bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High cloud size dependency in the applicability of the fixed anvil temperature hypothesis using global nonhydrostatic simulations
Authors: Noda A. T. , Seiki T. , Satoh M. , Yamada Y.
Published: February 2016

The applicability of the fixed anvil temperature (FAT) hypothesis is examined using data of a global nonhydrostatic model, focusing particularly on high cloud size dependency. Decomposition of outgoing‐longwave radiation (OLR) into three components, including cloud top temperature (TCT), upward cloud emissivity (ε), and clear‐sky OLR (FCLR), reveals that the relative contributions of these three components to changes of OLR are highly dependent on cloud size. That is, the FAT hypothesis is applicable only for smaller clouds, because the contribution of TCT by those clouds is small, and ε is more important. In contrast, for larger clouds, the contribution of ε is comparable to that of TCT, and thus, both components are equally important. FCLR slightly reduces OLR but shows dependence on cloud size.
Tide‐modulated ice flow variations drive seismicity near the calving front of Bowdoin Glacier, Greenland
Authors: Podolskiy Evgeny A. , Sugiyama Shin , Funk Martin , Walter Fabian , Genco Riccardo , Tsutaki Shun , Minowa Masahiro , Ripepe Maurizio
Published: February 2016

Glacier microseismicity is a promising tool to study glacier dynamics. However, physical processes connecting seismic signals and ice dynamics are not clearly understood at present. Particularly, the relationship between tide‐modulated seismicity and dynamics of calving glaciers remains elusive. Here we analyze records from an on‐ice seismometer placed 250 m from the calving front of Bowdoin Glacier, Greenland. Using high‐frequency glacier flow speed measurements, we show that the microseismic activity is related to strain rate variations. The seismic activity correlates with longitudinal stretching measured at the glacier surface. Both higher melt rates and falling tides accelerate glacier motion and increase longitudinal stretching. Long‐term microseismic monitoring could therefore provide insights on how a calving glacier's force balance and flow regime react to changes at the ice‐ocean interface.
The auroral ionosphere TEC response to an interplanetary shock
Authors: Jin Yaqi , Zhou Xiaoyan , Moen Jøran I. , Hairston Marc
Published: February 2016

This letter investigates the global total electron content (TEC) response in the auroral ionosphere to an interplanetary shock on 8 March 2012, using GPS TEC data from three pierce point chains. One is a longitudinal chain along ~65° magnetic latitude (MLAT) from ~19 magnetic local time (MLT) through dayside to 03 MLT clockwise; one meridional chain is around 14 MLT from 88° to 59° MLAT; and the third one is a chain along ~75° MLAT from ~14 to 00 MLT clockwise. The first chain clearly presents a TEC signal propagation away from ~14 MLT, indicating the shock impact location. Such a propagation is well consistent with the diffuse shock aurora propagation, and the impact location is well predicted by the shock normal direction calculated using the Geotail solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field data. The meridional chain reveals a very fast TEC signal equatorward expansion at ~45 km/s, which is the manifestation of the shock impact and further compression near the subsolar magnetopause. While TEC along the high‐latitude chain varies randomly, lacking any pattern, it is consistent with the discrete aurora dynamics along the poleward boundary of the auroral oval. These findings strongly support the shock aurora mechanisms of adiabatic compression and field‐aligned current establishment or enhancement, suggest that due to the same mechanisms a shock‐generated TEC variation is a “duplication” of the shock aurora from the global picture to the auroral forms and their dynamics, and open the door for the TEC to be an important tool to understand the solar wind and geospace coupling. These results, for the first time, reveal the prompt, intense, and global ionospheric TEC response to the interplanetary fast‐forward shock.
Daytime midlatitude plasma depletions observed by Swarm: Topside signatures of the rocket exhaust
Authors: Park Jaeheung , Kil Hyosub , Stolle Claudia , Lühr Hermann , Coley William R. , Coster Anthea , Kwak Young‐Sil
Published: February 2016

The daytime midlatitude plasma depletions (DMLPDs) observed on 22 May 2014 and 20 May 2015 by the Swarm constellation are not explained by any known natural phenomena. The DMLPDs were detected after rocket launches, and the DMLPD traces converged to the launch station. The event in 2015, for which sufficient total electron content (TEC) data are available, is accompanied with TEC depletion lasting for about 6 h. The persistence generally agrees with the lifetime expected for rocket exhaust depletions (REDs) which is determined by the recombination of the ionospheric oxygen ion with water molecules in the rocket exhaust. These results lead to the conclusion that DMLPDs are REDs in the topside. The RED characteristics identified from the observations on both days are (1) enhancement in electron temperature, (2) reduction in electron pressure, and (3) absence of substructures down to scale sizes of about 8 km (Nyquist's scale size).
Uncovering Uncertainty through Disagreement
Authors: Paletz Susannah B. F. , Chan Joel , Schunn Christian D.
Published: February 2016

This study explored the association between different types of brief disagreements and subsequent levels of expressed psychological uncertainty, a fundamental cognitive aspect of complex problem solving. We examined 11 hours (11 861 utterances) of conversations in expert science teams, sampled across the first 90 days of the Mars Exploration Rover mission. Utterances were independently coded for micro‐conflicts and expressed psychological uncertainty. Using time‐lagged hierarchical linear modeling applied to blocks of 25 utterances, we found that micro‐conflicts regarding rover planning were followed by greater uncertainty. Brief disagreements about science issues were followed by an increase in expressed uncertainty early in the mission. Examining the potential reverse temporal association, uncertainty actually predicted fewer subsequent disagreements, ruling out indirect, third variable associations of conflict and uncertainty. Overall, these findings suggest that some forms of disagreement may serve to uncover important areas of uncertainty in complex teamwork, perhaps via revealing differences in mental models.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct Holographic Patterning of ZnO
Authors: Chevalier‐César Clotaire , Nomenyo Komla , Rumyantseva Anna , Gokarna Anisha , Gwiazda Agnieszka , Lérondel Gilles
Published: February 2016

Zinc oxide thin films are holographically patterned on submicronic scale by direct photodissolution method. The photodissolution process in solution is highly sensitive in the UV range (355 nm). 1D and 2D nanostructures are successfully obtained by this photoresist‐free process. The kinetic of the reaction is studied by recording the transmitted intensity through the evolution of the ZnO film thickness along the reaction time. Application of an electrical potential strongly increases the dissolution rate (1.5 μm min−1) and decreases the pattern formation time. As a first demonstration of the potential of all‐in liquid direct ZnO heterostructuring, selective growth of ZnO nanorods is performed by chemical bath deposition using holographically patterned ZnO films as a substrate.
Electrically Activated Paper Actuators
Authors: Hamedi Mahiar M. , Campbell Victoria E. , Rothemund Philipp , Güder Firat , Christodouleas Dionysios C. , Bloch Jean‐Francis , Whitesides George M.
Published: February 2016

This paper describes the design and fabrication of electrically controlled paper actuators that operate based on the dimensional changes that occur in paper when the moisture absorbed on the surface of the cellulose fibers changes. These actuators are called “Hygroexpansive Electrothermal Paper Actuators” (HEPAs). The actuators are made from paper, conducting polymer, and adhesive tape. They are lightweight, inexpensive, and can be fabricated using simple printing techniques. The central element of the HEPAs is a porous conducting path (used to provide electrothermal heating) that changes the moisture content of the paper and causes actuation. This conducting path is made by embedding a conducting polymer (PEDOT:PSS) within the paper, and thus making a paper/polymer composite that retains the porosity and hydrophilicity of paper. Different types of HEPAs (straight, precurved, and creased) achieved different types of motions (e.g., bending motion, accordion type motion). A theoretical model for their behavior is proposed. These actuators have been used for the manipulation of liquids and for the fabrication of an optical shutter.
Analysis of Osteoclastogenesis/Osteoblastogenesis on Nanotopographical Titania Surfaces
Authors: Silverwood Robert K. , Fairhurst Paul G. , Sjöström Terje , Welsh Findlay , Sun Yuxin , Li Gang , Yu Bin , Young Peter S. , Su Bo , Meek Robert M. D. , Dalby Matthew J. , Tsimbouri Penelope M.
Published: February 2016

A focus of orthopedic research is to improve osteointegration and outcomes of joint replacement. Material surface topography has been shown to alter cell adhesion, proliferation, and growth. The use of nanotopographical features to promote cell adhesion and bone formation is hoped to improve osteointegration and clinical outcomes. Use of block‐copolymer self‐assembled nanopatterns allows nanopillars to form via templated anodization with control over height and order, which has been shown to be of cellular importance. This project assesses the outcome of a human bone marrow‐derived co‐culture of adherent osteoprogenitors and osteoclast progenitors on polished titania and titania patterned with 15 nm nanopillars, fabricated by a block‐copolymer templated anodization technique. Substrate implantation in rabbit femurs is performed to confirm the in vivo bone/implant integration. Quantitative and qualitative results demonstrate increased osteogenesis on the nanopillar substrate with scanning electron microscopy, histochemical staining, and real‐time quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis performed. Osteoblast/osteoclast co‐culture analysis shows an increase in osteoblastogenesis‐related gene expression and reduction in osteoclastogenesis. Supporting this in vitro finding, in vivo implantation of substrates in rabbit femora indicates increased implant/bone contact by ≈20%. These favorable osteogenic characteristics demonstrate the potential of 15 nm titania nanopillars fabricated by the block‐copolymer templated anodization technique.
Poly(Limonene Thioether) Scaffold for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Fischer Kristin M. , Morgan Kathy Ye , Hearon Keith , Sklaviadis Demetra , Tochka Zachary L. , Fenton Owen S. , Anderson Daniel G. , Langer Robert , Freed Lisa E.
Published: February 2016

A photocurable thiol‐ene network polymer, poly(limonene thioether) (PLT32o), is synthesized, characterized, fabricated into tissue engineering scaffolds, and demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Micromolded PLT32o grids exhibit compliant, elastomeric mechanical behavior similar to grids made of poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS), an established biomaterial. Multilayered PL32o scaffolds with regular, geometrically defined pore architectures support heart cell seeding and culture in a manner similar to multilayered PGS scaffolds. Subcutaneous implantation of multilayered PLT32o scaffolds with cultured heart cells provides long‐term 3D structural support and retains the exogenous cells, whereas PGS scaffolds lose both their structural integrity and the exogenous cells over 31 d in vivo. PLT32o membrane implants retain their dry mass, whereas PGS implants lose 70 percent of their dry mass by day 31. Macrophages are initially recruited to PLT32o and PGS membrane implants but are no longer present by day 31. Facile synthesis and processing in combination with the capability to support heart cells in vitro and in vivo suggest that PLT32o can offer advantages for tissue engineering applications where prolonged in vivo maintenance of 3D structural integrity and elastomeric mechanical behavior are required.
Upregulating Hif‐1α by Hydrogel Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Rapidly Recruiting Angiogenesis Relative Cells in Diabetic Wound
Authors: Chen Hao , Jia Peng , Kang Hui , Zhang Hongbo , Liu Yi , Yang Peilang , Yan Yufei , Zuo Guilai , Guo Lei , Jiang Min , Qi Jin , Liu Yuanyuan , Cui Wenguo , Santos Hélder A. , Deng Lianfu
Published: February 2016

Nonhealing chronic wounds on foot are one of the most dreaded complications of diabetes, and biomedical scaffolds remain an attractive option for repairing or regenerating tissues. Accelerating angiogenesis in the early stage after injury is critical to wound healing process; however, the scaffolds accelerate the angiogenesis in the beginning but with the acceleration of vessel network formation the scaffold network hinders the process. In this study, the water soluble drugs‐loaded hydrogel nanofibrous scaffolds are designed for rapidly recruiting angiogenesis relative cells and promoting wound healing. The sustained release profile of desferrioxamine (DFO), which continues for about 72 h, leads to significantly increase of neovascularization. The majority of the scaffold is degraded in 14 d, leaving enough space for cell proliferation and vessel formation. The in vitro results show that the scaffolds upregulate the expression of Hif‐1α and vascular endothelial growth factor, and enhance the interaction between fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The in vivo studies show a higher expression of angiogenesis related cytokines. This study demonstrates that the DFO released from hydrogel nanofibrous scaffolds of quick degradation can interfere with the required prolyl‐hydroxylases cofactors by acting as Fe2+ chelator and upregulate the expression of Hif‐1α, leading to a significant increase of the neovascularization.
Ene Reductase Enzymes for the Aromatisation of Tetralones and Cyclohexenones to Naphthols and Phenols
Authors: Kelly Paul P. , Lipscomb David , Quinn Derek J. , Lemon Ken , Caswell Jill , Spratt Jenny , Kosjek Birgit , Truppo Matthew , Moody Thomas S.
Published: February 2016

Ene reductases (EREDs) have great potential as oxidation biocatalysts, as demonstrated by their efficient conversion of a number of tetralones to the corresponding naphthols. Of 96 enzymes tested, 57 were able to produce 2‐naphthol in this way. Further tests with substituted tetralones revealed typically high conversions up to >99%. The reactions were performed under mild conditions in aqueous buffer with only co‐solvent, biocatalyst and oxidation substrate required for conversion. Production of a methoxy‐substituted naphthol was also successfully performed on a gram scale, with 91% yield. This methodology provides a new avenue to produce substituted naphthols as valuable building blocks, with the possibility to extend the approach to the production of phenols also being demonstrated.

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Catalysts Containing the Adamantane Scaffold
Authors: Agnew‐Francis Kylie A. , Williams Craig M.
Published: February 2016

The bulky, but symmetrically beautiful, adamantane ring system is now pervasive throughout physical, medicinal and synthetic chemistry, since it was first discovered in 1924 and coined “dekaterpene”. This fascinating name lived up to its natural product roots when adamantane was isolated from crude oil in 1933, but it was not until 1957 in a landmark contribution by Paul von Ragué Schleyer that adamantane was made readily accessible through synthesis. Beyond the legacy to physical and medicinal chemistry, the adamantane moiety has been quintessential in the development of some of the most important catalysts to date. Considering adamantane's impact on catalyst development past, present and future, this subject is for the first time reviewed herein.

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tert‐Butoxide‐Mediated Arylation of 2‐Substituted Cyanoacetates with Diaryliodonium Salts
Authors: Qian Xiaofei , Han Jianwei , Wang Limin
Published: February 2016

A transition metal‐free direct arylation of 2‐substituted cyanoacetates with diaryliodonium salts was developed. With this approach, a wide range of α‐tolunitrile derivatives has been synthesized in good to excellent yields of 45–92%. Furthermore, the practicability of this approach is further manifested in the synthesis of a related bioactive agent of glutarimide.

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Preparation and Performance of PVC/CNT Nanocomposite
Authors: Wang Xiao Hua , Mu Yuan Hua , Tang Qi , Li Chuan Qiang
Published: February 2016

The PVC/CNT nanocomposite was prepared with commercial poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) beads and multiwall carbon nanotube (CNT). The comparative values of the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) and electrical conductivity of PVC/CNT nanocomposite in the presence and absence of PVC beads were described. The results showed that the EMI SE values and electrical conductivity values of PVC/CNT nanocomposite had increased compared to those without PVC beads. After the addition of PVC beads, both values of the EMI SE and electrical conductivity had also increased with the increasing of the amount of PVC bead on the PVC/CNT nanocomposite, and the PVC/CNT nanocomposite in the presence of PVC bead showed high EMI SE value (22.6 dB at 4.0 wt% CNT loading in the presence of 70 wt% bead) and high conductivity value (5.31×10−2S cm−1 at 1.0 wt% CNT loading in the presence of 70 wt% bead) at low CNT loading. Thus, PVC beads effectively play a major role in enhancing the EMI SE value and electrical conductivity value of the nanocomposite. To check the bead region and solvent‐dried CNT region in the nanocomposite, morphological studies have been done and morphological studies of the PVC/CNT nanocomposite supported the two‐phase regions in the composite and the selective dispersion of the CNT in the solvent‐dried phase has been clearly observed.
Comparative mRNA analysis of behavioral and genetic mouse models of aggression
Authors: Malki Karim , Tosto Maria G. , Pain Oliver , Sluyter Frans , Mineur Yann S. , Crusio Wim E. , de Boer Sietse , Sandnabba Kenneth N. , Kesserwani Jad , Robinson Edward , Schalkwyk Leonard C. , Asherson Philip
Published: February 2016

Mouse models of aggression have traditionally compared strains, most notably BALB/cJ and C57BL/6. However, these strains were not designed to study aggression despite differences in aggression‐related traits and distinct reactivity to stress. This study evaluated expression of genes differentially regulated in a stress (behavioral) mouse model of aggression with those from a recent genetic mouse model aggression. The study used a discovery‐replication design using two independent mRNA studies from mouse brain tissue. The discovery study identified strain (BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J) × stress (chronic mild stress or control) interactions. Probe sets differentially regulated in the discovery set were intersected with those uncovered in the replication study, which evaluated differences between high and low aggressive animals from three strains specifically bred to study aggression. Network analysis was conducted on overlapping genes uncovered across both studies. A significant overlap was found with the genetic mouse study sharing 1,916 probe sets with the stress model. Fifty‐one probe sets were found to be strongly dysregulated across both studies mapping to 50 known genes. Network analysis revealed two plausible pathways including one centered on the UBC gene hub which encodes ubiquitin, a protein well‐known for protein degradation, and another on P38 MAPK. Findings from this study support the stress model of aggression, which showed remarkable molecular overlap with a genetic model. The study uncovered a set of candidate genes including the Erg2 gene, which has previously been implicated in different psychopathologies. The gene networks uncovered points at a Redox pathway as potentially being implicated in aggressive related behaviors. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Olefinmetathese als aufstrebende Methode zur Herstellung von Pharmazeutika und Spezialchemikalien
Authors: Higman Carolyn S. , Lummiss Justin A. M. , Fogg Deryn E.
Published: February 2016

Dieser Kurzaufsatz behandelt die kürzliche Einführung molekularer Metathesekatalysatoren in die Produktion von Spezialchemikalien und Pharmazeutika.
Cationic Cobalt(III) Catalyzed Indole Synthesis: The Regioselective Intermolecular Cyclization of N‐Nitrosoanilines and Alkynes
Authors: Liang Yujie , Jiao Ning
Published: February 2016

The unique regioselectivity and reactivity of cobalt(III) in the direct cyclization of N‐nitrosoanilines with alkynes for the expedient synthesis of N‐substituted indoles is demonstrated. In the presence of a cobalt(III) catalyst, high regioselectivity was observed when using unsymmetrical meta‐substituted N‐nitrosoanilines. Moreover, internal alkynes bearing electron‐deficient groups, which are almost unreactive in the [Cp*RhIII]‐catalyzed system, display good reactivity in this transformation.
An Alignment Medium for Measuring Residual Dipolar Couplings in Pure DMSO: Liquid Crystals from Graphene Oxide Grafted with Polymer Brushes
Authors: Zong Wen , Li Gao‐Wei , Cao Jiang‐Ming , Lei Xinxiang , Hu Mao‐Lin , Sun Han , Griesinger Christian , Tan Ren Xiang
Published: February 2016

Residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) have attracted attention in light of their great impact on the structural elucidation of organic molecules. However, the effectiveness of RDC measurements is limited by the shortage of alignment media compatible with widely used organic solvents, such as DMSO. Herein, we present the first liquid crystal (LC) based alignment medium that is compatible with pure DMSO, thus enabling RDC measurements of polar and intermediate polarity molecules. The liquid crystals were obtained by grafting polymer brushes onto graphene oxide (GO) using free radical polymerization. The resulting new medium offers several advantages, such as absence of background signals, narrow line shapes, and tunable alignment. Importantly, this medium is compatible with π‐conjugated molecules. Moreover, sonication‐induced fragmentation can reduce the size of GO sheets. The resulting anisotropic medium has moderate alignment strength, which is a prerequisite for an accurate RDC measurement.
Enhanced Pseudocapacitance in Multicomponent Transition‐Metal Oxides by Local Distortion of Oxygen Octahedra
Authors: Lee Hyeon Jeong , Lee Ji Hoon , Chung Sung‐Yoon , Choi Jang Wook
Published: February 2016

Anomalously high pseudocapacitance of a metal oxide was observed when Ni, Co, and Mn were mixed in a solid solution. Analysis by X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy (XANES) identified a wider redox swing of Ni as the origin of the enlarged pseudocapacitance. Ab initio DFT calculations revealed that aliovalent species resulting from the copresence of multiple transition metals can generate permanent local distortions of [NiO6] octahedra. As this type of distortion breaks the degenerate eg level of Ni2+, the Jahn–Teller lattice instability necessary for the Ni2+/3+ redox flip can be effectively diminished during charge–discharge, thus resulting in the significantly increased capacitance. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding structure–property correlation related to local structural distortions in improving the performance of pseudocapacitors.
Synergistic Kinetic Resolution and Asymmetric Propargyl Claisen Rearrangement for the Synthesis of Chiral Allenes
Authors: Liu Yangbin , Liu Xiaohua , Hu Haipeng , Guo Jing , Xia Yong , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: February 2016

The asymmetric propargyl Claisen rearrangement provides a convenient entry to chiral allene motifs. Herein, we describe the development of a kinetic resolution and asymmetric rearrangement of racemic propargyl vinyl ethers. This transformation afforded chiral allene products along with the enantiomerically enriched substrate in good yields with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity. The complete chirality transfer and facially selective rearrangement enabled the simultaneous construction of an axially chiral allenic unit and a quaternary carbon stereocenter.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur Co‐Doped Hollow Carbon Shell as Superior Metal‐Free Catalyst for Selective Oxidation of Aromatic Alkanes
Authors: Yang Shuliang , Peng Li , Huang Peipei , Wang Xiaoshi , Sun Yongbin , Cao Changyan , Song Weiguo
Published: February 2016

Metal‐free heteroatom‐doped carbocatalysts with a high surface area are desirable for catalytic reactions. In this study, we found an efficient strategy to prepare nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur co‐doped hollow carbon shells (denote as NPS‐HCS) with a surface area of 1020 m2 g−1. Using a poly(cyclotriphosphazene‐co‐4,4′‐sulfonyldiphenol) (PZS) shell as carbon source and N, P, S‐doping source, and the ZIF‐67 core as structural template as well as extra N‐doping source, NPS‐HCS were obtained with a high surface area and superhydrophilicity. All these features render the prepared NPS‐HCS a superior metal‐free carbocatalyst for the selective oxidation of aromatic alkanes in aqueous solution. This study provides a reliable and facile route to prepare doped carbocatalysts with enhanced catalytic properties.
Immobilized Pd on (S)‐methyl histidinate‐modified multi‐walled carbon nanotubes: a powerful and recyclable catalyst for Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura C–C cross‐coupling reactions in green solvents and under mild conditions
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Khorsandi Zahra
Published: February 2016

A stable and powerful heterogeneous palladium catalyst was synthesized using immobilized palladium on (S)‐methyl histidinate bonded onto the surface of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes. The catalyst was characterized using a combination of Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction and inductively coupled plasma, thermogravimetric and elemental analyses. This new air‐ and moisture‐stable phosphine‐free palladium catalyst was found to be highly active and reusable in Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions in poly(ethylene glycol) and aqueous ethanol as green solvents using an extremely small amount of palladium under mild conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, DNA binding, nuclease activity and cytotoxic studies of a wheel‐shaped octanuclear copper(II) complex based on 1,2,4‐triazole
Authors: Li Dong‐Dong , Zhang Na , Dai Lin‐Lin , Yang Zi‐Bo , Tao Zun‐Wei
Published: February 2016

The antitumor activity shown by many platinum complexes has produced a strong interest in research of new organometallic compounds. Among the metal compounds synthesized and tested, copper compounds have received considerable attention because of their cytotoxic activity against solid tumors. A novel wheel‐shaped octanuclear copper(II) complex with a 1,2,4‐triazole derivative ligand formulated as [Cu8L4](ClO4)8⋅11H2O (1) (L = 3,5‐bis((bis(2‐hydroxylethyl)amino)methyl)‐4 H‐1,2,4,‐triazole‐4‐amine) has been synthesized and structurally characterized. In 1, eight Cu atoms are linked through 1,2,4‐triazole units and alkoxide bridges to form a centrosymmetric octanuclear Cu(II) metallomacrocycle. The interaction of complex 1 with calf thymus DNA has been studied using UV absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopies, viscosity measurements and cyclic voltammetry. The apparent binding constant (kapp) value for 1 is 1.59 × 105 M−1. Furthermore, complex 1 displays efficient oxidative cleavage of supercoiled DNA in the presence of external agents, the rate constant for the conversion of supercoiled to nicked DNA being 2.67 × 10−5 s−1. Interestingly, cytotoxicity studies on the MCF‐7 human breast cancer cell line show that the IC50 value of 1 is less than that of cisplatin for the same cell line, revealing that it has the potential to act as an effective metal‐based anticancer drug. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ceramic hollow fiber‐supported PDMS composite membranes for oxygen enrichment from air
Authors: Pian Changhong , Shen Jie , Liu Gongping , Liu Zhengkun , Jin Wanqin
Published: February 2016

Oxygen‐enriched air has attracted increasing attention owing to its potential industrial application. In this work, ceramic hollow fiber‐supported polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite membranes were applied in separation of oxygen from air. The influence of PDMS layer thickness, pressure difference, temperature, and feed concentration on the oxygen‐enriching performance was systematically investigated. The results indicated that the membrane (with the optimal PDMS layer thickness of 25 µm) achieved oxygen permeance of 104 GPU (1 GPU = 10−6 cm3 standard temperature and pressure (STP)/cm2 s cmHg) with O2/N2 ideal selectivity of 2.0 at room temperature and 0.1 MPa difference pressure. Over 10 days continuous operation, this enrichment performance kept stable, in which the oxygen concentration enriched from air can maintain about 30% by single‐stage separation through the membrane. Our work demonstrated that the ceramic hollow fiber‐supported PDMS composite membrane could be a competitive oxygen enrichment membrane for industry application. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RESVERATROL AND COUMARIC ACID ON TWO MAJOR GROUNDNUT PESTS AND THEIR EGG PARASITOID BEHAVIOR
Authors: Sambangi Pratyusha , Rani Pathipati Usha
Published: February 2016

Groundnut, Arachis hypogea L., is one of the plant species that synthesizes phenolic compounds, resveratrol and coumaric acid. They are induced as a defense strategy in plant in response to feeding lepidopterans. The present study investigated the role of resveratrol and coumaric acid in producing antiherbivore effects as a direct defense against two major groundnut pests, Spodoptera litura F. and Amsacta albistriga W., and in indirect defense by attracting the egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis Ishii under laboratory conditions. The phenolic compounds deterred the feeding of both pests and caused reduction in the larval weights in a dose‐dependent manner in leaf disk bioassays. Antioxidant mechanisms of larvae fed with these phenols were measured by estimating the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX), and catalase (CAT). Enzyme activities increased significantly in experimental larvae, more so in resveratrol‐treated than in coumaric acid treated larvae. Feeding larvae with resveratrol and coumaric acid resulted in enhanced activities of detoxifying enzymes, carboxyl esterase (EST), and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) in the midgut tissues of both species, indicating the toxic nature of these compounds. Trichogramma chilonis was more attracted toward coumaric acid treatments in Y‐olfactometer tests than to resveratrol. This study contributes to the understanding of the roles of resveratrol and coumaric acid in direct as well as indirect defense, we infer a possible utilization of these compounds in alternate measures of groundnut pest control in future.
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Water Oxidation by Persulfate
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Jung Jieun , Yamada Yusuke , Kojima Takahiko , Nam Wonwoo
Published: February 2016

Photocatalytic water oxidation by persulfate (Na2S2O8) with [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) as a photocatalyst provides a standard protocol to study the catalytic reactivity of water oxidation catalysts. The yield of evolved oxygen per persulfate is regarded as a good index for the catalytic reactivity because the oxidation of bpy of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and organic ligands of catalysts competes with the catalytic water oxidation. A variety of metal complexes act as catalysts in the photocatalytic water oxidation by persulfate with [Ru(bpy)3]2+ as a photocatalyst. Herein, the catalytic mechanisms are discussed for homogeneous water oxidation catalysis. Some metal complexes are converted to metal oxide or hydroxide nanoparticles during the photocatalytic water oxidation by persulfate, acting as precursors for the actual catalysts. The catalytic reactivity of various metal oxides is compared based on the yield of evolved oxygen and turnover frequency. A heteropolynuclear cyanide complex is the best catalyst reported so far for the photocatalytic water oxidation by persulfate and [Ru(bpy)3]2+, affording 100 % yield of O2 per persulfate.
Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Routes in Water Oxidation Catalysis Starting from CuII Complexes with Tetraaza Macrocyclic Ligands
Authors: Prevedello Andrea , Bazzan Irene , Dalle Carbonare Nicola , Giuliani Angela , Bhardwaj Sunil , Africh Cristina , Cepek Cinzia , Argazzi Roberto , Bonchio Marcella , Caramori Stefano , Robert Marc , Sartorel Andrea
Published: February 2016

Since the first report in 2012, molecular copper complexes have been proposed as efficient electrocatalysts for water oxidation reactions, carried out in alkaline/neutral aqueous media. However, in some cases the copper species have been recognized as precursors of an active copper oxide layer, electrodeposited onto the working electrode. Therefore, the question whether copper catalysis is molecular or not is particularly relevant in the field of water oxidation. In this study, we investigate the electrochemical activity of copper(II) complexes with two tetraaza macrocyclic ligands, distinguishing heterogeneous or homogeneous processes depending on the reaction media. In an alkaline aqueous solution, and upon application of an anodic bias to working electrodes, an active copper oxide layer is observed to electrodeposit at the electrode surface. Conversely, water oxidation in neutral aqueous buffers is not associated to formation of the copper oxide layer, and could be exploited to evaluate and optimize a molecular, homogeneous catalysis.
Development of the anxiety scale for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASC‐ASD)
Authors: Rodgers Jacqui , Wigham Sarah , McConachie Helen , Freeston Mark , Honey Emma , Parr Jeremy R.
Published: February 2016

Many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience high levels of anxiety. A widely used measure for typically developing children is the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS). However, such anxiety measures may require adaptation to accommodate characteristics of those with ASD. An adapted version of the RCADS was created based on empirical evidence of anxiety phenomenology in ASD, which included additional items related to sensory anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and phobias. Content validity was refined during focus groups with parents. Polychoric factor analysis was undertaken on data from 170 children with ASD, aged 8‐16, and their parents. This process resulted in the creation of a new 24 item scale (self and parent report) each with four subscales: Performance Anxiety, Uncertainty, Anxious Arousal, and Separation Anxiety, with evidence of good reliability and validity. The freely available Anxiety Scale for Children ‐ ASD, Parent and Child versions (ASC‐ASD) has promising psychometric properties including good internal consistency, validity, and 1 month test–retest reliability. Autism Res 2016, 9: 1205–1215. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrated enzyme production lowers the cost of cellulosic ethanol
Authors: Johnson Eric
Published: February 2016

Previous studies of cellulosic‐ethanol production have shown that the cost of producing cellulase is surprisingly significant, and that reducing this cost is key to making cellulosic‐ethanol economically viable. This study confirms that finding, and compares the costs of the three approaches for producing cellulase: off‐site, on‐site, and integrated. It finds that the integrated method is the lowest cost, primarily because it substitutes an inexpensive feedstock, biomass, for a relatively expensive one, glucose. This substitution also makes the ethanol a 100% second‐generation biofuel, i.e., it uses no ‘food for fuel’. This study also compares the activity of cellulase produced by the integrated method versus that produced by the off‐site method. Laboratory trials of the two show the ‘integrated’ cellulase to be better or equal to commercially available ‘off‐site’ cellulase in converting cellulose to sugar. © 2016 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts, Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of chiral 2‐alkanols from n‐alkanes by a P. putida whole‐cell biocatalyst
Authors: Tieves Florian , Erenburg Isabelle N. , Mahmoud Osama , Urlacher Vlada B.
Published: February 2016

The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP154A8 from Nocardia farcinica was previously found to catalyze hydroxylation of linear alkanes (C7–C9) with a high regio‐ and stereoselectivity. The objective of this study was to integrate CYP154A8 along with suitable redox partners into a whole‐cell system for the production of chiral 2‐alkanols starting from alkanes. Both recombinant Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida whole‐cell biocatalysts tested for this purpose showed the ability to produce chiral alkanols, but a solvent tolerant P. putida strain demonstrated several advantages in the applied biphasic reaction system. The optimized P. putida whole‐cell system produced ∼16 mM (S)‐2‐octanol with 87% ee from octane, which is more than sevenfold higher than the previously described system with isolated enzymes. The achieved enantiopurity of the product could further be increased up to 99% ee by adding an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) to the alkane‐oxidizing P. putida whole‐cell systems. By using this setup for the individual conversions of heptane, octane or nonane, 2.6 mM (S)‐2‐heptanol with 91% ee, 5.4 mM (S)‐2‐octanol with 97% ee, or 5.5 mM (S)‐2‐nonanol with 97% ee were produced, respectively. The achieved concentrations of chiral 2‐alkanols are the highest reported for a P450‐based whole‐cell system so far. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1845–1852. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Hollow Silver Spheres using Spherical Vaterite‐type Calcium Carbonate as Template
Authors: Park Minyoung , Go Hani , Kim Jae‐Hyun , Rhee Seog Woo
Published: February 2016

In this work, we describe the synthesis of hollow silver spheres using vaterite‐type CaCO3
as template. The spherical vaterite‐type CaCO3
was selectively precipitated during the reaction of aqueous CaCl2
and Na2CO3
in the presence of the polyelectrolyte poly(4‐styrenesulfonate). Aqueous AgNO3
solution containing NH2
‐functionalized CaCO3
particles was treated with reducing agents such as ascorbic acid, NaBH4
, and acetaldehyde, and the reduced silver particles were deposited on the surface of CaCO3
particles to form uniform silver shells. The CaCO3
used as template was removed from the CaCO3/Ag composite by treatment with acid. Finally, the hollow silver sphere was obtained. The morphologies of product were investigated using electron microscopy, the chemical composition of the composite was analyzed using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, the vibration modes of the carbonate ion were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the thermal mass change was measured using the thermogravimetric analysis, and the solid phases were confirmed by powder X‐ray diffraction.
A Zn(ClO4)2 Supporting Material for Highly Reversible Zinc–Bromine Electrolytes
Authors: Kim Donghyeon , Jeon Joonhyeon
Published: February 2016

In the case of a conventional zinc bromide electrolyte solution using zinc chloride as additive, an undesirable reaction occurs. In this reaction, complex anions form between zinc and the chloride ions during charging and discharging. To overcome this problem, this paper describes an excellent electrolyte solution using zinc perchlorate as the additive, resulting in a highly stable and reversible reaction in zinc–bromine flow cells. To show the effectiveness of the proposed solution, electrochemical analyses are carried out using cyclic voltammetry, a miniature zinc–bromine flow cell, and scanning electron microscopy. The solution is then compared with the conventional electrolyte solution using zinc chloride as the supporting material. Experimental results show that use of the zinc perchlorate additive increases the rate of zinc dissolution by improving the reaction rate of bromine in the catholyte half‐cell. Consequently, this arrangement allows a highly stable operation for improving the current efficiency of zinc–bromine flow batteries.
Justice Department settlement gives new power to campuses over emotional support animals
Authors: Masinter Michael R.
Published: February 2016

The U.S. Justice Department and the University of Nebraska at Kearney settled their Fair Housing Act emotional support animal litigation with a court‐approved consent judgment.
Federal ruling acknowledges that complex trauma can qualify as a disability for students
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: February 2016

A federal judge ruled in a preliminary hearing for a class action lawsuit by five students and three teachers from the Compton Unified School District that students who have experienced trauma could be eligible for some of the same protections as students with disabilities.
Encourage professional behavior in officers to avoid negative publicity
Authors: Miles David
Published: February 2016

The field of law enforcement has always been an honorable one. Many individuals choose the law enforcement field because they want to help people.
The impact of self on materialism among teenagers
Authors: de Araujo Gil Luciana , Leckie Civilai , Johnson Lester
Published: February 2016

No previous research has investigated the relationship between the concept of self and materialism, especially among teenagers. Our study seeks to reverse this trend by examining how independent self‐construal and interdependent self‐construal affect materialism among Brazilian teenagers (grades 7 through 12). Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modelling. We find that independent self‐construal has a positive effect on materialism. Furthermore, we created three sub‐constructs out of the original interdependent self‐construal construct, none of which affected materialism in the same way. Group dependency, a need to achieve the group's authorisation, increases materialism; group loyalty, an attitude of group fidelity, has no effect on materialism; and group respect, a respect for group decision, diminishes materialism. These are interesting results, because they question our prior beliefs on the matter and introduce new factors into the scholarly discussion of this issue. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protection against oxidative stress by vitamin D in cone cells
Authors: Tohari Ali Mohammad , Zhou Xinzhi , Shu Xinhua
Published: February 2016

Photoreceptor degeneration (PD) refers to a group of heterogeneous outer retinal dystrophies characterized by the death of photoreceptors. Both oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of PD. We investigate whether vitamin D has a potential for the treatment of PD by evaluating the anti‐oxidative stress and anti‐inflammatory properties of the active form of vitamin D3, 1,α, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3, in a mouse cone cell line, 661W. Mouse cone cells were treated with H2O2 or a mixture of H2O2 and vitamin D; cell viability was determined. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in treated and untreated cells was measured. The expression of key anti‐oxidative stress and inflammatory genes in treated and untreated cells was determined. Treatment with vitamin D significantly increased cell viability and decreased ROS production in 661W cells under oxidative stress induced by H2O2. H2O2 treatment in 661W cells can significantly down‐regulate the expression of antioxidant genes and up‐regulate the expression of neurotoxic cytokines. Vitamin D treatment significantly reversed these effects and restored the expression of antioxidant genes. Vitamin D treatment also can block H2O2 induced oxidative damages. The data suggested that vitamin D may offer a therapeutic potential for patients with PD.
Treatment no‐show in forensic outpatients with ADHD
Authors: Woicik Kasja , van der Lem Rosalind , Sijtsema Jelle J. , Bogaerts Stefan
Published: February 2016

Background

‘No‐show’ is important in today's mental healthcare services, yet in forensic psychiatry, little is known about its relationship to general and disorder‐specific patient characteristics.

Aims

The aim of this article is to determine the prevalence of no‐show and any general and disorder‐specific features associated with no‐show in a cohort of offenders with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder registered at a specialist forensic mental health clinic.

Methods

Participants were 118 adult men with a mean age just over 32 years (SD 8.75) attending forensic mental health outpatient clinics in the Netherlands who had a primary diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and who had been aggressive and/or delinquent.

Results

Over a 1‐year period, most patients (101, 86%) missed at least one appointment. The average number of appointments offered was 37.88 (SD = 27.27), and the average number of no‐shows was 6.53 (SD = 5.99) per patient. Multivariate linear regressions showed a 10‐fold likelihood of later no‐shows if the first appointment was missed; not showing up after the intake procedure was also associated with higher rates of later no‐show. None of the disorder‐specific characteristics contributed to the problem.

Conclusions

No‐show is of particular concern in forensic mental health settings. In the current study, no‐show was primarily associated with features related to the time of initial consultation. More attention should thus be paid at this stage to using a standard method of assessing a wider range of variables likely to affect attendance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synergetic Behavior of TiO2‐Supported Pd(z)Pt(1−z) Catalysts in the Green Synthesis of Methyl Formate
Authors: Baldovino‐Medrano Víctor G. , Pollefeyt Glenn , Bliznuk Vitaliy , Van Driessche Isabel , Gaigneaux Eric M. , Ruiz Patricio , Wojcieszak Robert
Published: February 2016

Methyl formate (MF) is a valuable platform molecule, the industrial production of which is far from being green. In this contribution, TiO2‐supported Pd(z)Pt(1−z) catalysts were found to be effective in the green synthesis of methyl formate (MF)—at T=323 K and ambient pressure—through methanol (MeOH) oxidation. Two series of catalysts with similar bulk Pd/(Pd+Pt) molar ratios, z, were prepared; one by a water‐in‐oil microemulsion (MicE) method and the other by an incipient wetness impregnation (IWI). The MicE method led to more efficient catalysts owing to a weak influence of z on particle size distributions and nanoparticles composition. Pd(z)Pt(1−z)‐MicE catalysts exhibited strong synergistic effects for MF production but weak synergistic effects for MeOH conversion. The catalytic performance of Pd(z)Pt(1−z)‐MicE was superior to that of Pd(z)Pt(1−z)‐IWI catalysts despite the latter displaying synergetic effects during the reaction. The catalytic behavior of TiO2‐supported Pd(z)Pt(1−z) catalysts was explained from correlations between XRD, TEM, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations.
Cyclodextrin‐Grafted Silica‐Supported Pd Nanoparticles: An Efficient and Versatile Catalyst for Ligand‐Free C−C Coupling and Hydrogenation
Authors: Martina Katia , Baricco Francesca , Caporaso Marina , Berlier Gloria , Cravotto Giancarlo
Published: February 2016

Silica is an extremely versatile support, which is capable of hosting metal nanoparticles (NPs) and enhancing their stability and reactivity. In this study, a novel cyclodextrin/silica support for Pd NPs, which we have denoted Pd/Si‐CD, has been prepared. The highly efficient and homogeneous impregnation of small palladium nanoparticles on this support has been carried out under conventional conditions, and ultrasound irradiation has been shown to have a beneficial effect on catalyst preparation. The catalyst exhibited excellent activity in ligand‐free C−C Suzuki and Heck couplings with a large number of aryl iodide and bromides, in which microwave irradiation use cuts down reaction time. Pd/Si‐CD have shown high activity and selectivity in the hydrogenation reaction, and the semihydrogenation of phenyl acetylene was also studied with excellent results.