bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo study of the nature of the underwater light field in, and the relationships between optical properties of, turbid yellow waters
Authors: Kirk JTO
Published: November 2005

A Monte Carlo calculation procedure has been developed for computer modelling of the penetration of light into turbid, coloured waters of the type commonly found on the Australian continent. For monochromatic light the structure of the underwater light field is described in terms of the variation of the average cosine (total, downward, upward) and irradiance reflectance, as a function of optical depth at a given ratio of scattering to absorption (bla), and as a function of bia at a given optical depth. The vertical attenuation coefficient for downward irradiance at the mid-point of the euphotic zone [Kd(za)] has been studied as a function of the absorption (a) and scattering (b) coefficients and, with the particular normalized volume scattering function used in these simulations. has been found to conform closely to the equation
Kd(zm) = (a2 + 0.256ab)½
The data generated by the model have been used in conjunction with radiative transfer theory to determine the contribution of the different components of the attenuation mechanism to the vertical diminution of irradiance at different ratios of b to a. Simulation of the penetration of photosynthetically available radiation into four water bodies in the southern tablelands of New South Wales has been carried out using measured absorption coefficients and indirectly estimated values for scattering coefficients. The calculated values for vertical attenuation coefficients are in good agreement with those obtained by measurement within the water bodies. The possible use of this modelling procedure as a predictive tool is discussed.
On the selection for heavy metal tolerance in diatoms from the Derwent estuary, Tasmania
Authors: Fisher NS
Published: November 2005

To assess the metal tolerance of phytoplankton from the polluted Derwent estuary in Tasmania, unialgal clonal cultures of three marine diatoms were established from recent isolates. Skeletonema costatum, Melosira moniliformis, and Gyrosigma sp, were exposed to varying levels of copper and zinc and metal uptake and growth response were monitored. Cells of S. costatum, the only species for which direct comparisons were possible, appeared to have greater zinc, but not copper, tolerance than had S. costatum cells isolated from cleaner waters. Unlike the other species, Gyrosigma sp. responded to zinc stress with an extended lag phase, followed by apparent recovery. Uptake of copper and zinc by these species did not significantly differ from that of more sensitive cells. In the Derwent water from which the cells were isolated, the total dissolved copper concentration was 1763 nM, with only 69 nM being polarographically labile, while 84% of the total dissolved zinc (concn 1805 nM) was labile. It appears that it is the labile metal, rather than total metal, which provides selection pressure for metal tolerance, presumably because only this fraction is available for algal uptake.
Experimental analysis of intraspecific composition in an intertidal gastropod, Littorina unifasciata
Authors: Branch GM , Branch ML
Published: November 2005

L. unifasciata dominates the upper levels of rocky shores at Cape Banks, New South Wales. Peak densities of up to 9600 m-2 occur near the centre of the littorine's vertical zonation and are associated with small body sizes. Density declines, and mean size rises, further down and more particularly further up the shore. Largest animals occur at the top of the shore and in areas experiencing strong wave action, where densities are low. Field experiments showed that increase in density results in a decrease in body weight and an increase in mortality. However, even at a density four times that of the natural population, mortality remained remarkably low, and this is probably a key feature allowing L. unifasciata to penetrate high up the shore. L. unifasciata feeds mainly on lichens and food levels are low over most of the zone occupied by this littorine, rising above and below this zone and being particularly high in the supralittoral immediately above the range of L. unifasciata. Thus, food cannot be a factor limiting the height that L. unifasciata extends up the shore. Experimental caging shows that the standing stock of lichen is inversely related to the density of L. unifasciata. The zonation pattern and size gradient of L. unifasciata may be due to a combination of two factors: a decline of body size due to increasing intraspecific competition at higher densities, and the tendency of L. unifasciata to migrate (probably upwards) away from areas of low food availability. The latter was experimentally demonstrated. L. unifasciata suffers from intense intraspecific competition and is responsible for limiting the availability of its food. Its populations are seemingly not regulated by predators. It borders on a zone of high food availability in which there are no important competitors. These are all circumstances favouring range expansion of the species, to the limits of physiological tolerance, to allow the species to capitalize on the adjacent rich food source.
Season of settlement of a number of shipworms (Mollusca : Bivalvia) in six Australian harbours
Authors: (Marshall)  Ibrahim JV
Published: November 2005

Teredinids were collected in soft-wood test panels between June 1970 and July 1972. from harbour sites in Sydney. N.S.W.; Brisbane and Townsville. Qld: Bunbury. W.A.: and Hobart and Launceston. Tas. The season of settlement and probable breeding season have been determined for 17 species. Year-round breeding and settlement occur in the warmer latitudes but a summer breeding peak occurs in the cooler latitudes.
Age, stucture, growth rates and movements of sea mullet, Mugil cephalus L., and Yellow-eye Mullet, Aldrichetta forsteri (Valenciennes), in the Swan-Avon river system, Western Australia
Authors: Chubb CF , Potter IC , Grant CJ , Lenanton RCJ , Wallace J
Published: November 2005

The age structure, growth rates and movements of M. cephalus and A forsteri in the Swan-Avon river system have been investigated using data obtained from beach seining and gill netting carried out between February 1977 and June 1980. Length-frequency data and scale readings show that the populations of both species consist predominantly of 0+ and 1 + fish.
From the times when the smallest fry (20-30 mm) were present in the lower part of the river system, and from the condition of the gonads of older fish, the breeding seasons of the sea and yellow-eye mullets have been estimated as extending from March to September and from March to August respectively. The bimodality or polymodality exhibited by the length-frequency distributions for the 0 + year classes suggest that in both species groups of individuals spawn at slightly different times. The range of mean total lengths and weights of animals caught in May near the end of the first year of life was 178-222 mm and 64-119 gin M. cephalus and 136-154 mm and 19-30 g in A. forsteri, which shows that the growth of each of these two species of mullet is relatively very rapid in the Swan-Avon river system. 1 + and 2 + fish tend to leave the estuary for varying periods. Although 0+ fish of both species utilized the shallow banks of the estuary throughout the year. the sea mullet moved further upstream and were not as consistently abundant in the lower estuary. Since 0+ yellow-eye mullet 40-100 mm long were also abundant in marine coastal waters between January and May. and sea mullet of comparable age were rarely observed in these regions, it would appear that M. cephalus is the more estuarine-dependent of the two species. Commercial catches of M. cephalus were greater than those of A. forsteri. This feature can be related in part to the much faster growth rate of M. cephalus, which results in a larger proportion of its youngest year classes reaching the minimum legal size for capture prior to the time when they leave the estuary in large numbers.
Estimation of algal standing stock and growth parameters usin in vivo fluorescence
Authors: Parker RR , Tranter DJ
Published: November 2005

This paper is addressed to the following questions: 'How accurately does in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence of samples treated with Diuron (DCMU), notated FM estimate autotrophic standing stock?' and 'How accurately does the Diuron response, ΔF (= FM - FV), estimate primary production?'. Data are drawn from several cruises in the western Tasman Sea, ranging between latitudes 25�S. and 53�S. The prediction of chlorophyll (�g chl u I-1) from FM (standard chl a fluorescence units) is given by Chl= 2 × 10-3 FM. The standard error is about 6 × 10-4 FM so the 'true' value will usually be within �60% of the estimated mean value. The production parameter, PA(�g Cl-1), as measured by 14C uptake under saturating light conditions, may be predicted for the euphotic zone other than the surface layer by PA = 3 × 10-2ΔF. If mean ΔF values are used the 'true' value will usually lie within �25% of the estimate. A strong diel effect was found in the parameter Φ( =ΔFFM-1), the 'photochemical quantum efficiency', an estimator of relative growth rate. The diel cycle has the form of a major midday minimum, a minor midnight minimum, and pre-dawn and post-sunset maxima. This cycle must be removed before comparisons of Φ of samples taken at different times can be made.
Larval development and metamorphosis of the serpulid polychaete Galeolaria caespitosa Lamarck
Authors: Marsden JR , Anderson DT
Published: November 2005

Larval behaviour in G. caespitosa is described from trochophore to settled juvenile. The trochophore swims, spiralling counterclockwise, with the apical tuft outstretched. Large cilia on the lips of the mouth assist in food intake. Two sphincter muscles control passage of food along the gut. By 4-5 days; the trochophore has circular, oblique, radial and longitudinal larval muscles. The radial muscles move the apical tuft. The other muscles brace the larval body and assist the passage of food through the gut. At 6-7 days the larva becomes demersal. Feeding and growth continue. At 8-9 days three pairs of setal sacs develop in rapid succession. Metamorphosis now takes place. beginning at 11 days with collapse of the prototroch. Tentacle buds and thoracic membrane rudiments develop even if settlement is not achieved. Other events of metamorphosis (collar evagination, tube secretion. tentacle growth and shrinkage of the head region) require prior settlement. Larval muscles play a part in the shape changes occurring during metamorphosis. Settlement conditions are complex and may include a response to light-coloured surfaces. Development to the three- setiger stage appears to be genetically preprogrammed. Metamorphosis and settlement must involve an interplay of several internal and external causal processes in a sequential manner.
Non-linear model of the tides in the Gulf of Carpentaria
Authors: Church JA , Fobes AMG
Published: November 2005

A non-linear barotropic model was used to evaluate the tidal regime in the Gulf of Carpentaria. The model was forced by open boundary conditions specified on a line joining Wessel Islands to False Cape and a volume flow through Torres Strait estimated from tidal constants on each side of the Strait. The model gives results in agreement with the available observations and in particular predicts mixed tides in the northern half of the Gulf and diurnal tides in the south-east corner of the Gulf. The diurnal tide consists of a Kelvin wave entering the Gulf in the north-west and propagating clockwise around the Gulf with one amphidromic point. The higher frequencies of the semidiurnal tides allow the generation of a first-mqde Poincare wave and the trapping of energy in the northern half of the Gulf. Amphidromes near Mornington Island and Groote Eylandt are also predicted, as is a region of low amplitude and rapid phase variations in the centre of the Gulf.
Bass Strait water intrusions in the Tasman Sea and mean temperature-salinity curves
Authors: Tomczak Jr M
Published: November 2005

At temperatures of 8-18�C mean temperature-salinity curves for the Tasman Sea show slightly higher salinities in the south than in the north. It is shown that this is the effect of intrusions of Bass Strait Water which enters the Tasman Sea predominantly in winter and can be traced in individual stations over distances of 600 nautical miles along the shelf edge and 200 nautical miles offshore. The paths of individual intrusions and the degree of mixing are highly variable and seem to depend, among other factors, on the path of the East Australian Current and its eddies. This is interpreted as an indication that the eddies may play a major role in the formation of the water-mass characteristics of the Tasman Sea.
Metals in shelf sediments and their association with continental discharges in a tropical zone
Authors: Rosales-Hoz L. , Carranza-Edwards A. , Mendez-Jaime C. , Monreal-Gómez M. A.
Published: November 2005

Geochemical studies of shelf sediments of the south-eastern Gulf of Mexico
were carried out to understand the influence of fluvial and
fluvio–lagoonal discharges on sediment geochemistry and to study
elemental distribution patterns that could be used together with hydrographic
and sedimentological data to assess depth circulation. On the basis of
sediment chemical composition, three provinces were identified: fluvial,
fluvio–lagoonal and calcareous; their distribution is a function of
circulation patterns and fluvio and fluvio–lagoonal discharges. Factor
analysis separated the sediments into three groups: fluvial influence,
anthropic activities and fluvio–lagoonal origin.
Exchange of water, salt, nutrients and photoplankton between Peel Inlet, Western Australia, and the indian Ocean
Authors: Black RE , Lukatelich RJ , McComb AJ , Rosher JE
Published: November 2005

Two 5-day intensive exercises were undertaken to measure the exchange between Peel Inlet and the Indian Ocean under summer and winter conditions. During both exercises there were tides of small amplitude, with a periodicity of 24 h, typical of this part of the Western Australian coast. There was a substantial net gain of water by the estuary on both occasions (25-28% of estuary volume) due to longer term oscillations in water level which gave increased ocean levels of c. 22 cm during each study. In the summer exercise estuarine nutrient concentrations approximated those in the ocean, so that nutrient flux depended largely on long- term volume exchange as controlled by meteorological tides. There was a net gain of both nutrients and marine phytoplankton to the estuary. However, in the winter exercise river inflow produced low salinity and high nutrient levels in the estuary and, despite the net gain of water by the inlet, there was a large loss of nutrients and phytoplankton to the sea where they were apparently removed by longshore currents from near the mouth of the inlet channel.
Meromictic lakes of south-west Tasmania
Authors: King RD , Tyler PA
Published: November 2005

Lake Fidler, Lake Morrison and Sulphide Pool are three small, shallow lakes adjacent to the lower reaches of the Gordon River. They are levee lakes, and may be remnants of once more extensive water bodies. Eah of them shows the usual features of meromictic lakes, with a persistent chemocline acioss which the concentration of electrolytes and hydrogen sulfide increases sharply, dissolved oxygen concentration falls to zero, and redox potential changes from positive to negative. In all three lakes the change in electrolyte concentrations takes place over a comparatively thick water stratum, but the redoxcline and oxycline are pronounced, and in their vicinity is a 'plate' of microflagellates and photosynthetic sulfur bacteria, marked by sharp peaks in the profiles of chlorophyll concentration and of turbidity. Their waters are dystrophic, severely attenuating light and limiting plankton populations in the mixolimnia. Photosynthetically active radiation at the depth of the plates of photosynthetic bacteria is considerably less than 1% of surface values. With the chemocline in each case so close to the surface (1.0-2.5 m), and with their shallowness, these are among the most dramatic cases of meromixis yet recorded. Their survival is in doubt because operation of a power station now prevents the entry of estuarine salt on which the state of meromixis appears to depend.
Observations on the habitat and biology of a lymnaeid snail, Austropeplea vinosa (Gastropoda : Pulmonata), an intermediate host for avian schistosomes in tropical Austarlia
Authors: Blair D , Finlayson CM
Published: November 2005

The aquatic snail A. vinosa is widely distributed in northern Queensland, occurring in rivers and in static waters, both semipermanent and permanent. The snail is capable of breeding throughout the year. although fewer small snails are present during the cooler months. Rainfall rather than temperature appears to be the main factor influencing populations of A. vinosa, very small snails being able to survive drought by aestivating in the mud. Heavy summer rains refill temporary habitats, and small snails emerge to recommence growth. The same summer rains flood permanent habitats and can wash away snail populations living there. Infection levels of larval flukes in A. vinosa are generally lowest in the wet season and rise as the dry season progresses. The effects of wet season floods and steadily diminishing water levels during the dry season are thought to account for this. The risk of human bathers contracting schistosome dermatitis is therefore highest in the early summer, towards the end of the dry season, when the larvae of avian schistomes are most abundant.
Reproductive biology of the saucer scallop Amusium japonicum balloti (Bernardi) in central Queensland waters
Authors: Dredge MCL
Published: November 2005

Gonad development, spawning periodicity, relationships between shell height and gonad development, and fecundity were examined in two populations of A. japonicum balloti over periods of 12 months. In both populations animals possessing mature gonads were most abundant in winter months and spawning was completed by November. All gonads examined microscopically were gonochoristic with the exception of a single functional hermaphrodite. Most animals examined attained sexual maturity at a shell height of 90 mm or larger, but animals less than 70 mm were found to have developing gonads. Oocyte numbers varied with gonad weight, and a range of 3 .20 × 105-2. 65 x 106 mature oocytes were estimatedfor scallops having shell heights between 85 and 107 mm. Comparison of gonad development using macroscopic gonad indices and histological examinations indicates that the macroscopic gonad index used in this study was restricted in accuracy, particularly in describing the earlier stages of sexual development.
Use of numerical frequency and binary data in classification of marine fouling communities
Authors: Moran PJ
Published: November 2005

A census was taken of marine fouling communities from three study sites by using four different methods. The resulting data types (numerical with 100% subsampling; numerical with 56% subsampling; frequency; and binary) were classified and the information derived from each classification was compared. The results suggest that similar information is produced from classifications using either numerical 100%, numerical 56% or frequency data. Binary data when classified yielded less meaningful information. A comparison of the information content of frequency and numerical data was performed by calculating correlation coefficients for each sample. It was found that frequency values do not contain any less information than numerical values. During the census, the time required to complete each method was noted. Collecting frequency data was found to be more time efficient than collecting numerical data. Consequently it is suggested that when both the costs (time expended) and benefits (information gained) of each data type are considered, frequency data is the optimal form of data for use in the classification of sessile invertebrate communities.
Taxonomic and faunistic revision of Australian Diaphanosoma (Cladocera : Sididae)
Authors: Korovchinsky NM
Published: November 2005

Examination of all type material and specimens collected from south-eastern, north-eastern and eastern Australia revealed five Diaphanosoma species in the Australian fauna, one of which is new- D. australiensis. D. excisum and D. unguiculatum are redescribed, and the lectotypes and paralectotypes of these species distinguished. The relationship of the Diaphanosoma fauna in Australia to that of other zoogeographical regions is discussed.
On resonance of an offshore channel bounded by a reef
Authors: Buchwald VT , Miles JW
Published: November 2005

The period and amplification factor for the dominant mode in a channel formed by the shore and a submerged parallel reef (which separates the channel from deeper water) are calculated from the two- dimensional long-wave equations with linear friction. Results are obtained for both narrow and wide reefs and are compared with observed oscillations on the Western Australian coast and on the Barrier Reef. Although the calculated periods might explain the anomalous tides in the Barrier Reef lagoon. it seems that there is sufficient frictional damping to prevent the required amplification.
Measurements of acoustic volume backscattering in the Indian and Southern Oceans
Authors: Hall M
Published: November 2005

Volume backscattering strengths have been measured at several positions in the Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean (across the Great Australian Bight). The positions in the Indian Ocean varied from the vicinity of the Equator to a station off the coast of Western Australia near Fremantle. The backscattering strengths have been analysed at frequencies in third-octave steps from 2.5 to 20 kHz. The average daytime scattering strengths at the Equator and in the Bight are similar and range from around - 87 dB re m-1 at 2.5 kHz to between -75 and -70 dB re m-1 at 20 kHz. At night, the average scattering strengths in the Bight increase from about -75 dB re m-1 at 2.5 kHz to about -70 dB re m-1 at 20 kHz, whereas at the Equator the results increase from about -82 dB re m-1 at 2.5 kHz to -64 dB re m-1 at 20 kHz. Deep scattering layers (DSL) were observed both in the Bight and at the Equator. The DSL in the Bight had a resonance frequency of 4 kHz and the average depth of the bottom of the layer was 950 m. From the acoustic scattering strength. it is inferred that the average population density of the fish in the layer is 10-3 m-3, and that the average mass of the fishes is around 40 g. The DSL at the Equator had a flat frequency response at frequencies above 10 kHz (there was no peak in the spectrum) and the average depth of the layer was about 500 m. The average abundance of the scatterers in the layer is inferred to be of the order of 5 × 10-3 m-3. The backscattering strengths measured in the Great Australian Bight have been compared with predictions based on concurrent net hauls that were conducted to depths of 50 and 100 m. Good agreement occurs only at the higher frequencies and at night-time when most of the organisms are near the surface.
Geographic differentiation of tropical Australian penaeid prawn populations
Authors: Mulley JC , Latter BDH
Published: November 2005

The commercial penaeid prawns of northern Australia have been surveyed by electrophoretic techniques to
determine the extent of geographic differentiation throughout their ranges in Australian waters. Genetic
differences were detected among widely separated populations of P. latisulcatus and M. endeavouri, but P.
esculentus, M. ensis, P, semisulcarus and P. merguiensis showed no evidence of genetic differentiation. In
both P. latisulcatus and M.endeavouri the most marked differences were detected between the samples from
the Gulf of Carpentaria and Western Australia. The measures of genetic divergence between these two
regions are Φ* = 0.127 for P. latisulatus and 0.214 for M. endeavouri.
Functional morphology of mouthparts and gastric mill of Ibacus peronii (Leach) (Palinura : Scyllaridae)
Authors: Suthers IM , Anderson DT
Published: November 2005

I. Peronii is a scavenger on small benthic invertebrates and animal remains. The mouthparts are less complex than those of some palinurans, as shown by their simple setation and fusion of endites, but have a broad endopod on the third maxillipeds. In the maceration and ingestion of soft animal remains, the mouthparts function as in other palinurans. How the mouthparts collect small prey is not yet known. The proventriculus of I. Peronii is simplified in the number, size and structure of its ossicles as compared with Jasus novaehollandiae and J. lalandei. The action of the gastric mill in I. Peronii is described. The relation between mouthpart structure, proventriculus structure and diet is discussed for I. Peronii and other palinurans.
I. Peronii is specialized by simplification of the masticatory structures in relation to the soft and small animal food available at the surface of sublittoral sands and muds.
Fluorescent metabolites in coral reefs off Townsville, Queensland
Authors: Gentien P
Published: November 2005

This study of low molecular weight fluorescent compounds in coral reef environments (Davies, Keeper and Britomart Reefs) of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia at the latitude of Townsville, Queensland, shows that these compounds are more concentrated in the immediate vicinity of coral reefs and that differences in concentrations are related to the morphology of the reefs. Fluorescent metabolites are produced in vitro by all species of corals examined. The emission spectra of the compounds detected in the open environment and the metabolites recovered in vitro are very similar.
Identification by anatomy and gel electrophoresis of Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Poeciliidae), previously mistaken for Gambusia affinis holbrooki (Poeciliidae)
Authors: Trendall JT , Johnson MS
Published: November 2005

A small poeciliid fish thought to be G. a. holbrooki was identified anatomically as P. caudimaculatus. Gel electrophoresis confirmed the absence of hybrids between the two species. Reference to G. a. holbrooki in the literature suggests misidentification at other locations. It should be recognized that P. caudimaculatus is quite distinct from G. affinis.
Effects of temperature and food on the fecundity and egg development rates of Boeckella symmetrica Sars (Copepoda : Calanoida)
Authors: Woodward IO , White RWG
Published: November 2005

The effects of temperature and food regime on the fecundity and egg development of B. symmetrica are
presented.
Clutch size decreases with increasing temperature and decreased food availability. At low food levels;
there is increased variability in clutch size; this increase is less marked at lower temperatures.
Duration of egg development decreases hyperbolically with increasing temperature; there may be a slight
increase with increased food availability.
Egg size decreases linearly with increasing temperature: food supply may have some effect. Variability of egg size decreases with decreasing temperature. Egg mortality is highest towards the lower limit of the natural thermal range of B. symmetrica and lowest near the middle.
Scaling of anaerobic energy metabolism during tail flipping behaviour in the freshwater crayfish, Cherax destructor
Authors: Baldwin J. , Gupta A. , Iglesias X.
Published: November 2005

The allometry of anaerobic metabolism during escape behaviour was examined in
the freshwater crayfish, Cherax destructor. Exercise
time to exhaustion, and the total number of tail flips, increased with body
mass. Concentrations of arginine phosphate and glycogen in the tail
musculature of resting-state animals were independent of body mass, as was
glycogen concentration following exercise to exhaustion. Lactate produced
during exhaustive exercise, and intracellular pH buffering capacity, showed
positive allometry. Activities of phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase and
lactate dehydrogenase in the tail musculature showed positive allometry, while
arginine kinase activity was independent of body mass. The positive allometry
of anaerobic scope, reflected in the scaling of glycolytic enzyme activities,
scales with the increased power required by larger animals to overcome drag
during locomotion through water. The increased capacity for anaerobic muscle
work in larger animals scales with anaerobic glycolytic capacity, while the
contribution from phosphagen hydrolysis remains constant. Limits to anaerobic
capacity are not set by fuel stores, but may involve inhibition of glycolytic
enzymes at low pH, and the scaling of intracellular pH buffering. The positive
allometry of anaerobic capacity observed for enforced exercise may not be used
routinely in nature because of metabolic constraints imposed during recovery.
Spawning behaviour of the freshwater catfish Tandanus tandanus (Plotosidae)
Authors: Merrick JR , Midgley SH
Published: November 2005

Details of individual behaviour patterns in direct pair spawning activities are described and illustrated. Aspects of reproductive behaviour and spawning are briefly discussed.
Effects of light intensity and food density on the growth and survival of early-stage phyllosoma larvae of the rock lobster Jasus edwardsii
Authors: Moss Graeme A. , Tong Lennard J. , Illingworth John
Published: November 2005

Individual Stage I, III and V phyllosomas of the rock lobster
Jasus edwardsii were fed daily with a fixed number (2,
4, 8, 12 or 16) of brine shrimps (Artemia salina,
2–3 mm long) under four different continuous light intensities (10, 0.1,
0.001 and ≤0.0002 µmol s-1
m-2) to determine the optimum requirement for growth and
survival. Phyllosomas of each stage fed higher rations of brine shrimps had a
significantly shorter intermoult period and larger post-moult size. Light
intensity had a significant effect on the post-moult size of Stage I
phyllosomas but had no effect on the intermoult period. Individual Stage I,
III and V phyllosomas were also fed daily with fixed numbers (2, 4 and 8
respectively) of brine shrimps in containers with different volumes (10, 20,
40, 60, 80, 120 and 240 mL) to alter the prey density while maintaining prey
numbers. Prey density had no significant effect on intermoult period or
post-moult size but did affect consumption rates. The results are discussed in
relation to large-scale culture of phyllosoma larvae.
Evidence for natural interspecific hybridization between the Australian bass (Macquaria novemaculeata) and estuary perch (M. colonorum)
Authors: Jerry Dean R. , Raadik Tarmo A. , Cairns Stuart C. , Baverstock Peter R.
Published: November 2005

Australian bass (Macquaria novemaculeata) and estuary
perch (M. colonorum) are very similar in their
morphology, use of habitat and geographical distribution. Following the
capture from four Victorian rivers of specimens possessing species-diagnostic
attributes intermediate to the two taxa, an allozyme electrophoresis and
morphometric study was undertaken to investigate the possibility that these
individuals were the results of interspecific hybridization. Two allozyme loci
were found to be useful in species identification and were used to confirm
that the individuals in question were indeed interspecific hybrids. The
presence of hybrids was further supported by univariate and multivariate
analysis of morphological characters. Temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis
on mtDNA control- region fragments demonstrated that where interspecific
hybrids were identified, the maternal parent species was
M. novemaculeata. The demonstration that
M. novemaculeata and M. colonorum
can hybridize in natural populations emphasizes the importance of correct
species identification in breeding programmes to prevent the liberation of
large numbers of interspecific hybrids.
Geochemical processes affecting the major ion composition of rivers in the South Island, New Zealand
Authors: Kim Jonathan P. , Hunter Keith A. , Reid Malcolm R.
Published: November 2005

The major ion (Na+ , K+
, Mg2+ , Ca2+ ,
Cl− ,
SO42− and reactive
SiO2 ) compositions of seven rivers in the South Island,
New Zealand (Manuherikia, Clutha, Takaka–Cobb, Haast, Grey, Aorere and
Rakaia rivers) are reported. All the rivers were pristine in comparison with
global average river waters, and the concentrations of most major ions were
close to the 1% percentile levels for global river water compositions.
A geochemical model that attributes ion compositions to both rain input and to
the weathering of various simple mineral types in the catchment was applied to
these data, and to data already published. This model, although simplistic,
accounts for the main features of major ion composition in the rivers studied.
The dominant sources of major ions were the weathering of limestones and
feldspars. Atmospheric input was relatively small except for
Na+ and Cl− .
Does spawning depth affect fertilization rates? Experimental data from the sea star Coscinasterias muricata
Authors: Babcock Russ , Franke Elke , Barr Neill
Published: November 2005

Measurements of fertilization rates in free-spawning marine invertebrates have
shown that reproductive success is related to both behavioural and
environmental factors. Water depth has been suggested as being one such factor
affecting fertilization success. In experimental spawnings of the sea star
Coscinasterias muricata, fertilization rates decreased
exponentially with distance from sperm source but were frequently greater than
20% at distances >10 m downstream. Current speed did not have a
significant effect on fertilization rate over the range of velocities
examined. Fertilization rates directly downstream from spawning individuals
were higher in shallow water (<1 m) than in deep water (>5 m). Diffusion
models using empirically derived site-dependent diffusion parameters supported
these findings but suggested that this would only be true for eggs released
directly downstream from a sperm source. Once lateral diffusion of sperm was
accounted for, the model predicted little overall difference in fertilization
rates for shallow and deep spawners. These results from
Coscinasterias indicate that movements into shallow
water at the time of spawning, which have been reported in several asteroid
species, may provide little reproductive advantage in environments
experiencing net flow conditions.
Is the subspecies classification of the freshwater eels Anguilla australis australis Richardson and A. a. schmidtii Phillipps still valid?
Authors: Dijkstra L. H. , Jellyman D. J.
Published: November 2005

The validity of the subspecies classification of
Anguilla australis was reviewed by sequencing the
control region of mitochondrial DNA. Samples of
A. a. australis (Australia) and
A. a. schmidtii (New Zealand), collected from two sites
within each country were compared by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA)
and neighbour joining. There was no molecular evidence to support the present
subspecies designation and they would be more appropriately merged into the
single classification of A. australis, the Australasian
shortfinned eel. As Australian and New Zealand populations of this species
share a common gene pool, fisheries management needs to be carried out
cooperatively between the two countries.
Anthropogenic changes to a billabong in New South Wales. 1. Lagoon evolution and phosphorus dynamics
Authors: Donnelly T. H. , Ford P. W. , McGregor D. , Allen D.
Published: November 2005

Anthropogenic changes detected in the sediment of a shallow (~1.6 m)
billabong (Horseshoe Lagoon) are the result of a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)
connection in 1958 and catchment urbanization around 1974. Nutrient-rich water
caused the collapse of macrophyte populations, algal blooms became common, and
urbanization increased sediment deposition (~1 cm year
−1 ). Changes in P retention were investigated by
using dated cores, pore-water element profiles, and water quality records. The
lagoon is the last of three STP holding ponds. Ponds 1 and 2 were sand-mining
pits; they receive no sediment input and have negligible P adsorption. The
Fe:P ratios in sediments from three Australian rivers have a common slope and
this relationship was used to examine Fe:P ratios in the anoxic bottom
sediments of the lagoon. A potential for effluent P adsorption developed in
the lagoon through Fe mobilization and enrichment in the upper sediments and a
strong clay–Fe–P association. The mean long- term P adsorption in
the lagoon (35±18%) was the result of maintaining clay input to
an oxic waterbody. Bacterial sulfate reduction is the main process decreasing
available Fe for effluent P adsorption. Appropriately designed systems could
expect to maintain effluent P adsorption efficiencies of around 70%.
Optimum design for catch sampling of eels
Authors: Francis R. I. C. Chris
Published: November 2005

Data from the first two seasons of a catch-sampling programme for New Zealand
freshwater eels (Anguilla australis and
A. diefenbachii) are described. These are used in two
simulation experiments to provide information to optimize future sampling.
Results are presented in the form of equations that predict the precision of
estimates (of species composition, mean size, and mean age at two different
sizes) as a function of various survey design variables. Precision typically
depends more on the number of landings (catches) that are sampled than the
number of eels sampled per landing. Also, the precision obtainable from a
given design varies substantially from fishery to fishery. For example, if 50
eels were measured and 10 otoliths collected from each of five landings,
estimated standard errors varied by a factor of 9 for species composition, 19
for mean weight, and 5 for mean age at the minimum legal size, depending on
which fishery was sampled. Results for mean age estimates are more restricted
and less certain (than those for species composition and mean size) because
age data were fewer. Three further optimization issues are discussed: sampling
costs, the importance of ‘minor’ species, and the pool of fishers
from which samples are collected.
Subcutaneous electromagnetic tagging of benthic octopus: a preliminary evaluation
Authors: Anderson T. J. , Leigh R. C. Babcock
Published: November 2005

Electromagnetic tags were subcutaneously implanted in the dorsal crown of 28
octopus (20 aquarium tagged; and 8 wild octopus tagged
in situ) from two species:
Octopus tetricus and O. maorum.
Laboratory tagged octopus retained tags for the duration of the study (14
months), as did octopus tagged in the wild (13 weeks). No signs of lesions,
physical deterioration, or abnormal behaviours were apparent in either
laboratory or field tagged octopus. Tagging had no significant effect on
growth trajectories. Both laboratory and field tagged octopus appeared
healthy, physically vigorous, maintained voracious apetites, and regularly
stalked and attacked vigorous prey (laboratory observations only).
Subcutaneously implanted electromagnetic tags enabled individuals to be
tagged, and tags to be read in situ with minimal
disturbance to the animal. Electromagnetic tagging is a potentially invaluable
tool in studying benthic octopus and may have similar value in the study of
many cephalopods and other soft bodied organisms.
Australasian Southern Ocean frontal stucture during summer 1976-77
Authors: Edwards RJ , Emery WJ
Published: November 2005

Fourteen north-south expendable bathythermograph temperature sections are used to define the positions of the Subtropical Convergence, the Subantarctic Front and the Polar Front in the Australasian sector of the Southern Ocean. The data were collected by supply vessels sailing to the Antarctic mainland during the austral summer of 1976-77. Frontal features are identified on the basis of both temperature structure and observations of surface salinity. The Polar Front is found to be more convoluted than the other fronts, leading to wide and narrow sections of the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone between it and the Subantarctic Front. South-west of Australia the Subantarctic Front shifts north along with the Subtropical Convergence, and the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone is at its widest. East of a southward shift of all three fronts, south of eastern Australia, they separate to give almost equal separations of about 700 km between fronts south-east of New Zealand. The homogeneous Subantarctic Mode Water between the Subantarctic Front and the Subtropical Convergence is found to be progressively warmer towards the west. Though the data is not truly synoptic, being spread over 3½ months, it does reflect the frontal structure during the period of observation.
Phosphorus export from coastal plain drainage into the Peel-Harvey estuarine system of Western Australia
Authors: Birch PB
Published: November 2005

Excessive growth of the benthic alga Cladophora aff. albida in the Peel-Harvey estuarine system has
coincided with greatly increased inputs of phosphorus from rivers over the last 20-25 years. At present,
about 90%, of phosphorus input is derived from rural coastal plain catchments, where use of superphosphate
increased fourfold over the period 1945-1975.
The present export of phosphorus from these catchments was found to be positively correlated with rates
of superphosphate application, dairy farming, and presence of alluvial clay soils, and negatively correlated
with beef farming. Reduction of phosphorus input to the estuary from the coastal plain, therefore, could be
achieved by reducing or modifying the present use of superphosphate, and reducing runoff from dairy farms
into waterways.
Ammonia and Inorganic phosphate excretion by zooplankton from inshore waters of the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland. I. Relationship between excretion rates and body size
Authors: Ikeda T , Hing  Fay E , Hutchinson SA , Boto GM
Published: November 2005

Ammonia and phosphate excretion rates were measured on various copepods and some ctenophores, siphonophores, decapod larvae, mollusc larvae, polychaete larvae, chaetognaths and appendicularians from inshore waters of the Great Barrier Reef during warm and cold seasons. Regression analyses showed high correlations between the excretion rate and body weight of zooplankton:
in the warm season,

log yn = 0.518 + 0.525 log x (n = 348. r = 0.612)
log yp = -0.174 + 0.429 log x (n=117, r=0.570),

and in the cold season,
log yn = 0.186 + 0.518 log x (n = 268, r = 0,777)
log yp = -1.002 + 0.740 log x (n = 255, r = 0.694),

where yn is ammonia excretion (nanograms N per animal per hour), yp is phosphate excretion (nanograms P per animal per hour), x is body dry weight (micrograms per animal); n is the number of measurements, and r is the correlation coefficient. Since the two regression lines for ammonia excretion were parallel a Q10 value of 2.53 was calculated from the results of warm and cold seasons. This calculation was not possible for the phosphate excretion because the regression lines between the seasons were not parallel. The mean ratio of ammonia excretion to phosphate excretion (N:P ratio, by atoms) was 28.56 in the warm season and 24.48 in the cold season. The present results were compared with those of other workers who used zooplankton from different seas, and the effects of experimental conditions, such as injury of specimens, container size, incubation time and feeding on the excretion rates are discussed.
Observations on moulting in Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba Dana)
Authors: Ikeda T , Dixon P
Published: November 2005

Live E. superba were transported from Antarctic waters to a tropical laboratory where observations at the temperature of -0.5�C (0 to - 1.0�C), were made of intermoult period of specimens fed a mixture of microalgae (Dunaliella tertiolecta and Phaeodactylum tricornutum) or artificial pet fish food or starved. Mean intermoult period was 26.4-27.1 days for fed specimens and 29.6 days for starved specimens, with no relation to the size of specimens. The moult accounted for a loss of 2.63-4.35% of animal dry weight, which is equivalent to 1.1-1.8% of animal nitrogen or 1.4-2.3% of animal carbon. The contribution of moults to detritus in the Antarctic Ocean was estimated as 0.11 g C m-2 per year.
Dragonflies (Odonata) of coastal sand-dune fresh waters of South-eastren Queensland and North-eastern New South Wales
Authors: Arthington AH , Watson JAL
Published: November 2005

The Odonata and physicochemical properties of freshwater streams, lakes, ponds and bogs in the sand-dune systems of Fraser, Moreton and North Stradbroke Islands and Cooloola, Queensland: and Wooli, New South Wales, are described. The odonate faunas of these dune masses show some differences from those of nearby areas, and there are close associations between some species and particular types of dune fresh water. Although no physicochemical characteristics were identified that might limit these dune dragonflies to their specific habitats, the lake-dwellers in particular may be useful indicators of environmental change.
Hydrobiidae of Lord Howe Island (Mollusca : Gastropoda : Prosobranchia)
Authors: Ponder WF
Published: November 2005

The Hydrobiidae of Lord Howe Island consist of three genera and nine species. Two species can be divided into two subspecies and one species into five subspecies. The total number of species-group taxa is 15. It is suggested that this fauna is the result of three separate colonizations during the late Tertiary or Pleistocene. Most of the species live in streams, one is adapted to living on waterfalls, and another is subterranean in habit. Hemistomia Crosse contains six species. One, Bythinella whiteleggei Brazier, is probably extinct and two others are restricted to the summit of Mt Cower. A fourth species can be separated into two subspecies, both previously undescribed. One new species is subterranean in habit. Fluviopupa Pilsbry contains two species, one with two subspecies and the other with five, three of the subspecies being new. The remaining genus group, tentatively referred to Potamopyrgus Stimpson, contains only one species [P. oscitans (Iredale)] which is found living on waterfalls. There are seven species pairs on the island, which show a size ratio of 1.3-1.8, suggesting that character displacement (size) may have occurred.
Field observations of long-period, surf-zone standing waves in relation to contrasting beach morphologies
Authors: Wright LD
Published: November 2005

Field observations of water-surface oscillation and horizontal flow velocity spectra were carried out in the surf zones of contrasting beach-inshore morphodynamic states. The observations were made under conditions of long-period (7.5-11 s), moderate-energy (height 1 .2-2.3 m) swell on different beaches encompassing the full range of states from the steep. reflective extreme to the flat, dissipative extreme and including intermediate states involving different scales of rhythmic surf-zone topography and rip circulations. Experiments on all types of topography reveal standing surf-zone oscillations at periods longer than incident wave period. At least some of these appear to be edge waves. The actual frequencies are dependent on the morphodynamic state of the surf zone and beach. The standing waves with shortest period are zero-mode subharmonic edge waves which consistently occur on highly reflective beaches where they cause cusps spaced at one-half the edge-wave length. The standing waves with lowest frequency were observed on the flattest and most dissipative beach and comprised a wide band of infragravity frequencies. These oscillations could cause the multiple parallel bars. Intermediate frequencies occur in the presence of the pronounced bar-trough and rhythmic topographies of intermediate morphodynamic states.