bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of the structural properties on the energy density of Pb(Zr0.47Ti0.53)O3-Pb[(Ni0.6Zn0.4)1/3Nb2/3]O3 ceramics
Authors: Cha Yu-Joung , Seo In-Tae , Kang In-Young , Shin Sang-Bong , Choi Jae-Hong , Nahm Sahn , Seung Tae-Hyun , Paik Jong-Hoo
Published: October 2011

(1−x)Pb(Zr0.47Ti0.53)O3-xPb[(Ni0.6Zn0.4)1/3Nb2/3]O3 [(1−x)PZT-xP(NZ)N] ceramics with 0.22 ≤ x ≤ 0.45232 have the tetragonal-pseudocubic morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). Their ɛ33T/ɛ0 values considerably decreased but their d33 values slowly decreased on the pseudocubic side of the MPB. Therefore, high d33 × g33 values were obtained from a composition on the pseudocubic of the MPB because g33 is given as d33/ɛ33T. In particular, a very high d33 × g33 value of 20 134 × 10−15 m2/N was observed from the 0.7PZT–0.3P(NZ)N ceramic sintered at 1000 °C for 2 h, which had a pseudocubic structure. The 0.7PZT–0.3 P(NZ)N ceramic sintered at 950 °C also exhibited a similar d33 × g33 value of 20 179 × 10−15 m2/N but it considerably decreased to 12 474 × 10−15 m2/N for the 0.7PZT–0.3P(NZ)N ceramic sintered at 1100 °C for 2 h, which can be explained by the increased ɛ33T value that resulted from the increased grain size. The grain size of this ceramic decreased as the sintering time decreased, resulting in an increase of the d33 × g33 value due to the decreasing ɛ33T value. The high d33 × g33 value of 19 572 × 10−15 m2/N was also obtained from the 0.7PZT–0.3 P(NZ)N ceramic sintered at 1100 °C for 5.0 min, indicating that grain size is also important for obtaining a specimen with a high d33 × g33 value.
From streamline jumping to strange eigenmodes: Bridging the Lagrangian and Eulerian pictures of the kinematics of mixing in granular flows
Authors: Christov Ivan C. , Ottino Julio M. , Lueptow Richard M.
Published: October 2011

Through a combined computational–experimental study of flow in a slowly rotating quasi-two-dimensional container, we show several new aspects related to the kinematics of granular mixing. In the Lagrangian frame, for small numbers of revolutions, the mixing pattern is captured by a model termed “streamline jumping.” This minimal model, arising at the limit of a vanishingly thin surface flowing layer, possesses no intrinsic stretching or streamline crossing in the usual sense, yet it can lead to complex particle trajectories. Meanwhile, for intermediate numbers of revolutions, we show the presence of naturally persistent granular mixing patterns, i.e., “strange” eigenmodes of the advection-diffusion operator governing the mixing process in Eulerian frame. Through a comparative analysis of the structure of eigenmodes and the corresponding Poincaré section and finite-time Lyapunov exponent field of the flow, the relationship between the Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions of mixing is highlighted. Finally, we show how the mapping method for scalar transport can be modified to include diffusion. This allows us to examine (for the first time in a granular flow) the change in shape, lifespan, and eventual decay of eigenmodes due to diffusive effects at larger numbers of revolutions.
Mixed state effects in waveguide electro-absorbers based on quantum dots
Authors: Piwonski T. , Pulka J. , Huyet G. , Houlihan J. , Viktorov E. A. , Erneux T.
Published: October 2011

Multi-pulse heterodyne pump-probe measurements are used to investigate the reverse bias dynamics of InAs/GaAs quantum dots in a waveguide structure. Using a femtosecond pulse, we simultaneously populate high energy ground states and low energy excited states and measure the resulting gain and phase dynamics over the bandwidth of the pulse. We identify a ∼5 ps timescale in the phase dynamics which can be associated with low energy ground states outside the pulse bandwidth and may provide an explanation for the deterioration of monolithic mode locked laser performance at high reverse voltages.
Enhanced endocytosis of nano-curcumin in nasopharyngeal cancer cells: An atomic force microscopy study
Authors: Prasanth R. , Nair Greshma , Girish C. M.
Published: October 2011

Recent studies in drug development have shown that curcumin can be a good competent due to its improved anticancer, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities. A detailed real time characterization of drug (curcumin)-cell interaction is carried out in human nasopharyngeal cancer cells using atomic force microscopy. Nanocurcumin shows an enhanced uptake over micron sized drugs attributed to the receptor mediated route. Cell membrane stiffness plays a critical role in the drug endocytosis in nasopharyngeal cancer cells.
Class of invariants for the two-dimensional time-dependent Landau problem and harmonic oscillator in a magnetic field
Authors: Fiore Gaetano , Gouba Laure
Published: October 2011

We consider an isotropic two-dimensional harmonic oscillator with arbitrarily time-dependent mass M(t) and frequency Ω(t) in an arbitrarily time-dependent magnetic field B(t). We determine two commuting invariant observables (in the sense of Lewis and Riesenfeld) L, I in terms of some solution of an auxiliary ordinary differential equation and an orthonormal basis of the Hilbert space consisting of joint eigenvectors φλ of L, I. We then determine time-dependent phases αλ(t) such that the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\psi _\lambda (t)\break=e^{i\alpha _\lambda }\varphi _\lambda$\end{document}ψλ(t)=eiαλϕλ are solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and make up an orthonormal basis of the Hilbert space. These results apply, in particular, to a two-dimensional Landau problem with time-dependent M, B, which is obtained from the above just by setting Ω(t) ≡ 0. By a mere redefinition of the parameters, these results can be applied also to the analogous models on the canonical non-commutative plane.
Production of neutrons up to 18 MeV in high-intensity, short-pulse laser matter interactions
Authors: Higginson D. P. , McNaney J. M. , Swift D. C. , Petrov G. M. , Davis J. , Frenje J. A. , Jarrott L. C. , Kodama R. , Lancaster K. L. , Mackinnon A. J. , Nakamura H. , Patel P. K. , Tynan G. , Beg F. N.
Published: October 2011

The generation of high-energy neutrons using laser-accelerated ions is demonstrated experimentally using the Titan laser with 360 J of laser energy in a 9 ps pulse. In this technique, a short-pulse, high-energy laser accelerates deuterons from a CD2 foil. These are incident on a LiF foil and subsequently create high energy neutrons through the 7Li(d,xn) nuclear reaction (Q = 15 MeV). Radiochromic film and a Thomson parabola ion-spectrometer were used to diagnose the laser accelerated deuterons and protons. Conversion efficiency into protons was 0.5%, an order of magnitude greater than into deuterons. Maximum neutron energy was shown to be angularly dependent with up to 18 MeV neutrons observed in the forward direction using neutron time-of-flight spectrometry. Absolutely calibrated CR-39 detected spectrally integrated neutron fluence of up to 8 × 108 n sr−1 in the forward direction.
Polarization of conducting nanoparticles
Authors: Ruda H. E. , Shik A.
Published: October 2011

The spatial distribution of the electrical potential and carrier concentration in nanodots and nanowires in an external dc or ac electric field was analyzed by jointly solving the continuity and Laplace equations. The results were used to calculate the free-carrier optical absorption and polarizability of conducting nanostructures for different nanostructure radii a, doping levels n0, and ac field frequencies ω. Both characteristics contain a plasmon peak, which, compared with the screening length in the nanostructure material rs, exhibits a strong blueshift with decrease in a, consistent with experimental observations. At a>>rs, the peak position approaches the well-known size-independent value predicted by the electrodynamic Mie theory.
Simulation of helium discharge ignition and dynamics in thin tubes at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Jánský Jaroslav , Bourdon Anne
Published: October 2011

Simulations of the influence of electrode geometries on helium discharge ignition and dynamics in thin dielectric tubes are presented. In all studied cases, as observed in experiments, the discharge ignition occurs at the outer edges of the high voltage ring and the influence of the width of the grounded ring on the discharge dynamics is shown. Taking into account the change of permittivity encountered by the discharge as it exits from the tube, the velocity of the discharge front is shown to increase at the tube exit before decreasing downstream similarly to experimental observations.
Selective photothermal self-excitation of mechanical modes of a micro-cantilever for force microscopy
Authors: Fu Hao , Liu Cunding , Liu Yong , Chu Jiaru , Cao Gengyu
Published: October 2011

We present an optomechanical scheme for selective self-excitation of a particular mechanical mode of a micro-cantilever. Depending on the slope of interference, the oscillation of the laser illuminated micro-cantilever can be either damped or enhanced by the retarded bolometric backaction. Selective self-excitation of the first two modes is achieved by positioning the laser spot on a specific region along the lever. A theoretical simulation has been performed to provide guidance in the photothermal self-excitation of higher-order modes. This efficient self-excitation technique offers a simple control scheme in force microscopy imaging with higher-order mechanical mode of micro-cantilever.
Strong blue and red luminescence in silicon nanoparticles based light emitting capacitors
Authors: Morales-Sánchez A. , Monfil-Leyva K. , González A. A. , Aceves-Mijares M. , Carrillo J. , Luna-López J. A. , Domínguez C. , Barreto J. , Flores-Gracia F. J.
Published: October 2011

Light emitting capacitors (LECs) were fabricated using silicon rich oxide (SRO) films as active layer. Blue and red electroluminescence (EL) was observed by changing the silicon nanoparticle (Si-np) size from 1.5 to 2.7 nm embedded in the silica matrix. EL is ascribed to the charge injection into the Si-nps embedded in the SRO films through a balanced transport network. The EL emission is observed with the naked eye and in daylight conditions on the whole area of devices. Therefore, these results prove the feasibility to obtain LECs by using simple capacitors with SRO films as the active layer.
Optothermal spectroscopy of whispering gallery microresonators
Authors: Zhu Jiangang , Kaya Özdemir Şahin , He Lina , Yang Lan
Published: October 2011

We demonstrate an optothermal resonance scanning scheme to obtain stable spectra of resonant modes in whispering gallery microresonators. A wavelength stability of 0.1 pm for a temperature variation of more than 10 °C is obtained. In this scheme, a resonance mode is thermally locked to a tunable laser, and its wavelength is linearly scanned across the lasing line of a fixed wavelength laser. The scheme enables reliable and accurate readings for whispering gallery mode (WGM) sensing platforms and allows the spectroscopy of WGM resonators within wavelength bands where tunable lasers are not available.
Bayes Nets as a method for analysing the influence of management actions in fire planning
Authors: Penman T. D. , Price O. , Bradstock R. A.
Published: October 2011

Wildfire can result in significant economic costs with inquiries following such events often recommending an increase in management effort to reduce the risk of future losses. Currently, there are no objective frameworks in which to assess the relative merits of management actions or the synergistic way in which the various combinations may act. We examine the value of Bayes Nets as a method for assessing the risk reduction from fire management practices using a case study from a forested landscape. Specifically, we consider the relative reduction in wildfire risk from investing in prescribed burning, initial or rapid attack and suppression. The Bayes Net was developed using existing datasets, a process model and expert opinion. We compared the results of the models with the recorded fire data for an 11-year period from 1997 to 2000 with the model successfully duplicating these data. Initial attack and suppression effort had the greatest effect on the distribution of the fire sizes for a season. Bayes Nets provide a holistic model for considering the effect of multiple fire management methods on the risk of wildfires. The methods could be further advanced by including the costs of management and conducting a formal decision analysis.
Fire frequency analysis in Portugal (1975 - 2005), using Landsat-based burnt area maps
Authors: Oliveira Sofia L. J. , Pereira José M. C. , Carreiras João M. B.
Published: October 2011

Fire frequency in 21 forest planning regions of Portugal during the period 1975–2005 was estimated from historical burnt area maps generated with semi-automatic classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery. Fire return interval distributions were modelled with the Weibull function and the estimated parameters were used to calculate regional mean, median and modal fire return intervals, as well as regional hazard functions. Arrangement of the available data into three different time series allowed for assessment of the effects of minimum mapping unit, time series length and use of censored data on the Weibull function parameter estimates. Varying the minimum mapping unit between 5 and 35 ha had a negligible effect on parameter estimates, whereas changing the time series length from 22 to 31 years substantially affected the estimates. However, the strongest effect was caused by censored data. Its exclusion led to substantial overestimation of fire frequency and of burning probability dependence on fuel age. We estimated a country-wide mean fire interval of 36 years and an annual burnt area of 1.2%. Regional variations in fire frequency descriptors were interpreted in terms of land cover and land use practices that affect the contemporary fire regime in Portugal.
Gibraltar’s position in the Dynamic Model of Postcolonial English
Authors: Weston Daniel
Published: October 2011

This article examines the emergence of local identity and language use in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar, from its annexation in 1704 to the present day. Contrary to popular opinion, it shows that the founding population of British Gibraltar was divided along racial and linguistic grounds, and only in the 19th century evolved into a cohesive Spanish-speaking community, before its subsequent development into the bilingual English- and Spanish-speaking society of the present day. Through the analysis of census data, reportage and colonial government records, the article shows that the Dynamic Model of Postcolonial English in Schneider (2007) aptly captures the spread of English knowledge on the Rock. The population’s persistent attachment to its British identity, and its framing of Gibraltar English as a variety of British English, are however theoretically problematic. The article concludes that local identity and language use are dependent as much on the territory’s relationship with Spain as the United Kingdom.
Capturing context for heterogeneous corpus analysis
Authors: Adolphs Svenja , Knight Dawn , Carter Ronald
Published: October 2011

Heterogeneous corpora are emergent multi-modal datasets which comprise a variety of different records of everyday communication, from SMS/MMS messages to interactions in virtual environments, and from GPS data to phone and video calls. By tracking a person’s specific (inter)actions over time and place, the analysis of such “ubiquitous” corpora enables more detailed investigations of the interface between different communicative modes.

This paper outlines some of the ways in which multi-modal, heterogeneous corpora can be utilised in corpus-based analyses of language-in-use and how we can construct richer descriptions of language use in relation to context. The paper further illustrates how the compilation of such corpora may enable us to extrapolate further information about communication across different speakers, media and environments, helping to generate useful insights into the extent to which everyday language and communicative choices are determined by different spatial, temporal and social contexts.
Analysing university spoken interaction
Authors: Walsh Steve , Morton Tom , O'Keeffe Anne
Published: October 2011

In this article, we consider how corpus linguistics (CL) and conversation analysis (CA) can be used together to provide enhanced descriptions of spoken interaction in the context of small group teaching in higher education. From our analysis of the data, we show how the two approaches can be combined in an iterative process to account for features of spoken discourse at both micro (word) and macro (text) levels. Beginning with CL and focusing largely on words and combinations of words, we then use CA to highlight pertinent interactional features. Our methodology follows an iterative process: from CL to CA, back to CL and so on. This approach to analysis provides powerful insights into the ways in which interactants establish understandings in educational settings and, in particular, highlights the inter-dependency of words, utterances and text in the co-construction of meaning.
Complementary perspectives on hedging behaviour in family discourse
Authors: Clancy Brian
Published: October 2011

This paper argues that corpus linguistics offers a methodology which benefits variational pragmatic analysis in a number of ways. Corpus linguistic tools such as word frequency lists allow the researcher to construct a detailed “pragmatic profile” of a word, cluster or act. This, coupled with the fact that most corpora are constructed to be representative of a particular language variety, facilitates an accurate account of language-use differences across various social categories. Pragmatic analysis relies heavily on context for its interpretation. Therefore, an illustrative case study of two corpora representing spoken language recorded in the home environment, one from a middle class Irish family and one from a family from the Irish Traveller Community will be utilised in order to elucidate the benefits of the synergy of corpus linguistics and variational pragmatics. Specifically, the variational distribution of the occurrences of hedges across these two distinct cultural groupings will be examined.
The linguistic capital of contested languages
Authors: Wells Naomi
Published: October 2011

Political debate concerning the recognition of regional and minority languages has been the subject of much study in recent years. However, with the focus on separatist and/or nationalist forces, the centre-left has often been overlooked in such studies. In both Asturias in Spain and the Veneto in Italy, centre-left parties have taken a particularly ambivalent approach towards language revival policies, and the ideologies behind this approach merit further study. Drawing particularly on Bourdieu’s work, the author will consider how linguistic hierarchies and linguistic capital are reflected in centre-left discourse and actions concerning the respective local languages. This will shed light on the ambiguous role of the centre-left concerning language policy, and provide further insight into the compatibility of liberal and progressive politics with language revival policies.
Chaos in Esperanto-Land
Authors: Tonkin Humphrey
Published: October 2011

The Holocaust had a profound effect on the Esperanto movement. Many of the leading members of the Esperanto language community perished, and some survived. Recent years have seen a revival of interest in those who died and those who lived. Among the dead were most of the family of L. L. Zamenhof, author of Esperanto. Among the survivors was the father of the financier George Soros, Tivadar Soros, whose memoir of survival in Nazi-occupied Budapest, written originally in Esperanto and published in 1965, was published in English translation in the year 2000. An important player in the effort to protect the Jews of Budapest was the Esperantist Valdemar Langlet, of Sweden, whose memoir of his experiences was adapted and published, first in Swedish, then in Esperanto, by Nina Langlet, his widow. In 2003, Zofia Banet-Fornalowa published a memorial volume for six Esperantist victims of the Holocaust. Among other relatively recent Holocaust-related books in Esperanto are a translation of Imre Kértesz’s novel Fateless and a biography of Tilla Durieux.
Making a difference
Authors: Coulthard Malcolm
Published: October 2011

One of the major problems for Critical Discourse Analysts is how to move on from their insightful critical analyses to successfully ‘acting on the world in order to transform it’. This paper discusses, with detailed exemplification, some of the areas where linguists have moved beyond description to acting on and changing the world. Examples from three murder trials show how essential it is, in order to protect the rights of witnesses and defendants, to have audio records of significant interviews with police officers. The article moves on to discuss the potentially serious consequences of the many communicative problems inherent in legal/lay interaction and illustrates a few of the linguist-led improvements to important texts. Finally, the article turns to the problems of using linguistic data to try to determine the geographical origin of asylum seekers. The intention of the article is to act as a call to arms to linguists; it concludes with the observation that ‘innumerable mountains remain for those with a critical linguistic perspective who would like to try to move one’.
Pragmatics in the courtroom
Authors: Lagorgette Dominique
Published: October 2011

Code Civil

La Rumeur
per se
Asking questions… getting answers
Authors: Filliettaz Laurent
Published: October 2011

Adopting a sociopragmatic and interactional perspective, the paper proposes to investigate how apprentices engage in questioning practices and how trainers respond to these questions. A detailed empirical analysis of audio/video data collected in the context of Swiss training companies establishes that answers provided by trainers in response to questions do not constitute the dominant form of questioning work observed. Alternative interactional patterns that stress the tensions connected with questioning in the workplace context and the complexity of the social practices associated with workplace learning are identified and described. These findings illuminate the challenges faced by apprentices when joining the workplace and underscore the importance of a sociopragmatic perspective in addressing social issues related to initial vocational education.
Discourse structure and word learning
Authors: Strickland Brent , Barrie Salamatu , Mason Rihana S.
Published: October 2011

The extant literature on discourse comprehension distinguishes between two types of texts: narrative and expository (Steen, 1999). Narrative discourse tells readers a story by giving them an account of events; the narration informs and/or persuades the readership by using textual elements such as theme, plot, and characters. Expository discourse explains or informs the readership by using concepts and techniques such as definition, sequence, categorization, and cause-effect relations.
The present study is based on two experiments. In Experiment 1, we compared the two discourse types to examine if college students would be better at extracting the meanings of novel words from one of the two types of discourse structure than from the other. The findings indicated that participants were significantly better at inferring the meaning of novel words from narrative compared to expository discourse. In Experiment 2, we examined the number of situation models that a reader is required to mentally construct, as a possible characteristic that influences the difficulty of learning new word meaning within narrative discourse. Contrary to intuition, fewer novel words were learned in a single-situation, as opposed to a multi-situation model condition, suggesting that the additional inferencing needed to construct multiple models also promotes word learning. Results are discussed with respect to how the structure of written discourse can facilitate word learning in a reader’s native language. Implications for education and assessment are also discussed.
Referring to parents in child protection reporting
Authors: Veniard Marie
Published: October 2011

This paper considers the terms used for designating parents in reports dealing with child protection, and explores the pragmatic impact of the reports’ extremely cautious choice of words. I test the hypothesis that, even if words are not argumentative in themselves, they can become argumentative in the context of a particular discourse. To this end, this paper develops a two-pronged analysis, combining lexical description (both from a paradigmatic and from a syntagmatic perspective) with quantitative as well as qualitative methodologies. The findings suggest that lexis is argumentative not only because of its paradigmatic dimension (a word’s meaning), but also because of its syntagmatic dimension (through the lexical co-occurrence and syntactic patterns within which a word is embedded). The results may find a practical application when training social workers in how to write their reports.
The ultimate source domain
Authors: Szwedek Aleksander
Published: October 2011

Two fundamental problems remain unsolved: “what counts as experiential basis, [or] … what the typology of experiential bases might be” (Grady, Taub & Morgan, 1996), and the concrete-abstract distinction (Gibbs, 1996). The paper distinguishes between concrete entities as material, and abstract as non-material. In the material domain, we claim that the object schema is the ultimate, i.e. subject to no further metaphorization, source domain. All other domains depend on the object.

We analyse expressions referring to the abstract entities THOUGHT, FEAR and RACE (contest), and discuss neuroembryological evidence, psychological issues, the Great Chain of Being and Kotarbiński’s reism. In consequence of the sharp distinction between material and non-material entities, a new typology of metaphors is proposed: metonymy-based, concrete-to-abstract and abstract-to-abstract metaphors.

We suggest that in this order, the metaphorical processes may reflect the phylogenetic development of concrete-to-abstract thought. Furthermore, concrete-to-abstract metaphorization (objectification1), may have played the greatest role in the development of abstract thinking, through identifying, conceptualizing and assigning language expressions to abstract entities.
The cognitive dynamics of terminological variation
Authors: Tercedor Maribel
Published: October 2011

This paper explores the role of situated and embodied cognition in multidimensionality as a dynamic phenomenon that triggers terminological variation. Terminological variation is crucial as the linguistic gate that gives access to different dimensions of the same concept. We approach the phenomenon of terminological variation from the ways of seeing proposal (Croft and Cruse 2004: 137) and focus on how a situated and dynamic perspective can trigger the activation of concept properties that have a perceptual or functional basis. Additionally, we discuss how this contributes to the shaping of terminological variants from the perspective of process-oriented or frame-based terminology management (Faber et al. 2005, 2006; Tercedor and López 2008). Our findings are illustrated by examples from the EcoLexicon1 knowledge base.
The use and translation of Chinese legal terminology in the property laws of mainland China and Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Clara Ho-yan
Published: October 2011

The paramount importance of ‘equivalence’ of terms in legal translation raises challenging issues for Chinese, in that legal terminology in mainland China differs from that of Hong Kong due to the separate legal systems maintained under “One country, two systems”. With the more frequent interaction between the two regions since the handover in 1997, Chinese legal terminology has been undergoing transformation as China also aims to globalize its legal system by introducing legal concepts from other countries and adapting them to work within the confines of local culture (Potter 2001: 4–15). There is, therefore, a great need for systematic study of the Chinese legal terms of the two regions to clarify confusion between similar terms and cast light on the overall trends. This study focuses on the Property Law of the People’s Republic of China promulgated in October 2007 in order to safeguard state and private property, as part of an ongoing effort to develop a civil code under the globalizing trend of integration. I chose this case study because the use of terms in the new property law and their contrast with the usage in Hong Kong law are highly representative of the latest developments. The present state of affairs is that no overall strategies have been formulated with regard to English-Chinese and Chinese-English legal term translation. As a result, there are problematic cases, but most of these remain untouched by linguists and translation scholars. In my conclusion, I attempt to measure the equivalence of terminology, in order to shed light on future directions in the translation of Chinese and Hong Kong legislature. I also make suggestions regarding the differentiation and standardization of terms commonly used in the property laws of the mainland and Hong Kong, and their translations.
The Madrasas of Oxford: Iranian Interactions with the English Universities in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Green Nile
Published: October 2011

Against the background of the Russo-Persian wars of the early 1800s, the Iranian government sponsored a series of Iranian students to travel to the homeland of its erstwhile British allies in search of the new scientific and technological learning. Along with members of the Iranian embassies to London in the same period, the students were the first Iranians to acquire extensive and direct knowledge of British society as it entered the industrial era and the earliest to gain access (albeit short-lived) to the English universities. Yet in spite of the practical agenda of the students and their sponsors, on reaching Britain the students found it necessary to engage extensively with the evangelical and more generally religious agendas of their British co-operators. In reconstructing in detail the intellectual circles in which the Iranian students moved in England between 1815 and 1818, the article uncovers the series of religious negotiations that were a necessary part of Iran's early path to modernization.
Women as Pilgrims: Memoirs of Iranian Women Travelers to Mecca
Authors: Mahallati Amineh
Published: October 2011

A hitherto neglected aspect of the Iranian women's lives and activities is their traveling and travelogues. A number of Iranian women pilgrims to Mecca and the Shi'ite holy shrines of Mesopotamia during the past four centuries have left behind memoirs of their travels. They recorded interesting details about their spiritual experience as pilgrims to the holy lands of Islam and of the difficulties of the journey, especially the notoriously dangerous land route from Iran to Mecca through the Arabian Desert. This paper examines four examples of that genre, the oldest dating from the early eighteenth and the other three from the late nineteenth centuries. As expected, the authors were all members of upper class families: one was a princess, another a former queen, and the other two were also affiliated with the ruling families in one way or another. However, they shared the same goals with all other female, and male, pilgrims: to perform their Muslim religious duty of hajj and to do it right. They all wrote about their spiritual satisfaction but also of the disadvantages and the extra burden that a woman experienced in her pilgrimage journey, simply for being a woman.
The Lega Nord and fiscal federalism: functional or postfunctional?
Authors: Bull Anna Cento
Published: October 2011

This paper addresses the question of whether the Italian Lega Nord pursues functional policies in spite of its postfunctional rhetoric (politics of simulation) or pre-material policies that are in line with its dominant postfunctional discourse (politics of identity). The analysis focuses on fiscal federalism because this is an area that links together both economic issues – fiscal autonomy is seen as highly functional to the economy of those regions of Italy which form the Lega Nord's strongholds – and identity matters – federalism is claimed and justified on the basis of the existence of a distinct territorial community with its own cultural values and social cohesion. The paper concludes that the Lega combines postfunctional rhetoric and ‘formal’ policies on the one hand, with functional ‘actual’ outcomes on the other. This combination, which hitherto appeared to be a winning electoral formula, has recently run into difficulties.
Christopher Seton-Watson, the Second World War and Italian liberalism
Authors: Davis John
Published: October 2011

Dunkirk–Alamein–Bologna: Letters and diaries of an artilleryman 1939–1945 (1994) is based on the letters written by Christopher Seton Watson while on active duty as an officer in the Royal Horse Artillery in the Second World War. In this essay, the correspondence provides a platform for exploring first how CSW's wartime experiences coloured his views on Italy and Italian politics, and then the ways in which those views had developed and changed by the time he published his major study of the crisis of Italian liberalism (Italy from liberalism to fascism 1870–1925 (1967).
A state within a state: the role of the church in two Italian political transitions
Authors: Pollard John
Published: October 2011

This article analyses the parallels between the role played by the Church, first during the Crisis of the Liberal State in the early twentieth century and then during the transition from the Christian Democratic regime to the ‘bi-polar’ Second Republic more than 70 years later. It explores both the particular, contingent forces at work in each, and the underlying explanations as to why the Church was able to successfully exploit these two processes of transition in the political history of Italy to its advantage. It concludes by arguing that the experience of these two crises demonstrates that the Church is not only a powerful force in Italian civil society but also effectively ‘a state within a state’ in relation to the functioning of Italy's political structures.
Assembling defenses against therapy-resistant leukemic stem cells: Bcl6 joins the ranks
Authors: Pellicano Francesca , Holyoake Tessa L.
Published: October 2011

The resistance of leukemic stem cells in response to targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) relies on the cooperative activity of multiple signaling pathways and molecules, including TGFβ, AKT, and FOXO transcription factors (TFs). B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a transcriptional repressor whose translocation or mutation is associated with diffuse large BCL. New data now show that BCL6 is critical for the maintenance of leukemias driven by the BCR-ABL translocation (Philadelphia chromosome), suggesting that BCL6 is a novel, targetable member of the complex signaling pathways critical for leukemic stem cell survival.
Spanning and independence properties of frame partitions
Authors: Bodmann Bernhard , Casazza Peter , Paulsen Vern , Speegle Darrin
Published: October 2011

We answer a number of open problems in frame theory concerning the decomposition of frames into linearly independent and/or spanning sets. We prove that Parseval frames with norms bounded away from

1
1

can be decomposed into a number of sets whose complements are spanning, where the number of these sets only depends on the norm bound. Further, we prove a stronger result for Parseval frames whose norms are uniformly small, which shows that in addition to the spanning property, the sets can be chosen to be independent and the complement of each set can contain a number of disjoint, spanning sets.
Comparative Effects of Triflusal, S-Adenosylmethionine, and Dextromethorphan over Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Cámara-Lemarroy Carlos R. , Guzmán-de la Garza Francisco J. , Cordero-Pérez Paula , Alarcón-Galván Gabriela , Torres-Gonzalez Liliana , Muñoz-Espinosa Linda E. , Fernández-Garza Nancy E.
Published: October 2011

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a condition that stimulates an intense inflammatory response. No ideal treatment exists. Triflusal is an antiplatelet salicylate derivative with anti-inflammatory effects. S-adenosylmethionine is a metabolic precursor for glutathione, an endogenous antioxidant. Dextromethorphan is a low-affinity N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor inhibitor. There is evidence that these agents modulate some of the pathways involved in I/R physiopathology. Intestinal I/R was induced in rats by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 60 minutes, followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. Rats either received saline or the drugs studied. At the end of the procedure, serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), malonaldehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined and intestinal morphology analyzed. I/R resulted in tissue damage, serum TNF-alpha and MDA elevations, and depletion of TAC. All drugs showed tissue protection. Only triflusal reduced TNF-alpha levels. All drugs lowered MDA levels, but only triflusal and S-adenosylmethionine maintained the serum TAC.
Activation of Neutrophils by Nanoparticles
Authors: Goncalves David M. , de Liz Rafael , Girard Denis
Published: October 2011

The use of nanoparticles (NPs)hasincreased in the past few years in various fields, including defence, aerospace, electronics, biology, medicine, and so forth. and in applications such as diagnostic technology, bioimaging, and drug/gene delivery. Thus, human exposure to NPs and nanomaterials is unavoidable and will certainly expand in the future resulting in a growing interest in nanotoxicology, the study of toxicity of nanomaterials. A number of studies have reported the effects of NPs in respect to pulmonary inflammation by investigating in vitro activation of pulmonary cells with NPs and in vivo in a variety of models in which neutrophils appear to be the predominant leukocyte cell type in lungs and in bronchoalveolar lavages following inhalation or intratracheal instillation of NPs. Despite the fact that several studies have reported an increased number of neutrophils, the literature dealing with the direct activation ofneutrophils by a given NP ispoorly documented. This paper will summarize the current literature in this latter area of research and will end with a perspective view in which our laboratory will be involved in the following years.
Dual functional octreotide‐modified liposomal irinotecan leads to high therapeutic efficacy for medullary thyroid carcinoma xenografts
Authors: Iwase Yuko , Maitani Yoshie
Published: October 2011

Medullary thyroid carcinoma is a rare endocrine tumor, which shows overexpression of somatostatin receptor subtype 2. There is no systemic therapy for medullary thyroid carcinoma. Previously we reported that octreotide‐PEG liposomes loaded with irinotecan, which target somatostatin receptor subtype 2, showed high therapeutic efficacy for medullary thyroid carcinoma xenografts compared with free irinotecan or non‐targeted non‐PEGylated liposomal irinotecan. In this study, we evaluated octreotide‐PEG liposomes loaded with irinotecan in terms of the biodistribution of irinotecan and its active metabolite, and its therapeutic efficacy, compared with PEGylated liposomes. Furthermore, to elucidate the effect of octreotide ligand after cellular association, we assessed the cytotoxicity in tumor cells and the inhibition of protein phosphorylation in the tumor cells and xenografts using empty octreotide‐PEG liposomes, which were loaded with no drug. In a therapeutic study, octreotide‐PEG liposomes loaded with irinotecan significantly improved median survival compared with PEGylated liposomes. In tumor tissue at 6 h after injection, octreotide‐PEG liposome‐treated mice showed significantly higher concentrations of irinotecan and 7‐ethyl‐10‐hydrocamptothecin compared with PEGylated liposome‐treated mice, indicating that octreotide‐PEG liposomes accumulated rapidly and to a high level in the tumor. Furthermore, empty octreotide‐PEG liposome inhibited the phosphorylation of p70S6K in vitro and in vivo. These findings indicated that octreotide‐PEG liposomal irinotecan has dual functions with targeted tumor delivery and assistance of cellular cytotoxicity, which led to higher therapeutic efficacy than PEGylated liposomes for medullary thyroid carcinoma xenografts. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 310–316)
High CpG island methylator phenotype is associated with lymph node metastasis and prognosis in gastric cancer
Authors: Chen Hua‐Yun , Zhu Bao‐He , Zhang Chang‐Hua , Yang Dong‐Jie , Peng Jian‐Jun , Chen Jian‐Hui , Liu Fa‐Keng , He Yu‐Long
Published: October 2011

Several studies have found that the promoter CpG island is frequently methylated in gastric cancer. The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) defines concordant methylation of multiple promoter CpG island loci in a subset of gastric cancer. However, the relationship between CIMP and lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer is unknown. Our study aimed to characterize the role of CIMP in lymph node metastasis. Clinical specimens from 120 patients were analyzed and PCR was used to detect the methylation status of five genes (ALX4, TMEFF2, CHCHD10, IGFBP3, and NPR1). We measured the level of mRNA for the five genes by real‐time RT‐PCR. Microsatellite instability and Helicobacter pylori infection status were assayed by capillary electrophoresis and real‐time PCR, respectively. DNA methylation in the five genes was correlated with low expression of the respective mRNA. With CIMP as the dependent variable, CIMP‐high gastric cancer tended to show more distant lymph node metastasis, higher pathologic tumor classification, more pathologic metastasis, and higher pathologic TNM status. Microsatellite instability and H. pylori status were not significant predictors of prognosis. CIMP‐high gastric cancer showed significantly worse survival compared with that of CIMP‐low/CIMP‐negative gastric cancer (P < 0.001). Our results show that there is an association between CIMP status and lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer and CIMP‐high was an independent prognostic factor. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 73–79)
Tectonic and climatic control on theLateMessinian sedimentary evolution of theNijarBasin (BeticCordillera,SouthernSpain)
Authors: Omodeo Salé Silvia , Gennari Rocco , Lugli Stefano , Manzi Vinicio , Roveri Marco
Published: October 2011

TheLateMessinian fill of theNijarBasin (BeticCordillera, southeasternSpain) mainly consists of clastic deposits of theFeosFormation that at basin margins rest unconformably above the primary evaporites of theYesaresFormation, the local equivalent of theMediterraneanLowerGypsum. TheFeos Fm. records the upward transition towards non‐marine environments before the abrupt return to fully marine conditions at the base of thePliocene. TheFeos Fm. is clearly two‐phase, with ‘lower’and ‘upper’members, which exhibit substantial differences in terms of facies, thickness, depositional trends and cyclical organization. These members record two distinct sedimentary and tectonic stages ofNijarBasin infilling. A high‐resolution, physical‐stratigraphic framework is proposed based on key beds and stratigraphic cyclicity and patterns that differ largely from those of most previously published studies. The predominant influence on stratigraphic cyclicity is interpreted to be precessionally driven climate changes, allowing their correlation to theLateMessinian astronomically calibrated chronostratigraphic framework. Detailed correlations suggest a phase of enhanced tectonic activity, possibly related to theSerrata‐Carboneras strike‐slip fault zone, during the first stage (‘lower’member), resulting in a strongly articulated topography with structural lows and highs controlling sediment thickness and facies variation. Tectonic activity decreased during the second stage (‘upper’member), which is characterized by (1) a progressively dampened and homogenized, (2) overall relative base‐level rise and (3) gradual establishment of hypohaline environments. Facies characteristics, overall stacking patterns and depositional trends of theFeos Fm. are analogous with uppermostMessinian successions of theNorthernApennines,PiedmontBasin andCalabria. Despite minor differences related to the local geodynamic setting, these basins experienced a commonLateMessinian history that supports the development of a single, largeMediterranean water body characterized by high‐frequency, climatically‐driven changes in sediment flux and base‐level.
TET2 deletions are a recurrent but rare phenomenon in myeloid malignancies and are frequently accompanied by TET2 mutations on the remaining allele
Authors: Bacher Ulrike , Weissmann Sandra , Kohlmann Alexander , Schindela Sonja , Alpermann Tamara , Schnittger Susanne , Kern Wolfgang , Haferlach Torsten , Haferlach Claudia
Published: October 2011

TET2 mutations have been identified in 10–25% of patients with myeloid malignancies, but TET2 gene copy number alterations remain to be evaluated. We performed interphase and metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using newly designed probes that span TET2, in 893 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and chronic myeloid malignancies and validated the new assay by single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Next‐generation sequencing for molecular TET2 mutations was performed in 37/50 del(TET2) patients. We identified TET2 deletions in 50/893 patients (26 males, 24 females; 44–87 years) resulting in a 5·6% frequency [22/425 AML (5·2%), 15/217 chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML; 6·9%), 9/188 myelodysplastic syndromes (4·8%), 4/63 myeloproliferative neoplasms (6·3%)]. Cytogenetic alterations (mostly complex) were detected in 35/50 (70·0%) of del(TET2) cases. TET2 deletions were cytogenetically cryptic in 25/50 (50·0%). Sequencing detected TET2mut in 19/37 (51·4%) del(TET2) cases investigated, predominantly CMML (10/14; 71·4%). In de novo AML with intermediate cytogenetics, presence of any TET2 alteration was related to worse median overall survival (347 d vs. not reached; P = 0·052) and event‐free survival (164 vs. 457 d; P = 0·024). JAK2V617F was found in 6/18 (33·3%) del(TET2) cases analysed. Thus, TET2 haploinsufficiency recurrently occurs in myeloid malignancies, frequently combined with TET2 mutations on the remaining allele. The prognostic impact of del(TET2) in myeloid malignancies should be further evaluated.
The performance of three ordination methods applied to demersal fish data sets: stability and interpretability
Authors: MANJARRÉS‐MARTÍNEZ L. M. , GUTIÉRREZ‐ESTRADA J. C. , HERNANDO J. A. , SORIGUER M. C.
Published: October 2011

Abstract  The performance of robust principal component analysis (RPCA), detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) with two demersal fish data sets were assessed in terms of their stability to bootstrap‐generated sample variation and the method’s ability to reflect a well‐known depth gradient. Stability was assessed for both species and site orderings and configurations, using scaled rank variance (SRV) and Spearman (ρ) and Procrustes correlations (t0). The NMDS site and species orderings showed the highest stability. DCA performed best in terms of site ordination stability, but NMDS performed best in terms of species ordination stability. In terms of matching the expected ecological variation, NMDS was the most sensitive method for the wider‐depth gradient data and DCA was the most sensitive for the narrower‐depth gradient data. According to the sensitivity and informative power criteria associated with the stability assessment, t0 was the best methodological approach for site ordinations, and SRV for species ordinations.