bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avatars et para-doxesrhétoriques du cliché Clarinien"Un viejo verde"
Authors: Mayoralas García José
Published: February 2004

L'énorme réussite de La Regenta (1884-85) a certainement éclipsé l'excellent conteur qu'était Leopoldo García de las Alas, dit Clarín (1852-1901). En effet, parmi la centaine de contes qu'il a écrits tout au long de sa courte vie, aucun n'a jamais atteint une renommée rappelant, de près ou de loin, celle de son contemporain Guy de Maupassant en France. Qu'à cela ne tienne! Car voici qu'un petit récit mi-parodique mi-classique datant de 1893 et intitulé Un viejo verde, subvertit, cliché et ironie aidant, toute une doxa littéraire ayant trait à la séduction d'une enfant par un adulte. Un récit présenté à la manière d'une image-devinette (category-mistake), donnant lieu à un jeu de mots, sert finalement d'écran à un fantasme clarinien de séduction tout autre ... Para-doxes rhétoriques du cliché clarinien!
The Recalcitrance of Aggression: An Aporetic Moment in Cicero'sDe inventione
Authors: Kastely James L.
Published: February 2004

In De inventione Cicero defends rhetoric by presenting a myth of the progress of the human species from asocial brutes to rational and social creatures. However, as Cicero explains the corruption of rhetoric by cunning individuals moved only by private interest, his myth reveals the present situation to be every bit as divided and contentious as the mythic state of nature. His myth discovers that rhetoric cannot escape corruption. Stasis theory, however, offers the possibility of an ethical rhetorical practice. By formalizing the agonistic clash of interests as a method of invention, stasis theory transforms a source of social instability into a resource for on-going social reinvention.
Ductusandcolor: the right way to compose a suitable speech
Authors: Montefusco Lucia Calboli
Published: February 2004

In Latin rhetorical contexts, color was a well known metaphor, used to refer either to the orator's stylistic choices or to the general complexion of the whole speech (Cic. De orat. 3.96) or the specific characteristics of each of the three styles (Cic. De orat. 3.199) or even of each part of the speech (Quint. 12.10.71). In the second case, by contrast, color had the peculiar meaning of a possible point of view in the discussion of the case, as appears from its usage in Seneca's Controversiae. The term ductus was less well known. We meet it for the first time in the handbook of Consultus Fortunatianus (1.6-8, pp. 71ff. Calb. Mont.) and then again in the book on rhetoric in the encyclopaedia of Martianus Capella (470-72, pp. 165.3ff. Willis). Ductus referred to the speaker's intention of being open or not in pleading the entire case. Considering the section on ductus in the Five Books on Rhetoric written by George of Trebizond, this article corroborates the parallels between the theory of ductus as treated by Fortunatianus and Martianus Capella, the figuratae controversiae of Quintilian (9.2.65-69), and the σχηματισμ να of Greek authors.
Legitimating the First Tattoo: Moral Passage through Informal Interaction
Authors: Irwin Katherine
Published: February 2004

Once considered low class or dangerous symbols, tattoos began to be defined as hip, trendy, and glamorous in the 1990s. Using the increasing popularity of tattoos among nineties youth as an example of moral passage, this article examines some of the interpretive processes at work in the destigmatization of deviance. Whereas researchers have positioned political action or population shifts as the main forces influencing moral passage, this article posits a new route toward social change. It builds on participant observation data with a population of middle‐class tattooees and examines how individuals attempted to legitimate their tattoos during interactions with others. First‐time tattooees in the 1990s are seen as agents caught between multiple symbolic orders—symbolic orders that generated conflicting images of tattoos. Relying on a set of legitimation techniques, middle‐class tattooees worked to overcome the negative meanings associated with tattoos by getting body art that conformed to core mainstream norms and values. By examining the creation and use of these legitimation maneuvers, this article reveals the way in which definitions of deviance are negotiated in everyday contexts. In addition, the process of legitimation identified in this article points to one way in which everyday interactions can contribute to larger cultural shifts.
Deconstructing Categories: The Exposure of Silent Racism
Authors: Trepagnier Barbara
Published: February 2004

Although racism remains an enduring social problem in the United States, few white people see themselves as racist. In an effort to study this paradox, the research discussed here explores racism among those in the “not racist” category. Eight focus groups were conducted in which twenty‐five well‐meaning white women talked openly about racism; subsequently, the women kept journals to record their thoughts on racism. Findings indicate that silent racism pervades the “not racist” category. “Silent racism” refers to negative thoughts and attitudes regarding African Americans and other people of color on the part of white people, including those who see themselves and are generally seen by others as not racist. An apparent implication of silent racism inhabiting the “not racist” category is that the historical construction racist/not racist is no longer meaningful. Moreover, data show that the “not racist” category itself produces latent effects that serve to maintain the racial status quo. I propose replacing the oppositional either/or categories with a continuum that accurately reflects racism in the United States today.
Exhibiting Interaction: Conduct and Collaboration in Museums and Galleries
Authors: vom Lehn Dirk , Heath Christian , Hindmarsh Jon
Published: February 2004

This article explores how individuals, both alone and together, examine exhibits in museums and galleries. Drawing on ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, it focuses on the ways in which visitors encounter and experience exhibits and how their activities are organized, at least in part, with intimate regard to the actions of others in the domain, both companions and “strangers.” This study contributes to the long‐standing concerns of symbolic interactionism with (mutual) attention and involvement, materiality and social relations, and interpersonal communication. The data consist of video recordings of naturally occurring action and interaction in various museums and galleries.
What Can Interactionism Contribute to the Study of Inequality? The Case of Marriage and Beyond
Authors: Harris Scott R.
Published: February 2004

The equality/inequality dichotomy is a central concept in sociology and in the study of marriage. Almost all researchers, though, use their own preconceived definitions and measurement strategies to identify equal and unequal states of affairs. An alternative approach, one that better accords with interactionist principles, is to privilege people's interpretations of equality over analysts' Drawing on interviews with individuals who define their own marriages as equal or unequal, I compare people's stories about marital equality with scholars' depictions. While some narratives resonate (in part) with the themes propounded by scholars, others do not. If people's experiences of equality and inequality are to be taken seriously, then it is important to listen to what they have to say on the subject, as well as to how they say it. This is the distinctive contribution symbolic interactionists can make to the study of inequality.
Walking an Emotional Tightrope: Managing Emotions in a Women's Prison
Authors: Greer Kimberly
Published: February 2004

Until recently, the emotional experiences of women in prison have been overlooked by symbolic interactionists and social scientists. Similarly, research relevant to the sociology of emotions has not been explored in the social context of a correctional institution for women. The purpose of this study is to investigate emotional experiences from the unique perspective of incarcerated women. This research examines how women in prison perceive and manage their emotional lives while confined and asks whether their chosen strategies have an impact on their interactions and thus affect the institutional environment. Data were collected through in‐depth interviews with thirty‐five women incarcerated in a correctional institution located in the midwestern United States. Using a semistructured interview schedule, respondents were asked about a range of topics, one of which involved their emotional lives while incarcerated. Findings indicate these women define their emotional experiences as being simultaneously provocative and constrained. Respondents suggest that their emotional resources are individually, contextually, and culturally grounded. They discuss employing various strategies to manage their emotional lives while incarcerated, including diversions, spiritual pursuits, blocking exercises, self‐reflection, and humor. The majority of the techniques employed to control emotions are intrapersonal. Respondents describe personal efforts designed to manage their emotional experiences rather than share their feelings with others.
Recollection and Relocation in Immigration: Russian‐Jewish Immigrants “Normalize” Their Anti‐Semitic Experiences
Authors: Rapoport Tamar , Lomsky‐Feder Edna , Heider Angelika
Published: February 2004

This study conceptualizes the relationship between recollection of the past and relocation in the context of immigration. Combining symbolic interactionist and narrative paradigms, it explores how immigrants'representations of past experiences inform their identity construction and the process of entering the host society. Our interpretive analysis of personal narratives related spontaneously by eighty‐nine Russian‐Jewish immigrants in Israel and Germany reveals that they choose to “normalize” their anti‐Semitic experiences by representing them as secondary, expected, and “normal.” They do so via four narrating tactics of normalization: obscuring, self‐exclusion, vindication, and essentializing stigma. Each tactic devalues the cultural depiction (grand narrative) of anti‐Semitic experiences as transformative and traumatic. By normalizing their past, the immigrants deconstruct and resist the authority and moral commands of the national narrative they encounter in both societies. Putting forward normalization as an alternative interpretation, the immigrants claim ownership of their biography and cultural identity.
Doing Time as an Act of Survival
Authors: Scarce Rik
Published: February 2004

As it is created by inmates in a county jail, time is a remarkably malleable phenomenon. Inmates must alter the meaning of hour, day, month, and year for self‐preservation and to maintain social stability, whether they serve sentences that are long or short. They control time through a host of cognitive feats, including ignoring diurnal cycles by rolling entire weeks into single days, and through actions and activities that make time pass more quickly. In jail, as opposed to prisons, these efforts at time control are especially difficult because there are few diversions, making time spent in jail “hard” time. Mead's theory of time, in particular the intertwining of past, present, and future, reveals the social complexity of doing time in these conditions. Data were gathered through observations and interviews, and they are presented in a mixture of genres including autobiography and classical ethnographic analysis.
Racing against Time? Aspects of the Temporal Organization of the Runner's World
Authors: Smith Greg
Published: February 2004

Drawing on documentary sources and participant observation, I seek to specify salient temporal characteristics of the social world of running. Extant analyses seem preoccupied with criticizing running temporality for reproducing, in a sporting context, those Taylorized, alienating beliefs and oppressive practices typical of capitalist sites of production. A different point of departure, runners' own understandings, shows that temporal considerations are a key constituent of the runner's self that is not experienced as alienated. Three aspects of running temporality are highlighted: the large‐scale temporal organization of the running world, with a focus on the cyclical racing pattern and the planned and scheduled character of training; temporal features of running careers; and the way in which “times” figure in the activity of running and its description. I conclude that these temporal organizations are important symbolic resources that help to build and reaffirm the runner's self. Rather than time alienating and exploiting runners, runners exploit it as a constructive resource that they can deploy in diverse ways.
Bad Girls and Fallen Women: Chronic STD Diagnoses as Gateways to Tribal Stigma
Authors: Nack Adina
Published: February 2004

This article uses women's firsthand experiences as the basis from which to explore how social constructions of sexual disease and feminine morality merge to threaten women's sexual selves during sexually transmitted disease (STD) diagnostic interactions. Constant comparative analysis of interview data reveals how forty‐three women made sense of this stage in their moral careers. Adding to interactionist literature on gender and chronic illness, this article expands discussions of tribal stigma to the intrapersonal realm. The data show how these women learned to view herpes and human papillomavirus (HPV) as symbols of impurity, antithetical to feminine ideals of sexual morality. Socialized to fear a caste system that divides women according to perceptions of moral transgression, the women viewed official medical diagnoses as having the potential to brand them not only as diseased but also as immoral. Tribal stigma provides the theoretical framework for analyzing why and how STD diagnostic interactions may be the catalysts for women to symbolically redefine themselves as bad girls and fallen women.
A Journey with Symbolic Interaction
Authors: Gusfield Joseph R.
Published: February 2004

In this cranky and arrogant chapter I consider several aspects of my use of symbolic interactionist perspectives on my research and thinking. The following are the elements of the chapter: (1) the historical context of my initial encounter with symbolic interactionism (SI); (2) my interpretation of key ideas of SI; (3) its relation to specific research of mine; (4) the relation of other perspectives to my research; and (5) some critiques of SI. I conclude with a truncated discussion of my dissatisfaction with the overtheorizing and overscientizing of sociology. Seeking balance, I end with predictions of a grand and glorious future.
Interactionism's Place
Authors: Maines David R.
Published: February 2004

The preservation of interactionism is now guaranteed to the extent that general sociology shows clear signs of becoming interactionist in its conceptual makeup. Accordingly interactionist promoters might want to enter into a more concerted dialogue with the unaware interactionists to make the disciplinary shift toward interactionism more overt and systematic. My treatment of these matters begins in a respectable but somewhat tiring manner, after which I express some long‐standing irritations and areas of confusion regarding interactionism and sociology as a way of suggesting a few areas of needed interactionist work.
“Holding Back”: Negotiating a Glass Ceiling on Women's Muscular Strength
Authors: Dworkin Shari L.
Published: February 2004

Researchers have highlighted how numerous women in male-dominated occupations face a glass ceiling. Using ethnography and interview work, I argue that this ceiling is also useful to understanding women in fitness. That is, women in fitness—particularly those who seek muscular strength in the weight room—may find their bodily agency limited not by biology but by ideologies of emphasized femininity that structure the upper limit on women's “success.” Results show that nonlifters and moderate lifters uniquely negotiate the glass ceiling by avoiding, holding back on, or adjusting weight workouts. I consider what forces aid women in forging new definitions of emphasized femininity that push upward on a glass ceiling on muscularity over time. As women increasingly flock to fitness sites, daring to cross into the previously male-only territory of the weight room, we must ask whether a contained and “held back” musculature for women is now the (heterosexy) standard that simultaneously creates “new” womanhood as it re-creates “true” womanhood.
In Whose Home? Multigenerational Families in the United States, 1998–2000
Authors: Cohen Philip N. , Casper Lynne M.
Published: February 2004

This article examines multigenerational living arrangements of white, black, and Latino individuals using data from the Current Population Surveys. We describe people in multigenerational households as “hosts” or “guests.” In terms of resources, guests have no home of their own, whereas hosts maintain an important source of independence. By age, the proportion of adults living as guests peaks in the late twenties, then declines until the late seventies. In contrast, hosting rates peak in the fifties. Men have higher guest rates and women have higher host rates at almost all ages. While blacks and Latinos are more likely than whites to live in multigenerational households, those with higher incomes are less likely to live in multigenerational households and if they are living in multigenerational households are less likely to be guests, regardless of race-ethnicity. We interpret this as consistent with the assumption that residential independence is generally preferred.
Gender and Literary Valorization: The Awakening of a Canonical Novel
Authors: Corse Sarah M. , Westervelt Saundra Davis
Published: February 2004

We use the reception history of Kate Chopin's The Awakening to study the social context in which and processes through which literary texts are evaluated. We explain The Awakening‘s ascendancy from an initial negative critical position in 1899 to its current canonical status by the emergence of new “interpretive strategies” for understanding and evaluating texts. The dominant interpretive strategies of nineteenth-century reviewers sentimentalized women as selfless wives and mothers responsible for moral purity, making it difficult to construct a valued or fruitful narrative from The Awakening. Late-twentieth-century feminist interpretive strategies, however, were highly productive tools for rereading The Awakening, generating a socially resonant narrative focused on the search for an independent female self. Most important, we show that analytic attention to interpretive strategies allows sociologists to analyze both the meanings constructed from texts and the differential judgments attached to them under varying interpretive strategies.
Durkheim Contra Bergson? The Hidden Roots of Postmodern Theory and the Postmodern “Return” of the Sacred
Authors: Riley Alexander Tristan
Published: February 2004

Postmodern social theory is often seen as entirely distinct from and even antagonistic to modern sociological thought. This article endeavors to challenge this framing by tracing the emergence of postmodernist social thought to a historical development in Western societies intimately tied to the conditions of emergence of modern sociology, that is, to the crisis of the loss of the sacred for the modern intellectual class. Postmodern theory is linked to two purportedly opposed schools of modern social thought, Durkheimianism and Bergsonianism, by demonstrating the careful concern in each of these strands for a renovation of the sacred in the wake of the devastating effects Enlightenment and materialist thought had on traditional modes of the sacred for intellectuals (if not for larger segments of Western societies). Explicit textual evidence of this influence is also examined.
How Cohorts, Education, and Ideology Shaped a New Sexual Revolution on American Attitudes toward Nonmarital Sex, 1972–1998
Authors: Treas Judith
Published: February 2004

Data from the 1972–98 General Social Surveys document changes in attitudes toward premarital, extramarital, homosexual, and teenage sex. This analysis demonstrates the liberalizing effect of cohort succession but also finds intracohort change in attitudes as the birth cohorts age. Intracohort change dominated recent dramatic declines in disapproval of homosexuality. As theories of individualism and postmaterialism suggest, higher education, secularism, and relative income are associated with greater tolerance of homosexuality. Although the young and those who do not attend religious services frequently led the 1988–98 declines in disapproval of same-sex relations, the diffusion of permissive values from higher to lower education groups is also evident.
Social Movement Selves
Authors: Broad K. L.
Published: February 2004

This article discusses Holstein and Gubrium's (2000) analytic for understanding the production of postmodern selves and suggests that it is a means by which to further understandings about the construction of social movement selves. According to Holstein and Gubrium's perspective, the construction of postmodern subjectivity is an interplay between circumstantial resources and self-constituting work. As an example, I discuss research about a social movement organization in the GLBT (gay/lesbian/bisexual/transgender) movement, Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG). I begin by illustrating how PFLAG parents can be understood as drawing on the narrative resources of the GLBT movement, in particular the dominant narrative of coming out. Next I discuss how PFLAG parents also do selves (as heterosexual parents), through everyday interactional identity work to construct affiliation. In so doing, I illustrate a key process of Holstein and Gubrium's analytic—the interplay between cultural constraints and artful agency in the production of postmodern selves—and show how it can help to explain the production of subjectivity in today's social movements. I close with a discussion of the significance of understanding the production of social movement selves for social movement literature.
Queering Whiteness: The Peculiar Case of the Women's National Basketball Association
Authors: McDonald Mary G.
Published: February 2004

This article offers an investigation of the Women's National Basketball Association's marketing discourses and provides historical and contemporary contexts to illuminate the complex articulations of race and sexuality imagined via representations of the league and its players. Proposing to “queer whiteness” by deploying particular inflections of the word queer, this article makes visible the ways in which discourses related to heterosexuality and whiteness assist marketers in advertising the league as a “mainstream” and therefore salable event. Marketers thus participate in and advance a representational politics that elevates the importance of maternity and morality as emblematic of the WNBA's idealized image of the “good girl,” especially the “good white girl.” This constant emphasis on the players' moral attributes and family values helps to distance the league from projections of alleged deviance imagined to be embodied by “fatal women”—that is, bodies marked as black and lesbian—the alleged obverse of the “good white girl.”
Who Plays and Who Benefits: Gender, Interscholastic Athletics, and Academic Outcomes
Authors: Videon Tami M.
Published: February 2004

Using a nationally representative sample of adolescents, this article examines how various individual and contextual characteristics are related to the likelihood of interscholastic athletic participation. Girls are significantly less likely than boys to participate. The influence of socioeconomic background, siblings, family structure, year in school, attendance at a private school, size of the school, region of the country, and urbanicity have similar effects on socializing boys and girls into athletics. However, the gender difference in participation rates are greater for blacks than whites. Results indicate that some of the association between athletic participation and academic outcomes is due to the tendency for better students to participate in athletics. Net of these effects, analyses indicate that participation in athletics has a positive influence on adolescents' academic outcomes. The positive influence of athletic participation on unexcused absences and educational expectations is significantly stronger for boys than for girls.
Gender and Race Patterns in the Pathways from Sports Participation to Self-Esteem
Authors: Tracy Allison J. , Erkut Sumru
Published: February 2004

Athletics is the most prominent extracurricular activity in U.S. secondary schools in terms of student participation and school budgets. The latter is often justified on the grounds that healthy bodies produce healthy minds, that school sports boost school spirit, and that participation in school-based sports increases students' self-esteem. In this article we examine the interrelationships among participation in a school-based sport and the benefits assumed to be associated with it. Specifically, we test a model that postulates that school spirit, operationalized as attachment to school, and healthy bodies, operationalized as a sense of physical well-being, mediate the relationship between school sports and self-esteem. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health on Caucasian and African American girls and boys were employed to test the model. School attachment and physical well-being absorbed the statistical effect of participating in a sport for all four gender-by-race groups. Among Caucasian girls a negative residual effect of sports participation was observed, which suggests that sports participation encapsulates multiple effects with contradictory influences. For African American girls school attachment by itself was not a significant mediator of the effect of sports participation on self-esteem. For all groups a sense of physical well-being was the more powerful mediator.
Continuity and Change in Howard S. Becker's Work
Authors: Plummer Ken
Published: February 2004

Howard S. Becker is one of the foremost sociologists of the second half of the twentieth century. Although he is perhaps best known for research on deviance and his book Outsiders, this constitutes only a very small fraction of his earliest work. This interview looks at some of the continuities and cores of his work over fifty years. Becker highlights how his work maintains the same core concerns, although new interests have been added over time. At the core is a concern with “work” and “doing things together.” Becker provides many concrete stories from the past and also raises issues about the nature of doing theory and research, how he writes and produces his studies, and the problems attached to the professionalization of sociology. His writing on art and culture can be seen as assuming a major position in his later work, but he does not identify with either postmodernism or cultural studies.
The Effect of Single-Sex Secondary Schooling on Women's Choice of College Major
Authors: Thompson Jennifer S.
Published: February 2004

This study examines the effect of attending an all-girls' high school on the sex-traditionality of women's choice of college major. Using data from the High School and Beyond study and multinomial logit analysis, the results indicate that women who attended all-girls' high schools (versus coed high schools) were more likely to major in sex-integrated fields, compared to highly female fields. The effect may be due in small part to feminist attitudes produced in an all-female high school environment but is not due to differences in coursework (particularly math) or test scores.
Nothing Ventured, Nothing Gained? Conceptualizing Social Movement “Success” in the Lesbian and Gay Movement
Authors: Bernstein Mary
Published: February 2004

This article employs and expands a multidimensional framework for understanding movement effects that includes political, mobilization, and cultural outcomes. It compares lesbian and gay efforts to decriminalize sodomy between 1961 and 1977 and between 1986 and 1991 and examines the conditions under which activists strive for different sorts of goals. Because movement strategies are inextricably tied to what motivates activists—that is, their understanding of what constitutes success—this article sheds light on how activists understand and negotiate their external environment. In contrast to previous formulations, it argues that political, mobilization, and cultural goals do not always line up in a one-to-one fashion. Therefore, activists' understandings of the relationship between political opportunities and different sorts of outcomes influences their strategic choices, which in turn affects the types of outcomes they achieve.
Control Ratios and Defiant Acts of Deviance: Assessing Additive and Conditional Effects with Constraints and Impulsivity
Authors: Curry Theodore R. , Piquero Alex R.
Published: February 2004

Control balance theory, couched as an integrated explanation of deviance, has been tested thus far using exclusively a “scenario” method that assessed respondents' perceived probability of deviance. We build on these efforts with a measure of the frequency of “defiant” deviance to assess both the additive effects of control ratios and the conditional effects of constraints and impulsivity, identified as key to the larger “causal process” affecting deviance. Supportive of the theory, control ratio deficits were positively related to defiant deviance. However, control ratio surpluses were positively associated with defiant deviance, which does not support theoretical predictions. Analyses of contingent effects show that the effects of control ratio deficits and surpluses are stronger when impulsivity is higher, supporting the theory, but that variation in constraints did not influence the effects of control ratios in a manner predicted by the theory. We explore the implications of these findings and suggest modifications for the theory.
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline's Twentieth Birthday: Commemoration, Celebration, and the Taming of the Silver Snake
Authors: Coates Peter
Published: February 2004

The challenges, pitfalls and pleasures of devoting museum exhibits to sensitive subjects in often highly politicized cultural environments became a staple of discussion in the literature of public history during the 1990s. Moving away from the more familiar ground of race, class, and gender to the terrain of technology, this essay discusses the politics of commemoration with reference to a massive engineering project of comparative youth. In 1997/98, the Smithsonian mounted a six-month exhibit to mark the twentieth anniversary of the completion of one of the most celebrated - and controversial - engineering projects in U.S. history. Stimulated by a visit to the pipeline exhibit, this essay examines its context, content, character, and reception. It also ponders some of the broader implications of commemorative acts that elevate contested items of material culture into seductive icons of heritage. How, when - and where - should we commemorate a technological `wonder' that, in 2001, is still far from obsolete, but is ultimately slated for removal at the end of its working days? Is a museum in fact the most effective place to remember a project of such grand scale that it prompted analogies with the transcontinental railroads, Panama Canal, and Great Wall of China?
The Teodoro Vidal Collection: Creating Space for Latinos at the National Museum of American History
Authors: Velasquez L. Stephen
Published: February 2004

During 1997 and 1998 the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History began a series of programs design to augment the Latino presence at the museum through the acquisition and presentation of a large collection from Puerto Rico, The Vidal Collection. This paper looks at the politics of creating a Latino presence at NMAH through the acquisition and presentation of a large Latino collection. Some of the issues to be explored are: how can a (national) Latino space and identity be created in a museum context, how is it contextualized (or re-contextualized) and represented, and what are the institutional ramifications of such initiatives?
Where is the "Mexican" in "New Mexican"? Enacting History, Enacting Dominance in the Santa Fe Fiesta
Authors: Horton Sarah
Published: February 2004

What are the implications of public commemorations of the Southwest's Spanish colonization, and do such celebrations sanction the conquest's continuing legacy of racial inequality? This paper examines such questions by way of an analysis of the Santa Fe Fiesta, an annual celebration of New Mexico's 1692 re-conquest from the Pueblo Indians by Spanish General Don Diego de Vargas. The Santa Fe Fiesta, which uses living actors to publicly re-enact the Pueblos' submission to Spanish conquistadors, may be analyzed as a variant of the "conquest dramas" the Spanish historically used to convey a message of Spanish superiority and indigenous inferiority. Indeed, New Mexico's All Indian Pueblo Council and its Eight Northern Pueblos have boycotted the Fiesta since 1977, and some Chicanos have complained the event's glorification of a Spanish identity excludes Latinos of mixed heritage. However, an examination of the history of the Fiesta illustrates that although it ritually re-enacts the Spanish re-conquest of New Mexico, it also comments obliquely on another--the Anglo usurpation of Hispanos' former control over the region. Although Anglo officials at the Museum of New Mexico revived the Fiesta as a lure for tourists and settlers in the early 20th-century, Hispanos have gradually re-appropriated the Fiesta as a vehicle for the "active preservation of Hispanic heritage in New Mexico." Thus an analysis of the Fiesta's history illustrates that the event conveys a powerful contemporary message; it is both part conquest theater and part theater of resistance to Hispanos' own conquest.
September 11 and the Mourning After: Reflections on Collecting and Interpreting the History of Tragedy
Authors: Gardner James B. , Henry Sarah M.
Published: February 2004

In the aftermath of September 11, public historians working in museums have faced new challenges to our sense of our work and ourselves as professionals. In addressing our collecting and interpretive responsibilities, we have had to grapple with the tension between our sense of obligation to the historic nature of the events and their aftermath and our concern that we are still too close to them to be able to judge clearly what is truly historically important. Our goal has been to respond to those challenges thoughtfully and positively, embracing the opportunity to help our visitors understand these tragic events and to contribute to the nation's healing, while remaining true to our obligation to enrich the historical record.
"Incontestable Proof Will Be Exacted": Historians, Asian Americans, and the Medal of Honor
Authors: McNaughton James C. , Edwards Kristen E. , Price Jay M.
Published: February 2004

For more than a century the Medal of Honor has served as a revered symbol of valor and service to the nation. In the 1990s Japanese American veterans requested a review of their service in World War II to determine whether the U.S. Army has overlooked any of their number for the award. In 1996 a team of historians began a review of all Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders who fought in that war. Their work resulted in the award of twenty-two new Medals of Honor in June 2000. The review was also a revealing journey into the challenges of amending public memory.
Germany's Holocaust Memorial Problem—and Mine
Authors: Young James E.
Published: February 2004

Once not so long ago Germany had what it called a "Jewish Problem". Then it had a paralyzing Holocaust memorial problem, a double-edged conundrum: How would a nation of former perpetrators mourn its victims? How would a divided nation reunite itself on the bedrock memory of its crimes? In June 1999, after ten years of tortured debate, the German Bundestag voted to build a national "Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe" on a prime, five-acre piece of real estate between the Brandenburger Tor and Potsdamer Platz, a stone's throw from Hitler's bunker. In their vote, the Bundestag also accepted the design—an undulating field of pillars—by American architect, Peter Eisenman, which had been recommended by a five-member Findungskommission, for which I served as spokesman.

Like many others, I had been quite satisfied with the insolubility of Germany's memorial dilemma. Better a thousand years of Holocaust memorial competitions in Germany than any single "final solution" to Germany's memorial problem. But then I began to suspect that the neverending debate over Holocaust memory in Germany was itself becoming a substitute for taking any kind of action on behalf of such memory.

In this report, I tell the story of Germany's national Holocaust memorial and my own role in it, my evolution from a highly skeptical critic on the outside of the process to one of the arbiters on the inside. I find that as the line between my role as critic and arbiter began to collapse, the issues at the heart of Germany's memorial conundrum came into ever sharper, more painful relief.
Public Documents and Public History: An Interview with Anna K. Nelson
Authors: Shulman Holly C. , Nelson Anna K.
Published: February 2004

Anna K. Nelson is one of the leading members of the second generation of public historians, those women and men who have consolidated the early efforts of the pioneers of the field. A diplomatic historian by training, she has written about American foreign relations during the Mexican-American War and also during the Cold War. Alongside her traditional work as an academic historian, she has become an important expert in public documents: their preservation, access, and management. She was involved in nearly every aspect of the public history movement during the 1970s and 1980s, including serving for two years on the State Department's Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documentation, representing the Organization of American Historians (OAH). She has been granted a number of awards for her work, including the Society for History in the Federal Government's Franklin Delano Roosevelt Prize for the Advancement of Historical Study of the Federal Government. Her achievements were nationally recognized when she received a presidential appointment to the Kennedy Assassination Records Review Board.
Documenting the Diplomats: The Origins and Evolution ofDocuments on Canadian External Relations
Authors: Donaghy Greg
Published: February 2004

This article explores the origins and evolution of Documents on Canadian External Relations, a primary source compilation of historical material published by Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. It describes the public policy imperatives that prompted the department to launch its historical series in the period immediately after World War II. More important, it explores how the series was shaped and re-shaped through a critical dialogue between public and private historians, as questions of access, declassification, and academic accountability collided with the department's own evolving policy objectives.
Revolution in Boston? Eight Propositions for Public History on the Freedom Trail
Authors: Young Alfred F.
Published: February 2004

The author reassesses the public presentation of history on Boston's Freedom Trail, founded in the 1950s, in light of the reinterpretation of the American Revolution which has brought into focus the multi-sided struggle for liberty and equality within America. In eight propositions, he questions whether the many sites of the trail with a minimum of coordination, do justice to the "popular" side of the Revolution. Boston is at risk in dealing with race and gender, he suggests, of fragmenting the Revolution. In avoiding the "dark" side, it can fall into an exclusively celebratory history. To present a more coherent history, the author points to the need for greater collaborative efforts by the sites which make up the trail.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(o‐ and m‐amino benzyl amine) and the copolymers with aniline. Study with Cu(II)
Authors: Rivas Bernabé L. , Sánchez Christian O.
Published: February 2004

Poly(o‐amino benzyl amine), poly(m‐amino benzyl amine), and the copolymers with aniline were synthesized in 10−4M HCl by using ammonium persulfate as oxidizing agent. The copolymers were synthesized at various feed mole fractions of comonomer diamine and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, and electrical conductivity. The polymerization yield depended on the substituent position in the aromatic ring. Copper ion was incorporated in the polymers and the amount depended on the side groups position in the aromatic ring. The thermal stability increased when copper ions and aniline units were incorporated in the polymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 31–36, 2004
Low‐volatility acetals to upgrade the performance of melamine–urea–formaldehyde wood adhesive resins
Authors: Zanetti M. , Pizzi A. , Faucher P.
Published: February 2004

1,1,2,2‐Tetramethoxyethane (TME), a high boiling point acetal derived from glyoxol, lhas been shown to upgrade the performance of melamine‐urea‐formaldehyde (MUF) and some UF resins used for wood adhesives. This affords the possibility of decreasing the percentage of resin used in the preparation of wood panels without volatilizing the TME acetal used.
Curing behaviors of Korean Dendropanax lacquer determined by chemical and physical measures
Authors: Lee Byoung‐Hoo , Kim Hyun‐Joong
Published: February 2004

This work was performed to investigate the curing behaviors of Korean Dendropanax lacquer and to determine its sufficient curing conditions. In FTIR and AFM analyses, the peak area of CC (1644 cm−1) and the microadhesion decreased with increasing curing time, attributed to oxidative thermal polymerization (or crosslinking). The magnitude of the microadhesion between the probe and the surface related to the surface tack of the lacquer indicates how well the lacquer was cured and crosslinked. The increased contact angle exhibited increasing lacquer hydrophobicity, due to polymerization, during the curing process. Changes in double bond peak, contact angle, and microadhesion were dependent on the curing temperature. The results obtained by chemical and physical measures showed that Korean Dendropanax lacquer can be effectively (economically) cured at 100°C for 150 min and at 110°C for 120 min. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 625–630, 2004
The digital reference research agenda
Authors: Lankes R. David
Published: February 2004

A research agenda for the study of digital reference is presented. The agenda stems from a research symposium held at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts in August 2002. The agenda defines digital reference as “the use of human intermediation to answer questions in a digital environment.” The agenda also proposes the central research question in digital reference: “How can human expertise be effectively and efficiently incorporated into information systems to answer user questions?” The definition and question are used to outline a research agenda centered on how the exploration of digital reference relates to other fields of inquiry.
Information‐seeking behavior of chemists: A transaction log analysis of referral URLs
Authors: Davis Philip M.
Published: February 2004

This study reports an analysis of referral URL data by the Cornell University IP address from the American Chemical Society servers. The goal of this work is to better understand the tools used and pathways taken when scientists connect to electronic journals. While various methods of referral were identified in this study, most individuals were referred infrequently and followed few and consistent pathways each time they connected. The relationship between the number and types of referrals followed an inverse‐square law. Whereas the majority of referrals came from established finding tools (library catalog, library e‐journal list, and bibliographic databases), a substantial number of referrals originated from generic Web searches. Scientists are also relying on local alternatives or substitutes such as departmental or personal Web pages with lists of linked publications. The use of electronic mail as a method to refer scientists directly to online articles may be greatly underestimated. Implications for the development of redundant library services such as e‐journal lists and the practice of publishers to allow linking from other resources are discussed.
An information processing model of undergraduate electronic database information retrieval
Authors: Macpherson Karen
Published: February 2004

In this paper, it is suggested that a number of theoretical and practical perspectives on information literacy can be obtained through the examination of tenets of cognitive psychology. One aspect of cognitive psychology—information processing theory—is applied to the development of a two‐stage model of the information retrieval process. This model of information retrieval has utility along two dimensions: firstly, in the conceptualization of the information retrieval process; and secondly, in the development of teaching strategies informed by such a model. The efficacy of this model was tested in a large two‐phase experimental study at the University of Canberra, Australia. Statistically significant results support the effectiveness of the concept‐based teaching of information retrieval and the utility of the model as an explanation of the cognitive underpinnings of information retrieval.
Stereodivergent and Reiterative Synthesis of Bistetrahydrofuran Ring Cores of Annonaceous Acetogenins
Authors: Kojima Naoto , Maezaki Naoyoshi , Tominaga Hiroaki , Yanai Minori , Urabe Daisuke , Tanaka Tetsuaki
Published: February 2004

Eight diastereoisomers of the bistetrahydrofuran ring cores of annonaceous acetogenins have been synthesized by asymmetric alkynylation of α‐tetrahydrofuranic aldehydes and stereodivergent one‐pot tetrahydrofuran (THF) ring formation. In all cases, the asymmetric alkynylation proceeded with very high diastereoselectivity to give eight kinds of optically pure THF cores. We also describe a comparison of the 1H and 13C NMR spectral data of the eight isomers and give full details of the THF ring construction.
A Practical Oxidative Method for the Cleavage of Hydrazide NN Bonds
Authors: Fernández Rosario , Ferrete Ana , Llera José M. , Magriz Antonio , Martín‐Zamora Eloísa , Díez Elena , Lassaletta José M.
Published: February 2004

The selective N‐oxidation of the most nucleophilic amino nitrogen atom in hydrazides is central to the development of an unprecedented methodology for the cleavage of their NN bonds under oxidative conditions. Treatment of a series of hydrazides 1–9 with peracids such as magnesium monoperoxyphtalate hexahydrate (MMPP⋅6 H2O) or meta‐chloroperbenzoic acid (m‐CPBA) afforded the corresponding amides 10–16 in good‐to‐excellent yields (80–92 %). The extension of the methodology to carbamate‐like substrates such as 17 and 18 was also investigated, but in this case the process is synthetically useless in view of the low yields observed of carbamates 19 and 20 (≈15 %). Experiments carried out with equivalent amounts of oxidant produced nitrones, such as 26, proceeding from the dialkylamino moiety, and 1H NMR experiments indicated that this product is formed by fast conversion of the parent hydrazide, without detection of the expected hydrazide N‐oxides. In addition, the over oxidation of 26 into nitronate 25 proceeds through an unknown intermediate. This oxidative NN bond cleavage by peracids is an alternative method for the deamination of hydrazides, and constitutes the only solution compatible with substrates carrying functionalities sensitive to reducing conditions.
Industrieller Einsatz der Ultrafiltration in der pharmazeutischen Biotechnologie
Authors: Lipnizki F.
Published: February 2004

No abstracts.
Einfluss des Stofftransportes auf die Herstellung von Biodiesel
Authors: Lifka J. , Ondruschka B.
Published: February 2004

No abstracts.