bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental observation of topological quantum criticality
Authors: Barkhofen Sonja , De Syamsundar , Sperling Jan , Silberhorn Christine , Altland Alexander , Bagrets Dmitry , Kim Kun Woo , Micklitz Tobias
Published: August 2024

We report on a photonic simulator of the critical state forming at the quantum phase transition between topologically distinct Anderson insulator phases. We observe a time-staggered profile in the circular photon polarization, which originates from the interplay of a chiral and sublattice symmetry, and has recently been suggested as a signature for topological Anderson criticality within the setup. We discuss the role of statistical detuning from criticality and show that the controlled breaking of phase coherence removes the signal, revealing its origin in quantum coherence.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Time-reversal in a dipolar quantum many-body spin system
Authors: Geier Sebastian , Braemer Adrian , Braun Eduard , Müllenbach Maximilian , Franz Titus , Gärttner Martin , Zürn Gerhard , Weidemüller Matthias
Published: August 2024

Time reversal in a macroscopic system contradicts daily experience. It is practically impossible to restore a shattered cup to its original state by just time reversing the microscopic dynamics that led to its breakage. Yet, with the precise control capabilities provided by modern quantum technology, the unitary evolution of a quantum system can be reversed in time. Here, we implement a time-reversal protocol in a dipolar interacting, isolated many-body spin system represented by Rydberg states in an atomic gas. By changing the states encoding the spin, we flip the sign of the interaction Hamiltonian, and demonstrate the reversal of the relaxation dynamics of the magnetization by letting a demagnetized many-body state evolve back in time into a magnetized state. We elucidate the role of atomic motion using the concept of a Loschmidt echo. Finally, by combining the approach with Floquet engineering, we demonstrate time reversal for a large family of spin models with different symmetries. Our method of state transfer is applicable across a wide range of quantum simulation platforms and has applications far beyond quantum many-body physics, reaching from quantum-enhanced sensing to quantum information scrambling.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Neutrino Masses from Generalized Symmetry Breaking
Authors: Córdova Clay , Hong Sungwoo , Koren Seth , Ohmori Kantaro
Published: August 2024

We explore generalized global symmetries in theories of physics beyond the standard model. Theories of Z′ bosons generically contain “noninvertible” chiral symmetries, whose presence indicates a natural paradigm to break this symmetry by an exponentially small amount in an ultraviolet completion. For example, in models of gauged lepton family difference such as the phenomenologically well motivated U(1)Lμ−Lτ, there is a noninvertible lepton number symmetry which protects neutrino masses. We embed these theories in gauged non-Abelian horizontal lepton symmetries, e.g., U(1)Lμ−Lτ⊂SU(3)H, where the generalized symmetries are broken nonperturbatively by the existence of lepton family magnetic monopoles. In such theories, either Majorana or Dirac neutrino masses may be generated through quantum gauge theory effects from the charged lepton Yukawas, e.g., yν∼yτexp(−Sinst). These theories require no bevy of new fields nor additional global symmetries but are instead simple, natural, and predictive: The discovery of a lepton family Z′ at low energies will reveal the scale at which Lμ−Lτ emerges from a larger gauge symmetry.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
A review on computational studies on hydrogen combustion for gas turbine applications
Authors: A. Shankar , K.M. Parammasivam , Surya Narayanan Subramanian
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the computational progress in the development of hydrogen-fired gas turbines. This review aims to identify suitable combustion models, appropriate NOx chemistry mechanisms and NOx emission levels for effective utilization of hydrogen as an alternative fuel in gas turbines.

Design/methodology/approach

Hydrogen is recognized as a potential alternative fuel for achieving exceptionally low emissions in gas turbines. The developments in conventional, trapped vortex combustor and micromix combustors are discussed, along with various computational models aimed at accurately predicting combustion and emission characteristics. The results of numerical simulations were then discussed with emphasis on their role in optimizing the combustor geometry.

Findings

Computational studies that were used to optimize the combustor geometry to reduce NOx emissions and the flashback phenomenon are discussed. To retrofit existing gas turbines for hydrogen fuel, minor modifications that are required were discussed by analyzing extensive literature. The influence of key design and geometrical parameters on NOx emissions and the appropriate selection of combustion models for numerical simulations in optimizing various combustion systems are elaborated.

Originality/value

The review emphasizes the computational studies in the progress of hydrogen-fired gas turbine developments. The previous reviews were primarily focused on the combustion technologies for hydrogen-fired gas turbines. This comprehensive review focuses on the key design parameters, flame structure, selection of combustion models, combustion efficiency improvement and impact of parametric studies on NOx formation of various combustion systems, in particular hydrogen combustion for gas turbine applications.
How and when does witnessing incivility lead to psychological distress in family-owned bank employees?
Authors: Aftab Shafaq , Saleem Irfan , Abu Mansor Nur Naha
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Drawing upon social exchange theory, this study investigates how witnessed incivility is related to psychological distress for employees. In addition, scholars dug deep into the potential moderating effect of self-esteem that links witnessed incivility, employee silence and psychological distress.

Design/methodology/approach

In data were obtained from 292 bankers at family-owned banks. In this work, data analysis was performed using Smart-PLS covariance-based SEM version 4.

Findings

The study results indicate that employee silence mediates witnessed incivility and psychological distress. Findings also suggest that high self-esteem can mitigate the harmful effects of witnessed incivility, indirectly causing silence and psychological distress among employees.

Practical implications

Family-owned bank management should encourage employees to speak up, demonstrate self-esteem and share their concerns. Thus, reducing witnessed incivility increases well-being, stress, and mental health in Pakistani family-owned enterprises which operate in diverse industries.

Originality/value

In the context of family-owned banks, our study adds context and theory to the existing body of knowledge by illuminating the underlying process that relates incivility with psychological distress By exploring the use of social exchange theory.
Compensation incentives, geographical distance, and the successful exit of indirect CVCs
Authors: Wang Han , Dong Jianwei
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The literature suggests that increasing the intensity of compensation incentives for corporate venture capital (CVC) managers can contribute to successful exits of direct CVCs. This study explores the impact of compensation incentives on the successful exits of indirect CVCs under different geographical distances between parent companies and indirect CVC managers.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors observed the compensation terms of CVC managers through investment announcements made by listed companies and used a probit regression model to test the hypotheses from a sample of 241 investment events with indirect CVCs in China.

Findings

The results show that if parent companies are geographically close to the managers of indirect CVCs, increasing the intensity of compensation incentives for managers will help the successful exit of indirect CVCs. However, if parent companies are not geographically close to indirect CVC managers, increasing the intensity of compensation incentives for managers will not promote the successful exit of indirect CVCs.

Originality/value

This study contributes significantly to the CVC literature. First, it sharpens our understanding of the differences in operational mechanisms between direct and indirect CVCs. Second, we find that the threshold returns of indirect CVC managers are non-negligible compensation incentives. Finally, the empirical evidence supports that in indirect CVC investments, the geographical distance between parent companies and managers is concerning because it affects whether compensation incentives contribute to the successful exit of indirect CVCs.
Adoption of artificial intelligence to enhance records management practices at Gauteng Department of Education in South Africa
Authors: Modiba Mashilo
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study aims to examine the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance records management practices at the Gauteng Department of Education (GDE) in South Africa.

Design/methodology/approach

The study used a convergent mixed-methods research approach, employing interviews and questionnaires for data collection. Analysis of the collected data involved both verbatim and statistical methods, and the results were presented through tables and figures.

Findings

The study revealed that AI can proficiently and effectively execute all records management practices across the entire records lifecycle.

Originality/value

Consequently, the study proposed a framework that can be used as a guiding tool for the implementation and use of AI. This framework aims to enhance records management processes, not only within the GDE but also within the broader archives and records management industry.
Related party transactions and tax avoidance: does government ownership play a role?
Authors: Solikhah Badingatus , Chen Ching-Lung , Weng Pei-Yu , Al-Faryan Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study aims to examine the association between related-party transactions (RPT) and tax avoidance. The study further investigates whether government ownership improves scrutiny of tax aggressiveness activities among Taiwanese group companies.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors used 16,061 firm-year observations derived from the Taiwan Economic Journal Database (TEJ) from 2005 to 2021. The authors applied GLS fixed-effect regression. Additional tests, such as a difference-in-difference examination, propensity score matching (PSM) analysis and other tests were performed to obtain more robust results.

Findings

The results show different consequences between eliminated and non-eliminated RPT toward tax avoidance. RPT enhances tax benefits aligned with the efficient contracting hypothesis. Under varying degrees of government control, this paper empirically reveals that government ownership has a role in mitigating tax avoidance. This implies that government control improves corporate governance by balancing opportunistic and efficiency-based tax avoidance.

Practical implications

This paper provides substantial practical implications since using the strategy of reducing taxes through RPT will result in greater tax savings at the business group level. Therefore, RPT is beneficial for enhancing business efficiency. Furthermore, government control increases corporate governance quality, which could lead to balancing tax aggressiveness activity.

Originality/value

Using a unique setting for RPT reporting in Taiwan, this paper divides RPT into eliminated and non-eliminated RPT. The findings offer significant insight for policymakers, investors and managers regarding the utilization of RPT to enhance efficiency in business groups. Additionally, this paper highlights the role of government control in preserving a harmonious balance in tax planning practices.
Authenticity matters: investigating virtual tours’ impact on curiosity and museum visit intentions
Authors: Chekembayeva Gaukhar , Garaus Marion
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the impact of virtual museum tours on intentions to visit on-site museums. Furthermore, the role of an authentic virtual tour experience and its drivers is examined.

Design/methodology/approach

The results of two studies, a field study in collaboration with one of the most renowned museums in Austria (n = 227) and an online survey (n = 153), were analyzed with a series of mediation models.

Findings

Visual appeal and narrative quality were significant drivers of an authentic virtual tour experience. Curiosity mediated the positive effect of virtual tour usage intention on on-site museum visit intention.

Originality/value

Although virtual reality has been considered a promising marketing tool in tourism, no research has explored the drivers of an authentic virtual tour experience. The findings of this study not only add new insights into the role of a virtual tour’s visual appeal and narrative quality in generating authentic experience and thus prompting virtual tour usage intentions but also demonstrate that virtual tours positively impact on-site visit intentions driven by curiosity.
Using SIM-TLX to investigate the potential impacts on cognitive load while undertaking tasks in a virtual workplace
Authors: Urbano Adrian , Mortimer Michael , Horan Ben , Stefan Hans , Antlej Kaja
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The ability to measure cognitive load in the workplace provides several opportunities to improve workplace learning. In recent years, virtual reality (VR) has seen an increase in use for training and learning applications due to improvements in technology and reduced costs. This study aims to focus on the use of simulation task load index (SIM-TLX), a recently developed self-reported measure of cognitive load for virtual environments to measure cognitive load while undertaking tasks in different environments.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conducted a within-subject design experiment involving 14 participants engaged in digit-recall n-back tasks (1-back and 2-back) in two VR environments: a neutral grey environment and a realistic industrial ozone facility. Cognitive load was then assessed using the SIM-TLX.

Findings

The findings revealed higher task difficulty for the 2-back task due to higher mental demand. Furthermore, a notable interaction emerged between cognitive load and different virtual environments.

Research limitations/implications

This study relied solely on an n-back task and SIM-TLX self-report measure to assess cognitive load. Future studies should consider including ecologically valid tasks and physiological measurement tools such as eye-tracking to measure cognitive load.

Practical implications

Identifying cognitive workload sources during VR tasks, especially in complex work environments, is considered beneficial to the application of VR training aimed at improving workplace learning.

Originality/value

This study provides unique insights into measuring cognitive load from various sources as defined by the SIM-TLX sub-scales to investigate the impact of simulated workplace environments.
Correlation analysis of feedstock flowability and temperature for laser-based powder bed fusion of polymers
Authors: Steffen Raphael Timothy , Tucker Michael Robert , Sillani Francesco , Schütz Denis , Bambach Markus
Published: August 2024

Purpose

For additive manufacturing (AM) through laser-based powder bed fusion of polymers (PBF-LB/P), accurate characterization of powder flowability is vital for achieving high-quality parts. However, accurately characterizing feedstock flowability presents challenges because of a lack of consensus on which tests to perform and the diverse forces and mechanisms involved. This study aims to undertake a thorough investigation into the flowability of eight feedstock materials for PBF-LB/P at different temperatures using various techniques.

Design/methodology/approach

For ambient temperature assessments, established metrics such as avalanche angle and Hausner ratio, along with the approximated flow function coefficient (FFCapp), are used. The study then focuses on the influence of elevated temperatures representative of in-process conditions. FFCapp and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are performed and analyzed, followed by a correlation analysis as a holistic approach to identify key aspects for flowability. Furthermore, two feedstock materials are compared with a previous study to connect the present findings to PBF-LB/P processing.

Findings

The study revealed intrinsic material properties such as mechanical softening near the melting point to become significant. This partially explains why certain powders with poor ambient temperature flowability are consistently demonstrated to produce high-quality parts. FFCapp and thermal characterization through DSC are identified as critical metrics for optimizing feedstock material characteristics across temperature ranges.

Originality/value

Previous studies emphasized specific characterizations of feedstock material at ambient temperature, presented a limited materials selection or focused on metrics such as shape factors. In contrast, this study addresses a partially understood aspect by examining the critical role of temperature in governing feedstock material flowability. It advocates for the inclusion of temperature variables in flowability analyses to closely resemble the PBF-LB/P process, which can be applied to material design, selection and process optimization.
Challenges and opportunities in teaching and learning in AskALibrarian chat: differences across subject domains
Authors: Dempsey Paula R. , Insua Glenda M. , Armstrong Annie R. , Hudson Holly Joy , Caragher Kristyn , McGregor Mariah
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This analysis of chat reference transcripts assesses differences in how librarians and graduate assistants (GAs) incorporate teaching strategies in responding to chat reference inquiries in social sciences, health sciences, humanities, STEM and business/economics at a large, public R1 university in the United States.

Design/methodology/approach

Researchers with disciplinary assignments in five different subject domains conducted qualitative analysis of a purposive sample of 982 transcripts of chat interactions during four semesters in 2021 and 2022.

Findings

Some form of information literacy instruction (ILI) occurred in 58% of the transcripts, with slightly less teaching occurring in social sciences inquiries than in other subject areas. Of transcripts that included teaching strategies, search procedures predominated, followed by a mix of concepts and procedures, and the least with concepts only. Chat providers taught concepts specific to social sciences, health sciences and humanities, but not to STEM or business.

Research limitations/implications

The study compares transcripts at one institution; findings may be most applicable to large, research institutions that seek to incorporate ILI in online reference services.

Practical implications

Chat reference training should include best practices for ILI relevant to specific subject domains for providers without background in those disciplines and recommendations for referrals to subject specialists.

Originality/value

Existing ILI literature does not address the question of how chat providers teach concepts rooted in a specific subject domain or offer a comparison of teaching strategies employed in different disciplines, by librarians versus GAs or staff.
A novel Au-NPs/DBTTA nanocomposite-based electrochemical sensor for the detection of ascorbic acid (AA)
Authors: Mecheri Nacira , Lefrada Leila , Benounis Messaoud , Ben Hassine Chedia , Berhoumi Houcine , Mabrouk Chama
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Ascorbic acid, a water-soluble antioxidant, is an essential component of the human diet and is known for its potent antioxidant properties against several diseases. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the development of nonenzymatic sensors due to their simplicity, efficiency and excellent selectivity. The aim of this study is to present a selective and sensitive method for the detection of ascorbic acid in aqueous system using a new electrochemical non-enzymatic sensor based on a gold nanoparticles Au-NPs-1,3-di(4-bromophényl)-5-tert-butyl-1,3,5-triazinane (DBTTA) composite.

Design/methodology/approach

Using the square wave voltammetry (SWV) technique, a series of Au-NPs-DBTTA composites were successfully developed and investigated. First, DBTTA was synthesized via the condensation of tert-butylamine and a4-bromoaniline. The structure obtained was identified by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR analysis. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with 10–1 M DBTTA dissolved in an aqueous solution by cyclic voltammetry in the potential range of 1–1.4 V. Au-NPs were then deposited on the DBTTA/GCE by a chronoamperometric technique. SWV was used to study the electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode (DBTTA/Au-NPs/GCEs). To observe the effect of nanoparticles, ascorbic acid in a buffer solution was analyzed by SWV at the modified electrode with and without gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs).

Findings

The DBTTA/Au-NPs/GCE showed better electroanalytical results. The detection limit of 10–5 M was obtained and the electrode was proportional to the logarithm of the AA concentration in the range of 5 × 10−3 M to 1 × 10−1 with very good correlation parameters.

Originality/value

It was also found that the elaborated sensor exhibited reproducibility and excellent selectivity against interfering molecules such as uric acid, aspartic acid and glucose. The proposed sensor was tested for the recognition of AA in orange, and satisfactory results were obtained.
Female pumas exhibit behavioral plasticity through partitioning temporal activity at communication hubs based on life stage
Authors: Allen Maximilian L. , Green Austin M. , Avrin Alexandra C. , Wilmers Christopher C.
Published: August 2024

Intraspecific communication among carnivores can be complex and risky, and many solitary carnivores (including pumas; Puma concolor) primarily communicate with potential mates and competitors indirectly via scent marking at communication hubs. We used multiple temporal analyses to understand if pumas of three classes (males, solo females, and females traveling with dependent kittens) varied in their temporal use of communication hubs to reduce risk while gathering information. We hypothesized that males would visit scrapes at typical times (nighttime), but that female behavioral strategies might vary based on whether they had dependent kittens or not. We found that pumas of different classes varied in their temporal patterns: male pumas concentrated their temporal activity at night (which is typical for pumas), solo females also tended to visit during the nighttime (although slightly earlier on average than males), while females with kittens were more active in the daytime. Our findings highlight the importance of communication hubs for intersexual communication in pumas and the flexibility that is inherent in puma behavioral ecology. Females adjusted their temporal behavior and visitation based on their reproductive status and life history stage, likely to assess dominant territorial males while also limiting their risk. Our study provides a mechanistic view of how communication through scent marking allows both long‐term and spatially separated communication to occur and that may allow pumas at different life stages with different risk tolerances to communicate with each other.
Understanding the oxidation of hemp seed oil and improving its stability by encapsulation into protein microcapsules
Authors: Kim Sanghoon , Hwang Hong‐Sik
Published: August 2024

Hemp seed oil (HSO) is an edible oil low in saturated fat and rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as omega‐6 and omega‐3 fatty acids. When they are in contact with oxygen in the air, PUFAs are easily oxidized even at room temperature due to the multiple double bonds that facilitate the formation of reactive radicals when exposed to air. This study aimed to evaluate the oxidation of HSO under different conditions and to examine the encapsulation of HSO with zein as a new method to prevent its oxidation. Peak time of weight gain monitored with thermogravimetric analysis and oxidation products detected with high‐performance liquid chromatography were used to determine the oxidation of fatty acids and HSO. It was found that the thermal decomposition of fatty acids prevailed over autoxidation beyond a certain temperature (at about 100–140°C). Encapsulating HSO into zein microcapsules, which isolates oil droplets from contact with oxygen in the air, effectively prevented its oxidation. The induction period of HSO oxidation was delayed by 7.3–9.3 times with the zein‐to‐HSO ratio of 0.5–1.25. In contrast, 0.5% (w/w) α‐tocopherol could prolong the induction period up to 2.5 times indicating that the encapsulation method was much more effective than α‐tocopherol in preventing the oxidation of HSO. This method may also be applied for other oils susceptible to oxidation such as omega‐3 oils.

Practical Application

This research compares the effects of three schemes that stabilize hemp seed oil from oxidation: (1) lowering temperature to slow down the oxidation reaction, (2) adding antioxidant to deactivate the initiation of oxidation reaction, and (3) encapsulating oil droplets into protein microcapsules to keep the oil from contact with oxygen. The experimental result showed the encapsulation of oils in protein microcapsules is more effective than the other two. The stabilization approaches applied to hemp seed oil can also be applied to other edible oils that are unstable.
Controlling the quality of Patinopecten yessoensis from the perspective of the ultrasound and ferulic acid influences
Authors: Liu Bing , Wu Yuan , Jiang Liang‐liang , Liang Qiu‐yan
Published: August 2024

In this study, the effects of ultrasound combined with ferulic acid (FA) on the quality of the Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) adductor muscles (SAM) during refrigerated storage were investigated. The results demonstrated that the combined treatment with 350 W ultrasound and FA (UFA) significantly delayed enzyme activities and microbial growth in SAM tissues compared to FA treatment alone. After 6 days of cold storage, samples treated with UFA exhibited higher hardness (2850 g), lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS = 9.35 MDA mg/g SAM), and lower total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N = 19.75 mg/100 g SAM) values compared to control and FA‐treated samples. Consequently, UFA treatment prolonged the shelf life of SAM by 3 days during storage at 4°C. Based on scanning electron microscopy and low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance data, these findings are attributed to UFA treatment not only reducing the degradation of SAM tissue network structure but also minimizing water loss.

Practical Application

Scallop adductor muscle (SAM) is commonly considered a delicacy owing to its unique mouthfeel and delicious taste. However, owing to its high moisture content and high levels of various nutrients, SAM has a short shelf life. In this work, a combination of ultrasound with ferulic acid (UFA) has been found to have effective preservation effects on SAM during refrigerated storage. Our study findings pave the way for a potential approach to maintain scallop quality during processing and storage. Moreover, our study also provides some theoretical basis for using and promoting these technologies in aquatic products.
Hearing loss, social isolation and depression in participants aged 50 years or over in Tasmania, Australia
Authors: Hamrah Mohammed Shoaib , Bartlett Larissa , Goldberg Lynette Ruth , Bindoff Aidan , Vickers James Clement
Published: August 2024

Objective

Acquired hearing loss (HL) in adult life is one of the most prevalent health conditions and is associated with several chronic diseases. Hearing loss can lead to reduced social activity and individuals' perceptions of supportiveness within social networks. This study explored the effects of corrected vs. uncorrected hearing loss on social support, social isolation, anxiety and depression.

Methods

We undertook a cross‐sectional study. An online survey was completed by 7442 Australian residents aged 50 years or older as part of the Island Study Linking Ageing and Neurodegenerative Disease (ISLAND). Respondents were grouped into those with no reported acquired HL, those with corrected HL (managed with hearing aids and other listening devices) and those with uncorrected HL.

Results

Hearing loss was reported by 1274 participants (17%). Compared to male participants, there was a higher proportion of female participants in the No‐HL group (25% male, 75% female). Compared to participants with corrected or no‐HL, those with HL (n = 548, 7%) reported significantly smaller (p = .007) and less supportive social networks (p = .001), higher self‐reported anxiety (p < .001) and depression (p < .001) symptoms. Depression scores were significantly higher in those with HL‐corrected than No‐HL (SMD = .10, p = .04).

Conclusions

Uncorrected HL was associated with poor mental health and social isolation, compounding the risk of dementia. Correcting for HL appeared to mitigate these outcomes, except for depression. Longitudinal studies are needed to track the effects of HL correction over time. Hearing status needs to be assessed when people present with mental health concerns, so health professionals can make appropriate referrals and provide relevant advice and support.
Postoperative delirium increases follow‐up mortality following hip arthroplasty in older patients with femoral neck fracture
Authors: Wu Penghuan , Yang Ying , Yuan Aidong , Wang Yu , Zhang Yingze
Published: August 2024

Objective

This study aimed to identify independent perioperative risk factors and follow‐up mortality associated with postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing hip arthroplasty at a large teaching hospital in South China. We aimed to establish a specialised model to predict the risk of postoperative delirium.

Methods

This retrospective observational study was conducted in the orthopaedics department of the hospital between January 2018 and December 2022. Participants were stratified into two groups: those with and those without postoperative delirium. The study included demographics, clinical characteristics, surgery‐related and laboratory specifics, as well as details on delirium.

Results

In this study of 241 participants, the median age was 80 years (IQR, 74.5–85), with postoperative delirium observed in 43 individuals (18%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified age (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01–1.14; p = .03), arrhythmia (OR, 7.97; 95% CI, 2.25–28.29; p = .001), dementia (OR, 7.08; 95% CI, 1.73–28.95; p = .006) and a lower level of red blood cells (RBC) (OR, .33; 95% CI, .17–.64; p < .001) as independent factors associated with postoperative delirium after hip arthroplasty. Patients experiencing both preoperative and postoperative delirium had significantly higher follow‐up mortality compared to those with postoperative delirium only and those without delirium (80% vs. 38% vs. 24%, p = .02).

Conclusions

The specialised model was established to effectively predict delirium following hip arthroplasty in patients with femoral neck fracture. Postoperative delirium strongly associates with follow‐up mortality. Proactive management is crucial for minimising delirium occurrence after hip arthroplasty and improving patient outcomes.
External validation of and improvement upon a model for the prediction of placenta accreta spectrum severity using prospectively collected multicenter ultrasound data
Authors: Kolak Magdalena , Gerry Stephen , Huras Hubert , Al Naimi Ammar , Fox Karin A. , Braun Thorsten , Stefanovic Vedran , van Beekhuizen Heleen , Morel Olivier , Paping Alexander , Bertholdt Charline , Calda Pavel , Lastuvka Zdenek , Jaworowski Andrzej , Savukyne Egle , Collins Sally ,   IS‐PAS group
Published: August 2024

Introduction

This study aimed to validate the Sargent risk stratification algorithm for the prediction of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) severity using data collected from multiple centers and using the multicenter data to improve the model.

Material and Methods

We conducted a multicenter analysis using data collected for the IS‐PAS database. The Sargent model's effectiveness in distinguishing between abnormally adherent placenta (FIGO grade 1) and abnormally invasive placenta (FIGO grades 2 and 3) was evaluated. A new model was developed using multicenter data from the IS‐PAS database.

Results

The database included 315 cases of suspected PAS, of which 226 had fully documented standardized ultrasound signs. The final diagnosis was normal placentation in 5, abnormally adherent placenta/FIGO grade 1 in 43, and abnormally invasive placenta/FIGO grades 2 and 3 in 178. The external validation of the Sargent model revealed moderate predictive accuracy in a multicenter setting (C‐index 0.68), compared to its higher accuracy in a single‐center context (C‐index 0.90). The newly developed model achieved a C‐index of 0.74.

Conclusions

The study underscores the difficulty in developing universally applicable PAS prediction models. While models like that of Sargent et al. show promise, their reproducibility varies across settings, likely due to the interpretation of the ultrasound signs. The findings support the need for updating the current ultrasound descriptors and for the development of any new predictive models to use data collected by different operators in multiple clinical settings.
Tackling adversity with open minds: Team personality composition facilitates shared leadership and team resilience
Authors: Mitchell Rebecca , von Stieglitz Shauna , Gu Jun , Boyle Brendan , Ocampo Anna Carmella G.
Published: August 2024

Resilient teams can efficiently resolve disruption and overcome adversity. Despite growing interest in building and maintaining resilient teams, our understanding of the factors that promote team resilience necessitates further theorizing and empirical testing. Based on conservation of resources and shared leadership theories, we propose that team member personality (i.e., mean openness to experience) serves as a resource that facilitates team resilience via shared leadership. Further, we argue that the strength of influence of shared leadership on team resilience is contingent on the variance of openness to experience scores among team members. We draw our conclusions from three studies (i.e., two recall experiments and a multi‐source field study) involving working professionals in virtual teams. Our findings shed light on the interactive role of team member personality in explaining team resilience, thereby extending our knowledge of the personality predictors of shared leadership and team resilience.
Analysis of the relationship between energy balance and properties of rumen fermentation of primiparous dairy cows during the perinatal period
Authors: Sawado Rie , Osawa Ryo , Sobajima Hideo , Hayashi Noboru , Nonaka Itoko , Terada Fuminori , Mitsumori Makoto
Published: August 2024

Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced in the rumen are key factors affecting dairy cows' energy balance (EB). This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the effects of SCFAs production on EB in dairy cows. Primiparous dairy cows were divided into high non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA; group H) and low NEFA (group L) groups based on their blood NEFA levels at week 3 postpartum, which served as an indicator of EB. The amounts of SCFAs produced in the rumen, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate (SCFAsP), were calculated using the predicted rumen volume. Because there were no differences between the groups in SCFAsP/dry matter intake, whereas 4% fat‐corrected milk (FCM)/SCFAsP was significantly higher in group H, it was suggested that more body fat was mobilized for milk production in group H. However, group L, which showed better EB, had propionate dominant and lower FCM/SCFAsP and milk energy/SCFAs energy at 3 and 7 weeks postpartum, indicating that group L had a better energy supply for milk production. These results suggest that SCFAsP produced by rumen fermentation and the composition of SCFAs in the rumen affect milk production and EB.
Analysis of longitudinal patterns and predictors of medicine use in residential aged care using group‐based trajectory modelling: The MEDTRAC‐Polypharmacy longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Wabe Nasir , Urwin Rachel , Seaman Karla , Timothy Andrea , Raban Magdalena Z. , Westbrook Johanna
Published: August 2024

Aims

Polypharmacy serves as a quality indicator in residential aged care facilities (RACFs) due to concerns about inappropriate medication use. However, aggregated polypharmacy rates at a single time offer limited value. Longitudinal analysis of polypharmacy patterns provides valuable insights into identifying potential overuse of medicines. We aimed to determine long‐term trajectories of polypharmacy (≥9 medicines) and factors associated with each polypharmacy trajectory group.

Methods

This was a longitudinal cohort study using electronic data from 30 RACFs in New South Wales, Australia. We conducted group‐based trajectory modelling to identify and characterize polypharmacy trajectories over 3 years. We evaluated the model fitness using the Bayesian Information Criterion, entropy (with a value of ≥0.8 considered ideal) and several other metrics.

Results

The study included 2837 permanent residents (median age = 86 years, 61.7% female and 47.4% had dementia). We identified five polypharmacy trajectory groups: group 1 (no polypharmacy, 46.0%); group 2 (increasing polypharmacy, 9.4%); group 3 (decreasing polypharmacy, 9.2%); group 4 (increasing‐then decreasing polypharmacy, 10.0%), and group 5 (persistent polypharmacy, 25.4%). The model showed excellent performance (e.g., entropy = 0.9). Multinomial logistic regressions revealed the profile of each trajectory group (e.g., group 5 residents had higher odds of chronic respiratory disease compared with group 1).

Conclusions

Our study identified five polypharmacy trajectory groups, including one with over a quarter of residents following a persistently high trajectory, signalling concerning medication overuse. Quality indicator programs should adopt tailored metrics to monitor diverse polypharmacy trajectory groups, moving beyond the current one‐size‐fits‐all approach and better capturing the evolving dynamics of residents' medication regimens.
Grading and staging for pituitary neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Villa Chiara , Birtolo Maria Francesca , Perez‐Rivas Luis Gustavo , Righi Alberto , Assie Guillaume , Baussart Bertrand , Asioli Sofia
Published: August 2024

Pituitary adenoma/pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are the second most common primary intracranial tumor and the most frequent neuroendocrine tumors/neoplasms of the human body. Thus, they are one of the most frequent diagnoses in neuropathologist's practise. 2022 5th edition WHO Classification of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors does not support a grading and/or staging system for PitNETs and argues that histological typing and subtyping are more robust than proliferation rate and invasiveness to stratify tumors. Numerous studies suggest the existence of clinically relevant molecular subgroups encouraging an integrated histo‐molecular approach to the diagnosis of PitNETs to deepen the understanding of their biology and overcome the unresolved problem of grading system. The present review illustrates the main issues involved in establishing a grading and a staging system, as well as alternative systems validated by independent series to date. The state of art of the current histological and molecular markers is detailed, demonstrating that a standardized and reproducible clinico‐pathological approach, combined with the integration of molecular data may help build a workflow to refine the definition of PitNETs with ‘malignant potential’ and most importantly, avoid delay in patient treatment. Next molecular studied are needed to validate an integrated histo‐molecular grading for PitNETs.
In vitro characterisation of a novel rubber contact allergen in protective gloves
Authors: de Ávila Renato Ivan , Ljungberg Silic Linda , Carreira‐Santos Sofía , Merényi Gábor , Bergendorff Ola , Zeller Kathrin S.
Published: August 2024

Background

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from protective gloves is often caused by rubber additives, such as accelerators. However, while accelerator‐free rubber gloves are available, they still cause ACD in some individuals.

Objectives

A new allergen, 2‐cyаnоethyl dimethyldithiocarbamate, (CEDMC), has recently been identified in accelerator‐free gloves, and we here provide a first in vitro characterisation of CEDMC in a dendritic cell (DC)‐like cell model along with three reference sensitizer rubber chemicals, consisting of tetraethylthiuram disulfide (TETD) and two xanthogenates.

Methods

Cellular responses after the exposure to the rubber chemicals were assessed using a transcriptomic approach, multiplex cytokine secretion profiling, and flow cytometry to determine DC model activation marker expression and apoptosis induction.

Results

CEDMC and all other sensitizers were classified as strong skin sensitizers with the transcriptomic approach. They all significantly increased IL‐8 secretion and exposure to all except one increased CD86 DC activation marker expression. When tested, CEDMC induced apoptosis, however, delayed compared to TETD.

Conclusions

The in vitro data corroborate CEDMC, TETD, and investigated xanthogenates as skin sensitizers. Transcriptomic analyses further reveal unique cellular responses induced by CEDMC, which together with future study can contribute to better understanding of cellular mechanisms underlying the sensitising capacity of rubber chemicals.
Autism screening is critical for the most vulnerable children
Authors: Frazier Thomas
Published: August 2024

This commentary is on the original article by Hamner et al. on pages 348–356 of this issue.
Plasma monomeric ApoA1 and high‐density lipoprotein bound ApoA1 are markedly decreased and associated with low levels of lipophilic antioxidants in sickle cell disease: A potential new pathway for therapy
Authors: Niesor Eric J. , Perez Anne , Rezzi Serge , Hodgson Andrew , Canarelli Stephane , Millet Gregoire , Debevec Tadej , Bordat Claire , Nader Elie , Connes Philippe
Published: August 2024

Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) exhibit high levels of reactive oxygen species and low plasma levels of lipophilic antioxidants, which may contribute to end‐organ damage and disease sequelae. Apolipoprotein A1, the major apolipoprotein of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), is mainly secreted by the intestine and liver in the form of monomeric ApoA1 (mApoA1) present in plasma. Cholesterol and α‐tocopherol are delivered to ApoA1 via the ATP‐binding cassette transporter, subfamily A, member 1 (ABCA1). We measured cholesterol, mApoA1, ApoA1, and lipophilic antioxidants in the plasma of 17 patients with SCD and 40 healthy volunteers. Mean HDL cholesterol (‐C) levels in SCD patients and healthy subjects were 59.3 and 48.1 mg/dL, respectively, and plasma lutein, zeaxanthin, and α‐tocopherol were 64.0%, 68.7%, and 9.1% lower, respectively. To compare SCD to healthy subjects with similar HDL‐C, we also performed subgroup analyses of healthy subjects with HDL‐C above or below the mean. In SCD, the mApoA1 level was 30.4 μg/mL; 80% lower than 141 μg/mL measured in healthy volunteers with similar HDL‐C (56.7 mg/dL). The mApoA1 level was also 38.4% greater in the higher versus lower HDL‐C subgroups (p = .002). In the higher HDL‐C subgroup, lutein and zeaxanthin transported by HDL were 48.9% (p = .01) and 41.9% (p = .02) higher, respectively, whereas α‐tocopherol was 31.7% higher (p = .003), compared to the lower HDL‐C subgroup. Plasma mApoA1 may be a marker of the capacity of HDL to capture and deliver liposoluble antioxidants, and treatments which raise HDL may benefit patients with high oxidative stress as exemplified by SCD.
Multi‐Pop: Enhancing user engagement with content‐based multimodal popularity prediction in social media
Authors: Kim Jiyoon , Ahn Hyeongjin , Park Eunil
Published: August 2024

Social media has entrenched itself as an indispensable marketing tool. We introduce a quantitative approach to predicting the popularity of social media posts within the café and bakery sector. Employing Multi‐Pop, a multimodal popularity prediction model that harnesses both images and text from post content, it utilizes the features of posts that significantly influence their popularity on one of the most widely used platforms, Instagram. By focusing solely on post‐content features and excluding user information, we analysed 8765 Instagram posts from the cafe and bakery domain, revealing that our model attains a superior accuracy rate of 82.0% compared with existing popularity prediction methods. Furthermore, the study identifies hashtags and post captions as exerting a greater impact on post popularity than images. This research furnishes valuable insights, particularly for small business owners and individual entrepreneurs, by introducing novel computational and empirical methodologies for Instagram marketing strategy and post popularity prediction, thereby enhancing the comprehension of social media marketing dynamics.
Emerging protein sources and novel extraction techniques: a systematic review on sustainable approaches
Authors: Jain Ishika , Kaur Ravneet , Kumar Arun , Paul Maman , Singh Narpinder
Published: August 2024

As global protein demand surges, it is urgent to explore novel protein sources and develop advanced extraction technologies that can surpass the technological and scientific limitations of conventional methods. This systematic review summarises the emerging protein sources and sustainable protein extraction techniques, focusing on their role in enhancing food system sustainability. This article consolidates current research on novel extraction techniques, such as ultrasound‐assisted extraction, pulsed electric field‐based extraction, enzyme‐assisted extraction, subcritical water extraction and extraction using eutectic solvents, particularly from agro‐industrial by‐products. These methods assist in optimising protein recovery while aligning with circular economy principles by minimising waste and resource use. By evaluating the sustainability and practicality of these extraction methods, the article aims to guide future innovations and policy decisions, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable and resilient global food system.
Analyzing changes in EU social inclusion using the global Malmquist productivity index
Authors: Karagiannis Giannis , Ravanos Panagiotis
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we use the global and the biennial Malmquist productivity indices for the Inverted Benefit‐of‐the‐Doubt model to analyze changes in EU social inclusion using data for the period 2011–2020. Our empirical results indicate that relatively more progress took place in EU social inclusion during the period 2015–2020, compared to the period 2011–2015. In addition, in the period 2011–2015, these improvements were possible mainly through the effect of efficiency change, while in the period 2015–2020, the main source of progress was the effect of the best‐practice change. In addition, we found that the “older” Member States achieved slightly faster progress rates, compared to the “new” Member States in the period 2011–2015, while the opposite was true for the period 2015–2020.