bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rare recurring balanced chromosome abnormalities in therapy‐related myelodysplastic syndromes and acute leukemia: Report from an International Workshop†
Authors: Block AnneMarie W. , Carroll Andrew J. , Hagemeijer Anne , Lucienne Michaux  , van Lom Kirsten , Olney Harold J. , Baer Maria R.
Published: August 2002

Seventy‐seven patients were identified with Rare recurring (excluding 11q23, 21q22, inv(16), and t(15;17)) chromosome abnormalities among 511 patients with treatment‐related myelodysplastic syndromes and acute leukemia accepted from centers in the United States, Europe, and Japan. The abnormality subsets included 3q21q26 (17 patients), 11p15 (17 patients), t(9;22)(q34;q11) (10 patients), 12p13 (9 patients), t(8;16)(p11;p13) (9 patients), and an “other” subset, which included t(6;9)(p23;q34) (3 patients), t(10;11)(p13;q13∼q21) (3 patients), t(1;17)(p36;q21) (2 patients), t(8;14)(q24;q32) (2 patients), t(11;19)(q13;q13) (2 patients), t(1;3)(p36;q21) (2 patients), and t(3;5)(q21;q31) (1 patient). Increased karyotypic complexity with additional balanced and unbalanced rearrangements was observed in 70% of cases. Among 54 cases with secondary abnormalities, chromosome 5 and/or 7 abnormalities were observed in 59%. The most frequent primary diseases were breast cancer (24 cases), Hodgkin disease (14 cases), non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (10 cases), and de novo ALL (5 cases). Thirty‐seven patients received alkylating agents plus topoisomerase II inhibitors with or without radiation therapy. The presenting diagnosis was t‐AML in 47 cases, t‐MDS in 23 cases (10 progressed to t‐AML), and t‐ALL in seven cases, five of whom had a t(9;22). The median latency time from initiation of original therapy to therapy‐related disease diagnosis was quite long (69 months), and the overall median survival from the date of therapy‐related disease diagnosis was very short (7 months). The 1‐year survival rate was 34 ± 7%, with no significant differences among subsets. Comparison with previously reported cases showed increased karyotypic complexity and adult presentation of pediatric‐associated chromosome abnormalities. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Refinement within single yeast artificial chromosome clones of a minimal region commonly deleted on the short arm of chromosome 7 in Wilms tumours
Authors: Perotti Daniela , Testi M. Adele , Mondini Patrizia , Pilotti Silvana , Green Eric D. , Pession Annalisa , Sozzi Gabriella , Pierotti Marco A. , Fossati‐Bellani Franca , Radice Paolo
Published: August 2002

Cytogenetic and molecular data indicate an involvement of genes mapped to the proximal portion of the short arm of chromosome 7 (7p) in Wilms tumours (WTs). We have analysed 38 WTs using a panel of eight microsatellite markers mapped to proximal 7p. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in tumour, compared with matched constitutional DNA, was identified in eight cases. To define better the minimal region commonly deleted in these tumours, they were analysed with nine additional markers, mapped within the region of interest. One tumour (case 30) showed LOH for only one marker (D7S510), while maintaining heterozygosity for the two immediately flanking loci (D7S555 and D7S668). This result was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis, which showed that in the majority (65%) of nuclei from tumour 30 hybridising with a bacterial artificial chromosome clone containing the D7S510 locus, only one signal was visible. Noticeably, both markers defining the limits of the observed deleted region are simultaneously present within two distinct overlapping yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones mapped to chromosome bands 7p13–p14. This suggests that the maximum length of the missing DNA fragment was approximately 1.3 Mb, corresponding to the length of the smaller of the two YAC clones. In all other cases that showed LOH, the deletion encompassed the 7p13–p14 region. For this reason, we speculate that the identified interval contains a gene whose inactivation is important for the development of at least a fraction of WTs. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ALK probe rearrangement in a t(2;11;2)(p23;p15;q31) translocation found in a prenatal myofibroblastic fibrous lesion: Toward a molecular definition of an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor family?
Authors: Sirvent Nicolas , Hawkins Anita L. , Moeglin Daniel , Coindre Jean‐Michel , Kurzenne Jean‐Yves , Michiels Jean‐François , Barcelo Gisèle , Turc‐Carel Claude , Griffin Constance A. , Pedeutour Florence
Published: August 2002

A prenatal tumor located in the lumbar paravertebral area was discovered during a routine ultrasound examination at 32 weeks of pregnancy and surgically removed at 4 months of life. The histopathological diagnosis was first suggested to be an infantile desmoid fibromatosis. The tumor karyotype showed a three‐way translocation involving both chromosomes 2 and a chromosome 11, t(2;11;2)(p23;p15;q31). Fluorescence in situ hybridization with a probe flanking the ALK gene at 2p23 demonstrated a rearrangement, as previously described in inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs). In light of the genetic analysis, the histopathological diagnosis was revised to IMT, although inflammatory cells were scarce. IMTs are pseudosarcomatous inflammatory lesions that primarily occur in the soft tissue and viscera of children and young adults. Our report describes for the first time the occurrence of IMT during prenatal life. The ALK rearrangement may represent the molecular definition of a subgroup of mesenchymal tumors, not always with complete morphological features of IMT, similar to the model of EWS rearrangement in the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromosome 21 abnormalities with AML1 amplification in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Busson‐Le Coniat Maryvonne , Khac Florence Nguyen , Daniel Marie‐Thèrése , Bernard Olivier A. , Berger Roland
Published: August 2002

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies were performed in three cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with marker chromosomes to analyze the contribution of chromosome 21 in these markers. FISH with a chromosome 21 painting probe confirmed that chromosome 21 was involved in all three cases. FISH with YAC probes showed that the number of extra copies varied according to their location on chromosome 21. Attention was focused on the AML1 gene, which was present as five copies in most of the cells exhibiting the marker chromosomes. As controls, 11 cases of childhood ALL were studied with PAC probes covering AML1. The results agreed with the banded karyotypes in 10 patients. FISH uncovered a clone with four copies of AML1 which were only observed by FISH analysis of interphase nuclei in one patient. No point mutation was detected in exons 3–5, encoding the runt domain of AML1, in the three cases, suggesting an oncogenic role of wild‐type AML1 amplification. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
True and false positive peaks in genomewide scans: The long and the short of it
Authors: Visscher Peter , Haley Chris
Published: August 2002

When performing a genome scan in linkage or linkage disequilibrium studies to detect loci underlying complex or quantitative traits, it is important to attempt to distinguish between true and false positives using the appropriate statistical methods. There has been some controversy in the literature regarding the use of the length of a positive peak, i.e., the length of a chromosome region displaying identity‐by‐descent in linkage studies among affected individuals or the length of a continuous chromosome region for which the test statistic is above a certain threshold. We show in this study, by reasoning and by simulation studies, that conditional on the strength of evidence for a locus affecting a trait of interest, i.e., conditional on the peak height of a test statistic, there is no information in the length of the peak. Our finding has implications for linkage and association studies. Genet. Epidemiol. 20:409–414, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mixture models for linkage analysis of affected sibling pairs and covariates
Authors: Devlin B. , Jones Bobby L. , Bacanu Silviu‐Alin , Roeder Kathryn
Published: August 2002

To determine the genetic etiology of complex diseases, a common study design is to recruit affected sib/relative pairs (ASP/ARP) and evaluate their genome‐wide distribution of identical by descent (IBD) sharing using a set of highly polymorphic markers. Other attributes or environmental exposures of the ASP/ARP, which are thought to affect liability to disease, are sometimes collected. Conceivably, these covariates could refine the linkage analysis. Most published methods for ASP/ARP linkage with covariates can be conceptualized as logistic models in which IBD status of the ASP is predicted by pair‐specific covariates. We develop a different approach to the problem of ASP analysis in the presence of covariates, one that extends naturally to ARP under certain conditions. For ASP linkage analysis, we formulate a mixture model in which a disease mutation is segregating in only a fraction α of the sibships, with 1 – α sibships being unlinked. Covariate information is used to predict membership within groups; in this report, the two groups correspond to the linked and unlinked sibships. For an ASP with covariate(s) Z = z and multilocus genotype X = x, the mixture model is α(z)g(x; λ) + [1 – α(z)]g0(x), in which g0(x) follows the distribution of genotypes under the null IBD distribution and g(x; λ) allows for increased IBD sharing. Two mixture models are developed. The pre‐clustering model uses covariate information to form probabilistic clusters and then tests for excess IBD sharing independent of the covariates. The Cov‐IBD model determines probabilistic group membership by joint consideration of covariate and IBD values. Simulations show that incorporating covariates into linkage analysis can enhance power substantially. A feature of our conceptualization of ASP linkage analysis, with covariates, is that it is apparent how data analysis might evaluate covariates prior to the linkage analysis, thus avoiding the loss of power described by Leal and Ott [2000] when data are stratified. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:52–65, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
pH‐sensitive inwardly rectifying chloride current in cultured rat cortical astrocytes
Authors: Makara Judit K. , Petheö Gábor L. , Tóth Attila , Spät András
Published: August 2002

The effect of pHo on plasma membrane chloride current of cultured rat cortical astrocytes was investigated using the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique. In the presence of intra‐ and extracellular solutions with symmetrical high Cl− content and K+ channel inhibitors, the cells exhibited an inwardly rectifying current. The current activated slowly at potentials negative to −40 mV and did not display time‐dependent inactivation. The current was inhibited by 0.1 mM Cd2+, 0.1 mM Zn2+, 1 mM 9‐anthracene‐carboxylic acid, and 0.2 mM 5‐nitro‐2‐(3‐phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid, but not by 10 mM Ba2+ or 3 mM Cs+. Reversal potential of the current followed the chloride equilibrium potential and was not influenced by changes in K+ or Na+ concentration. The inwardly rectifying chloride current was augmented by extracellular acidosis and reduced by alkalosis. The pH sensitivity was most pronounced in the physiologically relevant pHo range of 6.9–7.9. Lowering pH to 6.4 induced no additional increase in steady‐state current amplitude compared with pHo 6.9, but it substantially slowed the activation kinetics. According to its kinetic and pharmacological properties this chloride current is similar to that found in cultured rat astrocytes after long‐term treatment with dibutyryl‐cAMP, however, in our cultures it was consistently expressed without any treatment with the drug. Considering that astrocytes possess carbonic anhydrase and Cl−/HCO3− antiporter, this current may participate in the regulation of the interstitial and astrocyte pH. GLIA 34:52–58, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serum deprivation and NGF induce and modulate voltage‐gated Na+ currents in human astrocytoma cell lines
Authors: Kraft Robert , Basrai Daniel , Benndorf Klaus , Patt Stephan
Published: August 2002

Glial tumor cells derived from primary tissue express large voltage‐gated Na+ currents, whereas glioma cell lines usually lack this feature. We studied the effect of serum deprivation on the expression of Na+ currents in two astrocytoma cell lines (1321N1 and A172). Serum deprivation for more than 2 days sufficed to induce large Na+ currents in both cell lines; 300 nM of the specific blocker of voltage‐gated Na+ channels, tetrodotoxin, blocked these currents by about 85%. During serum deprivation, the cells also underwent morphological changes that were characterized by cell rounding and outgrowth of processes. Treatment with 100 ng/ml nerve growth factor (NGF) promoted these morphological changes and also accelerated the development of Na+ currents. In 1321N1 cells, NGF increased the Na+ current density after short serum deprivation (3–6 d) and changed several gating properties after longer serum deprivation (9–13 d). In comparison with cells from the early culture stage (3–6 d), the steady‐state inactivation of the Na+ current was shifted by −24 mV in NGF‐treated cells from the late (9–13 d) culture stage. In untreated cells, this shift was only −13 mV. NGF accelerated the kinetics of inactivation and shifted the current‐voltage relationship in cells from the late culture stage by −14 mV. In A172 cells, most of these effects were present already after short serum deprivation either in presence or absence of NGF. It is concluded that in astrocytoma cells, Na+ currents are induced by serum deprivation and are modulated by NGF. This result supports the idea that NFG controls Na+ currents in these cells by autocrine stimulation. GLIA 34:59–67, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Astrocytes contribute to neuronal impairment in βA toxicity increasing apoptosis in rat hippocampal neurons
Authors: Malchiodi‐Albedi Fiorella , Domenici Maria Rosaria , Paradisi Silvia , Bernardo Antonietta , Ajmone‐Cat Maria Antonietta , Minghetti Luisa
Published: August 2002

Astrocytosis is a common feature of amyloid plaques, the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), along with activated microglia, neurofibrillary tangles, and β‐amyloid (βA) deposition. However, the relationship between astrocytosis and neurodegeneration remains unclear. To assess whether βA‐stimulated astrocytes can damage neurons and contribute to βA neurotoxicity, we studied the effects of βA treatment in astrocytic/neuronal co‐cultures, obtained from rat embryonic brain tissue. We found that in neuronal cultures conditioned by βA‐treated astrocytes, but not directly in contact with βA, the number of apoptotic cells increased, doubling the values of controls. In astrocytes, βA did not cause astrocytic cell death, nor did produce changes in nitric oxide or prostaglandin E2 levels. In contrast, S‐100β expression was remarkably increased. Our data show for the first time that βA–astrocytic interaction produces a detrimental effect on neurons, which may contribute to neurodegeneration in AD. GLIA 34:68–72, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extrapyramidal signs and cognitive abilities in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Caligiuri Michael P. , Peavy Guerry , Galasko Douglas R.
Published: August 2002

Objective

To evaluate whether the relationship between extrapyramidal signs (EPS) and cognitive disturbances in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is influenced by illness duration.

Methods

A multivariate regression analysis was used to study the relationships between EPS, illness duration and five cognitive ability areas based on the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) in 89 clinically diagnosed AD patients with extrapyramidal motor involvement.

Results

Severity of EPS was statistically associated with performance on four cognitive ability areas from the DRS including: attention, initiation and perseveration, construction and memory. Age was a significant factor related to severity of EPS. However illness duration did not contribute to the strength of the association between EPS and cognitive disturbances in patients with AD.

Conclusions

The findings of the present study support the notion that while neuropsychological and motor functions often coexist in patients with AD, their relationship seems to be unrelated to degenerative processes that accumulate throughout the illness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depressive symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Purandare Nitin , Burns Alistair , Craig Sarah , Faragher Brian , Scott Kathy
Published: August 2002

Objectives

A comparison was made between the depressive symptom profiles of thirty patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) who did not have co‐existing depression and thirty patients with major depression who did not have co‐existing dementia. The main objective was to identify symptoms common to both disorders and those which may be able to differentiate AD from major depression.

Method

A sample of patients suffering from either AD (n = 30) or major depression (n = 30) were recruited from a specialist old age psychiatry service. Depressive symptoms were profiled using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).

Results

Depressive symptoms were present in AD in the absence of coexistent major depression. Certain depressive symptoms from all the three scales such as sadness, diurnal variation in mood and early or late insomnia were able to differentiate the two disorders with almost 90% accuracy while symptoms such as irritability, retardation and weight loss were common to both and were unable to differentiate the two.

Conclusion

Depressive symptoms occur in AD when co‐existing depression is ruled out. Their recognition has implications for the diagnosis of major depression in these patients. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity of prefrontal cortex to changes in target probability: A functional MRI study
Authors: Casey B. J. , Forman Steven D. , Franzen Peter , Berkowitz Aaron , Braver Todd S. , Nystrom Leigh E. , Thomas Kathleen M. , Noll Douglas C.
Published: August 2002

Electrophysiological studies suggest sensitivity of the prefrontal cortex to changes in the probability of an event. The purpose of this study was to determine if subregions of the prefrontal cortex respond differentially to changes in target probabilities using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Ten right‐handed adults were scanned using a gradient‐echo, echo planar imaging sequence during performance of an oddball paradigm. Subjects were instructed to respond to any letter but “X”. The frequency of targets (i.e., any letter but X) varied across trials. The results showed that dorsal prefrontal regions were active during infrequent events and ventral prefrontal regions were active during frequent events. Further, we observed an inverse relation between the dorsal and ventral prefrontal regions such that when activity in dorsal prefrontal regions increased, activity in ventral prefrontal regions decreased, and vice versa. This finding may index competing cognitive processes or capacity limitations. Most importantly, these findings taken as a whole suggest that any simple theory of prefrontal cortex function must take into account the sensitivity of this region to changes in target probability. Hum. Brain Mapping 13:26–33, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactions of benzeneselenyl and benzenesulfenyl chlorides with syn‐ and anti‐9,9′‐bibenzonorbornenylidenes
Authors: Noda Koichi , Sugihara Yoshiaki , Nakayama Juzo
Published: August 2002

Reaction of syn‐9,9′‐bibenzonorbornenylidene (1a) with benzeneselenyl chloride produced vic‐dichloride (4) exclusively, which corresponds to the cis‐addition product of 1a with molecular chlorine, with retention of the original alkene configuration. Moreover, the reaction of anti‐9,9′‐bibenzonorbornenylidene (1b) with benzeneselenyl chloride gave the same vic‐dichloride (4) exclusively with inversion of the original alkene configuration. No expected benzeneselenyl chloride adducts were formed in both cases. On the other hand, reactions of 1a and 1b with benzenesulfenyl chloride only resulted in the syn–anti isomerization of the alkenes without any adduct formation. Mechanisms of these reactions are discussed in some detail. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:625–629, 2001
Reactions of transiently formed nitrilium phosphanylide chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten complexes with heterocumulenes
Authors: Streubel Rainer , Neumann Christoph
Published: August 2002

Thermal decomposition of the 2H‐azaphosphirene metal complexes 1a–c in the presence of 1‐piperidinecarbonitrile and heterocumulene derivatives 3, 4, and 5 yielded the Δ3‐1,3,2‐oxazaphospholene complexes 6c and the Δ3‐1,3,2‐thiazaphospholene complexes 7a–c as isolable products; the latter represent the first complexes of this ring system. It is remarkable that these trapping reactions of the nitrilium phosphanylide complexes 2a–c, which were formed as reactive intermediates, proceeded with high regio‐ and substrate selectivities. The complexes were isolated by column chromatography and characterized by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:72–76, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hc.1108
Private and social time preferences for health and money: an empirical estimation
Authors: Lazaro Angelina , Barberan Ramon , Rubio Encarnacion
Published: August 2002

The main objective of this paper is to examine the relationship between individual time preference for health and money. To that end, we tested whether individuals discount their own health at the same rate as their own money and, similarly, whether they discount social health in the same terms as social money. To offer private and social money and health choices is, to the best of our knowledge, new in the literature on the estimation of time preferences and, in our view, represents a valid way in which to respond to the question of the uniform or differential discount of health, as against monetary, consequences. The results of our estimation suggest that a sample of students exhibit higher time preference rates for health than money, this being the case when the exchanges are both private and public. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general model of the impact of absenteeism on employers and employees
Authors: Pauly Mark V. , Nicholson Sean , Xu Judy , Polsky Dan , Danzon Patricia M. , Murray James F. , Berger Marc L.
Published: August 2002

Most studies on the indirect costs of an illness and the cost effectiveness of a medical intervention or employer‐sponsored wellness program assume that the value of reducing the number of days employees miss from work due to illness is the wage rate. This paper presents a general model to examine the magnitude and incidence of costs associated with absenteeism under alternative assumptions regarding the size of the firm, the production function, the nature of the firm's product, and the competitiveness of the labor market. We conclude that the cost of lost work time can be substantially higher than the wage when perfect substitutes are not available to replace absent workers and there is team production or a penalty associated with not meeting an output target. In the long run, workers are likely to bear much of the incidence of the costs associated with absenteeism, and therefore be the likely beneficiaries of any reduction in absenteeism. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resurfacing of the nasopharynx after nasopharyngectomy using a free radial forearm flap
Authors: Khoo Mark L. C. , Soo Khee‐Chee , Gullane Patrick J , Neligan Peter C , Hong Soo‐Wan , Lee Julian C. Y. , Siow Jin‐Keat
Published: August 2002

Background

Nasopharyngectomy is emerging as an important treatment option for salvaging locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). After nasopharyngectomy, resurfacing the nasopharynx and covering the internal carotid artery is important to minimize the risk of infection, osteoradionecrosis, and carotid rupture. Previous authors have advocated the use of free grafts of skin and mucosa for this purpose but have also described significant rates of partial and total graft failure.

Methods

We believe that the best and most reliable way to resurface the nasopharynx is with vascularized tissue, and our preference is for the use of a free radial forearm flap. To illustrate our approach, we present two patients who underwent nasopharyngectomy by means of a maxillary swing approach and who had resurfacing of the surgical defect with a free radial forearm flap.

Results

Both patients had complete en bloc resection of tumor followed by the insetting of a free radial forearm flap to reline the surgical defect. Both flaps remained completely viable, and both patients achieved successful resurfacing of the entire nasopharynx. The morbidity of surgery was minimal, and there were no perioperative complications. On assessment 1 year later, the free radial forearm flap continues to reline the entire neonasopharynx, and the long‐term functional recovery after surgery is excellent.

Conclusion

Resurfacing the nasopharynx after nasopharyngectomy with a free radial forearm flap aids healing and minimizes the risk of complications. The morbidity of surgery is minimal and the functional recovery is excellent.23: © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 916–922, 2001.
Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs inhibit telomerase activity in head and neck squamous carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Thurnher Dietmar , Bakroeva Maia , Formanek Michael , Knerer Birgit , Kornfehl Johannes
Published: August 2002

Background

Antiproliferative effects in neoplastic cells of different origin have been attributed to non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) during the past few decades.

Methods

We tested the influence of NSAIDs and hydrocor‐tisone on cell lines derived from head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) and on normal oral mucosal keratinocytes. Cell numbers were assayed by cell counting, proliferation, telomerase activity with a colorimetric assay, and cell cycle distribution by flow cytometry.

Results

In the neoplastic cell lines indomethacin and ibuprofen caused a dose‐dependent reduction of cell numbers and telomerase activity without altering cell viability and increased the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase. In normal oral mucosal keratinocytes, only minor effects could be detected in response to NSAIDs and hydrocortisone.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate that NSAIDs have activity against HNSCC cells in vitro and may have clinical applications in combination with other therapeutic regimens. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 1049–1055, 2001.
Effects of virtual lighting on visual performance and eye fatigue
Authors: Duffy Vincent G. , Chan Alan H.S.
Published: August 2002

This study is designed to determine whether differences in eye fatigue and visual performance can be shown under varying virtual industrial lighting conditions. It is based on the results of studies of more traditional video display terminal (VDT) tasks reported in the literature. One experiment was designed to determine if the effects of virtual lighting on eye fatigue and visual performance in a simulated virtual industrial environment are similar to some other VDT tasks with varying luminance contrast. Results of a test of 20 participants in a vigilance task show that there is a significant difference in performance and eye fatigue in the virtual environment with varying virtual light conditions. These results may help designers see that performance in some virtual “lighting” conditions, for some tasks, is consistent with that in the real. However, due to the difficulties of determining the appropriate virtual objects to be considered for the luminance measures, additional research is needed to be able to generalize the results to other industrial training scenarios. A second experiment was intended to test for the luminance decrement in a VDT that was shown in recent literature. The results would have potential implications for the experiment that included a vigilance task. However, the results showed that the luminance decrement demonstrated in recent literature did not occur. These results suggest that the equipment used in the present experiments should not cause difficulty in interpreting the results of the vigilance task. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ergonomics and quality in paced assembly lines
Authors: Lin L. , Drury C.G. , Kim S.‐W.
Published: August 2002

The aim of this industrial study was to measure relationships between workstation ergonomics and product quality. Quality on two paced manual assembly lines for disposable cameras was measured by the number of defects per week at each workstation. Two ergonomic variables, the time required for the task and the postural deficiencies, were together able to predict over 50% of the quality variance on each assembly line. This study shows the direct effect of ergonomics variables on quality results. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An analysis of chemical loads and forms in overland flow from dairy pasture in South Australia
Authors: Fleming N. K. , Cox J. W. , Chittleborough D. J. , Dyson C. B.
Published: August 2002

Two adjacent subcatchments on soils with very strong texture contrast between the A soil horizons (sandy loam texture) and B soil horizons (clay texture) in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia were instrumented to collect overland and subsurface flow from dairy pasture. Subcatchments were defined by exclusion drains in the upper reaches and stainless steel barriers at the lower boundary. Water samples were analysed for 20 different chemical fractions. Chemical loads were examined in order to determine relationships among simple empirical event and site characteristics, and between chemical fractions. All but five of the chemical fractions could be separated into one of two clear groups using a statistical technique based on the magnitude of simple correlation coefficients. The two groups consisted of either dissolved or particulate fractions. The clear separation into these groups is consistent with the majority of chemical fractions moving from pasture by one of only two processes. Simple empirical variables in a multiple regression explained a high proportion of variation in chemical loads in runoff water. These findings may have major implications in the modelling and prediction of chemical loads in runoff from agricultural catchments and the setting of environmental limits, in simplifying chemical loss predictions by adding a nutrient loss module to runoff volume predictions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dynamics of unattached benthic macroalgal accumulations in the Swan–Canning Estuary
Authors: Astill Helen , Lavery Paul S.
Published: August 2002

It has been suggested that macroalgal accumulations may impact on benthic nutrient cycling by promoting remineralization of sedimentary nutrients, otherwise inaccessible, and act as sinks/sources for dissolved nutrients in the water column. However, little consideration has been given to the time taken for these impacts to occur, and if accumulations persist long enough in a region for impacts to occur. In this study, accumulations were characterized seasonally, according to biomass, height relative to water depth, and organic content of the underlying sediment, from November 1996 to August 1997, in the Swan–Canning Estuary. Persistence of accumulations was measured from late summer to mid‐winter in 1997, by tagging individual plants and recording the time tagged plants persisted at 10 sites. In summer 1998, physicochemical profiles of accumulations were measured over 24 h, at two locations: one with relatively low sediment organic content (SOCn) (1·5% LOI) and one with relatively high SOC (6% LOI).

Accumulations rarely exceeded 25 cm in height, regardless of water column depth, and ranged between 100 and 500 g dwt m−2. Macroalgae persisted between one week, in relatively well‐flushed regions, to one month in areas with poor flushing. Over the entire diurnal period, almost 100% of incident light was attenuated at the bottom of all accumulations. Dissolved oxygen levels at the bottom of accumulations were generally depressed, particularly at night, with hypoxia (1 mg l−1) recorded at the high SOC site at 03 : 00 h. No significant differences in FRP concentrations (approximately 30–60 µg l−1) were recorded between sites, or within accumulation profiles. Ammonium levels were greatly raised inside accumulations at the high SOC site by 03 : 00 h (10 and 300 µg l−1, inside and outside, respectively). The results show that, where SOC is high, conditions within accumulations are affected. Impacts occurred within 24 h; well within the period for which accumulations persist. These results also indicate that regulation of hydrological regimes in estuarine systems may result in increased persistence of macroalgal accumulations, and associated water quality problems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nutrient transport to the Swan–Canning Estuary, Western Australia
Authors: Peters Norman E. , Donohue Robert
Published: August 2002

Catchment nutrient availability in Western Australia is primarily controlled by the disposal of animal waste and the type and rate of fertilizer application, particularly on the relatively narrow (∼25 km wide), sandy coastal plain. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and fluxes during the wet season of 15 tributaries, including four urban drains to the Swan–Canning Estuary, were evaluated from 1986 to 1992 and additionally concentrations only were evaluated throughout the year from 1993 to 1996. Concentrations of filtered reactive P (FRP) and total P (TP) were generally low, with the volume‐weighted means for all sites being 0·06 mg l−1 and 0·12 mg l−1 respectively. The urban drains had higher TP concentrations (volume‐weighted mean of 0·21 mg l−1) than the streams (0·12 mg l−1), with the high concentrations associated with particulate matter. Total inorganic N (TIN, NH4N plus NO3N) and total N (TN), which is of interest to eutrophic status of the N‐limited estuary, were likewise low, compared with other developed areas having a similar climate. Both TIN and TN were higher in the urban drains (0·76 mg l−1 and 1·5 mg l−1 respectively) than the streams (0·31 mg l−1 and 1·2 mg l−1 respectively). The Avon River, which drains 98·5% of the 121 000 km2 catchment area, contributes most of the N (0·03 kg ha−1 year−1 or 65%) and a high percentage of the P (<0·01 kg ha−1 year−1 or 32%) to the estuaries. The Avon River nutrient fluxes are much less than other tributaries closer to the estuary. The coastal plain receives significantly higher rainfall (1,200 mm year−1) and has more intense horticulture and animal production than inland areas (<300 mm year−1). Annual rainfall is seasonal, occurring primarily from May through December. The surficial aquifers on the coastal plain generally are sandy with a low nutrient retention capacity, and rapidly transmit soluble and colloidal material in subsurface flow. Ellen Brook, on the coastal plain, drains pastures treated with superphosphate and has the highest FRP (0·51 mg l−1), TP (0·7 mg l−1) and TN (2·1 mg l−1) of any tributary to the estuary. The coastal plain is also undergoing urbanization, particularly in areas adjacent to the estuary. Nutrients are subsequently available for transport during the onset of seasonal wet weather. Perennial baseflow from urban areas is an important source of nutrients. Water yield from the urban areas was high, being as much as 50% of annual rainfall. The timing of the nutrients delivered by the tributaries may be an important control on estuarine ecology. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of alternating different water qualities on accumulation and leaching of solutes in a Mediterranean cracking soil
Authors: Crescimanno G. , Provenzano G. , Booltink H. W. G.
Published: August 2002

The relevance of bypass flow on water flow, solute or pesticide transport is becoming increasingly recognized. Recent investigations proved that soil salinization may be influenced by bypass flow, i.e. the rapid transport of water and solutes via macropores and/or shrinkage cracks to subsoil and groundwater. This paper explores the role of bypass flow in the process of accumulation and leaching of solutes, as well as of sodium, in a Mediterranean cracking soil irrigated with saline/sodic waters. The results of bypass flow experiments performed on undisturbed soil cores showed that leaching of solutes occurred in concomitance with bypass fluxes when a low salinity solution was alternated with a high salinity solution. Exchange of solutes between the incoming solution and the soil matrix occurred during the bypass flow events at the contact surfaces (cracks walls) between the solution and the soil matrix and where cracks terminated in the soil samples. Concomitant exchanges of sodium were indicated by measurements performed in the effluent solution during the bypass flow measurements. The amount of Sodium released from the soil during the bypass flow events, as well as that of the soluble salts leached from the soil, were found to depend on the degree of soil cracking. These results indicated that:

in management of irrigation in cracking soils, under the occurrence of bypass fluxes, alternating a low salinity/sodicity water with a high salinity/sodicity solution can be effective for preventing salinization and sodification:

greater efficiency of removal of sodium/soluble salts can be obtained if application of the leaching solution is performed when the soil is at a considerable degree of cracking.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting floodplain boundary changes following the Cerro Grande wildfire
Authors: McLin Stephen G. , Springer Everett P. , Lane Leonard J.
Published: August 2002

A combined ArcView GIS–HEC modelling application for floodplain analysis of pre‐ and post‐burned watersheds is described. The burned study area is located on Pajarito Plateau near Los Alamos National Laboratory (the Laboratory), where the Cerro Grande Wildfire burned 42 878 acres (17 352 ha) in May 2000. This area is dominated by rugged mountains that are dissected by numerous steep canyons having both ephemeral and perennial channel reaches. Vegetation consists of pinon–juniper woodlands located between 6000 and 7000 ft (1829–2134 m) above mean sea level (MSL), and Ponderosa pine stands between 7000 and 10000 ft MSL (2134–3048 m). Approximately 17% of the burned area is located within the Laboratory, and the remainder is located in upstream or adjacent watersheds. Pre‐burn floodplains were previously mapped in 1990–91 using early HEC models as part of the hazardous waste site permitting process. Precipitation and stream gauge data provide essential information characterizing rainfall–runoff relationships before and after the fire. They also provide a means of monitoring spatial and temporal changes as forest recovery progresses. The 2000 summer monsoon began in late June and provided several significant runoff events for model calibration. HEC–HMS modelled responses were sequentially refined so that observed and predicted hydrograph peaks were matched at numerous channel locations. The 100 year, 6 h design storm was eventually used to predict peak hydrographs at critical sites. These results were compared with pre‐fire simulations so that new flood‐prone areas could be systematically identified. Stream channel cross‐sectional geometries were extracted from a gridded 1 ft (0·3 m) digital elevation model (DEM) using ArcView GIS. Then floodpool topwidths, depths, and flow velocities were remapped using the HEC–RAS model. Finally, numerous surveyed channel sections were selectively made at crucial sites for DEM verification. These evaluations provided timely guidance that influenced the decision to construct several flood detention structures that were completed in September 2000. Published in 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Status of c‐erbB‐2 in gastric adenocarcinoma: A comparative study of immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization and enzyme‐linked immuno‐sorbent assay
Authors: Takehana Takuo , Kunitomo Kazuyoshi , Kono Koji , Kitahara Fumiaki , Iizuka Hidehiko , Matsumoto Yoshiro , Fujino Masayuki A. , Ooi Akishi
Published: August 2002

c‐erb‐2 amplification and overexpression are currently attracting a great deal of attention because a new adjuvant therapy using an antibody against the c‐erbB‐2 gene product, trastuzumab (Herceptin; Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA), has proved effective in treating breast cancer with amplification and/or overexpression of c‐erbB‐2. Aberrations of c‐erbB‐2 have also been detected in ovarian, endometrial and gastric carcinomas at varied frequencies. Amplification of the c‐erbB‐2 locus (17q12‐q21.32), overexpression of c‐erbB‐2 protein (p185) and serum levels of soluble c‐erbB‐2 protein fragments (p105) were examined in gastric cancer patients using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunohistochemistry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Overexpression of c‐erbB‐2 protein was found in 29 (8.2%) of the 352 gastric carcinomas analyzed. In FISH analysis, all tumors with 3+ immunostaining and 1 of 5 tumors with 2+ staining showed high‐level amplification of c‐erbB‐2. Pre‐operative serum p105 was quantified in serum specimens from 129 patients with gastric cancer and 28 patients with benign diseases. There were no significant differences in the serum p105 levels among 11 patients with c‐erbB‐2‐overexpressing carcinomas, 118 patients with c‐erbB‐2 non‐overexpressing carcinomas and 28 controls, although a single case of gastric carcinoma overexpressing c‐erbB‐2 with extensive liver metastasis had a higher level than the cut‐off value. The mechanisms of overexpression of p185 and high‐level amplification of c‐erbB‐2 in gastric adenocarcinomas seem similar to those well‐established in breast cancers. Patients having gastric adenocarcinoma with c‐erbB‐2 amplification are potential candidates for a new adjuvant therapy using humanized monoclonal antibody. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phage display particles expressing tumor‐specific antigens induce preventive and therapeutic anti‐tumor immunity in murine p815 model
Authors: Wu Yuzhang , Wan Ying , Bian Jiang , Zhao Jianping , Jia ZhengCai , Zhou Liyun , Zhou Wei , Tan Yang
Published: August 2002

The efficacy of phage display particles expressing tumor antigen P1A35‐43 in inducing protective and therapeutic anti‐tumor immune responses were studied. A protective immune response against a lethal progressive P815 mastocytoma tumor cell challenge was established after subcutaneous injection of phage display particles. Furthermore, the vaccine suppressed growth of pre‐existing tumors. Immunization with the hybrid phage particles elicited P1A35–43 specific CTL responses and a Th1‐dominated immune response with phage particle‐specific secretion of IFN‐γ but not IL‐4. Our results indicate that phage display particles might be a useful vaccine form for tumor‐associated antigen epitopes in tumor immunotherapy. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accumulating populations: bodies, institutions and space
Authors: Philo Chris
Published: August 2002

This paper makes a contribution to the conceptual basis of population geography by introducing ideas from the French thinker, Michel Foucault, concerning the spatial strategies integral to how populations are managed at the micro‐scale of institutions such as prisons. These ideas derive from Foucault's writing in Discipline and Punish (1977), and they are the antecedents of his later ideas about ‘biopolitics’, ‘biopower’ and ‘governmentality’ which are already beginning to interest a few population geographers. The relevant passages from Discipline and Punish are explored, and attention is also paid to what Foucault argued here about broader demographic and economic trends framing the late‐eighteenth century origins of both modern prisons and, seen here as their close relation, the factories of industrial capitalism. A route into Foucault's ideas is piloted through a review of a book by the sociologist Nathan Kantrowitz, Close Control, which, while never referencing Foucault, clearly demonstrates how one particular Illinois prison entailed a definite exercise in ‘applied micro‐population geography’ through which discipline was imposed on its institutionalised population. By moving between Close Control and Discipline and Punish, the paper sketches out materials which complement the long‐standing concern of population geographers for the techniques whereby states and other authorities (e.g. churches) seek to manage the dynamics of national, regional and local human populations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In catheter infections by Staphylococcus epidermidis the intercellular adhesion (ica) locus is a molecular marker of the virulent slime‐producing strains
Authors: Arciola Carla Renata , Baldassarri Lucilla , Montanaro Lucio
Published: August 2002

Recently, it has been shown that S. epidermidis includes the ica operon responsible for slime production. In the operon, coexpression of icaA and icaD genes is required for full slime synthesis. In this study, the presence of icaA and icaD genes was searched for in a collection of 100 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains from catheter‐associated infections by an original PCR method. Another 51 strains of S. epidermidis isolated from the skin or mucosa of healthy volunteers (26 of which derived from the hospital staff) were also investigated. Slime‐forming ability was phenotypically tested on Congo red agar plates. Sixty‐one percent of the strains isolated from catheters were icaA‐ icaD‐positive and produced slime. The results indicate that detection of ica genes by a PCR method is a useful tool for prompt identification of S. epidermidis slime‐forming strains isolated from catheter‐related infections. Also, three saprophytic strains from the hospital staff were positive for slime synthesis and presence of ica genes, suggesting a potential diffusion of slime‐forming strains in hospital personnel. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 557–562, 2002
Control of surface mineralization using collagen fibrils
Authors: Tong Weidong , Eppell Steven J.
Published: August 2002

Surface structure in the form of roughness and organized patterning can affect osteoblastic adhesion and proliferation. This study investigates the effect of reconstituted collagen fibrils on the deposition pattern of a homogeneous inorganic mineral (sodium chloride). The patterns were monitored from nanometer to millimeter scales using atomic force and light microscopies. Initially, mineral deposits formed blocks following the contour of the collagen fibrils. At later times, dendritic structures formed. This demonstrates that collagen fibrils can affect the surface deposition pattern of saline minerals. It is also shown that collagen fibril diameter and the stoichiometry of the inorganic and organic phases effect the surface distribution of minerals. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 61: 346–353, 2002