bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abolitionism, Reform, and Philhellenic Rhetoric
Authors: Santelli Maureen Connors
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the masterpiece of the American sculptor Hiram Powers, The Greek Slave, which addresses the way popular support for the Greeks changed political rhetoric in America, specifically in antislavery and women's rights circles. Even though Americans characterized Ottoman slavery as a mark of despotism, before 1821 few Americans connected Ottoman slavery with American slavery. Slavery inflicted on Americans taken captive by North African states, which were loosely connected with the Ottoman Empire, dominated anti-Ottoman discussion throughout the Barbary Wars and was an important way the American public identified the Turks as tyrannical and despotic. By the close of the Greek Revolution, abolitionist authors, however, began to read philhellenic rhetoric against the grain, calling upon antebellum American audiences to do the same. Many Americans came to realize the contradiction in supporting reform on the other side of the world while similar problems existed at home, particularly with regard to slavery and women's rights.
Dual Containment of Iraq and Iran
Authors: Thies Wallace J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates the dual containment of Iraq and Iran. During their heydays, Iraq's Saddam Hussein and Iran's Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini were both widely believed to be difficult targets for a containment policy, even one designed and implemented by a superpower like the United States. Dual containment of Iraq and Iran during the 1980s was a case in which multiple US administrations did not want either side to emerge victorious. While the Soviet Union, China, Britain, France, and even the European Community states likely preferred this outcome too, none of them had the strength and the willpower needed to bring this outcome to fruition. Only the United States could reasonably aspire to bring about this outcome, because of the enormous resources that were at its disposal.
“Clamor Iste Canor Est”
Authors: Lears Adin E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins with fourteenth-century hermit Richard Rolle's final chapter of the Incendium Amoris or “fire of love,” which recalls his early religious fervor. It analyses that Rolle's characteristic love-language demonstrates an impulse to describe his relationship with God in terms of the emotional bonds and bodily feeling of a melancholic lover. It also describes Rolle's choice of the nightingale as a persona for his youthful longing as drawing on a long literary tradition that linked the song of the nightingale to passionate devotion and lament. The chapter sketches how and why Rolle presents his experience on sensations of canor or mystical song as an extrasemantic experience of sound. It discusses extrasemantic experience that amplifies how Rolle's theology theorizes voice and establishes his place as a foundational figure in a vernacular devotional tradition grounded in sound and noise.
“Nota de Clamore”
Authors: Lears Adin E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts how a fifteenth-century annotator has added “nota de clamor[e]” in the margin at the moment of Margery Kempe's “fyrst cry pat euyr sche cryed in any contemplacyon.” It mentions Hope Emily Allen, one of the earliest editors of Kempe's book, who observes that the marginal comment recalls Richard Rolle's description of his own tumultuous expression of divine love: “clamor iste canor est.” It also examines Allen's view that misunderstands Rolle and reads in Margery Kempe's tears and wails the possibility that Rolle's clamor is literal and physical. The chapter explores how Allen sets Kempe's spiritual understanding against other medieval mystics, such as the author of the late fourteenth-century treatise The Cloud of Unknowing. It shows how the Cloud-author advances a familiar distinction between bodily and spiritual sensation, which aligns the misunderstanding of the novice contemplative or would-be mystic with a desperate excess of labor.
Mothers, Welfare Organizations, and Reproducing for the Nation
Authors: Barton Nimisha
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how France emerged both as a safe haven on the continent between the wars and as a maternal haven with Paris its undisputed capital. It discusses the demographic angst and pronatalist zeal that gripped French decision makers in the early Third Republic, which encouraged population-minded state officials and benevolent bourgeoises of private charities to join forces for the sake of the future of France. It also explains how public assistance was fleshed out by scores of private charitable organizations that were run by middle-class Frenchwomen who had emerged over the course of the nineteenth century. The chapter mentions social workers of welfarist organizations that provided French and foreign mothers financial, social, and emotional assistance with the tasks of childbearing, child-rearing, and household management. The chapter also describes public and private assistance networks that forged a wide-ranging maternalist and familialist welfare world in France.
Introduction
Authors: Gailus Andreas
Published: May 2021

The introduction situates the book within the context of contemporary debates about life, spells out the relevance of Ludwig Wittgenstein's later thought to the argument, and explains how literature provides access to the political interiority of human life unavailable to contemporary theories of biopolitics. It also motivates the geographical and temporal specificity of the book, arguing that German culture from the late eighteenth to the mid-twentieth century developed an expanded conception of life as the dynamic drive toward form. It suggests that this dynamic process of formation was seen by many in the German tradition as fundamental not merely to metabolic and bodily life, but equally to the vital processes of aesthetic, psychic, and socio-political phenomena.
Epilogue
Authors: Gailus Andreas
Published: May 2021

The final chapter, the epilogue, articulates in compressed and axiomatic form the book's major theoretical positions and claims, which are: (1) German vitalism conceives of life as a process of self-constitution; (2) the notion of life replaces the earlier model of nature-culture; (3) life's immanent normativity is built around a dialect of force and form; (4) speaking is a form of life; (5) a mutual absorption of the natural and the social; (6) forms exert a distinct kind of force; (7) human life is open to the threat of unintelligibility; (8) vital and social norms; (9) a short critique of recent ontologies; (10) the place of politics in human life; (11) from politics to biopolitics; and finally (12) beyond biopolitics.
Adolescent Society, Then and Now
Authors: Howe Paul
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter discusses how nowadays, individuals aged twenty to eighty seem little concerned about adhering to traditional adult norms, favoring instead the free and easy ways of youth. In some cases, this may reflect a deliberate effort to adopt a youthful frame of mind in an attempt to stave off the inescapable reality of growing older. But often an adolescent way of thinking and acting seems to come very naturally to people. Instead of consciously seeking to recapture their youth, they are simply doing and expressing what feels instinctively right, reflecting the fact that in some important sense they have never really fully grown up. Examples of adults acting like adolescents support the conclusion that a youthful spirit now holds considerable sway and has reshaped important elements of modern adulthood. One way to gain insight into these changes is to look closely at teenagers themselves and their shared social setting.
The Crucible of Adolescence
Authors: Howe Paul
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates how social influence is a formidable force operating across many arenas of human experience, including adolescence. To describe adolescence as a crucible is to think about it not only as a particular phase of life between the ages of thirteen and nineteen, but also a social milieu where intense interaction has powerful effects on people's ways of thinking, acting, and being. Even as teenagers are engaged in a deeply personal process of self-discovery over the adolescent period, they are profoundly influenced and shaped by those around them. Given the power of peer influence to shape who we are, extending the period of intensive youth interaction in the first half of the twentieth century to include the adolescent years was a portentous development. More than a simple extension, it represented a major shift in the developmental process because of important differences between childhood and the teenage years.
Liberating Effects
Authors: Howe Paul
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the considerable liberating effects associated with the rise of adolescent traits and values. The brash and bold manner of the current age reflects a more general loosening of social rules that has come with substantial benefits as well as costs. If some constraints of the past served a useful purpose, others were unduly restrictive. The prevailing philosophy these days is that we should be free to do just as we please if it does no direct and evident harm to others. These must be acknowledged as one of the principal benefits of living in today's adolescent society. At the same time, there are areas of modern life where we can reasonably ask if these liberating effects have gone too far and whether our newfound freedoms might be put to better use if more closely harnessed to adult goals and sensibilities. The chapter considers both the upside and the downside of the expansion of personal freedoms that is one of the hallmark features of the adolescent society.
The Justice Dilemma
Authors: Krcmaric Daniel
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses the theory about the justice dilemma and derives testable hypotheses on how international justice shapes patterns of exile, civil war duration, and mass killing onset. It offers both quantitative and qualitative evidence to assess the theory on the justice dilemma in multiple ways. It also points out how exile traditionally offered an attractive golden parachute for all embattled rulers and provided a mechanism for leaders to give up power in a manner that is relatively costless. The chapter reviews the recent trend toward holding leaders accountable for atrocity crimes that are irrespective of national borders, which complicates the exile option. It refers to the signing of the ICC's Rome Statute and the arrest of former Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet that made the threat of arrest on foreign soil appear far more realistic.
The Mechanism
Authors: Krcmaric Daniel
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents evidence on patterns of exile through a large dataset of political leaders and measure of leader culpability for mass atrocities. It explains why the decision to flee into exile is conditional on whether leaders can expect to face post-tenure international punishment. It also points out how culpable leaders were more likely to flee abroad than nonculpable leaders in the impunity era. The chapter provides statistical analysis with a case study of Liberia's Charles Taylor, who is one of the few culpable leaders to go into exile in the accountability era. It elaborates how the Taylor case study clarifies why some leaders still choose exile and confirms whether culpable leaders who go into exile in the accountability era actually get punished.
Conclusion
Authors: Pickett James
Published: May 2021

This concluding chapter explains that for all of their eclecticism, and for all their seeming paradoxes, the polymaths of Islam were united by a common madrasa education, mastery of a canon of texts, and shared regional networks. Their curriculum went far beyond the grammar and logic emphasized in the madrasa. Even mastering substantive Islamic law from medieval Arabic texts was necessary, but not sufficient, to distinguish a high Persianate intellectual from his many, many competitors. Most of the ulama — especially those who rose to the top — studied a plethora of collateral disciplines: poetry, mysticism, astronomy, calligraphy, medicine, trade, and more. Secondary scholarship often pairs these forms of knowledge with discrete communities, differentiating scholars, poets, sufis, and physicians into distinct social groups, with the sufi-ulama dichotomy especially pronounced. However, these were not separate groups with separate corporate identities. Rather, they were discrete social roles performed by a single social group. Their integrated knowledge base allowed them to mix and match social functions with impunity.
Epilogue
Authors: Pickett James
Published: May 2021

Throughout this book, I frequently underscored continuity with the long run of Islamic history even into the early twentieth century, illustrating the ways the ulama perpetuated a Perso-Islamic legacy stretching back over a thousand years. Of course, a great deal had changed as well, much more than the ulama would have liked to admit....
Sex, Love, and Letters
Authors: Coffin Judith G.
Published: May 2021

When this book's author discovered a virtually unexplored treasure trove of letters to Simone de Beauvoir from Beauvoir's international readers, it inspired the author to explore the intimate bond between the famed author and her reading public. This correspondence, at the heart of the book, immerses us in the tumultuous decades from the late 1940s to the 1970s — from the painful aftermath of World War II to the horror and shame of French colonial brutality in Algeria and through the dilemmas and exhilarations of the early gay liberation and feminist movements. The letters provide a glimpse into the power of reading and the power of readers to seduce their favorite authors. The relationship between Beauvoir and her audience proved especially long, intimate, and vexed. The book traces this relationship, from the publication of Beauvoir's acclaimed The Second Sex to the release of the last volume of her memoirs, offering an unfamiliar perspective on one of the most magnetic and polarizing philosophers of the twentieth century. Along the way, we meet many of the greatest writers of Beauvoir's generation — Hannah Arendt; Dominique Aury, author of The Story of O; François Mauriac, winner of the Nobel Prize and nemesis of Albert Camus; Betty Friedan; and, of course, Jean-Paul Sartre — bringing the electrically charged salon experience to life. The book lays bare the private lives and political emotions of the letter writers and of Beauvoir herself. Her readers did not simply pen fan letters but, as the book shows, engaged in a dialogue that revealed intellectual and literary life to be a joint and collaborative production.
Beauvoir, Kinsey, and Midcentury Sex
Authors: Coffin Judith G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter mentions Alfred C. Kinsey's 1948 report, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, which was one of the most prominent research on sexuality that François Mauriac associated with Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex. It analyses Kinsey and his team of American scientists' investigation of sexual acts, practices, inclinations, and tastes they had discovered among their fellow citizens. It also talks about critics who were deeply invested in the role of literature, and the responsibility of the writer who warned that The Second Sex and the Kinsey report debased the public. The chapter likens The Second Sex and the Kinsey report to the “erotic jungle” of American popular culture and fashion magazines, and to a world of commerce, sensationalism, and prurience. It explores the scholarly study of sexuality and the public's fixation on the subject that situates The Second Sex in the larger history of contemporary culture.
Readers and Writers
Authors: Coffin Judith G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter elaborates how Simone de Beauvoir burst into the world of literary stardom in the 1950s. It begins with Mandarins from 1954, Beauvoir's novel about postwar French intellectuals' political, literary, and ethical debates, and their love lives, which won many readers and gained a blizzard of publicity. It also cites the novels, plays, and philosophical essays on justice, ethics, and morality that Beauvoir has written as an accomplished writer. The chapter talks about Beauvoir's publication of her reflections on her travels through the United States, America Day by Day, which was dedicated to Richard and Ellen Wright. It describes the outcome of Beauvoir's hard work as an epic of postwar existentialism and its attendant anguish, a readable and serious fare that fueled the mid-twentieth-century expansion of book publishing.
Shame as Political Feeling
Authors: Coffin Judith G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on Djamila Boupacha, which was a book about political intervention from a public intellectual that reported on Djamila Boupacha's trial and gathered testimony on other cases of torture. It cites sections of Simone de Beauvoir's Force of Circumstance from 1963 that dealt with the Algerian War and excavates several layers of memory, feeling, and experience. The chapter explains how The Force of Circumstance addressed both Beauvoir's intimate public and her fellow intellectuals. It refers to Beauvoir's memoir, The Prime of Life, which had come out in the fall of 1960, right after the Boupacha scandal, and emphasizes how Beauvoir wrote The Force of Circumstance in deliberate philosophical detail, expressing her antiwar politics and political feelings.
Second Takes on The Second Sex
Authors: Coffin Judith G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts Simone de Beauvoir's interview with the magazine France Observateur regarding the future of women and feminism in France in 1960. It talks about Marie Craipeau, Simone de Beauvoir's interviewer, who plainly considered the future of women dim and expressed how women are disappointingly traditional, slow to “adapt” to a rapidly changing world, and ill-at-ease with modernity. It also explains how women were easily dissuaded from taking on ambitious projects and readily diverted from assuming self-sovereignty or facing their freedom. The chapter describes Beauvoir's vexed relationship with the members of her public, which was a recurring theme of her career as a writer, an engaged intellectual, and a feminist. It emphasizes how the 1960 France Observateur interview reiterated Beauvoir's earlier diagnosis in The Second Sex of the contradictions of femininity and political repercussions.
Couple Troubles
Authors: Coffin Judith G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about an Austrian woman who had been reading Das andere Geschlecht or “The Other Sex,” and sent Simone de Beauvoir her reflections on the sections concerning marriage. It describes the Austrian reader as passionate, appreciative, not a philosopher, and casts Beauvoir's argument in terms very much her own. It also references other letters to Beauvoir concerning marriage that loomed over the lives of the letter writers as much as the Algerian War loomed over the Republic. The chapter recounts how marriage was an almost inescapable lifelong drama with many ramifications as broad social and cultural changes in the 1950s and 1960s helped create a wave of unhappiness about marriage. THe chapter mentions unmarried people who were implicated in marriage's galling legal and economic dependencies.
Sexual Politics and Feminism
Authors: Coffin Judith G.
Published: May 2021

This chapter covers letters to Simone de Beauvoir simmering with grievances about stifling marriages, constrained choices, the grind and boredom of housework, the absence of contraception, serial pregnancies, criminalized abortion, and the affective burdens of family throughout the 1960s. It recounts the French legislature that legalized contraception, women that swelled the ranks of labor unions, and books on the female condition that filled bookstores in 1967. It also mentions the explosion of student radicalism and enormous general as the most distinctive features of France in May 1968. The chapter discusses that feminism transformed and renamed women's liberation, which emerged with immense force in the aftermath of this movement. It highlights the movement of the French press called the Mouvement de la Libération des Femmes (MLF) which emerged in 1970.
Conclusion
Authors: Coffin Judith G.
Published: May 2021

In the spring of 1968, Shulamith Firestone and Anne Koedt, American feminists representing the New York Radical Women (1967) came to Paris bearing just published copies of their new newspaper Notes from the First Year. Firestone and Koedt wanted to deliver a copy to Beauvoir in person. They went away disappointed. As Firestone wrote her sister from Paris: “Anne and I went to see S de B. on Sat … She wasn’t home & a horrible woman concierge barked at us that we need an appointment date.”...
“Everyday” Anti-Christian Violence
Authors: Bauman Chad M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides statistical data that support the notion that anti-Christian violence is more likely when Christians approach Hindus in their competitiveness for jobs and other social resources. It looks at the widespread and disproportionately high involvement of Christians in the social service sector, in which Christians comprise 2.5 to 5 percent of the Indian population. It also mentions non-Christians in India who find the significant Christian investment in social service impressive and admirable, describing it as a feather in the community's collective cap. The chapter discusses the Christian investment in social service as a carry-over from the colonial era that is suspected of being a ploy to advance Christian ideological, religious, and economic interests. It explores the economic explanation for Hindu–Christian conflict that is placed within a broader discussion of globalization and its effects in India.
The Social Construction of Kandhamal’s Violence
Authors: Bauman Chad M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about Paul Brass, who has argued against the academic inclination to seek the “causes” of riots in his book The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India from 2003. It discusses the causal explanations of riots that are always overly simplistic and do not take into account the fact that all kinds of violent actions take place under the cover of the discourse of communalism. It also suggests that analysts should focus instead on the forms of violence and on the specific question of who is served by communal conflict. The chapter identifies the groups that benefited from the riots in Kandhamal which supported the Sangh Parivar's project of religious homogenization. It outlines the significant effects of riots on the religious landscape of Kandhamal.
Civilizational Imperatives
Authors: Charbonneau Oliver
Published: May 2021

This chapter refers to John Bates, who received directives from Manila to emphasize the benefits of new educational forms to Sultan Kiram in 1899. It details the assignment of select Americans to impart constant valuable information among the Tausūg in industrial and mechanical pursuits through the medium of schools. It also looks at Bates's studies on regional colonial histories during his time on Jolo, noting in his reports that the British in Malaya curbed piracy and slavery through the establishment of industrial schools. The chapter highlights the public schools in Mindanao-Sulu that operated in an ad hoc fashion between 1899 and 1903. It notes the character and resources of schools that varied greatly by community although they were technically run by the Department of Public Instruction in Manila, such as the small pandita schoolhouses in some areas.
Reagan's Gun-Toting Nuns
Authors: Keeley Theresa
Published: May 2021

This book analyzes the role of intra-Catholic conflict within the framework of U.S. foreign policy formulation and execution during the Reagan administration. The book challenges the preponderance of scholarship on the administration that stresses the influence of evangelical Protestants on foreign policy toward Latin America. Especially in the case of U.S. engagement in El Salvador and Nicaragua, the book argues, the bitter debate between U.S. and Central American Catholics over the direction of the Catholic Church shaped President Reagan's foreign policy. The flash point was the December 1980 political murder of four American Catholic missionaries in El Salvador. Liberal Catholics described nuns and priests in Central America who worked to combat structural inequality as human rights advocates living out the Gospel's spirit. Conservative Catholics saw them as agents of class conflict who furthered the so-called Gospel according to Karl Marx. The debate was an old one among Catholics, but, as this book contends, it intensified as conservative, anticommunist Catholics played instrumental roles in crafting U.S. policy to fund the Salvadoran government and the Nicaraguan Contras. The book describes the religious actors as human rights advocates and, against prevailing understandings of the fundamentally secular activism related to human rights, highlights religion-inspired activism during the Cold War. In charting the rightward development of American Catholicism, the book provides a new chapter in the history of U.S. diplomacy and shows how domestic issues such as contraception and abortion joined with foreign policy matters to shift Catholic laity toward Republican principles at home and abroad.
Subversives in El Salvador
Authors: Keeley Theresa
Published: May 2021

This chapter clarifies how the Maryknollers and San Salvador's Archbishop, Óscar Romero, unsuccessfully tried to persuade Jimmy Carter to accentuate human rights in U.S.–El Salvador policy. It recounts El Salvador as a major conflict between the White House and the religious community by 1980. It also discusses the Salvadoran government that accused Maryknoll priests John Halbert and Ron Michaels of being “subversives.” The chapter describes priests, brothers, and nuns in El Salvador and the United States that played a crucial role in aiding Salvadorans' push for societal change. It talks about how Maryknollers approached the situation from a faith-based perspective, but their decision to side with the poor had political implications.
Real Catholics versus Maryknollers
Authors: Keeley Theresa
Published: May 2021

This chapter refers to Ronald Reagan and his supporters that questioned both Tip O'Neill's authenticity as a Catholic and his masculinity because he followed Maryknoll sisters' advice in opposing the Contras. It discusses how the Reagan administration interjected itself into Nicaraguan Catholic debates by promoting Cardinal Miguel Obando y Bravo as a true Catholic in contrast to Nicaragua's foreign minister, Maryknoll priest Miguel d'Escoto. It also sketches Reagan's portrayal of himself as defender of the pope during the 1984 campaign as he and his allies attacked Catholics for not defending their church after his reelection. The chapter mentions non-Catholics, who argued that true Catholics backed Reagan's Contra policy because the pope supported U.S. policy. It emphasizes how Reagan and his allies promoted the stereotype that Catholics should fall in line behind the pope.
Déjà Vu
Authors: Keeley Theresa
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses intra-Catholic debates that no longer held the same political significance for U.S.–Central America relations despite the constant comparisons between the murders of the churchwomen in 1980 and the Jesuits in 1989. It illustrates the conservative Catholics' imprint on U.S.–Central America policy that reached its height with Ronald Reagan but began to disintegrate with the Iran-Contra revelations. It also talks about the minority of conservative Catholics that suggested the murdered Jesuits were Marxist collaborators, which was unlike the attacks on the churchwomen's victimhood. The chapter emphasizes how the conservative Catholics' concerns about liberation theology, the church's direction, and Maryknoll were muted. It cites that the George H. W. Bush administration did not reflect conservative Catholic views or seek to insert itself into intra-Catholic debates over U.S.–Central America relations.
The Rise of Algorithm Populism
Authors: Liston Noelle Molé
Published: May 2021

This chapter scrutinizes the political career of comedian-cum-politician Beppe Grillo, who founded the Five Star Movement, an algorithm party that currently co-rules Italy. It explores how Italy shifted from the glossy prepackaged world of Silvio Berlusconi toward a grassroots, Internet-driven, and algorithmic political movement. It also describes the Five Star Movement as a protest movement on populism, antipolitics, and anarchism. The chapter discusses Grillo's deployment of supernatural humor and political suspicion, as well as his otherworldly humor and cynical hypotheses that speak to brewing cultural and economic anxieties. It refers to Grillo's theories that offer citizens a scapegoat or an alternative explanation for Italy's socioeconomic crises and the labor of the supernatural.
Scientific Anesthetization in the Anthropocene
Authors: Liston Noelle Molé
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews the L'Aquila trial in a larger, socioecological context in which natural disaster has been reimagined as radically altered by human action. It talks about the Anthropocene, which confirms how the paradigmatic shift in understanding global ecology shapes how human agency and accountability are viewed in a single disaster. It also explains how society has reconceptualized natural disasters as resulting from human action, not natural force. The chapter evaluates the L'Aquila trial to reveal a newly emerging set of geological cosmologies and looks at millennial conspiracies about man-made natural disasters in Italy, which include giant warming machines that cause earthquakes and “chemtrails.” It argues that the growing rumors and conspiracy theories about deliberate and intentional disaster may offer a savvy critique of human complicity in natural disaster.
Conclusion
Authors: Liston Noelle Molé
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts the emergence of the Five Star Movement and its dependence on algorithmic technologies. It discusses the venue of knowing the world and knowledge of the self as it is once more firmly and singularly rooted in the human corporeal self and shifted toward mathematical algorithms and computers. It describes living in a world in which knowledge is not just run through algorithms but also customized to the individual shape of what the world is about and who should rule it. The chapter speculates what the new material infrastructures of knowledge mean for democratic governance in an age dominated by highly sophisticated but indecipherable and invisible forms of intelligence. It elaborates how the mirror in the 2018 film I Exist serves as a kind of double illusion as it is considered a fake religion icon that is created for someone else's financial gain, not individual enlightenment.
Introduction
Authors: Yahaya Nurfadzilah
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter flips the more common historical perspective that European imperialism led to new patterns of legal pluralism across empires that spawned possibilities for interpolity contact and trade, acting as catalysts for the emergence of global legal regimes. It demonstrates how British and Dutch territorial jurisdictions expressed very specific relationships between territory, authority, and forms of law, and it simultaneously puts into stark relief the preponderance of diasporic Arab merchants generating their own jurisdictions across the Indian Ocean in tandem with those of the European colonist. Not only were these Arabs attuned to legal pluralism being the operative condition of law, they were also acutely aware of jurisdictional ordering and the concentration of power across time and space. The chapter proposes a spatial repositioning of the Indian Ocean from the perspective of Southeast Asia outward toward Hadramawt, a region located in present-day Yemen from which most Arabs in Southeast Asia originated. Ultimately, it presents the result of the legislation after members of the Hadhrami diaspora attempted to bring their own regulation with them, inscribing territorial lines across the Indian Ocean through law.
Surat Kuasa
Authors: Yahaya Nurfadzilah
Published: May 2021

This chapter highlights the importance of paper as a powerful conduit for the spread of jurisdictions in the late colonial period. It compels different authorities to recognize and heed the words of colonial subjects. The chapter also discusses the Surat kuasa, the Malay and Indonesian term for power of attorney, probate, and letters of administration. The power of attorney, also known as volmacht in Dutch, was such a popular device in the Dutch colony. Produced for diverse reasons, powers of attorney were versatile and revocable, and the chapter elaborates three common kinds of powers of attorney: the first dealt with disbursing inheritance shares according to Islamic law; the second was granted by Arabs in Hadramawt to fellow Arabs, usually their relatives or business partners, specifically to manage their business and property in Southeast Asia; and the third was legally controversial and found only in the Netherlands Indies, where colonial subjects classified as “Foreign Orientals,” including Arabs, were restricted from owning certain kinds of property, such as agrarian land, which were reserved for colonial subjects classified as Natives by Dutch authorities. Ultimately, the chapter demonstrates a phenomenon called “illegal occupation,” in which some of the land was acquired through the recouping of debts and by transfer of land through powers of attorney.
Red-headed Love Child
Authors: Drew Lanham J.
Published: May 2021

This chapter shows how the author journeyed out to Nebraska in the last days of March to witness the tail end of one of the great ornithological wonders in North America: the northward migration of sandhill cranes along the Platte River. For probably 10,000 years or more, the tall, steel-gray birds have thrown their unmusically beautiful calls across the shallow floodplain that is now in the heart of America's corn and burger-producing breadbasket. In the air they were gracefully buoyant and powerful fliers. On the ground they were just as stately — walking, stalking, dancing, and prancing as crane-kind does. When one is surrounded by cranes it is easy to understand how the family of birds have generated awe and worship around the world.
Assault on the French Canal Bridge
Authors: Behrstock R. A.
Published: May 2021

This chapter details the author's experience during a birding tour in Panama, when their group was mistakenly attacked by heavily armed U.S. soldiers. On December 31, 1999, forty-five years of jungle warfare training ended when the Panama Canal and the U.S. military bases in the Canal Zone, including popular birding sites such as Ft. Sherman, Ft. Clayton, and Albrook Air Force Base, were transferred to the Panamanian government. Until then, birding tours in the Canal Zone often encountered U.S. forces on jungle maneuvers. Walking through the woods along Achiote or Black Tank Road, the author's group encountered soldiers crouched in the undergrowth. Occasionally, the solder would ask if they had seen “the aggressor.” Communicating with outsiders, birders in this case, seemed to be part of their strategy.
Koan
Authors: Husted Ursula Murray
Published: May 2021

This chapter illustrates how the author spent nights alone by Lake Wingra listening for short-eared owls and whip-poor-wills. After and before work, the author spent time drawing on the University of Wisconsin terrace, watching ducks raise their ducklings and pelicans stopping to rest on their journeys north. The chapter also describes how the author heard on the radio that the big pelican migration would be coming through Horicon Marsh. The author called in sick and drove northeast on U.S. Highway 151. However, she found out that she had missed the pelicans. Instead, she saw a flock of sandhill cranes, as well as red-winged blackbirds.
In the Eyes of the Condor
Authors: Baal Christina
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts how the author traveled to the edge of the North American continent to attempt to find the king of North American vultures: the California condor. To birders, vultures are these incredible creatures that clean up after humans and keep the world free from a myriad of diseases. The California condor is a species that cannot adapt fast enough to an evolving human world. Today, the range of the California condor is so reduced that there are very few places that the author could have gone to find it. There are wild populations along California's southern coast from Big Sur to Ventura County and in northern Baja California; there is also a small population in Arizona in the Grand Canyon.
Introduction
Authors: Taïeb Emmanuel
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses what happened after executions were kept from public view. Even though the “timbers of justice” had exited the urban stage, death and executions had found a new home on television and in newspaper photography, where shootouts, hangings, torture, and other deadly disasters were acceptable fare. Decapitation was the only image to be banned from peak viewing hours, as if executions conducted by decapitation possessed an extra sprinkling of the macabre that transformed death into an obscene sight. The chapter discusses the death penalty as a phenomenon of sovereignty, a political ritual of violence. It talks about Republican sanctions, and the punitive technology that have been challenged by public sensibilities.
Conclusion
Authors: Taïeb Emmanuel
Published: May 2021

This concluding chapter summarizes the key points of the book. The year 1939, when executions moved behind prison walls and thus definitively exited the public stage, marked the beginning of remote governance, a new stage in the transformation of the public sphere: power no longer had to manifest itself directly, but could instead use various media platforms to assert itself. The disappearance of public executions also signaled the advent of the civilizing process, which sought to conceal anything that might provoke anxiety or negative emotions. The criticism levied at, and the final disappearance of, public executions illustrates a historical moment when a technology of power was gradually modified, eliminated, and concealed thanks to the efforts of the elites as well as, most likely, to the efforts of executionary spectators, because the emotions that executions unleashed were in contradiction with society's desire to reject violence. The elimination of publicity did not resolve the problem of violence in the Republic nor immediately solve the issue of the death penalty, which would drag on for another four decades, but it did demonstrate that people were no longer willing to tolerate a certain kind of state violence. It also revealed a phase in the evolution of the psychological landscape in which self-control came to be determined by the authorities and their instruments.
Preaching a Crusade and Leaving Miracles Behind, 1146–1150
Authors: McGuire Brian Patrick
Published: May 2021

This chapter illustrates how Saint Bernard of Clairvaux accepted an invitation to preach what in his age was called a pilgrimage (peregrinatio), while we use the term “crusade.” The idea was that the knights of France, Burgundy, Champagne, and elsewhere should band together and embark on an armed pilgrimage to make Jerusalem and other holy places safe from the encroachment of the Saracens. Bernard's decision to support the crusade cannot be explained in terms of his Cistercian background. But in supporting the creation of a “new militia,” as he called it, the Knights Templar, Bernard had already more than fifteen years earlier thrown his support behind a unique kind of soldier monasticism. Now after the fall of Edessa in 1144, Bernard decided to support not only monk-knights but also knights of all kinds and to inspire them by his preaching to take the cross and go to the Holy Land, now in danger of being taken again by non-Christians. The chapter provides a sense of Bernard's impact on his surroundings outside of monastic circles. At the same time, it considers the letters Bernard wrote that show how he looked upon his commitment to crusade.
“Being Instigated by the Devil”
Authors: Moyer Paul B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the identification of occult mischief as a crime by exploring what is witchcraft and the various ways New Englanders envisioned it. It cites Elizabeth Garlick, who travelled from her home in Easthampton, Long Island to stand trial in Hartford for witchcraft. It also mentions that John Godfrey was prosecuted for occult crime in Massachusetts in March 1666, but he eventually went free. The chapter uses the stories of Elizabeth Garlick and John Godfrey to illustrate New Englanders' understandings of witchcraft, viewing it as a crime rooted in English law and culture. It describes witchcraft as maleficium, a Latin term referring to injury or harm committed through magical means, which dominated the views of ordinary folk who tended to be most concerned with the immediate threat that witches posed to their lives and livelihood.
Sibling Rivalry
Authors: Erickson Jennifer
Published: May 2021

This chapter highlights practices of welfare workers in Fargo and compares them to practices of refugee resettlement workers in order to better understand how these institutions have shaped citizenship as well as local race, class, and gender formations in similar and different ways by framing them as siblings in the kinship of neoliberalism. The chapter specifically talks about the Cass County Social Services and the New American Services. Like siblings, workers in both sectors have competed and cooperated as they have worked with New Americans in the city. These institutions and their locations in the public/private borderlands are important loci for understanding varying approaches to citizenship, immigration, race, labor and class, and gender. The chapter also talks about the 1966 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity and Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), or simply “welfare reform”.
Beyond Bare Life
Authors: Erickson Jennifer
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses Southern Sudanese forms of citizenship, resettling Christians, social and cultural citizenship, political citizenship, gendered citizenship, and the Lost Boys. It discusses how the Southern Sudanese enacted multi-sited citizenship through religious, social, political, and familial assemblages. The chapter discusses how the Church became an important social service to the Southern Sudanese because social services were not providing enough support. It talks about the New Sudanese Community Association, which was the only Southern Sudanese–led organization registered as a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization in Fargo Moorhead in 2007–2008. It also discusses women's participation in the community and how men viewed Sudanese women who have lived in the United States. It also discusses The Sudan People's Liberation Army and Sudan People's Liberation Movement formed in 1983 to fight the military domination and political interests, respectively, of the ruling Northern Sudanese elite.
Putting Hunger on the Agenda
Authors: Jurkovich Michelle
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines how hunger evolved from a condition that is understood as an inevitable part of the natural landscape to a problem that is seen as something to be ameliorated. It sets the stage for the emergence of the contemporary international anti-hunger organizations and explores the origins of a human right to food in international law. It also serves to document how responding to global hunger was put on the political agenda as a problem to be solved. The chapter identifies key changes in how the international community has addressed the problem on hunger and highlights the essentials to understanding the contemporary international anti-hunger advocacy. It looks at archival research conducted at the archives of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome, as well as at the UK and U.S. National Archives.
Conscientious Objectors
Authors: Bennette Rebecca Ayako
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the interconnections between psychiatric medicalization and the dissent of German soldiers during World War I, and it explains how these men took an explicit and decisive stand against the war by refusing to serve. It discusses the psychiatric observation that determines what illness lay at the heart of the soldiers' allegedly incomprehensible refusal to defend Germany. It also identifies the conscientious objectors during World War I who faced examination by doctors who sometimes dismissed them as mentally ill or incompetent. The chapter describes psychiatrists that expressed cognizance of the limits of their own diagnostic abilities in comparison to the wartime medical community. It reviews the medicalization of conscientious objection, which is considered as the most overt form of dissent that appealed to many of the objectors because of the greater room for maneuver against criminalization.
The New Path to Peace
Authors: Streicher Ruth
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores how the differences seen in young Muslim men is produced in the drug rehabilitation camp Yalannanbaru and discusses how the disciplinary methods deployed by military trainers derive from the Buddhist tradition. It looks at the different exercises of the camp's program to show how the category of religion is enlisted to serve the disciplined incorporation of potentially unruly Malay subjects. The modern concept of religion is not only central to the Yalannanbaru report but also key to understanding how power at the camp operates within the larger structural context of Thailand's imperial formation. Ultimately, the Yalannanbaru training exhibits the military's paternalistic approach; counterinsurgents, many of whom are Buddhist, teach young Muslim men the supposedly correct practice of Islam. While the Yalannanbaru training mobilizes a normative category of Muslim religion, it also implicitly relies on practices and norms central to the Theravada Buddhist tradition.
Answers and Questions
Authors: Lutz Amy S. F.
Published: May 2021

This chapter refers to Ben, a child with autism who the author met during a make-up music class, that reminded her of Jonah at music class when he was two. It talks about mothers of autistic children, who find an ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) diagnosis to be nothing and consider it a minor bump in the developmental road that they would swap for in a heartbeat. It also looks at children with ADHD that grow into young people who go to college, pursue careers, live independently, get married, and have families, while kids with autism have indeterminate futures. The chapter recounts how Jonah was kicked out of his in-district autistic support class after breaking a teacher's nose when he was eight years old. It emphasizes how living with any disorder makes any person an expert.
The Next Time
Authors: Lutz Amy S. F.
Published: May 2021

This chapter cites a Pennsylvania family that was kicked out of a Friendly's restaurant because their autistic five-year-old was crying and a Tennessee mother who was asked to leave a pizzeria because her autistic toddler was disturbing other customers. It talks about autistic children who have been escorted off airplanes, expelled from public gardens, and ejected from Finding Dory, a children's movie commonly interpreted as a story about disability. It also reviews online debates that erupt between those who plead for empathy and inclusion for children with autism and those who berate parents for expecting others to accommodate their children's disruptive behavior. The chapter elaborates how the strangeness of autistic behavior disturbs people, and not simply the volume of the noise. It refers to scholars that have argued against the depiction of the physically and intellectually disabled as “other.”