bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary cutaneous and subcutaneous Ewing sarcoma
Authors: Di Giannatale Angela , Frezza Anna Maria , Le Deley Marie‐Cécile , Marec‐Bérard Perrine , Benson Charlotte , Blay Jean‐Yves , Bui Binh , Judson Ian , Oberlin Odile , Whelan Jeremy , Gaspar Nathalie
Published: April 2015

Background

Primary cutaneous/subcutaneous Ewing sarcoma (scEWS) is extremely rare. We describe clinical features, treatment, and outcome of this Ewing localization.

Procedure

Retrospective study (1996–2012) on 56 patients.

Results

Most primary scEWS occurred in late adolescent/young adult females (F/M = 1.9; median age 21.5 years), with primary tumor in the extremity/trunk (48.5%/39%). Only 35/56 samples had Real‐Time‐Polymerase‐Chain‐Reaction/Fluorescent‐In‐Situ‐Hybridization analysis, 32/35 had EWS‐translocation. Most of them exhibited known favorable prognostic factors: localized disease (54/56), initial tumor volume < 200 ml (51/53). Thirty and 25 patients received chemotherapy according to Euro‐Ewing99 or a shorter/less intense chemotherapy regimen associated with milder toxicity. One patient had not received chemotherapy. Surgery was performed at diagnosis in 37 patients (18/37 marginal/intra‐lesional resections) followed by secondary surgery in 8/37 (three remained marginal). Nineteen other patients had an initial biopsy followed by chemotherapy, 15/19 underwent late surgery (4/15 marginal/intra‐lesional resections). Overall, 27/56 patients received radiotherapy. Median follow‐up was six years (1–15). Two patients with metastatic disease progressed at metastatic sites. Four patients with localized disease experienced progression/relapse (local n = 3, metastatic n = 1). Survival was excellent: 5y‐OS and 5y‐EFS were 93.8% (95%CI = 83–98%) and 88.5% (95%CI–= 77–95), respectively.

Conclusions

Unplanned primary surgery should be avoided to try to minimize potential long term sequels due to secondary surgery or radiotherapy. Biopsy with molecular analysis and staging should be performed at diagnosis to inform treatment recommendations. Patients with metastases should be treated aggressively as for other metastatic EWS. Further studies are necessary to clarify whether a less intensive chemotherapy regimen could be safely used in localized disease to minimize acute/late toxicities. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1555–1561. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Medical and sociodemographic factors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination adherence among female survivors of childhood cancer
Authors: Klosky James L. , Russell Kathryn M. , Simmons Jessica L. , Foster Rebecca H. , Peck Kelly , Green Daniel M. , Hudson Melissa M.
Published: April 2015

Background

Among those 9–26 years of age, vaccination can prevent specific types of genital human papillomavirus (HPV), the most common sexually transmitted infection and cause of cervical and other cancers. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of and factors associated with HPV vaccine initiation and completion among females surviving childhood cancer.

Procedure

One‐hundred fourteen young adults and 230 mothers with daughters surviving childhood cancer completed surveys querying HPV vaccination history along with medical and sociodemographic factors potentially associated with vaccination outcomes. Vaccination rate differences by age necessitated analysis of outcomes by age group: 9–13 years (preadolescents), 14–17 years (adolescents), and 18–26 years (young adults). Multivariable logistic regression was utilized to identify factors associated with HPV vaccination outcomes.

Results

Overall, 34.6% (119/344) of survivors initiated and 20.9% (72/344) completed HPV vaccination. Preadolescents were least likely to have initiated vaccination (P < 0.001). Physician recommendation was associated with initiation across age groups (OR = 6.81–11.96, Ps < 0.001–.01), whereas older age at diagnosis (≥12 years of age) was associated with lower vaccination initiation among young adults only (OR = 0.28; 95%CI, 0.10–0.76, P = 0.012). Physician recommendation (OR = 7.54; 95%CI, 1.19–47.69, P = 0.032; adolescent group) and greater treatment intensity (OR = 5.25; 95%CI, 1.00–27.61, P = 0.050; young adult group) were associated with vaccine completion, whereas being non‐White was associated with decreased vaccination completion (OR = 0.17; 95%CI, 0.05–0.66, P = 0.010; adolescent group).

Conclusions

A minority of youths surviving childhood cancer have initiated or completed HPV vaccination. Strategies to increase vaccination among survivors are discussed. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1630–1636. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Successful hematopoietic cell transplantation in a patient with X‐linked agammaglobulinemia and acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Abu‐Arja Rolla F. , Chernin Leah R. , Abusin Ghada , Auletta Jeffery , Cabral Linda , Egler Rachel , Ochs Hans D. , Torgerson Troy R. , Lopez‐Guisa Jesus , Hostoffer Robert W. , Tcheurekdjian Haig , Cooke Kenneth R.
Published: April 2015

X‐linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by marked reduction in all classes of serum immunoglobulins and the near absence of mature CD19+ B‐cells. Although malignancy has been observed in patients with XLA, we present the first reported case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in a patient with XLA. We also demonstrate the complete correction of the XLA phenotype following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for treatment of the patient's leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1674–1676. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term renal function in unilateral non‐syndromic renal tumor survivors treated according to International Society of Pediatric Oncology protocols
Authors: Schiavetti Amalia , Altavista Pierluigi , De Luca Laura , Andreoli Gianmarco , Megaro Giacomina , Versacci Paolo
Published: April 2015

Background

The risk of renal impairment among survivors of childhood unilateral non‐syndromic renal tumors (RTs) is not well defined. We evaluated the prevalence of and possible risk factors for renal impairment by estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) categories and chronic kidney disease (CKD) according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines.

Procedure

Since 1978, 82 patients were treated for RT, according to the International Society of Pediatric Oncology protocols in a single oncology unit. Of the 67 survivors, those who underwent nephron sparing surgery, those with short‐term follow‐up or those who had bilateral and/or syndromic disease or a second malignancy were excluded. Thirty‐five adult survivors (14 M/21F; mean age 25 years; mean follow‐up 20 years) were studied by chemistry, kidney ultrasound, blood pressure measurement, urinanalysis. Correlations were investigated between the prevalence of eGFR categories and CKD and gender, age at diagnosis, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, body mass index, time of follow‐up, and age at study.

Results

Eight (22.9%) survivors presented a mildly decreased eGFR (G2 category), the mean value was 80 ± 9.78 ml/min/1.73m2 (median 84.5, range 63–89). Three (8.6%) survivors had CKD and a fourth (2.9%) hypertension. No significant correlations between G2 category and clinical variables were found.

Conclusions

A small percentage of survivors had CKD or hypertension after two decades. It is not yet clear whether a mildly decreased eGFR that does not constitute CKD in the absence of other markers (albuminuria and/or kidney ultrasound abnormalities) is likely to progress to CKD. Health promotion programs to avoid comorbidities are required. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1637–1644. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sunitinib reduces tumor hypoxia and angiogenesis, and radiosensitizes prostate cancer stem‐like cells
Authors: Diaz Roque , Nguewa Paul A. , Redrado Miriam , Manrique Irene , Calvo Alfonso
Published: April 2015

INTRODUCTION

The need for new treatments for advanced prostate cancer has fostered the experimental use of targeted therapies. Sunitinib is a multi‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor that mainly targets membrane‐bound receptors of cells within the tumor microenvironment, such as endothelial cells and pericytes. However, recent studies suggest a direct effect on tumor cells. In the present study, we have evaluated both direct and indirect effects of Sunitinib in prostate cancer and how this drug regulates hypoxia, using in vitro and in vivo models.

METHODS

We have used both in vitro (PC‐3, DU145, and LNCaP cells) and in vivo (PC‐3 xenografts) models to study the effect of Sunitinib in prostate cancer. Analysis of hypoxia based on HIF‐1α expression and FMISO uptake was conducted. ALDH activity was used to analyze cancer stem cells (CSC).

RESULTS

Sunitinib strongly reduced proliferation of PC‐3 and DU‐145 cells in a dose dependent manner, and decreased levels of p‐Akt, p‐Erk1/2, and Id‐1, compared to untreated cells. A 3‐fold reduction in tumor growth was also observed (P < 0.001 with respect to controls). Depletion of Hif‐1α levels in vitro and a decrease in FMISO uptake in vivo showed that Sunitinib inhibits tumor hypoxia. When combined with radiotherapy, this drug enhanced cell death in vitro and in vivo, and significantly decreased CD‐31, PDGFRβ, Hif‐1α, Id1, and PCNA protein levels (whereas apoptosis was increased) in tumors as compared to controls or single‐therapy treated mice. Moreover, Sunitinib reduced the number of ALDH + cancer stem‐like cells and sensitized these cells to radiation‐mediated loss of clonogenicity.

DISCUSION

Our results support the use of Sunitinib in prostate cancer and shows that both hypoxia and cancer stem cells are involved in the effect elicited by this drug. Combination of Sunitinib with radiotherapy warrants further consideration to reduce prostate cancer burden. Prostate 75: 1137–1149, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The 21st Annual Prostate Cancer Foundation Scientific Retreat report
Authors: Miyahira Andrea K. , Simons Jonathan W. , Soule Howard R.
Published: April 2015

The 21st Annual Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF) Scientific Retreat was held from October 23‐25, 2014, in Carlsbad, CA. This event is the world's foremost scientific meeting focusing on prostate cancer and brings together leading basic, translational and clinical researchers in prostate cancer and other diverse disciplines to discuss the newest findings most likely to advance the understanding of prostate cancer and the clinical care of prostate cancer patients. This year's meeting highlighted themes including: (i) research integrity and standards for scientific reproducibility; (ii) prostate cancer disparities; (iii) mechanisms and models of prostate cancer progression and dormancy; (iv) mechanisms of therapeutic resistance; and (v) advancements in precision medicine treatments, treatment models, and predictive and prognostic biomarkers. Prostate 75: 1119–1128, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prostate stromal cell telomere shortening is associated with risk of prostate cancer in the placebo arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
Authors: Heaphy Christopher M. , Gaonkar Gaurav , Peskoe Sarah B. , Joshu Corinne E. , De Marzo Angelo M. , Lucia M. Scott , Goodman Phyllis J. , Lippman Scott M. , Thompson Ian M. , Platz Elizabeth A. , Meeker Alan K.
Published: April 2015

Background

Telomeres are repetitive nucleoproteins that help maintain chromosomal stability by inhibiting exonucleolytic degradation, prohibiting inappropriate homologous recombination, and preventing chromosomal fusions by suppressing double‐strand break signals. We recently observed that men treated for clinically localized prostate cancer with shorter telomeres in their cancer‐associated stromal cells, in combination with greater variation in cancer cell telomere lengths, were significantly more likely to progress to distant metastases, and die from their disease. Here, we hypothesized that shorter stromal cell telomere length would be associated with prostate cancer risk at time of biopsy.

Methods

Telomere‐specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was performed in normal‐appearing stromal, basal epithelial, and luminal epithelial cells in biopsies from men randomized to the placebo arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Prostate cancer cases (N = 32) were either detected on a biopsy performed for cause or at the end of the study per trial protocol, and controls (N = 50), defined as negative for cancer on an end‐of‐study biopsy performed per trial protocol (e.g., irrespective of indication), were sampled. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between mean telomere length of the particular cell populations, cell‐to‐cell telomere length variability, and risk of prostate cancer.

Results

Men with short stromal cell telomere lengths (below median) had 2.66 (95% CI 1.04–3.06; P = 0.04) times the odds of prostate cancer compared with men who had longer lengths (at or above median). Conversely, we did not observe statistically significant associations for short telomere lengths in normal‐appearing basal (OR = 2.15, 95% CI 0.86–5.39; P= 0 .10) or luminal (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 0.47–2.80; P = 0.77) cells.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that telomere shortening in normal stromal cells is associated with prostate cancer risk. It is essential to extend and validate these findings, while also identifying the cellular milieu that comprises the subset of cells with short telomeres within the prostate tumor microenvironment. Prostate 75: 1160–1166, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Numerical Investigation of Burden Distribution in a Blast Furnace
Authors: Liu Sida , Zhou Zongyan , Dong Kejun , Yu Aibing , Pinson David , Tsalapatis John
Published: April 2015

Burden distribution plays an important role in achieving stable and efficient operation in a modern ironmaking blast furnace. In this process, burden materials are charged and distributed to the throat region, and further affect gas distribution and blast furnace performance. In this work, a model based on discrete element method is established. In particular, the surface properties of spherical particles are first justified in terms of angle of repose aiming to reflect the effect of particle shape. The proper values of sliding friction and rolling friction coefficients for different burden materials are then recommended. Burden trajectories from the rotating chute and burden layers formed at the throat region are compared with physical experiments, showing consistent results. The effects of some key variables such as chute angle and friction coefficients are also examined. The results indicate that burden trajectories are not sensitive to sliding and rolling friction coefficients. But those variables should be properly set to obtain reasonable burden layer profiles.
A Simple Method of Liver Retraction for Various Types of Laparoscopic Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeries: The Prolene Hanging‐Up Method
Authors: Lee Jeong‐Sun , Kim Jin‐Jo , Park Seung‐Man
Published: April 2015

This study describes a safe and the simple method for liver retraction during various types of laparoscopic upper gastrointestinal surgeries. The technique was performed using only a 75 cm 2–0 prolene suture, which was passed through the abdominal wall with a straight needle at the two points of the epigastrium and at the pars condensa of the gastrohepatic ligament without any protective material or knotting. Seventy‐six patients who underwent various types of laparoscopic upper gastrointestinal surgeries from August, 2012 to March, 2013 at Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital were included in the study. The mean time for the liver retraction was 2.7 ± 0.6 min. Among the 76 cases, complication of this method was one case of the puncture site bleeding on the abdominal wall. The mean levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase on the day of the surgery were 54.9 ± 26.3 U/L and 45.2 ± 23.1 U/L, respectively, and these had decreased to 22.4 ± 13.2 U/L and 21.8 ± 14.0 U/L, respectively, on the fourth postoperative day. The prolene hanging‐up method is very simple and safe, and it can be used in various types of laparoscopic upper gastrointestinal surgeries.
An efficient method for the immobilization of inulinase using new types of polymers containing epoxy groups
Authors: Trytek Mariusz , Fiedurek Jan , Podkościelna Beata , Gawdzik Barbara , Skowronek Marcin
Published: April 2015

New glycidyl methacrylate copolymers containing different numbers of epoxy groups were synthesized and used to develop effective procedures for inulinase immobilization. The beneficial characteristics of the carriers included a high degree of crosslinking, stability at ambient temperature, an appropriate surface, and the presence of reactive epoxy groups. Some factors affecting the efficiency of immobilization of crude inulinase, including the kind and amount of carrier, the number of epoxy groups, as well as buffer pH and buffer concentration were examined. The yield of immobilization of this enzyme on the investigated type of microspheres was higher than on the commercial carrier, Eupergit® C. After immobilization, the optimum temperature for inulinase activity shifted from 55 to 45 °C, whereas the optimum pH = 5 remained unchanged. The basic parameters of inulin hydrolysis were examined, and the possibility of applying the obtained biocatalyst in continuous conditions was tested. Inulin at a concentration of 0.5 % (w/v) was almost completely hydrolyzed to fructose (in a yield of 98 %) at a flow rate of 0.1 mL/min. A tenfold increase in the speed of flow resulted in an increase in the yield of oligosaccharides (DP2-DP6) up to ~41 % in the overall hydrolysate, as analysed by HPLC-RID and LC-ESI/MS. These results indicate that two forms of inulinase, an exo- and an endo-acting enzyme, were immobilized on our carrier. The enzyme showed good operational stability in a packed column over 28 days. There were no significant decreases in the efficiency of continuous hydrolysis during this time (about 17.4 % in comparison to its initial value).
Effects of base flow modifications on noise amplifications: flow past a backward-facing step
Authors: Mao X.
Published: April 2015

Amplifications of flow past a backward-facing step with respect to optimal inflow and initial perturbations are investigated at Reynolds number 500. Two mechanisms of receptivity to inflow noise are identified: the bubble-induced inflectional point instability and the misalignment effect downstream of the secondary bubble. Further development of the misalignment results in decay of perturbations from $x=28$ onwards (the step is located at $x=0$), as has been observed in previous non-normality studies (Blackburn et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 603, 2008, pp. 271–304), and eventually limits the receptivity. The receptivity is found to be maximized at an inflow perturbation frequency of ${\it\omega}=0.50$ and a spanwise wavenumber of ${\it\beta}=0$, where the inflow noise takes full advantage of both mechanisms and is amplified over two orders of magnitude in terms of the velocity magnitude. In direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the flow perturbed by optimal or random inflow noise, vortex shedding, flapping of bubbles, three-dimensionality and turbulence are observed in succession as the magnitude of the inflow noise increases. Similar features of linear and nonlinear receptivity are observed at higher Reynolds numbers. The Strouhal number of the bubble flapping is 0.08, at which the receptivity to inflow noise reaches a maximum. This Strouhal number is close to reported values extracted from DNS or large eddy simulations (LES) at larger Reynolds numbers (Le et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 330, 1997, pp. 349–374; Kaiktsis et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 321, 1996, pp. 157–187; Métais, New Trends in Turbulence, 2001, Springer; Wee et al., Phys. Fluids, vol. 16, 2004, pp. 3361–3373). Methods to further clarify the mechanisms of receptivity and to suppress the noise amplifications by modifying the base flow using a linearly optimal body force are proposed. It is observed that the mechanisms of optimal noise amplification are fully revealed by the distribution of the base flow modification, which weakens the bubble instabilities and misalignment effects and subsequently reduces the receptivity significantly. Comparing the base flow modifications with respect to amplifications of inflow and initial perturbations, it is found that the maximum receptivity to initial perturbations is highly correlated with the receptivity to inflow noise at the optimal frequency ${\it\omega}=0.50$, and the correlation reduces as the inflow frequency deviates from this optimal value.
Zinc status of northern Tasmanian adults
Authors: Beckett Jeffrey M. , Ball Madeleine J.
Published: April 2015

Information regarding Zn status in the Australian population is very limited. Mild deficiencies in Zn have been associated with CVD, impaired immune function and poor healing. A cross-sectional study of 497 northern Tasmanian adults (24–82 years of age) was conducted to assess Zn status. Dietary intakes were assessed by FFQ and serum concentrations of Zn were evaluated using International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group methodology. Mean Zn intakes were 12·6 (sd4·4) mg/d for men and 10·9 (sd3·6) mg/d for women. It was found that 52 % of men but only 9 % of women consumed less than the Australia/New Zealand estimated average requirement for Zn. Mean serum Zn was 13·0 (sd2·4) µmol/l in men and 13·0 (sd2·5) µmol/l in women. Overall, 15 % of men and 7 % of women had low serum Zn levels. Furthermore, low serum Zn was observed in 18 % of men 50 years or older and 30 % of men 70 years or older. The present results suggest that mild Zn deficiency may be prevalent in older Tasmanian adults, particularly men; and due to the importance of Zn in many areas of health, this could be of public health concern.
Guiding healthier food choice: systematic comparison of four front-of-pack labelling systems and their effect on judgements of product healthiness
Authors: Hodgkins Charo E. , Raats Monique M. , Fife-Schaw Chris , Peacock Matthew , Gröppel-Klein Andrea , Koenigstorfer Joerg , Wasowicz Grazyna , Stysko-Kunkowska Malgorzata , Gulcan Yaprak , Kustepeli Yesim , Gibbs Michelle , Shepherd Richard , Grunert Klaus G.
Published: April 2015

Different front-of-pack (FOP) labelling systems have been developed in Europe by industry and organisations concerned with health promotion. A study (n2068) was performed to establish the extent to which inclusion of the most prevalent FOP systems – guideline daily amounts (GDA), traffic lights (TL), GDA+TL hybrid (HYB) and health logos (HL) – impact consumer perceptions of healthiness over and above the provision of a FOP basic label (BL) containing numerical nutritional information alone. The design included within- and between-subjects factors. The within-subjects factors were: food (pizzas, yogurts and biscuits), healthiness of the food (high health, medium health and low health) and the repeated measurements under BL and test FOP label conditions. The between-subjects factors were: the system (GDA, TL, GDA+TL hybrid, HL), portion size (typical portion size and a 50 % reduction of a typical portion) and country (the UK, Germany, Poland and Turkey). Although the FOP systems tested did result in small improvements for objective understanding under some conditions, there was little difference between the provision of an FOP label containing basic numerical nutritional information alone or between the various systems. Thus, any structured and legible presentation of key nutrient and energy information on the FOP label is sufficient to enable consumers to detect a healthier alternative within a food category when provided with foods that have distinctly different levels of healthiness. Future research should focus on developing greater understanding of the psychological and contextual factors that impact motivation and the opportunity to use the various FOP systems in real-world shopping settings.
Conciliationism and the Menace of Scepticism
Authors: MACHUCA DIEGO E.
Published: April 2015

It is sometimes claimed that conciliatory views on disagreement ultimately lead to either global or widespread scepticism. This is deemed to be a real problem for conciliationism either because scepticism of either kind is patently untenable or because it poses a serious threat to our intellectual and social lives. In this paper, I first argue that the alleged untenability of both types of scepticism is far from obvious and should therefore be established rather than taken for granted. Then, I show that those who reject both types of scepticism because of the threat they pose surprisingly confuse pragmatic reasons with epistemic reasons.
Locke and the Fundamental Right to Preservation: on the Convergence of Charity and Property Rights
Authors: Udi Juliana
Published: April 2015

Looking to the relatively recent “religious turn” in Locke scholarship, this paper argues for an interpretation that reconciles two apparently contradictory aspects of his thought: on the one hand, property rights, thought absolute by many of Locke's readers; on the other hand, Locke's notion of duties of charity. On the basis of a rereading of the “Essay on the Poor Law,” I argue that Lockean charity may ground coercively enforceable distributive obligations. Nevertheless, I contend that the redistributive poor-relief system grounded on the principle of charity does not infringe property rights. The reason for this is that the right to charity and the right to property are both based on Locke's theological commitment to the right of each man to the means of preservation.
Between Nihilism and Transcendence: Camus's Dialogue with Dostoevsky
Authors: Illing Sean
Published: April 2015

This article examines the influence of Fyodor Dostoevsky on Albert Camus's political philosophy of revolt. The aim is to clarify Camus's reactions to the problems of absurdity, nihilism, and transcendence through an analysis of his literary and philosophical engagement with Dostoevsky. I make three related claims. First, I claim that Camus's philosophy of revolt is informed in crucial ways by Dostoevsky's accounts of religious transcendence and political nihilism. Second, that Camus's conceptualization of the tension between nihilism and transcendence corresponds to and is personified by the dialogue between Ivan Karamazov and Father Zossima in Dostoevsky'sThe Brothers Karamazov. Finally, that Camus uses his novelThe Plagueto bridge the moral and metaphysical divide between these two characters. In particular, I argue that Camus offers a distinct vision of revolt inThe Plague, which clarifies both the practical implications of revolt and his philosophical rejoinder to Dostoevsky.
At all costs and in spite of all terror? The victory of just war
Authors: O’DRISCOLL CIAN
Published: April 2015

Derived from the LatinVictoria, which itself can be traced tovino victus, meaning ‘to conquer’, victory evokes a number of close synonyms, principally conquest and triumph. It occupies an ambivalent position in respect of contemporary war. Though in some regards a concept that is essential to the very idea of combat, the notion ofwinningwars has acquired an ironic ring in the aftermath of two brutal world wars and the advent of nuclear weapons. Victory in war is clearly a contentious subject. Yet scholars of the just war tradition have largely ignored it. This article fills that breach by asking what, if anything, victory can mean in relation to just war? It argues that victory has an aporetic quality insofar as it appears both integral to but incompatible with the just war ethos. As such, it reveals both the limits and possibilities of just war thinking.
‘X’ ten years on: The fictions of George F. Kennan’s recent factual representations
Authors: BABÍK MILAN
Published: April 2015

George F. Kennan belongs among the most revered American foreign policy thinkers of the last one hundred years. He was also very protective of his future legacy, going to extraordinary measures to control it. These included authorising a single historian, John Lewis Gaddis, to write his biography,George F. Kennan: An American Life(2011). Is Gaddis’s account definitive? On the tenth anniversary of Kennan’s death, this article investigates this question as part of a broader critical reflection on methods and presuppositions governing traditional historiography. It answers in the negative by illuminating the various fictions of Gaddis’s ostensibly factual representation. These surface especially in contrast toThe Kennan Diaries(2014), whose minimalist chronological structure makes the non-empirical content brought by Gaddis to his image of Kennan by virtue of narrativising it all the more visible. The larger implications of this finding are significant, particularly in the present geopolitical context of Russia’s renewed expansionism. Should the US foreign policy community (re)turn to Kennan for guidance in its attempts to understand and respond to Moscow’s current behaviour, what kind of diagnosis and prescriptions he has to offer depends on which Kennan one chooses to consult, giving historians behind his representations genuine political power.
Note from the Editors
Authors: Hansson Gunnar Ólafur , Julien Marit , Miestamo Matti
Published: April 2015

This is the first issue of volume 38 of the Nordic Journal of Linguistics. NJL is the journal of the Nordic Association of Linguists. Individuals may subscribe to the Journal by joining the Nordic Association of Linguists. The NAL membership form can be found on the Cambridge University Press web site of NJL, http://journals.cambridge.org/NJL, as well as on the NAL web site, http://www.uef.fi/nal.
How to define relaxed V2 languages and how to distinguish them from non-V2 languages: A reply to Brandtler (2014)
Authors: Cognola Federica
Published: April 2015

This paper provides evidence for the idea that relaxed verb-second (V2) languages exist and exhibt specific properties which distinguish them from both strict V2 and non-V2 languages. The identification of the relaxed subtype of V2 languages implies that V2 should not be understood as a linear restriction, but as an abstract rule involving the movement of the finite verb to a head of the left periphery in all main clauses.
Against the Small Clause Hypothesis: Evidence from Swedish relative clause extractions
Authors: Müller Christiane
Published: April 2015

On the basis of data from Swedish, this paper examines the Small Clause Hypothesis (Kush & Lindahl 2011, Kush, Omaki & Hornstein 2013) proposed to account for relative clause (RC) extractions in Mainland Scandinavian. The hypothesis predicts that extraction possibilities differ for relative clauses in the complement of verbs which select and verbs which do not select a small clause (SC), and that the possibility of RC extraction hinges on the ability of the matrix verb to select SCs involving the predicational operatorsom. I report results from an acceptability judgment experiment on RC extraction in Swedish manipulating three conditions: (a) SC-selecting verbs compatible withsom, (b) SC-selecting verbs incompatible withsom, and (c) verbs that are incompatible with SCs. The results show no significant difference between these conditions, thus offer no support in favor of the Small Clause Hypothesis. Additional problems are posed by the possibility of extraction from object RCs and by extraction possibilities in the absence ofsom.
PERIODIC -GRAPH ALGEBRAS REVISITED
Authors: YANG DILIAN
Published: April 2015

Let $P$ be a finitely generated cancellative abelian monoid. A $P$-graph ${\rm\Lambda}$ is a natural generalization of a $k$-graph. A pullback of ${\rm\Lambda}$ is constructed by pulling it back over a given monoid morphism to $P$, while a pushout of ${\rm\Lambda}$ is obtained by modding out its periodicity, which is deduced from a natural equivalence relation on ${\rm\Lambda}$. One of our main results in this paper shows that, for some $k$-graphs ${\rm\Lambda}$, ${\rm\Lambda}$ is isomorphic to the pullback of its pushout via a natural quotient map, and that its graph $\text{C}^{\ast }$-algebra can be embedded into the tensor product of the graph $\text{C}^{\ast }$-algebra of its pushout and $\text{C}^{\ast }(\text{Per}\,{\rm\Lambda})$. As a consequence, in this case, the cycline algebra generated by the standard generators corresponding to equivalent pairs is a maximal abelian subalgebra, and there is a faithful conditional expectation from the graph $\text{C}^{\ast }$-algebra onto it.
The desensitization gate of inhibitory Cys-loop receptors
Authors: Gielen Marc , Thomas Philip , Smart Trevor G.
Published: April 2015

Cys-loop neurotransmitter-gated ion channels are vital for communication throughout the nervous system. Following activation, these receptors enter into a desensitized state in which the ion channel shuts even though the neurotransmitter molecules remain bound. To date, the molecular determinants underlying this most fundamental property of Cys-loop receptors have remained elusive. Here we present a generic mechanism for the desensitization of Cys-loop GABAA (GABAARs) and glycine receptors (GlyRs), which both mediate fast inhibitory synaptic transmission. Desensitization is regulated by interactions between the second and third transmembrane segments, which affect the ion channel lumen near its intracellular end. The GABAAR and GlyR pore blocker picrotoxin prevented desensitization, consistent with its deep channel-binding site overlapping a physical desensitization gate.
A single cyclin–CDK complex is sufficient for both mitotic and meiotic progression in fission yeast
Authors: Gutiérrez-Escribano Pilar , Nurse Paul
Published: April 2015

The dominant model for eukaryotic cell cycle control proposes that cell cycle progression is driven by a succession of CDK complexes with different substrate specificities. However, in fission yeast it has been shown that a single CDK complex generated by the fusion of the Cdc13 cyclin with the CDK protein Cdc2 can drive the mitotic cell cycle. Meiosis is a modified cell cycle programme in which a single S-phase is followed by two consecutive rounds of chromosome segregation. Here we systematically analyse the requirements of the different fission yeast cyclins for meiotic cell cycle progression. We also show that a single Cdc13–Cdc2 complex, in the absence of the other cyclins, can drive the meiotic cell cycle. We propose that qualitatively different CDK complexes are not absolutely required for cell cycle progression either during mitosis or meiosis, and that a single CDK complex can drive both cell cycle programmes.
Real-time tunable lasing from plasmonic nanocavity arrays
Authors: Yang Ankun , Hoang Thang B. , Dridi Montacer , Deeb Claire , Mikkelsen Maiken H. , Schatz George C. , Odom Teri W.
Published: April 2015

Plasmon lasers can support ultrasmall mode confinement and ultrafast dynamics with device feature sizes below the diffraction limit. However, most plasmon-based nanolasers rely on solid gain materials (inorganic semiconducting nanowire or organic dye in a solid matrix) that preclude the possibility of dynamic tuning. Here we report an approach to achieve real-time, tunable lattice plasmon lasing based on arrays of gold nanoparticles and liquid gain materials. Optically pumped arrays of gold nanoparticles surrounded by liquid dye molecules exhibit lasing emission that can be tuned as a function of the dielectric environment. Wavelength-dependent time-resolved experiments show distinct lifetime characteristics below and above the lasing threshold. By integrating gold nanoparticle arrays within microfluidic channels and flowing in liquid gain materials with different refractive indices, we achieve dynamic tuning of the plasmon lasing wavelength. Tunable lattice plasmon lasers offer prospects to enhance and detect weak physical and chemical processes on the nanoscale in real time.
Low Temperature Processed Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) Device by Oxidation Effect from Capping Layer
Authors: Wang Zhenwei , Al-Jawhari Hala A. , Nayak Pradipta K. , Caraveo-Frescas J. A. , Wei Nini , Hedhili M. N. , Alshareef H. N.
Published: April 2015

In this report, both p- and n-type tin oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) were simultaneously achieved using single-step deposition of the tin oxide channel layer. The tuning of charge carrier polarity in the tin oxide channel is achieved by selectively depositing a copper oxide capping layer on top of tin oxide, which serves as an oxygen source, providing additional oxygen to form an n-type tin dioxide phase. The oxidation process can be realized by annealing at temperature as low as 190°C in air, which is significantly lower than the temperature generally required to form tin dioxide. Based on this approach, CMOS inverters based entirely on tin oxide TFTs were fabricated. Our method provides a solution to lower the process temperature for tin dioxide phase, which facilitates the application of this transparent oxide semiconductor in emerging electronic devices field.
N2O production, a widespread trait in fungi
Authors: Maeda Koki , Spor Aymé , Edel-Hermann Véronique , Heraud Cécile , Breuil Marie-Christine , Bizouard Florian , Toyoda Sakae , Yoshida Naohiro , Steinberg Christian , Philippot Laurent
Published: April 2015

N2O is a powerful greenhouse gas contributing both to global warming and ozone depletion. While fungi have been identified as a putative source of N2O, little is known about their production of this greenhouse gas. Here we investigated the N2O-producing ability of a collection of 207 fungal isolates. Seventy strains producing N2O in pure culture were identified. They were mostly species from the orderHypocrealesorder—particularlyFusarium oxysporumandTrichodermaspp.—and to a lesser extent species from the ordersEurotiales, Sordariales and Chaetosphaeriales.The N2O15N site preference (SP) values of the fungal strains ranged from 15.8‰ to 36.7‰ and we observed a significant taxa effect, withPenicilliumstrains displaying lower SP values than the other fungal genera. Inoculation of 15 N2O-producing strains into pre-sterilized arable, forest and grassland soils confirmed the ability of the strains to produce N2O in soil with a significant strain-by-soil effect. The copper-containing nitrite reductase gene (nirK) was amplified from 45 N2O-producing strains and its genetic variability showed a strong congruence with theITSphylogeny, indicating vertical inheritance of this trait. Taken together, this comprehensive set of findings should enhance our knowledge of fungi as a source of N2O in the environment.
Establishment of a rat model of lumbar facet joint osteoarthritis using intraarticular injection of urinary plasminogen activator
Authors: Shuang Feng , Hou Shu-Xun , Zhu Jia-Liang , Liu Yan , Zhou Ying , Zhang Chun-Li , Tang Jia-Guang
Published: April 2015

Lumbar facet joint (LFJ) osteoarthritis (OA) is an important etiology of low back pain. Several animal models of LFJ OA have been established using intraarticular injection of various chemicals. This study aimed to establish a rat model of LFJ OA using urinary plasminogen activator (uPA). Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with intraarticular injection in the L5-L6 facet joints with uPA (OA group, n = 40) or normal saline (vehicle group, n = 40). Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral hind paws were evaluated using von Frey hairs and a thermoalgesia instrument, respectively. Toluidine blue staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical examination of the LFJ was performed. Treatment with uPA induced cartilage damage, synovitis and proliferation of synovial cells in the fact joints. The OA group showed significantly higher hyperalgesia in the hind paws in comparison with the vehicle group and normal controls (P < 0.05). Expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and iNOS in the LFJ cartilage in the OA group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). A rat model of LFJ OA was successfully established using intraarticular injection of uPA. This animal model is convenient and shows good resemblance to human OA pathology.
Spatiotemporal distribution of different extracellular polymeric substances and filamentation mediate Xylella fastidiosa adhesion and biofilm formation
Authors: Janissen Richard , Murillo Duber M. , Niza Barbara , Sahoo Prasana K. , Nobrega Marcelo M. , Cesar Carlos L. , Temperini Marcia L. A. , Carvalho Hernandes F. , de Souza Alessandra A. , Cotta Monica A.
Published: April 2015

Microorganism pathogenicity strongly relies on the generation of multicellular assemblies, called biofilms. Understanding their organization can unveil vulnerabilities leading to potential treatments; spatially and temporally-resolved comprehensive experimental characterization can provide new details of biofilm formation and possibly new targets for disease control. Here, biofilm formation of economically important phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa was analyzed at single-cell resolution using nanometer-resolution spectro-microscopy techniques, addressing the role of different types of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) at each stage of the entire bacterial life cycle. Single cell adhesion is caused by unspecific electrostatic interactions through proteins at the cell polar region, where EPS accumulation is required for more firmly-attached, irreversibly adhered cells. Subsequently, bacteria form clusters, which are embedded in secreted loosely-bound EPS and bridged by up to ten-fold elongated cells that form the biofilm framework. During biofilm maturation, soluble EPS forms a filamentous matrix that facilitates cell adhesion and provides mechanical support, while the biofilm keeps anchored by few cells. This floating architecture maximizes nutrient distribution while allowing detachment upon larger shear stresses; it thus complies with biological requirements of the bacteria life cycle. Using new approaches, our findings provide insights regarding different aspects of the adhesion process of X. fastidiosa and biofilm formation.
The controlled synthesis of plasmonic nanoparticle clusters as efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering platforms
Authors: Lee Seunghoon , Hong Jong Wook , Lee Su-Un , Lee Young Wook , Han Sang Woo
Published: April 2015

Au nanoparticle clusters were prepared by fine control over the galvanic replacement of Ag nanoparticles with Au precursors.
Spin-resolved NOCV analysis of the zeolite framework influence on the interaction of NO with Cu(i/ii) sites in zeolites
Authors: Kozyra Paweł , Piskorz Witold
Published: April 2015

In the present work the function of a zeolite framework in modifying the properties of copper sites interacting with NO has been studied.
Separating the contributions of the volume change upon mixing, permittivity contrast and molecular interactions in the excess relative permittivity of liquid mixtures
Authors: Iglesias T. P. , Reis João Carlos R.
Published: April 2015

The excess relative permittivity of binary systems is separated into three parts.
The structure and function of cell membranes examined by atomic force microscopy and single-molecule force spectroscopy
Authors: Shan Yuping , Wang Hongda
Published: April 2015

The structure and function of cell membranes were revealed by atomic force microscopy and force spectroscopy at the molecule level.
Isolation of a novel lutein–protein complex from Chlorella vulgaris and its functional properties
Authors: Cai Xixi , Huang Qimin , Wang Shaoyun
Published: April 2015

The natural lutein–protein complex (LPC) was first purified from Chlorella vulgaris. LPC showed significant radical scavenging effects in vitro and could significantly reduce CCl4-induced hepatic injury in vivo. LPC has the potential for use in making antioxidant dietary supplements for human beings.
Recent advances in the synthesis of natural multifunctionalized decalins
Authors: Dhambri S. , Mohammad S. , Van Buu O. Nguyen , Galvani G. , Meyer Y. , Lannou M.-I. , Sorin G. , Ardisson J.
Published: April 2015

This review covers recent examples of synthesis of naturally occurring complex decalin systems. A particular focus has been devoted to emerging strategies, but also on more classical tactics.
A highly efficient, orange light-emitting (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3:Sm3+/Zr4+lead-free piezoelectric material with superior water resistance behavior
Authors: Zhang Qiwei , Chen Ke , Wang Leilei , Sun Haiqin , Wang Xusheng , Hao Xihong
Published: April 2015

Multifunctional luminescent materials based on rare earth doped ferro-/piezoelectrics have attracted much attention due to their potential applications in novel multifunctional devices.
Analysis of penicillin and its β-lactamase hydrolysis products in milk using capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Li MingHui , He WenShen , Zhang LiJun , Duan ChengLi
Published: April 2015

A capillary zone electrophoresis method was established for simultaneous analysis of penicillin G and penicillin acid in milk.
The use of DNA self-assembled gold nano-rods for novel analysis of lead and/or mercury in drinking water
Authors: Zhang Qiulan , Ni Yongnian , Kokot Serge
Published: April 2015

A UV-vis method with the use of DNA self-assembled gold nano-rods for analysis of trace amounts of Pb2+ and Hg2+ in drinking water samples.
Polymeric biomaterials for the delivery of platinum-based anticancer drugs
Authors: Kim Jihoon , Pramanick Swapan , Lee Duhwan , Park Hansoo , Kim Won Jong
Published: April 2015

This review discusses the recent research trends in the polymeric delivery systems for platinum-based anticancer drugs.
Hierarchical structured α-Al2O3 supported S-promoted Fe catalysts for direct conversion of syngas to lower olefins
Authors: Zhou Xiangping , Ji Jian , Wang Di , Duan Xuezhi , Qian Gang , Chen De , Zhou Xinggui
Published: April 2015

Fe/α-Al2O3-H catalyst promoted using appropriate sulfur content exhibits not only enhanced FTO performance, but also increased resistance against carbon deposits.
Transition-metal-free, ambient-pressure carbonylative cross-coupling reactions of aryl halides with potassium aryltrifluoroborates
Authors: Jin Fengli , Han Wei
Published: April 2015

A transition-metal-free, ambient-pressure, and general methodology for carbonylative Suzuki coupling has been developed.
Separation of liquid domains in model membranes induced with high hydrostatic pressure
Authors: McCarthy Nicola L. C. , Ces Oscar , Law Robert V. , Seddon John M. , Brooks Nicholas J.
Published: April 2015

We have imaged the formation of membrane microdomains immediately after their induction using a novel technology platform coupling high hydrostatic pressure to fluorescence microscopy.
Magnetic metal–organic framework nanocomposites for enrichment and direct detection of small molecules by negative-ion matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Lin Zian , Bian Wei , Zheng Jiangnan , Cai Zongwei
Published: April 2015

Fe3O4@ZIF-8 MNCs were proposed as an absorbent and a new matrix for negative ion MALDI-TOF MS, which exhibited interference-free background, good reproducibility and sensitivity for analysis of small molecules.
N-type hedgehog-like CuBi2O4 hierarchical microspheres: room temperature synthesis and their photoelectrochemical properties
Authors: Wang Min , Zai Jiantao , Wei Xiao , Chen Wenlong , Liang Na , Xu Miao , Qi Rongrong , Qian Xuefeng
Published: April 2015

N-type hedgehog-like CuBi2O4 hierarchical microspheres are synthesized at room temperature and show an enhanced photoresponse to visible light, with enhanced light trapping properties derived from the omni-directionally grown nanorods.
The first photochromic bimetallic assemblies based on Mn(iii) and Mn(ii) Schiff-base (salpn, dapsc) complexes and pentacyanonitrosylferrate
Authors: Kopotkov Vyacheslav A. , Sasnovskaya Valentina D. , Korchagin Denis V. , Morgunov Roman B. , Aldoshin Sergey M. , Simonov Sergey V. , Zorina Leokadiya V. , Schaniel Dominik , Woike Theo , Yagubskii Eduard B.
Published: April 2015

The bimetallic cyano-bridged complexes demonstrating photochromism and magnetism were obtained and studied.
In situ total X-ray scattering study of the formation mechanism and structural defects in anatase TiO2 nanoparticles under hydrothermal conditions
Authors: Mi Jian-Li , Jensen Kirsten M. Ø. , Tyrsted Christoffer , Bremholm Martin , Iversen Bo B.
Published: April 2015

The in situ PDF method provides detailed information about the formation and growth mechanisms of TiO2 anatase nanoparticles under hydrothermal conditions.