bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rewriting Caucasian History
Authors: Thomson Robert W
Published: November 2023

After the invention of a national script, c.400 AD, Armenians rapidly developed their own literary forms, drawing on foreign texts as well as their own traditions. Historical writing is the most original genre in classical and medieval Armenian literature. Greek works (including the Chronicle of Eusebius, now lost in Greek but preserved in Armenian) constituted the major part of translated histories. But in the thirteenth century the extensice Chronicle of the Syrian Patriarch Michael and the first part of the Georgian chronicles were adapted for an Armenian readership. The collection known as the `Georgian Chronicles' was finally codified in the eighteenth century and represents only a small part of Georgian historical writing. The thirteenth century Armenian version is in fact the earliest attestation of this growing corpus of texts, predating all extant Georgian manuscripts of it. This book presents the two texts, Georgian and Armenian, in English translation for the first time. The Introduction and Commentary draw attention to the ways in which the unknown Armenian translator changed his original material in a pro-Armenian fashion. His rendering became the standard source for early Georgian history used by later Armenian historians. The book includes a useful overview of the background to the chronicles, the history and culture of Christian Georgia and Armenia, and their respective languages and literature.
Juanšer, History of Vaxt ‘ang Gorgasal
Authors: Thomson Robert W
Published: November 2023

Three years later, the Persians being occupied in warfare against their enemies from eastern regions, the Georgians raised their heads and made Mihrdat ‘s son Arc ‘iP king over themselves.
The Ministry of Jesus
Authors: Elliott J K
Published: November 2023

The bulk of the four canonical Gospels is concerned with the period of Jesus ‘ public ministry from his baptism to his death. These New Testament Gospels are full of the teachings, miracles, and travels of Jesus. By contrast, the post-Biblical traditions seem to have been less interested in amplifying or supplementing such material. Nevertheless, several apocryphal texts do concern themselves with the period of Jesus ‘ earthly ministry. We find in them sayings and miracles. Some of these are related to the material in the canonical New Testament, but many are quite new and different. Even those sayings close to the New Testament are usually not identical in content or language, and this suggests a degree of independence. The existence of additional stories and ‘secret sayings ‘ (to use this conventional, but erroneous, description) need not surprise us. The New Testament authors themselves did not claim to give a complete record of everything that Jesus did and said.
Heaven and Hell
Authors: Elliott J K
Published: November 2023

Curiosity about the character of heaven and hell fascinated Christian writers from the earliest times. Two of the most influential texts were the Apocalypse of Peter, dating probably from the mid-second century, and the Apocalypse of Paul, probably written in the fourth century. Once again, one finds the names Peter and Paul in use as the supposed authors of apocryphal works. That an apocalypse was written in Paul ‘s name is not surprising given the statement by Paul in 2 Corinthians 12 that he had been ‘caught up as far as the third heaven ‘. In the authentic Pauline literature this baffling statement is not explained. It was an obvious gap that was left to the imagination of a later writer to fill. The Apocalypse of Paul tells what happened to Paul on his other-worldly visits. This apocalypse proved to be the most popular of the Western church ‘s apocryphal apocalypses, and it led to the generally held beliefs about heaven and hell that fuelled the medieval imagination. Much of the art and sculpture in the Middle Ages depicting the afterlife was inspired by this work. Dante ‘s Inferno was also influenced by the Apocalypse of Paul and even quotes it. The first extract below (1) is taken not from one of these apocalypses but from the Acts of Thomas, which includes an apocalyptic passage. The context is a scene in which a woman is restored to life by the apostle, and she then gives an account of her experiences. This is followed by the pictures of heaven and hell found in the Apocalypse of Peter (2). If a modern reader feels that some of the imagery is commonplace, this familiarity is due to the pervading influence apocalyptic texts such as this one have had on subsequent literature.
The Health and Safety Executive
Authors: Hutter Bridget M
Published: November 2023

The focal point of the empirical work undertaken was the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), the largest regulatory body in Great Britain (Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, 1983) and thus especially attractive to students of ‘social regulation’. This Chapter describes the origins, structure, and aims of HSE during the research period 1983-6, and explains how this study was organized. In particular, it details how and why the inspectorates, which form the basis of this research, were selected and how fieldwork with them was structured.
The Political and the Economic Constitution of the European Union
Authors: Sauter Wolf
Published: November 2023

Since the founding of the EC, the nature of the relations between market, Member States and Community has been contested. This is all the more true because the Community is a divided power system, in which the question of the need for intervention and the level at which this intervention should be decided and conducted are intimately connected. This debate has largely been conducted in legal terms. It has focused on the question whether the Rome Treaty itself prescribed or favoured a specific economic paradigm for the Member States, or whether a plurality of economic systems at the national level might be compatible with the economic law of the Community.
Forum Selection and an Anglo-American Conflict
Authors: Collins Lawrence
Published: November 2023

The history of the litigation discussed in these notes underlines the importance of jurisdiction clauses in international contracts. The Supreme Court’s decision in MIS Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 US I (1972) established that a forum selection agreement in an international contract would generally be upheld. The jurisdiction agreement in that case was a negotiated compromise (providing for English jurisdiction) in an international towage contract between an American rig owner and a German tug owner. The Supreme Court subsequently upheld a jurisdiction agreement contained in a standard form contract of passage for a cruise beginning and ending in Los Angeles, California: Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute, III S. Ct. 1522 (1991). In England the decision of Brandon J. in The Eleftheria [1970] P. 94 was approved in the Court of Appeal by Brandon LJ in The El Amria [1981] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 119, 123-124 (CA) and in the House of Lords by Lord Brandon in The Sennar (No. 2) [1985] 1 WLR 490,500 (HL).
The Marc Rich Case and Actions for Negative Declarations
Authors: Collins Lawrence
Published: November 2023

As the postscript originally published with this piece shows, the essential question which it raises has been referred to the European Court by the Court of Appeal: now reported sub nom. The Maciej Rataj [1992] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 552 (CA). That question is whether the /is pendens principles of the Brussels Convention allow a party to pre-empt the natural forum by bringing an action for a negative declaration in a less appropriate forum (but one with jurisdiction under the Convention). In the Court of Appeal Neill l.J expressed concern that the European Court might decline to answer the question, no doubt on the basis that the case was already covered by the decision in Case 1441’86 Gubisch v. Palumbo [1987] ECR 4861. But the article endeavours to show that the case may be different where the action for a negative declaration is brought first, as in The Maciej Rataj, rather than second, as in Gubisch v. Palumbo.
The Effect of Inherent Meaning and Other Elements On Aspectual Function
Authors: Fanning Buist M
Published: November 2023

It was argued in the first chapter that interpreting the aspects requires an understanding of the basic meaning of the aspects themselves as well as their function in combination with other linguistic features. Aspect interacts so closely with other features and is so significantly affected by them that no analysis of it can be meaningful without attention to these elements. It is the goal of this chapter to examine and define what these other features are and to describe in general terms what effect they have on aspectual function when combined with the aspect-values delineated in Chapter 2.
Conclusion
Authors: Fanning Buist M
Published: November 2023

The primary argument of this book has been that understanding verbal aspect requires a grasp of both the basic meanings of the aspects themselves and their function in combination with other linguistic and contextual features. The semantic complexity of aspectual usage suggests that one must unpack several levels of meaning in order to give an adequate account of aspect. More particularly, it has been argued that aspect should be analysed both at a definition level and at a function level.
Introduction: Prudence and Moral Theology
Authors: Westberg Daniel
Published: November 2023

Practical reasoning is practical because it leads to action. This rests on the belief that there is a causal connection between mind and action; that intentions and teasons are directly linked to behaviour: ‘Reasons are the corner-stone of all explanation of human actions, indeed of the very notion of human action itself.’
The Metaphysics of Agency
Authors: Westberg Daniel
Published: November 2023

ST Thomas developed his philosophy of action not from a doctrine of law but from a profound metaphysics of being. (This is not a disjunction, however, since the harmony of law and human action is achieved in the doctrine of participation in the mind of God, who governs the universe with wisdom and love.) Thomas’s theory of being, truth, and good is conspicuously absent from Protestant ethics as well as from much post-Tridentine Catholic moral theology, but not because it is obscurely buried in a great field: it is prominent at the beginning of the Summa Theologiae, is found throughout his works, and underlies his description of intellect and will. When this metaphysical doctrine is played down or ignored then the explanation of the motivation for action will inevitably take false turns.
Historical Development
Authors: Stanbrook Ivor , Qc Clive Stanbrook
Published: November 2023

The first examples of what nowadays would be called extradition arrangements were concerned more with political refugees than with criminals. In early times it was the normal practice, within the discretion of an individual ruler, for a State to give asylum to refugees from another State. The granting of asylum to a foreign national was an expression of State sovereignty: his surrender (extradition) therefore required a degree of formality, usually a treaty, marking the exception to the rule.
The Speciality Rule1
Authors: Stanbrook Ivor , Qc Clive Stanbrook
Published: November 2023

The rule which forbids the detention or trial of an extradited person, in the country to which he has been surrendered, for any offence committed prior to his surrender other than that for which he was extradited, is a feature, expressly or by implication, of all extradition arrangements. It appears to be universally recognised and therefore merits the status of a general principle of international law.
Procedure (Outward Extradition)
Authors: Stanbrook Ivor , Qc Clive Stanbrook
Published: November 2023

In Part I of this work we examined the principles and common features of the modern law of extradition as they are practised in the United Kingdom and in most of the other countries with which the United Kingdom has extradition arrangements.

In Part II we propose to deal with those features of current UK extradition law which are not necessarily shared with other countries.
Extradition from the Commonwealth
Authors: Stanbrook Ivor , Qc Clive Stanbrook
Published: November 2023

As stated in Chapter 12, extradition arrangements between the United Kingdom and the countries of the Commonwealth are contained in reciprocal legislation based on a model scheme formulated in concert with Commonwealth governments in 1966. The original Commonwealth Scheme has been amended from time to time. A copy of the current version appears in Appendix I.
Extradition from Other Countries, Including the USA
Authors: Stanbrook Ivor , Qc Clive Stanbrook
Published: November 2023

Inward extradition to the United Kingdom from the Irish Republic, Europe and the Commonwealth was discussed in Chapters 15, 16 and 17 respectively. This chapter deals with inward extradition from other foreign countries, which may be provided under:

A. bilateral treaties made with foreign countries under the Extradition Act 1870 (now regulated by Schedule 1 to the Extradition Act 1989), including the treaty with the USA;
Diversion in West Yorkshire: An Impact Study
Authors: Laing Judith M
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with assessing the impact of diversion in West Yorkshire, and it will essentially be considering whether the diversion schemes are actually providing mentally disordered offenders with access to appropriate health and social services care. It has already been shown that therapeutic disposals are preferable to custodial measures wherever possible and appropriate, and so this chapter examines to what extent the diversion schemes in West Yorkshire, which share this aim, are actually achieving it. This impact assessment exercise is divided into two parts. The first involves a consideration of the quantitative data collected from the court diversion personnel throughout the period of the study. This data outlines the basic demographic details of the diverted offenders assessed at court. In particular it indicates the index offences and any previous psychiatric and/or offending history. This will enable a profile to be constructed of the types of mentally disordered offenders who are being referred to and assessed as part of the schemes. This is significant, as the decision of suitable and appropriate candidates for diversion is an important one to ensure that resources are properly utilized and not wasted. This data also reveals the outcomes of the diversion process-the number of discontinuances, therapeutic remands, and disposals and precisely what was achieved in each case as a result of the CPN ‘s involvement-and was supplemented by quantitative data from the West Yorkshire Probation Service on the incidence of therapeutic disposals. This also indicates the impact that the diversion schemes are making upon the levels of therapeutic disposals being made in the magistrates ‘ courts in West Yorkshire. Considered as a whole, this data will enable an assessment to be made as to whether mentally disordered offenders are being given access to appropriate care and treatment.
Standards of Liability and the Conduct of Business Rules
Authors: McMeel Gerard , Virgo John
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to identify the appropriate standard of behaviour for those who proffer financial advice and retail financial products. We have already considered the new regime on financial promotion in the preceding chapter. We now turn to the rules for the actual conduct of business, and in particular the regime of advice regulation for financial products.
Consumer Complaints: The Financial Ombudsman Service
Authors: McMeel Gerard , Virgo John
Published: November 2023

Part XVI of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (‘the Act’ or the ‘2000 20.01Act’)1 provides the statutory framework for the Financial Ombudsman Service (‘FOS’).2 The Act requires the FSA to create a scheme as a separate company so as to be operationally independent of the Authority.3 The Financial Services Authority (‘FSA’) sees the existence and effective operation of the FOS as an ‘integral part of its consumer protection objective’.
Authorization and Policing the Perimeter
Authors: McMeel Gerard , Virgo John
Published: November 2023

Under the new regime, the need (where it arises) for Financial Services Authority 23.01 (‘FSA’) authorization lawfully to carry on or purport to carry on a regulated activity in the United Kingdom1 is defined by reference to specified activities or functions and in reference to specified investments.The statutory scope of the regime is set out at section 22(1), which provides that 23.02 ‘an activity is a regulated activity for the purposes of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (‘FSMA’ or ‘2000 Act’) if it is an activity of a specified kind (a) relates to an investment of a specified kind or (b) in the case of an activity of a kind which is also specified for the purposes of this paragraph is carried on in relation to property of any kind’.
Some Aspects of Civil Procedure
Authors: McMeel Gerard , Virgo John
Published: November 2023

In claims against professional advisers the observance of pre-action protocols is now (effectively) mandatory. These were introduced as part of the Woolf Reforms to the civil justice system. Their intention is to promote the early identification of issues between claimant and defendant, facilitate an early exchange of information and thus encourage settlement or resolution of dispute without recourse to litigation. These objectives are now set out in paragraph 1.4 of the Protocol’s Practice Direction. This provides that the court will expect all parties to have complied in substance with the terms of an approved protocol, or if the case is not covered by an approved protocol to have acted in accordance with the overriding objective of the Rules. In essence, this will oblige the parties to take appropriate steps to reach agreement without recourse to litigation by complying with the spirit of the pre-action protocol procedure.
Some Aspects of Insurance Law
Authors: McMeel Gerard , Virgo John
Published: November 2023

A key area of protection to professional advisers is the availability of professional indemnity insurance cover in respect of negligent or non-compliant advice. The scope of the protection afforded by such policies in reality was thrown into sharp focus by a series of claims for cover arising out of the Pensions Review. The principles which emerged are of general application and fall properly to be considered here. By way of specific background to these issues it may be noted that the Pensions Review highlighted the difficulties experienced by the insured as to what is a ‘notifiable event’. During the initial stages of the Pensions Review it was generally accepted practice that once an investor had returned an investor questionnaire stating that he/she was dissatisfied with the advice previously given, the insured would be on notice that a claim may arise and in such circumstances should notify the insurer at once. However, there was some confusion as to whether or not a mere request for a review (but with no complaint) would come within the definition of a ‘notifiable event’.
Directives in EC Law
Authors: Prechal Sacha
Published: November 2023

This fully revised and updated new edition offers a detailed exposition of EC Directives, individual rights, and the protection of those rights in national courts. Three central themes are investigated: the characteristics of EC Directives; the role played by national courts in protecting the rights which individuals derive from Directives; and the 'devices' and means by which the courts may implement this protection. Focussing initially upon clear examples from the ECJ case law, the author then moves on to discuss specific 'lines' within that case law, and to examine how these 'lines' complement or contradict each other. Throughout the text, the author's empirical argument is enriched by discussion of doctrine and theory. Less orthodox ideas are also incorporated through selective use of a comparative approach which illuminates the workings of EC directives from the broader perspective of the EC as a whole. In an updated conclusion, the prospects of Directives in the future and in the light of the nascent European Constitution are discussed. The result is an extensive and in-depth analysis of Directives, the case-law of the ECJ, and legal writing on the topic, which also engages with the more practical issues of implementation and enforcement in the courts.
Direct effect of directives
Authors: Prechal Sacha
Published: November 2023

Soon after the case law of the Court of Justice on direct effect of Treaty provisions started to develop, the question was raised as to the possible direct effect of directives. As is often the case in any doctrinal controversy, there were opponents of direct effect of directives, as well as advocates thereof and those taking an intermediate position, allowing some sort of ‘restricted direct effect’ (particularly in order to maintain the distinction between regulations and directives) or, at least, not excluding such an effect a priori . Nowadays, it is often forgotten that the case law of the Court on direct effect of directives was preceded by an intensive controversy in academic writing which more or less ‘prepared the ground’ for the Court’s decisions.
Human Rights
Authors: Ulph Janet , Tugendhat Sir Michael , Glister James
Published: November 2023

For laypeople, moods are background feelings that last for a time and that often have no particular cause. Usually a mood is identified simply as “good” or “bad.” Sometimes moods are invoked as explanations for someone else ‘s unusual behavior. They may account for the fact that the individual is acting differently than expected in a given situation. Moods are so much a part of everyday life that much of the time little thought is given to them, and yet most people consider them to be important. From time to time, powerful moods appear to be more significant in controlling one ‘s life than events. At these times it seems that they not only influence feelings but most thoughts as well.
Multi-Party Suits and Accessory Liability
Authors: Ulph Janet , Tugendhat Sir Michael , Glister James
Published: November 2023

Accessories to fraud may appear to be “small fry” compared to the main actors but there are strong policy reasons for viewing them as equally culpable in civil cases: major frauds could not be carried out without the assistance of accessories. The chief actors will rely upon accessories not only to carry out functions delegated to them but also, in the case of professionals, for advice. Solicitors, accountants, and others may provide a veneer of respectability in relation to fraudulent dealings.
Following Misappropriated Property and Tracing into Substitute Property
Authors: Ulph Janet , Tugendhat Sir Michael , Glister James
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with the identification and recovery of property which belonged to the claimant. The rogue may have kept the property, destroyed it, sold it, or given it away. Where the claimant and a recipient claim equal but inconsistent legal rights to goods, this will involve a title conflict. Where the claims are unequal, it is a matter of determining priority of interest: so, for example, if a claimant has merely an equitable interest in property, he cannot follow the property and recover it from a good faith purchaser of the legal title.
Title Conflicts: Defences to the Action in Conversion
Authors: Ulph Janet , Tugendhat Sir Michael , Glister James
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with situations where owners are deprived of their goods by theft or deception. There is no register for chattels established by the Government, although some private schemes exist. In 1938, seven finance companies established Hire Purchase Information Ltd: it is a private scheme which registers members” interests in vehicles let on hire purchase or credit sale so that those involved in the motor trade can check whether a vehicle is subject to a finance agreement before purchasing it.
Fragmentation in the Party and Political Systems
Authors: Mitchell Jeremy , Seyd Ben
Published: November 2023

In few areas will the Government’s constitutional programme have as significant an impact as on the UK’s party and political systems. Political parties are essential institutions in any democratic machine. At the most obvious level, they provide the link between voters’ preferences and the forming of governments. The nature of that link is largely determined by the political system, including the electoral formula. This chapter examines what changes we can expect in the party and political systems, and what the implications of these will be. The changes are sometimes the direct result of government actions (e.g. the likely stricter legal regime governing the funding of the parties), and sometimes a more indirect product of constitutional measures (e.g. the possible fragmentation of the Westminster parties following devolution). There is also a close relationship between the party and political systems, most evident in this Chapter in the discussion of electoral reform, which highlights the link between the nature of the voting system and that of the party system.
Constitutional Practice
Authors: Brazier Rodney
Published: November 2023

This new third edition has been fully revised and updated to include the constitutional changes that are being implemented by the labour government. The book provides a comprehensive analysis of the current British Constitution and evaluates the law and practice of British central government, this includes: an overview of the constitution of the United Kingdom in the light of devolution; choosing a Prime Minister and government; the transfer of power; the Prime Minister and the cabinet; Ministers and government departments; the Opposition; the Monarchy, and the constitutional position of the judges.
The Cabinet
Authors: Brazier Rodney
Published: November 2023

No one writing a book about the practice of British central government today would entitle it (as Sir Ivor Jennings did his work) Cabinet  Government. Although opinions are not unanimous about the nature of the modern Cabinet, all agree that the Cabinet as a body is not what it once was. The two principal reasons behind the change in its position are the enhanced powers of the Prime Minister,1 and the increased decision-making outside Cabinet meetings which has taken place at least since the Second World War (whether by the Prime Minister consulting a few ministerial colleagues, or by Cabinet committees, or by informal ministerial groups). It is that second aspect to which particular attention will be paid in this chapter.
The Selection Of The Identity Of The Monopolist And Article 43 (Formerly Article 52) Of The Ec Treaty
Authors: Buendia Sierra Jose Luis , Read Andrew
Published: November 2023

The theoretical debate concerning the law relating to exclusive rights in 9.01 Community law is focused almost exclusively on the question of the legality of such rights, and indeed the majority of this book is concerned with this essential question. Nevertheless, the law affecting exclusive rights in Community law is not limited 9.02 to the question whether the existence of such rights is or is not justified. Thus, on the one hand, the exercise of exclusive rights is subject to certain limits. On the other hand, even if an exclusive right is justified under Community law it is also necessary to examine whether Community law has any impact on the selection of the undertaking which receives and operates the exclusive right.
Us Initiatives To Protect Works Of Low Authorship
Authors: Ginsburg* Jane c.
Published: November 2023

Since the US Supreme Court swept away ‘sweat copyright’ in its 1991 Feist decision, 1 producers and consumers of works of low authorship, primarily compilations of information and, particularly, digital databases, have debated whether US law still affords these works effective protection.2 For the first 200 years of US copyright law, Congress, courts, and compilers seem to have concurred that copyright supplied a needed incentive to gather and publish useful information, and courts condemned competitors who copied even scantily (if at all) original compilations.3 Today, ‘thin’ copyright protec tion remains available, but it covers only those original contributions (if any) that the compiler brings to the public domain information.
Setting compatibility standards: cooperation or collusion?
Authors: shapiro* Carl
Published: November 2023

We live in a world built on product standards. You can make sense of these words because we share a common language. I can fax you this chapter because our fax machines obey a common protocol. I can (probably) share computer files with you because our computers employ various standardized hardware and software formats. And I can e-mail you the file containing this chapter because of an intricate web of standardized Internet protocols. A great deal of the information economy is driven by standards.
Who decides the extent of rights in intellectual property?
Authors: Easterbrook* Frank h.
Published: November 2023

Who decides whether intellectual property claims are sound? Making claims is easy, but how should we resolve them? Frightened by the idea of a patent on the human genome and drugs developed from it? Should we just declare that all such knowledge and products are in the public domain,1 or require scientists and drug developers to license their discoveries and products at ‘rea sonable’ (ie, low) prices? Unsettled by the prospect that books and articles distributed over the Internet will be tagged or encrypted so that the authors or publishers can collect payment each time they are read or redistributed? Should we just forbid the newfangled devices (or contracts that consent to them), declaring that authors can’t be allowed to violate the rules for ‘fair use’ or to profit from information that ‘ought’ to be available to everyone for free?2 Frustrated by a software license that forbids the disassembly of object code in search of the source code, which could help other programmers write competing or complementary products? Should we just tell the author that in the public interest the law won’t enforce onerous terms which conflict with the public’s presumptive right to engage in reverse engineering-and leave it to the judiciary to determine which terms are too onerous?3 I am a skeptic about the proposition that new developments in technology imply the need for new laws or rules.4 I am skeptical for two fundamental reasons.
Custody Of Investments: Law And Practice
Authors: Austen-Peters A O
Published: November 2023

This book focuses on the legal implications of how assets are held on behalf of investors by other parties (such as brokers, investment managers, specialist custodians and central depositaries) and in particular how the chosen method affects the legal rights of the investor over the assets in question. The impact of immobilisation, dematerialisation, fungible holdings and settlement practices are all considered. The book also covers the effect of the use of custody assets for security, the duties of custodians, the remedies of investors, cross-border custody and the regulatory response to custody business. An authoritative work for practitioners, academics and reference libraries specializing in financial services, banking and investment law, both in the UK and internationally, it provides one of the clearest and most up to date analyses of these subjects available.
Benefits Related to Work
Authors: Lewis Richard
Published: November 2023

Employers today commonly reward their employees with a range of ‘fringe benefits’ in addition to pay. It has been in this key area of work related payments that the struggle over collateral benefits has largely been fought. There are several ways of looking at the continuation of monies from an employer after the employee has stopped work following injury.
The Conflict of Laws Principles in French Law with Respect to Security Interests in Movable Assets
Authors: Kessedjian Professor Catherine
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to set out the principles of French conflict of laws rules in relation to security interests created over movable goods as well as over intangible assets. Before we deal specifically with the issues, some general remarks on French private international law may be useful.
Knights Errant
Authors: Ball John , Welsh Dominic
Published: November 2023

Let me remind you of the ancient game of chess. There is a board of 64 squares, eight by eight. There are pieces with names like “King”, “Bishop” and “Pawn”, and each piece has its own set of permissible moves.
Properties of the ATP-Regulated K+ channel in pancreatic β-cells
Authors: Dunne M J
Published: November 2023

The maintenance of a constant blood glucose concentration is a challenging, highly complex, integrated process and one that is principally controlled by the hormone insulin. When the concentration of glucose in the plasma is elevated, insulin is released by the process of exocytosis from the β-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans.
Excitatory synaptic transmission in hippocampus: modulation by purinoceptors via ca2+ channels
Authors: Krishtal O , Klishin A
Published: November 2023

Existing paradigm indicates adenosine as being a major modulator of both metabolic and electrical events in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Its major action is inhibitory: in the presence of a sufficiently high concentration of Ado, the brain is predominantly silent. In micromolar concentration range, this substance is so effective that some investigators use it in the search for natural pacemakers - presuming that in the presence of sufficiently high adenosine concentration only those neurones that are supplied with intrinsic generator produce nerve impulses.
Architecture, Neurocytology and Comparative Organization of Monkey and Human Cingulate Cortices
Authors: Vogt Brent A
Published: November 2023

One of the main challenges presented by the human cingulate cortex has been its extreme variation between an individual’s hemispheres and among individuals. Since it presents such a wide variety of cytological features and is engaged in so many functions, the difficulty of comparing the cingulate and external cingulate gyri between two primate species is even greater. Nevertheless, this task is important for two reasons. The first is anatomical as it requires exact criteria for all areas and a precise definition of the topographical distribution for each area. The process of defining comparisons tightens the structural precision of identifying borders between regions and areas and enhances the validity of such information. The second reason for this undertaking is to provide the basis for evaluating animal models of human diseases. Little progress has been made to date in using monkeys to model human neuronal diseases, although such models have been very successful in infectious disease work. Investigators concerned with curing human diseases need precise scientific rationale to explore the neural mechanisms of cingulate-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies to name but a few examples. Comparative neurocytology is a critical link in devising such models and provides essential information for drawing parallels between monkey models and human disease.
Cingulate Cortex as ganizing Principle in sychiatric Disease
Authors: Holtzheimer Paul E , Mayberg Helen S
Published: November 2023

Humans have a behavioral repertoire that far exceeds that of even our closest animal relatives. Humans are unsurpassed in their ability to monitor, adapt to, and modify their environment which includes not only the natural world but also the complex social structures that characterize the human species. Thus, while every animal can adapt to changes in the environment (and many animals operate in social systems), humans are unique in the degree to which they can problemsolve and engage in multiple complex goal-oriented behaviors in an ever-changing natural (and man-made) environment. These unique behavioral and adaptive qualities have been traditionally associated with the much larger frontal lobe of the human brain, which includes greatly expanded prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. These regions have extensive connections throughout the brain that implicate them in nearly all neurological systems (motor, sensory, cognitive, emotional, autonomic, and homeostatic/drive processes). While its role in each of these systems is not completely understood, the prefrontal cortex appears to be important for the integration of multiple streams of information about the internal and external environment. Selection among internally represented “goals” in the process of determining a course of action appears to result from decisions made in cingulate cortex based on information flow between these connected structures.
Neurophysiology of Cingulate Pain Responses and Neurosurgical Pain Interventions
Authors: Lawson H Chris , Ohara S , Greenspan Joel D , Coghill Robert C , Lenz Frederick A
Published: November 2023

Pain is generally considered to consist of at least two distinct dimensions, the sensory-discriminative component and the motivational-affective component (Melzack & Casey, 1968). The sensory-discriminative component encompasses qualities such as the intensity, location, and descriptive qualities of pain. The motivational-affective component may be characterized as “unpleasantness,” representing the negative valence which motivates the behavior evoked by pain, and generating pain’s affective tone (LeDoux, 1996; Price, 2000). Evidence suggesting the presence of a discrete motivational-affective component of pain were derived from the early observations of analgesia after cingulotomy. Specifically, after lesions involving the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC – anterior to the marginal branch of the cingulate sulcus which includes midcingulate cortex – MCC –) patients with chronic pain reported that they continued to have pain, but that it was “not particularly bothersome” (Foltz & White, 1962). This observation led to the conclusion that the ACC is involved in the motivational affective component of pain. Many observations since that time have demonstrated that the cingulate gyrus has a role in pain unpleasantness, attention, and cognition.The mechanisms of corticocortical processing are poorly understood; particularly in terms of parietal lobe interactions and it has not been clear to what extent pain activation and attention mechanisms drive similar parts of the cingulate gyrus. Attention-related tasks such as verbal fluency or Stroop (Lezak, 1995) activate MCC based on group analysis and direct comparisons indicate separate regions within the ACC for attention versus pain-related activation (Davis et al., 1997; Derbyshire et al., 1998).
Fertility And Reproductive Biology In Papua New Guinea
Authors: Wood James W
Published: November 2023

Human fertility is the end-product of a complex interaction between biological and behavioural variables. In Papua New Guinea (PNG) this inherent complexity is further obscured by tremendous diversity in traditional culture (see Gardner and Weiner, Chapter 5) and by a complicated, uneven process of economic change (see Allen, Chapter 2) which has masked some differentials in fertility while inducing others. In these circumstances it is probably impossible, perhaps meaningless, to review what is known about fertility in PNG as a whole, which is precisely what I shall attempt in this chapter.
Social Anthropology In Papua New Guinea
Authors: Gardner Donald S , Weiner James F
Published: November 2023

If nation-states and their peoples were in the habit of suing publishers and broadcasters for the statements made about them, no country on earth would be involved in more litigation than Papua New Guinea (PNG). There seems to be no end to the lurid stories served up for credulous readers of popular newspapers, magazines, and books about ‘Stone Age’ New Guinea and its wild, belligerent inhabitants. The occidental fascination for a mythic primitive ‘other’ has found much to occupy it in PNG.
Papua New Guinea’S Human Past: The Evidence Of Archaeology
Authors: Lilley Ian
Published: November 2023

This chapter sketches the course of Papua New Guinea’s prehistory and considers the bearing of archaeological findings on questions of human biology and ecology. At present only the sparest outline of the nation’s human past can be drawn. This is because professional archaeologists did not turn their attention to the country until 1959 and fewer than 50, including graduate students, have worked there since then.
The Epidemiology Of Malaria In Papua New Guinea
Authors: Cattani Jacqueline A
Published: November 2023

The epidemiology of malaria throughout the world has been the subject of many investigations. The largest body of knowledge has come from studies carried out on the African continent. The African ‘model’ is implicit in many of the generalizations regarding the impact of malaria on populations in terms of mortality, morbidity, and the selection of genetic polymorphisms that confer some degree of protection against the effects of endemic malaria.
The Epidemiology Of Diabetes Mellitus In Papua New Guinea And The Pacific: Adverse Consequences Of Natural Selection In The Face Of Sociocultural Change
Authors: King Hilary
Published: November 2023

In the past decade, the Pacific region has been an area of considerable activity in the field of diabetes epidemiology. This has been a consequence of several factors which have acted in concert to produce a rich and valuable research environment.
Introduction
Authors: Glass Irvine I , Sislian J P
Published: November 2023

Nonstationary flows of gases (and liquids under high pressure) are of interest in various engineering problems, such as the study of shock waves arising from a very sudden release (explosion) of chemical, nuclear, electrical, and mechanical energy in a limited space. The behaviour of the medium through which shocks propagate is also of interest as is the investigation of the nonstationary motion of mixtures of gases in various energy-producing devices and engines. Nonstationary flows are also of interest in modem physics and cosmology. Indeed, various processes taking place in the universe, for instance, the formation of stars, powerful eruptions taking place on the Sun and stars, generate nonstationary motions of great masses of gases.
Reluctance Synchronous Machines and Drives
Authors: Boldea I
Published: November 2023

Reluctance synchronous machines (RSMs) and drives include a multitude of machine topologies in terms of rotor, stator windings, and stator current control. Line-start (constant speed) and inverter-fed (variable speed) applications are easily achieved in a power range from a few hundred watts to megawatts. RSMs offer strong competition to existing variable speed brushless drives for applications from computer peripherals through robotics to electric traction for rail transport. This book explores fully the possible topologies, their characteristics, and applications.
Control Methods
Authors: Basak Amitava
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes a system which was developed to control a 3 m long, dc. linear motor with 64 armature winding sections. Several position-sensing devices which produce feedback signals for the control systems are also discussed. In addition, a software package which was developed to control the 3 m long motor is described. A sensor is a necessity in order to indicate the position and speed of a motor with an acceptable accuracy, and hence to control both the position and speed of the motor. The Cranfield Unit for Precision Engineering has demonstrated that a transducer with a 0.01 micrometre resolution can repeatedly reposition a brush-type dc. linear motor to within ±o.01 μm. The positional accuracy of the system was limited by the position transducer, and not by the linear motor. The sensor has to be inexpensive and it should be highly unaffected by interfering signals. Its performance should be independent of temperature changes and environmental conditions. In general, the position of the motor is sensed and the signal from the sensor is then sent to a microcomputer to control the position and speed of the motor.
Modern Classical Optics
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The book gives accounts of non-quantum optical phenomena and of instruments and technology based on them, at a level suitable for the last two years of an honours degree in physics and for graduates starting out. Topics covered include the conventional (diffraction, coherence, thin films, holography...) but also the less conventional (étendue, Gaussian beams, laser cavities, cd reader, confocal microscope...) which belong in today's university courses, for example, to support laser physics. Even the conventional material has frequently been given a fresh presentation by giving a tidier-than-usual route through a calculation, or finding insightful connections with other parts of physics, or simply avoiding common errors. Problems offer opportunities for checking the reader's basic understanding, or for taking a careful route through reasoning, or for checking orders of magnitude. But most problems contain exploratory and critical material: investigating possible alternative approaches, asking searching questions about fundamentals, or solving apparent paradoxes.
Representations of power
Authors: Muir Edward
Published: November 2023

Rulers in Renaissance Italy recognized that power must catch the eye. The evocative representation of power in works of art and public ceremonies has long been recognized as a hallmark of Italian Renaissance culture. Jacob Burckhardt’s famous phrase, ‘the state as a work of art’, epitomized his view that the naked exercise of power so common in Italy from the late fourteenth to the sixteenth century required the legitimation supplied by patronage of the arts and sponsorship of festivals. More recently scholars have remained intrigued by ‘the arts of power’, the ways in which works of art constituted personal and institutional power relationships, in effect creating as well as representing political networks.1 Since Burckhardt wrote a century and a half ago, the assessment of power in the Renaissance has broadened to treat the exercise of authority as a kind of public performance, enacted through civic rituals; princely, papal, and episcopal entries; and official rites of passage such as elections and coronations.
Public power and authority
Authors: Bougard Fran ois
Published: November 2023

Historians have generally argued that whereas various forms of <private’ power dominated most of the rest of early medieval Europe, in Italy the presence of the state remained by contrast relatively strong. But even if we had a clear understanding of what is meant by terms such the <state’ or distinctions between public and private power when applied to the early Middle Ages, this generalization would probably be too sweeping. Italf s political fortunes, like those of Europe as a whole, changed constantly during the period, but even so the idea of the sovereign nature of public authority was stronger than in other parts of Europe.