bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computational modelling of TNFα related pathways regulated by neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in neurodegeneration
Authors: Sasidharakurup Hemalatha , Diwakar Shyam
Published: September 2020

Computational and mathematical modelling towards understanding the structure and dynamics of biological systems has significantly impacted on translational neuroscience to face novel approaches toward neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this study, a computational model of AD and PD have been modelled using biochemical systems theory, and shows how Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF훼) regulated neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and insulin pathways can dysregulate its downstream signalling cascade that lead to neurodegeneration observed in AD and PD. The experimental data for initial conditions for this model and validation of the model was based on data reported in literature. In simulations, elevations in the aggregations of major proteins involved in the pathology of AD and PD including amyloid beta, alpha synuclein, tau have been modelled. Abnormal aggregation of these proteins and hyperphosphorylation of tau were observed in the model. This aggregation may lead to developing Lewy bodies, fibrils, plaques and tangles inside neurons that trigger apoptosis. An increase in the concentrations of TNF훼 and glutamate during diseased conditions was noted in the model. Accumulation of these proteins may be related to the feedback mechanism of TNF훼 that initiates its own release and the production of excess glutamate. This could lead to the prolonged activation of microglia that result in death of surrounding neurons. With the elevation in reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress also increased. Simulations suggest insulin may be an important factor identifying neurodegeneration in AD and PD, through its action along with the neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Low insulin level was noticed in the diseased condition due to abnormal protein aggregation that leads to TNFα release. Given the role towards better design of real experiments, accumulation of oligomers of mutated proteins in AD and PD activating microglia and secreting TNFα along with other cytokines map to oxidative stress that led to cell death.
From Consciousness to Brain-Sign: a Neurobiological Reconstruction
Authors: Clapson Philip
Published: September 2020

It may seem obvious we are conscious for we are certain we see, feel and think, but there is no accepted scientific account of these mental states as a brain condition. And since most neuroscientists assume consciousness and its supposed powers without explaining it, science is brought into question. That consciousness does not exist is here explained. The alternative, the theory of brain-sign, is outlined. It eliminates the quasi-divine knowledge properties of seeing, feeling and thinking. Brain-sign is a means/mechanism enabling collective action between organisms. Brain-sign signifies the shared world of that action. Signs are intrinsically physical and biologically ubiquitous. Brain-signs are derived moment-by-moment from the causal orientation of each brain towards others and the world. Interactive behaviour which is not predetermined (as in passing a cup of coffee) is characteristic of vertebrate species. Causality lies in the electrochemical operation of the brain. But identifying the changing world by brain-signs binds the causal states of those interacting into one unified operation. Brain-signing creatures, including humans, have no ‘sense’ they function this way. The world appears as seen. The ‘sense of seeing’, however, is the brain’s communicative activity in joint behaviour. Similarly for ‘feeling’. Language causality results from the transmission of compression waves or electromagnetic radiation from one brain to another altering the other’s causal orientation. The ‘sense of understanding’ words is the communicative state. The brain understands nothing, knows nothing, believes nothing. By replacing the prescientific notion of consciousness, brain-sign can enable a scientific path for brain science.
Nationalism and nation-building in the dietary consumption of Italian migrants in the United States: a transnational perspective
Authors: Chiaricati Federico
Published: September 2020

This article employs a transnational perspective to examine the relationship between food and drink consumption by Italians in the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and Italy's process of nation-building. The phenomena of emigration and colonisation were often interlinked, especially after Italy's defeat at Adua, Ethiopia, in 1896. This threw prime minister Francesco Crispi's form of colonialism into crisis and launched a different approach, based on the creation of a ‘Greater Italy’: a sort of Commonwealth based on cultural and economic ties between the Kingdom of Italy and Italian communities abroad. They were asked to be the bridgehead for Italy's economic and cultural expansion by consuming its exports, especially food and drink products. This required the development of shared feelings of national belonging among the emigrants, by breaking down the local identities that still prevailed and were particularly evident in the sphere of diet, as well as in religion, social life and language. The article analyses the promotional material that reflected the drive to foster Italian national sentiment in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and which helped to create an Italy both within and outside national borders.
Efficacy of a transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral intervention for eating disorder psychopathology delivered through a smartphone app: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Linardon Jake , Shatte Adrian , Rosato John , Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Matthew
Published: September 2020

Background

Although effective treatments exist for diagnostic and subthreshold-level eating disorders (EDs), a significant proportion of affected individuals do not receive help. Interventions translated for delivery through smartphone apps may be one solution towards reducing this treatment gap. However, evidence for the efficacy of smartphones apps for EDs is lacking. We developed a smartphone app based on the principles and techniques of transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy for EDs and evaluated it through a pre-registered randomized controlled trial.

Methods

Symptomatic individuals (those who reported the presence of binge eating) were randomly assigned to the app (n = 197) or waiting list (n = 195). Of the total sample, 42 and 31% exhibited diagnostic-level bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder symptoms, respectively. Assessments took place at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks post-randomization. Analyses were intention-to-treat. The primary outcome was global levels of ED psychopathology. Secondary outcomes were other ED symptoms, impairment, and distress.

Results

Intervention participants reported greater reductions in global ED psychopathology than the control group at post-test (d = −0.80). Significant effects were also observed for secondary outcomes (d's = −0.30 to −0.74), except compensatory behavior frequency. Symptom levels remained stable at follow-up. Participants were largely satisfied with the app, although the overall post-test attrition rate was 35%.

Conclusion

Findings highlight the potential for this app to serve as a cost-effective and easily accessible intervention for those who cannot receive standard treatment. The capacity for apps to be flexibly integrated within current models of mental health care delivery may prove vital for addressing the unmet needs of people with EDs.
Public awareness, emotional reactions and human mobility in response to the COVID-19 outbreak in China – a population-based ecological study
Authors: Li Yuchen , Zeng Yu , Liu Guangdi , Lu Donghao , Yang Huazhen , Ying Zhiye , Hu Yao , Qiu Jianqing , Zhang Chao , Fall Katja , Fang Fang , Valdimarsdóttir Unnur A. , Zhang Wei , Song Huan
Published: September 2020

Background

The outbreak of COVID-19 generated severe emotional reactions, and restricted mobility was a crucial measure to reduce the spread of the virus. This study describes the changes in public emotional reactions and mobility patterns in the Chinese population during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Methods

We collected data on public emotional reactions in response to the outbreak through Weibo, the Chinese Twitter, between 1st January and 31st March 2020. Using anonymized location-tracking information, we analyzed the daily mobility patterns of approximately 90% of Sichuan residents.

Results

There were three distinct phases of the emotional and behavioral reactions to the COVID-19 outbreak. The alarm phase (19th–26th January) was a restriction-free period, characterized by few new daily cases, but a large amount public negative emotions [the number of negative comments per Weibo post increased by 246.9 per day, 95% confidence interval (CI) 122.5–371.3], and a substantial increase in self-limiting mobility (from 45.6% to 54.5%, changing by 1.5% per day, 95% CI 0.7%–2.3%). The epidemic phase (27th January–15th February) exhibited rapidly increasing numbers of new daily cases, decreasing expression of negative emotions (a decrease of 27.3 negative comments per post per day, 95% CI −40.4 to −14.2), and a stabilized level of self-limiting mobility. The relief phase (16th February–31st March) had a steady decline in new daily cases and decreasing levels of negative emotion and self-limiting mobility.

Conclusions

During the COVID-19 outbreak in China, the public's emotional reaction was strongest before the actual peak of the outbreak and declined thereafter. The change in human mobility patterns occurred before the implementation of restriction orders, suggesting a possible link between emotion and behavior.
Astronomical Observations of the 1869 Powell Expedition Through the Grand Canyon
Authors: Bergman Lars , Stuart Robin G.
Published: September 2020

During his 1869 expedition down the Green River and through the Grand Canyon, Major John Powell made astronomical observations using a sextant and artificial horizon to fix the locations of key points along the rivers that were only poorly known at the time. Latitude was obtained from the altitude of Polaris or meridian transits of stars or Saturn. Local mean time was determined from equal altitude observations of the Sun. The swamping of one of the expedition's small boats ruined the chronometers, meaning that they could not be used to keep Greenwich mean time and hence find longitude. As a substitute a series of lunar distance observations were undertaken. In this paper observations recorded in Powell's journal are reduced and analysed.
A Comparison of AMPS Forecasts Near the Ross Sea Polynya With Controlled Meteorological Balloon Observations
Authors: Dale Ethan R. , Katurji Marwan , McDonald Adrian J. , Voss Paul , Rack Wolfgang , Seto Daisuke
Published: September 2020

This study presents atmospheric boundary layer observations made over the Ross Sea using a long‐duration Controlled Meteorological (CMET) balloon and a comparison with Antarctic Mesoscale prediction System (AMPS) forecasts. The CMET balloon was launched on 22 November 2017 at 1230 UTC; this flight performed 31 repeated soundings of the atmospheric boundary layer over a period of 70 hr. During the flight the balloon made close passes of the open Terra Nova Bay and Ross Sea polynyas. We use the AMPS forecast during the flight to understand the influence of the polynya on the air sampled by the CMET balloon. Balloon observations of temperature, humidity, and wind velocity generally agree with AMPS forecasts, with the largest disparities in the wind direction field during periods of light wind and when the path of the balloon was near complex topography. To understand the thermodynamic interaction between these polynyas and the atmospheric volume sampled by the balloon, a Lagrangian trajectory model forced by AMPS winds was used to calculate the total and partial derivatives of potential temperature as well as the total water mixing ratio. This allowed us to assess the thermodynamic profile of the overlying atmospheric boundary layer. Based on analysis of the AMPS forecast, we were able to identify a region of warming air with an area of 20,000 km2, centered over the Ross Sea Polynya which was providing a strong heat source at the time of the balloon flight.
Improving Time Step Convergence in an Atmosphere Model With Simplified Physics: The Impacts of Closure Assumption and Process Coupling
Authors: Wan Hui , Woodward Carol S. , Zhang Shixuan , Vogl Christopher J. , Stinis Panos , Gardner David J. , Rasch Philip J. , Zeng Xubin , Larson Vincent E. , Singh Balwinder
Published: September 2020

Convergence testing is a common practice in the development of dynamical cores of atmospheric models but is not as often exercised for the parameterization of subgrid physics. An earlier study revealed that the stratiform cloud parameterizations in several predecessors of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) showed strong time step sensitivity and slower‐than‐expected convergence when the model's time step was systematically refined. In this work, a simplified atmosphere model is configured that consists of the spectral‐element dynamical core of the E3SM atmosphere model coupled with a large‐scale condensation parameterization based on commonly used assumptions. This simplified model also resembles E3SM and its predecessors in the numerical implementation of process coupling and shows poor time step convergence in short ensemble tests. We present a formal error analysis to reveal the expected time step convergence rate and the conditions for obtaining such convergence. Numerical experiments are conducted to investigate the root causes of convergence problems. We show that revisions in the process coupling and closure assumption help to improve convergence in short simulations using the simplified model; the same revisions applied to a full atmosphere model lead to significant changes in the simulated long‐term climate. This work demonstrates that causes of convergence issues in atmospheric simulations can be understood by combining analyses from physical and mathematical perspectives. Addressing convergence issues can help to obtain a discrete model that is more consistent with the intended representation of the physical phenomena.
Establishing a Field of Collaboration for Engineers, Scientists, and Community Groups: Incentives, Barriers, and Potential
Authors: Boucher J. L. , Levenda A. M. , Morales‐Guerrero J. , Macias M. M. , Karwat D. M. A.
Published: September 2020

With the aim of mobilizing engineers and scientists to address environmental, climate, and energy justice challenges in the United States, this study examines how engineers and scientists view their incentives, barriers, and potential for community‐based collaborations. Through a purposive convenience sample (n = 281) and an online questionnaire, we investigate the attitudes and experiences of engineers and scientists regarding their community‐based work. Our analyses reveal dynamics of race, class, and experience, suggesting a type of socio‐demographic conditioning informing community‐based collaborations. Engineers and scientists also identify four main barriers to community‐based work: lack of time, lack of funding, lack of rapport, and knowledge deficits. In response, we introduce a field of collaboration with its own set of capitals—economic, cultural, social, and symbolic—and offer recommendations on how engineers, scientists, and community groups might collaborate with each other to address longstanding issues of energy, climate, and environmental injustice in the United States.
Next Steps for the Critical Zone
Authors: Goss Heather
Published: September 2020

In October, Eos examines a pivotal point for a field of science that’s starting to make a name for itself.
Statistical Analysis of Pre‐earthquake Electromagnetic Anomalies in the ULF Range
Authors: Warden Sheldon , MacLean Laura , Lemon Jim , Schneider Dan
Published: September 2020

Assessing the statistical significance of electromagnetic anomalies in the ultralow frequency (ULF) range observed prior to earthquakes is a necessary step toward determining whether these perturbations constitute actual earthquake precursors. A statistical epoch analysis (SEA) was recently performed by Han et al. (2014, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA019789) to analyze earthquakes happening between 2001 and 2010 near the geomagnetic observatory of Kakioka, Japan; the authors found a significant number of anomalies 6 to 15 days prior to the earthquake day within 100 km from Kakioka, while no significant pre‐earthquake activity was observed for the farther region 100 to 216 km from the observatory. In this current paper, we describe the application of our independent software implementation of their method. Despite using a different outlier rejection scheme, we manage to approximate their results. Upon validation of our program, we conduct multiple sensitivity studies. First, we explore how different outlier rejection schemes impact the results. We then restrict the analysis to only mantle earthquakes, highlighting a marginally significant number of anomalies prior to the earthquake day. Next, we test a higher band‐pass filter than the one initially used but find no anomalous pre‐earthquake activity in this higher‐frequency band. We then use a different catalog to establish the list of qualifying “earthquake days” which also leads the anomalous pre‐earthquake episode to vanish, thus raising concerns about the robustness of the results. Finally, we apply the SEA to another time window, ranging from 2013 to 2018: No significant pre‐earthquake episode can be observed for this interval. We conclude our study by providing guidelines for upcoming work.
A Double Difference Tomography Study of the Washington Forearc: Does Siletzia Control Crustal Seismicity?
Authors: Merrill R. , Bostock M. G. , Peacock S. M. , Calvert A. J. , Christensen N. I.
Published: September 2020

We present new seismic tomography of the Washington forearc using a suite of manually picked regional earthquake phase arrivals. The recovery of similarly sampled P and S velocity permits the robust calculation of Poisson's ratio throughout the region. The seismological signature of Siletzia, an accreted oceanic plateau that crops out in Washington as the Crescent Formation, is evident in our models as a continuous high Poisson's ratio body that coincides with subsurface structures estimated from potential field maps. Relocated earthquakes preferentially locate in low Poisson's ratio regions in the forearc crust and, in particular, in a diffuse layer located at 15–25 km depth in the crust beneath relatively aseismic Siletzia. Our imaging of the Puget Sound is consistent with previous interpretations of the architecture of major faults and blocks, as evident by distinct Poisson's ratio signatures that distinguish sedimentary basins from mafic rocks of the Crescent Formation. We speculate that seismicity below the Puget Sound is promoted by slab‐derived fluids that are localized beneath Siletzia as a result of intrinsic low vertical permeability.
Simulating Erosion‐Induced Soil and Carbon Delivery From Uplands to Rivers in a Global Land Surface Model
Authors: Zhang Haicheng , Lauerwald Ronny , Regnier Pierre , Ciais Philippe , Yuan Wenping , Naipal Victoria , Guenet Bertrand , Van Oost Kristof , Camino‐Serrano Marta
Published: September 2020

Global water erosion strongly affects the terrestrial carbon balance. However, this process is currently ignored by most global land surface models (LSMs) that are used to project the responses of terrestrial carbon storage to climate and land use changes. One of the main obstacles to implement erosion processes in LSMs is the high spatial resolution needed to accurately represent the effect of topography on soil erosion and sediment delivery to rivers. In this study, we present an upscaling scheme for including erosion‐induced lateral soil organic carbon (SOC) movements into the ORCHIDEE LSM. This upscaling scheme integrates information from high‐resolution (3″) topographic and soil erodibility data into a LSM forcing file at 0.5° spatial resolution. Evaluation of our model for the Rhine catchment indicates that it reproduces well the observed spatial and temporal (both seasonal and interannual) variations in river runoff and the sediment delivery from uplands to the river network. Although the average annual lateral SOC flux from uplands to the Rhine River network only amounts to 0.5% of the annual net primary production and 0.01% of the total SOC stock in the whole catchment, SOC loss caused by soil erosion over a long period (e.g., thousands of years) has the potential to cause a 12% reduction in the simulated equilibrium SOC stocks. Overall, this study presents a promising approach for including the erosion‐induced lateral carbon flux from the land to aquatic systems into LSMs and highlights the important role of erosion processes in the terrestrial carbon balance.
Comparison of Soil Water and Heat Transfer Modeling Over the Tibetan Plateau Using Two Community Land Surface Model (CLM) Versions
Authors: Deng Mingshan , Meng Xianhong , Lyv Yaqiong , Zhao Lin , Li Zhaoguo , Hu Zeyong , Jing Hui
Published: September 2020

Soil water and heat transfer is one of the most important parts of water and energy partition between atmosphere and land surface, and it is more complicated over the cold regions. In this study, the observed soil moisture and temperature are selected from four sites over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) to evaluate the performances two versions of Community Land Model (CLM), that is, CLM4.5 and CLM5.0. In addition, soil temperature observations from 67 sites and soil moisture observations from Maqu and Naqu monitoring network over the TP were used to evaluate the performances of regional simulations. The results indicated that the simulated soil temperature generally coincided with that of the observed, while CLM5.0 outputs are closer to the observed soil temperature in the arid and semiarid regions compared to CLM4.5. Generally, CLM5.0 tended to overestimate soil moisture at most sites at four soil depths (5, 10, 20, and 40 cm) but got some improvements at Maqu site. The overestimation of soil moisture was mainly caused by the introduction of a dry surface layer‐based (DSL) soil evaporation resistance parameterization in CLM5.0, which improves the soil evaporation simulation over the TP, especially in the semiarid region. Moreover, we tried to distinguish the factors that affect the soil water and heat transfer in the models. The results showed that soil property data play a main role in soil water and heat transfer modeling.
A toddler with phylloid-type pigmentary mosaicism and ambiguous genitalia resulting from trisomy 14 induced by a der(Y)t(Y;14)
Authors: Romero V. I. , Pozo J. C. , Saenz S. , Llamos-Paneque A. , Liehr T. , Hosomichi K. , Tajima A.
Published: September 2020

A 1-year-old baby with phylloid-type pigmentary mosaicism, hypotonia, ambiguous genitalia, and a positive screening test for congenital adrenal hyperplasia was referred. Previous sonograph, cytogenetics, and metabolic profile were inconclusive, therefore we performed an additional karyotype and a molecular cytogenetics studies. A mosaic karyotype 45,X/46,X,der(Y)t(Y;14) was characterized in peripheral blood. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia genes were sequenced and the results were negative. The ambiguous genitalia was the result of the special gonosomal mosaicism. The low level of trisomy 14 led to minor physical characteristics and mild mental retardation; also, Turner syndrome features can be expected rather than severe trisomy 14 stigmata.
Long-term exposure to “low-dose” bisphenol A decreases mitochondrial DNA copy number, and accelerates telomere shortening in human CD8 + T cells
Authors: Tran Hoai Thi Thu , Herz Corinna , Lamy Evelyn
Published: September 2020

Exposure to the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) has been linked with immune disorders and increased tumour risk. Our previous work in activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrated that exposure to “low-dose” BPA diminished telomerase activity via an ER/GPR30-ERK signalling pathway. Leukocyte telomerase activity and telomere maintenance are crucial for normal immune function and homeostasis. We thus here further studied the effects of BPA on human T cell subpopulations. Exposure to 0.3–3 nM BPA, i. e. at doses in the realm of human exposure, notably reduced telomerase activity in activated CD8 + T but not CD4 + T cells in a non-monotonic response pattern as determined by the TRAP-ELISA assay. Under long-term BPA exposure, significant telomere length shortening, reduction in mitochondrial DNA copy number, cell proliferation and IFN-γ as well as hTERT protein suppression could be observed in CD8 + lymphocytes, as analysed by qRT-PCR, flow cytometry and western blot analysis. This study extends our previous in vitro findings that “low-dose” BPA has potential negative effects on healthy human cytotoxic T cell response. These results might merit some special attention to further investigate chronic BPA exposure in the context of adaptive immune response dysfunction and early onset of cancer in man.
Gaze direction influences grasping actions towards unseen, haptically explored, objects
Authors: Pirruccio Martina , Monaco Simona , Della Libera Chiara , Cattaneo Luigi
Published: September 2020

Haptic exploration produces mental object representations that can be memorized for subsequent object-directed behaviour. Storage of haptically-acquired object images (HOIs), engages, besides canonical somatosensory areas, the early visual cortex (EVC). Clear evidence for a causal contribution of EVC to HOI representation is still lacking. The use of visual information by the grasping system undergoes necessarily a frame of reference shift by integrating eye-position. We hypothesize that if the motor system uses HOIs stored in a retinotopic coding in the visual cortex, then its use is likely to depend at least in part on eye position. We measured the kinematics of 4 fingers in the right hand of 15 healthy participants during the task of grasping different unseen objects behind an opaque panel, that had been previously explored haptically. The participants never saw the object and operated exclusively based on haptic information. The position of the object was fixed, in front of the participant, but the subject’s gaze varied from trial to trial between 3 possible positions, towards the unseen object or away from it, on either side. Results showed that the middle and little fingers’ kinematics during reaching for the unseen object changed significantly according to gaze position. In a control experiment we showed that intransitive hand movements were not modulated by gaze direction. Manipulating eye-position produces small but significant configuration errors, (behavioural errors due to shifts in frame of reference) possibly related to an eye-centered frame of reference, despite the absence of visual information, indicating sharing of resources between the haptic and the visual/oculomotor system to delayed haptic grasping.
Global identification and characterization of miRNA family members responsive to potassium deprivation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Zhao Yong , Xu Ke , Liu Gaoran , Li Shanshan , Zhao Sihang , Liu Xiaowei , Yang Xueju , Xiao Kai
Published: September 2020

Potassium (K) is essential for plant growth and stress responses. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in adaptation to nutrient deprivation through modulating gene expression. Here, we identified the miRNAs responsive to K deficiency in Triticum aestivum based on high-throughput small RNA sequencing analyses. Eighty-nine miRNAs, including 68 previously reported ones and 21 novel ones, displayed differential expression under K deficiency. In Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia and Genome analyses, the putative target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs were categorized into functional groups associated with ADP-binding activity, secondary metabolic pathways, and biosynthesis and metabolism. Functional characterization of tae-miR408, an miRNA significantly down-regulated under K deficiency, revealed its important role in mediating low-K tolerance. Compared with wild type, transgenic tobacco lines overexpressing tae-miR408 showed significantly improved K uptake, biomass, photosynthesis, and reactive oxygen species scavenging under K deficiency. These results show that distinct miRNAs function in the plant response to K deficiency through regulating target genes involved in energy metabolism and various secondary metabolic pathways. Our findings shed light on the plant response to K deficiency mediated by miRNAs in T. aestivum. Distinct miRNAs, such as tae-miR408, are valuable targets for generating crop varieties with improved K-use efficiency.
Parity-time phase transition in photonic crystals with $$C_{6v}$$ symmetry
Authors: Jiang Jeng-Rung , Chen Wei-Ting , Chern Ruey-Lin
Published: September 2020

We investigate the parity-time (PT) phase transition in photonic crystals with $$C_{6v}$$

C

6
v

symmetry, with balanced gain and loss on dielectric rods in the triangular lattice. A two-level non-Hermitian model that incorporates the gain and loss in the tight-binding approximation was employed to describe the dispersion of the PT symmetric system. In the unbroken PT phase, the double Dirac cone feature associated with the $$C_{6v}$$

C

6
v

symmetry is preserved, with a frequency shift of second order due to the presence of gain and loss. The helical edge states with real eigenfrequencies can exist in the common band gap for two topologically distinct lattices. In the broken PT phase, the non-Hermitian perturbation deforms the dispersion by merging the frequency bands into complex conjugate pairs and forming the exceptional contours that feature the PT phase transition. In this situation, the band gap closes and the edge states are mixed with the bulk states.
Recent advances in cation sensing using aggregation-induced emission
Authors: Chua Ming Hui , Zhou Hui , Zhu Qiang , Tang Ben Zhong , Xu Jian Wei
Published: September 2020

This review summarizes recent advances in AIE-based chemosensors for the detection of a wide range of metal cations, outlining the various sensing mechanisms and sensing performances such as sensitivity and selectivity of AIE-based chemosensors.
Correction: Lithiation of V2O3(SO4)2 – a flexible insertion host
Authors: Linnell Stephanie F. , Payne Julia L. , Pickup David M. , Chadwick Alan V. , Armstrong A. Robert , Irvine John T. S.
Published: September 2020

Correction for ‘Lithiation of V2O3(SO4)2 – a flexible insertion host’ by Stephanie F. Linnell et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2020, DOI: 10.1039/d0ta06608g.
The quest of vision: retina’s daily challenges
Authors: Dhirachaikulpanich Dhanach , Paraoan Robert A.I. , Carlsson Emil , Paraoan Luminita
Published: September 2020

The retina is a complex biological structure located at the back of the eye. Every day, it continually performs an intricate set of tasks to provide us with the sense of vision. The neuroretina encompasses neuronal type of cells including the light-sensitive photoreceptors, which sense the incoming light and trigger the conversion of the visual stimulus information to a neural response relayed to our brain where images are created. This article focuses on the physiological processes occurring in the retina and the exquisite interplay between photoreceptors and the adjacent cell monolayer called the retinal pigment epithelium, which underpins the key visual processes of phototransduction, visual cycle and phagocytosis of spent photoreceptors’ outer segments. We also present examples of functional defects in the retina and how they lead to impaired vision or blindness, and discuss some emerging treatment options for retinal diseases.
Compensatory Responses to Formant Perturbations Proportionally Decrease as Perturbations Increase
Authors: Daliri Ayoub , Chao Sara-Ching , Fitzgerald Lacee C.
Published: September 2020

Purpose

We continuously monitor our speech output to detect potential errors in our productions. When we encounter errors, we rapidly change our speech output to compensate for the errors. However, it remains unclear whether we adjust the magnitude of our compensatory responses based on the characteristics of errors.

Method

Participants (N= 30 adults) produced monosyllabic words containing /ɛ/ (/hɛp/, /hɛd/, /hɛk/) while receiving perturbed or unperturbed auditory feedback. In the perturbed trials, we applied two different types of formant perturbations: (a) the F1 shift, in which the first formant of /ɛ/ was increased, and (b) the F1–F2 shift, in which the first formant was increased and the second formant was decreased to make a participant's /ɛ/ sound like his or her /æ/. In each perturbation condition, we applied three participant-specific perturbation magnitudes (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ɛ–æ distance).

Results

Compensatory responses to perturbations with the magnitude of 1.5 ɛ–æ were proportionally smaller than responses to perturbation magnitudes of 0.5 ɛ–æ. Responses to the F1–F2 shift were larger than responses to the F1 shift regardless of the perturbation magnitude. Additionally, compensatory responses for /hɛd/ were smaller than responses for /hɛp/ and /hɛk/.

Conclusions

Overall, these results suggest that the brain uses its error evaluation to determine the extent of compensatory responses. The brain may also consider categorical errors and phonemic environments (e.g., articulatory configurations of the following phoneme) to determine the magnitude of its compensatory responses to auditory errors.
The Relation Between Academic Word Use and Reading Comprehension for Students From Diverse Backgrounds
Authors: Wood Carla L. , Schatschneider Christopher , VelDink Allyssa
Published: September 2020

Purpose

The aims of the current project were twofold: (a) to describe the use of academic words in written language samples by fifth-grade students and (b) to examine the predictive relation between academic word use in academic writing and reading comprehension.

Method

Investigators utilized written expository responses of 1,128 students in fifth grade who differed in English proficiency and language ability. The sample included 214 students who were English learners (ELs) and 144 students with identified language learning disabilities (LLD). Group differences in the use of academic words from the Coxhead word list were examined.

Results

ELs and students with LLD used academic words less frequently than their peers and demonstrated less variety in their academic word use. There was a significant relation between students' use of academic words and reading comprehension. Academic word use accounted for 16% of the variance in reading comprehension, which was not significantly different for ELs or students with LLD. The relation was moderated by economic advantage, with the strength of the relation being lower for students who were eligible for free/reduced lunch.

Conclusions

Findings support the need for additional research on ways to improve academic vocabulary skills to minimize achievement gaps. The relation between academic word use and reading comprehension warrants further consideration.
Deducing the reliability of relative helicities from nonlinear force-free coronal models
Authors: Thalmann J. K. , Sun X. , Moraitis K. , Gupta M.
Published: September 2020

Aims. We study the relative helicity of active region (AR) NOAA 12673 during a ten-hour time interval centered around a preceding X2.2 flare (SOL2017-09-06T08:57) and also including an eruptive X9.3 flare that occurred three hours later (SOL2017-09-06T11:53). In particular, we aim for a reliable estimate of the normalized self-helicity of the current-carrying magnetic field, the so-called helicity ratio, |HJ|/|H𝒱|, a promising candidate to quantity the eruptive potential of solar ARs.

Methods. Using Solar Dynamics Observatory Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager vector magnetic field data as an input, we employ nonlinear force-free (NLFF) coronal magnetic field models using an optimization approach. The corresponding relative helicity, and related quantities, are computed using a finite-volume method. From multiple time series of NLFF models based on different choices of free model parameters, we are able to assess the spread of |HJ|/|H𝒱|, and to estimate its uncertainty.

Results. In comparison to earlier works, which identified the non-solenoidal contribution to the total magnetic energy, Ediv/E, as selection criterion regarding the required solenoidal quality of magnetic field models for subsequent relative helicity analysis, we propose to use in addition the non-solenoidal contribution to the free magnetic energy, |Emix|/EJ, s. As a recipe for a reliable estimate of the relative magnetic helicity (and related quantities), we recommend to employ multiple NLFF models based on different combinations of free model parameters, to retain only those that exhibit smallest values of both Ediv/E and |Emix|/EJ, s at a certain time instant, to subsequently compute mean estimates, and to use the spread of the individually contributing values as an indication for the uncertainty.
Effect of price-sensitive demand and default risk on optimal credit period and cycle time for a deteriorating inventory model
Authors: Paul Asim , Pervin Magfura , Roy Sankar Kumar , Weber Gerhard-Wilhelm , Mirzazadeh Abolfazl
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we formulate and solve an economic order quantity model with default risk. Our main purpose is to investigate retailer’s optimal replenishment time and credit period for deteriorating items under selling price-dependent demand while maximizing profit per unit time. Here, shortages are allowed and items are partially backlogged for interested customers. We show that optimal replenishment time and credit period not only exist but they are also unique. We solve the proposed problem analytically. An algorithm is presented to derive the optimal solution of the model. The mathematical model is evaluated by numerical examples. We use Mathematica to obtain a global maximum solution to the optimal cycle time and the optimal credit period for the proposed model. A sensitivity analysis with respect to major parameters is performed in order to examine the stability of our model. At the end of the paper, conclusions are drawn and an outlook of possible future directions is depicted.
Quality of life of an elderly person in the conditions of urban space
Authors: Antipanova Olga A. , Barysheva Galina A.
Published: September 2020

The article considers the problem of the quality of life of the elderly in the city. A high-quality innovative urban environment is understood as a safe, comfortable space for living and recreation using smart city (home) technologies, adapted for all social groups of the population, including age groups. In modern Russia, the demographic situation requires paying attention to the compliance with city standards and criteria for the quality of life of seniors in a digital economy. This work is relevant today due to the increase in the retirement age. Principles of the active ageing effective strategy shall be based on the social partnership of state and elderly people. In the context of the foregoing, the quality of life of an elderly person is becoming increasingly important for the formation of a humanistic social urban environment in connection with the need to adapt a person to living conditions that change late in life.
University cities’ evolution in context of human capital accumulation
Authors: Gevorgyan Olga I. , Minaev Nikolay N. , Zharova Ekaterina A.
Published: September 2020

In the context of global competition, attracting and retaining talent is the most important common goal of universities and cities. Universities have long played an important role in the competitiveness of cities, regions and the country as a whole, as they contribute to the accumulation of human capital. The interaction of the city and the university can be observed from the time of their formation. In this paper, the authors considered a parallel analysis of the development (evolution) of two different socio-economic systems such as the university and the city from antiquity to the present. Based on this analysis, we can conclude that universities have played a significant role in the development of cities, and cities, in turn, have led to the emergence and development of universities. The role of universities was that they were both centers of education and centers of research. It was within the framework of universities that the results of scientific research appeared, which moved cities up in evolution.
Competence assessment algorithm of accounting and economic specialists in the petroleum sector
Authors: Khudyakov Dmitriy , Romanyuk Vera , Ivanova Maria
Published: September 2020

The paper describes the modern competence assessment methodology for economic and accounting specialists in the petroleum sector. The research object is professional competence and assessment approaches. The paper provides the specifications and codifiers developed by the team of contributors.
Professional training of mining engineers
Authors: Loshchilova Marina A. , Trubchenko Tatyana G. , Lemeshko Elena Yu. , Kiseleva Elena S. , Portnyagina Elena V. , Razumnikov Sergei V.
Published: September 2020

Nowadays, the solution of the problem of training mining engineers in the environment of innovation development is rather complicated and multifaceted. It involves determining the essence and content of the engineer’s professional activity; the need to study the specifics of the training of a mining engineer; the requirements for training mining engineers in innovative development. It is also connected with evaluation of students’ readiness level in the specialty 21.05.04 «Mining», identifying ways to increase the level of readiness of mining engineers for professional activity. The factors influencing the results of the training of mining engineers are identified here, as well as foreign experience in the education and training of mining engineers. Besides, noncompensatory model of assessment of readiness of mining engineers for professional activity by method of threshold aggregation with example of building rating on the basis of this model is being developed.
Impact of critically relevant factors on human resourcing in the transportation industry
Authors: Vinichenko Viktoriya V.
Published: September 2020

The article deals with the most significant aspects of developing human resourcing at transport enterprises. The transportation industry is one of the most important both from the point of view of the national economy and the life support of an individual. The success of the transportation industry depends largely on human resources. Currently, there are two models of staff training for the transportation industry around the world: in narrowly focused specialized educational organizations or in classical universities at specialized transport faculties, departments and schools. Both models are subject to the same influence of external factors. Structural transformation of the global economy, as well as processes of sustainable development and digitalization play a special role. The article attempts to reflect the impact of a number of factors on the staffing of the transportation industry, as well as to consider ways to reduce their negative impact.
Assessment of the competence development level of personal agents in the context of relationship marketing
Authors: Kiseleva Elena S. , Yakimenko Elena V. , Trubchenko Tatiana G. , Loshchilova Marina A. , Krakovetskaya Inna V. , Neverov Pavel A.
Published: September 2020

The paper represents novelty and features of the authors’ understanding of relationship marketing. It is scientific and practically new paradigm in science. The paper outlines the purpose of relationship marketing – to build, maintain and develop privileged relationships with the company’s stakeholders in order to obtain mutual benefits and help to society. The authors focus on definition of personal sales and personal sales’ target. The paper describes behavioral indicators characterizing demonstration of competences included in the “Influencing” cluster and proposes stages of assessment of the competence development level of personal agents. The paper reveals the authors’ questionnaire to assess the competence development level of personal agents. The authors propose three formulas for assessment of the individual competence development level.
Modern approaches of detecting financial statement fraud
Authors: Tkachenko Liudmila , Andrey Erisov , Pozdeeva Galina , Romanyuk Vera
Published: September 2020

The paper considers the modern methods for detecting financial statement errors and fraud with respect to their application to Russian corporate companies. The study methods evaluating the financial statements of companies allow getting a comprehensive and quick assessment of the financial condition of the company based on open sources. An assessment of the financial statements of enterprises according to the Roxas model showed that the composite index of the model is applicable to Russian companies.
Prostatakarzinom
Authors: Schmale Ine
Published: September 2020

Die Intensivierung der Androgenrezeptor (AR)-Deprivationstherapie (ADT) durch AR-gerichtete Substanzen ist bei Patienten mit nicht-metastasierten kastrationsresistenten Prostatakarzinom (nmCRPC) eine wirksame Strategie. Welche Substanz bei welchen Patienten eingesetzt werden sollte, ist nicht klar ersichtlich. Beim ASCO wurden hierzu diverse Studien präsentiert.
Head-to-head-Vergleich beim Multiplen Myelom
Authors: Arnheim Katharina
Published: September 2020

In der ENDURANCE-Studie bei Patienten mit neu diagnostiziertem Multiplem Myelom (MM) erwies sich die Tripeltherapie mit dem Zweitgenerations-Proteasom-Inhibitor (PI) Carfilzomib plus Lenalidomid/Dexamethason (KRd) gegenüber der Bortezomib-basierten Standardtherapie (VRd) als gleichwertig, aber nicht überlegen.
WHO-Leitlinie: Prävention und Kontrolle von Tuberkulose-Infektionen
Authors: Christof Claudia , Nußbaumer-Streit Barbara , Gartlehner Gerald
Published: September 2020

Hintergrund Trotz beachtlicher Fortschritte im Kampf gegen Tuberkulose,
stellt diese nach wie vor die am häufigsten zum Tode führende
bakterielle Infektionskrankheit weltweit dar. Jedes Jahr versterben weltweit
nach wie vor bis zu 10 Mio. Menschen an Tuberkulose. Die World Health
Assembly hat es sich zum Ziel gesetzt die Zahl der Tuberkulose-Toten bis zum
Jahr 2030 um 90% zu senken, die Zahl der Neuansteckungen um 80%.
Hierbei sollte besonderes auf Maßnahmen zur Prävention und
Infektionskontrolle in öffentlichen Gesundheitseinrichtungen und
überall dort, wo das Übertragungsrisiko für das
Tuberkulose-Bakterium „Mycobacterium tuberculosis“ hoch ist,
gesetzt werden.

Zielsetzung Ziel ist es aktualisierte und evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen
für Public Health Maßnahmen zu geben, um die Ausbreitung des
Tuberkulose-Bakteriums im klinischen Setting und im Tuberkulose-Management
vorzubeugen.

Methodik Die Leitlinie wurde von der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO)
gemäß der im WHO Handbuch zur Leitlinienentwicklung empfohlene
Methode umgesetzt. Die vorliegende Publikation fasst die wichtigsten Punkte der
Leitlinie zusammen und wurde von Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern des WHO
Collaborating Centre an der Donau-Universität Krems (Österreich)
auf Deutsch übersetzt.

Ergebnisse Diese Leitlinie berücksichtigt die aktuelle
Studienlage und gibt Empfehlungen und Anmerkungen zur Umsetzung von
Tuberkuloseprävention- und kontrolle auf Ebene von
Gesundheitseinrichtungen sowie auf nationaler Ebene.