bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Processing YAG/α‐Al2O3 composites via reactive sintering Y2O3/Al2O3 NP mixtures. A superior alternative to bottom up processing using atomically mixed YAlOx NPs
Authors: Laine Richard M. , Taylor Nathan J. , Stangeland‐Molo Sandra
Published: May 2017

This effort contrasts “bottom‐up” processing of YAG/α‐Al2O3 composites where both elements (as 40‐50 nm APSs nanopowders) are present at close to atomic mixing with reactive sintering where ball‐milled mixtures of the individual nanopowders (40‐50 nm APSs) give uniform elemental mixing at length scales closer to 100‐800 nm with correspondingly much longer diffusion distances. In contrast to expectations, densification with control of final grain sizes is best effected using reactive sintering. Thus, reactive sintering to densities ≥95% occurs at only 1500°C with final grain sizes of ≈1000 nm for all samples. In contrast “bottom up” processing to ≥95% densities is only achieved at 1600°C, and with final grain sizes of 1700 nm. The reason for this unexpected behavior is that YAG phase forms early in the bottom up approach greatly inhibiting diffusion promoted densification. In contrast, in reactive sintering, YAG is prevented from forming because of the longer diffusion distances such that densification occurs prior to full conversion of the Y2O3 component to YAG. The found hardness values are statistically superior to literature values for composites near the known eutectic composition. In an accompanying paper, the addition of a third component reverses this behavior.
Bioactive monetite‐containing whisker‐like fibers reinforced chitosan scaffolds
Authors: Mesgar Abdorreza S. , Mohammadi Zahra , Rasouli‐Disfani Fariba
Published: May 2017

The aim of this work was to develop bioactive chitosan scaffolds reinforced with monetite‐containing whisker‐like fibers. The fibers synthesized by homogeneous precipitation were characterized as monetite/hydroxyapatite short fibers (MAFs), using XRD, FTIR and SEM. The pure chitosan and MAFs/chitosan composite scaffolds were produced by freeze‐drying, and characterized with respect to porosity, pore size, swelling behavior, compressive strength and modulus, and in vitro bioactivity. The incorporation of MAFs in chitosan matrices led to increase the pore size, according to the evaluation by FE‐SEM, and decrease the porosity of composite scaffolds. The swelling ratio decreased as MAFs content of scaffolds increased. The compressive strength and modulus of scaffolds were improved by an increase in MAFs content. The noncross‐linked scaffolds with a chitosan: MAFs weight ratio of 1:1 (CW3) showed a porosity of 75.5%, and the strength and modulus of 259 kPa and 2.8 MPa in dry state, respectively. The crosslinking by glutaraldehyde resulted in improved mechanical properties. The strength and modulus of cross‐linked CW3 scaffolds in wet state reached to 345 kPa and 1.8 MPa, respectively. The in vitro bioactivity of the reinforced scaffolds, evaluated by FE‐SEM/EDS, XRD, and ATR‐FTIR, was confirmed by the formation of a carbonated apatite layer on their surfaces when they soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results of this initial study indicate that the monetite‐containing whisker‐like fibers may be an appropriate reinforcement of chitosan scaffolds.
Drawing as Social Play: Shared Meaning‐Making in Young Children's Collective Drawing Activities
Authors: Kukkonen Tiina , Chang‐Kredl Sandra
Published: May 2017

The ability to construct shared meaning with peers is important for young children's social and linguistic development. Previous studies have mainly focused on shared meaning‐making within cooperative pretend play with little mention of other childhood activities that might promote intersubjectivity. This study investigated the group play that occurs within young children's open‐ended drawing activities and how this encourages the development of shared meaning. One preschool class of 4–5 year‐old children was observed over eight 1 hour free play sessions. During each session, the children were presented with a variety of drawing materials and large drawing surfaces. No restrictions were placed on the number of children that could participate, or the subject matter of the drawings. The findings support the notion that group drawing can be understood through theories of socio‐dramatic play. The children initiated and maintained shared meaning through the use of common knowledge, and applied various verbal and non‐verbal communication strategies to advance the joint theme. This study supports the integration of open‐ended drawing activities in early childhood environments.
Rethinking Education through Contemporary Art
Authors: Jové Glòria , Farrero Mireia
Published: May 2017

This article is part of a broader investigation exploring how contemporary art allows us to think about the process that underpins our teaching and learning in order to change it. We are tutors in initial teacher education and we teach, learn and communicate through contemporary art for a pedagogical module. In the following article we will show how teaching, learning and communicating through contemporary art helps future teachers to be aware of their educational models. Art encounters generate new learning and teaching experiences by allowing students and teachers to make various rhizomatic wanderings. The rhizomatic wanderings are diverse with the content and the form depending on the personal experience. The article concludes that the more rhizomatic wanderings future teachers make, the more they will be able to rethink the process of teaching and learning in order to attend to the diverse situations of classrooms of the twenty‐first century.
The Effectiveness of Mime‐Based Creative Drama Education for Exploring Gesture‐Based User Interfaces
Authors: Ünlüer Adviye Ayça , Baytaş Mehmet Aydın , Buruk Oğuz Turan , Cemalcilar Zeynep , Yemez Yücel , Özcan Oğuzhan
Published: May 2017

User interfaces that utilise human gestures as input are becoming increasingly prevalent in diverse computing applications. However, few designers possess the deep insight, awareness and experience regarding the nature and usage of gestures in user interfaces to the extent that they are able to exploit the technological affordances and innovate over them. We argue that design students, who will be expected to envision and create such interactions in the future, are constrained as such by their habits that pertain to conventional user interfaces. Design students should gain an understanding of the nature of human gestures and how to use them to add value to UI designs. To this end, we formulated an ‘awareness course’ for design students based on concepts derived from mime art and creative drama. We developed the course iteratively through the involvement of three groups of students. The final version of the course was evaluated by incorporating the perspectives of design educators, an industry expert and the students. We present the details of the course, describe the development process, and discuss the insights revealed by the evaluations.
Inner strength and its relationship to health threats in ageing—A cross‐sectional study among community‐dwelling older women
Authors: Boman Erika , Lundman Berit , Nygren Björn , Årestedt Kristofer , Santamäki Fischer Regina
Published: May 2017

Aim

To explore the relationship between inner strength and health threats among community‐dwelling older women.

Background

Inner strength is described as a resource that promotes experiences of health, despite adversities. Inner strength and its dimensions (i.e. connectedness, creativity, firmness and flexibility) can be assessed using the Inner Strength Scale (ISS). Exploring attributes of weaker inner strength may yield valuable information about areas to focus on in enhancing a person's inner strength and may ultimately lead to the perception of better health.

Design

Cross‐sectional questionnaire survey.

Methods

The study is based on responses from 1270 community‐dwelling older women aged 65 years and older; these were collected in the year 2010 and describe the situation that still exists today for older women. The questionnaire included the ISS, background characteristics and explanatory variables known to be health threats in ageing. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results

Poorer mental health was related to weaker inner strength in total and in all the dimensions. Symptoms of depressive disorders and feeling lonely were related to three of the dimensions, except firmness and creativity respectively. Furthermore, poor physical health was associated with the dimensions firmness and flexibility. Other health threats were significantly related to only one of the dimensions, or not associated at all.

Conclusion

Mental ill health has overall the strongest association with weaker inner strength. Longitudinal studies are recommended to confirm the results. However, the ISS does not only estimate inner strength but can also be a tool for discovering where (i.e. dimension) interventions may be most profitable.
Disorder‐specific versus generic cognitive‐behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders in children and young people: a systematic narrative review of evidence for the effectiveness of disorder‐specific CBT compared with the disorder‐generic treatment, Coping Cat
Authors: Oldham‐Cooper Rose , Loades Maria
Published: May 2017

Background

Coping Cat (CC), a generic cognitive‐behavioral intervention for anxiety disorders in children and young people, is recommended in the United Kingdom for social anxiety disorder (SAD), generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety (SA), and specific phobias (SP), with disorder‐specific approaches generally favored in treatment of anxiety disorders in adults.

Objectives

To compare CC with disorder‐specific cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions based on anxiety‐related treatment outcomes.

Study Selection

Primary research articles describing treatment of children and young people aged 7–17 for SAD, generalized anxiety disorder, SA, and SP, using CC or disorder‐specific CBT.

Results

Ten studies implemented CC and four implemented disorder‐specific CBT. One study compared CC with a disorder‐specific approach. There was a lack of data to support use of CC in treatment of SPs. However, CC was equally effective as disorder‐specific treatments for SA and SAD.

Conclusions

A lack of data exists for disorder‐specific CBT interventions compared to CC.
What are the family needs when a parent has mental health problems? Evidence from a systematic literature review
Authors: Wahl Patricia , Bruland Dirk , Bauer Ullrich , Okan Orkan , Lenz Albert
Published: May 2017

Problem

Little evidence exists showing how a given high‐risk group of children born to parents with poor mental health seek help and how care may be improved in order to better reach and support their families.

Methods

A systematic literature review was undertaken to identify the needs and help‐seeking behaviors of children and their parents. Through an analysis of both quantitative and qualitative studies, published in German‐ and English‐speaking research literature, the needs of children and parents were identified and categorized. Findings concerning their help‐seeking behavior and the influence of demographic variables on needs and help‐seeking behaviors were also described.

Findings

In the primary studies, the most identified parental needs were “the need for being a good parent”; “worries about the child's well‐being”; and “the need for practical help.” For children, the categories identified included “the need for knowledge”; “worries about parent's well‐being”; and “the need for normality.” However, information about help‐seeking behaviors and influences of demographic factors was fairly limited in the literature.

Conclusions

In families with parental mental health problems, it seems especially important to take a family‐focused approach. The individual needs of children (and their families) should shape the planning of treatment and nursing care.
Effect of a HPP pretreatment on thermal inactivation kinetics of polyphenoloxidase obtained from three apple cultivars
Authors: Machado Maria F. , Sousa Alexandra , Castro Sónia M. , Moreira Sílvia A. , Saraiva Jorge A.
Published: May 2017

Enzymatic browning due to the action of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) is highly undesirable and efficient methodologies to avoid/reduce it are of great interest for food industry. The effect of a pressure pretreatment (100 MPa, 15 min, room temperature) on the activity of PPO extracts obtained from three apple cultivars (Bravo de Esmolfe [BE], Reineta [RN], and Golden delicious [GD]), and subsequent thermal inactivation kinetics was evaluated, as a way to more efficiently achieve thermal inactivation of PPO. The effect of pH on PPO activity was also assessed to define the value at which carry out the thermal inactivation of PPO. The enzymatic activity decreased in the order BE, RN, and GD. Two log‐linear ranges ([62.5–72.5] °C and [72.5–80.0] °C) of D‐value with temperature were found. The pressure pretreatment caused enhanced stability within the range of 62.5–67.5 °C, caused no changes at 70.0–72.5 °C, and decreased the stability at 75.0–80.0 °C (e.g., at 75 °C the D‐values for BE, GD, and RN ranged, respectively, from 25.6/27.3, 14.5/18.6, and 8.8/10.4, after/before the pressure pretreatment) and increased thermal sensitivity (decreased the z‐value), particularly in the lower temperature range studied (up to 72.5 °C).

Practical applications

Knowledge of PPO activity level and its thermal resistance for different cultivars is of interest to develop efficient and optimized enzymatic browning control by thermal treatments. Sequential combination of low intensity pressure treatments followed by thermal treatments can be an interesting approach to enhance enzyme inactivation. In this work was found that after a low intensity pressure pretreatment (100 MPa, 15 min), apple PPO temperature stability could be reduced, since a lower stability (lower D‐values) and increased sensitivity toward temperature (lower z‐value) was systematically found for PPO thermally inactivated at T > 72.5 °C. These findings are of interest for a more efficient PPO inactivation for enhanced browning control.
The efficacy of bacterial and yeasts strains and their combination to bind aflatoxin B1 and B2 in artificially contaminated infants food
Authors: Hamad Gamal M. , Zahran Eman , Hafez Elsayed E.
Published: May 2017

Aflatoxins could be detoxify by microbes to reduce their toxic effect in contaminated food. Cerelac is the common baby food in Egypt. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of both probiotics bacteria and yeasts on aflatoxins B1 and B2 dtoxification. Bacteria (heat acid inactivated); S. thermophilus TH‐4, B. bifidum and yeasts; k. lactis, S. cerevisiae were used to detoxify these aflatoxins. In PBS each bacterial strain, reduced AFB1 and AFB2 by 28‐29% and great reduction of 55% was achieved using both bacterial strains in combination. Similarly, yeast strains were able to reduce AFB1 and AFB2; 54% with S. cerevisiae and 42% with K. lactis, with higher reduction of 66.6% using both yeast strains in combination. Using the probiotic combination with Cerelac exhibited higher level of B1 and B2 reduction by 94.1%, 94.5%, respectively. Scanning Eectron Microscopy confirmed the ability of these probiotics to adsorb the toxins particles.

Practical applications

Probiotic and yeast mixtures could be the best materials used to reduce and/or eliminate mycotoxins especially aflatoxins from foods. Moreover, it can be used as food additives in infants food (Cerelac) to reduce the bioavailability of the aflatoxins in synthesized food.
Geriatrics‐for‐Specialists Initiative: An Eleven‐Specialty Collaboration to Improve Care of Older Adults
Authors: Lee Andrew G. , Burton John A. , Lundebjerg Nancy E.
Published: May 2017

In the early 1990s, visionary leaders at the American Geriatrics Society and The John A. Hartford Foundation recognized that the marked and growing shortage of geriatrics healthcare professionals would lead to a U.S. healthcare system ill prepared to provide optimal care for the ever‐increasing number of older Americans. Led by the late Dennis W. Jahnigen, MD, they set forth a plan to address this shortage by collaborating with surgical and related medical specialists to create a series of programs to foster the highest quality care of older adults. Their unique programmatic vision was that every physician, not just geriatricians, would have basic knowledge and skills in geriatric care, because geriatricians cannot and should not meet the need alone.
Economic Development Matters: A Meta‐Regression Analysis on the Relation between Environmental Management and Financial Performance
Authors: Hang Markus , Geyer‐Klingeberg Jerome , Rathgeber Andreas , Stöckl Stefan
Published: May 2017

Although the existing body of empirical literature on the relation between corporate environmental performance (CEP) and corporate financial performance (CFP) is continuously growing, results are still inconclusive about this fundamental question in industrial ecology. Comparisons are difficult because of various estimation methods as well as the overall heterogeneous and complex interaction between the two constructs, but especially because of country‐specific data sets. Consequently, we raise the question of whether regional differences are the driving force buried underneath the inconclusiveness. Therefore, the aim of this article is to explore this heterogeneity by aggregating 893 existing results from 142 empirical primary studies that are based on more than 750,000 firm‐year observations. Our findings suggest a convex impact of a country's economic development on the magnitude of the CEP‐CFP effect (i.e., the effect is positive in developing countries, disappears in emerging countries, and is again positive in highly developed countries). We also find that the overall positive relation strengthens for market‐based CFP measures and diminishes for countries with civil law systems, firms from the service sector, reactive environmental activities, and process‐based CEP measures. Further, several aspects of the examined data sample and the inclusion of relevant control variables explain heterogeneity in previous research results.
Assessment of the Industrial Tomato Processing Water Energy Nexus: A Case Study at a Processing Facility
Authors: Amón Ricardo , Wong Tony , Kazama Donald , Maulhardt Mike , Maulhardt Thomas , Simmons Christopher W.
Published: May 2017

Increased demand for water and energy and growing recognition of environmental issues motivate awareness of how these resources are used in industry. Industrial tomato processing consumes substantial quantities of both water and energy. To understand how these resources are used in tomato processing and what opportunities exist for improving efficiency, a water energy nexus (WEN) assessment was conducted that accounted for the various ways energy becomes embedded in water during processing by motors, pumps, fans, and boilers. The WEN assessment was conducted at an industrial tomato processing facility that processed 265 metric tonnes of fruit per hour to develop a map of water and associated energy use at each processing step. A total of 1.29 billion kilograms (kg) of water were used for the processing season, with 870 million kg routed to flumes. The analysis identified the thermal energy used to generate steam for the various heat exchangers and evaporators used during processing as the greatest source of embedded energy in process water (778,000 gigajoules per season). The electrical energy embedded in the process water totaled 4.4 million kilowatt‐hours per season, over 80% of which was attributed to pumping. Moreover, the data were used to identify opportunities to improve efficiency by adjusting water loads on equipment and developing strategies for water and energy conservation and recovery. The baseline water and energy use data provided by the WEN assessment can enable additional modeling to assess resource efficiency measures and the life cycle impact of processed tomato products.
Estimating Monetary Policy Rules When Nominal Interest Rates Are Stuck at Zero
Authors: KIM JINILL , PRUITT SETH
Published: May 2017

Did the Federal Reserve's response to economic fundamentals change with the onset of the Global Financial Crisis? Estimation of a monetary policy rule to answer this question faces a censoring problem since the interest rate target has been set at the zero lower bound since late 2008. Surveys by forecasters allow us to sidestep the problem and to use conventional regressions and break tests. We find that, in the opinion of forecasters, the Fed's inflation response has decreased and the unemployment response has increased, which suggests that the Federal Reserve's commitment to stable inflation has become weaker in the eyes of the professional forecasters.
Precautionary Saving of Chinese and U.S. Households
Authors: CHOI HORAG , LUGAUER STEVEN , MARK NELSON C.
Published: May 2017

We employ a model of precautionary saving to study why household saving rates are high in China and low in the United States. The use of recursive preferences gives a convenient decomposition of saving into precautionary and nonprecautionary components. Over 80% of China's saving rate and nearly all U.S. saving arises from the precautionary motive. The difference between U.S. and Chinese household income growth rates is vastly more important than income risk for explaining the saving rates. The key mechanism is that precautionary savers have target wealth‐to‐income ratios, and rapid income growth necessitates high saving rates to maintain the ratio.
Fiscal Activism and the Zero Nominal Interest Rate Bound
Authors: SCHMIDT SEBASTIAN
Published: May 2017

In an economy where the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates is an occasionally binding constraint and the government lacks a commitment technology, it may be desirable for society to appoint a policymaker who cares less about government spending stabilization relative to inflation and output gap stabilization than the private sector does. A policymaker of this type uses government spending more elastically to stabilize the economy. At the zero lower bound, the anticipation of aggressive fiscal expansions in future liquidity trap situations increases inflation expectations and lowers real interest rates, thereby mitigating the decline in output and inflation.
The Pitch Rather Than the Pit: Investor Inattention, Trading Activity, and FIFA World Cup Matches
Authors: EHRMANN MICHAEL , JANSEN DAVID‐JAN
Published: May 2017

This paper analyzes stock market trading in 15 countries during the 2010 and 2014 soccer FIFA World Cups. We find evidence for substantial investor inattention during these major sporting events. The lack of attention for the trading pit is particularly large when the national soccer team is competing, with traded volumes declining by as much as 48%. During national team matches, prices on local stock markets can temporarily decouple from global financial market developments. These findings suggest that major sporting events can act as a laboratory in which to investigate investor inattention.
Costly Information, Planning Complementarities, and the Phillips Curve
Authors: ACHARYA SUSHANT
Published: May 2017

Sticky information models capture the sluggish response of aggregate prices to monetary shocks but fail to match the magnitude and frequency of price changes at the microlevel. This paper shows that accounting for the endogenous decision of when to acquire new information about different shocks can help overcome this shortcoming. In the calibrated model, prices change frequently and by large amounts in response to idiosyncratic shocks but sluggishly to monetary shocks. The paper also highlights that many predictions of the sticky information and rational inattention models are the same and thus robust to different specifications of information processing costs.
Alternation between short‐ and long photoperiod reveals hypothalamic gene regulation linked to seasonal body weight changes in Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)
Authors: Bank J. H. H. , Wilson D. , Rijntjes E. , Barrett P. , Herwig A.
Published: May 2017

Djungarian hamsters are able to reduce their body weight by more than 30% in anticipation of the winter season. This particular adaptation to extreme environmental conditions is primarily driven by a natural reduction in day length and conserved under laboratory conditions. We used this animal model to investigate hypothalamic gene expression linked to body weight regulation behind this physiological phenomenon. After an initial collective short photoperiod (SP) adaptation for 14 weeks from a preceding long photoperiod (LP), hamsters were re‐exposed to LP for either 6 or 14 weeks, followed by a second re‐exposure to SP for 8 weeks. Our data showed that re‐exposure to LP led to an increase in body weight. In the hypothalamus Dio2, Vimentin, Crbp1 and Grp50 expression increased, whereas expression of Dio3, Mct8 and Srif decreased. The changes in body weight and gene expression were reversible in most hamsters after a further re‐exposure to SP following 6 or 14 weeks in LP. Interestingly, after 14 weeks in LP, body weight loss was pronounced in six hamsters re‐exposed to SP, but five hamsters did not respond. In nonresponding hamsters, a different gene expression pattern was manifested, with the exception of Dio2, which was reduced not only in SP re‐exposed hamsters, but also in hamsters maintained in LP. Taken together, these data suggest that body weight regulation appears to be tightly linked to a co‐ordinated regulation of several genes in the hypothalamus, including those involved in thyroid hormone metabolism.
Transition from hospital to home: Parents’ perception of their preparation and readiness for discharge with their preterm infant
Authors: Aydon Laurene , Hauck Yvonne , Murdoch Jamee , Siu Daphne , Sharp Mary
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

To explore the experiences of parents with babies born between 28–32 weeks’ gestation during transition through the neonatal intensive care unit and discharge to home.

Background

Following birth of a preterm baby, parents undergo a momentous journey through the neonatal intensive care unit prior to their arrival home. The complexity of the journey varies on the degree of prematurity and problems faced by each baby. The neonatal intensive care unit environment has many stressors and facilitating education to assist parents to feel ready for discharge can be challenging for all health professionals.

Design

Qualitative descriptive design.

Methods

The project included two phases, pre‐ and postdischarge, to capture the experiences of 20 couples (40 parents), whilst their baby was a neonatal intensive care unit inpatient and then after discharge. Face‐to‐face interviews, an online survey and telephone interviews were employed to gather parent's experiences. Constant comparative analysis was used to identify commonalities between experiences. Recruitment and data collection occurred from October 2014–February 2015.

Results/Findings

Overlapping themes from both phases revealed three overarching concepts: effective parent staff communication; feeling informed and involved; and being prepared to go home.

Conclusion

Our findings can be used to develop strategies to improve the neonatal intensive care unit stay and discharge experience for parents. Proposed strategies would be to improve information transfer, promote parental contact with the multidisciplinary team, encourage input from fathers to identify their needs and facilitate parental involvement according to individual needs within families.

Relevance to clinical practice

Providing information to parents during their time in hospital, in a consistent and timely manner is an essential component of their preparation when transitioning to home.
Effect of Crystallization Firing on Marginal Gap of CAD/CAM Fabricated Lithium Disilicate Crowns
Authors: Gold Steven A. , Ferracane Jack L. , da Costa Juliana
Published: May 2017

Purpose

To evaluate the marginal gaps of CAD/CAM (CEREC 3) produced crowns made from leucite‐reinforced glass‐ceramic (IPS Empress CAD) blocks (LG), and lithium‐disilicate (IPS e.max CAD) blocks before (LD‐B), and after (LD‐A) crystallization firing.

Materials and Methods

A human molar tooth (#19) was mounted with adjacent teeth on a typodont and prepared for a full‐coverage ceramic crown. The typodont was assembled in the mannequin head to simulate clinical conditions. After tooth preparation 15 individual optical impressions were taken by the same operator using titanium dioxide powder and a CEREC 3 camera per manufacturer's instructions. One operator designed and machined the crowns in leucite‐reinforced glass‐ceramic blocks (n = 5) and lithium‐disilicate blocks (n = 10) using the CEREC 3 system. The crowns were rigidly seated on the prepared tooth, and marginal gaps (μm) were measured with an optical microscope (500×) at 12 points, 3 on each of the M, B, D, and L surfaces of the leucite‐reinforced glass‐ceramic crowns and the lithium‐disilicate crowns before and after crystallization firing. Results were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA followed by a Tukey's post hoc multiple comparison test (α = 0.05).

Results

The overall mean marginal gaps (μm) for the crowns evaluated were: LG = 49.2 ± 5.5, LD‐B = 42.9 ± 12.2, and LD‐A = 57.2 ± 16.0. The marginal gaps for LG and LD‐B were not significantly different, but both were significantly less than for LD‐A.

Conclusions

The type of ceramic material did not affect the marginal gap of CAD/CAM crowns. The crystallization firing process required for lithium‐disilicate crowns resulted in a significant increase in marginal gap size, likely due to shrinkage of the ceramic during the crystallization process. Clinical Relevance: The marginal gap of CAD/CAM‐fabricated lithium disilicate crowns increases following crystallization firing. The marginal gap still remains within clinically acceptable parameters.
Width/Length Ratio in Maxillary Anterior Teeth. Comparative Study of Esthetic Preferences among Professionals and Laypersons
Authors: Álvarez‐Álvarez Lorena , Orozco‐Varo Ana , Arroyo‐Cruz Gema , Jiménez‐Castellanos Emilio
Published: May 2017

Purpose

Many studies have examined the esthetic preferences of professionals in the maxillary anterior region; however, only a few have taken into account the ratios that are more frequent within the population or other ratios suggested in the literature as ideal. Previous studies also failed to compare them with the esthetic preferences of the lay population with regards to the smile. The purpose of this study is to highlight the differences when perceiving the esthetics of smiles between general dentists and laypersons, and linking them with the width/length of the maxillary anterior teeth.

Materials and Methods

Photographs of the full face of a female subject were modified with Photoshop CS regarding the length/width relationships of the 6 maxillary anterior teeth. The three modifications made were: (a) 80% length/width, (b) 85%, length/width, and (c) 85% length/width in central incisors, 80% length/width in lateral incisors and canines. Three sequences of photograph pairs were created with different ratios and presented in PowerPoint to a sample of 100 general dentists and 100 laypersons.

Results

The ratio considered as the most esthetic by the majority of the judges was 85% for central incisors and 80% for lateral incisors and canines, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the esthetic preferences of the studied populations either due to gender or professional experience of the dentists (p > 0.01).

Conclusions

According to the results obtained in this study, professionals and laypersons considered a width/length ratio of 85% for maxillary central incisors and 80% for lateral incisors and canines as the most esthetic for maxillary anterior teeth. These results do not support findings from other studies previously published with similar ratios in central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines. Clinical implication: Today clinicians practice in a treatment environment where not only function and utility but also esthetics is demanded in almost every procedure. Restoring/maintaining function is considered essential in any restorative dentistry treatment, but the esthetic aspects of any treatment should never be forgotten. This study was motivated by the increasing importance of obtaining a better appreciation of the perception of smile beauty, and of the role of maxillary teeth width/length ratio on the perception of dental esthetics.
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency: Long‐term health outcomes and patient perspectives
Authors: Lee Adrian YS , Frith Katie , Schneider Lilian , Ziegler John B
Published: May 2017

Aim

To examine the long‐term follow‐up and health outcomes of patients who have undergone haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).

Methods

Through a structured questionnaire, we examined follow‐up arrangements and long‐term health outcomes in 22 children who have had a successful HSCT for SCID during the period of 1984–2012 at the Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.

Results

Most children considered themselves healthy and ‘cured’ from SCID. Whilst many children enjoy relatively good bio‐social health outcomes, specific negative health outcomes and absenteeism from school were perceived negatively. Two‐thirds of children see their general practitioner or specialist regularly; however, there did not appear to be consistency with the nature of this follow‐up.

Conclusion

The findings from our study highlight the complex bio‐psychosocial health needs of post‐HSCT SCID children and encourage SCID centres to consider a multidisciplinary approach to their follow‐up. Further studies into the determinants of patients’ perceptions of their health are needed.
Screen‐printed ambulatory electrode set enables accurate diagnostics of sleep bruxism
Authors: Miettinen Tomi , Myllymaa Katja , Muraja‐Murro Anu , Westeren‐Punnonen Susanna , Hukkanen Taina , Töyräs Juha , Lappalainen Reijo , Mervaala Esa , Sipilä Kirsi , Myllymaa Sami
Published: May 2017

Currently, definite diagnosis of sleep bruxism requires polysomnography. However, it is restrictedly available, and too cumbersome and expensive for the purpose. The aim of this study was to introduce an ambulatory electrode set and evaluate its feasibility for more cost‐effective diagnostics of sleep bruxism. Six self‐assessed bruxers (one male, five females; aged 21–58 years) and six healthy controls (four males, two females, aged 21–25 years) underwent a standard polysomnographic study and a concurrent study with the ambulatory electrode set. Bruxism events, cortical arousals and sleep stages were scored for the two montages separately in a random order, and obtained sleep parameters were compared. In addition, the significance of video recording and sleep stage scoring for the diagnostic accuracy of ambulatory electrode set was determined. Ambulatory electrode set yielded similar diagnoses as standard polysomnography in all subjects. However, compared with standard polysomnography the median (interquartile range) tonic bruxism event index was significantly higher in the control group [+0.38 (+0.08 to +0.56) events per hour, P = 0.046], and the phasic bruxism event index was significantly lower in the bruxer group [−0.44 (−1.30 to +0.07) events per hour, P = 0.046]. Exclusion of video recording and both video recording and sleep stage scoring from analysis increased overestimation of the tonic bruxism event index in the control group +0.86 (+0.42 to +1.03) and +1.19 (+0.55 to +1.39) events per hour, P = 0.046 and P = 0.028, respectively], resulting in one misdiagnosed control subject. To conclude, ambulatory electrode set is a sensitive method for ambulatory diagnostics of sleep bruxism, and video recording and sleep stage scoring help reaching the highest specificity of sleep bruxism diagnostics.
Is there a common motor dysregulation in sleepwalking and REM sleep behaviour disorder?
Authors: Haridi Mehdi , Weyn Banningh Sebastian , Clé Marion , Leu‐Semenescu Smaranda , Vidailhet Marie , Arnulf Isabelle
Published: May 2017

This study sought to determine if there is any overlap between the two major non‐rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement parasomnias, i.e. sleepwalking/sleep terrors and rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. We assessed adult patients with sleepwalking/sleep terrors using rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder screening questionnaires and determined if they had enhanced muscle tone during rapid eye movement sleep. Conversely, we assessed rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder patients using the Paris Arousal Disorders Severity Scale and determined if they had more N3 awakenings. The 251 participants included 64 patients with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (29 with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder and 35 with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder associated with Parkinson's disease), 62 patients with sleepwalking/sleep terrors, 66 old healthy controls (age‐matched with the rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder group) and 59 young healthy controls (age‐matched with the sleepwalking/sleep terrors group). They completed the rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder screening questionnaire, rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder single question and Paris Arousal Disorders Severity Scale. In addition, all the participants underwent a video‐polysomnography. The sleepwalking/sleep terrors patients scored positive on rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder scales and had a higher percentage of ‘any’ phasic rapid eye movement sleep without atonia when compared with controls; however, these patients did not have higher tonic rapid eye movement sleep without atonia or complex behaviours during rapid eye movement sleep. Patients with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder had moderately elevated scores on the Paris Arousal Disorders Severity Scale but did not exhibit more N3 arousals (suggestive of non‐rapid eye movement parasomnia) than the control group. These results indicate that dream‐enacting behaviours (assessed by rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder screening questionnaires) are commonly reported by sleepwalking/sleep terrors patients, thus decreasing the questionnaire's specificity. Furthermore, sleepwalking/sleep terrors patients have excessive twitching during rapid eye movement sleep, which may result either from a higher dreaming activity in rapid eye movement sleep or from a more generalised non‐rapid eye movement/rapid eye movement motor dyscontrol during sleep.
Efficacy and Safety of Injectable Robenacoxib for the Treatment of Pain Associated With Soft Tissue Surgery in Dogs
Authors: Friton G. , Thompson C. , Karadzovska D. , King S. , King J.N.
Published: May 2017

Background

Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used routinely to control pain and inflammation after surgery in dogs. Robenacoxib is a cyclooxygenase‐2 selective NSAID.

Hypothesis/Objective

Assess the clinical efficacy and safety of an injectable formulation of robenacoxib in dogs undergoing surgery.

Animals

Three hundred and seventeen client‐owned dogs (N = 159 robenacoxib or N = 158 placebo).

Methods

In this prospective, multicenter, randomized, masked, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group study, dogs received a SC injection of either robenacoxib, at a target dose of 2.0 mg/kg, or placebo once prior to surgery and for 2 additional days postoperatively. Pain assessments were performed using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS‐SF). The primary efficacy variable was treatment success/failure, with failure defined as the need for rescue therapy to control pain or withdrawal of the dog from the study due to an adverse event.

Results

Significantly (P = .006) more dogs administered robenacoxib were considered treatment successes (108 of 151, 73.7%) compared to dogs given placebo (85 of 152, 58.1%). Total pain scores (P < .01), pain at the surgery sites (response to touch, P < .01), and posture/activity (P < .05) were significantly improved at 3, 5, and 8 hours postextubation in dogs receiving robenacoxib versus placebo.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Robenacoxib administered by SC injection prior to surgery and for 2 additional days postoperatively was effective and well tolerated in the control of postoperative pain and inflammation associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs.
The commercialisation of equity
Authors: Yip Man , Lee James
Published: May 2017

This paper analyses the jurisprudence on the relevance of the commercial context to principles of the law of equity and trusts. We criticise recent UK Supreme Court decisions in the area (chiefly Williams v Central Bank of Nigeria, FHR European Ventures v Cedar Capital Partners and AIB Group v Mark Redler & Co) and identify a trend of the ‘commercialisation’ of the issues. The cases are placed in comparative context and it is argued that there is an unsatisfactory pattern of judicial reasoning, exhibiting a preference for some degree of unarticulated flexibility in commercial adjudication. But the price of that flexibility is a lack of doctrinal coherence and the development of equitable principles that will apply in, and beyond, the commercial context. We also argue that this trend has important implications for the coming rounds of Supreme Court appointments.
Evidence for a peptidoglycan‐like structure in Orientia tsutsugamushi
Authors: Atwal Sharanjeet , Giengkam Suparat , Chaemchuen Suwittra , Dorling Jack , Kosaisawe Nont , VanNieuwenhze Michael , Sampattavanich Somponnat , Schumann Peter , Salje Jeanne
Published: May 2017

Bacterial cell walls are composed of the large cross‐linked macromolecule peptidoglycan, which maintains cell shape and is responsible for resisting osmotic stresses. This is a highly conserved structure and the target of numerous antibiotics. Obligate intracellular bacteria are an unusual group of organisms that have evolved to replicate exclusively within the cytoplasm or vacuole of a eukaryotic cell. They tend to have reduced amounts of peptidoglycan, likely due to the fact that their growth and division takes place within an osmotically protected environment, and also due to a drive to reduce activation of the host immune response. Of the two major groups of obligate intracellular bacteria, the cell wall has been much more extensively studied in the Chlamydiales than the Rickettsiales. Here, we present the first detailed analysis of the cell envelope of an important but neglected member of the Rickettsiales, Orientia tsutsugamushi. This bacterium was previously reported to completely lack peptidoglycan, but here we present evidence supporting the existence of a peptidoglycan‐like structure in Orientia, as well as an outer membrane containing a network of cross‐linked proteins, which together confer cell envelope stability. We find striking similarities to the unrelated Chlamydiales, suggesting convergent adaptation to an obligate intracellular lifestyle.
Chitin‐induced and CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1) phosphorylation‐dependent endocytosis of Arabidopsis thaliana LYSIN MOTIF‐CONTAINING RECEPTOR‐LIKE KINASE5 (LYK5)
Authors: Erwig Jan , Ghareeb Hassan , Kopischke Michaela , Hacke Ronja , Matei Alexandra , Petutschnig Elena , Lipka Volker
Published: May 2017

To detect potential pathogens, plants perceive the fungal polysaccharide chitin through receptor complexes containing lysin motif receptor‐like kinases (LysM‐RLKs). To investigate the ligand‐induced spatial dynamics of chitin receptor components, we studied the subcellular behaviour of two Arabidopsis thaliana LysM‐RLKs involved in chitin signalling, CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1) and LYSIN MOTIF‐CONTAINING RECEPTOR‐LIKE KINASE5.

We performed standard and quantitative confocal laser scanning microscopy on stably transformed A. thaliana plants expressing fluorescently tagged CERK1 and LYK5 from their native promoters. Microscopy approaches were complemented by biochemical analyses in plants and in vitro.

Both CERK1 and LYK5 localized to the plasma membrane and showed constitutive endomembrane trafficking. After chitin treatment, however, CERK1 remained at the plasma membrane while LYK5 relocalized into mobile intracellular vesicles. Detailed analyses revealed that chitin perception transiently induced the internalization of LYK5 into late endocytic compartments. Plants that lacked CERK1 or expressed an enzymatically inactive CERK1 variant did not exhibit chitin‐induced endocytosis of LYK5. CERK1 could phosphorylate LYK5 in vitro and chitin treatment induced CERK1‐dependent phosphorylation of LYK5 in planta.

Our results suggest that chitin‐induced phosphorylation by CERK1 triggers LYK5 internalization. Thus, our work identifies phosphorylation as a key regulatory step in endocytosis of plant RLKs and also provides evidence for receptor complex dissociation after ligand perception.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of interval training versus moderate‐intensity continuous training on body adiposity
Authors: Keating S. E. , Johnson N. A. , Mielke G. I. , Coombes J. S.
Published: May 2017

Interval training (including high‐intensity interval training [HIIT] and sprint interval training [SIT]) is promoted in both scientific and lay media as being a superior and time‐efficient method for fat loss compared with traditional moderate‐intensity continuous training (MICT). We evaluated the efficacy of HIIT/SIT when directly compared with MICT for the modulation of body adiposity. Databases were searched to 31 August 2016 for studies with exercise training interventions with minimum 4‐week duration. Meta‐analyses were conducted for within‐group and between‐group comparisons for total body fat percentage (%) and fat mass (kg). To investigate heterogeneity, we conducted sensitivity and meta‐regression analyses. Of the 6,074 studies netted, 31 were included. Within‐group analyses demonstrated reductions in total body fat (%) (HIIT/SIT: −1.26 [95% CI: −1.80; −0.72] and MICT: −1.48 [95% CI: −1.89; −1.06]) and fat mass (kg) (HIIT/SIT: −1.38 [95% CI: −1.99; −0.77] and MICT: −0.91 [95% CI: −1.45; −0.37]). There were no differences between HIIT/SIT and MICT for any body fat outcome. Analyses comparing MICT with HIIT/SIT protocols of lower time commitment and/or energy expenditure tended to favour MICT for total body fat reduction (p = 0.09). HIIT/SIT appears to provide similar benefits to MICT for body fat reduction, although not necessarily in a more time‐efficient manner. However, neither short‐term HIIT/SIT nor MICT produced clinically meaningful reductions in body fat.
Party Support, Values, and Perceptions of Electoral Integrity
Authors: Flesken Anaïd , Hartl Jakob
Published: May 2017

The legitimacy of the electoral process is crucial for the consolidation of democracy. We here focus on individual perceptions of electoral integrity (IPEI) and seek to understand what factors can explain different degrees of IPEI. In particular, we use the sixth wave of the World Values Survey (2010–14) to examine how antiauthoritarian values affect individuals' directional bias, driven by political party support, in evaluating electoral integrity. The results show that IPEI do depend on an interaction of political party support and the strength of antiauthoritarian values. However, the addition of the latter does not lead to a convergence of integrity evaluations among winners and losers, as may be expected under the assumption that antiauthoritarian values drive voters to more carefully monitor and evaluate the electoral process. Instead, it leads to greater polarization between electoral winners and losers. We explain the result with reference to the motivated reasoning literature on biased information processing: While antiauthoritarian convictions lead people to obtain more information on the electoral process, their political leanings bias their reading of this information, which in effect leads to stronger polarization in perceptions.