bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differentiating impacts of non‐pharmaceutical interventions on non‐coronavirus disease‐2019 respiratory viral infections: Hospital‐based retrospective observational study in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Andrew Po‐Liang , Chu Isaac Yen‐Hao , Yeh Mei‐Lin , Chen Yin‐Yin , Lee Chia‐Lin , Lin Hsiao‐Hsuan , Chan Yu‐Jiun , Chen Hsin‐Pai
Published: April 2021

Background

Physical distancing and facemask use are worldwide recognized as effective non‐pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against the coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19). Since January 2020, Taiwan has introduced both NPIs but their effectiveness on non‐COVID‐19 respiratory viruses (NCRVs) remain underexplored.

Methods

This retrospective observational study examined electronic records at a tertiary hospital in northern Taiwan from pre‐COVID (January–December 2019) to post‐COVID period (January–May 2020). Patients with respiratory syndromes were tested for both enveloped (eg, influenza virus and seasonal coronavirus) and non‐enveloped RVs (eg, enterovirus and rhinovirus) using multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Monthly positivity rates of NCRVs among adult and pediatric patients were analyzed with comparison between pre‐ and post‐COVID periods.

Results

A total of 9693 patients underwent 12 127 multiplex RT‐PCR tests. The average positivity rate of NCRVs reduced by 11.2% (25.6% to 14.4%) after nationwide PHIs. Despite the COVID‐19 pandemic, the most commonly identified enveloped and non‐enveloped viruses were influenza virus and enterovirus/rhinovirus, respectively. Observed reduction in NCRV incidence was predominantly contributed by enveloped NCRVs including influenza viruses. We did not observe epidemiological impacts of NPIs on non‐enveloped viruses but an increasing trend in enterovirus/rhinovirus test positivity rate among pediatric patients. Our data were validated using Taiwan's national notification database.

Conclusions

Our frontline investigation suggests that the current NPIs in Taiwan might not effectively control the transmission of non‐enveloped respiratory viruses, despite their protective effects against influenza and seasonal coronavirus. Health authorities may consider using hydrogen peroxide or chloride‐based disinfectants as additional preventative strategies against non‐enveloped respiratory viruses in the post‐COVID‐19 era.
Notopodial “spinning glands” of Sthenelanella (Annelida: Sigalionidae) are modified chaetal sacs
Authors: Tilic Ekin , Geratz Alicia , Rouse Greg W. , Bartolomaeus Thomas
Published: April 2021

Sthenelanella is an unusual genus of tube‐dwelling scale worms, with fine fibrous threads that appear on either side of the body. These fibers emerge dorsally in long silvery bundles that are then tightly interwoven to construct the felt‐like material of the tube. In the literature, these fibers are described as the products of so‐called “spinning glands.” In this article, we investigated the ultrastructure of these notopodial fibers and show that they are annelid chaetae. Three or four dynamic microvilli of a basal chaetoblast form each of these feltage chaetae, making them the thinnest known annelid bristles. Our results show that the spinning glands of Sthenelanella uniformis are additional, highly modified notopodial chaetal sacs. We also show that the follicle cells, by their secretion of the enamel layer, play an active role in shaping the final chaeta. These findings not only increase the known morphological diversity of chaetae but also demonstrate the apparent plasticity of the machinery that form these chitinous structures. Our results are compared with chaetae in other annelids, with a particular focus on similar fibrous chaetae in Aphroditiformia.
Effects of acid leaching treatment of soda‐lime silicate glass on crack initiation and fracture
Authors: Sheth Nisha , Greenley Carl , Bermejo Raul , Mauro John C. , Pantano Carlo G. , Kim Seong H.
Published: April 2021

Water or acid soaking surface treatments have been shown to increase the mechanical strength of soda‐lime silicate (SLS) glasses. This increase in strength has traditionally been attributed to effects related to residual stress or changes in fracture resistance. In this work, we report experimental data that cannot be explained based on the existing knowledge of glass surface mechanics. In dry environments, annealed and acid‐leached SLS surfaces have comparable crack initiation stress and fracture stress as measured by Hertzian indentation and biaxial bending tests, respectively. Yet, in the presence of humidity, acid‐leached surfaces have higher failure stress than the annealed surfaces. This apparent enhancement in the crack resistance of the acid‐leached surface of SLS glass in humid environments supports the hypothesis that acid‐leached surface chemistry can lower the transport kinetics of molecular water to critical flaws.
Totally peripheral approach for ICD lead vegetation removal in a GUCH patient
Authors: Tarzia Vincenzo , Tessari Chiara , Bagozzi Lorenzo , Migliore Federico , Pittarello Demetrio , Zanella Fabio , Bertaglia Emanuele , Fabozzo Assunta , Gerosa Gino
Published: April 2021

AngioVac system (AngioDynamics) has already proved to be a useful tool in the treatment of thrombotic and endocarditic formations concerning the venous district. Herein, the AngioVac aspiration system combined with the bidirectional rotational Evolution mechanical sheath lead extraction was used for an effective and safety cardiac‐device‐related‐infective‐endocarditis removal in a grown‐up congenital heart disease patient through a totally peripheral approach.
Efficacy and tolerability of a detergent and care component for rosacea patients: A split‐face, vehicle‐controlled, randomized trial
Authors: Guertler Anne , Niesert Anne Charlotte , Wilhelm Klaus‐Peter , Knuhr Katrin , Brandt Marianne , French Lars E. , Reinholz Markus
Published: April 2021

Background

The treatment of facial erythema and subjective symptoms of rosacea patients remains challenging in clinical practice. Cosmeceuticals, care components containing active ingredients such as phytochemicals, play a growing role in treatment plans. However, well‐designed studies on their efficacy and limitations are widely missing.

Objective

A foam and a cream for rosacea patients were assessed based on objective and subjective methodology. The tolerability of skin and eyes was evaluated.

Methods

A randomized, double‐blinded, split‐face, and vehicle‐controlled trial was conducted. At baseline and after four weeks of product use, dermatological and ophthalmological investigations were performed, employing image analysis of facial erythema, clinical assessments, and questionnaires.

Results

The patient cohort comprised 33 females with persistent facial erythema due to rosacea. No significant differences were found between the vehicle and the verum. According to the analysis of facial erythema, a “less pronounced” or “much less pronounced” appearance was seen in two thirds of patients comparing V1 to V0. Especially, the dryness of the skin improved by the use of the vehicle and the verum. Adverse subjective skin sensations decreased by 61.3% for the verum side and by 58.6% for the vehicle side. Subjective and objective analysis of ocular manifestation differed, with subjective manifestations reported more frequently, thus highlighting underdiagnosis of ocular rosacea.

Conclusions

As no clear differences between the verum and the vehicle were found, an optimal skin care regime itself seems to have a superior effect in the relief of facial erythema and foremost of subjective symptoms, rather than certain active ingredients.
Evaluation of efficacy of intradermal injection therapy vs derma roller application for administration of QR678 Neo® hair regrowth formulation for the treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia—A prospective study
Authors: Shome Debraj , Kapoor Rinky , Vadera Sapna , Doshi Komal , Patel Ghanshyam , Mohammad Khan Temoor
Published: April 2021

Background

Non‐surgical hair restoration is one of the most exciting and innovative fields in cosmetic surgery today. The addition of latest technique like derma roller seeks to achieve better results for delivering pharmaceutical solution for hair growth in comparison with topical administration.

Aim

We aim to compare intradermal injection vs. derma roller technique for administration of QR678Neo®hair regrowth therapy for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (AGA) in male and female patients.

Method

A sum of 50 patients in the age range of 20–70 years with AGA were included and divided into 2 groups; Group A (intradermal) and Group B (derma roller). Intradermal injection of QR678Neo® formulation and derma roller with superficial application of QR678Neo® was given in each group. Assessment was done using hair pull test, global photographic assessment, video‐microscopic assessment, and patient subjective assessment at baseline, 6 months, and 1 year.

Results

Significant diminution in hair fall was seen in both the groups. All the video‐microscopic assessment factors were better in intradermal injection group compared to the derma roller group, but not significant. Erythema and pain were high in derma roller group in compare to intradermal.

Conclusion

Derma roller technique is more convenient and easy to perform, especially when the availability of a trained person to carry out intradermal injection is not feasible, it gives satisfactory results. It is also beneficial in needle phobic and apprehensive patients. Though the results are more efficacious with intradermal scalp injection technique, this study established satisfactory results with derma roller technique as well.
Role of FOXO protein's abnormal activation through PI3K/AKT pathway in platinum resistance of ovarian cancer
Authors: Shi Yun‐Yue , Meng Xiang‐Tian , Xu Ya‐Nan , Tian Xiu‐Juan
Published: April 2021

Aim

Platinum‐based chemotherapy is the standard treatment for ovarian cancer. However, tumor cells' resistance to platinum drugs often occurs. This paper provides a review of Forkhead box O (FOXO) protein's role in platinum resistance of ovarian cancer which hopefully may provide some further guidance for the treatment of platinum‐resistant ovarian cancer.

Methods

We reviewed a 128 published papers from authoritative and professional journals on FOXO and platinum‐resistant ovarian cancer, and adopts qualitative analyses and interpretation based on the literature.

Results

Ovarian cancer often has abnormal activation of cellular pathways, the most important of which is the PI3K/AKT pathway. FOXOs act as crucial downstream factor of the PI3K/Akt pathway and are negatively regulated by it. DNA damage response and apoptosis including the relationship between FOXOs and ATM‐Chk2‐p53 are essential for platinum resistance of ovarian cancer. Through gene expression analysis in platinum‐resistant ovarian cancer cell model, it was found that FoxO‐1 is decreased in platinum‐resistant ovarian cancer, so studying the role of FOXO in the pathway on platinum‐induced apoptosis may further guide the treatment of platinum‐resistant ovarian cancer.

Conclusions

There are many drug resistance mechanisms in ovarian cancer, wherein the decrease in cancer cells apoptosis is one of the important causes. Constituted by a series of transcription factors evolving conservatively and mainly working in inhibiting cancer, FOXO proteins play various roles in cells' antitumor response. More and more evidence suggests that we need to re‐understand the role that FOXOs have played in cancer development and treatment.
Diverging trends for onset of acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke and mortality in young males: role of changes in obesity and fitness
Authors: Åberg N. D. , Adiels M. , Lindgren M. , Nyberg J. , Georg Kuhn H. , Robertson J. , Schaufelberger M. , Sattar N. , Åberg M. , Rosengren A.
Published: April 2021

Background

As opposed to the decreasing overall rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence and overall cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, heart failure (HF) and stroke incidence are increasing in young people, potentially due to rising rates of obesity and reduced cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF).

Objectives

We investigated trends in early major CVD outcomes in a large cohort of young men.

Methods

Successive cohorts of Swedish military conscripts from 1971 to 1995 (N = 1,258,432; mean age, 18.3 years) were followed, using data from the National Inpatient and Cause of Death registries. Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyse changes in 21‐year CVD event rates.

Results

21‐year CVD and all‐cause mortality and incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) decreased progressively. Compared with the cohort conscripted in 1971–1975 (reference), the hazard ratios (HRs) for the last 1991–1995 cohort were 0.50 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42‐0.59] for CVD mortality; 0.57 (95% CI 0.54–0.60) for all‐cause mortality; and 0.63 (95% CI 0.53–0.75) for AMI. In contrast, the incidence of ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage and HF increased with HRs of 1.43 (95% CI 1.17–1.75), 1.30 (95% CI 1.01–1.68) and 1.84 (95% CI 1.47–2.30), respectively. During the period, rates of obesity increased from 1.04% to 2.61%, whilst CRF scores decreased slightly. Adjustment for these factors influenced these secular trends only moderately.

Conclusion

Secular trends of young‐onset CVD events demonstrated a marked shift from AMI and CVD mortality to HF and stroke incidence. Trends were significantly, though moderately, influenced by changing baseline BMI and CRF.
Should we do more when we know less? The effect of technology risk on optimal effort
Authors: Li Lu , Peter Richard
Published: April 2021

Technology risk arises when the effectiveness of self‐insurance and self‐protection activities depends on exogenous factors or is only imperfectly known. It affects optimal behavior via a preference channel and a technology channel. In this paper, we identify conditions for unambiguous comparative statics with respect to the presence of, as well as various stochastic changes in technology risk. These conditions involve prudence, relative risk aversion, relative prudence, and several new measures of mitigation efficacy. We highlight cases where technology risk raises the optimal level of effort, consistent with the precautionary principle. We discuss several applications of our results.
Religion Protected Mental Health but Constrained Crisis Response During Crucial Early Days of the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Schnabel Landon , Schieman Scott
Published: April 2021

This study demonstrates that religion protected mental health but constrained support for crisis response during the crucial early days of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Data from a national probability‐based sample of the U.S. population show that highly religious individuals and evangelicals suffered less distress in March 2020. They were also less likely to see the coronavirus outbreak as a crisis and less likely to support public health restrictions to limit the spread of the virus. The conservative politicization of religion in the United States can help explain why religious Americans (and evangelicals in particular) experienced less distress and were less likely to back public health efforts to contain the virus. We conclude that religion can be a source of comfort and strength in times of crisis, but—at least in the case of the COVID‐19 pandemic—it can also undercut efforts to end the root causes of suffering.
Death‐feigning propensity varies within dice snake populations but not with sex or colour morph
Authors: Golubović A. , Anđelković M. , Tomović L. , Arsovski D. , Gvozdenović S. , Šukalo G. , Ajtić R. , Bonnet X.
Published: April 2021

Once cornered by a predator, prey can try to intimidate the assailant or repel it, with irritating sprays for example. If seized, they may scratch, bite or struggle to cause the predator to release its grip. At the other extreme, they can adopt passive behaviours such as death feigning (DF, i.e. thanatosis). DF is observed widely across the animal kingdom; it usually involves a combination of displays such as immobility, supination, leg‐folding, mouth opening and release of nauseating secretions. When displaying DF, individuals are highly vulnerable and effectively bet on the attitude of the predator; this risky choice is presumably under positive selection. We explored how propensity for DF varies among and within populations of dice snakes (Natrix tessellata). We also considered the influence of sex, body size, reproductive status, colour morph and presence of injuries (N = 2760 snakes; five populations). DF propensity differed among populations, possibly due to variation in local predation pressures. Larger snakes displayed DF more frequently and carried more signs of probable past predation attempts (scars and recent injuries). We found no sex effect on antipredator behaviour. Gravid females used DF less frequently compared with non‐gravid females. Differential expression of DF across populations, body sizes and reproductive status suggests that this complex behaviour was selected to respond to environmental and intrinsic factors. Future studies should explore which elements affect duration, intensity and success of DF in defence against various predators.
Liver involvement in children with SARS‐COV‐2 infection: Two distinct clinical phenotypes caused by the same virus
Authors: Perez Adriana , Cantor Amanda , Rudolph Bryan , Miller Jonathan , Kogan‐Liberman Debora , Gao Qi , Da Silva Bernardo , Margolis Kara G. , Ovchinsky Nadia , Martinez Mercedes
Published: April 2021

Background and Aims

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) associated acute liver injury (ALI) has been linked to poor outcomes in adults. Here we compare characteristics in children with elevated ALT (E‐ALT) in two distinct manifestations of the infection, multisystem inflammatory syndrome‐children (MIS‐C) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19).

Methods

This is a retrospective study of patients ≤21 years of age with positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR. E‐ALT was defined as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) > 40 U/L. Bivariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were obtained to describe differences in children with and without E‐ALT in COVID‐19 and MIS‐C.

Results

E‐ALT was detected in 36% of the 291 patients; 31% with COVID‐19, and 51% with MIS‐C. E‐ALT in COVID‐19 was associated with obesity (P < .001), immunocompromised status (P = .04), and chronic liver disease (P = .01). In the regression models, E‐ALT in COVID‐19 was associated with higher c‐reactive protein (OR 1.08, P = .01) after adjusting for common independent predictors. Children with E‐ALT and MIS‐C were more often boys (P = .001), Hispanic (P = .04), or Black (P < .001). In MIS‐C, male gender (OR 5.3, P = .02) and Black race (OR 4.4, P = .04) were associated with increased odds of E‐ALT. Children with E‐ALT in both cohorts had significantly higher multiorgan dysfunction, longer hospitalization, and ICU stay. Children with MIS‐C had 2.3‐fold increased risk of E‐ALT compared to COVID‐19. No association was found between E‐ALT and mortality.

Conclusion

E‐ALT with SARS‐CoV‐2 presents as elevated transaminases without hepatic synthetic dysfunction. Patients with either manifestation of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and E‐ALT experienced more severe disease.
Climatic niche comparison of raccoons Procyon lotor and raccoon dogs Nyctereutes procyonoides in their native and non‐native ranges
Authors: Kochmann Judith , Cunze Sarah , Klimpel Sven
Published: April 2021

During the last century, the practice of fur farming in Europe led to the introduction of two mammal species from opposite ends of the world. With their subsequent unintentional escape from captivity or intentional releases, the process of slow expansion and establishment in Europe began. The raccoon Procyon lotor and the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides are included on the European Union’s list of invasive alien species.

We characterised the current climatic niches of the two species in their native ranges in North America and Asia, and compared them with their non‐native‐range niches in Europe, where we also projected climatic suitability. The aim was to locate suitable habitats beyond their current ranges and assess where a range expansion can be expected.

Niche comparison and the projection of climatic suitability in Europe were based on eight bioclimatic variables and presence records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility database. For niche modelling, we applied the maximum entropy approach (Maxent) and used the native‐range data for training.

Minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio06) was identified as the most important bioclimatic variable in the habitat suitability models for both species. Different tolerance levels regarding this variable might explain small differences between the species’ projected ranges, especially in the north and east of Europe. The high niche unfilling for both species in Europe suggests a potential for expansion beyond their present ranges.

With only little understanding of their ecological impacts in their new ranges, including the potential risk of Nyctereutes procyonoides as SARS‐CoV‐2 reservoir hosts, further research and management is required at various spatial scales in Europe.
Circumpolar phylogeography and demographic history of beluga whales reflect past climatic fluctuations
Authors: Skovrind Mikkel , Louis Marie , Westbury Michael V. , Garilao Cristina , Kaschner Kristin , Castruita José Alfredo Samaniego , Gopalakrishnan Shyam , Knudsen Steen Wilhelm , Haile James S. , Dalén Love , Meshchersky Ilya G. , Shpak Olga V. , Glazov Dmitry M. , Rozhnov Viatcheslav V. , Litovka Dennis I. , Krasnova Vera V. , Chernetsky Anton D. , Bel‘kovich Vsevolod M. , Lydersen Christian , Kovacs Kit M. , Heide‐Jørgensen Mads Peter , Postma Lianne , Ferguson Steven H. , Lorenzen Eline D.
Published: April 2021

Several Arctic marine mammal species are predicted to be negatively impacted by rapid sea ice loss associated with ongoing ocean warming. However, consequences for Arctic whales remain uncertain. To investigate how Arctic whales responded to past climatic fluctuations, we analysed 206 mitochondrial genomes from beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) sampled across their circumpolar range, and four nuclear genomes, covering both the Atlantic and the Pacific Arctic region. We found four well‐differentiated mitochondrial lineages, which were established before the onset of the last glacial expansion ~110 thousand years ago. Our findings suggested these lineages diverged in allopatry, reflecting isolation of populations during glacial periods when the Arctic sea‐shelf was covered by multiyear sea ice. Subsequent population expansion and secondary contact between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans shaped the current geographic distribution of lineages, and may have facilitated mitochondrial introgression. Our demographic reconstructions based on both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes showed markedly lower population sizes during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) compared to the preceding Eemian and current Holocene interglacial periods. Habitat modelling similarly revealed less suitable habitat during the LGM (glacial) than at present (interglacial). Together, our findings suggested the association between climate, population size, and available habitat in belugas. Forecasts for year 2100 showed that beluga habitat will decrease and shift northwards as oceans continue to warm, putatively leading to population declines in some beluga populations. Finally, we identified vulnerable populations which, if extirpated as a consequence of ocean warming, will lead to a substantial decline of species‐wide haplotype diversity.
The maize ZmMIEL1 E3 ligase and ZmMYB83 transcription factor proteins interact and regulate the hypersensitive defence response
Authors: Karre Shailesh , Kim Saet‐Byul , Samira Rozalynne , Balint‐Kurti Peter
Published: April 2021

The plant hypersensitive response (HR), a rapid cell death at the point of pathogenesis, is mediated by nucleotide‐binding site, leucine‐rich repeat (NLR) resistance proteins (R‐proteins) that recognize the presence of specific pathogen‐derived proteins. Rp1‐D21 is an autoactive maize NLR R‐protein that triggers HR spontaneously. We previously mapped loci associated with variation in the strength of HR induced by Rp1‐D21. Here we identify the E3 ligase ZmMIEL1 as the causal gene at a chromosome 10 modifier locus. Transient ZmMIEL1 expression in Nicotiana benthamiana reduced HR induced by Rp1‐D21, while suppression of ZmMIEL1 expression in maize carrying Rp1‐D21 increased HR. ZmMIEL1 also suppressed HR induced by another autoactive NLR, the Arabidopsis R‐protein RPM1D505V, in N. benthamiana. We demonstrated that ZmMIEL1 is a functional E3 ligase and that the effect of ZmMIEL1 was dependent on the proteasome but also that levels of Rp1‐D21 and RPM1D505V were not reduced when coexpressed with ZmMIEL1 in the N. benthamiana system. By comparison to a similar system in Arabidopsis, we identify ZmMYB83 as a potential target of ZmMIEL1. Suppression of ZmMYB83 expression in maize lines carrying Rp1‐D21 suppressed HR. Suppression of ZmMIEL1 expression caused an increase in ZmMYB83 transcript and protein levels in N. benthamiana and maize. Using coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we demonstrated that ZmMIEL1 and ZmMYB83 physically interacted. Additionally, ZmMYB83 and ZmMIEL1 regulated the expression of a set of maize very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthetic genes that may be involved in regulating HR.
Advanced molecular pathology for rare tumours: A national feasibility study and model for centralised medulloblastoma diagnostics
Authors: Crosier Stephen , Hicks Debbie , Schwalbe Edward C. , Williamson Daniel , Leigh Nicholson Sarah , Smith Amanda , Lindsey Janet C. , Michalski Antony , Pizer Barry , Bailey Simon , Bown Nick , Cuthbert Gavin , Wharton Stephen B. , Jacques Thomas S. , Joshi Abhijit , Clifford Steven C.
Published: April 2021

Aims

Application of advanced molecular pathology in rare tumours is hindered by low sample numbers, access to specialised expertise/technologies and tissue/assay QC and rapid reporting requirements. We assessed the feasibility of co‐ordinated real‐time centralised pathology review (CPR), encompassing molecular diagnostics and contemporary genomics (RNA‐seq/DNA methylation‐array).

Methods

This nationwide trial in medulloblastoma (<80 UK diagnoses/year) introduced a national reference centre (NRC) and assessed its performance and reporting to World Health Organisation standards. Paired frozen/formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tumour material were co‐submitted from 135 patients (16 referral centres).

Results

Complete CPR diagnostics were successful for 88% (120/135). Inadequate sampling was the most common cause of failure; biomaterials were typically suitable for methylation‐array (129/135, 94%), but frozen tissues commonly fell below RNA‐seq QC requirements (53/135, 39%). Late reporting was most often due to delayed submission. CPR assigned or altered histological variant (vs local diagnosis) for 40/135 tumours (30%). Benchmarking/QC of specific biomarker assays impacted test results; fluorescent in‐situ hybridisation most accurately identified high‐risk MYC/MYCN amplification (20/135, 15%), while combined methods (CTNNB1/chr6 status, methylation‐array subgrouping) best defined favourable‐risk WNT tumours (14/135; 10%). Engagement of a specialist pathologist panel was essential for consensus assessment of histological variants and immunohistochemistry. Overall, CPR altered clinical risk‐status for 29% of patients.

Conclusion

National real‐time CPR is feasible, delivering robust diagnostics to WHO criteria and assignment of clinical risk‐status, significantly altering clinical management. Recommendations and experience from our study are applicable to advanced molecular diagnostics systems, both local and centralised, across rare tumour types, enabling their application in biomarker‐driven routine diagnostics and clinical/research studies.
Built environment in programs to promote physical activity among Latino children and youth living in the United States and in Latin America
Authors: Sarmiento Olga L. , Rubio María Alejandra , King Abby C. , Serrano Natalicio , Hino Adriano Akira F. , Hunter Ruth F. , Aguilar‐Farias Nicolas , Parra Diana C. , Salvo Deborah , Jáuregui Alejandra , Lee Rebecca E. , Kohl Bill
Published: April 2021

To prevent obesity among Latino youth in the United States and Latin America, it is necessary to understand the specific context and interplay of physical activity (PA) and the built environment (BE). This paper aims to advance the research agenda of BE and PA for obesity prevention in Latin America and among Latino youth in the United States by (1) identifying environmental indicators to inform the design of interventions and policy, (2) identifying interdisciplinary methodological approaches for the study of the complex association between BE and PA, and (3) presenting case studies of PA‐promoting BE programs. A group of U.S. and Latin American scientists collaboratively worked to propose innovative indicators of the BE, methodological approaches for the study of the complex association between BE and PA, and review case studies of PA‐promoting BE programs in both regions. The results identified gaps in knowledge, proposed environmental indicators (e.g., landscape, street design, mobility patterns, and crime and safety), reviewed methodological approaches (social network analysis, citizen science methods), and case studies illustrating PA‐promoting BE programs (i.e., play streets, active school transport, and school setting interventions). The obesity prevention among Latino and Latin American youth requires advanced research on BE and PA addressing context‐specific priorities and exchanging lessons learned.
Spectrum of arrhythmogenic substrate post minimally invasive maze surgery in patients with recurrent
Authors: Larsen Timothy R. , Koneru Jayanthi N. , Padala Santosh K. , Kasirajan Vigneshwar , Ellenbogen Kenneth A.
Published: April 2021

Background

Advancements in minimally invasive surgical ablation (MISA) have focused on improving pulmonary vein isolation. Additional ablation targets have been developed (such as posterior wall isolation). The mid‐ and long‐term effects of current techniques (including electrophysiologic findings and recurrent arrhythmia mechanisms) have not previously been reported.

Methods

Twenty eight patients with recurrent atrial arrhythmias after bipolar clamp ablation of the pulmonary vein antrum, ganglionated plexi, posterior wall isolation (roof and floor lines to create a posterior box), and ligament of Marshall ligation/cauterization and left atrial appendage clipping underwent follow up electrophysiology study including left atrial mapping an average of 2.3 years postoperatively.

Results

Atrial fibrillation was the most common recurrent arrhythmia (n = 18) followed by micro‐reentrant atrial tachycardia (n = 5), macro‐reentry left atrial flutter (n = 3), and typical cavo‐tricuspid isthmus atrial flutter (n = 2). Eighty six of 112 (77%) PVs mapped were electrically isolated, 16 (57%) patients had all four pulmonary veins (PVs) isolated. The posterior wall (PW) was completely isolated in only four (14%) patients, seven (25%) patients had normal PW voltage, while 17 (61%) patients had abnormal delayed or fractionated electrograms in the posterior wall (incomplete isolation). Abnormal PW electrograms were more frequently found in patients with complex recurrent left atrial arrhythmia (micro‐reentry or left atrial macro‐reentry flutter).

Conclusion

With current surgical techniques PV isolation has improved, but PW isolation remains challenging. Incomplete PW isolation may produce arrhythmogenic substrate.
The evolution of human skin pigmentation involved the interactions of genetic, environmental, and cultural variables
Authors: Jablonski Nina G.
Published: April 2021

The primary biological role of human skin pigmentation is as a mediator of penetration of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) into the deep layers of skin and the cutaneous circulation. Since the origin of Homo sapiens, dark, protective constitutive pigmentation and strong tanning abilities have been favored under conditions of high UVR and represent the baseline condition for modern humans. The evolution of partly depigmented skin and variable tanning abilities has occurred multiple times in prehistory, as populations have dispersed into environments with lower and more seasonal UVR regimes, with unique complements of genes and cultural practices. The evolution of extremes of dark pigmentation and depigmentation has been rare and occurred only under conditions of extremely high or low environmental UVR, promoted by positive selection on variant pigmentation genes followed by limited gene flow. Over time, the evolution of human skin pigmentation has been influenced by the nature and course of human dispersals and modifications of cultural practices, which have modified the nature and actions of skin pigmentation genes. Throughout most of prehistory and history, the evolution of human skin pigmentation has been a contingent and non‐deterministic process.
Formalization of manufacturing firms in Bangladesh
Authors: Shamsuzzoha  , Tanaka Makoto
Published: April 2021

The manufacturing sectors of developing countries under industrialization are dominated by informal firms. This study investigates the issues of formalization in the manufacturing sector of Bangladesh. A typical classification of formality is a binary one (formal or not). However, formalization can also be continuous, ranging from very formal to less formal. Thus, this study defines the continuous formalization of firms based on principal component analysis in addition to the usual binary classification of formality. Specifically, we find that more formal firms are correlated with higher productivity using the continuous classification of formality. Furthermore, this study shows that formalization is significantly affected by factors such as the owner's human capital (experience and education), the age of the firm, and labor force size.
Alleviation of masticatory disturbance with an occlusal splint in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient
Authors: Fukumoto Yutaka , Miyama Takeshi
Published: April 2021

Aim

To present an occlusal splint effective for alleviating masticatory disturbance in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).

Case report

A 13‐year‐old male DMD patient with masticatory disturbance presented with an open bite, with occlusal contact only between the first and second molars bilaterally and reduced masticatory performance. We applied an occlusal splint that achieved occlusal contact for all teeth and monitored its effects on masticatory function over 6 years. The occlusal splint increased occlusal contact points from 11 to 60. Although occlusal force remained at 13.9‒16 kg, masticatory performance increased, and the number of mastication strokes increased from 124 to 169. Masseter muscle activity decreased from 76.8% to 33.4% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and digastric muscle activity increased from 8.7% to 18.0% MVC. Time from start of peanut mastication to swallowing decreased, and the vertical mastication cycle diameter and its width on the habitual side increased.

Conclusions

Masticatory disturbance in a DMD patient was alleviated using an occlusal splint. The number of mastication strokes and the digastric to masseter muscle activity ratio were increased. Furthermore, the mastication cycle was enlarged, which increased masticatory movement. As masseter muscle activity during mastication decreased, the occlusal splint likely reduced muscle fatigue during masticatory movement.
Wrong versus Right(eous): Online Reader Comments as Scientific Boundary‐Work
Authors: Barker Kristin Kay , Kenney Alexis M. , Greene R. Neil
Published: April 2021

We bring a science‐as‐rhetoric framework, which has been used to study the claims of scientists, to examine lay claims about science. Using qualitative content analysis, we scrutinize the rhetoric of science in online reader comments sent in response to New York Times articles covering two recent measles outbreaks. Pro‐vaccine commenters use a variety of rhetorical tactics that simultaneously venerate science and denounce the antivaccination stance. These commenters, thus, participate in the ideological practices of boundary‐work to demarcate science from nonscience for the purposes of defeating their opponents and advancing their agenda. Our analysis foregrounds how and why this publics’ demarcation of science is a type of moral crusade, that equates antiscientific beliefs with normative chaos. We situate our analysis in the larger cultural landscape wherein laypeople create “us” versus “them” using “science” as their wedge. The importance of developing sociological accounts of these dynamics has been made especially clear in the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic and its many science‐based controversies, including those related to vaccination.
Function and evolution of allelic variations of Sr13 conferring resistance to stem rust in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)
Authors: Gill Baljeet K. , Klindworth Daryl L. , Rouse Matthew N. , Zhang Jinglun , Zhang Qijun , Sharma Jyoti S. , Chu Chenggen , Long Yunming , Chao Shiaoman , Olivera Pablo D. , Friesen Timothy L. , Zhong Shaobin , Jin Yue , Faris Justin D. , Fiedler Jason D. , Elias Elias M. , Liu Shuyu , Cai Xiwen , Xu Steven S.
Published: April 2021

The resistance gene Sr13 is one of the most important genes in durum wheat for controlling stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt). The Sr13 functional gene CNL13 has haplotypes R1, R2 and R3. The R1/R3 and R2 haplotypes were originally designated as alleles Sr13a and Sr13b, respectively. To detect additional Sr13 alleles, we developed Kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP™) marker KASPSr13 and four semi‐thermal asymmetric reverse PCR markers, rwgsnp37–rwgsnp40, based on the CNL13 sequence. These markers were shown to detect R1, R2 and R3 haplotypes in a panel of diverse tetraploid wheat accessions. We also observed the presence of Sr13 in durum line CAT‐A1, although it lacked any of the known haplotypes. Sequence analysis revealed that CNL13 of CAT‐A1 differed from the susceptible haplotype S1 by a single nucleotide (C2200T) in the leucine‐rich repeat region and differed from the other three R haplotypes by one or two additional nucleotides, confirming that CAT‐A1 carries a new (R4) haplotype. Stem rust tests on the monogenic, transgenic and mutant lines showed that R1 differed from R3 in its susceptibility to races TCMJC and THTSC, whereas R4 differed from all other haplotypes for susceptibility to TTKSK, TPPKC and TCCJC. Based on these differences, we designate the R1, R3 and R4 haplotypes as alleles Sr13a, Sr13c and Sr13d, respectively. This study indicates that Sr13d may be the primitive functional allele originating from the S1 haplotype via a point mutation, with the other three R alleles probably being derived from Sr13d through one or two additional point mutations.
A mutation in Zeaxanthin epoxidase contributes to orange coloration and alters carotenoid contents in pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum)
Authors: Lee Seo‐Young , Jang So‐Jeong , Jeong Hyo‐Bong , Lee Se‐Young , Venkatesh Jelli , Lee Joung‐Ho , Kwon Jin‐Kyung , Kang Byoung‐Cheorl
Published: April 2021

Phytoene synthase (PSY1), capsanthin‐capsorubin synthase (CCS), and pseudo‐response regulator 2 (PRR2) are three major genes controlling fruit color in pepper (Capsicum spp.). However, the diversity of fruit color in pepper cannot be completely explained by these three genes. Here, we used an F2 population derived from Capsicum annuum ‘SNU‐mini Orange’ (SO) and C. annuum ‘SNU‐mini Yellow’ (SY), both harboring functional PSY1 and mutated CCS, and observed that yellow color was dominant over orange color. We performed genotyping‐by‐sequencing and mapped the genetic locus to a 6.8‐Mb region on chromosome 2, which we named CaOr. We discovered a splicing mutation in the zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) gene within this region leading to a premature stop codon. HPLC analysis showed that SO contained higher amounts of zeaxanthin and total carotenoids in mature fruits than SY. A color complementation assay using Escherichia coli harboring carotenoid biosynthetic genes showed that the mutant ZEP protein had reduced enzymatic activity. Transmission electron microscopy of plastids revealed that the ZEP mutation affected plastid development with more rod‐shaped inner membrane structures in chromoplasts of mature SO fruits. To validate the role of ZEP in fruit color formation, we performed virus‐induced gene silencing of ZEP in the yellow‐fruit cultivar C. annuum ‘Micropep Yellow’ (MY). The silencing of ZEP caused significant changes in the ratios of zeaxanthin to its downstream products and increased total carotenoid contents. Thus, we conclude that the ZEP genotype can determine orange or yellow mature fruit color in pepper.
Influence of Rotatory Inertia and Shear on Flexural Motions of Isotropic, Elastic Plates
Authors: Mindlin R. D.
Published: April 2021

A two-dimensional theory of flexural motions of isotropic, elastic plates is deduced from the three-dimensional equations of elasticity. The theory includes the effects of rotatory inertia and shear in the same manner as Timoshenko’s one-dimensional theory of bars. Velocities of straight-crested waves are computed and found to agree with those obtained from the three-dimensional theory. A uniqueness theorem reveals that three edge conditions are required.
Free Vibrations of a Pin-Ended Column With Constant Distance Between Pin Ends
Authors: Burgreen David
Published: April 2021

In this paper a study is made of the free vibrations of a pin-ended column whose ends are pinned to points fixed in space. This imposes the condition of constant end distance instead of the usual theoretical assumption that the load on the column remains constant. The differential equation of the system is nonlinear, and, with the assumptions that are made, is found to have an exact solution in terms of elliptic functions. Dependent upon the initial amplitude of deflection and the compressive load on the column, several types of vibrations are found to exist. The variation of frequency and wave form with the load-amplitude parameter is discussed. In particular, it is found that the frequency is dependent upon the amplitude of vibration, the effect of the amplitude of vibration becoming more pronounced as the Euler load is approached. For a column under the Euler load the classical theory gives the frequency of vibration as zero. The present theory shows that for finite amplitudes of vibration the frequency is not zero. Experimental results are presented, and a comparison of the theoretical and experimental frequencies and wave shapes is made.
Large-Deflection Theory for Plates With Small Initial Curvature Loaded in Edge Compression
Authors: Coan J. M.
Published: April 2021

This investigation of the buckling of a simply supported, rectangular isotropic plate with small initial curvature was undertaken to evaluate current procedures for deducing the true (flat plate) critical load from the measured deflections and strains of a nominally flat plate. The boundary conditions are those that are usually met in test practice but which have not been satisfied by earlier studies, i.e., stress-free supported edges and uniformly displaced loaded edges. Previous solutions require a distribution of transverse stress along the supported edges sufficient to keep them straight and parallel at all times. However, in most test specimens, the freedom of the supported edges to distort in the plane of the plate measurably influences the behavior of the plate and the stress distribution within it. Levy’s solution of von Kármán’s “large deflection” equations is adapted by the author to yield the nonuniform edge displacements that are characteristic of stress-free supported edges. Limited experimental evidence tends to confirm the predictions of this analysis.
A Fourier Integral Solution for the Plane-Stress Problem of a Circular Ring With Concentrated Radial Loads
Authors: Nelson Carl W.
Published: April 2021

A Fourier integral solution for the stresses in a straight bar of uniform cross section loaded by various combinations of loads applied normally to the edges of the bar was published by L. N. G. Filon in 1903 (3). Solutions for the stresses in circular rings, loaded on one or both boundaries by radial loads, have been limited to Fourier-series solutions for closed circular rings (1, 12, 13, 14, 15), except that solutions in closed form have been obtained for the limiting cases which occur either when the inner radius becomes very small or when the outer radius becomes very large. This paper presents a Fourier integral solution for the plane-stress problem of a curved bar bounded by two concentric circles and loaded by radial loads on the circular boundaries. It treats only the particular case of a curved bar in equilibrium under the action of two equal and opposite radial forces, one on each boundary. However, the method can be extended so as to deal with other combinations of loads. Sufficient numerical results are given to show that the Fourier integral method permits the calculation of numerical values of the stresses in the particular case considered. It is the purpose of this paper to show that the Fourier integral method can be used successfully in what is probably the simplest problem of concentrated loads acting on a curved bar and to furnish a background of material for use in less simple problems such as bending of curved bars due to concentrated loads.
The Propagation of Longitudinal Waves of Plastic Deformation in a Bar of Material Exhibiting a Strain-Rate Effect
Authors: Malvern L. E.
Published: April 2021

The theory of propagation of longitudinal waves of plastic deformation is extended to apply to materials in which the stress is a function of the instantaneous plastic strain and strain rate. Solutions are given for an idealized flow law and compared with solutions based upon earlier theories which neglect strain-rate effect.
On the Extrusion of a Very Viscous Liquid
Authors: Weil Herschel
Published: April 2021

An approximation to a state of affairs occurring in the extrusion of rubber is the two-dimensional slow flow of a very viscous liquid from a half plane into a semi-infinite strip. The region surrounding the orifice or juncture of the strip and plane corresponds to the region where the extruded rubber is forced from a die box into a die. Methods are developed and carried out for numerically obtaining the stream function, the velocity components, and the pressure in this region. The general pattern of the streamlines is determined, and it is found in what way and to what extent the flow pattern in the strip near the orifice differs from plane Poiseuille flow and how far into the strip this difference is significant.

Incidental to this work, it was necessary to determine the first several complex roots of sin A = ± 2 3 π A . This information is useful apart from the flow problem, and the results are tabulated.
A Statistical Distribution Function of Wide Applicability
Authors: Weibull Waloddi
Published: April 2021

This paper discusses the applicability of statistics to a wide field of problems. Examples of simple and complex distributions are given.
On the Stability of Plates Reinforced by Longitudinal Ribs
Authors: Klitchieff J. M.
Published: April 2021

The stability of plates reinforced by any number of equal and equidistant longitudinal ribs has been considered. By transformation of the system of equations established by S. Timoshenko the general solution of it has been developed, giving directly the rigidity of ribs required to secure any given critical compressive force of the plate. Two numerical examples of stiffenings used in ship design have been discussed.
Bending of a Circular Beam Resting on an Elastic Foundation
Authors: Volterra Enrico
Published: April 2021

Saint Venant’s equations (1) for a circular beam, bent out of its plane of initial curvature, are applied to the study of the deflections of beams resting on elastic foundations and loaded by concentrated symmetric forces. The solution of the problem is given in explicit form, and tables for the deflections, angles of twist, bending and twisting moments are presented.