bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Cognition and Mental Health in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials
Authors: Dunning Darren Lee , Griffiths Kirsty , Kuyken Willem , Crane Catherine , Foulkes Lucy , Parker Jenna , Dalgleish Tim
Published: July 2018

Background: Mindfulness based interventions (MBIs) are an increasingly popular way of attempting to improve the behavioural, cognitive and mental health outcomes of children and adolescents, though there is a suggestion that enthusiasm has moved ahead of the evidence base. Most evaluations of MBIs are either uncontrolled or nonrandomized trials. This meta-analysis aims to establish the efficacy of MBIs for children and adolescents in studies that have adopted a randomized, controlled trial (RCT) design. Methods: A systematic literature search of RCTs of MBIs was conducted up to October 2017. Thirty-three independent studies including 3,666 children and adolescents were included in random effects meta-analyses with outcome measures categorized into cognitive, behavioural and emotional factors. Separate random effects meta-analyses were completed for the seventeen studies (n = 1,762) that used an RCT design with an active control condition. Results: Across all RCTs we found significant positive effects of MBIs, relative to controls, for the outcome categories of Mindfulness, Executive Functioning, Attention, Depression, Anxiety/Stress and Negative Behaviours, with small effect sizes (Cohen’s d), ranging from .16 to .30. However, when considering only those RCTs with active control groups, significant benefits of an MBI were restricted to the outcomes of Mindfulness (d = .42), Depression (d = .47) and Anxiety/Stress (d = .18) only.Conclusions: This meta-analysis reinforces the efficacy of using MBIs for improving the mental health and wellbeing of youth as assessed using the gold standard RCT methodology. Future RCT evaluations should incorporate scaledup definitive trial designs to further evaluate the robustness of MBIs in youth, with an embedded focus on mechanisms of action. Keywords: Mindfulness; meta-analysis; intervention; adolescence; attention.
Functional Specificity and Sex Differences in the Neural Circuits Supporting the Inhibition of Automatic Imitation
Authors: Darda Kohinoor Monish , Butler Emily E. , Ramsey Richard
Published: July 2018

Although humans show an involuntary tendency to copy other people’s actions, which builds rapport between individuals, we do not copy actions indiscriminately. Instead, copying behaviours are guided by a selection mechanism, which inhibits some actions and prioritises others. To date, the neural underpinnings of the inhibition of automatic imitation and differences between the sexes in imitation control are not well understood. Previous studies involved small sample sizes and low statistical power, which produced mixed findings regarding the involvement of domain-general and domain-specific neural architectures. Here, we used data from Experiment 1 (N=28) to perform a power analysis to determine the sample size required for Experiment 2 (N=50; 80% power). Using independent functional localisers and an analysis pipeline that bolsters sensitivity, during imitation control we show clear engagement of the multiple-demand network (domain-general), but no sensitivity in the theory-of-mind network (domain-specific). Weaker effects were observed with regard to sex differences, suggesting that there are more similarities than differences between the sexes in terms of the neural systems engaged during imitation control. In sum, neurocognitive models of imitation require revision to reflect that the inhibition of imitation relies on a domain-general selection system rather than a domain-specific system supporting social cognition.
Examining Working Memory during Sentence Construction with an ACT-R Model of Grammatical Encoding
Authors: Cole Jeremy , Reitter David
Published: July 2018

We examine working memory use and incrementality using acognitive model of grammatical encoding. Our model combinesan empirically validated framework, ACT-R, with a linguistictheory, Combinatory Categorial Grammar, to target thatphase of language production. By building the model with theSwitchboard corpus, it can attempt to realize a larger set ofsentences. With this methodology, different strategies may becompared according to the similarity of the model’s sentencesto the test sentences. In this way, the model can still be evaluatedby its fit to human data, without overfitting to individualexperiments. The results show that while having more workingmemory available improves performance, using less workingmemory during realization is correlated with a closer fit,even after controlling for sentence complexity. Further, sentencesrealized with a more incremental strategy are also moresimilar to the corpus sentences as measured by edit distance.As high incrementality is correlated with low working memoryusage, this study offers a possible mechanism by whichincrementality can be explained.
Positive Intergroup Contact, Negative Intergroup Contact, and Threat As Predictors of Cognitive and Affective Dimensions of Prejudice
Authors: Aberson Chris
Published: July 2018

Research on intergroup contact suggests that contact relates morestrongly to affective than cognitive dimensions of prejudice. However,work on these forms of prejudice focuses primarily on positive contactexperiences. One goal of this study is to examine whether positive andnegative contact experiences differentially predict affective andcognitive prejudice dimensions of prejudice. The second goal is toexamine intergroup threats as mediators of contact-prejudicerelationships. Results demonstrated that negative contact morestrongly predicted cognitive dimensions of prejudice such asstereotypes. Both types of contact were similarly predictive ofaffective dimensions of prejudice. The mediation of the negativecontact-prejudice relationship was stronger across all dependentmeasures than mediation of the positive contact-prejudicerelationship. Together these results suggest that either form ofcontact predicts affective prejudice but negative contact isparticularly important in explaining cognitive dimensions ofprejudice. Additionally, results suggest an important role forfeelings of threat in explaining contact-prejudice relationships.
The Quality of Response Time Data Inference: A Blinded, Collaborative Assessment of the Validity of Cognitive Models
Authors: Dutilh Gilles , Donkin Chris
Published: July 2018

Most data analyses rely on models. To complement statistical models, psychologists have developed cognitive models, which translate observed variables into psychologically interesting constructs. Response time models, in particular, assume that response time and accuracy are the observed expression of latent variables including 1) ease of processing, 2) response caution, 3) response bias, and 4) non–decision time. Inferences about these psychological factors, hinge upon the validity of the models’ parameters. Here, we use a blinded, collaborative approach to assess the validity of such model-based inferences. Seventeen teams of researchers analyzed the same 14 data sets. In each of these two–condition data sets, we manipulated properties of participants’ behavior in a two–alternative forced choice task. The contributing teams were blind to the manipulations, and had to infer what aspect of behavior was changed using their method of choice. The contributors chose to employ a variety of models, estimation methods, and inference procedures. Our results show that, although conclusions were similar across different methods, these “modeler’s degrees of freedom” did affect their inferences. Interestingly, many of the simpler approaches yielded as robust and accurate inferences as the more complex methods. We recommend that, in general, cognitive models become a typical analysis tool for response time data. In particular, we argue that the simpler models and procedures are sufficient for standard experimental designs. We finish by outlining situations in which more complicated models and methods may be necessary, and discuss potential pitfalls when interpreting the output from response time models.
Family network during migration and risk of non-affective psychosis: A population-based cohort study
Authors: Dykxhoorn Jen , Hollander Anna-Clara , Lewis Glyn , Dalman Christina , Kirkbride James Bowes
Published: July 2018

Objective: The determinants of increased psychosis risk among immigrants remain unclear. Given ethnic density may be protective, we investigated whether the presence of immediate family, or “family networks”, at time of immigration was associated with risk of non-affective psychosis.Methods: We followed a cohort of migrants (n=838,717) to Sweden, born 1968-1997, from their 14th birthday, or earliest immigration thereafter, until diagnosis of non-affective psychosis (ICD-9/ICD-10), emigration, death, or 2011. Using record linkage, we measured family network as the presence of adult first-degree relatives immigrating with the cohort participant or already residing in Sweden. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to examine whether risk varied between those migrating with family, migrating to join family, or migrating alone. Results: Migrating with immediate family was associated with increased psychosis risk amongst males compared to males who did not migrate with family (adjusted Hazard Ratio [aHR]: 1.16, 95%CI: 1.00-1.34). Migrating with family did not increase risk among females (aHR:0.91, 95%CI: 0.78-1.07); similar observations were observed for males who immigrated to join family (aHR: 1.35, 95%CI: 1.21-1.51). In contrast, females who migrated alone were at increased risk compared to females who did not migrate alone (aHR: 1.31, 95%CI: 1.11-1.54). Conclusion: Family networks at the time of immigration were associated with differential patterns of non-affective psychotic disorders for males and females. These results suggest sex-specific differences in the perceived role of family networks during the migration process.
A Rejoinder to Mackintosh and some Remarks on the Concept of General Intelligence
Authors: Heene Moritz
Published: July 2018

In 2000 Nicholas J. Mackintosh (2000) published an article in Nature referring to the concept of general intelligence (“g”) claiming that there is clear empirical evidence for the existence of the g factor and psychologists are “...united in their support of g”. Surprisingly, his view remained yet unchallenged although this issue is by no means as clear-cut as Mackintosh argues. Let us therefore attempt to clarify some common but unfortunately major misconceptions about g, which Mackintosh, following Jensen’s (1998) precedent, recounted in his Nature article. The bottom line is that Spearman’s g does not exist, that this has been known and acknowledged by leading scholars (Guttman, 1992; Thurstone, 1947) of factor analysis for decades so that the task of objectively defining human intelligence remains unfinished.
Endogenous emotion generation ability is associated with capacity to form multimodal internal representations
Authors: Engen Haakon , Kanske Philipp , Singer Tania
Published: July 2018

Training the capacity to self-generate emotions can be a potent “vaccine” against negative stressors and be an effective intervention for affective psychopathology. However, due to a lack of knowledge about sources of individual differences in generation abilities, it is unclear how to optimally design such interventions. We investigated one potential source of variation, namely preference for using different information modalities (Visual Imagery, Auditory Imagery, Bodily Interoception, and Semantic Analysis). A representative sample of 293 participants self-induced positive and negative emotional states, freely choosing to use these modalities singly or in combination. No evidence was found for modality usage being associated with differential efficacy at generating of positive or negative emotion. Rather, usage of all modalities (except Auditory Imagery) predicted success at generation of both positive and negative emotional states. Increasing age predicted capacity to generate, especially negative, emotions. While no specific combinations of modalities were superior, the overall degree to which participants adopted multimodal implementations did predict generation efficacy. These findings inform interventions aimed at improving emotional self-generation, suggesting these must be mindful of individual differences in generation abilities and implementation tendencies, and that they should focus on enhancing the capacity to use multiple modalities.
Kama Muta: Conceptualizing and Measuring the Experience Often Labelled Being Moved Across 19 Nations and 15 Languages
Authors: Zickfeld Janis , Schubert Thomas W. , Seibt Beate , Blomster Lyshol Johanna Katarina , Arriaga Patricia , Basabe Nekane , Blaut Agata , CABALLERO AMPARO , Carrera Pilar , Dalgar Ilker , Ding Yi , Dumont Kitty , Gaulhofer Valerie , Gracanin Asmir , Gyenis Réka , Chuan-Peng Hu , Kardum Igor , Lazarevic Ljiljana B. , Mathew Leemamol , Mentser Sari , Nussinson Ravit , Onuki Mayuko , Páez Darío , Pásztor Anna , Peng Kaiping , Petrovic Boban , Pizarro Carrasco José J. , Schönefeld Victoria , Śmieja Magdalena , Tokaji Akihiko , Vingerhoets Ad , Vuoskoski Jonna Katariina , Vorster Anja , Zhu Lei , Fiske Alan P
Published: July 2018

English-speakers sometimes say that they feel moved to tears, emotionally touched, stirred, or that something warmed their heart; other languages use similar passive contact metaphors to refer to an affective state. We propose and measure the concept of kama muta to understand experiences often given these and other labels. Do the same experiences evoke the same kama muta emotion across nations and languages? We conducted studies in 19 different countries, five continents, 15 languages, with a total of 3542 participants. We tested the construct while validating a comprehensive scale to measure the appraisals, valence, bodily sensations, motivation, and lexical labels posited to characterize kama muta. Our results are congruent with theory and previous findings showing that kama muta is a distinct positive social relational emotion that is evoked by experiencing or observing a sudden intensification of communal sharing. It is commonly accompanied by a warm feeling in the chest, moist eyes or tears, chills or piloerection, feeling choked up or having a lump in the throat, buoyancy and exhilaration. It motivates affective devotion and moral commitment to communal sharing. While we observed some variations across cultures, these five facets of kama muta are highly correlated in every sample, supporting the validity of the construct and the measure.
Self-Esteem, Self-Disclosure, Self-Expression, and Connection on Facebook: A Collaborative Replication Meta-Analysis
Authors: Leighton Dana Charles , Legate Nicole , LePine Sara , Anderson Samantha , Grahe Jon E.
Published: July 2018

This replication meta-analysis explored the robustness of a highly cited study showing that those with low self-esteem perceived benefits for self-disclosure through Facebook compared to face-to-face interactions (i.e., Forest & Wood, 2012, Study 1). Seven pre-registered direct replication attempts of this study were conducted by research teams as part of the Collaborative Replication and Education Project (CREP), and results were meta-analyzed to better understand the strength and consistency of the effects reported in the original study. Half of the original results were clearly supported: Self-esteem negatively predicted perceived safety of self-disclosure on Facebook as compared to face-to-face interactions (meta-analytic effect size = -.28, original effect size = -.31), and self-esteem did not relate to perceived opportunities for self-expression (across the seven replications, all 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for effect sizes included zero). However, two other findings received less support: Self-esteem only weakly and inconsistently predicted perceived advantages of self-disclosure on Facebook (meta analytic effect size = -.16, original effect size = -.30), and contrary to the original study, there was no evidence for self-esteem predicting perceived opportunities for connection with others on Facebook (six of the seven replication effect size CIs contained zero). The results provided further evidence regarding the original study’s generalizability and robustness. The implications of the research and its relevance to social compensation theory is presented, and considerations for future multi-site replications are proposed.
Nature of Human Intelligence
Authors: Lekamalaya Senarath Dayathilake Kande
Published: July 2018

A systematic reviewed some fundamental factors of human intelligence, significant psychological limitations, and remedies for those limitations. Humanity faces many problems such as like terrorism, crime, the collapse the family unit, drug abuse, war, theft, etc. impact on optimal living and well-being, might be due to unintelligible decisions as I hypothesis here. So, better practical solutions and preventive methods are needed. Leading psychological limiting factors for intelligence development are known as mind virus, and its’ remedies are healthy mind viruses. The intelligent learning, training (meditation) and decisions may evolve the nature of the brain, nurture and genomic x-particle for the hidden potential level of well-being and optimal living gradually, of the related person. Here I show the unearthed-core of early Buddhist teachings, training (meditation) and decisions inclusive of the 8-fold path may be an efficient methodology for Intelligence evolution; the evolution of nature, nurture, x- quantum gene and intelligence might be represented graphically. If reincarnation occurs, evolved the level of quality of genomic x-particle at the clinical death might be crucial to naturally transmission, and select the next zygote/early embryo ‘brain,’ and its state.
Developing a hierarchy-free inventory of learning strategies: BLILS (Banja Luka Inventory of Learning Strategies)
Authors: Lakić Siniša , Damjenić Milana , Grahovac Sandra
Published: July 2018

The review of expert literature shows that there are a few psychometrically validated and globally used inventories of learning strategies. Nevertheless, there are several issues related to their use. First, in these operationalizations the focus is on the higher hierarchical levels within the proposed learning strategies structure; the contribution of individual learning strategies to successful learning is rarely analyzed on its own. Furthermore, the authors of extant inventories treat the phenomena from the reflective measurement perspective, although – as we argue – such approach is not compelling neither from a psychometric nor from a substantive viewpoint. Finally, some of these instruments fail to incorporate some contemporary learning techniques, which were promoted thanks to the development of digital technologies (e.g. using flash-cards on digital media, participating in MOOCs) or which were massively popularized relatively recently (e.g. mind-maps, speed reading). Therefore, we aimed to develop a comprehensive inventory of relevant learning strategies used in secondary education and to test its criterion validity by correlating it with GPA. Further, we wanted to empirically compare the predictiveness of the usual factor-level scoring against the item-level scoring. Based on the literature review and a pilot study we conducted, we identified 40 learning strategies (affective and motivational aspects were not included). Each learning strategy was represented with a single item, with participants responding on a five-level scale dependent on the frequency of the use. The sample consisted of 402 high-school students (50.2% females). In line with our hypotheses, the results indicate that imposing a factor structure is not only theoretically questionable, but it also diminishes the instrument’s criterion validity when compared to item-level analysis which was controlled for potential overfitting. We discuss why it is important to turn focus to lower-level assessment of learning behaviors and why psychologists should abandon strict adherence to the reflective approach when developing measures.
What’s the right thing to do? Increasing pro-sociality with simple moral nudges
Authors: Capraro Valerio , Jagfeld Glorianna , Klein Rana , Mul Mathijs , van de Pol Iris
Published: July 2018

The conflict between pro-self and pro-social behaviour is at the core of many key problems of our time, as, for example, the reduction of air pollution and the redistribution of scarce resources. For the well-being of our societies, it is thus crucial to find mechanisms to promote pro-social choices over egoistic ones. Particularly important, because cheap and easy to implement, are those mechanisms that can change people’s behaviour without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives, the so-called “nudges”. Previous research has found that moral nudges (e.g., making social norms salient) can promote pro-social behaviour. However, little is known about whether their effect persists over time and spills across context. This question is key in light of research showing that prosocial actions are often followed by selfish actions, thus suggesting that some moral manipulations may backfire. Here we present a class of simple moral nudges that have a great positive impact on pro-sociality. In Studies 1-4, we use economic games to demonstrate that asking subjects to tell “what they think is the morally right thing to do” does not only increase pro-sociality in the choice immediately after, but also in subsequent choices, and even when the social context changes. In Study 5, we demonstrate that moral nudges increase charity donations by about 44 percent.
Under Pressure: Examining Social Conformity with Computer and Robot Groups
Authors: Hertz Nicholas , Wiese Eva
Published: July 2018

Objective: To investigate whether non-human agents, such as computers or social robots, produce a social conformity effect within human operators and to what extent potential conformist behavior varies as a function of the human-likeness of the group members and the type of task that had to be performed. Background: People conform due to normative and/or informational motivations in human-human interactions, and conformist behavior is modulated by factors related to the individual, as well as factors associated with the group, context and culture. Studies have yet to examine whether non-human agents also induce social conformity. Method: Participants were assigned to a computer, robot, or human group and completed both a social and analytical task with the respective group. Results: Conformity measures (percentage of times participants answered in line with agents on critical trials) subjected to a 3 x 2 mixed ANOVA showed significantly higher conformity rates for the analytical versus the social task, as well as a modulation of conformity depending of the perceived agent-task fit. Conclusion: Findings indicate that non-human agents were able to exert a general conformity effect and that informational influence associated with the group’s expertise for a given task had a stronger impact on conformity than normative motivations associated with its human-likeness. Application: Results suggest that users may react differently to suggestions of non-human versus human agent groups with the potential of under-reliance on social tasks.
A Review of Treatments of Substance Use Disorder for Transitional Age Adults
Authors: Trepka Kai , Fairfax Fatima , He Jeffrey , Kim Eun Jae , Kim Mingu , Lee Jeongmin , Trilokekar Rajdeep , Venturo-Conerly Katherine
Published: July 2018

Mental health concerns often develop during the "transitional age" (between 18-24 years old), a time during which young adults often begin to experience the stressors and responsibilities of emerging adulthood. Yet, treatment complications and limitations that uniquely affect this age group have frequently been unaddressed, both in academia and in practice. Substance Use Disorder (SUD) is one of the most common, costly, and intractable mental health concerns that affects this demographic. Here, we perform a literature review of 35 publications and find that traditional methods of treatments such as medications, family therapies, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) are not only underutilized, but also poorly applied within the transitional age demographic. Emerging treatment research suggests that devising treatment plans for transitional age youth using modified traditional practices and new evidence-based practices should improve the outcomes of SUD treatments. To improve treatment efficacy and adherence, we suggest promising areas of research surrounding therapeutic alliances, community engagement, continuity, Motivational Enhancement Therapy, and Multisystemic Therapy.
The Role of Trauma in Alcoholism Risk and Age of Alcoholism Onset
Authors: Farrelly Colleen Molloy
Published: July 2018

Trauma is an important predictor of alcoholism risk, as well as age of onset; those experiencing more types of trauma tend to be at increased risk. In addition, paternal and maternal history of alcoholism is highly related to alcoholism risk, and paternal history remains significant after controlling for trauma. Limitations of these findings include univariate testing, and follow-ups with more sophisticated age-to-onset models, such as random survival forests and boosted survival models, should be done to understand the interactions of trauma and other genetic and social risk factors to better understand the etiology of alcoholism.
Cognition and Therapy in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Authors: Diederich Joachim , Nawfal Melissa , Moussawi Nour Al , Tfaily Lana
Published: July 2018

Recent results on cognitive processing styles in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) open new avenues for successful psychological support and interventions. Previously, psychological treatment for ASD focussed on shaping behaviour by use of classical or instrumental conditioning or on addressing co-morbid mental health conditions. Few psychological interventions directly address deficits such as social communication issues or repetitive behaviours. The objective here is to review recent research results on cognitive processing in ASD and to introduce a framework for psychological interventions that directly addresses core deficits within the spectrum. From a research perspective, the framework allows the identification of gaps without appropriate psychological techniques are and facilitates strategies for empirical research. For the clinical practitioner, a structure for psychological interventions is introduced to facilitate the search for treatment options.
Using the Force: STEM Knowledge and Experience Construct Shared Neural Representations of Engineering Concepts
Authors: Cetron Joshua S. , Connolly Andrew C. , Diamond Solomon G. , May Vicki V. , Haxby James V. , Kraemer David J. M.
Published: July 2018

How does STEM knowledge learned in school change students’ brains? Using fMRI, we presented photographs of real-world structures to engineering students with classroom-based knowledge and hands-on lab experience, examining how their brain activity differentiated them from their “novice” peers not pursuing engineering degrees. A data-driven MVPA and machine- learning approach revealed that neural response patterns of engineering students were convergent with each other and distinct from novices when considering physical forces acting on the structures. Furthermore, informational network analysis demonstrated that the distinct neural response patterns of engineering students reflected relevant concept knowledge: learned categories of mechanical structures. Information about mechanical categories was predominantly represented in bilateral anterior ventral occipitotemporal regions. Importantly, mechanical categories were not explicitly referenced in the experiment, nor does visual similarity between stimuli account for mechanical category distinctions. The results demonstrate how learning abstract STEM concepts in the classroom influences neural representations of objects in the world.
Changing criterion designs
Authors: Manolov Rumen , Solanas Antonio , Sierra Vicenta
Published: July 2018

Changing criterion designs (CCD) are single-case experimental designs that entail a step-by-step approximation to the final level desired for a target behavior. Following a recent review on the desirable methodological features of CCDs, the current text focuses on an analytical challenge: the definition of an objective rule for assessing the correspondence between criterion levels and behavior. We review extensively applied research and methodological recommendations for establishing experimental control, such as the range-bound CCD, and integrate them in a proposal for a formal expression of an objective rule. We illustrate how this proposal can lead to establishing the acceptable level of behavior prior to gathering the intervention phase data and how it leaves space for professional judgement. A discussion of software implementing the suggested proposal is included.
An Integrated Approach to Biases in Referent-Specific Judgments
Authors: Smith Andrew R. , Windschitl Paul D. , Rose Jason
Published: July 2018

This project focuses on what we call referent-specific judgments (i.e., judgments that require specific comparisons). They can have many forms—including comparative judgments, probability judgments, proportion estimates, and ranks—but the different forms seem vulnerable to similar biases. We present a Referent-Specific Judgment Framework (RSJF) aimed at providing a more organized understanding of these biases and the explanations that have been proposed for them across distinct literatures. Two studies tested predictions of RSJF as they apply to similarities and differences in bias among comparative and probability judgments that qualify as referent-specific judgments. The results revealed the expected similarities and differences, and they more generally supported the utility of theorizing about referent-specific judgments as a coherent class of judgments.
A computerized training program for teaching people how to plan better
Authors: Lieder Falk , Krueger Paul M. , Callaway Frederick , Griffiths Tom
Published: July 2018

We present an intelligent tutoring system for teaching people effective planning strategies. Our training program combines a novel process-tracing paradigm that makes people’s latent planning strategies observable with an AI systems that gives people immediate feedback on how close their planning strategy is to optimal planning. Three experiments demonstrate that our method can automatically discover which planning strategies is optimal for a given class of problems and teach it to people. We find that the metacognitive process feedback provided by our method accelerates learning compared to no-feedback and conventional feedback on the quality of the selected actions, and the training effects are retained after a break even when the feedback is removed.
Loneliness Predicts a Preference for Larger Interpersonal Distance within Intimate Space
Authors: Layden Elliot A , Cacioppo Stephanie , Cacioppo John T.
Published: July 2018

Loneliness is thought to serve as an adaptive signal indicating the need to repair or replace salutary social connections. Accordingly, loneliness may influence preferences for interpersonal distance. If loneliness simply motivates a desire to socially reconnect, then loneliness may be associated with a preference for smaller interpersonal distances. According to the evolutionary model of loneliness, however, loneliness also signals an inadequacy of mutual aid and protection, augmenting self-preservation motives. If loneliness both increases the motivation to reconnect and increases the motivation for self-protection, then the resulting approach-avoidance conflict should produce a preference for larger interpersonal distance, at least within intimate (i.e., proximal) space. Here, we report two survey-based studies of participants’ preferences for interpersonal distance to distinguish between these competing hypotheses. In Study 1 (N = 175), loneliness predicted preferences for larger interpersonal distance within intimate space net gender, objective social isolation, anxiety, depressive symptomatology, and marital status. In Study 2 (N = 405), we replicated these results, and mediation analyses indicated that measures of social closeness could not adequately explain our findings. These studies provide compelling evidence that loneliness predicts preferences for larger interpersonal distance within intimate space, consistent with predictions from the evolutionary model of loneliness.
Let’s play the blame game: The distinct effects of personal standards and self-critical perfectionism on attributions of success and failure during goal pursuit
Authors: Levine Shelby L. , Werner Kaitlyn M. , Capaldi Jonathan Steven , Milyavskaya Marina
Published: July 2018

In the present study, we examined whether personal standards and self-critical perfectionism differentially related to how people attributed their success and failures in pursuing their personal goals. In two studies (Ns=185 and 240), participants set three week-long (Study 1) and semester-long (Study 2) goals, and at the end of the week or semester answered questions about goal status, internal and external attributions, and likelihood to reset the goal. Mulitlevel analyses showed that self-critical perfectionism was related to attributing goal attainment to external sources; this was not the case for failure or abandonment. Conversely, personal standards perfectionism was related to attributing failure more to external sources. Overall, these results highlight differences in how perfectionism influences the use of the self-serving bias.
How can interventions increase motivation for physical activity? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Knittle Keegan Phillip , Nurmi Johanna , Crutzen Rik , Hankonen Nelli , Beattie Marguerite , Dombrowski Stephan
Published: July 2018

Motivation is a proximal determinant of behavior in many psychological theories, and increasing motivation is central to most behavior change interventions. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to fill a gap in the literature by identifying features of behavior change interventions associated with favorable changes in three prominent motivational constructs: intention, stage of change and autonomous motivation. A systematic literature search identified 88 intervention studies (N = 18,804) which assessed changes in at least one of these motivational constructs for physical activity (PA). Intervention descriptions were coded for potential moderators, including behavior change techniques (BCTs), modes of delivery and theory use. Random effects comparative subgroup analyses identified 19 BCTs and 12 modes of delivery associated with changes in at least one motivational outcome. Interventions which were delivered face-to-face or in gym settings, or which included the BCTs problem solving, self-monitoring of behavior or behavioral practice/rehearsal, or which included the combination of self-monitoring of behavior with any other BCTs derived from control theory, were all associated with beneficial changes in multiple motivational constructs. Meta-regression analyses indicated that increases in intention and stage of change, but not autonomous motivation, were related to increases in PA. The intervention characteristics identified here as effective in changing motivation seemed to form clusters related to behavioral experience and self-regulation, which have previously been linked to changes in behavior as well. These BCTs and modes of delivery merit further systematic study, and could be used as a foundation for improving interventions targeting increases in motivation for PA.
Нейрогониометрия в условиях микрогравитации/невесомости - новая идеология приборостроения для нейрофизиологических и нейроморфологических измерений в пределах программы "БИОН"
Authors: Gradov Oleg
Published: July 2018

Градов О. В. Нейрогониометрия в условиях микрогравитации/невесомости - новая идеология приборостроения для нейрофизиологических и нейроморфологических измерений в пределах программы "БИОН" // XII конференция молодых учёных "Фундаментальные и прикладные космические исследования". — ИКИ РАН, 2015. — С. 30–31.
“It wasn’t my idea to come here!”: Ownership of the idea to immigrate as a function of gender, age, and culture.
Authors: Rubin Mark
Published: July 2018

The present study investigated gender, age, and culture differences in immigrants’ ownership of the idea to immigrate to Australia. Married immigrants (N = 1,702) indicated whose idea it was to immigrate: their own, their partner’s, or a joint idea. Consistent with a patriarchal model, female immigrants were significantly less likely to claim ownership of the idea than male immigrants, and this difference partially mediated gender differences in post-immigration satisfaction. In addition, age and culture qualified gender differences in ownership of the idea to immigrate. Young women and nonWestern women were least likely to claim ownership of the idea. The generality of the patriarchal model across age and culture is discussed.
Sound Symbolism in Sighted and Blind The role of vision and orthography in sound-shape correspondences
Authors: Bottini Roberto , Barilari Marco , Collignon Olivier
Published: July 2018

Non-arbitrary sound-shape correspondences (SSC), such as the “bouba-kiki” effect, have beenconsistently observed across languages and together with other sound-symbolic phenomena challenge the classic linguistic dictum of the arbitrariness of the sign. Yet, it is unclear what makes a sound “round” or “spiky” to the human mind. Here we tested the hypothesis that visual experience is necessary for the emergence of SSC, supported by empirical evidence showing reduced SSC in visually impaired people. Results of two experiments comparing early blind and sighted individuals showed that SSC emerged strongly in both groups. Experiment 2, however, showed a partially different pattern of SSC in sighted and blind, that was mostly explained by a different effect of orthographic letter shape: The shape of written letters (spontaneously activated by spoken words) influenced SSC in the sighted, but not in the blind, who are exposed to an orthography (Braille) in which letters do not have spiky or round outlines. In sum, early blindness does not prevent the emergence of SSC, and differences between sighted and visually impaired people may be due the indirect influence (or lack thereof) of orthographic letter shape.
Reliability as Lindley Information
Authors: Markon Kristian Eric
Published: July 2018

This paper introduces a definition of reliability based on Lindley information, which is the mutual information between an observed measure and latent attribute. This definition reduces to the traditional definition of reliability in the case of normal variables, but can be applied to any joint distribution of observed and latent variables. Importantly, unlike traditional definitions of reliability, this formulation of reliability applies to vector- or matrix-valued estimates and summaries of responses, and therefore generalizes reliability to sets of scores and estimates in addition to individual scores and estimates. This formulation also leads to new bounds for reliability, as well as newly reported relationships between reliability and the traditional Fisher information function familiar in item response theory literature. This reliability can be estimated using formulae, or methods used in Bayesian inference such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) depending on the case. Examples based on well-studied datasets are provided, as well as applications to drift-diffusion modeling and randomly-varying intraindividual covariance structures.
The Focus on Fame distorts Science
Authors: Innes-Ker Åse
Published: July 2018

The 2016 symposium on Scholarly Merit focused on individual eminence and fame. I argue, with some evidence, that the focus on individual merit distorts science. Instead we need to focus on the scientific ideas, and the creation of collaborative groups.
Answering Your Developmental Questions using Secondary Data
Authors: Davis-Kean Pamela , Jager Justin , Maslowsky Julie
Published: July 2018

Secondary data analysis of large longitudinal and national data sets is a standard method used in many social sciences to answer complex questions regarding behavior. This paper details the advantages of using these data sets to study important developmental questions across the lifespan. First, an overview of how using secondary data can increase the scientific integrity of your studies is provided. Then, information on where and how you can obtain data sets for use in answering your specific questions is provided. Finally, methodological issues related to using longitudinal, population data sets are discussed. The use of these data sets can enhance the science and theory testing of developmental psychologists by increasing the rigor and the generalizability of our research to the population. Secondary data analysis is therefore an important method to consider using for future studies.
The effect of social class on agency and communion: Reconciling rank-based and identity-based perspectives
Authors: Aydin Anna Lisa , Ullrich Johannes , Siem Birte , Locke Kenneth D , Shnabel Nurit
Published: July 2018

How does social class affect people’s goals in social interactions? A rank-based perspective suggests actorsfrom higher social classes (compared to lower social classes) have more agentic and less communal goals when interacting with same-class or unspecified others. Focusing on targets’social class, an identity-based perspective suggests the reverse: Actors should more strongly endorse communal (agentic) goals towards illegitimately lower-class (higher-class) compared to higher-class (lower-class) targets, regardless of actors’ own social class. Three preregistered experiments (N= 2,023) manipulated actor’s social class and the nature of the target (illegitimately higher/lower class, same class, unspecified), and measured participants’ goals in imagined interactions using the Circumplex Scales of Intergroup Goals. The identity-based perspective received strong support: Across studies, actors expressed stronger agentic (communal) goals towards higher-class (lower-class) targets. The rank-based perspective received limited support, with relatively low (vs. high) class actors expressing stronger communal goals towards same-class targets.
Navigating Motivation: A Semantic and Subjective Atlas of 7 Motives
Authors: Chierchia Gabriele , Przyrembel Marisa , Lesemann Franca Parianen , Bosworth Steven , Snower Dennis , Singer Tania
Published: July 2018

Research from psychology, neurobiology and behavioral economics indicates that a binary view of motivation, based on approach and avoidance, may be too reductive and that at least seven crucial motives are likely to affect human decisions, such as "consumption/resource seeking", "care", "affiliation", "achievement", "status-power", "threat approach" (or anger), and "threat avoidance" (or fear). As a preliminary investigation of the conceptual distinctness and relatedness of these motives, we conducted a semantic categorization task, in which participants were to assign provided words to one of the motives. Results suggest that, for each motive, subjects converge on how to make these differential assignments. Moreover, principal component analysis of these assignments suggests that the semantic inter-relations of the motives can be represented on a two dimensional space, or a “semantic atlas”. This atlas suggests that, while care and affiliation are conceptually close, affiliation is closer to threat-avoidance (or fear), while on opposite to these motives, we find achievement, consumption and power, with the latter lying closer to threat-approach (or anger). In a second study, we asked participants to rate how well motive-specific words described their currently experienced feelings. We find that semantically close motives also are more likely to be experienced together, that is, we replicate most of the semantic relations in a “subjective atlas”. In addition to these motivational atlases, we provide a database of motive-specific words, together with the valence and arousal scores, to be used for future research on the influence of motives on decision making.
The Bayesian New Statistics (Public)
Authors: Kruschke John K. , Liddell Torrin
Published: July 2018

In the practice of data analysis, there is a conceptual distinction between hypothesis testing, on the one hand, and estimation with quantified uncertainty, on the other hand. Among frequentists in psychology a shift of emphasis from hypothesis testing to estimation has been dubbed "the New Statistics" (Cumming, 2014). A second conceptual distinction is between frequentist methods and Bayesian methods. Our main goal in this article is to explain how Bayesian methods achieve the goals of the New Statistics better than frequentist methods. The article reviews frequentist and Bayesian approaches to hypothesis testing and to estimation with confidence or credible intervals. The article also describes Bayesian approaches to meta-analysis, randomized controlled trials, and power analysis.
Lack of evidence for increased perceptions of fertility on the "red planet"
Authors: Morey Richard Donald , Elson Malte
Published: July 2018

Throughout recorded history, fertility has been connected to both agriculture and human sexual reproduction. The two meanings often share representations or symbols across cultures, e.g. through depictions of Earth as a fertile woman or "mother". It is known that, to increase their reproductive success, human females signal their fertility to conspecifics with the color red. Given the strong link between human fertility to agricultural fertility, it stands to reason that humans should similarly perceive the soil on Mars — often referred to as "the red planet" — to be more fertile. We report here the results of an ambitious experiment that provides a compelling null effect in favor of this hypothesis. We discuss this observation and provide guidance for future planetary priming research.
Perpetrators are condemned more when they know, rather than merely believe, they will cause harm
Authors: Smith Kristopher M , Kurzban Robert
Published: July 2018

Are the perpetrators of an offense condemned more if they know, rather than merely believe, that their actions will cause harm? In three experiments, we tested how the epistemic status of perpetrators’ belief influences condemnation. In Experiment 1, we found that when perpetrators falsely believed their actions would not cause harm, justification for that false belief reduced condemnation relative to holding an unjustified false belief. In contrast, when perpetrators correctly believed their actions would cause harm, justification for that true belief increased condemnation relative to holding an unjustified true belief. In Experiment 2, we found that when perpetrators’ justification for their true beliefs that their actions would be harmful was later revealed to be erroneous, participants denied perpetrators “knew” their actions would be harmful and condemned them less than if they held a standard justified true belief. Finally, in Experiment 3, we found that when perpetrators had strong evidence that their actions would be harmful but refused to believe it, participants denied perpetrators “believed” they would cause harm but agreed that perpetrators “knew” they would cause harm. Moreover, when perpetrators held a false belief contrary to evidence, they were condemned more than if they held a standard unjustified false belief. In all three experiments, knowledge attributions mediated group differences in condemnation. Together, these results indicate that knowledge of harmful consequences increases condemnation relative to mere belief of harmful consequences.