bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
John Milton
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N
Published: November 2023

This book re-examines scrupulously the writings and the life records of John Milton, in the context of a proper understanding of the recent developments in seventeenth-century historiography. Milton’s thought has often been too simply described. The approach here is to interrogate more sceptically notions like puritanism, republicanism, radicalism, and dissent. A more complex story emerges, of Milton’s culturally rich but ideologically conformist early decades, and of his radicalisation during the later years of Laudianism. We track the internal dynamics of English puritanism in the 1640s and the impact that has on his own convictions. In the 1650s Milton’s thought and beliefs were reconciled to the role as public servant. In the 1660s a renewed confidence carried him towards the completion of his greatest project, Paradise Lost, and his final years were ones of creative fulfilment and renewed political engagement. Amid the discontinuities occasioned by shifting political circumstance, by the exigencies of polemical context, and the diversity of genres in which he wrote, Milton emerged as a major political thinker and significant systematic theologian, as well as the most eloquent prose writer and most accomplished poet of the age. A more human Milton appears in these pages, flawed, self-contractory, self-serving, arrogant, passionate, ruthless, ambitious, and cunning, as well as the literary genius who achieved so much.
The Protectorate
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N
Published: November 2023

The period from 20 April 1653 to 3 September 1658 witnessed significant changes in the governance of England, each redefining the republican-ism of successive regimes, marking the rise or fall of groups and individuals, and challenging the integrity of its public servants. Milton remained in the employment of the state throughout, evidently accommodating himself to Cromwell’s ever-more-powerful control. However, his role shifted as the extent of his incapacity became clearer.
Plague, Fire, and Paradise Lost
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N
Published: November 2023

Two people of considerable significance to Milton’s life and well-being were drawn to his attention sometime around late 1661 or very early 1662 by Nathan Paget. He was a singularly well-connected man of radical and speculative inclination. His uncle, Thomas Paget, had been prominent in shaping the Amsterdam Presbyterian church, serving as minister from 1607 to 1639, and his father was also a puritan divine of moderate inclination. Nathan himself was a physician, who had studied at Leiden. His circle and Milton’s overlapped at several points.
W. S. Graham: In the Mind’s Ear
Authors: Leighton Angela
Published: November 2023

W. S. Graham has been, until recently, nearly invisible as a poet. A Glaswegian who lived in Cornwall for most of his life, a Scot who rejected the nationalist ideals of the Scottish Renaissance, a modernist born too late, a post-modernist born too early, a Forties’ poet out of tune with the plain-speaking ‘Movement’, an experimentalist too formal and romantic for the avant-garde, Graham has never fitted into any of the movements or canons of literary history. He is a reminder, not only of the accidents and prejudices that drive such movements, but also of the exclusions and distortions created by them. Certainly, he cannot easily be sidelined into any one camp: romantic, modernist, formal, experimental, mainstream, avant-garde. Instead, his is a voice around which literary history itself might have to reshape.
Nothing, but: An Afterword
Authors: Leighton Angela
Published: November 2023

If ‘form’ is a word which has left its legacy on two centuries and more of aestheticist and post-aestheticist writing, there is another word which has often seemed to shadow it, and that is the word ‘nothing’. Nothing, which has appeared here and there in the works of all the writers in this book, seems to carry a special resonance when it comes to understanding what poetry is for. Like ‘form’, it is a word which already toys with its own content, enjoying the hologram effect of being a thing and an absence, a sound and an emptiness, there and not there. The nineteenth-century aesthetes invoke it frequently as a (perhaps false) modesty trope, in order to advocate the insignificance of content and the importance of form and style. Thus the poet who ‘has ‘‘nothing to say’’ ‘, as Wilde puts it, is the true poet, the one who ‘gains his inspiration from form, and from form purely’.1
Introduction: criticism, theory, and anti-theory
Authors: Waugh Patricia
Published: November 2023

From the theory of literature to the theory revolution In 1936, the comparativist scholar-critic René Wellek called for a sustained and systematic effort to clarify the basic theoretical problems underpinning the relatively new, but expanding, academic profession of criticism. Wellek had grown up in a Czech family in Vienna speaking German; he wrote his first book on Kant, became a member of the Prague Linguistic Circle, moved to London in 1935, and then to Yale, and in 1949, with Austin Warren, wrote the first systematic theoretical book on literary studies, The Theory of Literature. He was better placed than any other literary scholar of his time to comment on the state of criticism immediately before World War II.
Value: criticism, canons, and evaluation
Authors: Waugh Patricia
Published: November 2023

Since the eighteenth century, critical debates about the value of individual writers and literary texts have been underpinned by a philosophical concern with the more fundamental problem of whether objective grounds may be established for aesthetic judgements. Within contemporary literary studies, however, the focus of debate has shifted away from considerations of aesthetic value per se to a much more anxious and conflicted engagement with the perception of canon formation as an arena for the exercise of political power and social exclusion. Whereas eighteenth-century critics might (if erroneously) assume a common culture of ‘taste’, contemporary controversies reflect a sense of the pluralism and fragmentariness of culture and a concomitant concern with the retrieval or construction of cultural unities.
Postcolonialism
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: November 2023

The past couple of decades have seen the publication of a vast number of cultural critiques of empire and its aftermath designated with the label ‘postcolonial’. Despite their many disparities of perspective and subject-matter, what the critical texts and studies which make up this body of discourse share, is a single common reference point. They are all broadly concerned with experiences of exclusion, denigration, and resistance under systems of colonial control. Thus the term postcolonialism addresses itself to the historical, political, cultural, and textual ramifications of the colonial encounter between the West and the non-West, dating from the sixteenth century to the present day. It considers how this encounter shaped all those who were party to it: the colonizers as well as the colonized. In particular, studies of postcolonial cultures, texts, and politics are interested in responses to colonial oppression which were (and are) oppositional or contestatory, and not only openly so, but those which were subtle, sly, oblique, and apparently underhand in their protests.
Performing literary interpretation
Authors: Newton K M
Published: November 2023

One of the best-known critical encounters of the 1970s was that between M. H. Abrams, a major figure in historical criticism both as practitioner and theorist, and J. Hillis Miller, a leading exponent of Derridean deconstruction, on the question of the limits of literary interpretation. Abrams claimed that Jacques Derrida ‘puts out of play, before the game even begins, every source of norms, controls, or indications which, in the ordinary use and experience of language, set a limit to what we can mean and what we can be understood to mean’, in favour of ‘a free participation in the infinite free-play of signification opened out by the signs in a text’. He went on to attack Miller for ‘exclud[-ing] by his elected premises any control or limit of signification by reference to the uses of a word or phrase that are current at the time an author writes, or to an author’s intention, or to the verbal or generic context in which a word occurs’.
Environmentalism and ecocriticism
Authors: Kerridge Richard
Published: November 2023

Ecocriticism is literary and cultural criticism from an environmentalist viewpoint. Texts are evaluated in terms of their environmentally harmful or helpful effects. Beliefs and ideologies are assessed for their environmental implications. Ecocritics analyse the history of concepts such as ‘nature’, in an attempt to understand the cultural developments that have led to the present global ecological crisis. Direct representations of environmental damage or political struggle are of obvious interest to ecocritics, but so is the whole array of cultural and daily life, for what it reveals about implicit attitudes that have environmental consequences.
Cognitive literary criticism
Authors: Richardson Alan
Published: November 2023

Cognitive literary criticism represents a fairly recent and rapidly growing attempt on the part of scholars with many different aims and methods to bring literary studies into dialogue with the new sciences of mind and brain. In telling contrast to critics of many other theoretical persuasions, cognitive critics develop their models for understanding subjectivity, agency, consciousness, language, and psychosocial development through critical engagement with the best contemporary work being produced in leading university departments of psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, and philosophy of mind. Like most researchers and theorists in these fields, they begin by acknowledging the momentous impact on recent intellectual life of the ‘cognitive revolution’, well described by psychologist Howard Gardner as a period, dating from the 1950s, of fundamental change and converging interests among linguists led by Noam Chomsky, artificial intelligence researchers like John Newell and Herbert Simon, and early cognitive psychologists such as Jerome Bruner.
Values and Virtues
Authors: Chappell Timothy
Published: November 2023

After 25 centuries, Aristotle's influence on our society's moral thinking remains profound even when subterranean. Typical members of our society can often be made to see that their moral thought and action are, in crucial ways, unwittingly Aristotelian. No one in contemporary philosophical ethics can afford to ignore Aristotle. Much of the finest work in recent moral philosophy has been overtly and professedly Aristotelian in inspiration. And many writers who would officially distance themselves from Aristotle and his contemporary followers are nonetheless indebted to him, sometimes in ways that they do not realise. Values and Virtues provides a platform for some notable writers in the area to present and discuss their new ideas about Aristotelian ethics in a way that will advance the academic debate and engage the interest of a broad range of philosophical readers.
Postcolonial Poetry in english
Authors: Patke Rajeev S
Published: November 2023

This book offers an introductory survey of contemporary poetry in English from all the regions that have developed into modern nations from the former British Empire. It is ideally suited for readers interested in world writing in English, contemporary literature, postcolonial writing, cultural studies, and postmodern culture.
Opera and Drama: Bernard Shaw and ‘The Brandy of the Damned’
Authors: White Harry
Published: November 2023

Will you think me very ungrateful and unkind if I tell you that though you cannot possibly applaud my plays too much at each fall of the curtain to please me, yet the more applause there is during the performance the angrier I feel with you for spoiling your enjoyment and my own? Would you dream of stopping the performance of a piece of music to applaud every bar that happened to please you? And do you not know that an act of a play is intended, just like a piece of music, to be heard without interruption from beginning to end?
The ‘Thought-Tormented Music’ of James Joyce
Authors: White Harry
Published: November 2023

It would be difficult to imagine a greater intimacy between music and language than the one which James Joyce espouses both within and beyond the domain of the Irish literary imagination. Stanislaus Joyce’s early recognition of his brother’s ability ‘to write general noise on paper, a kind of comic chorus, and to balance it against solo and silence’ is prophetic of a formidable legacy of scholarship and commentary on music in Joyce which has been notably increased in recent years. The nature and significance of literature so radically inflected by music remains high, it would appear, on the agenda of Joyce studies.
Words Alone: Seamus Heaney, Music, and the Jurisdiction of Literary Forms
Authors: White Harry
Published: November 2023

Poetry cannot afford to lose its fundamentally self-delighting inventiveness, its joy in being a process of language as well as a representation of things in the world. And while this may seem something of a truism, it is nevertheless worth repeating in a late twentieth-century context of politically approved themes, postcolonial backlash and ‘silence-breaking’ writing of all kinds. In these circumstances, poetry is understandably pressed to give voice to so much that has hitherto been denied expression in the ethnic, social, sexual and political life. Which is to say that its power as a mode of redress in the first sense—as agent for proclaiming and correcting injustices—is being appealed to constantly. But in discharging this function, poets are in danger of slighting another imperative, namely, to redress poetry as poetry, to set it up as its own category, an eminence established and a pressure exercised by distinctly linguistic means.
Darwin’s Lost World
Authors: Brasier Martin
Published: November 2023

Darwin made a powerful argument for evolution in the Origin of Species, based on all the evidence available to him. But a few things puzzled him. One was how inheritance works - he did not know about genes. This book concerns another of Darwin's Dilemmas, and the efforts of modern palaeontologists to solve it. What puzzled Darwin is that the most very ancient rocks, before the Cambrian, seemed to be barren, when he would expect them to be teeming with life. Darwin speculated that this was probably because the fossils had not been found yet. Decades of work by modern palaeontologists have indeed brought us amazing fossils from far beyond the Cambrian, from the depths of the Precambrian, so life was certainly around. Yet the fossils are enigmatic, and something does seem to happen around the Cambrian to speed up evolution drastically and produce many of the early forms of animals we know today. In this book, Martin Brasier, a leading palaeontologist working on early life, takes us into the deep, dark ages of the Precambrian to explore Darwin's Lost World. Decoding the evidence in these ancient rocks, piecing together the puzzle of what happened over 540 million years ago to drive what is known as the Cambrian Explosion, is very difficult. The world was vastly different then from the one we know now, and we are in terrain with few familiar landmarks. Brasier is a master storyteller, and combines the account of what we now know of the strange creatures of these ancient times with engaging and amusing anecdotes from his expeditions to Siberia, Outer Mongolia, Barbuda, and other places, giving a vivid impression of the people, places, and challenges involved in such work. He ends by presenting his own take on the Cambrian Explosion, based on the picture emerging from this very active field of research. A vital clue involves worms - burrowing worms are one of the key signs of the start of the Cambrian. This is fitting: Darwin was inordinately fond of worms.
The operations of sculpture: (Re)writing restoration
Authors: Coltman Viccy
Published: November 2023

The restoration of the sculptures of Antinous, the faun, the sphinx, Acteon, and Venus, referred to in passing in the correspondence cited in the previous chapter, reminds us that in the modernity of the later 18th century, few ancient marbles were excavated intact and in pristine condition: what Hamilton refers to on one occasion as ‘preserved as when … come from the hands’ of the ancient sculptor. The restoration of ancient sculptures in 18th-century Rome has come to be seen as a highly controversial material and theoretical practice. Thanks largely to the pioneering research of the art historian Seymour Howard, it has been conceptualized within a historiography of sculptor–restorers that focuses on the productions of their so-called king, Bartolomeo Cavaceppi, and his former pupil, Carlo Albacini. Howard rightly casts Cavaceppi as an entrepreneur in the service of expatriate British antiquarians Thomas Jenkins and Gavin Hamilton, rather than as a traditional maker of original sculpture. Despite this perceptive contextual characterization, he fails to release his subject entirely from the shackles of traditional sculptors’ histories.
The Lex Portorii Asiae and Financial Administration
Authors: Corbier M
Published: November 2023

The document that we know through the inscription of Ephesus allows many comments on a variety of questions. I shall try to examine both the additional information provided by this text and the problems it presents in relation to what we already knew about financial administration. I shall begin with the issue that is best known—the management of the aerarium populi Romani—before approaching that which is at once the most problematical and the most interesting: what the document tells us of the practical working details of a leasing contract, for which we have no parallel, and of the way in which it had an impact on public finance. I shall add some remarks in connection with topics in which I have had a long-standing interest: taxation, the posting of documents, etc.
Nero’s Reforms of Vectigalia and the Inscription of the Lex Portorii Asiae
Authors: Rathbone D
Published: November 2023

The aim of this paper is to locate the (re)publication of the lex portorii Asiae in ad 62 among Nero’s reforms to the collection of indirect taxes (uectigalia) and fines and other public charges. I also discuss the nature and purpose of these reforms, and argue that they were not, as has been variously proposed, responses to financial crisis or elements in a populist macro-economic plan, nor did they involve increased centralization of financial control in the hands of the emperor. Instead I suggest that the reforms were part of a traditional, even conservative, propaganda and policy of fiscal probity, primarily to the benefit of the élite, in tune with Nero’s accession promise of good and open government with proper involvement of the senate. Hence much of this paper is about the rhetoric of taxation.
The Social World of Tax Farmers and their Personnel
Authors: Nijf O van
Published: November 2023

One day, the sage and miracle worker Apollonius of Tyana and his party were about to cross the border of the Roman Empire on their way to the Far East: When they were about to cross to Mesopotamia, the telones stationed at Zeugma took them to the tariff (pinakion) and asked what he was taking with him. Apollonius said, I take with me Prudence, Justice, Virtue, Temperance, Courage and Perseverance, stringing together a lot of nouns all in the feminine gender. Immediately the official, with an eye to his own profit, said: ‘Well then, make me a list of those slave girls of yours’.
The Jewish Matrix
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J
Published: November 2023

The only-begotten Word, who is always present with the human race, united and mingled with his handiwork is Jesus Christ our Lord. (Irenaeus, Adversus haereses) To succumb to a typically Christian temptation and dismiss the Old Testament Scriptures as ‘ merely’recording a historical phase in God’ s pedagogy would be to risk losing, among other things, much of what the New Testament meant and means in presenting Jesus.
To the First Council of Constantinople
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J
Published: November 2023

Our Lord Jesus Christ, the Word of God, of his boundless love, became what we are that he might make us what he himself is. (Irenaeus, Adversus haereses) My immediate purpose in this and the next two chapters is to prepare the way for the heart of the book: the systematic chapters on Christ’ s being and saving work. Over the last two millennia various church teachers and writers have addressed in depth most of the central christological issues. It is at our peril that we neglect their discussions and conclusions.
Redeemer
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J
Published: November 2023

Love makes us give ourselves as far as possible to our friends. (Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologiae) As was noted back in Chapter 1, the salvific work of Christ (‘ Christ for us’ ) is not properly separable from his person and being (‘ Christ in himself’ ). Considerations about that salvific work have repeatedly surfaced in the intervening chapters. Nevertheless, soteriology invites our undivided attention. A problem is created, however, by our Jewish–Christian sources. Both the Old Testament and the New Testament abound with salvific terms, themes, and images.
The Possibilities of Presence
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J
Published: November 2023

For Christ plays in ten thousand places, Lovely in limbs, and lovely in eyes not his to the Father through the features of men’ s faces. (Gerard Manley Hopkins, ‘ As King fishers Catch Fire’ ) Unquestionably, the notion of presence recalls and even summarizes many significant items which have surfaced in this book. Much of what was handled, for instance, in the first part (Chapters 2–9) and in the second part (Chapters 10–13) involves this notion. Chapters 2–13 on Christ’ s Presence As the last Adam (Chapter 2), the head of a new humanity, Christ is present wherever there are men and women.
Shakespeare’s Resurrections
Authors: Beckwith Sarah
Published: November 2023

Let’s forget about the ghosts that have troubled Shakespearean theater in recent years. Let’s for the moment lay to rest Clarence, the ghost of Hamlet’s father, and other haunted and haunting spirits. Such ghosts are conjured in The Winter’s Tale, the subject of my essay, but though they lend the play their title, they are not finally its subject or its medium. Hermione’s ghost is twice conjured in the play. When she appears to Antigonus to grant Perdita her name, she is strictly provisional, for Antigonus has ‘heard, but not believed, the spirits o’th’ dead | May walk again’ (3.3.16–17). ‘If such thing be’, Hermione’s appeared in a dream more like waking than sleep;
Big brains, small worlds: material culture and the evolution of the mind
Authors: Coward Fiona , Gamble Clive
Published: November 2023

Understandings of the cognitive basis of face-to-face interaction fundamental to both primate and human societies have recently been revolutionized by new neuroimaging techniques. In particular, studies have provided empirical support for a shared theory of mind where the embodied simulation of others’ actions, rather than an abstract representational theory of behaviour, underpins understanding of the actions, sensations and emotions of others (Gallese & Lakoff 2005; Gallese et al. 2004).
Notation and terminology
Authors: Sutherland Wilson A
Published: November 2023

We use the logical symbols and meaning implies and if and only if. We also use if to mean ‘if and only if’; although not pretty, it is short and we use it frequently. Most introductions to algebra and analysis survey many parts of the language of sets and maps, and for these we just list notation.
Review of some real analysis
Authors: Sutherland Wilson A
Published: November 2023

The point of this chapter is to review a few basic ideas in real analysis which will be generalized in later chapters. It is not intended to be an introduction to these concepts for those who have never seen them before.
Compact spaces
Authors: Sutherland Wilson A
Published: November 2023

The subject matter of this chapter is probably the most important single topic in this book. There is more than one way of framing the definition of compactness. The definition in this chapter is appropriate for topological spaces. Another important definition, which works well in metric spaces, will be studied in Chapter 14 and related to the present definition.
The Myth of Parisian Scholars’ Opposition to the System of Papal Provision (1378–1418)
Authors: Goddard Eric D
Published: November 2023

The attitude of Parisian scholars toward papal influence in the distribution of ecclesiastical benefices (papal provision) is an important theme in the politics of the Great Schism. Current works addressing the subject have consistently maintained that a general critique of papal provision emerged among scholars at the University during the pontificate of Benedict XIII (1394–1408). Even supporters of this position acknowledge that there is little evidence of university opposition to papal provision prior to 1394. The vocal criticism of this practice in the fourteenth century came from ordinary collators, whose powers of patronage decreased as those of the papacy increased.
The Quest for Classical Antiquity at Eighteenth-Century Göttingen
Authors: Legaspi Michael C
Published: November 2023

‘Life’s dream,’ Goethe’s dream, was wholeness. German thinkers throughout the eighteenth century sought avidly to integrate high moral purpose, social coherence, and the fullest possible cultivation of human capabilities into a compelling vision of life. Though the old Christian synthesis embodied in the traditional confessions had once been integrative and visionary, it now seemed, by the light of a new Aufkla¨rung breaking over the German lands, to be unworkable, implausible, and outworn. Scepticism, indifference born from religious strife, and new currents filtering into the republic of letters created a new climate for political, philosophical, and religious thought.
Crisis and Survival on the Peripheries: Jesuit Culture, Continuity, and Change at Opposite Ends of Continental Europe, 1762–1814
Authors: Shore Paul , Whitehead Maurice
Published: November 2023

For more than two centuries before the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773, the Habsburgs and the Society of Jesus worked closely together to promote confessional conformity in the far-flung lands ruled by the dynasty. This collaboration produced some notable successes, such as the creation of the densest geographical concentration of Jesuit activity in the world, in and around the Austrian Netherlands, and the Catholicization of Bohemia and Austria in the seventeenth century.
Measurement of complement
Authors: Phimister G M , Whaley K
Published: November 2023

Measurement of complement is part of the service commitment of the clinical immunology laboratory. There are two aspects of this service: (a) measurement of complement activation as an aid to disease diagnosis and also the assessment of disease activity in many of the chronic diseases in which complement activation occurs; (b) the detection and diagnosis of inherited deficiencies of complement components.
Production of organotypic slice cultures of neural tissue using the roller-tube technique
Authors: Robertson Richardt. , Annis, Casey M , GÄHwiler Beath.
Published: November 2023

The enormous complexity of the mammalian brain has prompted neuroscientists to explore simpler systems in which to study fundamental issues of structure, function, and development. The in vitro approach, in which cells or regions of neural tissue are removed from the animal and placed in a supportive medium for varying periods of time, has been among the most widely used and productive methods of this reductionist approach (1-4). These in vitro techniques include both acute approaches, in which slices of tissue are studied for periods of a few hours and longer-term tissue culture approaches, in which tissue is maintained in a nutritive medium for up to several weeks. Each approach has its own applications for which it is best suited; in this chapter we will focus our attention on long term organotypic tissue slice cultures.
Measurement of Free Calcium in Plant Cells
Authors: Callaham Dale A , Hepler Peter K
Published: November 2023

1. Introduction The measurement of cytoplasmic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]) in single animal cells is widely practised and, although not without problems, it is providing a wealth of new information about the role of this key ion in the process of signal transduction. By contrast, the measurement of [Ca2+] in plant cells is very much more difficult. The rigid plant cell-wall and turgor pressure are difficulties to be overcome in gaining access to the cell interior, and wall-associated enzymes affect the use of some forms of the optical probes. The popular fluorescent dyes, for example, are more difficult to load into plant cells, and once inside the cell they may be subjected to extensive sequestration into non-cytoplasmic compartments, thus rendering them useless as indicators. Chloroplasts and cell-wall autofluorescence interfere with the use of optical methods in many plant cells and other problems arise from conflicting needs to use light as an experimental stimulus as well as a probe. Despite these difficulties, the relationship of [Ca2+] to signal transduction processes in plants is in no way less important than similar studies on animal cells.
Embedding and thin section preparation
Authors: Smith Michael , Croft Simon
Published: November 2023

The earliest applications of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) to the biological sciences involved the examination or whole samples and variou replication techniques. However, a technique was required whereby thin sections of the sample could be examined in the microscope. The use of light microscopical techniques for section preparation produced disastrous results both for the sample and for the microscope, and the development of alternative techniques has been taking place for the past 50 years.
Electron microscopic autoradiographic techniques
Authors: Morel Gerard
Published: November 2023

At the electron microscopic level, autoradiography consists of the subcellular detection of radiation from a radioactive source in a nuclear emulsion over an ultra-thin section containing the radioactive isotope.
High resolution shadowing
Authors: Slayter Henry S
Published: November 2023

Modern electron microscopes are optically capable of approaching atomic resolution, but the lack of adequate preparative methods for individual biopolymer specimens has limited useful resolution. Principal difficulties are inadequate specimen contrast, beam damage, and dehydration effects. While methods for extracting excellent structural information from ordered arrays of macromolecules have gradually evolved using both crystallographic and electron microscopic approaches (1, 2, 3), individual macromolecules are still largely analysed using electron microscopy together with metal coating or negative staining.
In vivo measurement of bone strain and tendon force
Authors: Biewener Andrew a.
Published: November 2023

An understanding of the design and mechanical performance of biological structures ultimately depends on measurements of the forces applied to them and the resulting deformations developed within them during their use. For structural elements of the limbs of vertebrate species, this may involve in vivo measurement of muscle forces, tendon forces and bone strains during various functional activities, such as locomotion. While these in vivo measurements can provide detailed and precise data, their invasive nature introduces the possibility of diminished performance of the animal being studied. This possibility must be weighed carefully against the use of non-invasive approaches, such as those based on ground reaction force recordings in relation to limb kinematics (see Chapter 3). If carefully planned and executed, however, experimental in vivo recordings of bone strain and muscle-tendon force generally provide data of high quality and value.
Generation and characterization of function-blocking anti-cell adhesion molecule antibodies
Authors: Acheson Ann , Gallin Warren J
Published: November 2023

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are cell-surface molecules that mediate the adhesion of one cell type to another. There are two classes of CAMs defined by the ability of calcium ions to regulate their binding, calcium-dependent and calcium-independent. The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and Ll are examples of calcium-independent CAMs, and the cadherin family mediate calcium-dependent binding (see ref. 1 for review). Many CAMs are homophilic ligands, i.e. they bind to themselves, functioning as their own receptor (1).
One-way analysis of variance
Authors: Fry John C
Published: November 2023

One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is an extremely useful statistical approach in all branches of biology. It can be used to test whether there are any significant differences between a set of means from an experiment or survey and to identify where these differences lie. This chapter will give a succinct, but comprehensive account of how to do a one-way ANOVA with computer based statistical packages. General tests that describe one-way ANOVA in more detail for non-mathematicians are those of Winer (1) and Sokar and Rolf (2), whilst Miller (3) gives a more mathematical account. I have found all of these texts fairly easy to understand and so they should be useful for those who need amplification of the text written here.
Classification
Authors: Bridge P D
Published: November 2023

The use of statistical and numerical methods to derive and investigate classifications is well established within systematics, and such methods are generally referred to by the collective term ‘ numerical taxonomy’ Numerical taxonomy has in turn been defined by Senath and Sokar (1) as ‘ the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units into taxa on the basis of their character states’ The history and philosophy of numerical taxonomy has already been well documented by a number of authors (e.g. 1-4), and although numerical taxonomy did not become widely used until the relatively recent introduction of computers, the basic principles involved can be traced back to the nineteenth century and earlier (1).
Cell cycle progression and cell grow-th in tnatntnalian cells: kinetic aspects of transition events
Authors: Zetterberg Anders , Larsson Olle
Published: November 2023

Most studies of the control of animal cell proliferation have been performed in various model systems in vitro,in which cell proliferation can be modulated in a controlled fashion. Although each in vitrosystem has its own particular features and limitations, and although it is unclear to what extent in vitrodata can be extrapolated in the in vivosituation, some general features of proliferation control of animal cells have emerged from the in vitrostudies.
Cancer and the cell cycle
Authors: Lees Emma m. , harlow ed
Published: November 2023

The decision for a cell to divide is a tightly regulated process that integrates signals from many sources. These signals indicate when division is needed and appropriate. Two sources of these signals are now known, and these arise either from the extracellular environment or from intracellular checkpoint controls. Environmental signals help cells determine when there is a need to divide, that the required nutrients are available, and that there are no overriding reasons not to begin a replicative cycle. Signals from internal checkpoints ensure the preceding steps of the cell cycle have been completed correctly before the next stage of division takes place. At the centre of these signalling pathways lies a mechanism for integrating these signals, the proteins for basic cell cycle control. All processes that contribute to decisions about proliferation or that are regulated in a cell-cycle-dependent manner must ultimately interface with the basic controls of the cell cycle.
The anaphylatoxins
Authors: Köhl Jörg
Published: November 2023

As well as opsonization and cytolysis by C3 degradation products and the membrane attack complex, the activation of the complement system results in the generation of the proinflammatory polypeptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5adesArg, which are collectively described as anaphylatoxins or anaphylatoxic peptides (AT peptides). After proteolytic cleavage of C3, C4, and CS by serine proteases, the AT peptides are released from the a-chain of their respective parent molecules.
Growth, maintenance, and use of Arabidopsis genetic resources
Authors: Anderson Mary , Wilson Fiona
Published: November 2023

Arabidopsis grows vegetatively as a small ground hugging rosette of about 2-5 cm diameter, from which a flowering stem is produced which can extend to a height of 20-70 cm. Flowers which are approximately 3 mm long and 1 mm wide, are produced at intervals as part of an inflorescence or raceme (Figure 1). They are typical of the crucifers producing four sepals, four petals, six stamens, and a single ovary consisting of two fused carpels. Many ecotypes produce several flowering stems which themselves can be heavily branched.Arabidopsis is autogamous, or self-fertile, producing several hundred seed · pods or siliques on fertilization. The siliques contain about 50 seeds and shatter on ripening to allow the distribution of seed. Although Arabidopsis does not have any nectaries to attract insect pollination, outcrossing by insects can occur, but only at a very low frequency (2). In the commonly used rapid flowering ecotypes, e.g. Landsberg erecta, Columbia, the entire life cycle can be completed in six to eight weeks.
Cloning and expression of cytokine genes
Authors: Contreras R , Demolder J , Fiers W
Published: November 2023

Cytokines are proteins secreted by a cell into the extracellular fluid where they exert their effects on the same cells (autocrine activity) or on neighbouring cells (paracrine activity) by interacting with specific receptors. Most cytokine proteins have, on a molar basis, very high biological activities (for instance, colony stimulating factors are active at 10™11 to 10™13 M concentrations) which usually can be assayed in rapid, sensitive and fairly specific in vitro test systems. These fast and simple detection systems have played a crucial role in the cloning of the corresponding cytokine genes by providing tools for either purification of the protein, the mRNA, or the direct detection of biologically active clones in cDNA expression libraries. Other cytokines, such as the strongly inducible chemokine family (the mRNA for these molecules can represent 1% of the total poly(A)+ RNA after stimulation), act in much higher concentrations (10™3 to 10™9 M) and have often been cloned by different techniques such as induction-specific differential hybridization or subtracted libraries. An important factor in a successful cloning procedure is the presence of an abundant source of protein and mRNA. The expression level of the desired gene in this source determines the frequency with which the genes will be found in the cDNA libraries.
Northern analysis, ribonuclease protection, and in situ analysis of cytokine messenger RNA
Authors: Naylor M Stuart , Relf Michele , Balkwill Frances R
Published: November 2023

Northern analysis of RNA allows the quantitation of specific mRNA sequences and the determination of their size. The RNA sample is separated according to size by electrophoresis through a denaturing agarose gel followed by capillary transfer to a membrane to which the RNA is subsequently covalently linked. The messenger RNA (mRNA) of interest is located by probing the membrane with a labelled complementary nucleotide sequence which, in the case of a radioisotopic label, is revealed by autoradiography.
Receptor-binding studies
Authors: Pestka Thomasm.Mariano,Laraizotova,Md Sidney
Published: November 2023

This chapter will deal primarily with radiolabelling interferons, IFNs, the analysis of binding assays, and a procedure for covalently cross-linking labelled IFN to its receptor. Finally, some data on the cloning of the Hu- and Mu-IFN-γ receptors and a functional Hu-IFN-α/ β receptor will be presented. Although most of the data presented are from our studies of the interaction of IFN-γ and its receptor, the procedures should be applicable to other ligand-receptor systems.
Visualizing the production of cytokines
Authors: Lewis C E , Campbell A
Published: November 2023

This review outlines various methods currently available for immunolabelling cytokines (and their receptors) in human tissue sections. In addition, two sensitive assays for the measurement of their release at the single-cell level are described; the reverse haemolytic plaque assay and a modification of the ELISA assay, now commonly known as Elispots.
Chromatin structure and epigenetic regulation in yeast
Authors: Pillus Lorraine , Grunstein Michael
Published: November 2023

Although the genetic information of each cell in a yeast colony is identical, the transcriptional patterns of individual cells within that colony may be very different. These variable, or epigenetic, transcriptional patterns arise at least in part from local differences in chromatin structure. The focus of this chapter is a discussion of how chromatin structure contributes to epigenetic transcriptional states. We begin with a brief description of how chromatin structure contributes to transcriptional regulation in multicellular eukaryotes, particularly the form of regulation known as position effect variegation (a topic considered in depth in Chapter 8). We then move on to consider in greater detail the role of chromatin structure in position effect transcriptional regulation in yeast.
Multiple Pin Peptide Scanning (“Pepscan”)
Authors: Sumar Nazira
Published: November 2023

The identification of regions of interaction between an antigen and antibody is an important area of research in molecular immunology. The correct identification of epitopes not only allows one to map where the important regions of an antigen are located in its three-dimensional structure but more importantly, it is instrumental in the diagnosis and prognosis of disease, in immunointervention, and in the design of drugs and generation of vaccines where specific peptides are used to induce antibodies to pathogenic organisms.
The elements of Drosophila biology and genetics
Authors: Roberts David B , Standen Graeme N
Published: November 2023

If you want to work with Drosophila the best start is to spend a couple of weeks in a good Drosophila laboratory learning how to handle and keep the flies. For many reasons this may not be possible and so we present this chapter as an alternative which can only be second best. When you have worked with Drosophila for many years there is still much to be gained in visiting other ‘fly labs’ to see how they have made the keeping and handling of flies easier. Indeed this chapter is a mixture of techniques, protocols, and tricks, many of which have been picked up on visits to colleagues and few if any developed by us. It is impossible at this late date to attribute these techniques to any one person but if you learn to handle flies with care and interest we are sure that this will be considered thanks enough.
Behaviour, learning, and memory
Authors: Connolly John B , Tully Tim
Published: November 2023

Behaviour represents the ultimate in adaptive responses of any animal to its surroundings. How an animal responds to its environment is the consequence of evolutionary changes to a species through its natural history. Adult Drosophila demonstrate behavioural responses to:
Cell culture
Authors: Cherbas Lucy , Cherbas Peter
Published: November 2023

In recent years cell lines have emerged as important tools for Drosophila research, tools that are being applied in such diverse projects as promoter analysis, studies of signal transduction mechanisms and hormone action, somatic cell genetics, and even as substrates for the development in vitro of the malarial parasite Plasmodium (1). In this chapter we introduce the Drosophila cell lines and provide those detailed protocols needed to maintain, transfect, and clone, and otherwise manipulate Drosophila cells. Our direct experience has been almost exclusively with the embryonic cell lines (e.g. Kc and S2 cells) that are in widespread use, and our laboratory protocols reproduced here were developed for those lines. Recently imaginal disc and CNS-derived lines have become available, and promise to become important research tools. Lacking direct experience with those lines we have, for the most part, elected to direct the reader to the appropriate literature.
Evolution des activités lipoxygénasique et polyphénoloxydasique de différentes variétés d’orge au cours du maltage
Authors: Billaud Catherine , Garcia Rebeca , Boivin Patrick , Nicolas Jacques
Published: November 2023

Lipoxygenase (LOχ) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) were measured in ten barley varieties during malting and kilning. A rapid method of determination is described, following separation of the two isoenzymes LOχ1 and LOχ2. LOχ3 showed preferential production in both barley and malt of a 9- hydroperoxide precursor of trans-2-nonenal, while LOX2, which appeared during germination, formed a 13-hydroperoxide. During kilning, variable quantities were formed of inhibitory compounds to LOχ, shown by dialysis before the estimation. PPO activity.
Hydrolysis of barley starch by malt limit dextrinase
Authors: Stenholrn K , Horne S , Lauro M , Perttula M , Suortti T
Published: November 2023

The reaction mechanism of malt limit dextrinase was studied in comparison to that of microbial pullulanase using gel permeation chromatography and high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection.
Wort stripping
Authors: Seldeslachts Dirk , Eynde Erik Van den , Degelin Ludo
Published: November 2023

During classical wort boiling generally high total evaporation rates (7 to 10 percent) are applied, mainly to eliminate unwanted volatiles. However, a big classical wort kettle is not designed for efficient evaporation. Hence we developed a new wort boiling system that devides the wort boiling process into 2 phases. In a first phase - during which the wort is held at boiling temperature without any significant evaporation - the volatiles are accumulated. In a second phase - after wort clarification - the hot wort is sent over a wortstripping column with an open packing. Using life steam volatiles are eliminated very efficiently.
Relation between lipoxygenase extraction during brewing, reducing capacity of the wort and the organoleptical stability of beer
Authors: Buck A De , Aerts G , Bonte S , Dupire S , Eynde E Van den
Published: November 2023

The production of stale off-flavours caused by trans-2-nonenal during beer storage has to be related with lipid oxidation during wort production. Although the two LOX isoenzymes contribute to the nonenal potential in wort, it is LOX1 that produces mainly the 9-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid, a precursor of trans-2-nonenal.
Main fermentation with immobilized yeast - a breakthrough?
Authors: Linko Matti , Virkajarvi Ilkka , Pohjaia Nana , Lindborgl Katri , Kronlof’l Jukka , Pajunen Esko
Published: November 2023

The successful rapid maturation of beer with immobilized yeast has encouraged further research on main fermentation with immobilized yeast, too. Investigations have been carried out both in laboratory and in pilot scale. A feasibility study revealed clearly that the carrier costs are crucial because of the relatively large reactor volumes needed, compared with those for maturation. Very strongly flocculating yeasts hold promise. With proper reactor design it may be possible to operate even without true immobilization, possibly using suitab!e filling particles or supporting structures to ensure high yeast concentration and smooth plug-flow type flux.