bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NICE Guidelines on Parenting Programmes for Children with Conduct Disorder
Authors: Puckering Christine
Published: April 2009

This review describes the strengths and weaknesses of the NICE technology appraisal, published in 2006, for interventions for disruptive behaviour disorders in children under 12 years of age.
Mechanisms of U46619‐induced contraction of rat pulmonary arteries in the presence and absence of the endothelium
Authors: McKenzie C , MacDonald A , Shaw AM
Published: April 2009

Background and purpose: Thromboxane A2and endothelial dysfunction are implicated in the development of pulmonary hypertension. The receptor‐transduction pathway for U46619 (9,11‐dideoxy‐9α, 11α‐methanoepoxy prostaglandin F2α)‐induced contraction was examined in endothelium‐intact (E+) and denuded (E−) rat pulmonary artery rings.

Experimental approach: Artery rings were mounted on a wire myograph under a tension of 7–7.5 mN at 37°C and gassed with 95% O2/5% CO2. Isometric recording was made by using Powerlab data collection and Chart 5 software.

Key results: Both E+ and E− contractile responses were sensitive to Rho‐kinase inhibition and the chloride channel blocker NPPB [5‐nitro‐2‐(3‐phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid]. The E+ response was sensitive to the store‐operated calcium channel blockers SKF‐96365 {1‐[B‐[3‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)propoxy]‐4‐methoxy‐phenethyl]‐1H‐imidazole hydrochloride} and 2‐APB (2‐amino ethoxy diphenylborate) (75–100 µmol·L−1). The E− response was sensitive to 2‐APB (10–30 µmol·L−1), a putative IP3receptor antagonist, and the calcium and chloride channel blockers nifedipine, DIDS (4,4′‐diisothiocyanostilbene‐2,2′‐disulphonic acid) and niflumic acid but was insensitive to SKF‐96365. Inhibiting KVwith 4‐AP in E+ rings exposed a contraction sensitive to nifedipine, DIDS and niflumic acid, whereas inhibiting BKCaexposed a contraction sensitive to mibefradil, DIDS and niflumic acid. This indicates that removal of the endothelium allows the TP receptor to inhibit KV, which may involve coupling to phospholipase C, because inhibition of phospholipase C with U73122 (1‐[6‐[[(17β)‐3‐methoxyestra‐1,3,5(10)‐trien‐17‐y]amino]hexyl]– 1H‐pyrrole‐2,5‐dione) switched the E− pathway to the E+ pathway.

Conclusions and implications: The results from this study indicate that distinct transduction pathways can be employed by the TP receptor to produce contraction and that the endothelium is able to influence the coupling of the TP receptor.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2009)157,581–596; doi:10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2008.00084.x; published online 22 April 2009

This article is part of a themed section on Endothelium in Pharmacology. For a list of all articles in this section see the end of this paper, or visit:http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2009
Characterization of hadrucalcin, a peptide fromHadrurus gertschiscorpion venom with pharmacological activity on ryanodine receptors
Authors: Schwartz Elisabeth F , Capes E Michelle , Diego‐García Elia , Zamudio Fernando Z , Fuentes Oscar , Possani Lourival D , Valdivia Héctor H
Published: April 2009

Background and purpose: Members of the calcin family, presently including imperatoxin A, maurocalcin, opicalcins and hemicalcin, are basic, 33‐mer peptide activators of ryanodine receptors (RyRs), the calcium channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) that provide the majority of calcium for muscle contraction. Here we describe hadrucalcin, a novel member of this family.

Experimental approach: Hadrucalcin was isolated from the venom ofHadrurus gertschi. Amino acid sequence and mass were determined by Edman degradation and mass spectrometry respectively. A cDNA library was constructed to generate clones for DNA sequence determination. Biological activity of native toxin was confirmed with [3H]ryanodine binding, by using SR vesicles from cardiac and skeletal muscle, and with single skeletal (RyR1) and cardiac (RyR2) channels reconstituted in lipid bilayers. Hadrucalcin was applied to intact ventricular myocytes to investigate effects on calcium transients. The secondary structure of hadrucalcin was computer‐modelled by using atomic coordinates from maurocalcin, a structurally similar peptide.

Key results: Hadrucalcin is distinguished from previously described congeners by two additional amino acids in its primary sequence and the lack of prominent amphipathicity. Hadrucalcin activated RyRs with high affinity (EC50= 37 nmol·L−1), induced a long‐lasting subconductance state on RyR1 and RyR2, and rapidly (lag time ∼2 s) penetrated ventricular cardiomyocytes, eliciting discharge of internal calcium stores and spontaneous contractions.

Conclusions and implications: Hadrucalcin is a cell‐permeant, powerful activator of RyRs, which has translational potential for targeted delivery of drugs to RyR as novel therapeutic intervention in arrhythmogenic disease.
Improvements in overactive bladder syndrome after polypropylene mesh surgery for cystocele
Authors: OKUI Nobuo , OKUI Machiko , HORIE Shigeo
Published: April 2009

Background: The International Continence Society has defined overactive bladder syndrome (OABS) by the following set of symptoms: ‘urgency, with or without urge incontinence, usually with urinary frequency and nocturia’. OABS and cystocele often coexist.

Aim: This study aimed to analyse the changes in the overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS) of women followed up for one year after anterior repair surgery performed using a polypropylene mesh. In this surgery, a tape with four straps designed for optimum tissue holding capacity was fixed to the obturator foramen.

Material and methods: Thirty‐four women were operated using the abovementioned mesh. The OABSS, maximal urinary flow rate (Qmax) and postvoid residual (PVR) volume were evaluated pre‐ and post‐surgery.

Results: We observed significant improvements in the OABSS and quality of life scores before and after one year of surgery. The surgery was significantly effective in improving urgency, daytime frequency, incontinence, the Qmax and the PVR volume. No significant change in nocturia was observed post‐surgery.

Conclusions: Our study confirmed the efficacy of the propylene mesh introduction surgery for cystocele for the improvement of OABS symptoms.
Watchful waiting: A management protocol for maternal glycaemia in the peripartum period
Authors: BARRETT Helen Lorraine , MORRIS Jonathan , McELDUFF Aidan
Published: April 2009

Background: It is accepted that tight glycaemic control is necessary during labour in women with pregestational or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Although policies vary, routine use of intravenous glucose and insulin remains a standard practice in some institutions. We present a retrospective review of a more conservative approach. Briefly, regardless of planned delivery method, maternal blood sugar level (BSL) is monitored during delivery and only if outside 4–7 mmol/L is action taken. We report the results of an audit of this practice.

Methods: A retrospective (August 2001–July 2004) review of 137 singleton, term deliveries of women with diabetes (23 pregestational, 114 GDM). Predetermined outcomes reported were BSL achieved prior to delivery, first neonatal BSL and/or admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for hypoglycaemia.

Results: With our management practice, most women had a BSL between 4 and 8 mmol/L prior to delivery (17 (74%) diabetes mellitus (DM), 37 (93%) diet‐controlled GDM, 55 (89%) insulin‐requiring GDM). Neonatal hypoglycaemia (< 2.6 mmol/L) was common (n= 30 (22%)). However, most neonatal hypoglycaemia occurred in infants born to mothers with BSL 4–8 mmol/L (n= 26 (87%)). Neonatal hypoglycaemia requiring NICU admission (n= 13) was predominantly in infants born to mothers with BSL < 8mmol/L prior to delivery (n= 10 (77%)). Three of eight maternal BSLs > 8 mmol/L occurred prior to emergency caesarean section in women with pregestational diabetes.

Conclusion: These results suggest that our current practice, particularly in women with GDM, may offer an alternative to more aggressive regimes.
Evolution of the complications of laparoscopic hysterectomy after a decade: A follow up of the Monash experience
Authors: TAN Jason J. , TSALTAS Jim , HENGRASMEE Pattaya , LAWRENCE Anthony , NAJJAR Haider
Published: April 2009

A retrospective review of medical records was performed to assess the incidence and types of significant complications encountered during laparoscopic hysterectomy which would affect the use of a laparoscopic approach versus other routes of hysterectomy. A total of 526 consecutive patients’ medical data between January 1994 and August 2007 were reviewed. Two hundred and thirty‐two laparoscopic‐assisted vaginal hysterectomies and 294 total laparoscopic hysterectomies were performed at Monash Medical Centre, a Melbourne tertiary public hospital, and three Melbourne private hospitals, by or under the supervision of three surgeons. Sixteen significant complications occurred. There were two cases of ureteric fistula, two bladder injuries, two bowel obstructions, four postoperative haematomas, one case of a bladder fistula, four conversions to laparotomy and one superficial epigastric artery injury. Inpatient stay ranged from two to six days. Our complication and inpatient stay rates are consistent with the previously reported rates, although there has been a reduction of incidence of visceral injuries with experience and introduction of new equipment.
Association of p53 polymorphism with ICSI/IVF failure and recurrent pregnancy loss
Authors: Razieh Dehghani FIROUZABADI , Nasrin GHASEMI , Maryam Ayazi ROZBAHANI , Nasim TABIBNEJAD
Published: April 2009

Background: The p53 tumour suppressor gene is a well‐known factor regulating apoptosis in a wide variety of cells. Alterations in the p53 gene are among the most common genetic changes in human cancers. Several polymorphisms of the p53 tumour suppressor gene have been associated with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL).

Aims: To evaluate the association of polymorphisms p53 codon 72 with the response to in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment and occurrence of repeated miscarriages.

Methods: The homozygous and heterozygous genotypes and allelic frequencies of Arg and Pro p53 at codon 72 were identified by using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism technique in 70 infertile women with more than two IVF failures. Each comparison was made with 97 women experiencing RPL and 32 fertile women each with at least two healthy children as the control group.

Results: The frequency of homozygous Pro/Pro genotypes was found significantly higher among the women with RPL than the other two groups (P = 0.041). Whereas, Arg/Arg genotype was significantly different in the recurrent implantation failure (RIF) group (P = 0.005).

Conclusion: It is concluded that p53 codon 72 polymorphism may serve as a susceptible factor affecting the chances of RPL and RIF.
Customised birthweight centiles are useful for identifying small‐for‐gestational‐age babies in women with type 2 diabetes
Authors: ROWAN Janet A. , LUEN Steven , HUGHES Ruth C. , SADLER Lynn C. , McCOWAN Lesley M. E.
Published: April 2009

Background: Customised birthweight centiles identify small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) babies at increased risk of morbidity more accurately than population centiles, but they have not been validated in obese populations.

Aims: To compare the rates of SGA by population and customised birthweight centiles in babies of women with type 2 diabetes and examine perinatal outcomes in customised SGA infants.

Methods: Data were from a previous retrospective cohort study detailing pregnancy outcomes in 212 women with type 2 diabetes. Customised and population birthweight centiles were calculated; pregnancy details and neonatal outcomes were compared between groups that delivered infants who were SGA (birthweight < 10th customised centile) and appropriate weight for gestational age (AGA) (birthweight 10–90th customised centile).

Results: Fifteen (7%) babies were SGA by population centiles and 32 (15%) by customised centiles. Two babies of Indian women were reclassified from SGA to AGA by customised centiles. Nineteen babies were reclassified from AGA to SGA by customised centiles; of these, 15 (79%) were born to Polynesian women, five (26%) were born less than 32 weeks and two (11%) were stillborn. Customised SGA infants, compared with AGA infants, were more likely to be born preterm (19 (59%) vs 20 (16%), P < 0.001) and more likely to be stillborn (4 (13%) vs 0 P = 0.001). After excluding still births, admission to the neonatal unit was also more common (19 of 28 (68%) vs 43 of 127 (34%), P < 0.001).

Conclusions: In our population more babies were classified as SGA by customised compared with population centiles. These customised SGA babies have high rates of morbidity.
Comparison of the effects of deferasirox, deferiprone, and deferoxamine on the growth and virulence of Vibrio vulnificus
Authors: Neupane Ganesh Prasad , Kim Dong‐Min
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: Since deferoxamine (DFO), a standard iron‐chelating agent that is widely used in patients with iron overload such as hemochromatosis or thalassemia, is a kind of hydroxamine siderophore of Streptomyces species, it can accelerate the in vitro growth of ferophilic organisms such as Vibrio vulnificus, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Mucorales.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We compared the effects of the two oral iron chelators, deferiprone (DFP) and deferasirox (DFS), on the growth and virulence of V. vulnificus with that of the parenteral iron‐chelating drug DFO used to treat patients with iron overload.

RESULTS: When V. vulnificus ATCC 27562 was grown in iron‐poor liquid medium with α,α′‐dipryridyl, addition of DFO promoted its growth, whereas DFP and DFS did not. Only DFP and DFS showed growth inhibitory effect by chelating iron and causing iron deprivation. Similarly, on iron‐poor agar plates, various clinical V. vulnificus strains were only able to grow around filter paper disks impregnated with DFO. Our in vitro study data showed that DFS or DFP has more potential clinical application for preventing V. vulnificus infection in patients receiving iron chelation therapy.

CONCLUSIONS: When patients with iron overload need iron chelation therapy, especially in a population at high risk for V. vulnificus in its endemic season, DFS or DFP may be safely used rather than DFO.
A correlation between growth rate, apoptosis, and tumor necrosis factor‐α in umbilical cord blood cells infected with two strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Theus John W. , Justus Robert S. , Theus Sue A.
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: Using umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells, it was demonstrated that three virulent isolates, two highly transmissible clinical isolates and the virulent laboratory strain, demonstrated rapid growth in the UCB cells, which was significantly faster than the growth rate observed for a unique isolate. There was also a significant increase in the amount of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α elicited from the UCB cells after infection with the unique isolate compared to the hypervirulent isolates. This study investigated whether neutralization or addition of TNF‐α within this system would alter growth rates and apoptosis.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Ten UCB samples were obtained for these experiments and adherent cells were isolated. Two clinical isolates, one virulent and one unique, were used. Colony‐forming units were assessed at 3 hours postinfection (Day 0) and on Day 7 to generate growth ratios. TNF‐α antibody or exogenous TNF‐α was added after the 3‐hour incubation period. Viability of the UCB cells was assessed. Apoptosis was measured using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin‐dUTP nick end labeling staining.

RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the growth ratio for the virulent strain regardless of the presence of TNF‐α antibody. There was a significant increase for the nonvirulent strain after the addition of antibody. There was an increase in viability for the UCB cells in the presence of antibody, suggesting a decrease in TNF‐α–dependent apoptosis. Addition of exogenous TNF‐α to the UCB cells after infection with the virulent strain decreased the growth ratio with a significant increase in apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS: The TNF‐α response of the UCB cells is related to the infecting strain and the intracellular growth of the strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not directly controlled by the level of TNF‐α. This cytokine is at the start of a powerful cascade of transcription factors with numerous pleiotropic effects; consequently abrogating/enhancing a single direct outcome was difficult, with only slight alterations in growth.
Morphologic, histochemical, and functional analysis of platelet‐rich plasma activity on skeletal cultured cells
Authors: Bertoldi Carlo , Pinti Marcello , Zaffe Davide , Cossarizza Andrea , Consolo Ugo , Ceccherelli Giovanni Battista
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) is a medium containing concentrated amounts of growth factors in a form that is easy to handle in regenerative sites. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of PRP on the differentiation of cultured skeletal cells and the capability of PRP to induce the production of some osteogenesis‐related molecules and mineralization.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Flow cytometry (cellular antigens), real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR; bone morphogenetic protein [BMP] messengers), alkaline phosphatase (ALP; osteogenic expression), and calcification analyses were performed on 24‐ and 48‐hour human bone cells (HBCs) and 143B and SaOS‐2 (osteosarcoma) cell cultures to study the effect of PRP on proliferation and differentiation of skeletal cultured cells. PRP was added using different protocols since no studies are available on bone cultures treated in the long term with PRP.

RESULTS: Flow cytometry showed PRP induction toward a nonhemopoietic lineage in HBCs; RT‐qPCR showed enhanced mRNA encoding for BMP2 in HBCs, BMP6 and BMP7 in 143B cultures, and BMP2 and BMP7 in SaOS‐2 cultures. Better ALP and calcification results were obtained in SaOS‐2 cultures when PRP was added more frequently at shorter intervals while poor results were obtained after single PRP addition.

CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight induction of bone cell proliferation and differentiation by PRP. Since repeated administration of PRP is needed to achieve the best results, an almost continuous delivery system of PRP, or better a controlled release of growth and differentiation factors, using biomaterials might provide increased performance at bone regeneration sites.
Obama's Realist Idealism
Authors: ALBRIGHT MADELEINE
Published: April 2009

President Barack Obama pledged in his first TV interview—with the Arab satellite channel Al Arabiya—that America under his watch would “listen with respect and not dictate” to the world. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has further announced that this country will no longer just throw around its military might but will pursue a “smart power” approach by tempering the use of hard weaponry with the “soft power” of persuasion and cultural attraction. Or, as Madame Secretary's husband Bill has put it, America will now lead through the power of example instead of the example of power.

The first exceedingly complex test of Obama's smart power strategy will be how to end George W. Bush's misguided “war on terror” in Afghanistan and Pakistan, keeping al‐Qaida at bay without being swallowed by the quagmire of tribal politics. An array of experts from New Delhi to Paris offers their views in this section.
Economic Weight of Brazil, China and India Can Mitigate Global Crisis
Authors: CARDOSO FERNANDO HENRIQUE
Published: April 2009

As the global financial crisis emanating from the United States shuts down world markets, can globalization survive? Will the resurgent intrusion of the state—and thus politics—into the market lead to protectionism and collapse, as was the case in the early 20th century? Or will the new interconnectivity of climate change and mutual economic dependence—especially between China and the US—deepen global links?

The former mayor of Shanghai, legendary Nobel economist Paul Samuelson and Third Way guru Anthony Giddens ponder those questions in this section.
Outcome among patients with acute renal failure needing continuous renal replacement therapy: A single center study
Authors: HUSSAIN Syed , PIERING Walter , MOHYUDDIN Tayyab , SALEH Mohammad , ZHU Yong‐Ran , HANAN Mary , COHEN Eric
Published: April 2009

Outcome of acute renal failure (ARF) and use of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) have shown a consistently high mortality. (1) Evaluate the short‐term patient survival. (2) Evaluate dialysis‐free survival. (3) Evaluate risk factors associated with overall survival and the continued need for intermittent dialysis. We identified adults (≥18 years) needing CRRT, treated in the critical care units of Froedtert Medical and Lutheran Hospital from January 1, 2003 till December 31, 2005. Patients were divided into two major groups needing CRRT, end stage renal disease (ESRD) (chronic dialysis) and non‐ESRD with ARF. Continuous renal replacement therapy was performed with an average of 2 L replacement fluid exchanges/h. Sigma stat software was used for analysis. Comparison was done for noncontinuous variables by chi‐square and t test for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. A total of 110 (ESRD 24/non‐ESRD 86) patients received CRRT during study period. Over all in‐hospital mortality among non‐ESRD patients was 63% vs. 46% for ESRD. Among non‐ESRD patients who survived, 47% needed intermittent hemodialysis on intensive care unit discharge and 28% continued to need hemodialysis at last follow‐up. Among non‐ESRD patients alive at discharge, those who were dialysis dependent on last follow‐up were older (64.5) than those who did not require dialysis on last follow‐up (58.4) P=0.347. Non‐ESRD patients who died were in the hospital for an average of 17.5 days compared with 29 days for those who were discharged from the hospital. Patients with ARF needing CRRT have high in‐hospital mortality. A significant percentage of patients remained dialysis dependant on last follow‐up.
Treatment of severe metastatic calcification in hemodialysis patients
Authors: YEH Shih‐Mong , HWANG Shang‐Jyi , CHEN Hung‐Chun
Published: April 2009

Soft tissue and vascular calcifications are commonly present in uremic patients secondary to disturbances in calcium and phosphate balance and secondary to hyperparathyroidism. We report a uremic patient who developed uncontrolled hyperparathyroidism rapidly within 6 months after commencing hemodialysis (HD) therapy, with clinical presentations of tumoral calcinosis, calciphylaxis, and myocardial calcifications. After treatment with a low‐calcium dialysate, non–calcium‐containing phosphate binders, and parathyroidectomy, a dramatic resolution of soft tissue calcification was achieved. However, there was relatively little change in the vascular and other visceral calcifications over the 3‐month observation period. This case highlights an unusual and rapid development of tertiary hyperparathyroidism, the importance of tight calcium/phosphate control in uremic patients, the potential hazards of a high calcium concentration dialysate, and the dangers of the overzealous use of active vitamin D therapy in HD patients with uncontrolled hyperparathyroidism.
Complex wounds tend to develop more rapidly in patients receiving hemodialysis because of diabetes mellitus
Authors: FUJIOKA Masaki , OKA Kiyoshi , KITAMURA Riko , YAKABE Aya
Published: April 2009

The number of patients requiring dialysis because of diabetes mellitus is increasing and such patients often have complex chronic wounds, which are difficult to heal. However, there are few retrospective studies of wounds requiring surgical treatment. We evaluated 14 patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) (8 because of diabetes and 6 because of other diseases) who had extremity wounds and underwent surgical treatment in our unit from 2004 through 2007. We investigated differences in the cause of wounds, and in the interval between the start of HD and wound development. Wounds in patients undergoing HD because of diabetes originated due to ischemia in 2 cases (25%), trauma in 2 cases (25%), and infection in 4 cases (50%). Seven of 8 wounds developed infection with methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Wounds in patients undergoing HD because of other diseases developed due to ischemia in 2 cases (33%) and trauma in 4 cases (67%). Three of 6 wounds developed infection and MRSA were isolated from 2 wounds. The interval between the start of HD and wound development was significantly shorter in patients with diabetes than in patients without diabetes. All patients with infectious wounds required immediate debridement. We conclude that patients receiving HD because of diabetes are likely to have more severe and rapidly developing wounds due to infections. Thus, they usually require immediate debridement before blood access shunt infection occurs.
Metformin‐induced encephalopathy without lactic acidosis in a patient with contraindication for metformin
Authors: JUNG Eun Young , CHO Hyun Seop , SEO Jong Woo , KIM Dong Wook , KIM Hyun‐Jung , CHANG Se‐Ho , PARK Dong Jun
Published: April 2009

A 51‐year‐old Korean man with end‐stage renal disease and who was on intermittent hemodialysis was admitted with progressive dysarthria, gait disturbance, and myoclonus. The liver function tests and the electrolyte and arterial gas analyses were normal. The Magnetic resonance imaging scan showed a diffuse symmetric high signal intensity in the basal ganglia on the T2‐weighted image. After a thorough history taking, we knew that he had been treated with metformin for 3 months at other hospital without our hospitals staff's knowledge. After stopping the metformin, the patient's neurologic signs and symptoms disappeared and the Magnetic resonance imaging findings after 20 days were markedly improved.
Hemodialysis vascular access monitoring: Current concepts
Authors: ALLON Michael , ROBBIN Michelle L.
Published: April 2009

Most arteriovenous grafts fail due to irreversible thrombosis, and most clotted grafts have an underlying stenotic lesion. These observations raise the plausible hypothesis that early detection of graft stenosis with preemptive angioplasty will reduce the likelihood of graft thrombosis. A number of noninvasive methods can be used to detect hemodynamically significant graft stenosis with a high positive predictive value. These tests include clinical monitoring, as well as surveillance by static dialysis venous pressures, flow monitoring, or duplex ultrasound. However, these surveillance tests have a much lower positive predictive value for graft thrombosis in the absence of preemptive angioplasty. In other words, none of the currently available surveillance tests can reliably distinguish between stenosed grafts destined to clot, and those that will remain patent without intervention. As a consequence, any program of graft surveillance necessarily results in a substantial proportion of unnecessary angioplasties. Moreover, a substantial proportion of grafts thrombose despite a normal antecedent surveillance test. Numerous observational studies have found an impressive reduction of graft thrombosis after implementation of a stenosis surveillance program. In contrast, 5 of 6 randomized clinical trials failed to show a reduction of graft thrombosis in patients undergoing graft surveillance, as compared with those receiving only clinical monitoring. The lack of benefit of surveillance is largely attributable to the rapid recurrence of stenosis after angioplasty. Thus, routine surveillance for graft stenosis, with preemptive angioplasty, cannot be recommended for reduction of graft thrombosis. Future research should be directed at pharmacologic interventions to prevent graft stenosis.
Morphological and Molecular Characterization of a New Protist Family, Sandmanniellidae n. fam. (Ciliophora, Colpodea), with Description of Sandmanniella terricola n. g., n. sp. from the Chobe Floodplain in Botswana
Authors: FOISSNER WILHELM , STOECK THORSTEN
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT. Sandmanniella terricola n. g., n. sp. was discovered in soil from the Chobe floodplain, Botswana, southern Africa. Its morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequence were studied with standard methods. Sandmanniella terricola is very likely an adversity strategist because it reaches peak abundances 6–12 h after rewetting the soil and maintains trophic food vacuoles with undigested bacteria in the resting cyst, a highly specific feature suggested as an indicator for an adversity life strategy. Possibly, the energy of the stored food vacuoles is used for reproduction and support of the cyst wall. Morphologically, Sandmanniella terricola is inconspicuous, having a size of only 50 × 40 μm and a simple, ellipsoidal shape. The main characteristics of the genus are a colpodid silverline pattern; a perioral cilia condensation; a flat, dish‐shaped oral cavity, in the centre of which originates a long, conical oral basket resembling that of certain nassulid ciliates; and a vertically oriented left oral polykinetid composed of brick‐shaped adoral organelles. This unique mixture of features and the gene sequence trees, where Sandmanniella shows an isolated position, suggest establishing a new family, the Sandmanniellidae n. fam., possibly related to the families Colpodidae or Bryophryidae. The curious oral basket provides some support for the hypothesis of a common ancestor of colpodid and nassulid ciliates.
Simple and Sensitive Method for Identification of Human DNA by Allele‐Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction of FOXP2
Authors: Hiroshige Kenichi , Soejima Mikiko , Nishioka Tomoki , Kamimura Shigeo , Koda Yoshiro
Published: April 2009

Abstract:  The forkhead box P2 (FOXP2) gene is specifically involved in speech and language development in humans. The sequence is well conserved among many vertebrate species but has accumulated amino acid changes in the human lineage. The aim of this study was to develop a simple method to discriminate between human and nonhuman vertebrate DNA in forensic specimens by amplification of a human‐specific genomic region. In the present study, we designed an allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers to amplify smaller than 70‐bp regions of FOXP2 to identify DNA as being of human or nonhuman, including ape, origin. PCR amplification was also successfully performed using fluorescence‐labeled primers, and this method allows a single PCR reaction with a genomic DNA sample as small as 0.01 ng. This system also identified the presence of human DNA in two blood stains stored for 20 and 38 years. The results suggested the potential usefulness of FOXP2 as an identifier of human DNA in forensic samples.
AMP‐activated protein kinase and pancreatic/duodenal homeobox‐1 involved in insulin secretion under high leucine exposure in rat insulinoma β‐cells
Authors: Zhang Xiujuan , Sun Nannan , Wang Laicheng , Guo Hua , Guan Qingbo , Cui Bin , Tian Limin , Gao Ling , Zhao Jiajun
Published: April 2009

The effect of leucine on glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic β‐cells is quite controversial, and mechanism involved in the effect has not been elucidated yet. Consequently, we aimed to investigate effect of leucine on GSIS and its mechanism focusing on contribution of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and pancreatic/duodenal homeobox‐1 (PDX‐1). Rat insulinoma β‐cells (INS‐1, RIN m5F, DN‐PDX‐1#28 and PDX‐1#6) were cultured with or without leucine, AICAR (AMPK agonist) or compound C (AMPK antagonist) for 48 hrs. In contrast to control, AICAR treatment decreased GSIS at high glucose and insulin content, also impaired protein and mRNA expression of PDX‐1 and its downstream targets, glucokinase (GCK) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2). Compound C treatment had the opposite effects. We observed that neither AICAR nor compound C could affect expression of GCK and GLUT2 when PDX‐1 expression was absent. Chronic leucine exposure inhibited GSIS at high glucose and insulin content in a dose‐dependent manner, concomitant with an increase in AMPK and a decrease in PDX‐1, GCK and GLUT2. The inhibitory effects of leucine was potentiated by AICAR treatment and rescued by compound C treatment. Finally, the inhibition of PDX‐1 could potentiate the impaired effects induced by leucine whereas overexpression of PDX‐1 could protect the cell from impairment induced by leucine. The study indicated that chronic leucine might result in an increase in AMPK and then a decrease in PDX‐l, in turn to depress GCK and GLUT2 resulting in decreased GSIS at high glucose and insulin content.
Probiotic effects of orally administered Lactobacillus salivarius WB21‐containing tablets on periodontopathic bacteria: a double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled, randomized clinical trial
Authors: Mayanagi Gen , Kimura Moto , Nakaya Seigo , Hirata Haruhisa , Sakamoto Mitsuo , Benno Yoshimi , Shimauchi Hidetoshi
Published: April 2009

Aim: This study was designed to evaluate whether the oral administration of lactobacilli could change the bacterial population in supra/subgingival plaque.

Material and Methods: Sixty‐six healthy volunteers without severe periodontitis were randomized into two groups to receive lactobacilli or placebo for 8 weeks (8W): the test group (n=34) received 2.01 × 109 CFU/day of Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 and xylitol in tablets; the control group (n=32) received placebo with xylitol. Supra/subgingival plaque samples were collected at the baseline and after 4 weeks (4W) and 8W. The bacterial amounts in plaque samples were analysed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction.

Results: The numerical sum of five selected periodontopathic bacteria in the test group was decreased significantly in subgingival plaque at 4W [odds ratio (OR)=3.13, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=1.28–7.65, p=0.012]. Multivariate analysis showed that significantly higher odds were obtained for the reduction of Tannerella forsythia in subgingival plaque of the test group at both 4W (OR=6.69, 95% CI=2.51–17.9, p<0.001) and 8W (OR=3.67, 95% CI=1.45–9.26, p=0.006).

Conclusion: Oral administration of probiotic lactobacilli reduced the numerical sum of five selected periodontopathic bacteria and could contribute to the beneficial effects on periodontal conditions.
MMP‐13 promoter polymorphisms in patients with chronic periodontitis: effects on GCF MMP‐13 levels and outcome of periodontal therapy
Authors: Pirhan Demet , Atilla Gül , Emingil Gülnur , Tervahartiala Taina , Sorsa Timo , Berdeli Afig
Published: April 2009

Aim: The aims of this study were to investigate (a) the matrix metalloproteinase‐13 (MMP‐13) promoter polymorphisms in severe, generalized chronic periodontitis (CP), (b) the relationship of periodontal therapy outcome with these genotypes and (c) gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) MMP‐13 level–MMP‐13 genotype correlation.

Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was obtained from peripheral blood of 102 patients with severe, generalized CP, and 98 periodontally healthy subjects. MMP‐13 −77A/G and 11A/12A polymorphisms were determined by the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing methods, respectively. Fifty‐eight CP patients received non‐surgical periodontal therapy and were followed for 6 months. Clinical periodontal parameters and GCF samples were collected at baseline and at 6 months. GCF MMP‐13 levels were analysed by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: The distribution of MMP‐13 −77AG genotypes and allele frequencies did not differ significantly between study groups (p>0.05). Study subjects, except 3, had the 11A/11A genotype. MMP‐13 −77G allele carriers had similar GCF MMP‐13 levels and clinical periodontal parameters compared with AA genotypes after non‐surgical periodontal therapy (p<0.05).

Conclusions: These data suggest that the −77A/G and 11A/12A polymorphisms of MMP‐13 gene are not associated with susceptibility to severe, generalized CP in a Turkish population. It seems that −77G allele carriage may not influence the outcome of periodontal therapy.
Metalworking exposures and persistent skin symptoms in the ECRHS II and SAPALDIA 2 cohorts
Authors: Mirabelli Maria C. , Zock Jan‐Paul , Bircher Andreas J. , Jarvis Debbie , Keidel Dirk , Kromhout Hans , Norbäck Dan , Olivieri Mario , Plana Estel , Radon Katja , Schindler Christian , Schmid‐Grendelmeier Peter , Torén Kjell , Villani Simona , Kogevinas Manolis
Published: April 2009

Background:  Diseases of the skin are important and often preventable conditions occurring among workers with dermal exposures to irritant and sensitizing agents.

Objective:  We conducted this analysis to assess the associations between metalworking exposures and current and persistent skin symptoms among male and female participants in two population‐based epidemiologic studies.

Methods:  We pooled data from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II (ECRHS II) and the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung and Heart Disease in Adults 2 (SAPALDIA 2), two prospective cohort studies in Europe. Each participant completed interviewer‐administered questionnaires to provide information about symptoms and exposures related to selected occupations, including metalworking, during the follow‐up periods. We assessed associations between skin symptoms and the frequency of metalworking exposures among 676 ECRHS II/SAPALDIA 2 respondents.

Results:  Current skin symptoms were reported by 10% of metalworkers and were associated with frequent use, defined as four or more days per week, of oil‐based metalworking fluids [prevalence ratio (PR): 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25–2.49)] and organic solvent/degreasing agents (PR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.21–3.50).

Conclusions:  Skin symptom prevalence is associated with increasing frequency of oil‐based metalworking fluid and degreasing agent use. Our findings justify assessing strategies for reducing the frequency of metal‐related exposures.
Punching above their weight: low‐biomass non‐native plant species alter soil properties during primary succession
Authors: Peltzer Duane A. , Bellingham Peter J. , Kurokawa Hiroko , Walker Lawrence R. , Wardle David A. , Yeates Gregor W.
Published: April 2009

Non‐native invasive plants can greatly alter community and ecosystem properties, but efforts to predict which invasive species have the greatest impacts on these properties have been generally unsuccessful. An hypothesis that has considerable promise for predicting the effects of invasive non‐native plant species is the mass ratio hypothesis (i.e. that dominant species exert the strongest effects). We tested this hypothesis using data from a four year removal experiment in which the presence of two dominant shrub species (one native and the other not), and subordinate plant species, were manipulated in factorial combinations over four years in a primary successional floodplain system. We measured the effects of these manipulations on the plant community, soil nutrient status and soil biota in different trophic levels of the soil food web. Our experiment showed that after four years, low‐biomass non‐native plant species exerted disproportionate belowground effects relative to their contribution to total biomass in the plant community, most notably by increasing soil C, soil microbial biomass, altering soil microbial community structure and increasing the abundance of microbial‐feeding and predatory nematodes. Low‐biomass, non‐native plant species had distinct life history strategies and foliar traits (higher foliar N concentrations and higher leaf area per unit mass) compared with the two dominant shrub species (97% of total plant mass). Our results have several implications for understanding species’ effects in communities and on soil properties. First, high‐biomass species do not necessarily exert the largest impacts on community or soil properties. Second, low‐biomass, inconspicuous non‐native species can influence community composition and have important trophic consequences belowground through effects on soil nutrient status or resource availability to soil biota. Our finding that low‐biomass non‐native species influence belowground community structure and soil properties more profoundly than dominant species demonstrates that the mass ratio hypothesis does not accurately predict the relative effects of different coexisting species on community‐ and ecosystem‐level properties.
Is there direct and delayed density dependent variation in population structure in a temperate European cyclic vole population?
Authors: Inchausti Pablo , Carslake David , Attié Carole , Bretagnolle Vincent
Published: April 2009

Population structure, in terms of the body mass, condition, sex and reproductive status of individuals, has been found to vary in phase with population density in cyclic populations of microtine rodents. Because sustained population cycles involve delayed density dependent changes in the population growth rate, we would expect at least some life history traits also to depend on past densities. Detailed, long‐term studies of changes in vole life history traits are however few, and are largely restricted to northern Europe. In view of the uncertainty as to whether the cyclic microtine populations of western Europe represent the same phenomenon as those of northern Europe, we studied temporal variation in the structure of a clearly cyclic population of the common vole Microtus arvalis Pallas, in the cereal plains of mid‐western France. Our data set contains seasonal, individual‐level data from long‐term, large‐scale trapping covering four entire population cycles. We found considerable cyclic variation in population structure in spring (April), but less so in summer (June). In spring of post‐peak years, animals were of low body weight and body condition (particularly females), litter sizes were smaller and there was a reduction in the proportion of breeders. All of these could be proximal drivers of increased mortality rates, or decreased birth rates, contributing to the population declines. Few life history traits, however, showed direct density dependent variation, and none of the traits studied here showed delayed density dependence. We have shown declines in the fecundity and body condition of voles from a western European population that coincides with, and may be a proximal cause of, cyclic declines in population density. Closer attention to proximal causes, by which ecological processes drive cycles, could clarify the extent to which microtine cycles across Europe represent a single phenomenon.
Temperature dependence of photochemical fluorescence fading in Skh‐1 hairless mouse collagen
Authors: Menter Julian M. , Chu Eugenia G. , Martin Nicolle V.
Published: April 2009

Background: Type I mammalian collagens have several photolabile fluorescent moieties that absorb UV rays capable of reaching the dermis. We studied the temperature dependence of fluorescence fading as a marker of photochemical damage.

Methods: Collagen solutions were exposed to radiation from 0 to 240 min from either a UVG‐11 hand lamp, total dose=1.173 × 103 J/m2; a UVL‐21 hand lamp total dose=2.030 × 103 J/m2; or the fluorometer, at 325±5 nm, total dose=0.156 × 103 J/m2. We recorded intensities at excitation/emission wavelengths 270/300, 270/330, 270/360, 270/400, 325/400, and 370/450 nm at T=9.0–59.3 °C.

Results: Results indicated simultaneous forward and reverse reactions. However, the 270/360 nm fluorophore could be analyzed as a second‐order reaction. The Arrhenius curve showed two straight lines intersecting near the denaturation temperature, with helix activation energy Ea∼0 and coil Ea=7.6±0.6 kcal/mol (31.7±2.5 kJ/mol).

Discussion: Collagen‐bound fluorophores are not just passive markers of oxidative stress and age‐related damage. Their photolability to wavelengths reaching the dermis may result in pathological conditions, particularly at elevated body temperatures.
Molecular structure and concentration of melanin in the stratum corneum of patients with melasma
Authors: Moncada Benjamin , Sahagún‐Sánchez Landy K. , Torres‐Álvarez Bertha , Castanedo‐Cázares Juan P. , Martínez‐Ramírez Juan D. , González Francisco J.
Published: April 2009

Melasma is an abnormal acquired hyperpigmentation of the face of unknown origin, it is considered a single disease and very little has been found regarding its pathogenesis. It is usually assumed that melasma is due to excessive melanin production, but excessive retention or abnormal metabolism of this molecule has not yet been considered. In order to search for an alternate explanation for the excessive pigmentation in melasma the molecular structure and concentration of melanin in the stratum corneum of patients with melasma was analyzed using Raman spectroscopy and optical transmission spectroscopy, respectively. From this study it became apparent that in melasma melanin is concentrated in the deeper layers of the skin but its exteriorization remains the same as for healthy skin. Raman spectroscopy measurements showed degraded molecules of melanin in some subjects, which may help explain the variable success rate of the standard therapy.
The use of 1540 nm fractional photothermolysis for the treatment of acne scars in Asian skin: a pilot study
Authors: Yoo Kwang Ho , Ahn Ji Young , Kim Ji Young , Li Kapsok , Seo Seong Jun , Hong Chang Kwun
Published: April 2009

Background: Various modalities have been used to treat acne scars, but limited efficacy and considerable side effects have restricted their proper use. Recently, a new‐generation fractional photothermolysis modality has been introduced that has deeper penetrating ability; however, a 1540 nm fractional photothermolysis study has not yet been performed.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 1540 nm fractional photothermolysis for the treatment of acne scars in Asian skin.

Methods: Sixteen volunteers (Fitzpatrick skin types III–IV) with mild to moderate acne scars were enrolled. Acne scar lesions were treated with 1540‐nm fractional photothermolysis (Starlux™ 1540). Three treatment sessions were performed for each patient 4 weeks apart. Outcome assessments included the following four methods: (1) clinical evaluation of the photographs that were taken before and after the treatment; (2) comparison of the quality of life (QOL) of the patients before and after the treatment; (3) patients' satisfaction with the treatment; and (4) comparison of the quantity of collagen and elastic fibers in the skin biopsies before and 12 weeks after the last treatment.

Results: A mild to moderate clinical improvement was observed in most of the patients. Moreover, the QOL of all the patients improved, and all of them were satisfied with the results of the treatment. Significant collagen and elastic‐fiber increases were also observed after the treatment, and side effects were limited to transient erythema and edema, which occurred in 50% of the patients. No severe side effect was observed.

Conclusions: 1540 nm fractional photothermolysis is an effective and safe method for improving acne scar, even in Asian skin.