bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syntactic Change in Late Modern English
Authors: Smitterberg Erik
Published: November 2021

Syntactic Change in Late Modern English presents a stability paradox to linguists; despite the many social changes that took place between 1700 and 1900, the language appeared to be structurally stable during this period. This book resolves this paradox by presenting a new, idiolect-centred perspective on language change, and shows how this framework is applicable to change in any language. It then demonstrates how an idiolect-centred framework can be reconciled with corpus-linguistic methodology through four original case studies. These concern colloquialization (the process by which oral features spread to writing) and densification (the process by which meaning is condensed into shorter linguistic units), two types of change that characterize Modern English. The case studies also shed light on the role of genre and gender in language change and contribute to the discussion of how to operationalize frequency in corpus linguistics. This study will be essential reading for researchers in historical linguistics, corpus linguistics and sociolinguistics.
INTER-UNIVERSITY ACCELERATOR CENTRE, NEW DELHI (IUACD) RADIOCARBON DATE LIST II
Authors: Sharma Rajveer , Kumar Pankaj , Ojha Sunil , Gargari Satinath , Chopra Sundeep
Published: November 2021

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) activities at the Inter-University Accelerator Centre (IUAC) in New Delhi, India, started with its 15UD Pelletron accelerator and cosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) measurements of 10Be and 26Al. Realizing the demand of a radiocarbon (14C) AMS facility in India, a 500kV Pelletron accelerator based AMS system was installed in 2015. This facility was designated with the lab code IUACD for 14C measurements. 14C dates measured in 2015 and 2016 were published in the first radiocarbon date list (see text for details). The present list is the second 14C date list and consists of dates measured from January to December 2017.
Knowledge before belief: Evidence from unconscious content
Authors: Brakel Linda A. W.
Published: November 2021

This commentary supports knowledge prior to belief, but from a different angle, supplementing the target article's central thesis. The target article evaluates belief-representations versus knowledge-representation in others. This commentary considers one's own unconscious knowledge, which can be prior to belief of any sort. Two examples are offered: one from clinical psychoanalysis, another involving a cognitive psychology duck/rabbit experiment.
Do “knowledge attributions” involve metarepresentation just like belief attributions do?
Authors: Dudley Rachel , Kovács Ágnes Melinda
Published: November 2021

The authors distinguish knowledge and belief attributions, emphasizing the role of the former in mental-state attribution. This does not, however, warrant diminishing interest in the latter. Knowledge attributions may not entail mental-state attributions or metarepresentations. Even if they do, the proposed features are insufficient to distinguish them from belief attributions, demanding that we first understand each underlying representation.
Knowledge before belief in the history of philosophy
Authors: Moss Jessica
Published: November 2021

I add support to Phillips et al.'s thesis that representations of knowledge are more basic than representations of belief through a historical account of the development of philosophical theories of knowledge and belief. On the basis of Aristotle's criticisms of his Presocratic predecessors, I argue that Western philosophy developed theories of knowledge long before it developed theories of belief.
The role of epistemic emotions in learning from others
Authors: Erdemli Asli , Audrin Catherine , Sander David
Published: November 2021

Phillips et al. discuss whether knowledge or beliefs are more basic representations of others' minds, focusing on the primary function of knowledge representation: learning from others. We discuss links between emotion and “knowledge versus belief,” and particularly the role of emotions in learning from others in mechanisms such as “social epistemic emotions” and “affective social learning.”
The distinctive character of knowledge
Authors: Nagel Jennifer
Published: November 2021

Because knowledge entails true belief, it can be hard to explain why a given action is naturally seen as driven by one of these states as opposed to the other. A simpler and more radical characterization of knowledge helps to solve this problem while also shedding some light on what is special about social learning.
Actual knowledge
Authors: Phillips Jonathan , Buckwalter Wesley , Cushman Fiery , Friedman Ori , Martin Alia , Turri John , Santos Laurie , Knobe Joshua
Published: November 2021

This response argues that when you represent others as knowing something, you represent their mind as being related to the actual world. This feature of knowledge explains the limits of knowledge attribution, how knowledge differs from belief, and why knowledge underwrites learning from others. We hope this vision for how knowledge works spurs a new era in theory of mind research.
Method for prediction of ship traffic behaviour and encounter frequency
Authors: Itoh Hiroko
Published: November 2021

The design of new rules on seaways, such as traffic restrictions, requires determining the degree of improvement in marine traffic safety beforehand by considering the occurrence of new hazardous factors. This study proposes a method to predict the future traffic behaviour and ship encounter frequency (EF) with the introduction of a new traffic rule. First, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the factors affecting the EF. A method of predicting future traffic behaviour and EF is presented based on the analysis of changes in the traffic flow in an area with a temporal restriction. Results show that the method appropriately predicts the location and degree of the occurrence of encounters in the sea area. The proposed method contributes to the discussion of future traffic safety, when sailing in a specific area is restricted by new regulations, installations of new offshore wind farms and fishing reefs.
Elementary fibrations of enriched groupoids
Authors: Emmenegger Jacopo , Pasquali Fabio , Rosolini Giuseppe
Published: November 2021

The present paper aims at stressing the importance of the Hofmann–Streicher groupoid model for Martin Löf Type Theory as a link with the first-order equality and its semantics via adjunctions. The groupoid model was introduced by Martin Hofmann in his Ph.D. thesis and later analysed in collaboration with Thomas Streicher. In this paper, after describing an algebraic weak factorisation system
$$\mathsf {L, R}$$
on the category
$${\cal C}-{\cal Gpd}$$
of
$${\cal C}$$
-enriched groupoids, we prove that its fibration of algebras is elementary (in the sense of Lawvere) and use this fact to produce the factorisation of diagonals for
$$\mathsf {L, R}$$
needed to interpret identity types.
Dem Fachkräftemangel das Handwerk legen
Authors: Jaster Christian , Ellwart Thomas
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung. Der Fachkräftemangel stellt besonders im Handwerk große Anforderungen an die Führungskräfte. Um Führungskräfte im Handwerk bei der mitarbeiterorientierten Führung zu unterstützen, wurde ein Instrument zur bedürfnisorientierten Arbeitsanalyse (MotivSORT) entwickelt und pilotiert. Mit MotivSORT befragen Führungskräfte die Mitarbeitenden zu 15 Arbeitsmerkmalen auf den Dimensionen (1) Wichtigkeit und (2) Ausprägung im Arbeitsalltag. Die Validität und Akzeptanz von MotivSORT wurde in zwei Studien mit Mitarbeitenden im Handwerk ( N1 = 51; N2 = 203) untersucht. Eine Überprüfung des formativen Messmodells zeigte Konvergenzvalidität und erwartungskonforme Zusammenhänge zwischen der Ausprägung bedürfnisbezogener Arbeitsmerkmale und Indikatoren der Mitarbeitendenbindung (z. B. Arbeitszufriedenheit, affektive Bindung, Kündigungsabsicht). Zudem zeigte sich eine hohe Akzeptanz von MotivSORT seitens der Mitarbeitenden auf den Dimensionen Nützlichkeit, Einfachheit der Anwendung, Arbeitsplatzrelevanz und Nutzungsabsicht. MotivSORT wird aktuell in der Betriebsberatung der Handwerkskammern Rheinland-Pfalz zur mitarbeiterorientierten Führung sowie Organisationsdiagnose implementiert. Perspektivisch wird die Anwendung auf weitere Branchen und organisational relevante Themen wie Personalauswahl und Veränderungsprozesse erweitert.
Improved Arctic Sea Ice Freeboard Retrieval From Satellite Altimetry Using Optimized Sea Surface Decorrelation Scales
Authors: Landy Jack C. , Bouffard Jerome , Wilson Chris , Rynders Stefanie , Aksenov Yevgeny , Tsamados Michel
Published: November 2021

A growing number of studies are concluding that the resilience of the Arctic sea ice cover in a warming climate is essentially controlled by its thickness. Satellite radar and laser altimeters have allowed us to routinely monitor sea ice thickness across most of the Arctic Ocean for several decades. However, a key uncertainty remaining in the sea ice thickness retrieval is the error on the sea surface height (SSH) which is conventionally interpolated at ice floes from a limited number of lead observations along the altimeter's orbital track. Here, we use an objective mapping approach to determine sea surface height from all proximal lead samples located on the orbital track and from adjacent tracks within a neighborhood of 30–220 (mean 105) km. The patterns of the SSH signal's zonal, meridional, and temporal decorrelation length scales are obtained by analyzing the covariance of historic CryoSat‐2 Arctic lead observations, which match the scales obtained from an equivalent analysis of high‐resolution sea ice‐ocean model fields. We use these length scales to determine an optimal SSH and error estimate for each sea ice floe location. By exploiting leads from adjacent tracks, we can increase the sea ice radar freeboard precision estimated at orbital crossovers by up to 20%. In regions of high SSH uncertainty, biases in CryoSat‐2 radar freeboard can be reduced by 25% with respect to coincident airborne validation data. The new method is not restricted to a particular sensor or mode, so it can be generalized to all present and historic polar altimetry missions.
Local Time Dependence of Jupiter's Polar Auroral Emissions Observed by Juno UVS
Authors: Greathouse Thomas , Gladstone Randy , Versteeg Maarten , Hue Vincent , Kammer Joshua , Giles Rohini , Davis Michael , Bolton Scott , Levin Steven , Connerney John , Gérard Jean‐Claude , Grodent Denis , Bonfond Bertrand , Bunce Emma , Vogt Marissa F.
Published: November 2021

Auroral brightness and color ratio imagery, captured using the Juno mission's Ultraviolet Spectrograph, display intense emissions poleward of Jupiter's northern main emission, and these are split into two distinctly different spectral or “color ratio” regimes. The most poleward region, designated the “swirl region” by Grodent et al. (2003),https://doi.org/10.1029/2003ja010017, exhibits a high color ratio, while low color ratio emissions are found within the collar around the swirl region but still poleward of the main emission. We confirm the apparent strong magnetospheric local time control within the polar collar (Grodent et al., 2003,https://doi.org/10.1029/2003ja010017), with the dusk side bright “active region” emissions extending from ∼11 to 22 hr of magnetospheric local time. These bright emissions dim by at least an order of magnitude between ∼0 and 11 hr magnetospheric local time, in the midnight to dawn side “dark region.” This magnetospheric local time structure holds true even when the entire northern oval is located on the night side of the planet (in ionospheric local time), a geometry unstudied prior to Juno, as it is unobservable from Earth. The swirl region brightens at ionospheric dawn (∼5–7 ionospheric local time) and diminishes or completely disappears at ionospheric local times of ∼20–22 hr. Finally, the southern auroral polar emissions appear to share all of the local time dependencies of its northern counterpart, but at a reduced intensity.
Nitrogen‐Induced Changes in Carbon Fluxes Are Modulated by Water Availability in a Temperate Grassland
Authors: Guo Qun , Hu Zhongmin , Li Shenggong , Hao Yapeng , Liang Naishen , Bai Wenming , Zhang Shu
Published: November 2021

Carbon fluxes of grasslands could be deeply affected by nitrogen (N) enrichment, however, it remains unclear how other factors modulate the N‐induced changes in carbon fluxes and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we quantified the effects of N addition on net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and its two components (gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Re)), and how water availability modulates these effects in a temperate grassland, China. We found that N enrichment significantly increased foliar N content of grasses (related to a higher photosynthetic rate), leading to higher aboveground biomass (AGB) and therefore vegetation cover, implying higher photosynthetic leaf area. AGB was further enhanced as root: shoot ratio tended to be reduced by N‐addition. Consequently, GPP was significantly stimulated by N‐addition. Re insignificantly increased with N addition. With N‐induced larger increase of GPP and little change of Re, NEE, which is negative when an ecosystem sequestrates more carbon than it releases to the atmosphere, became more negative. Due to a significant sharper versus a relatively gentler N‐induced increase with increasing water availability for GPP and Re, respectively, the N‐induced reduction of NEE distinctly increased linearly with increasing water availability. The enlarged N‐induced stimulation of GPP and thus NEE at ample water conditions is mainly associated with luxuriant growth of grasses who got extra increase of foliar N content, AGB, and decrease of root: shoot ratio. Our findings facilitate an advanced understanding of carbon fluxes responding to climate change and provide knowledge for management in grassland ecosystems.
Geodynamics of East Anatolia‐Caucasus Domain: Inferences From 3D Thermo‐Mechanical Models, Residual Topography, and Admittance Function Analyses
Authors: Şengül Uluocak Ebru , Göğüş Oğuz H. , Pysklywec Russell N. , Chen Bo
Published: November 2021

We investigate anomalous topography in the Anatolia‐Caucasus domain of the Arabian‐Eurasian plate convergence zone. To achieve this aim, we use three‐dimensional (3D) geodynamic modeling in addition to analyses of the non‐isostatic components of surface topography based on residual topography and free‐air gravity admittance functions. The numerical experiments are based on two different temperature models obtained from P‐wave tomography data that are sensitive respectively to large and small‐scale variations of upper mantle structures. Our results suggest a long‐wavelength convective support of topography, which is in general agreement with the uncompensated pattern of residual topography and free‐air admittance values, as well as previous modeling studies. At shorter wavelengths, we provide new constraints on the regional dynamic processes related to 3D variations of the upper mantle flow vectors and associated surface deflections. Positive dynamic topography is found over the East Anatolian Plateau (∼400 m to ∼1.2 km) that is consistent with inferred lithospheric thinning processes pertinent to the tectonic evolution of the Tethyan orogenic system. We further show dynamic topography in the plateau (≥500 m) that may account for extensional tectonics in the Lake Van region interpreted from local kinematic and geophysical studies. In conjunction with the observations, negative anomaly patterns are estimated in the western part of the Black Sea (∼−2 km), the eastern Pontides arc (∼−200 m), and the northeast Arabian Plate (∼−1 to −2.3 km). Our model results also suggest a link between large‐scale mantle flow and SW‐NE‐directed general pattern of the SKS‐based anisotropy beneath the region.
Müller glial responses compensate for degenerating photoreceptors in retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Tomita Yohei , Qiu Chenxi , Bull Edward , Allen William , Kotoda Yumi , Talukdar Saswata , Smith Lois E. H. , Fu Zhongjie
Published: November 2021

Photoreceptor degeneration caused by genetic defects leads to retinitis pigmentosa, a rare disease typically diagnosed in adolescents and young adults. In most cases, rod loss occurs first, followed by cone loss as well as altered function in cells connected to photoreceptors directly or indirectly. There remains a gap in our understanding of retinal cellular responses to photoreceptor abnormalities. Here, we utilized single-cell transcriptomics to investigate cellular responses in each major retinal cell type in retinitis pigmentosa model (P23H) mice vs. wild-type littermate mice. We found a significant decrease in the expression of genes associated with phototransduction, the inner/outer segment, photoreceptor cell cilium, and photoreceptor development in both rod and cone clusters, in line with the structural changes seen with immunohistochemistry. Accompanying this loss was a significant decrease in the expression of genes involved in metabolic pathways and energy production in both rods and cones. We found that in the Müller glia/astrocyte cluster, there was a significant increase in gene expression in pathways involving photoreceptor maintenance, while concomitant decreases were observed in rods and cones. Additionally, the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial localization and transport was increased in the Müller glia/astrocyte cluster. The Müller glial compensatory increase in the expression of genes downregulated in photoreceptors suggests that Müller glia adapt their transcriptome to support photoreceptors and could be thought of as general therapeutic targets to protect against retinal degeneration.
Hypertension-mediated organ damage and established cardiovascular disease in patients with hypertension: the China Hypertension Survey, 2012–2015
Authors: Wang Xin , Hao Guang , Chen Lu , Yang Ying , Zhou Haoqi , Kang Yuting , Shaver Lance , Chen Zuo , Zheng Congyi , Zhang Linfeng , Li Suning , Wang Zengwu , Gao Runlin
Published: November 2021

Hypertension is a major health burden worldwide. However, there is limited data on the status of hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD) and established cardiovascular (CV) disease in Chinese hypertensive patients. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of HMOD and established CV disease in a nationally representative population in China. A stratified multistage random sampling method was used in the China Hypertension Survey and 21,243 participants aged 35 or older were eligible for analysis in this study. For each participant, the demographic information and a self-reported medical history were acquired. Blood pressure was measured with the electronic device 3 times on the right arm, supported at heart level, after the participant was sitting at rest for 5 min. Samples of blood and urine were tested. 2-D and Doppler echocardiography were used to assess the heart’s function and structures. Sampling weights were calculated based on the 2010 China population census data. Overall, the weighted prevalence of asymptomatic HMOD was 22.1%, 28.9%, 23.1%, 6.4%, and 6.2% for wide pulse pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy, microalbuminuria, chronic kidney disease, and abnormal ankle-brachial index, respectively. For the established CV disease, the weighted prevalence was 1.8%, 1.3%, 2.0%, and 1.1% for stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation, respectively. The prevalence of asymptomatic HMOD and established CV disease was greater with higher blood pressure level (P < 0.05), rather than ankle-brachial index. Compared to those with uncontrolled hypertension, the prevalence of asymptomatic HMOD was lower in patients with controlled hypertension. In summary, the prevalence of HMOD in Chinese people aged 35 or older was very common, indicating a substantial future burden of both morbidity and mortality from hypertension in China. Clinical trial registration number: ChiCTR-ECS-14004641.
Child abuse associates with increased recruitment of perineuronal nets in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex: a possible implication of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
Authors: Tanti Arnaud , Belliveau Claudia , Nagy Corina , Maitra Malosree , Denux Fanny , Perlman Kelly , Chen Frank , Mpai Refilwe , Canonne Candice , Théberge Stéphanie , McFarquhar Ashley , Davoli Maria Antonietta , Belzung Catherine , Turecki Gustavo , Mechawar Naguib
Published: November 2021

Child abuse (CA) is a strong predictor of psychopathologies and suicide, altering normal trajectories of brain development in areas closely linked to emotional responses such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Yet, the cellular underpinnings of these enduring effects are unclear. Childhood and adolescence are marked by the protracted formation of perineuronal nets (PNNs), which orchestrate the closure of developmental windows of cortical plasticity by regulating the functional integration of parvalbumin interneurons into neuronal circuits. Using well-characterized post-mortem brain samples, we show that a history of CA is specifically associated with increased densities and morphological complexity of WFL-labeled PNNs in the ventromedial PFC (BA11/12), possibly suggesting increased recruitment and maturation of PNNs. Through single-nucleus sequencing and fluorescent in situ hybridization, we found that the expression of canonical components of PNNs is enriched in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), and that they are upregulated in CA victims. These correlational findings suggest that early-life adversity may lead to persistent patterns of maladaptive behaviors by reducing the neuroplasticity of cortical circuits through the enhancement of developmental OPC-mediated PNN formation.
Deficient neurotransmitter systems and synaptic function in frontotemporal lobar degeneration—Insights into disease mechanisms and current therapeutic approaches
Authors: Huber Nadine , Korhonen Sonja , Hoffmann Dorit , Leskelä Stina , Rostalski Hannah , Remes Anne M. , Honkakoski Paavo , Solje Eino , Haapasalo Annakaisa
Published: November 2021

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) comprises a heterogenous group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases and, to date, no validated diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers or effective disease-modifying therapies exist for the different clinical or genetic subtypes of FTLD. Current treatment strategies rely on the off-label use of medications for symptomatic treatment. Changes in several neurotransmitter systems including the glutamatergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems have been reported in FTLD spectrum disease patients. Many FTLD-related clinical and neuropsychiatric symptoms such as aggressive and compulsive behaviour, agitation, as well as altered eating habits and hyperorality can be explained by disturbances in these neurotransmitter systems, suggesting that their targeting might possibly offer new therapeutic options for treating patients with FTLD. This review summarizes the present knowledge on neurotransmitter system deficits and synaptic dysfunction in model systems and patients harbouring the most common genetic causes of FTLD, the hexanucleotide repeat expansion inC9orf72and mutations in the granulin (GRN)and microtubule-associated protein tau(MAPT)genes. We also describe the current pharmacological treatment options for FLTD that target different neurotransmitter systems.
Randomized controlled experimental study of hydrocortisone and D-cycloserine effects on fear extinction in PTSD
Authors: Inslicht Sabra S. , Niles Andrea N. , Metzler Thomas J. , Lipshitz Sa’ar L. , Otte Christian , Milad Mohammed R. , Orr Scott P. , Marmar Charles R. , Neylan Thomas C.
Published: November 2021

Fear extinction underlies prolonged exposure, one of the most well-studied treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There has been increased interest in exploring pharmacological agents to enhance fear extinction learning in humans and their potential as adjuncts to PE. The objective of such adjuncts is to augment the clinical impact of PE on the durability and magnitude of symptom reduction. In this study, we examined whether hydrocortisone (HC), a corticosteroid, and D-Cycloserine (DCS), an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor partial agonist, enhance fear extinction learning and consolidation in individuals with PTSD. In a double-blind placebo-controlled 3-group experimental design, 90 individuals with full or subsyndromal PTSD underwent fear conditioning with stimuli that were paired (CS+) or unpaired (CS−) with shock. Extinction learning occurred 72 h later and extinction retention was tested one week after extinction. HC 25 mg, DCS 50 mg or placebo was administered one hour prior to extinction learning. During extinction learning, the DCS and HC groups showed a reduced differential CS+/CS− skin conductance response (SCR) compared to placebo (b = −0.19, CI = −0.01 to −37, p = 0.042 and b = −0.25, CI = −08 to −0.43, p = 0.005, respectively). A nonsignificant trend for a lower differential CS+/CS− SCR in the DCS group, compared to placebo, (b = −0.25, CI = 0.04 to −0.55, p = 0.089) was observed at retention testing, one week later. A single dose of HC and DCS facilitated fear extinction learning in participants with PTSD symptoms. While clinical implications have yet to be determined, our findings suggest that glucocorticoids and NMDA agonists hold promise for facilitating extinction learning in PTSD.
Autophagy regulates the cancer stem cell phenotype of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through the noncanonical FOXO3/SOX2 axis
Authors: Chen Yang , Zhao Hui , Liang Weilian , Jiang Erhui , Zhou Xiaocheng , Shao Zhe , Liu Ke , Shang Zhengjun
Published: November 2021

Autophagy is an essential catabolic process that orchestrates cellular homeostasis and plays dual roles in tumor promotion and suppression. However, the mechanism by which autophagy affects the self-renewal of cancer stem cells (CSCs) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether autophagy activation contributes to CSC properties of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The results showed that the autophagy level and CSC properties of HNSCC cells were elevated in response to several adverse conditions, including treatment with cisplatin, starvation, and hypoxia. Pretreatment with autophagy inhibitors, such as 3-MA and chloroquine, diminished the CSC properties acquired under adverse conditions. In addition, the isolated CSCs were endowed with stronger autophagic activity than non-CSCs, and the CSC properties were dampened when autophagy was inhibited either by 3-MA, chloroquine, or Beclin1 knockdown. Notably, the tumor-initiating activity of CSCs was decreased upon knocking down Beclin1. Further study revealed that FOXO3, a substrate for autophagy, was enriched in the nucleus of cells with lower autophagy levels. Nuclear FOXO3 directly bound to the promoter region of SOX2 and negatively regulated its transcriptional activity. Overexpression of FOXO3 decreased the expression of SOX2 and thereby impaired the CSC phenotype both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest that the activation of autophagy is essential for the acquisition of CSC properties in adverse conditions and the self-renewal of CSCs. We clarify the role of autophagy in regulating the CSC phenotype and demonstrate that the noncanonical FOXO3/SOX2 axis is the intrinsic regulatory mechanism.
Modeling the crystallization kinetics of polymers displaying high levels of secondary crystallization
Authors: Kelly Catherine A. , Jenkins Mike J.
Published: November 2021

The isothermal crystallization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) was evaluated using a range of models, namely, Avrami, simplified Hillier, Tobin, Malkin, Urbanovici–Segal, Velisaris–Seferis, and Hay. Two methods of model evaluation were used: determination of the parameters through traditional double log plots and curve fitting via nonlinear, multivariable regression. Visual inspection of the cumulative crystallization curves, calculation of the R2 value and standard error of the regression, and evaluation of the returned parameters were used to assess which model best describes the experimental data. The Hay model was found to generate the best fit, closely followed by the Velisaris–Seferis parallel model, suggesting that primary and secondary crystallization occur concurrently. The Avrami, Malkin, and Tobin models were found to perform well when the data is restricted to the region where primary crystallization dominates; however, they could not be used to successfully model the entire crystallization process. This work highlights the importance of selecting the most appropriate model for analyzing kinetics, especially when high levels of lamellar thickening and infilling occur during crystallization.
Trajectory patterns for continuous metabolic syndrome score in childhood and the cardiovascular risk in adolescence
Authors: Choi Eun Jeong , Lee Hye Ah , Park Bomi , Park Bohyun , Kim Hae Soon , Hong Young Sun , Park Hyesook
Published: November 2021

We explored the association between the trajectory of the continuous metabolic syndrome score (cMetS) in childhood with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), which are known to increase cardiovascular disease risk in adolescence. The trajectory of cMetS in childhood (from 3 to 12 years of age) was identified in 833 children who participated in the Ewha Birth and Growth Study. The associations between cMetS and hs-CRP and CIMT were analyzed in 204 out of 833 children who participated in the follow-up at 13–15 years of age and measured hs-CRP and CIMT. Among the 833 children, three groups were classified: cMetS maintained at a low level (n = 198, 23.77%), middle level (n = 530, 63.63%), and at high levels (n = 105, 12.61%). The group with a stable-high cMetS trajectory showed significantly higher hs-CRP levels, and the statistical significance was maintained after adjusting for covariates. This study found that a consistently high cMetS in childhood was significantly associated with higher hs-CRP levels in adolescents, suggesting that it is necessary to intervene in metabolic risk factors early in life to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease later in life.
Three types of passivators on the stabilization of exogenous lead-contaminated soil with different particle sizes
Authors: Zhao Shuai , Cai Xiongfei , Wang Ji , Li Ding , Zhao Shijie , Yu Xinjie , Xu Die , Zhang Shuai
Published: November 2021

Study on the form partitioning and content of heavy metals in soil particles with different sizes is crucial for preventing and controlling heavy metals pollution, but few studies regard soil contaminated by heavy metals as a homogeneous body. In this study (Fig. 1), goat manure, lime and phosphate were used to stabilize exogenous lead (Pb). These soil passivators’ differential effects on total Pb and Pb with different chemical forms in soil particles of different sizes as well as Pb immobilization in soil were investigated. By passivation experiment in laboratory for 45 days, the passivation effect of the single and combined application treatments on exogenous Pb and partitioning characteristics were analyzed and compared. The characterization method of fine sand microstructure and mineral composition analysis was used. The results showed that the single application of P5 and combined application of LP5 had optimum passivation efficiency. The content of DTPA-Pb was reduced with P5 by 65.27% and the percentage of available Pb decreased significantly in soil particles of the four sizes. The content of TCLP-Pb and available Pb (weak acid extraction and reducible Pb) significantly decreased by 71.60 and 25.12% respectively after the application of LP5 in the original soil. Furthermore, most of the total Pb was enriched in coarse sand and clay, while its content was lower in fine sand and silt. The combined application treatment of GL5 significantly increased the content of weak acid extractable and reducible Pb in fine sand, silty sand and clay. Through SEM and XRD analysis, it was found that the diffraction peak of P5 treatment groups might be related to the formation of insoluble Pb that contained compounds, which were mainly mineral components, including quartz, feldspar and mica, and LP showed a big potential in the study on passivation of heavy metal Pb-contaminated soil in the natural environment. In conclusion, further studies on the different dosage and metal-contamination levels as well as different combination forms of passivators should be considered under natural conditions, the selection of suitable passivators according to soil texture is of great significance for remediation of Pb-contaminated soil.
Temporal clustering of Kawasaki disease cases around the world
Authors: Burney Jennifer A. , DeHaan Laurel L. , Shimizu Chisato , Bainto Emelia V. , Newburger Jane W. , DeBiasi Roberta L. , Dominguez Samuel R. , Portman Michael A. , Melish Marian , Bratincsak Andras , Fabi Marianna , Corinaldesi Elena , Yu Jeong Jin , Gee Paul , Kitano Naomi , Tremoulet Adriana H. , Cayan Daniel R. , Burns Jane C. ,   the Kawasaki Disease Climate Study Group, Ansusinha Emily , Jone Pei-Ni , Hite Michelle , Heizer Heather R. , Anderson Marsha S. , Pavan Valentina , Andreozzi Laura , Gee Waverley , Suzuki Hiroyuki
Published: November 2021

In a single-site study (San Diego, CA, USA), we previously showed that Kawasaki Disease (KD) cases cluster temporally in bursts of approximately 7 days. These clusters occurred more often than would be expected at random even after accounting for long-term trends and seasonality. This finding raised the question of whether other locations around the world experience similar temporal clusters of KD that might offer clues to disease etiology. Here we combine data from San Diego and nine additional sites around the world with hospitals that care for large numbers of KD patients, as well as two multi-hospital catchment regions. We found that across these sites, KD cases clustered at short time scales and there were anomalously long quiet periods with no cases. Both of these phenomena occurred more often than would be expected given local trends and seasonality. Additionally, we found unusually frequent temporal overlaps of KD clusters and quiet periods between pairs of sites. These findings suggest that regional and planetary range environmental influences create periods of higher or lower exposure to KD triggers that may offer clues to the etiology of KD.
Mumio (Shilajit) as a potential chemotherapeutic for the urinary bladder cancer treatment
Authors: Kloskowski T. , Szeliski K. , Krzeszowiak K. , Fekner Z. , Kazimierski Ł. , Jundziłł A. , Drewa T. , Pokrywczyńska M.
Published: November 2021

Mumio (Shilajit) is a traditional medicinal drug known and used for hundreds of years. Bladder cancer is one of the most common cancer types and better treatments are needed. This study analysed the in vitro effect of Mumio on urinary bladder cancer cells (T24 and 5637) in comparison to normal uroepithelial cells (SV-HUC1). Cytotoxicity of Mumio was analysed in these cell lines via MTT and real-time cell growth assays as well via the assessment of the cytoskeleton, apoptosis, and cell cycle. Mumio affected the viability of both cell types in a time and concentration dependent manner. We observed a selectivity of Mumio against cancer cells. Cell cycle and apoptosis analysis showed that Mumio inhibited G0/G1 or S phase cell cycle, which in turn induced apoptosis. Our results showed that Mumio was significantly more cytotoxic to urinary bladder cancer cells than to normal cells. These results are promising and indicate Mumio as a great candidate for urinary bladder cancer treatment and further investigations should be performed.
Advanced trap lateral flow immunoassay sensor for the detection of cortisol in human bodily fluids
Authors: Oh Hyun-Kyung , Kim Kihyeun , Park Jinhee , Jang Hyungjun , Kim Min-Gon
Published: November 2021

Paper-based biosensors based on lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) are promising candidates for POC diagnosis because of their ease of use and rapid target detection. However, the low sensitivity of LFI limits its application, and signal amplification has been used in numerous studies to increase its sensitivity. We developed an advanced trap LFI (α-trapLFI), a simple-to-use sensor, with an additional step for signal amplification. Here, signal amplification is automatically implemented following delayed release of enhancement solution induced by water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol tape. As the polyvinyl alcohol tape is exposed to water, its polymer structure is perturbed (within 5 min), allowing ions to pass through. This new sensor was designed to have a short time delay between the flow of solutions used for the immunoassay and signal amplification. The α-trapLFI was subsequently used to detect cortisol with high sensitivity (9.1 pg∙mL−1) over a broad detection range (0.01–1000 ng∙mL−1) in bodily fluids. Furthermore, an excellent correlation was obtained by analyzing 20 human real saliva samples using this sensor and a conventional ELISA (R2 = 0.90). The new sensor will be helpful in detecting various small molecules for simple, rapid, and portable POC diagnosis of stress disorders.
Trichomonas vaginalis follow-up and persistence in Colombian women
Authors: Hernández-Buelvas Lauren , Camargo Milena , Sánchez Ricardo , Patarroyo Manuel Elkin , Patarroyo Manuel Alfonso
Published: November 2021

Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), the most common non-viral sexually-transmitted infection is considered a neglected infection and its epidemiology is not well known. This study determined TV-infection dynamics in a retrospective cohort of Colombian women and evaluated associations between risk factors and TV-outcome. TV was identified by PCR. Cox proportional risk models were used for evaluating the relationship between TV-outcome (infection, clearance and persistence) and risk factors (sexually-transmitted infections and sociodemographic characteristics). Two hundred and sixty-four women were included in the study; 26.1% had TV at the start of the study, 40.9% suffered at least one episode of infection and 13.0% suffered more than one episode of TV during the study. Women suffering HPV had a greater risk of TV-infection (aHR 1.59), high viral-load (> 102) for HPV-16 being related to a greater risk of persistent parasite infection; a high viral load (> 102) for HPV-18 and -33 was related to a lower probability of TV-clearance. Ethnicity (afrodescendent/indigenous people: aHR 5.11) and having had more than two sexual partners (aHR 1.94) were related to greater risk of infection, contrasting with women having a background of abortions and lower probability of having TV (aHR 0.50). Women aged 35- to 49-years-old (aHR 2.08), increased years of sexual activity (aHR 1.10), multiple sexual partners (aHR 8.86) and multiparous women (aHR 3.85) led to a greater probability of persistence. Women whose cervical findings worsened had a 9.99 greater probability of TV-persistence. TV distribution was high in the study population; its coexistence with HPV and other risk factors influenced parasite infection dynamics. The results suggested that routine TV detection should be considered regarding populations at risk of infection.
Effect of Nafion content and hydration level on the electrochemical area of a Pt nanocatalyst in the triple-phase boundary
Authors: Jiménez-García Juan C. , Olmos-Asar Jimena A. , Franceschini Esteban A. , Mariscal Marcelo M.
Published: November 2021

Effect of Nafion content and hydration level on the electrochemical area of a Pt nanocatalyst in the three-phase boundary.
An efficient and durable anode for ammonia protonic ceramic fuel cells
Authors: Zhang Hua , Zhou Yucun , Pei Kai , Pan Yuxin , Xu Kang , Ding Yong , Zhao Bote , Sasaki Kotaro , Choi YongMan , Chen Yu , Liu Meilin
Published: November 2021

Ammonia protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) have the potential to be a highly efficient power source with high energy density.
Successes and challenges in multiscale modelling of artificial metalloenzymes: the case study of POP-Rh2cyclopropanase
Authors: Sánchez-Aparicio José-Emilio , Sciortino Giuseppe , Mates-Torres Eric , Lledós Agustí , Maréchal Jean-Didier
Published: November 2021

We here demonstrate the interest of incorporating substrate diffusion tools in multiscale modelling of artificial metalloenzymes.
Effect of laser polarization on molecular emission from femtosecond LIBS
Authors: Chen Yutong , Liu Yitong , Wang Qiuyun , Li Suyu , Jiang Yuanfei , Chen Anmin , Jin Mingxing
Published: November 2021

The study indicates that the intensities of molecular emission bands under circular polarization in femtosecond LIBS are higher than those under linear polarization. The change becomes more evident as the laser energy increases.
Multiphysics microfluidics for cell manipulation and separation: a review
Authors: Cha Haotian , Fallahi Hedieh , Dai Yuchen , Yuan Dan , An Hongjie , Nguyen Nam-Trung , Zhang Jun
Published: November 2021

We reviewed the state-of-the-art field of multiphysics microfluidics, in which multiple functional physical processes are combined in a microfluidic platform, examining the different formats of cascaded connections and physical coupling.
Solvent-mediated switching between oxidative addition and addition–oxidation: access to β-hydroxysulfides and β-arylsulfones by the addition of thiols to olefins in the presence of Oxone
Authors: Payra Soumen , Yadav Navin , Moorthy Jarugu Narasimha
Published: November 2021

Solvent-switching allows formation of either β-hydroxy-2-arylethyl aryl sulfides or 2-arylethyl aryl sulfones exclusively in thiol–ene ‘click’ reactions conducted with Oxone.
Substituent effects on the electronic structure of the flat Blatter radical: correlation analysis of experimental and computational data
Authors: Bartos Paulina , Hande Aniket A. , Pietrzak Anna , Chrostowska Anna , Kaszyński Piotr
Published: November 2021

Functionalized flat Blatter radicals were obtained and substituent effects on spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and stability were investigated by correlation and DFT methods.
Transition-metal-free, one-pot synthesis of benzoxaboroles fromo-bromobenzaldehydesviavisible-light-promoted borylation
Authors: Luo Jinghan , Jia Xingxing , Hu Yanjun , Chen Jianchao , Sun Tiemin
Published: November 2021

A novel and practical approach for the synthesis of benzoxaboroles fromo-bromobenzaldehydes is describedviavisible-light-promoted borylation.
Computational studies on the sterol-like cyclization of a monodomain class II terpene cyclase
Authors: Hess B. Andes , Piel Jörn , Smentek Lidia
Published: November 2021

Delineation of the mechanism with DFT calculations.
Correction: The corrosion behaviors of multilayer diamond-like carbon coatings: influence of deposition periods and corrosive medium
Authors: Cui Mingjun , Pu Jibin , Zhang Guangan , Wang Liping , Xue Qunji
Published: November 2021

Correction for ‘The corrosion behaviors of multilayer diamond-like carbon coatings: influence of deposition periods and corrosive medium’ by Mingjun Cui et al., RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 28570–28578, DOI: 10.1039/C6RA05527C.
Structural basis of binding and inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase by 1-amino-oxy-3-aminopropane
Authors: Zhou X. Edward , Suino-Powell Kelly , Schultz Chad R. , Aleiwi Bilal , Brunzelle Joseph S. , Lamp Jared , Vega Irving E. , Ellsworth Edmund , Bachmann André S. , Melcher Karsten
Published: November 2021

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of polyamines (PAs). PAs are oncometabolites that are required for proliferation, and pharmaceutical ODC inhibition is pursued for the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases, including cancer and infectious diseases. The most potent ODC inhibitor is 1-amino-oxy-3-aminopropane (APA). A previous crystal structure of an ODC–APA complex indicated that APA non-covalently binds ODC and its cofactor pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) and functions by competing with the ODC substrate ornithine for binding to the catalytic site. We have revisited the mechanism of APA binding and ODC inhibition through a new crystal structure of APA-bound ODC, which we solved at 2.49 Å resolution. The structure unambiguously shows the presence of a covalent oxime between APA and PLP in the catalytic site, which we confirmed in solution by mass spectrometry. The stable oxime makes extensive interactions with ODC but cannot be catabolized, explaining APA's high potency in ODC inhibition. In addition, we solved an ODC/PLP complex structure with citrate bound at the substrate-binding pocket. These two structures provide new structural scaffolds for developing more efficient pharmaceutical ODC inhibitors.
Novel neutron detector assembly based on SiPM readout to be coupled with the Active Target for SPES
Authors: Pino Felix , Delgado Jessica , Mantovani Giorgia , Pancheri Lucio , Fabris Daniela , Fontana Cristiano L. , Ruiz Vladimir , Brunelli Davide , Moretto Sandra
Published: November 2021

The Active Target ATS (Active Target for SPES) is a new time-projection chamber designed for reaction and decay studies with nuclei far from stability. The physics cases for the new-generation active target are related to the ongoing developments of facilities for radioactive ion beams. Thanks to its flexibility, this instrument will be capable of taking advantage of the most exotic beams which will become available at the SPES facility under construction at the Legnaro National Laboratories in Italy. Particular attention will be also paid to couple it with ancillary detectors, for both charged and neutral (gamma and neutrons) particles. In particular, in this work, we will focus the attention on the neutron ancillary detectors. The proposed prototype is a compact device able to discriminate, by performing pulse shape analysis, between neutrons and gamma. The device take advantage of recent improvements in silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) technology and the development of new plastic scintillators exhibiting neutron/gamma discrimination capability. Our work is focused on the read-out with silicon photomultipliers arrays of EJ-276 (and its old version EJ-299) and EJ-276G scintillators of several sizes (ranging from 20 mm to 50 mm diameter). Moreover, we will show the comparison of discrimination performances between SiPM and standard photomultiplier read-out configurations.
Fast timing detectors with applications in cosmic ray physics and medical science
Authors: Royon Christophe
Published: November 2021

We describe two applications concerning fast timing detectors and fast signal sampling in cosmic ray measurements in collaboration with NASA and in dose measurements for cancer treatment.
Development of a real-time signal processing unit for diamond detectors of ITER Vertical Neutron Camera
Authors: Zhuravlev Michael , Nemtcev Grigorii , Nagornyi Nikita , Meshchaninov Sergey , Rodionov Roman , Mironov Andrey , Zvonareva Anzhela , Mironova Ekaterina , Portone Sergey
Published: November 2021

CVD Diamond Detectors are going to be used in a number of neutron diagnostics of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) during its power operation phase [1]. One of such diagnostics is the Vertical Neutron Camera (VNC), which is being developed by the ITER Russian Domestic Agency (Institution “Project Center ITER”).

In VNC Diamond detectors are used for real-time neutron flux and neutron spectrum measurements. In this paper we present current advancements in the development of a digital signal processing unit for the VNC diamond detector measurement channel. We give an overview of the signal properties, hardware requirements and firmware/software solutions used in the current version of the signal processing unit. We also present preliminary test results for this measurement system and explain the discovered problems and possible solutions.