today, the security has become a decisive part of any industrial and organizational information system. This chapter demonstrates an association rule-mining algorithm for detecting various network intrusions. The KDD dataset is used for experimentation. There are three input features classified as basic features, content features, and traffic features. There are several attacks are present in the dataset which are classified into Denial of Service (DoS), Probe, Remote to Local (R2L), and User to Root (U2R). The proposed method gives significant improvement in the detection rates compared with other methods. Association rule mining algorithm is proposed to evaluate the KDD dataset and dynamic data to improve the efficiency, reduce the false positive rate (FPR) and provides less time for processing.
Performance Evaluation of Web Server's Request Queue against AL-DDoS Attacks in NS-2
Authors: Kumar Manish , Bhandari Abhinav
Published: September 2020

As the world is getting increasingly dependent on the Internet, the availability of web services has been a key concern for various organizations. Application Layer DDoS (AL-DDoS) attacks may hamper the availability of web services to the legitimate users by flooding the request queue of the web server. Hence, it is pertinent to focus fundamentally on studying the queue scheduling policies of web server against the HTTP request flooding attack which has been the base of this research work. In this paper, the various types of AL-DDoS attacks launched by exploiting the HTTP protocol have been reviewed. The key aim is to compare the requests queue scheduling policies of web server against HTTP request flooding attack using NS2 simulator. Various simulation scenarios have been presented for comparison, and it has been established that queue scheduling policy can be a significant role player in tolerating the AL-DDoS attacks.
Taxonomy of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks and Defense Mechanisms in Present Era of Smartphone Devices
Authors: Sharma Kavita , Gupta B. B.
Published: September 2020

This article describes how in the summer of 1999, the Computer Incident Advisory Capability first reported about Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack incidents and the nature of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks in a distributed environment that eliminates the availability of resources or data on a computer network. DDoS attack exhausts the network resources and disturbs the legitimate user. This article provides an explanation on DDoS attacks and nature of these attacks against Smartphones and Wi-Fi Technology and presents a taxonomy of various defense mechanisms. The smartphone is chosen for this study, as they have now become a necessity rather than a luxury item for the common people.
The HTTP Flooding Attack Detection to Secure and Safeguard Online Applications in the Cloud
Authors: Dhanapal A  , Nithyanandam P
Published: September 2020

Cloud computing is the cutting edge and has become inevitable in all forms of computing. This is due to its nature of elasticity, cost-effectiveness, availability, etc. The online applications like e-commerce, and e-healthcare applications are moving to the cloud to reduce their operational cost. These applications have the vulnerability of a HTTP flooding Distributed Denial of Service attack in the cloud. This flooding attack aims to overload the application, making it unable to process genuine requests and bring it down. So, these applications need to be secured and safeguarded against such attacks. This HTTP flooding attack is one of the key challenging issues as it shows normal behaviour with regard to all lower networking layers like TCP 3-way handshaking by mimicking genuine requests and it is even harder in the cloud due to the cloud properties. This article offers a solution for detecting a HTTP flooding attack in the cloud by using the novel TriZonal Linear Prediction (TLP) model. The solution was implemented using OpenStack and the FIFA Worldcup '98 data set for experimentation.
DOS Attacks on Cloud Platform
Authors: Kumar Rohit
Published: September 2020

IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS models collectively form the Cloud Computing Infrastructure. The complexity of interrelationship of service models is very high and so security issue becomes essentials and must be developed with utmost care. Distributed DOS attacks are a major concern for different organization engaged in using cloud based services. The denial of service attack and distributed denial of service attacks in particular in cloud paradigms are big threat on a cloud network or platform. These attacks operate by rendering the server and network useless by sending unnecessary service and resource requests. The victims host or network isn't aware of such attacks and keeps providing recourses until they get exhausted. Due to resource exhaustions, the resources requests of genuine users doesn't get fulfilled. Severity of these attacks can lead to huge financial losses if, they are able to bring down servers executing financial services. This chapter presents DOS threats and methods to mitigate them in varied dimensions.
Denial of Service Attack on Protocols for Smart Grid Communications
Authors: Roy Swapnoneel
Published: September 2020

In this work, a denial of service (DoS) attack known as the clogging attack has been performed on three different modern protocols for smart grid (SG) communications. The first protocol provides authentication between smart meters (SM) and a security and authentication server (SAS). The second protocol facilitates secure and private communications between electric vehicles (EV) and the smart grid. The third protocol is a secure and efficient key distribution protocol for the smart grid. The protocols differ in either their applications (authentication, key distribution), or their ways of communications (usage of encryption, hashes, timestamps etc.). But they are similar in their purpose of design (for the smart grid) and their usage of computationally intensive mathematical operations (modular exponentiation, ECC) to implement security. Solutions to protect these protocols against this attack are then illustrated along with identifying the causes behind the occurrence of this vulnerability in SG communication protocols in general.
A Black-Box Framework for Malicious Traffic Detection in ICT Environments
Authors: Teles Carlos Alberto M. S. , Filho Carlos Roberto Gonçalves Viana , Henriques Felipe da Rocha
Published: September 2020

Information security is gradually becoming an area that plays an important role in our daily lives as information and communications technology assets grow with increasingly connected environments. Increasingly we have information from society having their data leaked due to information security flaws in both hardware and software of ICT assets. To identify failures of ICT assets, through the detection of malicious traffic, this chapter proposes a black-box-based framework that aims to detect malicious traffic. The black-box method allows monitor the network without accessing the software or hardware details. In the proposed framework, information security and network resource usage are used together in order to provide a reliable detection of malicious traffic. Firstly, the authors collected network traffic information, generating a dataset from open source networking tools. The proposed detection scheme can identify risks and threats like malware, suspect traffic, and others. The scheme was validated verifying the correlation between network security alerts and network resource usage.
Implementing Information Security Using Multimodal Biometrics
Authors: Jindal Vinita , Singhal Divya
Published: September 2020

With the exponential growth of smart devices and dependency on the internet and wireless networks, the security of information is a major challenge in the recent years. Biometrics have been widely used for information security. It plays a crucial role in minimizing the probability of inappropriate access. Human biometrics are characterized into physical and behavioral features. In this chapter, the authors propose to use fingerprint and online signature for information security. Though biometric provides more security and integrity, it is also threatened by various attacks. Digital watermarking is the answer to the above problems. Initially, the features of the human biometric images are extracted and act as watermarks for other biometric image. It is assumed that fingerprints act as a host and a signature as watermark. This chapter presents a survey of various biometric and watermarking techniques. The chapter also reviewed the work done by different researchers in the area, algorithms employed by them with their literature to utilize them for biometric protection.