bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A longitudinal study of the effect of disease activity and clinical damage on physical function over the course of psoriatic arthritis: Does the effect change over time?
Authors: Husted Janice A. , Tom Brian D. , Farewell Vernon T. , Schentag Catherine T. , Gladman Dafna D.
Published: February 2007

Objective

To investigate whether there are differential effects of disease activity and damage on physical functioning as measured by the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) over the course of psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

Methods

Between June 1993 and March 2005, 382 patients attending the University of Toronto PsA clinic had completed ≥2 HAQs on an annual basis. At the time of each HAQ assessment, clinical and laboratory measures of disease activity and damage were recorded. Generalized linear mixed‐effects models were used to investigate the longitudinal relationship between disease activity, damage, and the HAQ score. To avoid floor effects that would arise in a single mixed‐effects model, we adopted a 2‐part model.

Results

The number of actively inflamed joints (measure of disease activity) and the number of clinically deformed joints (measure of damage) were positively and significantly related to the HAQ score. Furthermore, interaction terms for illness duration with the number of actively inflamed joints were statistically significant, with or without inclusion of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and morning stiffness in the model (P= 0.029 andP< 0.001, respectively). The positive effects of actively inflamed joints on the level of the HAQ score decreased over increasing duration of PsA. There was less evidence to suggest that the positive effect of joint damage on the HAQ score increased over time.

Conclusion

Our results support the view that the influence of disease activity on HAQ scores declines with increased disease duration. We could not demonstrate strong evidence that the effect of clinical damage increases over the course of illness.
Novel siRNA‐based molecular beacons for dual imaging and therapy
Authors: Chang Emmanuel , Zhu Ming‐Qiang , Drezek Rebekah
Published: February 2007

Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have become a mainstream tool reliably used to study and silence protein expression. We offer a proof‐of‐principle demonstration that siRNAs may be modified into a siRNA‐based molecular beacon that activates upon binding to sequence‐specific mRNA in cells while mediating RNA interference. We successfully demonstrate detection and knockdown of telomerase expression in human breast cancer cells. This probe provides a novel look at siRNA target validation that is not currently possible in live cells and holds promising potential in biological applications for disease detection and therapy based on mRNA expression, such as a telomerase‐targeted siRNA probe in cancer.
Gastric diverticula, with report of a case before and after operation
Authors: Ewart G A , Cordiner G R Mather
Published: February 2007

Although regarded as a rarity, a diverticulum of the stomach is commoner than is generally supposed. In a series of 370 consecutive opaque-meal examinations a gastric diverticulum was found in 11 cases. This series included a case of a post-operative diverticulum following a wedge excision of an ulcer on the lesser curvature. Excluding the post-operative diverticulum, so far only one of the cases has been confirmed at operation. The following is a short account of the case.
Comparison of the cost of preventing postoperative deep vein thrombosis with either unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin
Authors: Bergqvist D , Lindgren B , Mätzsch T
Published: February 2007

The relative costs were analysed of (1) no prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis (DVT), (2) selective treatment of DVT after confirmation of diagnosis, (3) general prophylaxis with standard low-dose unfractionated heparin and (4) general prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in patients undergoing elective general abdominal surgery or elective hip surgery. The mean calculated costs per patient undergoing general abdominal surgery were: Swedish crowns (SEK) 1950 for no prophylaxis, SEK 5710 for selective treatment of DVT, SEK 735 for prophylaxis with unfractionated heparin and SEK 665 for prophylaxis with LMWH. The corresponding costs for hip surgery were SEK 3930, SEK 10 790, SEK 1730 and SEK 1390 respectively. Thus, the least expensive management strategy in patients undergoing elective general abdominal or hip surgery would appear to be general prophylaxis with either unfractionated heparin or LMWH. Furthermore, general prophylaxis with LMWH would appear to be more cost-effective than general prophylaxis with unfractionated heparin.
Pedal bypass for limb-threatening ischaemia: An 11-year review
Authors: Eckstein H-H , Schumacher H , Maeder N , Post S , Hupp Th , Allenberg J-R
Published: February 2007

Fifty-six patients with limb-threatening ischaemia had pedal revascularization with either autologous vein (n = 39) or sequential composite graft with a 6-mm polytetrafluoroethylene prosthesis and autologous vein (n = 17); 75 per cent had gangrene and skin necrosis and 25 per cent had ischaemic rest pain alone. Twelve grafts occluded within the first week, and resulted in major amputation in eight patients after unsuccessful revision. Two patients required amputation for persistent ischaemia despite a patent bypass. One patient died from bowel perforation (2 per cent). In 47 (84 per cent) of the 56 patients limb and life were preserved. The primary patency rate after 1, 2 and 4 years was 65, 55 and 55 per cent respectively, the secondary patency rate was 71, 62 and 62 per cent, and cumulative limb salvage rates were 77, 71 and 66 per cent. Life-table survival rates during follow-up (median 25 (range 0–112) months) were 89, 78 and 52 per cent respectively after 1, 2 and 4 years. Thirteen of 21 patients who died during follow-up did not require major amputation. Pedal reconstruction with autologous vein provides limb salvage until death in nearly two-thirds of patients with critical limb ischaemia resulting from crural arterial occlusive disease.
Diagnosis and therapy of aortic prosthetic fistulas: Trends over a 30-year experience
Authors: van Baalen J M , Kluit A B , Maas J , Terpstra J L , Van Bockel J H
Published: February 2007

A retrospective study was carried out of patients from a single institution over a 30-year period. Thirty-one patients presented with 33 fistulas, four non-enteric and 27 enteric. In 25 of 27 patients with a prosthesis-related enteric fistula gastrointestinal bleeding was present. Angiography revealed the fistula in five patients, endoscopy in three, and barium studies, echography and computed tomography each revealed one fistula. Six patients died before and five died during operation. In 20 patients various techniques were used for treatment. In-hospital mortality decreased from six of eight patients before 1970, to seven of ten between 1971 and 1980, and to four of 13 after 1981. In the long term, patients treated with an extra-anatomic reconstruction had a poorer prognosis than those treated by in situ reconstruction. This experience shows that diagnostic tests often fail to reveal a prosthesis-related fistula and that mortality can be substantially reduced by early exploration in patients with negative diagnostic studies.
Transposition of anorectum to the abdominal wall
Authors: Williams N S , Corry D G , Abercrombie J F , Powell-Tuck J
Published: February 2007

A unique procedure is described in which the anorectum is mobilized on the inferior mesenteric vascular pedicle and transposed to the anterior abdominal wall. The aim is to preserve maximal intestinal length in patients with short bowel syndrome and intractable diarrhoea. Unique physiological data provided by the second case demonstrate that the specialized sensory functions of the rectum reside in the rectal wall and are subserved by an autonomic nervous supply that is independent of the pudendal nerves.
Ambulatory manometric examination in patients with a colonic J pouch and in normal controls
Authors: Romanos J , Stebbing J F , Humphreys M M Smilgin , Takeuchi N , Mortensen N J McC
Published: February 2007

Anorectal function after anterior resection may be impaired as a result of reduced luminal capacity in the pelvis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the colonic J pouch neorectum by means of ambulatory manometry. Twelve patients with a colonic pouch following anterior resection and seven healthy controls were studied for a median of 6 (range 6–24) h using a probe with two pouch-rectal and two anal canal transducers. Records were interpreted by visual inspection. Pressure values and wave frequencies were determined by software analysis. Pouches had been functioning for a median of 32 (range 11–55) months. All patients with a pouch had an acceptable stool frequency. Seven of 12 patients complained of incomplete evacuation. Resting anal canal pressure (73 versus 100 cmH2O), pouch-rectal pressure (29 versus 15cmH2O) and anal canal pouch-rectal pressure gradients (60 versus 85 cmH2O) were similar in patients and controls. The frequency of slow-wave activity in patients with a pouch was significantly lower than that in controls (7 versus 16 cycles per min, P =0.001). Coordination between the colonic J pouch and the anal canal, in the form of sampling episodes, was observed in more than half of the patients with a functioning pouch. Large isolated contractions (pressure greater than 30cmH2O and lasting longer than 20 s) and rhythmic contractions were the most frequent pattern of pouch motility.
Long-term follow-up of over 1000 patients with salivary gland tumours treated in a single centre
Authors: Renehan A , Gleave E N , Hancock B D , Smith P , McGurk M
Published: February 2007

Between 1947 and 1992, 1403 patients with 1432 salivary gland tumours were treated at the Christie Hospital, Manchester. There were 1194 epithelial neoplasms: parotid, 1082 (91 per cent); submandibular, 47 (4 per cent); minor glands, 65 (5 per cent). The commonest histological diagnoses were pleomorphic adenoma (n = 776) and adenolymphoma (n = 159). A total of 244 carcinomas were seen (adenoid cystic carcinoma, n = 75). Treatment was primarily surgical, conservative where possible, and determined by tumour extent and not histology. Adjuvant radiation therapy was used in over half the definitively treated malignancies. The recurrence rate following the treatment of 551 new parotid pleomorphic adenomas was 1.6 per cent at median follow-up 12.5 (range 1-34)years, increasing to 15 per cent the secondarily referred group (n = 170). For patients with definitively treated primary salivary carcinomas (n = 148), the disease-free survival rate at 5, 10 and 15 years was 58, 47 and 45 per cent respectively. Using multivariate analysis, clinical stage was the most important predictor of survival; the 10-year survival rate for stages I-IV was 96, 70, 47 and 19 per cent respectively.
Cyclosporin A and multiple fibroadenomas of the breast
Authors: Baildam A D , Higgins R M , Hurley E , Furlong A , Walls J , Venning M C , Ackrill P , Mansel R E
Published: February 2007

Multiple bilateral fibroadenomas are uncommon. This finding in four women who had received renal transplants prompted further inquiry. A prospective study was performed on 39 women under the age of 55 years who had received a renal transplant at least 1 year earlier. Clinical examination and breast ultrasonography were performed. Factors considered included immuno-suppressive therapy, concurrent medication and renal function. Blood was taken for estimation of oestradiol, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and sex hormone binding globulin levels. Fibroadenomas were found in 13 of 29 women who had received cyclosporin A: multiple in ten and bilateral in five. No abnormal breast findings were seen in 10 patients immunosuppressed with steroids and azathioprine alone (χ2 = 7.30, 1 d.f., P<0.01). Serum oestradiol concentration was raised in women with fibroadenomas compared with that in those with normal breasts (P<0.05) and the level of FSH was lower (P<0.01). Cyclosporin A may act on breast fibroblasts by humoral mechanisms and direct action.
High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in duodenal ulcer perforations not caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Authors: Ng E K W , Chung S C S , Sung J J Y , Lam Y H , Lee D W H , Lau J Y W , Ling T K W , Lau W Y , Li A K C
Published: February 2007

There has been controversy regarding the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and perforated peptic ulcer, which is known to have a high recurrence rate if only simple patch repair is performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between H. pylori infection and intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients with perforated duodenal ulcers. Of the 73 patients recruited over a 16-month period, 51 (70 per cent) had evidence of H. pylori infection by intra-operative gastroscopy and antral biopsies. The infection rate rose to 80 per cent if NSAID users were excluded. The H. pylori-infected group was significantly younger (mean 47.6 versus 62.5 years), with a male preponderance (49 of 51 versus 14 of 22 patients), and had significantly less NSAID consumption (three of 51 versus ten of 22) and more prolonged dyspepsia (40 of 51 versus ten of 22), compared with H. pylori-negative patients. H. pylori infection probably plays an important role in the causation of non-NSAID-induced duodenal ulcer perforation. Whether eradication of the bacteria can alleviate the strong ulcer diathesis in this subgroup of patients is unknown.
Thrombogenic properties of arterial catheters: A scanning electron microscopic examination of the surface structure
Authors: Thomsen Henrik Klem , Kjeldsen Knud , Hansen Jorgen Fischer
Published: February 2007

We performed 300 consecutive coronary arteriographies with 2 different kinds of catheters: polyurethane catheters and polyethylene catheters. The thromboembolic complication rate for investigations with each type of catheters is compared to the surface structure as seen with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The complication rate was 21.4% for polyurethane catheters and 0.3% for polyethylene catheters. The inner surface of polyurethane catheters was irregular, while the inner surface of polyethylene catheters appeared smooth. The outer surface of polyurethane catheters was slight irregular, while the outer surface of polyethylene catheters was smooth. These results are compared to other investigations of the surface structure of coronary catheters and to reports on the thromboembolic complication rate at coronary arteriography. It is concluded that the 2 types of catheters have different thrombogenic properties and that the surface structure is of major importance for this difference.
Effect of Microchannel Plate Design on Fluid Flow Uniformity at Low Flow Rates
Authors: Griffini G. , Gavriilidis A.
Published: February 2007

In order to increase productivity of microfluidic contactors, a large number of units operating in parallel is required. For operations involving heat transfer, mass transfer and reactions, fluid velocity and residence time in the microchannels play a crucial role in system performance. Therefore it is important to design microstructures able to guarantee satisfactory flow equipartition within the microchannels. In this work, flow distribution in microstructured plates of varying geometries was investigated. CFD calculations showed that two‐dimensional simulations can be misleading in assessing flow maldistribution. Three‐dimensional models revealed the presence of a critical value of Reynolds number at which a transition occurs from a flow regime fully determined by viscous forces (where fluid distribution is independent of flow rate) to a regime where inertial effects start to affect fluid distribution. It was found that flow distribution improves by including fins in the plate to guide the flow, increasing the length of the fins and decreasing the plate width. Increasing the length of flow distribution chambers also improves flow uniformity but a limit is reached for the geometries considered, beyond which no further improvement is obtained. Furthermore, modification of the flow distribution chambers and positioning of the inlet and outlet in line with the microchannels can improve flow uniformity.
Optimierung von Batch‐Kühlungskristallisationen
Authors: Warstat A. , Ulrich J.
Published: February 2007

Um den Kristallisationsprozess im Hinblick auf die geforderten Produktqualitäten (Korngrößenverteilung, Korngröße, Reinheit) zu optimieren, werden Regeln aufgestellt. Die Entwicklung dieser Regeln erfolgt über eine Ableitung der kontrollierten Kristallisation, insbesondere durch Impftechniken. Dazu wird ein umfangreiches Versuchsprogramm mit fünf Stoffsystemen durchgeführt, die aufgrund unterschiedlicher spezifischer stofflicher Eigenschaften ausgewählt wurden. Sowohl die Breite des metastabilen Bereiches als auch die Kristallwachstumsgeschwindigkeit haben einen entscheidenden Einfluss darauf, wie der Kristallisationsprozess mit Hilfe der Impftechnik durchgeführt werden muss, um ihn kontrollieren zu können. Ferner sind die Neigung der Stoffsysteme zum Abrieb und zur Agglomeration von Bedeutung für die Partikelverteilung und die Reinheit des Endproduktes. Es werden Daten angegeben, die für das betreffende Stoffsystem bekannt sein müssen, um gezielt handeln zu können.
Einfluss der Prozessführungsstrategie auf Produktivität und Produkteigenschaften einer „Bevorzugten Kristallisation”︁
Authors: Czapla F. , Lorenz H. , Elsner M. P. , Seidel‐Morgenstern A.
Published: February 2007

Die „Bevorzugte Kristallisation”︁ ist eine Methode zur Gewinnung reiner Enantiomere aus Racematen. Bei diesem Verfahren ist die Wahl der richtigen Prozessführungsstrategie entscheidend, da es sich bei der „Bevorzugten Kristallisation”︁ um eine kinetische Trennung in einem Nichtgleichgewichtsprozess handelt. Der Impfstrategie kommt hierbei neben der Temperaturführung eine zentrale Bedeutung zu. Durch Beschaffenheit und Menge der Impfkristalle werden sowohl die Produktivität als auch die Produkteigenschaften wesentlich mitbestimmt. Weiterhin kann die Zugabe eines chiralen Additivs eine Steigerung der Produktivität bewirken.
Fourier Transform Raman and DFT Study of Three Annulated Oligothiophenes with Different Molecular Shapes
Authors: Malavé Osuna Reyes , Ponce Ortiz Rocio , Ruiz Delgado Mari Carmen , Nenajdenko Valentin G. , Sumerin Viktor V. , Balenkova Elizabeth S. , Hernández Víctor , López Navarrete Juan Teodomiro
Published: February 2007

Herein, we study the conjugation properties of three different thienoacenes, each of which has three or four fused thiophene rings, by means of Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. The B3LYP/6‐31G** vibrational analysis of all of the collected spectroscopic data evidences that the selective enhancement of a limited number of Raman scatterings is related to the occurrence in the three thienoacenes of a vibronic coupling between the lowest unoccupied frontier molecular orbital (LUMO) and some Raman‐active skeletal ν(CC) stretching modes of 1600–1300 cm−1.
Use of 1‐(m‐aminophenyl)flavazoles for the preparation of immunogens with oligosaccharide determinant groups. A method is described for the preparation of immunogens with oligosaccharide determinant groups
Authors: Himmelspach K. , Westphal O. , Teichmann B.
Published: February 2007

A method is described for the preparation of immunogens with oligosaccharide determinant groups.

The method, which consists of conversion of the sugar into its 1‐(maminophenyl)flavazole and subsequent azo‐coupling to protein, has been elaborated with various oligosaccharides of the isomaltose‐, maltose‐, and cellobiose‐series. It requires unsubstituted hydroxyl groups on positions 2 and 3 adjacent to the reducing end of the sugar and appears to be especially suited for oligosaccharides having a polymerization degree between 3 and 8. The procedure does not necessitate protection of the sugar hydroxyl groups. Oligosaccharide‐flavazole‐azo‐edestin conjugates have been tested for immunogenicity in rabbits. Specific anti‐oligosaccharide antibodies were formed in all instances. High titres of dextranspecific antibodies were obtained upon immunization with an isomaltoheptaose‐flavazole‐azo‐edestin conjugate. Further applications of the method will be discussed.
Direct stimulation of lymphoid tissue of the chicken. II. Changes in lymphoid organs following intrathymic and intravenous injection of antigen
Authors: Janković B. D. , Isaković Katarina , Petrović Spomenka
Published: February 2007

Lymphoid tissue from chickens immunized intrathymically or intravenously with BSA was examined histologically at various time intervals after challenge. Quantitative analyses of the thymus medulla and the periarterial area of the spleen were based on 4080 to 6942 counted cells. Three days after immunization, thymic lobes injected with BSA exhibited an increase in the number of blasts. This was followed by a rise in plasma cell population up to 5 days. Significant diminution of small lymphocytes and moderate increase of medium and large lymphocytes occurred after immunization. Contralateral noninjected thymic lobes of the same chickens showed similar cellular kinetics. In thymuses of birds immunized intravenously with BSA there was a moderate increase in plasma cells. Thymic lobes of intrathymically or intravenously immunized bursectomized chickens were normal.

In the spleen, an augmented number of blasts was found 3 days after intrathymic or intravenous challenge. Intrathymic injection of BSA produced profound changes in the bursal follicles and intense plasmacytic reaction 3 and 9 days after immunization.

The results are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that the chicken thymus is not only a primary lymphoid organ, but also an organ capable of acting as a secondary lymphoid tissue.
Original antigenic sin at the cellular level I. Antibodies produced by individual cells against cross‐reacting haptens
Authors: Deutsch Sylvia , Bussard A. E.
Published: February 2007

“Original antigenic sin” has been studied in the mouse at the cellular level using two cross‐reacting haptens: m‐aminobenzoic acid (mB) and m‐sulfanilic acid (mS). The number of antibody‐forming cells (AFC) was measured by the local hemolysis technique using red blood cells coupled to the haptens. Immunization was performed with the haptens coupled to a carrier protein (human γ‐globulin) in Freund's adjuvant. It was found that a heterologous booster was always followed by an increase of the AFC specific of the primary antigen, larger than what could be expected from the cross‐reactivity of the two haptens. In the case of primary stimulation by mS and secondary stimulation by mB, it was observed that the absolute number of AFC against mS was greater than the AFC against mB.
Separation of T and B lymphocytes by preparative cell electrophoresis
Authors: Nordling S. , Andersson L. C. , Häyry P.
Published: February 2007

Free flow electrophoresis can separate mouse spleen and lymph node lymphocytes into two fractions: a high mobility (more negatively charged) and a low mobility (less negatively charged) fraction. The high mobility lymphocytes are sensitive to anti‐Θ serum and complement but resistant to an anti‐serum against mouse specific B lymphocyte antigen (MBLA). They produce rosettes with sheep red cells and induce a graft‐vs‐host reaction when injected into F1‐hybrid recipients. The high mobility lymphocytes also respond to phytohemagglutinin in vitro and are cytotoxic to allogeneic target cells after appropriate immunization. The low mobility lymphocytes are sensitive to anti‐MBLA serum and complement but resistant to anti‐Θ serum, form rosettes and hemolytic plaques against sheep red cells after immunization, but neither respond to phytohemagglutinin in vitro nor induce a graft‐vs‐host reaction. In CBA mice the percentages of high and low mobility lymphocytes in the spleen and lymph nodes correspond to the known distributions of T and B cells in these organs. The separated cells are viable since they are able to perform biological functions. Thus free flow cell electrophoresis seems to produce viable populations of mouse T and B lymphocytes.
Antigenic correlations between brain and thymus. I. Common antigenic structures in rat and mouse brain tissue and thymocytes
Authors: Thiele H.‐G. , Stark Rosemarie , Keeser Dorothea
Published: February 2007

Rabbit anti‐mouse brain serum (AMBS) and anti‐rat brain serum (ARBS) were found to exhibit cytotoxic activity against homologous thymocytes. AMBS also proved to be cytotoxic for rat thymocytes and ARBS for mice thymocytes. Although rat lymph node and spleen cells were nearly uneffected by ARBS, AMBS exhibited some cytotoxicity against the lymph node and spleen cells of mice. The percentage of mouse lymph node and spleen cells lysed by AMBS resembled that caused by Θ‐isoantiserum, Nevertheless, unlike Θ‐isoantisera, the AMBS was also cytotoxic for AKR thymocytes.

Absorption analyses showed that the cytotoxic activity on mouse thymocytes could be absorbed out of the ARBS by both rat and mouse thymocytes and brain residues, However, the latter failed to remove cytotoxic effects on rat thymocytes. Conversely, rat thymocytes and brain homogenate did not influence the cytotoxic effects of AMBS on mouse thymocytes, but eliminated its cytotoxic effects on rat thymocytes. After previous in vitro treatment with anti‐CBA mouse brain serum or ARBS, CBA brain residue proved no longer capable of absorbing any Θ‐C3H isoantibodies. This indicates that the antibrain antibodies had blocked the Θ‐determinants.
Cell proliferation in transplanted rat tumors: Influence of the host immune system
Authors: Rajewsky M. F. , Grüneisen A.
Published: February 2007

Using a computer‐aided procedure of analyzing labeled mitoses data, a comparison was made between the proliferative characteristics of solid transplanted BICR/MIRK rat tumors grown in immunocompetent or anti‐thymocyte serum treated hosts. The tumors were primary re‐implants of cells from a permanent cell culture line (BICR/MIRK; 70th passage), originating from a transplantable rat mammary tumor (BICR/MIR) which was also included in the study. The results are discussed in relation to the influence of the host immune system on the rates of cell production and cell loss, the cell cycle parameters, and the distributions of cell cycle times, derived for these tumors.
Autonomy of thymus‐processed lymphocytes (T cells) for their education into cytotoxic cells
Authors: Golstein P. , Wigzell H. , Blomgren H. , Svedmyr E. A. J.
Published: February 2007

Normal thymus cells were passed through anti‐mouse immunoglobulin‐coated columns, resulting in very pure T cells. These were then injected into irradiated semi‐allogeneic recipients, where they were transformed into educated, specifically cytotoxic cells. This demonstrated autonomy of T cells for their education in our experimental system.
Lymphocyte membrane particle redistribution induced by a mitogenic/capping dose of the phytohemagglutinin of Phaseolus vulgaris
Authors: Loor F.
Published: February 2007

A mitogenic dose of fluorochrome‐conjugated phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is allowed to react with normal mouse lymphocytes and to redistribute in caps on the membrane. At the level of electron microscopy, an important redistribution of the intramembranous particles can at that time be observed on many cells by the use of the freeze‐fracture technique. In some cases the membrane particles are clearly concentrated in one area of the visible cell membrane only, which is assumed to correspond to a cap of PHA‐binding sites. These results are discussed in view of their relevance to membrane structure and to lymphocyte triggering.
Induction of skin allograft tolerance during metamorphosis of the toad xenopus laevis: a possible model for studying generation of self tolerance to histocompatibility antigens
Authors: Chardonnens X. , Pasquier L. Du
Published: February 2007

From 15 days before to 60 days after metamorphosis, an immunologically specific tolerance to skin allografts between individuals of Xenopus can be induced by skin allografts. Genetic inheritance of histocompatibility antigens determines the degree of tolerance during metamorphosis: in individuals from the first generation, 25–50 % of the siblings were tolerant. In second generation individuals, the percentage of tolerance is 75–100 % when the parents show mutual tolerance to skin allografts at metamorphosis and only 25 % when the parents are mutually incompatible. In view of the characteristics of this tolerance it is suggested that it concerns mainly weak histocompatibility antigens and that it occurs preferentially at metamorphosis, as at this stage the animal becomes tolerant to many new self‐antigens.
Ir‐LDHB: Map position and functional analysis
Authors: Melchers Inga , Rajewsky K. , Shreffler D. C.
Published: February 2007

Different strains of mice immunized with lactic dehydrogenase B (LDHB) can be classified into high and low responders. Breeding experiments suggest regulation of this immune response by a dominant gene (Ir‐LDHB), which is linked to the major histocompatibility complex (H‐2). Studies in recombinant inbred mice made it possible to map Ir‐LDHB within the H‐2 complex between Ir‐1 and Ss‐Slp. The argument that it is a single gene or only a small gene cluster which regulates immune responsiveness to the multideterminant enzyme molecule is strengthened by our finding of only two levels of responsiveness among a variety of inbred mouse strains.

Responsiveness in this system is thymus‐dependent and can be transferred to low responders by transfer of normal or immune spleen cells from high responders. Experiments in an adoptive transfer system, in which 4‐hydroxy‐5‐iodo‐3‐nitrophenacetyl (NIP)‐LDHB was used as a hapten‐carrier complex, demonstrated that LDHB‐specific helper activity was detectable in LDHB‐primed spleen cells of responder animals only. This indicates a deficiency of LDHB‐specific T cells in low responder mice.

Immunization of congenic mice with the hybrid isoenzyme LDHAB results in equal production of anti‐LDHB antibodies in low and high responders.

Examination of these sera in isoelectric focussing (IEF) led to the following conclusions. a) Individual sera show, in general, little heterogeneity of anti‐LDHB antibodies. b) Low responders exhibit a similar degree of heterogeneity as do high responders. c) A few groups of bands, indistinguishable in IEF, appear repeatedly in individual sera, irrespective of the H‐2 allele of the donor.

We conclude that Ir‐LDHB is expressed exclusively at the level of T cell function.
The thymus during the ontogeny of the toad Xenopus laevis: Growth, membrane‐bound immunoglobulins and mixed lymphocyte reaction
Authors: Du Pasquier L. , Weiss N.
Published: February 2007

The reactivity of thymic lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte reaction of the toad Xenopus laevis is already established in the 4th week after fertilization. The degree of tritiated thymidine incorporation by lymphocytes and stimulation indices were of the same order of magnitude during ontogeny. This stability of the thymocyte reactivity contrasts with other aspects of the thymus development. At metamorphosis, the number of lymphocytes in the thymus is reduced by a factor of 5, as compared to the maximum number of cells in larval stage.

The use of a sensitive immunofluorescence technique suggested that a previously noticed decrease in the percentage of immunoglobulin‐bearing thymocytes is likely to be due to the lower expression of immunoglobulin molecules at the surface of the cell. None of these ontogenetic changes seemed to affect the reactivity of thymocytes in the mixed lymphocyte reaction, at least in unidirectional reactions between individuals from unrelated families.
Selective stimulation by B lymphocytes in the syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction
Authors: von Boehmer H.
Published: February 2007

T and B lymphocytes from spleen and thoracic duct have been separated by preparative electrophoresis and their ability to stimulate syngeneic and allogeneic thymic cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures has been studied.

In syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), thymus cells from neonatal mice can only be stimulated by B lymphocytes from adult mice, whereas T and B lymphocytes are stimulatory for allogeneic thymus cells from neonatal and adult mice.

The role of the syngeneic MLR as an example of self recognition and as a screening mechanism for depression of self‐reactive cells is discussed.
Separation and characterization of cortical and medullary bursal lymphocytes
Authors: Grossi C. E. , Casali Anna M. , Bartoli Silvana , Governa M. , Manzoli F. A.
Published: February 2007

Cortical and medullary lymphocytes from the chicken bursa of Fabricius were examined for their DNA content and [3H]thymidine incorporation. The kinetics of the latter is different for both cell types, while chemical and cytophotometric tests showed cortical lymphocytes to contain more DNA. In addition, immunofluorescent detection of membrane‐bound immunoglobulins demonstrated that most medullary cells are B lymphocytes.

Therefore, the cortex and the medulla appear to be distinct compartments of the bursal follicle, the cortex being a zone of continuous lymphocyte proliferation, while the medulla contains an homogeneous population with fully developed immunological competence.
Intercellular communication between lymphocytes in vitro. Fluorescein‐permeable junctions, their enhancement by lysolecithin and their reduction by a synthetic immunosuppressive lysolecithin analogue
Authors: Sellin D. , Wallach D. F. H. , Weltzien H. U. , Resch K. , Sprenger E. , Fischer H.
Published: February 2007

We demonstrate that (anti‐immunoglobulin‐stimulated) lymphocytes can form transient fluorescein‐permeable contacts with unstimulated cells, allowing rapid intercellular flow of fluorescein. We quantified the process by fluorescence microscopy and flow‐cytofluorometry and reason that the phenomenon might reflect cooperation between lymphocytes; alternative explanations are not excluded.

Lysolecithin and the derivative 1‐O‐hexadecyl‐propanediol‐3‐phosphorylcholine increase the fluorescein transfer between stimulated and non‐stimulated rabbit lymph node lymphocytes; both agents function as immunological adjuvants in vivoand in vitro. In contrast, 1‐O‐decyl‐propanediol‐3‐phosphoryl‐choline, an immunosuppressant, reduces fluorescein transfer. These findings support the contention that cell junctions might participate in the lymphocyte cooperation occurring during immune stimulation.
Complement‐independence of tolerance induction
Authors: Pepys M. B. , Taussig M. J.
Published: February 2007

In vivo depletion of plasma complement by the purified C3‐cleaving protein of cobra venom (CoF) had no effect on the induction of tolerance in adult mice to either thymus‐dependent or thymus‐independent antigens. This contrasts with the suppressive effect of CoF on, and the requirement for C3 in, the induction of thymus‐dependent antibody production in vivo and in vitro.
The mixed leukocyte reaction in chickens. Evidence for control by the major histocompatibility complex
Authors: Miggiano V. C. , Birgen I. , Pink J. R. L.
Published: February 2007

One‐way and two‐way mixed leukocyte reactions (MLR) have been performed using cells isolated from peripheral blood of chickens from four different inbred lines (CA, CB, WA and WB).

MLR between chickens from the same line, or from lines CA and CB (which have the same major histocompatibility antigens (B antigens)) were always negative; MLR between chickens from lines differing at the B locus were always positive, even when the lines compared (WA, WB) had otherwise identical or very similar genetic backgrounds. This evidence that a locus or loci controlling the MLR is linked to the major histocompatibility locus in the chicken was confirmed by the results of MLR performed with leukocytes from the F2 progeny of a WA × CB cross. These experiments also exclude (at least for the WA/CB combination) the role in the reaction of other, non‐B‐linked MLR loci.

The evolution of the vertebrate major histocompatibility complex is discussed in the light of these findings.
Graft‐versus‐host reaction in F1 recipients in the absence of donor (parental) cell proliferation
Authors: Scollay R. G. , Hofman Florence , Globerson Amiela
Published: February 2007

This study concerns the role of donor cell proliferation in graft‐versus‐host (GVH) reaction, using in vivo and in vitro systems. We have confirmed the reports of others that treatment of parental cells with mitotic inhibitors prevents the development of GVH splenomegaly in newborn F1 recipients. However, in an in vitro GVH assay, parental cells treated with mitomycin C at doses as high as 50 μg/ml were shown to cause enlargement of newborn F1 spleen fragments. This apparent anomaly was partly resolved by showing that mitomycin C‐treated parental cells could give rise to splenomegaly in newborn F1 mice in vivo, provided they were mixed with newborn F1 spleen cells prior to injection. The possibility that mitotic inhibitors adversely affect the ability of parental cells to migrate to the sites of interaction with recipient cells, rather than inhibiting their actual ability to interact (and hence cause proliferation) is discussed. The nature of this GVH interaction is also considered.
Immunoglobulins in the airway washings and bile secretions of chickens
Authors: Katz D. , Kohn A. , Arnon Ruth
Published: February 2007

Airway washings and bile globulins of chickens were examined by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic methods. A third immunoglobulin besides IgG and IgM was found in serum and in secretions of chickens and may be regarded as the avian IgA. Unlike bile, which had only IgA, some airway washings contained all three immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA), while others only one or two of them (IgA, or IgG and IgA). No antigenic differences were found between the serum IgA and the secretory IgA of bile and airway washings. A secretory piece, present in mammalian immunoglobulins, was not found in chickens. Chickens have, however, a different secretory component.
Studies on release of modified cytophilic antibodies from the surface of macrophages in the presence of antigens
Authors: Lisowski J. , Starościk Krystyna , Wieczorek Z.
Published: February 2007

The interaction of chemically modified rabbit anti‐trinitrophenyl (TNP) macrophage cytophilic antibodies with guinea pig macrophages was studied. The antibodies were modified with dodecylsuccinic anhydride which had no effect on antibody activity, but rendered the modified antibodies inactive both in the passive direct and passive indirect tests for cytophilic activity. However, the modified proteins had the ability to block macrophage receptors and inhibit rosette formation. It was found that the modified antibodies were bound to macrophages, but were released after combining with TNP‐coated erythrocytes.

No such release was observed when soluble antigen trinitrophenylated (bovine serum albumin) or TNP‐hapten, TNP‐ϵ‐aminocaproic acid were used.

The implication of this effect is that combination of the Fab portion of antibody molecules with an insoluble antigen might produce a conformational change in the Fc region. However, other possibilities, e.g. the effect of modification on the cytophilic activity of the Fc region and the disruption of rosettes by thermal motion, are also discussed.
Phosphorylcholine‐bearing components in homogenates of nematodes
Authors: Péry P. , Petit Agnès , Poulain Joëlle , Luffau G.
Published: February 2007

Homogenates prepared from the developmental stages of the nematodes, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (a rat parasite) and Haemochus contortus (a sheep parasite) were found to react specifically with two myeloma sera that possess anti‐phosphorylcholine binding activity. Some properties of the phosphoryl‐bearing components and of the precipitation reaction are presented and the postulated biochemical nature of these components is discussed.
The effect of specific cell inactivation on the cellular immune response to ferreodoxin peptides
Authors: Pearson T. , Levy Julia , Kilburn D.
Published: February 2007

Previous studies using synthetic immunogenic molecules containing two haptenic peptides (the NH2‐terminal heptapeptide and the COOH‐terminal pentapeptide of oxidized ferredoxin (O‐Fd) from C. pasteurinaum ) have shown that both peptides individually are capable of initiating lymphocyte transformation and inhibiting migration in populations of lymphocytes from O‐Fd‐sensitized guinea pigs. While migration inhibition could readily be stimualted by single haptenic peptides, lymphocytes transforamtion appeared to be more easily induced by molecules containing two or more haptenic peptides (these could be identical or different) (Kelly, B., Levy, J. G. and Hull, D., Eur. J. Immunol., 1973. 3: 574). If lymphocyte transformation is a T cell‐mediated phenomenon, these observations indicate the possibility of T cell‐T cell interaction. The two haptenic peptides (designated „N”︁ and „C”︁) were synthesized and conjugated to succinylated bovine serum albumin (S‐BSA), forming the cojugates N‐S‐BSA and C‐S‐BSA, repectively. These conjugates were labled to high specific activity with 125iodine and were used in and „antigen suicide”︁ procedure to treat guinea pig lymph node cell preparation previously sensitized to 0‐Fd adn keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Cell population exposed to either 125I‐labeled N‐S‐BSA or 125I‐labeled C‐S‐BCA demonstrated decreased lymphocytes transformation in the presence of O‐Fd but not in hte presence of KLH. These results indicate specific cell inactivation cell transformation. Experiments performed by mixing 125I‐labeled N‐S‐BSA‐treated cells with 125I‐labeled C‐S‐BSA‐treated cells were successful in partially restoring the response to O‐Fd and suggest possible synergy between N and C determinant binding cells in the cellular immune response to O‐Fd. Evidence from B cell depletion studies suggests that this is a T cell‐T cell interaction.
Receptors for IgG molecules on human lymphocytes forming spontaneous rosettes with sheep red cells
Authors: Ferrarini M. , Moretta L. , Abrile Roberte , Durnte Maria Laura
Published: February 2007

A mixed rosette techinque with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and ox erythrocytes heavily coated with rabbit antibody (EA) was employed to simultaneously idnetify human peripheral blood T lymphocytes and IgG receptor‐bearing cells. The findings of a noticeable proportion of „mixed resettes”︁ in peripheral blood lymphocytes freshly drawn from normal individuals and of an even higher number of these mixed rosettes in cell suspension kept in culture media supplemented with fetal calf serum provide evidence for the capacity iof human T cells to express membrane receptors for antigen‐antibody complexes.
Increased reactivity of responding cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction by a thymic humoral factor
Authors: Umiel Tehila , Trainin N.
Published: February 2007

A thymic humoral factor (THF) induces competence in a certain sector of the lymphoid cell population. The target cell for THF activity was studied using the one‐way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Cells from various lymphoid tissues (responding cells) were preincubated in THF for 1 hour and then mixed with mitomycin‐C‐treated cells (stimulating cells). The results obtained indicate that THF increases MLC competence of lymphocytes from spleen and thymus origin of intact mice and that of spleen of thymus‐deprived mice. In contrast, no enhancing effect in the MLC response by THF could be observed when bone marrow‐derived spleen cells, cortisone‐resistant thymocytes or lymph node cells were used as responding cells. These results confirm our hypothesis that THF leads to differentiation of young thymus‐derived (T) cells, promoting them to maturation and thus to the acquisition of full immune competence.
Radioactive antigen suicide of an anti‐DNP (2,4‐dinitrophenyl) clone. II. Follow‐up of clones relatively resistant to radioactive antigen suicide when initially selected
Authors: Willcox H. N. A. , McMichael A. J.
Published: February 2007

After suicide of the anti‐dinitrophenyl (DNP) clone E21 in a previous experiment (Eur. J. Immunol. 1975. 5: 58) several new clones (S clones) appeared promptly in the recipients. There was compelling evidence that they were then resistant to suicide, relative to E21. We now report further studies on these S clones and their antibodies.

The antibodies of half of the S clones had affinities ten to one hundred times higher than E21 (3 × 10−7 M); none was lower. The four tested were also able to bind DNP on the particular conjugate used for the suicide procedure.

Three of the S clones were serially propagated; they showed a very great capacity for proliferation, transferring into 510, 85 and 110 recipients each. When their cells were tested at subsequent passages, they recovered early after partial inhibition by radioactive antigen. Two S clones may still have been somewhat refractory to suicide but, probably in all three, rapid proliferation was largely responsible for the recovery of the few cells escaping suicide, and helped them to appear suicide resistant.
Cell‐mediated immunity to Moloney sarcoma virus in mice. II. Analysis of antigenic specificities involved in T lymphocyte‐mediated in vivo rejection of murine sarcoma virus‐induced tumors
Authors: Gorczynski R. M. , Knight R. A.
Published: February 2007

Sublethally irradiated BALB/c mice innoculated with Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV‐M) develop progressively growing tumors and die within 30 days of virus innoculation. These animals can be protected from tumor progression (and death) by innoculation of small numbers of MSV‐immune T lymphocytes from MSV‐M innoculated (but unirradiated) animals. T lymphocytes in these donor animals have been shown to express immunity to a variety of viral and virallyinduced antigens. We have investigated whether immunity to any one of these antigens was critically important in leading to protection of the irradiated animals by sesitizing normal T lymphocytes in vitro to different viral antigens and examining the ability of these sensitized cells to protect the irradiated recipients. Data is presented to show that cells sensitized in vitro to MSV‐transformed fibroblasts, and to purified antigens with group specificity, but not to viral envelope antigens, or whole virus, are capable of protecting the irradiated MSV innoculated animals.
Isolation and properties of a 7 S rat immunoglobulin different from IgG
Authors: Binaghi R. A. , Boussac‐Aron Yolande
Published: February 2007

A 7 S rat immunoglobulin, of rapid electrophoretic mobility, was characterized and isolated from normal or hyperimmune rat serum and was designated “IgR”. This immunoglobulin belongs to a class different from IgG and was originally described as IgA.

IgR has a molecular weight of 160 000, is present in the serum and milk as a monomer and is readily absorbed by the intestine of suckling rats. In hyperimmunized animals, about 20 % of the antibodies were of the IgR class. IgR is devoid of anaphylactic capacity and no homologies could be established between it and immunoglobulins of other animal species.
Cell surface immunoglobulin. XII. Localization of immunoglobulin on murine lymphocytes by scanning immunoelectronmicroscopy
Authors: Lipscomb Mary F. , Holmes Kathryn V. , Vitetta Ellen S. , Hämmerling U. , Uhr J. W.
Published: February 2007

The localization of immunoglobulin (Ig) on the surface of murine splenic lymphocytes has been studied with the scanning electron microscope (SEM), using a rabbit F(ab)2 hybrid antibody directed against mouse Ig and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) with TMV as a morphological marker. 35 % of spleen cells and 3 % of thymus cells were labeled by this method. Labeled cells were usually small lymphocytes with moderate numbers of microvilli. The Ig molecules were randomly distributed on the lymphocyte surface, appearing on microvilli as well as on the smooth surface of the cell.