bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanochannel‐Based Poration Drives Benign and Effective Nonviral Gene Delivery to Peripheral Nerve Tissue
Authors: Moore Jordan T. , Wier Christopher G. , Lemmerman Luke R. , Ortega‐Pineda Lilibeth , Dodd Daniel J. , Lawrence William R. , Duarte‐Sanmiguel Silvia , Dathathreya Kavya , Diaz‐Starokozheva Ludmila , Harris Hallie N. , Sen Chandan K. , Valerio Ian L. , Higuita‐Castro Natalia , Arnold William David , Kolb Stephen J. , Gallego‐Perez Daniel
Published: September 2020

While gene and cell therapies have emerged as promising treatment strategies for various neurological conditions, heavy reliance on viral vectors can hamper widespread clinical implementation. Here, the use of tissue nanotransfection as a platform nanotechnology to drive nonviral gene delivery to nerve tissue via nanochannels, in an effective, controlled, and benign manner is explored. TNT facilitates plasmid DNA delivery to the sciatic nerve of mice in a voltage‐dependent manner. Compared to standard bulk electroporation (BEP), impairment in toe‐spread and pinprick response is not caused by TNT, and has limited to no impact on electrophysiological parameters. BEP, however, induces significant nerve damage and increases macrophage immunoreactivity. TNT is subsequently used to deliver vasculogenic cell therapies to crushed nerves via delivery of reprogramming factor genes Etv2, Foxc2, and Fli1 (EFF). The results indicate the TNT‐based delivery of EFF in a sciatic nerve crush model leads to increased vascularity, reduced macrophage infiltration, and improved recovery in electrophysiological parameters compared to crushed nerves that are TNT‐treated with sham/empty plasmids. Altogether, the results indicate that TNT can be a powerful platform nanotechnology for localized nonviral gene delivery to nerve tissue, in vivo, and the deployment of reprogramming‐based cell therapies for nerve repair/regeneration.
Influence of the Brazing Paste Composition on the Wetting Behavior of Reactive Air Brazed Metal–Ceramic Joints
Authors: Waetzig Katja , Schilm Jochen , Mosch Sindy , Tillmann Wolfgang , Eilers Arne , Wojarski Lukas
Published: September 2020

Reactive air brazing (RAB) is a cost‐effective way to produce ceramic–ceramic or ceramic–metal brazed joints in air, without applying a protective gas atmosphere or a vacuum. In addition to conventional furnace technology, the brazing with induction heating can also be used effectively. Within the scope of this study the shrinkage and wetting behavior of self‐developed brazing pastes with different CuO contents and two qualities of silver powders with coarse and fine particle size are investigated by optical dilatometry on alumina (Al2O3, 99.7% purity). Thereby, the fine silver powder quality reveals a significant swelling effect at high temperatures, leading to an expansion of densified powder compacts caused by evolving gases. Joining tests are performed on ceramic–steel brazed joints using a muffle furnace and induction heating for short brazing cycles. The brazing seams and interfaces of the joints are investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). As a result, correlations between the brazing filler metal composition, the steel, and the brazing conditions are obtained.
Optical Properties and Applications of Plasmonic‐Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Lu , Hasanzadeh Kafshgari Morteza , Meunier Michel
Published: September 2020

Noble metal nanoparticles due to their unique optical properties arising from their interactions with an incident light have been intensively employed in a broad range of applications. This review comprehensively describes fundamentals behind plasmonics, used to develop applications in the fields of biomedical, energy, and information technologies. Basic concepts (electromagnetic interaction and permittivity of metals) are discussed through Mie theory presented as the main model for interpreting phenomena of optical absorption and scattering. The effects of near‐field enhancement, shape, composition, and surrounding medium of nanoparticles on optical properties are described in detail. The review explores and identifies the potential of plasmonic nanoparticles based on their optical properties (e.g., light absorption, scattering, and field enhancement) for developing different applications (biomedical, energy and information technologies). Due to a significant impact of plasmonic nanoparticles on medicine and healthcare products and technologies, the review initially focuses on biomedical applications extensively benefited from optical features of these nanoparticles. Advantages of the optical properties outstandingly implemented are also briefly discussed in other applications, including energy and information technologies. This review concisely summarizes the explored areas based on plasmonic properties, compares advantages of plasmonic nanoparticles over other types of nanomaterials and highlights challenges.
The Intersection of Mechanotransduction and Regenerative Osteogenic Materials
Authors: Bertrand Anthony A. , Malapati Sri Harshini , Yamaguchi Dean T. , Lee Justine C.
Published: September 2020

Mechanical signals play a central role in cell fate determination and differentiation in both physiologic and pathologic circumstances. Such signals may be delivered using materials to generate discrete microenvironments for the purposes of tissue regeneration and have garnered increasing attention in recent years. Unlike the addition of progenitor cells or growth factors, delivery of a microenvironment is particularly attractive in that it may reduce the known untoward consequences of the former two strategies, such as excessive proliferation and potential malignant transformation. Additionally, the ability to spatially modulate the fabrication of materials allows for the creation of multiple microenvironments, particularly attractive for regenerating complex tissues. While many regenerative materials have been developed and tested for augmentation of specific cellular responses, the intersection between cell biology and material interactions have been difficult to dissect due to the complexity of both physical and chemical interactions. Specifically, modulating materials to target individual signaling pathways is an avenue of interdisciplinary research that may lead to a more effective method of optimizing regenerative materials. In this work, the aim is to summarize the major mechanotransduction pathways for osteogenic differentiation and to consolidate the known materials and material properties that activate such pathways.
Polymeric Hydrogel Systems as Emerging Biomaterial Platforms to Enable Hemostasis and Wound Healing
Authors: Pourshahrestani Sara , Zeimaran Ehsan , Kadri Nahrizul Adib , Mutlu Nurshen , Boccaccini Aldo R.
Published: September 2020

Broad interest in developing new hemostatic technologies arises from unmet needs in mitigating uncontrolled hemorrhage in emergency, surgical, and battlefield settings. Although a variety of hemostats, sealants, and adhesives are available, development of ideal hemostatic compositions that offer a range of remarkable properties including capability to effectively and immediately manage bleeding, excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, antibacterial effect, and strong tissue adhesion properties, under wet and dynamic conditions, still remains a challenge. Benefiting from tunable mechanical properties, high porosity, biocompatibility, injectability and ease of handling, polymeric hydrogels with outstanding hemostatic properties have been receiving increasing attention over the past several years. In this review, after shedding light on hemostasis and wound healing processes, the most recent progresses in hydrogel systems engineered from natural and synthetic polymers for hemostatic applications are discussed based on a comprehensive literature review. Most studies described used in vivo models with accessible and compressible wounds to assess the hemostatic performance of hydrogels. The challenges that need to be tackled to accelerate the translation of these novel hemostatic hydrogel systems to clinical practice are emphasized and future directions for research in the field are presented.
Polymers for Melt Electrowriting
Authors: Kade Juliane C. , Dalton Paul D.
Published: September 2020

Melt electrowriting (MEW) is an emerging high‐resolution additive manufacturing technique based on the electrohydrodynamic processing of polymers. MEW is predominantly used to fabricate scaffolds for biomedical applications, where the microscale fiber positioning has substantial implications in its macroscopic mechanical properties. This review gives an update on the increasing number of polymers processed via MEW and different commercial sources of the gold standard poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL). A description of MEW‐processed polymers beyond PCL is introduced, including blends and coated fibers to provide specific advantages in biomedical applications. Furthermore, a perspective on printer designs and developments is highlighted, to keep expanding the variety of processable polymers for MEW.
Densely Arrayed Active Antennas Embedded in Vertical Nanoholes for Backside‐Illuminated Silicon‐Based Broadband Infrared Photodetection
Authors: Yasunaga Shun , Takahashi Hidetoshi , Takahata Tomoyuki , Shimoyama Isao , Kan Tetsuo
Published: September 2020

Plasmonic metal nanoantennas arrayed on silicon have attracted attention as silicon‐based sub‐bandgap infrared detectors. Localized surface plasmons induced on metal nanoblocks can provide a broadband responsivity, and the silicon‐based configuration offers the potential for complementary metal oxide semiconductor‐compatible infrared photodetectors. The responsivity of such devices, however, needs further improvement. In this report, a nanoantenna structure consisting of a nanoblock with electrical connection to it built in a narrow, vertical, and deep nanohole is presented, which generates a photocurrent in response to backside illumination. Inclined evaporative deposition of copper onto an array of nanoholes, 150 nm in diameter and 560 nm in depth, simultaneously forms nanoblocks and thin conductive films. The structure's effectiveness is demonstrated from the reflectance and responsivity to infrared laser illumination 1.1–1.8 µm in wavelength. When the periodicity of the nanoholes is 500 nm, a responsivity of 9.8 mA W−1 at 1.55 µm is obtained, which is sustained over a broad band. The responsivity–density relationship has a limitation between periodicities of 250 and 500 nm, possibly because of overlapped near fields around antennas and the resultant altered resonant mode. With its simple fabrication and efficient functionality, the nanoantenna structure contributes to the realization of silicon‐based infrared imaging.
Leveling and Drying Dynamics of Printed Liquid Films of Organic Semiconductor Solutions in OLED/OPV Applications
Authors: Sauer Hans M. , Braig Felix , Dörsam Edgar
Published: September 2020

Printing process development for fabrication of organic electronic devices is described, with focus on semiconductor layers for organic light‐emitting diodes and photovoltaic cells. This development is considerably more complex than for a graphical printing process. Key aspects are an adequate dosing and transfer of highly volatile inks, the reliable coalescence of the droplets deposited on the substrate to a closed liquid film, and the successful relaxation and leveling of the liquid–air interface in the solvent evaporation phase in the presence of Marangoni stresses and pattern formation instabilities. The conditions for successful implementation of a gravure or inkjet process, using steadily developing, new generations of polymer as well as small molecule semiconductors are, to a large extent, but not exclusively, originating from the molecular features of organic semiconductors and their printable solutions. In addition, recent developments in surface technology, and in the physics of thin‐film dynamics and spontaneous pattern formation contribute to a proper understanding of liquid layer dynamics in printed electronics. The role of ink formulation, Marangoni stresses related to concentration and temperature gradients, the effect of the disjoining pressure, and solvent evaporation are discussed.
Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots Photosensitized‐Amorphous Oxide Transistors for Multimodal Synapses
Authors: Subramanian Periyal Srilakshmi , Jagadeeswararao Metikoti , Ng Si En , John Rohit Abraham , Mathews Nripan
Published: September 2020

Deployment of novel artificial synapses serves as the crucial unit for building neuromorphic hardware to drive data‐intensive applications. Emulation of complex neural behavior through conventional Si‐based devices requires a large number of elements which increases fabrication complexity and brings challenges of connectivity. Hence, there is a need to investigate alternative material systems and device architectures for emulating richer neural behavior comprising of lesser elements. Herein, a thin‐film transistor‐like synaptic device using all‐inorganic cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) perovskite quantum dots (QDs) and amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide semiconductor active material is explored for brain‐inspired computing. The incorporation of CsPbBr3 QDs as a photosensitizer aids in realizing light‐dependent synaptic memory. Furthermore, type II heterostructure can serve as a basis for electro‐optical programming. The proposed artificial synapse demonstrates a materials combination that can decouple optical absorption and charge transport property and provides freedom to tune the spectral region. Harnessing the advantages of novel materials, the devices obey spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity rules, inculcate associative learning and linear nonvolatile blind updates. This architecture paves way for efficient building of neuromorphic hardware elements with facile tunability and tailorable plasticity.
Lasing Operation under Long‐Pulse Excitation in Solution‐Processed Organic Gain Medium: Toward CW Lasing in Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Mai Van T. N. , Shukla Atul , Senevirathne A. M. Chathuranganie , Allison Ilene , Lim Hyunsoo , Lepage Romain J. , McGregor Sarah K. M. , Wood Michael , Matsushima Toshinori , Moore Evan G. , Krenske Elizabeth H. , Sandanayaka Atula S. D. , Adachi Chihaya , Namdas Ebinazar B. , Lo Shih‐Chun
Published: September 2020

High mechanical flexibility and wavelength tunability of organic semiconductor materials have propelled the development of organic semiconductor lasers (OSLs) as a complementary technology to current inorganic lasers. While excellent progress has been made across multiple aspects of OSLs, demonstration of long‐pulse operation [quasi‐continuous wave (qCW) or continuous wave (CW)] lasing has presented significant challenges due to the detrimental accumulation of triplets under long‐pulse photoexcitation and substantial quenching of singlet excitons, arising from singlet‐triplet annihilation (STA). In particular, qCW or CW lasing from solution‐processed OSL materials has not been reported, and thus remains a long‐thought objective in optoelectronic research. Using a novel bis(N‐carbazolylstyryl)‐9,9‐dihexylfluorene (BSFCz), the first solution‐processable organic laser dye demonstrating lasing oscillation in the long‐pulse photoexcitation regime (up to 10 ms pulse width) with a low threshold (420 W cm−2), which in part can be attributed to its negligible spectral overlap between triplet excited‐state absorption and laser emission, is herein reported. Temporal emission profiles below and above the lasing threshold also demonstrate that STA has a negligible effect on emission. These combined observations show BSFCz incur low losses due to triplet excited‐states, leading to extremely small changes in lasing thresholds when moving from pulsed to qCW (>1 ms) excitation.
Photocatalytical and Photochemical Generation of Imidoyl Radicals: Synthetic Applications
Authors: Sharma Shivani , Pandey Amar Prakash , Sharma Anuj
Published: September 2020

In the last few decades, the development in the field of radical chemistry has gained great attention. The majority of these radical strategies mainly depend on the in situ generation of reactive radical species by employing radical initiators such as oxidants and metal salts or methods such as photocatalysis and electrochemistry etc. This review covers the literature on the generation of imidoyl radicals using photoredox catalysis. In the majority of the reactions, the spontaneity of the underlying SET transitions is correlated by the compiled redox potential data of the reacting species for a better understanding of the readers. Besides, the applications of these reactive imidoyl radicals to access a variety of heterocycles such as benzothiazoles, indoles, quinoxalines, phenanthridines, isoquinolines, pyridines, and amides are also addressed.

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Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform with Multiobjective Optimization Algorithm for Real‐Time Power Quality Events Classification
Authors: Rahul
Published: September 2020

This article proposes an application of Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT) with non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm III (NSGA III) based multi‐objective optimization and directed acyclic graph support vector machine (DAG‐SVM) for recognition and classification of power quality events. The proposed method first employs DTCWT for extraction of features then NSGA III algorithm for an effective optimization of extracted features. After that, DAG‐SVM based classifier are used to predict the classes of PQ disturbances. The NSGA III algorithm generates optimalsolutions based on multi objective optimization and then fitness function is generated with the help of Pareto front to obtain unique features set from power signals. The NSGA III not only optimizes selected features with DTCWT but also reduces the computational time in comparison with the traditional NSGA II. The obtained unique feature vectors are used for training of Directed Acyclic Graph‐SVM to classify the power quality disturbances. The short event detection, lesser computational timing, superior classification accuracy, and high anti‐noise performance are the main advantages of the proposed method.
Representing Quantum Information with Digital Coding Metasurfaces
Authors: Bai Guo Dong , Cui Tie Jun
Published: September 2020

With the development of science and technology, the way to represent information becomes more powerful and diversified. Recent research on digital coding metasurfaces has built an alternative bridge between wave‐behaviors and information science. Different from the logic information in traditional circuits, the digital bit in coding metasurfaces is based on wave‐structure interaction, which is capable of exploiting multiple degrees of freedom (DoFs). However, to what extent the digital coding metasurface can expand the information representation has not been discussed. In this work, it is shown that classical metasurfaces have the ability to mimic qubit and quantum information. An approach for simulating a two‐level spin system with meta‐atoms is proposed, from which the superposition for two optical spin states is constructed. It is further proposed that using geometric‐phase elements with nonseparable coding states can induce the classical entanglement between polarization and spatial modes, and give the condition to achieve the maximal entanglement. This study expands the information representing range of coding metasurfaces and provides an ultrathin platform to mimic quantum information.
Phosphorus pools in soils under rotational and continuous grazed pastures
Authors: Toor Gurpal S. , Yang Yun‐Ya , Morris Matt , Schwartz Philip , Darwish Yasmine , Gaylord George , Webb Kristen
Published: September 2020

Phosphorus loss from intensively grazed pastures is an ongoing concern in agricultural watersheds. We investigated P pools in fields managed as continuous (stocking rate of 3.55 animal unit [AU] ha–1) and rotational (stocking rate of 2.56 AU ha–1) cattle grazing pastures. Soil samples from 0–5 and 0–20 cm were collected >12 yr after establishing pastures. Organic matter was significantly (p < .05) higher, i.e., 2.2% greater at 0–5 cm and 1% greater at 0–20 cm in the continuous than the rotational pasture. The Mehlich 3‐P (M3‐P) was 33.1 ± 8.88 mg kg–1 at 0–5 cm and 17.2 ± 3.10 mg kg–1 at 0–20 cm in the rotational pature and was 91.6 ± 43.87 mg kg–1 at 0–5 cm and 63.6 ± 45.85 mg kg–1 at 0–20 cm in the continuous pasture. The M3‐P saturation ratio at 0–5 cm was in the “above optimum” category in the continuous pasture (0.13 ± 0.067) and in the “below optimum” category in the rotational pasture (0.04 ± 0.012). Of the total extractable P in soils, NaOH–P was the largest fraction (59–72%), followed by HCl–P (12–19%), NaHCO3–P (7–19%), and H2O–P (2–9%). We conclude that significantly (p < .05) less accumulation of labile P pools (i.e., H2O and NaHCO3) in the rotational than the continuous pasture was due to the low stocking rate, which will likely translate to lower P losses to receiving waters.
Relationship study among soils physicochemical properties and bacterial communities in urban green space and promotion of its composition and network analysis
Authors: Feng Xiaojie , Sun Xiangyang , Li Suyan , Zhang Junda , Hu Nuo
Published: September 2020

Bacterial communities are closely related to soil physicochemical properties in urban green spaces, which also are important biological indicators in urban soil quality. However, there has been little basic research on soil bacterial composition and network analysis in different urban green space types, leading to a lack of micro‐understanding during urban green space management. Therefore, 30 soil sample sites from 0 to 40 cm were separately selected from two primary urban green space types (attached and park) in Beijing. We investigated how soil bacterial communities and networks respond to soil physicochemical properties by using high‐throughput 16S rDNA sequencing. Soil moisture content, organic matter (OM), total N (TN), available N, available K (AK), total Pb, and total Hg in park green space soils were significantly increased 1.49, 2.04, 1.78, 1.46, 1.20, 1.84, and 7.19 times relative to attached green space soils. A total of 2,238,221 sequences (440 bp) were acquired from urban green space soils. norank_c_Acidobacteria, Blastocatellaceae_Subgroup_4_, Gemmatimonadaceae, Anaerolineaceae, and Nitrosomonadaceae were the major bacterial families, and soil OM (36.6%, P = .01) and TN (34.6%, P = .01) were significantly (P < .01) positively correlated with bacterial communities at the family level in urban green soils. Through network analysis, we determined that Actinobacteria was the core microorganism in parks and attached green space soils, but taxonomic groups in park green space soils tended to be more modular and more closely connected. Therefore, we should pay more attention to promoting development of soil nutrients in urban green spaces, especially attached green spaces. Our results provide scientific guidance for urban green space ecological environmental management.
Artifacts Mitigation in Sensors for Spasticity Assessment
Authors: Yalçın Çağrı , Sam Mathew , Bu Yifeng , Amit Moran , Skalsky Andrew J. , Yip Michael , Ng Tse Nga , Garudadri Harinath
Published: September 2020

Spasticity is a pathological condition that can occur in people with neuromuscular disorders. Objective, repeatable metrics are needed for evaluation to provide appropriate treatment and to monitor patient condition. Herein, an instrumented bimodal glove with force and movement sensors for spasticity assessment is presented. To mitigate noise artifacts, machine learning techniques are used, specifically a multitask neural network, to calibrate the instrumented glove signals against the ground truth from sensors integrated in a robotic arm. The motorized robotic arm system offers adjustable resistance to simulate different levels of muscle stiffness in spasticity, and the sensors on the robot provide ground‐truth measurements of angular displacement and force applied during flexion and extension maneuvers. The robotic sensor measurements are used to train the instrumented glove data through multitask learning. After processing through the neural network, the Pearson correlation coefficients between the processed signals and the ground truth are above 0.92, demonstrating successful signal calibration and noise mitigation.
Surface Interrogation of Electrodeposited MnOx and CaMnO3 Perovskites by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Probing Active Sites and Kinetics for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Jin Zhaoyu , Bard Allen J.
Published: September 2020

Surface interrogation scanning electrochemical microscopy (SI‐SECM) of two electrodeposited manganese‐based electrocatalysts, amorphous MnOx and perovskite CaMnO3, was used to investigate the manganese oxidation state relating to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under neutral conditions. The results indicate the amounts of MnIII and MnIV species in MnOx and CaMnO3 depend on potential. A MnV species was identified in both structures during the OER. Time‐delay titration of MnV further revealed that MnOx produced two types of active sites with different OER reaction rates: k′fast(MnOx)=1.21 s−1 and k’slow(MnOx)=0.24 s−1. In contrast, CaMnO3 perovskites in which the MnV species formed at a less positive potential than that in MnOx, displayed only one kinetic behavior with a faster reaction rate of 1.72 s−1.
Formation of Nucleophilic Allylboranes from Molecular Hydrogen and Allenes Catalyzed by a Pyridonate Borane that Displays Frustrated Lewis Pair Reactivity
Authors: Hasenbeck Max , Ahles Sebastian , Averdunk Arthur , Becker Jonathan , Gellrich Urs
Published: September 2020

Here we report the in situ generation of nucleophilic allylboranes from H2 and allenes mediated by a pyridonate borane that displays frustrated‐Lewis‐pair reactivity. Experimental and computational mechanistic investigations reveal that upon H2 activation, the covalently bound pyridonate substituent becomes a datively bound pyridone ligand. Dissociation of the formed pyridone borane complex liberates Piers borane and enables a hydroboration of the allene. The allylboranes generated in this way are reactive towards nitriles. A catalytic protocol for the formation of allylboranes from H2 and allenes and the allylation of nitriles has been devised. This catalytic reaction is a conceptually new way to use molecular H2 in organic synthesis.
An improved strategy to synthesize graphite oxide with controllable interlayer spacing as coatings for anticorrosion application
Authors: Zheng Hao , Cheng Yusheng , Zhao Ranran , Ye Ying , Chen Jianfang
Published: September 2020

A facile method to synthesize nanoscale graphene oxide (GO) with controllable interlayer spacing was carried out using two‐step oxidation process and much less acid to improve the efficiency of the oxidation. The X‐ray diffraction results demonstrated that GO had been successfully prepared from graphite because of disappearance of characteristic peaks of pristine graphite at about 2θ = 26.5° along with appearance of a sharp major peak of GO at about 2θ = 9.4°. The increased basal spacing d001of as‐prepared GO could reach as high as 9.39 Å, suggesting higher degree of oxidation than that prepared by the classical Hummers' synthesis, and characterization results from Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy further confirmed this conclusion. The influence of GO on anti‐corrosion performance of nanocomposite coatings composited with the 2,5‐dimethoxyaniline (DMA) conductive polymer was examined via potentiodynamic polarization curve tests in 3.5 wt% NaCl aqueous solution. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of GO significantly decreased the corrosion current density (icorr= 2.62 μA/cm2) in the case of GO‐PDMA coating, reflecting excellent physical isolation of GO and its synergistic effect with PDMA against the infiltration of water and corrosive electrolyte.
Use of a bis(aminoalkyl)‐calix[4]arene derivative as cross‐linking agent to enhance functional and mechanical properties of a maleated polypropylene
Authors: Lara Alejandra , Létoffé Adrien , Hoppe Sandrine , Mourer Maxime , G'sell Christian , Regnouf‐de‐Vains Jean‐Bernard , Ponçot Marc
Published: September 2020

An isotactic polypropylene grafted by 1 wt% of maleic anhydride (iPP‐g‐MAH) was chemically modified to provide it with new functional abilities and improved mechanical properties. The specific additive considered in this work is a derivative of bis(aminoalkyl)‐calix[4]arene. Not only this molecule serves as a cross‐linking agent, but it offers grafting sites for metallic ions that confer electrolytic conductivity to the initially insulating polyolefin. Materials were synthesized by reactive extrusion, and subsequently manufactured as plates by injection molding. The three‐dimensional macromolecular architecture was optimized by adjusting the NH2:MAH molar ratio in a range from 0.5:1 to 1:1. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the amine/ anhydride chemical reactions, while gel content measurements were used to determine the degree of cross‐linking. The crystalline microstructure of the different materials was characterized by two complementary methods: (a) overall crystallinity by differential scanning calorimetry; (b) lamellar thickness by thermal fractionation using the self‐successive auto‐nucleation procedure. Only a small decrease of the crystalline lamellae is observed. The mechanical properties were determined by a video‐controlled tensile testing method and by Brillouin spectroscopy. A transition from brittle to ductile behavior was observed for increasing cross‐links density. Scanning electron microscopy on fracture surfaces showed that ductile fracture was favored by the development of fibrils.
Influence of relative humidity on charge stability of ozone treated polystyrene particles
Authors: Jaber Albraa A. , Obaid Ahmad Abu , Advani Suresh G. , Gillespie John W.
Published: September 2020

The influence of relative humidity on charge decay on polystyrene (PS) particles is investigated at room temperature by using Faraday cup and attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy. The PS (2.8 ± 0.4 μm in diameter) particles were charged by using an ozone setup. The ozone charging source was from the free O‐ radicals generated from O3 dissociation on the surface of the PS particles resulting in carbonyl groups formation. The charge decayed exponentially, and the decay time constants were quantified using Faraday cup for various relative humidity conditions at room temperature. The charge decay due to the interaction of the PS particles with the environment was also investigated using ATR‐FTIR, where the CO stretching band at 1745 cm−1 was monitored. The decay of the CO on the PS particles is due to the reaction of the carbonyl groups with the hydronium ions [H3O]+. The reaction of CO with [H3O]+ is responsible for the time dependent charge decay. From both methods, the charge decay exhibited an exponential behavior, where the time decay constants measured from the two methods were in excellent correlation. The decay time constant increased linearly with increasing the RH. A generalized master charge decay curve is established for any PS surfaces (particles/films).
The influence of ceramic additives on intumescence and thermal activity of epoxy coatings for steel
Authors: Mastalska‐Popławska Joanna , Kadac Kornelia , Izak Piotr , Gierej Marcin , Stempkowska Agata , Góral Zuzanna
Published: September 2020

The article presents results of the research on the influence of graphite/kaolin and graphite/titanium oxide systems on thermal properties, intumescence degree and the integrity of the structure of intumescent protective films based on epoxy resins for steel. The TG/DTG/DSC analysis showed that graphite/kaolin system shifted the decomposition reaction of epoxy resin towards higher temperatures, even by about 30°C. Fire endurance tests and the SEM analysis confirmed these results because more thermally resistant (T500°C reached after 37.5 min for 1.1 coating thickness), swollen (about 20 times) and homogeneous coatings were obtained. The presented results suggest that ceramic fire retardants can successfully cooperate with organic components in intumescent protective coatings for steel elements.
Preparation of the flexible soybean oil‐based material via [2 + 2] cycloaddition photo‐polymerization
Authors: Ding Lei , Chen Yi Fan , Zhong Zhengxiang , Lu Fei , Du Yunzhe , Liu Li , Huang Yudong
Published: September 2020

Polymers with high flexibility and high content renewable biomass materials have attracted particular attention. Plant‐derived trans‐cinnamic acid (CA) was introduced into the structure of epoxidized soybean oil to form trans‐cinnamated epoxidized soybean oil (ESOCA). ESOCA with multi‐cinnamate groups was cured via [2 + 2] cycloaddition photo‐polymerization that with no need of photoinitiator, while acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (ESOAA) was photocured via free radical photopolymerization for comparison. The successful synthesis of ESOCA and ESOAA resin was proved by Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, and gel permeation chromatography results. ESOCA is more environmentally friendly than ESOAA for that trans‐CA volatility is much lower than acrylic acid during synthesis process. Notably, UV‐cured ESOCA samples had a higher tensile strength at break and a 14.75 times elongation at break of that of UV‐cured ESOAA samples, showing that [2 + 2] cycloaddition photo‐polymerization is a good strategy to prepare flexible materials. Performances of ESOCA as coating on flexible PET film were also better than those of ESOAA, especially the flexibility, adhesion, and UV shielding performance. This study may open up a new way for design and synthesize flexible high performance polymer from renewable biomass materials.
Temperature effect on mechanical strength and frictional properties of polytetrafluoroethylene‐based core‐shell nanocomposites
Authors: Bian Zhengliang , Zhang Lin , Wu Shuai , He Feng , Zhang Fan , Pan Jinshan , Xie Guoxin
Published: September 2020

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has shown an outstanding lubricity as a solid lubricant, but its application is limited due to its low‐mechanical strength and high‐wear rate. In this study, core‐shell nanoparticles were synthesized using PTFE as the core and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) as the shell. The formed core‐shell nanocomposites by leveraging the core‐shell nanoparticles as basic structural units exhibit remarkable enhancement on uniformity, tensile strength, and wear resistance, compared to mechanically mixed composites with the same composition. Our experiments demonstrated the following results: (1) Owing to the excellent uniformity, the maximum tensile strength of core‐shell nanocomposites was 62 MPa, three times higher than that of mechanically mixed composites. (2) The composite matrix formed by PMMA shell had better reinforcement and protection effect on inner PTFE phase, resulting in a reduced wear rate of 0.3 × 10−5 mm3/(N m), one order of magnitude lower than that of mechanically mixed composites. (3) The friction coefficient and interfacial mechanical properties of the core‐shell nanocomposites at different temperatures have been systematically studied to get insights into lubrication mechanisms. It is proved that the temperature can decrease the modulus and increase the interfacial adhesion as well as the loss tangent of the core‐shell nanocomposites, thus affecting the lubrication properties in multiple ways.
Well‐being at the crossroads of the unconscious, preconscious, and reason in higher education
Authors: Sherman Glen L.
Published: September 2020

Well‐being has become a prominent theme for higher education in North America. This paper explores how we might best understand well‐being in higher education, given the premium it puts on rationality and critical thinking, in light of insights from psychodynamic theory. The author presents a brief history of the concept of well‐being in psychology and higher education, how the unconscious came to be barred from current discourse, and how it might re‐establish its place if reframed in terms of the preconscious and sublimation. The author then discusses key concepts from transformative education theory and mindfulness practice, which have had explicit presences in higher education theory and practice, for the helpful roles they might play in bringing this about, since at their borders, the unconscious makes its presence known. Finally, the author poses a way that rationality and depth psychology may co‐exist in higher education and bring about fruitful educational results.
Synthesis, anticonvulsant, and antinociceptive activity of new 3‐(3‐methyl‐2,5‐dioxo‐3‐phenylpyrrolidin‐1‐yl)propanamides and 3‐phenyl‐butanamides
Authors: Obniska Jolanta , Góra Małgorzata , Rapacz Anna , Sałat Kinga , Rybka Sabina , Abram Michał , Jakubiec Marcin , Kamiński Krzysztof
Published: September 2020

A focused library of new 3‐(3‐methyl‐2,5‐dioxo‐3‐phenylpyrrolidin‐1‐yl)propanamides and their nonimide analogs were synthesized and tested for anticonvulsant activity. These compounds were obtained through the coupling reaction of the starting carboxylic acids with appropriate amines. The initial anticonvulsant screening was performed in mice (intraperitoneal administration) using the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) seizure models. The most promising compound 6 showed more potent protection in the MES and scPTZ tests than valproic acid, which is still recognized as one of the most relevant first‐line anticonvulsants. The structure–activity relationship analysis revealed that the presence of the pyrrolidine‐2,5‐dione ring is important but not indispensable to retain anticonvulsant activity. Additionally, compound 6 showed potent antinociceptive properties in the oxaliplatin‐induced neuropathic pain model in mice. The most plausible mechanism of action for compound 6 may result from its influence on the neuronal sodium channel (Site 2) and the high‐voltage‐activated L‐type calcium channel.
A simple colorimetric experiment using mammalian cell culture to study metabolism
Authors: Sharma Kanika , Fizet Kiel J. , Montgomery Kathlyene R. , Smeltzer Nathan A. , Sikorski Madison H. , Brown Kennedy G. , Beyke Brandon J. , Burkhart Ryan C. , Lynn Abigail N. , Grandinetti Giovanna
Published: September 2020

The goal of this laboratory exercise is to give upper‐level undergraduate students an introduction to sterile technique in mammalian cell culture and metabolism. The experiment can be completed within a 3‐h lab period and can be performed either in conjunction with other biochemistry/metabolism experiments or used as a stand‐alone experiment. In this experiment, students are tasked with relating the acidification of cell culture medium to metabolism in order to elucidate the mechanism of action for a compound. Students can relate their experimental results to topics covered on glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in upper‐level biochemistry classes as well as gain valuable experience relating metabolism to drug discovery.
Expert offers insight into NIL opportunities coming up the pike for your student‐athletes
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: September 2020

When name, image, and likeness opportunities get the green light, they'll encompass far more than just the star quarterback making TV commercials for brand‐name athletic apparel or the local car dealership. Those types of opportunities will be rare and “primarily for the elite of the elite,” explained Luke Fedlam, Esq., President of Anomaly Sports Group and Partner with Porter Wright Morris & Arthur LLP's Corporate Department, where he leads the Sports Law Practice Group. Instead, most NIL opportunities will be accessible by virtually every college student‐athlete, and will involve social media and in‐person events that even benchwarmers can cash in on. “There are going to be more than just these large blockbuster endorsement deals,” he said.
Review policies in light of student‐athlete activism
Authors: O'Brien Timothy
Published: September 2020

Compelling societal issues and concerns inevitably have an impact on sports, and that's especially evident in the recent nationwide activism involving many student‐athletes. Whether rooted in concerns about injustice, inequality, unfair treatment, or fundamental fairness, student‐athletes are using their voices and social media platforms to speak out on past actions, present conditions, and the need for sensitivity, understanding, and change on a number of issues.
Boost morale, productivity with actual conversations
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: September 2020

Remote work, Zoom meetings, emails, texts, and social media can help you stay connected to career and family while limiting your exposure to the COVID‐19 virus, but they won't protect you from catching the loneliness bug triggered by limiting your exposure to chit‐chat. Even before the shutdown brought on by the COVID‐19 pandemic, “the world was already experiencing a loneliness epidemic,” according to Celeste Headlee, an award‐winning journalist, professional speaker, and author of Heard Mentality and We Need To Talk: How To Have Conversations That Matter. She spoke during a webinar hosted by NASPA: Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education. “The human voice is healing,” she explained, and authentic interactions boost the immune systems of those involved.
Facial expression animation through action units transfer in latent space
Authors: Fan Yachun , Tian Feng , Tan Xiaohui , Cheng Housen
Published: September 2020

Automatic animation synthesis has attracted much attention from the community. As most existing methods take a small number of discrete expressions rather than continuous expressions, their integrity and reality of the facial expressions is often compromised. In addition, the easy manipulation with simple inputs and unsupervised processing, although being important to the automatic facial expression animation applications, is relatively less concerned. To address these issues, we propose an unsupervised continuous automatic facial expression animation approach through action units (AU) transfer in the latent space of generative adversarial networks. The expression descriptor which is depicted with AU vector is transferred into the input image without the need of labeled pairs of images and even without their expressions and further network training. We also propose a new approach to quickly generate input image's latent code and cluster the boundaries of different AU attributes with their latent codes. Two latent code operators, vector addition and continuous interpolation, are leveraged for facial expression animation simulating align with the boundaries in the latent space. Experiments have shown that the proposed approach is effective on facial expression translation and animation synthesis.
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement with Evolut R versus Sapien 3 in Japanese patients with a small aortic annulus: The OCEAN‐TAVI registry
Authors: Hase Hiromu , Yoshijima Nobuhiro , Yanagisawa Ryo , Tanaka Makoto , Tsuruta Hikaru , Shimizu Hideyuki , Fukuda Keiichi , Naganuma Toru , Mizutani Kazuki , Yamawaki Masahiro , Tada Norio , Yamanaka Futoshi , Shirai Shinichi , Tabata Minoru , Ueno Hiroshi , Takagi Kensuke , Watanabe Yusuke , Yamamoto Masanori , Hayashida Kentaro ,   OCEAN‐TAVI Investigators
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To compare safety, efficacy, and hemodynamics of transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) using self‐expanding and balloon‐expandable transcatheter heart valves (THVs) in patients with a small aortic annulus.

Background

Few studies have directly compared TAVR outcomes using third‐generation THVs, focusing on patients with small aortic annuli.

Methods

In a multicenter TAVR registry, we analyzed data from 576 patients with a small annulus and who underwent transfemoral TAVR using third‐generation THVs. Propensity score matching was used to adjust baseline clinical characteristics.

Results

The device success rate in the overall cohort was 92.0% (Evolut R: 92.1% vs. Sapien 3:92.0%, p = 0.96). One year after TAVR, patients treated with Evolut R maintained a lower mean pressure gradient (mPG) and a higher indexed effective orifice area (iEOA) in the matched cohort {mPG: 9.0 [interquartile range (IQR): 6.0–11.9] vs. 12.0 [IQR: 9.9–16.3] mmHg, p < .001; iEOA: 1.20 [IQR: 1.01–1.46] vs. 1.08 [IQR: 0.90–1.28] cm2/m2, p < .001}. However, no significant differences were reported in the incidence of severe prosthesis‐patient mismatch and aortic regurgitation at 1 year. Furthermore, both groups showed comparable outcomes with no differences in terms of all‐cause mortality (log‐lank test, p = .81).

Conclusions

TAVR for patients with a small annulus using third‐generation THVs was associated with high device success. Evolut R seems to be superior to Sapien 3 in hemodynamic performance for patients with a small annulus and body surface area up to 1 year after TAVR. Nevertheless, all‐cause mortality at 1 year was similar between both groups.
Organic Solvent‐free Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition in Liquid‐ or Solid‐State using Conventional Stirring Catalyzed by a Chiral Rhodium Complex Developed as a Homogeneous Catalyst
Authors: Korenaga Toshinobu , Kori Hiroto , Asai Shota , Kowata Ryo , Shirai Masayuki
Published: September 2020

Organic solvent‐free asymmetric 1,4‐addition of arylboronic acids to enone substrates was performed by using a chiral rhodium complex catalyst developed as a homogeneous catalyst. Reactions catalyzed by [RhOH(cod)]2 with chiral diphosphine ligands in liquid‐ or solid‐state proceeded to give chiral 1,4‐adducts in high yield with enantioselectivities up to ca. 100 % ee by conventional stirring without mechanochemistry such as ball milling. The solid‐state reactions under a static condition also proceeded, but with a slight decrease in enantioselectivity of the 1,4‐adduct. SEM observations of the solid‐state reactions indicated that no nanoparticles catalyst was generated. The organic solvent‐free reaction could be applied to gram‐scale synthesis by performing a greener purification using a minimum necessary organic solvent.
Strategies to Optimize the Lithium Storage Capability of the Metal‐Organic Framework Copper‐1,3,5‐Trimesic Acid (Cu‐BTC)
Authors: Hu Pinfei , Yuan Aihua , Meng Chunfeng , Chen Hantao , Zhou Hu
Published: September 2020

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently been considered as potential electrodes for lithium‐ion batteries. However, there are only a few reports of pristine MOFs as high‐performance electrode materials; whereas, in other cases, their overall specific capacities and cycle stabilities are insufficient. In this work, Cu‐BTC (BTC=1,3,5‐trimesic acid) is taken as an example to systematically explore the effects of polymer binder, activation temperature, and synthesis method on the electrochemical properties of MOFs. Through the optimization of these conditions, the electrochemical properties of Cu‐BTC can be significantly improved. With carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the binder, the activated Cu‐BTC (synthesized with the pre‐cooling method) displays a stable specific capacity of 626.4 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles of charge and discharge at a current density of 100 mA g−1. Besides, the mechanism study shows that both the copper species and organic ligands of Cu‐BTC take part in the redox chemistry contributing to the lithium storage capability.