Genomic and Transcriptomic Profiles of Blastoid and Pleomorphic Mantle Cell Lymphoma Are Distinct from Classic Histology Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Jain Preetesh , Hill Holly A , Ok Chi Young , Nesmalov Alexander , Segodin Vitaly , Tabakov Dmitry , Kotlov Nikita , Zemskiy Pavel , Belykh Eleonora , Nomie Krystle , Fetooh Ahmed , Kanagal-Shamanna Rashmi , Jelloul Fatima Z , Tang Guilin , Vega Francisco , Fowler Nathan , Flowers Christopher R. , Wang Michael L. 
Published: December 2023

Introduction - Patients (pts) with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) with blastoid (B-MCL) and pleomorphic (P-MCL) histology are traditionally considered as high risk; however, there is a paucity of information regarding the differences between P-MCL and B-MCL compared to classic MCL (C-MCL) histology. In this study, we present a comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic portrait of B-MCL and P-MCL.

Methods - We conducted comprehensive molecular profiling using whole exome (WES) and bulk RNA sequencing (RNA seq) among the evaluable pt samples (n=260) from our center (MDA cohort) and previously reported cohorts from Bea et al ( PNAS 2013) (n=29) and Agarwal et al ( Nature Medicine 2019) (n=15) respectively. Pts with WES were (n=195) including n=151, n=29 and n=15 for MDA, Bea and Agarwal respectively while 175 pts underwent RNA sequencing (all MDA). This cohort study was conducted under an IRB approved protocol for MCL patients at our center. Patient characteristics, somatic mutation profiles, copy number abnormalities and gene expression profiles (GEP) were analysed. Lymph node, bone marrow, blood samples and any other tissue biopsies were utilized. DNA and RNA were extracted from FFPE sections from lymph nodes and non-nodal tissues. Joint WES and RNA-seq mutation calling, GEP, and transcriptomic cell deconvolution were performed using the BostonGene automated pipeline. WES and bulk RNA sequencing were performed with Illumina HiSeq4000 using a 76bp paired end configuration.

Results - Among the 195 pts with WES, the distribution of tissue types was 133 nodal, 33 bone marrow, 25 blood, 4 spleen and other tissues. Mutation distribution and copy number analysis was performed for 99 C-MCL , 72 B-MCL, and 20 P- MCL pts.

In the mutation profile, we found that the percentage of ATM mutations was comparable among the 3 pt groups (51%/50%/39%). The frequency of TP53 mutations was significantly lower in C-MCL (23%) compared to B-MCL (51%) and P-MCL (39%) (p &lt; 0.001; Figure 1). NOTCH2 gain of function mutations were found in 11% of B-MCL and 4.6% of C-MCL but not detected in P-MCL. The NFkBIE Y254Sfs*13 mutation was exclusively found in B-MCL. Blastoid samples were enriched with CCND1 E36K mutations (7 of 16 CCND1 mut), while C-MCL had 2 of 16. P-MCL had a higher prevalence of SMARCA4 and DNMT3A mutations compared to B-MCL and C- MCL.

We further observe that P-MCL pts exhibited higher polyploidy and aneuploidy than B-MCL and C-MCL ( p &lt; 0.001; Figure 2), indicating that compared to C-MCL, genomic instability decreased from P-MCL to B-MCL. The most frequent arm level amplifications in P-MCL compared to B-MCL were 8q (=MYC) (38%) and 18q (=BCL2) (38%). In C-MCL and B-MCL the 3q (=BCL6) was frequently amplified (28% and 30%). MALT1, Bcl2 and CARD11 gene amplifications were highest in P-MCL. These differences were further supported when the data were compared at the gene level. Comparison of the deletion frequencies revealed that 9p (CDKN2A/B) and 17p (TP53) were frequently lost in B and P-MCL (~40%). Del8p, 6q, 10q, and 16q were frequently deleted in P-MCL compared to B-MCL. At the segmental level, mostly altered segments included del9p21.1-24.3, del13q14.2-14.3, and del17p12-13.3 that span genes like CDKN2A/B, miR15A, and TP53.

Next, we performed GSEA analysis using RNA-seq data. The metabolic reprogramming pathway was upregulated in both B and P-MCL compared to C-MCL (p = 0.0096). The proportion of pts with an immune desert (D) “cold” tumor microenvironment associated with refractory disease was higher in P-MCL (50%) than in C or B-MCL.

Conclusions -B and P-MCL exhibit a distinct molecular profile compared to C-MCL. P and B-MCL have the highest degree of aneuploidy and exhibit an immune cold tumor microenvironment. Further studies are ongoing to refine the molecular differences among B and P-MCL compared to C-MCL.