bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implicitation in Translation: Empirical evidence for operational asymmetry in translation
Authors: Klaudy Kinga , Károly Krisztina
Published: May 2005

This study focuses on the notions of explicitation and implicitation in translation and aims to provide empirical evidence for operational asymmetry (Klaudy 2001). Bi-directional (SL=L1→TL=L2 and SL=L2→TL=L1) comparisons show that when explicitation takes place in the L1→L2 direction, implicitation can be observed in the L2→L1 direction. This phenomenon is referred to as symmetric explicitation. It may also happen, however, that when explicitation is carried out in the L1→L2 direction, no implicitation occurs in the L2→L1 direction. This phenomenon is referred to as asymmetric explicitation. It would be logical to suppose that all cases of language-specific explicitation in the L1→L2 direction are symmetrical (i.e., matched by implicitation in the L2→L1 direction), but this does not seem to be the case. The present paper reports on the findings of an empirical study designed to investigate the validity of the asymmetry hypothesis in the translation of reporting verbs in literary texts translated from English into Hungarian and from Hungarian into English. Using the method of two-way qualitative translation analysis, the study demonstrates that translators tend to prefer the more explicit forms to the more implicit ones in both directions and often fail to perform implicitation. The study may thus provide further evidence for the assumption that semantic explicitation is in fact a universal translation strategy.
The GREVIS Project: Revise or Court Calamity
Authors: Brunette Louise , Gagnon Chantal , Hine Jonathan
Published: May 2005

GREVIS (Groupe de recherche en révision humaine) aimed to set up an accelerated method of revising while improving the quality of the operation. The project had a three fold objective: to strengthen the place of revision in the field of translation studies, to increase revisers' satisfaction and to help the translation industry. The hypothesis of this study was that monolingual revision was just as effective as bilingual revision, and could be done at a lower cost, because it is less time-consuming. However, the results of the study disproved this hypothesis: bilingual revision was more than twice as effective as monolingual revision. The 19,407-word corpus comprised translations from the E?F pair (translated and revised in Canada) and from the F?E pair (translated and revised in the United States). Each sub-corpus (E?F and F?E) was analyzed by a team of scholars and/or revisers, according to Louise Brunette's (1997) revision criteria: accuracy, readability, appropriateness and linguistic coding. The study looked at the number of corrections, omissions and revisor-injected errors, in relation to these four criteria.
Intra- and Intertextuality in Literary Translation: the Case of a Non-Contemporary Piece of Work
Authors: Mur Dueñas Pilar
Published: May 2005

Any text can be regarded as a semiotic unity composed of an intervowen net of signs which interacts with other previous texts. It is believed that translators should bear in mind, first, the inter-semiotic interactions within the text, i.e., the intratextual set of relationships, to come out with a consistent, coherent target text, and, second, the inter-semiotic interaction across the text, i.e., the intertextual set of relationships, which allows readers to perceive certain suitable intertextual links. This paper aims to analyse the intra- and intertextual network of relationships of a literary text from a contrastive point of view, comparing Henry James's original Daisy Miller and two of its current translations into Spanish. It will be argued that had the Spanish translators taken into consideration the intratextual set of relationships of the source text at the time of producing a target text, some inconsistencies could have been prevented and a more cohesive, coherent and appealing text would have ensued. It will also be argued that the translators of this nineteenth-century piece of work should allow target readers to perceive certain intertextual links between their target texts and other texts written in Spanish at the time and other translated texts of works originally written in that century in order for target readers to get an equivalent effect to that perceived by current source readers and to render a faithful image of the writer.
A Knock at the Door: on the Role of Translated Literature in Cultural Image Making
Authors: Zauberga Ieva
Published: May 2005

This article addresses the question of the extent to which today translations from minor cultures can affect the recognisability of this culture in the eyes of the rest of the world and whether translations can serve as a tool of cultural self-assertion. The auricle is based on the assumption that translations of literature from minor cultures have a much smaller impact on the image of a culture than we would like to admit. The paper discusses some of the reasons, such as a general decline in reading habits, the self-interest of the initiator and the mode of translation. Translations of Latvian literature (and most probably other minor cultures) mostly start not with a need on the target pole but with a wish to become known generated on the source pole. Translations enhance source culture without much of a concern for acceptability. As the source pole initiates and pays for translation, that is, it controls the process, there is no danger of assimilation but, on the down side, the distribution and resonance are limited.
Rewriting Rome in Post-1945 German-language Literature
Authors: Williams Scott G.
Published: May 2005

In order to understand any process of cultural appropriation, one needs to examine the relationship of concepts such as Lefevere's “image”, Snell-Hornby's “norm”, Bourdieu's “habitus” as well as “tertium comparationis”. Broader application of discussions within Translation Studies proves essential for understanding a key aspect of Cultural Studies. Case in point here is the appropriation of classical Rome in post-1945 German-language literature. The Rome that appears in contemporary fiction is neither the city proper nor the historical empire per se, but rather Rome as an invention. It is a cultural concept construed historically without itself being necessarily historical. It enables the process of cultural appropriation by providing basic characteristics accepted by the appropriating culture, and whose presence ensures the impression of fidelity to the appropriated culture. The invariant here is artificial. Although the image operates on something close to an unconscious level (black box), it is nonetheless discernable because it manifests itself in the context, choice of themes, and metaphors prevalent in a text. Rome's image involves its historical demise. While the Greek tradition is almost exclusively tapped for its mythology, allusions to the Roman heritage tend to focus on its historical figures and circumstances.
The Second Best Thing. Game Planning for a Mission Impossible or Just for Enjoying the Process of the Work
Authors: Yong Zhong
Published: May 2005

This paper discusses the use of game theory in thinking about and the practice of interpreting, especially in the often impossible context of simultaneous interpreting (SI). By introducing game theory together with the basic concepts and accompanying reasoning, the author intends to explore and present a manageable and rationalised way of preparing and undertaking a difficult SI assignment. So, in the development of his ideas, partly through telling a Chinese legend and partly through presenting a case study of a real life SI assignment, he will make the following points. First, the interpreter must have a good knowledge of his/her own strengths and of the nature and difficulty of assignment and must undertake research to enhance that knowledge. Secondly, on the basis of this knowledge, he/she must set an optimal and realistic objective for the assignment. Thirdly, through research, he/she must design strategies to achieve the selected objectives and, at the same time, through research, he/she must assess the costs and risks and then design specific strategies to contain/reduce the costs and manage/minimize the risks in order to optimise the results of the assignment. Last but not least, he/she must evaluate the game plan designed for the job to facilitate future game planning. In the spirit of game theory, SI becomes a very brainy, intellectual activity and is no longer a process of mechanic reproduction, pedantic compilation of glossary and an unmanageable chancy behaviour.
Financial Architecture and Manager Dishonesty: Lessons from US Corporate Scandals
Authors: Vranceanu Radu
Published: May 2005

During the US Internet bubble (1995-2001), several top executives dismissed both the law and ethical norms transferring large chunks of company wealth into their own hands. This paper investigates the key economic factors that brought about the proliferation of dishonest managerial behaviour, focussing on the weak internal control, perverse incentives related to managers' compensation schemes and conflicts of interest in the banking and auditing sectors. In order to prevent further abuses, the US administration imposed several regulatory changes, mainly through theSarbanes- Oxley Actof 2002; we argue why some of its provisions might be taken one step further.
Telephony in an Era of Network Cornucopia - Strategic Considerations on the Declining Value of Proprietary Networks
Authors: Kelen András
Published: May 2005

This study focuses on the strategic management consequences of technology development. Business policy considerations are predicated on the overall assumption that the multiplication of broadband telecommunication networks, capable of delivering both voice and data bits of information, has led telephone companies into a competitive situation where they are compelled to decrease their interconnection fees. All over the world there is an observable trend towards a cornucopia of networks and a glut of bandwidth. This means that legislation putting a cap on connection fees will only conserve a business situation that is gone long ago. Browsing the classical literature on telecommunication regulation, this study on business policy argues that instead of waiting for legislation - that is far too late to orient companies what to do policy-wise with the imminent new market situation -, wireless carriers should rather start emphasising the design of new, value-added services. Such a change of emphasis - turning away from the provision of connectivity alone - can help them achieve some added value and remain in business. Otherwise, they may soon follow the path of a slow corporate funeral following their wired brethren.
Towards an Understanding of the Variety of Firms
Authors: Kapár Judit
Published: May 2005

Currently more and more large, vertically integrated firms are being transformed into flatter organisations that encompass decentralised decision structures. The author argues that an understanding of this new type of firm, called market-like firm, is missing from the theory of the firm (transaction cost theory), for two reasons. On the one hand, the Williamsonian framework of governance structures does not explore the distinguishing mark of the firm, and, on the other hand, it cannot explain the variety of firms. To overcome these shortcomings, the author proposes the extension of the Williamsonian framework with the concept of “firm-ness” that is based on the distinction between ideal-type and real-type.
The Short History and the Plausible Future of World Modelling
Authors: Vág András
Published: May 2005

This study summarises the methodological aspects of the most important computerised world models and describes their prospects for the near future. Throughout the three stages of the evolution of world modelling, the development of computer technology has had a definitive role, hence this study regards computer technology as a framework of world modelling. The first evolutionary stage is related to the spread of IBM computers at the beginning of the 1970s, its milestone being the model published in The Limits to Growth (Meadows et al. 1972). With the spread of desktop computers in the second stage, world models that could run on PCs appeared; the first one being MicroIFs (International Futures) in the second part of the 1980s. The third wave was generated by the proliferation of the Internet and the continuing acceleration of the processing speed of computers. Models have become downloadable, virtually simultaneous processing options enable multi- agent-based simulations. As a result of these, models can be extended with the analyses of dynamic and emergent phenomena. Recent methodological concepts and trends promise new theoretical synthesis of world modelling.
The Eastern European Workshop on Housing Finance and Housing Affordability
Authors: Salga Jana
Published: May 2005

[The Metropolitan Research Institute (MRI), Budapest, the Institute for Urban Economics (IUE), Moscow, the European Network for Housing Research (ENHR) and the Urban Institute (UI), Washington organised a two-day workshop in Budapest, on 24-25 May 2004.]
Book reviews
Authors: Csákia György , Győrffy Dóra , Voszka Éva
Published: May 2005

Book reviews: (1) T. Szentes: The Political Economy of Development. Globalisation and System Transformation (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2004, 439 pp.) (Reviewed by György Csáki); T. Erdos: Fenntartható gazdasági növekedés (Sustainable Economic Development) (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2003, 518 pp.) (Reviewed by Dóra Gyõrffy); J. Winiecki - V. Benacek - M. Laki: The Private Sector after Communism, New Entrepreneurial Firms in Transition Economies (Oxfordshire - New York: Routledge, 2004, 170 pp.) (Reviewed by Éva Voszka)
Morphology of the lymph nodes in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Vuković Snježana , Lucić H. , Gomerčić H. , Duras Gomerčić Martina , Gomerčić T. , Škrtić Darinka , Vurković Snježana
Published: May 2005

Morphology of the lymph nodes was examined in six bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and three striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Adriatic Sea. All animals had been found dead in nature. One group of the nodes was taken from the tracheal branching area and was marked as bifurcational lymph node, and the other group was taken from the mesenteric root and was marked as mesenteric lymph node. Microscopic analysis showed that the lymph nodes in both dolphin specieswere surrounded by a connective tissue capsule comprising smooth muscle cells. The parenchyma of the mesenteric and bifurcational lymph nodes in bottlenose dolphinwas divided into the peripherally situated cortex with the lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue, and the centrally situated medulla structured of the medullary cords separated by the medullary sinuses. These lymph nodes structurally correspond to the lymph nodes in the majority of terrestrial mammals. The mesenteric lymph node of striped dolphin also had a peripherally situated cortex and a centrally positioned medulla as the majority of terrestrial mammals. In the bifurcational lymph nodes of striped dolphin, there was a central dense lymphatic tissue with the lymphatic nodules and a peripheral less dense lymphatic tissue structured of the cell cords and sinuses. The bifurcational lymph node in striped dolphinresembledporcine lymph nodes and belonged to the inverse lymph nodes.
Vitrification of biopsied mouse embryos
Authors: Baranyai B. , Bodó Sz. ,   A. Dinnyés,   Elen Gócza
Published: May 2005

Solid surface vitrification (SSV) was compared with in-straw vitrification for cryopreservation of biopsied mouse embryos. Eight-cell stage embryos were zona drilled and one blastomere was removed. Developed morulae or blastocysts were vitrified in microdrop (35% EG + 5% PVP + 0.4 M trehalose) or in straw (7.0 M EG + 0.5 M sucrose). Following recovery, embryos were cultivatedin vi troor transferred into recipients. Cryopreservation had an effect not only on the survival of biopsied embryos but also on their subsequent developmentin vitro. Cryosurvival of biopsied morulae vitrified in straw was significantly inferior to SSV. The post-warm development of biopsied and non-biopsied morulae was delayed on Day 3.5 and 4.5 in both vitrification groups. A delay in development was observed on Day 5.5 among vitrified non-biopsied blastocysts. The percentage of pups born from biopsied morulae or blastocysts following cryopreservation did not differ from that of the control. No significant differences could be detected between methods within and between embryonic stages in terms of birth rate. The birth rate of biopsied embryos vitrified in straw was significantly lower compared to the non-biopsied embryos. The novel cryopreservation protocol of SSV proved to be effective for cryopreservation of morula- and blastocyst-stage biopsied embryos.
The molecular diagnosis of porcine viral diseases: A review
Authors: Belák S.
Published: May 2005

The worldwide occurrence and re-occurrence of transboundary diseases like foot-and-mouth disease or classical swine fever indicates that there is a high need for the development of powerful, robust and high-capacity new diagnostic methods, which are able to detect the causative agents before they could spread to large populations and cause tremendous losses. This article reports the experiences of a research group on the development of molecular methods for the improved diagnosis of a range of porcine viral diseases, including diseases on List A of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE). Nucleic acid hybridisation and various polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have been applied for routine diagnosis of a large range of viral diseases. During the last one-and-a-half decade more than 40 nested PCR assays have been developed to detect a variety of DNA and RNA viruses. False positive and negative results are avoided by the use of special tools, practices and internal controls of amplification (mimics). Recently, real-time PCR methods (TaqMan, molecular beacons, Primer-Probe Energy Transfer system) have been developed for the diagnosis of a wide range of diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease and vesicular stomatitis. Multiplex PCR packages have been developed for the simultaneous detection of eight important viruses of swine. By introducing nucleic acid extraction and pipetting robotics, together with the multi-channel real-time PCR machines, the diagnostic procedures have become rapid, robust and automated. In order to standardise the real-time PCR assays, the rules of OIE are considered. By following the five steps of OIE standardisation and validation, the new diagnostic procedures are nationally and internationally standardised and harmonised. The rapid, powerful and internationally standardised molecular diagnosis contributes to the reduction of losses caused by the transboundary viral diseases in swine populations.
Cytopathogenicity markers in the genome of Hungarian cytopathic isolates of bovine viral diarrhoea virus
Authors: Bálint Á. , Baule Claudia , Kecskeméti S. , Kiss I. , Belák S.
Published: May 2005

Since genetic recombination is a major factor in the evolution of the cytopathogenic (cp) bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) biotypes, in this study the cytopathogenicity markers were investigated in the genomes of two cp BVDV strains recently isolated from mucosal disease (MD) cases in Hungary. In the genome of strain H4956, a Jiv-like insertion was found similar to those described in reference strain NADL and in other BVDV 1, BVDV 2 and border disease virus (BDV) strains. The 133 amino acid Jiv-like sequence is inserted at nucleotide position 4984 (amino acid position 1533), 9 nucleotides upstream of that of strain NADL. The insertion showed 96% amino acid sequence identity with the cellular Jiv protein. In the genome of cp BVDV strain H115/PCR, an ubiquitin-containing duplication was found. The duplicated sequence started at nucleotide position 7978 (amino acid 2531) in the NS4B gene. The duplication contained a complete ubiquitin monomer of 76 amino acids and the complete NS3 gene starting at nucleotide position 5153 (amino acid 1589), which corresponds to the first N-terminal amino acid of NS3. The duplication was located further downstream of the known ubiquitin-containing genomic regions of cp BVDV strains, and it consisted of the shortest inserted nucleotide sequence. The insertions and duplication of strains H4956 and H115/PCR further confirmed that recombinations occurring at positions A and B are the most common mechanisms leading to the development of BVDV cytopathogenicity.
Detection of respiratory and enteric shedding of bovine coronaviruses in cattle in Northwestern Turkey
Authors: Hasoksuz M. , Kayar A. , Dodurka T. , Ilgaz A.
Published: May 2005

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is an important cause of diarrhoea in calves, winter dysentery in adult cattle and respiratory tract disease in feedlot cattle. Serum, faecal and nasal swab samples were collected from a total of 96 cattle with clinical signs in 29 barns of 23 villages in Northwestern Turkey. The cattle were subdivided into 3 distinct age groups (0-30 days old, 4-12 months old and 2-7 years old). An indirect antigen-capture ELISA and an antibody-detection ELISA as well as geometric mean BCoV antibody titres were used to detect BoCV shed in the faeces and in the nasal secretions, respectively. Relationships between BCoV shedding and age group, seroconversion and clinical signs in cattle were also analysed. The rate of faecal shedding of BoCV was 37.1% (13/35) in 0-30 days old calves, 25.6% (10/39) in 4-12 months old feedlot cattle and 18.2% (4/22) in 2-7 years old cows. The overall rate of BCoV faecal shedding was 28.1% (27/96) in the cattle examined. Only one animal in the 4-12 months old age group was found to shed BoCV nasally. The analysis showed that there was a significant difference (P < 0.0001) with respect to faecal shedding between the clinical signs and the age groups. BCoV antibody titre in 50% of all cattle was ≤ 100 as detected by ELISA while 27.1% of the cattle had high titres ranging between 1,600 and 25,600. The seroconversion rate was 7.3% (7/96) in animals shedding BoCV in the faeces and 42.7% (41/96) in cattle negative for faecal shedding as detected by ELISA, and 20.8% of cattle with no seroconversion shed BCoV in the faeces. There was no statistically significant association between seroconversion and nasal or faecal BCoV shedding. These findings confirm the presence of BCoV infections in Turkey. Further studies are needed to isolate BCoV strains in Turkey and to investigate their antigenic and genetic properties.
The replication of canine herpesvirus (CHV) induces apoptosis in canine kidney cell line: Short communication
Authors: Kim O. , Yi S. J.
Published: May 2005

The alphaherpesvirus canine herpesvirus (CHV) was tested in order to determine whether or not it has apoptotic potential. We have demonstrated that lytic replication of CHV resulted in induction of apoptosis. This phenomenon was confirmed using different techniques including in situ TUNEL assay and DNA laddering. The apoptotic activity of CHV might influence the pathobiology of this virus.
Identification of Borrelia burgdorferi genospecies inducing Lyme disease in dogs from Western Poland
Authors: Skotarczak Bogumiła , Wodecka Beata
Published: May 2005

Canine Lyme borreliosis may be caused by three Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies. The prevalence of infection by Borrelia species was determined by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with the enzyme Fsp4H I in the blood of dogs naturally infested by ticks in an endemic region of Poland. Blood samples were collected from 98 dogs of various breeds, delivered to the Veterinary Clinic in Szczecin (northwestern Poland) for various reasons. Nested PCR revealed the presence of DNA characteristic of only 1 genospecies, i.e. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), in all PCR-positive samples. Digestion of PCR products from a fragment of the fla gene amplified with primers FLA1 and FLA2 gave only one band pattern consistent with the pattern obtained from sequence analysis of the fla gene from a reference isolate of B. burgdorferi s.s. GeHo (X15660) from GenBank.
Comparison of two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of the left atrium in healthy dogs
Authors: Hetyey Cs. , Vörös K. , Reiczigel J.
Published: May 2005

The aim of the study was to establish normal echocardiographic values of the left atrium just above the mitral annulus (LAama) in healthy dogs. In the first part of the study 20 dogs of various breeds were examined. The diameter of the left atrium just above the mitral annulus (LAama) was compared to the linear (left to right) dimension of the left atrium (LAr-l) as published earlier. There was a linear relationship between LAr-l and the body weight (LAr-l = 0.5061 BW (kg) + 22.206; R2 = 0.81), but the proportion of LAr-l/LAama was independent of the body weight (LAr-l/LAama = 0.0004 BW (kg) + 1.0833; R2 = 0.01). In the second part of the study the left atrial diameter just above the mitral annulus (LAama) was measured in 121 dogs of various breeds. There was a positive linear relationship (R2 = 0.697; p < 0.001) between body weight and LAama (LAama = 0.54 BW (kg) + 18.502 ± 4.76), but there were no significant correlations between the age of animals and LAama (p = 0.45) as well as between the gender of animals and LAama (p = 0.78). Two-dimensional echocardiographic (2DE) determination of LAama as described in the present study can be recommended for use in those dogs where measurement of LAr-l encounters technical difficulties. In these cases LAr-l can be calculated from LAama using the formula LAr-l/LAama = 0.0004 BW (kg) + 1.0833, worked out in the first experiment.
Ochratoxin A content of urine samples of healthy humans in Hungary
Authors: Fazekas B. , Tar Andrea , Kovács Melinda
Published: May 2005

The ochratoxin A (OTA) content of urine samples from 88 healthy humans living at five settlements in three counties of Hungary was determined by immunoaffinity column cleanup and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). OTA was detected in 61% of the samples in an average concentration of 0.013 ng/ml (range: 0.006-0.065 ng/ml). OTA concentrations measured in urine samples from men and women were not significantly different. The OTA concentration of samples from Heves county was significantly (t-test; p < 0.003) higher than that of samples from Hajdú-Bihar and Somogy counties. The regional differences in OTA concentration of urine samples indicate regional differences in the OTA exposure of the human population. Further studies are necessary to determine the cause of the regional differences in the OTA intake. The studies allow us to conclude that the OTA intake of the majority of the Hungarian population is low (< 1 ng/kg of body weight per day) but a certain part of the rural population may take up higher levels of OTA.
Histopathological changes caused by the metacestodes of Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus (Wedl, 1855) in the gut of the gibel carp, Carassius gibelio
Authors: Molnár K.
Published: May 2005

Metacestodes of Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus (Wedl, 1855) were found in the gut of some gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) specimens from a Hungarian water reservoir. Location of metacestodes in the freshly opened gut was marked with disseminated, red-coloured, pinhead-sized nodules in the anterior part of the intestine. In histological sections, metacestodes were found in a hole inside the propria layer of the intestinal folds. The worms were in direct contact with the host tissue without being encapsulated as a result of host reaction. In some specimens with extruded rostellum the rostellar hooks were bored into the host tissue and suckers grabbed pieces of the surrounding connective tissue. Around the worms, congested capillaries and formation of macrophages were seen in the lysed connective tissue.
Investigation of lectin activity in Theileria annulata piroplasms
Authors: Kaynar Ö. , Güldürw T. , Karapinar T.
Published: May 2005

Adhesion to target cells is an essential step in the pathogenesis of many protozoal infections. Some protozoa have been reported to have a lectin activity involved in their attachment to the cell surface. The ligand-receptor interaction involved in Theileria annulata infection is unclear at present, in spite of the fact that some aspects of the process have been investigated. To this end, T. annulata piroplasms have been screened for lectin activity. Blood taken from infected cattle was first depleted of leukocytes and then subjected to ammonium chloride lysis in order to isolate the piroplasms. The piroplasms were homogenised and a crude membrane extract was prepared by centrifugation. To investigate lectin activity in piroplasm proteins, a simple screening procedure was employed for analysing piroplasm proteins binding to various lectin ligands. Numerous immobilised lectin ligands (L-fucose-sepharose, N-acetyl-neuraminic acid-sepharose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-agarose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-agarose, D-mannose-agarose, β-D-glucose-agarose, α-methyl-D-mannoside-agarose) were incubated with T. annulata piroplasm crude membrane extract. The ligand-bound proteins were eluted and separated by a brief centrifugation and determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The present study suggests that a 32 kDa protein of piroplasm binds to D-galactosyl residues of the agarose matrix and that the binding is inhibited by galactose and not by the other monosaccharides tested.
Evaluation of efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against larvae of Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: M. Töth Erika , Márialigeti K. , Fodor A. , Lucskai A. , Farkas R.
Published: May 2005

The blowfly Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is the primary agent of cutaneous myiasis of sheep in northern Europe, southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand. As the application of chemicals has several disadvantages, alternative control measures of traumatic myiasis of livestock must be developed. In this study, the use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) as potential biocontrol agents against second instar larvae of Lucilia sericata was considered. The following nematode species were tested: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (IS 5, HHU 1, Hmo1, HNC 1, HAZ 36, Hbrecon, HHU 2, HAZ 29, HHP 88, HHU 3, HHU 4 and HGua), Steinernema intermedia, NC513 strain of S. glaserii, S. anomali, S. riobrave, Steinernema sp. and 5 strains of S. feltiae (22, Vija Norway, HU 1, scp, and IS 6). None of the examined EPN species or strains showed larvicidal efficacy at 37°C (no killing effect was observed in the case of the two heat-tolerant strains - H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae) against L. sericata larvae. At lower temperatures (20°C and 25°C) only strainsof S. feltiae were found to be active. The overall odds ratios calculated for L. sericata maggots to contract S. feltiae nematode infection show significant (p < 0.05) effect only in the case of strains HU 1, 22 and IS 6. In the case of strains HU 1 and 22 parasitic forms of S. feltiae could be detected in the dead larvae of L. sericata. Strain IS 6 (and also Vija Norway at 20°C) penetrated and killed fly larvae, but only adult forms of the nematode occurred in the cadavers.
Comparative pathological studies on domestic geese (Anser anser domestica) and Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) experimentally infected with parvovirus strains of goose and Muscovy duck origin
Authors: Glávits R. , Zolnai Anna , Szabó Éva , Ivanics Éva , Zarka P. , Mató T. , Palya V.
Published: May 2005

Parvovirus infection of Muscovy ducks caused by a genetically and antigenically distinct virus has been reported from Germany, France, Israel, Hungary, some Asian countries and the USA. The pathological changes include those of degenerative skeletal muscle myopathy and myocarditis, hepatitis, sciatic neuritis and polioencephalomyelitis. In the study presented here, day-old and 3-week-old goslings and Muscovy ducks were infected experimentally with three different parvovirus strains (isolates of D-216/4 from the classical form of Derzsy's disease, D-190/3 from the enteric form of Derzsy's disease, and strain FM from the parvovirus disease of Muscovy ducks). All three parvovirus strains caused severe disease in both day-old and 3-week-old Muscovy ducks but in the goslings only the two strains of goose origin (D-216/4 and D-190/3) caused disease with high (90-100%) mortality when infection was performed at day old. Strain FM (of Muscovy duck origin) did not cause any clinical signs or pathological lesions in the goslings. In the day-old goslings and Muscovy ducks the principal pathological lesions were severe enteritis with necrosis of the epithelial cells (enterocytes) of the mucous membrane and the crypts of Lieberkühn, and the formation of intranuclear inclusion bodies. Other prominent lesions included hepatitis and atrophy (lymphocyte depletion) of the lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen). In goslings infected with the strain originating from the classical form of Derzsy's disease mild myocarditis was also detected. After infection at three weeks of age, growth retardation, feathering disorders, myocardial lesions (degeneration of cardiac muscle cells, lympho-histiocytic infiltration) and hepatitis were the most prominent lesions in both geese and Muscovy ducks. In addition to the lesions observed in the geese, muscle fibre degeneration, mild sciatic neuritis and polioencephalomyelitis were also observed in the Muscovy ducks infected with any of the three parvovirus strains.
The effect of nerve growth factor on nuclear progression of porcine oocytes during in vitro maturation and embryo development
Authors: Bali Papp Ágnes , Somfai T. , Tartaglione Mabel , Varga Erika , Gardon J. C.
Published: May 2005

The present study examined the effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and subsequent embryonic development of porcine oocytes. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were cultured with or without 1.0 ng/ml NGF for 40 h. After IVF, they were cultured in vitro for 6 days. After 10 and 20 h of IVM, there was no difference in nuclear status between the NGF-treated and control oocytes. Significant differences were detected in nuclear progression of oocytes matured in the presence or absence of NGF at 30 h of culture. A higher proportion of NGF-treated oocytes were at M-II stage compared to the control. Nevertheless, at the end of the 40-h IVM period, there was no difference in the proportion of M-II stage oocytes between the NGF-treated and control groups. NGF in IVM medium did not influence the developmental competence of putative embryos. Most embryos remained at the 2- to 4-cell stage; however, a significant amount of embryos reached the morula stage both in the NGF and the control groups. These results suggest that NGF during IVM accelerates nuclear progression of porcine oocytes by enhancing the post-diakinetic events of meiosis.
Csoportfolyamatok pszichoanalitikus és rendszerszemléletű megközelítésben
Authors: Váry Annamária
Published: May 2005

A csoport tudattalan folyamatainak kutatását a pszichológia viszonylag új, fejlődésben levő területének tekinthetjük, bár Bion munkásságával ez már több mint 50 évvel ezelőtt elkezdődött. A tradicionális megközelítés szerint ezek a folyamatok univerzálisak. A csoporttudattalan alapfeltevésekben jelenik meg, melyek hatására a tagok viselkedése, úgy tűnik, egy közös mítosz alapján szerveződik, melynek tartalma lehet függőség, harc és menekülés vagy párképződés. Az újabb kutatások szerint a csoport tudattalan jelenségei nem ennyire általánosak, hanem az adott kultúra vagy szervezeti kultúra jellegzetességei is tükröződnek bennük. A jelen tanulmány két fő célt tűzött ki. Először azt követtük, hogy Tavistock módszer, amely a csoportdinamikai kutatások nemzetközi szinten elismert és alkalmazott eljárása, működik-e hazai csoportokban. Másik célunk két különböző szervezeti kultúrából származó csoportok (tanárok és fegyveres testületek) tudattalan folyamatainak összehasonlítása volt, amelynek során a tartalomelemzés és az időmérés módszerét használtuk.
Vállalkozók kockázatvállalása: a bizonytalanság, a tét és a keretezés szerepe
Authors: Faragó Klára , Kiss Orhidea
Published: May 2005

A vállalkozók kockázatvállalását egy kérdőíves, hipotetikus fogadási helyzetben vizsgáltuk. A felkínált helyzetekben a bizonytalanságot és a tét nagyságát variáltuk. A kérdések egy részében kétféle nyerési, másik részükben pedig kétféle vesztési helyzet között kellett választani. A választandó alternatívák várható értéke megegyezett. Egy főiskolásokból álló mintát is bevontunk a vizsgálatba abból a célból, hogy a vállalkozókra sajátosan jellemző kockázatvállalási stratégiákat azonosítani tudjuk. Eredményeink azt mutatják, hogy a vállalkozók a tét nagyságára fókuszálnak, a valószínűségeket sokkal kevésbé veszik figyelembe. Ez a fókusz eltérő viselkedést eredményez a nyereséges és a veszteséges helyzetekben: a nyereség lehetősége a nagy tét választására ösztönzi a vállalkozókat, míg a veszteség esetében éppen a nagy tét (a nagy kockázat) elkerülése jellemzi őket. A főiskolások stratégiája a nyereséges helyzetben különbözik a vállalkozókétól, választásaikat jobban befolyásolja a valószínűség, mint a tét nagysága. Az eredményekből azt a következtetést vontuk le, hogy a vállalkozók szemében igen nagy a nyereség és a veszteség emocionális értéke, ezért reakciójukban az érzelmi heurisztika szerepének megnyilvánulását fedeztük fel. A vizsgálatunkból kibontakozó kép árnyalja az ún. elsüllyedt költségek (endowment effect) hatást, a személyeknek azt a tendenciáját, hogy a veszteséges vállalkozásokba további erőforrásokat invesztáljanak. A fenyegetően nagy veszteségek kilátása eltántorította a megkérdezetteket a kockázatvállalástól.
Hatékonyság és méltányosság. Egy ultimátumjáték kísérletes tapasztalatai
Authors: Kovács Judit
Published: May 2005

Minél többet tudunk egymásról, annál jobban tudjuk intézni közös ügyeinket. E nagyon tág értelmezési kereten belül, melyet stratégiai döntéselméleti és méltányosságelméleti megfontolásokkal pontosítunk, a tanulmány azt a kérdést próbálja megválaszolni, hogy elosztási helyzetek méltányosságában mutatkozó bizonytalanság, illetve annak csökkentése miként befolyásolja az elosztás méltányosságát és hatékonyságát. Elvárásunk szerint összeilleszthető hatékonyság és méltányosság mellett, ha egy kétértelmű elosztási helyzet bizonytalansága megszűnik, az elosztás racionálisabb és méltányosabb is lesz. Ultimátumjáték-forgatókönyvre épülő kísérletünkben az elosztó két készlet elosztásáról dönt közte és a fogadó között. Míg az egyik készlet egységei mindkettejüknek ugyanannyit érnek, a másik készlet egységei az elosztónak vagy kevesebbet vagy többet érnek, mint a fogadónak. Az elosztás eredménye a fogadó számára bizonytalan. A bizonytalanságot eloszlató információt a fogadó pénzért kérheti. Hogy ezt megtette-e, arról az elosztót még elosztási döntése előtt tájékoztatjuk. Miközben a döntésekben logikai alapon a méltányosság és a hatékonyság nem zárja ki egymást, a viselkedésben a két változó negatív összefüggést mutat. Értelmezésünk szerint lehetséges, hogy az információkérés bizalmatlansági üzenetet hordozott, mely kiemelte a méltányos eredmény szempontját, ugyanakkor beszűkítette a hatékony megoldásra mozgósítható figyelmet. A megvitatásban szervezet-lélektani vonatkozások is megjelennek.
Az iskola mint szervezet a pedagógusok véleményének tükrében
Authors: Serfőző Mónika
Published: May 2005

Az elmúlt években az iskolák szakmai autonómiájának erősödésével fokozott figyelem fordult az iskolák szervezeti működése felé is. Napjainkban követelmény az iskolák számára, hogy szervezeti kultúrájukkal, illetve szervezeti működésükkel tudatosabban, tervszerűbben foglalkozzanak. Tanulmányunkban azt elemezzük, hogyan gondolkodnak a pedagógusok iskolájuk szervezeti működéséről, észlelik-e a szervezeti érték- és normarendszer koherenciáját. Elemzésünk egy sokrétű empirikus munkára épül. 1996 és 2003 között három egymásra épülő kutatás során vizsgáltuk az iskolák szervezeti működését. Összesen 28 iskola 639 pedagógusát kérdeztük meg. Az iskolák között voltak budapestiek (24) és debreceniek (4), általános iskolák (24) és gimnáziumok (4), valamint önkormányzati (19), alapítványi (5) és egyházi (4) fenntartású intézmények. A szervezeti működés különböző területeinek megismeréséhez kérdőíveket alkalmaztunk. A téma feltáró, leíró jellegű megközelítése érdekében ezt kiegészítettük még írásbeli nyitott kérdésekkel, az iskolavezetőkkel és pedagógusokkal készített interjúkkal, nevelőtestületi ülések megfigyelésével és iskolai dokumentumok elemzésével. Írásunkban elsőként bemutatjuk, hogyan vélekednek a pedagógusok iskolájuk egyedi sajátosságairól, abban milyen szervezeti elemeket észlelnek jelentősnek. Ezek közül kiemeljük az iskolai légkört és a vezetést, az erre vonatkozó vélekedéseket külön is tárgyaljuk. A kérdőívek feldolgozása során főkomponens-elemzés segítségével vizsgáltuk, hogy a pedagógusok milyen főbb dimenziók mentén észlelik és jellemzik iskolájuk kultúráját. Elemzésünkben bemutatjuk, hogy ezek a faktorok hogyan viszonyulnak a Quinn-féle „versengő értékek” modellben leírt kultúratípusokhoz. A szervezeti működésről készített strukturált interjúk összegzésében arra mutatunk rá, hogy a pedagógusok élményeiben hogyan fedezhetők fel az iskolai érték- és normarendszer hatásai. Tapasztalataink szerint nincs koherens kultúrakép az egy intézményben dolgozók fejében, de ha konkrét folyamatokról kérdezzük őket, akkor képesek azonosítani iskolájuk szervezeti működésének sajátosságait. Végül írásunk végén azt mutatjuk meg, hogy milyen hasonlatokat találnak a tanárok iskolájukra, azt elemezzük, hogy ezekben a metaforákban milyen szervezeti jellemzőkre utalnak.
Sztereotípiák a szervezetpszichológusokról
Authors: Nagypál Mónika
Published: May 2005

Jelentős a szervezetpszichológusok aránya a pszichológusok között, mégis a pszichológusság fogalma elsősorban a pszichoterápiához, illetve a tanácsadáshoz kapcsolódik. Ez a jelenség egyáltalán nem meglepő, hiszen a rendszerváltozás előtt a szervezetpszichológia nem töltött be jelentős szerepet a gazdasági szervezetek életében. A szervezetpszichológia gyakorlata, a szervezetfejlesztés az 1990-es években kezdett elterjedni Magyarországon, és napjainkban egyre nagyobb népszerűségnek örvend. A jelen kutatásban megvizsgáljuk, mennyiben különül el a szervezetpszichológusokról kialakított kép a pszichológusokkal és a klinikai pszichológusokkal kapcsolatos elképzelésektől. A szervezetpszichológusokkal kapcsolatos sztereotípiákat a velük különféle viszonyban álló csoportokban térképezzük fel. Laikus egyetemisták véleményét hasonlítjuk össze a szervezetpszichológusok munkatársainak véleményével.
Bizalom a szervezetekben
Authors: Sass Judit
Published: May 2005

A dolgozat célja a szervezeti bizalommal kapcsolatos szakirodalom áttekintése, a fogalom tisztázása. A szervezeti bizalom lehetséges összetevőinek és jelenségszintjeinek azonosítását követően bemutatjuk a korábbi mérési kísérleteket és az ezek felhasználásával kialakított kérdőívvel végzett empirikus vizsgálatunk eredményeit. Végül ismertetjük a 12 iskolai szervezetben felvett kérdőívek alapján feltárt szervezeti bizalommintázatokat.
A kockázatpercepció és a kockázatvállalás vizsgálata egy fegyveres testületnél
Authors: Radnóti István , Faragó Klára
Published: May 2005

Fegyveres testületeknél dolgozó személyek kockázatpercepcióját és kockázatvállalással kapcsolatos döntéseit vizsgáltuk. Arra törekedtünk, hogy a kérdőíves felmérés során minél érvényesebb, ökológiailag minél validabb helyzetekkel teszteljünk a kockázathoz való viszonyulást. Eredményeink azt mutatták, hogy a fegyveres testületben dolgozók a munkájukkal kapcsolatos veszélyeket nem bagatellizálják, de inkább pozitív, mint negatív élményként élik át: az izgalmas helyzeteket kontrollálhatónak tartják. A bizonytalanság és a váratlanság ugyanakkor stressz forrása lehet. Igen fontos motívumnak bizonyult a feladatok sikeres megoldása, az egyének azonosulnak az elvárásokkal. A vezetők a beosztottakkal szemben analitikus döntési stratégiára törekednek, de az idő és az információ hiánya miatt erre gyakran nincs mód, ezért felismerés alapú döntéseket hoznak. Eredményeink megerősítik, hogy valós szituációk vizsgálatára a kognitív döntéspszichológiai megközelítést a természetes helyzetekben hozott döntések irányzatának elveivel és módszereivel együtt érdemes felhasználni.
Iskolák szervezeti kultúrája
Authors: Kovács Zoltán , Perjés István , Sass Judit
Published: May 2005

A tanulmány az iskolai szervezeti kultúra vizsgálatát lehetővé tevő vizsgálati eszköz kidolgozásáról számol be. A munka ahhoz az átfogó iskolakutatáshoz kapcsolódik, amely az iskola mint speciális szervezet hatékonyságát vizsgálja, a szervezeti kultúra és ezen belül a szervezet változáshoz való viszonyának elemzése alapján. A tanulmányban először az iskolai szervezeti kultúra vizsgálatára kidolgozott kérdőívvel végzett elővizsgálat tapasztalatait mutatjuk be, majd az így kapott eredményeket a Quinn-féle „versengő értékek” modell kérdőíves vizsgálatának eredményeivel vetjük össze. Végül pedig arra teszünk kísérletet, hogy az iskolai szervezeti kultúra kérdőív által feltárt kultúra „értéktérképét” párhuzamba állítsuk az iskola kétpólusú alapmodelljével.
Kultúra és vezetés. Francia és magyar felsővezetők vezetési eszközei
Authors: Dénes Eszter
Published: May 2005

Jelen tanulmány a kultúrák közti különbségek hatásaival foglalkozik a vállalati vezetés területén. Ezen belül a francia és a magyar kultúra különbségeit és ezek befolyását vizsgáltuk Magyarországon működő francia tulajdonú nagyvállalatoknál. Jelen írás arra próbál választ keresni, hogy hogyan hat egymásra a különböző kultúrájú munkatársak nemzeti kultúrája és a szervezeti kultúra.
Az idősödő munkaerőről alkotott sztereotípiák a magyar munkaerőpiacon
Authors: Daxkobler Márta
Published: May 2005

A tanulmány arra keres választ, hogy a HR-szakemberek rendelkeznek-e az idősebb munkavállalókról kialakított olyan sztereotípiákkal, amelyek automatikusan befolyásolják róluk való percepcióikat, értékelésüket. Azt is megvizsgáltuk, hogy van-e összefüggés az életkorral együtt járó tulajdonságok és a munkaerő-piaci elvárások között. A szerző feltételezi, hogy a különböző életkorú munkaerő munkastílusát illetően a HR-szakemberek sztereotípiái befolyásolják az adott korú munkaerőről kapott kétértelmű információk értelmezését, és a személyt ennek fényében pozitívabban vagy negatívabban fogják értékelni akár az idősebb/fiatalabb munkavállalók értékeléseihez, akár más korú vagy más tapasztalattal rendelkező szakemberekhez képest. A vizsgálati eredmények arra utalnak, hogy a HR-szakemberek nagy részének - mégpedig leginkább a fiatal, illetve a tapasztalatlanabb szakembereknek - a fejében olyan sztereotípiák léteznek, amelyek hatására pozitívabban értékelik a fiatal, és negatívabban az idősödő munkaerőt. Azt is megvizsgáltuk, hogy az idősekkel kapcsolatos vélemények mennyire alapulnak a valóságon, a HR-szakemberek azokat az elsősorban kognitív képességeket, amelyek igazolhatóan negatív irányban változnak az életkorral - és amelyek meglétét a munkaerőpiacon a rendszerváltás óta feltehetően kritikusnak gondolják - valóban annyira fontosnak tartják-e, mint amennyire nagy hangsúlyt fektetnek rá a kiválasztásban. Az eredmények sze­rint a legfontosabbnak tartott kompetenciáknak csak körülbelül egynegyede volt olyan, amely a korral valamelyest romolhat, az inkább az időseknek kedvező tulajdonságokat gyakrabban említették mint legfontosabbakat.