bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Plasma–Electrolytic Nitrocarburizing of a Medium Carbon Steel Surface on Friction and Wear in Pair with Tin–Lead Bronze
Authors: Borisov Anatoly , Mukhacheva Tatiana , Kusmanov Sergei , Suminov Igor , Podrabinnik Pavel , Meleshkin Yaroslav , Grigoriev Sergey
Published: October 2023

The possibility of increasing the durability of steel pins working against bronze bushings through plasma–electrolytic nitrocarburizing of the surface of medium carbon steel is shown. The phase composition, microhardness, morphology, and surface roughness were studied. Tribological tests were carried out under dry friction conditions according to the shaft-pad scheme. It has been established that plasma–electrolytic nitrocarburizing of the surface of medium carbon steel at a temperature of 700 °C for 5 min leads to a decrease in the friction coefficient by 2.3 times, the weight wear of steel by 24.9 times, and the wear of the bronze counterbody by 5.9 times. At the same time, the contact stiffness increases by 2.6 times. Type of wear: wear with dry friction and plastic contact. The changes in tribological characteristics are associated with the high hardness of the hardened steel surface combined with the effect of dispersed nitrides and iron carbonitrides.
Impact of Immuno-Nutrition on the Nutritional Status, Inflammatory Response and Clinical Outcome of Clinic-Admitted Mild-Intensity-COVID-19 Patients: A Pilot, Perspective-Concluding Study
Authors: Basilico Martina , Scarcella Marialaura , Rinninella Emanuele , Giostra Nena , Marcelli Stefano , Rasetti Carlo , Tack Jan , Abenavoli Ludovico , Scarpellini Emidio
Published: October 2023

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has impacted our lives since early 2020. Both malnutrition and an overweight status significantly correlate with worse patient outcomes and mortality. Immuno-nutrition (IN) has shown promising results in the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) clinical course and the extubation time and mortality of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). Thus, we wanted to assess the impact of a standardized IN oral formula on COVID-19 patients admitted to our mild-intensity clinic in late 2021. We prospectively enrolled patients admitted to the Internal Medicine COVID-19 Unit of San Benedetto General Hospital. All patients had biochemical, anthropometric, HRCT chest scan, and nutritional assessments at the time of admission and, after oral immuno-nutrition formula administration, at 15 days of the interval follow up. We enrolled 52 consecutive patients (mean age of 60.9 ± 5.4 years, 17 F, and BMI of 23.5 Kg/m2). The main comorbidities were diabetes (20%, type 2: 90%), hyperuricemia (15%), hypertension (38%), chronic ischemic heart disease (12%), COPD (13%), anxiety (10%), and depression (8%). Upon informed consent, 14 patients (mean age of 67.9 ± 5.4 years, 7 F, and BMI of 26.7 Kg/m2) were accepted to be administered IN. A moderate to severe overweight status was present in 59% of the patients; MNA test (4.4 ± 0.7) and phase angle (PA) values, suggestive of malnutrition, were present in 13% of the patients. After 15 days of admission, we recorded three deaths (mean age of 68.9 ± 4.1 years, 3 F, and BMI of 27.5 Kg/m2). An overweight status significantly correlated with the exitus occurrence (r = 0.65). One death was reported among the IN-treated patients. IN administration was followed by a significant decrease in inflammatory markers with a tendency to be higher than those of non-treated patients. IN prevented the worsening of BMI and PA vs. non-treated patients. In this overweight COVID-19 population, immuno-nutrition prevented malnutrition development with a significant decrease in inflammatory markers.
Mineral Solubilizing Rhizobacterial Strains Mediated Biostimulation of Rhodes Grass Seedlings
Authors: Javaid Shaista , Mushtaq Saira , Mumtaz Muhammad Zahid , Rasool Ghulam , Naqqash Tahir , Afzal Maha , Mushtaq Uzma , Ali Hayssam M. , Akhtar Muhammad Fakhar-U-Zaman , Abbas Ghulam , Li Lingling
Published: October 2023

Minerals play a dynamic role in plant growth and development. However, most of these mineral nutrients are unavailable to plants due to their presence in fixed forms, which causes significant losses in crop production. An effective strategy to overcome this challenge is using mineral solubilizing bacteria, which can convert insoluble forms of minerals into soluble ones that plants can quickly assimilate, thus enhancing their availability in nutrient-depleted soils. The main objective of the present study was to isolate and characterize mineral solubilizing rhizobacteria and to assess their plant growth-promoting potential for Rhodes grass. Twenty-five rhizobacterial strains were isolated on a nutrient agar medium. They were characterized for solubilization of insoluble minerals (phosphate, potassium, zinc, and manganese), indole acetic acid production, enzymatic activities, and various morphological traits. The selected strains were also evaluated for their potential to promote the growth of Rhodes grass seedlings. Among tested strains, eight strains demonstrated strong qualitative and quantitative solubilization of insoluble phosphate. Strain MS2 reported the highest phosphate solubilization index, phosphate solubilization efficiency, available phosphorus concentration, and reduction in medium pH. Among tested strains, 75% were positive for zinc and manganese solubilization, and 37.5% were positive for potassium solubilization. Strain MS2 demonstrated the highest quantitative manganese solubilization, while strains MS7 and SM4 reported the highest solubilization of zinc and potassium through acidifying their respective media. The strain SM4 demonstrated the most increased IAA production in the presence and absence of L-tryptophan. The majority of strains were positive for various enzymes, including urease, catalase protease, and amylase activities. However, these strains were negative for coagulase activity except strains SM7 and MS7. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, six strains, namely, SM2, SM4, SM5, MS1, MS2, and MS4, were identified as Bacillus cereus, while strains SM7 and MS7 were identified as Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. These strains significantly improved growth attributes of Rhodes grass, such as root length, shoot length, and root and shoot fresh and dry biomasses compared to the uninoculated control group. The present study highlights the significance of mineral solubilizing and enzyme-producing rhizobacterial strains as potential bioinoculants to enhance Rhodes grass growth under mineral-deficient conditions sustainably.
Evaluation of Febrile Neutropenia in Hospitalized Patients with Neoplasia Undergoing Chemotherapy
Authors: Bachlitzanaki Maria , Aletras George , Bachlitzanaki Eirini , Messaritakis Ippokratis , Koukias Stergos , Koulouridi Asimina , Bachlitzanakis Emmanouil , Kaloeidi Eleni , Vakonaki Elena , Kontopodis Emmanouil , Androulakis Nikolaos , Chamilos Georgios , Mavroudis Dimitrios , Ioannou Petros , Kofteridis Diamantis
Published: October 2023

Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a common but serious complication encountered in patients with cancer and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In this prospective study, 63 patients with solid tumors under chemotherapy or immunotherapy were admitted to the hospital due to febrile neutropenia, confirmed through clinical or microbiological documentation. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of hospitalized neutropenic patients with solid tumors undergoing treatment. Additionally, we aimed to assess the duration of neutropenia and identify factors influencing patient outcomes. The median age of patients was 71 ± 10.2 years, most of which were males (66.7%), and the primitive tumor location was the lung (38.1%), with most patients (82.5%) being at disease stage IV. The median duration of neutropenia was three days (range 1–10), and, notably, mucositis was significantly associated with neutropenia lasting ≥3 days (p = 0.012). Patients with lung cancer (38.1%) and patients with stage IV disease (82.5%) presented a higher risk of FN, although these differences did not reach statistical significance. The site of infection was identifiable in 55.6% of patients, with positive cultures detected in 34.9% and positive blood cultures (BC) drawn in 17.5% of cases. Gram-positive bacteria were the predominant causative agents in BC (63.6%), with Staphylococci being the most prevalent among them (66.7%). The median duration of hospitalization was nine days (range, 3–43 days), and most patients showed improvement or cure of infection (16.9% and 74.6%, respectively). Among recorded risk factors, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) appears to be statistically significant. Patients with an impaired PS score (2–4) experienced worse outcomes and higher likelihood of mortality (p = 0.004). Regarding the outcome, a longer duration of neutropenia was also statistically significant (p = 0.050). Of the patients, 12.7% ultimately succumbed to their conditions, with 37.5% attributed to infections. FN is a common yet serious complication in solid tumor patients. Adequate knowledge of the predictors of mortality and the microbiological causes are of utmost importance to allow accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment as they significantly influence patient outcomes.
Drinking Pipes and Nipple Drinkers in Pig Abattoir Lairage Pens—A Source of Zoonotic Pathogens as a Hazard to Meat Safety
Authors: Buder Celine , Meemken Diana , Fürstenberg Roland , Langforth Susann , Kirse Alina , Langkabel Nina
Published: October 2023

The water distribution system in the lairage pens of abattoirs could act as a route of contamination for produced meat. In this study, biofilm formation and the occurrence of specific pathogens in drinking equipment was investigated in different lairage pens in a German commercial pig abattoir. Samples of the water and the drinkers in different locations were microbiologically cultivated and examined. After new drinking equipment had been installed for one month, three months and five years, biofilm formation was detectable, and retrograde growth from the nipple drinkers was seen up to the connection with the main water distribution system. In particular, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. were found in all samplings of the nipple drinkers. Zoonotic pathogens, Salmonella, pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, were also isolated from the nipple drinkers, while Listeria monocytogenes was not detected via microbial cultivation methods in any of the samples. Since the pigs take the contaminated nipple drinkers into their mouths to drink, or drink contaminated water containing the pathogens, transmission and even infection of the pigs in the lairage can be assumed. This could consequently lead to contamination or cross-contamination of the meat during slaughter and processing and to a public health risk.
Paleoproterozoic Variolitic Lavas from the Onega Basin, Fennoscandian Shield: Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Origin
Authors: Svetov Sergei A. , Chazhengina Svetlana Y. , Stepanova Alexandra V.
Published: October 2023

The Yalguba Ridge volcanic rocks form part of the Middle Paleoproterozoic (ca. 1.97 Ga) volcano-sedimentary sequence within the Karelian Craton in the Fennoscandian Shield. Yalguba variolitic textures are known worldwide and have been previously considered to originate from liquid immiscibility. The present study reveals two new variolite types recognized in the Yalguba sequence: (1) Variolites with unzoned varioles have distinct chemical and mineralogical compositions of varioles and matrix that support an origin by liquid immiscibility. They were recognized in quenched zones of pillows, so it might be assumed that melt separation caused by liquid immiscibility occurred before magma emplacement. The difference from the previously described variolites lies in the variole microtexture and might be caused by the various cooling conditions. (2) Spherulitic variolites have varioles composed of andesine–oligoclase spherulites embedded in the cryptocrystalline matrix with oligoclase–anorthoclase composition, thus the variole and matrix have similar chemical and mineralogical composition. The mineralogical and textural features of these variolites suggest that the spherulites have a primary magmatic origin due to the rapid cooling of superheated magma. The variety of variolitic textures in the Yalguba section might be caused by the different H2O saturation of parental magma and cooling conditions.
Detection and Quantification of Bisphenol A in Surface Water Using Absorbance–Transmittance and Fluorescence Excitation–Emission Matrices (A-TEEM) Coupled with Multiway Techniques
Authors: Ingwani Thomas , Chaukura Nhamo , Mamba Bhekie B. , Nkambule Thabo T. I. , Gilmore Adam M.
Published: October 2023

In the present protocol, we determined the presence and concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA) spiked in surface water samples using EEM fluorescence spectroscopy in conjunction with modelling using partial least squares (PLS) and parallel factor (PARAFAC). PARAFAC modelling of the EEM fluorescence data obtained from surface water samples contaminated with BPA unraveled four fluorophores including BPA. The best outcomes were obtained for BPA concentration (R2 = 0.996; standard deviation to prediction error’s root mean square ratio (RPD) = 3.41; and a Pearson’s r value of 0.998). With these values of R2 and Pearson’s r, the PLS model showed a strong correlation between the predicted and measured BPA concentrations. The detection and quantification limits of the method were 3.512 and 11.708 micro molar (µM), respectively. In conclusion, BPA can be precisely detected and its concentration in surface water predicted using the PARAFAC and PLS models developed in this study and fluorescence EEM data collected from BPA-contaminated water. It is necessary to spatially relate surface water contamination data with other datasets in order to connect drinking water quality issues with health, environmental restoration, and environmental justice concerns.
Triterpenes and Pheophorbides from Camellia ptilosperma and Their Cytotoxicity, Photocytotoxicity, and Photodynamic Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Ma Siyuan , Weng Mengling , Yang Ting , Ge Li , Yang Kedi
Published: October 2023

Phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Camellia ptilosperma S. Y. Liang et Q. D. Chen led to the isolation of ten undescribed compounds, including six new triterpenes (1–6) and four new pheophorbide-related compounds (7–10). Meanwhile, the cytotoxic activity of the six triterpenes against six cancer cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. Compound 2 showed potent cytotoxicity toward HepG2 cells with an IC50 value of 2.57 μM. Compounds 4 and 5 exhibited cytotoxicity against MDA-MB231 cells, with IC50 values of 11.31 and 5.52 μM, respectively. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of four new pheophorbides against these cancer cells was evaluated both in the presence and absence of light treatment. Compound 7 exhibited exceptional photocytotoxicity against Hela, MCF-7, and A549 cells, with IC50 values of 0.43 μM, 0.28 μM, and 0.92 μM, respectively. Compound 10 demonstrated significant photodynamic cytotoxic activity against BEL-7402 and HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 0.77 μM and 0.33 μM, respectively. The photodynamic antibacterial activity of 7–10 was also tested for S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa under direct illumination. Compounds 8 and 10 exhibited sensitivity to E. coli and demonstrated a photodynamic antibacterial effect, with a MIC value of 0.625 μM.
Multilayer, Broadband Infrared Reflectors Based on the Photoinduced Preparation of Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Polymers
Authors: Liu Yutong , Han Rui , Zhao Xiaohui , Cao Yue , Cao Hui , Chen Yinjie , Yang Zhou , Wang Dong , He Wanli
Published: October 2023

This paper focuses on preparing broadband reflective liquid crystal films through the diffusion of monofunctional and bifunctional monomers in a photoinduced trilayer system. By combining the hydrophilic and hydrophobic liquid crystal glass surface treatment technologies, the polymer network of polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal (PSCLC) itself serves as a diffusion channel to form a trilayer cholesteric liquid crystal composite system containing bifunctional monomers, a nematic liquid crystal composite system, and a cholesteric liquid crystal composite system containing monofunctional monomers. Utilizing the difference in the polymerization rates of monofunctional and difunctional polymerizable monomers, the monomers and chiral compounds diffuse relative to each other, so that the liquid crystal pitch exhibits a gradient distribution, and the broadened reflective width can reach up to 1570 nm. There is no doubt that new and improved processes and technologies offer important possibilities for preparing and applying PSCLC films.
Possible Effects of Changes in Carbonate Concentration and River Flow Rate on Photochemical Reactions in Temperate Aquatic Environments
Authors: Vione Davide , Saglia Federica , Pelazza Carola
Published: October 2023

In temperate environments, climate change could affect water pH by inducing enhanced dissolution of CaSO4 followed by biological sulphate reduction, with the potential to basify water due to H+ consumption. At the same time, increased atmospheric CO2 could enhance weathering of carbonate rocks (e.g., dolomite) and increase the total concentration of dissolved carbonate species. Both processes enhance phototransformation by the carbonate radical (CO3•−), as shown for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug paracetamol, provided that the dissolved organic carbon of water does not undergo important fluctuations. Climate change could also affect hydrology, and prolonged drought periods might considerably decrease flow rates in rivers. This is a substantial problem because wastewater pollutants become less diluted and, as a result, can exert more harmful effects due to increased concentrations. At the same time, in low-flow conditions, water is also shallower and its flow velocity is decreased. Photochemical reactions become faster because shallow water is efficiently illuminated by sunlight, and they also have more time to occur because water takes longer to cover the same river stretch. As a result, photodegradation of contaminants is enhanced, which offsets lower dilution but only at a sufficient distance from the wastewater outlet; this is because photoreactions need time (which translates into space for a flowing river) to attenuate pollution.
Characterization of Spray-Dried Microcapsules of Paprika Oleoresin Induced by Ultrasound and High-Pressure Homogenization: Physicochemical Properties and Storage Stability
Authors: Zhang Qionglian , Chen Yan , Geng Fang , Shen Xiaoyun
Published: October 2023

As an indispensable process in the microencapsulation of active substances, emulsion preparation has a significant impact on microencapsulated products. In this study, five primary emulsions of paprika oleoresin (PO, the natural colourant extracted from the fruit peel of Capsicum annuum L.) with different particle sizes (255–901.7 nm) were prepared using three industrialized pulverization-inducing techniques (stirring, ultrasound induction, and high-pressure homogenization). Subsequently, the PO emulsion was microencapsulated via spray drying. The effects of the different induction methods on the physicochemical properties, digestive behaviour, antioxidant activity, and storage stability of PO microencapsulated powder were investigated. The results showed that ultrasound and high-pressure homogenization induction could improve the encapsulation efficiency, solubility, and rehydration capacity of the microcapsules. In vitro digestion studies showed that ultrasound and high-pressure homogenization induction significantly increased the apparent solubility and dissolution of the microcapsules. High-pressure homogenization induction significantly improved the antioxidant capacity of the microcapsules, while high-intensity ultrasound (600 W) induction slowed down the degradation of the microcapsule fats and oils under short-term UV and long-term natural light exposure. Our study showed that ultrasound and high-pressure homogenization equipment could successfully be used to prepare emulsions containing nanoscale capsicum oil resin particles, improve their functional properties, and enhance the oral bioavailability of this bioactive product.
3D SERS Substrate of Z-Shaped Ag Nanorod Array for Thiabendazole Detection
Authors: Zhang Yongjun , Zhao Xiaoyu , Mao Deyuan , Wen Jiahong , Gao Renxian , Wang Yaxin
Published: October 2023

Ag nanoparticles sputtered on silicon wafer are used as masks for the fabrication of silicon columns by ion etching, which induces the growth of the inclined Ag nanorod by inclined Ag sputtering. V-shaped and Z-shaped Ag nanorods can be obtained by varying incline angles and deposition times. SERS detection and FDTD simulation are used to compare and investigate the enhanced electromagnetic coupling of incline nanorod arrays with different shapes in three-dimensional space, which indicates that Z-shaped nanorods show good SERS properties. The Z-shaped Ag nanorod array is used as a SERS substrate for the detection of thiabendazole with a concentration down to 10−11 M.
Effect of Yttrium on Ce/Ni-Metakaolin Catalysts for CO2 Methanation
Authors: Wang Yuyi , Ye Quan , Xu Xinyu , Dhmees Abdelghaffar S. , Cui Xuemin
Published: October 2023

In recent years, major economies have implemented carbon reduction and carbon neutrality policies. Furthermore, with advancements in science and technology, carbon dioxide (CO2) is now considered a valuable raw material for producing carbon-based fuels through hydrogenation. Various concentrations of yttrium (referred to as Y hereafter) were introduced to assess their influence on the catalytic performance of CO2 methanation. At a temperature of 300 °C, the catalyst exhibited an impressive CO2 conversion rate of 78.4% and maintained remarkable stability throughout a rigorous 100 h stability assessment. The findings suggest that the inclusion of yttrium (Y) promotes the formation of oxygen vacancies and alkaline sites on the catalyst. This, in turn, enhances the reducibility of nickel species, improves the dispersion of nickel particles, and plays a pivotal role in enhancing thermal stability. Furthermore, it offers an innovative design approach for creating highly efficient composite CO2 methanation catalysts by controlling particle size and harnessing synergistic catalytic effects at the metal/support interface.
Efficacy of Sonic-Powered and Manual Toothbrushes on Plaque-Induced Gingivitis in Pregnant Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Clément Céline , Bourgeois Denis , Vitiello Flavia , Perrier Herve , Tabary Ariane , Carrouel Florence
Published: October 2023

Hormonal changes and physiological alterations in pregnancy increase the susceptibility of the woman to oral diseases such as plaque-induced gingivitis. In individual oral prophylaxis, effective tooth brushing can reduce gingival inflammation. Therefore, it is necessary to update the scientific evidence to identify which type of toothbrush, manual or sonic-powered, is most effective in reducing the incidence of gingivitis in pregnant women. The aim of this clinical trial is to compare the biofilm control effectiveness of two manual and two sonic toothbrushes in pregnant women. This study is designed as a four-arm, parallel, randomized controlled trial with an allocation ratio of 1:1:1:1. The pregnant woman will be included at 15–18 weeks of amenorrhea and followed for 3 months. The primary outcome will be the change in the incidence of gingival bleeding from a baseline and various follow-up periods of the study. Secondary outcomes measures will be to compare clinical effects of the toothbrushes tested on (i) gingival inflammation, (ii) dental plaque, (iii) gingival attachment and (iv) periodontal pocket; and to assess toothbrush acceptability. Thus, identifying the best device for effective tooth brushing in pregnancy could be helpful in reducing and improving the incidence of gingival inflammation.
A Simple Protocol for Isolating Hemolymph from Single Drosophila melanogaster Adult Flies
Authors: Jones Kirah , Eleftherianos Ioannis
Published: October 2023

Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model for dissecting innate immune signaling and functions. Humoral and cellular immune mechanisms in the fly take place in the hemolymph, where host defense components are secreted and act in response to microbial invaders. Studying hemolymph factors is critical for understanding the regulation of the host’s antimicrobial immune system. Therefore, methods for extracting the fly hemolymph efficiently and in sufficient quantities are essential for isolating and characterizing immune proteins and peptides. Here, we describe a novel and simple hemolymph isolation protocol for single D. melanogaster male and female adults. This procedure substantially improves the already used technique and allows fly immunologists to explore innate immune hemolymph activity in D. melanogaster individuals.
Current Trends, Challenges, and Future Research Directions of Hybrid and Deep Learning Techniques for Motor Imagery Brain–Computer Interface
Authors: Lionakis Emmanouil , Karampidis Konstantinos , Papadourakis Giorgos
Published: October 2023

The field of brain–computer interface (BCI) enables us to establish a pathway between the human brain and computers, with applications in the medical and nonmedical field. Brain computer interfaces can have a significant impact on the way humans interact with machines. In recent years, the surge in computational power has enabled deep learning algorithms to act as a robust avenue for leveraging BCIs. This paper provides an up-to-date review of deep and hybrid deep learning techniques utilized in the field of BCI through motor imagery. It delves into the adoption of deep learning techniques, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs), autoencoders (AEs), and recurrent structures such as long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. Moreover, hybrid approaches, such as combining CNNs with LSTMs or AEs and other techniques, are reviewed for their potential to enhance classification performance. Finally, we address challenges within motor imagery BCIs and highlight further research directions in this emerging field.
A 37–40 GHz 6-Bits Switched-Filter Phase Shifter Using 150 nm GaN HEMT
Authors: Song Jae-Hyeok , Lee Eun-Gyu , Lee Jae-Eun , Son Jeong-Taek , Kim Joon-Hyung , Baek Min-Seok , Kim Choul-Young
Published: October 2023

In this paper, we present a 6-bit phase shifter designed and fabricated using the 150 nm GaN HEMT process. The designed phase shifter operates within the n260 (37~40 GHz) band, as specified in the 5G NR standard, and employs the structure of a switched-filter phase shifter. By serially connecting six single-bit phase shifters, ranging from 180° to 5.625°, the designed phase shifter achieves a phase range of 360°. The fabricated phase shifter exhibits a minimum insertion loss of 5 dB and an RMS phase error of less than 5.36° within the 37 to 40 GHz. This phase shifter is intended for seamless integration with high-power RF circuits.
Exploring the Literature on Narcolepsy: Insights into the Sleep Disorder That Strikes during the Day
Authors: Mațotă Ana-Maria , Bordeianu Andrei , Severin Emilia , Jidovu Alexandra
Published: October 2023

Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder that disrupts the regulation of a person’s sleep–wake cycle, leading to significant challenges in daily functioning. It is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden muscle weakness (cataplexy), sleep paralysis, and vivid hypnagogic hallucinations. A literature search was conducted in different databases to identify relevant studies on various aspects of narcolepsy. The main search terms included “narcolepsy”, “excessive daytime sleepiness”, “cataplexy”, and related terms. The search was limited to studies published until May 2023. This literature review aims to provide an overview of narcolepsy, encompassing its causes, diagnosis, treatment options, impact on individuals’ lives, prevalence, and recommendations for future research. The review reveals several important findings regarding narcolepsy: 1. the classification of narcolepsy—type 1 narcolepsy, previously known as narcolepsy with cataplexy, and type 2 narcolepsy, also referred to as narcolepsy without cataplexy; 2. the genetic component of narcolepsy and the complex nature of the disorder, which is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, disrupted sleep patterns, and potential impacts on daily life activities and social functioning; and 3. the important implications for clinical practice in the management of narcolepsy. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the different types of narcolepsies and their associated symptoms, as this can aid in accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. The review underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach to narcolepsy management, involving specialists in sleep medicine, neurology, psychiatry, and psychology. Clinicians should consider the impact of narcolepsy on a person’s daily life, including their ability to work, study, and participate in social activities, and provide appropriate support and interventions. There are several gaps in knowledge regarding narcolepsy. Future research should focus on further elucidating the genetic causes and epigenetic mechanisms of narcolepsy and exploring potential biomarkers for early detection and diagnosis. Long-term studies assessing the effectiveness of different treatment approaches, including pharmacological interventions and behavioral therapies, are needed. Additionally, there is a need for research on strategies to improve the overall well-being and quality of life of individuals living with narcolepsy, including the development of tailored support programs and interventions.
Increased Demand of Obese Women for Protectins, Maresin, and Resolvin D1 in the Last Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors: Szczuko Małgorzata , Szwec-Nadworna Natalia , Palma Joanna , Tomasik Małgorzata , Ziętek Maciej
Published: October 2023

Background: Pregnancy is a physiological state during which inflammation occurs. This complex biological response is necessary for the implantation process as well as delivery. In turn, its suppression during gestation favors the normal course of the pregnancy. Therefore, the presence of pro-resolving mediators, EPA and DHA derivatives, The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the levels of anti-inflammatory resolvins and their precursors in different trimesters of pregnancy with consideration of the women’s weight, including overweight and obese women before pregnancy. Methods: A total of 78 women participated in this study; the mean age and BMI before pregnancy were 32.3 ± 5.52 and 27.73 ± 6.13, respectively. The patients were divided into two groups, considering their BMI before pregnancy. The extraction of eicosanoids was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. The levels of all studied parameters showed statistically significant differences between the study group (SG) and the control group (CG) in the different trimesters of pregnancy. Over the course of pregnancy, the levels of protection (PDX), maresin, resolvins (RvD1, RvE1), and their precursors differed in relation to the trimester of pregnancy and the division into groups considering the correct body weight before pregnancy. Results: Overweight or obese women had significantly lower levels of RvE1 in the third trimester and their precursors compared to normal-weight women. While the levels of PDX and RvD1 were significantly higher, this may be due to both a lower intake of products rich in omega-3 fatty acids by obese women and an increased need of obese women’s bodies to quench chronic inflammatory processes associated with obesity. Conclusions: Both EPA and DHA derivatives are involved in calming down inflammation during pregnancy, which was observed.
Resistance Exercise and Creatine Supplementation on Fat Mass in Adults < 50 Years of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Candow Darren G. , Prokopidis Konstantinos , Forbes Scott C. , Rusterholz Flavia , Campbell Bill I. , Ostojic Sergej M.
Published: October 2023

The combination of resistance exercise and creatine supplementation has been shown to decrease body fat percentage in adults ≥ 50 years of age. However, the effect on adults < 50 years of age is currently unknown. To address this limitation, we systematically reviewed the literature and performed several meta-analyses comparing studies that included resistance exercise and creatine supplementation to resistance exercise and placebo on fat mass and body fat percentage Twelve studies were included, involving 266 participants. Adults (<50 years of age) who supplemented with creatine and performed resistance exercise experienced a very small, yet significant reduction in body fat percentage (−1.19%, p = 0.006); however, no difference was found in absolute fat mass (−0.18 kg, p = 0.76). Collectively, in adults < 50 years of age, the combination of resistance exercise and creatine supplementation produces a very small reduction in body fat percentage without a corresponding decrease in absolute fat mass.
Evaluating the Energy and Core Nutrients of Condiments in China
Authors: Lv Wanting , Ding Xin , Liu Yang , Ma Aiguo , Yang Yuexin , Wang Zhu , Gao Chao
Published: October 2023

Condiments are a significant source of sodium in the diets of Chinese residents. This study aimed to analyze the nutrient content of China’s major condiments and to provide support for setting the reference intake for condiments in order to take measures on salt reduction in China. Nutrition data for condiments were collected from the Database on Nutrition Labelling of Prepackaged Foods China in 2017–2022, and by online access to food composition databases from France, the UK, Belgium, and Japan. The analyses include 1510 condiments in China and 1565 related condiments in four countries, of which the descriptive indicators were examined such as median, IQR, and range. Cross-comparisons were made in terms of the difference between the content levels in five countries and the “WHO global sodium benchmarks”. The results show that among the 15 types of condiments in China, sesame/peanut butter-based products have a relatively high content of energy, fat, and protein, namely, 2580 kJ/100 g, 50 g/100 g, and 22.2 g/100 g, respectively. In addition to salt, chicken extract/chicken powder, bouillon cubes, and soy sauce are also high in sodium. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the contents of energy and core nutrients across different products when benchmarking with similar condiments in the five countries (p < 0.001). The sodium content and fat content of some condiments are excessively high. Therefore, enhancing residents’ consumption awareness and reducing the amount of condiments is of great significance for reducing China’s per capita salt intake and promoting good health.
Correction: Otten et al. Safety and Suitability of an Infant Formula Manufactured from Extensively Hydrolysed Protein in Healthy Term Infants. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1901
Authors: Otten Lindsey , Schelker Elisabeth , Petersen Hanna , Nomayo Antonia , Fleddermann Manja , Arendt Bianca M. , Britzl Theresa , Haberl Elisabeth M. , Jochum Frank
Published: October 2023

In the original publication [...]
Effect of a Wake-Field on the Dissociation of Quarkonium in Collisional Quark–Gluon Plasma
Authors: Kuanyshbaiuly Yernur , Junissov Ardak , Muratov Mukhit
Published: October 2023

We have studied wake effects on the dissociation of heavy quarkonia states J/ψ and Y by introducing an in-medium modification to the inter-quark potential. The wakes in the quark–gluon plasma were modeled using linear response theory using a dynamic dielectric function obtained from kinetic theory (Boltzmann equation) with a Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) collision term. The in-medium modified potential was used to investigate the dissociation character depending on various parameters such as the velocity of quarkonium moving through the medium and the collision frequency. We have also calculated critical values of the dissociation temperature. Modifications of the dissociation energy due to wake-field effects were found.
Impact of Acidulants on Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Water Microcosms Containing Organic Matter
Authors: Ricke Steven C. , Olson Elena G. , Ovall Christina , Knueven Carl
Published: October 2023

As demands for fresh water become more competitive between the processing plant and other consumers of water such as municipalities, interest has grown in recycling or reusing water for food processing. However, recycling the processing water from a poultry plant, for example, represents challenges due to increased organic loads and the presence of bacterial contaminants including foodborne pathogens. The objective in the current study was to evaluate the inactivation of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 using combinations (0.5% and 1%) of sodium bisulfate (SBS) and 1% lactic acid (LA) in water and water with organic matter in the form of horse blood serum (0.3%) with exposure times of 1 min and 5 min. Pathogen reductions after a 5 min exposure time were greater than corresponding reductions after a 1 min exposure time for all acid solutions. The Salmonella counts were significantly reduced (i.e., ≥1 log-unit) in all acid solutions after a 5 min exposure time with the combination of LA + SBS acid solutions being more effective than the corresponding 2% LA solutions. None of the acid solutions were effective in reducing the E. coli O157:H7 after a 1 min exposure time. The 1% LA + 1% SBS solution was the most effective acid solution against both pathogens and was the only acid solution effective in reducing E. coli O157:H7 by at least one log unit after 5 min of exposure.
Optimisation of Solid-Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Analysis of Six Breast Cancer Drugs in Patient Plasma Samples
Authors: Turković Lu , Mutavdžić Pavlović Dragana , Mlinarić Zvonimir , Skenderović Anamarija , Silovski Tajana , Sertić Miranda
Published: October 2023

In the development of bioanalytical LC-MS methods for the determination of drugs in plasma samples in a clinical setting, adequate sample preparation is of utmost importance. The main goals are to achieve the selective extraction of the analytes of interest and attain thorough matrix removal while retaining acceptable ecological properties, cost-effectiveness, and high throughput. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) offers a versatile range of options, from the selection of an appropriate sorbent to the optimisation of the washing and elution conditions. In this work, the first SPE method for the simultaneous extraction of six anticancer drugs used in novel therapeutic combinations for advanced breast cancer treatment—palbociclib, ribociclib, abemaciclib, anastrozole, letrozole, and fulvestrant—was developed. The following sorbent chemistries were tested: octylsilyl (C8), octadecylsilyl (C18), hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB), mixed-mode cation-exchange (MCX and X-C), and mixed-mode weak cation-exchange (WCX), with different corresponding elution solvents. The samples were analysed using LC-MS/MS, with a phenyl column (150 × 4.6 mm, 2.5 μm). The best extraction recoveries (≥92.3%) of all analytes were obtained with the C8 phase, using methanol as the elution solvent. The optimised method was validated in the clinically relevant ranges, showing adequate precision (inter-day RSD ≤ 14.3%) and accuracy (inter-day bias −12.7–13.5%). Finally, its applicability was successfully proven by the analysis of samples from breast cancer patients.
Topoisomeric Membrane-Active Peptides: A Review of the Last Two Decades
Authors: Carrera-Aubesart Adam , Gallo Maria , Defaus Sira , Todorovski Toni , Andreu David
Published: October 2023

In recent decades, bioactive peptides have been gaining recognition in various biomedical areas, such as intracellular drug delivery (cell-penetrating peptides, CPPs) or anti-infective action (antimicrobial peptides, AMPs), closely associated to their distinct mode of interaction with biological membranes. Exploiting the interaction of membrane-active peptides with diverse targets (healthy, tumoral, bacterial or parasitic cell membranes) is opening encouraging prospects for peptides in therapeutics. However, ordinary peptides formed by L-amino acids are easily decomposed by proteases in biological fluids. One way to sidestep this limitation is to use topoisomers, namely versions of the peptide made up of D-amino acids in either canonic (enantio) or inverted (retroenantio) sequence. Rearranging peptide sequences in this fashion provides a certain degree of native structure mimicry that, in appropriate contexts, may deliver desirable biological activity while avoiding protease degradation. In this review, we will focus on recent accounts of membrane-active topoisomeric peptides with therapeutic applications as CPP drug delivery vectors, or as antimicrobial and anticancer candidates. We will also discuss the most common modes of interaction of these peptides with their membrane targets.
Nonreciprocal Propagation of Nematicons
Authors: Calisto Enrique , Assanto Gaetano
Published: October 2023

We model two-port nonlinear optical isolators based on solitary waveguides in planar cells with non-homogeneously oriented liquid crystals in the nematic phase. In a planar layout with molecular anchoring linearly changing along the sample length or across its width, we conduct numerical experiments on the excitation and propagation of reorientational solitons—“nematicons”—launched in opposite directions from the two ends of the cell. Specifically, in the Kerr-like diffractionless regime corresponding to graded-index waveguides for copolarized weak signals, we investigate the non-overlapping trajectories of forward and backward propagating wavepackets. The resulting non-specular transmission entails optical isolation and diode-like behavior as light propagating backwards does not reach the forward input. The response dependencies on input power, range of angular modulation, and one-photon losses are analyzed with reference to parameters of realistic soft matter.
Investigation of Optical Cavity Dynamics with Raman and Ytterbium-Doped Gain Media Integration
Authors: Mejia-Beltran Efrain , Ballesteros-Llanos Oscar J.
Published: October 2023

This study delves into a comprehensive examination of an optical cavity system that integrates Raman and Yb-doped gain media, with a focus on understanding their interactions. The research implies a characterization of each gain medium within the cavity while subjecting them to diverse co-pumping conditions with the other. When the Raman-lasing cavity is co-pumped by exciting the Yb-doped section, the resulting composite laser exhibits significant threshold reductions and there is an optimal co-pumping regime that enhances energy transfer from pump to Stokes. As for the complementary cavity, where the Yb-doped gain is influenced by the co-pumped Raman gain, at moderate pump powers a light-controlling-light behavior phenomenon arises. Within this regime, the 1064 nm signal suppresses the Yb-generated 1115 nm signal, suggesting potential applications in intracavity optical modulation. For higher pump levels, a cooperative effect emerges whereby both lasers mutually enhance each other. Minor variations in the primary 974 nm pump power, even by just a few milliwatts, result in significant capabilities for switching or modulating the Stokes signal. Under these conditions of mutual enhancement, the hybrid optical system validates notable improvements regarding energy transfer efficiency and threshold reduction. This research provides valuable insights into the intricate dynamics of optical cavity systems and reveals promising avenues for applications in advanced optical modulation technologies.
The Assessment of Natural Cross Pollination Properties of a Novel Male-Sterile–Female-Fertile Mutation msLC01 in Soybean
Authors: Wang Wen , Zhu Xiaojie , Zhang Yu , Gao Huawei , Zhang Zeru , Yang Chunyan , Zheng Yuhong , Yu Qianqian , Zhu Yixin , Geng Yating , Wang Shulei , Liu Like
Published: October 2023

The value of a novel soybean male-sterile mutation msLC01 in breeding practice was determined by its outcrossing properties. Then, the effects of different planting arrangements on the pod set characteristics of male-sterile plants were assessed by using orthogonal experiments at two sites. At the same time, the effects of msLC01 male sterility on other traits were assessed in two C2F2 populations. In addition, the nectar secretion and natural outcross of male-sterile plants from four msLC01 lines were compared with one ms1 line and one ms6 line. The results of the orthogonal experiment showed that the pod numbers and pod set rates of male-sterile plants were decisively different between the two experimental sites but not between the two levels of the other factors. Both increasing the ratio of paternal parent to maternal parent and planting the parental seeds in a mixed way, the proportion of seeds pollinated by the target parent pollen could be increased. Except for the pod number per plant trait, there was no significant difference between male-sterile plants and their fertile siblings. The amount of nectar significantly differed among the lines. Compared with ms1 and ms6 male-sterile plants, the four msLC01 lines possessed significantly more or similar numbers of pod sets. The results of this study lay a foundation for the future use of this mutant in soybean breeding.
Study on Potato Bud Cultivation Techniques in a Greenhouse in Spring
Authors: Wang Chaonan , Bao Rui , Zhang Hui , Shang Leijuan , Wang Huilin , Yang Zhongmin , Du Chong
Published: October 2023

The species degeneration caused by traditional potato cultivation methods is becoming increasingly evident, and it is particularly important to study new potato cultivation methods. Sprout planting technology has the advantages of large reproductive capacity, fast growth speed, and simplified maintenance of cultivated crops. In this study, four disease-free potato varieties (‘Fujin’, ‘Youjin’, ‘Zhongshu 4’, and ‘Feiwuruita’) were treated with different parts (top bud, middle bud, and tail bud) and different bud lengths (10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm), and then potato sprout planting was carried out. A nutrient pot experiment was performed following a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with various replicates and a natural control (CK) treatment. By comprehensively measuring the emergence, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, dry matter distribution during the bulking period of blocks, and effect of growth and quality with bud direct seeding under both treatments, it was found that potato block top bud direct seeding cultivation is significantly superior to other parts. In terms of early maturity and yield statistics, the advantage of top bud cultivation in ‘zhongshu 4’ is most obvious; it reaches maturity an average of 14 days earlier, and the yield can be increased by 38.05%. Therefore, top bud direct seeding is more suitable for potato sprout planting technology. On this basis, the 20 cm and 15 cm bud length treatments of top buds were used for direct cultivation, and all the above indicators performed well. Among them, in the zhongshu 4 variety, the yields of 15 cm and 20 cm bud length treatments increased by 41.78% and 38.05%, the growth rates of commercial potatoes increased by 6% and 6.9%, respectively, and the effects were the most obvious. In conclusion, the deep research and application of potato sprouting technology has high utilization value for improving potato yield and quality and has guiding significance for greenhouse potato cultivation in early spring.