bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computer-Aided Design to Improve the Thermal Stability of Rhizomucor miehei Lipase
Authors: Teng Rong , Zhang Jin , Tu Zhui , He Qinghua , Li Yanping
Published: December 2024

Lipase, a green biocatalyst, finds extensive application in the food sector. Enhancing the thermal stability of lipase presents both challenges and opportunities within the food industry. This research employed multiple rounds of cross-screening using tools like FoldX and I-Mutant 3.0 to strategically design mutations for Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML), resulting in eight unique single-point mutation designs. E230I, N120M, and N264M have been confirmed experimentally to be potential combination mutation candidates. The resulting triple mutant N120M/E230I/N264M showed a higher thermal stability, with an optimum temperature of 55 °C, 10 °C higher than that of the wild-type RML. The half-life was extended from 46 to 462 min at 50 °C. Furthermore, the catalytic activity of N120M/E230I/N264M on camphor tree seed oil increased by 140% to 600 U/mg, which aids in the production of novel structured lipids. Using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, we analyzed the molecular mechanism of enhanced thermal stability. This study validated the efficacy and dependability of computer-aided design to generate heat-resistant RML mutants and indicated that RML N120M/E230I/N264M lipase can be used as an effective biocatalyst for fat processing in the food industry.
Exploring the Feasibility of Direct-Dispersion Oleogels in Healthier Sausage Formulations
Authors: Mahmud Niaz , Ferdaus Md. Jannatul , Silva Roberta Claro da
Published: December 2024

Oleogels developed through the direct-dispersion method offer an innovative, scalable, and efficient alternative to traditional fats in sausage production, providing a solution to health concerns associated with the high saturated fat content of conventional formulations. By closely mimicking the texture, stability, and mouthfeel of animal fats, these oleogels provide a novel approach to improving the nutritional profile of sausages while maintaining desirable sensory characteristics. This review critically evaluates cutting-edge research on oleogels, emphasizing innovations in their ability to enhance emulsion stability, increase cooking yield, reduce processing weight loss, and optimize fatty acid composition by reducing overall fat and saturated fat levels. Despite their potential, sausage formulations with oleogel still face challenges in achieving consistent sensory properties, texture, and oxidative stability, often failing to fully replicate the sensory qualities and shelf-life of animal fats. To push the boundaries of oleogel technology and meet the increasing demand for healthier, high-quality sausage products, we propose focused innovations in refining oil-to-gelator ratios, exploring a wider range of novel gelators, optimizing production methods, and developing cost-effective, scalable strategies. These advancements hold significant potential for revolutionizing the sausage industry by improving both the technological and nutritional qualities of oleogels.
A Systematic Modular Approach for the Coupling of Deep-Learning-Based Models to Forecast Urban Flooding Maps in Early Warning Systems
Authors: Koltermann da Silva Juliana , Burrichter Benjamin , Niemann Andre , Quirmbach Markus
Published: December 2024

Deep learning (DL) approaches to forecast precipitation and inundation areas in the short-term forecast horizon have up until now been treated as independent research problems from the model development perspective. However, for the urban hydrology area, the coupling of these models is necessary in order to forecast the upcoming inundation area maps and is, therefore, of the utmost importance for successful flood risk management. In this paper, three deep-learning-based models are coupled in a systematic modular approach with the aim to analyze the performance of this model chain in an operative setup for urban pluvial flooding nowcast: precipitation nowcasting with an adapted version of the NowcastNet model, the forecast of manhole overflow hydrographs with a Seq2Seq model, and the generation of a spatiotemporal sequence of inundation areas in an urban catchment for the upcoming hour with an encoder–decoder model. It can be concluded that the forecast quality still largely depends on the accuracy of the precipitation nowcasting model. With the increasing development of DL models for both precipitation and flood nowcasting, the presented modular approach for model coupling enables the substitution of individual blocks for better and newer models in the model chain without jeopardizing the operation of the flooding forecast system.
Utilization, Satisfaction, and Clinical Outcomes of People of Color and White Adults Using an Employer-Sponsored Digital Mental Health Platform
Authors: Sagui Henson Sara J. , Welcome Chamberlain Camille E. , Smith Brooke J. , Jackson Jessica L. , Adusei Sharon L. , Castro Sweet Cynthia M.
Published: December 2024

Evaluating digital mental health services across racial and ethnic identities is crucial to ensuring health equity. We examined how People of Color (POC) and White adults were using and benefiting from an employer-sponsored digital mental health platform. A sample of 947 adults (42% POC) consented to an observational study and completed surveys on their identities and mental health outcomes at baseline and three-month follow-up. We examined care preferences, utilization, therapeutic alliance with mental health providers, and changes in outcomes among POC and White adults. At baseline, there were no race or ethnicity differences in preferred topics of focus (p = 0.36), rates of depression, anxiety, or loneliness (ps > 0.35), or self-reported well-being or stress (ps > 0.07). POC adults were more likely to prefer one-on-one care than White adults (p = 0.02). After 3 months of care utilization, there were no differences in therapeutic alliance (p = 0.52), use of therapy, coaching, or self-guided digital resources (ps > 0.47), or in the likelihood of improving, recovering, or maintaining clinical symptoms or psychosocial factors (ps > 0.07). Utilization, satisfaction, and clinical effectiveness were similar between POC and White adults, indicating the platform may offer comparable experiences. Evaluating utilization and outcomes among POC communities is necessary to inform consumers and help developers assess if innovations are fostering health equity.
P2 Receptor Antagonists Rescue Defective Heme Content in an In Vitro SLC25A38-Associated Congenital Sideroblastic Anemia Cell Model
Authors: Santoro Antonella , De Santis Silvia , Palmieri Ferdinando , Vozza Angelo , Agrimi Gennaro , Andolfo Immacolata , Russo Roberta , Palazzo Antonio , Storlazzi Clelia Tiziana , Ferrucci Arianna , Jun Yong Woong , Kool Eric T. , Fiermonte Giuseppe , Iolascon Achille , Paradies Eleonora , Marobbio Carlo Marya Thomas , Palmieri Luigi
Published: December 2024

Mutations in the SLC25A38 gene are responsible for the second most common form of congenital sideroblastic anemia (CSA), a severe condition for which no effective treatment exists. We developed and characterized a K562 erythroleukemia cell line with markedly reduced expression of the SLC25A38 protein (A38-low cells). This model successfully recapitulated the main features of CSA, including reduced heme content and mitochondrial respiration, increase in mitochondrial iron, ROS levels and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Notably, our study uncovered a new role for extracellular pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) and other P2 receptor antagonists in rescuing the altered parameters of A38-low cells (for example, the heme content of the A38-low cells was increased from about 50% to about 80% by the P2 receptor antagonists treatment compared with the value of the controls). These findings suggest that targeting P2 receptors could represent a promising therapeutic approach for SLC25A38-associated CSA.
Overview of Phage Defense Systems in Bacteria and Their Applications
Authors: Xu Xiaomei , Gu Pengfei
Published: December 2024

As natural parasites of bacteria, phages have greatly contributed to bacterial evolution owing to their persistent threat. Diverse phage resistance systems have been developed in bacteria during the coevolutionary process with phages. Conversely, phage contamination has a devastating effect on microbial fermentation, resulting in fermentation failure and substantial economic loss. Accordingly, natural defense systems derived from bacteria can be employed to obtain robust phage-resistant host cells that can overcome the threats posed by bacteriophages during industrial bacterial processes. In this review, diverse phage resistance mechanisms, including the remarkable research progress and potential applications, are systematically summarized. In addition, the development prospects and challenges of phage-resistant bacteria are discussed. This review provides a useful reference for developing phage-resistant bacteria.
Angiotensin-(1-7) and Central Control of Cardiometabolic Outcomes: Implications for Obesity Hypertension
Authors: Vernail Victoria L. , Lucas Lillia , Miller Amanda J. , Arnold Amy C.
Published: December 2024

Hypertension is a leading independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death globally. Importantly, the prevalence of hypertension is positively correlated with obesity, with obesity-related hypertension being difficult to treat due to a lack of current guidelines in this population as well as limited efficacy and adverse off-target effects of currently available antihypertensive therapeutics. This highlights the need to better understand the mechanisms linking hypertension with obesity to develop optimal therapeutic approaches. In this regard, the renin–angiotensin system, which is dysregulated in both hypertension and obesity, is a prime therapeutic target. While research and therapies have typically focused on the deleterious angiotensin II axis of the renin–angiotensin system, emerging evidence shows that targeting the protective angiotensin-(1-7) axis also improves cardiovascular and metabolic functions in animal models of obesity hypertension. While the precise mechanisms involved remain under investigation, in addition to peripheral actions, evidence exists to support a role for the central nervous system in the beneficial cardiometabolic effects of angiotensin-(1-7). This review will highlight emerging translational studies exploring the cardiovascular and metabolic regulatory actions of angiotensin-(1-7), with an emphasis on its central actions in brain regions including the brainstem and hypothalamus. An improved understanding of the central mechanisms engaged by angiotensin-(1-7) to regulate cardiovascular and metabolic functions may provide insight into the potential of targeting this hormone as a novel therapeutic approach for obesity-related hypertension.
Endothelial Dysfunction: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies in Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Paolini Lucia , Guida Fiorentina , Calvaruso Antonino , Andreozzi Laura , Pierantoni Luca , Lanari Marcello , Fabi Marianna
Published: December 2024

The endothelium plays a key role in regulating vascular homeostasis by responding to a large spectrum of chemical and physical stimuli. Vasculitis is a group of inflammatory conditions affecting the vascular bed, and it is known that they are strongly linked to endothelial dysfunction (ED). Kawasaki disease (KD) is one childhood systemic vasculitis, and it represents the leading cause of acquired cardiac disease in children due to coronary damage and subsequent cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. We aimed to focus on the actual knowledge of ED in the pathogenesis of KD and its practical implications on therapeutical strategies to limit cardiovascular complications. Understanding ED in KD provides insight into the underlying mechanisms and identifies potential therapeutic targets to mitigate vascular damage, ultimately improving cardiovascular outcomes in both the acute and chronic stages of the disease. However, research gaps remain, particularly in translating findings from animal models into clinical applications for cardiovascular lesions and related morbidity in KD patients.
Bioassay-Guided Fractionation Networking for Discovery of Biofungicides from Cultivated Salvia canariensis
Authors: Hernández-Álvarez Eduardo , Rodríguez-Sabina Samuel , González-Delgado Guacimara , Reyes Carolina P. , Giménez Cristina , Llaría-López María Ángeles , Cabrera Raimundo , Bazzocchi Isabel L. , Jiménez Ignacio A.
Published: December 2024

Considering the detrimental impacts of the current pesticides on the biotic components of the biosphere, the development of novel pesticides is vital. Plant-derived biopesticides have emerged as popular alternatives to create a safer and more sustainable agriculture model. This study aims to validate the previous bioguided fractionation of endemic Canary Islands sage, Salvia canariensis, as a potential source of botanical pesticides using a cultivation process. Accordingly, the bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of cultivated S. canariensis on the phytopathogenic fungal mycelia of Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Alternaria alternata yielded six known terpenoids. Their abietane diterpenoid-type (1–5) and sesquiterpenoid (6) structures were established based on spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis. This strategy identified one abietane diterpenoid, salviol (5), as a potential candidate for the future development of biofungicides with similar potency towards the assayed phytopathogenic fungi to commercial fungicides. Salviol worked in a concentration-dependent manner. Overall, this study reinforces the potential of abietane-type diterpenoids as promising agrochemical lead compounds against infectious diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi and validates the cultivation of S. canariensis as a potential source of plant-derived biopesticides.
Nanocellulose-Based Films for Surface Protection of Wooden Artefacts
Authors: Kryg Paulina , Mazela Bartłomiej , Perdoch Waldemar , Jancelewicz Mariusz , Broda Magdalena
Published: December 2024

This research investigated the selected properties of nanocellulose films intended to serve as protective patches on fissured surfaces of wooden artefacts. The effects of their plasticisation with glycerol and functionalisation with selected silanes ((3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, and Methyltrimethoxysilane) were also determined. The obtained pure cellulose nanopapers (CNPs) had a homogeneous and compact structure but were very brittle, stiff, and wavy. Functionalisation with silanes made their structure more packed and reduced their equilibrium moisture content by 87–96%, depending on the type and concentration of the silane. Silane functionalisation also slightly improved nanopapers’ resistance to moulds. Plasticisation with glycerol provided CNPs with higher flexibility and resistance to fracture and made them flatter and smoother, reducing the wettability of their surfaces but increasing their hygroscopicity (EMC values increased 1.7–3.5 times for pure CNPs and 5–33 times for functionalised CNPs) and vulnerability to mould infestation. All prepared nanopapers can be easily glued to the wood surface and colour-matched using a nitro wood stain, oil paint or waterborne acrylic paint. The research showed that cellulose nanopapers modified with silanes and plasticised with glycerol seem to be a promising solution for protecting the cracked surface of wooden artefacts against further degradation due to external conditions.
Bacterial Tolerance to 1-Butanol and 2-Butanol: Quantitative Assessment and Transcriptomic Response
Authors: Arsov Alexander , Petrova Penka , Gerginova Maria , Tsigoriyna Lidia , Armenova Nadya , Ignatova Ina , Petrov Kaloyan
Published: December 2024

The unique fuel characteristics of butanol and the possibility of its microbial production make it one of the most desirable environmentally friendly substitutes for petroleum fuels. However, the highly toxic nature of 1-butanol to the bacterial strains makes it unprofitable for commercial production. By comparison, 2-butanol has similar fuel qualities, and despite the difficulties in its microbial synthesis, it holds promise because it may be less toxic. This paper is the first comprehensive study to compare bacterial tolerance to different butanol isomers by examining the growth of 31 bacterial strains under 1-butanol and 2-butanol stress conditions. The presented results reveal that all tested strains showed a higher tolerance to 2-butanol than to 1-butanol at each solvent concentration (1%, 2%, and 3% v/v). Moreover, with an increased solvent concentration, bacterial cells lost their resistance to 1-butanol more rapidly than to 2-butanol. A comparison of the transcriptome profiles of the reference strains Bacillus subtilis ATCC 168 and E. coli ATCC 25922 disclosed a specific response to butanol stress. Most notably, in the presence of 2-butanol E. coli ATCC 25922 showed a reduced expression of genes for chaperones, efflux pumps, and the flagellar apparatus, as well as an enhancement of membrane and electron transport. B. subtilis, with 2-butanol, did not perform emergency sporulation or escape, as some global transcriptional stress response regulators were downregulated. The overexpression of ribosomal RNAs, pyrimidine biosynthesis genes, and DNA- and RNA-binding proteins such as pcrA and tnpB was crucial in the response.
Immune and Metabolic Mechanisms of Endothelial Dysfunction
Authors: Kopaliani Irakli , Elsaid Basant , Speier Stephan , Deussen Andreas
Published: December 2024

Endothelial dysfunction is a strong prognostic factor in predicting the development of cardiovascular diseases. Dysfunctional endothelium loses its homeostatic ability to regulate vascular tone and prevent overactivation of inflammation, leading to vascular dysfunction. These functions are critical for vascular homeostasis and arterial pressure control, the disruption of which may lead to hypertension. Hypertension itself can also cause endothelial dysfunction, as endothelial cells are susceptible to haemodynamic changes. Although it is unclear which of those factors appear first, they create a vicious circle further damaging multiple organs, including the heart and vessels. There are also sex-specific differences in homeostatic functions of the endothelium regarding vessel tone regulation, which may contribute to differences in arterial blood pressure between men and women. Even more importantly, there are sex-differences in the development of endothelial dysfunction and vessel remodelling. Hence, an understanding of the mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and its contribution to pathological vascular remodelling during hypertension is of critical importance. This review addresses immunological and metabolic aspects in mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and the resulting mechanisms in vascular remodelling with respect to arterial hypertension, including the potential role of sex-specific differences.
Functional Mechanical Behavior and Biocompatible Characteristics of Graphene-Coated Cardiovascular Stents
Authors: Wasyluk Łukasz , Hreniak Dariusz , Boiko Vitalii , Sobieszczańska Beata , Bologna Emanuela , Zingales Massimiliano , Pasławski Robert , Arkowski Jacek , Sareło Przemysław , Wawrzyńska Magdalena
Published: December 2024

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is a treatment method that involves reopening narrowed arteries with a balloon catheter that delivers a cylindrical, mesh-shaped implant device to the site of the stenosis. Currently, by applying a coating to a bare metal stent (BMS) surface to improve biocompatibility, the main risks after PCI, such as restenosis and thrombosis, are reduced while maintaining the basic requirements for the mechanical behavior of the stent itself. In this work, for the first time, the development and optimization process of the spatial structure of the Co-Cr stent (L-605) with a graphene-based coating using cold-wall chemical vapor deposition (CW-CVD) to ensure uniform coverage of the implant was attempted. The CW-CVD process allows the coating of 3D structures, minimizing thermal stress on the surrounding equipment and allowing the deposition of coatings on temperature-sensitive materials. It produces uniform and high-purity films with control over the thickness and composition. The reduced heating of the chamber walls minimizes unwanted reactions, leading to fewer impurities in the final coating. The graphene layers obtained using Raman spectroscopy at different parameters of the CW-CVD process were verified, their properties were investigated, and the functional mechanical behavior of the studied graphene-covered stent was confirmed. In vitro, graphene-coated stents promoted rapid endothelial cell repopulation, an advantage over gold-standard drug-eluting stents delaying re-endothelialization. Also, full-range biocompatibility studies on potential allergic, irritation, toxicological, and pyrogenic reactions of new material in vivo on small animal models demonstrated excellent biocompatibility of the graphene-coated stents.
A Sensitive and Transparent Method for Tumor-Informed Detection of Circulating Tumor DNA in Ovarian Cancer Using Whole-Genome Sequencing
Authors: Thusgaard Christine Fribert , Sadegh Sepideh , Jochumsen Kirsten Marie , Kruse Torben Arvid , Thomassen Mads
Published: December 2024

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a biomarker that could potentially improve the survival rate of ovarian cancer (OC), e.g., by monitoring treatment response and early relapse detection. However, an optimal method for ctDNA analysis in OC remains to be established. We developed a method for tumor-informed single-nucleotide variant detection of ctDNA in OC using whole-genome sequencing. Tumor and plasma samples obtained at the time of diagnosis from 10 patients with OC were included. The tested method involved applying basic filters with different cut-offs of read depth, allelic depth, and variant allele frequency of tumor and normal DNA. In addition, we applied a new filtering approach using plasma samples from the other included OC patients (the plasma pool) for specific removal of artefacts. The basic filters with varying cut-offs showed minor improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (S2N). However, the addition of the plasma pool filter resulted in a considerable ctDNA signal improvement, indicated by both S2N and z-score. This study demonstrates a promising method for ctDNA detection in OC patients using a tumor-informed approach for whole-genome sequencing. Despite the limited number of patients involved, the results suggest a significant potential of the method for ctDNA signal detection in patients with OC.
Alleviating the Effects of Short QT Syndrome Type 3 by Allele-Specific Suppression of the KCNJ2 Mutant Allele
Authors: Wilders Ronald
Published: December 2024

Short QT syndrome type 3 (SQTS3 or SQT3), which is associated with life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, is caused by heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in the KCNJ2 gene. This gene encodes the pore-forming α-subunit of the ion channel that carries the cardiac inward rectifier potassium current (IK1). These gain-of-function mutations either increase the amplitude of IK1 or attenuate its rectification. The aim of the present in silico study is to test to which extent allele-specific suppression of the KCNJ2 mutant allele can alleviate the effects of SQT3, as recently demonstrated in in vitro studies on specific heterozygous mutations associated with long QT syndrome type 1 and 2 and short QT syndrome type 1. To this end, simulations were carried out with the two most recent comprehensive models of a single human ventricular cardiomyocyte. These simulations showed that suppression of the mutant allele can, at least partially, counteract the effects of the mutation on IK1 and restore the action potential duration for each of the four SQT3 mutations that are known by now. We conclude that allele-specific suppression of the KCNJ2 mutant allele is a promising technique in the treatment of SQT3 that should be evaluated in in vitro and in vivo studies.
Heterologous Production, Purification and Characterization of Two Cold-Active β-d-Galactosidases with Transglycosylation Activity from the Psychrotolerant Arctic Bacterium Arthrobacter sp. S3* Isolated from Spitsbergen Island Soil
Authors: Wanarska Marta , Pawlak-Szukalska Anna , Rosińska Aleksandra , Kozłowska-Tylingo Katarzyna
Published: December 2024

Cold-adapted microorganisms possess cold-active enzymes with potential applications in different industries and research areas. In this study, two genes encoding β-d-galactosidases belonging to Glycoside Hydrolase families 2 and 42 from the psychrotolerant Arctic bacterium Arthrobacter sp. S3* were cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and Komagataella phaffii, purified and characterized. The GH2 β-d-galactosidase is a tetramer with a molecular weight of 450 kDa, while the GH42 β-d-galactosidase is a 233 kDa trimer. The Bgal2 was optimally active at pH 7.5 and 22 °C and maintained 57% of maximum activity at 10 °C, whereas the Bgal42 was optimally active at pH 7.0 and 40 °C and exhibited 44% of maximum activity at 10 °C. Both enzymes hydrolyzed lactose and showed transglycosylation activity. We also found that 2 U/mL of the Bgal2 hydrolyzed 85% of lactose in milk within 10 h at 10 °C. The enzyme synthesized galactooligosaccharides, heterooligosaccharides, alkyl galactopyranosides and glycosylated salicin. The Bgal42 synthesized galactooligosaccharides and 20 U/mL of the enzyme hydrolyzed 72% of milk lactose within 24 h at 10 °C. The properties of Arthrobacter sp. S3* Bgal2 make it a candidate for lactose hydrolysis in the dairy industry and a promising tool for the glycosylation of various acceptors in the biomedical sector.
Effect of High-Dose Vitamin C on Tendon Cell Degeneration—An In Vitro Study
Authors: Ueda Shusuke , Ichiseki Toru , Shimasaki Miyako , Soma Daisuke , Sakurai Masaru , Kaneuji Ayumi , Kawahara Norio
Published: December 2024

Tendinopathy is an aging-related disease, often caused by micro-scarring and degeneration due to overuse or trauma. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) supplementation is reported to be a useful treatment for tendinopathy recovery. We compared the inhibitory effects of various ascorbic acid doses on tendon cell damage. H2O2 was added to human-derived tendon cells in vitro (Group H2O2, control), followed by incubation with 150 µM or 30 mM of ascorbic acid (Group C, Group HC). The oxidative injury degree was evaluated by determining reactive oxygen species levels. The cytoskeletal structure was examined via fluorescence immunostaining of actin filaments. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to analyze the expressions of mitochondria transcription factor A, adenosine triphosphate 5A, type I collagen, and p16. Cell death was reduced, and oxidative stress was inhibited in C and HC groups. The cytoskeleton was maintained in the HC group but not in the C group. qPCR analysis revealed that p16 expression was inhibited in both the C and HC groups compared to the H2O2 group; other markers had increased expression. The progression of cell death and cytoskeletal disruption was inhibited by the administration of high-dose vitamin C. Hence, high-dose vitamin C is a potential treatment for tendon cell degeneration.
Mining and Characterization of Amylosucrase from Calidithermus terrae for Synthesis of α-Arbutin Using Sucrose
Authors: Li Anqi , He Yamei , Chen Wenxuan , Tao Huimei , Wu Huawei , Li Shaobin
Published: December 2024

α-Arbutin is the fourth generation whitening factor in the field of cosmetics, which can block the synthesis of melanin in epidermal cells and has the advantages of good stability and less toxic side effects. Moreover, α-arbutin has potential application value in food, medicine, and other fields. However, the extraction yield from plant tissues is relatively low, which restricts its application value. Currently, enzymatic catalysis is universally deemed the safest and most efficient method for α-arbutin synthesis. Amylosucrase (ASase), one of the most frequently employed glycosyltransferases, has been extensively reported for α-arbutin synthesis. To discover new resources of amylosucrase (ASase), this study synthesized α-arbutin using low-cost sucrose as a glycosyl donor. Probe sequences were used to identify homologous sequences from different microbial strains in protein databases as candidate ASases. Recombinant plasmids were constructed, and the enzymes were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, followed by the enzymatic synthesis of α-arbutin. One ASase from Calidithermus terrae, named CtAs, was selected for its effective α-arbutin synthesis. The expression conditions for CtAs were optimized, its enzymatic properties were analyzed, and the conditions for the enzymatic synthesis of α-arbutin were further refined to improve its molar yield. The optimal induction conditions for CtA expression were achieved by adding IPTG at a final concentration of 0.5 mmol/L to LB medium when OD600 reached 1.0, followed by an incubation at 20 °C and 200 r/min for 18 h. The optimal temperature and pH for CtAs were found to be 42 °C and 9.5, respectively, with good stability across the pH range of 5.0–12.0. CtAs was activated by Na+, K+, Mg2+, EDTA, methanol, and ethanol, but inhibited by Ca2+, Zn2+, Ba2+, and Ni2+. The kinetic parameters were Vmax = 6.94 μmol/min/mL, Km = 89.39 mmol/L, Kcat = 5183.97 min−1, and Kcat/Km = 57.99 L/(mmol·min). At 42 °C and pH 9.5, the hydrolysis/polymerization/isomerization reaction ratios were 23.27:32.96:43.77 with low sucrose concentrations and 38.50:37.12:24.38 with high sucrose concentrations. The optimal conditions for the enzymatic synthesis were determined to be at 25 °C and pH 5.0 using sucrose at a final concentration of 42 mmol/L and hydroquinone at 6 mmol/L (donor-to-acceptor ratio of 7:1), with the addition of 200 μL (0.2 mg/mL) of purified enzyme and 0.10 mmol/L ascorbic acid, under dark conditions for 6 h. The final molar yield of α-arbutin was 62.78%, with a molar conversion rate of hydroquinone of 74.60%, nearly doubling the yield compared to pre-optimization.
Interaction of HERVs with PAMPs in Dysregulation of Immune Response Cascade Upon SARS-CoV-2 Infections
Authors: Turčić Marijana , Kraljević Pavelić Sandra , Trivanović Dragan , Pavelić Krešimir
Published: December 2024

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are genomic fragments integrated into human DNA from germline infections by exogenous retroviruses that threatened primates early in their evolution and are inherited vertically in the germline. So far, HERVs have been studied in the context of extensive immunopathogenic, neuropathogenic and even oncogenic effects within their host. In particular, in our paper, we elaborate on the aspects related to the possible correlation of transposable HERV elements’ activation and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein’s presence in cells of COVID-19 patients or upon COVID-19 vaccination with implications for natural and adaptive immunity. In particular, the release of cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 occurs in such cases and plays a notable role in sustaining chronic inflammation. Moreover, well-known interindividual variations of HERVs might partially account for the interpersonal variability of COVID-19 symptoms or unwanted events post-vaccination. Accordingly, further studies are required to clarify the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein’s role in triggering HERVs.
Effect of Contraction and Construction Joint Quality on the Static Performance of Concrete Arch Dams
Authors: Soltani Narjes , Escuder-Bueno Ignacio
Published: December 2024

The structural integrity of concrete arch dams is critical to ensuring their long-term stability and safety, particularly under seasonal thermal variations. In this study, the effect of contraction and construction joint quality on the static performance of concrete arch dam safety is evaluated. To achieve this, two different approaches are followed: the first approach focuses on global stability through the calculation of the shear strength reduction factor for certain structural joints, while the second approach assesses the local stress–deformation behavior after incorporating physical gaps into the specific joints. The proposed methodology is applied to the numerical model of a typical concrete arch dam. The results of the global safety evaluation reveal that, in the winter and summer scenarios, the joints in the upper half and middle third of the dam height, respectively, have the most significant influence on the dam stability. The local approach demonstrates that while one type of performance index might indicate acceptable performance, another could reveal underlying safety concerns. Both approaches aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dam’s structural integrity under varying conditions, supporting informed decision-making for maintenance and safety measures.
Niche Expansion Has Increased the Risk of Leptocybe invasa Fisher Et LaSalle Invasions at the Global Scale
Authors: Ouyang Xianheng , Pan Jiangling , Rao Hui , Sun Qiaoyun
Published: December 2024

Invasive alien species often undergo shifts in their ecological niches when they establish themselves in environments that differ from their native habitats. Leptocybe invasa Fisher et LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), specifically, has caused huge economic losses to Eucalyptus trees in Australia. The global spread of eucalyptus cultivation has allowed L. invasa to threaten plantations beyond its native habitat. It is, therefore, urgent to implement effective control measures to mitigate the impact of this pest. The optimized MaxEnt model was used to predict the potential global distribution of L. invasa based on occurrence data and environmental variables. The centroid shift, overlap, unfilling, and expansion (COUE) framework was employed to evaluate niche dynamics during the global invasion process by comparing the ecological niches of L. invasa in both native regions and regions affected by invasions (hereafter referred to as “invaded”). The results indicated that the distribution of L. invasa is primarily influenced by temperature, precipitation, and the human influence index variables. Its ecological niche was shown to have considerably expanded from native to invaded regions. Under future climate scenarios, the potential geographical distribution of L. invasa is projected to be concentrated primarily in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe, and Southern Oceania. In the future, the potentially suitable areas for the establishment of L. invasa are expected to further expand. This study provides a unified framework for exploring the niche dynamics of invasive alien species globally. Emphasizing early warning and control in uninvaded areas is crucial for minimizing L. invasa ecological and economic threats.
Recommendations for Implementing Innovative Technologies to Control Aedes aegypti: Population Suppression Using a Combination of the Incompatible and Sterile Insect Techniques (IIT-SIT), Based on the Mexican Experience/Initiative
Authors: Martín-Park Abdiel , Contreras-Perera Yamili , Che-Mendoza Azael , Pérez-Carrillo Silvia , Pavía-Ruz Norma , Villegas-Chim Josué , Trujillo-Peña Emilio , Bibiano-Marín Wilberth , Medina-Barreiro Anuar , González-Olvera Gabriela , Navarrete-Carballo Juan , Puerta-Guardo Henry , Ayora-Talavera Guadalupe , Delfín-González Hugo , Palacio-Vargas Jorge , Correa-Morales Fabián , Bezerra Haroldo Sergio da Silva , Coelho Giovanni , Vazquez-Prokopec Gonzalo , Xi Zhiyong , Manrique-Saide Pablo , Gómez-Dantes Héctor
Published: December 2024

The future of Aedes aegypti control emphasizes the transition from traditional insecticides toward more sustainable and multisectoral integrated strategies, like using Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes for population suppression or replacement. We reviewed the integration of the successful Mexican initiative, “Mosquitos Buenos”, with the key challenges outlined in the PAHO guidelines for incorporating innovative approaches into vector control programs. These challenges include establishing essential infrastructure, training personnel, managing field operations, and fostering community support. Our experience provides critical evidence to support the strategic National Plan for implementing and integrating IIT-SIT technologies to control Ae. aegypti and dengue. Furthermore, this experience serves as a foundation for other countries in the region interested in adopting these technologies. It underscores the importance of strategic planning, multisectoral collaboration, continuous evaluation, and scaling up innovative tools to ensure their long-term effectiveness and sustainability in urban areas where Aedes vectors and the diseases they transmit are endemic.
MicroRNA and Heart Failure: A Novel Promising Diagnostic and Therapeutic Tool
Authors: D’Amato Andrea , Prosperi Silvia , Severino Paolo , Myftari Vincenzo , Correale Michele , Perrone Filardi Pasquale , Badagliacca Roberto , Fedele Francesco , Vizza Carmine Dario , Palazzuoli Alberto
Published: December 2024

Heart failure (HF) has a multifaceted and complex pathophysiology. Beyond neurohormonal, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, and adrenergic hyperactivation, a role for other pathophysiological determinants is emerging. Genetic and epigenetic factors are involved in this syndrome. In many maladaptive processes, the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been recently demonstrated. MiRNAs are small endogenous non-coding molecules of RNA involved in gene expression regulation, and they play a pivotal role in intercellular communication, being involved in different biological and pathophysiological processes. MiRNAs can modulate infarct area size, cardiomyocytes restoration, collagen deposition, and macrophage polarization. MiRNAs may be considered as specific biomarkers of hypertrophy and fibrosis. MiRNAs have been proposed as a therapeutical tool because their administration can contrast with myocardial pathophysiological remodeling leading to HF. Antimir and miRNA mimics are small oligonucleotides which may be administered in several manners and may be able to regulate the expression of specific and circulating miRNAs. Studies on animal models and on healthy humans demonstrate that these molecules are well tolerated and effective, opening the possibility of a therapeutic use of miRNAs in cases of HF. The application of miRNAs for diagnosis, prognostic stratification, and therapy fits in with the new concept of a personalized and tailored approach to HF.
Effect of Daily Vitamin C Supplementation with or Without Flavonoids on Periodontal, Microbial, and Systemic Conditions Before and After Periodontal Therapy: A Case Series from an RCT
Authors: de Jong Thijs M. H. , Stamatelou Eleni , Rosema Nanning A. M. , Jansen Ineke D. C. , Brandt Bernd W. , Angelakis Athanasios , Loos Bruno G. , van der Velden Ubele , Danser Monique M.
Published: December 2024

Purpose: To investigate the effect of vitamin C supplementation with or without flavonoids on periodontal conditions, and microbial and systemic variables before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). Materials and Methods: A case series derived from a randomized controlled trial was conducted to explore the effects of daily vitamin C supplementation, with or without flavonoids, on periodontal conditions. The study population was recruited from patients with periodontitis who had been referred to the Department of Periodontology at the Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA). The study consisted of a 2-month observation of untreated periodontitis followed by a 3-month period after NSPT. Descriptive statistics, correlation and clustering analyses, and dimensionality reduction methods were used to evaluate the interventions’ impact. Results: Due to COVID-19, the study was prematurely terminated and reported findings from 13 patients. Results indicate a correlation between higher plasma vitamin C levels and reduced gingival inflammation, suggesting benefits for untreated periodontal conditions. Clustering analysis showed no differences based on supplementation type, indicating it did not affect outcomes, and microbiological data had limited effects. Principal Component Analysis visualized clusters and illustrated no distinct groups corresponding to supplementation types. Violin plots highlighted variability, with one cluster comprising individuals with more severe periodontal conditions. Conclusions: Higher plasma vitamin C levels were associated with lower gingival inflammation. However, daily vitamin C supplementation, with or without flavonoids, did not show additional benefits on periodontal conditions before or after treatment. Clustering suggests that periodontal severity, rather than supplementation, influenced patient profiles. The study’s small sample size limits the generalizability of the findings.
Smart Polymer Composites for Electrical Heating: A Review
Authors: Shchegolkov Alexandr V. , Shchegolkov Aleksei V. , Kaminskii Vladimir V. , Chumak Maxim A.
Published: December 2024

The paper presents an overview of conductive polymer composites based on thermosetting materials, thermoplastics, and elastomers modified with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). To impart conductive properties to polymers, metal, carbon-dispersed materials, or their combinations are used. The inclusion of dispersed materials in polymers is associated with their microstructural features, as well as with polymerization methods. Such polymerization methods as melt mixing, solution technology, and introduction of fillers into the liquid phase of the composite with subsequent polymerization due to the use of a catalyst are known. Polymer composites that are capable of conducting electric current and changing their properties under the influence of an electric field, i.e., having one or more functional purposes, are called “smart” or intelligent. One such application is electric heating elements with the function of adaptive energy consumption or the effect of self-regulation of temperature depending on the surrounding conditions. A wide variety of polymers and dispersed materials with conductive properties determines a wide range of functional capabilities of the composite, including a positive temperature coefficient of resistance (PTCR) required to control temperature properties. The most effective filler in a polymer for obtaining a composite with desired properties is carbon nanomaterials, in particular, CNT. This is due to the fact that CNTs are a nanosized material with a high bulk density at a low weight, which allows for high electrical conductivity. Calculation of model parameters of polymer composites containing carbon nanostructures can be carried out using neural networks and machine learning, which give a fundamentally new result. The article contains sections with an assessment of various types of polymer matrices based on thermosets, thermoplastics, and elastomers. To impart electrically conductive properties, various options for fillers based on Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Fe, and CNTs are considered. Methods for introducing dispersed fillers into polymer matrices are presented. Functional composites with a positive temperature coefficient and methods for their regulation are considered. The mechanisms of various electrophysical processes in conductive composites are considered, taking into account the resulting electrical conductivity based on the tunnel effect and hopping conductivity. An analysis of electric heaters based on various polymer matrices and dispersed fillers is carried out, taking into account their operating modes. Thus, the conducted review of modern scientific and practical research in the field of obtaining electrically conductive composites based on various types of polymer matrices with nanosized additives allows us to assess the prospects for the formation of functional composites for electrical heating, taking into account the mechanisms of electrical conductivity and new technologies based on machine learning and neural networks.
A Comprehensive Framework for the Design and Optimisation of Limestone-Calcined Clay Cement: Integrating Mechanical, Environmental, and Financial Performance
Authors: Huang Guangtong , Liu Yue , Benn Tom , Luo Li , Xie Tianyu , Zhuge Yan
Published: December 2024

Limestone-calcined clay (LC3) cement has emerged as a promising low-carbon alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), offering significant potential to reduce carbon emissions while maintaining comparable mechanical performance. However, the absence of a prediction model for the formulation of the LC3 system presents challenges for optimisation within the evolving concrete industry. This study introduces a multi-objective optimisation (MOO) framework to design the optimal LC3 system, aiming to maximise compressive strength while minimising environmental and economic costs, simultaneously. The MOO framework integrates a regularised multivariate polynomial regression (MPR) model, achieving an R2 of 0.927 and MSE of 3.445 for mechanical performance prediction. Additionally, life cycle assessment quantifies the environmental impact, and collected market prices contribute to financial considerations of the LC3 system. Utilising a dataset of 366 LC3 mortar mixtures, the optimisation challenges the conventional 2:1 calcined clay-to-limestone ratio (CC:LS). For high strength (≥65 MPa), target a CC:LS ratio of 1:1 to 1.6:1; for lower strength (<65 MPa), increase calcined clay content, resulting in a CC:LS ratio of 1.6:1 to 2:1. The proposed framework serves as a valuable starting point to enhance the efficiency of LC3 system design and help decision-making to achieve desired mechanical, economic, and environmental objectives.
Stable Isotopes Analysis of Bioremediating Organisms in an Innovative Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture System
Authors: Borghese Jacopo , Giangrande Adriana , Arduini Daniele , Doria Lorenzo , Longo Caterina , Rizzo Lucia , Pennetta Antonio , De Benedetto Giuseppe E. , Rossi Sergio
Published: December 2024

Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) has been demonstrated to be a very useful tool to minimize the waste product production of fish monocultures whilst promoting biomass that can be used for different purposes. The stable isotope analysis (δ13C, δ15N, and C:N ratio) of bioremediating organisms present in an IMTA facility is critical to understanding the nutrient flow between farm food waste and filter-feeding organisms, and hence the bioremediation capability of the IMTA system. Here, we report the isotopic signature of the sediment below the fish cages, the fish artificial food and sixteen different suspension feeding species present in the IMTA system in the Mar Grande of Taranto (Italy). A comparison of the stable isotopes results of the bioremediating organisms with those of the same species collected from a control (Cnt) site, unaffected by the plant discharges, was thus conducted looking for trophic level patterns. This assessment aimed to evaluate the possible influence of aquaculture waste on the diet of the organisms, revealing these findings for the first time. Similar δ15N values (below 2–3‰ between areas) were found between the IMTA and Cnt sites, while differences in δ13C values were found among multiple organisms between the two sites, suggesting a possible different primary source of the organic matter that supports the trophic web. Almost all analyzed species in the IMTA site reported δ13C values lower than Cnt site, being more similar to the isotopic signature of the aquaculture finfish food. However, the wide IMTA isotopic range for both δ15N and δ13C suggested a broad spectrum of diets for bioremediating organisms that can actively mitigate the impacts of mariculture by capturing different particles and using various food sources, leading to more sustainable mariculture activities.