bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Degradation of Indigo Sodium Disulphonate by Chromium Isomorphic Replacement in Magnetite
Authors: Zhou Lianghua , Chu Benli , He Songhua , Yu Jiayuan , Lin Xiaoju , Wang Aili
Published: June 2016

This study was designed to investigate the degradation of indigo sodium disulphonate (ISD, a kind of indigoiddyes) in heterogeneous Fenton system (H2O2/Fe3‐xCrxO4). The co‐precipitation was employed to synthesize a series of Cr‐doped magnetite. The result of XRD indicated that Chromium isomorphic replacement will not cause significant changes in the structure of the magnetite. The thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry analysis was applied in the samples. The adsorption data showed that strong acidic condition and high concentration Cr‐containing magnetite contributed to the enhancement of adsorbing capacity. The degradation experiment was carried out in consideration of 4 aspects, including pH, Fe3‐xCrxO4, H2O2 concentration and catalyst dosage, stating that Cr‐doped magnetite made for degrading indigo sodium disulphonate.
Mapping Dicorynia guianensis Amsh. wood constituents by submicron resolution cluster‐TOF‐SIMS imaging
Authors: Vanbellingen Quentin P. , Fu Tingting , Bich Claudia , Amusant Nadine , Stien Didier , Della‐Negra Serge , Touboul David , Brunelle Alain
Published: June 2016

The preparation of tropical wood surface sections for time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging is described, and the use of delayed extraction of secondary ions and its interest for the analysis of vegetal surface are shown. The method has been applied to the study by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging with a resolution of less than one micron of a tropical wood species, Dicorynia guianensis, which is one of the most exploited wood in French Guiana for its durable heartwood. The heartwood of this species exhibits an economical importance, but its production is not controlled in forestry. Results show an increase of tryptamine from the transition zone and a concomitant decrease of inorganic ions and starch fragment ions. These experiments lead to a better understanding of the heartwood formation and the origin of the natural durability of D. guianensis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface acoustic wave nebulization device with dual interdigitated transducers improves SAWN‐MS performance
Authors: Huang Yue , Heron Scott R. , Clark Alicia M. , Edgar J. Scott , Yoon Sung Hwan , Kilgour David P. A. , Turecek Frantisek , Aliseda Alberto , Goodlett David R.
Published: June 2016

We compared mass spectrometric (MS) performance of surface acoustic wave nebulization (SAWN) generated by a single interdigitated transducer (IDT) designed to produce a progressive wave (PW) to one with a dual IDT that can in theory generate standing waves (SW). Given that devices using dual IDTs had been shown to produce fewer large size droplets on average, we hypothesized they would improve MS performance by improving the efficiency of desolvation. Indeed, the SW‐SAWN chip provided an improved limit of detection of 1 femtomole of peptide placed on chip making it 100× more sensitive than the PW design. However, as measured by high‐speed image recording and phase Doppler particle analyzer measurements, there was only a 26% increase in the small diameter (1–10 µm) droplets produced from the new device, precluding a conclusion that the decrease in droplet size was solely responsible for the improvement in MS signal/noise. Given that the dual IDT design produced a more instantaneous plume than the PW design, the more likely contributor to improved MS signal/noise was concluded to be a higher ion flux entering the mass spectrometer for the dual IDT designs. Notably, the dual IDT device allowed production of much higher quality protein mass spectra up to about 20 kDa, compared with the single IDT device. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric approaches for the identification of anthracycline analogs produced by actinobacteria
Authors: Bauermeister Anelize , Zucchi Tiago Domingues , Moraes Luiz Alberto Beraldo
Published: June 2016

Anthracyclines are a well‐known chemical class produced by actinobacteria used effectively in cancer treatment; however, these compounds are usually produced in few amounts because of being toxic against their producers. In this work, we successfully explored the mass spectrometry versatility to detect 18 anthracyclines in microbial crude extract. From collision‐induced dissociation and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, we proposed structures for five new and identified three more anthracyclines already described in the literature, nocardicyclins A and B and nothramicin. One new compound 8 (4‐[4‐(dimethylamino)‐5‐hydroxy‐4,6‐dimethyloxan‐2‐yl]oxy‐2,5,7,12‐tetrahydroxy‐3,10‐dimethoxy‐2‐methyl‐3,4‐dihydrotetracene‐1,6,11‐trione) was isolated and had its structure confirmed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The anthracyclines identified in this work show an interesting aminoglycoside, poorly found in natural products, 3‐methyl‐rhodosamine and derivatives. This fact encouraged to develop a focused method to identify compounds with aminoglycosides (rhodosamine, m/z 158; 3‐methyl‐rhodosamine, m/z 172; 4′‐O‐acethyl‐3‐C‐methyl‐rhodosamine, m/z 214). This method allowed the detection of four more anthracyclines. This focused method can also be applied in the search of these aminoglycosides in other microbial crude extracts. Additionally, it was observed that nocardicyclin A, nothramicin and compound 8 were able to interact to DNA through a DNA‐binding study by mass spectrometry, showing its potential as anticancer drugs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simplification of electrospray mass spectra of Polysorbate 80 via cation transfer to carborane anions
Authors: Betancourt Stella K. , Pilo Alice L. , Bu Jiexun , McLuckey Scott A.
Published: June 2016

Mass spectrometric analysis of polymer mixtures via electrospray ionization can be complicated due the presence of multiple ion types, multiple charge states and multiple oligomeric distributions that complicate the detection and identification of mixture components. Polysorbate 80 (commercially known as Tween® 80) provides an example of this type, where the presence of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (PSO) byproducts gives rise to overlapping polymer distributions. It is desirable to simplify the spectrum in order to identify each component of what is inherently a complex mixture of fatty esters bound to different head groups. In this work, we show that gas‐phase ion/ion reactions with carborane anions allow for the charge reduction of Tween® 80 peaks by selectively removing metal adducts bound to the synthetic polymer. The resulting singly charged spectrum reduces overlapping distributions and thus simplifies the identification of the components found in a Tween® 80 sample. The overall approach described here would likely lead to similar benefits in the analysis of other polymers that tend to ionize via metal ion adduction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Super‐atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry and its application to ultrafast online protein digestion analysis
Authors: Chen Lee Chuin , Ninomiya Satoshi , Hiraoka Kenzo
Published: June 2016

Ion source pressure plays a significant role in the process of ionization and the subsequent ion transmission inside a mass spectrometer. Pressurizing the ion source to a gas pressure greater than atmospheric pressure is a relatively new approach that aims to further improve the performance of atmospheric pressure ionization sources. For example, under a super‐atmospheric pressure environment, a stable electrospray can be sustained for liquid with high surface tension such as pure water, because of the suppression of electric discharge. Even for nano‐electrospray ionization (nano‐ESI), which is known to work with aqueous solution, its stability and sensitivity can also be enhanced, particularly in the negative mode when the ion source is pressurized. A brief review on the development of super‐atmospheric pressure ion sources, including high‐pressure electrospray, field desorption and superheated ESI, and the strategies to interface these ion sources to a mass spectrometer will be given. Using a recent ESI prototype with an operating temperature at 220 °C under 27 atm, we also demonstrate that it is possible to achieve an online Asp‐specific protein digestion analysis in which the whole processes of digestion, ionization and MS acquisition could be completed on the order of a few seconds. This method is fast, and the reaction can even be monitored on a near‐real‐time basis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Roughness of biopores and cracks in Bt‐horizons assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: Leue Martin , Gerke Horst H.
Published: June 2016

In structured soils, water and reactive solutes can preferentially move through larger inter‐aggregate pores, cracks, and biopores. The surface roughness of such macropores is crucial for describing microbial habitats and the exchange of water and solutes between macropores and the soil matrix together with other properties. The objective of this study was to compare the roughness of intact structural surfaces from the Bt‐horizons of five Luvisols developed on loess and glacial till and to test the applicability of confocal laser scanning microscopy. Samples of 5 to 10 cm edge length with intact structural surfaces including cracks with and without clay‐organic coatings, earthworm burrow walls, and root channels were prepared manually. The surface roughness of these structures was determined with a confocal laser scanning microscope of the type Keyence VK‐X100K. The root‐mean‐squared roughness (Rq) the curvature (Rcu) and the ratio between surface area and base area (RA) were calculated from selected surface regions of interest of 0.342 mm2 with an elevation resolution of 0.02 µm. The roughness was smaller for coated as compared to uncoated cracks and earthworm burrows of the Bt‐horizons. This reduction of roughness by the illuviation of clayey material was similar for the structural surfaces of the coarser textured till‐Bt and the finer‐textured loess‐Bt. This similarity suggested a dominant effect of pedogenesis and a minor effect of the parent material on the roughness levels of structural surfaces in the Bt‐horizons. An expected “smoothing” effect of burrow wall surfaces by earthworm activity was not reflected in the roughness values compared to those of uncoated cracks at the chosen spatial scale. However, for root channel walls from one loess‐Bt, the roughness was reduced as compared to that of other structures. These results suggest that the surface roughness of the structural surface types should separately be considered when describing preferential flow and macropore‐matrix exchange or analysing root growth, microbial habitats, and colloidal transport in structured soils. The confocal laser scanning microscopy technique was found useful for characterizing the roughness of intact structural surfaces.
Development of a new analytical method for the determination of red beetroot betalains using dispersive solid‐phase extraction
Authors: Sawicki Tomasz , Surma Magdalena , Zieliński Henryk , Wiczkowski Wiesław
Published: June 2016

The objective of this study was to develop a method for the determination of red beetroot betalains based on the dispersive solid‐phase extraction and modified QuEChERS methods followed by micro‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer that was equipped with a quadrupole and time‐of‐flight detector. Currently, new techniques for the extraction of the pigments are necessary and in this study, an extraction of beetroot betalains based on the QuEChERS method was developed for the first time. Twelve variants of the methods with different sorbent combinations were tested. The extraction with 15% methanol and with 0.05% formic acid was performed as a reference method to compare the obtained results. In all of the samples with the addition of sorbents, a lower noise was demonstrated in the obtained results. The betalain concentrations obtained using the tested methods were 0.32–0.54 mg g−1, while the value of the reference method was 0.44 mg g−1. The method that used the strong ion exchange sorbent (0.44±0.05 mg g−1) was the most adequate in terms of analyzed content, related standard deviation value and interference compared to the reference method. It was concluded that the properly modified QuEChERS method can be successfully applied for the determination of red beetroot betalains.
Nocturia in Parkinson's Disease: Why Does It Occur and How to Manage?
Authors: Batla Amit , Phé Véronique , De Min Lorenzo , Panicker Jalesh N.
Published: June 2016

Background

Nocturia is one of the commonest nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) and has a significant impact on quality of life both for patients and their carers. There exists a relation between nocturia and poor sleep quality, falls, and institutionalization. Nocturia may manifest as a result of reduced functional bladder capacity or nocturnal polyuria; however, most often the cause is multifactorial. Disorders of circadian rhythm regulation are known to occur with sleep disturbances inPDmay also contribute to nocturia.

Methods and Results

In this review, an overview of the assessment and management of nocturia in patients withPDis presented. History taking, medication review, and a bladder diary form the cornerstone of the evaluation. Urinalysis, ultrasonography, and urodynamic studies help to assess the cause for lower urinary tract symptoms and exclude concomitant pathologies, such as bladder outlet obstruction. Antimuscarinic medications are the first‐line treatment for the overactive bladder; however, caution is needed when using these medications in individuals predisposed to cognitive impairment. Desmopressin is effective for managing nocturnal polyuria.

Conclusions

An individualized approach is recommended to optimize the management of nocturia inPD.
Comprehensive review of vascularized lymph node transfers for lymphedema: Outcomes and complications
Authors: Scaglioni Mario F. , Arvanitakis Michael , Chen Yen‐Chou , Giovanoli Pietro , Chia‐Shen Yang Johnson , Chang Edward I.
Published: June 2016

Introduction

Lymphedema remains a challenging clinical problem. A new field of lymphatic surgery using micro and super microsurgery techniques is a rapidly advancing field aimed to treat recalcitrant cases. The objective of this study was to evaluate outcomes and complications of vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT). Several early preliminary studies have reported promising outcomes, but they are limited by small numbers, short follow‐up, and are inconsistent in addressing the origin and recipient site of the transferred lymph nodes as well as the donor site morbidity.

Methods

A review of literature was conducted using PubMed‐MEDLINE, EMBASE for key words vascularized lymph node transfer (also autologous, lymph node transplant). Only human studies were included.

Results

A total 24 studies encompassing 271 vascularized lymph node transfers were included. The inguinal nodes were the most commonly used donor site followed by the lateral thoracic lymph nodes. The lateral thoracic lymph nodes were the least effective and had the highest complication rates (27.5%) compared to other lymph node donor sites (inguinal: 10.3% and supraclavicular: 5.6%). Upper extremity lymphedema responded better compared to lower extremity (74.2 vs. 53.2%), but there was no difference in placing the lymph nodes more proximally versus distally on the extremity (proximal: 76.9% vs. distal: 80.4%).

Conclusion

Vascularized lymph node transfer for lymphedema treatment is a promising operative technique showing beneficial results in early but also in advanced stage lymphedema. This physiologic surgical procedure should be included in a modern reconstructive concept for lymphedema treatment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 38:222–229, 2018.
Long‐chain monounsaturated fatty acid‐rich fish oil attenuates the development of atherosclerosis in mouse models
Authors: Yang Zhi‐Hong , Bando Masahiro , Sakurai Toshihiro , Chen Ye , Emma‐Okon Beatrice , Wilhite Bree , Fukuda Daiju , Vaisman Boris , Pryor Milton , Wakabayashi Yoshiyuki , Sampson Maureen , Yu Zu‐Xi , Sakurai Akiko , Zarzour Abdalrahman , Miyahara Hiroko , Takeo Jiro , Sakaue Hiroshi , Sata Masataka , Remaley Alan T.
Published: June 2016

Scope

Fish oil‐derived long‐chain monounsaturated fatty acids (LCMUFA) containing chain lengths longer than 18 were previously shown to improve cardiovascular disease risk factors in mice. However, it is not known if LCMUFA also exerts anti‐atherogenic effects. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of LCMUFA on the development of atherosclerosis in mouse models.

Methods and results

LDLR‐KO mice were fed Western diet supplemented with 2% (w/w) of either LCMUFA concentrate, olive oil, or not (control) for 12 wk. LCMUFA, but not olive oil, significantly suppressed the development of atherosclerotic lesions and several plasma inflammatory cytokine levels, although there were no major differences in plasma lipids between the three groups. At higher doses 5% (w/w) LCMUFA supplementation was observed to reduce pro‐atherogenic plasma lipoproteins and to also reduce atherosclerosis in ApoE‐KO mice fed a Western diet. RNA sequencing and subsequent qPCR analyses revealed that LCMUFA upregulated PPAR signaling pathways in liver. In cell culture studies, apoB‐depleted plasma from LDLR‐K mice fed LCMUFA showed greater cholesterol efflux from macrophage‐like THP‐1 cells and ABCA1‐overexpressing BHK cells.

Conclusion

Our research showed for the first time that LCMUFA consumption protects against diet‐induced atherosclerosis, possibly by upregulating the PPAR signaling pathway.
Matrix‐assisted diffusion‐ordered spectroscopy: choosing a matrix
Authors: Gramosa Nilce V. , Ricardo Nágila M. S. P. , Adams Ralph W. , Morris Gareth A. , Nilsson Mathias
Published: June 2016

Diffusion‐ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) is an important technique for separating the NMR signals of the components in a mixture, and relies on differences in diffusion coefficient. Standard DOSY experiments therefore struggle when the components of a mixture are of similar size, and hence diffuse at similar rates. Fortunately, the diffusion coefficients of solutes can be manipulated by changing the matrix in which they diffuse, using matrix components that interact differentially with them, a technique known as matrix‐assisted DOSY. In the present investigation, we evaluate the performance of a number of new, previously used, and mixed matrices with an informative test mixture: the three positional isomers of dihydroxybenzene. The aim of this work is to present the matrix‐assisted DOSY user with information about the potential utility of a set of matrices (and combinations of matrices), including ionic and non‐ionic surfactants, complexing agents, polymers, and mixed solvents. A variety of matrices improved the diffusion resolution of the signals of the test system, with the best separation achieved by mixed micelles of sodium dodecyl sulfate and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide. The use of mixed matrices offers great potential for the analyst to tailor the matrix to a particular sample under study. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different Pathways from Transformational Leadership to Job Satisfaction
Authors: Yıldız Izlem Gözükara , Şimşek Ömer Faruk
Published: June 2016

Transformational leaders are known to inspire and motivate their followers, thereby leading to enhanced job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is an intellectual concept regarding individuals’ attitudes toward their jobs. This study asserts that the underlying mechanisms for transformational leadership to affect employee satisfaction are trust in the community, including the leader (that is, organization) and trust in the self, namely self‐efficacy. Leadership is specifically associated with continual transformations in the higher educational context, and collectivist cultures may manifest different processes underlying the transformational leadership–satisfaction relationship. This study investigated the mediating effects of trust and self‐efficacy on the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction. The study sample included academicians from a nonprofit higher education institution in Turkey. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction is fully mediated by both trust and self‐efficacy. The mediator effect of trust was shown to be stronger than self‐efficacy, which is assumed to be the result of the cultural context. The results are discussed in the context of employee satisfaction and cultural determinants of employee satisfaction.
Facile synthesis of magnetic polypyrrole composite nanofibers and their application in Cr(VI) removal
Authors: Tuo Xin , Li Bingrui , Yu Xianghua , Chen Changlian , Huang Zhiliang , Cao Hong , Huang Yineng , Li Liang
Published: June 2016

The magnetic polypyrrole (PPy) composite nanofibers are prepared in a simple one‐pot method via in situ chemical polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of methyl orange, followed by the treatment of ammonia solution. The effect of methyl orange (MO) on the morphology of the magnetic PPy nanocomposites was investigated. The composite nanofibers were used as an efficient adsorbent to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. Moreover, because of the magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the composites, it is easy for the composites to be separated from waste water by external magnet. These composites with hierarchical structures are expected to be a potential candidate for water treatment. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:1507–1513, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Acute phase proteins as promising biomarkers: Perspectives and limitations for human and veterinary medicine
Authors: Schrödl Wieland , Büchler Rita , Wendler Sindy , Reinhold Petra , Muckova Petra , Reindl Johanna , Rhode Heidrun
Published: June 2016

Acute phase proteins (APPs) are highly conserved plasma proteins that are increasingly secreted by the liver in response to a variety of injuries, independently of their location and cause. APPs favor the systemic regulation of defense, coagulation, proteolysis, and tissue repair. Various APPs have been applied as general diagnostic parameters for a long time. Through proteomic techniques, more and more APPs have been discovered to be differentially altered. Since they are not consistently explainable by a stereotypic hepatic expression of sets of APPs, most of these results have unfortunately been neglected or attributed to the nonspecificity of the acute phase reaction.

Moreover, it appears that various extrahepatic tissues are also able to express APPs. These extrahepatic APPs show focally specific roles in tissue homeostasis and repair and are released primarily into interstitial and distal fluids. Since these focal proteins might leak into the circulatory system, mixtures of hepatic and extrahepatic APP species can be expected in blood. Hence, a selective alteration of parts of APPs might be expected. There are several hints on multiple molecular forms and fragments of tissue‐derived APPs. These differences offer the chance for multiple selective determinations. Thus, specific proteoforms might indeed serve as tissue‐specific disease indicators.
Dowser++, a new method of hydrating protein structures
Authors: Morozenko A. , Stuchebrukhov A. A.
Published: June 2016

A new method of hydrating protein structures, which we call Dowser++, is presented. The method is based on a semi‐empirical modification of a popular program for protein hydration Dowser, and the usage of protocols AutoDock Vina, and WaterDock. The positions of water molecules predicted by Dowser++ were compared with experimental data for a set of 14 high‐resolution crystal structures of oligopeptide‐binding protein (OppA) containing a large number of resolved internal water molecules, as well as for the D‐ and K‐channels of cytochrome c oxidase, and the recent data on PSII. Comparison is also made with the predictions of the original Dowser, and its improved version, Dowser+, described in our previous publication. We also present a model for quantitative estimation of the quality of water molecules placement made by a program, which includes an assumption of possible false negative data from the crystallographic analysis. The comparison of predictions made by Dowser++, Dowser and Dowser+ demonstrates significant improvement of predictive power of the new method. Proteins 2016; 84:1347–1357. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced thermionic electron emission from a stacked structure of phosphorus‐doped diamond with a nitrogen‐doped diamond surface layer
Authors: Kataoka M. , Morioka N. , Kimura Y. , Sobue S. , Kato H. , Takeuchi D. , Yamasaki S.
Published: June 2016

A novel stacked emitter based on phosphorus‐doped diamond with a nitrogen‐doped diamond surface layer was fabricated for enhanced thermionic emission. The emission current of the emitter was 18 mA cm−2 at 893 K and exhibited a significant increase compared to the emission current 6 mA cm−2 observed in a nitrogen‐doped emitter and 1 mA cm−2 observed in a phosphorus‐doped emitter. This remarkable emission is attributed to the reduction of the film resistance owing to the presence of a phosphorus‐doped layer and to a low effective work function with weak upward band bending owing to the presence of the nitrogen‐doped surface layer.
Kinetic arrest and de‐arrest in Mn50Ni36Sn9Co5 ferromagnetic shape memory alloy
Authors: Shen J. L. , Zhao D. W. , Li G. K. , Ma L. , Jia L. Y. , Zhen C. M. , Hou D. L.
Published: June 2016

Kinetic arrest (KA) has been observed in the Mn50Ni36Sn9Co5 ferromagnetic shape memory alloy. Magnetic measurements show that the magnetostructural transformation in Mn50Ni36Sn9Co5 is kinetically arrested below 35 K when the cooling field exceeds 10 kOe. Calculation of the fraction of frozen austenite at 10 K indicates that the fraction of arrested austenite can be tuned from 0 to 45% by adjusting the value of the cooling field. In addition, de‐arrest occurs in partially arrested austenite as the magnetic field is reduced at low temperature or as the temperature increases at a constant magnetic field.
Synthesis, phase stability, structural, and physical properties of 11‐type iron chalcogenides
Authors: Rößler Sahana , Koz Cevriye , Wirth Steffen , Schwarz Ulrich
Published: June 2016

This article reviews recent experimental investigations on two binary Fe‐chalcogenides: FeSe and FeTe. The main focus is on synthesis, single crystal growth, chemical composition, as well as on the effect of excess iron on structural, magnetic, and transport properties of these materials. The structurally simplest Fe‐based superconductor FeSe with a critical temperature 8.5 K undergoes a tetragonal to orthorhombic phase transition at a temperature 87 K. No long‐range magnetic order is observed down to the lowest measured temperature in FeSe. On the other hand, isostructural FeTe displays a complex interplay of magnetic and structural phase transitions in dependence on the tuning parameter such as excess amount of Fe or pressure, but it becomes a superconductor only when Te is substituted by a sufficient amount of Se. We summarize experimental evidence for different competing interactions and discuss related open questions.

Single crystals of FeSe grown by chemical vapor transport
Validating weather and climate models at small Rossby numbers: including a boundary layer
Authors: Beare Robert J. , Cullen Michael J. P.
Published: June 2016

Ideally, the validation of weather and climate models requires that the predictions remain close to an exact solution of the governing equations. The complexity of weather and climate models means that it is not possible to compute exact solutions except in trivial cases. However, in the limit of small Rossby number, the exact solution of the Euler equations can be shown to be close to that of a semi‐geostrophic model, which can be computed. Previous studies have used the small‐Rossby‐number limit to validate numerical methods for a baroclinic wave without sub‐grid physics. However, the method of coupling to the sub‐grid physics plays an important role in the performance of weather and climate models. The aim of this article is thus to extend the previous studies to include a boundary‐layer parametrization. We use a balanced model that includes a known boundary‐layer parametrization, the semi‐geotriptic model. We then demonstrate that the semi‐geotriptic model is the appropriate small‐Rossby‐number limit of the solution of the Euler equations with the same boundary‐layer representation. The semi‐geotriptic model is then used to expose weaknesses in the numerical methods for coupling the boundary layer to the rest of the model.
Comments on: Is the Coriolis effect an ‘optical illusion’? by Anders Persson
Authors: White Andy
Published: June 2016

The Coriolis mechanism advocated by Persson involves angular momentum, centrifugal force and Newtonian gravity. The derivation of the usual rotating frame momentum equation is here recalled, and an alternative form noted. Parcel‐frame centrifugal force and Newtonian gravity appear; in the horizontal, coordinate‐frame centrifugal force is a proxy for the latter. The meridional component equation displays part of the mechanism and suggests its close relation to that proposed by Ferrel in the 1850s. A shortcoming of Persson's treatment is corrected. The mechanism provides an illuminating deconstruction of the Coriolis force but emphasises the economy of the usual kinematic treatment.
Political economy in Late and Terminal Classic Southeastern Mesoamerica: Putting the El Coyote copper smelting workshop in its regional context
Authors: Urban Patricia
Published: June 2016

The Terminal Classic (ad 900–1050) was a time of great change in Southeastern Mesoamerica. In many zones, Late Classic large sites were abandoned at least in part, settlement patterns changed, and there were alterations in political economy. In this article, I examine one of the major changes, the development of copper smelting technology, at the site of El Coyote and place this development in the context of wider Southeastern Mesoamerica. In particular, I discuss the Middle Chamelecon–Cacaulapa area (MCC), where El Coyote is located; the Naco Valley, home to the major site of La Sierra; and the Middle Ulua–Jicatuyo drainage, where the site of Gualjoquito is found (Proyecto Santa Bárbara research zone). The three areas share some patterns but nonetheless have their own distinct trajectories of change, with El Coyote in the MCC standing out as the most unusual.
“Phones mean lies”: Secrets, sexuality, and the subjectivity of mobile phones in Tanzania
Authors: Kenny Erin
Published: June 2016

Based on a year of ethnographic interviews, focus groups, and participant observation on a university campus in Tanzania, this article examines the ways access and command of mobile technologies frame understandings of reciprocal obligation and intimacy. For this population, mobile devices actually acquire qualities of “ensoulment”; that is to say that the value of the phone is elevated beyond its materiality, becoming an entity whose proximity to the bearer is necessary for contextually specific constructions of identity, personhood, and relationships. In particular, access to and possession of these mobile technologies contribute to transformed strategies of image management that prize privacy and independence. For many of these young people, actually acquiring the “right kind” of phone remains embedded in intergenerational social relationships that include access to capital, gifting, and/or transactional sex, shaping new boundaries about what is expected within families and intimate relationships. Excited by the “new social spaces” afforded by social networks such as WhatsApp, Facebook, and Vine, students worry that mobile phones increase the possibility of sexual infidelity and introduce a new vector of surveillance into their lives.
Concise Review: Dental Pulp Stem Cells: A Novel Cell Therapy for Retinal and Central Nervous System Repair
Authors: Mead Ben , Logan Ann , Berry Martin , Leadbeater Wendy , Scheven Ben A.
Published: June 2016

Dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) are neural crest-derived ecto-mesenchymal stem cells that can relatively easily and non-invasively be isolated from the dental pulp of extracted postnatal and adult teeth. Accumulating evidence suggests that DPSC have great promise as a cellular therapy for central nervous system (CNS) and retinal injury and disease. The mode of action by which DPSC confer therapeutic benefit may comprise multiple pathways, in particular, paracrine-mediated processes which involve a wide array of secreted trophic factors and is increasingly regarded as the principal predominant mechanism. In this concise review, we present the current evidence for the use of DPSC to repair CNS damage, including recent findings on retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection and regeneration in optic nerve injury and glaucoma.
Alphabet‐Inspired Design of (Hetero)Aromatic Push–Pull Chromophores
Authors: Klikar Milan , Solanke Parmeshwar , Tydlitát Jiří , Bureš Filip
Published: June 2016

Push–pull molecules represent a unique and fascinating class of organic π‐conjugated materials. Herein, we provide a summary of their recent extraordinary design inspired by letters of the alphabet, especially focusing on H‐, L‐, T‐, V‐, X‐, and Y‐shaped molecules. Representative structures from each class were presented and their fundamental properties and prospective applications were discussed. In particular, emphasis is given to molecules recently prepared in our laboratory with T‐, X‐, and Y‐shaped arrangements based on indan‐1,3‐dione, benzene, pyridine, pyrazine, imidazole, and triphenylamine. These push–pull molecules turned out to be very efficient charge‐transfer chromophores with tunable properties suitable for second‐order nonlinear optics, two‐photon absorption, reversible pH‐induced and photochromic switching, photocatalysis, and intercalation.

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Context Matters: Expatriates’ Adjustment and Contact with Host Country Nationals in Luxembourg
Authors: Langinier Hélène , Froehlicher Thomas
Published: June 2016

We examine the role context plays in expatriates’ adjustment, specifically the extent of expatriates’ contact with locals. We take data from 20 semistructured interviews with Luxembourgers, international executives settled in Luxembourg for more than ten years, 20 with firm‐assigned and self‐initiated expatriates in Luxembourg, 20 with international executives in five other financial centers (Zurich, Singapore, London, Frankfurt, and Paris), and four with expatriates’ leaders in Luxembourg. Drawing on social learning theory, we show that in the highly international context of a Big Four firm in Luxembourg, expatriates interact mostly with their international counterparts, feel they meet the demands of their host environment, learn appropriate behavior from their fellow expatriates, and see little need to interact with locals. Our results suggest that the stress the current literature lays on the importance of relationships with locals for expatriates’ adjustment is context bound and that in more international contexts, relationships with locals may be of less importance. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technical impacts of high penetration levels of wind power on power system stability
Authors: Flynn D. , Rather Z. , Ardal A. , D'Arco S. , Hansen A.D. , Cutululis N.A. , Sorensen P. , Estanquiero A. , Gómez E. , Menemenlis N. , Smith C. , Wang Ye
Published: June 2016

With increasing penetrations of wind generation, based on power‐electronic converters, power systems are transitioning away from well‐understood synchronous generator‐based systems, with growing implications for their stability. Issues of concern will vary with system size, wind penetration level, geographical distribution and turbine type, network topology, electricity market structure, unit commitment procedures, and other factors. However, variable‐speed wind turbines, both onshore and connected offshore through DC grids, offer many control opportunities to either replace or enhance existing capabilities. Achieving a complete understanding of future stability issues, and ensuring the effectiveness of new measures and policies, is an iterative procedure involving portfolio development and flexibility assessment, generation cost simulations, load flow, and security analysis, in addition to the stability analysis itself, while being supported by field demonstrations and real‐world model validation. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e216. doi: 10.1002/wene.216

This article is categorized under:

Wind Power > Systems and Infrastructure

Energy Infrastructure > Systems and Infrastructure
High throughput toxicity screening and intracellular detection of nanomaterials
Authors: Collins Andrew R. , Annangi Balasubramanyam , Rubio Laura , Marcos Ricard , Dorn Marco , Merker Carolin , Estrela‐Lopis Irina , Cimpan Mihaela Roxana , Ibrahim Mohamed , Cimpan Emil , Ostermann Melanie , Sauter Alexander , Yamani Naouale El , Shaposhnikov Sergey , Chevillard Sylvie , Paget Vincent , Grall Romain , Delic Jozo , de‐Cerio Felipe Goñi‐ , Suarez‐Merino Blanca , Fessard Valérie , Hogeveen Kevin N. , Fjellsbø Lise Maria , Pran Elise Runden , Brzicova Tana , Topinka Jan , Silva Maria João , Leite P. E. , Ribeiro A. R. , Granjeiro J. M. , Grafström Roland , Prina‐Mello Adriele , Dusinska Maria
Published: June 2016

With the growing numbers of nanomaterials (NMs), there is a great demand for rapid and reliable ways of testingNMsafety—preferably usingin vitroapproaches, to avoid the ethical dilemmas associated with animal research. Data are needed for developing intelligent testing strategies for risk assessment ofNMs, based on grouping and read‐across approaches. The adoption of high throughput screening (HTS) and high content analysis (HCA) forNMtoxicity testing allows the testing of numerous materials at different concentrations and on different types of cells, reduces the effect of inter‐experimental variation, and makes substantial savings in time and cost.HTS/HCAapproaches facilitate the classification of key biological indicators ofNM‐cell interactions. Validation ofin vitroHTStests is required, taking account of relevance toin vivoresults.HTS/HCAapproaches are needed to assess dose‐ and time‐dependent toxicity, allowing prediction ofin vivoadverse effects. SeveralHTS/HCAmethods are being validated and applied forNMtesting in theFP7projectNANoREG, including Label‐free cellular screening ofNMuptake, HCA, High throughput flow cytometry, Impedance‐based monitoring, Multiplex analysis of secreted products, and genotoxicity methods—namely High throughput comet assay, High throughputin vitromicronucleus assay, andγH2AXassay. There are several technical challenges withHTS/HCAforNMtesting, as toxicity screening needs to be coupled with characterization ofNMsin exposure medium prior to the test; possible interference ofNMswithHTS/HCAtechniques is another concern. Advantages and challenges ofHTS/HCAapproaches inNMsafety are discussed.WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol2017, 9:e1413. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1413

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
An experimental evaluation of the direct and indirect effects of endemic seaweeds, barnacles, and invertebrate predators on the abundance of the introduced rocky intertidal barnacle Balanus glandula
Authors: Rashidul Alam A. K. M. , Noda Takashi
Published: June 2016

The barnacle, Balanus glandula has recently invaded along the Pacific coast of eastern Hokkaido, Japan. To evaluate the direct and indirect effects of endemic seaweeds, barnacles, and invertebrate predators on the abundance of B. glandula on the rocky intertidal coast of eastern Hokkaido, we conducted a field experiment from June 2011 to October 2012 in which we manipulated the presence or absence of these factors. Seaweeds showed no significant effect on the abundance of B. glandula. The endemic barnacle Chthamalus dalli and the invertebrate predator Nucella lima reduced the abundance of B. glandula. However, the simultaneous influence of N. lima and C. dalli was compensative rather than additive, probably due to keystone predation. These findings suggest that competition by the endemic barnacle C. dalli and predation by the invertebrate predator N. lima decreased the abundance of B. glandula, but that N. lima predation on C. dalli weakened the negative influence of C. dalli on B. glandula. The implications of these findings are twofold: the endemic competitor and invertebrate predator may have played important roles in decreasing the abundance of B. glandula in natural habitats, and conservation of endemic invertebrate predators may be crucial to impede the establishment and survival of introduced barnacles in rocky intertidal habitats.
Business sustainability research: A theoretical and integrated perspective
Authors: Rezaee Zabihollah
Published: June 2016

Global investors demand, regulators require, and companies disclose their sustainability performance information, and scholars have started to conduct research on sustainability performance, reporting and assurance. The goal of firm value creation can be achieved when management considers the interests of all stakeholders and integrates all five economic, governance, social, ethical, and environmental (EGSEE) dimensions of sustainability performance into managerial strategies, actions and reporting. This paper provides a synthesis of research on sustainability and presents a theoretical framework consisting of theories and standards relevant to all five EGSEE dimensions of sustainability performance and risks and their integration into corporate culture, business models and reporting in creating stakeholder value.
Customers' perceptions on the dispute resolution clauses in Islamic finance contracts in Malaysia
Authors: Oseni Umar A. , Adewale Abideen , Mohd Zain Nor Razinah Binti
Published: June 2016

This empirical legal study examines the perceptions of retail customers on the dispute resolution clauses contained in the governing law and jurisdiction clauses in Islamic finance contracts in Malaysia. Since Islamic financial institutions and their customers are more likely to opt for litigation in the event of a dispute, this study explores ways of providing for unambiguous dispute resolution clauses that are well understood by the parties. Such clauses are expected to incorporate effective dispute resolution processes such as mediation and arbitration through a multi‐tiered mechanism. Primary data collected through survey questionnaire administered on 160 Islamic bank customers is analysed using both factor analysis and structural equation modelling. The empirical legal study reveals that there is a statistically significant direct effect of dispute resolution clauses in Islamic finance contracts on the legal awareness and understanding of the customers and indirect effect on the customers' dispute resolution channels. It therefore follows that there is a need to provide for more effective clauses that allow for mediation and arbitration in the governing law and jurisdiction clauses of Islamic finance contracts in Malaysia. Such alternative dispute resolution processes can be structured in a multi‐tiered manner that will only allow for litigation as a last resort. This will allow Islamic financial institutions and their customers to make informed decisions about the best option for effective dispute management.
Rotorcraft downwash impact on ship airwake: statistics, modelling, and simulation
Authors: Schau K. A. , Gaonkar G. , Polsky S.
Published: June 2016

Helicopter downwash impact on ship airwake is addressed from a three-pronged approach: (1) Analysis of one-point statistics of autospectrum and two-point statistics of cross-spectrum and coherence from a Computational Fluid Dynamics database of flow velocities effected by helicopter downwash and shipboard airwake; (2) Development of a mathematical framework for extracting interpretive turbulence models in closed form from these autospectral statistics; and (3) Simulation through white-noise-driven filters for the extracted models. The framework begins with an earlier-exercised perturbation-type series expansion of the autocorrelation for all three velocity components, where the first term of the series has a form of the von Karman longitudinal or lateral correlation function. After transformation into equivalent series of autospectrum, the coefficients in the series are evaluated by satisfying theoretical constraints and fitting a curve on a set of selected autospectral data points generated from the database. The framework represents a sensible combination of series expansion, exploitation of a database, and theoretical constraints to provide a foothold on airwake-downwash phenomenon for engineering analysis. It ensures that the extracted model and the autospectral data points have the same time scale, mean square value, and asymptotic decay according to the Kolmogorov –5/3 Law. The framework's strengths and weaknesses, and its major advancement over the earlier series-expansion schemes are also addressed. Finally it is shown that downwash increases airwake energy (mean square value) by one order of magnitude, and almost all of this airwake-downwash energy is concentrated within the bandwidth (0.16 <f(Hz) < 1.6) that affects flight mechanics.
Distributed actuation concepts for a morphing aileron device
Authors: Amendola G. , Dimino I. , Magnifico M. , Pecora R.
Published: June 2016

The actuation mechanism is a crucial aspect in the design of morphing structures due to the very stringent requirements involving actuation torque, consumed power, and allowable size and weight.

In the framework of the CRIAQ MD0-505 project, novel design strategies are investigated to enable morphing of aeronautical structures. This paper deals with the design of a morphing aileron with the main focus on the actuation technology. The morphing aileron consists of segmented 'finger-like' ribs capable of changing the aerofoil camber in order to match target aerodynamic shapes. In this work, lightweight and compact actuation kinematics driven by electromechanical actuators are investigated to actuate the morphing device. An unshafted distributed servo-electromechanical actuation arrangement is employed to realise the transition from the baseline configuration to a set of target aerodynamic shapes by also withstanding the aerodynamics loads. Numerical investigations are detailed to identify the optimal actuation architecture matching as well as the system integratability and structural compactness.
Research Methods in Healthcare Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Stewardship—Quasi-Experimental Designs
Authors: Schweizer Marin L. , Braun Barbara I. , Milstone Aaron M.
Published: June 2016

Quasi-experimental studies evaluate the association between an intervention and an outcome using experiments in which the intervention is not randomly assigned. Quasi-experimental studies are often used to evaluate rapid responses to outbreaks or other patient safety problems requiring prompt, nonrandomized interventions. Quasi-experimental studies can be categorized into 3 major types: interrupted time-series designs, designs with control groups, and designs without control groups. This methods paper highlights key considerations for quasi-experimental studies in healthcare epidemiology and antimicrobial stewardship, including study design and analytic approaches to avoid selection bias and other common pitfalls of quasi-experimental studies.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;1–6