bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MEASURING ATTACHMENT IN THE WORKPLACE THROUGH PICTURES
Authors:   Comenius University in Bratislava, Poluch Daniel , Lisá Elena
Published: January 2024

In this study, we focused on presenting the process of creating a questionnaire method for measuring attachment styles at the workplace through the use of ambiguous images. The sample consisted of 129 participants from working adults, primarily students. The selection was made online based on the principle of available choice. The Workplace Attachment self-assessment questionnaire items were assigned to ambiguous pictures in threes. Three statements representing three attachment styles (secure attachment to leader, avoidant attachment to peers, anxious attachment to leader and peers) were assigned to each picture. The participants had to choose only one statement from the three statements offered for the picture. They had to select the statement that best describes the situation in the picture. The total number of 41 images was reduced to 8, while only those images with three statements were selected, in which the participants selected each statement with a frequency of approximately 30%. All attachment styles were moderately significantly and negatively correlated with each other. These correlations expressed the frequencies of the selection of statements and were thus logically negatively related to each other. These correlations did not reflect associations between attachment styles per se. No attachment style stood out above the others here, as evidenced by a selection of images that, on average, do not favor any attachment styles. This method should ensure the individual uniqueness of the individual's choice. In further research, it would be appropriate to verify the convergent validity of the questionnaire.
VERIFICATION OF THE STABILITY OF THE TECHNOSTRESS QUESTIONNAIRE AND TECHNOSTRESS IN RELATION TO PERSONALITY FACETS
Authors:   Comenius University in Bratislava, Smoroň Jozef , Schraggerová Milica , Rošková Eva , Urukovičová Nina
Published: January 2024

Aim: One of the negative aspects of using technology is technostress. As a relatively new phenomenon technostress brings new research challenges. The aim of our study was to examine how technostress and personality are interconnected. We chose less frequently used approach in personality research - the facets analysis. We also wanted to test the structure of technostress as construct, based on Ragu-Nathan, et al. (2008) approach that distinguishes 5 factors of technostress. Method: Research sample consisted of 257 participants, 143 women aged M = 39.25, SD = 12.18 and 114 men aged M = 34.64, SD = 10.71. Research data were obtained by questionnaires that were administered online. Findings: We found many relationships between techno-stressors and personality facets. Exploratory graph analysis was used to demonstrate relative independence of technostress factors. Other findings are discussed.
NOVÉ KONCEPTUALIZÁCIE DÔCHODKU A PSYCHOLÓGIA DÔCHODKU
Authors:   Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bačová Viera
Published: January 2024

Dôchodok sa ospravedlňuje nielen ekonomickými argumentmi, ale aj morálnymi presvedčeniami o tom, čo dôchodok je. Rôzne sociálne inštitúcie sa líšia v zdôvodňovaní dôchodku. Odbory pristupujú k dôchodku ako k sociálnemu právu, ktoré je v súčasnosti ohrozené. Podnikatelia chápu fixný vek odchodu do dôchodku ako zastaraný a nákladný inštitút. Dôchodcovia okrem práva na zaslúžený odpočinok požadujú právo nebyť vylúčení z pracujúcej spoločnosti. Tieto rôzne konceptualizácie priamo alebo nepriamo reflektujú koncepty dôchodku, ktoré si pre seba vytvárajú jednotlivci. K hlavným dôsledkom zmien v inštitúte dôchodku patria rôznorodejšie cesty do dôchodku a platená práca v dôchodkovom veku. Psychológia dôchodku pomáha zvládať psychologické reakcie na tieto prebiehajúce zmeny v dôchodku. Jej obsahom sú otázky: aký je význam dôchodku, ako čeliť strate pracovnej identity a vyjednávať si nové identity, zvládať štruktúru voľného času, a rekonštruovať svoje sociálne roly, vzťahy a kontakty.
PRACOVNÉ CIELE V KONTEXTE ĎALŠÍCH CIEĽOV SÚČASNÝCH MLADÝCH ĽUDÍ NA SLOVENSKU
Authors:   University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik, Kováčová Holevová Bibiána
Published: January 2024

Cieľom práce bolo preskúmať, či sa líši vnímanie pracovných cieľov u mladých ľudí v závislosti od konštelácii ich ďalších cieľov. Príspevok nadväzuje na závery plynúce z reprezentatívneho výskumu týkajúceho sa cieľov súčasných mladých ľudí na Slovensku v rámci 4 vývinových míľnikov mladej dospelosti (ciele z oblasti 1. vzdelávania, 2. práce, 3. vzťahov/rodiny, 4. osobného rastu/voľného času). Ten preukázal, že pracovné ciele sú najdominantnejšími cieľmi (uviedlo ich takmer 74%) súčasných mladých (Kováčová Holevová, Hricová, Lovaš, 2022). Avšak mladí ľudia sú v súvislosti s ich pracovnými cieľmi heterogénnou skupinou, a to nielen čo do ich obsahu (majú rôzne druhy pracovných cieľov), ale i do širších konštelácii (niektorí mladí majú len pracovné ciele, iní majú aj ďalšie ciele). Od mladých Slovákov a Sloveniek vo veku 19 - 30 rokov (N = 899) boli zisťované ciele v spomínaných oblastiach. Prostredníctvom prevzatých krátkych škál bola zisťovaná motivácia (musím a chcem), ako i vybrané charakteristiky pracovných cieľov odrážajúce ich vnímanie (dôležitosti, záväznosti, dosiahnuteľnosti). V kontexte jednotlivých konštelácii sme zistili, že najviac mladých má ciele zo všetkých oblastí (približne 38%). S pracovnými cieľmi bolo identifikovaných ďalších 7 konštelácii (len pracovné ciele mali viac ako 3%, pracovný + 1 cieľ z inej oblasti takmer 9%; pracovný cieľ + 2 ciele z iných oblasti viac ako 23%). Vnímanie pracovných cieľov sa líšilo v závislosti od ďalších cieľov. Zistili sme, že pracovné ciele sú vnímané ako dôležitejšie, záväznejšie a dosiahnuteľnejšie, ak majú mladí okrem pracovných cieľov i ciele z ďalších oblastí. Rozdiely v motivácii však identifikované neboli. Hlbšie porozumenie tomu, ako mladí vnímajú svoje (dominantné) pracovné ciele a akú motiváciu majú k tomu, aby ich dosiahli, obe v kontexte ich ďalších cieľov, môže byť nápomocné k porozumeniu súčasným mladým ľuďom.
RODIELY MEDZI MLADÝMI ŽENAMI A MUŽMI V CIEĽOVEJ ORIENTÁCII V OBLASTI PRÁCE
Authors:   University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik, Lovaš Ladislav
Published: January 2024

Abstrakt: Súčasťou uskutočneného širšie koncipovaného výskumu cieľovej orientácie mladých ľudí bolo aj porovnanie žien (n=485) a mužov (412) vo veku 19 – 30 rokov. Na jeho základe sú prezentované zistenia týkajúce sa cieľovej zaangažovanosti (dôležitosti cieľov, ich záväznosti atď.), motivácie (vnútornej a vonkajšej) a štádií dosahovania cieľov (príprava a realizácia postupu) v oblasti práce. Výsledky poukázali najmä na rozdiely vo vnútornej (vyššie skóre mali ženy) a vonkajšej motivácii (vyššie skóre mali muži) a na relatívne menšie rozdiely v obsahu pracovných cieľov mladých žien a mužov a v štádiách ich dosahovania.
Factors Effecting Problem Solving Ability of Dental Hygiene Students
Authors:   The Korean Society of Oral Health Science, Kang Yong-Ju
Published: January 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the impact of self-directed learning ability and critical thinking tendencies among dental hygiene students on their problem-solving skills. Methods: The subject's self-directed learning ability, critical thinking tendency, and problem-solving ability were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression. Results: Self-directed learning ability and critical thinking tendencies were identified as significant factors influencing problem-solving proficiency. Conclusions: The conclusion drawn was a necessity of introducing subjects aimed at enhancing self-directed learning abilities and critical thinking skills, and implementing pedagogical approaches centered around problem-solving.
Factors Affecting the Presence or Absence of Oral Examination in Korean Adults: Using Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination (2019-2021)
Authors:   The Korean Society of Oral Health Science, Kim Seul-Gi , Kim Bo-Ram , Kim Na-Yoon , Lee Min-Kyung
Published: January 2024

Methods: Using raw data from the 8th National Health and Nutrition Survey (2019-2021), we analyzed the subjects who agreed to the indoor air quality survey at home among adults over 19 years of age. Results: The higher the household income, the higher the final academic background, the higher the experience of oral examination when diagnosed with asthma, when there is no anemia, when receiving medical treatment whenever necessary, and when receiving a medical examination. Conclusions: It is necessary to create an environment in which employers actively encourage oral examinations by introducing a system that provides financial support from the state or defining oral examinations as mandatory, not optional.
Dental Polycarboxylate Cement Bicompatibility and Mechanical Properties Improved by Zirconia
Authors:   The Korean Society of Oral Health Science, Kim Dong-Ae , Jun Soo-Kyung
Published: January 2024

Objectives: In this study, zirconia-incorporated polycarboxylate cement (PCC) (ZrO2/PCC) was developed to reduce the cytotoxicity and improve the mechanical properties of PCC. Methods: The ZrO2 was incorporated into a commercial PCC powder 0∼20 wt%. Its mechanical properties and dimensional stability were evaluated, and its cell biocompatibility was assessed using an MTS analysis with human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). analysis with human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Results: As the ZrO2 content increases, the mechanical properties strength values increase; there was a statistically significant difference in the cell survival rate (p<0.05). Conclusions: The research results have demonstrated improvements in the mechanical properties and biocompatibility stability of ZrO2 in dental porcelain ceramics.
Introduction: Unruly Filmmaker, Fellow Traveller
Authors: Bowler Alexia L. , Jones Adele
Published: January 2024

The introduction to this collection explores the dominant ideas that frame Campion’s work, using these as a starting point for arguing that any appraisal of her oeuvre will benefit from using feminism(s) as a lens through which to explore it. The introduction traces the development of her work, arguing that Campion’s ambivalence towards being positioned as a feminist filmmaker belies her continued focus on female subjects. This seeming paradox is explored within the context of a (post)#MeToo moment. In addition, her specific position as a New Zealand filmmaker will be considered in relation to Campion's changing relationship with feminism. Her recent television output has developed an intersectionality that is directly linked, the introduction argues, to the way in which #MeToo has forced a reappraisal of the assumed universality of feminism itself. The introduction concludes with an outline of each chapter within this framework. It highlights the links between the chapters and explores the feminist perspectives in which they are anchored. This approach offers the reader a narrative for both Campion’s work and the feminist landscape in which it has been produced.
Claiming Campion: The Question of Jane Campion’s Politics Revisited
Authors: Kuster Stephen
Published: January 2024

Stephen Kuster’s chapter provides analysis of Campion’s early films through an ethnographic framework, considering the power dynamics at work. Kuster suggests documentary lays claim to the truth, and as such, like all knowledge-production, its verisimilitude is inextricably tied to power, whether that is colonialism, patriarchy, or racism, for example. In line with such discourses, Kuster’s chapter examines Campion’s early shorts, Passionless Moments and A Girl’s Own Story, and their relationships to truth and power through their parallels to documentary, suggesting Campion’s purpose is to subvert hegemonic truth assertions; the once-claimed singular objectivity that is tied to power structures does not, and cannot, exist in cinema.
Unsettling Presences: Agentic Embodiment in Jane Campion’s Films
Authors: Fowler Catherine
Published: January 2024

Campion’s cinema can be located along a trajectory of women filmmakers coping with both the perils and the pleasures of a visual engagement with the female body on screen. Coming to filmmaking in the late 1980s, Campion is part of a post-visual pleasure generation, a term which distinguishes a first generation of women filmmakers in the 1970s who had to negotiate Laura Mulvey’s founding text, from a second generation who began their feature careers in the 1980s. In this chapter, Catherine Fowler considers the framing of the female body in Sweetie (1989), Holy Smoke (1999) and In the Cut (2003), through this post visual pleasure lens,examining the visible effects of forty years of feminist film theory and practice on its surface. The chapter argues that by considering Campion’s phenomenological framing of the female body, we find a way to reconcile what Kate Ince (2017) has called the ‘fundamental dissonance’ in feminist film theory with regard to embodiment’s place in our understanding of female subjectivity.
Photosensitive Primetime: Race and Recovery in Top of the Lake: China Girl
Authors: Worthy Blythe
Published: January 2024

Focusing on Jane Campion’s television series Top of the Lake: China Girl (2017), Worthy’s chapter continues the work of rescripting Women of Colour back into Campion studies to better hear those who ‘struggle to be heard from the margins’ and reflect the local landscapes that inspire the director’s television (Pihama 1994, 239). Focusing on the image of the ‘China Girl’, Worthy problematises the representation of Women of Colour in Antipodean film and television, its juxtaposition with White feminism and Campion’s own positionality within this framework.
Introduction: Failures East and West – Cultural Encounters between East Asia and Europe
Authors: Hertel Ralf , Sandrock Kirsten
Published: January 2024

The introduction maps out the field of East-West encounters with a particular focus on failure in such encounters. It defines crucial terms (such as failure and encounter) and locates the collection of essays in the emerging field of failure studies. Furthermore, it reflects on how to develop a theory of failure, and discusses which questions a study of failures in literature and cultural encounters needs to address. It suggests that failure must be understood as constructed, as something that is not inherent in an event but attributed to it. Failure does not exist as an objective category or a simple fact of life, but only comes into existence when something – an event, a person, an entity or idea – is labelled as such. It is, in other words, essentially performative in nature. The introduction suggests that we need to look more closely at the reasons why events are labelled failures, and to what effect. The introduction concludes by providing a brief synopsis of the individual essays of the volume.
Fact and Fiction in the Writings of Wilhelm Joest about His Journey on Formosa in 1880
Authors: Yao Shao-Ji
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers the visit to Taiwan by the German explorer Wilhelm Joest (1852–1897). He arrived on the island formerly known as ‘Formosa’ in the summer of 1880 and travelled the area surrounding Taipei. He recorded his research findings, experiences and impressions in three separate documents which serve as the basis of an analysis for his stay in Taiwan. These documents consist of a scientific ethnological article (1882), a chapter from an extensive travel report (1895) and a yet unpublished diary. The chapter illustrates that significant discrepancies exist between his diary and his scientific research, which could be considered failures from a logical point of view. Yao suggests, though, that further factors are to be considered when trying to come to terms with discrepancies, inaccuracies and factious elements in Joest’s writings. Apart from aesthetic and literary factors, political and economic dynamics might have influenced the textual work and need to be kept in mind when evaluating the accuracy of historical or scientific works about East Asia of a similar nature.
Chinese Kotow and European Handshake: Episodes in the History of Intercultural Etiquette in China around 1900
Authors: Altenburger Roland
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores how practices of intercultural etiquette can lead to misunderstandings and, indeed, failures in Chinese–European intercultural encounters. Specifically, it considers the discourse about, and the practice of, greeting gestures in European–Chinese communication, particularly focusing on the turn-of-the-century period, around 1900, when the expiring Qing Empire was under pressure internationally and there were strong tensions in their mutual perception. The essay discusses different conceptions of what ‘etiquette’ signifies and how it can lead to misinterpretations and misconstructions that fail the purpose of the etiquette. A recapitulation of shifting European attitudes towards the kotow (‘head-knocking’) serves as the starting point. The clash of greeting etiquettes led to some misunderstandings and revealing
conflicts. This is demonstrated through the analysis of a series of cases, as found in some episodes from turn-of-the-century Chinese novels of manner, in particular A Report on the Present State of Officialdom (Guanchang xianxing ji) and A Short History of Civilization (Wenming xiaoshi) by Li Boyuan (1867–1906),
in which Western-style forms of greeting gesture, mainly handshaking but also hat-raising, are employed towards, as well as by, Chinese protagonists.
Abject Pleasures in the Cinematic
Authors: Kerner Aaron
Published: January 2024

Abject Pleasures examines the cinematic strategies that elicit visceral pleasure—tears, goosebumps, sexual arousal, laughter—even in the face of content that is crass, politically problematic, or unethical. While there might be a progressive predisposition within our discipline, affect pledges no allegiance to any particular political inclination. Progressives, or progressive content, does not hold a monopoly on affect. The beautiful has no inherent bond to the good (i.e., morally good, or having cultural merit), rather it is an affective experience, and it might come to us in the most unlikely and unsavory places. Pornography, even with the most regressive content, wields the possibility to be sexually arousing even despite our own ethical objections. While well-intended academics routinely claim that watching people get hurt is not funny, and we might appreciate the gesture to cultivate our better angels, but such assertions do not necessarily align with our lived-experience. Abject Pleasures unapologetically examines the formal qualities of the cinematic that elicit pleasurable feelings.
On Sexual Arousal
Authors: Kerner Aaron
Published: January 2024

This chapter theorizes sexual arousal—how the economy of fetishism (differentiated from the Freudian model) and allure work together. It also draws on the work of neurologist Vittorio Gallese and his discovery of mirror neurons.
Romance
Authors: Kerner Aaron
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines Chan-wook Park’s 2016 film The Handmaiden through the lens of the (lesbian) romance genre. The Handmaiden appeals to our emotions (narrative content) and to our affective experience (style and cinematic form).
Contextualised Biography of Adrian Brunel, Part II
Authors: Botting Josephine
Published: January 2024

Chapter Eight concludes the detailed biography of Adrian Brunel started in Chapter One, covering 1928 until his death in 1958. It is compiled from his own writings, correspondence, diaries and other documentation in his paper collection, supplemented by references to the trade and daily press. It traces the transition from silent to sound film and the decline of Brunel’s career as a director of ‘A’ pictures, becoming a prolific director of quota quickies for various producers in the 1930s. With directing opportunities becoming more scarce, Brunel was forced to take other roles in production and also to diversify into other creative and business areas, including writing guides to making amateur films and programmes for radio. His correspondence and other writing during this period build a picture of the bitterness and frustration he felt over his treatment by the film industry.
Introduction: Defining and Exploring the Political World of Bilad al-sham
Authors: Wilson James
Published: January 2024

This chapter outlines the ways in which the region of Syria has been categorised and studied from the 10th century until the present day. It begins with the definitions of the physical contours of bilad al-sham used by Arabic-Islamic cartographers during the Middle Ages. Focus is then placed on how modern scholarship has surveyed this era of Syrian history, usually from the perspectives of individual cities (Aleppo and Damascus) or political, religious and ethnic groups who exerted political authority in the region (the Byzantine Empire, the Fatimid Caliphate, the Seljuq Sultanate and the Crusader sates). This is followed by an overview of the primary sources used to write this book, with particular emphasis placed on the Arabic materials and the authors who wrote these texts. The final part of this chapters outlines the scope and structure of the present study.
The Great Seljuq Sultanate
Authors: Wilson James
Published: January 2024

Chapter 3 charts the local context of the Seljuq’s rapid rise in regional authority from 1071 onwards. Rather than following the traditional interpretation of a linear development of power until the sudden death of the Sultan Malik Shah in 1092, and then decline, it argues that Seljuq power in Syria remained nominal for much of the late eleventh century. This was a consequence of: 1) the logistical and political issues that impeded Seljuq military campaigns in the region, 2) the mechanisms by which successive Seljuq sultans governed their dominions, and 3) internal dynastic rivalry. There is also a reassessment of the impact which the influx Türkmen dynasts had upon Syrian society during this period.
The Reactions of Seljuq, Fatimid and Syrian Elites
Authors: Wilson James
Published: January 2024

Chapter 4 provides a reassessment of the military responses of the Seljuq, Fatimid and local political elites to the arrival of the Frankish Crusaders. It begins by discussing the two main theoretical frameworks used to assess early Islamic responses, the counter-Crusade and la maqam paradigms. Discussion then progresses onto whether these concepts can be applied to the region prior to 1128 through a consideration of specific alliances between Seljuq, Fatimid and regional rulers, before scrutinising the wider trends of military alliances and collaboration between the major polities of bilad al-sham with the Franks during the early sixth/twelfth century. Ultimately, it asserts that there was a clearly observable, but unsuccessful, military reaction from the rulers of Syria to the onset of the Crusades.
The Notables and Frontiers of Aleppo
Authors: Wilson James
Published: January 2024

Chapter 5 provides an overview of the authority wielded by urban notables in Syria between 1050-1128. It begins by outlining how this power was rooted in their possession of the agricultural lands surrounding Aleppo and Damascus, and the simultaneous occupation of the civic institutions of administrative power in these cities. This is followed by the active role played by these notable families in diplomatic missions to Turkish potentates at times of crisis and domestic instability. The final part of this chapter outlines the physical frontiers of the bilad Halab (country of Aleppo) during this timeframe, before a short anaylsis of the threat posed by Baldwin II of Jerusalem’s siege of Aleppo in the winter months of 1124-1125.
From the Shores of Tripoli: The Global Implications of Libya’s Post-2011 Governance Travails
Authors: Wehrey Frederic , Stomski Jacqueline
Published: January 2024

Libya’s post-2011 conflicts are the product of broader global trends that include growing multipolarity, American retrenchment, European disunity, military adventurism by rival Middle Eastern states, and a breakdown of international norms and multilateral institutions (reflected in the diminished authority of the United Nations and recurring contempt for the UN arms embargo). Libya’s political fragmentation, dearth of formal institutions, and oil wealth have long acted as a magnet for predatory middle and great powers. And despite being on the margins of U.S. policy concerns for nearly a decade, Libya is increasingly exerting an outsized influence on the political and security landscapes of Africa, Europe, the Mediterranean Basin, and the greater Middle East. The chapter concludes with an assessment about how emerging international challenges could both exacerbate and temper the country’s conflicts: the global plunge in oil demand, the economic aftershocks of the COVID-19 pandemic, and climate change.
Tunisia’s Unfinished Revolution: Addressing Regional Inequality
Authors: Yerkes Sarah E.
Published: January 2024

As Tunisia ends the first decade of its democratic transition, this chapter examines the governance consequences of regional marginalization in Tunisia and analyses central and local government efforts at addressing this issue. Regional disparities, brought about in part by an official Ben Ali-era policy of favouring the coastal governorates, left the country deeply divided and fuelled the 2010-2011 revolution. Tunisia began an official decentralization process in May 2018 but three years later, little progress has been made to devolve power from the central state to local authorities. The Coronavirus outbreak has further polarized the country, with more than half of the governorates lacking access to intensive care facilities and contributing to further socioeconomic inequality. The chapter assesses the successes and failures of the decentralization process to date and offers recommendations for local actors and international donors to improve governance at the local level and to level the playing field for the traditionally-neglected interior and southern regions in an effort to prevent instability in the future.
Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose: The Herculean Task of Civilianising the Algerian State
Authors: Boukhars Anouar
Published: January 2024

Algerians’ hope for democracy has once again gone up in smoke. The impressive potency of months of peaceful protests and organizing failed to dislodge the main pillars that have supported the post-independence Algerian political regime. The main holders of power are still concentrated in the military, the supreme arbiter and enforcer of political power. Despite Bouteflika’s efforts at reshaping the balance of power, the power of the army leadership and its grip on political power is much more robust today than it was in the Bouteflika era, as the high army command does not have to reckon with counterbalancing powers in the intelligence services or the presidency.
North Africa in the World
Authors: Yerkes Sarah E. , AlHomoud Maha Sohail
Published: January 2024

North Africa sits at the nexus of Europe, Africa and the Middle East. Each of these global regions has influenced and been influenced by the domestic challenges within North Africa. This chapter assesses the role of Europe (as well as the United States), sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and global powers China and Russia, in addressing – or exacerbating – the region’s governance challenges. It examines both the way North African countries approach the geopolitical landscape and the way that outside actors are shaping the region in both helpful and harmful ways.
The Treaty of Perth: Union of the realm and the king’s law
Authors: Opsahl Erik
Published: January 2024

The point of departure for the chapter is the conflict between the Norwegian and Scottish crowns over the dominion over the islands north and northwest of Scotland. The conflict was formally ended with the Treaty of Perth in 1266, where the Norwegian king Magnus the Lawmender ceded the dominion over the Hebrides and The Isle of Man to the Scottish king Alexander III in return for the latter recognizing the Norwegian king's control over the Orkneys and Shetland. The agreement is described as part of a process in which the Norwegian king's realm was more clearly defined vis-à-vis the outside world through legislation and agreements. The importance of Norwegian legislation for maintaining a separate Norwegian kingdom and society within the union of Nordic kingdoms in 1397 is described, and the rise of a Norwegian identity linked to the legislation of king Magnus the Lawmender is emphasized.
Law and Administrative Change in Norway, Twelfth–Fourteenth Centuries
Authors: Sunde Jørn Øyrehagen
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the centralisation of justice in the Norwegian realm in the 13th century. The peaceful reign of king Magnus the Lawmender at the second half of the thirteenth century marked the end of a turbulent period in Norwegian history, when politics and law underwent large changes. With the making of the Norwegian Code of the realm in 1274, Norwegian law was updated to fit the ongoing state formation process, and the administration of justice was centralized. Instead for granting magnates jurisdictional rights, the old system of local and provincial public assemblies as the core of the justice system was upheld. This radical but peaceful transformation of Norwegian politics and law took place borrowed legitimacy from St. Olaf as ‘rex perpetuus Norvegiae’ and the first legislating king in Norwegian history.
Law and Administrative Change in Scotland, Twelfth–Fourteenth Centuries
Authors: Taylor Alice
Published: January 2024

This chapter summarises the main developments in law and legal administration in Scotland during the central Middle Ages. It discusses the main historiographical arguments and interpretative positions used to understand law and legal change in Scotland during the period, as well as the main sources at our disposal. It puts forward a view that challenges a ‘developmental’ narrative of Scottish legal and administrative history, showing how ‘old’ structures and norms adapted and continued through significant change. It asks questions of how new learning—particularly in Roman and canon law—affected law and legal procedure in fourteenth-century Scotland, and sets out a path to understand how the idea of ‘the laws of the realm of Scotland’ was not simply a rhetorical framing, but representing a kind of expertise whose roots and dynamics had a long history.
War and Peace: Scottish‑Norwegian Relations in the Early Modern Period (ca. 1520–1707)
Authors: Murdoch Steve
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the two faced relationship between Scotland and the Danish-Norwegian realm in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. On one hand the relationship was characterized by conflicts and direct warfare like the Kringen Massacre in 1612 and the Scottish-Norwegian war in 1666-1667. On the other hand Scottish soldiers, shipbuilders and traders settled in Norway and played an important part in the military and the economy, but also the civil administration of the realm. The conclusion is that the moments of episodic conflict is not the best way of understanding historical relations between Scotland and Norway. Though undoubtedly traumatic for those killed, injured, or financially damaged, the truth is that life continued pretty much as before and undisturbed. War apparently provided no legal obstacle to the continuation of trade, and the expansion of ethnic Scottish communities in Norway.
Norm and Fact: Timber trade in early modern western Norway (1530–1730)
Authors: Koch Sören
Published: January 2024

This chapter outlines the trade relations between Scotland and Norway in the long 16th century. Focusing particularly on the Scottish timber exports from South-Western Norway, between Bergen and Stavanger, it is being argued that Scottish skippers and traders, representing by far a more advanced mercantile economy than their Norwegian counterparts, dominated this trade, although some Norwegians ships also traded actively on Scotland at the time. It is furthermore being suggested that the vivid Scottish trade in the southwestern rural areas of Norway in this epoch, including extensive imports of Scottish and other foreign industrial products, although contrary to the Dano-Norwegian kings’ general trade regulations, banning foreigners from trading outside the towns, was tacitly accepted. This because the timber exports generated tax incomes for the king, and the direct imports of consumer goods were beneficial for the rural population as long as the timber exports could pay for the imports.
The Law and Economy of Shipwreck in Scotland during the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Ford JD
Published: January 2024

Shipwrecks on the coasts of Scotland during the sixteenth century gave rise to legal as well as practical problems. Lawyers sought to resolve the legal problems with reference to various sources of law - provisions in medieval collections known as the 'auld lawes' in relation to rights of 'wrak', more recent acts of parliament and the civil law taught in the universities of Europe in relation to the confiscation of wrecks, and the practice of the supreme civil court of Scotland in relation to the handling of cases of 'spuilzie'. The first three sections of the essay examine the significance of these types of law, before the final section considers the possibility that there was also a 'moral economy' of shipwreck, informed by popular custom, permitting the plundering of wrecks.
Basic Acoustics and Human Sound Perception
Authors: McManus Francis , McKenzie Andy
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces the basic principles of sound, sound propagation and transmission and sound perception. It outlines the objective concepts used to describe sound together with
a brief introduction to the way sound is perceived and how it can lead to annoyance and, possibly, nuisance.
Common Law Nuisance
Authors: McManus Francis , McKenzie Andy
Published: January 2024

The chapter discusses common law nuisance with special reference to the control of noise. Leading cases, including Baxter v Camden LBC; Lawrence v Fen Tigers Ltd; Fearn v Tate Modern Galleries,are discussed.
The chapter includes discussion of common law defences and remedies.
Neighbourhood Noise
Authors: McManus Francis , McKenzie Andy
Published: January 2024

The chapter includes discussion of the control of construction site noise; loudspeakers in streets and roads; noise from musical instruments; the regulation of night-time noise; the control of antisocial behaviour with special reference to noise; the control of noise from licensed premises; the control of noise from raves, fireworks and pyrotechnic articles. The chapter also includes the regulation of industrial noise, waste, household noise, and noise from machinery and equipment.
Planning and Noise
Authors: McManus Francis , McKenzie Andy
Published: January 2024

The chapter discusses the role of planning in the control of noise. Environmental impact assessment (EIA), including screening, environmental statements, scoping, publicity, are discussed.
The chapter includes discussion of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). The scope of strategic environmental assessment is discussed, including a discussion of the meaning of plans and programmes. The chapter also discusses the preparation of the environmental report, and consultation procedures. The role of town and country planning with special reference to noise is discussed. The role of central and local government is covered.
Noise in the Workplace
Authors: McManus Francis , McKenzie Andy
Published: January 2024

The chapter includes discussion of the duties of employers to protect employees from excessive noise in the workplace, in terms of the common law. The chapter then addresses the statutory control of noise under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the Control of Noise Regulations 2005.
Privacy as Liberty and Security: Implications for the Legitimacy of Governmental Surveillance
Authors: Gligorijević Jelena
Published: January 2024

Privacy is always implicated in surveillance. A prominent argument justifying governmental surveillance is collective security. Security, however, is not a moral panacea for justifying privacy intrusions. This is because security, alongside liberty, is normatively embedded in the concept of privacy. It is the reason why privacy is protected. Positioning a broad conception of security against privacy is, therefore, an inaccurate opposition, and arguing that privacy must give way whenever large-scale security concerns are raised is based upon a false conflict of norms. This chapter identifies the philosophical significance of liberty as individuals’ basic choice-making capacity, and of security as the rudimentary capacity to control a defined sphere in one’s life to the exclusion of external hindrance. Using these concepts, it explores the normative underpinnings of privacy itself, demonstrating the centrality to privacy of the deeper moral concerns for security and liberty. It also clarifies the derivative relationship between individual and collective interests in a liberal democracy, and the implications this has for security-reliant justifications of governmental surveillance. If collective security is to justify privacy-intrusive surveillance, more particularised and evidence-based arguments are needed to address concerns for individual security and liberty, both of which lie at the moral heart of privacy.
Panopticon as a Surveillance Model
Authors: Brunon-Ernst Anne
Published: January 2024

This chapter is not the first academic contribution on the Panopticon, and it is unlikely to be the last. However, what makes the present contribution stand out from previous ones is not the in-depth analysis of the Panopticon projects in the renewed environment of the COVID-19 pandemic, but the extent of the panoptic investigation, spanning from a project devised by Jeremy Bentham to a model for disciplinary society as interpreted by Michel Foucault, to a schema of generalized (digital) surveillance, down to a new genre of fiction. The endeavour does not claim to be exhaustive but hopes to signpost the use of the panoptic metaphor in various areas of knowledge. Along the way, the chapter distinguishes Bentham's Panopticon from Foucault's panopticism, surveys the linguistic creativity of panoptic surveillance and identifies resistance as a key feature of panoptic fiction. The chapter contributes to make sense of the panoptic cornucopia, and shows the continued importance of the panoptic paradigm as a methodological and substantive tool.
Space and Surveillance in Jonathan Raban’s Novel Surveillance (2006)
Authors: Ventéjoux Aliette
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses how Jonathan Raban, in his novel Surveillance (2006), depicts a post-9/11 world where surveillance is used for various purposes. Focusing on how surveillance affects different spaces in the novel – from urban spaces to the cyberspace to people’s private space –, this chapter also takes a close look at how the novel denounces how surveillance has reshaped relationships in the American society after 9/11. From homeland security to homeland insecurity, from a wrong sense of security to an infringement of one’s right to privacy, Raban depicts a world in which surveillance is described as a failing choice. Moreover, this chapter also explores the different ways in which surveillance shapes not only the characters’, but also the writer’s identity.
Black Futures Matter: Racial Foresight from the Slave Ship to Predictive Policing
Authors: Banita Georgiana
Published: January 2024

The subject of this chapter is the transition from an earlier era of passive surveillance to the newer, crystal-ball type of surveillance that predicts future crimes. The shift from reactive to anticipatory surveillance is closely linked to 'racial foresight', a logic that links race, especially Blackness, to future criminality. The archive compiled in support of this argument begins with the human architecture of the slave ship, which illustrates that 'overseeing' captive slaves during transport is the Middle Passage equivalent of modern panoptic racism, which associates markers of racial difference with criminal threat. Second, the FBI's hostile, often salacious, surveillance of key civil rights leaders, especially Martin Luther King, Jr. exposes the racial prescience at the heart of state-sanctioned surveillance. Third, broken windows policing in the 1990s laid the groundwork for the still-popular policing doctrine that community disorder inevitably develops into large-scale social instability and must therefore be met with a zero-tolerance approach. Fourth, in the shadow of the Internet, the over-policing practices of the 1990s have been increasingly obscured by a cloak of algorithmic invisibility. With modern pre-crime systems such as PredPol and others, racial profiling can now be cloaked in incomprehensible technologies that escape public scrutiny
Policing and Surveillance of the Margins: The Challenges of Homelessness in California
Authors: Rogez Yvonne-Marie
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines how the homeless, in contrast with the rest of the population, experience surveillance policies and are asked to participate in their own surveillance. Policies in relation to homelessness come from opposite ends of the surveillance spectrum, either criminalising the homeless and their behaviour or providing protection, mostly through the work of charities. Looking more specifically at the state of California and the surveillance tools used by local authorities, local ordinances and policies developed in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, this chapter scrutinizes the different types of surveillance applied to the homeless and evaluates the legitimacy of their aims, their respect for individuals and their adherence to their primary objective. Issues such as the categorisation, visibility and invisibility of the homeless reveal the complex and paradoxical nature of surveillance when applied to homelessness. The last part of this chapter focuses on the COVID-19 pandemic and provides new perspectives on the surveillance of marginalised social groups, showing how the health crisis acted as a double-edged sword, provoking unprecedented solutions such as sanctioned camps, while sowing the seeds for a new devastating crisis.
Introduction
Authors: Street Joe
Published: January 2024

Outlines the core argument of the book and the author’s definition of Silicon Valley ideology, touching on Ayn Rand (perhaps the most important philosophical influence on Silicon Valley corporations and Silicon Valley’s self-proclaimed thought-leaders), turbo capitalism, and the lack of employee diversity in Silicon Valley corporations, with a particular view towards Silicon Valley sexism. The introduction also places the emergence of ‘Silicon Valley Cinema’ in its industrial context, relating it to developments in cinema production and consumption in the twenty-first century.
Critiquing Twenty-First-Century Capitalism
Authors: Street Joe
Published: January 2024

Part one’s second chapter analyses a set of films made in the 2000s that critique American capitalism. It emphasises the films’ depiction of toxic masculinity on major corporations, linking this to the destruction wrought on the American economy in the crash of 2007-8, arguing that this had an influence on the presentation of capitalism in Hollywood films about Silicon Valley. Films analysed include The Wolf of Wall Street, Margin Call, and The Big Short
Hollywood’s Bay Area
Authors: Street Joe
Published: January 2024

Part one’s third chapter reveals key themes in Hollywood films set in the Bay Area. These themes are the eternal presence of crime in San Francisco, the threat of environmental disaster (most obviously through the San Andreas Fault), and the displacement of ethnic and racial minorities to other parts of the Bay Area. It uses The Conversation to draw together the strands of part one.
Films analysed include What’s Up Doc, A View to a Kill, Star Trek IV, Bullitt, The Towering Inferno, Invasion of the Body Snatchers, The Last Black Man in San Francisco, Fruitvale Station.
Constructing the Silicon Valley Icon
Authors: Street Joe
Published: January 2024

The second chapter in part two focuses on the biopics’ fidelity to emotional truth over factual accuracy, concentrating on the tension between fact and fiction in each film. It places considerable emphasis on screenplays to demonstrate their relationship with the historical record as set out in various authoritative texts about Apple, Silicon Valley, and Facebook.
Dystopian Diversity
Authors: Street Joe
Published: January 2024

This chapter highlights the lack of ethnic and racial diversity in Silicon Valley, which is one of The Internship’s and The Circle’s key allusions. It presents generational homogeneity as another of the films’ critiques of Silicon Valley employment practices before analysing the films’ representation of the sexism that underpins Silicon Valley’s world of work. It concludes by noting that the films share a highly pessimistic view of Silicon Valley’s individualism.
Posthumanity and Masculinity
Authors: Street Joe
Published: January 2024

Part three of the book analyses a sequence of science fiction films set in the San Francisco Bay Area. Building on the previous chapters, it highlights the dystopian future that awaits should viewers not heed the films’ warnings about Silicon Valley corporations. Its first chapter reveals how the films warn about the willingness of key villainous characters to create posthuman beings that prove threatening to humanity, alluding to the links between these characters and the biopic subjects in part one. The chapter also discusses the films’ interrogation of twenty-first-century masculinity through the relationship between their heroes and villains.
Films analysed include Terminator Genisys, Rise of the Planet of the Apes, Ant Man, and Venom.
The Turbo-capitalist Tech Bro
Authors: Street Joe
Published: January 2024

Part three’s final chapter expands on chapter eight to reveal how the science fiction films critique Silicon Valley capitalism through their villains, linking this to the ‘tech-bro’ phenomenon that emerged in the early twenty first century. It links the villains’ Promethean urges to their fidelity to a winner-takes-all form of individualist capitalism that has its roots in Ayn Rand’s philosophy.
Never the Twain Shall Meet: Touch, Double-Sidedness and Race in the Pages of Picture Show
Authors: Casey Joel
Published: January 2024

This chapter considers an ‘Art Supplement’ in Picture Show from 1921, analysing the relationship between the images on front and back of a double-page spread. The front image is of Lilian Gish and Richard Barthelmess from Way Down East (1920), while, on the reverse, ‘East & West in Screenland’ shows stills from films in which (East, West, and South) Asian characters have romantic relationships with white Europeans or Americans. These latter stills ‘freeze’ the moment of sexual frisson or contact that, in the films, could never be actualised, since censorship banning interracial relationships on screen required romance like these failed. These images thus form a subversive and alluring ‘underside’ to the more conventional relationship between (white) stars. While American films are discussed, they are analysed in the context of a specifically British movie magazine, which thus taps into British anxieties. The chapter also demonstrates the value of close analysis not only of page layout but also the magazine as a whole and of its status as a physical object. Through engagement with double-sidedness, connection and contact, the chapter demonstrates what might be lost through engaging solely with digital copies of magazines, which deny scholars the opportunity to feel and experience the materiality of the physical.