bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A bone-derived protein primes rapid visual escape via GPR37 receptor in a subpopulation of VTA GABAergic neurons
Authors: Liu Xuemei , Lai Juan , Gao Xiang , Wang Lina , Hu Yali , Liao Guoyang , Ma Shaohua , Feng Bo , Yang Liang , Qian Zhengjiang , Tan Liming , Li Xiang , Wang Liping
Published: August 2024

Rapid escape against visual threats is critical for survival. Whether it requires a permissive mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that osteocalcin (OCN), a protein produced by bone and persisted in the brain, primes rapid visual escape response by increasing excitability of VTA GABAergic neuron subpopulation via OCN-GPR37-cAMP-THIK-1 (K2P13.1) pathway. Knock-out of OCN or its receptor GPR37, and conditional knock-out of GPR37 in VTA GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons caused delayed escape. Reconstituting OCN-GPR37 signaling specifically in VTA was sufficient to restore normal response. Single-cell transcriptomics combined with electrophysiology showed that OCN decreases potassium currents in a subpopulation of VTA GABAergic neurons via GPR37-induced cAMP reduction and subsequent THIK-1 suppression. This elevation of excitability in VTA neuron subpopulation can be recapitulated by HM4Di, an inhibitory chemogenetic GPCR commonly used to suppress neuronal activity. Our study demonstrated that visual behavior requires a bone-derived protein that tunes electrophysiology of central nervous system neurons.

Graph Abstract

In brief

The bone-brain axis regulates visual escape behavior.

Osteocalcin (OCN), a small protein secreted by bone, plays a permissive role in rapid visual escape. This is achieved through GPR37 receptor expressed in a subpopulation of VTA GABAergic neurons. OCN-GPR37 signaling increases neuronal excitability by decreasing K+ current via THIK-1 channel suppression.

Highlights

The bone-derived protein osteocalcin and its receptor GPR37 in VTA are required for rapid visual escape response.

GPR37 is expressed in a subpopulation of VTA GABAergic neurons and primes rapid visual escape.

Osteocalcin-GPR37 signaling increases neuronal excitability by suppressing THIK-1 (K2P13.1) channel via cAMP reduction.

Activation of HM4Di increases excitability of subpopulation of VTA GABAergic neurons and enhances rapid visual escape.
Seq2Topt: a sequence-based deep learning predictor of enzyme optimal temperature
Authors: Qiu Sizhe , Hu Bozhen , Zhao Jing , Xu Weiren , Yang Aidong
Published: August 2024

An accurate deep learning predictor is needed for enzyme optimal temperature (Topt), which quantitatively describes how temperature affects the enzyme catalytic activity. Seq2Topt, developed in this study, reached a superior accuracy onToptprediction just using protein sequences (RMSE = 13.3℃ and R2=0.48) in comparison with existing models, and could capture key protein regions for enzymeToptwith multi-head attention on residues. Through case studies on thermophilic enzyme selection and predicting enzymeToptshifts caused by point mutations, Seq2Topt was demonstrated as a promising computational tool for enzyme mining andin-silicoenzyme design. Additionally, accurate deep learning predictors of enzyme optimal pH (Seq2pHopt, RMSE=0.92 and R2=0.37) and melting temperature (Seq2Tm, RMSE=7.57℃ and R2=0.64) were developed based on the model architecture of Seq2Topt, suggesting that the development of Seq2Topt could potentially give rise to a useful prediction platform of enzymes.
A comparison of super-resolution microscopy techniques for imaging tightly packed microcolonies of an obligate intracellular bacterium
Authors: North Alison J. , Sharma Ved P. , Pyrgaki Christina , Lim S.Y. John , Atwal Sharanjeet , Saharat Kittirat , Wright Graham D. , Salje Jeanne
Published: August 2024

Conventional optical microscopy imaging of obligate intracellular bacteria is hampered by the small size of bacterial cells, tight clustering exhibited by some bacterial species and challenges relating to labelling such as background from host cells, a lack of validated reagents, and a lack of tools for genetic manipulation. In this study we imaged intracellular bacteria from the speciesOrientia tsutsugamushi(Ot) using five different fluorescence microscopy techniques: standard confocal, Airyscan confocal, instant Structured Illumination Microscopy (iSIM), three-dimensional Structured Illumination Microscopy (3D-SIM) and Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy (STED). We compared the ability of each to resolve bacterial cells in intracellular clumps in the lateral (xy) axis, using full width half maximum (FWHM) measurements of a labelled outer membrane protein (ScaA) and the ability to detect small, outer membrane vesicles external to the cells. We next compared the ability of each technique to sufficiently resolve bacteria in the axial (z) direction and found 3D-STED to be the most successful method for this. We then combined this approach with a custom 3D cell segmentation and analysis pipeline using the open-source, deep learning software, Cellpose to segment the cells and subsequently the commercial software Imaris to analyze their 3D shape and size. Using this combination, we demonstrated differences in bacterial shape, but not their size, when grown in different mammalian cell lines. Overall, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of different super-resolution microscopy techniques for imaging this cytoplasmic obligate intracellular bacterium based on the specific research question being addressed.
Post-Operative Bleeding After Facial Cleft Repair: A Retrospective Review of TriNetX Database
Authors: Isch Emily L. , Duca Aviana , Habarth-Morales Theodore E. , Self D. Mitchell , Caterson Edward J.
Published: August 2024

Introduction

The objective of this article is to assess and describe the incidence of postoperative hemorrhage following cleft palate surgery (palatoplasty), specifically focusing on need for return to the operating room for management of post-operative hemorrhage.

Methods

The TriNetX federated database was used to identify patients with a diagnosis of cleft lip and/or palate undergoing primary cleft palate repair over a twenty-year period from 2003 until2023. Primary endpoints assessed include post operative hemorrhage resulting in blood transfusion and/or return to the operating room; Kaplan-Meier analysis was used for statistical analysis.

Results

A total of 13,161 patients with cleft lip or palate over the last 20 years underwent operative intervention (palatoplasty). Of those patients, ninety-seven patients were found to have diagnosis of post-operative bleeding (confidence interval 1.196 +/-0.606). One hundred and seventy-five patients experienced post operative hemorrhage requiring transfusion of blood product (CI 1.491 +/-0.952). Seventy patients required return to the operating room for post-operative bleeding in the immediate post operative period.

Conclusions

Historic reporting of post-operative bleeding suggests a moderate rate of post-operative hemorrhage rate following palatoplasty, occasionally necessitating transfusion and return to operating room following index palatoplasty. Our retrospective review of a national database demonstrates a lesser incidence of post-operative hemorrhage than previously noted.
Advancing Early Detection of Major Depressive Disorder: A Comparative Analysis of AI Models Using Multi-Site Functional MRI Data
Authors: Mansoor Masab A. , Ansari Kashif H.
Published: August 2024

Background

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a prevalent mental health condition with significant public health implications. Early detection is crucial for effective intervention, yet current diagnostic methods often fail to identify MDD in its early stages.

Objective

This study aimed to develop and validate machine learning models for the early detection of MDD using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data.

Methods

We utilized fMRI data from 1,200 participants (600 with early-stage MDD and 600 healthy controls) across three public datasets. Four machine learning models (Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), and Deep Neural Network (DNN)) were developed and compared. Models were evaluated using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), and F1 score.

Results

The DNN model demonstrated superior performance, achieving 89% accuracy (95% CI: 0.86-0.92) and an AUC-ROC of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93-0.97) in detecting early-stage MDD. Key predictive features included altered functional connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and limbic regions. The model showed good generalizability across different datasets and identified 78% (95% CI: 71%-85%) of individuals who developed MDD within a 2-year follow-up period.

Conclusions

Our AI-driven approach demonstrates promising potential for early MDD detection, outperforming traditional diagnostic methods. This study highlights the utility of machine learning in analyzing complex neuroimaging data for psychiatric applications. Future research should focus on prospective clinical trials and the integration of multimodal data to enhance the clinical applicability of this approach further.
Facilitators and barriers for healthcare workers’ adherence to the national nutritional guidelines for people living with HIV in Dar-Es-Salaam: A mixed-method study
Authors: Mwakasungura Felistar , Mkumbwa Rebecca , Sunguya Bruno
Published: August 2024

The dual burden of HIV and malnutrition is a significant public health issue in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Tanzania, with an HIV prevalence of 4.9% among adults, malnutrition among People Living with HIV (PLHIV) remains high. This study evaluated adherence to nutritional guidelines for PLHIV in Care and Treatment Centers (CTCs) in Dar es Salaam and identified influencing factors. A mixed-method design was used among PLHIV, health facility administrators, and healthcare providers. Data were collected through observational checklists, structured questionnaires, and in-depth interviews. Statistical and qualitative analyses were performed to assess adherence and determinants. Among 478 participants who received care, only 19.46% were managed with fully adherence to the nutritional guidelines. Universally, anthropometric assessments were observed, however, micronutrient supplementation was minimal (1%). Higher education (AOR=5.08, p=0.019) and attendance at referral hospitals (AOR=8.23, p=0.032) positively influenced adherence. Conversely, nurse attendance (AOR=0.34, p=0.038), adequate staffing (AOR=0.31, p=0.010), and urban residence (AOR=0.47, p=0.009) negatively influenced adherence. Key facilitators included consistent training and supportive leadership, while barriers involved financial constraints and high staff turnover. The study reveals a significant gap in adherence to nutritional guidelines among PLHIV in Dar es Salaam, highlight the need for improved resource distribution, staff training, and patient education. Findings from this study aim to bridge the knowledge gap in adherence to nutritional guidelines for PLHIV, support evidence-based decision-making, and ultimately improve health outcomes.
Survey: Accessibility of At-Home COVID-19 Tests for Users with Disabilities
Authors: Farmer Sarah , Peagler Amanda , Sheiner Rebecca , Martinez Adina , Razin Victoria
Published: August 2024

2

Widespread access to over-the-counter at-home COVID-19 tests was a crucial component of the United States’ public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. For at-home testing to be effective, it is essential for the tests to be not only available but also usable and accessible to people with disabilities. In the present study, a survey was conducted to collect feedback about people’s experiences using over-the-counter COVID-19 tests, with an aim to identify barriers to the accessibility of COVID-19 tests for people with disabilities. Survey respondents self-identified as having little to no vision, low vision, or limited dexterity. The survey covered ten at-home COVID-19 test brands. For each test that a respondent had used, the survey included questions about whether the user was able to complete the test independently or whether they needed assistance, the ease of use for performing each part of the testing procedure, and any difficulties that the user encountered while using the test. The survey also included questions for each test regarding the use of mobile applications, digital instructions, and customer service. This report presents the results of nearly 400 responses to the accessibility survey. The results offer an improved understanding of accessibility barriers for at-home COVID-19 tests; designers of at-home diagnostic tests can apply this knowledge in order to improve the accessibility of over-the-counter COVID-19 tests and other at-home diagnostic tests to people with disabilities.
Integrating Clinical, Genetic, and Electrocardiogram-Based Artificial Intelligence to Estimate Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Kany Shinwan , Rämö Joel T. , Friedman Samuel F. , Weng Lu-Chen , Roselli Carolina , Kim Min Seo , Fahed Akl C. , Lubitz Steven A. , Maddah Mahnaz , Ellinor Patrick T. , Khurshid Shaan
Published: August 2024

Background

AF risk estimation is feasible using clinical factors, inherited predisposition, and artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis.

Objective

To test whether integrating these distinct risk signals improves AF risk estimation.

Methods

In the UK Biobank prospective cohort study, we estimated AF risk using three models derived from external populations: the well-validated Cohorts for Aging in Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology AF (CHARGE-AF) clinical score, a 1,113,667-variant AF polygenic risk score (PRS), and a published AI-enabled ECG-based AF risk model (ECG-AI). We estimated discrimination of 5-year incident AF using time-dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) and average precision (AP).

Results

Among 49,293 individuals (mean age 65±8 years, 52% women), 825 (2.4%) developed AF within 5 years. Using single models, discrimination of 5-year incident AF was higher using ECG-AI (AUROC 0.705 [95%CI 0.686-0.724]; AP 0.085 [0.071-0.11]) and CHARGE-AF (AUROC 0.785 [0.769-0.801]; AP 0.053 [0.048-0.061]) versus the PRS (AUROC 0.618, [0.598-0.639]; AP 0.038 [0.028-0.045]). The inclusion of all components (“Predict-AF3”) was the best performing model (AUROC 0.817 [0.802-0.832]; AP 0.11 [0.091-0.15], p<0.01 vs CHARGE-AF+ECG-AI), followed by the two component model of CHARGE-AF+ECG-AI (AUROC 0.802 [0.786-0.818]; AP 0.098 [0.081-0.13]). Using Predict-AF3, individuals at high AF risk (i.e., 5-year predicted AF risk >2.5%) had a 5-year cumulative incidence of AF of 5.83% (5.33-6.32). At the same threshold, the 5-year cumulative incidence of AF was progressively higher according to the number of models predicting high risk (zero: 0.67% [0.51-0.84], one: 1.48% [1.28-1.69], two: 4.48% [3.99-4.98]; three: 11.06% [9.48-12.61]), and Predict-AF3 achieved favorable net reclassification improvement compared to both CHARGE-AF+ECG-AI (0.039 [0.015-0.066]) and CHARGE-AF+PRS (0.033 [0.0082-0.059]).

Conclusions

Integration of clinical, genetic, and AI-derived risk signals improves discrimination of 5-year AF risk over individual components. Models such as Predict-AF3 have substantial potential to improve prioritization of individuals for AF screening and preventive interventions.
A cleaved cytosolic FOXG1 promotes excitatory neurogenesis by modulation of mitochondrial translation – a new therapeutic target for brain disorders
Authors: Bruce Hannah , Halpern Marnie E. , Monfries Clinton , Suleyman Oniz , Hamid Fursham , Houart Corinne
Published: August 2024

Modulation of mitochondrial function is at the core of cell fate decisions and tissue homeostasis, yet the mechanisms that govern their activity are not understood. Here, we provide evidence that mitochondrial activity is controlled in a tissue-specific manner through a non-canonical cytoplasmic function of the transcription factor FOXG1. Using zebrafish and human models of the neurodevelopmental disorder, FOXG1 Syndrome, we found thatFOXG1mutations inducing a premature stop codon unexpectedly lead to the production of a short C-terminal peptide. The expression of this truncated protein is responsible for an excess of excitatory neurons and a structural, functional, and translational mitochondrial phenotype in mutants. We demonstrate that this activity is a gain of function, normally carried out by a cleavage product in wildtype. Both peptides promote the translation of mitochondrially-encoded transcripts, are preferentially transported to the mitochondria, and interact with mito-ribosomal proteins. These findings unveil a mechanism that integrates cell fate decisions with metabolic output. Adjusting the dosage of the mutant peptide rescues aspects of FOXG1 Syndrome, offering a new therapeutic avenue for the treatment of disorders involving mitochondrial dysfunctions.

Graphic Abstract
Refined Enterotyping Reveals Dysbiosis in Global Fecal Metagenomes
Authors: Keller Marisa Isabell , Nishijima Suguru , Podlesny Daniel , Kim Chan Yeong , Robbani Shahriyar Mahdi , Schudoma Christian , Fullam Anthony , Richter Jonas , Letunic Ivica , Akanni Wasiu , Orakov Askarbek , Schmidt Thomas Sebastian , Marotta Federico , Trebicka Jonel , Kuhn Michael , Van Rossum Thea , Bork Peer
Published: August 2024

Enterotypes describe human fecal microbiomes grouped by similarity into clusters of microbial community composition, often associated with disease, medications, diet, and lifestyle. Numbers and determinants of enterotypes have been derived by diverse frameworks and applied to cohorts that often lack diversity or inter-cohort comparability. To overcome these limitations, we selected 16,772 fecal metagenomes collected from 38 countries to revisit the enterotypes using state-of-the-art fuzzy clustering and found robust clustering regardless of underlying taxonomy, consistent with previous findings. Quantifying the strength of enterotype classifications enriched the enterotype landscape, also reflecting some continuity of microbial compositions. As the classification strength was associated with the patient’s health status, we established an “Enterotype Dysbiosis Score” (EDS) as a latent covariate for various diseases. This global study confirms the enterotypes, reveals a dysbiosis signal within the enterotype landscape, and enables robust classification of metagenomes with an online “Enterotyper” tool, allowing reproducible analysis in future studies.

Graphical Abstract
Chromosomal curing drives prophage evolution and bacterial epidemiology
Authors: Kwun Min Jung , Ion Alexandru V. , Apagyi Katinka J. , Croucher Nicholas J.
Published: August 2024

Many integrative mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are sensitive to RecA-DNA filaments, suggesting their activation may enable them to evade deletion through homologous recombination (HR). This was studied using pneumococcal prophage. Most pneumococci contained prophage that inhibited transformation-mediated HR through chromosomal modification. These included a commonly-targetedattBthat reduced transformation by modifying the small cytoplasmic RNA. The prophage were almost universally regulated by C1-type or ImmAR-type systems. Representatives with either type were efficiently deleted by HR. Mutations that impaired a C1-regulated prophage increased this deletion rate, reflecting this element being activated by RecA-DNA filaments imported during transformation. ImmAR-regulated prophage instead responded to transient stimuli by excising as deletion-resistant pseudolysogens, with varying RecA sensitivity, gradually committing to lysing cells following longer-duration signals. These processes were modulated by interactions with the DNA-binding protein DprA. Therefore bacterial diversification though HR is impeded by MGEs that selfishly prevent themselves from being eliminated from the chromosome.
Sequence-Directed Covalent Protein-RNA Linkages in a Single Step Using Engineered HUH-Tags
Authors: Smiley Adam T. , Babilonia-Díaz Natalia , Krueger August J. , Aihara Hideki , Tompkins Kassidy J. , Lemmex Andrew C.D. , Gordon Wendy R.
Published: August 2024

Replication-initiating HUH-endonucleases (Reps) are enzymes that form covalent bonds with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in a sequence specific manner to initiate rolling circle replication. These nucleases have been co-opted for use in biotechnology as sequence specific protein-ssDNA bioconjugation fusion partners dubbed ‘HUH-tags’. Here, we describe the engineering andin vitrocharacterization of a series of laboratory evolved HUH-tags capable of forming robust sequence-directed covalent bonds with unmodified RNA substrates. We show that promiscuous Rep-RNA interaction can be enhanced through directed evolution from nearly undetectable levels in wildtype enzymes to robust reactivity in final engineered iterations. Taken together, these engineered HUH-tags represent a promising platform for enabling site-specific protein-RNA covalent bioconjugation in vitro, potentially mediating a host of new applications and offering a valuable addition to the HUH-tag repertoire.
CD24 regulates extracellular vesicle release via an aSMase/PI3K/mTORC2/ROCK/actin pathway in B lymphocytes
Authors: Phan Hong-Dien , Squires Willow R.B. , Mayne Kaitlyn E. , Kelly Grant R. , Jafardoust Rashid , Christian Sherri L.
Published: August 2024

CD24 is a glycophosphatidylinositol-linked protein that regulates B cell development. We previously reported that stimulation of CD24 on donor B cells promotes the transport of functional receptors to recipient B cells via extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, the mechanisms regulating EV formation in response to CD24 are unknown. Using bioinformatics, we found a connection between CD24 and the PI3K/AKT and mTOR signaling pathways. To determine if PI3K or mTOR regulates EV release, we made use of our co-culture model, whereby donor B cells carrying the B cell receptor (BCR, IgM) release EVs labeled with palmitoylated GFP upon CD24 stimulation are incubated with recipient B cells that lack IgM and express palmitoylated tdTomato. Using flow cytometry, we are able to follow the transfer of EVs carrying lipid-associated GFP and surface IgM from donor to recipient cells. Using chemical and genetic inhibition, we found that a PI3K/mTORC2/ROCK/actin pathway regulates EV release. We also found that acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) activates PI3K to induce EV release. Lastly, through live cell imaging, we found that ROCK is required for inducing the membrane dynamics associated with EV release. Overall, our data suggest that these EVs are ectosomes budded from the plasma membrane and not intracellularly-derived exosomes. Importantly, we have uncovered a novel pathway regulating ectosome release.
Subcellular Region Morphology Reflects Cellular Identity
Authors: Román Ángel-Carlos , Diaz-Pizarro Alba , Del Valle-Del Pino Nuria , Olivera-Gómez Marcos , Cumplido-Laso Guadalupe , Benítez Dixan Agustín , Carvajal-González Jose María , Mulero-Navarro Sonia
Published: August 2024

In multicellular organisms, various cells perform distinct physiological and structural roles. Traditionally, cell identity has been defined through morphological features and molecular markers, but these methods have limitations. Our study explores the potential of subcellular morphology to define cellular identity and predict molecular differences. We developed workflows to identify subcellular regions in different cell lines, using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to classify these regions and finally quantify morphological distances between cell types. First, we demonstrated that subcellular regions could accurately distinguish between isolated cell lines and predict cell types in mixed cultures. We extended this approach to predict molecular differences by training networks to identify human dermal fibroblast subtypes and correlating morphological features with gene expression profiles. Further, we tested pharmacological treatments to induce controlled morphological changes, validating our approach in order to detect these changes. Our results showed that subcellular morphology could be a robust indicator of cellular identity and molecular characteristics. We observed that features learned by networks to distinguish specific cell types could be generalized to quantify distances between other cell types. Networks focusing on different subcellular regions (nucleus, cytosol, membrane) revealed distinct morphological features correlating with specific molecular changes. This study underscores the potential of combining imaging and AI-based methodologies to enhance cell classification without relying on markers or destructive sampling. By quantifying morphological distances, we provide a quantitative characterization of cell subtypes and states, offering valuable insights for regenerative medicine and other biomedical fields.
Therapeutic targeting of RNA for neurological and neuromuscular disease
Authors: Bubenik Jodi. L. , Scotti Marina M. , Swanson Maurice S.
Published: August 2024

Neurological and neuromuscular diseases resulting from familial, sporadic, or de novo mutations have devasting personal, familial, and societal impacts. As the initial product of DNA transcription, RNA transcripts and their associated ribonucleoprotein complexes provide attractive targets for modulation by increasing wild-type or blocking mutant allele expression, thus relieving downstream pathological consequences. Therefore, it is unsurprising that many existing and under-development therapeutics have focused on targeting disease-associated RNA transcripts as a frontline drug strategy for these genetic disorders. This review focuses on the current range of RNA targeting modalities using examples of both dominant and recessive neurological and neuromuscular diseases.
Benchmarking of hydrodynamic plasma waveguides for multi-GeV laser-driven electron acceleration
Authors: Miao B. , Rockafellow E. , Shrock J. E. , Hancock S. W. , Gordon D. , Milchberg H. M.
Published: August 2024

Hydrodynamic plasma waveguides initiated by optical field ionization have recently become a key component of multi-GeV laser wakefield accelerators. Here, we present the most complete and accurate experimental and simulation-based characterization to date, applicable to current multi-GeV experiments and future 100 GeV-scale laser plasma accelerators. Crucial to the simulations is the correct modeling of intense Bessel beam interaction with meter-scale gas targets, the results of which are used as initial conditions for hydrodynamic simulations. The simulations are in good agreement with our experiments measuring evolving plasma and neutral hydrogen density profiles using two-color short pulse interferometry, enabling realistic determination of the guided mode structure for application to laser-driven plasma accelerator design.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Nutation-based longitudinal-sensing protocols for high-field NMR with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
Authors: Daly Declan , DeVience Stephen J. , Huckestein Emma , Blanchard John W. , Cremer Johannes , Walsworth Ronald L.
Published: August 2024

Nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers in diamond enable nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of samples at the nano- and microscale. However, at typical tesla-scale NMR magnetic field strengths, N-V–NMR protocols become difficult to implement due to the challenge of driving fast N-V pulse sequences sensitive to nuclear Larmor frequencies above a few megahertz. We perform simulations and theoretical analysis of the experimental viability of N-V NMR at tesla-scale magnetic fields using a measurement protocol called DRACAERIS (Double Rewound ACquisition Amplitude Encoded Radio Induced Signal). DRACAERIS detects the longitudinal magnetization of the NMR sample at a much lower driven Rabi frequency, more suitable technically for N-V detection. We discuss how pulse errors, finite pulse lengths, and nuclear spin-spin couplings affect the resulting NMR spectra. We find that DRACAERIS is less susceptible to pulse imperfections and off-resonance effects than previous protocols for longitudinal magnetization detection. We also identify reasonable parameters for experimental implementation.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Dimension-eight operator basis for universal standard model effective field theory
Authors: Corbett Tyler , Desai Jay , Éboli O. J. P. , Gonzalez-Garcia M. C.
Published: August 2024

We present the basis of dimension-eight operators associated with universal theories. We first derive a complete list of independent dimension-eight operators formed with the Standard Model bosonic fields characteristic of such universal new physics scenarios. Without imposing C or P symmetries the basis contains 175 operators—that is, the assumption of universality reduces the number of independent Standard Model effective field theory (SMEFT) coefficients at dimension eight from 44807 to 175. 89 of the 175 universal operators are included in the general dimension-eight operator basis in the literature. The 86 additional operators involve higher derivatives of the Standard Model bosonic fields and can be rotated in favor of operators involving fermions using the Standard Model equations of motion for the bosonic fields. By doing so we obtain the allowed fermionic operators generated in this class of models which we map into the corresponding 86 independent combinations of operators in the dimension-eight basis of [C. W. Murphy, Dimension-8 operators in the standard model effective field theory, .].

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Stable Lorentz-breaking model for an antisymmetric two-tensor
Authors: Potting Robertus
Published: August 2024

In this work we investigate possible actions for antisymmetric two-tensor field models subject to constraints that force the field to acquire a nonzero vacuum expectation value, thereby spontaneously breaking Lorentz invariance. In order to assure stability, we require that the associate Hamiltonian be bounded from below. It is shown that this requirement rules out any quadratic action constructed only from the antisymmetric tensor field. We then explicitly construct a hybrid model consisting of the antisymmetric two-tensor field together with a vector field, subject to constraints forcing nonzero expectation values, that is stable in Minkowski space.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Chiral Bell-State Transfer via Dissipative Liouvillian Dynamics
Authors: Khandelwal Shishir , Chen Weijian , Murch Kater W. , Haack Géraldine
Published: August 2024

Chiral state transfer along closed loops in the vicinity of an exceptional point is one of the many counterintuitive observations in non-Hermitian physics. The application of this property beyond proof-of-principle in quantum physics, is an open question. In this work, we demonstrate chiral state conversion between singlet and triplet Bell states through fully quantum Liouvillian dynamics. Crucially, we demonstrate that this property can be used for the chiral production of Bell states from separable states with a high fidelity and for a large range of parameters. Additionally, we show that the removal of quantum jumps from the dynamics through postselection can result in near-perfect Bell states from initially separable states. Our work presents the first application of chiral state transfer in quantum information processing and demonstrates a novel way to control entangled states by means of dissipation engineering.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Generalized Linear Response Theory for the Full Quantum Work Statistics
Authors: Guarnieri Giacomo , Eisert Jens , Miller Harry J. D.
Published: August 2024

We consider a quantum system driven out of equilibrium via a small Hamiltonian perturbation. Building on the paradigmatic framework of linear response theory (LRT), we derive an expression for the full generating function of the dissipated work. Remarkably, we find that all information about the distribution can be encoded in a single quantity, the standard relaxation function in LRT, thus opening up new ways to use phenomenological models to study nonequilibrium fluctuations in complex quantum systems. Our results establish a number of refined quantum thermodynamic constraints on the work statistics that apply to regimes of perturbative but arbitrarily fast protocols, and do not rely on assumptions such as slow driving or weak coupling. Finally, our approach uncovers a distinctly quantum signature in the work statistics that originates from underlying zero-point energy fluctuations. This causes an increased dispersion of the probability distribution at short driving times, a feature that can be probed in efforts to witness nonclassical effects in quantum thermodynamics.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Generalized autocorrelation function in the family of deterministic and stochastic anomalous diffusion processes
Authors: Tayyab Muhammad
Published: August 2024

We investigate the observables of the one-dimensional model for anomalous transport in semiconductor devices where diffusion arises from scattering at dislocations at fixed random positions, known as the Lévy-Lorentz gas. To gain insight into the microscopic properties of such a stochastically complex system, deterministic dynamics known as the slicer map and fly-and-die dynamics are used. We analytically derive the generalized position autocorrelation function of these dynamics and study the special case, the 3-point position correlation function. For this, we derive single-parameter-dependent scaling and compare it with the numerically estimated 3-point position autocorrelation of the Lévy-Lorentz gas, for which the analytical expression is still an open question. Here we obtained a remarkable agreement between them, irrespective of any functional relationship with time. Moreover, we demonstrate that the position moments and the position autocorrelations of these systems scale in the same fashion, provided the times are large enough and far enough apart. Other observables, such as velocity moments and correlations, are reported to distinguish the systems.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
First-principles investigation of near-field energy transfer between localized quantum emitters in solids
Authors: Chattaraj Swarnabha , Guha Supratik , Galli Giulia
Published: August 2024

We present a predictive and general approach to investigate near-field energy transfer processes between localized defects in semiconductors, which couples first-principles electronic structure calculations and a nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics description of photons in the weak-coupling regime. The approach is general and can be readily applied to investigate broad classes of defects in solids. We apply our approach to investigate an exemplar point defect in an oxide, the F center in MgO, and we show that the energy transfer from a magnetic source, e.g., a rare-earth impurity, to the vacancy can lead to spin nonconserving long-lived excitations that are dominant processes in the near field, at distances relevant to the design of photonic devices and ultrahigh dense memories. We also define a descriptor for coherent energy transfer to predict geometrical configurations of emitters to enable long-lived excitations, that are useful to design optical memories in semiconductor and insulators.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Exact thermodynamics for weakly interacting normal-phase quantum gases: Equations of state for all partial waves
Authors: Gao Xin-Yuan , Blume D. , Yan Yangqian
Published: August 2024

While the thermodynamics for bosonic systems with weak s-wave interactions has been known for decades, a general and systematic extension to higher partial waves has not yet been reported. We provide closed-form expressions for the equations of state for weakly interacting systems with arbitrary partial waves in the normal phase. Thermodynamics, including contact, loss rate, and compressibility, are derived over the entire temperature regime. Our results offer an improved thermometer for ultracold atoms and molecules with weak high-partial wave interactions.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Assessing the impact of climate change on aircraft engine performance during different flight phases (take-off and cruise) and the environmental consequences
Authors: Kale Utku
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Climate change significantly impacts global temperatures, posing challenges to various sectors, including aviation. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of climate change on aircraft engine performance during different flight phases (take-off and cruise) and the environmental consequences.

Design/methodology/approach

This study examines the effects of rising temperatures on aircraft engine performance using real-time data from a Boeing 787-8 equipped with GEnx-1B engines, which are collected via Flight Data Recorder of the engines and were analyzed for the take-off and cruise phases on the ground. Exhaust gas temperature (EGT), fuel flow and take-off weights were evaluated.

Findings

The analysis revealed a significant increase in EGT at the cruising altitude of 38,000 ft during the summer months compared to expected standard atmospheric values. This increase, averaging over 200 °C, is attributed to global warming. Such elevated temperatures are likely to accelerate the degradation of turbine components, resulting in increased fuel consumption: higher EGT signifies inefficient engine operation, resulting in more fuel burned per unit thrust; early engine aging: elevated temperatures accelerate wear and tear on turbine components, potentially reducing engine lifespan and increasing maintenance costs and enhanced atmospheric pollution: incomplete combustion at high EGTs generates additional emissions, contributing to local air quality concerns.

Practical implications

The research findings have practical implications for understanding the potential operational challenges and environmental impacts of climate change on aircraft engine performance. This lets us explore mitigation strategies and adapt operational procedures to ensure sustainable regional aviation practices.

Originality/value

This research enhances environmental consequences by assessing the impact of climate change on aircraft performance.
The bubble tea phenomenon: understanding the role of servicescape in consumers' responses
Authors: Koay Kian Yeik , Tan Ser Zian , Idris Izian , Leong Mei Kei , Cheah Chee Wei
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The consumption of bubble tea is a huge phenomenon in Southeast Asia, and many bubble tea stores have been decorated uniquely in an attempt to attract more consumers. Hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of servicescape on experiential value and its influence on consumers' responses (i.e. eWOM, revisit intentions and willingness to pay a price premium) based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response framework.

Design/methodology/approach

This research project gathered survey data from 289 consumers of bubble tea. The collected data underwent analysis employing a statistical technique known as partial least squares structural equation modelling to examine and understand the relationships between different variables within the dataset, offering insights into consumer behaviour and preferences regarding bubble tea consumption.

Findings

The results show that factors such as facility aesthetics, seating comfort and cleanliness positively affect experiential value. However, layout accessibility and signs and symbols do not affect experiential value. In addition, experiential value positively affects eWOM, revisit intentions and willingness to pay a price premium.

Originality/value

The importance of servicescape in physical stores within the restaurant setting has been extensively documented in existing literature. However, there is a notable lack of research addressing the influence of servicescape on consumer responses, particularly within the bubble tea context. This study stands out as one of the few endeavours to examine the impacts of servicescape on consumer responses within the bubble tea industry.
“Coca says that the hill fell out of jealousy”: testimonies about a threatened practice and episteme in Ancash, Peru
Authors: Brescia Seminario Carlo
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study aims to promote the preservation of endangered traditional knowledge and practices in the Andes of Peru by documenting, publishing and disseminating them.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a literature review of coca and coca divination, the author will describe these types of divination practices. Subsequently, the author will address the context and characteristics of a coca reading conducted in October 2022. Afterwards, the threats and prejudices faced by this type of indigenous knowledge and practice are discussed.

Findings

Coca divination in the Andean region of Ancash differs from the most common form of divination with coca leaves performed in northern Argentina, Bolivia, northern Chile, Colombia and southern Peru. The results of the coca reading conducted in October 2022 align with Andean worldviews. These practices and the associated episteme face various threats from academic, social and political actors and their discourses.

Practical implications

Scientific and academic researchers should be aware that their work can foster and maintain epistemic colonialism in Latin American territories. Archaeological excavations and interpretations should respect ancestral and traditional worldviews and practices.

Originality/value

This study advances the understanding of coca divination in the Andes of Ancash, Peru, by providing nuanced insights into this cultural practice in relation to a landslide event that occurred near a 3,000-year-old temple. The implications extend beyond academic discourse, offering valuable perspectives for conducting archaeological excavation activities that respect ancestral and traditional local beliefs. Future research should build on these findings to deepen comprehension of threats to traditional beliefs and practices.
Grey relations
Authors: Atef Mohammed , Liu Sifeng
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The goal of this article is to introduce the notion of a grey relation between grey sets using grey numbers.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses the grey number to create novel ideas of grey sets. We suggest several operations that can be performed on it, including the union, intersection, join, merge, and composition of grey relations. In addition, we present the definitions of reflexive, symmetric, and transitive grey relations and analyze certain characteristics associated with them. Furthermore, we formulate the concept of the grey equivalence relation, apply it to the study of the grey equivalence class over the grey relation, and go over some of its features.

Findings

We present new algebraic aspects of grey system theory by defining grey relations and then analyzing their characteristic features.

Practical implications

This paper proposes a new theoretical direction for grey sets according to grey numbers, namely, grey relations. This paper proposes a new theoretical direction for grey sets according to grey numbers, namely, grey relations. As such, it can be applied to create rough approximations as well as congruences in algebras, topologies, and semigroups.

Originality/value

The presented notions are regarded as new algebraic approaches in grey system theory for the first time. Additionally, some fundamental operations on grey relations are also investigated. Consequently, different types of grey relations, such as reflexive, symmetric, and transitive relations, are discussed. Then, the grey equivalence class derived from the grey equivalence relation is demonstrated, and its properties are examined.
CEO age and corporate financialization: evidence from Malaysia
Authors: Guizani Moncef
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study aims to examine the impact of CEO age on corporate financialization by considering the moderating effects of CEO gender, identity and tenure in this relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

The analyses use ordinary least squares across 213 nonfinancial firms listed in Bursa Malaysia throughout 2015–2021. The author addresses potential endogeneity through propensity score matching and the generalized method of moments. The results are also robust to alternative measures of corporate financialization and CEO age.

Findings

The results show that firms with young CEOs are more likely to avoid taking short-term financial investments and, as a result, inhibit corporate financialization. Furthermore, the findings indicate that firms with female CEOs and those with family members as CEOs are less likely to invest in financial assets. The results also show that corporate financialization is weakened in the early stages of CEO tenure and strengthened in the late stages.

Practical implications

The empirical results have useful policy implications. For researchers, this study finds prominent differences in corporate financialization related to each stage of a person’s career. The study findings can be used by policymakers to guide programs that attempt to undertake the necessary measures to optimize corporate governance standards and restrict managers’ shortsighted conduct. In the long run, these kinds of projects could improve the way surplus financial reserves are used and raise economic output in general. The study also provides investors with insightful information about the possible relationship between CEO traits and company performance, especially with regard to measures for financial resource allocation.

Originality/value

This paper expands the existing research on corporate investment behavior and provides a new theoretical basis for the underlying factors of corporate financialization. It studies the influence of managerial traits on corporate financialization and deepens the understanding of CEO age and companies’ financialization levels.
Determinants of rural credit in India: evidence from a large-scale sample survey
Authors: Sehgal Vandana
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The present study examines the determinants of households’ access to agricultural credit through institutional and non-institutional sources. The study evaluates the role of gender of the borrowers in accessing credit in rural India. Further, the paper also studies the impact of institutional variables in determining rural households’ access to credit.

Design/methodology/approach

The study used a multinomial logit model to identify the different factors that determine a farmer’s access to different credit sources.

Findings

The study reveals that substantial proportions of rural households do not access credit through any of the sources and the situation is very grim for the female-headed households (FHHs). The study highlights the importance of demographic, farm and institutional variables in determining households’ access to credit. Institutional variables significantly enhance rural credit access but favor male-headed households (MHHs). It highlights the need for policy intervention to target the specific needs of female borrowers. Further, the study also highlights the importance of adequate credit policy measures to address farmers’ vulnerability to natural disasters, mainly droughts.

Originality/value

The results of the study are based on recent unit-level data from the 77th Round of the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) survey. The survey covers a large number of farm households and reports information for the year 2018–2019.

Peer review

The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-08-2022-0552