bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Refining Measurement of Career Indecision Types: A Validity Study
Authors: Kelly Kevin R. , Pulver Chad A.
Published: December 2011

The authors conducted this study to address some of the limitations in previous indecision typology research and to provide validity evidence for the indecision types that were derived. The participants were 566 first‐semester, undecided students enrolled in a career exploration course. Career indecision, personality, and ability measures were used to derive career indecision types through cluster analysis. Four distinct career indecision types were identified. Subsequently, the effect of indecision type on response to a career exploration course was examined. Level of career indecision, the criterion variable, was not differentially affected by indecision type. Implications of the findings for career counseling are discussed.
Critical Incidents in Student Counselor Development
Authors: Furr Susan R. , Carroll Jane J.
Published: December 2011

Students in a master's degree program in counseling were asked to report critical incidents that had influenced their development as counselors. Participants most frequently cited courses based on experiential learning and field experiences as being influential in their development. Events external to the graduate program also were frequently reported as influencing their professional development.
Genetic Counseling: Implications for Community Counselors
Authors: Bodenhorn Nancy , Lawson Gerard
Published: December 2011

A special issue of the Journal of Health Psychology (Vol. 7, No. 2, 2002) was reviewed. The articles covered a variety of qualitative studies conducted using an interpretive phenomenological analysis method to examine the interviews with people who had received genetic testing and counseling. Implications for the broader counseling field were also presented.
Understanding and Treating Social Phobia
Authors: Curtis Russell C. , Kimball Amy , Stroup Erin L.
Published: December 2011

Social phobia, a relatively obscure disorder, is receiving increased attention due to evidence suggesting that it is more prevalent and debilitative than once thought. The purpose of this article is to help counselors better understand the nature of and treatments for this disorder. Effective behavioral and pharmacological approaches are reviewed, and counseling implications are discussed to increase counselors' confidence in providing treatment to people with social phobia.
Solution‐Focused Counseling and Motivational Interviewing: A Consideration of Confluence
Authors: Lewis Todd F. , Osborn Cynthia J.
Published: December 2011

Solution‐focused counseling (SFC) and motivational interviewing (MI) have gained recognition over the past 2 decades. A review of the features of these counseling approaches is provided, as well as an examination of the similarities and differences on several dimensions of counseling. Attention is given to empirical research, and it is proposed that SFC and MI be considered concurrently, which appears consistent with calls in the literature for theoretical integration. A case study is included.
Intervention Studies on Forgiveness: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Baskin Thomas W. , Enright Robert D.
Published: December 2011

In this meta‐analysis, 9 published studies (N = 330) that investigated the efficacy of forgiveness interventions within counseling were examined. After a review of theories of forgiveness, it was discovered that the studies could logically be grouped into 3 categories: decision‐based, process‐based group, and process‐based individual interventions. When compared with control groups, for measures of forgiveness and other emotional health measures, the decision‐based interventions showed no effect, the process‐based group interventions showed significant effects, and the process‐based individual interventions showed large effects. Consequently, effectiveness has been shown for use of forgiveness in clinical and other settings.
Male Restricted Emotionality and Counseling Supervision
Authors: Wester Stephen R. , Vogel David L. , Archer James
Published: December 2011

This study attempted to determine (a) if 103 male psychology interns would, in the context of supervision, deal with their socialized restricted emotionality (RE) by using either the turning‐against‐other or the turning‐against‐self defensive style and (b) assess the impact of the sex of the supervisor on this behavior. Results indicated that male supervisees with higher levels of RE evidenced a turning‐against‐self style. Male supervisees working with a male supervisor reported poorer perceptions of the supervisory working alliance.
Practical Guide for Reporting Effect Size in Quantitative Research in the Journal of Counseling & Development
Authors: Trusty Jerry , Thompson Bruce , Petrocelli John V.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is to assist researchers in meeting the requirement of reporting effect sizes in quantitative research studies submitted to the Journal of Counseling & Development. This requirement is detailed in the “Guidelines for Authors” included in this issue. The authors provide practical information on generating, reporting, and interpreting effect size estimates for various types of statistical analyses. Information is provided on the meaning of effect sizes within the larger knowledge base.
A Comparison of Attachment Theory and Individual Psychology: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Peluso Paul R. , Peluso Jennifer P. , White JoAnna F. , Kern Roy M.
Published: December 2011

The authors assert that the essential elements of attachment theory and Individual Psychology are similar to each other. In particular, both theories include a coherent and stable view of the self and the world and both acknowledge the importance of social interaction for the expression of these patterns. Additional suggestions for areas in which clinicians and researchers of either theory may collaborate are presented.
Beyond “Survivor”: How Childhood Sexual Abuse Informs the Identity of Adult Women at the End of the Therapeutic Process
Authors: Phillips Alexis , Daniluk Judith C.
Published: December 2011

A qualitative method was used to explore how adult women experienced their identity after extensive therapy to deal with childhood sexual abuse. Seven women shared their healing journeys and their perceptions of the role of the abuse in their current life and self‐perceptions. Phenomenological analysis of the interview data revealed 5 common themes related to participants' self‐definition and self‐acceptance, sense of visibility and connection to others, current worldview, and residual losses. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for trauma counselors.
Evidence‐Based Effective Practices With Older Adults
Authors: Myers Jane E. , Harper Melanie C.
Published: December 2011

Older persons constitute an increasingly large population with significant mental health challenges. The authors review outcome research for both diagnosable conditions and late‐life transitions as a basis for evidence‐based practice with this population. Implications for clinical practice in professional counseling, counselor education and supervision, and research are considered.
Bully Busters: A Psychoeducational Intervention for Reducing Bullying Behavior in Middle School Students
Authors: Newman‐Carlson Dawn , Horne Arthur M.
Published: December 2011

The present study examined the effectiveness of a bully prevention program counselors may use to modify teachers' knowledge/use of bullying intervention skills, teachers' self‐efficacy, and students' classroom bullying behaviors. Participants attended 3 training sessions and participated on a support team. The findings indicated that the treatment program effectively increased teachers' knowledge/use of intervention skills, teachers' personal self‐efficacy, and self‐efficacy related to working with specific types of children and reduced classroom bullying as measured by disciplinary referrals.
Adolescent Violence: The Protective Effects of Youth Assets
Authors: Aspy Cheryl B. , Oman Roy F. , Vesely Sara K. , McLeroy Kenneth , Rodine Sharon , Marshall LaDonna
Published: December 2011

The authors explored adolescent physical fighting and weapon carrying, using in‐home interviews with 1,098 middle/high school students and their parents. Logistic regression analyses examined the relationship between youth assets and the risk behaviors while controlling for demographic information. Both demographic factors and assets were associated with no physical fighting, and 6 of 9 assets were linked to not carrying a weapon. These findings indicate that certain assets may protect youth from physical fighting and carrying a weapon.
Comprehensive School‐Based Violence Prevention Training: A Developmental‐Ecological Training Model
Authors: D'Andrea Michael
Published: December 2011

Counselors have a professional and ethical responsibility to deal with the complex and pervasive forms of violence that are manifested in our society. This article provides a description of a theoretical training model that was used to build comprehensive violence prevention programs in 4 elementary schools in Hawaii. Data generated from an evaluation of this project suggest that the training model outlined in this article is a useful way for counselors to foster the development and implementation of comprehensive violence prevention programs in school settings.
Using an Invitational Theory of Practice to Create Safe and Successful Schools
Authors: Stanley Paula Helen , Juhnke Gerald A. , Purkey William Watson
Published: December 2011

This article describes an Invitational Theory of Practice that can be used to create and maintain safe and successful schools by addressing the total culture of the educational environment. Key concepts include transforming how people communicate with each other, assessing 5 critical components of a school (people, places, programs, policies, and processes), and using a group process exercise to set goals and action plans to meet school goals.
Therapeutic Implications of Pharmacotherapy: Current Trends and Ethical Issues
Authors: King Jason H. , Anderson Shannon M.
Published: December 2011

The use of psychotropic medications (pharmacotherapy) in conjunction with psychotherapy is regarded as the standard of care for many mental health disorders. Counselors, therefore, need to be knowledgeable about psychopharmacology to monitor its impact on the therapeutic relationship and on client outcome. Discussed are potential ethical dilemmas with pharmacotherapy interventions, case studies demonstrating proper support of pharmacotherapy with diverse clientele, and critical elements of master's level training in psychopharmacology.
A Factor Structure of Wellness: Theory, Assessment, Analysis, and Practice
Authors: Hattie John A. , Myers Jane E. , Sweeney Thomas J.
Published: December 2011

The Wheel of Wellness, a theoretical model of well‐being, incorporates 16 dimensions of healthy functioning that can be assessed using the Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle (WEL; J. E. Myers, T. J. Sweeney, & J. M. Witmer, 1998). A series of studies are reported concerning the development and validation of the WEL based on a large database. In the current study, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the items and scales revealed 5 primary factors of well‐being (Creative, Coping, Social, Essential, and Physical) and 1 superordinate factor identified as “Wellness.”
African Americans' Racial Identity and Socially Desirable Responding: An Empirical Model
Authors: Abrams Lyndon , Trusty Jerry
Published: December 2011

The authors developed a model of the relationships between racial identity development and socially desirable responding, using a sample of African American undergraduate students. Instruments used were the Racial Identity Attitude Scale‐Long Form (J. E. Helms & T. A. Parham, 1996) and the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (D. L. Paulhus, 1991). The results challenge previous research conclusions regarding social desirability and racial identity development. Implications of findings for researchers, instrument developers, and counselors are included.
Conceptualizing Heterosexual Identity Development: Issues and Challenges
Authors: Hoffman Rose Marie
Published: December 2011

This article summarizes the work of R. L. Worthington and J. J. Mohr (2002); R. L. Worthington, H. B. Savoy, F. R. Dillon, and E. R. Vernaglia (2002); and J. J. Mohr (2002) on heterosexual identity development that constituted the Major Contribution section of the July 2002 issue of The Counseling Psychologist. The author provides an overview of the 2 independently developed models of heterosexual identity development presented in these articles and discusses implications for counseling practice, training, and research. The author also offers a personal perspective on aspects of this body of work, including points raised by L. A. Gilbert and J. Rader (2002) and K. J. Bieschke (2002) in their reaction papers that followed these articles.
Book Reviews of Group Psychotherapy for Women With Breast Cancer and The Breast Cancer Notebook: The Healing Power of Reflection
Authors: Thorell Kathleen M.
Published: December 2011

Book reviewed in this article:

Group Psychotherapy for Women With Breast Cancer by James L. Spira & Geoffrey M. Reed (2003).

The companion book is The Breast Cancer Notebook: The Healing Power of Reflection by Ava Louise Stanton & Geoffrey M. Reed (2003).
The Infertility Experience: Biopsychosocial Effects and Suggestions for Counselors
Authors: Watkins Kathryn J. , Baldo Tracy D.
Published: December 2011

Infertility affects many individuals and couples. This article begins with a case study of a couple who have experienced infertility yet do not identify infer tility as their presenting problem. Clients and counselors alike often overlook infertility. This article offers an overview of the biology of infertility and its psychological and sociological effects. Counseling issues are presented to assist counselors to identify infertility as a concern and provide interventions.
Midlife and Beyond: Issues for Aging Women
Authors: Saucier Maggi G.
Published: December 2011

The author discusses issues confronted by aging women, particularly those related to ageism and body image, emphasizing society's role in influencing women's perceptions of their bodies. Although body image issues cause anxiety throughout most women's lives, women entering middle age become more conscious of this concern. Problems related to a woman's realization that she no longer conforms to society's standards of youth and beauty include low self‐esteem, depression, and anxiety.
Post‐September 11th Perspectives on Religion, Spirituality, and Philosophy in the Personal and Professional Lives of Selected REBT Cognoscenti: A Response to My Colleagues
Authors: Ellis Albert
Published: December 2011

This is a discussion and evaluation of the views of the authors of the article “Post‐September 11th Perspectives on Religion, Spirituality, and Philosophy in the Personal and Professional Lives of Selected REBT Cognoscenti.” Several of the authors are shown to endorse most of the main principles and practices of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) but also to hold some of its important views on unconditional self‐acceptance and unconditional other‐acceptance lightly and inconsistently.
Differentiation of Self, Personal Adjustment, Problem Solving, and Ethnic Group Belonging Among Persons of Color
Authors: Skowron Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2011

This study focused on examining the cross‐cultural validity of Bowen family systems theory (M. Bowen, 1978), namely differentiation of self for individuals of color. Ethnic minority men and women completed measures of differentiation of self, ethnic group belonging, and 3 indices of personal adjustment. Initial support for the cross‐cultural utility of Bowen family systems theory was observed. Higher levels of differentiation of self predicted better psychological adjustment, social problem‐solving skills, and greater ethnic group belonging among persons of color. Limitations regarding the cross‐cultural utility of differentiation of self, directions for further research, and implications for counseling are discussed.
The Association Between Current Intergenerational Family Relationships and Sibling Structure
Authors: Lawson David M. , Brossart Daniel F.
Published: December 2011

The authors examined the relationship between sibling structure variables (i.e., gender, number of sisters, number of brothers, sibling spacing, number of siblings, and birth order, all men, and all women siblings) and current relationships with parents and spouse/partners. Participants included 519 adults between the ages of 19 and 59 years. Two separate canonical correlations were conducted. The results for men indicated that being a younger man with an all‐male sibling group was related to more intimacy with parents and more intimidation by parents. For women, being an older woman with more brothers and more siblings was related to less intimidation by parents and less intimacy with parents and spouses/partners.
A Gift From the Heart: The Experiences of Women Whose Egg Donations Helped Their Sisters Become Mothers
Authors: Winter Alanna , Daniluk Judith C.
Published: December 2011

During in‐depth interviews, 3 women whose egg donations resulted in the birth of a child or children for their sisters discussed their donation motivations and decisions, the challenges of the donation procedure, and their postdonation feelings and experiences in the years since the birth of their nieces and nephews. The findings of this narrative study support the viability and advantages of this form of family building and highlight the counseling and support needs of known donors throughout the process.
Beyond the DSM‐IV: Assumptions, Alternatives, and Alterations
Authors: Lopez Shane J. , Edwards Lisa M. , Pedrotti Jennifer Teramoto , Prosser Ellie C. , LaRue Stephanie , Spalitto Susan Vehige , Ulven Jon C.
Published: December 2011

Current diagnostic processes reflect the limitations and utility of the framework of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Clinical information in the DSM‐IV's 5‐axis system almost exclusively focuses on weaknesses and pathology and is summarized in a flawed categorical system. Hence, the authors describe 3 adjunctive, or alternative, means of conceptualizing behavior; several means of altering the current DSM‐IV system; and 2 future directions in the diagnosis of strengths.
Integrating Biological Measures Into the Study of Bullying
Authors: Hazler Richard J. , Carney JoLynn V. , Granger Douglas A.
Published: December 2011

The emergence of minimally intrusive techniques for collecting biological data creates a case for the inclusion of these data into bullying research models. This integration would produce a more comprehensive understanding of the problems and better direct intervention and prevention techniques, which are currently based primarily on self‐report, peer nomination, and observational research data. The authors make the case for including biological measures in research on bullying and present sample research questions and potential counseling practice applications.
The Influence of Counselor Epistemology on the Helping Interview: A Qualitative Study
Authors: McAuliffe Garrett , Lovell Christopher
Published: December 2011

The relationship between certain personal qualities of a counselor and the outcomes of counseling has been well established. In this qualitative study, the authors sought to extend this understanding by examining the relationship between the personal epistemologies of counselor trainees and their interview behaviors. Five distinguishing themes emerged.
The Impact of the Family Environment on the Ethnic Identity Development of Multiethnic College Students
Authors: Jourdan April
Published: December 2011

In this qualitative study of 5 multiethnic college students, the findings indicate that family environment played a significant role in the participants' ability to develop secure ethnic identities. The participants who described their family members as supportive of their multiple ethnic backgrounds also felt confident about their ethnic identity, whereas the participants who described their family members as unsupportive of their multiple ethnic backgrounds maintained that they often felt insecure about their ethnic identity.
Humor in Counseling: Leader Perspectives
Authors: Goldin Eugene , Bordan Terry , Araoz Daniel L. , Gladding Samuel T. , Kaplan David , Krumboltz John , Lazarus Arnold
Published: December 2011

This article explores the existence of humor in counseling from the perspectives of several leaders in the field. Specifically, the last 5 authors describe some of their thoughts and experiences regarding the emergence of humor in counseling.
Predictors of Well‐Being Among Nontraditional Female Students With Children
Authors: Quimby Julie L. , O'Brien Karen M.
Published: December 2011

Many nontraditional female students experience psychological distress related to balancing family and academic roles, whereas others benefit from managing multiple roles. This study of 209 nontraditional female undergraduate students with children investigated factors that influence their psychological well‐being. Results indicated that secure attachment, parent and student self‐efficacy, and social support contributed to the prediction of psychological distress (38%), self‐esteem (54%), and life satisfaction (35%). Recommendations are made to enhance counseling services for nontraditional female students.
Multicultural Competency Instrumentation: A Review and Analysis of Reliability Generalization
Authors: Dunn Todd W. , Smith Timothy B. , Montoya Jared A.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the internal consistency reliability of multicultural competency instrumentation. Additional psychometric properties are qualitatively reviewed for commonly used instruments and 5 other measures of multicultural competency that have not previously been reviewed in the literature. Results indicate that the most widely used instruments have generally acceptable internal consistency reliability across different populations and settings. Limitations of research conducted on multicultural counseling competencies are identified, and recommendations for future research are provided.
Mattering to Others: Implications for the Counseling Relationship
Authors: Rayle Andrea Dixon
Published: December 2011

Although first conceived in the 1980s, mattering to others has only recently earned well‐deserved attention in social science research and literature. Subsequently, it seems that mattering may serve as a powerful dynamic in strengthening counseling relationships. This article reviews the empirical validation study of mattering recently conducted by G. C. Elliott, S. Kao, and A. M. Grant (2004), which was published in the journal Self and Identity. Implications for counselors, the counseling relationship, and counseling research are considered.
Counseling Japanese Men on Fathering
Authors: Seto Atsuko , Becker Kent W. , Akutsu Motoko
Published: December 2011

The authors review an article (J. Yamamoto & F. Tagami, 2004) published in the Japanese Journal of Counseling Science that described changes in contemporary Japanese family structures and illustrated a therapy process with a father to enhance the father‐son relationship. Implications for the counseling profession in working with men on fathering, including single fatherhood, are shared based on the literature from both the United States and Japan.
The Role of Adult Attachment Style in Forgiveness Following an Interpersonal Offense
Authors: Lawler‐Row Kathleen A. , Younger Jarred W. , Piferi Rachel L. , Jones Warren H.
Published: December 2011

The role of attachment style in relation to forgiveness was investigated in 2 betrayal interviews. Blood pressure and heart rate were assessed, along with attachment style, forgiveness, empathy, and emotional expressiveness. Securely attached individuals were more forgiving of the specific offense, had higher levels of trait forgiveness, and expressed more positive emotion. Securely attached adults had lower interview systolic blood pressure and exhibited greater blood pressure recovery. Attachment style may be an independent antecedent of forgiveness.
Critical Incident Analysis Based Training: An Approach for Developing Active Racial/Cultural Awareness
Authors: Collins Noah M. , Pieterse Alex L.
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss 2 perspectives on the Multicultural Counseling Competencies (D. W. Sue, P. Arredondo, & R. J. McDavis, 1992): fixed goal and process. Noting that the process has been underemphasized, they introduce active racial/cultural awareness as an operationalization of this perspective. Current training approaches are critiqued from this process perspective, and critical incident analysis is discussed as a tool for increasing active racial/cultural awareness. A sample analysis and suggestions for implementation are provided.
Social Justice and Multicultural Issues: Implications for the Practice and Training of Counselors and Counseling Psychologists
Authors: Constantine Madonna G. , Hage Sally M. , Kindaichi Mai M. , Bryant Rhonda M.
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss the historical and contemporary connection to social justice issues in the fields of counseling and counseling psychology via the multicultural counseling movement. In addition, the authors present ways in which social justice issues can be addressed in counselors' and counseling psychologists' work with clients from diverse cultural backgrounds and in graduate training programs.
Learning More About Those Who Play in Session: The National Play Therapy in Counseling Practices Project (Phase I)
Authors: Lambert Simone F. , LeBlanc Michael , Mullen Jodi Ann , Ray Dee , Baggerly Jennifer , White JoAnna , Kaplan David
Published: December 2011

Through a joint research committee sponsored by the Association for Play Therapy (APT) and the American Counseling Association (ACA), The National Play Therapy in Counseling Practices Project conducted the first phase of investigation. Findings offered a snapshot of mental health providers of play therapy, regarding the nature of who they are and what they do. In terms of training, play modalities, theoretical orientation, and employment setting, comparisons were made based on membership of participants in ACA or APT. Further research was suggested to examine the effectiveness of play therapy with specific therapeutic issues.
Spirituality and Counselor Competence: A National Survey of American Counseling Association Members
Authors: Young J. Scott , Wiggins‐Frame Marsha , Cashwell Craig S.
Published: December 2011

A random sample of 505 American Counseling Association (ACA) members completed a questionnaire that evaluated respondents' ratings of the importance of 9 competencies developed at the Summit on Spirituality (G. Miller, 1999; “Summit Results,” 1995) meetings to effectively address spiritual and religious issues in counseling practice. Results suggest that, in general, ACA members strongly support the importance of the competencies for effective counseling practice.
Psychosocial Well‐Being and a Multicultural Personality Disposition
Authors: Brummett Bradley R. , Wade Jay C. , Ponterotto Joseph G. , Thombs Brett , Lewis Charles
Published: December 2011

This study examined the relationship between psychosocial well‐being and a multicultural personality disposition in undergraduates (N = 124). Measures of universal‐diverse orientation, hardiness, psychosocial‐interpersonal functioning, self‐esteem, and political correctness ideology were administered. Results indicated that the multicultural personality disposition of universal‐diverse orientation significantly predicted psychological hardiness, psychosocial‐interpersonal functioning, and self‐esteem beyond the influence of politically correct responding. These findings suggest that having a multicultural personality disposition (universal‐diverse orientation) may be positively related to psychosocial well‐being.
The Contribution of Ego Development Level to Burnout in School Counselors: Implications for Professional School Counseling
Authors: Lambie Glenn W.
Published: December 2011

This article reports the findings of a national survey study of school counseling professionals to determine if higher ego development contributed to a lower degree of burnout. Although the primary path analysis model tested did not fit the data observed, a significant positive relationship indicated that participants scoring at higher levels of ego functioning also scored at higher levels of personal accomplishment (1 dimension of their level of burnout). Implications of the findings are discussed.
Long‐Term Adjustment of Infertile Couples Following Unsuccessful Medical Intervention
Authors: Daniluk Judith C. , Tench Elizabeth
Published: December 2011

A 33‐month longitudinal study was conducted with 38 infertile couples making the transition to biological childlessness after unsuccessful fertility treatments. Changes in their levels of psychological distress; marital, sexual, and life satisfaction; and self‐esteem were examined. Increased self‐esteem and decreased sexual satisfaction were evident over time. Poorer adjustment was related to having none or few available options, little social support, poor emotional and physical health, and reliance on emotion‐focused coping. Participants who adopted demonstrated better adjustment.
Adults With Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Assessment and Treatment Strategies
Authors: Wadsworth John S. , Harper Dennis C.
Published: December 2011

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among adults is characterized by inattentiveness and impulsivity. This article provides counselors with information about the etiology, assessment, and treatment of adult ADHD. The identification of the genetic and neurological features of ADHD has led to improvements in evaluation and treatment. Assessment of ADHD requires knowledge of the defining characteristics, subtypes, comorbid features, and functional aspects of ADHD. Effective treatments include both medical management and counseling to address psychosocial deficits.
Early Identification of Autism: Implications for Counselors
Authors: Layne Christina Mann
Published: December 2011

The author reviews an article (L. C. Eaves & H. H. Ho, 2004) published in the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders that discussed screening tools and diagnostic assessments used to identify autism in 2‐year‐olds as well as a follow‐up study 2½ years later. The author also provides a discussion of the impact of receiving this diagnosis on families and roles for counselors.
The Development and Evolution of Person‐Centered Expressive Art Therapy: A Conversation With Natalie Rogers
Authors: Sommers‐Flanagan John
Published: December 2011

Many counselors are unaware that Natalie Rogers, daughter of Carl Rogers, has extended her father's work into the creative and expressive arts. This article includes a verbatim conversation with Natalie Rogers as she reflects on her childhood and her professional work. Person‐centered expressive art therapy is an alternative to traditional verbal counseling approaches and may be especially helpful for clients stuck in linear, rigid, and analytic ways of thinking and experiencing the world.
Program Evaluation: The Accountability Bridge Model for Counselors
Authors: Astramovich Randall L. , Coker J. Kelly
Published: December 2011

The accountability and reform movements in education and the human services professions have pressured counselors to demonstrate outcomes of counseling programs and services. Evaluation models developed for large‐scale evaluations are generally impractical for counselors to implement. Counselors require practical models to guide them in planning and conducting counseling program evaluations. The authors present the Accountability Bridge Counseling Program Evaluation Model and discuss its use in evaluating counseling services and programs
Mandated Disciplinary Counseling on Campus: Problems and Possibilities
Authors: Kiracofe Norman M. , Wells LaSonda
Published: December 2011

Because of increased student misconduct in academic institutions, counselors have had to use traditional voluntary counseling models with involuntary disciplinary clients. The authors propose a policy position that would preclude mandated treatment and instead place an emphasis on counseling readiness programming for disciplinary referrals. A stages of behavioral change model is offered as a tool to articulate when counseling can be effective with students entangled in disciplinary procedures.
A Client‐Centered Review of Rogers With Gloria
Authors: Moon Kathryn A.
Published: December 2011

Carl Rogers's nondirective theory and his response style with Gloria (E. L. Shostrom, 1965) are discussed in reply to S. A. Wickman and C. Campbell's (2003) “An Analysis of How Carl Rogers Enacted Client‐Centered Conversation With Gloria.” Client‐centered studies of C. Rogers's transcripts give context for reformulating S. A. Wickman and C. Campbell's “devices” (p. 179) in a manner consistent with C. Rogers's nondirective attitude. Awareness of varying views of C. Rogers's Gloria session as an example of his work can enrich training use of the film.
Assessing Violence Risk: A Review and Clinical Recommendations
Authors: Haggård‐Grann Ulrika
Published: December 2011

Guidance to identify and manage clients with a perceived high risk for future violence is of great importance for mental health professionals. In the past decade, several structured instruments have been developed to assess risk of future violence. Awareness of the limits and abilities of such instruments is required. This article reviews the most well‐known risk assessment tools and provides recommendations for how to approach the area of violence risk assessment.
Psychosocial and Moral Development of PTSD‐Diagnosed Combat Veterans
Authors: Taylor John G. , Baker Stanley B.
Published: December 2011

Two related studies were conducted in order to investigate whether psychosocial and moral development appeared to have been disrupted and arrested in veterans diagnosed as having posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Study 1 was devoted to developing a measure of late adolescence, early adulthood, and adulthood stages of psychosocial development. In Study 2, a sample of 32 PTSD‐diagnosed and 32 PTSD‐free veterans participated. The PTSD‐diagnosed participants presented evidence of arrested psychosocial and moral development.
The Use of Metaphor in Clinical Supervision
Authors: Guiffrida Douglas A. , Jordan Rachel , Saiz Stephan , Barnes Kristin L.
Published: December 2011

The authors completed a critical review of the literature on the use of metaphor and the efficacy of metaphoric activities in clinical supervision. The authors conclude that these activities might assist students in understanding the process of becoming a counselor and facilitate students' case conceptualization skills. Cautions to consider when implementing metaphoric activities, limitations of research that has investigated the effectiveness of using metaphors in supervision, and suggestions for future research in this area are presented.
Broaching the Subjects of Race, Ethnicity, and Culture During the Counseling Process
Authors: Day‐Vines Norma L. , Wood Susannah M. , Grothaus Tim , Craigen Laurie , Holman Angela , Dotson‐Blake Kylie , Douglass Marcy J.
Published: December 2011

The authors define broaching as the counselor's ability to consider how sociopolitical factors such as race influence the client's counseling concerns. The counselor must learn to recognize the cultural meaning clients attach to phenomena and to subsequently translate that cultural knowledge into meaningful practice that facilitates client empowerment, strengthens the therapeutic alliance, and enhances counseling outcomes. A continuum of broaching behavior is described, and parallels are drawn between the progression of broaching behavior and the counselor's level of racial identity functioning.
Avoidance of Counseling: Psychological Factors That Inhibit Seeking Help
Authors: Vogel David L. , Wester Stephen R. , Larson Lisa M.
Published: December 2011

How do counselors reach out to individuals who are reluctant to seek counseling services? To answer this question, the authors examined the research on the psychological help‐seeking barriers from counseling, clinical and social psychology, as well as social work and psychiatry. Specific avoidance factors that have been identified in the mental health literature; important variations in the setting, problem type, demographics, and cultural characteristics that can influence the degree to which avoidance factors affect professional help‐seeking decisions; and suggestions for overcoming these avoidance factors are discussed.
The Effect of Honduran Counseling Practices on the North American Counseling Profession: The Power of Poverty
Authors: Sells James N. , Giordano Francesca G. , Bokar Laura , Klein Jim , Sierra Georgina Panting , Thume Beverly
Published: December 2011

A team of researchers consisting of counselor education professors and doctoral‐level counseling students conducted interviews with Honduran mental health professionals, including counselors, psychologists, pastors, community developmental specialists, and psychiatrists. The purpose was to understand the counseling process and profession that exists in a developing economy. The results are focused on the pervasive effects of poverty on the profession, the training of counselors, and the nature of counseling interventions.
Evaluating Personal Construct Group Work with Troubled Adolescents
Authors: Truneckova Deborah , Viney Linda L.
Published: December 2011

The researchers assessed the effectiveness of personal construct group work done in 3 phases with troubled adolescents. The results provided evidence that personal construct group work was effective in bringing about changes in construing of themselves and others (Phase 1), was perceived by participants as effective (Phase 2), and was shown to be effective through the group processes (Phase 3). These findings and their clinical implications are discussed, together with some limitations in the study.
Children's Fears: A Pre‐9/11 and Post‐9/11 Comparison Using the American Fear Survey Schedule for Children
Authors: Burnham Joy J.
Published: December 2011

Children are influenced by the salient events surrounding them (e.g., 9/11 terrorist attacks, Hurricane Katrina, massacre at Virginia Tech). In this study, the author examined fears of children and adolescents in Grades 2–12 in a pre‐ and post‐September 11, 2001, comparison using the American Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC‐AM; J. J. Burnham, 1995, 2005). Differences across age, gender, and year were examined. Multivariate analyses of variance yielded significant effects for terror fear items on the FSSC‐AM.
Parental Attachment and Adjustment to Higher Learning Institutions: The Role of Stress for a Malaysian Sample of Late Adolescents
Authors: Sim Tick Ngee , Ng Ee Lynn
Published: December 2011

The current study examined the mediating role of stress in the linkages between attachment to parents and adjustment to attending higher learning institutions in another country. Self‐reports from 114 Malaysian late adolescents studying in Singapore supported the primacy of stress for adjustment; more pertinent, stress mediated all the attachment‐adjustment linkages that met the conditions for mediation testing, although this mediating role of stress applied mostly to the late adolescent girls and was also dependent on parent gender.
Integrating Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorder
Authors: Ford Julian D. , Russo Eileen M. , Mallon Sharon D.
Published: December 2011

Historically, administrators and clinicians have been hesitant to address posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs). However, research shows that SUD treatment recruitment and outcomes may be adversely affected if co‐occurring PTSD is left untreated. The authors provide guidelines for screening and assessment, treatment services, and workforce and organizational development that are designed to facilitate integrated PTSD–SUD treatment. Case examples illustrate the necessary precautions related to and the potential benefits of integrating treatment of PTSD and SUD.
Treatment Outcomes for Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder: A Critical Review
Authors: Hill Nicole R. , Beamish Patricia M.
Published: December 2011

Counselors in the 21st century must not only respond to the pressures of managed care but also support the best interests of their clients. Criticism from consumers and professionals about the lack of empirical evidence of the efficacy of counseling as well as pressure from managed care companies have prompted a focus on evaluating treatment outcomes. This article provides a framework for developing standards of care by highlighting issues in outcome research in general and by reviewing treatment outcomes for obsessive‐compulsive disorder.
The Stigma of Mental Illness
Authors: Overton Stacy L. , Medina Sondra L.
Published: December 2011

Stigma surrounding major mental illness creates many barriers. People who experience mental illness face discrimination and prejudice when renting homes, applying for jobs, and accessing mental health services. The authors review the current literature regarding stigma and mental illness. They define stigma and review theories that explain its impact. Counselor training is a peak time to identify and begin to mitigate stigma related to people with mental illness. Implications for counselor training are addressed.
Gender and Diagnosis: Struggles and Suggestions for Counselors
Authors: Eriksen Karen , Kress Victoria E.
Published: December 2011

Concerns have been raised related to the intersection of gender and diagnosis, particularly with respect to biases in diagnoses made according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The authors review the literature on the prevalence of diagnoses by gender, sex bias in diagnosis, the problematic impact of particular diagnoses on women, and the relationship of diagnosis to socialization and social conditions. Alternative diagnoses, diagnostic procedures, and diagnostic foci that can help counselors to most effectively avoid gender bias are offered.
To Join or Not to Join: School Counselors as a Case Study in Professional Membership
Authors: Bauman Sheri
Published: December 2011

School counselors were surveyed regarding their choice to join or not join their professional organization. Members and nonmembers differed on the following: whether participants' graduate program emphasized professional membership, membership status of colleagues, the belief that professional organizations advance the field, and the belief that being a professional means joining professional associations. A model is proposed that includes major themes in the decision‐making process identified in the qualitative comment data. Implications for professional counseling organizations are discussed.
Cybercounseling in the United States and South Korea: Implications for Counseling College Students of the Millennial Generation and the Networked Generation
Authors: Maples Mary Finn , Han Sumi
Published: December 2011

The National Board for Certified Counselors describes cybercounseling as the provision of some aspects of counseling through technology, via such applications as e‐mail, Web‐based information access, course registration, academic advising, and career guidance. The authors explore the characteristics of cybercounseling, describe its current use in the United States and South Korea, explore its advantages and disadvantages, and consider issues and concerns for college counselors.
Narcissism, Entitlement, and Questionable Research Practices in Counseling: A Pilot Study
Authors: Davis Mark S. , Wester Kelly L. , King Bridgett
Published: December 2011

Although reports of research misconduct and questionable research practices (QRPs) have been prevalent in the literature, very little has been written about these issues in the field of counseling. The current pilot study addresses (a) the continuous drive for evidence‐based practice in education and counseling and (b) the relationship between QRPs and individual characteristics. QRPs are reported for the sample, indicating that this does exist, at least minimally, within the field of counseling. The authors also explored the role of demographic and specific personality characteristics in explaining QRPs.
Training School Counselors in Singapore: First Impressions of a Multicultural Challenge
Authors: Rivera Edil Torres , Nash Sara , Wah Bernard Sew Chun , Ibrahim Surayah Bte
Published: December 2011

Since the publication of 2 important articles, by E. Tan (2002) on career counseling and by W. H. Chong (2005) on group counseling in schools, changes have taken place in the school counseling field in Singapore. In this article, the authors review these articles and describe the development of the school counseling profession in Singapore based on the American model of counseling.
Relational‐Cultural Theory: A Framework for Bridging Relational, Multicultural, and Social Justice Competencies
Authors: Comstock Dana L. , Hammer Tonya R. , Strentzsch Julie , Cannon Kristi , Parsons Jacqueline , II Gustavo Salazar
Published: December 2011

Relational‐cultural theory (RCT) theorists advocate expanding the multicultural/social justice counseling competencies beyond the domains of self‐awareness, cultural knowledge, and culturally responsive helping skills. This article provides an overview of RCT and discusses how creating and participating in growth‐fostering relationships are essential dimensions of human development and psychological well‐being. Implications of this theoretical model for counseling practice are also addressed.
Liberation Psychology as the Path Toward Healing Cultural Soul Wounds
Authors: Duran Eduardo , Firehammer Judith , Gonzalez John
Published: December 2011

Oppression resulting in soul wounding has afflicted indigenous communities and the counseling profession. Internalized oppression has become part of oppressive practices inflicted on communities served. The authors delineate a liberation psychology that leads toward the psychological and spiritual emancipation of individual clients, communities, and the counseling profession.
Reframing the DSM‐IV‐TR From a Multicultural/Social Justice Perspective
Authors: Zalaquett Carlos P. , Fuerth Katherine M. , Stein Carmen , Ivey Allen E. , Ivey Mary Bradford
Published: December 2011

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) represents a medical model that can be reframed for more effective use in counseling. To achieve this goal, the authors describe how they can shift from client diagnosis to case formulation. In describing this shift, the authors offer an example of a theory‐based etiology and relate case formulation to specific counseling interventions.
New Professional Roles and Advocacy Strategies for School Counselors: A Multicultural/Social Justice Perspective to Move Beyond the Nice Counselor Syndrome
Authors: Bemak Fred , Chung Rita Chi‐Ying
Published: December 2011

The transformed role of school counselors as advocates is key in reducing the academic achievement gap. Redefining the school counselors' role requires culturally competent practitioners, social justice advocates, and organizational/social change agents. A major obstacle to implementing culturally responsive social justice advocacy and change in schools is referred to as the nice counselor syndrome (NCS). This article discusses the insidious effects of NCS and outlines a set of recommendations designed to assist school counselors in moving beyond this syndrome.