bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of local and systemic factors on the incidence of oral implant failures, up to abutment connection
Authors: Alsaadi Ghada , Quirynen Marc , Komárek Arnošt , Van Steenberghe Daniel
Published: April 2007

Aim: The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the influence of systemic and local bone and intra‐oral factors on the occurrence of early implant failures, i.e. up to the abutment connection.

Material and Methods: The surgical records of 2004 consecutive patients from the total patient population who had been treated in the period 1982–2003 (with a total of 6946 Brånemark system® implants) at the Department of Periodontology of the Catholic University Leuven were evaluated. For each patient the medical history was carefully checked. Data collection and analysis mainly focused on endogenous factors such as hypertension, coagulation problems, osteoporosis, hypo‐hyperthyroidy, chemotherapy, diabetes type I or II, Crohn's disease, some local factors [e.g. bone quality and quantity, implant (length, diameter, location), type of edentulism, Periotest® value at implant insertion, radiotherapy], smoking habits and breach of sterility during surgery.

Results: A global failure rate of 3.6% was recorded. Osteoporosis, Crohn's disease, smoking habits, implant (length, diameter and location) and vicinity with the natural dentition were all significantly associated with early implant failures (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The indication for the use of oral implants should sometimes be reconsidered when alternative prosthetic treatments are available in the presence of possibly interfering systemic or local factors.
Plasma and crevicular fluid osteopontin levels in periodontal health and disease
Authors: Sharma C. G. , Pradeep A. R.
Published: April 2007

Background and Objective:  The level of osteopontin in gingival crevicular fluid has been found to correlate with clinical measures of periodontal disease. The present study was designed to assess the relationship between clinical parameters and osteopontin levels of the gingival crevicular fluid from inflamed gingivae, periodontitis sites and after treatment of periodontitis sites, and to correlate them to the osteopontin levels of the plasma.

Material and Methods:  Thirty, gender‐matched subjects were divided into three groups – healthy, gingivitis and chronic periodontitis – based on modified gingival index scores and clinical attachment loss. The fourth group consisted of 10 subjects in the periodontitis group, 6–8 wk after initial therapy. Plasma and gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected and quantified for osteopontin using an enzyme immunoassay.

Results:  The highest mean gingival crevicular fluid and plasma osteopontin concentrations were observed in the periodontitis group (1575.01 and 1273.21 ng/mL, respectively) and the lowest in the healthy group (1194.80 and 476.35 ng/mL, respectively). After treatment of the periodontitis group, the level of osteopontin decreased to 1416.15 in gingival crevicular fluid and to 1051.68 ng/mL in plasma. In all groups the gingival crevicular fluid osteopontin levels showed a statistically significant positive correlation with that of plasma and clinical attachment loss.

Conclusion:  Osteopontin levels were highest in the gingival crevicular fluid from sites with periodontal destruction; however, periodontal treatment resulted in the reduction of osteopontin levels. Gingival crevicular fluid and plasma osteopontin levels showed a positive correlation in all of the groups.
Melatonin improves methanol intoxication‐induced oxidative liver injury in rats
Authors: Kurcer Zehra , Oğuz Elif , Iraz Mustafa , Fadillioglu Ersin , Baba Fusun , Koksal Mete , Olmez Ercument
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  This study was performed to evaluate the effect of melatonin on methanol‐induced liver injury. We evaluated the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonylation (PC), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities and to assess lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, neutrophil accumulation and nitrite which is a stable end product of nitric oxide respectively. We also studied superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities of liver tissue to evaluate the changes in the antioxidant status. Histopathological alterations were also determined. The experiment was performed on Wistar rats, which received intragastric 3 g/kg methanol as a 50% solution in isotonic saline once. After 6 and 24 hr all the drug received and intoxicated rats were killed under anesthesia. Pretreatment with melatonin (10 mg/kg) decreased the MDA levels significantly, restored the PC levels to the control, prevented the increase of nitrite level and MPO activity significantly and reversed to the control levels, prevented the reduction in all of the antioxidant enzyme activities. Additionally in melatonin treated group piecemeal necrosis, lobular lytic necrosis, and portal inflammation returned to normal histologic appearances when compared with methanol administration. In conclusion, melatonin has protective effects against methanol‐induced hepatic injury.
Theoretical planetary mass spectra — a prediction for COROT
Authors: Broeg C.
Published: April 2007

The satellite COROT will search for close-in exoplanets around a few thousand stars using the transit search method. The COROT mission holds the promise of detecting numerous exoplanets. Together with radial velocity follow-up observations, the masses of the detected planets will be known.

We have devised a method for predicting the expected planetary populations and compared it to the already known exoplanets. Our method works by looking at all hydrostatic envelope solutions of giant gas planets that could possibly exist in arbitrary planetary nebulae and comparing the relative abundance of different masses. We have completed the first such survey of hydrostatic equilibria in an orbital range covering periods of 1 to 50 d.

Statistical analysis of the calculated envelopes suggests division into three classes of giant planets that are distinguished by orbital separation. We term them using classes G (close-in), H, and J (large separation). Each class has distinct properties such as a typical mass range.

Furthermore, the division between classes H and J appears to mark important changes in the formation: for close-in planets (classes G and H) the concept of a critical core-mass is meaningless while it is important for class J. This result needs confirmation by future dynamical analysis.
Synthesis of Peptidyl Ene Diones: Selective Inactivators of the Cysteine Proteinases
Authors: Darkins Paul , Gilmore Brendan F. , Hawthorne Susan J. , Healy Adrienne , Moncrieff Hazel , McCarthy Noreen , Anthony McKervey M. , Brömme Dieter , Pagano Maurice , Walker Brian
Published: April 2007

A series of synthetic peptides in which the C‐terminal carboxyl grouping (‐CO2H) of each has been chemically converted into a variety of ene dione derivatives (‐CO‐CH=CH‐CO‐X; X = ‐H, ‐Me, ‐OBut, ‐OEt, ‐OMe, ‐CO‐OMe), have been prepared and tested as inactivators against typical members of the serine and cysteine protease families. For example, the sequences Cbz‐Pro‐Phe‐CH=CH‐CO‐OEt (I) which fulfils the known primary and secondary specificity requirements of the serine protease chymotrypsin, and Cbz‐Phe‐Ala‐CH=CH‐CO‐OEt (II) which represents a general recognition sequence for cysteine proteases such as cathepsins B, L and S, have been tested as putative irreversible inactivators of their respective target proteases. It was found that, whereas II, for example, functioned as a time‐dependent, irreversible inactivator of each of the cysteine proteases, I behaved only as a modest competitive reversible inhibitor of chymotrypsin. Within the simple ester sequences Cbz‐Phe‐Ala‐CH=CH‐CO‐R, the rank order of inhibitor effectiveness decreases in the order R = ‐OMe > ‐OEt >> ‐OBut. It was also found that the presence of both an unsaturated double bond and an ester (or α‐keto ester) moiety were indispensable for obtaining irreversible inactivators. Of the irreversible inactivators synthesized, Cbz‐Phe‐Ala‐CH=CH‐CO‐CO‐OEt (which contains a highly electrophilic α‐keto ester grouping) was found to be the most effective exhibiting, for example, second‐order rate constants of approximately 1.7 × 106m−1min−1 and approximately 4.9 × 104m−1min−1 against recombinant human cathepsin S and human spleenic cathepsin B, respectively. This initial study thus holds out the promise that this class of inactivator may well be specific for the cysteine protease subclass.
Pulsus alternans in English cocker spaniels with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Moneva‐Jordan A. , Luis Fuentes V. , Corcoran B. M. , French A. , Dukes‐McEwan J.
Published: April 2007

Objectives:To report the clinical findings associated with pulsus alternans in English cocker spaniels with dilated cardiomyopathy and to review the phenomenon of mechanical alternans, usually found in patients with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

Methods:The case records of 10 English cocker spaniels with dilated cardiomyopathy and pulsus alternans were reviewed. All dogs had been referred in moderate to severe congestive heart failure. Pulsus alternans was clinically recognised by palpation of a regular alternation of femoral pulse amplitude and confirmed by echocardiography in all cases. Pulsus alternans was an intermittent finding in all 10 dogs.

Results:Phonocardiographic recordings were obtained in three dogs to document variation in the intensity of the heart sounds, with one case exhibiting absence of the second heart sound in alternate beats. M‐mode echocardiography performed in all dogs showed alternation of the pattern of mitral valve diastolic motion. Doppler echocardiography showed marked alternation in stroke volume in the aortic outflow in all cases. It also showed alternation in mitral regurgitation and in the velocity of early ventricular filling.

ClinicalSignificance:Pulsus alternans may be more prevalent in English cocker spaniels than in other breeds, and because of its intermittent nature, its incidence may be higher than that previously reported. It has diagnostic relevance as it usually indicates severe myocardial depression. Echocardiography allows non‐invasive detection of mechanical alternans and provides further insights into its pathophysiology and clinical significance.
Establishing Linguistics in Secondary Education in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Mulder Jean
Published: April 2007

VCE English Language, a recent addition to the Year 11 and 12 curricula in Victoria, Australia, is informed by the discipline of linguistics and provides a model for bringing the explicit study of language and linguistics into schools. This article focuses on the many issues and challenges of getting English Language established. Beginning with an overview of the subject, it is shown how the content knowledge and the approach taken to it has directly influenced the success of the subject. The second part of the article turns to examine what worked in getting this subject off the ground, along with how and why it worked. The two most important factors in creating this subject are suggested to have been the effective collaboration that evolved between academic linguists and secondary English teachers and the long‐term commitment to establishing the subject demonstrated by members of both groups.
Linguistics and Intercultural Communication
Authors: Piller Ingrid
Published: April 2007

Our times are often referred to as the ‘new world order’ with its ‘new economy’. What this means is that capitalism has been restructured on a global scale, and people of widely different cultural and linguistic backgrounds have been thrown into contact more than ever before. Cultural and linguistic contact may occur in the flows of information and mass media, as well as in the flows of actual people in migration and tourism. Given the ubiquity of cultural and linguistic contact, mergers and hybrids, it is unsurprising that there should be a strong interest in Intercultural Communication, both outside and inside academia. Linguistics as a discipline makes two key contributions to the study of Intercultural Communication. (i) It is the key contribution of discourse analysis and anthropological linguistics to take culture as empirical and cultural identity, difference and similarity as discursive constructions. (ii) Intercultural Communication by its very nature entails the use of different languages and/or language varieties and sociolinguistics, particularly bilingualism studies, illuminates the differential prestige of languages and language varieties and the differential access that speakers enjoy to them.
INCREASING THE USE OF PORTABLE DENTAL EQUIPMENT
Authors: Waldman H. Barry
Published: April 2007

Cleveland's experience with portable medium‐speed equipment.
AROUSING FEAR IN DENTAL HEALTH EDUCATION*,†
Authors: Haefner Don P.
Published: April 2007

Now, there seem to be some situations in which it is proper to frighten people into appropriate behavior for achieving health.
DENTIST‐PATIENT COMMUNICATION ABOUT FLUORIDATION OF THE COMMUNITY'S WATER
Authors: Metz A. Stafford
Published: April 2007

Read this report for pointers on the type of practitioner who will educate his patients on fluoridation of drinking water.
ADMINISTRATIVE MECHANISMS FOR PROVIDING DENTAL INSURANCE TO GROUPS*
Authors: Cox Sherman L.
Published: April 2007

The writer concludes that the dental service corporation provides the best mechanism of dental prepayment.
MASS MEDIA; EFFECTIVENESS IN EDUCATING FOR DENTAL HEALTH
Authors: Rosen Brenda
Published: April 2007

Just how effective are mass media in achieving dental health? Read this one for an estimate.
THE ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS IN SELECTED RURAL COMMUNITIES OF ISRAEL.
Authors: Rosenzweig Kurt A. , Smith Patricia , Guttman Ruth , Liebermann Josef
Published: April 2007

This anthropological study of the people of biblical lands is interesting in its own right. The Journal also is fortunate, indeed, to be able to publish such a well‐planned study.
PUBLIC, PRIVATE AND PHILANTHROPIC EXPENDITURES FOR DENTAL CARE IN NEW YORK CITY*
Authors: Piore Nora , Snyder Eleanor M. , Sohn Sara A.
Published: April 2007

The experience of New York City could be of use in planning new dental programs in other large segments of population.
AN APPRAISAL OF THE NECESSITY FOR RADIOGRAPHS IN CLINICAL TRIALS OF CARIES‐INHIBITORY AGENTS*
Authors: Williams J. Earl , Donnelly Charles J. , Fulton John T.
Published: April 2007

This report is the first to be published from the four study‐groups of 1966.
GUIDELINES FOR ACTION IN THE TEACHING OF PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH*
Authors: Young Wesley O.
Published: April 2007

For the educators, some guidelines have come from the University of Kentucky. Administrators, also, may want to assess the administration and content of the curriculum designed for students.
THE ORAL HYGIENE OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS AS AFFECTED BY THREE DIFFERENT EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS
Authors: Gravelle H. Roy , Shackelford Margaret F. , Lovett James T.
Published: April 2007

The State of Oklahonla decided to find out how effective dental health education might be. Read this report for the State's answer.
DENTAL CARE UNDER HEAD START
Authors: Cons Naham C.
Published: April 2007

As of November, 1966, here is a summary of what happened in the dental programs of Head Start.
THE CHILDREN'S PROGRAM AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH DENTIST*
Authors: Gernert Edward B.
Published: April 2007

This report by the Commitee on Public Health Practice very well could serve as an editorial to prod an Association!
Effect of a School's Naturally Fluoridated Water on the Prevalence of Carious Lesions*
Authors: Barron Edmund G. , Lewis James F.
Published: April 2007

These writers explored a situation in which fluoridated water consumed only at school reduced the caries‐attack rate.
RESEARCHING THE PLANNING FOR PILOT‐PROJECTS IN THE PROPOSED NATIONAL DENTAL PROGRAM FOR CHILDREN*
Authors: Donnelly Charles J.
Published: April 2007

This Committee of the Association may have presented a useful pattern for many dentists to follow.
THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN EDUCATING PATIENTS
Authors: Podshadley Arlon G.
Published: April 2007

This paper presents a method of educating one's patients that is being taught to students of dentistry.
Dentistry's Responsibility To Community Health Through The Public Health Dentist*
Authors: Hillenbrand Harold
Published: April 2007

Wurold Hillenbrand outlines cleurly, as usuaf, the need for cooperation between dental directors and dental societies.
THREE YEARS OF SUPERVISED TOOTHBRUSHING WITH A FLUORIDE‐PHOSPHATE SOLUTION
Authors: Conchie J.M. , McCombie F. , Hole L.W.
Published: April 2007

These three Canadian investigators report their third year of observations of the effect of supervised toothbrushing of children's teeth with an acidulated solution of fluoride‐phosphate in British Columbia
A SURVEY OF CARIES‐EXPERIENCE AMONG THE PRESCHOOL CHILDREN OF PHILADELPHIA*
Authors: Bronstein Edward
Published: April 2007

Here is a report on the dental needs of Philadelphia's preschoolers.
AN APPRAISAL OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON THE PUBLIC'S ATTITUDES TOWARD FLUORIDATION
Authors: Linn Erwin L.
Published: April 2007

Here, an intriguing approach for studying the opposition to fluoridation of drinking water is presented a study of the impact of sociological scores on opposition or on approval.
THE DECISION TO FLUORIDATE; THE IMPACT OF THE ELECTED OFFICIALS AND THE COMMUNITY POWER‐STRUCTURES
Authors: Petterson Elof O.
Published: April 2007

This assembly of information on the role of public officials in the decision to initiate fluoridation appears valuable for all dentists in public health.
THE ROLE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS OF FLUORIDE IN DENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMS FOR FLUORIDE‐DEFICIENT AREAS*
Authors: Birch Robert C.
Published: April 2007

Dietary supplementation with fluoride has received a comprehensive examination in this paper. Unfortunately considerable has to be learned before knowledge can be complete.
EFFECTIVENESS OF A WATER‐PRESSURE DEVICE IN REMOVING DEBRIS FROM TEETH *
Authors: Clynes James T. , Wilderman Malbern N.
Published: April 2007

For those wondering about the effectiveness of the Water Pick, Drs. Clynes and Wilderman have submitted some early research.
TWO‐YEAR EVALUATION OF A SELF‐ADMINISTERED PROCEDURE FOR THE TOPICAL APPLICATION OF ACIDULATED PHOSPHATE‐FLUORIDE; FINAL REPORT *
Authors: Heifetz Stanley B. , Horowitz Herschel S. , Driscoll William S.
Published: April 2007

Utilizing supervised brushing at school in which 1043 seventh and eighth graders participated initially as controls, or with polishing paste and an acidulated solution of phosphate‐fluoride, or with acidulated phosphate only, or with paste followed by a phosphate‐fluoride gel, during a two‐year study, three PHS investigators found study‐groups and controls behaved similarly in caries‐experience.
THE DENTAL SERVICE CORPORATION; ITS ROLE IN THE DELIVERY OF ORAL HEALTH SERVICES *
Authors: Vidmar Gordon C.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Vidmar, from an extensive review of the literature on prepayment, presents seven conclusions about the dental service corporation as an agent for delivery of dental services.
THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES FOR DENTAL HEALTH EDUCATION *
Authors: Counsell Lee A.
Published: April 2007

Commander Counsell reminds readers that dental health education functions only when it changes personal behavior. He then presents his philosophy for programming by a successful educator.
THE ECONOMICS OF DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH‐PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE*
Authors: Montgomery Edison
Published: April 2007

The Vice Chancellor of Finance of the University of Pittsburgh presents, as the 1969 Keynoter, an orderly plan for progress in administrative planning.
THE ECONOMICS OF DENTAL CARE*
Authors: Pollack Burton R.
Published: April 2007

On first reading, this report may strike the reader as abrupt and ruthless, but be advised to read it a second time.
DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH RESIDENCY OF THE INDIAN HEALTH SERVICE
Authors: Mecklenburg Robert E.
Published: April 2007

For any agency that wishes to qualify for training residents in dental public health or for any graduate of dental public health who wishes to evaluate his training in a residency, Dr. Mecklenburg's paper is recommended reading.
THE ORAL HEALTH OF THE SAMARITAN COMMUNITY OF JORDAN*
Authors: Munroe C. Olivieri
Published: April 2007

Dr. Munroe has presented an interesting survey of an isolated group of Biblical people. He has been able to insert a bit of history of the early development of these people.
SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN ISRAEL'S DENTAL HEALTH*
Authors: Shuval Judith T.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Shuval has accomplished an extensive and interesting survey of the social and psychological patterns in acceptance of preventive dental treatment by patients in Israel She has completed a comparison of the patterns of the Israelis with those of Americans.
METHODS FOR EVALUATING THE QUALITY OF PROGRAMS OF DENTAL CARE*
Authors: De Jong Norman , Dunning James M.
Published: April 2007

This interesting report presents an appraisal of three types of evaluation of the quality of dental treatment.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM ON ORAL HEALTH IN SCHOOLS FOR IMPROVING THE APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Stolpe John R. , Mecklenburg Robert E. , Lathrop Robert L.
Published: April 2007

These three investigators combine their efforts in an attempt to measure the effect of oral health education in schools.
DENTAL HEALTH EDUCATION FOR A COMMUNITY'S PARENTS*
Authors: Pyke Shirley R.
Published: April 2007

Those of you interested in technics of oral health education, that motivate action or change and can be assessed for effectiveness, are advised to read Mrs. Pyke's penetrating report.
A SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF DETERMINING A POPULATION'S NEEDS FOR DENTAL TREATMENT
Authors: Conchie John M. , Scott K. L. , Philion J. J.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Conchie and his group have completed a superb job of applying to a specific study the suggested technic of WHO for surveying dental diseases.
THE CURRENT STATUS OF CERTIFYING EXAMINATIONS IN DENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH*
Authors: Young Wesley O.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Young states, in some detail, the operational philosophy and the procedures of the American Board of Dental Public Health in its assessment of the specialist.
INITIAL INCREMENTAL DENTAL CARE FOR THE LEEDS PRIMARY SCHOOL*
Authors: Johnson John E.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Johnson reports, in this paper, the steps followed in Jefferson County, Alabama, to initiate research into the costs of an incremental program of dental care for children which begins with first graders.
MAN IS NOT A GIANT RAT*
Authors: Allmon H. Bernard
Published: April 2007

Dr. Allmon seems to have performed quite a service by calling the attention of public health dentists to the differences demanded for interpretation of the findings from research with human beings and laboratory rats.
FLUORIDES IN COMMUNITY PROGRAMS: RESULTS AFTER TWO YEARS FROM A FLUORIDE GEL APPLIED TOPICALLY*
Authors: Szwejda Louis F.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Szwejda presents briefly another phase of his continuing studies of fluorides in community dental programs. His findings when a fluoride gel is used now are reported.
SELECTED DENTAL FINDINGS OF A RURAL COUNTY IN APPALACHIA
Authors: Nash David A. , Fishman Sherwin R.
Published: April 2007

Drs. Nash and Fishman present data from a survey of one county in Appalachia which may be useful to anyone who plans a dental program for an isolated rural population.
PREVENTIVE AND COMMUNITY DENTISTRY IN THE DENTAL SCHOOLS OF THE UNITED STATES*
Authors: Petterson Elof O. , Littleton Preston A.
Published: April 2007

Drs. Petterson and Littleton had compiled a tremendous amount of information about the development of programs for teaching Preventive and Community Dentistry in the United States. Teachers will find it interesting.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MANDATORY FLUORIDATION IN ILLINOIS*
Authors: Hoffmann J. Henry , Sebelius Carl L.
Published: April 2007

The writers of this report cite the problems and their solution, step by step, in gaining information and implementing the act of the State's Legislature to enforce fluoridation of drinking water in Illinois.
THE CONTROL OF DENTAL CARIES AND PERIODONTAL DISEASE; A FUNDAMENTAL APPROACH*
Authors: Heifetz Stanley B. , Suomi John D.
Published: April 2007

Drs. Heifetz and Suomi have developed a critical survey of the usefulness of the preventive measures available to dentists practicing public health and defended their appraisal with 32 references.
RESOURCES AND ATTITUDES OF THE PRINCIPALS IN THE PUBLIC DENTAL PROGRAMS OF THE SAN ANTONIO AREA*
Authors: Arredondo Daniel G. , Smith George W. , Miller Sidney L.
Published: April 2007

Inasmuch as practitioners of dental public health have been advised, time after time, to survey their communities and then plan programs in view of needs and resources, it seemed of interest to learn how two sophomore dental students would plan, carry out, and appraise their survey.
ELIMINATING DENTAL PLAQUE IN THE SIXTH GRADE
Authors: Clark Charles A. , Fintz James B. , Elwell Kenneth R.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Clark and his group report the development of a program in Cleveland's schools to initiate a test of their ability to teach the removal of dental plaque by sixth‐graders and study the degree of behavioral change developed.
SIXTEEN REFERENDA ON FLUORIDATION IN MASSACHUSETTS; AN ANALYSIS
Authors: Frankel John M. , Allukian Myron
Published: April 2007

These two investigators report an intriguing analysis of public activities prior to sixteen referenda on fluoridation in the State of Massachusetts.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF FREQUENCY OF TOOTHBRUSHING, ORAL HYGIENE, GINGIVAL HEALTH, AND CARIES‐EXPERIENCE IN SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Berenie James , Ripa Louis W. , Leske Gary
Published: April 2007

Dr. Berenie and his group report a penetrating examination of the effect of the frequency of toothbrushing on the gingival health, oral hygiene, and caries‐experience of children.
WORKING CONDITIONS AND SATISFACTION WITH ONE'S JOB IN PROGRAMS OF PREVENTIVE AND COMMUNITY DENTISTRY*
Authors: Petterson Elof O.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Petterson continues the reporting of his study of the teaching of community and preventive dentistry in the United States – this portion relative to working conditions of staff‐members.
THE CLINICAL EVALUATION OF MEDICAID'S PATIENTS IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK*
Authors: Cons Naham C.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Cons now is reporting his experience with the evaluation of quality of services through Medicaid in the State of New York. An earlier report describes the methods and the forms to be used.
WEEKLY MOUTH‐RINSING WITH 3000 PPM OF FLUORIDE; THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF FLUORIDE IN THE ENAMEL
Authors: Mellberg J. R. , Nicholson C. R.
Published: April 2007

These two investigators have completed a study of the uptake of F by the enamel of primary teeth which supplies some fundamental information about the topical effect of solutions of fluoride.
SELF‐APPLICATION OF FLUORIDE BY RINSING
Authors: Gallagher Spencer J. , Glassgow Irene , Caldwell Robert
Published: April 2007

Dr. Gallagher and his group have added data on the effectiveness of application of fluoride to children's teeth by oral rinsing when supervised by teachers.
Book Reviewed I
Authors: Bader James D.
Published: April 2007

Katz, Simon, McDonald, J.L., and Stookey, G.K. Preventive dentistry in action. Upper Montclair, N.J., D.C.P. Publishing, c1972. viii+ 324 p. $25.00.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DENTAL OCCLUSION: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL
Authors: Jago John D.
Published: April 2007

The Editor was glad to publish this review of the literature because Dr. Jago appears to have performed quite a service in bringing together the information now available on indexes of malocclusion.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DENTIST IN PUBLIC HEALTH; A REVIEW, 1945–1973*
Authors: Block Lester E.
Published: April 2007

Dr. Block's report, with his critical survey later of the teaching available for dentists in public health, should provide interesting reading for the educators.
USING OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION TO COLLECT DATA FROM A PROGRAM OF INCREMENTAL DENTAL CARE FOR CHILDREN*
Authors: Lewis Gene P. , Monroe G. Fox , Paquin Nancy
Published: April 2007

Dr. Lewis and his group present their experience with a new technic for input of data to the computer and find it favorable in terms of cost, “turn‐around” time, and accuracy.
Effects of Flossing on Plaque and Gingivitis in Third Grade Schoolchildren*
Authors: Rich Sandra K. , Friedman Judith‐Ann , Schultz Linda A.
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether flossing, as an adjunct to toothbrushing, performed in a school‐based program can contribute significantly to a reduction in gingivitis. Four volunteer third grade classrooms (n=112) were randomly assigned to finger‐floss, looped‐floss, flossholder, and brushing‐only control groups. Measures taken at baseline and in four weeks included gingival (GI), plaque (PI), and flossing dexterity indices (FDI). Results using ANOVA showed no differences in PI among groups. However, both brushing‐only and finger‐floss groups showed GI scores significantly lower than the looped‐floss group. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed that the finger‐floss group improved gingivitis scores most over time, while the flossholder group improved scores the least. The ANCOVA results with FDI showed that at the final measurement, looped‐floss manual dexterity was rated significantly better than finger‐floss and that both groups were rated better than flossholder. Final indications are that toothbrushing alone can produce clinical results similar to use of a combination of toothbrushing and flossing.
Prevalence and Distribution of Caries in a Jerusalem Adolescent Population by Age, Sex, and Family Income
Authors: Mann Jonathan , Revach Aharon , Call Richard , Arwas Joel , Sgan‐Cohen Harold
Published: April 2007

Four hundred and fourteen high school students aged 12–17 were examined clinically using the DMFS index and bitewing radiographs. Analyses by age, sex, economic status, and types of teeth and tooth surfaces were performed and results were compared with other international studies. Only 7.5 percent of the study population had a zero DMFS score. Females had a significantly higher DMFS score than males (13.21 vs 9.59). Caries experience increased with age and a general trend of increasing DMFS was observed with increasing levels of income. Socioeconomic status (SES) was related directly to DMFS in Israel, in contrast to an inverse relationship observed in most other western countries.

First molars were most susceptible to caries attack and accounted for 41.2 percent of the total DMFS. Almost 50 percent of all affected surfaces were occlusal and 29.4 percent were proximal. Caries prevalence in general and proximal caries in particular were found to be much higher in the study population than corresponding figures in other industrialized countries. A significant decrease in caries prevalence could be expected in Israel in the next decade if primary preventive measures are implemented immediately.
Dental Caries Assessment of Mississippi Head Start Children
Authors: Trubman Aaron , Silberman Stephen L. , Meydrech Edward F.
Published: April 2007

This study assessed the dental caries status and treatment needs of Mississippi Head Start children during the 1987–88 school year. The 2,393 children examined, representing a 10 percent random sample of all Mississippi Head Start children, were three to six years old with a majority being four to five years old. The mean deft ranged from 1.34 for three‐year‐olds to 4.32 for six‐year‐olds; the mean defs ranged from 2.33 to 9.99. More than 50 percent of primary teeth of three‐year‐olds with dental caries experience required treatment, whereas less than one‐quarter of similarly affected teeth of six‐year‐olds were in need of treatment.
School‐based Preventive Regimens and Oral Health Knowledge and Practices of Sixth Graders
Authors: Russell Barbara A. , Horowitz Alice M. , Frazier P. Jean
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the oral health knowledge and reported practices of sixth grade students in Wichita, Kansas. A quasi‐experimental design was used to test differences between two groups: (1) children who had completed a four‐year regimen referred to as the National Preventive Dentistry Demonstration Program (NPDDP), and (2) a control group of children who had not been exposed to any aspect of the NPDDP. Based on incidental learning theory, the research question was whether or not students'knowledge and practices were consistent with the preventive regimes provided at school. The study reported here was not directly connected with the NPDDP.

A school nurse‐administered questionnaire was obtained from 284 students 16 months after the NPDDP had terminated. Students in all groups reported similar dental health practices; no practical differences were found among groups with regard to knowledge about appropriate fluoride uses and benefits. Students who received sealants were somewhat more knowledgeable about the use and purpose of sealants. Although students in five of the six NPDDP groups had received preventive regimens, these data suggest that they lacked awareness and understanding of the procedures and their value in preventing oral diseases. Generally, students were unable to discriminate among methods appropriate for preventing dental caries and periodontal diseases. Education regarding the purpose and value of preventive regimens should be consistent with, and an integral part of, the delivery of such services.
An Evaluation of the Saskatchewan Pit and Fissure Sealant Program: a Longitudinal Followup
Authors: Ismail Amid I. , King Will , Clark D. Christopher
Published: April 2007

The Saskatchewan Health Dental Plan (SHDP) is a publicly funded dental insurance program for children between the ages of five and 16 years residing in the province. In 1981, fissure sealants were added as a covered expense. Until September 1, 1987, sealants and other dental treatments covered under the SHDP were provided to schoolchildren by dental therapists in dental clinics established in elementary schools throughout the province. After September 1, 1987, the provision of dental services was transferred to private practitioners in the province. The objectives of this study were to (1) estimate the retention rates of sealants after one, two, and three years of placement; and (2) conduct a longitudinal followup of sealed and unsealed sound teeth to measure the effectiveness of sealants in reducing dental caries incidence. Relative to the first objective, a cohort of children was identified and comparisons were carried out for the periods of 1982–83, 1982–84, and 1982–85. For the last objective, a longitudinal evaluation of effectiveness was carried out only for children five to seven years of age in 1981. Saskatchewan children, who experienced higher caries prevalence than children in the United States, had the highest caries increments on occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth. About 79 percent of the sealants applied by dental therapists were retained three years after application. Sealed teeth experienced 46 percent less caries than unsealed teeth four years after the application of sealants. The findings from this analysis indicate that the dental therapists successfully applied sealants with retention rates similar to those reported in the literature, and the sealants were effective in reducing dental caries incidence in children. Sealants saved at least 10.4 surfaces per 100 permanent occlusal surfaces from becoming either decayed or filled within a period of four years.
Introduction to the Workshop
Authors: Burt Brian A.
Published: April 2007

Public health administrators are forced to consider efficiency as a criterion in their choice of preventive programs because of the numerous programs to choose from, restricted budgets, and declining caries experience in children. Interest in cost effectiveness in dental prevention has risen considerably since the initial conference on this issue at the University of Michigan in 1978. This article introduces the goals of the workshop, the nature of the work groups, and the data they will use.
Caries Incidence and Costs of Prevention Programs
Authors: Garcia A. Isabel
Published: April 2007

Data on caries increments and costs of prevention programs are presented as background information for participants in the workshop. Estimates of annual caries increments were derived from control groups in clinical trials, epidemiologic studies, and national surveys. Cost data were obtained from dental public health directors, program administrators, fluoridation engineers, and water plant operators in different parts of the US. Caries incidence data are reported for age groups: 5‐17 years (fluoridated and nonfluoridated areas), 18–44 years, 45–64 years, and 65 and over. Program costs include direct costs primarily and do not allow for program inefficiencies, nor have they attempted to include social costs. All cost data are expressed in 1988 dollars. Direct program costs are included for community water fluoridation, fluoride supplements, fluoride mouthrinses, school fluoridation, and sealant programs. For professionally and self‐applied fluoride programs, only material and salary costs are included because total costs could not be located in the literature nor obtained from program directors. All factors and necessary assumptions included in the cost assessments are described.
Effectiveness of Water Fluoridation
Authors: Newbrun Ernest
Published: April 2007

The efficacy of communal water fluoridation in reducing dental caries has been reviewed based on surveys conducted in the last decade of caries prevalence in fluoridated and nonfluoridated communities in the United States as well as in Australia, Britain, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand. The efficacy is greatest for the deciduous dentition, with a range of 30–60 percent less caries in fluoridated communities. In the mixed dentition (ages 8 to 12), the efficacy is more variable, about 20–40 percent less caries. In adolescents (ages 14–17), it is about 15–35 percent less caries. Current data on caries prevalence in adults and seniors are extremely limited and include several populations living in communities with higher than optimal fluoride levels. For these adults and seniors, a range of 15–35 percent less caries would also apply. Viewed in toto, the current data for children, adolescents, adults and seniors show a consistently and substantially lower caries prevalence in fluoridated communities. For an accurate measurement of the efficacy of water fluoridation in reducing dental caries, it is essential that only persons with a record of continuous or long‐term residency in fluoridated versus nonfluoridated areas be included in such assessments. Because of the high geographic mobility in our society and the widespread use of fluoride dentifrices, supplements, and other topical fluoride agents, such comparisons are becoming more difficult to conduct. Accordingly, the effectiveness (rather than the efficacy) of water fluoridation has decreased as the benefits of other forms of fluoride have spread to communities lacking optimal water fluoridation.
What Should Dental Public Health Be in the Future?
Authors: Dudney George G.
Published: April 2007

Many factors contribute to a successful dental public health program. Each of these must be developed and constantly cultivated to ensure the continuation and improvement of the program. In looking to the future, dental public health must remember its commitment to the community as its patient and its long history of public/private partnership. To best serve the citizens of the state, participants in this partnership must carefully consider which activities are appropriate for the different providers of dental services.
Predicting Utilization of Dental Services by the Aged
Authors: Holtzman Joseph M. , Berkey Douglas B. , Mann Jonathan
Published: April 2007

This article reports the results of a study of factors that differentiate among utilizers and nonutilizers of dental services in old age. Two hundred community‐dwelling subjects aged 60–89 were surveyed regarding utilization of dental services, dentate status, current treatment needs, recent symptom experiences, and dental fear and anxiety. Discriminant analysis was used to differentiate among utilizers and nonutilizers. Dentate status, perceived need, and recent symptom experiences were the best predictors of utilization. The contribution to accurate classification made by two measures of dental fear and anxiety was marginal at best. When dentate status was removed as a predictor, the role of fear and anxiety became somewhat more important.
Attitudes and Behaviors of Dental Hygienists Concerning Tobacco Use
Authors: Fried Jacquelyn L. , Rubinstein Linda
Published: April 2007

This study surveyed a proportionate random sample of licensed dental hygienists in five states and the District of Columbia, to assess their antitobacco use behaviors and attitudes. The response rate was 79.4 percent. Descriptive data as well as chi‐square, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan's multiple range test statistical results were reported. Only 6.9 percent of the hygienists sampled currently smoked. These hygienists appeared to exhibit significantly different aggregate attitudes and select clinical practice behaviors than their nonsmoking counterparts. Years of employment and geographic location showed no significant relationship to aggregate clinical practice behaviors or attitudes, although each was related to individual behaviors and attitudes. Overall, dental hygienists appeared committed to involvement in both individualized and community‐based antitobacco‐use efforts. Measures to coordinate hygienists' involvement at both of these levels need to be enhanced.
The University of North Carolina Caries Risk Assessment Study. II. Baseline Caries Prevalence
Authors: Disney Judith A. , Graves Richard C. , Stamm John W. , Bohannan Harry M. , Abernathy James R.
Published: April 2007

Baseline clinical dental examinations were conducted on 5,233 children in grades 1 or 5 from the areas surrounding Aiken, SC, and Portland, ME, as part of a longitudinal study being conducted to predict children at high risk to dental caries. Mean caries levels in the Aiken area were nearly twice those of the Portland area. Black children experienced slightly more disease than whites. In addition to lower levels of caries experience, Portland children also had more treatment needs met, as indicated by higher filled ratio scores.
Oral Health Status of a Federal Prison Population
Authors: Mlxson James M. , Eplee Harvey C. , Fell Philip H. , Jones Jay J. , Rico Miguel
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of decayed, missing, and filled teeth among federal male prisoners (aged 21‐75) in the US Penitentiary, Leavenworth, Kansas, and to assess the impact of age, race, number of years incarcerated, and number of visits to the prison dentist on these parameters of oral health. Inmates (n=191) were randomly selected and represented 16.4 percent of the prison population (N=1,161). Two calibrated examiners collected caries and tooth loss data using NIDR criteria. No radiographs were taken. Results showed a mean DMFT of 12.9 for inmates aged 20‐34, 16.4 for inmates aged 35‐ 44, and 22.1 for inmates aged 45 and older. Whites had significantly fewer decayed teeth (P <. 05) than black inmates for ages 20‐34. The number of missing teeth increased significantly (P<01) with inmate age. Proportion edentulous (both arches) was 5.2 percent for ages 35 to 44, 17.3 percent for ages 45–54, and 45.5 percent for ages 55 to 75. Cross tabulations and chi‐square analyses showed that inmates incarcerated less than two years had a significantly (P<.001) lower utilization rate of dental services, and that inmates who made greater use of available dental services had fewer decayed teeth than those with lower utilization rates.
An Index of Chewing Ability
Authors: Leake James L.
Published: April 2007

This study was carried out to develop and test an index of chewing ability suitable for epidemiologic surveys. Existing data on older adults living independently in East York, Ontario, were reanalyzed and the index was developed using techniques of scalogram analysis. Individuals were scored from 0 to 5 based on their self‐reported ability to chew the most difficult of five foods. In this representative sample, 77 percent scored 5. The index has high predictive values when compared to two other questions on chewing ability in the survey. Among those with chewing disability (scoring 0 to 4), the odds ratio (OR) for being edentulous was 4.1 (95% 01=2.1−8.3). No factor influenced chewing ability among the edentulous. Among the dentate, several clinical dental health status measures appeared to influence chewing ability. Logistic analysis identified the absence of functioning opposing pairs of natural posterior teeth, OR 5.6 (95% 01=2.21−14.39), and the need for urgent care, OR 2.7 (95% 01=1.05−6.95), as the most important.
The Fluorosis Risk Index: a Method for Investigating Risk Factors
Authors: Pendrys David G.
Published: April 2007

The fluorosis risk index (FRl), a new index developed for use in analytical epidemiologic studies, is designed to permit a more accurate identification of associations between age‐specific exposures to fluoride sources and the development of enamel fluorosis. The FRl divides the enamel surfaces of the permanent dentition into two developmentally related groups of surface zones, designated either as having begun formation during the first year of life (classification I) or during the third through sixth years of life (classification II). Data from the first use of this index in a population‐based case‐control study are given to illustrate the high reliability of the index, its validity, and its unique utility for the identification of risk factors of enamel fluorosis.
Caries Prevalence in Head Start Children, 1986–87
Authors: Louie Reginald , Brunelle Janet A. , Magglore Edward D. , Beck Robert W.
Published: April 2007

Since the early 1970s, caries prevalence among school‐aged children in the United States has declined. It appears that a small percentage of the children experience most of the caries increment. In addition, a large proportion of children in the US who need dental care receive it (4,5). An important factor in the amount of treatment received by children is the socioeconomic status of the family. Data on caries prevalence among preschool populations are limited. The Head Start program serves low‐income families in the US and offers a unique opportunity to look at individuals who may be at greater risk of health problems and may experience less access to health services. A survey of 1,796 three‐ to five‐year old Head Start children from low‐income families was conducted in 1986–87. Caries prevalence, baby bottle tooth decay prevalence and relative need for dental care are reported for fluoridated and non fluoridated communities in California, Hawaii, and Micronesia. The data reveal scores that are higher in the sample population than in five‐year‐olds in national surveys and among Head Start children in previous surveys.