bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Evaluation of an Augmented Reality-Based Exergame System to Reduce Fall Risk in the Elderly
Authors: Chen Meiling , Tang Qingfeng , Xu Shoujiang , Leng Pengfei , Pan Zhigeng
Published: October 2020

Falls are a major public health concern in today’s aging society. Virtual reality (VR) technology is a promising method for reducing fall risk. However, the absence of representations of the user’s body in a VR environment lessens the spatial sense of presence. In terms of user experience, augmented reality (AR) can provide a higher degree of presence and embodiment than VR. We developed an AR-based exergame system that is specifically designed for the elderly to reduce fall risk. Kinect2.0 was used to capture and generate 3D models of the elderly and immerse them in an interactive virtual environment. The software included three functional modules: fall risk assessment, cognitive–motor intervention (CMI) training, and training feedback. The User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ-S) was used to evaluate user experience. Twenty-five elders were enrolled in the study. It was shown that the average scores for each aspect were: pragmatic quality score (1.652 ± 0.868); hedonic quality score (1.880 ± 0.962); and overall score was 1.776 ± 0.819. The overall score was higher than 0.8, which means that the system exhibited a positive user experience. After comparing the average score in a dataset product of UEQ-S Data Analysis Tool, it was found that the pragmatic quality aspect was categorized as good, while the hedonic quality aspect was categorized as excellent. It revealed a positive evaluation from users.
Supporting Policy Design for the Diffusion of Cleaner Technologies: A Spatial Empirical Agent-Based Model
Authors: Caprioli Caterina , Bottero Marta , De Angelis Elena
Published: October 2020

Renewable energy resources and energy-efficient technologies, as well as building retrofitting, are only some of the possible strategies that can achieve more sustainable cities and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Subsidies and incentives are often provided by governments to increase the number of people adopting these sustainable energy efficiency actions. However, actual sales of green products are currently not as high as would be desired. The present paper applies a hybrid agent-based model (ABM) integrated with a Geographic Information System (GIS) to simulate a complex socio-economic-architectural adaptive system to study the temporal diffusion and the willingness of inhabitants to adopt photovoltaic (PV) systems. The San Salvario neighborhood in Turin (Italy) is used as an exemplary case study for testing consumer behavior associated with this technology, integrating social network theories, opinion formation dynamics and an adaptation of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Data/characteristics for both buildings and people are explicitly spatialized with the level of detail at the block scale. Particular attention is given to the comparison of the policy mix for supporting decision-makers and policymakers in the definition of the most efficient strategies for achieving a long-term vision of sustainable development. Both variables and outcomes accuracy of the model are validated with historical real-world data.
Orthotopic Bone Formation by Streamlined Engineering and Devitalization of Human Hypertrophic Cartilage
Authors: Pigeot Sébastien , Bourgine Paul Emile , Claude Jaquiery , Scotti Celeste , Papadimitropoulos Adam , Todorov Atanas , Epple Christian , Peretti Giuseppe M. , Martin Ivan
Published: October 2020

Most bones of the human body form and heal through endochondral ossification, whereby hypertrophic cartilage (HyC) is formed and subsequently remodeled into bone. We previously demonstrated that HyC can be engineered from human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC), and subsequently devitalized by apoptosis induction. The resulting extracellular matrix (ECM) tissue retained osteoinductive properties, leading to ectopic bone formation. In this study, we aimed at engineering and devitalizing upscaled quantities of HyC ECM within a perfusion bioreactor, followed by in vivo assessment in an orthotopic bone repair model. We hypothesized that the devitalized HyC ECM would outperform a clinical product currently used for bone reconstructive surgery. Human MSC were genetically engineered with a gene cassette enabling apoptosis induction upon addition of an adjuvant. Engineered hMSC were seeded, differentiated, and devitalized within a perfusion bioreactor. The resulting HyC ECM was subsequently implanted in a 10-mm rabbit calvarial defect model, with processed human bone (Maxgraft®) as control. Human MSC cultured in the perfusion bioreactor generated a homogenous HyC ECM and were efficiently induced towards apoptosis. Following six weeks of in vivo implantation, microcomputed tomography and histological analyses of the defects revealed an increased bone formation in the defects filled with HyC ECM as compared to Maxgraft®. This work demonstrates the suitability of engineered devitalized HyC ECM as a bone substitute material, with a performance superior to a state-of-the-art commercial graft. Streamlined generation of the devitalized tissue transplant within a perfusion bioreactor is relevant towards standardized and automated manufacturing of a clinical product.
The Role of α1-Microglobulin (A1M) in Erythropoiesis and Erythrocyte Homeostasis—Therapeutic Opportunities in Hemolytic Conditions
Authors: Kristiansson Amanda , Gram Magnus , Flygare Johan , Hansson Stefan R. , Åkerström Bo , Storry Jill R.
Published: October 2020

α1-microglobulin (A1M) is a small protein present in vertebrates including humans. It has several physiologically relevant properties, including binding of heme and radicals as well as enzymatic reduction, that are used in the protection of cells and tissue. Research has revealed that A1M can ameliorate heme and ROS-induced injuries in cell cultures, organs, explants and animal models. Recently, it was shown that A1M could reduce hemolysis in vitro, observed with several different types of insults and sources of RBCs. In addition, in a recently published study, it was observed that mice lacking A1M (A1M-KO) developed a macrocytic anemia phenotype. Altogether, this suggests that A1M may have a role in RBC development, stability and turnover. This opens up the possibility of utilizing A1M for therapeutic purposes in pathological conditions involving erythropoietic and hemolytic abnormalities. Here, we provide an overview of A1M and its potential therapeutic effect in the context of the following erythropoietic and hemolytic conditions: Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), 5q-minus myelodysplastic syndrome (5q-MDS), blood transfusions (including storage), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), preeclampsia (PE) and atherosclerosis.
Metabolomics in Sleep, Insomnia and Sleep Apnea
Authors: Humer Elke , Pieh Christoph , Brandmayr Georg
Published: October 2020

Sleep-wake disorders are highly prevalent disorders, which can lead to negative effects on cognitive, emotional and interpersonal functioning, and can cause maladaptive metabolic changes. Recent studies support the notion that metabolic processes correlate with sleep. The study of metabolite biomarkers (metabolomics) in a large-scale manner offers unique opportunities to provide insights into the pathology of diseases by revealing alterations in metabolic pathways. This review aims to summarize the status of metabolomic analyses-based knowledge on sleep disorders and to present knowledge in understanding the metabolic role of sleep in psychiatric disorders. Overall, findings suggest that sleep-wake disorders lead to pronounced alterations in specific metabolic pathways, which might contribute to the association of sleep disorders with other psychiatric disorders and medical conditions. These alterations are mainly related to changes in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism. In insomnia, alterations in branched-chain amino acid and glucose metabolism were shown among studies. In obstructive sleep apnea, biomarkers related to lipid metabolism seem to be of special importance. Future studies are needed to examine severity, subtypes and treatment of sleep-wake disorders in the context of metabolite levels.
Biomarkers Suggesting Favorable Prognostic Outcomes in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Doo Jeon Gang , Kim Dokyoung , Kim Yong , Yoo Myung Chul , Kim Sung Su , Ryu Jeewon , Yeo Seung Geun
Published: October 2020

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) is a medical emergency, making detailed examination to determine possible causes and early treatment important. However, etiological examinations in SSNHL do not always reveal a cause, and several factors have been found to affect treatment outcomes. Various studies are being performed to determine the prognosis and effects of treatment in patients who experience sudden hearing loss, and to identify biomarkers associated with this condition. Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane database were searched using the key words SSNHL, prognostic, and biomarker. This search identified 4 articles in Embase, 28 articles in PubMed, and 36 in the Cochrane database. Of these 68 articles, 3 were duplicates and 37 were unrelated to the research topic. After excluding these articles, the remaining 28 articles were reviewed. Factors associated with SSNHL were divided into six categories: metabolic, hemostatic, inflammatory, immunologic, oxidative, and other factors. The associations between these factors with the occurrence of SSNHL and with patient prognosis were analyzed. Low monocyte counts, low neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and monocyte/high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol ratio (MHR), and low concentrations of fibrinogen, platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIIa, and TNF-α were found to be associated with good prognosis. However, these factors alone could not completely determine the onset of and recovery from SSNHL, suggesting the need for future basic and clinical studies.
Inhibitory Effect of a Human MicroRNA, miR-6133-5p, on the Fibrotic Activity of Hepatic Stellate Cells in Culture
Authors: Hamada-Tsutsumi Susumu , Onishi Masaya , Matsuura Kentaro , Isogawa Masanori , Kawashima Keigo , Sato Yusuke , Tanaka Yasuhito
Published: October 2020

Background: We recently identified 39 human microRNAs, which effectively suppress hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in hepatocytes. Chronic HBV infection often results in active, hepatitis-related liver fibrosis; hence, we assessed whether any of these microRNAs have anti-fibrotic potential and predicted that miR-6133-5p may target several fibrosis-related genes. Methods: The hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 was transfected with an miR-6133-5p mimic and subsequently treated with Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. The mRNA and protein products of the COL1A1 gene, encoding collagen, and the ACTA2 gene, an activation marker of hepatic stellate cells, were quantified. Results: The expression of COL1A1 and ACTA2 was markedly reduced in LX-2 cells treated with miR-6133-5p. Interestingly, phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was also significantly decreased by miR-6133-5p treatment. The expression of several predicted target genes of miR-6133-5p, including TGFBR2 (which encodes Transforming Growth Factor Beta Receptor 2) and FGFR1 (which encodes Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1), was also reduced in miR-6133-5p-treated cells. The knockdown of TGFBR2 by the corresponding small interfering RNA greatly suppressed the expression of COL1A1 and ACTA2. Treatment with the JNK inhibitor, SP600125, also suppressed COL1A1 and ACTA2 expression, indicating that TGFBR2 and JNK mediate the anti-fibrotic effect of miR-6133-5p. The downregulation of FGFR1 may result in a decrease of phosphorylated Akt, ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), and JNK. Conclusion: miR-6133-5p has a strong anti-fibrotic effect, mediated by inactivation of TGFBR2, Akt, and JNK.
The Prognostic Value of Toll-Like Receptors in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hasnat Shrabon , Hujanen Roosa , Nwaru Bright I. , Salo Tuula , Salem Abdelhakim
Published: October 2020

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a group of tumours which exhibit low 5 year survival rates. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify biomarkers that may improve the clinical utility of patients with HNSCC. Emerging studies support a role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in carcinogenesis. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the prognostic value of TLR immunoexpression in HNSCC patients. We compiled the results of thirteen studies comprising 1825 patients, of which six studies were deemed qualified for quantitative synthesis. The higher immunoexpression of TLR-1 to 5 and 9 was associated with a worsening of the clinical parameters of patients with HNSCC. Furthermore, induced levels of TLR-3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 were found to predict the patients’ survival time. The meta-analysis revealed that TLR-7 overexpression is associated with a decreased mortality risk in HNSCC patients (HR 0.51; 95%CI 0.13–0.89; I2 34.6%), while a higher expression of TLR-5 predicted shorter, but non-significant, survival outcome. In conclusion, this review suggests that TLRs may represent some prognostic value for patients with HNSCC. However, due to small sample sizes and other inherent methodological limitations, more well designed studies across different populations are still needed before TLRs can be recommended as a reliable clinical risk-stratification tool.
Stoking the Fire: How Dying Cells Propagate Inflammatory Signalling through Extracellular Vesicle Trafficking
Authors: Baxter Amy A.
Published: October 2020

Communication between dying cells and their environment is a critical process that promotes tissue homeostasis during normal cellular turnover, whilst during disease settings, it can contribute to inflammation through the release of intracellular factors. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous class of membrane-bound cell-derived structures that can engage in intercellular communication via the trafficking of bioactive molecules between cells and tissues. In addition to the well-described functions of EVs derived from living cells, the ability of dying cells to release EVs capable of mediating functions on target cells or tissues is also of significant interest. In particular, during inflammatory settings such as acute tissue injury, infection and autoimmunity, the EV-mediated transfer of proinflammatory cargo from dying cells is an important process that can elicit profound proinflammatory effects in recipient cells and tissues. Furthermore, the biogenesis of EVs via unique cell-death-associated pathways has also been recently described, highlighting an emerging niche in EV biology. This review outlines the mechanisms and functions of dying-cell-derived EVs and their ability to drive inflammation during various modes of cell death, whilst reflecting on the challenges and knowledge gaps in investigating this subgenre of extracellular vesicles research.
Atomistic Structure and Dynamics of the Ca2+-ATPase Bound to Phosphorylated Phospholamban
Authors: Aguayo-Ortiz Rodrigo , Espinoza-Fonseca L. Michel
Published: October 2020

Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and phospholamban (PLB) are essential components of the cardiac Ca2+ transport machinery. PLB phosphorylation at residue Ser16 (pSer16) enhances SERCA activity in the heart via an unknown structural mechanism. Here, we report a fully atomistic model of SERCA bound to phosphorylated PLB and study its structural dynamics on the microsecond time scale using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in an explicit lipid bilayer and water environment. The unstructured N-terminal phosphorylation domain of PLB samples different orientations and covers a broad area of the cytosolic domain of SERCA but forms a stable complex mediated by pSer16 interactions with a binding site formed by SERCA residues Arg324/Lys328. PLB phosphorylation does not affect the interaction between the transmembrane regions of the two proteins; however, pSer16 stabilizes a disordered structure of the N-terminal phosphorylation domain that releases key inhibitory contacts between SERCA and PLB. We found that PLB phosphorylation is sufficient to guide the structural transitions of the cytosolic headpiece that are required to produce a competent structure of SERCA. We conclude that PLB phosphorylation serves as an allosteric molecular switch that releases inhibitory contacts and strings together the catalytic elements required for SERCA activation. This atomistic model represents a vivid atomic-resolution visualization of SERCA bound to phosphorylated PLB and provides previously inaccessible insights into the structural mechanism by which PLB phosphorylation releases SERCA inhibition in the heart.
Focus on UV-Induced DNA Damage and Repair—Disease Relevance and Protective Strategies
Authors: Kciuk Mateusz , Marciniak Beata , Mojzych Mariusz , Kontek Renata
Published: October 2020

The protective ozone layer is continually depleting due to the release of deteriorating environmental pollutants. The diminished ozone layer contributes to excessive exposure of cells to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This leads to various cellular responses utilized to restore the homeostasis of exposed cells. DNA is the primary chromophore of the cells that absorbs sunlight energy. Exposure of genomic DNA to UV light leads to the formation of multitude of types of damage (depending on wavelength and exposure time) that are removed by effectively working repair pathways. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge considering cellular response to UV radiation with special focus on DNA damage and repair and to give a comprehensive insight for new researchers in this field. We also highlight most important future prospects considering application of the progressing knowledge of UV response for the clinical control of diverse pathologies.
Targeted Molecular Therapeutics for Bladder Cancer—A New Option beyond the Mixed Fortunes of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors?
Authors: Bednova Olga , Leyton Jeffrey V.
Published: October 2020

The fact that there are now five immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) monoclonal antibodies approved since 2016 that target programmed cell death protein 1 or programmed death ligand-1 for the treatment of metastatic and refractory bladder cancer is an outstanding achievement. Although patients can display pronounced responses that extend survival when treated with ICIs, the main benefit of these drugs compared to traditional chemotherapy is that they are better tolerated and result in reduced adverse events (AEs). Unfortunately, response rates to ICI treatment are relatively low and, these drugs are expensive and have a high economic burden. As a result, their clinical efficacy/cost-value relationship is debated. Long sought after targeted molecular therapeutics have now emerged and are boasting impressive response rates in heavily pre-treated, including ICI treated, patients with metastatic bladder cancer. The antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) enfortumab vedotin (EV) and sacituzumab govitecan (SG) have demonstrated the ability to provide objective response rates (ORRs) of 44% and 31% in patients with bladder tumor cells that express Nectin-4 and Trop-2, respectively. As a result, EV was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic bladder cancer who have previously received ICI and platinum-containing chemotherapy. SG has been granted fast track designation. The small molecule Erdafitinib was recently approved for the treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic bladder cancer with genetic alterations in fibroblast growth factor receptors that have previously been treated with a platinum-containing chemotherapy. Erdafitinib achieved an ORR of 40% in patients including a proportion who had previously received ICI therapy. In addition, these targeted drugs are sufficiently tolerated or AEs can be appropriately managed. Hence, the early performance in clinical effectiveness of these targeted drugs are substantially increased relative to ICIs. In this article, the most up to date follow-ups on treatment efficacy and AEs of the ICIs and targeted therapeutics are described. In addition, drug price and cost-effectiveness are described. For best overall value taking into account clinical effectiveness, price and cost-effectiveness, results favor avelumab and atezolizumab for ICIs. Although therapeutically promising, it is too early to determine if the described targeted therapeutics provide the best overall value as cost-effectiveness analyses have yet to be performed and long-term follow-ups are needed. Nonetheless, with the arrival of targeted molecular therapeutics and their increased effectiveness relative to ICIs, creates a potential novel paradigm based on ‘targeting’ for affecting clinical practice for metastatic bladder cancer treatment.
CaMKIIβ in Neuronal Development and Plasticity: An Emerging Candidate in Brain Diseases
Authors: Nicole Olivier , Pacary Emilie
Published: October 2020

The calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a ubiquitous and central player in Ca2+ signaling that is best known for its functions in the brain. In particular, the α isoform of CaMKII has been the subject of intense research and it has been established as a central regulator of neuronal plasticity. In contrast, little attention has been paid to CaMKIIβ, the other predominant brain isoform that interacts directly with the actin cytoskeleton, and the functions of CaMKIIβ in this organ remain largely unexplored. However, recently, the perturbation of CaMKIIβ expression has been associated with multiple neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental diseases, highlighting CAMK2B as a gene of interest. Herein, after highlighting the main structural and expression differences between the α and β isoforms, we will review the specific functions of CaMKIIβ, as described so far, in neuronal development and plasticity, as well as its potential implication in brain diseases.
Biological Control Potential and Drawbacks of Three Zoophytophagous Mirid Predators against Bemisia tabaci in the United States
Authors: Roda Amy , Castillo Jose , Allen Carina , Urbaneja Alberto , Pérez-Hedo Meritxell , Weihman Scott , Stansly Philip A.
Published: October 2020

Miridae (Hemiptera) of the tribe Dicyphini are important zoophytophagous predators use to control pest arthropods in vegetable crops. However, the risk that their herbivory may cause economic damage could hinder their application as useful biocontrol agents and may limit the likelihood they would meet regulatory requirements for importation. We conducted field cage studies to assess the predation capacity and tomato plant damage of three mirid species established in south USA, a known biocontrol agent (Nesidiocoris tenuis), and two native species (Macrolophus praeclarus and Engytatus modestus). All three species significantly reduced the number of whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) on tomato plants compared to tomato plants without mirids. More damage, evaluated as the number of necrotic rings, was observed on tomato plants with E. modestus and N. tenuis compared to M. praeclarus. In our experiments that included sesame plants (Sesamum indicum) with tomato plants, mirid numbers increased despite a low number of prey, thus showing a benefit of the plant-feeding habit of these predators. USA’s established mirids may therefore prove to be immediately available biological agents for the management of present and future tomato pests.
Investigating Association between Intraoperative Hypotension and Postoperative Neurocognitive Disorders in Non-Cardiac Surgery: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Krzych Łukasz J. , Pluta Michał P. , Putowski Zbigniew , Czok Marcelina
Published: October 2020

Postoperative delirium (POD) and postoperative cognitive decline (deficit) (POCD) are related to a higher risk of postoperative complications and long-term disability. Pathophysiology of POD and POCD is complex, elusive and multifactorial. Intraoperative hypotension (IOH) constitutes a frequent and vital health hazard in the perioperative period. Unfortunately, there are no international recommendations in terms of diagnostics and treatment of neurocognitive complications which may arise from hypotension-related hypoperfusion. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive review of the literature evaluating the association between IOH and POD/POCD in the non-cardiac setting. We have concluded that available data are quite inconsistent and there is a paucity of high-quality evidence convincing that IOH is a risk factor for POD/POCD development. Considerable heterogeneity between studies is the major limitation to set up reliable recommendations regarding intraoperative blood pressure management to protect the brain against hypotension-related hypoperfusion. Further well-designed and effectively-performed research is needed to elucidate true impact of intraoperative blood pressure variations on postoperative cognitive functioning.
Duchenne Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Cardiac Management from Prevention to Advanced Cardiovascular Therapies
Authors: Adorisio Rachele , Mencarelli Erica , Cantarutti Nicoletta , Calvieri Camilla , Amato Liliana , Cicenia Marianna , Silvetti Massimo , D’Amico Adele , Grandinetti Maria , Drago Fabrizio , Amodeo Antonio
Published: October 2020

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by a hypokinetic, dilated phenotype progressively increasing with age. Regular cardiac care is crucial in DMD care. Early recognition and prophylactic use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) are the main stay therapeutic strategy to delay incidence of DMD-DCM. Pharmacological treatment to improve symptoms and left ventricle (LV) systolic function, have been widely implemented in the past years. Because of lack of DMD specific drugs, actual indications for established DCM include current treatment for heart failure (HF). This review focuses on current HF strategies to identify, characterize, and treat DMD-DCM.
Persistence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Convalescent Health Care Workers
Authors: Bruni Margherita , Cecatiello Valentina , Diaz-Basabe Angelica , Lattanzi Georgia , Mileti Erika , Monzani Silvia , Pirovano Laura , Rizzelli Francesca , Visintin Clara , Bonizzi Giuseppina , Giani Marco , Lavitrano Marialuisa , Faravelli Silvia , Forneris Federico , Caprioli Flavio , Pelicci Pier Giuseppe , Natoli Gioacchino , Pasqualato Sebastiano , Mapelli Marina , Facciotti Federica
Published: October 2020

Although antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 can be detected early during the infection, several outstanding questions remain to be addressed regarding the magnitude and persistence of antibody titer against different viral proteins and their correlation with the strength of the immune response. An ELISA assay has been developed by expressing and purifying the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor Binding Domain (RBD), Soluble Ectodomain (Spike), and full length Nucleocapsid protein (N). Sera from healthcare workers affected by non-severe COVID-19 were longitudinally collected over four weeks, and compared to sera from patients hospitalized in Intensive Care Units (ICU) and SARS-CoV-2-negative subjects for the presence of IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies as well as soluble pro-inflammatory mediators in the sera. Non-hospitalized subjects showed lower antibody titers and blood pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles as compared to patients in Intensive Care Units (ICU), irrespective of the antibodies tested. Noteworthy, in non-severe COVID-19 infections, antibody titers against RBD and Spike, but not against the N protein, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines decreased within a month after viral clearance. Thus, rapid decline in antibody titers and in pro-inflammatory cytokines may be a common feature of non-severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggesting that antibody-mediated protection against re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 is of short duration. These results suggest caution in using serological testing to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Gastrointestinal Motility Testing in Asia and Europe
Authors: Mori Hideki , Schol Jolien , Geeraerts Annelies , Huang I-Hsuan , Jandee Sawangpong , Gonlachanvit Sutep , Tseng Ping-Huei , Lu Ching-Liang , Kamiya Takeshi , Kim Nayoung , Lee Yeong Yeh , Kuribayashi Shiko , Tack Jan , Suzuki Hidekazu
Published: October 2020

Background: The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has high infection and mortality rates, and has become a pandemic. The infection and mortality rates are lower in Asian countries than in European countries. This study aimed to conduct a survey on the effects of COVID-19 on the capacity to perform gastrointestinal motility tests in Asian countries compared with European countries. Methods: We used the questionnaire previously established by our team for researchers in European countries. The correlation between the decreased rate of gastrointestinal motility and function tests, and the infection/mortality rates of COVID-19 and stringency of a government’s interventions in each country was analysed and protective measures were assessed. Results: In total, 58 gastroenterologists/motility experts in Asian countries responded to this survey. The infection/mortality rates of COVID-19 and Stringency Index had a significant impact on the testing capacity of oesophageal manometry and catheter-based pH monitoring. In European countries, most facilities used filtering facepiece 2/3 (FFP2/3) masks during oesophageal motility studies. Meanwhile, in Asian countries, most facilities used surgical masks. Conclusion: The total infection and mortality rates of COVID-19 can affect the rate of gastrointestinal motility testing and the type of protective equipment that must be used.
Additional Metabolic Effects of Bariatric Surgery in Patients with a Poor Mid-Term Weight Loss Response: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Benaiges David , Bisbe Maria , Pedro-Botet Juan , de Vargas-Machuca Aleix , Ramon Jose M. , Pera Manuel , Villatoro Montserrat , Fontané Laia , Julià Helena , Climent Elisenda , Castañer Olga , Roux Juana A. Flores-Le , Goday Alberto
Published: October 2020

To ascertain the 5-year metabolic effects of bariatric surgery in poor weight loss (WL) responders and establish associated factors. Methods: Retrospective analysis of a non-randomised prospective cohort of bariatric surgery patients completing a 5-year follow-up. Mid-term poor WL was considered when 5-year excess weight loss was <50%. Results: Forty-three (20.3%) of the 212 included patients were mid-term poor WL responders. They showed an improvement in all metabolic markers at 2 years, except for total cholesterol. This improvement with respect to baseline was maintained at 5 years for plasma glucose, HbA1c, HOMA, HDL and diastolic blood pressure; however, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and systolic blood pressure were similar to presurgical values. Comorbidity remission rates were comparable to those obtained in the good WL group except for hypercholesterolaemia (45.8% vs. poor WL, p = 0.005). On multivariate analysis, lower baseline HDL cholesterol levels, advanced age and lower preoperative weight loss were independently associated with poor mid-term WL. Conclusions: Although that 1 in 5 patients presented suboptimal WL 5 years after bariatric surgery, other important metabolic benefits were maintained.
Coppiced Biochars as Partial Replacement of Carbon Black Filler in Polybutadiene/Natural Rubber Composites
Authors: Peterson Steven C.
Published: October 2020

Although carbon black has been the dominant filler material for rubber composites for over a century, it is a finite, fossil fuel-based product that is sensitive to geopolitical issues and economics. Renewable sources of carbon need to be developed to replace carbon black in order to reduce dependence on petroleum. Biochar is the solid material left over after the anaerobic treatment of biomass at high temperature. In this work, two biochars made from coppiced hardwoods, Paulownia elongata and Populus tremuloides were used to partially replace carbon black in rubber composites using a 50/50 blend of butadiene rubber and natural rubber. Rubber composite samples using these biochars were able to replace 30% of the carbon black with virtually no loss in tensile strength, and improved elongation and toughness compared to the reference sample containing 100% carbon black.
Bioimpedance Vector References Need to Be Period-Specific for Assessing Body Composition and Cellular Health in Elite Soccer Players: A Brief Report
Authors: Bongiovanni Tindaro , Mascherini Gabriele , Genovesi Federico , Pasta Giulio , Iaia Fedon Marcello , Trecroci Athos , Ventimiglia Marco , Alberti Giampietro , Campa Francesco
Published: October 2020

Purpose: Bioimpedance data through bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) is used to evaluate cellular function and body fluid content. This study aimed to (i) identify whether BIVA patters differ according to the competitive period and (ii) provide specific references for assessing bioelectric properties at the start of the season in male elite soccer players. Methods: The study included 131 male soccer players (age: 25.1 ± 4.7 yr, height: 183.4 ± 6.1 cm, weight: 79.3 ± 6.6) registered in the first Italian soccer division (Serie A). Bioimpedance analysis was performed just before the start of the competitive season and BIVA was applied. In order to verify the need for period-specific references, bioelectrical values measured at the start of the season were compared to the reference values for the male elite soccer player population. Results: The results of the two-sample Hotelling T2 tests showed that in the bivariate interpretation of the raw bioimpedance parameters (resistance (R) and reactance (Xc)) the bioelectric properties significantly (T2 = 15.3, F = 7.6, p ≤ 0.001, Mahalanobis D = 0.45) differ between the two phases of the competition analyzed. In particular, the mean impedance vector is more displaced to the left into the R-Xc graph at the beginning of the season than in the first half of the championship. Conclusions: For an accurate evaluation of body composition and cellular health, the tolerance ellipses displayed by BIVA approach into the R-Xc graph must be period-specific. This study provides new specific tolerance ellipses (R/H: 246 ± 32.1, Xc/H: 34.3 ± 5.1, r: 0.7) for performing BIVA at the beginning of the competitive season in male elite soccer players.
Numerical Investigation of Wave Generation Characteristics of Bottom-Tilting Flume Wavemaker
Authors: Wang Hsin-Erh , Chan I-Chi
Published: October 2020

Motivated by the recently developed bottom-tilting wavemaker specially designed for tsunami research, we propose to investigate numerically the wave generation mechanism of this new wave generator. A series of numerical experiments is carried out using a RANS-based computer model to evaluate the effects of wavemaker length, bottom displacement, motion duration, and water depth on the wavelength, wave amplitude, phase speed, and waveform of the leading waves produced by the bottom-motion wave generator. Numerical results fit well with the existing laboratory data. Explicit equations for the wavelength and wave amplitude are developed and can serve as the guideline for wave generation. Encouraging results suggest that bottom-tilting wavemaker is a good alternative to the traditional piston-type wavemaker for tsunami research.
Arctic Vision: Using Neural Networks for Ice Object Classification, and Controlling How They Fail
Authors: Pedersen Ole-Magnus , Kim Ekaterina
Published: October 2020

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been shown to be excellent at performing image analysis tasks in recent years. Even so, ice object classification using close-range optical images is an area where their use has barely been touched upon, and how well CNNs perform this classification task is still an open question, especially in the challenging visual conditions often found in the High Arctic. The present study explores the use of CNNs for such ice object classification, including analysis of how visual distortion of optical images impacts their performance and comparisons to human experts and novices. To account for the model’s tendency to predict the presence of very few classes for any given image, the use of a loss-weighting scheme pushing a model towards predicting a higher number of classes is proposed. The results of this study show that on clean images, given the class definitions and labeling scheme used, the networks perform better than some humans. At least for some classes of ice objects, the results indicate that the network learned meaningful features. However, the results also indicate that humans are much better at adapting to new visual conditions than neural networks.
Estimation of Coastal Bathymetry Using Wavelets
Authors: Santos Diogo , Abreu Tiago , Silva Paulo A. , Baptista Paulo
Published: October 2020

When waves propagate in coastal areas at depths lower than one half the wavelength, they exhibit a different signature at the sea surface and the observed wavelength pattern enables inferring bathymetries. Commonly, a spectral analysis using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is employed to derive wavelength and wave direction of swell waves, in nearshore regions. Nevertheless, it is recognized that this method presents limitations, particularly regarding depth inversion limits that do not allow obtaining bathymetric data close to the shoreline. This work explores a wavelet spectral analysis to obtain bathymetric data. This new imaging methodology is applied over different seafloors with 2D and 3D features such as longshore bars or headlands. The synthetic images of the water surface are generated from a numerical Boussinesq-type model that simulates the propagation of both regular and irregular waves. The spectral analysis is carried to estimate the water depths, which are validated with the model’s bathymetry. Wavelet image processing methodology shows very positive results, revealing the capabilities of this new methodology to map shallow marine environments.
Clonal Expansion of Environmental Triazole Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in Iran
Authors: Ahangarkani Fatemeh , Badali Hamid , Abbasi Kiana , Nabili Mojtaba , Khodavaisy Sadegh , de Groot Theun , Meis Jacques F.
Published: October 2020

Azole-resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus is a worldwide medical concern complicating the management of aspergillosis (IA). Herein, we report the clonal spread of environmental triazole resistant A. fumigatus isolates in Iran. In this study, 63 A. fumigatus isolates were collected from 300 compost samples plated on Sabouraud dextrose agar supplemented with itraconazole (ITR) and voriconazole (VOR). Forty-four isolates had the TR34/L98H mutation and three isolates a TR46/Y121F/T289A resistance mechanism, while two isolates harbored a M172V substitution in cyp51A. Fourteen azole resistant isolates had no mutations in cyp51A. We found that 41 out of 44 A. fumigatus strains with the TR34/L98H mutation, isolated from compost in 13 different Iranian cities, shared the same allele across all nine examined microsatellite loci. Clonal expansion of triazole resistant A. fumigatus in this study emphasizes the importance of establishing antifungal resistance surveillance studies to monitor clinical Aspergillus isolates in Iran, as well as screening for azole resistance in environmental A. fumigatus isolates.
Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Treatment-Naïve Subjects with Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Authors: Sehgal Inderpaul Singh , Dhooria Sahajal , Prasad Kuruswamy Thurai , Muthu Valliappan , Sachdeva Naresh , Bhadada Sanjay Kumar , Aggarwal Ashutosh Nath , Garg Mandeep , Chakrabarti Arunaloke , Agarwal Ritesh
Published: October 2020

The association of vitamin D deficiency in the pathogenesis of invasive and allergic pulmonary aspergillosis is known. Whether vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) remains unknown. We evaluated the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in subjects with CPA. We compared the clinicoradiological features, microbiology, the immunological response, and the severity of CPA in those with or without vitamin D deficiency. We measured plasma vitamin D levels in 230 consecutive treatment-naïve subjects with CPA and 78 controls (28 with prior tuberculosis (TB); 50 healthy controls). We defined vitamin D deficiency as 25(OH)D3 level <20 ng/mL. The mean (95% confidence intervals (CI)) levels of plasma vitamin D levels were 19.5 (17.6–21.4), 18.6 (13.9–23.3), and 15.3 (12.6–17.9) ng/mL in subjects with CPA, diseased controls, and healthy controls, respectively; and the levels were not different between the groups. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in subjects with CPA was 65% (n = 150) and was also not different between healthy (70%) or diseased (61%) controls. We did not find any difference in the clinicoradiological features, microbiology, immunological response, and severity of CPA between vitamin D sufficient and deficient groups. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high in subjects with CPA, albeit similar to controls. Vitamin D deficiency does not affect the disease severity in subjects with CPA.
Validation of the Italian Version of the Educational Needs Assessment Tool in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients and Factors Associated with Educational Needs
Authors: Favero Marta , Ometto Francesca , Salaffi Fausto , Belluzzi Elisa , Ortolan Augusta , Lorenzin Mariagrazia , Felicetti Mara , Punzi Leonardo , Ndosi Mwidimi , Ramonda Roberta
Published: October 2020

The educational needs assessment tool (ENAT) is a seven-domain questionnaire assessing the educational needs (EN) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to validate the Italian version of the ENAT and to identify factors associated with EN in people with RA. The original English ENAT version was translated into Italian according to Beaton’s method and subjected to Rasch analysis for validity testing. Socio-demographic and clinical variables were tested for associations with the ENAT domain scores using a multivariable linear regression model. The ENAT translated well into Italian and retained its construct validity. Some adjustments were needed when pooling the Italian and English datasets. The overall score of the ENAT had a high median: 82.8 (interquartile range (IQR): 57.5 to 100) i.e., 72.4% of the maximum score. The highest score was observed in the domain “Arthritis process” and the lowest was in “Support systems”. Only gender was independently associated with EN (females having higher EN than males). The Italian ENAT is feasible for the use in the clinical setting and may help the health care practitioners to tailor educational interventions for RA patients. The characteristics of the patients, particularly female gender, may be associated with higher EN.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the U.S. Economy: Evidence from the Stock Market
Authors: Thorbecke Willem
Published: October 2020

The coronavirus crisis has damaged the U.S. economy. This paper uses the stock returns of 125 sectors to investigate its impact. It decomposes returns into components driven by sector-specific factors and by macroeconomic factors. Idiosyncratic factors harmed industries such as airlines, aerospace, real estate, tourism, oil, brewers, retail apparel, and funerals. There are thus large swaths of the economy whose recovery depends not on the macroeconomic environment but on controlling the pandemic. Macroeconomic factors generated losses in industries such as production equipment, machinery, and electronic and electrical equipment. Thus, reviving capital goods spending requires not just an end to the pandemic but also a macroeconomic recovery.
Proportional Variation of Potential Groundwater Recharge as a Result of Climate Change and Land-Use: A Study Case in Mexico
Authors: Guerrero-Morales Jesús , Fonseca Carlos R. , Goméz-Albores Miguel A. , Sampedro-Rosas María Laura , Silva-Gómez Sonia Emilia
Published: October 2020

This work proposes a methodology whereby the selection of hydrologic and land-use cover change (LUCC) models allows an assessment of the proportional variation in potential groundwater recharge (PGR) due to both land-use cover change (LUCC) and some climate change scenarios for 2050. The simulation of PGR was made through a distributed model, based on empirical methods and the forecasting of LUCC stemming from a supervised classification with remote sensing techniques, both inside a Geographic Information System. Once the supervised classification was made, a Markov-based model was developed to predict LUCC to 2050. The method was applied in Acapulco, an important tourism center for Mexico. From 1986 to 2017, the urban area increased 5%, and by 2050 was predicted to cover 16%. In this period, a loss of 7 million m3 of PGR was assumed to be caused by the estimated LUCC. From 2017 to 2050, this loss is expected to increase between 73 and 273 million m3 depending on the considered climate change scenario, which is the equivalent amount necessary for satisfying the water needs of 6 million inhabitants. Therefore, modeling the variation in groundwater recharge can be an important tool for identifying water vulnerability, through both climate and land-use change.
The Effect of Grazing on the Temperature Regime of the Alas Soils of Central Yakutia
Authors: Makarov Victor , Savvinov Grigory , Gavrilieva Lyudmila , Gololobova Anna
Published: October 2020

There are numerous studies on the effect of grazing on the physical and chemical parameters of soils. However, the impact of grazing on the temperature regime of the alas soils in Central Yakutia is still poorly understood. This paper presents the results of long-term observations of the state of the soil-and-plant cover of thermokarst basins—i.e., alases—located in the Lena-Amga interfluve and actively used as pastureland. Observations of the process of the self-restoration of grass cover and changes in the temperature regime of alas soils were carried out on different variants (with isolation from grazing and without isolation). A significant increase in the average height of the grass stand and its foliage projective cover was observed with a gradual reduction in the number of species when isolated from grazing. Changes in the structure of the alas vegetation cover influence the microclimate of the soil. As a result of livestock grazing, the mean annual soil temperature rises and the amount and depth of the penetration of active temperatures increase. The most severe changes in the temperature regime occur in years with an abnormally high cover of snow. The soil warming observed during grazing undoubtedly has a favorable effect on soil organisms. However, in conditions of climate warming, grazing, especially overgrazing, can disrupt the permafrost regime and thereby provoke or intensify thermokarst phenomena.