bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement and Analysis of Small and Light Weight Parcel Shipping Environment
Authors: Singh SP , Burgess G , Singh J
Published: February 2005

This study measured and analyzed the parcel shipping environment within Federal Express. The package sizes and weights monitored in this study represent the “light weight” and “small size” packages within the FedEx handling system. Five packages ranging in size from 0.18 x 0.19 x 1.3 m to 0.36 x 0.37 x 0.31 m and weight between 1.9 and 2.5 kg were shipped both with and without warning labels containing the text “Fragile—Handle With Care.” The shipments were done between Michigan and California or Florida using the second day air shipment mode. The data showed that neither the package size/weight or the labels had any significant effect on the severity of drop heights. The highest drop height measured was 1.85 m. The data are presented in terms of drop heights associated with the 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles of occurrence. Impact orientation is also discussed.
Biological Monitoring of Exposure: Trends and Key Developments
Authors: Jakubowski Marek , Trzcinka‐Ochocka Malgorzata
Published: February 2005

Biological Monitoring of Exposure: Trends and Key Developments: Marek Jakubowski, et al. Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Poland—The concept of biological monitoring (BM) has gained the special interest of individual scientists and international organizations. Today, when analytical problems have almost ceased due to new laboratory techniques and quality assurance systems, the methods for interpretation of results have become the most important issue. There are important discrepancies regarding the role of biological monitoring of occupational exposure between Europe and the United States. BM has been an important tool of medical health surveillance in the European countries. In the United States it belongs rather to the field of occupational hygiene. It seems that both the approaches can be accepted. More attention should be paid to the development of the truly health‐based biomarkers of exposure based on the dose‐effect and dose‐response relationships. New areas of application of BM of occupational exposure include determination of DNA and protein adducts, unchanged volatile organic compounds in urine, monitoring of exposure to pesticides, antineoplastic drugs, hard metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In the general environment BM is the most valuable tool for acquiring knowledge of current levels of internal exposure to xenobiotics, identifying the hot spots and developments in trends of exposure. BM can provide policy makers with more accurate information on the control measures undertaken. At present, the main areas include heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants and pesticides. BM of chemical exposure has become increasingly important in the assessment of the health risk in occupational and environmental medicine. Therefore it would be worthwhile to include BM in the curricula for the training of occupational hygienists.
Effects of Pregnancy, Age and Sex in the Metabolism of Styrene in Rat Liver in Relation to the Regulation of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
Authors: Kishi Reiko , Sata Fumihiro , Katakura Yoko , Wang Rui‐Sheng , Nakajima Tamie
Published: February 2005

Effects of Pregnancy, Age and Sex in the Metabolism of Styrene in Rat Liver in Relation to the Regulation of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: Reiko Kishi, et al. Department of Public Health, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine—To elucidate the effect of maternal styrene exposure, which is due to various postnatal changes in the development and behavior of offspring, we investigated pregnancy‐induced changes in the metabolism of styrene in rat liver in relation to the regulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes. We also examined age and sex‐induced changes in the metabolism of styrene. Pregnancy appeared to exert a negative effect on cytochrome P450 content at the late stage, whereas microsomal protein content showed little change during pregnancy. Pregnancy significantly decreased the rate of formation of styrene glycol at the late stage. The percentage of remaining activity in microsomes exposed to anti‐CYP2E1 was lower than that exposed to anti‐CYP2C11/6 in pregnant and non‐pregnant female rats and immature male rats, indicating that CYP2E1 contributes to the metabolism of styrene more than CYP2C11/6 in these rats. Although pregnancy seemed to decrease styrene metabolism, the contribution of CYP2E1 seemed to be slightly increasing. In conclusion, pregnancy clearly influences the metabolism of styrene as well as other characteristic factors such as age and sex. It is very important to elucidate the changes in specific P450 isozyme composition related to their characteristic modification and in their affinity for chemicals.
Macroporous poly(dicyclopentadiene) beads
Authors: Della Martina Alberto , Graf René , Hilborn Jöns G.
Published: February 2005

Macroporous poly(dicyclopentadiene) beads have been produced via chemically induced phase separation in suspension polymerization. Phase separation is promoted by the enthalpic and entropic changes induced by the polymerization of dicyclopentadiene. By using poly(1,2‐butylene glycol) monobutyl ether (Mn 500 g/mol), which is not soluble in the suspending medium, as the porogen, the stabilized droplets of the monomer/porogen mixture can be considered microreactors in which both polymerization and phase separation occur, resulting in solid, biphasic microspheres. The porogen is then extracted with methanol and the particles are finally dried. The resulting macroporous crosslinked poly(dicyclopentadiene) beads are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and nitrogen adsorption and are compared with similar bulk samples. Materials containing isolated pores as well as microstructures built with agglomerated particles have been produced. The porous microspheres showed micrometric average pores' access diameters and specific surface areas ranging from 1.3 to 3.1 m2/g. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 407–415, 2005
Electrospun nonwovens of shape‐memory polyurethane block copolymers
Authors: Cha Dong Il , Kim Hak Yong , Lee Keun Hyung , Jung Yong Chae , Cho Jae Whan , Chun Byung Chul
Published: February 2005

Synthesized shape‐memory polyurethane (PU) block copolymers were used to prepare electrospun nonwovens via electrospinning. PU solutions were prepared with a mixed solvent of N,N‐dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran. The electrospun PU nonwovens were prepared with hard‐segment concentrations of 40 and 50 wt %. The morphology of the electrospun fibers was investigated with scanning electron microscopy. The average diameter of low‐viscosity (ca. 130–180 cPs) electrospun fibers was about 800 nm, and the morphology of the electrospun nonwovens was beaded‐on fibers. In contrast, the average diameter of high‐viscosity (ca. 530–570 cPs) electrospun fibers was about 1300 nm. In an investigation of the mechanical properties of the electrospun PU nonwovens, it was found that the tensile strength increased as the hard‐segment concentration increased within a similar range of viscosities. Also, the tensile strength of the electrospun PU nonwovens in the machine direction was higher than that in the transverse direction because of a difference in the velocities of the drum collectors. The electrospun PU nonwovens with hard‐segment concentrations of 40 and 50 wt % were found to have a shape recovery of more than 80%. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 460–465, 2005
1H‐NMR study of the inclusion processes for α‐ and γ‐cyclodextrin with fenbufen
Authors: Bratu I. , Gavira‐Vallejo J. M. , Hernanz A.
Published: February 2005

1H‐NMR spectra of aqueous solutions of fenbufen and two cyclodextrins (α‐ or γ‐cyclodextrin, respectively) mixtures confirm the formation of an inclusion complex if γ‐cyclodextrin is used, whereas in the case of α‐cyclodextrin no inclusion complex was obtained. The stoichiometry of the fenbufen/γ‐cyclodextrin complex is of the [2:1] type. The geometry of this supramolecular architecture was established through MM+ molecular mechanics calculations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 77: 361–367, 2005
Atomic force microscopy of a hybrid high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunit from a transgenic hexaploid wheat
Authors: McIntire Theresa M. , Lew Ellen J. L. , Adalsteins A. Elva , Blechl Ann , Anderson Olin D. , Brant David A. , Kasarda Donald D.
Published: February 2005

The high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS) of wheat gluten in their native form are incorporated into an intermolecularly disulfide‐linked, polymeric system that gives rise to the elasticity of wheat flour doughs. These protein subunits range in molecular weight from about 70K–90K and are made up of small N‐terminal and C‐terminal domains and a large central domain that consists of repeating sequences rich in glutamine, proline, and glycine. The cysteines involved in forming intra‐ and intermolecular disulfide bonds are found in, or close to, the N‐ and C‐terminal domains. A model has been proposed in which the repeating sequence domain of the HMW‐GS forms a rod‐like β‐spiral with length near 50 nm and diameter near 2 nm. We have sought to examine this model by using noncontact atomic force microscopy (NCAFM) to image a hybrid HMW‐GS in which the N‐terminal domain of subunit Dy10 has replaced the N‐terminal domain of subunit Dx5. This hybrid subunit, coded by a transgene overexpressed in transgenic wheat, has the unusual characteristic of forming, in vivo, not only polymeric forms, but also a monomer in which a single disulfide bond links the C‐terminal domain to the N‐terminal domain, replacing the two intermolecular disulfide bonds normally formed by the corresponding cysteine side chains. No such monomeric subunits have been observed in normal wheat lines, only polymeric forms. NCAFM of the native, unreduced 93K monomer showed fibrils of varying lengths but a length of about 110 nm was particularly noticeable whereas the reduced form showed rod‐like structures with a length of about 300 nm or greater. The 110 nm fibrils may represent the length of the disulfide‐linked monomer, in which case they would not be in accord with the β‐spiral model, but would favor a more extended conformation for the polypeptide chain, possibly polyproline II. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 78:53–61, 2005
Immobilization of single‐stranded DNA by self‐assembled polymer on gold substrate for a DNA chip
Authors: Taira Shu , Yokoyama Kenji
Published: February 2005

We developed a self‐assembling polymer based on polyallylamine (PAH) for use in DNA chips. Thioctic acid (TA) was covalently attached to PAH in sidechains to immobilize the polymer on a gold surface by self‐assembly. N‐hydroxysuccinimide‐ester terminated probe single‐stranded (ss) DNA is easily covalently immobilized onto a TA‐PAH‐coated gold surface. Finally, the surface was covered with polyacrylic acid, which formed ion complexes with the TA‐PAH, to reduce the cationic charge. This ssDNA on a polymer‐coated surface recognized a fully matched DNA sequence and restrained nonspecific adsorption of target DNA. The selectivity and efficiency of hybridization was affected by adjusting the ionic strength of sodium chloride. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamics of intracellular metabolites of glycolysis and TCA cycle during cell‐cycle‐related oscillation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Wittmann Christoph , Hans Michael , van Winden Wouter A. , Ras Cor , Heijnen Joseph J.
Published: February 2005

In the present work LC‐MS/MS was applied to measure the concentrations of intermediates of glycolysis and TCA cycle during autonomous, cell‐cycle synchronized oscillations in aerobic, glucose‐limited chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This study complements previously reported oscillations in carbon dioxide production rate, intracellular concentrations of trehalose and various free amino acids, and extracellular acetate and pyruvate in the same culture. Of the glycolytic intermediates, fructose 1,6‐bisphosphate, 2‐ and 3‐phosphoglycerate, and phosphoenolpyruvate show the most pronounced oscillatory behavior, the latter three compounds oscillating out of phase with the former. This agrees with previously observed metabolic control by phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. Although individually not clearly oscillating, several intermediates of the TCA cycle, i.e., α‐ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malate, exhibited increasing concentration during the cell cycle phase with high carbon flux through glycolysis and TCA cycle. The average mass action ratios of β‐phosphoglucomutase and fumarase agreed well with previously determined in vitro equilibrium constants. Minor differences resulted for phosphoglucose isomerase and enolase. Together with the observed close correlation of the pool sizes of the involved metabolites, this might indicate that, in vivo, these reactions are operating close to equilibrium, whereby care must be taken due to possible differences between in vivo and in vitro conditions. Combining the data with previously determined intracellular amino acid levels from the same culture, a few clear correlations between catabolism and anabolism could be identified: phosphoglycerate/serine and α‐ketoglutarate/lysine exhibited correlated oscillatory behavior, albeit with different phase shifts. Oscillations in intracellular amino acids might therefore be, at least partly, following oscillations of their anabolic precursors. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incorporation of an Ionic Conducting Alkali‐Metal Halide into a Two‐Dimensional Copper Oxide Lattice Through a Novel Stepwise Intercalation Route.
Authors: Park Dae Hoon , Hur Su Gil , Jun Jong‐Ho , Hwang Seong‐Ju
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2‐Piperidinecarboxylic Acid and Its Derivatives.
Authors: Bazurin A. A. , Obukhova T. A. , Krasnikov S. V. , Betnev A. F. , Ovsyanikov O. N.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Methyl 4‐(2‐Chloro‐5‐nitrophenyl) ‐2,7,7‐trimethyl‐5‐oxo‐1,4,5,6,7,8‐hexahydroquinoline‐3‐carboxylate
Authors: Linden Anthony , Safak Cihat , Aydin Firat
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Clinical and Biochemical Manifestations and Molecular Characterization of the Mutation HPRT Jerusalem
Authors: Zoref‐Shani E. , Bromberg Y. , Hirsch J. , Feinstein S. , Frishberg Y. , Sperling O.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Isolation, Optimization of Production and Structure—Activity Relationship Studies of Monocillin I, the Cytotoxic Constituent of Paraphaeosphaeria quadriseptata.
Authors: Gunatilaka A. A. Leslie
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1,4,2‐Oxathiazoles and Related Compounds
Authors: Argyropoulos N. G.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Applications of Electrophilic Aromatic C—H Activation with Metal Trifluoroacetates
Authors: Grushin Vladimir V. , Thorn David L. , Marshall William J. , Petrov Viacheslav A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Discussion of the Physicochemical Effects of Modifiers on the Extraction Properties of Hydroxyoximes.
Authors: Sastre Ana M. , Szymanowski Jan
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Silver‐Catalyzed Hydroamination: Synthesis of N‐Bridgehead Pyrroles, Incorporating a Protection‐Deprotection Strategy for Preparation of Cyclic Secondary Vinylogous Carbamates
Authors: Robinson Ross S. , Dovey Martin C. , Gravestock David
Published: February 2005

N‐Bridgehead pyrroles are efficiently prepared from cyclic secondary vinylogous carbamates using a two‐step sequence. This sequence involves C‐propargylation followed by a silver‐catalyzed intramolecular hydroamination. Hydroamination is brought about using microwave irradiation and affords the desired N‐bridgehead pyrroles rapidly and in good yield. Cyclic secondary vinylogous carbamates are prepared using a mild, economical procedure. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Expression of IL‐27 in murine carcinoma cells produces antitumor effects and induces protective immunity in inoculated host animals
Authors: Chiyo Masako , Shimozato Osamu , Yu Ling , Kawamura Kiyoko , Iizasa Toshihiko , Fujisawa Takehiko , Tagawa Masatoshi
Published: February 2005

A novel cytokine interleukin‐27 (IL‐27), composed of p28 and Epstein‐Barr virus‐induced gene 3 (EBI3), is produced from activated dendritic cells and is involved in an early phase of T‐helper type I differentiation. We examined whether Colon 26 murine colon carcinoma cells that were retrovirally transduced with the p28‐linked EBI3 gene (Colon 26/IL‐27) could produce antitumor effects in inoculated mice. Although proliferation in vitro of Colon 26/IL‐27 cells was not different from that of parent cells, syngeneic BALB/c mice rejected Colon 26/IL‐27 tumors inoculated and subsequently acquired tumor‐specific protective immunity. In contrast, mice inoculated with Colon 26 cells transduced with either the p28 or EBI3 gene developed tumors and survival of the mice remained the same as that of the mice inoculated with parent cells. Syngeneic nude mice developed Colon 26/IL‐27 tumors, but the growth was retarded compared to that of parent tumors. Depletion of natural killer cells from nude mice with anti‐asialo GM1 antibody diminished the growth retardation of Colon 26/IL‐27 tumors. Survival of severe combined immunodeficient mice that received subcutaneous inoculation of Colon 26/IL‐27 cells was not different from that of the immunodeficient mice inoculated with parent cells. Interferon‐γ was produced from CD4+ and CD8+ T, and natural killer cells of the mice that rejected Colon 26/IL‐27 tumors and cytotoxic activity against Colon 26 cells were also detected from the mice. These data collectively suggest that expressed IL‐27 in tumors produces T cell‐dependent and‐independent antitumor effects and is a possible therapeutic strategy for cancer. ©2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histologic and serum risk markers for noncardia early gastric cancer
Authors: Shiotani Akiko , Iishi Hiroyasu , Uedo Noriya , Kumamoto Mitutaka , Nakae Yukinori , Ishiguro Shingo , Tatsuta Masaharu , Graham David Y.
Published: February 2005

Corpus dominant gastritis and intestinal metaplasia (IM) are considered markers of increased risk of gastric carcinoma. The aim of our study was to determine serum and histologic risk markers of gastric cancer. Antral and corpus histology, pepsinogen and gastrin 17 levels were compared among patients with history of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for early gastric cancer and controls. Serum pepsinogen (PG) and gastrin 17 levels were measured by RIA. There were 53 gastric cancer patients and 75 controls. The scores for IM in each region and atrophy at the lesser curvature of the corpus were significantly higher in the cancer group than in the H. pylori‐positive control group. IM at the greater curvature of the corpus and atrophy at the lesser curvature of the corpus were associated with multiple malignant lesions. Although corpus gastritis was associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6–7.0) (p = 0.001), the most important marker was the presence of IM at the lesser curvature of the corpus (OR = 15.1; 95% CI 4.3–52.6) (p < 0.001)). The best cut‐off points of serum markers for gastric cancer were a PG I concentration of 45 ng/mL or less and a gastrin 17 >60 pg/mL (sensitivity = 83%; specificity = 68%). IM at the lesser curvature of the corpus and the combination of serum gastrin 17 and PG I identified a group at high risk for development of gastric cancer. Annual endoscopic follow‐up is warranted for patients with IM found at the greater curvature of the corpus. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective responsiveness to common gamma chain cytokines in peripheral blood‐derived cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by Melan‐A/MART‐127–35targeted active specific immunotherapy
Authors: von Holzen Urs , Adamina Michel , Bolli Martin , Weber Walter P. , Zajac Paul , Groeper Celia , Reschner Anca , Feder Chantal , Schumacher Reto , Marti Walter , Oertli Daniel , Heberer Michael , Spagnoli Giulio C.
Published: February 2005

We have comparatively evaluated the proliferative response of CTL induced in metastatic melanoma patients upon immunization against Melan‐A/MART‐127–35 tumor associated antigen (TAA) to IL‐2, IL‐7 or IL‐15 cytokines, sharing a receptor common γ‐chain (cγ‐c cytokines). Twenty‐eight CTL clones were generated from CD8+ T cells obtained from 3 patients during the contraction phase of immune response following a successful vaccine mediated expansion of specific effectors. All clones were able to kill tumor cell lines expressing HLA‐A0201 and Melan‐A/MART‐1, and displayed phenotypic characteristics of effector/memory (CD45RA−/CCR7−) or CD45RA+/CCR7− effector cells in intermediate to late developmental stage (CD28−/CD276±) CTL. Proliferative responses could be elicited or enhanced by IL‐2 and IL‐15, but not IL‐7, in the absence or in the presence of T‐cell receptor (TCR) triggering, respectively. Accordingly, only IL‐2 and IL‐15 were able to promote the survival of the CTL clones under investigation. While all clones expressed high amounts of receptor cγ‐c (CD132), lower, but detectable, expression of IL‐7 receptor alpha chain was also observed. CD8+ cells from one of the patients treated were obtained 6 months after the last vaccine boost and were cultured in the presence of Melan‐A/MART‐127–35 and each of the 3 cytokines under investigation. Consistent with data from CTL clones, expansion of Melan‐A/MART‐127–35 tetramer positive cells was only observed in the presence of IL‐2 or IL‐15 but not IL‐7. Instead, when CD8+ cells from the same patient were sampled shortly (14 days) after an additional vaccination only IL‐2 was able to promote the expansion of Melan‐A/MART‐127–35 tetramer positive cells. Taken together these data suggest a selective responsiveness of TAA‐specific CTL to different cγ‐c cytokines. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative performance of MM3(92) and two TINKER™ MM3 versions for the modeling of carbohydrates
Authors: Stortz Carlos A.
Published: February 2005

The 1992 version of MM3 was largely used for modeling mono‐, di‐, and trisaccharides. In later versions of MM3 improvements were made in some parameters that may be important for carbohydrates. This corrected MM3 force field is part of the Tinker package, freely available (as its 4.1 version), and included in the Chem 3D Ultra 8.0 package (as the 3.7 version). The latter version lacks the corrections to the standard bond lengths produced by electronegativity and anomeric effects, whereas the Tinker 4.1 version only lacks the latter correction. The present work compares the performance of the three MM3 versions (and in some cases, DFT and/or HF/ab initio procedures) on several carbohydrate model problems as the chair and rotamer equilibria in 2‐hydroxy‐ and 2‐methoxytetrahydropyran, hydrogen bonding in cis‐2,3‐dihydroxytetrahydropyran, and the potential energy surfaces around the glycosidic bonds of two sulfated disaccharides and two trisaccharides. Tinker MM3 can be used accurately to estimate carbohydrate energies and geometries, and—with the help of some programming—to pursue studies on the potential energy surfaces of di‐ and trisaccharides. In most cases results obtained using the three MM3 versions are similar, although large energy differences are obtained when comparing a rotameric distribution around a OCOH dihedral, which is almost forced to the exo‐anomeric position by the Tinker versions. In other systems smaller energy differences are found, but they can nevertheless lead to a different global minimum when comparing conformers of similar energy. MM3(92) establishes better the differences between the bond lengths in both anomers, as an expected expression of the anomeric correction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 471–483, 2005
Abstrakt interacts with and regulates the expression of sorting nexin‐2
Authors: Abdul‐Ghani Mohammad , Hartman Kristin L. , Ngsee Johnny K.
Published: February 2005

Protein sorting through vesicular compartments is highly regulated to maintain the integrity and signaling of intracellular organelles in eukaryotic cells. Sorting Nexin‐2 (SNX2) is involved in protein sorting in the trans‐Golgi network, endosome, and/or lysosome compartments, with loss of function leading to defect in protein sorting and stress on organelles. To investigate the function of SNX2, we have identified the DEAD‐box helicase Abstrakt (Abs) as an SNX2‐interacting protein. The N‐terminal domain of Abs interacts with the phox homology (PX) domain of SNX2 suggesting that PX domains may also participate in protein–protein interaction. Interestingly, both proteins undergo nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, and this process is responsive to serum withdrawal for Abs. Finally, expression of Abs reduced the cellular expression of SNX2 without altering its steady state mRNA levels. This unexpected interaction provides a novel mechanism whereby expression of proteins involved in membrane trafficking could be regulated by an RNA helicase. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Angular orientation of trabecular bone in the femoral head and its relationship to hip joint loads in leaping primates
Authors: Ryan Timothy M. , Ketcham Richard A.
Published: February 2005

The elastic properties and mechanical behavior of trabecular bone are largely determined by its three‐dimensional (3D) fabric structure. Recent work demonstrating a correlation between the primary mechanical and material axes in trabecular bone specimens suggests that fabric orientation may be used to infer directional components of the material strength and, by extension, the hypothetical loading regime. Here we quantify the principal orientation of trabecular bone in the femoral head and relate these principal fabric directions to loading patterns during various locomotor behaviors. The proximal femora of a diverse sample of prosimians were scanned using a high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography scanner with resolution of better than 50 μm. Spherical volumes of interest were defined within the femoral heads and the 3D fabric anisotropy was calculated using the mean intercept length and star volume distribution methods. In addition to differences in bone volume and anisotropy, significant differences were found in the spatial orientation of the principal trabecular axes depending on locomotor behavior. The principal orientations for leapers (Galago, Tarsius, Avahi) are relatively tightly clustered (α95 confidence limit: 8.2; angular variance s: 18.2°) and oriented in a superoanterior direction, while those of nonleapers are more variable across a range of directions (α95: 16.8; s: 42.0°). The mean principal directions are significantly different for leaping vs. nonleaping taxa. These results further suggest a relationship between bone microstructure in the hip joint and locomotor behavior and indicate a similarity of loading across leapers despite differences in kinematics and phylogeny. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Rapid Commun. 3/2005
Authors: Dundigalla Avinash , Lin‐Gibson Sheng , Ferreiro Vincent , Malwitz Matthew M. , Schmidt Gudrun
Published: February 2005

Cover: The unusual structure of multilayered polymer‐clay nanocomposite films was investigated using scattering and microscopy techniques. Scanning electron microscopy led to the observation of unexpected and highly oriented multilayers on the micron length scale. On the nanometer length scale, atomic force microscopy and wide angle X‐ray scattering suggest the polymer covered clay platelets orient in bundles.

Further details can be found in the Communication by A. Dundigalla, S. Lin‐Gibson, V. Ferreiro, M. M. Malwitz, and G. Schmidt* on page 143.
A technique to extract extrinsic parameters of HEMTs
Authors: Jeon Man‐Young
Published: February 2005

A practical technique for separating the drain‐pad capacitance from the merged capacitance of drain pad, gate‐to‐drain, and drain‐to‐source of a pinched‐off cold FET is presented. Moreover, unlike other methods requiring additional DC measurements, the presented technique allows us to extract extrinsic resistances using only RF measurements. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 489–492, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20675
A 60‐GHz compact mobile terminal for full‐duplex radio‐on‐fiber system
Authors: Yang Ki Seok , Choi Sung Tae , Kim Yong Hoon , Nishi Seiji , Shimizu Satoru , Tokuda Kiyohito
Published: February 2005

A 60‐GHz highly integrated small mobile terminal (MT) with integrated IF modem for a high‐data‐rate millimeter‐wave radio‐on‐fiber communication system is proposed and inspected by the BER and PER experiment between the access point and mobile terminal. This terminal integrates a 60‐GHz transmitter, receiver, and IF modem in one module. To minimize the volume of the mobile terminal, a microstrip line to rectangular waveguide transition, surface‐mountable three‐pole bandpass filter, successive detection‐log video amplifier (SDLVA), and DPSK demodulator are used. As the performance of this mobile terminal is confirmed by the experiment results, it can access the high‐data‐rate (155.52 Mb/s) communication network in the picocell area. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 504–507, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20680
A CPW‐fed L‐shaped slot planar monopole antenna for triple‐band operations
Authors: Liu Wen‐Chung , Huang Chuan‐Chien
Published: February 2005

In this paper, two L‐shaped slots are introduced in order to obtain triple‐band operation with a planar monopole antenna fed by a 50Ω coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line. Prototypes of the proposed antenna with sufficient bandwidths in the 0.9‐, 1.8‐, and 2.15‐GHz bands for GSM, DCS/PCS, and IMT‐2000 systems, respectively, have been constructed and tested. Details of the experimental results are presented and discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 510–512, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20682
Pulsed laser polymerization study of the propagation kinetics of acrylamide in water
Authors: Seabrook Shane A. , Tonge Matthew P. , Gilbert Robert G.
Published: February 2005

Pulsed laser polymerization was used in conjunction with aqueous‐phase size exclusion chromatography with multi‐angle laser light scattering detection to determine the propagation rate coefficient (kp) for the water‐soluble monomer acrylamide. The influence of the monomer concentration was investigated from 0.3 to 2.8 M, and kp decreased with increasing monomer concentration. These data and data for acrylic acid in water were consistent with this decrease being caused by the depletion of the monomer concentration by dimer formation in water. Two photoinitiators, uranyl nitrate and 2,2′‐azobis(2‐amidinopropane) (V‐50), were used; kp was dependent on their concentrations. The concentration dependence of kp was ascribed to a combination of solvent effects arising from association (thermodynamic effects) and changes in the free energy of activation (effects of the solvent on the structure of the reactant and transition state). Arrhenius parameters for kp (M−1 s−1) = 107.2 exp(−13.4 kJ mol−1/RT) and kp (M−1 s−1) = 107.1 exp(−12.9 kJ mol−1/RT) were obtained for 0.002 M uranyl nitrate and V‐50, respectively, with a monomer concentration of 0.32 M. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1357–1368, 2005
Influence of temperature and humidity on the mechanical properties of Nafion® 117 polymer electrolyte membrane
Authors: Bauer F. , Denneler S. , Willert‐Porada M.
Published: February 2005

The dynamic mechanical properties of Nafion® 117 have been measured in‐plane parallel and perpendicular to the lamination direction in a specially designed humidity cell, which allows measurement of the stiffness and mechanic loss under fuel cell relevant temperature and humidity conditions (50–100% relative humidity, 30–120 °C). The results obtained at different temperature–humidity conditions are compared with the mechanical behavior of the dry as well as the membrane saturated with liquid water. Different regimes of change in mechanical properties were found, although in general water acts as a plasticizer in Nafion®. At elevated temperatures it stiffens the membrane by stabilizing the network of hydrophilic clusters. An intermediate increase of mechanical strength at very low humidity levels is attributed to an enforcement by formation of hydrates and hydrogen bridge bonds between vicinal sulfonic acid groups. This increase is significant for the protonated state of the membrane and disappears after ion exchange. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 786–795, 2005
Different secondary structure elements as scaffolds for protein folding transition states of two homologous four‐helix bundles
Authors: Teilum Kaare , Thormann Thorsten , Caterer Nigel R. , Poulsen Heidi I. , Jensen Peter H. , Knudsen Jens , Kragelund Birthe B. , Poulsen Flemming M.
Published: February 2005

Comparison of the folding processes for homologue proteins can provide valuable information about details in the interactions leading to the formation of the folding transition state. Here the folding kinetics of 18 variants of yACBP and 3 variants of bACBP have been studied by Φ‐value analysis. In combination with Φ‐values from previous work, detailed insight into the transition states for folding of both yACBP and bACBP has been obtained. Of the 16 sequence positions that have been studied in both yACBP and bACBP, 5 (V12, I/L27, Y73, V77, and L80) have high Φ‐values and appear to be important for the transition state formation in both homologues. Y31, A34, and A69 have high Φ‐values only in yACBP, while F5, A9, and I74 have high Φ‐values only in bACBP. Thus, additional interactions between helices A2 and A4 appear to be important for the transition state of yACBP, whereas additional interactions between helices A1 and A4 appear to be important for the transition state of bACBP. To examine whether these differences could be assigned to different packing of the residues in the native state, a solution structure of yACBP was determined by NMR. Small changes in the packing of the hydrophobic side‐chains, which strengthen the interactions between helices A2 and A4, are observed in yACBP relative to bACBP. It is suggested that different structure elements serve as scaffolds for the folding of the 2 ACBP homologues. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adjunct Automation to the Cellmate™ Cell Culture Robot
Authors: Bernard Christopher J. , Connors David , Barber Lauren , Jayachandra Sukhanya , Bullen Andrew , Cacace Angela
Published: February 2005

The design and implementation of an automated tissue culture flask labeling, delivery, scraping, and retrieval system centered around the CellmateTm cell culture robot is presented. Three new custom subsystems named FlaskMaster, FlaskLabeler, and FlaskScraper were created and integrated into the Cellmate robotic system. Flask-Master is a centralized multi-axis robot with a surrounding enclosure that houses racks of stacked tissue culture flasks (size T-175). The FlaskMaster system interfaces externally with the Cellmate's conveyor system to deliver and retrieve flasks. FlaskLabeler is a print and apply system that labels flasks prior to transfer between FlaskMaster and the Cellmate. FlaskScraper is a scraping rod and blade assembly that was specifically designed for automated scraping of T-175 flasks. The combination of these systems allows for large-scale, unattended cell seeding and harvesting of cells from flasks. The addition of these new capabilities significantly reduces the manpower needed to operate the Cellmate. Moreover, these changes greatly improve the performance and capability of the stand-alone Cellmate system.
The Last Instance: Are Institutions the Primary Cause of Economic Development?
Authors: PRZEWORSKI ADAM
Published: February 2005

“That institutions affect the performance of economies is hardly controversial. That the differential performance of economies over time is fundamentally influenced by the way institutions evolve is also not controversial.” (North 1990, p. 3)
La famille-providence au Portugal. Faire face aux conséquences du chômage
Authors: LOISON LAURENCE
Published: February 2005

The article deals with family solidarities and the grey economy in modes of resistance against poverty and social isolation, in unemployment situations in Portugal. We examine the strategies used by these social groups in order to fight against the economic and social effects of unemployment. We then analyse the social norms structuring the mobilisation of family cooperation and activities on the labour black market. Finally, we conclude by underlining the positive effects and disavantages of these compensations on the experience of unemployment.
The Roots of Intense Ethnic Conflict may not in fact be Ethnic: Categories, Communities and Path Dependence
Authors: RUANE JOSEPH , TODD JENNIFER
Published: February 2005

This article criticizes two theoretical approaches to ethnicity and ethnic conflict. One emphasizes the intense solidarity generated by the ethnic bond and explains this in terms of a deep, quasi-kin feeling. The other emphasizes the contingency and situatedness of ethnic feeling and the fluctuating character of ethnic “groupness”. We adopt an alternative strategy, locating ethnicity as one factor among many, which may form a path-dependent self-reproductive system generating communal opposition and ethnic conflict.
Scale effects on headwater catchment runoff timing, flow sources, and groundwater‐streamflow relations
Authors: McGlynn Brian L. , McDonnell Jeffrey J. , Seibert Jan , Kendall Carol
Published: February 2005

The effects of catchment size and landscape organization on runoff generation are poorly understood. Little research has integrated hillslope and riparian runoff investigation across catchments of different sizes to decipher first‐order controls on runoff generation. We investigated the role of catchment sizes on riparian and hillslope dynamics based on hydrometric and tracer data observed at five scales ranging from trenched hillslope sections (55–285 m2) to a 280‐ha catchment at Maimai on the west coast of the South Island, New Zealand. The highly organized landscape is comprised of similar headwater catchments, regular geology, steep highly dissected topography, relatively consistent soil depths, and topographically controlled shallow through flow. We found a strong correlation between riparian zone groundwater levels and runoff for the headwaters, whereas the water tables in the valley bottom of the larger catchments were uncorrelated to runoff for 14 months of record. While there was no clear relationship between catchment size and new water contribution to runoff in the two storms analyzed in detail, lag times of tracer responses increased systematically with catchment size. The combination of hydrometric and tracer data allowed assessment of the runoff contributions from different parts of the landscape. Runoff was generated consistently in headwater riparian zones. This agreed also with the observed variations of tracer (18O and silica) responses for the different catchments. During wetter antecedent conditions or during larger events (>30 mm under dry antecedent conditions) hillslope and valley bottom floodplains did contribute to event runoff directly. We propose that analysis of landscape‐scale organization and the distribution of dominant landscape features provide a structure for investigation of runoff production and solute transport, especially as catchment‐scale increases from headwaters to the mesoscale.
Sea level rise at Honolulu and Hilo, Hawaii: GPS estimates of differential land motion
Authors: Caccamise Dana J. , Merrifield Mark A. , Bevis Michael , Foster James , Firing Yvonne L. , Schenewerk Mark S. , Taylor Frederick W. , Thomas Donald A.
Published: February 2005

Since 1946, sea level at Hilo on the Big Island of Hawaii has risen an average of 1.8 ± 0.4 mm/yr faster than at Honolulu on the island of Oahu. This difference has been attributed to subsidence of the Big Island. However, GPS measurements indicate that Hilo is sinking relative to Honolulu at a rate of −0.4 ± 0.5 mm/yr, which is too small to account for the difference in sea level trends. In the past 30 years, there has been a statistically significant reduction in the relative sea level trend. While it is possible that the rates of land motion have changed over this time period, the available hydrographic data suggest that interdecadal variations in upper ocean temperature account for much of the differential sea level signal between the two stations, including the recent trend change. These results highlight the challenges involved in estimating secular sea level trends in the presence of significant low frequency variability.
Uncertainty in projections of streamflow changes due to climate change in California
Authors: Maurer Edwin P. , Duffy Philip B.
Published: February 2005

Understanding the uncertainty in the projected impacts of climate change on hydrology will help decision‐makers interpret the confidence in different projected future hydrologic impacts. We focus on California, which is vulnerable to hydrologic impacts of climate change. We statistically bias correct and downscale temperature and precipitation projections from 10 GCMs participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. These GCM simulations include a control period (unchanging CO2 and other forcing) and perturbed period (1%/year CO2 increase). We force a hydrologic model with the downscaled GCM data to generate streamflow at strategic points. While the different GCMs predict significantly different regional climate responses to increasing atmospheric CO2, hydrological responses are robust across models: decreases in summer low flows and increases in winter flows, and a shift of flow to earlier in the year. Summer flow decreases become consistent across models at lower levels of greenhouse gases than increases in winter flows do.
Aerosol variability in the Po Valley analyzed from automated optical measurements
Authors: Mélin F. , Zibordi G.
Published: February 2005

Aerosol characteristics for the Po Valley (northern Italy) are analyzed using 7‐year time series of automated optical measurements recorded at two sites located at the extreme ends of the valley, one in the northwest area and the other in the northern Adriatic coastal region (Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower). The annual cycles of aerosol optical thickness τa at 440 nm are very similar, with an overall daily average of 0.35–0.39, minima in winter and maxima in spring or summer. The Ångström exponent is remarkably constant in time and across sites, averaging 1.55 ± 0.35. Conversely, the diurnal variability is very different. The site of Ispra shows an increase in aerosol load during the day (amplitude of ∼10%), typical of an environment near urban/industrial sources, whereas the coastal Adriatic site exhibits a strong decrease from morning to afternoon (amplitude of ∼20%). Both trends are mirrored by the variability in precipitable water vapor.
Modes of sector collapse of volcanic cones: Insights from analogue experiments
Authors: Acocella Valerio
Published: February 2005

Many volcanic edifices are subject to sector collapse. Analogue models are used to better understand specific modes of collapse. Four sets of experiments have been performed with a cone (volcano analogue) of dry sand (87% in volume) and flour (13%) simulating collapse through the following: set A, basal failure due to the horizontal sliding of a basal plate; set B, unbuttressing due to the horizontal movement of a lateral wall; set C, summit growth due to the addition of sand and flour on the top of the cone; set D, injection due to the intrusion of silicone (magma analogue). Sets A and B show common results, highlighting the influence of topography on the dip and strike of the collapse surfaces. In set C, the location and direction of collapse are controlled by the cone shape and occurrence of preexisting collapses. In set D, if the silicone is injected eccentrically, it induces collapse on the nearest slope; this process leads to repeated collapse on the side of a preexisting scarp, possibly triggering a feedback mechanism between magmatic activity and topography. In general, sets A and B induce deeper and wider collapse, whereas shallower and narrower collapse is observed in set C; set D shows intermediate geometries. Comparison with natural examples shows an overall similar distribution in the geometry of the sector collapses and their known triggering mechanisms. Similarities and discrepancies between each experimental set and corresponding cases in nature are discussed.
Mapping Metabolic Brain Activation during Human Volitional Swallowing: A Positron Emission Tomography Study Using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose
Authors: Harris Mary Louise , Julyan Peter , Kulkarni Bhavna , Gow David , Hobson Anthony , Hastings David , Zweit Jamal , Hamdy Shaheen
Published: February 2005

We have previously shown that labelled water positron emission tomography (H215O PET) can be used to identify regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes in the human brain during volitional swallowing. (18F) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG PET), by comparison, uses a glucose analogue to quantitatively measure regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCMRglc) rather than rCBF. The main advantage of FDG PET is improved spatial resolution, and because of its pharmacodynamic properties, activation can be performed external to the scanner, allowing subjects to assume more physiologic positions. We therefore conducted a study of the brain's metabolic response while swallowing in the erect seated position, using FDG PET. Eight healthy male volunteers were studied with a randomised 2 scan paradigm of rest or water swallowing at 20-second intervals for 30 minutes. Data were analysed with SPM99 using multisubject conditions and covariates design. During swallowing, analysis identified increased rCMRglc ( P<0.01) in the following areas: left sensorimotor cortex, cerebellum, thalamus, precuneus, anterior insula, left and right lateral postcentral gyrus, and left and right occipital cortex. Decreased rCMRglc were also seen in the right premotor cortex, right and left sensory and motor association cortices, left posterior insula and left cerebellum. Thus, FDG PET can be applied to measure the brain metabolic activity associated with volitional swallowing and has the advantage of normal task engagement. This has implications for future activation studies in patients, especially those suffering swallowing problems after brain injury.