bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lives rendered invisible: Bearing witness to human suffering
Authors: Ivanovic Mladjo
Published: December 2015

This paper explores the ethical challenges involved in the ways public representation structures our experiences of atrocities and facilitates an adequate awareness of and response towards the suffering of others. It points out that such an analysis should not exhaust itself in answering what makes public representations of human suffering ethically suspicious and intolerable, but should rather extend this task by clarifying how the public forms sentiments about their social and political reality by elucidating under which conditions public representation promotes broader political agendas. One of the central tenets of human rights advocacy is the widespread conviction that exposure to images and stories of human rights abuse has a mobilizing effect on western audience(s) whose exposure to such knowledge can motivate them to intervene and prevent future atrocities. In order to assess the basic implications of such a conviction we must answer at least three principal clusters of questions. First, how do public representations of atrocities affect individuals and their capacities to conceive and respond to social injustices and the suffering of others? Under what circumstances may agents respond effectively to shocking content? Second, how do social powers operate within the field of perception in order to control how the viewing public is affected? And how do these effects inform and galvanize political support or opposition regarding concrete historical events? Finally, what can be said about the responsibilities of visual representation? Whose agency is it that images inform, and what reforms are necessary to make representations of suffering ethically effective means to encourage better acknowledgment of individual and collective responsibilities that would motivate the public to meet its moral and political obligations? This paper ultimately suggests that in order for politically implicated images to have an immediate critical effect on individuals and their agency, they need to cultivate alternative modes of perception.Article first published online: 21 DEC 2015
A Bridge between Quantum Mechanics and Astronomy
Authors: Backerra Anna C.M.
Published: December 2015

Small-scale physics called quantum mechanics, is still incompatible with large-scale physics as developed by Einstein in his general relativity theory. By using twin physics, which is a dualistic way of considering the universe, and following Einstein’s later advice it is possible to create a bridge between these extremes. The formulation is carried out using complementary language in which time and space necessarily occur as two distinct qualities, although they are treated analogously. The basic item in the theory is the Heisenberg unit, which has a constant amount of potential energy, and which is supplied with mathematical attributes; by interaction with another Heisenberg unit, these attributes are transformed into physical qualities. With this theory, a photon can be described such that its velocity is constant without using the related postulate, showing how the speed of light is the link between small- and large-scale physics. The Planck constant emerges from the explanation. The photon is accompanied by a so-called anti-photon, being a charged, massless particle, traveling with the same velocity and exchanging electromagnetic energy.
Assessing the Duties and Competencies of Female Quantity Surveyors
Authors: Jaafar Mastura , Jalali Alireza , Sini Nurhafifah Mohd
Published: December 2015

Quantity surveyors (QSs) in developing countries remain tied to their traditional duties. This study aims to investigate the level of duties and competencies of female QSs in the Malaysian construction industry. The research objectives are determined via a questionnaire administered to 37 construction firms around Peninsular Malaysia. In relation to the three types of competencies, female QSs possess mandatory competencies in teamwork and conduct rules, ethics, professional practice, communication, and negotiation. They also possess the core competencies of procurement and tendering, quantification and costing of construction work and project financial control and reporting and optional competencies in project evaluation, contract administration, and contract practice. Their main duties are focused on tasks related to the pre tendering, construction, and project completion stages, which involve final account, cost control, costing, and preparation of financial statements. These duties are significantly correlated with major competencies, such as procurement, quantification, costing of construction work, and project financial control. This study shows that the involvement of female QSs in the construction industry in Malaysia remains dominated by the traditional practices. Based on the profile of the respondents, this study considerably reflects the middle categories of female QSs who work in quantity surveying firms.
The Factors Affect the Quality of Financial Statements Audit in Vietnam Businesses
Authors: Hai Do Huu , Trung Ngo Sy
Published: December 2015

The development of a market economy, especially the financial markets is asking for transparency and truthfulness of the financial information with high quality. The information in the financial statements will impact directly and indirectly to the rights and decisions of investors. Independent auditors play a role of evaluating truthfulness and reasonable financial information in enterprises, however there are still risks. This study focuses on analyzing the factors affecting the quality of financial statements audit in enterprises. The analytical methods used in this study are: factor analysis method to explore and test the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the construction and testing of measuring scales. Moreover, linear structural modeling method (Structural Equation Modeling SEM) is used to test the reliability and value of discrimination, convergence, unitary of the concept and scale of research. The study results showed that occupational qualification is an important factor affecting the audit quality in the establishment of the business financial statements and legal environment factors, factors belonging to business, factor of independence, factors of quality control system of audit firm.
Patterns on the Embroidered Textiles Unearthed from the Silk Road Ⅱ: Geometrical Pattern
Authors: Kuang Yanghua , Cui Rongrong
Published: December 2015

Based on the archaeological evidences from the Silk Road, this paper reviews geometrical pattern on the embroidered textiles of the Han and Tang dynasties (2ndC BC-early 9thC AD). The evidences show that geometrical pattern is mainly found on textiles from Northwestern China rather than Central China. Although not widely available, it is characterized by its varied types. The regular geometrical patterns on the embroidered textiles from the Silk Road include dots, roundels, waves, whorls, triangles, diamonds, lozenges, chevrons, zigzags and crosses. As the most common motif, dots not only intersperse with other patterns or form lines as edgings but also create frames of various kinds such as roundels, diamonds and hexagons etc. then filled with other patterns. Diamonds are also common, besides serving as pattern they are often used as frames. In addition, there are examples consisting of more than one type of geometrical patterns. 
Achievement Motivation and General Motivational Tendencies of Social Pedagogy Students
Authors: Martincová Jana , Andrysová Pavla , Trubelíková Jana
Published: December 2015

This article introduces readers to the level of motivation of Social Pedagogy students within the context of this discipline in the Czech Republic. Herein it poses a number of topical questions, especially in relation to the manner of future social pedagogues’ preparation, selection of applicants, and their chances in the labor market. Equally it takes account of the elementary methods of measuring achievement motivation. In the empirical part the design of the research is proposed and the findings are presented. The primary aim of the research was to determine the level of achievement motivation of Social Pedagogy students at undergraduate preparation and their motivational tendencies. The secondary aim was to observe change dynamics in the level of achievement motivation and its individual components during university studies. The tests of LMI Achievement Motivation Questionnaire and MMG Multi-Motive Grid were used to obtain the results. In the conclusion of the work, the authors ask the question of how meaningful the contemporary approach of Social Pedagogy as a subject in the Czech Republic is; and they propose potential innovations. Moreover, research findings which have also shown prospective areas of students’ development can provide useful suggestions for pedagogues who research Social Pedagogy or educate future Social Pedagogues.
Polyphenol Oxidase in Pawpaw (Asimina triloba [L.] Dunal) Fruit Pulp from Different Varieties
Authors: Brannan Robert G.
Published: December 2015

Pawpaw (Asimina triloba L. Dunal) is a tree fruit from the tropical Annonaceae family. Pawpaw currently has very limited commercial production because of its high perishability. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is responsible for enzymatic browning in pawpaw pulp. The objective of this research is to characterize PPO extracted from different pawpaw varieties. With respect to PPO activity, six of the varieties (Taytwo, Rebecca’s Gold, NC-1, Overleese, Rappahannock, and Green River Belle) exhibited PPO activity that was statistically higher than Quaker’s Delight and Lynn’s Favorite. The other four varieties (SAA Zimmerman, Shenendoah, KSU-Atwood, IXL) exhibited PPO activity that was not significantly different from each other or Quaker’s Delight and Lynn’s Favorite, but were significantly lower than Taytwo, Rebecca’s Gold, and NC-1. Kinetic parameters (Vmax, Km) and their ratio can be used to relate enzyme velocity with substrate affinity. Varieties that exhibited a high ratio, i.e. a very active enzyme due to a high Vmax and/or a low Km, are Rebecca’s Gold, Taytwo, NC-1, and KSU-Atwood). The results presented indicate that certain varieties exhibit conditions that suggest PPO could have a lower inherent impact on tissue browning, especially Lynn’s Favorite, Green River Belle, IXL, SAA Zimmerman, and Overleese. On the other hand, certain varieties (Taytwo, Rebecca’s Gold, NC-1, and perhaps KSU Atwood) exhibit PPO activity, Vmax, and Km values that suggest inherently high PPO activity and thus increased potential for browning. Overall, understanding PPO activity may help to explain post-harvest discoloration of pawpaw pulp and aid the commercial selection of more shelf-stable varieties.
Construção e Compreensão de Saberes com Experiências Didáticas com Objetos de Aprendizagem desde a Formação Inicial de Professores de Matemática
Authors: Oliveira Raquel G. , Barbosa Elvis M. , Santos Juliane , Zanini Mara
Published: December 2015

Descrevemos neste artigo experiências didáticas com objeto de aprendizagem (OA) em situações regulares de aula de Matemática. O objetivo dessas experiências não era o de analisar clinicamente o OA e suas características, mas sim de verificarmos a utilização dos mesmos em contextos regulares de sala de aula tendo em vista elucidar saberes e implicações para o processo de ensino e aprendizagem tanto para o aluno da Educação Básica como para os futuros professores de Matemática que atuarão neste nível de ensino. As experiências didáticas resultaram na elaboração de parâmetros, aos futuros professores, para a sistematização de uma fórmula matemática utilizando-se um OA.
Curso de Construção de Páginas Web para Professores de Matemática: da Realização ao Acompanhamento em Momentos Distintos
Authors: Rizzi Claudia Brandelero , Galante Guilherme , Pramiu Pétterson Vinícius , Rizzi Rogério Luis
Published: December 2015

Este artigo apresenta discussões decorrentes da proposição de um curso de produção de páginas web que teve como público alvo 25 professores de matemática participantes do Programa de Desenvolvimento Educacional do Paraná (PDE). Verificou-se se esses professores deram continuidade à manutenção dessas páginas e se as utilizaram como apoio às suas atividades pedagógicas. No primeiro acompanhamento, decorridos 16 meses da realização do curso, apenas um professor continuava atualizando suas páginas. No segundo acompanhamento, decorridos 52 meses da realização do curso, esse mesmo professor continuava a mantê-la. Discussões decorrentes são feitas considerando tanto a oferta de cursos de formação para professores quanto o uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TICs) em sala de aula.
Desafios na gestão de EaD no contexto dos polos de apoio presencial da Universidade Aberta do Brasil
Authors: Vieira Márcia de Freitas
Published: December 2015

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre o processo de gestão de cursos à distância no contexto dos polos de apoio presencial da Universidade Aberta do Brasil, identificando dificuldades e desafios desses polos nas suas práticas de gestão administrativa, financeira e pedagógica. Os métodos utilizados na presente pesquisa foram a pesquisa bibliográfica e o estudo de caso. Percebe-se do estudo, que ainda existem muitos desafios para impulsionar progressivamente a qualidade da EaD e que o polo UAB é um elemento fundamental, porquanto ser nele baseado o suporte para encontros presenciais e outras atividades necessárias à prática de estudo.
Acessibilidade e Tecnologia Assistiva no Ambiente Educacional: Mapeamento Sistemático
Authors: Alves Gabriella M. T. , Aguiar Yuska Paola Costa
Published: December 2015

A tecnologia assistiva compreende equipamentos, serviços, estratégias e práticas concebidas e aplicadas para minorar os problemas encontrados pelos indivíduos com deficiências. As iniciativas nessa área devem identificar as limitações e potencialidades desses sujeitos a fim de estabelecer objetivos e atividades no contexto educativo. Este trabalho tem como propósito apresentar o resultado de um mapeamento sistemático da literatura, cujo foco consiste na compreensão sobre como a acessibilidade e as tecnologias assistivas vêm sendo abordadas em ambientes educacionais que usufruem de recursos de informática.
Interface Natural na Educação: Um Estudo de Caso no Ensino de Geografia
Authors: Santos Cristina Paludo , Segatto Rodrigo , Teixeira Yuri Patrick , Willers Tuane FreiBerger
Published: December 2015

Este artigo apresenta o GeoEdu - um software de cunho educacional que agrega as contribuições advindas da área de IHC, mais especificamente, da Interface Natural, para apoiar o processo de ensino e de aprendizagem. O software da ênfase no ensino da disciplina de Geografia, tendo como finalidade permitir que um usuário aprendiz possa utilizá-lo de maneira a mediar suas interações com o computador por meio de gestos e, assim, se motivar para construção de seu conhecimento, desenvolvendo a cognição como meio de explorar suas múltiplas competências. Um estudo de caso foi desenvolvido em um ambiente real com vistas a analisar o impacto da proposta e a pertinência do uso da interação natural no desenvolvimento de aplicações no contexto educacional.
O Facebook como espaço de interação, colaboração e aprendizagem: uma reflexão sob a perspectiva discente
Authors: Souza Adriana Alves Novais , Schneider Henrique Nou
Published: December 2015

O artigo discute a necessidade da prática de ensino estar atrelada ao universo das tecnologias digitais, expandindo os tempos e espaços formais de aprendizagem. Partindo do uso de uma rede social – o Facebook – como ambiente de aprendizagem complementar às práticas de ensino presencial, buscou-se conhecer o olhar do aluno diante da proposta, principalmente em relação à aquisição dos conteúdos, à colaboração com os demais e sua participação no processo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de Mestrado em andamento, à qual interessa compreender os (des) caminhos docentes para o uso das redes sociais como ambiente informal de aprendizagem, cuja primeira fase de análise, relativa aos questionários aplicados, evidencia a positividade da proposta, no contexto dos participantes.
O Uso das TIC's e o Cyberbullying: Um Estudo Realizado com Escolares do Município de Paranaguá/PR
Authors: Galani Sabrina Pedersen , Machado Alisson Eduardo Ferreira , Wanzinack Clóvis
Published: December 2015

O presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar a prevalência do uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC's) e das ocorrências de cyberbullying entre escolares, da 5ª a 9ª série, do município de Paranaguá/PR. Utilizou-se metodologia de Survey e a amostra foi constituída por 252 participantes. Os resultados revelam que os estudantes fazem uso das TIC's e há incidência de cyberbullying. Esse panorama permite reflexões e subsidiam ações que viabilizem intervenções para a minimização do problema, combatendo a evasão escolar e melhorando a qualidade da educação.
Proposta de um Jogo Educacional para alfabetização de crianças com dislexia
Authors: Santos Jucelio Soares dos , Costa Rodrigo Alves , Souza Rakel Pereira de , Pereira Isolda Bezerra , Pereira Rafaela Samara Oliveira
Published: December 2015

O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o desenvolvimento da concepção de um jogo educacional para o ensino de crianças disléxicas na fase de alfabetização, a ser utilizado como uma ferramenta de apoio no processo de aquisição da leitura e da escrita. Os principais resultados deste trabalho são: a análise por meio de estudo bibliográfico sobre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem em escolares na fase de alfabetização que apresentam o distúrbio de dislexia; a análise de alguns softwares educacionais existentes para melhorar a aquisição da leitura e da escrita; a análise da literatura sobre softwares educacionais para alunos disléxicos na fase de alfabetização e a concepção do jogo educacional que se especifica, detalhadamente, a estrutura e todo o funcionamento do jogo.
Tecnologias Digitais na Educação: proposta taxonômica para apoio à integração da tecnologia em sala de aula
Authors: Zednik Herik , Tarouco Liane M. R. , Klering Luis , García-Valcárcel Ana , Guerra Eder P. M.
Published: December 2015

Este artigo propõe uma Taxonomia das Tecnologias Digitais na Educação (TDE), cujo objetivo é colaborar com os professores no conhecimento e integração da tecnologia digital em sala de aula. A partir do trabalho The technology toolbelt for teaching de Manning y Johnson (2011) e da teoria Hypecycle de Gartner (1955), nos quais se fundamentaram o presente estudo, se consideraram quatro categorias centrais: Autoria; Busca, Armazenamento e Socialização; Imersividade Virtual e Tecnologia Assistiva. Todas estas contém ferramentas específicas que se subdividem em razão de suas funções.
Usando Enchanting em Robótica Educativa
Authors: Pereira Matheus S. , Reis Bruna H. , Oliveira Gustavo B. , Farias Gabriel E. , Souza Júnior Arlindo J. , Lopes Carlos R.
Published: December 2015

O foco deste artigo é em robótica educativa. Em particular, descreve-se neste artigo uma experiência de uso da linguagem Enchanting para programação de robôs que serão utilizados na execução de atividades didáticas relacionadas à Matemática. Enchanting é uma linguagem de programação visual que se mostrou adequada na programação dos kits de robôs Lego Mindstorms. O software é distribuído livremente, o que o torna atrativo para uso, por exemplo, em escolas da rede pública de ensino. Neste artigo detalha-se a metodologia usada para o seu uso na programação de robôs e resultados advindos do seu uso. Os autores entendem que o experimento realizado é pioneiro no Brasil, pois não é do conhecimento dos mesmos o uso de Enchanting em ambientes como o contextualizado neste artigo.
Uso dos computadores nas escolas públicas do Alto Sertão da Paraíba
Authors: Damasceno Adriana , Diniz Amanda , Lopes Mayrlla , Albuquerque Renato
Published: December 2015

Os computadores são úteis como ferramentas pedagógicas. No entanto, estes não são usados com frequência e poucos estudos foram realizados para entender as causas. O propósito deste trabalho é estudar o uso dos computadores pelos professores de escolas públicas do Alto Sertão Paraibano, caracterizando o conhecimento e infra-estrutura a que eles são submetidos.
Aprendizagem baseada em jogos: Uma reflexão sobre o modelo de currículo da Quest to Learn
Authors: da Silva Lays Rosiene Alves , de Queiroz Ruy José Guerra Barretto
Published: December 2015

A Quest to Learn (Q2L) é uma escola pública inovadora projetada para incluir uma pedagogia baseada em jogos. Utilizando princípios de Game Design, seu currículo torna-se dinâmico e interdisciplinar fazendo com que o aluno crie experiências de aprendizagem imersiva. O método de pesquisa a ser utilizado nessa pesquisa é um Estudo de Caso de natureza qualitativa. Este artigo faz parte de uma pesquisa mais ampla, que se encontra em andamento e busca estudar os modelos de aprendizagem na era digital baseados em Jogos.
Berkeley: la concepción de Dios en los Comentarios Filosóficos
Authors: Luis López Alberto
Published: December 2015

Berkeley fue un filósofo que abordó temas tan variados como la filosofía natural y política, las matemáticas, la economía o la teología. Dentro de esta gama tan diversa de intereses sobresale su preocupación por el espíritu infinito, por ello el objetivo del presente artículo es rastrear los orígenes de la concepción berkeleyana de Dios, cuestión que ya se prefigura en los Comentarios Filosóficos. La importancia de conocer y analizar las notas que conforman los Comentarios radica en que permiten comprender no sólo cómo se configuró la incipiente filosofía inmaterialista, sino, sobre todo –y propósito de este artículo– qué características y qué función fue adquiriendo Dios dentro de la misma.
Culturas en conflicto en la obra de Carla Lonzi
Authors: Del Olmo Campillo Gemma
Published: December 2015

Carla Lonzi, en su texto de 1970 Escupamos sobre Hegel, criticó de forma radical la cultura patriarcal y lo que esta había supuesto para las mujeres. A través de ella se ha justificado y defendido la subordinación de las mujeres a los hombres como algo legítimo y beneficioso. Lonzi tomó conciencia de esta situación gracias al feminismo y al grupo de Rivolta Femminile, del que formaba parte. Su apuesta política feminista irá en la línea de mostrar la inautenticidad de la cultura patriarcal que instrumentaliza las relaciones así como de plantear la necesidad de otra distinta, con valores más auténticos y libres. El conflicto de estas dos conciencias queda reflejado en su obra Vai pure. Dialogo con Pietro Consagra.
Highlights of ISAD Board Meeting
Authors: Board of Directors ISAD
Published: December 2015

Highlights of Information Science and Automation Division Board Meeting, 1974 ALA Midwinter Meeting, Chicago.
Standards for Library Automation and ISAD's Committee on Technical Standards for Library Automation (TESLA)
Authors: On Technical Standards for Library Automation Committee
Published: December 2015

The role of ISAD's Committee on Technical Standards for Library Automation is examined and discussed. A procedure for the reaction to and initiation of standards is described, with reference to relevant standards organizations.
Techniques for Special Processing of Data within Bibliographic Text
Authors: Goossens Paula
Published: December 2015

An analysis of the codification practices of bibliographic descriptions reveals a multiplicity of ways to solve the problem of the special processing of certain characters within a bibliographic element.

To obtain a clear insight into this subject, a review of the techniques used in different systems is given. The basic principles of each technique are stated, examples am given, and advantages and disadvantages are weighed. Simple local applications as well as more ambitious shared cataloging projects are considered.
Improved Delivery of Library Materials: The Cleveland Experience
Authors: Herling J. P. , Beeler M. G. Fancher , Reisman A. , Dean B. V.
Published: December 2015

This paper describes a project designed to improve services to library users by solving, through the application of operations research methods, a complex problem of delivery of library materials in an urban, multisystem library service region. Unique features, methodology, results, and limitations are discussed.
The Premier Festival Mondial des Arts Nègres
Authors: Loingsigh Aedín Ní
Published: December 2015

This article builds on existing analysis of the 1966 Dakar-based international Premier Festival des arts nègres (FESMAN). It takes as its starting point the assumption that the festival's organizers failed to demonstrate a practical, economic role for culture in their re-imagining
of transnational black culture. The article demonstrates that, while philosophical questions of cultural identity were central to the festival, this unprecedented event was also understood as an opportunity for 'selling' culture. Three texts are shown to highlight the festival's hoped-for
economic benefits: a piece on Senegal as tourist site published in FESMAN's official programme, press coverage of the period leading up to the festival's opening in Senegal's weekly francophone newspaper, L'Unité africaine, and, finally, André Malraux's account of visiting
FESMAN as French Minister for Culture. Underpinning readings of each of these texts is an emphasis on the significance of touristic activity at the festival and its role in articulating and consolidating a particular view of 'modern' transnational black identity.
Há pesquisa sobre ensino na saúde no Brasil?
Authors: Cyrino Eliana Goldfarb , Pinto Heider Aurelio , Oliveira Felipe Proenço de , Figueiredo Alexandre Medeiros de , Domingues Sidney Marcel , Parreira Clélia Maria De Sousa Ferreira
Published: December 2015

Não se aplica
O professor que queremos
Authors: Manaia Gustavo Fitas , Ciancaglini Jaqueline Victória , Sugawara Lucy Miwa , Geraldo Mariana De Sousa Prado , Vieira Thaiane Fagundes
Published: December 2015

Não se aplica
O que vem se falando por aí em competências no ensino da promoção da saúde na formação do enfermeiro?
Authors: Silva Kênia Lara , Araújo Fernanda Lopes de , Santos Fernanda Batista Oliveira , Andrade Angélica Mônica , Basílio Nayara Caldeira , Sena Roseni Rosângela de
Published: December 2015

O desenvolvimento de competências na formação dos profissionais de saúde tem sido discutido na literatura científica como forma de assegurar serviços de qualidade e foi tema recente de publicações importantes no cenário internacional. No entanto, o Brasil apresenta poucas experiências e produções sobre o tema. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar como são configuradas as competências para a promoção da saúde na formação do enfermeiro. Trata‑se de revisão integrativa da literatura, na qual foram incluídos oito artigos, teses e dissertações publicados a partir do ano 2000 em inglês, espanhol e português. Os descritores utilizados para a busca foram: “promoção da saúde”, “educação baseada em competências” e “competência profissional”. A análise permitiu revelar as seguintes categorias temáticas: definição de competências, competências e promoção da saúde e ensino das competências em promoção da saúde. Os achados mostram que a maior parte da literatura é de origem internacional. A maioria guarda semelhança com as competências do CompHP e Consenso de Galway e apresentam a definição de competência como a combinação de três domínios: atitude, conhecimento e habilidades. A promoção da saúde é abordada em disciplinas como saúde pública, saúde da população e políticas de saúde. Evidencia‑se que alunos vivenciam a experiência da promoção da saúde na comunidade. Ademais, a abordagem da promoção da saúde nos anos finais do curso é indicada como mais proveitosa que no início, pela maturidade (clínica e política) dos estudantes.
Effect of trace metal‐limited growth on the postmortem dissolution of the marine diatom Pseudo‐nitzschia delicatissima
Authors: Boutorh Julia , Moriceau Brivaëla , Gallinari Morgane , Ragueneau Olivier , Bucciarelli Eva
Published: December 2015

We investigated the effects of iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) limitations on biogenic silica (bSiO2) dissolution kinetics of the marine diatom Pseudo‐nitzschia delicatissima during a 3 week batch dissolution experiment. The dissolution of this species was faster during the first week than thereafter. Modeling results from four dissolution models and scanning electron microcopy images suggested the successive dissolution of two phases of bSiO2, with two different dissolution constants. Micronutrient limitation during growth affected the respective proportion of the two phases and their dissolution constants. After 3 weeks of dissolution, frustules from micronutrient‐limited diatoms were better preserved than those of replete cells. Our results also confirm that micronutrient‐limited cells may export more Si relative to N than replete cells and may increase the silicate pump: This may not only be due to a higher degree of silicification of the live cells but also to a decoupling between the recycling of Si and N during dissolution. We suggest that a mechanistic understanding of the evolution of the dissolution constant during dissolution is needed. This would improve the parameterization of dissolution in ecosystem models, and ultimately their predictions on the amount of bSiO2 that dissolves in the photic zone, and the amount of bSiO2 that is exported to the seafloor.
A global Mars dust composition refined by the Alpha‐Particle X‐ray Spectrometer in Gale Crater
Authors: Berger Jeff A. , Schmidt Mariek E. , Gellert Ralf , Campbell John L. , King Penelope L. , Flemming Roberta L. , Ming Douglas W. , Clark Benton C. , Pradler Irina , VanBommel Scott J. V. , Minitti Michelle E. , Fairén Alberto G. , Boyd Nicholas I. , Thompson Lucy M. , Perrett Glynis M. , Elliott Beverley E. , Desouza Elstan
Published: December 2015

Modern Martian dust is similar in composition to the global soil unit and bulk basaltic Mars crust, but it is enriched in S and Cl. The Alpha Particle X‐ray Spectrometer (APXS) on the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover analyzed air fall dust on the science observation tray (o‐tray) in Gale Crater to determine dust oxide compositions. The o‐tray dust has the highest concentrations of SO3 and Cl measured in Mars dust (SO3 8.3%; Cl 1.1 wt %). The molar S/Cl in the dust (3.35 ± 0.34) is consistent with previous studies of Martian dust and soils (S/Cl = 3.7 ± 0.7). Fe is also elevated ~25% over average Mars soils and the bulk crust. These enrichments link air fall dust with the S‐, Cl‐, and Fe‐rich X‐ray amorphous component of Gale Crater soil. Dust and soil have the same S/Cl, constraining the surface concentrations of S and Cl on a global scale.
A LRSAM1 mutation links Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 2 to Parkinson's disease
Authors: Aerts Marjolein B. , Weterman Marian A. J. , Quadri Marialuisa , Schelhaas H. Jurgen , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Esselink Rianne A. , Baas Frank , Bonifati Vincenzo , van de Warrenburg Bart P.
Published: December 2015

LRSAM1 mutations have been found in recessive and dominant forms of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease. Within one generation of the original Dutch family in which the dominant LRSAM1 mutation was identified, three of the five affected family members have developed Parkinson's disease between ages 50 and 65 years, many years after neuropathy onset. We speculate that this late‐onset parkinsonism is part of the LRSAM1 phenotype, thus associating a hitherto peripheral nerve disease with a central nervous system phenotype. How the mutated Lrsam1 protein, which normally has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and is expressed in the nervous system, impacts on substantia nigra neurons is unclear.
Toward a Molecular Understanding of the Antibacterial Mechanism of Copper‐Bearing Titanium Alloys against Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Li Mei , Ma Zheng , Zhu Ye , Xia Hong , Yao Mengyu , Chu Xiao , Wang Xiaolan , Yang Ke , Yang Mingying , Zhang Yu , Mao Chuanbin
Published: December 2015

The antibacterial mechanism of the Cu‐containing materials has not been fully understood although such understanding is crucial for the sustained clinical use of Cu‐containing antibacterial materials such as bone implants. The aim of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which the Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus is inactivated through Cu‐bearing titanium alloys (Ti6Al4V5Cu). Cu ions released from the alloys are found to contribute to lethal damage of bacteria. They destroy the permeability of the bacterial membranes, resulting in the leakage of reducing sugars and proteins from the cells. They also promote the generation of bacteria‐killing reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS production is confirmed by several assays including fluorescent staining of intracellular oxidative stress, detection of respiratory chain activity, and measurement of the levels of lipid peroxidation, catalase, and glutathione. Furthermore, the released Cu ions show obvious genetic toxicity by interfering the replication of nuc (species‐specific) and 16SrRNA genes, but with no effect on the genome integrity. All of these effects lead to the antibacterial effect of Ti6Al4V5Cu. Collectively, our work reconciles the conflicting antibacterial mechanisms of Cu‐bearing metallic materials or nanoparticles reported in the literature and highlights the potential use of Ti6Al4V5Cu alloys in inhibiting bacterial infections.
High‐Resolution Projection Microstereolithography for Patterning of Neovasculature
Authors: Raman Ritu , Bhaduri Basanta , Mir Mustafa , Shkumatov Artem , Lee Min Kyung , Popescu Gabriel , Kong Hyunjoon , Bashir Rashid
Published: December 2015

To gain a quantitative understanding of the way cells sense, process, and respond to dynamic environmental signals in real‐time requires developing in vitro model systems that accurately replicate the 3D structure and function of native tissue. A high‐resolution projection stereolithography apparatus (μSLA) capable of multimaterial and grayscale 3D patterning of cells and biomaterials at <5 μm resolution is presented. Murine cells (fibroblasts, myoblasts, endothelial, and bone marrow stromal cells) encapsulated within photosensitive hydrogels using the μSLA remain viable up to two weeks after fabrication. Harnessing the high‐resolution fabrication capabilities of this machine, sub‐millimeter scale angiogenic cell‐encapsulating patches designed to promote targeted growth of neovasculature are printed, as assessed in vitro via enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and in ovo via a chick chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM). This application establishes the μSLA as an enabling technology that is widely adaptable to any application that requires high‐resolution patterning of cells and cells signals. By providing an efficient and robust method of engineering microscale tissues with encapsulated cells, this apparatus has a range of applications including fundamental studies of extracellular matrix interactions, high throughput drug testing of physiologically relevant substitutes for native tissue, and programmable tissue engineering for applications in regenerative medicine.
Family perspectives about Down syndrome
Authors: Skotko Brian G. , Levine Susan P. , Macklin Eric A. , Goldstein Richard D.
Published: December 2015

National medical organizations recommend that during prenatal counseling sessions, healthcare providers discuss how having a child with Down syndrome (DS) might impact the family unit. Few studies, to date, have surveyed families about their life experiences. For this investigation, we examined 41 family attitudes, which were obtained from mailed questionnaires completed by 1,961 parents/guardians, 761 brothers/sisters, and 283 people with DS who were members of six DS non‐profit organizations, chosen for their size, ethnic/racial diversities, and geographic distribution throughout the United States. About 83% of families reported to all being proud of the family member with DS, and 87% reported to all feeling love for the member with DS. Younger siblings (ages 9–11) were more likely to feel embarrassed by their sibling with DS if their parents/guardians also did. If one or more parents/guardians felt that their children without DS did have a good relationship with their child with DS, siblings were more likely to report that they loved and liked their brother/sister with DS. Overall, our data demonstrate that positive themes tend to dominate within modern‐day families who have members with DS, although challenges were not insignificant for some. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Good response to long‐term therapy with growth hormone in a patient with 9p trisomy syndrome: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Canton Ana Pinheiro Machado , Nishi Mirian Yumie , Furuya Tatiane Katsue , Roela Rosimeire Aparecida , Jorge Alexander Augusto Lima
Published: December 2015

The 9p trisomy syndrome is a rare condition, clinically characterized by a wide range of dysmorphic features, intellectual disability, and, in most patients, by short stature. Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy is still controversial in syndromic disorders, the reason for which it is not currently indicated. Here we report a 7‐year‐old boy with 9p trisomy syndrome and marked short stature. Results of routine laboratory assessments were normal. IGF1 and IGFBP3 levels were both in the normal range (−1.6 and −0.7 SDS, respectively). GH peak in response to oral clonidine stimulation test was 3.5 μg/L, which is considered a normal response. Chromosomal analysis revealed the karyotype 47,XY, + del(9)(pter‐q11:) dn. SNP array data indicated absence of mosaicism [arr 9p24.3–p13.1 (203,861‐38,787,480) x3]. By the age of 8.3 years, the patient had persistent short stature (−2.9 SDS) with normal growth velocity (4.9 cm/y; −0.7 SDS), not showing spontaneous catch‐up. After 5.6 years of rhGH therapy (50 μg/kg/d), height SDS improved from −2.9 to −1.0. This result suggests that rhGH therapy could be considered for patients with 9p trisomy syndrome who present with short stature. The degree of intellectual disability and the potential for social inclusion should be taken into account when recommending this treatment. Additional studies are needed to establish the benefits of height gain in these patients. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intraspinal stem cell transplantation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Chen Kevin S. , Sakowski Stacey A. , Feldman Eva L.
Published: December 2015

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder in which the loss of upper and lower motor neurons produces progressive weakness and eventually death. In the decades since the approval of riluzole, the only US Food and Drug Administration‐approved medication to moderately slow progression of ALS, no new therapeutics have arisen to alter the course of the disease. This is partly due to our incomplete understanding of the complex pathogenesis of motor neuron degeneration. Stem cells have emerged as an attractive option in treating ALS, because they come armed with equally complex cellular machinery and may modulate the local microenvironment in many ways to rescue diseased motor neurons. Various stem cell types are being evaluated in preclinical and early clinical applications; here, we review the preclinical strategies and advances supporting the recent clinical translation of neural progenitor cell therapy for ALS. Specifically, we focus on the use of spinal cord neural progenitor cells and the pipeline starting from preclinical studies to the designs of phase I and IIa clinical trials involving direct intraspinal transplantation in humans. ANN NEUROL 2016;79:342–353
Compensatory neural mechanisms in cognitively unimpaired Parkinson disease
Authors: Poston Kathleen L. , YorkWilliams Sophie , Zhang Kai , Cai Weidong , Everling David , Tayim Fadi M. , Llanes Seoni , Menon Vinod
Published: December 2015

Objective

Cognitive impairments in Parkinson disease (PD) are thought to be caused in part by dopamine dysregulation. However, even when nigrostriatal dopamine neuron loss is severe enough to cause motor symptoms, many patients remain cognitively unimpaired. It is unclear what brain mechanisms allow these patients to remain cognitively unimpaired despite substantial dopamine dysregulation.

Methods

Thirty‐one cognitively unimpaired PD participants off dopaminergic medications were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging while they performed a working memory task, along with 23 controls. We first compared the PD off medication (PD_OFF) group with controls to determine whether PD participants engage compensatory frontostriatal mechanisms during working memory. We then studied the same PD participants on dopaminergic medications to determine whether these compensatory brain changes are altered with dopamine.

Results

Controls and PD showed working memory load‐dependent activation in the bilateral putamen, anterior–dorsal insula, supplementary motor area, and anterior cingulate cortex. Compared to controls, PD_OFF showed compensatory hyperactivation of bilateral putamen and posterior insula, and machine learning algorithms identified robust differences in putamen activation patterns. Compared to PD_OFF, the PD on medication group showed reduced compensatory activation in the putamen. Loss of compensatory hyperactivation on dopaminergic medication correlated with slower performance on the working memory task and slower cognitive speed on the Symbol Digit Modality Test.

Interpretation

Our results provide novel evidence that PD patients maintain normal cognitive performance through compensatory hyperactivation of the putamen. Dopaminergic medication downregulates this hyperactivation, and the degree of downregulation predicts behavior. Identifying cognitive compensatory mechanisms in PD is important for understanding how some patients maintain intact cognitive performance despite nigrostriatal dopamine loss. ANN NEUROL 2016;79:448–463
Clickable Nucleic Acids: Sequence‐Controlled Periodic Copolymer/Oligomer Synthesis by Orthogonal Thiol‐X Reactions
Authors: Xi Weixian , Pattanayak Sankha , Wang Chen , Fairbanks Benjamin , Gong Tao , Wagner Justine , Kloxin Christopher J. , Bowman Christopher N.
Published: December 2015

Synthetic polymer approaches generally lack the ability to control the primary sequence, with sequence control referred to as the holy grail. Two click chemistry reactions were now combined to form nucleobase‐containing sequence‐controlled polymers in simple polymerization reactions. Two distinct approaches are used to form these click nucleic acid (CNA) polymers. These approaches employ thiol–ene and thiol‐Michael reactions to form homopolymers of a single nucleobase (e.g., poly(A)n) or homopolymers of specific repeating nucleobase sequences (e.g., poly(ATC)n). Furthermore, the incorporation of monofunctional thiol‐terminated polymers into the polymerization system enables the preparation of multiblock copolymers in a single reaction vessel; the length of the diblock copolymer can be tuned by the stoichiometric ratio and/or the monomer functionality. These polymers are also used for organogel formation where complementary CNA‐based polymers form reversible crosslinks.
Cyclic (Amino)(aryl)carbenes (CAArCs) as Strong σ‐Donating and π‐Accepting Ligands for Transition Metals
Authors: Rao Bin , Tang Huarong , Zeng Xiaoming , Liu Liu Leo , Melaimi Mohand , Bertrand Guy
Published: December 2015

Cyclic (amino)(aryl)carbenes (CAArCs) result from the replacement of the alkyl substituent of cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbenes (CAACs) by an aryl group. This structural modification leads to enhanced electrophilicity of the carbene center with retention of the high nucleophilicity of CAACs, and therefore CAArCs feature a small singlet–triplet gap. The isoindolium precursors are readily prepared in good yields, and deprotonation at low temperature, in the presence of [RhCl(cod)]2 and [(Me2S)AuCl] lead to air‐stable rhodium and gold CAArC‐supported complexes, respectively. The rhodium complexes promote the [3+2] cycloaddition of diphenylcyclopropenone with ethyl phenylpropiolate, and induce the addition of 2‐vinylpyridine to alkenes by CH activation. The gold complexes allow for the catalytic three‐component preparation of 1,2‐dihydroquinolines from aniline and phenyl acetylene. These preliminary results illustrate the potential of CAArC ligands in transition‐metal catalysis.
Synthesis and Utility of Dihydropyridine Boronic Esters
Authors: Panda Santanu , Coffin Aaron , Nguyen Q. Nhu , Tantillo Dean J. , Ready Joseph M.
Published: December 2015

When activated by an acylating agent, pyridine boronic esters react with organometallic reagents to form a dihydropyridine boronic ester. This intermediate allows access to a number of valuable substituted pyridine, dihydropyridine, and piperidine products.
Sustainable synthesis of sulfonamides using supported ionic liquid phase catalyst containing Keggin‐type anion
Authors: Jagadale Megha , Khanapure Sharanabasappa , Salunkhe Rajashri , Rajmane Mohan , Rashinkar Gajanan
Published: December 2015

A silica‐supported ionic liquid phase catalyst containing Keggin‐type anion has been prepared by covalent grafting of ferrocene‐tagged ionic liquid in a matrix of silica followed by anion metathesis reaction. This novel catalyst served as a robust heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of biologically active sulfonamides from 4‐toluenesulfonyl chloride and amines. Additionally, recycling experiments showed that the catalyst could be reused five times. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental DNA as a monitoring tool for the endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.): a substitute for classical monitoring approaches?
Authors: Stoeckle Bernhard C. , Kuehn Ralph , Geist Juergen
Published: December 2015

Knowledge of species distribution is of utmost importance for conservation and management of endangered freshwater mussels. Conventional monitoring approaches are often time consuming and costly. The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) is a relatively new approach and considered as an effective tool to detect the presence of target species in aquatic environments. The aim of this study was to establish a nested PCR system to detect eDNA of Margaritifera margaritifera and to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of eDNA in mussel surveys compared with classical monitoring.

DNA of M. margaritifera was detected in 2 L water samples collected directly downstream (25 m) from pearl mussel populations (population size from 800–20 000), with an internal‐nested PCR approach greatly increasing the detection sensitivity (down to 10 fg target DNA). eDNA detection at greater distances downstream (500 and 1 000 m) of these populations failed, possibly due to DNA degradation or dilution processes. eDNA was also detected downstream of an extinct population, most likely resulting from overlooked mussels or the release of DNA from dead shells.

The eDNA approach proposed herein may be helpful in initial screening of streams that are otherwise difficult to monitor, or in the detection of buried juvenile mussels without disturbing their habitat. However, it cannot replace monitoring of population demography, and of other important information for conservation, and should thus only be seen as a supplementary tool.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.