bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What matters most to older adults: Racial and ethnic considerations in values for current healthcare planning
Authors: Heintz Hannah L. , Paik Julie M. , Baird Lola , Driver Jane A. , Moye Jennifer
Published: August 2023

Background

Clarifying what matters most informs current care planning for adults with multiple comorbidities. We describe how adults aged 55+ rate what matters most and differences in Black and White participants.

Methods

Participants (N = 247, Age M = 63.61 ± 5.26) who self‐identified as Black (n = 89), White (n = 96), or other racial and ethnic groups (n = 62) completed an online survey. Healthcare values in four domains, (1) important factors for managing health, (2) functioning, (3) enjoying life, and (4) connecting, were assessed with the What Matters Most‐Structured Tool. Frailty was assessed with the FRAIL scale.

Results

Concerns about pain and finances were rated as the most influential when making healthcare decisions across groups. Black participants rated religious and racial, ethnic, and cultural considerations as more important in healthcare decision‐making than did White participants (Black participant M = 1.93 ± 0.85 vs. White participant M = 1.26 ± 0.52), citing concerns about health equity, disparity, and representation. Across the sample, specific aspects of functioning (e.g., ability to think clearly, walk, and see) and connecting (e.g., with family and friends and with God) were highly valued. Black participants rated the ability to dress or bathe, exercise, and connect with God as more important than did White participants, and they were also more likely to rate length of life as more important relative to quality of life. Value ratings were not associated with other demographic or health factors.

Conclusions

Adults aged 55+ from diverse groups highly value functioning and connections when making health decisions, with important contextual distinctions between Black participants and White participants. This study population was relatively young; future studies in older populations are needed.
Student Engagement as a Mediator Process Between Peer Victimization and Achievement at the Beginning of Middle School
Authors: Bélanger Félix , Cantin Stéphane , Archambault Isabelle
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND

Very few studies have properly identified how peer victimization is associated with lower achievement in middle or high school. In this context, this study examined how peer victimization at the beginning of middle school is linked with subsequent student achievement. Specifically, it assessed if the behavioral, affective, and cognitive dimensions of engagement in school play a mediation role in the relationship between peer victimization and student achievement.

METHODS

The sample of this study included 683 seventh graders attending 3 schools in Montreal, Canada. Students self‐reported peer victimization at the beginning and end of grade 7. They also reported their levels of student engagement on the 3 dimensions (behavioral, affective, and cognitive) across 3 time points in seventh and eighth grades. Student achievement in language arts across these 2 years was also obtained through school records.

RESULTS

Peer victimization significantly predicted lower achievement over time (b = −.24,p ≤ .001). Peer victimization predicted lower achievement in grade 8 indirectly through affective student engagement (b = −.11,p < .05). Post hoc analyses showed that peer victimization still predicted lower achievement in grade 8 indirectly through a decrease in affective engagement (b = −.14,p < .05). However, when considered alone, a decrease in cognitive engagement also acted as a mediator (b = −.09,p < .05), suggesting a strong link with affective engagement.

CONCLUSION

Our findings expose the importance to promote student engagement in school and achievement for victimized youth.
The Duality of American Christian Nationalism: Religious Traditionalism versus Christian Statism
Authors: Li Ruiqian , Froese Paul
Published: August 2023

While posited as a unified ideology, Christian Nationalism (CN) actually contains two distinct views of what it means to be a “Christian Nation”—one which envisions a Christian civil society separate from the profanities of politics, what we call “Religious Traditionalism.” The other envisions a Christian federal government where power is wielded exclusively by ethno‐religious insiders, or “Christian Statism.” Multiple waves of two national surveys confirm that current measures of CN contain these two factors, which have become increasingly divergent in the past 20 years. In addition, we find that Christian Statism predicts nativism, Islamophobia, anti‐Semitism, and racial distrust while Religious Traditionalism, in most instances, predicts the opposite. Historically, Religious Traditionalists have always sought to influence civil society and focused mainly on family/sexual issues. But a different brand of CN has emerged, wherein all federal and state authority should rightfully and exclusively belong to Christian Statists.
Twinned calcite as an indicator of high differential stresses and low shock pressure conditions during impact cratering
Authors: Seybold Lina , Trepmann Claudia A. , Hölzl Stefan , Pollok Kilian , Langenhorst Falko , Dellefant Fabian , Kaliwoda Melanie
Published: August 2023

Shock‐related calcite twins are characterized in calcite‐bearing metagranite cataclasites within crystalline megablocks of the Ries impact structure, Germany, as well as in cores from the FBN1973 research drilling. The calcite likely originates from pre‐impact veins within the Variscan metagranites and gneisses, while the cataclasis is due to the Miocene impact. Quartz in the metagranite components does not contain planar deformation features, indicating low shock pressures (<7 GPa). Calcite, however, shows a high density (>1/μm) of twins with widths <100 nm. Different types of twins (e‐, f‐, and r‐twins) crosscutting each other can occur in one grain. Interaction of r‐ and f‐twins results in a‐type domains characterized by a misorientation relative to the host with a misorientation angle of 35°–40° and a misorientation axis parallel to an a‐axis. Such a‐type domains have not been recorded from deformed rocks in nature before. The high twin density and activation of different twin systems in one grain require high differential stresses (on the order of 1 GPa). Twinning of calcite at high differential stresses is consistent with deformation during impact cratering at relatively low shock pressure conditions. The twinned calcite microstructure can serve as a valuable low shock barometer.
Applying Negotiation Theory to the Interrogation of Detainees
Authors: McKersie Robert B.
Published: August 2023

This article seeks to apply negotiation concepts to the interrogation of detainees. Specifically, Richard Walton and I worked on a project sponsored by the Intelligence Science Board (ISB) to develop protocols for interrogation that would take the high road and be true to our human values. We focus on “The Man in the Snow White Cell” — a true story that took place during the Vietnam War, with the arrest of a high‐level intelligence officer (Tai) serving the North Vietnamese espionage forces. The analysis highlights the failure of either torture or superficial kindness to deliver results and outlines the elements of a constructive approach—one that would have been both more morally acceptable and more likely to deliver results. A mutual gains process using the forcing and fostering strategies would have been such an approach.
Taxonomic revision of the Allium filidens group (Amaryllidaceae) in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Sennikov Alexander N. , Lazkov Georgy A.
Published: August 2023

On the basis of herbarium specimens and documented observations, the taxonomic confusion around Allium filidens s.l. (including A. filidentiforme) in Kyrgyzstan is resolved. The species status of A. filidentiforme is confirmed, and this species is classified in A. subsect. Crystallina, comb. nov. In Central Asia, the A. filidens group (A. subsect. Filidentia) includes species with whitish perianth colours (A. filidens s.str., A. karakense, A. ugami) and greenish perianth colours (A. mogianense, A. valentinae). The occurrence of A. filidens s.str. in Kyrgyzstan is confirmed. Allium valentinae is reported as new to Kyrgyzstan. The nomenclature of A. filidens is clarified, and its neotype is designated. The complete distributions of A. filidens, A. filidentiforme, A. mogianense, A. ugami and A. valentinae are mapped.
Vv‐circSIZ1 mediated by pre‐mRNA processing machinery contributes to salt tolerance
Authors: Gao Zhen , Sun Baozhen , Fan Zongbao , Su Yifan , Zheng Chengchao , Chen Weiping , Yao Yuxin , Ma Chao , Du Yuanpeng
Published: August 2023

CircRNAs exist widely in plants, but the regulatory mechanisms for the biogenesis and function of plant circRNAs remain largely unknown.

Using extensive mutagenesis of expression plasmids and genetic transformation methods, we analyzed the biogenesis and anti‐salt functions of a new grape circRNA Vv‐circSIZ1.

We identified Vv‐circSIZ1 that is mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of xylem. CircSIZ1 is species‐specific, and genomic circSIZ1‐forming region of seven tested species could be backspliced in Nicotiana benthamiana, but not in Arabidopsis. The retention length of Vv‐circSIZ1 flanking introns was significantly positively correlated with its generation efficiency. The precise splicing of Vv‐circSIZ1 does not depend on its mature exon sequence or internal intron sequences, but on the AG/GT splicing signal sites and branch site of the flanking introns. The spliceosome activity was inversely proportional to the expression level of Vv‐circSIZ1. Furthermore, RNA‐binding proteins can regulate the expression of Vv‐circSIZ1. The overexpression of Vv‐circSIZ1 improved salt tolerance of grape and N. benthamiana. Additionally, Vv‐circSIZ1 could relieve the repressive effect of VvmiR3631 on its target VvVHAc1. Vv‐circSIZ1 also promoted transcription of its parental gene.

Overall, these results broaden our understanding of circRNAs in plants.
Pushed online: What characteristics of regional offline labour markets influence the expansion of Internet and platform work?
Authors: Zwysen Wouter , Piasna Agnieszka
Published: August 2023

Despite disruptive impact of internet work on labour markets little is known about what, beyond individual pull factors, drives its expansion. This article extends current frameworks by investigating the role of regional economic and employment conditions. The analysis covers 165 regions in 14 European countries using a representative cross‐national data set on individual engagement in internet and offline work, augmented with aggregate data on the regional context. Our findings suggest that otherwise similar workers engage more in internet work where offline opportunities are worse—fewer jobs and of lower quality—with effects up to 10% for large regional differences. The increase mainly represents workers juggling offline and internet jobs under conditions of economic and job insecurity. These results imply that internet work is not exceptional or separate from the traditional labour market, challenging the narrative of platforms as outsiders to labour market regulation and justifying the expansion of regulatory efforts.
Postoperative recovery in preschool‐aged children: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing premedication with midazolam, clonidine, and dexmedetomidine
Authors: Bromfalk Åsa , Hultin Magnus , Myrberg Tomi , Engström Åsa , Walldén Jakob
Published: August 2023

Background

Preoperative anxiety in pediatric patients can worsen postoperative outcomes and delay discharge. Drugs aimed at reducing preoperative anxiety and facilitating postoperative recovery are available; however, their effects on postoperative recovery from propofol‐remifentanil anesthesia have not been studied in preschool‐aged children. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of three sedative premedications on postoperative recovery from total intravenous anesthesia in children aged 2–6 years.

Methods

In this prespecified secondary analysis of a double‐blinded randomized trial, 90 children scheduled for ear, nose, and throat surgery were randomized (1:1:1) to receive sedative premedication: oral midazolam 0.5 mg/kg, oral clonidine 4 μg/kg, or intranasal dexmedetomidine 2 μg/kg. Using validated instruments, outcome measures including time for readiness to discharge from the postoperative care unit, postoperative sedation, emergence delirium, anxiety, pain, and nausea/vomiting were measured.

Results

After excluding eight children due to drug refusal or deviation from the protocol, 82 children were included in this study. No differences were found between the groups in terms of median time [interquartile range] to readiness for discharge (midazolam, 90 min [48]; clonidine, 80 min [46]; dexmedetomidine 100.5 min [42]). Compared to the midazolam group, logistic regression with a mixed model and repeated measures approach found no differences in sedation, less emergence delirium, and less pain in the dexmedetomidine group, and less anxiety in both clonidine and dexmedetomidine groups.

Conclusions

No statistical difference was observed in the postoperative recovery times between the premedication regimens. Compared with midazolam, dexmedetomidine was favorable in reducing both emergence delirium and pain in the postoperative care unit, and both clonidine and dexmedetomidine reduced anxiety in the postoperative care unit. Our results indicated that premedication with α2‐agonists had a better recovery profile than short‐acting benzodiazepines; although the overall recovery time in the postoperative care unit was not affected.
Milletdb: a multi‐omics database to accelerate the research of functional genomics and molecular breeding of millets
Authors: Sun Min , Yan Haidong , Zhang Aling , Jin Yarong , Lin Chuang , Luo Lin , Wu Bingchao , Fan Yuhang , Tian Shilin , Cao Xiaofang , Wang Zan , Luo Jinchan , Yang Yuchen , Jia Jiyuan , Zhou Puding , Tang Qianzi , Jones Chris Stephen , Varshney Rajeev K. , Srivastava Rakesh K. , He Min , Xie Zheni , Wang Xiaoshan , Feng Guangyan , Nie Gang , Huang Dejun , Zhang Xinquan , Zhu Fangjie , Huang Linkai
Published: August 2023

Millets are a class of nutrient‐rich coarse cereals with high resistance to abiotic stress; thus, they guarantee food security for people living in areas with extreme climatic conditions and provide stress‐related genetic resources for other crops. However, no platform is available to provide a comprehensive and systematic multi‐omics analysis for millets, which seriously hinders the mining of stress‐related genes and the molecular breeding of millets. Here, a free, web‐accessible, user‐friendly millets multi‐omics database platform (Milletdb, http://milletdb.novogene.com) has been developed. The Milletdb contains six millets and their one related species genomes, graph‐based pan‐genomics of pearl millet, and stress‐related multi‐omics data, which enable Milletdb to be the most complete millets multi‐omics database available. We stored GWAS (genome‐wide association study) results of 20 yield‐related trait data obtained under three environmental conditions [field (no stress), early drought and late drought] for 2 years in the database, allowing users to identify stress‐related genes that support yield improvement. Milletdb can simplify the functional genomics analysis of millets by providing users with 20 different tools (e.g., ‘Gene mapping’, ‘Co‐expression’, ‘KEGG/GO Enrichment’ analysis, etc.). On the Milletdb platform, a gene PMA1G03779.1 was identified through ‘GWAS’, which has the potential to modulate yield and respond to different environmental stresses. Using the tools provided by Milletdb, we found that the stress‐related PLATZs TFs (transcription factors) family expands in 87.5% of millet accessions and contributes to vegetative growth and abiotic stress responses. Milletdb can effectively serve researchers in the mining of key genes, genome editing and molecular breeding of millets.
A scoping review of pediatric transplant education
Authors: Burghall Ashley , Ruhl Michelle , Rosaasen Nicola , Groot Brianna , Flood Kayla , Davis Keefe , Minakakis Natasha , Wichart Jenny , Mansell Holly
Published: August 2023

Background

Education is crucial for pediatric patients and caregivers throughout the transplant continuum, yet data are lacking around which interventions are effective and in what circumstances.

Methods

We undertook a scoping review with the objectives of (a) describing the types, effects, and outcomes of patient‐focused educational interventions before and after pediatric transplant and (b) understanding the educational experiences of patients and caregivers. Five scientific databases were explored for relevant literature using the JBI methodology. Educational interventions published in English, targeting pediatric solid organ transplant patients (0–25 years) and their caregivers were included. Relevant data from eligible articles (n = 27) were extracted and summarized.

Results

Eighteen articles describing 17 educational interventions were identified for objective A, and nine articles qualitatively assessing patient or parental learning needs were identified for objective B. Most interventions were directed toward teenage patients and their caregivers post kidney transplant, primarily focusing on medication self‐management and adherence, or providing general information on transplant using multicomponent delivery formats. Most interventions achieved statistically significant improvements in knowledge (n = 8/9) and patients or caregivers expressed satisfaction with the intervention (n = 7/7) but health‐related outcomes such as medication adherence (n = 2/6) or behavior change (n = 1/3) rarely achieved statistically significant results. In objective B, patients and caregivers described the transplant process as overwhelming, but indicated that social supports and education helped them cope. Participants consistently wanted more information than they received.

Conclusion

Caregivers and pediatric patients value transplant education, but high‐quality studies are limited. Since education is a fundamental part of the transplant process, future research in this area should be prioritized.
GhSTP18, a member of sugar transport proteins family, negatively regulates salt stress in cotton
Authors: Qiao Kaikai , Lv Jiaoyan , Chen Lingling , Wang Yanwen , Ma Lina , Wang Jin , Wang Zhe , Wang Long , Ma Qifeng , Fan Shuli
Published: August 2023

The sugar transporter protein (STP) family has been shown to play important roles in plant growth, development, and stress response. However, it has not been studied in cotton compared to other major crops. In this study, we identified 90 STP genes from four cotton species, performed bioinformatic analysis, and focused on the role of GhSTP18 in salt stress. According to our results, cotton STP proteins were divided into four subgroups according to the phylogenetic tree. A synteny analysis suggested that whole‐genome duplication (WGD) and segmental duplication were key drivers in the expansion of the STP gene family. The transcriptomic data analysis showed that 29 GhSTP genes exhibited sink‐specific expression. Quantitative real time‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) analyses revealed that expression of GhSTP18 was induced by salt treatment, heat treatment, cold treatment, and drought treatment, and continuously increased during a salt stress time course. Notably, GhSTP18 encodes a plasma membrane‐localized galactose transporter. Suppression of GhSTP18 transcription by a virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay reduced sensitivity to salt stress in cotton, indicating that GhSTP18 negatively regulates plant salt tolerance. These results provide an important reference and resource for further studying and deploying STP genes for cotton improvement.
How do private companies shape responses to migration in Europe? Informality, organizational decisions, and transnational change
Authors: Infantino Federica
Published: August 2023

This article takes an actor‐centered and bottom‐up perspective to analyze how private companies shape public responses to migration in Europe. It builds on ethnographic research with top managers and civil servants involved in visa policy, asylum reception, and immigration detention. Drawing on organizational theories about decisions and change, I analyze empirical evidence to put forward processes of international migration governance that take account of private and public actors, the implementation stage of policy‐making, the organizational and informal dynamics underpinning decisions and change within and across borders of polity, therefore adopting a transnational lens. I show three interrelated aspects: Personal contacts, informal interactions, and informal exchange that promote private companies' business while affecting change in the delivery of public policies; private companies' involvement in decision‐making and their engagement in solution‐driven processes of change; the diffusion of organizational responses to migration across national contexts, which contribute to transnational change.
Perceived stress and suicidal ideation: The role of dispositional mindfulness
Authors: Moscardini Emma H. , Robinson Anthony , Gerner Jessica , Tucker Raymond P.
Published: August 2023

Objectives

Extant literature suggests that dispositional mindfulness may reduce the impact perceived stress has on the severity of suicidal ideation (SI). Only one study has analyzed this question but did so with a cross‐sectional design in a sample of undergraduate women.

Methods

This study analyzed the potential moderating role of dispositional mindfulness on the relation between perceived stress and SI cross‐sectionally and at one‐week follow‐up in a sample of US adults (N = 598) with a history of SI.

Results

Results indicated that dispositional mindfulness and its facets were inversely related to perceived stress, SI severity at baseline, and SI severity one week later. At baseline, regression results indicated that only the nonreacting component of dispositional mindfulness interacted with perceived stress to concurrently predict SI severity. This relation was not significant when SI severity was measured one week later.

Limitations

Study results are limited by the high attrition rate from baseline to follow‐up and the relatively homogeneous sample.

Conclusion

Study results indicate that dispositional mindfulness, particularly components related to nonreacting, is inversely related to SI severity concurrently but not prospectively. Interventions focused on mindfulness skills, particularly skills around nonreaction to inner experience, may be beneficial for those considering suicide.
Biological variation of serum thyrotropin and thyroid hormones concentrations determined at 8‐week intervals for 1 year in clinically healthy cats
Authors: Prieto Jennifer M. , Carney Patrick C. , Smith Stephanie M. , Miller Meredith L. , Rishniw Mark , Randolph John F. , Salerno Valerie J. , Lamb Steve V. , Place Ned J. , Farace Giosi , Peterson Sarah , Peterson Mark E.
Published: August 2023

Background

Cats commonly develop thyroid disease but little is known about the long‐term biological variability of serum thyroid hormone and thyrotropin (thyroid‐stimulating hormone; TSH) concentrations.

Objectives

We aimed to determine the long‐term biological variation of thyroid hormones and TSH in clinically healthy cats.

Methods

A prospective, observational study was carried out. Serum samples for analysis of total thyroxine (T4,by radioimmunoassay [RIA] and homogenous enzyme immunoassay [EIA]), triiodothyronine (T3), free T4(by dialysis), and TSH were obtained every 8 weeks for 1 year from 15 healthy cats, then frozen until single‐batch analysis. Coefficients of variation (CV) within individual cats () and among individual cats (), as well as the variation between duplicates (ie, analytical variation []) were determined with restricted maximum likelihood estimation. The indices of individuality (IoI) and reference change values (RCVs) for each hormone were calculated.

Results

Some thyroid hormones showed similar (total T4by EIA) or greater (TSH) interindividual relative to intraindividual variation resulting in intermediate to high IoI, consistent with previous studies evaluating the biological variation of these hormones weekly for 5–6 weeks. By contrast, total T4(by RIA) and free T4had a low IoI. Total T3had a high ratio of to ; therefore, interindividual variation could not be distinguished from analytical variation. No seasonal variability in the hormones could be demonstrated.

Conclusions

Clinicians might improve the diagnosis of feline thyroid disease by establishing baseline concentrations for analytes with intermediate‐high IoI (total T4,TSH) for individual cats and applying RCVs to subsequent measurements.
La culpa grave y su exclusión en el seguro de responsabilidad civil
Authors: Yepes Restrepo Sergio
Published: August 2023

En este trabajo se analiza la figura de la culpa grave en el derecho de seguros y particularmente en el seguro de responsabilidad civil donde toma especial importancia debido a que la causa que motiva al asegurado a su suscripción es la protección de su patrimonio por su conducta imprudente. Se parte para ello del concepto de culpa del código civil y de su graduación con el fin de establecer si el tratamiento que se utiliza en esta área del derecho corresponde a la del derecho comercial propio de los seguros. Definido el término de culpa grave en derecho de seguros se establece su delimitación material en el contrato definiendo si la culpa grave en principio está cubierta o excluida, y si se requiere pacto expreso en uno u otro sentido. Finalmente, se plantea la idea de reemplazar el concepto genérico de culpa grave por eventos expresos y claros que cumplan una labor de prevención y brinden claridad al juez al momento de resolver una discusión procesal.
Distribución de los seguros colectivos e identificación del tomador impropio como intermediario o distribuidor de seguros. Sentencia del TJUE de 29 de septiembre de 2022 (Asunto C-633/20)
Authors: Tapias Hermida ALberto J.
Published: August 2023

La Sentencia de la Sala Primera del TJUE de 29 de septiembre de 2022 (Asunto C-633/20) tiene por objeto una petición de decisión prejudicial planteada por el Tribunal Supremo de lo Civil y Penal de Alemania que interpreta la noción de mediación de seguros en la Directiva 2002/92 y la noción de distribución de seguros en la Directiva 2016/97 en un caso de distribución de los seguros colectivos o de grupo y llega a la conclusión de que la empresa intermediaria debe ser identificada como intermediario o distribuidor de seguros, con las consecuencias regulatorias específicamente pertinentes.
Evolution of Microstructure in MLX®19 Maraging Steel During Rotary Friction Welding and Finite Element Modeling of the Process
Authors: Banerjee Amborish , Da Silva Laurie , Sharma Hitesh , Platts Andrew , Rahimi Salaheddin
Published: August 2023

Inertia friction welding (IFW) is a solid-state welding process for joining engineering materials. In this paper, a 2.5D finite element (FE) model was developed to simulate IFW of MLX®19 maraging steel. The predicted results showed a non-uniform temperature distribution, with a decrease in temperature from the periphery to the center of the weld interface. Higher temperature and lower stress distributions were predicted in the weld zone (WZ) and the adjacent regions in the vicinity of the WZ. The von-Mises effective stress, effective strain, and strain-rate were investigated at different time-steps of the FE simulation. The effective stress was minimum at the weld interface, and the effective strain and strain-rate attained a quasi-steady-state status with the ongoing IFW after a threshold time (∼6.5 s). The simulated results were validated by comparing the predicted flash morphology with an actual IFW weld, and temperature profiles measured at specific locations using embedded thermocouples. The difference between the experimental and the simulated results was ∼4.7%, implying a good convergence of the model. Microstructural characterizations were performed across different regions, and the observed features were found to be in agreement with the expected microstructure based on the simulated thermal profiles, which included almost complete (∼90%) and partial transformation of martensite to austenite in the WZ and thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ), respectively. Analyses of crystallographic texture showed that the material (i.e., both transformed austenite and martensite) underwent pure shear deformation during IFW.
Atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 interlayer for improving AlN growth on silicon substrates
Authors: Saha Rony , Anderson Jonathan , Holtz Mark W. , Piner Edwin L.
Published: August 2023

Ultrathin Al2O3 interlayers have been grown on silicon (111) substrates using atomic-layer deposition (ALD) and investigated as interlayers prior to AlN growth by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The ALD process is carried out at low temperatures with the interlayer thickness systematically varied from 0.9 to 5.1 nm. A reference sample with the standard SiNx interlayer is also investigated. Thin Al2O3 layers (<2 nm) are found to significantly improve the crystal quality of AlN. X-ray diffraction measurements show the total dislocation density is decreased by nearly one order of magnitude for an Al2O3 thickness of 1.7 nm compared with the standard SiNx interlayer. The impact of the interlayer on the AlN strain is studied by x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy measurements. Some reduction in stress is observed when incorporating the 1.7 nm interlayer. A Raman stress factor of −2.6 ± 0.1 cm−1/GPa is obtained for AlN. Surface and interface analysis studied by atomic force microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates sharp atomic alignment between AlN and silicon with a 1.7 nm Al2O3 interlayer.
Plasmonic black coatings with broadband absorption for space applications
Authors: Wagner Hanjörg , Ripka Valentin , Dellith Andrea , Dellith Jan , Wittkämper Florian , Hübner Uwe , Ziegler Mario
Published: August 2023

Stray-light reduction is critical for the operation of optical components in space. Here, we report on the testing of high performance plasmonic broadband absorbing black coatings for space applications fabricated by metastable atomic layer deposition (MS-ALD). For this purpose, humidity testing, thermal cycling, exposure to atomic oxygen, and adhesion testing were used as testing methods. The results show that the films with thickness greater than 9 μm are able to withstand the humidity tests, thermal cycling, and exposure to atomic oxygen without significant loss of their broadband absorption. However, it was also observed that the adhesion of the films has not yet been sufficient to meet the requirements posed by the space environment. Therefore, the authors conclude that further fine-tuning of the films with respect to increasing adhesion is required to make the films suitable for space applications. Therefore, the authors propose to investigate the coating of the MS-ALD films with high refractive index coatings.
Charting a New Path: Regulating College Athlete Name, Image and Likeness After NCAA v. Alston Through Collective Bargaining
Authors: Jessop Alicia , Baker Thomas A. , Tweedie Joanna Wall , Holden John T.
Published: August 2023

This study examines the remaining options for sport managers to balance the interests of college athletes and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in regulating college athlete name, image, and likeness (NIL). The paper is divided into six substantive sections. The first section, “Background: The NCAA’s Defense of NIL Restrictions,” provides a brief history of the NCAA’s legal defense to challenges against its NIL regulations. The second section, “U.S. Congress Is Unlikely to Regulate College Athletes’ NIL Rights,” addresses proposed federal legislation and Congress’ willingness to regulate the use of NIL by college athletes. The third section, “The Impact of O’Bannon and Alston on NCAA’s NIL Restraints,” examines controlling case law, specifically O’Bannon v. NCAA and NCAA v. Alston, and how current antitrust law precedent shapes the scope by which the NCAA can regulate college athletes’ NIL. The fourth section, “State Laws Regulating the NIL Marketplace,” addresses state legislation regulating college athlete NIL use. The fifth section, “The Applicability of Labor Law to Regulating College Athletes’ NIL,” discusses the current college athlete NIL marketplace and analyzes whether labor law presents an optimal way forward for the NCAA to regulate NIL post-Alston. The sixth section, “College Athletes’ Employee Status as a Pathway to Redefine the NCAA’s Amateurism,” concludes by examining the law’s role in regulating NIL and discussing stakeholder implications.
Asymmetry of tensile versus compressive elasticity and permeability contributes to the regulation of exchanges in collagen gels
Authors: Cacheux Jean , Ordonez-Miranda Jose , Bancaud Aurélien , Jalabert Laurent , Alcaide Daniel , Nomura Masahiro , Matsunaga Yukiko T.
Published: August 2023

The Starling principle describes exchanges between blood and tissues based on the balance of hydrostatic and osmotic flows. However, the permeation properties of the main constituent of tissues, namely, collagen, in response to the stress exerted by blood pressure remain poorly characterized. Here, we develop an instrument to determine the elasticity and permeability of collagen gels under tensile and compressive stress based on measuring the temporal change in pressure in an air cavity sealed at the outlet of a collagen slab. Data analysis with an analytical model reveals a drop in the permeability and enhanced strain stiffening of native collagen gels under compression versus tension, both effects being essentially lost after chemical cross-linking. Furthermore, we report the control of the permeability of native collagen gels using sinusoidal fluid injection, an effect explained by the asymmetric response in tension and compression. We lastly suggest that blood-associated pulsations could contribute to exchanges within tissues.
A succinate/SUCNR1-brush cell defense program in the tracheal epithelium
Authors: Perniss Alexander , Boonen Brett , Tonack Sarah , Thiel Moritz , Poharkar Krupali , Alnouri Mohamad Wessam , Keshavarz Maryam , Papadakis Tamara , Wiegand Silke , Pfeil Uwe , Richter Katrin , Althaus Mike , Oberwinkler Johannes , Schütz Burkhard , Boehm Ulrich , Offermanns Stefan , Leinders-Zufall Trese , Zufall Frank , Kummer Wolfgang
Published: August 2023

Host-derived succinate accumulates in the airways during bacterial infection. Here, we show that luminal succinate activates murine tracheal brush (tuft) cells through a signaling cascade involving the succinate receptor 1 (SUCNR1), phospholipase Cβ2, and the cation channel transient receptor potential channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5). Stimulated brush cells then trigger a long-range Ca
2+
wave spreading radially over the tracheal epithelium through a sequential signaling process. First, brush cells release acetylcholine, which excites nearby cells via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. From there, the Ca
2+
wave propagates through gap junction signaling, reaching also distant ciliated and secretory cells. These effector cells translate activation into enhanced ciliary activity and Cl
−
secretion, which are synergistic in boosting mucociliary clearance, the major innate defense mechanism of the airways. Our data establish tracheal brush cells as a central hub in triggering a global epithelial defense program in response to a danger-associated metabolite.
Measuring translational research impact requires reaching beyond current metrics
Authors: Duda Georg N. , Grainger David W. , Guldberg Robert E. , Goldsobel Gady , Prestwich Glenn D. , Rauw Brenna , Volk Hans-Dieter
Published: August 2023

Translational impact assessment is key to selecting those biomedical research discoveries most likely to be converted into viable new products to improve human health. However, metrics for translational success are variable, are not limited to commercial success, and may not be relevant to every case or institution. Societal impact is a top translational priority in a globalized society.
Exportin 1 inhibition prevents neuroendocrine transformation through SOX2 down-regulation in lung and prostate cancers
Authors: Quintanal-Villalonga Alvaro , Durani Vidushi , Sabet Amin , Redin Esther , Kawasaki Kenta , Shafer Moniquetta , Karthaus Wouter R. , Zaidi Samir , Zhan Yingqian A. , Manoj Parvathy , Sridhar Harsha , Shah Nisargbhai S. , Chow Andrew , Bhanot Umesh K. , Linkov Irina , Asher Marina , Yu Helena A. , Qiu Juan , de Stanchina Elisa , Patel Radhika A. , Morrissey Colm , Haffner Michael C. , Koche Richard P. , Sawyers Charles L. , Rudin Charles M.
Published: August 2023

In lung and prostate adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine (NE) transformation to an aggressive derivative resembling small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is associated with poor prognosis. We previously described dependency of SCLC on the nuclear transporter exportin 1. Here, we explored the role of exportin 1 in NE transformation. We observed up-regulated exportin 1 in lung and prostate pretransformation adenocarcinomas. Exportin 1 was up-regulated after genetic inactivation of TP53 and RB1 in lung and prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines, accompanied by increased sensitivity to the exportin 1 inhibitor selinexor in vitro. Exportin 1 inhibition prevented NE transformation in different TP53/RB1-inactivated prostate adenocarcinoma xenograft models that acquire NE features upon treatment with the aromatase inhibitor enzalutamide and extended response to the EGFR inhibitor osimertinib in a lung cancer transformation patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model exhibiting combined adenocarcinoma/SCLC histology. Ectopic SOX2 expression restored the enzalutamide-promoted NE phenotype on adenocarcinoma-to-NE transformation xenograft models despite selinexor treatment. Selinexor sensitized NE-transformed lung and prostate small cell carcinoma PDXs to standard cytotoxics. Together, these data nominate exportin 1 inhibition as a potential therapeutic target to constrain lineage plasticity and prevent or treat NE transformation in lung and prostate adenocarcinoma.
Gut-licensed β7
+
CD4
+
T cells contribute to progressive retinal ganglion cell damage in glaucoma
Authors: He Chong , Xiu Wenbo , Chen Qinyuan , Peng Kun , Zhu Xiong , Wang Zuo , Xu Xiang , Chen Yang , Zhang Gao , Fu Jing , Dong Qiwei , Wu Xiaoqiong , Li An , Liu Donghua , Gao Yanping , Wang Jinxia , Wang Zhao , Deng Bolin , Shuai Ping , Gao Caiping , Chen Yilian , Yu Ling , Lu Fang
Published: August 2023

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Currently, most therapeutic strategies aim to reduce elevated intraocular pressure (EIOP), but this does not always halt disease progression. Evidence suggests a role for T cells in glaucoma pathogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we found that the percentage of circulating CD4
+
T cells expressing a gut-homing integrin β7 was increased in patients with glaucoma and was associated with disease stage. In an EIOP-triggered glaucoma mouse model, β7
+
CD4
+
T cells infiltrated the retina in the progressive phase of glaucoma via eliciting retinal endothelial cell expression of mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1). MAdCAM-1 was minimally detected in retinas of healthy mice, and neutralization with an MAdCAM-1 antibody ameliorated retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and glial activity in mice with glaucoma. We furthermore found that EIOP-induced β7
+
CD4
+
T cells homed to the gut during the acute phase of glaucoma, which was essential for progressive RGC damage in diseased mice. Gut-homing β7
+
CD4
+
T cells underwent transcriptional reprogramming, showing up-regulated pathways enriched in autoimmune diseases, bacteria responses, mucosal immunity, and glial activity. Gut-homing β7
+
CD4
+
T cells gained the competence to induce retinal MAdCAM-1 expression and to cross the blood-retina barrier. Together, our study reveals a role of gut-licensed β7
+
CD4
+
T cells and MAdCAM-1 in RGC degeneration and emphasizes the importance of the “gut-retina” axis in glaucoma.
Acquisition of regulator on virulence plasmid of hypervirulent
Klebsiella
allows bacterial lifestyle switch in response to iron
Authors: Chu Wilson H. W. , Tan Yi Han , Tan Si Yin , Chen Yahua , Yong Melvin , Lye David C. , Kalimuddin Shirin , Archuleta Sophia , Gan Yunn-Hwen
Published: August 2023

Hypervirulent
Klebsiella pneumoniae
causes liver abscess and potentially devastating metastatic complications. The majority of
Klebsiella
-induced liver abscess are caused by the CG23-I sublineage of hypervirulent
Klebsiella pneumoniae
. This and some other lineages possess a >200-kb virulence plasmid. We discovered a novel protein IroP nestled in the virulence plasmid-encoded salmochelin operon that cross-regulates and suppresses the promoter activity of chromosomal type 3 fimbriae (T3F) gene transcription. IroP is itself repressed by iron through the ferric uptake regulator. Iron-rich conditions increase T3F and suppress capsule mucoviscosity, leading to biofilm formation and cell adhesion. Conversely, iron-poor conditions cause a transcriptional switch to hypermucoid capsule production and T3F repression. The likely acquisition of
iroP
on mobile genetic elements and successful adaptive integration into the genetic circuitry of a major lineage of hypervirulent
K. pneumoniae
reveal a powerful example of plasmid chromosomal cross talk that confers an evolutionary advantage. Our discovery also addresses the conundrum of how the hypermucoid capsule that impedes adhesion could be regulated to facilitate biofilm formation and colonization. The acquired ability of the bacteria to alternate between a state favoring dissemination and one that favors colonization in response to iron availability through transcriptional regulation offers novel insights into the evolutionary success of this pathogen.

IMPORTANCE

Hypervirulent
Klebsiella pneumoniae
contributes to the majority of monomicrobial-induced liver abscess infections that can lead to several other metastatic complications. The large virulence plasmid is highly stable in major lineages, suggesting that it provides survival benefits. We discovered a protein IroP encoded on the virulence plasmid that suppresses expression of the type 3 fimbriae. IroP itself is regulated by iron, and we showed that iron regulates hypermucoid capsule production while inversely regulating type 3 fimbriae expression through IroP. The acquisition and integration of this inverse transcriptional switch between fimbriae and capsule mucoviscosity shows an evolved sophisticated plasmid-chromosomal cross talk that changes the behavior of hypervirulent
K. pneumoniae
in response to a key nutrient that could contribute to the evolutionary success of this pathogen.
Biohybrid Technology for the Detection of Ultralow Concentrations of Trinitrotoluene in Air
Authors: Kiroy V. N. , Kosenko P. O. , Shepelev I. E. , Shcherban I. V. , Smolikov A. B. , Arsenyev F. V. , Zaborovsky A. V. , Aksenov V. A. , Tivileva M. I. , Gruznov V. M. , Zasypkina I. I.
Published: August 2023

The technology is based on recording the focal activity (FA) of the olfactory bulb (OB) of rats upon the exposure rats to trinitrotoluene (TNT) vapors in the concentration 4.7 × 10–15 g/cm3, separately and in a mixture with saturated vapors of a complex interference composed of spices. The focal activity of the rat olfactory bulb was recorded using an array of 16 special electrodes implanted in the dorsal part of the rat olfactory bulb. The setup contained a box with a rat, sources of vapors (odorants), a multichannel digital system for recording electrical signals from an electrode array, and software performing algorithms for recognizing and classifying odorants presented to the rat. One source of TNT vapors was a device for batch volumetric preparation with a concentration of about 10–15 g/cm3, and another source was a source with a concentration of 4.7 × 10–15 g/cm3 in an air flow presented to rats. Data from 25 tests showed a 100% probability of detecting TNT vapors of the specified concentrations in pure air and also in the presence of a complex odor interference in the form of vapors from a mixture of red pepper, coriander, tobacco, etc., which, as a rule, mask the smell of TNT for animals.
How to perform and interpret a middle cerebral artery transcranial Doppler examination in children at risk of brain injury
Authors: Poletto Elisa , Kanthimathinathan Hari Krishnan , Gyorgyi Zoltan
Published: August 2023

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound is a non-invasive neuromonitoring technique that falls under the umbrella of point-of-care ultrasound. In this article, we provide a primer to encourage clinicians to perform TCD examinations and to aid them with accurately interpreting the scans. We focus on the middle cerebral artery waveforms and use traumatic brain injury as a model for brain insult.
Social and structural barriers and facilitators to HIV healthcare and harm reduction services for people experiencing syndemics in Manitoba: study protocol
Authors: Rueda Zulma Vanessa , Haworth-Brockman Margaret , Sobie Cheryl , Villacis Enrique , Larcombe Linda , Maier Katharina , Deering Kathleen , Sanguins Julianne , Templeton Kimberly , MacKenzie Lauren , Ireland Laurie , Kasper Ken , Payne Michael , Bullard Jared , Krusi Andrea , Pick Neora , Myran Tara , Meyers Adrienne , Keynan Yoav
Published: August 2023

Introduction

In Manitoba, Canada, there has been an increase in the number of people newly diagnosed with HIV and those not returning for regular HIV care. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in increased sex and gender disparities in disease risk and mortalities, decreased harm reduction services and reduced access to healthcare. These health crises intersect with increased drug use and drug poisoning deaths, houselessness and other structural and social factors most acutely among historically underserved groups. We aim to explore the social and structural barriers and facilitators to HIV care and harm reduction services experienced by people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Manitoba.

Methods and analysis

Our study draws on participatory action research design. Guiding the methodological design are the lived experiences of PLHIV. In-depth semi-structured face-to-face interviews and quantitative questionnaires will be conducted with two groups: (1) persons aged ≥18 years living or newly diagnosed with HIV and (2) service providers who work with PLHIV. Data collection will include sex, gender, sociodemographic information, income and housing, experiences with the criminal justice system, sexual practices, substance use practices and harm reduction access, experiences with violence and support, HIV care journey (since diagnosis until present), childhood trauma and a decision-making questionnaire. Data will be analysed intersectionally, employing grounded theory for thematic analysis, sex-based and gender-based analysis and social determinants of health and syndemic framework to understand the experiences of PLHIV in Manitoba.

Ethics and dissemination

We received approval from the University of Manitoba Health Ethics Research Board (HS25572; H2022:218), First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba, Nine Circles Community Health Centre, Shared Health Manitoba (SH2022:194) and 7th Street Health Access Centre. Findings will be disseminated using community-focused knowledge translation strategies identified by participants, peers, community members and organisations, and reported in conferences, peer-reviewed journals and a website (www.alltogether4ideas.org).