bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The dopamine transporter: genetic mouse models, psychostimulant addiction and neuropsychiatric disorders (358.3)
Authors: Gether Ulrik
Published: June 2021

The rewarding effects of cocaine and amphetamine result primarily from their molecular interaction with the dopamine transporter (DAT). DAT belongs to the family of neurotransmitter:sodium symporters and it is a major goal of our laboratory to gain insight into molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of drugs targeting this class of transporters. The DAT C‐terminus binds the PDZ domain of the scaffolding protein PICK1 but the functional importance of this interaction is uncertain. A detailed analysis of PICK1 knock‐out (KO) mice provided no evidence for a role of PICK1 in DAT regulation. Compared to WT mice, we found no change in synaptosomal dopamine uptake, in high affinity binding of the cocaine analogue [125I]RTI‐55 and in DAT protein expression. We also did not see a change in DAT distribution and membrane raft association. Nonetheless, PICK1‐KO mice were characterized by markedly reduced locomotor response to cocaine and amphetamine. Moreover, we observed significant impairment of behavioral sensitization to both drugs as well as decreased self‐administration of cocaine. Preliminary experiments with dopamine receptor agonists suggest that the reduced response to psychostimulants is caused by impaired postsynaptic dopamine D1 receptor signaling. Summarized, our data suggest a hitherto unknown role of PICK1 in regulating downstream signaling in dopamine D1 receptor positive neurons.
Siglec induction of B cell tolerance by recognition of sialic acids as self (359.1)
Authors: Macauley Mathew , Pfrengle Fabian , Rademacher Christoph , Paulson James
Published: June 2021

The sialic acid binding immunoglobulin lectin family of cell adhesion receptors called siglecs are differentially expressed on most white blood cells of the immune system, with regulatory motifs in their cytoplasmic domains that modulate the activity of cell signaling receptors. A challenge in elucidating their functions has been to define the context in which they modulate immune cell functions. Exemplary are the B cell siglecs CD22 and Siglec‐10 (Siglec‐G in mouse), which participate in negative regulation of the B cell receptor. Evidence suggests that B cell siglecs mediate peripheral tolerance to membrane self‐antigens by their recruitment to the site of contact by sialic acid ligands on the same cell. The impact of the siglec is to activate a tolerogenic circuit, resulting in apoptosis of the antigen reactive B cell. This toleragenic mechanism can be exploited to induce tolerance to any desired antigen using Siglec Tolerizing Antigenic Liposomes (STALs), comprised of liposomal nanoparticles displaying both the antigen and high affinity siglec ligands. Engagement of a B cell with its cognate antigen and siglec ligands results CD22 mediated apoptosis of the B cell [J. Clin. Invest (2013) 123, 3074]. Such tolerization technology has potential for eliminating unwanted antibodies in the areas of autoimmunity, allergies, and biotherapeutics. (NIH grants AI050143, AI099141 and HFSP LT001099/2010‐L).
Child dietary intake data by tablet‐based 24‐hour recall in rural Zambia (36.3)
Authors: Lewis Bess , Siamusantu Ward , Dyer Brian , Talegawkar Sameera , Klemm Rolf , Schulze Kerry , Palmer Amanda , West Keith
Published: June 2021

Digital data collection represents the leading edge for dietary assessment in rural areas of low‐income countries, providing ease of use, speed of training and rapid availability of food and nutrient data. A multi‐pass 24 hour dietary recall program for the tablet‐based Android operating system was developed and used to collect dietary intake data for 4 to 8 year old children in rural Zambia. A list of 608 food items was incorporated into the tablet programming. Mothers of children enrolled into a biofortified maize flour efficacy trial were interviewed about the foods their child consumed over the previous 24 hours (n=1226). Staff followed prompts on the tablet for administering questions and entering data on the type, cooking method, quantity and source of food consumed at six time periods over the course of the previous 24 hours. At baseline, 8379 food items of 243 different types were reported. Children’s diets were predominated by maize porridge and vegetables such as leafy greens, tomato and onion. Dietary data uploaded from the tablets was linked to extant regional and USDA food composition tables using SAS 9.3 programming. The tablet was an effective tool for characterizing diets in a rural, low income country setting.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by HarvestPlus
Population‐based trends in energy and nutrient intakes from different types of fast‐food restaurants among U.S. children and adolescents from 2003 to 2010 (369.6)
Authors: Rehm Colin , Drewnowski Adam
Published: June 2021

Objectives: To evaluate trends in energy and nutrient intakes from different types of fast food restaurants using population‐based data.

Methods: Analyses used the first 24‐h dietary recall for 12,378 children age 4‐19y in the 2003‐2010 cycles of the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). NHANES identified food purchase locations as store, quick‐service restaurant/ pizza (QSR), full‐service restaurant (FSR), school cafeteria, or other. Custom algorithms further segmented the QSRs sourced‐meals into burger, pizza, sandwich, Mexican, Asian, fish, and coffee/snack categories. Temporal trends in energy, sodium, added sugar, and solid fat were then evaluated by QSR market segment. Also examined were trends in the proportion of children consuming each type of QSR and the energy intakes per eating occasion at each type of QSR.

Results: There was a significant decline in total and QSR energy from 2003 and 2010. The decrease was most marked for the burger and pizza categories. For burger restaurants, the proportion of children/adolescents eating any food remained stable (17.7% in 2003‐2004 and 16.4% in 2009‐2010), but the average calories per day from burger QSRs decreased (144 vs. 104 kcal). For pizza restaurants, both the proportion of children/adolescents eating food from pizza places (12.2% to 6.4%) and average calories per day decreased from 2003‐2010 (96 vs. 39 kcal). Median calories per eating occasion in burger restaurants declined from 667 kcal to 561 kcal. There was a modest drop in energy intakes from chicken QSRs and a small increase in Asian QSRs.

Conclusions: These first‐ever analyses of time trends in children’s consumption of energy and other nutrients by type of fast food restaurant offer an alternative to the analysis of restaurant menus. The trends observed in the present study closely mirror findings from industry marketing research, suggesting that NHANES data are sensitive to changes in the food environment and nutrition behavior.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by McDonald's Corporation
Fatty acids, hyperglycemia, and glycosylated hemoglobin in the United States (369.7)
Authors: Yu Elaine , Mehta Saurabh
Published: June 2021

Background: Insulin regulates fatty acid (FA) levels in the blood; on the other hand, FAs are known to affect insulin sensitivity and resistance and may represent modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes.

Objective: We examined the associations of FAs and elevated blood glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose among individuals (n=1459) who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003‐2004) in the United States and with available information on plasma FA concentrations.

Methods: 24 different individual plasma FA concentrations (µmol/L) were categorized as sub‐groups (total saturated [SFAs], monounsaturated [MFAs], n‐3 polyunsaturated [n‐3 PUFAs], n‐6 polyunsaturated [n‐6 PUFAs], highly unsaturated [HUFAs], and total [TFAs] fatty acids). Blood HbA1c was assessed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; Primus CLC330). Elevated HbA1c was defined as 蠅 6.5%. We examined associations between fatty acid sub‐groups, with HbA1c using logistic regression, accounting for complex survey design in both the overall sample and the subsets of individuals with and without elevated blood glucose (蠅126 mg/dL).

Results: Among participants, 7.7% had HbA1c 蠅 6.5%. The highest quintile of plasma SFA concentration was associated with increased odds (odds ratio [OR]: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3‐5.6; p<0.01) of having HbA1c 蠅 6.5%, adjusting for covariates (age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, and body mass index [BMI]). Similarly, the highest quintile of MUFA plasma concentration was associated with greater odds of having HbA1c 蠅 6.5% (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.0‐4.7; p=0.04), after accounting for the same covariates.

Conclusions: High plasma concentrations of SFA and MUFA are respectively associated with clinically significant hyperglycemia (HbA1c 蠅 6.5%) among U.S. participants in NHANES. Additional studies are necessary to understand causal relationships between FAs and diabetes, as well as implications for clinical management.
Arterial stiffness is increased in overweight and stunting Guatemalan adolescents (37.2)
Authors: Cordova Maria , Close Regina , Ramirez Manuel
Published: June 2021

Background. Carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), a marker of arterial stiffness, is an independent predictor of CV mortality in adults. PWV in children is associated with age and body dimensions. Objective. To assess the effect of being overweight and/or stunted on PWV. Methods. This study comprised 106 boys and 98 girls (10‐18 yr of age) living in Guatemala City, divided in 4 groups: 36 normal weight non‐stunted (NW‐NS, BMI‐z < +1; HtA‐z >‐1), 85 normal weight stunted (NW‐S, BMI‐z < +1; HtA‐z s 蠄 ‐1), 36 overweight non‐stunted (OW‐NS, BMI‐z 蠅 +1; HtA‐z >‐1), and 47 overweight stunted (OW‐S, BMI‐z 蠅 +1; HtA‐z e 蠄 ‐1). Fat free mass (FFM, kg) and %fat (deuterium dilution technique), blood pressure (median of 3 measures), sexual maturation (self‐assessment, Tanner stage), and PWV (applanation tonometry, Sphygmocor, AtCor Medical) were measured. Results. There were significant differences among groups in age and sex, but not for Tanner stage. PWV means were lower in NW‐NS compared to the other groups (p<0.01). After adjusting by age, sex, fat, and height, the PWV in OW‐S (4.77 ± 0.10 m/s) was higher than in OW‐NS (4.68 ± 0.09, p<0.01), and both NW groups had lower values (NW‐NS 4.57 ± 0.12, NW‐S, 4.62 ± 0.11), although NW groups didn’t differ from each other. Conclusion. Stunting and being overweight are risk factors of arterial stiffness in adolescents.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by International Atomic Energy Agency
Dairy consumption with onset of overweight and obesity among U.S. adolescents (370.7)
Authors: Li Shanshan , Field Alison , Rimm Eric , Flint Alan
Published: June 2021

Background: Current evidence relating dairy intake and long‐term weight status for adolescents is inconclusive and insufficient.

Objective: To evaluate the relationships between total dairy and dairy subtypes in childhood and early adolescence with subsequent onset of overweight and obesity through early adulthood.

Methods: A total of 6,749 girls and 5,701 boys aged 9 to 14, participants in the U.S. prospective cohort Growing Up Today Study (GUTS), free of obesity at the time of enrollment in 1996 were followed until 2012. Dairy intake was measured using Youth/Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaires. Participants reported height and weight on each cycle, and Body Mass Index was calculated. We defined overweight and obesity using age‐ and sex‐specific International Obesity Task Force cutoffs. We used Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the associations with incident overweight and obesity of intake of total dairy, total milk, high fat dairy, low fat dairy, whole milk, 1% milk, skim milk, yogurt and frozen yogurt.

Results: During 103,293 person‐years of follow up, 762 girls and 1,029 boys became overweight and 491 girls and 370 boys became obese. The total dairy intake hazard ratio (HR), comparing highest to lowest quintile, for incident obesity onset was 0.83 (95%CI: 0.60‐1.15, p trend=0.20) for girls and 1.34 (95%CI: 0.93‐1.95, p trend=0.14) for boys. The yogurt intake HR comparing the highest to lowest tertile, was 1.06 (95%CI: 0.83‐1.34) for girls and 1.00 (95%CI: 0.77‐1.31) for boys. For incident overweight or obesity, the total dairy intake HR was 1.01 (95%CI: 0.81‐1.25, p trend=0.81) for girls and 0.99 (95%CI: 0.82‐1.2, p trend=0.48) for boys. No significant associations were observed for dairy subtypes.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that total dairy intake in childhood and early adolescence was not associated with long‐term risk of overweight and obesity in later adolescence and early adulthood.

Funding: The Bell Institute of General Mills.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Bell Institute of General Mills.
Multivitamin‐mineral use and cardiovascular disease mortality in the U.S. (370.8)
Authors: Bailey Regan , Fakhouri Tala , Park Yikyung , Dwyer Johanna , Thomas Paul , Dodd Kevin , Gahche Jaime , Miller Paige , Sempos Christopher , Murray David
Published: June 2021

Multivitamin‐mineral products (MVMs) are the most commonly reported dietary supplements used in the US. Previous research on the role of MVM and cardiovascular mortality (CVD‐M) has been equivocal. We examined the use of MVM products among US adults in the NHANES III (1988‐94; n=18,643, age 20+y) and CVD‐M reported by the National Death Index through December 31, 2011 using Cox proportional hazards models with age as the underlying time metric stratified by birth cohort. Underlying cause of death was coded using ICD‐10. We examined potential confounders including sex, education, income, race, diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, BMI, blood pressure, serum lipids, medication use, and medical history. We observed a lower risk of CVD‐M among users of MVM products when compared to non‐users (HR=0.75; 95%CI: 0.62‐0.89). We further examined length of time MVMs were used relative to CVD‐M and found that MVM use of more than 3 years was associated with a reduced risk of CVD‐M (HR=0.62; 95%CI: 0.50‐0.77). Moreover, in older adults (age 60+y, n=6,515) the long‐term use of MVM (i.e. 15 or more years) conferred the greatest risk reduction (HR=0.49; 95%CI: 0.31‐0.79). Results were similar in sensitivity and sub‐group analysis. The primary limitation of this study is that all variables were only measured at baseline; therefore, changes in exposures over time are not captured. As such, this study cannot be used to infer causality. Nevertheless, in this nationally‐representative data set with detailed information on the use of MVMs from baseline and linked‐mortality data approximately 20 years later, we found a strong and consistent relationship between the use of MVMs and reduced risk of CVD‐M in US adults.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Office of Dietary Supplements
Identification of a bioactive peptide from Glycine max that stimulates the release of cholecystokinin and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 from enteroendocrine cells (372.1)
Authors: Tulk Barry , Li Jia , McGraw Nancy , Napawan Nida , Ghosh Partha , Krul Elaine
Published: June 2021

The goal of this study was to identify soy peptides that stimulate the release of two key satiety hormones, cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) from mouse enteroendocrine cells. To facilitate identification, bioactive soy hydrolysate was solubilized in starting mobile phase, fractionated using reversed‐phase HPLC, and assayed for bioactivity. Peptide sequences contained in high specific activity fractions were identified using nano‐LC‐Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry. Four of these were prepared synthetically and assayed for bioactivity. All four stimulated CCK release in a dose‐dependent fashion. One peptide (TSLDFPALSWLRL) stimulated CCK release that was 5‐fold greater than baseline (45+/‐ 1.7 vs 9 +/‐1.1 pg), and had an EC50 value of 43 μM. It also stimulated dose‐dependent GLP‐1 release that was 1.7‐fold greater than baseline (74 +/‐ 14 vs 43 +/‐0.3 pg), and had an EC50 value of 186 μM. Truncation of the first 5 N‐terminal amino acids, or the last three C‐terminal amino acids resulted in peptides with CCK and GLP‐1 release activities that were significantly greater than native peptides (169 +/‐18% and 153 +/‐16%, respectively for CCK release and 293 and 180%, respectively for GLP‐1 release). In conclusion, we have identified at least one peptide in bioactive soy hydrolysate responsible for satiety hormone release from enteroendocrine cells.
Comparison of anti‐inflammatory mechanisms of mango (Mangifera indica L.) and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in DSS‐induced colitis in rats (372.8)
Authors: Kim Hyemee , Banerjee Nivedita , Ivanov Ivan , Talcott Stephen , Mertens‐Talcott Susanne
Published: June 2021

Ulcerative colitis, a chronic inflammation of the large intestine, may increase risk of human colorectal cancer. Several studies have focused on developing natural anti‐inflammatory products. Polyphenolics from mango (mainly gallotannins) and pomegranate (mainly ellagitannins) have been shown to have potent anti‐inflammatory properties. To determine the anti‐inflammatory effects and possible mechanisms of mango and pomegranate juice in DSS‐induced colitis, SD rats were administered control, mango, or pomegranate juice, and were exposed to three cycles of 3% DSS followed by 2‐week recovery period. The levels of protein involved in the mTOR pathway were analyzed by multiplex bead assay, while the transcriptional variation with the mTOR pathway were analyzed by low density PCR arrays. In addition, the levels of several miRNAs involved in the mTOR pathway were measured. Chronic colitis was caused by DSS in rats, and mango and pomegranate juice reduced colon inflammation compared to control juice. Mango juice suppressed the IGF‐1R‐AKT/mTOR signaling axis via up‐regulation of miR‐126 and down‐regulation of IR, while pomegranate decreased p70S6K by up‐regulating miR‐145 and down‐regulation of the MEK‐ERK1/2 pathway. These results suggest that polyphenolics of different predominant structure may differentially regulate inflammation‐involved pathways while attenuating DSS‐induced colitis.
A novel role of 3‐iodothyronamine (T1AM) as a master regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism through activating sirtuins 4 and 6 genes (373.7)
Authors: Assadi‐Porter Fariba , Tonelli Marco , Chiellini Grazia
Published: June 2021

Objectives: T1AM subchronic low doses cause rapid lipolysis and weight loss with no change in food consumption. We investigated tissue specific effects of T1AM, a natural thyroid hormone analog, on metabolic pathways and associated transcriptional gene signaling and protein profiles.

Methods: Three groups (n=5), randomly selected spontaneously obese female CD ‐1 mice were injected once daily for 7 days with saline, 10 mg/kg T1AM, or 25 mg/kg T1AM. Blood drawn on days ‐3, 4, and 7, was analyzed by 1H‐NMR. Mice were sacrificed on day 7 and the organs collected for real‐time PCR and protein profiles.

Results: Multivariate analysis of the 1H‐NMR data revealed increased 3‐hydroxybutyrate and acetate and no differences in plasma glucose levels in T1AM‐treated vs. control mice, . Mice treated with high dose T1AM show significant changes in tissue specific gene expression. The livers had increased expression of SIRT6 and GCK, and decreased expression of SIRT4, but in adipose tissue only SIRT6 increased. Protein expression studies confirmed over‐expression of SIRT6 and GCK in liver.

Conclusions: SIRT6 functions as a master gene regulator of glucose levels by maintaining the normal cell processes converting glucose into energy, SIRT4 functions as a negative regulator of fatty acids oxidative metabolism. Our results indicate that T1AM can act as a master regulator of both glucose and fat metabolism in obese mice.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH/NIDCD (R01DC009818)
Transcriptomics of selenium toxicity and deficiency in C. elegans (374.1)
Authors: Boehler Christopher , Raines Anna , Sunde Roger
Published: June 2021

Selenium (Se) is a trace element that is both essential and toxic. C. elegans expresses only 1 selenoprotein, and we have shown recently that Se is not essential but is toxic to C. elegans (PLOS ONE 8:e71525). To characterize Se regulation of the transcriptome, we conducted a microarray study in C. elegans cultured in axenic media with 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mM Se as selenite. Because worms cultured in 0.2 and 0.4 mM Se display delayed growth, all cultures were staged for harvest at the L4‐larval stage. Relative to 0.1 mM Se, this resulted in 2, 10, 6 and 2%, respectively, of the transcriptome being altered 蠅 2‐fold. C. elegans cultured in low Se (0 mM Se) exhibited no signs of deficiency, but a set of 222 genes changed 蠅 2‐fold; functional analysis revealed up‐regulation of genes related to lipid modification. Se toxicity (0.2 and 0.4 mM Se) altered the expression of 183 Se toxicity‐specific genes, after filtering against gene sets for sulfur and cadmium toxicity, that were significantly enriched in oxidoreductase genes, and significantly depleted in genes related to structural components of collagen and the cuticle. This study shows that while there is no phenotype associated with Se deficiency in C. elegans, low Se elicits a transcriptomic phenotype. In contrast, Se is toxic and elicits transcript changes supporting a hypothesis that derangement of cuticle thiols underlies altered development.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by WIS 01435 and by UW Selenium Nutrition Research fund
Methylselenol, a selenium metabolite, inhibits colon cancer cell growth and cancer xenografts in C57BL/6 mice (374.2)
Authors: Zeng Huawei
Published: June 2021

Data indicate that methylselenol is a critical selenium (Se) metabolite for anticancer activity in vivo but its role in colon cancer prevention remains to be characterized. This study tested the hypothesis that methylselenol inhibits the growth of colon cancer cells and tumors. We found that submicromolar methylselenol exposure induced apoptosis and inhibited cell growth in cancerous colon HCT116 cells through a blockade of extracellular‐regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway, but to a much lesser extent in noncancerous NCM460 colon cells. Consistent with these in vitro observations, a daily single oral dose (0, 1 or 3 mg Se/kg body weight) of methylseleninic acid (MSeA), a methylselenol precursor, for 5 weeks inhibited colon tumor volume and tumor burden (weight) up to 61% when compared with control group, and this inhibition was associated with a reduction of plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) level but high blood glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in C57BL/6 mice supplemented with MSeA. Furthermore, we also found that MSeA (1 mg/kg body wt) increased the activation of caspase‐3, a major apoptotic enzyme, in tumor tissues. Taken together, cancer cell specific inhibition, high blood GPx activities, caspase‐3 activities in tumor tissue and a reduction of plasma TNFα may be part of the underlying molecular basis for Se’s protective effect against colon tumor growth.
Household food security and infant feeding practices in rural Bangladesh (378.1)
Authors: Owais Aatekah , Kleinbaum David , Suchdev Parminder , Schwartz Benjamin , Faruque Abu Syed , Das Sumon , Stein Aryeh
Published: June 2021

To identify predictors of infant complementary feeding (CF) practices in rural Bangladesh, we studied pregnant women and their infants followed‐up at age 3 and 9 mo. Information on sociodemographics, maternal diet, and infant diet and feeding practices were collected by interview. Maternal food composition score (FCS) at infant age 3 mo, calculated via the World Food Programme method and dichotomized at the median, was used as an indicator of household food security, the main exposure. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify predictors of infant feeding practices.

2078 mother‐child dyads completed the 9 mo follow‐up. CF was initiated at age 蠄 4 months for 4.3%, at 5‐6 months for 50%, and 蠅 7 months for 45% of infants. Based on 24‐hour dietary recall, 97.8% of infants were still breastfeeding at age 9 months, 16.4% received 蠅 4 food groups and 16.1% received a minimum acceptable diet (i.e. 蠅 4 food groups and 蠅 4 meals in addition to breastmilk). Infants from households with higher maternal FCS at 3 mo were more likely to receive 蠅 4 food groups (aOR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.6, 2.7) and a minimum acceptable diet (aOR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.5, 2.6) at 9 mo. SES, maternal age, literacy and parity were not associated with either outcome.

Maternal FCS is a good predictor of subsequent infant feeding practices. Households with poor maternal FCS are likely to also have poor infant diet, and hence might benefit from interventions to improve both.
Adding a parental support intervention to conditional cash transfers improves child development in rural Mexico (378.8)
Authors: Fernald Lia , Schnaas Lourdes , Neufeld Lynnette , Knauer Heather , Garcia Guerra Armando
Published: June 2021

Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs have been widely implemented throughout the world to combat extreme poverty. The effects of CCTs on child development have not been as large as desired, particularly among the most vulnerable populations. This study examined the independent and synergistic effects of participation in a CCT (Oportunidades) with and without an early childhood stimulation program (Educacion Inicial); random assignment was at the community level, stratified by predominant indigenous population or not. Our analyses focused on children (n=1112), and estimated effects on child development outcomes, as measured by the McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities (MSCA). When compared with children receiving only CCT benefits, children from communities receiving both CCT benefits and early child development stimulation had higher scores on the General Cognitive subscale of the MCSA (β=0.25, 95%CI: 0.07‐0.43, p=0.006), as well as the Verbal (β=0.27, 95%CI: 0.05‐0.48, p=0.014), Quantitative (β=0.19, 95%CI: 0.02‐0.36, p=0.027), and Memory (β=0.26, 95%CI: 0.06‐0.45, p=0.01) subscales. The Perceptual‐Performance subscale did not show significant differences (β=0.16, 95%CI: ‐0.02‐0.33, p=0.08). Subgroup analyses of children in predominantly indigenous populations (n=536) showed significant differences in all domains of the MSCA, whereas children in non‐indigenous populations (n=576) showed no significant differences in the MSCA. These findings suggest that CCT programs could have larger effects on children’s development by improving child stimulation through parenting support; these conclusions are particularly relevant for children living in predominantly indigenous populations of rural Mexico.
Supplementation of infant formula with milk fat globule membranes improves cognitive performance and reduces infections in formula‐fed infants (38.2)
Authors: Lönnerdal Bo , Timby Niklas , Domellöf Magnus , Domellöf Erik , Hernell Olle
Published: June 2021

Unidentified breast milk factors may explain some of the observed differences in neurodevelopment and infectious diseases between formula‐fed and breast‐fed infants. Breast milk contains MFGM, a source of several bioactive components, whilst infant formula (IF) does not. A double‐blind RCT was performed to elucidate whether supplementation of formula with bovine MFGM would improve neurodevelopment and reduce morbidity in infectious diseases. Stratified for sex, 160 healthy term infants <2 mo were randomized to standard formula (SF) or experimental formula (EF) supplemented with a bovine MFGM‐enriched fraction until 6 mo of age. Breast‐fed infants (n=80) served as a reference group (BFR). Cognitive, motor and verbal function was assessed using Bayley III at 12 mo of age. Disease symptoms were recorded prospectively by parents. The cognitive score (mean ±SD) was higher in the EF group (105.8 ± 9.2) than in the SF group (101.8 ± 8.0), p=0.008, and there was no difference in cognitive score between the EF group and the BFR group (106.4 ± 9.5), p=0.73. There were no differences in motor or verbal scores between the EF and SF groups. The EF group had significantly lower incidence of acute otitis media (p = 0.034) and use of antipyretics (p= 0.021) during the first 6 mo compared to the SF group. In conclusion, bovine MFGM includes factors essential for optimal development of both cognitive and immune function and can be supplemented to IF.
Breaking the convention of exclusion: an analysis of diet‐related disease risk in mixed race adults (380.1)
Authors: Mosley Michelle , Taualii Maile
Published: June 2021

The fastest growing ethnic group in the United States is those who identify as mixed race. In 2000, the US Census reported 2.4% of individuals who identified as mixed race, while in 2010, 2.9% identified as mixed race ‐ a 32% increase. However, due to conventional statistical practices, data on these individuals gets excluded from many national reports. This includes reporting on nutrition‐related health status, an area of epidemic concern for the nation. The objective of this study was to determine whether mixed race individuals have greater risk of selected diet‐related diseases than white individuals using the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey data. Odds ratios were estimated to determine the level of risk associated with obesity, diabetes, and coronary heart disease (CHD). Statistical models reported are adjusted for age, sex, education, and income. Of the total 468,990 respondents, 81.9% (n=384,048) were white and 2.2% (n=10,234) were mixed race. Compared to whites, mixed race individuals had 1.11 greater odds of being overweight and obese. Mixed race individuals had 1.37 greater odds of ever being told they have diabetes and 1.37 greater odds of ever being told they have CHD when compared to whites. Due to the greater risk for diet‐related diseases in mixed race individuals, it is critical that they no longer be “thrown out” in analyses and reports involving nutrition‐related health and disease. For planning purposes, funding allocations, or other efforts that require race‐based statistics, our study shows that people who identify as more than one race must be included.
Obesity prevention targeting Latino preschool children attending family childcare homes (380.4)
Authors: Salkeld Judith , Lindsay Ana , Sands Faith , Greeney Molly
Published: June 2021

Obesity prevention targeting Latino preschool children attending family childcare homes Background Obesity prevalence among minority populations, particularly Latinos, is a pressing public health concern. Many Latino families use Family Child Care Homes (FCCHs) services, making these settings a potentially important venue for obesity prevention.

Objective Explore interpersonal and organizational influences on nutrition and physical activity behaviors associated with obesity risk among Latino preschoolers enrolled in licensed FCCH.

Methods Using a combination of qualitative methods, we identified state‐level policy and practice pertaining to nutrition and physical activity (PA) in pre‐school care settings through researching Massachusetts Department of Early Education and Care website; additionally we interviewed representatives (N=16) of various regulatory/training agencies associated with FCCH. We conducted focus groups with Latino family childcare providers, plus Latino parents of children in care (4 each type). We will code information and use qualitative analysis methods to create reports.

Results A disparate level of nutrition and PA standards and training resources is currently available to providers. Providers face challenges, which include cultural perspectives of parents, in promoting healthful eating and PA habits for children in their care.

Conclusion Obesity prevention among Latino pre‐school children attending FCCHs could be enhanced through improved coordination of state agencies and training/educational strategies for providers and parents.

Grant Funding Source: supported by Aetna Foundation
A new diet for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (381.1)
Authors: Taylor Jacob , Hamilton‐Reeves Jill , Sullivan Debra , Ptomey Lauren , Gibson Cheryl , Wesson Donald , Gratham Jared
Published: June 2021

Background: Recent studies indicate Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) progression is hastened by excess dietary protein, salt, and dietary acids, and slowed by increased water intake. The aim of this study is to determine the extent to which the Kansas PKD diet can control these factors.

Methods: Six adults with ADPKD at the University of Kansas Medical Center Kidney Clinic were enrolled. Participants followed their usual diet for one week and the Kansas PKD diet for the following 4 weeks. Changes in dietary protein, salt and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) were assessed from diet records and changes in osmolality, sodium, urea, and net acid excretion were calculated by averaging 24‐hour urine collections taken at each visit, baseline (day 8) and study end (day 36).

Results: The Kansas PKD diet resulted in individuals having decreases in dietary protein (‐27%) and sodium (‐40%), NEAP (‐104%), urine osmolality (‐25%), urinary sodium excretion (‐29%), urea (‐17%), and net acid excretion (‐34%) on day 36.

Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrated beneficial changes in the dietary factors known to affect ADPKD progression. Future studies will evaluate structural and functional changes in the kidney while following the Kansas PKD diet and participant acceptability in a larger sample.

Key Words: Polycystic Kidney Disease, diet, nutrition, dietary acids

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the University of Kansas Medical Center Kidney Institute and Frontiers Pilot StudyGrant
The consumption of protein and fiber‐matched beef vs. soy lunch meals on appetite control, satiety, and subsequent food intake in healthy adults (381.3)
Authors: Lasley Tyler , Douglas Steve , Ortinau Laura , Shafer Rebecca , Leidy Heather
Published: June 2021

Background: Although the satiety effects of protein quantity are well‐documented, the effects of protein quality (source) on satiety are limited. Purpose: To examine the effects of consuming beef vs. soy‐based protein foods on appetite control, satiety, and subsequent food intake. Methods: Using a randomized, crossover design, 23 healthy adults (age 23 ± 1 y; BMI: 23.4 ± 0.6 kg/m2) consumed, on separate days, 400 kcal lunch meals that were identical in protein (24 g), CHO (44 g), fat (11 g), and fiber (2 g) content but varied in protein source, with one containing beef protein (BEEF) and one containing soy protein (SOY). Pre and post‐lunch appetite questionnaires and repeated blood samples were collected throughout the day until dinner was voluntarily requested. An ad libitum dinner was provided. Results: The consumption of BEEF led to increased post‐lunch fullness vs. SOY (p<0.05) but had no effect on post‐lunch ghrelin, PYY, and GLP‐1 concentrations. Dinner was voluntarily requested at 260 ± 15min post‐lunch with no differences observed between the BEEF vs. SOY lunch meals. Lastly, no differences in dinner energy or macronutrient content were observed following the BEEF vs. SOY lunches. Conclusions: When comparing two high quality protein sources, such as beef and soy, the type of protein consumed within a mixed‐meal elicited very little effect on appetite control, satiety, and subsequent food intake in healthy adults.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by The Beef Checkoff
One egg a day does not increase the risk for cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients (381.5)
Authors: Ballesteros Martha , Valenzuela Fabrizio , Robles Alma , Artalejo Elizabeth , Valdez Herlindo , Fernandez Maria Luz
Published: June 2021

Diabetic patients (15 women/7 men) recruited from Hospital Chavez in Hermosillo, Mexico were given two distinct breakfasts to assess effects of egg intake on plasma lipids in this high risk population. Patients were randomized to consume either ½ cup of oatmeal with one cup of lactose‐free milk or 1 egg per day for 5 wk. Following a 3‐wk washout period, they were allocated to the alternate breakfast. Blood was collected at the end of each period to assess plasma lipid profiles. At baseline, individuals had high triglycerides (TG) (174 ± 62 mg/dL), low LDL cholesterol (LDL‐C) (59 ± 15mg/dL) and low HDL cholesterol (HDL‐C) (37.7 ± 7.6 mg/dL). Most of the patients were taking reductase inhibitors. In men, eating one egg/day resulted in no changes in plasma triglycerides, HDL‐C, LDL‐C or LDL/HDL ratio when compared to the oatmeal breakfast. In contrast, women experienced decreases in plasma TG (P< 0.025) and increases in LDL‐C (P < 0.025) with no changes in HDL‐C. However, the values observed in women following egg intake were still well below the recommended values for LDL‐C (< 100 mg/dL) for patients at risk for heart disease. These results suggest that for diabetic men or women consumption of one egg per day did not negatively impact the already existing dyslipidemias (low HDL and high TG).

Grant Funding Source: Egg Nutrition Center
Effects of dietary protein source and quantity on glycemic control in energy‐restricted overweight and obese adults (381.8)
Authors: Li Jia , Chen Ning Ning , Armstrong Cheryl , Campbell Wayne
Published: June 2021

The acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) for protein ranges from 10‐35% of daily total energy intake. It is unknown how diets with predominate sources of protein from animal flesh vs. plant, with protein intakes spanning the AMDR affect glycemic control during weight loss in overweight/obese adults. 23F/11M overweight/obese adults (age蠅21 y; BMI 30.8±2.6 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to two groups (lean pork/beef or soy/legume products). Each subject consumed, in random order, energy restricted (ER) diets (‐750 kcal/d) which contained 10%, 20%, or 30% energy from protein (30% of total protein provided from lean pork/beef or soy/legume products) for 3 consecutive 4‐week trials. Chronic adaptations to the experimental diets did not affect fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), or pancreatic beta function (HOMA‐β). Acute glucose responses (area under the curve, 4h) to breakfast meals corresponding to the assigned diets were not different, despite an elevation of insulin area under the curve (P=0.02) with 30% protein compared to 20%. These results suggest that neither protein source nor quantity spanning the ADMR range influence fasting and postprandial glucose responses in overweight/obese adults adapted to energy restricted diets.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by National Cattleman’s Beef Association, National Pork Board, NIH UL1 TR000006.
The role of the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis on systemic immune function in humans (382.7)
Authors: Meng Huicui , Roberts Robert , Kris‐Etherton Penny , Lee Yujin , Ba Zhaoyong , Fleming Jennifer , Furumoto Emily , Rogers Connie
Published: June 2021

Evidence suggests that probiotic bacteria modulate both innate and adaptive immunity; however the immune response varies by type of organism. Probiotics in the genera Bifidobacterium may stimulate T cell and cytokine responses that augment cell mediated immunity. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the effect of one species, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB‐12 at a dose of log 10 ± 0.5 CFUs/day on immune responses in a controlled, 4‐period crossover, free‐living study. Furthermore, the matrix used to deliver probiotic bacteria may influence the performance and efficacy of probiotic interventions in vivo. Therefore, a sub‐aim of this project will determine if the immune response to BB‐12 differs depending on the delivery matrix of the probiotic bacteria. Healthy adults (n=27) aged 18‐40 years old with BMI 20‐35 kg/m2 were recruited, and received 4 treatments in a random order: 1) yogurt smoothie alone; smoothie with organism added 2) before or 3) after fermentation, or 4) organism given in tablet form. At baseline and after each treatment, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from peripheral blood, and functional and phenotypic marker expression was assessed. The distribution of immune cell subsets (e.g. T and B lymphocytes, nature killer cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and granulocytes) in peripheral blood was not altered by any treatment However, we observed a treatment effect on TNF‐α and IL‐6 secretion from BB‐12 (p=0.027) and LPS stimulated PBMCs and on T cell proliferation (p=0.036). This interim analysis suggests that probiotic treatment may be altering the immune response in humans, and the delivery matrix of BB‐12 also influences its performance in vivo.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Dairy Research Instituite
Epigenetic changes in obesity (383.6)
Authors: Lupu Daniel , Fan Cheng , Parker Joel , Niculescu Mihai
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to find epigenetic differences between obese sensitive and obese resistant phenotypes in an obesity sensitive mouse model. 88 C57BL/6J females were fed either a high‐fat diet (HF, 60% kilocalories from fat) or a control diet (CT, 10% kilocalories from fat) for 10 weeks. 15 CT mice, 15 mice from the low (obesity resistant ‐ HFR), and 15 high (obesity sensitive ‐ HFS) weight extremes, respectively, were selected based on the heterogeneous weight gain of the group exposed to HF. Promoter DNA methylation (liver) was assessed between the 3 groups using methylated CpG islands amplification combined with microarrays (MCAM). Following statistical analysis for microarrays and gene ontology (GO) ranking we found that the HFR group is epigenetically similar to the CT, with 8 hyper‐methylated and 73 hypo‐methylated genes. The HFS group had 7,721 differentially methylated genes compared to the CT, with the majority being hyper‐methylated. Also, we found higher methylation in the imprinted control region of the H19/Igf2 imprinted region, as determined by pyrosequencing, in the HFS group versus CT. In conclusion, the epigenomes of the obesity‐resistant and control mice are similar, while the epigenome of the obesity‐prone mice presents specific alterations. GO analysis revealed that such epigenetic alterations are grouped within functional classes related to key pathways involved in liver metabolism.

Grant Funding Source: Nutrition Research Institute Research Funds
America's nutrition report card: comparing WWEIA, NHANES 2007‐2010 usual nutrient intakes to dietary reference intakes (384.2)
Authors: Parker Elizabeth , Goldman Joseph , Moshfegh Alanna
Published: June 2021

Assessing the nutritional status of Americans is critical to health officials and Federal policymakers involved in establishing dietary guidance and programs. How diets compare to dietary standards provide the foundation to assure the nutritional well‐being of the U.S. population. Dietary data from 17,892 individuals 1+ years of age (excluding breastfed infants and pregnant or lactating females) collected in What We Eat in America, NHANES 2007‐2010 were analyzed to determine estimates of usual nutrient intake distributions and compared to the requirements established by the National Academy of Sciences. Most Americans had inadequate intakes of vitamins D (94% + 0.4) and E (88% + 0.7) based on their Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). Nutrients in which at least one‐third of individuals were below their EAR include vitamins C and A, calcium, and magnesium (37, 40, 42, and 49% respectively). Other nutrients that may be a problem for population subgroups include vitamin B6 for adult females, phosphorus for preteen and teenage females, and zinc for older adults and teenage girls. Vitamin K, potassium, choline, and dietary fiber, nutrients for which no EAR has been established may also be of concern.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Food Surveys Research Group
Capturing sodium reduction efforts in What We Eat in America, NHANES (384.6)
Authors: Moshfegh Alanna , Parker Elizabeth , Martin Carrie , Adler Meghan , Hoy Mary , Rhodes Donna , Anand Jaswinder , Montville Janice , Sebastian Rhonda
Published: June 2021

The Institute of Medicine report, Strategies to Reduce Sodium Intake in the United States, recommended that Federal agencies should ensure and enhance monitoring and surveillance relative to sodium (Na) intake measurement and Na content of foods. This presentation highlights initiatives undertaken to assure that the Na reduction efforts are reflected in dietary intake data collected in What We Eat in America, NHANES. A comprehensive review of the USDA Automated Multiple‐Pass Method (AMPM) began in 2008. Questions to elicit specific details for 2/3 of the foods/beverages reported by respondents have been updated as necessary with attention to Na. The survey database of foods/beverages has expanded by 20 % (>1300 items) since 2009‐10 with increased specificity about foods that impact Na content. Identification of ~125 “sentinel foods”, select foods being monitored as primary indicators for assessing potential change in Na content, was completed in collaboration with other government agencies. Results from the AMPM Validation Study demonstrated the competence of AMPM to capture accurate estimates of dietary Na intake. Each of these initiatives enhances Na intake measurement in national surveillance.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Food Surveys Research Group
The effects of multivitamin and zinc supplementation on infectious morbidity in Tanzanian infants (389.5)
Authors: McDonald Christine , Manji Karim , Kisenge Rodrick , Aboud Said , Spiegelman Donna , Fawzi Wafaie , Duggan Christopher
Published: June 2021

Objective: To determine whether daily supplementation of Tanzanian infants with multivitamins (MV), zinc (Zn), or both (MV+Zn) lowers the risk of infectious morbidity compared with placebo.

Methods: 2400 infants born to HIV‐negative mothers were randomly assigned to receive daily oral supplementation of MV (B complex, C and E), Zn, MV+Zn, or placebo from age 6 weeks for 18 months. Morbidity was assessed by study nurses at monthly visits and by physicians every 3 months and/or when the child was acutely ill.

Results: Rates of diarrhea (RR=0.88; 95% CI=0.81, 0.96; p=0.004) and acute upper respiratory infection (RR=0.88; 95% CI=0.82, 0.95; p=0.0008), as diagnosed by study physicians, were 12% lower among infants who received Zn vs those who did not. The incidence of diarrhea, as reported at monthly visits, was 18% lower in the Zn only vs placebo group (RR=0.82; 95% CI=0.69, 0.98; p=0.03). There was a non‐significant increase in mortality among infants who received Zn (HR=1.80; 95% CI=0.98, 3.31; p=0.06). MV did not alter the occurrence of any recorded morbidities. Neither Zn nor MV reduced hospitalizations or unscheduled outpatient visits.

Conclusion: Daily zinc supplementation from age 6 weeks may lower the burden of diarrhea and upper respiratory infections. Provision of multivitamins may not confer additional benefit.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by NICHD R01 HD048969‐01