bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal Expression Profile of the Pumilio Gene in the Embryonic Development of Silkworm
Authors: Chen Liang , You Zaizhi , Xia Hengchuan , Tang Qi , Zhou Yang , Yao Qin , Chen Keping
Published: August 2014

We previously identified a pumilio gene in silkworm (Bombyx mori L.), designated BmPUM, which was specifically expressed in the ovary and testis. To further characterize this gene’s involvement in silkworm development, we have determined the spatiotemporal expression pattern of BmPUM during all embryonic stages. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that BmPUM was expressed in all stages of silkworm embryos and that its transcript levels displayed two distinct peaks. The first was observed at the germ-band formation stage (1 d after oviposition) and dropped to a low level at the gonad formation stage (5 d after oviposition). The second was detected at the stage of bristle follicle occurrence (6 d after oviposition), which was confirmed by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Nanos (Nos), functioning together with Pum in abdomen formation of Drosophila embryos, was also highly expressed at the beginning (0 h to 1 d after oviposition) of embryogenesis, but its transcript levels were very low after the stage of germ-band formation. These results suggest that BmPUM functions with Bombyx mori nanos (Bm-nanos) at the early stages of silkworm embryonic development, and may then play a role in gonad formation and the occurrence of bristle follicles. Our data thus provide a foundation to uncover the role of BmPUM during silkworm development.
In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Isostichopus badionotus, a Sea Cucumber from Yucatan Peninsula Coast
Authors: Aida R. Pérez-Espadas  , María J. Verde-Star  , Catalina Rivas-Morales  , Azucena Oranday-Cárdenas  , María E. Morales-Rubio  , Lorena V. León-Deniz  , Jaqueline Canul-Canché  , Leovigildo Quijano
Published: August 2014

The in vitro cytotoxic activity of hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts of the sea-cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Holothuroidea) was tested against normal cells (Vero), human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) ATCC cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Hexane extracts from body walls and viscera showed high cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells (IC50’s = 48.5 and 42.5 µg mL-1, respectively), while the ethyl acetate extract of body walls was considered low active (IC50 = 98.3 μg mL-1). In addition, the body walls hexane extract showed a good selectivity index value of 12.0.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Lycii Radicis Cortex Water Extract on Lipopolysaccharide-Activated RAW 264.7 Mouse Macrophages
Authors: Wansu Park
Published: August 2014

The root bark of Lycium chinense Miller (Solanaceae), also known as Lycii radicis cortex, is one of famous plant-originated drugs in Korean medicine owing to its anti-tussive, anti-asthmatic, and antipyretic properties. In this study, the effect of Lycii radicis cortex water extract (LRC; 10 - 200μg/mL) on inflammatory mediators from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages was inspected. After 24 h incubation with LRC, cell viability, nitric oxide (NO), and various cytokines from RAW 264.7 were measured. LRC increased the cell viability of RAW 264.7 at concentrations of up to 200 μg/mL. LRC significantly inhibited the production of NO, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-10 in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 (P < 0.05). As well, LRC diminished the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine (LIX). The current results suggest that LRC has immunomodulatory property to alleviate excessive immune reactions during the activation of macrophages by LPS.
Doctor of Pharmacy in Jordan: Students' Career Choices, Perceptions and Expectations
Authors: Nadine N. Abdelhadi  , Mayyada Wazaify  , Feras W. Darwish Elhajji  , Iman A. Basheti
Published: August 2014

Purpose: To explore Jordanian Pharm.D students' career choices, perceptions and expectations.Methods: This observational study was conducted during June 2013 at the University of Jordan. A total of 192 undergraduate Pharm.D students were invited to complete a questionnaire prepared and validated by the research team. The questionnaire investigated student’s demographics, the reasons behind choosing to study Pharm.D, satisfaction with the Pharm.D course, student’s future plans following graduation, and student’s perceptions about the Pharm.D specialty. Data collected were encoded and analyzed by SPSS database for Windows version17.Results:The majority (93%) of respondents was females,aspired to work as hospital clinical pharmacists (83%) and many (68%) believed that Pharm.D graduates are well respected by the general public. Results indicated that students are unaware of the current Pharm.D salaries and have higher expectations than what is being currently offered in the country.Conclusions:A generation of Pharm.D students from Jordan reported a future aspiration to work as hospital clinical pharmacists. Students have unrealistic salary expectations compared with the current salaries offered in Jordan. ‘Awareness workshops’ targeting students’ knowledge about the Pharm.D degree is required.
Can Mutations in the BAP1 Gene be Detected by Immunohisto-chemistry in Hereditary Kidney Cancers?
Authors: Arunima Ghosh  , Karlena Lara-Otero  , Marston W. Linehan  , Maria J. Merino
Published: August 2014

Background: Hereditary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) constitutes about 5% of all RCCs. The most common and well studied syndromes include, VHL, HLRCC, BHD, Familial Oncocytoma, RCC Papillary Type 1, TSC, RCC associated with Succinate dehydrogenase B (SHDB) mutations and others. Several genes, including VHL, MET, FLCN, FH and genes encoding the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunits B/C/D have been identified as causative. However, the genetic basis of a significant percentage of familial RCC, some with clear cell morphology remain unknown. BAP1 (BRCA1 associated protein-1), a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a nuclear deubiquitinase, is inactivated in 15% of sporadic clear cell RCCs and its loss was associated with high tumor grade and poor prognosis. In this study, we investigated the possible role of this gene in the spectrum of RCC part of hereditary syndromes. Materials and Methods: To elucidate the role of BAP1 in all the spectrum of hereditary RCC, we studied by IHC a panel of RCCs which covers the spectrum of kidney cancers and included 10 VHL tumors, 6 HLRCCs, 8 chromophobe, 5 Hereditary Papillary Type 1, 6 Oncocytomas, 3 BHD (hybrid), and 24 sporadic clear cell RCCs. To analyze the BAP1 expression in these tumors, formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues were immunostained with mouse monoclonal anti-human BAP1 antibody (Clone C-4, Santa Cruz). Results: We found that all the tumors except two showed positive nuclear staining for BAP1. The two negative cases that were negative for BAP1 were Clear cell type and belonged to two siblings. Molecular analysis in a prepublished study showed both patients harboring the p.L14H mutation. Conclusion: Our study supports the hypothesis that BAP1 mutations can play a role in hereditary syndromes predominantly in clear cell tumors. Staining for BAP1 should be done when there is no definite known mutation in a clear cell cancer but the patient gives history of familial kidney cancer. The two related patients who had similar mutations had aggressive, metastatic disease, which suggests that probably BAP1 does play a role in hereditary RCC clear cell type.
PGE2 Upregulates IL-8 Via P38MAPK-Dependent Dual-Activation of CHOP and C/EBP-β in Human Astrocytomas
Authors: Isabella Venza  , Maria Visalli  , Rosaria Oteri  , Agliano Federica , Silvia Morabito  , Gerardo Caruso  , Maria Caffo  , Diana Teti
Published: August 2014

We previously showed that in low- as well as in high-grade astrocytomas IL-8 overexpression is triggered by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) through the upregulation of the transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBP-β) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Here we investigated the signal transduction pathways and the molecular mechanisms underlying the PGE2-dependent IL-8 gene expression in astrocytomas. Low- and high-grade PGE2-treated astrocytoma cells were transfected with wild-type and mutated IL-8 promoter constructs in the presence of various signal transduction pathway inhibitors, and cotransfected with transcription factor overexpressing plasmids or small-interfering RNAs. p38MAPK, C/EBP-β, and CHOP phosphorylation was analyzed by Western blotting. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation evaluated the in vitro and in vivo binding of CHOP and C/EBP-β to IL-8 promoter. The results obtained allowed us to find out the signaling pathways triggered by PGE2 and responsible for the activation of the transcription factors involved in the overproduction of IL-8 by astrocytoma. Therefore, it can be argued that the inhibition of the PGE2 downstream pathways may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of patients with astrocytoma.
Surface Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Suppression of Cancer Stem Cells and Cancer Cells
Authors: Yujiro Naruse
Published: August 2014

Surface functionalization of gold nanoparticles is designed for simultaneous suppression of cancer stem cells and cancer cells. The fundamental mechanism of the simultaneous suppression is based on the blocking against DNA polymerase, DNA helicase and RNA polymerase by positively charged gold nanoparticles introduced into nucleuses. In addition, applications of physical fields (ultrasound, X-ray or electromagnetic wave) will enhance the suppression effects of the cancer cells by interactions between gold nanoparticles and physical fields. It is predicted theoretically that the surface functionalization of gold nanoparticle is promising for radical treatments of cancers.
Retrospective Study of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes and its Association with Lymphoma
Authors: Tahereh Dadfarnia  , Jason Koshy  , Jianli Dong  , You-Wen Qian
Published: August 2014

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) involves both the liver and extra hepatic organs. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the association between HCV genotypes and lymphomas. Lymphoma cases were retrieved from our surgical pathology and hematopathology archives from January 2005 to April 2012. Patients who had positive HCV serology with subsequent viral genotyping were selected. Patients with positive Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)serology were excluded. We identified 17 lymphoma cases with associated HCV infection. Eleven out of 14 (79%) patients had genotype 1 HCV. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was the most common lymphoma (6 out of 17 cases) and all cases of DLBCL had genotype 1. Genotype 2 was detected in only three patients (21%) with the diagnoses of follicular lymphoma, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, and classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL). CHL was diagnosed in three cases and peripheral T-cell lymphoma in one case.Twelve of 17 (71%) patients were incarcerated in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice system. All 11 genotype 1 patients were male, 4 of 11 (36%) were African American, 4 of 11 (36%) were Caucasian and 3 of 11 (27%) were Hispanic.We concluded that HCV genotype 1 was more common than genotype 2 while no other genotype was detected.
lincRNA HOTAIR as a Novel Promoter of Cancer Progression
Authors: Gregory Loewen  , Ying Zhuo  , Yan Zhuang  , Janarthanan Jayawickramarajahand  , Bin Shan
Published: August 2014

Large intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNA) regulate development and disease via interactions with their protein partners. Expression of the lincRNA HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) is elevated in a variety of malignancies and linked to metastasis and poor prognosis. HOTAIR promotes proliferation, invasion, and metastasis in the preclinical studies of cancer through modulation of chromatin modifying complexes. In the current review we discuss the molecular mechanisms of HOTAIR-mediated aggressive phenotypes of cancer, HOTAIRs potential in cancer intervention, and challenges in exploration of HOTAIR in cancer biology
Patterns of Distant Failure and Second Primary Cancers in Patients with Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Implications for Surveillance Methodology
Authors: Edwin F. Crandley  , David D. Wilson  , Austin J. Sim  , Neil Majithia  , Edward B. Stelow  , Mark J. Jameson  , David C. Shonka Jr.  , Asal S. Rahimi  , Paul W. Read
Published: August 2014

Background: We analyzed the pattern of distant metastasis (DM) and secondary primary cancers (SPC) in patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) to develop surveillance guidelines. Methods: A retrospective review of 177 patients with OPSCC treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy ± chemotherapy between 2002 and 2012 was performed to characterize the rate, pattern, and timing of DM and SPC. Results: Sixteen patients (9.0%) developed DM and 9 patients (5.1%) developed a SPC. Overall, 24/177 patients (13.6%) developed a DM and/or SPC for a total of 27 events. 92.6% (25/27) of events were detectable on physical exam and/or chest CT. p16+ patients developed DM later than p16- tumors (23.4 months versus 8.7 months). Conclusions: Chest CT with physical examination detects the majority of DM and SPC in patients with OPSCC and would provide effective surveillance in these patients. A risk adapted surveillance strategy is proposed.
Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy on Outpatient Basis
Authors: Bruno Costa do Prado  , Claudia Marquez Simões  , Flávio Guilherme Moreira Arêas  , Alexandre Crippa  , Marcos Francisco Dall’Oglio
Published: August 2014

Introduction: This study evaluated the possibility of performing in our midst the open radical prostatectomy with discharge on the same day of the procedure, aiming the improvement of postoperative recovery and reduce hospital costs without loss of quality of care, or decreased patient satisfaction with treatment. Patients and Methods: We selected 27 patients with localized prostate cancer during the period from April 2011 to January 2012, which had a low surgical risk and opted for the open radical prostatectomy. We evaluated the feasibility of outpatient open radical prostatectomy, perioperative complications, and patient satisfaction with treatment. Results: Eleven (40.7%) patients were discharged on the same day of the procedure; thirteen were discharged in the morning after surgery and three in the second postoperative day. All patients underwent general anesthesia. The use of opioids in safe doses for epidural anesthesia was administered in 13 patients, improving pain control and enabling early discharge in 8 (61.5%) patients. Only 3 (21.4%) patients who did not receive epidural opioid achieved discharge on the same day of surgery (p = 0.04). No patient had a major complication or was readmitted to the hospital. There was no difference in patient satisfaction with treatment between the group of the same day surgery and the patients with longer hospitalization. Conclusion: The open radical prostatectomy can be performed with safety on an outpatient basis, in properly selected patients, with no decrease in patient satisfaction with treatment.
Transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for the treatment of faecal incontinence: results of a prospective study
Authors: Stundienė Ieva , Žeromskas Paulius , Valantinas Jonas
Published: August 2014

Background. Transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation is a simple, non-invasive treatment, which can be used to treat faecal incontinence. Optimal treatment regimen is not known and various stimulation regimens are used in different centers. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of twice weekly transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence patients, who have failed to respond to maximal conservative treatment.
Material and methods. Twenty patients with faecal incontinence resistant to maximal conservative therapy were treated with transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation twice a week for six weeks. The number of the bowel movements per two weeks and the Cleveland Clinic Florida Feacal Incontinence Score were assessed before and after the treatment. The quality of life was estimated using the Faecal Incontinence Quality of Life questionnaire and the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index.
Results. Effect was seen in 55% of patients. Two-week faecal incontinence episodes decreased from median 4  (2–84) to 2  (0–56) (p = 0.002). The mean Cleveland Clinic Florida Faecal Incontinence score improved from 10.9 ± 4.34 to 7.8 ± 3.96 (p = 0.002). The quality of life improved significantly after the treatment. The therapy was well tolerated and no participant experienced any adverse event.
Conclusions. Transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation twice a week for 6 weeks may be efficacious in patients with faecal incontinence, who have failed to respond to maximal conservative treatments.
Re‐testing and misclassification of HIV‐2 and HIV‐1&2 dually reactive patients among the HIV‐2 cohort of The West African Database to evaluate AIDS collaboration
Authors: Tchounga Boris K , Inwoley Andre , Coffie Patrick A , Minta Daouda , Messou Eugene , Bado Guillaume , Minga Albert , Hawerlander Denise , Kane Coumba , Eholie Serge P , Dabis François , Ekouevi Didier K ,   for the WADA Collaboration
Published: August 2014

Introduction

West Africa is characterized by the circulation of HIV‐1 and HIV‐2. The laboratory diagnosis of these two infections as well as the choice of a first‐line antiretroviral therapy (ART) is challenging, considering the limited access to second‐line regimens. This study aimed at confirming the classification of HIV‐2 and HIV‐1&2 dually reactive patients followed up in the HIV‐2 cohort of the West African Database to evaluate AIDS collaboration.

Method

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted from March to December 2012 in Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire and Mali among patients classified as HIV‐2 or HIV‐1&2 dually reactive according to the national HIV testing algorithms. A 5‐ml blood sample was collected from each patient and tested in a single reference laboratory in Côte d’Ivoire (CeDReS, Abidjan) with two immuno‐enzymatic tests: ImmunoCombII® (HIV‐1&2 ImmunoComb BiSpot – Alere) and an in‐house ELISA test, approved by the French National AIDS and hepatitis Research Agency (ANRS).

Results

A total of 547 patients were included; 57% of them were initially classified as HIV‐2 and 43% as HIV‐1&2 dually reactive. Half of the patients had CD4≥500 cells/mm3 and 68.6% were on ART. Of the 312 patients initially classified as HIV‐2, 267 (85.7%) were confirmed as HIV‐2 with ImmunoCombII® and in‐house ELISA while 16 (5.1%) and 9 (2.9%) were reclassified as HIV‐1 and HIV‐1&2, respectively (Kappa=0.69; p<0.001). Among the 235 patients initially classified as HIV‐1&2 dually reactive, only 54 (23.0%) were confirmed as dually reactive with ImmunoCombII® and in‐house ELISA, while 103 (43.8%) and 33 (14.0%) were reclassified as HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 mono‐infected, respectively (kappa= 0.70; p<0.001). Overall, 300 samples (54.8%) were concordantly classified as HIV‐2, 63 (11.5%) as HIV‐1&2 dually reactive and 119 (21.8%) as HIV‐1 (kappa=0.79; p<0.001). The two tests gave discordant results for 65 samples (11.9%).

Conclusions

Patients with HIV‐2 mono‐infection are correctly discriminated by the national algorithms used in West African countries. HIV‐1&2 dually reactive patients should be systematically investigated, with a standardized algorithm using more accurate tests, before initiating ART as at least 4 out of 10 of them could initiate an effective first‐line ART for HIV‐1 and optimize their second‐line treatment options.
The transcription factor NRSF contributes to epileptogenesis by selective repression of a subset of target genes
Authors: McClelland Shawn , Brennan Gary P , Dubé Celine , Rajpara Seeta , Iyer Shruti , Richichi Cristina , Bernard Christophe , Baram Tallie Z
Published: August 2014

The mechanisms generating epileptic neuronal networks following insults such as severe seizures are unknown. We have previously shown that interfering with the function of the neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF/REST), an important transcription factor that influences neuronal phenotype, attenuated development of this disorder. In this study, we found that epilepsy-provoking seizures increased the low NRSF levels in mature hippocampus several fold yet surprisingly, provoked repression of only a subset (∼10%) of potential NRSF target genes. Accordingly, the repressed gene-set was rescued when NRSF binding to chromatin was blocked. Unexpectedly, genes selectively repressed by NRSF had mid-range binding frequencies to the repressor, a property that rendered them sensitive to moderate fluctuations of NRSF levels. Genes selectively regulated by NRSF during epileptogenesis coded for ion channels, receptors, and other crucial contributors to neuronal function. Thus, dynamic, selective regulation of NRSF target genes may play a role in influencing neuronal properties in pathological and physiological contexts.
A long non-coding RNA is required for targeting centromeric protein A to the human centromere
Authors: Quénet Delphine , Dalal Yamini
Published: August 2014

The centromere is a specialized chromatin region marked by the histone H3 variant CENP-A. Although active centromeric transcription has been documented for over a decade, the role of centromeric transcription or transcripts has been elusive. Here, we report that centromeric α-satellite transcription is dependent on RNA Polymerase II and occurs at late mitosis into early G1, concurrent with the timing of new CENP-A assembly. Inhibition of RNA Polymerase II-dependent transcription abrogates the recruitment of CENP-A and its chaperone HJURP to native human centromeres. Biochemical characterization of CENP-A associated RNAs reveals a 1.3 kb molecule that originates from centromeres, which physically interacts with the soluble pre-assembly HJURP/CENP-A complex in vivo, and whose down-regulation leads to the loss of CENP-A and HJURP at centromeres. This study describes a novel function for human centromeric long non-coding RNAs in the recruitment of HJURP and CENP-A, implicating RNA-based chaperone targeting in histone variant assembly.
DNA binding polarity, dimerization, and ATPase ring remodeling in the CMG helicase of the eukaryotic replisome
Authors: Costa Alessandro , Renault Ludovic , Swuec Paolo , Petojevic Tatjana , Pesavento James J , Ilves Ivar , MacLellan-Gibson Kirsty , Fleck Roland A , Botchan Michael R , Berger James M
Published: August 2014

The Cdc45/Mcm2-7/GINS (CMG) helicase separates DNA strands during replication in eukaryotes. How the CMG is assembled and engages DNA substrates remains unclear. Using electron microscopy, we have determined the structure of the CMG in the presence of ATPγS and a DNA duplex bearing a 3′ single-stranded tail. The structure shows that the MCM subunits of the CMG bind preferentially to single-stranded DNA, establishes the polarity by which DNA enters into the Mcm2-7 pore, and explains how Cdc45 helps prevent DNA from dissociating from the helicase. The Mcm2-7 subcomplex forms a cracked-ring, right-handed spiral when DNA and nucleotide are bound, revealing unexpected congruencies between the CMG and both bacterial DnaB helicases and the AAA+ motor of the eukaryotic proteasome. The existence of a subpopulation of dimeric CMGs establishes the subunit register of Mcm2-7 double hexamers and together with the spiral form highlights how Mcm2-7 transitions through different conformational and assembly states as it matures into a functional helicase.
Complexin inhibits spontaneous release and synchronizes Ca2+-triggered synaptic vesicle fusion by distinct mechanisms
Authors: Lai Ying , Diao Jiajie , Cipriano Daniel J , Zhang Yunxiang , Pfuetzner Richard A , Padolina Mark S , Brunger Axel T
Published: August 2014

Previously we showed that fast Ca2+-triggered vesicle fusion with reconstituted neuronal SNAREs and synaptotagmin-1 begins from an initial hemifusion-free membrane point contact, rather than a hemifusion diaphragm, using a single vesicle–vesicle lipid/content mixing assay (Diao et al., 2012). When complexin-1 was included, a more pronounced Ca2+-triggered fusion burst was observed, effectively synchronizing the process. Here we show that complexin-1 also reduces spontaneous fusion in the same assay. Moreover, distinct effects of several complexin-1 truncation mutants on spontaneous and Ca2+-triggered fusion closely mimic those observed in neuronal cultures. The very N-terminal domain is essential for synchronization of Ca2+-triggered fusion, but not for suppression of spontaneous fusion, whereas the opposite is true for the C-terminal domain. By systematically varying the complexin-1 concentration, we observed differences in titration behavior for spontaneous and Ca2+-triggered fusion. Taken together, complexin-1 utilizes distinct mechanisms for synchronization of Ca2+-triggered fusion and inhibition of spontaneous fusion.
Analysis and observation of spacecraft plume/ionosphere interactions during maneuvers of the space shuttle
Authors: Stephani K. A. , Boyd I. D. , Balthazor R. L. , McHarg M. G. , Mueller B. A. , Adams R. J.
Published: August 2014

This work employs in situ measurement data and constructive simulations to examine the underlying physical mechanisms that drive spacecraft plume interactions with the space environment in low‐Earth orbit. The study centers on observations of the enhanced flux of plasma generated during a maneuver of Space Shuttle Endeavour as part of the Sensor Test for Orion Relative Navigation Risk Mitigation experiment in May 2011. The Canary electrostatic analyzer (ESA) instrument mounted on the portside truss of the International Space Station indicated an elevated ion current during the shuttle maneuver. The apparent source of enhanced ion current is a result of interaction of the spacecraft thruster plume with the rarefied ambient ionosphere, which generates regions of relatively high density plasma through charge exchange between the neutral plume and ambient ions. To reconstruct this event, unsteady simulation data were generated using a combined direct simulation Monte Carlo/particle‐in‐cell methodology, which employed detailed charge exchange cross‐section data and a magnetic field model. The simulation provides local plasma characteristics at the ESA sensor location, and a sensor model is subsequently used to transform the local properties into a prediction of measured ion current. The predicted and observed total currents are presented as a function of time over a 30 s period of pulsed thruster firings. A strong correlation is observed in the temporal characteristics of the simulated and measured total current, and good agreement is also achieved in the total current predicted by the model. These results support conclusions that (1) the enhanced flux of plasma observed by the ESA instrument is associated with Space Shuttle thruster firings and (2) the simulation model captures the essential features of the plume interactions based on the observation data.
Field Stations and Marine Labs Urged to Adapt to Changing Economies and Technologies
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: August 2014

More than 900 scientific field stations, marine laboratories, and nature reserves around the world provide valuable and often unique opportunities for research, education, and public outreach. They also are repositories of long‐term data. However, if these scientific outposts—which often are in remote locations—are going to continue to survive and thrive in challenging economic times, “they will need to become more flexible, able to adapt to changing research technologies, to changing economies, and to the changing environment in which we are all embedded,” according to a 23 July report issued by a committee of the U.S. National Research Council.
New Blog From AGU Headquarters: From the Prow
Authors: McEntee Chris
Published: August 2014

AGU is pleased to present to you our newest blog, From the Prow.
Earth and Space Science Focuses on Methodology, Observations, and Data
Authors: McCarter Tricia
Published: August 2014

John Orcutt, editor in chief of AGU's newest journal, believes in the power and importance of open data availability for the advancement of science. Furthermore, he says, scientists have no credible venue in which to publish the methodologies, instrument specifications, and processes used to gather data from their research.
Using lunar craters to date the South Pole–Aitken basin
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: August 2014

The South Pole–Aitken (SPA) basin is known as the oldest and largest ancient impact basin on the Moon, but scientists are still unsure of its exact age. Previous efforts have determined that the impact occurred before 4 billion years ago, during the heavy bombardment period, also known as the lunar cataclysm.
Differences in Sandy forecasts due to cumulus parameterization
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: August 2014

One reason for Hurricane Sandy's noteworthy impact was a discrepancy in its forecasting. Scientists knew of the hurricane days before it made landfall, but two different models consistently made two different predictions for its track. One week in advance of the actual landfall, the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) predicted that the hurricane would eventually make landfall, while the Global Forecast System (GFS) forecast that the hurricane would travel toward the central north Atlantic. A sudden turn to the left—a move scientists say would only be expected every 714 years—caused Sandy to hit land.
Using lacustrine turbidites to illuminate past earthquakes
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: August 2014

To fully understand earthquake occurrence patterns, especially at underwater subduction zones, scientists often look to the past. Geological structures such as turbidites—the deposits from sediment‐infused, dense, watery landslides caused by undersea earthquakes—can be good proxies by which scientists study past earthquakes.
Evaluating Arctic sea ice predictions
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: August 2014

Climate models predict that as Earth's climate warms, summer Arctic sea ice cover will be more variable in coming years until the ocean eventually becomes ice free in the summer. Predictions of ice extent at weekly to seasonal time scales would be valuable for coastal communities, for those who need marine access, and for resource extraction. However, such predictions tend to be poor in years when sea ice extent is unusually high or low relative to its long‐term downward trend, according to a new study by Stroeve et al.
Evidence of stronger pitch angle scattering loss caused by oblique whistler‐mode waves as compared with quasi‐parallel waves
Authors: Li W. , Mourenas D. , Artemyev A. V. , Agapitov O. V. , Bortnik J. , Albert J. M. , Thorne R. M. , Ni B. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B.
Published: August 2014

Wave normal distributions of lower‐band whistler‐mode waves observed outside the plasmapause exhibit two peaks: one near the parallel direction and the other at very oblique angles. We analyze a number of conjunction events between the Van Allen Probes near the equatorial plane and Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) at conjugate low altitudes, where lower‐band whistler‐mode wave amplitudes were inferred from the two‐directional POES electron measurements over 30–100 keV, assuming that these waves were quasi‐parallel. For conjunction events, the wave amplitudes inferred from the POES electron measurements were found to be overestimated as compared with the Van Allen Probes measurements primarily for oblique waves and quasi‐parallel waves with small wave amplitudes (< ~20 pT) measured at low latitudes. This provides plausible experimental evidence of stronger pitch angle scattering loss caused by oblique waves than by quasi‐parallel waves with the same magnetic wave amplitudes, as predicted by numerical calculations.
Thermospheric planetary wave‐type oscillations observed by FPIs over Xinglong and Millstone Hill
Authors: Liu Xiao , Xu Jiyao , Zhang Shunrong , Jiang Guoying , Zhou Qihou , Yuan Wei , Noto John , Kerr Robert
Published: August 2014

Three‐year (2010–2013) observations of thermospheric winds (at ~250 km) by Fabry‐Perot interferometers at Xinglong (XL, 40.2°N, 117.4°E) and Millstone Hill (MH, 42.6°N, 71.5°W) are used to study the climatology of atmospheric planetary wave‐type oscillations (PWTOs) with periods of 4–19 days. We find that (1) these PWTOs occur more frequently in the months from May to October. They are consistent with the summertime preference of middle‐latitude ionospheric electron density oscillations noted in other studies. (2) The month‐to‐month variations in PWTOs show phase changes between MH and XL, switching from antiphase to in phase when PWTO periods vary from short to long. (3) Typical PWTOs show annual and semiannual variations. The relative intensity of annual over semiannual components for PWTOs is different between XL and MH. (4) Magnetic storms and substorms have little influences on the annual and semiannual variations of the typical PWTO amplitudes. (5) Meridional wind PWTOs with typical periodicity bands around 5, 8, and 16 days appear to be correlated to both solar wind speed and Kp oscillations, suggesting a possible influence of the solar wind corotating interaction regions on neutral wind dynamics.
Plasma and energetic particle observations in Jupiter's deep tail near the magnetopause
Authors: Kollmann P. , Ebert R. W. , Haggerty D. K. , Bagenal F. , Elliott H. A. , McComas D. J. , Hill M. E. , Paranicas C. , Delamere P. A. , Brown L. , McNutt R. L.
Published: August 2014

Jupiter's nightside magnetosphere stretches out into an extensive magnetotail. New Horizons observed continuously over 1 AU down Jupiter's tail, far more than any other spacecraft. Previously, Voyager 2 showed signatures of the tail as far as 4 AU distance from Jupiter. We combine data from New Horizons' charged particle instruments: Solar Wind Around Pluto, measuring plasma ions (21–7800 eV/Q), and Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation, measuring energetic ions and electrons (0.03–1.6 MeV). The magnetosheath is clearly distinguished from the magnetotail, owing to more plasma ions. They are often separated by a boundary layer with intermediate properties at plasma energies but resemblance to the magnetotail at higher energies. Compared to the tail, the sheath contains on average more energetic protons and helium ions (potential solar wind origin) and fewer energetic electrons, oxygen, and sulfur ions (latter two of magnetospheric origin). The difference between tail and sheath for energetic ions and electrons is less pronounced than for plasma ions, which may result from particle exchange. We have ruled out that this is due to gyroradius. Energetic ion count rate enhancements with velocity dispersion cross between tail, boundary layer, and sheath. This indicates occasional magnetic connections since the enhancements are interpreted as particles following magnetic flux tubes. The deep tail magnetic field is therefore not entirely separated from the solar wind. Brief magnetic connection will mostly allow the fastest particles to cross, in agreement with the observations. Most dispersed enhancements include sulfur ions consistent with an origin near Jupiter's X line. We found one event of mostly protons, indicating an origin at larger distances.
Ensemble data assimilation in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
Authors: Pedatella N. M. , Raeder K. , Anderson J. L. , Liu H.‐L.
Published: August 2014

We present results pertaining to the assimilation of real lower, middle, and upper atmosphere observations in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) using the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART) ensemble adjustment Kalman filter. The ability to assimilate lower atmosphere observations of aircraft and radiosonde temperature and winds, satellite drift winds, and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate refractivity along with middle/upper atmosphere temperature observations from SABER and Aura MLS is demonstrated. The WACCM+DART data assimilation system is shown to be able to reproduce the salient features, and variability, of the troposphere present in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research Re‐Analysis. In the mesosphere, the fit of WACCM+DART to observations is found to be slightly worse when only lower atmosphere observations are assimilated compared to a control experiment that is reflective of the model climatological variability. This differs from previous results which found that assimilation of lower atmosphere observations improves the fit to mesospheric observations. This discrepancy is attributed to the fact that due to the gravity wave drag parameterizations, the model climatology differs significantly from the observations in the mesosphere, and this is not corrected by the assimilation of lower atmosphere observations. The fit of WACCM+DART to mesospheric observations is, however, significantly improved compared to the control experiment when middle/upper atmosphere observations are assimilated. We find that assimilating SABER observations reduces the root‐mean‐square error and bias of WACCM+DART relative to the independent Aura MLS observations by ∼50%, demonstrating that assimilation of middle/upper atmosphere observations is essential for accurate specification of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region in WACCM+DART. Last, we demonstrate that WACCM+DART is able to follow the dynamical and chemical variability during the 2009 sudden stratosphere warming, illustrating the capability of WACCM+DART to generate high‐quality atmospheric reanalysis from the surface to the lower thermosphere.
Seasonal changes in physical processes controlling evaporation over inland water
Authors: Zhang Qianyu , Liu Heping
Published: August 2014

While previous studies have shown the distinct characteristics of water surface energy fluxes in different seasons, much less analysis is conducted about how seasonal changes in physical processes and environmental variables in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) cause variations in flux exchange. Here we analyzed and compared eddy covariance fluxes of sensible heat (H) and latent heat (LE) and other microclimate variables that were measured over a large inland water surface in the winter season (January, February, and March) and the summer season (June, July, and August) of 2008. Our analysis was primarily focused on LE using half‐hour time series data on a short‐term basis. Our results show that an increase in wind speeds (U) or vapor pressure difference in the ASL (Δe) or ASL instability did not necessarily cause an increase in LE, and the opposite changes in LE with changes in these variables were observed. Relative regulations of LE by different environmental variables depended largely on Δe magnitudes. Under low Δe conditions, diurnal LE variations were not sensitive to changes in Δe and U but were controlled primarily by changes in the ASL stability. Under high Δe conditions, diurnal LE variations were mainly determined by changes in Δe, though alternate controls by U and Δe were observed, whereas ASL stability played minor roles in affecting LE variations. Whether these highly nonlinear responses of LE to environmental variables are adequately reflected in the bulk transfer relations requires further studies.
A spectral transform dynamical core option within the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4)
Authors: Evans Katherine J. , Mahajan Salil , Branstetter Marcia , McClean Julie L. , Caron Julie , Maltrud Matthew E. , Hack James J. , Bader David C. , Neale Richard , Leifeld Juliann K.
Published: August 2014

An ensemble of simulations covering the present day observational period using forced sea surface temperatures and prescribed sea‐ice extent is configured with an 85 truncation resolution spectral transform dynamical core (T85) within the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM), version 4 and is evaluated relative to observed and model derived data sets and the one degree finite volume (FV) dynamical core. The spectral option provides a well‐known base within the climate model community to assess climate behavior and statistics, and its relative computational efficiency for smaller computing platforms allows it to be extended to perform high‐resolution climate length simulations. Overall, the quality of the T85 ensemble is similar to FV. Analyzing specific features of the T85 simulations show notable improvements to the representation of wintertime Arctic sea level pressure and summer precipitation over the Western Indian subcontinent. The mean and spatial patterns of the land surface temperature trends over the AMIP period are generally well simulated with the T85 ensemble relative to observations, however the model is not able to capture the extent nor magnitude of changes in temperature extremes over the boreal summer, where the changes are most dramatic. Biases in the wintertime Arctic surface temperature and annual mean surface stress fields persist with T85 as with the CAM3 version of T85, as compared to FV. An experiment to identify the source of differences between dycores has revealed that the longwave cloud forcing is sensitive to the choice of dycore, which has implications for tuning strategies of the physics parameter settings.
Congenital microcephaly and chorioretinopathy due to de novo heterozygous KIF11 mutations: Five novel mutations and review of the literature
Authors: Mirzaa Ghayda M. , Enyedi Laura , Parsons Gretchen , Collins Sarah , Medne Livija , Adams Carissa , Ward Thomas , Davitt Bradley , Bicknese Alma , Zackai Elaine , Toriello Helga , Dobyns William B. , Christian Susan
Published: August 2014

The microcephaly‐lymphedema‐chorioretinal dysplasia (MLCRD) syndrome is a distinct microcephaly syndrome. The hallmark features, microcephaly, chorioretinopathy, and lymphedema are frequently recognized at birth. Another clinical entity, the chorioretinal dysplasia, microcephaly and mental retardation syndrome (CDMMR) is a highly overlapping syndrome characterized by more variable lymphedema. Recently, heterozygous mutations in KIF11, a gene encoding a critical spindle motor protein of the Kinesin family, have been reported in individuals with MLCRD, and in individuals with CDMMR. This finding is suggestive of a single clinically variable spectrum. Here, we report on de novo novel mutations of KIF11 in five individuals with severe microcephaly, marked simplification of the gyral pattern on neuroimaging, bilateral chorioretinopathy, and developmental delay. Three patients had congenital lymphedema, and one had congenital bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. This report, therefore, further expands the clinical and molecular spectrum of KIF11‐associated microcephaly. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrogen Bond Mediated Aglycone Delivery: Synthesis of Linear and Branched α‐Glucans
Authors: Yasomanee Jagodige P. , Demchenko Alexei V.
Published: August 2014

A Hydrogen bond mediated aglycone delivery (HAD) method was applied to the synthesis of α‐glucans, which are abundant in nature, but as targets represent a notable challenge to chemists. The synthesis of linear oligosaccharide sequences was accomplished in complete stereoselectivity in all glycosylations. The efficacy of HAD may diminish with the increased bulk of the glycosyl acceptor, and may be an important factor for the syntheses of oligomers beyond pentasaccharides. The synthesis of a branched structure proved more challenging, particularly with bulky trisaccharide acceptors.
Synthesis of α‐Aryl Esters and Nitriles: Deaminative Coupling of α‐Aminoesters and α‐Aminoacetonitriles with Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Wu Guojiao , Deng Yifan , Wu Chaoqiang , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo
Published: August 2014

Transition‐metal‐free synthesis of α‐aryl esters and nitriles using arylboronic acids with α‐aminoesters and α‐aminoacetonitriles, respectively, as the starting materials has been developed. The reaction represents a rare case of converting C(sp3)N bonds into C(sp3)C(sp2) bonds. The reaction conditions are mild, demonstrate good functional‐group tolerance, and can be scaled up.
Production scale plasma modification of polypropylene baselayer for improved water management properties
Authors: Fauland Gulnara , Constantin Floriana , Gaffar Hossain , Bechtold Thomas
Published: August 2014

Through its hydrophobic properties, polypropylene (PP) offers unique potential as a functional fiber for a wide range of applications, for example, in nonwovens for hygiene applications or as a baselayer in sports textiles. Current work is focused on the modification of PP presently used in baselayers for sports textiles to increase the hydrophilicity by use of a production scale plant for low pressure plasma treatment. Attention was directed toward an increase in hydrophilicity and time stability of the achieved modification during storage. Changes in the fabric were characterized by sorption of the cationic dye (methylene blue), water retention value, water transport properties, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and color measurement. The obtained results indicate an improved wettability and wicking. The extent of modification decreased with storage time and parallel yellowing of treated samples was observed. This indicates chemical rearrangement of the products initially formed on the fiber surface. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41294.
Unsupervised anomaly detection within non‐numerical sequence data by average index difference, with application to masquerade detection
Authors: Skudlarek Stefan Jan , Yamamoto Hirosuke
Published: August 2014

Anomaly detection within non‐numerical sequence data has developed into an important topic of data mining, but comparatively little research has been done regarding anomaly detection without training data (unsupervised anomaly detection). One application found in computer security is the detection of a so‐called masquerade attack, which consists of an attacker abusing a regular account. This leaves only the session input, which is basically a string of non‐numerical commands, for analysis. Our previous approach to this problem introduced the use of the so‐called average index difference function for mapping the non‐numerical symbol data to a numerical space. In the present paper, we examine the theoretical properties of the average index difference function, present an enhanced unsupervised anomaly detection algorithm based on the average index difference function, show the parameters to be theoretically inferable, and evaluate the performance using real‐world data. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.