bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unconditional Equals
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: May 2022

For centuries, ringing declarations about all men being created equal appealed to a shared human nature as the reason to consider ourselves equals. But appeals to natural equality invited gradations of natural difference, and the ambiguity at the heart of “nature” enabled generations to write of people as equal by nature while barely noticing the exclusion of those marked as inferior by their gender, race, or class. Despite what we commonly tell ourselves, these exclusions and gradations continue today. This book challenges attempts to justify equality by reference to a shared human nature, arguing that justification turns into conditions and ends up as exclusion. Rejecting the logic of justification, the book calls instead for a genuinely unconditional equality. Drawing on political, feminist, and postcolonial theory, the book argues that we should understand equality not as something grounded in shared characteristics but as something people enact when they refuse to be considered inferiors. At a time when the supposedly shared belief in human equality is so patently not shared, the book makes a powerful case for seeing equality as a commitment we make to ourselves and others, and a claim we make on others when they deny us our status as equals.
In Humboldt's Shadow
Authors: Penny H. Glenn
Published: May 2022

The Berlin Ethnological Museum is one of the world's largest and most important anthropological museums, housing more than a half million objects collected from around the globe. This book tells the story of the German scientists and adventurers who, inspired by Alexander von Humboldt's inclusive vision of the world, traveled the earth in pursuit of a total history of humanity. It also details the fate of their museum, which they hoped would be a scientists' workshop, a place where a unitary history of humanity might emerge. The book shows how these early German ethnologists assembled vast ethnographic collections to facilitate their study of the multiplicity of humanity, not to confirm emerging racist theories of human difference. It traces how Adolf Bastian filled the Berlin museum in an effort to preserve the records of human diversity, yet how he and his supporters were swept up by the imperialist currents of the day and struck a series of Faustian bargains to ensure the growth of their collections. The book describes how influential administrators such as Wilhelm von Bode demanded that the museum be transformed into a hall for public displays, and how Humboldt's inspiring ideals were ultimately betrayed by politics and personal ambition. The book calls on museums to embrace anew Bastian's vision while deepening their engagement with indigenous peoples concerning the provenance and stewardship of these collections.
Hawaiian Feather Cloaks and Mayan Sculptures
Authors: Penny H. Glenn
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces the head of one of the most powerful trading houses in Hamburg, Wilhelm Oswald. It tracks the time when he visited Hawai'i as a young cargo officer on the Prussian merchant ship Prinzessin Louise, and how he found himself drawn into the Hawaiian Royal Court and pressed for information by King Kamehameha III. The chapter then shifts to discuss the visit of the Hawaiian ruler to the Prinzessin Louise with a brilliant red-and-yellow cloak, painstakingly made from the feathers of local birds. Before Europeans began arriving in the islands in 1778, and for several decades afterward, such cloaks were visual symbols of military power and political might. These cloaks were handwoven by men of high rank from feathers collected as part of the commoners' taxes. The chapter argues that it was a poignant act of diplomacy, a gift from one sovereign to another, meant to initiate relations. The chapter then investigates how the feather cloak was separated from the natural curiosities and trade items. The feather cloak entered a somewhat smaller collection of “non-European rarities” than existed at the end of the eighteenth century.
Benin Bronzes
Authors: Penny H. Glenn
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes Felix von Luschan's bid on some African ivories from the Kingdom of Benin. It argues that he had already made offers on a few objects during a recent visit to London, but he was still keen to get a particular ivory cup with a cover. The chapter recalls the bronze and ivory artifacts that British troops seized during a punitive expedition to the kingdom of Benin. Following Benin City's devastation, rumors circulated throughout Europe that British troops had found unique objects in the palace. It took months for Europeans to understand what, precisely, the British had seized. Soon, ivories like those Luschan had been chasing in London started trickling into Europe. What followed was one of the more bewildering and controversial stories in the history of these museums. As the chapter highlights, the Benin bronzes are completely unique in the art of Africa.
Harnessing Humboldt
Authors: Penny H. Glenn
Published: May 2022

This chapter looks at Halealoha Ayau and his team's hope to learn more about the extent of the Hawaiian human remains elsewhere in Berlin, since those had been separated from the collections of material culture long ago. It aims to know what Hawaiian artifacts and human remains were in the city, where they were located, and who was in charge of the institutions that held them. The chapter then shifts to focus on the controversial process of rebuilding the old Berlin Palace on Unter den Linden: from the initial act of spending over 12 million euros to tear down the former East German Palace of the Republic between 2006 and 2008 to its replacement with a new version of the old palace. It argues that recasting the new palace as the Humboldt Forum was a way to legitimate the building and its contents. The chapter ultimately reviews the controversial founding directors' defense of the decision to place the Ethnological Museum under the auspices of the Humboldt Forum. The decision-making process that led to the integration of the Ethnological Museum's collections into the Humboldt Forum has its own complex history, and a series of pundits have continually recast, rewritten, and rationalized that history over the last fifteen years.
The Fetters of Rhyme
Authors: Rush Rebecca M.
Published: May 2022

In his 1668 preface to Paradise Lost, John Milton rejected the use of rhyme, portraying himself as a revolutionary freeing English verse from “the troublesome and modern bondage of Riming.” Despite his claim to be a pioneer, Milton was not initiating a new line of thought—English poets had been debating about rhyme and its connections to liberty, freedom, and constraint since Queen Elizabeth's reign. This book traces this dynamic history of rhyme from the 1590s through the 1670s. The book uncovers the surprising associations early modern readers attached to rhyming forms like couplets and sonnets, and it shows how reading poetic form from a historical perspective yields fresh insights into verse's complexities. The book explores how early modern poets imagined rhyme as a band or fetter, comparing it to the bonds linking individuals to political, social, and religious communities. She considers how Edmund Spenser's sonnet rhymes stood as emblems of voluntary confinement, how John Donne's revival of the Chaucerian couplet signaled sexual and political radicalism, and how Ben Jonson's verse charted a middle way between licentious Elizabethan couplet poets and slavish sonneteers. The book then looks at why the royalist poets embraced the prerational charms of rhyme, and how Milton spent his career reckoning with rhyme's allures. Examining a poetic feature that sits between sound and sense, liberty and measure, the book elucidates early modern efforts to negotiate these forces in verse making and reading.
An Even and Unaltered Gait
Authors: Rush Rebecca M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter explains why Ben Jonson's measured couplets were seen as a watershed in the history of English poetry. It argues that the battle between the couplet and the stanzaic poets in the 1590s ended in a sort of stalemate. The young couplet poets eroded the influence of stanzaic poets like Edmund Spenser by associating stanzas with a cowardly submission to mistresses, conventions, and continental rules of poetry. Nevertheless, their separation of verse from measure was not particularly congenial to most seventeenth-century poets, who continued to hold to the view that poetic form should reflect divine or social order. By instituting a reform of English verse that reconciled the argumentative freedom of the couplet school with the measure of the stanzaic poets, Ben Jonson made the couplet a fitting vehicle for his ethical poetry, which celebrates a circumscribed, private kind of liberty. In doing so, he developed concepts of lyric freedom and a separate poetic sphere that would be taken up and reinterpreted by the subsequent generation of poets.
Rhyme Oft Times Overreaches Reason
Authors: Rush Rebecca M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter looks at royalist lyric poets, who celebrated the affective power of rhyme's chime. In the decades that followed the outbreak of the Civil War, royalist poets played up the charming, mystical aspects of the rhyming couplet. Rhyme, therefore, became an emblem of the grounded sublimity that poets like Robert Herrick, Katherine Philips, and Abraham Cowley pursued in their verse. They endeavored to make the case that the form and matter of their verse were linked, on the one hand, to the most deep-rooted, primitive desires of the heart and, on the other, to the higher harmony of the cosmos. If the Civil War was, as Cowley suggested, a crisis of unleashed passion, embracing the charming, prerational nature of rhyme seemed like one way to reconnect those passions to forces of political, social, and cosmic order.
Milton and the Known Rules of Ancient Liberty
Authors: Rush Rebecca M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter re-contextualizes John Milton's disavowal of rhyme in Paradise Lost (1667), showing how it grew out of a career-long effort to reckon with rhyme's allures and to disentangle his own dedication to poetic sublimity and private liberty from the royalist retreat into the affections. Although in his preface to Paradise Lost Milton depicts himself as a poetic revolutionary offering the first example in English of ancient poetic liberty, he draws on arguments that John Donne, Joseph Hall, and John Marston had marshalled decades before in defense of the libertine couplet. In fact, Milton's understanding of poetic liberty is in many ways less radical and less disruptive than that of his Elizabethan predecessors. In his effort to craft a style distinct from the affective lyrics of the Royalists, Milton fuses the metrical discipline of Jonson with the flowing enjambment of Donne. The result is a peculiarly Miltonic prosodic style in which dedication to liberty of expression is accompanied by a painstaking attention to the rules of poetic measure.
Back in the World
Authors: Macauley Melissa
Published: May 2022

This chapter recounts how Chaozhouese began to emerge among the commercial titans and laboring masses of Southeast Asia in the eighteenth century. It mentions the triumph of the half-Chaozhou-Chinese king of Siam, Taksin, which is considered a transformative event. With significant paramilitary assistance from Chaozhouese émigrés, Taksin prevailed over the Burmese invaders in 1767 and reestablished tranquility in the kingdom. The chapter talks about how Taksin and his successors favored Chaozhouese in and facilitated the rise of the fabled Chaozhou junk merchants. Polities along the Gulf of Siam formed a vital zone of maritime Chaozhou, sites of investment and trade, destinations for Chaozhouese labor, and founts of natural resources.
Brotherhood of the Sword
Authors: Macauley Melissa
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses how maritime Chaozhou emerged as an arena for the organization of sworn brotherhoods, mutual aid societies, and folk sectarian alliances that Chinese and colonial officials characterized as secret or heterodox. It refers to confraternities that offered reciprocal protection to sojourning brothers and members of the sedentary population. They constituted an extension of the familial logic of group solidarity to multisurname networks as a means of coping with unpredictable challenges. The chapter highlights the brotherhoods that enabled individuals to ward off threats, gain financial support, and enjoy a ritualized camaraderie with like-minded fellows. The protective strategy occasionally evolved into a predatory opportunity, however, and the criminal underworld became inflected with the rituals of sectarian fraternities.
Qingxiang
Authors: Macauley Melissa
Published: May 2022

This chapter refers to the regional commander of the Army of the Green Standard, Fang Yao, that launched a violent campaign of rural pacification along the Chaozhou coast in December 1869. The bloodiest phase ended in 1873, by which time more than three thousand pirates, rebels, brotherhood leaders, smugglers, and feuding braves had been captured and decapitated. It mentions villages that were cleared of their inhabitants and burned to the ground, while others were forced to pay back taxes and fines. The chapter talks about the tens of thousands of people that were driven into exile in distant lands. The provincial officials who sanctioned this campaign referred to it as a qingxiang, an effort to eradicate criminal case backlogs, purge the region of its lawless and insurrectionary element, and pacify coastal districts that had been beyond the control of the government since the Qing dynasty was founded in 1644.
The Framework
Authors: Ashworth Scott , Berry Christopher R. , Mesquita Ethan Bueno De
Published: May 2022

This chapter looks at the connection between theory and empirics from thirty thousand feet, providing a conceptual framework for thinking about how the entire enterprise fits together. It explains how theoretical models and empirical research designs relate to the world and to each other and what kinds of scientific claims are being learned, comparing a theoretical implication to an empirical finding. It also cites an extended example, drawn from the literature on women's underrepresentation in electoral politics. The chapter discusses how viewing the dialogue between theory and empirics through the lens can change the thinking about various kinds of theoretical and empirical contributions and can highlight opportunities for new research. It compares and contrasts the framework to two other prominent approaches to linking theory and empirics, namely structural modeling and causal mediation analysis.
Models
Authors: Ashworth Scott , Berry Christopher R. , Mesquita Ethan Bueno De
Published: May 2022

This chapter looks at models used in social scientific theorizing that are simplifications representing only a small piece of a larger phenomenon. Models leave almost everything out and at first glance, such models look like poor support for a bridge to the world or to empirics. The chapter also examines a discussion to resonate with the intuitions of many theorists, facilitating making models that are valuable for empirical social scientists. It discusses the reassurance on empiricists about what their model-building colleagues are up to as empiricists constantly confront the messiness of the world that generates their data. It also addresses how simplifications could provide understanding of such a messy and complicated reality.
Research Design
Authors: Ashworth Scott , Berry Christopher R. , Mesquita Ethan Bueno De
Published: May 2022

This chapter proposes a tool for thinking about research design called the elements of research design (ERD), outlining an empirical strategy on what the researcher will do to produce some estimate of a quantity of interest. It adds to that a set of assumptions under which the strategy works and a collection of arguments for measurement validity, plausibility of the assumptions, and to bolster confidence that the findings are not due to chance or chicanery. The quality of these arguments determines how credible the research design is. The chapter explains how ERD makes concrete the process of systematically articulating the claim of similarity between a research design and a target. This claim of similarity is based on two arguments: that the measures meaningfully represent the relevant features of the target and that the assumptions of the research design are plausible.
Reinterpreting
Authors: Ashworth Scott , Berry Christopher R. , Mesquita Ethan Bueno De
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the influence of parties on the roll-call votes of members of the US Congress and the mobilization and recruitment for terrorist groups, including the effect of natural disasters on the electoral fortunes of incumbent leaders. It emphasizes how a reinterpretation need not assert that the previously posited theoretical mechanism is absent, nor need it assert that the newly proposed one is present. Reinterpretation is an argument about the evidence on offer, which is consistent with more than one mechanism. The chapter analyzes reinterpretation that involves pointing out that some existing empirical findings actually agree with common implications of a model embodying the old mechanism and a model embodying the new mechanism. If the two models are both plausibly similar to the target, then that agreement does not favor one interpretation over the other.
Elaborating
Authors: Ashworth Scott , Berry Christopher R. , Mesquita Ethan Bueno De
Published: May 2022

This chapter defines elaborating as drawing out many different implications of a theoretical model and empirically assessing them in more than one way. Sometimes elaboration results in agreement between multiple theoretical implications and empirical findings. It examines multiple instances of agreement that make it more likely that the mechanism in question is at work in the target and less likely that some alternative mechanism or some failure of similarity between the research design and the target explains all of the findings. The chapter cites examples that illustrate the use of elaborating to address concerns. To get a sense of how elaborating works, it reviews Dell's (2015) study of the politics of the Mexican drug war.
Distinguishing
Authors: Ashworth Scott , Berry Christopher R. , Mesquita Ethan Bueno De
Published: May 2022

This chapter talks about identifying and evaluating implications that are not common implications of the alternatives on offer called distinguishing implication. Many mechanisms are at work in most real-world targets and it is important not to overinterpret a claim about distinguishing. It points out that distinguishing is rarely about arguing for one mechanism and against others, but it is about increasing what is known about whether a particular mechanism is at work. The chapter explains that distinguishing is essentially about the question on how convincing is the case that the mechanism plays a role in explaining what is going on in the target. It recounts Dell's (2015) work on the Mexican drug war that shows an association between PAN election victories and increases in drug-related violence.
Modeling the Research Design
Authors: Ashworth Scott , Berry Christopher R. , Mesquita Ethan Bueno De
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses modeling the research design that involves representing a research design itself within a model that embodies the mechanisms in question. The goal is a better understanding of which theoretical implications are commensurable with the estimand of the research design. The chapter reviews the approach to linking theory and empirics through all-else-equal claims that suggests that much theorizing already implicitly involves a model of a research design. It refers to a comparative static that can be thought of as a model of a just-controlling design with no omitted confounders. Modeling the research design becomes more interesting, and worth consideration as a distinct approach, when multiple mechanisms interact in potentially complicated ways or when a more complicated research design makes thinking about commensurability conceptually difficult.
Two Paths to Democratization
Authors: Miller Michael K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter explains how shocks and ruling parties shape regime power and produce political contexts favorable to democratization. It begins by introducing the measure of democracy with the resulting 139 transitions and the two paths to democratization, as captured by six concrete conditions: five shocks and electoral continuity. More than 9 in 10 democratic transitions satisfy at least one of these six conditions. The chapter outlines how stable autocracy rests on an equilibrium in which leaders rely on elite supporters to restrain opponents. It argues the key motives for democratization — leader insecurity within autocracy and expectations about democracy — are muted without prior shocks or a strong ruling party.
Domestic Shocks
Authors: Miller Michael K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter recounts major violent shocks that preceded 100 of 139 democratic transitions since 1800. Domestic shocks in the form of coups, civil wars, and assassinations preceded 80, representing the predominant path to democracy in the modern era. The chapter covers domestic events that address international shocks and for each type of shock, it discusses how they influence democratization, overview the cases and patterns among them, and delve into details on specific cases. The goal is both to add depth to the descriptive analysis and to provide evidence for the general theory. It devotes particular attention to identifying the actors and motives behind each shock.
Electoral Continuity
Authors: Miller Michael K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides an overview of autocratic elections and parties, including prior work on democratization and the success of autocratic parties post-democratization. The theory on parties' paths to democratization follows, beginning with the triggers that disrupt electoral autocracies and amplify competition, then turning to why parties decide to liberalize. It details case evidence showing the causal role of high electoral confidence in successful democratization and the contrasting effect of low confidence for democratic resisters. The chapter refers to the surprising resilience that shapes autocratic leaders' attitudes about democratization, since transition does not necessarily imply a full sacrifice of power and thus need not be met with determined resistance. In the electoral continuity path to democracy, leaders of an established ruling party accede to democratization.
Mediated Effects of the Paths
Authors: Miller Michael K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter proposes a shift in how scholars test country-level factors and democratization. Rather than focusing on direct effects, given that shocks and ruling parties precede nearly all cases of democratization, a better approach is to capture how structure flows through these conditions. The chapter introduces a framework that tests how structure first predicts and is then conditioned by shocks and ruling parties, which helps to illuminate how and why specific factorspredict democratization and why many do not. The chapter shows framework that can break down the fraction of a variable's effect on democratization that runs through each path, revealing what pushes countries down their specific paths. As an exploratory exercise, the chapter applies the framework to 14 structural factors, with the deepest analysis on average income and why it has such a weak relationship with democratization.
Conclusion
Authors: Miller Michael K.
Published: May 2022

This chapter presents a revisionist theory of democratization that is built on three central concepts: power, context, and disruption. Traditional views have focused in isolation on factors like societal preferences for democracy, protest, and economic structure. The chapter argues that they rarely matter outside of political contexts in which autocrats perceive they have little power to lose by democratizing. The chapter reviews the contexts that follow major disruptions to the autocratic status quo. In more than 9 in 10 transitions since 1800, democratization followed a violent shock or featured a durable ruling party that faced some disruption to its hegemony but correctly anticipated success in democracy.
The CalPERS Era
Authors: Jacoby Sanford M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter recounts the transformation in stock ownership that was underway during the 1970s, wherein pension plans bulked up their holdings, followed by mutual funds. Come the following decade, the public plans, epitomized by the California Public Employees' Retirement System (CalPERS), began to flex their muscles. The chapter highlights how CalPERS would mount a head-on challenge to postwar institutions of corporate governance. It considers the causes of activism's emergence as shareholder primacy took hold of investors and conventional wisdom. The chapter provides a critical analysis of the activist agenda and its consequences for players competing in the corporate governance game and includes a primer on pension funds for those unfamiliar with them.
Breaking Barriers, Building Bridges
Authors: Jacoby Sanford M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter mentions union-influenced pension plans that had the will but not always the way to become shareholder activists. A big problem was the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which historically was a brake on their efforts and multiemployer plans had additional problems. The chapter mentions John Sweeney, who became AFL-CIO (American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations) president and put in place an infrastructure to encourage their activism. The chapter describes union investors that reached out to players in the investing world — the big public plans, Chartered Insurance Institute (CII), and proxy advisors such as ISS. The SEC's proxy voting rules had for years been stacked in management's favor, but in 1989, the California Public Employees' Retirement System (CalPERS) took the lead in challenging the agency, offering nearly fifty separate proposals to loosen up proxy rules.
From Exuberance to Enron
Authors: Jacoby Sanford M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter recounts the pace of financial development that quickened under President Bill Clinton, and like Prime Minister Tony Blair, he sought to challenge the libertarian drift set in motion by their predecessors. Clinton and Blair's “Third Way” preserved a role for government as a market buffer, though less generous than what Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal and the postwar Labour Party had wrought. The chapter talks about rebalancing, which meant that a larger role for civil society and a shift of responsibility from government and business to individuals. The chapter describes the mania for stocks that was not seen since the 1920s, which accompanied the decade' frothy equity markets. The Third Way's leaders were infatuated with the transformative potential they saw in share ownership.
Machine Learning in Asset Pricing
Authors: Nagel Stefan
Published: May 2022

Investors in financial markets are faced with an abundance of potentially value-relevant information from a wide variety of different sources. In such data-rich, high-dimensional environments, techniques from the rapidly advancing field of machine learning (ML) are well-suited for solving prediction problems. Accordingly, ML methods are quickly becoming part of the toolkit in asset pricing research and quantitative investing. This book examines the promises and challenges of ML applications in asset pricing. Asset pricing problems are substantially different from the settings for which ML tools were developed originally. To realize the potential of ML methods, they must be adapted for the specific conditions in asset pricing applications. Economic considerations, such as portfolio optimization, absence of near arbitrage, and investor learning can guide the selection and modification of ML tools. Beginning with a brief survey of basic supervised ML methods, the book discusses the application of these techniques in empirical research in asset pricing and shows how they promise to advance the theoretical modeling of financial markets. The book presents the exciting possibilities of using cutting-edge methods in research on financial asset valuation.
Introduction
Authors: Nagel Stefan
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses prediction problems that are central to asset pricing, emphasizing that investors must forecast firms' future cash flows when it comes to price stocks. Researchers testing asset pricing models look for predictor variables that can forecast return differences between assets or that capture forecastable variation in returns across time. It describes models of credit risk that require predictors of default, including hedging and risk management models that require forecasts of asset return comovement. The chapter reviews technological advances that have led to an explosive growth in the amount of information that is available to investors and analysts. Even if looking at the narrow slice of data that can be extracted from corporate financial reports, the growth in data availability has been staggering.
ML as Model of Investor Belief Formation
Authors: Nagel Stefan
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses some basic steps toward an asset pricing model in which investors face a high-dimensional learning problem. It mentions investors in the model that use a set of covariates to forecast firm cash flows and price stocks based on these forecasts. To make these forecasts, investors have to estimate the functional relationship between the covariates and future cash flows from observed historical data. The chapter explains how the investors face this learning problem, which has a profound effect on asset price properties, especially when the number of potentially relevant predictor covariates is large relative to the number of stocks that generate the historical data that investors learn from. Investors' learning problem in this model is, in many ways, still an overly simplified representation of the learning problem faced by realworld investors.
Trying
Authors: Mann Jenny C.
Published: May 2022

This chapter unfolds the questions of how do words produce action, and how do early modern English writers conceptualize the unseen “force” of verbal eloquence. By providing a parable of the hidden force of verbal eloquence, the chapter elucidates the myth of Orpheus which enables the epistemology of the early modern language arts. In the sixteenth century, as the chapter argues, the English arts of rhetoric and poetics used the tale of Orpheus to transform the force of verbal eloquence into an object of knowledge. The chapter emphasizes that the Orpheus myth provides a way for early modern English poets and rhetors to conceptualize and enact the force of eloquence. The chapter demonstrates how the problem of action-at-a-distance informs the practice of rhetoric: the skilled rhetor must develop techniques that allow the practitioner to manipulate the occult relations between the world's parts so as to act on things from afar. The chapter then asserts that the Orpheus myth is an instrument of knowledge production for early modern rhetoric and poetics, helping writers to posit the force of verbal energeia as an overwhelming action-at-a-distance.
Leftism and the New
Authors: Renaud Terence
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on leftism. The first recorded usage of ‘new left’ to define radical politics started in the 1950s. The left existed since the French Revolution, but people casually call leftists on anything about social justice two centuries later. Conservatives often use the term as some form of abuse. Hungarian Marxist philosopher Georg Lukács has a big influence over the history of new lefts and the reification of the distinctive feature of modern life. On the other hand, Lenin is a prominent figure against leftism as he highlighted their impotence, instability, and eclectism. The chapter also includes the influence of a book called History and Class Consciousness.
The Antifascist New Left
Authors: Renaud Terence
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses antifascism in line with the New Left. Liberals, social democrats, and communists are one of the two main currents of antifascism, while the other consist of religious socialists and libertarian anarchists. The revolution championed by antifascist New Left went beyond established politics and labor militancy to encompass sex, culture, and everyday life. Wilhelm Reich defines fascism as the organized political expression of the structure of the average man's character that is not confined between races and parties. On the other hand, the internal dispute between social democrats and communists despite fronting the same foe made the working class amenable to Adolf Hitler's promises.
The Sixties New Left
Authors: Renaud Terence
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the New Left in the 1960s. Interwar and post-war New Left had similar approaches to organizational form and politics such as radical democracy, cultural experimentation, sexual liberation, and anti-colonial solidarity. The anti-authoritarian New Left of the 1960s is the culmination of a dynamic process of mid-century neoleftism. Campus activism of students and workers became a popular uprising of May 1968. The chapter discusses how Rudi Dutschke and Daniel Cohn-Bendit spearheaded the new lefts to the course for its future movement. It also includes the West German protests against the Vietnam War in 1966. The new lefts' goal was to create a self-perpetuating movement.
Introduction to Part I
Authors: Anderson Elisabeth
Published: May 2022

Children have always worked. Whether as free or enslaved agricultural laborers, artisan apprentices, industrial homeworkers, helpers in retail establishments, domestic servants, or street vendors, children played an integral role in the early modern economy. But around the turn of the nineteenth century, as the Industrial Revolution spread from England to the European continent and into the New World, the nature of some children’s work changed. Whereas industrial production in the putting-out system had largely been carried out within family homes under the supervision of parents, it now moved into workshops and factories, where children toiled for wages alongside strangers and dangerous new machines. Working days had always been long and tiring, but now they stretched to fourteen hours or more, and grew increasingly regimented and inflexible. It was no longer possible for working children to make enough time for learning, recreation, and rest without losing their jobs. A minute division of labor rendered children’s tasks monotonous and stultifying. Overwork, malnourishment, unsanitary conditions, and lack of physical exercise in fresh air caused ill health and shortened life spans. Beyond this, each sector carried particular risks to health and safety—risks to which frail and incautious children were especially vulnerable....
A Tale of Two Reformers
Authors: Anderson Elisabeth
Published: May 2022

This chapter recounts how child labor burst onto the national policy agenda in Belgium and France in the 1840s. In France, calls for regulation began in 1828, when a group of industrialists in the textile town of Mulhouse began petitioning the state for regulations on the employment of children in factories. The chapter mentions Leopold I, the king of neighboring Belgium, who called for a similar law and a major investigation was undertaken but did not enact a child labor law until 1889. Comparing the French and Belgian cases, the chapter explains why, despite social and political conditions favorable to reform in both countries, France succeeded in regulating child labor early in its industrial development while Belgium did not. Some have argued that Belgium failed because it embraced economic liberalism with extreme fervor and granted capitalists great influence over policy.
Defending Democracy
Authors: Anderson Elisabeth
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes how early nineteenth-century Massachusetts, France, and Prussia were characterized by radically different political systems, institutional structures, and social worlds. It highlights France as a constitutional monarchy in which democratic rights were restricted to the upper echelon, whereas Prussia was an absolute monarchy where policy making was controlled by a powerful, centralized bureaucracy. Massachusetts, on the other hand, was a rapidly urbanizing and industrializing democracy in which political participation was widespread, and social mobility was a real possibility for many. The chapter details how Massachusetts became the first US state to regulate child labor in 1836, when it required children working in manufacturing establishments to attend school for at least three months a year. Although the democratic institutions structuring the early nineteenth-century Massachusetts policy field were robust, the field was in other respects undeveloped compared with the European states.
Implementasi Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri Terhadap Keaktifann Dan Hasil Belajar Matematika
Authors: Kustianah Iis Popon
Published: May 2022

Penelitian tindakan kelas ini dilatarbelakangi oleh rendahnya hasil belajar matematika, khususnya pada proses pembelajaran, siswa merasa bosan, takut bertanya dan pasif, sehingga matematika menjadi pelajaran yang sulit.Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis keterlaksanaan, keaktifan dan hasil belajar siswa kelas IX F SMP Negeri 1 Cimaragas melalui penerapan model pembelajaran inkuiri. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas (Classrom Action Research) yang terdiri dari tiga siklus. Subyek penelitian sebanyak 23 orang yang memiliki karakteristik yang beragam. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan lembar observasi, dan tes. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keterlaksanaan pembelajaran matematika menggunakan model pembelajaran inkuiri di kelas IX F SMP Negeri 1 Cimaragas sudah berjalan baik, ditunjukkan berdasarkan rata-rata persentase pada siklus pertama sampai siklus ketiga sebesar 90,9 %, 93,2 % dan 95,6 %. Penerapan model pembelajaran inkuiri terhadap keaktifan siswa sudah berjalan baik, siswa sudah terlibat aktif dalam pembelajaran. Berdasarkan tes hasil belajar rata-rata nilai siswa pada siklus I memperoleh 71,35 dengan ketuntasan 47,8% meningkat pada siklus II menjadi 81,61 dengan ketuntasan 73,9% dan pada siklus III menjadi 84,35 dengan ketuntasan 91,3%.
Peningkatan Kemampuan Representasi Matematis dan Kemandirian Belajar Siswa melalui Model Pembelajaran PBL Berbantuan Geogebra
Authors: Fasa Iraldy Laendra , Firmansyah Eka , Pratama Dimas Yanuar
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) peningkatan kemampuan representasi matematis siswa yang memperoleh model Problem Based Learning (PBL) Berbantuan Geogebra lebih tinggi daripada siswa yang memperoleh model ekspositori; (2) kemandirian belajar siswa yang memperoleh model PBL Berbantuan Geogebra lebih baik daripada siswa yang memperoleh model ekspositori; (3) terdapat korelasi positif antara kemampuan representasi matematis dan kemandirian belajar siswa yang memperoleh model PBL Berbantuan Geogebra. Metode yang digunakan adalah kuasi eksperimen dengan desain penelitian kelompok kontrol pretes-postes. Populasinya adalah seluruh siswa kelas X SMA Negeri di Garut. Untuk sampel penelitiannya terdiri dari 2 kelas, yaitu kelas eskperimen dan kelas kontrol. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa soal uraian kemampuan representasi matematis dan skala kemandirian belajar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) peningkatan kemampuan representasi matematis siswa yang memperoleh model PBL Berbantuan Geogebra lebih tinggi daripada siswa yang memperoleh model ekspositori; (2) peningkatan kemandirian belajar siswa yang memperoleh model PBL Berbantuan Geogebra lebih baik daripada siswa yang memperoleh model ekspositori; (3) tidak terdapat korelasi antara kemampuan representasi matematis dan kemandirian belajar siswa yang memperoleh model PBL Berbantuan Geogebra.
Peningkatan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis Siswa Melalui Pendekatan Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah Dengan Geogebra
Authors: Kania Enung Sri , Yaniawati Poppy , Indrawan Rully , Firmansyah Eka
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa kelas IX-H SMP Negeri 1 Paseh Sumedang melalui penerapan pendekatan Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah (PBM) dengan Geogebra pada materi kekongruenan dan kesebangunan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas yang terdiri dari empat siklus. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas IX-H SMP Negeri 1 Paseh Sumedang tahun ajaran 2019/2020 yang berjumlah 32 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi wawancara, observasi, tes kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis, dan dokumentasi. Data yang terkumpul kemudian diolah dengan analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian tentang penerapan pendekatan PBM dengan Geogebra adalah sebagai berikut : persentase ketuntasan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika siswa pada siklus I berada pada kriteria cukup, pada siklus kedua mengalami penurunan dengan kriteria cukup, pada siklus ketiga juga hasilnya menurun, dan pada siklus keempat mengalami peningkatan dengan kriteria tinggi. Hasil penelitian, menunjukkan bahwa penerapan pendekatan PBM dengan Geogebra dapat meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika siswa kelas IX-H SMP Negeri 1 Paseh Sumedang pada tahun ajaran 2019/2020
Pendekatan Saintifik Dengan Reward Dalam Meningkatkan Pemahaman Siswa Terhadap Matematika
Authors: Mubarika Melinda Putri , Firmansyah Eka
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bahwa melalui pendekatan saintifik dengan reward, pemahaman matematika siswa dapat meningkat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuasi eksperimen tipe embeded dengan tiga perlakuan di tiga kelas berbeda. Kelas eksperimen pertama diberi perlakuan pendekatan saintifik dengan reward, kelas eksperimen kedua diberi perlakuan pendekatan saintifik tanpa reward, dan kelas kontrol yang diberi perlakuan pembelajaran langsung. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu instrumen tes berupa pretes dan postes, yang dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji perbedaan rerata. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat peningkatan pemahaman matematika antara kelas saintifik dengan reward, kelas saintafik tanpa reward dan kelas kontrol, terdapat perbedaan pemahaman antara kelas saintifik dengan reward dan kelas saintifik tanpa reward, begitu juga ada perbedaan pemahaman antara kelas saintifik tanpa reward dan kelas kontrol.
Mengurangi Kecemasan Matematis Dan Meningkatkan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis Siswa Mts Dengan Pendekatan PBL
Authors: Setiani Ana
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: untuk melakukan studi yang berfokus pada pengaruh model pembelajaran yang diduga dapat mengurangi kecemasan matematika dan meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII MTs Atta’Zhimiyah Bandung dengan sampelnya diambil secara acak dua kelas, satu kelas diberikan perlakuan dengan pembelajaran Problem Based Learning dan kelas yang satunya lagi dengan pembelajaran ekspositori. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tes kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis serta angket kecemasan matematika dengan skala likert. Analisis data menggunakan metode Mixed Method Embedded Konkuren. Berdasarkan analisis data diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa (1) Terdapat peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa dengan Problem Based Learning lebih baik daripada siswa dengan pembelajaran ekspositori.(2) Terdapat peningatan kualitas kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa yang menggunakan Problem Based Learning lebih baik daripada siswa dengan pembelajaran ekspositori. (3) Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan kecemasan matematika dan pencapaian kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa dengan Problem Based Learning dan siswa dengan pembelajaran ekspositori, (4) Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan penurunan kecemasan matematika dan peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa dengan pembelajaran Problem Based Learning dam siswa dengan pembelajaran ekspositori, dan (5) Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kecemasan matematika dengan pencapaian kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis siswa.
Efektivitas Teknik Evaluasi Pembelajaran Menggunakan Aplikasi QR Code Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Matematis Dan Kemandirian Belajar Siswa
Authors: Astrid Fauziyah , Indrawan Rully , Kariadinata Rahayu
Published: May 2022

Pemanfaatan informasi teknologi khususnya QR code dalam pendidikan masih kurang. Oleh karena itu peneliti ingin menggunakan QR Code sebagai tekik evaluasi pada pelajaran matematika. Selama ini teknik evaluasi yang digunakan guru adalah teknik evaluasi biasa, sementara itu siswa tampak berharap lebih banyak bantuan dari teman sebayanya dalam mengerjakan soal – soal matematika, dikarenakan juga siswa kurang kreatif dan kurang mandiri dalam mengerjakan soal – soal matematika. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan QR Code sebagai teknik evaluasi pada materi program linear. Pernyataan masalah adalah apakah siswa yang  teknik  evaluasinya menggunakan aplikasi QR Code kemampuan kreatif dan kemandiriannya lebih baik daripada siswa yang teknik evaluasinya tidak menggunakan aplikasi QR Code. Jumlah siswa dikelas X jurusan Adminstrasi Perkantoran di SMK Indonesia Raya Bandung tahun pelajaran 2018/2019 adalah 34 siswa kelas eksperimen dan 34 siswa kelas control. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa siswa yang teknik evaluasi menggunakan aplikasi QR code kemampuan berpikir kreatif dan kemandiriannya lebih baik daripada siswa yang menggunakan teknik evaluasi biasa.
Penerapan Gamification dalam Bidang Pendidikan Formal dan Nonformal: Survey Paper
Authors: Carolus Ridnaldy Yunior , Gormantara A
Published: May 2022

Pendidikan merupakan pondasi utama dalam meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia (SDM), dengan meningkatnya SDM maka suatu negara dapat berkembang dan maju dengan didasari pendidikan baik secara formal ataupun non-formal. Gamifikasi merupakan alternatif dalam sebagai inovasi dalam pendidikan. Gamifikasi merupakan teknik desain permainan untuk menghasilkan hal yang dianggap sebagai hal yang membosankan menjadi menarik layaknya sebuah game. Mechanics Dynamics Aesthetics (MDA) merupakan model utama dalam menerapkan sebuah gamifikasi. MDA berfungsi untuk memetakan komponen-komponen agar menjadi sebuah kesatuan dalam merancang sebuah game, belajar merupakan salah satu bagian dalam pendidikan, untuk merancang sebuah gamifikasi pada pembelajaran maka diperlukan model gamifikasi yang tepat yaitu The Dynamical Model for Gamification Learning (DMGL) dan Attention Relevance Confidence Satisfaction (ARCS) kedua model gamifikasi ini menerapkan MDA sebagai dasar dalam gamifikasi dan menambahkan komponen yang dapat memotivasi siswa dalam belajar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memetakan literatur untuk lebih memahami penerapan model gamifikasi pada pendidikan secara formal dan juga non-formal