bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ESSENCE OF THE SYSTEM-ACTIVITY APPROACH AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
Authors:   S. Amanzholov East-Kazakhstan University Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan, Kumarbekuly S. , Abdimanapov B. ,   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Ussenov N.E. ,   Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Zhensikbayeva N. ,   S. Amanzholov East-Kazakhstan University Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
Published: September 2022

The article describes the structure, content and role of the system-activity approach in the development of critical thinking among students of educational institutions. The definition of the concept of "system-activity approach" is given, its main components and principles of implementation of the approach in scientific activity are highlighted. As you know, a modern student should have the skills to independently search for new knowledge, process and analyze it, develop new skills and abilities in accordance with educational goals, distinguish and independently find ways to solve existing problems, creatively approach the solution of educational goals and tasks. In the conditions of modern education, students often have to solve non-standard educational tasks in conditions unfamiliar to them, where the method of teaching schoolchildren in accordance with the requirements of a system-activity approach – as problem-based learning plays an essential role in their solution. It should be noted that as the main technological. the component of the system-activity approach becomes the condition of the actual activating difficulty, where the final result is an individual educational result obtained in the course of students' conscious learning activities. The result of this work can be put forward ideas, hypotheses, versions and methods obtained in the results of students' activities (schemes, models, experiments, texts, projects, etc.). All this is one of the key differences between the system-activity approach from traditional (knowledge) methods in teaching. Critical thinking has its own characteristics, its own conceptual system that distinguish it from other types and types of thinking. In most cases, we consider critical thinking only in relation to other types of thinking, in combination and comparison with such concepts as productive, problematic, creative, logical and systemic thinking, intelligence and with other concepts of active, purposeful mental and practical human activity. The paper analyzes the scientific approaches of foreign scientists in defining the concepts of "system-activity approach" and "critical thinking".
Moral values as the basis for the formation of a multicultural personality
Authors:   Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Kuzdenbayeva A. , Mustapaeva T. ,   Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Tobagabylova A. ,   Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University
Published: September 2022

The article considers moral values as guidelines that determine the effectiveness of the formation of a multicultural personality. The pedagogical conditions for the implementation of the model of the formation of a multicultural personality based on moral values in a multiethnic educational space are revealed, the relevance of the issues of spiritual and moral education in a modern school is substantiated. The purpose of the study is to identify the socio-pedagogical conditions of spiritual and moral education of students, taking into account the specifics of the multicultural educational environment. The content of the concepts "spiritual and moral education", "educational environment", "multicultural environment", "regional cultural and educational environment" is considered on the basis of an interdisciplinary analysis of the works of Kazakhstani scientists on the stated problems. Structural components are classified, indicators are determined and levels of formation of spiritual and moral education of students are described. The unity of Kazakhstan's society is determined by traditions and spiritual and moral values common to different generations. Education is one of the main indicators of the development of society.
Measurement report: The 10-year trend of PM2.5 major components and source tracers from 2008 to 2017 in an urban site of Hong Kong, China
Authors: Chow Wing Sze , Liao Kezheng , Huang X. H. Hilda , Leung Ka Fung , Lau Alexis K. H. , Yu Jian Zhen
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) remains a major air pollutant
of significant public health concern in urban areas. Long-term monitoring
data of PM2.5 chemical composition and source-specific tracers provide
essential information for the identification of major sources as well as
evaluation and planning of control measures. In this study, we present and
analyze a 10-year dataset of PM2.5 major components and
source-specific tracers (e.g., levoglucosan, hopanes, K+, Ni, V, Al, and
Si) collected over the period of 2008–2017 in an urban site in Hong Kong,
China. The time series of pollutants were analyzed by the seasonal and trend
decomposition using the locally estimated scatter plot smoothing (LOESS) method and general least squares with
the autoregressive moving average method. Bulk PM2.5 and all its major
components displayed a significant decline of varying degrees over the
decade. PM2.5 was reduced by 40 % at −1.5 µgm-3yr-1. PM2.5 components that are predominantly influenced
by local vehicular emissions showed the steepest decline, with nitrate decreasing by
−66 %, elemental carbon by −60 %, and hopanes by −75 %, confirming
effective control of local vehicular emissions. For components that are
significantly impacted by regional transport and secondary formation, they
had a notably lower percentage reduction, with sulfate declining by −40 % and
organic carbon by −23 %, reflecting complexity in their region-wide
contributing sources and formation chemistry. Levoglucosan and K+, two
tracers for biomass burning, differed in their reduction extent, with
K+ at −60 % and levoglucosan at −47 %, indicating they likely track
different biomass burning types. Dust components in PM2.5 also
decreased, by −37 % for Al and −46 % for Si. The year of 2011 was an
anomaly in the overall trend in having higher concentrations of PM2.5
and components than its adjacent years, and the long time series analysis
attributed the anomaly to unusually lower rainfall associated with strong La
Niña events. This 10-year trend analysis based on measurements
exemplifies the utility of chemical composition data in support of an
evidence-based approach for control policy formulation.
Carbon dynamics at the river–estuarine transition: a comparison among tributaries of Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Bukaveckas Paul A.
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Sources and transformation of carbon (C) were quantified using mass balance
and ecosystem metabolism data for the upper segments of the James, Pamunkey
and Mattaponi estuaries. The goal was to assess the role of external (river
inputs and tidal exchange) vs. internal (metabolism) drivers in influencing
the forms and fluxes of C. C forms and their response to river discharge
differed among the estuaries based on their physiographic setting. The
James, which receives the bulk of inputs from upland areas (Piedmont and
Mountain), exhibited a higher ratio of inorganic to organic C and larger
inputs of particulate organic C (POC). The Pamunkey and Mattaponi receive a
greater proportion of inputs from lowland (Coastal Plain) areas, which were
characterized by low dissolved inorganic C (DIC) and POC and elevated
dissolved organic C (DOC). I anticipated that transport processes would
dominate during colder months when discharge is elevated and metabolism is
low and that biological processes would predominate in summer, leading to
attenuation of C throughputs via degassing of CO2. Contrary to
expectations, the highest retention of organic C occurred during periods of high
throughput, as elevated discharge resulted in greater loading and retention
of POC. In summer, internal cycling of C via production and respiration was
large in comparison to external forcing despite the large riverine influence
in these upper-estuarine segments. The estuaries were found to be net
heterotrophic based on retention of organic C, export of DIC, low primary
production relative to respiration and a net flux of CO2 to the
atmosphere. In the James, greater contributions from phytoplankton
production resulted in a closer balance between production and respiration,
with autochthonous production exceeding allochthonous inputs. Combining the
mass balance and metabolism data with bioenergetics provided a basis for
estimating the proportion of C inputs utilized by the dominant metazoan. The
findings suggest that invasive catfish utilize 15 % of total organic C
inputs and up to 40 % of allochthonous inputs to the James.
Strong influence of trees outside forest in regulating microclimate of intensively modified Afromontane landscapes
Authors: Aalto Iris Johanna , Maeda Eduardo Eiji , Heiskanen Janne , Aalto Eljas Kullervo , Pellikka Petri Kauko Emil
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Climate change is expected to have detrimental consequences on
fragile ecosystems, threatening biodiversity, as well as food security of
millions of people. Trees are likely to play a central role in mitigating
these impacts. The microclimatic conditions below tree canopies usually
differ substantially from the ambient macroclimate as vegetation can buffer
temperature changes and variability. Trees cool down their surroundings
through several biophysical mechanisms, and the cooling benefits occur also
with trees outside forest. The aim of this study was to examine the effect
of canopy cover on microclimate in an intensively modified Afromontane
landscape in Taita Taveta, Kenya. We studied temperatures recorded by 19
microclimate sensors under different canopy covers, as well as land surface
temperature (LST) estimated by Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor. We
combined the temperature records with high-resolution airborne laser
scanning data to untangle the combined effects of topography and canopy
cover on microclimate. We developed four multivariate regression models to
study the joint impacts of topography and canopy cover on LST. The results
showed a negative linear relationship between canopy cover percentage and
daytime mean (R2=0.65) and maximum (R2=0.75) temperatures.
Any increase in canopy cover contributed to reducing temperatures. The
average difference between 0 % and 100 % canopy cover sites was 5.2 ∘C in mean temperatures and 10.2 ∘C in maximum
temperatures. Canopy cover (CC) reduced LST on average by 0.05 ∘C per percent CC. The influence of canopy cover on microclimate was shown to vary
strongly with elevation and ambient temperatures. These results demonstrate
that trees have a substantial effect on microclimate, but the effect is
dependent on macroclimate, highlighting the importance of maintaining tree
cover particularly in warmer conditions. Hence, we demonstrate that trees
outside forests can increase climate change resilience in fragmented
landscapes, having strong potential for regulating regional and local
temperatures.
Morpho-sedimentary characteristics of Holocene paleochannels in the Upper Rhine alluvial plain, France
Authors: Abdulkarim Mubarak , Chapkanski Stoil , Ertlen Damien , Mahmood Haider , Obioha Edward , Preusser Frank , Rambeau Claire , Salomon Ferréol , Schiemann Marco , Schmitt Laurent
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The French Upper Rhine alluvial plain is characterized by
a complex system of paleochannels inherited from Late Glacial to Holocene
fluvial dynamics of the Rhine and Ill river systems, among other smaller
rivers. These paleochannels represent valuable archives for understanding
and reconstructing the fluvial and landscape evolution of the area. However,
the Holocene temporal trajectories of the paleochannels, in response to a
range of environmental changes, remain poorly understood. This study
presents a detailed and systematic mapping and characterization of an
extensive network of paleochannels spanning the entire width (19 km) of a
reach of the central French Rhine plain. Based on qualitative and
quantitative lidar analysis, field investigations, and provenance
investigations of paleochannel infill sequences, five distinct paleochannel
groups (PG 1 to PG 5) were identified in the study area. These paleochannel
groups differ considerably regarding their channel patterns, morphological
characteristics, and sedimentary sources of the infilling sediments. The
interpretation of the different datasets indicates that the development of
these different paleomorphologies is attributed to significant changes in
hydro-geomorphodynamic processes in the area during the Holocene, especially
lateral migrations of the Rhine and Ill rivers. The findings reported here
are promising and will have significant implications for reconstructing the
long-term (Late Glacial to Holocene) evolution of the Upper Rhine fluvial
hydrosystem in response to various controlling factors.
Detecting and quantifying methane emissions from oil and gas production: algorithm development with ground-truth calibration based on Sentinel-2 satellite imagery
Authors: Zhang Zhan , Sherwin Evan D. , Varon Daniel J. , Brandt Adam R.
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Sentinel-2 satellite imagery has been shown by studies to be capable of detecting and quantifying methane emis- sions from oil and gas production. However, current methods lack performance validation by calibration with ground-truth testing. This study developed a multi-band-multi-pass-multi-comparison methane retrieval algorithm that enhances Sentinel-2 sensitivity to methane plumes. The method was calibrated using data from a large-scale controlled release test in Ehrenberg, Arizona in fall 2021, with three algorithm parameters tuned based on the true emission rates. Tuned parameters are the pixel- level concentration upper bound threshold during extreme value removal, the number of comparison dates, and the pixel-level methane concentration percentage threshold when determining the spatial extent of a plume. We found that a low value of the upper bound threshold during extreme value removal can result in false negatives. A high number of comparison dates helps enhance the algorithm sensitivity to the plumes in the target date, but values in excess of 12 days are neither necessary nor computationally efficient. A high percentage threshold when determining the spatial extent of a plume helps enhance the quan- tification accuracy, but it may harm the yes/no detection accuracy. We found that there is a trade-off between quantification accuracy and detection accuracy. In a scenario with the highest quantification accuracy, we achieved the lowest quantification error and had zero false positive detections; however, the algorithm missed 3 true plumes which reduced the yes/no detection accuracy. On the contrary, all the true plumes were detected in the highest detection accuracy scenario, but the emission rate quantification had higher errors. We also illustrated a two-step method that updates the emission rate estimates in an interim step which improves quantification accuracy while keeping high yes/no detection accuracy. We also validated the algorithm’s ability to avoid false positives by applying it to a nearby region with no emissions.
A benchmark dataset of diurnal- and seasonal-scale radiation, heat, and CO2 fluxes in a typical East Asian monsoon region
Authors: Duan Zexia , Gao Zhiqiu , Xu Qing , Zhou Shaohui , Qin Kai , Yang Yuanjian
Published: September 2022

Abstract. A benchmark dataset of radiation, heat, and CO2 fluxes
is crucial to land–atmosphere interaction research. Due to rapid
urbanization and the development of agriculture, the land–atmosphere
interaction processes over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of China, which is
a typical East Asian monsoon region, are becoming various and complex. To
understand the effects of various land cover changes on land–atmosphere
interactions in this region, a comprehensive long-term (2011–2019) in situ
observation campaign, including 30 min resolution meteorological variables (air
temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, and wind direction), surface
radiative flux, turbulent heat flux, and CO2 flux, was conducted at four
sites with two typical surface types (i.e., croplands and suburbs) in the
YRD. Analysis of the dataset showed that all four radiation components,
latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, soil heat flux, and CO2 flux
varied seasonally and diurnally at the four sites. Surface energy fluxes
exhibited great differences among the four sites. On an annual basis, for the
two cropland sites, the dominant consumer of net radiation was latent heat
flux. For the two suburban sites, in contrast, latent heating dominated from April to
November, whereas sensible heating dominated during the other months. Our present
work provides convincing evidence that the dataset has potential for
multiple research fields, including studying land–atmosphere interactions,
improving boundary layer parameterization schemes, evaluating remote
sensing algorithms, validating carbon flux modeling and inversion, and developing climate models for typical East Asian
monsoon regions. The dataset is publicly available at
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6552301 (Duan et al., 2022).
HORAYZON v1.2: an efficient and flexible ray-tracing algorithm to compute horizon and sky view factor
Authors: Steger Christian R. , Steger Benjamin , Schär Christoph
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Terrain parameters like topographic horizon and sky view factor (SVF) are used in numerous fields and applications. In atmospheric and climate modelling, such parameters are utilised to parameterise the effect of terrain geometry on radiation exchanges between the surface and the atmosphere. Ideally, these parameters are derived from a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) because inferring them from coarser elevation data induces a smoothing effect. Computing topographic horizon with conventional algorithms, however, is slow because large amounts of non-local terrain data have to be processed. We propose a new and more efficient method, which is based on a high-performance ray-tracing library. The new algorithm can speed up horizon calculation by 2 orders of magnitude relative to a conventional approach. By applying terrain simplification to remote topography, the ray-tracing-based algorithm can also be applied with very high-resolution (<5 m) DEM data, which would otherwise induce an excessive memory footprint. The topographic horizon algorithm is accompanied by an SVF algorithm, which was verified to work accurately for all terrain – even very steep and complex terrain. We compare the computational performance and accuracy of the new horizon algorithm with two reference methods from the literature and illustrate its benefits. Finally, we illustrate how sub-grid SVF values can be efficiently computed with the newly derived horizon algorithm for a wide range of target grid resolutions (1–25 km).
Reliability of flood marks and practical relevance for flood hazard assessment in southwestern Germany
Authors: Bösmeier Annette Sophie , Himmelsbach Iso , Seeger Stefan
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Flood marks are rarely utilized in hazard assessment, mainly because of a lack of data availability and accessibility and mistrust in their reliability. Challenging these common assumptions, we present an approach
for evaluation and practical utilization of flood marks by the example of
the Kinzig River, a Rhine tributary from the Black Forest with a history of
severe floods. We combined written documents describing flood marks with
field mapping at three study sites and collected information relating to 89 marks – about 50 % of them still preserved – which refer to ≥15 large floods between 1824 and 1991. The inclusion of a detailed historical-mark survey enabled an assessment of changes through time for each flood mark: they extend from small (±15 cm) imprecisions in mark heights to considerable uncertainties in position, height, and displayed date for some modified marks. Plausibility checks with further data nevertheless demonstrated good overall consistency. We then juxtaposed these marks with the current, modeled flood hazard maps. A wide agreement is apparent, in that the large majority of marks are situated at probable heights and within the modeled flooding area associated with extreme floods. For the few exceptions, we see plausible and historically sound reasons in changed local hydraulic conditions by flood protection walls, exceptional processes during a massive ice jam, and possibly also a local underestimation of hazard along Kinzig River tributaries. Overall, this study highlights (1) the broad availability of flood mark data, both on a larger spatial scale and with regard to already vanished marks, and (2) the significance of the marks, verified by further data, and also demonstrates (3) the possibility of a straightforward inclusion in hazard assessment. We thus encourage the systematic collection, maintenance, and integration of flood marks as responsible risk management, not least regarding their value in the wider context of risk awareness and memory.
Molecular biomarkers in Batagay megaslump permafrost deposits reveal clear differences in organic matter preservation between glacial and interglacial periods
Authors: Jongejans Loeka L. , Mangelsdorf Kai , Karger Cornelia , Opel Thomas , Wetterich Sebastian , Courtin Jérémy , Meyer Hanno , Kizyakov Alexander I. , Grosse Guido , Shepelev Andrei G. , Syromyatnikov Igor I. , Fedorov Alexander N. , Strauss Jens
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The Batagay megaslump, a permafrost thaw feature in north-eastern
Siberia, provides access to ancient permafrost up to ∼650 kyr
old. We aimed to assess the permafrost-locked organic matter (OM) quality
and to deduce palaeo-environmental information on glacial–interglacial
timescales. We sampled five stratigraphic units exposed on the 55 m high
slump headwall and analysed lipid biomarkers (alkanes, fatty acids and
alcohols). Our findings revealed similar biogeochemical signatures for the
glacial periods: the lower ice complex (Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 16 or
earlier), the lower sand unit (sometime between MIS 16–6) and the upper ice
complex (MIS 4–2). The OM in these units has a terrestrial character, and
microbial activity was likely limited. Contrarily, the n-alkane and fatty
acid distributions differed for the units from interglacial periods: the
woody layer (MIS 5), separating the lower sand unit and the upper ice complex,
and the Holocene cover (MIS 1), on top of the upper ice complex. The woody
layer, marking a permafrost degradation disconformity, contained markers of
terrestrial origin (sterols) and high microbial decomposition (iso- and
anteiso-fatty acids). In the Holocene cover, biomarkers pointed to wet depositional
conditions and we identified branched and cyclic alkanes, which are likely
of microbial origin. Higher OM decomposition characterised the interglacial
periods. As climate warming will continue permafrost degradation in the
Batagay megaslump and in other areas, large amounts of deeply buried
ancient OM with variable composition and degradability are mobilised,
likely significantly enhancing greenhouse gas emissions from permafrost
regions.
Evaluation of six geothermal heat flux maps for the Antarctic Lambert–Amery glacial system
Authors: Kang Haoran , Zhao Liyun , Wolovick Michael , Moore John C.
Published: September 2022

Abstract. Basal thermal conditions play an important role in ice sheet dynamics, and they are sensitive to geothermal heat flux (GHF). Here we estimate the basal thermal conditions, including basal temperature, basal melt rate, and friction heat underneath the Lambert–Amery Glacier system in eastern Antarctica, using a combination of a forward model and an inversion from a 3D ice flow model. We assess the sensitivity and uncertainty of basal thermal conditions using six different GHF maps. We evaluate the modelled results using all observed subglacial lakes. The different GHF maps lead to large differences in simulated spatial patterns of temperate basal conditions. The two recent GHF fields inverted from aerial geomagnetic observations have the highest GHF, produce the largest warm-based area, and match the observed distribution of subglacial lakes better than the other GHFs. The modelled basal melt rate reaches 10 to hundreds of millimetres per year locally in the Lambert, Lepekhin, and Kronshtadtskiy glaciers feeding the Amery Ice Shelf and ranges from 0–5 mm yr−1 on the temperate base of the vast inland region.
Differences in Sports Injury Types According to Taekwondo Athlete Types (Sparring, Poomsae, and Demonstration)
Authors: Jeong Guyeol , Chun Buongo
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate the range of injuries according to the competition format type of Taekwondo (sparring, poomsae, and demonstration) and compare the level of injuries to provide basic data for preventing injuries among Taekwondo athletes. Data were collected through a survey of 472 Taekwondo athletes using convenience sampling and self-administration methods. The most frequently injured body part was the ankle for sparring (54.03%) and demonstration (55.09%) athletes and the pelvis for poomsae (36.36%) athletes (x2 = 111.556, p < 0.001). The most frequent injury type was sprain for poomsae (36.40%) and demonstration (52.30%) athletes and fracture for sparring (49.40%) athletes (x2 = 127.752, p < 0.001). The most frequently reported cause of injury was excessive training and chronic fatigue (x2 = 50.251, p < 0.001). All three types of athletes showed a higher proportion of injury at the training location than at the competition location. The period for the return to training was ≤1 week for sparring (40.80%) and poomsae (64.10%) athletes but 2-3 weeks for demonstration (27.8%) athletes (x2 = 45.582, p < 0.001). Diverse strategies, ranging from wearing protective gear to adopting a conditioning strategy and psychological training, are needed for each competition format of Taekwondo to prevent injuries in daily training.
Potential benefits of dihydroartemisinin in suppression of dexamethasone induced osteoporosis, osteoclast formation and RANKL induced signaling pathways in adult female albino rat
Authors: Erfan Omnia S , Salem Yassmin G , El-Shahat Mona A , Awadin Walaa F , Eltahry Huda , Eldesoqui Mamdouh
Published: September 2022

Osteoporosis is a musculoskeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone density and increased susceptibility to fractures. Fractures cause a considerable increase in mortality, disability, and morbidity incidence. Artemisia annua is a medicinal plant, used for long time in Asian countries and its active metabolite is Dihydroartemisinin (DHA). It is proven to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The present study is the first to investigate the role of different doses of DHA in treatment of Dexamethasone (Dexa)-induced osteoporosis. Thirty female Wister adult rats were divided into three groups for three months. Control and Dexa groups were both six in number. Dihydroartemisinin treated groups, eighteen in number, received intramuscular injection of Dexamethasone and intraperitoneal injection of DHA, then subdivided in three different groups according to DHA doses (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg body wight). Blood level of Ca, P, calcitonin, alkaline and acid phosphatase, and Tissue MDA, GSH were estimated. Tibiae were stained with H&E, Masson- Goldner, and immunological examination of β catenin and RANKL was done. Then, one-way ANOVA test, followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test, was used in order to compare groups, and P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. A highest dose of DHA showed normalization of blood parameter and oxidative stress markers. Also, bone histology improvement, reduced RANKL and increased β catenin expression were recorded. Treatment with DHA has significantly improved the oxidative stress, biochemical parameters, and bone histology. Dihydroartemisinin might represent a novel approach for modulation of osteoporosis induced by glucocorticoid.
FISCAL POLICY AND SECTORAL GROWTH IN PAKISTAN
Authors:   Mirpur University of Science and Technology AJK, Pakistan, Ajmair Muhammad , Khan Abdul Ghafar ,   Management Sciences,  Mohi-ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif AJK, Pakistan, Bashir Uzma ,   Department of Economics,Mirpur University of Science and Technology AJK, Pakistan
Published: September 2022

Main objective to write this paper was to find out impact of fiscal policy on sectoral growth in Pakistan. Annual data for period 1980-2021 was used from world development indicators of World Bank (2021). ADF and PP unit root test were employed to check the stationarity of all variables. ADRL bound testing was considered as estimation technique because some variables were stationary at level and some were at first difference while no variable was stationary at second difference. Three models were estimated where dependent variables were agriculture, industry and services while independent variables were GDP per capita, total debt services, external balance on goods and services, and gross national expenditures. These most repeated variables are selected from existing empirical literature on impact of fiscal policy over economic growth. All variables related to fiscal policy affected agricultural sector positively and insignificantly except total debt services that has positive and significant impact on agricultural sector. GDP per capita, inflation and total debt services have positive and significant effect on industrial sector while this sector was affected negatively and significantly by external balance of goods and services and gross national expenditures. All explanatory variables showed negative and significant association with services sector except total debt services that has positive and significant relationship with services sector. The error correction terms for agricultural, industrial and services sectors respectively are negative (-3.185, -1.674 and -2.110 respectively) indicated that the system was stable and converged to the equilibrium track following a disturbance. All diagnostic and stability tests satisfied the basic requirements of model suitability. Keywords: Fiscal Policy, GDP, Agriculture, Industry, Services, Inflation
EFFECT OF UNETHICAL CUSTOMER BEHAVIOR ON RESTAURANT FRONTLINE EMPLOYEE’S PERCEIVED SERVICE QUALITY
Authors:   Department of Business Administration,  Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi  Pakistan, Baig Benazir , Kamran Sohail ,   Department of Business Administration,  Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi  Pakistan, Malik Fozia ,   Department of Business Administration,  Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi  Pakistan
Published: September 2022

This paper investigates how unethical customer behavior affects restaurant service employee’s emotions and, in turn, how these emotions affect their desired service quality? The data from 247 restaurant frontline employees were collected through questionnaires to evaluate the effects of unethical customer behavior, emotional exhaustion and perceived service quality. Data were analyzed by using SPSS and mediation analysis was done to assess the overall relationship between unethical customer behavior, emotional exhaustion and perceived service quality dimensions. Five dimensional SERVQUAL model was used in the study which includes tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy to determine the employee perceived service quality in a restaurant setting. Findings suggest that unethical customer behavior significantly affects the emotional exhaustion which further leads to the reliability dimension of perceived service quality. The paper developed an instrument to measure all five dimensions of employee perceived service quality. Theoretical model used in this research contributes to the field in a way that it has not been previously studied, hence adding value to the growing body of knowledge. Based on the study findings, we provide recommendations to restaurant management in developing an ethical climate in service delivery processes in restaurants. Key words – Restaurant frontline employees, Unethical Customer Behavior, Emotional Exhaustion, Employee Perceived Service Quality, Service Quality
FLEA MARKET ECONOMY INFLUENCING LOCAL INDUSTRY: SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF LANDA BAZAAR IN PAKISTAN
Authors:   Department of Anthropology Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan., Zulfiqar Samia , Ambreen Mamonah ,   Department of Gender and Women Studies, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad Pakistan, Mohyuddin Anwaar ,   Department of Anthropology Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Published: September 2022

The data presented in this research paper entitled “Flea Market Economy Influencing Local Industry: System Analysis of Landa Bazaar in Pakistan” was researched using qualitative anthropological techniques. In this research 25 respondents 10 shopkeepers from the local market, 10 shopkeepers from Landa Bazar, and 5 customers were selected through purposive sampling. The locale for the study was based on multiple markets in Rawalpindi. The time scale of this research was 4 months. The main objective of this research was to study the economic impacts of the Landa bazaar (flea market) on the local economy. In the last decade, the use of second-hand clothing has been increased in Pakistan. The research shows that on temporary basis periphery countries are in an advantageous position as they are receiving high-quality products at cheaper rates and it is also creating a number of employment opportunities. But no one can deny the fact that over time the trade of second-hand clothing will put a negative impact on the local production of Pakistan as the local industries lack in providing compatible products at cheaper rates. Thus it can be said that the donation from the core will participate in the demolishing of the local industry of Pakistan. It is suggested that the government must quantify the number of job opportunities created by this trade and also predict the number of job losses in the domestic clothing industry due to an upsurge in demand for imported secondhand clothes, to facilitate the policymakers to develop their policies effectively. Keywords: Landa Bazaar, flea market, local economy, second-hand clothing, employment opportunities, system analysis
Development and Validation of an RP-HPLC Method for the determination of Safinamide Mesylate in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Authors: Rehman Ayesha , Nath Tiwari Pasupathi , Rao Sreenivas
Published: September 2022

A rapid and highly sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of Safinamide Mesylate in bulk and in tablet dosage form. Safinamide mesylate was eluted from a XBridge C18 (250mmX4.6mm) reversed phase column with a mobile phase of Ammonium acetate buffer pH 5.8 and Acetonitrile in the ratio of 55:45 (v/v) at a flow rate of 1ml/min with UV detection of 26nm. The retention time for Safinamide mesylate was 3.8min. The linear response (r2 = 0.997) was observed in the range of 10-60 µg/ml with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) being 2.85 and 9.5µg/ml respectively. The method shows good recoveries and intra and inter-day relative standard deviations were less than 2%. Validation parameters as Specificity, accuracy, ruggedness and robustness were also determined. The proposed method provides accurate and precise quality control tool for routine of Safinamide mesylate in bulk and in tablet dosage form.
Detection of Nicotine by a New System:
Authors: Krishnamurthy Kamalakshi , Zin Thant , K. Priyamvatha , Rao. U. S. Mahadeva , M. Suganya
Published: September 2022

Nicotine (C10 H14 N2) exists in all parts of the plant but notably in the leaves. Nicotiana tabacum, or cultivated tobacco, is an annually grown herbaceous plant of the Nicotiana genus. In this study a rapid and sensitive evaluation of Nicotine by Thin Layer Chromatography is carried out.
Synthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial and Antifungal study of Novel Co (II) metal complexes of bidentate 3-Formylchromone based Schiff bases
Authors: Vishun Prasad Ram , Singh Ashutosh
Published: September 2022

The present paper is all about the synthesis of complex compounds of already synthesized schiff bases of chromones. The structure conformation of ligand molecule is done by using various spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR, IR and elemental analysis. The antibacterial and anti-fungal activities of synthesized complexes were tested according to standard procedure.
A Review on: Therapeutic Activities of Spirulinaon skin
Authors: Tambe Tejshri , Bhosale Mayur , Sonawane Pankaj , Shinde Sonali
Published: September 2022

Spirulina stands out as a sustainable bioactive microalga with health­ promoting parcels, and an important active element of natural cosmetics products. Presently, Spirulina has been incorporated in topical skin­ care phrasings, similar as a moisturizing, antiwrinkles, antiaging and antiacne agent. Likewise, this microalga is used by ornamental inventors to promote healthy sunscreen protection, to treat skin achromatism conditions and to heal injuries. Utmost of marketablecosmetics claim an outsized range of Spirulina parcels, including antioxidant, revitalizing, remineralizing, moisturizing, guarding alongside sanctification and shining action, both for hair and for skin. In this review, recent ornamental operations of Spirulina are revised, by pressing its capability in perfecting skin appearance and health. Also, the analysis of the Spirulina ornamental standardis mooted. Looking at the current emergence of the beauty assiduity, numerous Spirulina extracts anddry cream/ flakes, both the starting element and final Spirulina­ rested ornamental products, areavailable on the request. In this artificial field, Spirulina — substantially Spirulina platensis and Spirulinamaxes — is used either as a cream, like in the case of cheaper products, or as a phycocyanin­richblue Extract, particularly in the luxury request.
Network Comparison with Interpretable Contrastive Network Representation Learning
Authors: Fujiwara Takanori , Zhao Jian , Chen Francine , Yu Yaoliang , Ma Kwan-Liu
Published: September 2022

Identifying unique characteristics in a network through comparison with another network is an essential network analysis task. For example, with networks of protein interactions obtained from normal and cancer tissues, we can discover unique types of interactions in cancer tissues. This analysis task could be greatly assisted by contrastive learning, which is an emerging analysis approach to discover salient patterns in one dataset relative to another. However, existing contrastive learning methods cannot be directly applied to networks as they are designed only for high-dimensional data analysis. To address this problem, we introduce a new analysis approach called contrastive network representation learning (cNRL). By integrating two machine learning schemes, network representation learning and contrastive learning, cNRL enables embedding of network nodes into a low-dimensional representation that reveals the uniqueness of one network compared to another. Within this approach, we also design a method, named i-cNRL, which offers interpretability in the learned results, allowing for understanding which specific patterns are only found in one network. We demonstrate the effectiveness of i-cNRL for network comparison with multiple network models and real-world datasets. Furthermore, we compare i-cNRL and other potential cNRL algorithm designs through quantitative and qualitative evaluations.
A Credible Utopia
Authors: Valente Peter
Published: September 2022

A Credible Utopia: Essays on Selected Films of Werner Schroeter offers unique and personal insights into Schroeter’s cinematic universe. Many of the films discussed in this book are those upon which Schroeter’s worldwide reputation rests: Der Bomberpilot, an absurdist comedy; The Death of Maria Malibran, a film about ecstatic redemption in death; Willow Springs, about the complex relationships between men and women; Day of the Idiots, a visually baroque, operatic and highly dramatic film about madness; The Kingdom of Naples, Schroeter’s visually stunning depiction of Italy in the post-war years; and Palermo or Wolfsburg, for which Schroeter won the Golden Bear, an epic film about love, violence, and cultural malaise. But Valente also addresses Schroeter's early experimental films that don't get as much attention, such as Aggression, Neurasia, and Argila, all of which are about the struggle between repression and desire, and Deux, a late work that Schroeter considered his masterpiece, a film about the double and the ways in which identity is formed by integrating the abject part of ourselves with the good. Valente concludes with an analysis of Nuit de Chien, Schroeter's final film, a powerful summation of a live devoted to art, music, literature, and film.

When the Museum of Modern Art staged a retrospective of Schroeter's ouevre in 2012, there was hardly anything in English on his films and only one film available on DVD in the US, such that Schroeter's work as a director has remained largely invisible in the English-speaking world. A Credible Utopia repairs this lacuna in film history, and, in a detailed and intimate reading of Schroeter's queer ouevre, links all these films together through Schroeter's desire for a “credible utopia,” despite our shared awareness of disaster, torture, viciousness, and political corruption in the world.
Study of infiltration patterns of lymphomas in bone marrow trephine biopsy and immunohistochemical analysis in a tertiary care institute
Authors: Ali Mustafa , Meena Anil , Bhopalwala Fatima , Banseria Neha
Published: September 2022

Lymphomas are malignant neoplasms of lymphoid cells present usually as solid mass in the lymphoid organs of the body. They have a tendency to metastasize to different parts of the body and bone marrow is one of the most frequent sites. They infiltrate particular parts of the bone marrow and hence form various different patterns of infiltration. Each lymphoma has its characteristic one or more patterns of infiltration. Recognition of such a pattern can often help in diagnosis of such lymphoma. This was a prospective descriptive study of one year duration enrolling known cases of lymphoma diagnosed in a tertiary care center and subsequently bone marrow trephine biopsy was done and studied for pattern of infiltration. Also immunohistochemistry was applied to differentiate B cell and T cell lymphomas. Paratrabecular pattern was the most common pattern seen solely or in mixed in the majority of the lymphoma cases. Also the frequencies of B cell lymphoma with CD-19 positivity were higher than T cell lymphoma with CD-3 positivity. Recognition of pattern of infiltration especially when no lymphomatous cells are identified on blood and or bone marrow aspiration smears are very helpful in diagnosis of lymphoma.
Family planning decisions among couples and the gender discourse in Nsukka Urban, Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors:   Department of Social Work, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Udechukwu N. S. , Ezumah N. N. ,   Health Policy Research Group, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Ngwu C ,   Department of Social Work, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Amujiri B. A. ,   Department of Public Administration and Local Government, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Okafor A. E. ,   Department of Social Work, University of Nigeria Nsukka
Published: September 2022

Gender still informs couple's choice in family planning decisions and has led to marital instabilities, child abuse, and increased maternal and infant mortality in Nigeria. Hence, this paper investigated gender implications in family planning decisions among couples in Nsukka urban, Enugu State, Nigeria. Six hundred married respondents were recruited through simple random sampling to respond to a survey questionnaire. Data were computed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), while descriptive statistics and chi-square were used to interpret the data. The findings show that women’s use of family planning is significantly related to men’s control of family planning decisions (p = 000). The consequences include increased maternal and child mortality, bearing children more than they can cater for economically and emotionally, unsatisfactory sexual life and family instability. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the government should develop and implement policies that will ensure the participation of both males and females in family planning programmes by inculcating it in the school curriculum.
Improving Students’ Performance in Oral Reading Through Precision Teaching Approach
Authors:   https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3654-6702, normanmondigo@gmail.com, E. Mondigo Norman ,   San Joaquin-Kalawaan High School San Joaquin, Pasig City, Philippines
Published: September 2022

This study investigated the effectiveness of Precision Teaching in enhancing the oral reading performance of students at a public high school in Pasig City. Ten students participated in the study. They were the students whose identified reading level was frustration. The Phil-IRI Manual 2018 served as the assessment tool. Pretests and posttests were all taken from the Phil-IRI. In addition, this study employed a mixed-method design to glean the data from the participants. The intervention was provided to the students for four weeks, with two hours allotted per session. For the quantitative component, paired sample t-test and mean were utilized. Thematic analysis was used in analyzing the interview data. Results of the study revealed that there is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores of students in oral reading and comprehension. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the reading speed of students based on their pretest and posttest scores. Based on the thematic analysis of the semi-structured interviews, two major themes were divulged: the learning that took place and the challenges the students encountered during the entire intervention program. The results of this study should be seen in light of the limitations such as the number of participants and the length of the provided intervention program. Keywords: Precision Teaching; oral reading performance; reading speed; reading comprehension