bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stand Development and Economic Analysis of Alternative Cutting Methods in Northern Hardwoods: 32-Year Results
Authors: Erickson Michael D. , Reed David D. , Morz Gleen D.
Published: August 2019

Changes in stand quality and financial returns are evaluated for Upper Michigan northern hardwood stands managed for 32 years under eight alternative cutting techniques. Improvements in tree grade and stand soundness were greatest under a light improvement cutting method which support recommendations that bole quality improvement can be attained through selection type cuttings. Harvest revenues were maximized by a 12-in. diameter limit cut, followed by a 16-in. diameter limit and a light improvement cutting. In contrast, the managed forest value, assuming sustainable stand conditions have been achieved for all treatments, was maximized by the 16-in. diameter limit cut, followed closely by the light improvement treatment. Although the 16-in. diameter limit cut provided returns slightly greater than the light improvement cut and had a more even flow of revenues, it did not lead to quality improvements. These results support those of other studies which indicate the importance of considering economic criteria in developing silvicultural recommendations. North. J. Appl. For. 7:153-158, December 1990.
Site Index Curves and Site Factors Affecting the Growth of White Pine in Southern Ontario
Authors: Williams Peter A. , Gordon Andrew M. , Taylor Edward P.
Published: August 2019

The objectives of this project were to develop site index curves and provide soil-site information for southern Ontario white pine and to compare that information to similar information on white pine from other regions and to information on Norway spruce in the study area. Sampling points were selected in unthinned white pine plantations and classified by sod textural class (course, medium, and free) and depth to distinct mottling (0-16, 16-40, and 40 + in.). Two sets of anamorphic site index curves were constructed from stem analysis data, using a total age of 30 years (SI30) and a breast height age of 25 years (SIBH25) as base ages. Significant differences due to soil factors were found in the number of years it took seedlings to reach breast height (BH) (mean = 6 5 years; range = 3 to 11 years) but not in SIBH25. Years to BH was significantly greater on clayey sites than those with loamy or sandy textures (6.1 vs. 5.0 and 4.9 years). White pine height growth in the study area compared favorably with white pine height growth in New England, Wisconsin, and Ohio. When white pine height growth was compared to the growth of Norway spruce in the study area, SIBH25 values were significantly higher for Norway spruce but years to BH were significantly lower for white pine. On poorly drained sites, site index values for white pine and Norway spruce were similar, but it took 2.2 years less for white pine to reach breast height (7.2 vs. 5.0 years). On imperfectly and well-drained sites, white pine seedlings took less time than Norway spruce to reach BH, but the site index of Norway spruce was much greater. North. J. Appl. For. 7:183-186, December 1990.
Market Assessment and Economic Potential of the Red Pine Utility Pole Industry in Wisconsin
Authors: Harms Jan C. , Johnson James E. , Johnson Peter W. , Stier Jeffrey C. , Guries Raymond P.
Published: August 2019

Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin electric and telephone utilities use an estimated 278,000 distribution poles annually, of which 180,000-245,000 are 35 or 40 ft long and in pole Class 1, 2 or 3. Most poles are southern pine, Douglas-fir or western red cedar. Red pine's current market share is only 7%. Most utilities surveyed expressed a willingness to use red pine poles if they could be purchased at the same or at a slightly lower price than they currently pay for southern pine poles. A local pole production facility would benefit from Wisconsin's lower stumpage prices and transportation costs relative to those in the Pacific Northwest and the South. Wages are somewhat higher in Wisconsin than in competing regions, but on balance Wisconsin producers should initially enjoy a net cost advantage of $18-$38 per pole. As pole production expands, some of this cost advantage is expected to be passed on to timber growers in the form of higher stumpage prices. A single pole-treatment facility could treat 10,000-15,000 poles annually, and retain an additional one to two million dollars per year in the state economy. The regional demand appears to be sufficient to support several such plants. Whether sufficient pole material supply would be forthcoming from Wisconsin forests to support such plants is a crucial question that remains to be addressed. North. J. Appl. For. 7:189-193, December 1990.
Cubic and Board Foot Volume Models for the Central States
Authors: Hahn Jerold T. , Hansen Mark H.
Published: August 2019

This paper presents tree volume models developed for major timber species in the Central States (Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa). Models for estimating gross tree volume (either cubic foot or board foot International ¼-in. log rule) and percent cull were developed for 23 species or species groups. These models estimate volume based on observed dbh and tree site index. Nonlinear regression techniques were used to fit a Weibull-type function to estimate gross volume with a data set containing observations from more than 50,000 trees measured throughout the region. A simple linear model was used to estimate percent cull in a tree for each of several tree classes. These models are being used in the statewide inventories now underway in Missouri and Iowa and may be used by anyone desiring volume-per-tree estimates that are comparable to USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis estimates in these areas. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):47-57
Response of Eastern White Pine to Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Shephard Robert K. , Reams Gregory A. , Lemin Ronald C.
Published: August 2019

Plots were established in nine eastern white pine stands; six on outwash soils and three on till soils. Nitrogen was applied to the plots at rates of 0, 50, 100, and 200 lb/ac. Four-year growth response functions for basal area/ac and merchantable cubic ft volume/ac were developed. Basal area growth was 9.2 ft²/ac greater and volume growth was 235 ft³/ac greater on the till soils compared with the outwash soils, regardless of application rate Both basal area and volume growth increased as basal area/ac increased. Maximum basal area response, 5.7 ft²/ac, and maximum volume response, 198 ft³/ac, was estimated to occur at an application rate of approximately 160 lb of nitrogen/ac, with incremental response being greater at lower application rates. Fertilization at a rate of approximately 100 lb of nitrogen/ac appears to be a cost effective practice for many white pine stands. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):83-85.
Effect of Shelterwood Canopy Density on Sugar Maple Reproduction in Vermont
Authors: Tubbs Carl H. , Lamson Neil
Published: August 2019

To determine the best residual overstory density for sugar maple regeneration, five 3-ac blocks were established in northern hardwoods in Vermont, and three levels of shelterwood cutting were applied (30%, 60%, and 90% residual crown cover) as well as a clearcut and uncut treatment. Remeasurements after 8 years showed that a residual cover of 20-40%, coupled with removal of competing striped maple and ironwood saplings, produced satisfactory numbers and height growth of sugar maple regeneration. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):86-89.
Professional Forestry Assistance in New Hampshire Timber Sales
Authors: Clark Brian J. , Howard Theodore E. , Parker Richard G.
Published: August 2019

Two hundred and forty private individual forest landowners who harvested timber in New Hampshire during 1987-1988 were surveyed to ascertain their use of professional forestry assistance in marketing timber, identify the sources of assistance, and measure landowners' satisfaction with the assistance and harvest. The harvesters sampled were divided into assisted and nonassisted categories. The two groups differed significantly in terms of management planning, preparation of sale inventories, use of competitive bidding, contact use, and method of harvest. On average, the private individual land-owner using assistance owned more timberland, sold from more acres, merchandized more products from the sale, had slightly higher post-harvest satisfaction rates, and indicated that 95% of their land would still be available for future harvest. By examining the differences and similarities between assisted and unassisted private landowners, methods to enhance the use of assistance in private timber sales are offered. North. J. Appl. For. 9(1):14-18.
Black Walnut Provenance Performance in Kansas
Authors: Bresnan Damian F. , Geyer Wayne A. , Lynch Keith D. , Rink George
Published: August 2019

Fifteen seed sources of black walnut were planted at Manhattan, Kansas (39.2°N and 96.5°W) in 1967, the western edge of its natural range. After 22 years, height, dbh, and survival measurements revealed that local trees (Kansas) and trees from within 200 miles south of the planting site grew tallest. Height and dbh correlations were highly significant and increased when compared to successive 5-yr interval measurements. Geographic and climatic variables of seed sources did not provide a significant predictive regression model. Low survival limited the success of some sources, such as two from Indiana, in this Kansas plantation. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):41-43.
Assessment of Wounding at Two Commercially Thinned Jack Pine Sites
Authors: McLaughlin John A. , Pulkki Reino E.
Published: August 2019

The long-term effect of thinning on extent of aboveground wounding and effect of wounding on dbhob growth at two commercially thinned jack pine sites near Chapleau, Ontario, was studied. Conventional shortwood logging was used to strip-thin the Nimitz site in 1970. The Dupuis site was strip-thinned in 1973 with a Timberjack RW-30 tree-length harvester. The proportions of trees with wounds were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the thinned areas: Nimitz thinned, 13.9%; Nimitz unthinned, 3.6%; Dupuis thinned, 18 7%; and Dupuis unthinned, 7.5%. The logging system employed did not appear to affect overall wounding; however, there were significantly (P < 0.05) more deep wounds in the conventional shortwood thinned area. The differences between dbhob of wounded and nonwounded trees in thinned and unthinned areas at the Nimitz and Dupuis sites were contradictory and statistically insignificant. Wounding may be more important as an infection court for fungi than for its effect on overall diameter growth. The extent of wounding emphasizes the need for good planning and control, and the use of highly skilled workers. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):43-46.
Stumpage Price Reporting in the Northern United States
Authors: Lutz Jack , Howard Theodore E. , Sendak Paul E.
Published: August 2019

Data collection, processing, and dissemination methods of stumpage price reports in the northern United States vary considerably among the states due to differing objectives, markets, traditions, and budget constraints. Data are collected primarily from limited segments of the market with little quality control exerted by the compiling agencies. Prices are reported in terms of species, timber quality, and major product, and range from detailed lists to gross aggregates. Important areas for improving the price reports include more rapid dissemination, broader sampling of transactions, improved quality control and statistical analysis, and increased computerization. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):69-73.
Stability of Ponderosa Pine Provenance Performance: Results after 21 Years in Eastern South Dakota
Authors: Schaefer Peter R. , Baer Norman W.
Published: August 2019

Present seed source recommendations for ponderosa pine throughout most of the Great Plains are based on provenance data of trees up to 15 years old. There are indications in the literature that these recommendations may change as test plantations get older. Height and survival of 69 provenances of ponderosa pine were recorded 5, 10, 15, and 21 years following field establishment in 1968. The three provenances forming the north central Nebraska cluster maintained a significant height superiority over the remaining clusters at all measurement dates. Age/age correlations for total height growth declined over time; however, all were highly significant and the correlation between ages 10 and 21 was quite strong (r = 0.76). However, relative to the plantation mean, the growth rate of the rapid early growers was decreasing, while that of the slow early growers was increasing. Correlations between survival and growth rate were strong and highly significant at all ages, with the highest correlations for 5-or 10-year growth rate and 21-year survival (r = 0.74 and 0.75, respectively). If present growth trends continue, the historically strong age correlations for height growth will likely weaken. The impact on provenance recommendations should be minimal, because rapid early growth and long-term survival are the traits of interest. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):102-107.
Impact of Deer Browsing on Regeneration of Balsam Fir in Canaan Valley, West Virginia
Authors: Michael Edwin D.
Published: August 2019

I determined composition and regeneration of balsam fir stands during June 1991 at four sites in Canaan Valley, West Virginia. White-tailed deer had heavily browsed balsam fir, and regeneration did not appear adequate to replace the stands. There was an apparent correlation between relative deer abundance, as measured by numbers of pellet groups, and balsam fir regeneration. The site with the most deer had the fewest balsam fir seedlings (5/ac), and the site with the fewest deer had the most balsam fir seedlings (1040/ac). Balsam fir will probably be replaced by red spruce, one of the few tree species not commonly browsed by deer. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):89-90.
Vegetative Stabilization of Logging Roads and Skid Trails
Authors: Maynard Abigail A. , Hill David E.
Published: August 2019

Increased logging activity in the suburban forest heightens the risk of scarring the landscape and silting of streams, and it increases the need for specialized management to stabilize the soil with vegetation after harvest. Appropriate management requires evaluation of soil and seedbed characteristics and site conditions of slope and shade. This study evaluated the effects of site, fertilizer, and mulch on initial density of planted species, and subsequent invasion of volunteers from surrounding seed sources. The results can be used by foresters and loggers to develop more effective treatments to stabilize disturbed areas with vegetation. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):153-157.
DOSE ESTIMATION FOR CONTAMINATED SOIL STORAGE IN LIVING ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Takai Shizuka , Shimada Asako , Sawaguchi Takuma , Takeda Seiji , Kimura Hideo
Published: August 2019

After the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident, most of radiocesium-contaminated soil generated from decontamination activities outside Fukushima prefecture has been stored at decontamination sites such as schools, parks and residential lands (storage at sites) according to the Decontamination Guidelines. However, additional exposure due to the present storage has not been evaluated. Moreover, entering storage sites, which is not restricted for storage at sites, was not considered in safety assessment conducted in the guidelines. To continue the storage and confirm the effectiveness, understanding of present possible exposures is important. In this study, we evaluated exposure doses for residents and users of storage sites based on the present situation. As a result, annual doses due to residence were 10−2 to 10−3 mSv y–1 and doses due to annual entries were of the order of 10−3 mSv y–1. Hence, we confirmed that the exposure due to present storage outside Fukushima is significantly <1 mSv y–1.
Managing for High-Value Poles in the Loblolly-Shortleaf Belt
Authors: Burton James D.
Published: August 2019

Results of this study provide the practicing forester with guidelines on pole management. Beginning at age 20, second-growth loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) stands were managed under various thinning regimes for 25 years to determine how pole yield is affected by stand density and method of thinning. Thinning initially from above produced more poles while thinning initially from below resulted in longer poles and higher pole values. Profitable numbers of poles were grown under a range of residual stand densities from 55 to 130 square feet per acre. Sweep, the defect most commonly limiting pole length and merchantability, tended to diminish as trees grew older.
Tree Percent from Naturally Regenerated Shortleaf Pine
Authors: Yocom Herbert A. , Lawson Edwin R.
Published: August 2019

The percent of established seedlings from natural seed crops was .46, .88, and 1.41 for three 3-year seeding periods. Burning and logging disturbance enhanced seedbed conditions and increased tree percents, and burning caused a greater increase on undisturbed areas than on logging-disturbed areas. Intensive hardwood control on southern slopes decreased tree percents.
Subsoiling to Stimulate Flowering and Cone Production in a Loblolly Pine Seed Orchard
Authors: Gregory J. D. , Davey C. B.
Published: August 2019

Subsoiling in a loblolly pine seed orchard was studied in relation to female flowering, cone production, root growth, and soil bulk density. Subsoiling was conducted in late July 1973 in a nine-year-old seed orchard on sandy soil. The average number of female flowers per tree in 1974 and cones per tree in 1975 was considerably greater in the subsoiled plots than in the control plots. There was large tree-to-tree variability. The 1975 flower crop was not affected by the subsoiling treatments. Root excavations made two years after the subsoiling was done indicated vigorous generation and growth of new roots near the ends of cut roots. Soil bulk density was reduced in the upper soil horizons in and adjacent to the subsoiler slits. The stimulating effects on flowering by subsoiling are thought to result principally from the immediate physiological effects of root pruning.
Deer Utilization of Clearcuts in Southwestern Virginia
Authors: Blymyer Michael J. , Mosby Henry S.
Published: August 2019

An investigation of a 2-year-old and a 6-to 7-year-old clearcut compared with an uncut 60- to 100-year-old area, based on snow-track counts and mean pellet groups per acre, showed that the 2-year-old cut was most heavily used by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The 300 feet nearest the forest edge received the greatest utilization. Results suggest that clearcuts 10 chains in width would probably best meet deer management considerations, with the cut acreage adjusted within the range of 20 to 50 acres, depending upon the density of the deer population, topography, and logging economics.
Growth Responses of Loblolly Pine to Precommercial Thinning
Authors: Lohrey Richard E.
Published: August 2019

At age 16 years, average diameters and merchantable volumes were inversely related to density in a stand that was precommercially thinned at age 3. Heights of dominants and codominants were related to site factors and not to treatment effects. At residual stocking levels of 1,450 and 2,900 trees per acre, strip thinning was as effective as selective thinning.
An Application of Two-Stage Forest Sampling
Authors: Yandle David O. , White Fred M.
Published: August 2019

A method of two-stage forest sampling is presented. The first stage is Bitterlich sampling, and the second stage (subsampling) is by PPS sampling. The method is suitable for use in updating an earlier survey or in returning to the field to obtain intensive measurement for the selected subsample trees after the first-stage sampling has been completed. The necessary equations are given and their use shown by numerical example.
Expanding Role for the South in World Trade
Authors: Wisdom Harold W.
Published: August 2019

International trade in forest products has traditionally received little attention in the South. There are indications that this is changing as demand in wood-deficit countries increases. In 1974 the South exported $858 million in forest products. The South has an opportunity to become one of the world's major suppliers of wood fiber and, in the process, to strengthen its base for more intensive management of its own forest resources.
Which STX Bark Option is Best For Certain Appalachian Hardwoods?
Authors: Colaninno A. , Sheetz C. E. , DeMoss J. C. , Wiant H. V.
Published: August 2019

No single STX bark option was best for seven Appalachian hardwood species. The most appropriate option may vary for different species in the same genus and for the same species in different geographic areas.
Effects of
Seymeria cassioides Infestation on Pine Seedling and Sapling Growth
Authors: Fitzgerald C. H. , Schultz R. C. , Fortson J. C. , Terrell S.
Published: August 2019

The mortality of pine seedlings caused by seymeria [Seymeria cassioides (J. F. Gmelin) Blake] infestations has been documented. The results of our study in Georgia substantiate the suggestions of previous authors that growth losses occur in infested pine surviving attack and that increment losses extend into the following growing season.
Effect of Undercutting on Loblolly Pine Seedling Size and Its Relation to Root Growth Potential
Authors: Feret Peter P. , Kreh Richard E.
Published: August 2019

Loblolly pine seedlings undercut using five different treatments extending from July to September exhibited significant alteration of shoot and root biomass. Root growth potential (RGP) (measured by number of new elongating roots) was not significantly altered by undercutting. Undercutting did significantly alter the RGP/root weight ratio and the RGP/shoot weight ratio because of both concomitant changes in root and shoot biomass and changes in seedling physiology. Root growth potential and efficiency of existing old roots to produce new roots were not well correlated with seedling size.
Predicting Severity of Fusiform Rust in Young Loblolly and Slash Pine Stands in Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas
Authors: Anderson Robert L. , Cost Noel D. , McClure Joe P. , Ryan George
Published: August 2019

Resource managers need to know how severe fusiform rust is likely to be before they plant southern pine seedlings in an area. The system described allows the manager to estimate the probability of having different amounts of rust infection in newly established stands. By selecting the geographic location of a stand, the species, and the type of regeneration, the manager can assess these probabilities. The system allows the user to compare the probabilities for slash and loblolly pine and to select prevention techniques, such as the use of resistant planting stock.
Relationship of Total Height and Merchantable Height to DBH and Site Index in Natural Even-Aged Stands of Loblolly Pine in the Lower Piedmont
Authors: Brender Ernst V.
Published: August 2019

The total and merchantable heights of loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) growing in the Piedmont area can be predicted from the site index of the stand and the tree-diameter class.
Evaluation of a Loblolly Pine Plantation Thinning Model
Authors: Smith W. D. , Hafley W. L.
Published: August 2019

Eight long-term thinning studies of loblolly pine in plantations, established across the range of loblolly pine, are summarized for purposes of evaluation of a thinning model. The studies have been classified according to questions they addressed, such as intensity of selective thinning, intensity of row thinning, row versus selective thinning, and accelerated saw-timber production. Based on these studies the following inferences are made: 1. With selective thinning, total yield decreases and final stem size increases as intensity is increased. As rotation length is increased, the loss in total yield associated with increased intensity is diminished. 2. Row thinning, without successive selective thinning, reduces total yield proportional to the intensity of thinning, has little effect on average diameter, but significantly increases the diameter of dominant trees. 3. Row thinning combined with moderate to heavy selective thinning results in responses little different than from selective thinning alone. 4. With heavy early thinning, yields of 15 + Mbf are attainable in a 30 year rotation. Since the studies were not used in the development of the mathematical model being evaluated, they represent an independent test of the model. Thinning simulations based on the loblolly pine plantation growth and yield. model are compared with the reported observations from the eight studies, the intent being to test the veracity of the model with respect to its accuracy of prediction and consistency with regard to the inferences suggested by the studies. The comparisons presented demonstrate that the model performs well with regard to both accuracy and consistency. Recognizing that the studies were, in general, established under conditions much different than occur today, use of the model to expand the applicability of the inferences implied from the studies to current conditions is demonstrated.
Phosphorus and Nitrogen plus Phosphorus Fertilization in Loblolly Pine Stands at Establishment
Authors: Gent James A. , Allen H. Lee , Campbell Robert G.
Published: August 2019

The effect of phosphorus and nitrogen plus phosphorus fertilization at time of establishment on the early height and diameter growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was examined in 18 studies on the southeastern Lower Coastal Plain. Growth responses varied substantially by soil type. Stands on very poorly drained clay sites did not respond to fertilization, while stands on very poorly drained loams were the most responsive. Applications of nitrogen plus phosphorus gave consistently superior results when compared with phosphorus alone on poorly drained clay sites. Response to phosphorus alone generally proved superior or equal to nitrogen plus phosphorus on other soil-site types.

South J. Appl. For. 114-117, May 1986
Economics of Buying versus Leasing Timberlands
Authors: Klemperer W. David , Greber Brain J.
Published: August 2019

This paper illustrates decision guidelines for forest products firms deciding whether to buy or lease timberlands. Analyses include factors such as tax rates on ordinary income and capital gains, lease payments, interest rates, inflation, land costs, rates of land value-increase, and costs of debt. South. J. Appl. For. 10:211-214, Nov. 1986.
Hardwood Epicormic Branching—Small Knots but Large Losses
Authors: Stubbs Jack
Published: August 2019

Epicormic sprouting was studied in a seed-tree regeneration cut and a selection cut, both made in mature, previously unmanaged, creek bottomland hardwoods in the lower coastal plain of South Carolina. The total exposure that seed trees received probably created near-ideal conditions for maximum epicormic sprouting, which allowed species to be ranked by sprouting propensity and degree of sprouting variation within species. Cherrybark oak produced the most sprouts, followed in descending order by swamp chestnut oak, Shumard oak, sweetgum, and yellow-poplar. White and green ash did not sprout, and Shumard oak and yellow-poplar were quite variable in sprouting incidence. The selection cut showed that in this stand, primarily composed of cherrybark oak and sweetgum, neither degree of release, crown class, nor direction of opening had an appreciable effect on sprout initiation or sprout numbers. Cherrybark oak sprouted less profusely than in the seed-tree cut, but sweetgum did not. Epicormic sprouting hazard is an important consideration in deciding whether to use some form of selection management. South. J. Appl. For. 10:217-220, Nov. 1986.
Tree Injection for Early Pine Seedling Release in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas
Authors: Yeiser J. L.
Published: August 2019

Injected Roundup/2,4-D mix, Tordon 101 R, and Velpar L gave greater percent crown kills than did Banvel CST or Banvel/2,4-D mix. All treatments killed oaks more readily than hickories. Hickories ≥5 in. in dbh were the hardest to kill. Second-year pine seedling heights were greater for injected plots than untreated plots, but there were no differences in pine survival and height growth among herbicides. South. J. Appl. For. 10:249-251, Nov. 1986.
Diameter Distribution Yield Systems for Unthinned Cutover Site-Prepared Slash Pine Plantations in Southern Mississippi
Authors: Matney Thomas G. , Ledbetter Julia R. , Sullivan Alfred D.
Published: August 2019

Equations and procedures for estimating size class distributions of unthinned young slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem.) plantations on cutover site-prepared land in south Mississippi are described. Diameter distributions are approximated by determining the parameters of a three-parameterWeibull probability density function with expected arithmetic mean, quadratic mean, and minimum diameters equal to predicted. Stock tables are prepared from stand tables using compatible tree volume ratio/profile equations prepared from 150 stem analysis trees. The estimates of survival and yield in this study are based on typical stand conditions and are lower than those given by Dell et al. (1979) for ideal stand conditions. When the same survival functions are used in both models, however, both models predict yields that are nearly equal for most practical purposes. A FORTRANcomputer program is available from the authors for obtaining stand and stock tables from stand age, site index, and numbers of tree per acre. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):32-36.
Three-year Response of Pecan to Six Methods of Seedling Establishment
Authors: Meadows¹ J. S. , Toliver J. R.
Published: August 2019

Sweet pecan (Carya illinoensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch) seedlings were subjected to six methods of establishment at two locations in southern Louisiana. Two of the methods involved containerization and four involved top-clip-ping of bare-root seedlings. On a poor silty clay bottomland site,bare-root seedlings clipped to a 10-in. top and those left unclipped were the tallest after 3 years, averaging 22.2 in. and 20.6 in. in height, respectively. Third-year survival of seedlings clipped to a 10-in. top was 94% as compared to 85% for unclipped seedlings. Therefore, pecan seedlings planted on poor bottomland sites should be bare-root stock and may be clipped to a 10-in. top or left unclipped. On a good silt loam minor streambottom site, seedlings grown in containers in a greenhouse for 1 year prior to planting were the tallest, averaging 37.0 in. in height, 7.4 in. tallerthan unclipped bare-root seedlings. Third-year survival was greater than 91% for five of the six methods. Ideally, containerized seedlings should be used to artificially regenerate pecan on good minor streambottom sites. However, top-clipping of bare-root seedlings at planting time is not detrimental and results in good survival and growth for the first 3 years. South J. Appl. For. 11(1):56-59.
On-Board Log Truck Scales: Application to Southern Timber Harvesting
Authors: Shaffer Robert M. , McNeel Joseph F. , Overboe Paul D. , O'Rourke James
Published: August 2019

Case studies of electronic on-board log truck scales were conducted with cooperating logging contractors in Georgia and Virginia. The scales were found to accurately predict gross vehicle weight with less than 1.0% error. The cooperating contractors were able to reduce net load weightvariance by 0.52 tons and 1.14 tons, respectively. The investment in on-board scales produced an internal rate of return of 24.3% for the Georgia logger and 9.8% for the Virginia logger. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):112-116.
Soil Properties Dominate Yellow-Poplar Seedling Growth
Authors: Hay Ronald L. , Hammer R. David , Conn John P.
Published: August 2019

Topdressing of urea (224 kg/ha) in combination with Glomus mosseae inoculum produced the largest 1-0 yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) seedlings of 16 combinations of nursery fertilizer and endomycorrhizal treatments. However, after two years in an outplanting trial, significantdifferences in seedling size due to the nursery treatments had disappeared. The cause was traced to soil variability; five different soils were found within the 0.5 ha test site, varying in characteristics known to be important to yellow-poplar growth. Soil properties had occluded significanteffects of nursery culture treatments on seedling height growth and the effects continued through the fourth growing season. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):119-123.
Site-Index Comparisons for Naturally Seeded Loblolly Pine and Shortleaf Pine
Authors: Harrington Constance A.
Published: August 2019

Site-index comparisons were made between loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pine (P. echinata Mill.) based on 190 plots in 9 southern states. The relationship between site-index values for the two species appeared to be linear, with the mean difference in site index greateston poor sites and decreasing as site quality increased. Site-index prediction equations were developed for each species using site index of the other species or using site index plus one to three additional independent variables. The simple correlation between the site indexes of the two specieswas 0.855 (r² = 0.73). Somewhat higher correlation coefficients were obtained when elevation or slope was included as a second independent variable. Simple regression equations developed separately for plots east and west of the Mississippi River did not differ statistically. Separationof the plots into two groups, however, resulted in several multiple regression equations for each geographic division; these had slightly higher correlation coefficients than the simple regression equations. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):86-91.
Summer Wax Grafting of Loblolly Pine
Authors: McKeand Steven E. , Jett J. B. , Sprague Jerry R. , Todhunter Michael N.
Published: August 2019

Wax grafting methods that have been routinely used for winter dormant season grafting of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) have been developed for grafting of more succulent summer shoots. Under experimental conditions, scions covered with paraffin at approximately 185°F had significantlyhigher grafting success in one study and equal success in another study compared to scions covered with polyethylene bags or Parafilm® strips. Under operational conditions, grafting success of 85% was realized with summer wax grafting. Significant savings of time and money are possibleif summer wax grafting methods are used. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):96-99.
Stem-profile Functions for Predicting Multiple-Product Volumes in Natural Longleaf Pines
Authors: Farrar Robert M.
Published: August 2019

The stem-profile (taper) functions presented for natural longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) trees growing in the East Gulf region, when integrated, permit the prediction of volume between any two heights on a stem for three broad crown-ratio classes. Conversely, by iteration, thevolume between any two diameters on a stem can be predicted. The functions generally predict cubic-foot volumes that are within ± 0.5 ft³ of observed volume and account for at least 98% of the variation in observed volume. Comparisons are made with some existing D³H and volume-ratiovolume equations. Also, example applications of the functions are given along with an announcement (in the Appendix) of a computer program to evaluate the functions for cubic-foot volume. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):161-167.
Cubic-Foot Volume Equations for Loblolly Pine Trees in Cutover, Site-Prepared Plantations
Authors: Amateis Ralph L. , Burkhart Harold E.
Published: August 2019

Stem profile data from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees grown in cutover, site-prepared plantations across much of the South were used to develop total and merchantable cubic-foot volume equations. The equations presented here can be used for predicting total tree volume and merchantable volume to any height or top diameter limit. Implicit taper relationships associated with the merchantable volume equations allow prediction of upper stem diameters and heights. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):190-192.
Green and Dry-Weight Equations for Above-ground Components of Planted Loblolly Pine Trees in the West Gulf Region
Authors: Baldwin V. C.
Published: August 2019

Prediction equations based on 130 sample trees from thinned and unthinned loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in central Louisiana are presented for the green and dry weights of aboveground tree components. Sample trees ranged from 2 to 21 in. dbh, 18 to 94 ft in height and from 9 to 55 yr in age. Significant differences in partial stem weight between trees from thinned and unthinned stands required development of separate sets of weight ratio equations. The range of the studies' observations increases the predictive applicability of planted loblolly pine biomass equations. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):212-218.
Height Growth and Site Index Curves for Cherrybark Oak and Sweetgum in Mixed, Even-Aged Stands on the Minor Bottoms of Central Mississippi
Authors: Clatterbuck Wayne K.
Published: August 2019

A combination of stem analysis and height-age plot data procedures was used to construct height growth and site index curves for cherrybark oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia Ell.) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) in natural, even-aged stands on the minor bottoms of central Mississippi. Height growth is initially greater in sweetgum than cherrybark oak in these mixed stands. However, cherrybark oak height exceeds that of sweetgum at 20 to 25 years of age. Cherrybark oak continues to outgrow sweetgum, resulting in vertical canopy stratification. Cherrybark oak site index curves for the minor bottoms are shown to be different from those previously published for the major bottoms of the Mississippi River, but sweetgum site index curves are essentially the same. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):219-222.
Sawtimber as an Alternative Forest Management Strategy for Sites with a High Fusiform Rust Hazard
Authors: Froelich R. C.
Published: August 2019

High percentages of fusiform rust stem infection in slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) plantations make it impossible to obtain maximum fiber (pulpwood) yield. Whether sawtimber yields wilt also be reduced depends largely on initial stocking. Most plantations that develop as much as 60 to 70% stem infection should be capable of achieving their potential yield of sawtimber if 500 to 600 trees are living at the end of the first growing set, son. South J. Appl. For. 11(4):228-231.
Microcomputer-Based Software for Analyzing Harvesting Systems
Authors: Reisinger T. W. , Greene W. D. , McNeel J. F.
Published: August 2019

Several microcomputer-based programs have recently been developed for analyzing harvesting system cost and production problems. This paper evaluates and provides comparative information on three such programs: Auburn Harvesting Analyzer; Harvesting System Analyzer; and Harvesting System Simulator. A description of each program is presented, and the programs are tested using data from a mechanized tree-length system. Results of the analysis of these three programs compare closely with each other, and computed cost per cord was only slightly higher than an industry average for a similar system. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):37-41.
A Comparison of Methods for Estimating Cherrybark Oak Site Index
Authors: Aust W. M. , Hodges J. D.
Published: August 2019

Cherrybark oak site index values obtained by Baker and Broadfoot's field evaluation were compared to values from three sets of published curves for a range of age classes. The results demonstrate that Baker and Broadfoot's site evaluation technique is a reliable method for determining site index for cherrybark oak. The four methods gave comparable values except in the older age classes. South J. Appl. For. 12(2):115-116
A Preliminary Study of Geographic Variation in Fraser Fir Seedlings
Authors: Li Bailian , Jett J. B. , Weir R. J.
Published: August 2019

Open-pollinated progeny of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri: [Pursch] Poir.) from several elevations in each of five provenances were planted in the greenhouse, transplanted to a nursery, and then transplanted to three field locations in western North Carolina. Seedling total height, number of terminal buds, and root collar diameter were examined to determine the magnitude and patterns of variation in seedlings among and within populations. Significant differences among families were detected. Trees from low-elevation (1,500-1,650 m) of southern mountain sources such as Richland Balsam and Clingman's Dome showed better performance in all three field plantings than those from high-elevation and northern sources. Roan Mountain, where most seed is collected for commercial use, showed the least height growth in the study. South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):128-132.
Growth and Development of Two Sweetgum-Red Oak Stands From Origin Through 29 Years
Authors: Johnson Robert L. , Krinard Roger M.
Published: August 2019

The seed-tree method of regeneration was attempted on two sites, but the results were essentially the same as a clearcut because seeds contributed little to the regeneration. After 29 years, one stand produced 2,530 ft³/ac and the other produced 2,840 ft³/ac in trees ≥5.0 in. dbh. The sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)-red oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia, Q. nigra, and Q. phellos) stands reproduced to essentially the same species as the parent stands. Although the initial composition of the stands was quite different from the parent stands, they appear, through the processes of normal stand development, to be progressing toward stands that have essentially the same composition as the parent stands. Density in trees ≥1.0 in. dbh peaked between the 15th and 18th years. Cubic foot volumes in dominant-codominant trees at age 29 for the two areas were 52 and 76% sweetgum and 23 and 24% red oak. The oak component as a proportion of total overstory stocking increased with stand age. South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):73-78
The Fallacy of Preferred Species
Authors: Smith Walton R.
Published: August 2019

The popularity and market values of major hardwood lumber products occur in cycles, which makes the selection of preferred species a questionable practice in silvicultural treatments. The differences between the 1935 market values of specific lumber products and the values of the same products in later years, and the cycling of values and volume of specific lumber products from the North Carolina National Forests for a 29-year period (1957-1986) suggest that there should be less dependence on current prices and species popularity in planning future forests, and more consideration for soil protection and other nonmonetary values. South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):79-84.
Factors Affecting Natural Regeneration of Piedmont Hardwoods
Authors: Kays Jonathan S. , Smith David Wm. , Zedaker Shepard M. , Kreh Richard E.
Published: August 2019

Clear felling with whole-tree utilization was performed on six similar pairs of plots with a range of SI50 48-75 ft for white oak. Pairs of plots received either dormant or growing season harvests and spanned a typical range of Piedmont upland hardwood sites characterized by low-quality stems and poor species composition: White oak (Quercus alba L.), scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea Muenchh.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) sprouting decreased with increasing diameter, while chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), and sourwood (Oxydendron arboreum L.) did not. Sprouting of white oak stumps greater than 12 in. dbh and 80 years old was significantly increased with a dormant season harvest. In general, chestnut oak, yellow-poplar, sourwood, and red maple sprouted with high frequencies regardless of season of harvest, diameter, or age. South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):98-102.
Precommercial Thinning a Sapling-Sized Loblolly Pine Stand with Fire
Authors: Waldrop Thomas A. , Lloyd F. Thomas
Published: August 2019

A winter backing-fire in a natural 4-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand reduced stand density from 6,800 to 2,850 stems/ac, producing the effect of a thinning from below. Crown scorch was heavy, but needle consumption was infrequent. Mortality occurred when crown scorch exceeded 80% or needle consumption exceeded 20%. Much of the study area remained overstocked after burning and only a few areas within study plots were understocked. Diameter growth of surviving trees 1 year after burning was unaffected, but height growth was reduced by 33% compared to trees in unburned control plots. Growth of the first three flushes of terminal buds was reduced by prescribed burning, regardless of the degree of crown damage. Severe crown scorch caused an additional growth loss during the first flush. Additional research is required to develop guidelines for using fire for precommercial thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3): 203-207.
Performance of Diverse Provenances of Loblolly Pine Throughout the Southeastern United States
Authors: McKeand S. E. , Weir R. J. , Hatcher A. V.
Published: August 2019

Unimproved loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlots from Livingston Parish, LA, Marion County, FL, Gulf Hammock (Levy County), FL, and the Eastern Shore of MD and VA were established in field trials throughout the southeastern United States in 1975-1978. When compared to open-pollinatedfamilies from first-generation seed orchards at eight years of age, stem height and fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) resistance of Livingston Parish trees were better in most locations, but survival was generally poorer. In the northernmost environments,the Livingston Parish provenance grew poorly and had very poor survival, indicating a low adaptability to these sites. The two Florida provenances had average performance only in the deep South. The Eastern Shore provenance had average growth in Virginia and other colder climates both withinand outside the natural range of loblolly pine. In every region, Eastern Shore was above average in survival and exhibited the best rust resistance of any provenance tested. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):46-51
Sewage Sludge Increases Early Growth and Decreases Fusiform Rust Infection of Nursery-Run and Rust-Resistant Loblolly Pine
Authors: Stone Douglas M. , Powers Harry R.
Published: August 2019

An intensively prepared site in a high-rust hazard area was fertilized with municipal sewage sludge to provide 300 or 600 lb/ac total nitrogen before planting nursery-run and fusiform rust-resistant seedlings. Rust-resistant seedlings had significantly greater first-year survival andsignificantly lower rust infection at age 6. The sludge treatments increased 6-year diameter and volume growth and decreased rust infection significantly; there were no differences between the two sludge levels. Sludge fertilization significantly increased average height, diameter, and stemvolume of the largest 300 trees/ac and has begun to stimulate crown class differentiation. The greater growth of the larger trees did not alter the proportion infected by rust. Results indicate that even in areas of high-rust hazard, intensive site preparation and sludge fertilization canincrease early growth and accelerate stand development of loblolly pine if rust-resistant stock is planted. South J. Appl. For. 13(2):68-71.
Oak Mortality in Eastern Kentucky
Authors: Stringer Jeffrey W. , Kimmerer Thomas W. , Overstreet John C. , Dunn James P.
Published: August 2019

Canopy-tree mortality was assessed from 1985 through 1987 at Robinson Forest in eastern Kentucky. Red oaks, predominantly scarlet oak and black oak, experienced the greatest mortality followed by hickories, white oak, and chestnut oak. Mortality was concentrated in mixed red and whiteoak stands on relatively xeric mid- or upper-slope positions. Mortality was not severe in oak-pine stands on extremely xeric sites. The loss of red oaks in mixed oak stands is typical of the current mortality pattern in the southern Appalachians as well as past mortality associated with regionaldroughts. Mortality will probably continue, and these types of losses should be incorporated into management plans. Treatments to alleviate monetary losses include salvage cuts where feasible and treatments aimed at decreasing the basal area of black and scarlet oaks growing in stands whichare considered at risk. South. J. Appl. For. 13(2):86-91.