bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Sulfur‐Thiobacillus denitrificans Nitrate Removal System
Authors: Sikora L. J. , Keeney D. R.
Published: July 2010

An evaluation of sulfur‐Thiobacillus denitrificans nitrate removal system as a means of denitrifying nitrified septic tank effluent was conducted. Duplicate 10 by 64 cm columns were filled with a 1/1 mixture (wt/wt) of elemental S (>2 mm) and dolomite chips (1 cm), and were pretreated by recycling an enrichment culture of T. denitrificans ATCC 23642 through the columns for 3 days. Continuous passage of the nitrified septic tank effluent (column influent) containing 40 µg NO3−‐N/ml through the columns resulted in nearly complete NO3− removal in 3.3 hours at steady‐state conditions (23C). Statistical analyses indicated that the denitrification kinetics closely resemble first order in the range of NO3− concentrations employed. Oxidation‐reduction potentials (Pt black electrodes) ranged from +160 to +300 mV. Analysis the gases produced showed that N2 was present in highest concentration. Sulfate was the major S end product and was present at relatively high concentrations (90 µg SO42−‐S/ml). A significant decrease in inorganic C occurred with depth in the columns while changes in organic C content were insignificant. A significant linear relationship was obtained between decreases in (NO3− + NO2−)‐N and production of S042−‐S. Passage of column effluent through 10 by 60 cm Plainfield sand columns did not significantly decrease SO42− levels. While use of this NO3− removal system appears promising, SO42− contamination of the ground water may limit its applicability.
Chemical Reduction of Nitrate by Ferrous Iron
Authors: Buresh R. J. , Moraghan J. T.
Published: July 2010

Knowledge concerning the chemical reduction of NO3− to gaseous products, a process of potential practical significance as an antipollution device, is sparse. The influence of pH on chemical reduction of NO3−‐N (approximate concentration 25 ppm) by Fe2+ in the presence and absence of Cu2+ was studied over a pH range from 6 to 10. After 24‐hours of controlled pH incubations under a helium atmosphere NO3−, NO2−, N2O, NO, N2, and NH4+ were determined. The initial Fe2+/NO3− mole ratio was 8. Reduction of NO3− was negligible in the absence of Cu2+, but was pronounced above pH 7 in the presence of approximately 5 ppm Cu2+. Formation of NH4+ increased with pH and was the dominant process at pH 9 and 10. Nitrous oxide and N2 accumulations were greatest in the pH range from 8 to 8.5 and negligible at pH 6 and 10. Nitrite formation was small except at pH 9 and 10. Trace quantities of NO accumulated during incubation if the pH was allowed to drop below 6.

Levels of Cu2+ and Fe2+ influenced the extent and nature of NO3− reduction at pH 8. Maximum reduction of NO3− (93%) and maximum gas production (equivalent to 61% of the original NO3−) occurred when the Fe2+/NO3− mole ratio was 12 and the Cu2+ level was approximately 10 ppm. The N2O/N2 mole ratio in the evolved gases decreased as the Cu2+ level was increased from approximately 1 to 10 ppm and as the Fe2+/NO3− mole ratio was increased from 8 to 12. Nitrate was relatively stable at a Cu2+ content of 0.1 ppm irrespective of the Fe2+/NO3− ratio.
Toxicity of Cadmium in the Freshwater Snail, Physa gyrina Say
Authors: Wier C. F. , Walter W. M.
Published: July 2010

Using both mature and immature snails and cadmium as the toxicant, 50% tolerance limits (TL50) for various exposure durations were determined graphically. The immature snails 96‐hour TL50 of 0.43 ppm indicates they are three times as sensitive to Cd as mature snails whose 96‐hour TL50 was 1.37 ppm. Survivors of bioassays and their offspring were observed. The rate of Cd uptake by snails exposed to 1.30 ppm Cd solution over a 24‐hour period was 0.550 ppm/hour. Following the 24‐hour exposure, the rate of elimination during the next 24 hours was 0.229 ppm/hour. The rate of uptake was nearly twice the rate of elimination, allowing accumulation of Cd in the snail. The higher the Cd concentration to which snails were exposed, the fewer the survivors, the lower their reproductive potential, and the shorter the period the young survived.
Some Thermal and Biological Effects of Forest Cutting in West Virginia
Authors: Lee R. , Samuel D. E.
Published: July 2010

Water temperatures, benthic fauna, and aquatic insect emergence were observed in four small watersheds to document the effects of forest cutting. During the summer months, complete cutting caused mean temperature increases > 4C, and maximum temperature increases > 9C. The changes diminished to about one‐half after 3 years of natural hardwood regeneration. Complete cutting more than tripled the mean weekly range of stream temperature during summer, and decreased mean minimum temperatures during winter months by about 2C. Two orders, Diptera and Pelecypoda, accounted for most of the benthic biomass in watershed weir ponds; the former predominated in clear‐cut watershed ponds, and the latter in a control (forested area) pond. The control pond produced by far the highest total numbers and biomass of benthic fauna, and the greatest numbers of aquatic insects.
Nitrate Dynamics in Fall Creek, New York
Authors: Johnson Arthur H. , Bouldin David R. , Goyette Edward A. , Hedges Anne M.
Published: July 2010

Nitrate loss from a 330‐km2 rural watershed in central New York was monitored over a 31‐month period. Seasonal NO3‐N patterns were well defined with highest levels in the winter and lowest levels in the summer resulting from accumulation of NO3‐N in the soil profile during the growing season and leaching during the winter months. Stream water at the outlet of the watershed studied is used as a source of drinking water for some 20,000 people. Nitrate‐N concentrations at the drinking water intake currently do not exceed 3 mg/liter. Human activities affected NO3‐N levels, with dairying and sewage being the major contributors. If agriculture is expanded to its maximum acreage, keeping the present ratio of corn/hay/pasture/people, NO3‐N levels at the drinking water intake will not exceed present standards for drinking water.
DDT Degradation in Flooded Soil as Related to Temperature
Authors: Guenzi W. D. , Beard W. E.
Published: July 2010

Raber silt loam was amended with 14C‐labeled DDT [1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethane] and incubated under anaerobic conditions (flooded) at several selected temperatures for 140 days. Soil samples were analyzed for DOT degradation products at intervals during the experiment. DDT degradation rates were temperature dependent, and after 7 days recovery was 80, 64, 44, 10, and 48% at 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70C, respectively. DDT was not degraded at 2C. The first identifiable intermediate product was DDD [1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethane] followed by DDMU [1‐chloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethylene]. Under these reducing conditions, DDD was not degraded at 30C, but degraded at temperatures of 40C and higher. 14C activity (applied as 14C‐DDT) remaining in the soil sample after solvent extraction, increased during degradation of the parent compound or of its degradation products. The maximum amount of activity in the non‐extractable fraction was found after 140 days in the 60C treatment, and represented 34% of the applied activity; whereas, 49.6% of the activity was extractable, only 15.6% of this was identifiable.
Release of Cadmium from Clays and Plant Uptake of Cadmium from Soil as Affected by Potassium and Calcium Amendments
Authors: Haghiri F.
Published: July 2010

The effects of percent K and/or Ca saturations on the release of Cd from Cd‐treated H‐clays (kaolinite and illite) and on the Cd availability to plants from Cd‐treated Canfield silt loam soil were determined. The concentration of Cd in the dialyzates from both kaolinite and illite clays increased as the percent Ca or K saturation of the clays in the suspension decreased. The release of Cd from both clays was greater in the presence of Ca than K. In a separate experiment, the concentration of Cd in soybean shoots (Glycine max L. Merr.) ‘Corsoy’ decreased with increasing percent Ca or K saturation of the soil. The results indicated that Cd uptake by soybean shoots could be impaired to a great extent by K application.
Effects of Sewage Sludge and Sludge Compost Applied to Soil on some Soil Physical and Chemical Properties
Authors: Epstein E. , Taylor J. M. , Chaney R. L.
Published: July 2010

The effects of different application rates of sewage sludge and sludge compost (0, 40, 80, 120, and 240 metric tons/ha) on soil physical and chemical properties were studied at two pH levels.

Sludge application rates exceeding 120 metric tons/ha were difficult to apply and produced a cloddy seedbed, while the same rate of compost was easily applied and produced a friable seedbed. Sludge and compost increased the water content and the water retention of a silt loam soil. Both the sludge and compost increased the salinity and chloride levels of the soil to a level which may affect salt‐sensitive plants. The soil's cation exchange capacity increased as much as threefold as a result of the addition of sludge and compost. Nitrate‐nitrogen levels were highest at the 15–20 cm soil depth but decreased sharply below this level. Available phosphorus was high during the 2‐year study and appeared to be in excess of that needed for good crop growth.
Distribution of Plutonium in Trinity Soils after 28 Years
Authors: Nyhan J. W. , Miera F. R. , Neher R. E.
Published: July 2010

The soils of four intensive study areas located along the fallout pathway of Trinity, the first nuclear detonation, were sampled to determine soil plutonium concentrations as a function of distance from Ground Zero and soil depth.

About half of the 239,240Pu in Trinity Site soils was found at the 5–20 cm depth in 1973 compared to total plutonium inventories found only in the upper 5 cm of soil about 20 years ago. Soil plutonium concentrations of samples collected at the same depth of each study area generally exhibited coefficients of variation > 1.2. Maximum penetration depths of 239,240Pu into Trinity Site soils were related to the presence of subsoil horizons containing carbonate accumulations and the maximum extent of rainwater penetration into these soil profiles.

Increased amounts of plutonium were associated with < 100 µm fractions as distance from Ground Zero and soil depth increased. The < 100 µm fraction contained 1.2 and 89% of the plutonium in the topsoil at the study areas located 1.6 and 44 km from Ground Zero, respectively. Total amounts of 239,240Pu in the < 100 µm soil size fractions also generally increased with depth; at 1.6 km from Ground Zero, this size fraction contained 1.2% and 13% of the 239,240Pu found at the 0–2.5 and 5.0–10 cm depths, respectively.

The soil plutonium data collected at Trinity Site is discussed relative to the sizes of Trinity fallout particles, setting meaningful health standards for plutonium in soils, and the distribution of plutonium in the biota of Trinity Site ecosystems.
Inability of Fish to Methylate Mercuric Chloride In Vivo
Authors: Pennacchioni A. , Marchetti R. , Gaggino G. F.
Published: July 2010

Experiments were designed to establish whether mercuric chloride administered to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Rich.) through the gills or by way of the mouth is converted in vivo to methylmercury. The mercury was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and methylmercury determinations were performed by extraction and gas chromatography. The experiments show that while mercuric chloride administered by either method increased the total mercury content of kidney, liver, intestine, and muscle tissues, no evidence was found to support the hypothesis that mercuric chloride was methylated in fish to form methylmercury.
Methylation of Mercury in Agricultural Soils
Authors: Rogers R. D.
Published: July 2010

Methylation of applied divalent mercury ion was found to occur in agricultural soils. The production of methylmercury was affected by soil texture, soil moisture content, soil temperature, concentration of the ionic mercury amendment, and time. Methylation was directly proportional to clay content, moisture content, temperature, and mercury concentration. After an initial build‐up of methylmercury in the soil, there appeared to be a mechanism that decreased the methylmercury content with increasing time.
Soil Characteristics and Corn Yield as Affected by Previous Applications of Poultry Manure
Authors: Liebhardt William C.
Published: July 2010

The effect of previous applications of poultry manure on yield and growth of corn and soil characteristics was studied on Elkton loamy sand. Plots with six levels of poultry manure (0, 22, 56, 90, 168, and 224 metric tons/ha) and a fertilizer treatment [224‐5‐186 kg/ha (N‐P‐K)] and 22 metric tons/ha poultry manure plus 224‐5‐168 kg/ha (N‐P‐K) were established with four replications in 1971. These amendments were applied for 3 years (1971, 1972, and 1973). Corn (Zea mays L.) was grown each year on these plots including 1974 and 1975; however, no soil amendments were applied in 1974 and 1975.

Soil analysis of 1974 samples indicate that soil salinity resulting from previous poultry manure application was reduced substantially over the winter due to the leaching rain. As a result of the reduction in soil salinity, yield of corn did not experience the typical reduction when poultry manure was being applied. This indicates that excessive application of poultry manure will only be a problem in Delaware's sandy coastal plain soils in the year of application with respect to corn yield.

Ear leaf at silking, whole plant, and grain samples indicated no toxicity problem as a result of previous applications of poultry manure.
Concentration and Distribution of Elements in Plants and Soils near Phosphate Processing Factories, Pocatello, Idaho
Authors: Severson R. C. , Gough L. P.
Published: July 2010

The processing of phosphatic shale near Pocatello, Idaho has a direct influence on the element content of local vegetation and soil. Samples of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. subsp. tridentata) and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) show important negative relations between the concentration of certain elements Cd, Cr, F, Ni, P, Se, U, V, and Zn) and distance from phosphate processing factories. Plant tissues within 3 km of the processing factories contain unusually high amounts of these elements except Ni and Se. Important negative relations with distance were also found for certain elements (Be, F, Fe, K, Li, Pb, Rb, Th, and Zn) in A‐horizon soil. Amounts of seven elements (Be, F, Li, Pb, Rb, Th, and Zn) being contributed to the upper 5 cm of the soil by phosphate processing, as well as two additional elements (U and V) suspected as being contributed to soil, were estimated, with F showing the greatest increase (about 300 kg/ha) added to soils as far as 4 km downwind from the factories. The greatest number of important relations for both plants and soils was found downwind northeast) of the processing factories.
Phosphates in Soils Treated with Sewage Water: I. General Information on Sewage Farm, Soil, and Treatment Results
Authors: Beek J. , de Haan F. A. M. , van Riemsdijk W. H.
Published: July 2010

A sewage farm which has been used during the past 50 years for treatment of raw sewage water of domestic and industrial origin was studied. The farm (100 ha) is situated on sandy soil and is agricultural use as permanent pastuce. Intermittent flooding of the soil with sewage water results in a 98% decrease of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) by passing it through the soil; phosphates are removed to the extent of 96%. These phosphates accumulate in the top 50‐cm layer of the soil. Removal of nitrogenous compounds is less effective. The sewage water additions raised the pH of the soil and increased the organic matter content (mainly of the top layers). These changes may have practical implications with respect to chemical and physico‐chemical reactions in the soil.
Forms of Sulfur in Sewage Sludge
Authors: Sommers L. E. , Tabatabai M. A. , Nelson D. W.
Published: July 2010

Most studies concerning the composition of sewage sludge have placed emphasis on total elemental analysis, including sulfur. This study was conducted to determine the forms of S and their relationships to other components in sludge. Analyses of the forms and amounts of S in sewage sludge produced by 11 Indiana cities showed that total S concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 2.1% and that from 1 to 27% of the total sludge S was inorganic S extractable with 0.1M LiCl. Expressed as a percentage of total S, the sludge samples contained from < 1 to 35% sulfide S, from 18 to 53% inorganic nonsulfate S, from 18 to 56% carbon‐bonded S, from 0 to 35% ester sulfate S and inorganic sulfate S, and from 0 to 42% unidentified organic S. Analyses of seven sludge samples obtained over a 2‐year period from the same treatment plant indicated that the forms of S in sludge vary with time. No consistent relationships were found between the amounts of organic C, N, S, and P in sludges. Statistical analyses of the sludge components indicated that Pb and Zn were significantly correlated with sulfide S and that Cd was significantly correlated with organic S, ester sulfate S, and with 0.1M LiCL extractable S. No significant relationships were found for other metals and the various S fractions.
Extractability of Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, and Lead in Soils Incubated with Sewage Sludge
Authors: Silviera D. J. , Sommers L. E.
Published: July 2010

Soils amended with sewage sludge were incubated in the laboratory and analyzed periodically by a sequential fractionation procedure for the amounts of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb that were H2O‐soluble, KNO3‐exchangeable, and DTPA‐ and HNO3‐extractable. The H2O‐soluble and exchangeable metals comprised a small percentage of the total metal concentration in the sludge and in the soil‐sludge mixtures incubated for 7 to 28 days. The proportion of total Cu, Zn, and Cd extracted by DTPA increased with time while this fraction remained constant with time for Pb. The relative amount of metals extracted by HNO3 and DTPA were inversely related. The data indicated that the forms of some metals in soils amended with sludge change with time, suggesting changes in the availability of metals to plants.
Land Disposal of Broiler Litter: Changes in Concentration of Chloride, Nitrate Nitrogen, Total Nitrogen, and Organic Matter in a Cecil Sandy Loam
Authors: Jackson W. A. , Wilkinson S. R. , Leonard R. A.
Published: July 2010

Broiler litter at rates of 0, 22.4, 44.8, 89.6, and 134.4 metric tons/ha, was surface applied semiannually for 2 years to established plots of Kentucky‐31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacae Schreb) grown on a Cecil soil. After 2 years almost all the added Cl had moved below 107 cm, although there was increased Cl concentration at the lower soil depths. Nitrate nitrogen in the soil profile increased significantly between rates, but not between years. There was no significant change in total N in the soil after correction for NO3‐N. Organic matter decreased significantly between check and application rates, but not within rates or between years. Rates of 22.4 metric tons/ha applied semiannually were considered excessive from the standpoint of potential losses of a valuable N resource for crop production.
Lysimeter Measurements of Nitrate and Chloride Losses from Soil Under Conventional and No‐tillage Corn
Authors: Tyler Donald D. , Thomas Grant W.
Published: July 2010

Salt and water movement was studied using steel pan lysimeters in the field under corn (Zea mays L.) grown in killed sod and with conventional tillage. The study was done to determine the actual leaching losses of nitrogen under the two tillage systems. Losses of nitrate nitrogen and chloride used as a tracer of nitrate ion were higher under the no‐tillage system as measured in the leachate collected after rainfall. This loss could occur within 1 to 2 months after the application of the nitrogen. Concentrations of nitrate and chloride ions in the leachate indicated that these mobile, surface‐applied anions could be washed into natural soil cracks and channels and flow much deeper into the soil than predicted by miscible displacement theory.
Determination of Orthophosphate in Aqueous Solutions Containing Labile Organic and Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds
Authors: Dick W. A. , Tabatabai M. A.
Published: July 2010

A simple and precise colorimetric method of determining orthophosphate in aqueous solutions containing labile organic and inorganic P compounds is described. It involves a rapid formation of molybdenum blue color by the reaction of orthophosphate with molybdate ions in the presence of ascorbic acid‐trichloroacetic acid and citrate‐arsenite reagents and complexation of the excess molybdate ions to prevent further formation of blue color from the phosphate derived from hydrolysis of the acid‐labile P compounds. The color is stable up to 24 hours. The method is sensitive and accurate, and it permits determination of microgram quantities of orthophosphate in samples containing large amounts of acid‐labile P compounds.

Tests with a wide range of condensed phosphate and organic phosphate compounds showed that none of the P compounds studied interfered with this method. Results by this method are compared with those obtained by the method of Murphy and Riley.
Plutonium Activities in Soil Solutions and the Stability and Formation of Selected Plutonium Minerals
Authors: Rai Dhanpat , Serne R. J.
Published: July 2010

Selected thermodynamic data was used to develop solid phasesoil solution equilibria diagrams which are used to predict and understand plutonium behavior in terrestrial environments.

The plutonium mineral transformations in soils are highly dependent upon the pH, Eh, and the soil solution composition. The predictions of weathering and formation sequences of Pu(OH)3, Pu(OH)4, PuO2(OH), PuO2(OH)2, PuO2, βPu2O3, PuF3, PuF4, PuO2CO3, and Pu(HPO4)2 at pH values from 3 to 11 at pO2 from 0.68 to 80, and in an assumed weathering environment are given. The study shows that the PuO2 is the most stable mineral in the pH and pO2 ranges found in the terrestrial environments.

The nature and activity of ions and ion‐complexes and, hence, the total plutonium in solution is a function of the stable phase, pH, Eh, and complexing anions: for example, (i) in a reducing environment (pO2 80) at pH 8 and in equilibrium with PuO2(s), the predominant solution species are Pu3+ and its complexes, and (ii) in an oxidizing environment (pO2 16) at pH 8 and in equilibrium with PuO2(s), the predominant solution specie is PuO2CO3OH−.

Empirical predictions regarding the plutonium sorption by soils are outlined and verified by experimental results reported in the literature. The deficiencies in the present thermodynamic data and future research needs are outlined.
Decomposition of Rice Straw in Soils as Affected by Some Management Factors
Authors: Sain Pritam , Broadbent F. E.
Published: July 2010

Decomposition of rice straw contained in nylon bags was measured in field experiments at two different locations during winter and spring months. Incorporated straw decomposed more rapidly than did straw on the soil surface, and least decomposition occurred in straw samples suspended above the soil surface as in a windrow. Decomposition rates were not affected by chopping straw.

Laboratory decomposition experiments conducted at 8 and 25C and at 60 and 150% water holding capacity showed more effect of low temperature in retarding straw decomposition than excess water. Additional nitrogen stimulated straw decomposition in Stockton adobe clay during the first few weeks but had little effect in Sacramento clay. After 2 months' initial decomposition the soil samples treated with straw were dried and rewetted to 60% water holding capacity (WHC), then incubated another 2 months. During this period straw decomposition in Sacramento clay samples which had received additional N was significantly depressed. Additional P and S had no effect on rice straw decomposition.
Effects of Low Levels of Dietary Cadmium in Animals—A Review
Authors: Doyle J. J.
Published: July 2010

Cadmium is a toxic metal commonly found in small quantities in animal and human foods. The possible effects on domestic animal and human health from exposure over long periods to low (0–10 ppm) dietary concentrations of the metal is currently a cause for concern. Experimental data from laboratory animals indicate that low dietary concentrations of the metal will impair growth, cause hypertension and sodium retention, and produce adverse effects on some enzyme systems, reproduction, and tissue levels of some essential metals. Some of these toxic effects may be prevented by supplementary levels of iron, copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese in the diet.
Phosphorus Fertilizer as a By‐product of Energy Production from Agricultural Wastes
Authors: Siegel Robert S. , Rubin J. , Hafez A. A. R. , Stout P. R.
Published: July 2010

Three pot experiments were conducted to test the utilization of ash from different kinds of animal manures and vegetative crop residues as source of phosphorus fertilizer. Corn (Zea mays L.) yield grown on phosphorus‐deficient soil (Aiken loam), treated with acidified ash at rates equivalent to 200, 400, 800, and 1,200 ppm P, responded almost like concentrated super phosphate (CSP) at the same rates.

Yields from pots treated with ash acidified at 50% of its base equivalent were slightly less than those at 100% acidification. The leached acidified ash of agricultural waste materials proved to be a comparable source to CSP fertilizer.
The Assessment of Plant‐Available Cadmium in Soils
Authors: Symeonides C. , McRae S. G.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the amounts of cadmium recovered by a variety of reagents and extraction procedures from soils to which Cd has been added. Correlation of these results with the Cd content of radish plants (Raphanus sativus L. cultivar French Breakfast Crimson (Suttons)) grown in these soils has shown that the most sensitive of several possible indices to Cd uptake by plants is the amount extracted by a 1‐hour shaking with 1/V ammonium nitrate solution at a soil/solution ratio of 1:10 (wt/vol). The greater efficiency of this extractant compared with other proposed extractants is ascribed to the system reflecting the natural pH of the soil which has a marked effect on cadmium availability to plants.
Composition and Reactions of Liquid Manure (Gülle), with Particular Reference to Phosphate: I. Analytical Composition and Reaction with Poorly Crystalline Iron Oxide (Ferrihydrite)
Authors: Fordham A. W. , Schwertmann U.
Published: July 2010

Samples of liquid cattle (Bos taurus) manure (gülle) of different maturity were collected from three sites in West Germany and analysed for several components, many of them relevant to the behaviour of phosphate in both liquid and solid phases. When gülle solutions were shaken with iron oxide, changes of inorganic phosphate concentration were generally very similar to those in comparable inorganic model systems. Thus, there was very little interference to sorption processes from organic components of gülle and, furthermore, no interferences developed during storage of samples at 4C, laboratory temperature, or during incubation at 35C for several months. Precipitation of inorganic phosphate, normally observed in these gülle samples during shaking, was minimized by rapid removal of phosphate from solution by adsorption on iron oxide. Organic phosphate in solution constituted only about 5% of total phosphate and very little, if any, was sorbed from solution by iron oxide.

Observations by other workers of deep penetration of phosphorus from gülle into a sandy soil were best explained by transport of finely divided solid particles of inorganic phosphate suspended in the large volumes of liquid applied to the soil. Rapid movement of phosphate in solid form would limit retention of soluble phosphate by soil components such as iron oxide.
Composition and Reactions of Liquid Manure (Gülle), with Particular Reference to Phosphate: III. pH‐Buffering Capacity and Organic Components
Authors: Fordham A. W. , Schwertmann U.
Published: July 2010

pH titrations of gülle samples disclosed differences of composition related to origin, age, and storage conditions prior to collection. Buffering capacities depended partly on ammonium bicarbonate content, which fluctuated from sample to sample but increased during laboratory storage, at 4C or room temperature. Organic compounds both in solution and solid phases buffered in the lower pH ranges, in some instances having greater influence on total buffering capacity than any other factor. The nature as well as the amount of these compounds differed between samples. Many were modified or decomposed during storage at laboratory temperature. Inorganic components of the solid phase, such as ammonium, magnesium, and calcium phosphates, as well as calcium carbonate, made significant though relatively minor contributions.

Tyrosine was identified in gülle solutions by TLC, while other amino acids, glutamic acid and histidine, were likely constituents. There were no simple carboxylic acid anions of the type that inhibit phosphate uptake by iron oxides.
Geographical Distribution of Fluorides in Forage Using a Bioindicator
Authors: McClenahen James R. , Weidensaul T. Craig
Published: July 2010

Fluoride levels in leaves of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) collected in late summer were used to predict geographical distributions of average seasonal pasture forage and hay fluoride levels near a source of airborne fluorides.

Simple linear regression models with various logarithmic transformations were tested. Greatest proportions of the total variation were explained by the linear regression model for second‐cutting hay (81%) and by a logarithmic transformation of the dependent variable for average pasture forage (63%). None of the models tested were found adequate for predicting fluoride levels in first‐cutting hay. Isopleth maps based on predicted fluoride values compared favorably with those derived from direct measurements.

The use of black locust foliage as a quantitative bioindicator of geographical forage fluoride levels can provide considerable savings in material and personnel in long term fluoride surveys.
Influence of Soil Materials in Copper Mine Wastes on the Growth and Quality of Barley Grain
Authors: Day A. D. , Ludeke K. L. , Tucker T. C.
Published: July 2010

Experiments were conducted in Arizona to study the effects of four soil materials in copper mine wastes (desert, overburden, tailing‐overburden, and tailing) on the growth, grain yield, and grain quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. emend Lam.). Barley was effective in the revegetation and stabilization of the four soil materials in Cu mine wastes. It also provided needed organic matter to be incorporated into the surface 15 cm, which created a more suitable soil medium for the establishment of perennial grass species. When grown in desert soil and overburden, barley produced taller plants, more vegetative plants, higher grain yields, and grain of higher quality than when it was produced in tailing‐overburden and tailing soil materials. Barley can be used effectively to produce satisfactory grain yields and grain of suitable quality for livestock and wildlife feed in the rehabilitation of desert soil, overburden, tailing‐overburden, and tailing soil materials in copper mine wastes.
Nutrient Transport in Surface Runoff and Interflow from an Aspen‐Birch Forest
Authors: Timmons D. R. , Verry E. S. , Burwell R. E. , Holt R. F.
Published: July 2010

Nutrients transported in surface runoff and interflow from an undisturbed aspen‐birch (Populus tremuloides Michx., and Betula papyrifera Marsh.) forest (6.48 ha) in northern Minnesota were measured for 3 years. Surface runoff from snowmelt accounted for 97% of the average annual surface runoff and for 57% of the average annual water loss. Slope aspect influenced the amount, rate, and time of snowmelt runoff. In surface runoff, organic nitrogen (N) comprised 80% of the total N load, and organic (+ hydrolyzable) phosphorus (P) comprised 45% of the total P load. The quantities of cations in surface runoff were in the order of calcium (Ca) > potassium (K) > magnesium (Mg) > sodium (Na). More than 96% of all the nutrients in surface runoff were transported by snowmelt. The annual volumes of interflow varied only slightly during the 3 years. Compared with surface runoff, the amounts of all the nutrients (except Na) and their weighted concentrations decreased in interflow. These nutrient losses from the ecosystem can accumulate in surface waters.
Growth and Water Movement in Silver Maple Seedlings Affected by Cadmium
Authors: Lamoreaux Robert J. , Chaney William R.
Published: July 2010

Effect of cadmium chloride on dry weight accumulation, height growth, and relative conductivity of stems of silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) seedlings exposed to 0, 5, 10, or 20 ppm CdCl2 · 2½ H2O (on weight basis of rooting media) was determined. Leaf, stem, and root dry weight were significantly reduced by all CdCl2 treatments. Seedling height at 8 weeks was severely reduced and strongly correlated with applied CdCl2 levels. Relative conductivity of excised stem sections was significantly reduced by Cd treatment. The reduction was caused by (i) a progressive decrease in the proportion of xylem tissue available for water conduction, (ii) reduced size of vessels and tracheids, and (iii) partial blockage of xylem elements by cellular debris or gums. These findings are discussed in relation to water stress.
The Contribution of Red Clay Erosion to Orthophosphate Loadings into Southwestern Lake Superior
Authors: Bahnick Donald A.
Published: July 2010

The effects of the erosion of red clay deposits along the northwestern Wisconsin shoreline area on orthophosphate inputs into Lake Superior was investigated. Using clay soil and river particulate samples, the release of orthophosphate in Lake Superior water was studied. The results indicate a maximum release of 240 metric tons of soluble PO4 from soil entering Lake Superior annually from shoreline erosion and 63 metric tons of PO4 from river particulates. These estimates assume equilibrium with soluble orthophosphate at a concentration of < 0.005 mg/liter of PO4, which is typical of Lake Superior water. Actual PO4 release may be less because soluble orthophosphate concentrations are higher in near shore waters. Suspended particulates buffer soluble orthophosphate concentrations and may even cause a net removal of orthophosphate from Lake Superior water when high concentrations exist.
Phosphorus Movement in Calcareous Soils Irrigated with Waste Water from Potato Processing Plants
Authors: Robbins C. W. , Smith J. H.
Published: July 2010

Total, organic, and acid‐hydrolyzable phosphorus and orthophosphate concentrations were determined in waste waters from five potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) processing plants and the waste water volumes applied to cropped land were measured monthly for three processing seasons. These P forms were also measured in soil water samples extracted monthly at five depths to 1.5 m. Organic plus hydrolyzable fractions comprised 60 to 70% of the total P in the waste waters and 30 to 40% in the soil water extracts. When the numerical value of the relationship (kg P/ha applied per month) (mm of clay size material in 1.5 m)−1 was < 0.4, the total P concentration in the extracts at 1.5 m was < 0.05 mg/liter. When the value exceeded 0.4, the total P concentrations in the extracts averaged 1 to 2 mg/liter. The relationship may provide disposal site selection and waste water application rate guidelines for land disposal of waste water high in organic and hydrolyzable P.
Correlations between Rain and Runoff Amounts and Composition in Eastern South Dakota
Authors: White E. M. , Williamson E. J. , Kingsley Q.
Published: July 2010

A correlation between a synthesized rainfall‐intensity factor and runoff from small plots with sparse cover was significant but explained less than half the variation in the data. Loss of PO4‐P, NO3‐N, NH4‐N, and K in runoff was significantly correlated to the runoff amounts, and the regression explained about 50 to 75% of the variation in the data. The unexplained variation in the regressions probably is due to antecedent plot conditions, such as the soil and the plant cover growth or decomposition stage. Time since an antecedent rain was not significantly related to runoff. Average runoff volumes and average losses of PO4‐P and NO3‐N per runoff event from different‐sized cultivated areas for 2‐ to 5‐year periods had a highly significant correlation. The regressions, based on runoff volume and not on watershed size, apparently could estimate PO4‐P and NO3‐N losses on other watersheds in eastern South Dakota.
A Laboratory Study on the Role of Stream Sediment in Nitrogen Loss from Water
Authors: Sain Pritam , Robinson J. B. , Stammers W. N. , Kaushik N. K. , Whiteley H. R.
Published: July 2010

Laboratory experiments were conducted on samples of sediment collected from a stream having an appreciable input of nitrate at its source. Earlier work had shown that the water lost much of the nitrate as it moved downstream, presumably by denitrification. Columns of sediment were reconstituted in plexiglass tubes, overlain with water containing nitrate, and incubated at 10, 15, or 22C. The water was aerated with a helium‐oxygen mixture. Nitrate concentration decreased rapidly but the rate varied with temperature and depth of sediment. At 22C, in water overlying 10‐cm columns of sediment, over 90% of the nitrate was removed in 3 weeks from a solution originally containing 10 mg/liter nitrate‐N. Nitrate disappeared less rapidly at lower temperatures and when sediment columns were < 5 cm deep. It was concluded that in columns < 5 cm deep and at low temperatures nitrate diffused to the bottom of the columns, while columns 5 cm deep or more were effectively of infinite depth. Because of the interdependence of diffusion from the liquid phase into the sediment and denitrification, it is not possible to infer kinetics of denitrification in these experiments. It appeared that denitrification in these columns proceeded at a rate compatible with observations made previously in the stream from which the sediment originated.
Partitioning and Transport of Lead in Lake Washington
Authors: Baier Rodger W. , Healy Michael L.
Published: July 2010

Input of lead to Lake Washington appears to result from the settling of airborne Pb onto surface waters and the washing of terrestrial accumulations to the lake as runoff. Some of the Pb received by the lake is associated with particles that sink, while the remainder leaves the lake with the overflow. The range in Pb concentration during 2 years of sampling was 0.04 to 6.6 ppb. The path of Pb to the sediments is not direct but involves cycling through both liquid and solid phases. Over 70% of the total Pb entering the lake is retained by sediment. Lead in top layers of sediment ranged from 242 ppm near a heavily used bridge to 4 ppm near the major tributary of the lake.

A simple compartment model accounts for some of the interchanges between dissolved and particulate forms of Pb through the processes of adsorption, absorption, and complexation. The time required to achieve steady‐state conditions for the model is comparable to the yearly flushing period. Large shifts in the annual timing of flushing and mixing are encountered because of meteorological changes.
Two New Methods for Obtaining Water Samples from Shallow Aquifers and Littoral Sediments
Authors: John Peter H. , Lock Maurice A. , Gibbs Max M.
Published: July 2010

Two sampling techniques have been developed which enable ground water samples to be obtained from various depths within shallow aquifers and littoral sediments. Both techniques involve the insertion of a percussion‐driven spike to the desired depth. One method employs a sampling probe consisting of a perforated tip and a mechanism for the prevention of blockage by grit during the driving process, with samples being withdrawn through an internal plastic tube. The other technique involves permanent installation of a perforated plastic capsule connected to the surface by plastic tubing. Some examples of chemical data obtained during extensive testing of these techniques are presented. It is concluded that the techniques could have considerable application in the investigation of shallow ground water and littoral sediment chemistry.
Effects of Solid and Liquid Beef Manure and Liquid Hog Manure on Soil Characteristics and on Growth, Yield, and Composition of Corn
Authors: Evans S. D. , Goodrich P. R. , Munter R. C. , Smith R. E.
Published: July 2010

Solid beef (SB), liquid beef (LB), and liquid hog (LH) manures were applied at 224, 636, and 636 metric tons/ha (wet weight), respectively, for 2 successive years to a soil cropped to corn (Zea mays L.). The residual effects of the applications were studied for 2 additional years. The effects of the manure treatments were compared to an inorganic fertilizer (IF) treatment and a check (CK) treatment.

Corn grain yields from the manure‐treated plots were not significantly different from the IF treatment in any year. All manure treatments significantly increased the N, P, and K levels and decreased the Ca and Mg levels in the plant tissue and grain in some years, as compared to the IF treatment. Phosphorus, K, and Mn concentrations in the ear leaves were at an “excess” level in some cases.

Leaching of NO3− below the root zone of corn occurred by the end of the second season. Decreases in the Cl−/NO3−‐N ratio above 120 cm indicated NO3−‐N uptake by corn and denitrification. Below 120 cm the ratio was constant, indicating no uptake or denitrification.

In the manure‐treated plots there were large increases in electrical conductivity, with LB > SB > LH. The salt levels were high enough to cause wilting of young plants, but not high enough to depress corn grain yield.

Because of the rapid movement of NO3− below the rooting depth of corn, and the detrimental effects of the salts, these rates of manure were considered too high for continued annual application, even though grain yields were not affected.
Effects of Malathion on Microorganisms of an Artificial Salt‐Marsh Environment
Authors: Bourquin A. W.
Published: July 2010

Laboratory salt‐marsh environments were treated with malathion, an organophosphate insecticide, and aerobic heterotrophic bacteria were monitored to determine changes in their microbial ecology. Several physiological activities were assayed in both treated and untreated controls; however, no reliable trends in numbers of these microorganisms were detected. On the other hand, populations of malathion sole‐carbon‐degrading bacteria increased significantly with increasing treatment levels and in the sediments with repeated treatment. Malathion cometabolizing bacteria increased significantly over the control systems in the water column with increasing treatment levels. Although numbers of malathion‐degrading bacteria increased with higher treatment levels or frequency of treatment, these changes had no effect on the total numbers of bacteria from the water or sediment. When an organochlorine insecticide, mirex, was used to treat the ecosystems, essentially no changes in the bacterial populations were detected.
An Assessment of the Use of Forests as Sinks for the Removal of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Murphy C. E. , Sinclair T. R. , Knoerr K. R.
Published: July 2010

A computer model was developed for estimating the uptake of sulfur dioxide (SO2) by forests. Submodels are used to calculate atmospheric diffusion immediately above and within the forest canopy, and into the sink areas within the trees. The program implementing the model is general and can be used with only minor changes for many gaseous pollutants.

Simulations with SO2 sources above the canopy indicate that moderate amounts of SO2 can be absorbed by forests during periods of favorable weather. Simulations with sources inside the canopy suggest that SO2 uptake can be increased while tolerable levels of SO2 concentrations are maintained in the atmosphere within the forest.
Distribution and Cycling of Major and Trace Elements in Two Central European Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Heinrichs H. , Mayer R.
Published: July 2010

Concentrations and annual fluxes of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, N, S, P, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, Bi, Cd, Hg, and Tl were measured in the precipitation input to the forest canopy, in precipitation beneath canopy, and in the seepage water below the humus layer and below the tree root zone (output) both in a Central European beech (Fagus silvatica) and in a spruce (Picea abies) forest. Concentrations were determined in an acid loess loam soil from the beech site and in a calcareous little‐weathered loess C‐horizon for the same elements plus Sr and V.

When precipitation was passing through the forest canopy, some elements were partially retained (P, Cu, Fe, Zn, Hg, Cr). The flux of other elements increased during canopy passage.

Strong retention of Pb and Ni in the organic surface layer (O‐horizon) was found when seepage water passed through it. Within the mineral soil, retention of dissolved elements from the seepage water is observed in the case of K, Ca, Fe, N, S, P, Cr, Pb, Sb, Hg, and Tl.

Compared to the unweathered loess, the acid forest soil was nearly depleted of its Ca and carbonate‐C contents. A similar, but less distinct, decrease was found in the total profile (Na, Sr, V, Cr, Cu, Zn), or in the soil surface layer only (Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co). Carbon, N, P, S, Pb, Hg, Bi, and Tl accumulated in the soil surface layer.

The input/output balance showed that both forest ecosystems accumulated all elements entering the system with atmospheric precipitation except Al and Mn. The elements Pb, Hg, Bi, and Tl accumulated mainly within the top soil.
Volatilization and Degradation Losses of Aldicarb from Soils
Authors: Supak James R. , Swoboda Allen R. , Dixon Joe B.
Published: July 2010

Aldicarb, 2‐methyl‐2(methylthio) propionaldehyde O‐(methylcarbamoyl) oxime, volatilization from two soils amended with 1 mg toxicant per gram of soil was determined by GLC analysis of trapped pesticide vapors. Volatilization losses were generally depressed by the presence of water and elevated temperatures. Losses ranged from 0.01 to 0.18% of the applied dose during an 18‐day period. The highest mortality rates of bioassay organisms subjected to the volatilization vapors were observed at 23C in a soil system being gradually dried by a stream of dry air.

Degradation of aldicarb at 23C exceeded 10% of the applied dose only in the acid Beaumont soil, whereas 24 and 46% of the added material degraded in the moist and dry soil, respectively. At 42C, extensive degradation occurred in both acid and calcareous soil systems; losses ranged from 38 to 82% in the moist samples and 61 to 96% in those allowed to dry to an air‐dry state.
Chemical Monitoring of Sewage Sludge in Pennsylvania
Authors: Doty W. T. , Baker D. E. , Shipp R. F.
Published: July 2010

Sewage sludge samples were collected biweekly and analyzed for several components to determine the sampling procedures which should be required for the routine chemical monitoring of sewage sludge produced by a given treatment plant. While the composition varied significantly over time for every component and every plant, the standard deviation, expressed as a percentage of the mean for each treatment plant, indicated that two‐thirds of the values would be within the range of the true average value plus or minus 20 to 50%.

Analyses for all samples collected in Pennsylvania, including those analyzed as a part of a service program, indicated that without chemical analysis the composition with respect to N, P, and K varied too much to establish an accurate prediction of the fertilizer value of unanalyzed sludge. In addition, the concentrations of the essential but phytotoxic elements, especially Zn and Cu, as well as trace elements harmful to the food chain, varied greatly among the treatment plants studied.