bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observers of speeches and hearers of action: The Athenian orators
Authors: Carey Chris
Published: November 2023

Oratory was always part of Greek public or semi-public expression. It already plays a major role in the fictive society of Homeric epic. The education of the Homeric hero (exemplified in the case of Achilles) was designed to make him ‘a speaker of words and a doer of deeds’ (Iliad 9. 443). When Odysseus and Menelaos visited Troy to argue for the return of Helen, they found an audience which could appreciate their oratory (Iliad 3. 204–24). The three envoys sent to Achilles in the ninth book of the Iliad each deliver a speech to him in turn, to receive a speech in reply.
Romanized Greeks and Hellenized Romans: Later Greek literature
Authors: Lightfoot Jane L
Published: November 2023

Kallimachos knew a story about Gaius the Roman, which he included in his Causes. Gaius was the hero of a battle against the Peucetii, who were besieging the city of Rome. But he was wounded in the battle, and the wound gave him a limp. His mother was as unsympathetic as Roman matrons of the old school always were. She just told him to stop complaining (fr. 107 Pfeiffer).
Introduction
Authors: Barrier Michael
Published: November 2023

Walter Kerr, in The Silent Clowns, refers to silent comedy-the films of Buster Keaton, Charlie Chaplin, Harold Lloyd, and their lesser contemporaries-as a “fantasy of fact”: the camera confirms the reality of what is happening, but the special properties of silent film-silence itself, and a slight acceleration that weakens gravity ‘s pull-transform that fact into fantasy. With animated cartoons, very nearly the reverse happened. In silent cartoons, fantasy in the form of blatant impossibilities was the stock in trade, so that, for example, Felix the Cat could detach his tail and use it as anything from a spyglass to a grappling hook. What was missing was a foundation in fact that would permit audiences, with a single suspension of disbelief, to accept the reality of what was happening in the cartoon they were watching. Even the most distinctive characters in silent cartoons were like playing cards in a magician ‘s trick; they made no claim on the imagination outside the bits of cleverness in which they were used.
Disney,1930-1933
Authors: Barrier Michael
Published: November 2023

On 17 January 1930, Walt Disney, his wife, and his attorney, Gunther Lessing, caught a train to New York, on the way to a showdown with Pat Powers.1 Walt and Roy Disney apparently suspected that Powers was not accounting honestly for their share of the profits; for his part, Powers refused to open his books until the Disneys signed a distribution contract stronger than the simple letter agreements they had signed in 1928 and 1929. The match had never been a good one: even as the popularity of the Disney cartoons grew, Powers told Roy Disney that Walt should scale back his negative costs, rather than increase them.
Disney,1938-1941
Authors: Barrier Michael
Published: November 2023

Walt Disney chose for his second and third features two stories that were strikingly different from the Grimms ‘ “Snow-White.” The Grimms provided him with a simple and serviceable plot but no characters to speak of; moreover, the version of the story in the Grimms ‘ book was only one of many variations. The Adventures of Pinocchio: The of a Puppet had only the loosest sort of plot, but it was far more fixed, as a literary entity, than “Snow-White.” The story, by Carlo Lorenzini, writing under the name C. Collodi, appeared as a book in Italy in 1883. It had first been published as “The Tole of a Puppet” in weekly installments in a children ‘s publication, and it had the episodic structure that periodical publication invited. Collodi ‘s Pinocchio is like a picaresque novel for children, with a rogue-hero-Pinocchio, the puppet brought to life in the book ‘s opening pages-whose misbehavior leads him from one fantastic adventure to another. For Disney ‘s purposes, Collodi ‘s impudent protagonist was, in contrast to the characters in “Snow White,” all too distinct. “One difficulty in Pinocchio,” as Disney said on 3 December 1937, in one of his first meetings with the film ‘s writers, “is that people know the story, but they don ‘t like the character.” Although the book ‘s Pinocchio suffers spasms of regret, he often repels sympathy-and his inhuman qualities are, in fact, central to what little structure the story has: it is by subduing his weaknesses that he earns his transformation into a real boy.
MGM,1939-1952
Authors: Barrier Michael
Published: November 2023

When Bill Hanna and Joe Barbera began making cartoons together, it was at Fred Quimby ‘s instigation. Hanna said that Quimby asked him and Barbera “to develop a cartoon” because Hugh Harman and Rudy Ising “were not able, physically, to turn out as many cartoons per year as MGM wanted.”1 It was probably Friz Freleng ‘s departure from the MGM studio in April 1939 that triggered Quimby ‘s interest in finding someone to make more cartoons. Hanna was the obvious candidate. From the time he was directing Captain and the Kids cartoons in 1937 and 1938, his diplomatic skills apparently served him just as well in his dealings with Quimby as they did while he was handing out work to his animators. In contrast to many of his colleagues-Barbera among them-Hanna had no criticism of Quimby: “My feeling with him was that he wanted us to make good cartoons We ‘d give him a paragraph [summarizing an idea for a cartoon], and he ‘d say fine, go ahead. He never turned down an idea.”
The Reign of Theory: Experts Say; Experts Do
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale
Published: November 2023

Modern professionals present theory, along with objectivity and rationality, as their most important calling cards. The reign of theory is another key chapter in professionalism’s official story. It plays its own role in the cognitive and political construction of experts as a class. Knowledge of Nuts and Bolts: The Craft Paradigm Until this century, the prevailing economic knowledge base in Western capitalism was the craft-not the professional-paradigm. Even today, with their secular and rationally utilitarian skills, craft workers are experts without whom the economy would collapse.
Mandarin Capitalism
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale
Published: November 2023

Owning knowledge does not, in itself, make professionals a privileged class, just as owning capital did not automatically allow the robber barons to dominate in nineteenth-century America. Industrialists converted their ownership of capital into power: workers bowed to their commands, and politicians courted their favor. Professionals, too, have power-a power with its own historical and legal foundation, distinct from and potentially competitive with capital’s.
New Mandarins or New Proletariat? Professional Power at Work
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale
Published: November 2023

Some observers view professionals as the new mandarins of the workplace. Eliot Freidson writes of “professional dominance” in medicine, law, and education.1 Both Daniel Bell and John Kenneth Galbraith argue that professionals inexorably accrue power as scientific and other professional knowledge grow in importance.2 If they are correct, this doctor would speak for most professionals: “We run our show here. We set this place up to run medicine our own way.”
Dreams and Divination in Magical Ritual
Authors: Eitrem Samson
Published: November 2023

When he died at age ninety-three on July 8, 1966, Samson Eitrem, professor emeritus of classical philology at Oslo University, left an unfinished manuscript of over seven hundred pages entitled Magie und Mantik der Griechen und Romer, written for the renowned Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft. Its intention was to give an exhaustive treatment of both magic and divination, topics that Martin P. Nilsson, Eitrem’s contemporary (1874-1967), had touched upon in much shorter form in his Geschichte der griechischen Religion in the same Handbuch (3d ed., vol. 1 [1967]; 2d ed., vol. 2 [1961]). Eitrem was ideally suited for this task. Being a general classical philologist with an interest in, and knowledge of, archaeology as well, his scholarly activities were concerned especially with two fields: papyrology and the history of religion. The first manifested itself already in his first publication, an article on Bacchylides in the Oslo newspaper Morgenbladet in 1898 (a year after Kenyon had published his fundamental edition of the fragments); the second flourished early in the still-valuable monograph Opferriten und Voropfer der Griechen und Romer of 1915. The two fields merged in the study of ancient magic. From a trip to Egypt in 1920, Eitrem had brought back several papyri, among them magical ones, purchased from his own funds and donated to the Oslo University Library. After a thorough study of the major extant magical papyri in Paris, Berlin, and London, which yielded new readings and interpretations (1923), Eitrem edited the four Oslo magical papyri with translation and commentary (1925 and again for Preisendanz’ Papyri Graecae Magicae, to which Eitrem was recruited as a collaborator shortly after World War I).
Euripides Suppliant Women
Authors: Warren Rosanna , Scully Stephen
Published: November 2023

Already tested in performance on the stage, this translation shows for the first time in English the striking interplay of voices in Euripides’ Suppliant Women. Torn between the mothers’ lament over the dead and proud civic eulogy, between calls for a just war and grief for the fallen, the play captures with unremitting force the competing poles of the human psyche. The translators, Rosanna Warren and Stephen Scully, extenuate the contrasting tonalities in counterpoint of female lament and male reasoned discourse in this play where the silent dead hold, finally, centre stage.
Introduction
Authors: Warren Rosanna , Scully Stephen
Published: November 2023

The story behind Euripides’ Suppliant H-vmen calls to mind global politics: a small and vulnerable country appeals to a major power to defend it against the barbarism of a tyrannical neighboring state. The Suppliant Women, which recalls a mythical event in Athenian prehistory, and one which gave the Athenians of the fifth and fourth centuries great pride, is just such a tale of three cities. In it, a helpless Argos, unable to recover her war dead fallen before the gates of Thebes, appeals to Athens for help. Driven by its defense of Greek religious law that all Hellenes, regardless of their sins, deserve burial, Athens agrees to intervene against Thebes on behalf of the dead. These disputed dead occupy the moral center of the play and, far from silent, will by the end of the drama even appear on stage.
Supplicant Women
Authors: Warren Rosanna , Scully Stephen
Published: November 2023

Line numbers in the right-hand margin of the text refer to the English translation only, and references to the text in the notes at p. 65 are keyed to these lines unless otherwise specified. The bracketed line numbers in the running head lines refer to the Greek text. In the left-hand margin, “STR” refers to strophe and “ANT” to antistrophe, with no abbreviation for epode. The scene is Demeter’s temple at Eleusis, where Aithra has come to celebrate the Proerosia, an annual ritual held in late October where preliminary sacrifices are offered up for the land’s tillage. In the orchestra, wearing ceremonial white, Aitllfa sits at an altar to Demeter and Kore and burns cake offerings. Demeter’s priests stand in the background; the whole ensemble is surrounded by a chorus of women in black mourning clothes, holding suppliant boughs. On the stage, the sons of the Dead surround Adrastos, who lies prostrate in front of the temple doors.
Slavery and Abolition in the Revolutionary Era
Authors: Nash Gary B , Soderlund Jean R
Published: November 2023

In 1767, when eastern Pennsylvania was emerging from the economic doldrums that followed the withdrawal of British forces fighting in America during the Seven Years’ War, slaveowners held captive about 1500 Africans in Philadelphia and another 4000 in rural Pennsylvania. At the same time Philadelphia Yearly Meeting took steps against slavery and the trade and a few Friends manumitted blacks, slave importations had reached an all-time high in the years from 1757 to 1766, when about 1300 slaves, most of them fresh from Africa, marched off slave ships onto the Delaware docks. Slave trading merchants held slave auctions regularly in the city, and Philadelphians became accustomed to watching slave coffles, with blacks chained to each other, filing into the countryside to be sold. Slaveowners frequently advertised their human property for sale in the Philadelphia newspapers; and only a small number of blacks had gained their freedom in the Delaware port town or its hinterland.
Dismantling Slavery: Institutions
Authors: Nash Gary B , Soderlund Jean R
Published: November 2023

Although Pennsylvanians who were not members of the Society of Friends had proved remarkably impervious to the Revolutionary rhetoric of natural rights, as well as to the humanitarian appeals of Quakers to cleanse the new republic from the sin of bondage, they changed remarkably in the decade after hostilities with Great Britain ceased. On two levels—one institutional and the other personal—a new commitment to withdrawing from the system of compelled labor emerged that set Pennsylvania off from neighboring states. In this chapter we analyze how the state’s leaders, in the legislature and in organizations such as the Pennsylvania Abolition Society and the Society of Friends, groped for ways to excise slavery from the body politic. In the next chapter we examine how individuals, slaves as well as slaveowners, extricated themselves from the roles of victim and oppressor in the business of human bondage.
Dismantling Slavery: People
Authors: Nash Gary B , Soderlund Jean R
Published: November 2023

As Pennsylvanians took part in fashioning a new nation, they ordained, through their legislators, that slavery would have no long-term existence in their state. The gradual abolition act of 1780 was a cautious document that protected the property rights of slaveholders and freed no slaves. But by prohibiting all slave importation and consigning children to servitude rather than perpetual slavery, the law and its amendments mandated that the institution would cease to expand and eventually expire. With this act the legislature implicitly adopted the abolitionist message that slavery was sin. The cancer of slavery, threatening the moral life of the body politic, would slowly atrophy rather than grow. In the heat of Revolution, the state took steps against slavery similar to those Philadelphia Yearly Meeting had taken during its reformation in the 1750s, when Friends first declared slavery unrighteous in the Epistle of Caution and Advice of 1754 and then forbade members from importing or buying blacks in 1758.
Revolution and the Abolition of Northern Slavery
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E
Published: November 2023

It was clear to African Americans that the liberty most white Americans spoke of was intended only for whites, yet they did not accept this limitation willingly. Instead they reminded the patriots that they too sought liberty. In 1773 and 1774 a committee of slaves, organized to secure freedom for slaves in Massachusetts, sent a number of petitions to Governor Hutchinson and the general court. In straightforward language and with a certain irony they asserted, “We expect great things from men who have made such a noble stand against the designs of their fellow men to enslave them.” Referring to themselves as Africans, the petitioners asked that slaves be allowed one day a week to work for themselves in order to accumulate enough money to purchase their freedom. Once free, the petitioners anticipated that blacks would return to Africa to enjoy their independence.

When colonial authorities refused to act on these suggestions, other petitions were sent. One in June 1773 was sent “in behalf of all those who by divine permission are held in a state of slavery within the bowels of a free country.” A year later there was another communication sent to the new colonial governor Thomas Gage from those held as slaves in “a free and christian country.” This petition dated May 25, 1774 declared the natural rights of freedom and the love of liberty to be held by blacks “in common with all other men.”
A Life in Freedom: The Evolution of Family and Household
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E
Published: November 2023

Twenty-year-old Cato Howe was a slave when he entered military service in the spring of 1775. He was released from bondage in return for three years service in the Continental army, but he was twenty eight. His wife Althea was already thirty-six by the time he was mustered out. Wartime inflation meant prices were still high when Howe and his comrades returned from the war to the farms, and they hoped that good prices for their produce would bring them prosperity in their newly won freedom. But the postwar depression which began in 1784 kept farm prices low for the next five years, making life difficult for the illiterate ex slave and his wife. Their troubles were exacerbated by the rheumatism that developed from Howe’s war wounds and that often made it hard for him to work around the farm.

The Howes lived in a small settlement that developed on mainly wooded land which had formerly included the common sheep’s pasture land of Plymouth, Massachusetts. They settled there with three other black Revolutionary War veterans, Plato Turner, Quamony Quash, and Prince Goodwin and their families. The area was known by various names over the years, among them New Guinea and Parting Ways. The first available record of their settlement dates from 1779, when Plato Turner bought a house there at the crossroads on the border between Plymouth and Kingston.
Ambivalent Identity: Colonization and the Question of Emigration
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E
Published: November 2023

Paul Cuffe, sailor, captain, shipowner, and businessman from Westport, Massachusetts, acknowledged many professional and personal identities. He was American Indian through his mother’s heritage, African through his father’s heritage, and American by birth. He maintained his personal allegiances throughout his life, emphasizing each identity at one point or another but never abandoning any. Soon after Massachusetts abolished slavery he joined with other African Americans and successfully petitioned the Commonwealth for black political rights. They claimed taxation without representation and acquired the vote, that basic man hood right of citizenship. His role in this campaign established Cuffe’s identity within the state.

The American identity that many blacks like Cuffe asserted was a complex one since Africa and different Americas called on their loyalties. African Americans took the rhetoric and the spirit of the Revolution and the assumptions of republicanism seriously. They were drawn to America as a symbol of freedom and equality and ready to give it their loyalty, but they were realistic about the ways in which the nation fell short of that symbol.
Translator’s Foreword Screaming in Translation
Authors: Carson Anne , Shaw Michael
Published: November 2023

A translator is someone trying to get in between a body and its shadow. Translating is a task of imitation that faces in two directions at once, for it must line itself up with the solid body of the original text and at the same time with the shadow of that text where it falls across another language. Shadows fall and move. The following paper, based on my own attempts to render the Greek text of Sophocles’ Electra into English, will indicate some of the moving shadows cast by this unusual and difficult play and describe how they have proven problematic for its translation into readable verse and performable drama.
Electra
Authors: Carson Anne , Shaw Michael
Published: November 2023

You are his son! Your father marshaled the armies at Troy once - child of Agamemnon: look around you now. Here is the land you were longing to see all that time. Ancient Argos. You dreamed of this place. The grove of lo, where the gadfly drove her. Look, Orestes. There is the marketplace named for Apollo, wolfkiller god.
Introduction
Authors: Barnett Victoria
Published: November 2023

IN MAY 1945, a convoy of eight privately owned cars left the city of Breslau for Hannover, 550 kilometers to the northwest. The cars, driven by German Red Cross workers, were filled with cartons of Red Cross records and whatever personal belongings could be fit in. Like thousands of Germans in the spring and early summer of 1945, the workers were fleeing the Soviet army.’ In the early days after World War II, such journeys often were made on foot. Refugees piled wheelbarrows with clothes, dishes, and family valuables; children perched on top of these possessions or were carried. When the refugees spotted soldiers or military vehicles, they hid in deserted farmhouses, bushes, or the woods. Tales had spread of Russian soldiers summarily executing any German suspected of being a Nazi, of soldiers gang-raping German women and girls, and of their stealing watches, jewelry, and whatever treasures the refugees had. Centuries of enmity between the Germans and the peoples of Eastern Europe had hardened into hatred after the German army marched east in 1939, committing the very atrocities that German refugees now feared at the hands of Russian soldiers.
Selected Topicsfrom the History of Semiconductor Physics and Its Applications
Authors: Braun Ernest
Published: November 2023

So vast is the field of semiconductor physics and so great the variety of semiconductor devices that the restricted treatment of this chapter has to be emphasized even at its beginning and in its cumbersome title. To treat the history of semiconductors with anything resembling completeness would exceed all reasonable bounds of a single chapter in this volume. A severe selection had to be made, and this was determined by many considerations. First was the requirement to show the emergence of a basic body of knowledge that could be identified as semiconductor physics. Second was the attempt to show the relationship between semiconductor physics and the most significant technological devices and innovations associated with semiconductors. The dominance of early semiconductor materials over later ones is a historical necessity and will, hopefully, point the way toward a sequel to this volume. Finally, the choice of episodes was, to some extent, determined by availability of material and by personal choice, knowledge, and interest.
The Solid Community
Authors: Weart Spencerr
Published: November 2023

In 1930 solid-state physics did not exist. The very term was unknown, nor was there any intellectual or social entity to which the term could have applied. Certainly there flourished a number of specialties, such as the electron theory of metals and experimental studies of magnetic alloys, which would eventually fall within the field of solid-state physics, but there was no field as a whole, no sense that the physicists who studied solids should be distinguished as a group from those who studied gases, radioactivity, or whatever. By 1960 the situation had entirely changed. The term “solid-state physics” not only was familiar but could be attached to a number of institutions: university chairs, conferences, journals, research groups, funding mechanisms, even buildings entirely devoted to the subject. These institutions were knit together in a worldwide solid-state physics community. Like a mirror, this social entity reflected an intellectual entity, the study of the physics of solids. This chapter asks how social coherence came about, and what some of the deeper intellectual corollaries were.
The Protessionalization of Applied Economics: German Counterparts to Business Administration
Authors: Lindenfeld David f.
Published: November 2023

The subject of business as an occupation rarely enters into scholarly discussions of the professions. Reasons for this exclusion are easy to discover: The profit orientation of business appears to be poorly matched with the service ideal of the traditional professions. Yet sociologists have not always been comfortable with a simple dichotomy between the two types. One of Talcott Parsons’s major points in his seminal article of 1939 was to question the division between “egotism” and “altruism” as a basis for distinguishing such roles.
The Professionalization of Psychotherapy in Germany, 1928-1949
Authors: Cocks Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

On October 23, 1942, a letter from the office for science in Alfred Rosenberg’s Nazi party organization for the oversight of doctrine was sent to the party chancellery in Munich concerning the deputy director, Johannes Heinrich Schultz, of the German Institute for Psychological Research and Psychotherapy in Berlin. The letter from Rosenberg’s office said that there was no objection to Schultz giving lectures on psychotherapy since he was a noted psychotherapist and displayed no political, philosophical, or personal blemishes.
Mechanisms of Conventional and High Tc Superconductivity
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z , Morawitz Hans , Wolf Stuart A
Published: November 2023

Superconductivity has become one of the most intensely studied physical phenomena of our times, with tremendous potential to revolutionize fields as diverse as computing and transportation. This book describes the methods, established results, and recent advances in the field. The goal is to present recently developed theoretical models in light of the long-sought aim of achieving the effect at very high temperatures. The book includes a detailed review of various mechanisms, including phononic, magnetic, and electronic models. The authors focus on the phenomenon of induced superconductivity in the high-temperature oxides, particularly the high-transition-temperature cuprates. They also discuss a variety of low-temperature superconducting systems in conventional materials and organics. The book links the crucial experiments with the most current theories, offering a unified description of the phenomenon. All researchers (and graduate-level) students involved with work in superconductivity will find this an invaluable resource, including solid-state and condensed-matter physicists and chemists, and materials scientists.
The Science of Doing Good
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

benjamin franklin combined ideas and accomplishments as effective revolutionaries customarily have, but he adopted a distinctively American ideal of active individuals and passive government. “From a Child I was fond of Reading,” he wrote in his memoirs, “and all the little Money that came into my Hands was ever laid out in Books.” In his father ‘s library he found “a Book of Defoe ‘s called an Essay on Projects and another of Dr. Mather ‘s call ‘d Essays to do Good, which perhaps gave me a Turn of Thinking that had an Influence on some of the principal future Events of my Life.” Franklin was impressed by the community-minded approaches to injustice and suffering the two books described.
Defending the Democrats
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

Amid The Aftershocks Of The American And French Revolutions, little about the idea of democracy seemed entirely secure. The public good would be served in an antagonistic fashion, classical republicans had reasoned, if the people periodically arose to make probity prevail among public officials. The idea of enlightenment republicanism, however, was that the people would be more than an occasional check on a governing class, that, in fact, a large measure of equality and popular participation was possible and beneficial as long as citizens were responsible, discerning students of public affairs.
“Wild Cards and Innovations”
Authors: Schulman Bruce J
Published: November 2023

“In poker,” recalled Houston magnate Jesse H. Jones in his reminiscence of the Roosevelt administration, “the President preferred wild cards and innovations to the kind of straight five-card draw poker most Texans were raised on.” As the New Deal entered its second term, Jones and his fellow southern leaders, in the Congress and in the boardrooms and state houses of the South, were to discover that the President’s taste for “wild cards and innovations” ran to politics and policy as well as poker. Over the next three years, the Roosevelt administration, in league with an influential faction of liberal southerners, would abandon its powerful southern allies and embark on an effort to transform the Democratic party and reform the southern economy.
The Visible Poor
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

The homeless as a group represent a menace, not only because of the high crime rate which exists among them, but also because of their psychological impact on those brought into contact with them. DENNIS MITCHEM, i:hairman of the Phoenix, Arizona Downtown Crime Task Force The morning rush hour. A homeless man stands, hand outstretched to passers-by, on the curb across from the construction site of a downtown office building. His clothes are torn. His hair, which was parted in the middle when he last combed it several days ago, now hangs limply over his forehead. This is his spot. For over a month, he has been there nearly every morning.
Who Are the Homeless?
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

Who are the homeless? It is not easy lo say. Faced with the problem of describing a mobile and diverse population, researchers have employed a variety of techniques to help them obtain an accurate portrait. They have counted people in shelters, estimated the size of the population on the street, and tried to enumerate the homeless in the 1990 census.’ Studies of the population have become one of the more prestigious forms of social research. Yet despite their increasing sophistication, agreement among these studies has been spotty, and consensus has been reached about just a few demographic trenps.
The Homeless Mentally Ill
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

Jails to plan ahead, or is impulsive, as indicated by one or both of the following: a) traveling from place to place without a prearranged job or clear goal for the period of travel or clear idea about when the travel will terminate; b) lack of a fixed address for a month or more.
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Joy D C , Goldstein J I
Published: November 2023

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments available for the examination and analysis of the microstructural characteristics of solid objects. The primary reason for the SEM’s usefulness is the high resolution that can be obtained when bulk objects are examined; values as good as 1 nm (10 A) are now quoted for commercial instruments. This resolution approaches the bonding distance of atoms and results in photographs with useful detail at magnifications in excess of 100,000X. Such magnifications lie in the range normally achieved with the transmission electron microscope (TEM) (see Chapter 5). For example, Figure 2.1 shows gold-palladium particles evaporated on carbon taken with a field-emission instrument at an original magnification of 300,000x (300kx) and an electron beam voltage of 30,000 V (30 kV).
Literacy and Paideia In Ancient Greece
Authors: Robb Kevin
Published: November 2023

This book examines the progress of literacy in ancient Greece from its origins in the eighth century to the fourth century, when the major cultural institutions of Athens became totally dependent on alphabetic literacy. By introducing new evidence and re-evaluating the older evidence, Robb demonstrates that early Greek literacy can be understood only in terms of the rich oral culture that immediately preceded it, one that was dominated by the oral performance of epical verse, or “Homer.” Only gradually did literate practices supersede oral habits and the oral way of life, forging alliances which now seem both bizarre and fascinating, but which were eminently successful, contributing to the “miracle” of Greece.
Introduction
Authors: Robb Kevin
Published: November 2023

Just a few decades ago, a book on a topic of early Greek orality and literacy may not have found a major publisher. The contrast with 1988, when my writing accelerated in earnest, is stark. A dozen major books, as well as more articles than can now be easily counted, had appeared in as many years, all dealing with orality and literacy in early Greece or with some of their ramifications. Thirty years earlier, in 1958, how many historians would have considered advancing literacy an important ingredient for understanding the origins and uniqueness of Hellenism, and one with instructive applications to our own time? It is true that recovery of the oral dimension in archaic Greek life, which had begun to come to light with the publications of Milman Parry in the 1930s, was well under way by 1958. Parry’s work, nearly all of it published between 1928 and 1938, was the first real impetus.
From Oral Epic to Written Laws
Authors: Robb Kevin
Published: November 2023

Michael Gagarin has suggested that the famous shield of Achilles scene from the Iliad is our strongest single text proving that there were established procedures for settling disputes in oral Greece.1 He designates this period—so consistently portrayed in Homer and Hesiod—as “protolegal” because, whereas legal procedures are manifestly in place, a body of oral “law” is not. In this, it seems to me, he is correct..
Advancing Literacy and Traditional Greek Paideia: Mousike and Sunousia
Authors: Robb Kevin
Published: November 2023

Embedded in the argument of the last chapter was an important lesson for the historian of literacy. Evidence for advancing literacy is one thing. Quite another is specific evidence for how a society, as it goes about replacing long-alliance oral habits and practices, puts the technology of an alphabet to use. This lesson will prove instructive as we look next at the way in which the traditional mecha­ nisms of Greek oral paideia gradually forged an alliance with the alphabet and then grew dependent on it. We shall attempt to answer Plato’s own question in the Republic.
Conclusion: The Progress of Greek Literacy and Paideia
Authors: Robb Kevin
Published: November 2023

Obviously those who wish to maintain that our present Iliad and Odyssey were written, approximately as they stand, by one great poet in the eleventh century [Murray wrote in 1907; today he would happily lower the date to “the eighth century,” and consider it progress] cannot possibly admit that the text was still in a very fluid state so late as the third century. The position of Ludwich, for instance, is that roughly speaking our present vulgate was in existence as an authoritative text from the very earliest ages, and passed unscathed through the illiterate centuries of early Greece, through the creative ferment of the fifth century, through the chaos of the pre-Zenodotean texts, and lastly through the fires of Alexandrine criticism, always unmentioned but universally recognized, to emerge in triumph in our post-Christian Mss.
Epilogue: A Linguistic and Historical Analysis of the Invention of the Greek Alphabet
Authors: Robb Kevin
Published: November 2023

In a series of earlier publications I defended the view that the first complete or true alphabet was the Greek alphabet. I also argued that what called it into existence was the desire to record on durable substances a few hexameters that were felt to be appropriate to occasions of eighth-century oral life. Earlier Wade-Gery had made a related suggestion, and recently Barry Powell has taken up and defended the theory that the alphabet was invented to record poetry, citing Wade-Gery and Robb as his earliest predecessors.
Four Motifs: A Preliminary Survey
Authors: Hunsinger George
Published: November 2023

Often referred to as the greatest theologian of the twentieth century, Karl Barth has achieved the dubious distinction of being habitually honored but not much read. Although many reasons might be found to explain this, surely one of them is that reading Karl Barth can be a discouraging experience. What reader of the Church Dogmatics has not gotten bogged down in one of those long, complicated, and seemingly interminable sentences? At such times Barth’s writing may seem reminiscent of a famous quip by Mark Twain. The German sentence, Twain declared, is like a dog that jumps into the Atlantic Ocean, swims all the way across to the other side, and climbs out at the end with a verb in his mouth! Yet long sentences are not the only problem.
Truth as Encounter
Authors: Hunsinger George
Published: November 2023

Personalism, the sixth and last motif, signifies that in Barth’s theology truth is ultimately a matter of encounter. Truth is not something neutral but something self-involving, and so is apprehended not by a solitary intellect, but by the whole person in fellowship with God. The mediation of truth in Jesus Christ-the truth of God’s identity and also of human kind’s identity in him-does not remain merely objective (though it never ceases to be objective). It encounters men and women at the core of their beings, Barth argues, liberating them from being closed in upon themselves. They thereby come to recognize the truth of their being in Jesus Christ, to participate actively in that truth, and to serve it as witnesses here and now.
Contradictory Yet Complementary: The Dichotomy between Practice and Intellect
Authors: Halivni David Weiss
Published: November 2023

One may be tempted to deduce from the thesis of a historically developing exegesis-the underlying theme of this essay-that Jewish normative law, which derives from exegesis of the Bible, must also change. If exegesis is time bound, so should behavior be subject to the vicissitudes of time. Each generation should have its own halakha as it has its own mode of interpretation.
The Salafis and the Arabists
Authors: Commins David Dean
Published: November 2023

The salafis’ incorporation of reason and progress into a scripturalist interpretation of Islam set them apart from their ulama colleagues, who rejected the reformers’ ideas and persecuted them. But the salafis did find an audience receptive to their teaching in another quarter: the rising generation of secondary school graduates who became some of the first Arabists. The central figure in the salafi-Arabist relationship was Tahir al-Jaza’in, who besides espousing salafism figured prominently in movements for political and educational reform. Jaza’in’s story raises the possibility that the Young Ottomans influenced the reform movement in Damascus through his contacts with Ottoman reformers. The "senior circle," which formed around him in the early 1890s, embodied cooperation between Arabs and Turks who favored political reforms.
Salafis and Arabists in Politics, 1908-1914
Authors: Commins David Dean
Published: November 2023

The constitutional restoration of 1908 heralded a new age of politics in the Ottoman Empire. Syrians witnessed a period of greater press freedom than before, the emergence of political parties contesting general and local elections, and the rise to influence of social groups hitherto excluded from political participation.1 The salafis celebrated the new political order in the belief that it signaled the triumph of the forces of reform and progress, but they soon learned that their opponents would not relinquish power without a fight.
Issues And Arguments in the Debate over Private Prisons
Authors: Logan Charles H
Published: November 2023

This chapter gives a concise overview of arguments on both sides of the controversy over private prisons. It identifies the issues and lists in summary form a series of claims and counterclaims that will be examined in detail in the remainder of the book. The chapter is intended as a reference tool; many readers may prefer to skim through it and proceed quickly to the more complete discussions of each issue that begin with the next chapter. However, readers who want to see a conceptual framework defining and organizing the issues, and a comprehensive but condensed guide to arguments on both sides of each issue, will find that here.
Issues of Quantity
Authors: Logan Charles H
Published: November 2023

Many of the people who are opposed to private prisons take this stance because they are opposed to prisons generally. They fear that cheaper and more efficient prisons will mean more imprisonment. Few of these critics object to the privately administered, profit-making community correctional programs which serve as alternatives to prison. Rather, they are concerned that private prisons will distract attention from these and other alternatives. It is ACLU policy that “new prison or jail capacity should be increased only after existing unconstitutional conditions have been remedied, if ever.” Moreover, capacity should not be expanded until all alternatives to imprisonment have been exhausted.
Issues of Accountability and Monitoring
Authors: Logan Charles H
Published: November 2023

Critics claim that contracting reduces accountability because private actors are insulated from the public and not subject to the same political controls as are government actors. Also, the critics charge, contracting diffuses responsibility; government and private actors can each blame the other when something goes wrong. Further, contracting may encourage the government to neglect or avoid its ultimate responsibility for prisons; supervision may slacken. This chapter will focus on the issues of accountability and monitoring as they apply to both public and private prisons. The first step is to recognize that accountability can take many different forms.
Issues of Corruption
Authors: Logan Charles H
Published: November 2023

Wherever large sums of money and great discretionary power come together, especially if accountability and control are weak, there will be a risk of corruption. Corruption has been a problem in prison contracting historically and it is a problem in other types of government contracting today. It is therefore quite reasonable to be concerned about the possibility of corruption in correctional privatization.
Issues of Dependence
Authors: Logan Charles H
Published: November 2023

Critics worry that some vendors will obtain contracts by “lowballing,”that is, they will make unrealistically low bids. After the contract goes into effect, the government will gradually lose much of its capacity to resume the operation itself, and high capitalization costs will prevent new competitors from entering the field. Once the government becomes dependent on a contractor, that contractor will be free to jack up prices. Worse, the contractor may go bankrupt, leaving the government without any correctional capacity. Worst of all, contracting may devolve into exclusive franchises that simply replace public monopolies with private monopolies.
Buddha in the Crown
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: November 2023

This book offers a case study in religious and cultural change. Sri Lanka is the home of one of Asia’s most pluralistic religious cultures; four major religions - Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity - have found a permanent home within its boundaries. This makes it an ideal laboratory for the study of how religious traditions mix. John Holt here examines the career of a single deity, who began as the Indian Mahayana Buddhist bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara, was assimilated to the indigenous Sinhala god N ātha, and ultimately became identified with the bodhisattva Maitreya - the next Buddha of the future, expected by virtually all Buddhist traditions of Asia.
The Politics of Deification in Medieval Sri Lanka: Avalokite ś vara Becomes Nātha D ē viy ō
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: November 2023

Iconographic and epigraphic evidence indicates the cultic presence of Ava lokite ś vara from the seventh through the tenth centuries A.D. in Sri Lanka, but the Mah ā y ā na bodhisattva was not incorporated into the Sinhala Buddhist sociopolitical cosmos until the fourteenth century.
Conclusion: Maitreya-in-the-Making
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: November 2023

Within the context of the contemporary yet traditional Sinhala Buddhist world of up-country Kandyan villages where N ā tha d  ē v  ā layas can still be found, N ā tha remains a focus of cultic life and a potential source of laukika assistance. Yet, even within these villages, he is not understood as a deity, such as Kataragama D ēviy ō, with the propensity to act dramatically, passionately, or frequently for his devotees.
Freedom Summer
Authors: McAdam Doug
Published: November 2023

In June 1964, over 1,000 volunteers - most of them white, northern college students - arrived in Mississippi to campaign for black enfranchisement and teach at ‘freedom schools’ as part of the Freedom Summer campaign organized by the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. Within 10 days, three were murdered; by summer’s end, another had died and hundreds more had endured bombings, beatings, and arrests. This is the first book to gauge the impact of Freedom Summer on the project volunteers and the period we now call the ‘turbulent 60s’.
Who Wants What?
Authors: Cornell Stephen
Published: November 2023

A favorite-if occasionally rhetorical-question on the part of legislators and administrators dealing with Native American issues is an often plaintive “What do the Indians want?” The question reveals not only frustration but also the obstinate view that Indians are a largely undifferentiated population with a single set of shared interests. This view conforms to recent American political culture, which tends to assume the primacy of ethnic or racial boundaries: if you are Black, your interests must be such-and-such; if you are Jewish, they must be this or that. Yet despite the consolidational processes traced in preceding chapters, despite nearly four centuries of Indian-White interaction, the Native American population remains extraordinarily diverse.
Old Wars, New Weapons
Authors: Cornell Stephen
Published: November 2023

He was talking about political resources: group assets that can be invested in political action and thereby enhance the political capacity of the group. At the start of the twentieth century, the Indian resource situation was grim indeed. Poor, few in number, organizationally crippled, with little in the way of bargaining chips, most Native Americans lacked the resources necessary to sustain political activity within the dominant society. Since the Indian New Deal, however, and particularly in the last few decades, there has been a marked increase in Indian political resources and, therefore, in Indian capacities for political action.
The Emergence of the Movement
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne
Published: November 2023

When it began in the 1960s, the movement to legalize abortion “was just a brave tiny army.” There were no large national organizations with professional staffs advocating legal abortion. Nevertheless, a movement did take shape and in 1973 abortion became legal throughout the United States. How did this social movement emerge, and what did it look like before Roe v. Wade?An “insider” model of social movements would predict that the movement arose from within established institutions, with support from elites, or that professional movement organizers engineered the movement. After legalization of abortion, as we shall see, the movement did indeed develop professional leader ship and formalized organizational structures, which played a major role in maintaining the pro-choice movement. But before Roe v. Wade, the movement relied much more on the challenging groups of the 1960s, including the women’s movement, than on the world of established interest groups.