bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Reported Physical Activity in Medically Underserved Adults With Type 2 Diabetes in Clinical and Community Settings
Authors: Cooper John , Stetson Barbara , Bonner Jason , Spille Sean , Krishnasamy Sathya , Mokshagundam Sri Prakash
Published: August 2014

Background:

This study assessed physical activity (PA) in community dwelling adults with Type 2 diabetes, using multiple instruments reflecting internationally normed PA and diabetes-specific self-care behaviors.

Methods:

Two hundred and fifty-three Black (44.8%) and White (55.2%) Americans [mean age = 57.93; 39.5% male] recruited at low-income clinic and community health settings. Participants completed validated PA self-report measures developed for international comparisons (International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form), characterization of diabetes self-care (Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measure; SDSCA) and exercise-related domains including provider recommendations and PA behaviors and barriers (Personal Diabetes Questionnaire; PDQ).

Results:

Self-reported PA and PA correlates differed by instrument. BMI was negatively correlated with PA level assessed by the PDQ in both genders, and assessed with SDSCA activity items in females. PA levels were low, comparable to previous research with community and diabetes samples. Pain was the most frequently reported barrier; females reported more frequent PA barriers overall.

Conclusions:

When using self-report PA measures for PA evaluation of adults with diabetes in clinical settings, it is critical to consider population and setting in selecting appropriate tools. PA barriers may be an important consideration when interpreting PA levels and developing interventions. Recommendations for incorporating these measures in clinical and research settings are discussed.
Pilot Trial of a Social Cognitive Theory-Based Physical Activity Intervention Delivered by Nonsupervised Technology in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Suh Yoojin , Motl Robert W. , Olsen Connor , Joshi Ina
Published: August 2014

Background:

Physical inactivity is prevalent in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and this highlights the importance of developing behavioral interventions for increasing physical activity (PA) in MS. This pilot trial examined the efficacy of a 6-week, behavioral intervention based on social cognitive theory (SCT) delivered by newsletters and phone calls for increasing PA in persons with MS who were physically inactive and had middle levels of self-efficacy.

Methods:

The sample included 68 persons with relapsing-remitting MS who were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received SCT-based information by newsletters and phone calls, whereas the controls received information regarding topics such as stress management over 6 weeks. Participants completed self-report of PA and social cognitive variables.

Results:

The intervention group had a significant increase in self-reported PA (d = 0.56, P = .02) over the 6 weeks, but the controls had a nonsignificant change (d = –0.13, P = .45). Goal setting was changed in the intervention group (d = 0.68, P ≤ .01) and identified as a significant mediator of change in self-reported PA.

Conclusions:

This study provides initial evidence for the benefit of a theory-based behavioral intervention for increasing PA in MS.
Regulation of Gene Expression in Diverse Cyanobacterial Species by Using Theophylline-Responsive Riboswitches
Authors: Ma Amy T. , Schmidt Calvin M. , Golden James W.
Published: August 2014

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria that are currently being developed as biological production platforms. They derive energy from light and carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide, and some species can fix atmospheric nitrogen. One advantage of developing cyanobacteria for renewable production of biofuels and other biological products is that they are amenable to genetic manipulation, facilitating bioengineering and synthetic biology. To expand the currently available genetic toolkit, we have demonstrated the utility of synthetic theophylline-responsive riboswitches for effective regulation of gene expression in four diverse species of cyanobacteria, including two recent isolates. We evaluated a set of six riboswitches driving the expression of a yellow fluorescent protein reporter in
Synechococcus elongatus
PCC 7942,
Leptolyngbya
sp. strain BL0902,
Anabaena
sp. strain PCC 7120, and
Synechocystis
sp. strain WHSyn. We demonstrated that riboswitches can offer regulation of gene expression superior to that of the commonly used isopropyl-β-
d
-thiogalactopyranoside induction of a
lacI
q
-P

trc

promoter system. We also showed that expression of the toxic protein SacB can be effectively regulated, demonstrating utility for riboswitch regulation of proteins that are detrimental to biomass accumulation. Taken together, the results of this work demonstrate the utility and ease of use of riboswitches in the context of genetic engineering and synthetic biology in diverse cyanobacteria, which will facilitate the development of algal biotechnology.
Engineered Pentafunctional Minicellulosome for Simultaneous Saccharification and Ethanol Fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Liang Youyun , Si Tong , Ang Ee Lui , Zhao Huimin
Published: August 2014

Several yeast strains have been engineered to express different cellulases to achieve simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulosic materials. However, successes in these endeavors were modest, as demonstrated by the relatively low ethanol titers and the limited ability of the engineered yeast strains to grow using cellulosic materials as the sole carbon source. Recently, substantial enhancements to the breakdown of cellulosic substrates have been observed when lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) were added to traditional cellulase cocktails. LPMOs are reported to cleave cellulose oxidatively in the presence of enzymatic electron donors such as cellobiose dehydrogenases. In this study, we coexpressed LPMOs and cellobiose dehydrogenases with cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases, and β-glucosidases in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. These enzymes were secreted and docked onto surface-displayed miniscaffoldins through cohesin-dockerin interaction to generate pentafunctional minicellulosomes. The enzymes on the miniscaffoldins acted synergistically to boost the degradation of phosphoric acid swollen cellulose and increased the ethanol titers from our previously achieved levels of 1.8 to 2.7 g/liter. In addition, the newly developed recombinant yeast strain was also able to grow using phosphoric acid swollen cellulose as the sole carbon source. The results demonstrate the promise of the pentafunctional minicellulosomes for consolidated bioprocessing by yeast.
Newly Identified Thermostable Esterase from Sulfobacillus acidophilus: Properties and Performance in Phthalate Ester Degradation
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Yan , Fan Xiang , Qiu Yong-Jun , Li Cheng-Yuan , Xing Shuai , Zheng Yi-Tao , Xu Jian-He
Published: August 2014

EstS1, a newly identified thermostable esterase from
Sulfobacillus acidophilus
DSM10332, was heterologously expressed in
Escherichia coli
and shown to enzymatically degrade phthalate esters (PAEs) to their corresponding monoalkyl PAEs. The optimal pH and temperature of the esterase were found to be 8.0 and 70°C, respectively. The half-life of EstS1 at 60°C was 15 h, indicating that the enzyme had good thermostability. The specificity constant (
k
cat
/

K
m

) of the enzyme for
p
-nitrophenyl butyrate was as high as 6,770 mM
−1
s
−1
. The potential value of EstS1 was demonstrated by its ability to effectively hydrolyze 35 to 82% of PAEs (10 mM) within 2 min at 37°C, with all substrates being completely degraded within 24 h. At 60°C, the time required for complete hydrolysis of most PAEs was reduced by half. To our knowledge, this enzyme is a new esterase identified from thermophiles that is able to degrade various PAEs at high temperatures.
Use of Nonionic Surfactants for Improvement of Terpene Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Kirby James , Nishimoto Minobu , Chow Ruthie W. N. , Pasumarthi Venkata N. , Chan Rossana , Chan Leanne Jade G. , Petzold Christopher J. , Keasling Jay D.
Published: August 2014

To facilitate enzyme and pathway engineering, a selection was developed for improved sesquiterpene titers in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. α-Bisabolene, a candidate advanced biofuel, was found to protect yeast against the disruptive action of nonionic surfactants such as Tween 20 (T20). An experiment employing competition between two strains of yeast, one of which makes twice as much bisabolene as the other, demonstrated that growth in the presence of T20 provided sufficient selective pressure to enrich the high-titer strain to form 97% of the population. Following this, various methods were used to mutagenize the bisabolene synthase (BIS) coding sequence, coupled with selection by subculturing in the presence of T20. Mutagenesis targeting the BIS active site did not yield an improvement in bisabolene titers, although mutants were found which made a mixture of α-bisabolene and β-farnesene, another candidate biofuel. Based on evidence that the 3′ end of the BIS mRNA may be unstable in yeast, we randomly recoded the last 20 amino acids of the enzyme and, following selection in T20, found a variant which increased specific production of bisabolene by more than 30%. Since T20 could enrich a mixed population, efficiently removing strains that produced little or no bisabolene, we investigated whether it could also be applied to sustain high product titers in a monoculture for an extended period. Cultures grown in the presence of T20 for 14 days produced bisabolene at titers up to 4-fold higher than cultures grown with an overlay of dodecane, used to sequester the terpene product, and 20-fold higher than cultures grown without dodecane.
Gene Cluster Responsible for Secretion of and Immunity to Multiple Bacteriocins, the NKR-5-3 Enterocins
Authors: Ishibashi Naoki , Himeno Kohei , Masuda Yoshimitsu , Perez Rodney Honrada , Iwatani Shun , Zendo Takeshi , Wilaipun Pongtep , Leelawatcharamas Vichien , Nakayama Jiro , Sonomoto Kenji
Published: August 2014

Enterococcus faecium
NKR-5-3, isolated from Thai fermented fish, is characterized by the unique ability to produce five bacteriocins, namely, enterocins NKR-5-3A, -B, -C, -D, and -Z (Ent53A, Ent53B, Ent53C, Ent53D, and Ent53Z). Genetic analysis with a genome library revealed that the bacteriocin structural genes (
enkA
[
ent53A
],
enkC
[
ent53C
],
enkD
[
ent53D
], and
enkZ
[
ent53Z
]) that encode these peptides (except for Ent53B) are located in close proximity to each other. This NKR-5-3ACDZ (Ent53ACDZ) enterocin gene cluster (approximately 13 kb long) includes certain bacteriocin biosynthetic genes such as an ABC transporter gene (
enkT
), two immunity genes (
enkIaz
and
enkIc
), a response regulator (
enkR
), and a histidine protein kinase (
enkK
). Heterologous-expression studies of
enkT
and Δ
enkT
mutant strains showed that
enkT
is responsible for the secretion of Ent53A, Ent53C, Ent53D, and Ent53Z, suggesting that EnkT is a wide-range ABC transporter that contributes to the effective production of these bacteriocins. In addition, EnkIaz and EnkIc were found to confer self-immunity to the respective bacteriocins. Furthermore, bacteriocin induction assays performed with the Δ
enkRK
mutant strain showed that EnkR and EnkK are regulatory proteins responsible for bacteriocin production and that, together with Ent53D, they constitute a three-component regulatory system. Thus, the Ent53ACDZ gene cluster is essential for the biosynthesis and regulation of NKR-5-3 enterocins, and this is, to our knowledge, the first report that demonstrates the secretion of multiple bacteriocins by an ABC transporter.
Poly(3-Hydroxypropionate): a Promising Alternative to Fossil Fuel-Based Materials
Authors: Andreeßen Björn , Taylor Nicolas , Steinbüchel Alexander
Published: August 2014

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are storage compounds synthesized by numerous microorganisms and have attracted the interest of industry since they are biobased and biodegradable alternatives to fossil fuel-derived plastics. Among PHAs, poly(3-hydroxypropionate) [poly(3HP)] has outstanding material characteristics and exhibits a large variety of applications. As it is not brittle like, e.g., the best-studied PHA, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [poly(3HB)], it can be used as a plasticizer in blends to improve their properties. Furthermore, 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3HP) is considered likely to become one of the new industrial building blocks, and it can be obtained from poly(3HP) by simple hydrolysis. Unfortunately, no natural organism is known to accumulate poly(3HP) so far. Thus, several efforts have been made to engineer genetically modified organisms capable of synthesizing the homopolymer or copolymers containing 3HP. In this review, the achievements made so far in efforts to obtain biomass which has accumulated poly(3HP) or 3HP-containing copolymers, as well as the properties of these polyesters and their applications, are compiled and evaluated.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Mosaic Bacteriophage, Waukesha92
Authors: Sauder A. Brooke , Carter Brandon , Langouet Astrie Christophe , Temple Louise
Published: August 2014

In this study, we determined the complete genome sequence of a mosaic bacteriophage, Waukesha92, which was isolated from soil using
Bacillus thuringiensis
as the host organism. This temperate
Myoviridae
bacteriophage has similarities to phages SpaA1 and BceA1 and the
Bacillus thuringiensis
plasmid pBMB165.
Complete Genome Sequence of Erwinia amylovora Bacteriophage vB_EamM_Ea35-70
Authors: Yagubi Abdelbaset I. , Castle Alan J. , Kropinski Andrew M. , Banks Travis W. , Svircev Antonet M.
Published: August 2014

The complete genome of an
Erwinia amylovora
bacteriophage, vB_EamM_Ea35-70 (Ea35-70), is 271,084 bp, encodes 318 putative proteins, and contains one tRNA. Comparative analysis with other
Myoviridae
genomes suggests that Ea35-70 is related to the
Phikzlikevirus
genus within the family
Myoviridae
, since 26% of Ea35-70 proteins share homology to proteins in
Pseudomonas
phage φKZ.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Falsirhodobacter
sp. Strain alg1, an Alginate-Degrading Bacterium Isolated from Fermented Brown Algae
Authors: Mori Tetsushi , Takahashi Mami , Tanaka Reiji , Shibata Toshiyuki , Kuroda Kouichi , Ueda Mitsuyoshi , Takeyama Haruko
Published: August 2014

Falsirhodobacter
sp. alg1 is an alginate-degrading bacterium, the second species from the nonphototrophic bacterial genus
Falsirhodobacter
. We report the first draft genome of a bacterium from this genus and point out possible important features related to alginate assimilation and its evolutionary aspects.
Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis C2, a Cerebrospinal Fluid Clinical Isolate from Central India
Authors: Kashyap Rajpal S. , Bhullar Shradha S. , More Ravi P. , Puranik Sampada , Purohit Hemant J. , Taori Girdhar M. , Daginawala Hatim F.
Published: August 2014

We report the annotated genome sequence of a
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
clinical isolate from the cerebrospinal fluid of a tuberculous meningitis patient admitted to the Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India.
Whole-Genome Sequence of Weissella ceti Strain WS08, Isolated from Diseased Rainbow Trout in Brazil
Authors: Figueiredo H. C. P. , Leal G. , Pereira F. L. , Soares S. C. , Dorella F. A. , Carvalho A. F. , Pereira U. P. , Azevedo V. A. C.
Published: August 2014

We report here the complete genome sequence of
Weissella ceti
strain WS08, an emerging pathogen to farm-raised rainbow trout. The genome of strain WS08 is composed of a circular chromosome with 1,355,853 bp and a G+C content of 40.78%.
Complete Genome Sequence and Annotation of a Campylobacter jejuni Strain, MTVDSCj20, Isolated from a Naturally Colonized Farm-Raised Chicken
Authors: Taveirne Michael E. , Dunham Drew T. , Miller William G. , Parker Craig T. , Huynh Steven , DiRita Victor J.
Published: August 2014

Campylobacter jejuni
is a major cause of human food-borne illness, with contaminated poultry products serving as a main source of human infection.
C. jejuni
strain MTVDSCj20 was isolated from the cecal contents of a farm-raised chicken that was naturally colonized with
Campylobacter
. We present here the complete annotated genome sequence of MTVDSCj20.
Pancreatic panniculitis
Authors: Mahawish Karim , Iyasere Isoken T
Published: August 2014

We present the case of a 55-year-old Caucasian man presenting with polyarthritis, weight loss and multiple tender cutaneous nodules. Abnormal liver function tests prompted imaging of the liver which demonstrated liver metastases. Biopsy of the liver lesions confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma.
A 27-year-old woman presenting with refractory hypoxaemic respiratory failure, haemoptysis and thyrotoxicosis: a rare manifestation of propylthiouracil therapy
Authors: Ortiz-Diaz Enrique O
Published: August 2014

Pulmonary manifestations of hyperthyroidism not only include pulmonary hypertension and hydrostatic pulmonary oedema, but also treatment/drug-associated pulmonary diseases have to be considered as an exclusion diagnosis. A 27-year-old woman with hypoxaemic respiratory failure under an arterial-venous extra-corporeal membrane oxygenator (AV-ECMO) was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). The patient had progressive dyspnoea with haemoptysis, palpitations and failure to thrive. The patient had Graves’ disease treated previously with propylthiouracil (PTU). Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage is a non-specific syndrome characterised by evidence of diffuse alveolar damage, exclusion of infectious aetiology and progressively bloodier bronchoalveolar lavage (and/or 20% hemosiderin laden macrophages on cytological examination). PTU associated perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA) vasculitis appears to be more common in younger female patients presenting with leukocytoclastic vasculitis, myalgias and arthralgias. The latter compared to non-drug associated ANCA vasculitis which are more common in older males with visceral involvement. PTU-induced ANCA vasculitis prognosis appears to be better compared to primary ANCA syndromes.
More than just a ‘runny nose’: a rare diagnosis of spontaneous CSF rhinorrhoea for a common symptom
Authors: Berhanu Aaron Elias , Pauli Natalie P
Published: August 2014

Primary spontaneous cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea is a rare disease associated with female gender, obesity and empty sella syndrome. The authors describe the case of a 59-year-old woman who presented to her primary care physician with a 2-week history of drainage of a clear fluid from her right nostril that was initially treated as allergic rhinitis. A non-contrast CT scan revealed mucosal thickening in the right sphenoid sinus and a possible defect in the adjacent skull base. The patient initially declined a CT cisternogram, which provides greater sensitivity in assessing for a CSF leak. Nasal secretions tested positive for β-2-transferrin, which is highly sensitive and specific for CSF. After conservative interventions failed, a pedicled septal mucoperichondrial flap was used to patch the skeletal defect. At her 5-month follow-up, the patient remains asymptomatic.
Single-rooted primary first mandibular molar
Authors: Haridoss SelvaKumar , Swaminathan Kavitha , Rajendran Vijayakumar , Rajendran Bharathan
Published: August 2014

Morphological variations like single-rooted molar in primary dentition are scarce. Understanding the root canal anatomy and variations is necessary for successful root canal therapy. The purpose of the present article is to report successful endodontic treatment of primary left mandibular first molar with an abnormal morphology of a single root. This case report highlights the importance of knowledge and its applications in the management of anomalous anatomic variants which play a crucial role in the success of endodontic treatment.
One-handed chest compression technique for paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: dominant versus non-dominant hand
Authors: Oh Je Hyeok , Kim Chan Woong , Kim Sung Eun , Lee Dong Hoon , Lee Sang Jin
Published: August 2014

Background

Pediatric resuscitation guidelines do not specify which hand to use for one-handed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

Objective

To determine whether there is a difference in the quality of one-handed chest compressions (OHCCs) using the dominant versus non-dominant hand in simulated paediatric CPR.

Materials and methods

41 doctors took part in the study. Chest compressions were alternately performed with the dominant (test 1) and non-dominant hand (test 2) in a random order at 30 min intervals. Experiments were carried out with a 5-year-old paediatric manikin without ventilation for 2 min. Data on average compression rate (per min) and average compression depth (mm) were collected and compared.

Results

No significant differences were found in the average compression rate (118.0±14.3/min vs 117.3±14.5/min, p=0.610) and average compression depth (41.3±5.6mm vs 41.9±4.1mm, p=0.327) between tests 1 and 2.

Conclusions

No significant difference was found in the quality of OHCCs using the dominant and non-dominant hand in simulated paediatric CPR. The study suggests there is no need for paediatric resuscitation guidelines to state a preferred hand for performing OHCC.
Addendum: "(1, 2) and weak (1, 3) homotopies on knot projections"
Authors: Ito Noboru , Takimura Yusuke
Published: August 2014

After this paper was published, the following information about doodles was pointed out by Roger Fenn. A doodle was introduced by Fenn and Taylor [2], which is a finite collection of closed curves without triple intersections on a closed oriented surface considered up to the second flat Reidemeister moves with the condition (*) that each component has no self-intersections. Khovanov [4] introduced doodle groups, and for his process, he considered doodles under a more generalized setting (i.e. removing the condition (*) and permitting the first flat Reidemeister moves). He showed [4, Theorem 2.2], a result similar to our [3, Theorem 2.2(c)]. He also pointed out that [1, Corollary 2.8.9] gives a result similar to [4, Theorem 2.2].

The authors first noticed the above results by Fenn and Khovanov via personal communication with Fenn, and therefore, the authors would like to thank Roger Fenn for these references.
Forced Vibration Analysis of Spinning Disks Subjected to Transverse Loads
Authors: Norouzi Hamed , Younesian Davood
Published: August 2014

Forced vibration of a rotating disk subjected to a stationary transverse load is studied in this paper. Time and frequency responses are obtained and effects of the rotating speed on the natural frequencies are evaluated. Finite element method (FEM) is employed as the solution technique and natural frequencies are obtained for different speeds. Forced vibration is then considered and disk responses are determined using the Galerkin method. The solution is determined in two different coordinate systems. In the first one, the disk is assumed to be rotating in an inertial coordinate system, while in the second coordinate system, a rotating peripheral force is applied on a stationary disk. The objective here in this paper is to compare the two modeling scenarios and is to find limiting range of the rotational speed for employing the stationary coordinate system.
FABRICATION OF 3D MILI-SCALE CHANNELS FOR HEMODYNAMIC STUDIES
Authors: DOUTEL E. , CARNEIRO J. , OLIVEIRA M. S. N. , CAMPOS J. B. L. M. , MIRANDA J. M.
Published: August 2014

3D mili-scale channel representing simplified anatomical models of blood vessels were constructed in polidimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The objective was to obtain a sequential method to fabricate transparent PDMS models from a mold produced by rapid prototyping. For this purpose, two types of casting methods were compared, a known lost-wax casting method and a casting method using sucrose. The channels fabricated by both casting methods were analyzed by Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The lost-wax method is not ideal since the channels become contaminated during the removal process. The models produced with the lost-sucrose casting method exhibit much better optical characteristics. These models are transparent with no visible contamination, since the removing process is done by dissolution at room temperature rather than melting. They allow for good optical access for flow visualization and measurement of the velocity field by micro-Particle Image Velocimetry (μPIV). The channels fabricated by the lost-sucrose casting method were shown to be suitable for future hemodynamic studies using optical techniques.
A SYSTEM FOR UPPER LIMB REHABILITATION AND MOTOR FUNCTION EVALUATION
Authors: YU HAILONG , XIE LE , LV CHAO , SHAO WEI , WANG YUAN , WANG JINWU , YU WENWEI
Published: August 2014

In the conventional upper-limb rehabilitation process, patients have to be relying on therapists to do the exercise and assessments. Using robotic rehabilitation devices, patients can practice independently and intensively with their upper paretic limb. In this study, we hypothesized that a multi-DOF passive mechanism coupled with multi-DOF 3D sensory feedback could provide: (1) safe and nature active exercise; (2) various combinations of degrees of freedom (DOF) for the training of different specific joints; (3) the possibility to realize ideal trajectory. In order to test the hypothesis, we designed a seven-DOF passive exoskeleton-based system for the upper extremity, integrated with virtual reality (VR) technology based 3D feedback. An experiment was done on six healthy subjects and three subjects with upper-limb impairment. All subjects did not experience any problems when handling the device during the intervention. Moreover, Fugl–Meyer Score of the upper extremity Assessment (FMA) scale showed that the three patients have increased the score by 19, 23 and 14, respectively. Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) scale showed that the three patients have increased their scores by 22, 22 and 14, respectively.
Noether symmetries and isometries of the minimal surface Lagrangian under constant volume in a Riemannian space
Authors: Tsamparlis Michael , Paliathanasis Andronikos , Qadir Asghar
Published: August 2014

We prove a theorem concerning the Noether symmetries for the area minimizing Lagrangian under the constraint of a constant volume in an n-dimensional Riemannian space. We illustrate the application of the theorem by a number of examples.
Dynamic Task Scheduling Strategy with Game Theory in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Guo Wenzhong , Chen Ying , Chen Guolong
Published: August 2014

Task allocation and scheduling is an important typical problem in the area of high performance computing. Unfortunately, the existing traditional solutions to this problem in high performance computing cannot be directly implemented in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) due to the limitations of WSNs such as resource availability and shared communication medium. In this paper, a dynamic task scheduling strategy with the application of the game theory in WSNs is presented. First, an effective parallel alliance generating algorithm is proposed to process the multi-tasks environment. A task allocation algorithm based on the game theory is used to enhance the performance of the network. A novel resource conflict eliminating algorithm is also developed to eliminate the conflicting issues. Finally, the simulation results confirm and reassure the effectiveness of our proposed scheme as we compare with that of the other schema's available in the public domain.
On the Riemann hypothesis and the difference between primes
Authors: Dudek Adrian W.
Published: August 2014

We prove some results concerning the distribution of primes assuming the Riemann hypothesis. First, we prove the explicit result that there exists a prime in the interval [Formula: see text] for all x ≥ 2; this improves a result of Ramaré and Saouter. We then show that the constant 4/π may be reduced to (1 + ϵ) provided that x is taken to be sufficiently large. From this, we get an immediate estimate for a well-known theorem of Cramér, in that we show the number of primes in the interval [Formula: see text] is greater than [Formula: see text] for c = 3 + ϵ and all sufficiently large values of x.
Current taxonomic studies on the diatom flora (Bacillariophyceae) of the Bolivian Altiplano, South America, with possible consequences for palaeoecological assessments
Authors: Morales Eduardo A. , Wetzel Carlos E. , Rivera Sinziana F. , Van De Vijver Bart , Ector Luc
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The present investigation is based on detailed taxonomical analyses combining light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and critical reviews of publications and type material. This method revealed a higher number of diatom taxa than that reported for the Altiplano, reports that are based on LM and SEM, but force-fitting the taxa into their European relatives. It also became evident that some taxa often reported from the Altiplano do not occur or are less common in this region and that misidentifications are the consequence not only of force-fitting, but also of misinterpretation of the original protologues and illustrations (taxonomic concept drift). These findings have important repercussions on past palaeoecological assessments for the Altiplano, which have been based on ecological information for taxa developing in ecosystems of highly contrasting conditions. Here we present the case of three araphid diatoms, which were reported as known taxa from Europe and elsewhere, but in fact correspond to taxa described as new for the Altiplano or unpublished taxa. It is recommended that: (1) a flora for this region is developed utilizing sound microscopical data and reviewing pertinent type material, (2) key common taxa used for past palaeoecological studies in the Altiplano are reviewed using a taxonomically thorough and critical method, and (3) future palaeoecological studies for the Andes are supported by prior detailed taxonomical analysis.
The power of memory
Authors: Savage Neil
Published: August 2014

In-memory databases promise speedier processing.
Learning for the new digital age
Authors: Denning Peter J.
Published: August 2014

Digital machines are automating knowledge work at an accelerating pace. How shall we learn and stay relevant?
Exploratory engineering in artificial intelligence
Authors: Muehlhauser Luke , Hibbard Bill
Published: August 2014

Using theoretical models to plan for AI safety.
Security, cybercrime, and scale
Authors: Herley Cormac
Published: August 2014

Defense begins by identifying the targets likely to yield the greatest reward for an attacker's investment.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptic Specificity
Authors: Yogev Shaul , Shen Kang
Published: August 2014

Precise connectivity in neuronal circuits is a prerequisite for proper brain function. The dauntingly complex environment encountered by axons and dendrites, even after navigation to their target area, prompts the question of how specificity of synaptic connections arises during development. We review developmental strategies and molecular mechanisms that are used by neurons to ensure their precise matching of pre- and postsynaptic elements. The emerging theme is that each circuit uses a combination of simple mechanisms to achieve its refined, often complex connectivity pattern. At increasing levels of resolution, from lamina choice to subcellular targeting, similar signaling concepts are reemployed to narrow the choice of potential matches. Temporal control over synapse development and synapse elimination further ensures the specificity of connections in the nervous system.
Zygotic Genome Activation During the Maternal-to-Zygotic Transition
Authors: Lee Miler T. , Bonneau Ashley R. , Giraldez Antonio J.
Published: August 2014

Embryogenesis depends on a highly coordinated cascade of genetically encoded events. In animals, maternal factors contributed by the egg cytoplasm initially control development, whereas the zygotic nuclear genome is quiescent. Subsequently, the genome is activated, embryonic gene products are mobilized, and maternal factors are cleared. This transfer of developmental control is called the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). In this review, we discuss recent advances toward understanding the scope, timing, and mechanisms that underlie zygotic genome activation at the MZT in animals. We describe high-throughput techniques to measure the embryonic transcriptome and explore how regulation of the cell cycle, chromatin, and transcription factors together elicits specific patterns of embryonic gene expression. Finally, we illustrate the interplay between zygotic transcription and maternal clearance and show how these two activities combine to reprogram two terminally differentiated gametes into a totipotent embryo.
“Mesenchymal” Stem Cells
Authors: Bianco Paolo
Published: August 2014

Two opposing descriptions of so-called mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exist at this time. One sees MSCs as the postnatal, self-renewing, and multipotent stem cells for the skeleton. This cell coincides with a specific type of bone marrow perivascular cell. In skeletal physiology, this skeletal stem cell is pivotal to the growth and lifelong turnover of bone and to its native regeneration capacity. In hematopoietic physiology, its role as a key player in maintaining hematopoietic stem cells in their niche and in regulating the hematopoietic microenvironment is emerging. In the alternative description, MSCs are ubiquitous in connective tissues and are defined by in vitro characteristics and by their use in therapy, which rests on their ability to modulate the function of host tissues rather than on stem cell properties. Here, I discuss how the two views developed, conceptually and experimentally, and attempt to clarify the confusion arising from their collision.
Spatiotemporal Basis of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue
Authors: Qi Hai , Kastenmüller Wolfgang , Germain Ronald N.
Published: August 2014

Secondary lymphoid tissues are the sites of both innate and adaptive host defense. Aside from the relatively static nonhematopoietic stromal elements and some macrophages and dendritic cells, most of the cells in these tissues are in constant movement, but the organs maintain a defined microanatomy with preferred locations for the bulk of T cells, B cells, and other lymphocytes and subsets of myeloid cells. Here we describe both the cell dynamics and spatial organization of lymph nodes and review how both physical features and molecular cues guide cell movement to optimize host defense. We emphasize the role of locality in improving the efficiency of a system requiring rare cells to find each other and interact productively through membrane-bound or short-range secreted mediators and highlight how changes in steady-state cell positioning during an infectious challenge contribute to rapid generation of productive responses.
The Phylogeny and Evolution of Ants
Authors: Ward Philip S.
Published: August 2014

Originating most likely in the early Cretaceous, ants have diversified to become the world's most successful eusocial insects, occupying most terrestrial ecosystems and acquiring a global ecological footprint. Recent advances in our understanding of ant evolutionary history have been propelled by the use of molecular phylogenetic methods, in conjunction with a rich (and still growing) fossil record. Most extant ants belong to the formicoid clade, which contains ∼90% of described species and has produced the most socially advanced and dominant forms. The remaining ants are old lineages of predominantly cryptobiotic species whose relationships to one another and to the formicoids remain unclear. Rooting the ant tree is challenging because of (a) a long branch separating ants from their nearest outgroup, and (b) heterogeneity in evolutionary rates and base composition among ant lineages. These factors will need to be given careful consideration in future phylogenomic studies of ants.
Tropical Intraseasonal Modes of the Atmosphere
Authors: Serra Yolande L. , Jiang Xianan , Tian Baijun , Amador-Astua Jorge , Maloney Eric D. , Kiladis George N.
Published: August 2014

Tropical intraseasonal variability (TISV) of the atmosphere describes the coherent variability in basic state variables, including pressure, wind, temperature, and humidity, as well as in the physical phenomena associated with the covariability of these parameters, such as rainfall and cloudiness, over synoptic (∼1,000 km, ∼1–10 days) to planetary (∼10,000 km, ∼10–100 days) scales. In the past, the characteristics of individual TISV modes were studied separately, and much has been learned from this approach. More recent studies have increasingly focused on the multiscale nature of these modes, leading to exciting new developments in our understanding of tropical meteorology. This article reviews the most recent observations of TISV and its associated impacts on regional weather, short-term climate patterns, and atmospheric chemical transports, as well as the ability of numerical models to capture these interacting modes of variability. We also suggest where the field might focus its efforts in the future.
Information Transmission in Finance
Authors: Tetlock Paul C.
Published: August 2014

Because theories in finance rely critically on what agents know, designing powerful tests of these theories requires measuring information transmission. In this review, I characterize the rapidly growing subfield directly analyzing information in financial markets. Its three hallmarks are the examination of (a) a wide array of informative events, (b) different mechanisms for transmitting information, and (c) measures of information content based on nonnumeric information. Recent research directly measures flows of information to shed light on diverse phenomena in asset pricing, such as market reactions to news and nonnews, investors’ portfolio choices, and mutual fund flows and returns, and in corporate finance, such as mergers and acquisitions, initial public offering (IPO) underpricing, and executive compensation. Continued improvements in access to data and computing power are likely to propel this line of research for years to come.
Molecular Genetic Dissection of Quantitative Trait Loci Regulating Rice Grain Size
Authors: Zuo Jianru , Li Jiayang
Published: August 2014

Grain size is one of the most important factors determining rice yield. As a quantitative trait, grain size is predominantly and tightly controlled by genetic factors. Several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for grain size have been molecularly identified and characterized. These QTLs may act in independent genetic pathways and, along with other identified genes for grain size, are mainly involved in the signaling pathways mediated by proteasomal degradation, phytohormones, and G proteins to regulate cell proliferation and cell elongation. Many of these QTLs and genes have been strongly selected for enhanced rice productivity during domestication and breeding. These findings have paved new ways for understanding the molecular basis of grain size and have substantial implications for genetic improvement of crops.
School Readiness and Self-Regulation: A Developmental Psychobiological Approach
Authors: Blair Clancy , Raver C. Cybele
Published: August 2014

Research on the development of self-regulation in young children provides a unifying framework for the study of school readiness. Self-regulation abilities allow for engagement in learning activities and provide the foundation for adjustment to school. A focus on readiness as self-regulation does not supplant interest in the development of acquired ability, such as early knowledge of letters and numbers; it sets the stage for it. In this article, we review research and theory indicating that self-regulation and consequently school readiness are the product of integrated developmental processes at the biological and behavioral levels that are shaped by the contexts in which development is occurring. In doing so, we illustrate the idea that research on self-regulation powerfully highlights ways in which gaps in school readiness and later achievement are linked to poverty and social and economic inequality and points the way to effective approaches to counteract these conditions.
The Hidden Efficacy of Interventions: Gene×Environment Experiments from a Differential Susceptibility Perspective
Authors: Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J. , van IJzendoorn Marinus H.
Published: August 2014

The efficacy of interventions might be underestimated or even go undetected as a main effect when it is hidden in gene-by-environment (G×E) interactions. This review moves beyond the problems thwarting correlational G×E research to propose genetic differential susceptibility experiments. G×E experiments can test the bright side as well as the dark side of the moderating role of genotypes traditionally considered to represent vulnerability to negative conditions. The differential susceptibility model predicts that carriers of these risk genotypes profit most from interventions changing the environment for the better. The evolutionary background of G×E and differential susceptibility is discussed, and statistical methods for the analysis of differential susceptibility (versus diathesis stress) are reviewed. Then, based on results from 22 randomized G×E experiments, meta-analytic evidence for the differential susceptibility model is presented. Intervention effects are much stronger in the susceptible genotypes than in the nonsusceptible genotypes. The final sections suggest possibilities to broaden the G component in the G×E equation by including genetic pathways, and to broaden the E component by including methylation level and gene expression as promising ways to probe the concept of the environment more deeply and address the perennial issue of what works for whom.
Pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis is associated with changes in esophageal microRNAs
Authors: Zahm Adam M. , Menard-Katcher Calies , Benitez Alain J. , Tsoucas Daphne M. , Le Guen Claire L. , Hand Nicholas J. , Friedman Joshua R.
Published: August 2014

The incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has increased in the past several years, yet our understanding of its pathogenesis remains limited. To test the hypothesis that microRNAs (miRNAs) are altered in children with EoE, miRNAs were profiled in esophageal mucosa biopsies obtained from patients with active disease ( n = 5) and healthy control subjects ( n = 6). Fourteen miRNAs were significantly altered between groups; four of these miRNAs were decreased in EoE patients. A panel of five miRNAs (miR-203, miR-375, miR-21, miR-223, and miR-142-3p) were selected for validation in an independent set of samples from control ( n = 22), active disease ( n = 22), inactive disease ( n = 22), and gastroesophageal reflux disease ( n = 6) patients. Each panel miRNA was significantly altered among groups. miRNA changes in esophageal biopsies were not reflected in the circulating RNA pool, as no differences in panel miRNA levels were observed in sera collected from the four patient groups. In addition, in contrast to previous studies, no change in esophageal miRNA levels was detected following treatment that resolved esophageal eosinophilia. In an effort to identify the ramifications of reduced esophageal miR-203, miR-203 activity was inhibited in cultured epithelial cells via expression of a tough decoy miRNA inhibitor. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-203 does not directly regulate human IL-15 through targeting of the IL-15 3′-untranslated region. From these experiments, it is concluded that miRNAs are perturbed in the esophageal mucosa, but not the serum, of pediatric EoE patients. Further investigation is required to decipher pathologically relevant consequences of miRNA perturbation in this context.
Effect ofRothia mucilaginosaenzymes on gliadin (gluten) structure, deamidation, and immunogenic epitopes relevant to celiac disease
Authors: Tian Na , Wei Guoxian , Schuppan Detlef , Helmerhorst Eva J.
Published: August 2014

Rothia mucilaginosa, a natural microbial inhabitant of the oral cavity, cleaves gluten (gliadin) proteins at regions that are resistant to degradation by mammalian enzymes. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent the R. mucilaginosa cell-associated enzymes abolish gliadin immunogenic properties. Degradation of total gliadins and highly immunogenic gliadin 33-mer or 26-mer peptides was monitored by SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC, and fragments were sequenced by liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Peptide deamidation by tissue transglutaminase (TG2), a critical step in rendering the fragments more immunogenic, was assessed by TG2-mediated cross-linking to monodansyl cadaverine (MDC), and by a +1-Da mass difference by LC-ESI-MS. Survival of potential immunogenic gliadin epitopes was determined by use of the R5 antibody-based ELISA. R. mucilaginosa-associated enzymes cleaved gliadins, 33-mer and 26-mer peptides into smaller fragments. TG2-mediated cross-linking showed a perfect inverse relationship with intact 33-mer and 26-mer peptide levels, and major degradation fragments showed a slow rate of MDC cross-linking of 6.18 ± 2.20 AU/min compared with 97.75 ± 10.72 and 84.17 ± 3.25 AU/min for the intact 33-mer and 26-mer, respectively, which was confirmed by reduced TG2-mediated deamidation of the fragments in mass spectrometry. Incubation of gliadins with Rothia cells reduced R5 antibody binding by 20, 82, and 97% after 30 min, 2 h, and 5 h, respectively, which was paralleled by reduced reactivity of enzyme-treated 33-mer and 26-mer peptides in the R5 competitive ELISA. Our broad complementary approach to validate gluten degrading activities qualifies R. mucilaginosa-associated enzymes as promising tools to neutralize T cell immunogenic properties for treatment of celiac disease.
Characterization of right ventricular remodeling and failure in a chronic pulmonary hypertension model
Authors: Aguero Jaume , Ishikawa Kiyotake , Hadri Lahouaria , Santos-Gallego Carlos , Fish Kenneth , Hammoudi Nadjib , Chaanine Antoine , Torquato Samantha , Naim Charbel , Ibanez Borja , Pereda Daniel , García-Alvarez Ana , Fuster Valentin , Sengupta Partho P. , Leopold Jane A. , Hajjar Roger J.
Published: August 2014

In pulmonary hypertension (PH), right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and failure is the main determinant of a poor prognosis. We aimed to characterize RV structural and functional differences during adaptive RV remodeling and progression to RV failure in a large animal model of chronic PH. Postcapillary PH was created surgically in swine ( n = 21). After an 8- to 14-wk follow-up, two groups were identified based on the development of overt heart failure (HF): PH-NF (nonfailing, n = 12) and PH-HF ( n = 8). In both groups, invasive hemodynamics, pressure-volume relationships, and echocardiography confirmed a significant increase in pulmonary pressures and vascular resistance consistent with PH. Histological analysis also demonstrated distal pulmonary arterial (PA) remodeling in both groups. Diastolic dysfunction, defined by a steeper RV end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship and longitudinal strain, was found in the absence of HF as an early marker of RV remodeling. RV contractility was increased in both groups, and RV-PA coupling was preserved in PH-NF animals but impaired in the PH-HF group. RV hypertrophy was present in PH-HF, although there was evidence of increased RV fibrosis in both PH groups. In the PH-HF group, RV sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase2a expression was decreased, and endoplasmic reticulum stress was increased. Aldosterone levels were also elevated in PH-HF. Thus, in the swine pulmonary vein banding model of chronic postcapillary PH, RV remodeling occurs at the structural, histological, and molecular level. Diastolic dysfunction and fibrosis are present in adaptive RV remodeling, whereas the onset of RV failure is associated with RV-PA uncoupling, defective calcium handling, and hyperaldosteronism.