bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reciprocal and Autonomous Glucocorticoid and Androgen Receptor Activation in Salivary Duct Carcinoma
Authors: Mitani Yoshitsugu , Lin Sue-Hwa , Pytynia Kristen B. , Ferrarotto Renata , El-Naggar Adel K.
Published: November 2019

Purpose:

To determine the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and androgen receptor (AR) in salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) and to analyze the role of these proteins in the development and management of this disease entity.

Experimental Design:

We performed a phenotypic assessment of GR and AR localization and expression, and determined their association with clinicopathologic factors in 67 primary SDCs. In vitro functional and response analysis of SDC cell lines was also performed.

Results:

Of the 67 primary tumors, 12 (18%) overexpressed GR protein, 30 (45%) had constitutive expression, and 25 (37%) had complete loss of expression. Reciprocal GR and AR expression was found in 32 (48%) tumors, concurrent constitutive GR and AR expression in 23 (34%), and simultaneous loss of both receptors and high GR with AR expressions were found in 12 (18%). GR overexpression was significantly associated with worse clinical outcomes. In vitro ligand-independent AR activation was observed in both male- and female-derived cell lines. GR antagonist treatment resulted in decreased cell proliferation and survival in GR-overexpressing cells, irrespective of AR status. Reciprocal GR- and AR-knockdown experiments revealed an independent interaction.

Conclusions:

Our study, for the first time, demonstrates differential GR and AR expressions, autonomous GR and AR activation, and ligand-independent AR expression and activation in SDC cells. The findings provide critical information on the roles of GR and AR steroid receptors in SDC tumorigenesis and development of biomarkers to guide targeted steroid receptor therapy trials in patients with these tumors.
Baseline Characteristics, Treatment Patterns, and Outcomes in Patients with HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer by Hormone Receptor Status from SystHERs
Authors: Cobleigh Melody , Yardley Denise A. , Brufsky Adam M. , Rugo Hope S. , Swain Sandra M. , Kaufman Peter A. , Tripathy Debu , Hurvitz Sara A. , O'Shaughnessy Joyce , Mason Ginny , Antao Vincent , Li Haocheng , Chu Laura , Jahanzeb Mohammad
Published: November 2019

Purpose:

We report treatments and outcomes in a contemporary patient population with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) by hormone receptor (HR) status from the Systemic Therapies for HER2-positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Study (SystHERs).

Experimental Design:

SystHERs (NCT01615068) was an observational, prospective registry study of U.S.-based patients with newly diagnosed HER2-positive MBC. Endpoints included treatment patterns and clinical outcomes.

Results:

Of 977 eligible patients (enrolled from 2012 to 2016), 70.1% (n = 685) had HR-positive and 29.9% (n = 292) had HR-negative disease. Overall, 59.1% (405/685) of patients with HR-positive disease received any first-line endocrine therapy (with or without HER2-targeted therapy or chemotherapy); 34.9% (239/685) received HER2-targeted therapy + chemotherapy + sequential endocrine therapy. Patients with HR-positive versus HR-negative disease had longer median overall survival (OS; 53.0 vs 43.4 months; hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.56–0.87). Compared with patients with high HR-positive staining (10%–100%, n = 550), those with low HR-positive staining (1%–9%, n = 60) received endocrine therapy less commonly (64.2% vs 33.3%) and had shorter median OS (53.8 vs 40.1 months). Similar median OS (43.4 vs 40.1 months) was observed in patients with HR-negative versus low HR-positive tumors (1%–9%).

Conclusions:

Despite evidence that first-line HER2-targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and sequential endocrine therapy improves survival in patients with HR-positive, HER2-positive disease, only 34.9% of patients in this real-world setting received such treatment. Patients with low tumor HR positivity (1%–9%) had lower endocrine therapy use and worse survival than those with high tumor HR positivity (10%–100%).
Analysis of Released Circulating Tumor Cells During Surgery for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Tamminga Menno , de Wit Sanne , van de Wauwer Caroline , van den Bos Hilda , Swennenhuis Joost F. , Klinkenberg Theo J. , Hiltermann T. Jeroen N. , Andree Kiki C. , Spierings Diana C.J. , Lansdorp Peter M. , van den Berg Anke , Timens Wim , Terstappen Leon W.M.M. , Groen Harry J.M.
Published: November 2019

Purpose:

Tumor cells from patients with lung cancer are expelled from the primary tumor into the blood, but difficult to detect in the peripheral circulation. We studied the release of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) during surgery to test the hypothesis that CTC counts are influenced by hemodynamic changes (caused by surgical approach) and manipulation.

Experimental Design:

Patients undergoing video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) or open surgery for (suspected) primary lung cancer were included. Blood samples were taken before surgery (T0) from the radial artery (RA), from both the RA and pulmonary vein (PV) when the PV was located (T1) and when either the pulmonary artery (T2 open) or the PV (T2 VATS) was dissected. The CTCs were enumerated using the CellSearch system. Single-cell whole-genome sequencing was performed on isolated CTCs for aneuploidy.

Results:

CTCs were detected in 58 of 138 samples (42%) of 31 patients. CTCs were more often detected in the PV (70%) compared with the RA (22%, P < 0.01) and in higher counts (P < 0.01). After surgery, the RA but not the PV showed less often CTCs (P = 0.02). Type of surgery did not influence CTC release. Only six of 496 isolated CTCs showed aneuploidy, despite matched primary tumor tissue being aneuploid. Euploid so-called CTCs had a different morphology than aneuploid.

Conclusions:

CTCs defined by CellSearch were identified more often and in higher numbers in the PV compared with the RA, suggesting central clearance. The majority of cells in the PV were normal epithelial cells and outnumbered CTCs. Release of CTCs was not influenced by surgical approach.
Targeting CMTM6 Suppresses Stem Cell–Like Properties and Enhances Antitumor Immunity in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Chen Lei , Yang Qi-Chao , Li Yi-Cun , Yang Lei-Lei , Liu Jian-Feng , Li Hao , Xiao Yao , Bu Lin-Lin , Zhang Wen-Feng , Sun Zhi-Jun
Published: November 2019

CMTM6, a regulator of PD-L1 expression, also modulates tumor immunity. Little is known about the function of CMTM6 and its mechanism of action in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In this study, we found by IHC analysis that CMTM6 overexpression predicted a poor prognosis for patients with HNSCC. We discovered that CMTM6 expression was correlated with increased activity through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which is essential for tumorigenesis, maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSC), and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) characteristic of multiple cancers. We used short hairpin RNA to eliminate expression of CMTM6, which led, in HNSCC cells, to reduced expression of nuclear β-catenin as well as inhibition of stem cell–like properties, TGFβ-induced EMT, and cell proliferation. Consistent with these results, we identified a significant positive correlation between expression of CMTM6 and EMT- and CSC-related genes in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We found positive correlations for both RNA and protein between expression of CMTM6 and immune checkpoint components. CMTM6 silencing–induced PD-L1 downregulation delayed SCC7 tumor growth and increased CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell infiltration. The proportions of PD-1+, TIM-3+, VISTA+, LAG-3+, and B7-H3+ exhausted T cells were decreased significantly in the CMTM6 knockdown group. CMTM6 thus regulates stemness, EMT, and T-cell dysfunction and may be a promising therapeutic target in the treatment of HNSCC.
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 Regulation of Adenosine Triphosphate Release by the Adenosine Triphosphate Transporter Vesicular Nucleotide Transporter, a Novel Therapeutic Target for Gastrointestinal Baroreception and Chronic Inflammation
Authors: Mihara Hiroshi , Boudaka Ammar , Tominaga Makoto , Sugiyama Toshiro
Published: November 2019

Background: Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is activated by stretch (mechanical), warm temperature, some epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, and lipopolysaccharide. TRPV4 is expressed throughout the gastrointestinal epithelia and its activation induces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) exocytosis that is involved in visceral hypersensitivity. As an ATP transporter, vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) mediates ATP storage in secretory vesicles and ATP release via exocytosis upon stimulation. Summary: TRPV4 is sensitized under inflammatory conditions by a variety of factors, including proteases and serotonin, whereas methylation-dependent silencing of TRPV4 expression is associated with various pathophysiological conditions. Gastrointestinal epithelia also release ATP in response to hypo-osmolality or acid through molecular mechanisms that remain unclear. These synergistically released ATP could be involved in visceral hypersensitivity. Low concentrations of the first generation bisphosphate, clodronate, were recently reported to inhibit VNUT activity and thus clodronate may be a safe and potent therapeutic option to treat visceral pain. Key Messages: This review focuses on: (1) ATP and TRPV4 activities in gastrointestinal epithelia; (2) factors that could modulate TRPV4 activity in gastrointestinal epithelia; and (3) the inhibition of VNUT as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for functional gastrointestinal disorders.
Avoidance of Vagal Response During Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Isolation
Authors: Hu Feng , Zheng Lihui , Liu Shangyu , Shen Lishui , Liang Erpeng , Ding Ligang , Wu Lingmin , Chen Gang , Fan Xiaohan , Yao Yan
Published: November 2019

Background:

Circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (CPVI) often cause unavoidable vagal reflexes during procedure due to the coincidental modification of ganglionated plexus which are located on pulmonary vein (PV) antrum. The right anterior ganglionated plexi (RAGP) which located at superoanterior area of right superior PV antrum is an essential station to regulate the cardiac autonomic nerve activities and is easily coincidentally ablated during CPVI. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of RAGP ablation on vagal response (VR) during CPVI.

Methods:

A total of 80 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation who underwent the first time CPVI were prospectively enrolled and randomly assigned to 2 groups: group A (n=40), CPVI started with right PVs at RAGP site; group B (n=40): CPVI started with left PVs first, and the last ablation site is RAGP. Electrophysiological parameters include basal cycle length, A-H interval, H-V interval, sinus node recovery time, and atrioventricular node Wenckebach point were recorded before and after CPVI procedure.

Results:

During CPVI, the positive VR were only observed on 1 patient in group A and 25 patients in group B (
P
<0.001). A total of 21 patients with positive VR in group B needed for temporary ventricular pacing during procedure, while the only patient with positive VR in group A did not need for temporary ventricular pacing (
P
<0.001). Compared with baseline, basal cycle length, sinus node recovery time, and atrioventricular node Wenckebach point were decreased significantly after CPVI procedure in both groups (all
P
<0.05) and without differences between 2 groups.

Conclusions:

Circumferential PV isolation initiated from RAGP could effectively inhibit VR occurrence and significantly increase heart rate during procedure.
Effects of Crushed Ticagrelor Versus Eptifibatide Bolus Plus Clopidogrel in Troponin‐Negative Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Marian Moazez J. , Abu Daya Hussein , Chatterjee Arka , Al Solaiman Firas , Sasse Mark F. , Fonbah William S. , Workman Raymond W. , Johnson Brittany E. , Carlson Sarah E. , Brott Brigitta C. , Prabhu Sumanth D. , Leesar Massoud A.
Published: November 2019

Background

After a loading dose of ticagrelor, the rate of high on‐treatment platelet reactivity remains elevated, which increases periprocedural myocardial infarction and injury. This indicates that faster platelet inhibition with crushed ticagrelor (
CTIC
) or eptifibatide is needed to reduce high on‐treatment platelet reactivity. The efficacy of
CTIC
versus eptifibatide bolus plus clopidogrel is unknown.

Methods and Results

A total of 100 P2Y
12
naïve, troponin‐negative patients with acute coronary syndrome were randomized to
CTIC
(180 mg) versus eptifibatide bolus (180 μg/kg×2 intravenous boluses) plus clopidogrel (600 mg) at the time of percutaneous coronary intervention. High on‐treatment platelet reactivity was markedly higher with
CTIC
versus eptifibatide bolus plus clopidogrel (42% versus 0%;
P
<0.001) at 30 minutes and persisted up to 2 hours (12% versus 0%;
P
=0.01, respectively). Platelet aggregation by adenosine diphosphate dropped faster from baseline with eptifibatide bolus plus clopidogrel versus
CTIC
(0.5 versus 2 hours, respectively) and was higher with
CTIC
versus eptifibatide bolus plus clopidogrel at 0.5, 2, and 4 hours after loading dose (53±12% versus 1.3±2%; 35±11% versus 0.34±1.0%; and 23±9% versus 3.5±2%, respectively;
P
<0.001). Eptifibatide bolus plus clopidogrel, but not
CTIC
, significantly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by thrombin‐receptor activating peptide. Periprocedural myocardial infarction and injury was higher with
CTIC
versus eptifibatide bolus plus clopidogrel (48% versus 28%, respectively;
P
=0.035). Post–percutaneous coronary intervention hemoglobin levels were not different between groups.

Conclusions

Eptifibatide bolus plus clopidogrel led to faster and more potent platelet inhibition than
CTIC
and reduced periprocedural myocardial infarction and injury in troponin‐negative acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, with no significant hemoglobin drop after percutaneous coronary intervention.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
02925923.
MicroRNA‐101 Protects Against Cardiac Remodeling Following Myocardial Infarction via Downregulation of Runt‐Related Transcription Factor 1
Authors: Li Xidong , Zhang Shouwen , Wa Mingguang , Liu Zhonghua , Hu Shunpeng
Published: November 2019

Background

Myocardial infarction (
MI
) generally leads to heart failure and sudden death. The hearts of people with
MI
undergo remodeling with the features of expanded myocardial infarct size and dilated left ventricle. Many micro
RNA
s (miRs) have been revealed to be involved in the remodeling process; however, the participation of miR‐101 remains unknown. Therefore, this study aims to find out the regulatory mechanism of miR‐101 in
MI
‐induced cardiac remodeling.

Methods and Results

Microarray data analysis was conducted to screen differentially expressed genes in
MI
. The rat model of
MI
was established by left coronary artery ligation. In addition, the relationship between miR‐101 and runt‐related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) was identified using dual luciferase reporter assay. After that, the rats injected with lentiviral vector expressing miR‐101 mimic, inhibitor, or small interfering RNA against
RUNX
1 were used to examine the effects of miR‐101 and
RUNX
1 on transforming growth factor β signaling pathway, cardiac function, infarct size, myocardial fibrosis, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
RUNX
1 was highly expressed, while miR‐101 was poorly expressed in
MI
. miR‐101 was identified to target
RUNX
1. Following that, it was found that overexpression of miR‐101 or silencing of
RUNX
1 improved the cardiac function and elevated left ventricular end‐diastolic and end‐systolic diameters. Also, miR‐101 elevation or
RUNX
1 depletion decreased infarct size, myocardial fibrosis, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Moreover, miR‐101 could negatively regulate
RUNX
1 to inactivate the transforming growth factor β1/Smad family member 2 signaling pathway.

Conclusions

Taken together, miR‐101 plays a protective role against cardiac remodeling following
MI
via inactivation of the
RUNX
1‐dependent transforming growth factor β1/Smad family member 2 signaling pathway, proposing miR‐101 and
RUNX
1 as potential therapeutic targets for
MI
.
Pulse Pressure and the Risk of End‐Stage Renal Disease Among Chinese Adults in Singapore: The Singapore Chinese Health Study
Authors: Geng Ting‐Ting , Talaei Mohammad , Jafar Tazeen Hasan , Yuan Jian‐Min , Koh Woon‐Puay
Published: November 2019

Background

Although hypertension is an established risk factor for chronic kidney disease, less is known about the relationship of pulse pressure (
PP
), a measure of arterial stiffness, with chronic kidney disease. We investigated the association of systolic blood pressure (
BP
), diastolic BP,
PP,
and mean arterial pressure with the risk of end‐stage renal disease (
ESRD
) in the prospective population‐based Singapore Chinese Health Study.

Methods and Results

We used data from 30 636 participants who had
BP
measured at ages 46 to 85 years during follow‐up I interviews between 1999 and 2004. Information on lifestyle factors was collected at recruitment from 1993 to 1998, and selected factors were updated at follow‐up I. We identified 463
ESRD
cases over an average 11.3 years of follow‐up I by linkage with the nationwide Singapore Renal Registry. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the relations between different
BP
indexes and
ESRD
risk. Each
BP
index was positively associated with
ESRD
when studied individually. However, when
PP
was included as a covariate,
systolic
and diastolic BP and mean arterial pressure were no longer associated with
ESRD
. Conversely,
PP
remained significantly associated with
ESRD
risk in a dose‐dependent manner (
P
trend
<0.001) after adjusting for
systolic
or diastolic BP. Compared with the lowest group (<45 mm Hg) of
PP
, the hazard ratio was 5.25 (95% CI, 3.52–7.84) for the highest group (≥85 mm Hg). The association between hypertension and
ESRD
risk was attenuated and no longer significant after adjusting for
PP
.

Conclusions

Our findings provide a basis for targeting reduction of arterial stiffness to decrease
ESRD
risk.
Familiarity Increases Processing Speed in the Visual System
Authors: Manahova Mariya E. , Spaak Eelke , de Lange Floris P.
Published: November 2019

Familiarity with a stimulus leads to an attenuated neural response to the stimulus. Alongside this attenuation, recent studies have also observed a truncation of stimulus-evoked activity for familiar visual input. One proposed function of this truncation is to rapidly put neurons in a state of readiness to respond to new input. Here, we examined this hypothesis by presenting human participants with target stimuli that were embedded in rapid streams of familiar or novel distractor stimuli at different speeds of presentation, while recording brain activity using magnetoencephalography and measuring behavioral performance. We investigated the temporal and spatial dynamics of signal truncation and whether this phenomenon bears relationship to participants' ability to categorize target items within a visual stream. Behaviorally, target categorization performance was markedly better when the target was embedded within familiar distractors, and this benefit became more pronounced with increasing speed of presentation. Familiar distractors showed a truncation of neural activity in the visual system. This truncation was strongest for the fastest presentation speeds and peaked in progressively more anterior cortical regions as presentation speeds became slower. Moreover, the neural response evoked by the target was stronger when this target was preceded by familiar distractors. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that item familiarity results in a truncated neural response, is associated with stronger processing of relevant target information, and leads to superior perceptual performance.
Redescription of Austrosimulium bancrofti (Taylor) (Diptera: Simuliidae): Australia’s second-worst problem black fly
Authors: CRAIG DOUGLAS A.
Published: November 2019

Though the taxonomic establishment of Austrosimulium bancrofti (Taylor) was muddled, the species, because of its pest status, has been the most highly researched black fly in Australia. The literature is, however, widely spread. This current work consolidates much of that and provides redescription of all stages.
Catalog of the mite (Acari) type specimens deposited at the “Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de São José do Rio Preto”, São Paulo, Brazil (DZSJRP)
Authors: DE ARAÚJO MARCEL SANTOS , FERES REINALDO JOSÉ FAZZIO
Published: November 2019

A catalog of the type specimens of mites deposited at the Mite Collection of the Zoology and Botany Department of São Paulo State University (São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo state, Brazil) is presented. The collection of type specimens includes 120 species of 64 genera and 16 families, most of which from Brazil, but also from Angola, Australia, Costa Rica, Phillipines, South Africa, Sultanate of Oman and Thailand. For each species the original publication, provenance data, specimens conditions are provided.
Trissopathes (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) in the north-east Atlantic, with a description of T. grasshoffi sp. nov.
Authors: MOLODTSOVA TINA N. , ALTUNA ÁLVARO , HALL-SPENCER JASON M.
Published: November 2019

A new species of antipatharian (black coral) in the genus Trissopathes is described. It is common in the bathyal zone of the north-east Atlantic, including the Bay of Biscay, Celtic Slope and adjacent banks and seamounts. The species is often observed in underwater photographs from untrawled parts of carbonate mounds in the area. Trissopathes grasshoffi sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from its three congeners by having relatively sparse branching, a higher density of primary pinnules, and 3–6 secondary anterolateral pinnules as well as by the shape and size of its spines. The present state of knowledge of Trissopathes is reviewed.
Barsine insolita, a new species from Indochina and India (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae)
Authors: VOLYNKIN ANTON V. , ČERNÝ KAREL , IM KYUNG-HOAN , BAE YANG-SEOP , BAYARSAIKHAN ULZIIJARGAL
Published: November 2019

Barsine Walker, 1854 is one of the largest quadrifid Erebidae genera within subtribe Nudariina (Erebidae, Arctiinae, Lithosiini). It was established for its type species Barsine defecta Walker, 1854 (by subsequent designation, Kirby (1892)) from Nepal. The genus has in the past been treated as a synonym or subgenus of Miltochrista Hübner, [1819] (Hampson 1900; Strand 1917; Reich 1937; Daniel 1951; 1952; 1955; Inoue 1980; Holloway 1982; Fang 1991; 2000; Černý 1995). In 2001, J.D. Holloway revived Barsine as a distinct genus. The genus is widely distributed in eastern and southeastern Palaearctic and Oriental tropics and more than a hundred of valid species and subspecies were worked on by Fang (2000), Holloway (2001), Kaleka (2003), Černý & Pinratana (2009), Černý (1995, 2016), Bucsek (2012, 2014), Dubatolov et al. (2012), Dubatolov & Bucsek (2013), Wu et al. (2013), Kirti & Singh (2015, 2016), Volynkin & Černý (2016a, 2016b, 2016c, 2017a, 2017b, 2017c, 2017d, 2018a, 2018b; 2019), Bayarsaikhan et al. (2018), Joshi et al. (2018), Spitsyn et al. (2018), Volynkin (2018), Volynkin et al. (2018; 2019a; 2019b; 2019c) and Huang et al. (2018).
Taxonomic and nomenclatorial revision within the Neotropical genera of the subtribe Odontocheilina W. Horn in a new sense—22. Genus Cheilonycha Lacordaire, 1842 (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)
Authors: MORAVEC JIŘÍ
Published: November 2019

Taxonomic and nomenclatorial revision of the genus Cheilonycha Lacordaire, 1842 with type species Cheilonycha chalybea (by original monotypy), based on Cicindela chalybea Dejean, 1825, is presented. It is concluded here that a subsequent type designation by Horn (1910), who without any explanation mentioned Ch. auripennis (Lucas, 1857) as the type species of the genus, was unjustified and must be considered invalid according to ICZN (1999). Examinations of type specimens have revealed that Cheilonycha auripennis sensu auctorum (sensu Horn 1922 and subsequent authors) is a complex of taxa. As a result, one new subspecies of Ch. auripennis (Lucas, 1857) and one new species of the genus are described and the following taxa of Cheilonycha are recognized and presented here: Ch. chalybea (Dejean, 1825), Ch. a. auripennis (Lucas, 1857), Ch. a. chiquitosiana ssp. nov. and Ch. bucephalauripennis sp. nov. Type specimens of Ch. a. angustedilatata (W. Horn, 1922) based on Odontochila (Chilonycha) auripennis angustedilatata W. Horn, 1922, proved to be fully conspecific with the type specimens of Ch. auripennis based on Cicindela auripennis Lucas, 1857. Consequently, Ch. a. angustedilatata syn. nov. is treated here as a junior synonym of Ch. a. auripennis. The history of the taxonomy of these taxa, their distribution and biology, including photographs of the termitophilous habitat, relevant lectotype designations, descriptions (redescriptions respectively) and illustrations in colour photographs of the habitus, diagnostic characters and variability are provided.
Interior Water-Mass Variability in the Southern Hemisphere Oceans during the Last Decade
Authors: Portela Esther , Kolodziejczyk Nicolas , Maes Christophe , Thierry Virginie
Published: November 2019

Using an Argo dataset and the ECCOv4 reanalysis, a volume budget was performed to address the main mechanisms driving the volume change of the interior water masses in the Southern Hemisphere oceans between 2006 and 2015. The subduction rates and the isopycnal and diapycnal water-mass transformation were estimated in a density–spiciness (σ–τ) framework. Spiciness, defined as thermohaline variations along isopycnals, was added to the potential density coordinates to discriminate between water masses spreading on isopycnal layers. The main positive volume trends were found to be associated with the Subantarctic Mode Waters (SAMW) in the South Pacific and South Indian Ocean basins, revealing a lightening of the upper waters in the Southern Hemisphere. The SAMW exhibits a two-layer density structure in which subduction and diapycnal transformation from the lower to the upper layers accounted for most of the upper-layer volume gain and lower-layer volume loss, respectively. The Antarctic Intermediate Waters, defined here between the 27.2 and 27.5 kg m−3 isopycnals, showed the strongest negative volume trends. This volume loss can be explained by their negative isopyncal transformation southward of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current into the fresher and colder Antarctic Winter Waters (AAWW) and northward into spicier tropical/subtropical Intermediate Waters. The AAWW is destroyed by obduction back into the mixed layer so that its net volume change remains nearly zero. The proposed mechanisms to explain the transformation within the Intermediate Waters are discussed in the context of Southern Ocean dynamics. The σ–τ decomposition provided new insight on the spatial and temporal water-mass variability and driving mechanisms over the last decade.
Calibration of Machine Learning–Based Probabilistic Hail Predictions for Operational Forecasting
Authors: Burke Amanda , Snook Nathan , Gagne II David John , McCorkle Sarah , McGovern Amy
Published: November 2019

In this study, we use machine learning (ML) to improve hail prediction by postprocessing numerical weather prediction (NWP) data from the new High-Resolution Ensemble Forecast system, version 2 (HREFv2). Multiple operational models and ensembles currently predict hail, however ML models are more computationally efficient and do not require the physical assumptions associated with explicit predictions. Calibrating the ML-based predictions toward familiar forecaster output allows for a combination of higher skill associated with ML models and increased forecaster trust in the output. The observational dataset used to train and verify the random forest model is the Maximum Estimated Size of Hail (MESH), a Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) product. To build trust in the predictions, the ML-based hail predictions are calibrated using isotonic regression. The target datasets for isotonic regression include the local storm reports and Storm Prediction Center (SPC) practically perfect data. Verification of the ML predictions indicates that the probability magnitudes output from the calibrated models closely resemble the day-1 SPC outlook and practically perfect data. The ML model calibrated toward the local storm reports exhibited better or similar skill to the uncalibrated predictions, while decreasing model bias. Increases in reliability and skill after calibration may increase forecaster trust in the automated hail predictions.
The Role of Genioglossus Activity in Predicting Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty Outcomes
Authors: Zhao Di , Li Yanru , Qu Yue , Zhang Junbo , Cao Xin , Ye Jingying
Published: November 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between genioglossus activity during sleep onset and the outcome of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

Study Design

Case series with planned data collection.

Setting

Sleep medical center.

Subjects and Methods

Forty‐four patients with obstructive sleep apnea underwent overnight polysomnography with synchronous genioglossus electromyography (GGEMG) with intraoral electrodes. In addition, all patients underwent revised UPPP with uvula preservation and were followed up with polysomnography at least 3 months after surgery.

Results

Twenty‐five patients (56.8%) were responders. Multiple regression analysis revealed that increasing tonsil size (odds ratio [OR], 0.086; P =. 038) and higher sleep‐onset GGEMG (OR, 0.664; P =. 04) were significant predictors for surgical success. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.942 (OR, 0.040; P <. 001) for those predictors, 0.884 for GGEMG, and 0.848 for tonsil size. Moreover, all patients were divided into 4 groups according to tonsil size and sleep‐onset GGEMG. The success rate of patients with tonsil size III or IV and sleep‐onset GGEMG >11.20% (maximal GGEMG) was optimal (92.9%, 13 of 14), while the success rate of patients with tonsil size I or II and sleep‐onset GGEMG ≤11.20% was 0% (0 of 10).

Conclusions

Sleep‐onset GGEMG and tonsil size are both important in deciding outcomes of UPPP. Patients with tonsil size III or IV and higher sleep onset may be more suitable candidates for UPPP because of the higher probability of surgical success.
Laryngotracheal Stenosis in Early vs Late Tracheostomy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Curry Steven D. , Rowan Paul J.
Published: November 2019

Objective

For critically ill patients undergoing long‐term mechanical ventilation, to determine whether early conversion from endotracheal intubation to tracheostomy reduces the incidence of laryngotracheal stenosis.

Data Sources

MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature.

Review Methods

A systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and an assessment of bias were performed. Included studies reported outcomes of patients who were converted from endotracheal intubation to tracheostomy, compared early vs late tracheostomy, and reported the incidence of laryngotracheal stenosis and details of postoperative surveillance. Data were also collected for intensive care setting, method of tracheostomy, and timing of tracheostomy.

Results

Seven articles met inclusion criteria: 2 randomized trials, 2 quasi‐randomized trials, 1 prospective cohort, and 2 retrospective cohorts. A total of 966 patients were included in this analysis (496 in the early tracheostomy group and 470 in the late tracheostomy group). The mean incidence of laryngotracheal stenosis was 8.9% (range, 0%‐20.8%), with a mean incidence of 8.1% in early tracheostomy groups and 10.9% in late tracheostomy groups. In studies with the least risk of bias, there were no differences in the incidence of laryngotracheal stenosis in patients who underwent early vs late tracheostomy.

Conclusion

In critically ill patients undergoing long‐term mechanical ventilation, early conversion to tracheostomy within 7 days of intubation does not significantly decrease the risk of laryngotracheal stenosis compared to later conversion as defined by the included studies.
Effect of Exercise Training on the Mental and Physical Well-Being of Caregivers for Persons Living With Chronic Illnesses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Epps Fayron , To Helen , Liu Tao Tony , Karanjit Asmita , Warren Gordon
Published: November 2019

Increased demands associated with caregiving may lead to deleterious physical and mental health outcomes. Caregiving has proven to have consequences that affect both physical and psychological well-being. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effects of exercise training on the mental and physical health of caregivers for persons living with chronic illnesses. A systematic review following the Prisma methodology was performed searching eight databases. Thirteen out of 1,632 screened studies were included for analysis. The standardized mean difference was used as the effect size (ES) and was calculated such that a positive ES indicated efficacy of exercise training for improving health. Overall, the meta-analysis yielded a statistically significant and small-to-medium ES (overall ES = 0.30; 95% confidence interval = [0.08, 0.52]; p = .007). Our analysis supports exercise training to improve the mental and physical health of family caregivers of persons living with chronic illnesses.
Experimental study on preparation of coaxial drug-loaded tissue-engineered bone scaffold by 3D printing technology
Authors: Zhang Xujing , Zhou Jianping , Xu Yan
Published: November 2019

In order to combine the drug with the tissue-engineered bone scaffold and make the drugs on the scaffolds stable to achieve sustained-release stepwise function, a new method for preparing coaxial drug-loaded tissue engineering bone scaffolds using coaxial three-dimensional printing technology is proposed, in which inner layer material can carry drugs and the outer material can adjust the drug sustained-release rate. The coupling mechanism of both shape control and property control in the process of coaxial three-dimensional printing micro-structural unit is presented. Design-Expert software is introduced for experimental design. The influences of extrusion speed, filling speed, and delamination height on the forming quality are analyzed, and a coaxial gradient composite scaffold model with controllable micro-structure is established. The macro-structure, mechanical properties, in vitro degradation rate, and drug release rate of the scaffolds were analyzed. The experimental results show that the proposed forming technology and process parameter optimization can effectively improve the forming quality of the coaxial scaffold. At the same time, this design of the coaxial structure can effectively slow down the degradation rate of the scaffold and enables stable and long-time drug release. Furthermore, the presented method provides a new technical approach for the further implementation of implantable drug delivery systems for the effective treatment of bone tuberculosis.
Effect of axial matching between inducer and centrifugal pump suction chamber on cavitation performance
Authors: Cheng Xiaorui , Zhang Aimin
Published: November 2019

According to the design requirements of a booster centrifugal pump, the full three-dimensional numerical calculation of the model pump is carried out based on the RNG k-ɛ turbulence model and the Rayleigh–Plesset cavitation model to analyze the influence of the axial matching of the inducer and the suction chamber (i.e. the degree of the axial extension of the inducer into the suction chamber) on the cavitation performance of the centrifugal pump. Five sets of centrifugal pump design schemes were selected respectively with the ratio of the axial direction of the inducer into the suction chamber and the axial distance of the inducer hub were 0 (original scheme), 1.6%, 3.2%, 4.8%, and 6.4% to compare the distribution of axial static pressure of the inducer and the suction chamber, the variation of cavitation characteristics, head (energy of a fluid per unit weight obtained by working with a pump expressed in the form of height) and efficiency of the centrifugal pump, the distribution of bubbles in the inducer and the impeller, and the static pressure distribution law of the inducer in the runner. According to the results, what are illustrated are that the cavitation performance of the centrifugal pump can be improved by inserting the inducer into the suction chamber to a certain extent, and the cavitation performance is better with the increase of the axial indentation degree, but it tends to be stable after reaching a certain degree. At the same time, it was found that the vapor bubbles in the inducer and the impeller first appeared in the low pressure region at the inlet rim of the blade.
Interpreting toxic masculinity in political parties: A framework for analysis
Authors: Daddow Oliver , Hertner Isabelle
Published: November 2019

The term ‘toxic masculinity’ (TM) was coined in the 1990s by sociologists and psychologists. It has since been appropriated by scholars and commentators interested in gendered behaviours, policies and outcomes in politics. However, despite the attention belatedly being paid to masculinities as part of that research, the analysis of, specifically, TM’s part in shaping political practices remains underdeveloped. This article proposes a move in this direction by designing a conceptual framework for exploring TM inside political parties. We adapt findings from the original TM literature to generate a series of indicators of TM spanning the vital realms of party political activity: its policy positions, accompanying discourse and the formal and informal practices – often behind the scenes – that express the party’s values, broader ethos and outlook. We then test the framework using a paired comparison of two parties of the populist right where we might expect to see relatively high levels of TM: the Alternative for Germany and the UK Independence Party. Our empirical findings give us confidence that drawing on the concept of TM can provide us with novel insights into the interplay between masculinity and political party cultures. We also hope that it will inspire a significant body of new research into TM in political parties from across the party spectrum as well as globally.
Effects of NSAID use on bone healing: A meta-analysis of retrospective case–control and cohort studies within clinical settings
Authors: Ali Muhammad Usman , Usman Mehvish , Patel Kuntal
Published: November 2019

Introduction

This meta-analysis aims to determine whether non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use is significantly associated with adverse bone healing outcomes within clinical settings, including trauma and elective spine settings. It will also explore bone healing outcomes with the type, route, dosage and duration of NSAID exposure and aims to demonstrate the effects of various other confounding factors on bone healing outcomes.

Methods

Electronic databases including MedLine, Embase and Cochrane were searched from January 1975 to December 2017. A distinct analysis of observational long bone and spine studies in adult populations was performed, assessing the effects of NSAID exposure on bone healing. Studies from paediatric population and randomised trials also underwent separate assessment in the synthesis. Meta-analysis was conducted in compliance with QUORUM and PRISMA guidelines.

Results

Quantitative assessment of observational studies suggested a significant risk of bone healing complications with NSAID exposure across each clinical group: long bone (p = 0.0004) and spine (p = 0.02). Analysis of paediatric studies revealed a non-significant association of poor outcomes with NSAID use (p = 0.36), while assessment of randomised trials demonstrated a statistically significant risk of complications following NSAID administration (p = 0.04). Meta-regression further suggested smoking to be a substantial confounder associated with adverse bone healing outcomes (p < 0.00001).

Conclusion

Inclusion of only fair and moderate-quality retrospective cohort and case–control studies in the current synthesis limits the clinical application of its findings and therefore warrants the need for further research. Thus, attempts to conduct high-quality prospective cohort and randomised trials to study the effects of NSAID use on bone healing would be very helpful and will provide a basis for more extensive research in future.
An investigation on the impact of small-scale models in gasoline direct injection sprays (ECN Spray G)
Authors: Navarro-Martinez Salvador , Tretola Giovanni , Yosri Mohammad Reza , Gordon Robert L , Vogiatzaki Konstantina
Published: November 2019

The work presents a numerical investigation of gasoline direct injection and the resulting early development of spray plumes from an eight-hole injector (Engine Combustion Network Spray G). The objective is to evaluate the impact on the droplet size distribution (DSD) statistics from the assumed model physics, particularly for the small scales. Two modelling approaches are compared: Eulerian–Lagrangian spray atomisation with adaptive mesh refinement and a stochastic fields transported probability density function method. The two models simulate the small scales and sub-grid droplet physics with different approaches, but based on the same concept of transport of liquid surface density. Both approaches predict similar liquid distributions in the near-field comparable to experimental measurements. The spray break-up patterns are very similar and both models reproduce quasi-log-normal droplet distributions, with same overall Sauter mean diameters. The Eulerian–Lagrangian spray atomisation with probability density function approach shows different break-up behaviour between droplets originating from the dilute region and those originating from the dense core region. The transition from Eulerian to Lagrangian can be observed in the Eulerian–Lagrangian spray atomisation with adaptive mesh refinement predicted distribution with an abrupt change in the DSD. Both methods are able to produce similar DSD below filter width/grid size resolution.
The metabolic syndrome – What is it and how should it be managed?
Authors: Nilsson Peter M , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Rydén Lars
Published: November 2019

A cluster of metabolic factors have been merged into an entity named the metabolic syndrome. Although the characteristics of this syndrome have varied over time the presently used definition was established in 2009. The presence of three abnormal findings out of five components qualifies a person for the metabolic syndrome: elevated waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting plasma glucose. Cut points have been defined for all components apart from waist circumference, for which national or regional values are used. The metabolic syndrome predicts cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. This associated risk does not exceed its components whereof elevated blood pressure is the most frequent. A successful management should, however, address all factors involved. The management is always based on healthy lifestyle choices but has not infrequently to be supported by pharmacological treatment, especially blood pressure lowering drugs. The metabolic syndrome is a useful example of the importance of multiple targets for preventive interventions. To be successful management has to be individualized not the least when it comes to pharmacological therapy. Frail elderly people should not be over-treated. Knowledge transfer of how risk factors act should be accompanied by continuous trust building and motivation. In complex situations with a mix of biological risk factors, adverse social conditions and unhealthy lifestyle, everything cannot be changed at once. It is better to aim for small steps that are lasting than large, unsustainable steps with relapses to unhealthy behaviours. A person with the metabolic syndrome will always be afflicted by its components, which is the reason that management has to be sustained over a very long time. This review summarizes the knowledge on the metabolic syndrome and its management according to present state of the art.
From Netflix Streaming to Netflix and Chill: The (Dis)Connected Body of Serial Binge-Viewer
Authors: Pilipets Elena
Published: November 2019

With the digitization of the entertainment industry, our everyday media encounters become increasingly data-saturated. In the framework of the digital attention economy, lifestyle technologies stimulate and modulate intensive participation on a regular basis. By conceptualizing the American streaming brand and content provider Netflix as a networked experiential environment, this article explores the practice of binge-watching in light of its multilayered possibilities for user engagement. With the focus on the affective entanglements of recommendation, attention, and attachment, the first part of the article foregrounds binge-watching as the main driving force behind Netflix’s promotional stance on personalization and quality. The second part provides a situated analysis on how binge-viewing technologies and bodies connect and disconnect by zooming in on users’ adaptations of the viral catchphrase “Netflix and chill” on Tumblr. Highlighting the embodied dynamics of engagement with today’s tech brands, I argue for thinking about the value of these dynamics as embedded in the digital logic of contact/capture.
Percutaneous collagen induction (microneedling) for the management of non-atrophic scars: literature review
Authors: Iosifidis Christos , Goutos Ioannis
Published: November 2019

Introduction:

Percutaneous collagen induction (PCI) or needling techniques are increasingly popular in the reconstructive and aesthetic arena. The underlying mechanisms of action rest on producing a pattern of non-ablative and non-confluent puncture wound pattern to the dermis with a resulting regenerative effect to the skin.

Methods:

A detailed English literature review was conducted using PubMed Medline, Embase and Web of Science; the manuscripts were appraised and classified according to level of evidence as well risk of bias. Results are presented in descending order of evidence for non-atrophic scars.

Discussion:

On the basis of level 1 evidence currently available, the combination of needling and silicone gel can improve the short-term pliability, height and vascularity of hypertrophic and keloid scars. According to level 2 evidence, needling alongside spray keratinocytes can produce a statistically significant improvement to patient/observer scar ratings and improve pigmentation in hypopigmented burn scars at 12-month follow-up. Results from mixed cohort studies also point towards needling having a beneficial effect on fat graft retention. Level 3 data suggest that needling can render significant resurfacing effects to both mature and actively hypertrophic burn scars at 12-month follow-up based on objective scar scales; furthermore, favourable histological changes are seen, including better collagen alignment in the dermis and increased epidermal thickness.

Conclusion:

Needling techniques are promising adjuncts to non-atrophic scar management. Further research with long-term follow-up and comparative design protocols incorporating other resurfacing modalities is warranted before the exact value of needling is delineated in scar management protocols.