bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discussion on the computational algorithms of stress inside nano-scale solid material
Authors: Zhang Wenfei , Chen Ming
Published: March 2011

This paper describes the definitions and differences of the computational methods of virial stress and engineering stress in nano-scale problems. According to simulation results of tensile testing of a single-crystalline nano-scale copper bar, the average stresses in a cross-section of the copper bar, calculated with different methods, are compared. The values and distributions of local tensile stresses reveal further insights into these two methods. The advantages and disadvantages of these two methods are also discussed in detail.
Nucleation of Polypropylene Homo- and Copolymers
Authors: Gahleitner M. , Grein C. , Kheirandish S. , Wolfschwenger J.
Published: March 2011

The combination of moderately slow crystal growth at large undercoolings together with the practical absence of sporadic nucleation makes isotactic polypropylene (iPP) an ideal material for controlled nucleation. In this review the different types of nucleating agents – inorganic and organic, particulate and soluble – for the different crystal modifications of iPP (α, β and γ) are presented together with their working mechanism and criteria for activity. The interaction between polymer type, nucleating agent and processing conditions in determining mechanical and optical properties conclude the survey.
Aesthetically Non-Dwelling: Sympathy, Property, and the House of Beauty in Hume's Treatise
Authors: Saccamano Neil
Published: March 2011

One of the distinctive features of Hume's presentation of disinterested aesthetic pleasure in the Treatise is its basis in sympathy as the communication of sentiment between a spectator and specifically an owner of a beautiful object. By tracking the recurring example of the beautiful house, which properly provides pleasure only to the owner who dwells in it, I reconsider the operation of sympathy in relation to property. My central argument is that sympathy underwrites the disinterested sociality of judgments of taste for Hume not by enabling the spectator to feel a pleasure that corresponds to the owner's pleasure in beauty but rather by rendering this pleasure as a sentiment that does not originally belong to anyone and does not exist prior to its sympathetic communication.
Gerard and Kant: Influence and Opposition
Authors: Guyer Paul
Published: March 2011

In his notes and lectures on anthropology, Kant explicitly refers to Alexander Gerard's 1774 Essay on Genius, and his own position that genius is necessary for art but not for science is clearly a response to Gerard. Kant does not explicitly mention Gerard's 1759 Essay on Taste, but it was probably an influence on his own conception of free play, and in any case a comparison of the two theories of aesthetic response is instructive. Gerard's development of a version of the theory of free play without Kant's assumptions that aesthetic judgments must be independent of concepts and yet always intersubjectively valid allows him to accommodate a variety of facts about aesthetic experience in general and our experience of the fine arts in particular more readily and more fully than Kant can, especially those concerning the affective dimension of our experience of art.
How to Preserve Documents: A Short Meditation on Three Themes
Authors: Petr Jan , Ranc Václav , Maier Vítězslav , Ginterová Pavlína , Znaleziona Joanna , Knob Radim , Ševčík Juraj
Published: March 2011

The capability to present electronic media that can preserve information is highly restricted to few decades (e.g., a lifetime of DVD media does not exceed 100 years), and therefore the question of how to preserve documents for more than thousands or millions of years presents a challenging task. In this article, we discuss three thinkable possibilities for long-term data storage: (i) self-assembly systems, (ii) chirality, and (iii) nucleic acids. These systems have, in our opinion, added-value regarding functionality and storing capability. Self-assembly systems form 3D structures, which could reflect any information more precisely than a 2D structure, and therefore they could be used as a training information package. Chirality provides the next added value in the possibility of using an interval of for storing the data (fuzzy logic) and could be also interesting in increasing the storage capacity if using compounds with more chiral centers, such as polysaccharides. Finally, nucleic acids represent a method of storage in which the reading step is developed and probably will be still active if people inhabit the Earth, which will realize the whole process of writing/storing and reading easier.
Crosslinked Graft Copolymer of Methacrylic Acid and Gelatin as a Novel Hydrogel with pH-Responsiveness Properties
Authors: Sadeghi Mohammad , Heidari Behrouz
Published: March 2011

In this paper, a novel gelatin-based hydrogel was synthesized through crosslinking graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto gelatin, using ammonium persulfate (APS) as a free radical initiator in the presence of methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker. A proposed mechanism for hydrogel formation was suggested and the structure of the product was established using FTIR spectroscopy and gravimetric analysis of the products. Moreover, morphology of the samples was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG). The effect of reaction variables such as concentration of APS and MBA were systematically optimized to achieve a hydrogel with swelling capacity as high as possible. The gelatin-g-PMAA hydrogel exhibited a pH-responsiveness character so that a swelling-deswelling pulsatile behavior was recorded at pHs 2 and 8. This on-off switching behavior makes the hydrogel as a good candidate for controlled delivery of bioactive agents.
In Vitro Inhibitory Effects of Cyandin-3-rutinoside on Pancreatic α-Amylase and Its Combined Effect with Acarbose
Authors: Akkarachiyasit Sarinya , Yibchok-Anun Sirintorn , Wacharasindhu Sumrit , Adisakwattana Sirichai
Published: March 2011

The inhibitory activity on pancreatic α-amylase by cyanidin-3-rutinoside was examined in vitro. The IC50 value of cyanidin-3-rutinoside against pancreatic α-amylase was 24.4 ± 0.1 μM. The kinetic analysis revealed that pancreatic α-amylase was inhibited by cyanidin-3-rutinoside in a non-competitive manner. The additive inhibition of a combination of cyanidin-3-rutinoside with acarbose against pancreatic α-amylase was also found. These results provide the first evidence for the effect of cyanidin-3-rutinoside in a retarded absorption of carbohydrates by inhibition of pancreatic α-amylase which may be useful as a potential inhibitor for prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Luteolin Isolated from the Medicinal Plant Elsholtzia rugulosa (Labiatae) Prevents Copper-Mediated Toxicity in β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Swedish Mutation Overexpressing SH-SY5Y Cells
Authors: Liu Rui , Meng Fanrui , Zhang Li , Liu Ailin , Qin Hailin , Lan Xi , Li Lin , Du Guanhua
Published: March 2011

Luteolin, a 3’,4’,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone, is a plant flavonoid and pharmacologically active agent that has been isolated from several plant species. In the present study, the effects of luteolin obtained from the medicinal plant Elsholtzia rugulosa and the related mechanisms were examined in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) cell model. In this model, copper was used to exacerbate the neurotoxicity in β-amyloid precursor protein Swedish mutation stably overexpressed SH-SY5Y cells (named “APPsw cells” for short). Based on this model, we demonstrated that luteolin increased cell viability, reduced intracellular ROS generation, enhanced the activity of SOD and reversed mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation. Inhibition of caspase-related apoptosis was consistently involved in the neuroprotection afforded by luteolin. Furthermore, it down-regulated the expression of AβPP and lowered the secretion of Aβ1-42. These results indicated that luteolin from the Elsholtzia rugulosa exerted neroprotective effects through mechanisms that decrease AβPP expression, lower Aβ secretion, regulate the redox imbalance, preserve mitochondrial function, and depress the caspase family-related apoptosis.
Positive Allosteric Modulators of Type 5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (mGluR5) and Their Therapeutic Potential for the Treatment of CNS Disorders
Authors: Cleva Richard M. , Olive M. Foster
Published: March 2011

Studies utilizing selective pharmacological antagonists or targeted gene deletion have demonstrated thattype 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR5) are critical mediators and potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of numerous disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), including depression, anxiety, drug addiction, chronic pain, Fragile X syndrome, Parkinson’s disease, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. However, in recent years, the development of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the mGluR5 receptor have revealed that allosteric activation of this receptor may also be of potential therapeutic benefit for the treatment of other CNS disorders, including schizophrenia, cognitive deficits associated with chronic drug use, and deficits in extinction learning. Here we summarize the discovery and characterization of various mGluR5 PAMs, with an emphasis on those that are systemically active. We will also review animal studies showing that these molecules have potential efficacy as novel antipsychotic agents. Finally, we will summarize findings that suggest that mGluR5 PAMs have pro-cognitive effects such as the ability toenhance synaptic plasticity, improve performance in various learning and memory tasks, including extinction of drug-seeking behavior, and reverse cognitive deficits produced by chronic drug use.
Detection of Cytotoxic Activity of Lectin on Human Colon Adenocarcinoma (Sw480) and Epithelial Cervical Carcinoma (C33-A)
Authors: Valadez-Vega Carmen , Alvarez-Manilla Gerardo , Riverón-Negrete Leticia , García-Carrancá Alejandro , Morales-González José A. , Zuñiga-Pérez Clara , Madrigal-Santillán Eduardo , Esquivel-Soto Jaime , Esquivel-Chirino Cesar , Villagómez-Ibarra Roberto , Bautista Mirandeli , Morales-González Ángel
Published: March 2011

Lectins comprise a heterogeneous class of proteins that recognize the carbohydrate moieties of glycoconjugates with high specificity. Numerous studies have shown that lectins are capable of recognizing specific carbohydrate moieties displayed by malignant cells or tissues. The present work was performed to investigate the effects of tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) lectins on proliferation, colony formation, and alteration of DNA synthesis of human malignant cells. Tepary bean lectin showed dose dependent effects on the inhibition of viability as well as on colony formation in two human malignant cells lines (C33-A, Sw480); By contrast, tepary bean lectin only showed significant effects on DNA synthesis on Sw480 cells. Our results provide evidence of the anti- proliferative and cytotoxic effects of the tepary bean lectins on C33-A and Sw480 cells lines.
Characteristics of Polysilicon Wire Glucose Sensors with a Surface Modified by Silica Nanoparticles/γ-APTES Nanocomposite
Authors: Lin Jing-Jenn , Hsu Po-Yen , Wu You-Lin , Jhuang Jheng-Jia
Published: March 2011

This report investigates the sensing characteristics of polysilicon wire (PSW) glucose biosensors, including thickness characteristics and line-width effects on detection limits, linear range and interference immunity with membranes coated by micropipette/spin-coating and focus-ion-beam (FIB) processed capillary atomic-force-microscopy (C-AFM) tip scan/coating methods. The PSW surface was modified with a mixture of 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (γ-APTES) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-treated hydrophobic fumed silica nanoparticles (NPs). We found that the thickness of the γ-APTES+NPs nonocomposite could be controlled well at about 22 nm with small relative standard deviation (RSD) with repeated C-AFM tip scan/coatings. The detection limit increased and linear range decreased with the line width of the PSW through the tip-coating process. Interestingly, the interference immunity ability improves as the line width increases. For a 500 nm-wide PSW, the percentage changes of the channel current density changes (ΔJ) caused by acetaminophen (AP) can be kept below 3.5% at an ultra-high AP-to-glucose concentration ratio of 600:1. Simulation results showed that the line width dependence of interference immunity was strongly correlated with the channel electrical field of the PSW biosensor.
Theory, Instrumentation and Applications of Magnetoelastic Resonance Sensors: A Review
Authors: Grimes Craig A. , Roy Somnath C. , Rani Sanju , Cai Qingyun
Published: March 2011

Thick-film magnetoelastic sensors vibrate mechanically in response to a time varying magnetic excitation field. The mechanical vibrations of the magnetostrictive magnetoelastic material launch, in turn, a magnetic field by which the sensor can be monitored. Magnetic field telemetry enables contact-less, remote-query operation that has enabled many practical uses of the sensor platform. This paper builds upon a review paper we published in Sensors in 2002 (Grimes, C.A.; et al. Sensors 2002, 2, 294-313), presenting a comprehensive review on the theory, operating principles, instrumentation and key applications of magnetoelastic sensing technology.
Intraoperative patellar kinematics following resection of the central one-third of the patellar tendon in the ovine stifle joint
Authors: Bell D. J. , Walsh W. R. , Bertollo N.
Published: March 2011

Objectives: The bone-patellar tendon-bone complex is routinely harvested for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in humans. Patella infera may ensue. However, the contribution from resection of the central one-third of the patellar tendon (PT) to potentially altered patellofemoral kinematics, in addition to those induced by a positional shift of the patella, are yet to be distinguished. Objectives of this study were to characterize changes in intraoperative patellar kinematics and PT length in nine sheep immediately following unilateral resection of the central one-third PT, and again at six, 12 and 24 weeks postoperatively.

Methods: Following implantation of bone-screws into the patella and tibia, electromagnetic receivers were anchored to these, and then passively-induced, unloaded patellar kinematics were captured. Patellar kinematics were referenced to the tibial coordinate frame and analysed using non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test).

Results: Resection alone did cause significant alteration in kinematics at the time of surgery (p <0.05). Postoperatively, a mean increase in PT length of 2.6 mm was detected in the operated stifles, reflected partly as a net 2.8 mm proximal patellar shift (p <0.001). This was accompanied by a mean net six degree medial shift in the patellar tilt pattern (p <0.001). Significant changes to patellar spin in the latter parts of flexion were also observed (p <0.005). Kinematic and length changes did not recover up to 24 weeks postoperatively.

Clinical significance: The data obtained in this study suggests that both the patellar height and integrity of the PT are important determinants of patellar kinematics in the ovine stifle joint.
Effects of anion complexation on the photoreactivity of bisureido- and bisthioureido-substituted dibenzobarrelene derivatives
Authors: Ihmels Heiko , Luo Jia
Published: March 2011

Bisureido- and a bisthioureido-substituted dibenzobarrelene derivative were synthesized and the photoreactivity of two representative examples were studied. Direct irradiation of the ureido-substituted derivative induces a di-π-methane rearrangement to the corresponding dibenzosemibullvalene derivative, whereas the thioureido-substituted derivative is almost photoinert. Complexes of the latter derivative with chloride, carboxylates, or sulfonate anions, however, are efficiently transformed to the dibenzosemibullvalene product upon irradiation, presumably by suppressing the self-quenching of the thiourea units in the complex. The association of the ureido-substituted dibenzobarrelene derivative with (S)-mandelate and irradiation of this complex led to the formation of the dibenzosemibullvalene with moderate stereoselectivity (68:32 er). In contrast, the thioureido derivative showed no such effect upon complexation of chiral anions.
Article Commentary: Transmitted Resistance to HIV Integrase Strand-Transfer Inhibitors: Right on Schedule
Authors: Hurt Christopher B
Published: March 2011

Transmitted drug resistance (TDR), the primary acquisition of an HIV variant already resistant to antiretrovirals, affects approximately 15% of all new infections in the United States.

Historically, from the time initial agents in the reverse transcriptase, protease and entry inhibitor classes were introduced, it took 3–5 years before the first case reports of TDR appeared. With the description of the first two cases of transmitted integrase stand-transfer inhibitor resistance, it is only a matter of time before the prevalence of TDR affecting this newest antiretroviral class reaches a level warranting baseline resistance testing for all patients entering care.
Limites et perspectives de la notion de Technique du Corps de Marcel Mauss dans le domaine du sport
Authors: Loudcher Jean-François
Published: March 2011

Résumé L’article se propose d’interroger la notion de technique du corps en se référençant au champ sportif. Dans ce but, la réflexion envisage une revue de littérature réalisée dans le domaine des pratiques corporelles, ainsi qu’une analyse étymologique pour préciser les termes de technique, de technique corporelle et de technique sportive. En définitive, certaines limites sont pointées dans l’utilisation de cette notion dans ce champ qui proviendraient d’une difficulté de la part de Mauss à proposer un véritable cadre heuristique car enfermé dans un paradoxe difficile à dépasser. Notamment, il y a peu d’interrogation sur l’idée d’une différenciation des techniques du corps ainsi que sur celle d’une spécialisation. Mais c’est sans doute le flou de la notion qui permet, encore aujourd’hui, de fonctionner comme référence essentielle. Ainsi, cette étude propose quelques pistes pour dépasser cette notion de T.C. notamment à partir d’une réflexion historique, anthropologique et culturelle.
¿Por qué usamos las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones? Un estudio sobre las bases sociales de la utilidad individual de internet
Authors: Torres Albero Cristóbal , Robles Morales José Manuel , Molina Molina Oscar
Published: March 2011

Una de las cuestiones más controvertidas en el estudio de las tecnologías de la Información y las comunicaciones (tIc) es qué lleva a unos ciudadanos y no a otros a iniciarse en el uso de este tipo de tecnologías. La teoría más común en los estudios individualistas metodológicos sobre el uso de las tIc es la etiquetada como technological acceptance model (tam). Este modelo privilegia las variables individuales y subjetivas en la explicación del uso de Internet (percepción de utilidad y facilidad de uso de la tecnología). En nuestro trabajo aplicamos, a los datos de una encuesta nacional, una metodología estadística que incorpora al modelo TAM un conjunto de variables sociodemográficas. Con ello tratamos de mostrar en qué medida afectan estas últimas variables, fundamentalmente el nivel educativo y la edad, a las utilizadas por el tam. así, pretendemos ofrecer una versión sociológica del modelo tam con una mayor capacidad explicativa.
Common Secondary Causes of Resistant Hypertension and Rational for Treatment
Authors: Faselis Charles , Doumas Michael , Papademetriou Vasilios
Published: March 2011

Resistant hypertension is defined as uncontrolled blood pressure despite the use of three antihypertensive drugs, including a diuretic, in optimal doses. Treatment resistance can be attributed to poor adherence to antihypertensive drugs, excessive salt intake, physician inertia, inappropriate or inadequate medication, and secondary hypertension. Drug-induced hypertension, obstructive sleep apnoea, primary aldosteronism, and chronic kidney disease represent the most common secondary causes of resistant hypertension. Several drugs can induce or exacerbate pre-existing hypertension, with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs being the most common due to their wide use. Obstructive sleep apnoea and primary aldosteronism are frequently encountered in patients with resistant hypertension and require expert management. Hypertension is commonly found in patients with chronic kidney disease and is frequently resistant to treatment, while the management of renovascular hypertension remains controversial. A step-by-step approach of patients with resistant hypertension is proposed at the end of this review paper.
A Modular Quintic Calabi-Yau Threefold of Level 55
Authors: Lee Edward
Published: March 2011

In this note we search the parameter space of Horrocks–Mumford quintic threefolds and locate a Calabi–Yau threefold that is modular, in the sense that the L-function of its middle-dimensional cohomology is associated with a classical modular form of weight 4 and level 55.
Worksite Physical Activity Policies and Environments in Relation to Employee Physical Activity
Authors: Crespo Noe C. , Sallis James F. , Conway Terry L. , Saelens Brian E. , Frank Lawrence D.
Published: March 2011

Purpose.

Examine associations between worksite physical activity promotion strategies and employees' physical activity and sedentary behaviors.

Design.

Cross-sectional.

Setting.

Seattle–King County, Washington and Baltimore, Maryland–Washington, D.C. regions.

Subjects.

Adults working outside the home (n = 1313). Mean age was 45 ± 10 years, 75.8% of participants were non-Hispanic white, 56% were male, and 51% had income ≥$70,000/year.

Measures.

Participants reported demographic characteristics and presence/absence of nine physical activity promotion environment and policy strategies in their work environment (e.g., showers, lockers, physical activity programs). A worksite physical activity promotion index was a tally of strategies. Total sedentary and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) min/d were objectively assessed via 7-day accelerometry. Total job-related physical activity minutes and recreational physical activity minutes were self-reported with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire.

Analysis.

Mixed-effects models and generalized estimating equations evaluated the association of the worksite promotion index with physical activity and sedentary behavior, adjusting for demographics.

Results.

A higher worksite promotion index was significantly associated with higher total sedentary behavior (β = 3.97), MVPA (β = 1.04), recreational physical activity (β = 1.1 and odds ratio = 1.39; away from work and at work, respectively) and negatively with job-related physical activity (β = .90).

Conclusions.

Multiple worksite physical activity promotion strategies based on environmental supports and policies may increase recreational physical activity and should be evaluated in controlled trials. These findings are particularly important given the increasingly sedentary nature of employment. (Am J Health Promot 2011;25[4]:264–271.)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Testing and Risk Behaviors among Young Men Who Have Sex with Men in Los Angeles County
Authors: Schrager Sheree M. , Wong Carolyn F. , Weiss George , Kipke Michele D.
Published: March 2011

Purpose.

This study investigated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and risk behaviors in a longitudinal sample of young men who have sex with men (YMSM).

Design.

Data came from the Healthy Young Men's study, comprising five waves of nonexperimental survey data collection every 6 months between February 2005 and January 2008.

Setting.

Participants were recruited from public venues in Los Angeles County in which YMSM spend time.

Subjects.

A total of 526 participants (24% African-American, 37% white, 39% Latino; mean age, 20.14 years; range, 18–24 years) were enrolled. Retention was 93%.

Measures.

Testing recency was assessed with a four-point ordinal scale. HIV risk behaviors were operationalized as binary measures of unprotected anal intercourse with multiple partners or partners with unknown or discordant serostatus, club drug use, and illicit drug use over the prior 3 months.

Analysis.

Correlations, Cochran's Q tests, and repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed in SPSS. Analyses included all data available at each wave.

Results.

No significant correlations emerged between testing recency and sex risk at any wave. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant positive, linear change in HIV testing recency over time, but no significant changes emerged for sex risk or drug use.

Conclusion.

Although participation in testing increased, there was no corresponding change in HIV risk behavior. Initiatives may need to target risk behavior separately and specifically to reduce these behaviors among YMSM. (Am J Health Promot 2011;25[4]:244–247.)
A Telephone-Delivered Physical Activity and Dietary Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension: Does Intervention Dose Influence Outcomes?
Authors: Goode Ana D. , Winkler Elisabeth A. H. , Lawler Sheleigh P. , Reeves Marina M. , Owen Neville , Eakin Elizabeth G.
Published: March 2011

Purpose.

To examine associations of intervention dose with behavior change outcomes in a telephone counseling intervention for physical activity and dietary change.

Design.

Secondary analysis of intervention participants from a cluster-randomized controlled trial.

Setting.

Primary care practices in a disadvantaged community in Queensland, Australia.

Subjects.

Adult patients with type 2 diabetes or hypertension.

Intervention.

Patients (n = 228) received telephone counseling over a 12-month period. The initiation phase (1–4 months) consisted of up to 10 weekly or fortnightly calls; the maintenance-enhancement phase (5–12 months) consisted of up to eight monthly calls.

Measures.

Intervention dose was defined as the number of calls completed in total and during each phase and was categorized into tertiles. Diet and physical activity were measured using validated self-report instruments.

Analysis.

Multivariate analyses of call completion and change in health behaviors.

Results.

Those completing a high number of calls were more likely to be female, white, older than 60 years, retired, and earning less than an average weekly Australian wage. Relative to low call completion, high completion during the maintenance-enhancement phase was associated with significantly greater (least squares mean [SE]) behavioral improvement for the following: total fat intake as percentage of calories (–3.58% [.74%]), saturated fat intake (–2.51% [.51%]), fiber intake (4.23 [1.20] g), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (187.82 [44.78] minutes).

Conclusion.

Interventions of longer duration may be required to influence complex behaviors such as physical activity and fat and fiber intake. (Am J Health Promot 2011;25[4]:257–263.)
Symptomatic Giant Adrenal Myelolipoma
Authors: Anderson Blake B , Hampton Lance J , Johnson Corey M , Guruli Georgi E
Published: March 2011

In this article, we review the management of giant adrenal myelolipoma and review the literature in regard to incidence and management. Patient presented with abdominal fullness and discomfort with CT revealing a large, well-circumscribed right-sided suprarenal mass. A thoracoabdominal incision allowed exploration and removal of the mass together with the right adrenal gland. Pathology revealed the mass to be a giant adrenal myelolipoma, a benign but rare tumor.
VOCALS-CUpEx: the Chilean Upwelling Experiment
Authors: Garreaud R. D. , Rutllant J. A. , Muñoz R. C. , Rahn D. A. , Ramos M. , Figueroa D.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) was a major field experiment conducted in spring of 2008 off southern Peru and northern Chile, aimed at better understanding the coupled climate systems of the southeast Pacific. Because of logistical constrains, the coastal area around 30° S was not sampled during VOCALS-REx. This area not only marks the poleward edge of the subtropical stratocumulus cloud regime (thus acting as a source of transient disturbances) but is also one of the most active upwelling centers and source of surface ocean kinetic energy along the Chilean coast. To fill such an observational gap, a small, brief, but highly focused field experiment was conducted in late spring 2009 in the near-shore region around 30° S. The Chilean Upwelling Experiment (CUpEx) was endorsed by VOCALS as a regional component. CUpEx included long-term monitoring, an intensive two-week field campaign and off-shore research flights. Our goal was to obtain an atmospheric/oceanic dataset with enough temporal and spatial coverage to be able to document (a) the mean diurnal cycles of the lower-troposphere and upper-ocean in a region of complex topography and coastline geometry, and (b) the ocean-atmosphere response to the rapid changes in coastal winds from strong, upwelling-favorable equatorward flow (southerly winds) to downwelling-favorable poleward flow (northerly winds). In this paper we describe the measurement platforms and sampling strategy, and provide an observational overview, highlighting some key mean-state and transient features.
Large-scale shifts in phytoplankton groups in the Equatorial Pacific during ENSO cycles
Authors: Masotti I. , Moulin C. , Alvain S. , Bopp L. , Tagliabue A. , Antoine D.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drives important changes in the marine productivity of the Equatorial Pacific, in particular during major El Niño/La Niña transitions. Changes in environmental conditions associated with these climatic events also likely impact phytoplankton composition. In this work, the distribution of four major phytoplankton groups (nanoeucaryotes, Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and diatoms) was examined between 1996 and 2007 by applying the PHYSAT algorithm to the ocean color data archive from the Ocean Color and Temperature Sensor (OCTS) and Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). Coincident with the decrease in chlorophyll concentrations, a large-scale shift in the phytoplankton composition of the Equatorial Pacific, that was characterized by a decrease in Synechococcus and an increase in nanoeucaryote dominance, was observed during the early stages of both the strong El Niño of 1997 and the moderate El Niño of 2006. A significant increase in diatoms dominance was observed in the Equatorial Pacific during the 1998 La Niña and was associated with elevated marine productivity. An analysis of the environmental variables using a coupled physical-biogeochemical model (NEMO-PISCES) suggests that the Synechococcus dominance decrease during the two El Niño events was associated with an abrupt decline in nutrient availability (−0.9 to −2.5 μM NO3 month−1). Alternatively, increased nutrient availability (3 μM NO3 month−1) during the 1998 La Niña resulted in Equatorial Pacific dominance diatom increase. Despite these phytoplankton community shifts, the mean composition is restored after a few months, which suggests resilience in community structure.
Remotely sensed latent heat fluxes for model error diagnosis: a case study
Authors: Schuurmans J. M. , van Geer F. C. , Bierkens M. F. P.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. This study shows that remotely sensed ETact is useful in hydrological modelling for the procedure of model calibration and shows it potential to update soil moisture predictions. Comparison of modeled and remotely sensed ETact together with the outcomes of our data assimilation procedure points out potential model errors, both conceptual and flux-related. Assimilation of remotely sensed ETact results in a realistic spatial adjustment of soil moisture, except for the area where the model suffers from conceptual errors (forest with deep groundwater levels). By using operational (i.e. available for community in practice) data and models we aim to show the potential and limitations of using remotely sensed ETact in the practice of hydrological modelling. We use satellite data of both ASTER and MODIS for the same two days in the summer of 2006 that, in association with the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL), provides us the spatial distribution of daily ETact. The model, used by the local water board, is a physically based distributed hydrological model of a small catchment (70 km2) in The Netherlands that simulates the water flow in both the unsaturated and saturated zone. Model outcomes of ETact show values that are at least 20% lower than those estimated by SEBAL, which is due to the fact that different evapotranspiration methods are used. The spatial pattern of ETact from the hydrological model resembles the soil map, whereas the ETact from SEBAL resembles the land use map. As both ASTER and MODIS images were available for the same days, this study provides an opportunity to compare the worth of these two satellite sources. It is shown that, although ASTER provides better insight in the spatial distribution of ETact due to its higher spatial resolution than MODIS, they appeared in this study just as useful.
A Barnes-Hut scheme for simulating fault slip
Authors: Beeler N. M. , Tullis T. E.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. To account for natural spatial and temporal complexity, large-scale, long-duration calculations are required for simulations of seismicity in fault zones that host large earthquakes. Without advances in computational methods, the rate of progress in "earthquake simulator" models and associated earthquake forecasts is limited by the rates at which computer speed and storage increase. To explore improvements in computational efficiency we develop the first implementation of the Barnes-Hut algorithm (Barnes and Hut, 1986) to calculate elastic interactions in a fault model. The Barnes-Hut method is an efficient, numerical scheme that treats local forces exactly and distant forces approximately. The approach is illustrated in example simulations of non-linear fault strength in plane strain. Rudimentary error analysis indicates that efficient calculations, where execution time scales with number of grid points (N) as N log N, can be conducted routinely with errors on the order of 0.1%. We expect the Barnes-Hut method to be well suited for conducting initial exploration of parameter space for fault simulations with non-linear constitutive equations, and for efficient calculations of stress interaction in complex fault systems.
Fluorescent Labeling of Degradable Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) for Cellular Nanoparticles Tracking in Living Cells
Authors: Freichels Hélène , Danhier Fabienne , Préat Véronique , Lecomte Philippe , Jérôme Christine
Published: March 2011

Fluorescent-labeled aliphatic polyesters are essential materials for in vitro and in vivo studies of the behavior of these biodegradable polymers in interaction with cells or in a body. In particular, the direct cellular localization of drug delivery systems based on these materials allows better understanding of the internalization mechanism and determination of the pharmacokinetics. Polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) is a rapidly degradable copolymer widely used in pharmaceutics and nanomedecine. It was prepared by ring-opening polymerization of lactide and glycolide in order to obtain a well-defined material to investigate conditions allowing the covalent linkage of a fluorescent dye (fluorescein) while preserving the macromolecular characteristics of the polymer. The success of the functionalization was ascertained by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and fluorescence spectroscopy.
The Contribution of Archaeozoology to the Identification of the Ritually Clean Ungulates Mentioned in The Hebrew Bible
Authors: Amar Zohar , Bouchnick Ram , Bar-Oz Guy
Published: March 2011

This article shows the contribution that archaeozoological studies may bring to the identification of animals mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, by focusing on the ten clean ungulate species whose flesh is permitted to be eaten according to Deut 14:4–5.
The Panchronic Yiqtol: Functionally Consistent and Cognitively Plausible
Authors: Andrason Alexander
Published: March 2011

This article demonstrates that applying the panchronic methodology (based on the grammaticalization and path theories as well as on principles of cognitive linguistics) all apparently heterogeneous meanings provided by the BH yiqtol can be explained as manifestations of a consistent phenomenon. The yiqtol may be defined as portions of the imperfective and modal ability paths which jointly derive from a single lexically transparent and cognitively plausible input, a reduplicated participle as reconstructed for the PS *yaqattal. The author shows that the BH construction is a direct functional descendent of the PS *yaqattal which, after having suffered several analogical processes, was superficially modified to a shape based on the *yaqtul-u finally yielding the BH yiqtol.
Tradition and Interpretation in Gen 1:1–2:4a
Authors: Hutzli Jürg
Published: March 2011

In the beginning of the 20th century several scholars (B. Stade, F. Schwally, J. Morgenstern) argued that Gen 1:1–2:4a consists of two different layers: one containing a “Tatbericht” (account of the divine act) and the other consisting of a “Wortbericht” (account of the creative divine word). This view became dominant in scholarship. However, the detailed study of O.H. Steck (1975) arguing for the literary unity of the story marked an important turning-point, the impact of which continues to be felt strongly today. This article critically examines the arguments of Steck, especially his interpretation of the “ ויהי כן -formula” ("and it was so"). This is followed by observations of important differences of specific motifs and particularities of language between the "divine-word"-statements and "divine-act"-statements. For example, in the "word-account" God collaborates with other entities such as the firmament, sea, earth, but the "act-account" attributes creative activity to God alone. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the "word-account" represents the older “skeleton” of Gen 1, while the "act-layer" consists of later additions that refine the earlier account with their own theological accents. Since the vocabulary and the theological view of the later "act-statements" can be associated with the priestly document (Pg), the early "divine word account" should be taken as another sign (in addition to, for instance, Gen 5)that P is based on – at least to some extent – identifiable sources.
Nehemiah 5: A Response to Philippe Guillaume
Authors: Miller Marvin Lloyd
Published: March 2011

This a response to Philippe Guillaume’s recent article (“Nehemiah 5: No Economic Crisis,” Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 10 [2010], article 8). With Guillaume, I hold the position that the crisis was episodic rather than structural, temporary rather than systemic. We differ, however, on which sociological model best illuminates the text and therefore, we reach different conclusions about the socio-economic circumstances of the time.
Eeny Meeny Miny Moe. Who Is The Craftiest To Go?
Authors: Vermeulen Karolien
Published: March 2011

Previous research on Gen 3:15b, known as part of God’s curse to the snake, has highlighted the interpretation difficulties with regard to the verb שוף. However, the ambiguity involves more words as well as the grammar of the verse. This article revisits the curse proposing an ambiguous reading as the Hebrew text offers it. First, the lexical ambiguity of the words שוף, ראש, and עקב enters multiple ideas of hurting, guarding, threatening and blowing; head and poison; heel and crafty trickster. Secondly, the grammatical structure of the verse adds to the indefinite nature. The words ראש and עקב can function as relative accusatives as in the traditional rendering or as vocatives or appositions to subject or object. Thirdly, the deliberate confusion allows connecting small and larger narratological units. It reveals a play between two characters, the snake and God, trying to outclass each other in terms of craftiness. Thus, the ambiguous language in Gen 3:15b is not a problem; it is the key to interpretation.
To Create, to Separate or to Construct: An Alternative for a Recent Proposal as to the Interpretation of ברא in Gen 1:1–2:4a
Authors: Becking Bob , Korpel Marjo C.A.
Published: March 2011

Recently, Ellen van Wolde has proposed that the Hebrew verb ברא in Genesis 1 should be understood as ‘(to) separate.’ She also suggests that this is a new proposal. In this article, we maintain: (1) The idea has roots in nineteenth century scholarship; (2) the proposal is week from an etymological perspective; (3) an understanding of ברא as ‘(to) separate’ does not take into account that ברא is not used with prepositions; (4) as far as we can see— and contrary to Van Wolde’s statement— an active participle of the verb ברא meaning ‘creator’ does occur in Biblical Hebrew; (5) the ‘sea-monsters’ are not separated from the other marine animals; (6) a survey of parallelisms and word-pairs yields that the verb ברא was part of a semantic field characterized by ‘building; constructing; making;’ (7) there is no phrase or sentence in the HB in which ברא must be translated as ‘(to) separate’. Finally we offer the alternative to render ברא with ‘(to) construct’ as means to indicate that Genesis 1 praised the divine construction of cosmos and life, while at the same time avoided an anthropomorphism that the use of the verb בנה might have raised.
Room‐Temperature Phase Demixing in Bulk Heterojunction Layers of Solution‐Processed Organic Photodetectors: the Effect of Active Layer Ageing on the Device Electro‐optical Properties
Authors: Keivanidis Panagiotis E. , Laquai Frédéric , Howard Ian A. , Friend Richard H.
Published: March 2011

Herein, we address the reduction in the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of solution‐processed organic photodetectors caused by the room temperature phase demixing of components in the composite material of the photoactive layer. The reduction takes place under ambient conditions and after the completion of device fabrication. As a model system, we study photoactive blend films that consist of the electron acceptor N,N’‐bis(alkyl)‐3,4,9,10‐perylene tetracarboxylic diimide) (PDI) and the electron donor polymer poly(9,9’‐dioctylfluorene‐co‐benzothiadiazole) (F8BT). The ambient ageing of these photo­active layers is a consequence of the PDI component segregation; however, the final PDI domain size remains smaller than the resolution limit of optical microscopy. We find that the photophysical properties of the aged F8BT:PDI layer and the EQE of the aged device are significantly altered. The fabrication of F8BT:PDI layers from solvents of increasing boiling point allows for the spectroscopic monitoring of the ageing‐induced phase segregation (a‐PSG) process. For each solvent used, the extent of a‐PSG is correlated with the PDI dispersion in the F8BT matrix as received immediately after layer deposition. The tendency for room temperature phase demixing becomes stronger as PDI is more finely dispersed in the freshly spun F8BT:PDI layer. The evolution of the room temperature phase segregation of PDI has a negative impact on the photophysical processes that are essential for charge photogeneration in the F8BT:PDI photoactive layer.
Evolution of Structure, Optoelectronic Properties, and Device Performance of Polythiophene:Fullerene Solar Cells During Thermal Annealing
Authors: Wang Tao , Pearson Andrew J. , Lidzey David G. , Jones Richard A. L.
Published: March 2011

We use spectroscopic ellipsometry to study the evolution of structure and optoelectronic properties of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) photovoltaic thin film blends upon thermal annealing. Four distinct processes are identified: the evaporation of residual solvent above the glass transition temperature of the blend, the relaxation of non‐equilibrium molecular conformation formed through spin‐casting, the crystallization of both P3HT and PCBM components, and the phase separation of the P3HT and PCBM domains. Devices annealed at 150 °C for between 10 and 60 min exhibit an average power conversion efficiency of around 4.0%. We find that the rate at which the P3HT/PCBM is returned to room temperature is more important in determining device efficiency than the duration of the isothermal annealing process. We conclude that the rapid quenching of a film from the annealing temperature to room temperature hampers the crystallization of the P3HT and can trap non‐equilibrium morphological states. Such states apparently impact on device short circuit current, fill factor and, thus, operational efficiency.
Novel Synthesis of Difluoromethyl‐Containing 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles via a Click–Multicomponent Reaction and Desulfanylation Strategy
Authors: Zhang Jian , Wu Jingjing , Shen Li , Jin Guanyi , Cao Song
Published: March 2011

Fourteen difluoromethyl‐containing 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles were synthesized via a novel copper‐catalyzed click‐multicomponent reaction of 2,2‐difluoro‐2‐phenylsulfanylethanol, sodium azide and terminal alkynes in the presence of N‐ (p‐toluenesulfonyl)imidazole, tetrabutylammonium iodide and triethylamine, followed by reductive cleavage of the phenylsulfanyl group using tributyltin hydride and azobisisobutyronitrile.
Asymmetric Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Friedel–Crafts Reactions of Indoles with Cyclic Imines ‐ Efficient Generation of Nitrogen‐Substituted Quaternary Carbon Centers
Authors: Rueping Magnus , Raja Sadiya , Núñez Alberto
Published: March 2011

A new enantioselective Brønsted acid‐catalyzed Friedel–Crafts reaction of indole with cyclic imines has been develeoped. This organocatalytic reaction provides for the first time optically active indolindolinone derivatives in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 91% ee) under mild reaction conditions.
Experimental study on the extractive desulfurization of model fuel using hydroxyl ammonium ionic liquids
Authors: Taib Malyanah Mohd , Murugesan Thanapalan
Published: March 2011

This work involves the extraction of sulfur from model fuel using four ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents. For this purpose, a mixture of hexane and xylene (1:1 v/v) was used as model fuel with thiophene (1000 µg/mL). Four hydroxyl ammonium ILs, namely 2‐hydroxyethanaminium formate, 2‐hydroxyethanaminium acetate (HEA), 2‐hydroxyethanaminium propionate and 2‐hydroxyethanaminium lactate, were used and found to be effective for the extraction/removal of sulfur from model fuel. The effect of contact time and the mass ratio of IL to the model fuel were also studied. A maximum of 72% extraction was achieved in single stage, whereas > 99% was achieved in four‐stage cocurrent extraction using HEA as solvent. The regeneration and recycling possibility of the ILs for the extraction has proved their potential application for commercialization. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tribological behavior of carbon nanotube and polytetrafluoroethylene filled polyimide composites under different lubricated conditions
Authors: Yijun Shi , Liwen Mu , Xin Feng , Xiaohua Lu
Published: March 2011

The friction and wear behavior of polyimide (PI) composites reinforced with carbon nanotube (CNT) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were comparatively evaluated under dry sliding, water‐, oil‐ or alkali‐lubricated condition. The wear mechanisms of the composites were also discussed. Results indicate that, when comparison with the dry friction situation, PI‐based composites results lower friction coefficients and wear rates under oil‐ or alkali‐lubricated condition. The lowest wear rate of the CNT/PTFE/PI composite is recorded as 1.2 × 10−6 mm3/Nm during the composite sliding in alkali, which is only about 40% of the value sliding under dry friction condition. The worn surface of neat PI under dry sliding is characterized by severe adhesive wear, whereas abrasive wear is the main character for CNT/PTFE/PI composites. The worn surfaces of CNT/PTFE/PI composites sliding in oil or alkali lubricated condition are smoother than those under dry or water condition. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011