bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Job Insecurity and Anticipated Job Loss: A Primer and Exploration of Possible Interventions
Authors: Probst Tahira M. , Jiang Lixin , Benson Wendi
Published: June 2014

Given the increasing prevalence of job insecurity across the globe, the purpose of this chapter is to identify variables operating at the individual, occupational, organizational, and societal levels that have been found to influence employee perceptions of job insecurity and to discuss the outcomes (related to organizational well-being and employee well-being) that accrue as a result of such insecurity. In doing so, we bring together two disparate bodies of literature on economic stress (job insecurity and anticipated job loss) by integrating them into a comprehensive model that explicitly advocates a multilevel perspective and acknowledges that employees are embedded in multiple intersecting and influential contexts (e.g., socioeconomic conditions). Although a vast body of research suggests that the consequences of job insecurity are largely negative, this chapter also explores organizational- and societal-level interventions to attenuate these negative consequences.
World Englishes, Code-Switching, and Convergence
Authors: Bullock Barbara E. , Hinrichs Lars , Toribio Almeida Jacqueline
Published: June 2014

In this chapter, it is argued that the study of World Englishes (WE) should assume a more central place in the analysis of variation and change in the context of language contact. Because they emerge from situations of bilingualism and contact, WE varieties are highly informative with regard to the structural issues of code-switching and convergence (also termed structural borrowing, transfer, interference, imposition). The inherently mixed nature of WE is shown here to mirror the diverse structural patterns that are commonly encountered in bilingual speech. It is argued that different mixing patterns arise in response to the social and medial embedding of WE vernaculars at the community, the individual, and the interactional levels. Social evaluations of relative prestige, individual projections of style, stance, and identity, and the complex nature of multilingual interaction conspire to bring about complex, new language structures.
Introduction
Authors: Conway Colleen M.
Published: June 2014

This introduction begins by locating qualitative research in music education within the larger field of qualitative research in social sciences and humanities research, within qualitative research in education, and within music education research in general. The middle section then explains the scope and organization of this Handbook and examines challenges for authors within each of the five parts of the book. The introduction connects these Handbook chapters to key characteristics of music education qualitative research and assist readers with developing criteria for evaluating qualitative research. The chapter then considers what is potentially missing from the Handbook and concludes with acknowledgment of those who assisted with publications in a variety of ways.
Collecting and Analyzing Focus Group Data
Authors: Erős John
Published: June 2014

This chapter discusses the collection and analysis of data obtained through focus group interviews. Building off earlier discussions of individual qualitative interviewing, the chapter discusses the methodological, theoretical, and logistical issues connected with conducting focus group interviews. These include such items as the different role played by the interviewer in a focus group interview as opposed to an individual interview, group dynamics, and issues of confidentiality. The chapter discusses research in music education that has employed focus group interviews, proposes ways in which focus group interviews may be used in the future, and discusses the emerging potential of technology to impact focus group interviews.
Collecting, Generating, and Analyzing Multimodal and Multimedia Data
Authors: Tobias Evan S.
Published: June 2014

This chapter addresses collecting, generating, and analyzing data contextualized through two key aspects of contemporary society and research: 1) the notion of multimodality as a way of expanding beyond text as the sole or primary way of situating, recording, and analyzing data and 2) the mediation of research through digital media and technology. Each section situates qualitative research as occurring within an increasingly digitized society, where even phenomena and data unconnected to technology might be understood through digitally mediated research methods. The potential for leveraging multimedia and multimodal data to better understand existing and evolving musical engagement is explored in depth. The chapter addresses possibilities and challenges related to developing systems and strategies for generating, archiving, organizing, accessing, and analyzing data ranging from video clips to participant-created imagery. Potential future developments and directions related to technology, digital media, and qualitative data are also explored.
Software to Interrogate Qualitative Data in Music Education
Authors: Webster Peter R.
Published: June 2014

Using music-making as data is a potentially rich but underexplored topic in American music educational research. If music-making is a matter of musical knowledge-in-action (Elliott, 1995), then it makes sense that music education researchers would collect and analyze music-making data to provide important insights into the music learning process as well as the very nature and impact of music-making. However, music education researchers who plan to use music-making data are largely left to their own devices, as this is seldom addressed as a separate topic in research books. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the uses of music-making as data in qualitative research in American music education and to offer suggestions about how to collect music-in-the-moment data (process-of-music-making data; product-of-music-making data; and meanings-of-music-making data) and analyze music-making data for different purposes (verbal and nonverbal interactions; musical and nonmusical responses; and social interactions/connections and individual responses).
Instrumental Music (Winds, Brass, Percussion)
Authors: West Chad
Published: June 2014

The first qualitative study examining American school band programs appeared in 1980 as an article in the Journal of Band Research that described the characteristics of five college band directors. Since that first study, approximately 50 published qualitative studies have addressed American school band programs. This chapter explores the qualitative band studies published as dissertations and journal articles from 1980 through 2011. The first part of this chapter, “Teaching Band,” presents findings related specifically to documenting band teaching practices, jazz band, teaching students with special needs, composition, band students’ learning, and band student perspectives. The second part of this chapter, “Beyond Teaching Band,” presents findings from studies that have explored broad facets of band programs such as the social aspects of band, gender, adult learners, histories, and the lives of band directors.
Instrumental Music (Strings)
Authors: Berg Margaret H.
Published: June 2014

This chapter is a review of extant research on American stringed instrument instruction, study, performance, and curriculum. The chapter is divided into four sections—teachers, students, professional/amateur performers, and school orchestra and alternative styles programs and curriculum. Topics addressed in the first section include teacher socialization and lived experience, as well as studio, school, and chamber music teaching models. The second section includes a review of research on student practice, retention, musical experience description, self-efficacy, and varied school and extracurricular performance experiences. In the third section, research on professional or amateur performer skill, identity, or self-efficacy development, improvisational thinking, and socialization is reviewed. Research reviewed in the fourth section is focused on school orchestra program development, varied ensemble offerings and unique peer tutoring, concert, parent class, composition, and alternative styles programs. The chapter concludes with an analysis of topic frequency distribution, as well as suggestions for future research and increased methodological rigor.
World Musics and Cultural Diversity in the Music Classroom and the Community
Authors: Miralis Yiannis
Published: June 2014

Qualitative research has been significantly used for investigating complex and multifaceted issues regarding cultural diversity and the use of world musics in the school and the community. This article explores such qualitative studies that occurred in the United States or Canada and were published from 1980 to 2011. Included are 38 studies, which are presented chronologically and alphabetically within the following six categories: (a) elementary school (Gr. 1-5); (b) middle school (Gr. 6-8); (c) high school (Gr. 9-12); (d) higher education; (e) an unclear or combined educational level (elementary-university); and (f) a community context. These studies focused on the rich and diverse views and experiences of teachers, students, and administrators with regard to cultural diversity and the teaching of world musics; examined exemplary teaching approaches, ensembles, and programs; explored innovative approaches in music teacher education; and brought attention to issues of cultural identity, culturally responsive teaching, and antiracial pedagogy.
Ethics and Qualitative Research in Music Education
Authors: Birk Judith M. , Shindledecker Cynthia S.
Published: June 2014

Qualitative researchers in the field of music education interact with research participants and perform data collection in a variety of settings and formats. The ethical conduct of research is paramount in all circumstances, but the nature of external regulatory oversight varies with the research design. This chapter considers the basis for regulatory oversight found in the Common Rule, discusses when ethical review by an institutional review board (IRB) is necessary, and includes information on working effectively with an IRB. The chapter also discusses the importance of defining the role of the qualitative researcher, especially when the researcher may be a music educator working with his or her own students. Finally, vignettes are provided to guide qualitative researchers in considering various aspects of participant protections, including strategies for informed consent and issues associated with the protection of privacy and confidentiality, where a breach may constitute the primary risk for research participants.
Future Possibilities for Qualitative Research in Music Education
Authors: Barrett Janet R.
Published: June 2014

This chapter sketches out some of the challenges and opportunities facing qualitative research in music education. It proposes seven future directions: “strong purposes,” in which qualitative research will attain greater clarity in aligning research activities with wisely chosen and pressing aims; “strong footings,” in which it will attend more closely to the epistemological coherence of theoretical and analytical frameworks; “new realms,” in which it will situate inquiry in new contexts, engaging new voices, and pursuing compelling new realms of study; “new affordances,” in which it will utilize new affordances of technology and social media as strategic tools and environments for qualitative work; “resonance and rigor,” in which it will seek greater resonance and rigor through attending to writing and scholarly critique; “community,” in which it will integrate the community of qualitative researchers in order to build professional capacity and collaborative power; and “expanding the reach” of its impact on practitioners, scholars, and communities.
In the Beginning, There Was Improvisation
Authors: Benson Bruce Ellis
Published: June 2014

The theological doctrine ofcreatio ex nihiloattempts to safeguard both the power and freedom of God. If creation is understood as God’s work of art, thencreatio ex nihilois the strongest artistic account of creation possible. The Kantian artist possesses something like this power and freedom, since his or her original and exemplary ideas arise inexplicably. The modern and romantic artistic traditions have perpetuated this myth of the lone artist whose creation is a kind of godlike activity. This chapter claims that “improvisation,” or the fabrication out of what is already on hand, constitutes creativity for humanity. Thus, artistic genius always begins somewhere:creatio ex improvisatio. As a result, tradition is incredibly important to improvising art. Improvisation casts doubt on the myth of the disconnected genius and necessarily maintains a play between quotation and originality.
Violent, Nonviolent, and Prosocial Gaming Effects on Teens’ Civic Engagement
Authors: Anderson Craig A.
Published: June 2014

Data from the Pew Internet & American Life Project (Lenhart et al., 2008) on teens’ gaming habits, civic engagement attitudes and behaviors, and family characteristics tested two general hypotheses: (1) that gaming effects on civic engagement and behavior would vary as a function of amount of exposure to different game types (violent vs. nonviolent) and (2) that such effects would be moderated by parental involvement. Relevant data were provided by 821 youths (12 to 17 years of age) and their parents. Path analyses showed that violent gaming was negatively associated with attitudes toward civic engagement and civic engagement behavior even after controlling for participant gender, age, social connectedness, internet use, parent education, parent involvement in the gaming decision, and parent civic engagement. Prosocial and nonviolent gaming were positively associated with civic attitudes and behavior. Youth civic engagement was also predicted by social connectedness and parent civic engagement. Parent involvement moderated the violent gaming effects.
Cybercrime
Authors: Holt Thomas J. , Bossler Adam M.
Published: June 2014

Criminological research exploring the phenomena of cybercrime and technology-enabled offending has increased dramatically over the last two decades, examining changes in offender behavior, victim characteristics, and the applicability of existing theories for these crimes. There is no systematic assessment of this literature or the gaps in our knowledge that require careful measurement and analysis. This study explores the evolution of the term cybercrime and the range of activities that fall into this category of offending, including computer hacking, malware, piracy, fraud, pornography, prostitution, cyberbullying, cyberstalking, and cyberterrorism. The challenges inherent in measuring these offenses and pertinent theoretical and empirical issues are examined in depth.
Bowel Preparation for Pediatric Colonoscopy
Authors: Pall Harpreet , Zacur George M. , Kramer Robert E. , Lirio Richard A. , Manfredi Michael , Shah Manoj , Stephen Thomas C. , Tucker Neil , Gibbons Troy E. , Sahn Benjamin , McOmber Mark , Friedlander Joel , Quiros J.A. , Fishman Douglas S. , Mamula Petar
Published: June 2014

Pediatric bowel preparation protocols used before colonoscopy vary greatly, with no identified standard practice. The present clinical report reviews the evidence for several bowel preparations in children and reports on their use among North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition members. Publications in the pediatric literature for bowel preparation regimens are described, including mechanisms of action, efficacy and ease of use, and pediatric studies. A survey distributed to pediatric gastroenterology programs across the country reviews present national practice, and cleanout recommendations are provided. Finally, further areas for research are identified.
Clinical and Mucosal Improvement With Specific Carbohydrate Diet in Pediatric Crohn Disease
Authors: Cohen Stanley A. , Gold Benjamin D. , Oliva Salvatore , Lewis Jeffery , Stallworth Angela , Koch Bailey , Eshee Laura , Mason David
Published: June 2014

Objective:

The aim of the study was to prospectively evaluate clinical and mucosal responses to the specific carbohydrate diet (SCD) in children with Crohn disease (CD).

Methods:

Eligible patients with active CD (Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index [PCDAI] ≥ 15) underwent a patency capsule and, if passed intact, capsule endoscopy (CE) was performed. Patients taking SCD were monitored for 52 weeks while maintaining all prescribed medications. Demographic, dietary, and clinical information, PCDAI, Harvey‐Bradshaw Index (HBI), and Lewis score (LS) were collected at 0, 12, and 52 weeks. CEs were evaluated by an experienced reader blinded to patient clinical information and timing.

Results:

Sixteen patients were screened; 10 enrolled; and 9 completed the initial 12‐week trial—receiving 85% of estimated caloric needs before, and 101% on the SCD. HB significantly decreased from 3.3 ± 2.0 to 0.6 ± 1.3 (P = 0.007) as did PCDAI (21.1 ± 5.9 to 7.8 ± 7.1, P = 0.011). LS declined significantly from 2153 ± 732 to 960 ± 433 (P = 0.012). Seven patients continued the SCD up to 52 weeks; HB (0.1 ± 0.4) and PCDAI (5.4 ± 5.5) remained improved (P = 0.016 and 0.027 compared to baseline), with mean LS at 1046 ± 372 and 2 patients showed sustained mucosal healing.

Conclusions:

Clinical and mucosal improvements were seen in children with CD, who used SCD for 12 and 52 weeks. In addition, CE can monitor mucosal improvement in treatment trials for pediatric CD. Further studies are critically needed to understand the mechanisms underlying SCD's effectiveness in children with CD.
Health‐Related Quality of Life Over Time in Children With Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Their Families
Authors: Klinnert Mary D. , Silveira Lori , Harris Rachel , Moore Wendy , Atkins Dan , Fleischer David M. , Menard‐Katcher Calies , Aceves Seema , Spergel Jonathan M. , Franciosi James P. , Furuta Glenn T.
Published: June 2014

Objectives:

Existing treatments for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) effectively reduce inflammation. The impact of treatment on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) over time for pediatric patients with EoE and their families, however, has not been systematically assessed. We hypothesized that individualized multidisciplinary treatment would improve both child and family HRQoL over time, with improvements associated with decreased symptom severity.

Methods:

Children with EoE treated in 4 tertiary care centers were enrolled. Baseline assessments occurred at the time of patients' first evaluation; follow‐up assessments occurred at 2 and 6 months after baseline. Presence and severity of 8 EoE symptoms were measured. HRQoL was measured with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory parent proxy report, child self‐report (CR), and Family Impact Module (FIM). Statistical analyses used mixed‐effects modeling to test changes over time for child and family HRQoL.

Results:

Ninety‐seven children were enrolled (ages 2–18 years, mean age 7.7 years ± 4.8, 78% boys, 80% white). Baseline mean symptom number was 3.5 (standard deviation 2.3), and symptom severity was 5.5 (standard deviation, 4.5). HRQoL scores were significantly related to symptom scores (P < 0.001). EoE symptom severity decreased during the study (P = 0.03). Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory parent proxy Total and FIM Total scores improved from baseline to 6 months (respectively, adjusted means 78.4 vs 81.0, P = 0.0006; 68.9 vs 70.1, P = 0.03). Interactions with baseline symptom severity revealed that subjects with lowest symptom severity showed the most improved HRQoL scores (P = 0.0013).

Conclusions:

HRQoL improved during the course of evaluation and treatment, with positive changes being strongest for patients with less symptom severity at baseline.
Impact of Snacking Pattern on Overweight and Obesity Risk in a Cohort of 11‐ to 13‐Year‐Old Adolescents
Authors: Bo Simona , De Carli Luca , Venco Elena , Fanzola Ilaria , Maiandi Maria , De Michieli Franco , Durazzo Marilena , Beccuti Guglielmo , Cavallo‐Perin Paolo , Ghigo Ezio , Ganzit Gian P.
Published: June 2014

Objectives:

The association between snacking habits and overweight in adolescents is unclear. We evaluated the relation between snacking patterns and overweight/obesity in a cohort of 11‐ to 13‐year‐old Italian adolescents.

Methods:

The dietary habits of 400 randomly selected adolescents were evaluated; those with body mass index ≥85th percentile were considered as overweight/obese. Participants were classified based on the percentage of caloric intake from snacks (<15%, 15%–20%, >20%), snacking frequency (1, 2, ≥3), and timing of consuming the most caloric snack (morning, afternoon, evening).

Results:

A minority of participants (13/400, 3.3%) did not consume any snacks; 5/13 (38.5) of them were overweight/obese. Among snackers (387/400), overweight/obesity prevalence was 10.4%, 14.4%, 20.5%, respectively, in those consuming <15%, 15% to 10%, and >20% of their energy intake from snacks. In a Poisson regression model, the overweight/obesity relative risks (RRs) were 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58–3.15) and 2.32 (1.10–4.89) for 15% to 20% and >20% calories/day from snacks, respectively. Overweight/obesity prevalence (from 9.6% to 22.6%) was correlated with snacking frequency (RR 2.20, 95% CI 0.92–5.27, and RR 4.17, 95% CI 1.60–10.9, for 2 and ≥3 snacks per day, respectively). The most caloric snacks were consumed in the morning (180/387) and afternoon (179/387); 28.6% of the predominantly evening snackers (28/387) were overweight/obese (RR 3.12, 95% CI 1.17–8.34).

Conclusions:

Increased snacking calories, frequency, and evening snacking are independently associated with overweight/obesity in Italian middle‐school adolescents.
Dense waters of the Weddell and Scotia Seas: recent changes in properties and circulation
Authors: Meredith Michael P. , Jullion Loïc , Brown Peter J. , Naveira Garabato Alberto C. , Couldrey Matthew P.
Published: June 2014

The densest waters in the Atlantic overturning circulation are sourced at the periphery of Antarctica, especially the Weddell Sea, and flow northward via routes that involve crossing the complex bathymetry of the Scotia Arc. Recent observations of significant warming of these waters along much of the length of the Atlantic have highlighted the need to identify and understand the time-varying formation and export processes, and the controls on their properties and flows. Here, we review recent developments in understanding of the processes that control the changing flux of water through the main export route from the Weddell Sea into the Scotia Sea, and the transformations of the waters within the Scotia Sea and environs. We also present a synopsis of recent findings that relate to the climatic change of dense water properties within the Weddell Sea itself, in the context of known Atlantic-scale changes. Among the most significant findings are the discovery that the warming of waters exported from the Weddell Sea has been accompanied by a significant freshening, and that the episodic nature of the overflow into the Scotia Sea is markedly wind-controlled and can lead to significantly enhanced abyssal stratification. Key areas for focusing future research effort are outlined.
Biological response to millennial variability of dust and nutrient supply in the Subantarctic South Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Anderson Robert F. , Barker Stephen , Fleisher Martin , Gersonde Rainer , Goldstein Steven L. , Kuhn Gerhard , Mortyn P. Graham , Pahnke Katharina , Sachs Julian P.
Published: June 2014

Fluxes of lithogenic material and fluxes of three palaeo-productivity proxies (organic carbon, biogenic opal and alkenones) over the past 100 000 years were determined using the
230
Th-normalization method in three sediment cores from the Subantarctic South Atlantic Ocean. Features in the lithogenic flux record of each core correspond to similar features in the record of dust deposition in the EPICA Dome C ice core. Biogenic fluxes correlate with lithogenic fluxes in each sediment core. Our preferred interpretation is that South American dust, most probably from Patagonia, constitutes a major source of lithogenic material in Subantarctic South Atlantic sediments, and that past biological productivity in this region responded to variability in the supply of dust, probably due to biologically available iron carried by the dust. Greater nutrient supply as well as greater nutrient utilization (stimulated by dust) contributed to Subantarctic productivity during cold periods, in contrast to the region south of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF), where reduced nutrient supply during cold periods was the principal factor limiting productivity. The anti-phased patterns of productivity on opposite sides of the APF point to shifts in the physical supply of nutrients and to dust as cofactors regulating productivity in the Southern Ocean.
Meridional displacement of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Authors: Gille Sarah T.
Published: June 2014

Observed long-term warming trends in the Southern Ocean have been interpreted as a sign of increased poleward eddy heat transport or of a poleward displacement of the entire Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) frontal system. The two-decade-long record from satellite altimetry is an important source of information for evaluating the mechanisms governing these trends. While several recent studies have used sea surface height contours to index ACC frontal displacements, here altimeter data are instead used to track the latitude of mean ACC transport. Altimetric height contours indicate a poleward trend, regardless of whether they are associated with ACC fronts. The zonally averaged transport latitude index shows no long-term trend, implying that ACC meridional shifts determined from sea surface height might be associated with large-scale changes in sea surface height more than with localized shifts in frontal positions. The transport latitude index is weakly sensitive to the Southern Annular Mode, but is uncorrelated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation.
Freshwater fluxes in the Weddell Gyre: results from
δ
18
O
Authors: Brown Peter J. , Meredith Michael P. , Jullion Loïc , Naveira Garabato Alberto , Torres-Valdés Sinhue , Holland Paul , Leng Melanie J. , Venables Hugh
Published: June 2014

Full-depth measurements of
δ
18
O from 2008 to 2010 enclosing the Weddell Gyre in the Southern Ocean are used to investigate the regional freshwater budget. Using complementary salinity, nutrients and oxygen data, a four-component mass balance was applied to quantify the relative contributions of meteoric water (precipitation/glacial input), sea-ice melt and saline (oceanic) sources. Combination of freshwater fractions with velocity fields derived from a box inverse analysis enabled the estimation of gyre-scale budgets of both freshwater types, with deep water exports found to dominate the budget. Surface net sea-ice melt and meteoric contributions reach 1.8% and 3.2%, respectively, influenced by the summer sampling period, and −1.7% and +1.7% at depth, indicative of a dominance of sea-ice production over melt and a sizable contribution of shelf waters to deep water mass formation. A net meteoric water export of approximately 37 mSv is determined, commensurate with local estimates of ice sheet outflow and precipitation, and the Weddell Gyre is estimated to be a region of net sea-ice production. These results constitute the first synoptic benchmarking of sea-ice and meteoric exports from the Weddell Gyre, against which future change associated with an accelerating hydrological cycle, ocean climate change and evolving Antarctic glacial mass balance can be determined.
How to build segregation complexes in bacteria: Use bridges
Authors: Funnell Barbara E.
Published: June 2014

In this issue of Genes & Development, Graham and colleagues (pp. 1228–1238) examine how ParBs, which bind to prokaryotic centromere-like partition sites, spread into nearby nonspecific DNA and assemble into higher-order protein–DNA complexes. Spreading is accomplished by looping rather than one-dimensional filamentation, thereby compacting the DNA into an extensively bridged complex.
(E)-3-Chloro-N′-(2-fluorobenzylidene)thiophene-2-carbohydrazide
Authors: Sultan Sadia , Taha Muhammad , Shah Syed Adnan Ali , Yamin Bohari M. , Zaki Hamizah Mohd
Published: June 2014

The title compound, C12H8ClFN2OS, is a hydrazide derivative adopting anEconformation with an azomethine N=C double bond length of 1.272 (2) Å. The molecular skeleton is approximately planar; the terminal five- and six-membered rings form a dihedral angle of 5.47 (9)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds into zigzag chains propagating in [100].
Ethyl (2Z)-3-hydroxy-3-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-enoate
Authors: Hill Tania N. , Patel Naadiya
Published: June 2014

The title compound, C11H11NO5, is essentially planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.06 Å. The molecular structure is stabilized by an intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, molecules are linked by two pairs of C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming sheets, lying parallel to (101), which encloseR44(26) ring motifs.
(Z)-3-[(2-Aminobenzyl)amino]-1-phenylbut-2-en-1-one
Authors: Sairaj Vedavalli , Srinivasan Thothadri , Kandaswamy Muthusamy , Velmurugan Devadasan
Published: June 2014

In the title compound, C17H18N2O, the aromatic rings are almost normal to one another, making a dihedral angle of 89.00 (8)°. There is an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond in the molecule enclosing anS(6) ring motif. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [010].
catena-Poly[[bis(dicyanamido-κN1)cobalt(II)]bis{μ-1,2-bis[(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl]benzene-κ2N4:N4′}]
Authors: Zhang Jixia , Shen Xiaoping
Published: June 2014

In the title complex, [Co(C2N3)2(C12H12N6)2]nthe CoIIatom lies on a centre of symmetry and displays a slightly distorted octahedral coordination geometry. The 1,2-bis[(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl]benzene ligands link adjacent metal atoms into polymeric chains parallel to thecaxis, forming centrosymmetric 26-membered metallamacrocycles. The conformation of the metallamacrocycles is stabilized by pairs of C—H...N hydrogen bonds. The dihedral angles formed by the planes of the triazole rings with those of the benzene ring are 79.4 (2) and 79.1 (2)°. In the crystal, the chains interact through C—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.
6-Iodo-4-oxo-4H-chromene-3-carbaldehyde
Authors: Ishikawa Yoshinobu
Published: June 2014

In the title compound, C10H5IO3, an iodinated 3-formylchromone derivative, the non-H atoms are essentially coplanar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0259 Å), with the largest deviation from the least-squares plane [0.056 (5) Å] being found for the formyl O atom. In the crystal, molecules are linked through I...O halogen bonds [I...O = 3.245 (4) Å, C—I...O = 165.95 (13) and C=O...I = 169.7 (4)°] along [101]. The supramolecular chains are assembled into layersviaπ–π stacking interactions along thebaxis [shortest centroid–centroid distance between the pyran and benzene rings = 3.558 (3) Å].
8-Chloro-4-oxo-4H-chromene-3-carbaldehyde
Authors: Ishikawa Yoshinobu
Published: June 2014

In the title compound, C10H5ClO3, a chlorinated 3-formylchromone derivative, all atoms are essentially coplanar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.032 Å for the non-H atoms), with the largest deviation from the least-squares plane [0.0598 (14) Å] being for a pyran-ring C atom. In the crystal, molecules are linked through stacking interactions along thebaxis [shortest centroid–centroid distance between the pyran and benzene rings = 3.566 (2) Å].
Can facilitation influence the spatial genetics of the beneficiary plant population?
Authors: Castellanos Maria Clara , Donat‐Caerols Santiago , González‐Martínez Santiago C. , Verdú Miguel
Published: June 2014

Plant facilitation is a positive interaction where a nurse or nurse plant community alters the local conditions, improving the lifetime fitness of other beneficiary plants. In stressful environments, a common consequence is the formation of discrete vegetation patches under nurse plants, surrounded by open space. The consequences of such spatial patterns have been studied mostly at the community level.

At the population level, facilitation causes a distribution of beneficiary individuals that could have intraspecific genetic consequences. The spatial patchiness and the increase in local aggregation can potentially affect the population fine‐scale genetic structure. In addition, marked microenvironmental differences under nurses versus outside could lead to plastic phenotypic variation between facilitated and non‐facilitated individuals, as for example reproductive asynchrony, potentially producing assortative mating.

This study tests the hypothesis that plant facilitation can have genetic consequences for the population of a beneficiary plant (Euphorbia nicaeensis) by affecting its spatial genetic structure and mating patterns between subpopulations of facilitated and non‐facilitated individuals.

Facilitation in this system creates an aggregated distribution of beneficiary individuals compared to a minority of non‐facilitated individuals that grow on the open ground. Facilitation also leads to slight phenological differences mediated by strong microenvironmental differences created by nurses compared to the open ground. Yet a molecular analysis showed that, although there is fine‐scale spatial genetic structure in this system, there is no evidence that it is caused by facilitation. Numerical simulations further showed that spatial genetic patterns in the population are little influenced by the phenological mismatch observed in the field.

Synthesis. Facilitation leads to the strong spatial aggregation of beneficiary plants and desynchronizes their flowering phenology, but the magnitude of these effects is not enough to have local genetic consequences in our study system. Facilitation seems thus to have a homogenizing role by allowing the persistence of a diverse gene pool in populations in harsh environments, rather than promoting genetic differentiation. Further information on other systems where facilitation produces stronger spatial or phenological effects on facilitated plants is needed to fill our large knowledge gap on the genetic effects of facilitation.
Waiting for the Opportune Moment: The Tobacco Industry and Marijuana Legalization
Authors: BARRY RACHEL ANN , HIILAMO HEIKKI , GLANTZ STANTON A.
Published: June 2014

Context

In 2012, Washington State and Colorado legalized the recreational use of marijuana, and Uruguay, beginning in 2014, will become the first country to legalize the sale and distribution of marijuana. The challenge facing policymakers and public health advocates is reducing the harms of an ineffective, costly, and discriminatory “war on drugs” while preventing another public health catastrophe similar to tobacco use, which kills 6 million people worldwide each year.

Methods

Between May and December 2013, using the standard snowball research technique, we searched the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library of previously secret tobacco industry documents (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu).

Findings

Since at least the 1970s, tobacco companies have been interested in marijuana and marijuana legalization as both a potential and a rival product. As public opinion shifted and governments began relaxing laws pertaining to marijuana criminalization, the tobacco companies modified their corporate planning strategies to prepare for future consumer demand.

Conclusions

Policymakers and public health advocates must be aware that the tobacco industry or comparable multinational organizations (eg, food and beverage industries) are prepared to enter the marijuana market with the intention of increasing its already widespread use. In order to prevent domination of the market by companies seeking to maximize market size and profits, policymakers should learn from their successes and failures in regulating tobacco.
What Are the Key Ingredients for Effective Public Involvement in Health Care Improvement and Policy Decisions? A Randomized Trial Process Evaluation
Authors: BOIVIN ANTOINE , LEHOUX PASCALE , BURGERS JAKO , GROL RICHARD
Published: June 2014

Context

In the past 50 years, individual patient involvement at the clinical consultation level has received considerable attention. More recently, patients and the public have increasingly been involved in collective decisions concerning the improvement of health care and policymaking. However, rigorous evaluation guiding the development and implementation of effective public involvement interventions is lacking. This article describes those key ingredients likely to affect public members’ ability to deliberate productively with professionals and influence collective health care choices.

Method

We conducted a trial process evaluation of public involvement in setting priorities for health care improvement. In all, 172 participants (including 83 patients and public members and 89 professionals) from 6 Health and Social Services Centers in Canada participated in the trial. We videorecorded 14 one‐day meetings, and 2 nonparticipant observers took structured notes. Using qualitative analysis, we show how public members influenced health care improvement priorities.

Findings

Legitimacy, credibility, and power explain the variations in the public members’ influence. Their credibility was supported by their personal experience as patients and caregivers, the provision of a structured preparation meeting, and access to population‐based data from their community. Legitimacy was fostered by the recruitment of a balanced group of participants and by the public members’ opportunities to draw from one another's experience. The combination of small‐group deliberations, wider public consultation, and a moderation style focused on effective group process helped level out the power differences between professionals and the public. The engagement of key stakeholders in the intervention design and implementation helped build policy support for public involvement.

Conclusions

A number of interacting active ingredients structure and foster the public's legitimacy, credibility, and power. By paying greater attention to them, policymakers could develop and implement more effective public involvement interventions.
Diagnostic accuracy of the BACs‐on‐Beads™ assay versus karyotyping for prenatal detection of chromosomal abnormalities: a retrospective consecutive case series
Authors: Choy KW , Kwok YK , Cheng YKY , Wong KM , Wong HK , Leung KO , Suen KW , Adler K , Wang CC , Lau TK , Schermer MJ , Lao TT , Leung TY
Published: June 2014

Objective

To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the BACs‐on‐Beads™ (BoBs™) assay for prenatal detection of chromosomal abnormalities.

Design

Retrospective study.

Setting

Tertiary prenatal diagnosis centre.

Population

Women referred for prenatal diagnosis.

Methods

We retrieved 2153 archived DNA samples collected between January 2010 and August 2011 for the BoBs™ assay. These samples had previously been tested by quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (QF‐PCR) and karyotyping. In the BoBs™ assay a sample was defined as normal disomic when the ratio of the fluorescence intensities in a chromosome locus lay within the threshold (mean ratio ± 2SD), and as deleted or duplicated when the ratio was below the lower threshold (0.6–0.8) or above the upper threshold (1.3–1.4), respectively. The BoBs™ results were further validated by microarray and compared in a blinded manner with the original QF‐PCR and karyotyping results.

Main outcome measures

Concordance of any numerical, structural, and submicroscopic chromosomal abnormalities between the methods.

Results

BACs‐on‐Beads™ was similar to karyotyping and QF‐PCR in detecting trisomy 13, trisomy 18, trisomy 21, and sex chromosomal aneuploidies, and superior to QF‐PCR in detecting major structural abnormalities (53.3 versus 13.3%) and mosaicism (28.6 versus 0%) involving chromosomal abnormalities other than the common aneuploidies. BoBs™ detected six microdeletion syndromes missed by karyotyping and QF‐PCR; however, BoBs™ missed two cases of triploidy identified by QF‐PCR. Therefore, the sensitivity of BoBs™ is 96.7% (95% CI 92.6–98.7%), and its specificity is 100% (95% CI 99.8–100%).

Conclusions

BACs‐on‐Beads™ can replace QF‐PCR for triaging in prenatal diagnosis, and gives a better diagnostic yield than current rapid aneuploidy tests.
Influence of interpregnancy interval on birth timing
Authors: DeFranco EA , Ehrlich S , Muglia LJ
Published: June 2014

Objective

To assess the influence of inadequate birth spacing on birth timing distribution across gestation.

Design

Population‐based retrospective cohort study using vital statistics birth records.

Setting

Ohio, USA.

Study Population

Singleton, non‐anomalous live births ≥20 weeks to multiparous mothers, 2006–2011.

Methods

Birth frequency at each gestational week was compared following short IPIs of <6, 6–12 and 12–18 months versus referent group, normal IPI ≥18 months.

Main outcome measures

Frequency of birth at each gestational week; preterm <37 weeks; <39 and ≥40 weeks.

Results

Of 454 716 births, 87% followed a normal IPI ≥18 months, 10.7% had IPI 12–18 months and 2.2% with IPI <12 months. The risk of delivery <39 weeks was higher following short IPI <12 months, adjOR (odds ratio) 2.78 (95% CI 2.64, 2.93). 53.3% of women delivered before the 39th week after IPI <12 months compared with 37.5% of women with normal IPI, P < 0.001. Likewise, birth at ≥40 weeks was decreased (16.9%) following short IPI <12 months compared to normal IPI, 23.2%, adjOR 0.67 (95% CI 0.64, 0.71). This resulted in a shift of the frequency distribution curve of birth by week of gestation to the left for pregnancies following a short IPI <12 months and 12–18 months compared to, birth spacing ≥18 months.

Conclusions

While short IPI is a known risk factor for preterm birth, our data show that inadequate birth spacing is associated with decreased gestational age for all births. Pregnancies following short IPIs have a higher frequency of birth at all weeks of gestation prior to 39 and fewer births ≥40 weeks, resulting in overall shortened pregnancy duration.
Uncertainty and Investment: Evidence from Australian Firm Panel Data
Authors: Tran Thang Long
Published: June 2014

This paper investigates the key drivers of fixed firm investment of listed non‐financial companies in Australia over the period from 1987 to 2009. A Tobin's q model of investment is augmented to account for the effect of economic uncertainty on the investment decision. The effects of Tobin's q, sales and cash flows on firm investment rate are also analysed and discussed. Consistent with existing literature, this research finds clear evidence of negative effects of both macroeconomic and firm idiosyncratic uncertainty on Australian firm investment. However, evidence also shows that firm‐specific uncertainty is more important in explaining firm investment than macroeconomic uncertainty.
The Relationship between Labour Market Conditions and Welfare Receipt in Australia: A Stock‐Flow Analysis
Authors: Vu Ha
Published: June 2014

Understanding the determinants of changes in welfare caseloads is an important, but little studied, topic in Australia. This paper evaluates the role of labour market conditions in explaining the changes in the Australian welfare caseload since the late 1990s. The paper employs a stock‐flow approach to better control for persistence in welfare receipt and includes different specifications to deal with measurement error in labour market data. The results suggest that the labour market is an important determinant of movements on and off welfare, accounting for the majority of the caseload decline during 1997–2005. The results also highlight the importance of robustness checks when data are measured with error.
Developing Exon‐Primed Intron‐Crossing (EPIC) markers for population genetic studies in three Aedes disease vectors
Authors: White Vanessa Linley , Endersby Nancy Margaret , Chan Janice , Hoffmann Ary Anthony , Weeks Andrew Raymond
Published: June 2014

Aedes aegypti, Aedes notoscriptus, and Aedes albopictus are important vectors of many arboviruses implicated in human disease such as dengue fever. Genetic markers applied across vector species can provide important information on population structure, gene flow, insecticide resistance, and taxonomy, however, robust microsatellite markers have proven difficult to develop in these species and mosquitoes generally. Here we consider the utility and transferability of 15 Ribosome protein (Rp) Exon‐Primed Intron‐Crossing (EPIC) markers for population genetic studies in these 3 Aedes species. Rp EPIC markers designed for Ae. aegypti also successfully amplified populations of the sister species, Ae. albopictus, as well as the distantly related species, Ae. notoscriptus. High SNP and good indel diversity in sequenced alleles plus support for amplification of the same regions across populations and species were additional benefits of these markers. These findings point to the general value of EPIC markers in mosquito population studies.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with significant coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetic patients: A computed tomography angiography study 在2型糖尿病患者中非酒精性脂肪性肝病与严重冠心病有关：一项计算机断层扫描血管造影研究
Authors: Idilman Ilkay S. , Akata Deniz , Hazirolan Tuncay , Doganay Erdogan Beyza , Aytemir Kudret , Karcaaltincaba Musturay
Published: June 2014

Background

To investigate whether nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) in type 2 diabetic patients, who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA).

Methods

Between June 2007 and May 2010, a total of 273 type 2 diabetic patients without known liver disease underwent coronary CTA for chest pain were enrolled. Axial, multiplanar, and Maximum intensity projection (MIP) images were used for determining the cardiovascular disease. Liver fat content was measured from unenhanced CT images obtained for calcium scoring. Moderate and severe NAFLD was defined when mean liver attenuation value is ≤40 Hounsfield Unit (HU).

Results

Among 273 patients, 76% of the patients (n = 207) had CAD; 48% of them had significant CAD (≥50 stenosis) by coronary CTA. Patients with CAD were older and male gender was predominant. Mean liver attenuation value calculated with CT was 50 ± 12 HU. Mean liver attenuation value was lower in patients with metabolic syndrome compared to patients without metabolic syndrome (P < 0.001). Moderate and severe NAFLD was observed in 22% of the patients (n = 59) with a mean attenuation value of 30 HU. After adjustment of age, gender, obesity, hypertension, smoking status and serum low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) levels as coronary risk factors, NAFLD was associated with significant CAD (P = 0.04).

Conclusions

In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that NAFLD is associated with significant CAD in type 2 diabetic patients. Assessment of liver attenuation by CT represents noninvasive evaluation for detection of asymptomatic individuals with NAFLD during coronary CT angiography.