bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Newly qualified doctors’ views of their job shadowing experiences
Authors: Bindal Taruna , Goodyear Helen
Published: September 2014

Job shadowing and taking part in day-to-day clinical activities have varied considerably by university and deanery. This article looks at whether the introduction of a UK national mandatory paid shadowing week in 2012 increased new graduates’ satisfaction with job shadowing.
Wheeze
Authors: Reynolds Carl , Cullinan Paul
Published: September 2014

Wheeze is a continuous, musical, whistling-like abnormal breath sound that is usually heard in expiration. It is a common respiratory symptom and sign in children and adults; the 1958 British National Cohort study found the cumulative incidence of wheezing illness by age 33 to be 43% ( Strachan et al, 1996 ). This article considers wheeze only in adults.
Bronchiolitis
Authors: Datsopoulos S
Published: September 2014

This article discusses and evaluates the management options for children with bronchiolitis, and identifies children at high risk of a clinically severe illness.
Twitter: Why health visitors should use it and how to get started
Authors: Chinn Teresa
Published: September 2014

A great place to start using social media is Twitter, one of the most popular platforms. It can seem complex but is simple when you know the basics, as Teresa Chinn explains.
Engaging with a diverse community: Better Start Bradford
Authors: Howell Michaela
Published: September 2014

In June 2014, Bradford was awarded £49 million as one of five areas to benefit from A Better Start, the Big Lottery Fund's 10-year project to invest in early intervention.
Anaphylaxis: Common causes, symptoms and management
Authors: Watkins Jean
Published: September 2014

Anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. Common triggers include foods, such as peanuts and eggs, and insect stings. With one in 50 children said to be affected by a food allergy, it is likely that families, carers and professionals will experience such a problem and be required to act appropriately. It is important that practitioners working with children are aware of the causes of anaphylaxis and how to deal with an emergency. Health visitors should ensure that parents and/or carers of children with known allergies understand the actions required in an emergency and have the appropriate in-date medications to treat anaphylaxis if necessary.
Identifying infectious rashes in infants and young children
Authors: Watkins Jean
Published: September 2014

Rashes can be symptomatic of some childhood diseases. Many parents will ask their health visitor questions about their child's skin, and health visitors should be able to recognise key features of various rashes. In cases where a skin problem may be related to infection, health visitors are in a position to refer families to seek the appropriate treatment and support parents in managing their child's illness.
Raising awareness of fabricated, exaggerated or induced illness
Authors: Cabral Rachel
Published: September 2014

Fabricated or induced illness (FII) is a form of child abuse in which the parent or carer deliberately fakes, manipulates or causes symptoms of illness in the child. As safeguarding and child protection are core to their role, health visitors may be among the first professionals to spot signs of FII and can play an important part in enabling effective communication between professional bodies in cases of suspected FII in babies and children. This once rare phenomenon is becoming increasingly apparent in the community setting and presents unique challenges within the safeguarding arena.
Reflections of peer review in practice in the East of England
Authors: Devlin Clare
Published: September 2014

Health Education East of England asked for a series of rapid appraisals to measure the progress of health visiting services in accomplishing the implementation plan. Clare Devlin shares her experience of acting as a peer reviewer during the appraisal process.
Parents’ choice of non-supine sleep position for newborns: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Wright Charlotte , Beard Hannah , Cox Jennifer , Scott Paula , Miller Joyce
Published: September 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the sleeping position of infants attending an outpatient clinic, considering the influences of the Back to Sleep (BTS) campaign. A paper survey was given to 678 parents who presented their infant (under 1 year of age) to the paediatric chiropractic clinic for care, asking their infant's sleep position. Of the total survey sample, 50% of parents selected the supine position as the preferred position they placed the baby to sleep, 19% selected prone, 34% placed the baby on their side and 2% selected ‘other’. Some parents selected more than one preferred sleeping position. The initial decline of parents using non-supine positioning, seen shortly after the implementation of the BTS campaign, is no longer evident. Recent research implies approximately half of infants are now placed in a non-compliant sleeping position. If an infant's preferred sleeping position is not that of current guidelines, manual therapy such as chiropractic care should be sought to help infants sleep supine with comfort.
The named person in Scotland: A new role for health visitors?
Authors: Christie Lynn
Published: September 2014

Following the passage of the Children and Young People (Scotland) Act in March 2014, Lynn Christie decided to find out how health visitors would be affected.
Research roundup: September 2014
Authors: Hodge Anouska , Murray Joy , Condon Louise , Lewis Lisa
Published: September 2014

In this section, a range of brief synopses of recently published articles that may be of interest to health visitors is presented. The aim of this roundup is to provide an overview, rather than a detailed summary, of the research papers selected. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided.
Health visiting team's inspiring run
Authors: Walker Melita
Published: September 2014

The Great Health Visitors–Great North Run initiative proved to be even bigger and better than Melita Walker, who came up with the idea, had hoped.
Finding the right words
Authors: Oldman Crystal
Published: September 2014

It's important to think about the possible connotations of the terminology we use, from how we describe diseases to how we refer to our profession, says Crystal Oldman.
Effective management of atopic eczema in adults
Authors: Watkins Jean
Published: September 2014

Atopic eczema (AE) is a common condition in children and tends to improve with age; however, 2–10% of patients will continue to be affected as adults. When managing the adult patient with eczema it is essential that an assessment of the signs and symptoms, as well as the effect the condition is having on quality of life, is carried out. This article focuses on the presentation of AE, complications that may be experienced by patients with AE, management of the condition and when to refer to a specialist.
Management of pelvic inflammatory disease
Authors: Adam Black
Published: September 2014

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) refers to a variety of inflammatory conditions involving the upper genital tract in females. This article aims to increase knowledge of the management of mild to moderate PID by nurse prescribers working in sexual health. An overview of how to identify PID and the types of bacteria that can cause it is provided. The article provides an understanding of the process required to make a diagnosis of PID, and highlights other conditions that may cause similar symptoms. The pharmacological options in treating non-complex mild to moderate presentations of PID are covered.
Pharmacology of statins: A brief overview
Authors: Patel Bina
Published: September 2014

Statins have revolutionized the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). In the UK, statins are used for both the primary and secondary prevention of CVD, and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2014) have recently published new guidance on lipid modification. The current range of statins licensed for use in the UK includes simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, rosuvastatin and atorvastatin. This article will provide an overview of the history of statins, their mechanism of action, clinical uses and adverse effects.
Supplementary prescribing for spasticity management
Authors: Ashford Stephen , Breckenridge Shuling , Nyein Kyaw
Published: September 2014

Spasticity is characterized by disordered sensory-motor control, presenting as intermittent or sustained involuntary activation of muscles. Spasticity as a clinical problem has been seen in 38% ( Watkins et al, 2002 ) to 19% ( Sommerfeld et al, 2004 ) of patients with stroke. It may cause additional unwanted effects such as pain, deformity and impaired function ( Burke et al, 1988 ). The clinical treatment of spasticity incorporates both pharmacological and physical interventions for management as illustrated in the case of Andrew. Physical strategies applied with Andrew were in the form of a positioning aid in bed, a standing programme using a ‘tilt-table’ and provision of a tilt-in-space wheelchair. A ‘pillow-wrap’ splint, to maintain muscle length at the elbow joint, was also recommended. Administration of baclofen and botulinum toxin-A into the left elbow flexor muscles was implemented, because of the generalized and focal elements of spasticity. Following the combined intervention of physical and pharmacological treatments, Andrew’s specific goals for intervention were met. His Goal Attainment Scaling T score was 50, indicating the achievement of all goals as planned at the start of treatment. Benefits included improved ease of upper body dressing by carers, reduction of pain and prevention of established contracture development. Andrew’s case emphasizes the importance of the physical management plan, the management of exacerbating factors for spasticity being discussed with the treating therapists, nursing staff and patient and the concurrent benefits of pharmacological intervention.
Comparison of Different Oxidation Techniques for Biofunctionalization of Pyrolyzed Carbon
Authors: Penmatsa Varun , Kawarada Hiroshi , Song Yin , Wang Chunlei
Published: September 2014

Pyrolyzed carbon micro/nano-structures have great potential as functional units in biosensors where biofunctionalization of the carbon surface is a requisite. In this work, we present a comparison of four different oxidation pretreatments, i.e. vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), electrochemical activation (EA), oxygen reactive ion etching (RIE), and ultraviolet/ozone (UV/O3) pretreatments on pyrolyzed carbon surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated that all the oxidation techniques except UV/O3 pretreatment yielded identical oxidation levels. The percentage of the carboxyl group which is suitable for covalent attachment of amine terminated biomolecules increased with pretreatment time, and was highest in the case of VUV pretreatment (15%) followed by oxygen RIE (12.5%) and EA pretreatments (12.5%) and UV/O3 pretreatment showed significantly lower carboxyl group percentage at 6%. This study helps to optimize the surface functionalization conditions for covalent binding of bioreceptors on the pyrolyzed carbon substrate for biosensing applications.
Optical Performance of LED using Carbon Doped AlN thin Film as Thermal Interface Material on Metal Substrate
Authors: Subramani Shanmugan , Norazlina M , Devarajan Mutharasu
Published: September 2014

Carbon doped Aluminium Nitride (C-AlN) thin film was synthesized on Al and Cu substrates using RF sputtering and used as heat sink for high power LED. The optical properties of LED such as correlated color temperature (CCT) and brightness (LUX) was recorded by spectrometer and tested for various driving currents. Increased lux level was observed for high driving currents and showed the performance C-AlN thin film as good thermal interface material at high driving currents.The observed CCT values were in between 6180-6900 K and increased for high driving currents. At the lower driving current, CCT value was high for C-AlN on Cu than on Al.overall, the observed optical properties of LED using C-AlN thin film as thermal interface material was suggested to explore the usage of C doped AlN thin film as effective thin film thermal interface material for thermal management in solid state lighting applications.
Ionic Liquid Controlled Growth of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and their Fluorescence study in the presence of NH3 gas
Authors: Singh Neha , Syed Fazila , Haque Fozia
Published: September 2014

This article describes the synthesis of ZnO nano particle with an average crystallite size ~20 nm through aqueous solution growth technique using Benzyltrimethylammoium hydroxide Ionic liquid (BTMAH) as a structure directing agent. Crystallinity, phase purity, Volume of unit cell, average crystallite size, and strain were confirmed by X-ray diffraction pattern using Scherrer‟s method and Williamson-Hall analysis, particle morphology and grain size were confirmed by Atomic force microscopy. Using the optical properties photo luminescence, interaction between ammonia gas and zinc oxide nanoparticle were also investigated. The material shows average significant increment in the PL intensity which conform its tremendous applicability in optical gas sensor to detect ammonia gas (25 ppm).
Role of Polymorphism in Materials Science
Authors: Mondal Pradip , Chopra Deepak
Published: September 2014

Polymorphism is a widespread and commonly occurring phenomenon in fields of chemistry, biology and materials science. In recent years, the development of technology has lead to the development of different instrumentation tools(such as SXRD, PXRD, IR, NMR, AFM) which are employed for the characterization of different polymorphic materials (namely polymers, nano crystalline metal oxides and pharmaceutical drugs) which are of great importance because of their applications in the field of materials science.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Co(II) Cu(II) Zn(III) and La(II) Complexes of Standard Antidiabetic Drugs
Authors: Tawkir Mohammad
Published: September 2014

Metal complxes of Glimeperide drugs were prepared and characterized based on elemental analysis, FT-IR, Molar conductance and thermal analysis (TGA and DTG) technique. From elemental analysis data, the complexes were proposed to have general formulae (GLM)2Co2H2O, (GLM)2Cu, (GLM)2Zn,and (GLM)2La2H2O. The molar conductance data reveal that all the metal complexes are non-electrolytic, IR spectra shows that GLM are coordinated to metal ions in a neutral bidentate manner from the ESR spectra and XRD-spectra. It is found that the geometrical structures of these complexes are tetrahedral Cu(II) ,Zn(II) and octrahedral Co(II), La(II). The thermal behavior of these complexesstudied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA and DTG) techniques. The results obtained shows that the hydrated complexes lose water molecules of hydration followed immediately by decomposition of the anions and ligand molecules in the successive unseparate steps.
IR Spectra, Magnetic and Thermal Studies of Copper (II) Complex of N-Hydroxy-N-(4-Chloro) Phenyl N’(4-Fluoro) Phenyl Benzamidine Hydrochloride
Authors: Mohabey Hemlata
Published: September 2014

Copper (II) reacts with HCPFPBH and forms buff coloured precipitate insoluble in many organic solvents like absolute alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform etc. The Solid complex has molecular formula (C19H13N2OFCl)2Cu which melts at 2020C with decomposition. The infrared spectra of the complex was recorded in the range 4000-450cm-1. The ligand molecule consists of a weak band at 2550 cm-1. This confirms the presence of azomethine nitrogen in the ligand. This band is absent in the IR Spectrum of the complex confirming the involvement of this group in complexation . The strong band of the ligand at 1640 cm-1 is due to C = NH+ group which shifts to lower frequency by 60 cm-1. This confirms the formation of C = N -----Cu bond. The N – O stretching mode shifts to higher frequency from 930 cm-1 to 960 cm-1 this confirms the formation of N – O – Cu bond by replacement of N – O – H proton by Copper.Cu – N band appears at 460 cm-1 which supports the formation of Cu – N bond. The positive value of volume susceptibility confirms that the complex is paramagnetic. TGA studies suggest that complex is thermally stable upto 2020C and melts with decomposition. At this temperature water molecules are absent which is also suggested by IR spectra of the complex. These studies support the use of N-Hydroxy-N-(4-Chloro) phenylN’-(4-Fluoro) phenyl benzamidine hydrochloride for gravimetric determination of Copper (II) in ores and alloys.
X-ray Diffraction and Thermal Characterization Study of SmIII Complex of Sulphonylurea, Glipizide: An Oral Antidiabetic Drug
Authors: Chouhan Om , Chouhan Hansa
Published: September 2014

The present paper deals with the study of sulphonylurea glipizide (GLP) drug in order to give a thought concerning its coordinating potentiality towards some inner transition metals. Metal complex of GLP drug issynthesized and characterized by using analytical data, molar conductance, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA and DTA) studies. From the analytical data, the complex is proposed to have general formula(C21H26N5O4S)2Sm(OH2)4.Low values of molar conductance indicate that complex have non ionic nature. The conductometric titration using monovariation method reveal that complexis L2M type which is further confirmed by Job’s method of continuous variation as modified by Turner and Anderson. Geometery of complex is assigned to be hexagonal in which ligand molecules lie horizontally joining the central metal atomand four water molecules attached vertically and horizontally with the metal, supported by spectroscopic study. Powder X-ray diffraction data have been used to calculate particle size, porosity, volume of unit cell and density of synthesized complex.The thermal decomposition of complex is studied using thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques. The kinetic parameters such as, energy of activation (Ea), enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) and free energy change (ΔG) of the complexis evaluated by employing the Freeman-Carroll and Sharp-Wentworth methodsand the relative thermal stability of the complexisalso discussed.
Living together in a sexually exclusive relationship: an enduring, pervasive ideal?
Authors: Lampard Richard
Published: September 2014

Recent demographic trends constitute movement away from forms of relationship behaviour central to hegemonic heterosexuality. The perceived legitimacy of cohabitation, relationship dissolution and same-sex partnerships has also increased. Has a further shift occurred, among people not living with partners, away from conventional coupledom as an ideal? Using data from the second National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (NATSAL II), this article examines trends and patterns in the incidence of sexually exclusive co-residence as an ideal future lifestyle. While subscription to this ‘traditional’ ideal varies substantially with age and other salient factors, it nevertheless remains prevalent virtually throughout the ‘single’ population. Furthermore, there was no marked change across the 1990s in this ideal’s popular appeal, highlighting its continuing influence as a ‘meaning-constitutive tradition’ (Gross, 2005). Relationship practices and ideals thus appear to have diverged, with the former changing more. However, as lifecourses unfold, people sometimes relinquish the traditional ideal, not infrequently favouring ‘living apart together’ instead.
Combining Immunodetection with Histochemical Techniques
Authors: Gadd Victoria L.
Published: September 2014

Picro-Sirius red is a routine diagnostic stain intended for the histological visualization of collagen fibers (fibrosis) in tissue. Multi-label immunohistochemistry is a powerful tool used by researchers to visualize different cell types and their location within a tissue specimen, and to observe co-localization of antigens. Combining the specificity of immunodetection with the simplicity of Sirius red staining will allow researchers to visualize multi-antigen detection in relation to fibrosis, a common histological feature of injury in many chronic diseases. Pre-treatment of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE) specimens with antigen retrieval is essential for the work-up of most commercially available antibodies. The most common form of antigen retrieval involves boiling tissue specimens in buffer to break the cross-linkages caused by formalin fixation. However, this method causes tissue modification and collagen fiber shrinkage leading to suboptimal results when counterstaining for Sirius red. Reduced heat and enzymatic digestion are antigen retrieval methods compatible with Sirius red counterstaining. This paper will discuss the difficulties faced when combining these two staining methods, and provide a detailed method for the simultaneous detection of antigen and Sirius red in FFPE tissues.
(Un)conditional hospitality: The host experience of the Polynesian community in Auckland
Authors: Schänzel Heike A. , Brocx Monique , Sadaraka Lisa
Published: September 2014

There is an increased attention to the visiting friends and relatives phenomenon for destinations, yet the hosting experience is still neglected. One group of prolific hosts comprises the Polynesian families in Auckland, New Zealand, who are the focus of this study. In-depth interviews were conducted with eleven Pacifica people in Auckland to understand the experiences associated with hosting family from the Islands. Hosting relatives from the Pacific Islands is embedded in the cultural responsibilities of belonging to the Polynesian community and diaspora. The findings highlight the more unconditional nature of Polynesian hospitality with its emphasis on cultural connectedness, generativity and reciprocity as part of social capital formation. The contribution of providing hospitality through hosting deserves more attention for its integral role in social life. There are also obligatory aspects of reciprocity, inconveniences and responsibilities within Polynesian hospitality adding strain to an already vulnerable and marginalized population in New Zealand. More debate is needed about the sustainability of this notion of unconditional or obligated hospitality within modern society.
Scotland’s Future, hospitality and social healing
Authors: Phipps Alison
Published: September 2014

The Referendum on Independence for Scotland, 18 September 2014, provides the context for this article. The Referendum is controversial. It focuses on the right of people to self-determination. The controversies of how a nation might constitute itself have been an important feature of wide-ranging grassroots discussions and political meetings since the date of the Referendum was announced and the White Paper: Scotland’s Future was published in November 2013. This article charts the controversies of who might be a member of a future nation, and what happens when decision-making occurs, in refugee and asylum determination cases, to exclude or to set aside humanitarian protection for political purposes. As such this article provides a note from present day controversies around hospitality and society and the way these terms are contested in national and community struggles for inclusion, protection and justice.
Reviews
Authors: Boudou Benjamin , Gregorash Bill J. , Manzo Lidia K. C.
Published: September 2014

Hospitality and World Politics, Gideon Baker (ed.) (2013) Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 272 pp., ISBN: 9780415561778, h/bk, £57.50

Behind the Kitchen Door, Saru Jayaraman (2013) Ithaca, NY: ILR Press/Cornell University Press, 208 pp., ISBN: 9780801451720, h/bk, $21.95/£13.50

Market Place: Food Quarters, Design and Urban Renewal in London, Susan Parham (2012) Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, xi+332 pp., ISBN: 9781443841726, h/bk, £49.99
Anmerkungen zur Friedensdiskussion
Authors: Brakelmann Günter
Published: September 2014

Part of the basis of the theory and practice of peace policy is the acknowledgment of the ambivalence ofhuman nature and history, the reality ofthe capacity for both war and peace. This insight Ieads to the setting of comparative aims for peace policy, to a reform-based implementation of more peace in the face of an unpeaceful world. A world peace order cannot disregard the existence of sovereign states and their interests. Combining international cooperation and communication with a residual policy of nuclear deterrence could minimize military conflicts. At national Ievel this orientation towards peace requires a legal system along the lines of a social constitutional state.
Ethik zwischen sozialverfaßter Habitualität und Reflexion
Authors: Maaser Wolfgang
Published: September 2014

The article proceeds from the basal fact that all ethical reflections are developped in a contexture which can be defined as socially constituted habituality; to this contexture are related the individuals, reflecting or not, by their social identity. Unfortunately most of the programms of ethics delete these relations by prefering a logifying approach to ethics which is not prepared to take into consideration the realm ofthose ambiguous interferences. By this means the prerequesites for performing ethical conduct, both are ignored and contrasted, nota bene, darkly and dimly with ethical discernments. However, parts of the tradition of rhetorics can give a clue to both how to disentangle the universe of prerequesites and to operationalize them as constituents of ethical reflections. This is concerning our understanding of reason, too; all reason ist finite, not able to spread out itselfto pure reason but competent to thematize its attachment to historical habituality. The outlines of such an understanding of reason are to discover in Dietrich Bonhoeffer's »Ethik« to confront the fideistic tendencies of protestantism and disclaim a methaphysical determination of reason
Christliches Menschenbild und geistige Behinderung
Authors: Hübner lngolf
Published: September 2014

This article on the Christian understanding of human existence and the mentally-handicapped gives a survey of the care and advancement of the handicapperl in the former G.D.R. It describes the initial church stance regarding this work after World War II and compares the insuing efforts of both church and state. In spite of political repression this type of care became a primary field of diaconic work. Diaconic efforts consisted of staff training, the construction of special buildings, and the international exchange of ideas and practice. A major concem was the widescale integration of the handicapped.
Der Stilbegriff als Paradigma der Wirtschaftsethik
Authors: Dietzfelbinger Daniel
Published: September 2014

The author deals with the question, how to mediate between oeconomic imperatives and ethical principles. He offers to turn »oeconomic style« to advantage as a pattern of this mediation. The attraction of the suggestion is shown in a profound reconstruction of Alfred Müller-Armacks concept of »Soziale Marktwirtschaft« as an oeconomic-ethical programm.
Distinkt, aber nicht illegitim
Authors: Grotefeld Stefan
Published: September 2014

The author examines three models of protestant ethics (St. Hauerwas, E. Herms, J. Fischer) asking the following questions: how do they conceive the distinctive character of the christian ethos, how do they understand the relationship between christian ethos and public sphere and are they capable of refusing the liberal demand for self-restriction. All of these models can be interpreted as attempts to describe the distinctive feature of the christian ethos as something which is an essential element all moralities have in common. Although the autor regards the intuist model as the most plausible, he argues that it is not able to reject the liberal demand for self-restriction. Therefore, this challenge can be met only by demonstrating that the restriction of religious and other comprehensive doctrines does not necessarily follow from the liberal principle of legitimacy. The author outlines how this can done be done.
Ohne Ansehen der Person
Authors: Berner Knut
Published: September 2014

This article describes the intrinsic ambivalence of the face-to-face communication and gives examples to support its thesis, that there is no reason for preferring a concept of human understanding, which ignores the medial influences for personal communication in modern societies. The remembrance ofGod's invisibility also gives- especially for theological ethics - some further aspects to transform the traditional opinion, that only the visibility and authentic presentation of persans can be a good foundation formoral acting.
„... immer zu trösten“
Authors: Niethammer Dietrich
Published: September 2014

In this article, a paediatrician responsible for the paediatric hospital ofthe University ofTübingen, discusses the importance of ethical consultations in daily clinical practice. Unlike in the USA, where there are two kinds of institutional ethical advice (Ethical Review Boards take care of fundamental questions concerning medical research and Ethical Commitees handle problems which occur in medical practice), Germany's hospitals have only established Ethikkommissionen which deal with research involving human cell material, but no discussion boards for ethical issues relating to normal medical treatment. The author describes the ad hoc consultations in bis hospital in which doctors and nursing staff can discuss those problems, from their own point of view, without either diminishing the physicians 's responsibility or patronizing the patient.
Menschenwürde, Rationalität und Gefühl
Authors: Fischer Johannes
Published: September 2014

What is the concept of human dignity derived from? Does it have its foundation in the emotions or in reason? By dint of a differentiation between a premoral, sittliche orientation in acting (differentiated in premoral goods, duties and virtues) and a moral orientation, which is due to an external evaluating moral community, the author comes to the conclusion that human dignity finds its foundation in both the emotions and rationality. This has important implications for the task of a theological ethics insofar it is concerned with the concept of human dignity and its enforcement
»We gonna bin laden them!«
Authors: Schäfer Heinrich
Published: September 2014

Actual armed conflict develops to a large extent as »New Wars« (Kaldor, Münkler). Meanwhile traditional peace ethics address either the global/regional or the local level, the dynamicss of New Wars and the according peace building strategies of »peace constituencies« (Lederach) create a new »glocal« (Robertson) field of action. The challenge for Christian peace ethics is now to find a third way between universalistic and communitarian approaches. In this essay the author proposes a »methodological communitarianism« that roots in Bourdieuian sociology and philosophical thinking of Michael Walzer and Richard Rorty. It connects »thick« morals to »thin« principles in the peace constituenties’ task to build bridges between mutally excluding morals. Thus, it is suitable to model Christian peace ethics for this specific new challenge
Perspektiven ökumenischer Ethik
Authors: Körtner Ulrich H.J.
Published: September 2014

In the ecumenical discussion, the lingering differences between the concessions are realised more generally again. Not only does this apply for dogmatics, but also for ethics. Eberhard Schockenhoff’s critical inquiries are recognised as a helpful impulse for the self-control of protestant ethics in the sense of an »ecumenism of objection« (Richard Schenk). However, Schockenhoff’s allegation of breaking with traditions in this respect calls for closer examination. Besides that, unsolved questions have to be put to Catholic moral theology. Some of these include the role of the Christian teaching authority, and the exposure to plurality
Gerenciamento de portfólio de produtos na indústria: estado da arte
Authors: Ensslin Leonardo , Ensslin Sandra Rolim , Souza Marcel Viana de
Published: September 2014

O acirramento da concorrência de produtos manufaturados tem compelido as empresas a buscarem alternativas mais criativas e inovadoras para manter-se no mercado, uma destas é a diversificação dos produtos. O presente trabalho se propõe a construir o conhecimento decorrente da evidenciação e análise dos artigos de maior reconhecimento científico para o tema Gerenciamento de Portfólio de Produtos segundo a percepção e delimitações de um pesquisador. Com tal propósito foi utilizado o processo ProKnow-C, que permitiu identificar na literatura um conjunto de 14 artigos com reconhecimento científico e com conteúdos alinhados com a visão do tema do pesquisador. Para esta amostra identificou-se os 2 periódicos com maior participação, os 4 autores de maior relevância e as 6 palavras-chave mais utilizadas. Evidenciou-se que poucos autores reconhecem o ambiente físico do contexto como único, e nenhum reconhece os limites de conhecimento do decisor. Com relação à mensuração, a maioria se vale de escalas ordinais, e poucos utilização do processo de integração dos critérios avaliados. Quase a totalidade dos artigos se vale de diagnósticos descritivos, e apenas um realiza o diagnóstico numérico. Nenhum dos estudos possuía ainda um processo estruturado para gerar ações de aperfeiçoamento.
Wartości w teorii prawa Jerzego Wróblewskiego
Authors: Leszczyński Jerzy
Published: September 2014

The article presents the role of values and evaluation practices in Jerzy Wróblewski`s legal theory. An overview of the theory includes here the interpretation and the application of the law, in both of which Wróblewski shows the axiological choices made by a lawyer. These choices are only partly limited by the interpretative directives, those generally accepted in a legal culture. The author of the article describes the two ideologies (normative theories), distinguished by Wroblewski, of the legal interpretation (and of the application of the law), which are contradictory to each other as they refer to opposing values: legal certainty and flexibility of law. A third type of ideology, identified by Wróblewski refers to the value of rationality and tries to mitigate the contradictions of the previous two. Some similarities between Wróblewski`s legal theory and the theory of H.L.A.Hart may allow to treat him as the co-founder of a sophisticated version of legal positivism.
tRNAs: new tricks from old dogs
Authors: Stoecklin Georg , Diederichs Sven
Published: September 2014

tRNA biology has lately seen a revival with the discovery of tRNA cleavage products as mediators of stress responses. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Blanco et al now report that tRNA methylation, by protecting from cleavage, is relevant for normal brain development. The versatility of tRNA is further emphasized by a recent study in Cell that uncovered differential expression of tRNAs as a means to accustom codon usage bias to the needs in proliferating versus differentiating cells.
Direct interaction of actin filaments with F‐BAR protein pacsin2
Authors: Kostan Julius , Salzer Ulrich , Orlova Albina , Törö Imre , Hodnik Vesna , Senju Yosuke , Zou Juan , Schreiner Claudia , Steiner Julia , Meriläinen Jari , Nikki Marko , Virtanen Ismo , Carugo Oliviero , Rappsilber Juri , Lappalainen Pekka , Lehto Veli‐Pekka , Anderluh Gregor , Egelman Edward H , Djinović‐Carugo Kristina
Published: September 2014

Two mechanisms have emerged as major regulators of membrane shape: BAR domain‐containing proteins, which induce invaginations and protrusions, and nuclear promoting factors, which cause generation of branched actin filaments that exert mechanical forces on membranes. While a large body of information exists on interactions of BAR proteins with membranes and regulatory proteins of the cytoskeleton, little is known about connections between these two processes. Here, we show that the F‐BAR domain protein pacsin2 is able to associate with actin filaments using the same concave surface employed to bind to membranes, while some other tested N‐BAR and F‐BAR proteins (endophilin, CIP4 and FCHO2) do not associate with actin. This finding reveals a new level of complexity in membrane remodeling processes.
Specific roles for dendritic cell subsets during initiation and progression of psoriasis
Authors: Glitzner Elisabeth , Korosec Ana , Brunner Patrick M , Drobits Barbara , Amberg Nicole , Schonthaler Helia B , Kopp Tamara , Wagner Erwin F , Stingl Georg , Holcmann Martin , Sibilia Maria
Published: September 2014

Several subtypes of APCs are found in psoriasis patients, but their involvement in disease pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the contribution of Langerhans cells (LCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in psoriasis. In human psoriatic lesions and in a psoriasis mouse model (DKO* mice), LCs are severely reduced, whereas pDCs are increased. Depletion of pDCs in DKO* mice prior to psoriasis induction resulted in a milder phenotype, whereas depletion during active disease had no effect. In contrast, while depletion of Langerin‐expressing APCs before disease onset had no effect, depletion from diseased mice aggravated psoriasis symptoms. Disease aggravation was due to the absence of LCs, but not other Langerin‐expressing APCs. LCs derived from DKO* mice produced increased IL‐10 levels, suggesting an immunosuppressive function. Moreover, IL‐23 production was high in psoriatic mice and further increased in the absence of LCs. Conversely, pDC depletion resulted in reduced IL‐23 production, and therapeutic inhibition of IL‐23R signaling ameliorated disease symptoms. Therefore, LCs have an anti‐inflammatory role during active psoriatic disease, while pDCs exert an instigatory function during disease initiation.
Association of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with thyroid cancer
Authors: Azizi G , Keller J M , Lewis M , Piper K , Puett D , Rivenbark K M , Malchoff C D
Published: September 2014

This prospective study investigates the relationship between Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and thyroid cancer (TC) in patients with thyroid nodules (TNs). We prospectively examined 2100 patients with 2753 TNs between January 5, 2010 and August 15, 2013. A total of 2023 patients with 2669 TNs met the inclusion criteria of TN ≥5 mm and age ≥18 years. Each patient had blood drawn before fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for the following measurements: TSH, free thyroxine, free tri-iodothyronine, thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and antithyroglobulin antibody (TgAb). Diagnosis of TC was based on pathology analysis of thyroidectomy tissue. The associations of TC with the independent variables were determined by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis and reported as adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI. A total of 248 malignant nodules were found in 233 patients. There was an association of TC with both increased serum TgAb concentration and age<45 years. An elevated serum TgAb concentration was found in 10.2% of patients (182 of 1790) with benign nodules as compared with 20.6% of patients (48 of 233) with malignant nodules (P≤0.0001). TgAb (OR=2.24: CI=1.57, 3.19) and TSH ≥1 μIU/ml (OR (95% CI)) OR: 1.49 (1.09, 2.03) were significant predictors of TC in multivariate analysis controlling for age and gender. TC was not associated with serum concentrations of TPOAb. In patients with TN, elevated serum concentration of TgAb and TSH ≥1 μIU/ml are independent predictors for TC. The association between HT and TC is antibody specific.
Genomic Analysis of the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Reveals Possible Conservation of Vertebrate Sex Determination in a Mollusc
Authors: Zhang Na , Xu Fei , Guo Ximing
Published: September 2014

Despite the prevalence of sex in animal kingdom, we have only limited understanding of how sex is determined and evolved in many taxa. The mollusc Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas exhibits complex modes of sexual reproduction that consists of protandric dioecy, sex change, and occasional hermaphroditism. This complex system is controlled by both environmental and genetic factors through unknown molecular mechanisms. In this study, we investigated genes related to sex-determining pathways in C. gigas through transcriptome sequencing and analysis of female and male gonads. Our analysis identified or confirmed novel homologs in the oyster of key sex-determining genes (SoxH or Sry-like and FoxL2) that were thought to be vertebrate-specific. Their expression profile in C. gigas is consistent with conserved roles in sex determination, under a proposed model where a novel testis-determining CgSoxH may serve as a primary regulator, directly or indirectly interacting with a testis-promoting CgDsx and an ovary-promoting CgFoxL2. Our findings plus previous results suggest that key vertebrate sex-determining genes such as Sry and FoxL2 may not be inventions of vertebrates. The presence of such genes in a mollusc with expression profiles consistent with expected roles in sex determination suggest that sex determination may be deeply conserved in animals, despite rapid evolution of the regulatory pathways that in C. gigas may involve both genetic and environmental factors.
Dynamic Bayesian Testing of Sets of Variants in Complex Diseases
Authors: Zhang Yu , Ghosh Soumitra , Hakonarson Hakon
Published: September 2014

Rare genetic variants have recently been studied for genome-wide associations with human complex diseases. Existing rare variant methods are based on the hypothesis-testing framework that predefined variant sets need to be tested separately. The power of those methods is contingent upon accurate selection of variants for testing, and frequently, common variants are left out for separate testing. In this article, we present a novel Bayesian method for simultaneous testing of all genome-wide variants across the whole frequency range. The method allows for much more flexible grouping of variants and dynamically combines them for joint testing. The method accounts for correlation among variant sets, such that only direct associations with the disease are reported, whereas indirect associations due to linkage disequilibrium are not. Consequently, the method can obtain much improved power and flexibility and simultaneously pinpoint multiple disease variants with high resolution. Additional covariates of categorical, discrete, and continuous values can also be added. We compared our method with seven existing categories of approaches for rare variant mapping. We demonstrate that our method achieves similar power to the best methods available to date when testing very rare variants in small SNP sets. When moderately rare or common variants are included, or when testing a large collection of variants, however, our method significantly outperforms all existing methods evaluated in this study. We further demonstrate the power and the usage of our method in a whole-genome resequencing study of type 1 diabetes.
Differential Regulation of Germline Apoptosis in Response to Meiotic Checkpoint Activation
Authors: Ye Alice L , Ragle J Matthew , Conradt Barbara , Bhalla Needhi
Published: September 2014

In Caenorhabditis elegans, germline apoptosis is promoted by egl-1 and ced-13 in response to meiotic checkpoint activation. We report that the requirement for these two factors depends on which checkpoints are active. We also identify a regulatory region of egl-1 required to inhibit germline apoptosis in response to DNA damage incurred during meiotic recombination.
Unisexual Reproduction Reverses Muller’s Ratchet
Authors: Roach Kevin C , Heitman Joseph
Published: September 2014

Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic basidiomycetous fungus that engages in outcrossing, inbreeding, and selfing forms of unisexual reproduction as well as canonical sexual reproduction between opposite mating types. Long thought to be clonal, >99% of sampled environmental and clinical isolates of C. neoformans are MATα, limiting the frequency of opposite mating-type sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction allows eukaryotic organisms to exchange genetic information and shuffle their genomes to avoid the irreversible accumulation of deleterious changes that occur in asexual populations, known as Muller’s ratchet. We tested whether unisexual reproduction, which dispenses with the requirement for an opposite mating-type partner, is able to purge the genome of deleterious mutations. We report that the unisexual cycle can restore mutant strains of C. neoformans to wild-type genotype and phenotype, including prototrophy and growth rate. Furthermore, the unisexual cycle allows attenuated strains to purge deleterious mutations and produce progeny that are returned to wild-type virulence. Our results show that unisexual populations of C. neoformans are able to avoid Muller’s ratchet and loss of fitness through a unisexual reproduction cycle involving α-α cell fusion, nuclear fusion, and meiosis. Similar types of unisexual reproduction may operate in other pathogenic and saprobic eukaryotic taxa.
Fractional Flow Reserve Derived from Coronary Imaging and Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Pantos Ioannis , Katritsis Demosthenes ,   Department of Cardiology, Athens Euroclinic, 9 Athanassiadou Str., 115 21 Athens, Greece. E: dkatritsis@euroclinic.gr; University of Athens, Greece,   Athens Euroclinic, Athens, Greece
Published: September 2014

The assessment of functional severity of atherosclerotic stenoses in patients with coronary artery disease by invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurement requires coronary artery cannulation, advancement of a wire and intravenous adenosine infusion with inherent procedure-related risk and costs. Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) and rotational coronary angiography (RA) have been recently used in conjunction with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and image-based modelling for the determination of FFR without the need for additional imaging, modification of acquisition protocols or administration of medication. FFR derived from CCTA was demonstrated as superior to measures of CCTA stenosis severity for determination of lesion-specific ischaemia. Estimation of FFR from RA images and CFD provides a less invasive alternative to conventional FFR measurement while estimated values are in agreement with measured values. These new, combined anatomic–functional assessments have the potential to simplify the noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease with a single study to identify patients with ischaemia-causing stenosis who may benefit from revascularisation.
Intravascular Ultrasound-based Imaging Modalities for Tissue Characterisation
Authors: Erglis Andrejs , Jegere Sanda , Narbute Inga ,   Insitute of Cardiology, University of Latvia, Chief, Latvian Centre of Cardiology, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, LV1002, Latvia. E: a.a.erglis@stradini.lv; Latvian Centre of Cardiology, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia,   Insitute of Cardiology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia; Latvian Centre of Cardiology, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia,   Insitute of Cardiology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia; Latvian Centre of Cardiology, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Published: September 2014

Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the developed world. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a widely used imaging modality providing complementary diagnostic information to angiography regarding the vessel wall of the coronary arteries. IVUS has been used for assessment of ambiguous angiographic lesions, evaluation of new interventional devices and in atherosclerosis progression-regression trials. However, the standard gray-scale IVUS has limited value for the accurate identification of specific plaque components. This limitation has been partially over- come by introduction of new IVUS-based imaging methods such as: virtual histology IVUS, iMAP-IVUS and Integrated Backscatter IVUS. These methods utilise the ultrasound backscatter signal to enable a more detailed characterization of plaque morphology or tissue characterization and to provide insight on the features of vulnerable plaque.