bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implications for melt transport and source heterogeneity in upwelling mantle from the magnitude of Sp converted phases generated at the onset of melting
Authors: Havlin C. , Parmentier E. M.
Published: July 2014

Recently detected converted phases in upwelling mantle have been attributed to seismic velocity gradients at the onset of melting. In this study, we investigate conditions required to generate a melting onset phase by combining melt migration models with synthetic receiver functions. We find that increasing upwelling velocity, increasing mantle viscosity, and decreasing water content in the mantle source increases the predicted strength of a melting onset phase. Differences in these parameters between study regions may explain observed variations in converted phase magnitude. For a wet mantle source, the amplitude of synthetic receiver functions, calculated using a standard relationship for dependence of seismic velocity on melt fraction, is lower than observed amplitudes. One possibility is that the observed receiver functions indicate a heterogeneous mantle source in which wet and dry components melt independently. Alternatively, the dependence of seismic velocity on melt fraction at very low melt fractions may be much stronger than that used here, as suggested in recent studies.
Impacts of nonbreaking wave‐stirring‐induced mixing on the upper ocean thermal structure and typhoon intensity in the South China Sea
Authors: Li Yineng , Peng Shiqiu , Wang Jia , Yan Jing
Published: July 2014

To investigate the effect of nonbreaking wave‐induced mixing caused by surface wave stirring on the upper ocean thermal structure (UOTS) and the typhoon intensity, a simple nonbreaking wave‐stirring‐induced mixing parameterization (WMP) scheme is incorporated into a regional coupled atmosphere‐ocean model for the South China Sea (SCS), which couples the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using the OASIS3 coupler. The results of simulating two selected typhoon cases indicate that the nonbreaking wave‐stirring‐induced mixing has significant impacts on UOTS and the typhoon intensity, and the incorporation of the simple WMP scheme in the coupled model helps to improve the simulation of UOTS and thus the typhoon intensity. In the case that the typhoon intensity is underestimated by the atmosphere model alone, the improvement of initial UOTS by the ocean model with the WMP included can deepen the initial thermocline depth, reduce the effect of SST cooling, and prevent the typhoon intensity from undesired weakening. In the case that the typhoon intensity is overestimated (with strong winds), including the WMP in the ocean model significantly enhances the total vertical mixing rate in the upper ocean, which in turn enhances the SST cooling and thus reduces the typhoon intensity as desired. The results obtained in this study make a contribution to the ongoing efforts of improving the typhoon intensity forecast using a regional atmosphere‐ocean coupled model by worldwide researchers and forecasters, especially for the typhoons in the SCS regions.
Dispersion and nonlinear effects in the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake tsunami
Authors: Saito Tatsuhiko , Inazu Daisuke , Miyoshi Takayuki , Hino Ryota
Published: July 2014

This study reveals the roles of the wave dispersion and nonlinear effects for the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake tsunami. We conducted tsunami simulations based on the nonlinear dispersive equations with a high‐resolution source model. The simulations successfully reproduced the waveforms recorded in the offshore, deep sea, and focal areas. The calculated inundation area coincided well with the actual inundation for the Sendai Plain, which was the widest inundation area during this event. By conducting sets of simulations with different tsunami equations, we obtained the followings insights into the wave dispersion, nonlinear effects, and energy dissipation for this event. Although the wave dispersion was neglected in most studies, the maximum amplitude was significantly overestimated in the deep sea if the dispersion was not included. The waveform observed at the station with the largest tsunami height (∼2 m) among the deep‐ocean stations also verified the necessity of the dispersion. It is well known that the nonlinear effects play an important role for the propagation of a tsunami into bays and harbors. Additionally, nonlinear effects need to be considered to accurately model later waves, even for offshore stations. In particular, including nonlinear terms rather than the inundation was more important when precisely modeling the waves reflected from the coast.
Impact of climate change on the northwestern Mediterranean Sea pelagic planktonic ecosystem and associated carbon cycle
Authors: Herrmann Marine , Estournel Claude , Adloff Fanny , Diaz Frédéric
Published: July 2014

The northwestern Mediterranean Sea (NWMS) is biologically one of the most productive Mediterranean regions. NWMS pelagic planktonic ecosystem is strongly influenced by hydrodynamics, in particular by deep convection that could significantly weaken under the influence of climate change. Here we investigate the response of this ecosystem and associated carbon cycle to the long‐term evolution of oceanic and atmospheric circulations. For that we developed a tridimensional coupled physical‐biogeochemical model and performed two groups of annual simulations under the climate conditions of respectively the 20th and the end of 21st centuries. Our results suggest that the evolution of oceanic and atmospheric circulations does not modify the NWMS pelagic planktonic ecosystem and associated carbon cycle at a first order. However, differences mainly induced by the deep convection weakening and the surface warming are obtained at a second order. The spring bloom occurs 1 month earlier. Resulting from the decrease in nutrients availability, the bottom up control of phytoplankton development and bacteria growth by the nitrogen and phosphorus availability strengthens and the microbial loop intensifies as the small‐sized plankton biomass increases. Carbon net fixation and deep export do not change significantly. The choice of the biogeochemical initial and boundary conditions does not change the representation of the ecosystem seasonal cycle, but the associated uncertainty range can be one order of magnitude larger than the predicted interannual and long‐term variabilities. The uncertainty range of long‐term trends associated with the physical forcing (hydrological, atmospheric, hydrodynamical, and socioeconomic) is much smaller (<10%).
Self‐regulatory failure and the perpetration of adolescent dating violence: Examining an alcohol use by gene explanation
Authors: Foshee Vangie A. , Benefield Thad S. , Puvanesarajah Samantha , Reyes Heath Luz McNaughton , Haberstick Brett C. , Smolen Andrew , Ennett Susan T. , Suchindran Chirayath
Published: July 2014

Studies report that alcohol use is related to partner violence, but for many, alcohol use does not culminate in violence against partners. Guided by a self‐regulatory failure framework, we predicted that alcohol use would be more strongly associated with dating violence perpetration among adolescents with genotypes linked to impulsivity and emotional reactivity. The hypothesis was tested using random coefficient modeling of data from a multi‐wave longitudinal study spanning grades 8–12 (ages 13–18) (n = 1,475). Analyses adjusted for multiple testing and race, and the potential for gene by environment correlation was examined. As predicted, alcohol use was more strongly associated with dating violence among adolescents who had a high rather than a low multilocus genetic profile composed of five genetic markers that influence dopamine signaling. Alcohol use was more strongly related to dating violence among boys with long rather than short 5‐HTTLPR alleles, the opposite of the prediction. MAOA‐uVNTR did not interact with alcohol, but it had a main effect on dating violence by boys in later grades in the expected direction: boys with more low activity alleles perpetrated more dating violence. Exploratory analyses found variation in findings by race. Our findings demonstrate the importance of incorporating genes into etiological studies of adolescent dating violence, which to date has not been done. Aggr. Behav. Aggr. Behav. 42:189–203, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Light Extraction Efficiency Enhancement of Colloidal Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes Using Large‐Scale Nanopillar Arrays
Authors: Yang Xuyong , Dev Kapil , Wang Jianxiong , Mutlugun Evren , Dang Cuong , Zhao Yongbiao , Liu Shuwei , Tang Yuxin , Tan Swee Tiam , Sun Xiao Wei , Demir Hilmi Volkan
Published: July 2014

A colloidal quantum dot light‐emitting diode (QLED) is reported with substantially enhanced light extraction efficiency by applying a layer of large‐scale, low‐cost, periodic nanopillar arrays. Zinc oxide nanopillars are grown on the glass surface of the substrate using a simple, efficient method of non‐wetting templates. With the layer of ZnO nanopillar array as an optical outcoupling medium, a record high current efficiency (CE) of 26.6 cd/A is achieved for QLEDs. Consequently, the corresponding external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 9.34% reaches the highest EQE value for green‐emitting QLEDs. Also, the underlying physical mechanisms enabling the enhanced light‐extraction are investigated, which leads to an excellent agreement of the numerical results based on the mode theory with the experimental measurements. This study is the first account for QLEDs offering detailed insight into the light extraction efficiency enhancement of QLED devices. The method demonstrated here is intended to be useful not only for opening up a ubiquitous strategy for designing high‐performance QLEDs but also with respect to fundamental research on the light extraction in QLEDs.
Polymer‐Coated Radioluminescent Nanoparticles for Quantitative Imaging of Drug Delivery
Authors: Moore Thomas L. , Wang Fenglin , Chen Hongyu , Grimes Stuart W. , Anker Jeffrey N. , Alexis Frank
Published: July 2014

Some theranostic nanoparticle (NP) drug delivery systems are capable of measuring drug release rates in situ. This can provide quantitative information regarding drug biodistribution, and drug dose that is delivered to cells or tissues. Here, X‐ray excited optical luminescent (XEOL) NPs coated with poly(glycolide)‐poly(ethylene glycol) (XGP) are used measure the amount of drug released into cells. The photoactive drug protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is loaded into XGP and is able to attenuate the XEOL NP emission. Measuring an increase in XEOL intensity as PpIX is released enables the measurement of drug release into glioblastoma cells (GBM). Biodistribution studies in a BALB/c mouse GBM intracranial xenograft model show significant XGP accumulation at the site of the GBM xenograft within the brain, and not in adjacent healthy brain tissues. There is no uptake of XGP in the heart or kidneys, the primary organs associated with drug and gadolinium ion toxicity. NP toxicity is tested with U‐138MG GBM in vitro, and NPs show low cytotoxicity at concentrations of 100 μg/mL. In vivo dose escalation studies in BALB/c mice show no adverse effects at doses up to 75 mg/kg. These theranostic NPs offer an approach to quantitatively measure drug release into cells.
Model reduction for linear simulated moving bed chromatography systems using Krylov‐subspace methods
Authors: Li Suzhou , Yue Yao , Feng Lihong , Benner Peter , Seidel‐Morgenstern Andreas
Published: July 2014

Simulated moving bed (SMB) chromatography is a well‐established technology for separating chemical compounds. To describe an SMB process, a finite‐dimensional multistage model arising from the discretization of partial differential equations is typically employed. However, its relatively high dimension poses severe computational challenges to various model‐based analysis. To overcome this challenge, two Krylov‐type model order reduction (MOR) methods are proposed to accelerate the computation of the cyclic steady states (CSSs) of SMB processes with linear isotherms. A “straightforward method” that carefully deals with the switching behavior in MOR is first proposed. Its improvement, a “subspace‐exploiting method,” thoroughly exploits each reduced model to achieve further acceleration. Simulation studies show that both methods achieve high accuracy and significant speedups. The subspace‐exploiting method turns out to be computationally much more efficient. Two challenging analyses of SMB processes, namely uncertainty quantification and CSS optimization, further demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, and applicability of the proposed methods. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3773–3783, 2014
Structure–property relationship of pH‐sensitive (PCL)2(PDEA‐b‐PPEGMA)2 micelles: Experiment and DPD simulation
Authors: Lin Wen Jing , Nie Shu Yu , Chen Quan , Qian Yu , Wen Xiu Fang , Zhang Li Juan
Published: July 2014

The experiment and dissipative particle dynamics simulation were carried out on four polymers with different block ratios for the investigation of the structure–property relationship of (poly(ε‐caprolactone)2‐[poly(2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate)]2 [(PCL)2(PDEA‐b‐PPEGMA)2] micelles. The miktoarm star polymers assembled into spherical micelles composed of PCL core, pH‐sensitive PDEA mesosphere and poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PPEGMA) shell. When decreasing pH from 7.4 to 5.0, the hydrodynamic diameter and transmittance of (PCL)2(PDEA‐b‐PPEGMA)2 micelles increased along with globule‐uneven‐extended conformational transitions, owing to the protonation of tertiary amine groups of DEA at lower pH conditions. Doxorubicin (DOX) was mainly loaded in the pH‐sensitive layer, and more DOX were loaded in the core when increasing drug concentrations. The in vitro DOX release from the micelles was significantly accelerated by decreasing pH from 7.4 to 5.0. The results demonstrated that the pH‐sensitive micelles could be used as an efficient carrier for hydrophobic anticancer drugs, achieving controlled and sustained drug release. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3634–3646, 2014
Effect of SiO2 content on performance of polypropylene separator for lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Liu Hongyu , Xu Jun , Guo Baohua , He Xiangming
Published: July 2014

Composite separators are prepared by introducing SiO2 nanoparticles on both sides of polypropylene separator with various SiO2 contents through a dip‐coating process, where polyvinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene is used as binder. Coated layers have highly porous structure, which is quantitatively analyzed by air permeability. Compared to pristine separator, composite separators show significant lower Gurley value, reduced thermal shrinkage, higher liquid electrolyte uptake, better mechanical properties, and better cell performance such as discharge C‐rate capability and cycle performance. The influence of SiO2 content on these properties is also studied, and the best SiO2 content is given. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41156.
Thermal properties and miscibility of semi‐crystalline and amorphous PLA blends
Authors: Gao Chengcheng , Bao Xianyang , Yu Long , Liu Hongsheng , Simon George P. , Chen Ling , Liu Xingxun
Published: July 2014

The focus of this research is the study of the microstructures and miscibility at the interface between semi‐crystalline and amorphous PLAs [poly (l‐lactic acid)(PLLA) with poly (l,d‐lactic acid)(PDLLA), respectively]. The blends are prepared through thermal processing (extrusion and hot‐pressing). To increase the area of interface between PDLLA and PLLA, the fibers from PLLA and PDLLA are used. Thermal and microstructures of the blends were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), dynamic thermogravimetric analysis(DMA), small‐angle X‐ray diffraction(SAXS) and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The two PLAs are miscible in molten state. However, phase separation is detected after various thermal treatments, with PDLLA being excluded from the regions of interlamellar PLLA regions when PDLLA content is low, as determined from X‐ray diffraction studies. The compatibility between the two PLAs is not perfect in the molten state, since enthalpies of the various blends at Tg are lower than any pure PLA material. The semi‐crystalline PLLA fiber can recrystallize alone in the molten amorphous PDLLA, and a higher nuclei density is observed at the interface. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41205.
Fabrication and characterization of the orientated MMT/PI composite films via relatively low magnetic field
Authors: Lv Fengzhu , Xu Linan , Xu Zixian , Fu Liling , Zhang Yihe
Published: July 2014

Anisotropic cetylpyridinium modified magnetic montmorillonite/polyimide (CPC‐Fe3O4‐MMT/PI) composite films were prepared based on CPC‐Fe3O4‐MMT capable of exfoliation and magnetic‐field response via in situ polymerization and relatively low magnetic field adjustment (0.6 T) in the film casting followed by imidization. The stability of CPC‐Fe3O4‐MMT during the in situ polymerization over flow shearing of the polymers and longtime stirring was evaluated by comparison the composition of CPC‐Fe3O4‐MMT before and after polymerization via TG analysis and element analysis. Besides, the structural anisotropy of the produced CPC‐Fe3O4‐MMT/PI composite films deriving from orientation of plate‐like CPC‐Fe3O4‐MMT was confirmed by 1‐D and 2‐D XRD and SEM. The CPC‐Fe3O4‐MMT/PI composite films with structural anisotropy exhibit gas permeation, optical and magnetic anisotropic properties which would widen the application fields of the composite films. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41224.
Evolution of illustrations in anatomy: A study from the classical period in Europe to modern times
Authors: Ghosh Sanjib Kumar
Published: July 2014

Illustrations constitute an essential element of learning anatomy in modern times. However it required a significant evolutionary process spread over centuries, for illustrations to achieve the present status in the subject of anatomy. This review article attempts to outline the evolutionary process by highlighting on the works of esteemed anatomists in a chronological manner. Available literature suggests that illustrations were not used in anatomy during the classical period when the subject was dominated by the descriptive text of Galen. Guido da Vigevano was first to use illustrations in anatomy during the Late Middle Ages and this concept developed further during the Renaissance period when Andreas Vesalius pioneered in illustrations becoming an indispensable tool in conveying anatomical details. Toward later stages of the Renaissance period, Fabricius ab Aquapendente endeavored to restrict dramatization of anatomical illustrations which was a prevalent trend in early Renaissance. During the 18th century, anatomical artwork was characterized by the individual styles of prominent anatomists leading to suppression of anatomical details. In the 19th century, Henry Gray used illustrations in his anatomical masterpiece that focused on depicting anatomical structures and were free from any artistic style. From early part of the 20th century medical images and photographs started to complement traditional handmade anatomical illustrations. Computer technology and advanced software systems played a key role in the evolution of anatomical illustrations during the late 20th century resulting in new generation 3D image datasets that are being used in the 21st century in innovative formats for teaching and learning anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 8: 175–188. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
Direct Photocatalysis for Organic Synthesis by Using Plasmonic‐Metal Nanoparticles Irradiated with Visible Light
Authors: Xiao Qi , Jaatinen Esa , Zhu Huaiyong
Published: July 2014

Recent advances in direct‐use plasmonic‐metal nanoparticles (NPs) as photocatalysts to drive organic synthesis reactions under visible‐light irradiation have attracted great interest. Plasmonic‐metal NPs are characterized by their strong interaction with visible light through excitation of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Herein, we review recent developments in direct photocatalysis using plasmonic‐metal NPs and their applications. We focus on the role played by the LSPR of the metal NPs in catalyzing organic transformations and, more broadly, the role that light irradiation plays in catalyzing the reactions. Through this, the reaction mechanisms that these light‐excited energetic electrons promote will be highlighted. This review will be of particular interest to researchers who are designing and fabricating new plasmonic‐metal NP photocatalysts by identifying important reaction mechanisms that occur through light irradiation.
Facile In Situ Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Ni/Ni(OH)2 Hybrid Sponges with Excellent Electrochemical Energy‐Storage Performances for Supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Wanren , Wang Wenhua , Wang Mengjiao , Guo Xiaohui
Published: July 2014

Herein, we report the in situ growth of single‐crystalline Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes on a Ni support by using facile hydrothermal processes. The as‐prepared Ni/Ni(OH)2 sponges were well‐characterized by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, TEM, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The results revealed that the nickel‐skeleton‐supported Ni(OH)2 rope‐like aggregates were composed of numerous intercrossed single‐crystal Ni(OH)2 flake‐like units. The Ni/Ni(OH)2 hybrid sponges served as electrodes and displayed ultrahigh specific capacitance (SC=3247 F g−1) and excellent rate‐capability performance, likely owing to fast electron and ion transport, sufficient Faradic redox reaction, and robust structural integrity of the Ni/Ni(OH)2 hybrid electrode. These results support the promising application of Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes as advanced pseudocapacitor materials.
Meeting the Challenge of Intermolecular Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Cycloadditions of Alkynes and Allenes
Authors: Muratore Michael E. , Homs Anna , Obradors Carla , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: July 2014

The development of gold(I)‐catalyzed intermolecular carbo‐ and hetero‐cycloadditions of alkynes and allenes has been more challenging than their intramolecular counterparts. Here we review, with a mechanistic perspective, the most fundamental intermolecular cycloadditions of alkynes and allenes with alkenes.
Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune pancreatitis types 1 and 2
Authors: Fritz S , Bergmann F , Grenacher L , Sgroi M , Hinz U , Hackert T , Büchler M W , Werner J
Published: July 2014

Background

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is characterized by diffuse or focal swelling of the pancreas. AIP has been divided into types 1 and 2. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the clinicopathological characteristics, therapy and outcome of patients with AIP.

Methods

The medical records of patients diagnosed with AIP between January 2003 and July 2011 were reviewed. Characteristics of patients with AIP types 1 and 2 were compared with those of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

Results

AIP was classified as type 1 in 40 patients and type 2 in 32 according to the HISORt (Histology, Imaging, Serology, Other organ involvement, Response to therapy) criteria. Patients with histologically confirmed AIP type 2 were younger than those with type 1 (P = 0·005). Some 30 of 32 patients with AIP type 2 were found to have a localized tumour-like pancreatic mass and underwent pancreatectomy, compared with only 16 of 40 with type 1 (P < 0·001). Three of 25 patients with AIP type 2 presented with raised serum levels of IgG4 compared with 21 of 38 with type 1 (P < 0·001). There was no difference in symptoms and involvement of other organs between AIP types 1 and 2. Presentation with weight loss was more common among patients with PDAC than those with AIP, but there was no difference in pain or jaundice between the groups. Raised serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels were more prevalent in patients with PDAC.

Conclusion

Patients with AIP type 2 frequently present with abdominal pain and a tumour-like mass. Differentiating AIP from PDAC is difficult, so making the clinical decision regarding operative versus conservative management is challenging.
Catalytic Enantioselective Amide Allylation of Isatins and Its Application in the Synthesis of 2‐Oxindole Derivatives Spiro‐Fused to the α‐Methylene‐γ‐Butyrolactone Functionality
Authors: Takahashi Masaki , Murata Yusuke , Yagishita Fumitoshi , Sakamoto Masami , Sengoku Tetsuya , Yoda Hidemi
Published: July 2014

This article is a full account of the work exploring the potential utility of catalytic enantioselective amide allylation of various isatins using indium‐based chiral catalysts. A survey of various isatin substrates and NH‐containing stannylated reagents revealed that the reaction has a remarkably wide scope to result in extremely high yields and enantioselectivities (up to >99 %, 99 % ee) of variously substituted homoallylic alcohols. Several mechanistic investigations demonstrated that the substrate–reagent hydrogen‐bond interaction plays a critical role in the formation of the key transition states to result in enhanced catalytic reaction. The success of this approach allowed convenient access to chiral 2‐oxindoles spiro‐fused to the α‐methylene‐γ‐butyrolactone functionality and their halogenated derivatives in almost enantiopure forms, thus highlighting the general utility of this synthetic method to deliver a large variety of antineoplastic drug candidates and pharmaceutically meaningful compounds.
Organocatalytic Cascade Reactions: Towards the Diversification of Hydroisochromenes and Chromenes through Two Different Activation Modes
Authors: Cruz Cruz David , Mose Rasmus , Villegas Gómez Clarisa , Torbensen Stine V. , Larsen Martin S. , Jørgensen Karl Anker
Published: July 2014

The organocatalytic enantioselective syntheses of functionalized hydroisochromenes and chromenes by trienamine‐mediated [4+2]‐cycloaddition/nucleophilic ring‐closing and iminium‐ion/aminal‐mediated oxa‐Michael/Michael/nucleophilic ring‐closing with 2‐nitroallylic alcohols are presented. The corresponding cycloadducts, with up to five stereocenters, are formed in good yield and excellent enantioselectivities. The synthetic applications of the obtained products have been demonstrated.
Direct Carbocyclizations of Benzoic Acids: Catalyst‐Controlled Synthesis of Cyclic Ketones and the Development of Tandem aHH (acyl Heck–Heck) Reactions
Authors: Miles Kelsey C. , Le Chi “Chip” , Stambuli James P.
Published: July 2014

The formation of exo‐methylene indanones and indenones from simple ortho‐allyl benzoic acid derivatives has been developed. Selective formation of the indanone or indenone products in these reactions is controlled by choice of ancillary ligand. This new process has a low environmental footprint as the products are formed in high yields using low catalyst loadings, while the only stoichiometric chemical waste generated from the reactants in the transformation is acetic acid. The conversion of the active cyclization catalyst into the Hermman–Beller palladacycle was exploited in a one‐pot tandem acyl Heck–Heck (aHH) reaction, and utilized in the synthesis of donepezil.
Rat subthalamic nucleus and zona incerta share extensively overlapped representations of cortical functional territories
Authors: Kita Takako , Osten Pavel , Kita Hitoshi
Published: July 2014

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the zona incerta (ZI) are two major structures of the subthalamus. The STN has strong connections between the basal ganglia and related nuclei. The ZI has strong connections between brainstem reticular nuclei, sensory nuclei, and nonspecific thalamic nuclei. Both the STN and ZI receive heavy projections from a subgroup of layer V neurons in the cerebral cortex. The major goal of this study was to investigate the following two questions about the cortico‐subthalamic projections using the lentivirus anterograde tracing method in the rat: 1) whether cortical projections to the STN and ZI have independent functional organizations or a global organization encompassing the entire subthalamus as a whole; and 2) how the cortical functional zones are represented in the subthalamus. This study revealed that the subthalamus receives heavy projections from the motor and sensory cortices, that the cortico‐subthalamic projections have a large‐scale functional organization that encompasses both the STN and two subdivisions of the ZI, and that the group of cortical axons that originate from a particular area of the cortex sequentially innervate and form separate terminal fields in the STN and ZI. The terminal zones formed by different cortical functional areas have highly overlapped and fuzzy borders, as do the somatotopic representations of the sensorimotor cortex in the subthalamus. The present study suggests that the layer V neurons in the wide areas of the sensorimotor cortex simultaneously control STN and ZI neurons. Together with other known afferent and efferent connections, possible new functionality of the STN and ZI is discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:4043–4056, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The sodium channel isoform transition at developing nodes of ranvier in the peripheral nervous system: Dependence on a Genetic program and myelination‐induced cluster formation
Authors: Luo Songjiang , Jaegle Martine , Li Roy , Ehring George R. , Meijer Dies , Levinson Simon R.
Published: July 2014

Among sodium channel isoforms, Nav1.6 is selectively expressed at nodes of Ranvier in both the CNS and the PNS. However, non‐Nav1.6 isoforms such as Nav1.2 are also present at the CNS nodes in early development but gradually diminish later. It has been proposed that myelination is part of a glia‐neuron signaling mechanism that produces this change in nodal isoform expression. The present study used isoform‐specific antibodies to demonstrate that, in the PNS, four other neuronal sodium channel isoforms were also clustered at nodes in early development but eventually disappeared during maturation. To study possible roles of myelination in such transitions, we investigated the nodal expression of selected isoforms in the sciatic nerve of the transgenic mouse Oct6ΔSCE/βgeo, whose PNS myelination is delayed in the first postnatal week but eventually resumes. We found that delayed myelination retarded the formation of nodal channel clusters and altered the expression‐elimination patterns of sodium channel isoforms, resulting in significantly reduced expression levels of non‐Nav1.6 isoforms in such delayed nodes. However, delayed myelination did not significantly affect the gene expression, protein synthesis, or axonal trafficking of any isoform studied. Rather, we found evidence for a developmentally programmed increase in neuronal Nav1.6 expression with constant or decreasing neuronal expression of other isoforms that were unaffected by delayed myelination. Thus our results suggest that, in the developmental isoform switch of the PNS, myelination does not play a signaling role as that proposed for the CNS but rather serves only to form nodal clusters from existing isoform pools. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:4057–4073, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Free‐Standing Nitrogen‐doped Graphene Paper as Electrodes for High‐Performance Lithium/Dissolved Polysulfide Batteries
Authors: Han Kai , Shen Jingmei , Hao Shiqiang , Ye Hongqi , Wolverton Christopher , Kung Mayfair C. , Kung Harold H.
Published: July 2014

Free‐standing N‐doped graphene papers (NGP), generated by pyrolysis of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride, were successfully used as binder‐free electrodes for the state‐of‐the‐art Li/polysulfide‐catholyte batteries. They exhibited high specific capacities of approximately1000 mA h g−1 (based on S) after 100 cycles and coulombic efficiencies great than 98 %, significantly better than undoped graphene paper (GP). These NGP were characterized with XRD, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, AFM, electron microscopy, and Raman and impedance spectroscopy before and after cycling. Spectroscopic evidence suggested stronger binding of sulfide to NGP relative to GP, and modelling results from DFT calculation, substantiated with experimental data, indicated that pyrrolic and pyridinic N atoms interacted more strongly with Li polysulfides than quaternary N atoms. Thus, more favorable partition of polysulfides between the electrode and the electrolyte and the corresponding effect on the morphology of the passivation layer were the causes of the beneficial effect of N doping.
Eating disorder symptoms and quality of life: Where should clinicians place their focus in severe and enduring anorexia nervosa?
Authors: Bamford Bryony , Barras Christina , Sly Richard , Stiles‐Shields Colleen , Touyz Stephen , Le Grange Daniel , Hay Phillipa , Crosby Ross , Lacey Hubert
Published: July 2014

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between quality of life (QoL), weight, and eating disorder symptoms across treatment in individuals with severe and enduring anorexia nervosa (SE‐AN).

Method

Participants were 63 adult females with SE‐AN presenting to an outpatient, multisite randomized clinical trial. QoL was assessed using three well‐validated QoL questionnaire measures, the EDQOL, SF‐12, and WSAS. Participants' weight and severity of symptoms was assessed by Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) and weekly BMI change.

Results

Predictors of QoL were evaluated in the context of concurrent, prospective,1 and lagged mixed‐effects models. Changes in both BMI and EDE were found to significantly affect current and future QoL ratings.

Discussion

Findings suggest that improvements in QoL may be dependent on symptom change and weight gain. Treatments seeking solely to improve QoL may be unlikely to produce lasting change and clinicians should maintain a focus on weight and behavioral symptoms as much as on improvements in QoL. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:133–138)
Potential effects of climate change on the distribution range of the main silicate sinker of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Pinkernell Stefan , Beszteri Bánk
Published: July 2014

Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, a dominant diatom species throughout the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, is coined to be one of the main drivers of the biological silicate pump. Here, we study the distribution of this important species and expected consequences of climate change upon it, using correlative species distribution modeling and publicly available presence‐only data. As experience with SDM is scarce for marine phytoplankton, this also serves as a pilot study for this organism group. We used the maximum entropy method to calculate distribution models for the diatom F. kerguelensis based on yearly and monthly environmental data (sea surface temperature, salinity, nitrate and silicate concentrations). Observation data were harvested from GBIF and the Global Diatom Database, and for further analyses also from the Hustedt Diatom Collection (BRM). The models were projected on current yearly and seasonal environmental data to study current distribution and its seasonality. Furthermore, we projected the seasonal model on future environmental data obtained from climate models for the year 2100. Projected on current yearly averaged environmental data, all models showed similar distribution patterns for F. kerguelensis. The monthly model showed seasonality, for example, a shift of the southern distribution boundary toward the north in the winter. Projections on future scenarios resulted in a moderately to negligibly shrinking distribution area and a change in seasonality. We found a substantial bias in the publicly available observation datasets, which could be reduced by additional observation records we obtained from the Hustedt Diatom Collection. Present‐day distribution patterns inferred from the models coincided well with background knowledge and previous reports about F. kerguelensis distribution, showing that maximum entropy‐based distribution models are suitable to map distribution patterns for oceanic planktonic organisms. Our scenario projections indicate moderate effects of climate change upon the biogeography of F. kerguelensis.
Ecological divergence and evolutionary transition of resprouting types inBanksia attenuata
Authors: He Tianhua
Published: July 2014

Resprouting is a key functional trait that allows plants to survive diverse disturbances. The fitness benefits associated with resprouting include a rapid return to adult growth, early flowering, and setting seed. The resprouting responses observed following fire are varied, as are the ecological outcomes. Understanding the ecological divergence and evolutionary pathways of different resprouting types and how the environment and genetics interact to drive such morphological evolution represents an important, but under‐studied, topic. In the present study, microsatellite markers and microevolutionary approaches were used to better understand: (1) whether genetic differentiation is related to morphological divergence among resprouting types and if so, whether there are any specific genetic variations associated with morphological divergence and (2) the evolutionary pathway of the transitions between two resprouting types inBanksia attenuata(epicormic resprouting from aerial stems or branch; resprouting from a underground lignotuber). The results revealed an association between population genetic differentiation and the morphological divergence of postfire resprouting types inB. attenuata. A microsatellite allele has been shown to be associated with epicormic populations. Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis revealed a likely evolutionary transition from epicormic to lignotuberous resprouting inB. attenuata. It is concluded that the postfire resprouting type inB. attenuatais likely determined by the fire's characteristics. The differentiated expression of postfire resprouting types in different environments is likely a consequence of local genetic adaptation. The capacity to shift the postfire resprouting type to adapt to diverse fire regimes is most likely the key factor explaining whyB. attenuatais the most widespread member of theBanksiagenus.
Photoinduced Topological Transformation in Mesoscopic Inorganic Nanoparticles: Application as a UV Sensor
Authors: Das Santu , Thomas Preethi , Roy Soumyajit
Published: July 2014

Achieving topological transformation in an inorganic chemical system is an ongoing challenge. We show that such a topological transformation can be achieved in a simple metal‐oxide based inorganic system of soft‐oxometalates (SOMs). Starting from a dispersion of heptamolybdate‐based SOM nanotubes, molybdenum blue SOM nanospheres were synthesised by application of UV‐irradiation. This transformation is accompanied by a colour change of the system from colourless to blue. The starting material and product were characterised based on an array of techniques including scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, horizontal attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The possibility of using this system as a UV detector is also discussed.
The use of RFID in soil‐erosion research
Authors: Parsons Anthony John , Onda Yuichi , Noguchi Takehiro , Patin Jeremy , Cooper James , Wainwright John , Sakai Naoki
Published: July 2014

In this paper, we examine the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for studying soil erosion. Surrogate soil particles were created by coating RFID tags with silicone clay and bronze powder to give them an overall density similar to that of quartz particles. The particles were between 2.5 mm and 4.0 mm in diameter and had specific weights of 2.5 to 3.0. These tagged particles were deployed on two plots: first, in a proof‐of‐concept laboratory study and secondly in a field study, the latter involving repeated surveys after rainfall events. Seven surveys under natural rainfall over four months yielded recovery rates averaged 56%. RFIDs are shown to provide useful insights into the movement of individual soil particles during erosion processes. As RFID technology advances, further miniaturization is likely to occur enabling the movement of a greater range of soil particles to be studied, and we may anticipate improvements to the signal detection so that recovery does not rely wholly on visual identification. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection rate of fluorine‐18‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in patients with marginal zone lymphoma of MALT type: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Treglia Giorgio , Zucca Emanuele , Sadeghi Ramin , Cavalli Franco , Giovanella Luca , Ceriani Luca
Published: July 2014

The aim of this article is to meta‐analyse published data about the detection rate (DR) of fluorine‐18‐fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and PET/computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of patients with marginal zone lymphoma of the mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). A comprehensive literature search of studies published through February 2014 was performed. Pooled DR of 18F‐FDG PET or PET/CT including 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) was calculated on a per‐patient‐based analysis. Twenty studies including 376 patients with MALT lymphoma were selected. The pooled DR of 18F‐FDG PET or PET/CT was 71% (95% CI: 61–80%). A significant difference between the DR of PET/CT (69%; 95% CI: 61–80%) and that of PET alone (73%; 95% CI: 60–84%) was not demonstrated. A better DR of 18F‐FDG PET or PET/CT in bronchial (94%; 95% CI: 85–99%) and head‐and‐neck (90%; 95% CI: 78–98%) MALT lymphomas compared with gastric (62%; 95% CI: 46–77%) and ocular (49%; 95% CI: 36–63%) MALT lymphomas was found. This meta‐analysis demonstrates that MALT lymphoma is an 18F‐FDG‐avid tumour in most of the cases, suggesting a potential clinical role of 18F‐FDG PET or PET/CT in the initial evaluation of these patients. In particular, the DR of 18F‐FDG PET or PET/CT is related to the primary site of the MALT lymphoma. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NPPB is a novel candidate biomarker expressed by cancer‐associated fibroblasts in epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Lawrenson Kate , Grun Barbara , Lee Nathan , Mhawech‐Fauceglia Paulette , Kan Jenny , Swenson Steve , Lin Yvonne G. , Pejovic Tanja , Millstein Joshua , Gayther Simon A.
Published: July 2014

Most solid tumors contain cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that support tumorigenesis and malignant progression. However, the cellular origins of CAFs in epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) remain poorly understood, and their utility as a source of clinical biomarkers for cancer diagnosis has not been explored in great depth. Here, we report establishing in vitro and in vivo models of CAFs in ovarian cancer development. Normal ovarian fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells cultured in the presence of EOC cells acquired a CAF‐like phenotype, and promoted EOC cell migration in vitro. CAFs also promoted ovarian cancer growth in vivo in both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal murine xenograft assays. Molecular profiling of CAFs identified gene expression signatures that were highly enriched for extracellular and secreted proteins. We identified novel candidate CAF‐specific biomarkers for ovarian cancer including NPPB, which was expressed in the stroma of 60% primary ovarian cancer tissues (n = 145) but not in the stroma of normal ovaries (n = 4). NPPB is a secreted protein that was also elevated in the blood of 50% of women with ovarian cancer (n = 8). Taken together, these data suggest that the tumor stroma is a novel source of biomarkers, including NPPB, that may be of clinical utility for detection of EOC.
Parabens can enable hallmarks and characteristics of cancer in human breast epithelial cells: a review of the literature with reference to new exposure data and regulatory status
Authors: Darbre Philippa D. , Harvey Philip W.
Published: July 2014

A framework for understanding the complexity of cancer development was established by Hanahan and Weinberg in their definition of the hallmarks of cancer. In this review, we consider the evidence that parabens can enable development in human breast epithelial cells of four of six of the basic hallmarks, one of two of the emerging hallmarks and one of two of the enabling characteristics. In Hallmark 1, parabens have been measured as present in 99% of human breast tissue samples, possess oestrogenic activity and can stimulate sustained proliferation of human breast cancer cells at concentrations measurable in the breast. In Hallmark 2, parabens can inhibit the suppression of breast cancer cell growth by hydroxytamoxifen, and through binding to the oestrogen‐related receptor gamma may prevent its deactivation by growth inhibitors. In Hallmark 3, in the 10 nm–1 μm range, parabens give a dose‐dependent evasion of apoptosis in high‐risk donor breast epithelial cells. In Hallmark 4, long‐term exposure (>20 weeks) to parabens leads to increased migratory and invasive activity in human breast cancer cells, properties that are linked to the metastatic process. As an emerging hallmark methylparaben has been shown in human breast epithelial cells to increase mTOR, a key regulator of energy metabolism. As an enabling characteristic parabens can cause DNA damage at high concentrations in the short term but more work is needed to investigate long‐term, low‐dose mixtures. The ability of parabens to enable multiple cancer hallmarks in human breast epithelial cells provides grounds for regulatory review of the implications of the presence of parabens in human breast tissue. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CCSD‐CTOCD static dipole shielding polarizability for quantification of the chiral NMR effects in oxaziridine derivatives
Authors: Pelloni Stefano , Cuesta Inmaculada García
Published: July 2014

Chiral discrimination by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy might be achieved through the pseudo‐scalar derived from the dipole shielding polarizability tensor. Coupled Cluster Singles and Doubles‐Quadratic Response (CCSD‐QR) calculations inside the continuous translation of the origin of the current density formalism have been carried out to determine the effects of basis set, electron correlation, and gauge translation on the determination of this magnitude in oxaziridine derivatives. Inclusion of electronic correlation is needed for adequately describing the pseudo‐scalar for the heavier nuclei, making CCSD a rigorous and affordable method to compute these high order properties in medium‐sized molecules. The observable magnitudes for chiral discrimination (produced RF voltage and required electric field) are calculated. Half of the considered molecules show values of the observable magnitudes near the lower limit for experimental detection. Nuclei 19F, 31P, and 79Br produce the largest values of RF voltage (50–80 nV). Moreover, 31P and 79Br are the nuclei requiring smallest electric fields (3 MVm−1) to separate the NMR signals, being then suitable for both the techniques. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.