bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONTENTS AND ASSESSMENT OF BASIC TOURISM RESOURCES
Authors: Knezević Rade
Published: December 2021

The article looks at the attractive factors of basic tourism resources and the structure of their attractions. The general term ‘resource’ refers to both natural and anthropogenic resources, while the content of this concept refers to elements used in creating a tourism product. Basic tourism resources are the most important factors of tourism processes, with a vital attribute of direct and indirect tourism resources being their substitutability. Natural (biotropic) resources are considered the guiding factors of a tourism offering, and they command great attention when planning tourism development and designing a tourism product. In addition to the basic types of natural tourism resources (geomorphologic, climate, hydrographic, bio-geographical, protected natural heritage), there are also many sub-types. Anthropogenic (atropic) tourism resources are human creations, the features of which attract tourists. They impact on how the cultural needs of tourists are met. In a tourism product, they generally take the form of cultural goods and ethno-social, artistic and ambient resources. Today, potential tourism resources are the focus of research, together with existing tourism resources, the contents and importance of which change and grow over time.
ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION AS A FUNDAMENTAL PART IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND INSURANCE INDUSTRY COMMITMENT TO SUPORTING IT
Authors: Vasileska Larisa , Angelevska-Nadjeska Katerina
Published: December 2021

In recent decades, tourism has become a full-fledged industry contributing significantly to the economic and social development of a large number of countries. In order to guarantee sustainable development of the environment for the future generations, insurers are ready to face with the new challenge as the investment in the sustainable development is very great.
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN HOTEL INDUSTRY – CASE STUDY IN OHRID
Authors: Petrovska Reckoski Gordana , Reckoska Risto , Vasileska Angela
Published: December 2021

Renewable energy is necessary for each industry functioning, also for hotel industry. It’s necessary for warming, lightening hotels, for kitchens functioning in hotels, for transport vehicles movement, for hotel pools, etc. In lack of classic energy sources, long period of time some work is done on finding new energy sources, besides oil and coal, water and wind. Nowadays, solar energy is very popular, which is already supplied, bio-energy, wind energy, water energy, geothermal and gas energy, steam, and still a work is done on permanent finding of new renewable energy sources (fuel cell resources, ocean/wave resources). In this paper, overworked data is shown, brought by Ohrid hotels and SWOT analyses has been done of energy consumption in hotel industry in Ohrid, with proposals for modernization, efficiency, aiming to modern tourism development, environment protection, human health protection. In this way, basic demands for entering the European Union will be satisfied and legislative harmonization in Republic of Macedonia with other EU members is going to be realized.
ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF INTRODUCING THE USE OF BIODIESEL IN THE HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM BUSINESS OF RURAL ISTRIA
Authors: Ružić Pavlo , Ružić Ivan , Dropulić Marinela
Published: December 2021

This paper looks on possibility of induction biodiesel fuel in tourism business. According to that, authors research economical and ecological impacts of biodiesel fuel on tourism business and environmental protection. In work, authors give answers about general characteristics of biodiesel fuel, and make comparison with classic diesel fuel. Researching issue are also production process and prices and what kind of effects brings induction of biodiesel fuel on economy of tourism and ecology. From that point of view, authors set up hypothesis that induction of biodiesel fuel in tourism business can obtain increasing in economical view and bring environmental protection of tourist destination. In paper are used methods for researching social, economical and ecological impacts of biodiesel fuel on tourism business development.
Grapevine bunch weight estimation using image-based features: comparing the predictive performance of number of visible berries and bunch area
Authors: Lopes Carlos , Cadima Jorge
Published: December 2021

Recent advances in machine vision technologies have provided a multitude of automatic tools for recognition and quantitative estimation of grapevine bunch features in 2D images. However, converting them into bunch weight (BuW) is still a big challenge. This paper aims to compare the explanatory power of the number of visible berries (#vBe) and the bunch area (BuA) in 2D images, in order to predict BuW. A set of 300 bunches from four grapevine cultivars were picked at harvest and imaged using a digital RGB camera. Then each bunch was manually assessed for several morphological attributes and, from each image, the #vBe was visually assessed while BuA was segmented using manual labelling combined with an image processing software. Single and multiple regression analysis between BuW and the image-based variables were performed and the obtained regression models were subsequently validated with two independent datasets.The high goodness of fit obtained for all the linear regression models indicates that either one of the image-based variables can be used as an accurate proxy of actual bunch weight and that a general model is also suitable. The comparison of the explanatory power of the two image-based attributes for predicting bunch weight showed that the models based on the predictor #vBe had a slightly lower coefficient of determination (R2) than the models based on BuA. The combination of the two image-based explanatory variables in a multiple regression model produced predictor models with similar or noticeably higher R2 than those obtained for single-predictor models. However, adding a second variable produced a higher and more generalised gain in accuracy for the simple regression models based on the predictor #vBe than for the models based on BuA. Our results recommend the use of the models based on the two image-based variables, as they were generally more accurate and robust than the single variable models. When the gains in accuracy produced by adding a second image-based feature are small, the option of using only a single predictor can be chosen; in such a case, our results indicate that BuA would be a more accurate and less cultivar-dependent option than the #vBe.
Fiscalité, pain quotidien du producteur de vin
Authors: Coipel-Cordonnier Nathalie
Published: December 2021

Présentation synthétique, illustrations à l’appui, des principales taxes auxquelles est confronté au quotidien l’exploitant viticole, à savoir les taxes qui touchent le produit vin (I), celles qui le concernent lui-même (II) et celles qui ont trait aux terres viticoles (III).
Cet article est issu d'une intervention donnée lors du colloque "Fiscalité et vin" organisé par les étudiants du master 2 Droit des affaires et fiscalité de l'université d'Orléans et par les étudiants du master 2 Droit de la vigne et du vin de l'université de Bordeaux, qui s'est tenu le vendredi 19 mars 2021.
Loi Évin, marketing du vin et protectionnisme
Authors: Duquesnois Franck , Cheriet Foued
Published: December 2021

Dans cet article, nous discutons l'éventuel rôle positif de la loi Évin comme barrière protectionniste face à l’agressivité concurrentielle de marques de vin étrangères souhaitant pénétrer le marché français du vin.
Nous nous interrogeons à savoir si ce rempart que constitue la loi Évin est soutenable dans le temps. La dissonance entre la loi française et la loi européenne offre un vide juridique dont pourraient tirer parti les groupes internationaux des vins étrangers mais aussi français. En outre, les stratégies de contournement de la loi Évin mobilisées par les acteurs du vin, nous montrent que cette loi n’est pas l’unique rempart à l’arrivée de vins étrangers en France. Le faible succès de ces derniers relèverait davantage des spécificités des comportements d’achat des Français que d’échecs ou de difficultés de communication de ces marques. La loi Évin devra donc s’adapter aux nouvelles stratégies des entreprises et aux contextes de consommation en France et à l’étranger. De même, une trop grande focalisation par les acteurs nationaux sur la nécessité d’assouplir davantage encore la loi Évin ne doit pas occulter les stratégies des grands groupes internationaux ni le protectionnisme économique dont témoignent d’autres pays.
affaire Bordeaux Magnum ou la vente en primeur et la rupture brutale des relations commerciales établies
Authors: Raffray Ronan
Published: December 2021

La rupture brutale des relations commerciales régit-elle les relations commerciales qui se nouent à Bordeaux lors de la campagne des primeurs ? La rencontre d’un système de vente construit sur les usages de place et d’une règlementation nationale soucieuse de normer la fin des relations commerciales s’annonce particulièrement instructive.
protection environnementale du domaine viticole. La fiscalité peut-elle venir au soutien de la protection environnementale du domaine viticole ?
Authors: Labelle Fabienne
Published: December 2021

Outre la protection environnementale mise en place par le législateur, un phénomène de contractualisation se dessine en matière viticole. Il repose sur le lien établi entre l’emprise foncière et les obligations agroécologiques. Que la transformation environnementale soit d’initiative publique ou privée, le mouvement de protection suppose une impulsion forte du secteur et des encouragements économiques. Parmi les mesures incitatives, la fiscalité peut prendre une place toute particulière.
Cet article est issu d'une intervention donnée lors du colloque "Fiscalité et vin" organisé par les étudiants du master 2 Droit des affaires et fiscalité de l'université d'Orléans et par les étudiants du master 2 Droit de la vigne et du vin de l'université de Bordeaux, qui s'est tenu le vendredi 19 mars 2021.
Libre concurrence et reconnaissance judiciaire de la notoriété de la marque
Authors: Noblot Cyril
Published: December 2021

A l’aune du principe de libre concurrence et en prenant le marché viticole comme principal périmètre d’observation, la reconnaissance judiciaire de la notoriété (ou renommée) de la marque d’où résulte un surcroît de protection pour son titulaire, apparaît comme ayant un caractère exceptionnel, dont on peut prendre la mesure d’une double façon.
Au plan probatoire d’abord, en considérant le contraste entre les exigences pesantes pour le demandeur cherchant à prouver la renommée de sa marque à titre offensif et les exigences allégées pour le défendeur qui soulève la propre renommée de sa marque à titre défensif.
Au plan substantiel par ailleurs, en songeant à la technique des standards qui permet au juge, spécialement à travers une conception exigeante du « consommateur moyen » et une variété des « justes motifs », d’avoir les coudées relativement franches pour contraindre le titulaire de la marque renommée à coexister avec d’autres marques.
PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN GURU UNTUK MENGGUNAKAN ALAT PERAGA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MELALUI METODE BIMBINGAN SIMULASI
Authors: Suparmin Suparmin
Published: December 2021

Penugasan guru untuk meningkatkan kualitas proses belajar mengajar dan hasil prestasi belajar siswa dalam rangka pencapaian tujuan pendidikan merupakan tanggung jawab kepala sekolah. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan supervisi setiap guru dan ditemukan bahwa guru pasif dalam menggunakan alat peraga dan diperbanyak tanya jawab lisan serta mengerjakan soal latihan pada lembar kerja siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan guru dalam menggunakan alat peraga melalui bimbingan simulasi. Penelitian tindakan sekolah dengan dua siklus, dan setiap siklus terdiri dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan, refleksi. Pelaksanaan setiap siklusnya terdiri dari tiga pertemuan yang dilakukan lewat bimbingan simulasi dan dengan partisipan penelitian delapan guru. Hasil nilai kemampuan guru menggunakan alat peraga terendah kategori E naik pada siklus I dan naik lagi pada siklus II menjadi kategori C. Untuk nilai tertinggi  kondisi awal kategori D  naik pada siklus I menjadi kategori B dan naik lagi pada siklus II naik menjadi kategori A. Untuk nilai rata-rata kondisi awal kategori E naik pada siklus I menjadi kategori C dan naik lagi pada siklus II menjadi rerata kategori B. Indikator kinerja  pada kondisi awal rata-rata mencapai klasifikasi E, kondisi hasil siklus I indikator kinerja  rerata meningkat  mencapai klasifikasi C, dan  kondisi hasil siklus II indikator kinerja dengan rerata mencapai klasifikasi B, Terjadi peningkatan dari kondisi awal sampai siklus II sebesar 3,4 – 1,73 = 1,67. Data empirik hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa melalui bimbingan simulasi dapat meningkatkan kemampuan guru menggunakan alat peraga dalam pembelajaran sekolah tersebut.
Carbonate Reservoir Characterization with High-Resolution Logging-While-Drilling Dual-Images in Oil-Based Mud
Authors: Yang Shiduo , Brill Thilo M. , Abellan Alexandre , Shrivastava Chandramani , Shasmal Sudipan
Published: December 2021

Fracture evaluation and vuggy feature understanding are of prime importance in carbonate reservoirs. Commonly the related features are extracted from high resolution borehole images in water-based mud environments. To reduce the formation damage from drilling fluids, many wells are drilled with oil-based muds (OBM) in carbonate reservoirs. There are no appropriate measurements to resolve the reservoir characterization in OBM with the existing technologies in horizontal wells—especially in real-time—to make decisions at an early stage.

In this paper, we would like to introduce a workflow for geological characterization using a new dual-images logging while drilling tool in oil-based mud. This new tool provides high resolution resistivity and ultrasonic images at the same time. Structural features, such as bedding boundaries, faults, fractures can be identified efficiently from resistivity images; while detailed sedimentary features, for example, cross beddings, vugs, stylolite are easily characterized using ultrasonic images. Benefiting from the dual images, an innovative workflow was proposed to estimate the vug feature more accurately; and the fractures can be identified from images and classified based on tool measurement principles.

One case study from the Middle East demonstrated the benefits of this new measurement. A near well structure model was constructed from bed boundaries picked from borehole images. The fractures were picked and classified confidently using the dual images. Additionally, fracture density statistics are available along the well trajectory. The vug features were extracted efficiently, which indicates the secondary porosity development information. Rock typing is achieved by combining fracture and vug analysis to provide zonation for completion and production stimulation.

The dual-images provide the capability for geological characterization in carbonate reservoir in an oil-based mud environment. The image-based rock typing helps segment the drain-hole for completion and production stimulation. The reservoir mapping with rock typing provides detailed information for in-filling well design.
Modular Construction with Geosynthetics in Petroleum Industry
Authors: Stark Timothy Dwight , Stapleton Calvin
Published: December 2021

This paper focuses on the use of modular construction techniques for installing geosynthetics in petroleum related applications. The petroleum industry uses geosynthetics for drill pad liners, above-ground and in-ground containment ponds, storage tanks, various impoundments including tailings storage, floating covers, road creation and/or support to remote sites, filtration, lining freshwater storage areas, dewatering, and stormwater management. Accelerating the construction of these facilities and the quality, i.e., no leaks, of the installation will have a positive impact on the financial and environmental aspects of the petroleum industry. Modular construction is a process in which a petroleum containment system is constructed primarily off-site, under controlled factory conditions, using the same design, materials, equipment, testing, and construction quality assurance and control (CQA/CQC) techniques as a field constructed facility – but usually in about one-half the time, for significantly less cost, and with few, if any, defects. This is due to the clean and constant conditions present in a factory setting. For example, installation of a factory-fabricated geomembrane can occur simultaneously while site work is being conducted. With factory fabrication, no destructive sampling and testing of the field welds that join rolls of the geomembrane are needed. As a result, a factory fabricated geomembrane can be installed in at least one-half of the time required for traditional field fabrication and with higher quality. This results in the containment system being utilized sooner, being more protective, and creating a faster return on investment.
A Fuzzy Method to Quantitatively Evaluate the Effect of Foam Deliquification in Gas Wells
Authors: Jia Min , Zhang Jianjun , Han Xiuling , Shi Junfeng , Guo Donghong , Cao Guangqiang , Li Jun , Li Nan , Wang Haoyu , Zhang Yi , Liu Yan
Published: December 2021

Deliquification is the primary technique for stabilizing gas production and improving gas recovery in gas fields producing water, and foam deliquification is the key subject of research for the purpose of enhancing gas production and cutting down cost. However, there is no systematic method to evaluate and compare the effects of foam deliquification in gas wells in various conditions. Aiming at the above problem, a new fuzzy quantitative evaluation method for foam deliquification is proposed. The method focus on four indicators, namely, rate of change in daily gas production, rate of change in daily water production, rate of change in the difference between tubing and casing pressures, and rate of change in daily injection cost. The evaluation results are calculated by the linear analysis, hierarchy analysis and fuzzy relation synthesis operator. The method has been applied to 30 foam deliquification wells in Sulige gas field and Chongqing gas field, and the comprehensive index of foam deliquification effect is calculated. The advantage of this method is that the technical and economic factors affecting foam deliquifiction, the membership relationships of various indicators, as well as the weight coefficients of the indicators are integratedly considered. It can be used for comprehensive evaluation and quantitative comparison of foam deliquification effects in gas wells in various conditions, assisting in determining candidate wells for foam deliquification, and guiding the selection of foaming agents.
Saturation and Sigma Measurements in Carbonate Formations with Multiple Pulsed Neutron Technologies: Case Study from Southeast Turkey
Authors: Bulut Coskun , Dagdeviren Halil Ibrahim , Andronache Ana-Maria Elena , Mekic Natasa , Pemper Richard R , Mohamed Said Beshry
Published: December 2021

This paper describes the petrophysical analysis resulting from operation of two independent pulsed neutron logging tools in the same cased hole well. The well was primarily carbonate and included many different subsurface formations located in the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey that included the Derdere, Karababa A, B, and C, Karaboğaz, Bozova, and Germav. Computing the mineralogy and saturation in these environments is challenging due to the complexity and low porosity of the formations that included mixed lithologies and organic shale.

One of the objectives of this work was to demonstrate how the spectral data from the two tools was not only consistent, but that they could be combined to create an optimal petrophysical interpretation of the lithology, detailed mineralogy, porosity, and saturation of the formations within the well. Both tools employed a pulsed neutron generator capable of emitting 2 × 108 neutrons/second into the ambient formation. One was a 4-detector, 1-11/16-inch diameter reservoir evaluation tool, and the other was a single detector, 3-1/4-inch geochemical spectroscopy tool.

In order to obtain the best possible results, a sound logging program was created that involved running the reservoir evaluation tool in 3 different modes of operation. This included the carbon/oxygen (C/O) mode, the sigma mode, and the gas mode. Stationary measurements were also obtained. The geochemical logging tool has only a single mode of operation. The resulting sigma measurements were in complete agreement. The sigma from the geochemical logging tool was corrected for the effects of diffusion. The advantage of the slim-hole reservoir evaluation tool is that the measurements from the 4th detector are diffusion-free.

Data from the 1-11/16-inch reservoir evaluation tool from the gas mode did not reveal any bypassed gas zones in the well.

Oil saturation was computed with the reservoir evaluation tool based upon three logging passes in the C/O mode. An important component of the interpretation was that it was supported by MCNP modeling that predicted the tool's response for hydrocarbon saturation. Although data from the geochemical spectroscopy tool was not used to determine saturation in this well, the resulting carbon concentration, that included kerogen as well as hydrocarbons, was completely consistent with the saturation computed from the reservoir evaluation tool.
Alternative Contracting Approaches in Current Oil and Gas Business Environment
Authors: Critzer Keith Bradford , Colbert Douglas Andrew
Published: December 2021

This paper presents a broad overview of the current state of the oil and gas engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contractor base following a period of challenging market conditions, subsequent owner/operator investment deferments, and the resulting financial impacts to the contractor base. These factors have caused a reduced tolerance for oil and gas volatility and a reduced appetite for lump sum contract risk. This paper identifies alternative contracting approaches to traditional competitively bid lump sum contracting. These alternative approaches result in a better understanding and assignment of risk between owner/operator and contractor, encourage continued participation by contractors in the oil and gas sector, and increase the probability of successful project outcomes.
The Evolution of Subsea Wells Plug and Abandon by the Use of Intervention Vessel
Authors: Stocchi Donatella , Zinzani Giacomo , Lazzari Andrea , Leo Giuseppe , Pasquali Paolo Giovanni , Flamminio Davide , Iolli Fabio
Published: December 2021

During the last years, the total number of subsea wells considerably increased thanks to growing investments in the development of deep and ultra-deep water fields. At the end of their producing life, all these wells will need to be decommissioned and permanently plugged and abandoned, so the demand for technologies that will allow to fulfil this task in the respect of the regulations and at the minimum cost gained a lot of momentum.

This paper describes a permanent P&A strategy of subsea wells to be carried out with Well Intervention vessel. The study first goes through the operation sequence and available technologies, defining an abandonment approach which is in line with international standards. Identified strategy results into a significant time and cost reduction comparing with traditional subsea wells decommissioning works performed by a floater rig, even maintaining the same level of safety and effectiveness.

The study shows that the overall time reduction estimated by using an intervention vessel ranges from 40 to 55%, compared to a conventional rig-based approach, leading the wells abandonment expenditure savings up to 70%.

For all those wells where the implementation of an intervention vessel is not guaranteed, there is still room to get time and cost savings of about 5-15% by combining the same riserless technologies with a conventional floater rig.
Production Optimization Coupling Multiple Reservoirs and Facilities With Sour Gas Re-Injection for Miscible EOR in South Oman
Authors: Kumar Kamlesh , Pathak Varun , Agrawal Pankaj , Alias Zaal , Narwal Tushar , Hadhrami Abdullah
Published: December 2021

Effective gas utilization is critical to any gas injection development project to maximize recoveries for a given purchase of make-up gas, whilst reducing the Green Gas House (GHG) emissions. This paper describes the use of a fully implicit Integrated Production System Model (IPSM) for two inter-connected production system networks, coupling multiple, critically sour oil reservoirs undergoing Miscible Gas Injection (MGI) for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) using produced sour gas from oil and condensate fields in South Oman.

The IPSM model links sixteen reservoir models with varying levels of complexities to the facilities network. Complexities in the facilities include multiple nodal constraints that necessitate the use of an Equation of State model (EOS). The IPSM model honors the gas balance implicitly. Gas flood optimization includes prioritizing low GOR production wells (at reservoir and well level) whilst maintaining reservoir pressure above Minimum Miscibility Pressures (MMP). Development schedule optimization also helps in optimizing the compressor size, the key Capex component. Compositional modeling allows continuous tracking of souring levels at different nodes, providing integrity status of overall production system network.

The current IPSM model helps in optimization of schedule for the phased development of the oil reservoirs and eventually the most efficient gas utilization. This has enabled low pressure operation in some reservoirs providing oil at very low unit technical cost while waiting for gas availability. Compositional tracking for H2S helps in operating the facilities within design limits whilst planning future developments to cater to this design. Some key parameters can be parameterized for quick sensitivity analysis for an informed decision making for business opportunities. The production potential of the system is also tracked to ensure there is a cushion in the system to deal with any unexpected changes. This feature helps in planning and optimizing the scheduled turn-around activities for these two inter-connected production system networks.

The novelty of this work is collaboration across multiple disciplines, especially the surface and subsurface because of complex interactions between facilities constraints and reservoir performance (associated with produced gas reinjection). Compositional tracking and injection gas apportionment across multiple reservoirs is key to the overall value maximization in this complex development.
A Geoengineering Approach to Maximum Reservoir Contact Wells Design: Case Study in a Carbonate Reservoir Under Water and Miscible Gas Injection
Authors: Freites Alfredo , Segura Victor , Muneeb Muhammad
Published: December 2021

Maximum Reservoir Contact wells (MRCs) are a potential alternative to reduce the number of wells required to develop hydrocarbon reservoirs, improve sweeping efficiency and delay gas and water breakthrough. The well completions design is critical for the success of MRCs. In this study we present a case study of a MRC well completion design using Limited Entry Liners (LEL) in a mature carbonate reservoir under water and miscible gas injection. We developed an integrated workflow that considered a high-resolution numerical simulation model calibrated to static and dynamic data and wellbore-reservoir models coupling, for capturing the details of the flow interaction between both systems. Flow restrictions in the form of additional pressure drops to the flow from the reservoir into the wellbore were used to simulate the effect of small open flow areas, i.e.shot densities, in the LELs. Our work allowed identifying the most likely entry points of gas and water and design the well to minimize their impact on oil production. We observe that longer lengths open to flow outweighs the detrimental effect of producing from intervals closer to the water saturated zones. We also observed that balancing the inflow profile along the wellbore did not report beneficial results to oil production as it stimulates production from the reservoir zone from which the gas breakthrough is expected (middle of the producing section); this result is particularly relevant as it shows that designing the well completions with base only on static data could lead to poor production performance. The suggested completion for the MRC well encompasses four segments; a segment covering almost 50 % of the well length and located at the middle of the producing section with a blind liner (close to flow for gas control) and the remaining three with slotted liners with enough open area as to avoid causing significant pressure drops.
Definitive Dynamic MWD Surveys Generate Rig Time Savings and Flat Time Reductions in the Middle East
Authors: Lowdon Ross , Nguyen Hiep Tien , ElGizawy Mahmoud , Victor Saback
Published: December 2021

Wellbore surveying is a critical component of any well construction project. Understanding the position of a well in 3D space allows for the wells geological objectives to be carried out while safely avoiding other wellbores.

Wellbore surveys are generally conducted using a magnetically referenced measurement while drilling tool (MWD) and taken while static, either before, after or sometimes during the connection. The drillstring is often worked to release trapped torque and time is often taken waiting for the survey to be pumped up. All of this consumes rig time and opens the wellbore up to wellbore instability issues.

The application of definitive dynamic surveys (DDS) which are static MWD quality surveys taken while drilling and updated continuously. There is no longer a need to stop and take a static survey eliminating MWD surveying related rig time, reducing drilling risks from additional pumps off time and improving TVD accuracy and directional control.

The rig time taken for surveying with and without DDS will be compared between similar wells in the field, and detailed analysis of relative tortuosity between DDS and non-DDS wells will also be conducted. Trajectory control analysis will be reviewed by looking at the difference in the number of downlinks between DDS and no DDS wells and also the deviation from the planned trajectory. An overall analysis of on bottom ROP will be made and an analysis as to the relative differences in TVD between static and DDS survey will be carried out.

This abstract will outline the rig time and operational savings from DDS, it will detail the surveying time savings, directional control improvements, TVD placement differences to static surveys and provide costs savings as a comparison to previous similar wells. This will be outlined over a number of wells, divided by sections as the wells are batch drilled and provide an insight into the benefits of DDS on a drilling campaign. Some discussion will be made as to the efficacy of the DDS surveys and how their error model has been developed.

DDS is a unique and novel way of taking surveys while drilling, providing static MWD quality without the added rig time costs but at a much higher frequency that the typical once a stand survey program. This paper outlines the cost and process savings associated with using the DDS surveys.
Automated Geosteering Optimization Using Machine Learning
Authors: Timonov Alexey Vasilievich , Khabibullin Rinat Alfredovich , Gurbatov Nikolay Sergeevich , Shabonas Arturas Rimo , Zhuchkov Alexey Vladimirovich
Published: December 2021

Geosteering is an important area and its quality determines the efficiency of formation drilling by horizontal wells, which directly affects the project NPV.

This paper presents the automated geosteering optimization platform which is based on live well data. The platform implements online corrections of the geological model and forecasts well performance from the target reservoir. The system prepares recommendations of the best reservoir production interval and the direction for horizontal well placements based on reservoir performance analytics.

This paper describes the stages of developing a comprehensive system using machine-learning methods, which allows multivariate calculations to refine and predict the geological model. Based on the calculations, a search for the optimal location of a horizontal well to maximize production is carried out.

The approach realized in the work takes into account many factors (some specific features of geological structure, history of field development, wells interference, etc.) and can offer optimum horizontal well placement options without performing full-scale or sector hydrodynamic simulation.

Machine learning methods (based on decision trees and neural networks) and target function optimization methods are used for geological model refinement and forecasting as well as for selection of optimum interval of well placement.

As the result of researches we have developed the complex system including modules of data verification and preprocessing, automatic inter-well correlation, optimization and target interval selection.

The system was tested while drilling hydrocarbons in the Western Siberian fields, where the developed approach showed efficiency.
Halaqa: preparing a culture of success for young professionals
Authors: Al Kiyumi Hanin Rashid
Published: December 2021

This paper discusses "Halaqa", which aims to create a culture of learning by sharing experiences in sessions where people interact with one another and encouraging the free flow of ideas among the teams. This inspires young professionals to enhance the learning curve, seek new ideas and develop a culture of creative problem-solving pathways.

As a definition, "Halaqa" is a platform for sharing ideas and experiences. The session is planned bi-weekly targeting young professionals in the Petroleum Engineering function. The topic of the session can be presented by (i) a senior or an experienced professional as a part of coaching or (ii) a young professional as a knowledge sharing methodology. The sessions are interactive allowing open discussions for the deeply inquisitive minds. The sessions also provide support with unpacking complex and sticky issues, helping young professionals to replicate the best practices for the efficient and effective delivery of the project. Each session usually takes about an hour including discussions and the points are documented properly for the retention of knowledge.

"Halaqa" is a new concept in the asset and has the potential to be replicated in the entire organization. The uniqueness comes from the fact that it provides a platform to interact and collaborate to pursue common objectives. The relationships that are created through these interactions are crucial as far as the learning of young professionals is concerned.
Hybrid Data Driven Approach for Reservoir Production Forecast
Authors: Ourir Achraf , Oukmal Jed , Rondeleux Baptiste , Agharzayeva Zinyat , Barrault Philippe
Published: December 2021

Analytical models, in particular Decline Curve Analysis (DCA) are widely used in the oil and gas industry. However, they are often solely based on production data from the declining wells and do not leverage the other data available in the field e.g. petrophysics at well, completion length, distance to contacts... This paper describes a workflow to quickly build hybrid models for reservoir production forecast based on a mix of classic reservoir methods and machine learning algorithms. This workflow is composed of three main steps applied on a well by well basis. First, we build an object called forecaster which contains the subject matter knowledge. This forecaster can represent parametric functions trained on the well itself or more complex models that learn from a larger data set (production and petrophysics data, synthesis properties). Secondly this forecaster is tested on a subset of production history to qualify it. Finally, the full data set is used to forecast the production profile. It has been applied to all fluids (oil, water, gas, liquid) and revealed particularly useful for fields with large number of wells and long history, as an alternative to classical simulations when grid models are too complex or difficult to history match. Two use cases from conventional and unconventional fields will be presented in which this workflow helped quickly generate robust forecast for existing wells (declining or non-declining) and new wells.

This workflow brings the technology, structure and measurability of Data Science to Reservoir Engineering. It enables the application of the state of the art data science methods to solve concrete reservoir engineering problems. In addition, forecast results can be confronted to historical data using what we call "Blind Testing" which allows a quantification of the forecast uncertainty and avoid biases. Finally, the automated workflow has been used to generate a range of possible realizations and allows the quantification the uncertainty associated with the models.
High Resolution Reservoir Simulator Driven Custom Scripts as the Enabler for Solving Reservoir to Surface Network Coupling Challenges
Authors: Aktassov Kanat , Ayaganov Dauletbek , Imagambetov Kanat , Alissov Ruslan , Muratbekov Said , Kali Zhaksylyk , Amangaliyev Bagdad , Sidorov Dmitry , Kurmankulov Alikhan
Published: December 2021

This paper presents a practical methodology of optimizing and building a detailed field surface network system by using the high-resolution reservoir simulator driven custom-made Python scripts to efficiently predict the future performance of the vast oil and gas-condensate carbonate field.

All existing surface hydraulic tables are quality checked and lifting issue constraints corrected. Pressure losses at the wellhead chokes incorporated into the high-resolution reservoir simulator in the form of equation by using the custom scripts instead of a table format to calculate gas rate dependent pressure losses more precisely. Consequently, all 400+ surface production system manifolds, pipes and well chokes Horizontal Flow Performance (HFP) tables are updated and coupled to the reservoir simulator through Field Management (FM) controller which in turn generates Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) tables for the coupled wells and passes them to solve the network.

The methodology described in this paper applied for a complex field development planning of the Karachaganak. At present, reservoir management strategy requires constant balancing effort to uniformly spread gas re-injection into the lower Voidage Replacement Ratio areas in the Upper Gas-Condensate part of the reservoir due to reservoir heterogeneity. Additionally, an increase in field and wells gas-oil ratio and water-cut creates bottlenecks in the surface gathering system and requires robust solutions to decongest the surface network.

Current simulation tools are not always effective due longer run times and simulation instability due to complex network system. As a solution, project-specific network balancing challenges are resolved by incorporating custom-made scripts into the high-resolution simulator. Faster and flexible integrated model based on hydraulic tables reproduced the historical pressure losses of the surface pipelines at similar resolution and generated accurate prediction profiles in a twice-quicker time than existing reservoir simulator. Overall, this approach helped to generate more stable production profiles by identifying bottlenecks in the surface network and evaluate future projects with more confidence by achieving a significant CAPEX cost savings.

The comprehensive guidelines provided in this paper can aid reservoir modeling by setting up flexible integrated models to account for surface network effects. The value of incorporating Python scripts demonstrated to implement non-standard and project specific network balancing solutions leveraging on the flexibility and the openness of the modelling tool.
Successful Development of Residual Gas Condensate Reservoir using First ESP in Deep High Pressure and Temperature in Rich Gas Condensate Wells
Authors: Shuely Abdullah Salim , Sheibani Hilal , Al Lawati Hawraa , Ezechie Patrick , van Gilst Roeland , Siyabi Nabil , Al Kharusi Dawood , Marhoon Nadhal , Al Otani Louisa , Lawati Taha
Published: December 2021

A rich condensate gas field is located in the North of Oman, which penetrated the Amin sandstone reservoir at 4015 TVDmss. A study was conducted in the field and showed there is ¾ of GIIP trapped with paleo imbibition - over geological time - gas by the water encroachment in an approximately 80 m thick Paleo-Residual Gas zone (PRG), with very low mobility of hydrocarbons and high residual gas saturations.

In order to mitigate the shortcomings of such unfavorable subsurface conditions, the study proposed Gas-Aquifer-Rate Management (i.e. co-production of gas and water) utilizing existing flank wells, as a potential field improvement option. The key business drivers for this project are to re-mobilize gas from PRG flank wells and to safeguard existing NFA by Aquifer pump off and production from high rate crestal wells.

The optimum gas well deliquification method has been identified based on the highest UR considering connected GIIP and well completion size. The outcome of the study indicated that the ESP technology combined with well retubing was recommended as the optimum solution. Two wells have been selected as ESP candidates to test the new technology to produce water at deep depth (4000m) and high temperature (155°C). A special slim ESP was designed for this purpose.

A successful pilot was completed in one well and gave conclusive results. The test showed that the well produced 3K m3/d of gas and 83 m3/d of liquid with 95% BSW. The second pilot is currently in the commissioning phase. The successful outcomes of the pilot succeeding in connecting the gas and restoring wells back with economic production rates will lead to expedite a full field implementation plan. This project will add a significant economic value of positive NPV at low UTC.

This paper will highlight the full story of the PRG and ESP technology implementation and describe in details the entire process starting from the artificial lift selection, well candidate selection screening criteria, critical success factors, operating parameters, life-time cycle and the test results of gas and condensate and water production. Also, the learning and challenges in operating the ESP will be shared.
A Logic-Based Risk Engineering Approach to Support the Decision-Making Process of Upstream Projects
Authors: Vimercati Roberto , Fratoni Filippo , Comploi Karin , Petralia Mirko , Corvi Filippo , Ciotola Angela , Colombo Simone
Published: December 2021

The exploration and production of hydrocarbons is undeniably a high-risk venture. Uncertainties are in every activity, from the exploration phase up to facilities construction and plants operation.

To allow decision makers understanding the uncertainty associated with the decisions they were asked to face, in the 70ies of the past century, when the oil shockwaves upset the entire business world (Bood & Postma, 1997), it was introduced the use of scenario analysis. Since then, stochastic analyses, such as Monte Carlo simulations, started permeating the oil & gas world. Yet, as Lewis et al. (2004) highlighted, despite the benefit greatly outweighs the effort generally required to perform these analyses, managers not seldom refrained themselves from using these tools to support their decision-making processes. And this, as highlighted by Judah (2016), despite risk mitigation is the very core of the oil & gas business as risks at stake are many, namely: drilling risk, subsurface risk, cost & schedule risk, procurement risk, performance risk, health, safety, and environment (HSE) risk, geopolitical risk, and price risk.

Today, the energy transition is imposing new challenges to the oil & gas sector. Even amongst those companies that have embraced (quantitative) structured approaches to support their investment decisions, there is another challenge to face: the integration of all risks in one approach capable of capturing the overall complexity of oil & gas projects and highlighting the effects of variations of both endogenous and exogenous risks on the overall profitability of the opportunity at stake (or the portfolio of opportunities). Risks are typically assessed separately by each function with different quantitative approaches that leave grey zones of interpretation where inter-functional risks can grow and create decisional inefficiencies. Aware of this, Eni integrated risk management, started last year a project aimed at enhancing the project risk management process. The innovative approach followed leverages on artificial logic and allows to consider the full life cycle of an investment proposal. In line with the evolution of company's mission and vision, the aim was to assess the project risk in a more comprehensive way by considering endogenous risks (such as permits, drilling, engineering, procurement, construction) jointly with exogenous ones (such as climate change, cyber security, credit, and country). The manuscript explains the methodology used, the results achieved, and the expected benefit for the company in adopting the innovative approach to risk engineering in supporting investments decisions.
Company Data Governance Transformation to Support the Business Evolution
Authors: Sanasi Carla , Dal Forno Luca , Ricci Maccarini Giorgio , Mutidieri Luigi , Tempone Pamela , Mezzapesa Domenico , Dalla Rosa Matilde , Bucci Alessandro , Rinaldi Francesca , Andreoletti Clara
Published: December 2021

The evolution of the energy market requires companies to increase their operating efficiency, leveraging on collaborative environment and existing assets, including Data. A new focus on data governance and integration is needed to maximize the value of data and ensure "real-time" efficient response.

The decoupling of data from applications enables organization by domain and data type in one cross-functional data hub. This scheme is independent from the scope of the activity and will therefore maintain its validity when dealing with new business requiring subsurface data utilization. The integrated data platform will feed advanced digital tools capable to control the risks, optimize performance and reduce emissions associated with the operations.

Eni is putting this idea into practice with a new data infrastructure which is integrated across all the subsurface disciplines (G&G, Exploration, Upstream Laboratories, Reservoir and Well Operations departments). In this paper, the example of real time data exploitation will be discussed.

Real time data workflow was first established in well operations for operational supervision and later developed for real time performance optimization, through the introduction of predictive analytics. Its latest evolution in the broader subsurface domain encompasses the application of AI to operations geology processes and the extension to all operated activities. This approach will equally support new company goals, such as decarbonization, increasing performance of subsurface activities related to underground storage of CO2 in depleted reservoirs.