bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Para-literary Authorship: Colonial Education and the Uses of Literature
Authors: Warner Tobias
Published: January 2020

Colonial classrooms in French West Africa introduced literary studies to negotiate the perils of teaching colonized students to express themselves in their “own words.” Elite colonial schools became hotbeds of what can be called para-literary modes of authorship: students were obliged to draw on literary models, but could not appear to be writing literature. The central example is an archive of some eight hundred auto-ethnographies produced by elite West African students at the William Ponty School from 1933 to 1950. In order to graduate, students wrote ethnographies of their communities over their summer vacation. While students were urged to avoid “false literary descriptions,” in practice they were encouraged to mine literary techniques to produce accounts of their break with tradition and socialization as modern subjects. This chapter explores the impact of para-literary writing on literary production in French and vernacular languages and reflects on the terms in which literary history is imaginable.
Senghor’s Grammatology: The Political Imaginaries of Writing African Languages
Authors: Warner Tobias
Published: January 2020

In the 1950s, linguistic research became privileged terrain for articulating political and aesthetic visions in soon-to-be independent Senegal. The poet Léopold Sédar Senghor, Senegal’s eventual first president, made the study of African languages into a source of political and artistic legitimation even as he consecrated French as the language of culture. This chapter traces Senghor’s research on African languages and explores his intellectual rivalry with Cheikh Anta Diop, the progenitor of modern Wolof writing. After independence, polemics over how to write Wolof culminated in the censorship of Ousmane Sembène’s film Ceddo, which was banned for its use of a double letter “d” in its title (a spelling convention that Senghor had made illegal). This chapter explores how debates over writing systems came to figure the stakes of decolonization—who was authorized to speak for the past and who would shape the terms in which the future would be imagined.
Counterpoetics: Translation as Aesthetic Constraint in Sembène’s Mandabi and Ndao’s Buur Tilleen
Authors: Warner Tobias
Published: January 2020

Modern Wolof literature and film emerged in the 1960s, when artists set out to break with French and yet ended up being obliged to make francophone versions of their works anyway. This chapter explores how the first Wolof film and novel, Ousmane Sembène’s 1968 Mandabiand Cheikh Aliou Ndao’s 1967 Buur Tilleen,make creative use of this paradoxical situation. As a condition of his funding, Sembène had to shoot two versions of Mandabisimultaneously, with his actors performing first in Wolof and then in French. Ndao had to translate his Wolof novel into French after failing to find a publisher. Working between the multiple versions of these artworks that now exist (including the unreleased, French version of Mandabi), this chapter explores how Sembène and Ndao develop a multilingual strategy that can be called counterpoetics, which refashions the obligation to work in two languages into a productive aesthetic constraint.
Aesthetics After Austerity: Boubacar Boris Diop and the Work of Literature in Neoliberal Senegal
Authors: Warner Tobias
Published: January 2020

Beginning in the 1980s, Senegal became one of the first countries to accept structural adjustment loans from the IMF, resulting in a period of intense deregulation, privatization, and withdrawal of the state. The effects of structural adjustment were felt across the cultural field. As the state ceased trying to dictate the terms of culture, the horizon of political action for Wolof language literature and literacy activism shifted as well. This chapter examines how the oppositional stance of vernacular language advocates has been remade since the heyday of state-centered cultural policy. Since 1980 it has become difficult to sustain the nation-language-people unity that has often served as a regulative ideal for vernacularizations since Herder. Focusing on the work of the novelist Boubacar Boris Diop, this chapter analyzes how vernacular writers take stock of their age of austerity by developing strategies that satirize, query, and critique the uncertainties of literary address.
Out of Time: Decolonization and the Future of World Literature
Authors: Warner Tobias
Published: January 2020

This epilogue restages the book’s central arguments on the language question, translation, and literary comparison through a reading of Aimé Césaire’s 1966 play Une saison au Congo[A Season in the Congo] and its recent Wolof translation by Boubacar Boris Diop. The focus is on the nature of a separation between audience and address in Césaire’s play and on how this nature changes across the work’s different versions and circumstances. Through this reading, the epilogue models what a comparative method attuned to the variability of literature might resemble.This in turn sets the stage for a conclusion that reflects on the challenge decolonization continues to pose to world literature.
The influence of synthesis temperature on the HT-LiCoO2 crystallographic properties
Authors: Sallas Diego Viscovini de Carvalho , Kawata Bianca Akemi , Galão Olívio Fernandes , Chagas Luciana Gomes , Silva Paulo Rogério Catarini da , Guaita Maria Gabriella Detone , Urbano Alexandre
Published: January 2020

Grande parte do sucesso das baterias de íon-lítio à base de cobalto se deve à fácil síntese do HT-LiCoO2 por rotas sol-gel. Muitas rotas sol-gel reduziram a temperatura de síntese de 900 °C - para rotas de estado sólido - para 600 °C. No entanto, para se obter o composto HT-LCO por uma via química a temperaturas de calcinação moderadas, a taxa de aquecimento no estágio inicial da síntese deve ser alta. No entanto, em altas taxas de aquecimento, uma alta concentração de energia se desenvolve devido à combustão do agente quelante, causando uma grande e indesejável expansão volumétrica. Portanto, como forma de minimizar os efeitos da expansão volumétrica, a taxa de aquecimento na síntese foi investigada. Os resultados da difração de raios X mostraram que, usando uma baixa taxa de aquecimento, a formação da fase HT-LCO exige que mais do que a energia disponível a 600 oC para ser pura e se cristalize no grupo espacial desejado. No entanto, para a temperatura de calcinação de 800 °C, apenas 20 minutos foram suficientes para sintetizar uma fase HT-LCO cristalográfica com alto ordenamento. O tempo de síntese reduzido está possivelmente associado a uma alta homogeneização dos íons metálicos, uma vez que a expansão do gel é radicalmente reduzida. O LCO sintetizado a 800 °C por apenas 20 min mostrou capacidade de carga eletroquímica de cerca de 140 mAh g-1. Conclui-se que, controlando a cinética durante a etapa de aquecimento, na fase inicial da síntese, o HT-LCO é obtido com alto ordenamento cristalográfico, embora o tempo de síntese seja reduzido, possibilitando um processo de síntese economicamente mais atraente.
Commercial Litigation in Europe in Transformation: The Case of the Netherlands Commercial Court
Authors: Bauw Eddy
Published: January 2020

Commercial Litigation in Europe in Transformation: The Case of the Netherlands Commercial Court

The judicial landscape in Europe for commercial litigation is changing rapidly. Many EU countries are establishing international business courts or have done so recently. Unmistakably, the approaching Brexit has had an effect on this development. In the last decades England and Wales – more precise, the Commercial Court in London - has built up a leading position as the most popular jurisdiction for resolving commercial disputes. The central question for the coming years will be what effect the new commercial courts in practice will have on the current dominance of English law and the leading position of the London court. In this article I address this question by focusing on the development of a new commercial court in the Netherlands: the Netherlands Commercial Court (NCC).
Joinder of Non-Consenting Parties: The Singapore International Commercial Court Approach Meets Transnational Recognition and Enforcement
Authors: Stamboulakis Drossos , Crook Blake
Published: January 2020

Joinder of Non-Consenting Parties: The Singapore International Commercial Court Approach Meets Transnational Recognition and Enforcement

In this article we explore the approach of the Singapore International Commercial Court (the ‘SICC’) to jurisdiction and joinder of non-consenting parties, and way that any resulting judgments are likely to be treated by foreign enforcing courts. This novel juncture arises as international commercial courts, such as the SICC, rely predominantly upon party autonomy to enliven their jurisdiction over disputants. This does not require any territorial link of the parties or the dispute to the host jurisdiction (Singapore). At the same time, however, the SICC is granted a mandate under Singaporean law to join non-consenting parties, again with no necessary territorial link. Where such joinder occurs, any resulting judgment is likely to face significant difficulties if recognition and enforcement is sought outside of Singapore. To support this argument, we first set out the ways in which non-consenting disputants may be joined to proceedings before the SICC, and offer some initial thoughts on how these powers are likely to be exercised. Second, we argue that any such exercise of jurisdiction – that lacks either territorial or consent-based jurisdiction grounds – is unlikely to gain support internationally, by reference to transnational recognition and enforcement approaches, and the SICC’s most likely recognition and enforcement destinations. Finally, we offer some concluding remarks about the utility of international commercial court proceedings against non-consenting parties, including the possibility they may impact on domestic recognition and enforcement approaches in foreign States.
Cystic Lung Disease in an Adult Non-Smoker
Authors: Joshi Ambarish , Gupta Nitesh , Ish Pranav , Chakrabarti Shibdas
Published: January 2020

A 33-year-old non-smoking male who was a farmer by trade and had no other comorbidities presented with complaints of shortness of breath, left sided chest pain and dry cough which had bothered him for over the past 7 days [...]
Fractal dimension of time series estimated by the surface division method
Authors: Przekota Grzegorz
Published: January 2020

One of the most important issues to be settled in the analysis of time series is determining their variability andidentifying the process of shaping their values. In the classical approach, volatility is most often identified with the variance of growth rates.However, risk can be characterisednot only by the variability, but also by the predictability of the changes which can be evaluatedusing thefractal dimension. The aim of this paper is to presentthe applicability of the fractal dimension estimated by the surface division method tothe assessment ofthe properties of time series. The paper presents a method for determining the fractal dimension, its interpretation, significance tables and an example of its application. Fractal dimension has been used here to describe the properties of the time series of the WIG stockexchange index in 2014–2018 and the time series of the growth rates of the largest listed Polish companiesin 2015–2018. The applied methodmakesit possible toclassify a time series into one of three classesof series: persistent, random or antipersistent. Specific cases showthe differences between the use of standard deviation and fractal dimension for riskassessment. Fractal dimension appears here to be a method for assessing the degree of stability of variations.
Jan Długosz – Polish pioneer of state science
Authors: Kowaleski Jerzy T.
Published: January 2020

The main purpose of this article is to present verbal and numerical descriptions included in the works by Jan Długosz (the 15th-century Polish priest, annalist and historian) as a base for creating the statistical picture of the then economic situation of Polish regions, especially in the micro-scale (parishes, deaneries) and the mezzo-scale (dioceses). Jan Długosz’s biography and selected works were discussed in the study. The study focuses on the elements of state science in his works, particularly in Regestrum Ecclesiae Cracoviensisand in the introduction to Annales(the enumeration and description of Polish rivers, lakes and waterfront cities – Chorographia), as well as on the detailed description of the economic situation presented in Liber beneficiorum. This Długosz’s work along with the corresponding registers or inventories of church wages in the Poznań and Wrocław dioceses constitute a significant source for state science studies concerning the history of economy in Poland at the end of the Middle Ages.
The Making of the Modern Death Penalty in Jim Crow North Carolina
Authors: Kotch Seth
Published: January 2020

focuses on the transition from local public hangings to state-controlled electrocutions in North Carolina in the early twentieth century. The chapter addresses the impact of this shift on African American communities. Although the death penalty had long served as an instrument of racial control, the ritual of a local hanging nevertheless had allowed the condemned and black witnesses a public space to express religious convictions and honor the condemned’s suffering. Once the state seized control of this ritual, African Americans were largely excluded as witnesses. The modern death penalty thus came to represent the racial subjugation of Jim Crow, indeed having more in common with lynchings than legal hangings had.
Introduction
Authors: Wood Amy Louise , Ring Natalie J.
Published: January 2020

The introduction outlines the central themes of this collection: the problem of southern distinctiveness; the modernization of the criminal justice system and the centralization of state power; and the relationship between crime control and white supremacy in the Jim Crow South. In doing so, it offers an overview of criminal justice history in the South from the antebellum era through the rise and decline of convict leasing in the postbellum era to the development of new practices surrounding policing, incarceration, and capital punishment after 1890. It also explains the significance of this collection to the historiography on criminal justice in the South, as well as to understanding problems in our present-day penal system. Finally, the introduction summarizes each chapter in the collection.
The New Yorker: George D. Stoddard
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

Stoddard, president of the university from 1946 to 1953, was a controversial man, an East Coaster, a liberal, and an internationalist. Through much of his tenure he had difficult relations with both the university’s board of trustees and the state legislature, and he also faced opposition from conservative faculty at UI. A scandal over a phony cancer cure brought undesired publicity to the school and was the last in a series of controversies that led to his dismissal by the board in a late-night Illini Union meeting.
The Communist TA: Edward Yellin
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

Yellin was a youthful member of the Communist Party prior to his enrollment at Illinois as an engineering graduate student and recipient of a paid university fellowship. When he was found guilty of four charges of contempt of Congress for refusing to cooperate with the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), the university suspended him, then later rescinded the suspension, all with no apparent involvement by President Henry. The United States Supreme Court eventually overturned Yellin’s conviction.
The Civil Rights Movement and the University
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

Newspaper headlines were shifting from stories of worldwide communist aggression and subversion to commentary on the civil rights movement sweeping the southern states. Televised news programs were gaining in popularity, showcasing the protests and protesters regularly on the networks’ evening broadcasts. The movement introduced sit-ins as an effective protest tool, and the tactic spread north, even to a Champaign City Council meeting, with university students involved.
The University Delays
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

Dean of Students Millet assumed the point position on the DuBois issue, making public statements regarding the status, reviews, analyses, and delays in decision-making. A faculty committee recommended club recognition. Campus activists, from Young Socialists to student senators, declared the DuBois issue one of “Free Speech” (mimicking Berkeley), created an ad hoc committee, and birthed a campus free-speech movement. Henry declared a reorganization, creating a new chancellor position to manage the main campus and named Jack W. Peltason to the job. The first campus antiwar speak-out was organized. Phil Durrett and Vic Berkey advanced as movement leaders.
Passing the Buck
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

Henry announced he’d taken the DuBois Club decision out of Millet’s hands and passed it to a committee of the board of trustees. Millet appeared relieved to be done with it. The president had faced situations of this nature in the past and successfully managed through them. Tensions between campus activists and university administrators increased, as evidenced in a Millet appearance at an SDS meeting that only served to agitate his audience. His talk was criticized in a Daily Illini editorial that alluded to “Berkeley riots.”
The Legislature Speaks
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

The state senate pressured the board to rescind the decision on the DuBois Club under threat of budgetary implications for the university; the governor supported the board. Letters poured into the president’s office, and Henry asked Millet to delay implementation of the decision. A bill to repeal the Clabaugh Act was introduced in the legislature and easily defeated. A campus Committee to End the War was formed. At the University of Wisconsin a Dow Chemical campus recruiter drew protests. The chapter also examines a little-known Illinois connection with Dow’s napalm product.
A Movement Is Born
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

Energies around the DuBois Club issue, the Clabaugh Act, national civil rights activism, and growing antiwar agitation all flowed together to make 1967 a watershed year for protest on the campus. An anti-Clabaugh Act event at the Chicago campus sparked sympathy demonstrations on the Urbana campus quadrangle that grew day by day. Activists formed SACA, Students Against the Clabaugh Act, and Vern Fein arose as a movement leader. Rallies on the quad called for a public meeting with Henry to discuss the Clabaugh Act. Henry demurred.
The Aftermath
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

In the aftermath of the Dow sit-in, the university became bogged down in bureaucracy as it attempted to adapt its disciplinary procedures to the acts committed: students worked first to ensure their complicity and then to avoid punishment; law faculty leaped to their defense; the public, legislature, and newspapers rushed to share their opinions. Five graduate students and fifteen undergrads were brought before two separate committees, which announced contradictory light sentences for the grads and expulsion for the undergrads. Hundreds rallied on the quad to protest the expulsions, which were rescinded within days, with equal light punishment meted for all. Forty-seven others eventually received the same.
1968: The Wildest Year
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

With an escalated Vietnam war, domestic riots, assassinations, the Chicago convention, a presidential campaign, and worldwide student rebellions all contributing to a widespread sense of events having run out of all control, 1968 was a year marked for history. On the Illinois campus, where activists were hard pressed to keep up with events, much less understand or influence them, the year would be pivotal for the movement as establishment forces introduced an unprecedented level of violence directed at students for the first time in U.S. history. Activist reaction to the establishment violence would determine the future of the student movement.
Fall ’68: Project 500
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

Barely noticed that summer, the Clabaugh Act was struck down, as time had moved on. Project 500 began with a setback, as new black students meeting in the Illini Union to air grievances were rounded up and arrested even before the school year had begun. David Eisenman, foreseeing the program’s problems, suggested the chancellor could have resolved it amicably. The Chicago Tribune falsely inflated the situation into a riot, legislators loudly demanded answers, and the Black Student Association (BSA) blamed the administration. In the end the trustees supported the program; with most charges dropped grievances negotiated, classes began.
Black and White Together
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

Legislators, not differentiating between whites and blacks, blamed student unrest on communist influence. Students Against Racism (SAR) formed, called an unsuccessful strike, then rallied a crowd to confront trustees arriving for a board meeting, where Peltason declared Project 500 a success, announcing it would grow to seven hundred new enrollees. Late in the semester SDS members disrupted a speech by Henry and received loud jeers from his audience; violence in the C-U community spread to the campus, where a student was injured building a bomb in his frat house. That summer, Steve Schmidt was arrested, tried, and sentenced. He began his prison term.
April: Quiet between the Storms
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

Soon GE departed, as did the guardsmen; calm returned until a firebomb went through the window of the Champaign Federal Building. RU rallies restarted protesting Illiac IV, Kunstler was re-invited; failed firebombs were found in Lincoln and Altgeld Halls, but a successful device burned an Air Force recruiting office in Urbana nearly to the ground. President Henry, seeking less demanding work, announced his retirement; Jim Larabee, arrested in the recent riots, declared that worse was yet to come, and a blue-ribbon commission on campus tension agreed, declaring turmoil was not likely to cease while social ills prevailed.
Extra at the End
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

The strike days had a playful spirit, but in the evenings student mood darkened; they threw rocks, broke windows; violence spread. On Saturday rain was predicted but instead the sun shone and a peaceful Illiac rally drew thousands; however, with a late afternoon march to the building site, the mood changed and trouble emerged. Crowds took over Green Street, police and guardsmen cleared it; state troopers arrived, pushing, shoving, and making arbitrary arrests. The crowd grew angry, and soon mayhem reigned across the campus--but then the rain came, the crowds dispersed, and the violence ended.
On Agency
Authors: Metz Michael V.
Published: January 2020

We looked to find significance in the sixties, examined the university and a privileged generation faced with moral challenges who would not accept the answers offered, demanded better, and in so doing helped end a wretched war. But with that, they did not change the world the way they had hoped, instead reaching the limits of their agency and accepting the world as it was, knowing they had failed to make a revolution. Even with such failure, they remembered that as such a movement had happened once, and in the arc of history, if and when the times demanded, it would happen again.
Coming into Being
Authors: Bryant Kendra N.
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, the author bears witness to the life-changing effects of the self-liberating theory and practice of women of color feminism. By way of Alice Walker, she honors and describes the pedagogical approaches, as well as the spirituality, of four professors whose womanist attitudes—which were implied through their required reading assignments and classroom discussions—informed and liberated her personhood. Written in an epistolary style, her essay is a narration of her experiences in each of her professors’ graduate studies classrooms. She also includes original poems inspired by both classroom readings and her professors’ humanity in order to illustrate her transformation. Clearly, as she writes from a deeply heartfelt location, her “professors” of womanism made a life-changing impression on her.
Professing the Liberatory Power of Womanism
Authors: Lemons Gary L.
Published: January 2020

Narrating his journey toward becoming a black male professor of feminism, in this chapter the author identifies himself as a “black male outsider.” He writes about how his study writings by black/feminists of color helped him to accept his difference as a male who grew up on the margins of the “black community” in which he lived. Not only does he credit Alice Walker’s idea of womanism as personally and politically self-transformative for him, he also acknowledges bell hooks’s belief that men can be feminist comrades. In the chapter, he focuses on experiences teaching course-work on “writings by radical black/women of color” in departments of English and women’s studies at the university where he teaches. He employs autocritography as a genre that interweaves memoir with social criticism to express his commitment to the practice of womanist pedagogy.
Transgenero Performance
Authors: Arreola Dora
Published: January 2020

Validating the practice of art for the empowerment of female identity and contesting borders of gender and sexual identities, in this chapter, the author describes the collaborative process of Mujeres en Ritual Danza-Teatro, a cross-border, all-women dance-theatre company, which she founded in 1999 in Tijuana, Mexico. Rooted in ritual and contemporary techniques of physical theatre, the work of Mujeres en Ritual explores the limits of gender, taboo sexuality, and culture in the border region. It examines the exploitation of women’s bodies as an extension of U.S.-Mexico relations and political economy. Through a community-based process with women on both sides of the border, the company experiments with gender transgression and transformation to arrive at transgenero (“transgender” and “trans-genre”) performance.
Soy Mujer Cuando …
Authors: Assaf Andrea
Published: January 2020

The author of this poem demonstrates the artistic, living power of empathetic imagination. “Soy Mujer Cuando . . . A Collective Poem” is a poetic excerpt from the theatre work Fronteras Desviadas/Deviant Borders. Bilingual in its conception and written in collaboration with the acting company known as Mujeres en Ritual Danza-Teatro, the author composed the poem in a community-based process with women on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border in 2004. Conceptually, Soy Mujer Cuando comprises three parts as a recurrent thread throughout the poem. The first two parts incorporate the multiple voices of women from the community and the ensemble of collaborating artists.
Now Is Not the Time for Silence
Authors: Green Fanni V.
Published: January 2020

Focused on the author’s work as a womanist playwright, director, and acting professor, this chapter reveals the personal, political, and performative implications of her most recent play, What the Heart Remembers: the Women and Children of Darfur, a choreo-poem for voice, dance, and percussion. In this chapter, she writes about the conceptual process of the “choreo-poem” and her journey toward its production. As an artistic-activist educator, she utilizes the play’s thematic focus as her personal response to the gender politics of genocide and ongoing civil war between North and South Sudan, in Africa. She not only reflects upon her position as a black/woman of color, she also addresses the politics of race and gender border-crossing involved in the play’s production related to her collaboration with her colleague (a white female dance professor and choreographer for the play). In 2012, she and her colleague premiered What the Heart Remembers in Scotland at the Edinburgh International Theatre Festival.
“I Come from a Dream Deferred”
Authors: Sutherlin Erica C.
Published: January 2020

The author of the poem “I Come from a Dream Deferred” speaks unapologetically about the complex identity politics related to the herstory of “Third World” women in the United States. The poem’s theme resonates within the twists and turns of strategic movement for survival—not only in body, but mind and spirit as well. It is insightfully clear that the territorial background the poet’s narrator finds herself tied down to is filled with a politics of race, gender, class, and sexual identities violated by institutionalized and systemic power dynamics perpetuating a politics of inhumanity toward the “Other”—especially connected to the subjugation of the feminine. However, the narrator clearly comprehends what enabled her to survive that which she was not meant on earth to survive. According to her, it’s a “soul” matter determined by “the source [known as] the spirit,” the only “one, the god,” who possessed the power to [give] birth to the feminine.” The life-giver of the feminine that the narrator references here is the same inspirited one that Alice Walker references.
Engaging Taco Truck Space
Authors: Lemon Robert
Published: January 2020

This introduction places taco trucks within a historical context and presents geographical concepts that are used throughout the book. It briefly reviews Mexican street food origins, from the Aztec capital's cuisine to modern-day tacos in Los Angeles. It takes a close look at the advent of the taco truck in California and how taco trucks mirror Mexican immigration patterns across the nation. The chapter then discusses the ways taco trucks fit into contemporary geographic discourses related to landscape contestation, sociospatial practices, urban policy, city planning, food studies, and cultural landscape studies. It presents the friction of how taco trucks--as an expression of the informal economy--are emerging within rationally controlled cities, and that a community’s definition of “quality of life” most often determines a taco truck's place within a city.
Formalizing San Francisco’s Informal Street Food Vendors
Authors: Lemon Robert
Published: January 2020

In San Francisco, young economic developers help immigrant women turn their small, informal businesses into thriving corporations, while others try to take advantage of the boom in boutique food trucks. These entrepreneurs discuss how they package and market street foods for middle-class consumption. The chapter introduces basic urban geographic concepts, such as cultural capital, cosmopolitanism, symbolic capital, social distinction, and the geographic imagination. It argues that elevating immigrant foods for middle-class consumption creates complex issues that pertain to cultural appropriation, which can cause ethnic exclusion and spur gentrification.
Community Conflict and Cuisine in Columbus
Authors: Lemon Robert
Published: January 2020

Chapter Five looks at the appearance of taco trucks in Columbus, Ohio’s west side in the early 2000s and the progression of the community’s initially negative perception of the trucks to a positive one as the trucks have become a more integral part of the neighborhood. In so doing, the chapter evaluates the ways in which taco trucks have become symbolic of a cultural transgression. The taco truck thus interrupts previous established cultural boundaries of the neighborhood’s spaces and is deemed out of place by the previous community residents. The chapter demonstrates how, through cooking and eating practices that foster conviviality, an immigrant group can culturally redraw social boundaries to redefine culture.
Traces, Specks, and Glimmers
Authors: Potter Susan
Published: January 2020

The early cinema of attractions evidences a capacity for generating unruly and multivalent forms of erotic attraction and visual pleasure, even as it also registers transformations in sexual knowledge and experiences of embodied desire and erotic identity. The chapter argues that attempts in early films to eroticize sexual difference and establish a gendered scopic hierarchy also represent a discursive effort to transform—by visually de-privileging, suppressing, or eliding—the differently ordered homoerotic visual pleasures and practices of looking of the late nineteenth century. These often forgotten moments of disrupted same-sex intimacy or voyeurism demonstrate the expansion of discourses of sexuality and nascent efforts to discipline the homoerotic, even as their effects remain fleeting and unpredictable.
Queer Character
Authors: Potter Susan
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers early cinema’s sexuality effects through a case study of the representation of sexual inversion and lesbian desire in the sex-change comedy A Florida Enchantment (dir. Sydney Drew, Vitagraph, 1914). The chapter argues that a female figure tangential to the main narrative, and whose erotic desires or orientations remain puzzlingly opaque, demonstrates how the reliance on even rudimentary forms of character motivation to sustain narrative clarity is also productive of novel, albeit nascent, forms of sexual legibility. This effect cannot be considered in isolation from a second, in which the coding of heterosexual desire as transparently legible depends paradoxically on forms of both knowledge and ignorance pertaining to the sexual import of homoerotic forms of intimacy.
Mobilizing Genre
Authors: Potter Susan
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers the sexuality effects of a film released on the cusp of the transition to sound and which redeploys the codes of a nearly exhausted genre, the flapper film. While several scholars have read The Wild Party (dir. Dorothy Arzner, Paramount Lasky, 1929) in terms of its lesbian subtext, a mode of interpretation shaped by a representational regime that postdates the film’s release, this chapter traces how the visual erotics mobilized across the entire film render such scenes sexually legible. “Mobilizing Genre” argues that the site through which lesbian possibilities are paradoxically screened—that is, both projected and hidden from view—is the sexualized and kinetic body of the feminine flapper. In failing to anchor same-sex desire definitively to any one sexual category, The Wild Party’s sexual kinesthetics demonstrate the centrality of same-sex desire to female spectatorship in Hollywood cinema, and its intimate and productive relation to new erotic discourses of both homo- and heterosexuality.
Economic Development, Immigration, and the “Labors of Expropriation”
Authors: Struthers David M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the economic development and population growth of Los Angeles in relation to the city’s position in the surrounding region. Los Angeles’s urban industrial sectors developed more slowly than the regional capitalist agricultural industry. Seasonal demands for agricultural labor in addition to rural and urban infrastructure work such as laying train tracks, gas pipes, and electric lines enforced frequent migration to find new work for the region’s working-class. This chapter also quantifies and examines community formation in Los Angeles with emphasis on African Americans, Chinese, Italians, Japanese, and Mexicans.
Creating Connections Through Radical Practices
Authors: Struthers David M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter charts the growth of the political left in Los Angeles from the late nineteenth century into the twentieth century. It expands upon the preceding chapter’s examination of community development in Los Angeles by analyzing the strands of leftist organizations active in the city within the context of broader community formation patterns. The spatial practices of trade unions, political parties, and radical community groups affected how they engaged racial diversity or practiced exclusionary forms of solidarity. The chapter then considers the community-building function of media in leftist movements, the radical press, and a global print culture that extended solidarities out from Los Angeles to locations around the world. Analysis of radical newspapers focuses on financing, distribution, multilingual content, and consumption.
Solidarity and the Legacy of Exclusion
Authors: Struthers David M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter begins with an overview of the Anti-Asian premise of the labor movement in California during its foundation in the 1880s and carried forward into the twentieth century in trade-union organizing in the state. The chapter then examines two important departures from racist exclusionary organizing in Southern California in 1903. In Los Angeles Mexican laborers formed the Unión Federal Mexicana. In Oxnard, Japanese and Mexican agricultural workers formed the Japanese Mexican Labor Association (JMLA). Anglo socialist members of Los Angeles’s Council of Labor pushed Los Angeles’s trade union body to support both unions with financial and organizing resources. Laborers in Los Angeles and Oxnard also shared resources, but the national American Federation of Labor (AFL) ultimately rejected Japanese membership.
Organizing Mobile workers
Authors: Struthers David M.
Published: January 2020

In 1909 the California State Federation of Labor (CSFL) voted to direct resources toward organizing migrant workers within a new branch of American Federation of Labor (AFL) affiliated United Laborers locals throughout the state. These locals gave form to a largely top-down attempt by the Anglo-dominated trade union to organize nonwhite unskilled laborers. This effort placed the AFL in the same organizing terrain as the expanding Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Competition between the unions, internal conflicts within the AFL, and the structural difficulties of organizing mobile workers at temporary jobsites all contributed to the CSFL withdrawing support for the United Laborers in 1912 and all of the United Laborers locals shuttering by 1913.
Introduction
Authors: Stoner Andrew E.
Published: January 2020

Shilts is elevated as the closing speaker for the Fifth International AIDS Conference in Montreal, Canada in June 1989. Despite the esteem of the speech invitation, members of ACT-UP and others interrupt his remarks with heckles. The contrast of the prestigious speaking engagement contrasted to the simmering feelings of resentment and anger toward Shilts and his writing on/about HIV and AIDS is on full display. This conflict is symbolic of Shilts’s entire career where great honor and respect often resided alongside great scorn and vitriol. The complexity of Shilts’s attempt to be an openly gay reporter writing for a mainstream newspaper about gay subjects presents a need to more fully consider Shilts’s understanding of the societal or cultural role of the journalist.
Living Out
Authors: Stoner Andrew E.
Published: January 2020

Shilts comes “out” to his parents and family. Graduating from the University of Oregon, journalism jobs remained elusive for Shilts. Shilts begins work as a freelance writer for The Advocate, later hired as a full-time correspondent and relocates from Oregon to San Francisco. Shilts’s reporting covers some of the nation’s earliest gay rights efforts via state legislatures and courts, employment discrimination, parental rights, youth suicide, alcoholism/drug abuse, and social issues confronting LGBT individuals. Early stories on communicable and sexually transmitted diseases among gay men. Shilts clashes with David Goodstein, The Advocate’s publisher. Shilts meets his first lover, Daniel Yoder, while traveling the U.S. covering efforts to repeal non-discrimination laws in various cities, including Anita Bryant’s “Save Our Children” effort in Miami, Florida.
Clean and Sober
Authors: Stoner Andrew E.
Published: January 2020

Shilts finally addresses his addiction to alcohol and marijuana, including in-patient rehabilitation and Alcoholics Anonymous. Shilts grapples with the death of his friend Gary Walsh from AIDS, and the unexpected death of his mother. Shilts offers a first-person account of physical abuse he suffered as a child for an anthology edited by actor Suzanne Somers. Shilts is passed over for inclusion in the documentary version on the life of Harvey Milk, while rights sold to his Milk bio languish and a film is never produced.
Unfinished Work
Authors: Stoner Andrew E.
Published: January 2020

One of Shilts’s last interviews, with Steve Kroft from CBS’ 60 Minutes, considers his breakthrough role as a gay journalist. Shilts’s future plans for a book about alleged sexual abuse inside the Catholic Church, and his desire for a national column are revealed. Shilts’s last interviews and written words reflect the fleeting nature of his life as he attempts to promote his final book, Conduct Unbecoming. Shilts’s health continues to deteriorate until he dies at his Guerneville, California home on February 17, 1994. Shilts’s death wins nationwide notice and his funeral becomes the first-ever picketed by members of the controversial Westboro Baptist Church. Shilts’s friends, colleagues and his partner, Barry Barbieri, offer insight into his last months of life.
Conclusion
Authors: Stoner Andrew E.
Published: January 2020

Timing played a key role in all of Shilts’s success, and failures. His reporting and books on cutting-edge issues in the emerging gay liberation movement withstood strong push back on his work while establishing himself as an openly gay reporter in mainstream journalism. Shilts unapologetically approached his reporting as he had approached his earlier life – that information granted power and understanding and journalists played a key role in conveying that information. Important questions remain about whether Shilts helped or hindered the understanding of AIDS in the context of the gay community, with serious reservations raised about his use of the “Patient Zero” posit. He was praised, however, for advocacy for gay rights via Conduct Unbecoming.
Hostile Heartland
Authors: Campney Brent M. S.
Published: January 2020

Hostile Heartland examines racial violence—or, more aptly, racist violence—against blacks (African Americans) in the Midwest, emphasizing lynching, whipping, and violence by police (or police brutality). It also focuses on black responses, including acts of armed resistance, the development of local and regional civil rights organizations, and the work of individual activists. Within that broad framework the book considers patterns of institutionalized violence in studies of individual states, like Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas over a number of decades; it also targets specific incidents of such violence or resistance in case studies representative of changes in these patterns like the lynching of Joseph Spencer in Cairo, Illinois, in 1854 and the lynching of Luke Murray in South Point, Ohio, in 1932. Significantly, Hostile Heartland not only addresses the years from the Civil War to World War I, which are the typical focus of such studies, but also incorporates the twenty-five years that precede the Civil War and the additional twenty-five that follow World War I. It pioneers new research methodologies, as exemplified by Chapter 4’s analysis of the relations between and among racist violence, family history, and the black freedom struggle. Finally, Hostile Heartland situates its findings within the historiography more broadly.
Missouri’s Little Dixie, 1899–1921
Authors: Campney Brent M. S.
Published: January 2020

Focusing on the Little Dixie region of Missouri from 1899 to 1921, this chapter examines the practice of whipping by whites as a means of controlling the black population, a practice with roots in slavery. It also explores the interlocking practice of black expulsion from those places where such whippings occurred. First, the chapter details the actions and motivations of the mob members and their widespread support from law enforcement officials and the white population generally. Second, it examines the various sundown towns found in Little Dixie and the role of whippings in maintaining them. Finally, the chapter speculates on the significance of these findings for the historiography of racist violence and sundown towns.
Introduction
Authors: Enyeart John P.
Published: January 2020

The introduction provides an overview of the book, defines key concepts, and introduces readers to this once famous now forgotten author.
Liberating “Shadow” America
Authors: Enyeart John P.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 2 traces Louis Adamic’s emergence as a leader in the antifascist vanguard. By the mid-1930s, Adamic proclaimed that the United States was ripe for fascist exploitation and pointed to the efforts of white nationalists who claimed that the struggles for worker, immigrant, and black rights were communist-inspired. Adamic promoted cultural pluralism and the dynamic labor activism of the Congress of Industrial Organizations as countermeasures to fight the demagoguery of the anticommunists. Adamic also attacked the procommunist left in the United States because of their adherence to Moscow’s dictates, which highlighted his independent leftist politics. His proworker novel Grandsons, which became an example of the genera of proletarian literature, and his work with the propluralist Foreign Language Information Service are highlighted.
Smrt Fašizmu, Svoboda Narodu!
Authors: Enyeart John P.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 3 focuses on Louis Adamic’s diasporic politics during World War II. He organized groups of South Slavic ethnics to pressure the US government and citizenry to support Josip Broz Tito’s simultaneous fights against Yugoslavia’s Axis invaders and Serbian Chetniks seeking to reinstall the monarchy. Tito convinced Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs to join the Partisans by resurrecting the promise of Yugoslavism—the idea that South Slavs could create a nation of ethnic and political equals. Adamic saw Tito’s fight against fascists and monarchists as revolutionary pluralism. In addition to the Partisan inspiration, the persistence of Jim Crow, Japanese internment, race riots, and Allied Powers unwillingness to reject colonialism convinced Adamic to argue that only a transnational antifascist alliance could kill fascism and spreading democracy globally.
Institutional Development, Public Space, and Political Aspiration in Early Huntington, 1870–Early 1900s
Authors: Fain Cicero M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the metamorphosis of the black Huntingtonians varied responses to rising Jim Crowism during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Benefiting from increasing affluence, kin and augmented family networks, strong religious convictions, and education, Huntington’s black working class, in conjunction with working class blacks throughout the Ohio River Valley, engaged in a variety of tactics and strategies to progress. It contends that in building institutions, entering into the public space, and agitating for political inclusion black Huntingtonians formed the “building blocks” for self-improvement, community formation, and racial uplift. In the process, they transformed Huntington into a regional black socio-cultural hub, produced an embryonic black professional class, and further strengthened black Huntingtonians’ cultural, social, and political linkages with the region’s African American population.