bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Damage analysis of cement sheath and rock subjected to electrohydraulic shock waves under the perforation completion
Authors: Zhang Hui , Yu Qing , Li Jun , Yang Hongwei , Wu Yongchuan , Chen Yufei , Wang Xinrui , Liu Kerou , Zhou Yuting , Dong Zhuoxin
Published: July 2024

The high‐voltage pulse discharge technology, which is based on the electrohydraulic effect, can generate powerful, controllable, and repetitive electrohydraulic shock waves (EHSWs) in underground confined space, so it has been applied in the petroleum industry to improve the permeable of the reservoir. In this paper, a numerical model based on LS‐DYNA is built to study the damage analysis of the cement sheath and rock subjected to EHSWs during perforation completion. The results show that the stress state of the cement sheath and rock surrounding the perforation hole is determined by the shock pressure from both the perforation hole and the wellbore; the damage of the cement sheath and rock is mainly caused by tensile stress; the damage zone of the cement sheath is mainly distributed on the inner surface and near the perforation hole, while the damage zone of rock is distributed near the perforation hole; after multiple discharges, the damage of cement sheath and rock gradually accumulates, and the damage zone eventually forms a vertical plane along perforation holes. Overall, these results provide guidance for the safe application of the high‐voltage pulse discharge technology in the oil field.
Operationalization of (Trans)gender in Facial Recognition Systems: From Binarism to Intersectionality
Authors: Pennisi Giovanni
Published: July 2024

In a paper published in 2018, Os Keyes investigated how the literature on Automated Gender Recognition systems (AGRs) conceived gender, finding that 94.8% of the papers treated it as binary, 72.4% as immutable and 60.3% as a physiological component. In the author's view, this is indicative of an operationalization of gender, that is, the assumption that the latter is a discrete and objectively applicable parameter. Keyes claims that such a vision is blind to the performative aspects of gender and particularly dangerous for transgender people. Here I will follow on these remarks, providing several examples that show how AGR systems' failures in recognizing the faces of transgender people are capable of both perpetuating and amplifying gender stereotypes and inequalities. Then, I will introduce the notion of intersectionality, which is the idea that humans ‘sit at the crossroads’ of many physical, social, and political factors, whose combination generates dynamics of discrimination or privilege. I will focus on a subfield of intersectional studies, that is, intersectional stereotyping, which explains how we usually make assumptions and judgments about an individual or group of people based on multiple social identities or categories they belong to, such as their race, gender, sexual orientation, class, religion and ability. I will argue that this area of research provides us with a set of knowledge that might help us rethink and redesign the data sets for AGR. Specifically, I will draw on three key notions of intersectional stereotyping—‘perceiver goals’, ‘category accessibility’ and ‘category fit’—and use them to envision new ways of collecting images for assessing gender through facial recognition. Finally, I will explicate why my observations call for an urgent integration between computer science and gender studies.
Separation and purification of antioxidant peptides from Idesia polycarpa Maxim. cake meal and study of conformational relationship between them
Authors: Dou Lei , Zhang Zimu , Yang Wenqing , Chen Yaobing , Luo Kai , Kan Jianquan
Published: July 2024

In this study, peptides were isolated and purified from Idesia polycarpa Maxim. cake meal for the first time, with the aim of discovering peptides with excellent antioxidant properties. Peptides were isolated and purified from the cake meal using ultrafiltration and dextran gel chromatography. Fractions with significant antioxidant activity were identified by mass spectrometry (MS) and the peptides were screened and characterized using techniques, such as network pharmacology and molecular docking. The results showed that the CIPs‐I‐F2 fractions possessed excellent antioxidant activities, and a total of seven peptides were screened, with the main targets of action including serine/threonine‐protein kinase AKT (AKT1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), among which ISKPTWADF had the highest total binding energy to the target. ISKPTWADF was synthesized in vitro by solid‐phase synthesis and showed a dose‐dependent protective effect against the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐induced oxidative damage model in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells, with its main active site on the tryptophan indole ring at position 52N‐127H.
Clinical manifestations and imaging analysis of hepatitis C complicated with cerebral toxoplasmosis
Authors: Xie Yuanyang , Zhang Fanshi , Luo Zhong , Zhang Jun , Xu Zucai
Published: July 2024

Cerebral toxoplasmosis is a common opportunistic infectious disease in immunocompromised patients that usually involves the central nervous system. The clinical features and neuroimaging findings of cerebral toxoplasmosis are often similar to brain abscess and tuberculoma. We report a case of hepatitis C with cerebral toxoplasmosis, with the aim of enhancing understanding of the imaging manifestations of cerebral toxoplasmosis and thereby improving the differential diagnosis of brain space‐occupying lesions.
Cover Image
Authors: Mrksich Kaitlin , Padilla Marshall S. , Joseph Ryann A. , Han Emily L. , Kim Dongyoon , Palanki Rohan , Xu Junchao , Mitchell Michael J.
Published: July 2024

The cover image is based on the Research Article Influence of ionizable lipid tail length on lipid nanoparticle delivery of fcmRNA/fc of varying length by Kaitlin Mrksich et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.37705.

image
Dissecting the role of cannabinoids in vascular health and disease
Authors: Guo Yanan , Wei Xiaoyun , Pei Junyu , Yang Haibo , Zheng Xi‐Long
Published: July 2024

Cannabis, often recognized as the most widely used illegal psychoactive substance globally, has seen a shift in its legal status in several countries and regions for both recreational and medicinal uses. This change has brought to light new evidence linking cannabis consumption to various vascular conditions. Specifically, there is an association between cannabis use and atherosclerosis, along with conditions such as arteritis, reversible vasospasm, and incidents of aortic aneurysm or dissection. Recent research has started to reveal the mechanisms connecting cannabinoid compounds to atherosclerosis development. It is well known that the primary biological roles of cannabinoids operate through the activation of cannabinoid receptor types 1 and 2. Manipulation of the endocannabinoid system, either genetically or pharmacologically, is emerging as a promising approach to address metabolic dysfunctions related to obesity. Additionally, numerous studies have demonstrated the vasorelaxant properties and potential atheroprotective benefits of cannabinoids. In preclinical trials, cannabidiol is being explored as a treatment option for monocrotaline‐induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Although existing literature suggests a direct role of cannabinoids in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the correlation between cannabinoids and other vascular diseases was only reported in some case series or observational studies, and its role and precise mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize and update previously published studies. This review article aims to summarize the latest clinical and experimental research findings on the relationship between cannabis use and vascular diseases. It also seeks to shed light on the potential mechanisms underlying these associations, offering a comprehensive view of current knowledge in this evolving field of study.
Defining community‐led monitoring and its role in programme‐embedded learning: lessons from the Citizen Science Project in Malawi and South Africa
Authors: Lauer Krista J. , Soboyisi Melikhaya , Kassam Carol Ameera , Mseu Dennis , Oberth Gemma , Baptiste Solange L.
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Programme Science (PS) and community‐led monitoring (CLM) intersect in unexpected and promising ways. This commentary examines a CLM initiative in Malawi and South Africa to highlight the crucial role of CLM in bolstering the PS framework. By leveraging data sources often overlooked by conventional research and evaluation approaches, CLM emerges as a pivotal element in enhancing programme effectiveness. This paper delineates the fundamental principles of CLM, presents programme outcomes derived from CLM methodologies and contextualizes these findings within the broader framework of PS.

Discussion

The Citizen Science Project implements CLM continuously at 33 health facilities: 14 in Malawi (eight in Kasungu District and six in Dedza District), and 19 in South Africa (all in the West Rand District), representing a total catchment area of 989,848 people. Monitoring indicators are developed in an iterative process with community groups. The indicators are unique to each country, but both focus on the uptake of health services (quantitative) and barriers to access (qualitative). Monthly clinic records surveys capture 34 indicators in Malawi and 20 in South Africa and are supplemented by qualitative interviews with care recipients and healthcare workers. Qualitative interviews provide additional granularity and help confirm and explain the more macro trends in service coverage as described in quantitative data. The resulting data analysis reveals key themes that help stakeholders and decision‐makers to solve problems collaboratively. Noteworthy outcomes include a substantial increase in multi‐month dispensing of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during COVID‐19 (from 6% to 31%) with a subsequent recovery surpassing of HIV service benchmarks in Malawi post‐pandemic.

Conclusions

While quantifying direct impact remains challenging due to the project's design, CLM proves to be a robust methodology that generates credible data and produces impactful outcomes. Its potential extends beyond the health sector, empowering community leadership and fostering interventions aligned with community needs. As CLM continues to evolve, its integration into PS promises to improve relevance, quality and impact across diverse disciplines.
Relations between selected elements of climate and an increase in soil moisture deficit in the warm half‐year in East‐Central Europe between 1971 and 2020
Authors: Bartoszek Krzysztof , Matuszko Dorota
Published: July 2024

This paper presents an analysis of the relationships between soil moisture, cloud cover, solar radiation, air temperature and humidity, and precipitation during the warm half of the year in East‐Central Europe over the years 1971–2020. The temporal and spatial variability of these meteorological elements is presented in association with the occurrence of anticyclonic blocking events over the study area. It demonstrates that changes in soil moisture in East‐Central Europe point to the combined influence of many meteorological factors resulting from the atmospheric circulation, and are an indicator of the comprehensive relationships among those factors. The main factors affecting soil water content are precipitation and evapotranspiration, which in turn depend on air humidity, cloudiness, intensity of solar radiation and air temperature. The increase in the frequency and duration of sequences of days with blocking events in East‐Central Europe has contributed to an increased probability of longer periods with soil moisture negative anomalies.
Insight into low methoxyl pectin enhancing thermal stability and intestinal delivery efficiency of algal oil nanoemulsions
Authors: Chen Yufeng , Gu Jipeng , Sun Yi , Ding Yicheng , Yang Xuan , Lan Siqi , Ding Jiayue , Ding Yuting
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND

Algae oil has garnered widespread acclaim due as a result of its high purity of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and excellent safety profile. The present study aimed to develop stable nanoemulsions (NEs) systems containing DHA from algae oil through thermal sterilization by combining modified whey protein concentrate (WPC) with low methoxyl pectin (LMP), as well as to investigate the impact of LMP concentration on the thermal stability and the gastrointestinal delivery efficiency of DHA NEs.

RESULTS

The addition of LMP enhanced the stability of the emulsion after sterilization, at the same time as improving the protective and sustained release effects of DHA in the gastrointestinal tract. Optimal effect was achieved at a LMP concentration of 1% (10 g kg−1 sample), the stability of the emulsion after centrifugation increased by 17.21 ± 5.65% compared to the group without LMP, and the loss of DHA after sterilization decreased by only 0.92 ± 0.09%. Furthermore, the addition of 1% LMP resulted in a substantial reduction in the release of fatty acids from the NEs after gastrointestinal digestion simulation, achieving the desired sustained‐release effect. However, excessive addition of 2% (20 g kg−1 sample) LMP negatively impacted all aspects of the NEs system, primarily because of the occurrence of depletion effects.

CONCLUSION

The construction of the LMP/WPC‐NEs system is conducive to the protection of DHA in algae oil and its sustained‐release in the gastrointestinal tract. The results of the present study can provide reference guidance for the application of algae oil NEs in the food field. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
More than words: Do personality, emotion, and lifestyle matter on the wine tourism?
Authors: Wang Xi , Han Guang , Wang Yiqi , Zheng Jie
Published: July 2024

In enhancing marketing strategies for wine tourism destinations, this study explores the influence of emotional factors, personality traits, and lifestyle components on the wine tourism experience. Utilizing natural language processing (NLP), over 8000 wine tourism reviews on TripAdvisor.com were analyzed to discern consumers' implicit emotions and personality types. Through extensive big data analyses, relationships between personality types and eight emotional dimensions, as well as associations with lifestyle factors, were examined. Key findings revealed that lifestyle significantly impacts wine visitors' tourism behavior, with leisure being a primary lifestyle factor, while religion has a lesser effect on wine tourism. Additionally, the emotion of joy and the personality of openness emerge as determinants significantly affecting wine tourism decisions. This understanding of the interplay between emotional experiences, personality traits, lifestyle, and wine tourism behaviors enriches theoretical frameworks and offers insights for refining marketing strategies, thereby fostering the growth of wine tourism.
A synthesis on land degradation in the context of sustainable development goals
Authors: Nedd Ryan , Anandhi Aavudai
Published: July 2024

Land degradation (LD) is a severe and well‐known global concern. Therefore, this review aimed to find broader connections between LD and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This literature review aims to synthesize the definitions, processes, assessments, and challenges associated with LD. Furthermore, we developed a universally applicable and concise definition of LD that links a wide range of contexts and studies. Specifically, we categorized LD‐related processes into physical, chemical, and biological processes and synthesized 20 methods/formulas used in the assessment of LD. Finally, we synthesized the most significant challenges in the context of the resolution of LD and provided corresponding recommendations. The review also identified the main SDG targets that LD directly affects and the role of LD in relation to the SDGs. Overall, we expect this literature review to be a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners aiming to obtain a comprehensive understanding of LD. The findings of this study shed light on various aspects of LD concerning the SDGs. The LD and the SDGs' processes, challenges, and interactions can be a valuable resource for researchers and policymakers. The information can facilitate sustainable and scientifically rooted use of land resources and provide knowledge and advice on combating LD to reach the specific SDGs associated with LD.
Combinatorial study of morsifications of real univariate singularities
Authors: Bodin Arnaud , García Barroso Evelia Rosa , Popescu‐Pampu Patrick , Sorea Miruna‐Ştefana
Published: July 2024

We study a broad class of morsifications of germs of univariate real analytic functions. We characterize the combinatorial types of the resulting Morse functions via planar contact trees constructed from Newton–Puiseux roots of the polar curves of the morsifications.
Parkinson's Disease Progression and Exposure to Contaminated Water at Camp Lejeune
Authors: Goldman Samuel M. , Weaver Frances M. , Gonzalez Beverly , Stroupe Kevin T. , Cao Lishan , Colletta Kalea , Brown Ethan G. , Tanner Caroline M.
Published: July 2024

Background

We recently reported an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in service members who resided at Marine Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, when water supplies were contaminated with trichloroethylene and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Prior studies suggest that environmental exposures may affect PD phenotype or progression, but this has not been reported for VOCs.

Objective

The objective of this study was to test whether PD progression is faster in individuals exposed to VOCs in water at Camp Lejeune.

Methods

A cohort of 172,128 marines residing at Camp Lejeune between 1975 and 1985 was previously assembled. We identified individuals with PD in Veterans Health Administration and Medicare databases between 2000 and 2021. Using estimates derived by the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, we classified individuals as exposed or unexposed to VOCs in residential water. We used Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression models to test differences between exposed and unexposed groups in the time from PD diagnosis until psychosis, fracture, fall, or death.

Results

Among 270 persons with PD, 177 (65.6%) were exposed to VOCs in residential water. Median cumulative exposure was 4970 μg/L‐months, >50‐fold the permissible level. Time until psychosis, fracture, and fall were all shorter in the exposed group, with adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) exceeding 2: psychosis HR, 2.19 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99–4.83); fracture HR, 2.44 (95% CI: 0.91–6.55); and fall HR, 2.64 (95% CI: 0.97–7.21). A significant dose response was observed for time to fall (P trend, 0.032). No differences were observed for time until death.

Conclusions

PD progression may be faster in persons exposed to trichloroethylene and other VOCs in water decades earlier. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Patient radiation risk reduction by controlling the tube start angle in single and dual source spiral CT scans: A simulation study
Authors: Baader Edith , Klein Laura , Maier Joscha , Sawall Stefan , Kachelrieß Marc
Published: July 2024

Background

Organ doses in spiral CT scans depend on the tube start angle.

Purpose

To determine the effective dose in single source CT (SSCT) and dual source CT (DSCT) scans as a function of tube start angle and spiral pitch value to identify the dose reduction potential by selecting the optimal start angle.

Methods

Using Monte Carlo simulations, dose values for different tube positions with an angular increment of and a longitudinal increment of were simulated over a range of with collimations of , , and . The simulations were performed for the thorax region of six adult patients based on clinical CT data. From the resulting dose distributions, organ doses and effective dose were determined as a function of tube angle and longitudinal position. Using these per‐view dose data, the individual organ doses, as well as the total effective dose, were determined for spiral scans with and without tube current modulation (TCM) with pitch values ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 for SSCT and up to 3.0 for DSCT. The dose of the best and worst tube start angle in terms of dose was determined and compared to the mean dose over all tube start angles.

Results

With increasing pitch and collimation, the dose variations from the effective dose averaged over all start angles increase. While for a collimation of , the variations from the mean dose value stay below for SSCT, we find that for a spiral scan with a pitch of 3.0 for DSCT with TCM and collimation of , the dose for the best starting angle is on average lower than the mean value and lower than the maximum value.

Conclusions

Variation of the tube start angle in spiral scans exhibits substantial differences in radiation dose especially for high pitch values and for high collimations. Therefore, we suggest to control the tube start angle to minimize patient risk.
Process optimization of continuous aramid fiber reinforced PA12 filaments and printed composites
Authors: Jiang Xibin , Shan Zhongde , Zang Yong , Liu Feng , Wu Xiaochuan , Zou Ailing , Liu Xiaojun
Published: July 2024

A multi‐stage fiber spreading process for the preparation of high‐performance continuous aramid fiber reinforced nylon 12 (CAF/PA12) composites was proposed in this paper. The effects of spreading rod crown radius, spreading rod axis height and traction speed on fiber impregnation effect and filaments properties were investigated. The fiber volume fraction of the prepared filament was approximately 30%. And the maximum tensile strength and modulus of the filaments were 839.89 MPa and 41.35 GPa, which were 34.36% and 34.30% higher than unspreading filaments, respectively. The influences of printing process parameters such as printing temperature, the combination of layer thickness and printing spacing on the transverse tensile properties of the specimens were studied. Printed specimens reached a transverse tensile strength and tensile modulus of 13.988 MPa and 1.293 GPa, respectively. The influences on low velocity impact properties of the specimens were also investigated in terms of impact energy and printing stacking sequences. Results revealed that the impact threshold energy of orthotropic ([0/90/0/90]2) specimens was 50 J. Quasi‐isotropic ([0/45/90/−45]2) specimens exhibited the superior impact resistance with an impact load of 4.939 kN. Macro‐ and micro‐matrix crack, surface buckling, fiber fracture and delamination were the main failure modes of the specimens.

Highlights

A novel thermoplastic composite filament forming process was proposed, and the filament forming equipment was designed and manufactured.

Continuous aramid fiber‐reinforced PA12 filaments with about 30% fiber content were prepared by orthogonal tests under different forming process conditions, which showed maximum tensile properties of 839.89 MPa and 41.35 GPa, respectively.

Spreading multiplication was positively related to filament tensile properties, which was major affected by the axial height of the spreading rod.

Transverse tensile strength (13.988 MPa tensile strength and 1.293 GPa tensile modulus) of printed specimens was investigated under different printing parameters.

Fiber orientation had a significant effect on the low‐velocity impact properties. Micro‐ and macro‐matrix crack, surface buckling, fiber fracture and delamination were the main failure modes of the low‐velocity impact specimens.
The noteworthy tensile plasticity and strength of CoFeSiB metallic glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites
Authors: Liang Weizhong , Shao Qi , Liu Yingyi , Wei Ransong , Xu Jiawen
Published: July 2024

Metallic glass fibers have high strength, poor plasticity and low Young's modulus. In this study, it was used as a reinforcement to prepare metallic glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites with different fiber volume contents (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%). The effect of fiber volume contents on the tensile properties of the metallic glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites was studied by experiment and the finite element analysis method. The experiment and simulation results are in good agreement. The tensile strength and plasticity of the metallic glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites increase with the increase of fiber volume contents. When the fiber volume content is 40% or 50%, a sharply necking feature appeared on the fibers and exhibited improved plasticity, due to the formation of interacting and arresting events of shear bands occurring at the interface between the metallic glass fibers and the epoxy. In addition, the strain hardening due to plastic deformation of the metallic glass fibers further enhanced the tensile strength of the metallic glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites. This is a first step toward toughening the inherently brittle metallic glass fibers under tensile conditions.

Highlights

A novel CoFeSiB metallic glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite

The increase of fiber volume fraction improves the tensile strength and plasticity of fiber reinforced composites.

The strain hardening due to plastic deformation of the metallic glass fibers further enhanced the tensile strength of the metallic glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
Simultaneous enhancement of thermal and dielectric properties of Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 and h‐BN co‐doped epoxy hybrid composites under high frequencies and temperatures
Authors: Rahman Taqi ur , Chen Xiangrong , Wang Qilong , Zhang Tianyin , Yin Kai , Awais Muhammad , Paramane Ashish
Published: July 2024

Epoxy resin (EP) is widely employed in power systems and electronic devices due to its low cost and easy processing along with good insulative and adhesive properties. However, EP insulation properties are compromised at elevated frequencies and temperatures because of its negative temperature coefficient effect (NTC) and poor thermal characteristics. In this context, barium strontium titanate (BST‐60), a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) filler, and hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN), a thermally conductive filler, both surface‐modified with dopamine, are added in EP to simultaneously improve thermal and dielectric insulation properties at high temperatures and high frequencies. This study finds that below the Curie point of BST, the insulating properties of h‐BN fillers significantly contributes to improving insulation properties. Conversely, above the Curie point, the insulating nature of BST fillers leads to an improvement in the insulation performance of composites. Furthermore, at elevated frequency and temperature, the nano h‐BN enhances thermal conductivity of EP by establishing a thermally conductive network, while micro‐BST suppresses the NTC effect of EP by regulating electrical resistivity above the Curie point. The Heywang model elucidates the PTC effect of BST fillers, while a proposed heat conduction‐dissipation mechanism explains the behavior of incorporated fillers at different temperatures.

Highlights

PDA‐modified Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 and h‐BN co‐doped epoxy composites are prepared.

Negative temperature coefficient effect of epoxy is mitigated by PTC fillers.

The optimal wt.% of filler enhances both dielectric and thermal properties.

Dielectric properties are explored at high frequencies and temperatures.

Optimized epoxy composites are suitable for high‐frequency applications.
Silicone rubber/benzoxazine resin‐based nanocomposites: A study on compatibility and thermal stability
Authors: Faghihi Jalal , Arefazar Ahmad , Khonakdar Hossein Ali , Tohidian Mahdi
Published: July 2024

In this study, blends of silicone rubber (SR) and benzoxazine (BZ) were prepared accompanied by ethylene propylene diene monomer grafted with maleic anhydride (EPDM‐g‐MA) as the compatibilizing agent. A total of 3 phr MA grafted EPDM showed the most favorable grafting efficiency and relatively lower gel content. Results showed that 8 phr (EPDM‐g‐MA) was the optimal compatibilizer content in the 85/15 SR/BZ blend, which was used for further studies. Morphological studies proved that the greatest reduction in the dispersed droplet size (from 1.32 to 0.23 μm) occurred at this optimal compatibilizer loading (8 phr). The lowest difference between the glass transition temperatures of the blend components was observed at the 8 phr compatibilizer content, which was confirmed by DMTA. The mechanical and curing characteristics of compatibilized and uncompatibilized blends were also studied. The results evinced that the tensile strength of the compatibilized samples was higher than that of the uncompatibilized blends. Thermal studies on the 85/15 SR/BZ blend and nanocomposites containing 1, 3, and 5 phr polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles revealed that the thermal stability of nanocomposites containing 1 and 3 phr POSS was superior to that of the nanocomposite with 5 phr POSS.
Nanocomposites of polyhydroxyurethane with Fe3O4 nanoparticles: Synthesis, shape memory and photothermal properties
Authors: Saeed Muhammad Usman , Hang Guohua , Hu Jiawei , Gao Yuan , Li Lei , Zhang Tao , Zheng Sixun
Published: July 2024

The nanocomposites of ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) with polyhydroxyurethane (PHU) were fabricated via a physical mixing approach. This process involved grafting poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVPy) chains onto the surfaces of Fe3O4 nanoparticles via surface‐initiated living radical polymerization. The PVPy‐grafted Fe3O4 nanoparticles were directly incorporated into the precursors of PHUs [i.e., bis(cyclic carbonate) and a trifunctional amine] and the mixtures were cured at high temperatures to form organic–inorganic composites. This method ensured that Fe3O4 nanoparticles were finely dispersed within the PHU matrix through the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding between PVPy and PHU. Compared to plain PHU network, the nanocomposites had enhanced thermomechanical properties, including higher glass transition temperatures (Tg's) and improved tensile mechanical properties. The inclusion of Fe3O4 nanoparticles also enhanced the shape memory properties of the PHU networks, improving shape recovery rates, fixity of transient shapes, and recovery of the original shapes. In addition, the nanocomposites demonstrated paramagnetic and photothermal properties and the photothermal behavior enabled a non‐contact control of shape recovery.

Highlights

Poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone)‐grafted Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized.

Nanocomposites of PHU with Fe3O4 were prepared via a physical blending approach.

Incorporation of Fe3O4 resulted in improved thermomechanical properties.

The nanocomposites had the photothermal properties.
Thermomechanical EBM‐based modeling of time‐dependent creep behavior in semicrystalline polymers: Competitive viscoelastic impact of amorphous and crystalline sections
Authors: Mohammadi Reza , Sharifzadeh Esmail , Zamanian‐Fard Alireza , Ader Fiona
Published: July 2024

In this study, the creep behavior of semicrystalline polymers was investigated based on time‐dependent thermomechanical characteristics of the amorphous and crystalline sections. To this end, different equivalent box models (EBMs) with simple or complex structures were designed to interconnect the system components and cover all of their likely interactions. To induce time‐dependency to the model, a variety of viscoelastic models (e.g., Maxwell, Kelvin–Voigt, Maxwell representation of standard linear viscoelastic [SLV] model, Kelvin representation of SLV model, Burger and developed Bingham–Norton) were incorporated with the EBM structures as its crystalline/amorphous components. A specific strategy was devised in order to separately indicate the particular effects of crystalline and amorphous sections along with stress concentration on the temperature‐dependent creep behavior of the system. This approach combined with validating the theoretical data against the creep test results, performed at 20, 40, and 60°C, helped to indicate the most efficient structure for EBM and the best applicable viscoelastic model component. Accordingly, based on the findings of the present study, it was revealed that the series arrangement of the amorphous and crystalline model components, represented by the Burger viscoelastic model, could provide the best predictions regarding the temperature‐dependent creep in semicrystalline polymers.

Highlights

Creep behavior of semicrystalline polymers at different temperatures.

Representing the crystalline and amorphous sections using viscoelastic models.

Evaluating different interactions in the semicrystalline polymers using EBMs.

Comparison of the efficiency of different viscoelastic model components in EBM.

Distinct impact of crystalline and amorphous sections on the system properties.
The hidden cost of chronic pain: A narrative review of the environmental impact of outpatient spine and musculoskeletal care
Authors: Abbott Zachary , Parks Kaden , Meron Adele
Published: July 2024

Health care is a major driver of greenhouse gas emissions and is closely intertwined with industrial processes responsible for air, water, and soil pollution. Chronic pain – particularly as it relates to spine and musculoskeletal diagnoses – comprises a significant portion of health care utilization and affects millions of people worldwide. Despite the prevalence of chronic spine and musculoskeletal pain, there has been limited discussion of the environmental impacts of outpatient clinics and interventional processes as they relate to these conditions. This narrative review explores the environmental impact related to diagnostics, pharmacologics, and common nonoperative interventional procedures utilized in the management of patients with chronic musculoskeletal and spine pain. Topics explored include energy utilization, production and disposal of pharmaceuticals, and waste production from interventional procedures. This study aims to educate providers involved in spine and musculoskeletal disease management regarding the possible environmental consequences of their practices. The article also focuses on modifying approaches to patient care to those that are more sustainable as well as highlighting areas in need of further investigation.
No dose adjustment of metformin or substrates of organic cation transporters (OCT)1 and OCT2 and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE)1/2K with fostemsavir coadministration based on modeling approaches
Authors: Nguyen Dung , Miao Xiusheng , Taskar Kunal , Magee Mindy , Gorycki Pete , Moore Katy , Tai Guoying
Published: July 2024

Fostemsavir is an approved gp120‐directed attachment inhibitor and prodrug for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in combination with other antiretrovirals (ARVs) in heavily treatment‐experienced adults with multi‐drug resistance, intolerance, or safety concerns with their current ARV regimen. Initial in vitro studies indicated that temsavir, the active moiety of fostemsavir, and its metabolites, inhibited organic cation transporter (OCT)1, OCT2, and multidrug and toxin extrusion transporters (MATEs) at tested concentration of 100 uM, although risk assessment based on the current Food and Drug Administration in vitro drug–drug interaction (DDI) guidance using the mechanistic static model did not reveal any clinically relevant inhibition on OCTs and MATEs. However, a DDI risk was flagged with EMA static model predictions. Hence, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of fostemsavir/temsavir was developed to further assess the DDI risk potential of OCT and MATEs inhibition by temsavir and predict changes in metformin (a sensitive OCT and MATEs substrate) exposure. No clinically relevant impact on metformin concentrations across a wide range of temsavir concentrations was predicted; therefore, no dose adjustment is recommended for metformin when co‐administered with fostemsavir.
On the origin of the Oriental plane tree (Platanus orientalis L.)
Authors: Danika Danae , Adroit Benjamin , Velitzelos Dimitrios , Denk Thomas
Published: July 2024

Oriental plane tree (Platanus orientalis) is native to the East Mediterranean region and sister to three western North American species, together forming the Pacific North American–European (PNA‐E) clade. Its sister clade, comprising several eastern North American–Mexican species, has been termed the Atlantic North American (ANA) clade. The origins of P. orientalis and the western North American–western Eurasian disjunction in the PNA‐E clade are poorly understood, with the North Atlantic and Bering land bridges being possible corridors for trans‐continental migration. Molecular phylogenetic studies suggested ancient hybridization between the ANA and PNA‐E clades prior to differentiation of modern species' lineages. We traced ANA‐ and PNA‐E‐specific leaf traits in the fossil record to locate areas of possible ancient hybridization. Leaf traits characteristic of the PNA‐E clade occurred in western North America (late Eocene of Montana, Early Miocene of Alaska) prior to appearing in the European fossil record. Fossil‐species with mixed PNA‐E–ANA leaf traits occurred in the Oligocene of Central Asia and Eocene and Miocene of western North America. In contrast, eastern North America and the Atlantic region hosted fossil‐species with leaf traits characteristic of modern ANA clade members. We propose that precursors of Platanus orientalis migrated to Europe via Beringia and through Central Asia. Initially, these Eurasian ancestors possessed ancestral PNA‐E clade leaf morphologies, which were gradually replaced by P. orientalis‐specific traits. Treated as a single fossil‐species, we document the evolution of P. academiae from predominately three‐lobed leaves in Miocene strata to narrowly five‐lobed leaves resembling modern P. orientalis in younger deposits of Greece.
What is it that you say you do here? Advocating for the critical role of data scientists in research infrastructure
Authors: Griego Chasz , Agate Nicky , Iosif Ana‐Maria , Crisp Amy M.
Published: July 2024

Clinical and academic research continues to become more complex as our knowledge and technology advance. A substantial and growing number of specialists in biostatistics, data science and library sciences are needed to support these research systems and promote high‐calibre research. However, that support is often marginalized as optional rather than a fundamental component of research infrastructure. By building research infrastructure, an institution harnesses access to tools and support/service centres that host skilled experts who approach research with best practices in mind and domain‐specific knowledge at hand. We outline the potential roles of data scientists and statisticians in research infrastructure and recommend guidelines for advocating for the institutional resources needed to support these roles in a sustainable and efficient manner for the long‐term success of the institution. We provide these guidelines in terms of resource efficiency, monetary efficiency and long‐term sustainability. We hope this work contributes to—and provides shared language for—a conversation on a broader framework beyond metrics that can be used to advocate for needed resources.
Flexible mica films coated by magnetron sputtered insulating layers for high‐temperature capacitive energy storage
Authors: Yin Chao , Zhang Tiandong , Zhang Changhai , Zhang Yue , Jeong Chang Kyu , Hwang Geon‐Tae , Chi Qingguo
Published: July 2024

High‐temperature energy storage performance of dielectric capacitors is crucial for the next generation of power electronic devices. However, conduction losses rise sharply at elevated temperature, limiting the application of energy storage capacitors. Here, the mica films magnetron sputtered by different insulating layers are specifically investigated, which exhibit the excellent high‐temperature energy storage performance. The experimental results revealed that the PbZrO3/Al2O3/PbZrO3 (PZO/AO/PZO) interface insulating layers can effectively reduce the high‐temperature leakage current and conduction loss of the composite films. Consequently, the ultrahigh energy storage density (Wrec) and charge‒discharge efficiency (η) can be achieved simultaneously in the flexible mica‐based composite films. Especially, PZO/AO/PZO/mica/PZO/AO/PZO (PAPMPAP) films possess excellent Wrec of 27.5 J/cm3 and η of 87.8% at 200°C, which are significantly better than currently reported high‐temperature capacitive energy storage dielectric materials. Together with outstanding power density and electrical cycling stability, the flexible films in this work have great application potential in high‐temperature energy storage capacitors. Moreover, the magnetron sputtering technology can deposit large‐area nanoscale insulating layers on the surface of capacitor films, which can provide technical support for the industrial production of capacitors.
Stereoselective Synthesis of α‐Azido Esters and α‐Amino Acid Derivatives via Matteson Homologation of Boronic Esters
Authors: Horn Alexander , Papadopoulos Emanuel , Kinsinger Thorsten , Greve Jennifer , Bickel Etienne , Pachoula Stavroula , Kazmaier Uli
Published: July 2024

Matteson homologation with sodium azide in DMF proved to be an excellent highly stereoselective tool for the synthesis of complex α‐azido and α‐amino acids. Both enantiomers are easily accessible via the choice of the chiral boronic ester auxiliary.
Synthesis of 2,2,3,3‐Tetraphenyl‐5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8‐octamethyl‐2,3,5,6,7,8‐hexasilabicyclo[2.2.2]octane – a Phenyl‐substituted Silicon‐containing Cage
Authors: Sato Koichi , Sasamori Takahiro
Published: July 2024

Molecular cages that contain silicon are highly versatile and stable materials with great potential for various scientific and technological applications due to their ability to form stable three‐dimensional frameworks. The synthesis of 2,2,3,3,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8‐dodecamethyl‐2,3,5,6,7,8‐hexasilabicyclo[2.2.2]octane has already been reported and its modifications at the CH moiety have been demonstrated to afford varied functionality. Here, we present the synthesis and characterization of 2,2,3,3‐tetraphenyl‐5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8‐octamethyl‐2,3,5,6,7,8‐hexasilabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, which is a phenyl‐substituted analogue of such a silicon‐containing cage. The Ph‐substituted Si‐containing cage exhibits a low‐lying LUMO due to the hyper‐conjugation including Si−Si, Si−C σ*‐orbitals, and π(phenyl)‐orbitals, which results in a remarkable bathochromic shift in the UV‐vis absorption spectrum.
Structuring the Unstructured: The Very Special Case of the Icelandic Municipal CEO
Authors: Hlynsdóttir Eva Marín
Published: July 2024

The position of the Icelandic municipal chief executive officer (MCEO) is the single most important municipal administrative position. The Icelandic system has strong Nordic traits, with a strong local identity, strong local councils, and a wide range of tasks. However, this trend has only recently been manifested, as the arrangements of Icelandic local governments have changed considerably in the past decades. This chapter discusses the history of the MCEO position and demonstrates how the past is effectively influencing the present. The chapter shows how the Icelandic case both diverges from and converges with those of the other Nordic countries. Finally, special emphasis is placed on demonstrating the similarities and differences between different types of MCEOs and the main challenges of the complexity of the Icelandic case.
Energy Efficiency Optimization of Multi-Engine Launch Vehicles
Authors: Yao Fulai , Yao Yaming
Published: July 2024

Space exploration is in the ascendant.
Raucherassoziierte interstitielle Lungenerkrankungen
Authors: Jungblut Lisa
Published: July 2024

Klinisches/Methodisches Problem

Die Identifizierung von raucherassoziierten Lungenerkrankungen (SRILD) bei Rauchern ist herausfordernd, da die klinischen Manifestationen unspezifisch sein können und es eine Vielzahl von SRILD gibt, welche nicht nur ineinander übergehen, sondern auch überlappend vorkommen können.

Radiologische Standardverfahren

Bei der Diagnose von SRILD ermöglichen bildgebende Verfahren wie die hochauflösende CT (HRCT) eine Identifizierung charakteristischer Merkmale und dienen daher als wichtiges Puzzlestück zur endgültigen Diagnosestellung.

Leistungsfähigkeit

In Studien zeigte die hochauflösende Computertomographie (HRCT) eine Sensitivität von etwa 80–90 % bei der Identifizierung von raucherassoziierten interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen (SRILD), während die Spezifität bei etwa 70–80 % liegt. Eine endgültige Diagnose kann häufig nur mithilfe von histopathologischer als auch klinischer Korrelation erfolgen.

Empfehlungen für die Praxis

Regelmäßige Überwachung von Rauchern, besonders bei Atemnot und Husten, sowie eine interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit sind bei SRILD entscheidend für die richtige Diagnosestellung und entsprechende Therapie.
The role of microglia in early neurodevelopment and the effects of maternal immune activation
Authors: Mastenbroek L. J. M. , Kooistra S. M. , Eggen B. J. L. , Prins J. R.
Published: July 2024

Activation of the maternal immune system during gestation has been associated with an increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring, particularly schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Microglia, the tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system, are implicated as potential mediators of this increased risk. Early in development, microglia start populating the embryonic central nervous system and in addition to their traditional role as immune responders under homeostatic conditions, microglia are also intricately involved in various early neurodevelopmental processes. The timing of immune activation may interfere with microglia functioning during early neurodevelopment, potentially leading to long-term consequences in postnatal life. In this review we will discuss the involvement of microglia in brain development during the prenatal and early postnatal stages of life, while also examining the effects of maternal immune activation on microglia and neurodevelopmental processes. Additionally, we discuss recent single cell RNA-sequencing studies focusing on microglia during prenatal development, and hypothesize how early life microglial priming, potentially through epigenetic reprogramming, may be related to neurodevelopmental disorders.