bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
It’s a snip: simplification or the shedding of administrative responsibility?
Authors: Patterson Terry , Vaux Gary
Published: September 2022

Welfare rights advisers are immersed in the day-to-day detail of advising claimants on their rights under social security law that appears to become more complex each year. This article traces some of those difficult entitlement issues of recent decades.

Complexity has resulted both from well-intentioned reform and from cuts packages. The article considers the shifting of administrative responsibilities, marketisation and outsourcing and some likely developments that these may facilitate. Rearranging the architecture of welfare and providing broad-brush reforms emerge as key strategies in simplifying social security. Yet reforms may fail, or bring serious risks, often without sufficient informed debate. The article considers implications for simplifying law and future change.
Fair rewards or just deserts? The present and future of the contributory principle in the UK
Authors: Williams Lewis
Published: September 2022

The UK’s post-war benefit system, established following the report of William Beveridge, was based on the contributory principle of benefits being payable in return for contributions made. In 2000 the UK Parliamentary Select Committee on Social Security reported on the contributory principle concluding that it had been undermined in major part directly as a result of successive governments’ policies. In particular in the light of 2007 legislation, this article surveys reforms affecting the contributory principle that have been undertaken since the Committee’s report. It argues that erosion of the contributory principle has continued apace in the area of working-age benefits, but that, albeit in the long term, current policy in the area of pensions promises to take the system to an extent ‘back to Beveridge’ but also in a welcome but decidedly un-Beveridgean direction.
Official Business
Authors: Lister Ruth
Published: September 2022

Official Business aims to keep readers up to date with reports from government, parliamentary and other official bodies. It provides summaries of new White Papers, Command Papers, Select Committee reports and other government and official material concerning social security, poverty and other related matters. This edition of Official Business covers:

tax credits

older people

children and young people

Black and minority ethnic groups and refugees
Welfare to work: New Labour’s ‘employment first’ welfare state
Authors: Finn Dan
Published: September 2022

New Labour is introducing an ‘employment first’ welfare state. This article assesses the impact and limitations of the first wave of measures that, since 1997, have involved the introduction of New Deal employment programmes, tax and benefit reforms to ‘make work pay’ and mandatory work focused interviews for working-age claimants. The reform process now has accelerated and key elements of a New Labour third-term strategy are already clear. They involve full implementation of the new front line ‘employment first’ system delivered by Jobcentre Plus, radical reform of the Incapacity Benefit system and new Pathways employment programmes aimed at lone parents and people claiming disability benefits. There also will be renewed efforts to enable skills acquisition by those without qualifications and improve ‘employment retention and advancement’ among those moving into jobs. Effective implementation presents a major challenge and other reforms may prove necessary if New Labour is to realise its ambition of an 80% employment rate.
Report Back
Authors: Allen Sarah
Published: September 2022

Report Back provides news, views and reports from local government and the voluntary and community sectors. These reports are related, whenever possible, to the special theme of each issue of Benefits, but the most important consideration is their topicality and relevance to as wide an audience in these fields as possible. Benefits may commission pieces for particular themes but individual contributions are welcomed from those working in these areas and should be sent to the Editorial Office. These contributions might focus on either local government or the voluntary and community sectors, or on relationships between the two. This issue focuses soley on local government.
Disabled people and jobs
Authors: Berthoud Richard
Published: September 2022

The economic position of disabled people is often summarised by comparing their overall employment rate with that of non-disabled people. But the average figure masks a very wide range of variation in the prospects faced by individual disabled people – immensely wider than the range for the population as a whole. The severity of their impairments is a crucial influence, but the Labour Force Survey makes no attempt to measure it. Disabled people are also sensitive to other disadvantaging factors such as age and poor qualifications. More detailed consideration needs to be given to what distinguishes between those disabled people who are, and are not, in work.
Dealing with complexity
Authors: Howarth Paul
Published: September 2022

The article begins with a general discussion, presented from a benefit administrator’s point of view, of the sources of complexity affecting different kinds of social security benefit in the UK. It focuses, in particular, on the problems associated with the administration of Housing Benefit and the overlap between Housing Benefit and new tax and pension credits. The article then moves on to outline three current approaches to dealing with complexity: specific changes to the operation of means tests by which the government is ‘chipping away’ at complexity; administrative reforms, by which decision-making processes are being made less cumbersome; and structural reforms, such as the introduction within Housing Benefit of Local Housing Allowance. The article concludes by emphasising that efforts to tackle complexity should be considered in the context of the government’s wider reform objectives.
Widening the mortgage safety-net: some questions of effectiveness
Authors: Ford Janet , Quilgars Deborah , Burrows Roger , Rhodes David
Published: September 2022

Despite benign economic conditions, home ownership continues to manifest risk in the form of mortgage arrears and possessions. Since 1995, the policy objective has been to transfer the major responsibility for protecting mortgage payments to the individual and the market. Limited take-up of mortgage payment protection insurance has led to a suggestion that a wider range of insurances and other resources now constitute the safety-net. The article presents results from the first national study to consider the range and distribution of potential safety-net provision (insurances, personal resources, flexible mortgage wealth, employee benefits and state support). The article concludes that: the safety-net is widely drawn; its effectiveness is jeopardised by the degree to which household cover remains partial in terms of covering all contributors and key eventualities; 40% have no insurance at all; and approaching one fifth of mortgagors have no safety-net at all, or an incomplete safety-net. Overall, the evidence indicates a significant policy failure.
In search of a welfare-to-work solution: the New Deal for Disabled People
Authors: Stafford Bruce
Published: September 2022

The New Deal for Disabled People is the UK’s main employment programme for people claiming incapacity benefits. This article outlines the reasons given for its introduction and how it evolved from a pilot to a national programme. The programme has sought to encourage experimentation and innovation in service provision. Some of the criticisms made of the structure of the current programme, notably its funding regime, are highlighted. The article concludes by noting that policy makers appear to be continuing to search for an effective programme that will help the client group move into paid work, but that a more ‘individualised’ approach may be required.
The benefits of welfare rights advice
Authors: Wiggan Jay , Talbot Colin
Published: September 2022

Welfare rights advice provides a range of information, support, advice and advocacy services to a wide demographic, covering people who have multiple and varied needs, attitudes, behaviour and eligibility for services and assistance (ASA, 2003; Bateman, 2006). The National Association of Welfare Rights Advisers recently commissioned a literature review of existing research into the benefits of welfare rights advice (see Wiggan and Talbot, 2006), and this article provides a brief summary of its findings.
From the ‘cycle of enrichment’ to the ‘cycle of deprivation’: Sir Keith Joseph, ‘problem families’ and the transmission of disadvantage
Authors: Denham Andrew , Garnett Mark
Published: September 2022

By the time he became Secretary of State for Social Services in June 1970, Sir Keith Joseph had a long-standing interest in child poverty, ‘problem families’ and social deprivation. This article traces the origins of Sir Keith’s concern with the ‘cycle of deprivation’ and examines the development of his thinking on the subject before 1970. It then discusses the immediate background to his keynote speech to the Pre-School Playgroups Association in June 1972. The final section examines why Sir Keith chose (or was obliged) to return to the theme of a putative ‘cycle of deprivation’ on several occasions between the Conservative defeat of February 1974 and his death in December 1994.
Springing the benefits trap
Authors: Steele Jess
Published: September 2022

Neighbourhood renewal aims to close the gap between the poorest neighbourhoods and the average ones, so that no one should be disadvantaged by where they live. One of the biggest barriers in the way of this and many of the government’s other laudable targets, is the way the benefit system undermines local resident participation in the solutions.
New Labour’s social justice: as good as it gets?
Authors: Page Robert M.
Published: September 2022

Other contributors in this issue of Benefits have focused on New Labour’s record in specific policy areas: the New Deal, immigration and asylum, pensioners, child poverty and inequality. This concluding article offers a provisional assessment of New Labour's overarching record on social justice.
Research Round-Up
Authors: Rowlingson Karen
Published: September 2022

Poverty is the theme uniting the contributions to this issue’s Research Round-up. We begin with two innovations in this field supported by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. The first is a new website on poverty statistics established by the New Policy Institute. The second is the Commission on Poverty, Participation and Power which involved six people with direct experience of poverty alongside six people in public life (this is reported on, in more detail, in ‘Report Back’).

These two innovations are very interesting but the third contribution in this issue reports on a very practical and successful approach to reducing poverty. This approach involved a community nurse-led Attendance Allowance screening service which led to significantly increased incomes for many people who took part in the service.

The government’s anti-poverty strategy focuses on getting people into paid work. It is also now beginning to consider how people might be helped to remain in paid work and this is the theme of the four th contribution in this issue. The debate around paid work as a route out of poverty is so directly relevant to pensioners and the final piece in this issue looks at how take-up of the Social Fund might be increased in order to reduce pensioner poverty.
Echoes of Sir Keith? New Labour and the cycle of disadvantage
Authors: Deacon Alan
Published: September 2022

There are striking commonalities between New Labour’s approach to the cycle of disadvantage and the analysis and prescriptions put forward by Sir Keith Joseph in 1972. This is not to suggest that New Labour ministers have been influenced directly by this or any other of Sir Keith’s speeches. It is the case, however, that New Labour has come to occupy similar ground to Sir Keith, albeit by a somewhat different route.
Official Business
Authors: Lister Ruth
Published: September 2022

Official Business aims to keep readers up to date with reports from government, parliamentary and other official bodies. It provides summaries of new White Papers, Command Papers, Select Committee reports and other government and official material concerning social security, poverty and other related matters. This edition of Official Business covers:

strategy reports

social security

Select Committee reports
Research Round-Up
Authors: Rowlingson Karen
Published: September 2022

The research presented in this issue produces a mixed picture in terms of government performance in key social security areas. Cathie Hammond’s research on the administration of Disability Living Allowance (DLA) for people with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is critical of policy in this field and provides various recommendations for improvements. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation’s review of unemployment rates found, reassuringly, that all areas in England had benefited from economic growth, but that some areas had benefited much more than others, leading to greater polarisation overall. The next piece of research covered here, one of four pieces commissioned by the Department for Work and Pensions, argues that the Capability Report should be retained but that various aspects of it need revision. The next piece, a survey of employers’ pension provision, also shows mixed results – with only 29% of organisations providing some kind of pension for their employees but 72% of employees covered by these pensions (because larger organisations are much more likely to have such provision). In another study, clients’ experiences of ONE are mixed, depending on the type of client they are and the way the service is delivered. The last piece ends on a positive note in terms of government policy performance. Research from the Policy Studies Institute (PSI) and National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) demonstrates the effectiveness of the New Deal for Young People in finding jobs for its target group without detrimentally affecting the employment chances of older people.
Unhappy fund?
Authors: Patterson Terry
Published: September 2022

April 2008 sees the 20th anniversary of the introduction of the discretionary Social Fund. With dissatisfaction levels ‘on the ground’ running notably high in the past two years, this may prove an apposite time to reflect on the recent performance of the Fund, in light of continuing disputes about both policy and performance.
Official Business
Authors: Lister Ruth
Published: September 2022

Official Business aims to keep readers up to date with reports from government, parliamentary and other official bodies. It provides summaries of new White Papers, Command Papers, Select Committee reports and other government and official material concerning social security, poverty and other related matters. This edition of Official Business covers:

poverty and social exclusion

social security and the New Deal

pensions

Child Support

Public Accounts Committee reports
Research Round-Up
Authors: Rowlingson Karen
Published: September 2022

Should offenders have their benefits cut? This is a fundamental question that runs underneath one of the studies included in this issue’s Research Round-up. The study, carried out by the National Centre for Social Research and Oxford University, evaluated a pilot of the community sentences sanctions policy. It found that the withdrawal of benefits had only a tiny effect on increasing compliance with community sentences (1.8%). But there were other consequences associated with withdrawal of benefits, namely hardship and an increase in offending to avoid hardship. We might think that this evaluation of a pilot would lead to the abandonment of the scheme but the summary of the study does not discuss this issue and merely provides suggestions for how the pilot might be rolled out more effectively. This makes me wonder, not for the first time, what the role is of evaluation studies.

Other studies included in this issue’s Research Round-up include: the sixth annual report on the government’s progress towards reducing poverty and social exclusion; a project analysing the increase in child-contingent tax/benefit support since 1975; a study of the use of direct payments by older people; research into the delivery of benefits to black and minority ethnic (BME) older people; and a report on the labour market participation of older workers.
Charting change in the devolved administrations: assessing the evidence base
Authors: McKay Stephen
Published: September 2022

Devolution creates new opportunities for social research, but places greater pressure on data resources. England tends to dominate in survey sources, unless the sample is unusually large or geographically skewed. Some new and existing surveys only take place within particular countries of the UK. This article describes some potentially useful sources of data, and conducts illustrative analysis of employment, benefit receipt, early parenting and material deprivation.
Research Round-Up
Authors: Rowlingson Karen
Published: September 2022

Following our regular ‘Spotlight’ feature, which this time features the Centre for Research in Social Policy at Loughborough University, this issue’s Research Round-up includes six contributions around the theme of ‘race’ and racism. It begins with a contribution from the Policy Studies Institute highlighting their recent research on young people facing multiple disadvantage. About half of those interviewed in the study were from a minority ethnic group and some were care-leavers. The next contribution, from Gary Craig, focuses solely on excluded black and Asian young people but once again an important sub-group of these were care-leavers, underlining the importance of considering this issue.

The contribution from Ian Law details a range of work into racism, ethnicity and benefits that is taking place at the University of Leeds and the next contribution, from Karl Atkin, spotlights one of these studies in particular: social security and haemoglobin disorders.

The last two contributions focus on particular minority groups: Chinese older people (Ruby C.M. Chau and Sam W.K. Yu) and South Asian Muslims (Ambreen Shah). This last contribution concerns the way South Asian Muslims understand their rights and duties as British citizens. This work is part of Ambreen Shah’s doctoral thesis and is a particularly important study given debates stemming from the current conflict in Afghanistan.

Due to the large number of contributions on the theme of ‘race’ and racism (and there are more to come in the next issue) there has been no space for contributions on other issues but we have provided a research listings of some of the research from the Department for Work and Pensions. This includes a range of work on people with disabilities and the benefit system, as well as research on pensioners’ incomes and the effects of ONE.
Some are more equal than others: the impact of discrimination in social security on the right of same-sex partners to free movement in the European Union
Authors: Roberts Simon , Sakslin Maija
Published: September 2022

Although non-discrimination and the free movement of persons are fundamental principles of the European Union (EU), discrimination against same-sex partners in many EU member countries presents serious barriers to free movement. In many member countries, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual (LGBT) people experience discrimination in all aspects of their lives, including civil status and social security. The interface of a plethora of civil statuses and benefit entitlement conditions means that same-sex partners exercising their right of free movement under the Treaty of Rome may find their status and entitlements changing as they move between different ‘rights regimes’, to the detriment of their social security coverage. The proposed new EU Directive on equal treatment may not prevent this discrimination although, if the Lisbon Treaty is ratified, the Charter of Fundamental Rights may provide a route and an opportunity to do so.
Making a case for flat tax credits: income fluctuations among low-income families
Authors: Smithies Rachel
Published: September 2022

This article contends there is an increasingly clear need for a redesign of the UK tax credits system to make tax credit income more stable. Evidence from a recent longitudinal study shows that many tax credit recipient families experience substantial income instability, which is sometimes worsened by the pattern of tax credit receipts. Instability is also introduced by aspects of the system’s design, which lead to overpayments. The article highlights arguments for caring about income stability, including the growing literature on how income fluctuations affect child development, as well as evidence from behavioural economics suggesting that effective policy design should consider people’s preference for stability. It concludes that a strong contender for such a redesign should be a system of flat payments, reassessed every six months and made responsive to need by allowing families to seek earlier reassessment if required.
Job retention and advancement in the UK: a developing agenda
Authors: Kellard Karen
Published: September 2022

A principal objective of UK labour market policy is to help unemployed people (and other ‘inactive’ groups) to move into work. However, policy is placing an increased emphasis on helping people to remain in work, and to advance in the labour market. This is a reflection of increasing concerns about the frequent moves between inactivity and employment made by a significant proportion of unemployed people, the damage that this does to individuals’ employment prospects, and the financial and non-financial costs to society as a whole. A number of labour market programmes are being developed, both in the UK and overseas, which have an emphasis on providing post-employment support for (re)entrants to work, typically through a discretionary case management approach. The evaluations of such programmes remain inconclusive, but suggest that adopting a flexible, individual and long-term approach to the provision of in-work support is required. This article highlights that there is still much to learn about the extent of, and interplay between, the individual and structural factors affecting job retention and advancement.
Telling tales from abroad: Australia, the Netherlands and the welfare-to-work proposals in the UK
Authors: Mabbett Deborah
Published: September 2022

Welfare-to-work schemes operate through two main channels: they monitor compliance with work-related conditions for receiving benefits, and they support people into work with job search assistance and training. This article examines how the privatisation of employment service provision affects the balance between compliance and support. It is suggested that private providers working under contracts which reward employment results have little incentive to monitor compliance. This hypothesis is supported by evidence from Australia, where contracts with providers now spell out monitoring procedures and do not heavily reward results. In the Netherlands, approaches to private contracting differ between the social insurance system (which is more oriented to results than compliance) and the social assistance system, where the municipalities are strongly compliance-oriented. The implication is that privatisation does not necessarily contribute towards enforcing benefit recipients’ compliance with work-focused activity conditions.
The experiences of ‘new’ East European immigrants in the UK labour market
Authors: Markova Eugenia , Black Richard
Published: September 2022

This paper explores the experiences of new European immigrants (from Albania, Bulgaria, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro and Ukraine) in the UK labour market, in relation to their education and training at home, as well as the extent of occupational mobility within the UK. It draws on a survey of nearly 400 new immigrants interviewed in late 2005, and a similar number of long-term residents in Brighton & Hove, Hackney and Harrow. The study does not show signs of heavy competition for jobs between the immigrants and long-term residents. Labour shortages appear to remain, with East Europeans reporting low levels of unemployment and long-term residents reporting little antipathy towards these newcomers.
User engagement in public services: policy and implementation
Authors: Richardson Liz
Published: September 2022

This article looks at whether, and how, involving service users can produce improvements in public services (such as housing, welfare to work, health and law and order). Based on 15 case studies, user engagement was found to produce cost-effective benefits. Service providers tended to employ traditional involvement methods, focusing on existing community networks, because this helped to educate participants and reduce dependency. Use of innovative measures were rare. There were signs of better institutional responsiveness, and better integration of involvement into strategy making, which coincides with a shift in government away from a managerialist vision of public services, and towards transforming services around the needs of users. The article makes recommendations for strengthening the representativeness of user engagement, and raises questions about how to spread involvement on a wider scale.
Restricting access to social protection for immigrants in the Danish welfare state
Authors: Andersen Jørgen Goul
Published: September 2022

Universal welfare states provide good social protection for immigrants, but are also economically vulnerable to large-scale immigration. Unlike Sweden and Norway, the Danish welfare state has not only introduced strong restrictions on immigration, but also introduced a number of measures that, in principle or in practice, apply differently to Danish citizens and to immigrants. These could be described as welfare state chauvinism – or regarded as necessary measures to protect universalism. However, there are also countervailing tendencies that afford greater inclusion for immigrants in childcare provision, and radical new measures towards making work pay (that have particular salience for immigrants) should probably be seen more as a culmination than as the beginning of more far-reaching institutional change.
The new tax credits and appeals
Authors: Wikeley Nick
Published: September 2022

The introduction of Working Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit from April 2003 has resulted in much publicised delays in payments of the new tax credits to claimants. But the way in which claimants can challenge decisions made by the Inland Revenue on tax credits claims has received relatively little scrutiny. The current appeal arrangements represent an awkward compromise between the very different appeals systems that apply to income tax and social security disputes respectively. Most tax credit appeals are heard by The Appeals Service (TAS) tribunals, but with the adoption of some principles drawn from the tax tribunals. In addition, a wider reform of the tribunal system generally is on the horizon. Disputes over overpayments of tax credits are likely to be an especially contentious area of work, but these cases will not come to the fore until the summer of 2004, given the way in which entitlement to tax credits is assessed.
Five types of complexity
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2022

This article describes five types of complexity in the operation of social security benefits. The first is intrinsic complexity: some benefits are complex in their concept, structure or operation. The second is extrinsic: systems become complicated when several benefits or agencies have to be dealt with. Third, there are complex rules. Some are imposed for administrative reasons, but there may also be some ‘conditionality’, including moral conditions and rules about rationing. Fourth, there are complex management systems, including the proliferation of agencies and the problems of information management. Finally, there is complexity that arises through the situation of claimants. Benefits which try to adjust to people’s changing circumstances require elaborate rules and procedures, and they are always slightly out of step. If we want to simplify benefits, we need to focus on conditionality, administrative rules and management procedures. Some aspects of complexity, however, are unavoidable.
Rhetoric meets reality: Northern Ireland’s equality agenda
Authors: Wilson Robin
Published: September 2022

In Northern Ireland the word ‘equality’ is frequently evoked, yet the society itself remains riven by social mistrust. It is not characterised by even a thin social solidarity, even though violence has mercifully diminished. This article teases out the very particular way in which equality has come to be defined in Northern Ireland – indeed, how battles over its definition have become part of continuing, even intensifying, sectarian political antagonism. This helps to explain why it has proved so difficult to secure stable devolution in the region, and why the serious challenges of social injustice seem always to be displaced by constitutional wrangling. There are echoes here of wider warnings about the consequences of a drift from a modernist politics of redistribution to a postmodern politics of recognition. An alternative policy agenda is outlined, which would see sectarianism and social exclusion in Northern Ireland subjected to combined political assault.
Report Back
Authors: Reynolds Faith , Rogers Alice
Published: September 2022

Report Back provides news, views and reports from local government and the voluntary and community sectors. These reports are related, whenever possible, to the special theme of each issue of Benefits, but the most important consideration is their topicality and relevance to as wide an audience in these fields as possible. Benefits may commission pieces for particular themes but individual contributions are welcomed from those working in these areas and should be sent to the Editorial Office. These contributions might focus on either local government or the voluntary and community sectors, or on relationships between the two.
Underwriting citizenship for older people
Authors: Craig Gary , Dornan Paul , Bradshaw Jonathan , Garbutt Ruth , Mumtaz Saira , Syed Alia , Ward Antoinette
Published: September 2022

This article reports the key findings of the qualitative element of a study, undertaken by the Universities of Hull and York, which explored the impact of additional benefit income, particularly of Attendance Allowance (AA) and Minimum Income Guarantee (MIG), for older people. The study was part of a wide-ranging examination of the issue of pensioner poverty undertaken by the National Audit Office (NAO, 2002) and a full report of the findings of the study is also available (Craig et al, 2003). It was based on three elements: a literature review, secondary data analysis and a qualitative study.
From work to incapacity benefits: ill health, skills, stress and insecurity
Authors: Davidson Jacqueline
Published: September 2022

There has been much policy interest in incapacity-related benefits in the UK in recent years. This article employs data from a qualitative exploration of routes onto incapacity-related benefits and illustrates some of the processes associated with exiting different sectors of the labour market and making a claim for incapacity benefits. It illustrates that people can have complex conditions that potentially require a holistic and integrated policy approach. Those in the lower sector of the labour market, especially, sometimes perceived that their employment prospects were limited: sometimes by their health, sometimes by the area they lived in, sometimes by the qualifications needed to do what they termed ‘good jobs’ and sometimes by all of these factors.
The effect of maternal food consumption habits to the neonatal outcomes, blood biochemical parameters and nutrient elements: A cross-sectional study
Authors: ALANYA TOSUN Şebnem , BULUT Muhammet , ÇEBİ Ayşegül , BAKİ YILDIRIM Sema
Published: September 2022

Optimal nutrition during prenatal, antenatal and postnatal period is one of the most desired conditions for the healthy birth of new generations and proper care of mother. The aim is to evaluate the effect of each maternal food consumption habit and supplementary intakes to the neonatal outcomes, blood biochemical parameters, macronutrient and micronutrient composition of body and address sufficient healthcare during antenatal care in a middle-income region. A group of 77 women at 3rd months postpartum were asked to complete the 43 items dietary questionnaire. Among all the women, 44 of them completed the questionnaire properly. The results of the questionnaire were evaluated by a nutrient database program (BeBiS software program) designed to evaluate nutrient elements of the human body. The blood biochemical parameters of all the patients were analyzed. The socio-demographic features, neonatal outcomes and maternal-neonatal anthropometric measurements were noted. The mean infant’s 3rd month height was statistically significantly higher in walnut consumed group 3-4 days a week (mean =66.57 ± 2.07 cm; CI: 95%) than in the non-consumed group (63.25 ± 2.08 cm; CI: 95%) (p =0.021). The mean weight gain was 10.94 ± 5.16 kg (CI 95%) in walnut non-consumed group and 18.43 ± 6.50 kg (CI 95%) in consumed group 3-4 days a week which is statistically significantly different (p =0.012). Iodine level was significantly statistically higher in the egg consumed group 5-7 days a week than the non-consumed group as secondary outcome (2.80 ± 0.24; 2.15 ± 0.64 respectively, p=0.022). The walnut consumption was related to the greater weight gain during pregnancy and the increase in infant’s height. Although, optimal weight gain is essential to maintain physiological well-being during pregnancy, we should consider the positive effect of walnuts on infant’s development.
PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI PELACAKAN KPM PENYALURAN BANTUAN SOSIAL TUNAI PADA PT. POS INDONESIA BOGOR
Authors: Abdul Hamid
Published: September 2022

Pelaksanaan penyaluran dana bantuan, PT. Pos Indonesia telah berupaya secara optimal menerapkan internal struktur yang telah dibuat oleh kantor Pos Pusat. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan riset pada PT. Pos Indonesia Bogor, prosedur-prosedur yang terdapat didalamnya sudah berjalan secara terkomputerisasi. Akan tetapi pada proses pelaksanaan penyaluran dana bantuan masih ditemukan masalah di lapangan. Metode yang digunakan pada pengembangan perangkat lunak ini menggunakan model waterfall. Berdasarkan permasalahan diatas, maka PT.Pos Indonesia Bogor perlu membuat sistem pelacakan data penerima KPM (Keluarga Penerima Manfaat) agar mempermudah petugas pembayaran dapat mengontrol serta mengecek data penerima bantuan sosial yang terjadi di PT.Pos Indonesia Bogor untuk meminimalisir terjadinya kesalahan sebuah sistem yang disebabkan oleh manusia. Dengan adanya perancangan sistem informasi pelacakan KPM penyaluran bantuan sosial tunai pada PT. Pos Indonesia (Bogor), maka permasalahan yang ada dapat teratasi dengan penambahan menu pelacakan KPM (Keluarga Penerima Manfaat). Dengan adanya menu perancangan sistem ini mempermudah petugas dalam melakukan pelacakan penerima bantuan yang sudah mengambil bantuan tetapi penerima tidak merasa mengambil bantuan).
人民币汇率与国际收支余额对中国“J ”曲线效应的影响
Authors: 陈 鑫绮
Published: September 2022

中国作为贸易大国，其对外贸易在当今世界占有重要地位。本文以人民币汇率变动的“J ”曲线效应为问题分析的切入点，将我国过去十年的进出口贸易和同期人民币对美元的年均汇率作为样本数据，运用出口（EX）、进口（IM）、净出口（NEX）与贸易总额（TRADE）建立相关的脉冲模型，对我国2012~2021年进出口贸易是否存在“J ”曲线效应进行实证研究。结果显示，过去十年来，我国的外汇储备与国际收支之间的关系不符合预期，其中进口与贸易总额并未出现“J ”曲线现象，亦即长期的汇率变动并未对进口与贸易总额产生逐渐恶化并反转的现象；而长期的汇率的波动对出口与贸易差额能产生逐渐消弱并反转的现象，其中对于贸易差额（即国际收支）的影响尤为明显，因此，人民币汇率的波动对我国的贸易收支产生了“J ”曲线的作用。
MÜŞTERİ ŞİKAYETLERİ YÖNETİMİNİN MÜŞTERİ MEMNUNİYETİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ
Authors: UZUN Merve , AYGÜN ÖZGÖZ Ayşe
Published: September 2022

Günümüzde işletmeler için müşteri kavramı ve müşteri memnuniyeti kavramı en önemli kavramlar olmuştur. Eskiden üretim, ürün ve satış odaklı hareket eden işletmeler artık müşteri odaklı hale gelmiş, müşteri memnuniyetine ve müşterilerden gelen şikayetlere önem gösterir olmuşlardır. Bir işletme için kâr getiren unsur müşterileridir ve müşteri kaybı, gelir kaybı anlamına gelmektedir. Eskiden yöneticiler işletmenin en önemli unsuru olarak görülürken pazarlama yaklaşımı ile birlikte müşterinin önemi anlaşılmıştır.

Bir müşterinin memnun edilmesi, istek ve beklentilerinin tam olarak karşılanması ile mümkün olmaktadır. Beklentileri karşılanmayan bir müşteri ise şikayet kanalları ile bunu söz konusu işletmeye bildirecektir. Şikayetler aslında işletmeler için olumsuzlukların giderilmesi için birer uyarı sinyalidirler. Bu nedenle müşterilerden gelen şikayetler önemsenmelidir. Şikayet eden bir müşteri, şikayetinin çözüme ulaştırılmasını istemektedir. İyi ve etkili bir şikayet yönetimi sistemi kurularak şikayetçi bir müşteri memnun müşteri haline dönüştürülebilecektir.

Çalışmanın amacı; müşteri şikayetleri yönetiminin müşteri memnuniyeti üzerine etkisinin incelenmesidir. Bu amaçla online alışverişlerde yaşanan şikayetler ve işletmelerin şikayet yönetimi sonrası müşteri memnuniyetini yeniden sağlamadaki etkinliğini incelemek üzere Afyonkarahisar’da bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemi 400 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma verileri yüz yüze görüşme yöntemi ile toplanmış ve toplanan veriler IBM SPSS StatisticsVersion 23 programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin analizlerinde t-testi, varyans analizi, korelasyon analizi ve ki-kare testi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda müşteri şikayetleri yönetiminin müşteri memnuniyeti üzerine etkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Tarihi Coğrafya Açısından XVI. Yüzyıl’da Konya Şehri ve Şehirsel Fonksiyonları
Authors: TUNCER Bayram , ŞAFAK Leyla
Published: September 2022

Coğrafi mekân üzerinde kurulan şehir, mevcut fonksiyonlarıyla tarihsel süreç içerisinde bir anlam ve önem kazanır. Bulunduğu tarihsel dönemin şehir üzerine yaptığı yansımaların analiz edilerek yorumlanması büyük önem arz etmektedir. Şehrin bulunduğu döneme ait özelliklerinin analiz edilmesi ve şehirsel fonksiyonlarının zaman-mekân bağlamında değerlendirilmesi tarihi coğrafyanın inceleme alanına girmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; XVI. yüzyıl Konya örnekleminde Konya’nın şehirsel görünümü ve şehirsel fonksiyonlarının tarihi coğrafya açısından değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışma konusunun dayandığı temel kaynak Hicri 978-989 / 1570-1582 yıllarına ait 2 numaralı Konya Şer’iye Sicili’dir. Şer’iye Sicili dışında Konya şehrinin XVI. yüzyıl için tarihi coğrafya konuları üzerine geniş bir literatür çalışması yapılarak, Konya şehrinin içinde yer aldığı monografik çalışmaların derlenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır.
SAARC AND ASEAN: A Comparative Study Success & Failure.
Authors: Anwar Muhammad Farooq
Published: September 2022

The research paper is an attempt to understand the determinations behind establishment of South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation and ASEAN. This paper describes reasons why Pakistan & India were unwilling initially to join the said SAARC. The paper elaborates Evolution, Functions, Achievement, and failure including influence of internal and external power center of the world. The qualitative research method has adopted to evaluate the failure and success of ASEAN & SAARC. ASEAN has shown very rapid growth in regional & global trade; previously mentioned organization achievements are high as compared to SAARC. In fact, the idea was to promote peace, political harmony, cultural exchange and economic development in the region. Pakistan tried utmost to reduce trust defect among the regional countries by utilizing forum of SAARC. The cooperation of South Asian nations is linked with internal & external security of regional countries. The hegemony of India and deep-rooted tension between two countries caused great damage to the smooth functions of SAARC. Kashmir is cause of disagreement between two sates its lingering position created hinders to achieve the goals of SAARC. The issue of so-called cross border terrorism and false flag operations by India has also sabotaged this forum. The Sri Lanka laid formal groundwork in first meeting in Colombo on April, 1981.The series of various meeting was held from 1981 to 1992 for the conceptual framework of SAARC. The foundation of this organization is following three conferences, which were held, between 1947 to 1954:
1. Asian Relations Conference 1947.
2. The Baguio Conference 1950.
3. Colombo Power Conference 1954.
An insight to the lived experiences of Saudi females in leadership
Authors: Gawarir Azhar , Greener Sue , Sehgal Surbhi
Published: September 2022

Women leadership plays a vital role in country’s economic growth and community development but their participation in leadership roles in Saudi Arabia has been well below compared to the global average. In this context, current study aimed to explore the lived experiences of female Saudi leaders through their perspectives, and to understand the factors that may influence on their leadership journeys. Study comprised of interviews of 10 female leaders selected in a purposive sampling approach from the educational sector through structured questionnaires. The acquired data was analysed using NVivo software using thematic content analysis. The findings are discussed in the form of themes related to the impact of family relationships, socio-cultural and policy context of Saudi Arabia, and workplace environment on the leadership journeys of women.
Perfuração de luvas cirúrgicas: limpeza de produtos para saúde versus procedimentos cirúrgicos
Authors: Trindade Júnnia Pires de Amorim , Goulart Débora Moura Miranda , Boeira Elisângela Rodrigues , Pinho Eurides Santos , Silva Lorena Rodrigues Teixeira , Borges Vanderléia Patrícia Freitas Nunes , Tipple Anaclara Ferreira Veiga
Published: September 2022

Objetivo: Comparar os índices de perfuração de luvas cirúrgicas utilizadas em cirurgias gerais e na limpeza manual de produtos para a saúde. Método: Estudo desenvolvido num hospital de ensino de grande porte em Goiânia, Goiás. Foram comparados os índices de perfuração de luvas cirúrgicas obtidos por meio de teste de vazamento em dois grupos de luvas: (I) as utilizadas durante a limpeza manual de produtos para a saúde e (II) as utilizadas em cirurgias gerais. Resultados: A frequência de perfuração foi superior nas luvas utilizadas para a limpeza de produtos para saúde (46,1%) do que naquelas empregadas em cirurgias gerais (12,5%) (p = 0,047), e o tempo de uso interferiu no aumento do risco de perfuração em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferença nas perfurações das mãos direita e esquerda nem no uso de luvas simples e sobrepostas. Conclusão: O índice de perfuração de luvas cirúrgicas durante a limpeza manual revela maior risco ao trabalhador que realiza essa atividade e reforça a contraindicação desse tipo de luva para tal finalidade.
Natur & Kultur VII
Authors: Sippl Carmen
Published: September 2022

Ähnlich wie der Begriff Nachhaltigkeit findet auch der Begriff Ökosystem vielfach Verwendung außer­halb seines fachlichen Herkunftsgebiets – denn auch Begriffe migrieren. Dabei erfährt das Bedeutungs­spektrum der Begriffe oftmals eine Verschiebung ins Bildhafte. Wir benutzen Metaphern und Verglei­che als gedankliche Brücken, um uns eine mögliche, gewünschte Zukunft vorstellbar zu machen. Dieser Beitrag lotet aus umweltgeisteswissenschaftlicher Sicht aus, welches Bild die Imagination der Schule als Ökosystem erzeugt und welche Handlungsoptionen für Schulleitung sich daraus ergeben. Er ist die Einladung zu einem Gedankenexperiment, das im Sinne der Nachhaltigkeitskompetenzen die inno­vative Vorstellungskraft anregen und zur autonomen Ausgestaltung auffordern will.
İMV VE WASPAS TABANLI ARACI KURUM PERFORMANS DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: PALA Osman
Published: September 2022

Artan rekabet ortamında, şirketlerin sürdürülebilir bir yapıya sahip olduğunu gösteren ana ölçütlerden birisi finansal durumlarıdır. Çok sayıda faktöre göre değerlendirilebilen bu yapının ölçümünde şirketlerin sektördeki rakipleri ile birlikte ele alınması gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda finansal performansın değerlendirilmesi bir karar problemi olarak ifade edilebilmektedir. Çalışmada BIST Aracı Kurum endeksine tabi şirketlerin 2021 yılı için finansal ölçümü gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ekonominin işleyişinde önemli bir rol üstlenen aracı kurumların finansal yapılarının sağlıklı ve güçlü olması önemlidir. Finansal oranlar üzerinde yapılan analizde, kriterlere nesnel bir yaklaşım olan İMV ile önem değeri atanırken, WASPAS metodu ile şirketlerin performans değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Duyarlılık analizi ile ise WASPAS metodu parametre değişimleri gözlenmiştir. Karar problemi farklı parametrelere göre on bin defa çözülmüş ve sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre öz sermaye karlılık en önemli finansal gösterge olarak öne çıkarken, net karlılığın etkisi ise diğerlerinde daha az olarak bulunmuştur.
HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHICS AND PREFERENCE FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTS IN SEVEN MAJOR FOOD CATEGORIES
Authors: GÜLER Ali Umut
Published: September 2022

Abstract: Amid increasing health concerns about industrially processed packaged consumer products, demand for organic products has risen in recent decades. Using rich panel data on food purchases of more than 60 thousand U.S. households, this study examines consumer profiles of organic products in seven major food groups. Results show that demand for organic products increases with income and education level. Preference for organic products is higher in younger households and peaks in the 30-34 age group and it also increases in smaller households consisting of four or fewer people. The effects of these demographic variables are strongest for staple foods such as cereals, milk, and eggs. Organic consumption increases in households with a young child, especially in categories that typically make up an important part of a young child’s diet, such as eggs and dairy products.
Rezension von: Flach, Hans Dieter, Malerei auf Ludwigsburger Porzellan
Authors: Waibel Raimund , Flach Hans Dieter
Published: September 2022

Hans Dieter Flach: Malerei auf Ludwigsburger Porzellan 1759 bis um 1850. Verlag Schnell & Steiner Regensburg 2005. 238 Seiten mit zahlreichen Abbildungen. Kartoniert € 39,90. ISBN 3-7954-1701-5
Türkiye’de Kamu Kurumlarında Bilgi Yönetimi Unsurları ve Teknoloji İlişkisi Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma: Bilgi İşlem Yöneticileri Gözünden
Authors: ÖNAÇAN Mehmet Bilge Kağan
Published: September 2022

Organizasyonun en önemli kaynağı olması sebebiyle bilginin en iyi şekilde yönetilmesi ve bunun için teknolojik araçlardan yararlanılması günümüzde önemli bir meseledir. Bu çalışma, kamu kurumlarında bilgi yönetiminin mevcut durumunu ve yapılması gerekenleri tespit edebilmek için Türkiye’deki sekiz Bakanlığın Bilgi İşlem Daire Başkanları (BİDB) ile görüşmeler yapılarak hazırlanmıştır. Olgu bilim desenine uygun olarak düzenlenen ve verilerin betimsel içerik analizine tabi tutulduğu çalışma, bakanlıklardaki bilgi yönetimi unsurları ve teknoloji ilişkisi üzerine odaklanmıştır. Bilgi yönetimi unsurları; insan, organizasyon, bilgi varlığı/içerik, süreç ve teknoloji olmak üzere beş ana başlık altında gruplandırılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamındaki nitel araştırma sonuçlarına göre, Türkiye’deki kamu kurumlarında genel olarak; bilgi yönetiminin muğlak bir konu olduğu, bilgi yönetimine ilişkin stratejik plan olmadığı, kurumlarda bir bilgi yönetimi (BY) organizasyonunun bulunmadığı, bilgi yönetimi rehberine ihtiyaç olduğu, üst yönetimin enformasyon teknolojilerine yönelik desteğinin tam olduğu, teknolojik araçların belli oranda mevcut olduğu ancak bilginin yönetilmesi odağında yapılandırılmadığı ve bütünleşik bir sistem yapısında olmadığı ortaya çıkmış, bu bağlamda öneriler sunulmuştur.