bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Anti‐B Lectin
Authors: Ottensooser F. , Sato R. , Sato M.
Published: October 2009

Anti‐B lectins were extracted from the dried and aged seed cover (aril) of anEvonymusvariety. After 20 months of aging these lectins resembled the best hitherto described. They were specifically inhibited by B substance of human and horse origin.
A Simple Method for Obtaining Platelet Concentrates Free of Aggregates
Authors: Mourad N.
Published: October 2009

A simple method is presented for obtaining platelet concentrates in a homogeneous suspension by centrifuging platelet‐rich plasma at 25 C and allowing the centrifuged platelets to incubate at this temperature for 30 minutes before resuspending them.
Automated Differential Agglutination Technic to Measure Red Cell Survival I. Methodology
Authors: Szymanski I. O. , Valeri C. R. , McCallum L. E. , Emerson C. P. , Rosenfield R. E.
Published: October 2009

Experiments were performed to prove the validity of an automated differential hemagglutination test to measure the survival of transfused red cells.

Four antibodies, anti‐A, anti‐B, anti‐CD, and anti‐M, were used to perform differential hemagglutination. This method permitted measurement of the survival of at least two compatible but antigenically identifiable red cell populations in the same recipient.

The measurements obtained with the automated method were less variable than those obtained simultaneously with a manual method.
The Technical Problem of T‐Activation
Authors: Beck M. L.
Published: October 2009

Contamination of blood samples by neuramini‐dase‐producing bacteria results in T‐activation of red cells and consequent sensitivity of these cells to agglutination by normal serums. Occasionally this phenomenon occurs in vivo. The T‐active state of red cells may be recognized by their sensitivity to agglutination by lectins prepared from peanuts. Blood typing of T‐active cells can be achieved with serums from which T‐agglutinins have been removed by absorption.
Autologous Blood Transfusion in Pulmonary Surgery
Authors: Ascari W. Q. , Jolly P. C. , Thomas P. A.
Published: October 2009

Sixteen patients undergoing thoracic surgery for suspected tuberculous residua of the lungs received a total of 26 units of autologous banked blood. Single units of autologous blood were drawn in routine fashion one week prior to surgery (unit A). When the need for two units of blood was anticipated, a double phlebotomy (Units B and C) was performed using a double plasmapheresis pack followed by the reinfusion of a previously drawn autologous unit (Unit A). When three units were requested for anticipated surgery, two units (Units B and C) were obtained as above and exchanged on day 14 for units (Units D and E) using a double plasmapheresis pack. On day 16, a single unit (Unit F) was obtained in the routine fashion. The net loss of blood to the donors at a single phlebotomy never exceeded one unit of blood, however, one, two or three units of autologous blood were obtained by appropriate exchange for fresh blood, none of the units had been stored in excess of ten days when finally used at the time of surgery.

Transfusion of autologous blood avoids the hazards of transmission of serum hepatitis and isoimmunization. It may be the only available source of rare blood or blood for members of religious sects which prohibit the use of homologous blood transfusion.
Separation of Lea and A Human Plasma Antigens
Authors: Andresen P. H. , Goldman F. , Henriksen L.
Published: October 2009

The A and Lea specific soluble blood group activities of human plasma were separated from most other proteins by gel filtration on Sepharose columns and from each other by precipitation on dialysis against 1 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5. Both antigens emerged from Sepharose columns in fractions normally containing high molecular weight proteins. The Lea antigen was soluble on dialysis, whereas the A antigen was fully precipitated.
Effect of Transportation on the Posttransfusion Survival of Blood Stored in CPD
Authors: Orlina A. R. , Button L. N. , Taylor B. J.
Published: October 2009

Studies on the effects of land and air transportation on CPD blood stored for 21 and 28 days are reported. Plasma potassium, supernatant hemoglobin, per cent hemolysis, whole blood pH, plasma sugar, posttransfusion survival (autologous) and t/2 of the transported units did not differ significantly from those of the control units that were left undisturbed in the refrigerator for comparable duration of storage. No untoward reactions were encountered in any of the subjects.

In addition, two subjects showed satisfactory red cell survival (above 70%) after 21 days of storage, in spite of collection deficits of 200 and 130 ml. No correlation could be shown between survival and t/2 and such in vitro parameters as per cent hemolysis, plasma hemoglobin, plasma sugar, pH and plasma potassium. A good positive correlation was found between survival and initial slope.
Therapeutic Plasmapheresis in Treatment of Patients with Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia
Authors: Lawson N. S. , Nosanchuk J. S. , Oberman H. A. , Meyers M. C.
Published: October 2009

The value of therapeutic plasmapheresis in effecting rapid lowering of serum globulins and viscosity in patients with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia has been reaffirmed. Three patients treated in this manner experienced biochemical improvement and two showed striking clinical improvement, manifested as cessation of bleeding and improvement in retinopathy.
Excessive Serum Levels of A and H Substances in a Patient with Gastric Carcinoma
Authors: Saeed S. M. , Fine G.
Published: October 2009

An elderly female patient with gastric carcinoma was found to have excessive amounts of both A and H activity in her serum. Serum A activity actually neutralized anti‐A typing reagents. Immunofluorescence demonstrated both A and H in the cytoplasm of tumor cells thereby suggesting that the tumor was at least in part responsible for the elevated serum levels of blood group substances.
Long Term Frozen Storage of Human Red Blood Cells: Studies in Vivo and in Vitro of Autologous Red Blood Cells Preserved up to Six Years with High Concentrations of Glycerol
Authors: Valeri C. R. , Runck A. H.
Published: October 2009

Human red blood cells preserved with approximately 45 per cent w/v glycerol, frozen by the slow freeze‐thaw technic, and stored at ‐80 C for up to six years were evaluated by measurements of the posttransfusion survival of autologous 51chromium‐labeled red blood cells, the per cent recovery of the preserved red blood cells, supernatant hemoglobin in the unit, and intracellular potassium levels. The glycerolized red blood cells were washed either with electrolyte solutions using continuous centrifugation, or by dilution with nonelectrolyte solutions and recovery of the red blood cells by agglomeration (Huggins technic). Glycerolized red blood cells stored frozen for more than two years and washed by the Huggins technic had significantly decreased postthaw stability when the de‐glycerolized red blood cells were kept after thawing for longer than four hours at 4 C. Glycerolized red blood cells stored frozen for up to six years and washed by continuous centrifugation with electrolyte solutions showed clinically acceptable post‐transfusion survival after postthaw storage at 4 C for up to 24 hours. The results of washing glycerolized red blood cells by continuous centrifugation showed that prior dilution of the thawed cells with a ten per cent glycerol solution was vitally important. The method used in washing glycerolized red blood cells may significantly limit the length of time that red blood cells may be stored at 4 C after having been frozen.
Cold Antibody and Persistent Intravascular Hemolysis after Surgery under Hypothermia
Authors: Wertlake P. T. , McGinniss M. H. , Schmidt P. J.
Published: October 2009

Intravascular hemolysis began during cardiac surgery under hypothermia in a patient with an anti‐HI cold agglutinin. The hemolysis continued for a week with destruction of an amount of red blood cells equal to the mass of A2B cells transfused. At the same time, 51Cr‐tagged A1 cells were surviving normally. The destruction in vivo of HI positive red blood cells was later duplicated in vitro by pre‐incubating group O red blood cells with the patient's plasma in the cold at a time when he was hematologically normal. This cause of clinical hemolysis must be a rare complication of hypothermia.
Alteration of Deformability of the Erythrocyte Membrane in Stored Blood
Authors: La Celle P. L.
Published: October 2009

The deformability of stored erythrocytes decreases progressively with duration of storage. This change can be measured in terms of mean pressure required to deform the cells sufficiently to cause them to enter and traverse a micropipette analogue of the microcirculation. The disc shape, with relatively higher surface area to volume ratio, is more deformable than the spherical form; and mean deformability at specific time intervals correlates with reported posttransfusion survival values. Only 76 per cent of red blood cells stored for three weeks were able to pass through a pipette with a minimal dimension of 2.85 μ, a dimension through which all fresh cells pass. This dimension is of magnitude similar to that previously reported for the microcirculation of the spleen. Regeneration of cellular ATP by incubation in adenosine is associated with restoration of mean deformability toward the normal range; and the majority of cells, having regained the biconcave disc shape, has values for individual cell deformability similar to fresh cells. The remaining spherical cells retain their relatively decreased deformability.
Clinical Evaluation of Transfused Blood after Long‐term Storage in ACD with Adenine
Authors: Shields C. E. , Bunn H. F. , Litwin S. D. , Reed L. J. , Dauber L. G.
Published: October 2009

Whole blood collected in ACD with or without adenine was transfused into patients with various forms of blood loss. The units collected in ACD alone had been stored 14 to 28 days, while those units collected in ACD with adenine had been stored 28 to 42 days. Of the 771 units in the study, 545 were transfused into 295 patients. A total of 276 units were collected in ACD with adenine and were given to 130 patients. Little or no reaction was detected from clinical observation and selected laboratory tests related to the transfusion and/or solution. Isotope labeling of some of the transfused units given to more than 80 patients provided an estimate of the 24‐hour posttransfusion survival and the results were similar to the average survival obtained in normal subjects after single‐unit transfusions. Based on clinical laboratory findings, apparent lack of toxicity combined with adequate support of the bleeding patient suggest that blood stored in adenine is useful after longer storage periods than is blood stored in plain ACD. The 70 per cent 24‐hour survival guideline suggests satisfactory survival after 35 days of storage, and possibly after 42 days.
Anti‐Gna a New Antibody Reacting with a High‐incidence Erythrocytic Antigen
Authors: Fox J. A. , Taswell H. F.
Published: October 2009

An antibody found in the serum of a blood donor agglutinated all cells tested except those of the donor and of three relatives. This antibody was named anti‐Gna and identified the previously unrecognized antigen, Gna, possessed by all persons thus far tested. The antibody is presumed to have developed in the course of pregnancy although there is no history of clinical erythroblastosis fetalis. Antibody reactions are demonstrated by means of the antiglobulin technic. No persons lacking the Gna antigen have been found in a study of 2,600 unselected group A and O Rh‐negative donors and patients. Compatible relatives are most likely homozygous for rare alleles, gn. The Gna gene is not sex linked nor is it closely linked to the loci responsible for ABO, MNSs, P, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, Lewis, and Xg blood‐group systems. Parents and grandparents of the compatible relatives were all born within an extremely small geographic area in Poland. Studies of this family for the possibility of consanguinity and for the distribution of the Gna antigen in Poland have been initiated.
Viability of Glycerolized Red Blood Cells Frozen in Liquid Nitrogen
Authors: Valeri C. R. , Runck A. H. , Patti K. J. , Lute J. N. , Michie P.
Published: October 2009

Freeze‐preservation of human red blood cells with a low concentration of glycerol (approximately 20 per cent w/v), liquid‐nitrogen refrigeration, and a stainless steel container was evaluated by measurements of the posttransfusion survival of 10‐ml samples of 51chromium‐labeled autologous red blood cells, together with several measurements in vitro. Removal of glycerol prior to transfusion (the major technologic problem) was carried out both by serial centrifugation (batch washing) and by continuous centrifugation, using either predilution or sequence wash cycles. A biologic product of glycerolized red blood cells was prepared to the following specifications: the recovery in vitro of at least 90 per cent of the red blood cells after thawing and washing was achieved, together with 24‐hour posttransfusion survival in vivo of approximately 85 per cent, a total amount of supernatant hemoglobin in the unit on the day of washing of approximately 450 mg, a preparation time of approximately 30 minutes, and a total volume of wash solution of less than 3.0 liters. The present urgent need in frozen blood preservation is for systems which use disposable software in a completely automated wash cycle.
Studies of the Metabolic Integrity of Human Red Blood Cells after Cryopreservation
Authors: Derrick J. B. , Lind M. , Rowe A. W.
Published: October 2009

Human red blood cells subjected both to the sub‐zero temperatures and processing of a low‐glycerol‐rapid‐freeze method for cryopreservation and to subsequent storage at 4 C, under a variety of conditions, consistently maintained concentrations of ATP comparable to those of their nonfrozen, nonprocess d counterparts. Their potassium content was similarly unaffected. The cell sodium was increased by about 10 per cent as a result of the cryopreservation procedure, and during a subsequent storage period at 4 C it increased to a final concentration of from 10 to 13 per cent greater than that of the nontreated red blood cells. Cryopreserved red blood cells were capable of reinitiating sodium and potassium transport activities with a facility equal to that of nonfrozen cells which indicates that the cryoprocessing is protective of enzyme systems essential for this mechanism.
Evaluation of Automated Multichannel Blood‐grouping Apparatus
Authors: Shields C. E. , Camp F. R. , Adams J. , Tabor W. G. , Gates S. S.
Published: October 2009

More than 35,000 blood samples were tested by both automatic and manual methods. The automatic data contained essentially no discrepancies in ABO and less than 0.1 per cent error in Rh blood groups. Mechanical difficulties with the automated system were rare. Obtaining samples was the most common difficulty in mass operation. When cost, number of tests, and time factors are reduced by large numbers of samples, the automatic system provides a useful and accurate method for mass blood grouping. In other respects, the use of automated blood grouping for blood banking will depend upon cost in relation to specific user needs.
Anti‐A1 Lectins from Crotalaria
Authors: BLOCH M.
Published: October 2009

Anti‐A1 lectins useful for blood typing have been extracted from seeds of Crotalaria vitellina, a tropical seashore leguminous bush.
Depletion and Regeneration of 2,3‐diphosphoglyceric Acid in Stored Red Blood Cells
Authors: Beutler E. , Meul A. , Wood L. A.
Published: October 2009

2,3‐diphosphoglyceric acid appears to be an important regulator of the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin in intact red blood cells. The rate of loss of 2,3‐DPG under various storage conditions therefore was investigated. 2,3‐DPG disappeared rapidly from conventional preservative media, CPD, and ACD solutions. After only two weeks' storage, 65 per cent to 85 per cent of erythrocyte 2,3‐DPG had been lost from ACD‐stored blood and slightly less from CPD‐stored blood. Although the addition of adenine to ACD solution aided in the maintenance of ATP levels, it hastened the rate of loss of 2,3‐DPG. The rate of 2,3‐DPG depletion was strongly dependent on pH. In more alkaline storage media, levels of this compound were relatively well maintained for as long as two, or even three weeks. However, under these circumstances ATP maintenance was less satisfactory. The levels of 2,3‐DPG and ATP in red blood cells incubated in fresh plasma at 37 C, pH 7.4, to simulate the conditions after reinfusion of stored cells also was investigated. ATP levels remained relatively stable under these circumstances and 2,3‐DPG levels were restored gradually. However, the repletion of 2,3‐DPG was sufficiently slow so that even after eight hours only approximately one third of the 2,3‐DPG which had been lost was regenerated. Thus, stored blood may fail to transport oxygen efficiently for many hours after reinfusion.
Isolation of Human Lymphocytes by a Ficoll Barrier Method
Authors: Boyle W. , Chow A.
Published: October 2009

Lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear granulocytes locate in Ficoll gradients at widely different densities. A method for the isolation of peripheral lymphocytes of human blood by centrifugation over a low‐ionic strength Ficoll barrier has been developed from this characteristic. The yields and serologic reactivities of lymphocytes isolated by the Ficoll method from normal human blood donors were comparable to those isolated by nylon‐column separation. However, the Ficoll method has been especially useful in preparing lymphocytes from blood of moribund individuals and others with an altered blood picture, where attempts on nylon columns failed to separate lymphocytes from polymorphonuclear granulocytes.
Platelet Increments and Their Relationship to Acidification
Authors: Shively J. A. , de Jongh D. S. , Isassi A. A. , Freireich E. J.
Published: October 2009

Acidification of platelet‐rich plasma to a pH of approximately 6.5 by the use of additional ACD anticoagulant solution before preparation of platelet concentrates results in a greater increment of the one‐hour posttransfusion platelet count and better clinical hemostatic effects when compared with preparations whose pH values are reduced to approximately 6.7 to 6.8. The latter preparations show greater tendency to aggregate spontaneously and a larger response to ADP in vitro than those at a pH of 6.5. If maximum recovery of platelets from a single donor is the primary objective, platelet‐rich plasma should be acidified to pH 6.5 before preparation of platelet concentrates.
Effect of Anticoagulants on Calcium and Magnesium Content of Human Platelets
Authors: Aledort L. M. , Hirsch C. , Udkow M. , Puszkin E.
Published: October 2009

Human intraplatelet Ca++ and Mg+ content was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Citrate, ACD, and ACD‐plus‐adenine anticoagulants exerted no significant influence on these values.
Microtitration of Serum Cold Agglutinins
Authors: Feizi T. , Monger E.
Published: October 2009

In titration of serum cold agglutinins the microliter system was accurate when titration values did not exceed 1: 256. Beyond these dilutions this technic gave falsely high values. The approximate true level of high‐titer antibodies could be determined by reference to a correction calibration curve and a more accurate determination could be made by initial direct volumetric dilution so that endpoints would fall within the accurate range of the method.
Safety and Long‐term Effects of Plasmapheresis
Authors: Cohen M. A. , Oberman H. A.
Published: October 2009

No consistent clinical or laboratory value abnormalities were found during more than six years of plasmapheresis of donors who gave as much as the plasma equivalent of four units of whole blood per week. Potential hazards to the plasmapheresis donor, including hemoglobin depletion, protein depletion, iron depletion, and misidentification of blood returned to the donor are discussed. In addition to affording an economic and efficient opportunity to expand component therapy, repeated plasmapheresis of a small pool of preselected donors can provide a better quality product than that obtained from random donors.
Another Example of Phenotype Rhnull
Authors: Senhauser D. A. , Mitchell M. W. , Gault D. B. , Owens J. H.
Published: October 2009

Blood‐donor typing provided the sixth example of a person with the rare phenotype, Rhnull. Serologic investigation of the propositus and his family gives indirect support for the theory that the homozygous state of amorphic genes (X0r/X0r) at a locus independent of Rh can block the production of the precursor substance upon which the Rh genes act to form the Rh antigenic determinants on red blood cells.
Autologous Anti‐I and Anti‐M Following Liver Transplant
Authors: Tegoli J. , Harris J. P. , Nichols M. E. , Marsh W. L. , Reid M. E.
Published: October 2009

A patient who received a liver transplant subsequently developed autologous anti‐I and anti‐M. The antibodies were demonstrated in the serum and in eluates from the patient's red blood cells, and could be separated by cross‐absorption with appropriate red blood cells. The patient received horse antilymphocyte globulin and the possibility could not be excluded that the anti‐M was transferred passively.
Three New Antibodies to High‐incidence Antigenic Determinants (Anti‐El, Anti‐Dp, and Anti‐So)
Authors: Frank S. , Schmidt R. P. , Baugh M.
Published: October 2009

Three new antibodies have been investigated relative to genetic control of the absent antigenic determinant. In each instance a family member has lacked the same antigenic determinant as the propositus. None of the three antibodies is identical with any previously reported one. Because a second case was found identical with one of these antibodies, it was felt that other cases may be resolved as a result of this report. The number of random donors tested with each of the individual antibodies varied from several hundred to several thousand. None was compatible with the specific antibodies.
An Anti‐Diegob (Dib) Antibody Occurring during Pregnancy
Authors: Feller C. W. , Shenker L. , Scott E. P. , Marsh W. L.
Published: October 2009

A case is reported in which fetal erythrocytes were sensitized by IgG maternal anti‐Dib, which indicates that Dib incompatibility must be considered in cases of erythroblastosis fetalis caused by a high‐frequency erythrocyte antigen, especially in persons of Mongoloid or American Indian extraction.
Maternal Anti‐LW
Authors: DeVeber L. L. , Clark G. W. , Hunking M. , Stroup M.
Published: October 2009

Potent anti‐LW was detected in the serum of an LW‐negative mother when a direct antiglobulin test of the cord blood of her baby was found to be weakly positive. The baby showed minimal evidence of active hemolytic disease. The antibody decreased in titer over three years and, in contrast to earlier testing, will no longer distinguish Rh‐positive from Rh‐negative cells.
Microdetermination of Bilirubin Concentration by AutoAnalyzer
Authors: Rosenfield R. E. , Dabinsky C. , Levine J. B. , Berkman E. M.
Published: October 2009

A microdetermination of neonatal serum bilirubin concentration by AutoAnalyzer consumes less than 100 μliters of sample for two tests, requires less than 15 minutes to equilibrate the instrument and less than six minutes between time of sampling and time of read‐out. It provides especially accurate data between 10 and 25 mg bilirubin/100 ml and useful data between zero and 40 mg bilirubin/100 ml. The instrument is sufficiently simple to permit its operation on a 24‐hour basis by blood bank technologists not previously experienced in clinical chemistry.
An Evaluation of Commercial Antiglobulin Sera with Particular Reference to Their Anticomplement Properties
Authors: Garratty G. , Petz L. D.
Published: October 2009

Ten commercial “broad‐spectrum” antiglobulin sera, which had satisfied NIH standards, were evaluated and compared with six antiglobulin sera of varying specificities prepared in the authors' laboratories. The majority of the commercial antisera had adequate anti‐IgG, although four were definitely weaker and failed to detect weak IgG antibodies. Most of the commercial antiglobulin sera had inadequate anticomplement, eight failing to react with cells strongly sensitized with complement, from patients with hemolytic anemia. Most of the commercial antiglobulin sera reacted poorly with cells weakly or moderately sensitized with complement‐binding blood group antibodies, such as anti‐Lewis. Evidence that adequate anticomplement activity should be present in routinely employed antiglobulin sera is discussed.
Elevated Carbon Monoxide Levels from Smoking in Blood Donors
Authors: Shields C. E.
Published: October 2009

The greater affinity of hemoglobin for carbon monoxide than for oxygen can lead to increased carboxyhemoglobin in blood donors who smoke. The presence of carboxyhemoglobin has an adverse effect on the oxygen dissociation curve resulting in a decreased release of oxygen to the tissues. When this is present, along with the progressive decrease in oxygen‐carrying capacity resulting from storage, bank blood will have an even greater loss in ability to provide oxygen to the tissues of a recipient. Carbon monoxide can be displaced from hemoglobin by oxygen when there is room air exchange by donor respiration. The rate of this exchange can be accelerated by taking advantage of the natural gas laws and using a higher concentration of oxygen for respiration or by increasing ventilatory exchange. Volunteers in the present study raised their carboxyhemoglobin levels by heavy smoking and had the rate of decrease in carboxyhemoglobin tested either after breathing pure oxygen or after exercise‐induced hyperventilation. The decreases in carboxyhemoglobin levels were accelerated by either method. Donors who had not smoked showed low carboxyhemoglobin levels which did not decrease after exercise. Thus, blood banks could minimize carboxyhemoglobin levels in collected blood by restricting the smoking of donors, by not collecting blood for at least 2 to 4 hours after smoking, or by using oxygen breathing or exercise‐induced hyperventilation to accelerate the donors excretion of carbon monoxide.
Storage of Erythrocytes in Artificial Media
Authors: Wood L. , Beutler E.
Published: October 2009

The storage of red blood cells (RBC) for extended periods in artificial media without plasma has been studied. Blood was collected in either heparin or ACD solution; the plasma was removed; and one or two volumes of a solution containing 2 to 3 mM adenine, 5 to 60 mM Na2HPO4 55 mM glucose, and 120 to 140 mM NaCl was added to the packed RBC. Control samples were stored in ACD plasma containing an equivalent concentration of adenine (ACD‐ad). Viability studies were done on three consecutive days in each of 22 subjects, using the subject's own blood stored in various preservatives for 41 to 57 days. After this period of storage, the mean viability of ACD‐ad stored blood was 73.5 per cent and of erythrocytes stored in artificial media, 74.4 per cent. Cells stored for longer periods had diminished viability, but the viability of cells stored in artificial media was equivalent to or superior to that of controls. After 42 days' storage, 2,3 DPG levels of RBC stored in artificial media were higher than those of controls, and in some instances, the 2,3 DPG content was one‐third to two‐thirds that of fresh blood. Some of the potential advantages of this system for blood preservation are:

1. The suspending medium is discarded prior to infusion so that less potentially toxic substances are administered.

2. Plasma is removed at the beginning of storage so that labile factors are available for fractionation.

3. 2,3 DPG levels are higher, so that, theoretically, the oxygen‐delivering capacity of the transfused cells is greater.
Gu, a Variant of G
Authors: Beattie K. M. , Neitzer G. M. , Zanardi V. , Zuelzer W. W.
Published: October 2009

Gu, analogous to Du and Eu, is a weak variant of G appearing in a haplotype lacking C, D, and E but having es.

In a preliminary survey, the red blood cells ot three of 186 Negro blood donors found negative when tested for C, D (incuding Du), and E were shown to be Gu‐positive when tested with anti‐CD by the antiglobulin technic.

Fourteen additional examples from unrelated persons and five members of a family have been investigated in this study. All Gu‐positive individuals tested are VS‐positive, but V‐negative, and all are Negro. Although G cells show greater antibody uptake when used to absorb anti‐CD, Gu cells elute anti‐G in substantially greater amounts than do G cells. Comparative studies demonstrate similarity of specificity but a difference of avidity, which could be due to the influence of es(VS) in cis position.

Gu‐positive bloods have been shown to stimulate the production of anti‐G in Rh‐negative recipients. The test for Gu can be incorporated in the test for Du by substituting anti‐CD or anti‐CDE for anti‐D serum.
Specific Agglutinability of Erythrocytes from Whole Blood Stored at 4 C
Authors: Rosenfield R. E. , Berkman E. M. , Nusbacher J. , Hyams L. , Dabinsky C. , Stux S. , Hirsch A. , Kochwa S.
Published: October 2009

When whole blood is supplemented with adenine, the erythrocytes are suitable for transfusion after at least 35 days of storage at 4C, but information is not available as to whether such cells remain satisfactory for blood typing and pre transfusion tests for evidence of incompatibility. Accordingly, we designed experiments to evaluate by AutoAnalyzer the specific agglutinability of erythrocytes obtained from whole blood stored at 4C. Seven normal volunteer donors of both sexes, aged between 22 and 31 years, were chosen and bled periodically so that, over a three‐day testing period, all blood specimens from each donor could be evaluated. Each donor provided at each bleeding sufficient blood to permit aliquots of 20 ml to be stored as clotted blood and 8 ml to be stored as citrated whole blood. Four kinds of citrate solution were used: ACD Formula A, CPD, ACD supplemented with adenine, and CPD supplemented with adenine. All clotted specimens were tested after 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks of storage, while all citrated specimens were tested after 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 weeks of storage. Six blood group systems were used for evaluation with the following reagents: anti‐A or anti‐B, anti‐Rhl (Rho or D), anti‐K2 (k or Cellano), anti‐Jka, anti‐Fya or anti‐Fyb, and anti‐M. Each reagent was used at a dilution to support from 20 to 80 per cent agglutination with freshly drawn blood, and each reagent was tested under two conditions: low ionic and normal ionic.

The results disclosed loss of specific agglutinability in association with the time of storage of whole blood at 4 C. The onset and degree of loss depended both on the kind of test used (normal ionic tests showed loss 2.8 weeks earlier than did low ionic tests) and the condition in which the blood was stored (loss occurred sooner and then progressed more with clotted blood than with citrated blood). Average losses of 25, 50, and 75 per cent were observed at 1.1, 2.1, and 4.0 weeks of storage for normal ionic tests of clotted blood, and at 4.1, 6.0, and 7.6 weeks for similar tests of citrated blood.

Loss of specific agglutinability during storage was significantly less for the red blood cells of some donors than for others, but systematic differences between specific blood‐typing tests were not observed. ACD and CPD solutions behaved similarly, while adenine supplementation exerted a slight preservative effect after 6, 8, and 10 weeks of storage.

Loss of specific hemagglutinability of stored cells was not due to loss of specific antigenic sites because stored cells were as effective as fresh cells for the absorption of anti‐B, anti‐Rhl, and anti‐M. Loss might, however, be related to an increase in the accumulation of IgG, fibrinogen, and albumin at the surfaces of erythrocytes.
Transfusion of Long Stored Whole Blood or Washed Red Blood Cells Incubated with Adenine and Inosine
Authors: Strumia M. M. , Strumia P. V.
Published: October 2009

Full unit autotransfusions of long stored ACD blood, incubated with adenine and inosine at 37 C., were given to healthy young male volunteers. Red cells of blood stored for 35 days showed, after regeneration, a significant increase in ATP and a 24‐hour posttransfusion survival of 78.8 per cent (70.9–85.9%); red cells of blood stored for 42 days, thus regenerated, showed a similar increase in ATP and a 24‐hour posttransfusion survival of 75.6 per cent (71.5–80.6%). These results were not significantly different from those obtained with 10‐ml token autotransfusions of blood similarly treated, the posttransfusion survival of red cells in token transfusions being 78.8 per cent for blood stored 35 days prior to regeneration with adenineinosine and 74 per cent for blood stored for 42 days prior to regeneration. Available data on toxicity of adenine and inosine have been critically reviewed: Chance of direct toxic effects with the small amounts involved may be dismissed when few transfusions are involved; however, uric acid overload must be considered when multiple transfusions are required within a short period of time. A single washing with saline‐glucose solution reduces by 90 per cent the concentration of un‐metabolized adenine and inosine, and of the product of their metabolism, hypoxanthine. The washing procedure involves a loss of only 0.55 per cent of the total red blood cell population; washing additionally reduces the amount of free hemoglobin. Washing has no effect on the ATP or red blood cell viability, and is recommended when multiple transfusions of cells treated with adenine and inosine are required in a short period of time.
Effects of Albumin on the Radio‐immune Assay for Determining the Anti‐Rho(D) Content of Rho(D) Immune Globulin
Authors: Esposito V. M. , Paul E. B.
Published: October 2009

Bovine serum albumin is used as a diluent component in the radio‐immune assay for the determination of the Anti‐Rho(D) content of Rho(D) Immune Globulin preparations. The radio‐immune assay appears to be more sensitive than other serological assays in the response to differences among albumin preparations; lack of duplication of data and results due to nonspecific binding of immunoglobulin may be pronounced. The effects of bovine and human serum albumin from two commercial sources each were studied. Differences were demonstrated by ultracentrifugal analysis, electrophoresis and serological methods. In addition to monomers and polymers of albumin which are common to both preparations one contained other components. Data presented clearly demonstrate that the choice of albumin preparation is especially critical if the single dilution assay is employed as opposed to the multiple dilution assay.
Plateletpheresis in a Disposable System
Authors: Tullis J. L. , Tinch R. J. , Baudanza P. , Gibson J. G. , DiForte S. , Conneely G. , Murthy K.
Published: October 2009

A new plastic disposable system is described for the removal of platelets from single packs of ACD blood, single units of blood directly from a donor, or multiple cycles of whole blood (plateletpheresis) from the same donor in a continuous flow system. Data are given on donor acceptability, platelet yields, and the effectivenessin vitroandin vivoof platelet suspensions so derived.
Red Blood Cell Sensitization Due to Unexpected Rh Antibodies in Immune Serum Globulin
Authors: Oberman H. A. , Beck M. L.
Published: October 2009

A newborn infant developed red blood cell sensitization due to anti‐D following administration of immune serum globulin (human). The lot of administered immune serum globulin contained an unexpectedly high titer of anti‐D. This should stimulate passage of federal regulations requiring absence of significant levels of blood group antibodies in such products.
A Red Blood Cell Freezing Program for Massachusetts
Authors: Demerjian A. , Kliman A.
Published: October 2009

A regular service for freezing, thawing and washing red blood cells was established at the Massachusetts Red Cross Blood Center in 1970. This was the culmination of many years of investigation by the American National Red Cross and was part of a nation‐wide program to introduce frozen, thawed, washed red blood cells. Frozen red blood cells have the advantages of a prolonged dating period, freedom from major hepatitis risks, and negligible leukocyte, platelet and plasma content. The major disadvantages are the complexity of solutions and equipment and the high degree of quality control required. This leads to a five‐to‐tenfold increase in cost when compared to standard red blood cell preparations. If better recruitment methods and better liquid blood processing procedures are developed, the first two advantages of frozen red blood cells over standard refrigerated red blood cells would be lost. There are some patients who cannot tolerate ordinary red blood cells and can only be transfused with the frozen, thawed, washed product. In Massachusetts, the obligatory requirement for frozen red blood cells is approximately 100 units per day or less. Until better liquid blood processing methods and recruitment procedures are developed, the Massachusetts Red Cross Blood Program will need to continue expanding the output of frozen, thawed, washed red blood cells.
Scoring of Hemagglutination Reactions
Authors: Marsh W. L.
Published: October 2009

Many inter‐laboratory surveys have revealed wide variations in results of hemagglutination titration studies. Correlation between laboratories is made difficult by the absence of a universal recording system. A notational method is proposed in which agglutination reactions are scored on a numerical gradient from 0 to 12. Numerical scoring of results permits easy analysis and reduces subjective bias.
Use of Escherichia coli O86: B7 in the Adsorption of Anti‐A and Anti‐B from Blood Typing Sera
Authors: Øyen R. , Colledge K. I. , Marsh W. L. , Wainfan E.
Published: October 2009

The Gram‐negative bacterium, Escherichia coli O86:B7, has somatic A and B antigens that can be utilized to adsorb anti‐A and anti‐B from blood typing sera. Adsorption of anti‐B is highly effective, one adsorption with heat‐killed bacteria for one hour being sufficient to remove anti‐B from most type A or O sera. Adsorption of anti‐A is less efficient, especially with type O sera.

Adsorption with these organisms caused slight loss in activity of an anti‐P1 serum, but no reduction in antibody titer or avidity was detected in adsorptions using a wide range of other human antisera. The bacterial method of processing is a simple and rapid means whereby sera such as anti‐Lub, anti‐k and anti‐Vel may be rendered free of anti‐B.
A New Example of Anti‐Lan and Two Families with Lan‐negative Members
Authors: Clancey M. , Bonds S. , van Eys J.
Published: October 2009

An example of anti‐Lan developed after a single unit transfusion. Blood from two male siblings, and one unit out of 407 random donors were found to be compatible. The patient developed two additional antibodies, one of which was anti‐E, after transfusion with cells from the random donor and siblings. The Lan antigen is not closely linked to ABO, Rh, Duffy, Kidd or P systems.
Red Cell Recovery and Leukocyte Depletion Following Washing of Frozen‐Thawed Red Cells
Authors: Meryman H. T. , Hornblower M.
Published: October 2009

Human red blood cells frozen by the high glycerol method and washed in the Haemonetics, IBM, and Elutramatic cell washers showed uniformly low hemolysis and modest differences in the loss of intact cells during washing. Residual leukocytes ranged from an apparent absence of cells to as many as 103/mm3. Configuration changes in the Haemonetics bowl designed to improve mixing also improved leukocyte removal.
Delay in the Onset of Immune Hemolysis in Vivo Apparently Due to Heparinization
Authors: Gray J. M. , Oberman H. A. , Beck M. L.
Published: October 2009

A 55‐year‐old type B patient inadvertently received one unit of type A1 blood following the administration of 14 units of type B blood while heparinized for cardiopulmonary bypass. Agglutinated erythrocytes were present in a Wright stained film of venous blood after the transfusion of the A1 unit, but they were absent three hours after administration of protamine sulfate when hemolysis ensued. Heparin may have temporarily prevented rapid early lysis of the transfused incompatible cells.
Elution of Chromium Label from Preserved Red Blood Cells Transfused During Surgery
Authors: Szymanski I. O. , Lipson C. S. , Valeri C. R.
Published: October 2009

51Cr labelled red blood cells were transfused into nine patients during surgery, and the rate of chromium elution in vivo was determined. Similar studies were performed on seven nonsurgical patients. Three of the surgical and two of the nonsurgical patients received liquid‐stored red blood cells, while six of the surgical and five of the nonsurgical patients received previously frozen agglomerated red blood cells. The rapid component of chromium elution was observed in both surgical and nonsurgical patients. Approximately 6.7 per cent of the chromium eluted rapidly from liquid‐preserved red blood cells, and about 9.9 per cent from previously frozen red blood cells. No further elution was detected in the red blood cells transfused during surgery, whereas further elution (the slow component of 51Cr elution) was observed in nonsurgical patients. These data suggest that general anesthesia may have influenced the slow component of chromium elution.
Albumin and Hydroxy‐Ethyl Starch in the Cryopreservation of Red Cells—an In Vitro Study
Authors: Baar Stella
Published: October 2009

The usefulness of a fully dialyzed albumin in ACD‐saline containing hyroxyethyl starch (HES) for cryoprotection of red blood cells has been investigated. In vitro damage was as assessed by the amount of hemolysis in the supernatant plasma, saline stability, and autohemolysis at 30 C after resuspension in fresh ACD plasma. Freeze‐thawing hemolysis was reduced to an average of 54 per cent of that of the control when the cells were processed in 14.1 g 100 ml albumin containing 11.7 g 100 ml HES. Higher concentrations of albumin reduced this difference of 46 per cent to 20 per cent. The autohemolysis test gave the best result, when 21.7 g/100 ml albumin was used as HES diluent.

Additionally the effect of freeze‐thawing on the cellular levels of ATP and 2,3‐DPG was investigated. The ATP levels in the albumin‐HES processed cells fell to 94 per cent and that of the ACD plasma‐HES cells to 85 per cent of the respective starting values. 2,3‐DPG in the corresponding samples was reduced to 98 and 96 per cent of the initial levels. The differences between cells processed in both media were statistically not significant. Cell membrane deformability was tested by cell filtration. Cells processed in albumin‐HES had a shorter filtration time than those frozen in ACD plasma‐HES and this difference was statistically significant.
Quinidine Hemolytic Anemia in the Absence of Thrombocytopenia in a Patient with Hemoglobin D
Authors: Bell C. A. , Zwicker H. , Lee S. , Alpern H.
Published: October 2009

A patient on quinidine therapy was found to have a positive direct Coombs test and low grade hemolytic anemia without thrombocytopenia. The serum and red cell eluates contained an antibody which reacted by indirect Coombs technic against red cells presensitized with quinidine gluconate. The serum also contained weak anti‐Sda. The hemolytic anemia, anti‐Sda, and positive direct Coombs test disappeared three months after the drug was discontinued. The serologic findings are described. An incidental finding of hemoglobin D is also noted, and its relationship to the hemolysis is considered.
Nonspecific Warm Hemolysins of Papain‐Treated Cells: Serologic Characterization and Transfusion Risk
Authors: Bell C. A. , Zwicker H. , Nevius D. B.
Published: October 2009

Over a 13‐year period, 130,000 sera were screened for atypical antibodies with untreated and papain‐treated cells. A warm hemolysin of the papain treated screening cells was found in 130 (0.1%) sera. The hemolysin was characterized serologically and its clinical significance evaluated. The hemolysin could be misinterpreted as anti‐H or anti‐HI if preferential lysis of stored red cells was not noted. The hemolysins reacted most strongly with papainized cells, variably with trypsinized cells, and did not lyse red blood cells treated with bromelin or neuraminidase. The hemolysin appeared in a wide variety of clinical conditions and included normal individuals with no correlation to any specific disease process. Transfusions of stored rather than fresh blood were given to 23 patients with no untoward reaction. The phenomenon is concluded to be an in vitro effect creating technical difficulties, but of no clinical significance.
Detection and Quantitation of Bacteria in Platelet Products Stored at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Buchholz D. H. , Young V. M. , Friedman N. R. , Reilly J. A. , Mardiney M. R.
Published: October 2009

A study of bacterial contamination in platelet products stored at ambient temperature demonstrated the presence of bacteria in 2.4 per cent of platelets as determined by culturing platelet pools. The recovery of bacteria increased as storage time prior to culture increased, which suggested bacterial proliferation during storage. While many of the bacteria recovered were normal skin flora, i.e., diphtheroids and Staphylococcus epidermidis, pathogens such as Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas spp. were recovered several times. Quantitative cultures were performed in the present study which demonstrated that most pools contained relatively few microorganisms, although some harbored more than 500 bacteria/ml after ambient temperature storage.

The introduction of microorganisms during the pooling procedure can not be ruled out. Of 3,251 units not subjected to pooling, 45 (1.4%) were found to contain bacteria. Platelets kept at ambient temperature for 11 to 71 days were cultured and 38 of 631 (6.0%) individual units contained bacteria. Four additional severe patient reactions and two deaths have occurred consequent to transfusion of platelets contaminated with bacteria. These observations lead to the conclusion that caution should be exercised in the use of platelets stored at ambient temperature.
Prophylactic Platelet Transfusions in Children with Acute Leukemia: A Dose Response Study
Authors: Roy A. J. , Jaffe N. , Djerassi I.
Published: October 2009

A study of the value of small doses of platelets given prophylactically in thrombocytopenic patients was carried out. Transfusions of two dose levels of platelets were compared: 0.03 units/1b (low dose) and 0.06 units/lb of body weight (high dose). The incidence of bleeding in nontransfused patients seen here prior to this study was also determined. The difference in incidences of bleeding among patients transfused with low or high dose was not significant. The differences between the transfused and nontransfused patients were highly significant.
Identification and Clinical Implications of Isoantibodies in Patients with Idiopathic Dysgammaglobulinemia
Authors: Ablin R. J.
Published: October 2009

Evaluation of patients with recurrent sinopulmonary infections and dyscrasias of immunoglobulin production, particularly of IgA, disclosed the presence of antibodies to IgA, cow's milk, bovidae proteins, and tissue antigens. These antibodies may have clinical significance as indicators of those individuals susceptible to diseases whose etiology may be considered in part to be of an autoimmune nature. They may also be of clinical significance because of their possible in vivo interaction with common or crossreacting antigens present in administered or transfused blood products.
A Rapid and Simple Method for Freezing Small Volumes of Erythrocytes in Liquid Nitrogen
Authors: Reid M. E. , Ellisor S. S.
Published: October 2009

A simple rapid method for freezing small volumes of erythrocytes in liquid nitrogen is described. A multicompartment metal tray allows continual dispensing of the blood sample to be frozen into the liquid nitrogen. The tray readily lends itself to adaptation into any system for freezing of small quantities of erythrocytes in liquid nitrogen.