bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chitosan‐Based, Biocompatible, Solution Processable Films for In Vivo Localization of Neural Interface Devices
Authors: Rauhala Onni J. , Dominguez Soledad , Spyropoulos George D. , Ferrero Jose Javier , Boyers Talia R. , Jastrzebska‐Perfect Patricia , Cea Claudia , Khodagholy Dion , Gelinas Jennifer N.
Published: December 2019

Chitosan (CS) is a biocompatible, inexpensive organic polymer that is increasingly used in neural tissue applications. However, its intrinsic fluorescence has not yet been leveraged to facilitate localization of neural interface devices, a key procedure to ensure accurate analysis of neurophysiological signals. A process is developed to enable control of mechanical and chemical properties of CS‐based composites, generating freestanding films that are stable in aqueous environments and exhibit concentration‐dependent fluorescence intensity. The shape and location of CS‐coated probes are reliably visualized in vitro and in vivo using fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, CS neural probe marking is fully compatible with classical immunohistochemical and histological techniques, enabling localization of high spatiotemporal resolution surface electrocorticography arrays in adult rats and mouse pups. CS composites have the potential to simplify and streamline experimental procedures required to efficiently acquire, localize, and interpret neurophysiological data.
Single Functionalized pRNA/Gold Nanoparticle for Ultrasensitive MicroRNA Detection Using Electrochemical Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Lee Taek , Mohammadniaei Mohsen , Zhang Hui , Yoon Jinho , Choi Hye Kyu , Guo Sijin , Guo Peixuan , Choi Jeong‐Woo
Published: December 2019

Controlling the selective one‐to‐one conjugation of RNA with nanoparticles is vital for future applications of RNA nanotechnology. Here, the monofunctionalization of a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) with a single copy of RNA is developed for ultrasensitive microRNA‐155 quantification using electrochemical surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC‐SERS). A single AuNP is conjugated with one copy of the packaging RNA (pRNA) three‐way junction (RNA 3WJ). pRNA 3WJ containing one strand of the 3WJ is connected to a Sephadex G100 aptamer and a biotin group at each arm (SEPapt/3WJ/Bio) which is then immobilized to the Sephadex G100 resin. The resulting complex is connected to streptavidin‐coated AuNP (STV/AuNP). Next, the STV/AuNP–Bio/3WJa is purified and reassembled with another 3WJ to form a single‐labeled 3WJ/AuNP. Later, the monoconjugate is immobilized onto the AuNP‐electrodeposited indium tin oxide coated substrate for detecting microRNA‐155 based on EC‐SERS. Application of an optimum potential of +0.2 V results in extraordinary amplification (≈7 times) of methylene blue (reporter) SERS signal compared to the normal SERS signal. As a result, a highly sensitive detection of 60 × 10−18 m microRNA‐155 in 1 h in serum based on monoconjugated AuNP/RNA is achieved. Thus, the monofunctionalization of RNA onto nanoparticle can provide a new methodology for biosensor construction and diverse RNA nanotechnology development.
Sustainable design of geothermal energy systems for electric power generation using life cycle optimization
Authors: Tian Xueyu , Meyer Taylor , Lee Hannah , You Fengqi
Published: December 2019

This article addresses the sustainable design of organic Rankine cycle‐based geothermal binary power systems under economic and environmental criteria. A novel superstructure with multiple heat source temperatures, working fluids, and heat rejection systems is proposed. Based on the superstructure, a life cycle optimization model is formulated as a mixed‐integer nonlinear fractional program (MINFP) to determine the optimal design. The nonconvex MINFP is efficiently solved by a tailored global optimization algorithm. Two case studies are considered to demonstrate the proposed modeling framework and solution algorithm. One case is based on a geothermal energy system located in California, and the other one is in New York (NY) State. The results show that the geothermal energy system in California is much more economically competitive than that in NY State. The difference in life cycle environmental impacts is less pronounced because the environmental impacts are less sensitive to geological conditions than the capital investments.
Merkel's Disks Bioinspired Self‐Powered Flexible Magnetoelectric Sensors Toward the Robotic Arm's Tactile Perceptual Functioning and Smart Learning
Authors: Ma Zheng , Ai Jingwei , Zhang Xuan , Du Zhuolin , Wu Zhenhua , Wang Kun , Chen Dezhi , Su Bin
Published: December 2019

Flexible/soft tactile sensors enable the robotic arms to gain real‐time mechanical responses, which are of utmost importance for future deep learning in robotic sciences and technologies. Learning from nature will inspire the advances of soft tactile sensors as mother nature is proficient in achieving unique functionality at the simplest construction. Herein, the fabrication of self‐powered soft tactile sensors is reported. The shape of flexible sensors mimics Merkel's disks, allowing for a well tactile perceptual functionality. Due to the use of flexible magnetoelectric materials, the sensors are self‐powered without external power supply. This unique functionality is explained by Maxwell's numerical simulation, allowing for further improvement of their performance by adjusting diverse fabrication factors. Furthermore, such self‐powered soft tactile sensors are attached to the tips of a robotic arm, enabling the arm to distinguish different objects after smart learning. The soft sensor design reported here is expected to manifest in a range of self‐powered sensing systems, opening up as yet unexplored avenues for the development and the exploitation of future intelligent robots and their deep learning.
Effect of High‐Caloric Nutrition on Survival in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Ludolph Albert C. , Dorst Johannes , Dreyhaupt Jens , Weishaupt Jochen H. , Kassubek Jan , Weiland Ulrike , Meyer Thomas , Petri Susanne , Hermann Andreas , Emmer Alexander , Grosskreutz Julian , Grehl Torsten , Zeller Daniel , Boentert Matthias , Schrank Bertold , Prudlo Johannes , Winkler Andrea S. , Gorbulev Stanislav , Roselli Francesco , Schuster Joachim , Dupuis Luc ,   for the LIPCAL‐ALS Study Group
Published: December 2019

Objective

Weight loss has been identified as a negative prognostic factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but there is no evidence regarding whether a high‐caloric diet increases survival. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the efficacy of a high‐caloric fatty diet (HCFD) for increasing survival.

Methods

A 1:1 randomized, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group, double‐blinded trial (LIPCAL‐ALS study) was conducted between February 2015 and September 2018. Patients were followed up at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 months after randomization. The study was performed at 12 sites of the clinical and scientific network of German motor neuron disease centers (ALS/MND‐NET). Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either HCFD (405kcal/day, 100% fat) or placebo in addition to riluzole (100mg/day). The primary endpoint was survival time, defined as time to death or time to study cutoff date.

Results

Two hundred one patients (80 female, 121 male, age = 62.4 ± 10.8 years) were included. The confirmatory analysis of the primary outcome survival showed a survival probability of 0.39 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.27–0.51) in the placebo group and 0.37 (95% CI = 0.25–0.49) in the HCFD group, both after 28 months (point in time of the last event). The hazard ratio was 0.97, 1‐sided 97.5% CI = −∞ to 1.44, p = 0.44.

Interpretation

The results provide no evidence for a life‐prolonging effect of HCFD for the whole amyotrophic lateral sclerosis population. However, post hoc analysis revealed a significant survival benefit for the subgroup of fast‐progressing patients. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:206–216
Visible‐Light‐Induced Selective Defluoroborylation of Polyfluoroarenes, gem‐Difluoroalkenes, and Trifluoromethylalkenes
Authors: Xu Wengang , Jiang Heming , Leng Jing , Ong Han‐Wee , Wu Jie
Published: December 2019

Fluorinated organoboranes serve as versatile synthetic precursors for the preparation of value‐added fluorinated organic compounds. Recent progress has been mainly focused on the transition‐metal catalyzed defluoroborylation. Herein, we report a photocatalytic defluoroborylation platform through direct B−H activation of N‐heterocyclic carbene boranes, through the synergistic merger of a photoredox catalyst and a hydrogen atom transfer catalyst. This atom‐economic and operationally simple protocol has enabled defluoroborylation of an extremely broad scope of multifluorinated substrates including polyfluoroarenes, gem‐difluoroalkenes, and trifluoromethylalkenes in a highly selective fashion. Intriguingly, the defluoroborylation protocol can be transition‐metal free, and the regioselectivity obtained is complementary to the reported transition‐metal‐catalysis in many cases.
Metal‐Templated, Tight Loop Conformation of a Cys‐X‐Cys Biomimetic Assembles a Dimanganese Complex
Authors: Le Trung , Nguyen Hao , Perez Lisa M. , Darensbourg Donald J. , Darensbourg Marcetta Y.
Published: December 2019

With the goal of generating anionic analogues to MN2S2⋅Mn(CO)3Br we introduced metallodithiolate ligands, MN2S22− prepared from the Cys‐X‐Cys biomimetic, ema4− ligand (ema=N,N′‐ethylenebis(mercaptoacetamide); M=NiII, [VIV≡O]2+ and FeIII) to Mn(CO)5Br. An unexpected, remarkably stable dimanganese product, (H2N2(CH2C=O(μ‐S))2)[Mn(CO)3]2 resulted from loss of M originally residing in the N2S24− pocket, replaced by protonation at the amido nitrogens, generating H2ema2−. Accordingly, the ema ligand has switched its coordination mode from an N2S24− cavity holding a single metal, to a binucleating H2ema2− with bridging sulfurs and carboxamide oxygens within Mn‐μ‐S‐CH2‐C‐O, 5‐membered rings. In situ metal‐templating by zinc ions gives quantitative yields of the Mn2 product. By computational studies we compared the conformations of “linear” ema4− to ema4− frozen in the “tight‐loop” around single metals, and to the “looser” fold possible for H2ema2− that is the optimal arrangement for binucleation. XRD molecular structures show extensive H‐bonding at the amido‐nitrogen protons in the solid state.
Synthesis and characterization of elastomeric polyurea foam
Authors: Reed Nathan , Huynh Nha Uyen , Rosenow Brooke , Manlulu Kristoffer , Youssef George
Published: December 2019

Polymeric foams are ubiquitous in impact mitigation for civilian and military applications; the performance in such loading scenarios can be elucidated through quasi‐static and dynamic mechanical testing. The present study reports on the complex microstructure of newly synthesized polyurea foams exhibiting a hierarchical structure consisting of large perforated semi‐closed spherical cells with a mean diameter of 370 ± 162 μm surrounded by smaller closed, spherical cells with size distribution of 69 ± 18 μm. The stress–strain curves were used to calculate the basic mechanical properties and to predict the dynamic behavior of the foams. Nonlinear regression and finite element analyses were used to calibrate the Ogden hyperfoam model to explicate the hyperelastic behavior. The performance of the polyurea foam was found to outperform a benchmark foam in nearly all the elastic and energy absorbing properties. For example, one variation of the newly synthesized foam stored nearly doubled the energy of the benchmark foam while being 12% lighter. Low‐density polyurea foam was found to decelerate an incoming impact mass with a minimum G‐level that was nearly one third lower than the higher density polyurea and benchmark foams. In all, the behavior of the foam is dependent on the parameters of the fabrication process. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48839.
Distinguishing Extinction and Natural Selection in the Anthropocene: Preventing the Panda Paradox through Practical Education Measures
Authors: Wyner Yael , DeSalle Rob
Published: December 2019

In the midst of only the 6th mass extinction in the Earth's history, we must rethink how we teach evolution to prevent natural selection from being incorrectly used as a biological justification for inaction in the face of today's human‐caused mass extinction crisis. Pundits, policy makers, and the general public regularly identify the extinction of endangered species as natural selection at work, rather than attributing modern‐day extinction to the sudden catastrophic bad luck of human caused environmental change, a phenomenon distinct from natural selection. In this natural selection framing, the inability of species to survive in human altered environments is the normal progression of “survival of the fittest” and conservation measures designed to protect species is human interference with natural selection. Paradoxically, this erroneous framing of extinction as the normal course of natural selection ignores humanity's exceptional role in causing today's mass extinction crisis. Our examination of this issue in U.S. college students indicates that it arises from misunderstanding the role of extinction in the history of life, leading us to recommend a greater teaching emphasis on the distinction between extinction and natural selection, and on past mass extinction events. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/29VRyirMdiw
Outcomes of patients who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention with covered stents for coronary perforation: A systematic review and pooled analysis of data
Authors: Nagaraja Vinayak , Schwarz Konstantin , Moss Stuart , Kwok Chun Shing , Gunning Mark
Published: December 2019

Objectives

This review aims to evaluate the adverse outcomes for patients after treatment with covered stents.

Background

Coronary perforation is a potentially fatal complication of percutaneous coronary revascularization which may be treated using covered stents. Studies have evaluated long‐term outcomes among patients who received these devices, but hitherto no literature review has taken place.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of adverse outcomes for patients after treatment with covered stents. Data from studies were pooled and outcomes were compared according to stent type.

Results

A total of 29 studies were analyzed with data from 725 patients who received covered stents. The proportion of patients with chronic total occlusions, vein graft percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), intracoronary imaging and rotational atherectomy were 16.9, 11.5, 9.2, and 6.6%, respectively. The stents used were primarily polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (70%) and Papyrus (20.6%). Mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events, pericardiocentesis/tamponade and emergency surgery were 17.2, 35.3, 27.1, and 5.3%, respectively. Stratified analysis by use of PTFE, Papyrus and pericardial stents, suggested no difference in mortality (p = .323), or target lesion revascularization (p = .484). Stent thrombosis, pericardiocentesis/tamponade and emergency coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) occurred more frequently in patients with PTFE stent use (p = .011, p = .005, p = .012, respectively). In‐stent restenosis was more common with pericardial stent use (<.001, pooled analysis for first‐ and second‐generation pericardial stents).

Conclusions

Cases of coronary perforation which require implantation of a covered stent are associated with a high rate of adverse outcomes. The use of PTFE covered stents appears to be associated with more stent thrombosis, pericardiocentesis/tamponade, and emergency CABG when compared to Papyrus or pericardial stents.
Trichobezoar as a cause of pediatric acute small bowel obstruction
Authors: Kwok Allan Mun Fai
Published: December 2019

This case serves to raise awareness of trichobezoar as a diagnosis in young children who present with abdominal pain, a palpable mass, and signs of acute small bowel obstruction.
Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus assessed by multimodality imaging
Authors: Sala Michiel L. , van Dijkman Paul R. M. , Kuijpers Dirkjan
Published: December 2019

Physicians may not be familiar with caseous calcification of the mitral annulus. It can therefore easily be mistaken for other conditions including tumors. In the appropriate clinical context, by using multimodality imaging, a correct diagnosis can be made, and patient concern or even unnecessary surgery can be avoided.
Cerium(III) Nitrate Derived CeO2 Support Stabilising PtOx Active Species for Room Temperature CO Oxidation
Authors: Vasilchenko Danila , Asanova Tatyana , Kolesov Boris , Tsygankova Alphiya , Stadnichenko Andrey , Slavinskaya Elena , Gerasimov Evgeny , Lomachenko Kirill , Boronin Andrey , Korenev Sergey
Published: December 2019

A new approach for preparing a PtOx/CeO2 catalyst for low‐temperature CO oxidation has been developed. The approach includes; i) preparation of a CeO2 support through the controllable thermal decomposition of Ce(NO3)3 ⋅ 6H2O, and then ii) deposition of polynuclear platinum nitrato complexes ([H3O⊂18‐crown‐6]2[Pt2(μ2‐OH)2(NO3)8][Pt4(μ3‐OH)2(μ2‐OH)4(NO3)10]) on the CeO2 support. The NO3−‐rich ceria support produced at the onset temperature of Ce(NO3)3 ‐> CeO2 transformation (220 °C) yields the “PtOx/CeO2‐220” catalyst that shows intriguingly high activity in CO oxidation, at room temperature and below. To understand the nature of the low‐temperature catalytic activity, prepared catalysts have been studied using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman and operando X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Halogen Bonding Interactions of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and the Potential for Thyroid Disruption
Authors: Marsan Eric S. , Bayse Craig A.
Published: December 2019

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) flame retardants are persistent pollutants and inhibit neurodevelopment, particularly in the early stages of life. Halogen bonding (XB) to the iodothyronine deiodinases (Dio) that modulate thyroid hormones (THs) is a potential mechanism for endocrine disruption. Cl⋅⋅⋅Se XB interactions of PCBs with SeMe−, a small model of the Dio active site selenocysteine, are compared with previous results on polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and THs using density functional theory. PCBs generally display weaker XB interactions compared to PBDEs and THs, consistent with the dependence of XB strength on the size of the halogen (I>Br>Cl). PCBs also do not meet a proposed energy threshold for substrates to undergo dehalogenation, suggesting they may behave as competitive inhibitors of Dio in addition to other mechanisms of endocrine disruption. XB interactions in PCBs are position‐dependent, with ortho interactions slightly more favorable than meta and para interactions, suggesting that PCBs may have a greater effect on certain classes of Dio. Flexibility of PCBs around the biphenyl C−C bond is limited by ortho substitutions relative to the biphenyl linkage, which may contribute to the ability to inhibit Dio and other TH‐related proteins.
Fused‐Pentagon Isomers of C60 Fullerene Isolated as Chloro and Trifluoromethyl Derivatives
Authors: Vysochanskaya Olga N. , Brotsman Victor A. , Goryunkov Alexey A. , Feiler Christian G. , Troyanov Sergey I.
Published: December 2019

The carbon cage of buckminsterfullerene Ih‐C60, which obeys the Isolated‐Pentagon Rule (IPR), can be transformed to non‐IPR cages in the course of high‐temperature chlorination of C60 or C60Cl30 with SbCl5. The non‐IPR chloro derivatives were isolated chromatographically (HPLC) and characterized crystallographically as 1809C60Cl16, 1810C60Cl24, and 1805C60Cl24, which contain, respectively two, four, and four pairs of fused pentagons in the carbon cage. High‐temperature trifluoromethylation of the chlorination products with CF3I afforded a non‐IPR CF3 derivative, 1807C60(CF3)12, which contains four pairs of fused pentagons in the carbon cage. Addition patterns of non‐IPR chloro and CF3 derivatives were compared and discussed in terms of the formation of stabilizing local substructures on fullerene cages. A detailed scheme of the experimentally confirmed non‐IPR C60 isomers obtained by Stone–Wales cage transformations is presented.
Syngas Fermentation to Alcohols: Reactor Technology and Application Perspective
Authors: Stoll I. Katharina , Boukis Nikolaos , Sauer Jörg
Published: December 2019

One approach of Power‐to‐X is the coupling of the energy and chemical sector, using electrolysis for syngas generation and microbial gas conversion for the production of biochemicals. On the verge of commercialization, known challenges of gas fermentation technology are poor mass transfer of syngas, low cell concentration and productivity. These problems can be addressed by an intelligent reactor design. Thus, this article provides an overview on the current state of the art for reactor technology in syngas fermentation and discusses possible concepts with regard to an application at industrial scale.
Time‐trends and treatment gaps in the antithrombotic management of patients with atrial fibrillation after percutaneous coronary intervention: Insights from the CHUM AF‐STENT Registry
Authors: Boivin‐Proulx Laurie‐Anne , Deneault‐Marchand Ariane , Matteau Alexis , Mansour Samer , Gobeil François , Camm John A. , Fox Keith A. A. , Potter Brian J.
Published: December 2019

Background

The management of atrial fibrillation and flutter (AF) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has undergone a rapid recent evolution. In 2016, the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) published expert recommendations to help guide clinicians in balancing bleeding and thrombotic risks in these patients.

Hypothesis

Antithrombotic regimen prescriptions for AF patients undergoing PCI evolved after the publication of the 2016 CCS AF guidelines.

Methods

A prospective cohort of AF patients undergoing PCI with placement of a coronary stent from a single tertiary academic center was analyzed for the recommended antithrombotic regimen at discharge. Prescribing behavior was compared between three time periods (Cohort A [2010‐2011]; Cohort B [2014‐2015]; Cohort C [2017]) using the χ2 test. In addition, antithrombotic management in Cohorts B and C were compared to guideline‐recommended therapy.

Results

A total of 459 patients with AF undergoing PCI were identified. Clinical and procedural characteristics were similar between cohorts, with the exception of an increase in drug‐eluting stent (DES) use over time (P < .01). Overall, the rate of oral anticoagulation (OAC) increased over time (P < .01), associated with an increase in nonvitamin K OAC prescription (P < .01) and a concomitant decrease in vitamin K antagonist prescription (P < .01). Despite this, the overall rate of anticoagulation remains below what would be predicted with perfect guideline compliance (75% vs 94%, P < .01).

Conclusion

There has been a dramatic shift in clinical practice for AF patients requiring PCI, with increases in prescription of OAC even in the context of an increase in the use of DES. However, room for further practice optimization still exists.
Efficacy and safety of tailored and dose‐dense adjuvant chemotherapy and trastuzumab for resected HER2‐positive breast cancer: Results from the phase 3 PANTHER trial
Authors: Papakonstantinou Antroula , Matikas Alexios , Bengtsson Nils Olof , Malmström Per , Hedayati Elham , Steger Guenther , Untch Michael , Hübbert Laila , Johansson Hemming , Hellström Mats , Gnant Michael , Loibl Sibylle , Greil Richard , Moebus Volker , Foukakis Theodoros , Bergh Jonas
Published: December 2019

Background

Dose‐dense (DD) adjuvant chemotherapy improves outcomes in early breast cancer (BC). However, there are no phase 3 randomized data to inform on its combination with trastuzumab for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–positive disease.

Methods

This was a protocol‐predefined secondary analysis of the randomized phase 3 Pan‐European Tailored Chemotherapy (PANTHER) trial. Women 65 years old or younger with node‐positive or high‐risk, node‐negative BC were randomized 1:1 to either tailored (according to hematologic nadirs) and DD epirubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by docetaxel or standard 5‐fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide plus docetaxel every 3 weeks. Patients with HER2‐positive disease received 1 year of adjuvant trastuzumab. The primary endpoint was BC relapse–free survival. In addition, HER2‐positive patients and an equal number of HER2‐negative patients matched for age, treatment group, and institution who were enrolled at Swedish sites were asked to participate in a predefined study of cardiac safety and underwent echocardiography or multigated acquisition scanning and electrocardiography at the baseline and at 4 and 6 years of follow‐up.

Results

There were 342 HER2‐positive patients; 335 received at least 1 dose of trastuzumab, and 29 patients discontinued trastuzumab prematurely. Relapse‐free survival was not statistically significantly in favor of the tailored and DD group (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.37‐1.27; P = .231). Cardiac outcomes after 4 and 6 years of follow‐up did not differ significantly between HER2‐positive and HER2‐negative patients or between the 2 treatment groups.

Conclusions

The combination of DD chemotherapy and trastuzumab decreased the relative risk for relapse by 32% in comparison with standard treatment, a statistically nonsignificant difference. Its efficacy and safety merit further evaluation as part of both escalation and de‐escalation strategies.
Comparison between two types of needles for Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)‐guided fine aspiration biopsy of pancreatic and upper gastrointestinal masses
Authors: Alkhateeb Khaled , Lee Beatrice B. , Alatassi Houda , Sanders Mary A. , Omer Endashaw M. , McClave Stephen A. , Fraig Mostafa
Published: December 2019

Background

EUS‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) has long been the main method for sampling pancreatic lesions. Recently, the method of fine‐needle biopsy (FNB) was introduced in practice, allowing for the acquisition of tissue cores while aspirating the lesion. We hereby report our experience with a new FNB needle compared with the standard FNA needle.

Methods

Retrospective data from our department were collected on patients who underwent FNB using the Acquire EUS‐FNB needle (Boston Scientific, Massachusetts) and FNA using the EchoTip Ultra EUS‐FNA Needle (Cook Medical, Indiana) between January 2017 and February 2018. The cases were reviewed independently by two cytopathologists and evaluated for the presence of cell block or core tissue material, adequacy for potential ancillary testing, and number of passes.

Results

The number of passes ranged from 1 to 16, with a mean of 5.52 ± 3.74 in the FNA group, and from 1 to 6, with a mean of 2.74 ± 1.11 passes in the FNB group (P < .0001). Tissue cores were present in 87.23% of the FNB needle samples. A cell block was adequate in 36.36% of cases using the FNA needle. The diagnostic yield as well as the adequacy for ancillary testing were significantly different between the two groups (P = .0001). The tumor size, location and patients' demographics were not statistically significant between the two groups.

Conclusion

Compared with the conventional needle, the new FNB needle was associated with a lower number of passes and a better yield for histological material.
The influence of experimentally induced polyploidy on the relationships between endopolyploidy and plant function in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Pacey Evan K. , Maherali Hafiz , Husband Brian C.
Published: December 2019

Whole genome duplication, leading to polyploidy and endopolyploidy, occurs in all domains and kingdoms and is especially prevalent in vascular plants. Both polyploidy and endopolyploidy increase cell size, but it is unclear whether both processes have similar effects on plant morphology and function, or whether polyploidy influences the magnitude of endopolyploidy. To address these gaps in knowledge, fifty‐five geographically separated diploid accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana that span a gradient of endopolyploidy were experimentally manipulated to induce polyploidy. Both the diploids and artificially induced tetraploids were grown in a common greenhouse environment and evaluated with respect to nine reproductive and vegetative characteristics. Induced polyploidy decreased leaf endopolyploidy and stem endopolyploidy along with specific leaf area and stem height, but increased days to bolting, leaf size, leaf dry mass, and leaf water content. Phenotypic responses to induced polyploidy varied significantly among accessions but this did not affect the relationship between phenotypic traits and endopolyploidy. Our results provide experimental support for a trade‐off between induced polyploidy and endopolyploidy, which caused induced polyploids to have lower endopolyploidy than diploids. Though polyploidy did not influence the relationship between endopolyploidy and plant traits, phenotypic responses to experimental genome duplication could not be easily predicted because of strong cytotype by accession interactions.
Stable isotope records of sei whale baleens from Chilean Patagonia as archives for feeding and migration behavior
Authors: Reiss Lilian , Häussermann Verena , Mayr Christoph
Published: December 2019

Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope variations in baleen plates of sei whales (Balaenoptera borealis) stranded after a mass mortality event in Chilean Patagonia were investigated to assess potential dietary and migratory patterns. Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of seven baleens from six individuals were analyzed. The δ13C values ranged from − 19.1 to − 15.9‰ and the δ15N values from 8.7 to 15.4‰. Variations of up to 2.9‰ for δ13C and 5.3‰ for δ15N were observed within one baleen. Carbon and nitrogen isotope records of each baleen were significantly correlated and showed recurring oscillations confirmed by wavelet analyses. Oscillations slightly differed in periodicity indicating variable baleen growth rates between 10.0 and 16.5 cm/year. Food sources of the whales are discussed in terms of available isotope data for potential prey taxa and potential migratory behavior on the basis of latitudinal isotope gradients of particulate organic matter. Cyclicity could be explained by regular migrations of the sei whales from subtropical calving areas to high‐latitude foraging grounds. δ15N records of baleens differed between individuals eventually pointing to diverse feeding and migratory preferences among sei whale individuals.
Rational Design of a Stable Two One‐Electron Redox‐Active closo‐Dodecaalkoxyborane Ion as Biothiol Sensor
Authors: Goswami Lalit N. , Everett Thomas A. , Khan Aslam A. , Hawthorne M. Frederick
Published: December 2019

The interest in the incorporation of polyhedral boranes into hybrid molecules has increased tremendously. Most of those efforts have focused on the use of carboranes, as opposed to their all‐boron counterparts, the polyhedral borane anions. Our efforts have paved the way for the synthesis and application of several inorganic‐organic hybrid nanomolecular scaffolds derived from closo‐dodecaborate ions [B12H12]2– as high payload carriers of drugs and imaging agents. Herein we report a significant expansion to the scope of application for these interesting class of molecules. A rationally designed water‐soluble ether derivative of [B12H12]2–, the [closo‐B12(OR)12]2– was synthesized as a highly efficient thiol sensing probe. The thiol sensing mechanism of the probe relies upon the unique two 1‐e– redox chemistry of the [closo‐B12(OR)12]2– ion which is evident by a dramatic color change. This probe is effective over a wide pH range and has the ability to discriminate bio‐thiols from common amino acids.
TEAOH‐Templated SAPO‐34 Zeolite with Different Crystallization Processes and Silicon Sources: Crystallization Mechanism and MTO Performance
Authors: Luo Mingjian , Liu Mingxu , Fu Yadong , Chen Wenxin , Wang Baohui , Mao Guoliang
Published: December 2019

SAPO‐34 zeolites were synthesized by one‐, two‐, and three‐stage crystallization processes with fumed silica (FS), acidic silica sol (AS), basic silica sol (BS) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as silicon sources. Properties of samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, N2‐adsorption/desorption, NH3‐TPD and 29Si NMR. In contrast with one‐ and two‐stage processes, the three‐stage one favors the formation of SAPO‐34s with higher purity, higher Si/Al ratio, smaller crystallite/crystal size, better dispersion and more acidic sites. Crystallization mechanism was proposed. It is supposed that three‐stage process favors the formation of high supersaturated SBUs (secondary building units) and CBUs (composite building units) before nucleation. Thus massive nuclei are formed during nucleation and well‐dispersed small size SAPO‐34 crystals are formed in three‐stage process. Three‐stage SAPO‐34s are longer catalytic lifetime and better olefin selectivity in MTO process. TEOS‐3 has the best MTO performance. It was found that acidity of sample and mesopores in 2–4 nm range have little effect on the MTO performance of SAPO‐34. Catalytic lifetime and olefin selectivity are mainly depending on the size of crystallites, the dispersity of crystallites, and the purity of SAPO‐34.
A Thiacalix Basket and Its Anion‐Dependent 2‐D and 3‐D Silver(I) Coordination Polymers via Exo‐Coordination
Authors: Ju Huiyeong , Park In‐Hyeok , Lee Eunji , Kim Chungsik , Kim Seulgi , Kuwahara Shunsuke , Habata Yoichi , Lee Shim Sung
Published: December 2019

Thiacalix[4]arene‐bis‐1,2;3,4‐crown‐2 (basket or L) was isolated. Herein we report the first examples of the calix basket complexes. The combination of the basket and silver(I) salts afforded anion‐dependent coordination polymers with different dimensionalities. The AgClO4 complex 1, {[Ag2(L)(CH3OH)(ClO4)2]·4CHCl3}n has a 2‐D square‐grid network, in which silver(I) atoms link the baskets to form a 1‐D ribbon and these are crosslinked by perchlorate ions. While, the AgPF6 complex 2, {[Ag(L)(CH3OH)](PF6)}n exhibits a multichannel type 3‐D framework with nbo‐a topology. Since the basket acts as an ideal exo‐coordinating S4‐platform, the topologies of both products are highly sensitive to the anion coordination.
QSPR Modeling of Potentiometric Mg2+/Ca2+ Selectivity for PVC‐plasticized Sensor Membranes
Authors: Martynko Ekaterina , Solov'ev Vitaly , Varnek Alexandre , Legin Andrey , Kirsanov Dmitry
Published: December 2019

The development of novel ionophores for ion‐selective sensors is a time‐consuming and tedious process requiring synthesis of candidate substances, preparation of plasticized polymeric membranes, and their thorough characterization with traditional protocols to assess sensitivity, selectivity and detection limits for target ions. The vast amount of literature data accumulated on various ion‐selective sensors allows for significant facilitation of the development through in silico experiments. In this report, we performed the feasibility study on the prediction of potentiometric Mg2+/Ca2+ selectivity for various amide ligands using quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR) modeling. The approach proved to be promising for ionophore screening purposes with achieved precision in prediction of the selectivity coefficient logK(Mg2+/Ca2+) of 0.5 in the range from −1.7 to +2.3. The study also shows a route for prediction of new potential ionophores with high selectivity values.
Ablation of neuronal ADAM17 impairs oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination
Authors: Fredrickx Evelien , Colombo Elisa , Canevazzi Paolo , La Marca Rosa , Pellegatta Marta , Dina Giorgia , Podini Paola , Nave Klaus A. , Quattrini Angelo , Taveggia Carla
Published: December 2019

Myelin, one of the most important adaptations of vertebrates, is essential to ensure efficient propagation of the electric impulse in the nervous system and to maintain neuronal integrity. In the central nervous system (CNS), the development of oligodendrocytes and the process of myelination are regulated by the coordinated action of several positive and negative cell‐extrinsic factors. We and others previously showed that secretases regulate the activity of proteins essential for myelination. We now report that the neuronal α‐secretase ADAM17 controls oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin formation in the CNS. Ablation of Adam17 in neurons impairs in vivo and in vitro oligodendrocyte differentiation, delays myelin formation throughout development and results in hypomyelination. Furthermore, we show that this developmental defect is, in part, the result of altered Notch/Jagged 1 signaling. Surprisingly, in vivo conditional loss of Adam17 in immature oligodendrocytes has no effect on myelin formation. Collectively, our data indicate that the neuronal α‐secretase ADAM17 is required for proper CNS myelination. Further, our studies confirm that secretases are important post‐translational regulators of myelination although the mechanisms controlling CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelination are distinct.
Mitochondrial Double‐Stranded RNA in Exosome Promotes Interleukin‐17 Production Through Toll‐Like Receptor 3 in Alcohol‐associated Liver Injury
Authors: Lee Jun‐Hee , Shim Young‐Ri , Seo Wonhyo , Kim Myung‐Ho , Choi Won‐Mook , Kim Hee‐Hoon , Kim Ye Eun , Yang Keungmo , Ryu Tom , Jeong Jong‐Min , Choi Hei‐Gwon , Eun Hyuk Soo , Kim Seok‐Hwan , Mun Hyejin , Yoon Je‐Hyun , Jeong Won‐Il
Published: December 2019

Background and Aims

Mitochondrial double‐stranded RNA (mtdsRNA) and its innate immune responses have been reported previously; however, mtdsRNA generation and its effects on alcohol‐associated liver disease (ALD) remain unclear. Here, we report that hepatic mtdsRNA stimulates toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3) in Kupffer cells through the exosome (Exo) to enhance interleukin (IL)‐17A (IL‐17A) production in ALD.

Approach and Results

Following binge ethanol (EtOH) drinking, IL‐17A production primarily increased in γδ T cells of wild‐type (WT) mice, whereas the production of IL‐17A was mainly facilitated by CD4+ T cells in acute‐on‐chronic EtOH consumption. These were not observed in TLR3 knockout (KO) or Kupffer cell–depleted WT mice. The expression of polynucleotide phosphorylase, an mtdsRNA‐restricting enzyme, was significantly decreased in EtOH‐exposed livers and hepatocytes of WT mice. Immunostaining revealed that mtdsRNA colocalized with the mitochondria in EtOH‐treated hepatocytes from WT mice and healthy humans. Bioanalyzer analysis revealed that small‐sized RNAs were enriched in EtOH‐treated Exos (EtOH‐Exos) rather than EtOH‐treated microvesicles in hepatocytes of WT mice and humans. Quantitative real‐time PCR and RNA sequencing analyses indicated that mRNA expression of mitochondrial genes encoded by heavy and light strands was robustly increased in EtOH‐Exos from mice and humans. After direct treatment with EtOH‐Exos, IL‐1β expression was significantly increased in WT Kupffer cells but not in TLR3 KO Kupffer cells, augmenting IL‐17A production of γδ T cells in mice and humans.

Conclusions

EtOH‐mediated generation of mtdsRNA contributes to TLR3 activation in Kupffer cells through exosomal delivery. Consequently, increased IL‐1β expression in Kupffer cells triggers IL‐17A production in γδ T cells at the early stage that may accelerate IL‐17A expression in CD4+ T cells in the later stage of ALD. Therefore, mtdsRNA and TLR3 may function as therapeutic targets in ALD.
Novel polymeric microspheres: Synthesis, enzyme immobilization, antimutagenic activity, and antimicrobial evaluation against pathogenic microorganisms
Authors: Nartop Dilek , Demirel Birtane , Güleç Murat , Hasanoğlu Özkan Elvan , Kurnaz Yetim Nurdan , Sarı Nurşen , Çeker Selçuk , Öğütcü Hatice , Ağar Güleray
Published: December 2019

New polymeric microspheres containing azomethine (1a‐1c and 2a‐2c) were synthesized by condensation to compare the enzymatic properties of the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) and to investigate antimutagenic and antimicrobial activities. The polymeric microspheres were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectra (FT‐IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The catalytic activity of the glucose oxidase enzyme follows Michaelis‐Menten kinetics. Influence of temperature, reusability, and storage capacity of the free and immobilized glucose oxidase enzyme were investigated. It is determined that immobilized enzymes exhibit good storage stability and reusability. After immobilization of GOx in polymeric supports, the thermal stability of the enzyme increased and the maximum reaction rate (Vmax) decreased. The activity of the immobilized enzymes was preserved even after 5 months. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the polymeric microspheres were evaluated by well‐diffusion method against some selected pathogenic microorganisms. The antimutagenic properties of all compounds were also examined against sodium azide in human lymphocyte cells by micronuclei and sister chromatid exchange tests.
Differentiating unipolar and bipolar depression: Contribution of the Rorschach test (Comprehensive System)
Authors: Le Chevanton Tristan , Fouques Damien , Julien‐Sweerts Sabrina , Petot Djaouida , Polosan Mircea
Published: December 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to contribute to differential diagnoses of unipolar and bipolar depression using cognitive variables of the Rorschach test (Comprehensive System).

Method

One hundred forty one depressed inpatients (71 bipolar, 70 unipolar; mean age = 46, SD = 15.8; 64% women) previously evaluated and comparable regarding clinical characteristics of their illness (including current mood symptoms) were blindly tested using the Rorschach test (C.S.).

Results

The cognitive profile of bipolar depressed patients was more impaired than the cognitive profile of unipolar depressed patients. Combining four cognitive specificities (tolerance to ambiguity, discrimination failure, difficulties in controlling ideational impulses, and impulsive or negligent processing) in a logistic regression model allows the identification of bipolarity with acceptable accuracy.

Conclusions

Some aspects of cognitive functioning, as assessed with the Rorschach test (CS), appear to be useful to capture some important cognitive specificities of bipolar depression and could contribute to differential diagnoses of mood disorders.
Invisible injustice: A review of punishment without crime: How our massive misdemeanor system traps the innocent and makes america more unequal by Alexandra Natapoff
Authors: Sterling Robin Walker
Published: December 2019

Misdemeanors matter. Whether they end in high‐profile police shootings, or in fines, fees, and jail, misdemeanors amount to more than the minor inconveniences they are often made out to be. As Professor Alexandra Natapoff argues in Punishment Without Crime: How Our Massive Misdemeanor System Traps the Innocent and Makes America More Unequal, the current system for adjudicating misdemeanors looks more like a criminal processing system meant to generate revenue than a criminal justice system meant to generate fairness. Professor Natapoff makes important, trenchant and timely contributions to the national conversation about the country's misdemeanor processing system. She provides the most comprehensive mapping of the scope of the country's misdemeanor system to date, putting its contours at a massive 13 million cases processed across the country each year. She exposes the pretexts that allow the misdemeanor system to flourish: 1) misdemeanor proceedings are fair; 2) innocent people do not plead guilty; and 3) the punishment from misdemeanors is minor. And, she offers a range of solutions to begin to transform the misdemeanor system into a more just version of itself. This review discusses each of these major contributions in turn, and concludes with suggestions for reform based on Professor Natapoff's research.
A survey of U. S. state insurance commissioners concerning genetic testing and life insurance: Redux at 27
Authors: Golinghorst Dexter R. , Prince Anya E. R.
Published: December 2019

Nearly three decades ago, scientists set out on one of the largest research endeavors in modern history—mapping the human genome. The research not only sparked new technologies and genetic tests, but also concomitant concerns regarding ethical, legal, and social implications of the technologies. These developments ultimately resulted in an expanded role for genetic counselors to educate consumers about the possible consequences of receiving genetic test results. In particular, many individuals undergoing testing worry that the resulting information could be used by social actors, such as life insurers, in harmful ways. Because life insurance is regulated at the state level, there is significant variability across the United States in laws and enforcement protecting consumers’ genetic information. This article reports the results of a survey of U.S. state insurance commissioners regarding regulation of genetic testing and life insurance. The survey builds on a 1992 survey conducted by Jean E. McEwen et al. It returns to current U.S. state insurance commissioners to investigate changes in the climate surrounding genetic information use and risks of misuse within the insurance industry. In their 1992 survey, McEwen et al. found that: (a) genetic testing was not yet perceived to pose a significant problem for insurance rating, (b) life insurers had quite a bit of legal freedom to require and use genetic test results, and (c) insurance commissioners had received few consumers’ complaints about the use of genetic information. Twenty‐seven years later, our survey finds an increase in regulation protecting genetic information in insurance, but at a pace much slower than that of advances in new DNA technologies. This lag in policy to match technology increases potential risks for consumers. Our study further reveals certain inconsistencies in the letter of state law protecting consumers’ genetic information and how state insurance commissioners apply that law. The study also shows that despite empirical evidence in the literature demonstrating consumer fear about genetic discrimination, consumers do not report these concerns to their state insurance commissioner. We suggest genetic counselors are key stakeholders who can help fill current gaps between consumers and the insurance industry.