bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Realization of a Flat Surface Cleaning Robot
Authors: Zhen Jiu Jun , Yang Zhan Min
Published: June 2012

Through the analysis of the glass wall and solar panel cleaning robot research status at home and abroad, based on cleaning characteristics and requirements of such kind of smooth surface, a full pneumatic-driven flat surface cleaning robot system is presented. The robot adopts unique three-position cylinder driving technique, SCM and PC two-level control, can crawl along the smooth surface and clean, and can overcome obstacles in a certain height. Running results show that the robot system has simple structure, low cost, the functions of on-line fault diagnosis, and can provide a new efficient, simple and safe way for the glass wall and solar panel cleaning.
A Aerodynamic Performance Research on a Wing Added Winglet
Authors: Ren Zhi Ni , Zhu Shi Xing
Published: June 2012

In order to reveal the science of adding winglet for Active aircraft, the paper calculates the aerodynamic efficiency of a wing added winglet using CFD technology, Aerodynamic benefit of the wing added winglet reaches the maximum when the angle of attack is 2 degree, the lift and drag reduction rate are 21.07% and 43.56% respectively. The results show that it is a good choice to add winglet for aircraft to reduce operation cost and fuel consumption.
Active Control of Dynamic Response for a Discrete System in an Elastic Structure
Authors: Kim Gi Man , Choi Seong Dae
Published: June 2012

In this study, the dynamic response of a discrete system being fixed to an elastic beam has been controlled actively by means of a feedforward control method. A discrete system is considered as a vibrating receiver which be forced to vibrate by a vibrating source being positioned on the elastic beam. By analyzing the interactive motions between a discrete system and an elastic beam, the equation of motion for an elastic beam was derived by using a method of variation of parameters and also dynamic response of a discrete system was solved. To define the optimal conditions of a controller, the cost function, which denotes the dynamic response of a discrete system was evaluated numerically. The possibility of reduction of a dynamic response was found to depend on the locations of a control force, the magnitude of a discrete system mass and a forcing frequency.
Analysis and Studies on the Composition of Municipal Solid Wastes
Authors: Li Dan , Ao Yong An , Wang Xue Feng
Published: June 2012

The paper takes an example of Shenyang and investigates the components of municipal solid wastes (MSW); comparing estimation based on the given trend of the organic degradation matters in some typical cities in China. It finally puts forward the future ways to reuse the municipal solid wastes.
Experimental Study on Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Vertical Rifled
Authors: Ibrahim Abdulati Muftah Mohamed , Elhub Bashir Rahuma , Wahab H. Abas A.
Published: June 2012

In this paper, heat transfer and fluid flow monitoring experiments for pressure drop and efficiency were performed to investigate the fluid flow characteristics of rifled tubes in comparison with a smooth tube. The rifled tube has an outer diameter of 25mm, maximum inner diameter of 18.8 mm; minimum inner diameter of 17.50mm, rib height of 0.6835, rib width of 9.25, helix angles 60 o and the number of starts is four. The smooth tube has an outer diameter of 26.7mm and an inner diameter of 18.88 mm, with a wall thickness of 3.91mm. The experiments were conducted on a vertical orientation of the steel tubes (rifled and smooth) under varying flow rate of 15, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70. The fluid used is 131.64 litres of water and the initial temperature is 25oC. The fluid is raised to an average temperature of 33oC during the experimental study. During the experiment, it was found that at 360 mins for the smooth tube, an increase in flow rate does not affect the time for the fluid (water) to attain a temperature of 33oC. For the rifled tube, as the flow rate increases, the time for the fluid (water) to attain a temperature of 33oC also increases. This is as a result of the effect of ribbing the tube. The time taken to attain the optimum temperature of 33oC is shorter using the rifled tube than the smooth tube. The rifled tube has heat transfer efficiency higher than the smooth tube. The pressure drop and the energy consumed by using the rifled tube were also found to be less than that of the smooth tube. The pressure drop increase factor was found to be 0.85 in the spirally rifled tube as compared to the smooth tube at the different flow rates. The enhancement effect of ribbing the tube is apparent.
An E2GPGP-GASA-Based Multi-Agent Job Shop Scheduling System
Authors: Lu Lin Lin , Ma Xin , Wang Ya Xuan
Published: June 2012

In this paper, a job shop scheduling model combining MAS (Multi-Agent System) with GASA (Simulated Annealing-Genetic Algorithm) is presented. The proposed model is based on the E2GPGP (extended extended generalized partial global planning) mechanism and utilizes the advantages of static intelligence algorithms with dynamic MAS. A scheduling process from ‘initialized macro-scheduling’ to ‘repeated micro-scheduling’ is designed for large-scale complex problems to enable to implement an effective and widely applicable prototype system for the job shop scheduling problem (JSSP). Under a set of theoretic strategies in the GPGP which is summarized in detail, E2GPGP is also proposed further. The GPGP-cooperation-mechanism is simulated by using simulation software DECAF for the JSSP. The results show that the proposed model based on the E2GPGP-GASA not only improves the effectiveness, but also reduces the resource cost.
Synthesis, Processing and Testing of a Poly (DL-Lactide-co-ε-Caprolactone) Resorbable Electrospun Membrane for Guided Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Piyakunakorn P. , Khumraksa B. , Thapsukhon B. , Rassameemasmaung S. , Molloy Robert , Suchiva Krisda , Punyodom Winita
Published: June 2012

The aim of this study was to fabricate 75:25 poly(DL-lactide-co-e-caprolactone), poly(DLL-co-CL) membranes for used in guided tissue regeneration (GTR). The copolymer was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) in bulk. The 3-dimensional fiber networks with built-in microporosity membranes were prepared by electrospinning. The pore size was varied between 5-30 μm and the porosity of membrane was 69%. After immersing in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), the membranes were degradable with time, as indicated by molecular weight loss, mass weight loss, reduction of pH of the media and changes in the surface topography and shape of the membranes. However, the in vitro hydrolytic degradation of the membranes was too fast for use as periodontal GTR. The membranes maintained their original shape for the first 4 weeks and the porous structure disappeared within 2 weeks. Results from agar diffusion test suggest the membranes to be non-cytotoxic. In conclusion, the electrospun membrane was non-cytotoxic but the degradation rate was too fast to be used as GTR membrane in periodontal treatment.
Stability and Cytotoxicity of Well-Dispersed Magnetite Nanoparticles Prepared by Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Ngernpimai S. , Thomas C. , Maensiri S. , Siri Sineenat
Published: June 2012

A preparation of well-dispersed magnetite nanoparticles was demonstrated in this study. Magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by a hydrothermal method using aloe vera extract and serial centrifugation was employed to separate the sizes of well-dispersed particles. Well-dispersed MNPs with average sizes of 241, 227, 195, 165, 141 and 93 nm were obtained. They were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). XRD results indicated the MNPs were Fe3O4. Magnetic hysteresis loop measurements of the samples showed superparamagnetic properties. Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed stable proton (1H) spin-spin relaxation time (T2) values of water with suspended magnetite nanoparticles over a time course of 20 min, suggesting they were well-dispersed. The synthesized magnetite nanoparticles showed low cytotoxicity to NIH 3T3 cells at concentrations of 1-10%.
Magnesium Substitution in Hydroxyapatite Synthesized by Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Klinkaewnarong Jutharatana , Sritonwong P. , Swatsitang Ekaphan
Published: June 2012

The ionic substitutions have been proposed as a tool to improve the biological performance of hydroxyapatite (HAp) based materials. In the present work, the systems of Ca(10-x)Mgx(PO4)6(OH)2 (MgHAp, x = 0, 1, 2, and 3) were successfully synthesized by solgel method. To obtain nanocrystalline of MgHAp, the prepared precursors were calcined in air at 600 °C for 2 h. The samples were characterized by Xray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation. The XRD results confirm the formation of pure phase of HAp with the lattice parameter a in the range of 0.94170.9479 nm and c of 0.68410.6919 nm. The crystallite sizes of the powder are found to be 3546 nm as evaluated by the XRD line broadening method. The morphology of the samples are spherical shape of diameter less than 100 nm as evaluated by TEM. The corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis further confirms the formation of hexagonal structure of HAp.
Lipase-Catalysed Polymerization of Lactic Acid and the Properties of the Polymer
Authors: Chuensangjun C. , Pechyen Chiravoot , Chisti Y. , Sirisansaneeyakul S.
Published: June 2012

Lipase-catalysed polymerization is an emerging green alternative method for the synthesis of polylactic acid (PLA) from lactic acid (LA) monomer. Use of the lipase catalyst avoids the need for potentially toxic chemical catalysts. The concentration of the lipase enzyme is one of several factors which influence the polymerization process. This paper reports on the effects of the lipase concentration on the characteristics of the low molecular weight polylactic acid (PLA) formed via lipase-catalyzed polymerization of lactic acid. The polylactic acid products made by this method are characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Low molecular weight polylactic acid could be successfully produced from commercial lactic acid by using the commercial lipase Lipozyme TL IM at 50 °C in a 5-hour reaction.
Effect of BaZr0.05Ti0.95O3 Addition on Microstructure and Piezoelectric Properties of Hydroxyapatite Bone
Authors: Pisitpipathsin N. , Kantha P. , Leenakul W. , Sriprapha P. , Pengpat Kamonpan , Eitssayeam Sukum , Rujijanagul Gobwute
Published: June 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of BaZr0.05Ti0.95O3 (BZT) addition on the microstructure, physical, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of hydroxyapatite (HA), and develop new biomaterials which have potential applications in the support for cellular growth and in the system for bone regeneration. In this case the BaZr0.05Ti0.95O3- HA composites (HABZT) were prepared by conventional sintering method. The BZT were added to HA with ratio 0, 10, 20 and 30 %wt. Then the mixed powders were pressed and subsequently sintered at the temperature ranging from 1150 to 1350°C. The result showed that the dielectric and piezoelectric properties were improved by the addition of BZT. Moreover, the bioactivity of the HA improved with addition of BZT especially at 10% as evident by the formation of bone like apatite layers on the surface of all BCZT composites after soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 15 days. The results confirmed the possibility of using these bioactive composites for treatment within the human body.
Phase Formation of Hydroxyapatite Particles at Different Calcination Temperatures
Authors: Tigunta S. , Leenakul W. , Eitssayeam Sukum , Rujijanagul Gobwute , Tunkasiri Tawee , Pengpat Kamonpan
Published: June 2012

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is classified as one of the important bioceramics, which has been used in orthopedics, medical and dental applications. It has bioactivity and good biocompatibility with the human organism, which is suitable in medical applications as an implant or coating on prostheses such as metal. In this study, the effects of calcinations temperatures on phase formation and physical properties of HA particles were investigated. The HA particles synthesized from bovine bone were cleaned and fired at 800°C and subsequently ball milled for 24 h. Then received HA particles were divided into two parts. The first one was calcined at various temperatures from 900 to 1400°C and the second one was vibratory milled for 4 h and subsequently calcined at various temperatures from 900 to 1400°C. The calcined HA particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) for their crystal structure and particle size analysis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for microstructural.
Simplified Qualitative Analysis of Glycerides Derived from Coconut Oil Using Thin Layer Chromatography
Authors: Pengon Sirikarn , Limmatvapirat Chutima , Limmatvapirat Sontaya
Published: June 2012

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) oil is composed predominately of medium-chain triglycerides which have been reported to be beneficial to human health. It also contains free fatty acids (FFAs) which can combine with glycerol to form monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides. The analysis of FFAs and their glycerides has been proposed to assess the quality of coconut oil used as raw materials in various industrial fields. The aim of this study was to develop the qualitative method for investigation of FFA and their glycerides in coconut oil using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Coconut oil and standards of FFA and their glycerides were chromatographed separately on Silica gel 60 F254 TLC plates using hexane: ether: acetic acid (60:40:1) and hexane: ethyl acetate: acetic acid (60:40:0.5) as solvent systems A and B, respectively. The spots on developing TLC plates were detected and compared using 254-nm UV light and iodine vapor. The results showed that the resolution of solvent system A was better than that of solvent system B. However, both solvent systems were used to confirm the results. The retention factor (Rf) values of the components were in good agreement with their polarity. This method should provide a guideline for qualitative analysis of coconut oil.
Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Pyrazole Derivatives
Authors: Suwunwong T. , Kobkeatthawin T. , Chanawanno K. , Saewan N. , Wisitsak P. , Chantrapromma Suchada
Published: June 2012

A series of 3,5-substituted-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide derivatives were synthesized. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation and their tyrosinase inhibitory activity was determined. The results showed that compound 2 (at 1.00 mg/mL) exhibits significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity with % inhibition of 91.866 ± 2.086 with L-tyrosine as substrate whereas compound 3 (at 1.00 mg/mL) exhibits significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity with % inhibition of 79.266 ± 0.552 and 89.593 ± 1.015 with L-tyrosine and L-DOPA as substrates. The IC50values of compounds 2 and 3 were further determined comparing with kojic acid and resveratrol. It was found that IC50values of compounds 2 and 3 were 0.391 ± 0.017 and 0.259 ± 0.005 mg/mL., with L-tyrosine as substrate, which were lower than those of the standard tyrosinase inhibitory resveratrol (0.965 ± 0.016 mg/mL).
Synthesis and Characterization of Pure Natural Hydroxyapatite from Fish Bones Bio-Waste
Authors: Bunsiri R. , Thamaphat Kheamrutai , Limsuwan Pichet
Published: June 2012

The objective of the present study was the qualitative comparison of hydroxyapatite (HAP) extracted from bio waste by different methods. Fish bones obtained from mango fish (Oreochromis niloticus) were used as natural source for HAP synthesis. Three different processes were applied to extract the natural HAP: annealing at 400-1000 °C (F400-F1000), H2O2cleaning and NaOH cleaning. A combination of TGA/DSC analyses, XRD spectrometry, FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were utilized for characterization. They indicated that all methods have the ability to eliminate the organic compounds present in the fish bones. However, annealing of the bone sample was found to be more efficient approach in reducing the amount of organic phase; only inorganic phase was remained in F600, F800 and F1000. For the HAP crystallinity, treatment with H2O2, NaOH, and heating up to 400 °C did not create notable changes of HAP original crystallinity. On the contrary, HAP crystallinity was increased slowly from 400 to 600 °C, outstandingly from 600 to 800 °C and remained almost constant from 800 to 1000 °C.
Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Waste Tire by H3PO4 Treatment for Ethylene Adsorbent Used in Active Packaging
Authors: Sirimuangjinda Athiwat , Hemra Khanthima , Atong Duangduen , Pechyen Chiravoot
Published: June 2012

Pyrolysis is one form of energy recovery process which has the potential to generate oil, gas and char products. The char becomes an attractive by-product, with applications including production of activated carbons, which is useful as a ethylene sorbent for climacteric fruit packaging. In this work, activated carbon prepared from waste tire, produced as a by product of the bio-diesel extraction industry was prepared via chemical treatment with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at three different char:H3PO4 ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) under fixed bed pyrolysis at 400, 500 and 600°C for 30 minutes in nitrogen (N2) flow rate of 1000 mL/min and heating rate of 20°C/min. Result shows that char pyrolyzed at 800°C contained high fixed carbon and low volatile content favorable for subsequent activation process compared to other cases.(data not show here) Under the experimental conditions investigated, impregnation ratio of 1:2 were found to be suitable for producing high-surface area activated carbon. It was shown that H3PO4 did work effectively as dehydration reagent at approximately 600°C. The obtained carbons were characterized by nitrogen adsorptiondesorption isotherms at-196 °C. The surface area of activated carbons, which were determined by application of the BrunauerEmmettTeller (BET) and t-plot methods, were achieved as high as 833.50 m2/g. The chemically activated carbons were found to be mainly type II carbons and high adsorption property (Methylene blue adsorption = 622 mg/g and Iodine number = 899 mg/g).
Resonance Raman Enhancement of the ν4 Band in Fe (TMPP)Cl at NIR Laser Excitation Attributed to Supramolecular Interaction
Authors: Puntharod R. , Wood B. R. , Haller K.J.
Published: June 2012

The strong enhancement when applying near-infrared excitation wavelengths, of totally symmetric modes of heme derivatives including β-hematin (malaria pigment), was hypothesized to be due to supramolecular interaction. Specifically, the intensity of the electron density or oxidation state marker band, ν4, is in part strongly affected by CH(((X hydrogen bonding interactions when X is an electron-donating entity. Chlorotetra (p-methoxyphenyl) porphyrinatoiron (III), Fe (TMPP)Cl, is a model compound that supports this hypothesis. The single crystal X-ray structure of Fe (TMPP)Cl, recrystallized by vapor diffusion of diethyl ether into dichloromethane solution, was determined. There are πpor···πpor interactions and numerous additional supramolecular interactions in the form of CH···Cl and CH···O, and CH···π hydrogen bond interactions. The corresponding resonance Raman intensity of Fe (TMPP)Cl exhibited great enhancement of the ν4 band when using 780 and 830 nm laser sources supporting the correlation of the strong CH(((X hydrogen bonding interaction and the strong resonance Raman enhancement of totally symmetric modes, especially ν4, observed in malaria pigment supramolecular arrays when applying near-infrared wavelengths.
Bioactive Nano-Filters to Control Legionella on Indoor Air
Authors: Rodrigues P.A.F. , Sousa S.I.V. , Geraldes Maria José , Alvim-Ferraz M.C.M. , Martins F.G.
Published: June 2012

Several factors affect the indoor air quality, among which ventilation, human occupancy, cleaning products, equipment and material; they might induce the presence of aerosols (or bioaerosols in the presence of biological components) nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide and dioxide, volatile organic compounds, radon and microorganisms. Microbiological pollution involves hundreds of bacteria and fungi species that grow indoors under specific conditions of temperature and humidity. Exposure to microbial contaminants is clinically associated with allergies, asthma, immune responses and respiratory infections, such as Legionnaires Disease and Pontiac Feaver, which are due to contamination byLegionella pneumophila. Legionnaire's Disease has increased over the past decade, because of the use of central air conditioning. In places such as homes, kindergartens, nursing homes and hospitals, indoor air pollution affects population groups that are particularly vulnerable because of their health status or age, making indoor air pollution a public health issue of high importance. Therefore, the implementation of preventive measures, as the application of air filters, is fundamental. Currently, High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are the most used to capture microorganisms in ventilation, filtration and air conditioning systems; nevertheless, as they are not completely secure, new filters should be developed. This work aims to present how the efficiency of a textile nanostructure in a non-woven material based on synthetic textiles (high hydrophobic fibers) incorporating appropriate biocides to controlLegionella pneumophila, is going to be measured. These bioactive structures, to be used in ventilation systems, as well as in respiratory protective equipment, will reduce the growth of microorganisms in the air through bactericidal or bacteriostatic action. The filter nanostructure should have good air permeability, since it has to guarantee minimum flows of fresh air for air exchange as well as acceptable indoor air quality.
Preparation of Glutinous Rice Starch Nanofibers by Electrospinning
Authors: Jaiturong P. , Sutjarittangtham Krit , Eitssayeam Sukum , Sirithunyalug Jakkapan
Published: June 2012

Glutinous rice starch (GRS) is produced from glutinous rice which is commonly cultivated in the Northeast of Thailand. GRS contains two types of glucose polymers which are amylose and amylopectin. Glutinous rice starch nanofibers (GNF) can be produced by an electrospinning technique. This is not a complicated method but needs a high voltage power supply. The aim of this study was to understand the production of GNF and physical-chemical properties of GNF. The morphology of GNF was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The characteristics of GNF are high porosity, flake multi-layers and a high swelling power. The Electrospinning technique did not change the chemical structure of GRS based on an FT-IR evaluation. This research revealed the basic characteristics of electrospun glutinous starch for use in various applications in the future.
Comparison of In Vitro Binding of Bile Salt by Pectins from Various Sources
Authors: Cheewatanakornkool K. , Chaidedgumjorn A. , Sotanaphun U. , Limsirichaikul S. , Wessapan C. , Sriamornsak Pornsak
Published: June 2012

Binding of bile salts by dietary fiber is believed to promote their excretion and hence to reduce the serum cholesterol level in man and experimental animals. In this study, the binding efficiency of soluble pectin from various sources, i.e., apple, citrus and pomelo, was examined. Sodium deoxycholate and sodium cholate hydrate were used as a model to represent bile salt in human body. The binding efficiency was assayed by acid reaction, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and enzyme cycling method. The results demonstrated that enzyme cycling method was the most suitable for assaying the in-vitro binding of bile salts while the TLC was not very sensitive, i.e., low amount of bile salts cannot be detected by TLC. Excess pectin from binding test could also interfere the acid reaction method even though the centrifugation was used to remove the excess pectin. When the concentration of pectin was increased, the binding efficiency with sodium deoxycholate increased. However, at 1% w/w of pectin, the binding efficiency decreased. The exception is for pomelo pectin in which the binding efficiency increased when the pectin concentration increased. With sodium cholate hydrate, only slight difference in binding efficiency was observed for all types and concentrations of pectin. The results indicate that the ability to bind bile salts of pectin might be responsible for its hypocholesterolemic action observed in experimental animals and humans.
Physical Stabilizing Effect of Biopolymers on Solid Dispersions Containing Indomethacin and Polyethylene Glycol
Authors: Chamsai Benchawan , Sriamornsak Pornsak
Published: June 2012

Solid dispersions of poorly water-soluble drug, indomethacin (IMC), and carriers at a ratio of 1:9 were prepared by melting method. The carriers used in this study were polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and pectin. The solid dispersions obtained were characterized by powder x-ray diffractometry (PXRD) and dissolution studies. PXRD patterns showed that all solid dispersions led to amorphous products while their physical mixture still showed the crystalline state of drug. Crystalline drug was clearly detectable in solid dispersion products containing only IMC and PEG4000 after storage for 2 months. The formulations with biopolymer (i.e., HPMC, pectin or their combination) showed no drug crystal after storage. More than 80% of IMC dissolved within 5 minutes for all formulations after preparation while less than 40% of IMC dissolved, within 5 minutes, from the formulations containing IMC, PEG4000 and HPMC after storage for 2 months. The slower drug dissolution may be due to the gel-forming properties of HPMC as well as the agglomeration of the products after storage. The results suggested that either HPMC or pectin in solid dispersions can help to prevent the crystallization of amorphous IMC in solid dispersion, probably by a polymer anti-plasticizing effect. Pectin showed superior stabilizing effect with no retardation effect on drug dissolution.
Development of Biodegradable Films Based on Durian Seed Starch
Authors: Pimpa W. , Pimpa C. , Junsangsree P.
Published: June 2012

Fresh durian seed consists largely of starch and can be considered such a suitable raw material for producing biodegradable films. The aim of this work was to develop biodegradable films based on durian seed starch (DSS) and to characterize their water barrier, microscopic and mechanical properties. DSS films were prepared by casting with glycerol as plasticizer. Corn starch and cassava starch, commonly used in food processing, were chosen to prepare films and compare their properties to the DSS-based films. Using a second biopolymer, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), in the DSS based composite has been studied as a strategy to improve their important properties. Water vapor permeability and elongation values were improved significantly (p<0.05) when 5% (w/w DSS) CMC was incorporated. Therefore, preparing biodegradable films from DSS is a new alternative for using this raw material which is sometimes much cheaper than commercial starches
Surface Tension and Viscosity of Herbal Massage Oil
Authors: Anuchatkidjaroen Sumuntana , Phaechamud T.
Published: June 2012

Herbal oils have been used for centuries as a traditional medicine. In this study, herbal massage oil was prepared by using crocodile oil (CO) or virgin coconut oil (VCO) as carrier oil. This experiment was conducted to find out the suitable method for preparation of herbal massage oils from CO or VCO. The satisfactory appearance and viscosity of herbal massage oil was received when using 44.9% by weight of crocodile oil as carrier oil. Searching appropriate for herbal massage oil, that exhibited the good characteristic, viscosity, fragrance and hot, was done with various systems. The carrier oils heated with Zingiber montanum (Plai, ZM) (22.45 % w/w) and Curcuma sp. (Wan ma leung, CS) (22.45 % w/w) and then the mixture was mixed with butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), menthol, methyl salicylate and camphor were likely to be the appropriate method. The surface tension of the mixture between different herbal oils and carrier oil in the ratio of 1:1 was no significantly difference. The highest viscosity was obtained from the mixture of carrier oil and Curcuma aromatic (Wan nang kum, CA). Oil extracted from herbal with heat treatment could mask the unpleasant odor of CO and VCO but not significantly affected the surface tension and viscosity of carrier oils.
Non-Aqueous Virgin Coconut Oil Hair Gel
Authors: Phaechamud T. , Katewongsa Prachya , Chuekaew A. , Saengthongpinit W.
Published: June 2012

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is gaining wide popularity in the scientic eld and among the public. The purpose of this research was to develop the non-aqueous hair gel by dispersing hydrophilic colloidal silicon dioxide (Aerosil 200) or hydrophobic colloidal silicon dioxide (Aerosil R 972) into virgin coconut oil and to determine the effect of Aerosil type on physical properties of prepared hair gel. Texture analysis and satisfied evaluation of prepared system were also conducted. At a suitable amount of Aerosil 200 and Aerosil R 972, the three-dimensional network led to the immobilization of a dispersing medium. The viscosity of the prepared gel was increased as the amount of Aerosil 200 or Aerosil R 972 was increased. However, the viscosity of gel containing Aerosil 200 was apparently higher than system prepared from Aerosil R 972. The rheological behavior of these gels depended on type and concentration of colloidal silicon dioxide. From texture analysis, the hardness and adhesion of systems comprising Aerosil 200 were higher than that containing Aerosil R 972 with concentration dependence. Satisfied evaluation by a panel consisting of human volunteers demonstrated that the developed non-aqueous virgin coconut oil gel could be used as the hair setting gel.
Effect of Physical Aging on Physical Properties of Pregelatinized Tapioca Starch
Authors: Manchun S. , Piriyaprasarth S. , Patomchaiviwat Vipaluk , Limmatvapirat Sontaya , Sriamornsak Pornsak
Published: June 2012

The effect of physical aging on the properties of starch is important to understand structural relaxation and to control the physicochemical changes after pregelatinization which induced by aging. In this study, the effect of physical aging on the physicochemical properties of pregelatinized tapioca starch was investigated. The tapioca starch was pregelatinized by either heating at 80°C or using high power (400 W) ultrasonic treatment. After pregelatinization, dextrose equivalent (DE), viscosity, turbidity, swelling power and solubility were determined and compared with native tapioca starch. Compared to fresh tapioca starch, the aged starch exhibited an increase in DE, turbidity and solubility. The viscosity and swelling power were decreased after storage. Similar results were found for both tapioca starches pregelatinized by heat and ultrasonic treatments. The results of the physicochemical properties of pregelatinized starches obtained from ultrasonic treatment related to the formation of low molecular weight components that aging starch are easily changed by disruption of molecular structure within the starch granule.
Menthol, Borneol, Camphor and WS-3 Eutectic Mixture
Authors: Tuntarawongsa S. , Phaechamud T.
Published: June 2012

Eutectic system is a mixture or solution which the ingredients solidify or liquefy simultaneously. A eutectic mixture is therefore that unique composition of two (or more) components that has the lower crystallization temperature or melting point. This aim of this study was to prepare and characterize the eutectic systems containing menthol, borneol, camphor and N-Ethyl-5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide (WS-3). Menthol is able to form liquid eutectic at room temperature with camphor in the ratio of 8:2, 7:3, 6:4 and 5:5 whereas menthol and borneol in the ratio of 8:2 and 7:3, menthol and WS-3 in the ratio of 6:4 and 1:1. The rheology behavior of all liquid eutectic systems was Newtonian flow which the surface tension was in the range of 28-29 mN/m. From contact angle measurement, all liquid eutectic systems were categorized as high wettability to the glass plate. The suitable liquid eutectic system for further application as liquid carrier for injectable active compounds was 1:1 menthol:camphor because of its lowest viscosity. IR spectra indicated that there was no chemical interaction of these two materials in the selected liquid eutectic mixture.
Formulation Development of Gel-Based Lipstick Containing Longan Honey and Natural Color Extracted from Sappan Wood and Roselle
Authors: Wanjai C. , Sirisa-Ard P. , Chantawannakul P.
Published: June 2012

Nowadays, natural cosmetics have become more popular and acceptable to consumers than the chemically synthesized ones. In this study, we have developed a new formulation for gel-based lipstick by using the mixture of Longan honey and natural color extracts from Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappanL.) and Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffaL.). The final products were analyzed for their physical and antioxidant properties. The new formulated lipstick showed good antioxidantproperties ranging from IC500.25±0.12 to 5.12±0.24 mg/ml when tested by using DPPH radical scavenging method. Stability test was also conducted by several heating and cooling cycles. The physical characters (i.e. viscosity and pH) were also examined and recorded.
The Gelation Study of Silk Fibroin for Biomedical Application
Authors: Rattanavises W. , Oonkhanond B.
Published: June 2012

Silks are the biomaterials that have been used for a century. Most of them are related to the biomedical applications especially silk fibroin. Since the gelation process of silk fibroin was affected by many factors for example the concentration of silk fibroin protein, pH, temperature and cross-linking agent. These factors also influence on the mechanical properties of the silk gel. This study is then focused on making silk fibroin gel by using poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) as a cross-linking agent and physical induced by ultrasonic. The structure of SF/PVA gel was examined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). The two main effects of ultrasonic and PVA to the silk fibroin gelation are the gelation time and the gel structure. The more ultrasonic power and PVA amount can make the silk fibroin solution becomes a gel faster. For the gel structure, both ultrasonic and PVA affect to the Amide I and Amide II structure which lead to the gel characteristic used as a wound dressing in the future.
Arsenic Removal by Precipitation with Calcium Phosphate Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Dungkaew W. , Haller K.J. , Flood A.E. , Scamehorn J.F.
Published: June 2012

The removal of arsenic from synthetic arsenic contaminated water sample by precipitating arsenic (in the form of arsenate oxyanion) with calcium phosphate hydroxyapatite, HAp, was studied under conditions that induce arsenate incorporated calcium phosphate hydroxyapatite, Ca (P/As)HAp, to form. Arsenate is able to substitute for a fraction of the phosphate in HAp host material as it forms. Consequently, arsenic is successfully removed from the contaminated water achieving up to 99% arsenic removal from 25 ppm initial arsenic concentration. The Ca:(P+As) and P:As mole ratios were found to play an important role in arsenic removal efficiency. Higher Ca:(P+As) and P:As mole ratios give higher arsenic removal efficiency. Surprisingly, the pH of the initial anion solution, a key parameter in arsenic speciation, was found to not have a significant effect on arsenic removal by this process. The advantage of this process is that the precipitation can occur rapidly at relatively low levels of arsenic contamination, implying an easy and inexpensive process for arsenic removal can be developed based on this approach.
Effect of Crosslinking Time on Ion Exchange Capacity of Polystyrene Nanofiber Ion Exchangers
Authors: Nitanan T. , Akkaramongkolporn Prasert , Rojanarata Theerasak , Ngawhirunpat Tanasait , Opanasopit Praneet
Published: June 2012

In this study, polystyrene nanofiber ion exchangers (PSNIE) were successfully prepared by a new method comprising of electrospinning and the subsequent crosslinking with formaldehyde and sulfonation in sulfuric acid to create the cation exchange functionality on the fibers surfaces. The PS solution at 15% w/v in dimethylacetamide (DMAc) produced the smallest PS nanofibers (399±38 nm) with good performance. The degree of crosslink and ion exchange capacity (IEC) of PSNIE depended upon the crosslinking time. The longer crosslinking time caused the greater crosslinked PS fibers. At the longest crosslinking time of 75 min, the remaining crosslinked PS fibers in dichloromethane were 94.12%; whereas, the starting fibers completely dissolved. This crosslinking agent (e.g. formaldehyde) might introduce methylene bridges in addition to sulfone bridges into the fibers. However, IEC decreased as crosslinking time increased, probably due to the difficulty of sulfonic functional groups to react with crosslinked PS fibers. The PSNIE crosslinked for 10 min showed the maximum IEC of 2.86 meq/g-dry-PSNIE, and the diameter of the PSNIE after sulfonation increased to 450-460 nm. Since cationic drug could be loaded onto this novel PSNIE, this nanofiber ion exchanger may be applied for controlled release delivery.
Effect of Limonene and 1,8 Cineole on the Skin Penetration of Fluorescein Sodium Deformable Liposomes
Authors: Subongkot T. , Opanasopit P. , Rojanarata T. , Ngawhirunpat Tanasait
Published: June 2012

The aim of this study was to develop fluorescein sodium (NaFl) deformable liposomes with two different terpenes, d-limonene and 1,8 cineole, as skin penetration enhancer. NaFl was used as the model drug as it is a hydrophilic diagnostic agent, and has low skin penetration. The liposomes were prepared by reverse phase evaporation method. Their particle size, surface charge, and shape were characterized, in vitro skin penetration of NaFl through porcine skin were investigated. The obtained deformable liposomes were small particle size (<100 nm), negative charge and spherical shape. The liposome containing d-limonene provided the highest amount of NaFl followed by deformable liposomes with 1,8 cineole and conventional liposomes, repectively. The enhancement ratio of formulations containing terpenes were about 18-38fold compared with the conventional liposomes. These results indicated that the obtained deformable liposomes could be used as transdermal delivery of NaFl and incorporation of terpenes into deformable liposomes provided high efficiency for NaFl delivery through the skin.
Application of Methylated N-(4-N,N-Dimethylaminocinnamyl) Chitosan for Oral Protein Drug Delivery
Authors: Kowapradit J. , Rojanarata Theerasak , Ngawhirunpat Tanasait , Apirakaramwong A. , Sajomsang Warayuth , Opanasopit Praneet
Published: June 2012

In the present study, methylated N-(4-N,N-dimethylaminocinnamyl) chitosan (TM65CM50CS) was synthesized and investigated for oral protein drug delivery by combining with liposomes entrapped bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA), a model protein. FITC-BSA liposomes composed of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine and sodium oleate in molar ratio of 10:2 were prepared by thin film hydration method. The TM65CM50CS coated liposomal FITC-BSA was evaluated for transport of protein and its cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells. Moreover, the in vitro stability of BSA in TM65CM50CS coated liposomes was also examined by the degradation of protein from pancreatin. The mean particle size and zeta-potential of liposomes were 101+0.02 nm and -27.44+2.02 mV, respectively. Initial FITC-BSA (2.5% w/w) to lipid showed the highest percentage entrapment efficiency (50.13%) and FITC-BSA content (8.08 mg/g of lipid). The results of FITC-BSA transport showed that TM65CM50CS coated FITC-BSA liposomes enhanced protein permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers with low cytotoxicity. In addition, these liposomes could protect the degradation of protein from pancreatin. Our studies demonstrated that TM65CM50CS coated liposomes have the potential to be used as an oral protein drug delivery.
Rapidly Dried Antimicrobial Spray for Foot Deodorant
Authors: Phaechamud T. , Charoenteeraboon Juree
Published: June 2012

This paper aimed to develop a physiologically activated dried antimicrobial spray for foot deodorant and select the suitable components such as film forming agent, solvent, antimicrobial agent and flavoring agents. The evaporation rates, antimicrobial activity, spray pattern, viscosity and cooling effect were evaluated. The developed formulation exhibited the high evaporating rate, high antimicrobial activity, appropriate spray pattern, slightly viscous solution with cooling effect after spraying onto skin. The developed formulation exhibited the potential application as the rapidly dried antimicrobial spray for foot deodorant.
Customized Three Dimensional Printed Porous Polyethylene for Calvarial Reconstruction
Authors: Suwanprateeb Jintamai , Thammarakcharoen Faungchat , Rukskul Pattaravit
Published: June 2012

Porous polyethylene has been widely used for cranio-maxillofacial procedures due to its highly stable, flexible and has been shown to exhibit rapid soft-tissue and bone ingrowth. Generally, it is available as standard shape which needs to be intra-operatively contoured and manually adapted to fit the defect of each patient. In this study, a technique of producing customized porous polyethylene implant for calvarial defect reconstruction was reported. The technique began with acquiring patients data by computed tomography and was three dimensionally reconstructed using a medical imaging software. The shape of implant was then digitally designed to fit the defect based on the patients anatomy and transferred to three dimensional printing machine to fabricate the implant using proprietary polyethylene formulation as raw material. This technique can be used to cover any cranial defect size, offering similar or even better cosmetic results to standard alloplast cranioplasty while decreasing operation time. This customized porous implant can permit ingrowth of tissue to increase interface stability, implant strength and decrease the risk of infection similarly to commercial product.
Magnesium Stearate as Anti-Tacking Agent in Acrylic Polymer Films Intended for Gas-Entrapped Floating Delivery System
Authors: Kriangkrai Worawut , Puttipipatkhachorn Satit , Sriamornsak Pornsak , Pongjanyakul T. , Sungthongjeen Srisagul
Published: June 2012

In development of effervescent-based floating tablets, acrylic polymer is used to prepare a gas-entrapped membrane of the system. The tackiness of this acrylic polymer film causes tablet agglomeration, leading to failure in floatation. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of magnesium stearate (MS) used as anti-tacking agent on mechanical and wetting properties of the acrylic polymer (Eudragit® RL 30D) films. Incorporating MS resulted in the films with a slightly lowered puncture strength, a highly lowered elongation and an increased contact angle. These results indicated that flexibility and wettability of these films were reduced by addition of MS. Furthermore, the film tackiness measurement by peel test showed that 5% (w/w) of MS could significantly decrease the tackiness of the films. It was demonstrated that MS was a promising candidate to be used as an anti-tacking agent for effervescent-based floating tablets.
Gelatin/Fibroin Hydrogel for Controlled Release of Human Dentin Matrix Extract
Authors: Anuchiracheewa W. , Pavasant P. , Kanokpanont Sorada
Published: June 2012

Dentin matrix extract (DME) was reported to induce differentiation of bone cell line MC3T3-E1, since it contained a number of growth factors. Human DME was prepared from human teeth milled under liquid nitrogen. The resulted powder was demineralized in 0.5M EDTA and the crude proteins were separated using dialysis. DME contained proteins with molecular weight in the range of 55-72 kDa and had Zeta-potential value at-10.53 ± 0.12 mV, and-13.53 ± 0.12 mV, in PBS (pH 7.5), and in deionized water (pH 5.5), respectively. Three types of hydrogel carriers were fabricated from gelatin and Thai silk fibroin (G:SF) at the weight ratio of 100:0, 70:30, and 50:50. Glutaraldehyde was used as crosslinker. The carriers had water absorption 90.43 ± 0.29 %, 87.73 ± 0.29 %, 86.60 ± 0.76 % by weight respectively.In vitrorelease experiment of DME from these carriers showed controlled-release mechanism. The G:SF 100:0 released the highest DME content within 48 h, while the G:SF 50:50 hardly released DME within 2 days. These results shows the G:SF system can be used for controlled-release for DME.
Fabrication of P2O5-CaO-Na2O Glasses Doped with Zinc Oxide for Artificial Bone Applications
Authors: Thonglem S. , Eitssayeam Sukum , Rujijanagul Gobwute , Tunkasiri Tawee , Pengpat Kamonpan , Munpakdee A.
Published: June 2012

The purpose of this work was to study the effect of ZnO on properties of P2O5-CaO-Na2O glass system for bone substituting applications. The glass formula used in this study is 45P2O5- (30-x)CaO - 25Na2O - xZnO where x = 0, 1 , 3, and 5 mol%. The corresponding glasses were prepared by conventional glass melting technique at 1000 °C for 1 h. Thermal parameters of each glass were studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA). These glasses were investigated in terms of infrared spectra and in vitro bioactivity. DTA results gave the glass transition temperatures in a range 227-280°C and crystallization temperatures in the range 521-529°C. Form FTIR results, the infrared spectra of all glass samples showed vibrations of phosphate network and the transmittance intensity of glass systems decreased with increasing ZnO content. All glass samples were exhibited the growth of apatite cells at the surface after immersed in SBF for 7 days. The optimum composition was found for the glass samples containing 5 mol% ZnO which contained the most apatite layer formation.
Antimicrobial Effect of Brazillian Propolis/Polycaprolactone Polymer on some Human Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Sanpa S. , Sutjarittangtham Krit , Tunkasiri Tawee , Eitssayeam Sukum , Chantawannakul P.
Published: June 2012

The antimicrobial activities of propolis against some bacterial strains have been studied. However, there are few reports on biopolymers from propolis. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable polymer that has a long history of use in the biomedical field. In this work, the polymer nanofiber was grown from a Brazillian propolis extract solution on PCL using an electrospinning technique. Antimicrobial activities were investigated by the disc diffusion method. The propolis extract and polymer nanofiber could inhibit some human pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the inhibitory effects on tested microorganism depended on the concentration of propolis extract mixed with the polymer nanofiber. Such properties of the propolis/PCL nanofiners can be further developed for biomedical applications.
Effect of Phthalic Anhydride Loading on Alkyd Resins for Paperboard Coating
Authors: Noinak U. , Jarupan Lerpong , Pechyen Chiravoot , Nandhivajrin C.
Published: June 2012

Alkyd resins were cheap and can perform good properties depend on the modification. In this study, commercial alkyd resins were blended with various proportions of phthalic anhydride and oil on solid. The solvent system showed a clear single phase solution and a clear coat of binder. All the blends were applied on duplex paperboards. The evaluation of coat ability in terms of drying time, adhesion, glossiness, rub resistance, and physical appearance were investigated.