bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis technique for ultra shallow junction using medium energy ion scattering time‐of‐flight elastic recoil detection analysis
Authors: Abo Satoshi , Pei Ri , Yuan Yao Xin , Wakaya Fujio , Takai Mikio
Published: June 2014

An analysis technique for an ultra shallow junction in shrunk semiconductor devices was developed using medium energy ion scattering (MEIS) time‐of‐flight (TOF) elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA). The energy of the recoiled and forward‐scattered ions was analyzed using a toroidal electrostatic analyzer with an energy resolution of less than 0.4 keV in MEIS‐ERDA. TOF was used for a mass separation in MEIS‐ERDA with high energy resolution, because an energy resolution of conventional ERDA with an absorber foil was degraded by the energy loss straggling on the foil. The probe beam of 100‐keV N+ was chopped by a function generator for the TOF measurement. Three standard samples of 2‐keV B+ implanted Si with doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 × 1016/cm2 were measured using MEIS‐TOF‐ERDA. The measured depth profile of the B+ implanted Si sample with a dose of 0.5 × 1016/cm2 was in good agreement with the simulated profile. The projected range and its straggling of 2‐keV B+ implantation into a Si substrate measured using MEIS‐TOF‐ERDA were 6.3 and 6.1 nm, respectively. The results indicated that an ultra shallow junction fabricated by low energy and light ion implantation can be analyzed using developed MEIS‐TOF‐ERDA. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate analysis and g‐ogram application to ToF‐SIMS data of PEG mixed model sample
Authors: Kajiwara Yasuko , Iwai Hideo , Kodani Noriko , Migita Catharina T. , Yano Akira , Aoyagi Satoka
Published: June 2014

High‐functional plastics have been attracted much attention over the various fields of industries. For evaluating their functionalities, it is essential to investigate low molecular weight components on the surface of the plastic because these components deeply affect their functionalities. In this study, multivariate analysis and g‐ogram, a G‐SIMS‐related spectrum analysis method, were applied to the ToF‐SIMS data of polyethylene glycol mixed model sample consisting of the two different average molecular weights, 600 u and 2000 u (PEG600 and PEG2000). As a result, the pure component spectra suggesting PEG600, PEG2000 and polydimethylsiloxane contaminant were discriminated by using multivariate curve resolution (MCR) under the condition of reducing the chemical noise such as heavily fragmented ions and contaminants. Moreover, the major peaks of the pure component spectrum suggesting PEG2000 in MCR were the characteristic fragment ions obtained by the g‐ogram result for PEG2000. Therefore, it is indicated that the combination of MCR and g‐ogram methods is a promising tool for evaluating the functionalities of the high‐functional plastics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of natural dyes in archeological textiles using TOF‐SIMS and other analytical techniques
Authors: Lee Jihye , Kim Man‐Ho , Lee Kang‐Bong , van Elslande Elsa , Walter Philippe , Lee Yeonhee
Published: June 2014

Analytical identification of dyes in excavated textiles is an indispensable task for conservation research and restoration of ancient remains. However, excavated textiles have changed in color because of the burial environment and their centuries of burial; also, the color gradually fades after excavation. Furthermore, the low amount and limited availability of samples make it extremely difficult to identify the dyes. Therefore, in this study, non‐destructive analytical instruments such as time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used for dye detection, and analysis results are compared. In order to compare a dye to another dye, standard samples of dyed silk were prepared using dye compounds such as curcumin, berberine, quercetin, and indigo. These samples were then analyzed with TOF‐SIMS and FTIR. After the methodology to determine the dyes in the textiles was established, surface analytical techniques were also performed on three ancient textiles coming from 18th century Joseon Dynasty tombs. From the TOF‐SIMS and the FTIR spectra, indigo was detected on the blue textile, and indigo and berberine were detected on the green and brown textiles. The results suggest that TOF‐SIMS and FTIR are efficient and complementary non‐destructive techniques for the characterization of excavated fabrics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of potential extreme load reduction for a two‐bladed upwind turbine with partial pitch
Authors: Kim Taeseong , Larsen Torben J. , Yde Anders
Published: June 2014

This paper presents a wind turbine concept with an innovative design combining partial pitch with a two‐bladed (PP‐2B) turbine configuration. Special emphasis is on extreme load reduction during storm situations at standstill, but operational loads are also investigated. In order to compare the loads and dynamics of the PP‐2B turbine, a partial pitch three‐bladed (PP‐3B) turbine and a normal pitch regulated three‐bladed (3B) turbine are introduced on the basis of solidity similarity scaling. From the dynamic comparisons between two‐ and three‐bladed turbines, it has been observed that the blade vibrations are transferred differently from the rotor to the tower. For a three‐bladed turbine, blade vibrations seen in a fixed frame of reference are split with ±1P only. A two‐bladed turbine has a similar split of ±1P but also includes contributions on higher harmonics (±2P, ±3P, … etc.). Further on, frequency split is also seen for the tower vibrations, where an additional ±2P contribution has been observed for the two‐bladed turbine. Regarding load comparisons, the PP‐2B turbine produces larger tower load variations because of 2P excitation during the operational cases. However, extreme loads are reduced by approximately 20% for the PP‐2B and 18% for the PP‐3B compared with the 3B turbine for the parked condition in a storm situation. Moreover, a huge potential of 60% is observed for the reduction of the extreme tower bottom bending moment for the PP‐2B turbine, when the wind direction is from ±90° to the turbine, but this also requires that the turbine is parked in a T‐configuration. © 2014 The Authors. Wind Energy published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Airfoil wind tunnel correction for angles of attack from −180° to 180°
Authors: Wang Long , Jiao Yuqin , Gao Yongwei
Published: June 2014

Wind tunnel corrections are investigated for two‐dimensional low‐speed wind tunnel tests that are performed for three similar airfoils for angles of attack ranging from −180° to 180° at Re = 0.75 × 106. Aided by the Blasius theorem, wind tunnel corrections are deduced for the lift, drag and pitching moment of the airfoil at high angles of attack. The wall pressure signature method is applied to determine the strengths of the equivalent singularities. The tunnel wall‐induced force and pitching moment are obtained by calculating the force and moment exerted on the equivalent singularities. The maximum correction for drag is determined to be about 50%. The corrected forces and pitching moments for three similar airfoils are coincident with one another. A method to determine an optimum singularities distribution range is presented. The results indicate that the correction method in the paper is effective for airfoil testing at high angles of attack. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preclinical characterization of the CDK4/6 inhibitor LY2835219: in-vivo cell cycle-dependent/independent anti-tumor activities alone/in combination with gemcitabine
Authors: Gelbert Lawrence M. , Cai Shufen , Lin Xi , Sanchez-Martinez Concepcion , del Prado Miriam , Lallena Maria Jose , Torres Raquel , Ajamie Rose T. , Wishart Graham N. , Flack Robert Steven , Neubauer Blake Lee , Young Jamie , Chan Edward M. , Iversen Philip , Cronier Damien , Kreklau Emiko , de Dios Alfonso
Published: June 2014

The G1 restriction point is critical for regulating the cell cycle and is controlled by the Rb pathway (CDK4/6-cyclin D1-Rb-p16/ink4a). This pathway is important because of its inactivation in a majority of human tumors. Transition through the restriction point requires phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) by CDK4/6, which are highly validated cancer drug targets. We present the identification and characterization of a potent CDK4/6 inhibitor, LY2835219. LY2835219 inhibits CDK4 and CDK6 with low nanomolar potency, inhibits Rb phosphorylation resulting in a G1 arrest and inhibition of proliferation, and its activity is specific for Rb-proficient cells. In vivo target inhibition studies show LY2835219 is a potent inhibitor of Rb phosphorylation, induces a complete cell cycle arrest and suppresses expression of several Rb-E2F-regulated proteins 24 hours after a single dose. Oral administration of LY2835219 inhibits tumor growth in human tumor xenografts representing different histologies in tumor-bearing mice. LY2835219 is effective and well tolerated when administered up to 56 days in immunodeficient mice without significant loss of body weight or tumor outgrowth. In calu-6 xenografts, LY2835219 in combination with gemcitabine enhanced in vivo antitumor activity without a G1 cell cycle arrest, but was associated with a reduction of ribonucleotide reductase expression. These results suggest LY2835219 may be used alone or in combination with standard-of-care cytotoxic therapy. In summary, we have identified a potent, orally active small-molecule inhibitor of CDK4/6 that is active in xenograft tumors. LY2835219 is currently in clinical development.
Intrinsic Fluorescence Excitation–Emission Matrix Spectral Features of Cottonseed Protein Fractions and the Effects of Denaturants
Authors: He Zhongqi , Uchimiya Minori , Cao Heping
Published: June 2014

To better understand the functional and physicochemical properties of cottonseed protein, we investigated the intrinsic fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) spectral features of cottonseed protein isolate (CSPI) and sequentially extracted water (CSPw) and alkali (CSPa) protein fractions, and the effects of denaturants urea, guanidine hydrochloride, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. The EEM showed two contour peaks at the excitation wavelengths of 226 nm (Peak 1) and 277 nm (Peak 2). Addition of denaturants gradually shifted the emission maxima of both peaks from 335 nm to around 353 nm for CSPI and CSPa. The emission maximum (353 nm) of CSPw was unchanged by denaturation. These observations indicated that the tryptophan residues (fluorescence source) in the native CSPI and CSPa were protected within the micro hydrophobic environment, and gradually become water accessible with progressing denaturation. On the other hand, the tryptophan residues in native CSPw were already in contact with water. However, the fluorescence intensity of Peak 1 of all three protein samples decreased with increasing denaturant concentrations, suggesting similarity in some conformational changes in the three samples. Further exploration of the fluorescence mechanism of Peak 1 is needed to understand such similar conformational changes.
The Persistent Myths of “Acting White” and Race Neutral Alternatives to Affirmative Action in Admissions
Authors: Andrews Rodney J. , Swinton Omari H.
Published: June 2014

This paper discusses the persistent myths that cloud our understanding of two politically charged themes that have been featured in discussions of the educational outcomes of Blacks: “Acting White” and Race Neutral Alternatives to Affirmative Action in postsecondary admissions. We discuss research that shows that the “Acting White” hypothesis fails both theoretically and empirically to explain differences in educational outcomes between blacks and whites. We provide evidence that race neutral alternatives to admissions in higher education are both less effective and less efficient in producing racially diverse cohorts. Policy recommendations that heed the myths that rather than follow the facts are likely to be injurious to those that they seek to aid.
Uniaxial symmetry in nematic liquid crystals
Authors: Lamy Xavier
Published: June 2014

Within the Landau–de Gennes theory of liquid crystals, we study theoretically the equilibrium configurations with uniaxial symmetry. We show that the uniaxial symmetry constraint is very restrictive and can in general not be satisfied, except in very symmetric situations. For one- and two-dimensional configurations, we characterize completely the uniaxial equilibria: they must have constant director. In the three dimensional case we focus on the model problem of a spherical droplet with radial anchoring, and show that any uniaxial equilibrium must be spherically symmetric. It was known before that uniaxiality can
sometimes
be broken by energy minimizers. Our results shed a new light on this phenomenon: we prove here that in one or two dimensions uniaxial symmetry is
always
broken, unless the director is constant. Moreover, our results concern all equilibrium configurations, and not merely energy minimizers.
Pctaire1/Cdk16 promotes skeletal myogenesis by inducing myoblast migration and fusion
Authors: Shimizu Kouhei , Uematsu Atsushi , Imai Yuuki , Sawasaki Tatsuya
Published: June 2014

The Cdk‐related protein kinase Pctaire1/Cdk16 is abundantly expressed in brain, testis and skeletal muscle. Functional roles of Pctaire1 such as regulation of neuron migration and neurite outgrowth thus far have been mainly elucidated in the field of nervous system development. Although these regulations based on cytoskeletal rearrangements evoke a possible role of Pctaire1 in the development of skeletal muscle, little is known in this regard. In this study, we demonstrated that myogenic differentiation and subsequent fusion is promoted in Pctaire1 overexpressing cells, and conversely, is inhibited in the knockdown cells. Furthermore, our findings suggest that Pctaire1 exerts promyogenic effects by regulating myoblast migration and process formation during skeletal myogenesis.
The emerging age of cell‐free synthetic biology
Authors: Smith Mark Thomas , Wilding Kristen M. , Hunt Jeremy M. , Bennett Anthony M. , Bundy Bradley C.
Published: June 2014

The engineering of and mastery over biological parts has catalyzed the emergence of synthetic biology. This field has grown exponentially in the past decade. As increasingly more applications of synthetic biology are pursued, more challenges are encountered, such as delivering genetic material into cells and optimizing genetic circuits in vivo. An in vitro or cell‐free approach to synthetic biology simplifies and avoids many of the pitfalls of in vivo synthetic biology. In this review, we describe some of the innate features that make cell‐free systems compelling platforms for synthetic biology and discuss emerging improvements of cell‐free technologies. We also select and highlight recent and emerging applications of cell‐free synthetic biology.
An inhibition model of BPTI to unlinked dengue virus NS2B‐NS3 protease
Authors: Li Hua , Zhu Lei , Hou Shulin , Yang Jing , Wang Junfeng , Liu Jinsong
Published: June 2014

One approach to treating the dengue virus infection is to inhibit its NS2B‐NS3 protease that plays a vital role in virus maturation. However, the lack of structural information on the active conformation of the protease hindered related drug design. With a co‐expression system, we obtained the active two‐component protease in its unlinked form. BPTI shows strong competitive inhibitory activity (Ki
= 6.5 nM) against this unlinked protease, which adopts a closed conformation. Based on the biochemical and NMR perturbation information, an inhibition model of BPTI to NS2B‐NS3 protease is proposed.
Outcome of repair of obstetric anal sphincter injuries after three years
Authors: Reid Annette J. , Beggs Andrew D. , Sultan Abdul H. , Roos Anne‐Marie , Thakar Ranee
Published: June 2014

Objective

To prospectively assess change in bowel symptoms and quality of life (QoL) approximately 3 years after primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS).

Methods

Between July 2002 and December 2007 women who attended the perineal clinic at Croydon University Hospital, UK, 9 weeks following primary repair of OASIS were asked to complete the Manchester Health Questionnaire and a questionnaire to obtain a St Mark incontinence score. All women had endoanal scans at this visit. In June 2008 all women were asked to complete the questionnaires again.

Results

Of 344 patients who responded to the questionnaires and were included in the analysis, long‐term symptoms of fecal urgency, flatus incontinence, and fecal incontinence occurred in 62 (18.0%), 52 (15.1%), and 36 (10.5%), respectively. Overall, there was a significant improvement in fecal urgency (P < 0.001) and flatus incontinence (P < 0.001) from 9 weeks to 3 years. Of 31 women with fecal incontinence symptoms at early follow‐up, 28 were asymptomatic at 3 years. However, 33 women developed de novo symptoms. The only predictors of fecal incontinence at 3 years were fecal urgency at 9 weeks (OR 4.65; 95% CI, 1.38–15.70) and a higher St Mark score (OR 1.40; 95% CI, 1.09–1.80).

Conclusion

Following primary repair of OASIS, the majority of symptoms and QoL significantly improve, unless there is a persistent anal sphincter defect. This highlights the importance of adequate repair.
Direct observation of uterotonic drug use at public health facility‐based deliveries in four districts in India
Authors: Stanton Cynthia K. , Deepak Nitya N. , Mallapur Ashalata A. , Katageri Geetanjali M. , Mullany Luke C. , Koski Alissa , Mirzabagi Ellie
Published: June 2014

Objective

To describe intrapartum uterotonic drug use and related behaviors in public health facility‐based deliveries and to describe drug storage conditions in associated pharmacies.

Methods

A descriptive study was conducted between August and November 2011 to document practices related to uterotonic administration and storage based on direct observation of deliveries at public health facilities in four Indian districts (n = 97, n = 89, n = 91, and n = 89) with contrasting maternal health and socioeconomic indicators.

Results

Uterotonic drug use before and after delivery was common among the 366 study participants. Labor augmentation rates ranged from 53.5%–93.0% of deliveries across districts, with many receiving multiple uterotonics and administration via intramuscular injection or intravenous push. Uterotonic use following delivery ranged from 78.6%–99.1% across districts, with correct use of uterotonics for postpartum hemorrhage prevention varying from 6.0%–8.8% in Uttar Pradesh and 41.2%–76.4% in Karnataka. Active management of the third stage of labor following Indian guidelines was less than 10% in all districts. Storage of uterotonics at room temperature was common.

Conclusion

Given that labor augmentation is nearly routine and at odds with Indian guideline recommendations, rigorous research is needed to assess maternal and fetal outcomes of current versus guidelines‐based practice. Active management of the third stage of labor as per Indian guidelines was minimal.
Evaluation of confounding factors interfering with sexual function in women with minimal pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Karabulut Aysun , Ozkan Sevgi , Koçak Nilüfer , Alan Tülay
Published: June 2014

Objective

To evaluate the effects of confounding factors on sexual function in women with minimal pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted at a cervical cancer screening center in Turkey between December 1, 2012, and March 31, 2013. Symptom‐free women with stage I or II POP were enrolled to evaluate the association between sexual function and sociodemographic variables, POP, POP‐related quality of life, stress incontinence, and overactive bladder.

Results

Of 243 volunteers (mean age 46.0 ± 9.1 years), 188 (77.4%) had a low Female Sexual Function Index score. Women with better sexual function tended to be younger, have a higher salary, not be in the menopause, and have no chronic illness (P < 0.05 for all). There was no difference between the groups in terms of POP Quantification measurements (P > 0.05), apart from transvaginal length (P = 0.011). Overactive bladder was more common (P = 0.005) and more severe (P = 0.002) in women with sexual dysfunction, and their POP‐related quality of life was worse (P < 0.05). In a linear regression analysis, high salary had a positive effect and overactive bladder had a negative effect on sexual function.

Conclusion

Sexual dysfunction is highly prevalent in women with minimal POP. Overactive bladder and low income are the major factors adversely affecting sexual function.
Ventriculoventricular delay optimization of a cardiac resynchronization device
Authors: Sagara Koichi
Published: June 2014

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has become a standard option for patients with severe low cardiac function and mild to severe heart failure. However, its potential has not been maximized to date, as the optimal atrioventricular delay, ventriculoventricular (VV) delay, and tachy therapy settings remain unknown. Here, data from various studies have been used to estimate several CRT settings.

Three search words—interventricular interval, VV delay, and interventricular delay with cardiac resynchronization therapy—were entered into PubMed. The methods used to optimize VV delay included ultrasonography, radioisotope diagnosis, scintigraphy, electrocardiography, Swan–Ganz catheterization, and thoracic impedance. Their populations and results were analyzed to identify convincing rules. Methods for VV delay optimization in the literature can be categorized into four patterns. Time and cost were high in several categories. Most studies concluded that their method was effective but no small amount of papers denied individual detailed optimization. There were some population biases in most papers. Individual optimization had a major impact in patients with ischemic heart disease but no significant impact in patients with non‐ischemic heart diseases.

In summary, CRT is an established therapy, but a well‐controlled study is required to find conclusive methods for VV delay optimization.
Determinants of causal ambiguity and difficulty of knowledge transfer within the firm
Authors: Uygur Ugur
Published: June 2014

The knowledge-based view of the firm portrays knowledge assets as the basis of sustainable competitive advantage. However, leveraging the knowledge available to the firm is not straightforward. The transfer of best practices within the firm or the replication of a certain routine poses challenges for managers. Causal ambiguity of knowledge makes it difficult to transfer practices into other contexts within the firm. In this paper, a new framework is proposed that identifies four antecedents to causal ambiguity: complexity, tacitness, relevance to the existing knowledge base, and the locality of knowledge. The paper concludes with the implications of the framework.
Teaching leadership from a social constructionist perspective
Authors: Billsberry Jon
Published: June 2014

Traditional approaches to leadership assert that leadership is a definite quality of leaders. In contrast, the social constructionist approach conceptualises leadership as a quality of observers. The goal of this paper is to show how this philosophical base can be used to create a teaching strategy for leadership. In this strategy, there are three learning objectives: understanding the philosophical approach; revealing students’ lay theories of leadership; and, skill development. The lessons revolve around understanding how leadership perceptions form so that students appreciate how they are influenced and, in turn, how they might influence other people's perceptions of themselves.
The Religious Question in the United Kingdom Census, 1801–2011
Authors: CHRISTOPHER A. J.
Published: June 2014

It is notable that, in contrast to Ireland, there was no religious question in the decennial censuses of Great Britain in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Parliament debated and determined the contents of the enumeration and the inclusion of religion was keenly disputed until 1914. The debates raised issues of religious liberty, church establishment and practical applicability. However, census-taking required broad public cooperation and the possibility of widespread opposition to the question led to its repeated exclusion. Only in the twenty-first century was the religious question reconsidered and included, as a result of changes in British society.
The Colloquy of Poissy, François Baudouin and English Protestant Identity, 1561–1563
Authors: RUSSELL ALEXANDER
Published: June 2014

This article examines English attitudes towards a moderate solution to the confessional struggles in France in the 1560s. It uses the activities of the scholar and advocate of concord, François Baudouin, as a point of focus, demonstrates, for the first time, the full extent of his English connection, and shows that he proposed to use English Protestant worship as the basis for negotiations between Catholics and Huguenots in France. The article advances our understanding of England's place within the international Reformed movement, and sheds further light on the difficulties of achieving religious compromise in this period.
Developments in Lichen Community Studies
Authors: Nimis P. L.
Published: June 2014

After a brief historical survey of the developments of vegetation science in general, and of lichen community studies in particular, this paper presents critical comments on some of the main methodological problems in the study of lichen vegetation, with particular regard to the phytosociological approach. It is suggested that in the description and classification of lichen communities lichenologists should avoid the inflation of community names that characterize the present state of the phytosociology of phanerogamic vegetation. This can be accomplished on the basis of a sound methodological approach, where the use of numerical methods can play a major role.
Continuous in Situ Recording of the Photosynthetic Activity of Antarctic Lichens—established Methods and a New Approach
Authors: Schroeter B. , Kappen L. , Moldaenke C.
Published: June 2014

A new method is described that records the periods of photosynthetic and respiratory activity in lichen thalli in situ by measuring the actinic chlorophyll fluorescence response of the photobiont. The technique is based on a pulse amplitude modulation fluorometer that was specially developed for continuous and unattended measurements in the Antarctic. In Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, the periods of metabolic activity of Usnea antarctica were recorded simultaneously with the microclimatic parameter in its natural environment. In one series of diurnal measurements the fluorescence response signal was treated as a qualitative on/off signal for photosynthetic activity. In a parallel series the diurnal courses of net photosynthesis and dark respiration of rain-moistened thalli of U. antarctica were measured by means of a CO2/H2O porometer together with gravimetric water content determination. Both methods showed marked coincidence from low water content to water saturation of the thalli. In the laboratory both the actinic fluorescence response and the photosynthetic rate as a function of thallus water content were investigated in Caloplaca regalis. In the laboratory experiments the CO2 exchange cuvette contained a balance for gravimetric water content control as well as the glass-fibre optics of the fluorescence analysis equipment. The experiments revealed a quantitative relationship between actinic fluorescence and photosynthetic rate within the range of optimum to limiting low thallus water content. The method described is suitable for measurements of lichen activity in field microclimate studies and should allow continuous unattended year-round measurements of lichen activity, which are needed in remote regions such as Antarctica.
Perma: Scoping and Addressing the Problem of Link and Reference Rot in Legal Citations
Authors: Zittrain Jonathan , Albert Kendra , Lessig Lawrence
Published: June 2014

It has become increasingly common for a reader to follow a URL cited in a court opinion or a law review article, only to be met with an error message because the resource has been moved from its original online address. This form of reference rot, commonly referred to as ‘linkrot’, has arisen from the disconnect between the transience of online materials and the permanence of legal citation, and will only become more prevalent as scholarly materials move online. The present paper*, written by Jonathan Zittrain, Kendra Albert and Lawrence Lessig, explores the pervasiveness of linkrot in academic and legal citations, finding that more than 70% of the URLs within the Harvard Law Review and other journals, and 50% of the URLs within United States Supreme Court opinions, do not link to the originally cited information. In light of these results, a solution is proposed for authors and editors of new scholarship that involves libraries undertaking the distributed, long-term preservation of link contents.
German Law and Legal Information from a Law Firm Perspective
Authors: Sannino Margarethe
Published: June 2014

In this article Margarethe Sannino shares some information on how legal research works in an international law firm with several offices. The focus is on German law and legal materials. A short introduction to German law is followed by an outline of German research resources in general and then, further on, there are two parts describing specific approaches to research from Margarethe's daily work; research on company/corporate law requests as well as research on legislative acts.
Between Book and Database: Meeting Information Needs in a Law Firm's Library
Authors: Kuth Martina
Published: June 2014

Faced with a fragmentation of publishers' portfolios in Germany, the librarian Martina Kuth was interviewed about the challenges to grant a user-oriented library collection in a large commercial law firm like CMS Hasche Sigle.
Information Logistics @ Bucerius Law School (Hamburg): Legal Information for Studies, Research, Teaching and Education
Authors: Vorberg Martin
Published: June 2014

The aim of this article, written by Martin Vorberg, is to portray the approach to information logistics at a private law school in Hamburg, Germany which is a largely self-sufficient, coordinated library system, with occasional use of local libraries and supra-regional delivery services. The article describes the management of a main library and more than twenty branch libraries in the context of some challenging times and in relation to hybrid collections and the uses of electronic media.
Open Access: the Journal is Not Dead!
Authors: Bell John
Published: June 2014

In this article John Bell follows his previous LIM article which was published in December 20121 by suggesting that, despite the development towards an open access world for publically funded research, the journal as a form of publication for peer reviewed research is far from dead; indeed, it has an active role to play in the future.
A Non-Technical Journey into the World of Big Data: an Introduction
Authors: Fishleigh Jackie
Published: June 2014

In this article Jackie Fishleigh provides an introduction to the issue of Big Data, gives the definitions for the subject and offers an explanation of the key issues about Big Data and what involvement we have as information professionals.
ALLA Conference 2013: “Law Librarians are a National Icon and a National Resource”
Authors: Walker Vola
Published: June 2014

In this conference report Vola Walker gives an account of the conference of the Australian Law Librarians Association (ALLA) held in Sydney in 2013.
Measurement Invariance of Oppositional Defiant Disorder Dimensions in 3-Year-Old Preschoolers
Authors: Ezpeleta Lourdes , Penelo Eva
Published: June 2014

Measurement invariance (metric/scalar) of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) dimensions (negative affect, oppositional behavior, and antagonistic behavior) across sex and informants is tested. Parents and teachers of 622 preschool children from the general population answered a dimensional measure of ODD. ODD dimensions function similarly in boys and girls. Some differences were found by informant, indicating that the equivalence of the ratings of parents and teachers is not complete and that given the same underlying level of the latent trait, some parents’ item scores were higher than those of teachers. Metric invariance was complete but scalar invariance was not attained. The results contribute evidence on the conceptualization of ODD as a source-specific disorder. The simultaneous use of ODD dimensions reported by parents and teachers must be considered in the context of a lack of complete measurement invariance, which implies that comparisons of observed means from parents and teachers are not readily interpretable.
Content Comparison of Patient-Reported Outcome Instruments Used to Measure Burnout
Authors: Sabariego Carla , Murid Al-Kudwah Hasnaa , Cieza Alarcos
Published: June 2014

The aim of this article is to compare the content of patient-reported outcome (PRO) burnout measures and to examine the degree of overlap between them and psychosocial difficulties (PSD) experienced by persons with burnout. The most frequently used PRO and qualitative studies were identified in two systematic literature reviews. Psychosocial difficulties identified in both sources were standardized and a qualitative content comparison was performed. Seven PROs and seven qualitative studies were selected. Energy and drive, emotional functions and work were key themes of both sources. Disparities were observed for problems in areas such as sleep, attention or family relationships, which were reported in several qualitative studies, but are seldom addressed in PROs. Several areas important to persons with burnout, such as family relationships, are seldom measured by currently used PROs. From a biopsychosocial perspective, these instruments cannot therefore be considered comprehensive enough to capture the whole experience of burnout and should be improved.
The prevalence of COPD co-morbidities in Serbia: results of a national survey
Authors: Nagorni-Obradovic Ljudmila M , Vukovic Dejana S
Published: June 2014

Background:

Research studies have found different prevalence rates for co-morbidities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Aims:

The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of co-morbidities as well as functional limitations in subjects with COPD.

Methods:

The study was based on a nationally representative sample of the population of Serbia. Information on the health of the population was obtained from interviews and anthropometric measurements. In this study we analysed a total of 10,013 respondents aged 40 years or older. There were 653 subjects with COPD and 9,360 respondents without COPD.

Results:

Out of the 10,013 respondents, 5,377 were aged 40–59 years and 4,636 were 60 years or older. The prevalence of COPD was 5.0% in respondents aged 40–59 years and 8.3% in those aged 60 years or older; the total prevalence was 6.5%. The most prevalent co-morbidities among respondents with COPD were hypertension (54.5%) and dyslipidaemia (26.5%). The prevalence of all analysed co-morbidities was higher in respondents with COPD and the difference was highly statistically significant, except for stroke and malignancies, for which the difference was significant. Analysis showed that respondents with COPD had a higher prevalence of all analysed clinical factors (dizziness, obesity, anaemia and frailty) and functional impairments (mobility and hearing and visual impairment) compared with respondents without COPD. For those aged 40–59 years the difference was highest for mobility difficulty (four times higher prevalence in COPD patients) and anaemia (three times higher in COPD patients).

Conclusion:

Our analysis showed that the most prevalent co-morbidities in COPD were hypertension, dyslipidaemia, chronic renal disease and anxiety/depression. The finding suggests that health professionals should actively assess co-morbidities in patients with COPD.
Competition and cooperation between active intra-network and passive extra-network transport processes
Authors: Maruyama Dan , Zochowski Michal
Published: June 2014

Many networks are embedded in physical space and often interact with it. This interaction can be exemplified through constraints exerted on network topology, or through interactions of processes defined on a network with those that are linked to the space that the network is embedded within, leading to complex dynamics. Here we discuss an example of such an interaction in which a signaling agent is actively transported through the network edges and, at the same time, spreads passively through space due to diffusion. We show that these two processes cooperate or compete depending on the network topology leading to complex dynamics.
Affinity-based precipitation via a bivalent peptidic hapten for the purification of monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Handlogten Michael W. , Stefanick Jared F. , Deak Peter E. , Bilgicer Basar
Published: June 2014

An affinity-based precipitation method was developed for the rapid and facile purification of bivalently active antibodies from complex biological solutions.
High-throughput production of two disulphide-bridge toxins
Authors: Upert Grégory , Mourier Gilles , Pastor Alexandra , Verdenaud Marion , Alili Doria , Servent Denis , Gilles Nicolas
Published: June 2014

A quick and efficient production method compatible with high-throughput screening was developed using 36 toxins belonging to four different families of two disulphide-bridge toxins. Final toxins were characterized using HPLC co-elution, CD and pharmacology studies.
Temperature-responsive telechelic dipalmitoylglyceryl poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) vesicles: real-time morphology observation in aqueous suspension and in the presence of giant liposomes
Authors: Morimoto Nobuyuki , Sasaki Yu , Mitsunushi Kouki , Korchagina Evgeniya , Wazawa Tetsuichi , Qiu Xing-Ping , Nomura Shin-ichiro M. , Suzuki Makoto , Winnik Françoise M.
Published: June 2014

Telechelic dipalmitoylglyceryl PNIPAM vesicles fuse at the CP and form hybrid vesicles with phospholipid liposomes.
A general metal free approach to α-ketoamides via oxidative amidation–diketonization of terminal alkynes
Authors: Deshidi Ramesh , Kumar Manjeet , Devari Shekaraiah , Shah Bhahwal Ali
Published: June 2014

A metal free catalytic system employing TMSOTf/I2/DMSO for the oxidative amidation–diketonization of terminal alkynes, in order to produce a wide variety of α-ketoamides, has been developed.
Lotus leaf-like dual-scale silver film applied as a superhydrophobic and self-cleaning substrate
Authors: Wu Yunwen , Hang Tao , Yu Zheyin , Xu Lan , Li Ming
Published: June 2014

The structure and the mechanism of the lotus leaf-like and petal-like surfaces.
A hydrothermally stable transition alumina by condensation-enhanced self-assembly and pyrolysis crystallization: application in the steam reforming of methane
Authors: Pérez Lidia López , Alvarez-Galván Consuelo , Zarubina Valeriya , Figueiredo Fernandes Bruno O. , Melián-Cabrera Ignacio
Published: June 2014

The preparation of a steam-based hydrothermally stable transition alumina is reported.
Structural features and applications of metal–organic frameworks containing thiazole- and thiazolidine-based spacers
Authors: Rossin A. , Giambastiani G.
Published: June 2014

This highlight describes the crystal structures and network topology of thiazole- and thiazolidine-containing MOFs and CPs along with their applications in the fields of CO2 adsorption, luminescence, magnetism and heterogeneous catalysis.
K7B2P5O19: a novel alkali metal borophosphate with zero dimensional [B2P5O19]7− anionic units
Authors: Wang Ying , Pan Shilie , Han Shujuan , Zhang Bingbing , Dong Lingyun , Zhang Min , Yang Zhihua
Published: June 2014

K7B2P5O19 exhibits a novel zero-dimensional [B2P5O19]7− anionic unit with internally connected P–O–P bonds.
Stochastic surface walking method for crystal structure and phase transition pathway prediction
Authors: Shang Cheng , Zhang Xiao-Jie , Liu Zhi-Pan
Published: June 2014

SSW-crystal method for automated structure search and phase transition pathway sampling of crystals.
In situ diffraction of highly dispersed supported platinum nanoparticles
Authors: Gallagher James R. , Li Tao , Zhao Haiyan , Liu Jingjing , Lei Yu , Zhang Xiaoyi , Ren Yang , Elam Jeffrey W. , Meyer Randall J. , Winans Randall E. , Miller Jeffrey T.
Published: June 2014

In situsynchrotron diffraction in H2reveals structural and microstructural details of supported 1–2 nm Pt nanoparticles.
Precisely tunable magnetic phase transition temperature, TC, through the formation of a molecular alloy in [NixPt1−x(mnt)2]−-based spin systems (mnt2− = maleonitriledithiolate, x = 0.09–0.91)
Authors: Yuan Guo-Jun , Yang Hao , Liu Shao-Xian , Liu Jian-Lan , Ren Xiao-Ming
Published: June 2014

A magnetic transition system with a precisely tunable TC was achieved through the formation of a molecular alloy, and TC is linearly correlated with the molar fraction x.
Dinuclear copper complexes: coordination of Group 14 heteroborates
Authors: Scheel Holger , Wiederkehr Jessica , Eichele Klaus , Mayer Hermann A. , Winter Florian , Pöttgen Rainer , Wesemann Lars
Published: June 2014

The dinuclear copper(i) complex [Cu2(μ-dmapm)(CH3CN)2][BF4]2 was reacted with Group 14 heteroborates. Four different coordination motives have been characterized.
Semi-insulating behaviour of self-assembled tin(iv)corrole nanospheres
Authors: Sinha Woormileela , Kumar Mohit , Garai Antara , Purohit Chandra Shekhar , Som Tapobrata , Kar Sanjib
Published: June 2014

A device was fabricated with the help of tin(iv)corrole nanospheres and its conduction properties were measured.
Comparison of photoelectrochemical water oxidation activity of a synthetic photocatalyst system with photosystem II
Authors: Lai Yi-Hsuan , Kato Masaru , Mersch Dirk , Reisner Erwin
Published: June 2014

This discussion describes a direct comparison of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation activity between a photosystem II (PSII)-functionalised photoanode and a synthetic nanocomposite photoanode. The semi-biological photoanode is composed of PSII from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus on a mesoporous indium tin oxide electrode (mesoITO|PSII). PSII embeds all of the required functionalities for light absorption, charge separation and water oxidation and ITO serves solely as the electron collector. The synthetic photoanode consists of a TiO2 and NiOx coated nanosheet-structured WO3 electrode (nanoWO3|TiO2|NiOx). The composite structure of the synthetic electrode allows mimicry of the functional key features in PSII: visible light is absorbed by WO3, TiO2 serves as a protection and charge separation layer and NiOx serves as the water oxidation electrocatalyst. MesoITO|PSII uses low energy red light, whereas nanoWO3|TiO2|NiOx requires high energy photons of blue-end visible and UV regions to oxidise water. The electrodes have a comparable onset potential at approximately 0.6 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). MesoITO|PSII reaches its saturation photocurrent at 0.84 V vs. RHE, whereas nanoWO3|TiO2|NiOx requires more than 1.34 V vs. RHE. This suggests that mesoITO|PSII suffers from fewer limitations from charge recombination and slow water oxidation catalysis than the synthetic electrode. MesoITO|PSII displays a higher ‘per active’ site activity, but is less photostable and displays a much lower photocurrent per geometrical surface area and incident photon to current conversion efficiency (IPCE) than nanoWO3|TiO2|NiOx.
Chameleon-like behaviour of cyclo[n]paraphenylenes in complexes with C70: on their impressive electronic and structural adaptability as probed by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Peña Alvarez Miriam , Mayorga Burrezo Paula , Iwamoto Takahiro , Qiu Lili , Kertesz Miklos , Taravillo Mercedes , Baonza Valentín G. , López Navarrete Juan T. , Yamago Shigeru , Casado Juan
Published: June 2014

A series of four 1 : 1 host–guest supramolecular complexes of [n]CPPs and C70 have been analyzed by Raman spectroscopy in the solid state and complemented with the analysis of their spectroscopic responses under mechanical and thermal stresses. By following the frequency behaviour of the G and RBM modes we have found that [10]CPP in the [10]CPP@C70 complex displays a more “ordered” structure. However, in [11]CPP@C70, the nanoring becomes oval-shaped with closer contacts with the C70 poles and less conformational restriction in the flattened region. By mechanical and thermal stresses we are able to modify the lying conformation of [10]CPP@C70 towards a standing orientation. [11]CPP@C70 resists pressure changes, although it tends to shift from the standing to the lying orientation by heating. As for the crystal cell, the [n]CPPs occupy the residual empty spaces while the main crystallographic positions are reserved for C70. These are new examples of the impressive adaptability of the [n]CPP molecules to different physico-chemical environments, a chameleon-like property which reveals the delicate equilibrium provided by cyclic conjugation and ring strain.
Rigid biimidazole ancillary ligands as an avenue to bright deep blue cationic iridium(iii) complexes
Authors: Henwood Adam F. , Evariste Sloane , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Zysman-Colman Eli
Published: June 2014

Herein we report the synthesis and optoelectronic characterisation of three deep blue-emitting cationic iridium complexes, of the form [Ir(dFppy)2(N^N)]PF6, bearing biimidazole-type N^N ancillary ligands (dFppyH = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine). Complex 1 contains the parent biimidazole, biim, while 2 contains a dimethylated analog, dMebiim, and 3 contains an ortho-xylyl-tethered biimidzole, o-xylbiim. We explore a strategy of tethering the biimidazole in order to rigidify the complex and increase the photoluminescent quantum yield, culminating in deep blue (λmax: 457 nm in MeOH at 298 K) ligand-centered emission with a very high photoluminescent quantum yield of 68% and microsecond emission lifetime. Density functional theory calculations elucidate the origin of such disparate excited state kinetics across this series, especially in light of virtually identical optoelectronic properties observed for these compounds.
Rapid isolation and diagnosis of live bacteria from human joint fluids by using an integrated microfluidic system
Authors: Chang Wen-Hsin , Wang Chih-Hung , Yang Sung-Yi , Lin Yi-Cheng , Wu Jiunn-Jong , Lee Mel S. , Lee Gwo-Bin
Published: June 2014

An integrated microfluidic system capable of detecting live bacteria from clinical periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) samples within 55 minutes was developed in this study.
Synthesis of quinazolines via CuO nanoparticles catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling of aromatic alcohols and amidines
Authors: Zhang Wu , Guo Fei , Wang Fei , Zhao Na , Liu Liang , Li Jia , Wang Zhenghua
Published: June 2014

Quinazoline derivatives were obtained via CuO nanoparticles catalyzed reaction of N-arylamidines and aromatic alcohols in air.
Multivalent glycosylated nanoparticles for studying carbohydrate–protein interactions
Authors: Adak Avijit K. , Lin Hong-Jyune , Lin Chun-Cheng
Published: June 2014

Glyconanoparticles decorated with multiple copies of various biologically relevant carbohydrates serve as scaffolds for protein binding assay, molecular imaging, targeted therapy, and bacterium detection.
A successful DFT calculation of carbon-13 NMR chemical shifts and carbon–fluorine spin–spin coupling constants in (η6-fluoroarene)tricarbonylchromium complexes
Authors: Gryff-Keller Adam , Szczeciński Przemysław
Published: June 2014

Carbon-13 isotropic shielding constants and C–F spin–spin coupling constants for fluorobenzene, 3- and 4-dimethylaminofluorobenzene as well as for their tricarbonylchromium complexes have been calculated using DFT methods.