bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ab initio lattice relaxation and compensation mechanism for the lightly fluorine doped PbWO4
Authors: Tao Kun , Zhang Qiren , Liu Tingyu , Zhang Feiwu
Published: August 2005

The lattice structure of lightly F–‐doped PbWO4 (F–:PWO) crystal is optimized within the framework of density functional theory. The lattice relaxation results demonstrate that the F– ion and two longer‐bond O2– ions shift towards VPb2–, while other O2– ions and cations Pb2+ and W6+ shift outwards. By analyzing the electronic structure of lightly F–:PWO crystals, the role of the F– in F–:PWO is revealed and it can also be concluded that the two longer‐bond O2– could share a hole forming a diatomic molecular ion O23–. Thus the VPb2– is completely compensated by a F– ion and a diatomic molecular ion O23–. Thus the doping of the F– ion could effectively restrict the formation of [O23––VPb–O23–] and weaken the 420 nm absorption band and improve the scintillation property of the PWO. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exactly solvable combined potentials and their isospectral partners from SUSY
Authors: Peña J. J. , Romero‐Romo M. A. , Morales J. , López‐Bonilla J. L.
Published: August 2005

In some quantum chemical applications, the potential models are linear combination of single exactly solvable potentials. This is the case, for example, of the equivalent of the Stark effect for a charged harmonic oscillator (HO) in a constant electric field or an HO in an external dipole field. The same occurs with some molecular systems where the determination of the vibrational spectra remains essentially as a numerical task; the Morse and Hulthén potentials are convenient models for the potential energy of a diatomic molecule. In this work, the supersymmetry (SUSY) and shape invariance methods used to determine exactly solvable potentials are extended to obtain, in a closed form, the eigenvalues of exactly solvable combined potentials, as well as their isospectral or generalized partner potentials. Essentially, the proposal is based on the existence of the Witten superpotential [W(x)] associated with single exactly solvable potentials to find the Witten superpotential for the combined potential under study. For instance, the assumption of twoW(x) allows to obtain an exactly solvable combined potential which is given by a linear combination between the former potentials plus a term resulting from the product of the two singleW(x). The corresponding generalized partner potentials comes from the involved Riccati equation when the resulting Witten superpotential for the combined potential is taken as a specific solution. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Compartmental modeling and identifiability analysis in photophysics: Review
Authors: Boens Noël , Ameloot Marcel
Published: August 2005

The main objective of this review is to show how the concepts of compartmental modeling can be introduced and applied in photophysics. The term “compartment” in a photophysical context is defined as a subsystem composed of a distinct type of species that acts kinetically in a unique way. Compartments can be divided into ground‐state and excited‐state compartments, depending on the state of the composing species. In photophysics, a compartmental system is perturbed by a light pulse (photo‐excitation), and its dynamics is followed via fluorescence within the time range from picoseconds to several hundred nanoseconds. In this review, we present the fluorescence δ‐response functions for compartmental systems consisting of one excited‐state compartment, two reversibly interconnected excited‐state compartments, and their corresponding ground‐state compartments. In deterministic identifiability, one investigates whether the parameters of a specific model can be uniquely defined, assuming perfect time‐resolved fluorescence data. The identifiability is presented for the model with one excited‐state compartment and three models of reversible intermolecular two‐state excited‐state processes in isotropic environments: (i) without external quencher, (ii) with added quencher, and (iii) with coupled species‐dependent rotational diffusion described by Brownian reorientation. The parameters that have to be identified are time‐invariant rate constants and parameters related to excitation and emission. The conditions under which the relevant parameters can be identified are discussed. For all models, the explicit relationships between the true and alternative model parameters are shown. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Chemical bonding, less screening, and Hund's rule revisited
Authors: Yamanaka S. , Koizumi K. , Kitagawa Y. , Kawakami T. , Okumura M. , Yamaguchi K.
Published: August 2005

We examine the origin of chemical bond and Hund's rule using ab initio wave function theory and density functional theory (DFT). Our computational examples demonstrate that, in contrast to Heitler–London (HL) theory, the nuclear attraction term plays important roles in formation of a chemical bond and in relative stabilities among atomic multiplets. Those results agree with the analyses of Rudenberg et al. and Pauncz et al. The electron correlation effects on the description of the density of H2 molecule are analyzed using CASCI methods and hybrid DFTs. We found that the internal and external correlations of CASCI yield different distortions of densities. It was also found that the Slater and Becke 88 exchange terms mimic roles of internal and external correlation of CASCIs respectively, yielding to the correlated densities of H2. The reliability of hybrid DFT partially relies on such imitating electron correlation features on a simple chemical bond via appropriate mixing parameters among functionals. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Solitary rectal ulcer: The place of biofeedback and surgery in the treatment of the syndrome
Authors: Binnie N. R. , Papachrysostomou Maria , Clare Nicola , Smith A. N.
Published: August 2005

Thirty‐one patients with the solitary rectal ulcer syndrome were studied, the majority of whom presented with fresh blood per rectum and a rectal ulcer, mucorrhoea, or a varying degree of rectal prolapse. Fourteen patients were treated conservatively or with surgery and had a high rate of recurrence of the solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Seventeen patients were treated with biofeedback for the associated obstructed defecation (anismus) either before or immediately after surgery with a lower recurrence rate. The final symptomatic cure rate was similar in both groups but 15 episodes of recurrence requiring further surgery were encountered in the non‐biofeedback group compared to 4 recurrences in the biofeedback group.
New diagnostic imaging in rectal cancer: Endosonography and immunoscintigraphy
Authors: Feifel Gernot , Hildebrandt Ulrich
Published: August 2005

Endosonography of the rectum, combining the advantages of both endoscopy and sonography, provides information not at present available from other imaging modalities. It is remarkably accurate in the pre‐operative assessment of tumor penetration. In the evaluation of lymph nodes, the specificity and sensitivity is 83% and 72%, respectively. For the detection of local recurrence in asymptomatic patients promising results can be obtained. In contrast, the potential benefits of immunoscintigraphy in patients with rectal cancer have yet to be determined but preliminary results indicate that immunoscintigraphy in combination with endosonography may assist the surgeon in confirming or excluding the suspicion of recurrence.
Results of radical surgery for rectal cancer
Authors: Heald R. J. , Karanjia N. D.
Published: August 2005

This paper examines the hypothesis that a reduction in the distal mural margin during anterior resection for sphincter conservation in rectal cancer excision is safe, provided total mesorectal excision is undertaken with wash‐out of the clamped rectum. One hundred ninety‐two patients underwent anterior resection and 21 (<10%) patients underwent abdomino‐perineal excision (APE) by one surgeon (RJH). Anterior resections were classified as “curative” (79%) and “non‐curative” (21%); in the “curative” sub‐group <4% of patients developed local recurrence. The series was retrospectively analyzed for the effect of mural margins on local recurrence with 152 patients undergoing “curative” anterior resections and 40 patients undergoing “non‐curative” resections. In the 152 specimens from curative resections, 110 had a resection margin >1 cm and 42 had a resection margin <1 cm. Four patients developed local recurrence in the >1 cm margin group (95% confidence interval: 0.8%–7.8%) and no patients developed local recurrence in the ≤1 cm margin group (95% confidence interval: 0%–5.9%). In each patient with local recurrence a cause for failure was apparent. There was no statistically significant difference in local recurrence rate between the ≤1 cm margin group and the >1 cm margin group. A reduction in resection margin therefore did not compromise survival after anterior resection.

The significance of lateral resection margins is discussed. The role of deep radiotherapy and cytotoxics are considered. However, in view of the low local recurrence rate that can be achieved by adequate surgery, it is the opinion of the author that radiotherapy and cytotoxics have little extra to offer in the management of cancer of the rectum treated by total mesorectal excision. Finally, the functional results following anterior resection and total mesorectal excision are analyzed and the refractory problem of anastomotic leakage is discussed.
Results of pouch surgery after ileo‐anal anastomosis: The implications of pouchitis
Authors: Fozard Basil J. , Pemberton John H.
Published: August 2005

The ileal pouch‐anal operation is the procedure of choice for those suitable patients requiring surgery for chronic ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis. The functional results are generally good but pouchitis remains a significant and poorly understood complication. This review encompasses factors relating to pouchitis, e.g., bacteriological, functional and histological changes, with emphasis on its biology and treatment, and the long‐term implications.
The medical effects of conventional weapons
Authors: Bellamy Ronald F.
Published: August 2005

The medical effects of weapons used in modern conventional warfare are, overwhelmingly, penetrating. Fragments from explosive munitions such as shells, rockets, and grenades are the predominate source of missiles, especially in high‐intensity war. Bullets from assault rifles and machine guns cause fewer casualties, except in counterinsurgency operations. The threat from penetrating missiles depends upon the part of the body that is struck and, to a lesser extent, upon the physical characteristics of the missile. The missile's mass and velocity determine its potential to do physical damage, but the extent to which this potential is realized depends upon diverse factors such as shape, construction, and stability. The American experience in the wars of this century indicate that approximately 20%–25% of all casualties died on the battlefield and are therefore classified askilled in action. Approximately 3%–5% die while receiving care, and thus are classified asdied of wounds. Wounds of the brain or heart and great vessels are the most common causes of death. Prevention of sepsis in soft‐tissue and orthopedic wounds is the major medical treatment problem in survivors. Since it determines the quality and quantity of combat casualty care, the single most important factor determining mortality or morbidity for combat casualties is the tactical situation.
The relationship of blast loading to death and injury from explosion
Authors: Mellor S. G.
Published: August 2005

Death and injury from explosion are becoming ever more frequent. In this study an attempt is made to relate the blast loading suffered by individual victims of explosions to the injuries sustained. It includes 828 servicemen killed or injured by explosions in Northern Ireland. Two hundred sixteen servicemen were killed, most of them before any assistance could be rendered. In those exposed to a higher blast loading, blast lung was common. Those exposed to lower blast loading died primarily of head injuries. Body armour was worn by 90% of the servicemen and probably reduced the number of fatal secondary missile injuries.
Irradiated trauma victims: The impact of ionizing radiation on surgical considerations following a nuclear mishap
Authors: Hirsch Erwin F. , Bowers Gary J.
Published: August 2005

The combination of conventional traumatic injuries and radiation exposure has synergistic consequences, the full extent of which may take days to weeks to become apparent. Our understanding of such is derived from a variety of laboratory and clinical scenarios involving both therapeutic and accidental exposures. When presented with such an individual one must discern whether the victim has been bodily contaminated versus exposed to a source or both. The former will necessitate decontamination procedures which may be as simple as declothing and showering the individual. Simply removing the victim from the source will suffice to halt further radiation induced injury. In the vast majority of cases basic life support and other emergency medical procedures should be expeditiously instituted as warranted and without fear of personal hazard for health care teams. Following stabilization, further medical/surgical support must be predicated upon the extent of the radiation injury with the circulating absolute lymphocyte count serving as both a reliable and readily accessible indicator of the degree of underlying radiation injury. As radiation has profound consequences on immune and wound healing systems, therapies must be tempered by an understanding of the impact of radiation upon these systems. Overall, the consequences of irradiation injury will be the potential for an exacerbation of the effects of conventional traumatic injuries with a higher than expected morbidity and mortality.
Blunt and penetrating chest injuries
Authors: McSwain Norman E.
Published: August 2005

The management of chest injuries begins with knowledge of what happened to the patient at the time of the traumatic incident and converting this information into possible diagnoses. The various organs of the chest cavity are discussed emphasizing the controversies that attend the management or diagnosis of each one.
Advances in treatment of vascular injuries from blunt and penetrating limb trauma
Authors: Russell Martin R. , Mattox Kenneth L. , Burch Jon M. , Richardson Robert J.
Published: August 2005

Military and civilian experience has contributed to the current state of the art in management of extremity vascular injuries. Thorough physical examination and judicious use of emergency center arteriography and formal arteriography provide means for prompt diagnosis and treatment which is critical is limb loss and disability are to be avoided. Prosthetic graft material has provided an alternative to vein grafting in many circumstances for arterial and venous injuries. Compartment syndrome should be anticipated when an ischemic extremity is revascularized and fasciotomy should be used liberally. Vascular repairs are the first priority in extremity wounds, but associated injuries to bones, joints, soft tissues, and nerves are often critical determinants of rehabilitation once blood supply has been re‐established. The best results are obtained when a multidisciplinary approach is used combining expertise in orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, and plastic surgery.
A new technique for the resection of gastric cancer: Modified appleby procedure with reconstruction of hepatic artery
Authors: Takenaka Hiroaki , Iwase Kazuhiro , Ohshima Senya , Hiranaka Toshivuki
Published: August 2005

The Appleby operation allows resection of gastric cancer with lymph nodes around the stomach and celiac axisen bloc. Hepatic arterial blood flow after resection of the celiac axis is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery. In some patients, however, hepatic arterial flow becomes decreased after resection of the celiac axis. This abrupt reduction of hepatic arterial blood flow sometimes causes postoperative complications such as severe liver dysfunction or gallbladder necrosis. To prevent the reduction of hepatic arterial blood flow and to perform the Appleby operation more safely, we modified the Appleby operation to include reconstruction of the hepatic artery. We found that after dissection of lymph nodes around the hepatoduodenal ligament, the proper hepatic artery and gastroduodenal artery can be well mobilized and it becomes possible to anastomose the celiac axis to the common hepatic artery directly without using anticoagulants.

From May, 1989 to November, 1990, 15 patients with advanced gastric cancer underwent the modified Appleby procedure at Kinan General Hospital. Postoperatively, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were determined for evaluation of liver function. These levels were almost the same as those found after traditional total gastrectomy without resection of the celiac axis. Indocyanine green (ICG) clearance tests were performed before and 1 month after operation. There was no significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative values. Common hepatic arterial flow after celiacohepatic anastomosis was 390 ml/min on average. The modified Appleby procedure can be done quite safely.
Treatment of cystic lesions of the thyroid by ethanol instillation
Authors: Yasuda Kentaro , Ozaki Osamu , Sugino Kiminori , Yamashita Tomoyuki , Toshima Koji , Ito Kunihiko , Harada Tanekazu
Published: August 2005

We analyzed the results of ethanol sclerotherapy in 61 patients with cystic thyroid lesions which recurred after aspiration. Cytologic study showed all of the lesions to be benign. The patients were followed clinically and ultrasonically 1 month and 6 or more months after treatment. If the cystic lesions recurred, repeated treatment was offered. During the follow‐up, 36 (59.0%) patients experienced no recurrence after the initial treatment and 5 (8.2%) patients received treatments 2 or more additional times. In 44 (72.1%) of the 61 patients, the cystic lesion almost disappeared or decreased in size, but in 17 (27.9%) patients it did not decrease. Four patients underwent surgery after the ethanol sclerotherapy. Although no severe complications were observed, there were complaints of slight pain in 12 patients, severe pain in 1 patient, and a drunken feeling in 1 patient. We consider instillation of ethanol into recurrent cystic lesions of the thyroid to be a simple, safe, economical, and effective treatment.
Comparison of topical hemostatic agents in elective hepatic resection: A clinical prospective randomized trial
Authors: Kohno Hitoshi , Nagasue Naofumi , Chang Yu‐Chung , Taniura Hiroyuki , Yamanoi Akira , Nakamura Teruhisa
Published: August 2005

To compare the difference in efficacy of microcrystalline collagen powder (CL) and fibrin glue (FG) in elective hepatic resection, 62 patients (female 14, male 48) with ages ranging from 51 to 75 years were randomly allocated to receive either CL or FG as a topical agent during hepatectomy. There were no significant differences between the patients treated with CL (n=31) and those treated with FG (n=31) regarding sex, age, liver function, coagulation function, platelet counts, type of liver resection, and operative duration. A dry cut surface of the liver was obtained during surgery in 27 (87%) patients and 25 (81%) patients treated with CL and FG, respectively. Both CL and FG showed similar hemostatic effects. The CL and FG groups were not different in terms of postoperative rebleeding, bile leakage, or morbidity and mortality rates (6% vs. 6%, 6% vs. 6%, 45% vs. 39%, and 13% vs. 10%, respectively). Of the 52 patients with a dry cut surface of the liver during surgery, 3 patients in the CL group encountered rebleeding (n=1) or bile leakage (n=2) from the cut surface postoperatively, while no such complications were noted in the FG group. The results seem to favor FG for reliability in the postoperative period. The application of CL or FG may be better performed with consideration of the characteristics of each agent.
Endoscopic subfascial sectioning of incompetent perforating veins in treatment of primary varicosis
Authors: Jugenheimer M. , Junginger Th.
Published: August 2005

Subfascial elimination of incompetent perforating veins is the most effective therapeutic principle in the treatment of trophic skin disorders associated with varicosis. A recently developed endoscopic technique allows accurate sectioning of perforating veins with direct observation of the veins and minor trauma. From November 1986 to July 1991 endoscopic sectioning of perforating veins was performed in 72 patients (103 legs). The most frequently transected perforating veins were Cockett's veins (n=219), 24 cm perforating veins (n=83), and Boyd's perforating veins (n=82). Postoperative delayed wound healing was observed in 3 (2.9%) legs with pronounced trophic skin disorders in the lower extremities. Two patients complained of dysesthesia in the area of distribution of the sural nerve. Further complications recorded were extended subcutaneous hematoma in 6 (5.8%) legs and postoperative dysesthesia in the area of distribution of the saphenous nerve in 10 (9.7%) legs. At follow‐up examination (mean 27 months postoperatively) clinical investigation and Doppler sonography showed newly formed incompetent perforating veins in only 2 lower legs. Radiography at follow‐up revealed one incompetent Dodd's perforating vein in 1 leg, which was the starting point of pronounced recurrent varicosis in the lower leg. After an average follow‐up of >2 years, we recorded the occurrence of new varices in 9 lower legs. Staging of chronic venous incompetence showed an upward trend ranging from change to a more favorable stage to complete cure. Findings were unchanged in only 10% of the patients. There was no case of postoperative aggravation.
Surgical treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Chirletti Piero , Cardi Maurizio , Barillari Paolo , Vitale Alessandra , Sammartino Paolo , Bolognese Antonio , Caiazzo Rossella , Ricci Marco , Muttillo Irnerio A. , Stipa Vincenzo
Published: August 2005

The role of surgery in the treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is still discussed. The aim of this study was to verify our criteria of patient selection for splenectomy, to analyze the results of a protocol for the evaluation of the hemorragic risk, and to discuss long‐term results of 70 patients with ITP who underwent surgical treatment from 1984 to 1990. All patients received steroid therapy. Sixty‐two patients were given high doses of IgG (600 mg/kg/iv bolus) pre‐operatively in order to obviate the need for intra‐operative platelet transfusions. Forty‐three patients showed a significant increase in the platelet count, 8 a moderate increase, while 11 patients did not respond. No operative mortality was observed, however postoperative minor complications occurred in 14 (20%) patients. Accessory spleens were found in 11 (15.7%) patients. Mean follow‐up was 21 months. Response to splenectomy was considered as complete (platelets >150,000 mm3 with no need for medical treatment) in 63 (90%) patients. No response was observed in 7 patients. In 2 of the non‐responders postoperative indium‐111 scan revealed accessory spleens and ITP remitted after accessory splenectomy. All non‐responders were in the group of patients who did not respond to the pre‐operative infusion of high dose IgG. It can be concluded that splenectomy is a safe and effective treatment for ITP and that response to pre‐operative infusion of IgG may be considered as predictive for the outcome after splenectomy.
Pathogenesis of edema formation in burn injuries
Authors: Lund Tjøstolv , Onarheim Henning , Reed Rolf K.
Published: August 2005

One of the obvious acute features of cutaneous thermal injury is the swelling of the involved tissue. This swelling is caused by a fluid shift from circulating plasma. Along with the evolution of intravenous fluid therapy in trauma and surgery, the implementation of such therapy to burn victims has improved survival. Edema generation aggravated by fluid therapy may, however, represent a source of increased morbidity. This paper presents a review of the literature on postburn edema generation, focusing mainly on fluid physiology. It is well documented that fluid is lost from the circulation into burned tissue because of a moderate increase in capillary permeability to fluid and macromolecules and a modest increase in hydrostatic pressure inside the perfusing microvessels. Recently it was discovered that a very negative interstitial pressure develops in thermally injured skin. This pressure constitutes a strong “suction” adding markedly to the edema generating effect of increased capillary permeability and pressure.
The role of mediators in the response to thermal injury
Authors: Youn Yeo‐Kyu , LaLonde Cheryl , Demling Robert
Published: August 2005

Inflammatory mediators play a major role in both the local burn wound and the systemic response to burn injury. Oxidant and arachidonic acid metabolites are involved in the initial burn edema process. The mediators as well as the cytokines released from activated macrophages also result in an early generalized inflammatory response. The later postburn hypermetabolism is initiated and perpetuated by these same mediators, especially the cytokines, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin‐1, and interleukin‐2. Circulating endotoxin from the wound or the gut also appears to be involved. The postburn septic response is now recognized to be the result of inflammation; infection is not necessary. Mediator induced priming of the inflammatory cells by the burn itself results in an exaggerated response to infection in the postburn period. Defining the specific mechanism of injury and mediators involved can result in a major improvement in burn care, especially since many mediator inhibitors are already available for clinical use. It is essential that the clinician understand this pharmacologic manipulation in order to be able to optimally utilize these future advances.
Biologic wound coverings in burn treatment
Authors: Alsbjörn Bjarne F.
Published: August 2005

A review of biologic wound coverings currently in use is presented. These include homografts, xenografts, embryonic membranes, and tissue derivatives. The indications, advantages, and disadvantages of such materials are discussed. Finally, future research directions are suggested.
The immunologic response to thermal injury
Authors: Heideman Mats , Bengtsson Anders
Published: August 2005

Thermal injury is associated with altered immune defense. Extensive and deep thermal injuries lead to depressed immune defense function with both cellular and humoral defense affected. There is an intricate interaction between various components of the immune system. The altered specific immune response is seen as a depressed ability to produce active rosette‐forming cells. Depressed stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation as well as the mixed lymphocyte response have also been recorded following burns. These effects are modulated by the release of kinins, prostaglandins, anaphylatoxins, superoxides, and leukotrienes, all of which can influence the inflammatory response following thermal injury. The humoral immunity is altered as seen by decreased levels of immunoglobulins, activation of complement with release of anaphylatoxins, and formation of membrane attacking complexes leading to inflammation and cytolysis. The immune response to burns is also affected by factors other than this injury, such as nutrition or diseases such as diabetes mellitus or disorders of the lymphoproliferative type. The immune response is also influenced by some drugs used for other reasons such as steroids, chemotherapeutic agents, and topical agents used for burn wound care. The immune reaction to a burn is also influenced by the additive effect of superimposed infections. Removal of injured tissue without the need for extensive transfusion will improve the ability of the burned patients to use their immune defense system in a fruitful way.
The changing epidemiology of infection in burn patients
Authors: Pruitt Basil A. , McManus Albert T.
Published: August 2005

Topical chemotherapy, prompt excision, and timely closure of the burn wound have significantly reduced the occurrence of invasive burn wound infection and its related mortality. Since wound protection is imperfect and invasive wound infection may still occur in patients with massive burns in whom wound closure is delayed, scheduled wound surveillance and biopsy monitoring are necessary to assess the microbial status of the burn wound and identify wound infections caused by resistant bacteria or non‐bacterial opportunists at a stage when therapeutic intervention can control the process.

As a reflection of the systemic immunosuppressive effects of burn injury, infection remains the most common cause of morbidity and mortality even though the occurrence of wound infections has been significantly decreased. Pneumonia is the most frequent infection occurring in burn patients today but the improvements in patient management, wound care, and infection control have made bronchopneumonia the most common form of this infection and gram‐positive organisms the most common causative agents. The organisms causing bacteremia that exert a species specific effect on the mortality related to extent of burn injury and patient age have changed in concert with changes in wound flora.

Infection control procedures, including scheduled surveillance cultures, utilization of cohort patient care methodology, strict enforcement of patient and staff hygiene, and patient monitoring have been effective in eliminating endemic resistant microbial strains, preventing the establishment of newly introduced resistant organisms, diagnosing infection in a timely fashion, instituting antibiotic and other necessary therapy in a prompt manner, and documenting the effectiveness of present day burn patient care and the improved survival of burn patients.
The metabolic effects of thermal injury
Authors: Tredget Edward E. , Yu Yong Ming
Published: August 2005

Major thermal injury is associated with extreme hypermetabolism and catabolism as the principal metabolic manifestations encountered following successful resuscitation from the shock phase of the burn injury. Substrate and hormonal measurements, indirect calorimetry, and nitrogen balance are biochemical metabolic parameters which are useful and more readily available biochemical parameters worthy of serial assessment for the metabolic management of burn patients. However, the application of stable isotopes with gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy and more recently, new immunoassays for growth factors and cytokines has increased our understanding of the metabolic manifestations of severe trauma.

The metabolic response to injury in burn patients is biphasic wherein the initialebb phase is followed by a hypermetabolic and catabolicflow phase of injury. The increased oxygen consumption/metabolic rate is in part fuelled by evaporative heat loss from wounds of trauma victims, but likely also by a direct central effect of inflammation upon the hypothalamus. Although carbohydrates in the form of glucose appear to be an important fuel source following injury, a maximum of 5–6 mg/kg/min only is beneficial. Burn patients have accelerated gluconeogenesis, glucose oxidation, and plasma clearance of glucose. Additionally, considerable futile cycling of carbohydrate intermediates occurs which includes anaerobic lactate metabolism and Cori cycle activity arising from wound metabolism of glucose and other substrates. Similarly, accelerated lipolysis and futile fatty acid cycling occurs following burn injury. However, recent evidence suggests that lipids in the diet of burned and other injured patients serve not only as an energy source, but also as an important immunomodulator of prostaglandin metabolism and other immune responses.

Amino acid metabolism in burn patients is characterized by increased oxidation, urea synthesis, and protein breakdown which is prolonged and difficult to reduce with current nutritional therapy. However, the current goal of nutritional support is to optimize protein synthesis. Specific unique requirements may exist for supplemental glutamine and arginine following burn injury but further research is needed before enhanced branched chain amino acids supplements can be recommended for burn patients. Recent research investigations have revealed the importance of enteral feeding to enhance mucosal defense against gut bacteria and endotoxin. Similarly, research has demonstrated that many of the metabolic perturbations of burns and sepsis may be due, at least in part, to inflammatory cytokines. Investigation of their pathogenesis and mechanism of action both at a tissue and a cellular level offer important prospects for improved understanding and therapeutic control of the metabolic disorders of burn patients.
Nutritional support of the burned patient
Authors: Waymack J. Paul , Herndon David N.
Published: August 2005

Burn patients develop a number of physiologic alterations among which is a markedly increased metabolic rate Other metabolic changes include an increased rate of glucose production and utilization, a decreased rate of lipid metabolism, and an increased rate of both protein catabolism and anabolism. These alterations can effect other physiologic parameters, including immune function. They necessitate administration of large quantities of calories and protein to achieve positive nitrogen balance. The physiologic derangements leading to the hypermetabolism and the methods for supplying the nutritional needs are discussed in this review.
Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Suenaga Masahiro , Nakao Akimasa , Harada Akio , Nonami Toshiaki , Okada Yoshikatsu , Sugiura Hayato , Uehara Shinichi , Takagi Hiroshi
Published: August 2005

One hundred and eighteen patients underwent hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma from 1979 to 1987. Ninety‐eight of these patients had co‐existing cirrhosis of the liver; 18 patients underwent lobectomy, 28 patients had segmentectomy, and 52 patients had subsegmentectomy. In the 21 non‐cirrhotic patients, 11 patients underwent lobectomy, 5 patients had segmentectomy, and 5 patients had subsegmentectomy. The operative mortality rate of patients with cirrhosis was 11% and of patients without cirrhosis was 5%. There was no significant difference in hepatic function tests between survivors and nonsurvivors. Lobectomy of <55% of the parenchymal hepatic resection rate was well tolerated in the patients with cirrhosis. One‐year, 3‐year, and 5‐year survival rates of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and co‐existing cirrhosis were 57.9%, 36.8% and 20.0% following lobectomy, 82.8%, 82.8% and 57.6% following segmentectomy, and 72.0%, 46.2% and 24.0% following subsegmentectomy. The tumor recurrence rate appeared to be lower after segmentectomy than subsegmentectomy. Multiple gross lesions, tumors >5 cm, and presence of gross vascular invasion were poor prognostic signs in terms of survival rates as well as recurrence rates. Of the 51 patients with tumor recurrence limited to the residual liver, 13 patients underwent repeat resection, and 23 patients were treated by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. The survival rates of the patients undergoing repeat resection were significantly better than those of other groups.
Phospholipase Cδ1 associates with importin β1 and translocates into the nucleus in a Ca2+‐dependent manner
Authors: Okada Masashi , Ishimoto Takayuki , Naito Yoko , Hirata Hajime , Yagisawa Hitoshi
Published: August 2005

Phospholipase C (PLC)δ1 shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of MDCK cells and PC12 cells with ionomycin causes nuclear accumulation of ectopically expressed and endogenous PLCδ1, respectively, suggesting that signals that increase [Ca2+]i trigger nuclear translocation. To clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in this translocation, we have examined whether PLCδ1 binds with importins. PLCδ1 interacted with importin β1 in a Ca2+‐dependent manner in vitro even in the absence of importin α. A PLCδ1 mutant E341A, which lacks Ca2+‐binding to the catalytic core, did not show this interaction at any physiological Ca2+ concentration and did not translocate into the nucleus after ionomycin treatment when expressed in MDCK cells. These results suggested that the nuclear import of PLCδ1 is mediated by its Ca2+‐dependent interaction with importin β1.
Incidence and outcomes of breech presentation at term in newborns with congenital postural deformities
Authors: Mikov Aleksandra , Mikov Ivan , Gajdobranski Djordje
Published: August 2005

Synopsis

The increased incidence of congenital postural deformities among newborns with breech presentation may be associated with causes of breech presentation rather than the presentation itself.
A palaeoenvironmental reconstruction to aid in the restoration of floodplain and wetland habitat on an upper deltaic plain, California, USA
Authors: BROWN K.J. , PASTERNACK G.B.
Published: August 2005

While tens of millions of dollars have been spent on land acquisition and planning for current and future floodplain and wetland restoration in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, knowledge of the historical processes and landscape heterogeneity that are helpful in guiding the environmental restoration are often scarce. This study used palaeoenvironmental reconstruction to increase the historical perspective, with the aim of improving environmental management. Twelve sediment cores collected from the McCormack-Williamson Tract (MWT) leveed farmland and the juxtaposed Delta Meadows (DM) tidal wetland were sampled for a suite of environmental proxies. MWT was a non-tidal flood plain during much of the late-Holocene, with a mosaic of other habitats including dry uplands, riparian forests, and freshwater wetlands persisting nearby. Comparison with the regional sea-level history suggests that the upper delta gradually came under tidal influence 3000–800 calendar years before present (cal BP). Despite this, floodplain landforms and habitats prevailed at DM from 3650–330 cal BP, after which wetlands expanded, suggesting that a flood-based disturbance regime typified the upper delta for most of the late-Holocene. Recently, the upper deltaic plain has been profoundly disturbed by agriculture and other activities, rendering significant loss of habitat. It is believed that a flood-based disturbance regime will recur at MWT if the levees surrounding the tract are intentionally breached as planned for restoration, culminating in a variety of habitats similar to pre-agricultural conditions. Concentrations of Hg, Pb, As, and P pollutants elevated several-fold in surficial sediments are of particular concern, potentially becoming problematic after restoration.
Effect of multiple substorms on the buildup of the ring current
Authors: Keller Kristi A. , Fok Mei‐Ching , Narock Ayris , Hesse Michael , Rastaetter Lutz , Kuznetsova Maria M. , Gombosi Tamas I. , DeZeeuw Darren L.
Published: August 2005

The effect of magnetospheric substorms on the ring current is not completely understood. Using a combination of the University of Michigan's BAT‐S‐RUS Model and Fok Ring Current Model, we modeled the effects of multiple substorms on the ring current by modeling multiple dipolarizations in the tail. Increasing the number of substorms corresponds to increases in the number of injections into the ring current. The ionospheric potential increases during periods of southward IMF. Energy increases are more dependent on the duration of large ionospheric potential than the number of substorm dipolarizations.
Near‐relativistic electron emission following the 28 October 2003 X17 flare
Authors: Simnett G. M.
Published: August 2005

The 28 October 2003 solar flare event was one of the largest electron events above 50 keV of the current solar cycle. The event was associated with a major flare, at least one fast coronal mass ejection (CME), and a prominence eruption. The evolution of the electron spectrum for this event enables us to resolve three, or possibly four, separate electron sources. The source associated with the passage of a fast CME through the corona lasts about half an hour, has a very soft spectrum, and appears at 1 AU as a highly anisotropic beam. The most intense source has a weak outward anisotropy, lasts 2 days before starting a slow decay, and has a hard spectrum. The event is at its most intense around the arrival of the shock which is ahead of the CME, and this is also when the electron spectrum is hardest. One possible interpretation to explain the spectral and angular distribution properties of the electrons from this event is discussed.
October/November 2003 interplanetary coronal mass ejections: ACE/EPAM solar energetic particle observations
Authors: Malandraki O. E. , Lario D. , Lanzerotti L. J. , Sarris E. T. , Geranios A. , Tsiropoula G.
Published: August 2005

In late October and early November 2003 the ACE spacecraft at 1 AU detected two shock‐associated interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). In the sheath region formed in front of both ICMEs, some of the highest speeds ever directly measured in the solar wind were observed. We analyze in detail the energetic particle signatures measured at 1 AU by the EPAM experiment on board ACE during the passage and in the vicinity of these ICMEs. Solar energetic particles (SEPs) are utilized as diagnostic tracers of the large‐scale structure and topology of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) embedded within both ICME events. In order to explain the bidirectional particle flows observed within both ICMEs, we have examined two candidate scenarios for these ICMEs in terms of open and closed magnetic field configurations. In the context of an open field configuration, the enhanced magnetic field regions associated with the CME‐driven shocks mirror the energetic particles and hence the observed bidirectional flows. In the context of a closed field configuration, bidirectional flows result from particle circulation and reflection in a looped field configuration. Furthermore, we use the ACE/EPAM observations to reassess the leading and trailing boundaries of the ICMEs with respect to those previously proposed based upon ACE/SWEPAM solar wind plasma, suprathermal electron measurements, and ACE/MAG magnetic field data.
Flux divergence of nitric acid in the marine atmospheric surface layer
Authors: Sørensen Lise Lotte , Pryor Sara C. , de Leeuw Gerrit , Schulz Michael
Published: August 2005

It is hypothesized that removal of HNO3 from the atmosphere close to the sea surface is due to two processes: dry deposition to the sea surface and chemical reaction with sea spray. The latter process invalidates the application of the constant flux layer assumption to calculate dry deposition based on concentrations of HNO3 at, e.g., a reference height of 10 m. A field experiment was carried out to investigate this hypothesis, and the measured concentration profiles were found to differ dramatically from the log linear profiles, which would have been produced by turbulent transport only. Surface fluxes of HNO3 were calculated from the measured profiles taking chemical reactions into account and were compared to surface fluxes calculated by the traditional resistance method. It was found that the surface fluxes could be a factor of two less when chemical reactions are taken into account, depending on the characteristics of the near‐surface aerosols. HNO3 loss rates due to heterogeneous chemistry are calculated by two independent methods and are compared.
Event‐scale blooms drive enhanced primary productivity at the Subtropical Convergence
Authors: Llido J. , Garçon V. , Lutjeharms J. R. E. , Sudre J.
Published: August 2005

Frontal systems in the Southern Ocean are known for their enhanced biological activity, with some tantalising suggestions that this enhancement may be intermittent. We have used frequent satellite ocean colour observations to investigate the Subtropical Convergence south of Africa. We demonstrate that the biological enhancement takes place as episodic chlorophyll bloom events with limited spatial and temporal scales. Most of the events appear in austral spring‐summer. Two typical lifetimes, 8–24 and 40–60 days, emerge unambiguously during these seasons. A similar analysis has been carried out on modelled chlorophyll fields to investigate the physical‐biogeochemical causes for such events. Strong and swift stratification, alleviating the light limitation on growth of phytoplankton, causes the appearance of a bloom. A mixed layer depth expansion subsequently leads to a rapid disappearance of the simulated event. Phytoplankton horizontal transport, either zonal or meridional, also plays a key role on the lifetime of the bloom events.
Use of hydroacoustic and seismic arrays to observe rupture propagation and source extent of the Mw = 9.0 Sumatra earthquake
Authors: Guilbert J. , Vergoz J. , Schisselé E. , Roueff A. , Cansi Y.
Published: August 2005

The rupture of the Sumatra earthquake (Mw = 9.0) is complex and quite difficult to estimate using classical source inversion methods due to the exceptional rupture duration. To fix the problem of geographical extent and rupture duration, we use array processing of hydroacoustic and regional seismic data. The CMAR‐seismic array and the Diego Garcia hydroacoustic station (H08S) installed by the International Monitoring System are respectively 15.2° and 25.7° far from the hypocenter. The estimation of azimuth and velocity variations of homogeneous wave fronts across the arrays gives us the opportunity to understand how the rupture propagates. The smooth and regular variations of azimuth fit a rupture extension of 1235 km and a duration of 515 s. This study proves that the combination of array analysis using the different technologies installed for the CTBT is an interesting way of research for a rapid estimation of tsunamigenic earthquakes.
Storm‐time enhancement of mid‐latitude ultraviolet emissions due to energetic neutral atom precipitation
Authors: DeMajistre R. , Brandt P. C. , Immel T. J. , Yee J.‐H. , Dalgarno A. , Paxton L. J. , Kharchenko V.
Published: August 2005

In this work we present a direct connection between Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) precipitation and enhanced ultraviolet emissions from the mid‐latitude thermosphere during times of geomagnetic disturbance. Data from the IMAGE/HENA instrument provides information about ENA emission from the ring current, the IMAGE/FUV instrument shows the temporal response of the ultraviolet airglow, and data from TIMED/GUVI is used to infer the vertical distribution of the airglow enhancement. We find that the airglow signature is well correlated with energetic atom precipitation. The ultraviolet emission has a maximum above 120 km tangent altitude and is dominated by OI 135.6 nm emission. The relative brightness of 135.6 nm emission and OI 130.4 nm radiance suggest a lack of an electron cascade.
Enhanced deepwater circulation and shift of sedimentary organic matter oxidation pathway in the Okinawa Trough since the Holocene
Authors: Kao S. J. , Horng C. S. , Hsu S. C. , Wei K. Y. , Chen J. , Lin Y. S.
Published: August 2005

High‐resolution biogeochemical and magnetic property analyses of a 20‐kyr sediment core in the Okinawa Trough revealed a significant upward decrease in total sulfur content (TS) at around 10 cal ka BP, which coincides with a transformation from foliation to anomalous sedimentary magnetic fabric, which indicates an enhancement of deepwater circulation. Synchronous change in biogeochemical and magnetic properties in sediments was likely triggered by the intensified Kuroshio Current, which strengthened surface water productivity and the relative input of marine organics to the sediments. However, this event did not promote sedimentary sulfur burial; instead, the synchronously enhanced deepwater circulation switched the organic carbon oxidation pathway from sulfate reduction to aerobic respiration which resulted in TS‐depleted sediments.