bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid changes in weight and growth potential during childhood
Authors: Roche A. F. , French N. Yvonne
Published: February 2006

Estimates of mature stature made before and after large changes in weight level were compared in children whose mature statures were known. The findings indicate an association between rises in weight level and decreased potential for skeletal elongation.
Electronic methods for the analysis of the human post‐canine dentition
Authors: Biggerstaff Robert H.
Published: February 2006

The human post‐canine dentitions are described and analyzed, in terms of the relative plane surface area of the occlusal surface, by electronic methods. Dental casts are duplicated and the marked duplicates are then photographed in a 1:1 relationship. The photographic negatives are digitized, i.e., the points marked on the casts are converted to X and Y coordinates which are recorded on punched cards. Computer facilities are used to convert the X and Y coordinates into mensurational data and to calculate the relative plane surface areas of the crown components and the total relative plane surface of the crown. The accuracy of this method was verified by the statistical analyses.
On the origins of new world paleopathology
Authors: St. Hoyme Lucile E.
Published: February 2006

Many of the lesions found in American Indian bones do not resemble those found in human bones from the Old World, suggesting that the American Indians suffered from a distinct group of illnesses. If Old World pathogens did not follow man to the New World, what were the sources of pre‐Columbian Indian diseases? As in the Old World, humans were susceptible to diseases endemic in the local animal populations. Exposure to these diseases varied with culturally conditioned animal contacts. As the New World population increased, the probability for disease increased, to the point where it is likely that even in pre‐Columbian times, disease rather than war or climatic changes may have been a major influence in changing settlement patterns. The generalization that the only Old World plants and animals found in the New were those brought by man seems to hold as true for the pre‐Columbian disease organisms as it is for larger forms of life.
Evolution of quantitative characteristics which are determined by several additive loci
Authors: Livingstone Frank B.
Published: February 2006

For several models of polygenic traits due to equal and additive alleles the rate of change in allele frequency was estimated. With an amount of selection comparable to the present in several modern studies, evolution appears to be quite fast; so that the rapid change from Neanderthal to modern man could have been accomplished in a very short time evolutionarily speaking.
The effects of single gene substitution on the mammalian melanocyte system—a qualitative and quantitative histological study in the C57BL and DBL mice
Authors: Gerson Donald E. , Szabó George
Published: February 2006

About 160 skin samples from the tail, sole, palm, ear and scrotum of DBL and C57BL/St mice were “split” with NaBr and treated with DOPA. A quantitative and qualitative microscopic analysis showed that: (a) the two strains did not differ consistently in the frequency of epidermal or dermal melanocytes; nor did the sexes differ from each other in this respect; (b) the melanocytes of the two strains differed morphologically. The DBL melanocytes were generally larger, with melanin‐congested perikarya. They had fewer dendrites than the C57BL melanocytes and their dendrites were shorter; and (c) the melanocytes of the DBL and C57BL strains differed in activity, the DBL melanocytes donating less melanin to Malpighian cells than did the C57BL melanocytes.

It was concluded that the morphology of DBL and C57BL melanocytes is largely autonomously determined, although regional differences in melanocyte morphology suggest that the cellular environment also plays some part in influencing melanoblast differentiation.
The Pahira: A population genetical study
Authors: Basu Amitabha
Published: February 2006

The Pahira is a small, primitive population of 1353 individuals inhabiting the hills and forests of the Ajodhya and the Dalma hill ranges in eastern India.

Demographic, ABO blood groups, P.T.C. tasteblindness and anthropometric data are presented.

The purpose of the present study is: to describe the biological characteristics of the population; to review the data from the point of view of the possible occurrence of maritally isolated, genetically different subpopulations within the population; to assess the possible causes of such differences, and to discuss the implications of such subpopulations and to examine the common assumption that allele frequencies throughout a population (i.e., among its several subpopulations) are homogeneous.

It is shown that the Pahiras are divided into three subpopulations; that the subpopulations are different with respect to blood groups, tasteblindness and anhropometric measurements; that some of the variations show a clinal trend; that N.P. and S.P.I. are closer to each other than either of them to S.P.II; that such a breeding structure and genetic composition may have important evolutionary implications; that such a breeding structure emphasizes the importance of demographic information in population genetics; and, that our common assumption that allele frequencies throughout a population are homogeneous may not be valid.
Cultural determinants of population stability in the Havasupai Indians
Authors: Alvarado Anita L.
Published: February 2006

The Havasupai are a small tribe who have traditionally practiced very productive agriculture in a highly fertile, well‐watered canyon. The agricultural subsistence base was formerly supplemented by hunting and gathering in adjacent areas which before significant American encroachment were plentifully supplied with desired game and wild vegetal products. Under these circumstances it would be expected that the tribe would be characterized by an expanding population. However, the population has been stable throughout historic times, approximately 200 years. In order to determine the significant factors responsible for the maintenance of population stability, all available information regarding Havasupai fertility, morbidity, mortality, and emigration was examined. An analysis of these data indicates that the population balance has been maintained primarily through cultural practices which limit fertility. Among the most important of these practices are the age at marriage, the age span differential between spouses, the high number of unmarried adults to be found in the population at any given time, the spermatocidal effect of the steam lodge, and perhaps the practice of infanticide and induced abortion.
Dental development in the cotton ear marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Johnston Gary W. , Dreizen Samuel , Levy Barnet M.
Published: February 2006

The dental development of the cotton ear marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) was determined from gross and radiographic examinations of 40 colony born specimens to provide a biological yardstick for estimating the age of wild caught young animals. In this species 4 deciduous teeth (Id1) erupt during the first week; 4 (Id2) during the second week; 12 (Cd, Md1, Md2) during the third week and 4 (Md3) during the fourth week of age. Four permanent teeth (M1) are visible on oral examination at 3 to 4 months: 8 (M1, M2) at 4 to 6 months; 12 to 20 (M1, M2, I1, I2, Pm3) at 7 to 8 months; 24 to 28 (M1, M2, I1, I2, Pm1, Pm2, Pm3 at 8 to 11 months and the full complement of 32 at 11 to 12 months of age. The stage of mixed dentition extends from age 112 to 340 days. There is a close correspondence in the age related eruption pattern in each quadrant with no significant difference between males and females.
Torus mandibularis in an Alaskan Eskimo population
Authors: Mayhall John T. , Dahlberg A. A. , Owen David G.
Published: February 2006

One of the lowest reported incidences of torus mandibularis (10.7%) in an Eskimo population was observed in the Wainwright, Alaska group studied during 1968. In this population the tori generally did not appear until after the age of 40 years in contrast to other Mongoloid populations previously reported. There was no size difference between males and females, but the males exhibited a much higher incidence of this exostosis. The tori did not significantly increase in size with increasing age after their appearance late in life.
Main patterns and individual differences in baboon skull split‐lines and theories of causes of split‐line orientation in bone
Authors: Tappen N. C.
Published: February 2006

Split‐line patterns are reported in skulls of five adult male baboons. While variations in pattern occur in all parts of the skull, these variations are relatively minor in the following regions: supraorbital, lateral orbital, medial orbital, nasal bones, zygomatico‐alveolar crest, nasal opening, alveolar process of maxilla and mandible. Wide differences in pattern occur in these regions: infraorbital, zygomatic bone, body of maxilla, and frontal bone posterior to the supraorbital area. The major variability in split‐line orientation indicates that oversimplified interpretations of the patterns in terms of (1) conformity to gross structure, or (2) direction of bone growth, are untenable. The variations do not contradict a functional interpretation in which mechanical forces and skull form interact to different degrees in different individuals, however. Skulls of a variety of primates are useful for functional analysis, because they have similar structural plans, but the differences are well outside the normal range of variation for a single species.
Hemoglobins of baboons, Papio cynocephalus, P. gelada and P. hamadryas
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch John , Buettner‐Janusch Vina
Published: February 2006

Major hemoglobins of adult Papio cynocephalus, P. gelada, and P. hamadryas and of newborn P. cynocephalus were purified; globins were prepared; and α and β or α and γ chains were separated. The amino acid compositions and aminoterminal groups were determined. These were compared with analogous data for human hemoglobins, other baboon hemoglobins and macaque hemoglobins.
The social organization of Barbary apes (Macaca sylvana) on Gibraltar
Authors: MacRoberts Michael H.
Published: February 2006

This paper represents part of the results of a six‐month field study of free ranging Barbary apes on Gibralter. These monkeys are not indigenous to Gibraltar and are maintained on the Rock by the Gibraltar Regiment. They are only occasionally provisioned and sick or injured animals are sometimes removed from their troops and cared for either by the keeper or by the Royal Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

The study group had a definable range. Preferred pathways, sleeping, feeding, and resting areas existed. One animal left the group during the study.

The position of individuals in nonforaging progressions was nonrandom. Certain individuals tended to walk next to certain other individuals during group progression.

Interindividual affectional interaction was nonrandom.

All group members except infants could be ranked relative to one another in a basic dominance hierarchy, and their positions remained stable for six‐months.

All group members except two juveniles were able to form coalitions with at least one other group member. The most common coalitions were between young animals and adults.

Several nonrandom behavioral interactions divided the group into recognizable subgroups. These were protector‐protege, resting and grooming, and play subgroups.

The social organization of this group of Barbary apes appears more similar to that described for Japanese and rhesus macaques than to any other primates so far described.
The tail, locomotion and balance in mice
Authors: Siegel Michael I.
Published: February 2006

The locomotor patterns of normal and tailless mice were studied. Two modes of locomotion were observed suggesting that when deprived of their tails, mice must alter their locomotor patterns to assure good balance.
Secular trend in neonatal mortality in the mountain states
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Cossman Jeffrey
Published: February 2006

Reviewing trends in neonatal mortality from 1957 to 1967, it is clear that neonatal and infant mortality has declined faster in the mountain states than in the low altitude states. Accordingly, the increased neonatal and infant mortality at high altitudes or in the mountain states cannot be attributed to high altitude hypoxia alone. Furthermore, the decline in neonatal mortality in the mountain states has not been accompanied by a decrease in the frequency of low birth weight (below 2500 gm) and is therefore not a product of increasing body size in the neonate.
Cerumen types and PTC‐tasting in the Seminole Indians of Florida
Authors: Hirschhorn Howard H.
Published: February 2006

Of 100 Seminole Indians of Florida examined for cerumen, 44 had the dry type, 37 were wet, 10 were beady, and nine were indeterminate or absent. All except one of 53 Indians tested for PTC‐tasting was a taster.
A new aid to aging immature skeletons: Development of the occipital bone
Authors: Redfield Alden
Published: February 2006

A total of 150 immature and young adult skeletons from the medieval necropolis at Mistihalj, in southern Yugoslavia, were aged by the standard methods: dentition, osseous development, and extent of vertebral union. The development of the occipital bone was examined in 117 cases to determine if it could be used in aging the skeletons. The stages of development were found to be regular enough to permit reasonable prediction of age for other Yugoslavian specimens. Comparisons with a series of 20 German fetuses suggest measurements of the parts of the occipital bone can be used to help determine the approximate age of skeletons in the fetal to few‐months post‐natal range. Comparisons with the ten Egyptian skulls and data on 19 unpublished Eskimo skeletons suggest that the stages of development can be used with other populations.
Reconstruction of facial features from the skull: An evaluation of its usefulness in forensic anthropology
Authors: Snow Clyde C. , Gatliff Betty P. , McWilliams Kenneth R.
Published: February 2006

Although facial reconstructions from the skull have been widely used in forensic anthropology, their effectiveness has not been objectively assessed. Photographs of two reconstructions produced in this laboratory were shown to FAA employees and local policemen who were asked to select the subject's in vivo photograph when included with those of six other randomly‐selected individuals of the same sex, race, and general age. While in both tests the reconstruction subject was chosen with significantly greater frequency than the controls, the results ranged from 26% correct (N = 104) on the first subject, a 67‐year‐old female, to 67% correct (N = 200) on the second, a 36‐year‐old male. In both tests policemen and civilian females performed better than civilian males.
A comparison of the incidence of minor nonmetrical cranial variants in Australian Aborigines with those of Melanesia and Polynesia
Authors: Kellock W. L. , Parsons P. A.
Published: February 2006

The incidence of 30 minor non‐metrical cranial variants in Australian Aborigines discussed in a previous publication is compared with incidence in crania from Melanesia and Polynesia. With the qualification that the sample sizes from Melanesia and Polynesia are rather small, the data indicate that the differences between Australia and Melanesia and Polynesia exceed those between the three areas into which Australia was divided. The area of Australia made up of the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia has more association with Melanesia than Polynesia as expected, while the more southern regions of Australia have more association with Polynesia than Melanesia perhaps by migrations from Asia. Because the southern Australian Aborigines are now largely extinct, it seems difficult to prove this.
Post‐cranial remains of the Miocene lorisidae of East Africa
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: February 2006

Post‐cranial fragments of Early Miocene lorisids from Kenya and Uganda are described. All these early forms, seemingly impossible to assign to subfamily on the basis of cranial and dental material, had a post‐cranial skeleton and presumably locomotor habits as in living members of the Galaginae. Whether or not this new evidence indicates that all the Miocene forms were of that subfamily will depend upon a reassessment of the validity of the two accepted subfamilies. There now seems to be a strong possibility that the lorisine morphological habit has been derived several times from a primitive galagine one. It is much less certain that the two subfamilies represent a single division of a basic stock.
Weight of the skeleton during postnatal development
Authors: Trotter Mildred , Peterson Roy R.
Published: February 2006

The weight of all bones and the length of humeri, radii, femora and tibiae have been determined in a series of 150 dry, fat‐free skeletons from American Whites and Negroes of both sexes, ranging in age from 23 days to 22 years. Six skeletons were eliminated from the series because of evidence of previous illness. A comparison of the lengths of femur plus tibia of this series with the mean statures of a large series of living children at given ages indicates similarity in the growth patterns. Statistical analyses of the data show that the skeletal weight cannot be estimated reliably from age by cither an exponential growth equation or by a logistic function. The weight of the skeleton, however, is related to the lengths of the measured limb bones by allometric equations, and such equations involving each of the four bones are presented for estimation of skeletal weight in the living. Although the standard errors of estimate of the equations based on lengths of each of these four bones differ very little, the radius is recommended over the other three because it is more readily accessible in the living for a roentgenogram and its shadow on the film shows least distortion.
Associations between the rates of maturation and growth in the short bones of the hand
Authors: Roche A. F. , Davila G. H.
Published: February 2006

Serial radiographs of the hand‐wrist were used to analyze the associations within bones between the rates of change in skeletal maturity, diaphyseal and epiphyseal lengths and diaphyseal width. In previous studies of these children, it has been shown that these rates are linear in relation to chronological age. The associations between the rates of change in these parameters were analyzed using the slopes (b values) for regression lines flitted to the data in each child. In individual bones, most of the correlation coefficients were moderate to low; some were negative. For most associations in each sex they were relatively high for metacarpal II. The rates of skeletal maturation and diaphyseal elongation were correlated more highly in the girls than in the boys but the rates of skeletal maturation and epiphyseal elongation were correlated more highly in the boys. When bones were considered in groups, relatively high correlations were noted for the metacarpals and ray II, lower correlations were common for the middle and distal phalanges. There was no evidence of real neighborhood effects but marginal effects were present.
Estimation of age at death in human males from quantitative histology of bone fragments
Authors: Singh I. J. , Gunberg D. L.
Published: February 2006

Studies were conducted to quantitate histological age changes in human bone cortex. Ground (undecalcified) and decalcified cross sections of mandible, femur and tibia were measured for: (1) number of osteons in two fields, (2) average number of lamellae per osteon, and (3) average Haversian canal diameter. These data were obtained from 59 subjects (52 males) ranging in age from 39 to 87 years. Multiple regression techniques were then utilized to estimate age at death from several combinations of these measurements. With age, the number of osteons per unit area of bone and the number of lamellae per osteon increased but Haversian canal diameter decreased. The number of lamellae per osteon had the least significant correlation with age. Multiple regression analyses indicated that in this age group age at death could be estimated to within six years of the true value in 95% of human males. Histological measurements of the mandible provided estimates that were consistently more accurate than those based on the two long bones. A monograph, prepared from mandibular measurements, can be used to estimate age at death between 40 and 80 years of age in the male human population. Significant sex differences were not noted and racial differences were not analyzed. It was concluded that, compared to existing morphologic methods, microstructure of bone cortex can be quantitated to estimate age at death more accurately. More extensive studies on race, sex and metabolic influences on age estimation from different bones would have important medico‐legal and anthropologic implications. The experimental approach utilized here should also be useful in diagnostic pathology and in ageing research.
Demography and H‐Lea salivary secretion of the Macá Indians of Paraguay
Authors: Salzano F. M. , Moreno R. , Palatnik M. , Gershowitz H.
Published: February 2006

The Macá Indians living at Fray Bartolomé de las Casas show a high rate of endogamy, high mortality (36% of them die before the age of reproduction), low fertility (average of 3.6 livebirths per female who completed her reproductive performance) and low variance in family size. The index of opportunity for selection (0.88) is lower than the one obtained in other populations of agriculturalists and in industrialized communities. The frequency of H secretors (N = 143) is 97% and that of Lea secretors (N = 123) is 78%.
Generalized microdontia probably associated with intrauterine growth retardation in a medieval skeleton
Authors: Alexandersen Verner , Nielsen Ole Vagn
Published: February 2006

True generalized microdontia in a subadult skeleton is described. The bones, dating from the Middle Ages, were excavated at Alborg, Denmark. True generalized microdontia is an extremely rare condition characterized by well‐formed teeth with crowns smaller than two times the standard deviation from the population means. Both the deciduous and permanent teeth are involved. The dimensions of the few fragmentary bones were compared with those of medieval Danish and Norwegian samples and the measurements of the teeth with a number of medieval and modern samples. The gracile skull was of normal size except for the low symphyseal mandibular height. The clavicle and the scapular fragment were of very small dimensions suggesting an extremely slender figure. No long bones were found. The dentition was characterized by congenital absence of nine teeth (4 M33, 3 P22, 1 P1, 1 I2) with retained deciduous teeth and by microdontia. With few exceptions the shape of the teeth was within the normal range of variation. The lengths of the roots were normal.

The relationship between partial anodontia and tooth size is discussed. The establishment of the crown‐size of deciduous molars during intrauterine life is documented. Possible causes for generalized microdontia is reviewed and it is concluded that in the present case, the evidence indicates an intrauterine growth retardation (IU.G.R.) which was partly outgrown during childhood. The nature of IU.G.R. and its incidence are briefly mentioned.
An analysis into age changes of the human dental arch by a multivariate technique
Authors: Lavelle C. L. B. , Flinn R. M. , Foster T. D. , Hamilton M. C.
Published: February 2006

The dimensions of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches were measured from 280 subjects aged between 3 and 15 years in a cross‐sectional study. The growth changes were examined by means of canonical analysis, a multivariate technique. This technique enabled the dental arches to be treated as biological units, rather than a series of discrete parameters, as is possible using univariate techniques. The results showed that the size and shape of the dental arches changed maximally between the periods 5–7 and 11–13 years of age. These periods correspond to the major phases of permanent tooth eruption.
Dermatoglyphics and flexion creases of the Cypriots
Authors: Plato Chris C.
Published: February 2006

A comparison of the dermatoglyphic features of 60 Greek Cypriots from the coastal region of Yialousa and 60 from the isolated mountainous region of Troodos showed significant differences only in the frequencies of digital whorls and loops in the left hands of the males and in the frequencies of Thenar/I patterns in the palms of the females. All other comparisons produced nonsignificant differences. The overall dermatoglyphic similarities are in contrast to the previously described serological, hematological and historical differences indicating that the mountain and coastal people of Cyprus may be genetically distinct. Two possible explanations for the observed discrepancies between the blood group and dermatoglyphic findings were advanced: (1) The more involved inheritance of most dermatoglyphic features which renders them less vulnerable to the influence of isolation and genetic drift than the blood groups, and (2) the similarities in the frequencies of the dermatoglyphic features among the various ethnic groups of the eastern part of the Mediterranean.
Enameloma in a prehistoric Indian skull
Authors: Koritzer Richard
Published: February 2006

Two enamel pearls or enamelomata are described and pictured on the molar tooth of a prehistoric Illinois Indian. One is at the cervical margin and the other is in the very rare location of the apical third of the root.
The morphology of the cerebellar nuclei of Galago and Tupaia
Authors: Haines Duane E.
Published: February 2006

The cerebellar nuclei of the lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis) and the tree shrew (Tupaia glis) were studied. The cerebellar nuclear grey of Galago is divisible into a medial nucleus, a nucleus interpositus anterior, a nucleus interpositus posterior, and a lateral nucleus. The lateral nucleus is slightly concave medially suggestive of a primitive hilus. The interpositus nucleus is divided into anterior and posterior portions by a delicate lamina of fibers. The medial cerebellar nucleus is an irregular mass of cells located dorsal to the fourth ventricle.

The cerebellar nuclear grey of Tupaia is also divisible into a medial nucleus, a nucleus interpositus anterior, a nucleus interpositus posterior, and a lateral cerebellar nucleus. The medial cerebellar nucleus is located dorsal to the fourth ventricle. The nucleus interpositus anterior and nucleus interpositus posterior are joined together and with the lateral nucleus in the caudo‐ventral region. The NIA and NIP have an anterior‐posterior relationship to each other and the lateral nucleus has no apparent undulations suggestive of early sacculations. The configuration of the cerebellar nuclei of Tupaia more closely resembles the more primitive patterns of the rat, hedgehog, and mole than those of Galago or other primates.
Several cranial indices and their relevance to fossil man
Authors: Rosen S. I. , McKern Thomas W.
Published: February 2006

An evaluation of three cranial indices proposed by Le Gros Clark ('50) is presented in light of hominid fossil material not previously considered. The data analysis suggests that the supra‐orbital height index is an important contribution to cranial analysis and elaborations of it may prove valuable. From the results, the authors suggest that the two australopithecine types be separated on the genus level, i.e., Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus. It is also proposed that Skhūl V be considered Homo sapiens sapiens.

The authors generally conclude that a more dynamic approach in primate cranial analysis is needed. This approach should incorporate non‐morphological variables.
The distal femoral anatomy of Australopithecus
Authors: Heiple Kingsbury G. , Lovejoy C. Owen
Published: February 2006

The anatomy of the distal femoral fragments from Sterkfontein is reviewed, including its orthopaedic and biomechanical implications with respect to locomotion pattern. Comparisons are made with other hominids and a number of quadrupedal primates. Items which are considered are the obliquity and robustness of the shaft, the anterior intercondylar groove, the intercondylar notch, and the contour of the medial and lateral articular surfaces. The distinctive hominid status of these specimens is shown by their extensive adaptation to bipedal locomotion. No feature is found which is not fully commensurate with completely bipedal locomotion; rather, their distinctive hominid character points to a need for a reanalysis of the gait pattern in these early Pleistocene hominids.
Fingerprints and the determination of zygosity in twins
Authors: Nylander P. P. S.
Published: February 2006

Zygosity was determined in 183 pairs of twins living in Aberdeen City, Scotland, by blood group studies, general appearance and fingerprints. The usefulness of simple methods of fingerprint analysis to determine zygosity was examined and it was found that comparisons using ridge counts were more efficient than those of pattern types.
Cranial suture closure in two species of South American monkeys
Authors: Dolan Kathryn J.
Published: February 2006

Cranial suture closure is examined in two species of South American monkeys, Saimiri sciureus and Saguinus nigricollis. Sequences in closure were sought as indicators of skeletal age. Some sutures seem to be more reliable determinants of skeletal age than others, and these sutures and their sequence of closure are different in the two species examined. The sphenooccipital synchondrosis and the palatal portion of the Interpremaxillary suture show regular fusion associated with age in both species. In Saimiri the maxillopremaxillary sutures are also reliable indicators of age, whereas they are not in Saguinus; however, in the latter the presphenoid‐postsphenoid synchondrosis closes regularly whereas it does not in Saimiri. In Saimiri the predictable sequence is (1) maxillo‐premaxillary, (2) transverse maxillo‐premaxillary, (3) spheno‐occipital, (4) interpremaxillary. In Saguinus it is (1) presphenoid‐postsphenoid, (2) spheno‐occipital, (3) interpremaxillary. It is possible that the sequences of suture closure and the variability in this process may indicate genetic and taxonomic relationships.
Distribution of albumin variants in Indians and non‐Indians of Mexico
Authors: Lisker Rubén , Cobo Lesvia , Mora Guillermina
Published: February 2006

The distribution of albumin variants amongst several Mexican Indian and non‐Indian (Mestizo) groups was studied. Of the former, a total of 1606 individuals belonging to 11 different tribes were examined with an overall frequency of 1.5% of Albumin Mexico fairly uniformly distributed in all four main linguistic groups. The 2548 Mestizos studied belong in six groups, two from Mexico City and four from elsewhere in the country. The first of the Mexico City groups consisted of 1313 individuals randomly chosen from the outpatient clinic of the Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición, while the rest included healthy individuals. The overall frequency was 1.9%, also fairly evenly distributed, with no difference between the hospital population and the others. No anomalous albumin, other than Albumin Mexico was encountered in the whole study. It is concluded that the similarity between Indians and Mestizos is due to the high Indian component of the latter and that the presence of albumin Mexico is a good anthropological marker for this region of the world.
Two orientational features of compact bone as predictors of split‐line patterns
Authors: Tappen N. C.
Published: February 2006

Ways of determining orientation patterns in compact bone are needed for specimens which are not available for split‐line analysis. Weathering cracks have been shown to be essentially identical in orientation to split‐lines, but they are more often than not absent or very few in number. Two other features of compact bone which promise to extend the range of orientational analysis are illustrated and described. These are (1) red or brown lines near the surface, and (2) numerous light‐colored filaments, at or near the surface, laid parallel to each other. The latter manifestation has been observed more frequently and usually gives a more complete picture of orientational patterns. Specimens showing the two indicators were decalcified and processed for split‐line patterns, which were essentially identical to the indicators in orientation. The first type of indicator is shown microscopically to be a manifestation of resorption spaces and immature osteons containing coagulated blood. The second represents oriented mature osteons in monkey pelves, but the microscopic basis in a cat pelvic bone is not clear.
Evidence for a genetic cline in earwax types in the Middle East and Southeast Asia
Authors: Petrakis Nicholas L. , Pingle Urmila , Petrakis Steven J. , Petrakis Susan L.
Published: February 2006

Data obtained on cerumen types in the Middle East and Southeast Asia indicate frequencies for the dry allele that are intermediate between previously reported high values in the northern Orient and low values in Caucasian and Negro populations. This evidence in combination with previously existing data reveals a genetic cline in earwax types in this part of the world.
New evidence of the genus Homo from East Rudolf, Kenya. II
Authors: Leakey R. E. F. , Wood B. A.
Published: February 2006

Eight specimens, attributed to Homo, from East Rudolf, Kenya, are described. They include two well preserved mandibles and a smaller mandibular fragment, a maxillary fragment, an associated talus and tibial fragment and collections of isolated teeth. Each specimen is described and the important ones are illustrated. These descriptions are not intended to be exhaustive; comparative studies and the results of more detailed examination of the material will be published in a monograph.
Maximum aerobic power and body composition in healthy East African older male and female subjects
Authors: Davies C. T. M. , Van Haaren J. P. M.
Published: February 2006

The relationship of body size and composition to maximum aerobic power output during work on a bicycle ergometer has been examined in older African subjects divided into three groups: Active men and inactive men and women. Comparison is made with similar data obtained on young African subjects (Davies, Mbelwa, Crockford and Weiner, '73).

The results show that in the older men and women, in contrast to the young African subjects, there was complete lack of association between physiological function and body size and structure. In this latter group max was completely independent of body weight, lean body mass, and estimates of leg muscle volume. These findings confirm and extend the work of Davies ('72b) on Europeans and suggest that the main determinant of aerobic power output in older men irrespective of ethnic origin is more closely related to transport and utilization of O2 within a given active muscle mass than to the total quantity of muscle available to perform the work.
Gm and Inv allotypes of some Sidamo Ethiopians
Authors: Steinberg Arthur G.
Published: February 2006

One hundred and forty serum samples from Ethiopians from three tribes of the Sidamo group were tested for their Gm and Inv phenotypes. The Gm antigens 1,2,3,5,6,13,14,21 were determined on all samples, and Gm(15) and Gm(16) were determined on selected samples. All samples were tested for Inv(1), and those positive for Inv(1) were tested for Inv(3).

The samples fall into 18 Gm phenotypes and require seven haplotypes to explain them. The data indicate that these Ethiopians have Negroid, Caucasoid, and Bushmanoid ancestry, with the latter constituting a relatively small proportion of the ancestry and the former two contributing about equally to the remainder.

The data are consistent with the conclusions of cultural anthropologists.
Violence and behavior: A Symposium on the origins of man's inhumanity to man
Authors: Paddock John , Genovés Santiago
Published: February 2006

Biological and social scientists met to consider violence as a form of human behavior. Rather than conflicting conclusions, what emerged was a set of hypotheses — some of long standing, others new — that tended to fit together and form a coherent, if still far from complete, picture in spite of the striking diversity of disciplines and methods represented. Not for the first time, but with unusual force, the old idea of heredity versus experience as determing behavior was exposed as now quite useless. In its place are specific new formulations of how heredity and experience interact in determining human behavior, violent or not.
The fossil evidence of anthropoid brain evolution
Authors: Radinsky Leonard
Published: February 2006

The endocast of Aegyptopithecus, a 27 million year old ape, reveals that its brain was advanced over that of prosimians and comparable to that of modern anthropoids in relative size and in having expanded visual cortex, reduced olfactory bulbs, and a central sulcus separating primary somatic sensory and motor cortex. The early appearance of those features suggests that they may have been among the adaptations responsible for the evolution of anthropoids from prosimian ancestors. The frontal lobe was relatively smaller in Aegyptopithecus than in modern anthropoids. An endocast of Dolichocebus, one of the oldest known New World monkeys (25–30 million years old), reveals visual cortex expanded as in modern anthropoids. The 19 million year old Napak frontal bone displays a hominoid rather than cercopithecoid sulcal pattern. An 18 million year old endocast of the ape Dryopithecus (Proconsul) was neither monkey‐like nor primitive, as originally described, but rather apelike and essentially modern in all observable features. The oldest undoubted Old World monkey endocast, from nine million year old Mesopithecus, reveals that the brain was modern in sulcal pattern and proportions. The sulcal pattern was like that of modern colobines, but that appears to be the more primitive condition, from which features characteristic of modern cercopithecine brains have evolved. The brain of six million year old Libypithecus was similar to that of Mesopithecus. A two million year old endocast of “Dolichopithecus” arvernensis displays a modern cercopithecine sulcal pattern.
Some metric aspects of the permanent and deciduous dentition of the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus)
Authors: Johanson D. Carl
Published: February 2006

A search of the literature reveals that odontological data on the pygmy chimpanzee is almost completely lacking. The great usefulness of such data for the interpretation of fossil pongids is recognized.

This investigation presents some basic descriptive statistics of five crown dimensions of the permanent and deciduous teeth of the pygmy chimpanzee. A sample of 140 individuals (composed of males and females of all ages) was investigated.

No marked degree of sexual dimorphism was noted in any of the measurements of the deciduous dentition. Only the permanent canine exhibited a significant degree of sexual dimorphism. In individuals showing pronounced dental wear it was observed that mesiodistal tooth dimensions were reduced as a result of dental wear.

Statistical comparisons of dental dimensions between Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes suggest significantly larger teeth for the latter species.
Connective tissue responses in Negroes in relation to disease
Authors: Polednak Anthony P.
Published: February 2006

There is considerable evidence that Negroes have a tendency toward overgrowth of those connective‐tissue components concerned with two functions—protection against infection (macrophages and plasma cells) and repair after injury (fibroblasts and their products). Thus, adaptation to the tropical environment in Africans may have involved a tendency toward connective‐tissue overgrowth, as well as hypertrophy of the pigmentary apparatus. Both tendencies may have consequences in terms of: (1) susceptibility to certain chronic diseases; and (2) responses to disease processes or drug therapies. Some of these possible consequences are discussed.
Child growth and adult physique in Brazilian Xingu Indians
Authors: Eveleth Phyllis B. , Salzano F. M. , De Lima P. E.
Published: February 2006

Data on stature, sitting height, biacromial width, and some other body measurements on 267 children and 363 adults of the Xingu Indians of Brazil have been analyzed. Adult height shows no significant decrease with age over an age range of 20–50 years, thus indicating the absence of secular changes. The average Xingu child seems to be around the twenty‐fifth to fiftieth centile for height of British children (if our age estimates are correct) until about ten years in girls and 14 years in boys, but ends at below the third British centile as an adult. In sitting height, however, the Indians show substantially lower values, with children being at about the fifteenth centile until ten years in girls and 14 years in boys, while the adults are considerably below the British third centile. Other comparisons show that the Xingu are taller than Surinam Indians although of similar shoulder width.

The lack of anthropometric data concerning South American Indian adults, and more especially children has been stressed. Investigations of these populations facing rapid acculturation and possible assimilation will form a baseline for the future work in public health as contacts with non‐Indians increase.
Observations on the dentition of the Indriidae
Authors: Schwartz Jeffrey H.
Published: February 2006

A review of the literature reveals a long history of disagreement on the interpretation of the lower deciduous and permanent dentition of the Indriidae. This disagreement has centered on the existence and/or replacement of a canine as a member of the indriid toothcomb. The presence of a pair of canines in the toothcomb of lemurids and lorisids has rarely been questioned, and there is no evidence to indicate that this interpretation is incorrect. There has, however, been no consistency nor substantiating evidence presented for any interpretation of the indriid toothcomb.

By comparing the morphology of the teeth of the lemurid, lorisid, and indriid toothcomb, both deciduous and permanent, comparing the mode of dental development in these three families, identifying the indriid lower deciduous dentition, and by relating the data to an ontogenetic and phylogenetic framework, this study proposes: (1) in all three families, the lateral teeth of the toothcomb are canines, (2) the dental formula for the lower deciduous teeth of indriids is 1.1.4, (3) the dental formula for the lower permanent teeth of indriids is 1.1.2.3, and (4) that decrease in number of incisors during primate evolution was most likely I1 to I2 to I3.
Population studies on Southwestern Indian Tribes. IV. The Zuni
Authors: Workman P. L. , Niswander J. D. , Brown K. S. , Leyshon W. C.
Published: February 2006

The Zuni Indians of west‐central New Mexico have been relatively isolated since their foundation by an amalgamation of individuals from different southwestern cultural areas during the Regressive Pueblo period (c.1200–1350 A.D.). Genetic analysis revealed a high frequency of blood type B in both young (0.06) and old (0.05) Zuni, but at 14 other blood group and serum protein loci, allelic frequencies including A (0.011) and Rh negative (0.001) were generally similar to those of other relatively unmixed southwestern Indian tribes. Consideration of Zuni history and demography since Spanish contact in 1540, together with genetic analyses, suggest that the high B frequency probably derives from intermixture with a small number of B, Rh positive non‐Indians in the early post contact period. Genetic differentiation among four southwestern tribes, Zuni, Pima, Papago and Maricopa, was summarized by kinship analysis. Approximately 70% of the inter‐tribal genetic variation could be explained by the geographic distances among these groups showing that isolation by distance has been the most important factor in determining the pattern of regional genetic differentiation.
Physical growth and development, neurological maturation, and behavioral functioning in two Ecuadorian Andean communities in which goiter is endemic. II. PTC Taste sensitivity and neurological maturation
Authors: Greene Lawrence S.
Published: February 2006

PTC (phenylthiocarbamide) taste sensitivity was correlated with a measure of visual‐motor maturation in children six to 15 years of age in two Ecuadorian Andean communities in which goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland) and cretinism are endemic. The children in one population received injections of iodine in oil IM in 1966 while the children in the other population did not.

The correlations between PTC taste sensitivity and visual‐motor maturation were significant in both sex groups in the non‐iodized population, but not in the iodized population. There was also a significant increase in taste sensitivity with age in the non‐iodized, but not the iodized, population. The data support the hypothesis that the sensitive “tasters” of PTC limit their ingestion of naturally occurring goitrogens and are at an adaptive advantage with respect to the less sensitive “tasters” and “non‐tasters” in this area in which iodine intake is low and the consumption of food crops containing naturally occurring goitrogens is high.
Blood groups of Roms (Gypsies) in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Bernasovský I. , Suchý J. , Bernasovská K. , Vargová T.
Published: February 2006

Blood groups in 2,935 Roms (Gypsies) of East Slovakia show the following frequencies of phenotypes and genes: A1A2BO phenotypes: A1 — 32.91%, A2 — 2.42%, B — 25.21%, O — 30.15%, A1B — 8.45%, A2B — 0.85%, A1 — 0.2363, A2 — 0.0217, B — 0.1929, O — 0.5491. MN phenotypes: M — 27.16%, MN — 51.60%, N — 21.23%; m — 0.5297, n — 0.4703. RH phenotypes: Rh positive — 89.54%, Rh negative — 10.46%; Rh – (D) — 0.6766, Rh (d) 0.3234. The frequencies are contrasted with those of other inhabitants, non‐Roms of East Slovakia.
Functional patterns of molar occlusion in platyrrhine primates
Authors: Rosenberger Alfred L. , Kinzey Warren G.
Published: February 2006

Mechanico‐functional features of molar form were studied in Callithrix, Alouatta, Pithecia and Cebus. Molars of Callithrix and Alouatta are adapted to loading foods under relatively high occlusal pressure; those of Pithecia and Cebus, under relatively low occlusal pressure. General functional considerations suggest that these taxa are adapted to insectivorous, folivorous, frugivorous and omnivorous diets, respectively. The physical properties of foods, principally mechanical strength and deformability, determine the selective pressures involved in the evolutionary adaptation of molar form. A dietary classification based upon percentages of foods eaten does not always reflect morphological adaptations. Homologous parts of teeth and homologous parts of the masticatory cycle do not always subserve equivalent functions. The relevance of functional occlusal analysis for deciphering phylogeny and explaining evolutionary grades is stressed.
Wear striations on the incisors of ceropithecid monkeys as an index of diet and habitat preference
Authors: Walker Phillip L.
Published: February 2006

Wear striations on the incisors of Old World monkeys were examined in order to determine associations between the distributions of striations, diet, and habitat preference. Significant differences exist between the Cercopithe‐cinae and the Colobinae in respect to the orientation of incisor wear striations. In the Colobinae striations are oriented in a predominantly mesiodistal direction. In the Cercopithecinae striations usually have a labiolingual orientation. Comparisons of terrestrial and arboreal genera indicate that significant differences exist between the two groups in respect to the density of striations on the oc‐clusal wear facets of maxillary central incisors. Arboreal and terrestrial monkeys also differ in the frequency of individual incisor wear facets completely devoid of wear striations.