bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN IMPROVED CALLIPHORA BIOASSAY FOR INSECT MOULTING HORMONES
Authors: Thomson JA , Imray F Paula , Hohn DHS
Published: November 2007

The bioassay of insect moulting hormones is facilitated by use of the Australian brown blowfly, Calliphora stygia, instead of C. vicina, the species commonly employed. The late larval development of C. stygia is more readily synchronized than that of C. vicina, and the necessary treatment is described. With C. stygia, the yield of test‐abdomens for use in the bioassay is 60–80% when larvae are kept at an elevated oxygen tension after ligation. The best yield of test‐abdomens obtained with C. vicina is approximately 40%, whether the larvae are kept in air or in oxygen.

Dose‐response data for crustecdysone administered to test‐abdomens of C. stygia and C. vicina are presented. Sensitivity of tbe bioassay depends in part on the Volume of test solution injected. The useful dose‐range for the moulting hormones bioassay in C. stygia corresponds to approximately 10–75 ng. crustecdysone/abdomen. In C. vicina the useful range is the equivalent of approximately 5–50 ng. crustecdysone/abdomen.
THE ROLE OF THE KIDNEY IN ALBUMIN, TRANSFERRIN AND IgG CATABOLISM IN THE RAT
Authors: Seward Judith‐Mary , Morgan EH
Published: November 2007

Rat albumin, transferrin and IgG‐globulin labelled with radioactive iodine were injected intravenously into male rats, and the changes in plasma protein‐bound radioactivity were measured both before and after bilateral nephrectomy or laparotomy performed 96 hours after the injections. The rates of catabolism of all three proteins as assessed from the fall in plasma concentration of labelled protein decreased to a similar degree after both types of operation. Because of the changes in plasma concentration and pool sizes of the proteins after the operations, it was not possible to accurately measure the effect of nephrectomy on catabolism. However, the similarity of results with the two types of operations indicated that the kidney played no more than a relatively small part in catabolism of the proteins.
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR REACTIVITY TO ANGIOTENSIN AND NORADRENALINE IN PREGNANT AND NON‐PREGNANT WOMEN
Authors: Lumbers Eugenie R
Published: November 2007

The hand vascular sensitivity to angiotensin is reduced in pregnant women as compared to non‐pregnant women. Since the hand vasculature retains a normal response to noradrenaline in pregnant women, this reduction in sensitivity to angiotensin is selective.

Furthermore, the reduction in sensitivity to the pressor response to angiotensin seen in pregnant women must, in part, be due to a reduction in peripheral vascular sensitivity.

Elevations in plasma renin activity, renin concentration and renin substrate level are associated with the reduction in sensitivity to angiotensin observed.
THE IN VIVO CARBON DIOXIDE TITRATION CURVE IN MAN DURING REBREATHINC
Authors: Despas PJ , Leigh J
Published: November 2007

The in vivo titration curve of CO2 measured in five subjects during rebreathing of 7% CO2 in O2 for 3 minutes was not significantly different from the corresponding in vitro titration curve measured on arterial blood from each subject. The buffering of CO2 m vivo when measured by other methods is known to be less than it is in vitro. CO2 in vivo is thought to equilibrate with a well buffered compartment (intravascular) and a poorly buffered compartment (interstitial fluid). It has been suggested that HCO3—shift takes place from the intravascular compartment. During rebreathing there may be insufficient time for HCO3—shift to occur. This would explain the identical CO2 titration curves in vivo and in vitro shown by this study.
THE RESPONSE OF HAND BLOOD FLOW TO DISTANT ICE APPLICATION
Authors: Jamieson GG , Ludbrook J , Wilson A
Published: November 2007

The reflex effect of applying ice to the neck on hand blood flow has been examined in normal and synipathectomised subjects. Within and among normal subjects the magnitude and time‐course of the response is reproducile. There was no difference in response between cool and warm hands.
THE EFFECT OF MOLECULAR CHARGE ON THE UPTAKE OF PROTEIN BY CULTURED MAMMALIAN CELLS
Authors: Lafferty KJ , Dickson MR
Published: November 2007

Derivatives of the protein ferritin, differing in their net charge, were presented to cultures of peritoneal macrophages, HeLa, KB and L cells. Unmodified ferritin was not taken up by the continuons line cells. However, as the negative charge carried by the inulecule was reduced, a point was reached when these cells would take up the test protein. The continuous line cells bchaved as a homogeneous population in the sense that either all or none of the cells in the culture would take up a particular protein. The macrophage culture did not behave in this way. A small proportion of the macrophage population would pinocytose the untreated ferritin and as the negative charge carried by the molecule was decreased the proportion of cells taking up the protein increased markedly. The penetration of protein into KB cells was only observed when the test protein would bind to the cell surface. The adsorbed protein fixes to the eell surface in a patchy manner and does not form a uniform layer over the whole surface. The pattern of adsorption suggtests that there are well defined receptor areas on the cell surface where binding can occur.
A MODIFIED ANTIBODY FORMING CELL ASSAY FOR DETECTING CELLS PRODUCING A PARTICULAR CLASS OF ANTIBODY
Authors: Kraft N , Wistar R
Published: November 2007

A modified immune cytoadherence assay is described which is capable of distinguishing cells forming IgM antibody from other types of antibody producing cells in the rat. The kinetics of appearance of IgM and non‐IgM producing antibody forming cells in fixed lymphoid tissues and in blood were determined using this modified assay. Non‐IgM forming cells were found early in the primary response to Salmonella adelaide polymerized flagellin protein, and no evidence was seen to suggest a sudden switch from IgM to IgG production.
THE EFFECTS OF BILATERAL DESTRUCTION OF THE HYPOTHALANHC FEEDING CENTRE ON FASTINC BLOOD SUGAR, GLUCOSE ABSORPTION AND GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN THE RAT
Authors: Gray RH
Published: November 2007

The effects of bilateral destruction of the bypotlialamic “feeding” centre on tbe fasting blood sugar level, glucose alworption and glucose tolerance in the rat were investigated. It was fund that lesions in this area do not directly influence these aspects of glucose metabolism.

Bilateral lesions in the “feeding” centre produced a market and protracted elevation of the glucose tolerance curve after adniinistnition of a glucose load. However, this effect was evidently due to dehydration resulting from adipsia. Dehydration produces the same type of glucose tolerance curve in control animals without hypothalamic lesion.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CROSS REACTION BETWEEN MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE ANTIGEN AND BOVINE ANTISERA TO MYCOPLASMA MYCOIDES VAR. MYCOIDES
Authors: Buttery SH , Etheridge JR
Published: November 2007

A chloroform‐methanol extract of Mycoplasma pneumoniae reacted with bovine antisera to Mycoplasma mycoides in a complement fixation test. Some antisera gave higher titres with the M. pneumoniae antigen than with the homologous antigen; absorption of the antisera with M. mycoides antigen reduced the titres to either antigen by approximately the same amount. Absorption of antisera with M. pneumoniae antigen greatly reduced the titre of antisera to M. pneumoniae antigen but the titre to the homologous antigen was reduced fourfold or less. It is concluded that only some of the complement fixing antigens of M. mycoides are shared with M. pneumoniae.
THE VAGAL AND SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION OF THE HEART OF THE LIZARD TILIQUA RUGOSA
Authors: Berger PJ
Published: November 2007

Isolated auricles of Tiliqua rugosa with vagus and sympathetic nerves attached have been studied to determine the origin of cardiac sympathetic fibres. Stimulation of the cervical vagus had a depressor effect on the heart. After treatment with hyoscine (2 × 10—7 g/ml) the vagal response was abolished but was only reversed to an augmentor response when the nerve was stimulated at high voltages close to the heart. Stimulation of the upper cervical sympathetic chain, either rostrally or caudally, did not elicit any response in the heart. However, stimulation of fibres leaving the stellate ganglion complex caused an augmentor effect on the auricles which was blocked liy bretylium (2 × 10—6 g/ml). It is concluded that the entire cardiac sympathetic supply leaves the stellate complex and the bulk of the fibres reach the heart independently of the vagus.
INHIBITION OF BONE MARROW COLONY FORMATION IN VITRO BY DIALYSABLE PRODUCTS OF NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC HAEMOPOIETIC CELLS
Authors: Metcalf D
Published: November 2007

Dialysates of tissue culture medium conditioned by normal cells (bone marrow, thymic, spleen or lymph node) or by leukaemic cells (myelomonocytic, lymphoid or plasma cell tumour) inhibited colony formation in agar by mouse bone marrow cells. The dialysable inhibitors were not species specific, did not alter colony morphology and were heat‐ and ether‐resistant. Leukaemic cells were as effective in producing inhibitors as normal cells, and colony formation in vitro by leukaemic cells was as susceptible to inhibition as was colony formation by normal cells. No dear evidence was obtained for the presence of similar dialysable inhibitors in the serum of normal or experimental mice, and the real biological function of these dialysable inhibitors remains in doubt.
THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF LAMBS THYMECTOMIZED IN UTERO
Authors: Cole GJ , Morris Bede
Published: November 2007

The effects of in utero thymectomy on the subsequent growth rate, the levels of circulating white blood cells, the levels of lymphocytes in lymph and the size and development of the peripheral lymphoid organs have been investigated in lambs. Consistent and severe depressions were observed in the circulating lymphocyte counts in both the blood and the lymph of thymectomized lambs of 3 months of age; by 10 months of age, although these levels were still significantly below normal, the differences in the circulating lymphocyte counts were much less.

Histological observations showed that the lymphoid tissues were depleted of cells to varying degrees. The tissues of lambs thymectomized at 80–90 days post‐conception were generally less depleted than lambs which were thymectomized at 60–70 days post‐conception. The “wasting syndrome” described to occur following thymectomy in mice was not seen in lambs.

These results in the lamb snggest that, while the thymus is a source of lymphocytes, it is not the only source and a considerable proportion of the lymphocytes present in normal animals is not derived directly from the thymus.
INFLUENCE OF SERUM INHIBITORS ON COLONY DEVELOPMENT IN VITRO BY BONE MARROW CELLS
Authors: Chan SH
Published: November 2007

The sera from BALB/c mice were found to contain uniformly high levels of inhibitors which acted in vitro by blocking the effect of colony stimulating factor in stimulating colony formation by mouse bone marrow cells. These inhibitors could be inactivated by ether extraction and heating and were removable by dialysis. The inhibitors exhibited partial species specificity, were not toxic for colony‐forming cells but led to the preture transformation of granulocytic cells to macrophages in developing colonies. Bone marrow cells from BALB/c mice contained lower numbers of in vitro colony‐forming cells and produced a lower percentage of granulocytic colonies when stimulated in culture than did cells from C57BL mice (a strain with low serum inhibitor levels). Mice with myelomonocytic leukaemia developed low serum inhibitor levels in the advanced stages of the disease.
THE SEPARATION OF DIFFERENT CELL CLASSES FROM LYMPHOID ORGANS
Authors: Williams Neil , Shortman Ken
Published: November 2007

The buoyant density of erythrocytes suspended in serum, or in iso‐osmotic. media at neutral pH, is around 1·108 g/cm3. Lowering the pH of the medium, from pH 7 to pH 5. without change of osmolarity, causes about a 50% increase in volume and a decrease it density of about 0·02 g/cm3. It was established that this was due to the pH change itself, und not to changes in cation concentration. The basis for the swelling is an accumulation of anions in the cell as the pH is lowered, in accordance with the Donnan equilibrium across the membrane.

Lymphocytes do not display pH induced volume changes, nor do they change in density with pH when tested by a phthalate ester non‐aqueous density separation procedure. This is as expected from the relative ion impermeability of the membrane. However, lymphoid cell buoyant density does change with pH if separation is accomplished in continuous, iso‐osmotic gradients of albumin. This effect is reversible, and amounts to a 0·01 g/cm3 lower density at pH 5·1 than at pH 7·2. The buoyant density value at pH 5·1 in albumin gradients is close to the density of cells in scrum, as estimated by the non‐aqueous separation procedure.

The basis for the anomalous behaviour of lymphocytes in continuous. aqueous density gradients is discussed ill relation to the density analysis of lymphoid cells and the pH‐shift technique for the separation of erythroid from lymphoid cells.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT OF PIPERAZINE ON CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN MALE AND FEMALE RABBITS
Authors: Redgrave TG , West CE
Published: November 2007

Piperazine was added to the diet of cholesterol‐fed male and female rabbits. In male rabbits after a latent period of four weeks or longer hypercholesterolaemia was reduced. Cholesterol content of liver and aorta was also decreased.

In contrast, hypercholesterolaemia of female rabbits was greatly increased by treatment with piperazine. The mechanism of this differential effect of piperazine on cholesterol metabolism in male and female rabbits is unknown, but it is suggested that our observation might prove useful in investigations of sexual differences in cholesterol metabolism.
EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON TRYPSIN INHIBITING CAPACITY IN PANCREATIC JUICE
Authors: Elmslie RG , Rao M Mohan
Published: November 2007

We set out to study the effect of alcohol on the tripping inhibiting capacity of pancreatic juice secreted in the intact anaesthetized dog following the administration of four units secret in per kg per hour for 1 hour and two units secret in per kg per hour for 6 hours. The secret in‐stimulated per fused isolated pancreas was also studied.

In each of the three groups of experiments alcohol produced a significant (p < 0.01) fall in tripping inhibiting capacity of pancreatic juice when compared with control experiments without alcohol. However, in spite of constant blood alcohol levels, after 4 hours the tripping inhibiting capacity of the pancreatic juice returned to normal. Alcohol did not change the rate of secretion from the secret in‐stimulated pancreas and in two of the groups it produced a significant (p < 0.01) rise in trypsinogen concentration.

Thus, under the artificial conditions of these experiments alcohol produced an immediate but transient fall in tripping inhibiting capacity in pancreatic juice which was independent of its volume and trypsinogen concentration. The significance of the findings is obscure; no direct link can be forged between them and the pathogenesis of alcohol‐induced acute pancreatitis in man, although it is possible that tripping inhibiting capacity changes could occur in this disease.
THE SEPARATION OF DIFFERENT CELL CLASSES FROM LYMPHOID ORGANS
Authors: Shortman Ken , Byrd W , Williams N , Brunner KT , Cerottini J‐C
Published: November 2007

Passage of lymphoid cell suspensions through glass‐bead columns separated lymphotytes into “adherent” and “non‐adherent” populations on the basis of a temperature‐independent. “physical adherence” effect. Density distribution analysis on continuous albumin gradients demonstrated that adherent cells were gererally light, and non‐adlierent cells were generally dense.

The “B‐cell” and “T‐cell” classes of lymphocyte in mouse spleen both contained light adherent and dense non‐adherent components. The adherence columns and the density procedure both separated sub‐populations within the “B‐ceir” and the “T‐cell” lineages.

Lymphocytes in mouse spleen responsive to phytohaemagglutinin mitogen were dense non‐adherent cells, whereas those responsive to pokeweed mitogen were predominantly light adherent cells.

Antibody‐forming cells (“B‐cell” lineage) and cytotoxic lymphocytes (“T‐cell” lineage) were predominantly, but not exclusively, light adherent cells.
INHIBITION OF THE RELEASE OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONES OF RATS BY CATECHOLAMINES, IN VITRO
Authors: Yeo B‐K , Lockett Mary F , Heller H
Published: November 2007

Superfused horns of uteri removed from rats during artificially induced oestrus were equally sensitive to oxytocin and vasopressin when the superfusion fluid contained MgSO4.H2O, 500 mg/l. This preparation was used to assay the total neurohypophysial hormone released by pairs of posterior lobes of rat pituitary glands in serial 20 minute incubations in vitro. The rate of release of posterior lobe hormone remained constant from the 20th to the 80th minute of incubation in medium containing 500 mg MgSO4.H2O per l. The release rate varied from gland to gland: each pair of glands, therefore, necessarily provided its own control for tests of drug action on release rate. L‐noradrenaline and L‐adrenaline (3 × 10‐6M) inhibited the release of hormone from the neural lobes: the α‐adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine, 5·3 × 10‐6M, may have decreased the resting rate of release of hormone and clearly enhanced the inhibition of release caused by noradrenaline. The β‐blocking agent proprannlol (6·8 × 10‐6M) did not influence the basal rate of hormonal release but potentiated the inhibitory effect of noradrenaline.
THE EFFECT OF ASPIRIN ON THE RESPONSE TO ENDOTOXIN
Authors: Hall RC , Hodge RL , Irvine R , Katic F , Middleton JM
Published: November 2007

The effect of aspirin on the response to endotoxin in cats, dogs and sheep was studied. Aspirin inhibited the acute vascular response to endotoxin in cats and sheep and the delayed vascular effects in dogs. Aspirin had no effect on the delayed response in cats and sheep. Aspirin had no effect on the platelet response to endotoxin in cats, clogs or sheep. In sheep, aspirin had no effect on the vascular response to 5‐Hydroxytryptamine. In dogs, aspirin significantly inihibited the release of a 5‐Hydroxytryptamine‐like substance by endotoxin from blood and significantly prolonged the half‐life of 5‐Hydroxytryptamine in blood.
SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND ANTIBODIES IN CONGENITALLY ATHYMIC (NUDE) MICE
Authors: Crewther Pauline , Warner NL
Published: November 2007

The antibody response of homozygous athymic nu/nu mice to heterologous erythrocytes is minimal or undetectable, in contrast to that of heterozygous nu/+ or inbred mice. The IgM response to Brucella is, however, normal to prolonged, whereas the IgG (2‐mercapto/ethanol resistant) response to Brucella is considerably depressed. Homozygous nude mice have a specific IgA dysgammaglobulinemia in that whereas only moderate or no reduction in IgG1, IgG2 or IgM globulin levels was observed, only 5% of control serum IgA levels was found. This is not due to increased catabolism, as the rate of catabolism of an IgA myeloma was found to be lower in nude mice than in controls. The results suggest either an essential T cell co‐operation for expression of serum IgA, or that nude mice have another non‐immunologically mediated defect in IgA secretion.
IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE LIZARD, TILIQUA RUGOSA
Authors: Wetherall JD , Turner KJ
Published: November 2007

Immunization of the lizard. Tiliqua rugosa, with Salmonella typhimurium, rat erythrocytes and bovine serum albumin induced a vigorous humoral antibody response, the kinetics and magnitude of which were dependent upon the environmental temperature. Anamnestic responses were observed with two of the three immunogens. Both 19S and 7S antibodies were produced against rat erythrocytes and bovine serum albumin but S. typhimurium induced the formation of only 19S antibodies. The reticuloendothelial system of Tiliqua is relatively well developed and capable of locating exogenous colloidal carbon in the liver and spleen. The spleen showed a definite demarcation into red and white pulp but germinal centres were not noted. A lymph node containing sinuses and follicular aggregation was also identified.
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ADRENAL AUTOTRANSPLANTS
Authors: Wright RD , Blair‐west JR , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Funder JW , Goding JR , Nelson JF , Scoggins BA
Published: November 2007

The salient aspects of the structure‐function relationships of twenty‐seven adrenal cervical autotransplants which survived for periods up to ten years show essentially normal cortical structure, persistence of relatively constant normal level responses for compensatorily hypertrophied glands and high durability in the face of repeated (in some cases more than one hundred) experimental procedures, most of which have involved vascular cannulation.

Incomplete studies of regeneration of nervous structures to the transplant indicate restoration of catecholinergic supply but as yet no clear evidence for restoration of cholinergic supply.

The effect of not primarily suturing the lymphatic vessels poses clearly the significance of this for all reattachment surgery.
THE INFLUENCE OF EXOGENOUS THYMIDINE CONCENTRATION ON THE INCORPORATION OF LABELLED THYMIDINE AND IODODEOXYURIDINE, AND ON GROWTH OF JU56 CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Moore Ruth C , Martin RF , Hodgson GS
Published: November 2007

The simultaneous incorporation of tracer amounts of initiated thymidine and 125I‐5‐iodo‐2’ deoxyuridine was measured during short term in vitro incubation of the permanent cell line JU56 in the presence of increasing concentrations of unlabelled thymidine. As unlabeled thymidine concentration increased in the range 5 × 10−8M‐4 × 10−5M, uptake of both tracers decreased in parallel. The extent of the decrease indicated that a rise in the contribution of exogenous thymidine to DNA synthesis had occurred. At higher concentrations of unlabelled thymidine when DNA synthesis began to decline the incorporation of 125I‐5‐iodo‐2’ deoxyuridine decreased more than that of tritiated thymidine.

In an experiment using both tracers in the presence of 10−6M unlabelled thymidine it was found that the ratio of the fractions of each tracer taken up from the medium was not significantly different from unity, if a correction was made for the inorganic 125I contaminating the 125,I‐5‐iodo‐2’ deoxyuridine preparation used.
HYDRATION AND VASOPRESSIN EFFECTS ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE IN SHEEP
Authors: Yesberg Nancy E , Henderson Myrna , Budtz‐Olsen OE
Published: November 2007

Hydration of sheep has been shown to result in a diuresis which is accompanied by a significant increase in glomerular filtration rate. Antidiuretic hormone has also been shown to cause an increase in glomerular filtration rate, observable only in those sheep where the initial glomerular filtration rate has not been raised by prior hydration.

It is suggested that antidiuretic hormone has a two‐fold effect on water excretion–an increase in water loss through its glomerular filtration rate‐augmenting effect and a decrease in water loss through its ability to increase tubular water reabsorption. The diuretic effect of antidiuretic hormone frequently observed in non‐hydrated sheep, where glomerular filtration rate initially is low and tubular water reabsorption high, is probably due to a relatively large change in the former and a minor change in the latter of these two effects.
NASOPHARYNGEAL REFLEXES: INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS OF EVOKED RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS
Authors: White SW , McRitchie RJ
Published: November 2007

Trigeminal afferents in the nasopharynx of unanaesthetized rabbits detect substances in the inspired air potentially damaging to the respiratory tree, and initiate reflex apnoea in expiration, bradycardia, a rise in mean arterial pressure and widespread reduction in blood flow and peripheral conductance. The apnoea is due to direct suppression of respiratory neurones by trigeminal activity activity maninly in bulbospinal regions, and the cardiovascular changes to direct trigeminal effects, to trigminal‐artrerial baroreceptor interactions, and to lung inflation‐arterial baroreceptor interactions in both suprabulbar and bulbospinal regions. Integration of trigeminal input occurs mainly at bulbospinal sites, where trigeminal ‐arterial baroreceptor‐ interactions are responsible for vagal motoneurone excitation, and direct trigeminal effects for excitation of mesenteric vasomotor neurones. Integration of the lung inflation input occurs at both suprabulbar and bulbospinal sites, lung inflation‐arterial baroreceptor Interactions at each site contributing to vagal excitation, but lung inflation‐arterial baroreceptor interactions only at suprabulbar sites causing excitation of mesenteric vasomotor neurones.

The result of the increased vagal and sympathetic vasomotor activity is to lower profoundly blood flow in all soft tissue beds except the brain, for which a close to normal perfusion pressure is maintained. The peripheral effects act to reduce the rate of fall of circulating blood oxygen levels in the face of continuing apnoea. The asphyxial blood gas changes stimulate arterial chemoreceptors which contribute to the recommencement of respiration, and, if the environmental threat has dissipated, respiration continues and the cardiovascular effects subside.
STUDIES ON GOAT ANTI‐CBA THYMOCYTE GLOBULIN: THE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE ACTIVITY OF ANTI‐LYMPHOCYTE GLOBULIN IN MICE TOLERANT TO, OR SENSITIZED TO, GOAT GAMMA‐GLOBULIN
Authors: Fahey KJ
Published: November 2007

The immunosuppressive activity of goat anti‐CBA thymocyte globulin was assessed in mice which had been rendered tolerant to, or had been actively or passively sensitized to, goat gamma‐globulin. In tolerant mice the absence of an immune response to anti‐lymphocyte glubulin did not significantly enhance the activity of the anti‐lymphocyte glubulin, nor in sensitized mice did the presence of antibodies to anti‐lymphocyte glubulin consistently reduce the immunosuppressive activity of anti‐lymphocyte glubulin. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed in the light of reports to the contrary.
SOME EFFECTS OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND OF ADRENALECTOMY ON THE ADAPTATION OF RATS TO THE DRINKING OF SALINE
Authors: Marwood JF , Lockett Mary F
Published: November 2007

The progress of adaptation to drinking 0·7% NaCl was monitored in sham‐operated, in hypophysectomized and in adrenalectomized rats by measuring the rate of elimination of sodium in the 1 h period immediately following administration of an acute oral 0·7% saline load (equivalent to 2·5% body weight under fully standardized conditions.

Normal, sham‐operated and hypophysectomized rats reached full adaptation in six weeks, by which time the rates of sodium‐elimination had risen six‐fold in the normal and sham‐operated animals. Hypophysectomized rats showed near‐normal, but just significantly decreased (P < 0·05), ability to adapt to saline‐drinking and to escape from deoxycorticosterone acetate‐induced volume expansion. Glomerular filtration rate in the fully adapted hypophysectomized rats was approximately one third and the rate of water elimination one half the corresponding values in sham‐operated fully adapted animals. Adrenalectomized rats, salt maintained, did not adapt to saline‐drinking and did not escape From deoxycorticosterone acetate‐induced volume expansion.
IMMUNE RESPONSES IN INTESTINAL TISSUE TO PARTICULATE ANTIGENS. DEVELOPMENT OF CELLS FORMING DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ANTIBODY IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESPONSES
Authors: Rorertson PW , Cooper GN
Published: November 2007

Characteristics of primary and secondary immune responses resulting from antigenic stimulation via the intestinal epithelium have been examined by enumerating rosette‐forming cells synthesizing IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies. These cells arise in local and peripheral lymphoid tissues in both responses. In general terms, the primary response of mesenteric lymph nodes following intestinal antigenic stimulation is similar to that observed in the spleen or other lymph nodes when antigen is given parenterally, showing the characteristic change from IgM to IgG antibody formation. In the intestinal submucosa and lamina propria IgA‐rosette‐forming cells are most numerous but a significant IgG response also occurs. IgG rosette‐forming cells also appear in the spleen following immunization via the intestinal route.

This route of immunization primes animals to respond to later antigenic stimulation given either via the intestine or parenterally: the primed state lasts at least for 14 weeks. The greatest secondary response occurs in the mesenteric lymph nodes where IgM rosette‐forming cells predominate. In the intestinal lamina propria and submucosa the IgM rosette‐forming cells secondary response is substantially greater than that of IgG‐ and IgA‐rosette‐forming cells. Priming via the intestinal route leads to a significant IgA‐rosette‐forming cells response in the spleen, irrespective of whether the second injection is given intestinally or intravenously.
DISTRIBUTION OF PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW DURING CONTROLLED PERFUSION OF THE INTACT LUNG
Authors: Maloney JE , Adamson TM , Ritchie BC , Walker A
Published: November 2007

The distribution of pulmonary blood flow (Xe133) and the relation of pulmonary artery pressure (PLA) and systemic‐ pressure (PCA) to the left atrial pressure (PLA)was studied during double heart bypass in twenty anaesthetised sheep. When total pulmonary blood flow was altered and PLA kept constant, two patterns of distribution of flow were observed. In repeated experiments in four animals the pattern of distribution remained unchanged and a constant proportion of the total flow perfused the alveolar capillaries at each level. In two animals the ratio of alveolar blood How to total blood flow decreased as total flow diminished. If total flow is kept constant and PLA is raised (six animals) or lung volume is increased (three animals), alveolar‐capillary‐ perfusion increases throughout the lung. When raising PLA PPA increases provided PLA is greater than 6·7 ± 1·1 cm H2O above alveolar pressure at the bottom of the lung. There was a uniform change in PPA when PLA > 13·9 ± 1·3 cm H2O, the ratio ΔPPA:ΔPLA being 0·93 ± 002. This study supports the concept that critical closing pressures operate within the pulmonary circulation and demonstrates that factors other than intravascular pressures and lung volume influence the distribution of pulmonary blood flow.
THE ROLE OF THE CONCEPTUS IN PLASMA PROTEIN METABOLISM IN THE RAT
Authors: Morgan EH
Published: November 2007

Body weight, haematocrit, plasma volume and plasma concentrations of albumin. Transferring and IgG globulin were measured at different times in normal pregnant rats and in early lactation, and also in rats in which the foetuses alone, or foetuses plus placentas, were removed on the fourteenth day of pregnancy. Haematocrit and the plasma protein values all decreased and body weight and plasma volume increased during normal pregnancy. The plasma protein levels rose abruptly after parturition. but the haematocrit and plasma volume values changed more slowly. The changes in haematocrit and plasma volume in rats subjected to foetal removal were similar lo those in control pregnant rats, but these changes were prevented by removal of the foetuses and placentas. By contrast, removal of the foetuses alone prevented the changes in plasma protein concentrations observed in control pregnant rats. It is concluded that the changes in plasma protein concentration which occur during pregnancy in the rat are dependent on the presence of the foetuses, and are probably largely due to the transfer to the foetuses and catabolism by the yolk sac placenta. The changes in plasma volume and haematocrit are independent of the presence of the foetuses.
FAILURE TO PRODUCE EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE THYROTOXICOSIS IN RABBITS IMMUNIZED WITH THYROIDAL MICROSOMES
Authors: Wall JR , Good BF , Hetzel BS
Published: November 2007

Rabbits were immunized with human thyroidal microsomes, an equal number of control animals being immunized with the corresponding liver fraction. Assays for long‐acting thyroid stimulating‐like activity were carried out on the concentrated IgG fraction and thyroid function was assessed by plasma protein bound iodine and 131I uptake measurements. The animals were examined for features of thyrotoxicosis.

Despite intensive immunization designed to induce an experimental auto‐immune thyrotoxicosis, this could not be convincingly achieved, even though thyroid stimulating activity was detected in all animals that received thyroidal microsomes.
THE ABROGATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE OF SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES BY MEANS OF SUB‐CELLULAR EXTRACTS
Authors: MeCullagh Peter
Published: November 2007

Sub‐cellular extracts containing cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid were prepared from the spleens of rats which had been challenged inlravenously with allogeneic lymphocytes, Thoracic duet lymphocytes from erythrocyte‐tolerant rats were incubated with these extracts and then returned to the donor rats. Tolerance was frequently abrogated in these rats as a result of this procedure.
TUMOUR RESISTANCE OF MICE INFECTED WITH SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS 11RX
Authors: Ashley MP , Hardy D
Published: November 2007

The resistance to Ehrlich ascites tumour transplants in mice immunized with live Salmonella enteritidis 11RX was investigated. In mice still carrying the bacterial infection, the resistance appeared to be attributable to an increase in both the number and the anti‐tumour activity of the peritoneal cells. This activity was demonstrated in vivo run by the rapid removal of tumour cells from the peritoneal cavity and in vitro by the cytolysis of tumour cells. The spleen cells of resistant mice did not possess these properties.
GENETIC VARIATION AT THE THIRD LOCUS OF PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE IN PLACENTAS FROM AUSTRALIA AND PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Authors: Wierst Bronya , Blake NM , Kirk RL , Jacobs DS , Johnson DG
Published: November 2007

The frequencies of alleles at the third locus of phosphoglucomutase (PGM) have been determined by an electrophoretic examination of placental extracts for 205 white Australians, 101 Australian Aborigines and 191 Papua

New Guineans. The PGM23 gene was calculated to have a frequency of 0·22 in the white Australian sample, while for the Aborigines and Papua New Guineans the frequencies were 0·41 and 0·48 respectively. In order to obtain reproducible phenotypie patterns, it has been found necessary to preincubate the placental extracts with a solution of β‐mercaptoethanol. Two of the Papua New Guinean samples had a new phenotype and this has been called PGM3 3‐1.
GENERAL AND CORONARY HAEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF TWEEN 20
Authors: Burnell RH , Maxwell GM
Published: November 2007

Cardiac output, vascular pressures, coronary sinus flow, cardiac O2 usage and efficiency, together with blood glucose and non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA) values, were measured before and after the infusion of Tween 20 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) in intact anaesthetised dogs. This substance, which releases histamine, gave the following responses: an initial increase in cardiac output, coronary sinus flow and heart rate, with maintenance of systemic pressure; 3‐4 minutes later, cardiac output, vascular pressures and coronary flow decreased greatly, with a continuance of the tachycardia. Cardiac work decreased, as did cardiac efficiency; blood glucose levels did not change, but NEFA values and cardiac NEFA extraction increased.

The biphasic response described is entirely compatible with histamine release, the later response being almost indistinguishable from that found in endotoxin or haemorrhagic shock.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON CAPPING AND ENDOCYTOSIS OF ANTI‐IMMUNOGLOBULIN BY MOUSE SPLEEN LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Santer Vivien
Published: November 2007

Mouse B lymphocytes incubated at 37° with 125I‐labelled anti‐immunoglobulin antibody initially bind the labelled material in patches at the cell membrane. This is followed by a rapid redistribution and endocytosis of label. Estimations of the numbers of labelled cells and distribution of label on the cells were made rising electron microscope radioautography. Although capping and endocytosis occur very quickly, even after 2 hours a significant number of cells labelled with anti‐n still have surface patches only. Results obtained with anti‐μ are similar to those with anti‐k. The possible significance of capping and endocytosis in immune induction is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF PROLONGATION OF PSEUDOPREGNANCY FOLLOWING SECTION OF UTERO‐OVARIAN VASCULAR CONNECTIONS IN THE RAT
Authors: O'Shea JD , Lee CS
Published: November 2007

Prolongation of pseudopregnancy in Hooded Wistar rats after unilateral hysterectomy accompanied by contralateral ovariectomy was not significantly different from that after section of the anterior uterine blood vessels. The effects of the former procedure could, therefore, be due entirely to interruption of these vessels.

The effects of section of the utero‐ovarian, anterior uterine and uterine arteries, and of the anterior uterine vein, were compared. Only section of the anterior uterine artery significantly prolonged pseudopregnancy.

The direction of blood flow along the anterior uterine artery was observed directly in anaesthetised rats after intra‐aortic injection of India ink. Flow was towards the uterus in 13 of 15 pseudopregnant rats on the 6th, 8th or 10th day of dioestrus.

These data are discussed in relation to recent theories on local uterine luteolysis, and it is suggested that the effects of section of the anterior uterine artery may be due to a disturbance of ovarian circulation.
A MECHANISM OF IMMUNITY TO LEPTOSPIROSIS
Authors: Faine S , Adler B , Ruta G
Published: November 2007

A leptospisal serotype‐specific lipopolysaccharide antigen (LPS F4) coated on to erythrocytes (RBC) or emulsified in Freund's adjuvant elicited the production of serotype‐specific IgM haemagglutinating antibodies with a peak titre at 21‐24 days in rabbits, guinea‐pigs, mice and Australian hopping mice (Notomys alexis).

The antibodies haemagglutinated specifically‐sensitized sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and agglutinated whole leptospires of the homologous serotype. These activities were still detectable 60 days after immunization. Precipitation of homologous LPS‐F4 was observed in gels only with antisera taken between 20‐40 days after immunization.

Rabbit antiserum to the LPS from Leptospira interrogans, serotype icterohaemorrhagiae. had a serotype‐specific leptospiricidal action in vitro, which can be inhibited by culture supernatant. In vivo the antiserum caused an increased rate of clearance of virulent leptospires from the bloodstream of mice. Young mice passively immunized with anti‐LPS F4 serum resisted subsequent challenge with virulent organisms and immunized animals showed a resistance to the development of the carrier state.

Hopping mice immunized with LPS from serotype icterohaemorrhagiae either on RBC or in Freund's incomplete adjuvant were more resistant to lethal or carrier infection following challenge with leptospires of the same serotype than were unimmunized controls.
HL‐A ANTIGENS ON KIDNEY CELLS AND THE USE OF KIDNEY CELLS AS A TARGET IN THE DETECTION OF DONOR SPECIFIC CYTOTOXIC ANTIBODIES IN RENAL TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Morris Peter J , Law Wendy K
Published: November 2007

Kidney cells have been typed for HL‐A antigens using a technique of complement dependent destruction of monolayers of renal epithelial cells in tissue culture by cytotoxic antisera. The degree of concordance between the phenotypes of peripheral blood lymphocytes and kidney cells from the same individual was 80·5%. However, significant discrepancies between the typing of lymphocytes and kidney cells were found for the antigens HL‐A7, 12, 13. Although the majority of the discordant reactions were found with antisera containing more than one antibody, it is felt that the above discrepancies are valid. Positive cross matches between recipient sera and donor kidney cells, together with a negative lymphocytotoxic cross match, were found in four of five cases where the kidney was acutely rejected within three months of transplantation. It is suggested that HL‐A antigens are expressed on both lymphocytes and kidney cells, but either there may be a quantitative difference in their expression on the two cell types, or the monolayer destruction technique may be more sensitive than the lymphocytotoxic technique.
SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN SHEEP
Authors: Healy PJ
Published: November 2007

The influence of age and the R‐r‐i blood group system upon serum alkaline phosphatase activity is described.

Changes in isoenzyme patterns of alkaline phosphatase activity, as determined by use of amino acid inhibitors and heat, were seen from birth to day 1 of life, with increasing age and between animals of the R and r blood group. It was suggested that these differences reflect changes in the relative contributions to the circulation by the kidney or skeletal system on one hand and the liver or intestinal tract on the other.
CELL CHANGES IN DUCK LYMPH FOLLOWING LOCAL CHALLENGE WITH ALLOGENEIC AND XENOGENEIC CELLS
Authors: Bell RG
Published: November 2007

The injection of foreign cells into the buccal submucosa of the duck was shown to produce a characteristic pattern of changes in the draining cervical lymph cell population. These changes in the lymph‐borne cell population were monitored by the continuous collection of lymph from individual birds for a period of 5‐7 days after stimulation. During this period a 2‐7‐fold increase in mature lymphocyte output and a 5‐20‐fold increase in “blast” cell output occurred. The appearance of “blast” cells was the most consistent and characteristic parameter of a host response to the injected cells. The pattern of appearance of cell types other than the mature lymphocyte and “blast” cell was not altered during the period of lymph collection and responses were therefore specific for these two cell types.

On the basis of histological studies, it was suggested that responses were predominantly mediated by host blood‐borne cells migrating into the injected site.
ANTIGEN‐INITIATED B LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: Schlegel RA
Published: November 2007

The humoral immune response to tile hapten NIP (4‐hydroxy‐3‐iodo‐5‐nitrophenylacetic acid) coupled to POL (polymerised bacterial flagellin) has been investigated by an adoptive transfer system. The primary adoptive immune response to this antigen involved exclusively IgM antibody‐forming cells (AFC), whereas the response of animals primed to the NIP determinant invoked predominantly IgG AFC with variable amounts of IgM AFC. Failure to observe a primary IgG response was partially due to a low level of IgG AFC‐progenitors and partially due to the absence of the appropriate collaborating T cells. Both the primary and secondary IgM responses were obtained in the absence of T (thymus‐derived) lymphocytes as shown by adoptive transfer of anti‐θ treated spleen cells. The secondary IgG response by the same test was, however, T cell dependent, both for the generation and expression of memory IgG AFC‐progenitors.

The NIP‐POL system is suggested for the identification and comparison of B cell AFC‐progenitors responsible for “virgin” and “memory” IgM and IgG responses. IgM AFC‐progenitors in a primed or unprimed cell population can be directly assayed by transfer of cells to irradiated recipients, though the question of T cell suppression must be considered. NIP IgG AFC‐progenitors can be directly assayed by transfer of cells to recipient animals pre‐primed to the carrier protein by injecting low doses of monomeric flagellin 4 days before irradiation. Such “helper” recipients were able to restore an IgG response which was reduced by anti‐θ treatment of the transferred cells.
CONCENTRATIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND ALBUMIN IN LYMPH COLLECTED FROM VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE BODY OF THE SHEEP
Authors: Beh KJ , Watson DL , Lascelles AK
Published: November 2007

In an attempt to estimate the amount of locally produced immunoglobulin in lymph, concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgA, IgM and albumin were measured in lymph collected from various regions of the body of unanaesthetized sheep.

In testicular, afferent leg and efferent leg lymph, the lymph:serum concentration ratios for albumin were much greater than the corresponding ratios for the immunoglobulins. It was found that the concentration of the immunoglobulins and albumin was greater in efferent than in afferent leg lymph, suggesting that capillary beds in the node are contributing capillary filtrate of a higher protein concentration than capillary beds drained by the afferent duct.

In contrast to lymph from other regions, the lymph:serum concentration ratios of intestinal lymph for IgG1, IgG2 and especially IgA exceeded that for albumin, indicating that these immunoglobulins are being added to the capillary filtrate forming in the intestine. The concentration of IgA in intestinal lymph was 1·13 mg/ml and it was calculated that intestinal lymph contributes approximately 2 g of IgA to the blood each day.

An additional source of serum IgA is the involuting mammary gland and it was calculated that it could contribute up to 0·2 g IgA to the blood each day.
RECALL OF TUMOUR RESISTANCE IN LONG‐TERM SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS 11RX IMMUNISED MICE
Authors: Ashley MP , Kotlarski Ieva , Hardy D
Published: November 2007

Resistance to Ehrlich ascites tumour growth in the peritoneal cavity of mice has been induced by prior immunisation with live Salmonella enteritidis 11RX. A greater and longer lasting anti‐tumour effect was elicited after immunisation by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route than by the intravenous (i.v.) route. Resistance to tumour could be recalled after either i.p. or i.v. immunisation by i.p. injection of various 11RX antigen preparations, including a preparation which was not protective in normal mice. Resistance was determined by following survival of mice after challenge with tumour cells and by monitoring the death of 131I‐iododeoxyuridine‐labelled tumour cells in vivo. Recall of tumour resistance was attributed to the rapid induction of an in vivo tumour killing mechanism.
ORIGIN OF THE VARIOUS IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN LYMPH FROM THE POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE OF SHEEP BEFORE AND AFTER ANTIGENIC STIMULATION
Authors: Quin JW , Beh KJ , Lascelles AK
Published: November 2007

Various immunoglobulins labelled with 131I or 125I were injected into sheep and the distribution of radioactivity between plasma and efferent popliteal lymph followed during the course of an immune response, with a view to determining the nodal contribution of immunoglobulin to efferent lymph. The results showed that up to 60% of the IgM and usually a small amount of the IgG1 in efferent lymph were newly synthesized in a lymph node undergoing an immune response.

A subcutaneous injection of antigen below the tarsus was often accompanied by early transient increases in the flow and protein concentration of afferent popliteal lymph. In contrast, there were more sustained increases in these parameters in efferent lymph. It is suggested that the higher protein concentration of efferent than afferent lymph prior to antigenic stimulation and the sustained increases in protein concentration of efferent lymph during an immune response are associated with recirculation of lymphocytes through the post‐capillary venules in the popliteal lymph node.
THE EFFECT OF THYMECTOMY ON THE LYMPHOID TISSUES OF THE QUOKKA (SETONIX BRACHYVMS)
Authors: Ashman RB , Papadimitriou JM
Published: November 2007

The effects of cervical and total thymectomy on the lymphoid tissue of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) have been investigated. In the first month of life alter cervical thymectomy retardation of the development of lymphoid tissue occurs. Total thymectomy results in the lymphocytic depletion of the paracortex of lymph nodes and the splenic malpighian bodies of pouch young and juveniles. These effects are maximal if cervical thymectomy is performed within the first 5 days of post‐natal life while the time of thoracic thymectomy is less critical.