bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Wartime
Authors: Crist Elizabeth B
Published: November 2023

BY 1939, THE economic crisis of the Great Depression had begun to improve and the political situation in Europe to worsen. If progressives hadn’t yet taken note of events across the ocean, they had to appraise the global situation in August 1939, when the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany. Many within the American Communist Party were disillusioned by the treaty, which the leadership labored to explain, and the community of anti-Stalinist liberals grew in size and influence. For the twenty-two months that the pact was in effect, the CPUSA struggled to navigate the hairpin turns of Comintern policy and to toe the newly militant, antiwar line dictated by Moscow. But some progressives were reluctant to condemn Stalin, either for the show trials or the pact, and while there is no specific evidence of Copland’s reaction to either the treaty with Hitler or shifts in Communist Party policy, it is clear that he did not divorce himself from Communist causes and organizations in the 194os. ‘‘All of us think that Stalin knows what he’s doing,” Harold Clurman wrote to Copland only days after the agreement was signed, “and all of us think we know what Stalin is doing and approve.” Of course history has proved this utter folly, but in 1941 the issue became largely moot after Germany invaded Russia, and Roosevelt joined hands with Stalin in the Grand Alliance.
National Organizational Survey of Domestic Violence Coalitions
Authors: Brownell Patricia , Roberts Albert R
Published: November 2023

The women’s movement has reached full maturity. As a direct result of increased societal awareness through public education and media attention, and the statewide and national coalitions’ legislative successes, the prevalence of woman battering has begun to decline in recent years. Women’s organizations and coalitions took the lead starting in the late 1970s in facilitating the expansion of shelters, support groups, community education, and other services to battered women.
Court Responses to Battered Women and Their Children
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Kurst-Swanger Karel
Published: November 2023

We have come a long way during the past two decades as responsive prosecutors, judges, and legislators have begun to recognize family violence as a serious crime. All 50 states have passed civil and/or criminal statutes to protect battered women, and prosecutors’ offices are beginning to implement efficient systems of screening and prosecuting cases. Police and courts, in a small yet growing number of jurisdictions, have set up an around-the-clock method of issuing temporary restraining orders and providing advocacy as cases move through court. Although court-mandated batterer treatment programs have been developed on a limited basis, more are needed. Further research into the effectiveness of different treatment modalities with battered women and their abusive partners is needed as well.
Beyond Shelters: Support Groups and Community-Based Advocacy for Abused Women
Authors: Tutty Leslie M , Rothery Michael
Published: November 2023

During the past 20 years, as society has finally acknowledged the extent and serious nature of the abuse that many women endure from their intimate partners, shelters for battered women have become fixtures in communities across North America. The safety and support offered to residents and their children have been essential in assisting many to leave abusive relationships and start a new life (Dziegielewski, Resnick, & Krause, 1996; Tutty, in press; Tutty, Weaver, & Rothery, 1999). However, given that serious abuse in intimate couple relationships is widespread, shelters cannot serve all who come to their doors, often sending away as many as they take in.
Interventions for Batterers: Program Approaches, Program Tensions
Authors: Hanson Bea
Published: November 2023

In the field of domestic violence, programs that work with the abuser or batterer are often looked upon with suspicion by advocates and service providers who work with victims of domestic violence. What are the goals of these programs? Do they work? Do they address the needs of battered women? Do they stop domestic violence? Aren’t they just taking away from funding that could be used for battered women? Most of those who ask such questions are looking for simple answers to a complex social problem.
B
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

BABYLON: a famous city of the ancient world, the capital of ancient Babylonia, located 60 miles south of modern Baghdad. Babylon means gate of God, and the biblical word for Babylon was Babel. The temples and palaces of Babylon were among the most splendid buildings of the ancient world. The *Euphrates River flowed through the city, which was built in a square with two sets of walls that were ten and twelve feet thick, respectively.
G
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

GABRIEL: an angel messenger of God, appearing in both the Old and New Testaments, whose name means God is Mighty. To the Hebrews Gabriel was the angel of death, the prince of fire and thunder. To the Muslims Gabriel was the chief of the four favored angels, the spirit of truth. In Medieval romances he was the second of the seven spirits that stand before the throne of God. God used Gabriel to deliver revelations to men and women.
J
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

JABBERWOCKY: the central figure of a strange, almost gibberish poem in Lewis *Carroll’s Through the Looking Glass. It contains many significant words that are subsequently explained to Alice by Humpty Dumpty: brillig, 4p.m. when one begins broiling things for dinner; slithy, lithe and slimy; toves, animals like badgers, lizards, or corkscrews; gyre, to go round and round like gyroscopes; gimbel, to make holes like a gimlet; wabe, grass around a sundial, before or behind it; mimsy, flimsy and miserable; borogove, a thin, shabby-looking bird with feathers sticking out all around; rath, a green pig; mome, from home; outgrabe, a bellow and a whistle with a sneeze in the middle.
Q
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

Quarles, francis (1592–1644): English poet, playwright, writer of biblical paraphrases, and political pamphlets. Francis Quarles was born in Essex and was educated at Christ’s College, Cambridge (1608). He was the father of eighteen children. Quarles worked as private secretary to the archbishop of Armagh (1626–30) and as the chronologer of the City of London (1639–44). At the beginning of the English Civil War, Quarles wrote in defense of Charles I. A voluminous writer, he was most famous for the poems Emblems and Hieroglyphics.
S
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

Sacco and vanzetti: the two men, Nicola Sacco, a shoemaker, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a fish peddler, who were executed on August 23, 1927, in Massachusetts for holdup murders committed on April 15, 1920. The intense interest in the United States and abroad stemmed from the belief that the two men were accused by accident and convicted because of their unpopular political, social, and religious views. Italian-born Sacco and Vanzetti were members of an anarchist group, and the early 1920s was a time of great anti-alien and anti-radical hysteria.
V
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

ValÉry, paul (1871–1945): French poet and essayist. Son of a French father and an Italian mother, Paul Valéry attended the School of Law at Montpellier University in 1889, but left, accepting that he was deplorable at the law. In this decision he was influenced by a fellow student, the poet Pierre *Louÿs, and a visiting author, André *Gide, who helped him discover contemporary French literature. Valéry worked at the War Department during the Dreyfus case and wrote little from 1900 to 1917. Then, encouraged by Gide to write, he published his first book of poetry, La Jeune Parque and became famous overnight at the age of forty-six.
Spatial (Dis)Advantage and Homicide in Chicago Neighborhoods
Authors: Sampson Robert J , Morenoff Jeffrey D
Published: November 2023

For some time now, research in the ecological tradition has demonstrated the concentration of interpersonal violence in certain neighborhoods, especially those areas characterized by poverty, the racial segregation of minority groups, and single-parent families. Still, fundamental questions remain about what it is about these communities that might explain the link between structural features of neighborhood environments and rates of violent crime. The traditional or perhaps idyllic notion of local communities as “urban villages” characterized by dense networks of personal social ties continues to pervade many theoretical perspectives on neighborhood crime.
The Role of Spatial Analysis in Demographic Research
Authors: Weeks John R
Published: November 2023

Demography is an inherently spatial science, since it almost always deals with human populations in a defined geographic region, but spatial analysis has thus far played only a small role in the development and testing of demographic theory. There are several reasons for this, including the recency of many of the more useful spatial statistical approaches, and the fact that most people practicing demographic science are not in geography and have not been encouraged to think spatially. Yet, even in geography, few population specialists adopt specifically spatial approaches to their research beyond the measurement of the movement of people from one region to another, or the comparison of demographic trends among different regions.
Planning Scenario Visualization and Assessment: A Cellular Automata Based Integrated Spatial Decision Support System
Authors: White Roger , Straatman Bas , Engelen Guy
Published: November 2023

Planners and policy makers face a difficult task. The world they must deal with is complex, interconnected, and ever changing. Coastal zone management, urban planning, and the design of policies for sustainable economic development all pose the problem of dealing with systems in which natural and human factors are thoroughly intertwined. Understanding the processes driving change in these systems is essential in the formulation of effective policies.
Primitive Emotions
Authors: Deigh John
Published: November 2023

Two facts about emotions stand out among the many that a theory of the subject ought to cover. The first is that emotions are intentional states in the sense that they are directed at something. Hope, for example, is a state of mind directed at a future condition or event. One hopes for sunny weather on the day of the picnic or calm seas on the day of the regatta. In this respect, hope is unlike giddiness or drowsiness, states of mind that can occur undirected at anything. The difference is nicely illustrated in the opening scene of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, when two servants of the house of Capulet and two servants of the house of Montague cross paths.
Ana Mendieta’s Art : A Journey through Her Life
Authors: Cruz Carlos A
Published: November 2023

With these words, Ana Mendieta, the prolific performance artist, defined culture and her own professional and personal quest. To Ana, art as life represented a continual search for lost heritage, identities, and cultural traditions. She sought to enhance knowledge about her diverse cultural background, and in so doing she came to terms with her own sense of personal survival. This obsessive struggle to bring back the essential ele- ments of Latin American and Third World multicultural traditions and incorporate them into a contemporary artistic language is Ana’s most important legacy.
The MacArthur Story Stem Battery: Development, Administration, Reliability, Validity, and Reflections About Meaning
Authors: Bretherton Inge , Oppenheim David
Published: November 2023

In the mid-1980s several members of the MacArthur Research Network on Early Childhood Transitions discovered a common interest in using storytelling procedures to explore young children’s inner worlds. In a sense, they were building on the clinical writings of pioneers in psychoanalytic play therapy, such as A. Freud (1946), Waelder (1933), Winnicott (1958), and Erikson (1950), all of whom believed that young children’s play revealed much about their psychic conflicts and their efforts to master or adapt to those conflicts. However, renewed impetus for the use of play narratives also came from a plethora of emerging findings about young children’s social, emotional, and moral understanding, and the development of symbolic play, memory talk, story schemas, and scripts. These showed that preschoolers’ narrative capacity and understanding of themselves and others was considerably more complex than had been assumed. Further inspiration for using storytelling methods as a window into young children’s inner worlds came from an attachment study that revealed links between the quality of parent-child attachment relationships and children’s narratives about a set of attachment-related pictures.
Affective Meaning Making Among Young Peers in Narrative Co-constructions
Authors: Aviezer Ora
Published: November 2023

Narratives have been described as verbal methods for recapitulating experience (Labov & Waletzky, 1967). As such, they allow individuals to make sense of personal experiences and interpersonal exchanges by actively sharing them with others. A growing body of research suggests that narratives, even if only in rudimentary forms, are used by young children to represent their knowledge and understanding of personal experiences and general events (Hudson, Gebelt, Haviland, & Bentivega, 1992; Hudson & Shapiro, 1991; McCabe & Peterson, 1991; Miller, Potts, Fung, Hoogstra, & Minz, 1990; Snow & Dickinson, 1990). Yet the complex process of narrative construction places high demands on children’s cognitive, linguistic, emotional, and interpersonal skills. Moreover, successful weaving of narratives in ordinary conversation requires participants to collaborate with each other (Polanyi, 1989). Thus, joint constructions in every day talk offer young children a supportive context for their attempts to relate personal experiences and share their views.
The Sputnik Generation: The 1960s
Authors: Gladfelter Elizabeth Higgins
Published: November 2023

I can still vividly recall the excitement I felt going out on our front lawn with my mom and brother to watch Sputnik pass overhead. A new era had begun, not only in U.S.–Soviet relations, but in the way science was done in the United States. My generation reaped the benefits of the national response to this technological challenge; the cry went up to increase expertise in the sciences.
The Lean Years: The 1980s
Authors: Gladfelter Elizabeth Higgins
Published: November 2023

As is related in their lively accounts, the scientists of the 1980s generation recognize the importance, to their science and to their careers, of the time they have spent in the field observing nature. Their undergraduate coursework in the sciences is often described as remote from the reality of personal experience; they conclude that they lacked passion for science until they gained field experience. The message they were given, however, is that in modern academia, modeling and model systems are the mode of excellence.
Recent History of Natural Resource Use and Population Growth in Northern Mexico
Authors: Stoleson Scott H , Felger Richard S , Ceballos Gerardo , Raish Carol , Wilson Michael F , Búrquez Alberto
Published: November 2023

Long a remote frontier region, northern Mexico (fig. 3.1)—especially the border states, Tamau-lipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California, from east to west—now supports booming human populations and plays a key role in the industrial and agricultural sectors of the country’s economy (INEGI 1993). Patterns of demographic and economic growth and their impacts in northern Mexico have been shaped and constrained by a variety of factors. These include the country’s land tenure history, with the allocation of vast tracts of lands (including most forested lands) to peasants under communal landholding regimes.
Macrofaunal Diversity in the Gulf of California
Authors: Brusca Richard C , Findley Lloyd T , Hastings Philip A , Hendrickx Michel E , Cosio Jorge Torre , Heiden Albert M Van Der
Published: November 2023

The Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez) has held a growing fascination for naturalists over the past 150 years (Lindsay 1983). The first serious collectors of marine life in the region were not professional bi-ologists. One was John Xantus (de Vesey), a U.S. government tidal observer stationed at the tip of the Baja California peninsula (April 1859 to mid-1861), most of whose collections are now at the Smith-sonian Institution (e.g., Gill 1862–1863; Jordan and Gilbert 1882). Another was Frederick Reigen, a Belgian citizen who lived in Mazatlán from 1848 to 1850 and amassed one of the largest collections of marine molluscs of all time—14 tons of speci-mens! The Reigen collection found its way to Liverpool, and from there it was partly dispersed. Much of it was published on by Philip Carpenter (Carpenter 1857; see also Hendrickx and Toledano-Granados 1994).
Extreme Succulent Plant Diversity on Cerro Colorado Near San Ignacio, Baja California Sur
Authors: Dimmitt Mark A , Wiens John F , Devender Thomas R Van
Published: November 2023

The Baja California peninsula is rich in plant spe-cies, many of which are endemics. The first flora (Wiggins 1980) listed nearly 3000 taxa. Subsequent work has increased the estimate to 3676 taxa (R. Mitchel Beauchamp, compilation in progress), of which nearly one-third are endemic (Rebman 2001). The large flora obviously results from the extreme variability of habitats and climates, which in turn creates many ecological niches. Diversity is further augmented by proximity to the tropics. The peninsula spans 1270 km from the Mediterranean climate zone at 32.5° N southward through the horse latitudes and into the tropics at 23° N. The northern two-thirds receive winter rainfall, with the amount and dependability decreasing southward.
Avian Communities of Arroyos and Desert Oases in Baja California Sur: Implications for Conservation
Authors: Rodríguez-Estrella Ricardo , Blázquez Ma. Carmen , G. Juan Manuel Lobato
Published: November 2023

The Baja California peninsula and its associated offshore islands have been the focus of much ornithological research since the late nineteenth cen-tury (e.g., Anthony 1893; Brewster 1902; Grinnell 1928; Bancroft 1930; Davis 1959; Stager 1960; Banks 1967; Cody 1983; Wilbur 1987; Erickson and Howell 2001). However, most studies have been descriptive, if not anecdotal. They typically have dealt with taxonomy and distribution, many of them focusing only on aquatic birds. In contrast, there have been few published studies on the ecol-ogy of land birds, and little is known in particular on the habitat preferences and movements (includ-ing migratory routes) of non breeders.
History, Ecology, and Conservation of the Pronghorn Antelope, Bighorn Sheep, and Black Bear in Mexico
Authors: Medellín Rodrigo A , Manterola Carlos , Valdéz Manuel , Hewitt David G , Doan-Crider Diana , Fulbright Timothy E
Published: November 2023

Because the shape of Mexico resembles an upright funnel, most of the country’s land surface area is in the north. A west-to-east cross-section of the country at around 25º N latitude would show the plains and mountains of the Baja California penin-sula, coastal Sonoran plains, Sierra Madre Occiden-tal, Mexican Plateau, Sierra Madre Oriental, and Gulf coastal plains (see chapter 1). This topographi-cally intricate landscape encompasses a wide vari-ety of habitats for wildlife, including montane oak and conifer woodlands and forests, grasslands, and extensive desert regions with plains and often sparsely vegetated peaks.
Women’s Choices in an Expanding Labor Market
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice
Published: November 2023

If a shared set of ideas regulated the external limits of women’s labor force participation, individual household needs influenced the shifting labor market in any particular area or time. A variety of factors pulled and pushed women into the work force, and individual women manipulated and structured their lives in direct response to their own reference groups as well as in dim recognition of a larger social ideology. Applied to the period up to the Civil War, a phrase like “women in the labor force” conjures up a reasonably homogenous group. Although appropriate nods must be given to incoming Irish, French Canadian and German immigrants, the phrase reflects a wage-earning population that consisted primarily of young women of Anglo-Saxon descent, largely located in New England. After the Civil War, no mere acknowledgment of diversity will do. Ethnic and racial distinctions are at the heart of the industrial labor force. Before the Civil War, women divided themselves into those who did and those who did not leave their homes to engage in wage labor. After the war, daughters of impoverished southern farmers took their places in the urban labor force, as did black women.
Technology, Efficiency, and Resistance
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice
Published: November 2023

By the late nineteenth century there was nearly universal agreement on two scores. Women’s expanding labor force participation was an unfortunate necessity that threatened to interfere with their more desirable work at home. And nothing that happened at work could be allowed to hinder the capacity of wage-earning women to resume or assume home roles at some future time. We have seen how such ideas channeled women’s entrance into the work force, and how, instead of providing them with safe, clean, unpressured jobs, notions of women’s place in fact reduced them to the poorest levels. Unskilled, largely unorganized, and crowded into few occupations, women found themselves subject to some of the worst conditions of any wage workers. The pattern, once established, encouraged employers to hire women because they were said to have characteristics such as docility, attachment to family, little expectation of advancement, and no trade union consciousness. It led employers to assign women to jobs that matched their expectations of women’s possibilities and performance. But in the late 1800s and early 1900s, new technology and new forms of industrial organization altered the structure of work, promising new opportunities to women.
“Making History Working for Victory”
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice
Published: November 2023

Depression and war have opposite effects on the economy. One prompts efficiency, constraint, cautious investment; the other encourages industrial expansion—even a spirit of reckless gambling. If the 1930s depression sloughed off workers, making every fourth one redundant, the war gobbled them up, then searched for more. Where workers had to plead for jobs in the thirties, in the early forties industry begged for workers. And when the army had soaked up the residue of unemployed men, employers turned to women. Unprecedented opportunity now confronted women who months earlier had pleaded for work. Was this to be a breakthrough?—a turning point that would signal the end of discrimination against women in the labor market? It certainly looked like it. In many ways, this war duplicated the experience of World War I. Women found jobs in areas previously closed to them and, once there, proved to be effective workers. The statistical data reveal a dramatic influx of women-five million between 1940 and 1944—into the labor force and new openings in the heavy industries that had been tightly defended against them. Historians like William Chafe, Chester Gregory, and Sheila Tobias and Lisa Anderson have concluded, as a result, that World War II was, in Chafe’s words, “a milestone for women in America.”
The Radical Consequences of Incremental Change
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice
Published: November 2023

The typical housewife with a blue-collar husband entered the 1950s on the watch for a bit of income to help the family out. Concerned about saving or paying for the family’s first home and its fittings, she would have agreed with one assumption of the White House Conference on Effective Uses of Woman-power held in 1955: “The structure and the substance of the lives of most women are fundamentally determined by their functions as wives, mothers, and homemakers.”1 But the same conference that so blithely reiterated the traditional notion of women’s roles simultaneously heard a contrary message. Called together to assess women’s actual and potential contribution to the economy, conference participants heard speaker after speaker suggest that women ought to be encouraged to participate more fully in the occupational world. Roland R. Renne, president of Montana State College in Bozeman and a member of the National Manpower Council, identified the major problem. What were the ways, he asked “by which we can significantly increase the effectiveness of our woman power?”2 This was the central contradiction of the fifties. Beside the overwhelming popular assumption—the certain knowledge of women’s fundamental obligations to the home—lay a subtle shift in government policy that insisted on women’s capacity to take jobs as well.
Internet Topology:Discovery and Policy Impact, Part I
Authors: Tangmunarunkit Hongsuda , Govindan Ramesh , Shenker Scott
Published: November 2023

We cannot begin to understand the large-scale structure of the Internet without having accurate representations of the Internet topology. Mercator is a program that uses hop-limited probes-the same primitive used in traceroute-to infer an Internet map. It uses informed random address probing to carefully explore the Internet Protocol (IP) address space when determining router adjacencies, it uses source-route capable routers wherever possible to enhance the fidelity of the resulting map, and it employs novel mechanisms for resolving aliases (interfaces be longing to the same router).
A Note on Statistical Multiplexing and Scheduling in Video Networks at High Data Rates
Authors: Liebeherr Jörg
Published: November 2023

This chapter makes observations about the impact of link scheduling and statistical multiplexing on the multiplexing gain at high data rates. The multiplexing gain is evaluated using the number of MPEG video traces that can be provisioned with delay guarantees on a network link. The presented data indicates that, at high transmission rates, the multiplexing gain is substantial and is dominated by the effects of statistical multiplexing.
Medical Professionals and Public Health in Russia to 1770
Authors: Alexander John T
Published: November 2023

The Russian medical profession in 1770 was only half-prepared to cope with any public health emergency. Nevertheless, in fighting the plague of 1770-72 professional medical practitioners were more numerous, more active, and more influential than they had ever been in Russia. Their vigorous antiplague efforts exemplified the comparatively recent, rapid introduction to Russia of European standards of public health and professional medical care. Beginning in the seventeenth century, two powerful stimuli, incessant warfare and recurrent epidemics, expedited the formation of public health institutions in Muscovy and its Europeanized successor, the Russian Empire. War and disease often interacted to cause widespread crises. By threatening the armed forces in particular, epidemics imperiled Russia’s foreign and domestic policies in general, as seen in the coincidence of plague, warfare, and internal disarray in 1654-56, 1709-12, 1727-28, and 1738-39. Military needs and military personnel therefore dominated Russia’s new medical institutions. In the eighteenth century, the bureaucratized medical administration and profession devoted even greater attention to communicable disease as it affected the reorganized, standing army, the newly created navy, and the population at large. All these institutional developments enabled medical professionals to assume prominent roles in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74 and the plague that it provoked. Together, the plague and the war assaulted the empire’s emergent public health institutions, disclosing weaknesses that temporarily overshadowed the many medical developments since 1700.
The Plague’s Impact on Moscow
Authors: Alexander John T
Published: November 2023

The plague left multiple imprints on Moscow. Foremost among its immediate effects was the awesome mortality. The yearlong epidemic killed tens of thousands of Muscovites directly and indirectly, drove away tens of thousands, and caused massive unemployment by disrupting the municipal economy and closing most manufacturing enterprises, government offices, educational institutions, and entertainment facilities. Fear of infection also kept away many visitors, vendors, and buyers, deepening the economic dislocation. As in the hinterland, so in the metropolis plague was unpredictable; certain social groups, occupations, and neighborhoods suffered more heavily than others. In the absence of precise mortality figures and full census data, one can only venture some general correlations about the epidemic’s demographic impact. Moscow’s experience with plague was also reflected in city planning, welfare institutions, and national administrative reforms.

How many people died of plague in Moscow and the rest of the Russian Empire in 1770-72? The Plague Commission, while acknowledging that its figures were incomplete, computed a death toll of 56,900 for Moscow from April 1771 to March 1772 and 1,000 bodies discovered afterward. To this total one should add about 200 deaths at the Vvedenskie Hills and the Big Woolen Court from November 1770 through March 1771. To be sure, some of the deaths in the spring and winter did not stem from plague directly; ordinary causes accounted for part of the mortality. Disregarding the outbreaks before April 1771, one may deduct at least 5,800 deaths as Moscow’s ordinary mortality for the period April-December, based on the average monthly losses recorded in the nonplague years of 1773-74. This would yield a net total of 52,300 deaths from plague in Moscow. Of course, this estimate excludes concealed deaths and deaths of refugees in the provinces. Eyewitnesses generally reported higher totals.
Medical Reactions and Debates: Plague Tractates from Russia
Authors: Alexander John T
Published: November 2023

The catastrophe of 1771 called into question the efficacy of Russia’s developing medical profession and public health institutions. Their failure to ward off disaster demanded explanation and justification, all the more so because of the empire’s enhanced exposure to infection through annexation and penetration of plague-enzootic territory in the south. Throughout the epidemic the imperial authorities consulted the medical professionals and mobilized a considerable proportion of them. Together with the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74, the plague reinforced efforts to recruit medical personnel abroad and to expand medical training at home. For the many practitioners who fought the epidemic, moreover, it posed insistent problems of theory and practice. They pondered its origins and identification, the nature of the disease, and the means of prevention and treatment. The peculiarities of the Moscow outbreak aroused doubts about traditional explanations of plague. Analogous doubts might question the value of medical professionals to the state and society. To vindicate the actions of medical practitioners during the epidemic and to forestall criticism of their role in the formulation of public health policy, some doctors and surgeons seized the occasion to publish reasoned explanations of the cataclysm. Their explanations drew lessons from the tragedy in hopes of averting its repetition; they also expressed intensified commitment to an expansive, activist policy toward epidemic disease. Thus the medical debates about the plague continued long after its end, stimulating medical policies and thought, research and publication in Russia. If medical thinkers from Russia made no great discoveries in the scientific study of plague, they brought the subject to a respectable level of discourse and demonstrated a thorough, frequently critical, knowledge of the lengthy European tradition of plague tractates. Their contributions enlivened that tradition for Russian and European audiences.
The Egypt of This Exodus
Authors: Isaac Rhys
Published: November 2023

The armed departure of the Eight had brought them into the Revolution; and it had brought the Revolution right onto Landon’s plantation. We know so well from famous documents such as the Declaration of Independence the terms in which Landon’s fellow white American patriots proclaimed their rights and set about forging their destiny. We know from Landon’s diary that the Eight who left Sabine Hall on the night of June 25, 1776, had responded to the call of liberty for themselves. We do not have a declaration in their words; yet we have their deeds.
Plantation Pastoral
Authors: Isaac Rhys
Published: November 2023

Landon’s first surviving plantation journal comes from a time when the term “literature” had a very comprehensive meaning. The word was not yet restricted to artistic belles-lettres but applied also to science, philosophy, and history. These day-by-day accounts of farm work cumulated into a great pastorale in prose; they unselfconsciously extended an English-language tradition adapted from the ancients. Landon, of course, knew the Roman Virgil’s pastoral Eclogues and his poetic celebration of country works and days in the four books of the Georgics, so the great poet’s influence is pervasive. In the quality of his daily entries, and in his sustained recording over 2 2 years, Landon penned the most elaborated and revealing English-language farm journal coming down to us from the eighteenth-century age of agricultural improvement.*
Plantation Medical Science
Authors: Isaac Rhys
Published: November 2023

The past, they say, is another country. There is no more startling way of experiencing the otherness of the eighteenth century than by paying attention to its prevailing medical beliefs and practices. The generation that saw the creation of the American republic gave us so much of our current political vocabulary and repertoire of concepts; but as to medicine, well, they inhabited another mental universe. And their ideas about health and sickness gave hidden meanings to their works of revolutionary statecraft, for their language of politics was largely carried by medical metaphors. In that time, as we shall see, the primary reference of the word “constitution” was to the make-up of the human body; and “corruption” referred to the inexorable falling of such bodies first into disease and then into dissolution after death.
Landon, Legislator
Authors: Isaac Rhys
Published: November 2023

It is time to reverse the turning over of that first diary, that leather-bound quarto notebook. It is time to go back from the Enlightenment philosophic observations of the plantation journal to the Assembly reporting for which the book was acquired.
Rebellions Begin
Authors: Isaac Rhys
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1766, Colonel Richard Henry Lee organized a procession to the courthouse of Westmoreland County just north of Sabine Hall. First came two slaves wearing the colors that their master also had donned, the blue and white colors of ‘‘Wilkes and Liberty.” (Of Wilkes and this watchword of his supporters, more later.) Behind the banners came a crowd of planters and slaves together escorting others who bore two effigies of prominent but now notorious gentlemen. The effigies were hanged on the gallows at the courthouse. The next day the effigies were hanged again and burned, but only after Richard Henry Lee had read a mock “dying Speech.” The effigies were of Colonel George Mercer, the Virginia gentleman appointed as collector of dues under the Stamp Act, and the Right Honorable Mr. George Grenville, prime minister of Great Britain, the notorious proponent of this hated tax. This pageant, showing a world turned upside down, was a symbolic rebellion in the face of what was declared an unconstitutional tax. At that moment the collector had not yet arrived in Virginia, but he was expected soon. He and his prominent family were left in no doubt about the reception awaiting him.
Duties Betrayed
Authors: Isaac Rhys
Published: November 2023

Landon Carter’s diaries come from a late moment of an ancient regime of knowledge and society. The diarist felt in his heart that he was chronicling decline. His own death could not be far off, and he sensed also the passing of the world which his altogether admirable father had bequeathed to him. And so he wrote affirmations of the old, the tried, and the true, along with his copious condemnations of the all-too-apparent trends of these latter days. The alarmandso the affirmation and condemnation—grew ever more intense as defiance became armed conflict and then a republican revolution that cast out the king and the old constitution.
Primal Rebellions
Authors: Isaac Rhys
Published: November 2023

In Boston on December 16, 1773, a band of ardent patriots had lit the fuse that would blow up the whole powder keg. Doubting that their fellow New Englanders would have patriotic virtue enough to continue the boycott of the taxed East India Company tea, these zealots had dressed themselves as Indians, boarded the company’s three newly arrived ships, and thrown the hated cargo into the harbor.
Overview of Genetic Epidemiology
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

Genetic epidemiology is the study of the joint action of genes and environmental factors in causing disease in human populations and their patterns of inheritance in families (Last, 1993; Morton, 1982; Neel, 1984; Rao, 1985; Thomas, 2000a). Many other disciplines also address aspects of this same overall objective—human genetics, population genetics, clinical genetics, molecular genetics, molecular epidemiology, statistical genetics, genomics, bioinformatics—each from its own perspective. Many other basic and clinical sciences—biochemistry, pathology, and physiology, for example—also contribute. A complete understanding of the etiology of disease requires an interdisciplinary approach drawing on all these fields.
Principles of Mendelian Inheritance
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

This book focuses mainly on statistical methods for studying complex diseases, those that do not exhibit simple patterns of inheritance traceable to a single major gene that is both a necessary and a sufficient cause. Such diseases may involve multiple genes, environmental factors, age-dependent risks, and complex interactions between these factors. Before we tackle these complicated situations, however, some basic ideas about simple Mendelian patterns of inheritance need to be presented and some terminology established. I begin with a more formal treatment of such concepts as familiality, heredity, genotype, phenotype, penetrance, transmission, and causation. The rest of this chapter will outline the classical patterns of dominant, recessive, and X-linked inheritance.
Familial Aggregation
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

The first step in the study of a potentially genetic trait is to see whether it tends to aggregate in families, without at this stage having any specific genetic model in mind. We begin by considering a continuous trait (e.g., cholesterol level, blood pressure), for which all family members are informative. One might well study such a trait with a simple random sample of families from the population and look at the correlation in phenotypes between relatives of different types. (For greater statistical efficiency, however, one might still prefer to focus on families with unusually high values of the trait.)
Testing Candidate Gene Associations
Authors: Thomas Duncan C
Published: November 2023

Suppose that by linkage analysis we have localized the chromosomal region where we believe a disease gene is located. Association studies can then be used for three main purposes:

To further localize the region where the gene might be found by looking for additional markers that are in strong LD with the still unidentified gene (LD mapping).

To test the hypothesis that a particular gene that has already been identified in the region could be the disease gene we are looking for by determining whether polymorphisms in that gene are associated with the disease. Such candidate gene association studies are usually limited to those for which we already have some knowledge about their biological function and a plausible mechanistic hypothesis for their relevance to the disease.

To estimate the risk associated with an already established causal gene and other factors affecting its penetrance (gene characterization).
Nasal Continuants And Nonnasal Consonants
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Precise consonant symbols are equally necessary for achieving phonatory accuracy in the singing voice. How a singer handles voiced and unvoiced consonant phonemes helps determine the success of phrase direction and legato line. The consonant is as important as the vowel. Appendix III illustrates IPA symbols for most of them, with model words in several languages. In my teaching I draw particular attention to the need for skillful handling, in every musical phrase, of anticipatory consonants, single consonants, doubled consonants—both voiced and unvoiced—and the retention of their phonetic values.
Pedagogy Issues
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

This thoughtful question has to do with the psychology of teaching and learning. Could a comprehensive answer be readily discovered, teaching singing would be a much easier profession. Most singers are drawn to the art of singing by hearing beautiful timbre and artistry from some model or models they admire. Although the means of artistic communication are discernible, no one can clarify with exactitude how the brain establishes an aesthetic goal or why a specific tonal concept becomes preferable to the exclusion of all others.
The Irony of Liberty: Origins of the Domestic Slave Trade
Authors: Deyle Steven
Published: November 2023

In 1798, a Delaware Quaker, Warner Mifflin, wrote a letter to President John Adams. The recent yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia had caused Mifflin to ponder the reason for this disaster. After traveling from the Eastern Shore of Virginia to his home in Delaware, Mifflin believed that he had found the explanation for God’s wrath. While passing through Maryland, he was struck by “the abominable Trade carried on through that part of the Country, by Negroe-Drovers, buying Drove after Drove of the poor afflicted Blacks, like droves of Cattel for Market; carrying them into the Southern States for Speculation; regardless of the separation of nearest Connections & natural ties:’ Not only did Mifflin believe that the yellow fever epidemic was God’s punishment of the country for engaging in this trade in human slaves, but he also feared that “if the Practice continued, [it] was likely to produce punishment on the Government, Rulers, and those in Authority, who did not exert themselves for the suppression of this cruel Practice.
Outside Looking In: The Domestic Slave Trade and the Abolitionist Attack on Slavery
Authors: Deyle Steven
Published: November 2023

The first issue of the Liberator is justly famous for William Lloyd Garrison’s bold opening manifesto. Virtually every history textbook quotes some part of the well-known passage: “I will be as harsh as truth, AND I WILL BE HEARD.” But little mention is ever made about the two articles that appeared alongside it on the front page of that famous publication. In “District of Columbia,” Garrison described how in the nation’s capital, “the worst features of slavery are exhibited; and as a mart for slave-traders, it is unequalled.” Also included was a petition to Congress asking for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia and “for the preventing of bringing slaves into that District for purposes of traffic.” If that article left anyone “unmoved;’ the next piece was intended to startle the reader out of apathy, “unless he be morally dead-dead-dead.
Epidemiology of Psychiatric Conditions in Nursing Homes
Authors: Gruber-Baldini Ann L , Day, Hannah , Magaziner Jay
Published: November 2023

With the increasing age of the U.S. population, especially among those aged 85 and above, there will be greater numbers of older persons with psychiatric conditions and persons requiring long-term care in the future (American Geriatrics Society & American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 2003a, 2003b; Decker, 2005; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under the direction of the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration et al., 2001). It is estimated that 4% to 5% of persons 65 years and older reside in a nursing home (Sirrocco, 1994; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993a) and that as many as 50% of older adults will enter a nursing home at some point in their lives (Cohen et al., 1986; Murtaugh et al., 1990). Also, the increasing prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementia (ADRD) with older age (Gallo & Lebowitz, 1999; Graham et al., 1997) will lead to more persons with ADRD and related behavioral symptoms in both community and long-term-care settings. In general, the prevalence of ADRD, depression, and other psychiatric conditions are higher in nursing home residents than in community-dwelling elderly; this may be due to the increased need for care among persons with psychiatric conditions, especially ADRD (Hybels & Blazer, 2003).
Dementia in Nursing Home Patients: Assessment and Management
Authors: Hemrungrojn Solasinee , Cummings Jeffrey L
Published: November 2023

Currently 4 million Americans suffer from dementia. Without effective treatment, the number of patients with dementia, primarily Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is estimated to reach 13.2 million by 2050 (Hebert et al., 2003). Most patients with dementia are eventually admitted to nursing homes, and patients with dementia comprise a large segment of the nursing home population. Dementia afLicts 50% of the residents in nursing homes in the United States (Delacourte et al., 1999). In a Swedish study, Fratiglioni and colleagues found that 77% of patients with moderate to severe dementia were inpatient residents in nursing homes. Similarly, many survey studies report that the number of severely demented patients is high in institutions of long-term care (Fratiglioni, 1996). Mayeux (1994) and colleagues noted that the proportion of severely demented patients living in nursing homes in the state of New York was 65%. It is estimated that in the year 2020 there will be more than 3 million severely demented patients requiring long-term care (Teresi et al., 1994). The cost for dementia care in nursing homes is a major national health care expenditure. The estimated annual nursing cost for dementia in 1986 was $22,458.00 per patient per year, rising to $42,230.00 in 1997 (O’Brien & Caro, 2001).