bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Finite difference modelling to evaluate seismic P wave and shear wave field data
Authors: Burschil T. , Beilecke T. , Krawczyk C. M.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. High-resolution reflection seismic methods are an established non-destructive tool for engineering tasks. In the near surface, shear wave reflection seismic measurements usually offer a higher spatial resolution in the same effective signal frequency spectrum than P wave data, but data quality varies more strongly. To discuss the causes of these differences, we investigated a P wave and a SH wave reflection seismic profile measured at the same location on Föhr island, and applied reflection seismic processing to the field data as well as finite difference modelling of the seismic wavefield (SOFI FD-code). The simulations calculated were adapted to the acquisition field geometry, comprising 2 m receiver distance and 4 m shot distance along the 1.5 km long P wave and 800 m long SH wave profiles. A Ricker-Wavelet and the use of absorbing frames were first order model parameters. The petrophysical parameters to populate the structural models down to 400 m depth are taken from borehole data, VSP measurements and cross-plot relations. The first simulation of the P wave wavefield was based on a simplified hydrogeological model of the survey location containing six lithostratigraphic units. Single shot data were compared and seismic sections created. Major features like direct wave, refracted waves and reflections are imaged, but the reflectors describing a prominent till layer at ca. 80 m depth was missing. Therefore, the P wave input model was refined and 16 units assigned. These define a laterally more variable velocity model (vP = 1600–2300 m s−1) leading to a much better reproduction of the field data. The SH wave model was adapted accordingly but only led to minor correlation with the field data and produced a higher signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore, we suggest to consider for future simulations additional features like intrinsic damping, thin layering, or a near surface weathering layer. These may lead to a better understanding of key parameters determining the data quality of near-surface seismic measurements.
Influence of urbanization on permafrost: a case study from Mohe County, northernmost China
Authors: Yu W. B. , Guo M. , Chen L. , Lai Y. M. , Yi X. , Xu L. L.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. Mohe County, northernmost China, is one of the densely populated areas in permafrost regions. The urban population has grown from about 25 000 residents in 1992 to more than 41 000 in 2011. Resident's life is closely related to permafrost environment. This paper adopted drilling, ground penetration radar, and ground temperature monitoring to investigate the permafrost in the urban area of Mohe County. The results show that the permafrost table is much lower in the urban area of Mohe County because of the urban heat island, surface disturbance of construction, space heating in winter etc. The permafrost table is 2.63–3.70 m on the edge of the urban area; the mean annual ground temperature is −1.0 to −1.33 °C. In the urban area, the maximum depth of permafrost has exceeded 15 m. The permafrost in the undisturbed area is 1.65–2.0 m, with much lower ground temperature −2.75 °C. Evidences outline a clear distribution rule that, from the edge to the center of the urban area of Mohe County, the permafrost table goes deeper and deeper, which states that the urbanization has significant influence on permafrost degradation. The degradation of permafrost in the urban area in turn has been affecting the residents' lives, such as water supply and stability of buildings.
Radial variation of anatomical features, wood density and decay resistance in teak (Tectona grandis) from two qualities of growing sites and two climatic regions of Costa Rica
Authors: Moya R. , Berrocal A. , Serrano J. R. , Tomazello Fo M.
Published: August 2014

The objective of this study was to show the radial variation of some anatomic characteristics, wood density and natural durability of teak (Tectona grandis L.F.) growing in Costa Rica. Samples of trees 13 years old were obtained from two growing sites (high and low growing) of plantations established in a humid tropical climate (CHT) and dry tropical climate (CST). The variables measured of the fibers as well as for the rays were not affected by the climate or the type of growing site, except for the length of the fibers. The fibers of teak wood from the best growing site were significantly larger. Vessels were found with a greater frequency for the CST but mostly solitary in comparison with the CHAverage density, maximum density and the variation within the ring presented a light higher magnitude for the CSThe quality of the growing site did not affect these variables. The resistance of fungus attack was similar in the area of heartwood near the pith compared to the heartwood near the sapwood for all the conditions evaluated. Nevertheless, it was observed in some trees a similar resistance of fungus attack for areas of sapwood compared to similar areas of heartwood.
Osmotic adjustment is a significant mechanism of drought resistance in Pinus pinaster and Pinus canariensis
Authors: López R. , Aranda I. , Gil L.
Published: August 2014

Mechanisms of drought resistance were studied in two xeric populations of Pinus canariensis and Pinus pinaster. Seedlings were grown in a hydroponic culture for four months. Gradual controlled drought was imposed during two weeks by adding Polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) to the growing medium. Two levels of water deficit (Psi = -1MPa, Psi = -2 MPa) and a control treatment (Psi = -0.03 MPa) were tested. Relative water content (RWC) was markedly low at the end of the experimenBoth populations showed a high capacity for osmotic adjustment in needles as shown by the osmotic index, 0.63 (1.33 MPa at 80% RWC) for P. canariensis and 0.54 (1.25 MPa at 80% RWC) for P. pinaster. Root growth and root:shoot (stem + needles) ratio were increased by water deficiOpposite patterns of relative biomass allocation were assessed between stressed and control plants. While stressed seedlings assigned more dry matter to roots, non-stressed plants showed a higher relative needle weighThe growing media caused additional stress to the plants, thus comparisons with other drought protocols should be made carefully.
Growth and reproduction patterns of the winged pearl oyster, Pteria sterna, cultivated in tropical environments of Mexico: Implications for pearl farming
Authors: Serna-Gallo Irene , Ruíz-Velazco Javier MJ , Acosta-Salmón Héctor , Peña-Messina Emilio , Torres-Zepeda Guadalupe , Saucedo Pedro E
Published: August 2014

The winged pearl oyster, Pteria sterna, sustains a growing pearl industry in northwestern Mexico, where a subtropical climate prevails. In tropical areas of Mexico, pearl cultivation may be profitable, but insufficient information on the biology and ecology of the species limits the definition of protocols for creating pearl farms. We measured absolute growth, growth rate, reproductive stages, changes in oocyte size, and size at first maturity of juvenile P. sterna cultivated in Bahía de Acapulco over one annual cycle (2009–2010), and compared their response in this tropical area with reports from subtropical areas of Mexico. We also compared the von Bertalanffy growth model with one proposed in this study for aquaculture purposes. The growth rate was higher during the first six months (5.3 mm month–1) and then decreased to 3 mm month–1 until juveniles reached a size of 60 mm in one year. Growth rates were higher in February and lower in July through September. Both models described well the growth of P. sterna, but the adjustment and the estimation of parameters was better with the proposed model. Gametogenesis started in December 2009 at 50.9 mm (males) and 59.5 mm (females); gonad development occurred continuously throughout the year with a peak in February–March (~25–26 ºC; 2.8 µg L–1 chlorophyll a concentration), when the gonad index was highest and oocytes were larger. When compared to other studies conducted in subtropical areas, the species uses different strategies to channel available energy into growth and reproduction in tropical regions; P. sterna grows quickly in Bahía de Acapulco and may obtain the size necessary for grafting (70–80 mm shell height) in 15–17 months.
Broadscale postseismic gravity change following the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake and implication for deformation by viscoelastic relaxation and afterslip
Authors: Han Shin‐Chan , Sauber Jeanne , Pollitz Fred
Published: August 2014

The analysis of GRACE gravity data revealed postseismic gravity increase by 6 μGal over a 500 km scale within a couple of years after the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake, which is nearly 40–50% of the coseismic gravity change. It originates mostly from changes in the isotropic component corresponding to the Mrr moment tensor element. The exponential decay with rapid change in a year and gradual change afterward is a characteristic temporal pattern. Both viscoelastic relaxation and afterslip models produce reasonable agreement with the GRACE free‐air gravity observation, while their Bouguer gravity patterns and seafloor vertical deformations are distinctly different. The postseismic gravity variation is best modeled by the biviscous relaxation with a transient and steady state viscosity of 1018 and 1019 Pa s, respectively, for the asthenosphere. Our calculated higher‐resolution viscoelastic relaxation model, underlying the partially ruptured elastic lithosphere, yields the localized postseismic subsidence above the hypocenter reported from the GPS‐acoustic seafloor surveying.
Avian Bornaviruses: Diagnosis, Isolation, and Genotyping
Authors: Guo Jianhua , Payne Susan , Zhang Shuping , Turner Debra , Tizard Ian , Suchodolski Paulette
Published: August 2014

These protocols apply to all currently known genotypes of avian bornavirus (ABV). First, they include four basic protocols for molecular techniques that should enable an investigator to detect ABV infection in a live or dead bird. These include both reverse transcriptase and real‐time PCR assays. Second, they include three protocols enabling ABV infections to be diagnosed by serologic techniques including indirect immunofluorescence assays, western blotting, and enzyme‐linked immunoassays. Third, they also include methods by which ABV can be isolated from infected bird tissues by culture in primary duck embryo fibroblasts, as well as in other avian cell lines. Finally, as part of a diagnostic workup, any virus detected should be genotyped by sequencing, and a protocol for this is also provided. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 34:15I.1.1‐15I.1.33. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spinal cord gray matter atrophy correlates with multiple sclerosis disability
Authors: Schlaeger Regina , Papinutto Nico , Panara Valentina , Bevan Carolyn , Lobach Iryna V. , Bucci Monica , Caverzasi Eduardo , Gelfand Jeffrey M. , Green Ari J. , Jordan Kesshi M. , Stern William A. , von Büdingen H.‐Christian , Waubant Emmanuelle , Zhu Alyssa H. , Goodin Douglas S. , Cree Bruce A. C. , Hauser Stephen L. , Henry Roland G.
Published: August 2014

Objective

In multiple sclerosis (MS), cerebral gray matter (GM) atrophy correlates more strongly than white matter (WM) atrophy with disability. The corresponding relationships in the spinal cord (SC) are unknown due to technical limitations in assessing SC GM atrophy. Using phase‐sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) magnetic resonance imaging, we determined the association of the SC GM and SC WM areas with MS disability and disease type.

Methods

A total of 113 MS patients and 20 healthy controls were examined at 3T with a PSIR sequence acquired at the C2/C3 disk level. Two independent, clinically masked readers measured the cord WM and GM areas. Correlations between cord areas and Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) were determined. Differences in areas between groups were assessed with age and sex as covariates.

Results

Relapsing MS (RMS) patients showed smaller SC GM areas than age‐ and sex‐matched controls (p = 0.008) without significant differences in SC WM areas. Progressive MS patients showed smaller SC GM and SC WM areas compared to RMS patients (all p ≤ 0.004). SC GM, SC WM, and whole cord areas inversely correlated with EDSS (rho: −0.60, −0.32, −0.42, respectively; all p ≤ 0.001). The SC GM area was the strongest correlate of disability in multivariate models including brain GM and WM volumes, fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery lesion load, T1 lesion load, SC WM area, number of SC T2 lesions, age, sex, and disease duration. Brain and spinal GM independently contributed to EDSS.

Interpretation

SC GM atrophy is detectable in vivo in the absence of WM atrophy in RMS. It is more pronounced in progressive MS than RMS and contributes more to patient disability than SC WM or brain GM atrophy. Ann Neurol 2014;76:568–580
Highly Enantioselective [3+2] Coupling of Indoles with Quinone Monoimines Promoted by a Chiral Phosphoric Acid
Authors: Liao Lihua , Shu Chang , Zhang Minmin , Liao Yijun , Hu Xiaoyan , Zhang Yonghong , Wu Zhijun , Yuan Weicheng , Zhang Xiaomei
Published: August 2014

Highly enantioselective [3+2] coupling of 3‐substituted indoles with quinone monoimines promoted by a chiral phosphoric acid has been reported. A large variety of benzofuroindolines were prepared in moderate to good yields (up to 98 %) with generally excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee).
Messdatenbasierte Empfehlungen von Wind‐ und Wellenparametern für die Auslegung von Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen
Authors: Schmidt Boso , Ernst Benedikt , Wilms Mayumi , Hildebrandt Arndt , Hansen Michael
Published: August 2014

Mit der Forschungsplattform FINO 1 in der Nordsee werden seit 2003 Daten über Wind und Seegang für den Standort des ersten deutschen Offshore‐Windparks alpha ventus gesammelt. An weiteren Standorten in Nord‐ und Ostsee wurden seither mehrere Forschungsstationen mit ähnlicher Zielstellung installiert. Damit liegen langjährige Datenbanken über maßgebende Einflussgrößen im Offshore‐Bereich vor, die im Rahmen eines Verbundforschungsvorhabens gezielt wissenschaftlich ausgewertet werden. Windlasten werden auch für die Offshore‐Standorte normenkonform nach validierten Windlastmodellen bestimmt. Der Seegang hingegen wird zumeist rechnergestützt simuliert und die maßgebenden Parameter wie Wellenhöhe, ‐periode sowie Wellen‐ und Strömungsrichtung somit abgeschätzt. Mit den Messstationen in Nord‐ und Ostsee ist es möglich, Einwirkungsparameter aus Wind und Seegang messdatenbasiert zu analysieren. In diesem Beitrag werden die Herangehensweise und die verwendete Methodik der durchgeführten Analysen getrennt für den Wind und den Seegang beschrieben. Die nach der Auswertung verfügbaren Ergebnisse werden mit den nach nationalen und internationalen Regelwerken anzusetzenden Größen qualitativ und quantitativ verglichen und daraus Empfehlungen für die praktische Umsetzung abgeleitet.

Measurement based recommendations of wind and wave parameters for the design of offshore wind turbines

At the research platform FINO 1 near the first German offshore wind farm alpha ventus wind and wave data are collected since 2003. With a similar objective several research platforms have been installed at other locations in the North and Baltic Sea. Based on the extensive measurements at these platforms a long‐term database of significant parameters was created. These parameters are scientifically analyzed in a joint research project. Currently, wind loads at offshore locations are determined according to predefined wind load models from standards. However, sea state usually is simulated by computer and significant parameters such as wave height, wave period as well as the direction of wave and sea current are estimated. But now, based on this pool of data it is possible to analyze the load parameters from wind and sea state more reliable. Within this paper the approach and methodology of these analyzes are described separately for wind and sea state. The outcomes are compared qualitatively and quantitatively with equivalent parameters in standards and recommendations for the practical implementation are given.
BOX Ligands in Biomimetic Copper‐Mediated Dioxygen Activation: A Hemocyanin Model
Authors: Walli Adam , Dechert Sebastian , Bauer Matthias , Demeshko Serhiy , Meyer Franc
Published: August 2014

The μ‐η2:η2‐peroxodicopper(II) core found in the oxy forms of the active sites of type III dicopper proteins have been a key target for bioinorganic model studies. Here, it is shown that simple bis(oxazoline)s (BOXs), which are classified among the so‐called “privileged ligands”, provide a suitable scaffold for supporting such biomimetic copper/dioxygen chemistry. Three derivatives R,HBOX‐Me2 (R = H, Me, tBu) with different backbone substituents have been used. Their bis(oxazoline)‐copper(I) complexes bind dioxygen to yield biomimetic μ‐η2:η2‐peroxodicopper(II) species. O2 can be reversibly released upon an increase in temperature. Their formation kinetics have been studied under cryo‐stopped‐flow conditions for the tBu derivative, giving activation parameters ΔH‡on = (2.27 ± 0.18) kcal mol–1, ΔS‡on = (–46.3 ± 0.8) cal K–1 mol–1 for the binding event and ΔH‡off = (11.7 ± 1.9) kcal mol–1, ΔS‡off = (–16.1 ± 8.2) cal K–1 mol–1 for the release of O2, as well as thermodynamic parameters ΔH° = (–10.0 ± 1.7) kcal mol–1 and ΔS° = (–32.7 ± 7.4) cal K–1 mol–1 for this equilibrium. The μ‐η2:η2‐peroxodicopper(II) complexes have been isolated as surprisingly stable solids and investigated in depth by a variety of methods, both in solution and in the solid state. Resonance Raman spectroscopy revealed a characteristic isotope‐sensitive stretch $\tilde {\nu}$O–O = 731–742 cm–1 (Δ[18O2] ≈ –39 cm–1) and an intense feature around 280 cm–1 diagnostic for the fundamental symmetric Cu2O2 core vibration. A slight butterfly‐shape of the Cu2O2 core has been derived from EXAFS data and DFT calculations. SQUID magnetic data evidenced strong antiferromagnetic coupled CuII2 (–2J ≥ 1000 cm–1). Thermal degradation in solution yields bis(hydroxo)‐bridged [(tBu,HBOX‐Me2)(L)Cu(OH)]2(PF6)2 (L = H2O, MeCN or THF); whereas in the case of H,HBOX‐Me2, ligand oxygenation has been detected. Preliminary reactivity studies with the substrate 2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol indicate the formation of the C–C coupling product 3,3′,5,5′‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐biphenol, whereas ortho‐hydroxylation was not observed. The copper(I) complex [(tBu,HBOX‐Me2)Cu(MeCN)]PF6 as well as two dicopper(II) complexes [(L)(tBu,HBOX‐Me2)Cu(OH)]2(PF6)2 have been characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Considering the vast number of known BOX derivatives, a rich and versatile Cu/O2 chemistry based on this platform is anticipated.
Improved learning and memory with theta‐burst stimulation of the fornix in rat model of traumatic brain injury
Authors: Sweet Jennifer A. , Eakin Katharine C. , Munyon Charles N. , Miller Jonathan P.
Published: August 2014

Objective: Learning and memory deficits are a source of considerable morbidity after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We investigated the effect of different patterns of hippocampal stimulation via a fornix electrode on cognitively demanding tasks after TBI. Methods: Male Sprague‐Dawley rats underwent fluid‐percussion injury and were compared with sham‐operated rats. Electrodes were implanted into the fornix and hippocampus, and stimulation of the fornix produced robust evoked potentials in the hippocampus. A 60‐s delayed non‐match‐to‐sample (DNMS) swim T‐maze was serially performed using four stimulation patterns: no stimulation (No Stim), low‐frequency stimulation (LFS, 5 Hz), high‐frequency stimulation (HFS, 130 Hz), and theta‐burst stimulation (TBS, 200 Hz in 50 ms trains, five trains per second; 60 µA biphasic pulses). In a separate cohort of sham and injured animals, Morris water maze (MWM) was performed with or without TBS. Results: In the DNMS swim T‐maze, LFS and HFS did not significantly improve performance after TBI. However, there was a significant difference in performance between TBI + No Stim and TBI + TBS groups (P < 0.05) with no significant difference between Sham + No Stim and TBI + TBS. In the MWM, latency in the TBI + TBS group was significantly different from TBI + No Stim starting on day 2 (P < 0.05) and was not different from Sham + No Stim. The TBI + TBS group performed significantly more platform crossings in the probe trial (P < 0.01) and exhibited improved search strategy starting on day 3 (P < 0.05) compared with TBI + No Stim. Conclusions: Deficits in learning and memory after TBI are improved with TBS of the hippocampus. HFS and LFS do not appear to produce as great an effect as TBS. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Viral load, gene expression and mapping of viral integration sites in HPV16‐associated HNSCC cell lines
Authors: Olthof Nadine C. , Huebbers Christian U. , Kolligs Jutta , Henfling Mieke , Ramaekers Frans C.S. , Cornet Iris , van Lent‐Albrechts Josefa A. , Stegmann Alexander P.A. , Silling Steffi , Wieland Ulrike , Carey Thomas E. , Walline Heather M. , Gollin Susanne M. , Hoffmann Thomas K. , de Winter Johan , Kremer Bernd , Klussmann Jens P. , Speel Ernst‐Jan M.
Published: August 2014

HPV‐related HNSCC generally have a better prognosis than HPV‐negative HNSCC. However, a subgroup of HPV‐positive tumors with poor prognosis has been recognized, particularly related to smoking, EGFR overexpression and chromosomal instability. Viral integration into the host genome might contribute to carcinogenesis, as is shown for cervical carcinomas. Therefore, all HPV16‐positive HNSCC cell lines currently available have been carefully analyzed for viral and host genome parameters. The viral integration status, viral load, viral gene expression and the presence of aneusomies was evaluated in the cell lines UD‐SCC‐2, UM‐SCC‐047, UM‐SCC‐104, UPCI:SCC090, UPCI:SCC152, UPCI:SCC154 and 93VU147T. HPV integration was examined using FISH, APOT‐PCR and DIPS‐PCR. Viral load and the expression of the viral genes E2, E6 and E7 were determined via quantitative PCR. All cell lines showed integration‐specific staining patterns and signals indicating transcriptional activity using FISH. APOT‐ and DIPS‐PCR identified integration‐derived fusion products in six cell lines and only episomal products for UM‐SCC‐104. Despite the observed differences in viral load and the number of viral integration sites, this did not relate to the identified viral oncogene expression. Furthermore, cell lines exhibited EGFR expression and aneusomy (except UPCI:SCC154). In conclusion, all HPV16‐positive HNSCC cell lines showed integrated and/or episomal viral DNA that is transcriptionally active, although viral oncogene expression was independent of viral copy number and the number of viral integration sites. Because these cell lines also contain EGFR expression and aneusomy, which are parameters of poor prognosis, they should be considered suitable model systems for the development of new antiviral therapies.
Phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of pomaces from four grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.)
Authors: de la Cerda‐Carrasco Aarón , López‐Solís Remigio , Nuñez‐Kalasic Hugo , Peña‐Neira Álvaro , Obreque‐Slier Elías
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

Phenolic compounds are widely distributed secondary metabolites in plants usually conferring them with unique taste, flavour and health‐promoting properties. In fruits of Vitis vinifera L., phenolic composition is highly dependent on grape variety. Differential extraction of these compounds from grapes during winemaking is critically associated with wine quality. By‐products of winemaking, such as grape pomace, can contain significant amounts of polyphenols. However, information concerning the varietal effect on wine grape pomace is scarce. In this study, pomaces from Sauvignon Blanc (SB), Chardonnay (CH), Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) and Carménère (CA) grape varieties were characterized spectroscopically and by HPLC‐DAD analysis.

RESULTS

White grape pomaces (SB and CH) presented higher antioxidant capacities and higher contents of total phenols and total proanthocyanidins compared with red grape pomaces (CS and CA), whereas the latter showed much higher anthocyanin levels and colour intensities. Concentrations of monomeric proanthocyanidins and low‐molecular‐weight phenols in the four grape pomace varieties were significantly different.

CONCLUSION

Grape pomaces from four varieties showed high but diverse contents of polyphenols and antioxidant capacities. Thus grape pomaces represent an important potential source of polyphenols, which could be useful for nutritional and/or pharmacological purposes. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Nanoparticle/Polymer Assembled Microcapsules with pH Sensing Property
Authors: Zhang Pan , Song Xiaoxue , Tong Weijun , Gao Changyou
Published: August 2014

The dual‐labeled microcapsules via nanoparticle/polymer assembly based on polyamine–salt aggregates can be fabricated for the ratiometric intracellular pH sensing. After deposition of SiO2 nanoparticles on the poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/multivalent anionic salt aggregates followed by silicic acid treatment, the generated microcapsules are stable in a wide pH range (3.0 ∼ 8.0). pH sensitive dye and pH insensitive dye are simultaneously labeled on the capsules, which enable the ratiometric pH sensing. Due to the rough and positively charged surface, the microcapsules can be internalized by several kinds of cells naturally. Real‐time measurement of intracellular pH in several living cells shows that the capsules are all located in acidic organelles after being taken up. Furthermore, the negatively charged DNA and dyes can be easily encapsulated into the capsules via charge interaction. The microcapsules with combination of localized pH sensing and drug loading abilities have many advantages, such as following the real‐time transportation and processing of the carriers in cells.
Synthesis and properties of arborescent polyisobutylene‐poly(ethylene oxide) graft copolymers: a comparison of linear and arborescent graft copolymer architectures
Authors: Karamdoust Solmaz , Crewdson Patrick , Ingratta Mark , Gillies Elizabeth R
Published: August 2014

Polymer architecture can have a significant effect on the properties and potential applications of materials. In this study, arborescent polyisobutylene (PIB)‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) graft copolymers with varying PEO content were synthesized from arborescent PIB‐co‐polyisoprene and compared with linear PIB‐PEO graft copolymers. By AFM imaging, phase separation was detected in a 48 wt% PEO arborescent copolymer. Tensile testing revealed that, in general, increasing PEO content led to increased tensile strength and Young's modulus but decreased elongation at break. Arborescent analogues exhibited lower elongation at break and lower strength compared with linear analogues but also less plastic deformation and yielding behaviour. Like linear analogues of comparable PEO content, films of the arborescent graft copolymers resisted the adsorption of rhodamine‐labelled fibrinogen, suggesting that they may also exhibit non‐fouling properties. Finally, the assembly of these amphiphilic copolymers in aqueous solution was investigated. Unlike the linear analogues, the sizes of the assemblies were not greatly affected by their method of preparation. This work demonstrates that it is possible to prepare PIB‐based materials with a wide range of interesting properties by tuning not only the content of PEO but also the architectures of the macromolecules. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Macroinvertebrate Community Responses to Annual Flow Variation from River Regulation: An 11‐Year Study
Authors: Holt C. R. , Pfitzer D. , Scalley C. , Caldwell B. A. , Batzer D. P.
Published: August 2014

The majority of the world's large river systems is affected by dams. The influences of unnatural regimes induced by flow management are wide‐ranging from both biotic and abiotic standpoints. However, many of these effects are not evident over short (1–2 years) periods (e.g. impacts of annual flow variation). This study examines the long‐term effects of annual flow variation on the macroinvertebrate community in the Chattahoochee River (GA) in the reaches below Buford Dam, the major water control structure on the river. Quarterly, macroinvertebrate samples were taken from 2001 to 2011 using Surber and Hester–Dendy plate samplers at six locations spread across 65 km below the dam. Data were analysed via analysis of similarities to determine differences in community composition between high‐flow (mean discharge = 58.27 m3/s) and low‐flow (mean discharge = 26.53 m3/s) years. Taxa that contributed most to community differences were determined via similarity percentages analyses and subsequent t‐tests. Several insect taxa (e.g. Cheumatopsyche and Ceratopsyche caddisfly larvae, Maccaffertium mayfly nymphs and Taeniopteryx stonefly nymphs) were more prevalent under the high‐flow regime. Non‐insect macroinvertebrates (e.g. Crangonyx amphipods, Tricladida flatworms and Caecidotea isopods) were more abundant under low‐flow conditions. In terms of taxon richness, no significant effects of flow regime were detected. Implications of macroinvertebrate patterns for the fishery and ecological health of the river are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intra‐rater Reliability of B‐Mode Ultrasound Imaging of the Abdominal Muscles in Healthy Adolescents During the Active Straight Leg Raise Test
Authors: Linek Pawel , Saulicz Edward , Wolny Tomasz , Myśliwiec Andrzej
Published: August 2014

Background

To date, the reliability of ultrasound imaging (USI) measures of the abdominal muscles in children and adolescents during the active straight leg raise (ASLR) test has not been confirmed.

Objective

To assess the intra‐rater reliability of USI measures of the thickness and percentage thickness change of the external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and transversus abdominis (TrA) on both sides of the body during the ASLR test in healthy adolescents.

Design

Single‐group repeated‐measures intra‐rater reliability study.

Setting

School.

Participants

Thirty‐nine adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 years.

Methods

Three repeated USI measurements were recorded in the supine resting position and during the ASLR test at 2 sessions, 6 to 8 days apart. In the supine position, measurements were collected at the end of normal expiration. In the case of ASLR, measurements were collected when the person undergoing examination touched the transverse delimiter with the distal part of their lower leg, that is, to a 30° flexion of the hip.

Main Outcome Measurements

USI of abdominal muscle thickness.

Results

By using the mean of 3 measures in the supine, resting position, intra‐examiner reliability point estimates (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]3.3) ranged from 0.95 to 0.97 for EO, IO, and TrA. During the ASLR test, the ICC result of thickness measurements of all muscles was also above 0.90. In terms of percentage change of muscle thickness, the highest ICC3.3 result obtained for the TrA was 0.81‐0.85; for EO the result ranged from 0.72‐0.89, and the result for the IO was between 0.65 and 0.79.

Conclusion

USI measurements of the thickness of the EO, IO, and TrA muscles at rest and during the ASLR test in healthy adolescents between 13 and 16 years of age are reliable. Because of an increase in the precision of measurements, we recommend using the mean of 3 consecutive measurements of the EO, IO, and TrA muscles in adolescents to ensure a good reliability level. Based on 3 consecutive measurements, good reliability for the percentage change in the TrA thickness was achieved.
Catholics, science and civic culture in Victorian Belfast
Authors: FINNEGAN DIARMID A. , WRIGHT JONATHAN JEFFREY
Published: August 2014

The connections between science and civic culture in the Victorian period have been extensively, and intensively, investigated over the past several decades. Limited attention, however, has been paid to Irish urban contexts. Roman Catholic attitudes towards science in the nineteenth century have also been neglected beyond a rather restricted set of thinkers and topics. This paper is offered as a contribution to addressing these lacunae, and examines in detail the complexities involved in Catholic engagement with science in Victorian Belfast. The political and civic geographies of Catholic involvement in scientific discussions in a divided town are uncovered through an examination of five episodes in the unfolding history of Belfast's intellectual culture. The paper stresses the importance of attending to the particularities of local politics and scientific debate for understanding the complex realities of Catholic appropriations of science in a period and urban context profoundly shaped by competing political and religious factions. It also reflects more generally on how the Belfast story supplements and challenges scholarship on the historical relations between Catholicism and science.
Role of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) in growth and metastasis of INA6 myeloma cells
Authors: Bam R , Venkateshaiah S U , Khan S , Ling W , Randal S S , Li X , Zhang Q , van Rhee F , Barlogie B , Epstein J , Yaccoby S
Published: August 2014

Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) and the chemokine receptor CXCR4 are linked in various hematologic malignancies. The aim of the study was to understand the role of BTK in myeloma cell growth and metastasis using the stably BTK knockdown luciferase-expressing INA6 myeloma line. BTK knockdown had reduced adhesion to stroma and migration of myeloma cells toward stromal cell-derived factor-1. BTK knockdown had no effect on short-term in vitro growth of myeloma cells, although clonogenicity was inhibited and myeloma cell growth was promoted in coculture with osteoclasts. In severe combined immunodeficient-rab mice with contralaterally implanted pieces of bones, BTK knockdown in myeloma cells promoted their proliferation and growth in the primary bone but suppressed metastasis to the contralateral bone. BTK knockdown myeloma cells had altered the expression of genes associated with adhesion and proliferation and increased mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. In 176 paired clinical samples, BTK and CXCR4 expression was lower in myeloma cells purified from a focal lesion than from a random site. BTK expression in random-site samples was correlated with proportions of myeloma cells expressing cell surface CXCR4. Our findings highlight intratumoral heterogeneity of myeloma cells in the bone marrow microenvironment and suggest that BTK is involved in determining proliferative, quiescent or metastatic phenotypes of myeloma cells.
Evidence of Geobacter-associated phage in a uranium-contaminated aquifer
Authors: Holmes Dawn E , Giloteaux Ludovic , Chaurasia Akhilesh K , Williams Kenneth H , Luef Birgit , Wilkins Michael J , Wrighton Kelly C , Thompson Courtney A , Comolli Luis R , Lovley Derek R
Published: August 2014

Geobacter species may be important agents in the bioremediation of organic and metal contaminants in the subsurface, but as yet unknown factors limit the in situ growth of subsurface Geobacter well below rates predicted by analysis of gene expression or in silico metabolic modeling. Analysis of the genomes of five different Geobacter species recovered from contaminated subsurface sites indicated that each of the isolates had been infected with phage. Geobacter-associated phage sequences were also detected by metagenomic and proteomic analysis of samples from a uranium-contaminated aquifer undergoing in situ bioremediation, and phage particles were detected by microscopic analysis in groundwater collected from sediment enrichment cultures. Transcript abundance for genes from the Geobacter-associated phage structural proteins, tail tube Gp19 and baseplate J, increased in the groundwater in response to the growth of Geobacter species when acetate was added, and then declined as the number of Geobacter decreased. Western blot analysis of a Geobacter-associated tail tube protein Gp19 in the groundwater demonstrated that its abundance tracked with the abundance of Geobacter species. These results suggest that the enhanced growth of Geobacter species in the subsurface associated with in situ uranium bioremediation increased the abundance and activity of Geobacter-associated phage and show that future studies should focus on how these phages might be influencing the ecology of this site.
The dynamics of correlated novelties
Authors: Tria F. , Loreto V. , Servedio V. D. P. , Strogatz S. H.
Published: August 2014

Novelties are a familiar part of daily life. They are also fundamental to the evolution of biological systems, human society and technology. By opening new possibilities, one novelty can pave the way for others in a process that Kauffman has called “expanding the adjacent possible”. The dynamics of correlated novelties, however, have yet to be quantified empirically or modeled mathematically. Here we propose a simple mathematical model that mimics the process of exploring a physical, biological, or conceptual space that enlarges whenever a novelty occurs. The model, a generalization of Polya's urn, predicts statistical laws for the rate at which novelties happen (Heaps' law) and for the probability distribution on the space explored (Zipf's law), as well as signatures of the process by which one novelty sets the stage for another. We test these predictions on four data sets of human activity: the edit events of Wikipedia pages, the emergence of tags in annotation systems, the sequence of words in texts and listening to new songs in online music catalogues. By quantifying the dynamics of correlated novelties, our results provide a starting point for a deeper understanding of the adjacent possible and its role in biological, cultural and technological evolution.
Reliable identification and quantification of three diethylphenethylamines in a Dendrobium-based dietary supplement
Authors: Wahlstrom R. , Styles C. , Hägglund G.
Published: August 2014

An UHPLC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the identification and quantification of three diethylphenethylamines in pre-workout sports supplements containing extracts from orchids of the Dendrobium genus. The method shows good separation and sensitivity.
Acoustic phonons and negative thermal expansion in MOF-5
Authors: Rimmer Leila H. N. , Dove Martin T. , Goodwin Andrew L. , Palmer David C.
Published: August 2014

An acoustic phonon with a mechanism not previously documented (motion of rigid benzene dicarboxylate ligands and ZnO4 tetrahedra) makes a sizeable contribution to the overall NTE in MOF-5.
Synthesis of radial mesoporous bioactive glass particles to deliver osteoactivin gene
Authors: Li Xian , Chen Xiaofeng , Miao Guohou , Liu Hui , Mao Cong , Yuan Guang , Liang Qiming , Shen Xiongjun , Ning Chengyun , Fu Xiaoling
Published: August 2014

Synthesis of radial mesoporous bioactive glass particles to deliver osteoactivin gene.
Three‐phase three‐level one‐cycle controlled bidirectional ac–dc neutral‐point‐clamped converter without having voltage sensors
Authors: Ghodke Ajit A. , Chatterjee Kishore
Published: August 2014

A three‐phase three‐level bidirectional ac–dc neutral‐point‐clamped converter (3 L‐NPC) based on one‐cycle control (OCC) is proposed in this study. It ensures that the 3 L‐NPC converter operates stably during inverting mode of operation. A neutral point potential regulator is also presented which adds a dc offset to the three‐phase modulating signals to nullify the deviation in the neutral point potential. First, a one‐cycle controlled (OCC) 3 L‐NPC converter which requires the sensing of instantaneous phase voltages of the utility is presented. Subsequently, a modified version of the OCC‐based 3 L‐NPC converter which does not requires sensing of the instantaneous phase voltages is proposed. The modified OCC‐based 3 L‐NPC estimates instantaneous phase voltages of the source from the pulse width modulation (PWM) switching sequence of the converter. The viability of the schemes is confirmed through a detailed simulation and experimental studies.
Large dielectric permittivity and possible correlation between magnetic and dielectric properties in bulk BaFeO3−δ
Authors: Sagdeo Archna , Gautam Kamini , Sagdeo P. R. , Singh M. N. , Gupta S. M. , Nigam A. K. , Rawat Rajeev , Sinha A. K. , Ghosh Haranath , Ganguli Tapas , Chakrabarti Aparna
Published: August 2014

We report structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties of oxygen deficient hexagonal BaFeO3−δ. A large dielectric permittivity comparable to that of other semiconducting oxides is observed in BaFeO3−δ. Magnetization measurements indicate magnetic inhomogeneity and the system shows a paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition at ∼160 K. Remarkably, the temperature, at which paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition occurs, around this temperature, a huge drop in the dissipation factor takes place and resistivity shoots up; this indicates the possible correlation among magnetic and dielectric properties. First principle simulations reveal that some of these behaviors may be explained in terms of many body electron correlation effect in the presence of oxygen vacancy present in BaFeO3−δ indicating its importance in both fundamental science as well as in applications.
Interaction between plant physiology and pasture feeding value: a review
Authors: Chapman D. F. , Lee J. M. , Waghorn G. C.
Published: August 2014

Plant–animal interactions impact on all elements of pasture and animal performance in grazing systems. The quality of pastures for animals can be described in terms of feeding value (FV), which is a combination of feed nutritive value (NV) and voluntary intake. There are numerous complex interactions between plant physiology and pasture FV and NV. This review focuses on these interactions in four key areas (plant growth strategies, phenological development, pasture regrowth, and response to environmental stress), extracting key principles and illustrating how plant breeding or management may be used to manipulate such interactions to improve FV. The FV is low in pastures with native species that have evolved in nutrient-poor environments, especially if there are greater proportions of C4 than C3 species in the sward. Reproductive development of grasses and long grazing intervals (which affect stage of regrowth) reduce the proportion of leaf and increase stem or dead matter content in the sward. This is exacerbated by environmental stresses such as warmer temperatures and water deficit. Management decisions provide a means of manipulating many of these interactions to improve the FV of pasture, especially by improving soil nutrient status, using irrigation where possible, introducing exotic perennial pasture species such as perennial ryegrass, phalaris and tall fescue, linking the timing of grazing to stage of regrowth, and carefully managing post-grazing residual sward state. Likewise, plant breeding has focused on altering the flowering date of grasses, reducing aftermath heading, and reducing lignification within the plant to improve the FV of pasture for livestock.
Effects of maternal undernutrition during late gestation and/or lactation on colostrum synthesis and immunological parameters in the offspring
Authors: Chadio S. , Katsafadou A. , Kotsampasi B. , Michailidis G. , Mountzouris K. C. , Kalogiannis D. , Christodoulou V.
Published: August 2014

The emerging immune system is vulnerable to insult not only during fetal life, but also through colostrum transfer of maternal factors with immunomodulatory functions. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of maternal undernutrition during late gestation and/or lactation on colostrum and milk synthesis, as well as on immunological parameters in offspring. Pregnant ewes were fed to 100% of nutrient requirements throughout pregnancy and lactation (Control) or to 50% during lactation (R1) or during the last 20 days of pregnancy and lactation (R2). Colostrum samples were collected 3 and 18 h after parturition and thymus glands were obtained from 5-month-old offspring. Lamb birthweight did not differ between groups, whereas growth rate was significantly lower in males in the R1 group and in females in both undernourished groups. There was a significant reduction in lactose percentage in the 18-h colostrum of the R2 group. The IgG concentration, as a percentage of protein, was significantly increased in 3-h colostrum samples of the R2 group. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed a significant increase in the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4 and TLR9 in the thymus gland of female lambs in both undernourished groups. In conclusion, early life nutritional imbalances may impact on immune system function in later life due to programming effects.
Opioids in clinical practice
Authors: Strassels Scott A.
Published: August 2014

Opioid analgesics occupy a unique position in modern medicine. They are indispensable tools for the treatment of many types of moderate to severe pain, but are also the focus of intense attention and criticism in the biomedical literature, lay press, and media. This chapter discusses the epidemiology of painful conditions and diseases, as well as other common sources of pain, including invasive procedures to diagnose and monitor diseases, which help provide insight into the need at the population level for opioids to provide safe and effective prevention and management of moderate to severe pain. It also covers how it is critically important that all medical practitioners, as well as other clinical decision-makers be familiar with the pharmacological and pharmacodynamic characteristics and eff ects of these agents, as well as related issues that are of interest, such as opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) and eff orts to address inappropriate opioid use at the population level.
Distinctive structural motifs of RNA G-quadruplexes composed of AGG, CGG and UGG trinucleotide repeats
Authors: Malgowska Magdalena , Gudanis Dorota , Kierzek Ryszard , Wyszko Eliza , Gabelica Valérie , Gdaniec Zofia
Published: August 2014

Trinucleotide repeats are microsatellite sequences that are polymorphic in length. Their expansion in specific genes underlies a number of neurodegenerative disorders. Using ultraviolet-visible, circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, the structural preferences of RNA molecules composed of two and four repeats of AGG, CGG and UGG in the presence of K+, Na+ and NH4+ were analysed. (AGG)2A, (AGG)4A, p(UGG)2U and p(UGG)4U strongly prefer folding into G-quadruplexes, whereas CGG-containing sequences can adopt different types of structure depending on the cation and on the number of repeats. In particular, the two-repeat CGG sequence folds into a G-quadruplex in potassium buffer. We also found that each G-quadruplex fold is different: A:(G:G:G:G)A hexads were found for (AGG)2A, whereas mixed G:C:G:C tetrads and U-tetrads were observed in the NMR spectra of G(CGG)2C and p(UGG)2U, respectively. Finally, our NMR study highlights the influence of the strand sequence on the structure formed, and the influence of the intracellular environment on the folding. Importantly, we highlight that although potassium ions are prevalent in cells, the structures observed in the HeLa cell extract are not always the same as those prevailing in biophysical studies in the presence of K+ ions.