bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of packed structure on flow behaviour in a trickle bed biofilter
Authors: Li Meisen , Bando Yoshiyuki , Tanigawara Ryo , Kamiya Toru , Yasuda Keiji , Nakamura Masaaki
Published: March 2009

The effects of operation conditions on the flow behaviour in gas–liquid countercurrent trickle bed biofilter were experimentally examined. In order to prevent gas channelling in the biofilter, packings with a relatively large void fraction, which have a role to maintain a high void fraction in the bed, were added. The gas and liquid velocities of the packed structure and the packings were changed, and the residence time distributions (RTDs) of the gas and liquid were measured. It was found that the addition of void supporters was very effective in the suppression of gas channelling.
Study of arc stability and erosion behaviour of a transferred arc with graphite DC electrodes
Authors: Seon Hongsun , Munz Richard J.
Published: March 2009

The arc stability and erosion behaviour of a hollow graphite DC cathode were studied using a graphite anode in an argon atmosphere. The main factors controlling the arc stability were the geometry of the cathode tip and the argon gas flow rate. It is suggested that high argon gas flow rates might shift the electron emission mechanism of the cathode from the thermionic‐field to the thermionic emission regime. Arcs were generally stable if the cathode is in the thermionic emission regime. The erosion rate of the cathode at 150 A was strongly dependent on the arc stability and higher for the unstable arc operation. Meanwhile, the erosion rates at 300 and 400 A showed the opposite trend because of carbon redeposition.
New pinch technology based hen analysis methodologies for cost‐effective retrofitting
Authors: Nordman Roger , Berntsson Thore
Published: March 2009

In this paper, new pinch technology based curves for retrofitting of heat exchangers are presented. Advantages compared to traditional pinch curves, and the information that can be extracted from these curves, are discussed. The curves have been applied to an example where different energy saving levels has been studied. The results have been verified by detailed calculations using the Matrix method.
Effect of an unsteady agitation method on drop coalescence characteristics in suspension polymerization of styrene
Authors: Yang Bin , Takahashi Koji
Published: March 2009

A tracer dye technique was used to investigate the effect of the co‐reverse rotational of impeller method, the agitation speed and periodic time interval on the coalescence rate in the suspension polymerization of styrene. The results showed that the extent of coalescence decreased with the use of the co‐reverse rotational method and with the decrease in the periodic time interval or agitation speed. The results also showed that the final particle sizes became small and the particle size distributions became uniform with the use of the co‐reverse rotational method and with a decrease in the periodic time interval.
On solving optimal control problems with free initial condition using iterative dynamic programming
Authors: Mekarapiruk Wichaya , Luus Rein
Published: March 2009

For solving optimal control problems where the initial conditions of some of the state variables are not specified, a procedure based on iterative dynamic programming (IDP) is presented. In this procedure, the free initial conditions are taken to be additional control variables for the first time stage only; then the search for the optimal initial conditions and also the optimal control policy is carried out simultaneously using IDP. The procedure is straightforward, and as illustrated with two nonlinear optimal control problems, for each case the optimum performance index is readily obtained.
The use of partitioning bioreactors for the treatment of high‐concentration benzene solutions
Authors: Louie Jennifer , Daugulis Andrew J. , Yeom Sung‐Ho
Published: March 2009

Aqueous solutions containing high concentrations (circa 1000 mg/L) of benzene can be treated biologically through the intervention of organic 'sponges'. In reality these sponges are immiscible and biocompatible organic solvents that can be added in very low volumes, and act to draw benzene out of the aqueous phase, reducing levels appropriate for biological treatment. As the organisms consume benzene, the sponges release additional substrate to maintain an equilibrium relationship between the two phases, and this rate is determined by the metabolic activity of the cells. We have used 1‐actadsene as the organic sponge, and Klebsiella sp. as the degradative organism to consume 1000 mg/L of benzene in 12 h. By draining the aqueous phase to 10% of its original volume (and letting it serve as an inoculum), additional benzene solutions, at 1000 mg/L, can be reintroduced to the system, and the action of the sponge used a second, and subsequent times, to control benzene levels and benzene delivery to the organisms.
Friedel‐crafts alkylation of diphenyl oxide with 1‐decene over sulfated zirconia as catalyst
Authors: Yadav Ganapati D. , Kundu Buddhadeb
Published: March 2009

Friedel‐Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions, using highly polluting homogeneous Lewis and Bronsted acids, are ubiquitous in a variety of organic process industries. In many cases very high conversions and selectivities can be achieved with aluminum chloride as catalyst and nitrobenzene as a solvent. However, environmental concerns associated with aluminum chloride‐nitrobenzene or BF3‐HF or mineral acids catalysts have encouraged development of solid acids, which not only intensify the rates of reactions but also offer better product selectivity. Amongst these catalysts, sulfated zirconia has gained a considerable importance due to its super‐acidity under certain conditions. The alkylation of diphenyl oxide with 1‐decene was studied over sulfated zirconia catalyst and it leads to industrially important products. The surface reaction between chemisorbed 1‐decene diphenyl oxide from the liquid phase, in the absence of any mass transfer resistance, was found to be the rate determining step with Eley‐Rideal type of mechanism.
A new approach to evaluate the energetic efficiency of batch‐jacketed reactors
Authors: Martins Fernando G. , Coelho Manuel A. N.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a new heat transfer configuration for exothermic batch‐jacketed reactors. The proposed design for the heat transfer scheme comprises an additional heat exchanger in the jacket‐cooling loop. A detailed comparison study considering the new concept and the conventional process is presented in terms of energetic efficiency (refrigerated fluid consumption per batch cycle) and process control (control of reaction temperature). The simulation results of the new heat transfer configuration show a substantial decrease in the total volume of refrigerated fluid injected in the cooling loop, whereas the process control performance was practically unaffected.
Étude de l'aspect cornbinatoire de la gestion des conflits dans un atelier discontinu
Authors: Floquet Pascal , Domenech Serge , Azzaro‐Pantel Catherine , Pibouleau Luc
Published: March 2009

Dans cet article, les auteurs présentent l'aspect combinatoire lié à la gestion des ateliers discontinus de chimie fine de type multi‐objectif ou job‐shop. En effet l'ordre de priorité des recettes des produits, qui permet de déterminer le lot à charger en premier à un instant donné, induit un fort aspect combinatoire. Sa prise en compte par l'utilisation d'algorithmes stochastiques nécessite un dénombrement précis des ordres de priorité non redondants. Une étude mathématique assez complexe fournit une formule non récurrente aisée à mettre en œoeuvre. Celle‐ci est fondée sur l'analyse d'une famille de polynǒmes pseudo‐orthogonaux.
Modulating the relaxivity of hyperpolarized substrates with gadolinium contrast agents
Authors: Gabellieri Cristina , Leach Martin O. , Eykyn Thomas R.
Published: March 2009

Gadolinium contrast agents are known to affect the outer‐sphere relaxivities of nuclei other than protons. We have investigated the heteronuclear relaxivities of four commercial gadolinium contrast agents (Magnevist, Omniscan, Dotarem and Gadovist) on the relaxation of 13C in glycine, 13C in pyruvate and 15N in choline with long relaxation times. Marked differences in the relaxivities were found between different contrast agents and are attributed to electrostatic effects. This methodology may find applications in the field of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance and by way of example we show that injection of a bolus of contrast agent into an aqueous solution containing hyperpolarized 15N labeled tetramethylammonium or 13C labeled pyruvate leads to a predictable shortening of the lifetime of the hyperpolarized signal. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revisiting the practices of corporate social and environmental disclosure in Bangladesh
Authors: Sobhani Farid Ahammad , Amran Azlan , Zainuddin Yuserrie
Published: March 2009

Few studies are available on Corporate Social and Environmental Disclosure (CSED) in a developing country like Bangladesh. The latest study on the state of CSED was conducted about 10 years ago. During this period, in addition to global diversities, many changes have occurred in the socio‐political scenario in Bangladesh. The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has recently undertaken pragmatic steps in order to make institutional and organizational changes. Attempts are being made to ensure good governance in all parts of public administration, declaring war against corruption. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the controlling body for the stock exchanges, has taken necessary action to establish corporate governance of the listed companies in Bangladesh. Stakeholders of the companies are gradually becoming aware of corporate operations. These socio‐political and organizational changes might influence the social responsibilities of the corporate bodies that might ultimately be reflected in the disclosure practices of the listed companies. This study attempts to revisit the state of CSED through content analysis. Annual reports of 100 companies, listed both on the Dhaka Stock Exchange and the Chittagong Stock Exchange, are selected based on a stratified random sampling technique. The study reveals that the level of disclosure has improved over the last 10 years. Based on the proposed research instrument for content analysis, all sample companies (n = 100) in Bangladesh are found to disclose at least one item of disclosure on human resource issues; while community issues (47%), consumer issues (23%) and environmental issues (19%). From a global perspective, however, the level and the extent of disclosure are found to be meagre. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The small heat shock protein HSP25 protects astrocytes against stress induced by proteasomal inhibition
Authors: Goldbaum Olaf , Riedel Michael , Stahnke Thomas , Richter‐Landsberg Christiane
Published: March 2009

Proteasomal dysfunction has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, and molecular chaperones may provide a first line of defence against protein aggregate formation. We have shown before that oligodendrocytes respond to proteasomal inhibition by the onset of apoptotic cell death, whereas astrocytes have a higher capability to cope with stressful conditions that might be causally related to their high constitutive level of HSP25. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the proteasomal inhibitor MG‐132 on aggregate formation in astrocytes, and to test if HSP25 exerts a protective means. Our data show that upon proteasomal inhibition aggresomes are formed in astrocytes that contain the small HSPs, HSP25 and αB‐crystallin, and ubiquitinated proteins. HSP expression is induced and HSP25, αB‐crystallin and ubiquitinated proteins are translocated from the soluble to the detergent‐insoluble fraction. Simultaneously, the cytoskeletal organization is disturbed, microfilaments are fragmented, GFAP intermediate filaments and microtubules surround the aggresome, and mitochondria are assembled in these structures. Mitochondria membrane potential, however, stays intact. Aggresome formation and apoptotic cell death do not correlate. After the removal of MG‐132, the observed effects are reversible. MG‐132 promotes the formation of small oligomers of HSP25, which have been connected to the protection of the microfilament system. Downregulation of HSP25 by siRNA approach causes actin filament breakdown in control cells in the absence of stress stimuli, and sensitizes astrocytes against stress induced by proteasomal inhibition. Hence, HSP25 enables astrocytes to prevent irreversible damage and to recover after removal of the proteasomal inhibitor MG‐132. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular pathways mediating MDS/AML with focus on AML1/RUNX1 point mutations
Authors: Harada Yuka , Harada Hironori
Published: March 2009

AML1/RUNX1 point mutations have been identified in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and MDS‐related acute myeloid leukemia (AML), or MDS/AML, and are distributed throughout the full length of AML1/RUNX1. Gene mutation is proposed to be one of the disease‐defining genetic abnormalities of MDS/AML. Most of the mutants lose trans‐activation potential, which leads to a loss of normal function indicating that AML1/RUNX1 dysfunction is one of the major pathogenic mechanisms of MDS/AML. However, N‐terminal in‐frame mutations (Ni‐type) and C‐terminal truncated mutations (Ct‐type) of AML1/RUNX1 show a dominant‐negative effect on the trans‐activation activity, suggesting that these types of mutants may have some oncogenic potential in addition to the loss of normal function. The patients with Ni‐type mutations have hypoplastic marrows with other genetic abnormalities, whereas the patients with Ct‐type mutations display hyperplastic marrows without other mutations. Although biological analysis using a mouse bone marrow transplantation model transduced with Ni‐type of D171N or Ct‐type of S291fsX300 mutants has partially confirmed the oncogenic ability of AML1 mutants, it could not explain the mutant specific clinical features of MDS/AML. Biological analysis using human CD34+ cells revealed that the two types exhibited distinct molecular mechanisms. Ni‐type shows differentiation block without cell growth, but additional BMI‐1‐expression resulted in increased blastic cells. In contrast, Ct‐type itself has proliferation ability. Thus, AML1/RUNX1 mutants play a central role in the pathogenesis of MDS/AML. Both AML1 mutants are initiating factors for MDS‐genesis by inhibiting differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, and Ni‐type mutant requires acquisition of proliferation ability. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 16–20, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced recombinant protein synthesis in batch and fed‐batch Escherichia coli fermentation based on removal of inhibitory acetate by electrodialysis
Authors: Wong Michael , Wright Michael , Woodley John M , Lye Gary J
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND: The formation of acetate as a metabolic by‐product in Escherichia coli fermentation is well known to have detrimental effects on cell growth and productivity. Various bioprocess and genetic approaches have previously been made to limit acetate accumulation, however, they tend to be conservative, limiting overall process productivity, or lead to other problems such as a decrease in maximum specific growth rate and decreased product yield on carbon.

RESULTS: In this work, the utility of electrodialysis is examined as a potentially generic approach for in situ acetate removal and its impact on recombinant protein production. Using the induced synthesis of recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP) in E. coli Tg1 (pGLO) as an example, it is shown that in situ removal of acetate to below inhibitory levels (∼1 g L−1) provides significant improvements in cell growth rate as well as specific biomass and recombinant protein yields. Experiments were performed in a 7.5 L stirred‐tank bioreactor using an external single cell‐pair electrodialysis module with an effective ion exchange membrane area of 0.01 m2. For this system increases in specific recombinant protein yield of up to 4‐fold have been observed dependent upon the time of induction, the mode of operation and the level to which acetate concentration is reduced in the fermentation broth.

CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of ED can significantly increase the level of recombinant protein synthesis in batch and fed‐batch fermentation. The approach is considered to be generic, readily implemented and has wide application for the production of recombinant enzymes and proteins. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Rough road to the market: Constrained biotechnology innovation and entrepreneurship in Nigeria and Ghana
Authors: Sampath Padmashree Gehl , Oyelaran‐Oyeyinka Banji
Published: March 2009

The paper analyses collaborative learning in knowledge generation in biotechnology in two very late follower economies, namely, Nigeria and Ghana in order to compare the innovation and entrepreneurship experiences they present. We suggest that the quality of physical infrastructure, knowledge infrastructure (including appropriate human skills), in addition to institutions and incentives for innovation contribute in large part to observed processes of innovation success. Regardless of whether the initiating step is the incremental design or laboratory‐based R&D stage, these factors are critical determinants of commercialisation. We use empirical data from the public sector institutions collected through field level surveys to substantiate these results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nano‐Templates from Thermoresponsive Poly(ethoxytriethyleneglycol acrylate) for Polymeric Nano‐Capsules
Authors: Dimitrov Philip , Toncheva Natalia , Weda Pawel , Rangelov Stanislav , Trzebicka Barbara , Dworak Andrzej , Tsvetanov Christo B.
Published: March 2009

Temperature responsive poly(ethoxytriethyleneglycol acrylate) (PETEGA) of Mn = 8000 and Mw/Mn = 2.30 was synthesized by ATRP. Dilute aqueous solutions of PETEGA exhibit lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at around 34 °C. We found that PETEGA can form nano‐sized uniform colloidal aggregates (50‐200 nm) above LCST either with or without an additional surfactant. Therefore PETEGA nano‐aggregates were used as templates for the seeded free radical copolymerization of acrylamides or methacrylates together with a cross‐linker to form acrylamide or methacrylate based core‐shell particles. The formation of the PETEGA templates was investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) in order to find optimal conditions for obtaining narrow dispersed aggregates of desired sub‐micron dimensions. Core‐shell particles were characterized by DLS and scanning electron microscopy.
New approach for the selective chemical functionalization of porous silicon films with organic monolayers
Authors: Pace Stéphanie , Gazagnes Laetitia , Gonzalez Philippe , Guimon Claude , Granier Michel , Cot Didier , Devoisselle Jean‐Marie , Cunin Frédérique
Published: March 2009

A new approach for the selective chemical modification of porous silicon surfaces with organic monolayers is reported. The organic layers are first covalently grafted onto (100) surface of hydrogen terminated silicon via thermal hydrosilylation of alkene or functionalized alkene molecules yielding stable monolayers on flat Si surfaces. The functionalized silicon surfaces are then electrochemically etched in a hydrofluoric acid solution. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Engineered linearity of GaN‐based HEMTs power devices by tailoring transfer characteristics
Authors: Bahat‐Treidel Eldad , Khalil Ibrahim , Hilt Oliver , Würfl Joachim , Tränkle Günther
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an innovative method of increasing inherent linearity of GaN/AlGaN HEMT by tailoring the effective transconductance. The effective transconductance of the whole device is tailored by optimizing individual transconductance of subunits of the device. In this work GaN HEMT units were individually optimized with different recess depth. The unit cells with different recess dept were optimized such a way so that the resultant transfer characteristic is suitable for high linearity. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investment dynamics and financial constraints in IPO firms
Authors: Chaddad Fernando R. , Reuer Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2009

We join research in entrepreneurship and corporate finance to investigate financial constraints on investments by IPO firms. The evidence indicates that IPO firms generally possess valuable growth opportunities, yet financial constraints also limit their ability to exploit them. Capital expenditures decline significantly post‐IPO, and information asymmetries between IPO firms and external capital providers help explain why some IPO firms are more financially constrained than others. Intangible assets that are often seen at the root of IPO firms' competitive advantages can also exacerbate external financing costs, constraining IPO firms' abilities to make future strategic investments. We also find that financial constraints are persistent, as they do not diminish as younger IPO firms mature. Copyright © 2009 Strategic Management Society.
Glycoproteomics: Past, present and future
Authors: Tissot Bérangère , North Simon J. , Ceroni Alessio , Pang Poh-Choo , Panico Maria , Rosati Floriana , Capone Antonietta , Haslam Stuart M. , Dell Anne , Morris Howard R.
Published: March 2009

This invited paper reviews the study of protein glycosylation, commonly known as glycoproteomics, beginning with the origins of the subject area in the early 1970s shortly after mass spectrometry was first applied to protein sequencing. We go on to describe current analytical approaches to glycoproteomic analyses, with exemplar projects presented in the form of the complex story of human glycodelin and the characterisation of blood group H eptitopes on the O‐glycans of gp273 from Unio elongatulus. Finally, we present an update on the latest progress in the field of automated and semi‐automated interpretation and annotation of these data in the form of GlycoWorkBench, a powerful informatics tool that provides valuable assistance in unravelling the complexities of glycoproteomic studies.
Fusion protein of Δ27LFn and EFn has the potential as a novel anthrax toxin inhibitor
Authors: Kong Yirong , Guo Qiang , Yu Changming , Dong Dayong , Zhao Jian , Cai Chenguang , Hou Lihua , Song Xiaohong , Fu Ling , Xu Junjie , Chen Wei
Published: March 2009

MINT‐7014735, MINT‐7014747, MINT‐7014761: PA63 (uniprotkb:P13423) and LF (uniprotkb:P15917) bind (MI:0407) by surface plasmon resonance (MI:0107)
Evolution of oil and gas generation in the Earth’s history and petroleum prediction in sedimentary basins
Authors: Bazhenova T.K.
Published: March 2009

Oil and gas generation is a basic problem of geology and natural sciences, which is associated with energy resources as well as with the origination of life on the Earth. The evolution of hydrocarbons is controlled by the evolution of the biosphere and is an issue of phylogeny. Organic matter (OM) buried in sediments since the Early Precambrian consists mostly of phytoplankton, the main carrier of lipids producing hydrocarbons. Organic matter accumulates in marine sediments according to the law of periodicity. Middle Paleozoic fossilized OM is largely composed of zooplankton. Zooplanktonic OM, classified as sapropelites, had interfered with the process of oil and gas generation since its origin, e.g., tentaculites of the Domanik formation increased oil content. The inception of low-lipid macrophytes gave rise to introduction of humic OM into water bodies and formation of mixed-type OM. The larger the humic component in OM, the higher its gas potential. However, instead of replacing oil generation, enhanced gas generation had come on the scene since the Mesozoic, and their scales were approximately equal. The actual oil/gas ratio in sedimentary basins depends both on phylogenetic factors and on the evolution of each separate basin.
SCGPred: A Score-Based Method for Gene Structure Prediction by Combining Multiple Sources of Evidence
Authors: Li Xiao , Ren Qingan , Weng Yang , Cai Haoyang , Zhu Yunmin , Zhang Yizheng
Published: March 2009

Predicting protein-coding genes still remains a significant challenge. Although a variety of computational programs that use commonly machine learning methods have emerged, the accuracy of predictions remains a low level when implementing in large genomic sequences. Moreover, computational gene finding in newly sequenced genomes is especially a difficult task due to the absence of a training set of abundant validated genes. Here we present a new gene-finding program, SCGPred, to improve the accuracy of prediction by combining multiple sources of evidence. SCGPred can perform both supervised method in previously well-studied genomes and unsupervised one in novel genomes. By testing with datasets composed of large DNA sequences from human and a novel genome of Ustilago maydi, SCGPred gains a significant improvement in comparison to the popular ab initio gene predictors. We also demonstrate that SCGPred can significantly improve prediction in novel genomes by combining several foreign gene finders with similarity alignments, which is superior to other unsupervised methods. Therefore, SCGPred can serve as an alternative gene-finding tool for newly sequenced eukaryotic genomes. The program is freely available at http://bio.scu.edu.cn/SCGPred/.
“Black-Quarter” in Sheep.
Authors: Cave T. W.
Published: March 2009

At the beginning of 1902 I was asked to investigate the nature and causation of a disease of sheep, locally termed “struck,” with the hope of finding some suitable form of preventive treatment.
Note on “Bericht über die Arbeiten der Internationalen Kommission für die Analyse der Kunstdünger und Futtermittel des V. Internationalen Kongresses für Angewandte Chemie zu Berlin, 1903.”
Authors: Wood T. B.
Published: March 2009

At the beginning of October, 1904, many agricultural chemists in England received copies of the above publication from the Secretary of the commission, Dr M. Ullmann, of Hamburg, together with a letter asking all who were willing to agree with the recommendations printed in the report to signify their assent to him. Copies of the report were circulated to members of the Chemical Committee of the Agricultural Education Association, and the recommendations were informally discussed at a meeting of the committee on Dec. 8th. It was suggested that a note should be published in order to call the attention of agricultural chemists to the subject, and facilitate further discussion.
Some Preliminary Notes on the Physical Properties of the Soils of the Ganges Valley, more especially in their relation to Soil Moisture
Authors: Leake H. M.
Published: March 2009

In a stretch of arable lands like those of the Ganges Valley, although damage may be caused by occasional floods, which are sudden and of short duration, the more general, and by far the most serious loss is due to deficiency of moisture of the soil: thus the relation of the soil to soil moisture becomes of more than ordinary importance. Dr Voelcker, in his Report on Indian Agriculture, remarks: “In India the relation of soils to moisture acquires a greater significance than almost anywhere else.......” This relation is fundamental, for on it depends the methods for the conservation of soil moisture, for the economical application of irrigation water, and for the treatment of barren and salt lands—all problems of direct interest to agriculturists in the plains of Northern India. The methods for dealing with these problems must be largely—if not entirely—empirical until such time as the behaviour of the soil in its relation to moisture is investigated. The problem in all its various branches is enormous, and in a country in which the seasons follow each other with such rapidity, and vary the one from the other in so marked a manner, it frequently happens that a particular point, if not determined within a period of a few days, must await solution until the following year.
Some Air Temperature Readings at several stations on Sloping Ground
Authors: Vinson Robert S. , Russell Edward J.
Published: March 2009

It is well known that the mean temperature falls as the elevation increases, and partly on this account certain crops cannot profitably be produced on high land. But it is also recognised that low lying land is subject to lower minimum temperatures, and is therefore more liable to frost, than land higher up, and low situations are consequently avoided by fruit and early potato growers. Few actual temperature readings have, however, been published.
On the Inheritance of Strength in Wheat
Authors: Biffen R. H.
Published: March 2009

The experiments carried out by the Home Grown Wheat Committee of the National Association of British and Irish Millers have demonstrated the important fact that certain varieties of wheat retain their strength under our conditions. One of the best known of these varieties is Red Fife, the grain of which forms the basis of the graded wheat known as Manitoba Hard. Red Fife has now been tested in this country for six seasons and its strength is still found to be equal to that of the same variety when grown in Canada. Further a somewhat impure stock of the same variety has been cultivated in the Midlands for some sixteen seasons without showing any signs of diminution in strength. As grain of this character is considerably more valuable than that generally grown in this country and as there is a steadily increasing demand for it, the Committee recommended the experimental cultivation of Red Fife in various parts of the country. The results of these trials have shown that in some localities Red Fife will produce more profitable crops than any of the common English wheats, though in others its yield is too small for its profitable cultivation. In spite of very complete returns furnished by growers in most parts of the country it seems impossible at present to state with any precision what the factors are which determine whether it can be grown successfully. Its extended cultivation has also brought out the fact that the straw is not as rigid as the farmer would wish it to be and more than one grower has condemned the variety on this account.
Notes on the Infection and Histology of two Wheats Immune to the attacks of Puccinia Glumarum, Yellow Rust. [With Plate II.]
Authors: Marryat Dorothea C. E.
Published: March 2009

It has been known for a long time that there exist varieties of wheats and other cereals which appear to be practically free from, or immune to, the attacks of certain fungal parasitic pests, by which closely allied forms are ravaged.
Contributions to the Chemistry of Cheddar Cheese
Authors: Nierenstein M.
Published: March 2009

The ‘ripening’ of cheese consists of a number of chemical changes affecting the fats, proteins and carbohydrates. The protein changes are of the general proteolytic character and are produced by bacteria, fungi, rennet-enzymes and other enzymes formed by bacteria and fungi during their growth in the cheese. The products derived from casein—the main protein-constituent of cheese—are intermediate digestive substances together with aminoacids, and secondary products formed by bacteria from the aminoacids. In a thorough study of the cheeseripening process it is of fundamental importance to ascertain what specific compounds are formed. Such knowledge must be possessed before the actual working of the process can be fully understood. It is well known to everybody connected with the manufacture of cheese that the quality of the final product depends on the nature of the ripening process.
Toxic Excreta of Plants
Authors: Fletcher F.
Published: March 2009

The writer has pointed out the influence that some agricultural plants have on others when grown in close proximity to them. It was demonstrated (inter alia) that a row of Sesamum indicum (gingelly), when sown at a distance of two feet from a row of Sorghum vulgare (great millet), will not mature, the plants dying after reaching a height of a few centimetres. These experiments were made at Surat (India) on black cotton soil of a very retentive nature; this character of the soil combined with a rainfall of 42 inches per annum all falling in 3½ months, doubtless emphasized the deleterious effect of the sorghum on the sesamum since the washing of the soil was a minimum.
The Action of Carbon Dioxide on Bordeaux Mixtures
Authors: Gimingham C. T.
Published: March 2009

The fungicidal properties of the insoluble copper compounds, present in Bordeaux mixtures, have long been known, and it is an important point to ascertain the precise manner in which the poisonous action is exerted. A variety of theories have been put forward, but the matter cannot be regarded as settled. It has been generally accepted that, in order to account for the fungicidal action, it is necessary to look for some means by which the insoluble copper in Bordeaux mixture is rendered soluble when the material is sprayed on to foliage. Atmospheric carbon dioxide has frequently been suggested as the most important agent by which this is effected, and recently this view has been urged by Mr S. U. Pickering, F.R.S., who has also investigated in detail, the chemical nature of the compounds found in Bordeaux mixtures.
An Investigation concerning the Food of certain Birds
Authors: Hammond John
Published: March 2009

Theinvestigation to be described was instigated by Professor Wood and Mr Warburton of the School of Agriculture, Cambridge, in the beginning of the year 1911. Its object was to determine whether or not certain birds were harmful to agriculture; as some naturalists and others considered them to be distinctly beneficial, while farmers were complaining of the damage done to their crops.
The Experimental Error of Field Trials
Authors: Mercer W. B. , Hall A. D.
Published: March 2009

The magnitude of experimental error attaching to one or more field plots is a question of extreme importance in Agricultural Science, because upon its proper recognition depends the degree of confidence which may be attached to the results obtained in field work. A very cursory examination of the results of any set of field trials will serve to show that a pair of plots similarly treated may be expected to yield considerably different results, even when the soil appears to be uniform and the conditions under which the experiment is conducted are carefully designed to reduce errors in weighing and measurement.
Factors Affecting Susceptibility to Disease in Plants
Authors: Spinks G. T.
Published: March 2009

The problem of immunity to disease in plants is now receiving a large amount of attention from plant-pathologists. It has long been known that different varieties of the same species of plant may differ in their susceptibility to the attacks of fungi and possibly other parasites, but even now practically nothing is known of the factors which determine whether a plant will prove immune to a disease or not. The following paper is a record of investigations which it was hoped would contribute something towards the solution of this problem, or which might at least suggest lines of further research on this subject.
Studies in Milk Records: The Influence of Foetal Growth on Yield
Authors: Gavin William
Published: March 2009

In a previous paper on the “Interpretation of Milk Records” the following points were dealt with:

I. Selection of a figure definitive of a cow's milking capability.

II. The influences affecting such a figure.

(a) The usual methods of describing a cow by her total yield per calendar year, per lactation, or per average week are inconvenient both for practical breeding on a large scale and for definite enquiry on the inheritance of milk yield or its possible correlation with other characters. The figures are inconvenient because a variety of circumstances which affect them must be stated for every individual case before such figures can be reliable. Chief of these circumstances are age of cow, length of lactation, number of weeks dry before calving, interval between calving and subsequent service, and time of year of calving.
The Scouring Lands of Somerset and Warwickshire
Authors: Gimingham C. T.
Published: March 2009

A Considerable area of pasture land in Mid-Somerset, known locally as “teart” land, and also a smaller area in Warwickshire, cause scouring in cattle at certain times of the year. These pastures are a source of loss to the farmers and, from time to time, have been the subject of investigation. In 1862 the late Dr J. A. Voelcker published a valuable report on the subject, and in the main the observations and results discussed in the present paper are consistent with the suggestions which he put forward. Details of more recent work are to be found in various reports in the Journal of the Bath and West Society from 1895 to 1904.
The Movements of Soil-water in an Egyptian Cotton-field
Authors: Balls W. Lawrence
Published: March 2009

The attentiou of all scientists in Egypt has been more and more closely directed to the problems of Soil-water since about the year 1907. In the first instance this attention was of necessity devoted to the water-logged layer of the soil and sub-soil, to the fluctuations of this layer in time and in space, and to its effects on the cotton plant.
The Estimation of Tannin in Cider
Authors: Spiers C. W.
Published: March 2009

The method at present in use for the estimation of tannin in apple juice and cider is that used by Lloyd. It is a modification according to Kraus of Löwenthal's method, and consists in titrating the cider directly with potassium permanganate in presence of indigo as an indicator. The permanganate is standardized by means of “pure tannin,” it being assumed that both this and the tannin present in the apple are digallic acid, and have the composition C14H10O9. It is apparent that all the permanganate reducing substances present in the cider will be included in the tannin content; moreover the amount of indigo used is not sufficient to retard noticeably the oxidation of the non-tannins for which purpose it was originally used in Löwenthal's method. The results obtained by this method are therefore only comparative.
Variation in the Male Hop, Humulus Lupulus L.
Authors: Wormald H.
Published: March 2009

The hop plant Humulus lupulus L. is best known in Britain from its cultivated forms grown for use in the brewing industry. Those varieties which are grown on a commercial scale in this country all conform to the general description of Humulus lupulus L. and the presumption is that they are all variations (directly, or indirectly through other varieties) from the female form of the original wild hop. Since the plant is dioecious it follows that any one of these varieties was in all probability derived primarily from one ♀ plant which arose either as a mutation or as a hybrid and has subsequently been propagated vegetatively by cuttings or “sets,” i.e. the variety is represented by a number of plants comprising a clone; such a variety is not necessarily provided with a corresponding male form possessing all the vegetative characters of that particular ♀ variety.
The Theory of Wetting, and the Determination of the Wetting Power of Dipping and Spraying Fluids containing a Soap Basis
Authors: Cooper W. F. , Nuttall W. H.
Published: March 2009

The dipping of sheep and cattle, as a means of eradicating ‘scab,’ lice, ticks, etc., and the diseases which it is now known the latter may transmit, has met with such success, that compulsory dipping is now in vogue in most pastoral countries. Where compulsory dipping obtains, there must of necessity be some system of the standardisation of dips. In Queensland and South Africa, the respective Governments issue official formulae from which the stockbreeder can prepare his own dipping fluid. Only such proprietary dips, as are duly recognised by the Government, may be employed. In the United States, the regulations for the sale of proprietary dips are still more stringent. The quantity of active substance, usually sodium arsenite, nicotine or cresylic acid, is defined within very narrow limits. Further, no proprietary dip is now recognised, unless the manufacturer can furnish a ‘Field Tester,’ by means of which the stockbreeder can himself determine, in a simple and fairly trustworthy manner, the percentage of active constituent in his bath.
The Estimation of Phosphates in Soil Extracts
Authors: Prescott James Arthur
Published: March 2009

The estimation of phosphate in soil extracts presents certain difficulties owing to the small amount usually present. Practically all the methods make use of the phospho-molybdate precipitate. Hehner's method based on the weighing of this precipitate was adopted by Dyer, and has been recently investigated by. Auld.
The Effect of One Crop upon Another
Authors: Bedford  , Pickering Spencer Umfreville
Published: March 2009

Every growing crop results in the formation of a substance which is toxic to the growth of other plants, and still more so to itself.

By oxidation this toxin loses its toxic properties and enhances the fertility of the soil. The plants previously poisoned eventually outstrip those which had not been subjected to the poisoning, except in cases where the toxic effect has been sufficient to produce a permanent stunting.

The toxic effect must necessarily vary considerably with the different conditions obtaining, both as to the nature of the soil, the plant affected, and the vigour of growth of the plant producing the toxin.

There is no reason for assuming the excretion of any toxic matter from a plant, the debris from the growing roots is probably sufficient to account for the formation of the toxin.

The heating of a soil produces toxic matter from the organic substances present in it, and in much greater quantities than that produced by the growth of a crop. In both cases the toxin, after oxidation, increases the fertility of the soil.
The Preparation and Composition of Lime-Sulphur Sprays
Authors: Ramsay A. A.
Published: March 2009

In the preparation of lime-sulphur solutions used for spraying purposes by boiling together lime, sulphur and water, the following equations represent reactions which might occur primarily:

(1) 3CaH2O2 + S4 = 2CaS + CaS2O3 + 3H2O,

(2) 3CaH2O2 + S12 = 2CaS5 + CaS2O3 + 3H3O.

According to the above equations 3 molecules slaked lime CaH2O2 or 3 molecules of quick lime CaO may combine with 4 to 12 atoms sulphur; or 1 part of quick lime (by weight) should combine with ·7619 to 2·2857 parts of sulphur.
Further Observations on the Fungicidal Action of Bordeaux Mixtures
Authors: Barker B. T. P. , Gimingam C. T.
Published: March 2009

In earlier papers (this Journal, vol. IV. pp. 69 and 76) we have detailed the experimental evidence which led us to conclude (1) that the view as to the fungicidal action of Bordeaux mixtures favoured by Pickering, viz. the liberation of copper sulphate by atmospheric carbon dioxide, is untenable; and (2) that contact between the fungus and the copper compound present in the mixture will account largely for its efficiency owing to a solvent action on the part of the organism under certain conditions. Pickering (this Journal, V. p. 273) has criticised our general conclusions and the deductions which we have drawn from certain of our experiments; and therefore before describing our further work on the subject, a brief reference to some of the points which he has raised is desirable.
The shrinkage of soils
Authors: Tempany H. A.
Published: March 2009

1. By determination of the internal pore space in blocks of soils and comparison with the observed value for the linear shrinkage it is found that a linear relationship appears to exist between the two values.

2. By extrapolating the curve thus obtained an approximation for the limiting value of the shrinkage in the case of pure colloidal clay is arrived at amounting to approximately 23 per cent.

3. On this assumption it becomes possible to calculate the approximate content of colloidal material in any soil from a knowledge of the linear shrinkage.

4. Results are adduced, showing the values obtained for the shrinkage in the case of separated fine silt and clay fractions in the case of two soils of known shrinkage and physical composition, and compared with the values calculated from previous assumptions.

5. The results of the calculation of the content of colloidal clay in the foregoing manner in the case of 16 Leeward Islands soils are appended.
Colloidal properties of winter wheat plants in relation to frost resistance
Authors: Newton Robert
Published: March 2009

1. Certain colloidal properties of winter wheat plants have been found to be closely related to frost resistance, and provide indices of hardiness which may have practical application in the breeding and selection of hardy varieties.

2. The imbibition pressure of fresh leaves, in the winter-hardened condition, was found to be in most cases directly related to hardiness.

3. The volume of press-juice obtained per 100 gm. of hardened leaves was inversely proportional to the hardiness of a variety. This volume is largely determined by two hardiness factors, the dry matter content and imbibition pressure of the leaves.

4. When unhardened leaves were used, no relation could be found between imbibition pressure or volume of press-juice and hardiness.

5. The imbibition pressure of hardened leaves appears to depend on the physical state of the cell colloids characteristic of living tissues, since this property was lost when the tissues were killed.

6. The moisture content of hardened tissues tends to be inversely proportional to hardiness. There is some evidence that in hardy varieties it fluctuates less with changes in weather conditions, and a possible explanation of this as a colloidal property is suggested.

7. The quantity of hydrophilic colloids contained in the press-juice, as measured by an effect on the activity of water, was found to be directly proportional to hardiness.
The rapid determination of available phosphate in soil by the coeruleo-molybdate reaction of Denigès
Authors: Atkins W. R. G.
Published: March 2009

1. The coeruleo-molybdate method of Denigès affords a rapid means of estimating phosphates in such dilute solutions as are given by aqueous extracts of soils, 1:5, even when the extract is diluted twenty-fold.

2. High phosphate values were found for bog peats, but the majority of the soils studied gave to the extract phosphate corresponding to under two parts per million of phosphorus pentoxide. Dunged soil gave 20 p.p.m. or more.

3. Extraction for 3–4 hours gives values as high as extraction for 4–7 days with ordinary soils of low phosphate content, but the phosphate of richer soils may undergo a reversion to an insoluble form during prolonged extraction.
An electrical method for the reduction of draught in ploughing
Authors: Crowther Edward M. , Haines William B.
Published: March 2009

An electrical method is suggested for reducing the friction between a metal surface and soil, or other moist substances; and its possible application to soil cultivation is considered.

Large reductions in friction were obtained in laboratory tests with a metallic slider moving over moist soil.

Preliminary tests in the field demonstrated that the draught of a plough was reduced by applying a current between the coulter and the mouldboard. The magnitude of the reduction obtained with this arrangement was too small to have immediate practical value, but the possibility of increasing the effect is discussed.