bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blueberry supplementation attenuates microglial activation in hippocampal intraocular grafts to aged hosts
Authors: Willis Lauren M. , Freeman Linnea , Bickford Paula C. , Quintero E. Matthew , Umphlet Claudia D. , Moore Alfred B. , Goetzl Laura , Granholm Ann‐Charlotte
Published: December 2009

Transplantation of central nervous tissue has been proposed as a therapeutic intervention for age‐related neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. However, survival of embryonic neuronal cells is hampered by detrimental factors in the aged host brain such as circulating inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. We have previously found that supplementation with 2% blueberry in the diet increases graft growth and neuronal survival in intraocular hippocampal grafts to aged hosts. In the present study we explored possible biochemical mechanisms for this increased survival, and we here report decreased microglial activation and astrogliosis in intraocular hippocampal grafts to middle‐aged hosts fed a 2% blueberry diet. Markers for astrocytes and for activated microglial cells were both decreased long‐term after grafting to blueberry‐treated hosts compared with age‐matched rats on a control diet. Similar findings were obtained in the host brain, with a reduction in OX‐6 immunoreactive microglial cells in the hippocampus of those recipients treated with blueberry. In addition, immunoreactivity for the pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐6 was found to be significantly attenuated in intraocular grafts by the 2% blueberry diet. These studies demonstrate direct effects of blueberry upon microglial activation both during isolated conditions and in the aged host brain and suggest that this nutraceutical can attenuate age‐induced inflammation. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ammonia triggers exocytotic release of L‐glutamate from cultured rat astrocytes
Authors: Görg Boris , Morwinsky Anke , Keitel Verena , Qvartskhava Natalia , Schrör Karsten , Häussinger Dieter
Published: December 2009

Ammonia toxicity to the brain involves NMDA receptor overactivation and glutamate excitotoxicity. The mechanisms underlying glutamate release from astrocytes in response to ammonia were addressed in this study. In cultured rat astrocytes, glutamate immunoreactivity (IR) was punctate and partly colocalized with transfected VAMP2‐YFP. NH4Cl (5 mmol/L) and hypoosmotic exposure (205 mosmol/L) induced a rapid colchicine‐sensitive loss of cellular glutamate and glutamate appearance in the extracellular space. The NH4Cl‐induced glutamate loss from astrocytes was strongly blunted after transfection of the cells with VAMP2 siRNA. Ammonia‐induced exocytosis of VAMP2‐YFP expressing vesicles was shown by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF‐M). Glutamate exocytosis in response to ammonia was sensitive to chelation of Ca2+, cyclooxygenase inhibition by indomethacin and colchicine. Ammonia triggered the rapid formation of prostanoids, which were identified as upstream events in ammonia‐induced glutamate exocytosis. Also, addition of prostaglandin E2 or of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α triggered glutamate exocytosis. Inhibition of ammonia‐induced glutamate exocytosis after transfection of VAMP2 siRNA inhibited ammonia‐induced RNA oxidation. It is concluded that ammonia triggers a prostanoid‐ and Ca2+‐dependent glutamate exocytosis, which is essential for induction of ammonia‐induced RNA oxidation. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered patterning of dentate granule cell mossy fiber inputs onto CA3 pyramidal cells in limbic epilepsy
Authors: McAuliffe John J. , Bronson Stefanie L. , Hester Michael S. , Murphy Brian L. , Dahlquist‐Topalá Renée , Richards David A. , Danzer Steve C.
Published: December 2009

Impaired gating by hippocampal dentate granule cells may promote the development of limbic epilepsy by facilitating seizure spread through the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit. The second synapse in this circuit, the dentate granule cell≫CA3 pyramidal cell connection, may be of particular importance because pathological changes occurring within the dentate likely exert their principal effect on downstream CA3 pyramids. Here, we utilized GFP‐expressing mice and immunolabeling for the zinc transporter ZnT‐3 to reveal the pre‐ and postsynaptic components of granule cell≫CA3 pyramidal cell synapses following pilocarpine‐epileptogenesis. Confocal analyses of these terminals revealed that while granule cell presynaptic giant boutons increased in size and complexity 1 month after status epilepticus, individual thorns making up the postsynaptic thorny excrescences of the CA3 pyramidal cells were reduced in number. This reduction, however, was transient, and 3 months after status, thorn density recovered. This recovery was accompanied by a significant change in the distribution of thorns along pyramidal cells dendrites. While thorns in control animals tended to be tightly clustered, thorns in epileptic animals were more evenly distributed. Computational modeling of thorn distributions predicted an increase in the number of boutons required to cover equivalent numbers of thorns in epileptic vs. control mice. Confirming this prediction, ZnT‐3 labeling of presynaptic giant boutons apposed to GFP‐expressing thorns revealed a near doubling in bouton density, while the number of individual thorns per bouton was reduced by half. Together, these data provide clear evidence of novel plastic changes occurring within the epileptic hippocampus. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental regulation of gene expression and astrocytic processes may explain selective hippocampal vulnerability
Authors: Lavenex Pierre , Sugden Steven G. , Davis Ryan R. , Gregg Jeffrey P. , Lavenex Pamela Banta
Published: December 2009

The hippocampus plays a central role in the brain network that is essential for memory function. Paradoxically, the hippocampus is also the brain structure that is most sensitive to hypoxic‐ischemic episodes. Here, we show that the expression of genes associated with glycolysis and glutamate metabolism in astrocytes and the coverage of excitatory synapses by astrocytic processes undergo significant decreases in the CA1 field of the monkey hippocampus during postnatal development. Given the established role of astrocytes in the regulation of glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft, our findings suggest that a developmental decrease in astrocytic processes could underlie the selective vulnerability of CA1 during hypoxic‐ischemic episodes in adulthood, its decreased susceptibility to febrile seizures with age, as well as contribute to the emergence of selective, adultlike memory function. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic profiling of Richter's syndrome: recurrent lesions and differences with de novo diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Scandurra Marta , Rossi Davide , Deambrogi Clara , Rancoita Paola MV , Chigrinova Ekaterina , Mian Michael , Cerri Michaela , Rasi Silvia , Sozzi Elisa , Forconi Francesco , Ponzoni Maurilio , Moreno Santiago M , Piris Miguel A , Inghirami Giorgio , Zucca Emanuele , Gattei Valter , Rinaldi Andrea , Kwee Ivo , Gaidano Gianluca , Bertoni Francesco
Published: December 2009

Richter's syndrome (RS) represents the transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) to aggressive lymphoma and is mostly represented by diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), with a post‐germinal centre (GC) phenotype, clonally related to the pre‐existing CLL. RS has a very poor prognosis and its pathogenetic mechanisms are poorly understood. In order to gain additional hints in RS pathogenesis, we performed a genome‐wide DNA profiling study of 13 RS phases and eight matched CLL phases using the Affymetrix Human Mapping 250K NspI SNP arrays. Individual genomic profiles were heterogeneous, with no individual lesions occurring in more than half of the cases. However, several observations suggest that MYC pathway might be involved in RS. The 13q13.3‐qter region containing MIRHG1 (MIR‐17‐92), a cluster of microRNA interacting with c‐MYC, was acquired at the time of transformation. The 13q gain was coupled with the gain of c‐MYC and loss of TP53. Translocation of c‐MYC was acquired at transformation in a fraction of cases and this event appeared mutually exclusive with gain of MIRHG1. MYCN, a c‐MYC homologue, was also recurrently gained. By comparing RS with 48 de novo DLBCL, RS presented a significantly lower prevalence of deletions affecting the PRDM1 and TNFAIP3, genes on 6q, known to be associated with a post‐GC phenotype. In conclusion, the genomic profile of RS seems to differ from what observed in de novo DLBCL and in other transformed DLBCL. Genomic lesions occurring in RS are heterogeneous suggesting the existence of different RS subsets, possibly due to different transforming mechanisms. A deregulation of MYC pathway might represent one of the main transformation events in the pathogenesis of a subset of RS clonally related to the previous CLL. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making money—or not—on college sports
Authors: Suggs Welch
Published: December 2009

This chapter presents the history behind the movement to collect data on intercollegiate athletics.
College athletics and student achievement: The evidence at small colleges
Authors: Emerson John , Brooks Rachelle L. , McKenzie Elaine Croft
Published: December 2009

The College Sports Project is designed to gather data on athletics at Division III colleges and universities to inform presidents about the academic experiences of student athletes.
Faculty perceptions of intercollegiate athletics
Authors: Lawrence Janet H.
Published: December 2009

This chapter describes the perspectives of faculty regarding decision making and oversight of intercollegiate athletics at Division I Football Bowl Subdivision institutions and the implications for institutional researchers.
Selected resources and glossary
Authors: Alfaro Daisy D. , Hoffman Jennifer Lee
Published: December 2009

URLs to a wide range of resources on athletics data and a glossary of terms are provided.
Using the behavior of seven amphibian species for the design of banks of irrigation and drainage systems in Taiwan
Authors: Hou Wen‐Shang , Chang Yuan‐Hsiou , Wang Hsiao‐Wen , Tan Yih‐Chi
Published: December 2009

The construction of concrete banks has become a serious threat to irrigation and drainage systems in Taiwan, affecting many species that live in these banks, including amphibians. Currently, there are no design solutions in Taiwan for restoration of the banks that are based on solid scientific information. This research assesses the habitats and behavioral characteristics of seven amphibian species in order to learn how to better manage irrigation and drainage banks. This study evaluated the amphibians' motility on five different bank slopes, and documented the relationship between species' climbing abilities, the surface substrates of banks, and seasonal variations in weather conditions. The results showed that even species in the same family or with similar body size differ in their behavioral performance. The experimental results of this study can aid technicians in future engineering projects that involve irrigation and drainage banks in Taiwan and around the world. The results from this study also serve to promote amphibian conservation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic association between intronic variants in AS3MT and arsenic methylation efficiency is focused on a large linkage disequilibrium cluster in chromosome 10
Authors: Gomez‐Rubio Paulina , Meza‐Montenegro Maria M. , Cantu‐Soto Ernesto , Klimecki Walter T.
Published: December 2009

Differences in arsenic metabolism are known to play a role in individual variability in arsenic‐induced disease susceptibility. Genetic variants in genes relevant to arsenic metabolism are considered to be partially responsible for the variation in arsenic metabolism. Specifically, variants in arsenic (3+ oxidation state) methyltransferase (AS3MT), the key gene in the metabolism of arsenic, have been associated with increased arsenic methylation efficiency. Of particular interest is the fact that different studies have reported that several of the AS3MT single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are in strong linkage‐disequilibrium (LD), which also extends to a nearby gene, CYP17A1. In an effort to characterize the extent of the region in LD, we genotyped 46 SNPs in a 347000 base region of chromosome 10 that included AS3MT in arsenic‐exposed subjects from Mexico. Pairwise LD analysis showed strong LD for these polymorphisms, represented by a mean r2 of 0.82, spanning a region that includes five genes. Genetic association analysis with arsenic metabolism confirmed the previously observed association between AS3MT variants, including this large cluster of linked polymorphisms, and arsenic methylation efficiency. The existence of a large genomic region sharing strong LD with polymorphisms associated with arsenic metabolism presents a predicament because the observed phenotype cannot be unequivocally assigned to a single SNP or even a single gene. The results reported here should be carefully considered for future genomic association studies involving AS3MT and arsenic metabolism. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Titanium is not “the most biocompatible metal” under cathodic potential: The relationship between voltage and MC3T3 preosteoblast behavior on electrically polarized cpTi surfaces
Authors: Ehrensberger Mark T. , Sivan Shiril , Gilbert Jeremy L.
Published: December 2009

An electrochemically controlled system has been developed which allows for cell culture directly on electrically polarized metal surfaces with simultaneous control and assessment of the electrochemical current, potential, and impedance of the interface. This system was utilized in this study to assess the interactions between electrochemically polarized commercially pure titanium (cpTi) and MC3T3 preosteoblast cells. Cells were cultured on CpTi for 24 h at static potentials between –1000 mV and +1000 mV vs. Ag/AgCl and cell morphology (SEM and cell area) and viability (MTT and Live‐Dead assay) were assessed along with the electrochemical current densities and surface oxide impedance properties. The results indicate that cathodic polarization in the range of –600 mV to –1000 mV markedly reduces the spreading and viability of cells cultured directly on cpTi within 24 h, while anodic polarization (–300 mV to +1000 mV) out to 72 h shows no difference in cell behavior as compared to the OCP condition. Analysis of the relationship between the cell outcomes and the electrochemical current densities and impedance indicated the presence of voltage‐dependent electrochemical thresholds (cathodic current density,ic> 1.0 μA/cm2,Rp< 105Ω cm2) which may control the biocompatibility of cpTi. In addition, these outcomes have direct clinical significance for modular orthopedic implants whose potential can shift, via fretting corrosion, down into the range of potentials exhibiting poor cell behavior. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
Reconstruction of a mandibular defect with autogenous, autoclaved bone grafts and tissue engineering: An in vivo pilot study
Authors: von Wilmowsky Cornelius , Schwarz Sophie , Kerl Josef Matthias , Srour Safwan , Lell Michael , Felszeghy Endre , Schlegel Karl Andreas
Published: December 2009

Reconstruction of bone defects with autogenous, autoclaved bone grafts has already been described but does have one major insuperable problem—the loss of the ostoinductive potential of the graft. In this study, we investigated if autogenous, autoclaved grafts in combination with tissue engineered bone can overcome this problem. An en‐bloc resection was done in the mandible of eight pigs. The grafts were autoclaved and filled with autogenous, osseogen differentiated bone marrow cells and compared with four animals without bone marrow cells. After 120 days, the specimens were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated by means of microradiography and light microscopy. Within the experimental group, osseous remodeling was detected in all cases and new bone formation was visible. Quantitative assessment of the osseous bridging of the osteotomy sites was significantly higher in the test group in comparison with the control group (p = 0.03). The histological evaluation by means of an osseous integration of the grafts revealed a statistically significant difference between both groups as well (p = 0.01). The results of this study indicate that the method investigated hereby represents a further possibility in the therapy of bony defects, such as those arising as a result of tumor operations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
QM/MM study of the absorption spectra of DsRed.M1 chromophores
Authors: Sanchez‐Garcia Elsa , Doerr Markus , Thiel Walter
Published: December 2009

We report geometries and vertical excitation energies for the red and green chromophores of the DsRed.M1 protein in the gas phase and in the solvated protein environment. Geometries are optimized using density functional theory (DFT, B3LYP functional) for the isolated chromophores and combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) methods for the protein (B3LYP/MM). Vertical excitation energies are computed using DFT/MRCI, OM2/MRCI, and TDDFT as QM methods. In the case of the red chromophore, there is a general blue shift in the excitation energies when going from the isolated chromophore to the protein, which is caused both by structural changes and by electrostatic interactions with the environment. For the lowest ππ* transition, these two factors contribute to a similar extent to the overall DFT/MRCI shift of 0.4 eV. An enlargement of the QM region to include active‐site residues does not change the DFT/MRCI excitation energies much. The DFT/MRCI results are closest to experiment for both chromophores. OM2/MRCI and TDDFT overestimate the first vertical excitation energy by 0.3–0.5 and 0.2–0.4 eV, respectively, relative to the experimental or DFT/MRCI values. The experimental gap of 0.35 eV between the lowest ππ* excitation energies of the red (cis‐acylimine) and green (trans‐peptide) forms is well reproduced by DFT/MRCI and TDDFT (0.32 and 0.37 eV, respectively). A histogram spectrum for an equal mixture of the two forms, generated by OM2/MRCI calculations on 450 snapshots along molecular dynamics trajectories, matches the experimental spectrum quite well, with a gap of 0.23 eV and an overall blue shift of about 0.3 eV. DFT/MRCI appears as an attractive choice for calculating excitation energies in fluorescent proteins, without the shortcomings of TDDFT and computationally more affordable than CASSCF‐based approaches. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Magnetic separations in biotechnology—a review
Authors: Setchell Christine H.
Published: December 2009

Magnetic separation technology has a broad range of potential applications in both small and large scale biotechnology. This review considers a selection of magnetic techniques and their possible uses.
Characterization of an exception to the ‘even‐electron rule’ upon low‐energy collision induced decomposition in negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Cai Yang , Mo Zhenzhen , Rannulu Nalaka S. , Guan Bing , Kannupal Srinivasan , Gibb Bruce C. , Cole Richard B.
Published: December 2009

Electrospray‐generated precursor ions usually follow the ‘even‐electron rule’ and yield ‘closed shell’ fragment ions. We characterize an exception to the ‘even‐electron rule.’ In negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry (ES‐MS), 2‐(ethoxymethoxy)‐3‐hydroxyphenol (2‐hydroxyl protected pyrogallol) easily formed a deprotonated molecular ion (M‐H)− at m/z 183. Upon low‐energy collision induced decomposition (CID), the m/z 183 precursor yielded a radical ion at m/z 124 as the base peak. The radical anion at m/z 124 was still the major fragment at all tested collision energies between 0 and 50 eV (Elab). Supported by computational studies, the appearance of the radical anion at m/z 124 as the major product ion can be attributed to the combination of a low reverse activation barrier and resonance stabilization of the product ions. Furthermore, our data lead to the proposal of a novel alternative radical formation pathway in the protection group removal of pyrogallol. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in snow level elevation in the mountains of central Arizona
Authors: Svoma Bohumil M.
Published: December 2009

Trends in daily mountain snow levels over two key watersheds in central Arizona were established for the last 70 years. Snowfall levels were approximated using two methods: (1) an empirical method based on daily snowfall and precipitation data from an array of National Weather Service Cooperative (COOP) Network stations at a range of elevations, and (2) a theoretical method based on the calculation of the wet‐bulb zero (WBZ) height using nearby rawindsonde atmospheric profile data. A trend towards a higher WBZ height since water year 1960 is evident, as is a highly significant trend in the percentage of days in which the snow level was above stations with elevations between 1095 and 2166 m since water year 1934. The two snow level variables are significantly positively related to air temperature. This could be problematic in a region where the population is dependent upon the efficiency of snow in generating runoff for replenishing ground and surface water supplies. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Leadership and innovation: Learning from the best
Authors: Bel Roland
Published: December 2009

In surveys of most innovative companies, firms like Apple, Google, Microsoft, or Virgin regularly top the ranks, and stories of their emblematic leaders are recurring topics for management books and magazines. But what do Steve Jobs, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Bill Gates, and Richard Branson have in common? What do they do that steers innovation in their companies? Are they the sole drivers of innovation leadership? And is there a direct link between the innovation capability of a firm and the charisma of its leader? After all, companies such as Toyota, 3M, Samsung, and Logitech are also recognized for their innovation capabilities, even though it would be more difficult to put a face on their innovation leadership.

Learning from the experience of some of the most innovative companies, we describe the common traits that characterize innovation leaders but also show the multiple facets of innovation leadership. Innovation leadership involves different roles and abilities across organization levels and strategic orientations, and along the organization and innovation life cycle. Overall, innovation leadership is too diverse to be left to single individuals; it must be embedded in the organization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polymethylmethacrylate particles impair osteoprogenitor viability and expression of osteogenic transcription factors Runx2, osterix, and Dlx5
Authors: Chiu Richard , Smith Kierann E. , Ma Gene K. , Ma Ting , Smith R. Lane , Goodman Stuart B.
Published: December 2009

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particles have been shown to inhibit the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells, but the mechanism of this inhibitory effect has not been investigated. We hypothesize that the inhibitory effects of PMMA particles involve impairment of osteoprogenitor viability and direct inhibition of transcription factors that regulate osteogenesis. We challenged MC3T3‐E1 osteoprogenitors with PMMA particles and examined the effects of these materials on osteoprogenitor viability and expression of transcription factors Runx2, osterix, Dlx5, and Msx2. MC3T3‐E1 cells treated with PMMA particles over a 72‐h period showed a significant reduction in cell viability and proliferation as indicated by a dose‐ and time‐dependent increase in supernatant levels of lactate dehydrogenase, an intracellular enzyme released from dead cells, a dose‐dependent decrease in cell number and BrdU uptake, and the presence of large numbers of positively labeled Annexin V‐stained cells. The absence of apoptotic cells on TUNEL assay indicated that cell death occurred by necrosis, not apoptosis. MC3T3‐E1 cells challenged with PMMA particles during the first 6 days of differentiation in osteogenic medium showed a significant dose‐dependent decrease in the RNA expression of Runx2, osterix, and Dlx5 on all days of measurement, while the RNA expression of Msx2, an antagonist of Dlx5‐induced osteogenesis, remained relatively unaffected. These results indicate that PMMA particles impair osteoprogenitor viability and inhibit the expression of transcription factors that promote osteoprogenitor differentiation. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:571–577, 2010
Nerve compression activates selective nociceptive pathways and upregulates peripheral sodium channel expression in Schwann cells
Authors: Frieboes Laura Rummler , Palispis Winnie Anne , Gupta Ranjan
Published: December 2009

Chronic nerve compression (CNC) injuries, such as carpal tunnel syndrome, are common musculoskeletal conditions that affect patients with debilitating loss of sensory function and pain. Although early detection and treatment are important, our understanding of pain‐related molecular mechanisms remains largely unclear. Here we investigate these mechanisms using an animal model for CNC injury. To confirm that CNC injury induces pain, we assessed expression of c‐fos, a gene that is rapidly expressed in spinal sensory afferents in response to painful peripheral stimuli, and TNF‐α and IL‐6, two proinflammatory cytokines that are crucial to development of inflammatory‐mediated pain. Results show c‐fos upregulation 1–2 weeks postinjury in the absence of TNF‐α or IL‐6 expression, indicating increased neural sensitivity without an inflammatory response. This is consistent with previous studies that showed no morphologic evidence of inflammation in the CNC model. Surprisingly, we also found de novo expression of NaV1.8, a sodium channel linked to the development of neuropathic pain, in endoneurial Schwann cells following injury. Until now, NaV1.8 expression was thought to be restricted to sensory neurons. CNC injury appears to be a unique model of noninflammatory neuropathic pain. Further investigation of the underlying molecular basis could yield promising targets for early diagnosis and treatment. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:753–761, 2010
Predicting spatial patterns of sediment delivery and impacts of land‐use scenarios on sediment transport in Czech catchments
Authors: Krasa J. , Dostal T. , Vrana K. , Plocek J.
Published: December 2009

For the Czech Republic one of the most dangerous effects of soil erosion and sediment transport processes is water quality degradation, due to secondary pollutants. The WaTEM/SEDEM model, developed at Katholic University (KU) Leuven in Belgium, was tested as a prediction tool within several different Czech catchments. WaTEM/SEDEM is a spatially distributed soil erosion model running on raster GIS basis.

The Watershed of Hostivar reservoir (ca 100 km2) is examined in this study. Soil loss and sediment transport have been estimated for the present state of the land use. Terrain surveys allowed us to identify actual erosion and deposition spots within the watershed and compare these with the model prediction. From the surveys, covering as yet only one season, the spatial accuracy of the model (correspondence of erosion/sedimentation occurrence with prediction) was estimated as 56 per cent. In 32 per cent the surveyed effects were predicted wrongly and in 12 per cent the correspondence was not clear.

Different scenarios of possible land use changes were applied and their effect on sediment transport and the reservoir's siltation have been determined. The scenarios describe several land‐use management alternatives. C‐factor changes (crop rotation changes) were applied to selected fields—either the fields with highest soil losses or the fields with highest sediment yields (transition fields). Affected areas were increased in five steps up to ten per cent of the catchment's area. From the scenarios it is clear that focussing on ‘transition’ fields with high sediment outflow and converting them to sediment ‘traps’ gives rise to more efficiency concerning the prevention of siltation than assessing the fields only by considering the USLE erosivity prediction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active plasmonics: current status
Authors: MacDonald K.F. , Zheludev N.I.
Published: December 2009

Techniques for active modulation and control of plasmonic signals in future highly‐integrated nanophotonic devices have advanced rapidly in recent years, with recent innovations extending performance into the terahertz frequency and femtojoule‐per‐bit switching energy domains. As thoughts turn towards the development of practical device structures, key technologies are compared in this review and prospects are assessed for the future development of the field.
Superior lipolytic effect of the 1,444 nm Nd:YAG laser: Comparison with the 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Tark Kwan Chul , Jung Ji Eun , Song Seung Yong
Published: December 2009

Background and Objectives

Recently developed laser lipolysis systems have been disappointing because they require more time to remove the same amount of fat than other liposuction methods. A new Nd:YAG laser has been introduced that uses the 1,444 nm wavelength, better absorbed by fat.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

This study consisted of two protocols. The first protocol was an in vivo minipig model. Four 10×10 cm2 areas were treated on the back of the first minipig. Using the same total energy and power settings (5,000 J, 8 W), both the 1,064 nm and 1,444 nm lasers were used to irradiate the two cephalic areas. The two caudal areas were irradiated with both lasers, using the maximum power settings (12 W with the 1,064 nm laser, 8 W with the 1,444 nm laser). Another minipig was administered a preoperative injection of tumescent solution and treated with the same condition. Measurements of fat volume with computed tomography and histologic exams were conducted. The second experiment involved in vitro human fat. Equal amounts of human fat, harvested by liposuction, were put into test tubes and irradiated with 1,064 nm and 1,444 nm lasers. Oil production was measured from each test tube.

Results

A marked reduction in fat volume and more oil vacuoles and giant cells in histology were identified with the 1,444 nm wavelength compared to the 1,064 nm wavelength. Human fat in the in vitro experiments also revealed more oil production following the use of the 1,444 nm laser.

Conclusion

The 1,444 nm Nd:YAG laser showed a greater lipolytic effect compared to the 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser in in vivo minipig and in vitro human fat experiments. To achieve a full understanding of the effects of 1,444 nm Nd:YAG laser lipolysis on the human body, in vivo experimentation will be necessary. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:721–727, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of laser tunnels in laser‐assisted lipolysis
Authors: Seckel Brooke R. , Doherty Sean T. , Childs James J. , Smirnov Mikhail Z. , Cohen Richard H. , Altshuler Gregory B.
Published: December 2009

Background and Objectives

Laser‐assisted lipolysis (LAL) devices are used as adjuncts to liposuction that create laser tunnels to heat the adipose and connective tissue. Available systems vary significantly across choice of wavelengths, power delivery, and tip design. Rationale are developed for optimum laser parameters evaluated with physical principles and in controlled ex vivo tests.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

A computer model for radiation propagation, thermal conduction and coagulation was developed to study laser tunnels formed in human adipose tissue. An ex vivo study with porcine tissue compared laser tunnels created by a device that operates in short‐pulse mode with a 0.6 mm diameter fiber emitting lipid non‐selective laser wavelengths to a device that operates in continuous‐wave (CW) mode with a 1.5 mm diameter fiber emitting lipid‐ and water‐selective laser wavelengths.

Results

Photothermolytic heating is the optimum mechanism to control delivery of heat to the tissue. Fiber tip surface power density can be optimized for ease of penetration and good volumetric heating while avoiding extremely high peak temperatures. CW rather than pulsed laser emission also minimizes peak temperature rise that can interfere with tunnel formation. Lipid‐ or water‐selective laser wavelengths with low absorption yield lower peak temperatures and more uniform volume heating, while lipid‐selective wavelengths offer greater safety near the dermis. Ex vivo histology demonstrated greater volumetric heating with the CW, lipid‐selective device at similar power settings.

Conclusion

Wavelength, power delivery, and tip design are based on physical principles and together with treatment technique laser tunnel dimensions can be optimized as confirmed in ex vivo histology. The resulting thermal zones provide ease of penetration through adipose tissue and enable treatment uniformity. Based upon principles of fractional skin treatment the thermal zones induce healing responses in adipose tissue with potential to enhance clinical efficacy. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:728–737, 2009 © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of focused ultrasound for non‐invasive body contouring in Asians
Authors: Shek Sam , Yu Carol , Yeung C.K. , Kono Taro , Chan Henry H.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Previous studies demonstrated that multiple treatments using focused ultrasound can be effective as an non‐invasive method for reducing unwanted localized fat deposits. The objective of the study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of this focused ultrasound device in body contouring in Asians.

Method

Fifty‐three (51 females and 2 males) patients were enrolled into the study. Subjects had up to three treatment sessions with approximately 1‐month interval in between treatment. Efficacy was assessed by changes in abdominal circumference, ultrasound fat thickness, and caliper fat thickness. Weight change was monitored to distinguish weight loss induced changes in these measurements. Patient questionnaire was completed after each treatment. The level of pain or discomfort, improvement in body contour and overall satisfaction were graded with a score of 1–5 (1 being the least). Any adverse effects such as erythema, pain during treatment or blistering were recorded.

Result

The overall satisfaction amongst subjects was poor. Objective measurements by ultrasound, abdominal circumference, and caliper did not show significant difference after treatment. There is a negative correlation between the abdominal fat thickness and number of shots per treatment session.

Conclusion

Focused ultrasound is not effective for non‐invasive body contouring among Southern Asians as compared with Caucasian. Such observation is likely due to smaller body figures. Design modifications can overcome this problem and in doing so, improve clinical outcome. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:751–759, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Controlled volumetric heating of subcutaneous adipose tissue using a novel radiofrequency technology
Authors: Franco Walfre , Kothare Amogh , Goldberg David J.
Published: December 2009

Background and Objective

The objective of the present study was to demonstrate the feasibility of varying the size of the heating volume of subcutaneous adipose tissue using a novel radiofrequency (RF) technology that controls the delivered energy distribution on the skin surface.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Changes in the distribution of the electric potential at the skin surface due to frequency adjustment of a novel RF device were experimentally characterized on human skin at 500 kHz, 1, 2, 3, and 4 MHz. These measurements were used to model RF‐induced electric fields and power absorption. Thermal measurements in ex vivo animal models were used to complement the initial mathematical modeling.

Results

At 500 kHz the electric potential on the skin surface was nearly constant across the RF applicator surface. At 4 MHz the electric potential dropped 30% from the center to the edge of the RF applicator. At the centerline of the RF applicator, modeling shows that within a 3 cm subcutaneous fat layer the absorbed power at the bottom layer was 40% less than that at the top for 500 kHz. The absorbed power decreased 80% for 4 MHz. Temperature measurements show uniform heating across a horizontal array of probes with 500 kHz. Temperatures were significantly higher at the center probes for 4 MHz. Cross‐sectional radiometric temperature maps show a larger heated tissue cross‐section using 500 kHz as opposed to 4 MHz.

Conclusions

As the frequency increases (i) the electric potential at the skin surface decreases from the center to the edge of the RF applicator; (ii) the difference between the power absorbed at the top and bottom of the subcutaneous fat layer increases; (iii) the difference between the power absorbed at the center and the periphery of the exposed subcutaneous fat volume also increases; and, consequently, (iv) the size of the heated subcutaneous fat volume decreases. Such a device when used in humans may allow for differential delivery of heat to varying fat thicknesses and anatomic areas. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:745–750, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Osteoblast Adhesion and Proliferation on Poly(3‐octylthiophene) Thin Films
Authors: Rincón Charlene , Meredith J. Carson
Published: December 2009

In this study we assessed the suitability of semiconducting P3OT thin films (30 nm) to sustain attachment, spreading, and proliferation of MC3T3‐E1 osteoblasts. Cell area correlated with surface wettability: area was larger on the more hydrophilic surface (TCPS) and lower on the more hydrophobic surface (P3OT). Cells were rounder, characterized by higher circularity values, on TCPS and Si compared to P3OT. P3OT proliferation rate at 24 h fell twofold after 48 h, then recovered at 72 h to a value significantly higher than that on TCPS. Presoaking experiments showed no evidence of cytotoxic effects or leachants from P3OT. Overall, we conclude that P3OT is a viable substrate for osteoblast attachment and proliferation.

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Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds with Multiscale and Photopatterned Porosity
Authors: Sundararaghavan Harini G. , Metter Robert B. , Burdick Jason A.
Published: December 2009

The structural and mechanical properties of tissue engineered environments are crucial for successful cellular growth and tissue repair. Electrospinning is gaining wide attention for the fabrication of tissue engineered scaffolds, but the small pore sizes of these scaffolds limit cell infiltration and construct vascularization. To address this problem, we have combined electrospinning with photopatterning to create multiscale porous scaffolds. This process retains the fibrous nature of the scaffolds and permits enhanced cellular infiltration and vascularization when compared to unpatterned scaffolds. This is the first time that photopatterning has been utilized with electrospun scaffolds and is only now possible with the electrospinning of reactive macromers.

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Integrating structural and epidemiological research to inform the classification of psychopathology
Authors: Ruscio Ayelet Meron
Published: December 2009

Given the enormous influence of classification on the major clinical, research, and administrative activities of mental health professionals, understanding the true number and nature of disorders and the reasons for their comorbidity is an important public health priority. However, while studies of latent structure have yielded valuable information about disorder boundaries, their reliance on non‐representative samples and failure to evaluate the practical implications of structural findings has limited their ability to effect nosological change. Conversely, community epidemiology studies, which inform classification by assessing the implications of diagnostic criteria in representative samples, have been limited by their focus on mental disorders as they are currently conceptualized by the field rather than on correlates and consequences of these disorders as they actually exist in nature. I consider the potential value of integrating systematically the methods of structural research with the methods of epidemiological research, exploring five ways in which these largely independent traditions may profitably be combined to inform the next classifications of mental disorders. By capitalizing on the complementary strengths of structural and epidemiological research, an integrated approach has significant potential to advance understanding of the nature of psychopathology and improve the validity and utility of its diagnosis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bloodless Surgery in Gynecologic Oncology
Authors: Nagarsheth Nimesh P. , Sasan Fahimeh
Published: December 2009

Bloodless medicine and surgery is an evolving field in the practice of medicine designed to avoid allogeneic transfusions. Although this field has largely developed in response to the growing needs of Jehovah's Witness patients refusing transfusions, all patients may potentially benefit from the avoidance of transfusions. The applications of bloodless techniques and strategies in the field of gynecologic oncology have been limited until recently, in part because of the generally large blood loss associated with gynecologic cancer surgeries. However, as advances in our understanding of bloodless surgery have developed and surgical techniques have been refined, the gynecologic oncology patient can now benefit from the avoidance of allogeneic transfusions. This review outlines bloodless surgery as it applies to gynecologic oncology patients and presents a structured approach to successfully managing these complex patients. Mt Sinai J Med 76:589‐597, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Myokymic discharges in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A rare electrophysiologic finding?
Authors: Whaley Nathaniel R. , Rubin Devon I.
Published: December 2009

Myokymic discharges (MDs) are uncommonly recognized in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The electrophysiologic findings in 96 ALS patients were retrospectively reviewed. MDs were found in 5.2% of patients, in 0.81% of total muscles examined (8.2% cranial muscles vs. 0.15% limb muscles). The higher frequency of MDs in cranial muscles suggests a difference in the metabolic environment or other mechanism of instability of the anterior horn cells in the brainstem compared to the spinal cord. Muscle Nerve 41: 107–109, 2010
Certified solutions for hydraulic structures using the node‐based smoothed point interpolation method (NS‐PIM)
Authors: Cheng J. , Chang X. L. , Wu S. C. , Zhang G. Y.
Published: December 2009

A meshfree node‐based smoothed point interpolation method (NS‐PIM), which has been recently developed for solid mechanics problems, is applied to obtain certified solutions with bounds for hydraulic structure designs. In this approach, shape functions for displacements are constructed using the point interpolation method (PIM), and the shape functions possess the Kronecker delta property and permit the straightforward enforcement of essential boundary conditions. The generalized smoothed Galerkin weak form is then applied to construct discretized system equations using the node‐based smoothed strains. As a very novel and important property, the approach can obtain the upper bound solution in energy norm for hydraulic structures. A 2D gravity dam problem and a 3D arch dam problem are solved, respectively, using the NS‐PIM and the simulation results of NS‐PIM are found to be the upper bounds. Together with standard fully compatible FEM results as a lower bound, we have successfully determined the solution bounds to certify the accuracy of numerical solutions. This confirms that the NS‐PIM is very useful for producing certified solutions for the analysis of huge hydraulic structures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On long‐range interpolation operators for aggressive coarsening
Authors: Yang Ulrike Meier
Published: December 2009

Algebraic multigrid (AMG) is a very efficient scalable preconditioner for solving sparse linear systems on unstructured grids. Currently, AMG solvers with good numerical scalability can still have larger than desired complexities, whereas variants with very low complexities exhibit decreased numerical scalability, which presents a problem for future high‐performance computers with millions of cores and decreased memory per core. It is therefore necessary to design more sophisticated interpolation operators to improve numerical scalability while preserving low memory usage. Two new long‐range interpolation operators to be used in combination with aggressive coarsening are presented. Their convergence and performance are examined and compared with multipass interpolation, the interpolation currently most commonly used with aggressive coarsening, and a higher complexity AMG variant. While the new interpolation operators require a more complex setup, leading to larger setup times, they exhibit better convergence than multipass interpolation, often resulting in better solve times. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nurse staffing and post‐surgical complications using the present on admission indicator
Authors: Mark Barbara A. , Harless David W.
Published: December 2009

We evaluated the relationship between registered nurse (RN) staffing and six post‐surgical complications: pneumonia, septicemia, urinary tract infections, thrombophlebitis, fluid overload, and decubitus ulcers, in a dataset that contained the present on admission (POA) indicator. We analyzed a longitudinal panel of 283 acute care hospitals in California from 1996 to 2001. Using an adaptation of the Quality Health Outcomes Model, we found no statistically significant relationships between RN staffing and the complications. In addition, the signs of the relationships were opposite to those expected. That is, as staffing increased, so did some of the complications. We discuss potential reasons for these anomalous results, including the possibility that increases in RN staffing may result in earlier detection of complications. Other explanations include issues with risk adjustment, the lack of nurse level variables in the model, and issues with the POA indicator itself. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 33:35–47, 2010
What do muscle marker ruggedness scores actually tell us?
Authors: Niinimäki Sirpa
Published: December 2009

Musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) have been used to reconstruct activity patterns and labour intensity of past populations. Age and size have been found to correlate with MSM, and these aspects should be considered in activity reconstructions. The aim of this study was to find out the nature and the effects of labour intensity, age and size on MSM. Study material were skeletons (N = 108) of individuals of known age, sex and occupation housed at the Natural History Museum, Finland. MSM were scored for Pectoralis major, Deltoid, Teres major and Biceps brachii. These scores were combined to reflect total activity of an individual. Geometric mean of humeral measurements was used as a size indicator and radial tuberosity size was used as a muscle size indicator. Factors explaining MSM were studied using ANCOVA. This included age, size, muscle size, sex, labour intensity, and their interactions. Age and muscle size were the most significant factors explaining MSM, where muscle attachment areas and MSM grow with advancing age. Muscle attachment areas and skeletal frame size were also found to correlate. Least squares regression parameter estimates were used to study the effects of labour intensity, sex and side on MSM. It was found that in early life scores are higher in heavy labour group, but there is less age‐related increase in these scores. This could mean that bone is unable to respond to heavy and continuous loading with surface structure. Therefore labour intensity cannot be reliably recorded in old individuals. Also age and size (as reflected in muscle attachment area) affect MSM and these aspects should be considered before making assumptions on labour intensity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.