bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissolution of Lithium Contained in Lepidolite Using Ascorbic Acid: Kinetic and Modeling Analysis
Authors: Ordoñez Sayra , Reyes Iván A. , Patiño Francisco , Islas Hernán , Reyes Martín , Pérez Miguel , Juárez Julio C. , Flores Mizraim U.
Published: November 2024

In this work, a kinetic study and modeling of the decomposition of a rock sample in an ascorbic acid medium with a high content of lepidolite phase were carried out, the results of which are of great importance due to the sample’s high lithium (Li) content. The rock sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the mineral species detected in the sample were lepidolite, at 65.3%, quartz, at 30.6%, and muscovite, at 4.1%, with a quantitative chemical analysis indicating the presence of elements such as Li, Si, K, Na, O, Al and, to a lesser extent, Fe and Ti; this highlights that the Li content present in the sample was 3.38%. Lithium was the element with which the chemical analysis of the kinetics was performed, resulting in decomposition curves comprising the induction period, progressive conversion and stabilization; this highlighted that the reaction progressed during the first two periods, obtaining a reaction order (n) of 0.4307 for the induction period and an activation energy (Ea) of 48.58 kJ mol−1, followed by a progressive conversion period with n = 0.309 and Ea = 25.161 kJ mol−1. This suggested a mixed control regime present in the lower temperature ranges, with a transition from chemical control to transport control present at high temperatures, with the study of the nature of the reaction and the concentration effect showing that chemical control predominates. The kinetic parameters and kinetic expressions for both periods were obtained, with the modeling showing that the calculated and experimental data do not present a major discrepancy.
Digital Twin for Flexible Manufacturing Systems and Optimization Through Simulation: A Case Study
Authors: Florescu Adriana
Published: November 2024

The research presented in this paper aligns with the advancement of Industry 4.0 by integrating intelligent machine tools and industrial robots within Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS). Primarily, a development approach for Digital Twin (DT) is presented, beginning from the design, sizing, and configuration stages of the system and extending through its implementation, commissioning, operation, and simulation-based optimization. The digitization of current industrial processes entails the development of applications based on modern technologies, utilizing state-of-the-art tools and software. The general objective was to create a digital replica of a process to propose optimization solutions through simulation and subsequently achieve virtual commissioning. The practical nature of the research is reflected in the design and implementation of a Digital Twin for a real physical system processing a family of cylindrical parts within an existing experimental FMS. A digital model of the system was created by defining each individual device and piece of equipment from the physical system, so the virtual model operates just like the real one. By implementing the Digital Twin, both time-based and event-based simulations were performed. Through the execution of multiple scenarios, it was possible to identify system errors and collisions, and propose optimization solutions by implementing complex, collaborative-robot equipment where multiple interactions occur simultaneously.
Dynamic Characteristics, Analysis, and Measurement of a Large Optical Mirror Processing System
Authors: Jin Zujin , Yin Zixin , Liu Hao , Liu Fuchao
Published: November 2024

Optical mirrors have high requirements for surface precision, requiring ultra-precision processing. The revolving movement of a computer-controlled optical surfacing (CCOS) grinding system will induce vibrations in a five-degrees-of-freedom hybrid processing robot (5-DOF-HPR) and a flexible support system (FSS) in a large optical mirror processing system (LOMPS). As a result, the mirror surface will vibrate, which will ultimately affect the surface accuracy of the final optical mirror. Therefore, the differential equation representing the vibration of the 5-DOF-HPR is established based on the spatial beam unit, which transforms the generalized coordinates into modal coordinates, thereby removing the coupling terms of the vibration differential under generalized coordinates. At the same time, a dynamic analysis of the CCOS grinding system is performed, and the magnitude and direction of the centrifugal force and reaction force are calculated. Then, the natural frequencies of the 5-DOF-HPR and the FSS are measured experimentally and compared with the simulation results; thus, the accuracy and effectiveness of the model are verified. Finally, the vibration characteristics of the processed optical mirrors under different influencing factors are obtained. A theoretical and experimental basis for parameter optimization and path planning of the LOMPS is provided to improve the surface accuracy of the processed optical mirror.
Efficient Packing of 2D Irregular Parts: A Hybrid Approach Incorporating a Modified Genetic Algorithm and Image Processing
Authors: Meng Longhui , Ding Liang , Mushtaq Ray Tahir , Anwar Saqib , Khan Aqib Mashood
Published: November 2024

This study proposes a technique for effectively arranging irregularly shaped parts on a board using a modified genetic algorithm and image processing. This technique addresses the challenge of efficiently packing parts of the same shape and size to optimize the utilization of available space. The optimization process comprises three search steps focused on finding suitable spatial relationships between the parts. The first two steps employ variance and envelope area criteria to optimize the position of the patterns, while the third step considers the distance between two columns of arranged parts. To enhance the accuracy and efficiency of the search process, a local-search-based optimization is proposed. The resulting optimized spatial relationships are derived from the three-step search process. The final layout strategy selects spatial relationships to maximize pattern accommodation on the board and arranges them horizontally to optimize utilization. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in optimizing part layout for industrial production. Overall, this technique offers a solution for achieving effective packing, efficient resource utilization, and waste reduction.
A Fuzzy Method for Exploring Key Factors of Smart Healthcare to Long-Term Care Based on Z-Numbers
Authors: Chen Chen-Tung , Chu Chien-Chi
Published: November 2024

As the proportion of the population comprising the elderly cohort increases, so too does the demand for medical care for long-term conditions among this demographic. The advent of information technology and artificial intelligence has prompted a crucial examination of the potential of smart medical technology and equipment to enhance the quality of long-term care and the operational efficiency of long-term care facilities. The introduction of smart healthcare into long-term care is influenced by a few factors, and expert opinions often exhibit ambiguity and subjectivity in the evaluation process. As Z-numbers are capable of adequately expressing the ambiguity of expert assessments and the degree of certainty associated with them, they are employed in this study to convey the opinions of the experts. Furthermore, the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method is an effective approach to analyzing the relationships between factors. Consequently, this study integrates the Z-numbers and DEMATEL methods for empirical analysis. The present study focuses on two long-term care institutions with different natures as empirical subjects. The findings of the study indicate that Institution A identifies the “Internet of Things” as the most pivotal key factor, whereas Institution B deems “Smart clinics and urgent care centers” to be the most crucial key factor. The analysis demonstrates that three factors—global positioning systems, telemedicine, and electronic medical records—are all regarded as significant influencing factors for different long-term care institutions. Consequently, the analytical model of this study is not only theoretically sound but also effective in identifying the key factors and importance of introducing smart healthcare into long-term care institutions.
A Long-Memory Model for Multiple Cycles with an Application to the US Stock Market
Authors: Caporale Guglielmo Maria , Gil-Alana Luis Alberiko
Published: November 2024

This paper proposes a long-memory model that includes multiple cycles in addition to the long-run component. Specifically, instead of a single pole or singularity in the spectrum, it allows for multiple poles and, thus, different cycles with different degrees of persistence. It also incorporates non-linear deterministic structures in the form of Chebyshev polynomials in time. Simulations are carried out to analyze the finite sample properties of the proposed test, which is shown to perform well in the case of a relatively large sample with at least 1000 observations. The model is then applied to weekly data on the S&P 500 from 1 January 1970 to 26 October 2023 as an illustration. The estimation results based on the first differenced logged values (i.e., the returns) point to the existence of three cyclical structures in the series, with lengths of approximately one month, one year, and four years, respectively, and to orders of integration in the range (0, 0.20), which implies stationary long memory in all cases.
Paired Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Recipients and Living Donors Can Mitigate Cardiovascular Stress in Recipients After Living-Donor Kidney Transplantation: A Propensity-Score-Matching Analysis
Authors: Huh Jaewon , Chae Min Suk
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives: This study explored the effect of paired remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), involving both recipients and living donors, on cardiovascular stress in recipients after living-donor kidney transplantation (LDKT). The analysis included an assessment of the impact on cardiovascular biomarkers and post-transplant cardiovascular clinical events. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational cohort study of 520 adult LDKT patients was conducted, employing propensity score matching (PSM) to analyze perioperative factors. The patients were allocated to no-RIPC (n = 260) and paired-RIPC (n = 260) groups. The two groups were compared with respect to high-sensitivity troponin I (hsTnI) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, corrected QT (QTc) intervals, the occurrence of arrhythmia, and the requirement for cardiovascular interventions. Results: After PSM, there were no significant differences in perioperative parameters between the no-RIPC and paired-RIPC groups. However, on postoperative day (POD) 1, higher hsTnI levels and QTc interval prolongation, as well as higher incidences of arrhythmia and the need for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), were determined in the no-RIPC group than in the paired-RIPC group. The associations between paired RIPC and improved cardiovascular outcomes were significant, including reduced odds of elevated hsTnI levels, QTc prolongation, and arrhythmia. The no-RIPC group also had longer intensive care unit (ICU) stays, and higher rates of rescue dialysis. Conclusions: Paired-RIPC involving recipients and donors effectively reduces cardiovascular stress markers and improves postoperative cardiovascular outcomes in LDKT recipients, underscoring its potential as a protective strategy against perioperative cardiovascular risks.
Is Serum VEGF-A Level an Indicator of Early-Onset Poststroke Depression?
Authors: Uslu Emine Yildirim , Yildiz Sevler
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives: Poststroke depression (PSD) is a psychiatric complication occurring after a stroke, and is known to negatively impact quality of life. In the present study, the possible relationship between serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) levels and early-onset PSD, as well as the predictive value of serum VEGF-A levels for early-onset PSD, were investigated. Materials and Methods: The study included 88 individuals diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Demographic data, clinical characteristics, and serum VEGF-A levels were recorded, and radiological images were examined to determine the lesion locations. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Hamilton depression scale (HAMD-17) were administered to the patients. Furthermore, serum VEGF-A levels were measured in all participants. Results: Although the body mass index (BMI) and VEGF-A levels were similar between the groups, MoCA scores were lower [(19.2 ± 4.4) vs. (22.3 ± 3), p = 0.001] and NIHSS scores were higher [18 (8–28) vs. 14 (3–24), p = 0.006] in individuals with PSD than in those without it. When the patients with PSD were categorized into three groups, patients with severe PSD had higher NIHSS scores [26 (23–27) vs. 15 (8–23), p = 0.006] and lower MoCA scores [(14.3 ± 1) vs. (20.9 ± 3.8), p = 0.005] than those with mild PSD. Moreover, VEGF-A levels and lesion localization were similar between mild, moderate, and severe PSD groups (p = 0.130). The MoCA score was negatively (r = −0.498, p < 0.001) correlated and the NIHSS score was positively correlated (r = 0.497, p < 0.001) with the HAMD-17 score. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that longitudinal studies in large cohorts including healthy control groups are needed to examine the possibility of using serum VEGF-A level as a marker for predicting early-onset PSD.
Artificial Intelligence and Job Automation: Challenges for Secondary Students’ Career Development and Life Planning
Authors: Wong Lawrence P. W.
Published: November 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies with human-level cognitive abilities are increasingly integrated into workplaces, posing risks of job displacement and redundancy. Understanding AI’s impact on job automation is thus essential, as it helps students understand which occupational roles are likely to be automated. However, there is a lack of coherent understanding of this topic due to the diverse research methodologies deployed, leading to the formation of fragmented and inconsistent insights. This article reviews career literature and global reports from expert sources (e.g., the World Economic Forum) to provide an overview of AI’s influence on job sectors and the skills students need to thrive in a technologically disrupted workplace. The findings emphasize the importance of developing human-centric skills.
Changes in Angiogenesis and Bone Turnover Markers in Patients with Gaucher Disease Developing Osteonecrosis
Authors: D’Amore Simona , Poole Kenneth Eric , Ramaswami Uma , Hughes Derralynn , Page Kathleen , Solimando Antonio Giovanni , Vacca Angelo , Cox Timothy Martin , Deegan Patrick
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Patients with Gaucher disease have a high risk of bone disease, with osteonecrosis representing the most debilitating complication. The pathogenesis of osteonecrosis has not been fully elucidated yet, and there is an unmet need for predictive biomarkers of bone complications. We aimed to assess the utility of angiogenesis and bone turnover biomarkers as predictors of osteonecrosis in Gaucher disease. Methods: Angiogenesis and bone turnover biomarkers were measured in 146 Gaucher disease patients (70M:76F, median age 49.5 [IQR 36.7 to 61]) with/without osteonecrosis enrolled in the UK-based registry GAUCHERITE [enrolment 2015–2017]. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was used to compare the osteonecrosis predictive value of angiogenesis and bone turnover biomarkers and determine the optimal cut-off values for each biomarker. Results: Sixty-two patients had osteonecrosis before study enrolment, 11 had osteonecrosis during follow-up, and 73 remained osteonecrosis-free. Patients with osteonecrosis showed increased osteopontin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 levels and decreased MMP-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C compared with those free from osteonecrosis. MMP-9 predicted future osteonecrosis with higher sensitivity and specificity (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] 0.84 [95% CI 0.84–0.99]; sensitivity/specificity 82%/75%; cutoff value ≤ 72,420 pg/mL) than osteopontin, MMP-2 and VEGF-C when taken alone. The combination of MMP-9 and VEGF-C further increased the discriminating accuracy. Conclusions: The osteopontin–MMPs–VEGF axis is dysregulated in Gaucher disease patients with osteonecrosis. The combination of MMP-9 and VEGF-C circulating levels may serve to identify Gaucher disease patients at risk of osteonecrosis.
Fungal Extracellular Enzymes from Aspergillus spp. as Promising Candidates for Extra-Heavy Oil Degradation and Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Zhang Junhui , Feng Wendi , Ren Lu
Published: November 2024

Heavy crude oil (HCO) and extra-heavy crude oil (EHCO) with high viscosity and density pose enormous challenges to the exploitation of oil reserves. While bacteria are increasingly used in biocatalytic upgrading of HCO and EHCO, less attention has been paid to the potential of fungi. The aim of this study was to ascertain the role of fungal extracellular enzymes from Aspergillus spp. In the biodegradation of EHCO and their application potential for enhanced oil recovery. A. terreus HJ2 and A. nidulans HJ4 with the ability to biodegrade HCO were previously isolated from bitumen enrichment cultures. Both strains grew well on EHCO agar plates supplemented with a small amount of soluble starch (0.2%) and yeast extract (0.3%). Extracellular enzymes from each strain separately, as well as mixtures of the enzymes, exhibited EHCO degradation activity, leading to redistribution of hydrocarbons with substantial formation of biogases and organic acids in a 7-day period. Enzymatic degradation resulted in decreased contents of resins and asphaltenes, accompanied by increased contents of saturates and aromatics. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed distinct redistribution patterns of n-alkane in the biotreated oil. Enzymatic degradation additionally caused considerable reduction in oil viscosity (by 12.7%) and heavy metal concentrations (Ni, by 44.1%; Fe, by 54.0%; V, by 31.6%). The results provide empirical evidence for the application potential of fungal extracellular enzymes from Aspergillus spp. in EHCO recovery and biocatalytic upgrading of EHCO.
Whole Genome Sequencing and Biocontrol Potential of Streptomyces luteireticuli ASG80 Against Phytophthora Diseases
Authors: Xu Gang , Wu Weihuai , Zhu Liqian , Liang Yanqiong , Liang Minli , Tan Shibei , Chen Helong , Huang Xing , He Chunping , Lu Ying , Yi Kexian , Ma Xiang
Published: November 2024

Phytophthora-induced crop diseases, commonly known as “plant plagues”, pose a significant threat to global food security. In this study, strain ASG80 was isolated from sisal roots and demonstrated a broad-spectrum antagonistic activity against several Phytophthora species and fungal pathogens. Strain ASG80 was identified as Streptomyces luteireticuli via phylogenetic analysis, digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH), and average nucleotide identity (ANI). Whole-genome sequencing identified 40 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) related to secondary metabolite production, including antimicrobial compounds. Strain ASG80 extract exhibited broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against Phytophthora nicotianae, P. vignae, P. cinnamomi, and P. sojae. Pot experiments showed that strain ASG80 extract significantly reduced sisal zebra disease incidence, with an efficacy comparable to the fungicide metalaxyl. These findings suggest that strain ASG80 is a promising biocontrol agent with substantial potential for managing Phytophthora-related diseases in agriculture.
Extraction of Bioactive Phenolics from Various Anthocyanin-Rich Plant Materials and Comparison of Their Heat Stability
Authors: Yu Yanli , Shiau Syyu , Pan Weichen , Yang Yvette
Published: November 2024

Butterfly pea flower (BPF), roselle calyx (RC), and grape skin (GS) are rich in bioactive phenolics with health benefits. Due to its simplicity, safety, and environmental friendliness, this study used water as a solvent to explore different extraction conditions in these plant materials and compared the heat stability of anthocyanins in the aqueous extracts. To maximize the total anthocyanins and polyphenols in the aqueous extracts, the powders of BPF, GS, and RC should be extracted for 30 min at 90 °C; 30 min and 120 min at 90 °C; and 30 min and 60 min at 60 °C, respectively. Among the tested plant materials, the content of total anthocyanins was RC > GS > BPF, while the total phenolic content was GS > BPF > RC. Anthocyanins of the aqueous extracts underwent rapid thermal degradation at high temperatures and high pH values. The thermal stability of anthocyanins in the materials was in the order: BPF > GS > RC. This is likely related to the types and structures of the anthocyanins such as the degree of acylation and glycosylation. The study demonstrates that hot water extraction is efficient and practical for these materials, yielding extracts suitable for food and nutraceutical applications.
Multiplex Evaluation of Biointerface-Targeting Abilities and Affinity of Synthetized Nanoparticles—A Step Towards Improved Nanoplatforms for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Romain Mélanie , Elie-Caille Céline , Ben Elkadhi Dorra , Heintz Olivier , Herbst Michaële , Maurizi Lionel , Boireau Wilfrid , Millot Nadine
Published: November 2024

To obtain versatile nanoplatforms comparable for various bio-applications, synthesis and functionalization of two inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), i.e., gold (AuNPs) and iron oxide (SPIONs), are described for different NP diameters. Chosen ligands have adapted chemical function to graft to the surfaces of the NPs (thiols and phosphonates, respectively) and the identical frequently used external carboxyl group for comparison of the NPs’ material effect on their final behavior. To further evaluate molecular length effect, AuNPs are functionalized by different ligands. Numerous characterizations highlight the colloidal stability when grafting organic molecules on NPs. The potentiality of the functionalized NPs to react efficiently with a protein monolayer is finally evaluated by grafting them on a protein covered chip, characterized by atomic force microscopy. Comparison of the NPs’ surface densities and measured heights enable observation of different NPs’ reactivity and infer the influence of the inorganic core material, as well as the NPs’ size and ligand length. AuNPs have higher affinities to biomolecules, especially when covered by shorter ligands. NP ligands should be chosen not only based on their length but also on their chemical chain, which affects proteic layer interactions. This original multiplex comparison method using AFM is of great interest to screen the effects of used NP materials and functionalization when developing theranostic nanoplatforms.
Non-Destructive Estimation of Paper Fiber Using Macro Images: A Comparative Evaluation of Network Architectures and Patch Sizes for Patch-Based Classification
Authors: Kamiya Naoki , Ashino Kosuke , Sakai Yasuhiro , Zhou Yexin , Ohyanagi Yoichi , Shibazaki Koji
Published: November 2024

Over the years, research in the field of cultural heritage preservation and document analysis has exponentially grown. In this study, we propose an advanced approach for non-destructive estimation of paper fibers using macro images. Expanding on studies that implemented EfficientNet-B0, we explore the effectiveness of six other deep learning networks, including DenseNet-201, DarkNet-53, Inception-v3, Xception, Inception-ResNet-v2, and NASNet-Large, in conjunction with enlarged patch sizes. We experimentally classified three types of paper fibers, namely, kozo, mitsumata, and gampi. During the experiments, patch sizes of 500, 750, and 1000 pixels were evaluated and their impact on classification accuracy was analyzed. The experiments demonstrated that Inception-ResNet-v2 with 1000-pixel patches achieved the highest patch classification accuracy of 82.7%, whereas Xception with 750-pixel patches exhibited the best macro-image-based fiber estimation performance at 84.9%. Additionally, we assessed the efficacy of the method for images containing text, observing consistent improvements in the case of larger patch sizes. However, limitations exist in background patch availability for text-heavy images. This comprehensive evaluation of network architectures and patch sizes can significantly advance the field of non-destructive paper analysis, offering valuable insights into future developments in historical document examination and conservation science.
Maternal BMI During Lactation Is Associated with Major Protein Compositions in Early Mature Milk
Authors: Liang Dong , Jiang Zeyu , Zhang Yumei , Li Ning , Jiang Hua , Ding Gangqiang
Published: November 2024

Objectives: The present study identified multiple proteins in early mature milk and explored the correlation between protein compositions in HM and maternal BMI during lactation. Methods: A total of 70 mothers giving birth to single-term infants from four representative cites were enrolled in this research. Milk samples were collected between 9 and 11 a.m. to avoid the influence of circadian rhythms. The concentration of total protein in the milk samples was determined using the Bradford method, and the concentrations of α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, osteopontin, αs−1 casein, β-casein, and κ-casein, butyrophilin, periodic acid Schiff 6/7, fatty acid-binding protein, and xanthine oxidoreductase in the milk samples were measured through a previously published method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. A semi-structured questionnaire investigation and body measurements were carried out by trained investigators to collect the information of subjects. Results: In the univariate models, the concentrations of TP (r = 0.306), α-La (r = 0.260), LF (r = 0.371), OPN (r = 0.286), and αS1-CN (r = 0.324) were all positively and significantly correlated with maternal BMI. In the models’ adjusted covariates, the concentrations of TP (Lg β = 7.4 × 10−3), LF (Lg β = 19.2 × 10−3), αS1-CN (Lg β = 8.2 × 10−3) and the proportion of LF (β = 0.20%) were positively correlated with continuous maternal BMI changes. TP concentrations in the HM of obese mothers were higher than in the other three groups (Lg β: 66.7 × 10−3~140.5 × 10−3), α-La concentrations were higher than in the underweight and normal groups (Lg β: 94.4 × 10−3~145.7 × 10−3), and OPN concentrations were higher than in the overweight groups (Lg β = 103.6 × 10−3). The concentrations of LF (Lg β: −298.2 × 10−3~−191.0 × 10−3), OPN (Lg β: −248.9 × 10−3~−145.3 × 10−3), and αS1-CN (Lg β: −160.7 × 10−3~−108.3 × 10−3) in the HM of underweight mothers were lower than those in the other three groups. β-CN concentrations were lower than normal (Lg β = −125.1 × 10−3) and obese groups (Lg β = −165.7 × 10−3), κ-CN concentrations were lower than the overweight (Lg β = −132.5 × 10−3) and obese groups (Lg β = −147.9 × 10−3), and the proportion of LF was lower than that of the overweight (β = −2.80%) and obese groups (β = −2.52%). The proportion of LF in normal mothers was lower than that in the overweight group (β = −1.15%). No statistically significant associations between four MFGM proteins and maternal BMI were determined as the equation models could not be fitted (p for F-test < 0.05). Conclusions: Obese mothers had higher concentrations of multiple protein components than other groups, while underweight mothers had lower concentrations. The association between BMI and protein compositions may be more pronounced for certain protein types.
Dietary Intake of Micronutrients and Use of Vitamin and/or Mineral Supplements: Brazilian National Food Survey
Authors: Pavlak Caroline da Rosa , Drehmer Michele , Mengue Sotero Serrate
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Vitamin and/or mineral supplements are designed to correct micronutrient deficiencies or maintain adequate intake. However, evidence suggests the indiscriminate use of these products, particularly among populations that already meet their micronutrient requirements through diet. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of vitamin and/or mineral supplement use and assess the dietary intake of micronutrients among users and non-users in the Brazilian adult and elderly populations. Methods: The prevalence of vitamin and/or mineral supplement use was estimated from a sample of 37,364 individuals who participated in the Brazilian National Food Survey, a module of the 2017–2018 Household Budget Survey. The average dietary intake of micronutrients—including calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, copper, zinc, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, cobalamin, pyridoxine, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin C, and folate—was calculated for both users and non-users of these supplements, based on 24 h dietary recalls collected during the survey. Analyses of dietary intake were stratified by sex and age group. Results: The estimated overall prevalence of supplement use was 16.0% (95% CI: 15.4–16.6), with a higher prevalence among women (19.5% [95% CI: 18.7–20.5]) and the elderly (27.9% [95% CI: 26.4–29.4]). Women who used vitamin and/or mineral supplements showed higher average intakes for a greater number of dietary micronutrients compared to non-users. Conclusions: The findings from the analysis of average micronutrient intake from food sources, particularly among women and elderly women who used supplements, support the paradox of the “inverse supplement hypothesis”, which suggests that individuals who use dietary supplements are often those with the least need for them.
Korean Red Ginseng Polysaccharides Enhance Intestinal IgA Production and Barrier Function via Peyer’s Patch Activation in Mice
Authors: Kim Sung Jin , Lee Hae-Kyung , Kang Ki Sung , Lee Mi-Gi , Shin Myoung-Sook
Published: November 2024

Background: Natural products are gaining attention for their potential benefits in gastrointestinal health. Plant-derived polysaccharides are essential for boosting intestinal immunity and maintaining gut homeostasis. This study investigated the effects of Korean red ginseng polysaccharides (KRG-P) on intestinal homeostasis including IgA and SCFA production and mucosal barrier integrity. Methods: Mice were orally administered KRG-P at doses of 50 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg for 10 days. Fecal IgA levels were measured on days 3, 5, and 11 and IgA from cultured Peyer’s patch cells from KRG-P-treated mice were analyzed. Additionally, mRNA and protein expression levels of α-defensin, lysozyme, and E-cadherin in the small intestine were examined. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content in the cecum was also assessed. Results: KRG-P-treated groups showed a significant increase in fecal IgA levels on days 5 and 11, with no notable change on day 3. Cultured Peyer’s patch cells from mice demonstrated heightened IgA production. Additionally, KRG-P administration upregulated α-defensin and lysozyme mRNA expression, along with elevated protein expression of E-cadherin, α-defensin, and lysozyme, in the small intestine. KRG-P treatment also led to increased cecal SCFA levels, including acetate, butyrate, and propionate. Conclusions: KRG-P may promote intestinal homeostasis and host defense mechanisms by activating immune cells in Peyer’s patches, stimulating IgA production, enhancing antimicrobial peptide expression, and modulating gut microbiota metabolism through increased SCFA production.
Adipocyte FGF21 Signaling Defect Aggravated Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Hua Lun , Yang Yi , Zhang Haoqi , Jiang Xuemei , Jin Chao , Feng Bin , Che Lianqiang , Xu Shengyu , Lin Yan , Wu De , Zhuo Yong
Published: November 2024

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased inflammation in adipose tissues. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone which signals to multiple tissues to regulate metabolism. However, its role in GDM remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that impaired FGF21 signaling in GDM correlates with worsened inflammation and insulin resistance in white adipose tissues in mice. Mechanistically, the pregnancy-related upregulation of FGF21 signaling in adipocytes promotes the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are critical for reducing pregnancy-induced adipose tissue inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effects of FGF21 may involve linolenic acid-mediated PGE2 synthesis in adipocytes. These findings underscore FGF21’s role in mediating crosstalk between mature adipocytes and immune cells in white adipose tissue and suggest that targeting FGF21 signaling and its downstream metabolites could offer a potential therapeutic approach for GDM in humans.
Molecular Characterization of Philometra obladae (Nematoda: Philometridae) in Juvenile Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Tyrrhenian Sea off Sicily, Italy
Authors: De Benedetto Giovanni , Riolo Kristian , Sturiale Emanuela , Giannetto Alessia , Gaglio Gabriella
Published: November 2024

Philometra obladae is a nematode belonging to the family Philometridae. It was morphologically described for the first time in 2008 in Oblada melanura. To date, few data on the molecular characterization of Philometridae have been reported. The aim of the present study was to molecularly characterize Philometra obladae in O. melanura inhabiting the Tyrrhenian coasts off Sicily, Italy. In July 2023, five nematodes were found and morphologically identified as Ph. obladae from the celomic cavity of four O. melanura specimens. Genomic DNA from four nematodes was extracted and two molecular markers, the ribosomal 18S rRNA and the mitochondrial cox1, were amplified using polymerase chain reaction. The sequences obtained were aligned using the MUSCLE algorithm and were used for phylogenetic analyses. Partial sequences of both markers were submitted to GenBank. Phylogenetic trees for both markers resulted in very similar topologies with high posterior probabilities and bootstrap values. Comparisons of our results indicated that Ph. obladae is related to the sequences of other Philometridae isolated from different hosts and different geographic areas. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out to compare the sequences of Ph. obladae with other marine Philometridae, which allowed for the molecular characterization of Ph. obladae as an independent species for the first time.
Infectious Disease as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Dementia: A Narrative Review
Authors: Farrer Thomas J. , Moore Jonathan D. , Chase Morgan , Gale Shawn D. , Hedges Dawson W.
Published: November 2024

This narrative review examines infectious diseases as modifiable risk factors for dementia, particularly in the context of an aging global population. As the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias is expected to rise, prevention has become increasingly important due to the limited efficacy of current treatments. Emerging evidence links specific infectious diseases to increased dementia risk, possibly through mechanisms like neuroinflammation and disruption to normal cell function. Here, we review findings on how viral and bacterial infections contribute to dementia and explore potentially preventive measures, including vaccinations and antiviral treatments. Studies indicate that vaccinations against influenza, herpes zoster, and hepatitis, as well as antiviral treatments targeting human herpesvirus, could reduce the incidence of dementia. Additionally, non-pharmaceutical interventions during pandemics and in long-term care settings are highlighted as effective strategies for reducing the spread of infectious diseases, potentially lowering dementia risk. Putative mechanisms underlying the protective effects of these interventions suggest that reducing systemic inflammation may be important to their efficacy. While the currently available evidence suggests at best an association between some infectious diseases and dementia, this narrative review emphasizes the need to incorporate infectious disease prevention into broader public health strategies to potentially mitigate the growing burden of dementia. Further research is required to explore these preventive measures across diverse populations and to deepen our understanding of the biological mechanisms involved.
Rational Approach to New Chemical Entities with Antiproliferative Activity on Ab1 Tyrosine Kinase Encoded by the BCR-ABL Gene: An Hierarchical Biochemoinformatics Analysis
Authors: Sanches Vitor H. da S. , Lobato Cleison C. , Silva Luciane B. , dos Santos Igor V. F. , Barros Elcimar de S. , Maciel Alexandre de A. , Ferreira Elenilze F. B. , da Costa Kauê S. , Espejo-Román José M. , Rosa Joaquín M. C. , Kimani Njogu M. , Santos Cleydson B. R.
Published: November 2024

Background: This study began with a search in three databases, totaling six libraries (ChemBridge-DIVERSet, ChemBridge-DIVERSet-EXP, Zinc_Drug Database, Zinc_Natural_Stock, Zinc_FDA_BindingDB, Maybridge) with approximately 2.5 million compounds with the aim of selecting potential inhibitors with antiproliferative activity on the chimeric tyrosine kinase encoded by the BCR-ABL gene. Methods: Through hierarchical biochemoinformatics, ADME/Tox analyses, biological activity prediction, molecular docking simulations, synthetic accessibility and theoretical synthetic routes of promising compounds and their lipophilicity and water solubility were realized. Results: Predictions of toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties (ADME/Tox) using the top100/base (600 structures), in comparison with the commercial drug imatinib, showed that only nine exhibited the desired properties. In the prediction of biological activity, the results of the nine selected structures ranged from 13.7% < Pa < 65.8%, showing them to be potential protein kinase inhibitors. In the molecular docking simulations, the promising molecules LMQC01 and LMQC04 showed significant values in molecular targeting (PDB 1IEP—resolution 2.10 Å). LMQC04 presented better binding affinity (∆G = −12.2 kcal mol−1 with a variation of ±3.6 kcal mol−1) in relation to LMQC01. The LMQC01 and LMQC04 molecules were advanced for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation followed by Molecular Mechanics with generalized Born and Surface Area solvation (MM-GBSA); the comparable, low and stable RMSD and ΔE values for the protein and ligand in each complex suggest that the selected compounds form a stable complex with the Abl kinase domain. This stability is a positive indicator that LMQC01 and LMQC04 can potentially inhibit enzyme function. Synthetic accessibility (SA) analysis performed on the AMBIT and SwissADME webservers showed that LMQC01 and LMQC04 can be considered easy to synthesize. Our in silico results show that these molecules could be potent protein kinase inhibitors with potential antiproliferative activity on tyrosine kinase encoded by the BCR-ABL gene. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results suggest that these ligands, particularly LMQC04, may bind strongly to the studied target and may have appropriate ADME/Tox properties in experimental studies. Considering future in vitro or in vivo assays, we elaborated the theoretical synthetic routes of the promising compounds identified in the present study. Based on our in silico findings, the selected ligands show promise for future studies in developing chronic myeloid leukemia treatments.
Adequacy of Anesthesia Guidance for Combined General/Epidural Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Open Abdominal Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysm Repair; Preliminary Report on Hemodynamic Stability and Pain Perception
Authors: Stasiowski Michał Jan , Król Seweryn , Wodecki Paweł , Zmarzły Nikola , Grabarek Beniamin Oskar
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Hemodynamic instability and inappropriate postoperative pain perception (IPPP) with their consequences constitute an anesthesiological challenge in patients undergoing primary elective open lumbar infrarenal aortic aneurysm repair (OLIAAR) under general anesthesia (GA), as suboptimal administration of intravenous rescue opioid analgesics (IROAs), whose titration is optimized by Adequacy of Anaesthesia (AoA) guidance, constitutes a risk of adverse events. Intravenous or thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) techniques of preventive analgesia have been added to GA to minimize these adverse events. Methods: Seventy-five patients undergoing OLIAAR were randomly assigned to receive TEA with 0.2% ropivacaine (RPV) with fentanyl (FNT) 2.5 μg/mL (RPV group) or 0.2% bupivacaine (BPV) with FNT 2.5 μg/mL (BPV group) or intravenous metamizole/tramadol (MT group). IROA using FNT during GA was administered under AoA guidance. Systemic morphine was administered as a rescue agent in all groups postoperatively in the case of IPPP, assessed using the Numeric Pain Rating Score > 3. The maximum score at admission and the minimum at discharge from the postoperative care unit to the Department of Vascular Surgery, perioperative hemodynamic stability, and demand for rescue opioid analgesia were analyzed. Results: Ultimately, 57 patients were analyzed. In 49% of patients undergoing OLIAAR, preventive analgesia did not prevent the incidence of IPPP, which was not statistically significant between groups. No case of acute postoperative pain perception was noted in the RPV group, but at the cost of statistically significant minimum mean arterial pressure values, reflecting hemodynamic instability, with clinical significance < 65mmHg. Demand for postoperative morphine was not statistically significantly different between groups, contrary to significantly lower doses of IROA using FNT in patients receiving TEA. Conclusions: AoA guidance for IROA administration with FNT blunted the preventive analgesia effect of TEA compared with intravenous MT that ensured proper perioperative hemodynamic stability along with adequate postoperative pain control with acceptable demand for postoperative morphine.
Design, Development and Immunogenicity Study of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine Prototype Against SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Atanasova Mariyana , Dimitrov Ivan , Ralchev Nikola , Markovski Aleksandar , Manoylov Iliyan , Bradyanova Silviya , Mihaylova Nikolina , Tchorbanov Andrey , Doytchinova Irini
Published: November 2024

Objectives: SARS-CoV-2 caused the COVID-19 pandemic, which overwhelmed global healthcare systems. Over 776 million COVID-19 cases and more than 7 million deaths were reported by WHO in September 2024. COVID-19 vaccination is crucial for preventing infection and controlling the pandemic. Here, we describe the design and development of a next-generation multi-epitope vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, consisting of T cell epitopes. Methods: Immunoinformatic methods were used to derive models for the selection of MHC binders specific for the mouse strain used in this study among a set of human SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes identified in convalescent patients with COVID-19. The immunogenicity of the vaccine prototype was tested on humanized-ACE2 transgenic B6.Cg-Tg(K18-ACE2)2Prlmn/J mice by in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo immunoassays. Results: Eleven binders (two from the Envelope (E) protein; two from the Membrane (M) protein; three from the Spike (S) protein; and four from the Nucleocapsid (N) protein) were synthesized and included in a multi-epitope vaccine prototype. The animals were immunized with a mix of predicted MHC-I, MHC-II, or MHC-I/MHC-II peptide epitopes in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant, and boosted with peptides in Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant. Immunization with SARS-CoV-2 epitopes remodeled the lymphocyte profile. A weak humoral response and the significant production of IL-4 and IFN-γ from T cells were found after the vaccination of the animals. Conclusions: The multi-epitope vaccine prototype presented in this study demonstrates immunogenicity in mice and shows potential for human vaccine construction.
Drug Shortages in Albania: Pharmacists’ Experiences and Perspectives
Authors: Xhafaj Delina , Vito Sonila , Xhafaj Alban
Published: November 2024

Drug shortages are a significant global issue, particularly affecting healthcare systems in resource-limited countries such as Albania. Pharmacists play a critical role in managing these shortages, yet little is known about their experiences and perspectives. This study aims to explore pharmacists’ views on the current drug shortages in Albania, identifying the most affected drug classes, and suggesting potential strategies for mitigating these shortages. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 93 pharmacists across Albania between December 2023 and May 2024. Data were collected using an online questionnaire that addressed the types of drugs experiencing shortages, the causes of these shortages, and pharmacists’ coping strategies. Cardiovascular and central nervous system medications were reported as the most frequently affected, with supply chain disruptions, regulatory hurdles, and low domestic production cited as key contributors. The findings suggest an urgent need for national policy reforms focusing on improving supply chain resilience and boosting the local pharmaceutical production. The pharmacists proposed mitigation strategies, including stricter regulatory oversight, improved communication channels, and increased local production to reduce dependence on imports. These recommendations underscore the study’s contribution to understanding how tailored, pharmacist-informed strategies could strengthen Albania’s healthcare system.
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genes Responsive to Three Low-Temperature Treatments in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Ruiz-Aguilar Bricia , Torres-Serrallonga Natalia B. , Ortega-Amaro María Azucena , Duque-Ortiz Arianna , Ovando-Vázquez Cesaré , Jiménez-Bremont Juan Francisco
Published: November 2024

Cold stress impedes the growth and development of plants, restricts the geographical distribution of plant species, and impacts crop productivity. In this study, we analyzed the Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptome to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 14-day-old plantlets exposed to temperatures of 0 °C, 4 °C, and 10 °C for 24 h, compared to the 22 °C control group. Among the top 50 cold-induced genes at each temperature, we identified 31 genes that were common across all three low temperatures, with nine genes common to 0–4 °C, eight genes to 4–10 °C, and two genes to 0–10 °C. Using q-RTPCR, we analyzed selected genes at 24, 48, and 72 h under the three low temperatures. Our data revealed that genes, such as galactinol synthase 3 (Gols3, At1g09350), CIR1 (At5g37260), DnaJ (At1g71000), and At5g05220 (unknown function), exhibited the highest expressions at 0 °C and 4 °C throughout all time points. We also studied genes from the UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT78) family, including At5g17030 (D3), At5g17040 (D4), At5g17050 (D2), and At1g30530 (D1), which showed increased expression at low temperatures compared to plantlets at 22 °C for 24 h. Gene ontology analysis revealed that DEGs highly enriched were found in biological processes such as “RNA secondary structure unwinding” and “rRNA processing” induced at the three low temperatures, whereas processes related to photosynthesis were repressed. Our findings indicated upregulation in the expression of four RNA helicases (RH13, RH48, RH32, and RH29), belonging to the “RNA secondary structure unwinding” category, mainly at 0 °C and 4 °C. This study provides valuable information on the molecular mechanisms that activate Arabidopsis thaliana in its early response to these three low temperatures.