bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La mémoire de Cavour dans la culture politique française de sa mort (1861) à la fin du XIXe siècle
Authors: Morabito Angelo
Published: April 2018

À partir de 1861, la nationalisation des masses italiennes passe par le culte rendu à Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour et Victor-Emmanuel. La figure héroïque de ces quatre personnages se diffuse de manière très différente à l’étranger. La France finit par ne retenir que l’image de Garibaldi. Pourtant Cavour a été, à un moment, très présent dans les débats hexagonaux. À sa mort, toutes les familles politiques françaises se sont servies de lui pour critiquer le pouvoir de Napoléon III, mais seuls les orléanistes en ont fait leur champion. Ils maintiennent par la suite sa mémoire. Elle s’estompe cependant après la stabilisation institutionnelle de la IIIe République et les orléanistes la délaissent : elle finit par les gêner, l’Italie se rapprochant des empires centraux. La prédominance des questions nationales à partir des années 1880 sur les questions institutionnelles a donc nuit en France à la mémoire de Cavour. Elle ne se maintiendra plus que faiblement au sein d’une étroite élite libérale.
Mise en page, mise en texte et construction du sens dans le livre moderne : où placer l’articulation entre l’histoire intellectuelle et celle de la disposition typographique?
Authors: Pantin Isabelle
Published: April 2018

Depuis une trentaine d’années, «l’espace visuel du livre ancien» est devenu un objet d’étude pour un nombre croissant de spécialistes : il n’est plus seulement examiné sous l’aspect de la technique ou de l’esthétique typographiques, mais aussi sous celui de la sémiotique sociologique (si l’on peut risquer cette expression), dans la mesure où les choix de mise en page font partie des signes où peuvent s’exprimer une stratégie commerciale, une insertion dans la logique du mécénat, ou encore une orientation vers un public donné.

La difficulté d’analyser une «mise en texte» et de réfléchir à sa relation avec le mouvement des idées et l’évolution des pratiques intellectuelles est cependant évidente : l’appréciation varie selon la façon dont on définit l’arrière-plan et l’axe de visée. Il ne s’agit pas pour autant de se décourager : bien des recherches fécondes restent à mener sur l’espace visuel des livres et tout ce qu’il signifie. Simplement, il serait imprudent de croire que l’on a dépassé la phase des tâtonnements.
Entre bibliothèque idéale et bibliothèque réelle : le cas de Marco Aurelio Severino
Authors: Conforti Maria
Published: April 2018

La bibliothèque du chirurgien Marco Aurelio Severino (1585-1656), dont les livres sont perdus mais dont on possède les inventaires, est comparée avec la «bibliothèque idéale» du chirurgien, décrite par Severino dans la Médecine efficace (1646, rééditée en français à Genève en 1668).
Il Caricatore di Palermo (XVI-XVII secolo)
Authors: Vigiano Valentina
Published: April 2018

Nel 1636 fu istituito il Caricatore di Palermo, apparentemente dalla volontà del viceré Duca di Alcalà di assicurare alla Corte il controllo dell’approvvigionamento annonario della maggiore città siciliana dopo un anno di carestia. Le competenze gestionali sulla compravendita di cereali destinati al consumo urbano passavano così dal Senato cittadino ad un’istituzione centrale. Letta in tal modo, l’istituzione del Caricatore di Palermo sembrerebbe parte di quel processo di «omogeneizzazione istituzionale » che, nell’Europa moderna, vide la frequente contrapposizione fra un potere centralizzatore e altri poteri ad esso resistenti. Andando oltre la riduzione schematica della lotta istituzionale, è invece possibile ricostruire in maniera differente le dinamiche politiche che portarono, dopo contese iniziate il secolo precedente, all’istituzione di un luogo di raccolta, distribuzione ed esportazione di cereali per la città di Palermo ; dinamiche da cui emerge un denso intreccio fra interessi privati e gestione della cosa pubblica.
Territorio e infraestructura de almacenamiento en el abastecimiento de pan a Madrid (siglos XVIXVIII)
Authors: Bernardos Sanz José Ubaldo
Published: April 2018

Madrid se convierte en la capital del imperio de los Austrias en 1561. Su rápido crecimiento demográfico y su ubicación geográfica, en el centro de la península Ibérica, sin accesos por vías navegables y en un entorno cerealista poco productivo, marca unas difíciles condiciones de abastecimiento de cereal a lo largo de toda la Edad Moderna.

Por ello, desde un primer momento la política de aprovisionamiento estará guiada por criterios de seguridad, estableciendo sobre el territorio el pan de registro y los positillos de Corte, medidas que paliaban la falta de una red de panadería urbana suficiente y un deficiente sistema de transporte. La crisis del sistema intervencionista, desde el segundo tercio del siglo XVII, origina una alternativa en la provisión de cereal desde la Meseta Norte castellana, apoyada en sus excedentes agrarios y en la construcción de una red que articula las compras, el transporte y la molienda en los molinos del camino. Esta red fue fortaleciéndose y el Norte se consolidó como principal el territorio de provisión de Madrid hasta fines del Antiguo Régimen. Esta red fue fortaleciéndose y el Norte se consolidó como principal el territorio de provisión de Madrid hasta fines del Antiguo Régimen.
Control estatal, gestión municipal y abasto público de grano : las reformas borbónicas del po´sito de Zaragoza (1707-1808)
Authors: Mateos Royo José Antonio
Published: April 2018

Este artículo analiza la incidencia del mayor control estatal ejercido durante el siglo XVIII sobre la gestión municipal del pósito de Zaragoza, principal núcleo urbano de Aragón. Desde principios de siglo, el Estado borbónico intentó reducir los beneficios de pósito en beneficio del consumidor. Al liberalizar el comercio de grano en España desde mediados de siglo, el Estado restringió en mayor medida su labor de abasto y control del mercado hasta 1780. El propio municipio buscó a fines del siglo XVIII y principios del siglo XIX nuevas fórmulas de gestión del pósito aceptables para el Estado que lograron aumentar el abasto público ; pero no su calidad. Sin lograr consolidar un suministro eficiente, al limitar el control municipal, la política estatal favoreció así una mayor liberalización del mercado de grano que sólo se consolidó tras la crisis final del Antiguo Régimen.
Le temps des doutes : les sacrements et l’Église romaine aux dimensions du monde
Authors: Broggio Paolo , de Castelnau Charlotte , Pizzorusso Giovanni
Published: April 2018

Cette introduction au dossier s’attache d’abord à définir ce que sont ces dubia circa sacramenta : des hésitations sur les conditions de validité d’un sacrement dont l’efficacité est censée permettre l’obtention de la grâce. La multitude des conditions requises est autant d’occasions de doutes dont les ecclésiastiques font part à leur hiérarchie. À partir du XVIe siècle, les doutes sur les sacrements se multiplient sous l’effet conjugué de divers facteurs : le rapport de plus en plus individuel au sacrement et au salut, la profonde remise en cause protestante de l’efficacité sacramentelle et le raidissement de la position de l’Église catholique sur cette doctrine, enfin le nouvel élargissement de la chrétienté qui pose la question de l’adaptation de l’administration des sacrements aux nouvelles conditions géographiques et humaines rencontrées par les missionnaires. Après un bref exposé de l’historiographie la plus récente sur l’administration des sacrements dans le contexte plus large des processus d’évangélisation et de «disciplinamento» social et religieux, l’article analyse également le processus juridictionnel à l’origine de ces dubia circa sacramenta présents dans les archives du Vatican. Ils sont un témoignage de la primauté spirituelle de la papauté qui cherche à se maintenir tout au long de la période malgré le Patronage ibérique sur les missions. À l’issue du Concile de Trente, le magistère romain a tendance à se renforcer et les Congrégations romaines du Concile et du Saint-Office sont chargées de résoudre les difficultés d’application de la réforme tridentine pour tous les lieux de la chrétienté. La congrégation de Propaganda Fide, chargée de l’activité apostolique de la papauté, créée en 1622, devient le destinataire vers lequel affluent les doutes sur les sacrements et les demandes de pouvoir spirituel extraordinaire de la part du clergé missionnaire. La congrégation du Saint-Office maintient néanmoins sa compétence sur la résolution des doutes. L’article vise enfin à souligner les apports principaux des études de cas réunis dans le dossier et notamment la perspective induite par la source ellemême, qui est de penser conjointement les mondes missionnaires et les espaces de la catholicité établie. Ce type de source apparaît ainsi un instrument essentiel pour penser le processus de mondialisation du catholicisme. type de source apparaît ainsi un instrument essentiel pour penser le processus de mondialisation du catholicisme.
L’amministrazione dei sacramenti nella prima evangelizzazione missionaria dell’America indigena : osservazioni e commenti da un punto di vista antropologico
Authors: Colajanni Antonino
Published: April 2018

Partendo da alcune considerazioni sui rapporti tra antropologia e ricerche storiche, si evidenziano alcuni caratteri dell’incontro-scontro tra diverse visioni del mondo e culture, che mette alla prova la capacità dei missionari di trasmettere in maniera efficace il messaggio evangelico. E ciò anche per la carenza di norme specifiche provenienti dalla Chiesa romana, nel campo dell’amministrazione di sacramenti come il battesimo, l’eucaristia, la confessione, il matrimonio.

Viene proposta, per illustrare concretamente la difficile opera di gestione degli aspetti rituali quotidiani del messaggio cristiano, una comparazione tra tre fonti diverse, che trattano il tema dei sacramenti nel contesto delle missioni americane nel ‘500-‘600. La prima fonte è il De produranda indorum salute del Gesuita José de Acosta, del 1588 ; la seconda è il De las costumbres y conversión de los indios del Perù. Memorial a Felipe, IIo, dello stesso anno 1588, del sacerdote Bartolomé Álvarez. Mentre Acosta critica la mancanza, nei missionari, di impegno e di attitudini aperte nei confronti degli indigeni, nonché la mancanza di conoscenza delle lingue locali, Álvarez si lamenta del mancato appoggio che i preti residenti in zone periferiche ricevono dalla Chiesa ufficiale e dagli organi del Vicereame, e critica piuttosto gli indigeni andini, che a suo vedere sono ancora – dopo decenni dalla Conquista – dei pagani irriducibili. Acosta affronta le questioni a un livello metodologico-teorico e si esprime a favore di una riforma radicale dell’azione missionaria, proprio a partire dall’analisi della difficile gestione dei sacramenti nell’azione quotidiana ; in Álvarez invece prevale la testimonianza diretta, e pessimistica, di un protagonista del mondo marginale della Chiesa missionaria, che si muove al di fuori di un ordine religioso e completamente abbandonato a sé stesso dalla inefficienza della chiesa secolare.

Infine viene analizzata l’opera, più tarda, di un giurista come Alonso de la Peña Montenegro, che nel 1668 scrive un ponderoso compendio di norme per l’azione quotidiana dei parroci, nel quale la gestione dei sacramenti appare come tema centrale e peculiare (Itinerario para párrocos de indios). Quest’opera conclude un cammino storico accidentato di quasi due secoli sull’azione della chiesa missionaria nel campo dell’amministrazione dei sacramenti. 1668 scrive un ponderoso compendio di norme per l’azione quotidiana dei parroci, nel quale la gestione dei sacramenti appare come tema centrale e peculiare (Itinerario para párrocos de indios). Quest’opera conclude un cammino storico accidentato di quasi due secoli sull’azione della chiesa missionaria nel campo dell’amministrazione dei sacramenti.
La capitale e le élites urbane nel Regno di Napoli tra XVI e XVIII secolo
Authors: Ventura Piero
Published: April 2018

Nel saggio si illustrano i risultati di un percorso di ricerca sulle élites urbane del regno di Napoli nella prima età moderna. Si approfondisce il ruolo giocato dalla città capitale nei confronti delle élites aristocratiche e popolari dei centri urbani del regno, per le quali quelle della capitale rappresentavano un modello sociale e politico. Attraverso fonti prodotte dalle magistrature centrali di governo, si evidenzia inoltre la cura nel preservare gli equilibri politici locali rispetto al sistema dei seggi, che sanciva la separazione di ceto, in alcune delle principali comunità del regno, e conferiva alle famiglie che ne facevano parte le prerogative del governo urbano.

Si illustrano, per alcuni casi, linguaggi e dinamiche politiche di gruppi sociali emergenti, nel corso del XVIII secolo, anche nelle pressioni per accedere ai seggi.

L’analisi si concentra quindi sulle strategie per costruire alleanze e perseguire disegni egemonici, in particolare riguardo ad alcune famiglie dei seggi aristocratici di Napoli. Attraverso le votazioni del seggio di Montagna, dal 1632 al 1659, si è constatato il protagonismo dei Sanfelice, dei Muscettola, dei Carmignano. Il loro attivismo nel condizionare e determinare la vita del seggio era anche più necessario per cercare di bilanciare l’egemonia, espressa a livello cittadino, dei seggi napoletani più potenti e prestigiosi come Nido e Capuana. tale rappresentavano un modello sociale e politico. Attraverso fonti prodotte dalle magistrature centrali di governo, si evidenzia inoltre la cura nel preservare gli equilibri politici locali rispetto al sistema dei seggi, che sanciva la separazione di ceto, in alcune delle principali comunità del regno, e conferiva alle famiglie che ne facevano parte le prerogative del governo urbano. Si illustrano, per alcuni casi, linguaggi e dinamiche politiche di gruppi sociali emergenti, nel corso del XVIII secolo, anche nelle pressioni per accedere ai seggi. L’analisi si concentra quindi sulle strategie per costruire alleanze e perseguire disegni egemonici, in particolare riguardo ad alcune famiglie dei seggi aristocratici di Napoli. Attraverso le votazioni del seggio di Montagna, dal 1632 al 1659, si è constatato il protagonismo dei Sanfelice, dei Muscettola, dei Carmignano. Il loro attivismo nel condizionare e determinare la vita del seggio era anche più necessario per cercare di bilanciare l’egemonia, espressa a livello cittadino, dei seggi napoletani più potenti e prestigiosi come Nido e Capuana.
La censure en France au XIXe siècle
Authors: Mollier Jean-Yves
Published: April 2018

L’encadrement de la librairie française dura de la publication du décret du 5 février 1810 au vote de la grande loi libérale du 29 juillet 1881, marquant ainsi de son empreinte toute la société française. Perméable aux injonctions de la censure religieuse pendant toute la période, mais avec des nuances qui deviendront plus grandes avec le temps, elle se montra peu accueillante aux oeuvres dérangeantes et dénonça violemment les auteurs qui, comme Zola, tentaient de lui offrir une autre esthétique. Certes, elle accepta le romantisme et même, quoique avec quelques grincements de dents le réalisme, comme le prouve la semonce du procureur Pinard à l’encontre de Flaubert en 1857, mais elle ne le fit qu’à la condition que l’ordre ne soit pas troublé. Civile ou religieuse puis de plus en plus économique avec la constitution des grands empires éditoriaux après 1850, la censure fut consubstantielle à la société française de l’époque et l’on ne comprendrait rien aux débats à propos de la réception de l’Index romain en France si l’on oubliait cet arrière-plan qui lui donne sens.
Il ruolo dell’indice nelle società liberali : dibattiti giornalistici e polemiche nella Curia
Authors: Palazzolo Maria Iolanda
Published: April 2018

Il saggio ricostruisce il dibattito, avvenuto nella seconda metà del XIX secolo, sulla legittimità e l’efficacia dell’azione censoria svolta dalla Congregazione dell’Indice. Tale confronto coinvolge giornalisti vescovi e uomini della Curia romana appartenenti a nazioni diverse, in particolare Francia, Germania Italia. Se gli uomini di cultura liberali condannano l’attività della Congregazione perchè contraria ai principi di libertà e di progresso, i membri della Curia ne difendono la legittimità a difesa della moralità e dell’ordinato sviluppo sociale. In ogni caso, la discussione prefigura la soppressione della Congregazione dell’Indice, avvenuta nel 1917.
La mise à l'index du Voyage en Orient de Lamartine. Essai de définition de l'hétérodoxie romantique
Authors: Amadieu Jean-Baptiste
Published: April 2018

Mis à l’Index en 1836, le Voyage en Orient marque un éloignement de Lamartine avec la foi de son enfance. Le votum du récit, rédigé par le cardinal Polidori pour la Congrégation de l’Index, permet de prendre la mesure de l’écart entre les croyances de Lamartine et l’orthodoxie catholique, et de préciser ainsi les singularités de sa religiosité romantique. Les propositions relevées et notées par Polidori construisent une hétérodoxie proche de l’indifférentisme défini par Grégoire XVI, niant l’exclusivité salvifique de l’Église voire de l’enseignement chrétien en général. Cette religiosité affective immanente, fondé sur le sentiment, se dispense de l’institution ecclésiastique dans la transmission du surnaturel. Il ressort de cette censure une image de la religion romantique comme rapport immédiat avec le divin ou bien médiatisé par la nature – jamais par l’Église.
Un deposito di armi da Populonia
Authors: Romualdi Antonella
Published: April 2018

Un lembo di deposito contenente armi di ferro e di bronzo rinvenuto alcuni anni fa lungo la spiaggia al centro del golfo di Baratti (Li) costituisce una delle rarissime testimonianze di questo tipo conosciute fino ad oggi in Etruria. La fossa, nella quale sopra un ammasso di armi di ferro era stata sistemata una catasta di armi di bronzo, risultava coperta in origine da una sorta di tettoia, realizzata in materiale deperibile, – forse un tessuto –, che poggiava su pilastri di pietra. La situazione stratigrafica e la tipologia degli elmi rinvenuti all’interno orientano per una datazione del deposito di armi tra la fine del IV e gli inizi del III secolo a. C.
Victoires et défaites en Gétie et en Dacie de Burébistas à Décébale, ou de César à Trajan
Authors: Stephan Alexandre Simon
Published: April 2018

Les témoignages littéraires, archéologiques ou de l’art officiel, permettent d’éclairer nombre d’aspects significatifs des pratiques guerrières des Romains et des Géto-Daces durant l’expansion progressive des premiers au Nord de l’Haemus. Il est question de la perte ou de la reprise des étendards et du prélèvement ou de l’exposition des têtes des vaincus ; de M. Licinius Crassus, grand général qui étendit jusqu’au Danube l’autorité de Rome, qui récupéra des signa romains et qui, privé de la gloire des spolia opima, n’a pu célébrer ses victoires éclatantes qu’à travers la décoration de la tombe érigée pour sa mère, Caecilia Metella ; de la restitution à Domitien d’un premier ensemble monumental à Adamclissi (autel pour les Romains tombés au combat et un tropaeum Domitiani) ; de la signification de la mort de Longinus. Se dégagent aussi quelques constantes de la guerre romaine : le traitement des vaincus et de leurs sanctuaires, la mort volontaire étant souvent préférée par les Daces à la captivité ; à l’instar de la guerre de Judée, les suicides parfois collectifs sont fréquents sur la Colonne Trajane.
Catone e I cavalieri grassi. I culto di Vulcano a Ostia : una proposta di lettura storica
Authors: Zevi Fausto
Published: April 2018

Il culto di Vulcano ad Ostia, officiato da un pontifex che aveva anche la sorveglianza sulle altre aedes della città, ha costituito sempre un interrogativo storico, richiamando culti antichissimi apparentemente anteriori alla stessa fondazione della colonia ; il Carcopino, in particolare, vi riconobbe un culto federale latino presso la foce del Tevere, più tardi assunto tra i culti di Ostia. La letteratura più recente non conosce al riguardo alcuna soluzione puntuale, salvo ribadirne l’antichità. Nel presente studio si affaccia invece un’ipotesi affatto diversa : una famosa orazione di Catone il Censore accompagnava il ritiro del cavallo con ignominia a L. Veturio perché aveva interrotto gli stata sacrificia della sua gens, che dovevano effettuarsi presso il Tevere circa al X miglio della Via Ostiense, in territorio di Ostia, che apparteneva infatti alla tribù Voturia, una delle tribù rustiche più antiche istituite agli inizi del V sec. a. C., che dai Veturii prendeva nome. Pertanto si suggerisce che quello di Vulcano fosse l’antico culto gentilizio dei Veturii, che, dopo l’episodio cui l’orazione si riferisce, sarebbe stato tolto alla gens, che non aveva saputo amministrarlo come si doveva, rendendolo pubblico e affidandolo, con la istituzione di un apposito pontifex, alla città di Ostia, in qualche modo succedanea della territorialità dell’antica tribù.
Stellar Parameters and Radial Velocities of Hot Stars in the Carina Nebula
Authors: Hanes Richard J. , McSwain M. Virginia , Povich Matthew S.
Published: April 2018

The Carina Nebula is an active star-forming region in the southern sky that is of particular interest due to the presence of a large number of massive stars in a wide array of evolutionary stages. Here, we present the results of the spectroscopic analysis of 82 B-type stars and 33 O-type stars that were observed in 2013 and 2014. For 82 B-type stars without line blending, we fit model spectra from the Tlusty BSTAR2006 grid to the observed profiles of Hγ and He λλ4026, 4388, and 4471 to measure the effective temperatures, surface gravities, and projected rotational velocities. We also measure the masses, ages, radii, bolometric luminosities, and distances of these stars. From the radial velocities measured in our sample, we find 31 single lined spectroscopic binary candidates. We find a high dispersion of radial velocities among our sample stars, and we argue that the Carina Nebula stellar population has not yet relaxed and become virialized.
A Data-driven Study of RR Lyrae Near-IR Light Curves: Principal Component Analysis, Robust Fits, and Metallicity Estimates
Authors: Hajdu Gergely , Dékány István , Catelan Márcio , Grebel Eva K. , Jurcsik Johanna
Published: April 2018

RR Lyrae variables are widely used tracers of Galactic halo structure and kinematics, but they can also serve to constrain the distribution of the old stellar population in the Galactic bulge. With the aim of improving their near-infrared photometric characterization, we investigate their near-infrared light curves, as well as the empirical relationships between their light curve and metallicities using machine learning methods. We introduce a new, robust method for the estimation of the light-curve shapes, hence the average magnitudes of RR Lyrae variables in the K
S band, by utilizing the first few principal components (PCs) as basis vectors, obtained from the PC analysis of a training set of light curves. Furthermore, we use the amplitudes of these PCs to predict the light-curve shape of each star in the J-band, allowing us to precisely determine their average magnitudes (hence colors), even in cases where only one J measurement is available. Finally, we demonstrate that the K
S-band light-curve parameters of RR Lyrae variables, together with the period, allow the estimation of the metallicity of individual stars with an accuracy of ∼0.2–0.25 dex, providing valuable chemical information about old stellar populations bearing RR Lyrae variables. The methods presented here can be straightforwardly adopted for other classes of variable stars, bands, or for the estimation of other physical quantities.
Can a Bright and Energetic X-Ray Pulsar Be Hiding Amid the Debris of SN 1987A?
Authors: Esposito Paolo , Rea Nanda , Lazzati Davide , Matsuura Mikako , Perna Rosalba , Pons José A.
Published: April 2018

The mass of the stellar precursor of supernova (SN) 1987A and the burst of neutrinos observed at the moment of the explosion are consistent with the core-collapse formation of a neutron star. However, no compelling evidence for the presence of a compact object of any kind in SN 1987A has been found yet in any band of the electromagnetic spectrum, prompting questions on whether the neutron star survived and, if it did, on its properties. Beginning with an analysis of recent Chandra observations, here we appraise the current observational situation. We derived limits on the X-ray luminosity of a compact object with a nonthermal, Crab-pulsar-like spectrum of the order of ≈(1–5) × 1035 erg s−1, corresponding to limits on the rotational energy loss of a possible X-ray pulsar in SN 1987A of ≈(0.5–1.5) × 1038 erg s−1. However, a much brighter X-ray source cannot be excluded if, as is likely, it is enshrouded in a cloud of absorbing matter with a metallicity similar to that expected in the outer layers of a massive star toward the end of its life. We found that other limits obtained from various arguments and observations in other energy ranges either are unbinding or allow a similar maximum luminosity of the order of ≈1035 erg s−1. We conclude that while a pulsar alike the one in the Crab Nebula in both luminosity and spectrum is hardly compatible with the observations, there is ample space for an “ordinary” X-ray-emitting young neutron star, born with normal initial spin period, temperature, and magnetic field, to be hiding inside the evolving remnant of SN 1987A.
Transition écologique et liberté
Authors: Fragnière Augustin
Published: April 2018

Écologie et liberté individuelle sont-elles deux valeurs contradictoires, comme certains auteurs aiment à l’affirmer, ou sont-elles au contraire compatibles, voire complémentaires ? L’article explore cette question en utilisant les méthodes de la philosophie politique contemporaine, et en confrontant trois conceptions différentes de la liberté individuelle à la notion de limite écologique. Il conclut que si certaines conceptions de la liberté semblent en effet peu compatibles avec la transition vers une société à faible empreinte écologique, l’idéal néo-républicain d’une liberté comme absence de domination est beaucoup plus prometteur. Le néo-républicanisme nous permet de penser une réduction des flux de matière et d’énergie compatible avec la liberté des citoyens, du moins telle qu’elle est comprise dans cette tradition de pensée.
Réconcilier l’éthique environnementale et l’écologie politique : une analyse méta-éthique
Authors: Hess Gérald
Published: April 2018

L’éthique environnementale et l’écologie politique sont deux courants de la pensée écologique qui visent un même but : une préservation de l’environnement à la mesure des menaces globales qui l’assaillent. Les moyens envisagés par ces deux champs d’étude sont pourtant très différents, en raison de leurs présupposés, de leur questionnement ou de leurs enjeux respectifs. L’objet de cet article consiste à mettre en perspective quelques-unes de ces différences à partir du tournant constructiviste et pragmatiste de l’écologie politique et à montrer à quelles conditions une complémentarité entre l’éthique environnementale et l’écologie politique est possible. Envisager une telle complémentarité débouche finalement sur la nécessité de penser la communauté politique autrement – comme une « communauté écouménique » – avec le souci d’y intégrer à la fois l’éthique, le politique et l’expérience vécue.
La gestion environnementale à l’heure de l’Anthropocène
Authors: Schlosberg David
Published: April 2018

Dans le film Les bêtes du Sud sauvage , le personnage principal, Hushuppy, expose le dilemme que représente la gestion environnementale dans l’Anthropocène : « Pour les animaux qui n’avaient pas de père pour les déposer dans le bateau, c’était déjà la fin du monde ». L’Anthropocène ne reculera pas et la question centrale de la gestion environnementale sera de savoir si nous pouvons développer des moyens productifs et féconds pour gérer de façon durable et réflexive les écosystèmes, les habitats et les besoins humains. Cet article examine quatre fondements normatifs possibles pour la gestion par l’homme d’un environnement qui change de climat. Les conceptions traditionnelles d’une gestion fondées sur la préservation ou restauration d’un passé, aussi bien que l’idée des limites et des frontières écologiques, sont fortement problématiques dans l’Anthropocène, que ce soit pour des raisons écologiques ou politiques. Par ailleurs, l’ hubris de l’homme prospère via l’intervention technologique, un prométhéisme nouvellement renforcé est aujourd’hui soutenu de façon innovante. Je propose une quatrième voie potentielle, une conception de la réceptivité écologique ou une politique de la vue («  a politics of sight  ») qui permet de rendre visible l’immersion humaine au sein des systèmes naturels. Comme « la vue » est une caractéristique de l’Anthropocène, cette forme de réceptivité pourrait être prometteuse en termes de gestion environnementale.
Efficacy and Mechanism of Antitumor Activity of an Antibody Targeting Transferrin Receptor 1 in Mouse Models of Human Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Leoh Lai Sum , Kim Yoon Kyung , Candelaria Pierre V. , Martínez-Maza Otoniel , Daniels-Wells Tracy R. , Penichet Manuel L.
Published: April 2018

The transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) is an attractive target for Ab-mediated cancer therapy. We previously developed a mouse/human chimeric IgG3 Ab (ch128.1) targeting human TfR1, which exhibits direct in vitro cytotoxicity against certain human malignant B cells through TfR1 degradation and iron deprivation. ch128.1 also demonstrates exceptional antitumor activity against the B cell malignancy multiple myeloma (MM) in xenograft models of SCID-Beige mice bearing either disseminated ARH-77 or KMS-11 cells in an early disease setting. Interestingly, this activity is observed even against KMS-11 cells, which show no sensitivity to the direct cytotoxic activity of ch128.1 in vitro. To understand the contributions of the Fc fragment, we generated a ch128.1 mutant with impaired binding to FcγRs and to the complement component C1q, which retains binding to the neonatal Fc receptor. We now report that this mutant Ab does not show antitumor activity in these two MM models, indicating a crucial role of the Fc fragment in the antitumor activity of ch128.1, which can be attributed to effector functions (Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis, and/or complement-dependent cytotoxicity). Interestingly, in the KMS-11 model, complement depletion does not affect protection, whereas macrophage depletion does. Consistent with this observation, we found that ch128.1 induces Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and Ab-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis against KMS-11 cells in the presence of murine bone marrow–derived macrophages. Finally, we found that ch128.1 therapy effectively increases survival in a late MM disease setting. Our results suggest that macrophages play a major role in ch128.1-mediated antitumor protection in our models and that ch128.1 can be effective against human B cell malignancies such as MM.
‘He should feel your pain’: Patient insights on patient–provider communication in Rwanda
Authors: Cubaka Vincent K. , Schriver Michael , Kayitare Janvier B. , Cotton Phil , Maindal Helle T. , Nyirazinyoye Laetitia , Kallestrup Per
Published: April 2018

Background: Patient–provider communication is an interpersonal interaction between a patient and a health care provider.Objective: This study explored patients’ communication preferences and perceptions on what factors influence the patient–provider communication in primary health care settings in Rwanda.Methods: In-depth semi-structured interviews with 15 individuals including 8 with limited literacy. A thematic inductive analysis was used.Results: Patients valued communication with providers and expressed the need for interacting with caring, empathic providers who can share all the information they want and involve them in their own care. Health literacy and power issues were factors that may influence patient–provider communication. Patients with limited literacy appeared to rely highly on health care providers for making decisions about and managing their health care.Conclusion: The expressed preferences, including those of patients with limited literacy, aligned well with the patient-centred care model. There were indications of a power imbalance weighing on the provider’s side. Although patients with limited literacy were reliant on providers for decision-making, they were ready to be more involved in the care, suggesting a potential for improved patient involvement even for patients with paternalistic care preferences. These patients’ insights can impact policies and curricula to optimise clinical practice. Generated knowledge will contribute to the indispensable yet underdeveloped field of health communication in sub-Saharan Africa.Practice implications: Findings call for more inclusion of patient perspectives in the patient–provider encounter. This could require more training of professionals and research on the topic, both in Rwanda and in other regions.
Genotype-phenotype relationship of CCL5 in pulmonary tuberculosis infection in Sahariya tribe
Authors: Mishra Gunja , Poojary Satish S. , Jain Sanjay , Tiwari Pramod Kumar
Published: April 2018

Background & objectives:

Sahariya, a primitive tribe of Central India, has shown significantly increased incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Our previous study on Sahariya showed a significant association of −403G>A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of CCL5 with susceptibility to PTB. Hence, this study was aimed to analyze a genotype-phenotype relationship of this disease-associated SNP to develop a potential diagnostic marker for TB in this tribe.

Methods:

The present study was carried out on 70 plasma samples from Sahariya tribe, wherein the plasma CCL5 level was determined using a commercially available ELISA kit.

Results:

The level of CCL5 decreased significantly in patients who were on therapy/completed their therapy [inactive TB patient/inactive PTB (IPTB)], particularly with AA genotype of −403G>A (P=0.046). The level, with AA genotype, was also found to gradually decrease in sputum 3+ and 1+/2+ than in sputum-negative samples. Similarly, the CCL5 level was found to be higher in sputum-positive/active TB patients than in IPTB group and healthy controls.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Our results suggested that the CCL5 level was influenced collectively not only by the genotypes of −403G>A SNP and bacillary load but also by the treatment. Thus, CCL5 may be considered for the development of a diagnostic marker and also as an indicator of recovery.
Association of −330 interleukin-2 gene polymorphism with oral cancer
Authors: Singh Prithvi Kumar , Kumar Vijay , Ahmad Mohammad Kaleem , Gupta Rajni , Mahdi Abbas Ali , Jain Amita , Bogra Jaishri , Chandra Girish
Published: April 2018

Background & objectives:

Cytokines play an important role in the development of cancer. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of cytokine genes have been reported to be associated with the development and severity of inflammatory diseases and cancer predisposition. This study was undertaken to evaluate a possible association of interleukin 2 (IL-2) (− 330A>C) gene polymorphisms with the susceptibility to oral cancer.

Methods:

The SNP in IL-2 (−330A>C) gene was genotyped in 300 oral cancer patients and in similar number of healthy volunteers by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism and the association of the gene with the disease was evaluated.

Results:

IL-2 (−330A>C) gene polymorphism was significantly associated with oral cancer whereas it was neither associated with clinicopathological status nor with cancer pain. The AC heterozygous genotype was significantly associated with oral cancer patients as compared to controls [odds ratio (OR): 3.0; confidence interval (CI): 2.14-4.20; P<0.001]. The C allele frequency was also significantly associated with oral cancer (OR: 1.80; CI: 1.39-2.33; P<0.001). IL-2 (−330A>C) gene polymorphism was also associated with oral cancer in tobacco smokers and chewers.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Our results showed that oral cancer patients had significantly higher frequency of AA genotype but significantly lower frequency of AC genotype and C allele compared to controls. The IL-2 AC genotype and C allele of IL-2 (−330A>C) gene polymorphisms could be potential protective factors and might reduce the risk of oral cancer in Indian population.
Out-of-pocket expenditure for hospitalization in Haryana State of India
Authors: Sharma Deepshikha , Prinja Shankar , Aggarwal Arun Kumar , Bahuguna Pankaj , Sharma Atul , Rana Saroj Kumar
Published: April 2018

Background & objectives:

India aspires to achieve universal health coverage, which requires ensuring financial risk protection (FRP). This study was done to assess the extent of out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure and FRP for hospitalization in Haryana State, India. Further, the determinants for FRP were also evaluated.

Methods:

Data collected as a part of a household level survey conducted in Haryana ‘Concurrent Evaluation of National Rural Health Mission: Haryana Health Survey’ were analyzed. Descriptive analysis was undertaken to assess socio-demographic characteristics, hospitalization rate, extent and determinants of OOP expenditure and FRP. Prevalence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) (more than 40% of non-food expenditure) and impoverishment (Int$ 1.25) were estimated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess determinants of FRP.

Results:

Hospitalization rate was found to be 3106 persons or 3307 episodes per 100,000 population. Median OOP expenditure on hospitalization was 8000 (USD 133), which was predominantly attributed to medicines (37%). Prevalence of CHE was 25.2 per cent with higher prevalence amongst males [odds ratio (OR)=1.30], those belonging to scheduled caste and scheduled tribes (OR=1.35), poorest 20 per cent households (OR=3.05), having injuries (OR=4.03) and non-communicable diseases (OR=3.13) admitted in a private hospital (OR=2.69) and those who were insured (OR=1.74). There was a 12 per cent relative increase in poverty head count due to OOP payments on healthcare.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Our findings showed that hospitalization resulted in significant OOP expenditure, leading to CHEs and impoverishment of households. Impact of OOP expenditures was inequitably more on the vulnerable groups. OOP expenditure may be curtailed through provision of free medicines and diagnostics and removal of any form of user charges.
Provider-initiated HIV testing & counselling in incident tuberculosis cases under National TB Programme conditions at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Tirupati, south India
Authors: Mohan Alladi , Harikrishna J. , Kumar D. Prabath , Kumar N. Dinesh , Sharma Prerna S. , Kumar B. Siddhartha , Sarma K.V.S.
Published: April 2018

Background & objectives:

As sparse published data are available regarding burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in incident tuberculosis (TB) cases at tertiary care teaching hospitals under National TB Programme conditions from India, the present study was designed to assess the proportion of referred registered TB patients who had actually undergone HIV testing and HIV-seropositivity in these.

Methods:

This was a study of provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling in patients registered for the treatment under Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) of Government of India at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Tirupati, south India, during 2012-2013.

Results:

Between January 2012 and June 2013, 610 adult patients registered under RNTCP who were referred to Integrated Counselling and Testing Centre for HIV testing, were prospectively studied. Of these, 458 patients (75%) [mean age: 38.6±16.3 yr; 295 (64.4%) males] underwent HIV testing; HIV-co-infection was present in 21 (4.6%) patients. A significantly higher proportion of HIV co-infection was evident in PTB compared with EPTB [13/179 (7.2%) vs 8/279 (2.8%); respectively, P=0.038] and in previously treated patients compared to new patients [6/51 (11.8%) vs 15/407 (3.7%); respectively, P=0.009].

Interpretation & conclusions:

The findings of this study showed that a higher proportion of TB patients underwent HIV testing (75%) compared to the national figure of 63 per cent in 2013-2014. HIV seropositivity (4.6%) in TB patients who underwent HIV testing was similar to the five per cent figure observed at national level during 2013-2014. The HIV status of 25 per cent of patients with incident TB still remained unknown, suggesting a need for better integration and co-ordination for effective management of HIV-TB co-infection.
A Galois Correspondence for Reduced Crossed Products of Simple -algebras by Discrete Groups
Authors: Cameron Jan , Smith Roger R.
Published: April 2018

Let a discrete group $G$ act on a unital simple $\text{C}^{\ast }$-algebra $A$ by outer automorphisms. We establish a Galois correspondence $H\mapsto A\rtimes _{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},r}H$ between subgroups of $G$ and $\text{C}^{\ast }$-algebras $B$ satisfying $A\subseteq B\subseteq A\rtimes _{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},r}G$, where $A\rtimes _{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},r}G$ denotes the reduced crossed product. For a twisted dynamical system $(A,G,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E})$, we also prove the corresponding result for the reduced twisted crossed product $A\rtimes _{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},r}^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}}G$.
Retrieval of ozone profiles from OMPS limb scattering observations
Authors: Arosio Carlo , Rozanov Alexei , Malinina Elizaveta , Eichmann Kai-Uwe , von Clarmann Thomas , Burrows John P.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. This study describes a retrieval algorithm developed at the University of Bremen to obtain vertical profiles of ozone from limb observations performed by the Ozone Mapper and Profiler Suite (OMPS). This algorithm is based on the technique originally developed for use with data from the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument. As both instruments make limb measurements of the scattered solar radiation in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (Vis) spectral ranges, an underlying objective of the study is to obtain consolidated and consistent ozone profiles from the two satellites and to produce a combined data set. The retrieval algorithm uses radiances in the UV and Vis wavelength ranges normalized to the radiance at an upper tangent height to obtain ozone concentrations in the altitude range of 12–60 km. Measurements at altitudes contaminated by clouds in the instrument field of view are identified and filtered out. An independent aerosol retrieval is performed beforehand and its results are used to account for the stratospheric aerosol load in the ozone inversion. The typical vertical resolution of the retrieved profiles varies from  ∼  2.5 km at lower altitudes ( < 30 km) to  ∼  1.5 km (about 45 km) and becomes coarser at upper altitudes. The retrieval errors resulting from the measurement noise are estimated to be 1–4 % above 25 km, increasing to 10–30 % in the upper troposphere. OMPS data are processed for the whole of 2016. The results are compared with the NASA product and validated against profiles derived from passive satellite observations or measured in situ by balloon-borne sondes. Between 20 and 60 km, OMPS ozone profiles typically agree with data from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) v4.2 within 5–10 %, whereas in the lower altitude range the bias becomes larger, especially in the tropics. The comparison of OMPS profiles with ozonesonde measurements shows differences within ±5 % between 13 and 30 km at northern middle and high latitudes. At southern middle and high latitudes, an agreement within 5–7 % is also achieved in the same altitude range. An unexpected bias of approximately 10–20 % is detected in the lower tropical stratosphere. The processing of the 2013 data set using the same retrieval settings and its validation against ozonesondes reveals a much smaller bias; a possible reason for this behaviour is discussed.
The Role of Political Elites in the Development of New Villages in Malaysia
Authors: Wee Jeck Seng , Phang Siew Nooi , Khalil Samihah
Published: April 2018

Political elites comprise a small group that has power and influence over the “others” in society. Basically, political elites play an important role in the decision-making process of the community. New Villages in Malaysia are influenced by political elites who are the representatives of the village community. These political elites are members of the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), a coalition party of the ruling political party. MCA's political elite play an important role in safeguarding the welfare and affairs of the New Village residents. New Villages refer to a Chinese New Village which is a re-settlement site set up during the Communist emergency period of British rule in Malaysia in the mid-1950s. The role of the MCA's political elite has helped to create the New Village Master Plan 2005 which serves as a guide and reference to the Federal Government and the State Government in the development of New Villages. However, limited provisions and unclear policies have resulted in New Villages facing a multitude of problems and have frustrated development in New Villages especially in tandem with the requirements of national development. The residents of New Villages are neglected, and many are experiencing social and economic problems. The paper evaluates these problems with reference to the role of local leaders and development objectives for New Villages in the context of national goals.
Poe and the Art of Painting: Tales to Be Seen—the First Spanish Illustrated Edition
Authors: Rigal-Aragón Margarita , González-Moreno Fernando
Published: April 2018

The poetry and tales of Edgar Allan Poe present a body of work uniquely ripe for interdisciplinary analysis, particularly since his idea about unity of conception involves literary and visual aspects. The present study examines the pictorial dimension of Poe's tales, analyzing the art references that we can trace in some of his works. These written paintings become extraordinary sources of inspiration for innumerable artists who illustrate the images described in these texts; Poe's bizarre capacity to explore an astonishing visual richness—the beautiful, the grotesque, the macabre, the sublime, the picturesque—makes this task challenging. This article focuses on how the illustrator Fernando Xumetra approached Poe's works in the first illustrated Spanish edition (1887).
Poe's Unity of Effect Called into Question: Revisiting Cortázar's Translation of “The Tell-Tale Heart”
Authors: Ibáñez José R.
Published: April 2018

During the early 1950s, Argentine writer Julio Cortázar was commissioned by UNESCO to translate Edgar Allan Poe's prose into Spanish. Cortázar's deep knowledge of the English language and his acquaintance with the life and work of the American writer meant that, over the ensuing decades, he produced renditions which are still considered to be among the most literary of all twentieth-century Spanish translations of Poe's work. This article presents a detailed analysis of two paragraphs from “The Tell-Tale Heart,” comparing Cortázar's translation with other, more recent Spanish versions. I aim to show that although Cortázar's rendering is in many ways the most faithful to the original text, his sometimes nonstandard use of Spanish substantially changes the meaning of the original. For this reason, speakers of Peninsular Spanish may have difficulty in understanding his translation, and might not fully appreciate the unity of effect around which Poe composed this story.