bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protective Covers for Newly Sown Seed of Kentucky Bluegrass1
Authors: Miller P. M.
Published: September 2022

The germination of grass seeds on freshly prepared lawns in the northeastern U.S. is usually enhanced by lightly mulching the shown seed with salt hay, (hay from salt marshes — a mixture of 2 grasses, Distichlis spicata and Spartina patens,) or cheesecloth to prevent the seeds from drying between rains or waterings. Salt hay is sometimes scarce and cheesecloth is expensive, so we evaluated other materials for this purpose.
Pathogenicity, Characteristics, and Host Range of the Fungus, Pythium irregulare Buis, in a Container Nursery in Southern California1
Authors: Keim R. , Mock T. , Endo R. M. , Krausman E. M.
Published: September 2022

Pythium irregulare was isolated from roots and found to be pathogenic to 4 different hosts showing various disease syndromes in one southern California nursery. The hosts were Dizygotheca elegantissima Vignier & Guill., Brassaia actinophylla Endl. Ilex cornuta Lindl. & Paxt. cv. Rotunda and Nerium oleander Linn. cv. Petite Salmon. One isolate was more damaging on D. elegantissima growing at a mean temperature of 15.5°C than at a mean temperature of 23°C. A bioassay proved that P. irregulare was an inhabitant of the soil at the site of the nursery.
Canada Thistle Control in Selected Junipers with Fall-applied Glyphosate1
Authors: Dunwell W. C. , Boe A. A. , Lee G. A.
Published: September 2022

Glyphosate [(N-phosphonomethyl) glycine] at rates of 0.0, 2.2, 3.4, and 4.5 kg/ha were applied to nursery plots that were severely infested with Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.]. The plots contained Pfitzer juniper (Juniperus chinensis L. ‘Pfitzeriana’), Hetz Juniper (Juniperus chinesis L. ‘Hetzii’), Japanese Garden Juniper (Juniperus chinesis L. ‘Procumbens’), and Tamarix Juniper (Juniperus sabina L. ‘Tamariscifolia’). Glyphosate was applied as an overspray including the junipers on September 2, 1976. Two weeks after treatment, all thistles in the 4.5 kg/ha plots were dead, while those in the 2.2 kg/ha and 3.4 kg/ha showed extreme chlorosis. Canada thistle root cuttings taken 4 days after treatment did not survive when placed in a mist bench. Good to excellent weed control was obtained with no evident phytotoxicity to the junipers.
Effects of Three Nitrogen Levels on Tissue Nitrogen Fluctuation during a Flush of Growth on ‘Helleri’ Holly (Ilex crenata Thunb.)1
Authors: Gilliam C. H. , Wright R. D.
Published: September 2022

The effects of 3 nitrogen treatments on tissue N fluctuations of ‘Helleri’ holly. All N concentrations increased following the cessation of shoot elongation until a concentration of tissue N was reached where a new flush of growth began. Nitrogen concentrations at which new growth began were about the same for all N treatments. The time necessary to reach this concentration was dependent on the level of N added; 5 weeks for 300 ppm, 13 weeks for 150 ppm and 18 weeks for 50 ppm N. Once new growth began, tissue N concentrations began to decrease.
‘Festivee’ Grape1
Authors: Bradt O. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Festivee’ (Fig. 1) is a reddish black, large berried, good quality, seeded table grape with a breaking meaty flesh. It matures 1 week before ‘Concord’.
‘Veeblanc’ Grape1
Authors: Bradt O. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Veeblanc’ (Fig. 1) is a white wine grape that produces a well balanced, dry, white table wine.
‘Cullman’ and ‘Havis’ Peaches1
Authors: Fogle H. W.
Published: September 2022

‘Cullinan’ and ‘Havis’ peaches were released by the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland on June 3, 1977. ‘Cullinan’ (Fig. 1) is an attractive, high-quality cultivar ripening after ‘Red-haven’ season, with the highest resistance to bacterial spot (Xanthomonas pruni (E. F. Smith) Dows) recorded by the screening method used at Beltsville. ‘Havis’ (Fig. 2) is a highly-blushed, high quality cultivar ripening just before ‘Rio Oso Gem’.
‘Nittany’ Apple1
Authors: Stouffer Richard F. , Greene George M. , Marshall Ritter C. , Barrat Joseph G.
Published: September 2022

‘Nittany’ is a ‘York Imperial’-type apple possessing outstanding processing characteristics. Fruit from the original seedling tree has been essentially free of corking; mild corking has been observed in some large fruits from propagules on size-controlling rootstocks. The fruit can be held in refrigerated storage for at least 6 months without appreciable shrinkage or loss of quality. The flesh oxidizes very slowly when exposed to the air and imparts a highly desirable yellow color to processed products.
Influence of Initial Moisture Content on the Wettability of a Milled Pine Bark Medium1
Authors: Airhart D. L. , Natarella N. J. , Pokorny F. A.
Published: September 2022

Water absorption curves were developed for air dry peat-vermiculite and pine bark media. Data indicated 70-78% of moisture saturation was attained within 5 days with a peatvermiculite medium while 48 days were required to achieve 58-70% saturation with a milled pine bark medium. Increased water absorption of pine bark after 10 days of wetting suggested that a threshold moisture level within the bark particles is necessary if water uptake is to be enhanced. The threshold moisture content was established at 35% (wet wt basis).
Foliar Spray and Bark Banding with Dikegulac for Ornamental Tree Growth Inhibition1
Authors: Hield H. , Sachs R. M. , Hemstreet Stuart
Published: September 2022

Foliar applications of 2, 3, 4, 6-di-o-isopropyl-idene-2-keto-L-gulonate (dikegulac) at rates of 0.2-0.3% resulted in growth reductions comparable with l,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione (MH) or methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (chlorflurenol). Where terminal leaf abscission occurs, tree appearance after treatment is sometimes better than that of trees treated with either MH or chlorflurenol. Growth reduction from trunk banding with dikegulac n-pentyl ester was observed only on Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.; chlorflurenol in trunk banding has a much wider species range and is effective at lower concn.
Plant Stress Studies in Controlled Environments
Authors: Ormrod Douglas P. , Krizek Donald T.
Published: September 2022

Growth chambers can be adapted in many ways to meet the special needs of plant stress studies. The purpose of this paper is to discuss special growth chambers and selected stress experiments requiring special techniques and extensive modification of growth chamber design. Use of growth chambers in air pollution, pesticide, radioisotope, and ultraviolet radiation research will be presented as examples.
Shade- and Ancymidol-altered Shape of Potted Lilium longiflorum ‘Ace’1
Authors: Weiler T. C.
Published: September 2022

The broadest diameter of precooled liles was close to the plant base after a 0.5-0.75 mg/pot ancymidol soil drench at shoot emergence. These plants were short, shaped similar to controlled-temperature-forced plants, and of improved commercial value. Shape was not improved by an ancymidol spray at a later growth stage. Low light levels increased plant size, and the absolute reduction of height by ancymidol was greater in shade than in full light, but the percent height reduction was similar for the 2 irradiances.
Environmental Factors Affecting Rose Powdery Mildew in Greenhouses1
Authors: Cobb Gary S. , Hanan Joe J. , Baker R.
Published: September 2022

The effects of greenhouse environment and outside weather factors on epidemiology and spore release of powdery mildew of roses (Rosa hybrida L.) caused by the fungus Sphaerotheca pennosa (Wallr.) Lev. var. rosae Wor. were studied. Mildew epidemics were correlated to outside dew point temperatures, and mildew incidence could be reduced to low levels by sulfur vaporization and adopting cultural procedures designed to dry out the greenhouse environment prior to nightfall during seasonal periods when mildew was likely to be prevalent Highest spore release occurred in the period between 1200 to 1600, and was correlated with external variables.
Effect of Glyphosate on Perennial Weed Control and Yield of Muscadine Grapes1
Authors: Daniell Jeff W. , Lane R. P.
Published: September 2022

In a muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) vineyaid, postemergence applications of glyphosate over a 2-year period at 4.5, 6.7 and 10.1 kg/ha were very effective in controlling weeds tolerant to yearly applications of simazine. There was no injury to 1-year-old or older vines if basal leaves were not contacted by glyphosate sprays. There were no significant effects on yield and soluble solids content of the free-run juice by glyphosate treatments.
Resistance of White-fleshed Sweet Potato Cultivars to the Sweet Potato Weevil1
Authors: Waddill Van H. , Conover Robert A.
Published: September 2022

Five cultivars and 34 selections of white-fleshed and one breeding line of orange-fleshed sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) were evaluated in field plots for resistance to the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicaius elegantulus (Summers). There were significant differences in susceptibility, with ‘Picadita’ and several selections being the most promising. The variation in weevil susceptibility offers possibilities for developing resistant cultivars.
Effects of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization in Trickle Irrigation on Yield of Pepper and Polebean
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , Kays S. J. , Smittle D. A.
Published: September 2022

Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L. cv. Hot Hungarian Yellow Wax) and polebeans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Dade) were grown in an intensive production system with film mulch, broad-spectrum soil fumigation and trickle irrigation. Nitrogen was applied through the trickle irrigation tubes at 0.56, 1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 kg/ha per day for the pepper and 0.56, 1.12, 2.24, and 3.36 kg/ha per day (doubled 6 weeks after seeding) for polebeans. Potassium was applied at 0.83 times the N rate. The N and K were applied twice weekly for the polebean and with every irrigation for the pepper. Marketable pepper yields ranged from 59.6 MT/ha with the low fertilizer rate to 96.0 MT/ha with high fertility. Yield increases with increasing fertilizer rates were not as great with polebeans as with peppers but there was a trend for higher yields with increasing fertilizer rates.
Screening for Heat Tolerance in the Genus Lycopersicon1
Authors: Villareal R. L. , Lai S. H. , Wong S. H.
Published: September 2022

Less than 1% (38 of 4050 accessions) of the world collection of the garden tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and related Lycopersicon species displayed a high level of heat tolerance based on fruit setting ability at high temperature. Thirty of these heat-tolerant accessions belong to L. esculentum, 7 to L. pimpinellifolium and 1 is a cross between L. esculentum and L. pimpinellifolium.
Separating Germinated from Ungerminated Seed by Specific Gravity1
Authors: Taylor A. G. , Motes J. E. , Price H. C.
Published: September 2022

Seed of germinated celery, Apium graveolens L. (Dulce group) and pepper, Capsicum annuum L. were separated from ungerminated seed by density differences in a sucrose and water solution. The top (floating) fraction in both species had the highest percentage germination and percent and rate of emergence compared to either the bottom fraction or unseparated seed.
U.C. SR-91 Bush, U.C. Top Mark Bush, and U.C. Perlita Bush Muskmelon Breeding Lines1
Authors: Zink F. W.
Published: September 2022

U.C. SR-91 Bush, U.C. Top Mark Bush, and U.C. Perlita Bush are andro-monoecious, short-internode, salmon-orange flesh, muskmelons, Cucumis melo. They have value as a germplasm source for selection as well as for the development of commercial hybrids and/or types for mechanical harvest.
‘Dokodoko’ Watermelon1
Authors: Ito P. J. , Atubra O. K.
Published: September 2022

‘Dokodoko’ is a new watermelon (citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) selected for its adaptation to the humid tropics with close to 10% soluble solids. The name ‘Dokodoko’ in Ghanian means very sweet.
‘AU-Producer’ Plum1
Authors: Norton Joseph D. , Rymal Kenneth S.
Published: September 2022

‘AU-Producer’ is a new plum cultivar (Fig 1) developed by the Department of Horticulture, Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station for growing in central Alabama, where sufficient chilling of 750 hr of temperature below 7.2° C (45° F) occurs. ‘AU-Producer’ has proven its ability to produce high yields of high quality fruit where certain fruit and disease problems occur.

The cross was made in 1965 and the seedling was selected in 1967 and tested as Bruce 13-18 (Fig. 2).
‘Linn’ Strawberry1
Authors: Lawrence F. J. , Martin L. W. , Varseveld G. W. , Booster D. E.
Published: September 2022

‘Linn’ is a moderately vigorous and productive cultivar of strawberry (Fragaria ⨯ ananassa Duch.) with firm fruit for machine harvest or for a combination of machine and hand harvest. It was named for Linn County, Oregon, an area important in the early development of the strawberry industry in Oregon.
Tomato Ripening Mutants
Authors: Tigchelaar E. C.
Published: September 2022

The dictionary defines ripening as “the aging (or curing) process to develop characteristic flavor, odor, body, texture and color.” The plant physiologist identifies ripening as the terminal period of maturation during which the fruit attains its full development and its maximum esthetic and edible quality (1).
An Evaluation System for Filberts (Corylus avellana L.)1
Authors: Thompson M. M. , Romisondo P. , Germain E. , Vidal-Barraquer R. , Tasias Valls J.
Published: September 2022

A common evaluation system for filberts has been developed by research leaders of breeding programs in U. S., France, Italy, and Spain. The system incorporates important horticultural or economic traits and is independent of specific breeding objectives. To minimize the influence of site and season on certain traits, especially phenological traits, a standard set of well-known cultivars was established, against which all other clones are compared. Ratings are recorded numerically so the data can be readily computerized.
Register of New Fruit and Nut Varieties List 311
Authors: Brooks Reid M. , Olmo H. P.
Published: September 2022

Royal Gala. – Plant Pat. 4,121; Oct. 4, 1977; assigned to Stark Bro's Orchards and Nurseries Co., Louisiana, Mo. Origin and description appeared in List 30.
Effect of Rootstock on the Bark Thickness of Peach Scions1
Authors: Yadava U. L. , Doud S. L.
Published: September 2022

Trunk bark thickness of 6 peach clones was significantly affected by seedling root-stocks of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). Of the 7 rootstocks tested, Siberian C invariably induced the thickest bark in the scion while Lovell and Halford induced the thinnest scion bark. However, Siberian C grown as unbudded seedling trees did not produce thicker bark than the other rootstocks, similarly grown. The effect was not site- or cultivar-dependent.
Yield and Maturity of ‘Concord’ Grapes following Spring Frost1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Brummund V. P.
Published: September 2022

Severe frost injury was incurred about full swell on one group and about 4th leaf on another group of ‘Concord’ (Vitis labrusca L.) vines where sprinkling was interrupted during the night. The wet tissues were less cold resistant than dry tissues. Yield was reduced 22% by the early frost, 52% by the later frost. Bloom was delayed 10 days by the early frost, 18 days by the later frost. At harvest the berries were larger than non-frosted on the early-frosted vines and equal in size on the late-frosted vines. Color and soluble solids were lower on the frosted vines.
Cold Acclimation of Everbearing Strawberry Blossoms1
Authors: Boyce B. R. , Marini R. P.
Published: September 2022

Controlled freezing of everbearing strawberry blossoms (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) at weekly intervals during the autumn bloom period indicated that the killing temperature decreased about 2°C. During the June bloom period, the killing temperature was similar for June-bearing and everbearing cultivars.
Repeated Application of Soil-residual Herbicides and Yield and Quality of ‘Valencia’ Oranges1
Authors: Jordan L. S. , Russell R. C.
Published: September 2022

The repeated application of simazine, diuron, bromacil, and a diuron-bromacil mixture over a 5-year period had no significant effects on yield or fruit quality characteristics of ‘Valencia’ oranges.
Effects of Developing Fruits on Production and Translocation of 14C-labeled Assimilates in Cucumber1
Authors: Barrett James E. , Amling Harry J.
Published: September 2022

Selected leaves on fruiting and non-fruiting plants of ‘Southern Cross’ cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were pulsed with 14CO2 for 30 minutes. After 24 hours, 4 to 6 times more 14C-labelled assimilates were recovered from fruiting than non-fruiting plants. Leaves on fruiting and non-fruiting plants exported 85% and 45% of the assimilated 14C, respectively. Leaf position had no effect on the amount of 14C recovered or on percent transported.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Upton Werner J.
Published: September 2022

Moisture relations of the air, most commonly expressed as relative humanidity (RH), have been ignored in much postharvest research on horticultural crops in spite of the self-evident importance of the topic. This neglect was brought home to me quite forcefully a few years ago when I reviewed the literature on RH recommendations for the storage of vegetables. To my suprise and consternation, I found that most of the recommendations were based on resonable-seeming guesses rather than on experimental evidence. As it turned out, carefully developed evidence has since shown that many of the guesses were not so reasonable, after all.
Relative Humidity as a Factor in the Structure and Histochemistry of Plants
Authors: Morrison Baird Lisa A. , Webster Barbara D.
Published: September 2022

The humidity of the atmosphere profoundly affects every aspect of morphogenesis and the practical importance of this has provided the impetus for extensive research, particularly in agriculture. Maximov’s (13) excellent monograph delineates the effects of various moisture regimes on growth, structure and composition of crop plants, and Wangerman’s (23) review focuses on effects of water supply and humidity on plants which can regulate their water content and those which cannot. These and other reviewers have been quick to point out that effects of relative humidity are frequently confounded by interrelationships with other factors, including particularly temperature, light and soil moisture. Thus the analysis of morphological and histochemical effects of atmospheric humidity per se is frequently difficult.
Role of Water Potential in Microbial Growth and Development of Plant Disease, With Special Reference to Postharvest Pathology1
Authors: James Cook R. , Papendick R. I.
Published: September 2022

The subject of water relations in microbial growth and development of plant disease has been reviewed extensively (11, 13, 14, 18, 19, 28, 34), as has the subject of water relations of wood decay and growth of wood-decay fungi (20). This paper will not duplicate earlier reviews, except as necessary to present some basic principles. Our paper has 5 parts: 1) the water potential concept; 2) methods to measure water potential; 3) water potential requirements for growth of bacteria and fungi; 4) water potentials of the tissues of some fruits and vegetables after harvest; and 5) water potential and the development of disease.
Tomato Fruit Color Measured with an Agtron E5-W Reflectance Spectrophotometer1
Authors: Kader Adel A. , Morris Leonard L.
Published: September 2022

A reflectance spectrophotometer (Agtron E5-W) was found to be a useful laboratory tool for nondestructive determination of tomato fruit color as an indicator of ripeness classes and changes in ripeness in postharvest studies. Values obtained represent the average green and red color hues of the whole fruit which is rotated dueing the measurement.
Performance of ‘Centennial’ Sweet Potato Mutants1
Authors: Love John E. , Hernandez Travis P. , Mahmood Marziah
Published: September 2022

Yield, quality, and respiration studies were conducted with 23 mutations of the ‘Centennial’ sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam). None of the mutant selections produced significantly higher yields than the original cultivar. Total carotenoid pigments of mutant clones ranged between 1 and 14 mg per 100 g of fresh tissue, with 10 mutants not different from the original cultivar and 13 with less pigments. Dry matter content varied from 26 to 34% in the fleshy roots with 4 selections significantly higher than the ‘Centennial’ roots. Dark skin color (rose or purple) was accompanied by orange flesh color in all samples tested. There was a large variation in respiration rates of storage roots between mutant clones and ‘Centennial’ roots.
Effects of Container Media and Backfill Composition on the Establishment of Container-grown Plants in the Landscape1
Authors: Ingram Dewayne L. , van de Werken Hendrik
Published: September 2022

The addition of peat-perlite to backfill soil increased the initial root movement through the backfill of transplanted holly (Ilex crenata Thunb. cv. Green Luster) grown in a peat-perlite medium. Backfill composition had no effect on the initial movement of roots of plants grown in a soil-peat-sand or pine bark-sand medium.
Phenotypic Correlations between Senescent Leaf, Dormant Bud Scale, and Flower Color in Rhododendron japonicum 1
Authors: Ackerman W. L. , Creech J. L.
Published: September 2022

A screening method based on senescent leaves and dormant bud scales was developed to predict flower color among segregating seedling populations of Rhododendron Japonicum (Gray) Suringar.
Effects of Three Ambient Temperatures on Rooting of Ilex crenata Thunb. cv. Convexa1
Authors: Blazich Frank A.
Published: September 2022

Many studies have been reported on the propagation of Ilex species by stem cuttings (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) but none have appeared on the influence of ambient temp on the rooting process. The following investigation was undertaken to study the effects of 3 ambient temp on rooting holly stem cuttings.
Soil Heating Effects on Bench-grown Chrysanthemums1
Authors: Barrett R. E. , Ormrod D. P. , Jung R.
Published: September 2022

Plants of ‘#2 Golden Shoesmith’ and ‘Fred Shoesmith’ chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) were grown in soil-filled greenhouse benches with soil heating by warmed water in buried pipes. During the growing period a soil temperature of about 23°C (21°-25°) initially increased stem elongation and shoot fresh weight of ‘#2 Golden Shoesmith’ plants compared with about 19° (17°-20°) or ambient (10.5°-15.5°). Both 23° and 19° later slowed stem elongation and decreased shoot and root fresh weights compared with ambient soil temperature. Soil temperature had little effect on growth and development of ‘Fred Shoe-smith’. Soil heating advanced harvest date by about 2 to 3 days, but did not affect dimensions or weight of inflorescence.
Ethylene Evolution by Petioles of Sleeved Poinsettia Plants1
Authors: Sacalis J. N.
Published: September 2022

Potted poinsettia plants (Euphorbia pulcherrima Klotzsch ex. Willd., cv Annette Hegg Supreme) wrapped in polyethylene or paper sleeves for 24 hours developed petiolar curvatures of leaves, giving plants a contorted appearance. Excised petioles from sleeved plants evolved much greater quantities of ethylene than did similar excised petioles of unsleeved plants. Use of paper sleeves produced effects identical to those produced in plants which were placed in polyethylene sleeves. Ethylene evolution as a result of sleeving was most prominent in bracts, intermediate in younger leaves, and least prominent in older leaves.
‘Sea Urchin’, ‘Green Shadow’, ‘Blue Shag’ and ‘UConn’ Eastern White Pine1
Authors: Waxman Sidney
Published: September 2022

Somatic bud mutations called witches’-brooms are excellent sources of new dwarf forms of conifers. In previous years scions of witches’-broom were grafted on seedlings of the species to supply dwarf garden shrubs resembling the parent broom. Such well known dwarf evergreens as Picea abies ‘Maxwellii’, Picea abies ‘Tabuliformis’, Pinus sylvestris ‘Beuvronensis’ and Pinus nigra ‘Hornibrookiana’ originated as grafts from witches’-brooms in 1874, 1890, 1891 and 1932 respectively (1, 2, 3, 5).
I.T.-9 and I.T.-18 Rose Rootstocks12
Authors: Buck Griffith J.
Published: September 2022

Although roses have been propagated by grafting for more than a century, there has been relatively no concerted breeding effort to develop rootstocks (understocks) as has been done for rosaceous fruit crops. Selection of cultivars, both asexually and sexually propagated, that have been used for propagating roses has come about so far more by fortuitious circumstance than by design. A survey (1) of rootstocks used in rose propagation indicated that the largest number were derivatives of either the Caninae or the Synstylae tribes, with the Caninae being more prevalent in Europe and the Synstylae in the U.S. Also, the survey delineated those qualities desired as well as those in which the commonly-used rose root-stocks were deficient. Characteristics found lacking were root flexibility, a trait of importance to to all nurserymen packaging rose plants either for sale or shipment, tolerance to low soil temp, and resistance or tolerance to soil-borne pests such as nematodes.
Slide Sets
Authors: Memmler Eugene
Published: September 2022

Our food, fiber, and ornamental plants contain a hidden cost for pest control and insect damage of $200 per year for each citizen of the U. S. The corn earworm on the cover, Heliothis zea (Boddie), is an example of one of the commonest and most destructive pests in the U.S. In addition to injuring corn, it attacks cotton (where it is known as the cotton bollworm) and tomatoes (where it is know as the green tomato worm)
Apple Photosynthesis: Microclimate of The Tree and Orchard1
Authors: Proctor J. T. A.
Published: September 2022

The growth and cropping of apple trees, as with other crops, is dependent largely upon environment. The environment consists of two distinct components, the soil and the atmosphere, which, while sharply divided by the surface of the earth, interact with each other. The aerial component’s influence on production can be considered on three scales. The macro scale and hence macro climate is a regional climate, e.g. the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia. The next scale is the individual farm, or less, where the macroclimate can be modified by factors such as exposure, altitude, slope and aspect. The resultant local climate is the mesoclimate. Microclimate, the third scale, includes detailed studies close to the earth’s surface, and within the orchard and tree.
Apple Leaves, Their Morphology And Photosynthetic Potential1
Authors: Barden John A.
Published: September 2022

There has recently been a resurgence in interest in the photosynthetic efficiency of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees. During the 1930’s and early 1940’s several papers were published relating to leaf morphology and the effects of various factors such as water relations, nutrition, and pesticides on net photosynthesis (Pn) of apple leaves. From the mid 1940’s until the mid 1960’s little relevant research was published. Renewed emphasis began to be apparent by the mid 1960’s, partially as the result of greatly improved equipment, particularly the infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). This discussion is devoted to the maximum net photo synthetic potential of apple leaves, the factors which have been shown to influence it, and areas which need further research if we are to fully exploit the inherent capability for CO2 fixation.
Microfiche Systems for Extension Information Retrieval System
Authors: Fletcher Robert F.
Published: September 2022

The first source for information retrieval in county Extension offices should be a file to 1) provide direct answers from information in the microfiche file; or 2) provide names of reference publication where answers can be readily found in specific publications normally available in county Extension offices.
In Vitro Propagation of Aranda Wendy Scott and Aranthera James Storei1
Authors: Cheah K. T. , Sagawa Y.
Published: September 2022

Clonal propagation in vitro of Aranda Wendy Scott ‘Greenfield’ and Aranthera James Storei was achieved with Vacin and Went medium (VW) supplemented with coconut water (CW) (15% by volume) or green banana (GB) (50 g/liter) or by omission of sucrose (Su). Induction of protocorm-like bodies (plb) on explants of apical and axillary buds was accomplished on VW + 15%CW and multiplication of plb in VW − 2%Su + 15%CW. Shoots were induced on solid VW − 2%Su for Aranthera James Storei and solid VW − 2%Su + 15%CW + 5%GB for Aranda Wendy Scott. Roots were induced on solid VW + 15%CW + 5%GB medium.
Establishing Asparagus from Seedling Transplants1
Authors: Ombrello Thomas M. , Garrison Stephen A.
Published: September 2022

Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L) was established in the field from 9 and 12-week-old greenhouse-grown seedlings and by direct seeding. Initial and over winter survival of transplants was not affected by age of seedling, method of growing, or the use of the an transparent Wilt-Pruf. Transplants produced more shoots, were taller and exhibited higher survival than seedlings established by direct seeding.
Drought Resistance of Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivars1
Authors: Dernoeden P. H. , Butler J. D.
Published: September 2022

In a field test of 25 Kentucky bluegrass cultivars (Poa pratensis L.) “common types” were generally more drought tolerant than recently introduced turf types. ‘Code 95’, a common type, and ‘Merion’ exhibited high drought resistance and produced turf of good color, texture, and density. Turf mowed at 3.8 cm was more resistant to drought than turf maintained at 1.9 cm.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Maynard Donald N.
Published: September 2022

Plant productivity is the end result of the interaction of the plant with its environment. Consequently, improvements in plant performance have occurred with manipulation of the environment to provide a more suitable milieu for growth. At the same time, the character of the plant has been changed to better exploit the improved surroundings. Together, and only together, can genetic and environmental improvements interact to manifest maximum plant productivity. Many of the accomplishments leading to improved efficiency and yields were reviewed by Cooke et al. (3) and Wittwer (8) and the potential future impact on yields was assessed by Howell (7).
Photosynthetic Efficiency and Crop Production
Authors: Ozbun J. L
Published: September 2022

We have witnessed an increasing interest in national and international food production over the past several years. The need for increased food production is covered in several documents such as Agricultural Production Efficiency (1), World Food and Nutrition Study (3). The World Food Problem (2), Food for Billions (5). Photosynthesis, Photorespiration and Plant Production (25), CO2 Metabolism and Plant Production (7) and an entire issue of Science (18).
Potential For Nitrogen Fixation in Vegetables1
Authors: Zobel R. W. , Wallace D. H.
Published: September 2022

Plants growing in nature provide a continuous array of biological efficiencies related to mineral nutrition. Nearly all of the temperate and tropical areas of the earth are covered with species adapted to the unique properties of particular soils. These properties may represent the extremes in element availability from very deficient to toxic levels and may be associated with wide ranges in pH.
Nitrites and Bacteria in Fresh Carrot Juice Made from Roots Stored at High Temperatures1
Authors: Hall C. B. , Stall R. E. , Hicks J. R.
Published: September 2022

Juice made from carrots stored at 20, 25, 30 or 35°C for 0,2,4 or 8 days contained negligible amounts of nitrite when sampled immediately. The bacterial populations were higher in juice made from carrots stored for longer periods and at the higher temperatures. Juices incubated at 35°C for 4 hours accumulated nitrite in amounts that tended to correspond to the bacterial populations in the fresh juices.
Evaluation of Daminozide on ‘Concord’ Grapevines of Different Fruit Set Potential1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Cawthon D. L. , Spayd S. E.
Published: September 2022

Succinic acid-2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide), at rates of 0, 1000, and 2000 ppm, was applied between first and peak bloom to 2 adjacent ‘Concord’ (Vitus labrusca L.) vineyards: a 9-year-old vineyard with a histoty of good fruit set and a 19-year-old vineyard with a history of poor fruit set. No significant yield increase was obtained in the young vineyard, but there was a tendency for lower soluble solids and poorer juice color due to daminozide. Yields were increased by 2.4 and 3.3 MT/ha by 1000 and 2000 ppm daminozide, respectively, in the older vineyard with no significant effect on juice quality. The one-year increase in yield of grapes in the older vineyard was accompanied by a reduction in vine size.
In Vitro Shoot Formation in Lowbush Blueberry Seedling Explants1
Authors: Nickerson N. L.
Published: September 2022

Select clones of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) are propagated vegetatively from stem or rhizome cuttings, but this method permits only a slow increase in the number of desired plants. A rapid in vitro propagation system would reduce the time required to build up stocks of superior material. In an attempt to develop such a system, the ability of various lowbush blueberry tissues to form shoots in vitro is being studied. This paper reports on de novo shoot formation in cultured seedling explants.
Height Control of Pixie Poinsettia with a Granular Formulation of Ancymidol1
Authors: Wilfret G. J. , Harbaugh B. K. , Nell T. A.
Published: September 2022

A granular formulation of ancymidol [α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5pyrimidine] was compared to ancymidol and chlormequat [(2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride] drenches for height control of multi-branched poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild.) grown in 10 cm diameter pots. Granular ancymidol at 0.125 mg ai/pot retarded plant growth with no retardation in bract diameter. Granular ancymidol at 0.25 mg ai/pot was as effective as 0.5 mg ancymidol applied as a drench and produced the ideally proportioned plants. All ancymidol treatments were more effective in height retardation than chlormequat applied at 240 mg ai/pot. Bract diameter was reduced in all ancymidol treatments and 0.5 mg ai/pot.
Susceptibility of Conifer Cotyledons and Primary Needles to Acute Doses of SO21
Authors: Smith H. J. , Davis D. D.
Published: September 2022

Nine conifer species, including 3 selections of Scotch pine, were exposed to SO2 dosages of 1310 µg/m3 (0.5 ppm) for 5 hours, 2620 µg/m3 (1.0 ppm) for 4 hours, or 5240 µg/m3 (2.0 ppm) for 2 hours. Seedlings in the cotyledon and primary needle stages were utilized throughout the study. Significant injury occurred only at the highest concentration. Pine species (Pinus spp) were more susceptible to SO2 than were spruce (Picea spp.), fir (Abies spp.) or Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga sp.). The 3 Scotch pine selections and ponderosa pine were more susceptible than Austrian pine species. Balsam fir, Douglas-fir, Fraser fir, white fir, blue spruce, and white spruce were not injured.
Production of Ficus elastica ‘Decora’ Standards1
Authors: Conover Charles A. , Poole Richard T.
Published: September 2022

Best commercial quality of Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem ‘Decora standards were produced when single stem plants were topped at either 76 or 46 cm above the soil line and grown under 90 or 70 klx on 27 or 36 g 18−3−10 (N−P−K) per 30 cm container per 6 months. Number of branches per standard decreased as shade level increased, but height and plant quality were greater under shade than in full sun. Branched standards over 1 m tall were produced in 16 months from rooted single-eye cuttings, and were of excellent quality
‘Nakada’ Holly1
Authors: Dudley T. R. , Eisenbeiss G. K.
Published: September 2022

Ilex crenata Thunb. is one of nearly 200 species of holly indigenous to eastern and southeastern Asia. The species was introduced into cultivation in Europe about 1864, and into the U.S. shortly afterwards. Ilex crenata is probably the most successful small-leaved evergreen, dioecious shrub in the eastern U.S. for use in foundation plantings, as accent plants and in hedges. At the present time more than 125 named cultivars of I. crenata have been introduced into cultivation. These clonal sections are distinguished by different habits and rates of growth, varying leaf shapes and sizes, contrasts in adaptability to variable landscape purposes, and versatility in hardiness, as well as heat tolerance.
‘Clusterberry’ Holly1
Authors: Eisenbeiss Gene K.
Published: September 2022

Ilex (aquifoium cornuta) ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ leucoclada ‘Clusterberry’, U.S. National Arboretum Accesion No. 28313 and PI 422216 is a new introduction from the National Arboretum as part of its hybridizing program in Ilex for improved plants for landscape use (1). It is a spreading, medium sized shrub with large, broad, soft leathery, fine spined, evergreen leaves, and glossy red fruit displayed in large dense clusters.
‘Apollo’ Holly1
Authors: Eisenbeiss Gene K.
Published: September 2022

Ilex (serrata ⨯ verticillata) ‘Apollo’, U.S. National Arboretum Accession No. 29739 and PI 422217, is a new introduction from the U.S. National Arboretum as part of its hybridizing program in Ilex for improved plants for landscape use (1). The selection is a large multi-stemmed deciduous staminate shrub as a preferred pollinator for its pistillate sibling selection ‘Sparkleberry’.
In Vitro Propagation of Kalanchoe1
Authors: Smith R. H. , Nightingale A. E.
Published: September 2022

We have achieved a rapid (4-6 weeks from culture initiation to potted plant-lets) in vitro method for clonal propagation of Kalanchoe bossfeldiana Poelln. The resulting potted plants have increased branching and shorter inter-nodes than plants established by conventional propagation methods, making them commercially desirable. This in vitro method has potential for rapid propagation of new Kalanchoe cultivars, as each leaf, shoot tip, and stem section could be used as an expiant for culture. This plant is widely available and is ideal for classroom demonstration of tissue culture.
Homogenization as an Aid in Tissue Culture Propagation of Platycerium and Davallia1
Authors: Cooke Ron C.
Published: September 2022

Platycerium (staghorn fern) and Davallia (rabbit’s foot fern) plantlets initiated in vitro were aseptically homogenized and dispensed volumetrically into plastic tissue culture containers. The resultant cultures grew rapidly and were successfully transferred to soil. This method offers an alternative for separation and distribution of previously multiplied plantlets in the culture step prior to transplantation in soil.
Mechanical Stresses and Muskmelon Fruit Quality1
Authors: Foster R. E. , Gentry J. P. , Bessey P. M. , Harriott B. L. , Brendle M. W.
Published: September 2022

Muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.) at standard harvest maturities tolerated mechanical stresses, such as dropping 90-120 cm or squeezing with 31.8 kg force, without showing increased damage rates. There were no important differences found between 4 cultivars and 1 breeding line.
Measurement of Pod-wall Resistance to the Cowpea Curculio in the Southernpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)1
Authors: Fery R. L. , Cuthbert F. P.
Published: September 2022

California Blackeye No. 5, a cultivar highly susceptible to the cowpea curculio (Chalcodermus aeneus Boheman), was crossed with Ala. 963.8, one of the best available sources of pod-wall resistance (inhibition of pod-wall penetration) to the curculio. Forty F7 progeny lines developed from random F2 plants and the parental lines were grown in a field naturally infested by the curculio and evaluated for pod-wall resistance and the following pod and seed characteristics: pod:seed (PS) ratio, pod diameter, pod length, pod weight, pod-wall fiber content, pod-wall thickness, weight per 50 seeds, interseed space, pod surface contour, and seed shape. Except for the PS ratio, none of the pod or seed characteristics were associated with resistance. The PS ratio was negatively correlated with pod-wall resistance and accounted for a significant portion of the variation in curculio penetration success. These findings suggest that pod-wall resistance can be efficiently evaluated by means of PS ratio measurements.
Variations in the Yielding Ability of Sweet Potato under Drought Stress and Minimum Input Conditions1
Authors: Villareal R. L. , Lin S. H. , Lai S. H.
Published: September 2022

Evaluation of 381 sweet potato cultivais and 464 breeding lines for root yield under drought stress and minimum input conditions following a rice crop revealed certain genotypes that surpassed the tropical Asian yield average by at least 100%. Such genotypes appeared to possess both drought tolerance and good yielding ability.
Reduction in Russeting of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples with Silicon Dioxide Formulations and Gibberellins A4+71
Authors: Edgerton L. J. , Veinbrants N.
Published: September 2022

A 2-spray treatment of Apasil, a formulation containing silicon dioxide, applied at petal fall and at petal fall + 7 to 10 days reduced russeting 20 to 30% in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). The application of gibberellins 4+7 (GA4+7) at 25 to 50 ppm also reduced russet in these trials. The application of GA4+7 at 25 ppm with silicon dioxide formulation improved control over that obtained with either material alone. The addition of chlorothaonil as a surfactant with the combination provided additional benefit.
A Technique for Propagating Container-grown Citrus on Sour Orange Rootstock in Texas1
Authors: Maxwell Norman P. , Lyons Calvin G.
Published: September 2022

Container-grown sour orange seedlings were cleft grafted in 1975, 1976 and 1977 with ‘Redblush’ grapefruit, placed in 2 types of humidity chambers (polyethylene tents and sacks) to increase survival, and evaluated for growth under full sun and 60% shade. Cleft grafting resulted in greater than 90% successful graft unions in all years. The type of humidity chamber used did not influence the percent of successful unions between rootstock and scion. In a 60-day period, grafted plants grown in full sun with a windbreak were 47% larger and produced larger and more luxuriant foliage than similar aged plants grown under 60% shade.
Vase Life of Cut Flowers Treated with Rhizobitoxine Analogs, Sodium Benzoate, and Isopentenyl Adenosine1
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Baker J. E.
Published: September 2022

Addition of rhizbitoxin analogs to holding solutions extended vase life of bulbous iris flowers (Iris xiphium L), daffodils (Narcissus pseudo-narcissus L.) and chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat). Sodium benzoate also increased vase life of daffodils butnot of irises and chrysanthemums. Isopentenyl adenosine delayed senesence of irises but not of chrysanthemums. None of the chemicals tested extended the vase life of roses (Rosa hybrida L). Ethylene production in rose petal tissue was reduced by rhizobitoxine analogs indicating that roses do not have a rhizobitoxine-resistant ethylene producing system. Results suggested that either roses are sensitive to low levels of ethylene or their senescence is triggered by factors other than ethylene.
Chemical Induction of Adventitious Shoots in Anthurium1
Authors: Higaki T. , Rasmussen H. P.
Published: September 2022

Benzyladenine (BA), 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl)-9H-purine (PBA), and (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 100-1500 mg/liter induced adventitious buds in anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum L.). Maximum adventitious shoot formation was produced with BA at 1000 mg/liter (3.6) followed by PBA 1500 mg/liter (2.2) and ethephon at 1000 mg/liter (1.8). Control plants exhibited no adventitious shoot formation.
Differences in Chilling Effects on Shoot Emergence from the Bulb and on Leaf Emergence from the Scale Bulblet in Lilium longiflorum Thunb.1
Authors: Matsuo E. , Arisumi K.
Published: September 2022

Shoot emergence from the bulb was promoted, while leaf emergence from the scale bulblet was retarded as the chilling duration of bulbs was increased from 0 to 5 weeks prior to planting or to scale propagation.
Gibberellic Acid (GA3) Stimulates Flowering in Caladium hortulanum Birdsey1
Authors: Harbaugh B. K. , Wilfret G. J.
Published: September 2022

Stored ‘Candidum,’ ‘Carolyn Whorton,’ and ‘Frieda Hemple’ caladium tubers were soaked for 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 hours in 0, 250, 500, or 1000 mg/liter gibberellic acid (GA3) solutions to determine if flowering could be enhanced during the subsequent forcing period. Mean number of inflorescences produced per plant with no soaking was 0.2, 0.7, and 0.0 for ‘Frieda Hemple,’ ‘Candidum,’ and ‘Carolyn Whorton’ respectively, while tubers soaked in 250 mg/liter GA3 for 16 hours at 23°C averaged 2.4, 3.7, and 4.0 inflorescences per plant, respectively. There was no significant difference in number of inflorescences per plant from tubers treated with 250, 500, and 1000 mg/liter GA3. Optimum soaking time was 8 hours for ‘Frieda Hemple’ and ‘Carolyn Whorton,’ and 16 hours for ‘Candidum.’
Three Simple Demonstrations of the Physical Effects of Soil Amendment1
Authors: Art Spomer L.
Published: September 2022

Soil physical amendment (soil mixing) is a widespread horticultural practice. Unfortunately, it is often done with little understanding of the principles involved or the physical effects produced. Three simple demonstrations are described which have proved helpful in explaining the physical effects of soil amendment in classroom and extension presentations. These exercises use simple volume measurements and require commonly available supplies including containers, a volume measure, a sieve, plastic sheets, and media components such as soil and sand. The differences between component and mixture water retention are used to demonstrate the effect of amendment on porosity, water retention, and aeration. Some sample results and discussion questions are included.
Sugar Composition of Papayas during Fruit Development1
Authors: Chan Harvey T. , Hibbard Kenneth L. , Goo Theodore , Akamine Ernest K.
Published: September 2022

Sugar composition of papaya (Carica papaya L.) during fruit development was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Sucrose made up less than 18% of the total sugar content 110 days after anthesis and increased rapidly to make up 80% of the sugars about 135 days after anthesis. The dramatic changes in sugar content and composition at 110 days after anthesis corresponded with the commencement of color changes of seed and pulp.
Greenhouse Heat Conservation and the Effect of Wind on Heat Loss
Authors: Goldsberry K. L.
Published: September 2022

The topic “heat conservation” has “cooled” recently and the greenhouse industry is becoming more and more complacent. Many researchers jumped on a heat conservation bandwagon for funding purposes and have been riding a fad. However, some interesting data were produced during the past 3 to 4 years, but when the information was conveyed to the greenhouse operator, there was and still is very limited response. Many say they will put in a poly liner next year or modify the structure to include a thermal curtain. Some growers are passing increased fuel costs on to the consumer and not worrying about conservation. Most growers probably fall into the category of keeping the same prices they had 10 years ago and doing nothing about conservation.