bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remediation of Soil Containing Sludge Generated by Printed Circuit Board Production and Electroplating
Authors: Nester Anatolyi , Tretyakova Larisa , Mitiuk Liudmyla , Prakhovnik Natalya , Husev Arkadii
Published: December 2020

This paper examines the environmental conditions at the premises of printed circuit boards (PCBs) manufacturers, which have electroplating plants. It provides a brief overview of the key aspects of adverse environmental impacts of wastes generated by PCB manufacture and electroplating plants. The aim of this research was to improve the test method for evaluation of wastewater effect on the soil salinity at the premises of PCBs manufacturers. The object of research was the process of extraction and use of copper from wastewater generated by PCBs manufacture and electroplating. As an example, the process of sludge formation during PCBs etching has been reviewed. With the etching line capacity of 14 m2/h, one-shift manufacturing process will result in the production of up to 2,500 kg of sludge monthly. For enterprises with capacities of 2,000–4,000 m2 circuits, this means annual accumulation at their premises of up to 70 tons of wastes in the form of sludge. Estimates suggest that the upper half-meter layer of the aeration zone will be qualified as slightly saline in one year after accumulation of the sludge. In subsequent years, the salt content will increase and saline soil can be found at the depths of 1.5–2 m over ten years of storage.
The authors of this paper propose to treat spent etching solutions applying regeneration technology in order to reduce the amount of sludge. With this technology, it is possible to use the extracted metal as a secondary raw material for copper production and re-use the regenerated solution in PCBs etching. This paper provides estimated hazard indices calculated for the storage of sludge at the manufacturer’s premises before and after the implementation of the proposed technology. With regards to findings of the study, it has been proposed to reuse copper recovered from wastes as a raw material for the industry.
Engagement im Homeoffice? Folgen der Corona-Pandemie für ältere Freiwillige und ihr Engagement
Authors: Kirchschlager Stephan , Störkle Mario
Published: December 2020

Die Corona-Pandemie hat das zivilgesellschaftliche Engagement von Menschen im höheren Lebensalter schlagartig und bis auf Weiteres einschneidend verändert. Der Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Interviewstudie in der Deutschschweiz ins Zentrum, die sich mit den unmittelbaren Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf das Engagement von Menschen im höheren Lebensalter (65 plus) sowie auf deren persönliche Lebenssituation als Angehörige einer Risikogruppe beschäftigt. Die Studie zeigt, wie die Befragten ihr Leben auch während der Pandemie aktiv gestalten und Wege finden, ihr Engagement aus der Distanz heraus fortzuführen. Ambivalent in den Erzählungen der Befragten bleibt insbesondere der Aspekt, sich einerseits fit, gesund und aktiv zu fühlen und andererseits pauschal zur vulnerablen Gruppe zu gehören, die am besten zu Hause bleiben soll.
Low-Dose Ketamine Infusion Versus Morphine Infusion During Abdominoplasty to Change the Postoperative Pain Profile
Authors: Ali Hassan , Ismail Ahmed Abdelaziz , Wahdan Amr Samir
Published: December 2020

Background: With the increased number of abdominoplasty all over the world, and the need to manage postoperative pain, it is a must to find proper and effective drugs to decrease opioid consumption in the postoperative period. Objectives: In this double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial, we assumed that low-dose ketamine infusion will reduce the postoperative pain profile than the conventional method of morphine. Methods: The scheduled patients for abdominoplasty under general anesthesia were recruited in two groups: group (K) with low-dose ketamine infusion intra-operatively (80 patients) and group (M) with morphine infusion intra-operatively (80 patients). Both groups were monitored intraoperatively and postoperatively for rescue doses of fentanyl, visual analogue scale (VAS), and side effects. Results: There were no statistical differences between both groups regarding the fentanyl rescue doses intra- and postoperative with no remarkable side effects. Conclusions: Low-dose ketamine has a useful analgesic effect in abdominoplasty similar to morphine without remarkable side effects, such as sedation or hallucinations.
Editorial 13. čísla
Authors: Gottfried Jaroslav , Cígler Hynek
Published: December 2020

Vážené čtenářky, vážení čtenáři, příznivci kvalitních psychodiagnostických metod.Jakkoliv byl tento rok pro každého náročný, komplikace se bohužel nevyhnuly ani našemu časopisu. Vzhledem k menšímu objemu nových příspěvků a o něco delšímu průběhu recenzních řízení vydáváme letos pouze jedno nové číslo, namísto obvyklých dvou. Troufáme si však říci, že změny jsou patrné pouze v kvantitě, nikoliv v kvalitě. Věříme, že i v tomto čísle naleznete příspěvky, které vás zaujmou a obohatí.
Care of the Self or Cult of the Self?
Authors: Jenkins Fiona ,   National Philosophical Counseling Association
Published: December 2020

How might philosophically based counseling avoid becoming just one more form of private therapy, to be set alongside all the others now sold to individual consumers? Although several practitioners of philosophical counseling have sought to distinguish their approach from psychotherapeutic models, Foucault’s critique of the dominant modern model of ethical reflection might be used to argue for their essential continuity with one another, based on their common acceptance of the primacy of the imperatives of knowledge. Foucault turned in his late writings to ancient Greek models of ethics as ‘care of the self ’, delineating a self-relation prior to knowledge. This paper argues for the interest and importance for philosophical counseling of the idea of ethics as ‘care of the self ’ in articulating a model of ethical reflection distinct from both rationalist and irrationalist tendencies in modern thought and focussed on self-mastery conceived as addressing our relation to otherness rather than as authenticity or autonomy. Moreover, the ‘aesthetics of existence’ that Foucault prescribes to the present has a significant and affirmative relationship to po­litical life; this distinguishes it from the private and individualistic project, dismissed by Foucault as ‘the Californian cult of the self ’, for which philosophical counseling can all too readily be mistaken.
Permitting Suicide in Philosophical Counseling
Authors: Cohen Elliot D. ,   National Philosophical Counseling Association
Published: December 2020

This paper introduces and examines the concept of permitted suicide in the context of philosophical counseling. It argues that clients suffering from serious, irremediable physical illnesses, such as Lou Gehrigs, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and HIV, should be free to philosophically explore the option of suicide with their philosophical counselors without undue fear of paternalistic intervention to thwart a rational suicide decision. Legal liability, professional duties, and qualifications of philosophical counselors who counsel such clients are explored. It is argued that, within certain professional and legal limits, philosophical counselors are uniquely qualified to take on this professional challenge.
The Central Value of Philosophical Counseling
Authors: Taylor James Stacey ,   National Philosophical Counseling Association
Published: December 2020

The title of this paper is deliberately ambiguous. It could refer either to the central val­ue that philosophical counseling has for philosophy in general, or else it could refer to something (such as personal autonomy, or personal well-being) that philosophical counselors believe to be of value, and that they are able to help their clients pursue. In fact, this paper will be addressing both of these topics in order to demonstrate the links that hold between them, and, in so doing, will attempt to further elucidate the nature of philosophical counseling itself.
A Rhetorical Turn in Philosophical Counseling?
Authors: Marshall Mason , Sargent D. Kevin ,   National Philosophical Counseling Association
Published: December 2020

Far more than the dialectic philosophy of Socrates, the rhetorical humanist tradition avoids objectivist epistemology, charts a traversable path to practical wisdom, and aptly highlights the importance of aesthetic style. In those and other ways, we argue, it offers a preferable historical basis for today’s philosophical counseling. Advocates of that contemporary practice tend to cite Socrates as its historical progenitor and favor the narrow propositional logic that is ascribed to him. Some practitioners, though, have also grown more attuned to metaphorical and narrative elements in a client’s worldview. We aim to supplement their claims by drawing from principles of classical rhetorical theory, showing a way to rethink the practice of philosophical counseling today.
How Does Philosophical Counseling Work?
Authors: Waller Sarah ,   National Philosophical Counseling Association
Published: December 2020

Hume claims that judgment is the active device through which beliefs influence emotions. Without such a device, Hume reasons that beliefs and emotions would not in­teract at all, because beliefs are always about ideas while emotions are reactions to events in the world. Judgment is the link between the theoretical and the applied aspects of the human being, and is, if Hume is right, crucial for any system of philosophical counseling to be successful. No client would attempt to modify his or her beliefs, or reflect on the thoughts of philosophers, without some expectation of an emotional payoff. The counseling process hinges on a link between reason and the emotions, but what is the nature of this link? Since judgment is itself (if we are lucky) a primarily rational process, the question of the connection between reason and the emotions seems to be left unanswered. The purpose of this paper is to examine the link between reason and the emotions by taking judgment to be judgment of truth or falsity. Once a belief is deemed to be true by the client, an assessment is made as to how this truth will affect the client’s well being. I argue that this is true even if the client is severely depressed or believes that he/she does not deserve good treatment or good fortune, or seems otherwise unconcerned with his/her well being. If the truth is judged to be a threat to the well being of the client, an emotional reaction ensues. Likewise, if the truth is judged to be a benefit to the client, an emotional reaction will occur. I argue further that even though different truths will be taken as either benefits or threats depending on the client, the ultimate interpretation of the true statement as either benefit or threat will automatically generate an emotional response. If this ontology is correct, then the philosophical counselor will take as his/her primary role 1) a practitioner of epistemology (determining when beliefs are justified and true) and 2) a trainer in interpretation (determining when beliefs are to be interpreted as blessings or threats.)
Treatment Plan for Clients of Vocational Centers and Special Care Residential Units
Authors: Bryson Kenneth A. ,   National Philosophical Counseling Association
Published: December 2020

This paper explores the possibility of using panels to trace the history of a client’s right to quality life. The distinguishing mark of this approach is that the client is viewed in the perspective of becoming more truly personal rather than on being human. The focus is on relations. The three streams of associations that make us who we are exist at the level of psyche, other persons, and the environment. That approach to client care allows us to fine tune the fragile ratio of client needs to staff resources. The process is illustrated through the development of a treatment plan for an adult female resident exhibiting bipolar disorder and paranoid schizophrenia.
Tips for Teaching Cartesian Graphing: Linking Concepts and Procedures
Authors: Schloemer Cathy G.
Published: December 2020

The story of the fly on the ceiling might capture students' imaginations
Implementing the Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics: Teaching Patterns, Relationships, and Multiplication as Worthwhile Mathematical Tasks
Authors: Armstrong Barbara E.
Published: December 2020

The goal of presenting students with worthwhile tasks that enable them to make connections is to ensure the development of mathematical insights. Determining instructional activities that meet this goal, however, can be a complex task in itself.
Reviewing and Viewing
Authors: Clements Douglas H. , Wilmot Barbara , O'Shea Thomas
Published: December 2020

Prices on software, books, and materials are subject to change. Consult the suppliers for the current prices. The comments reflect the reviewer's opinions and do not imply endorsement by the Notional Council of Teochers of Mathematics.
Investigations: Fair or Unfair—That Is the Question!
Authors: Lamphere Patricia
Published: December 2020

The “Investigations” department is designed for teachers who wish to give students new insights into familiar topics in grades 3-6. It includes both directed and open-ended activities. A basic assumption is that the teacher will facilitate the investigation to let students become actively involved in shaping their own learning.
Can Math Recovery Save Children Before They Fail?
Authors: Phillips Vicki J. , Leonard William H. , Horton Robert M. , Wright Robert J. , Stafford Ann K.
Published: December 2020

Experimental and observational results of an early intervention program designed for low-achieving six- and seven-year-olds.
Research, Reflection, Practice: Single-Digit Subtraction with Fluency
Authors: Kamii Constance , Lewis Barbara A.
Published: December 2020

Teachers usually present addition and subtraction at the same time to first and second graders. Many teachers have observed, however, that students find addition easier and more natural than subtraction. Children struggle with subtraction even when they learn “fact families” that ostensibly help them understand the relationship between addition and subtraction. Given that children continue to find subtraction difficult despite the use of time-honored practices, we suggest that teachers de-emphasize fluency in subtraction until their students become fluent in addition.
Learning Strategies for Addition and Subtraction Facts: The Road to Fluency and the License to Think
Authors: Buchholz Lisa
Published: December 2020

Teaching the basic facts seemed like the logical thing to do. Wouldn't a study of the basic facts make mathematics computation much easier for my students in the future? How could I help my students memorize and internalize this seemingly rote information? How could I get rid of finger counting and move on to mental computation? As I embarked on my first year of teaching second grade following many years of teaching first grade, these questions rolled through my head.
Early Childhood Corner: Creative Discovery through Classification
Authors: Gallenstein Nancy L.
Published: December 2020

“What else is in the mystery bag?” “That was fun!” “Can we do another one?” Comments such as these are typical of children who have experienced the excitement of participating in conceptattainment model activities. Discovering concepts through active engagement challenges learners of all ages to think inductively as they classify information.
Math by the Month: March 2006
Authors: Forrest Kristen , Schnabel Denise , Williams Margaret
Published: December 2020

The “Math by the Month” activities are designed to engage students to think like mathematicians. Students may work on the activities individually or in small groups, or they may be used with the whole class as problems of the week. No solutions are suggested so that students will look to themselves for mathematical justification, thereby developing the confidence to validate their work.
The Teaching and Learning of Fractions: A Japanese Perspective
Authors: Watanabe Tad
Published: December 2020

How Japanese curriculum treats fractions. Several questions are raised concerning the way fractions are typically taught in North America, and readers are able to reflect on their teaching style versus that of Japanese teachers
Supporting Teacher Learning: Assessment Design: Helping Preservice Teachers Focus on Student Thinking
Authors: Stephens Ana C. , Lamers Crystal L.
Published: December 2020

Increased calls for student, teacher, and school “accountability” have placed a greater emphasis on the need to assess what students know. While the focus of the calls for accountability is often on high-stakes testing, there are other important forms and purposes of assessment that deserve attention. In Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (2000) asserts, “Assessment should be more than merely a test at the end of instruction to see how students perform under special conditions; rather, it should be an integral part of instruction that informs and guides teachers as they make instructional decisions. Assessment should not merely be done to students; rather, it should also be done for students, to guide and enhance their learning” (p. 22).
By Way of Introduction: The Road to TCM: Celebrating 100 Years of the Mathematics Teacher
Authors: Taylor P. Mark
Published: December 2020

How did Teaching Children Mathematics come into existence? The road to this journal actually predated the founding of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). Nearly 100 years ago, the first mathematics education articles relating to the elementary school level began to emerge in a journal aptly named the Mathematics Teacher; hence, the history of Teaching Children Mathematics also begins at that moment. The Mathematics Teacher originated in 1906 as an annual publication of the Association of Teachers of Mathematics of the Middle States and Maryland. It became a quarterly publication in September 1908; the four issues published in the academic year 1908–09 constitute volume 1. In 1920, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics was established with 100 members. The following year, the founders of the Mathematics Teacher gave the journal to NCTM, which increased the number of issues to eight per year.
Watch What You Say
Authors: Roberts Sally K.
Published: December 2020

Although it has been many years, I still remember the story of Ricky as if it were only yesterday. I was a teacher consultant in a district where one of my roles was to support teachers in their classroom practice. A colleague had invited me to join one of her eighth-grade mathematics classes. The students were studying quadrilaterals, and our objective for the lesson was to discover what the students knew about quadrilateral properties. The lesson was informed by the van Hiele model of geometric thinking (Fuys, Geddes, and Tischler 1988). The van Hieles hypothesized that students' thinking begins at a visual level. At this level, the learner recognizes shapes by an overall gestalt based on visual clues rather than defining properties. From this level, the model suggests, learners move to a level of analysis that uses defining properties to categorize shapes and classes of shapes.
Focal Points—Grades 3 and 4
Authors: Charles Randall I. , Duckett Paula B.
Published: December 2020

This is the fourth in a series of articles exploring the use of the 2006 National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) publication Curriculum Focal Points for Prekindergarten through Grade 8 Mathematics: A Quest for Coherence. The series introduction by NCTM President Skip Fennell, explaining what Curriculum Focal Points are and why NCTM developed them, appeared in the December 2007/January 2008 issue of Teaching Children Mathematics (page 315). In subsequent TCM articles, the authors of the various grade bands discuss Focal Points for one or two grade levels. Because one principle of Curriculum Focal Points is that of cohesive curriculum, in which ideas develop across the grades, we encourage teachers of all grade levels to read the full series.
Mathematics Hiding in the Nets for a Cube
Authors: Jeon Kyungsoon
Published: December 2020

By connecting two– and three–dimensional geometry, this article expands a mathematical discussion that third graders provided to the question, “How many different nets can you draw that can fold into a cube?” (Mann 2004, p. 174). The author also makes connections to other platonic solids and to Eüler's formula.
More than Just Number
Authors: Brown Carmen S.
Published: December 2020

To build on and encourage children's natural curiosities about shapes and their connection to the real world, early childhood learning environments should be constructed to support geometric thinking. Adults can provide opportunities for children to explore materials, engage in activities, and work in collaboration with peers and teachers to construct their own knowledge of the world around them.
Using Student Work to Learn about Teaching
Authors: Cameron Marilee , Loesing Jenine , Rorvig Vickie , Chval Kathryn B.
Published: December 2020

Analyzing student work can help teachers improve the teaching and learning of mathematics. This article describes professional development activities related to examining students' addition strategies in grades K–5.
Classroom Videos and Prospective Teachers
Authors: Chval Kathryn B. , Lannin John K. , Arbaugh Fran , Bowzer Angela D.
Published: December 2020

Educators who can elicit preservice teachers' beliefs about teaching mathematics can effectively challenge and change unrealistic expectations.
Math by the Month: Let's Take a Trip
Authors: Waddell Lanette R. , Hammond Thomas C.
Published: December 2020

Traveling presents exciting learning opportunities. October's “math by the month” takes students on imaginary trips to popular destinations. Along the way, students use algebraic thinking, data analysis, reasoning, and number sense to solve math problems.
Mathematical Interviews to Assess Latino Students
Authors: Fernandes Anthony , Anhalt Cynthia O. , Civil Marta
Published: December 2020

Teachers' use of appropriate questioning strategies illustrates the interplay between language and math as English Language Learners describe their understanding of measurement in one-on-one interviews.
Math by the Month: Comparing Sizes
Authors: Cox Dana , Lo Jane-Jane
Published: December 2020

This month's problems are all about measurements related to sizes in the world, such as gigantic candy bars, signs, and animals. The letters on the famous Hollywood sign are 50 feet tall. The wooden Trojan horse was so big that a small army of soldiers could hide inside.
Math by the Month: Sweet play
Authors: Leung Shuk-kwan S. , Lo Jane-Jane
Published: December 2020

As part of her holiday preparations, Cathy decorates sugar cubes. Cathy's aunt, Ms. Betty, runs a bakery and likes to think of ways to make her store more attractive, especially for holidays. She enjoys cutting, arranging, and designing seasonal displays with her famous brownies almost as much as she enjoys baking them. And everyone loves the different sizes of Ms. Kate's chocolate sticks.
Connecting arithmetic to algebra
Authors: Darley Joy W. , Leapard Barbara B.
Published: December 2020

Performance assessments offer structure for building conceptual understanding and the mathematical confidence that preservice teachers will need to deliver effective instruction.
A global look at math instruction
Authors: Son Ji-Won
Published: December 2020

Comparing the Korean perspective on teaching and learning fractions to both Japanese and U.S. curricula allows us to analyze and ponder some possible changes.
Investigations: Visiting Old Friends and Meeting New Friends
Authors: Brahier Daniel J. , Speer William R.
Published: December 2020

The “Investigations” section recognizes the importance of children's exploring hands-on and minds-on mathematics and, therefore, presents teachers with open-ended explorations to enhance mathematical instruction. These meaningful tasks are designed to evolve as they are conducted.
Investigations: Learning to “Ad”
Authors: Metheny Dixie
Published: December 2020

The “Investigations” department recognizes the importance of children's exploring hands-on and minds-on mathematics and, therefore, presents teachers with open-ended explorations to enhance mathematical instruction.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics: Building Bridges of Mathematical Understanding for All Children
Authors: Price Jack
Published: December 2020

The remarks published here have been adapted from the Presidential Address at the 74th Annual Meeting of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics in San Diego, California, 26 April 1996.
A Student's Imaging in Solving a Nonroutine Task
Authors: Reynolds Anne , Wheatley Grayson H.
Published: December 2020

Imagery is increasingly being recognized as important in children's sense-making activity in mathematics (Brown and Wheatley 1989, Reynolds and Wheatley 1992), yet Wheatley (1991, 34) indicates, “Although a few teachers may supplement mathematics instruction with spatial activities, most students rarely have opportunities to use imagery in school mathematics classes”.
Investigations
Authors: Fennell Francis (Skip)
Published: December 2020

The “Investigations” department recognizes the importance of children's exploring mathematics and, therefore, presents teachers with explorations that will immerse children in doing mathematics as well as enhance their mathematics instruction. These tasks are designed to evolve as they are conducted. They invoke problem solving, communication, connections, and reasoning. To ensure their usability, these ideas have been used in a variety of classroom settings.
Links to Literature: A Matter of Grouchy Time
Authors: Kelly M. G.(Peggy) , Burke Karen
Published: December 2020

As we reflect each year on our success in teaching the concept of time, we have been frustrated with the rote-memorization approach that the second and third graders use in learning to read an analog clock. We have watched them struggle with the skill of telling time and with the appropriate use of time-related language. The Grouchy Ladybug (Carle 1977) has frequently been mentioned as a book that is appropriate for teaching many concepts, including the concept of time. With proportionately depicted art. the book explores the adventures of a self-important insect bent on conquering a new animal in each passing hour.
Links to Literature: Incredible Comparisons: Experiences with Data Collection
Authors: Oleson Vicki L.
Published: December 2020

The mathematics curriculum for a typical sixth-grade classroom easily provides ample content for an entire school year. It can be difficult to take the time needed to develop a mathematics concept through the use of literature. However, I found that by focusing on content. I was able to incorporate literature into one sixth-grade mathematics classroom. This activity presented an interesting springboard to problem solving, an opportunity to research famous mathematicians, and an excellent vehicle to enhance the understanding of mathematics concepts.
Math by the Month: Using Mathematics to Tell Stories
Authors: Murphy Stuart J.
Published: December 2020

These activities are designed to appeal directly to students and their families. Students may work on the activities with family members or in small groups in the classroom. No solutions are suggested so that students can develop the confidence to validate their own work.
In My Opinion: Mathematics Is Not a Universal Language
Authors: Tevebaugh Tara N.
Published: December 2020

Suppose that you walked into class and heard “Guten morgen meine lieben Schiller. Heute tangen wir mit Mathematik an. Lasst uns einige Aufgaben durcharbeiten. Fangt bitte an!”
Math by the Month: Back to School
Authors: Rigdon Deanna , Raleigh Jolyn , Goodman Shari
Published: December 2020

The “Math by the Month” activities are designed to appeal directly to students. Students may work on the activities individually or in small groups. No solutions are suggested so that students will look to themselves as the mathematical authority, thereby developing the confidence to validate their work.
News from the Net: Mathematics of Cartography
Authors: Irvine Sarah
Published: December 2020

Cartography is a rarely covered subject in elementary school mathematics. Visit math.rice.edu/~lanius/pres/map to find some far-out maps that will tap your students' visual learning styles and curiosity.
Early Childhood Corner: Children's Understanding of Equality: A Foundation for Algebra
Authors: Falkner Karen , Levi Linda , Carpenter Thomas
Published: December 2020

Many states and school districts, as well as Principles and Standards for School Mathematics: Discussion Draft (NCTM 1998), recommend that algebra be taught in the early childhood years. Although young children often understand much more than traditionally thought, adults can have difficulty conceptualizing what would constitute appropriate algebra for the early childhood years.
A Teacher's Tryangles
Authors: Yarema Connie H. , Adams Rhonda H. , Cagle Rachel
Published: December 2020

Describes a teacher's mathematics exploration in a professional development setting to exemplify the ideas of the Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics.
Early Childhood Corner: Teaching Young Mathematicians: The Challenges and Rewards
Authors: Frakes Cyndi , Kline Kate
Published: December 2020

How does a teacher recognize young mathematicians? What is the teacher's role in developing mathematicians? We asked ourselves and a group of other kindergarten teachers these questions as part of a professional development project titled Implementing Investigations in Mathematics (InMath). The purpose of the project is to support teachers as they implement Investigations in Number, Data and Space, one of the new mathematics curricula funded by the National Science Foundation. The Investigations program focuses on learning through exploration of mathematical ideas and encourages children to invent their own strategies and approaches for solving problems. For more information about Investigations, go to www.terc.edu/investigations.
Fifth-Grade Students Experience Careers That Use Mathematics
Authors: Chanter Carol , Welsh Linda
Published: December 2020

What are some careers that use mathematics? How can we give our students a taste of how mathematics is used in those careers? This article describes how classroom teachers Kathryn Polley, Colleen Godwin, and Saundra Sweeney and the authors worked together to answer these questions.
Links to Literature: On the Road with Cholo, Vato, and Pano
Authors: Silverman Frederick L. , Strawser Abbilynn B. , Strohauer Donna L. , Manzano Noel Nevada
Published: December 2020

Typically, elementary school mathematics experiences for children in the United States have stood almost completely apart from their lives outside school. Children's voices simply do not come through in the common arithmetic- driven curriculum. Although the NCTM's Standards movement, which began in the 1980s and continues to this day with the recent publication of Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 2000), has had an impact in the professional, political, and public realms, much teaching and learning of mathematics is still detached from children's personal experiences.
Math By the Month: September 2001
Authors: Cloke Gayle , Ewing Nola , Stevens Dory
Published: December 2020

The “Math by the Month” activities are designed to appeal directly to students. The activities may be used with students individually, in small groups, or as a problem of the week. No solutions are suggested so that students will look to themselves as the mathematical authority.
Early Childhood Corner: November 2001
Authors: Baroody Arthur J. , Benson Alexis
Published: December 2020

Developing an understanding of number has historically been the focus of early childhood mathematics instruction and a foundation for subsequent instruction. When should mathematics “instruction” begin? On what topics should initial instruction efforts focus? How should such efforts be implemented? This article addresses these questions.
Bridging the Gap: Using Interactive Computer Tools to Build Fraction Schemes
Authors: Olive John
Published: December 2020

Teaching fractions has been a complex and largely unsuccessful aspect of mathematics instruction in the elementary grades for many years. Students' understanding of fraction concepts is a big stumbling block in their mathematical development. Some researchers have pointed to children's whole-number knowledge as interfering with, or creating a barrier to, their understanding of fractions (Behr et al. 1984; Streefland 1993; Lamon 1999). This article illustrates an approach to constructing fraction concepts that builds on children's whole-number knowledge using specially designed computer tools. This approach can help children make connections between whole-number multiplication and their notion of a fraction as a part of a whole, thus bridging the gap between whole-number and fraction knowledge.
Investigations: Dino-mite Explorations
Authors: Brahier Daniel J. , Bell Jacqueline
Published: December 2020

The purpose of the “Investigations” department is to provide mathematically rich and inviting contexts in which children and their teachers solve problems, communicate, and reason. Investigations encourage students to make connections among mathematical ideas, as well as connections with contexts outside of mathematics. As students collaborate, experiment, explore, collect data, research various sources, and engage in activities during the investigation, they will have opportunities to represent their mathematical ideas in multiple ways.
Early Childhood Corner: Mathematics Curricula in Early Childhood
Authors: Clements Douglas H. , Sarama Julie
Published: December 2020

When we talk about our prekindergarten curriculum development project,
Cooperation and Consumerism: Lessons Learned at a Kindergarten Mini Mall
Authors: Smith Robin R.
Published: December 2020

Sophie drapes a six-foot-long boa constrictor over her shoulders and smiles widely, pleased with her new purchase from Jimmy, the shopkeeper at the toy store. Zoë helps Joseph count out a nickel and three pennies to buy a coveted Santa Bear, and Morgan is excited about the slightly worn plaid tie he bought for his dad. These images of children engaged in hands-on learning come to mind when I think about the kindergarten mini-mall: an interactive, real-world application of many skills and concepts. Students work cooperatively to create storefronts, collect and classify items to sell at their stores, and use money as both customers and shopkeepers to make purchases. My team member, Lou Toscano, and I look forward to the start of this exciting project each spring.
Discussion as a Vehicle for Demonstrating Computational Fluency in Multiplication
Authors: Wickett Maryann S.
Published: December 2020

Mathematics learning is both about making sense of mathematical ideas and about acquiring skills and insights to solve problems.
Early Childhood Corner: Building Blocks of Early Childhood Mathematics
Authors: Sarama Julie , Clements Douglas H.
Published: December 2020

Zachary's grandmother was walking him out of preschool. He looked at the tiled walk-way and yelled, “Look, Grandma! Hexagons! Hexagons all over the walk. You can put them together with no spaces!”
3 strategies for promoting math disagreements
Authors: Barlow Angela T. , McCrory Michael R.
Published: December 2020

Engage your students in reasoning and sense making with these effective instructional plans.
Relational surprise experiences as a unique form of relational maintenance
Authors: Pederson Joshua R. , LeFebvre Leah E. , Griffin Darrin J.
Published: December 2020

This study presents an initial exploration and conceptualization of relational surprise experiences (RSEs) as communication phenomenon involving strategic relational maintenance behaviors with potential for positive and negative outcomes. University students in the Southeastern United States (N = 203) described a RSE that occurred with a close relational partner (romantic partner, friend, or family member), explained how deception was used to achieve the surprise, and reported relational benefits and drawbacks in an online survey. Seven types of RSEs were reported including gifts, events, visits, and destinations. Responses revealed that people considered surprises as relationally beneficial with minimal drawbacks. Although over one-third of the participants described their partner’s pants perceived the surprise as a violation of relational rules. Some participants reported both benefits and drawbacks to RSEs, thereby illuminating a nuance for traditional relational maintenance typologies. This study establishes a path to explore implications of RSEs for individual and relational satisfaction, happiness, and well-being.
La dirección escénica femenina
Authors: Alvarado Ana M
Published: December 2020

En el campo del teatro de títeres en Argentina, la presencia femenina era y es muy importante. Todo este enorme trabajo de las mujeres en el arte de los títeres no estuvo exento, como nada lo está, de la mirada patriarcal sobre las y los iniciadores de nuestro lenguaje. Este artículo reflexiona sobre la legitimación, reconocimiento y diversidad estética de la obra hecha por mujeres y se pregunta si existe una dirección que podamos llamar femenina en el campo del teatro de títeres y objetos.
Wooden Structures in Latvian Architecture
Authors:   , Viļuma Antra
Published: December 2020

The aim of the dissertation “Wooden Structures in Latvian Architecture” is to systemize and summarize the social, economic and technical aspects influencing the choice of wooden structures in Latvian architecture based on the findings of scientific literature and empirical research. The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusions, a list of sources used, and seven appendices. The first chapter examines the genesis of use of wood as a building material and the selection factors that determined its use in different centuries. Information on two types of wooden construction, i.e., the construction of wooden structures in situ, and the on-site assembly of wooden buildings from factory-built structures has been systemized. Traditional types of construction of wooden buildings and industrial production in Latvia and European countries with similar and different socio-economic situation are analyzed. The second chapter analyzes the use of wooden structures in architecture, including the historical and technical aspects of development of engineered wood products, types of use, and terminology used. The experience of using wood in various building systems and experimental architectural projects in world and Latvian contemporary architecture is summarized. The third chapter provides an in-depth assessment of the experience, motivation and limitations of using wooden structures, based on the results of interviews and surveys of architects and other stakeholders. The existing norms for the design of wooden buildings, strategies for the promotion of wooden construction and the process of choosing wood as a building material in architectural projects have been compared and analyzed. The results of the research have been affirmed in 4 scientific articles published in internationally reviewed scientific journals, 11 scientific articles published in professional journals of the field and 2 articles published in other journals. These results were presented at 7 international conferences in Latvia and abroad.
Architectonic method in studying the culture of Yakutia
Authors: Pokatilova Iya Volodarovna , Yadreeva Aleksandra Petrovna
Published: December 2020

The subject of this article is the artistic culture of Yakutsk. Among a wide variety of regional, historical, sociological and economic research dedicated to the history of Yakutsk, very few works of culturological nature. In the early XXI century, one of the relevant methods of historical culturology becomes the architectonic method developed by I. V. Kondakov (1998). Proposed by the author architectonics of the Russian culture consists of the two-stage mechanism of cycles: 1) cumulation/divergence; 2) selection/convergence, which is of universal nature. The relevance of this research is substantiate by insufficient examination of artistic culture of Yakutia as a whole. The purpose of the article is to use the architectonic method of studying the culture of Yakutia, using the example of the city of Yakutsk. The novelty of the research shows the effectiveness of using the architectonic method in studying the culture of Yakutia. At the cumulative stage of the XVII – XIX centuries, the architectonics of culture of Yakutsk represents a semantic core of cultural integrity. At the divergent stage (late XIX – early XX centuries) this core is being divided, gradually losing its integrity. The beginning of the XX century marks the synthesizing level, stage of enlightenment of the Yakut culture, concentrated in Yakutsk. The selective level (1920s – middle of 1980s) is oriented towards achieving cultural integrity and civilizational identity through coercion and selection around the values of the Soviet culture. The convergent level suggests conditional synthesis (1990s – 2020), one of its components in “reinterpretation and modernization of the archaic”, taking conventional and game character.
Rhythms of the past, rhythms of the future
Authors: Gerasimova Irina Alekseevna
Published: December 2020

The subject of this research is rhythm as the cultural and fundamental philosophical principle of time organization of systems of various rank. The goal consists in the analysis of possibilities of creating the general theory of rhythm. The author set the following tasks: analyze ethnocultural traditions, which in the cognitive aspect lean on the maturity of rhythm-sensible  way of thinking; analyze the reflections of Ancient Greek natural philosophers on the meaning of rhythm; trace the theme of rhythm in art, science and practices of the XIX – XXI centuries.; problematize the question on the meaning of rhythmology in interpretation of the new vectors of cognitive evolution at the present time. Articulation of the problem of rhythm as the universal requires consideration of cosmic-nature, planetary, social, cultural, and personal realities (worlds). In examination of historical artifacts and ethnographic material, the author takes into account the principles of evolutionary epistemology. The analysis of natural philosophical and ancient Greek worldview is completed with analysis of the language. The novelty consists in articulation and analysis of the problem of rhythm as a cultural universality as the ultimate basis, covering natural, sociocultural and creatively-personal rhythms. The transformations of mentality and way of thinking in cognitive evolution stemmed from matured sensibility in the archaic towards the development of intellect. Rhythmically sensible way of thinking that empathically connects human with nature was developed until the Early Middle Ages. Culture and natural philosophical reflections on the concept of harmony are of essential for comprehension of sensible worldview. Beauty as a formative principle of the universe was conveyed through the set of concepts adopted in the language of modern science. Rhythm as an aesthetic category in natural sciences attracts the attention of researchers dealing with correlations of biosphere, social and cosmic processes. Reflections on the universality of rhythm in the complex evolutionary systems allow reassessing the discord of rhythms (desynchronosis) of the modern global crisis.
THE KINK INSTABILITY OF A PLASMA WITH FIXED-BOUN-DARY BY THE METHOD OF INITIAL-BOUNDARY VALUES
Authors: KE FU-JIU  , SHEN JIE-WU  , XU MIN-JIAN  ,   中国科学院物理研究所
Published: December 2020

The analytic solutions and numerical solutions of the equations of magnetic surface with fixed-boundary conditions are solved for the equilibrium plasma. The pressure, the velocity and the magnetic field fluctuations are evaluated with the simplified Lax-Wendroff method. The linear growth rates, the average β and βp, and the safety factor are obtained. We find that (1) plasma with concave currents profiles is more stable than that with uniform currents profiles, and plasma with convex currents profiles is least stable; (2) plamsa with diamagnetic currents is more stable than that with paramagnetic currents.
NOTE ON THE PROBLEM OF THE CONVERGENCE OF THE FIRST ORDER APPROXIMATE Tc SERIES SOLUTION
Authors: ZHOU ZI-FANG  , MAO DE-QIANG  , GU YI-MING  , WU HANG-SHENG  ,   中国科学技术大学
Published: December 2020

In this paper, an example is given, through which we have arrived at the following conclusion: the convergence radius of the first order approximate Tc series solutionfor μ*=0 is determined neither by nor by zph=-∫0(ωph)dωg(ω)dω(ω2)/(ωph2-ω2) nor by zph=∫0(ωph)dωg(ω)dω(ω2)/(ωph2+ω2).
THE EFFECT OF STOCHASTIC MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE EIGEN-MODES OF DRIFT WAVE
Authors: ZHANG CHENG-FU  ,   北京大学物理系
Published: December 2020

In this paper, the effect of stochastic magnetic field (s. m. f.) on the eigen-modes of low frequency drift wave is analysed. We show that the existence of s. m. f. can affect the response of electrons to the wave, so that the electron dispersion function varies. In the vicinity of the rational magnetic surface (where k‖≈0), the variation is particularly significant. The s. m. f. can make the electron dispersion function considerably smoother, and the change in electron dispersion function may greatly affect the stability of the eigen-modes of drift wave. It is shown that if the s. m. f. is strong enough (but still within the region achievable experimentally), the so-called universal modes of drift wave may become absolutly unstable.
THE EFFECTS OF ANOMALOUS DISSIPATION ON THE DISSIPATIVE-TRAPPED-PARTICLE MODES
Authors: XIA MENG-FEN  ,   北京大学物理系
Published: December 2020

In this paper the effects of anomalous dissipative effects on the dissipative-trapped-particle modes are discussed. The results show that the dissipative-trapped-electron mode and the dissipative-trapped-ion mode can be stabilized by the anomalous dissipative effects.
ANALYSIS OF THE BULK-ABSORBING PYROELECTRIC DETECTORS WITH EDGE ELECTRODES
Authors: XU PING-MAO  ,   山东大学
Published: December 2020

The pyroelectric response of the bulk-absorbing and free-bearing pyroelectric detectors with edge electrodes is deduced by using the one-dimensional diffusion theory. The pyroelectric response and NEP of the detectors are calculated as functions of detector thickness and working frequency. It is found that the detectors have optimum thickness of response and NEP. If the absorption coefficient of material can be increased beyond 5×104cm-1, the performance of the bulk-absorbing thin film detectors approach that of surface absorbing ones.
A ROTATING CRYSTAL NEUTRON TIME-OF-FLIGHT SPECTRO-METER FOR CONDENSED MATTER INVESTIGATION
Authors: LI ZHU-QI  , KUAN JING-HUI  , WU SHAN-LING  , YANG TONG-HUA  , HE MIN  , LU TING  , CHENG ZHI-XU  , CHEN GUI-YING  , YE CHUN-TANG  ,   中国科学院原子能研究所
Published: December 2020

A rotating single crystal thermal neutron time of flight spectrometer was constructed in IAB for the study of various dynamic process in condensed matter. The surplus reflections from undesired crystallographic planes in the rotating monochromator (Ge) is eliminated by carefully choosing a proper orientation of the rotating axis in the (Ⅲ) plane. The range of incident initial neutron energy is from 10 meV to 100 meV; The corresponding energy resolution is 2.5 to 7.2% with intensities adequate for inelastic scattering studies. Based on the work of Brockhouse et al., we have calculated a theoretical value of the resolution for neutrons scattered from the sample and compared it with measured results. Inelastic neutron scattering spectra from vanadium sample is presented and comparison with other spectrometers of similar type is given.