bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locomotor performance of closely relatedTropidurusspecies:relationships with physiological parameters and ecological divergence
Authors: Kohlsdorf Tiana , James Rob S. , Carvalho José E. , Wilson Robbie S. , Dal Pai-Silva Maeli , Navas Carlos A.
Published: February 2004

Tropidurid lizards have colonized a variety of Brazilian open environments without remarkable morphological variation, despite ecological and structural differences among habitats used. This study focuses on two Tropidurussister-species that, despite systematic proximity and similar morphology,exhibit great ecological divergence and a third ecologically generalist congeneric species providing an outgroup comparison. We quantified jumping capacity and sprint speed of each species on sand and rock to test whether ecological divergence was also accompanied by differences in locomotor performance. Relevant physiological traits possibly associated with locomotor performance – metabolic scopes and fiber type composition, power output and activity of the enzymes citrate synthase, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase of the iliofibularis muscle – were also compared among the three Tropidurus species. We found that the two sister-species exhibited remarkable differences in jumping performance, while Tropidurus oreadicus, the more distantly related species, exhibited intermediate values. Tropidurus psamonastes, a species endemic to sand dunes,exhibited high absolute sprint speeds on sand, jumped rarely and possessed a high proportion of glycolytic fibers and low activity of citrate synthase. The sister-species Tropidurus itambere, endemic to rocky outcrops,performed a large number of jumps and achieved lower absolute sprint speed than T. psamonastes. This study provides evidence of rapid divergence of locomotor parameters between sister-species that use different substrates,which is only partially explained by variation in physiological parameters of the iliofibularis muscle.
The physiological consequences of exposure to chronic, sublethal waterborne nickel in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): exercisevsresting physiology
Authors: Pane Eric F. , Haque Aziz , Goss Greg G. , Wood Chris M.
Published: February 2004

In rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), following chronic (42 day)exposure to both 384 μg Ni l–1 and 2034 μg Ni l–1, Ni accumulation was greatest in the gill, kidney and plasma, with the plasma as the main sink for Ni. Indeed, trapped plasma analysis revealed that extensive loading of Ni in the plasma accounted for substantial percentages of accumulated Ni in several tissues including the liver and heart. Accumulated Ni in the gill and kidney was less dependent on plasma Ni concentration, suggesting a more intracellular accumulation of Ni in these tissues.

We present evidence for a clear, persistent cost of acclimation to chronic,sublethal Ni exposure. Chronic (40–99 day) exposure to sublethal waterborne Ni (243–394 μg Ni l–1; ∼1% of the 96 h LC50) impaired the exercise physiology, but not the resting physiology, of rainbow trout. Ni acted as a limiting stressor, decreasing maximal rates of oxygen consumption(\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \({\dot{M}}_{\mathrm{O}_{2},\mathrm{max}}\) \end{document})during strenuous exercise in trout exposed for 34 days to sublethal Ni. This drop in high-performance gas exchange was attributed mainly to a reduction in relative branchial diffusing capacity (Drel) caused by thickening of secondary lamellae. Morphometric analysis of the gills of chronically exposed fish revealed overall swelling of secondary lamellae, as well as hypertrophic respiratory epithelia within secondary lamellae. Additionally, contraction of the lamellar blood pillar system and narrowing of interlamellar water channels occurred, possibly contributing to decreased high-performance gas exchange. Decreased aerobic capacity persisted in fish previously exposed to nickel despite a clean-water exposure period of 38 days and an almost complete depuration of gill Ni, suggesting that extrabranchial mechanisms of chronic Ni toxicity may also be important.

Chronic impairment of such a dynamically active and critical organ as the gill may depress the overall fitness of a fish by impairing predator avoidance, prey capture and migration success with obvious environmental implications.
Light-dependent magnetoreception in birds: analysis of the behaviour under red light after pre-exposure to red light
Authors: Wiltschko Wolfgang , Möller Andrea , Gesson Marcus , Noll Catrin , Wiltschko Roswitha
Published: February 2004

In previous experiments, migratory birds had been disoriented under 635 nm red light, apparently unable to use their magnetic compass. The present study with European robins, Erithacus rubecula, confirms these findings for red light at the levels of 6×1015 quanta s–1m–2 and 43×1015 quanta s–1m–2, suggesting that the disorientation under red light was not caused by the test light being below the threshold for magnetoreception. However, pre-exposure to red light for 1 h immediately before the critical tests under red light of 6–7×1015 quanta s–1 m–2 enabled robins to orient in their seasonally appropriate migratory direction in spring as well as in autumn. Pre-exposure to darkness, by contrast, failed to induce orientation under red light. Under green light of 7×1015 quanta s–1 m–2, the birds were oriented in their migratory orientation after both types of pre-exposure. These findings suggest that the newly gained ability to orient under red light might be based on learning to interpret a novel pattern of activation of the magnetoreceptors and hence may represent a parallel to the previously described enlargement of the functional window to new magnetic intensities. Mechanisms involving two types of spectral mechanisms with different absorbance maxima and their possible interactions are discussed.
Magnetic orientation in the mealworm beetle Tenebrio and the effect of light
Authors: Vácha Martin , Soukopová Helena
Published: February 2004

There is evidence for both light-dependent and light-independent mechanisms of magnetoreception of terrestrial animals. One example of a light-independent mechanism frequently cited is the magnetic compass of the mealworm beetle(Tenebrio molitor). We found that magnetoreception of the mealworm beetle per se is a replicable phenomenon but that, in contrast to earlier findings, Tenebrio only exhibited consistent magnetic compass orientation when light was present. The problem of whether the loss of orientation is due to a light-dependent magnetoreception mechanism or is instead an effect of motivation change is discussed.
Measurement of cell velocity distributions in populations of motile algae
Authors: Vladimirov V. A. , Wu M. S. C. , Pedley T. J. , Denissenko P. V. , Zakhidova S. G.
Published: February 2004

The self-propulsion of unicellular algae in still ambient fluid is studied using a previously reported laser-based tracking method, supplemented by new tracking software. A few hundred swimming cells are observed simultaneously and the average parameters of the cells' motility are calculated. The time-dependent, two-dimensional distribution of swimming velocities is measured and the three-dimensional distribution is recovered by assuming horizontal isotropy. The mean and variance of the cell turning angle are quantified, to estimate the reorientation time and rotational diffusivity of the bottom-heavy cell. The cells' phototactic and photokinetic responses to the laser light are evaluated. The results are generally consistent both with earlier assumptions about the nature of cell swimming and quantitative measurements, appropriately adjusted. The laser-based tracking method, which makes it possible to average over a large number of motile objects, is shown to be a powerful tool for the study of microorganism motility.
Charge Transport in a π-Stacked Poly(dibenzofulvene) Film
Authors: Nakano Tamaki , Yade Tohru , Yokoyama Masaaki , Nagayama Norio
Published: February 2004

Hole drift mobility of poly(dibenzofulvene) was found to be 2.7 × 10−4 cm2V−1s−1 at 299 K at a field strength of 7 × 105 Vcm−1 by the time-of-flight (TOF) measurement on a cast film containing 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenylidene-9-malononitrile as an electron acceptor. This value is higher than that of main-chain π-conjugating poly(π-phenylenevinylene) (1 × 10−5 cm2V−1s−1), is comparable to that of main-chain σ-conjugating poly(methylphenylsilane) (1 × 10−4 cm2V−1s−1), and is slightly lower than that of Se (10−4 cm2V−1s−1 order), an inorganic semiconductor.
Effects of K5SiW11O39Co on Mitogenic Activity of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
Authors: Sun Liwei , Wu Qiang , Liu Ning , Yang Cheng , Liu Liyan , Liu Zhiqiang , Zhao Daqing
Published: February 2004

The interaction between polyoxometalate (POM) of Keggin class (K5SiW11O39Co) and human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was studied by fluorescence and CD spectra. The results indicate that the binding of POM to bFGF causes conformational changes of bFGF. The cell proliferation assay showed that in lower molar ratios, POM stimulates mitogenic activity of bFGF; in higher molar ratios, POM inhibits the mitogenic activity of bFGF.
Monophosphate as Eminent Ligand to Bind Ce(IV)/EDTA Complex for Site-selective DNA Hydrolysis
Authors: Chen Wen , Igawa Tomoyuki , Sumaoka Jun , Komiyama Makoto
Published: February 2004

By the use of oligonucleotides bearing a terminal monophosphate, 10-base gap was formed in substrate DNA and the monophosphates were placed at the edge of gap. Upon the treatment of these systems with Ce(IV)/EDTA complex, the gap-site was selectively hydrolyzed. The monophosphates remarkably promoted both the selectivity and the efficiency of scission.
Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation in Glycolic Acid Generated Spontaneously from Dichloromethane in Hot Water
Authors: Wakai Chihiro , Morooka Saiko , Matubayasi Nobuyuki , Nakahara Masaru
Published: February 2004

Hydrothermal reaction of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) at 1 mol/dm3 leads to the formation of glycolic acid without metal catalysts at temperatures of 200–250 °C. The reaction consists of three steps. First CH2Cl2 is converted into methanediol through hydrolysis. The disproportionation of methanediol then produces methanol and formic acid. Finally, glycolic acid is formed from methanediol and formic acid catalyzed by the acid (HCl) generated by the dechlorination of CH2Cl2. The yield of glycolic acid exceeds 50% at 225 and 250 °C.
Bi(OTf)3- and Bi(TFA)3-Catalyzed Ring Opening of Epoxides with Anilines under Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Khosropour Ahmad R , Khodaei Mohammad M , Ghozati Kazem
Published: February 2004

A facile and environmentally friendly methodology for ring opening of epoxides with anilines has been developed in the presence of catalytic amounts of bismuth (III) triflate or bismuth (III) trifluoroacetate using microwave-assisted heating. The ease of this procedure allowed preparation of the β-aminoalcohols quickly and efficiently.
Stereoselective Intercalation of Hexose for Layered Double Hydroxide by Calcination–Rehydration Reaction
Authors: Aisawa Sumio , Hirahara Hidetoshi , Takahashi Satoshi , Umetsu Yoshio , Narita Eiichi
Published: February 2004

The intercalation of four kinds of hexose for Mg–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) by the calcination–rehydration reaction using the Mg–Al oxide precursor has been investigated. In spite of non-ionized organic guest, hexose was intercalated for the LDH, and the intercalation behavior of hexose was greatly influenced by the number of axial OH group. The intercalation driving force was thought to be based on hydrogen bond between axial OH group of the intercalated hexose and hydroxide basal layer.
First Example of a Heptacyclic Tetranuclear, Five- and Six-coordinate Titanium Complex, [{(iPrO)2Ti(μ3-O)TiCl(iPrO)((OC6H4)2PPh)}2]
Authors: Priya Srinivasan , Balakrishna Maravanji S , Mague Joel T
Published: February 2004

Novel heptacyclic tetranuclear titanium complex containing penta- and hexacoordinated titanium centers was synthesised by the reaction of bis(o-phenol)phenylphosphine with titanium tetrachloride.
The Sea Urchin-shaped CaCO3 via Template Mineralization on Surface-functionalized Vaterite Particles by Tiopronin-protected Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Keum Dong-Ki , Naka Kensuke , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: February 2004

The sea urchin-shaped particles of CaCO3, i.e., spherical vaterite covered with needle-shaped aragonite, were formed by template mineralization of CaCO3 in the presence of the anionic gold nanoparticles modified spherical vaterite in water.
Iron(III) Chloride as a Water-Compatible Lewis Acid for Diastereoselective Aldol Reactions in Water in the Presence of a Surfactant
Authors: Aoyama Naohiro , Manabe Kei , Kobayashi Shu
Published: February 2004

Diastereoselective aldol reactions of various aldehydes with silicon enolates in water have been successfully carried out using iron(III) chloride and a surfactant. Contrary to previous understanding, iron(III) chloride has been shown to be a water-compatible Lewis acid. In this catalytic system, epimerization of the product was not observed, and this result indicates that the diastereoselectivity was controlled kinetically.
A Facile Synthesis of Various Fluorine-Containing Indole Derivatives via Palladium-Catalyzed Annulation of Internal Alkynes
Authors: Chae Jungha , Konno Tsutomu , Ishihara Takashi , Yamanaka Hiroki
Published: February 2004

The palladium-catalyzed annulation reaction of a variety of fluorine-containing internal alkynes with 2-iodoaniline derivatives took place smoothly to give the corresponding 2,3-disubstituted indole derivatives in good to excellent yields.
A Reaction Intermediate Involved in Oxygenation of Catecholatoiron(III) Complexes with Molecular Oxygen — Relevance to Catechol Dioxygenases
Authors: Hitomi Yutaka , Tase Yuichiro , Higuchi Masakazu , Tanaka Tsunehiro , Funabiki Takuzo
Published: February 2004

Formation of an intermediate in the step of O2 binding to a catecholatoiron(III) complex was first clearly shown by construction of a labile coordination site on the ferric center. In addition, spectral changes indicated reversible interconversion between the catecholatoiron(III) complex and the intermediate.
New Fluorescent Stains for Protein Detection in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate–Polyacrylamide Gels
Authors: Hong Soo Yeon , Jun Hyunsook , Yoon Seung Soo , Kang Chulhun , Suh Myungkoo
Published: February 2004

Highly sensitive new fluorescent stains for proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gels (SDS–PAGE) were developed by combining an environment sensitive fluorophore and a hydrocarbon tail for improved binding to SDS molecules associated with the proteins. The experimental results showed that these dyes bound to protein–SDS complexes with a concomitant emission increase upon binding.
First Application of Calixarenes as Extractants in Room-temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Shimojo Kojiro , Goto Masahiro
Published: February 2004

We synthesized a calix[4]arene bearing pyridine, which has a similar molecular structure to the constitutional unit of 3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate-based room-temperature ionic liquids. The pyridinocalix[4]arene was found to be soluble in ionic liquids, and this compound showed 230-fold extractability in ionic liquid over that in chloroform for silver ions.
Facile One-pot Syntheses of Amidines and Enamines from Oximes via Beckmann Rearrangement Using Trifluoromethansulfonic Anhydride
Authors: Takuwa Tomofumi , Minowa Tomofumi , Onishi Jim Yoshitaka , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: February 2004

Facile one-pot syntheses of amidines and enamines were achieved by trapping carbocation intermediates that were formed by Beckmann rearrangement of oximes with amines and carbon nucleophiles, respectively, under mild conditions.
Direct Chemical Synthesis of Gold Nanowires with 2-D Network Structure and Relationship between the Presence of Gold Ions and Shape Stability of Gold Nanowires
Authors: Pei Lihua , Mori Koichi , Adachi Motonari
Published: February 2004

Gold nanowires with a 2-D network structure were synthesized by a direct chemical synthesis method; the shape stability of gold nanowires was closely related to the presence of gold ions in the solution phase, without which the nanowires broke, and larger nanoparticles were formed.
Excited-state Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT)-type Phosphorescence of 2-Aminobenzophenone in 77 K Matrices
Authors: Hagiri Masahide , Ichinose Nobuyuki , Kinugasa Jun-ichiro , Iwasa Tatsuya , Nakayama Toshihiro
Published: February 2004

Time-resolved luminescence study of 2-aminobenzophenone in rigid matrices at 77 K has revealed its fluorescence and phosphorescence. The Phosphorescence consisted of two components with different bond structures, triplet energies, lifetimes, and anisotropies. These behaviors were explained by the presence of two ground-state conformers of 2-ABP with different reactivities for the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer.
Synthesis of Functionalized Fullerene by Mono-alkylation of Fullerene Cyclopentadienide
Authors: Hamasaki Ryo , Matsuo Yutaka , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: February 2004

Mono-alkylation reaction of a fullerene cyclopentadienide with a functionalized alkyl halide quantitatively gave a functionalized [60]fullerene derivative that may bear a variety of functional groups and may exhibit high solubility in various solvents.
Desulfurization of Thiophene in Alkaline Supercritical Water Studied by 1H and 13C NMR
Authors: Yoshida Shinya , Takewaki Koji , Miwa Keiichi , Wakai Chihiro , Nakahara Masaru
Published: February 2004

Thiophene, which is one of the major sulfur-containing compounds in crude oil as well as dibenzothiophene, was successfully desulfurized by the heterolytic cleavage of the C–S–C bond through the treatment with NaOH in supercritical water at 400 °C. Thiophene was disintegrated into S2− and such carboxylic acids as formic, acetic, and succinic acids within 1 h.
Social understanding: How does it fare with advancing years?
Authors: Sullivan Susan , Ruffman Ted
Published: February 2004

Until recently, theory of mind abilities have received little attention beyond the childhood years. However, pioneering work carried out by Happé, Winner, and Brownell (1998) has opened the doors on a new and exciting area of research that examines theory of mind abilities in later years. Happé et al. reported that theory of mind performance was superior in the elderly. Yet, in direct contrast to these findings, Maylor, Moulson, Muncer, and Taylor (2002) report a decline in theory of mind abilities with advancing years. We used Happé et al.'s task and, like Maylor et al., found a decline in theory of mind abilities in the elderly. Yet this deficit was related to a decline in fluid abilities. We then examined whether deficits in social understanding in the elderly could also be independent of fluid abilities. We used two new tasks; identifying emotions from still photos and identifying emotions and cognitions from video clips. Again we found a decline in social understanding in the elderly, and in this case, the decline was independent of changes in fluid abilities.
Adult counting is resource demanding
Authors: Camos Valérie , Barrouillet Pierre
Published: February 2004

Several recent studies on both the development of counting and working‐memory span tasks have provided results that could be interpreted as ruling out any cognitive resource model for counting. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that, even in adults, counting is a demanding task that requires the allocation of cognitive resources. In a first experiment, we asked adults to count arrays of dots while maintaining 5 items in memory (either digits or letters). As we predicted, the concurrent memory load did not increase the rate of errors but induced longer counting times. In a second experiment, we asked adults to count using either the numeric chain or the alphabet while they maintained 1, 3 or 5 items in memory (digits or letters). First, we replicated the load effect observed in Experiment 1. Second, though both types of counting required similar amounts of time, counting with the less automatized chain (i.e. the alphabet) resulted in a poorer recall performance. Finally, this detrimental effect in recall was all the more pronounced the greater the number of items to be recalled. These results are interpreted within theoretical frameworks that consider cognitive resources as attentional capacities.
Improving balance by performing a secondary cognitive task
Authors: Swan Laurie , Otani Hajime , Loubert Peter V. , Sheffert Sonya M. , Dunbar Gary L.
Published: February 2004

Contrary to general findings in the attention and memory literature, some studies have shown that performing a secondary cognitive task produces an improvement in balance performance. The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate under what condition such an improvement would occur. Young and older adults were asked to hold as still as possible on a platform that measured sway while performing or not performing the encoding phase of the Brooks' (1967) spatial or non‐spatial memory task. The difficulty of maintaining balance was manipulated by varying the availability of visual input and sway‐referenced motion of the platform. Sway scores were computed based on the distance between the individual pressure centres and the average centre of pressure during each 20‐s trial. The results indicated that both the spatial and non‐spatial memory tasks improved balance for older adults under the most difficult balance condition.
Individual and group modelling of aesthetic judgment strategies
Authors: Jacobsen Thomas
Published: February 2004

Individual differences in aesthetic judgments were investigated by comparing quantitative group and individual performance models of the judgment processes. Aesthetic judgments of beauty over novel, formal, graphic patterns were collected from 34 non‐artist college students using a two‐step ranking‐rating procedure. Their judgment processes were individually modelled using Judgment Analysis. The participants showed noted individual differences. Certain features of the stimulus material, which were considered to contribute to the picture's beauty by one participant, were used in an opposing fashion by another. A group model was derived based on the average ratings of the patterns' beauty. It was concluded that the group model was not an adequate representation of the present data, whereas the data revealed systematic judgment processes at the individual subject level.
Working memory components of the Corsi blocks task
Authors: Vandierendonck André , Kemps Eva , Fastame Maria Chiara , Szmalec Arnaud
Published: February 2004

A computerized version of the Corsi blocks task (Milner, 1971) was assessed for standard forward‐recall order (Experiments 1 and 3) and for reversed‐recall order (Experiments 2 and 3) either in a single‐task or in a dual‐task design combined with articulatory suppression, matrix‐tapping, random‐interval generation or fixed‐interval generation as concurrent tasks during the encoding stage. Concurrent performance of the matrix‐tapping task impaired memory performance for short as well as for longer block sequences. The random‐interval generation task, which loads executive processes, impaired memory performance mainly at intermediate‐ and longer‐sequence lengths, while fixed‐interval generation, which is presumed to put no load on executive processing, did not show any effect. Articulatory suppression did not impair memory performance on forward‐recall order, but it impaired memory for longer sequences in the backward‐recall condition in Experiment 2, but not in Experiment 3. The results are discussed within the context of the working‐memory model of Baddeley and Hitch (1974).
Order in Spanish colour words: Evidence against linguistic relativity
Authors: Delgado Ana R.
Published: February 2004

The hypothesis that the Berlin and Kay (1969) colour sequence would be replicated in Spanish colour‐word usage has been corroborated on 131,028 colour words from a representative corpus (N = 188,975,000). The observed sequence of white, black, red, green, blue, yellow, grey and brown is highly consistent diachronically (through current and contemporary Spanish), synchronically (through various countries) and with the expected order. Considering the divergence of Spanish vocabularies among geographical areas in the last centuries, the almost total agreement did not have a high prior probability under hypotheses of culturally arbitrary colour vocabularies. It is difficult to see how linguistic relativity could adequately account for such a robust result. The use of ordinal statistics and non‐reactive measures to study cultural products constrained by epigenetic rules, such as colour vocabularies, is presented as an exercise of methodological consilience.
The effect of social role on theory of mind reasoning
Authors: Rutherford M. D.
Published: February 2004

The aim of this project was to explore the effects of social status on Theory of Mind (ToM) reasoning. Neurologically normal adults' ToM performance was manipulated experimentally by temporarily putting them in a higher or lower status condition. Half the participants ‘won’ a mock competition and subsequently acted as instructor and evaluator. The other half ‘lost’ and subsequently acted as learner. Participants then completed ToM and control tasks including embedded false belief tasks and cartoon comprehension tasks. The hypothesis tested was that social role manipulation could affect performance on ToM tasks independently of any effect on control tasks. Results show an interaction between assigned status and task type. That performance on theory of mind tasks can vary independently of performance on matched control tasks is consistent with the idea that ToM reasoning can change as a result of a change in social status.
Effect of ethanol on judgments of performance
Authors: Tiplady Brian , Franklin Nicola , Scholey Andrew
Published: February 2004

Ethanol impairs cognitive and psychomotor performance, although the precise reasons for this remain unclear. We investigated the effect of ethanol on individuals' judgment of their performance. Eighteen healthy volunteers (19–22 years) received a high dose of ethanol (0.8 g/kg for males and 0.7 g/kg, for females), a medium dose (75% of the high dose) and a placebo in counterbalanced order on three study days. A general knowledge (GK) test was administered on a pen computer 75 min after the drink. An adaptive algorithm adjusted the difficulty of questions so that scores were similar on all three study days. Volunteers then rated how well they believed they had performed the GK task using a visual analogue scale. A battery of other performance tests and mood ratings was also completed both before and after the GK test. These showed the expected effects of ethanol. There were no significant differences in scores on the GK test between treatment sessions. There was a highly significant dose‐dependent increase with ethanol on volunteers' ratings of their performance on this test. These findings suggest that ethanol leads to an overoptimistic assessment of ability which may contribute to ethanol's impairment of performance.
A cognitive model of bulimia nervosa
Authors: Cooper Myra J. , Wells Adrian , Todd Gillian
Published: February 2004

This paper describes a new cognitive model of bulimia nervosa. It provides a detailed account of the development of the disorder and explains, in detail and encompassing cognition, behaviour, emotion, and physiology, how binge eating is maintained. Relevant maintaining factors include positive beliefs about eating, negative beliefs about weight and shape, permissive thoughts, and thoughts of no control. Relevant developmental factors include negative early experiences, negative self‐beliefs, schema compensation processes, and different types of underlying assumption. Recent empirical findings on which the new model is based, and which support the model, are described. Existing observations and findings are also presented, and their consistency with the new model is confirmed. Novel features of the model are highlighted, and phenomena unexplained by existing cognitive models of bulimia nervosa, including treatment failure and relatively poor outcome following treatment with cognitive therapy, are assessed in the light of the new model. The relationship to recent findings on the role of dieting in bulimia nervosa and to developments in the understanding or normal eating is considered. Implications for basic and treatment‐related research are then discussed. Finally, the clinical implications of the new model, including the use of schema‐focused techniques, are briefly discussed.
Autobiographical memory in depressed and non‐depressed patients with borderline personality disorder
Authors: Kremers I.P. , Spinhoven Ph. , Van der Does A.J.W.
Published: February 2004

Objectives: The present study investigated the specificity of autobiographical memories among depressed and non‐depressed borderline patients, compared with depressed patients and controls. The influence of childhood trauma, intrusions of traumatic events, avoidance of intrusions, dissociation and depression on memory specificity was also studied.

Method: The Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT), a trauma interview and self‐report measures of intrusions, avoidance, depression and dissociation were administered to 83 borderline outpatients, 26 depressed outpatients and 30 controls.

Results: Depressed borderline patients and depressed patients reported fewer specific memories than controls. Depressed patients generated fewer specific memories than non‐depressed borderline patients. Neither trauma nor traumatic intrusions, avoidance of intrusions or dissociation were related to the specificity of memories. Level of depressive symptoms (BDI) was also not related, but the presence of a depression was.

Conclusion: In this large sample of outpatients with borderline personality disorder, only the subgroup with a co‐morbid diagnosis of depression had trouble remembering specific events from the past. Trauma, intrusions, avoidance of intrusions and dissociation seem to be unrelated to the specificity of autobiographical memories in borderline personality disorder.
Criticizing and reassuring oneself: An exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students
Authors: Gilbert P. , Clarke M. , Hempel S. , Miles J.N.V. , Irons C.
Published: February 2004

Objectives: Self‐critical people, compared with those who self‐reassure, are at increased risk of psychopathology. However, there has been little work on the different forms and functions of these self‐experiences. This study developed two self‐report scales to measure forms and functions of self‐criticism and self‐reassurance and explore their relationship to depression.

Methods: A self‐report scale measuring forms of self‐criticism and self‐reassuring, and a scale measuring possible functions of self‐criticism, together with a measure of depression and another self‐criticism scale (LOSC), were given to 246 female students.

Results: Self‐criticizing vs. self‐reassuring separated into two components. Forms of self‐criticizing separated into two components related to: being self‐critical, dwelling on mistakes and sense of inadequacy; and a second component of wanting to hurt the self and feeling self‐disgust/hate. The reasons/functions for self‐criticism separated into two components. One was related to desires to try to self‐improve (called self‐improving/correction), and the other to take revenge on, harm or hurt the self for failures (called self‐harming/persecuting). Mediation analysis suggested that wanting to harm the self may be particularly pathogenic and is positively mediated by the effects of hating the self and negatively mediated by being able to self‐reassure and focus on one's positives.

Conclusions: Self‐criticism is not a single process but has different forms, functions, and underpinning emotions. This indicates a need for more detailed research into the variations of self‐criticism and the mechanisms for developing self‐reassurance.
A psychometric evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in patients diagnosed with end‐stage renal disease
Authors: Martin Colin R. , Tweed Alison E. , Metcalfe Matthew S.
Published: February 2004

Objectives: To determine the psychometric properties of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) and determine the suitability of the instrument for use with this clinical group.

Design: Between‐subjects and cross‐sectional design. The independent variable was type of treatment for ESRD. The dependent variables were HADS total (all items) and HADS anxiety and depression subscale scores.

Methods: Group differences in HADS scores were determined using between‐subjects one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on the HADS to determine its psychometric properties in 160 patients with ESRD. Seven models were tested to determine model fit to the data.

Results: None of the seven models tested proved to be an adequate fit to the data. Treatment modality was found to have a significant impact on HADS‐assessed levels of anxiety and depression.

Conclusions: The clinical utility of the HADS in the assessment of anxiety and depression in ESRD patients may be enhanced by using the HADS total (all items) score as an index of psychological distress. Further research is required to establish the appropriateness of using the HADS to screen ESRD patients.
Targeting cognitive‐behaviour therapy to patients' implicit model of psoriasis: Results from a patient preference controlled trial
Authors: Fortune Dónal G. , Richards Helen L. , Griffiths Christopher E. M. , Main Chris J.
Published: February 2004

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a cognitive‐behavioral psoriasis symptom management programme (PSMP) on patient‐held perceptions about their condition and patients' use of self‐reported coping strategies, and to examine the influence of alexithymia scores at induction on response to treatment.

Design: Age‐ and sex‐matched case‐controlled prospective study.

Methods: A total of 40 patients with psoriasis were treated in the PSMP, and an age‐ and sex‐matched cohort received standard pharmacological care only. The Illness Perception Questionnaire was used to assess patients' beliefs about illness identity, time‐line, consequences, cure/control and perceptions of the cause of their psoriasis. Participants also completed the COPE questionnaire and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS‐20).

Results: Results suggested that at 6‐month follow‐up, patients who chose the PSMP showed significant reductions in illness identity (the frequency and severity of symptoms that patients associate with their condition), the strength of belief in severity of consequences of their illness, and their attributions for emotional causes of their psoriasis. Perceptions about the anticipated course of the disease (time‐line), its cure or controllability, ideas about physical agents of causation, and coping strategies did not differ between PSMP patients or controls at 6‐week or 6‐month follow‐up. Alexithymia had no effect on response to treatment. Regression analyses demonstrated the importance of both participation in the PSMP and demographic/clinical history variables in accounting for significant variance in illness‐perception‐change scores.

Conclusion: The findings are generally supportive of multivariate models of intervention, but the lack of a demonstrated effect of the intervention on coping may have implications for both the assessment of coping in psoriasis and the nature of psychological interventions proposed for its management.
Long‐term emotional consequences of in‐hospital cardiac arrest and myocardial infarction
Authors: O'Reilly Samantha M. , Grubb Neil , O'Carroll Ronan E.
Published: February 2004

Objectives: Prevalence rates for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of 10% have been reported following myocardial infarction (MI). However, there has been little research conducted on the long‐term emotional sequelae of cardiac arrest (CA). The present study provides new information in that regard. The research aims were: (1) to compare the prevalence and severity of emotional disability in survivors of CA with that of cardiac patients who suffered an MI but no CA, (2) to assess both groups for the symptoms of PTSD, and (3) to assess the validity of a self‐report measure for PTSD with a cardiac population.

Design: Case‐control study.

Method: Patients who suffered a cardiac arrest in‐hospital (N = 27) were compared with patients who had an MI uncomplicated by cardiac arrest (N = 27), 9.6 (5.0) months following their index event. Each patient completed a series of questionnaires and a structured interview to ascertain affective adjustment, and PTSD symptoms and diagnoses.

Results: (1) Most MI and CA patients reported high levels of emotional well‐being and stability.

(2) Five (19%) CA survivors and two (7%) MI survivors (ns) fulfilled DSM‐IV criteria for PTSD when assessed by structured clinical interview (SCID).

(3) There was relatively poor agreement between the interview and self‐report diagnoses when identifying PTSD cases (κ = .39).

Conclusion: The significant minority of cardiac patients warranting diagnoses of PTSD has implications for their management and rehabilitation. Identification of these patients is an important step towards improving their overall health outcomes. The structured clinical interview remains the ‘gold standard’ for the identification of PTSD in cardiac patient populations.
Autobiographical memory and post‐psychotic depression in first episode psychosis
Authors: Iqbal Zaffer , Birchwood Max , Hemsley David , Jackson Chris , Morris Emma
Published: February 2004

Objectives: In unipolar depression, the action of early life events has been shown to be linked to a deficit in accessing details of such autobiographical events (‘overgeneral memory’). In this study, we test whether a similar deficit can be observed in post‐psychotic depression (PPD) in first‐episode psychosis.

Method: A group of 29 patients were followed up during the 12 months after their first onset, and monitored for PPD.

Results: Of the sample group, 45% developed PPD, which was associated with overgeneral memory (p < .05; effect size = 1.05) and a heightened awareness of the diagnosis.

Conclusions: Our findings raise the possibility that anomalies of psychosocial development may confer vulnerability to depression in psychosis.
Family well‐being and disabled children: A psychosocial model of disability‐related child behaviour problems
Authors: Woolfson Lisa
Published: February 2004

Background: When parents receive a diagnosis that their child is disabled, many families adjust to this healthily and cope well, but others do not. Feelings of hopelessness, social isolation of the family within the community and child behaviour problems have all been reported. While utilization of social support systems is well documented in the literature as being a significant factor in family coping and adjustment to the child's disability, less attention has been focused on the role of psychological factors.

Objective: This theoretical study aims to address this inbalance by integrating perspectives from a social model of disability with psychological research on the role of cognitive change in families' coping and adjustment to having a disabled child, and thus to produce a new psychosocial model of disability‐related child behaviour problems.

Method: Negative societal attitudes to disability identified by a social model of disability are interpreted with respect to how they might translate to parent views of their disabled child within the family. Resultant parenting beliefs and their possible implications for family interaction, child behaviour and family health and well‐being are explored within this new framework.

Conclusions: The psychosocial model of disability‐related child behaviour problems provides a useful conceptual framework that has both clinical and research implications for professionals working with families with disabled children.
A validation study of the Cardiac Depression Scale (CDS) in a UK population
Authors: Birks Yvonne , Roebuck Alun , Thompson David R.
Published: February 2004

Objectives: This study was designed to validate the Cardiac Depression Scale (CDS) in a UK cardiac population.

Method: A battery of questionnaires (the Medical Outcomes Study Short‐Form 36 [SF‐36] Health Survey, the Beck Depression Inventory [BDI], the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS] and the Cardiac Depression Scale [CDS]) was mailed to 487 individuals with coronary heart disease (CHD) recruited from cardiac support groups. The process was repeated on a subsample of 80 participants four‐six weeks later for the purpose of test‐retest analysis.

Results: The response rate from the first administration was 81% and from the test‐retest subsample 54%. Factor analysis revealed a one‐factor solution with a high internal reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.93) and an acceptable test‐retest reliability (0.79). Concurrent validation against the SF‐36, BDI and HADS demonstrated strong correlations.

Conclusions: The CDS is both a reliable and sensitive instrument for measuring depression in cardiac patients.
Theory of planned behaviour and ecstasy use: An analysis of moderator‐interactions
Authors: Umeh Kanayo , Patel Reema
Published: February 2004

Objective: This study tested potential moderator interactions between components of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) in relation to ecstasy use, extending previous research. It was expected that attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control (PBC) would moderate each other in predicting intended use of this drug.

Method: A cross‐sectional survey was administered to 200 young adults.

Results: In hierarchical multiple regression analysis, past behaviour and attitude independently predicted intention; previous use of ecstasy and more positive attitudes towards ecstasy use were associated with stronger intentions to use this drug in the future. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between attitude and PBC (R2change = 0.05). Slope analysis revealed that PBC better predicted intention given more positive attitudes towards ecstasy use.

Conclusions: This moderator function may help explain predictive inconsistencies reported in the literature. Implications for the TPB are considered.
Are people unrealistically optimistic? It depends how you ask them
Authors: Covey Judith A. , Davies Ann D. M.
Published: February 2004

Objective: The present study investigated the extent to which direct (D) and indirect (ID) measures of unrealistic optimism truly capture people's beliefs about their comparative risk status.

Method: Respondents (N = 425) were contacted in a general population survey. The D measure required respondents to estimate whether their personal chance of contracting an illness was above/below the average for people of the same age/gender. The ID measure was based on separate assessments of personal/others' chances.

Results: Poor concurrent validity between the measures implied that one or both was tapping into perceptions unrelated to comparative risk. This was explored by examining the relationships between the measures and various health problem attributes (e.g. perceived preventability, personal experience). A picture emerged that suggested the D measure did not seem to reflect the effects of social comparison as much as the ID measure, a crucial criterion for a measure intended to elicit comparative risk ratings.

Conclusion: When measuring unrealistic optimism by asking ‘Compared to other men/women your age how would you rate your chances of X?’ researchers should be sensitive to the possibility that the question is being interpreted simply as ‘How would you rate your chances of X?'.
Relationship of humour to health: A psychometric investigation
Authors: Boyle Gregory J. , Joss‐Reid Jeanne M.
Published: February 2004

The effects of humour on health were investigated using a sample of 504 individuals comprising three groups (community group, university students, and respondents with a medical condition). Hypotheses were:

that after controlling for other variables, humour would be significantly associated with health:

that individuals with a greater sense of humour would report significantly higher levels of good health as compared with those with less humour; and

that the assessment of the factor structure of the Multidimensional Sense of Humour Scale (MSHS) would support its construct validity in the Australian context.

The present findings supported the view that a sense of humour is associated with health, and also provided support for the validity and reliability of the MSHS instrument.
Predicting the short‐term course of fatigue symptoms: Does adjustment of habitual coping strategies matter?
Authors: de Ridder Denise , Leseman Paul , de Rijk Angelique
Published: February 2004

The present study investigated whether adjustment of coping strategies would predict the six‐week course of fatigue symptoms in a primary care sample (N = 221) and whether the contribution of adjusting coping strategies would depend on the duration of fatigue at the time. It was hypothesized that the motivation to adjust coping strategies would be most present in people who are confronted with the possibility of their symptoms turning into a chronic condition, and not in people who have been fatigued for either a short period or a very long period. Moreover, it was hypothesized that adjustments in the employment of coping strategies are a better predictor of fatigue course than the continued use of particular coping strategies. Using a prospective design with a six‐week follow‐up, the results of a multisample LISREL analysis over four groups of participants differing in fatigue duration showed that adjustment of coping strategies is a significant predictor of the course of fatigue symptoms, and that a differential effect related to fatigue duration is present. Findings are discussed in the context of the role of coping in regulating psychosomatic symptoms.
Fear of devaluation: Understanding the experience of intersexed women with androgen insensitivity syndrome
Authors: Alderson Julie , Madill Anna , Balen Adam
Published: February 2004

Objectives: We aim to provide an understanding of the psychological sequela of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) in phenotypic females in order to begin to inform psychosocial health care services.

Design: Eight adult women with AIS were recruited through the Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Support Group‐United Kingdom (AISSG‐UK). Data was collected via two semi‐structured interviews with each woman.

Methods: Transcripts were analysed using grounded theory and a conceptual model was developed which suggests a way of understanding the AIS distress experienced by the participants.

Results: The pivotal concept is a woman's fear of devaluation. This is connected to her level of adaptation and perception of having a compromised womanhood. These, in turn, are related to her medical management and involvement with others via a support group and in talking about AIS.

Conclusions: Participants showed a clear preference for open communication about their condition throughout the process of medical management. We recommend sensitive, pacing of information to allow young women and their families to make informed decisions about treatment and a realistic adaptation to life with AIS.