bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ІСТОРИЧНА ПОСЛІДОВНІСТЬ ТА ІНТЕГРАТИВНИЙ ПІДХІД У ВИКЛАДАННІ ПСИХІАТРІЇ ТА НАРКОЛОГІЇ В НАЦІОНАЛЬНОМУ МЕДИЧНОМУ УНІВЕРСИТЕТІ ІМЕНІ О. О. БОГОМОЛЬЦЯ
Authors: Napryeyenko O. K. , Selyukov Н. I. , Napryeyenko Y. N. , Bursa A. I.
Published: May 2016

У статті описано історичну послідовність формування і сучасне розуміння інтегративного підходу до викладання психіатрії та наркології в Національному медичному університеті імені О. О. Богомольця. Йдеться про інтеграцію між собою різних навчальних дисциплін та шляхи інтеграції в міжнародний освітній простір.
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“Ser afetado”, de Jeanne Favret-Saada
Authors: Siqueira Paula
Published: May 2016

Meu trabalho sobre a feitiçaria no Bocage francês levou-me a reconsiderar a noção de afeto, e a pressentir o interesse que haveria em trabalhá-la: primeiro, para apreender uma di- mensão central do trabalho de campo (a mo- dalidade de ser afetado); depois, para fazer uma antropologia das terapias (tanto “selvagens” exóticas, como “científicas” ocidentais); e final- mente, para repensar a antropologia.
Clinical Characteristics, Oral Anticoagulation Patterns, and Outcomes of Medicaid Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Insights From the Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT‐AF I) Registry
Authors: O'Brien Emily C. , Kim Sunghee , Thomas Laine , Fonarow Gregg C. , Kowey Peter R. , Mahaffey Kenneth W. , Gersh Bernard J. , Piccini Jonathan P. , Peterson Eric D.
Published: May 2016

Background

Whereas insurance status has been previously associated with care patterns, little is currently known about the association between Medicaid insurance and the clinical characteristics, treatment, or outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation (
AF
).

Methods and Results

We used data from adults with
AF
enrolled in the Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of
AF
(
ORBIT
‐
AF
), a national outpatient registry conducted at 176 community, multispecialty sites. The primary outcome of interest was the proportion of patients prescribed any oral anticoagulation (
OAC
; warfarin or novel oral anticoagulants [
NOAC
]). Secondary outcomes of interest included the proportion of patients prescribed
NOAC
s (dabigatran or rivaroxaban); time in therapeutic range (
TTR
) for warfarin users, all‐cause mortality, stroke/systemic embolism, and major bleed. Of 10 133 patients, N=470 (4.6%) had Medicaid insurance. Medicaid patients were similarly likely to receive
OAC
at baseline (72.8% vs 76.3%; unadjusted
P
=0.079), but less likely to receive
NOAC
at baseline or follow‐up (12.1% vs 16.3%; unadjusted
P
=0.019). After risk adjustment, Medicaid status was associated with lower use of
OAC
at baseline among patients with high stroke risk (odds ratio [
OR
]=0.68; 95%
CI
=0.49, 0.94), but was not associated with
OAC
use overall (
OR
=0.82; 95%
CI
=0.61, 1.09). Among warfarin users, median
TTR
was lower among Medicaid patients (60% vs 68%;
P
<0.0001; adjusted
TTR
difference, −2.9; 95%
CI
=−5.7, −0.2;
P
=0.04). Use of an
NOAC
over 2 years of follow‐up was not statistically different by insurance. Compared with non‐Medicaid patients, Medicaid patients had higher unadjusted rates of mortality, stroke/systemic embolism, and major bleeding; however, these differences were attenuated following adjustment for clinical characteristics.

Conclusions

In a contemporary
AF
cohort, use of
OAC
overall and use of
NOAC
s were not significantly lower among Medicaid patients relative to others. However, among warfarin users, Medicaid patients spent less time in therapeutic range compared with those with other forms of insurance.
C‐C Motif Chemokine Receptor 9 Exacerbates Pressure Overload–Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Dysfunction
Authors: Xu Zhengxi , Mei Fanghua , Liu Hanning , Sun Cheng , Zheng Zhe
Published: May 2016

Background

Maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy is a major risk factor for heart failure, which is the leading cause of death worldwide.
C‐C
motif chemokine receptor 9 (
CCR
9), a subfamily of the G protein–coupled receptor supergene family, has been highlighted as an immunologic regulator in the development and homing of immune cells and in immune‐related diseases. Recently,
CCR
9 was found to be involved in the pathogenesis of other diseases such as cardiovascular diseases; however, the effects that
CCR
9 exerts in cardiac hypertrophy remain elusive.

Methods and Results

We observed significantly increased
CCR
9 protein levels in failing human hearts and in a mouse or cardiomyocyte hypertrophy model. In loss‐ and gain‐of‐function experiments, we found that pressure overload–induced hypertrophy was greatly attenuated by
CCR
9 deficiency in cardiac‐specific
CCR
9 knockout mice, whereas
CCR
9 overexpression in cardiac‐specific transgenic mice strikingly enhanced cardiac hypertrophy. The prohypertrophic effects of
CCR
9 were also tested in vitro, and a similar phenomenon was observed. Consequently, we identified a causal role for
CCR
9 in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Mechanistically, we revealed a lack of difference in the expression levels of mitogen‐activated protein kinases between groups, whereas the phosphorylation of
AKT
/protein kinase B and downstream effectors significantly decreased in
CCR
9 knockout mice and increased in
CCR
9
transgenic
mice after aortic binding surgery.

Conclusions

The prohypertrophic effects of
CCR
9 were not attributable to the
mitogen‐activated protein kinase
signaling pathway but rather to the
AKT
–mammalian target of rapamycin–glycogen synthase kinase 3β signaling cascade.
Understanding the Islamic State—A Review Essay
Authors: Byman Daniel
Published: May 2016

This article reviews several recent books on the Islamic State in order to understand its goals, motivations, strategy, and vulnerabilities. It argues that the Islamic State's ideology is powerful but also highly instrumental, offering the group legitimacy and recruiting appeal. Raison d'etat often dominates its decisionmaking. The Islamic State's strength is largely a consequence of the policies and weaknesses of its state adversaries. In addition, the group has many weaknesses of its own, notably its brutality, reliance on foreign fighters, and investment in a state as well as its tendency to seek out new enemies. The threat the Islamic State poses is most severe at the local and regional levels. The danger of terrorism to the West is real but mitigated by the Islamic State's continued prioritization of the Muslim world and the heightened focus of Western security forces on the terrorist threat. A high-quality military force could easily defeat Islamic State fighters, but there is no desire to deploy large numbers of Western ground troops, and local forces have repeatedly shown many weaknesses. In the end, containing the Islamic State and making modest rollback efforts may be the best local outcomes.
Two new species of Gieysztoria (Platyhelminthes, Rhabdocoela, Dalyelliidae) from a Freshwater Artificial Lake in Shenzhen, China
Authors: LU YAN-HONG , WU CHENG-CHEN , XIA XIAO-JIE , WANG AN-TAI
Published: May 2016

Two new species of the “Aequales” of genus Gieysztoria were collected and described from an artificial lake on the Shenzhen University campus. Gieysztoria bimaculata n. sp., is distinguished based on two groups clavate pigmentations dorsally between the pharynx and intestine, and has a sclerotic stylet comprising a proximal girdle with 40–46 distal dagger-shape spines, thus has the maximum number of spines within “Aequales” group. Gieysztoria guangdongensis n. sp. has a sclerotic stylet with a proximal girdle and 18 distal blade-shaped spines. Comparison with similar species based mainly on stylet morphology suggests that Gieysztoria bimaculata n. sp. and Gieysztoria guangdongensis n. sp. are apparently different from the known species of Gieysztoria in this moment. In addition, the stability of the amount of distal spines of “Aequales” species is briefly discussed.
On a collection of Batraxis Reitter (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from Hainan Island, southern China
Authors: WANG DAN , YIN ZI-WEI , WANG CHUN-XIN
Published: May 2016

Seven species of the genus Batraxis Reitter are described from Hainan Island, southern China: B. bicolor Wang & Yin, sp. n., B. tibialis Wang & Yin, sp. n., B. pilosus Wang & Yin, sp. n., B. spinosus Wang & Yin, sp. n., B. hainanensis Wang & Yin, sp. n., B. minor Wang & Yin, sp. n., and B. simplex Wang & Yin, sp. n. Keys to both sexes of these Batraxis are provided.
Reversible Gap Derivatives and Their Integration
Authors: DeJong Stephanie A. , Lu Zhenyu , Cassidy Brianna M. , Morgan Stephen L. , Myrick Michael L.
Published: May 2016

Higher-order gap derivatives are sometimes avoided as a preprocessing method for multivariate calibration despite their numerous advantages. One reason that they are avoided is the difficulty in interpreting the complex processed spectra and the regression vectors that arise from common calibration procedures like principal components regression or partial least squares regression. In this report we offer a method of calculating gap derivatives of any order with the aim of retrieving zero-order spectral information via numerical integration. This method is also extended to the integration of the accompanying regression vectors to aid in the interpretation of multivariate calibration models.
Analytical performance specifications for changes in assay bias (Δbias) for data with logarithmic distributions as assessed by effects on reference change values
Authors: Petersen Per H , Lund Flemming , Fraser Callum G , Sölétormos György
Published: May 2016

Background

The distributions of within-subject biological variation are usually described as coefficients of variation, as are analytical performance specifications for bias, imprecision and other characteristics. Estimation of specifications required for reference change values is traditionally done using relationship between the batch-related changes during routine performance, described as Δbias, and the coefficients of variation for analytical imprecision (CVA): the original theory is based on standard deviations or coefficients of variation calculated as if distributions were Gaussian.

Methods

The distribution of between-subject biological variation can generally be described as log-Gaussian. Moreover, recent analyses of within-subject biological variation suggest that many measurands have log-Gaussian distributions. In consequence, we generated a model for the estimation of analytical performance specifications for reference change value, with combination of Δbias and CVA based on log-Gaussian distributions of CVI as natural logarithms. The model was tested using plasma prolactin and glucose as examples.

Results

Analytical performance specifications for reference change value generated using the new model based on log-Gaussian distributions were practically identical with the traditional model based on Gaussian distributions.

Conclusion

The traditional and simple to apply model used to generate analytical performance specifications for reference change value, based on the use of coefficients of variation and assuming Gaussian distributions for both CVI and CVA, is generally useful.
Effect of Purification Procedures on DIF Analysis in IRTPRO
Authors: Fikis David R. J. , Oshima T. C.
Published: May 2016

Purification of the test has been a well-accepted procedure in enhancing the performance of tests for differential item functioning (DIF). As defined by Lord, purification requires reestimation of ability parameters after removing DIF items before conducting the final DIF analysis. IRTPRO 3 is a recently updated program for analyses in item response theory, with built-in DIF tests but not purification procedures. A simulation study was conducted to investigate the effect of two new methods of purification. The results suggested that one of the purification procedures showed significantly improved power and Type I error. The procedure, which can be cumbersome by hand, can be easily applied by practitioners by using the web-based program developed for this study.
Evaluating a pregnancy and STI prevention programme in rural, at-risk, middle school girls in the USA
Authors: Hill Julie C , Lynne-Landsman Sarah D , Graber Julia A , Johnson Kelly J
Published: May 2016

Objective:

Young people in urban areas are often the focus of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention programmes because of their high risk of unwanted pregnancy and contracting an STI. Young people in rural areas are far less studied but also have a high risk of similar outcomes. This study evaluates Giving Our Girls Inspiration & Resources for Lasting Self-Esteem (GO GIRLS), an after-school pregnancy and STI prevention programme, in a sample of high-risk middle school girls living in rural areas using quasi-experimental methods.

Design:

GO GIRLS was assessed using the same survey administered at three time points: prior to the start of the programme, directly following completion of the programme and at the end of the school year. The sample for this study was drawn from a larger evaluation of a multi-faceted health initiative conducted over the course of the school year in three rural counties in South Central Florida.

Setting:

The GO GIRLS programme was implemented in a rural area of South Central Florida. This area has higher rates of teenage pregnancy and poverty and lower educational attainment in comparison with state averages.

Method:

Propensity scores and nearest-neighbour matching without replacement were used to select a group of girls who did not participate in the programme but were comparable to participants. Programme participants were compared to the propensity score–selected controls on key outcomes using hierarchical linear regression.

Results:

Findings indicate that at follow-up, girls who participated in GO GIRLS had attitudes more accepting of delaying sexual intercourse than controls. However, participants did not differ in their levels of sex refusal skills at follow-up.

Conclusion:

This study shows that the GO GIRLS programme has promise for at-risk, rural girls and highlights where future evaluation research is needed.
The paradoxical effect of self-categorization on work stress in a high-status occupation: Insights from management consulting
Authors: Mühlhaus Julia , Bouwmeester Onno
Published: May 2016

Following social identity theory, the way in which individuals appraise stressful encounters and cope with them is influenced by their membership of social groups, which presumes self-categorization as a group member. To date, the impact of self-categorization on stress has mainly been studied for low-status groups. This article uses an interview study among management consultants to explore how self-categorization in terms of occupational identity impacts work stress in a high-status occupation. Adding to previous research, we find that not only low-status but also high-status groups benefit from self-categorization when coping with stressful situations. In line with prevailing theoretical assumptions, we even empirically find an ‘upward spiral’. We illustrate how consultants’ social identity as high-performing professionals helps them cope with stress, which in turn creates a feeling of social inclusion. However, we also find a ‘downward spiral’, where social identity provokes work stress among management consultants who cannot meet the high occupational standards. They cope less effectively and fear social exclusion from the group. These new findings relate to the specifics of our research context, including high status and increased stress. We thus argue for a research agenda that includes such context characteristics when further developing self-categorization models of stress.
Raids, annexation and plough: Transformation through territorialisation in nineteenth-century Chittagong Hill Tracts
Authors: Chowdhury Tamina M.
Published: May 2016

This article suggests that territorialisation was the dominant concept that defined British expansion in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. It underlies the Company’s efforts to impose sovereignty over the region and to exert its ‘right’ to collect tax from its inhabitants. The introduction of the plough and creation of a political economy of rule were some key means by which the Raj sought to tighten its grip over the territory and its people. Territorialisation in the Tracts manifested as the spatial, economic, agricultural, as well as political expansion of the Company state in the region. The article discusses how, in the aftermath of the raids of the early 1860s, the administration resorted to tougher policies to control, deter and counteract the raiders of the eastern hills. It suggests that by setting up institutions of economic control, as well as by modifying existing centres of political power, the Raj succeeded in capturing both the polities and the economies of the territory.
Lack of Buffering by Composites Promotes Shift to More Cariogenic Bacteria
Authors: Nedeljkovic I. , De Munck J. , Slomka V. , Van Meerbeek B. , Teughels W. , Van Landuyt K.L.
Published: May 2016

Secondary caries (SC) remains a very important problem with composite restorations. The objectives of this study were to test the acid-buffering ability of several restorative materials and to evaluate whether buffering of the restorative material has an impact on the microbial composition of the biofilm. Disk-shaped specimens of conventional composite, composite with surface prereacted glass-ionomer filler particles (so-called giomer), glass-ionomer cement (GIC), amalgam, and hydroxyapatite (HAp) (control) were exposed to aqueous solutions with pH 4, 5, 6, and 7 and to the medium containing bacteria-produced acids, and pH changes were recorded over several days. Next, material specimens were immersed in bacterial growth medium with pH adjusted to 5. After a 24-h incubation, the extracts were collected and inoculated with a cariogenic ( Streptococcus mutans) and a noncariogenic ( Streptococcus sanguinis) species. The bacterial growth was monitored both in a single-species model by spectrophotometry and in a dual-species model by viability quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Amalgam and HAp showed the strongest acid-buffering ability, followed by the GIC and the giomer, while the conventional composite did not exhibit any buffering capacity. Furthermore, due to the lack of acid-buffering abilities, composite was not able to increase the pH of the medium (pH 5), which, in the absence of antibacterial properties, allowed the growth of S. mutans, while the growth of S. sanguinis, a less aciduric species, was completely inhibited. A similar effect was observed when bacteria were cultured together: there was a higher percentage of S. mutans and lower percentage of S. sanguinis with the conventional composite than with other materials and HAp. In conclusion, conventional composites lack the ability to increase the local pH, which leads to the outgrowth of more acidogenic/aciduric bacteria and higher cariogenicity of the biofilm. Together with lack of antibacterial properties, lack of buffering may account for the higher susceptibility of composites to SC.
Automatic licence plate reader (ALPR) technology
Authors: Ozer Murat
Published: May 2016

ALPR systems have been rapidly spreading in the US. However, little is known about their effectiveness. Results of an interrupted time series model suggest that ALPR systems significantly increased follow-up arrests in the Cincinnati Police Department (CPD) compared with traditional policing approaches. Human resources cost analysis of the study showed that ALPR technology carried out more follow-up arrests by using fewer police officers compared with traditional policing. Finally, cost-effective analysis revealed that ALPR technology is cost-effective and amortises itself within less than one week for property crimes, and less than a month for violent crimes.
Urban Older Adults Becoming Unhealthier in Modern China
Authors: Zhang Tengxiao , Tan Hao , Wu Yiling , Han Buxin , Wang Ting
Published: May 2016

This study investigated patterns of change in the health status of urban older adults in urban China from 2001 to 2013. A cross-temporal meta-analysis was applied to 111 selected studies in which the SF-36 had been administered to urban older adults in China. Scores from a total of 72,441 participants were analyzed. Correlations between the SF-36 scores and sampling years were examined. The self-reported health status of urban older adults in China has declined significantly in the past 13 years. The observed decline in the health status of older adults suggests that economic progress and a rapidly aging population have had more negative than positive effects on the health of this population.
Faith and mental health: Creating a culture of encounter and friendship
Authors: Ramsey-Lucas Curtis
Published: May 2016

One in five Americans annually experiences mental health conditions ranging in severity from temporary psychological distress to serious depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, yet less than one-third of these persons receives appropriate care, often because of stigma associated with these conditions and their treatments. The Interfaith Disability Advocacy Coalition (IDAC), a program of the American Association of People with Disabilities, has partnered with the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in an effort to change these statistics for the better. Through the Mental Health and Faith Community Partnership, IDAC and APA are encouraging a dialogue between two fields, reducing stigma, and accounting for medical and spiritual dimensions as people seek care. The partnership is developing resources to train religious leaders about mental health issues and for psychiatrists about faith and faith communities in mental health recovery. This article explores how congregations and faith leaders can work with psychiatrists and the mental health community to develop a culture of encounter and friendship that includes persons with mental health conditions and their families.
The impact of float stitches on the resistance of conductive knitted structures
Authors: Liu Su , Yang Chenxiao , Zhao Yuanfang , Tao Xiao ming , Tong Jiahui , Li Li
Published: May 2016

Currently, conductive yarn can be knitted into fabrics to endow the traditional textile product with special attributes, such as shielding electromagnetic waves, detecting and transferring electrical signals, replacing fingers in the operation of touch-screen panels, etc. Research on the electrical properties of conductive knitted fabrics can contribute to the development of such functional textiles. A few studies have been conducted, and it has been found that the variation of the knitted structure can impact the properties of a conductive knitted fabric. Among the properties of conductive fabrics, the resistance value is an important index to decide the performance of electrical functions. Several researchers have conducted practical experiments and theoretical analyses to predict the resistance of plain weft knitted structure. However, in addition to the plain weft knitted structure, the float structure is another important basic knitted structure.

Therefore, a geometric model incorporated with a simplified resistive network is proposed for the calculation of the electrical resistance of conductive knitted fabrics with float stitches and will be studied in this paper. The aim of the model is to determine the resistive effects of conductive float stitches on knitted structures with different numbers of knitted courses and wales. The geometric model can provide a detailed mathematical description of a single knitted loop in the Cartesian coordinate system. With the simplified resistive network, the resistance of conductive float stitches in knitted fabrics can be modeled and computed. The experimental results revealed that the proposed model could approximate the equivalent electrical resistance of the conductive float stitches in knitted fabrics to an acceptable degree.
A Social Justice Theory of Active Equality for Technical Communication
Authors: Colton Jared S. , Holmes Steve
Published: May 2016

Certain aspects of social justice research tacitly work from political frameworks of “passive equality.” Passive equality can limit a technical communicator’s ability to enact social justice in terms of (a) signaling the presence of an injustice and (b) waiting for the organization, institution, or state to make the correction (e.g., liberalism’s distributive justice). By contrast, this article foregrounds the political philosophy of Jacques Rancière as a way to cultivate a practice of “active equality” that enables technical communicators to enact social justice rather than wait for institutional redistribution.
From ethnic enclave to ghetto
Authors: Punathil Salah
Published: May 2016

This article is about the question of state power, violence and the identity predicaments of a marginalised Muslim community called Marakkayars, living in Beemapalli, a coastal hamlet located in the Thiruvananthapuram district of southern Kerala. Based on insights from judicial discourse and ethnography of an event of spectacle state violence that occurred in Beemapalli in the year 2009, the article shows how the contesting discourses that emerged after the violence are entangled with a larger transformation that has taken place in the recent history of this locality—the shift from an ethnic enclave to a ghetto. The judicial discourse which justifies the police violence in Beemapalli and the counter narratives from the locality that vehemently oppose it give interesting insight into the confrontations between the state and a ghettoised community prior to and after the violence. The article also demonstrates how the relationship between the state agencies and ghettoised Marakkayar Muslims is saturated with varied forms of violence: legitimate and illegitimate, physical and symbolic, spectacle and everyday in a complex way.
A Time-Varying Model of Risk for Predicting Recidivism Among Women Offenders Over 3 Years Following Their Release From Jail
Authors: Scott Christy K. , Grella Christine E. , Dennis Michael L. , Funk Rodney R.
Published: May 2016

This study examines time-varying gender-responsive and gender-neutral predictors of recidivism over 3 years using baseline and quarterly follow-up interviews with 477 women released from a county jail. Of the 55 time-varying predictors tested in the longitudinal analysis, 39 were significant predictors of recidivism (new arrest or incarceration) even after controlling for baseline fixed predictors. Stepwise multivariate analysis simplified the model to 12 significant variables, including three time-varying variables associated with reduced risk of recidivism (custody of one’s children, self-help activity, environmental support), eight time-varying variables associated with increased risk of recidivism (illegal activity, type of crime, problems with probation/parole, days in jail/prison, number of sexual partners, past-year trauma, problem orientation, external pressure), and the composite measure of risk from baseline. These findings support the development of post-release re-entry services tailored for female offenders that address both gender-responsive and gender-neutral criminogenic risk factors.
Allocation of Indivisible Life-Saving Goods With Both Intrinsic and Relational Quality: The New Deceased-Donor Kidney Allocation System
Authors: Weimer David L. , Wilk Laura
Published: May 2016

Allocation of scarce heterogeneous life-saving goods confronts society with profound challenges that are analytically complex and morally laden. Deceased-donor kidneys for transplant are heterogeneous in terms of relational and intrinsic quality. In 2014, the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network implemented a new allocation system that more explicitly takes account of intrinsic quality. We trace the evolution of the new allocation system with particular attention to the role of evidence and the ways that concerns about equity were solicited, assessed, and taken into account in modifying the original proposal. These deliberations show the potential for stakeholder rulemaking to integrate evidence and values.
Preventing Shaken Baby Syndrome: Evaluation of a Multiple-Setting Program
Authors: Stolz Heidi E. , Brandon Denise J. , Wallace Heather S. , Tucker Emily A.
Published: May 2016

Abusive head trauma, including shaken baby syndrome, is a serious form of abuse that often results in lifelong developmental challenges or infant death. Educational programs have helped reduce the number of infants hospitalized due to abusive head trauma. The current study provides a process evaluation of Prevent Child Abuse Tennessee’s Shaken Baby Prevention Project. We utilized survey data from (a) 189 trained professionals who delivered the program to new parents in either the hospital or home-visiting setting and (b) 5,565 new mothers who participated in the program in one of those two settings ( n = 5,416 hospital setting; n = 149 home-visiting setting). Results suggest that Shaken Baby Prevention Project facilitator training was effective, and the intervention was well-received by mothers in both the home and hospital settings. Furthermore, shaken baby syndrome information should be provided in both home and hospital settings because each provided access to a different population.
Anxiolytic effects of GLYX-13 in animal models of posttraumatic stress disorder-like behavior
Authors: Jin Zeng-liang , Liu Jin-xu , Liu Xu , Zhang Li-ming , Ran Yu-hua , Zheng Yuan-yuan , Tang Yu , Li Yun-Feng , Xiong Jie
Published: May 2016

In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of GLYX-13, an NMDA receptor glycine site functional partial agonist, to alleviate the enhanced anxiety and fear response in both a mouse and rat model of stress-induced behavioral changes that might be relevant to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Studies over the last decades have suggested that the hyperactivity of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is one of the most consistent findings in stress-related disease. Herein, we used these animal models to further investigate the effect of GLYX-13 on the stress hormone levels and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression. We found that exposure to foot shock induced long-lasting behavioral deficiencies in mice, including freezing and anxiety-like behaviors, that were significantly ameliorated by the long-term administration of GLYX-13 (5 or 10 mg/kg). Our enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that long-term administration of GLYX-13 at behaviorally effective doses (5 or 10 mg/kg) significantly decreased the elevated serum levels of both corticosterone and its upstream stress hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone in rats subjected to the TDS procedure. These results suggest that GLYX-13 exerts a therapeutic effect on PTSD-like stress responding that is accompanied by (or associated with) modulation of the HPA axis, including inhibition of stress hormone levels and upregulation of hippocampal GR expression.
Changes in CREB and deltaFosB are associated with the behavioural sensitization induced by methylenedioxypyrovalerone
Authors: Buenrostro-Jáuregui Mario , Ciudad-Roberts Andres , Moreno Josep , Muñoz-Villegas Patricia , López-Arnau Raúl , Pubill David , Escubedo Elena , Camarasa Jorge
Published: May 2016

Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a synthetic cathinone which has recently emerged as a designer drug of abuse. The objective of this study was to investigate the locomotor sensitization induced by MDPV in adolescent mice, and associated neuroplastic changes in the nucleus accumbens and striatum through deltaFosB and CREB expression. Behavioural testing consisted of three phases: Phase I: conditioning regimen with MDPV (0.3 mg/kg/day for five days) or saline; Phase II: resting (11 days); Phase III: challenged with MDPV (0.3 mg/kg), cocaine (10 mg/kg) or saline on day 16 for both groups. Mice repeatedly exposed to MDPV increased locomotor activity by 165–200% following acute MDPV or cocaine administration after an 11-day resting period, showing a MDPV-induced sensitization to itself and to cocaine. An explanation for this phenomenon could be the common mechanism of action between these two psychostimulants. Furthermore, the MDPV challenge resulted in higher levels of phospho-CREB in MDPV-conditioned mice compared with MDPV-naive mice, probably due to an up-regulation of the cAMP pathway. Likewise, MDPV exposure induced a persistent increase in the striatal expression of deltaFosB; the priming dose of MDPV also produced a significant increase in the accumbal expression of this transcription factor. This study constitutes the first evidence that an exposure to a low dose of MDPV during adolescence induces behavioural sensitization and provides a neurobiological basis for a relationship between MDPV and cocaine. We hypothesize that, similar to cocaine, both CREB and deltaFosB play a role in the induction of this behavioural sensitization.
Faces and Photography in 19th-Century Visual Science
Authors: Wade Nicholas J.
Published: May 2016

Reading faces for identity, character, and expression is as old as humanity but representing these states is relatively recent. From the 16th century, physiognomists classified character in terms of both facial form and represented the types graphically. Darwin distinguished between physiognomy (which concerned static features reflecting character) and expression (which was dynamic and reflected emotions). Artists represented personality, pleasure, and pain in their paintings and drawings, but the scientific study of faces was revolutionized by photography in the 19th century. Rather than relying on artistic abstractions of fleeting facial expressions, scientists photographed what the eye could not discriminate. Photography was applied first to stereoscopic portraiture (by Wheatstone) then to the study of facial expressions (by Duchenne) and to identity (by Galton and Bertillon). Photography opened new methods for investigating face perception, most markedly with Galton’s composites derived from combining aligned photographs of many sitters. In the same decade (1870s), Kühne took the process of photography as a model for the chemical action of light in the retina. These developments and their developers are described and fixed in time, but the ideas they initiated have proved impossible to stop.
European growth models and working class restructuring: An International post-Keynesian Political Economy perspective
Authors: Stockhammer Engelbert , Durand Cédric , List Ludwig
Published: May 2016

This paper builds on post-Keynesian macroeconomics, the French Regulation Theory and a Neo-Gramscian International Political Economy approach to class analysis to propose an International post-Keynesian Political Economy approach that is used to offer an empirical analysis of European growth models and working class restructuring in Europe between 2000 and 2008. We will distinguish between the ‘East’, the ‘North’ and the ‘South’ and structure our analysis around industrial upgrading, financialisation and working class coherence. We find an export-driven growth model in the North, which came with wage suppression and outsourcing to the East. In the East, the growth model can be characterised as dependent upgrading, which allowed for high real wage growth despite declining working class coherence. The South experienced a debt-driven growth model with a real estate bubble and high inflation rates resulting in large current account deficits. Our analysis shows that class restructuring forms an integral part in the economic process that resulted in European imbalances and the Euro crisis.
Do the Trajectories of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Follow a Universal Staging Model?
Authors: Duffy Anne , Malhi Gin S. , Grof Paul
Published: May 2016

Objective:

The purpose of this study is to address the question of whether a universal staging model of severe psychiatric disorders is a viable direction for future research by examining the extant literature.

Method:

A narrative review was conducted of the relevant historical, conceptual, and empirical literature pertaining to the clinical trajectory of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and issues relevant to staging.

Results:

There is substantive evidence that classic recurrent bipolar disorder is separable from schizophrenia on the basis of family history, developmental and clinical course, treatment response, and neurobiological findings. However, because of the intrinsic heterogeneity of diagnostic categories that has been amplified by recent changes in psychiatric taxonomy, key distinctions between the groups have become obfuscated. While mapping risk and illness markers to emerging psychopathology is a logical approach and may be of value for some psychiatric disorders and/or their clinical subtypes, robust evidence supporting identifiable stages per se is still lacking. Presently, even rudimentary stages such as prodromes cannot be meaningfully applied across different disorders and no commonalities can be found for the basis of universal staging.

Conclusions:

Advances in the prediction of risk, accurate early illness detection, and tailored intervention will require mapping biomarkers and other risk indicators to reliable clinical phases of illness progression. Given the capricious nature of mood and psychotic disorders, this task is likely to yield success only if conducted in narrowly defined subgroups of individuals at high risk for specific illnesses. This approach is diametrically opposite to that being promulgated by proponents of a universal staging model.
Preservice Teachers’ Level of Web Pedagogical Content Knowledge
Authors: Gökçearslan Şahin , Karademir Tuğra , Korucu Agah Tuğrul
Published: May 2016

Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge, one of the frameworks proposed in order to popularize the use of technology in a classroom environment, has been customized and has taken the form of Web Pedagogical Content Knowledge. The Relational Screening Model was used in this study. It aims to determine whether a profile of preservice teachers based on their “individual innovativeness” can be used as a significant predictor in also categorizing them according to their knowledge of web technology, pedagogy, and content. A total of 170 preservice teachers studying at various departments of the Faculty of Education at a public university in Ankara, Turkey participated in the study. This study, in which Discriminant Analysis was used to determine whether this predictor is significant or not, found that teachers in the Early Majority category had high scores in terms of pedagogical web content and general web knowledge, and that “individual innovativeness” was effective in predicting the general web and communicative web categories to which they belonged. Certain conclusion can be made regarding Web Pedagogical Content Knowledge and future studies on this subject, based on results of the study.
Impact of End-Stage Renal Disease and Acute Kidney Injury on ICU Outcomes in Patients With Sepsis
Authors: Jeganathan Niranjan , Ahuja Neha , Yau Stephen , Otu Dara , Stein Brian , Balk Robert A.
Published: May 2016

Purpose:

To report the characteristics and outcomes of patients with sepsis in the intensive care unit (ICU) with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) compared to patients with nonkidney injury (non-KI).

Methods:

Retrospective study of all patients with sepsis admitted to the ICU of a university hospital within a 12-month time period. Data were obtained from the University Health Consortium database and a chart review of the electronic medical records.

Results:

We identified 39 cases of ESRD, 106 cases of AKI, and 103 cases of non-KI. Intensive care unit mortality was 15.4% for ESRD, 30.2% for AKI, and 13.6% for non-KI ( P < .01). Hospital mortality was 20.5% for ESRD, 32.1% for AKI, and 13.6% for non-KI ( P < .01). Early AKI and late AKI had an ICU mortality of 24.4% versus 50% ( P <.01), hospital mortality of 26.8% versus 50% ( P = .03), ICU length of stay (LOS) of 3 and 6 days ( P = .04), and hospital LOS of 7 and 12.5 days ( P <.01), respectively.

Conclusion:

Patients with sepsis having AKI have a higher mortality rate than those with ESRD and non-KI. Hospital and ICU mortality rates for patients with ESRD were similar to non-KI patients. Late AKI compared to early AKI had a higher mortality and longer LOS.
That’s the Sound of the Police
Authors: Mountz Sarah E.
Published: May 2016

Among lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender and questioning youth, queer women, transgender, and gender nonconforming youth have been particularly marginalized in social science research, social service settings, and the community, where they are especially vulnerable to violence and significantly more likely to become involved in law enforcement. This is particularly the case for queer young women, transgender, and gender nonconforming youth of color and low-income youth. This article is based on life history interviews with young adults, aged 18–25, who have been incarcerated in girls’ detention facilities in the juvenile justice system in New York State. Interviews were analyzed using the Listening Guide and revealed themes related to the prevalence of interpersonal and state-sanctioned violence in participants’ lives, participants’ tremendous capacity for resiliency, and creative modes of healing.
Examining Childhood Maltreatment and School Bullying Among Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study From Anhui Province in China
Authors: Wang Geng-Fu , Jiang Liu , Wang Lu-Han , Hu Guo-Yun , Fang Yu , Yuan Shan-Shan , Wang Xiu-Xiu , Su Pu-Yu
Published: May 2016

Although a body of research has established the relationship between childhood maltreatment and bullying in Western culture backgrounds, few studies have examined the association between childhood maltreatment experiences and bullying in China. Moreover, to date, the relationship between multiple types of childhood maltreatment and cyber bullying is poorly understood. This study examined the association between multiple types of childhood maltreatment (physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect) and multiple forms of school bullying (physical, verbal, relational, and cyber). A cross-sectional study using three-stage random cluster-sampling approach was conducted in Tongling, Chuzhou, and Fuyang, in Anhui Province. Self-reported questionnaires were completed by 5,726 middle school students to assess their school bullying involvement and childhood maltreatment experiences. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between each single type of childhood maltreatment and each single form of school bullying. Each type of childhood maltreatment was associated with increased risk for involvement in each form of bullying as bullies, victims, and bully-victims. Specifically, both childhood physical neglect and emotional neglect were associated with increased risk for involvement in each form of school bullying. Each type of childhood maltreatment was associated with involvement in cyber bullying. Students who experienced multiple types of childhood maltreatment seem to report more forms of school bullying. Furthermore, multiple forms of school bullying caused the co-occurrence of several forms of school bullying. Our results indicated a significant association between school bullying and childhood maltreatment among adolescents. Interventions to reduce school bullying encompassing prevention toward childhood maltreatment might get better results in China.
Profiling Religious Fundamentalism’s Associations With Vocational Interests
Authors: Warlick Craig A. , Ingram Paul B. , Multon Karen D. , Vuyk M. Alexandra
Published: May 2016

Religion is a shaping force in the world today, increasingly expressed and integral to the flow and function of the workplace. The relationship between religious identity and work function is clearly present. However, no lines of research have explored how religion explains the variations in vocational interest, despite speculation that it does so. Fundamentalist beliefs provide an opportunity to examine how career interests are related to personal values. This study examined the relationship between fundamentalism and the Artistic and Investigative Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional types, types speculated to be most dissimilar to fundamentalism, by testing the incremental importance of religious fundamentalism beyond personality traits in the shaping of vocational interests. Results suggest that, even after controlling for variation attributed to personality, religious fundamentalism is negatively related to Artistic interests yet has no relationship to Investigative interests. Issues of diversity and implications for career counselors are discussed.
Characteristics of Civically Engaged Nonprofit Arts Organizations
Authors: Kim Mirae
Published: May 2016

Nonprofits face increasing pressure to compete in the market, while they must maintain their civic commitment. Focusing on the arts and cultural sector, this study conducts the first large-scale, comprehensive empirical measurement of nonprofits’ engagement in various roles. The article uses a previously validated 18-item role index to categorize nonprofits as primarily engaged in either civic or market functions, so that a subsequent regression analysis can identify the common characteristics of civically active nonprofit arts service organizations. The data come from (a) qualitative interviews with leaders of arts nonprofits, (b) a random national sample of more than 900 arts nonprofits, and (c) Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax returns of the sample nonprofits. The findings suggest that civically active arts nonprofits have diverse networks, recognize civic engagement as the industry norm, and are consciously aware of their nonprofit status. The results suggest how nonprofits can balance their equally important market- and civic-oriented functions.