bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sephardic Intermediaries in the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Tavim José Alberto Rodrigues da Silva
Published: February 2014

Abstract

With this article we aim to reflect upon the possibilities of Jewish personalities of Iberian origin to act as intermediaries with the West while residents in the Ottoman Empire and subjects of the Sultan. Unlike spying, a field where D. Yosef Nasi (c. 1520-1579), one of such personalities, excelled before, at the service of Portuguese Authorities, the visibility and centrality of their activity as middlemen near the Sublime Porte and some Sephardi groups, made difficult for them to act in cover activities. Conversely, were they not acting in a precarious equilibrium as intermediaries as they remained always dependent of the sultans’ favour, being seen frequently in Europe as biased towards their masters and employers?

The great alibi of these exponents of the Sephardi universe in Ottoman lands, men like D. Yosef Nasi and D. Salomon ibn Yaʿīš (1520-1603), resides precisely in the crystallisation of their western past in the Ottoman Empire—visible in a certain social and residential segregation from their communities of origin, despite having close ties with these—which enabled them to ease the fluidity of contacts between the West, from where they had come, and the Porte, their actual place of residence. Was not this western-ness kept strategically by them and supported by the sultans a “poisoned” mediation, that is, a pseudo-mediation whose ultimate end was their self-consecration as a different kind of zimmi near the Porte, and one hyper-active in its favour?
Why Ecclesiology Cannot Live By Doctrine Alone
Authors: Brittain Christopher Craig
Published: February 2014

This essay defends the significance of ethnography for ecclesiology. It does so by engaging with the ecclesiology of John Webster, particularly his essay ‘In the Society of God’, which directly challenges the appropriateness of ethnographic methods for a theology of the church. The discussion demonstrates the importance of Webster’s warning against the reduction of ecclesiology to an uncritical embrace of the apparent ‘givenness’ of empirical observations, but also argues that his approach is less useful for analyzing and criticizing the failures of the church community. The essay concludes by arguing that ethnography has the potential to enhance the church’s capacity to recognise, and thus confess, its sins, but also to deepen its corporate discernment and attentiveness to the presence of God’s activity in its midst.
Unpicking Knit and Natter
Authors: Dutton Christine
Published: February 2014

The article explores an emerging ecclesiology of ‘fresh expressions’ of church by focusing on the example of Knit and Natter, a group founded in 2008 and based in a Methodist church in Ellesmere Port near Liverpool, England. The study draws on a period of participant-observation within the group and on interviews with its members. It locates this particular case study within the wider context of the Fresh Expressions movement, and deploys thematic analysis to establish the reasons why members of this group have chosen to connect with a Christian community through the shared practice of knitting. The article also examines Knit and Natter’s own emerging identity as a church, the use of knitting as an aid to prayer, and the ways in which this activity as an application of the gospel serves as a starting point for the faith of many women who have not previously had a church connection. It illustrates how, as the group’s members pray and serve together, as new members are baptised and celebrate communion, the breadth of their ecclesiological experience is strengthened and they can begin to explore in practice what it means to follow Christ in community.
The Challenge of ‘Fresh Expressions’ to Ecclesiology
Authors: Watkins Clare , Shepherd Bridget
Published: February 2014

This dual authored paper reports and reflects on theological action research carried out with an instance of the Fresh Expressions church, Messy Church. Locating the work in the wider ecclesiological debates surrounding Fresh Expressions, the authors describe the research methods used, before going on to develop ecclesiological reflection in a conversational form. As such, the paper is an example of the ‘four voices’ approach to theological action research developed by the ARCS team (Action research - Church and Society, Heythrop College, University of London). As both practitioners and academics reflect together a number of significant insights emerge about the ways in which Messy Church might be understood as church: the possibility of being a ‘church to an (as yet) unknown God’; the understanding of being a searching church, a community of journey; and the vision of an expansive, centred ecclesiology, which cares less about boundaries and definitions, and seeks more to affirm a variety of ecclesial relations. These themes, variously discussed by the different parties, offer an account of both practical and systematic theological learning through attentiveness to contemporary practices of church.
Developing Christian Identity
Authors: Zemmrich Eckhard
Published: February 2014

For the comparatively young Protestant churches in Indonesia, questions of Christian identity are of vital importance within their cultural environments which are shaped by other religions. Drawing on examples of developments in the history of three Indonesian churches in Sulawesi, Java and Bali, different aspects of the struggle to contextualize Christian identity are traced. For this, two Academic concepts of Indonesian contextual theology are employed, those of Theodorus Kobong and Emanuel Gerrit Singgih. Interpreted with the aid of basic categories used in theories of intercultural theology, those developments are read as pointing to the question on which role ecclesial practice plays within the hermeneutic circle between text and context for constituting Christian identity.
Fire influence on Pinus halepensis: wood responses close and far from the scars
Authors: Micco Veronica De , Zalloni Enrica , Balzano Angela , Battipaglia Giovanna
Published: February 2014

Tree rings provide information about environmental change through recording stress events, such as fires, that can affect their growth. The aim of this study was to investigate wood growth reactions in Pinus halepensis Mill. trees subjected to wildfires, by analysing anatomical traits and carbon and oxygen isotope composition. The study area was Southern France where two sites were selected: one subjected to fires in the last 50 years, the other characterised by comparable environmental conditions although not affected by fire events (control site). We analysed whether wood growth depends on the tangential distance between developing xylem cells and the limit where the cambium was directly damaged by fire. In the burnt site, thick wood sections, including fire-scar, were taken from surviving plants. Digital photo-micrographs were analysed to measure early- and latewood width, wood density, and tracheid size. Anatomical and isotopic traits were analysed in two series of tree rings (5 rings before and 5 after the fire) selected at different positions along the circumference (close or far from the scar). Anatomical and isotopic traits were quantified also on tree rings of the same years from cored trees growing at the control site. Results showed different wood reaction tendencies depending on the distance from the scar. The comparison between plants from the two sites allowed to exclude possible climate interference.

Our results are discussed in terms of two kinds of growth reactions: the local need to promptly compartmentalise the scarred cambial zone and sapwood after fire, and the general growth perturbations due to tree reaction to crown scorch during fire. Anatomical results, combined with dendrochronological and isotopic analysis, could provide an efficient way to distinguish between direct growth reactions due to heat-related damage on cambium and indirect outcomes related to defoliation.
Age, climate and intra-annual density fluctuations in Pinus halepensis in Spain
Authors: Novak Klemen , Sánchez Miguel Angel Saz , Čufar Katarina , Raventós Josep , de Luis Martin
Published: February 2014

Intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs) in tree rings of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) are considered to be among the most promising wood anatomical features in dendrochronological studies. They provide environmental information in addition to those obtained from tree-ring widths. We used a network of 35 sites in Spain, ranging from nearly desert to temperate climate. We analysed tree-ring series of 529 trees to study IADF frequencies, and their dependence on climatic factors and cambial age. The results showed that IADF frequency is age dependent, with its maximum at the cambial age of 27 years (evaluated at breast height). The frequencies varied across the network and at different sites we recorded that 0.3% to 33% of the analysed tree rings contained IADFs. They were more frequent where and when the temperatures were higher, summer drought was intense and autumn was the main precipitation season. IADF formation was particularly related to high minimum temperatures and wet conditions in late summer and autumn. These results suggest that IADF formation is not related to stressful conditions during summer but to favourable conditions during autumn. These conditions promote cambial reactivation and consequently formation of wider tree rings.
Vaccination of sows against type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) before artificial insemination protects against type 2 PRRSV challenge but does not protect against type 1 PRRSV challenge in late gestation
Authors: Han Kiwon , Seo Hwi Won , Park Changhoon , Chae Chanhee
Published: February 2014

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of the commercially available type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)-based modified live vaccine against type 1 and type 2 PRRSV challenge in pregnant sows. Half of the sows in the study were vaccinated with a type 2 PRRSV-based vaccine 4 weeks prior to artificial insemination while the other half remained non-vaccinated. Sows were then challenged intranasally with type 1 or type 2 PRRSV at 93 days of gestation. The sows which received the type 2 PRRSV-based vaccine followed by type 2 PRRSV challenge had significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers against type 2 PRRSV than they did against type 1 PRRSV. These same sows had higher frequencies of IFN-γ-secreting cells when stimulated with type 2 PRRSV compared to those stimulated with type 1 PRRSV. Subsequent virological evaluation demonstrated that the type 2 PRRSV-based vaccine reduced the type 2 PRRSV load but not the type 1 PRRSV load present in the blood of the sows. Additionally, vaccination of pregnant sows with the type 2 PRRSV-based vaccine effectively reduced the level of type 2 PRRSV nucleic acids observed in fetal tissues from type 2 PRRSV-challenged sows but did not reduce the level of type 1 PRRSV nucleic acid observed in fetal tissues from type 1 PRRSV-challenged sows. This study demonstrates that the vaccination of pregnant sows with the type 2 PRRSV-based vaccine protects against type 2 PRRSV challenge but does not protect against type 1 PRRSV challenge.
Effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on PCV2-viremic piglets after experimental PCV2 challenge
Authors: Seo Hwi Won , Park Changhoon , Han Kiwon , Chae Chanhee
Published: February 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines on PCV2-viremic and -seropositive piglets born from naturally PCV2-infected sows against postnatal PCV2 challenge. The experimental design was aimed at mimicking commercial swine rearing conditions to evaluate the response of the PCV2 vaccine on PCV2-viremic and -seropositive piglets after experimental PCV2 challenge. PCV2a (or 2b)-viremic piglets received a PCV2 vaccine at 21 days of age followed by a PCV2b (or 2a) challenge at 49 days of age (28 days post vaccination). The PCV2 vaccines elicited a high level of humoral (as measured by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay and neutralizing antibody titers) and cellular (as measured by the frequency of PCV2-specific interferon-γ-secreting cells) immune response in the PCV2-viremic piglets after vaccination even in the presence of maternally derived antibodies (MDA). The initial infection of PCV2 in the pigs was not affected by PCV2 vaccination, however the challenging PCV2 was reduced by PCV2 vaccination on PCV2-viremic pigs. The results from this study demonstrate that the PCV2 vaccine used in this study is effective at reducing PCV2 viremia and lymphoid PCV2 DNA, even for PCV2-viremic pigs with passively acquired MDA at the time of vaccination.
Protective effect of S-adenosylmethionine on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury during hepatectomy in HCC patients with chronic HBV infection
Authors: Liu Guo-yan , Wang Wei , Jia Wei-dong , Xu Ge-liang , Ma Jin-liang , Ge Yong-sheng , Yu Ji-hai , Sun Qi-kai , Meng Fan-long
Published: February 2014

Background

Although hepatectomy is often performed with the Pringle maneuver, the problem of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) can also be serious. Thus, the present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) on HIRI, especially for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and cirrhosis.

Methods

Eighty-one HCC patients with chronic HBV infection, undergoing partial hepatectomy with inflow occlusion, were divided into three groups. In the pretreatment group (PR group, n = 26), patients were given SAMe two hours before surgery. In the post-treatment group (PO group, n = 25), patients were given SAMe six hours after surgery. And in the control group (control group, n = 30), patients received partial hepatectomy without any SAMe. All pre-, intra- and postoperative blood samples were collected to measure the plasma levels of transaminases, bilirubin and cytokines. The results were compared among the three groups.

Results

There were no statistically significant intergroup differences observed in age, gender, hepatic inflow occlusion time and the results of liver function tests. Preoperative administration of SAMe (PR group) significantly reduced the plasma levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL) and direct bilirubin (DBIL) as compared to the other two groups. In the PO group, TBIL and DBIL were significantly lower than in the control group. Significant differences were also seen in IL-6 and TNF-α between the PR group and the other groups. In all groups, postoperative liver reserve function in the PR group as revealed by ICGR15 (Post ICGR15) was at its best before abdominal closure. Compared to the control group, the risk of complications and the hospital stay after surgery were significantly meliorated in the PR group. Additionally, patients with cirrhosis had a more acute rate of change in ALT and AST than non-cirrhotic patients.

Conclusions

Taken together, our preliminary findings suggest that preoperative administration of SAMe is useful and safe for reducing the HIRI in partial hepatectomy, especially for HCC patients whose disease is associated with chronic HBV infection and cirrhosis.
Direct non-productive HIV-1 infection in a T-cell line is driven by cellular activation state and NFκB
Authors: Dahabieh Matthew S , Ooms Marcel , Brumme Chanson , Taylor Jeremy , Harrigan P Richard , Simon Viviana , Sadowski Ivan
Published: February 2014

Background

Molecular latency allows HIV-1 to persist in resting memory CD4+ T-cells as transcriptionally silent provirus integrated into host chromosomal DNA. Multiple transcriptional regulatory mechanisms for HIV-1 latency have been described in the context of progressive epigenetic silencing and maintenance. However, our understanding of the determinants critical for the establishment of latency in newly infected cells is limited.

Results

In this study, we used a recently described, doubly fluorescent HIV-1 latency model to dissect the role of proviral integration sites and cellular activation state on direct non-productive infections at the single cell level. Proviral integration site mapping of infected Jurkat T-cells revealed that productively and non-productively infected cells are indistinguishable in terms of genomic landmarks, surrounding epigenetic landscapes, and proviral orientation relative to host genes. However, direct non-productive infections were inversely correlated with both cellular activation state and NFκB activity. Furthermore, modulating NFκB with either small molecules or by conditional overexpression of NFκB subunits was sufficient to alter the propensity of HIV-1 to directly enter a non-productive latent state in newly infected cells. Importantly, this modulatory effect was limited to a short time window post-infection.

Conclusions

Taken together, our data suggest that cellular activation state and NFκB activity during the time of infection, but not the site of proviral integration, are important regulators of direct HIV-1 non-productive infections.
Biochemical characterization of a functional recombinant aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase from Taiwanofungus camphorata
Authors: Ken Chuian-Fu , Chang Che-Chi , Wen Lisa , Huang Jenq-Kuen , Lin Chi-Tsai
Published: February 2014

Background

Aryl-alcohol dehydrogenases (AADs) have been known to involve in the metabolism of aromatic compounds.

Results

One TcAAD cDNA (GenBank HQ453361) encoding a putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase (AAD) was cloned from Taiwanofungus camphorata. The deduced amino acid sequence is conserved among the reported AADs. A 3-D structural model of the TcAAD has been created based on the known structure of voltage-dependent potassium channels subunit beta-2 (PDB code: 3EAU). To characterize the TcAAD, the coding region was subcloned into an expression vector and transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The recombinant His6-tagged TcAAD was overexpressed and purified by Ni affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme showed a band of approximately 39 kDa on a 12% SDS-PAGE. The molecular mass determined by MALDI-TOF is 40.58 kDa which suggests that the purified enzyme is a monomeric enzyme. Using veratraldehyde as a substrate, the K
M, Vmax of TcADD was determined at pH 6.0. Using benzyl alcohol derivatives as substrates, the oxidizing power of TcADD via NAD+ at pH 9.6 was studied.

Conclusions

The coding sequence of the TcAAD cDNA was introduced into an S. cerevisiae expression system and the active enzyme purified and characterized. Understanding the properties of this TcAAD will be beneficial for its potential in xenobiotic detoxification or production of natural flavors.
Establishment of hairy root lines and analysis of iridoids and secoiridoids in the medicinal plant Gentiana scabra
Authors: Huang Shih-Hung , Vishwakarma Rishi Kishore , Lee Tzu-Tai , Chan Hsiao-Sung , Tsay Hsin-Sheng
Published: February 2014

Background

Gentiana scabra is commonly known as ‘Longdan’ is an important herb in traditional Chinese medicines, commonly used for the treatment of inflammation, anorexia, indigestion and gastric infections. Iridoids and secoiridoids are main bioactive compounds which attributed to the pharmacological properties of this plant. The use of hairy root cultures as an excellent alternative for the production of pharmaceutically important metabolites in less time period with ensured quality of raw materials.

Results

An efficient hairy root culture system of Gentiana scabra and influence of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) on the production of gentiopicroside, swertiamarin and loganic acid constituents were described. Leaf explants were infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, which induced hairy roots up to 21%. The transformed hairy root lines were confirmed by PCR using rolB and rolC gene-specific primers. Among various solid and liquid media, B5 liquid medium resulted maximum root biomass (36- fold higher) in 4-weeks. Quantitative analysis showed loganic acid was 6.6- fold higher in the presence of zeatin (1 mg/l) and gentiopicroside accumulation was 1.8- fold higher in the presence of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, 1 mg/l), as compared to the roots of plants grown in greenhouse. On the other hand, 1.4- and 2.5- fold higher gentiopicroside and swertiamarin were observed in the presence of 1.0 mg/l NAA as compared to commercial Gentiana herb No. 2. The result also showed iridoid and secoiridoid contents affected greatly by age, physiology and growing environment of the plant.

Conclusions

The use of hairy root cultures is an excellent alternative to harvesting natural or in vitro grown plants to produce pharmaceutically important metabolites in less time with ensured quality.
Oil body‐associated hazelnut allergens including oleosins are underrepresented in diagnostic extracts but associated with severe symptoms
Authors: Zuidmeer‐Jongejan Laurian , Fernández‐Rivas Montserrat , Winter Marcel GT , Akkerdaas Jaap H , Summers Colin , Lebens Ans , Knulst André C , Schilte Piet , Briza Peter , Gadermaier Gabriele , van Ree Ronald
Published: February 2014

Background

Oil body‐associated allergens such as oleosins have been reported for important allergenic foods such as peanut, sesame and hazelnut. Here we investigate whether oil body associated proteins (OAPs) are linked with specific clinical phenotypes and whether they are represented in skin prick test (SPT) reagents.

Methods

A hazelnut OAP fraction was characterized by mass‐spectrometry (MS) to identify its major constituents. Polyclonal rabbit antibodies were generated against hazelnut OAPs. The presence of OAPs in commercially available hazelnut SPTs was studied by immunoblot and spiking experiments. OAP‐specific IgE antibodies were measured in sera from patients with a convincing history of hazelnut allergy by RAST (n = 91), immunoblot (n = 22) and basophil histamine release (BHR; n = 14).

Results

Hazelnut OAPs were analysed by MS and found to be dominated by oleosins at ~14 and ~17 kDa, and a 27 kDa band containing oleosin dimers and unidentified protein. In 36/91 sera specific IgE against hazelnut OAPs was detected, and confirmed to be biologically active by BHR (n = 14). The majority (21/22) recognized the oleosin bands at 17 kDa on immunoblot, of which 11 exclusively. These OAP‐specific IgE responses dominated by oleosin were associated with systemic reactions to hazelnut (OR 4.24; p = 0.015) and negative SPT (χ2 6.3, p = 0.012). Immunoblot analysis using OAP‐specific rabbit antiserum demonstrated that commercial SPT reagents are virtually devoid of OAPs, sometimes (3/9) resulting in false‐negative SPT. Spiking of SPT reagents with OAP restored serum IgE binding of these false‐negative patients on immunoblot at mainly 17 kDa.

Conclusion

Hazelnut allergens found in oil bodies dominated by oleosin are associated with more severe systemic reactions and negative SPT. Defatted diagnostic extracts are virtually devoid of these allergens, resulting in poor sensitivity for detection of IgE antibodies against these clinically relevant molecules.
Generation of Esr1-Knockout Rats Using Zinc Finger Nuclease-Mediated Genome Editing
Authors: Rumi M. A. Karim , Dhakal Pramod , Kubota Kaiyu , Chakraborty Damayanti , Lei Tianhua , Larson Melissa A. , Wolfe Michael W. , Roby Katherine F. , Vivian Jay L. , Soares Michael J.
Published: February 2014

Estrogens play pivotal roles in development and function of many organ systems, including the reproductive system. We have generated estrogen receptor 1 (Esr1)-knockout rats using zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) genome targeting. mRNAs encoding ZFNs targeted to exon 3 of Esr1 were microinjected into single-cell rat embryos and transferred to pseudopregnant recipients. Of 17 live births, 5 had biallelic and 1 had monoallelic Esr1 mutations. A founder with monoallelic mutations was backcrossed to a wild-type rat. Offspring possessed only wild-type Esr1 alleles or wild-type alleles and Esr1 alleles containing either 482 bp (Δ482) or 223 bp (Δ223) deletions, indicating mosaicism in the founder. These heterozygous mutants were bred for colony expansion, generation of homozygous mutants, and phenotypic characterization. The Δ482 Esr1 allele yielded altered transcript processing, including the absence of exon 3, aberrant splicing of exon 2 and 4, and a frameshift that generated premature stop codons located immediately after the codon for Thr157. ESR1 protein was not detected in homozygous Δ482 mutant uteri. ESR1 disruption affected sexually dimorphic postnatal growth patterns and serum levels of gonadotropins and sex steroid hormones. Both male and female Esr1-null rats were infertile. Esr1-null males had small testes with distended and dysplastic seminiferous tubules, whereas Esr1-null females possessed large polycystic ovaries, thread-like uteri, and poorly developed mammary glands. In addition, uteri of Esr1-null rats did not effectively respond to 17β-estradiol treatment, further demonstrating that the Δ482 Esr1 mutation created a null allele. This rat model provides a new experimental tool for investigating the pathophysiology of estrogen action.
An anterior limit of FGF/Erk signal activity marks the earliest future somite boundary in zebrafish
Authors: Akiyama Ryutaro , Masuda Miwa , Tsuge Shoichiro , Bessho Yasumasa , Matsui Takaaki
Published: February 2014

Vertebrate segments called somites are generated by periodic segmentation of the anterior extremity of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). During somite segmentation in zebrafish, mesp-b determines a future somite boundary at position B-2 within the PSM. Heat-shock experiments, however, suggest that an earlier future somite boundary exists at B-5, but the molecular signature of this boundary remains unidentified. Here, we characterized fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signal activity within the PSM, and demonstrated that an anterior limit of downstream Erk activity corresponds to the future B-5 somite boundary. Moreover, the segmentation clock is required for a stepwise posterior shift of the Erk activity boundary during each segmentation. Our results provide the first molecular evidence of the future somite boundary at B-5, and we propose that clock-dependent cyclic inhibition of the FGF/Erk signal is a key mechanism in the generation of perfect repetitive structures in zebrafish development.
Activated retinoid receptors are required for the migration and fate maintenance of subsets of cortical neurons
Authors: Choi Jeonghoon , Park Sungjin , Sockanathan Shanthini
Published: February 2014

Layer-specific cortical neurons are essential components of local, intracortical and subcortical circuits and are specified by complex signaling pathways acting on cortical progenitors. However, whether extrinsic signals contribute to postmitotic cortical neuronal development is unclear. Here we show in mice that retinoic acid (RA) receptors are activated in newly born migrating cortical neurons indicative of endogenous RA in the cortex. Disruption of RA signaling in postmitotic neurons by dominant-negative retinoid receptor RAR403 expression specifically delays late-born cortical neuron migration in vivo. Moreover, prospective layer V-III neurons that express RAR403 fail to maintain their fates and instead acquire characteristics of layer II neurons. This latter phenotype is rescued by active forms of β-catenin at central and caudal but not rostral cortical regions. Taken together, these observations suggest that RA signaling pathways operate postmitotically to regulate the onset of radial migration and to consolidate regional differences in cortical neuronal identity.
Origin of Marine Sour Natural Gas and Gas-Filling Model in the Puguang Giant Gas Field, Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Liu Quanyou , Jin Zhijun , Liu Wenhui , Wu Xiaoqi , Gao Bo , Zhang Dianwei , Hu Anping , Yang Chun
Published: February 2014

Taking the geology and tectonic evolution characteristics of the Sichuan Basin into account, the chemical and stable isotopic compositions of natural gas, and biomarker compounds in the reservoir bitumen in the Puguang giant gas field, are investigated to identify the genetic type of marine sour natural gas, take the gas-source correlation, and set up the gas-filling model of the Puguang giant gas field in the Sichuan Basin. The alkane gases in the field are dominated by methane, ranging from 22.06% to 99.64% with an average value of 76.52%, and the low content of heavy hydrocarbon gases are dominantly ethane and little propane. The H2S contents occur among the marine carbonate gas reservoirs, ranging from 0 to 62.17%, wherein the H2S contents in the Upper Permian Changxing Formation and Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation range from 6.9% to 34.72% (average value=15.27%) and from 0% to 62.17% (average value= 13.4%), respectively, indicating that both are H2S-enriched reservoirs. The chemical and carbon isotopic compositions of marine natural gases show that the alkane gas in the Puguang giant gas field is dominantly oil-cracking gas at high maturity stage, and the biomarker characteristics of reservoir bitumen indicate that the major source rocks are the Upper Permian Longtan Formation sapropelic matters. Moreover, various levels of thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) were present in the process of oil-gas transformation, not only increasing the content of non-hydrocarbon gas components (CO2 and H2S) and decreasing the content of heavy hydrocarbon gases, but also causing the reversal of carbon isotope compositions of methane and ethane and the heavier carbon isotope of methane. The recovery of structural configurations over geological time investigates that the gas-filling history of Puguang giant gas field can be divided into three stages: formation of paleo-oil accumulation from the middle-late Indosinian period to the early Yanshanian period, thermal cracking of paleo-oil and TSR alteration from the early to the middle Yanshanian period, and adjustment of gas accumulation from the late Yanshanian to the early Himalayan period. The gypsum of the Lower Triassic Jianglingjiang Formation and the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation plays the most important role as effective seal to the gas preservation in different periods.
Studies on Gas Origin and Gas Source Correlation Using Stable Carbon Isotopes — A Case Study of the Giant Gas Fields in the Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Ni Yunyan , Liao Fengrong , Dai Jinxing , Zou Caineng , Wu Xiaoqi , Zhang Dijia , Huang Shipeng , Chen Ruiyin , Wang Tongshan
Published: February 2014

Sichuan basin is one of the most gas rich basins in China. After more than 50 years' industrial exploration, about 15 giant gas fields with gas reserves over 300×108m3 have been found in this basin. A number of contributions have demonstrated that stable carbon isotopic composition and molecular compositions have great significance on the determination of gas origin and gas-source correlation of thermogenic gases. We compiled 228 compositional data of gas samples from the 15 giant gas fields in the Sichuan basin to investigate the gas origin and gas-source correlation by the molecular and stable carbon isotopic compositions. Our results demonstrate that natural gases in the Bajiaochang, Qiongxi, Luodai, Hechuan, Guang'an and Xinchang gas fields have positive carbon isotopic distribution pattern between C1-C4 alkanes (δ13C1<δ13C2<δ13C3<δ13C4) and are of coal-derived gases sourced from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation, while natural gases from the Feixianguan Formation in the Puguang, the Jialingjiang Formation in the Wolonghe, Dukouhe, Luojiazhai and Tieshanpo gas fields were oil-associated gases mainly sourced from the Permian carbonates and shales. Natural gases in the Moxi gas field can be readily categorized into two types: coal-derived gases sourced from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation and oil-associated gases mainly sourced from the Permian carbonates and shales. Gases from the Wubaiti and Shapingchang gas fields have isotopic reversal among C1-C3 alkanes, which is very similar to the gases from the Permian and Carboniferous strata in the Wolonghe gas field. They were oil-associated gases mainly sourced from the Silurian shales and mudstones. Natural gases from the Weiyuan gas field were oil-associated gases sourced from the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation.
Saateks / Foreword
Authors: Habicht Külli , Penjam Pille
Published: February 2014

-
Sõnaharuldusi Heinrich Stahli teostest
Authors: Habicht Külli , Prillop Külli
Published: February 2014

Artiklis tulevad vaatluse alla 17. sajandi kiriklike teoste tõlkija ja keelenormi kujundaja Heinrich Stahli tekstides kasutatud kaheksa haruldast tüvisõna ja seitse tuletist, mis (1) esinevad tema teostes vaid ühe korra (nn hapax legomenon’id), (2) esinevad põhjaeesti kirjakeeles esimest korda just Stahli teostes, (3) ei ole tänapäeva kirjakeeles sellises vormis ja/või tähenduses kasutusel, (4) ei ole otselaenud (alam)- saksa keelest. Käsitluse eesmärgiks on välja tuua Stahli haruldast sõnavara, mis pole tänapäeva eesti keeles enam kas tüve, moodustusviisi või tähenduse poolest läbipaistev. Niisugused lekseemid võimaldavad täpsemat pilguheitu Stahli teoste eripärasele sõnavarale ja selle kasutamise motiividele. Artiklis käsitletud tüvisõnad peegeldavad arhailist sõnavarakihti, mis on enamjaolt rahvakeelne ja võib osaliselt pärineda varasematest, Stahli-eelsetest allikatest. Tuletised avavad lisaks ka mehhanisme, kuidas Stahl on kasutanud teksti vajadustest lähtudes produktiivseid tuletusvõimalusi või toetunud analoogiamallidele. Selline täpseid esinemissagedusi arvestav uurimus on võimalikuks saanud pärast Stahli tekstide korpuse lemmatiseeritud kuju valmimist 2013. aastal.Rare words from the works of Heinrich Stahl. The article takes a look at 8 stem words and 7 derivations used in the works of Heinrich Stahl, the 17th century translator of religious texts and shaper of language norms. The stem words and derivations discussed in the article (1) only occur once in his texts, (2) first appear in Literary North-Estonian in Stahl’s texts, (3) are not used in Modern Estonian in the same form and/or meaning, (4) are not direct loans from (Low) German. These lexemes reveal the peculiarity of the lexicon of Stahl’s works. Because of their rarity, the lemmatising of such units while coding the corpus of Stahl’s texts has been problematic. These archaic words are not transparent in stem, form or meaning in Modern Estonian. The lexical stems discussed in the article reflect an archaic layer of the lexicon which is mostly vernacular and may partly originate in earlier, pre-Stahl sources. Derivations, in addition to revealing archaic lexicon, also reveal the mechanisms of how Stahl used productive derivation or analogy patterns depending on the demands of the text.
Eduard Ahrensi ettepanekud eesti kirjakeele parandamiseks
Authors: Kilgi Annika
Published: February 2014

19. sajandi üks väljapaistvamaid eesti keele uurijaid pastor Eduard Ahrens pidas oma keelelise tegevuse peaeesmärgiks uuendada eesti kirjakeelt. Ta püüdis kirikukogu koosolekutel oma ametivendi reformi möödapääsmatuses korduvalt veenda ning avaldas mitu senist kirjakeelt arvustavat trükist, millest kõige põhjalikum on „Sprachfehler der Ehstnischen Bibel”, mida siinses artiklis analüüsitaksegi. Kõigepealt antakse ülevaade sellest, millist tüüpi vigade kohta tõi Ahrens kõige rohkem näiteid. Seejärel vaadeldakse, kuivõrd vastas tema keeleideaalile järgmiste piibliredaktsioonide sõnastus, s.t kas seal oli kritiseeritud kohti tõlgitud vastavalt Ahrensi soovitusele või mitte. Veanäidete arvust lähtudes osutusid Ahrensi arvates probleemseimateks valdkondadeks morfeemivalik ja sihitise kääne. Järgmised Piibli revideerijad otsustasid mõnes valdkonnas Ahrensist erinevalt (näiteks määruse ja öeldise vormistus, sõnavalik), mõnikord temaga sarnaselt (näiteks käändsõna vormimoodustus, täiendi kasutus). Niisiis muutus eesti kirjakeel tõepoolest nii mõneski küsimuses just selliseks, nagu Ahrens oli soovinud.Eduard Ahrens’ suggestions for improving the Estonian literary language. One of the most outstanding researchers of Estonian in the 19th century, pastor Eduard Ahrens considered the main goal of his language-related work to be reforming the Estonian literary language. In this article, the most thorough writing among those, “The language mistakes in the Estonian Bible” is analysed. At first, an overview is given about the types of mistakes that Ahrens illustrated with the most examples. Next, it is analysed to which extent the wording of the following Bible versions corresponded to his ideal, i.e. whether the criticised places were translated according to Ahrens’s suggestion or not. Taking into account the number of given examples, Ahrens was most worried about the choise of morphemes and the case of the object. The editors of next Bible versions made their decisions differently from him in some areas (e.g. usage of adverbials and predicates, choice of words) and quite similarly to him in others (e.g. noun morphology, attribute usage). Thus, Estonian literary language transformed exactly in a way Ahrens had wanted to in several areas.
Kuidas kajastus üleminek vanalt kirjaviisilt uuele Peetri kohtuprotokollide keeles
Authors: Kurema Kristiine
Published: February 2014

Artiklis antakse ülevaade 2013. aasta kevadel Tartu ülikoolis kaitstud bakalaureusetööst, milles uuriti eesti kirjakeele kasutust 19. sajandi teisel poolel. Lisaks oli töö eesmärgiks anda selgem ülevaade eesti kirjakeele keskmurdepärasusest. Uurimismaterjaliks olid Peetri kihelkonna kohtuprotokollid aastatest 1869.–1870. ja 1884. Analüüsiti kohtuprotokollide ortograafiat, häälikulisi jooni ja morfoloogiat. Iga uurimisaspekti käsitleti mõlema perioodi kohtuprotokollides eraldi ning seejärel võrreldi kahe perioodi keelekasutust. Selgus, et mõlema perioodi kirjapanekutes on sarnasusi Peetri murrakuga, aga neid ilmneb rohkem 1869.–1870. aasta protokollides. Esimese perioodi kohtuprotokollide kirjapanemisel on lähtutud vanast kirjaviisist ning neid iseloomustavad rohked paralleelvormid ja häälikuline varieeruvus. Teise perioodi kohtuprotokollides oli kasutusel uus kirjaviis ning need on keeleliselt ühtlasemad ja tänapäeva eesti kirjakeelega sarnasemad. See näitab eesti kirjakeele seisundi tugevnemist juba 1880. aastatel.Transition from the old orthography to the new during the second half of the 19th century based on the court protocols of Peetri parish. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the research which examined how the old orthography was replaced by the new during the second half of the 19th century. In addition, this study illustrated the resemblance of the 19th century’s Estonian written language and the Estonian central dialect. The data from the court protocols of the parish Peetri were analysed for that purpose. The practical section focused on the study of orthography, phonetic features and the morphology were studied. The research revealed that the court protocols from the first period were written using the old orthography and the court protocols from the second period were mostly written using the new orthography. In the court protocols from the first period there are more parallel forms and phonetic variety. In conclusion, protocols from both period there were typical features of the Peetri dialect.
lt- ja sti-liiteliste adverbide kasutuse muutumine eesti kirjakeeles
Authors: Küngas Annika
Published: February 2014

Artiklis võetakse vaatluse alla mõningate lt-liiteliste adverbide tarvitamine ning nende funktsioonide muutumine eesti kirjakeeles. Antakse ülevaade lt-adverbiliite esinemisest vanas kirjakeeles ning tuuakse välja ka sufiksi tänapäevane kasutamine. Vana kirjakeele korpuse põhjal analüüsitakse eri autorite lt-liiteliste adverbide ja modaaladverbide kasutamist, keskendudes 17. sajandi autorite Georg Mülleri ja Heinrich Stahli tekstidele. Nendes tekstides on paralleelselt vaatluse all lt- ja sti-adverbiliited, kuna läbi kirjakeele ajaloo on neil sufiksitel olnud sarnane funktsioon. Sellest on tingitud ka nende liidete variatiivsus. Mõlema autori tekstides on valdavad sti-liitelised (modaal)adverbid. Tänapäeva kirjakeeles sagedamate lt-liiteliste adverbide ja modaaladverbide jälgimine vanas kirjakeeles loob tausta nende sõnade uurimiseks tänapäeval, mil lt- ja sti-liiteliste adverbide vahekord keeles on vastupidine. Artikli koostamisel on silmas peetud, et lt-liitega sõnad on tänapäeva eesti keeles üksused, millel on peale täistähendusliku ka pragmaatiline kasutus.The change of the use of lt- and sti-suffixed adverbs in Literary Estonian. This paper investigates the use of some of the lt-suffixed adverbs and the change of their functions in Literary Estonian. -lt as an adverbial suffix will be examined on the basis of corpora data both in older and newer Literary Estonian. The article also focuses on the 17th century texts by Georg Müller and Heinrich Stahl and the authors’ use of adverbs and modal adverbs. In these texts, the parallel usage of lt- and sti-suffixes will be demonstrated, since the functions of these suffixes have been similar in the historical development of the Estonian language. This has caused the variability of -lt and -sti. In the texts of both authors, the sti-suffixed (modal) adverbs are dominant, while in present day Estonian, -lt is more frequent. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the change of lt-suffixed adverbs and modal adverbs in older Estonian in order to provide insights into their functions in the present day. In the process of writing this paper, it is implied that the lt-suffixed words in contemporary Estonian may function both as full content adverbs as well as pragmatic markers.
„Agenda Parva” kultuuriloolisest taustast
Authors: Pomozi Péter
Published: February 2014

„Agenda Parva” (1622) on esimene tervenisti säilinud raamat, mis sisaldab pikemaid eestikeelseid tekste. Teose lõunaeesti keele ortograafia erineb kardinaalselt tolle aja Põhja-Eesti alade saksapärasest kirjaviisist, kuid ka hilisemast lõunaeesti omast. Eriliselt paindlik kirjaviis sündis tänu Tartu jesuiitide kolleegiumi ja tõlkeseminari tööle aastail 1583–1625. Selles õppeasutuses töötanud, mitmelt Euroopa maalt valitud preestrid tundsid üsna hästi ka kohalikke keeli. Haridust said siin ka eesti soost kasvandikud, kelle hulgast mõned astusid hiljem ordusse. Baltimaades arenes välja jesuiitide kolleegiumide võrk, mis töötas Liivimaal kuni Rootsi aja alguseni (1622–1625). Koolide võrgustik poleks aga saanud nendel aladel tekkida ilma Transilvaaniast pärit Poola kuninga István Báthoryta (valitsemisaeg 1576–1586). Báthory oli suurepärane väejuht ja haritud humanist. Tema saavutatud sõjaline edu Ivan Julma vastu võimaldas alustada suurejoonelist rekatoliseerimistööd ka Liivimaal. Siinses artiklis tuleb juttu „Agenda Parva” kultuuriloolise tausta vähem tuntud üksikasjadest. Need mängisid otsustavat rolli selles, et tänu jesuiitide koolidele sündis lugejasõbralik ortograafia, millesarnast ei olnud Liivimaal kasutusel samal ajal ega ka hiljem kuni 19 sajandi alguseni.On the culture-historical background of the „Agenda Parva”. The „Agenda Parva” (1622) is the earliest fully surviving book which contains a longer text in Estonian. The orthography of its South- Estonian language differs totally from the Germanic spelling of the contemporary North-Estonian texts, as well as from the later South-Estonian spelling. What was behind this was the work of the Jesuit College and translators’ seminary in Tartu, 1583–1625. The monks who taught there, having been selected from several European countries, knew the local languages good, and many of their students who were native speakers of Estonian later became members of the Jesuit order as well. Until the Swedish occupation in Livland 1622–1625, there was a whole network of Jesuit colleges in the Baltic region. The formation of this network would have been unimaginable without Stephen Báthory, the Transylvanian-Hungarian king of Poland (1575–1585). He was an excellent strategist and a learned humanist. His military successes established the chance of recatholisation in Livonia. This article focuses on less known details from the culture-historical background of the „Agenda Parva”, which had, however, a crucial role in that by the Jesuit schooling and education an excellent scribal tradition could develop, that was unique not only in its age but as late as the 19th century.
Mt 10,38 ja Lk 14,27 sajandeid püsinud küsitav tõlge
Authors: Roosimaa Peeter
Published: February 2014

Artikkel käsitleb Uue Testamendi eesti keelde tõlkimise probleeme. Paralleelkirjakohtades Mt 10,38 ja Lk 14,27 on Jeesuse ütlus, mis koosneb kolmest osalausest. Neist esimene ja viimane on eitavad, kuid eestikeelses tõlkes on eitatud ka teist osalauset. Selline lisaeitus leidub juba 1686. aastal ilmunud „Wastses Testamendis”. Uue Testamendi esimesed eestikeelsed tõlked on teinud saksa soost pastorid, kellel oli raskusi eituste edasiandmisel saksa keele omast erineva lausestruktuuriga eesti keeles. Kasutades aastatest 1680–1705 pärinevate tõlkekäsikirjade trükis avaldatud tekste, on artiklis vaatluse alla võetud valik eitusi sisaldavaid Luuka evangeeliumi salme. Siinne uurimus lubab oletada, et Mt 10,38 ja Lk 14,27 tekstides oleva lisaeituse puhul on tegemist tõlkeeksitusega, mis on hilisemate redigeerimiste ja osalt uuesti tõlkimiste käigus jäänud märkamata.For centuries remained questionable translation of Matthew 10:38 and Luke 14:27. Current article deals with the problems in translating New Testament into Estonian language. In parallel passages Matthew 10:38 and Luke 14:27 there is a saying of Jesus that consists of two conditions and one statement. First condition is negation, second condition is affirmation and conclusion is once again negation. In Estonian translation both conditions are negations. This extra negation is found already in “Wastne Testament” that was published in year 1686. The first translations of New Testament were created by German origin pastors who had trouble with different rules of negation in Estonian language. Print published manuscripts of Gospel of Luke’s translations from 1680–1705 were used for composing this article. This article suggests that additional negation in translation of Matthew 10:38 and Luke 14:27 is translation mistake that remained unnoticed during later revisions and partial retranslation.
Päästma ja päästja – ühest eesti ja läti ühisest tüvest
Authors: Soosaar Sven-Erik
Published: February 2014

Eesti tegusõnal päästma, mida seni on peetud tõlkelaenuks vene keelest, on vaste läti keeles tegusõna pestīt näol. See on tõenäoliselt laen liivi või eesti keelest. Sel läänemeresoome tüvel puudub siiani etümoloogia. Analüüsides tüve pääst(ma) ja pestī(t) esinemist ning häälikkuju vastavalt eesti ja läti vanas kirjakeeles, leitakse siinses artiklis, et eesti tüvi võib olla otsene laen vene keelest. Venemõjuline võib olla ka läti vanas kirjakeeles esinev vorm pastīt.Päästma ‘to save’ and päästja ‘saver’ – about an Estonian verb stem, which is also found in Latvian. It is argued that Estonian päästma ‘to save’ which has been considered a translation loan from Russian, may actually be a direct loan from Russian. The Latvian word pestīt ‘to save’, which is usually considered a Livonian loan is found in old Latvian texts also in form pastīt, which indicates a possible Russian influence.