bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New composite thixotropic hydrogel composed of a polymer hydrogelator and a nanosheet
Authors: Ohsedo Yutaka , Oono Masashi , Saruhashi Kowichiro , Watanabe Hisayuki , Miyamoto Nobuyoshi
Published: December 2017

A composite gel composed of a water-soluble aromatic polyamide hydrogelator and the nanosheet Laponite®, a synthetic layered silicate, was produced and found to exhibit thixotropic behaviour. Whereas the composite gel contains the gelator at the same concentration as the molecular gel made by the gelator only, the composite gel becomes a softer thixotropic gel compared to the molecular gel made by the gelator only. The reason for this could be that bundles of polymer gelator may be loosened and the density of the polymer network increased in the presence of Laponite.
Spatial utilization predicts animal social contact networks are not scale-free
Authors: James Alex , McLeod Jeanette C. , Rouco Carlos , Richardson Kyle S. , Tompkins Daniel M.
Published: December 2017

While heterogeneity in social behaviour has been described in many human contexts it is often assumed to be less common in the animal kingdom even though scale-free networks are observed. This homogeneity raises the question of whether the patterns of behaviour necessary to account for scale-free social contact networks, where the degree distribution follows a power law, i.e. a few individuals are very highly connected but most have only a few connections, occur in animals, or whether other mechanisms are needed to produce realistic contact network architectures. We develop a space-utilization model for individual animal behaviour to predict the individuals' social contact network. Using basic properties of the
χ
2
distribution we present a simple analytical result that allows the model to give a range of predictions with minimal computational effort. The model results are tested on data collected in New Zealand for the social contact networks of the wild brushtail possum (
Trichosurus vulpecula
). Our model provides a better prediction of network architecture than other simple models, including a scale-free model.
An epigenetic breeding system in soybean for increased yield and stability
Authors: Kenchanmane Raju Sunil Kumar , Shao Mon-Ray , Sanchez Robersy , Xu Ying-Zhi , Sandhu Ajay , Graef George , Mackenzie Sally
Published: December 2017

Epigenetic variation has been associated with a wide range of adaptive phenotypes in plants, but there exist few direct means for exploiting this variation. RNAi suppression of the plant-specific gene,MutS HOMOLOG1(MSH1), in multiple plant species produces a range of developmental changes accompanied by modulation of defense, phytohormone, and abiotic stress response pathways. Thismsh1-conditioneddevelopmental reprogramming is retained independent of transgene segregation, giving rise to transgene-null ‘memory’ effects. An isogenic memory line crossed to wild type produces progeny families displaying increased variation in adaptive traits that respond to selection. This study investigates amenability of theMSH1system for inducing epigenetic variation in soybean that may be of value agronomically. We developed epi-line populations by crossing withmsh1-acquired soybean memory lines. Derived soybean epi-lines showed increase in variance for multiple yield-related traits including pods per plant, seed weight, and maturity time in both greenhouse and field trials. Selected epi-F2:4and epi-F2:5lines showed an increase in seed yield over wild type. By epi-F2:6, we observed a return of MSH1-derived enhanced growth back to wild type levels. Epi-populations also showed evidence of reduced epitype-by-environment (e × E) interaction, indicating higher yield stability. Transcript profiling of the soybean epi-lines identified putative signatures of enhanced growth behavior across generations. Genes related to cell cycle, abscisic acid biosynthesis, and auxin-response, particularly SMALL AUXIN UP RNAs (SAURs), were differentially expressed in epi-F2:4lines that showed increased yield when compared to epi-F2:6. These data support the potential ofmsh1-derived epigenetic variation in plant breeding for enhanced yield and yield stability.
Large scale gene duplication affected the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) after the 3R teleost duplication
Authors: Rozenfeld Christoffer , Blanca Jose , Gallego Victor , García-Carpintero Víctor , Herranz-Jusdado Juan Germán , Pérez Luz , Asturiano Juan F. , Cañizares Joaquín , Peñaranda David S.
Published: December 2017

Genomic scale duplication of genes generates raw genetic material, which may facilitate new adaptations for the organism. Previous studies on eels have reported specific gene duplications, however a species-specific large-scale gene duplication has never before been proposed. In this study, we have assembled ade novoEuropean eel transcriptome and the data show more than a thousand gene duplications that happened, according to a 4dTv analysis, after the teleost specific 3R whole genome duplication (WGD). The European eel has a complex and peculiar life cycle, which involves extensive migration, drastic habitat changes and metamorphoses, all of which could have been facilitated by the genes derived from this large-scale gene duplication.

Of the paralogs created, those with a lower genetic distance are mostly found in tandem repeats, indicating that they are young segmental duplications. The older eel paralogs showed a different pattern, with more extensive synteny suggesting that a Whole Genome Duplication (WGD) event may have happened in the eel lineage. Furthermore, an enrichment analysis of eel specific paralogs further revealed GO-terms typically enriched after a WGD. Thus, this study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to present evidence indicating an Anguillidae family specific large-scale gene duplication, which may include a 4R WGD.
Force control approaches research for robotic machining based on particle swarm optimization and adaptive iteration algorithms
Authors: Chen Shouyan , Zhang Tie
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to reduce the strain and vibration during robotic machining.

Design/methodology/approach

An intelligent approach based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and adaptive iteration algorithms is proposed to optimize the PD control parameters in accordance with robotic machining state.

Findings

The proposed intelligent approach can significantly reduce robotic machining strain and vibration.

Originality value

The relationship between robotic machining parameters is studied and the dynamics model of robotic machining is established. In view of the complexity of robotic machining process, the PSO and adaptive iteration algorithms are used to optimize the PD control parameters in accordance with robotic machining state. The PSO is used to optimize the PD control parameters during stable-machining state, and the adaptive iteration algorithm is used to optimize the PD control parameters during cut-into state.
Non-Muslims’ acceptance of imported products with halal logo
Authors: Kawata Yukichika , Htay Sheila Nu Nu , Salman Ahmed  Syed
Published: December 2017

Purpose

This study aims to examine whether citizens of non-Muslim countries accept products with a “halal” logo. In the era of globalization, one of the most crucial issues for Muslim travelers is reliable halal foods when visiting non-Muslim countries. If people in non-Muslim countries accept imported products containing halal certification logos, and such products are readily available in shops, this issue could be substantially improved.

Design/methodology/approach

Malaysia and Japan were selected as Muslim and non-Muslim countries, respectively, to conduct a choice experiment (CE) for 656 non-Muslim subjects, and estimated willingness to pay (WTP) for mineral water with and without the halal logo. A random parameter logit model was used for estimation.

Findings

The difference between the WTP for mineral water with and without the halal logo was ¥5; however, the associated coefficient is not statistically significant. This implies that the halal logo has no impact on non-Muslim subjects’ purchasing behavior. From this, we can infer that the halal products with certification logo would be accepted in Japanese shops, which may foster foreign Muslim visits.

Research limitations/implications

As the results are based on a couple of countries (Malaysia and Japan) and only one product (mineral water), further investigation using other products in different countries would be necessary. However, as suggested in the main text, the results enjoy a degree of generalizability.

Originality/value

The results of this study support the possibility of circulating halal products in non-Muslim countries and thus promoting Muslim travel abroad. No such study has examined this issue using CE.
Islamic human resource management (iHRM) enhancing organizational justice and employees’ commitment
Authors: Fesharaki Farzad , Sehhat Saied
Published: December 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to introduce and promote the novel concept of Islamic human resource management (iHRM) and assess its effects upon two organizational attitudes, namely, perceived justice and employees’ commitment.

Design/methodology/approach

The present study is an applicable and empirical research that has used the descriptive–correlative method. The target population consists of 192 employees from Resalat Qard al-Hasan Bank in the city of Tehran. Calculated based on Cochran’s formula, 128 people are selected by means of a simple random sampling technique. To collect primary filed data, questionnaires are distributed. The gathered responses are analyzed with the structural equation modeling approach using SmartPLS software package.

Findings

Four dimensions of iHRM, i.e. recruitment and selection, training and development, remuneration and compensation and performance appraisal, are positively associated with organizational justice. Also the first three dimensions have a positive impact on employees’ commitment, but the link between performance appraisal and employees’ commitment is not statistically significant because of the slightly negative attitude of the employees toward a possible perfunctory routine.

Originality/value

iHRM is one of the emerging trends in Islamic management literature, with limited studies conducted in this specific field. The current effort is one of the first attempts to empirically investigate this relatively new construct in the context of Iran.
Are the new fuel-efficient bulkers a threat to the old fleet?
Authors: Pruyn Jeroen
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the headlined eco-bulkers ordered in 2012 and 2013 are posing a threat to the less-efficient ships ordered at the end of the boom in 2008 and 2009.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper will first investigate the drivers for the interest in such low-emission, low-speed bulker as well as the more general history of bulker designs. This is followed by a study on the vessels delivered between 2005 and 2014, based on eight parameters representing fuel efficiency, speed and hydromechanics properties. Within these results, evidence is sought for a significant change in the qualities of the vessels delivered after the last boom.

Findings

The data showed that at least till present, no significant changes could be discovered between 2014 and the earlier years. This indicates that either because of the long delivery times at the end of the boom, such vessels are still to be delivered, or that they were not ordered in an amount large enough to change the trend. For the future, this fact and the changes in vessel design resulting from the introduction of the energy efficiency design index (EEDI) in 2017 and the large fluctuations in the fuel prices will be interesting to keep monitoring the developments in the eight studied parameters.

Originality/value

This paper extends (in time) and improves (number of variables studied) a number of earlier studies on average qualities of the world fleet. It studies both the composition and the changes in average properties of the ships produced each year. It allowed the author to discover and explain the trends that would not have been evident when studying ships as single units or as the result of a business opportunity optimisation. Most important of which is the fact that, on average, ships produced are optimised for the current economic conditions and are not taken into consideration for future trends and scenarios.
Performance obligations for “revenue from contracts with customers” principle in the shipping industry
Authors: Duru Okan , Mileski Joan P. , Gunes Ergun
Published: December 2017

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to investigate the gap between cost-based and time-based revenue recognition schemes in the accounting of ship-owning corporations, and to propose cost-based revenue recognition (as in general accounting practice) in connection with the performance obligations.

Design/methodology/approach

For a comparative analysis of time-based (traditional approach) and cost-based schemes, a sample of dry bulk ships is selected and voyage estimations are performed by certified professional shipbrokers (Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers) (data collection and voyage estimation by practitioner). Performance obligations are also defined by certified shipbrokers (i.e. survey and expert opinion) and certified public accountant based on common shipping business practice and accounting practice in general.

Findings

Empirical results indicate the significant gap between two alternative schemes. Cost-based revenue recognition accelerates the revenue recognition (benefit of shipowner), and it enables comparability among other industries since cost-based allocation is the common practice in accounting (matching principle, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles).

Research limitations/implications

It is obviously impossible to observe all kinds of freight market transactions for all different kinds of vessel particulars. The sample size does not undervalue the current study since the central idea of this paper is not the verification of the cost-based recognition in all possible transactions.

Practical implications

The proposed approach debiases the existing recognition practice as well as improving the speed of revenue recognition. In the existing practice, time-based recognition is still based on voyage estimations (time estimation). Voyage estimations conventionally answer two questions: “What is the cost of the voyage?” and “What is the duration of the voyage?” Therefore, the proposed approach does not require any additional work done. Common practice also clarifies the cost-based schedule for revenue recognition.

Originality/value

This paper addresses the unconventional accounting practice and its incomparability problem for the first time. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is also the first study on accounting economics of the shipping business. This paper proposes a practical solution to the debate raised by Financial Accounting Standards Board 2014-09 regulation on accounting standards by utilizing a staging approach and cost-based revenue allocation.
A tale of two studies: Detection and attribution of the impacts of invasive plants in observational surveys
Authors: Mueller Kevin E. , Lodge Alexandra G. , Roth Alexander M. , Whitfeld Timothy J. S. , Hobbie Sarah E. , Reich Peter B.
Published: December 2017

Short‐term experiments cannot characterize how long‐lived, invasive shrubs influence ecological properties that can be slow to change, including native diversity and soil fertility. Observational studies are thus necessary, but often suffer from methodological issues.

To highlight ways of improving the design and interpretation of observational studies that assess the impacts of invasive plants, we compare two studies of nutrient cycling and earthworms along two separate gradients of invasive shrub abundance. By considering the divergent sampling strategies and statistical analyses of these two studies, and interpreting their contradictory results in the context of other studies, we also aim to better describe the impacts of the focal invader, Rhamnus cathartica.

In a new study of a single site in Minnesota, we observed positive correlations between buckthorn abundance and soil pH, soil nutrient pools, nutrient fluxes through leaf litterfall, earthworm abundance and root biomass. Multiple regression models showed these relationships persisted after accounting for variability in soil texture and tree species composition. For a separate, more expansive study in Illinois, other authors reported little to no correlation between buckthorn abundance and 10 soil properties, including earthworm abundance, pH and nutrient concentrations. However, like many other studies, their regression models only assessed predictors related to invader abundance. R2‐values for models of ecosystem properties ranged from 0 to .79 (adjusted‐R2) for our study in Minnesota and from <.05 to .16 (unadjusted) for the prior study in Illinois.

Differences in sampling error and use of predictor variables between the two studies likely explain the contrasting results.

Synthesis and applications. To reduce the uncertainty of conclusions from observational studies of invasive plants, future studies must ensure that heterogeneity of soils and vegetation is adequately accounted for in the sampling strategy and statistical analyses (e.g. analysis of covariance, multiple regression). Particular attention should be given to ecosystem properties with variability that likely pre‐dates the invader (e.g. geophysical features and tree community composition). In our study, effects of buckthorn on ecosystem properties were not only robust to the inclusion of potentially confounding predictors, but also consistent with expectations based on ecological stoichiometry and mass balance of element flow.
Anthony King: His Intellectual Legacy. Introduction
Authors: Grant Wyn , Ware Alan
Published: December 2017

The Department of Government at Essex University provided a favourable environment for the development of Anthony King's work. While his primary interest was the UK, his intellectual interests were far broader in scope and informed by comparative insights. His key work was on political leadership, but he also made crucial contributions on other issues such as ungovernability. He had a particular concern with the quality of government, reflected in the Blunders book he wrote with Ivor Crewe.
Semicontinuous sophorolipid fermentation using a novel bioreactor with dual ventilation pipes and dual sieve‐plates coupled with a novel separation system
Authors: Zhang Yaguang , Jia Dan , Sun Wanqi , Yang Xue , Zhang Chuanbo , Zhao Fanglong , Lu Wenyu
Published: December 2017

Sophorolipids (SLs) are biosurfactants with widespread applications. The yield and purity of SLs are two important factors to be considered during their commercial large‐scale production. Notably, SL accumulation causes an increase in viscosity, decrease in dissolved oxygen and product inhibition in the fermentation medium. This inhibits the further production and purification of SLs. This describes the development of a novel integrated system for SL production using Candida albicans O‐13‐1. Semicontinuous fermentation was performed using a novel bioreactor with dual ventilation pipes and dual sieve‐plates (DVDSB). SLs were separated and recovered using a newly designed two‐stage separation system. After SL recovery, the fermentation broth containing residual glucose and oleic acid was recycled back into the bioreactor. This novel approach considerably alleviated the problem of product inhibition and accelerated the rate of substrate utilization. Production of SLs achieved was 477 g l−1, while their productivity was 1.59 g l−1 h−1. Purity of SLs improved by 23.3%, from 60% to 74%, using DVDSB with the separation system. The conversion rate of carbon source increased from 0.5 g g−1 (in the batch fermentation) to 0.6 g g−1. These results indicated that the integrated system could improve the efficiency of production and purity of SLs.
Mesenchymal stem cells: A double‐edged sword in radiation‐induced lung injury
Authors: Yao Yi , Zheng Zhongliang , Song Qibin
Published: December 2017

Radiation therapy is an important treatment modality for multiple thoracic malignancies. However, radiation‐induced lung injury (RILI), which is the term generally used to describe damage to the lungs caused by exposure to ionizing radiation, remains a critical issue affecting both tumor control and patient quality of life. Despite tremendous effort, there is no current consensus regarding the optimal treatment approach for RILI. Because of a number of functional advantages, including self‐proliferation, multi‐differentiation, injury foci chemotaxis, anti‐inflammation, and immunomodulation, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been a focus of research for many years. Accumulating evidence indicates the therapeutic potential of transplantation of MSCs derived from adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood, and bone marrow for inflammatory diseases, including RILI. However, reports have also shown that MSCs, including fibrocytes, lung hematopoietic progenitor cells, and ABCG2+ MSCs, actually enhance the progression of lung injuries. These contradictory results suggest that MSCs may have dual effects and that caution should be taken when using MSCs to treat RILI. In this review, we present and discuss recent evidence of the double‐edged function of MSCs and provide comments on the prospects of these findings.
Predictors of smoking cessation during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Riaz Muhammad , Lewis Sarah , Naughton Felix , Ussher Michael
Published: December 2017

Aim

To identify factors found in the research literature to be associated with smoking cessation in pregnancy.

Methods

Electronic searches of the bibliographic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Elsevier, Scopus and ISI Web of Science were conducted to April 2017. All studies reporting factors associated with smoking cessation or continuing smoking during pregnancy were included and reviewed systematically, irrespective of study design. The Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to assess the study quality. The DerSimonian & Laird random‐effects model was used to conduct meta‐analyses, and where effect estimates were reported for factors included in at least three studies.

Results

Fifty‐four studies, including 505 584 women globally who smoked before pregnancy, 15 clinical trials and 40 observational studies, were included in the review and 36 (65.5%) were considered to be of high quality. This review identified 11 socio‐demographic, seven socially related, 19 smoking behaviour‐related, five pregnancy‐related, six health‐related and six psychological factors that were associated significantly with smoking cessation during pregnancy. The most frequently observed significant factors associated with cessation were: higher level of education, pooled odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.16 (1.80–2.84), higher socio‐economic status: 1.97 (1.20–3.24), overseas maternal birth: 2.00 (1.40–2.84), Medicaid coverage or private insurance: 1.54 (1.29–1.85), living with partner or married: 1.49 (1.38–1.61), partner/other members of the household do not smoke: 0.42 (0.35–0.50), lower heaviness of smoking index score: 0.45 (0.27–0.77, lower baseline cotinine level: 0.78 (0.64–0.94), low exposure to second‐hand smoking: 0.45 (0.20–1.02), not consuming alcohol before and/or during pregnancy: 2.03 (1.47–2.80), primiparity: 1.85 (1.68–2.05), planned breastfeeding:1.99 (1.94–2.05), perceived adequate pre‐natal care: 1.74 (1.38–2.19), no depression: 2.65 (1.62–4.30) and low stress during pregnancy: 0.58 (0.44–0.77).

Conclusion

A wide range of socio‐demographics, relationship, social, smoking‐related, pregnancy‐related, health and psychological factors have been found to predict smoking cessation in pregnancy.
What motivates enrolment in programming MOOCs?
Authors: Luik Piret , Suviste Reelika , Lepp Marina , Palts Tauno , Tõnisson Eno , Säde Merilin , Papli Kaspar
Published: December 2017

Learners who enrol in massive open online courses (MOOCs) have different backgrounds and tend to have different motivations than learners in traditional courses. Based on value‐expectancy theory, an instrument was developed to measure motivation for enrolling in a programming MOOC. A study with 1229 adult participants in Estonian‐language programming course “About Programming” was conducted to validate the instrument. Results of confirmatory factor analysis validated the 7‐factor scale named factors influencing enrolment in MOOC (FIEM). FIEM comprises three factors of expectancies, three factors of values and one factor of social influence. The highest and lowest rated motivational factors influencing enrolment in programming MOOC are discussed in the paper. Interest in and expectations for the course, personal suitability of distance learning and suitability for family and work are the highest‐rated motivational factors for those who enrol in MOOC. Usefulness related to own children, social influence and usefulness to related to certification were the lowest rated. The results of this study can be useful for designers of programming MOOCs and the developed scale might be used in future studies.
WNT signalling: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities
Authors: Schulte Gunnar , Bryja Vitezslav
Published: December 2017

This themed section of the British Journal of Pharmacology stems from the EMBO Conference: Wnt Meeting 2016 held from the 14th to 16th September 2016 in Brno, Czech Republic.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on WNT Signalling: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.24/issuetoc
India's integrated child development services scheme: challenges for scaling up
Authors: Rao N. , Kaul V.
Published: December 2017

Background

India had around 158 million children under the age of 6 and about 26 million births in 2015. In the same year, India's Integrated Child Development Services Scheme served about 82 million children under 6 years and over 19 million pregnant women and lactating mothers. These 102 million beneficiaries received services in about 1.3 million centres.

Method

This paper reviews the growth of the Scheme and considers challenges to scaling up quality with equity based on results of large‐scale national or multistate studies.

Results

The Scheme is associated with decreased malnutrition and better child development. The size and diversity of the country, the policy context, funding mode and lack of community awareness and engagement have hindered scaling up access while the approach to service delivery, low institutional capacity and poor infrastructure have impeded scaling up of implementation quality.

Conclusions

This review illustrates the challenges associated with scaling‐up access and implementation quality of a multicomponent, integrated early childhood programme in a large, diverse country. The future success of the Integrated Child Development Services will depend on how well it adheres to quality standards and how well it evolves to address current weaknesses.
Cloning‐free template DNA preparation for cell‐free protein synthesis via two‐step PCR using versatile primer designs with short 3′‐UTR
Authors: Nomoto Mika , Tada Yasuomi
Published: December 2017

Cell‐free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems largely retain the endogenous translation machinery of the host organism, making them highly applicable for proteomics analysis of diverse biological processes. However, laborious and time‐consuming cloning procedures hinder progress with CFPS systems. Herein, we report the development of a rapid and efficient two‐step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to prepare linear DNA templates for a wheat germ CFPS system. We developed a novel, effective short 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) sequence that facilitates translation. Application of the short 3′‐UTR to two‐step PCR enabled the generation of various transcription templates from the same plasmid, including fusion proteins with N‐ or C‐terminal tags, and truncated proteins. Our method supports the cloning‐free expression of target proteins using an mRNA pool from biological material. The established system is a highly versatile platform for in vitro protein synthesis using wheat germ CFPS.
Headache Characteristics and Clinical Features of Elderly Migraine Patients
Authors: de Rijk Pablo , Resseguier Noémie , Donnet Anne
Published: December 2017

Objective

To investigate the headache characteristics and clinical features of elderly migraine patients at a tertiary headache center.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 239 records of migraine patients, over the age of 64 at the first visit, who had migraine as defined by the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition (beta version) from 2006 to 2015 based on the Marseille registry at Timone Hospital.

Results

13.8% (33/239) patients had migraine with aura only, 13.0% (31/239) had both diagnoses. Of the patients who presented with migraine with aura, 13.4% (32/239) presented with aura without headache. Unilateral pain location was reported by 58.6% (140/239) of patients and the throbbing type of pain was present in 50.2% (120/239) of our study group. Photo‐ and phonophobia were observed in 77.4% (185/239) and 79.5% (190/239) of patients. Seventy‐nine out of 239 (30.1%) patients were found to have probable medication overuse. Within this group, 31.65% (25/79) overused triptan and 70.9% (56/79) overused combination analgesics. We found higher frequencies of migraine for patients whose age at onset of migraine was younger than 18 years, and low frequency migraine was reported more frequently in the later onset group (P = .0357).

Discussion

We assess the headache characteristics of elderly migraine patients who were seen at our tertiary headache center and report the high frequency of probable medication overuse headache in this study group. Finally, we suggest that age of onset is an important factor in the clinical profile of these patients.
Superoxide dismutase from Helicobacter pylori suppresses the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines during in vivo infection
Authors: Stent Andrew , Every Alison L. , Chionh Yok T. , Ng Garrett Z. , Sutton Philip
Published: December 2017

Background

Helicobacter pylori has undergone considerable adaptation to allow chronic persistence within the gastric environment. While H. pylori‐associated diseases are driven by an excessive inflammation, severe gastritis is detrimental to colonization by this pathogen. Hence, H. pylori has developed strategies to minimize the severity of gastritis it triggers in its host. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is well known for its role in protecting against oxidative attack; less recognized is its ability to inhibit immunity, shown for SOD from mammalian sources and those of some bacterial species. This study examined whether H. pylori SOD (HpSOD) has the ability to inhibit the host immune response to these bacteria.

Materials and Methods

The ability of recombinant HpSOD to modify the response to LPS was measured using mouse macrophages. A monoclonal antibody against HpSOD was generated and injected into H. pylori‐infected mice.

Results

Addition of HpSOD to cultures of mouse macrophages significantly inhibited the pro‐inflammatory cytokine response to LPS stimulation. A monoclonal antibody was generated that was specific for SOD from H. pylori. When injected into mice infected with H. pylori for 3 months, this antibody was readily detected in both sera and gastric tissues 5 days later. While treatment with anti‐HpSOD had no effect on H. pylori colonization at this time point, it significantly increased the levels of a range of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in the gastric tissues. This did not occur with antibodies against other antioxidant enzymes.

Conclusions

SOD from H. pylori can inhibit the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokine during in vivo infection.
Pretransplant serum procalcitonin level for prediction of early post‐transplant sepsis in living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Hara Takanobu , Soyama Akihiko , Hidaka Masaaki , Natsuda Koji , Adachi Tomohiko , Ono Shinichiro , Okada Satomi , Hamada Takashi , Takatsuki Mitsuhisa , Eguchi Susumu
Published: December 2017

Aim

Infection is a frequent cause of in‐hospital mortality after liver transplantation (LT). Elimination of possible risks in the pretransplant period, early diagnosis of post‐transplant sepsis, and prompt treatment with antimicrobial agents are important. The objectives of this study were to analyze the impact of early post‐transplant sepsis on outcomes and to clarify the value of predictive factors for early post‐transplant sepsis.

Methods

The study included 136 patients who underwent initial living donor LT (LDLT) at our institute between April 2009 and December 2016. Sepsis was defined using the third international consensus criteria. The results of biochemical tests at the introduction of anesthesia before LDLT were collected for pretransplant evaluation.

Results

Post‐transplant sepsis was found in 37 patients (27.2%). More patients had a pre‐transplant serum procalcitonin (PCT) level >0.5 ng/mL in the sepsis group than in the non‐sepsis group (11 [29.7%] vs 10 [10.1%]; P = 0.007). The 1‐year survival rate in the sepsis group was significantly lower than in the non‐sepsis group (53.8% vs 87.2%; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified pretransplant serum PCT >0.5 ng/mL (odds ratio, 3.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–10.9; P = 0.01) as the only independent risk factor for post‐transplant sepsis.

Conclusions

Survival of patients with early post‐transplant sepsis was poor and the incidence of sepsis was associated with the pretransplant serum PCT level. Re‐evaluation of the general condition and rescheduling of LT should be considered in a patient with pretransplant serum PCT >0.5 ng/mL.
Full blood count as an ancillary test to support the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis
Authors: Oh Lawrence J. , Wong Eugene , Andrici Juliana , McCluskey Peter , Smith James E. H. , Gill Anthony J.
Published: December 2017

Background

Temporal artery biopsy is considered the investigation of choice to diagnose definitively giant cell arteritis (GCA) in patients with compatible symptoms. However it is invasive and not completely sensitive. Serum markers, particularly erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), can be supportive, but are not definitive in individual cases.

Aims

To investigate whether indices derived from the full blood count, including neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were associated with a positive biopsy in patients with suspected GCA.

Methods

The clinical and pathological details of 537 patients undergoing temporal artery biopsy at our institution from 1992 to 2015 were reviewed.

Results

In univariate analysis high platelets (odds ratio (OR) 4.44, P < 0.001), NLR (OR 1.81, P = 0.02), PLR (OR 3.25, P < 0.001), C‐reactive protein (CRP) (OR 3.00, P < 0.001), ESR (OR 3.62, P < 0.001) and increased age (OR 1.03, P = 0.006) were strongly associated with a positive biopsy. In multivariate modelling only high platelets (P < 0.001) and ESR (P = 0.049) maintained significance.

Conclusions

We conclude that the presence of thrombocytosis and high NLR, PLR, ESR and CRP can all be used clinically to support the diagnosis of GCA prior to biopsy. Of particular note, in multivariate modelling the presence of thrombocytosis is a stronger predictor of a positive temporal artery biopsy than ESR. Therefore, careful consideration of the findings in a full blood count can be used to predict the likelihood of a positive temporal artery biopsy in patients with suspected GCA.
Management of actinic keratosis at specific body sites in patients at high risk of carcinoma lesions: expert consensus from the AKTeam™ of expert clinicians
Authors: Richard M. A. , Amici J. M. , Basset‐Seguin N. , Claudel J.P. , Cribier B. , Dreno B.
Published: December 2017

Actinic keratoses (AK) arise on sun‐exposed regions of the skin. If left untreated, AK may progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), although the rate of progression is low. A practical treatment algorithm for the treatment of AK in standard situations has been published by the AKTeam™ expert panel. However, management of particular situations of AK with increasing/higher carcinoma risk or AK progressing into carcinomas with increased aggressiveness due to their anatomical location (risky areas), or in patients with an increased risk of SCC requires further discussion. These include AK on the dorsal hands, forearms, legs, periorbital region, eyelids, ears, or lips, and organ transplant recipients, patients undergoing treatment with carcinogenic agents and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. The main objective was to propose therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AK located in risky areas and in patients with more invasive/aggressive lesions and a higher risk of progression to SCC. A systematic review of the literature was initially performed, and results were discussed by the experts to propose best management practices in specific situations. Finally, adapted management strategies for AK occurring in risky areas and in high‐risk patients are presented, taking into account the experts’ own clinical experience and current guidelines. In most of these ‘at‐risk’ situations, patients can be treated according to the AKTeam™ treatment algorithm. Difficult‐to‐treat lesions should be treated more aggressively due to their higher risk of transformation. For patients with skin that is highly susceptible to actinic damage, monitoring and sun protection strategies are mandatory, and patients should undergo more regular follow‐up. Further assessment of newer therapies in clinical trials is necessary to determine optimal treatment conditions. This expert consensus provides guidance for the management of AK in risky body sites and in patients with an increasing/higher risk for SCCs.
Distinctive cutaneous and systemic features associated with specific antimyositis antibodies in adults with dermatomyositis: a prospective multicentric study of 117 patients
Authors: Best M. , Jachiet M. , Molinari N. , Manna F. , Girard C. , Pallure V. , Cosnes A. , Lipsker D. , Hubiche T. , Schmutz J.‐L. , Le Corre Y. , Cordel N. , Dandurand M. , Dereure O. , Guillot B. , Du‐Thanh A. , Bulai Livideanu C. , Chasset F. , Bouaziz J.‐D. , Francès C. , Bengoufa D. , Vincent T. , Bessis D. ,   the Study Group of Systemic Diseases in Dermatology (EMSED: Étude des Maladies Systémiques en Dermatologie
Published: December 2017

Background

Identification of myositis‐specific autoantibodies (MSAs) for dermatomyositis (DM) could allow the characterization of an antibody‐associated clinical phenotype.

Objective

We sought to define the clinical phenotype of DM and the risk of cancer, interstitial lung disease (ILD) and calcinosis based on MSA.

Methods

A 3.5‐year multicentre prospective study of adult DM patients was conducted to determine the clinical phenotype associated with MSAs and the presence of cancer, ILD and calcinosis.

Results

MSAs were detected in 47.1% of 117 included patients. Patients with antimelanoma differentiation‐associated protein‐5 antibodies (13.7%) had significantly more palmar violaceous macules/papules [odds ratio (OR) 9.9], mechanic's hands (OR 8), cutaneous necrosis (OR 3.2), articular involvement (OR 15.2) and a higher risk of ILD (OR 25.3). Patients with antitranscriptional intermediary factor‐1 antibodies (11.1%), antinuclear matrix protein‐2 antibodies (6.8%) and antiaminoacyl‐transfer RNA synthetase (5.1%) had, respectively, significantly more poikiloderma (OR 5.9), calcinosis (OR 9.8) and articular involvement (OR 15.2). Cutaneous necrosis was the only clinical manifestation significantly associated with cancer (OR 3.1).

Conclusion

Recognition of the adult DM phenotype associated with MSAs would allow more accurate appraisal of the risk of cancer, ILD and calcinosis.
Big Data and medicine: a big deal?
Authors: Mayer‐Schönberger V. , Ingelsson E.
Published: December 2017

Big Data promises huge benefits for medical research. Looking beyond superficial increases in the amount of data collected, we identify three key areas where Big Data differs from conventional analyses of data samples: (i) data are captured more comprehensively relative to the phenomenon under study; this reduces some bias but surfaces important trade‐offs, such as between data quantity and data quality; (ii) data are often analysed using machine learning tools, such as neural networks rather than conventional statistical methods resulting in systems that over time capture insights implicit in data, but remain black boxes, rarely revealing causal connections; and (iii) the purpose of the analyses of data is no longer simply answering existing questions, but hinting at novel ones and generating promising new hypotheses. As a consequence, when performed right, Big Data analyses can accelerate research. Because Big Data approaches differ so fundamentally from small data ones, research structures, processes and mindsets need to adjust. The latent value of data is being reaped through repeated reuse of data, which runs counter to existing practices not only regarding data privacy, but data management more generally. Consequently, we suggest a number of adjustments such as boards reviewing responsible data use, and incentives to facilitate comprehensive data sharing. As data's role changes to a resource of insight, we also need to acknowledge the importance of collecting and making data available as a crucial part of our research endeavours, and reassess our formal processes from career advancement to treatment approval.
Roles of elusive translational GTPases come to light and inform on the process of ribosome biogenesis in bacteria
Authors: Gibbs Michelle R. , Fredrick Kurt
Published: December 2017

Protein synthesis relies on several translational GTPases (trGTPases), related proteins that couple the hydrolysis of GTP to specific molecular events on the ribosome. Most bacterial trGTPases, including IF2, EF‐Tu, EF‐G and RF3, play well‐known roles in translation. The cellular functions of LepA (also termed EF4) and BipA (also termed TypA), conversely, have remained enigmatic. Recent studies provide compelling in vivo evidence that LepA and BipA function in biogenesis of the 30S and 50S subunit respectively. These findings have important implications for ribosome biogenesis in bacteria. Because the GTPase activity of each of these proteins depends on interactions with both ribosomal subunits, some portion of 30S and 50S assembly must occur in the context of the 70S ribosome. In this review, we introduce the trGTPases of bacteria, describe the new functional data on LepA and BipA, and discuss the how these findings shape our current view of ribosome biogenesis in bacteria.
Profile of advanced nursing practice in Spain: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Sevilla Guerra Sonia , Miranda Salmerón Josep , Zabalegui Adelaida
Published: December 2017

In this study, we described the profile of advanced nursing practice in Spain. A cross‐sectional study design was used to explore the extent and patterns of advanced nursing practice activity within the domains of expert care planning, integrated care, interprofessional collaboration, education, research, evidence‐based practice, and professional leadership. Data were collected in 2015/2016. Purposive sampling yielded a sample of 165 specialist and expert nurses employed by a dual tertiary and community hospital in an urban setting. The study included specialist and expert nurses who had a higher practice profile than registered general nurses. The performance of activities according to age, current position, years of experience, nursing grade, and education was compared. Practice domains were more strongly influenced by the predictors of nursing position and professional career ladder. Age and experience predictors were found to be weak predictors of advanced practice domains. This study offers essential information of the nursing workforce, and clarifies both the advanced nursing practice profile and nomenclature in the context of study.
The Golden Code of the Bird‐Men: Iconographic and Social Interpretation of the Moñes I Diadem‐Belt (Asturias, North‐west Iberian Peninsula, First Century BC)
Authors: Alonso Fernando
Published: December 2017

If there is one piece of the Castro culture goldwork that stands out above the rest, it is the set of figurative gold diadem‐belt fragments from Moñes (Piloña, Asturias, Spain). Its uniqueness lies in its combination of local technological tradition with exogenous practices, like figurative representation. The figures that appear are armed characters, occasionally on horseback, and sometimes zoomorphic in appearance (especially as bird‐men), together with different kinds of animals, especially those from an aquatic environment. This iconography has been interpreted as emphasizing the warlike character of Celtic symbolism as expressed through an aquatic funerary ritual. My argument here, however, provides an alternative interpretation based on a context of dramatic social change, which warranted the reformulation of creation mythology such as that depicted on the diadem‐belt. This context must be viewed in relation to different social responses which developed during the first century BC, both before and immediately after the Roman conquest.
Physical activity level among children recovering from severe acute malnutrition
Authors: Babirekere‐Iriso Esther , Rytter Maren Johanne Heilskov , Namusoke Hanifa , Mupere Ezekiel , Michaelsen Kim F. , Stark Ken D. , Lauritzen Lotte , Briend André , Friis Henrik , Brage Søren , Faurholt‐Jepsen Daniel
Published: December 2017

Objective

To assess the level and predictors of physical activity at discharge among children recovering from severe acute malnutrition (SAM).

Methods

We conducted a prospective study among 69 children 6–59 months of age admitted with SAM for nutritional rehabilitation at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda. Using hip‐mounted triaxial accelerometers, we measured physical activity expressed as counts per minute (cpm) during the last three days of hospital treatment. As potential predictors, we assessed clinical and background characteristics, duration to transition phase and duration of hospitalisation, serum C‐reactive protein and whole‐blood docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify predictors of physical activity.

Results

The median (IQR) age was 15.5 (12.6; 20.5) months. At discharge, the mean (SD) movement was 285 (126) cpm. Physical activity was 43 (19; 67) cpm higher for each unit increase in weight‐for‐height z‐score (WHZ) and 72 (36; 108) cpm higher for each centimetre increase in MUAC. Whole‐blood DHA on admission was also a positive predictor of physical activity, whereas duration to transition phase and duration of hospitalisation were both negative predictors.

Conclusion

The level of physical activity at discharge among children treated for SAM was low. WHZ, MUAC and DHA on admission were positive predictors of physical activity, whereas duration of stabilisation and hospitalisation was negative predictors of physical activity. These results suggest that assessment of physical activity may be used as a marker of recovery.