bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Role Does Depression Play on the Performance of the Ruff 2 and 7 Selective Attention Test?
Authors: Ruff Ronald M.
Published: August 2011

Depression is frequently a comorbid symptom in patients suffering from neurological or psychiatric illnesses, and this presents a challenge for the differential diagnosis of neuropsychological functioning, especially in the assessment of concentration. The 2 & 7 test was administered to 27 patients with major depression without other neurological or psychiatric illnesses. The average percentile rankings fell within the unimpaired range, with 42.7% for speed, 36.3% for accuracy, and 44.9% for processing. Only three patients were significantly slowed in performance speed, of whom two also showed deficient motor speed on eye-hand coordination performances. None demonstrated deficient accuracy rates, yet four patients were impaired in parallel processing. Thus, major depression did not for the majority of these patients impair 2 & 7 test performance, particularly if no concurrent motor slowing was present. Four guidelines for differential diagnosis are discussed.
Anchoring Effects on Judgement, Estimation, and Discrimination of Numerosity
Authors: Sawyer Thomas F. , Wesensten Nancy J.
Published: August 2011

Three experiments ( N = 234) examined anchoring effects on judgement, estimation, and discrimination of numerosity. Subjects were anchored by preexposing them to random dot patterns with a mean quantity of 25, 50, or 75 dots. Subsequent testing with patterns having greater or less numerosity than the anchoring point resulted in predictable effects, including positive or negative contrast effects for numerosity judgements (Exp. 1), positive or negative contrast for the numerical estimation of quantity (Exp. 2), and a larger number of errors when subjects attempted simultaneous discrimination between two dot patterns (Exp. 3). The results extend previous findings for anchoring effects to the stimulus dimension of numerosity.
Effects of Sex and Sex Roles on Same-Sex Touch
Authors: Crawford C. B.
Published: August 2011

Touch is an important aspect of nonverbal behavior. Important aspects of the relationship of gender and sex roles with same-sex touch were highlighted. 259 subjects participated in the procedure, yielding a significant difference between men and women on same-sex touch. Further, androgyny was significantly correlated with ratings on the Same-sex Touching Scale. Specific conclusions regarding these findings were discussed.
A New Multidimensional Measure of African Adolescents' Perceptions of Teachers' Behaviors
Authors: Mboya Mzobanzi M.
Published: August 2011

The Perceived Teacher Behavior Inventory was designed to measure three dimensions of students' perceptions of the behaviors of their teachers. This research was conducted to assess the statistical validity and reliability of the instrument administered to 770 students attending two coeducational high schools in Cape Town, South Africa. Factor analysis clearly identified three subscales indicating that the instrument distinguished the students' perceptions of their teachers' behaviors in three areas. Estimates of internal consistency of the subscales were assessed using the squared multiple correlation as the index of reliability.
Effect of Circumferential Pressure on Response Parameters during Ballistic Ankle Plantar Flexion in Healthy Adults
Authors: Robichaud Julie A. , Brunt Denis
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the effect of circumferential pressure on timing and muscle-response parameters during ballistic ankle plantar flexion in 15 young healthy subjects. Circumferential pressure was provided by an air-splint applied around the lower calf. Data were collected at 1, 3, and 5 min. prior to, during, and following application of pressure. A 3 × 3 repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated significant increases in premotor and reaction times during application of pressure. There was no main effect for magnitude of muscle activity or motor time. Results support previous studies showing decreases in the excitability of the motor-neuron pool with circumferential pressure and an inverse relationship between excitability and premotor time.
Gender Differences in Mental Rotation
Authors: Richardson John T. E.
Published: August 2011

Two experiments were carried out to compare the performance of male and female students at different educational levels on tasks that required mental rotation. Exp. 1 also compared their performance on an overt, male-typed version and a disguised, female-typed version of the same task. Amongst introductory undergraduate students, men performed significantly better than women, but this difference was as pronounced on the disguised, female-typed version as on the overt, male-typed task. However, there was no sign of any gender difference on the overt task in advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students. The latter finding was not replicated in Exp. 2, in which significant effects of gender regardless of the students' educational level were noted. Nevertheless, the effect size was significantly smaller than that obtained for comparable students tested on the same task during the 1970s. Taken together, these results confirm that gender differences in at least some aspects of mental rotation may be abolished by educational experience and that gender differences in mental rotation have become smaller over the last 20 years. Such findings favor sociocultural explanations of gender differences in mental rotation rather than biological explanations.
Controllability of Motor Imagery and Transformation of Visual Imagery
Authors: Naito Eiichi
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relation between control of motor imagery and generation and transformation of visual imagery by testing 54 subjects. We used two measures of the Controllability of Motor Imagery test to evaluate the ability to control motor imagery. One was a recognition test on which the subject imagines as if one sees another's movement, and the other was a regeneration test on which one imagines as if one moves one's own body. The former test score was related to processing time of a mental rotation task and the latter one was not but would reflect sport experience. It was concluded that two meanings of the test could reflect different aspects such as observational motor imagery and body-centered motor imagery.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Rahim Leader Power Inventory
Authors: Rahim M. Afzalur , Psenicka Clement
Published: August 2011

Confirmatory factor analysis with LISREL 7 of data from 578 organizational members on the 29 items of the Rahim Leader Power Inventory provided support for the convergent and discriminant validities of the instrument measuring the bases of leaders' power and their invariance across organizational levels.
Mental Rotation and Mirror-Image Discrimination
Authors: Pierret Anne , Peronnet Franck
Published: August 2011

Two experiments involving judgments of same-different were conducted to assess conditions in which mental rotation is used. These two experiments were similar except in the way “different” pairs were constructed. In the first experiment, a “different” pair involved two different polygons; in the second one, a “different” pair involved one polygon and its mirror-image. The strategy used by the 8 subjects was investigated through patterns of reaction times. The first experiment exhibited a flat function of reaction times with orientation, whereas the second one exhibited a linear increase in reaction times with angular departure from upright. These results lead to the conclusion that mental rotation is used when a figure has to be distinguished from its mirror-image.
Why Do Women Exercise? Factor Analysis and Further Validation of the Reasons for Exercise Inventory
Authors: Cash Thomas F. , Now Pamela L. , Grant Jill R.
Published: August 2011

This investigation examined the factor structure and correlates of the Reasons for Exercise Inventory among 101 exercising women. Subjects completed the 24-item inventory (with one added item), reported their weekly frequency of exercise, and completed two standardized body-image measures. Factor analysis indicated that, with minor modifications, the instrument has an internally consistent structure with four factors of Appearance/Weight Management, Fitness/Health Management, Stress/ Mood Management, and Socializing. Appearance/Weight Management was associated with a more negative body image independent of actual body mass and was the only motive related to self-reported frequency of exercise.
Influence of Spectators' Identification on Evaluation of the Past, Present, and Future Performance of a Sports Team
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Dolan Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

This is a report of a study designed to test the prediction that persons high in identification with a sports team would be more biased in their evaluations of that team than persons low in identification. The hypothesis was supported for memory and predictions of team records as well as for direct measures of past, present, and future team evaluations. Discussion focussed on the motivational processes underlying the relationship.
A Nonmetric Measure of Euclidean Distance
Authors: O'Brien Frank
Published: August 2011

The results of a large scale simulation study to test the fundamental properties of the author's finite population spatial density model are reported. A conjecture is given relating metric distance to a nonmetric estimate in two-dimensional space.
An Auditory Attention Task: A Note on the Processing of Verbal Information
Authors: Linde Lena
Published: August 2011

On an auditory attention task subjects were required to reproduce spatial relationships between letters from auditorily presented verbal information containing the prepositions “before” or “after.” It was assumed that propositions containing “after” induce a conflict between temporal, and semantically implied, spatial order between letters. Data from 36 subjects showing that propositions with “after” are more difficult to process are presented. A significant, general training effect appeared. 200 mg caffeine had a certain beneficial effect on performance of 18 subjects who had been awake for about 22 hours and were tested at 6 a.m.; however, the beneficial effect was not related to amount of conflict but concerned items without and with conflict. On the other hand, the effect of caffeine for 18 subjects tested at 4 p.m. after normal sleep was slightly negative.
Use of Running Exercises for Preschoolers with Mental Retardation as a Means of Improving Play or School Activity
Authors: Yamanaka Tadashige , Furuya Takeshi , Shibagaki Masamitsu
Published: August 2011

Various physical training programs have been devised to achieve greater physical fitness for handicapped children who otherwise exercise insufficiently. Such training may also facilitate socializing and play at school. Running exercises were conducted with 4 handicapped preschoolers and 3 age-matched normal preschoolers for 3 30-min. sessions per week for 11 weeks. Measures were seconds taken to run 25 meters and ratings of play behavior. Analysis showed that children who reluctandy joined the exercise made little progress in running. The quality of movement and play activities in nursery school and interactive behavior improved significantly for participants who also improved in running.
Age, Cognitive Style, and Traffic Signs
Authors: Lambert Léo D. , Fleury Maurice
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the efficiency with which young and older adults of varying field dependence extract information from traffic signs. It also identified some visual attributes of signs which affect recognition time. Two experiments were conducted. In Exp. 1, digitized signs, embedded in rural and urban backgrounds, were presented on a computer monitor. Subjects indicated on which side a target sign had appeared. Analysis showed that recognition times were dependent on age and field-dependence scores. Also, visual backgrounds and spatial frequency of pictographs affected RTs. In Exp. 2, recognition RT to 2 signs with redesigned pictographs was measured as well as time taken to detect signs. The signs showing reduced spatial frequency were the fastest to recognize, although no effect was noticed during detection. The subjects who showed the worst performance when facing the original signs benefitted the most from the modifications.
Effect of Humor and Tragedy on Discomfort Tolerance
Authors: Weaver James , Zillmann Dolf
Published: August 2011

Following exposure to comedy, tragedy, or control stimuli, respondents took the cold pressor test. Men, but not women ( ns = 36), tolerated icy water for longer periods of time after comedy and tragedy than after control stimuli.
Students' Perceptions of Teachers' Use of Affinity-Seeking and its Relationship to Teachers' Competence
Authors: Prisbell Marshall
Published: August 2011

As explored here, 140 undergraduate students' perceptions of teachers' competence were influenced by instructors' use of affinity-seeking strategies. Trustworthiness, assumption of equality, personal autonomy, altruism, and listening contributed to the perceptions.
Elicitation of “Childhood Memories” in Hypnosis-Like Settings is Associated with Complex Partial Epileptic-Like Signs for Women but Not for Men: Implications for the False Memory Syndrome
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

20 male and 20 female undergraduate students were exposed singly for 20 min. to an exotic setting (partial sensory deprivation and weak, bilateral trans-temporal pulsed magnetic fields) that enhances relaxation and exotic experiences. The numerical incidence of subjective experiences described as old memories, dreams, emotions, or vestibular sensations did not differ significantly between the sexes; however, women who reported a greater prevalence of preexperimental complex partial epileptic-like signs were more likely to report experiences of “old memories” ( r = 0.61) while men who exhibited these signs were more likely to report dream-like ( r = 0.49) experiences. Because complex partial epileptic-like signs are positively associated with suggestibility, the potential contribution of this differential gender effect to the etiology of the False Memory Syndrome requires further investigation.
Edinburgh Handedness Inventory Scores: Caucasian and American Indian College Students
Authors: Dingman Sherry M. , Mroczka Mary A.
Published: August 2011

Laterality Quotients for 80 American Indian college students were less right-biased than those for 80 Caucasian college students on the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Oldfield's 1971 empirically derived deciles for the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory were used to assign decile levels to the data. Deciles were then used to assign data to one of three proposed handedness phenotype classifications. Pheno-type classifications were based on Annett's 1985 proposed distribution for a single gene theorized to underlie human handedness. Chi-squared goodness-of-fit analysis showed that the data for Caucasian college students did not differ significantly from what would be anticipated by Annett's model, but American Indians differed significantly. Results provide empirical support for the hypothesis that frequency distributions for Annett's hypothesized right-shift gene may differ across racial groups.
Suicide in Writers
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

A high incidence of suicide has been noted among writers from Great Britain, the USSR, Japan, and America, suggesting that general factors must be sought to account for the high rate rather than ascribing the high rate to local factors.
Influence of Looking at Hazard Lights on Car-Driving Performance
Authors: Kitamura Fumiaki , Matsunaga Katsuya , Nagao Isao
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present study was to determine what effect (if any) looking at an automobile's hazard lights has on the direction in which a car is driven. Eight Japanese drivers participated in this experiment. Analysis indicated that (a) at night drivers passed closer to a forward-facing stationary car than during the day and (b) when instructions were given to look at the hazard lights of a forward-facing stationary car, drivers passed closer than when no such instructions were given or when the hazard lights were off. The relationship between looking at the visible targets in a visually poor environment and the direction in which a car is driven was discussed.
“Bouncing Back” from a Loss: No Statistical Artifact
Authors: Nahinsky Irwin D.
Published: August 2011

In 1991 Nahinsky demonstrated that victories were more likely to follow losses than to follow victories in World Series competition, consistent with a “bouncing back” effect. Zentall stated the result was a statistical artifact of the analysis and presented an analysis he claimed supported that assertion. This article shows that his conclusions are based upon a misconception about the assumptions underlying Nahinsky's analysis as well as faulty assumptions underlying his own. Other aspects of analyzing processes of this sort were also considered.
Validity of Neuropsychological Test Results in Disability Evaluations
Authors: Guilmette Thomas J. , Sparadeo Frank R. , Whelihan William , Buongiorno Gregg
Published: August 2011

A group of 50 disability claimants referred by the Social Security Administration for neuropsychological screening were administered a 36-item, forced-choice, digit-recognition method of detecting malingering to assess effort and motivation to perform well. This abbreviated form of the 1989 Hiscock and Hiscock Forced-choice Procedure has been shown to be quite easy even for individuals with severe organic brain dysfunction. A perfect performance of 36 correct on this digit-recognition task is obtained by most individuals with moderate to severe brain damage. A performance of less than 90% correct is due more likely to poor effort or even malingering rather than brain damage. In this sample, 18% ( n = 9) obtained scores of less than 90% correct, i.e., <33, which calls into question the reliability and validity of test data obtained. An additional 20% ( n = 10) obtained intermediate scores of 33 to 35 correct. These intermediate scores are more difficult to interpret although at least some proportion of those scores reflects poor motivation. The results over-all indicate that nearly one-fifth of potential disability claimants produced invalid and uninterpretable neuropsychological test protocols and an additional one-fifth obtained protocols that should be well scrutinized for evidence of poor effort as well. Neuropsychologists conducting disability evaluations are urged to use measures designed specifically to assess effort and motivation.
Developmental Differences in Praxis in Learning-Disabled and Normal Children and Adults
Authors: Poole Janet L. , Schneck Colleen M.
Published: August 2011

Gestures made on tasks in response to verbal command or to imitation and on tasks involving axial and distal movements were compared for groups of learning-disabled and normal children and adults. The 15 learning-disabled children and 15 adults scored lower than the 15 normal children and 15 adults on all tasks. All groups scored higher on imitation than on verbal command and scored similarly on the axial and distal tasks. The findings from this study suggest that it would be worthwhile to test the hypothesis that dyspraxic behaviors may persist into adulthood.
Comparison of Three Methods for Assessing Attitudes
Authors: O'Neal Marcia R. , Chissom Brad S.
Published: August 2011

Conducting survey research involves making choices concerning the methods of gathering attitude data. Several methods are available, each with its advantages and disadvantages. Three methods were compared in this study. They included ratings, rankings, and paired comparisons. The responses of 392 undergraduate students were included in the analyses. Each participant completed a survey consisting of three attitude objects of five items each, one set formatted using a rating scale, another using rankings, and a third using paired comparisons. Three survey forms were developed so that each attitude object could be presented in each format. The three forms were presented randomly to approximately equal numbers of participants. Analyses consisted of obtaining means or scale values for each item. Correlations among methods were computed for each of the three attitude objects. Correlations for one well-researched attitude object were all above .80. Other correlations ranged from .41 to .89. Consistently the highest correlations were between rankings and paired comparisons, a finding that is not surprising in view of the fact that tasks required of these two scales are very similar.
Children's Understanding: Case of the Easter Bunny
Authors: Peterson Karen L.
Published: August 2011

40 preschool children responded to open-ended questions on characteristics of the Easter Bunny. Subjects indicated their characterizations reflective of situationally specific information. Subjects' somewhat incomplete information on the figure may reflect lack of a culturally cohesive storyline or mythology.
Assessing the Influence of Augmentative and Alternative Communication Devices on Families of Young Children with Disabilities
Authors: Parette Howard P.
Published: August 2011

The provision of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices to young children with disabilities is discussed in the context of potential effects on family functioning, followed by a call for research.
Reports of Satanic Ritual Abuse: Further Implications about Pseudomemories
Authors: Coons Philip M.
Published: August 2011

This preliminary clinical study of patients who reporr memories of childhood satanic ritual abuse provides further data to support experimental studies by Persinger and others that pseudomemories may be created by therapists in highly suggestible patients.
Simultaneous Changes in Length and Direction as a Cue for Perceived Depth
Authors: Brigner Willard L. , Deni James R. , Hildreth Lora Lee
Published: August 2011

A computer-generated configuration of three lines joined like hands on a clockface were perceived by 10 of 12 observers as having depth when the lines simultaneously changed in length and direction, thereby supporting Wallach, Adams, and Weisz's 1956 hypothesis regarding the necessary and sufficient conditions for a perceived kinetic depth effect
Draw-A-Person Test as a Measure of Anxiety in the Work Place
Authors: Merrill Lex L.
Published: August 2011

It was hypothesized that, given their stressful working conditions, nuclear weapons workers would show more anxiety indicators on the Draw-A-Person test. Three groups ( ns = 9) were given the test and their drawings were scored with Handler's 1967 objectively scorable indexes. A posttest-only design with two nonequivalent comparison groups was employed. Nuclear weapons workers had a reliably higher number of anxiety indicators on their Draw-A-Person drawings than the two comparison groups. These preliminary results indicate that Handler's objectively scorable indexes may be of value in detecting anxiety in the work place. The conclusions are tempered by the small groups and the quasi-experimental design used but indicate that further research could be fruitful.
Learning of Concepts and Definitions in Different Disciplines
Authors: Lin Yi-Guang , Mc Keachie Wilbert J.
Published: August 2011

345 college students' memorization of definitions and key words and the associations with their course performance were investigated in nine biology, social science, and English classes. Median rs were 0.02 and 0.24, respectively.
Perceived Difficulty and Motivated Cognitive Effort in a Computer-Simulated Forest Firefighting Task
Authors: Omodei Mary M. , Wearing Alexander J.
Published: August 2011

Two studies ( ns 28 and 55) were conducted to investigate the extent to which proposed relationships between perceived difficulty and motivated cognitive effort generalise to realistic, complex, ill-defined, ongoing situations. A computerised microworld generator, Fire Chief, was used to create an appropriate cognitive task. Using complementary research designs, no significant relationships were obtained between either perceived difficulty or proximity to preferred difficulty and on-task motivated cognitive effort assessed by self-referent importance, intended effort, and subjectively felt arousal. The implications of these findings for expectancy-value approaches to motivation are discussed. Attention is drawn to the extent to which the two studies illustrate the use of the Fire Chief microworld generator for the investigation of psychological phenomena.
Motion Aftereffects of Wagon Wheels: Motion Aftereffects Follow Apparent Rather Than Real Movement
Authors: Power Roderick P.
Published: August 2011

Power and Moulden have proposed a model which accounts for the movement of gratings in apertures including the barber pole illusion. It predicts the direction of motion aftereffects which follow from perceived veridical motion and the direction of these aftereffects which follow from the illusory movement experienced during the barber pole illusion. At a perceptual level, the model predicts motion aftereffects will follow direction of apparent movement rather than veridical direction. Four experiments tested this prediction. In Exp. 1 a spiral was viewed under flickering light so it appeared to be moving in the direction opposite to true motion, and the aftereffect was opposite to the apparent direction. In Exp. 2 the spiral was viewed through a narrow aperture so that it was effectively a grating appearing to move in the opposite direction to veridical motion. Again, the motion aftereffect was opposite to the apparent rather than true direction of rotation. In Exp. 3 a sectored disc was used, and similar results were obtained. In Exp. 4 the sectored disc was videotaped so that it appeared to be rotating in the direction opposite to true motion. The after motion to this “wagon wheel” effect was opposite to its apparent direction of rotation on the screen. In all experiments the predictions were confirmed, thereby confirming the general principle that motion aftereffecrs follow apparent rather than real direction of movemenr.
What Role Do Fashion Dolls Play in Socialization of Children?
Authors: Markee Nancy L. , Pedersen Elaine L. , Murray Colleen I. , Stacey Peter B.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate young girls' doll preferences, identify types of doll play in which children engage, and explore mothers' perceptions of the influence of fashion dolls on their lives. Except for height and gender, none of the 9 girls referred to specific physical characteristics of dolls' body shapes when explaining doll preferences. Instead, aspects of dolls that could be physically manipulated were frequently mentioned and play focused on changing dolls' appearances and vicarious role playing. Their mothers differed in their perceptions of how fashion dolls had affected their lives.
Highly Allegiant Fans and Sports Team Evaluation: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem
Authors: Hirt Edward R. , Ryalls Kenneth R.
Published: August 2011

We suggest that the positivity bias found by Wann and Dolan in highly allegiant sports fans might be better explained by considering the mediating role of self-esteem in both the prediction of a team's future performance as well as the recall of past performance.
Visual Preferences of Mexican Preschool Children for Abstract and Realistic Paintings
Authors: Mc Ghee Katherine , Dziuban Charles D.
Published: August 2011

51 Mexican children ages 3 and 4 years were asked to express preferences for 9 abstract and 9 realistic paintings on two separate occasions. Consistently, the children showed no clear preferences for abstract or realistic paintings and their choices remained stable. Implications for educational and cultural environments as well as children's literature are discussed.
Effects of “Parental Filter” on Reported Vividness of Imagery
Authors: Mc Kelvie Stuart J.
Published: August 2011

127 undergraduates (66 women, 61 men) completed experimental forms of Ahsen's Adapted Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (AA-WIQ) in which the 16 items of Marks' Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (WIQ) are rated separately with either mother or father in mind. When the two ratings were made side-by-side for each item and those for the father filter were given first, there was some evidence of dimmer father- than mother-filtered imagery for women. However, this effect did not appear when the mother-filtered ratings were given first, when all items were rated under one parental filter before being rated with the other, or when the filter instruction was given only before the first four items (which refer to a relative or friend). These results do not support claims that reported imagery is generally dimmer under the father than under the mother filter, but it was suggested that dimmer father- than mother-filtered imagery for women may be an order effect or may appear when raters freely compare their images under the two filters. Because scores were highly correlated ( rs > .80) across filters, it was concluded that the choice of a parent for the first four items of Marks' WIQ does not jeopardize the use of the inventory as a research instrument to classify people as good or poor visualizers.
Social Correlates of the Percentage of Suicides and Homicides Employing Firearms
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The percentage of firearms used for suicide and homicide was greater in rural or poor states, those with a southern subculture, and those with many Roman Catholics.
Magnitude of Stress Experienced by Baseball and Softball Umpires
Authors: Rainey David W.
Published: August 2011

This study surveyed 782 certified baseball and Softball umpires from randomly chosen umpire associations in one state to assess how much stress they experienced while officiating. The mean stress score was between “very little” and “a moderate amount,” although 4.5% of the respondents reported “quite a bit” or “a great deal” of stress. The mean stress score may have been attenuated by the umpires' reluctance to admit stressful experiences or by collection of data after the season was over.
Effects of Personality and Expert System Instruction on Knowledge Development in Managerial Accounting
Authors: Odom Marcus , Pourjalali Hamid
Published: August 2011

This study extended prior research in examining the effects of expert system use on 88 students' learning when their personality traits were considered. The results were based on measurements of the students' declarative and procedural knowledge after being taught a subject domain using one of three teaching methods, instruction, expert system, or a combination of the two. Both expert system and instruction, as well as one personality trait, SN, had a significant effect on the development of declarative and procedural knowledge. In addition, the personality trait EI had a significant effect on the development of procedural (but not declarative) knowledge. Two of the interactive variables were also significant. Accordingly, the results of this study provide some insight for instructors of managerial accounting courses as to the role of personality in learning managerial topics.
The Aamd Adaptive Behavior Scale—School Edition, Part Two: Test-Retest Reliability and Parent-Teacher Agreement in a Behavior Disordered Sample
Authors: Cheramie Gail M.
Published: August 2011

Test-retest reliability and parent-teacher agreement were estimated for Part Two of the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale—School Edition. Test-retest reliability was based on a subgroup of 20 students selected randomly from the total sample of 66; these were 7 students classified as Behavior Disordered, 7 students referred for behavior problems but not classified, and 6 students not referred or classified. Parent-teacher agreement was investigated for a subgroup of 25 students classified as Behavior Disordered. Test-retest reliability of 83 was significant, while parent-teacher agreement coefficients were nonsignificant. Such results are consistent with previous research using similar instruments. The implications are discussed and suggestions for research are presented.
The Subjective Meaning of Good Sleep, An Intraindividual Approach Using the Karolinska Sleep Diary
Authors: Åkerstedt Torbjörn , Hume Ken , Minors David , Waterhouse Jim
Published: August 2011

The present experiment used an intraindividual design to investigate the meaning and measurement of “good sleep.” Each of 16 subjects slept in an isolation unit according to a schedule (15 sleeps) designed to give variable quality of sleep. Self-rated sleep measures (from the Karolinska Sleep Diary) were obtained after each sleep and subjected to intraindividual regression analyses across time. Most subjective sleep measures showed a strong covariation across conditions. Subjective quality of sleep mainly involved variables of sleep continuity, in particular, perceived calmness of sleep and sleep efficiency. “Sleep quality,” “calm sleep,” “ease of falling asleep,” and ability to “sleep throughout” the time allotted strongly covaried and formed an index of sleep quality. Self-rated ease of awakening deviated from the general pattern and was associated with poor sleep quality. So was reported dreaming (related to awakenings). It was concluded that most subjective sleep measures tend to covary across conditions and that “good sleep” is mainly a question of sleep continuity.
Formal and Nonformal Stimulus Factors in Environmental Preference
Authors: Stamps Arthur E.
Published: August 2011

Many authors are distinguishing formal and nonformal bases of environmental preferences but few studies provide estimates of effect sizes. This article reports a factorial experiment crossing a formal factor of amount of midground wirh a nonformal factor of which the categories were nature, old buildings, and new buildings. It was found that the nonformal factor accounted for more population preference variance than did the formal factor. In addition, the respondents preferred the narural scenes over the built scenes and the old buildings over the new buildings. Finally, the amount of preference variance attributable to the respondents was much less than the amount attributable to the stimuli or to the interaction of respondent by stimulus (6% vs 46% and 47%, respectively).
Time Spent with Child and Parental Agreement about Preschool Children's Behavior
Authors: Fitzgerald Hiram E. , Maguin Eugene T. , Zucker Robert A. , Reider Eve E.
Published: August 2011

Although there is a common core of agreement in parental perceptions of their preschool-age sons' problem behavior, perceptions of 107 parents became more concordant as fathers increased the amount of time they spent with their sons. At least within the context of a sample who were at risk for developing abuse of alcohol or other substances and antisocial behavior, fathers who spent less time with their sons perceived them to be less troubled than mothers perceived them to be.
Effects of a Common Linguistic Misrepresentation on Judgments about the Relationship between Height and Weight
Authors: Jenkins Carolyn A. , Mc Gahan Joseph R. , Richard Francis D.
Published: August 2011

Researchers have debated whether laypeople can detect covariation and have tried to identify conditions that might facilitate or retard this ability. Language, especially linguistic representation of variables, seems important to consider since misrepresentation appears to be relatively common in linguistic exchanges. In the present theory-based experiment, 16 subjects were asked to make judgments about the relationship between height and either weight (heavy or light) or bodyfat (fat or thin). Data provided evidence of a powerful illusory association, that is, if tall, then thin; if short, then fat, and there was no compelling evidence to suggest that subjects understood the relationship between height and weight.
Correction of a Generalized Information Measure
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: August 2011

A generalized measure of information (uncertainty, entropy) for discrete probability distributions was introduced in 1991 by this author. Certain parameter restrictions were specified. However, as discussed in the present paper, additional parameter restrictions are necessary to ensure that the new measure possesses certain important properties. Some special cases of the measure are mentioned.
The Sensed Presence May Be Facilitated by Interhemispheric Intercalation: Relative Efficacy of the Mind's Eye, Hemi-Sync Tape, and Bilateral Temporal Magnetic Field Stimulation
Authors: Johnson C. P. L. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

After sitting quietly within an acoustic chamber, 30 university men were exposed (singly) to binaural, complex stimulation (Hemi-Sync Tape), synchronized binaural and visual patterns (The Mind's Eye), or transtemporal magnetic fields for 30 min. Experiences were rated at the end of the treatment by questionnaire. The men who received the binaural stimulation (Hemi-Sync Tape) reported more intense sensed presences and ego-alien intrusions than did the other two groups. In a similar second experiment, 18 university women who received the binaural stimulation also reported these experiences. The results support the hypothesis that the sensed presence is facilitated by transient, neuroelectrical intercalation of the temporoparietal lobes and is associated with the intrusion into awareness of the right-hemispheric equivalent of the left-hemispheric sense of self.
Procedural Learning and the Development and Stability of Character
Authors: Grigsby Jim , Hartlaub George H.
Published: August 2011

This manuscript presents a neuropsychological model of the development and stability of human character. We define character as those things which people do routinely, automatically, and unconsciously—those which make people know-able and predictable. According to the model, the substrate of character is comprised of one's phenotypically based temperamental predispositions. This substrate is modified as a result of experience. Research has indicated the existence of multiple, relatively independent memory systems, and we are particularly interested in the distinction that has been made between declarative and procedural learning. Declarative memory involves recall of information and events, while procedural memory involves the learning of skills and other processes. In neurologically intact persons, these systems work in concert, yet they are relatively independent of one another. This model constrains the concept of character in a manner that allows researchers to address several issues, including (1) the manner in which character develops over time, (2) the mechanisms involved in the stability of character, and (3) the processes likely to be associated with character change.
Future Time Perspective and Positive Health Practices in Adolescents
Authors: Mahon Noreen E. , Yarcheski Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

Samples of 84 middle and 106 late adolescents responded to the Future Time Perspective Inventory and the Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire. Statistically significant positive but weak correlations (.20-.26) were found between length of future time perspective and the practice of positive health behaviors in both samples. Subscale analyses of individual health practices in relation to future time perspective yielded some statistically significant positive but weak correlations for both samples.
Measurement of Cognitive Load in Instructional Research
Authors: Paas Fred G. W. C. , van Merriënboer Jeroen J. G. , Adam Jos J.
Published: August 2011

The results of two of our recent empirical studies were considered to assess the usefulness of subjective ratings and cardiovascular measures of mental effort in instructional research. Based on its reliability and sensitivity, the subjective rating-scale technique met the requirements to be useful in instructional research whereas the cardiovascular technique did not. It was concluded that the usefulness of both measurement techniques in instructional research needs to be investigated further.
Foot Agility and Social Anxiety in Older Children (9–15 Years)
Authors: Richards Pauline , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

According to Paul MacLean's phylogenetic model of the brain, the anterior cingulate should be associated with interpersonal emotional bonding. If this assumption is correct, then foot agility (primarily affected by the dorsal medial surface of the cerebrum) should be associated with attenuated bonding and enhanced social anxiety. It would not be associated with finger agility, finger agnosia, or toe agnosia because their integrity involves more distal portions of the cortex. Strong age-dependent and linear increases in agility but not agnosia were shown for the fingers and the feet for normal children (28 girls, 28 boys) between 9 and 15 years of age. As predicted, a correlation of −0.50, not confounded by age or other measures, was noted between foot agility and social anxiety, but was statistically significant for the girls, not for the boys.
Effect of Personality on Magnitude-Estimation Scaling of Complex Auditory Stimuli
Authors: Banks Molly , Petrosino Linda , Fucci Donald , Leach Edwin , Christopher Dean
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of the personality trait of extraversion/introversion on magnitude-estimation scaling of complex auditory stimuli. Two groups of subjects, 10 who liked rock music ( M age = 22.4 yr.) and 10 who disliked rock music ( M age = 21.9 yr.), were tested. Subjects were instructed to assign numerical values to a random series of nine suprathreshold intensity levels of a 10-sec. sample of rock music. Each subject was given the Eysenck Personality Inventory, a test designed to measure the personality trait of extraversion/introversion. Statistical analyses indicated that the personality trait of extraversion/introversion did not appear to have an effect on the way the subjects scaled the rock-music stimulus.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Dynavision Apparatus
Authors: Klavora Peter , Gaskovski Peter , Forsyth Rick
Published: August 2011

The test-retest reliability of two tasks on the Dynavision apparatus was estimated as moderate, with intraclass R correlation coefficients ranging from .71 (for .76 subjects) to .73 (for 41 subjects) and paired correlation coefficients ranging from 75 to 93.
Scoring Fluctuations among Professional and Beginning Bowlers
Authors: Koslow Robert , Wenos David
Published: August 2011

The mean variance from an eight-game tournament for 50 beginning bowlers and that for 50 professional bowlers in the 1993 Tucson Open were significantly different, beginners showing less fluctuation in scores, despite their expectation to the contrary.
Irlen Filters and Reading Strategies: Effect of Coloured Filters on Reading Achievement, Specific Reading Strategies, and Perception of Ability
Authors: Robinson Gregory L. , Conway Robert N.
Published: August 2011

The effect of tinted nonoptical (Irlen) lenses was investigated with 29 lens-using subjects and a control group of 31 subjects. Assessment of reading four months after the initial screening showed a significant improvement in reading rate and comprehension but not in accuracy. A significant decrease in the number of pauses while reading was also noted for the lens users as well as increases in correlation between word repetition and reading rate and accuracy. The lens users also showed significantly improved scores on a scale of attitude towards school tasks.
Monitoring Radio Programs and Time of Day Affect Simulated Car-Driving Performance
Authors: Jäncke Lutz , Musial Frauke , Vogt Joachim , Kalveram Karl Theodor
Published: August 2011

Whether radio monitoring, task difficulty, and time of day affect driving performance was examined in a computer-controlled, simulated driving task. Driving performance was defined as the absolute deviation of the car position from road midline as displayed on the computer monitor. We found for 12 men and 8 women (i) an expected, marked deterioration of performance with increasing task difficulty, (ii) a deterioration of performance in the morning, and (iii) a deterioration of performance when subjects concurrently listened to radio programs except for the easy task conducted in the morning. The latter is supposed to be caused by a reactive increase of effort, which is induced by the concurrent radio monitoring and stimulated through a perceived impairment of attention.
On the Relationship between Handedness and Season of Birth for Men
Authors: Rogerson Peter A.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 8,929 male baseball players and a sample of 2,234 males from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey are used to assess the relation between handedness and season of birth. The results, when coupled with a further examination of the 1991 data of Dellatolas, Curt, and Lellouch, lead to the conclusion that those born during the spring and early summer are more likely to be left-handed than are those born during the fall and winter.
Preference for Darker Faces in Photographs at Different Phases of the Menstrual Cycle: Preliminary Assessment of Evidence for a Hormonal Relationship
Authors: Frost Peter
Published: August 2011

Six pairs of photographs showing human faces of both sexes were presented to 98 women who had to choose the more pleasing one of each pair. Faces within each pair were identical except for a slight difference in complexion. For women not taking oral contraceptives, skin-color preference differed significantly between two groups of subjects classified according to the current phase of their self-reported menstrual cycle: darker male faces were judged more positively by subjects in the phase when the estrogen/progesterone ratio was expected to be high than by those in the phase when this ratio was expected to be low. Female faces evoked no such cyclic response. Users of oral contraceptives showed no cyclic response to either male or female faces. These results suggest a mental mechanism whose inputs are (a) hormonal state, (b) visual identification of the sex of the face being observed, and (c) visual recognition of complexion, and whose output enters into evaluation of male and female faces. Replication with direct measures of hormonal state is recommended.
Note on the Definition and Ethics of Projective Tests
Authors: Schweighofer A. , Coles E. M.
Published: August 2011

It is suggested that the definition of projective tests as assessment procedures which use ambiguous figures does not differentiate them from other procedures; and, to the extent that such a definition does differentiate, it describes a procedure that is inconsistent with current standards of ethical practice. An alternative definition, emphasizing the wide number of scorable responses elicited, is more ethical and serves to establish the relation of responses to projective test structure to psychometric tests through the more scientific bandwidth-fidelity issue of psychological assessment.
Note on the Ontogeny of Assimilative Illusions: A Reply to Pressey (1987)
Authors: Jaeger Ted
Published: August 2011

It is argued that a previous study showing the parallel lines illusion is stronger in adulthood than in adolescence or old age is methodologically sound. Further, this finding does not necessitate a defense of assimilation theory based on epistemology that links the phenomenal properties of illusions to the techniques of measurement. Rather, it is suggested that Pressey's 1974 and 1987 hypothesis that all illusions of assimilation decline from childhood to adulthood mistakenly extends the decrement into adulthood when in fact the decrement occurs only between the ages of 6 and 10 years.