bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Antileukemic Activity of New 3‐(1‐Phenyl‐3‐methylpyrazol‐5‐yl)‐2‐styrylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones.
Authors: Raffa Demetrio , Daidone Giuseppe , Maggio Benedetta , Cascioferro Stella , Plescia Fabiana , Schillaci Domenico
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyanide‐Catalyzed Cyclizations via Aldimine Coupling.
Authors: Reich B. Jesse E. , Justice Aaron K. , Beckstead Brittany T. , Reibenspies Joseph H. , Miller Stephen A.
Published: June 2004

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A One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,3‐Benzoxazines.
Authors: Alkhathlan Hamad Z.
Published: June 2004

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Preparation of 5‐Amino‐6‐oxo‐1,6‐dihydro[1,2,4]triazine‐3‐carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Synthesis of Compound Libraries Thereof.
Authors: Gambert Romain , Kuratli Christoph , Martin Rainer E.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
4H‐Thieno[3,4‐e]‐ and 4H‐Pyrazolo[4,3‐e]‐1,2,4‐thiadiazine 1,1‐Dioxides. Synthesis, Chemical Properties and Evaluation of Their Potential Cardiovascular Activity.
Authors: Vega Salvador , Arranz Maria Esther
Published: June 2004

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A Powerful Route to C‐Functionalized Tetraazamacrocycles.
Authors: Boschetti Frederic , Denat Franck , Espinosa Enrique , Lagrange Jean‐Marie , Guilard Roger
Published: June 2004

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Preparation and Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Triethylammonium Bis(catechol) Silicates with Aryl Triflates.
Authors: Seganish W. Michael , DeShong Philip
Published: June 2004

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A One‐Pot Synthesis of Aryl‐N‐[(4‐Methylphenylsulfonyl)] ‐N‐(triphenylphosphoranylidene)imidocarbamates from 5‐Aryloxytetrazoles.
Authors: Modarresi‐Alam Ali Reza , Khamooshi Ferydoon
Published: June 2004

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The Regio‐ and Stereoselective One‐Pot Catalytic Preparation of β‐Selenyl Acrylamides.
Authors: Knapton Daniel J. , Meyer Tara Y.
Published: June 2004

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Reaction of Zirconacyclopentadienes with Ethynylferrocenes.
Authors: Dufkova Lenka , Matsumura Hiroshi , Necas David , Stepnicka Petr , Uhlik Filip , Kotora Martin
Published: June 2004

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A Direct meta‐Lithiation Route to 1,3‐Disubstituted Ferrocenes.
Authors: Pichon Christophe , Odell Barbara , Brown John M.
Published: June 2004

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Functionalized Spiro‐ and Fused‐Ring Heterocycles via Oxidative Demetalation of Cyclohexadienyl Ruthenium Complexes.
Authors: Pigge F. Christopher , Coniglio John J. , Rath Nigam P.
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of Chlorophyll‐a Skeleton Homologues Using Grignard Reaction with Methyl Pyropheophorbide‐a.
Authors: Wang Jin‐Jun , Shim Young Key , Jiang Gui‐Ji , Imafuku Kimiaki
Published: June 2004

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Four Illudane Sesquiterpenes from Coprinopsis episcopalis.
Authors: Reina Matias , Orihuela Juan C. , Gonzalez‐Coloma Azucena , de Ines Concepcion , de la Cruz Mercedes , Gonzalez del Val Antonio , Torno Jose R. , Fraga Braulio M.
Published: June 2004

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(.+‐.)‐Schefflone: A Trimeric Monoterpenoid from the Root Bark of Uvaria scheffleri
Authors: Nkunya Mayunga H. H. , Jonker Stephan A. , de Gelder Rene , Wachira Sabina W. , Kihampa Charles
Published: June 2004

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Fascicularones A and B from a Mycelial Culture of Naematoloma fasciculare
Authors: Shiono Yoshihito , Matsuzaka Ryutarou , Wakamatsu Hiroko , Muneta Kimiko , Murayama Tetsuya , Ikeda Michimasa
Published: June 2004

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Efficient Synthesis of S‐Linked Glycopeptides in Aqueous Solution by a Convergent Strategy.
Authors: Zhu Xiangming , Schmidt Richard R.
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of 4,4‐Difluoroglycosides Using Ring‐Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Audouard Christophe , Fawcett John , Griffiths Gerry A. , Percy Jonathan M. , Pintat Stephane , Smith Clive A.
Published: June 2004

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An Approach to Pancratistatins via Ring‐Closing Metathesis: Efficient Synthesis of Novel 1‐Aryl‐1‐deoxyconduritols F.
Authors: Nadein Oleg N. , Kornienko Alexander
Published: June 2004

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N‐(Phenylthio)‐ε‐caprolactam: A New Promoter for the Activation of Thioglycosides.
Authors: Duron Sergio G. , Polat Tuelay , Wong Chi‐Huey
Published: June 2004

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Total Synthesis of the Proposed Structures of Indole Alkaloids Lyaline and Lyadine.
Authors: Bennasar M.‐Lluisa , Roca Tomas , Monerris Manuel
Published: June 2004

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A Facile Synthesis of Benzo[c]phenanthridine Alkaloids: Oxynitidine and Oxysanguinarine Using Lithiated Toluamide—Benzonitrile Cycloaddition.
Authors: Le Thanh Nguyen , Gang Seong Gyoung , Cho Won‐Jea
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of Purine Nucleoside Analogues Derived from Carbocyclic 5‐C‐(Hydroxymethyl)hexopyranoses.
Authors: Hrebabecky Hubert , Masojidkova Milena , Holy Antonin
Published: June 2004

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Ring‐Expanded C‐Nucleoside Analogues of Tiazofurin
Authors: Cai Dongmei , Lin Kunhua , Song Maoping , You Tianpa
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of 5′‐C‐Methyl‐1′,3′‐dioxolan‐4′‐yl Nucleosides.
Authors: Du Jinfa , Patterson Steven , Shi Junxing , Chun Byoung‐Kwon , Stuyver Lieven J. , Watanabe Kyoichi A.
Published: June 2004

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A New Method of Solvent‐Free O‐ and N‐Glycosylation Using Activated Carbon Fiber (ACF) as a Promoter. Application to the Synthesis of Saponin and Nucleoside Analogues.
Authors: Lautrette Sophie , Granet Robert , Krausz Pierre
Published: June 2004

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Cyclic Azaphilones Daldinins E and F from the Ascomycete Fungus Hypoxylon fuscum (Xylariaceae)
Authors: Quang Dang Ngoc , Hashimoto Toshihiro , Tanaka Masami , Stadler Marc , Asakawa Yoshinori
Published: June 2004

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Total Synthesis of Angucyclines. Part 18. A Short and Efficient Synthesis of (+)‐Ochromycinone.
Authors: Krohn Karsten , Sohrab Md. Hossain , Floerke Ulrich
Published: June 2004

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Total Synthesis of (+)‐Belactosin A.
Authors: Armstrong Alan , Scutt James N.
Published: June 2004

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Sweet Success: Ionic Liquids Derived from Non‐Nutritive Sweeteners.
Authors: Carter Elke B. , Culver Stephanie L. , Fox Phillip A. , Goode Russell D. , Ntai Ioanna , Tickell Morgan D. , Traylor Rachel K. , Hoffman Norris W. , Davis James H. Jr.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Superfluid Helium Droplets: A Uniquely Cold Nanomatrix for Molecules and Molecular Complexes
Authors: Toennies J. Peter , Vilesov Andrey F.
Published: June 2004

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Recent Developments in Hard Magnetic Bulk Materials
Authors: Fidler Josef , Schrefl Thomas , Hoefinger Sabine , Hajduga Maciej
Published: June 2004

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Magnetic Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles from Microemulsions
Authors: Vestal Christy R. , Zhang Z. John
Published: June 2004

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Fe—La—P (Iron—Lanthanum—Phosphorus)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: June 2004

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High Nuclearity Clusters. Clusters and Aggregates with Paramagnetic Centers: Cyano‐ and Oxalato‐Bridged Systems
Authors: Pilkington M. , Decurtins S.
Published: June 2004

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Sandwich Complexes of Naphththalocyanine with the Rare Earth Metals
Authors: Jiang Jianzhuang , Liu Wei , Arnold Dennis P.
Published: June 2004

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Dithiolenes in More Complex Ligands
Authors: Sellmann Dieter , Sutter Joerg
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of Transition Metal Dithiolenes
Authors: Rauchfuss Thomas B.
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of Aromatic Species Containing a Heavier Group 14 Element by Taking Advantage of Kinetic Stabilization.
Authors: Tokitoh Norihiro
Published: June 2004

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Bioorganic Studies on Marine Natural Products with Bioactivity, such as Antitumor Activity and Feeding Attractance.
Authors: Suenaga Kiyotake
Published: June 2004

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Armed Cyclen Receptors: From Three Dimensional Cation Recognition to Supramolecular Architecture.
Authors: Tsukube Hiroshi , Shinoda Satoshi
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Functionally‐Substituted Alkoxyethylenes in Reactions with Nucleophiles. Part 1. Synthesis of Six‐Membered Heterocycles.
Authors: Dyachenko V. D. , Tkachev R. P.
Published: June 2004

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Chemistry of Halomethyl Thioketones
Authors: Voronkov M. G. , Shagun L. G. , Shagun V. A.
Published: June 2004

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Ring‐Closing Metathesis in the Synthesis of Cyclic α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Osipov S. N. , Dixneuf P.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
6‐Methyl‐3,4‐dioxo‐1H‐furo[3,4‐c]pyridine: Synthesis, Reactions and Biological Activity
Authors: Kaigorodova E. A.
Published: June 2004

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Recent Developments in the Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols.
Authors: Zhan Bi‐Zeng , Thompson Alison
Published: June 2004

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Recent Developments in the Maytansinoid Antitumor Agents
Authors: Cassady John M. , Chan Kenneth K. , Floss Heinz G. , Leistner Eckhard
Published: June 2004

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Chemoselective Ligation in Glycochemistry
Authors: Peri Francesco , Nicotra Francesco
Published: June 2004

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Hypervalent Iodine Reagents for the Oxidation of Alcohols and Their Application to Complex Molecule Synthesis
Authors: Tohma Hirofumi , Kita Yasuyuki
Published: June 2004

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α‐Hydroxylation of β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Christoffers Jens , Baro Angelika , Werner Thomas
Published: June 2004

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Solid Materials as Sources for Synthetically Useful Singlet Oxygen
Authors: Wahlen Joos , De Vos Dirk E. , Jacobs Pierre A. , Alsters Paul L.
Published: June 2004

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Biomimetic Chemical Catalysts in the Oxidative Activation of Drugs
Authors: Bernadou Jean , Meunier Bernard
Published: June 2004

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Bimetallic Pd/Cr and Pd/Mn Activation of Carbon—Halide Bonds in Organochromium and Organomanganese Complexes
Authors: Prim Damien , Andrioletti Bruno , Rose‐Munch Francoise , Rose Eric , Couty Francois
Published: June 2004

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Rational Ligand Design in Constructing Efficient Catalyst Systems for Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling
Authors: Miura Masahiro
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Beyond Thermodynamic Acidity: A Perspective on the Complex‐Induced Proximity Effect (CIPE) in Deprotonation Reactions
Authors: Whisler Marna C. , MacNeil Stephen , Snieckus Victor , Beak Peter
Published: June 2004

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β‐Lactam Synthesis by the Kinugasa Reaction
Authors: Marco‐Contelles Jose
Published: June 2004

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Nucleosides
Authors: Ferrier R. J.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Meccano on the Nanoscale — A Blueprint for Making Some of the World′s Tiniest Machines
Authors: Flood Amar H. , Ramirez Robert J. A. , Deng Wei‐Qiao , Muller Richard P. , Goddard William A. III , Stoddart J. Fraser
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Deoxy Sugars
Authors: Ferrier R. J.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Halogeno Sugars
Authors: Ferrier R. J.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile Approach to Bicyclo[n.2.0]alkan‐1‐ols: An Overview
Authors: Loughlin Wendy A.
Published: June 2004

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Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Oligosaccharides
Authors: Diederichsen Ulf , Wagner Thomas
Published: June 2004

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Isopavines as a New Class of Morphinomimetics
Authors: Casiraghi Giovanni , Zanardi Franca , Auzzas Luciana , Appendino Giovanni
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Pictet—Spengler Reaction in Solid‐Phase Combinatorial Chemistry
Authors: Nielsen Thomas E. , Diness Frederik , Meldal Morten
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Approaches to Phomactin A
Authors: Cole Kevin P. , Hsung Richard P.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Ambivalent Behavior of Aryl‐Functionalized Phosphines: Coordination, Hemilability and Beyond
Authors: Werner Helmut
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Homogeneous Hydrocarbon C—H Bond Activation and Functionalization with Platinum
Authors: Fekl Ulrich , Goldberg Karen I.
Published: June 2004

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Carbon Insertion into Carborane Clusters: A General Method for the Synthesis of Tri‐, Tetra‐ and Polycarbaborane Cages
Authors: Stibr Bohumil
Published: June 2004

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The Dimerisation of Phthalocyanines
Authors: Phillips David , Dhami Suman , Ostler Richard , Petrasek Zdenek
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Quest for Better Substrates and Catalysts in Arylation Reactions: Iron‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Grignard Reagents with Aryl Chlorides, Tosylates, and Triflates
Authors: Hooley Richard J. , Lee Chulbom
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Silica‐Supported Dendritic Chiral Auxiliaries for Enantioselective Addition of Diethylzinc to Benzaldehyde
Authors: Chung Young‐Min , Rhee Hyun‐Ku
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave in Organic Synthesis: Myth or Reality?
Authors: Panunzio Mauro , Campana Eileen , Martelli Giorgio , Vicennati Paola , Tamanini Emiliano
Published: June 2004

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Major and Minor Reactions in Fischer—Tropsch Synthesis on Cobalt Catalysts
Authors: Schulz Hans
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Combined Metal Catalysis and Biocatalysis for an Efficient Deracemization Process
Authors: Pamies Oscar , Backvall Jan‐E.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thiazolium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Aldehydes with Acylimines: A New Method for the Synthesis of α‐Amidoketones
Authors: Murry Jerry A. , Frantz Doug , Soheili Arash , Tillyer Richard , Grabowski Edward J. J. , Reider Paul J.
Published: June 2004

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Parallel and Rational Approaches to Catalyst Development
Authors: Gilbertson Scott R.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metal and Nonmetal Catalysts for Carbon——Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions Leading to Desymmetrized 1,4‐Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Rovis Tomislav
Published: June 2004

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Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of β‐2‐Amino Acids
Authors: Thompson Christopher F.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of the First Practical Catalyst for the Asymmetric Addition of Alkyl‐ and Arylzinc Reagents to Ketones
Authors: Betancort Juan M. , Garcia Celina , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: June 2004

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Si—Si/Si—C/Si—O/Si—N Coupling of Hydrosilanes to Useful Silicon‐Containing Materials
Authors: Kim Bo‐Hye , Cho Myong‐Shik , Woo Hee‐Gweon
Published: June 2004

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Biological Relevance and Synthesis of C‐Substituted Morpholine Derivatives
Authors: Wijtmans Roel , Vink Mandy K. S. , Schoemaker Hans E. , van Delft Floris L. , Blaauw Richard H. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: June 2004

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Synthesis of α‐Allenic Esters (Acids)
Authors: Miesch Michel
Published: June 2004

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New Molecular Systems Containing Silicon—Silicon Multiple Bonds
Authors: Iwamoto Takeaki , Kira Mitsuo
Published: June 2004

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Chemistry of Octasilacubane
Authors: Unno Masafumi , Matsumoto Hideyuki
Published: June 2004

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Development of Novel Oxidation Reactions in Water Using Hypervalent Iodine Reagents
Authors: Tohma Hirofumi , Kita Yasuyuki
Published: June 2004

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Simple Indole Alkaloids and Those with a Nonrearranged Monoterpenoid Unit
Authors: Somei Masanori , Yamada Fumio
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diterpenoids
Authors: Hanson James R.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Biocatalysis: Electrochemical Mechanisms of Respiration and Photosynthesis
Authors: Volkov Alexander G.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Developments in Modeling of Microbial Growth Kinetics and Intraparticle Phenomena in Solid State Fermentation
Authors: Mitchell David A. , von Meien Oscar F. , Krieger Nadia , Dalsenter Farah Diba H.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemical Analogues of the Catalytic Centers of Molybdenum and Tungsten Dithiolene‐Containing Enzymes
Authors: McMaster Jonathan , Tunney Josephine M. , Garner C. David
Published: June 2004

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Chemical Synthesis of Bacterial Carbohydrates
Authors: Pozsgay Vince
Published: June 2004

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Electrochemical DNA Sensors
Authors: Drummond T. Gregory , Hill Michael G. , Barton Jacqueline K.
Published: June 2004

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Charge Transfer and Charge Transport on the Double Helix
Authors: Armitage N. P. , Briman M. , Gruener G.
Published: June 2004

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“Paradox of Heterogeneous Catalysis”: Paradox or Regularity?
Authors: Ostrovskii Victor E.
Published: June 2004

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Macromolecular and Supramolecular Architectures Based on Fullerenes
Authors: Samal Shashadhar , Geckeler Kurt E.
Published: June 2004

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Molecular Similarity, Quantum Topology, and Shape
Authors: Mezey Paul G.
Published: June 2004

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Transition States and Transition Structures
Authors: Acevedo Orlando , Evanseck Jeffrey D.
Published: June 2004

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Solvent Simulation
Authors: Cummins Peter L. , Bliznyuk Andrey A. , Gready Jill E.
Published: June 2004

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Nonbonded Interactions
Authors: Scheiner Steve
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Potential and Limits of Speciated Isotope‐Dilution Analysis for Metrology and Assessing Environmental Reactivity
Authors: Monperrus M. , Krupp E. , Amouroux D. , Donard O. F. X. , Rodriguez Martin‐Doimeadios R. C.
Published: June 2004

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Pregosin P. S. , Rueegger H.
Published: June 2004

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Threading of Long End Functionalized Organic Molecules into Cyclodextrins: Structural Analysis in Aqueous Solution by NMR Spectroscopy and in the Solid State by X‐Ray Crystallography
Authors: Yannakopoulou K. , Mavridis I. M.
Published: June 2004

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FT/ICR—Mass Spectrometry in Nanotechnology: The Investigation of Metalloid Clusters
Authors: Weiss Katharina , Schnoeckel Hansgeorg
Published: June 2004

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Metal‐Organic Chemistry in the Gas Phase: Insight into Catalysis
Authors: Plattner Dietmar A.
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Current Strategies for Electrochemical Detection of DNA with Solid Electrodes
Authors: de‐los‐Santos‐Alvarez Patricia , Lobo‐Castanon M. Jesus , Miranda‐Ordieres Arturo J. , Tunon‐Blanco Paulino
Published: June 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Conformational Analysis of C‐Glycosides and Related Compounds: Programming Conformational Profiles of C‐ and O‐Glycosides
Authors: Goekjian Peter G. , Wei Alexander , Kishi Yoshito
Published: June 2004

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Reprecipitation Method for Organic Nanocrystals
Authors: Nakanishi H. , Oikawa H.
Published: June 2004

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Chronotopic organization of olfactory bulb axons in the lateral olfactory tract
Authors: Yamatani Hitoshi , Sato Yasufumi , Fujisawa Hajime , Hirata Tatsumi
Published: June 2004

The arrangement of axons in a tract can have a specific effect on the organization of functional neuronal circuits. Here we describe olfactory bulb axons chronologically arranged in the lateral olfactory tract. Newly differentiated projection neurons over the whole olfactory bulb are similarly marked with transient expression of c‐kit protein. Their axons are assembled together and project into the ventral superficial part of the tract, displacing the older axons. This special assembly of the axons explains the nontopographic relationships between the olfactory bulb and the lateral olfactory tract axons that have been described in previous studies and could possibly influence the subsequent selection of the olfactory target areas by these axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:247–260, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radial glia express aromatase in the injured zebra finch brain
Authors: Peterson Richard S. , Lee Diane W. , Fernando Gowry , Schlinger Barney A.
Published: June 2004

Estrogens have neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties. The synthesis of estrogen occurs via the expression of aromatase. Previous studies have shown that injury to the vertebrate brain results in a rapid and dramatic up‐regulation of aromatase expression in astrocytes around the lesion. As part of experiments examining injury‐induced glial aromatization, we identified aromatase in radial glia of the zebra finch brain. Adult female zebra finches received a penetrating injury to the right hippocampus. Twenty‐four hours after lesioning, birds were administered bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and sacrificed 2 hours, 1 day, or 7 days later. We determined the distribution of aromatase and BrdU labeling by using immunocytochemistry. Radial aromatase was localized to cells lining the lateral ventricle adjacent to the lesioned hippocampus. Injury also induced a dramatic accumulation of newly generated cells labeled with BrdU around the lesion. BrdU labeling was strongly associated with aromatase‐positive radial fibers, suggesting the migration of newly generated cells along these fibers. In the songbird brain, estrogen supports neuronal recruitment and promotes the survival and addition of new neurons. The presence of aromatase in radial glia provides a mechanism of estrogen delivery to postmitotic cells. Radial aromatization may be a key feature in the repair of the vertebrate brain following neural injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:261–269, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification and characterization of a specific sensory epithelium in the rat larynx
Authors: Sbarbati Andrea , Merigo Flavia , Benati Donatella , Tizzano Marco , Bernardi Paolo , Crescimanno Caterina , Osculati Francesco
Published: June 2004

A specific laryngeal sensory epithelium (SLSE), which includes arrays of solitary chemoreceptor cells, is described in the supraglottic region of the rat. Two plates of SLSE were found, one on each side of the larynx. The first plate was located in the ventrolateral wall of the larynx, and the second was located in the interarytenoidal region. In SLSE, immunoblotting showed the presence of α‐gustducin and phospholipase C β2 (PLCβ2), which are two markers of chemoreceptor cells. At immunocytochemistry, laryngeal immunoreactivity for α‐gustducin was localized mainly in solitary chemosensory cells. Double‐label immunocytochemistry using confocal microscopy demonstrated that α‐gustducin–expressing cells in large part colocalize type III IP3 receptor (IP3R3), another key molecule in bitter taste perception. However, some IP3R3–expressing cells do not colocalize α‐gustducin. At ultrastructural immunocytochemistry, these cells showed packed apical microvilli, clear cytoplasmic vesicles, and cytoneural junctions. SLSE was characterized by high permeability to a tracer due to poorly developed junctional contacts between superficial cells. Junctions were short in length and showed little contact with the terminal web. Ultrastructural analysis showed deep pits among the superficial cells. In SLSE, high density of intraepithelial nerve fibers was found. The lamina propria of the SLSE appeared thicker than that in other supraglottic regions. It was characterized by the presence of a well‐developed subepithelial nerve plexus. The immunocytochemical and ultrastructural data suggested that SLSE is a chemoreceptor located in an optimal position for detecting substances entering the larynx from the pharynx or the trachea. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:188–201, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional antennal lobe atlas of the male moth, Agrotis ipsilon: A tool to study structure–function correlation
Authors: Greiner Birgit , Gadenne Christophe , Anton Sylvia
Published: June 2004

The glomerular structure of the primary olfactory neuropil has long been thought to play an important role in odour coding. In insects, the number of glomeruli in the antennal lobe is limited in most species to fewer than 100 compared with more than 1,000 in vertebrates, making it possible to identify individual glomeruli. A complete three‐dimensional atlas of the glomeruli within the antennal lobe of the male noctuid moth Agrotis ipsilon was constructed. All 66 glomeruli were singly identifiable in both antennal lobes of the three brains investigated. Further, six antennal lobes containing intracellularly stained projection neurones were reconstructed. By using the atlas, the respective target glomerulus of each projection neurone could be identified. The importance of the glomerular atlas as a tool to study central olfactory processing and its plasticity is discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:202–210, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Somatostatin in the brain of the cave salamander, Hydromantes genei (Amphibia, Plethodontidae): Immunohistochemical localization and biochemical characterization
Authors: Mathieu Maura , Bruzzone Federica , Chartrel Nicolas , Serra Giuliana P. , Spiga Saturnino , Vallarino Mauro , Vaudry Hubert
Published: June 2004

The distribution of somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity in the brain of the cave salamander Hydromantes genei (Amphibia, Plethodontidae) was investigated by using two distinct antisera raised against somatostatin‐14. Most somatostatin‐positive cells were detected in the ependymal cell layer surrounding the ventricles. These cells possessed the typical morphological characteristics of tanycytes or radial glial cells. Double‐labeling with an antiserum against somatostatin and a monoclonal antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein showed that somatostatin‐immunoreactive cells lining the ventricles also exhibited GFAP‐like immunoreactivity. Injection of the neurotracer biocytin into the lateral ventricle revealed that neurons lining the ventricles did not contain somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity. In the telencephalon, somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity was confined to radial glial cells. In the diencephalon, in addition to somatostatin‐immunoreactive cells in the ependyma, positive cell bodies were also found in the periventricular preoptic nucleus, the infundibular nucleus, the epiphysis, and the subcommissural organ. In the metencephalon, positive cell bodies were found in the auricula cerebelli, whereas in the rhombencephalon numerous somatostatin‐immunoreactive cells were seen lining the ventricular cavity. Immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed in the hypothalamus‐median eminence complex. In the pituitary, a discrete group of somatostatin‐positive cells was found in the pars distalis. High‐performance liquid chromatography analysis of brain extracts revealed that the immunoreactive material coeluted with somatostatin‐14. The present results show that the somatostatin peptidergic system in the brain of the cave salamander has a more simple organization than those described in the brain of frog and other vertebrates. This feature is probably related to the expression of high pedomorphic characters in plethodontids. The distribution of somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity suggests that, in the cave salamander, somatostatin may act as a neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator, a central regulator of fluid homeostasis, and a hypophysiotropic neurohormone. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:163–176, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human neural stem cell transplants improve motor function in a rat model of Huntington's disease
Authors: McBride Jodi L. , Behrstock Soshana P. , Chen Er‐Yun , Jakel Rebekah J. , Siegel Irwin , Svendsen Clive N. , Kordower Jeffrey H.
Published: June 2004

The present study investigated the neuroanatomical and behavioral effects of human stem cell transplants into the striatum of quinolinic acid (QA)‐lesioned rats. Twenty‐four rats received unilateral QA (200 nM/μl) injections into the striatum. One week later, rats were transplanted with stem cells derived from human fetal cortex (12 weeks postconception) that were either 1) pretreated in culture media with the differentiating cytokine ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF; n = 9) or 2) allowed to grow in culture media alone (n = 7). Each rat was injected with a total of 200,000 cells. A third group of rats (n = 8) was given a sham injection of vehicle. Rats transplanted with human stem cells performed significantly better over the 8 weeks of testing on the cylinder test compared with those treated with vehicle (P ≤ 0.001). Stereological striatal volume analyses performed on Nissl‐stained sections revealed that rats transplanted with CNTF‐treated neurospheres had a 22% greater striatal volume on the lesioned side compared with those receiving transplants of untreated neurospheres (P = 0.0003) and a 26% greater striatal volume compared with rats injected with vehicle (P ≤ 0.0001). Numerous human nuclei‐positive cells were visualized in the striatum in both transplantation groups. Grafted cells were also observed in the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, and substantia nigra pars reticulata, areas of the basal ganglia receiving striatal projections. Some of the human nuclei‐positive cells coexpressed glial fibrillary acidic protein and NeuN, suggesting that they had differentiated into neurons and astrocytes. Taken together, these data demonstrate that striatal transplants of human fetal stem cells elicit behavioral and anatomical recovery in a rodent model of Huntington's disease. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:211–219, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of Drosophila fruitless‐gal4 transgenes reveals expression in male‐specific fruitless neurons and innervation of male reproductive structures
Authors: Billeter Jean‐Christophe , Goodwin Stephen F.
Published: June 2004

The fruitless (fru) gene acts in the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila melanogaster to establish male sexual behavior. Genetic dissection of the locus has shown that one of the fru gene's promoter, P1, controls the spatial and temporal expression of male‐specific FruM proteins critical to determining stereotypical male sexual behavior. By using the Gal4‐expression system, we show that a 16‐kb fragment of the fru P1 promoter's 5′ regulatory region drives the expression of Gal4 in a subset of FruM‐expressing neurons within both the pupal and adult CNS. Colocalization of FruM and a Gal4‐responsive reporter shows that the fru(P1)‐gal4 fusion construct generates expression in both previously characterized FruM‐expressing neurons as well as within cells of both the CNS and the peripheral nervous system that have not been demonstrated as FruM‐expressing. Gal4‐expressing neurons are shown to innervate abdominal organs directly relevant to fru function; specifically, the muscle of Lawrence (MOL) and the male internal reproductive organs. Innervations of the latter are shown to originate from identified FruM‐serotonergic neurons. Furthermore, we show that the MOL neuromuscular junction is sexually dimorphic. Finally, we describe Gal4 expression in neurites innervating male reproductive structures that are hypothesized to be targets of fru function. Isolation of the regulatory sequences controlling the expression of fru in the CNS, therefore, provides a potent tool for the manipulation of FruM‐expressing neurons and for understanding the cellular basis of Drosophila reproductive behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:270–287, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the regularity of flows with Ladyzhenskaya Shear‐dependent viscosity and slip or non‐slip boundary conditions
Authors: Beirão da Veiga H.
Published: June 2004

Navier‐Stokes equations with shear dependent viscosity under the classical non‐slip boundary condition have been introduced and studied, in the sixties, by O. A. Ladyzhenskaya and, in the case of gradient dependent viscosity, by J.‐L. Lions. A particular case is the well known Smagorinsky turbulence model. This is nowadays a central subject of investigation. On the other hand, boundary conditions of slip type seems to be more realistic in some situations, in particular in numerical applications. They are a main research subject. The existence of weak solutions u to the above problems, with slip (or non‐slip) type boundary conditions, is well known in many cases. However, regularity up to the boundary still presents many open questions. In what follows we present some regularity results, in the stationary case, for weak solutions to this kind of problems; see Theorems 3.1 and 3.2. The evolution problem is studied in the forthcoming paper [6]; see the remark at the end of the introduction. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Approach to self‐similarity in Smoluchowski's coagulation equations
Authors: Menon Govind , Pego Robert L.
Published: June 2004

We consider the approach to self‐similarity (or dynamical scaling) in Smoluchowski's equations of coagulation for the solvable kernels K(x, y) = 2, x + y and xy. In addition to the known self‐similar solutions with exponential tails, there are one‐parameter families of solutions with algebraic decay, whose form is related to heavy‐tailed distributions well‐known in probability theory. For K = 2 the size distribution is Mittag‐Leffler, and for K = x + y and K = xy it is a power‐law rescaling of a maximally skewed α‐stable Lévy distribution. We characterize completely the domains of attraction of all self‐similar solutions under weak convergence of measures. Our results are analogous to the classical characterization of stable distributions in probability theory. The proofs are simple, relying on the Laplace transform and a fundamental rigidity lemma for scaling limits. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of Chemical Shift Anisotropy Tensors of Carbonyl Nuclei in Proteins through Cross‐Correlated Relaxation in NMR
Authors: Cisnetti Federico , Loth Karine , Pelupessy Philippe , Bodenhausen Geoffrey
Published: June 2004

The principal components and orientations of the chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) tensors of nearly all 13C carbonyl nuclei in a small protein have been determined in isotropic solution by a combination of three complementary cross‐correlation measurements.
Approximate Solutions of the Bloch–McConnell Equations for Two‐Site Chemical Exchange
Authors: Abergel Daniel , Palmer Arthur G.
Published: June 2004

Approximate formulas for the transverse‐relaxation rate constant and resonance frequency have been derived for nuclear spins subject to two‐site chemical exchange. The new results are more accurate than previous approximations when chemical exchange does not approach the fast‐exchange limit or when site populations are not highly asymmetric. Results are derived from an effective average evolution operator that contains contributions from both exact eigenvalues of the Bloch–McConnell equations. These expressions are useful for interpretation of chemical exchange processes in NMR spectroscopy.
Rotor Modulations and Recoupling Strategies in 13C Solid‐State Magic‐Angle‐Spinning NMR Spectroscopy: Probing Molecular Orientation and Dynamics
Authors: Fischbach Ingrid , Ebert Florian , Spiess Hans Wolfgang , Schnell Ingo
Published: June 2004

Recoupling strategies for anisotropic interactions enable the investigation of molecular structure, order and dynamics in a sensitive and site‐specific fashion by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. Whereas magic‐angle spinning (MAS) efficiently averages anisotropic interactions and enhances spectral resolution, recoupling pulse sequences selectively restore certain parts of rotor‐modulated dipole–dipole couplings or chemical shift anisotropies (CSA). More specifically, it is possible to recouple either the ωR‐ or the 2ωR‐modulated terms of an interaction Hamiltonian, which exhibit different orientation dependencies and, in this way, provide a means of distinguishing whether the observed NMR spectra are affected by molecular motion or by molecular orientation. Sideband patterns generated by reconversion rotor encoding allow for a precise and selective determination of coupling constants and anisotropies, which contain site‐specific information on structure, orientation and/or dynamics of individual molecular segments. Corresponding recoupling schemes are presented in a common context, and the possibilities of exploiting these effects for the determination of order parameters of oriented materials, such as oriented polymer chains or extruded fibres of a discotic mesogen, are discussed. The obtained orientational order parameters are compared to results from two‐dimensional wide angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS).
Backbone‐Only Protein Solution Structures with a Combination of Classical and Paramagnetism‐Based Constraints: A Method that Can Be Scaled to Large Molecules
Authors: Barbieri Renato , Luchinat Claudio , Parigi Giacomo
Published: June 2004

Herein, it is shown that a medium‐resolution solution structure of a protein can be obtained with the sole assignment of the protein backbone and backbone‐related constraints if a derivative with a firmly bound paramagnetic metal is available. The proof‐of‐concept is provided on calbindin D9k, a calcium binding protein in which one of the two calcium ions can be selectively substituted by a paramagnetic lanthanide ion. The constraints used are HN (and Hα) nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs), hydrogen bonds, dihedral angle constraints from chemical shifts, and the following paramagnetism‐based constraints: 1) pseudocontact shifts, acquired by substituting one (or more) lanthanide(s) in the C‐terminal calcium binding site; 2) NHN residual dipolar couplings due to self‐orientation induced by the paramagnetic lanthanide(s); 3) cross‐correlations between the Curie and internuclear dipole–dipole interactions; and 4) paramagnetism‐induced relaxation rate enhancements. An upper distance limit for internuclear distances between any two backbone atoms was also given according to the molecular weight of the protein. For this purpose, the paramagnetism‐based constraints were collectively implemented in the program CYANA for solution structure determinations, similarly to what was previously done for the program DYANA. The method is intrinsically suitable for large molecular weight proteins.
Spectral Deconvolution of Chemical Mixtures by Covariance NMR
Authors: Zhang Fengli , Brüschweiler Rafael
Published: June 2004

A method is presented for the deconvolution of the NMR spectrum of a chemical mixture without requiring physical separation of its components. The method, which is termed “Demix”, is based on a principal component analysis of a series of one‐dimensional (1D) spectra that are statistically modulated during preparation and TOCSY mixing periods. The largest principal components correspond to the 1D NMR spectra of the scalar J‐coupled spin networks of the individual components of the mixture. The method is demonstrated for aqueous mixtures of the amino acids Glu, Leu, Lys, and Val.
Polarization‐Transfer Methods in Solid‐State Magic‐Angle‐Spinning NMR: Adiabatic CN Pulse Sequences
Authors: Verel René , Meier Beat H.
Published: June 2004

An adiabatic double‐quantum polarization‐transfer experiment is described. It can be characterized as an adiabatic variant of the POST‐C7 experiment. A continuous variation of the phase increment between pulses leads to the introduction of a fictitious Zeeman field that allows for an adiabatic passage through the recoupling condition. This results in a chemical‐shift‐offset‐compensated adiabatic experiment, which leads to an efficient and broadbanded polarization transfer or to a double‐quantum excitation. Similar variations of other C‐ or R‐type experiments can be envisioned.
Polymer Dynamics under Nanoscopic Constraints: The “Corset Effect” as Revealed by NMR Relaxometry and Diffusometry
Authors: Fatkullin Nail , Fischer Elmar , Mattea Carlos , Beginn Uwe , Kimmich Rainer
Published: June 2004

A spinodal demixing technique was employed for the preparation of linear poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) confined in nanoscopic strands, which in turn are embedded in a quasi‐solid methacrylate matrix impenetrable to PEO. Both the molecular weight of the PEO and the mean diameter of the strands are variable to a certain degree. Chain dynamics of the PEO in the molten state were examined with the aid of field‐gradient NMR diffusometry and field‐cycling NMR relaxometry. The dominating mechanism for translational displacements in the nanoscopic strands is shown to be reptation. A formalism for the evaluation of NMR diffusometry is presented, which permits the estimation of the mean PEO strand diameter. Samples of different composition revealed diameters in the range 9–58 nm, in reasonable agreement with electron micrographs. The time scale of the diffusion measurements was 10–300 ms. On the much shorter time scale of field‐cycling NMR relaxometry, 10−9–10−4 s, a frequency dispersion of the spin‐lattice relaxation time characteristic for reptation clearly showed up in all samples. An effective tube diameter of only 0.6 nm was found even when the strand diameter was larger than the radius of gyration of the PEO chain random coils. The finding that the tube diameter effective on the short time scale of field‐cycling NMR relaxometry is much smaller than the diameter of the confining structure is termed the “corset effect”, and is traced back to the lack of local free‐volume fluctuation capacity under nanoscale confinements. The order of magnitude of the “pore” diameter, at which the cross‐over from confined to bulk chain dynamics is expected, is estimated.
Sensitivity Enhancement in Two‐Dimensional Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy by Transverse Mixing
Authors: Tycko Robert
Published: June 2004

The sensitivity of two‐dimensional (2D) 13C–13C solid‐state NMR spectroscopy under magic‐angle spinning (MAS) is shown to be enhanced by the use of transverse polarization transfer in place of the conventional longitudinal polarization transfer. Experimental results are reported for 2D spectroscopy of a 20‐residue, filament‐forming peptide derived from the E. coli RecA protein, containing five uniformly 13C‐labeled residues, performed at 14.1 T with high‐speed MAS and with finite‐pulse radio‐frequency‐driven recoupling of dipolar interactions in the mixing period. Significant sensitivity enhancements observed at short mixing periods result from a more rapid build‐up of cross‐peaks under transverse mixing than under longitudinal mixing and from the ${\sqrt{2}}$ gain inherent in 2D measurements in which both orthogonal transverse polarization components in the t1 period contribute to each free‐induction decay signal detected in the t2 period.
Sensitivity Enhancement in 1D Heteronuclear NMR Spectroscopy via Single‐Scan Inverse Experiments
Authors: Mishkovsky Mor , Frydman Lucio
Published: June 2004

Measuring the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of low‐γ heteronuclei such as 15N constitutes an important analytical tool for the characterization of molecular structure and dynamics. The reduced resonance frequencies and magnetic moments of these heteronuclei, however, make the sensitivity of this kind of spectroscopy inherently lower than that of comparable 1H NMR observations. A well‐known solution to this sensitivity problem is indirect detection: a 2D NMR technique capable of enhancing the sensitivity of heteronuclear NMR by porting the actual data acquisition from the low‐γ nucleus to neighboring protons. This has become the standard method of observation in biomolecular NMR, where the resolution introduced by 2D spectroscopy is always a sought‐after commodity. Indirect detection, however, has not gained a wide appeal in organic chemistry or in in vivo investigations, where one‐dimensional heteronuclear NMR information usually suffices. The present study explores the possibility of retaining certain advantages derived from indirect detection while not giving up on the simple one‐dimensional nature of heteronuclear NMR, by relying on the spatial‐encoding scheme we have recently demonstrated for implementing single‐scan multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Preliminary results based on a 1D modification of this experiment confirm theoretical calculations suggesting that the sensitivity of 1D 15N NMR can be enhanced significantly in this manner; the relevance of this experiment given the advent of dedicated 1H‐observing cryogenic probeheads with very high sensitivities is briefly discussed.
Cover Picture: Foreword (ChemPhysChem 6/2004)
Authors: Ernst Richard R.
Published: June 2004

The cover picture shows Richard Ernst's tree of knowledge. The ladder symbolically represents NMR spectroscopy as a tool that allows one to pick some attractive fruits. This issue is dedicated to the development and demonstration of such ladders, as described by Ernst in the Foreword (p. 767).