bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Premises and Concepts Underlying the Study of the Qafzeh Lithics
Authors: Hovers Erella
Published: October 2023

The assumption underlying prehistoric research is that all the Ends derived from asedimentologically discrete stratigraphic horizon at a given locality have temporal and spatial unity and constitute a discrete assemblage (Clarke 1979). This is clearly a relative, heuristic premise rather than an absolute measure of contemporaneity, as contexts that represent genuine, human life situations are rarely encountered in the prehistoric record (as discussed by Adler, Prindiville, and Conard 2003). A vast literature, drawing on empirical studies from numerous geographic regions and different time periods, has dealt with these questions (e.g., Bordes 1975; Clark and Kleindienst 2001; Leakey 1971; Villa 1983). The extent to which archaeological data resemble a real-life scenario is largely dependent on site formation processes. Archaeological deposits, more often than not are palimpsests (Binford 1982), documenting the longterm recurrent operation of cultural systems in any single locale. Many complex and diverse natural processes, as well as anthropogenic ones, affect the formation of the archaeological record during and after deposition. Natural processes may include hydraulic action, bioturbation by burrowing and denning animals, trampling, chemical diagenesis that affects both bones and sediments, or paleo-geochemical conditions that differentially affect artifacts across the site’s space.
Lithic Production: 1. The Cores
Authors: Hovers Erella
Published: October 2023

Cores in a lithic assemblage bear indications of the manner in which they were last Vaked. They are informative about knapping procedures employed during the most recent stage of their usage. Often the reasons for discontinuing their exploitation (among which may be discard due to physical fault in the raw material or core exhaustion) can also be deciphered. Just how much information can be derived from cores about the earlier stages of reduction is more dificult to establish. It is likely that a single knapping concept (e.g., Levallois) was used throughout the reduction process of any given core. This does not mean necessarily that the methods and modes of Vaking (see below) remained unchanged throughout the whole sequence. When lithic reduction was initiated on small nodules, size restrictions would constrain the number of core reshaping cycles and thus the exploration of any technological repertoire to its fullest extent. In such instances, core reduction would likely be limited to the single set of tactics initially opted for. On the contrary, where raw material was ubiquitous and came in the form of large nodules, Vint knappers could often be more Vexible and several methods of Vaking might have been used along the process of working on a single core, hampering our attempts to reconstruct reduction processes based on core properties.
Junction
Authors: Ayers Edward L
Published: October 2023

The Southern Landscape of 1880 bore the signs of the preceding twenty years. Symmetrical rows of slave cabins had been knocked into a jumble of tenant shacks. Fields grew wild because it did not pay to farm them. Children came upon bones and rusting weapons when they played in the woods. Former slaveowners and their sons decided which tenants would farm the best land and which tenants would have to move on. Confederate veterans at the court house or the general store bore empty sleeves and blank stares. Black people bitterly recalled the broken promises of land from the Yankees and broken promises of help from their former masters and mistresses. Everyone labored under the burdens of the depression that had hobbled the 1870s. Men talked of the bloodshed that had brought Reconstruction to an end a few years before.
Voices
Authors: Ayers Edward L
Published: October 2023

Music and Holiness religion offered some people of the New South their best opportunity to be heard. Young black men of the cities and plantation districts seized on music as their chance for freedom and respect. Discontented people of both races and genders made new churches their own. The South became the crucible for the blues, jazz, and country music, the crucible for new denominations that were to spread throughout the world.

The stories of the people who created this music and religion testify to the creative energies unleashed by the making of the New South. The musicians and preachers were young, come of age in the 1880s and 1890s, eager for new experiences. Seldom staying long in one place, they followed the rail lines across the South. Those who played and those who preached incorporated new ideas and styles from outside the South into their own distinctly Southern vocabularies. Ironically, then, what the twentieth century would see as some of the most distinctly Southern facets of Southern culture developed in a process of constant appropriation and negotiation. Much of Southern culture was invented, not inherited.
Abortion Rights
Authors: Rao Radhika
Published: October 2023

As one legal scholar observes, “it has been striking to watch the United States Supreme Court wrestle with the problems of abortion as though pregnancy were a phenomenon unique to the United States.”1 Other legal systems confront the same basic questions of when life begins, whether fetus is a person entitled to legal protection, and who should possess the power to decide. Their choices illustrate alternate possibilities and illuminate the character of American law. Comparative study demonstrates that abortion rights may stem from a constitution, a statute, local law, or even international obligations. They may be conceptualized as procedural or substantive, and they may take the form of negative rights or affirmative obligations. Comparative study also highlights the divergence between the articulation of a right and its realization.
Affrmative Action and Benign Discrimination
Authors: Bhagwat Ashutosh
Published: October 2023

In many nations the government and the private sector provide preferences––in the allocation of benefits such as university admissions, employment, and contracts––to specific groups who have been subject to past discrimination, or who are for some other reason specially disadvantaged in the relevant society. The “preferred” groups might be defined by gender, race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, caste, language, or any number of other, sometimes overlapping factors. Such policies assume a variety of names. For example, in the United States, they are generically referred to as “affirmative action,” in South Africa as “Black Economic Empowerment,” and in India as “reservations.” While different in particulars, each policy allocates benefits partially or absolutely based on membership in a favored group. Such policies are controversial because membership in the favored group is typically determined by a characteristic, such as race, gender, or caste, that is otherwise a forbidden ground for discrimination. As a consequence, preferential policies themselves have been subject to constitutional challenge in a number of countries.
Free Speech and the Incitement of Violence or Unlawful Behavior: Statutes Directed at Speech
Authors: Gey Steven G
Published: October 2023

Virtually all modern legal systems that are based on a written constitution have some type of formal protection for freedom of speech and the press. Many of these constitutional provisions are phrased broadly and can easily be interpreted to protect aggressive advocacy. The key question is often not whether the relevant constitutional provisions protect incitement but rather, what level of proof does the government have to muster before punishing someone who engages in speech that could incite unlawful behavior? When attempting to ascertain a particular legal system’s degree of legal protection for speech that takes the form of incitement, it is helpful to take into account three common considerations. The first is the context in which the speech occurs. The issue of context turns on the likelihood and immediacy of the harm that the government believes will flow from the speech in question. In other words, does the government’s fear of an unlikely and distant harm provide a sufficient rea- son to suppress speech? A subsidiary question deals with the nature of the harm that the government is allowed to protect against. Is the government allowed to suppress speech in order to protect against minor or insignificant harms, or must the government assert that the speech in question will lead to a serious harm? Also, must the nature of the harm take the form of a physical threat to other citizens or property, or may the harm be abstract or ideological? Can the government suppress speech that incites peaceful civil disobedience to protest government policies? Finally, must the harm that is being incited be political in nature? In other words, does the legal system in question permit.
Convergence through Legislation and Professional Cooperation
Authors: wessels Bob , Markell Bruce A , Kilborn Jason J
Published: October 2023

The challenges of coordinating vastly divergent insolvency procedures were significantly more acute as recently as the 1990s. Since that time, two important developments have smoothed the jagged conflicts among insolvency laws—at least modestly— in different but connected ways. First, some of the most fundamental conflicts of approach to insolvency cases are fading away as individual states converge around a rescue model. States are increasingly adopting and enhancing insolvency laws designed to facilitate reorganization of faltering businesses rather than immediately resorting to liquidation.
Connections
Authors: Post David G
Published: October 2023

It takes something—courage? insensitivity? obtuseness? all of the above?—to expose one ‘s ignorance to the world in print. It ‘s embarrassing to keep pointing out things you don ‘t understand; it undermines one ‘s credentials as an “expert,” and it can be unsettling to readers, who, one assumes, don ‘t want to know what you don ‘t know but what you do know. “Focus on what you do understand and can explain,” one imagines them saying; “save what you don ‘t and can ‘t for your next book, after you ‘ve figured it out.”
Governing Cyberspace Ii Names
Authors: Post David G
Published: October 2023

Nothing better illustrates the new and complex nature of the relationship between code-making and lawmaking and Internet governance at the bottom of the protocol stack than the story of ICANN—the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.
South Africa: The Basis for Imposing Corporate Income Tax in South Africa’s E-Commerce Environment
Authors: Mandy Kyle Eric
Published: October 2023

The imposition of corporate tax in South Africa is regulated by the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962, as amended (the Income Tax Act). It contains no provisions aimed specifically at e-commerce or digital environments, and very few special provisions find application in these environments. It is therefore, largely, the general provisions of the Income Tax Act and the principles established in respect thereof that need to be interpreted and applied in the e-commerce context.
China: Taxation of E-Commerce in China
Authors: King (Chaowu Jin) Horace
Published: October 2023

Although China boasts the largest number of Internet users in the world, it does not yet have any specific law or regulation devoted to the taxation of e-commerce. To have a better idea of how such taxation is handled, a basic knowledge of China’s tax structure and e-commerce regulation is necessary. Although e-commerce in China is hardly different in any way from that of other countries, the tax structure is considerably different; this makes the issue of taxation on e-commerce more complicated.
Netherlands: Nexus for Purposes of Imposing Corporate Income Tax
Authors: Lambooij Machiel
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses in general terms, without focusing on any specific jurisdiction, the concept of “nexus” with a taxing jurisdiction required for a person (the e-tailer) resident outside that jurisdiction to be subject to tax on its business profits earned in connection with its e-commerce activities. It then discusses specifics about The Netherlands’ position. The jurisdiction where the customers of the foreign e-tailer are based is hereinafter referred to as the source state. The term nexus refers to the threshold an e-tailer will have to surpass in terms of presence (physical, virtual, or otherwise) in the target jurisdiction in order to become taxable there on its profits. Profit allocation and other tax-base issues, once it has been established that there is sufficient relevant nexus, are not the subject of this article.
Israel: Direct Taxation of E-Commerce Transactions in Israel
Authors: Rosenberg George
Published: October 2023

The sale of goods and services via the Internet has raised a number of regulatory issues, among them the matter of determining the basis of taxation of such transactions. This chapter will examine the Israeli tax system and its handling of direct taxation of Israeli residents and nonresidents. An overview of e-commerce in Israel will be provided. As is the case with many countries, Israel has also has opted not to enact specific tax rules for e-commerce transactions. This chapter will examine the possible reasons for this inaction.
United States: Tax Effects of Internet Telecommunications Services
Authors: Lavey* Warren G
Published: October 2023

It is popular to say both that “the Internet changes everything” and that “death and taxes are inevitable.” According to this framework, it may be tempting to think about the issue of taxes on Internet telecommunications services as a new, unstoppable force (the Internet) meeting an immovable object (taxes). However, this framework is flawed in that both telecommunications services and taxes applicable to telecommunications services have been changing for at least a century, long before the advent of the Internet. Government authorities have proven quite adept at adopting legislation and revising regulations to make new telecommunications offerings and providers subject to high, industry-specific taxes. Since the spread of Internet telecommunications services, there have been changes in some of the taxes applicable to these and other telecommunications services. Yet, the processes of adapting taxes to new telecommunications technologies, offerings, and market structures have shown their resiliency with regard to the growing revenues of Internet telecommunications services and the growing demands for tax collections.
The How and Why of a Good Machine Check
Authors: Horton Charles N
Published: October 2023

Anesthesiologists are like pilots: our work, and the safety of those who rely on us, requires us to have a safe and reliable machine. And like pilots, we ensure that our machines are working well by checking them rigorously every day—either with an automated self-check (on the newest machines) or manually. Since most machines currently in use do not have an automated self-check, here’s how to check the machine yourself. First, quickly look at the machine to check that nothing is obviously broken or dangling loose. Then turn on all the different parts of it: the main switch, the gas analyzer, the patient monitor, and the bispectral index (BIS) unit. Don’t switch on the ventilator just yet. The gas analyzer takes awhile to warm up, so while you’re waiting, check the rest of the machine.
The ABCs Start with “Airway” How to Intubate and Maintain Anesthesia
Authors: Horton Charles N
Published: October 2023

One of our most important tasks is to manage the patient’s airway. There are multiple tools we use for this, and we will examine each of them in this chapter. They can be divided into a few categories: Supplemental oxygen devices take a few forms, such as nasal cannulas or loose-fitting masks, but all do only one thing: they increase the amount of oxygen delivered to the lungs with each breath.
Ubiquitous Computing and Spatial Privacy
Authors: Uteck Anne
Published: October 2023

In 1991, Mark Weiser envisioned a world in which computing would become an integral part of our everyday experience. This vision assumed a paradigmatic shift, not only in computing, but also in society. Enabling technologies would be everywhere, embedded in everyday things, people, and places. As they are combined, integrated, and connected, invisibly and remotely to networks, we move toward a society characterized by ubiquitous computing (ubicomp). Emerging location, communication, and mobile technologies, such as Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID), and advanced wireless devices enhance and extend the ability to locate and track people and things in the real physical world anywhere, anytime, accurately, continuously, and in real time. There are compelling advantages to such capabilities that are important to serving the public interest, as for example, more effective emergency services, security applications by law enforcement, and child safety. The privacy implications, however, are profound.
A Conceptual Analysis of Identity
Authors: Davis Steven
Published: October 2023

There are three notions of identity that must be distinguished that I shall call metaphysical identity, cultural/social/political identity, and epistemological identity. I shall concentrate my discussion on the last of these and illustrate it by discussing identity theft. Because the central interest is in epistemological identity and its relation to identity theft, I shall describe the first two notions only to the extent that it is necessary to distinguish them from epistemological identity. Let us begin with metaphysical identity and with the following question. At a particular time, t, what makes it the case that a given object, A, is synchronically identical to B: Consider a simple object, a wooden chair, which I shall call ‘Alfred.’ Imagine that reflected in a mirror is an image of a chair—one that I shall call ‘Natalie.’ Now at a given time, t, Natalie and Alfred might well be the same chair. Properties play an important role in determining the conditions under which Natalie and Alfred are identical. A property is something an object has; it is a characteristic or quality of an object that is true of the object. Red objects, for example, have the property of being red and it is true of them that they are red. Properties come in different varieties: monadic and relational and accidental and essential. A monadic property is a quality of an object that does not relate it to another object—for example, being square—while a relational property, such as being to the left, relates an object to another object.
Real Options in Theory and Practice
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

Decision makers in business and economics face a staggering array of problems. Managers of growing firms have to decide which growth options will expand their business. Governments have to decide which infrastructure investments to undertake. Managers of oil firms must decide how rapidly to deplete their reserves. Owners of land must decide when and how to develop. Operators of power plants must decide when to start them up and when to shut them down. While these problems seem quite diverse, they share many important features. In each case, the decision maker must choose when to take a particular action that will be difficult, if not impossible, to reverse. In each case, the consequences of taking (or not taking) that action are uncertain. The timing and nature of these actions directly affect revenue. Real options that often vary radically from one problem to another. The book focuses on building a general approach to solving problems from the ground up to show readers how real options can be assembled in a way appropriate to the individual problem being analyzed. The book will inform both practitioners who want to develop their analytical techniques and also graduate students who will eventually become practitioners. The real-options approach to capital budgeting (and business decision-making more generally) was introduced 30 years ago and is now widely accepted. While there are now many books that introduce the concept of real options to a general business audience, students and practitioners have been given little guidance as to how to actually implement these concepts in practice.
Learning Options
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

The costs associated with launching a new product do not stop once development of the product is complete. Building distribution infrastructure can be expensive and the cost of marketing can be substantial, especially for particularly innovative products for which no market currently exists. Much of this expenditure is irreversible. Testing a new product in a small set of markets prior to a full- scale launch allows a firm to acquire considerable information about the product’s potential. If testing produces good news then the product can be launched on a much larger scale, and the main cost of the test marketing to the firm is that the payoff has been delayed for the duration of the testing. However, if it produces bad news then the firm has avoided the incremental costs of a full-scale launch.
Calibration Using Spot and Futures Price Data
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

In many situations it is natural to adopt the spot price of a traded asset (often a commodity) as the state variable. For example, in the resource extraction problem of Section 8.3 the state variable was the price of copper, while in the machinery- replacement problem of Section 10.3 it was the price of fuel. Ready availability of spot price data also makes the spot price an attractive candidate for the state variable since such data can be used to estimate the parameters needed to build the tree (the size of up and down moves and the probabilities that they occur). Moreover, because the observed price of the traded asset reflects the market’s attitude towards the risk of holding that asset in a portfolio, price data can also be used to estimate the risk-neutral probabilities.
Calibrating Trees of Alternative State Variables
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

The previous two chapters have considered situations where the state variable is the price of a traded asset or commodity. We were able to exploit two key features. First, there is usually plenty of historical data to use to calibrate our models. Second, observed prices incorporate market-determined adjustments for risk, so that we do not always need to impose theoretical risk-adjustment models on the data.
Mothballing an Ethanol Plant
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: October 2023

Total US ethanol production rose from 1.6 billion gallons in 2000 to 6.5 billion gallons in 2007 (EIA, 2008, Table 4a). The increased output reflected rising capacity from a wave of investment in new production facilities. Despite the increasing supply of ethanol, the spread between the ethanol price and the cost of its main inputs (corn and natural gas) continued to widen, at least for a while. However, ethanol prices fell in the middle of 2006 and corn prices began to rise. By 2008 construction of many partly-completed ethanol plants had been halted. Some completed plants had suspended operations and some had defaulted on debt obligations.
The Limited Appeal and Value of Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Mueller John
Published: October 2023

With decades of cascadological prophecy and, effectively, apocalyptic cheerleading for would-be proliferators behind us, one might be set to wondering why more countries haven’t taken the nuclear plunge. As analyst MoeeId Yusuf observes, not only “has the pace of proliferation been much slower than anticipated,” but the very considerable majority of the states arrayed on the alarmists’ lists “never came close to crossing the threshold”—indeed, “most did not even initiate a weapons program.”1
Adherence to Mental Health Treatment
Authors: Buckley Peter F , Foster Adriana , Patel Nick C , Wermert Anastasia
Published: October 2023

Patients’ failure to complete a simple prescription course presents a tremendous public health problem and a considerable challenge for practicing clinicians. For those with chronic mental illnesses, non-adherence is an even greater problem than in other patient populations and substantially lowers the possibility of improvement or recovery. Additionally, adherence to treatment is further undermined by impairments in insight that often accompany mental illness. Much has been written about non-adherence across medical specialties. Yet, the topic of non-adherence in psychiatric patients is so common and complex that it merits review in its own right. Using the most up-to-date research available, this book summarizes the current knowledge concerning non-adherence in mental illness, presenting concise, practical information on such topics as the reasons behind medication non-adherence, detection of non-adherence, and the pharmacological and non-pharmacological options available to clinicians to manage non-adherence. The authors review the effectiveness of psycho-education, brief counseling, compliance therapy, cognitive adaptive strategies, reminder electronic monitoring strategies, family therapy, peer support and recovery, and assertive community treatment (ACT), as well as assess the legal issues around patient adherence, including outpatient commitment and Kendra’s law. Importantly, the text also addresses the ever evolving role of psychiatrists in managing adherence, focusing on the rapid advances in pharmacology, in light of the new and broadening recovery concept for mental illness. The data is presented in a “ready-to-use” manner, utilizing algorithms, diagrams, tables, and figures to convey helpful information to clinicians in order to improve all aspects of psychiatric patient adherence.
Clinical features and diagnosis
Authors: Berger William E , Currie Graeme P
Published: October 2023

Making the diagnosis of asthma is not always straightforward. Unlike many other conditions in medicine, the diagnosis of asthma is usually based on typical features in the history, often with no specific confirmatory examination, radiological, or laboratory findings. However, it is important to identify key features in the medical history, perform a careful physical examination, and ideally demonstrate reversible airflow obstruction.
Asthma in primary care
Authors: Berger William E , Currie Graeme P
Published: October 2023

Asthma is a common condition, and the responsibility for both the diagnosis and subsequent long-term management often rests with the primary health-care team. Indeed, asthma is one of the chronic conditions most frequently diagnosed in a primary care setting, and many patients are initially managed by the primary team, with subsequent referral to a specialist to help manage the more challenging cases.

Asthma lends itself to assessment of quality of care by outcome measures.
New treatments and the future
Authors: Berger William E , Currie Graeme P
Published: October 2023

Although inhaled corticosteroids are a fundamental component in the management of asthma, in some patients, adherence is often poor, in part due to concerns about long-term systemic and local adverse effects. Ciclesonide is a novel lipophilic inhaled corticosteroid that has recently become licensed in the United States for once-daily use in asthma. It represents an exciting development because it becomes activated in the lung by esterase cleavage, minimizing extrapulmonary adverse effects. The unique pharmacological properties of ciclesonide, fewer local adverse effects, and limited effect on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis due to onsite lung activation (in addition to its once-daily dosing regimen) make it particularly attractive in encouraging compliance without the concerns of local and systemic complications.
The Modernist Self
Authors: Butler Christopher
Published: October 2023

Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness (1899) anticipates many of the philosophical and psychological concerns of the early decades of the twentieth century concerning the nature of personal identity. It also poses its questions against a fantastic, even Symbolist, background which leads to deep ambiguities, and is an early contribution to a long debate on the nature of the ‘civilized’ and the ‘primitive’, which affects all the arts in the Modernist period.
Aspects of the Avant-Garde
Authors: Butler Christopher
Published: October 2023

My central theme has been the relationship between changes in artistic technique and the ideas which inspired them, such as Schoenberg’s belief in an unfolding law of musical progress and his reliance upon the ‘unconscious’ to help him discover it, or the Nietzschean and primitivist assumptions about the personality which gave artists the courage to explore divisions in consciousness, or the defence of collagist and Simultaneist methods of presentation as symptomatic of the confusingly multiple narratives of modern life. As ideas like these spread, they brought about profound stylistic changes in the arts all over Europe, as artists became aware of the new conventions, and adapted them in their own experiments.1 In the process, new ideas were adapted to ‘native’ cultural traditions and to the individual artistic temperament, in a process which often enough involved a successfully creative mistranslation.
Los and Jesus
Authors: Otto Peter
Published: October 2023

Most discussions of Los proceed along a linear path and note the changes in Blake⌘s conception of this figure as his oeuvre proceeds. However, one of the major thrusts of the poems that I have been discussing is that the linear time which appears to the closeted man is not the only or in fact the most fundamental experience of time. It therefore offers us only a partial view of Los.
Some Reflections on the Metre of Christ III
Authors: Roberts Jane
Published: October 2023

Some time ago Eric Stanley drew together all the A3 verses of Beowulf, thus providing a valuable tool for the understanding of the poem’s metre. In this article I should like to begin by using his tool in an investigation of the comparable verses of a much shorter poem, Christ III. Like Stanley’s, my corpus depends upon a conservative estimate, more conservative than Alan Bliss’s would have been, and certainly far smaller than a selection made according to the criteria put forward more recently by Kendall.3 There is a virtue in holding to old conventions, if the resulting data allow interesting comparisons to be drawn. Although Christ III is approximately a quarter the length of Beowulf, it yields some 100 comparable verses, rather more than might be expected by comparison with their distribution in the longer poem.
Apocalypse and Invasion in Late Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Godden Malcolm
Published: October 2023

The moral and theological problems posed by successful invasion, and particularly invasion of a sophisticated Christian civilization by heathen barbarians, were a recurrent issue in Anglo-Saxon writings. Bede took up the issue briefly in his Historia Ecclesiastica,suggesting that the Anglo-Saxon invaders were agents of the divine wrath against the slothful and sinful Britons: ‘the fire kindled by the hands of the heathen executed the just vengeance of God on the nation for its crimes’. Alcuin touched on the issue again in his letters on the sack of Lindisfarne by the Vikings, suggesting a parallel with the earlier Anglo-Saxon invasions and hinting that the attack might have been divine punishment for fornication, adultery, incest, avarice, robbery, or perhaps bad judgements. It was a major concern in Alfredian prose, and seems to have influenced the choice of Latin works to translate. Alfred hinted at the idea of divine punishment as an explanation for the Vikings in his preface to the Pastoral Care but explored the issue much more fully and profoundly in his version of Boethius: he introduced the discussion with his own account of the barbarian invasion of Italy and the imprisonment of Boethius, and then used that as a basis for questioning the apparent dominance of evil in a world supposedly ruled by a benevolent God.
Cultural Materialism, Othello, and the Politics of Plausibility
Authors: Sinfield Alan
Published: October 2023

Cassio, in Shakespeare’s Othello, is discovered in a drunken brawl. He laments: “Reputation, reputation, I ha’ lost my reputation!” (2.3.254). Iago replies, “You have lost no reputation at all, unless you repute yourself such a loser” (2.3.261-63), but this assertion is absurd (though attractive), since reputation is by definition a social construct, concerned entirely with one’s standing in the eyes of others. In fact, language and reality are always interactive, dependent upon social recognition; reputation is only a specially explicit instance. Meaning, communication, language work only because they are shared. If you invent your own language, no one else will understand you; if you persist, you will be thought mad. Iago is telling Cassio to disregard the social basis of language, to make up his own meanings for words; it is the more perverse because Iago is the great manipulator of the prevailing stories of his society.
Protestantism: Questions of Subjectivity and Control
Authors: Sinfield Alan
Published: October 2023

I arrived at a study of protestantism in early modern England through Philip Sidney. The image of him that prevailed in literary studies was that of the ideal courtier, poet, scholar, patron of letters, and soldier. He seemed to heal the rift between practical affairs and writing-he at least could not be called a sissy (see chapter 10 below). Further exploration showed an attractive modification of this image: Sidney was a political activist who annoyed the establishment of his time. He and his friends opposed Queen Elizabeth’s foreign policy, wanting a principled rather than a prudent attitude to religion in Europe; supported puritan ministers; and held that subjects (admittedly only upper-class subjects) may resist monarchs when the latter are tyrannical. The popular image had Sidney as the queen’s favourite in an ideal administration without conflict, but actually she distrusted his politics, ignored his advice, and only reluctantly employed him.
Introduction
Authors: Hunter G K
Published: October 2023

This is a book not about Shakespeare the solitary genius but rather about the world that constituted his life as a writer-the world of the public dramatists, actors, audiences, playhouses, impresarios, who provided him with the basic definition of his metier. It was from these that he learnt how to encode his own daily experience and that of his audience inside available forms of expression; they presented examples of what to follow and what to avoid, defined the rivals he had to outshine if his company (and his income) were to survive. A comprehensive explanation of what was involved in living in that situation is, of course, inaccessible to us; historians like to invoke the great events of the time in terms of their now-perceived consequences, but at the actual rime these could not be given any generalized or objective meaning outside the local languages that were being invented (cu”ente calamo) and communicated inside the communities that the writer drew on and served. So it can be no part of a literary investigation to ‘explain’ the life of the past, but only to propose an unstable dialectic between our own inescapable modernity and the languages of the locally experienced and documented past-one in which Shakespeare was known in the terms of ‘our fellow’, with his ‘right happy and copious industry’,2 as a working dramatist among working dramatists, though endowed with a marvellous vein of ‘honey-tongued’ eloquence.
Chaucer and His Age
Authors: Bennett S H
Published: October 2023

The city of London in the fourteenth century, despite the fact that it was incomparably the greatest city of the kingdom, was comparatively small—indeed insignificant when compared with the ‘great Wen’ of to-day. It was separated from the city of Westminster by a badly paved way—the Strand—on each side of which stood great palaces such as Chester’s Inn, or the homes of the lawyers, such as the Temple or Lincoln’s Inn. The city itself was surrounded by its wall which ran down to the Thames, and at intervals there stood the gates which gave entrance to the city from various points. Above each of them was the little gatehouse, and in that at Aldgate during the years 1374—86 Geoffrey Chaucer lived. It was not an imposing apartment: it consisted of one large room, with one window looking into the city and another looking outward to the open country. There were also a smaller room and two very small rooms, together with cellars below.
Text and Image
Authors: Tooke Adrianne
Published: October 2023

Flaubert was hailed as a practitioner of plastic writing by all his contemporaries. He was placed in the same category as Leconte de Lisle, as Gautier, and as Hugo (including by Leconte de Lisle himself).

Baudelaire too was sensitive to this aspect of Flaubert’s writing, describing Madame Bovary as ‘vraiment belle par la minutie et la vivacite des descriptions’.2 Not all contemporary critics were so appreciative, however. Salammbo attracted the most comments on this score, and almost all were negative. The most vitriolic critic was Barbey d’Aurevilly.
Anne Duden, ‘übergang’ (1982)
Authors: Haines Brigid , Littler Margaret
Published: October 2023

Anne Duden has been acclaimed as one of the most innovative writers of her generation, her distinctive poetic voice combining political engagement with experimental form. When her first major publications appeared in the 1980s the appeal of her writing to a feminist readership was readily understood. The linked themes of violence against women, the horror of the Holocaust, and fears of ecological catastrophe reflected a wider cultural pessimism which resonated with many women readers. In terms of feminine aesthetics, her poetic prose style could be described as ecriture feminine, its rhythmic patterns and play with ambiguity pointing beyond the symbolic dimension of language. Given the relentless and often disturbing focus on the body in her work, Duden’s writing also lends itself to postmodern readings concerned with sexual difference and embodiment. In fact, the reception of Duden’s first prose collection
Christa Wolf,Kassandra(1983)
Authors: Haines Brigid , Littler Margaret
Published: October 2023

It is not surprising that Christa Wolfs 1983 reinterpretation of the myth of Cassandra should have resonated with feminists the world over and reached the widest international audience of all her works until then. For in the tradition which began with Homer’s Iliad and Aeschylus’ Oresteia, Cassandra’s role as a prophetess whose fate was to speak the truth but not be believed made her, in the eyes of many, iconic of the position of women in patriarchal societies. Wolf sought, however, to defy the tradition and, via the strength of her Kassandra’s voice and the power of her witness, make herself heard.1 The work’s main message -that perverted structures of thought in western culture, which lead inevitably to war, must be changed-was recognizably urgent in the early 1980s because escalating tensions in the cold war were making war on European soil seem an imminent danger.
Emine Sevgi Özdamar, ‘Mutter Zunge’ and ‘GroBvater Zunge’ (1990)
Authors: Haines Brigid , Littler Margaret
Published: October 2023

The protagonist of the first two, interlinked stories in Emine Sevgi Özdamar’s Mutterzunge is a Turkish woman, living in East Berlin, who attends Arabic classes with a Koran scholar in order to reconnect with her Turkish heritage. This presents a dilemma for those readers for whom the abolition of the Arabic script in 1928 and the secularization of twentieth-century Turkey might seem the very conditions on which female emancipation has been founded. Indeed, as an emancipated Turkish woman intellectual, the unnamed protagonist bears some comparison with her author. Born in Malatya, Turkey, in 1946, Emine Sevgi Özdamar is the most prominent of the growing number of non-Germans writing in German. ‘Minority’ or ‘migrant’ writing is a phenomenon which has increased rapidly since the 1980s in the aftermath of the recruitment of Gastarbeiter (guest-workers) by the Federal Republic between 1955 and 1973.
D. S. Mirsky A Russian-English Life, I890-I939
Authors: Smith G S
Published: October 2023

This is the first biography in any language of 'Comrade Prince' D. S. Mirsky (1890-1939), who uniquely participated in three distinctive episodes of modern European culture. In late imperial St Petersburg he was a poet, a student of Oriental languages and ancient history, and also a Guards officer. After fighting in World War I and the Russian Civil War, Mirsky emigrated, taught at London University, and became a literary critic and historian, writing prolifically in English, and also in Russian for the Paris-centred emigration, especially as a leading member of the Eurasian movement. His closest literary relationships were with Marina Tsvetaeva and Aleksei Remizov, and later with Maksim Gorky. In 1926-7 he published A History of Russian Literature, written in English, which remains the standard introduction to the subject. While in London he lived in Bloomsbury and knew the Woolfs; he also knew T. S. Eliot, and was the first Russian critic to write about him. Mirsky became a Communist in 1931 and returned to Stalin's Moscow the following year, becoming a prominent Soviet critic, and in particular championing Boris Pasternak. In 1937 he was arrested, and died in the Gulag. This biography draws on much unpublished material, including Mirsky's NKVD files.
The Rising Line
Authors: Smith G S
Published: October 2023

There was much less of potential advantage for Mirsky to return to in the land of his birth than there had been outside it when he arrived in emigration in 1921. Everything his family owned had been confiscated, and people of his social background, often referred to as the ‘has-beens’ (kyvshie lyudi), were sys tematically reviled and persecuted. His major work had been published abroad in English, and was destined to remain unknown in Russia until long after his death-which was perhaps a good thing, because much of what he had written even after his conversion was actionable in terms of official Soviet thinking. Hardly anybody Mirsky had known before going into emigration was in a really influential position in Soviet Russia.
Introduction
Authors: Crowley Martin
Published: October 2023

Duras is not an ethical writer. She neither shows nor tells us how to lead the good life, nor does she tease out the complications of our moral decisions in such a way as to suggest their baffiing complexity. The lyrical combination of paroxysm and debris that might characterize the quintessentially Durassian is hardly the space of a meaningful discussion of right and wrong. Everything that follows here, then, is highly unlikely.
Ricardian ‘Trouthe’: A Legal Perspective
Authors: Green Richard Firth
Published: October 2023

Returning to one of the major themes of his earlier Reading of ‘Sir Gawain and the Green Knight’, John Burrow wrote in Ricardian Poetry that ‘the pentangle on Gawain’s shield is, the poet says, a “token of trawthe” (cf. 626); and this “truth” proves to be the common and chief issue in the tests to which the hero is sub mitted’. By emphasizing that Sir Gawain is ‘about truth in the medieval sense of the word’, 2
‘Patience’ and Authority
Authors: Scattergood John
Published: October 2023

There is a large measure of uniformity in the critical and inter pretative approaches usually taken in relation to Patience, and the structure and conduct of the poem are usually thought to raise few problems. Like all the poems in London, British Library, MS Cotton Nero A.x. Art. 3, the poem presents, in formal terms, a tidy inclusiveness.
American Commercial Interests in the Heritage Film
Authors: Higson Andrew
Published: October 2023

The American market was vital for quality ‘British’ costume dramas in the 1980s and 1990s. Box-office success in that market, and the links with American distributors that made such box-office results possible, have probably been as important as anything else in ensuring the relative longevity of this particular production trend. Two questions immediately arise. First, why has the American market been so important for the producers of quality ‘British’ costume dramas? And, secondly, why should American companies have been interested in investing in or buying the rights for what often seem small-scale, specialized films with a markedly indigenous flavour-films usually made in Britain with self consciously British subject-matter? The key to answering the first question, as we’ve seen, is the size of the American market and the potential box-office revenue that it offers-especially when compared to the far smaller UK market. In 1980, the American trade paper Hollywood Reporter declared that it was ‘virtually impossible for a film to make its money back at the UK box-office alone, unless it was made for less than million:On the one hand, that explains why so much British film-making falls into the low-budget category, since that is all that the domestic market can support. On the other hand, it indicates why anyone wanting to make a more ambitious film has to look to overseas markets, and especially the American market.
Modernity and its Discontents: Flaubert, Manet, Zola, Cezanne, Maupassant
Authors: Trotter David
Published: October 2023

In 1861, a painting in a London gallery provoked a sharp dis agreement between two visitors. The visitors were George Eliot and the writer and political economist Harriet Martineau. The painting depicted a stork killing a toad. Martineau attacked it on the grounds of coarseness and amorality. Eliot defended it, on the grounds that art must show the world as it is, rather than as it ought to be. No one, I imagine, is going to argue that English and Russian fiction of the 1860s and 1870s put this theory comprehensively into practice: in Dostoevsky as in Dickens, in Turgenev as in Trollope, life as it ought to be casts a long shadow over life as it is. In France, however, they do things differently. Toad-killings of one kind or another play a large part in the new methods and subject matters developed, often on the pattern of Flaubert’s Sentimental Education, by Emile Zola and his followers. Naturalism’s subject matter was modern life figured as cesspool or isolation ward; its literary method was toxicity. It articulated, and took care to provoke in its readers, both horror and disgust.
Degas’s Studio
Authors: Trotter David
Published: October 2023

The previous two chapters have examined the social, political, and even sexual uses both of mess and of an aversion to mess. In Gissing’s The Nether World, a working-class man discovers (his own need for) self-respect through a hatred of greasiness and bad smells, and a working-class woman resolves to remain wholly within the identity already attributed to her by the further enthusiastic production of the same obtrusive phenomena. In Grand’s The Beth Book, a husband bullies a wife by foul behaviour; she leaves him, finally, as the Divorce Court might well have permitted her to do, on account of his foulness. We have to do here as much with the politics as with the poetics of mess.
Claire and Byron (1814—1816)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo
Published: October 2023

The first question was how the Godwins would receive the returned runaways. Their attitude obviously meant a great deal to Jane. Many years later, when she and Mary were both middle-aged, and the Godwins both dead, Jane wrote to Mary recalling their rejection. ‘You must recollect what a coldness Papa and Mama took to Shelley … they fell into a most violent state of disapproval of him.’ Even after that space of time, she remembered the distinct attitudes of Godwin and Mrs Godwin: ‘Papa took to being very chilling, haughty and stern, and Mama to being lively and furibonde,’ that is, in an animated state of fury. It is typical of Jane to find a French expression for her mother’s anger. She added, ‘They quite overawed me.’ The return was also dominated by what had brought the runaways back so ignominiously from their impulsive adventure and its joys: lack of money.