bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Working Group Report 1: Tools for the diagnosis of organic dusts‐induced disease
Authors: Wouters Inge M. , Sigsgaard Torben , Góra Anna , Nowak Dennis , Palmberg Lena , Sundblad Britt‐Marie , Tutluoglu Büllent
Published: September 2004

This paper describes the outcomes of the discussion of Working Group 1. The tasks of the workgroup were to: i) review current methods for the clinical diagnosis of organic dust induced disease, and ii) suggest how further research in this field should proceed. The working group proceeded on the paradigm that for diagnosis specific and precise tests are needed, where outcomes can be related to the risk for disease. The different methods available for the investigation of individuals and groups exposed to organic dusts are summed and graded according to scientific or diagnostic values. Many of the tools should be used in experimental research only, but can be used diagnostically for evaluation during follow up of patients when treated or removed from exposure. These techniques may also be employed for investigations of outbreaks, however, only after comparison with a proper control group. Future research should focus on associations between markers of inflammation and symptoms or clinical outcomes and dose‐response relationships both for short‐term and long‐term health effects. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:410–413, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Working Group Report 3: Sensitivity to organic dusts—atopy and gene polymorphisms
Authors: Kline Joel N. , Doekes Gert , Bønløkke Jakob , Hoffman Hans Jürgen , Essen Susanna Von , Zhai Rihong
Published: September 2004

Working Group 3 (Sensitivity to Organic Dusts—Atopy and Gene Polymorphisms) was convened to review the current understanding of how effects of inhaled organic dust may be modified by genetic factors—both those that increase as well as those that may reduce susceptibility. Furthermore, the group was asked to suggest areas that require more investigation in this field. The discussion focused on individual sensitivity to inhaled agents as the most important determinant of inter‐individual heterogeneiety in responses to exposures. Genetic modifiers are known for a number of pathologic conditions (including asthma, atopy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis) associated with inhalation of organic dusts; modifiers are likely to be identified for a number of other disease states. Further studies are required to delineate more precisely the contribution (and the role in inflammatory cascade modulation) of these known polymorphims, as well as to identify novel genetic factors. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:416–418, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Working Group Report 4: Exposure assessment for biological agents
Authors: Thorne Peter S. , Duchaine Caroline , Douwes Jeroen , Eduard Wijnand , Górny Rafal , Jacobs Robert , Reponen Tiina , Schierl Rudi , Szponar Bogumila
Published: September 2004

This Working Group was assembled to review and evaluate methods currently used to estimate work site exposures to biological agents and to present recommendations on suitable measurement strategies. The current state of exposure assessment was evaluated for environments with organic dust including agriculture, composting, sewage and waste treatment processing, peat moss harvesting and handling, cotton and textile processing, greenhouse work, and grass seed processing. Methods for measurement of microbial contaminants in indoor environments were also considered. Important methods are emerging that use quantitative PCR for assessment of microbial agents. Difficulties exist with optimization of extraction to yield contaminant‐free DNA without significant DNA loss. Advances in assays for microbial agents (e.g., endotoxin and glucans) as well as allergens have increased the utility of exposure assessment for these agents. A crucial area for further development is international harmonization of methodologies to reduce interlaboratory variability and to facilitate establishment of exposure guidelines. Endotoxin exposure assessment using the Limulus amebocyte lysate method is a high priority for harmonization because of its importance as a pulmonary inflammatory agent in many occupational settings. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:419–422, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endotoxins isolated from the air of a Danish paper mill and the relation to change in lung function: An 11‐year follow‐up
Authors: Sigsgaard Torben , Jensen Lone Donbæk , Abell Anette , Würtz Helle , Thomsen Gert
Published: September 2004

Background

A decline in lung function has been associated with farming, cotton spinning, and work in the animal feed industry. The aim of the study was to reveal if loss of lung function was associated to work at a paper mill.

Methods

Ninety‐seven male paper workers (PW), and 55 control workers were examined. Hygiene samples included total dust, endotoxins, and microorganisms. Interview, pulmonary function testing, and skin prick test (SPT) were performed and yearly decline in lung function was calculated.

Results

The exposure for endotoxin (LPS) ranged from Median (Max−Min) 69 (370−6) EU/m3, in the wet‐end of the paper machines to 6 (19−16) in the pulping area. The lung function decline among the controls was comparable to the decrements among the maintenance and repair workers at the paper factory, around 51–54 and 37–38 ml/year among smokers' and non‐smokers, respectively. After adjustment for baseline FEV1, the variables associated to an increased loss of FEV1 were age smoking and cough. For FVC we found an inverse relation between exposure and yearly decline.

Conclusion

No increase in loss of lung function is seen among workers exposed to up to 200 EU/m3 of LPS. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:327–332, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Health effects associated with exposure to residential organic dust
Authors: Herr Caroline E.W. , Nieden Anja zur , Stilianakis Nikolaos I. , Eikmann Thomas F.
Published: September 2004

Background

This study aimed at relating self‐reported health complaints to bioaerosol pollution in the residential outdoor air and to duration of storing organic waste indoors.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional study, double blinded to ongoing environmental microbial measurements, physicians collected questionnaires in a neighborhood with a composting site and in unexposed controls. Self‐reported prevalence of health complaints, physician diagnoses as well as residential odor annoyance and home hygiene were assessed.

Results

An elevation of reports of irritative airway complaints was associated with residency in an area with highest bioaerosol exposure but not with odor annoyance. Longer indoor storage of organic waste was associated with skin related symptoms. Atopic subjects were at higher risk. Airway‐related health problems were not associated with longer storage of organic wastes in homes.

Conclusions

Exposure to organic dust in residential air affects airways of residents while exposure in homes due to organic wastes affects the skin. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:381–385, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure to bioaerosols: Allergic reactions and respiratory function in Polish hop growers
Authors: Góra Anna , Skórska Czesława , Prażmo Zofia , Krysińska‐Traczyk Ewa , Sitkowska Jolanta , Dutkiewicz Jacek
Published: September 2004

Background

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of work‐related symptoms in hop growers and their relation to bioaerosols exposure. The study group comprised 69 hop growers and 58 office workers as controls. The examination included: physician‐administrated questionnaire, PEF measurements, skin prick test, agar–gel precipitation test, and migration inhibition test. Microbiological air sampling was performed on all farms.

Results

The concentrations of total airborne microflora ranged from 2.08 to 129.6 × 103 CFU/m3. Airborne endotoxin and dust concentrations ranged from 26 to 6250 ng/m3 and 0.2–31.7 mg/m3, respectively. Altogether 52.2% of farmers complained of work‐related symptoms. Positive skin reactions to microbial allergens were significantly more frequent in a group of hop growers with work‐related respiratory symptoms compared to the rest of the farmers (18% vs 2%, P < 0.05). Positive reactions in agar‐gel precipitation test and in the leukocyte migration inhibition test were not correlated with the occurrence of work‐related symptoms. The mean daily PEF values in farmers were lower compared to controls (469.7 ± 127.5 vs 562.9 ± 123.8; P < 0.001). PEF (amp%mean) was higher in farmers compared to controls (9.3% vs 8.1%; P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Despite relatively lower exposure to bioaerosols, compared to farmers in other branches of agriculture, over 50% of hop growers complained of work‐related symptoms. This may be partly due to the effects of microbial allergens and toxins and partly to the irritant or allergic properties of hop plant itself. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:371–374, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure to work‐related levels of swine dust up‐regulates CD106 on human alveolar macrophages
Authors: Hoffmann Hans Jürgen , Iversen Martin , Takai Hisamitsu , Sigsgaard Torben , Omland Øyvind , Dahl Ronald
Published: September 2004

Background

Exposure to dust from swine confinement buildings, causes an inflammatory response. Monocyte recruitment to the murine lung after instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to partially depend on CD106/VCAM1. We wanted to determine whether this can be confirmed in man.

Methods

Non‐naïve persons bearing personal air samples were exposed for 3 hr in a swine confinement building, and were bronchoscopied before and after exposure. Blood samples were taken at the time of bronchoscopy. Expression of adhesion molecules on leukocytes was investigated by flow cytometry in bronchoaveloar lavage (BAL) and blood.

Results

Expression of CD106 on alveolar macrophages, but not on neutrophils or T cells in BAL or blood, was up‐regulated in proportion to the amount of LPS that individuals were exposed.

Conclusions

This argues for requirement of CD106 during inflammatory recruitment of monocytes to the human lung. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:378–380, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial protection by respirators on airways responses following exposure in a swine house
Authors: Palmberg Lena , Larsson Britt‐Marie , Sundblad Britt‐Marie , Larsson Kjell
Published: September 2004

Background

Exposure to swine dust leads to an intense airway inflammation and increased bronchial responsiveness. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a respiratory protection device during exposure in a swine house.

Methods

Twenty‐two subjects, 11 with a respirator, were exposed. Symptoms, body temperature, nasal lavage, and a bronchial metacholine challenge were performed before and 7 hr after exposure. For exposure assessment a nasal sampler was evaluated.

Results

The subjects with a respirator showed an attenuated inflammatory nasal response. An increase in bronchial responsiveness was observed in both groups, significantly greater in the unprotected group. The use of respirators reduced endotoxin exposure by more than 90% (assessed by nasal samplers).

Conclusion

The use of a respirator attenuated the inflammatory response compared with an unprotected group. The minor effect on bronchial responsiveness suggests that gases and/or ultrafine particles may also be important factors. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:363–370, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory symptoms and airway obstruction in swine veterinarians: A persistent problem
Authors: Andersen C.I. , Von Essen Susanna G. , Smith L.M. , Spencer J. , Jolie Rika , Donham Kelley J.
Published: September 2004

Objective

There are many occupational hazards associated with the practice of swine veterinarians. To reassess the prevalence of respiratory complaints and pulmonary function abnormalities in this group.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study conducted during the American Association of Swine Veterinarians annual meeting. Subjects completed a respiratory symptom/work history questionnaire and performed spirometry.

Results

Participants included 122 veterinarians (median age = 42.5 years). Work‐related symptoms included rhinitis symptoms (69%), cough and chest tightness (53%), wheezing (31%). Airway obstruction was seen in 24% of participants. Veterinarians with airway obstruction reported working more hours per week in hog barns than did practitioners with normal pulmonary function (P = 0.009).

Conclusions

Respiratory symptoms were common in the swine veterinarians tested as was airway obstruction. The association with these findings and hog barn exposure suggests that working in these facilities is still a risk factor for airway disease. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:386–392, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IgE sensitization to bacterial and fungal biopesticides in a cohort of Danish greenhouse workers: The BIOGART Study
Authors: Doekes Gert , Larsen Preben , Sigsgaard Torben , Baelum Jesper
Published: September 2004

Background

The use of biopesticides in agriculture may implicate new risks of work‐related allergic reactions.

Methods

Sera were tested from the BIOGART project, a longitudinal respiratory health study among >300 Danish greenhouse workers. IgE was measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with extracts of biopesticide products containing Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) or Verticillium lecanii (Vert).

Results

Many sera had detectable IgE to BT (23–29%) or Vert (9–21%). IgE titers from the 2‐ and 3‐year follow‐up (n = 230) were highly correlated, with discordant results in <15%. IgE titers to different BT, or to different Verticillium products were also significantly correlated (both r > 0.70), whereas IgE anti‐BT and anti‐Verticillium showed no correlation at all.

Conclusions

Exposure to these microbial biopesticides may confer a risk of IgE‐mediated sensitization. In future research there is a need to identify allergenic components in the preparations, perform studies on non‐exposed controls and analyze the relation between sensitization and health parameters. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:404–407, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metalworking fluid bioaerosols at selected workplaces in a steelworks
Authors: Górny Rafał L. , Szponar Bogumiła , Larsson Lennart , Pehrson Christina , Prażmo Zofia , Dutkiewicz Jacek
Published: September 2004

Background

Exposure to metalworking fluid (MWF) aerosols has been shown to be associated with a variety of respiratory and skin diseases of workers.

Methods

Measurements of particulate aerosols, bacterial bioaerosol, and endotoxins and 3‐hydroxy fatty acids (3‐OH FAs) content in water‐based and straight oil MWFs were done during an 8 hr work shift in the grindery and oil basement sections of a steelworks located in Upper Silesia, Poland.

Results

Particulate aerosol concentrations were below NIOSH recommended occupational exposure level. Differences in concentration and taxonomical composition of airborne bacteria between grindery and oil basement were found, due to the more aggressive creation of oil mist during machining operations and different MWF characteristics, which favor growth of different bacterial strains.

Conclusions

The GC‐MS analysis of 3‐OH FAs as a marker of endotoxin contamination of the MWF and of the air seems to be a promising tool for evaluation of occupational exposure to bacterial bioaerosols. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:400–403, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atopic and non‐atopic asthma in a farming and a general population
Authors: Eduard Wijnand , Omenaas Ernst , Bakke Per Sigvald , Douwes Jeroen , Heederik Dick
Published: September 2004

Background

In a previous study inverse associations between asthma and exposure to fungal spores and endotoxins in atopic farmers and positive associations with the same factors in non‐atopic farmers were documented. No external reference population had been included. We, therefore, compared this farming population with the general population from an adjacent region.

Methods

Random samples of a farming (n = 2,106) and a rural (n = 351) and urban (n = 727) general population were selected. Atopy was assessed by serum IgE and asthma by questionnaires.

Results

The asthma prevalence was 4.0% among farmers, 5.7% in the rural, and 7.6% in the urban population. Atopy was similar (9–10%). Most asthmatics were not atopic, 67–75%. Farmers had asthma less often than the general population OR 0.52 (95% CI 0.36–0.75); both atopic (OR 0.33 (95% CI 0.15–0.69)) and non‐atopic asthma (OR 0.60 (95% CI 0.39–0.93)).

Conclusion

This may indicate a protective effect of the farm environment on asthma but a healthy worker effect may also play a role. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:396–399, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kooperative Distickstoff‐Aktivierung durch mehrere Metallzentren
Authors: Gambarotta Sandro , Scott Jennifer
Published: September 2004

In den letzten Jahren gab es eine beeindruckende Zahl an Durchbrüchen im Bereich der Distickstoff‐Aktivierung. Das belegt das große Interesse, das immer noch durch dieses Molekül als Ziel von Aktivierungsstudien geweckt wird. Obwohl die Entdeckung der Distickstoff‐Fixierung bald 40 Jahre zurückliegt, muss ein umfassendes Verständnis der Faktoren, die über Fixierung oder Aktivierung entscheiden, erst noch erreicht werden. Trotzdem wurden in letzter Zeit wesentliche Fortschritte gemacht. Dieser Beitrag soll neueste Forschungsergebnisse beleuchten und dabei helfen, die Notwendigkeit eines Angriffs mehrerer Metallzentren an Distickstoff als Grundvoraussetzung für dessen weitere Spaltung und Funktionalisierung einzuschätzen.
Die Steuerung der Selbstorganisation vollständig substituierter Arene durch Wasserstoffbrücken
Authors: Bushey Mark L. , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen , Zhang Wei , Horoszewski Dana , Nuckolls Colin
Published: September 2004

Das Design, die Synthese und die Selbstorganisation einer neuen Klasse vollständig substituierter Arene, die kolumnare Überstrukturen bilden, werden in diesem Kurzaufsatz detailliert beschrieben. Die Selbstorganisation dieser Moleküle führt zur Bildung von helicalen und polaren Säulen, deren Anordnung mit elektrischen Feldern gesteuert werden kann. In konzentrierten Lösungen ordnen sich die Säulen in helicalen Überstrukturen an, die zirkular polarisiertes Licht im sichtbaren Wellenlängenbereich reflektieren. Durch Schleuderbeschichtung erzeugte Filme bilden, abhängig von der Struktur der verwendeten Seitenketten, entweder polare Monoschichten oder isolierte molekulare Stränge, die rastersondenmikroskopisch beobachtet werden können. Darüber hinaus werden Methoden beschrieben, mit denen diese Mesogene zu monodispersen Oligomeren verknüpft werden können, die sich zu definierten Sekundärkonformationen falten.
DNA‐gestützte organische Synthese: die Strategie der Natur zur Steuerung chemischer Reaktivität übertragen auf synthetische Moleküle
Authors: Li Xiaoyu , Liu David R.
Published: September 2004

Anders als im Allgemeinen in der Synthesechemie üblich wird in der Natur die chemische Reaktivität durch die Modulation der effektiven Molarität hoch verdünnter Reaktanten durch Makromolekül‐gestützte Synthesen gesteuert. Dabei kann die Reaktion komplexer Mischungen in einer einzigen Lösung mit Effizienzen und Selektivitäten verlaufen, die in herkömmlichen Laborsynthesen nicht erreichbar sind. Die DNA‐gestützte organische Synthese (DTS) bietet einen erstaunlich universellen Weg zur Steuerung der Reaktivität synthetischer Moleküle mithilfe des in der Natur verwirklichten, auf der effektiven Molarität basierenden Ansatzes. Neueste Entwicklungen haben den Anwendungsbereich und die Möglichkeiten der DTS von ihren Ursprüngen als Modell für präbiotische Nucleinsäurereplikation zu ihrer heutigen Fähigkeit, DNA‐Sequenzen in komplexe kleine Moleküle und polymere Produkte mehrstufiger organischer Synthesen zu übersetzen, erweitert. Das Verständnis der fundamentalen Prinzipien der DTS spielte eine wichtige Rolle bei diesen Entwicklungen. Zu den ersten Anwendungen der DTS zählen die Nucleinsäuredetektion, die Entwicklung synthetischer niedermolekularer Verbindungen und die Entdeckung von Reaktionen mithilfe von Translations‐, Selektions‐ und Amplifikationsmethoden, die zuvor nur für biologische Substanzen verfügbar waren.
Titelbild: Generation of Dynamic Constitutional Diversity and Driven Evolution in Helical Molecular Strands under Lewis Acid Catalyzed Component Exchange (Angew. Chem. 37/2004)
Authors: Giuseppone Nicolas , Schmitt Jean‐Louis , Lehn Jean‐Marie
Published: September 2004

Helices und Gitter zwei der faszinierendsten Architekturen, die wegen ihrer Bedeutung in Chemie, Biologie und Materialwissenschaften Thema intensiver Studien sind, zeigt das Titelbild. Sie stehen in einem thermodynamischen Gleichgewicht, das auf einem Lewis‐Säure‐katalysierten Weg hergestellt wird, der dynamische Konstitutionsreorganisation, Selbstorganisation und Steuerung der helicalen Faltung umfasst. Einzelheiten dazu finden sich in der Zuschrift von J.‐M. Lehn et al. auf S. 5010 ff.
Using Hydrogen Bonds to Direct the Assembly of Crowded Aromatics
Authors: Bushey Mark L. , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen , Zhang Wei , Horoszewski Dana , Nuckolls Colin
Published: September 2004

This Minireview details the design, synthesis, and self‐assembly of a new class of crowded aromatics that form columnar superstructures. The assembly of these subunits produces helical and polar stacks, whose assembly can be directed with electric fields. In concentrated solutions, these self‐assembled helical rods exhibit superhelical arrangements that reflect circularly polarized light at visible wavelengths. Depending on the side chains employed, spin‐cast films yield either polar monolayers or isolated strands of molecules that can be visualized with scanning probe microscopy. Also detailed herein are methods to link these mesogens together to produce monodisperse oligomers that fold into defined secondary conformations.
DNA‐Templated Organic Synthesis: Nature's Strategy for Controlling Chemical Reactivity Applied to Synthetic Molecules
Authors: Li Xiaoyu , Liu David R.
Published: September 2004

In contrast to the approach commonly taken by chemists, nature controls chemical reactivity by modulating the effective molarity of highly dilute reactants through macromolecule‐templated synthesis. Nature's approach enables complex mixtures in a single solution to react with efficiencies and selectivities that cannot be achieved in conventional laboratory synthesis. DNA‐templated organic synthesis (DTS) is emerging as a surprisingly general way to control the reactivity of synthetic molecules by using nature's effective‐molarity‐based approach. Recent developments have expanded the scope and capabilities of DTS from its origins as a model of prebiotic nucleic acid replication to its current ability to translate DNA sequences into complex small‐molecule and polymer products of multistep organic synthesis. An understanding of fundamental principles underlying DTS has played an important role in these developments. Early applications of DTS include nucleic acid sensing, small‐molecule discovery, and reaction discovery with the help of translation, selection, and amplification methods previously available only to biological molecules.
Cover Picture: Generation of Dynamic Constitutional Diversity and Driven Evolution in Helical Molecular Strands under Lewis Acid Catalyzed Component Exchange (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37/2004)
Authors: Giuseppone Nicolas , Schmitt Jean‐Louis , Lehn Jean‐Marie
Published: September 2004

Helices and grids two most fascinating architectures, which have been the subject of intense recent studies in view of their significance in chemistry, biology, and material science, are represented in the cover picture. They are interconnected in a thermodynamic equilibrium generated by a Lewis acid catalyzed pathway involving a constitutional dynamic reorganization, self‐assembly, and control of helical folding. For further details see the Communication by J.‐M. Lehn et al. on page 4902 ff.
ELF magnetic field exposure in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Riminesi Cristiano , Andreuccetti Daniele , Fossi Roberto , Pezzati Marco
Published: September 2004

In this paper, the magnetic flux density (MFD) distribution in a neonatal intensive care unit is described and MFD values inside a few open infant warming systems and incubators are reported. Typical measured values of the magnetic flux density at power frequency (50 Hz) in the “general environment” (the rooms of the unit) were lower than 0.2 μT, while higher MFD values were detected close to medical equipment and inside the open infant warming systems. In both cases, the magnetic flux density quickly decreases with increasing distance, so that measured values are reduced to “background” (i.e., general environment) levels 20–30 cm away from the sources. The total harmonic content over the 100–800 Hz frequency range was also evaluated. In the general environment, measured values in this band were negligible, while this was not the case close to medical equipment. Field levels inside the open and closed incubators depend on the position of the electronic control system, of the heating power generator and its winding conductor, and of the 220 V main plug. The magnetic flux density was also monitored for a prolonged period of time in a few types of open infant warming systems and incubators under standard intensive care unit operation with premature newborn present. Bioelectromagnetics 25:481–491, 2004. Copyright © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The dielectric properties of cancerous tissues in a nude mouse xenograft model
Authors: Yoo Done‐Sik
Published: September 2004

The dielectric properties of various cancers, namely brain tumor, breast cancer, gastric carcinoma, and colon cancer, were measured in the frequency range of 500 MHz to 5 GHz. Cancers were cultivated applying the xenograft model of growing human cancerous tissues using the specific pathogen free, homo inbred mouse (a nude mouse). The complex permittivity was measured using an open‐ended coaxial probe (HP85070B) and a computer controlled network analyzer (HP8510C). For the measurement of the dielectric properties, a total of 58 xenografted specimens was used. The results showed that measured values of complex permittivity for all four cancerous tissues were similar, with little variations over the frequency range used. It might be agreed that components and characteristics of different cancerous tissues would be similar despite their different occurrences in the human body. It is necessary to investigate this result further. Bioelectromagnetics 25:492–497, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences in lethality between cancer cells and human lymphocytes caused by LF‐electromagnetic fields
Authors: Radeva Maria , Berg Hermann
Published: September 2004

The lethal response of cultured cancer cells lines K‐562, U‐937, DG‐75, and HL‐60 were measured directly after a 4 h exposure to a pulsating electromagnetic field (PEMF, sinusoidal wave form, 35 mT peak, 50 Hz) [Traitcheva et al. (2003): Bioelectromagnetics 24:148–158] and 24 h later, to determine the post‐exposure effect. The results were found to depend on the medium, pH value, conductivity, and temperature. From these experiments, suitable conditions were chosen to compare the vitality between K‐562 cells and normal human lymphocytes after PEMF treatment and photodynamic action. Both agents enhance necrosis synergistically for diseased as well as for healthy cells, but the lymphocytes are more resistant. The efficacy of PEMF on the destruction of cancer cells is further increased by heating (hyperthermia) of the suspension up to 44 °C or by lowering the pH‐value (hyperacidity) to pH 6.4. Similar apoptosis and necrosis can be obtained using moderate magnetic fields (B ≤ 15 mT 50/60 Hz), but this requires longer treatment of at least over a week. PEMF application combined with anticancer drugs and photodynamic therapy will be very effective. Bioelectromagnetics 25:503–507, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blood melatonin and prolactin concentrations in dairy cows exposed to 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields during 8 h photoperiods
Authors: Rodriguez M. , Petitclerc D. , Burchard J.F. , Nguyen D.H. , Block E.
Published: September 2004

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that electric and magnetic field (EMF) exposure may result in endocrine responses similar to those observed in animals exposed to long days. In the first experiment, 16 lactating, pregnant Holstein cows were assigned to two replicates according to a crossover design with treatment switchback. All animals were confined to wooden metabolic cages and maintained under short day photoperiods (8 h light/16 h dark). Treated animals were exposed to a vertical electric field of 10 kV/m and a horizontal magnetic field of 30 μT (EMF) for 16 h/day for 4 weeks. In a second, similar experiment, 16 nonlactating, nonpregnant Holstein cows subjected to short days were exposed to EMF, using a similar protocol, for periods corresponding to the duration of one estrous cycle. In the first experiment, circulating MLT concentrations during the light period showed a small numerical decrease during EMF exposure (P < .05). Least‐square means for the 8 h light period were 9.9 versus 12.4 pg/ml, SE = 1.3. Melatonin concentrations during the dark period were not affected by the treatment. A similar trend was observed in the second experiment, where MLT concentrations during the light period tended to be lower (8.8 pg/ml vs. 16.3 pg/ml, P < .06) in the EMF exposed group, and no effects were observed during the dark period. Plasma prolactin (PRL) was increased in the EMF exposed group (16.6 vs. 12.7 ng/ml, P < .02) in the first experiment. In the second experiment, the overall PRL concentrations found were lower, and the mean plasma PRL concentration was not affected by treatment. These experiments provide evidence that EMF exposure may modify the response of dairy cows to photoperiod. Bioelectromagnetics 25:508–515, 2004. Copyright © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined millimeter wave and cyclophosphamide therapy of an experimental murine melanoma
Authors: Logani Mahendra K. , Bhanushali Ashok , Anga Altaf , Majmundar Amar , Szabo Imre , Ziskin Marvin C.
Published: September 2004

The objective of the present studies was to investigate whether millimeter wave (MMW) therapy can increase the efficacy of cyclophosphamide (CPA), a commonly used anti‐cancer drug. The effect of combined MMW‐CPA treatment on melanoma growth was compared to CPA treatment alone in a murine model. MMWs were produced with a Russian made YAV‐1 generator. The device produced 42.2 ± 0.2 GHz modulated wave radiation through a 10 × 20 mm rectangular output horn. The animals, SKH‐1 hairless female mice, were irradiated on the nasal area. Peak SAR and incident power density were measured as 730 ± 100 W/kg and 36.5 ± 5 mW/cm2, respectively. The maximum skin surface temperature elevation measured at the end of 30 min irradiation was 1.5 °C. B16F10 melanoma cells (0.2 × 106) were implanted subcutaneously into the left flank of mice on day 1 of the experiment. On days 4–8, CPA was administered intraperitoneally (30 mg/kg/day). MMW irradiation was applied concurrently with, prior to or following CPA administration. A significant reduction (P < .05) in tumor growth was observed with CPA treatment, but MMW irradiation did not provide additional therapeutic benefit as compared to CPA alone. Similar results were obtained when MMW irradiation was applied both prior to and following CPA treatment. Bioelectromagnetics 25:516–523, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on the adenylate kinase activity of rod outer segment of bovine retina
Authors: Ravera S. , Repaci E. , Morelli A. , Pepe I.M. , Botter R. , Beruto D.
Published: September 2004

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF‐EMFs) of 75 Hz with amplitudes above a threshold of about 125 μT have a dramatic effect on the adenylate kinase (AK) activity of the rod outer segment (ROS) membranes. In fact, the ATP production by ROS membranes or by purified disk membranes placed in the field decreased by approximately 54%. The decrease in enzymatic activity was independent of the time of exposure to the field and was completely reversible. When disk membranes were solubilized with Triton or a soluble isoform of AK was used, negligible effects of the field were obtained on the enzymatic activity, suggesting that the membrane has an important role in determining the conditions for the enzyme inactivation. Bioelectromagnetics 25:545–551, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of residential magnetic fields with contact voltage
Authors: Kavet Robert , Zaffanella Luciano E. , Pearson Robert L. , Dallapiazza John
Published: September 2004

The US National Electrical Code's (NEC) requirement to ground a home's electrical service to the residential water line results in a voltage between the water line and earth, VW–E. The voltage may result from ground return current that flows into the earth via the water line or from inductive effects from other sources of magnetic fields, such as transmission lines. This voltage can, in turn, serve as a source for Vbath, the voltage between the water fixtures and conductive drain pipes sunk into the earth beneath a residence. Vbath can be a source of contact current exposure to a child touching a water fixture while bathing. Previous research has suggested that exposure to these currents could be the basis for the association between power‐frequency magnetic fields and childhood leukemia. In this study, we assessed the association between measured Vbath and VW–E with the average spot‐measured magnetic field, Bavg, in a sample of 191 single‐family residences in the Denver metropolitan area. This area was the source of cases and controls for previous studies of electric and magnetic field (EMF) and childhood cancer. The association of both Vbath and VW–E with Bavg had upward trends across magnetic field strata (<0.1 μT (reference); 0.1–<0.3 μT; and ≥0.3 μT). In addition, VW–E was associated with Vbath. Without further study, these results cannot be applied to multi‐dwelling residences or to electrical systems prevalent in other nations. Nonetheless, when combined with the finding that contact current is a far more plausible candidate than the residential magnetic field for mediating biological effects on the basis of comparative dose to bone marrow, these associations indicate that contact current exposure deserves further study. Bioelectromagnetics 25:530–536, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amplification of evoked potentials recorded from mouse hippocampal slices by very low repetition rate pulsed magnetic fields
Authors: Wieraszko Andrzej
Published: September 2004

The influence of low repetition rate pulsed magnetic fields (LRMF) on the evoked potential (population spike) recorded from mouse hippocampal slices was investigated. LRMF were applied according to two protocols. In protocol A, LRMF applied with a constant strength (15 mT) and frequency ranging from 0.03 to 0.5 Hz resulted in an amplification of the potential. Although the frequency of 0.16 Hz was the most effective, enhancing the population spike by over 280%, it also caused an increase in spontaneous activity, seizures, and cessation of neuronal activity in 50% of the slices. In protocol B, LRMF were applied with a variable intensity (9–15 mT) and in cycles of different duration ranging from 5 to 20 min. While an increase in the amplitude of the population spike was observed in all slices exposed to LRMF applied according to protocol B, the longest exposure was the most effective. Neither seizures nor an increase in the spontaneous activity were observed in this group of the slices. These results support and extend our previous data and characterize further the relation between the pattern of applied magnetic fields and their influence on the nervous system. Bioelectromagnetics 25:537–544, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of in vitro exposure to power frequency magnetic fields on UV‐induced DNA damage of rat lymphocytes
Authors: Zmyślony Marek , Palus Jadwiga , Dziubałtowska Elz̄bieta , Politański Piotr , Mamrot Pawel , Rajkowska Elz̄bieta , Kameduła Maria
Published: September 2004

The mechanisms of biological effects of 50/60 Hz (power frequency) magnetic fields (MF) are still poorly understood. There are a number of studies indicating that MF affect biochemical processes in which free radicals are involved, such as the biological objects' response to ultraviolet radiation (UVA). Therefore, the present study was aimed to assess the effect of 50 Hz MFs on the oxidative deterioration of DNA in rat lymphocytes irradiated in vitro by UVA. UVA radiation (150 J/m2) was applied for 5 min for all groups and 50 Hz MF (40 μT rms) exposure was applied for some of the groups for 5 or 60 min. The level of DNA damage was assessed using the alkaline comet assay, the fluorescence microscope, and image analysis. It has been found that the 1 h exposure to MF caused an evident increase in all parameters consistent with damaged DNA. This suggest that MF affects the radical pairs generated during the oxidative or enzymatic processes of DNA repair. Bioelectromagnetics 25:560–562, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Whole body donation for medical science: A population‐based study
Authors: Boulware L. Ebony , Ratner Lloyd E. , Cooper Lisa A. , LaVeist Thomas A. , Powe Neil R.
Published: September 2004

Although cadaveric whole‐body donation for the purposes of medical science is extremely important for medical education, the number of persons who choose to donate remains low. We assessed persons' willingness to consider whole body donation in a standardized telephone survey of Maryland households, identified using random digit dialing. In multivariable analyses, we assessed the independent relation of sociodemographics and attitudinal factors to willingness to consider donation, and we determined the amount of variation in willingness to consider donation among the study population that could be explained by these factors. Of 385 participants (84% of randomized homes), 49% reported they would consider whole body donation. In bivariate analysis, younger age, African‐American race/ethnicity, less education and income, greater number of dependents, marital status, and attitudes about religion/spirituality, trust in hospitals, and income, gender, and racial/ethnic discrimination in hospitals were statistically significantly associated with 40–70% less odds of willingness to consider donation. After adjustment, persons of African‐American race/ethnicity, less education, and those agreeing with the statements, “Rich patients receive better care at hospitals than poor patients,” and “White patients receive better care at hospitals than other racial or ethnic groups,” had 40–60% less odds of willingness to consider donation when compared to their counterparts. Respondents' race/ethnicity and education contributed most to willingness to consider donation. We conclude that demographic and attitudinal factors are strongly related to willingness to consider whole body donation. Efforts to enhance donation should seek to identify ways in which potential barriers to donation can be addressed by health professionals. Clin. Anat. 17:570–577, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lumbar puncture: Anatomical review of a clinical skill
Authors: Boon J.M. , Abrahams P.H. , Meiring J.H. , Welch T.
Published: September 2004

The safe and successful performance of a lumbar puncture demands a working and specific knowledge of anatomy. Misunderstanding of anatomy may result in failure or complications. This review attempts to aid understanding of the anatomical framework, pitfalls, and complications of lumbar puncture. It includes special reference to 3D relationships, functional and imaging anatomy, and normal variation. Lumbar puncture is carried out for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Epidural and spinal anesthesia, for example, are common in obstetric practice and involve the same technique as diagnostic lumbar puncture except that the needle tip is placed in the epidural space in the former. The procedure is by no means innocuous and anatomical pitfalls include inability to find the correct entry site and lack of awareness of structures in relation to the advancing needle. Headache is the most common complication and it is important to avoid traumatic and dry taps, herniation syndromes, and injury to the conus medullaris. With a thorough knowledge of the contraindications, regional anatomy and rationale of the technique, and adequate prior skills practice, a lumbar puncture can be carried out safely and successfully. Clin. Anat. 17:544–553, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Citation and quotation accuracy in three anatomy journals
Authors: Lukić Ivan Kres̆imir , Lukić Anita , Glunc̆ić Vicko , Katavić Vedran , Vuc̆enik Vladimira , Marus̆ić Ana
Published: September 2004

Citation and quotation errors are common in medical journals. We assessed the prevalence of those errors in gross anatomy journals, where articles often cite old anatomical studies. The study included 199 randomly selected references from articles published in the first 2001 issue of three major gross anatomy journals: Annals of Anatomy, Clinical Anatomy, and Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. The selected references were checked for accuracy against the original articles. Citation errors were classified as major, intermediate, and minor. Quotation errors were classified as major and minor. Citations errors were found in 27% (54/199) of the references and 38% of them were major errors. Errors occurred in 19% (52/272) of quotations and nearly all (94%) were major. Furthermore, 24% of the quotations were indirect references to a secondary, instead of original, source. There was no statistically significant difference in the rates of citation or quotation errors between the references published before or after the introduction of MEDLINE (χ2 test, P > 0.05) in 1963, and the prevalence of these errors in gross anatomy journals was similar to that found in other medical fields. A high proportion of major citation errors, a very high proportion of major quotation errors, and the substantial number of indirect quotations call for serious editorial action in anatomy journals. Clin. Anat. 17:534–539, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical considerations of the radius
Authors: van Riet R.P. , Van Glabbeek F. , Neale P.G. , Bimmel R. , Bortier H. , Morrey B.F. , O'Driscoll S.W. , An K.N.
Published: September 2004

Most radial head prostheses do not seem to be based on anatomic data. This may be due partly to the great variation of radial morphology. More importantly, few articles report on the dimensions of the radius. Authors have mainly studied dimensions of the radial head, with less emphasis to the relationship with the rest of the radius. Dimensions of, and relationship between, the proximal and the rest of the radius were measured on 27 fresh‐frozen cadaveric upper extremities. Radial head, articulating surface, diaphysis, and distal radius were measured. Angles between the radial neck and diaphysis were defined and calculated. Axes of the distal and proximal radius were defined and radial torsion was calculated. Repeated measures were done by two observers in ten specimens. Inter‐ and intra‐class correlation coefficients were very acceptable. Radial dimensions were found to be highly variable. Calculation of radial torsion showed the largest range. The average torsion was 54° (range = 23–78°). Radial length was 235 mm (range = 207–269 mm). Radial neck length was 13 mm (range = 9–19 mm). We found an average proximal diaphysis‐neck angle of 17° (range = 6–28°). End to end‐neck angle was 13° (range = 4–22°). Our findings indicate that even with a perfectly anatomical prosthesis, restoration of the anatomical situation can only be achieved when the implant is placed in the correct position. Instrumentation should be developed to allow accurate and reproducible implantation. The measurements we provide may aid this development. Clin. Anat. 17:564–569, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surface marking of the deep inguinal ring
Authors: Koliyadan Sreedharan V. , Narayan Govindraj , Balasekran Premini
Published: September 2004

The surface marking of the deep inguinal ring (DIR) is commonly described as being located at either the middle of the inguinal ligament (MIL) or at the mid‐inguinal point (MIP); there seems to be no consensus in previous studies in patients with inguinal hernias. The present study was carried out to determine a more accurate location of the DIR in individuals without inguinal hernias. Fifty‐two cadavers without inguinal hernias were dissected and the positions of the DIR, MIL, MIP and femoral artery (FA) were determined. The mean distance from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the DIR was 62 mm, where as the mean distance from the ASIS to the MIL, MIP, and FA were 55, 66, and 65 mm, respectively. The study showed that in individuals without inguinal hernias the DIR did not correspond to the MIL or MIP, but rather to an area between these two landmarks. The surface marking of the DIR may be best described as at the mid‐inguinal region. Clin. Anat. 17:554–557, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unusual origin of the omohyoid muscle
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Salter E. George , Oakes W. Jerry
Published: September 2004

An unusual origin of the right omohyoid muscle was found during cadaveric dissection. The muscle originated from the transverse process of C6 and inserted into the scapula. No other muscular anomalies of the neck were found. Although many anomalies of the omohyoid muscle have been described, a proximal attachment to the cervical spine is apparently quite rare. Knowledge of the many anomalies that can potentially occur in the cervical region is necessary in routine surgical intervention of this area. We believe this to be the first reported instance of the superior belly of the “omo” hyoid originating from the cervical region as we have described. Clin. Anat. 17:578–582, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Influence of Constitutional Isomerism and Change on Molecular Recognition Processes
Authors: Williams Avril R. , Northrop Brian H. , Houk Kendall N. , Stoddart J. Fraser , Williams David J.
Published: September 2004

Three constitutionally isomeric bis(naphthylmethyl)ammonium ions, in which the two naphthyl groups are substituted 1) both at their 1‐positions, 2) one at its 1‐position and the other at its 2‐position, and 3) both at their 2‐positions, have been investigated separately in solution for their propensities to undergo spontaneous self‐assembly with three different [24]crown‐8 derivatives, namely, pyrido[24]crown‐8 (P24C8), dipyrido[24]crown‐8 (DP24C8) and dibenzo[24]crown‐8 (DB24C8), in turn to form [2]pseudorotaxanes. The strengths of the 1:1 complexes depend on the composition of the secondary dialkylammonium ions and on the nature of the crown ether hosts; generally, as far as the guest cation is concerned, the 1/1‐ and 2/2‐isomers form stronger complexes, as indicated by stability constant measurements, than the 1/2‐isomer and, as far as the crown ethers are concerned, the more flexible P24C8 is a much more efficient host than either DP24C8 or DB24C8. The rates of formation of the [2]pseudorotaxanes are fast (i.e., taking no more than a few minutes) in solution with the exception of one case, that is, in which the crown ether host is DB24C8 and the guest cation is the 1/1‐isomer, when it can take upwards of one month for the complexation–decomplexation equilibrium to be established at room temperature. In all cases, the equilibrium between complexed and uncomplexed species is slow on the NMR timescale, allowing the determination of stability constants to be made readily using the single‐point method. X‐ray crystallography and molecular modeling have been used to gain insight into ground and transition state interactions, respectively, in some of the [2]pseudorotaxanes. The relative stabilities of the three [2]pseudorotaxanes formed by each guest cation in the presence of the three crown ether hosts were also evaluated in solution by competition experiments that were monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy. By and large the results of the competition experiments could be predicted on the basis of the derived stability constants for the individual [2]pseudorotaxanes.