bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Nano‐shield Design for Separators to Resist Dendrite Formation in Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Liang Jie , Chen Qiyuan , Liao Xiangbiao , Yao Pengcheng , Zhu Bin , Lv Guangxin , Wang Xinyu , Chen Xi , Zhu Jia
Published: January 2020

Lithium dendrite growth during repeated charge and discharge cycles of lithium‐metal anodes often leads to short‐circuiting by puncturing the porous separator. Here, a morphological design, the nano‐shield, for separators to resist dendrites is presented. Through both mechanical analysis and experiment, it is revealed that the separator protected by the nano‐shield can effectively inhibit the penetration of lithium dendrites owing to the reduced stress intensity generated and therefore mitigate the short circuit of Li metal batteries. More than 110 h of lithium plating life is achieved in cell tests, which is among the longest cycle life of lithium metal anode and five times longer than that of blank separators. This new aspect of morphological and mechanical design not only provides an alternative pathway for extending lifetime of lithium metal anodes, but also sheds light on the role of separator engineering for various electrochemical energy storage devices.
Compromising Science by Ignorant Instrument Calibration—Need to Revisit Half a Century of Published XPS Data
Authors: Greczynski Grzegorz , Hultman Lars
Published: January 2020

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is an indispensable technique in modern materials science for the determination of chemical bonding as evidenced by more than 10 000 XPS papers published annually. A literature survey reveals that in the vast majority of cases an incorrect referencing of the binding energy scale is used, neglecting warnings that have been formulated from the early days of the technique. Consequences for the data reliability are disastrous and decades of XPS work require revisiting. The purpose of this Viewpoint is to highlight the existing problems, review the criticism and suggest ways forward.
Synthesis and Fundamental Characterization of Diverse Properties of Biocompatible Cd (II) Phosphor Complex for Cytotoxic Activity and Latent Fingerprint Detection
Authors: Fouad R.
Published: January 2020

The development of biocompatible fluorescent materials based on CdII(d10) systems for cytotoxic application and latent fingerprint detection under UV illumination has not yet been studied that thoroughly. In this sense, this work presents production of novel and dual nature pure Cd (II) phosphor complex based on ρ‐dimethylaminobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone ligand (H‐DMABTS). The structural characterization confirms that the ligand which acts as monoanionic bidentate through NS donor sites, forming mononuclear complex formulates as: [Cd (DMABTS)2(C2H5OH)2] where, DMABTS = anionic form of ρ‐dimethylaminobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone. TEM analysis shows that Cd (II) complex has sheet like shape in micro scale. Moreover, the Cd (II) complex was dispersed into silica host. Photoluminescence emission and lifetime of H‐DMABTS ligand, Cd (II) complex and Cd (II) complex dispersied into silica were measured. Cd (II) complex is intensive luminescent with impressive visual emission under UV excitation. All fluorescent materials were tested for theirin vitrocytotoxicity against HepG‐2 cell line. The Cd (II) phosphor complex shows higher activity (IC50= 0.005 μM) than other prepared materials and different standard antitumor drugs. Furthermore, the Cd (II) phosphor complex has a lower toxicity value (LD50= 130 mg/Kg) relative to the standardcis‐platin (LD50= 13.5 mg/Kg). Moreover, latent prints details, including their characteristic three levels, have been clearly identified from various forensic substrates (non‐porous, semi‐porous, porous) using Cd (II) phosphor complex.
Synthesis, structures, and electrocatalytic properties of phosphine‐monodentate, −chelate, and ‐bridge diiron 2,2‐dimethylpropanedithiolate complexes related to [FeFe]‐hydrogenases
Authors: Hu Meng‐Yuan , Zhao Pei‐Hua , Li Jian‐Rong , Gu Xiao‐Li , Jing Xing‐Bin , Liu Xu‐Feng
Published: January 2020

To further extend diiron subsite models of [FeFe]‐hydrogenases, the various substitutions of all‐carbonyl diiron complex Fe2(μ‐Me2pdt)(CO)6 (A, Me2pdt = (SCH2)2CMe2) with monophosphines or small bite‐angle diphosphines are studied as follows. Firstly, the monodentate complexes Fe2(μ‐Me2pdt)(CO)5{κ1‐P(C6H4R‐p)3} [R = Me (1a) and Cl (1b)] and Fe2(μ‐Me2pdt)(CO)5{κ1‐Ph2PX'} [X' = NHPh (2a) and CH2PPh2 (2b)] are readily afforded through the Me3NO‐assisted reactions of A with monophosphines P(C6H4R‐p)3 (R = Me, Cl) and diphosphines (Ph2P)2X (X = NPh, CH2 (dppm)) in MeCN at room temperature, respectively. Secondly, the chelate complexes Fe2(μ‐Me2pdt)(CO)4(κ2‐(Ph2P)2X) [X = NPh (3a) and NBun (3b)] can be efficiently prepared by the UV‐irradiated reactions of A with small bite‐angle diphosphines (Ph2P)2X (X = NPh, NBun) in toluene. Thirdly, the bridge complexes Fe2(μ‐Me2pdt)(CO)4(μ‐(Ph2P)2X) [X = NPh (4a) and CH2 (4b)] are well obtained from the refluxing solutions of A and diphosphines (Ph2P)2X (X = NPh, CH2) in xylene. Rarely, the diphosphine‐bridge complex 4b may be produced in low yield via the UV‐irradiated solutions of A and the dppm ligand in toluene emitting at 365 nm. Eight new complexes obtained above have been well characterized by using element analysis, FT‐IR, NMR (1H, 31P) spectroscopies, and particularly for 1a, 1b, 2a, 3b, 4a, 4b by X‐ray crystallography. Meanwhile, the electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties of three representative complexes 2a, 3a, and 4a with pendant N‐phenyl groups are investigated and compared by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in the absence and presence of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as a proton source, indicating that they are all found to be active for electrocatalytic proton reduction to hydrogen (H2).
Biomimetic complexes‐graphene composites for redox processes
Authors: Mahyari Mojtaba , Hooshmand Seyyed Emad , Sepahvand Heshmatollah , Gavgani Jaber Nasrollah , Hosseini Seyed Ghorban
Published: January 2020

Biomimetic complexes such as porphyrins, phthalocyanines, and hemins show promising catalytic activities in redox processes. Donor‐acceptor hybrids of these biomimetic macrocyclic complexes with graphene as one of the most critical allotropes of carbon are currently an outstanding scientific frontier. Notably, the composites that consist of these efficient and bio‐inspiring complexes anchored on the surface of the graphene and their widespread applications have gained ever‐increasing interest in the last decade, which expresses their efficiency in practice. Accordingly, this review covers the current status of biomimetic complexes‐graphene composites with particular emphasis on significant signs of their synthesis and characterization also highlighted applications of these composites in academia and industrial redox processes such as oxidation of organic compounds, epoxidation, oxygen reduction reactions, CO2reduction, and hydrogen evolution reactions.
Identification of FerLCH, isolation of ferritin and functional analysis related to interaction with pathogens in Eri‐silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini
Authors: Yang Li‐Ang , Wang Jie , Toufeeq Shahzad , Zhu Lin‐Bao , Zhang Shang‐Zhi , You Ling‐Ling , Hu Pei , Yu Hai‐Zhong , Zhao Kang , Xu Xin , Xu Jia‐Ping
Published: January 2020

Ferritin is a ubiquitous and conserved iron storage protein that plays a significant role in host detoxification, iron storage, and immune response. Although ferritin has been studied in many species, little is known about its role in the Eri‐silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini). In this study, the ferritin light‐chain subunit gene, named ScFerLCH, was identified from S. c. ricini. The full‐length gene, ScFerLCH, was 1,155 bp and encoded a protein consisting of 231 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 26.38 kDa. Higher ScFerLCH expression levels were found in the midgut, silk gland, and fat body by quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Injection of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa could induce upregulation of ScFerLCH in the hemolymph, fat body, and midgut, indicating that ScFerLCH may contribute to the host defense against invading pathogens. In addition, the native ferritin protein was isolated from S. c. ricini by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and its two subunits, ferritin heavy‐chain subunit (ScFerHCH) and ferritin light‐chain subunit (ScFerLCH), were identified by mass spectrometry. Specifically, we found that recombinant ferritin subunits could self‐assemble into a protein complex in vitro; moreover, both recombinant subunits and the protein complex were found to bind different bacteria, including Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. However, bactericidal tests showed that the protein complex could not inhibit the growth of bacteria directly. Taken together, our results suggest that ScFerritin might play an important role in mediating molecular interaction with pathogens.
Effects of Matching Facet Pairs of TiO2 on Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Behaviors
Authors: Phawa Chaiyasit , Prayoonpokarach Sanchai , Sinthiptharakoon Kitiphat , Chakthranont Pongkarn , Sangkhun Weradesh , Faungnawakij Kajornsak , Butburee Teera
Published: January 2020

Engineering crystal facets have been proved as one of the most promising strategies for promoting photocatalytic performance of titanium dioxide (TiO2). The earlier research in this field focused on trying to obtain as high ratio of the high energy {001} facet as possible, while later found that the co‐existence of facets is more beneficial. However, controlling crystals to expose suitable facet pairs and facet ratios remains challenging. In this work, we not only comprehensively match possible low‐index facets such as {101}‐{001} and {010}‐{001} facet pairs, but also systematically tune their ratios. Moreover, these faceted particles can be directly grown onto the transparent conductive substrate, which can be directly used as a photoanode. So, their intrinsic behaviors can be precisely evaluated without interference from other exogenous factors such as binders, additives, or assembly skills. Various characterization techniques reveal that both the types of facet pairs and the ratios of facets play crucial roles on photocatalytic behaviors, due to the different electron affinity and dissociative adsorption ability of water molecules on a particular facet. Charge transport and surface chemistry have been thoroughly investigated to identify the underlying mechanism. This work sheds light on a material design strategy considering a suitable match of facet pairs for optimizing photocatalytic performance for a wide variety of applications.
Charge Carriers Cascade in a Ternary TiO2/TiO2/ZnS Heterojunction: A DFT Study
Authors: Di Liberto Giovanni , Tosoni Sergio , Pacchioni Gianfranco
Published: January 2020

Composite materials whose band alignment induces a favorable separation of photogenerated electrons and holes often reveal a stronger photocatalytic activity compared to their separate components. As shown by experiments, titania composites display a heterojunction between the anatase (101)‐(001) surfaces, where the former stabilizes electrons and the latter the holes. In principle, an even more efficient carriers separation is achieved if a third component with high hole‐stabilizing capability, ZnS(110), is growth on anatase (001). However, even though this ternary TiO2/TiO2/ZnS composite material displays good photoactivity, it does not overperform the TiO2/TiO2 one. In this paper an explanation of this evidence is provided by means of periodic hybrid DFT calculations, showing how Coulomb forces play a role against the separation of charge carriers predicted based on the relative energy of the band edges. This highlights the necessity to explicitly account for structural and electronic junction's effects, as well as charge carriers’ localization.
In Situ Structural Determination of a Homogeneous Ruthenium Racemization Catalyst and Its Activated Intermediates Using X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Gustafson Karl P. J. , Guðmundsson Arnar , Bajnóczi Éva G. , Yuan Ning , Zou Xiaodong , Persson Ingmar , Bäckvall Jan‐E.
Published: January 2020

The activation process of a known Ru‐catalyst, dicarbonyl(pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium chloride, has been studied in detail using time resolved in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. The data provide bond lengths of the species involved in the process as well as information about bond formation and bond breaking. On addition of potassium tert‐butoxide, the catalyst is activated and an alkoxide complex is formed. The catalyst activation proceeds via a key acyl intermediate, which gives rise to a complete structural change in the coordination environment around the Ru atom. The rate of activation for the different catalysts was found to be highly dependent on the electronic properties of the cyclopentadienyl ligand. During catalytic racemization of 1‐phenylethanol a fast‐dynamic equilibrium was observed.
Are Hetero‐metallapentalenes Aromatic or Not? A DFT Investigation
Authors: Zhu Qin , Lin Lu , Qiu Rulin , Zhu Jun
Published: January 2020

Aromaticity is one of the most basic concepts in organic chemistry. The planar Möbius aromatic metallapentalynes and metallapentalenes have attracted considerable attention in the past few years. However, the aromaticity of metallapentalenes containing heteroatoms (such as B, N, and O), termed as hetero‐metallapentalenes, is rarely studied. Herein, the stability and aromaticity of a series of hetero‐metallapentalenes are theoretically investigated. The results reveal lower aromaticity in metallaborapentalene, comparable aromaticity in metallazapentalene, and nonaromaticity in metalloxapentalene relative to that of metallapentalene. Moreover, the effect of Lewis bases on the aromaticity and stability of metallaborapentalene is discussed. These results provide useful information for experimental chemists to realize more hetero‐metallapentalenes.
Isolation, stereochemical study, and racemization of (±)‐pratenone A, the first naturally occurring 3‐(1‐naphthyl)‐2‐benzofuran‐1(3H)‐one polyketide from a marine‐derived actinobacterium
Authors: Zhang Shu‐Min , Zhang Lu , Kou Li‐Juan , Yang Qiao‐Li , Qu Bo , Pescitelli Gennaro , Xie Ze‐Ping
Published: January 2020

(±)‐Pratenone A (1), the first representative of natural 3‐(1‐naphthyl)‐2‐benzofuran‐1(3H)‐one polyketides, was isolated from a marine‐derived Streptomyces pratensis strain KCB‐132 together with three other new analogues (2−4). Its structure was assigned by spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations of the two enantiomers separated by high‐performance liquid chromatography were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and electronic circular dichroism calculations. The solvent‐induced racemization of 1 and a proposed biogenetic pathway to 1−4 from the co‐isolated angucyclinone precursor, as well as their biological activity, are also discussed.
Exercise‐induced release of troponin
Authors: Stavroulakis George A. , George Keith P.
Published: January 2020

It is well established that regular physical activity reduces cardiovascular disease risk; however, numerous studies have demonstrated postexercise elevations in cardiac troponin (cTn), indicative of cardiac injury in apparently healthy individuals. The prevalence of these findings in different exercise settings and population groups, as well as potential underlying mechanisms and clinical significance of exercise‐induced cTn release are not yet quite determined. The present review will discuss the cTn response to exercise in light of developing cTn assays and the correlation between postexercise cTn release and cardiac function. Additionally, recent data regarding the potential link between strenuous endurance exercise and its relationship with unfavorable cardiac effects in athletes, as well as the management of patients presenting at emergency care after sport events will be briefly reviewed.
Associations between nutritional factors and chemotherapy toxicity in older adults with solid tumors
Authors: Dotan Efrat , Tew William P. , Mohile Supriya G. , Ma Huiyan , Kim Heeyoung , Sun Can‐Lan , Caan Bette , Dale William , Gajra Ajeet , Klepin Heidi D. , Owusu Cynthia , Gross Cary P. , Muss Hyman , Chapman Andrew , Katheria Vani , Hurria Arti
Published: January 2020

Background

Nutritional status can directly affect morbidity and mortality in older adults with cancer. This study evaluated the association between pretreatment body mass index (BMI), albumin level, and unintentional weight loss (UWL) in the prior 6 months and chemotherapy toxicity among older adults with solid tumors.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of a prospective, multicenter study involving chemotherapy‐treated patients 65 years old or older. Geriatric assessment, BMI, albumin level, and UWL data were collected before treatment. Multivariable logistic regression models evaluated the associations between nutritional factors and the risk of grade 3 or higher (grade 3+) chemotherapy toxicity.

Results

Seven hundred fifty patients with a median age of 72 years (range, 65‐94 years) and mostly stage IV disease were enrolled. The median pretreatment BMI and albumin values were 26 kg/m2 (range, 15.1‐52.1 kg/m2) and 3.9 mg/dL (range, 1.0‐5.0 mg/dL), respectively. Nearly 50% of the patients reported UWL, with 17.6% reporting >10% UWL. Multivariable analysis revealed no association between >10% UWL and a risk for grade 3+ chemotherapy toxicity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.87; P = .58). Multivariable analysis showed a trend toward an association between a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and a decreased risk of grade 3+ chemotherapy toxicity (AOR, 0.65; P = .06), whereas a low albumin level (≤3.6 mg/dL) was associated with a higher risk of grade 3+ chemotherapy toxicity (AOR, 1.50; P = .03). An analysis of the joint effect of BMI and albumin demonstrated the lowest risk of grade 3+ chemotherapy toxicity among patients with high BMIs (≥30 kg/m2) and normal albumin levels (AOR, 0.41; P = .008).

Conclusions

Among older adults with solid tumors, higher BMIs and normal albumin levels are associated with a lower risk of grade 3+ chemotherapy toxicity. Additional research is warranted to define the clinical significance of nutritional markers and to inform future interventions.
Physician and facility drivers of spending variation in locoregional prostate cancer
Authors: Rodin Danielle , Chien Alyna T. , Ellimoottil Chad , Nguyen Paul L. , Kakani Pragya , Mossanen Matthew , Rosenthal Meredith , Landrum Mary Beth , Sinaiko Anna D.
Published: January 2020

Background

Prostate cancer is the most common male cancer, with a wide range of treatment options. Payment reform to reduce unnecessary spending variation is an important strategy for reducing waste, but its magnitude and drivers within prostate cancer are unknown.

Methods

In total, 38,971 men aged ≥66 years with localized prostate cancer who were enrolled in Medicare fee‐for‐service and were included in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐Medicare database from 2009 to 2014 were included. Multilevel linear regression with physician and facility random effects was used to examine the contributions of urologists, radiation oncologists, and their affiliated facilities to variation in total patient spending in the year after diagnosis within geographic region. The authors assessed whether spending variation was driven by patient characteristics, disease risk, or treatments. Physicians and facilities were sorted into quintiles of adjusted patient‐level spending, and differences between those that were high‐spending and low‐spending were examined.

Results

Substantial variation in spending was driven by physician and facility factors. Differences in cancer treatment modalities drove more variation across physicians than differences in patient and disease characteristics (72% vs 2% for urologists, 20% vs 18% for radiation oncologists). The highest spending physicians spent 46% more than the lowest and had more imaging tests, inpatient care, and radiotherapy spending. There were no differences across spending quintiles in the use of robotic surgery by urologists or the use of brachytherapy by radiation oncologists.

Conclusions

Significant differences were observed for patients with similar demographics and disease characteristics. This variation across both physicians and facilities suggests that efforts to reduce unnecessary spending must address decision making at both levels.
Xeno‐Free Reprogramming of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Erythroblasts on Laminin‐521
Authors: Skorik Christian , Mullin Nathaniel K. , Shi Michael , Zhang Yosra , Hunter Phoebe , Tang Yang , Hilton Brianna , Schlaeger Thorsten M.
Published: January 2020

Translating human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)–derived cells and tissues into the clinic requires streamlined and reliable production of clinical‐grade hiPSCs. This article describes an entirely animal component–free procedure for the reliable derivation of stable hiPSC lines from donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using only autologous patient materials and xeno‐free reagents. PBMCs are isolated from a whole blood donation, from which a small amount of patient serum is also generated. The PBMCs are then expanded prior to reprogramming in an animal component–free erythroblast growth medium supplemented with autologous patient serum, thereby eliminating the need for animal serum. After expansion, the erythroblasts are reprogrammed using either cGMP‐grade Sendai viral particles (CytoTune™ 2.1 kit) or episomally replicating reprogramming plasmids (Epi5™ kit), both commercially available. Expansion of emerging hiPSCs on a recombinant cGMP‐grade human laminin substrate is compatible with a number of xeno‐free or chemically defined media (some available as cGMP‐grade reagents), such as E8, Nutristem, Stemfit, or mTeSR Plus. hiPSC lines derived using this method display expression of expected surface markers and transcription factors, loss of the reprogramming agent–derived nucleic acids, genetic stability, and the ability to robustly differentiate in vitro to multiple lineages. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Protocol 1: Isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells using CPT tubes

Support Protocol 1: Removal of clotting factors to produce serum from autologous plasma collected in Basic Protocol 1

Basic Protocol 2: PBMC expansion in an animal‐free erythroblast expansion medium containing autologous serum

Basic Protocol 3: Reprogramming of expanded PBMCs with Sendai viral reprogramming particles

Alternate Protocol: Reprogramming of expanded PBMCs with episomal plasmids

Basic Protocol 4: Picking, expanding, and cryopreserving hiPSC clones

Support Protocol 2: Testing Sendai virus kit–reprogrammed hiPSC for absence of Sendai viral RNA

Support Protocol 3: Testing Epi5 kit–reprogrammed hiPSC for absence of episomal plasmid DNA

Support Protocol 4: Assessing the undifferentiated state of human pluripotent stem cell cultures by multi‐color immunofluorescent staining and confocal imaging

Support Protocol 5: Coating plates with extracellular matrices to support hiPSC attachment and expansion
Cross‐linking Effects on Performance Metrics of Phenazine‐Based Polymer Cathodes
Authors: Gannett Cara N. , Peterson Brian M. , Shen Luxi , Seok Jeesoo , Fors Brett P. , Abruña Héctor D.
Published: January 2020

Developing cathodes that can support high charge–discharge rates would improve the power density of lithium‐ion batteries. Herein, the development of high‐power cathodes without sacrificing energy density is reported. N,N′‐diphenylphenazine was identified as a promising charge‐storage center by electrochemical studies due to its reversible, fast electron transfer at high potentials. By incorporating the phenazine redox units in a cross‐linked network, a high‐capacity (223 mA h g−1), high‐voltage (3.45 V vs. Li/Li+) cathode material was achieved. Optimized cross‐linked materials are able to deliver reversible capacities as high as 220 mA h g−1 at 120 C with minimal degradation over 1000 cycles. The work presented herein highlights the fast ionic transport and rate capabilities of amorphous organic materials and demonstrates their potential as materials with high energy and power density for next‐generation electrical energy‐storage technologies.
Responses to terrestrial nest predators by endemic and introduced Hawaiian birds
Authors: Cummins George C. , Theimer Tad C. , Paxton Eben H.
Published: January 2020

Birds free from nest predators for long periods may either lose the ability to recognize and respond to predators or retain antipredator responses if they are not too costly. How these alternate scenarios play out has rarely been investigated in an avian community whose members have different evolutionary histories. We presented models of two nest predators (rat and snake) and a negative control (tree branch) to birds on Hawaiʻi Island. Endemic Hawaiian birds evolved in the absence of terrestrial predators until rats were introduced approximately 1,000 years ago. Introduced birds evolved with diverse predator communities including mammals and snakes, but since their introduction onto the island approximately one century ago have been free from snake predation. We found that (a) endemic and introduced birds had higher agitation scores toward the rat model compared with the branch, and (b) none of the endemic birds reacted to the snake model, while one introduced bird, the Red‐billed Leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea), reacted as strongly to the snake as to the rat. Overall, endemic and introduced birds differ in their response to predators, but some endemic birds have the capacity to recognize and respond to introduced rats, and one introduced bird species retained recognition of snake predators from which they had been free for nearly a century, while another apparently lost that ability. Our results indicate that the retention or loss of predator recognition by introduced and endemic island birds is variable, shaped by each species' unique history, ecology, and the potential interplay of genetic drift, and that endemic Hawaiian birds could be especially vulnerable to introduced snake predators.
Contrasting patterns of sexually selected traits in Mediterranean and continental populations of European mouflon
Authors: Kavčić Krešimir , Corlatti Luca , Safner Toni , Budak Nikola , Šprem Nikica
Published: January 2020

The expression of sexually selected traits in highly dimorphic ungulates may be influenced by environmental quality. Variations in habitat conditions can impose different constraints on the allocation of energy resources to male life‐history traits, and possibly alter the female preferences for specific features. Here, we compared the horn growth patterns in male European mouflon Ovis aries musimon living in different habitats (Mediterranean vs. continental) but sharing a common genetic origin. We hypothesized that the expression of sexually selected traits such as horn development should be promoted in more favorable habitat conditions (i.e., Mediterranean). Using linear mixed models on data retrieved from individuals harvested under the same hunting regime, we found longer horns and greater individual variance in horn segment length in the Mediterranean population than in the continental one. Furthermore, Mediterranean rams showed no evidence of compensatory horn growth, as opposed to the continental rams. Unexpectedly, horn base circumference was greater in the continental habitat than in the Mediterranean one. The overall results suggest different patterns of investment in horns in the two populations, with seemingly stronger pressure and consequences of sexual selection on mouflon rams living in more favorable environments. Although the role of hunters' selectivity cannot be excluded a priori, our data suggest that the differences in the expression of sexually selected traits in our study populations may be influenced by environmental conditions. Because sexual selection can impose substantial fitness costs on individuals, further investigations on the trade‐offs between reproduction and survival would improve our understanding of the dynamics of mouflon populations living in different environmental conditions.
Impact of Methanol Photomediated Surface Defects on Photocatalytic H2 Production Over Pt/TiO2
Authors: Jiang Zhi , Qi Rongjie , Huang Zhengwen , Shangguan Wenfeng , Wong Roong Jien , Lee Adam
Published: January 2020

Co‐catalysts play a critical role in enhancing the efficiency of inorganic semiconductor photocatalysts; however, synthetic approaches to tailoring co‐catalyst properties are rarely the focus of research efforts. A photomediated route to control the dispersion and oxidation state of a platinum (Pt) co‐catalyst through defect generation in the P25 titania photocatalyst substrate is reported. Titania photoirradiation in the presence of methanol induces long‐lived surface defects which subsequently promote the photodeposition of highly dispersed (2.2 ± 0.8 nm) and heavily reduced Pt nanoparticles on exposure to H2PtCl6. The optimal methanol concentration of 20 vol% produces the highest density of metallic Pt nanoparticles. Photocatalytic activity for water splitting and associated hydrogen (H2) production under UV irradiation mirrors the methanol concentration employed during the P25 photoirradiation pretreatment, and resulting Pt loading, resulting in a common mass‐normalized H2 productivity of 3800 ± 130 mmol gPt−1 h−1. Photomediated surface defects (arising in the presence of a methanol hole scavenger) provide electron traps that regulate subsequent photodeposition of a Pt co‐catalyst over P25, offering a facile route to tune photocatalytic efficiency.
Treatment with 24 hour istaroxime infusion in patients hospitalised for acute heart failure: a randomised, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Carubelli Valentina , Zhang Yuhui , Metra Marco , Lombardi Carlo , Felker G. Michael , Filippatos Gerasimos , O'Connor Christopher M. , Teerlink John R. , Simmons Phillip , Segal Robert , Malfatto Gabriella , La Rovere Maria Teresa , Li Dianfu , Han Xiumin , Yuan Zuyi , Yao Yali , Li Benjamin , Lau Lit Fui , Bianchi Giuseppe , Zhang Jian ,   the Istaroxime ADHF Trial Group
Published: January 2020

Aim

Istaroxime is a first‐in‐class agent which acts through inhibition of the sarcolemmal Na+/K+ pump and activation of the SERCA2a pump. This study assessed the effects of a 24 h infusion of istaroxime in patients hospitalised for acute heart failure (AHF).

Methods and results

We included patients hospitalised for AHF with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% and E/e' > 10. Patients were randomised to a 24 h intravenous infusion of placebo or istaroxime at doses of 0.5 μg/kg/min (cohort 1: placebo n = 19; istaroxime n = 41) or 1.0 μg/kg/min (cohort 2: placebo n = 20, istaroxime n = 40). The primary endpoint of change in E/e' ratio from baseline to 24 h decreased with istaroxime vs. placebo (cohort 1: −4.55 ± 4.75 istaroxime 0.5 μg/kg/min vs. −1.55 ± 4.11 placebo, P = 0.029; cohort 2: −3.16 ± 2.59 istaroxime 1.0 μg/kg/min vs. −1.08 ± 2.72 placebo, P = 0.009). Both istaroxime doses significantly increased stroke volume index and decreased heart rate. Systolic blood pressure increased with istaroxime, achieving significance with the high dose. Self‐reported dyspnoea and N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide improved in all groups without significant differences between istaroxime and placebo. No significant differences in cardiac troponin absolute values or clinically relevant arrhythmias were observed during or after istaroxime infusion. Serious cardiac adverse events (including arrhythmias and hypotension) did not differ between placebo and istaroxime groups. The most common adverse events were injection site reactions and gastrointestinal events, the latter primarily with istaroxime 1.0 μg/kg/min.

Conclusions

In patients hospitalised for AHF with reduced ejection fraction, a 24 h infusion of istaroxime improved parameters of diastolic and systolic cardiac function without major cardiac adverse effects.
Blockade of BDNF signalling attenuates chronic visceral hypersensitivity in an IBS‐like rat model
Authors: Fan Fei , Tang Ying , Dai Hengfen , Cao Yang , Sun Pei , Chen Yu , Chen Aiqin , Lin Chun
Published: January 2020

Background

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional disease characterized by chronic abdominal pain and changes in bowel movements. Effective therapy for visceral hypersensitivity in IBS patients remains challenging. This study investigated the roles of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) and the effect of ANA‐12 (a selective antagonist of TrkB) on chronic visceral hypersensitivity in an IBS‐like rat model.

Methods

An IBS‐like rat model was established through neonatal maternal separation (NMS), and visceral hypersensitivity was assessed by electromyographic (EMG) responses of the abdominal external oblique muscles to colorectal distention (CRD). Different doses of ANA‐12 were injected intrathecally to investigate the effect of that drug on visceral hypersensitivity, and the open field test was performed to determine whether ANA‐12 had side effects on movement. Thoracolumbar spinal BDNF, TrkB receptor and Protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) expression were measured to investigate their roles in chronic visceral hypersensitivity. Whole‐cell recordings were made from thoracolumbar superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurons of lamina II.

Results

The expression of BDNF and TrkB was enhanced in the thoracolumbar spinal cord of the NMS animals. ANA‐12 attenuated visceral hypersensitivity without side effects on motricity in NMS rats. PKMζ expression significantly decreased after the administration of ANA‐12. The frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) increased in the thoracolumbar SDH neurons of lamina II in NMS rats. The amplitude and frequency of sEPSCs were reduced after perfusion with ANA‐12 in NMS rats.

Conclusions

Neonatal maternal separation caused visceral hypersensitivity and increased synaptic activity by activating BDNF‐TrkB‐PKMζ signalling in the thoracolumbar spinal cord of adult rats. PKMζ was able to potentiate AMPA receptor (AMPAR)‐mediated sEPSCs in NMS rats. ANA‐12 attenuated visceral hypersensitivity and synaptic activity by blocking BDNF/TrkB signalling in NMS rats.

Significance

ANA‐12 attenuates visceral hypersensitivity via BDNF‐TrkB‐PKMζ signalling and reduces synaptic activity through AMPARs in NMS rats. This knowledge suggests that ANA‐12 could represent an interesting novel therapeutic medicine for chronic visceral hypersensitivity.
If you want to be one of us, then become like us: The evaluation of naturalization applicants by host nationals
Authors: Politi Emanuele , Roblain Antoine , Gale Jessica , Licata Laurent , Staerklé Christian
Published: January 2020

Immigrant naturalization is a rite of passage, making assimilationist attitudes particularly pronounced among host nationals. Three experimental studies investigate whether heritage culture maintenance violates expectations that citizenship should be deserved by proving strong attachment to the host nation (i.e., neoliberal communitarianism). Study 1 (N = 293) demonstrates that naturalization applicants’ high degree of heritage culture maintenance impairs application evaluations. Perceived attachment to the host nation and citizenship deservingness mediated this effect. Study 2 (N = 220) replicates results across two national contexts and reveals that heritage culture maintenance impairs evaluations only among naturalization applicants from devalued countries. Study 3 (N = 117) manipulates attachment to the host nation and shows that perceived citizenship deservingness mediates the negative effects of naturalization applicants' low attachment to the host nation on application evaluations. Overall, assimilationist attitudes among host nationals are best explained by the combination of neoliberal and communitarian criteria of evaluation.
First application of CE‐ICP‐MS for monitoring the formation of cisplatin targeting delivery systems with gold nanocarriers
Authors: Wróblewska Anna , Matczuk Magdalena
Published: January 2020

Cisplatin is a drug frequently used in chemotherapy of various types of tumors due to its strong cytostatic activity against cancer cells. However, this therapy is not free from severe side effects related to the nonselective action of the drug. The solution to this problem could be the application of drug‐targeted delivery systems (DTDSs). Gold nanoparticles can be used in such systems as selective drug carriers, ensuring its transportation through the bloodstream to destination tissue. The method of DTDSs analysis providing qualitative and quantitative information about the formation of this conjugation is crucial to establish the kinetics of reaction and stoichiometry of reagents, which ensures the best drug binding rate. Moreover, the status of so far proposed techniques/methods dedicated to elaborating the course of DTDSs formation is preliminary and in majority guarantee only the confirmation of drug‒carrier conjugate formation. In this paper, we demonstrate the procedures of reagents’ preparation and cisplatin‒gold nanoparticles DTDS formation, which have a significant influence on the rate and stoichiometry of the reaction. We also present the novel application of CE‐ICP‐MS hyphenation for effective separation and online monitoring of all components of the reaction mixture.
Facial functional outcomes analysis after reconstruction by vascularized thoracodorsal nerve free flap following radical parotidectomy with facial nerve sacrifice
Authors: Bedarida Vincent , Qassemyar Quentin , Temam Stéphane , Janot François , Kolb Frédéric
Published: January 2020

Background

Parotid spread tumor may occasion wide defect with facial nerve sacrifice. We report our one time reconstruction experience of this defect using a thoracodorsal artery perforator and nerve flap (TAPN).

Methods

Eight patients underwent a radical parotidectomy with facial nerve sacrifice between February 2010 and June 2016. A single time reconstruction was performed using a thoracodorsal artery perforator and nerve flap, with skin or fat paddle. The thoracodorsal nerve vascularized was harvested and used to reconstruct the facial nerve from the trunk to four until six distal branches. Patients underwent physiotherapy for 3 months at least. Facial outcomes were assessed using House‐Brackmann scale and eFACE application.

Outcomes

Mean follow‐up was 30 months. No complication occurred on donor site. All patients recovered a complete soft eye closure. No Frey syndrome occurred.

Conclusion

TAPN is adapted to wide and complex parotid defects.
Prognostic value of post‐ablation 131I scintigraphy in children with thyroid cancer
Authors: Zhang Xinyue , Liu Lina , Chen Yu , Huang Rui , Liu Bin
Published: January 2020

Background

To evaluate the prognostic value of post‐ablation whole‐body scintigraphy (PAS) in children with thyroid cancer following 131I therapy.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of children with thyroid cancer who underwent remnant ablation was performed. PAS results were correlated with clinical and histopathologic characteristics of the primary tumor and compared with the follow‐up data.

Results

One hundred and sixty‐eight children were eligible for the analysis. The median age was 17 years, and the majority were female (81.5%). In multivariate analysis, N1b classification and 131I ablative dose were associated with PAS positivity. After a median follow‐up of 49 months, 89 (71.8%) of 124 children with normal PAS achieved complete remission. Fifteen of 44 (34.1%) children with positive PAS had complete remission. Kaplan‐Meier analysis showed that positive PAS was negatively associated with cumulative complete remission rates (P < .001).

Conclusions

PAS could provide prognostic information in children with thyroid cancer undergoing 131I therapy.
Pd‐Catalyzed C−C, C−N, and C−O Bond‐Forming Difunctionalization Reactions of Alkenes Bearing Tethered Aryl/Alkenyl Triflates
Authors: White Derick R. , Bornowski Evan C. , Wolfe John P.
Published: January 2020

Over the past few years our group has described a new type of alkene difunctionalization reaction in which aryl or alkenyl triflates bearing tethered alkenes are coupled with various nucleophiles to afford carbocyclic products. The products are formed in moderate to good chemical yield, with generally high levels of stereoselectivity. Our progress to date in this area, which includes reactions of amine, alcohol, enolate, and indole nucleophiles, is described in this review.
Women's reluctance for pregnancy: Experiences and perceptions of Zika virus in Medellin, Colombia
Authors: Tirado Veronika , Morales Mesa Santiago A. , Kinsman John , Ekström Anna Mia , Restrepo Jaramillo Berta N.
Published: January 2020

Objective

To explore how being infected with the Zika virus during pregnancy was experienced by affected women, and how it influenced their family relationships and future family planning.

Methods

We conducted a qualitative study, including 19 semistructured interviews with women of reproductive age and confirmed Zika infection during 2015–2018 in Medellin, Colombia. Purposeful sampling was applied, and participants were identified through National Public Health Surveillance System records. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using content analysis with inductive and deductive approaches.

Results

Of 19 women interviewed, eight women identified the pregnancy as unexpected and two women had undergone permanent sterilization. Women had mixed views about decision‐making related to family planning, and not having an abortion in a future pregnancy was influenced by religious beliefs. Women knew about vector‐borne transmission but were not well informed about sexual transmission of the virus. Women desired better support and guidance to ease concerns about Zika virus.

Conclusion

All interviewed women expressed a need for more information about Zika virus and continuous support, specifically after delivery, from healthcare professionals. Communication strategies to enhance culturally sensitive messages and for accurate perception of information are recommended during Zika outbreaks.
Analysis of the spatial distribution of cases of Zika virus infection and congenital Zika virus syndrome in a state in the southeastern region of Brazil: Sociodemographic factors and implications for public health
Authors: Mocelin Helaine J.S. , Catão Rafael C. , Freitas Paula S.S. , Prado Thiago N. , Bertolde Adelmo I. , Castro Marcia C. , Maciel Ethel L.N.
Published: January 2020

Objective

To perform spatial distribution analysis of reported cases of Zika virus and congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, by neighborhood, and relate the results to sociodemographic indicators and implications for the health process.

Methods

An ecological study using data from the 2016 National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, epidemiological records, and information on neighborhoods of families confirmed with CZS from qualitative field research.

Results

Sociodemographic indicators were analyzed in three distinct groups: general population with Zika virus, pregnant women with Zika virus, and cases of CZS visited. For the three groups, average literacy rates were 71.1%, 71.0%, and 68.3%; the average income per minimum wage was 1.4, 1.1, and 1.4; sanitary sewage coverage was 75.6%, 76.1%, and 71.4%; garbage coverage was 90.8%, 91.2%, and 89.2%; and water supply was 93.8%, 94.1% and 93.8%, respectively. Socioeconomic indicators showed no significant differences between groups, although they were above the national average. A nonsignificant variation of 68.3%–71.1% was seen in the average literacy level above 15 years of age.

Conclusion

Socioeconomic and demographic indicators of cases of Zika virus infection and CZS may indicate that the outbreak had different impacts according to class, social group, or gender, reflecting the persistence and social geography of inequality in Brazil.
Neurological complications associated with emerging viruses in Brazil
Authors: Angelo Jussara R. , Fuller Trevon L. , Leandro Bianca B.S. , Praça Heitor L.F. , Marques Renata D. , Ferreira João M.C. , Pupe Camila C.B. , Perez Olívia C. , Nielsen‐Saines Karin , Nascimento Osvaldo J.M. , Sabroza Paulo C.
Published: January 2020

Objective

To test the hypotheses that emerging viruses are associated with neurological hospitalizations and that statistical models can be used to predict neurological sequelae from viral infections.

Methods

An ecological study was carried out to observe time trends in the number of hospitalizations with inflammatory polyneuropathy and Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) in the state of Rio de Janeiro from 1997 to 2017. Increases in GBS from month to month were assessed using a Farrington test. In addition, a cross‐sectional study was conducted analyzing 50 adults hospitalized for inflammatory polyneuropathies from 2015 to 2017. The extent to which Zika virus symptoms explained GBS hospitalizations was evaluated using a calibration test.

Results

There were significant increases (Farrington test, P<0.001) in the incidence of GBS following the introduction of influenza A/H1N1 in 2009, dengue virus type 4 in 2013, and Zika virus in 2015. Of 50 patients hospitalized, 14 (28.0%) were diagnosed with arboviruses, 9 (18.0%) with other viruses, and the remainder with other causes of such neuropathies. Statistical models based on cases of emerging viruses accurately predicted neurological sequelae, such as GBS.

Conclusion

The introduction of novel viruses increases the incidence of inflammatory neuropathies.
In vitro effect of vanadyl sulfate on cultured primary astrocytes: cell viability and oxidative stress markers.
Authors: Ścibior Agnieszka , Szychowski Konrad A. , Zwolak Iwona , Dachowska Klaudia , Gmiński Jan
Published: January 2020

Exposure to vanadium has been associated with deleterious effects on the central nervous system in animals and humans. Although vanadium‐derived pro‐oxidant species were reported to be involved in vanadium‐mediated neurotoxicity, the ability of this metal to induce oxidative stress markers in glial cells remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) by mouse primary astrocytes after treatment with vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4) at concentrations of 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 μM. The resazurin assay revealed that treatment with VOSO4 for 24 and 48 h at concentrations of 50 and 100 μM, respectively, or higher substantially induced astrocytic cytotoxicity. Intracellular ROS increased after 6‐h exposure to the lowest concentration tested (20 μM VOSO4) and tended to intensify after 24‐ and 48‐h treatments reaching significant values for 20 and 500 μM VOSO4. In turn, NO production in the examined cells was elevated after exposure to all concentrations at the 6‐, 24‐, and 48‐h incubation periods. Our study demonstrated the ability of VOSO4 to induce H2O2 generation in cell‐free DMEM/F12 medium. The H2O2 levels were in the micromolar range (up to 5 μM) and were detected mostly during the first few minutes after VOSO4 addition, suggesting that the generated H2O2 could not induce toxic effects on the cells. Taken together, these results show VOSO4 induced cytotoxicity in primary astrocyte cells, which may have resulted from vanadyl‐stimulated intracellular ROS and NO generation in these cells.