bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of properties and crystallization behavior of BaO–ZnO–B2O3–SiO2 glass on the electrical conductivity of Cu paste
Authors: Chen Yijing , Li Jiacheng , Jiang Qi , Li Ao , Yu Jia , Zeng Huidan
Published: April 2022

The extensive application of multilayer ceramic capacitors provides an attractive development for terminal electrode pastes. However, the growing requirement for advanced glass materials used in terminal electrode pastes is substantiated. Therefore, to advance the development of electrode pastes, better development and deeper exploration of glass powder are required. Here, a series of BaO–ZnO–B2O3–SiO2 (BZBS) glasses were prepared by melt‐quenching technique, which are used to investigate the effect of the introduction of BaO on structure and properties of the ZnO–B2O3–SiO2 (ZBS) glass. With the introduction of BaO, the relative amount of [BO4] was much less, which made the glass network structure loosen, decreased the glass transition temperature (Tg) and increased the coefficient of thermal expansion of the glass. The decreasing contact angle was observed on the surface of a barium titanate (BaTiO3) substrate. When the BaO content was around 3–7 mol%, the stability of ZBS glass frit could be strengthened by inhibiting the precipitation of Zn2SiO4 crystal. In addition, to further characterize the effect of glass on terminal electrode paste, BZBS glass powder was adopted to prepare copper electrode paste, which was printed on the BaTiO3 substrate and subsequently fired at 800°C for 10 min. With the related copper paste containing ZBS glass doped with 7 mol% BaO, the optimum value of acid resistance and sheet resistance (1.99 mΩ) were exhibited, at which the coated copper paste formed a dense conducting layer.
A joint distribution framework to improve presence‐only species distribution models by exploiting opportunistic surveys
Authors: Escamilla Molgora Juan M. , Sedda Luigi , Diggle Peter , Atkinson Peter M.
Published: April 2022

Aim

The availability of data related to species occurrences has favoured the development of species distribution models using only observations of presence. These data are intrinsically biased by the sampling effort. Presence‐only (PO) species distribution models (SDM) typically account for this effect by introducing additional data considered to be related with the sampling. This approach, however, does not allow the characterisation of the sampling effort and hinders the interpretation of the model. Here, we propose a Bayesian framework for PO SDMs that can explicitly model the sampling effect.

Location

Mexico.

Taxon

Pines, flycatchers (family Tyranidae), birds and plants.

Methods

The framework defines a bivariate process separable into ecological and sampling effort processes. PO data are conceived of incomplete observations where some presences have been filtered out. A choosing principle is used to separate out presences, missing data and absences relative to the species of interest and the sampling observations. The framework provides three modelling alternatives to account for a spatial autocorrelation structure: independent latent variables (model I); common latent spatial random effect (model II) and correlated latent spatial random effects (model III). The framework was compared against the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm in two case studies: one for the prediction of pines and another for the prediction of flycatchers.

Results

In both case studies, at least one of the proposed models achieved higher predictive accuracy than MaxEnt. The model III fit best when the sampling effort was informative, while model II was more suitable in cases with a high proportion of non‐sampled sites.

Main Conclusions

Our approach provides a flexible framework for PO SDMs aided by a sampling effort process informed by the accumulated observations of independent and heterogeneous surveys. For the two case studies, the framework provided a model with a higher predictive accuracy than an optimised version of MaxEnt.
Clinical outcomes of left bundle branch area pacing compared to His bundle pacing
Authors: Vijayaraman Pugazhendhi , Rajakumar Clement , Naperkowski Angela M. , Subzposh Faiz A.
Published: April 2022

Introduction

His bundle pacing (HBP) is the most physiologic form of pacing and has been associated with reduced risk for heart failure hospitalization (HFH) and mortality compared to right ventricular pacing. Left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) is a safe and effective alternative option for patients needing ventricular pacing. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes between LBBAP and HBP among a large cohort of patients undergoing permanent pacemaker implantation.

Methods

This observational registry included consecutive patients with AV block/AV node ablation who underwent de novo permanent pacemaker implantations with successful LBBAP or HBP between April 2018 and October 2020. The primary outcome was the composite endpoint of time to death from any cause or HFH. Secondary outcomes included the composite endpoint among patients with prespecified ventricular pacing burden and individual outcomes.

Results

The study population included 359 patients who met the inclusion criteria (163 in the HBP and 196 in the LBBAP group). Paced QRSd during LBBAP was similar to HBP (125 ± 20.2 vs. 126 ± 23.5 ms, p = .643). There were no statistically significant differences in the primary composite outcome in LBBAP (17.3%) compared to HBP (24.5%) (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.15, 95% CI: 0.72–1.82, p = .552). Secondary outcomes of death (10% vs. 17%; HR: 1.3, 95% CI: 0.73–2.33, p = .38) and HFH (10% vs. 12%; HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.54–1.94, p = .94) were not different among both groups.

Conclusions

There were no statistically significant differences in the clinical outcomes of death or HFH in LBBAP when compared to HBP.
Initial clinical experience of pulmonary vein isolation using the ultra‐low temperature cryoablation catheter for patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Tohoku Shota , Schmidt Boris , Bordignon Stefano , Chen Shaojie , Bologna Fabrizio , Chun Julian Kyoung‐Ryul
Published: April 2022

Background

The iCLAS ultra‐low temperature cryoablation (ULTC) system has recently been brought to the market. A combination of a newly exploited cryogen and interchangeable stylet enables flexible and continuous lesion creation in atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. The use of an esophageal warming balloon is recommended when using the system to reduce the potential for collateral esophageal injury.

Objective

To describe the initial clinical experience when using ULTC in the AF treatment without general anesthesia (GA).

Methods

Consecutive patients undergoing AF ablation using ULTC under deep sedation without GA were enrolled. We assessed the procedural data focusing on “single‐shot isolation” defined as successful pulmonary vein (PV) isolation after the first application. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was systematically performed the day after ablation.

Results

A total of 27 AF patients (67% paroxysmal AF) were analyzed. Onehundred four out of 106 PVs (98.1%) were isolated solely using ULTC. The mean procedure time was 79 ± 30 min. The mean number of applications per PV was 2.6 ± 1.0. Single‐shot isolation was achieved in 57 PVs (54%) varying across PVs from left superior to inferior PVs (40%–64%). The single procedure 6‐month recurrence‐free rate was 84%. No major complication (cerebrovascular event, pericardial effusion/tamponade, esophageal damage on esophagogastroduodenoscopy) occurred. A single transient phrenic nerve palsy occurred during the right superior PV ablation, which had recovered by the 3‐month follow‐up appointment.

Conclusions

AF ablation using the novel ULTC system seemed feasible without GA and enabled a >50% single‐shot isolation rate. The promising safety profile has to be confirmed in large‐scale studies.
Differences of blood pressure measured at clinic versus at home in the morning and in the evening in Europe and Asia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Miao Huanhuan , Yang Shijie , Zhang Yuqing
Published: April 2022

Numerous studies have indicated that there might be great differences among different populations in Europe and Asia in terms of home morning and evening blood pressure (BP). Thus, the authors performed a systematic review to determine the quantitative differences of BP measured at clinic versus at home in the morning and in the evening in Europe and Asia. PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched up to October 2021. Studies that compared clinic BP with home morning and (or) home evening BP in European and Asian populations were included. A random effect model was applied to pool the differences between clinic BP and home morning/evening BP. Thirty‐five studies, for a total of 49 432 patients, were included in this meta‐analysis. Mean clinic systolic blood pressure (SBP) values were significantly higher than home morning SBP values by 3.79 mmHg (95% CI, 2.77–4.80). The differences were much larger in Europe [(6.53 mmHg (95% CI, 4.10–8.97)] than in Asia [(2.70 mmHg (95% CI, 1.74–3.66)], and the region was a significant predictor for the differences. Mean clinic SBP values were also significantly higher than home evening SBP values by 6.59 mmHg (95% CI, 4.98–8.21). The differences were much smaller in Europe [5.85 mmHg (95% CI, 3.24–8.45)] than in Asia [7.13 mmHg (95% CI, 4.92–9.35)], while age and clinic SBP might contribute to it. Our findings showed that the difference between clinic and home morning SBP was much larger in European than Asian populations, whereas the difference between clinic and home evening SBP was the opposite. The differing characteristics of the region, ethnic, age, and clinic BP might explain the diversities.
Does judicial foreclosure procedure help delinquent subprime mortgage borrowers?
Authors: Ding Aidong Adam , Tian Shaonan , Yu Yan , Zhao Xinlei
Published: April 2022

We conduct comprehensive analyses on whether and how the judicial foreclosure procedure helps subprime mortgage borrowers to reinstate their delinquent loans outside foreclosure liquidation. Even though the transition rates of various exit types are all higher in non‐judicial states, we argue such higher rates can be mechanically driven by the faster shrinking pool of delinquent mortgages in non‐judicial states over time. Based on the cumulative proportions of various exit types during a period of up to 5 years post the mortgage first become 90 days past due, we find that judicial states offer more opportunities for delinquent borrowers to reinstate their loans outside foreclosure liquidation, especially during a housing market downturn. Cures, modifications, and paid‐offs were all important alternative ways to resolve serious delinquencies during 2007–2008. After modifications became widely available in 2009, loan modifications became the most important alternative for subprime borrowers to reinstate their delinquent mortgages outside foreclosure liquidation. The lion's share of the judicial foreclosure benefit shows up after the start of the foreclosure process.
My last patient
Authors: Mantri Sneha
Published: April 2022

See related article by A. Mark Clarfield
Fragmentation of care in the last year of life: Does dementia status matter?
Authors: Nothelle Stephanie , Kelley Amy S. , Zhang Talan , Roth David L. , Wolff Jennifer L. , Boyd Cynthia
Published: April 2022

Background

Care at the end of life is commonly fragmented; however, little is known about commonly used measures of fragmentation of care in the last year of life (LYOL). We sought to understand differences in fragmentation of care by dementia status among seriously ill older adults in the LYOL.

Methods

We analyzed data from adults ≥65 years in the National Health and Aging Trends Study who died and had linked 2011–2017 Medicare fee‐for‐service claims for ≥12 months before death. We categorized older adults as having serious illness due to dementia (hereafter dementia), non‐dementia serious illness or no serious illness. For outpatient fragmentation, we calculated the Bice–Boxerman continuity of care index (COC), which measures care concentration, and the known provider of care index (KPC), which measures the proportion of clinicians who were previously seen. For acute care fragmentation, we divided the number of hospitals and emergency departments visited by the total number of visits. We built separate multivariable quantile regression models for each measure of fragmentation.

Results

Of 1793 older adults, 42% had dementia, 53% non‐dementia serious illness and 5% neither. Older adults with dementia had fewer hospitalizations than older adults with non‐dementia serious illness but more than older adults without serious illness (mean 1.9 vs 2.3 vs 1, p = 0.002). In adjusted models, compared to older adults with non‐dementia serious illness, those with dementia had significantly less fragmented care across all quantiles of COC (range 0.016–0.110) but a lower predicted 90th percentile of KPC, meaning more older adults with dementia had extremely fragmented care on the KPC measure. There was no significant difference in acute care fragmentation.

Conclusions

In the LYOL, older adults with dementia have fewer healthcare encounters and less fragmentation of care by the COC index than older adults with non‐dementia serious illness.
Assessing the frequency of adverse reactions induced by melanin‐containing formulations used for the management of solar dermatitis
Authors: Petrosyan Tigran R. , Nameq Rozh A.
Published: April 2022

Background

Melanin from different sources is widely used by many manufacturers to produce cosmetics and sunscreens. Research data show a wide spectrum of biological activities of melanin including the protection against UV radiation and oxidants. According to the research evidence, the topical use of melanin is more effective against inflammation than the hydrocortisone. The most common side effects of topical melanin ointment are local itching, burning, and moderate hyperemia.

Aim of the study

The purpose of this work is to describe the adverse outcomes of melanin‐containing formulas in patients with solar dermatitis, and to compare the frequency of adverse reactions with data from different research reports.

Methods

A Pharmacovigilance questionnaire was developed to assess potential adverse events attributable to the use of melanin ointment. We used a modified survey tool created by Jaber and coauthors. This survey of melanin application documents validated reports of adverse events manifested by objective skin changes. MEDLINE (Ovid); MEDLINE In‐Process Citations & Daily Update (Ovid); PubMed (NLM) (Internet); Embase (Ovid); and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for the evidence on adverse reactions of topical melanin application.

Results

The responses documented in this survey show reliability and safety of melanin formula used for the photoprotection and treatment of solar dermatitis. Most symptoms encountered in those using melanin were consistent with exposure to excessive amount (more than 4 times per day) of the compound applied topically. Of the total 534 survey responses received, 74% reported no adverse events. A total of 140 completed adverse event reports. Melanin ointment was being administered for the indications of photo injury (burns) in 75%, photodermatitis in 18%, and solar eczematous dermatitis in 7% of patients. Data were compared with rates from other reports.

Conclusion

We have no evidence that the chemical structure of melanin varies with currently available products, used locally or in other countries, nor that any such variability played any role in the events reported here. Further studies are required to compare the adverse events of topical melanin formulas containing melanins of different origin.
Medical cannabis and stigma: A qualitative study with patients living with chronic pain
Authors: Hulaihel Amany , Gliksberg Or , Feingold Daniel , Brill Silviu , Amit Ben H. , Lev‐ran Shaul , Sznitman Sharon R.
Published: April 2022

Aims and Objectives

To explore the ways in which stigma is experienced, and what strategies are used to manage stigma among patients using medical cannabis to ease suffering from chronic pain.

Background

Various jurisdictions have legalised medical cannabis in recent decades. Despite increasing prevalence and more liberal attitudes towards medical cannabis, it is possible that patients who use medical cannabis experience stigma.

Design

A phenomenological qualitative study.

Methods

Fifteen patients living with chronic pain and licensed by the Israeli Ministry of Health to use medical cannabis to treat pain symptoms for at least 1 year participated in semi‐structured interviews. Transcribed data were analysed using thematic analysis to identify themes related to stigma. The manuscript is in correspondence to SRQR EQUATOR checklist.

Results

Expressions of stigma were more related to ‘felt’ than ‘enacted’ stigma. Stigma related to decisions to delay onset of medical cannabis treatment and the ways in which participants managed medical cannabis use during their everyday lives. Participants dissociated themselves from recreational cannabis users, by presenting themselves as responsible normative individuals and engaging in a form of normalisation known as ‘normification’, emphasising their own discrete and controlled medical cannabis use and cannabis' benefits.

Conclusions

Patients experienced ‘felt’ stigma which had consequences for their self‐presentations and medical cannabis use. This suggests that medical cannabis is not normalised in Israel and interventions may be needed to handle stigma related to medical cannabis.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings emphasise the effects of ‘felt’ stigma on patients. Aiming to increase the effectiveness of medical cannabis treatment and reducing harms, we suggest that particular focus should be placed on managing stigma at the intrapersonal level. In addition, there may be a need to address stigma at the societal level including social interactions with friends, family and medical personnel.
Recurrent copy number alterations involving EGFR, CDKN2A, and CCND1 in oral premalignant lesions
Authors: Jäwert Fredrik , Fehr André , Öhman Jenny , Stenman Göran , Kjeller Göran
Published: April 2022

Background

A major challenge in the management of patients with oral leukoplakia is the difficulty to identify patients at high risk of developing oral squamous cell carcinoma. Our knowledge about genomic alterations in oral leukoplakia, and in particular those that progress to oral squamous cell carcinoma, is scarce and there are no useful biomarkers that can predict the risk of malignant transformation.

Methods

Using a novel, custom‐made tissue microarray including 28 high‐risk oral leukoplakias and the corresponding oral squamous cell carcinomas from 14 cases that progressed to cancer, we assayed copy number alterations involving the oral squamous cell carcinoma driver genes CDKN2A, CCND1, EGFR, and MYC by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The copy number alterationss were correlated with clinicopathological data from all patients.

Results

Copy number alterations were identified in 14/24 oral leukoplakias, analyzable for one or more of the oral squamous cell carcinoma driver genes. EGFR was the most frequently altered gene in oral leukoplakias with amplification/gain in 43.5% followed by loss of CDKN2A (26.1%), gains of CCND1 (26.1%), and MYC (8.3%). Losses of CDKN2A were more common in oral leukoplakias progressing to oral squamous cell carcinoma compared to those that did not. Copy number alterations were more common in oral squamous cell carcinomas than in oral leukoplakias.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that copy number alterations involving the oral squamous cell carcinoma drivers CDKN2A, EGFR, and CCND1 occur in oral leukoplakias and suggest a possible role for these genes in the development and/or progression of subsets of oral leukoplakias.
Health‐care workers' understanding of and barriers to palliative care services to Aboriginal children with cancer
Authors: Jessop S , Phelan C
Published: April 2022

Aim

To identify barriers in the understanding and provision of optimal palliative care to Aboriginal children with cancer by health‐care staff, with the aim to support education and training that highlights the importance of cultural, physical and spiritual needs at end‐of‐life.

Methods

Medical and nursing staff working in Departments of Palliative Care, Metabolic Medicine and Haematology/Oncology at the Women's and Children's Hospital in Adelaide, South Australia, were asked to complete a survey regarding their experience in treating Aboriginal children receiving palliative care. The survey addressed the understanding of cultural and spiritual needs, barriers encountered and opinions for improved services.

Results

The survey was completed by 34 participants. 91.2% (n = 31) had provided care to Aboriginal children who were receiving care during palliative and end‐of‐life phases for a diagnosis of cancer, 58.8% (n = 20) of which had supported children returning home. Only 23.5% of participants reported comfort in communicating about spiritual/cultural needs with patients and families. There was minimal previous exposure to education (17.6%), yet all participants were interested in future education opportunities.

Conclusion

This study highlights a paucity in understanding and comfort among health‐care workers in treating Aboriginal children at end‐of‐life. New models, including the training of staff, educational resources and involvement of Aboriginal health‐care workers, may improve care.
Sleep and epilepsy: A snapshot of knowledge and future research lines
Authors: Nobili Lino , Frauscher Birgit , Eriksson Sofia , Gibbs Steve Alex , Halasz Peter , Lambert Isabelle , Manni Raffaele , Peter‐Derex Laure , Proserpio Paola , Provini Federica , de Weerd Al , Parrino Liborio
Published: April 2022

Sleep and epilepsy have a reciprocal relationship, and have been recognized as bedfellows since antiquity. However, research on this topic has made a big step forward only in recent years. In this narrative review we summarize the most stimulating discoveries and insights reached by the “European school.” In particular, different aspects concerning the sleep–epilepsy interactions are analysed: (a) the effects of sleep on epilepsy; (b) the effects of epilepsy on sleep structure; (c) the relationship between epilepsy, sleep and epileptogenesis; (d) the impact of epileptic activity during sleep on cognition; (e) the relationship between epilepsy and the circadian rhythm; (f) the history and features of sleep hypermotor epilepsy and its differential diagnosis; (g) the relationship between epilepsy and sleep disorders.
Electrocardiographic characteristics of trained and untrained standardbred racehorses
Authors: Nissen Sarah D. , Weis Rikke , Krag‐Andersen Elisabeth K. , Hesselkilde Eva M. , Isaksen Jonas L. , Carstensen Helena , Kanters Jørgen K. , Linz Dominik , Sanders Prashanthan , Hopster‐Iversen Charlotte , Jespersen Thomas , Pehrson Steen , Buhl Rikke
Published: April 2022

Background

Long‐term exercise induces cardiac remodeling that potentially influences the electrical properties of the heart.

Hypothesis/objectives

We assessed whether training alters cardiac conduction in Standardbred racehorses.

Animals

Two hundred one trained and 52 untrained Standardbred horses.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study. Resting ECG recordings were analyzed to assess heart rate (HR) along with standard ECG parameters and for identification of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. An electrophysiological study was performed in 13 horses assessing the effect of training on sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodal function by sinus node recovery time (SNRT) and His signal recordings. Age and sex adjustments were implemented in multiple and logistic regression models for comparison.

Results

Resting HR in beats per minute (bpm) was lower in trained vs untrained horses (mean, 30.8 ± 2.6 bpm vs 32.9 ± 4.2 bpm; P = .001). Trained horses more often displayed second‐degree atrioventricular block (2AVB; odds ratio, 2.59; P = .04). No difference in SNRT was found between groups (n = 13). Mean P‐A, A‐H, and H‐V intervals were 71 ± 20, 209 ± 41, and 134 ± 41 ms, respectively (n = 7). We did not detect a training effect on AV‐nodal conduction intervals. His signals were present in 1 horse during 2AVB with varying H‐V interval preceding a blocked beat.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

We identified decreased HR and increased frequency of 2AVB in trained horses. In 5 of 7 horses, His signal recordings had variable H‐V intervals within each individual horse, providing novel insight into AV conduction in horses.
Plasma concentrations of diclazuril following oral administration of diclazuril and diclazuril sodium salt to cattle
Authors: Dirikolu Levent , Lehner Andreas Fritz , Tobin Thomas
Published: April 2022

Diclazuril is a triazine‐based antiprotozoal agent widely used in veterinary practice that may have clinical application in the treatment of bovine protozoal diseases. The present study reports on the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of diclazuril and diclazuril sodium salt in cattle following administration of diclazuril suspended in water and by direct application of diclazuril sodium salt to the oral mucosa. Compared with diclazuril itself, the sodium salt formulation of diclazuril applied to the oral mucosa was rapidly and reliably absorbed. Plasma concentrations of diclazuril peaked at around 8 h after oral‐mucosal administration of diclazuril sodium salt. On the contrary, application of diclazuril itself orally resulted in delayed and variable absorption. The mean bioavailability of diclazuril as pure powder was 42.5% relative to diclazuril sodium salt indicating approximately 2.5‐fold increase in bioavailability of diclazuril as a sodium salt relative to diclazuril as a pure compound in cattle. The present study also reports finding of a previously unreported diclazuril metabolite at high concentrations in plasma especially after oral administration of diclazuril. Further studies, including synthesis and characterization of the novel described metabolite, are required to accurately determine aspects of the metabolism of diclazuril in cattle.
Management of alcohol‐related liver disease: the French Association for the Study of the Liver and the French Alcohol Society clinical guidelines
Authors: Louvet Alexandre , Trabut Jean‐Baptiste , Moreno Christophe , Moirand Romain , Aubin Henri‐Jean , Ntandja Wandji Line Carolle , Nourredine Mikail , Ningarhari Massih , Ganne‐Carrié Nathalie , Pageaux Georges‐Philippe , Bailly François , Boursier Jérôme , Daeppen Jean‐Bernard , Luquiens Amandine , Nguyen‐Khac Eric , Anty Rodolphe , Orban Thomas , Donnadieu‐Rigole Hélène , Mallat Ariane , Bureau Christophe , Pariente Emile‐Alexandre , Paupard Thierry , Benyamina Amine , Perney Pascal , Mathurin Philippe , Rolland Benjamin ,   for the Groupe collaboratif AFEF‐SFA Maladie du foie liée à l'alcool
Published: April 2022

Excessive alcohol consumption is the leading cause of liver diseases in Western countries, especially in France. Alcohol‐related liver disease (ARLD) is an extremely broad context and there remains much to accomplish in terms of identifying patients, improving prognosis and treatment, and standardising practices. The French Association for the Study of the Liver wished to organise guidelines together with the French Alcohol Society in order to summarise the best evidence available about several key clinical points in ARLD. These guidelines have been elaborated based on the level of evidence available in the literature and each recommendation has been analysed, discussed and voted by the panel of experts. They describe how patients with ARLD should be managed nowadays and discuss the main unsettled issues in the field.
The impact of a package of behaviour change interventions on breastfeeding practices in East Java Province, Indonesia
Authors: Titaley Christiana Rialine , Dibley Michael J. , Ariawan Iwan , Mu'asyaroh Anifatun , Paramashanti Bunga Astria , Alam Ashraful , Damayanti Rita , Do Tran Thanh , Ferguson Elaine , Htet Min Kyaw , Li Mu , Sutrisna Aang , Fahmida Umi
Published: April 2022

Suboptimal infant young child feeding practices are frequently reported globally, including in Indonesia. This analysis examined the impact of a package of behaviour change interventions on breastfeeding practices in Malang and Sidoarjo Districts, East Java Province, Indonesia. The BADUTA study (which in the Indonesian Language is an acronym for BAwah DUa TAhun, or children aged less than 2 years) was an impact evaluation using a cluster‐randomized controlled trial with two parallel treatment arms. We conducted household surveys in 12 subdistricts from Malang and Sidoarjo. We collected information from 5175 mothers of children aged 0–23 months: 2435 mothers at baseline (February 2015) and 2740 mothers at endline (January to February 2017). This analysis used two indicators for fever and diarrhoea and seven breastfeeding indicators (early initiation of breastfeeding, prelacteal feeding, exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months, predominant breastfeeding, continued breastfeeding, age‐appropriate breastfeeding and bottle‐feeding). We used multilevel logistic regression analysis to assess the effect of the intervention. After 2 years of implementation of interventions, we observed an increased odds of exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.85; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35–2.53) and age‐appropriate breastfeeding (aOR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.07–1.79) in the intervention group than in the comparison group, at the endline survey. We found significantly lower odds for prelacteal feeding (aOR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.41–0.65) in the intervention than in the comparison group. Our findings confirmed the benefits of integrated, multilayer behaviour change interventions to promote breastfeeding practices. Further research is required to develop effective interventions to reduce bottle use and improve other breastfeeding indicators that did not change with the BADUTA intervention.
Impact of prelacteal feeds and neonatal introduction of breast milk substitutes on breastfeeding outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael , Hromi‐Fiedler Amber , Rhodes Elizabeth C. , Neves Paulo A. R. , Vaz Juliana , Vilar‐Compte Mireya , Segura‐Pérez Sofia , Nyhan Kate
Published: April 2022

The introduction of fluids other than breast milk during the first few days of life or later neonatal period has been identified as a risk factor for suboptimal breastfeeding (BF) outcomes in numerous studies using varying study designs. However, the relationship between early introduction of fluids other than breast milk and BF outcomes has not been systematically assessed using only prospective studies that can establish temporality, which is critical for determining whether observed associations are causal. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective studies to assess if there is a difference in BF outcomes as a result of the introduction of: (a) milk‐based prelacteals, (b) water‐based prelacteals and (c) breast milk substitutes (BMS) between 4 days and 4 weeks postpartum. We searched PubMed, Lilacs, Web of Science and other repositories for original research investigating the relationship between early introduction of prelacteals and/or BMS and BF outcomes. Forty‐eight studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Of the 39 prelacteal feeding studies, 27 had the prerequisite statistical information for inclusion in the meta‐analysis. Findings from the meta‐analysis showed a relationship between prelacteals and exclusive BF cessation (RR 1.44; 1.29–1.60) and any BF cessation (2.23; 1.63–3.06) among infants under 6 months old. Nine studies focusing on the introduction of BMS during the neonatal period identified this practice as a statistically significant risk factor for a shorter BF duration. Effective interventions are needed to prevent the introduction of unnecessary milk‐based prelacteals and BMS during the perinatal and neonatal periods to improve BF outcomes.
Small area variations in low birth weight and small size of births in India
Authors: Rana Md Juel , Kim Rockli , Ko Soohyeon , Dwivedi Laxmi K. , James K. S. , Sarwal Rakesh , Subramanian S. V.
Published: April 2022

The states and districts are the primary focal points for policy formulation and programme intervention in India. The within‐districts variation of key health indicators is not well understood and consequently underemphasised. This study aims to partition geographic variation in low birthweight (LBW) and small birth size (SBS) in India and geovisualize the distribution of small area estimates. Applying a four‐level logistic regression model to the latest round of the National Family Health Survey (2015–2016) covering 640 districts within 36 states and union territories of India, the variance partitioning coefficient and precision‐weighted prevalence of LBW (<2.5 kg) and SBS (mother's self‐report) were estimated. For each outcome, the spatial distribution by districts of mean prevalence and small area variation (as measured by standard deviation) and the correlation between them were computed. Of the total valid sample, 17.6% (out of 193,345 children) had LBW and 12.4% (out of 253,213 children) had SBS. The small areas contributed the highest share of total geographic variance in LBW (52%) and SBS (78%). The variance of LBW attributed to small areas was unevenly distributed across the regions of India. While a strong correlation between district‐wide percent and within‐district standard deviation was identified in both LBW (r = 0.88) and SBS (r = 0.87), they were not necessarily concentrated in the aspirational districts. We find the necessity of precise policy attention specifically to the small areas in the districts of India with a high prevalence of LBW and SBS in programme formulation and intervention that may be beneficial to improve childbirth outcomes.
Expression profile analysis in cells overexpressing DRPLA cDNA to explore the roles of DRPLAp as a transcriptional coregulator
Authors: Hatano Keiko , Date Hidetoshi , Ishiura Hiroyuki , Matsukawa Takashi , Tanaka Masaki , Mitsui Jun , Goto Jun , Yoshimura Jun , Doi Koichiro , Morishita Shinichi , Tsuji Shoji
Published: April 2022

Background

Dentatorubral‐pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by the unstable expansion of CAG repeats encoding polyglutamine stretches in DRPLA gene (ATN1). DRPLAp, the gene product of ATN1, is located in the nucleus and has been shown to function as a transcriptional coregulator. Its target genes, however, remain largely unknown.

Aim

To elucidate the physiological functions of DRPLAp based on determination of the target genes regulated by wild‐type DRPLAp.

Methods

Using the cultured cells expressing wild‐type full‐length DRPLA cDNA (Q19) encoding DRPLAp under the control of the doxycycline (Dox)‐On system, we searched for genes whose expression levels were regulated by wild‐type DRPLAp (Q19).

Results

On the basis of detailed RNA‐seq analyses, we identified seven up‐regulated genes and five down‐regulated genes in Q19 cells. In gene ontology analysis, the up‐regulated differentially expressed genes formed clusters featuring skeletal system morphogenesis, transcriptional regulation, and RNA metabolism, which is consistent with the recent report that the mutations in ATN1 lead to recognizable facial form and variable congenital anomalies.

Conclusion

These findings support that DRPLAp may play a role as a transcriptional coregulator involved in the regulation of development.
Lack of antagonism between salicylic acid and jasmonate signalling pathways in poplar
Authors: Ullah Chhana , Schmidt Axel , Reichelt Michael , Tsai Chung‐Jui , Gershenzon Jonathan
Published: April 2022

Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) often play distinct roles in plant defence against pathogens. Research fromArabidopsis thalianahas established that SA‐ and JA‐mediated defences are more effective against biotrophs and necrotrophs, respectively. These two hormones often interact antagonistically in response to particular attackers, with the induction of one leading to suppression of the other. Here, we report a contrasting pattern in the woody perennialPopulus: positive SA–JA interplay.

Using genetically engineered high SA lines of black poplar and wild‐type lines after exogenous hormone application, we quantified SA and JA metabolites, signalling gene transcripts, antifungal flavonoids and resistance to rust (Melampsora larici‐populina).

Salicylic acid and JA metabolites were induced concurrently upon rust infection in poplar genotypes with varying resistance levels. Analysis of SA‐hyperaccumulating transgenic poplar lines showed increased jasmonate levels, elevated flavonoid content and enhanced rust resistance, but no discernible reduction in growth. Exogenous application of either SA or JA triggered the accumulation of the other hormone. Expression of pathogenesis‐related (PR) genes, frequently used as markers for SA signalling, was not correlated with SA content, but rather activated in proportion to pathogen infection.

We conclude that SA and JA pathways interact positively in poplar resulting in the accumulation of flavonoid phytoalexins.
Microtubule‐associated IQD9 orchestrates cellulose patterning in seed mucilage
Authors: Yang Bo , Stamm Gina , Bürstenbinder Katharina , Voiniciuc Cătălin
Published: April 2022

Arabidopsis seeds release large capsules of mucilaginous polysaccharides, which are shaped by an intricate network of cellulosic microfibrils. Cellulose synthase complexes are guided by the microtubule cytoskeleton, but it is unclear which proteins mediate this process in the seed coat epidermis.

Using reverse genetics, we identified IQ67 DOMAIN 9 (IQD9) and KINESIN LIGHT CHAIN‐RELATED 1 (KLCR1) as two highly expressed genes during seed development and comprehensively characterized their roles in cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis.

Mutations in IQD9 as well as in KLCR1 lead to compact mucilage capsules with aberrant cellulose distribution, which can be rescued by transgene complementation. IQD9 physically interacts with KLCR1 and localizes to cortical microtubules (MTs) to maintain their organization in seed coat epidermal (SCE) cells. IQD9 as well as a previously identified TONNEAU1 (TON1) RECRUITING MOTIF 4 (TRM4) protein act to maintain cellulose synthase velocity.

Our results demonstrate that IQD9, KLCR1 and TRM4 are MT‐associated proteins that are required for seed mucilage architecture. This study provides the first direct evidence that members of the IQD, KLCR and TRM families have overlapping roles in cell wall biosynthesis. Therefore, SCE cells provide an attractive system to further decipher the complex genetic regulation of polarized cellulose deposition.
Priming of rhizobial nodulation signaling in the mycosphere accelerates nodulation of legume hosts
Authors: Zhang Wei , Luo Xue , Mei Yan‐Zhen , Yang Qian , Zhang Ai‐Yue , Chen Man , Mei Yan , Ma Chen‐Yu , Du Ying‐Chun , Li Min , Zhu Qiang , Sun Kai , Xu Fang‐Ji , Dai Chuan‐Chao
Published: April 2022

The simultaneous symbiosis of leguminous plants with two root mutualists, endophytic fungi and rhizobia is common in nature, yet how two mutualists interact and co‐exist before infecting plants and the concomitant effects on nodulation are less understood.

Using a combination of metabolic analysis, fungal deletion mutants and comparative transcriptomics, we demonstrated that Bradyrhizobium and a facultatively biotrophic fungus, Phomopsis liquidambaris, interacted to stimulate fungal flavonoid production, and thereby primed Bradyrhizobial nodulation signaling, enhancing Bradyrhizobial responses to root exudates and leading to early nodulation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), and such effects were compromised when disturbing fungal flavonoid biosynthesis.

Stress sensitivity assays and reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination revealed that flavonoid production acted as a strategy to alleviate hyphal oxidative stress during P. liquidambaris–Bradyrhizobial interactions. By investigating the interactions between P. liquidambaris and a collection of 38 rhizobacteria, from distinct bacterial genera, we additionally showed that the flavonoid‐ROS module contributed to the maintenance of fungal and bacterial co‐existence, and fungal niche colonization under soil conditions.

Our results demonstrate for the first time that rhizobial nodulation signaling can be primed by fungi before symbiosis with host plants and highlight the importance of flavonoid in tripartite interactions between legumes, beneficial fungi and rhizobia.
Can evolutionary history predict plant plastic responses to climate change?
Authors: Liu Hui , Ye Qing , Simpson Kimberley J. , Cui Erqian , Xia Jianyang
Published: April 2022

Plant plastic responses are critical to the adaptation and survival of species under climate change, but whether they are constrained by evolutionary history (phylogeny) is largely unclear. Plant leaf traits are key in determining plants’ performance in different environments, and if these traits and their variation are phylogenetically dependent, predictions could be made to identify species vulnerable to climate change.

We compiled data on three leaf traits (photosynthetic rate, specific leaf area, and leaf nitrogen content) and their variation under four environmental change scenarios (warming, drought, elevated CO2, or nitrogen addition) for 434 species, from 210 manipulation experiments.

We found phylogenetic signal in the three traits but not in their variation under the four scenarios. This indicates that closely related species show similar traits but that their plastic responses could not be predicted from species relatedness under environmental change. Meanwhile, phylogeny weakened the slopes but did not change the directions of conventional pairwise trait relationships, suggesting that co‐evolved leaf trait pairs have consistent responses under contrasting environmental conditions.

Phylogeny can identify lineages rich in species showing similar traits and predict their relationships under climate change, but the degree of plant phenotypic variation does not vary consistently across evolutionary clades.
Primitivist theories of truth: Their history and prospects
Authors: Wyatt Jeremy
Published: April 2022

Primitivists about truth maintain that truth cannot be analysed in more fundamental terms. Defences of primitivism date back to the early years of analytic philosophy, being offered by G.E. Moore, Bertrand Russell, and Gottlob Frege. In more recent years, a number of contemporary philosophers—including Donald Davidson, Ernest Sosa, Trenton Merricks, Douglas Patterson, and Jamin Asay—have followed suit, defending their own versions of primitivism. I'll begin by offering a brief history of primitivism, situating each of these views within the landscape of primitivist truth theories and detailing some of their core motivations and apparent shortcomings. To close the discussion, I'll offer a diagnosis of the prospects of primitivism, focusing on the mystery challenge, which has loomed large throughout the history of primitivist truth theories, and the methodology that should be used in evaluating primitivist (and other) truth theories going forward.
Brain ventricles, CSF and cognition: a narrative review
Authors: de Mélo Silva Júnior Mário Luciano , Diniz Paula Rejane Beserra , de Souza Vilanova Marcos Vinícius , Basto Gabriel Porciúncula Teixeira , Valença Marcelo Moraes
Published: April 2022

The brain ventricles are structures that have been related to cognition since antiquity. They are essential components in the development and maintenance of brain functions. The aging process runs with the enlargement of ventricles and is related to a less selective blood‐cerebrospinal fluid barrier and then a more toxic cerebrospinal fluid environment. The study of brain ventricles as a biological marker of aging is promissing because they are structures easily identified in neuroimaging studies, present good inter‐rater reliability, and measures of them can identify brain atrophy earlier than cortical structures. The ventricular system also plays roles in the development of dementia, since dysfunction in the clearance of beta‐amyloid protein is a key mechanism in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. The morphometric and volumetric studies of the brain ventricles can help to distinguish between healthy elderly and persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Brain ventricle data may contribute to the appropriate allocation of individuals in groups at higher risk for MCI‐dementia progression in clinical trials and to measuring therapeutic responses in these studies, as well as providing differential diagnosis, such as normal pressure hydrocephalus. Here, we reviewed the pathophysiology of healthy aging and cognitive decline, focusing on the role of the choroid plexus and brain ventricles in this process.
Does Stop and Search Reduce Crime? Evidence from Street-Level Data and a Surge in Operations Following a High-Profile Crime
Authors: Braakmann Nils
Published: April 2022

This paper uses a surge in stop and search operations following a high-profile murder to look at their effect on recorded crime. Difference-in-difference estimates using detailed geocoded data at the street-level suggest a doubling to trebling of the number of searches in streets close to the place of the murder. IV estimates on the effects of stops and searches on crime suggest little effect on property crime, weapons offences and violent crime or drug offences. Some specifications find reductions in anti-social behaviour, suggesting that any effects on crime are due to an increased police presence on the streets.
Tendon loading in runners with Achilles tendinopathy: Relations to pain, structure, and function during return‐to‐sport
Authors: Corrigan Patrick , Hornsby Samantha , Pohlig Ryan T. , Willy Richard W. , Cortes Daniel H. , Silbernagel Karin Grävare
Published: April 2022

We aimed to (1) compare pain, tendon structure, lower limb function, and Achilles tendon loads while running between limbs in runners with Achilles tendinopathy, and (2) explore the relations of pain, tendon structure, and lower limb function to Achilles tendon loads while running. Twenty runners with Achilles tendinopathy participated in this pilot study. Pain was assessed with questionnaires, quantitative sensory testing, and functional testing. Tendon morphology and mechanical properties were evaluated with ultrasound imaging, continuous shear wave elastography, and ultrasound imaging combined with dynamometry. Lower limb function was assessed with an established test battery. Achilles tendon loads were estimated from biomechanical data acquired during running. Compared to the least symptomatic limb, the most symptomatic limb had lower scores on the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment – Achilles questionnaire and worse pain during drop countermovement jumping, hopping, and running. Tendon thickness and cross‐sectional area were greater, and Young's modulus, drop countermovement jump height, and plyometric quotient during hopping were lower on the most symptomatic limb. Side‐to‐side differences in drop countermovement jump height were significantly associated with side‐to‐side differences in Achilles tendon peak forces and average loading rates during running. Various measures of pain, structure, and function differ between limbs in runners with Achilles tendinopathy during return‐to‐sport. Tendon forces, however, do not differ between limbs during comfortable running. In addition to measures that differ between limbs, measures of performance during drop countermovement jumping may aid in clinical decision‐making during return‐to‐sport because they are associated with tendon forces while running.