bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data Analytics as Predictor of Character or Virtues, and the Risks to Autonomy
Authors: Weston Harald
Published: July 2020

Can we measure and predict character with predictive analytics so a business can better assess, ideally objectively, whether to lend money or extend credit to that person, beyond current objective measures of credit scores (when available) and standard financial metrics like solvency and debt ratios? We and the analysts probably do not know enough about character to try to measure it, though it might be more useful to measure and predict a person’s temperance and prudence as virtues, or self-control as psychology, or sense of obligation, particularly a moral commitment or sense of duty to honor a contract and re-pay a loan. The pervasive data surveillance of people that goes with “big data” and predictive analytics is not only an invasion of privacy in general, but an impairment of the aspect of privacy called autonomy that will constrict and alter a person’s choices and development of self.
A busca pela cidadania global no ciberespaço: a perspectiva da ética intercultural no conflito israelo-palestino
Authors: Nathansohn Bruno Macedo
Published: July 2020

The following article is a critical reflection on the impact of socio-technical networks of info-communication in the prevailing ethical framework of the underground international conflict environment. It uses the intricate Israeli-Palestinian relationship to outline the reflection. By explicating a cross-cultural ethics, the article attempts to deduce how best to build a global citizenship within a conflict relationship. To accomplish the task, it analyses two political resistance groups, the Gush Emunim, and Hamas, both groups being directly dedicated to conflict, Hamas for the Palestinian side, and the Gush Emunim for the Israeli side, where both sides share the same concerns, namely citizenship and participation in the global cyberspace community.
Walter Benjamin’s Concept of History and the plague of post-truth
Authors: Schneider Marco , Pimenta Ricardo M.
Published: July 2020

Tomas Aquinas defined truth as the correspondence between things and understanding. Castro Alves paints the horror of the slave nautical traffic. In his essay On the Concept of History, Walter Benjamin reminds us: “The tradition of the oppressed teaches us that the ‘emergency situation’ in which we live is the rule.” This ‘emergency situation’ was Fascism. Albert Camus defended his romance La Peste against the accusation of Roland Barthes that is was “dehors de l’histoire”, pointing out that it was not only about the recent historical phenomenon of Fascism, but also about the permanent risk of its rebirth. Agnes Heller associates faith with prejudice and alienation. The following article will explore the Thomist concept of truth, Benjamin’s concept of history, Camus’ allegory of the plague, Agnes Heller’s notion of faith and Castro Alves’ powerful denouncement of slave traffic, to better criticize the phenomenon of post-truth, a rebirth of fascist information practices.
Student Centeredness as Innovation
Authors: Ipperciel Donald
Published: July 2020

This article explores how a focus on ‘student centeredness’ can lead to ‘innovation’ and how innovation can enhance student centeredness. Putting students at the centre of all considerations can unleash their creative and innovative potential. And recent innovations have made it easier to make students the focal point of service delivery. After a description of what we understand under these two guiding concepts, a case study is presented in which an AI-powered Student Virtual Assistant was developed at York University in Toronto, Canada. All steps of the product creation, including envisioning, designing, prototyping, and evaluating are described, as well as the following steps involving maintenance and expansion.
Trust and Reputation in the Sharing Economy: Toward a Peer-to-Peer Ethics
Authors: Hongladarom Soraj
Published: July 2020

The sharing economy and peer-to-peer business relationships using information technology has become moreimportant in today’s world. For the sharing economy to work, however, trust and reputation are cruciallyimportant. I argue that the gathering of personal data needs to be accompanied by safeguards providing aguarantee of privacy rights. This argument will be based on a sketch of a theory called ‘peer-to-peer ethics.’Basically, the idea is that what constitutes the ground for normativity is something that is agreed upon byeveryone involved. In short, what is considered to be ‘good’ is whatever contributes to bringing about thedesired goal of the community. This is a very familiar and ancient view on normative concepts, but, as I argue,one that deserves to be taken seriously especially as we enter into an intricately globalized world of ethicswhere worldviews clash with one another.
Technological Displacement and the Duty to Increase Living Standards: from Left to Right
Authors: Nye Howard
Published: July 2020

Many economists have argued convincingly that automated systems employing present-day artificial intelligence have already caused massive technological displacement, which has led to stagnant real wages, fewer middle- income jobs, and increased economic inequality in developed countries like Canada and the United States. To address this problem various individuals have proposed measures to increase workers’ living standards, including the adoption of a universal basic income, increased public investment in education, increased minimum wages, increased worker control of firms, and investment in a Green New Deal that will provide substantial employment in transitioning to green energy, buildings, and agriculture. In this paper I argue that both left-wing and right-wing positions in political philosophy, such as John Rawls’s Justice as Fairness and Robert Nozick’s Entitlement Theory, are committed to the conclusion that we should take political action to counteract the effects of technological displacement by undertaking such measures to increase workers’ living standards.
Detection of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B from Antibiotic- Associated Diarrhea and Colitis in Iraqi children, by ELISA Test
Authors: Mahdi Luma Yousif
Published: July 2020

This study focuses on diagnosis of Clostridium difficile causing Antibiotic – Associated diarrhea and colitis by Elisa method and to detect of C. difficile Toxin A and B in stool samples by Elisa test. Two hundred forty (240) stool samples were collected from children suffering from antibiotic- associated diarrhea and Colitis cases at ages from after birth to 15 years old from Baghdad hospitals. Samples were taken during the period of first of June 2013 until the end of April 2014. In addition to that 80 samples from healthy children of the same age and sex as a control group. Clostridium difficile Toxin A and B in stool samples were detected. Results of this study indicated that females were more infected than males. Overall positivity was 21.25% in present studied group compared to controls (P<0.05). In conclusion, the majority percent from age <1year 15% and this percent decreased with the advance in age.
Relations between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Anemia from Hookworms Parasites
Authors: AL Jabbar Attawi Jamal A.
Published: July 2020

This research aimed at identifying the relationship of iron-deficiency anemia caused by insufficient dietary intake and the iron-deficiency anemia caused by parasitic worms such as hookworms. Whole blood was drawn from 40 specimens; 20 males and 20 females, normal healthy controls with age ranges 8-50 year. Blood samples were collected from 80 patients with symptoms of anemia, with age range from 10-50 year. After fecal examination, they were divided into two groups: Group one, iron-deficiency anemia with non-parasitic; and group two, iron-deficiency anemia with parasitic. Blood samples were divided into two container, one for the hemoglobin, other for serum ferritin and elements of iron, zinc in tubes without anticoagulants. Results demonstrated a significant decrease in the levels of serum iron, serum ferritin, and hemoglobin in male and female patients (in group one without parasitic worms) as compared with control groups. Furthermore (in two groups with and without parasitic worms), a significant decrease in the level of serum zinc in male and female patients as compared with control group. A significant decrease in the levels of serum iron, ferritin and hemoglobin were observed in male and female patients with iron-deficiency anemia caused by parasitic hookworms compared with control group. The worm burden was classified as light, moderate and heavy as estimated by egg counts per gram of faeces, so results showed the median increase with developing of iron deficiency anemia from parasitic hookworms.
Isolation of Pigeonpox Virus from Severe Infection of Pigeons in Diyala province: Virological and Histopathological Study
Authors: Al-Ajeeli Karim S.
Published: July 2020

Pigeonpox virus was isolated from severe cases of avipoxvirus infection affecting 64 pigeons in Ba'aquba of Diyala governarate. The virus grew well on chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos of 11-12 days old, and produced typical pock lesions. Histopathological sections of infected tissue samples revealed typical pox lesions. The virus was identified as Pigeonpox virus using of specific hyper immune serum and indirect immuno-flourescent and indirect immuno-peroxidase tests. The virus agglutinated RBCs of pigeon, fowl, turkey and duck. Experimental infection in pigeons produced moderate infection as compared to the diseased birds, while in chicken the virus produced mild infection.
Efficacy of Bacteriocin Extracted from Lactobacillus acidophilus (LAK) against Bacillus cereus in cow raw milk
Authors: Ali Thikra M.
Published: July 2020

Fifty seven out of ninety bovine milk samples were collected from different areas inside and nearby Baghdad which were positive for Bacillus cereus. The isolates were checked on chromogenic Bacillus cereus agar which was specific for detection of B. cereus colonies. The colony appearance, gram stain, spore stain and oxidase lipase monitol catalase tests were carried out to identify this bacterium. Bacteriocin extracted from Lactobacillus acidophilus was used as a tool to control the growth of undesirable B. cereus growth as spoilage and pathogenic bacteria as well as to keep the food more acceptable and safe to consumer. The results of this study showed that bacteriocin (LAK) had 8 a bactericidal effect against B. cereus in refrigeration and room temperatures at pH 4, 7 and 9, respectively. High potency of bacteriocin (LAK) was confirmed by minimum inhibitory concentration at 30, 60 and 120 minutes. It was found that the zone of inhibition of B. cereus by bacteriocin at 4°C and pH 7 was 26 mm. The present study revealed that bacteriocin was highly effective against locally isolated B. cereus.
Effect of injection hatching eggs with Newcastle disease vaccine and different doses of vitamin E on some productive traits and immune response of broilers
Authors: Abdulwahid Mushtaq T.
Published: July 2020

This study aimed to investigate the effects of injection hatching eggs with different doses of vitamin E on productive traits, some physiological and immune response to Newcastle disease vaccine. Two hundred fertile eggs of broiler breeder Ross (308) strain were incubated in automatic incubator machine after divided into four treatments (50 eggs per treatment) with two replicates. First treatment was injected 0.1ml/egg of phosphate buffer sterile into amniotic fluid at day 18th of incubation which it was considered as control group, second treatment was injected with 0.1ml/egg of inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine, third treatment was injected with 0.1ml/egg of inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine and 0.1 ml/egg of vitamin E, fourth treatment was injected with 0.1ml/egg of inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine and 0.15 ml/egg of vitamin E. All injected eggs were carried back into incubator for complete hatching process. Hatched chicks were transferred to the hall in farm of the Veterinary Medicine College/University of Baghdad; therefore, the chicks were distributed into four treatments with two replicates depending on the previously treated groups until fifth week of age. The results revealed that the treated groups with vitamin E were significantly (P≤0.05) increased in hatchability percentage, body weight, weight gain, as well as significant reduce in feed intake and improvement in feed conversion ratio as compared with second group and control, the results of third group showed significantly increased (P≤0.05) in antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus at aged (21 and 35) day as compared with the other treated groups and control.
Selenium levels in clinically healthy Iraqi stray cats in Baghdad city
Authors: AL-Dulimy Wasan A. Gharbi
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to measure the selenium level in the stray cats of both sexes. Blood samples were collected from forty four male and female stray cats from different places in Baghdad city for the estimation of selenium level. The results showed that the lowest value was 1.646 μmol/L (0.13 μg/ml (ppm)) and the highest value was 3.798 μmol/L (0.3 μg/ml (ppm)) with a mean value ± Standard Error of 2.526 μmol/L ± 0.091 (0.1995 μg/ml (ppm)± 0.007). The range in males and females was 1.646 -  3.798 μmol/L (0.13 - 0.3 μg/ml (ppm)) and 2.405 -  3.798 μmol/L (0.19 - 0.3 μg/ml (ppm)), respectively with a mean 2.45 μmol/L ± 0.108 (0.194 μg/ml (ppm)± 0.009) and 2.785 μmol/L ± 0.137 (0.22 μg/ml (ppm)± 0.011) for males and females respectively .There were no significant differences between sexes under level (P≤ 0.05). The selenium concentration in blood of local Iraqi cats was within the international lowest limit  of these ranges.
Effect of L-Carnitine and Niacin addition on some blood parameters of fry Common Carp Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Al-Muslimawi N. A. M.
Published: July 2020

The present study was conducted in order to focus on the effect of the addition of Carnitine and Niacin on some blood serum parameters of Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio. 48 fish carp mean weight 44.13 gm were distributed randomly on four feeding treatments (12 fish each) with replicates (6 fish each) in 8 glass aquaria. Treatments were as follows: fish were fed on basic diet without any addition and conducted as control (T1); addition of 200 mg Carnitine/ Kg diet, (T2) addition of 28 mg Niacin/Kg diet (T3), addition of a mixture of 200 mg Carnitine and 28 mg Niacin/ Kg diet as (T4). The experiment was conducted for 70 days and the results showed an increase in the Cholesterol concentration of T1 (187.6 mg/ 100 ml) and differed significantly (P<0.05) from T2 (163.95 mg / 100 ml), T3 (157.6 mg/ 100 ml) and T4 (162.43 mg / 100 ml) where they did not differ between them. Total protein Serum concentrations of T2 (5.11 mg/ dl), T3 (5.00 mg / dl) and T4 (5.07mg/dl) were not differ significantly but all differed significantly (P≤0.05) with T1 (4.07mg/ dl). Conclusion showed that fish fed on (200 mg Carnitine and 28 mg Niacin) had low serum cholesterol concentrations and high serum total protein
Role of acellular bovine urinary bladder submucosa on skin wound healing in Iraqi goats
Authors: AL-Bayati Ahmed H. F.
Published: July 2020

This study is designed to assess the effectiveness of bovine urinary bladder submucosa on healing of cutaneous wound in Iraqi goats. A 32 (2X2) cm of full-thickness cutaneous wounds were induced in eight goats, two on each side of the lateral thoracic region. The wounds were divided into two equal groups (16 wounds/ group); treatment group included the wounds on the right side which were treated by covering the wound beds with strips of acellular sterilized bovine urinary bladder matrix. While, the wounds on the left side were left without any treatment (control group). The results were evaluated clinically (along) and histopathologically on 7, 14, 21, and 35 days post-inducing of wounds. The clinical evaluation of treated wounds showed that the wound healing process contraction%, re-epithelization % and total wound healing % were P<0.05 significantly than that of control wounds at 35 days of the study. The histopathological results confirmed that urinary bladder matrix treated wounds have enhanced cellularity, increased vasculature, thick and large granulation tissue suggesting enhanced cutaneous healing, than those in untreated wounds. Depending on the clinical and histopathological findings, this study concluded that a cellular bovine urinary bladder matrix play an important role in stimulation of cutaneous wound healing of goats without signs of immuno-rejection.
The protective role of Pomegranate seed oil (Pometone) on serum protein in sodium fluoride treated female rats
Authors: Al-Okaily Baraa Najim
Published: July 2020

This study is designed to determin the protective role of pomegranate seed oil against deleterious effect induced by sodium fluoride on serum proteins in rats. Forty (40) adult female rats were randomly divided into four equal group (10/group) and treated daily for 40 days as following: Group C administered distilled water (control), group T1 received sodium fluoride 120 ppm/liter in drinking water, group T2 received both sodium fluoride 120 ppm/liter in drinking water and Pometone 30 mg/kg B.w. orally and group T3 administered Pometone 30 mg/kg B.w. orally. Fasting blood samples were collected at 0, 20 and 40 days of the experimental periods and serum samples were aliquoted for estimation serum total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations. Also, protein electrophoresis was measured. The results revealed that sodium fluoride caused significant reduction in serum total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations, in addition to changes in the patterns of serum protein fractions % (albumin, α1-globulin, α2-globulin, β-globulin and γ-globulin) as compared with control rats. In conclusion Pomegranate seed oil caused elevation of proteins concentration as compared to group T1 and could potentially be beneficial in preventing the hepatic damage caused by sodium fluoride.
Molecular detection of lumpy skin disease virus in cattle by polymerase chain reaction in Iraq
Authors: Mhemid Khitam Mahdi
Published: July 2020

This study is conducted to detect lumpy skin disease virus in Babylon, Al-Qadysia and Al-Muthana governorate during autumn 2014 using conventional polymerase chain reaction. A total of 150 specimens: 50 whole blood samples, 50 skin nodular biopsies and 50 tick samples were collected from infected animals of different breeds, genders and ages during lumpy skin disease outbreak. The results revealed that 104 cases (69.33%) were positive for lumpy skin disease virus by using polymerase chain reaction, with significant (P<0.05) differences between positive and negative cases. Out of 50 blood samples, 22 cases (44%) were positive for lumpy skin disease virus. The nodular skin samples collected from slaughtered animals showed 36 positive cases (72%), whereas 46 tick samples (92%) were positive for the disease, with significant (P<0.05) difference among them. According to gender, the finding showed significant results of lumpy skin disease in females (78.78%). It was recorded that higher percentage of positive cases was found in Friesian cattle (100%), crossbreed (73.58%) while native breed was (50.76%) with significant (P<0.05) difference among them. Regarding age groups, the results showed that all ages were susceptible to lumpy skin disease and significantly not different.
A comparative histological study of ceca and rectum in common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and white-eared bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis) according to their food type
Authors: Khaleal Iman mousa
Published: July 2020

The present study is designed to investigate the histological structure of large intestine of two species of Iraqi birds which belong to two different orders which vary in their kinds of food. Adult birds common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) that belong to carnivorous and white-eared bulbul (Pycnonotus leucotis) which belongs to omnivorous. This study was carried on 10 birds (5 common kestrel and 5 white-eared bulbul) used for histological study of the ceca and rectum in the two species of birds that include the determination of ceca and rectum, measurements of height columnar cells, villus height, and the thickness of wall tunics. Different types of stains were used including Haematoxylin and Eosin as well as special stains including Periodic Acid Schiff, Alcian blue- Periodic Acid Schiff and Van Gieson. The present result revealed   that the ceca was lymphoid type and the wall of the ceca consisted of mucosa, muscularis externa and serosa whereas the submucosa was absent in the two studied birds. The mucosa in ceca was formed by along villi, with different shapes at the proximal part of the ceca while in the middle parte it changed into folds or mounds like which were flat mucosa in the proximal part of the ceca in the two studied birds. The mucosa of ceca was lined by simple columnar cells with brush border and goblet cells; this epithelium extended to line the crypts of lieberkuhn in the bases of villi and folds. While the rectum appeared as muscular tube which consist of four basic of the digestive tract tunics; tunica mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa. The mucosa was covered by simple columnar cells with brush border and numerous goblet cells that continue to line the crypts of lieberkuhn located between the villi and that which occupied the lamina propria.
The combined effect of bacteriocin-producing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-ATCC and Lactoperoxidase system activation on microbiological quality of raw milk with special emphasis against E.coli O157:H7 in milk
Authors: Najim Najim Hadi
Published: July 2020

Isolates of Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli O157:H7 were isolated from 51 and 41 of locally produced bovine and ovine soft cheese samples. Their identification were confirmed based on the biochemical reactions and both the morphological cultural and serological properties. Presumptive E.coli O157:H7 isolates obtained by using the conventional selective plating on the chromogenic agar were tested further for the presence of both O157 and H7 antigenes using the latex agglutination test antisera. The current microbiological studies revealed that 31 (33.70 %) out of 92 bovine and ovine soft cheese samples were positive for E.coli O157:H7. The highest non significant (P>0.05) prevalence level of E.coli O157:H7 was found in the ewe᾿s soft cheese samples (36.59 %) followed by cow᾿s soft cheese samples (31.37 %). Agar well diffusion bioassay method was used for measuring the antibacterial activity of the crude bacteriocin that was produced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-ATCC against Escherichia coli and the closely related sensitive strains such as L.acidophilus LA-K and L.acidophilus ROO52. The crude bacteriocin that was produced by the L.rhamnosus GG-TACC exhibited significantly (P<0.05) the highest antibacterial potency (100 %) against both the closely related strains of lactobacilli and the stressed E.coli O157:H7 by the activation of the LPS. The activation of the natural LPS of inoculated pasteurized milk had significantly (P<0.05) influenced the inactivation degree of the crude bacteriocin against E.coli O157:H7. There was a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the viable counts of stressed E.coli O157:H7 after each exposure time period (6, 24 and 48 hrs.) to the crude bacteriocin at room storage temperature. An overall conclusion on the basis of the current results pointed  out  that complete  elimination of viable bacterial cells was not achieved  neither  in  the stabilized milk (Activation of LPS) nor after  subjecting  the stabilized  milk to the action of the crude bacteriocin produced by L.rhamnosus GG-ATCC at room storage temperature.
Morphometrical Study of human neonatal cerebral cortex (Age of 28 day)
Authors: Hameed Bader K.
Published: July 2020

The character and timing of gyral and sulci development is one manifestation of the complex orchestration of human brain development. This work describes the morphometry and thickness measurement of human neonate cerebral cortex at age of 28 days. Four Brains samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin for 24 hrs. Slides from various brain regions were prepared and routine hamatoxylin and eosine staining procedure was applied using histological technique. The present results clarify that the brain mean measurement from the frontal to the occipital pole was 189.6 mm, while the measurements of the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital cortices were 4.06, 3.84, 3.48 and 3.68 mm, respectively.
Effect of magnetically treated water on enzymes and total protein in seminal plasma of Holstein bulls born in Iraq
Authors: AL-Badry Kreem Iwaid
Published: July 2020

Some enzymes of seminal plasma such as, Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, Glutamic Pyruvic transaminase, Acid phosphatase and Alkaline phosphatase are essential for metabolic processes which provide energy for viability, motility and fertility of spermatozoa. These enzymes are used as good indicators of semen quality as they measure the plasma membrane stability of spermatozoa, so the aims of study are to estimate the enzymes level and total protein in seminal plasma of Holstein bulls. In present the available knowledge there is no study in Iraq regarding the effect of using magnetically treated water on enzymes and total protein in seminal plasma of Holstein bulls born in Iraq to improve the Artificial Insemination programs. Sixteen bulls were divided equally into two groups depending on their age. Young (17-19 months) and adult (29-32 months), then randomly distributed into two equal sub groups (control and treatment) through February until June months. Treatment group was given magnetically treated water which passed through magnetic device with strength of 2000 gauss; control group was given normal water without magnetism. Results show that there is a monthly variation in levels of enzymes, in the group drinking magnetic water effect significantly (P<0.05), all enzymes of seminal plasma of Holstein bulls in Iraq, with no effect on total protein.
Ultrasonic estimation of gestation age in goats via placentomes diameter
Authors: Rasheed Yaseen Mahmood
Published: July 2020

The aim of the present study is to establish the relationship between gestational age and placentome measurement via real-time ultrasound. This study is conducted in the college of Veterinary Medicine at Diyala University. Seventeen multiparous does were synchronized for estrus and naturally served to obtain pregnancy and subsequently scanned using both transducers. Ultrasonic (U.S) examination was performed transabdominally (TA) with sector-probe (5MHz) and transrectally (TR) with linear-probe (7.5MHz), in 10 day interval done started from day 35-135 post mating. The placentome was observed for the first time on day 35 by using TR ultrasonic examination (7.5MHz) linear transducer, as echogenic densities on the surface of endometrium. The results showed a significant increased (P≤0.05) in placentomes growth with gestation age. The placentome diameter (PD) reached maximized size around days 126 (39.6±2.37mm). Also, the results indicated significant difference between placentome diameter (PD) size in single and twin-pregnant does at (P≤0.05). The average of PD size in the single and twin-pregnant does was, respectively, 7.5±0.41mm and 9.2±0.74 mm at the day 35 and 45 of gestation. The maximal size of PD was 39.2±2.50mm in singleton-bearing does during 116-125 day and 41.0±2.19 mm in twin-bearing does during 126-135 day of gestation. In conclusion, the determination of gestation age according to placentome measurement was not reliable after day 90. Also, the use of 7.5 MHz linear array transducer for TR examination was found to be efficient, for early recognition of placentomes starting point from 35 days of gestation, as well as, the larger placentomes are expected in twins-bearing does.
Aortic arch in rabbits: Morophological and Histological study
Authors: Al-Abdula Maha Abdul-Hadi Abdul-Rida
Published: July 2020

The study aimed to investigate the morphological and histological variations of the aortic arch of local breed rabbits (Oryctylagus conniculus). Nine adult local rabbits were obtained to study the aortic arch (four animals for corrosion cast technique, two injected with colored latex and three for histological study). All the rabbits were euthanized and exsanguinatd, for the cast of the aortic arch they injected by self polymerizing resin via the left ventricle of the heart and the specimens were macerated in (KOH %25) for two weeks and the cast of the aortic arch were prepared. Two main branches were identified from aortic arch (except in one cadaver has three branches). The brachiocephalic trunk firstly and the left subclavian artery, the two common carotid artery (right and left) and the right subclavian artery arising from brachiocephalic trunk, the right and left subclavian arteries gave the same branches (double vertebral arteries, costocervical trunk, cervical profound artery, internal thoracic artery, external thoracic artery, superficial cervical artery and continuous as axillary artery). Histologically the wall of the aortic arch is consist of three layers from internal to external: tunica intima, it's the thinnest layer (1±0.166) µm, tunica media, it's the thickest layer (12±0.0149)µm and tunica adventitia, the thickness of this layer is (5±0.166)µm. Tunica intima consisted of single layer of endothelial cells, tunica media consisted of numerous elastic lamina in a circular arrangement and the tunica adventitia was consisted of connective tissue, smooth muscle fibers, collagen fibers, few elastic fibers, fibroblast cells, and mast cells vasavasorum. The aortic arch has a large diameter (98±0.2019)µm and thickness of the wall is (18±0.0282)µm to convey the high blood pressure in aortic arch. In conclusion, there was a variation in the branches of the aortic arch in different species of animals when the results compared with other studies and also, the diameter, thickness of the wall of aortic arch varies from one animal to another.
Protective effect of cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide against experimental mastitis induced by Cryptococcus neoformans infection in goats
Authors: Mahdi Nidhal R.
Published: July 2020

The present study investigated the effect of synthetic non-methylated oligonucleotides containing Cytosine-phosphate-guanosine dinucleotides (Cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide) on caprine mastitis with Heat Killed Cryptococcus neoformans Ag. 20 healthy local breed does were used with weight ranging of 25-30 Kg and free of mastitis by examination via California Mastitis Test and Somatic Cell Count. The does were allotted into four equal groups, the first group (G1) was treated intramammary with 100μg/kg of Cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxy nucleotide on fifth day postpartum in the right mammary gland while the left mammary gland served as control and were infused with sterile phosphate buffered saline. On day 8 postpartum repeat dosages of Cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide and phosphate buffered saline were infused respectively. On day 9 pp the right mammary gland was infused with 2ml of 2x108 cell/ml of Heat Killed Cryptococcus neoformans Ag. The second group (G2) was infused at day 9 postpartum with 2ml of 2x108 cell/ml of Heat Killed Cryptococcus neoformans Ag in the right mammary gland only. The third group (G3) was left until the challenge test done after one week of immunization in the G1 and G2, by inoculation of 2ml of 5x106 viable C. neoformans in the right mammary gland. The fourth group (G4) was kept as a control receiving 2ml of sterile PBS. Blood samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days of the study, to determine the antibody titer by passive haemagglutination assay, while the cell mediated immunity was evaluated by detecting the goat Interferon Gamma by ELISA test and Phagocytic index. Also the cell mediated immunity was determined by delayed type hypersensitivity test after 21 days of immunization. The results showed a significant variation (P≤0.05) between vaccinated groups (G1 and G2) and the control. However, there was a significant increase (P≤0.05) of skin thickness shown after 48 hrs in the G1compared to G2. High level of Interferon Gamma concentration was noticed in the G1 as compared with other groups. Moreover, cell mediated immunity developed effectively in the G1 which was noted by a significant increase (P≤0.05) of phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear cells. The high level of antibody titer was observed in the G1 as compared with other groups. In conclusion: These results suggest that vaccination with Cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide plus Heat Killed Cryptococcus neoformans Ag intramammary lead to a good protection of caprine mammary glands against C. neoformans mastitis.
Determination the causative strain for hydatid cyst in Iraqi cattle by using ND1 gene
Authors: Muhaidi Mohammed J.
Published: July 2020

Hydatid Cysts were obtained from 15 cows from liver, lung, spleen, heart, and peritoneal cavity, between December 2014 and October 2015. Hydatid cysts (protoscoleces) were used for deoxyribonucleic acid extraction by using mechanical grinder. The purification of mtDNA was done by (promega kit, USA). The mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) genes was used as targets for polymerase chain reaction amplification, all hydatid cysts yielded amplification products. Polymerase chain reaction product for NADH1 800 basic pair. The polymerase chain reaction products were purified and partial sequences were generated. The sequences obtained were found to align with corresponding region for ND1 gene in the Gene Bank nucleotide database confirming to genotype of sheep strain (G1) in Iraq, Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequence data from ND1 genes for obtained Phylogenetic tree. G1 genotype was the most common taxon and the actual source of infection of Iraqi's cattle. All of 15 strains were G1 genotype (sheep strain) based on the partial sequences of NADH dehydrogenase 1 (ND1).
Immune response interaction of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Eimeria tenella
Authors: Al –Samrraee Ikram Abbas Aboud
Published: July 2020

This study aimed to investigate the immune responses (Cellular and humoral) to Klebsiella pneumoniae and Eimeria tenella by using Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Test (Skin Test) and Tube Agglutination Test in sixteen local breed rabbits. Animals were divided into four equal groups; First group was immunized subcutaneously with 1 ml (1000 µg/ml) of sonicated Eimeria tenella oocysts –SETO-ET), second group was immunized subcutaneously with 1 ml (1000 µg/ml) of sonicated Whole Cells Klebsiella pneumoniae antigen –SKWC-KP), third group was immunized subcutaneously with 1 ml (500 µg/ml of sonicated Eimeria tenella –SETO-ET and 500 µg/ml SKWC-KP). The fourth control group was injected subcutaneously by 1 ml of phosphate buffer saline. After 14 days all groups were given a booster dose at the same dose above. Results of Delayed type hypersensitivity showed that the third group had a high significant (P≤ 0.05) skin test reaction of Erythema and induration compared to the first and second groups after 24, 48 and 72 hours. Also, that was synchronized with the increased titers of antibodies, which increase to peak (720 ± 201.32) compared with the first group (200 ± 40.00) and second group (360 ± 100.66) after 35 days. This is the first study about the synergistic immune response interaction between Klebsiella pneumoniae and Eimeria tenella antigens in Iraq.
Cytotoxic effect of green tea leaf extract on tumor cell line
Authors: Ahmed Manhal F.
Published: July 2020

The study was conducted to evaluate antitumor effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extracts (aqueous and methanolic) on Rhabdomyosarcoma; cell line and a normal cell line; mouse embryo fibroblast; Chemical detections of green tea extracts revealed that the aqueous and methanolic extracts were positive for flavonoids, alkaloids, phenol and glycosides. The percentage growth inhibition of five plant concentrations (50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 µg/ml) were assessed in vitro using tumor cell lines Rhabdomyosarcoma and normal cell line mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The results revealed that the five concentrations of the plant extracts showed anti-tumor properties in a concentration-dependent manner, and the methanolic extract recorded better values of percentage growth inhibition than the aqueous extract in Rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, while, less percentage growth inhibition values were recorded in the mouse embryo fibroblast cell line.
Deltamethrin residues in imported and locally produced butter, cream and soft cheese in the south of Baghdad city
Authors: Ali Amel Hussein
Published: July 2020

A total of 40 imported cream, butter, cheese and yoghurt samples were collected randomly at weekly intervals (1samples/ product/ week) from various supermarkets inside the Baghdad province during the summer period. A total of 84 samples of locally produced cream, Butter, soft cheese and yoghurt that belonged to buffaloes, cows and ewes were collected randomly at weekly intervals (1 sample/ product/ week) from three different townships (Al-mahmudiyah, Al-Rasheed and Al-latifiyah) and were examined on two periods, the first was the period that extended from the beginning of September to the end of November 2015 while the second was the period that extended from the beginning of January to the end of march 2016. Besides that 12 Buffalos̓ raw whole and skimmed milk samples (6 samples each) and 6 samples of locally produced ewes̓ ghee (Samna) were examined during the summer period. Each dairy product sample was tested for the occurrence of Deltamethrin residues by using the High Performers liquid Chromotography and for fat content by using Gerber method. From the obtained results, data revealed that all of the imported cheese, cream and butter samples were 100% positive and yoghurt samples were 60% positive for the occurrence of Deltamethrin residues during the summer season. The results of this study established the statistically significant (P<0.05) influence of the season on the concentrations of the Deltamethrin residues in all of the examined locally produced dairy products where it was found that each of the 7 locally produced dairy products samples (6 samples/ each product) had significantly (P<0.05) higher concentrations of Deltamethrin residues in summer than in winter seasons. All the examined locally produced dairy products except yoghurt during the summer season presented high contamination levels with Deltamethrin residues and were 100% above the Maximum Residue Limits of 0.05 ppm that recommended by the WHO, FAO and European legislation.
Gross and histopathological study on common carp Cyprinus carpio L. diseases in rearing culturing ponds in Kirkuk Province – Iraq
Authors: Al-Mahmood Saevan Saad
Published: July 2020

The present study aimed to investigate the infection ratio and pathological lesions in common carp fish in Kirkuk province. To achieve these goals, a survey study was conducted from 01/12/2015 to 01/04/2016. Results of the survey study showed that the infection ratio of acidity and alkalinity of pond’s water 27.88% (46/165), bacterial kidney infection 20% (33/165), water mold (saprolegniasis) 12.12% (20/165), spring viremia of common carp 11.52% (19/165), Coccidiosis 11.52% (19/165), fungal gill rot infection 7.27% (12/165), hemorrhagic septicemia 6.67% (11/165) and enteric parasite infection 3.03% (3/165). Pathological study showed that lesions in acidic and alkaline of pond’s water consisted from necrosis with sloughing of scales and intestinal mucinous degeneration as well as necrosis of intestinal villi. In bacterial kidney infection lesion consist of diphtheric membrane cover abdominal cavity and presence of microorganisms in renal cortex and medulla. In Saprolegnia sp. infection the pathognomic lesions were recorded which consist from fungal hyphae extended from fish body into water. In spring viremia of common carp lesions consist from exophthalmia and pinpoint hemorrhage on fish body with presence of pseudodiphtheric membrane associated with hemorrhagic exudate as well as extensive necrosis of intestinal villi. In Eimeria sp. infection lesions composed from presence of infective stages of coccidian parasites in enterocytes. In fungal gill rot infection the mosaic appearance lesion was observed consisted from necrotic area (white color) and health area (red color). In hemorrhagic septicemia infection lesions consist from ulcers surrounded by areas of hyperemia with extensive necrosis of intestinal lining. In enteric parasites infection we noted presence of large numbers of worms in intestinal lumen, also there is nodule in intestinal mucosa contain nematods of 2 cm in length, in other cases there is presence of worms inserted in intestinal mucosa of 30 cm length covered with fibrous membrane. It concluded from this study that the infection ratio with different diseases in common carp varied in compared with other countries and depends upon changes in climate and breeding habits as well as the gross and microscopic lesions are identical to that recorded worldwide.
Morphological and histomorphometrical study of the Sacculus rotundus at different postnatal ages in indigenous rabbit
Authors: Al-Haaik A. G.
Published: July 2020

Current investigation was carried out to explore structural developmental changes of the acculus rotundus in indigenous rabbits at different postnatal ages. To conduct that, morphological, histological and morphometrical approaches were employed on 24 rabbits at ages one, ten, fifteen and forty days. The findings indicated that in one day kits, the Sacculus rotundus cannot recognized with the naked eye but in the next advanced ages it appeared as expanded pear-like structure situated at the end of ileum. It opened into the 2nd gyrus at the base of cecum by saccorotundocecal orifice. Because it extends for 1-2 millimeters inside the lumen of the cecum, an annular ridge formed encircles the site of this opening. Length and width of SR was increased significantly by age progression. The main four layers of the alimentary canal were presented in the wall structure of Sacculus rotundus but with apparent variations in its structural constituents and dimensions. Two types of epithelia were recognized in its mucosa, villus epithelium and follicular associated epithelium. The lamina propria was very thick and full of well-developed nodular and diffuse lymphoid tissue alongside the whole circumference of its wall even in the newly born kits. In conclusion, the SR might be considered as primary lymphoid organ in rabbit.
Study the ultrastructure changes in the liver of mice post infection with Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Ibrahim Zainab I.
Published: July 2020

Listeria monocytogenes has important medical health infection in human and animals. The present study aimed to investigate the significant ultrastructure changes occurred in liver post-infection by pathogenic strain of Listeria monocytogenes. Twenty-six mice of both sexes divided into two groups; 1st group (n=21) infected with 0.2 ml (2x109 CFU/ml) of Listeria monocytogenes I/P and 2nd group (n=5) served as negative control group, all animal of both groups sacrificed at 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours post infection (7 mice for each time of infected group). The histopathology of liver tissues post infection revealed degenerative changes and severe necrosis in hepatic lobules exclusively at 6 and 24 hours also there were significant ultrastructure changes of hepatocytes; degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes appeared at 2 hours post infection.
Effect of Anti-Riboflavin factor in the residues of the tomato paste industry on the Physiological and Biochemical traits of broilers
Authors: Rzuqi Maha A.
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of anti-riboflavin factor in dried tomato seed meal on some physiological and biochemical traits of broiler. This study was conducted at the poultry farm of the Veterinary Medicine College at Baghdad University. A total of (150 broiler chicks) were used in this study for 56 days. The chicks were randomly distributed into five treated groups, 30 chicks for each period. Chicks at the age of 3 days were fed Ad libitum during the whole period and dried tomato seed meal was added to the diets of birds at the concentration of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% respectively. The results revealed that dietary supplementation with different levels of dried tomato seed meal resulted in a significant (P≤0.05) improvement regarding physiological and health traits. Also, adding 10.0% of dried tomato seed meal was the best among the other dietary supplementation levels of tomato seed meal. No signs of riboflavin deficiency appeared on broiler chicks.
Evaluation of interleukins (2, 6 and 8) in immunized white rats by Salmonella enterica subspecies typhimurium and Cryptococcus neoformans antigens
Authors: AL-Samarraae Ikram A. A.
Published: July 2020

This study was designed to evaluate the levels of interleukins (2, 6 and 8) in immunized white  rats by killed whole cell antigens of Salmonella enterica subspecies typhimurium and sonicated Cryptococcus neoformans, and using  ELISA in day 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 after immunization one hundred white rats of both sexes divided into five groups (20 rats for each). The first group was immunized by killed whole cell antigens of Salmonella enterica subspecies typhimurium (9× 108 CFU /ml) and sonicated Cryptococcus neoformans (1000 µg/ml), The second was immunized by killed whole cell antigens of Salmonella enterica subspecies typhimurium (9× 108 CFU /ml) and sonicated Cryptococcus neoformans (500 µg/ml). The third was immunized by killed whole cell antigens of Salmonella enterica subspecies typhimurium (9× 108 CFU /ml) as positive control group, The fourth was injected 1 ml of phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.2) as control negative group and fifth was immunized by sonicated antigens of Cryptococcus neoformans (1000 µg/ml). The results of IL-2 showed significant differences (P<0.05) between the 1st, 2nd and 3th groups compared with 4th and 5th group, while there was no significant difference (P≥0.05) between 4th and 5th groups. Also IL-6 showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) between the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups in comparison with 4th group, while there was no significant difference (P≥0.05) between the 1st, 2nd, 3rd groups and 5th group. In the IL-8 showed that there was a significant difference (P<0.01) between the1st and 2nd groups and between 3rd group and 1st and 2nd groups without significant difference (P≥0.05), also between the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups and 4th group significant difference (P<0.05) and with a significant difference (P<0.01) between 5th group and all other groups (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th).
Contamination of the local produced broilers carcasses with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its effect in public health in Diyala province
Authors: Al-Zubaidy Rafid S.A.
Published: July 2020

The study was conducted to indicate the contamination of the local produced broilers carcasses by Escherichia coli O157:H7, and its effects on public health. Sixty samples of local produced Broilers were collected randomly from five different areas in Baquba center of Diyala governorate, (Iraq). Thirty samples to each were collected in summer, from the beginning of July to end of August, and in winter season from the beginning of December to end of January to investigate their microbial load. All summer samples had significantly (P<0.05) higher microbial count of Coli-form Bacteria, Escherichia coli and E.coli O157:H7 than winter samples, but there were no significant differences in the mean values of Escherichia coli count CFU/g, and E.coli O157:H7 count between summer and winter seasons. The conclusion of study showed that the contamination of local produced broilers by these bacteria was higher through summer as compared to winter season; the reason is because of temperature in summer which leads to growth and Proliferation of these bacteria and misuse of preparation and production of meat acts to increase the microbial load in these products.