bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foulds' “Continuum of Personal Illness” and the 16 P.F.
Authors: McAllister James
Published: August 2008

Foulds (1965) proposed that the classes of psychiatric illness can be described in terms of a continuum of increasing degrees of failure to maintain or establish mutual personal relationships. This concept of all psychiatric illness as an “illness of the person” centres on processes which occur in the mentally ill that interfere with the satisfactory establishment and relative endurance of adequate personal relationships. Foulds conceptualizes these interfering processes as barriers to achieving “personhood”: they may present as signs or symptoms of psychiatric illness or as abnormal degrees of personality traits. Thus, for example, cognitive disorder would make the schizophrenic unable to cope with the demands of interpersonal situations. Similarly, egocentricity would render the psychopath incapable of empathy and with a tendency to treat “others as objects or as organisms than as persons”. In both examples social alienation is inferred, manifested in the first case as withdrawal and in the second case as rejection. It is Foulds' thesis that this incapacity for mutual relations increases along a continuum from normality, through the personality disorders, neurosis, integrated psychosis (melancholics, manics and paranoids) to non-integrated psychosis (the schizophrenics).
A Psychometric Study of Academic Difficulty and Psychiatric Illness in Students
Authors: Ryle Anthony , Lunghi Martin
Published: August 2008

There is a growing body of evidence which points to a high prevalence of psychiatric disorder in students and to the contribution of such disturbance to wastage and under-achievement. The relationship between psychiatric illness and academic difficulty is, however, a complex one, for severely ill individuals may be capable of high achievement while apparently mildly disturbed students may fail academically through the operation of emotional factors. The ability to predict or detect at an early stage the psychiatrically or academically vulnerable student would clearly be of great value.
Validation Studies of the Eysenck Personality Inventory
Authors: White James H. , Stephenson Geoffrey M. , Child Sandra E. A. , Gibbs Janyce M.
Published: August 2008

The validation of personality questionnaires presents the psychologist with knotty problems. His reaction all too often is to plead that, as it is difficult to find criteria for validating measures of personality, he is justified in relying on face validity alone. Fortunately, this has not been true of the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI), nor even of its more recent successor, the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI). Serious attempts have been made to validate these questionnaires, and the problem has been tackled from a number of different angles. S. B. G. Eysenck (1962) and Eysenck and Eysenck (1963) found that subjects nominated by judges as extraverted, introverted, stable and neurotic scored significantly differently on scales measuring these dimensions. A further study (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1964), in which larger numbers of both judges and subjects were used, confirmed these findings. Vingoe (1966) found that subjects who rated themselves extraverted on a seven-point scale of extraversion–introversion differed significantly on the extraversion scale of the EPI from those who rated themselves introverted.
Hypersomnia
Authors: Bonkalo Alexander
Published: August 2008

Epimenides, a Cretan poet of the 6th century b.c., withdrew into a cave where he fell asleep; he awoke 57 years later (7). This anecdote is probably the first recorded case of hypersomnia. Sleeping Beauty, Rip Van Winkle and other personalities of folklore and literature followed. Clinically valid contributions, however, first appeared around the turn of this century.
Acute Neuropsychiatric Complications of Chronic Alcoholism
Authors: Morgan H. G.
Published: August 2008

The effects of ethyl alcohol in man may be classified into two main groups. The first, consisting of all those symptoms and signs that can be directly attributed to the action of alcohol itself, includes all the features of acute alcohol intoxication. The second group, with which this study is concerned, consists of a wide variety of conditions which do not appear to result directly from the action of alcohol and which may be regarded as secondary complications. They occur only when excess alcohol intake has occurred over a prolonged period.
Social Aspects of Huntington's Chorea
Authors: Hans Mary B. , Gilmore Thomas H.
Published: August 2008

Huntington's Chorea is a hereditary neurological disease which occurs in adulthood and manifests itself in involuntary bodily movements and progressive physical and mental deterioration. It is irreversible and responds to no therapy. Its course is about fifteen years in duration, death usually resulting from an intercurrent illness. Not only does it entail a catastrophic health problem for the person affected, but it also creates major emotional-social-financial problems for his family, and challenges the medical-social resources of the entire community.
A Family and Marital Study of Hysteria
Authors: Woerner Philip I. , Guze Samuel B.
Published: August 2008

This paper reports the results of a psychiatric study of the families and husbands of patients with hysteria. In a series of previous publications designed to clarify the diagnosis of hysteria, it was shown that certain clinical criteria will define a group of patients with a highly uniform clinical course and prognosis (3, 4, 5, 9). It was also suggested that the same clinical picture is seen among first-degree female relatives more frequently than among the general female population, and that alcoholism and sociopathy are seen more frequently among first-degree male relatives than among the general male population (1). We decided to extend the investigation to more cases, and to study the husbands of the index cases as well.
Crisis and Confrontation
Authors: Jones Maxwell , Polak Paul
Published: August 2008

It is part of the magical aura of the physician that he must have some omnipotent tool with which he dramatically makes patients better. In individual psychotherapy the individual interview and the interpretation, like the surgeon's scalpel, provides such an omnipotent instrument. In therapeutic community practice it is often group therapy in the form of the daily ward meeting and the review that plays the role of the omnipotent therapeutic tool. But in our opinion it is the daily living situation and not the formally organized therapeutic meeting which provides the greatest potential for learning and growth on the part of patients and staff. We have found the crisis situation and its resolution to be potentially the most useful of these daily living situations.
The Relation Between Neurosis and Psychosis:
Authors: Grosz Hanus J.
Published: August 2008

The Purpose of the Present Investigation

In their study “The relation between neurosis and psychosis: an analysis of symptoms and past history of 819 psychotics and neurotics”, Trouton and Maxwell (1956) were the first to apply the statistical technique of factor analysis to the isolation of clinical items representing the independent dimensions of ‘psychoticism’ and ‘neuroticism’. The findings were subsequently exploited for diagnostic purposes by other investigators (e.g. Richmond and Roberts, 1964), and the study and its results extensively quoted by Eysenck (1961) in his provocative review and critique of psychiatric classification to illustrate and lend support to his dimensional approach to psychiatric taxonomy.
The False Drug Side-Effect: Which Patients Complain
Authors: Appleton William S.
Published: August 2008

At the Massachusetts Mental Health Center (M.M.H.C.), a well-staffed university psychiatric hospital, an outbreak of alleged chlorpromazine-induced skin rashes recently occurred involving five dramatic young female patients. Investigation of the complaints led us to doubt whether medication was the cause. Why then did these women blame chlorpromazine? Thus, the central concern of this investigation: which patients are likely to complain of drug-induced side-effects and under what conditions? A second issue arising from our study and described in the literature is the need for care when differentiating the true from the alleged medication side-effect.
The Shaping of Community Mental Health Care
Authors: Querido Arie
Published: August 2008

With your permission I should like to try to give this address the pattern of a clinical demonstration: analysing a given set of problems, “a case”, and reasoning from the particular towards the general, so that the case under consideration may open the way to wider understanding.
Industrial Therapy Organization (Bristol) 1960–65
Authors: Early Donal F. , Magnus Ralph V.
Published: August 2008

The present paper reviews six years of operation of I.T.O. (Bristol) Limited, during which there were 605 referrals. The majority came from Glenside Hospital, 374 patients (62 per cent.), and approximately 8 per cent. were referred from each of the following sources—Local Authority, Day Hospitals, Hospitals for the Subnormal, other psychiatric sources and non-psychiatric sources. Male admissions totalled 326 (54 per cent.) and female 279 (46 per cent.): of these only 84 (14 per cent.) were married with a surviving partner and 492 (81 per cent.) had never been married.
Schizophreniform Psychosis with Chronic Brucellosis
Authors: Annesley P. T.
Published: August 2008

It has long been recognized that chronic brucellosis may present as a psychoneurotic illness, and this is well emphasized by Spink (1963) in Cecil and Loeb's Textbook of Medicine. However, presentation in the form of a psychosis is rare, and this is not mentioned in Spink's article, nor in a standard psychiatric textbook such as Mayer-Gross, Slater and Roth (1954). Dalrymple-Champneys (1960) described a series of 1,500 cases of brucellosis; only two of his patients had delusions and hallucinations. Hobbs (1931) described the case of a woman of 56 who developed delusions of persecution and believed her food to be poisoned. This latter symptom was also shown by one of the patients in Dalrymple-Champneys' series, and the same complaint occurred in my patient. Although a very rare cause of paranoid illness, the recognition of brucellosis is important so that appropriate treatment can be instituted.
Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of Attempted Hanging
Authors: Berlyne N. , Strachan M.
Published: August 2008

In December, 1965, a patient was admitted to the wards at Parkside Hospital, Macclesfield, with a Korsakoff syndrome which had appeared following a suicidal hanging attempt. Strangulation as a cause of the Korsakoff syndrome appears in all surveys of the numerous causes of the disorder, from Bonhoeffer (1904) to Lewis (1961), but only one case (Whiteley, 1958) has been described in the English literature and this only briefly. Indeed, the whole subject of the neuropsychiatric sequelae of attempted hanging has received scant attention in the English literature, yet according to statistics of the Registrar-General (Stengel, 1964), hanging is the second commonest method of suicide in males in this country. Moreover, Bokonjic (1963) has collected 19 cases admitted to hospitals in Aarhus and Copenhagen between 1948–1958 suffering from the anoxic effects of attempted hanging, whilst Berczeller and Nowotny (1935) claimed to have dealt with 100 hanging survivors in the Vienna University Clinic over a ten-year period. Possibly of greater importance in justifying a review of this subject is the fact that the neuropsychiatric sequelae of attempted hanging are really those of cerebral anoxia. In this age, when surgical techniques involving interruption of the cerebral circulation are growing more frequent and when methods of anaesthesia and particularly dental anaesthesia are evoking a good deal of attention and contention, it is important that the psychiatrist should have some acquaintance with the psychological and neurological symptoms and signs that are caused by cerebral anoxia.
Life Events and Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Morrison James R. , Hudgens Richard W. , Barchha Ramnik G.
Published: August 2008

Many investigators have studied the relationship between life events and psychiatric illness to discover whether certain events predispose to some disorders or precipitate them, and to discover the effect of illnesses already in progress on subsequent life events and the effect of events on established illnesses. The validity of such studies depends, among other things, on the selection of suitable controls. For example, if adult patients with depression differ from a group of controls in that they had a higher incidence of parental death, it might indicate that bereavement had made them more susceptible to the development of the illness. But if the depressed patients were from a lower social class than their controls, the greater incidence of bereavement might be explained by the fact that there is a higher death rate in that stratum of society. This would then cast doubt on a conclusion about a causal relationship in that group between childhood bereavement and depression in adult life.
A Comparative Trial of Desipramine and Nortriptyline in Depression
Authors: Stewart J. A. , Mitchell P. H.
Published: August 2008

Seven drugs of the imino-dibenzyl group are now generally available in Great Britain (imipramine, amitriptyline, desipramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trimipramine and opipramol). All are similar in their actions and side-effects. Imipramine, the first to appear, has been shown to be more effective than placebo in the treatment of depression, though with much better results in men than in women (M.R.C. Clinical Trial, 1965). Desipramine, a metabolite of impramine, was introduced with the claim that its action was quicker than that of imipramine, though this has never been clearly demonstrated. Trials of desipramine against imipramine (Waldron and Bates, 1965; Rose and Westhead, 1964) showed no significant difference between these drugs. Comparison of amitriptyline and imipramine (Burt, Gordon, Holt and Hordern, 1962), showed amitriptyline to be at least as effective as imipramine and significantly superior in the treatment of endogenous depression. Comparisons of nortriptyline and amitriptyline (Forrest, Affleck, Gibb and Priest, 1964; Rose, Leahy, Martin and Westhead, 1965) showed no significant difference between these drugs.
Complications of Obsessional Neurosis
Authors: Rosenberg C. M.
Published: August 2008

Obsessional neurosis is generally considered to have a poor prognosis (Farr and Stewart, 1942; Müller, 1953; Rüdin, 1953; Ingram, 1961; Noyes and Kolb, 1963; Kringlen, 1965). Factors adversely affecting prognosis include early onset of symptoms, premorbid obsessional personality and the emergence of complications.
An Assessment of Homicidal Attitudes
Authors: May A. E.
Published: August 2008

A patient, S., voiced the opinion that subnormals, the blind, anyone with physical or mental imperfections should be exterminated. This included the psychiatrically ill and consequently himself. He had attempted suicide, and said that when he thought it appropriate he would attempt suicide again. In projective tests and interviews he expressed the wish to kill his father, and showed much sado-sexual fantasy and racial prejudice. Psychological tests showed that he was of average intelligence, non-retarded and abnormally overinclusive. He was diagnosed initially as “paranoid schizophrenic”. Such bizarre and macabre features are not necessarily dangerous, but S. was married with two young children. He believed his children to be highly intelligent. Another baby was expected shortly. This study attempted to predict whether these attitudes were potentially dangerous should the patient discover some imperfection in his family.
Further Studies on a Comprehensive Department of Psychological Medicine
Authors: Silverman Maurice
Published: August 2008

An analysis has been reported of the in-patient case-load of a comprehensive psychiatric department (Queen's Park Hospital, Blackburn) for the twelve months ending 28 February, 1961 (Silverman, 1961). This analysis showed that a department of 99 beds was coping with virtually 95 per cent. of the total in-patient problem from a population of approximately 250,000. However, the criticism has not uncommonly been made that, although a department of this kind might appear to function with reasonable success at the outset, the nature of the psychiatric case-load is such that, sooner or later, an excessive number of beds would become blocked by long-stay patients and the service would become unworkable in its original form. It was therefore decided to report and analyse admissions and discharges over a much longer period, and the statistics for the four years ending 31 December, 1965, were utilized for this purpose.
Psychoanalysis as a Cross-bearing
Authors: Main T. F.
Published: August 2008

The term “psychoanalysis” has a triple usage. First, it describes a connected body of observations about unconscious mental processes, systematically classified and more or less colligated and brought under general laws. This first meaning places psychoanalysis among the sciences, but a difficulty at once arises; for the phenomena with which psychoanalysis is concerned, and the methods used to study them, are so different from those upon which our tradition of science was first based that the question arises whether it is science at all.
Paranoid Psychoses
Authors: Retterstöl N.
Published: August 2008

In the present paper the author will try to elucidate the stability of nosological categories as revealed by a personal follow-up investigation of 301 previously hospitalized patients with paranoid psychoses. Since the terminology used will be the Scandinavian one, a short review of the diagnostic concepts will be given. The Scandinavian concept of schizophrenia is rather narrower than that employed in the rest of Europe, and especially narrower than that prevailing in the Anglo-American literature. Many American authors include in their concept of schizophrenia what may be called “the schizophrenic reaction types”. In the present paper, the concept of schizophrenia used by Langfeldt (1937, 1939), sometimes, referred to as “process schizophrenia” or “nuclear schizophrenia” is used. “Primary symptoms” occur in clear consciousness; these include disturbances of thinking, disintegration of emotions, autism, marked feeling of influence and passivity, massive depersonalization and derealization. As a rule the illness has an insidious development and a chronic course ending up with a greater or lesser degree of mental deterioration.
The Relationship Between Clinical Diagnosis and Anxiety, Assessed by Forearm Blood Flow and Other Measurements
Authors: Kelly D. H. W. , Walter C. J. S.
Published: August 2008

Anxiety may be present to a greater or lesser degree in almost every psychiatric syndrome. The ability to quantify the degree of anxiety present in an individual patient has important implications for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Accurate clinical assessment of anxiety is by no means an easy task, although many psychiatrists believe it to be. If no other methods are used, there is no way of knowing how often an individual clinician is right or wrong. However, if several independent methods of assessing anxiety are used, more data are available, and a better overall judgment on an individual patient can be made.
Glucose Tolerance in Depression
Authors: Herzberg Brenda , Coppen Alec , Marks Vincent
Published: August 2008

There have been many reports which suggest that there may be abnormal glucose metabolism in severe depression. Glycosuria was first reported nearly 60 years ago (Allers, 1914). In 1919, using an oral glucose tolerance test, Kooy observed decreased tolerance in a heterogeneous group of mentally ill patients which included melancholics. Since then many investigators have reported decreased glucose tolerance in depressive illness, and the extensive literature is reviewed by McFarland and Goldstein (1939) and Altschule (1953). Oral glucose tolerance tests have usually shown high or delayed peaks and a slow return to fasting levels, although the latter are usually reported normal. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests have also shown results nearer those obtained in diabetic patients than in normal subjects. Pryce (1958) reported decreased glucose tolerance with intravenous tests in a sample of 20 depressed patients, and he also found that glucose tolerance did not alter significantly after clinical recovery. Glucose supplements were added to the diet of six patients prior to testing, but he concluded that these supplements did not appear to alter glucose tolerance.
Ionized and Total Plasma Calcium and Magnesium Before and After Modified E.C.T
Authors: Malleson Andrew , Frizel D. , Marks Vincent
Published: August 2008

Drugs that increase the concentration of catechol and indolic amines in brain may relieve depression, while those that lower their concentration may cause it.
Subsequent Suicide in Depressed In-Patients
Authors: McDowall Arthur W. T. , Brooke Eileen M. , Freeman-Browne Dorothy L. , Robin Ashley A.
Published: August 2008

The assessment of suicidal intent is one of the most important problems of clinical psychiatry. An earlier study (Robin, Brooke and Freeman-Browne, 1968) has confirmed the high incidence of suicide in admissions diagnosed at first contact as suffering from affective disorders, and found that 8 per cent. male in-patients and 5 per cent. female in-patients so diagnosed committed suicide during a follow-up of 6–11 years. It was also shown that in male patient suicides unemployment at the time of first admission and a previous history of self-poisoning or self-inflicted injury occurred more often than in matched controls, while a history of more than one suicidal attempt was found more often in female suicides than in matched controls. Female suicides were treated less often with E.C.T. than their controls, and more often with tranquillizers.
Personality in Relation to Extreme Aggression in Psychiatric Offenders
Authors: Blackburn R.
Published: August 2008

Current views on aggressive behaviour (Buss, 1961; Berkowitz, 1962) propose a direct relationship between the frequency and intensity of aggression, both of which are in turn considered to be related to extraverted personality patterns (Buss, 1961; Bendig, 1961). The frequency and intensity of aggressive responses, it is maintained, are both indications of the habit strength of the aggressive response. Such conclusions are derived from laboratory studies in which, for obvious reasons, intensity of response will not reach extreme proportions. However, studies of those who have indulged in extremely aggressive behaviour are not in accord with this view. Megargee and Mendelsohn (1962), for example, found that extremely assaultive criminals scored lower than nonviolent criminals and normals on personality scales related to hostility and lack of control, and more recently Megargee (1966) has reviewed the literature on this subject, which suggests that a large proportion of those who have committed crimes of extreme violence have no previous history of assaultive behaviour and are well controlled in their behaviour generally.
Clopenthixol: A Controlled Trial in Chronic Hospitalized Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Kordas S. K. , Kazamias N. G. , Georgas J. G. , Papadokostakis J. G.
Published: August 2008

Clopenthixol is a thiaxanthen derivative (Fig. 1). Its full name chemically is 2-chlor-9-[3-(N-B-hydroxyathylpiperazino)-propyliden]-thioxanthen. Numerous uncontrolled trials to date (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) have reported success with this drug in the treatment of schizophrenia, mania and other psychotic disorders.
Treatment of Acute Mental Disorders with an Adrenal Steroid
Authors: Loranger Armand W.
Published: August 2008

In this journal, Hardwick, Pearse and Petrow (1957) advanced the view that slightly lowered steroidal production may predispose individuals to abnormal mental states, thus suggesting the possibility of treating such disorders with some form of replacement therapy. They screened a number of steroidal compounds for such use and concluded that the most promising was 6β hydroxy:3: 5 cyclopregnan 20-one (“neurosterone”). In their small-scale preliminary study this agent appeared to be of value in the treatment of a variety of psychiatric patients, including those with symptoms of anxiety, depression, and obsessive behaviour.
Haloperidol in the Treatment of Children with Severe Behaviour Disorders
Authors: Cunningham M. A. , Pillai V. , Rogers W. J. Blachford
Published: August 2008

Since Janssen's (1959) introduction of haloperidol, numerous clinical trials have been published showing its usefulness in the treatment of mania and hypomanic states. Davies (1962) found it an effective drug in the treatment of adult patients showing aggressive behaviour resulting from various causes, and in the management of mania. Gerle (1963), in his review, showed the effectiveness of this drug in the control of disturbed behaviour in mentally sub-normal patients. He also showed (1962) that patients taking this drug are remarkably free from toxic reactions such as jaundice, agranulocytosis and allergic dermatitis. Haloperidol has been used in our unit (Rogers, 1955, 1965a) over the past three years. The impression has been gained that it controls aggressive, overactive and destructive behaviour in severely disturbed children, without impairing their ability to participate normally in the therapeutic activities of the unit (Rogers, 1965b).
The Assessment of Changes in Anxiety in a Drug Trial: A Comparison of Methods
Authors: Kellner R. , Kelly A. V. , Sheffield B. F.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this drug trial was to compare various methods of assessing changes in anxiety and to determine which would discriminate most effectively between the effects of treatment.
The Need for Drug Monitoring in Psychiatric Practice
Authors: Gardiner Quentin
Published: August 2008

The national cost of prescriptions for drugs for use in medical practice in the United Kingdome has risen progressively from £35,000,000 in 1949 to well over £100,000,000 a year now (Dunlop, 1965). The number of drugs taken by patients is vast, and the variety of drugs available for prescription is considerable. Prescribed in order to produce a specific therapeutic effect, few drugs, if any, are wholly free from the potential of producing undesirable side-effects. These vary from the trivial to the lethal, from the transient to the permanent. Methods for their accurate detection, qualitative evaluation and risk identification are vital prerequisites to therapeutic safety and refinement. Experimental techniques, using detailed observation on large samples of patients being treated by drugs, have been developed recently. A monitoring system which scans for side-effects of drugs represents a means whereby prospective and cumulative data on the frequency of occurrence and nature of these side-effects can accrue. This is referred to as drug monitoring.
Some Differences Between Published Norms and Data from Matched Controls as a Basis for Comparison with Psychiatrically-Disturbed Groups
Authors: Little J. Crawford , Kerr T. A.
Published: August 2008

Over the years 1959 to 1962 a study was made of a series of 72 male neurotic patients referred to general hospital and private psychiatric practice in Leeds, the results of which were submitted for an M.D. Thesis (Little, 1966). It emerged clearly that the neurotic group was divisible into two major sub-groups differing significantly in a wide range of personality and other premorbid variables. Various objective tests and measurements were used; in the present context we wish to concentrate attention on five: (1 and 2) The N and E Scales of Eysenck's Maudsley Personality Inventory, (3) Tanner's Discriminant Androgyny Scale, (4) Parnell's Ponderal Index, and (5) The Rees-Eysenck Body Index.
Are Observation Wards Obsolete?
Authors: Woodside Moya
Published: August 2008

A sociological study of hospital-treated psychiatric disorder, designed to discover what social groups make use of a particular service, and for what reasons, adds another dimension to the understanding of clinician and administrator. Such a study must also reflect the changes in mental hospital practice which have followed the Mental Health Acts of 1959 and (Scotland) 1960, and the effect of these changes on individual attitudes towards in-patient care. The recent opening in Edinburgh of a completely new psychiatric admission hospital provided appropriate stimulus and setting for the present inquiry.
The Promotion of Psychiatric Research
Authors: Vickers Geoffrey
Published: August 2008

Research workers are commonly regarded as geese who occasionally lay golden eggs. The three main ways of encouraging them to do so reflect different views of the extent to which this odd process can be either stimulated or directed.
Psychiatry in the Northern Sudan: A Study in Comparative Psychiatry
Authors: Elsarrag M. E.
Published: August 2008

This study is mainly based on my work in psychiatry in the Clinic of Nervous Disorders, Khartoum North, and with my private practice patients. I have seen altogether 2,160 patients. The distribution of psychiatric illness in these is shown in the table below. The two populations of patients attending the Government clinic and private practice are comparable, and the same patients interchange. A comparison is made in this paper between psychiatry in the West, mainly British psychiatry, and Sudanese psychiatry.
Delusions of Witchcraft: A Cross Cultural Study
Authors: Risso M. , Böker W.
Published: August 2008

Since the Second World War the number of Italians working in Switzerland has greatly increased. In 1962 there were officially 454,000 Italian workers in that country and this is almost certainly an underestimate. In 1960 and 1961 one of the authors (Risso) investigated the social, cultural, genetic and other factors in the mental illnesses of 709 Italian patients in psychiatric clinics and mental hospitals in German-speaking Switzerland. These patients had rather unusual symptoms in that there was a mixture of normal ideas, which appeared to be derived from their cultural background, and psychotic or psychotic-like symptoms. It was therefore often difficult to allot these patients' illnesses to one of the usual diagnostic categories, so that it was not easy to decide if the patient had a schizophrenic episode, a schizophrenic reaction or a non-psychotic psychogenic reaction.
Unilateral Electroconvulsive Therapy: Its Effects on Memory and its Therapeutic Efficacy
Authors: Zinkin Sheila , Birtchnell John
Published: August 2008

It is by now widely recognized that patients undergoing a course of electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T.) may frequently be troubled by some form of memory disturbance. Despite some thirty years of research and speculation on this subject, we are still a long way from understanding the precise nature of these disturbances or their physiological basis. Opinions vary as to their severity and duration and even as to the possible role they may play in the therapeutic process itself. It is, however, generally agreed that a very considerable number of patients complain of memory disturbance during or after a course of E.C.T., and that this may constitute a source of anxiety and distress, if not of practical inconvenience. Treatment is occasionally refused or discontinued on these grounds, and some psychiatrists are reluctant to prescribe E.C.T. in cases where a patient's work might be handicapped by memory impairment. Some degree of disturbance is, however, usually accepted as a calculated risk when prescribing this treatment.
Familial Relationships of Allusive Thinking in University Students and Their Parents
Authors: McConaghy N. , Clancy M.
Published: August 2008

Rapaport (1945) was the first worker to advance evidence that at least two types of formal thought disorder contributed to the disturbance of thinking found in schizophrenia; and furthermore that neither of these types of thinking was specific to schizophrenia. Rapaport administered the Bolles Goldstein Object Sorting Test to 217 psychiatric patients and to a control group of 54 patrolmen. He found that schizophrenics showed a tendency to function more at a concrete level and less at an abstract conceptual level, as described first by Vigotsky (1934). This tendency was also shown by depressives and by persons who were not mentally ill but had a poor cultural background.
The Differential Effect of the Schizophrenic Mother's Stages of Illness on Her Children
Authors: Yarden Paul E. , Nevo Baruch F.
Published: August 2008

The aim of the present study is to compare the mental health of children of schizophrenic mothers born before, during and after the onset of the mother's illness.
Suicidal Attempts in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Haider Ijaz
Published: August 2008

In view of the increasing demand for paediatric psychiatric services a separate department of Child and Family Psychiatry was set up at Stratheden Hospital, Cupar, in 1958 to provide a comprehensive service in the County of Fifeshire, Scotland. The establishment consists of one consultant, one senior registrar, two registrars, three social workers and one psychologist. The department also has 12 beds to which children are admitted for psychiatric assessment and treatment. Out-patient clinics are held in general hospitals throughout the county and emergencies are seen both in the department and at out-patient clinics.
The Borderlands of the Depressive States
Authors: Kessell A.
Published: August 2008

So far there has been a failure in psychiatry to establish any really adequate and universally accepted classificatory systems. This failure has proved a stumbling block to effective research, it has often frustrated communication and has held back the development of scientifically based treatment methods. Even now there still lingers some controversy over the appropriateness of the use of any classification in psychiatry (Kessell, 1964).
Chromosome Findings in Chronic Psychotic Patients
Authors: Anders J. M. , Jagiello G. , Polani P. E. , Giannelli F. , Hamerton J. L. , Leiberman D. M.
Published: August 2008

The observation of a higher incidence of sex-chromosome abnormalities amongst patients in mental deficiency and subnormality institutions than in the general population (Macleanet al., 1962; Court Brownet al., 1964) suggested that a sex chromatin survey of a theoretically related chronic psychotic population might be of interest. Mott (1919) observed a high frequency of testicular atrophy in dementia praecox, particularly in patients dying in early adolescence, and Forster (quoted by Mott, 1919) reported on the ovarian findings in similarly affected women. Hemphillet al. (1944) found a high incidence of testicular atrophy in a series of ninety male schizophrenic patients.
Clinical, Socio-Economic, and Psychological Changes after Temporal Lobectomy for Epilepsy
Authors: Taylor David C. , Falconer Murray A.
Published: August 2008

Since 1952 over 200 patients have been treated in the Guy's-Maudsley Neurosurgical Unit for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy by anterior temporal lobectomy. Each case has been evaluated before and after operation by a neurosurgeon, psychiatrists, and psychologists. Electroencephalography and air encephalography have been routine and the operative technique standardized. The resected portion has been removed in one piece allowing detailed pathological examination. The results in terms of relief of seizures, effects on personality, effects on psychological test scores, and the pathological findings have been reported at intervals (Hill, Pond, Mitchell and Falconer, 1957; Falconer and Serafetinides, 1963; Falconer, Serafetinides and Corsellis, 1964).
Prediction in Anti-depressant Therapy
Authors: Martin Ian C. A. , Leahy M. R.
Published: August 2008

It is now widely accepted that tricyclic compounds are of value in a proportion of depressed patients and that drugs of the imipramine group can take four or more weeks to exert their effect (Moody et al., 1967). There is a temptation to assume that one must wait this period before assessing response and that this is necessarily the best time for predicting the ultimate outcome of treatment. In experience with amitriptyline and nortriptyline both authors gained the impression that patients who were going to respond well were already a clinically distinct group after two weeks' exhibition of the drug, and indeed that waiting till four weeks blurred the distinction because by then poor responders might also have improved. It was decided to test this impression further.
Studies in Female Homosexuality
Authors: Kenyon F. E.
Published: August 2008

Relatively little is known about female homosexuality, and there are very few published studies which are based on a representative sample of the lesbian population. Many ideas on the subject are mere extrapolations from studies of male homosexuality. The majority of reports are psychoanalytically orientated and in most instances are concerned with very few highlyselected and atypical cases.
Forearm Blood Flow and Phobic Anxiety
Authors: Gelder M. G. , Mathews A. M.
Published: August 2008

The measurement of muscle blood flow using occlusive plethysmography has recently been proposed as an objective index of anxiety (Harper et al., 1965; Kelly, 1966, 1967). Although the method has been used by physiologists for many years, and its sensitivity to psychological stress has often been mentioned as an incidental finding in physiological studies, its application in psychiatric or psychological research has been slow to develop, perhaps because rather cumbersome apparatus is required. However, promising results were reported by Kelly (1966), who differentiated patients suffering from anxiety states from mixed neurotic patients and normal controls, and who showed changes after leucotomy in anxious patients.
E.C.T. Phases with and Without Anaesthesia: A Preliminary Statistical Study
Authors: Tresise P. C. , Stenhouse N. S.
Published: August 2008

It is well known that there is a definite march of events from onset to ending in the epileptic seizure. The sequence of symptoms differs in the different forms. “Idiopathic” epilepsies have a march through aura, tonus, clonus, and recovery, while Jacksonian organic epilepsies show a characteristic march directly related to their brain anatomical location. Electrically induced therapeutic epilepsy likewise has a march of events which is fairly constant though deviations from the normal pattern do occur, and it is our purpose in what follows to establish and quantitate the normal sequence of events.
Dermatoglyphics in Schizophrenia
Authors: Mellor C. S.
Published: August 2008

This paper reviews and reports on the frequencies of qualitative dermatoglyphic characters in schizophrenia. Dermatoglyphics is the name given by Cummins and Midlo (1943) to the study of the ridged skin found on the fingers, palms and soles. The biological value of dermatoglyphic investigation lies in the morphological constancy, from the time of formation until death, of the dermal ridge arrangements. The dermal ridges are fully formed by the fourteenth week of foetal development, therefore only genetic and prenatal environmental factors can influence ridge formation.
An Attempt to Treat the Personal Disorientation of Long-stay Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Morgan R. , Jones G. B.
Published: August 2008

A previous paper (Morgan, 1967) demonstrated the extent to which long-stay psychiatric patients are handicapped by ignorance of the names of people whom they see daily. The mean performance of a sample of patients was less than half as good as that of a control group of non-patients. It was postulated that knowledge of another person's name is a useful tool in social intercourse, and that ignorance of a name represents a handicap to communication. It was further suggested that some cause and effect relationship exists between the social withdrawal of long-stay schizophrenic patients and their ignorance of names. The data presented in the previous paper did not serve to show whether this ignorance is treatable at all or whether current methods of treatment are in fact helping to treat it. The present paper aims to present some further evidence on these points, derived from a deliberate attempt to teach patients the names of other people.
Psychiatric Education
Authors: Carstairs G. M. , Walton H. J. , Smythies J. R. , Crisp A. H.
Published: August 2008

The conduct of this survey has brought home to us the great diversity which exists in the amount, content and methods of teaching psychiatry in U.K. medical schools today. No two schools are quite alike in the type of staff facilities, in the allocation of teaching time in the several years of the course, or in the persons available to act as teachers. After two trial runs, we evolved a schedule of inquiry which has enabled us to compare schools in a number of respects in which reasonably reliable and quantifiable data were available. This report necessarily concentrates upon those aspects in which the various schools can be compared with each other: it does not do justice to the full detail of all the teaching given in any one school. In particular, we have deliberately confined our attention to teaching which is given to all students, whether they take advantage of it or not. Except for some observations on organized periods of elective study, we have not dealt with the extra opportunities which arc available in a number of schools for students who go out of their way to seek additional experience in psychiatry. Our schedule of inquiry was discussed by one of us personally with the psychiatrist responsible for teaching in every school except one—a London part-time teacher who remained obdurately “too busy” to comply with this request. It was found necessary, in the majority of cases, to supplement our interview and the schedule return by further inquiries; in a few particulars, and in respect of certain schools, we are still left in some uncertainty as to the accuracy of the information given to us. This report is submitted, however, as the best approximation possible within the limitations of our survey.
Training in Psychotherapy: The Aberdeen Diploma Course
Authors: Millar W. M. , Mackie R. E. , Gomersall J. D.
Published: August 2008

In recent years British psychiatric training has received interested scrutiny from the other side of the Atlantic, and there has been appreciation of the broad based approach in dealing with the larger community of psychiatric patients, which as Keir (1964) has pointed out is beginning to occupy the attention of our American colleagues. It has been noted by Cameron (1965), Lesse (1966) and others that there are disadvantages in the predominant approach in American training—which focuses on dynamics, inference and formulation—in that this has produced a neglect of clinical observation and accurate description, giving little knowledge of syndromes or the natural history of psychiatric conditions.
The Contribution of Information Theory to Pathological Mechanisms in Psychiatry
Authors: Ashby W. Ross
Published: August 2008

Information theory is sometimes presented as a new philosophy; here it will be presented as an essentially practical branch of science. Its essence occurs when an engineer says: “You can't get ten manoeuvres out of that satellite when you've only five signals.” He is thinking along the usual and well understood lines of cause and effect, but using a rather unusual approach: instead of trying to relate each cause to its particular effect (e.g. “what is the cause of tuberculosis?”), he is bringing a set of (five) causes into some relation with a set of (ten) effects. Throughout this article, information theory will be used in accordance with what I believe to be its true nature—that it is the body of knowledge developed to help when we have problems in which large numbers of causes are related in some way to large numbers of effects.
Perceptual Defect and Role Handicap: Missing Links in Explaining the Aetiology of Schizophrenia
Authors: Kirk Ruth V.
Published: August 2008

The immense literature on schizophrenia abounds in discoveries of single associations between the symptoms of the disease and certain other factors. Braithwaite (1960) says in speaking about “science like psychology and the social sciences which make great use of tendency statements… that to assert an isolated tendency statement is to say very little”. Such isolated statements in themselves are not explanations. A theory, on the other hand, interprets information; it explains.
Self Concepts and the Stutterer
Authors: Fransella Fay
Published: August 2008

Research in stuttering can be divided into two broad categories. The focus of attention has either been on the way the stuttererspeaksor on the sort of person heis. In the first case, investigators have sought to isolate those conditions under which the stutterer's blocks, repetitions, or prolongations can be modified. For instance, there are studies on the effects of varying the size of the audience (e.g. Siegel and Haugen, 1964; Shulman, 1955), of providing delayed auditory feedback (e.g. Lee, 1951; Neeley, 1961) or various levels of noise (e.g. Mariast and Hutton, 1957; Sutton and Chase, 1961), and on the relationship between number of stutters and rhythmic speech (e.g. Barber, 1940; Fransella and Beech, 1965).
The Life Expectation of Mentally Subnormal Patients in Hospital
Authors: Heaton-Ward W. Alan
Published: August 2008

The life expectation of even the most severely subnormal patients in hospital with IQs below 25, has risen dramatically since the beginning of the century. This paper reports the results of a survey carried out by the author into the expectation of life of patients with IQs up to 50 in the Stoke Park Hospital Group, Bristol.
Chorea and Phenothiazines
Authors: Kennedy P. F.
Published: August 2008

The case history is reported here of a woman who has developed involuntary movements while having prolonged phenothiazine therapy. The disorder has developed gradually and is apparently irreversible. It has some unusual features.
Jaundice Associated with Amitriptyline
Authors: Morgan D. H.
Published: August 2008

Reports of serious complications arising from the administration of amitriptyline have been very few, particularly when account is taken of the widespread prescription of this drug in recent years for depressive illness. This is a report of three cases of jaundice, one mild, one fatal, and the third severe, but leading to a good recovery, occurring following the administration of amitriptyline, though in two cases other drugs were being given concurrendy. The makers of amitriptyline do include in their literature a caution about the very occasional link with jaundice, but only two cases have so far been reported (Cunningham, 1965; Biagi and Bapat, 1967). In a recent article (Sherlock, 1968), no specific mention was made of amitriptyline in particular, or of tricyclic antidepressant drugs in general, as liable to produce hepatic disorder.
The Neurosyphilitic Psychoses Today
Authors: Dewhurst Kenneth
Published: August 2008

Neurosyphilis, causing a psychotic illness of such severity as to necessitate admission to a mental hospital, though now rare, has not been completely eradicated. This study is based on 91 psychotic patients with neurosyphilis admitted to six mental hospitals between 1950 and 1965. Its main purpose is to ascertain the incidence, and to present the natural history of the neurosyphilitic psychoses during a period when antibiotics were available. It is likely that some patients in this series were given penicillin for an intercurrent infection in complete ignorance of the underlying syphilitic process. Indeed, Joffe, Black and Floyd (1968) and Heathfield (1968) have reported modifications in the clinical picture of neurosyphilis, tending to mask the diagnosis, caused by earlier administration of antibiotics for intercurrent infections. Thus the widespread use of antibiotics, though greatly reducing the incidence of neurosyphilitic psychosis, may well have increased the mutability of the disease as reflected in its changing prevalence, distribution and clinical characteristics.