bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The acoustics of the snapping shrimp Synalpheus parneomeris in Kaneohe Bay
Authors: Au Whitlow W. L. , Banks Kiara
Published: July 2002

Snapping shrimp are among the major sources of biological noise in shallow bays, harbors, and inlets, in temperate and tropical waters. Snapping shrimp sounds can severely limit the use of underwater acoustics by humans and may also interfere with the transmission and reception of sounds by other animals such as dolphins, whales, and pinnipeds. The shrimp produce sounds by rapidly closing one of their frontal chela (claws), snapping the ends together to generate a loud click. The acoustics of the species Synalpheus paraneomeris was studied by measuring the sound produced by individual shrimp housed in a small cage located 1 m from an H-52 broadband hydrophone. Ten clicks from 40 specimens were digitized at a 1-MHz sample rate and the data stored on computer disk. A low-frequency precursor signature was observed; this previously unreported signature may be associated with a “plunger” structure which directs a jet of water forward of the claw during a snap. The peak-to-peak sound pressure level and energy flux density at 1 m (source level and source energy flux density) varied linearly with claw size and body length. Peak-to-peak source levels varied from 183 to 189 dB re: 1 μPa. The acoustic power produced by a typical snap was calculated to be about 3 W. A typical spectrum of a click had a low-frequency peak between 2 and 5 kHz and energy extending out to 200 kHz. The spectrum of a click is very broad with only a 20-dB difference between the peak and minimum amplitudes across 200 kHz. A physical model of the snapping mechanism is used to estimate the velocity, acceleration, and force produced by a shrimp closing its claws.
Robust multi-tonal matched-field inversion: A coherent approach
Authors: Michalopoulou Zoi-Heleni
Published: July 2002

Matched-field processing is a method for inversion of the acoustic field utilizing its spatial coherence. In this work, a matched-field processor is introduced that incorporates the spatial coherence of the acoustic field not only at a single frequency but across frequencies as well. The new processor is suitable for multitonal sources and does not require knowledge of the source spectrum which is typically unavailable in passive estimation problems. A performance evaluation on source localization under low signal-to-noise ratios shows that the new processor is significantly superior, under certain circumstances, to the conventional incoherent Bartlett processor especially in cases involving receiver arrays with a small number of phones.
A nonlinear mesoscopic elastic class of materials
Authors: Johnson Paul A. , Guyer Robert
Published: July 2002

It is becoming clear that the elastic properties of rock are shared by numerous other materials (sand, soil, some ceramics, concrete, etc.). These materials have one or more of the following properties in common: strong nonlinearity, hysteresis in stress–strain relation, and discrete memory. Primarily, it is the material’s compliance, the mesoscopic linkages between the rigid components, that give these materials their unusual elastic properties. It can be said that these materials have nonlinear mesoscopic elasticity and encompass a broad class of materials. Materials with nonlinear mesoscopic elasticity stand in contrast to liquids and crystalline solids whose elasticity is due to contributions of atomic level forces, i.e., materials with atomic elasticity. Atomic elastic materials are well described by the traditional (Landau) theory of elasticity; however, mesoscopic elastic materials are not. Mesoscopic materials are well described by the P-M (Preisach–Mayergoyz) model of nonlinear elasticity developed by Guyer and McCall. A sequence of experiments on numerous materials illustrate the evidence of nonlinear mesoscopic elastic behavior. In experimental analysis a surprising discovery was made: damaged atomic elastic materials behave as mesoscopic elastic materials. It is significant that the nonlinear mechanism(s) in mesoscopic elastic materials remains a mystery.
Nonlinear propagation of narrow-band Rayleigh waves excited by a comb transducer
Authors: Hurley D. C.
Published: July 2002

Quantitative experiments have been performed to measure the harmonic generation of narrow-band Rayleigh waves in aluminum. Based on a comparison of several methods, the Sokolinskii comb transducer was selected as an excitation source. Results are presented for narrow-band Rayleigh waves (center frequency 9.85 MHz) generated by the comb and detected with a path-stabilized Michelson interferometer. The on-axis, out-of-plane displacement amplitude was measured as a function of distance from the source. Maximum out-of-plane displacements greater than 7 nm were observed. An existing quasilinear theory that included both diffraction and attenuation was used to interpret the data. Values of the nonlinearity parameter β11= 0.21–0.23 predicted displacements in good agreement with the data and were consistent with values for β11 calculated from literature values of the third-order elastic moduli of aluminum.
Modeling mode arrivals in the 1995 SWARM experiment acoustic transmissions
Authors: Headrick Robert H. , Lynch James F. , Kemp John N. , Newhall Arthur E. , von der Heydt Keith , Apel John , Badiey Mohsen , Chiu Ching-sang , Finette Steve , Orr Marshall , Pasewark Bruce , Turgot Alton , Wolf Steve , Tielbuerger Dirk
Published: July 2002

As part of the Shallow Water Acoustics in a Random Medium (SWARM) experiment, a 16 element WHOI vertical line array (WVLA) was moored in 70 m of water off the New Jersey coast. A 400-Hz acoustic tomography source was moored some 32-km shoreward of this array, such that an acoustic path was created that was anti-parallel to the primary propagation direction for shelf-generated internal wave solitons. The presence of these soliton internal waves in the acoustic waveguide causes significant coupling of energy between propagating acoustic modes, creating fluctuations in modal intensities and modal peak arrival times, as well as time spreading of the pulses. Two methods by which acoustic propagation and scattering in soliton-filled waveguides can be modeled are presented here in order to understand and explain the scattering observed in the SWARM field data. The first method utilizes the Preisig and Duda [IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 22, 256–269 (1997)] Sudden Interface Approximation (SIA) to represent the solitons. The second method, which is computationally slower, uses a finely meshed, “propagated” thermistor record to simulate the solitons in the SWARM experiment waveguide. Both numerical methods are found to generate scattering characteristics that are similar to the SWARM field data.
On Silt- and Capillary-Die Rheometry
Authors: Han Chang Dae
Published: July 2002

A revised theory is presented of slit- and capillary-die rheometry, which, contrary to the earlier ones, predicts that the ratio of the second normal stress difference to the first, (Srr−Sθθ)/(Szz−Srr), is negative in sign and its magnitudes is always less than unity. In order to test the theory, use is made of exit-pressure measurements for five polymer melts and six polymer solutions. Exit pressures of polymer melts were obtained from both slit and capillary dies, and exit pressures of polymer solutions were obtained from slit dies with flush-mounted pressure transducers. The values of first normal stress differences determined from exit-pressure measurements show good agreement with the ones measured with a Weissenberg rheogoniometer. It has been found that (Srr−Sθθ)/(Szz—Srr) lies between −0.4 and −0.6 under the conditions investigated for five polymer melts. This is in line with recent measurements of the normal stress ratio of various polymer solutions.
Use of a Rheological Technique to Evaluate Erythrocyte Membrane Alterations
Authors: O'Rear E. A. , McIntire L. V. , Shah B. O. , Lynch E. C.
Published: July 2002

Mechanical trauma during hemodialyses and heart-lung bypass can result in shortened red cell life span. The nature of the membrane defect caused by these subhemolytic stresses is not known. The recent literature on the roles of ATP, Ca++, and membrane proteins in erythrocyte deformability is reviewed. New results by the luciferin-luciferase assay show ATP levels as a function of subhemolytic shear stress for 2-min exposure, and how ATP levels of normal cells vary when incubated in adenosine or 2-deoxyglucose. The decrease in cell deformability accompanying mechanical trauma was measured by the increased pressure drop required for the cells to traverse the 3-μm pores of a Nuclepore filter at a constant volumetric flow rate. Finally, a possible explanation for the observed partial recovery of deformability following adenosine incubation is presented.
Orientation dynamics of a polymer melt studied by polarization-modulated laser Raman scattering
Authors: Archer Lynden A. , Huang Kelly , Fuller Gerald G.
Published: July 2002

Polarization-modulated laser Raman scattering was used to study the orientation dynamics of an entangled poly(isobutylene) melt during step uniaxial extension. Anisotropies in the second and fourth moments of the orientation distribution of chain segment vectors were recovered from Raman-scattered light associated with the νs stretching vibration modes of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen groups present in the specimen. The respective second and fourth moments recovered from the carbon–carbon and carbon–hydrogen vibrations agreed with each other reasonably well. Moreover, the strain-dependent anisotropies in the second moment compared quite well with those recovered from simultaneous birefringence measurements. Constitutive theories such as the ‘‘temporary network’’ model and the ‘‘partially extending strand convection’’ model that use strong strain measures, predict second and fourth moment anisotropies that are of similar magnitude to those determined experimentally. On the other hand, constitutive theories like the Doi–Edwards model with the independent alignment approximation, which use weaker strain measures, predict moment anisotropies that are consistently lower than those observed experimentally for the entire range of strains investigated. In addition, starting with a general expression for the Raman tensor in a principal molecule-fixed coordinate frame, it is shown that the polarization components of the Raman-scattered intensity are functions of the birefringence retardation, the second moments, and the fourth moments of the orientation distribution of polymer strand end-to-end vectors.
The flow of a LDPE melt through an axisymmetric contraction: A numerical study and comparison to experimental results
Authors: Feigl K. , Öttinger H. C.
Published: July 2002

The flow of a LDPE melt in an abrupt 10:1 axisymmetric contraction is simulated using a finite element program, and comparisons are made with experimental results reported by another researcher. The researcher performed his die entry experiment at a temperature of 150 °C, and he used Laser Doppler Anemometry to measure the velocity field at several flow rates. He thus obtained detailed information about the flow field. In our numerical simulation of this experiment, we use a separable Rivlin-Sawyers integral constitutive equation with a spectrum of nine relaxation times to model the fluid. We assume that the ratio of second normal stress difference to first normal stress difference is a nonzero constant. The material is well-characterized with both shear and simple elongational data from which we determine the parameters in the constitutive equation. The general performance of our model is determined by comparing the vortex growth and entrance pressure loss for various flow rates with the experimental results reported by the experimentalist. We then repeat the experimentalist’s detailed analysis of the flow field at a single flow rate using particle tracking. Specifically, particles are tracked along several streamlines and we compute the shear and elongational rates, as well as the relative shear strain and stretch ratios close to the die entry. The detailed experimental data used for comparison were obtained from the measured velocity field. Comparisons of experimental and numerical results show good qualitative and, in some cases, quantitative agreement. From our numerical particle tracking, we also compute the shear stress, the normal stress differences, and the invariants along streamlines. Finally, the shear and elongational contributions to the energy dissipation and the entrance pressure loss is determined throughout the entire domain and in various regions. We find that the majority of the contribution to the entrance pressure loss comes from regions close to the die entry. In addition, in regions in front of the die entry, elongational effects dominate, although shear effects are not negligible, even at high flow rates.
Shear elasticity and yield stress of silica–silicone physical gels: Fractal approach
Authors: Piau J-M. , Dorget M. , Palierne J-F. , Pouchelon A.
Published: July 2002

The elastoplastic behavior of silica–silicone compounds has been characterized by a yield stress σs and an elastic modulus G0. Scaling laws have been established for the changes in rheometrical parameters with the volume fraction Φv of silica: σs∝(Φv)3.3 and G0∝(Φv)4.2 and single master curves have been obtained whatever the silica type used. The mesoscopic structure of the compounds has been studied using x-ray and light scattering and a semidilute fractal structure has been observed, with a fractal dimension D≈1.8 and a characteristic length scale 4 μm. In this paper, a formulation of the nonfluctuating semidilute fractal concept allows us to relate the fractal dimension to the rheological scaling laws: σs∝(Φv)4/(3−D) and G0∝(Φv)5/(3−D).
Screening for Depression and Suicide Risk in Children and Adolescents
Authors:   US Preventive Services Task Force, Mangione Carol M. , Barry Michael J. , Nicholson Wanda K. , Cabana Michael , Chelmow David , Coker Tumaini Rucker , Davidson Karina W. , Davis Esa M. , Donahue Katrina E. , Jaén Carlos Roberto , Kubik Martha , Li Li , Ogedegbe Gbenga , Pbert Lori , Ruiz John M. , Silverstein Michael , Stevermer James , Wong John B.
Published: October 2022

Importance

Depression is a leading cause of disability in the US. Children and adolescents with depression typically have functional impairments in their performance at school or work as well as in their interactions with their families and peers. Depression can also negatively affect the developmental trajectories of affected youth. Major depressive disorder (MDD) in children and adolescents is strongly associated with recurrent depression in adulthood; other mental disorders; and increased risk for suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and suicide completion. Suicide is the second-leading cause of death among youth aged 10 to 19 years. Psychiatric disorders and previous suicide attempts increase suicide risk.

Objective

To update its 2014 and 2016 recommendations, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) commissioned a systematic review to evaluate the benefits and harms of screening, accuracy of screening, and benefits and harms of treatment of MDD and suicide risk in children and adolescents that would be applicable to primary care settings.

Population

Children and adolescents who do not have a diagnosed mental health condition or are not showing recognized signs or symptoms of depression or suicide risk.

Evidence Assessment

The USPSTF concludes with moderate certainty that screening for MDD in adolescents aged 12 to 18 years has a moderate net benefit. The USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient on screening for MDD in children 11 years or younger. The USPSTF concludes that the evidence is insufficient on the benefit and harms of screening for suicide risk in children and adolescents owing to a lack of evidence.

Recommendation

The USPSTF recommends screening for MDD in adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. (B recommendation) The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for MDD in children 11 years or younger. (I statement) The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of screening for suicide risk in children and adolescents. (I statement)
Liquid droplet formation and cytoplasm to vacuole targeting of aminopeptidase I are temperature sensitive in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Suzuki Kuninori , Hirata Eri
Published: October 2022

Aminopeptidase I (Ape1) is one of the major cargoes of the cytoplasm‐to‐vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway, which is a kind of selective autophagy, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After synthesis, the Ape1 precursor (prApe1) undergoes phase separation to form liquid droplets, termed Ape1 droplets, in the cytoplasm. In this study, we found that cells expressing prApe1‐GFP exhibited temperature‐sensitive formation of Ape1 droplets, which affected its transport. Moreover, we showed that endogenous Ape1 transport was defective at high temperatures in various laboratory strains due to the defect in the formation of Ape1 droplets at these temperatures. Finally, we found that gene disruptants showing heat‐tolerant growth suppressed the temperature sensitivity of the Ape1 transport. The formation of Ape1 droplets might be an indicator of cytoplasmic integrity at high temperature.
Exercise training alters autoimmune cell invasion into the brain in autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Hamdi Liel , Nabat Hanan , Goldberg Yehuda , Fainstein Nina , Segal Shir , Mediouni Efrat , Asis Yarden , Touloumi Olga , Grigoriadis Nikolaos , Katz Abram , Ben‐Hur Tamir , Einstein Ofira
Published: October 2022

Background

The mechanisms by which exercise training (ET) elicits beneficial effects on the systemic immune system and the central nervous system (CNS) in autoimmune neuroinflammation are not fully understood.

Objectives

To investigate (1) the systemic effects of high‐intensity continuous training (HICT) on the migratory potential of autoimmune cells; (2) the direct effects of HICT on blood–brain‐barrier (BBB) properties.

Methods

Healthy mice were subjected to high‐intensity continuous training (HICT) by treadmill running. The proteolipid protein (PLP) transfer EAE model was utilized to examine the immunomodulatory effects of training, where PLP‐reactive lymph‐node cells (LNCs) from HICT and sedentary donor mice were analyzed in vitro and transferred to naïve recipients that developed EAE. To examine neuroprotection, encephalitogenic LNCs from donor mice were transferred into HICT or sedentary recipient mice and the BBB was analyzed.

Results

Transfer of PLP‐reactive LNCs obtained from HICT donor mice attenuated EAE severity and inflammation in recipient mice. HICT markedly inhibited very late antigen (VLA)‐4 and lymphocyte function‐associated antigen (LFA)‐1 expression in LNCs. Transfer of encephalitogenic LNCs into HICT recipients resulted in milder EAE and attenuated CNS inflammation. HICT reduced BBB permeability and the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)‐1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)‐1 in CNS blood vessels.

Interpretation

HICT attenuates EAE development by both immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. The reduction in destructive CNS inflammation in EAE is attributed to systemic inhibition of autoreactive cell migratory potential, as well as reduction in BBB permeability, which are associated with reduced VLA‐4/VCAM‐1 and LFA‐1/ICAM‐1 interactions.
Spontaneous Asymmetry of Chiral Magnetic Domains Within a Magnetic Field
Authors: Li Qian , Yang Mengmeng , Chen Gong , Yoon Han Gyu , Kwon Hee Young , Won Changyeon , Wang Tianye , Hwang Chanyong , Zhang Xixiang , Wu Yizheng , Schmid Andreas K. , Qiu Ziqiang
Published: October 2022

Chiral magnetic domains are topological spin textures in which the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction assigns a given chirality to the domain walls. Notably, despite rapid progress in chiral magnetic research, one fundamental issue that remains unclear is how the chirality of chiral magnetic domains change as a magnetic field deforms the spin texture. Using spin‐polarized low energy electron microscopy, the evolution of Fe/Ni chiral magnetic stripe domains are investigated in single‐crystalline Fe/Ni/Cu/Co/Cu(001) multilayers in which the interlayer magnetic coupling between the Co and Fe/Ni films serves as an in‐plane magnetic field. Contrary to theoretical works, it is found that the chirality of the Néel walls results in a parallel alignment of the magnetic stripes with the in‐plane magnetic field direction. The transformation of chiral Néel walls into achiral Bloch walls can be precisely controlled by tuning the Cu spacer layer thickness. In addition, the domain wall exhibits a spontaneous asymmetry within the in‐plane magnetic field, leading to an unbalanced chirality between the left‐handed and right‐handed Bloch walls. These new results foster a better understanding of the chiral domain properties within a magnetic field.
Direct Presentation of Tumor‐Associated Antigens to Induce Adaptive Immunity by Personalized Dendritic Cell‐Mimicking Nanovaccines
Authors: Zhang Jie , Fan Biao , Cao Guoliang , Huang Wenping , Jia Fuhao , Nie Guangjun , Wang Hai
Published: October 2022

Dendritic cells (DCs)‐based vaccines are an approved method for inducing potent antigen‐specific immune responses to eliminate tumor cells. However, this promising strategy still faces challenges such as tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs) loading, lymph node homing, quality control, and other limitations. Here, a personalized DC‐mimicking nanovaccine (nanoDC) for stimulation of TAAs‐specific T cell populations is developed. The nanoDCs are fabricated using nanoparticles with dendritic structure and membranes from mature bone‐marrow‐derived cells (BMDCs). Mature BMDCs are stimulated by nanostructures assembled from Escherichia coli and tumor cells to efficiently deliver TAAs and induce BMDCs maturation through the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. By maintaining co‐stimulatory markers, molecules class I (MHC‐I) antigen complexes and lymphocyte homing receptors, nanoDCs efficiently migrate to lymph nodes and generate potent antigen‐specific T cell responses. Consequently, vaccination with nanoDCs strongly inhibits the tumor growth and metastases formation in vivo. In particular, nanoDCs can also induce memory T cells for long‐term protective immunity. This study demonstrates that nanoDCs can trigger adaptive immune protection against tumors for personalized immunotherapy and precision medicine.
Electron Beam as Straightener to De‐Wrinkle Large 2D Black Phosphorus Flake: An In Situ TEM Monitoring
Authors: Kaur Manpreet , Tyagi Himanshu , Kundu Anirban , Kaur Baljeet , Raturi Mamta , Saini Jyoti , Hazra Kiran S.
Published: October 2022

Large area 2D nanomaterials are susceptible to the formation of surface corrugations during synthesis, transfer, and handling of samples and their physicochemical properties are extraordinarily affected by the formation of surface corrugations. Even though several strategies have been devised by researchers for smoothing the 2D flakes, the issue is far from resolved. Here, the straightening of black phosphorus (BP) flakes using electron beam irradiation that enables the removal of ripples, disclination, and line defects from lattice are reported. The crystallinity and buckling of the flake are controlled by varying the electron fluence rate and irradiation time in a high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy set‐up. Experimental results show that the optimal electron beam exposure (20 to 30 min of exposure at fluence rate = 1.02 × 1029 m−2 s−1) de‐stresses/relaxes the lattice and the maximum ordering of lattice planes is achieved; beyond which, the stress in lattice rises again and lattice planes start buckling. Thus, straightening the 2D flakes using an electron beam ensures the removal of surface corrugations with nanoscale precision and allows for real‐time monitoring of the process.
Polymer Co‐Coating of Gold Nanoparticles Enables Their Integration Into Contact Lenses for Stable, Selective Ocular Light Filters
Authors: Clasky Aaron J. , Chen Paul Z. , Brooks William , McCabe Kevin , Gu Frank X.
Published: October 2022

Chronic exposure to long‐wavelength (red) light is associated with increased incidence and progression of myopia in preclinical models. Contact lenses are worn worldwide while chronic exposure to red light occurs, presenting a natural platform to mitigate light‐induced myopia progression. However, the integration of stable red‐light filters into contact lenses remains elusive. Here, bipyramidal gold nanoparticles (BPs) are synthesized as selective, tunable red‐light blockers and a surface‐modification method is developed to homogeneously embed them within contact lenses during manufacturing. By functionalizing the BPs with a combination of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and methacrylate monomer, stable dispersions within etafilcon A contact lenses before, during, and after lens manufacturing are achieved. This approach enables the optical properties of hydrogel‐integrated nanoparticles to resemble their colloidal counterparts. Moreover, these BP‐laden contact lenses are stable against conditions relevant to manufacturing, sterilization, and use, including autoclaving, UV irradiation, and long‐term storage. Taken together, this work demonstrates selective light filters and a facile methodology to homogeneously embed functional nanoparticles into hydrogel biomaterials, such as contact lenses, potentiating a platform to mitigate myopia‐associated red‐light exposure.
Spray Coating of Nanosilicate‐Based Hydrogel on Concrete
Authors: Kim Won Hyeok , Han Youngbae , Rhie Yong Ha , Won Nam‐Il , Na Yang Ho
Published: October 2022

Hydrogels can be coated on various substrates to add a variety of functions to the substrates. In this study, hydrogel is coated on concrete that widely used as a building material. In general, in order to coat hydrogel on concrete, a prior process such as surface modification or primer layer coating is essential. However, this process is time consuming and requires the use of toxic chemicals. In this study, nanocomposite (NC) hydrogel that can be coated onto concrete in one step is used without any toxic chemicals. The spray‐coating method is adopted for continuous coating over a large area. An experimental device for spray coating is manufactured. Fast and uniform hydrogel coating on concrete is achieved. Various parameters of the spray‐coating process are optimized. Surface analysis on coated NC hydrogel is performed using a scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, and contact angle measurement. In order to confirm its applicability to green walls, an experiment is conducted to grow bryophyte on the NC hydrogel‐coated concrete. It is confirmed that bryophyte grows well on the NC hydrogel‐coated concrete. Concrete coated with NC hydrogel is expected to be a promising technology as a hydrogel‐based green wall system.
Silver Thin‐Film Electrodes Grown by Low‐Temperature Plasma‐Enhanced Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Hasselmann Tim , Misimi Bujamin , Boysen Nils , Zanders David , Wree Jan‐Lucas , Rogalla Detlef , Haeger Tobias , Zimmermann Florian , Brinkmann Kai Oliver , Schädler Sebastian , Theirich Detlef , Heiderhoff Ralf , Devi Anjana , Riedl Thomas
Published: October 2022

The unique properties of atomic layer deposition (ALD) are mainly exploited for metal oxides, while the growth of metals, such as silver, is still in its infancy. Low growth temperatures and high growth rates are essential to achieve conductive (i.e. percolated) films. Here, a study based on the authors’ recently introduced N‐heterocyclic carbene‐based Ag amide precursor [(NHC)Ag(hmds)] (1,3‐di‐tert‐butyl‐imidazolin‐2‐ylidene silver(I) 1,1,1‐trimethyl‐N‐(trimethylsilyl) silanaminide) using plasma‐enhanced spatial ALD at atmospheric pressure and at deposition temperatures as low as 60 °C, is provided. The favorable reactivity and high volatility of the [(NHC)Ag(hmds)] precursor affords high growth rates up to 3.4 × 1014 Ag atoms cm–2 per cycle, which are ≈2.5 times higher than that found with the established triethylphosphine(6,6,7,7,8,8,8‐heptafluoro‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3,5‐octanedionate) silver(I) [Ag(fod)(PEt3)] precursor. Consequently, highly conductive Ag films with resistivities as low as 2.7 µΩ cm are achieved at a deposition temperature of 100 °C with a percolation threshold of ≈2.6 × 1017 Ag atoms cm–2, which is more than 1.6 times lower compared to [Ag(fod)(PEt3)]. As a concept study, conductive Ag layers are used as bottom electrodes in organic solar cells, that achieve the same performance as those based on Ag electrodes resulting from a high vacuum process.
Fabrication of a Periodic Inverse Micropyramid (PIMP)‐Si/In2Se3 Heterojunction Photodetector Array for RGB‐IR Image Sensing Application
Authors: Zhang Chao , Zhu Chen‐Yue , Yang Zhen , Lin Di‐Hua , Wu Chun‐Yan , Chen Shi‐Rong , Yang Yi‐Zhong , Wang Li , Zhou Yu‐Xue , Luo Lin‐Bao
Published: October 2022

Here, the fabrication of an addressable 8 × 8 photodetector array is reported by combining In2Se3 nanofilm with periodic inverse micropyramid‐Si (PIMP‐Si), which is obtained through colloidal lithography and anisotropic wet etching. Due to the unique configuration and the outstanding light trapping effect, the as‐fabricated heterojunction device presents an excellent self‐powered photoresponse over the broadband wavelength range from 265 to 1300 nm, with a peak sensitivity at ≈810 nm. The responsivity, specific detectivity, and rise/fall time are estimated to be 0.58 A W−1, 1.76 × 1012 Jones, and 5.1/18 µs, respectively, which are competitive in comparison with other devices with similar geometries. Meanwhile, the photodetector array displays a satisfactory pixel‐to‐pixel uniformity, which allows the device to record the full‐color image of “HFUT” with satisfying resolution, revealing the potential application of the PIMP‐Si/In2Se3 heterojunction photodetector array for real‐time red‐green‐blue‐infrared image sensing and video capturing.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum ATP13A1 is Essential for MAVS‐Mediated Antiviral Innate Immunity
Authors: Zhang Rui , Hou Xianteng , Wang Changwan , Li Jiaxin , Zhu Junyan , Jiang Yingbo , Hou Fajian
Published: October 2022

RIG‐I‐MAVS signaling pathway is essential for efficient innate immune response against virus infection. Though many components have been identified in RIG‐I pathway and it can be partially reconstituted in vitro, detailed mechanisms involved in cells are still unclear. Here, a genome‐wide CRISPR‐Cas9 screen is performed using an engineered cell line IFNB‐P2A‐GSDMD‐N, and ATP13A1, a putative dislocase located on the endoplasmic reticulum, is identified as an important regulator of RIG‐I pathway. ATP13A1 deficiency abolishes RIG‐I‐mediated antiviral innate immune response due to compromised MAVS stability and crippled signaling potency of residual MAVS. Moreover, it is discovered that MAVS is subject to protease‐mediated degradation in the absence of ATP13A1. As homozygous Atp13a1 knockout mice result in developmental retardation and embryonic lethality, Atp13a1 conditional knockout mice are generated. Myeloid‐specific Atp13a1‐deficient mice are viable and susceptible to RNA virus infection. Collectively, the findings reveal that ATP13A1 is indispensable for the stability and activation of MAVS and a proper antiviral innate immune response.
Prospective Sustainability Screening of Sodium‐Ion Battery Cathode Materials
Authors: Baumann Manuel , Häringer Marcel , Schmidt Marius , Schneider Luca , Peters Jens F. , Bauer Werner , Binder Joachim R. , Weil Marcel
Published: October 2022

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIB) are considered as a promising alternative to overcome existing sustainability challenges related to Lithium‐ion batteries (LIB), such as the use of critical and expensive materials with high environmental impacts. In contrast to established LIBs, SIBs are an emerging technology in an early stage of development where a challenge is to identify the most promising and sustainable cathode active materials (CAM) for further research and potential commercialization. Thus, a comprehensive and flexible CAM screening method is developed, providing a fast and comprehensive overview of potential sustainability hotspots for supporting cathode material selection. 42 different SIB cathodes are screened and benchmarked against eight state‐of‐the‐art LIB‐cathodes. Potential impacts are quantified for the following categories: i) Cost as ten‐year average; ii) Criticality, based on existing raw material criticality indicators, and iii) the life cycle carbon footprint. The results reveal that energy density is one of the most important factors in all three categories, determining the overall material demand. Most SIB CAM shows a very promising performance, obtaining better results than the LIB benchmark. Especially the Prussian Blue derivatives and the manganese‐based layered oxides seem to be interesting candidates under the given prospective screening framework.
Importance of triple tumor markers as biomarkers in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Takagi Tadataka , Nagai Minako , Nishiwada Satoshi , Terai Taichi , Yasuda Satoshi , Matsuo Yasuko , Doi Shunsuke , Kohara Yuichiro , Sho Masayuki
Published: October 2022

Aim

There is an urgent need to establish biomarkers for the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of the combined assessment of carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA19‐9), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and duke pancreatic monoclonal antigen type 2 (DUPAN‐2) in PDAC.

Methods

We retrospectively investigated the impact of three tumor markers on overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS). Patients were classified into two groups: upfront surgery (US) and neoadjuvant chemoradiation (NACRT) groups.

Results

In total, 310 patients were evaluated. In the US group, patients who had all three elevated markers showed a significantly worse prognosis than the others (median: 16.4 months, P = .005). In the NACRT group, patients who had elevated CA 19‐9 and CEA levels after NACRT had significantly worse prognosis than the others (median: 26.2 months, P < .001). The elevated DUPAN‐2 levels before NACRT were associated with significantly worse prognosis than normal levels (median: 44.0 vs 59.2 months, P = .030). Patients who had elevated DUPAN‐2 levels before NACRT with elevated CA 19‐9 and CEA levels after NACRT showed extremely poor RFS (median: 5.9 months). Multivariate analysis revealed that a modified triple‐positive tumor marker indicating elevated DUPAN‐2 levels before NACRT and elevated CA19‐9 and CEA levels after NACRT was an independent prognostic factor of OS (hazard ratio: 2.49, P = .007) and RFS (hazard ration: 2.47, P = .007).

Conclusions

The combined evaluation of three tumor markers may provide useful information for the treatment of patients with PDAC.
Patient characteristics that predict Richter's transformation in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with ibrutinib
Authors: Kittai Adam S. , Huang Ying , Beckwith Kyle A. , Bhat Seema A. , Bond David A. , Byrd John C. , Goldstein Daniel , Grever Michael R. , Miller Cecelia , Rogers Kerry A. , Yano Max , Woyach Jennifer A.
Published: October 2022

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) transformation to aggressive lymphoma, known as Richter's Transformation (RT), has a dismal prognosis. There are limited data evaluating risk of RT in patients treated with ibrutinib. We performed a retrospective analysis to determine prognostic variables associated with development of RT and overall survival (OS) at progression after treatment with ibrutinib. We identified 559 patients with CLL treated with ibrutinib from 2010–2019. After a median follow‐up of 44.5 months from ibrutinib start, 179 patients progressed and were included in our analysis. After a median follow‐up of 20.8 months from progression, 54 out of 179 patients developed RT. Progression on treatment (hazard ratio [HR] 4.01 [1.60–10.00], p = .003), higher LDH (HR 1.80 for 2‐fold increase [1.33–2.43], p = .0001), and lymphadenopathy without lymphocytosis (HR 2.88 [1.15–7.20], p = .02) were independent prognostic variables for the development of RT at progression. Progression with lymphadenopathy without lymphocytosis continued to be an independent prognostic variable of worse OS post‐progression. In a subset analysis of 50 patients who obtained a PET‐CT at progression, the median SUVmax for patients who would develop RT was 15.2 (n = 30, range: 4.0–46.3) versus those patients who did not develop RT with a SUVmax of 7.7 (n = 20, range: 2.3–27.2) (p = .0030). Median OS from date of RT was 4.0 months, suggesting that prognosis for RT remains poor. A lymph node biopsy to rule out RT should be considered in patients who received ibrutinib who progress on treatment, have an elevated LDH, or progress with lymphadenopathy without lymphocytosis.
Synthesis of Difluoromethyl Pyrazolines and Pyrazoles by [3+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Difluoroacetohydrazonoyl Bromides with Electron‐deficient Olefins
Authors: Ren Yuanyuan , Ma Ransong , Feng Yang , Wang Ke‐Hu , Wang Junjiao , Huang Danfeng , Lv Xiaobo , Hu Yulai
Published: October 2022

Difluoroacetohydrazonoyl bromides, which are stable in air at room temperature, are demonstrated to be good difluoromethyl building blocks for construction of CF2H‐substituted pyrazoline and pyrazole compounds via [3+2] cycloaddition with electron‐deficient olefins under mild conditions. A series of CF2H‐substituted pyrazolines and pyrazoles were obtained in good yields. The method has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, good regioselectivity, broad substrate scopes and easy operation.
Collective Syntheses of Eight Phorbaketals via Total Synthesis of Phorbaketal A
Authors: Lee Jaeyeon , Joung Seewon , Lee Hee‐Yoon
Published: October 2022

A practical total synthesis of phorbaketal A, a representative natural product among spiroketal containing natural products from marine sponge Phorbas sp. that has been a productive source of structurally diverse terpene natural products with various biological activities was achieved through gold‐catalyzed spiroketalization of the alkynediol precursor accompanied by the epoxide rearrangement to the corresponding allylic alcohol followed by an olefin isomerization. With the solid pathway to produce phorbaketal A in hand, we achieved collective synthesis of eight phorbaketals as they appeared to be derived from phorbaketal A in nature.
Donepezil treatment is associated with improved outcomes in critically ill dementia patients via a reduction in delirium
Authors: Lieberman Ori J. , Lee Seonjoo , Zabinski Jeffrey
Published: October 2022

Introduction

During hospital admissions, patients with dementia are at risk for developing delirium, an acute state of brain failure associated with significant morbidity. There are currently no pharmacologic tools to treat or prevent delirium. Decreased cholinergic signaling plays a role in the pathophysiology of both disorders. Whether enhanced pre‐hospital cholinergic signaling in patients with dementia improves outcomes during critical illness remains unknown.

Methods

We utilized the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC‐III) database to determine whether pre‐hospital donepezil use was associated with improved outcomes during critical illness in dementia patients.

Results

We identified 2734 subjects with dementia admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU; 447 received donepezil). After adjusting for confounders, patients with dementia who were receiving donepezil had a significantly reduced in‐hospital and 90‐day mortality, ICU length of stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation. Donepezil use was associated with, and its benefit was mediated by, reduced delirium.

Discussion

Patients with dementia who are treated with donepezil have improved outcomes during critical illness and reductions in delirium.

Highlights

No pharmacologic treatments exist to reduce delirium in patients with dementia.

Donepezil improves outcomes during critical illness in patients with dementia.

Improved outcomes are mediated by a reduction in hospital delirium.

Future studies in patients with dementia should prospectively evaluate donepezil in the prevention of delirium.
Highly reactive adsorbent based on carboxymethyl xanthan gum‐g‐poly(4‐vinylpyridine) copolymer for the potential removal of Acid Orange 10 dye and Cr(VI) ions for water treatment
Authors: Elgamal Ahmed M. , Abd El‐Ghany Nahed A. , Saad Gamal R.
Published: October 2022

The removal efficiency of an anionic acid dye, Acid Orange 10 dye (AO‐10), and hexavalent chromium metal Cr(VI) from an aqueous medium using carboxymethyl xanthan gum‐g‐poly(4‐vinyl pyridine), CMX‐g‐P(4VP), as a novel adsorbent was studied. The influences of pH, adsorbent dose, temperature, and equilibrium time on the adsorption process were evaluated to optimize the conditions for maximum removal of the adsorbate. Both AO‐10 and Cr(VI) removal were pH‐dependent, with the most excellent adsorption capacity occurring at pH 2.5. AO‐10 and Cr(VI) had maximum adsorption capacities of 1961 and 492 mg g−1, respectively, considerably high. The adsorbent may be efficiently reused for five cycles, according to the desorption studies. The experimental adsorption equilibrium data were described using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin‐Radushkevich isotherm models. The Langmuir is judged the closest to the description of the practical. In addition, the kinetics of the adsorption process is controlled using pseudo‐first‐order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models, while the thermodynamic process proved the spontaneous and exothermic nature of removing AO‐10 and Cr(VI) ions. Overall, the results showed that CMX‐g‐P(4VP) might be a very efficient re‐usable adsorbent in wastewater treatment.
Development of PLA/EPDM/SiO2 blended polymer for biodegradable packaging
Authors: Wittawat Ratanathavorn , Rittipun Rungruang , Nattaporn Boohuad
Published: October 2022

Herein, we developed a blended polymer of polylactic acid (PLA) and ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) for cosmetic packaging using dihydrogenated tallow‐treated nanosilica to improve the compatibility between PLA and EPDM, which are immiscible. The PLA/EPDM ratio was maintained at 95/5, and the loading rates of the modified nanosilica powder were set at 0, 3, and 5 phr. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that the nanosilica particles adsorbed the cationic surfactant solution onto their surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the EPDM domain sizes within the PLA matrix reduced with increasing modified nanosilica amounts. Moreover, the modified nanosilica improved the compatibility between the PLA and EPDM phases. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the PLA/EPDM/SiO2 (95/5/5) polymer were 50.39 MPa and 32.8%, respectively. The degradation behavior of the polymer in water and a sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) solution was evaluated. The decomposition rate of the polymer was higher in SLES with low polarity and was determined to be approximately 3.4 × 10−8 s−1. Moreover, during a disintegration test (ISO 16929:2019), the polymer exhibited a disintegration rate of 100%, degrading completely in 28 days.
Measurements of visual double stars with PISCO2 at the Nice 76‐cm refractor in 2013–2014
Authors: Gili René , Prieur Jean‐Louis , Rivet Jean‐Pierre , Vakili Farrokh , Scardia Marco , Pansecchi Luigi , Argyle Robert W. , Ling Josefina F. , Piccotti Luca , Aristidi Eric , Koechlin Laurent , Bonneau Daniel , Maccarini Luca , Serot Jocelyn
Published: October 2022

We present relative astrometric and photometric measurements of visual double stars made in 2013–2014 with PISCO2 installed at the 76‐cm refractor of the Côte d'Azur Observatory in Nice (France). Our observation list contains orbital couples as well as double stars whose motion is still uncertain. Three different techniques were used for obtaining measurements: Lucky Imaging, Speckle Interferometry, and the Direct Vector Autocorrelation method. From our observations of 4,864 multiple stars, we obtained 4,952 new measurements with angular separations in the range 0″.1–14″ and an average accuracy of 0″.015. The mean error on the position angles is 1°.0. Most of the position angles were determined without the usual 180° ambiguity with the application of the direct vector autocorrelation technique and/or by inspection of the Lucky images or the long integration files. We managed to routinely monitor faint systems (mV ≈ 9–11) with large magnitude differences (up to ΔmV ≈ 5). We have thus been able to measure 49 systems containing red dwarf stars that had been poorly monitored since their discovery, from which we estimated the stellar masses thanks to Gaia measurements. We also measured the magnitude difference of the two components of 318 double stars with an estimated error of 0.2 mag. Except for a few objects that have been discussed, our measurements are in good agreement with the ephemerides computed with published orbital elements, even for the double stars whose separation is smaller than the diffraction limit. Thanks to good seeing images and with the use of high‐contrast numerical filters, we have also been able to obtain 455 measurements with an angular separation smaller than the diffraction limit of our instrumentation, and consistent with those obtained with larger telescopes. Finally, we report 378 measurements of the 296 new double stars that we found in the files obtained during the observations.
COVID‐19 modifications to a first year medical human anatomy course: Effects on student performance on summative examinations
Authors: McNamara John Patrick , Nolan Michael F.
Published: October 2022

The COVID‐19 (COVID) pandemic forced changes in how medical curricula are organized and delivered. In addition to disease mitigation strategies, other curricular modifications were required to maintain educational effectiveness and student and faculty safety. While these changes appear to be successful in their primary goal, their effect on learning and other important educational outcomes is less well understood. We describe changes to our anatomy course and describe their effects on summative examination scores. We compared anatomy examination scores from 4 years prior to COVID with scores from the 2 years following COVID mandated changes in an effort to determine the effectiveness of our course modifications. Examination scores for the first of four successive Blocks of instruction following the implementation of curricular changes demonstrated a lower mean score and greater range of scores than for the four pre‐COVID years. Pre‐COVID and post‐COVID scores for Blocks II, III, and IV were comparable. Our results indicate that our changes to the anatomy curriculum did not prevent a performance decline during the first Block of instruction only. However, students were able to successfully adapt to these changes during the remainder of the course. We discuss factors that may have accounted for the Block I performance decline and call attention to changes within the larger curriculum that may have affected student performance.
The role of ethnic enclaves in Arab American Muslim adolescent perceived discrimination
Authors: Balaghi Danielle
Published: October 2022

This study aimed to investigate the role of ethnic enclaves in perceived discrimination among Arab American adolescents. Little research has investigated what specific risk and protective factors play a role in perceived discrimination within ethnic enclaves; and which of these factors may be the most salient to Arab American adolescents. The study used a phenomenological approach, using semi‐structured interviews, journals, and parent interviews to collect and triangulate the data. Member checking and peer debriefing were also used to check for validity. A ‘protective’ theme, described as ‘living in a bubble’ and two ‘risk’ themes described as ‘cracks’ (i.e., within‐group discrimination) and ‘pores’ (i.e., online discrimination) were identified. Although ethnic enclaves appeared to protect adolescents from out‐group discrimination, it also appeared to be porous, with risk factors, such as online discrimination, ‘seeping’ into the community.