bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Trematode Parasites of North Queensland. IV. Parasites of Reptiles and Frogs
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

The preparation of the fourth part of this paper was brought to an abrupt conclusion in November, 1915, by an illness which necessitated my return to a cooler climate. On that account the present part is incomplete, several new and interesting forms being left undescribed. These, together with the species described here, are deposited in the collection of the Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine.
The Structure of the Mouthparts and Mechanism of Feeding in Pediculus humanus
Authors: Peacock Lieut. A. D.
Published: June 2009

In my previous paper on the body louse (1916) many points of morphological interest were necessarily left in abeyance and mention was made that certain statements in it were open to correction. Further work has rendered correction possible. While working in France, to ascertain whether Pediculus humanus was a carrier of the spirochaete of Weil's disease, opportunity was taken to investigate those organs of the louse in which the spirochaete might lodge and the afferent and efferent channels through which it might pass. The enquiry did not demonstrate the presence of the spirochaete in the body louse, but incidentally a detailed knowledge of the mechanism of feeding was obtained and is here presented. Since the main conclusions of this paper were reached (December, 1916) I have read Harrison's paper, “A Preliminary Account of the Structure of the Mouth-Parts in the Body-Louse,” and while much of the following verifies his statements, we differ on certain important points regarding the structure of the mouth-parts and musculature.
The Biology of Pediculus humanus
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

Refer to the conclusions stated at the end of the foregoing sections on pp. 204, 206, 217–219 and the foregoing paragraph.
Tsetse flies and Trypanosomiasis. Some questions suggested by the later history of the sleeping sickness epidemic in Uganda Protectorate
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: June 2009

The actual commencement of the great wave of human trypanosomiasis, which claimed so many thousands of lives along the shores of Lake Victoria, is difficult to determine. The attention of Europeans was first attracted to the disease early in 1901, when eight cases of sleeping sickness were admitted to Mengo hospital by the Drs Cook, who had been established in Uganda some five years, to whom the clinical picture was quite new. Enquiry among the chiefs of Buganda revealed the fact that sleeping sickness was known to the natives as mongota, and was more prevalent in the eastern portion of the Protectorate than in Buganda itself. A large number of deaths had already occurred in Busoga Province and in Buvuma Island.
The anatomy of the head and mouth parts of Psylla mali, the Apple sucker, with some remarks on the function of the labium
Authors: Grove A. J.
Published: June 2009

The investigation, of which the results contained in this paper are a part, was first commenced in 1910. It was then proposed to describe in some detail the entire anatomy of the adult insect, but when a measure of progress had been made, and the alimentary, tracheal, and nervous systems had been almost completed, the work was interrupted by my taking up an appointment in India. On returning to England in 1915, the enquiry was resumed for a short period at the end of the year, but early in 1916 it had to be abandoned again to meet the superior claims of entomological work with the Forces in Mesopotamia, for the War Office. This, and other investigations connected with problems which have arisen in England in consequence of the War, prevented any further progress being made, but, with the declaration of the Armistice it was felt that attention might once more be given to it. In the limited time which could be devoted to the work, it has not been possible to carry out the original plan of including the whole anatomy in one paper, and the description of the head and mouth parts has been selected because of the somewhat novel considerations which have arisen in connection with the latter, particularly with regard to the function of the labium during the operation of piercing, the publication of which it seemed undesirable to delav further.
Caryophyllaeus indicus n.sp. (Trematoda) from the Cat-fish (Clarias batrachus Bl.)
Authors: Moghe M. A.
Published: June 2009

The worm described in the present paper was obtained from the stomach of the common cat-fish, Clarias batrachus Bl. from Nagpur, C.P., India. Only 5 out of the 22 individuals examined harboured this parasite and as many as eight were obtained from a single individual. With the exception of two specimens, they were preserved in glycerol and were not subsequently used. The remaining two specimens were flattened out between glass slides and fixed in Mann's fluid.
On the Trematode Parasites of a Water-Snake,Tropidonotus piscator
Authors: Bhalerao G. D.
Published: June 2009

The material for this paper was obtained from snakes,Tropidonotus piscator, caught near water pools in Kamayut, Rangoon. Six were dissected, two of which yielded about nine specimens ofEncydometra bolognensis(Baer, 1924) from the oesophagus on each occasion. One of them had only one adult and one immature specimen ofXenopharynx piscatorn.sp. in its gall-bladder.bladder. Two others had their intestines infected with numerous specimens ofAcanthochasmus burminisn.sp. Specimens ofEncydometra bolognensiswere obtained from grass-snakes,Tropidonotus natrix, by Baylis and Cannon and Baer on previous occasions. A different species ofXenopharynx, namelyX. solusNicoll, 1912, was obtained by Khalil in 1923 and by Nicoll in 1912 from the gall-bladders of Indian cobras,Naja bungarusandNaja tripudiansrespectively. It appears, therefore, that the types of the genusXenopharynxare common parasites of the gall-bladders of the Ophidia in the Indian region. Species ofAcanthochasmushave been previously recorded from reptiles as well as fishes.
A Ciliate, Buxtonella sulcata n.g., n.sp., from the Caecum of Cattle
Authors: Jameson A. Pringle
Published: June 2009

A Ciliate, which seems to be new, has recently been discovered in the caecum of cattle in Cambridge. Out of 8 cattle examined 5 were found to be heavily infected, while in 10 sheep and 4 goats there was no infection. I have given the name Buxtonella to the new genus that has had to be established, as it was through the kindness of Prof. Buxton, Director of this Institute, that I obtained the material in which it was first found. The specific name refers to the grooved ridge or furrow which forms the most conspicuous feature of this species.
Notes upon Sieboldiellina planariarum (Siebold), a Ciliate Parasite of Planaria torva
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

Sieboldiellina planariarum is a large astomatous ciliate parasitic in the gut of the freshwater Triclad Planaria torva. The writer's attention was first called to it at Cambridge in 1923 whilst demonstrating the structure of Planarians collected from ditches in the neighbourhood.
On a Collection of Burmese Cestodes
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

The following paper lists the species of cestodes, not hitherto described by the author, obtained from Burmese animals during the years 1923–5. Many of the specimens were collected by Miss I. K. Reynolds while working in the Zoological Department of University College: the writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to her for the use of data, material and slides. He also wishes to express his thanks to the Trustees of the Victoria Memorial Park for permission to collect helminths from animals dying in the gardens.
An Experimental Study of Tick Paralysis in Australia
Authors: Ross I. Clunies
Published: June 2009

1. Tick paralysis occurs in man, the dog, and other domesticated animals on the East Coast of Australia.

2. As far as is known, the disease in Australia is only conveyed by the mature female ofIxodes holocyclus. The immature stages and the male of this species of ticks are non-pathogenic.

3. A similar disease, induced in a like manner by females of other species of ticks, has been observed by various authors in South Africa, Canada and Crete.

4. A single tick, as shown by experiment, may cause fatal paralysis in man and the dog in Australia, the death-rate in dogs being very high.

5. The main symptoms of tick paralysis in Australia do not differ materially from those observed in other countries. They begin with loss of coordination commencing in the hind legs in dogs, the fore legs, head and neck becoming subsequently affected. Death in all cases appears to be due to respiratory paralysis.

6. The onset of symptoms has not been observed to occur in less than 5 days from the time the tick or ticks have attached themselves to a dog.

7. Some of the ticks do not produce paralysis and others do, as shown repeatedly from my experiments on dogs. This requires explanation. It does not depend on the time that has elapsed between the tick having moulted and its attacking the dog.

8. Paralysis has never been seen to occur when ticks were removed from dogs before the time when symptoms usually appear.

9. It is impossible to transmit the disease from affected to healthy animals by the inoculation of blood, cerebro-spinal fluid or nervous tissue. Nor can the disease be transmitted by the injection of the body contents of ticks removed from affected animals. The examination of the fluids and organs of affected animals has failed to reveal the presence of pathogenic organisms.

10. It is considered that the causal factor in the production of the disease is a tick-derived toxin, this toxin being secreted by the salivary glands.

11. During the process of engorgement the salivary glands develop greatly, pouring out a maximum amount of secretion during the 2 days before the female tick drops.

12. An emulsion of salivary glands ofI. holocyclusproved to be toxic for when injected into a dog (Experiment V, p. 424) it caused fever, vomiting, etc. The salivary secretion contains anticoagulins. As Nuttall and Strickland found for anticoagulins, individual ticks may vary in toxicity.

13. The period which elapses between the attachment of a tick to the host and the first signs of an attack of tick paralysis cannot be regarded in the light of an incubation period; it is dependent on the rate and stage of the tick's engorgement.

14. If it be accepted that the causal agent of the disease is a tick-derived toxin, it remains to be shown how such a toxin is produced.

15. There is some evidence that immunity to the disease may be acquired after recovering from previous attacks.

16. There is no evidence of season having an influence on tick paralysis. It was induced experimentally both in winter (June–August) and summer (November–December) in Sydney.
The Genera and Species of Mallophaga
Authors: Harrison Launcelot
Published: June 2009

Since Professor Kellogg has published a list of Mallophaga, in Wytsman'sGenera Insectorum, so recently as 1908, my reasons for preparing the present publication require an explanation. This explanation involves some criticism of Kellogg's list, but my main reasons are concerned rather with the plan of this list than with the few errors and omissions that I indicate.
Notes on the Biology of Pediculus humanus
Authors: Hindle E. , Nuttall H. F.
Published: June 2009

During the two years preceding the outbreak of war, Dr Hindle was engaged in researches on the biology of lice. Soon after the war began he joined the army, leaving his notes with me. He has now been in France for over a year and is serving as Captain in the Royal Engineers. An abstract of his work has been set up in type for many months for publication by the Local Government Board but his contribution has been withheld unavoidably through a desire that it should be supplemented by further work which has since been conducted in the Quick Laboratory.
Calliobdella lophii
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Habitat. This marine leech, a member of the Rhyncobdellida, or jawless leeches, is parasitic on the angler, Lophius piscatorius, and, in my experience, attaches itself to the skin of the fish on the ventrolateral surface indiscriminately; it is not found near the vent, as is usually the case with Pontobdella, which occurs frequently attached near the cloaca of the skate.
A Preliminary Note on Parasites infesting Domesticated Silver Black Foxes in Canada
Authors: Allen J. A. , Wickware A. B.
Published: June 2009

The growing importance of the silver black fox industry in Canada, and latterly in other countries, has been so marked, that scientific workers have turned their attention to a study of the maladies affecting this species of fox.
Experimental Drug Treatment of East Coast Fever of Cattle
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

No drug has been found which will influence the fatal course of East Coast Fever or retard the multiplication of Theileria parva in the blood of the affected cattle.

The drugs which were tried with negative results were Trypanblue, Congo red, Tryposafrol, Creosote and Oleum copaivae, Arsacetin, Soamin, “606,” Emetine hydrochloride, Mercury salicylate, Mercury succinimide, Quinine bihydrochloride and hydrochloride, Ethylhydrocupreine, Ammonium fluoride, Potassium iodide, Sodium salicylate, Calcium lactate, and Nuclein.

All of our animals died—18 treated and 3 untreated—and showed typical lesions at autopsy. They were all infected by means of ticks (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) which had fed on infected cattle as larvae and nymphs and been placed on the experimental animals as nymphs and adults respectively.

The increase in the number of parasitized red blood corpuscles, but for slight irregularities, proceeds continuously night and day until the animal dies. We have not as yet observed a case ending in recovery.

The accompanying table gives a summary relating to each experimental animal (except XII): the number and kind of ticks which produced infection, the incubation period, the time when the parasites appeared in the peripheral blood, the time when the animals died, and the maximum percentage of parasitized blood corpuscles observed during the course of the disease. The days are all reckoned from Day 1 when the infective ticks were placed upon the cattle.
Mallophaga from Marsupials. I.
Authors: Harrison Launcelot , Johnston T. Harvey
Published: June 2009

This communication is the first of a series dealing with Mallophaga from Australian marsupials. We had hoped to prepare a single monographic work on the Family Boopidae, but the carrying out of this plan has been prevented by a variety of causes, and we think it advisable to publish piecemeal the notes and descriptions that we have accumulated during the last six years. There has of late years been a recrudescence of interest in the Mallophaga, and a considerable number of students are now investigating the group. Little has been published upon the very distinct family which is characteristic of Australian marsupials, and it is important that students of the group should have diagnoses of the family, sub-families, and genera, based upon an ample material, which includes all the known species, with a single exception, and more than an equal number of undescribed new forms. Such a material is at our disposal. Apart from our own collections, Mr A. S. Le Souëf has very kindly transferred to us all his Mallophaga from marsupials, including his types.
A Tri-Radiate Tapeworm (Anoplocephala perfoliata Goeze) from the Horse
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

While fixing a number of tapeworms (Anoplocephala perfoliata Goeze) from the small intestine of the horse, I came across a small tri-radiate specimen. This abnormality has previously been described by Neumann (2), but only briefly, and without any account of the internal anatomy. It therefore seemed advisable to compile a short account of the most salient characteristics. For the material I am indebted to Dr C. L. Boulenger, Helminthologist of this Department. I have also to thank Professor L. G. Neumann for obtaining for me a copy of his paper.
The coccidia of mice (Mus musculus)
Authors: Yakimoff W. L. , Gousseff Veterinarian W. F.
Published: June 2009

The coccidium of mice (Mus musculus) was discovered by Eimer (1870) who named it Eimeria falciformis. It is round or oval. According to Reichenow the round oocysts measure 13·5–15μ and according to Reimer (1923) 14–18·9μ The oval oocysts measure 13–14×8–9μ or 16–21×11–17μ A residual body may, or may not, be present in the oocysts, but is present in the sporocysts. There is no polar granule in the oocyst.
Studies on populations of head-lice (Pediculus humanus capitis: Anoplura). II
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: June 2009

1. The material which is discussed in the present paper consists of more than 2000 crops of hair collected from Sokoto, Nigeria; Nairobi and Kakamega, Kenya; Colombo, Ceylon; and Jerusalem, Palestine. The amount of material examined is considerable, but it must be admitted that it has not been found possible to obtain an unselected sample representative of any human community as a whole.

2. The paper gives detailed information about the prevalence of head-lice in respect of the individual's race, sex, age, weight of crop of hair and the season of the year.

3. The following general conclusions may be drawn:

(a) The distribution of lice among a population of people is skew. Among infested persons the commonest count is always low (generally 1–10 lice), but occasional counts of many hundreds or a few thousands are recorded.

(b) If the people are grouped by age, sex, etc. a positive correlation is generally found between the proportion of men in each group who are infested and the mean number of lice per infested person.

(c) There is clear evidence from several places that season affects the frequency of infestation. In most but not all places the insect is most widely distributed in the colder, wetter part of the year. It is not known whether this is due to some effect of climate upon the insect itself or upon human habits and activity.

(d) It will doubtless be found that the individual's race is an important factor in determining infestation, but little has yet been established on this subject.

(e) Wherever material has been available from individuals of widely different age, it has been found that boys are more infested than youths, who in turn are more infested than grown men.

(f) In some places females are more frequently infested than males, though it was established that there was no difference between the sexes at Kakamega.

(g) The weight of the individual's crop of hair is in most places positively correlated with infestation.

4. Many of the factors mentioned in 3 (d)–(g) are local and depend on racial customs. It is emphasized that further investigations would be most profitably carried out in the countries concerned by men well acquainted with the local people and their ways.

5. There are probably a large number of individual differences due to sensitiveness, vanity, general health, etc.; these have hardly been studied at present but it is probable that collectively they are very important.
Further Observations on the Anatomy and Function of the Proboscis of the Blow-fly, Calliphora erythrocephala L.
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: June 2009

A detailed description of the anatomy of the proboscis of the blow-fly, C. erythrocephala, and of the functions of the structures found in it is given. Attention is particularly directed to the fact that the fly can feed in several ways. It can filter the larger particles out of its liquid food, or can scrape chosen surfaces, moistened with vomit or saliva, with its prestomal teeth and subsequently ingest the emulsion produced, or can suck up materials, such as thick sputum or faeces containing helminth ova, without the intervention of its filtering apparatus or the application of its teeth. The relation of these modes of feeding to infection is very briefly indicated.
Lernaea [Lernaeocera] barbicola n.sp., a Parasitic Copepod of Barbus sp. from the Transvaal
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Habitat and Record. By the courtesy of G. Evelyn Hutchinson of Yale University, I have received and examined a new species of Lernaea collected by him on 7. iv. 1928 on a small Barbus, which had lost all its scales and was too young for specific identification, from an alkaline pan in the Transvaal, S. Africa. For the purpose of comparison reference will be made to L. elegans described by me, Parasitology, 1925, 17, 246.
Report on a Collection of Cestoda, mainly from Egypt
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

Originally containing only four genera, this family of recent years has been increased by the addition of twelve more and has further been subdivided by Hunter (1927, 1929) into four sub-families: Caryophyllaeinae, Lytocestinae, Pseudolytocestinae, Wenyoninae. Of these, the Lytocestinae and Pseudolytoeestinae have vitellaria either wholly or partly in the cortical parenchyma and differ from each other only in the degree to which these are cortical; a difference hardly of sub-family rank, which should consist of characters of absolute not relative value: the Caryophyllaeinae and Wenyoninae, with vitellaria wholly medullary, differ from each other in the position of the genital pore and the absence of uterine glands, differences again not of sub-family rank. There remain therefore two well-marked sub-families, the Caryophyllaeinae and the Lytocestinae, the differences between which are given in the following table.
Studies on some Sporozoa in Polychaete Worms
Authors: Ray Harendra Nath
Published: June 2009

Among the Sporozoa inhabiting the gut of Scolelepis fuliginosa Claparède at Plymouth, I have often found an organism that I believe to be a peculiar coccidian, although certain important stages in the sexual part of the life cycle have hitherto escaped me. If I am right in my opinion, then this sporozoan is a new form, belonging to no genus of coccidian hitherto described: I propose for it the name Dorisiella scolelepidis.
Helminthic Infestations of Natives in the Kenya Highlands
Authors: Daubney R. , Carman J. A.
Published: June 2009

(1) Examination of the inmates of Government reformatories in the Highlands of Kenya showed a high incidence (57·9 per cent.) of very light infestations with hookworm, and an incidence of approximately 50 per cent, of Taenia infestations. Many of the latter are not detected by the usual microscopic examination.

(2) Treatment with carbon tetrachloride in doses of from 1½c.c. for children to 4 c.c. as the standard adult dose gave approximately 76·1 per cent, cures for hookworm, and in the case of boys with fairly light infestations with T. saginata an efficacy of approximately 97 per cent. In the case of 72 boys very heavily infested with Taenia 58 per cent. cures were effected by a single treatment with carbon tetrachloride and oil of chenopodium.

(3) A combination of carbon tetrachloride and oil of chenopodium appears to be a safe and efficacious anthelminthic for the common worm infestations of man in Kenya.

(4) Growing natives lightly infested with hookworm appeared to grow and increase in weight at a normal rate, and did not improve in physical condition after treatment.

(5) Boys in the same institution infested with Taenia progressed at a subnormal rate, but increased to a figure above normal after treatment, the increase appearing to be mathematically significant in spite of the small number of samples analysed.
Bilharzia Infection in South Africa
Authors: Cawston F. G.
Published: June 2009

In 1916 Dr J. C. Becker made the interesting discovery of Bilharzia infection in Physopsis africana collected at Nijlstroom in the Transvaal and obtained the adult flukes in some guinea-pigs he had exposed to infection with the cercariae. The town of Nijlstroom is situated at the source of a tributary of the Limpopo river at an altitude of 3924 feet above the Indian Ocean into which it flows. In 1917 I collected2 infested examples of P. africana at Magaliesburg, a popular picnic place for Krugersdorp residents, situated on a branch of the Little Crocodile river which later joins the Limpopo. Magaliesburg has an altitude of 5000 feet above sea-level. I also obtained infested examples from Rustenburg, thus revealing a further source of infection from tributaries of the Little Crocodile river, at an altitude of over 4000 feet.
Researches on the Intestinal Protozoa of Monkeys and Man. I. General Introduction, and II. Description of the whole Life-History ofEntamoeba histolyticain Cultures
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

A pure strain ofEntamoeba histolyticahas been isolated and cultivated, and an attempt has been made to study and describe its whole life-history in detail.

This strain (K. 28 c) was derived from the dysenteric dejecta of a kitten experimentally infectedper osby means of typical cysts from the faeces of a monkey (Macacus sinicus). It has now been under continuous cultivation for about 20 months (220 serial subcultures), and its developmentin vitrohas been uniform throughout.

Methods have been devised, and are here described, whereby any desired stage in the life-history of this strain—amoebae, cysts, and all intermediate stages (including encystation and excystation)—can be readily procuredin vitroat will.

Detailed study has shown that the trophic amoebae multiply in cultures by simple binary fission only, as they do in their natural hosts. Their mode of division is briefly described.

Encystation also occursin vitrojust as it does in the bowel, with formation of characteristic precystic amoebae and the final production of typical quadrinucleate cysts.

Excystation has been carefully studied, and it has been found that a single quadrinucleate, amoeba escapes from each cyst through a minute perforation in its wall. An account is given of this remarkable process, which has not been described previously.

The 4-nucleate excysted (metacystic) amoeba has been found to produce a new generation of trophic forms by a complicated series of nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions, which are described in detail for the first time. The final result of this subdivision is the production of eight uninucleate amoebulae by each quadrinucleate amoeba hatched from a cyst.

These amoebulae are young trophic amoebae, and not gametes or conjugants. No sexual phenomena of any sort have been observed during the metacystic itages: and the life-history ofE. histolytica, as visiblein vitro, is thus wholly sexual.

A development similar to that here described in the case of StrainK. 28 c has been found to occur in many other cultivated strains ofE. histolytica— including a strain isolated directly from man, and a human strain experiaentally implanted in a monkey (M. sinicus) and recovered therefrom in pure culture. There are therefore good reasons for concluding that the development were described is not abnormal, and that it is probably closely parallel to that which occurs naturally inside man.
The Gape-worm (Syngamus trachea Montagu) in rooks (Corvus Frugilegus L.)
Authors: Elton Charles , Buckland Frank
Published: June 2009

During the early part of 1928, a census of the rookeries in the Oxford district was carried out by the Oxford Bird Census organised by Mr E. M. Nicholson. This work raised a number of problems, of which one of the most important was that of natural checks to the numbers of rooks. Although shooting of the young rooks is one of the greatest checks on their population, Mr Nicholson's observations showed that there must also be a mortality amongst the nestlings. Lewis (1925, 1926 b) has shown that gape-worms are common in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), and it seemed possible to us that this parasite might also be sufficiently common in rooks to cause deaths among the young birds. The gape-worm had already been recorded from the rook by Lewis (1926 a) and Baylis (1928), so that the possibility seemed well worth investigating.
Observations of the Sarcoptes of man
Authors: Lunn H. F.
Published: June 2009

1. A study has been made of the adult female Sarcoptes scabiei de Geer var. hominis (Hering). The findings have been compared to the description of Sarcoptes of the horse given by Buxton.

2. Forty-two living adult female S. scabici de Geer var. hominis (Hering) have been measured.

3. The apparent increase in size due to mounting is demonstrated.

4. The anatomy of the birth passage is discussed with special reference to the absence, in the specimens examined, of a genital operculum.
‘Capsularia marina’ and the Ascaridae of marine hosts
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

Reasons are given for rejecting a recent proposal to change the names Anisakis simplex to Capsularia marina, Anisakis to Capsularia, Anisakinae to Capsulariinae and Porrocaecum decipiens to P. piscium. The question of the possibility of identifying the larval forms of Ascaridae occurring in fishes is discussed.
Chemotropic studies on the blow-fliesLucilia sericata(Mg.) andLucilia caesar(L.)
Authors: Cragg J. B. , Ramage G. R.
Published: June 2009

1. Oviposition byL. sericatahas been induced on a moist clipped fleece by incorporating ammonium carbonate and indole, hence attraction is not completely dependent on some factor produced by the living animal.

2.Chemistry of attractants. A new method for determining small amounts of hydrogen sulphide is described. Larval excreta contains hydrogen sulphide but no indole or skatole. Following incubation the ammonia and sulphydryl contents of various natural attractants are markedly increased.

3.Field trials on sheep. 0·002% ethyl mercaptan in conjunction with 0·1% ammonium carbonate was able to induce oviposition byL. sericata. The mercaptan concentration could be reduced to 0·001%, providing 0·0001% hydrogen sulphide was present. 0·01% mercaptan and aqueous solutions of hydrogen sulphide alone are not attractive.

4. The results obtained support the hypothesis that attraction is the result of the breakdown of cystine, with the production of sulphur compounds, coupled with the presence of ammonium carbonate (or of some putrefactive material).

5.Chemical baits. During the period 17 August–21 September 1943, various combinations of ammonium carbonate, hydrogen sulphide and indole in conjunction with sheep wool proved to be attractants for females ofL. caesar.
A Bacillary Infection of the Copulatory Apparatus of Pediculus humanus
Authors: Arkwright J. A. , Bacot A.
Published: June 2009

In the paper on the association of Rickettsia with Trench Fever, by Arkwright, Bacot and Duncan (1919) mention is made of a bacillary infection of the excreta and guts of lice (Pediculus humcmus). A Gram-negative cocco-bacillus was isolated in pure culture. It was non-motile, fermented glucose, mannite and lactose very slowly, and formed acid and clot in milk in about 14 days.
On the Nephrocytes of Pediculus humanus
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

In Pediculus humanus are found two groups of excretory-accumulatory cells known as nephrocytes.

The one group, the peri-oesophageal, lies ventrally and consists of large cells aggregated usually in two masses about the oesophagus anterior to the reniform salivary glands.

The second group lies dorsally and consists of disseminated cell aggregates linked with the fat body.

The typical nephrocyte is a binucleate cell with granular protoplasm containing greenish droplets of varying size. The excretory function of the nephrocytes is demonstrated by intra-coelomic injection of ammonia-carmine. The latter, 24 hours after injection, is taken up by the nephrocytes which become red and filled with the carmine granules. These granules remain in the protoplasm of the nephrocytes throughout the life of the insect.

Similar cells exist in Mallophaga and have been wrongly described by some authors as salivary glands.

The two groups of nephrocytes, described by us in Pediculus, occur in other insects, but the dorsal group in the latter forms usually two chains of cells (known as pericardial cells) lying on either side of the heart.
Studies on the Intestinal Protozoa found in the Termites of Japan
Authors: Koidzumi Makoto
Published: June 2009

The protozoa found in the intestines of termites constitute one of the most interesting but less illuminated fields in protozoology. The amount of work done by a number of authors in several different parts of the world is, however, already fairly large, especially valuable papers having appeared in recent years, so that some light has been thrown on the field. Nevertheless, important questions regarding morphology, physiology, systematics, etc., still remain either insufficiently studied or almost untouched. Having myself been occupied for some years past with these interesting organisms, harboured by three species of termites in Japan proper and Formosa, and having made observations which seem to be of some interest, I propose in this paper to describe the chief results of my studies.
The Influence of the Hydrogen-Ion Concentration in the Development of Mosquito Larvae. Preliminary Contribution
Authors: MacGregor Malcolm E.
Published: June 2009

It is a common experience that mosquito larvae when they are brought into a laboratory to undergo their development, often fail to develop normally. At times a high mortality takes place, or the larvae lapse into a condition of suspended development continuing as larvae for months. The latter phase usually ends in death before pupation can take place. I have been puzzled to account for these manifestations for a very long time, and have conducted various experiments in the hope of discovering the cause. The general opinion on the matter, I think, is that there is “something wrong with the food supply,” but as a matter of fact larvae supplied with an ample diet often show the same state of affairs.
The mouthparts and their function in the female mosquito, Anopheles maculipennis
Authors: Robinson G. G.
Published: June 2009

1. Vogel's (1920) assertion that the labral canal is closed ventrally by apposition of the edges of the labral groove is fully confirmed. The hypopharynx plays no part in the ventral closure of the food canal except at its base. The somewhat popular term “labrum-epipharynx” is dispensed with in favour of “labrum”.

2. The mandibular teeth vary in number round about 40. The mandibular suspension is fully described.

3. Evidence from musculature is put forward for the existence of a small maxillary palpifer not present in other Diptera.

4. Snodgrass (1935) criticizes Crampton's (1925) homologizing of the labella with labial palps because “the lobes of the fly labium have usually each only one muscle inserted directly upon it”, whereas palpi usually have antagonistic muscles. Vogel for Culex and this paper for Anopheles maculipennis show that the labial lobes of these insects have antagonistic muscles like typical palpi.
Biological control and the theories of the interactions of populations
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: June 2009

Many great men have said that no science is really worthy of the name until it has attained quantitative accuracy and can express its principles and laws in mathematical form.
Field studies on coccidiosis in the ring-neck pheasants of eastern Washington
Authors: Ormsbee Richard A.
Published: June 2009

1. An average incidence of infection of 38 % was found in thirty-seven ring-neck pheasants over a period of 7 months.

2. There was a drop in the incidence from 70 % in October to 30 % in November. The incidence remained at 30 % during February and March and jumped to 67 % in April.

3. Three species ofEimeriawere identified:E. phasianiTyzzer and two new species,E. pacificaandE. megalostomata.A fourth type designated as type IV was seen but not described because of an insufficiency of specimens.

4. All infections observed were light. Histopathological studies showed little damage to the intestine and there was no significant difference between the weights of infected and non-infected birds.

5. Oocysts ofE. pacificasporulated at temperatures from 8 to 30.5° C. The latter is the optimum temperature. Intracellular organization prior to sporulation was indicated in oocysts ofE. pacificakept at 8° C.

6. A temperature of 37.5° C. was lethal to oocysts ofE. pacifica.Degenerative changes in the oocysts were first observed 9 days after being placed at that temperature.

This work was done in the Zoology laboratory of Washington State College, Pullman, Washington. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr R. F. MacLennan, of that Institution, for suggesting the problem, for his help and co-operation in the prosecution of the work, and to Dr F. S. Henika for assistance in the collection of specimens. I also wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr Victor Burke and the Dairy Department for the use of the apparatus. Acknowledgement is also made to the Washington State Department of Game for permission to collect pheasants.
Nairobi sheep disease: the survival of the virus in the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: June 2009

Montgomery (1917) showed that Nairobi sheep disease, a tick-borne gastro-enteritis of sheep and goats in East Africa, was caused by a filtrable virus transmitted most commonly by the brown tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. The transmission of the disease by this tick was confirmed by Daubney & Hudson (1931, 1934), who demonstrated also that ticks infected in any instar usually transmitted the disease when fed in the succeeding stage on susceptible sheep; and that the virus ingested by a female fed on an infected sheep passed through the eggs to the larvae of the next generation.
The Process of Copulation in Phlebotomus argentipes Ann. & Brun.
Authors: Mukerji S.
Published: June 2009

It is perhaps well known that the males of the genus Phlebotomus are purely “sexual forms,” i.e. their main function in life being to fertilise the females; they die after having copulated. In laboratory-bred strains of argentipes, it was found that the females were sought by freshly emerged males. I have observed that when a male approaches a female he sways his slender abdomen to and fro laterally and when close to her an unerring lateral swing of his abdomen links the two horizontally through the agency of the male terminalia. The couple remain in this horizontal position facing oppositely with the wings of the male placed ventrally to those of the female for about a minute, after which the insects separate. In several instances a couple in conjunction was seen to move or make short flights in a direction at right angles to their line of linkage.
Gill Trematodes from some Australian Fishes
Authors: Murray Florence V.
Published: June 2009

During recent years numerous forms of ectoparasitic trematodes have been discovered on the gills and body surface of fishes in Australia. Their descrip tions have been published in papers by Johnston and Tiegs (1922), Miss Kent Hughes (1928), and Johnston (1930). For the relevant literature on similar forms from other regions these papers may be referred to.
On the Biology of the Pigeon Fly, Pseudolynchia maura Bigot (Diptera, Hippoboscidae)
Authors: Coatney G. Robert
Published: June 2009

[This paper deals with the biology of Pseudolynchia maura Bigot, the pupa and pupation period, sex ratio, offspring per female and longevity when bred under laboratory conditions by feeding on pigeons (the host in nature), chickens, mourning dove, man (hosts more or less unsuitable). Effects of the bite are described.—Ed.]
Regeneration of the Mouthparts and Legs in Ticks. Argas persicus, Amblyomma hebraeum and Hyalomma aegyptium
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

Amputation experiments upon immature stages of Argas persicus (Oken 1818), Amblyomma hebraeum Koch 1844, and Hyalomma aegyptium (Linnaeus 1746) show that the mouthparts and legs of these ticks may be more or less regenerated when mutilated shortly after the ticks have abandoned the host in a fully engorged condition.
Body-lice under Summer Conditions in Mesopotamia
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: June 2009

During the summer months in Mesopotamia body-lice become extremely scarce on man, so much so that it may be difficult to find them even on men who are renowned for lousiness at other seasons of the year. When the nights become cold, as they often do rather suddenly towards the end of November, lice rapidly become numerous, this coinciding with the reissue of winter under-linen which has been stored through the summer in Ordnance dumps.
Observations on the Intestinal Protozoa of Three Egyptian Lizards, with a Note on a Cell-invading Fungus
Authors: Wenyon C. M.
Published: June 2009

While I was in Egypt conducting investigations into the etiology of dysentery with. Captain F. W. O'Connor at Alexandria in 1916 I was able to make some observations on the intestinal protozoa of three species of lizard. The occurrence of an Entamoeba and a Chilomastix (Tetramitus) in one of these, Agama stellio, was mentioned in our publication on the Human Intestinal Protozoa in the Near East, p. 147 (1917). The other lizards investigated were Chamaeleon vulgaris and Lacerta agilis. I will describe the observations on the protozoa under their respective hosts.
On the Classification of the Ascaridae. II. The Polydelphis Group; with some account of other Ascarids parasitic in Snakes
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

The Ascarids parasitic in snakes present considerable difficulties from the systematic point of view, owing to the incomplete character of many of the descriptions, and to the state of confusion which has long existed in the nomenclature. The writer has made an attempt, by examining such material as was available, and by comparing a number of the existing descriptions, to clear up some of this confusion. It was hoped also that such a comparative treatment would throw some light on the systematic value of the modifications of the female genital apparatus, which occur in some of these forms.
Diptera, Bombyliidae and Myiodaria (Coenosiinae, Muscinae, Calliphorinae, Sarcophaginae, Dexiinae, Tachininae), from the Seychelles and neighbouring Islands
Authors: Bezzi Mario
Published: June 2009

[This paper is the final report on the Diptera collected by the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition under Professor J. Stanley Gardiner, F.R.S., in the Seychelles and other islands of the Western Indian Ocean in 1905 and 1908–9. Many reports on the insects collected have appeared in the special series of volumes devoted to that Expedition, Tr. Linn. Soc.London, ser. 2 (Zool.), xii–xviii (from 1907 onwards), but it has not been possible to include all the entomological contributions in that series. I am greatly indebted to the Editor of Parasitology for accepting the present work, which was offered for publication in this journal as it deals with a number of parasitic forms—Bombyliidae, Sarcophaginae, Tachininae, etc. A list of all the other reports on Diptera collected by this Expedition, with full references, is given in Ent. Monthly Mag., 58, 1922, p. 184.
Observations on Human Intestinal Protozoa in Malaya
Authors: Jepps Margaret W.
Published: June 2009

During the year April 1921–April 1922 I examined the stools of 1034 men from the dysentery ward of the District Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, in the Federated Malay States. In this hospital the patients are for the most part indigent Chinese and Tamils of the coolie class, who have resided in Malaya for a length of time varying from a few weeks to a number of years, sometimes all their lives. From the way in which these people live, from the intimate mixture of so many different nationalities, and from their often extensive migrations, one might be led to expect that their intestinal fauna would be abundant both in variety of species and in incidence of infection. This expectation is not realised in the following results. Indeed, the figures for some of the non-pathogenic protozoa are not as high as some which have been obtained for healthy Englishmen who have never left England (cf. Matthews and Malins Smith, 1919). Nearly all the patients in this series were suffering, or had recently suffered, from active dysentery at the time when the examinations were made: and in some cases the flushing out of the intestine from this cause probably reduced the intestinal protozoa to such small numbers that none could be found when specimens of the stools were examined. In many cases, also, protozoa have certainly been overlooked in the masses of pus and other cells present in a very large proportion of the stools examined. Had it been possible to examine a series of cases without intestinal derangements involving diarrhoea from the same population, some opinion might have been formed as to the actual effect of these two factors on the results obtained. And until some such figures are available for comparison it cannot be said that the scarcity of some of the intestinal protozoa found in these cases has any special significance.
On the Classification of the Ascaridae. III. A Revision of the Genus Dujardinia Gedoelst, with a Description of a new Genus of Anisakinae from a Crocodile
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

The genus Dujardinia was proposed by Gedoelst (1916) for the reception of a form considered to be identical with Ascaris helicina Molin, 1860. In the same paper another species, Ascaris nigra, was described by Gedoelst, who mentions that it has close affinities with A. helicina, but does not actually refer it to Dujardinia. The present writer (1920) assigned Ascaris halicoris Owen, 1833, to this genus. More recent work renders it somewhat doubtful whether this species really belongs to Dujardinia, for reasons which will be pointed out later, and though for the present it is retained, it must be regarded as a somewhat aberrant form.
Speciation and Host Relationships of Parasites
Authors: Chandler Asa C.
Published: June 2009

In recent years the speciation of parasites as related to their host relationships has presented some of the most interesting and at the same time most difficult problems in the field of parasitology. These problems are by no means of purely academic interest but are of prime importance in connection with the control and prophylaxis of a number of important infections of man and domestic animals.
An Experimental Study of the Sheep-Trypanosome (T. melophagium Flu, 1908), and its Transmission by the Sheep-Ked (Melophagus ovinus L.)
Authors: Hoare Cecil A.
Published: June 2009

Trypanosoma melophagium Flu, 1908, is a parasite of European domestic sheep (Ovis aries L.), in the blood of which it occurs in very scanty numbers and can be detected by the cultural method. In England it has been found in 80 per cent, of sheep examined.

The infection is of fairly short duration and does not produce an immunity in sheep, since the latter can easily be re-infected. In all probability T. melophagium produces no pathological effect in sheep, and is incapable of infecting laboratory animals.

Morphologically the sheep-trypanosome is closely allied to the cattle-trypanosome, T. theileri.

The intermediate host of T. melophagium is the sheep-ked, Melophagus ovinus L., in the alimentary canal of which it passes through a definite cycle of development ending in the production of infective forms (metacyclic trypanosomes) in the hind-gut of the insect.

The mode of transmission is contammative, the sheep acquiring an infection by ingesting the ked. Infection of sheep did not result from the bite of the ked, through abrasions of the skin, or from inoculation of cultures of the trypanosome.

T. melophagium is easily cultivated at 30° C. Its evolution in cultures is similar to that in the invertebrate host.
The Prostigmatic Mites of South African Lizards
Authors: Lawrence R. F.
Published: June 2009

The following paper as a preliminary study of the acarine parasites of South African lizards attempts to furnish as complete a list as possible of the pro-stigmatic mites of two families of lizards peculiar to South Africa, the Zonuridae and Gerrhosauridae.