bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An examination of US consumer pet-related and veterinary service expenditures, 1980–2005
Authors: Wolf Christopher A. , Lloyd James W. , Black J. Roy
Published: August 2008

Objective—To evaluate US consumer expenditures for veterinary services, pets-pet supplies, and pet-related services.

Design—Retrospective economic analysis.

Sample Population—US consumers from 1980 through 2005.

Procedures—Descriptive statistics and probit regressions were calculated.

Results—From 1980 to 2005, total inflation-adjusted expenditures on pet-related and veterinary services increased, as did the percentage of households with a pet-related expenditure. The percentage of households with veterinary service expenditures was fairly constant. Among households with a pet-related expenditure, the percentage purchasing veterinary services decreased. The probability for pet-related and veterinary service expenditures increased with income, education, and family size and was higher for household heads who were white, were married, owned their residence, and lived in a rural area.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Overall spending on veterinary services increased substantially, providing no indication that successful practices should change strategy. Households that spent money on veterinary services increased their spending sufficiently to exceed the loss of income for veterinarians associated with the increasing proportion of pet-owning households that did not spend anything on veterinary services. Because the probability of veterinary service expenditures was strongly related to household income, caution is suggested in planning provision of veterinary services when incomes are constrained. Among households with pet-related expenditures, the decreasing percentage of households with veterinary service expenditures suggests a growing proportion of pet owners who are not having their veterinary service needs met. Because non-white households were less likely to purchase veterinary services, the veterinary profession cannot afford to delay efforts to enhance diversity and cultural competence.
Efficacy and safety of cefovecin in treating bacterial folliculitis, abscesses, or infected wounds in dogs
Authors: Six Robert , Cherni Judy , Chesebrough Robert , Cleaver Dawn , Lindeman Cindy J. , Papp Georg , Skogerboe Terry L. , Weigel Daniel J. , Boucher Joseph F. , Stegemann Michael R.
Published: August 2008

Objective—To evaluate the efficacy and safety of administration of cefovecin, compared with cefadroxil, for treatment of naturally occurring secondary superficial pyoderma, abscesses, and infected wounds in dogs.

Design—Multicenter, randomized, positive-controlled clinical trial.

Animals—235 client-owned dogs.

Procedures—Dogs with clinical signs of skin infection confirmed via bacteriologic culture were randomly allocated to receive a single SC injection of cefovecin (8 mg/kg [3.6 mg/lb]) followed by placebo administered PO twice daily for 14 days or cefadroxil (22 mg/kg [10 mg/lb]) administered PO twice daily for 14 days following a placebo injection. Two 14-day treatment courses were permitted. Treatment success was defined as reduction of clinical signs to mild or absent at the final assessment.

Results—Clinical efficacy achieved with cefovecin in dogs was equivalent to that observed with cefadroxil. At the final assessment, 14 days following the completion of treatment (on day 28 or 42), 92.4% (109/118) of the cefovecin group and 92.3% (108/117) of the cefadroxil group were treatment successes. There were no serious adverse events or deaths related to treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A single cefovecin injection (8 mg/kg) administered SC, which could be repeated once after 14 days, was safe and effective against naturally occurring skin infections in dogs and as effective as cefadroxil administered PO twice daily for 14 or 28 days.
Rupture of collateral ligaments in metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in horses: 17 cases (1999–2005)
Authors: Tenney Wade A. , Whitcomb Mary Beth
Published: August 2008

Objective—To characterize ruptures of collateral ligaments (CLs) in metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints in horses.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—17 horses with ruptured CLs.

Procedures—Data were obtained from medical records, including signalment, history, clinical signs, ultrasonographic and radiographic findings, treatment, and outcome. Additional follow-up information was obtained from owners or referring veterinarians.

Results—The lateral CL was ruptured in 11 horses; the medial CL was ruptured in 6 horses. Ultrasonography revealed ipsilateral rupture of the short and long components of the CL in 11 horses and rupture of only 1 component in 6 horses. No biaxial ruptures were detected, but 9 horses had desmitis of the CL on the nonruptured side of the affected joint. All horses were lame (lameness score range, 2/5 to 4/5). Joint instability was palpable in 9 horses; only 4 horses had episodes of joint luxation. Avulsion fractures were identified radiographically in 6 horses and ultrasonographically in another 2 horses. Stress radiography revealed joint instability in 10 horses. Horses were managed by stall confinement, limb immobilization, and gradual return to exercise. Eight horses returned to riding, 2 resumed breeding, 2 were retired, 2 were euthanized, and 3 were doing well 86 to 139 days after injury.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ultrasonographic examination is indicated in horses with acute lameness and swelling at the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint, particularly when stress radiography cannot be performed or findings are equivocal. Affected horses can be conservatively managed. Prognosis for athletic use may be better than originally believed.
Evaluation of vaccination with a commercial subunit vaccine on shedding of Salmonella enterica in subclinically infected dairy cows
Authors: Heider Luke C. , Meiring Richard W. , Hoet Armando E. , Gebreyes Wondwossen A. , Funk Julie A. , Wittum Thomas E.
Published: August 2008

Objective—To estimate the efficacy of a commercially available Salmonella enterica subunit vaccine on the subclinical shedding of S enterica in dairy cattle.

Design—Randomized, controlled trial.

Animals—175 mature cows on 2 dairy farms with a history of S enterica infection.

Procedures—25% of the mature cows from each herd were systematically randomized to receive an S enterica subunit vaccine following label guidelines. The remaining 75% of cows in each herd served as nonvaccinated controls. Fecal samples were collected from all cows at the time of initial vaccination (day 0), booster vaccination (day 14), 2 weeks following the booster vaccination (day 28), and 10 weeks following the start of the trial (day 70). All samples were processed on the day of collection and cultured for S enterica.

Results—651 fecal samples were obtained over the entire study period. Salmonella enterica was recovered from 46 (7.1%) of the samples. Shedding of S enterica was similar for vaccinated and nonvaccinated control cows on each of the collection dates.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The study revealed no evidence that extralabel vaccination with a commercial subunit S enterica vaccine reduced shedding of S enterica in subclinically infected dairy cows in these herds.
Evaluation of five clinical chemistry analyzers for use in health assessment in sea turtles
Authors: Wolf Karen N. , Harms Craig A. , Beasley Jean F.
Published: August 2008

Objective—To compare blood biochemical values obtained from a handheld analyzer, 2 tabletop analyzers, and 2 diagnostic laboratories by use of replicate samples of sea turtle blood.

Design—Validation study.

Animals—22 captive juvenile sea turtles.

Procedures—Sea turtles (18 loggerhead turtles [Caretta caretta], 3 green turtles [Chelonia mydas], and 1 Kemp's ridley turtle [Lepidochelys kempii]) were manually restrained, and a single blood sample was obtained from each turtle and divided for analysis by use of the 5 analyzers. Hematocrit and concentrations or activities of aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, glucose, total protein, albumin, BUN, uric acid, P, Ca, K, Na, Cl, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were determined. Median values for each analyte were compared among the analyzers.

Results—Significant differences were found among the analyzers for most values; however, data obtained from the 2 diagnostic laboratories were similar for all analytes. The magnitude of difference between the diagnostic laboratories and in-house units was ≥ 10% for 10 of the 15 analytes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Variance in the results could be attributed in part to differences in analyzer methodology. It is important to identify the specific methodology used when reporting and interpreting biochemical data. Depending on the variable and specific case, this magnitude of difference could conceivably influence patient management.
Internal phosphorus loading from bottom sediments of a shallow preliminary reservoir
Authors: Dondajewska Renata
Published: August 2008

The aim of the studies done in a shallow preliminary reservoir (western Poland) was to determine the intensity and seasonal variability of phosphorus release from bottom sediments. Ex situ studies were done using intact sediment cores taken in succeeding seasons at 3 research stations. The highest phosphorus loading was observed in spring (May and April), both in 2005 and 2006. The range of loading was between 23.7 and 66.6 mgP m-2 d-1. More intensive phosphorus release during warmer months was caused by microbiological decomposition of fresh organic matter, comprised of decaying filamentous algae from the previous vegetation season. Spatial variability resulted from differences in water depth between stations and in the biomass of filamentous green algae in 2005.
Natural and anthropogenic transformations of water and marsh vegetation in Lake Zbęchy (Wielkopolska Region)
Authors: Gołdyn Hanna , Arczyńska-Chudy Ewa , Pińskwar Piotr , Jezierska-Madziar Maria
Published: August 2008

Lake Zbęchy is situated in the General Chłapowski Landscape Park, which is the model of a rural area that has been subjected to agricultural pressure for many years. Over a thirty-year period (1976-2006) serious changes in the plant associations of Lake Zbęchy have occurred. The maximal depth of plant occurrence decreased from 3.6 m in 1976 to 2 m at present. The area overgrown by submerged macrophytes decreased from 13 to 0.2 ha. The community of Nitellopsidetum obtusae that dominated the belt of submerged plants during the 1970s has entirely disappeared from the lake. The decreasing phytolittoral area in the lake is the result of progressive lake eutrophication and water pollution. The transformations of reed and sedge communities are of a partially natural and partially anthropogenic character. The ecological status of the lake has deteriorated significantly. The ecological state of the lake in 1976 was good according to the Water Framework Directive. Currently, it is sufficient, but the ESMI value of 0.21 only slightly exceeds that of a bad ecological state (0.20-0.00). The level of lake development in the succession process was between mature and aged in 1976; now it is classified as definitely aged.
Microbial efficiency in a meromictic reservoir
Authors: Mazurkiewicz-Boroń Grażyna , Bednarz Teresa , Wilk-Woźniak Elżbieta
Published: August 2008

Indices of microbial efficiency (expressed as oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide release) were determined in the water column of the meromictic Piaseczno Reservoir (in an opencast sulphur mine), which is rich in sulphur compounds. Phytoplankton abundances were low in both the mixolimnion (up to 15 m depth) and monimolimnion (below 15 m depth). In summer and winter, carbon dioxide release was 3-fold and 5-fold higher, respectively, in the monimolimnion than in the mixolimnion. Laboratory enrichments of the sulphur substrate of the water resulted in a decrease in oxygen consumption rate of by about 42% in mixolimnion samples, and in the carbon dioxide release rate by about 69% in monimolimnion samples. Water temperature, pH and bivalent ion contents were of major importance in shaping the microbial metabolic efficiency in the mixolimnion, whilst in the monimolimnion these relationships were not evident.
Epiphytic algae on Stratiotes aloides L., Potamogeton lucens L., Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Chara spp. in a macrophyte-dominated lake
Authors: Toporowska Magdalena , Pawlik-Skowrońska Barbara , Wojtal Agata
Published: August 2008

Epiphytic algae occurring on submerged macrophytes were investigated as part of a study on the ecological status of a shallow macrophyte-dominated lake, Lake Skomielno, which has been used for recreation and fishery. Relatively high variability in biomass (DM) and chlorophyll a contents in epiphyton on particular plants was noted. Generally, the biomass of epiphytic algae was much higher in spring and autumn than in summer. In total, 335 taxa were found on the studied macrophytes with representatives of the Chlorophyta (143 taxa) and Heterokontophyta class Bacillariophyceae (131 taxa) dominating. The species composition of epiphytic algae was related to host plant and seasons, the highest species richness was observed on Stratiotes aloides in spring and on Potamogeton lucens in autumn. The Jaccard similarity index revealed differentiation of diatom communities between the macrophytes. Our data suggest that in the studied lake S. aloides and P. lucens can provide better habitat conditions for higher numbers of epiphytic taxa, abundances and epiphyton standing crop than Ceratophyllum demersum and Chara spp. can. The dominance of diatom species (e.g. Pseudostaurosira brevistriata (Grun.) Williams & Round, Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kütz.) Czarnecki, and Cocconeis placentula Ehrenb.) that are known as bioindicators of slightly alkaline, sufficiently oxygen-saturated and meso-eutrophic waters corresponds well with the physico-chemical parameters of Lake Skomielno.
Effects of cooling water discharges from a power plant on reservoir water quality
Authors: Kowalski Eligiusz , Mazierski Jerzy
Published: August 2008

The use of natural or artificial water reservoirs by thermal power plants for cooling purposes alterswater ecosystems. Water ecosystems are mainly subjected to the abiotic influences of higher temperature and increased mixing. This study presents the thermal and oxygen conditions in a lake used for cooling water as well as the chemical changes occurring in it. There is a spatial differentiation in the temperature of the water surface over time periods (in summer and winter).

The vertical water temperature changes were definitely different from those of natural, unaffected lakes. Apart from a higher average water temperature, typical mixing and stratification periods were not observed. This apparently affected the dissolved oxygen conditions. The observed absence of a dissolved oxygen deficit resulted from the lack of a thermocline, which positively affected water quality. As a result, the two anthropogenic factors, i.e., the discharge of warm water and increased mixing, have flattened the negative effects on the lake. A new characteristic equilibrium for this lake was established. Single factors have been compensated for by this equilibrium. A relationship between temperature and biomass concentration was observed. The trophic state index (TSI) values permit classifying Rybnik Reservoir as a eutrophic lake.
Governance of Preanalytical Variability and Error Detection
Authors: Lippi Giuseppe
Published: August 2008

Governance of Preanalytical Variability and Error Detection
Preanalytical Phase in Haematology
Authors: Banfi Giuseppe , Germagnoli L.
Published: August 2008

Preanalytical Phase in Haematology

The preanalytical phase is particularly important in haematology, where counts of particles and cells are performed in whole anticoagulated blood. The correct use and concentration of anticoagulant is mandatory to avoid spurious results, which can influence clinical decision. EDTA is the anticoagulant of choice, but it has some limits, especially for preserving stability and shape of platelets. Stability of haematological parameters is high, with the exception of leukocytes and reticulocytes. However, stability (and instrumental precision) should be evaluated together with biological variability and individuality index of various haematological parameters. Hematological tests are also influenced and interfered by high amounts of lipids and chylomicrons. The mixing procedure of the tubes after blood drawing and before analysis is also crucial for obtaining correct and valid data. There are some examples of interferences on automated haematological analysers which are used for diagnosing and screening pathological conditions. Cryoglobulins and erythrocytes parasites can induce spurious results of WBC, RBC and PLT, but the repeatability of these interferences could be used for alerting the pathologist and could reveal the presence of pathological proteins or blood parasites. New parameters have been proposed by modern haematological analysers, directly defined or calculated from traditional measures, but the clinical impact of these new parameters is often dependent on preanalytical variables.
Developing a Lean Consciousness for the Clinical Laboratory
Authors: Stanković Ana
Published: August 2008

Developing a Lean Consciousness for the Clinical Laboratory

This is an overview of the principles of Lean and Six Sigma as a means of streamlining operations and improving productivity. Manufacturing sectors have employed these concepts with much success. The primary goal of a lean initiative is to deliver quality products and services the first time and every time. To accomplish this, all activities that do not add value (i.e., waste) must be eliminated or, if not feasible, reduced. The demands of today's healthcare environment warrant the integration of quality management systems such as these to meet increased workloads, staff shortages, and the demand for rapid turnaround for specimen results. This paper discusses Lean and Six Sigma strategies as well as their application for the clinical laboratory, specifically utilizing tools such as 5S, the Kaizen Blitz, process mapping, and value stream mapping. By implementing these tools to maximize process flow, eliminate waste, and recognize the variations that can hinder the delivery of high-quality services, healthcare professionals can reach their efficiency goals, reduce costs, and provide customer satisfaction.
Small Non-Coding RNAs - Diagnostic and Therapeutic News
Authors: Kocić Gordana
Published: August 2008

Male Nekodirajuće RNK-Novine U Dijagnostici I Terapiji

Nekodirajuće RNK predstavljaju specifič nu klasu RNK koje ne služe u procesu translacije proteina. One učestvuju u nizu različitih regulatornih procesa vezanih za proces transkripcije i posttranskripcioni nivo. Pomenuta familija RNK sadrži različite tipove, ali su gotovo sve oko 20-30 nukleotida dugačke, nastale iz prekursora veće dužine. Neke od njih, kao što je siRNK (mala interferentna RNK) formiraju se nakon razgradnje dvostrukospiralnih RNK (dsRNK) i udružene su sa virusnom infekcijom. Druge familije, poznate kao mikro RNK (miRNK), kodiraju se od strane specifičnih gena. Glavna funkcija je inhibicija translacije, razgradnja mRNK ili indukcija razgradnje mRNK, poznata kao utišavanje mRNK. Prepoznavanje target mRNK moguće je po principu komplementarnosti baza. Stepen komplementarnosti određuje uspešnost utišavanja. Korišćenje iRNK u antivirusnom odgovoru predstavlja novi terapijski izazov. Dok neke siRNK imaju zadatak da suprimiraju razvoj oboljenja (virus), druge su uključene u razvoj humanih kancera. Stoga je njihova identifikacija važna sa dijagnostičkog i terapijskog aspekta kod različitih tipova karcinoma i različitih stadijuma oboljenja. Neki tipovi miRNK su udruženi sa razvojem degenerativnih i metabolič kih oboljenja. S obzirom na to da pravilan razvoj nervnog sistema, insulinska sekrecija, kao i važni metabolički procesi zahtevaju preciznu kontrolu na nivou ekspresije gena, kontrola stabilnosti i translacije mRNK putem malih nekodirajuć ih RNK predstavlja dominantnu regulaciju različitih metaboličkih, endokrinih i neuroloških procesa.
Application of artificial neural networks to assessment of ship manoeuvrability qualities
Authors: Abramowski Tomasz
Published: August 2008

Application of artificial neural networks to assessment of ship manoeuvrability qualities

This paper presents an attempt to applying neural networks for assessment of parameters of standard manoeuvrability tests, i.e. circulation test and zig-zag test. Methodological approach to application of neural networks as well as applied network structures and neuron activation functions are generally presented. Also, results of simulations performed by means of the elaborated networks are given in comparison with test cases selected at random. In order to analyze and reveal general trends, correlation relationships between results from network simulations and test cases were calculated and are presented as well.
Modification of Hooke's law for multiaxial stress in viscoelastic solids
Authors: Kolenda Janusz
Published: August 2008

Modification of Hooke's law for multiaxial stress in viscoelastic solids

On the basis of Hooke's law for multiaxial stress in elastic solids, similar relationships for viscoelastic materials are considered. It is assumed that the material is homogeneous and isotropic, and that the Kelvin-Voigt's model is applicable to normal strain components. An analogous model is also taken for shear strain components. It is shown that the ratio of coefficients of viscous damping of normal and shear strain components is equal to the ratio of Young modulus and shear modulus. As a result, the modified Hooke's law for multiaxial stress in viscoelastic materials has been formulated which includes three material constants: Young modulus, Poisson's ratio and coefficient of viscous damping of normal strain.
Reversible electron charge transfer in single-wall carbon nanotubes
Authors: Costa Sara , Bachmatiuk Alicja , Borowiak-Palen Ewa
Published: August 2008

Reversible electron charge transfer in single-wall carbon nanotubes

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) have proved to be very special materials due to their unique electronic properties. Over the last years many scientists have dedicated their research to the study of the these materials as an electronic system. Amphoteric doping effects (n-type and p-type), which can be reversed, became a very popular way of manipulating the optic and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes. In the particular case of SWCNT, the most common and widely used procedure, which changes their properties, is acid treatment applied as a purification procedure. The effect of the addition of this kind of the dopant has been widely studied but not fully understood so far. Here, we present a study, of two kinds of SWCNT, produced within different techniques: (i) chemical vapors deposition and (ii) laser ablation. The main difference between the two types is the diameter distribution of the obtained materials, which is broad in the first technique and narrow in the second. After the acid treatment it is possible to observe a diameter sensitive doping effect on both samples. Resonance Raman spectroscopy, optical absorption spectroscopy (OAS) in UV/Vis/NIR and the Fourier transform middle-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have been applied for the characterization of the samples.
The effect of kaolin modification of silane coupling agents on the properties of the polyethylene composites
Authors: Domka Ludwik , Malicka Adrianna , Stachowiak Natalia
Published: August 2008

The effect of kaolin modification of silane coupling agents on the properties of the polyethylene composites

This paper shows the results of using the modified kaolin by silane coupling agents in HDPE composite and the effect of surface modifications of fillers on the properties of polyethylene composites. In the first stage pure and modified kaolin was subjected to a number of tests in order to determine the backfill density, water and paraffin oil absorbability, the surface area and pore volume, the morphology of their grains, thermal analysis and the FT-IR spectroscopy.

In the second stage the composites, which were moulded into the samples that could be subjected to further tests, were produced. The samples were characterised by the determination of the hardness according to Shore, the elasticity modulus, the tensile strength and tearing strength.

The modification of the kaolin surface has resulted in a substantial improvement of the strength parameters of the obtained polyethylene composites.
Dye decomposition on P25 with enhanced adsorptivity
Authors: Janus Magdalena , Wawrzyniak Beata , Tryba Beata , Morawski Antoni
Published: August 2008

Dye decomposition on P25 with enhanced adsorptivity

The preparation method and the activity of the TiO2-P25/N doped photocatalyst based on commercial titanium dioxide (TiO2 Aeroxide® P-25 Degussa, Germany) are presented. For the TiO2-P25/N preparation TiO2-P25 and gaseous ammonia were kept in a pressure reactor (10 bars) for 4 hours at the temperature of 200°C. This modification process changed the chemical structure of the TiO2 surface. The formation of NH4
+ groups was confirmed by the FTIR measurements. Two bands in the range of ca. 1430 - 1440 cm-1 attributed to bending vibrations of NH4
+ could be observed on the FTIR spectra of the catalysts modified with ammonia and the band attributed to the hydroxyl groups at 3300 - 3500 cm-1, which were not reduced after N-doping. The photocatalytic activity of the photocatalysts was checked through the decomposition of two dyes under visible light irradiation. The modified TiO2 thus prepared samples were more active than TiO2-P25 for the decomposition of dyes under visible light irradiation.
2-(4-Diethylaminostyryl)-1,3,3-trimethyl-5-thiocyanato-3H-indolium chloride as a new reagent for indirect spectrophotometric red-ox determination of Osmium (VI)
Authors: Kormosh Zholt , Korolchuk Svitlana
Published: August 2008

2-(4-Diethylaminostyryl)-1,3,3-trimethyl-5-thiocyanato-3H-indolium chloride as a new reagent for indirect spectrophotometric red-ox determination of Osmium (VI)

A highly sensitive indirect spectrophotometric redox method for the determination of osmium is reported on. The method is based on the oxidation of iodide by osmium (VI) and the spectrophotometric detection of the liberated iodine in the form of complex anion associate with 2-(4-diethylaminostyryl)-1,3,3-trimethyl-5-thiocyanato-3H-indolium chloride reagent. The appropriate reaction conditions have been established. The molar absorptivity is (0.2-1.2)·105 dm3/mol·cm at 589.5 nm wavelength. The absorbance of the coloured extracts obeys the Beer's law in the range to 7.6 mg/dm3 of Os(VI).
Assessment of the possibility of the methane to methanol transformation
Authors: Michalkiewicz Beata
Published: August 2008

Assessment of the possibility of the methane to methanol transformation

The methane to methanol conversion via esterification is an interesting method which makes it possible to eliminate the otherwise necessary phase of obtaining synthesis gas. On the basis of laboratory investigations mass balances for this process were determined. Preliminary assessment of the way of conducting the process and possibilities of practical applications of this technology was also made. It was pointed out that regardless of any possible modifications of methane to methanol conversion via esterification redundant sulfuric acid will always be produced during ester hydrolysis. Production of methanol from methane using this method can only be done when it is combined with producing other substances, which needs using H2SO4.
Separation of HCl from the mixture of KCl and HCl using membrane distillation
Authors: Tomaszewska Maria , Mientka Agnieszka
Published: August 2008

Separation of HCl from the mixture of KCl and HCl using membrane distillation

Membrane distillation (MD) was applied for the concentration of solutions containing hydrochloric acid and potassium chloride. The studies of the concentration and separation of HCl through the hydrophobic membrane were performed. In the investigations plate and frame or capillary modules, equipped with membranes from polytetrafluoroethylene and polypropylene were applied, respectively. The feed temperature amounted to 333 K or 343 K and permeate 293 K at the inlet of the module. Under the MD operation conditions the transfer of water vapour and hydrogen chloride from potassium chloride and hydrochloric acid solutions through the hydrophobic membranes took place, whereas the potassium chloride as a nonvolatile component underwent concentration in the feed. The influence of acid concentration and salt presence in the feed on the HCl molar flux through the membrane was systematically studied. The increase of the temperature and salt concentration in the feed caused higher partial pressure volatile of HCl and the resultant HCl Flux through a membrane was higher.

During MD for the initial concentration in the feed equal 50 g KCl/dm3 and 40g HCl/dm3, at the feed temperature 343K, the permeate flux decreased from 353 dm3/m2d to 289 dm3/m2d, whereas the HCl flux increased to 6 mol/m2d for the capillary module. At higher KCl concentration in the feed, amounting to 100g KCl/dm3 and under the same operation conditions, the permeate flux decreased to 285 dm3/m2d, but the molar flux HCl increased to 18 mol/m2d. The results were compared with the data obtained for the plate and frame module.
The Possibility to Use Selected Mixtures of Pgpr Bacteria in Tomato Cultivation
Authors: Szczech Magdalena , Dyśko Jacek
Published: August 2008

The Possibility to Use Selected Mixtures of Pgpr Bacteria in Tomato Cultivation

Mixtures of different plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were used to control soil-borne pathogens of tomato plants. First, their effect was studied in mini-chamber tests against Rhizoctonia damping-off. The best strains and their mixtures were selected for the greenhouse and field experiments conducted in years 2006-2007. The seeds and then the roots of tomato transplants were inoculated with the suspensions of single bacterial strains or with their combinations. In the greenhouse experiments treated plants were grown in the potting medium infested with pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, and the effect of bacteria on the population of Fusarium spp. in the rhizosphere was studied. In field experiments the plants were planted into natural infested soil. In both kind of the experiments (greenhouse and field) the impact of the inoculation on plant yield and diseases incidence was evaluated. Although, the results of the preliminary and mini-chamber tests were promising, and the bacteria B125, PT42, SZ141 and their mixtures significantly reduced damping-off of tomato seedlings, in greenhouse and field experiments, in most cases the bacterial treatments failed to improve yield and to protect the plants. Among tested bacterial inoculations only the mixture of the bacteria B125 and PT42 tended to affect positively the growth of the plants and to reduce their infection by soil-borne pathogens. However, bacterial inoculations significantly decreased the density of Fusarium spp. in the rhizosphere of tomato plants.
The Effect of Plant Pruning on the Light Conditions and Vegetative Development of Eggplant (Solanum Melongena L.) in Greenhouse Cultivation
Authors: Ambroszczyk Anna , Cebula Stanisław , Sękara Agnieszka
Published: August 2008

The Effect of Plant Pruning on the Light Conditions and Vegetative Development of Eggplant (Solanum Melongena L.) in Greenhouse Cultivation

The aim of the present investigations was to find the relations between pruning methods and chosen parameters of vegetative eggplant development in greenhouse conditions. The plant shape modifies the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) conditions in the plant profile. Independence between different pruning methods and vegetative plant development particularly leaves characteristics as well as pigments and photosynthesis products content in leaves was stated. The investigations were carried out in 1999-2001 in the experimental greenhouse of Agricultural University in Kraków, Poland. Eggplant of Tania F1 hybrid was used in the early spring-summer production in a heated greenhouse. The following pruning systems were applied: pruning to one shoot with leaving on every node 2 fruit sets and 1, 2 or 3 leaves, and pruning to two shoots with leaving on every node 1 fruit set and 1, 2 or 3 leaves. With the introduction of a greater number of leaves and fruit sets on eggplant shoots irradiation in plant profile was reduced. The value of leaf area index (LAI) depended on the way of pruning. Chemical composition of leaves was slightly dependent on the method of pruning only in the case of assimilation products, i.e. reducing sugar and starch. Improvement of photosynthesis efficiency of intensively pruned eggplants was achieved by the increase of single leaf area and thickness of leaf mesophyll tissues without the increase of the level of assimilative pigments per plant mass unit.
Correlations Between Asparagus Crop and the Year of Cropping, Day of Harvest, Sugar Contents in Storage Roots and Spears and Air Temperature
Authors: Gąsecka Monika , Stachowiak Jerzy , Krzesiński Włodzimierz , Knaflewski Mikołaj , Goliński Piotr
Published: August 2008

Correlations Between Asparagus Crop and the Year of Cropping, Day of Harvest, Sugar Contents in Storage Roots and Spears and Air Temperature

The study, carried out at the "Marcelin" Experimental Station in Poznan during harvest seasons 2000-2002, was focused on the determination of the correlation between daily yield of green asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) and soluble sugar contents in spears and storage roots, temperature, the year of cropping and day of harvest.

A positive correlation between daily yield and the year of harvest, daily fructose content in storage roots and spears, sucrose content in spears and temperature was documented, in contrast to the negative correlation with glucose and sucrose contents in roots, glucose content in spears and daily yield.
The Effect of Different Soil and Plant Cultivation Methods on Yield and Chemical Composition of Scorzonera Roots
Authors: Konopiński Mirosław
Published: August 2008

The Effect of Different Soil and Plant Cultivation Methods on Yield and Chemical Composition of Scorzonera Roots

In 1997-2000, field experiments were carried out on a grey-brown podzolic soil. The experimental plant was scorzonera (Scorzonera hispanica L.) cv. Einjährige Riesen. The aim of the experiments was to assess the yields of scorzonera roots in different soil and plant cultivation systems: ridge and flat cultivation, reduced soil tillage prior to sowing (shallow tillage), and the application of cover crops (Sinapis alba L., Vicia sativa L., Phacelia tanacetifolia B., Avena sativa L.) in conservation tillage and no-tillage systems. Reduced spring tillage did not have a negative effect on the yields of scorzonera roots. Cultivation of plants on ridges had a positive effect on the total and marketable yields of roots in comparison with flat soil cultivation. Mulching with cover crops had a significant influence on the increase in the marketable yield of roots. No-tillage cultivation did not have a negative effect on the total and marketable yields of roots. Reduction in spring tillage prior to sowing, soil mulching, and no-tillage cultivation had no negative effects on the inulin content of scorzonera roots. Among the investigated cover crops, Sinapis alba L. was the most beneficial plant for increasing the inulin content of roots. Cultivation of plants on ridges and flat soil, and reduction in spring pre-sowing tillage did not have a significant effect on the protein content of roots. Irrespective of the soil cultivation methods, a significantly higher protein content was found in the roots harvested from the plots mulched with Vicia sativa L. The various plant cultivation conditions exerted a considerable influence on nutrient uptake. Roots of the plants cultivated on ridges contained higher amounts of P, K, and Ca. Soil mulching created better conditions for nutrient absorption. A significant effect of Sinapis alba L. in increasing the P and K content of roots was also observed.
Effect of Long-Term Organic and Mineral Fertilization on the Yield and Quality of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)
Authors: Felczyński Kazimierz , Elkner Krystyna
Published: August 2008

Effect of Long-Term Organic and Mineral Fertilization on the Yield and Quality of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

In 2003-2004, an experiment was carried out with two cultivars of red beet using the experimental plots of a long-term static fertilization experiment that was begun in 1922 in the Experimental Field of the Institute of Vegetable Crops in Skierniewice. Under assessment was the response of red beet plants to longterm organic, mineral, and organic-mineral fertilization applied at different rates. The highest marketable yield, of all the fertilization combinations, was obtained in each year of the experiment from the each year treatment with manure alone at 60 t·ha-1. However, the level of red pigments in beet roots from this treatment was low, while that of yellow pigments, and also of nitrates, was high. Fertilization with manure at 60 t·ha-1 in combination with mineral nitrogen fertilization at 60 kg N·ha-1 resulted in a lower marketable yield compared to the treatment with manure only. The roots from the combined treatment, like those from the treatment with manure alone at 60 t·ha-1, had a low ratio of betanine to vulgaxanthine, and the highest nitrate content of all the fertilization combinations. At lower levels of fertilization with manure (20 and 40 t·ha-1), the additional fertilization with mineral nitrogen increased the marketable yield of red beet roots, but it reduced betanine content in 2003, and increased the level of nitrates in both years, in comparison with the corresponding treatments with manure only. Relatively high marketable yields of well-coloured roots with a high betanine content and a low vulgaxanthine content, and a low level of nitrates, were obtained from the treatment with mineral fertilizers applied at the lowest rates (N - 60, P2O5 - 30, K2O - 70 kg·ha-1). However, as the application rates of these fertilizers increased, the marketable yield of beet roots and their betanine content decreased. At the same time, the level of nitrates in the roots of both cultivars increased. The lowest marketable yields, but of well-coloured beet roots with a low nitrate content were obtained from the zero-fertilization control plots and from the treatment with manure alone at 20 t·ha-1.
Quality Characteristics of Fresh Plant Sprouts and After Their Short-term Storage
Authors: Gajewski Marek , Danilcenko Honorata , Taraseviciene Zivile , Szymczak Paweł , Seroczyńska Anna , Radzanowska Jadwiga
Published: August 2008

Quality Characteristics of Fresh Plant Sprouts and After Their Short-term Storage

Sensory characteristics, carotenoids content and antioxidant activity of sprouted seeds of eight plant species were investigated. Seeds of lentil, broccoli, clover, amaranth, wheat, radish, pea, and alfalfa were germinated for 3 days in the dark, at the temperature of 25°C and then sprouted seeds were stored for the next 2 days in a refrigerator, in the dark, at the temperature of 4-5°C. Sensory quality was evaluated in the expert panel, with the quantitative descriptive analysis method (QDA), using 15 sensory attributes, concerning odour, texture and flavour. Radish, alfalfa and lentil sprouts showed the highest overall sensory quality. Sensory attributes of sprouts were strongly differentiated among the species and the biggest differences were found for spicy flavour and sweet taste attributes. 2-day storage of sprouts affected some taste/flavour descriptors. Total carotenoids and β-carotene content were the highest in broccoli and radish sprouts. During the storage of sprouts carotenoids content decreased. Antioxidant activity was differentiated between species, and both radish and broccoli sprouts showed the highest antioxidant activity.
Modelling Environment and Infrastructure Influence on Reliability and Operation Processes of Port Transportation Systems
Authors: Guze Sambor , Kołowrocki Krzysztof , Soszyńska Joanna
Published: August 2008

Modelling Environment and Infrastructure Influence on Reliability and Operation Processes of Port Transportation Systems

In the paper a probabilistic model of industrial systems environment and infrastructure influence on their operation processes is proposed. Semi-markov processes are used to construct a general model of complex industrial systems' operation processes. Main characteristics of this model are determined as well. In particular case, for a port grain transportation system, its operation states are defined, the relationships between them are fixed and particular model of its operation process is constructed and its main characteristics are determined. The joint model of the system operation process and the system reliability is constructed and applied to the reliability evaluation of port grain transportation system.
Safety and Reliability in Skydiving Activities
Authors: Peter Kal'avský
Published: August 2008

Safety and Reliability in Skydiving Activities

The paper is devoted to the safety of skydiving, to the reliability of parachute equipment and to the human factors in safety and reliability in listed areas. In the paper, there are detailed statistical coefficients of the reliability of the parachute equipment and statistical coefficients of the skydiving injuries and the skydiving fatalities. There are detailed principal reasons of the skydiving injuries and the skydiving fatalities.
Reliability Assessment of Existing Structures
Authors: Jana Marková
Published: August 2008

Reliability Assessment of Existing Structures

The international standard ISO 13822 provides procedures for the reliability assessment of existing structures including the application of probabilistic methods. Probabilistic approach facilitates to decide about new exploitation of existing structures. Application of probabilistic methods for the reliability assessment of existing structures is shown on the example of deteriorated balcony beams.
Evaluation of Failure Probability of Ships on the Baltic Sea by Means of Simulation Model and Statistical Data
Authors: Guma Lucjan , Przywarty Marcin , Gralak Rafał
Published: August 2008

Evaluation of Failure Probability of Ships on the Baltic Sea by Means of Simulation Model and Statistical Data

The ship technical failures contribution in overall number of navigational accidents are significantly smaller than those caused by human factor but in safety analysis they cannot be neglected. The paper presents stochastic modeling the technical failures of ships with respect of most important ship systems such as main engine, power generators and steering gear. The data for simulation was obtained from analysis of ships statistical data of polish owners. Obtained results could be useful for estimation of transport loses or potential environmental threats and planning the response action against them.
Disturbances in Vessel Traffic Stream Due to Fairway Regulations
Authors: Kasyk Lech
Published: August 2008

Disturbances in Vessel Traffic Stream Due to Fairway Regulations

All regulations disturb the randomness of the vessel traffic stream. In the present paper the effect of the following regulations on the vessel traffic stream has been analysed: the order to maintain minimum distance between successive vessels, speed limit, overtaking ban, passing ban. These regulations disturb the Poissonian nature of the stream of reports. Using the method of random variables convolution the density function of probability was determined of the disturbed vessels' stream of reporting for particular factors controlling traffic on the fairway.
Human Reliability at Ship Safety Consideration
Authors: Smolarek Leszek
Published: August 2008

Human Reliability at Ship Safety Consideration

Human reliability is one of main factors which influence safety at maritime transport. The tendency of decreasing the crew number can growth the human fatigue factor. So it's necessary to analyze human fatigue and human reliability for seaman as factors which can cause the ship catastrophe.
Factors determining Vessel Safety Assessment in Operation
Authors: Soliwoda Jarosław
Published: August 2008

Factors determining Vessel Safety Assessment in Operation

Approval of higher risk level causes accidents during vessel operation. Binding rules of vessel safety assessment and risk level strictly adhered to regulations do not prevent crew from conscious breaking them. The analysis of reasons of higher risk level acceptance will be presented in this article. The methods of risk analysis will be described in reference to safety vessel operation rules breaking.
Minimally invasive decompression for lumbar stenosis and disc herniation
Authors: Armin Sean S. , Holly Langston T. , Khoo Larry T.
Published: August 2008

For decades, lumbar disc herniation and lumbar stenosis have been treated surgically via traditional open techniques. With recent emphasis on minimally invasive approaches in spine surgery, a number of new techniques has been introduced that are aimed at treating these 2 common pathological conditions. Currently the most widely used and efficacious minimally invasive technique for treating these disorders is direct decompression with minimally invasive surgery. Due to the scarcity of large randomized studies, however, it is difficult to compare the effectiveness and possible superiority of this technique with traditional decompression. Further studies are needed to evaluate this issue.
Percutaneous iliac screw placement: description of a new minimally invasive technique
Authors: Wang Michael Y. , Ludwig Steven C. , Anderson D. Greg , Mummaneni Praveen V.
Published: August 2008

Minimally invasive spinal instrumentation techniques have evolved tremendously over the past decade. Although there have been numerous reports of lumbar instrumentation performed via a percutaneous or minimal incisional route, to date there have been no reports of minimally invasive iliac screw placement.

A method was developed for accurate placement of minimally invasive iliac screw placement based on a modification of currently available percutaneous lumbar instrumentation techniques. The method involves fluoroscopically guided insertion of a cannula-based screw system, and this technique was successful applied to treat an L-5 burst fracture with L-4 to iliac spinal stabilization via a minimally invasive approach.

This report demonstrates the feasibility of percutaneous iliac screw instrumentation. However, future studies will be needed to validate the safety and efficacy of this approach.
Review of spinal radiosurgery: a minimally invasive approach for the treatment of spinal and paraspinal metastases
Authors: Sheehan Jason P. , Jagannathan Jay
Published: August 2008

Intracranial radiosurgery has been proved effective for the treatment of brain metastasis. The treatment of paraspinal and spinal metastasis with spinal radiosurgery represents a natural extension of the principles of intracranial radiosurgery. However, spinal radiosurgery is a far more complicated process than intracranial radiosurgery. Larger treatment volumes, numerous organs at risk, and the inability to utilize rigid, frame-based immobilization all contribute to the substantially more complex process of spinal radiosurgery.

Beyond the convenience of a shorter duration of treatment for the patient, spinal radiosurgery affords a greater biological equivalent dose to a metastatic lesion than conventional radiotherapy fractionation schemes. This appears to translate into a high rate of tumor control and fast pain relief for patients. The minimally invasive nature of this approach is consistent with trends in open spinal surgery and helps to maintain or improve a patient's quality of life. Spinal radiosurgery has expanded the neurosurgical treatment armamentarium for patients with spinal and paraspinal metastasis.