bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subsidies in the WTO Framework: Types, Effects and Discussion of International Multilateral Transparency
Authors: Cordero Sofía , Pinos-Luzuriaga Luis
Published: December 2024

While subsidies are a useful economic policy tool, their misuse can lead to significant negative effects. To date, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global body regulating trade, addressing subsidies within its agreements. This study aims to examine the global framework of subsidies under WTO rules and discuss the issue of international transparency. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA method (2020). The main findings indicate that current WTO disciplines are insufficient to effectively address subsidies, especially in a rapidly changing global context. The study underscores the necessity for updated regulations to stay ahead in managing challenges posed by economies like China. To enhance global economic welfare, it is crucial for the WTO to adopt more robust and adaptive subsidy regulations that can respond to the evolving economic landscape.
Osmanlı’dan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ne Harf İnkılabı
Authors: Büyükboyacı Şengül
Published: December 2024

Türkler İslamiyet’in kabulünden sonra Arap harfleri kullanılmaya başlamıştır. Ancak, bu alfabe Türkçenin seslerini tam olarak yansıtmakta yetersiz kalmıştır. Arap harfleriyle okuma yazma öğrenmenin zorluğu ise okur-yazar oranının düşük kalmasında önemli bir rol oynamıştır. İlk defa Latin harflerini kullanma düşüncesi II. Meşrutiyet döneminde gündeme gelmiştir. Bu dönemden itibaren de yazı, dil, alfabe konularında tartışmalar başlamıştır. Fakat konuya İslami açıdan bakılmış ve dönemin Şeyhülislamının da fetvasıyla bu çalışmalar sekteye uğramıştır. Buna rağmen harf değişikliği ile ilgili mesele önemini kaybetmemiş öyle ki Osmanlı Devleti I. Dünya Savaşı’nda olduğu dönemde dahi bununla ilgili tartışmalar sürmüştür. Cumhuriyet dönemine kadar zaman zaman yoğunlaşan yazının sadeleştirilmesi ya da alfabenin değiştirilmesi tartışmaları, Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında da devam etti. Bu tartışmaların sonucunda Atatürk, alfabe değişikliğini devrimleri arasına alarak 1928 yılında harf inkılabını hayata geçirdi. Bu devrimle birlikte okuma yazmayı kolaylaştırmak, Türk halkının eğitim ve kültür seviyesini yükseltmek, milli bir kültür oluşturmak ve modern uygarlık seviyesine ulaşmak hedeflendi. Harf inkılabı başarıyla uygulanarak bu hedeflere ulaşılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Tanzimat ile başlayıp 1 Kasım 1928’de yeni Türk harflerinin kabul edilmesiyle neticelenen Harf İnkılabı ve Atatürk’ün bu konudaki çalışmaları yorumlanmış ve değerlendirilmiştir.
Enhanced Analysis of the Super-Penrose Process in Schwarzschild Black Holes under Bell's Theorem
Authors: CHEN WEN-XIANG
Published: December 2024

This paper presents an in-depth investigation of the super-Penrose process within Schwarzschild black holes, framed under the principles of Bell's theorem. By extending the classical Penrose mechanism and integrating quantum entanglement as described by Bell's theorem, we explore the feasibility of energy extraction near the event horizon through extreme collision conditions. The study incorporates a comprehensive analysis of both classical particle dynamics and quantum entangled states, highlighting the potential implications of quantum non-locality in black hole physics. Advanced mathematical formulations and physical models are employed to delineate the energy collision mechanisms under stringent conditions, evaluating the theoretical upper limits of energy extraction and their profound physical significance. The results underscore the enhanced efficiency of the super-Penrose process compared to its classical counterpart and provide novel insights into the interplay between quantum mechanics and general relativity in extreme astrophysical environments.
Urinary microbiome profiling as a non-invasive tool for identifying biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis
Authors: Shi Bo , Chen Fei , Gong Jianmin , Khan Adeel , Qian Xiang , Xu Zhipeng , Yang Ping
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Bacteriome alterations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the relationship between SLE and the urinary microbiome remains underexplored. This study aimed to characterize the urinary microbiome of SLE patients using 16S rRNA sequencing and to investigate its correlations with clinical parameters through integrative analyses.

Methods

Urine sediment samples were collected from individuals with SLE and lupus nephritis (LN) (n = 20), SLE without LN (n = 22), and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 23). DNA was extracted and subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing to profile the urinary microbiome. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of urinary microbiota, while Spearman’s correlation analysis was employed to identify links between specific microbial taxa and clinical parameters. Functional predictions of bacterial roles were performed using Picrust2.

Results

The urinary microbiota diagnostic model exhibited excellent performance in distinguishing SLE patients from HCs. Spearman’s analysis revealed significant correlations between the urinary microbiome and clinical parameters. Specifically, Sphingomonas and Lachnospiraceae genera showed positive correlations with vitamin D levels, cylinderuria, and proteinuria, while Pedobacter, Aquabacterium, Delftia, and Achromobacter displayed negative correlations with proteinuria and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). Functional predictions indicated that the urinary microbiome might influence immune regulation through modulation of signaling pathways and metabolic processes.

Discussion

Our study is the first to reveal dysbiosis in the urinary microbiome of patients with SLE. Certain bacterial taxa in the urinary microbiome were identified as potential diagnostic biomarkers for SLE. Furthermore, the functional implications of these bacterial communities suggest their involvement in immune modulation, highlighting the potential for further investigation into their roles in SLE pathogenesis and diagnosis.
Phylogeography, taxonomy, and conservation of the endangered brown howler monkey, Alouatta guariba (Primates, Atelidae), of the Atlantic Forest
Authors: Oklander Luciana I. , Fernández Gabriela P. , Machado Stela , Caputo Mariela , Hirano Zelinda M. B. , Rylands Anthony B. , Neves Leonardo G. , Mendes Sérgio L. , Pacca Luciana G. , Melo Fabiano R. de , Mourthé Italo , Freitas Thales R. O. , Corach Daniel , Jerusalinsky Leandro , Bonatto Sandro L.
Published: December 2024

The brown howler, Alouatta guariba, endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil and Argentina, is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting, and its susceptibility to yellow fever. Two subspecies have been recognized, but their names, validity, and geographic ranges have been controversial. We obtained samples covering the species' entire distribution in Brazil and Argentina to clarify these issues by investigating their genetic diversity and structure and assessing their evolutionary history. We analyzed, for the first time, a set of ten microsatellite markers (N = 153), plus mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) segments of the control region (N = 207) and cytochrome b gene (N = 116). The microsatellite data support two to three genetic clusters with biological significance. The southern populations (Argentina, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul) presented a homogeneous genetic component, and populations from São Paulo (SP) to the north presented another component, although most presented ∼20% of the southern component. With K = 3, SP emerged as a third component while sharing some ancestry with Rio de Janeiro and Argentina. The mtDNA phylogenies revealed three main clades that diverged almost simultaneously around 250 thousand years ago (kya). Clades A and B are from central SP to the north and east, while clade C is from SP to the south and southwest. Samples from SP presented haplotypes in all three clades, sometimes in the same population. The demographic history of the species estimated with the Bayesian skyline plot of the mtDNA showed a strong expansion ∼40–20 kya and a strong reduction over the last ∼4–2 kya. Although the genetic clusters identified here deserve appropriate management strategies as conservation units, the absence of (i) concordance between the mtDNA and microsatellite data, (ii) reciprocal monophyly in the mtDNA, and (iii) clear-cut non-genetic diagnostic characters advises against considering them as different taxonomic entities. None of the previous taxonomic proposals were corroborated by our data. Our results elucidate the taxonomy of the Atlantic Forest brown howler, indicating it should be considered a monotypic species, A. guariba. We also clarify the evolutionary history of the species regarding its intraspecific genetic diversity, which is crucial information for its conservation and population management.
Human airway epithelium controls Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection via inducible nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Grubwieser Philipp , Böck Nina , Soto Erika Kvalem , Hilbe Richard , Moser Patrizia , Seifert Markus , Dichtl Stefanie , Govrins Miriam Alisa , Posch Wilfried , Sonnweber Thomas , Nairz Manfred , Theurl Igor , Trajanoski Zlatko , Weiss Günter
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Airway epithelial cells play a central role in the innate immune response to invading bacteria, yet adequate human infection models are lacking.

Methods

We utilized mucociliary-differentiated human airway organoids with direct access to the apical side of epithelial cells to model the initial phase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory tract infection.

Results

Immunofluorescence of infected organoids revealed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa invades the epithelial barrier and subsequently proliferates within the epithelial space. RNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that Pseudomonas infection stimulated innate antimicrobial immune responses, but specifically enhanced the expression of genes of the nitric oxide metabolic pathway. We demonstrated that activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in airway organoids exposed bacteria to nitrosative stress, effectively inhibiting intra-epithelial pathogen proliferation. Pharmacological inhibition of iNOS resulted in expansion of bacterial proliferation whereas a NO producing drug reduced bacterial numbers. iNOS expression was mainly localized to ciliated epithelial cells of infected airway organoids, which was confirmed in primary human lung tissue during Pseudomonas pneumonia.

Discussion

Our findings highlight the critical role of epithelial-derived iNOS in host defence against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Furthermore, we describe a human tissue model that accurately mimics the airway epithelium, providing a valuable framework for systemically studying host-pathogen interactions in respiratory infections.
Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of 418 tomato cultivars based on single nucleotide polymorphism markers
Authors: Xu Weijie , Gong Chao , Mai Peiting , Li Zhenxing , Sun Baojuan , Li Tao
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a highly valuable fruit crop. However, due to the lack of scientific and accurate variety identification methods and unified national standards, production management is scattered and non-standard, resulting in mixed varieties. This poses considerable difficulties for the cataloging and preservation of germplasm resources as well as the identification, promotion, and application of new tomato varieties.

Methods

To better understand the genetic diversity and population structure of representative tomato varieties, we collected 418 tomato varieties from the past 20 years and analyzed them using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. We initially assessed the population structure, genetic relationships, and genetic profiles of the 418 tomato germplasm resources utilizing simplified genome sequencing techniques. A total of 3,374,929 filtered SNPs were obtained and distributed across 12 chromosomes. Based on these SNP loci, the 418 tomatoes samples were divided into six subgroups.

Results

The population structure and genetic relationships among existing tomato germplasm resources were determined using principal component analysis, population structure analysis, and phylogenetic tree analysis. Rigorous selection criteria identified 15 additional high-quality DNA fingerprints from 50 validated SNP loci, effectively enabling the identification of the 418 tomato varieties, which were successfully converted into KASP (Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR) markers.

Discussion

This study represents the first comprehensive investigation assessing the diversity and population structure of a large collection of tomato varieties. Overall, it marks a considerable advancement in understanding the genetic makeup of tomato populations. The results broadened our understanding of the diversity, phylogeny, and population structure of tomato germplasm resources. Furthermore, this study provides a scientific basis and reference data for future analysis of genetic diversity, species identification, property rights disputes, and molecular breeding in tomatoes.
Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the AS2/LOB gene family in physic nut
Authors: Tang Yuehui , Wang Xiaohui , Feng Jiayu , Wang Yaoyao , Liu Tengfei , Bao Xinxin
Published: December 2024

Introduction

AS2/LOB genes, a class of transcription factors ubiquitously existing in plants, are vital for plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. Despite the availability of the physic nut genome, information regarding the expression profiles and evolutionary histories of its AS2/LOB genes remains scarce.

Methods

An elaborate exploration of the AS2/LOB gene family was conducted, including phylogeny, exon-intron structure, chromosomal location, conserved domain characteristics, conserved motifs, promoter cis-acting elements, protein interaction, and expression profiles under normal growth and abiotic stress conditions.

Results

In this study, 28 AS2/LOB genes (JcASLs) were identified in the physic nut genome. Phylogenetic analysis, based on homologs from Arabidopsis, classified the 28 JcASLs genes into two groups (calss I and II). Chromosome localization indicated that the 28 JcASLs genes were unevenly distributed across nine chromosomes. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR results revealed that the majority of the 28 JcASLs genes exhibited differential expression in tissues such as roots, cortex stems, leaves, and seeds. Notably, JcASL8 and JcASL13 were exclusively expressed in seeds, and 16 JcASLs genes responded to drought and salt stress at least at one time point under at least one treatment condition.

Discussion

These results establish a basis for future investigations into the molecular mechanism by which the JcASLs genes regulate physic nut's response to drought and salt stress and their role in modulating the growth and development of physic nut.
The ballad of the bots: sonification using cognitive metaphor to support immersed teleoperation of robot teams
Authors: Simmons Joe , Bremner Paul , Mitchell Thomas J. , Bown Alison , McIntosh Verity
Published: December 2024

As an embodied and spatial medium, virtual reality is proving an attractive proposition for robot teleoperation in hazardous environments. This paper examines a nuclear decommissioning scenario in which a simulated team of semi-autonomous robots are used to characterise a chamber within a virtual nuclear facility. This study examines the potential utility and impact of sonification as a means of communicating salient operator data in such an environment. However, the question of what sound should be used and how it can be applied in different applications is far from resolved. This paper explores and compares two sonification design approaches. The first is inspired by the theory of cognitive metaphor to create sonifications that align with socially acquired contextual and ecological understanding of the application domain. The second adopts a computationalist approach using auditory mappings that are commonplace in the literature. The results suggest that the computationalist approach outperforms the cognitive metaphor approach in terms of predictability and mental workload. However, qualitative data analysis demonstrates that the cognitive metaphor approach resulted in sounds that were more intuitive, and were better implemented for spatialisation of data sources and data legibility when there was more than one sound source.
Harnessing the Sun’s Power to Turn Water Into Fuel
Authors: Hisatomi Takashi , Domen Kazunari
Published: December 2024

Today, pretty much everyone knows that burning fossil fuels is bad for the environment, and that new approaches are needed to provide environmentally friendly energy resources for the world’s growing population. One promising solution involves producing “green” hydrogen fuel, by using interesting materials called photocatalysts to break apart water molecules—H2O—into hydrogen and oxygen, using the energy of sunlight. This process is called photocatalytic water splitting, and it is an exciting area of research. In this article, we will describe our photocatalytic water splitting system, which involves coating large glass sheets with water-splitting materials, assembling them into panels, adding water, shining light on them, and collecting the hydrogen that is produced. Although our initial outdoor experiments are very promising, there is still important work to be done. We will explain some of the challenges that must be overcome before this strategy can be used to produce power on a large scale.
Photocatalytic water splitting for large-scale solar-to-chemical energy conversion and storage
Authors: Hisatomi Takashi , Wang Qian , Zhang Fuxiang , Ardo Shane , Reisner Erwin , Nishiyama Hiroshi , Kudo Akihiko , Yamada Taro , Domen Kazunari
Published: December 2024

Sunlight-driven water splitting allows renewable hydrogen to be produced from abundant and environmentally benign water. Large-scale societal implementation of this green fuel production technology within energy generation systems is essential for the establishment of sustainable future societies. Among various technologies, photocatalytic water splitting using particulate semiconductors has attracted increasing attention as a method to produce large amounts of green fuels at low cost. The key to making this technology practical is the development of photocatalysts capable of splitting water with high solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency. Furthermore, advances that enable the deployment of water-splitting photocatalysts over large areas are necessary, as is the ability to recover hydrogen safely and efficiently from the produced oxyhydrogen gas. This lead article describes the key discoveries and recent research trends in photosynthesis using particulate semiconductors and photocatalyst sheets for overall water splitting, via one-step excitation and two-step excitation (Z-scheme reactions), as well as for direct conversion of carbon dioxide into renewable fuels using water as an electron donor. We describe the latest advances in solar water-splitting and carbon dioxide reduction systems and pathways to improve their future performance, together with challenges and solutions in their practical application and scalability, including the fixation of particulate photocatalysts, hydrogen recovery, safety design of reactor systems, and approaches to separately generate hydrogen and oxygen from water.
Transnational intergenerational relationships and doing transcultural family through mandarin learning: an ethnographic glance at Chinese dynamics in four intercultural families in Germany
Authors: Li-Gottwald Jiayin
Published: December 2024

This article explores the micro dimension within the field of intercultural family studies. The ethnographic study focuses on Chinese elements in transcultural upbringing practices within families with Chinese mothers and German fathers raising their children in Germany. It builds on the notion of family figuration practice in transnational grandparents-grandchildren relations, particularly Confucian-based transnational grandparenting, and the development of a ‘third space’ for transcultural family upbringing within intercultural families. Additionally, it incorporates the concepts of discourse perspective of culture and assemblage to explore how Chinese culture and identity converge in a transcultural family upbringing context. The findings show that families have varied experiences with transnational intergenerational communication influenced by their life stage, language abilities, and socio-economic factors.
Food waste and its associated environmental impacts in workplace buffet-style canteens in Beijing, China
Authors: Zhang Dan , Zhang Panpan , Xue Li , Wu Liang
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Food waste is a significant global challenge, with critical implications for food security, ecosystem services, biodiversity, and human health. Despite growing attention to food waste in food service sectors, workplace buffet-style canteens—particularly in China—remain understudied. This research addresses this gap by quantifying food waste and evaluating its environmental impacts in workplace buffet-style canteens in Beijing, China.

Methods

Field surveys were conducted in four workplace buffet-style canteens in Beijing during August and September 2021. Systematic sampling yielded 656 valid samples. Food waste was measured using a direct weighing method, categorized into eight food types, and analyzed for its environmental impacts using carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, water, and ecological footprint metrics. Conversion factors were applied to translate cooked food into raw agricultural equivalents for consistent impact assessment.

Results

The study found an average daily per capita food waste of 158.4 g, with lunch contributing the highest waste (78.8 g) compared to breakfast and dinner. While vegetables were the largest contributors by weight, livestock products, though comprising only 29.9% of waste, accounted for the majority of environmental impacts, including 96.7% of the ecological footprint and 85.7% of the water footprint. Self-run canteens generated less waste across all meals compared to outsourced ones, and higher food and cuisine diversity were associated with increased food waste.

Discussion

The findings underscore the influence of dietary habits, management models, and food diversity on food waste generation. Livestock product waste poses disproportionate environmental burdens, highlighting the need for targeted interventions such as portion control and educational campaigns on sustainable dining practices. These results provide valuable insights for policymakers aiming to align food waste reduction strategies with Sustainable Development Goal 12.3.
Accurate Indoor Localization with IoT Devices and Advanced Fingerprinting Methods
Authors: Khodamoradi Farshad , Rezazadeh Javad , Ayoade John
Published: December 2024

The Internet of things (IoT) has significantly impacted various sectors, including healthcare, environmental monitoring, transportation, and commerce, by enhancing communication networks through the integration of sensors, software, and hardware. This paper presents an accurate IoT indoor localization system based on IoT devices and fingerprinting methods. We explore indoor localization techniques using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and a Radio Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) to address the limitations of GPS in indoor environments. The study evaluates the effectiveness of iBeacon transmitters for indoor positioning, comparing the Weighted Centroid Localization (WCL) and Positive Weighted Centroid Localization (PWCL) algorithms, along with fingerprinting methods enhanced by outlier detection and mapping filters. Our methodology includes mapping a real environment onto a coordinate axis, collecting training data from 47 sampling points, and implementing four localization algorithms. The results show that the PWCL algorithm improves accuracy over the WCL algorithm, and hybrid methods further reduce localization errors. The HYBRID-MAPPED method achieves the highest accuracy, with an average error of 1.44 m.
Ellipsoidal K-Means: An Automatic Clustering Approach for Non-Uniform Data Distributions
Authors: Abdel-Hakim Alaa E. , Ibrahim Abdel-Monem M. , Bouazza Kheir Eddine , Deabes Wael , Hedar Abdel-Rahman
Published: December 2024

Traditional K-means clustering assumes, to some extent, a uniform distribution of data around predefined centroids, which limits its effectiveness for many realistic datasets. In this paper, a new clustering technique, simulated-annealing-based ellipsoidal clustering (SAELLC), is proposed to automatically partition data into an optimal number of ellipsoidal clusters, a capability absent in traditional methods. SAELLC transforms each identified cluster into a hyperspherical cluster, where the diameter of the hypersphere equals the minor axis of the original ellipsoid, and the center is encoded to represent the entire cluster. During the assignment of points to clusters, local ellipsoidal properties are independently considered. For objective function evaluation, the method adaptively transforms these ellipsoidal clusters into a variable number of global clusters. Two objective functions are simultaneously optimized: one reflecting partition compactness using the silhouette function (SF) and Euclidean distance, and another addressing cluster connectedness through a nearest-neighbor algorithm. This optimization is achieved using a newly-developed multiobjective simulated annealing approach. SAELLC is designed to automatically determine the optimal number of clusters, achieve precise partitioning, and accommodate a wide range of cluster shapes, including spherical, ellipsoidal, and non-symmetric forms. Extensive experiments conducted on UCI datasets demonstrated SAELLC’s superior performance compared to six well-known clustering algorithms. The results highlight its remarkable ability to handle diverse data distributions and automatically identify the optimal number of clusters, making it a robust choice for advanced clustering analysis.
m-QAM Receiver Based on Data Stream Spectral Clustering for Optical Channels Dominated by Nonlinear Phase Noise
Authors: Solarte-Sanchez Miguel , Marquez-Viloria David , Castro-Ospina Andrés E. , Reyes-Vera Erick , Guerrero-Gonzalez Neil , Botero-Valencia Juan
Published: December 2024

Optical communication systems face challenges like nonlinear noises, particularly Kerr-induced phase noise, which worsens with higher-order m-QAM formats due to their dense data-symbol sets. Advanced signal processing, including machine learning, is increasingly used to enhance signal integrity during demodulation. This paper explores the application of a spectral clustering algorithm adapted to deal with data streaming to mitigate nonlinear noise in long-haul optical channels dominated by nonlinear phase noise, offering a promising solution to a pressing issue. The spectral clustering algorithm was adapted to handle data streams, enabling potential real-time applications. Additionally, it was combined with a demapping process for m-QAM to resolve labeling inconsistencies when processing windowed data. We demonstrate that the spectral clustering algorithm outperforms the k-means algorithm in the face of nonlinear phase noise in −90, −100, and −110 dBc/Hz scenarios at 1 MHz in a simulated 10 GHz symbol rate channel.
Robust Predefined Time Stability of nth-Order Systems Subject to Deterministic Matched Disturbances
Authors: de la Cruz Nain , Rincon Ernesto , Garcia-Andrade Roxana , Fernandez-Ramirez Arnoldo , Davizón Yasser A. , Hernández-Vega José Isidro , Hernandez-Santos Carlos
Published: December 2024

Speed of convergence and robustness against disturbances affecting a dynamical system are of great importance in real-life applications. To satisfy these requirements, another approach called predefined time control has been developed in the last decade, which ensures the convergence of the states of a class of dynamical systems to the desired reference value in a time set by the control designer at will. However, previously proposed predefined time control algorithms have drawbacks that need to be tackled. For this reason, the authors present another form of predefined time control algorithm that can be coupled with any observer (in the case where not all the states of the system can be measured) or any other robust controller to robustify the system against matched disturbances. The development shows that the necessary form of the control law can be obtained using basic integration and backstepping. The performance of the control law is demonstrated through a series of numerical simulations utilizing the mathematical model of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The results show that the proposed control algorithm is, indeed, robust against any matched disturbance, and the convergence of the system states is ensured independently of any initial condition in the time set by the control designer at will.
Three-Dimensional Pulsating Flow Simulation in a Multi-Point Gas Admission Valve for Large-Bore CNG Engines
Authors: Jeong Soo-Jin , Moon Seong-Joon
Published: December 2024

This study examines the dynamic fluid behavior of a PWM-controlled Solenoid-Operated Gas Admission Valve (SOGAV) for large-bore CNG engines using 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations with dynamic mesh techniques. The research focuses on the influence of orifice geometry variations in the multi-hole restrictor and pressure differentials between the inlet and outlet on flow stability, turbulence, and valve performance. Results demonstrate that multi-hole restrictors with different-sized orifices improve flow uniformity and reduce turbulence, thereby mitigating flow resistance. Transient simulations further reveal standing wave formation and pressure wave interference, emphasizing that steady-state models cannot capture critical transient phenomena, such as accelerated and decelerated jet-like flows and flow separation. These findings provide key insights into SOGAV optimization, contributing to enhanced fuel efficiency and engine responsiveness, meeting the performance requirements of modern gas engines.
White Grape Pomace Effect on Laying Hens’ Productivity, Egg Quality Traits, and Antioxidant Capacity Under Normal, Heat, and Cold Thermal Conditions
Authors: Cornescu Gabriela Maria , Panaite Tatiana Dumitra , Cișmileanu Ana Elena , Sărăcilă Mihaela , Untea Arabela Elena , Varzaru Iulia
Published: December 2024

This study investigated the effect of white grape pomace (WGP) via a 6% level dietary supplementation on laying hens exposed to varying thermal stress conditions. The experiment was designed as a 2 × 3 factorial study, incorporating two dietary treatments (C and E) and three different thermal conditions: normal (NT: 22 °C), high stress (HST: 35 °C), and low stress (LST: 10 °C). Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experiment. Results showed that the inclusion of 6% WGP in laying hens’ diet did not demonstrate beneficial effects under HST conditions, but under LST conditions, the WGP showed higher final body weight (1849.38 g) compared to both groups from the HST conditions (C 1599.40 g and WGP 1592.59 g), and the AEW (average egg weight) was highly significantly higher (p = 0.0001) compared to the C or NT groups (both groups, 2nd week), and the HST conditions (both groups, 2nd, 4th, and 6th weeks). HDEP (hen-day egg production) registered highly significant values (p = 0.0001) for the WGP group under HST conditions compared to HST conditions (both groups, 4th and 6th weeks). The whole egg weight was highly significant (p = 0.0001) for the WGP group under LTS conditions compared to the C group and to HST conditions (both groups, 2nd week and 6th week). The yolk weight parameter registered highly significant (p = 0.0001) values for the WGP group under LTS conditions compared to the C group and HST conditions (both groups, 2nd week; C group, 4th week; both groups 6th week) and the NT conditions (C group, 2nd week). Our study indicates that dietary supplementation with 6% white grape pomace (WGP) has potential benefits in LST conditions but limited efficacy under HST conditions. Further research is needed to explore the mechanisms and optimal inclusion levels of WGP in diets for laying hens exposed to different temperatures, especially in HST conditions.
Influence of Biochar and Modified Polyglutamic Acid Co-Coated Urea on Crop Growth and Nitrogen Budget in Rice Fields
Authors: Wei Lei , Cheng Lin , Guo Fuxing , Wu Fuyong , Wang Yanping
Published: December 2024

Natural superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were essential coating materials for developing slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) due to low cost and biodegradability. However, conventional natural SAPs were unsuitable for rice systems due to low stability and short slow-release period. Herein, a natural SAP with a semi-interpenetrating polymer network was prepared by poly (γ-glutamic acid) (PGlu), diatomite, and pullulan polysaccharide and combined with biochar to develop double-layer co-coated slow-release urea for rice systems. The results indicated that diatomite and pullulan modification significantly improved the slow-release capacity of SAP, with a significant increase in the average fertilizer 15N content of the soil profile by 37.9 ± 7.4% in 14–56 days. The improved slow-release capacity had significant benefits for the sustainability of the rice system, which increased plant N uptake by 17.2 ± 4.8%, decreased fertilizer N losses by 30.4 ± 7.2%, and increased rice grain yield by 9.88 ± 3.6%. More importantly, this natural SAP was fully degradable and its decomposition products are large amounts of small-molecule nutrients that could provide additional C, N, and Si to rice. Therefore, novel co-coated SRF may emerge as a greatly promising candidate for future intensive paddies.
Research on a Panoramic Image Stitching Method for Images of Corn Ears, Based on Video Streaming
Authors: Huangfu Yi , Chen Hongming , Huang Zhonghao , Li Wenfeng , Shi Jie , Yang Linlin
Published: December 2024

Background: Corn is the main grain crop grown in China, and the ear shape index of corn is an important parameter for breeding new varieties, including ear length, diameter, row number of ears, row number of grains per ear, and so on. Objective: In order to solve the problem of limited field of view associated with computer detection of the corn ear shape index against a complex background, this paper proposes a panoramic splicing method for corn ears against a complex background, which can splice 10 corn ear panoramic images at the same time, to improve information collection efficiency, display comprehensive information, and support data analysis, so as to realize automatic corn seed examination. Methods: A summary of corn ear panoramic stitching methods under complex backgrounds is presented as follows: 1. a perceptual hash algorithm and histogram equalization were used to extract video frames; 2. the U-Net image segmentation model based on transfer learning was used to predict corn labels; 3. a mask preprocessing algorithm was designed; 4. a corn ear splicing positioning algorithm was designed; 5. an algorithm for irregular surface expansion was designed; 6. an image stitching method based on template matching was adopted to assemble the video frames. Results: The experimental results showed that the proposed corn ear panoramic stitching method could effectively solve the problems of virtual stitching, obvious stitching seams, and too-high similarity between multiple images. The success rate of stitching was as high as 100%, and the speed of single-corn-ear panoramic stitching was about 9.4 s, indicating important reference value for corn breeding and disease and insect detection. Discussions: Although the experimental results demonstrated the significant advantages of the panoramic splicing method for corn ear images proposed in this paper in terms of improving information collection efficiency and automating corn assessment, the method still faces certain challenges. Future research will focus on the following points: 1. addressing the issue of environmental interference caused by diseases, pests, and plant nutritional status on the measurement of corn ear parameters in order to enhance the stability and accuracy of the algorithm; 2. expanding the dataset for the U-Net model to include a wider range of corn ears with complex backgrounds, different growth stages, and various environmental conditions to improve the model’s segmentation recognition rate and precision. Recently, our panoramic splicing algorithm has been deployed in practical applications with satisfactory results. We plan to continue optimizing the algorithm and more broadly promote its use in fields such as corn breeding and pest and disease detection in an effort to advance the development of agricultural automation technology.
A Deep-Learning-Based Detection Method for Small Target Tomato Pests in Insect Traps
Authors: Wang Song , Chen Daqing , Xiang Jianxia , Zhang Cong
Published: December 2024

In a greenhouse environment where tomatoes are grown, pests in yellow sticky traps need to be detected in order to control the pest population. However, tomato pests typically found on yellow sticky traps are small in size and lack distinct visual features, making it difficult for convolutional networks to extract sufficient contextual information, thereby rendering the tasks of localization and classification exceptionally challenging. In this work, an improved approach based on the advanced object detection model You Only Look Once version 7-tiny (YOLOv7-tiny) is introduced, aiming to enhance the accuracy of detecting small tomato pests while maintaining computational complexity. Firstly, a context information extraction block (CIE) based on a Transformer encoder is proposed, and this block aims to capture global context, explore potential relationships between features, and emphasize important characteristics. Secondly, an Tiny-ELAN fusion network is introduced, which enhanced the feature fusion ability of the network. Thirdly, the feature fusion part takes the P2 feature layer into account and adds a P2 small target detection head. Finally, the SCYLLA-IoU (SIoU) loss function is introduced, and its components are redefined to incorporate direction information, which enhances the model’s learning ability and convergence performance. Experimental results show that our method can accurately detect three insects: whitefly (WF), macrolophus (MR), and nesidiocoris (NC) in the yellow sticky trap images of tomato crops. Compared with Faster R-CNN, SSD, YOLOv3-tiny, YOLOv5s, YOLOv7-tiny, YOLOv7, YOLOv7-x, YOLOv8n, YOLOv8s, YOLOv10n, and RT-DETR, the mean average precision of our method increased by 3.14%, 11.8%, 4.7%, 4.7%, 4.4%, 3.5%, 2.9%, 4.6%, 4.4%, 4.2%, and 4.2%, respectively.
Biochemical Characteristics of Urine Metabolomics in Female Giant Pandas at Different Estrous Stages
Authors: Wang Donghui , Chen Jiasong , Wu Shili , Cai Kailai , An Junhui , Zhang Mingyue , Kong Xiangwei , Cai Zhigang , Li Yuan , Li Hongyan , Long Cuiyu , Chen Yijiao , Hou Rong , Liu Yuliang , Lan Jingchao
Published: December 2024

The composition of urinary metabolites can reflect the physiological state of animals. Investigating the alterations in urine metabolomics during the estrus stage can provide valuable insights for enhancing the efficacy of estrus monitoring. This study aimed to perform an analysis of urinary metabolomics in female giant pandas, specifically examining the variations in specific metabolites across different estrous stages, namely, diestrus, proestrus, estrus, and metestrus. A total of 1234 metabolites were identified in positive ion mode from 76 samples of 19 individuals, with 643 metabolites identified in negative ion mode. The content of urine metabolites exhibited significant variation throughout different stages of estrus. During the peak of estrus, the metabolic pathways primarily enriched by significantly differential metabolites were the AMPK signaling pathway, vitamin digestion and absorption, galactose metabolism, and cysteine and methionine metabolism, as well as taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. By comparing the content of specific metabolites in distinct pathways across the four distinct estrous stages, higher levels of acetylcholine, D-fructose1,6-bisphosphate, L-homocystine, dulcitol, inositol, and S-sulfo-L-cysteine and lower levels of phosphoethanolamine, vitamin A, vitamin B12, and maleic acid were detected at estrus. This study offers a novel comparative analysis of urine metabolomics across different estrus stages in female giant pandas, identifying several potential perspectives for estrus monitoring and contributing to the breeding management of captive giant panda populations.
Dietary Energy Sources Affect Cecal and Fecal Microbiota of Healthy Horses
Authors: Brandi Laura A. , Nunes Alanne T. , Faleiros Camila A. , Poleti Mirele D. , Oliveira Elisângela C. de M. , Schmidt Natalia T. , Sousa Ricardo L. M. , Fukumasu Heidge , Balieiro Julio C. C. , Brandi Roberta A.
Published: December 2024

Different energy sources are often used in horse diets to enhance health and performance. Understanding how diet impacts the cecal and fecal microbiota is crucial for meeting the nutritional needs of horses. High-throughput sequencing and qPCR were used to compare the fecal and cecal microbiota of five healthy horses receiving three different diets: hay diet (HAY), hay + starch and sugar (SS), and hay + fiber and oil ingredients (FO). Assessment of short-chain fatty acids, pH, and buffer capacity was also performed. The HAY diet was associated with the highest values of fecal pH; the FO and SS diets were associated with higher values of BC6 in the cecum, and the SS diet had higher BC5 values in feces (p < 0.05). HAY was associated with a lower alpha diversity in feces and with a higher abundance of Treponema, Fibrobacter, Lachnospiraceae AC2044, and Prevotellaceae UCG-003 in feces. SS was associated with a higher abundance of Desulfovibrio, the Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group, and Streptococcus in the cecum, and Streptococcus and Prevotellaceae UCG-001 in feces, while FO was associated with higher Prevotella, Prevotellaceae UCG-003, and Akkermansia in the cecum, and the Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group and Ruminococcus in feces. This study indicated that different energy sources can influence cecal and fecal microbiota composition and fecal diversity without significantly affecting fermentation processes under experimental conditions. These findings suggest that the diets studied may not pose immediate health risks; however, further research is needed to generalize these effects on gastrointestinal microbiota in broader equine populations.
Potential Synergy of Fluoxetine and Antibacterial Agents Against Skin and Soft Tissue Pathogens and Drug-Resistant Organisms
Authors: Ahmed Samar A. , Jordan Rondelle L. , Isseroff Roslyn Rivkah , Lenhard Justin R.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The feasibility of repurposing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as adjunctive antibacterial agents is an area of current investigation. We sought to evaluate if fluoxetine will achieve synergistic killing with relevant antibacterial drugs against skin and soft tissue pathogens and multidrug-resistant pathogens. Methods: The MIC of fluoxetine was determined using broth microdilution for a diverse isolate collection of 21 organisms. Checkerboard experiments were then conducted using fluoxetine and clinically relevant antibacterial drugs. If fluoxetine and an anti-infective agent achieved synergy denoted by a fractional inhibitory concentration index ≤ 0.5, then the combination was further evaluated in 24 h time-killing experiments. Synergy in time-killing experiments was defined as a ≥2 log10 CFU/mL reduction in fluoxetine combined with an antibacterial agent at any point in the experiment in comparison to whichever agent in the combination resulted in the lowest bacterial counts individually. Results: The fluoxetine MICs ranged from 64 to 128 mcg/mL for Gram-positive isolates and 8–512 mcg/mL for Gram-negative organisms. Against Gram-positive isolates, vancomycin, linezolid, clindamycin, and gentamicin failed to achieve synergy in checkerboard experiments. Levofloxacin and fluoxetine were the only combination that demonstrated synergy against a Gram-positive pathogen in both checkerboard and time-killing experiments (1/6 isolates, 16.7%). Against Gram-negative organisms, the most promising combination was fluoxetine and polymyxin B, which achieved synergistic killing in both checkerboard experiments and time-killing experiments in 12/15 isolates (80%). In comparison, fosfomycin and meropenem achieved synergy in both experiments against 6/15 (40%) and 3/15 (20%) Gram-negative isolates, respectively. Conclusions: The combination of fluoxetine and polymyxin B may be a potential strategy for combatting difficult-to-treat Gram-negative pathogens.
Essential Oils as Potential Natural Antioxidants, Antimicrobial, and Antifungal Agents in Active Food Packaging
Authors: Bibow Aleksandra , Oleszek Wiesław
Published: December 2024

In the last few years, there has been growing interest in the harmful impact of synthetic additives, the increased consumer focus on nutrition, and their unwillingness to use antibiotics and preservatives. The food industry has been driven to seek natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants and integrate them into the production processes. Moreover, the most significant risk factor for foodborne illness is the consumption of raw or undercooked meats and milk, which may be contaminated with Listeria spp., Campylobacter spp., or Salmonella spp. This article presents a review of techniques for the functional properties of biopolymer particles loaded with essential oils that form a stable network to control their release, making them ideal for improving food packaging and processing. Such substances are employed in the manufacture of packaging materials and coated films and as emulsions, nanoemulsions, and coatings directly incorporated into the food matrix. It is of paramount importance to gain an understanding of the migration mechanism and potential interactions between packaging materials and foodstuffs. A more profound comprehension of the chemical constitution and biological characteristics of these extracts and their constituents would be advantageous for the identification of prospective applications in active food packaging. The findings of our study suggest the existence of certain constraints and deficiencies in the investigation of essential oils and their efficacy in food packaging. Consequently, further comprehensive research in this domain is imperative.
Numerical Simulation of Anchor Pullout and Shear Tests Using a Regularized Damage Model
Authors: Le Noir de Carlan Matthieu , Jason Ludovic , Davenne Luc
Published: December 2024

The prediction of the mechanical behavior of anchorage plates in reinforced concrete is crucial for ensuring equipment reliability, particularly in sensitive installations. This paper employs finite element analysis to forecast the experimental outcomes of anchor pullout and shear tests. In this article, a regularized damage model is proposed to simulate the effects of loads transmitted to the concrete by the anchor rod. Specifically, a modified Mazars model is introduced, incorporating an “energetic” regularization in both tension and compression. The model is validated for a single anchor rod under tension and subsequently for a complete anchorage system subjected to both tension and shear forces. Various failure modes, such as concrete cone cracking or steel rupture, are accurately represented, alongside the overall anchorage strength. This approach, thus, faithfully reproduces the mechanical behavior of anchorage plates, ensuring equipment robustness under diverse loading conditions.