bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical significance of gastric outlet obstruction on the oncologic and surgical outcomes of radical surgery for carcinoma of the distal stomach
Authors: Park Seong‐Heum , Mok Young‐Jae , Kim Jong‐Han , Park Sung‐Soo , Kim Seung‐Joo , Kim Chong‐Suk
Published: February 2009

Background and Objectives

To determine the significance of gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) on the outcomes of radical surgery for distal gastric cancer.

Methods

Three hundred seventy‐one patients who underwent radical surgery for advanced gastric cancer arising at the distal stomach were categorized into two groups according to the presence of GOO, that is, 59 patients with GOO and 312 patients without. Clinicopathologic variables, postoperative morbidity and mortality, recurrence pattern, and survival outcomes of the two groups were compared.

Results

Distal gastric carcinoma with GOO was usually diagnosed at a more advanced stage with aggressive pathologic features. GOO adversely affected overall survival after radical surgery with an odds ratio of 2.068 (P < 0.001). In patients with recurrent diseases, patients with GOO had higher rate of locoregional recurrence after radical surgery (P = 0.021). High‐grade postoperative complications occurred at similar rates in both groups (P = 0.539).

Conclusions

The presence of GOO is an independent prognostic factor after radical surgery for advanced distal gastric cancer and provide additional information for identifying patients at higher risk of recurrence and pattern of recurrence during follow‐up. Radical surgery in patients with GOO can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:215–221. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PTSD in Vietnamese Americans following Hurricane Katrina: Prevalence, patterns, and predictors
Authors: Norris Fran H. , VanLandingham Mark J. , Vu Lung
Published: February 2009

One year after Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans, we assessed 82 adults from a population‐based sample of the Vietnamese American community who had participated in a larger study of immigration weeks before the disaster. Although 21% met criteria for partial posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), only 5% of the sample met all PTSD criteria. Avoidance/numbing symptoms did not form a coherent cluster and were seldom confirmed, but intrusion, arousal, and interference were common. Severity of exposure to the floodwaters, property loss, and subjective trauma were independently related to PTSD symptoms. Symptoms were highest among participants who were low in acculturation or who had high Katrina exposure in combination with prolonged stays in transition camps during emigration.
Outcome of patients after treatment for a squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx
Authors: Röösli Christof , Tschudi Dominique C. , Studer Gabriela , Braun Julia , Stoeckli Sandro J.
Published: February 2009

Objectives:

This study evaluates the oncologic outcome with regard to survival and locoregional tumor control in a cohort of patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) treated according to a uniform algorithm.

Study Design:

Retrospective chart review.

Methods:

A total of 427 consecutive patients with OPSCC were treated from 1990 to 2006. Treatment modalities were surgery alone (n = 102), surgery with adjuvant radio(chemo)therapy (n = 159), and primary radio(chemo)therapy (n = 166). Study endpoints were the five‐year overall survival (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) stratified for primary tumor subsite, stage, T and N category, and age.

Results:

The five‐year OS and DSS for the entire cohort were 57.9% and 68.6%, respectively. OS and DSS for surgery alone were 70.3% and 76.5%, for surgery with radiation 66.6% and 78.9%, and for primary radiation 40.8% and 52.6%, respectively. Survival was significantly better for low stages (stage I/II vs. III/IV), small tumors (T1/2 vs. T3/4), limited nodal involvement (N0/1 vs. N2/3), and younger age at diagnosis.

Conclusions:

Together with our previous study on quality of life, we were able to show that our selection process gives excellent oncologic outcome in combination with high levels of function and quality of life. Surgery alone for early OPSCC and surgery followed by radiation for advanced OPSCC remain valuable treatment options. Primary radiochemotherapy is a strong alternative for patients who are not candidates for function‐preserving surgery. Laryngoscope, 119:534–540, 2009
Antibiotics in head and neck surgery in the setting of malnutrition, tracheotomy, and diabetes
Authors: Sepehr Ali , Santos Barbara‐Jean Gutierrez , Chou Chinsui , Karimi Koohyar , Devcic Zlatko , Oels Stefanie , Armstrong William B.
Published: February 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The objectives of this study are to compare short vs. long antibiotic prophylaxis in the setting of malnutrition, diabetes, and tracheotomy.

Study Design:

Retrospective chart review.

Methods:

The charts of 407 patients undergoing clean‐contaminated head and neck surgery were reviewed for disease type, operation performed, length of antibiotic prophylaxis, wound complications, and length of hospital stay. Three intrinsic patient risk factors for infection (malnutrition, diabetes mellitus, and tracheotomy) were evaluated for an effect on the optimal length of antibiotic prophylaxis. The data was statistically analyzed using the two‐tailed Fisher's exact test.

Results:

Overall, the incidence of infection was 7% in short‐course antibiotics and 13% in long‐course antibiotics (P = .06). The incidence of infection was 18% in malnourished patients and 3% in well‐nourished patients (P < .0001). In malnourished patients, the incidence of infection was 16% in short‐course antibiotics and 19% in long‐course antibiotics (P = 1). The incidence of infection was 11% in diabetics and 23% in nondiabetics (P = .13). In diabetic patients, the incidence of infection was 0% on short‐course antibiotics and 16% on long‐course antibiotics (P = .55). The incidence of pneumonia was 14% in patients with tracheotomy and 5% in patients without tracheotomy (P = .0014). In patients with tracheotomy, the incidence of pneumonia was 8% on short‐course antibiotics and 15% on long‐course antibiotics (P = .6931).

Conclusions:

Malnutrition and tracheotomy were associated with a higher infection rate while diabetes was not found to be a risk factor. Prolonged antibiotics were not associated with a lower infection rate in the overall group or in any subgroup. Laryngoscope, 119:549–553, 2009
Squamous cell carcinoma associated with intralesional injection of cidofovir for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
Authors: Lott David G. , Krakovitz Paul R.
Published: February 2009

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is a common neoplasm of the larynx that may lead to severe, recurrent lesions. Intralesional injection of cidofovir has shown promise as an adjuvant therapy. There is concern for possible malignant transformation with its use but, to our knowledge, this has not been documented in the literature. We report a case of invasive squamous cell cancer arising from squamous papilloma in a patient treated with multiple injections of cidofovir. Although causation is not shown, we believe the association presented is a valuable addition to the literature and an important consideration in the use of cidofovir. Laryngoscope, 119:567–570, 2009
Three‐dimensional tomosynthesis and cone‐beam computed tomography: An experimental study for fast, low‐dose intraoperative imaging technology for guidance of sinus and skull base surgery
Authors: Bachar Gideon , Barker Emma , Nithiananthan Sajendra , Chan Harley , Daly Michael J. , Irish Jonathan C. , Siewerdsen Jeffrey H.
Published: February 2009

Objectives:

To describe three‐dimension (3‐D) tomosynthesis and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) as an intraoperative imaging system to guide both sinus and skull‐base surgery in a cadaveric model.

Methods:

Five cadaveric heads underwent baseline CBCT imaging. Surgical targets were resected from each head (uncinectomy, ethmoidectomy, medial maxillectomy, pituitary gland resection, and clivus ablation). Intraoperative imaging was provided so that for a given task, the acquisition arc (θtot = 20°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 178°) of the tomosynthesis scan was fixed. Different heads and tasks were allocated different acquisition angles. There was no limit to the number of scans that could be requested. Residual target was highlighted with 3‐D visualization software.

Results:

The larger the image acquisition angle, the better the image. Only CBCT (θtot ∼178°) provided nearly isotropic 3‐D spatial resolution and soft‐tissue visibility in all three views. The volume of residual tissue remaining and the volume of adjacent‐normal tissue that was resected were calculated as a function of tomosynthesis angle. For the easier surgical tasks (uncinectomy, ethmoidectomy) the residual tissue was not related to the tomosynthesis angle. However, for the difficult ablative tasks, the image quality became more important and tomosynthesis angle was related to the residual tissue.

Conclusions:

We describe an intraoperative imaging platform that can deliver near‐real‐time images of the target and related structures with low radiation dose. Tomosynthesis scanning angles higher than 60° provided quantifiable benefits to the surgeon and facilitated total target ablation while helping to spare surrounding structures. Laryngoscope, 119:434–441, 2009
Bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the skull base
Authors: Khan Aayesha M. , Sindwani Raj
Published: February 2009

Bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is reported in up to 18.6% of patients treated with intravenous bisphosphonates and can result in significant morbidity. Most cases are managed by oral surgeons with only a handful of reports appearing in the otolaryngology literature. We present a unique case of extensive BRONJ involving the maxilla, sinuses, and skull base, complicated by sinusitis and an intracranial abscess. This is the first description of BRONJ involving the skull base. The pathogenesis and management of this process are reviewed. Laryngoscope, 119:449–452, 2009
Effects of olfactory training in patients with olfactory loss
Authors: Hummel Thomas , Rissom Karo , Reden Jens , Hähner Aantje , Weidenbecher Mark , Hüttenbrink Karl‐Bernd
Published: February 2009

Objectives:

Olfactory function is known to be modulated by repeated exposure to odors. The aim of this investigation was whether patients with olfactory loss would benefit from “Training” with odors in terms of an improvement of their general olfactory function. It was hypothesized that olfactory Training should produce both an improved sensitivity towards the odors used in the Training process and an overall increase of olfactory function.

Study Design:

The prospective study was performed in patients with olfactory dysfunction.

Methods:

One group of patients performed the Training (n = 40), whereas another part did not (n = 16). Exclusion criteria for patients were sinunasal disease. Olfactory training was performed over a period of 12 weeks. Patients exposed themselves twice daily to four intense odors (phenyl ethyl alcohol: rose, eucalyptol: eucalyptus, citronellal: lemon, and eugenol: cloves). Olfactory testing was performed before and after training using the “Sniffin' Sticks” (thresholds for phenyl ethyl alcohol, tests for odor discrimination and odor identification) in addition to threshold tests for the odors used in the training process.

Results:

Compared to baseline, training patients experienced an increase in their olfactory function, which was observed for the Sniffin' Sticks test score and for thresholds for the odors used in the training process. In contrast, olfactory function was unchanged in patients who did not perform olfactory training. The present results indicate that the structured, short‐term exposure to selected odors may increase olfactory sensitivity. Laryngoscope, 119:496–499, 2009
Short and long‐term usage of a dental device in sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Peled Eli , Yoffe Naama , Blumenfeld Israel , Peled Nir
Published: February 2009

Objective:

To assess the efficacy, the compliance, and the complications of the anterior mandibular positioning (AMP) device in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) patients.

Material & Methods:

Polysomnographic sleep studies were performed on 38 patients before and two weeks (± 3 days) after continuous use of the AMP device. Twenty patients also underwent polysomnographic follow‐up recordings after 1 year.

Results:

The mean apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) before treatment was 35.6 ± 17.7 and decreased significantly to 22.7 ± 15.8 after 2 weeks of treatment (p = 0.01). The mean AHI after 1 year of usage was 25.3 ± 12.9, differing significantly from the pretreatment AHI (p = 0.01). Seventy‐one percent of patients used the device for 18.4 months (range 12–27). One‐year clinical evaluation showed preserved dental status, preserved action of the masticatory muscles, and preserved function of the temporo‐mandibular joint (TMJ). Eleven (29%) of the patients did not use the AMP device because of TMJ pain and/or unsatisfying results.

Conclusions:

The AMP device is well tolerated in 76% of patient. When tolerated, its compliance and efficiency are preserved across the year without long‐term oral and jaw dysfunctions. Laryngoscope, 119:585–588, 200
Laryngeal presentation of systemic apolipoprotein A‐I–derived amyloidosis
Authors: Hazenberg Aldert J. C. , Dikkers Frederik G. , Hawkins Philip N. , Bijzet Johan , Rowczenio Dorota , Gilbertson Janet , Posthumus Marcel D. , Leijsma Martha K. , Hazenberg Bouke P. C.
Published: February 2009

Objective:

To study the clinical and pathological characteristics of two patients with laryngeal apolipoprotein A‐I (apoA‐I)‐derived (AApoAI) amyloidosis with the apolipoprotein A‐I variants Leu174Ser and Leu178Pro, respectively. The latter variant has not been associated with amyloid before.

Study Design:

Descriptive report of two patients who presented with laryngeal amyloid presumed to be of localized AL type, but in who further assessments demonstrated systemic amyloidosis.

Methods:

The larynx was examined by videolaryngostroboscopy. The voice was analyzed with the GRBAS system, phonation times, and phonetography. Laryngeal biopsies were stained with Congo red and analyzed immunohistochemically. Organ function was assessed and tissue involvement by amyloid further determined by rectal biopsy, abdominal fat tissue aspirate, and serum amyloid P component scintigraphy.

Results:

The appearance of the laryngeal amyloid was unusual in both patients, occurring as small, irregular floppy proliferations affecting the borders of both vocal folds. Amyloid was stained with antibodies to apoA‐I and not with antibodies to immunoglobulin light chains. The 45‐year‐old woman with the previously described amyloidogenic apoA‐I Leu174Ser variant had possible involvement by amyloid in joints, peripheral nerves, and heart. Whereas in the 67‐year‐old man with apoA‐I Leu178Pro there was a clinical suggestion of autonomic and cardiac amyloid and histological corroboration of systemic amyloidosis in abdominal fat.

Conclusions:

Laryngeal symptoms may be the presenting feature of hereditary systemic AApoAI amyloidosis, and comprehensive investigations including apoA‐I genotyping are warranted in patients who present with apparently localized laryngeal amyloidosis. The distinctive appearance of the amyloidotic vocal folds described here may further signal the possibility of hereditary AApoAI type. Laryngoscope, 119:608–615, 2009
The candy smell test: A New Test for Retronasal Olfactory Performance
Authors: Renner Bertold , Mueller Christian A. , Dreier Juergen , Faulhaber Stefanie , Rascher Wolfgang , Kobal Gerd
Published: February 2009

Objectives:

To develop and validate an olfactory test kit suitable for children and adults based on retronasal smelling of aromas combined with a sweet taste. Moreover, to explore the age limit at which olfactory testing is feasible and to extend the normative database for the validated “Sniffin' Sticks” test regarding children of younger ages.

Study Design:

Randomized three‐way crossover study in healthy children and adults.

Methods:

The newly developed Candy Smell Test (CST, 23 aromatized sorbitol candies) was presented using a four‐alternative, forced‐choice procedure. First, 353 healthy subjects (230 children and 123 adults) were investigated in three separate sessions with the CST and the validated “Sniffin' Sticks” (composed of odor threshold, discrimination, and identification tasks). Both tests were then compared in 124 patients with olfactory disorders.

Results:

Test‐retest reliability showed good reproducibility of the data obtained with the CST on 2 days (r287 = 0.75, P < .001). Test results correlated significantly with the “Sniffin' Sticks” score (r366 = 0.84, P < .001), although the CST proves to be much easier. The age limit for obtaining valid data was 7 years for both tests. The cutoff limit for the CST scores to separate normosmics from dysosmics was a score of 16 or less out of 23. Anosmia (cutoff score ≤13) was detected with a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 83%.

Conclusions:

The CST is an easy‐to‐use, reliable, and fast test of retronasal olfactory performance suitable for the screening of smell function in children above the age of 6 years and adults. Laryngoscope, 119:487–495, 2009
Acute radiographic workup of blunt temporal bone trauma: Maxillofacial versus temporal bone CT
Authors: Dempewolf Ryan , Gubbels Sam , Hansen Marlan R.
Published: February 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To evaluate the radiographic workup of blunt temporal bone trauma and determine the utility of maxillofacial computed tomography (CT) versus temporal bone CT in identifying carotid canal fractures.

Study Design:

Retrospective review.

Methods:

The charts of 227 patients evaluated at a level I trauma center receiving a temporal bone CT for blunt head trauma within 48 hours of admission were reviewed. Acute evaluation findings and complications were noted. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive (NPV) value were calculated for maxillofacial CT's ability to identify carotid canal fractures compared to temporal bone CT.

Results:

One hundred forty fractures were found. Physical exam findings of blood in the external auditory canal as the sole finding, and blood in the external auditory canal with associated hemotympanum were significantly associated with absence and presence of fracture respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of maxillofacial CT for identifying carotid canal fractures, when compared to temporal bone CT, were 90.3% and 94.4% respectively (NPV > 95%). Only 6% of all patients either did have or should have had their management changed based on the temporal bone CT findings. All of these changes were regarding further workup for blunt carotid artery injury.

Conclusions:

A combination of helical computed tomography and physical exam findings can allow for judicious use of temporal bone CTs when no maxillofacial CT is indicated. Temporal bone CTs rarely change acute management. But when they do, it is in regard to the need for further workup of possible vascular injury. Lastly, maxillofacial CTs are adequate for identifying carotid canal fractures. Laryngoscope, 119:442–448, 2009
Audiometric pattern as a predictor of cardiovascular status: Development of a model for assessment of risk
Authors: Friedland David R. , Cederberg Christopher , Tarima Sergey
Published: February 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

This study hypothesizes that low‐frequency hearing loss is associated with underlying cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to use a mathematical model of hearing thresholds to predict cardiovascular status.

Study Design:

Logistic regression analyses of audiometric and cardiovascular data obtained through retrospective chart review. Application of a derived mathematical formula to a distinct prospectively enrolled cohort.

Methods:

Cardiovascular status was determined for a cohort of 1,168 patients seen in the audiology division. Associations between audiogram pattern and cardiovascular variables were tested with the Mantel‐Haenszel statistic controlling for age and gender. Logistic regression models were developed incorporating cardiovascular risk factors and audiogram pattern. The models were applied to a separate cohort of 90 subjects recruited from cardiology and geriatric medicine clinics in whom audiograms were performed.

Results:

A significant association was found between low‐frequency hearing loss and cardiovascular disease and risk factors. When controlling for age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and hyperlipidemia, low‐frequency presbycusis was significantly associated with intracranial vascular pathology such as stroke and transient ischemic attacks. Significant associations were also seen with peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, and a history of myocardial infarction. A mathematical formula using audiometric pattern and medical history to predict the probability of cardiovascular diseases and events was developed and tested.

Conclusions:

Audiogram pattern correlates strongly with cerebrovascular and peripheral arterial disease and may represent a screening test for those at risk. Patients with low‐frequency hearing loss should be regarded as at risk for cardiovascular events, and appropriate referrals should be considered. Laryngoscope, 119:473–486, 2009
Measuring attentional bias to peripheral facial deformities
Authors: Ishii Lisa , Carey John , Byrne Patrick , Zee David S. , Ishii Masaru
Published: February 2009

Objectives:

Introduce a novel method for objectively evaluating attentional bias to peripheral facial deformities using an established metric of attention.

Methods:

The SMI eye‐tracker system (SensoMotoric Inc., Boston, MA) was used to record the eye movement patterns, called scanpaths, of eight naïve observers gazing at pictures of faces with or without peripheral surgical deformities. The scanpaths of observers gazing on those novel faces were compared, and the fixation durations for different facial regions were compared between faces.

Results:

There were statistically significant differences in the mean fixation times between the faces considered normal and those considered abnormal (those with an obvious defect). When multivariate analysis of variance was performed with dependent variables total fixation time, fixation time in central triangle, and fixation time in the defect region and the independent variable face, all four tests were highly statistically significant. When univariate analysis of variance was performed to test the hypothesis that defect fixation times varied by face, the results were highly statistically significant (F = 8.79, P = .0003).

Conclusions:

Observers gazing on faces typically focus their attention on discriminating features, such as eyes, nose, and mouth. The well‐established method of eye movement recordings was applied in a novel way to provide quantitative data showing changes in observer gaze patterns to focus on deformities. These gaze patterns are a direct reflection of observer attention. This is the first objective method to quantify the amount of distraction caused by peripheral facial deformities and may provide insight into the perception of facial deformity. Laryngoscope, 119:459–465, 2009
Audiologic and temporal bone imaging findings in patients with sensorineural hearing loss and GJB2 mutations
Authors: Lee Kenneth H. , Larson Daniel A. , Shott Gordon , Rasmussen Brian , Cohen Aliza P. , Benton Corning , Halsted Mark , Choo Daniel , Meinzen‐Derr Jareen , Greinwald John H.
Published: February 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Our objectives were to determine genotype‐phenotype correlations in patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) who undergo testing for GJB2 mutations and to examine the relationship of temporal bone anomalies seen on computed tomography (CT) and GJB2 mutations.

Study design:

We conducted a retrospective review of all children diagnosed with SNHL and who underwent GJB2 testing from 1997 to 2006.

Results:

Of 840 patients, 146 (17.4%) had mutations. Seventy‐six (9.1%) had biallelic GJB2 mutations and 70 (8.3%) had heterozygous mutations. When biallelic mutations were categorized as missense or nonsense mutations, the presence of at least one missense mutation was associated with mild or moderate SNHL. Biallelic nonsense mutations were associated with severe to profound SNHL. Among patients with GJB2 mutations, those with heterozygous mutations (n = 14 [20%]) had a higher rate of asymmetric SNHL loss than those with biallelic mutations (n = 6 [7.9%], P = .03). Those with heterozygous mutations were more likely to experience progression than were those with biallelic mutations, though this difference was only marginally significant (26.5% vs. 12.3%, respectively; P = .06). Patients who were wild type for GJB2 were more likely to have an enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) than were those with biallelic and heterozygous mutations (29% vs. 11.9%, respectively; P = .004). Compared to patients who were wild type, those with biallelic mutations had a significantly lower rate of EVA.

Conclusions:

This is the largest single‐institution study of pediatric patients with GJB2 mutations and SNHL. The functional consequences of GJB2 mutations correlated with the degree of hearing loss. Patients with M34T mutations and/or mild SNHL had a low risk of progression. Temporal bone anomalies were uncommon in patients with GJB2 mutations. Laryngoscope, 119:554–558, 2009
High‐resolution longitudinal assessment of flow and permeability in mouse glioma vasculature: Sequential small molecule and SPIO dynamic contrast agent MRI
Authors: Pike M.M. , Stoops C.N. , Langford C.P. , Akella N.S. , Nabors L.B. , Gillespie G.Y.
Published: February 2009

The poor prognosis associated with malignant glioma is largely attributable to its invasiveness and robust angiogenesis. Angiogenesis involves host–tumor interaction and requires in vivo evaluation. Despite their versatility, few studies have used mouse glioma models with perfusion MRI approaches, and generally lack longitudinal study design. Using a micro‐MRI system (8.5 Tesla), a novel dual bolus‐tracking perfusion MRI strategy was implemented. Using the small molecule contrast agent Magnevist, dynamic contrast enhanced MRI was implemented in the intracranial 4C8 mouse glioma model to determine Ktrans and ve, indices of tumor vascular permeability and cellularity, respectively. Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI was subsequently implemented to assess both cerebral blood flow and volume, using the macromolecular superparamagnetic iron oxide, Feridex, which circumvented tumor bolus susceptibility curve distortions from first‐pass extravasation. The high‐resolution parametric maps obtained over 4 weeks, indicated a progression of tumor vascularization, permeability, and decreased cellularity with tumor growth. In conclusion, a comprehensive array of key parameters were reliably quantified in a longitudinal mouse glioma study. The syngeneic 4C8 intracerebral mouse tumor model has excellent characteristics for studies of glioma angiogenesis. This approach provides a useful platform for noninvasive and highly diagnostic longitudinal investigations of anti‐angiogenesis strategies in a relevant orthotopic animal model. Magn Reson Med 61:615–625, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A convergent multigrid cycle for the hybridized mixed method
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Jayadeep , Tan Shuguang
Published: February 2009

We consider the application of a variable V‐cycle multigrid algorithm for the hybridized mixed method for second‐order elliptic boundary‐value problems. Our algorithm differs from the previous works on multigrid for the mixed method in that it is targeted at efficiently solving the matrix system for the Lagrange multiplier of the method. Since the mixed method is best implemented by first solving for the Lagrange multiplier and recovering the remaining unknowns locally, our algorithm is more useful in practice. The critical ingredient in the algorithm is a suitable intergrid transfer operator. We design such an operator and prove mesh‐independent convergence of the variable V‐cycle algorithm. Numerical experiments indicating the asymptotically optimal performance of our algorithm, as well as the failure of certain seemingly plausible intergrid transfer operators, are presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On impinging near‐field granular jets
Authors: Arbelaez D. , Zohdi T. I. , Dornfeld D. A.
Published: February 2009

In this work a multibody collision model, amenable to large‐scale computation, is developed to simulate a jet of near‐field grains impinging on a surface. This model is developed by computing momentum exchange for grain–grain and grain–surface interactions. The grain–grain interactions consist of collisions as well as near‐field interactions. The analysis of these flows is separated into three components: (1) volume averaged quantities; (2) average surface tractions; and (3) average outflow conditions. For the surface stress calculations, parametric studies are performed on the properties of the surface and the grains through their coefficients of restitution, the strength of the near‐field interactions, and the angle of attack of the jet. For the outflow calculations the flux of momentum through the simulation space is performed for varying near‐field forces between the grains and varying degrees of surface roughness. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postnatal management and outcome for fetal‐diagnosed intra‐cerebral cystic masses and tumours
Authors: Hayward Richard
Published: February 2009

The increasing availability and resolution of non‐invasive prenatal imaging has increased our ability to diagnose accurately a wide variety of fetal anomalies. It has also resulted in the serendipitous discovery of ‘lesions’ that may have little clinical impact upon the child's subsequent development although their ability to raise parental anxiety can be great. The purpose of this review is to put the postnatal clinical relevance of some of these findings into their proper context. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abnormalities of the foetal cerebral cortex
Authors: Toi Ants , Chitayat David , Blaser Susan
Published: February 2009

Prenatal ultrasound has concentrated on readily visible cerebral structures including head size, shape, ventricles, CSP (cavum septi pellucidi), cerebellar size/vermian presence and cisterna magna. However, apart from these easily visible structures it is important to evaluate the brain itself. Patients who initially appear to have mild isolated findings such as borderline ventriculomegaly in fact can have many more subtle findings that significantly alter prognosis and management that can be detected on detailed examination of the brain. There has been rapid evolution in imaging these foetuses, especially with neurosonography and MRI, and a revolution in understanding the underlying genetic and biochemical mechanisms. There is increasing emphasis to detect cortical abnormalities as early as possible. This article reviews development of the cerebral cortex, the classification, aetiologies and clinical manifestations of cortical disorders, normal and abnormal appearances at ultrasound and MRI, and approaches to investigation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When is fetoscopic release of amniotic bands indicated? Review of outcome of cases treated in utero and selection criteria for fetal surgery
Authors: Hüsler Margaret R. , Wilson R. Douglas , Horii Steven C. , Bebbington Michael W. , Adzick N. Scott , Johnson Mark P.
Published: February 2009

Objectives

The objectives are to analyze the outcomes of fetal interventions for fetal limb abnormalities associated with amniotic band syndrome (ABS), to compare the outcome with the known natural history, and to establish selection criteria for fetal intervention.

Material and Methods

In a Medline search, six cases of prenatal fetoscopic interventions for ABS were found. An unpublished case was added.

Results

Review of the seven cases of treated ABS in utero suggests that abnormal, but present blood flow at Doppler distal to the area constricted by the band may optimally identify cases suitable for fetal surgery. We propose a prenatal classification in stages of cases of ABS based on ultrasound and Doppler findings. Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) occurred in five patients (71%). The median gestational age (GA) at delivery was 34.8 weeks (range 32 to 39). The median time between procedure and PROM was 6 weeks (range 4 days to 14.3 weeks). The median time between procedure and delivery was 11.8 weeks (range 5–17).

Conclusion

The use of a uniform prenatal classification of cases of ABS may allow a more precise correlation of prenatal findings and postnatal outcome. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliable prenatal diagnosis of Canavan disease by measuring N‐acetylaspartate in amniotic fluid using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Al‐Dirbashi Osama Y. , Kurdi Wesam , Imtiaz Faiqa , Ahmad Asmahan M. , Al‐Sayed Moeenaldeen , Tulbah Maha , Al‐Nemer Maha , Rashed Mohamed S.
Published: February 2009

Objective

Prenatal diagnosis of Canavan disease by measuring N‐acetylaspartic acid (NAA) in amniotic fluid is reliable and preferred over aspartoacylase enzyme assay especially in populations with unknown mutations. Typically based on GC–MS, existing methods are time‐consuming and laborious. We developed a novel LC–MS/MS method for determination of NAA in amniotic fluid with minimal sample preparation.

Method

NAA and d3‐NAA were detected by negative‐ion electrospray ionization‐MS/MS. Quantification was achieved by standard addition using six 0.1 mL portions of each specimen enriched with increasing NAA amounts (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 µg) and endogenous NAA was calculated by extrapolation.

Results

Injection‐to‐injection time was 2 min whereas the turn around time from sample receipt was about 1 h. Intraday (n = 10) and interday (n = 10) variations were less than 9.4%. The reference range determined using gestation‐matched controls (n = 12) of 1.1–2.7 µmol/L is in agreement with the literature. Specimens from at‐risk pregnancies with established diagnosis (n = 4) were successfully analyzed.

Conclusion

We developed a new method that enables reliable, sensitive, and selective determination of NAA in a small volume of amniotic fluid for the prenatal diagnosis of Canavan disease. The simple sample preparation adopted in this work precluded the necessity for extraction and derivatization. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk of community‐acquired pneumonia and the use of statins, ace inhibitors and gastric acid suppressants: a population‐based case–control study
Authors: Myles Puja R. , Hubbard Richard B. , McKeever Tricia M. , Pogson Zara , Smith Christopher J. P. , Gibson Jack E.
Published: February 2009

Purpose

Previous studies have shown that treatment with gastric acid suppressants may be associated with an increased risk of pneumonia whilst the use of statins and ACE inhibitors (ACEI) may decrease the risk of acquiring pneumonia. The evidence is conflicting however. Our aim was to investigate the effect of these drugs on pneumonia using population‐based data from the UK.

Methods

We conducted a general population‐based case–control study using the health improvement network (THIN), a comprehensive UK general practice database. Conditional multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association between the exposures and pneumonia.

Results

After adjusting for potential confounders, a current prescription for statins was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of pneumonia (adjusted OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.65–0.94). Similarly, a current prescription for ACEI was associated with a reduction in the risk of pneumonia (adjusted OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.65–0.86). Contrary to previous study results we did not find a significant association between current prescription for histamine 2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) and pneumonia risk (adjusted OR 1.14, 95% CI 0.92–1.40) but current prescriptions for proton pump inhibitors (PPI) were associated with an increased risk of pneumonia (adjusted OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.38–1.77).

Conclusions

Statins and ACE inhibitors were associated with a lower risk of pneumonia but these effects were smaller than those observed in previous studies. People prescribed a PPI, but not an H2RA at an increased risk of acquiring pneumonia. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New ways of working with primary care: proactive CMHT or polyclinic?
Authors: de Silva Prasanna
Published: February 2009

Interface activity between primary and secondary care is being increasingly seen as an essential feature of high‐quality, safe mental health services. In this article, Dr de Silva compares a proactive community mental health team (CMHT) approach with that of a mental health polyclinic for the assessment and triage of new referrals for depression, cognitive problems and medically unexplained symptoms, with reference to the model used in his own service in Whitby. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Medicine taking behaviour in depression – part 1
Authors: Feetam Celia
Published: February 2009

In this,the first of two articles,poor adherence with antidepressant treatment and the effect on outcome are explored.The factors important in the selection of an antidepressant are also considered. In the second article, treatment variables that may affect adherence will be examined alongside various interventions that have been proposed to improve medicine taking behaviour in patients with depression. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Multidisciplinary group treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Belgamwar Ravindra B , Jorsh MS , Knisely‐Marpole A , Snowden H , Mayall E , Singhal A , Jones JM
Published: February 2009

It is estimated that between 0.2 and 0.4 per cent of the population suffer from chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). Service provision varies across the UK, and while there is a good evidence for the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise programmes, the evidence for group interventions is still limited. Here, the authors describe the results of their service evaluation of a group treatment programme for CFS/ME. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Recent progress in the palliation of dementia
Authors: Harris Dylan
Published: February 2009

Dementia is an incurable and increasingly prevalent condition.The palliative care needs of patients with dementia are often poorly addressed but recent guidelines and initiatives set foundations for improving the delivery of palliative care to people with dementia. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Engineering host resistance against parasitic weeds with RNA interference
Authors: Yoder John I , Gunathilake Pradeepa , Wu Biao , Tomilova Natalya , Tomilov Alexey A
Published: February 2009

Host genetic resistance is a key component of integrated pest management. The present authors and others are investigating the use of RNA interference (RNAi) as a genetic tool for engineering host resistance against parasitic weeds. The general approach is to transform a host plant with a plasmid encoding a double stranded hairpin RNA (hpRNA) targeted against one or more vital parasite genes. When the hpRNAs are specifically designed against parasite gene sequences, the hpRNA should have no phenotypic effect on the host. They will, however, have a dramatic effect on the parasites that have taken up the parasite‐specific RNAi from the host via the haustorium. The current status of using RNAi technology for controlling parasitic weeds is reviewed. A key component to success with RNAi technology is identifying the best parasite genes to silence. Some of the criteria for RNAi targets are discussed, the existing status of parasitic plant sequence databases is described and internet access points to the parasite genome data are highlighted. Sequence information obtained from different parasite species can be used to clone the homologous gene from a particular pest or can be directly transformed into crop plants. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Reconsidering the migration–development link: capability and livelihood in Filipina experiences of domestic work in Paris
Authors: Briones Leah
Published: February 2009

Drawing from the experiences of Filipina domestic workers in Paris, this paper reconsiders the migration–development relationship in order to inform current research and policy on the protection of migrant domestic workers. The paper employs Martha Nussbaum's Capabilities Approach to explicate the migrant workers' experience as dynamically produced through the interconnection of their migration with development processes. The paper shows how it is through the evaluation and promotion of migrant domestic workers' capabilities that current approaches can secure rights along with sustainable livelihood choices at the immediate, individual migrant worker level, as well as in the long term, at state and global levels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Care worker migration, Australia and development
Authors: Hugo Graeme
Published: February 2009

Low fertility and ageing in high‐income countries will greatly increase their demands for aged care workers which are unlikely to be met from within internal labour markets. It is likely that immigration will be increasingly used to meet these labour needs. This paper analyses the situation in Australia where the number of aged care workers needed will triple over the next quarter of a century. It is shown that most such workers do not qualify for immigration under the existing skill‐driven regime. It is argued that careful consideration needs to be given to the development of a circular migration programme to partially meet these needs. Such a scheme would involve a conceptual leap by the Australian government, but there is sufficient time to develop and test a best‐practice model for such migration. This could potentially deliver a ‘triple bottom line’ not only to meet Australia's needs, but also protect the rights of and ensure benefits to the migrant workers, and assist development in home nations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The complex interconnections of the migration–development nexus: a social perspective
Authors: Piper Nicola
Published: February 2009

The contributions to this Special Issue focus on marginalised and neglected social issues associated with the migration–development nexus. It reports research on specific groups of migrants who have so far been left out of the current debate on the relationship between migration and development. This debate has tended to be dominated by structural and economic concerns. The ultimate aim of the special issue is therefore to unsettle the terms of the discussion by placing migrants and their experiences as knowledge producers (along with a range of other actors) at the centre of the debate. The complex interconnections between migration and development in the so‐called ‘North’ and ‘South’ demand that a notion of development be adopted that goes beyond the dichotomy of ‘developed’ versus ‘less developed’ countries, and that leads to an understanding of development processes that occur simultaneously in different places interconnected by migration. This requires the rethinking of the parameters and paradigms that dominate the revived debate on the relationship between international migration and development. A new vocabulary for describing and analysing these complex interlinkages is required, and the notion of ‘global chains’ is suggested here as a starting point. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Responses of obligate versus facultative riparian shrubs following river damming
Authors: Rood Stewart B. , Braatne Jeffrey H. , Goater Lori A.
Published: February 2009

Riparian or streamside woodlands include obligate riparian trees and shrubs (obligates) that are restricted to streamside zones, and facultative riparian species that are abundant in, but not restricted to the riparian areas. Due to their distinctive life history requirements, it may be predicted that the ecological specialist obligates would be more vulnerable than the facultative generalists to impacts from river damming and flow regulation. We tested this along the Snake River through Hells Canyon, USA, where two native riparian shrubs dominate: the obligate sandbar willow (Salix exigua), and the facultative, netleaf hackberry (Celtis reticulata). We assessed riparian conditions over the past century by comparing ground‐level and aerial photographs taken after 1907 and in the 1950s in advance of three dams, versus recent conditions. These comparisons revealed three changes downstream from the dams: (1) the depletion of surface sands and sandbars and (2) reductions in sandbar willow versus (3) the proliferation of hackberry in dense bands above the typical high‐water line. The willow decline probably resulted from the depletion of sand following sediment trapping by the reservoirs, combined with changes in the seasonal water flow pattern. The increase in hackberry may have resulted from a beneficial ‘irrigation effect’ of daily water releases for power generation during the summer. The opposing responses reflect the plants' differing life histories and may partially resolve impacts of river regulation on alluvial sediments versus the instream flow pattern. We consider other riparian studies that suggest that obligates such as cottonwoods (Populus angustifolia, P. deltoides and P. fremontii) are highly vulnerable to river regulation, while facultative trees and shrubs such as trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), wolf‐willow (Elaeagnus commutata) and velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina) are more resilient. These results suggest that conservation of riparian woodlands should emphasize the ecological specialist obligates, while facultative species may be less vulnerable to river regulation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Employee perceptions of fairness as predictors of workers' compensation claims for psychological injury: an Australian case‐control study
Authors: Winefield Helen R. , Saebel Judith , Winefield Anthony H.
Published: February 2009

Compensation claims for psychological injury are often expensive and slow to resolve; thus, employers, as well as health professionals, need to understand the predisposing circumstances. Australian workers suffering from work‐related stress may apply for compensable leave and treatment costs under the category of ‘psychological injury’. Little is known about the predictors of such claims, but one might expect psychological vulnerability in terms of negative affectivity to distinguish workers who lodge psychological injury claims. In a large longitudinal study of white‐collar workers, after comparing claimants with non‐claimants cross‐sectionally, case‐control methodology was used to compare those who subsequently made a workers' compensation claim for psychological injury with matched controls. Rather, perceived characteristics of the work environment, particularly relating to procedural justice, most clearly differentiated cases from controls. Not only human resource managers but also all whose work includes supervisory responsibilities need to take into account that perceived injustice at work predicts future workers compensation claims for psychological injury. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.