bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of alternate transcripts of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the mouse retina
Authors: Giove Thomas J. , Deshpande Monika M. , Eldred William D.
Published: May 2009

Nitric oxide (NO) is a major signaling molecule in the retina and CNS, with physiological roles in every cell type in the retina. Previous work shows that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is an important source of NO in the vertebrate retina. There are distinct, active alternative transcripts of nNOS observed in many tissues, including testes and brain, that may differ in both localization and enzyme kinetics. The present study characterized nNOS and the NO production from nNOS in the mouse retina in terms of its alternate transcripts, namely, nNOSα, nNOSβ, and nNOSγ. We examined both basal and light‐stimulated NO production as imaged using the NO‐sensitive dye 4‐amino‐5‐methylamino‐2′,7′‐difluorofluorescein diacetate‐FM (DAF‐FM), and we compared the NO production with the immunocytochemical localization of nNOS using antisera that recognize nNOSα/β or nNOSα/β/γ. Western blots suggested the presence of NOSα/γ protein in retina, but not nNOSβ, and we confirmed this at the message level by using a combination of RT‐PCR and quantitative real‐time PCR. Our findings indicated that the primary source of NO in the mammalian retina is nNOSα and that nNOSγ may contribute to NO production as well. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Work–family conflict/facilitation and the role of workplace supports for U.S. Hispanic professionals
Authors: Taylor Barbara L. , DelCampo Robert G. , Blancero Donna Maria
Published: May 2009

This study investigated the relationship between work–family conflict/facilitation (WFC/F) and the perception of psychological contract fairness by Hispanic business professionals. In addition, this study examined the effects of WFC/F as a mediator of the relationship between workplace supports and psychological contract fairness. A survey of 1165 Hispanic business professionals, from the United States, contained reports their experience of work‐to‐family conflict and facilitation, perception of the fairness of their psychological contract, and the availability of four types of workplace supports: formal work–family policies, supervisor support, work climate for family, and job characteristics. Results revealed that individuals who experience low conflict and high facilitation in the direction of work‐to‐family are more likely to report their perception of the psychological contract to be fair. Work–family conflict/ facilitation mediated the relationship between the workplace supports and psychological contract fairness for supervisor support, work climate for family, and job characteristics. There was a direct relationship between the availability of formal workplace supports and psychological contract fairness. Implications for theory and practice are also noted. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Work–family balance: Theoretical and empirical advancements
Authors: Brough Paula , Kalliath Thomas
Published: May 2009

This special issue showcases papers by five authors who provide insights into the theoretical directions for work–family balance research. The special issue begins with an expert commentary by Westman, Brough, and Kalliath who discuss the often overlooked role of work–family crossover. Second, Powell reviews the culture‐sensitivity of work–family balance theories and advances a cultural framework for consideration. Third, van Steenbergen and Ellemers showcase a longitudinal research design which includes both objective and subjective health indicators. Van Steenbergen and Ellemers demonstrate that employees who experience low conflict and high facilitation between work and family roles are objectively healthier, less absent and better performing employees. Fourth, Taylor, DelCampo and Blancero progress current discussions concerning the impact of organisational climate on work–family balance, with a specific focus on organisational fairness. Finally, Ngo, Foley, and Loi report how family‐friendly work practices (FFWPs) of selected multi‐national corporations in Hong Kong directly influenced organisational performance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A complete daily precipitation database for northeast Spain: reconstruction, quality control, and homogeneity
Authors: Vicente‐Serrano Sergio M. , Beguería Santiago , López‐Moreno Juan I. , García‐Vera Miguel A. , Stepanek Petr
Published: May 2009

This paper reports the procedure used in creating a homogeneous database of daily precipitation in northeast Spain. The source database comprised 3106 daily precipitation observatories, with data ranging from 1901 to 2002. Firstly, a reconstruction of the series was performed. Data from adjacent observatories were combined to provide long temporal coverage. Data gaps were filled using values from the nearest neighbour observatories. A distance threshold was set to avoid the introduction of spurious information in the series. Secondly, the reconstructed series were subjected to a quality control process. Empirical percentiles corresponding to each precipitation observation were compared to the percentiles corresponding to the closest neighbour observatory, and a threshold difference was set to identify questionable extremes. After careful inspection of each case, 0.1% of the data was rejected and replaced with information from the nearest neighbour. Thirdly, the homogeneity of the series was checked using the standard normal homogeneity test. This allowed detection of inconsistencies present in the original database or introduced by the reconstruction process. Four parameters were assessed at a monthly level: amount of precipitation, number of rainy days, daily maxima, and number of days above the 99th percentile. A total of 43% of the series had some periods of inhomogeneity and were discarded. The final database comprised 828 series with varying time coverages. The greatest number of stations existed during the 1990s, but more than 300 series contained information from the 1960s, and 34 series contained a complete record since 1920. Comparisons of the spatial variability of several parameters describing the daily precipitation characteristics were made. The results showed that the final database had improved spatial coherence. The process described here is proposed as a model for developing a standard procedure for the construction of databases of daily climate data. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
The large‐scale circulations and summer drought and wetness on the Tibetan plateau
Authors: Bothe Oliver , Fraedrich Klaus , Zhu Xiuhua
Published: May 2009

Effects of large‐scale atmospheric circulation and surface temperatures on extreme dryness and wetness on the Tibetan plateau in summer are analysed using ERA‐40 reanalysis and observed precipitation. The extreme cases of drought and wetness can be associated with circulation anomalies in the North Atlantic/European sector and wave trains bridging the Eurasian continent. Drought in Tibet reveals an intense high pressure anomaly over Scandinavia supported by a more south‐west to north‐east orientated North Atlantic stormtrack. This creates wave trains crossing Eurasia which, on their southward ‘great circle route’, reach south‐eastern Asia where they modulate the flow north and east of the Tibetan plateau by an anticyclone–cyclone dipole suppressing moisture supply from the Bay of Bengal.

Wetness in Tibet is characterised by a more zonally oriented cross Atlantic stormtrack creating a low pressure anomaly over central Europe and, associated with it, a northward shift of the sub‐tropical westerly and tropical easterly jet; wave trains emerging from the North Atlantic on their equatorward route have now a higher chance to reach the sub‐tropical jet entrance (instead of propagating further south). Then the wave trains are re‐intensified and, passing the Mediterranean–Arabian Sea route to India, interact with the monsoon's western branch to lead to ample moisture supply for Tibet.

Surface temperatures give indications for positive (negative) El Niño/Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole episodes occurring in years of extreme and severe dryness (wetness) on the Tibetan plateau. A pronounced cold surface temperature anomaly in the tropical North Atlantic precedes and accompanies drought on the plateau. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Lateglacial and Holocene variation in aeolian sediment flux over the northeastern Tibetan Plateau recorded by laminated sediments of a saline meromictic lake
Authors: Mischke Steffen , Zhang Chengjun , Börner Anko , Herzschuh Ulrike
Published: May 2009

Predominantly laminated lake sediments from a saline closed‐basin lake on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau were investigated using a multi‐proxy approach (14C‐accelerator mass spectrometry dating, smear‐slide analysis, loss on ignition, grain size, X‐ray diffraction, elemental concentration, ostracod assemblages, stable isotopes of ostracod shells) to trace the regional environmental and climatic history in the Lateglacial and Holocene. Before about 15 cal. ka BP, small saline water bodies probably filled the basin under unstable cold and harsh environmental conditions. Soon after about 14.9 cal. ka BP, a relatively deep saline lake was established, probably as a result of runoff from melting snow, ice and frozen ground in the lake's catchment. Large changes in flux of aeolian material to the lake were recorded during this initial period of formation of Lake Kuhai. Highest lake levels, a low sediment accumulation rate and less saline conditions were maintained between about 12.8 and 7.1 cal. ka BP when the aeolian influx diminished significantly. After about 7.1 cal. ka BP, the aeolian influx remained at a moderate level apart from a strongly increased dust delivery to the lake between about 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP and a minor short‐lived period of slightly enhanced aeolian influx at about 2.7 cal. ka BP. The strongly enhanced dust input to the lake between 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP represented the largest influx of aeolian material to Lake Kuhai during the entire Holocene. However, evidence for climatic deterioration during this period is not seen at most other palaeoclimate sites on the Tibetan Plateau, but instead a significant increase in aridity has been recorded at numerous sites in the northern foreland of the Tibetan Plateau and on the Chinese Loess Plateau. The large dust input to Lake Kuhai between 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP probably did not result from a severe climate deterioration on the Tibetan Plateau itself, but from the pronounced aridity in its northern and eastern foreland. In contrast, the increase in dust influx about 2.7 cal. ka BP seems to correspond to a brief warming spell recorded at other sites on the Tibetan Plateau too. A slight increase in lake level and decrease in salinity after about 0.6 cal. ka BP suggests a slightly higher effective moisture during the final lake stage, accompanied by a somewhat larger dust influx. This apparent contradiction possibly results from enhanced human activities on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the last 600 years. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IR/Raman spectroscopy and DFT calculations of cyclic di‐amino acid peptides. Part III: comparison of solid state and solution structures of cyclo(L‐Ser‐L‐Ser)
Authors: Mendham Andrew P. , Dines Trevor J. , Snowden M. J. , Withnall Robert , Chowdhry Babur Z.
Published: May 2009

B3‐LYP/cc‐pVDZ calculations of the gas‐phase structure and vibrational spectra of the isolated molecule cyclo(L‐Ser‐L‐Ser), a cyclic di‐amino acid peptide (CDAP), were carried out by assuming C2 symmetry. It is predicted that the minimum‐energy structure is a boat conformation for the diketopiperazine (DKP) ring with both L‐seryl side chains being folded slightly above the ring. An additional structure of higher energy (15.16 kJ mol−1) has been calculated for a DKP ring with a planar geometry, although in this case two fundamental vibrations have been calculated with imaginary wavenumbers. The reported X‐ray crystallographic structure of cyclo(L‐Ser‐L‐Ser), shows that the DKP ring displays a near‐planar conformation, with both the two L‐seryl side chains being folded above the ring. It is hypothesized that the crystal packing forces constrain the DKP ring in a planar conformation and it is probable that the lower energy boat conformation may prevail in the aqueous environment. Raman scattering and Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectra of solid state and aqueous solution samples of cyclo(L‐Ser‐L‐Ser) are reported and discussed. Vibrational band assignments have been made on the basis of comparisons with the calculated vibrational spectra and band wavenumber shifts upon deuteration of labile protons. The experimental Raman and IR results for solid‐state samples show characteristic amide I vibrations which are split (Raman: 1661 and 1687 cm−1, IR: 1666 and 1680 cm−1), possibly due to interactions between molecules in a crystallographic unit cell. The cis amide I band is differentiated by its deuterium shift of ∼30 cm−1, which is larger than that previously reported for trans amide I deuterium shifts. A cis amide II mode has been assigned to a Raman band located at 1520 cm−1. The occurrence of this cis amide II mode at a wavenumber above 1500 cm−1 concurs with results of previously examined CDAP molecules with low molecular weight substituents on the Cα atoms, and is also indicative of a relatively unstrained DKP ring. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of hydrogen bond modes in polarized Raman spectra of single crystals of α‐oxalic acid dihydrate
Authors: Mohaček‐Grošev Vlasta , Grdadolnik Jože , Stare Jernej , Hadži Dušan
Published: May 2009

Polarized Raman spectra of single crystals of the α‐polymorphs of protonated and deuterated oxalic acid dihydrate were recorded. The interpretation of the spectra is assisted by periodic DFT calculations using the CRYSTAL06 program and by comparison with the infrared spectra of the polycrystalline material. The agreement between the calculated and observed band wavenumbers is fair in the case of low‐anharmonicity modes, but marked differences appear for the stretching modes that are strongly anharmonic. A very broad feature, extending between ∼2000 and 1200 cm−1, is attributed to OH stretching. Notable is the topping of this feature by distinct bands that can be attributed to CO stretching, H2O scissoring and COH bending coupled to CO stretching. The assignments are supported by isotope effects. However, deuteration does not notably affect the wavenumber limits of the broad OH stretching band, which suggests that the potential governing the proton dynamics is of the asymmetric double‐minimum type with a very low barrier. The calculated normal coordinates show a strong participation of the bending modes of water molecules in almost all internal acid motions, as well as in the external phonons. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The analysis of pH‐dependent protonated conformers of 1‐hydroxyethylidene‐1,1‐diphosphonic acid by means of FT‐Raman spectroscopy, multivariate curve resolution and DFT modelling
Authors: Barnard Werner , Paul Sylvia O. , van Rooyen Petrus H. , Cukrowski Ignacy
Published: May 2009

1‐Hydroxyethylidene‐1,1‐diphosphonic acid (HEDP) solutions in the pH range 0.98–13.00 were analysed using FT‐Raman spectroscopy and 31P and 23Na NMR spectroscopy. Vibrational bands for different protonated species were observed in the Raman spectra, whereas only a single NMR signal that shifted with pH was observed for all samples over the entire pH range. No significant shift in the 23Na NMR signal was observed, confirming that formation of Na+(aq) complexes did not take place; hence, no interference with the different protonated forms of HEDP occurred. Vibrational bands were assigned using density functional theory(DFT)‐calculated spectra of the most likely conformers in solution. Multivariate curve resolution was performed on the Raman spectra in the region containing the PO stretching vibrations to determine the number of protonated species formed over the entire pH range. Chemometric analysis compares very favourably with the experimental species distribution diagram which was generated using the reported log KH values. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The association between MIF‐173 G>C polymorphism and prostate cancer in southern Chinese
Authors: Ding G.X. , Zhou S.Q. , Xu Z. , Feng N.H. , Song N.H. , Wang X.J. , Yang J. , Zhang W. , Wu H.F. , Hua L.X.
Published: May 2009

Background and Objectives

Accumulating epidemiological and molecular evidence suggests that inflammation is an important component in the etiology of PCa. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays an important role in the pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory response to infection. This study is aimed at investigating the potential association between MIF‐173 G>C polymorphism, Gleason score, clinical stage, and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) value with respect to PCa incidence among the Han nationality in Southern China.

Methods

Genotyping was performed by using tetraprimer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on 259 PCa patients and 301 cancer‐free controls.

Results

We found that the MIF‐173*C variant allele was significantly associated with an increased risk of PCa [adjusted odd ratio (OR) = 2.99, 95% confident interval (CI): 1.94–4.60] and higher Gleason scores from the PCa subjects (adjusted OR = 10.72, 95% CI: 5.35–21.49). In addition, we noted that the MIF −173*C variant allele was related to higher clinical stages and PSA values in PCa patients (adjusted OR = 15.68, 95% CI: 7.40–33.23; adjusted OR = 4.37, 95% CI: 2.41–7.92, respectively).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that MIF‐173 polymorphisms may be associated with a higher incidence of prostate cancer compared to controls, and appears to be associated with higher Gleason scores, higher clinical stages, and PSA values in those with prostate cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:106–110. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complement of peritumoral and subareolar injection in breast cancer sentinel lymph node biopsy
Authors: Noguchi Masakuni , Inokuchi Masashi , Zen Yo
Published: May 2009

Background

The optimal site for injection of mapping tracers is controversial in sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for breast cancer. We evaluated whether a combination of peritumoral (PT) injection and subareolar (SA) injection can improve the identification rate of SLN biopsy and decrease the false‐negative rate.

Methods

Two hundred one patients underwent SLN biopsy with PT injection of radioisotope and SA injection of blue dye.

Results

The overall identification rate for blue and/or hot lymph nodes was 99.5%; the identification rate of blue‐dyed lymph nodes was 98.0% and that of hot lymph nodes was 97.0%. However, no concordance between the hot node and the blue node was found in 17 patients (8.5%). Among SLN‐positive 51 patients, 4 patients had blue‐only positive SLN and 7 had hot‐only positive SLN. Consequently, the false‐negative rates were at least 7.8% for PT injection and 13.7% for SA injection, while axillary lymph node dissection was not performed in SLN‐negative patients. However, a combination of both injections significantly decreased the false‐negative rate.

Conclusions

The success of SLN mapping is optimized not only by using dye and isotope in combination but also by using PT and SA injections in combination. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:100–105. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Grafting of silica with sulfobetaine polymers via aqueous reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and its use as a stationary phase in HILIC
Authors: Wikberg Erika , Verhage Jeroen J. , Viklund Camilla , Irgum Knut
Published: May 2009

Porous silica particles of 3 μm diameter and 100 Å nominal pore size were first activated for vinylic polymerization by functionalization with 3‐methacryloyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (MAPTMS) and thereafter dressed with zwitterionic grafts of the sulfoalkylbetaine type in the “grafting through” fashion by polymerizing 3‐(2‐(N‐methacryloyloxyethyl)‐N,N‐dimethylammonio)propane sulfonate (SPE), using either free radical polymerization or controlled reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT). Particles polymerized using RAFT had a lower overall coating which seemed to be more evenly distributed in the pore volume. Both approaches resulted in columns with similar separation properties in HILIC mode.
BSA‐imprinted synthetic receptor for reversible template recognition
Authors: Wang Huafang , He Yunhua , He Xiwen , Li Wenyou , Chen Langxing , Zhang Yukui
Published: May 2009

A novel approach to the manufacturing of protein‐responsive imprints on a home‐made chitosan substrate was established together with m‐aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) as a functional monomer. The produced polymers were characterized using both (1) equilibrium adsorption assays and (2) high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Results confirmed that the synthesized BSA‐MIP (molecularly imprinted polymer) has a high affinity towards its template compared to the determined control proteins. The produced BSA‐MIP featured largely in its good adsorption reversibility, especially in competitive binding assays, which is of great biological significance in separations. Non‐specific binding was reduced to almost zero in a BSA/BHb competitive binding event. An excellent HPLC profile of template recognition was found for BSA‐MIP, even under harsh mobile phase conditions. In the present work, the adopted trapped‐template‐release method permits recovery of bound BSA [1]. The strategy of making an artificial protein‐receptor with high adsorption affinity and reversibility is promising in on‐line isolation of target protein from complicated biological environments.
Preparative isolation and purification of anthocyanins from purple sweet potato by high‐speed counter‐current chromatography
Authors: Qiu Fan , Luo Jianguang , Yao Shun , Ma Li , Kong Lingyi
Published: May 2009

High‐speed counter‐current chromatography (HSCCC) was applied to the preparative isolation and purification of peonidin 3‐O‐(6‐O‐(E)‐caffeoyl‐2‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside)‐5‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside (1), cyanidin 3‐O‐(6‐O‐p‐coumaroyl)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (2), peonidin 3‐O‐(2‐O‐(6‐O‐(E)‐caffeoyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐6‐O‐(E)‐caffeoyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside)‐5‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (3), peonidin 3‐O‐(2‐O‐(6‐O‐(E)‐feruloyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐6‐O‐(E)‐caffeoyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside)‐5‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (4) from purple sweet potato. Separation of crude extracts (200 mg) from the roots of purple sweet potato using methyl tert‐butyl ether/n‐butanol/acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid (1:4:1:5:0.01, v/v) as the two‐phase solvent system yielded 1 (15 mg), 2 (7 mg), 3 (10 mg), and 4 (12 mg). The purities of 1–4 were 95.5%, 95.0%, 97.8%, and 96.3%, respectively, as determined by HPLC. Compound 2 was isolated from purple sweet potato for the first time. The chemical structures of these components were identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI‐MSn.
Quantitation of SAR97276 in mouse tissues by rapid resolution liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Margout Delphine , Wein Sharon , Gandon Hermine , Gattacceca Florence , Vial Henri J. , Bressolle Françoise M. M.
Published: May 2009

1,12‐Bis[5‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐4‐methyl‐1,3‐thiazol‐3‐ium]dodecane dibromide (SAR97276, T3) is a new antimalarial drug, which is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for severe malaria. Drug accumulation inside the parasite and a dual mechanism of action are a major strength of this compound, as it could help delay the development of resistance. The purpose of this article was to develop a rapid resolution LC‐MS method for quantifying SAR97276 in mouse tissues. The LC system consisted of Zorbax Eclipse XDB C8 (1.8 μm, 50×4.6 mm, 60°C) column. Elution with a gradient mobile phase consisting of ACN–trimethylamine‐formate buffer (pH 3) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min yielded sharp, utmost‐resolved peaks within 2 min. Tissue samples were powdered under liquid nitrogen. After protein precipitation with citric acid, SPE using WCX cartridges was used for sample preparation. There was no influence of the matrix on the detection of either SAR97276 or the IS. Assay precision was <13% and accuracy was 90–107%. The lower LOQs were 3.3 μg/kg in brain and 33 μg/kg in liver and heart. This newly developed method was used to study the tissue distribution of SAR97276 in mouse as part of the ongoing development of SAR97276.
Separation and mechanism elucidation for six structure‐like matrine‐type alkaloids by micellar liquid chromatography
Authors: Sun Jin , Mao Jingjing , Liu Xiaohong , Wang Yongjun , Sun Yinghua , He Zhonggui
Published: May 2009

A mixed micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) method, the mobile phase consisting of anionic surfactant SDS and nonionic surfactant Brij35, was firstly developed for the separation and determination of six structure‐like matrine‐type alkaloids, including matrine, oxymatrine, sophocarpine, oxysophocarpine, sophoridine, and oxysophoridine. The factors influencing the resolution of the six alkaloids were systematically investigated and optimized, including the micellar composition and concentration, column temperature, the type and amount of organic solvent, and the pH values in the mobile phases. Under the optimized separation conditions, the six matrine‐type alkaloids could be easily isocratically eluted with a baseline separation within 22 min. Under the designated conditions (SDS concentration from 10 to 50 mM, Brij35 from 5 to 30 mM, pH 3 and 5% 1‐propanol), the hydrophobic selectivity was negatively correlated with the concentration of Brij35 but not with SDS. The functional group selectivity of the carbonyl group, double bond, and diastereomers, all decreased with the increase in percentage of SDS in the mixed micellar phase, because the strong electrostatic force masks other molecular forces which can discriminate the retention of the analytes. Therefore, such a combination in surfactants of MLC is a powerful strategy to increase the selectivity by adjusting the balance among the various molecular interaction forces influencing analytes' retention. Finally, the developed method was successfully used to separate and determine the contents of main alkaloids in Sophora medicinal plants, S. flavescens Ait. In summary, the mixed MLC is a valuable approach to separate and determine the structure‐like multi‐component natural samples.
The effect of cognitive processing therapy on cognitions: Impact statement coding
Authors: Sobel Ana A. , Resick Patricia A. , Rabalais Aline E.
Published: May 2009

This study compared the cognitions of 37 female rape survivors before and after completing cognitive processing therapy (CPT). It was hypothesized that CPT would be associated with reductions in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and problematic (i.e., assimilated and overaccommodated) thoughts as well as increases in the number of realistic (i.e., accommodated) cognitions. Cognitions were assessed via coding and analyses of participants' written impact statements at the beginning and end of treatment. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were assessed with the Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale and PTSD Symptom Scale. As predicted, there were significant increases in accommodated statements and significant decreases in overaccommodated and assimilated statements. The hypothesis that cognitive changes would be related to symptom reduction was partially supported.
The Effect of CO2and KTP laser on the cat saccule and utricle
Authors: Lundy Larry
Published: May 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To assess the potential carbon dioxide (CO2) and potassium‐titanyl‐phosphate (KTP) laser‐related trauma to the saccule and utricle in a cat model.

Study Design:

Basic science experiment utilizing cat model.

Methods:

Twelve adult male cats were divided into two groups—CO2and KTP—to assess the potential saccule and/or utricle trauma with direct discharge of laser energy into the vestibule after the stapes was removed. Both groups were subdivided to assess the effects with acute sacrifice and three‐month survival. Bone conduction auditory brain‐stem response thresholds were used to monitor auditory function. Clinical observation was used to monitor vestibular function. The temporal bones were harvested, processed, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) in all animals with the uninvolved side serving as the control.

Results:

None of the animals demonstrated changes in bone conduction auditory brain‐stem responses. None of the animals in the survival group demonstrated clinical vestibular dysfunction. Saccular and utricular wall rupture was observed in all animals sacrificed acutely. None of the saccular and utricular wall ruptures were of a size and location that could be attributed to laser trauma, and none of the saccular and utricular wall ruptures were associated with neuroepithelial trauma.

Conclusions:

There is no evidence of a difference between the CO2and KTP laser in potential laser‐related trauma. Using bone‐conducting auditory brain‐stem response threshold and clinical monitoring of vestibular function, there was no evidence of clinical auditory or vestibular dysfunction. The histologic evidence of saccular and utricular wall rupture is more consistent with stapes extraction trauma than laser‐related trauma. Laryngoscope, 2009
Third Generation of Disk Lasers
Authors: Havrilla David , Brockmann Rüdiger
Published: May 2009

The disk laser technology has been the subject of debate when compared with other types of high power fiber delivered technologies (e.g. fiber laser). However, a new day has dawned, and it's apparent that disk laser technology has earned its stripes. In order to illustrate the metamorphosis of disk laser technology, we'll be referencing Trumpf's research, which has resulted in the new TruDisk series. Conceptualized in the early 1990's, introduced at the Munich Laser Fair in 1998, and with over 500 installed for industrial fabrication, Trumpf's multi‐kilowatt disk laser combines high brightness and production worthiness, an already‐successful marriage that has become even stronger with the introduction of a new generation of enhancements. The new generation of Trumpf's disk laser offer an output power of up to 16 kW and a beam quality of 2–8 mm*mrad.
Frequently Asked Questions about Laser Welding
Authors: Havrilla David
Published: May 2009

There are several compelling reasons why laser welding can be found on almost every continent, and in thousands of products – from extremely small components to very large. Here are some of the key benefits:
Appraising and selecting conservation measures to mitigate desertification and land degradation based on stakeholder participation and global best practices
Authors: Schwilch G. , Bachmann F. , Liniger HP.
Published: May 2009

Most desertification research focuses on degradation assessments without putting sufficient emphasis on prevention and mitigation strategies, although the concept of sustainable land management (SLM) is increasingly being acknowledged. A variety of already applied conservation measures exist at the local level, but they are not adequately recognised, evaluated and shared, either by land users, technicians, researchers, or policy makers. Likewise, collaboration between research and implementation is often insufficient. The aim of this paper is to present a new methodology for a participatory process of appraising and selecting desertification mitigation strategies, and to present first experiences from its application in the EU‐funded DESIRE project. The methodology combines a collective learning and decision approach with the use of evaluated global best practices. In three parts, it moves through a concise process, starting with identifying land degradation and locally applied solutions in a stakeholder workshop, leading to assessing local solutions with a standardised evaluation tool, and ending with jointly selecting promising strategies for implementation with the help of a decision support tool. The methodology is currently being applied in 16 study sites. Preliminary analysis from the application of the first part of the methodology shows that the initial stakeholder workshop results in a good basis for stakeholder cooperation, and in promising land conservation practices for further assessment. Study site research teams appreciated the valuable results, as burning issues and promising options emerged from joint reflection. The methodology is suitable to initiate mutual learning among different stakeholder groups and to integrate local and scientific knowledge. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Allograft Steatohepatitis in Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Type 1 After Living Donor Liver Transplantation
Authors: Miyagawa-Hayashino Aya , Egawa Hiroto , Yorifuji Tohru , Hasegawa Makoto , Haga Hironori , Tsuruyama Tatsuaki , Wen Mei-Chin , Sumazaki Ryo , Manabe Toshiaki , Uemoto Shinji
Published: May 2009

Abstract

We studied histological features and long-term outcomes in patients with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 (PFIC1) after liver transplantation (LT). Histological findings were correlated with the post-LT course and treatment in 11 recipients with PFIC1. Ages at LT varied from 1 to 18 years (median, 4 years). Macrovesicular steatosis was observed in 8 patients at a median of 60 days post-LT (range, 21-191 days). Severe steatosis progressed to steatohepatitis in 7 patients at a median of 161 days (range, 116-932 days). The patients were followed up for a median of 7.3 years (range, 2.3-16.1 years). Six showed bridging fibrosis, with 2 progressing to cirrhosis. One patient with cirrhosis died because of the rupture of a splenic artery aneurysm 13.6 years post-LT. Post-LT refractory diarrhea was present in all 8 having steatosis. Three without post-LT diarrhea showed no allograft steatosis. Bile adsorptive resin therapy reduced the diarrhea and steatosis. Patients with posttransplant steatosis typically had more severe mutations of the ATPase class I type 8B member 1 (ATP8B1) gene and were more likely to have systemic complications such as pancreatitis. In conclusion, allograft steatosis was present in patients with PFIC1, progressing to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Because expression of the familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1 gene occurs in several organs, including the small intestine, pancreas, and liver, and it is involved in enterohepatic bile acid circulation, post-LT steatosis may be due to a malfunction of the ATP8B1 product. Liver Transpl 15:610–618, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
No Difference in Clinical Transplant Outcomes for Local and Imported Liver Allografts
Authors: Mangus Richard S. , Fridell Jonathan A. , Vianna Rodrigo M. , Kwo Paul Y. , Chestovich Paul , Milgrom Martin L. , Kazimi Marwan , Hollinger Edward F. , Read Jay Thomas , Tector Joseph A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract

In the United States, liver allograft allocation is strictly regulated. Local centers have the first option to accept a donor liver; this is followed by regional allocation for those donor livers not used locally and then by national allocation for those donor livers not accepted regionally. This study reviews the outcomes of all liver allografts used over 6 years (2001-2007) and evaluates initial and long-term function stratified by the geographic source of the donor liver allograft. The records for 845 consecutive deceased donor liver transplants at a single center were reviewed. The geographic origin of the allograft was recorded along with donor and graft characteristics to determine the probable reason for graft refusal. Within our local organ procurement organization, there is 1 liver transplant center, and within the region, there are 8 active centers. Early graft failure included any graft loss within 7 days of transplant, and initial function was measured with liver enzymes 30 days post-transplant. Graft survival and patient survival were evaluated with Kaplan-Meier and Cox survival modeling. Median follow-up was 43 months. The geographic distribution of organs included local organs (562, 66%), regionally imported organs (126, 15%), and nationally imported organs (157, 19%). There were no differences between the 3 groups in initial graft function, intraoperative death, or early graft loss. Survival curves for the 3 study groups demonstrated no difference in survival up to 5 years post-transplant. In conclusion, liver allografts rejected for use by a large number of transplant centers can still be successfully used without early graft function or long-term survival being affected. Liver Transpl 15:640–647, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
Improved Results of Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Report From the International Registry of Hepatic Tumors in Liver Transplantation
Authors: Onaca Nicholas , Davis Gary L. , Jennings Linda W. , Goldstein Robert M. , Klintmalm Goran B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Improved outcome after liver transplantation (LTX) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) made LTX a legitimate treatment of the disease. We analyzed trends of LTX for HCC with tumors known before transplantation in 902 patients in a large international registry across 3 periods: 1983–1990, 1991–1996, and 1997–2005. Patient survival improved gradually across eras, with 5-year survival rates of 25.3%, 44.4%, and 67.8%, respectively (P < 0.0001), and the 5-year tumor recurrence rate declined from 59% to 41.3% and 15%, respectively (P < 0.0001). The number of HCC nodules and tumor size decreased over time, and there were fewer moderately or poorly differentiated tumors. Tumors > 5 cm decreased from 54.5% to 31.7% and 11.7%, respectively (P < 0.0001), and LTX with ≥4 nodules decreased from 38.9% to 23.5% and 15.1%, respectively (P = 0.0044). Poorly differentiated tumors decreased from 37.2% to 31.8% and 20.3%, respectively (P = 0.0005). Tumor microvascular invasion remained at 21.2% to 23.8% despite changes in patient selection over time (P = 0.7124). Stepwise Cox regression analysis (n = 502) showed significant risk for tumor recurrence and patient survival for transplants before 1997 [hazard ratio (HR), 1.82 and 1.88, respectively], tumor size > 6 cm (HR, 2.09 and 1.76), microvascular invasion (HR, 1.75 and 1.69, respectively), and alpha-fetoprotein > 200 (HR, 2.45 and 2.32, respectively). In conclusion, outcome after LTX for HCC has improved continuously over the past 20 years. Improved perioperative care and better patient selection may partially explain the improved outcome after LTX for HCC. Liver Transpl 15:574–580, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
Neurofibromin physically interacts with the N‐terminal domain of focal adhesion kinase
Authors: Kweh Frederick , Zheng Min , Kurenova Elena , Wallace Margaret , Golubovskaya Vita , Cance William G.
Published: May 2009

The NF1 gene that is altered in patients with type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) encodes a neurofibromin protein that functions as a tumor suppressor. In this report, we show for the first time physical interaction between neurofibromin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), the protein that localizes at focal adhesions. We show that neurofibromin associates with the N‐terminal domain of FAK, and that the C‐terminal domain of neurofibromin directly interacts with FAK. Confocal microscopy demonstrates colocalization of NF1 and FAK in the cytoplasm, perinuclear and nuclear regions inside the cells. Nf1+/+ MEF cells expressed less cell growth during serum deprivation conditions, and adhered less on collagen and fibronectin‐treated plates than Nf1−/− MEF cells, associated with changes in actin and FAK staining. In addition, Nf1+/+ MEF cells detached more significantly than Nf1−/− MEF cells by disruption of FAK signaling with the dominant‐negative inhibitor of FAK, C‐terminal domain of FAK (FAK‐CD). Thus, the results demonstrate the novel interaction of neurofibromin and FAK and suggest their involvement in cell adhesion, cell growth, and other cellular events and pathways. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absorptive capacity—one size fits all? A firm‐level analysis of absorptive capacity for different kinds of knowledge
Authors: Schmidt Tobias
Published: May 2009

This paper empirically analyzes the effect of R&D activities, human resource and knowledge management, and the organization of knowledge sharing within a firm on the absorptive capacity of innovative firms for three different types of knowledge, namely absorptive capacity to use knowledge from a firm's own industry, knowledge from other industries and knowledge from research institutions. Using data from the German innovation survey, we investigate how firms are able to exploit knowledge from external partners for successful innovation activities. The estimation results show that the determinants of absorptive capacity differ with respect to the type of knowledge absorbed for innovation activities. In particular, we find that the R&D intensity does not significantly influence absorptive capacity for intra‐ and inter‐industry knowledge. Additionally, our results suggest that absorptive capacity is path dependent and firms can influence their ability to exploit external knowledge by encouraging individuals' involvement in a firm's innovation projects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro lesion effect of the globus pallidus internus and outcome with deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson disease and dystonia
Authors: Cersosimo Maria G. , Raina Gabriela B. , Benarroch Eduardo E. , Piedimonte Fabián , Alemán Gabriela González , Micheli Federico E.
Published: May 2009

To determine whether the immediate response to electrode implantation (micro lesion effect, MLE) in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) predicts symptom improvement with deep brain stimulation (DBS) at 6 months in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) or generalized dystonia. Electrode implantation in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) prior to electrical stimulation has been reported to predict a beneficial effect of DBS in patients with PD, but whether this is also the case for the GPi in either PD or dystonia patients has not been established. We studied 20 patients (11 with PD and 9 with dystonia) who underwent electrode implantation in the GPi. Effects were assessed using standardized scales after 24 hours, weekly for 3 weeks prior to starting DBS, and after 6 months of DBS. 10 of 11 PD and 8 of 9 dystonia cases who benefited from electrode implantation also showed improvement in all motor and disability scores after 6 months of DBS of the GPi. One dystonia patient who did not show MLE benefited from DBS. The presence of MLE after electrode implantation in the GPi may help predict motor benefit from DBS in PD and generalized dystonia patients. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Cloud‐radar observations of insects in the UK convective boundary layer
Authors: Wood Curtis R. , O'Connor Ewan J. , Hurley Rebecca A. , Reynolds Don R. , Illingworth Anthony J.
Published: May 2009

Radar has been applied to the study of insect migration for almost 40 years, but most entomological radars operate at X‐band (9.4 GHz, 3.2 cm wavelength) and can only detect individuals of relatively large species, such as migratory grasshoppers and noctuid moths, over all of their flight altitudes. Many insects (including economically important species) are much smaller than this, but development of the requisite higher power and/or higher frequency radar systems to detect these species is often prohibitively expensive. In this paper, attention is focused upon the uses of some recently‐deployed meteorological sensing devices to investigate insect migratory flight behaviour, and especially its interactions with boundary layer processes. Records were examined from the vertically‐pointing 35 GHz ‘Copernicus’ and 94 GHz ‘Galileo’ cloud radars at Chilbolton (Hampshire, England) for 12 cloudless and convective occasions in summer 2003, and one of these occasions (13 July) is presented in detail. Insects were frequently found at heights above aerosol particles, which represent passive tracers, indicating active insect movement. It was found that insect flight above the convective boundary layer occurs most often during the morning. The maximum radar reflectivity (an indicator of aerial insect biomass) was found to be positively correlated with maximum screen temperature. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Slow backbone dynamics of chicken villin headpiece subdomain probed by NMR C′N cross‐correlated relaxation
Authors: Vugmeyster Liliya
Published: May 2009

We have investigated slow correlated motions of neighboring carbonyl and nitrogen nuclei in the backbone of chicken villin headpiece subdomain. Cross‐correlated chemical shift modulation experiments were performed at three temperatures where the protein remains in its folded state. The results at 8 °C demonstrate the presence of microseconds to milliseconds timescale motions for a number of residues belonging both to helices and unstructured regions. As the temperature is raised, the motions become progressively less visible. The reduction of the contributions of slow motions into the cross‐correlated relaxation rate with the rise in temperature is caused by the increase of the chemical exchange rate constants for the slow motion processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Involvement of polyadenylation status on maternal gene expression during in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes
Authors: Zhang Ding‐Xiao , Cui Xiang‐Shun , Kim Nam‐Hyung
Published: May 2009

During mammalian oocyte maturation, protein synthesis is mainly controlled through cytoplasmic polyadenylation of stored maternal mRNAs. In this study, the role of polyadenylation modification of maternal transcripts in pig oocytes was investigated by adding cordycepin (3′‐dA), a potent polyadenylation inhibitor, to the culture medium of porcine oocytes maturing in vitro. 3′‐dA significantly prevented cumulus expansion regardless of the concentration used, and inhibited pig oocyte maturation in a dose‐dependent manner. Further, 3′‐dA 1 µg/ml‐treated MII oocytes experienced significantly lower rates of cleavage (29%) and blastocyst formation (15.35%) compared to control MII oocytes (58.6% and 35.3%, respectively). Western blotting revealed that the activity of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p34cdc2 was significantly decreased in oocytes and cumulus cells treated with 3′‐dA at a concentration of 1 µg/ml or greater. To further explore the underlying molecular mechanisms, expression patterns and polyadenylation states of four important genes, C‐mos, cyclin B, GDF9 and BMP15, were studied as representative maternal transcripts by real‐time PCR and the PAT assay. 3′‐dA at concentrations above 1 µg/ml significantly prevented polyadenylation and caused aberrant expression of C‐mos and GDF9 during oocyte maturation. These results suggest that polyadenylation inhibitor blocked pig oocyte maturation in vitro by one or more of the following actions: (1) inactivation of MAPK and MPF in oocytes, especially at the late stages (MI and MII); (2) prevention of cumulus cell expansion through inactivation of cellular MAPK; and (3) inhibition of the maternal mRNA polyadenylation process, which in reverse, disrupted the maternal mRNA patterns in pig oocytes' maturation in vitro. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 881–889, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.