bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Africa Has Never Been “Traditional”: So Can We Make a General Case? A Response to the Articles
Authors: Guyer Jane I.
Published: September 2007

Marginal Gains (2204) has been described as a surprising and bold book. Since the articles in this collection, which take one or other of its arguments as points of departure, share certain similar qualities, they can be treated as a collective effort initiating new debate with non-African economic research and thinking. This article reviews the argument of the book, highlights the concept and phenomenon of ordinal ranking in both the book and the articles, and then uses the findings to begin an appreciative critique of the ideas of Michel Callon. Although Callon's approach intersects with that of Marginal Gains in many ways, the scalar ranking of people, and the use of rank to exclude and divert, finds more prominence in the book's approach, which also has more relevance for Europe than economists seem to have acknowledged so far. The article ends with a new instance of ordinal ranking, from Cameroon.
Incalculable Payments: Money, Scale, and the South African Offshore Grey Money Amnesty
Authors: Maurer Bill
Published: September 2007

This article seeks to refine conceptually the social study of finance and thus to extend the argument of Jane Guyer'sMarginal Gains(2004). Using the case of the South African “grey money” amnesty, this article argues that social studies of finance have failed to pay adequate attention to social payments, as opposed to market exchanges, in their pronouncements about the extension of the calculative rationality and universal commensuration that are supposedly intrinsic to modern money. The amnesty, which allowed forgiveness for offshore tax evasion in return for a one-time payment, reconfigured “tax minimizers” as law-abiding and rational economic actors hedging against risk. Most took the opportunity; they were granted amnesty to repatriate their funds, which generated a significant boost in revenue for the South African state, with social and symbolic implications. This article reflects on what purchase is gained on the amnesty and the social study of finance generally by considering the amnesty as a series of payments, rather than cross-boundary financial transactions between individuals, trusts, and states.
Life Begins at Fifty: African Studies Enters Its Age of Awareness
Authors: Miller Joseph C.
Published: September 2007

The impending fiftieth anniversary of the African Studies Association offers the occasion for a historian to reflect on the maturation of the field as a historical process. The essay employs metaphors from human development to highlight the inevitably incremental, always partial, steps by which people—including professional Africanists—accomplish significant change. For African studies these steps have moved from an initial social-science orientation and reliance on the abstractions of the high modernity of the mid-twentieth century to more experiential ways of understanding that have opened the door to new epistemologically African sensibilities. Africanists based in the United States are already moving beyond the limits of the external and objectifying tendencies inherent in “studying” anything and instead are listening to and learning from their full partners and collaborators in and from Africa.
The Efficacy of the Economy
Authors: Roitman Janet
Published: September 2007

This article engages with Jane Guyer's assessment (in Marginal Gains, 2004) of contemporary forms of capitalism from outside the bounds of two opposing logics: the universalization of capitalist arrangements versus the specificity of local forms of economic arrangement. Guyer's rejection of a priori definitions of economic categories leads to fertile analysis of measures and mediations as poly-semic modes of valuation. The author asks: what is the theory that would account for or accommodate this polysemy? Corollary questions of epistemology arise regarding distinctions between local conventions and formal procedures and about the criteria that establish such distinctions. Conceding that we attest to the efficacy of economic concepts through practice, the author questions whether these concepts are institutionalized through “experience.” Such concepts (e.g., equivalence) are not merely “economic” in nature; their genealogies disclose the extent to which their efficacy derives from their placement in many domains of life, as artifacts of a general epistemology.
Households and the Social Organization of Consumption in Southern Ghana
Authors: Udry Christopher , Woo Hyungi
Published: September 2007

This article replicates Guyer's finding in Marginal Gains (2004) of a social gradient in expenditure patterns of Ghanaian households using more flexible statistical techniques than those used in the book. We show that similar gradients are found in Cote d'lvoire and in Kagera, Tanzania, suggesting that Guyer's finding in Ghana is a manifestation of a more general phenomenon. In addition, we examine patterns of measurement error in household expenditure data from Ghana. This reveals a worrying possibility that survey reports of expenditure may reflect respondents' beliefs about what expenditures should be, as well as actual expenditures within the household.
The Telling Challenge of Africa's Economies
Authors: Verran Helen
Published: September 2007

This contribution to the special issue ofASRon Jane Guyer'sMarginal Gains(2004) takes up two recent, and radically different, constructivist contributions to the field of economic sociology—those of Phillip Mirowski and Michel Callon. The article makes use ofMarginal Gainsto interrogate both these analytics, asking if they can meet the challenge posed by the diversity and multiplicity of African popular economic practice.
Ninagawa Yukio's Intercultural Hamlet: Parsing Japanese Iconography
Authors: Brokering Jon M
Published: September 2007

The efforts of Ninagawa Yukio to draw upon traditional Japanese theatrical techniques in the staging of Western classics arose from his desire to break from the mimetic, Western style of staging plays and to revitalize aspects of classical Japanese theater that had fallen out of use in modern "new theater" (shingeki) drama. Moreover, he wished to divest Shakespeare of the highbrow status it held in Japan and popularize Shakespeare by incorporating familiar imagery from indigenous culture. Owing to their highly visual approach, Ninagawa's productions have also enjoyed surprising success in the West, where his interpretations provide striking new perspectives on Shakespeare and other classics. Ninagawa has gained worldwide recognition and in Great Britain his work is often hailed as profoundly illuminating. This paper investigates Ninagawa's production of Hamlet (1998), which ran for eight performances at the Barbican Centre, London, as part of the Barbican International Theatre Event series. In this revival, the author served as backstage interpreter between the Japanese and the British stage crews. The paper examines four major aspects of Ninagawa's approach. First, it focuses on his transposition of the play in time and space: as a framing device Ninagawa sets the play in the dressing rooms of a theater, underscoring the themes of pretense and dissembling. Second, the paper examines Ninagawa's symbolic use of curtains and stairways. Third, it discusses the allegorical use of the Japanese doll tier (hinadan) as a central motif to highlight the hierarchy of the Danish court and the precariousness of power. Finally, it discusses the stage techniques which Ninagawa borrows from kabuki and nō to enhance the production's theatricality. The warm reception this Hamlet enjoyed in both Britain and Japan demonstrates how Ninagawa Yukio's stage iconography transcends cultural, linguistic, and political borders.
Contemporary Wayang in Global Contexts
Authors: Cohen Matthew Isaac
Published: September 2007

Traditional norms and values stood in the way of radical experimentation with the form of wayang until Indonesia's postcolonial era. The same impediments did not exist for colonial European artists. Edward Gordon Craig formulated his theories of the ūber-marionette with reference to wayang, while Richard Teschner adapted wayang puppets for his unique Viennese puppet theatre. This initial encounter of Europe with wayang articulated a pattern of colonial exploitation: Asian products were alienated from their producers and transported to Europe stripped of direct connections to the people and conditions from which they arose. The 1960s ushered in a new era of intercultural communication. A major inﬂux of Indonesian puppetry came to the United States when a generation of budding American puppet artists received direct tuition from Indonesian puppet masters at California summer schools in the early 1970s. Many subsequently went to Java and Bali themselves for lengthy periods of wayang study and apprenticeship. Some of these artists crossed traditional Indonesian puppets forms with other modes of practice to create complex hybrids. Much of the most interesting contemporary wayang work today is taking place along transnational axes. Wayang has been embraced by international artists and companies in order to tell idiosyncratic myths and celebrate the sacred and the ethereal.
June Watanabe's Translation/Transformation of Japanese Nō in Contemporary Practice
Authors: Halebsky Judy
Published: September 2007

This paper considers a 2004 performance of Nō Project II 'Can't' is 'Night,' a collaboration of Japanese American dancer June Watanabe, Japanese nō master and Intangible Cultural Treasure of Japan Uchida Anshin, composer Pauline Oliveros, and poet Leslie Scalapino. The project, spearheaded by Watanabe, translated nō for a contemporary San Francisco audience, imbuing it with social and political meaning for California viewers. Watanabe translated nō's internal concentration into a collaborative process she calls "being in the moment." The performance became a way for collaborators and audience to examine values in art making and sociopolitical practice.
Chinese Theatre, Confucianism, and Nationalism: Amateur Chinese Opera Tradition in Singapore
Authors: Lee Tong Soon
Published: September 2007

In contemporary Singapore a transformation is taking place in the performance of Chinese opera (xiqu) as amateur performers with state support take over roles and repertoire formerly associated with professional companies. The rise of amateur groups can be seen as an outcome of the city-state's cultural policy and the emphasis on amateur rather than professional presentations is also linked to a long Confucian heritage that emphasizes the scholar-amateur and deemphasizes professionals in artistic performance.
Performing the Globalized City: Contemporary Hong Kong Theatre and Global Connectivity
Authors: Li Kay
Published: September 2007

This paper looks at how Hong Kong theatre is expressing the city's relationship to globalization and its own position within a changing international framework. The performances feature the city responding to challenges of globalization and nationalism by resorting to various means of global connectivity. The impact of globalization on presenting the ultralocal, the national, and the global on stage will be examined. These are responses to internal factors such as Hong Kong theatre history and conventions, as well as reactions to external factors such as the resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong by the People's Republic of China in 1997. Hong Kong theatre dexterously negotiates the conﬂicting claims of localism, nationalism, and globalism to create a unique Hong Kong identity as a capitalistic Special Administrative Region within the communist People's Republic of China. Vignettes of the Chinese diaspora can also be found, with people converging in and diverging from Hong Kong, trying to respond to calls for modernity and globalism without loosing Chinese identity.
Holy Week in the "Heart of the Philippines": Spirituality, Theatre, and Community in Marinduque's Moriones Festival
Authors: Peterson William
Published: September 2007

The week-long Moriones Festival on the island of Marinduque, south of Manila, weaves together a complex mix of events including street theatre, processions, religious ceremonies, and a three-night sinakulo that dramatizes the history of salvation with a focus on the Christ story. Present throughout the week's events are the morions, caped and elaborately costumed local men enacting a vow or panata, whose identities are disguised by large headpieces and full-face carved masks meant to resemble Roman centurions. The leading morion is the Roman centurion Longinus, who according to apocryphal sources, was the lance-wielding soldier present at the cruciﬁxion and whose sight was miraculously restored by Christ's blood. The ubiquitous morions and the transformation and martyrdom of Longinus provide an active, experiential route into the story of Christ's sacriﬁce for many Catholics in Marinduque during Holy Week.
Dying on the Stage in the Nāṭyaśāstra and Kūṭiyāṭṭam: Perspectives from the Sanskrit Theatre Tradition
Authors: Sullivan Bruce M.
Published: September 2007

The Sanskrit theatre tradition of India has often been regarded as avoiding, even prohibiting, depiction of death on the stage. This article argues that death was both threatened and enacted on the stage, and has always been integral to the Sanskrit theatre tradition, as seen to the present day in Kerala's kūṭiyāṭṭam tradition. The apparent conﬂict between "rules" from the Nāṭyaśāstra, the normative text for theatre, and actual dramas is examined, and the surprisingly large number of references in the Nāṭyaśāstra to dramatic uses of death are discussed. For the audience member, seeing depictions of or threats of deaths on the stage can be a signiﬁcant component of the Indic theatrical experience.
Nō as Sociopolitical Commentary: Staging Chinese Literati in Medieval Japanese Nō Theatre
Authors: Yip Leo Shingchi
Published: September 2007

One-tenth of the plays in the current nō repertoire retell stories of Chinese origin or feature a Chinese character, raising the role of China in nō theatre. Through a close reading of the two plays, Sanshō (The Three Laughers) and Hakurakuten (Bai Letian), this paper proposes that one major reason for the staging of China is to voice sociopolitical comments. Although both plays feature well-known Chinese literati, they demonstrate contrasting treatment of the foreigners. Such polarity in the portrayals of the Chinese reveals the different presentation of China in response to the changing sociopolitical climates in medieval Japan.
Blackboard Jungle: The Ethnographic Narratives of Education on Film
Authors: Leopard Dan
Published: September 2007

In this essay, the 1955 film Blackboard Jungle serves as the conceptual template for an examination of otherness and authenticity as expressed through the narrative tropes of the arrival scene and the pedagogical breakthrough in fiction films that feature teachers as protagonists and ethnographies that foreground the ethnographer as subject.
The Australian Western, or A Settler Colonial Cinema par excellence
Authors: Limbrick Peter
Published: September 2007

This essay considers the production history and reception of three of Ealing Studios' Australian films—The Overlanders, Eureka Stockade, and Bitter Springs—to better understand the films' imperial and colonial underpinnings and to position these "Australian westerns" as examples of a settler colonial mode of cinema.
Decompressing Modernity: South Korean Time Travel Narratives and the IMF Crisis
Authors: Martin-Jones David
Published: September 2007

During and after the IMF crisis of 1997–2001 several South Korean films deployed time travel narratives to explore the impact of compressed modernity on national identity. These films "decompressed" recent history to negotiate social changes brought about by the crisis, particularly in relation to changing gender roles.
Having it All Ways: The Tourist, the Traveler, and the Local in The L Word
Authors: Moore Candace
Published: September 2007

One of the most effective strategies of the lesbian-themed serial drama The L Word has been a double one: to produce sex scenes that ensure appeal for a premium-paying straight audience, while offering specific pleasures for queer viewers "in the know." Analyzing scenes from the show's first and second seasons, I will demonstrate how the hit Showtime series makes us all tourists, through the enticement of lesbian sex (a spectacle of attraction for straight and queer viewers alike) and through the wonderment of either "understanding" the other or "recognizing" oneself (fantasy of authenticity), through both "watching from a remove" and "being there."
The Black Box: How High-Achieving Blacks Resist Stereotypes About Black Americans
Authors: Fries-Britt Sharon , Griffin Kimberly
Published: September 2007

This qualitative study explores the academic and social experiences of nine Black high achievers attending a large public university. Findings indicate that despite their participation in the honors program and high degree of academic ability, Black high achievers felt that they were judged based on prevalent social stereotypes regarding the academic abilities of Black students. These external perceptions pushed students to engage in various behaviors and actively resist stereotypes with their behaviors both in and outside of classroom.
Examining Sense of Belonging Among First-Year Undergraduates From Different Racial/Ethnic Groups
Authors: Johnson Dawn R , Soldner Matthew , Leonard Jeannie Brown , Alvarez Patty , Inkelas Karen Kurotsuchi , Rowan-Kenyon Heather T , Longerbeam Susan D
Published: September 2007

This study examined sense of belonging among a national sample of 2,967 first-year students. Guided by the work of Hurtado and Carter (1997), relationships between several aspects of the college environment and sense of belonging were examined. Findings indicated that African American, Hispanic/Latino, and Asian Pacific American students reported a less strong sense of belonging than White/Caucasian students. The social dimensions of the transition to college and residence hall climate and perceptions of the campus racial climate had strong significant relationships to students' sense of belonging. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Interview Strategies for Assessing Self-Authorship: Constructing Conversations to Assess Meaning Making
Authors: Baxter Magolda Marcia B. , King Patricia M.
Published: September 2007

This article presents two interview strategies used to assess college students' developmental growth toward self-authorship. We illustrate that self-authorship is a foundation for achieving many college learning outcomes and argue that designing practice to promote self-authorship requires understanding how to assess it. We offer a brief overview of the concept of self-authorship, explore the basic tenets of assessing self-authorship, and describe in detail two self-authorship interview strategies. The conversational nature of the interviews creates a learning partnership between interviewer and interviewee that serves the dual role of assessment and developmental intervention. Challenges and benefits of using these interview strategies to assess and promote self-authorship will help readers judge their utility in future research and practice.
Did It Work? Examining the Impact of an Alcohol Intervention on Sanctioned College Students
Authors: Oswalt Sara B , Shutt Michael D , English Erin , Little Shay Davis
Published: September 2007

Universities often conduct alcohol interventions for individuals who have violated institutional, local, or state laws. Few of these programs have been evaluated thoroughly. This study examined the impact of a 10-hour alcohol education course on 400 college students whose attendance was required as part of a judicial sanction. The quasi-experimental study design had participants completing a pretest and posttest with a follow-up survey 3 months after completion of the program. Instruments designed for this study were used to examine alcohol use, perceived effects of alcohol use, risk of alcoholism, and negative consequences associated with use. Pre–post comparisons showed decreased quantity–frequency of alcohol use, reduced negative consequences, and increased perceived risk. However, only increased perceived risk continued 3 months after the intervention. Implications for practice are provided.
The Influence of Ethnic Identity on Self-Authorship: A Longitudinal Study of Latino/a College Students
Authors: Torres Vasti , Hernandez Ebelia
Published: September 2007

This longitudinal study of Latino/a college students considers the influence of Latino/a college student experiences and ethnic identity on holistic development. Findings indicate that although similar characteristics are seen among Latino/a students, the role of recognizing and making meaning of racism is a significant developmental task. This is consistent with other ethnic and racial identity theories, yet this model considers all three dimensions of holistic development: cognitive, identity (intrapersonal), and interpersonal.
The American Revolution, Wife Beating, and the Emergent Value of Privacy
Authors: Bloch Ruth H.
Published: September 2007

Using Abigail Adams's famous plea "to remember the Ladies" as its starting point, this paper examines the legal treatment of wife beating between the colonial period and the mid-nineteenth century. Trends within judicial decisions, legal treatises, and justice of the peace manuals suggest that the American Revolution contributed to a decline in the state's willingness to intervene on behalf of victims of domestic violence. Pointing to the American Revolution's dual commitment to private rights and to private life, the paper situates these trends within the longer evolution of American understandings of privacy rights. A central piece of the argument is that postrevolutionary understandings of "a right to privacy" (though that term itself was never used) were applied not to individuals but to social institutions such as the family, and that abused wives, as subordinate individuals within the family, lost opportunities to seek legal redress that had existed previously. The paper challenges common assumptions that wife beating had long been condoned by the English common law. It traces this assumption back to judicial decisions in the early United States, most notably the 1824 case of Bradley v. State, in which the value of familial privacy was joined to the unfounded premise that husbands possessed an age-old right to physically chastise their disobedient wives.
The Effect of the Seven Years' War on the Cherokee Nation
Authors: Boulware Tyler
Published: September 2007

The Cherokees were a markedly divided people during much of the eighteenth century. Though loosely bound by ties of kinship, cultural commonality, and political association, well-entrenched town and regional loyalties often presented a considerable challenge to Cherokee unity. Scholars have long recognized the fractured nature of Cherokee society and focused much of their attention on gender roles, generational gaps, and political factionalism. Paradoxically, though these studies typically identify town and region in their opening pages as geographic reference points and a source of discord, they then proceed to discuss the Cherokees as a singular entity. Thus, despite the influential works of such authors as Tom Hatley, Theda Perdue, and William McLoughlin, there are areas of Cherokee culture and history in need of further development. One of these is the importance of town and region to Cherokee identity, group allegiance, and sense of community. This paper accordingly highlights the diversity of Cherokee populations in the mid-eighteenth century, with a particular emphasis on regionalism. It then demonstrates how the Seven Years' War marked a turning point in Cherokee history, as mountain villagers confronted a powerful adversary that demanded a more unified response. Indeed, multiple British and American invasions produced a level of dislocation and cross-regional resistance rarely found in earlier conflicts with neighboring indigenous peoples. Although the Anglo-Cherokee War (1759–61) did not erase localized identities, it did foster a stronger ethnic consciousness and commitment among Cherokees by creating a legacy of shared experiences that effectively crossed town and regional boundaries.
The Knowles Atlantic Impressment Riots of the 1740s
Authors: Brunsman Denver Alexander
Published: September 2007

In Britain's wars of the 1740s Royal Navy press-gangs circulated throughout the Atlantic world attempting to force, or impress, British seamen into naval service. Sailors responded, often with the backing of Atlantic seaport communities, by mounting the most spectacular series of impressment riots in the eighteenth century. These disturbances showed that even while impressment helped to forge a common English-speaking Atlantic world, the institution also operated according to separate laws, customs, and traditions in individual regions of the Atlantic. Moreover, the seizing of men produced different consequences depending on the labor markets of particular seaports. Yet, if impressment riots in the British Isles, the West Indies, and North America did not always look the same, they often did share one common element: the presence of Admiral Charles Knowles. In the 1740s Knowles instigated the largest impressment riots in the history of Britain's Caribbean and American colonies. Indeed, the Boston Knowles Riot of 1747 was the most serious disturbance against British imperial authority in the mainland American colonies in the generation before the Stamp Act crisis. Together the Knowles riots and other acts of resistance against press-gangs demonstrated how dangerous forced naval service had become for Britain's Atlantic empire by the mid-eighteenth century.
Defining Freedom in the Atlantic Borderlands of the Revolutionary Southeast
Authors: Millett Nathaniel
Published: September 2007

Historians of North American slavery have generally argued that the continent lacked a significant tradition of marronage (independent communities of escaped slaves). Likewise, historians of slavery in North America and the Western Hemisphere, more broadly, have paid a great deal of attention to analyzing the changing patterns of and motives and goals behind slave resistance during the Age of Revolution. This article examines the history of the Negro Fort, which was North America's largest maroon community, and considers its origins, the backdrop of time and space, the lives of its inhabitants, and the structure of its government. The primary aim of the article is to consider the extent to which the inhabitants were able to carefully define their freedom in a unique manifestation of slave resistance that sought to reject their earlier condition of enslavement. In the end, the example of the Negro Fort adds to an understanding of slavery, slave resistance (both marronage and more general slave resistance), the Age of Revolution, and the Atlantic world and Borderlands at a crucial point in time.
Billy Blue: An African American Journey through Empire in the Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: Pybus Cassandra
Published: September 2007

This article traces the remarkable life of William Blue, who was probably born into slavery in colonial New York about 1737 and who died a much-celebrated founding figure in the colony of New South Wales (present-day Australia) in 1834. Like the recent biography of Equiano, so carefully researched by Vincent Carretta, the recovered life of William Blue allows us to consider the competing claims of slave owners and the military for the labor of expropriated Africans, the complex strategies of resistance and survival that these Africans could employ, and the shifting constructions of race and class within the complex and interconnected sphere of the Anglo colonial world in the long eighteenth century.
Fits of Political Religion: Stalking Infidelity and the Politics of Moral Reform in Antebellum America
Authors: Schlereth Eric R
Published: September 2007

In the late 1820s evangelical Protestants created Bible, tract, and missionary societies and renewed efforts to suspend Sunday mail delivery. Deistic free enquirers responded by forming their own societies, holding public debates, and publishing newspapers and pamphlets. Evangelical reformers outnumbered free enquirers, a difference far from evident to contemporary observers, who believed instead that "political religion" and "stalking infidelity" were equally powerful cultural developments. By centering on the collective assumptions, misapprehensions, and fears that shaped ideas and motivated actions of self-avowed free enquirers as well as advocates of Christian moral reform, this article argues that the central features of antebellum American religion and politics were shaped by contests over the presence of "political religion" and "stalking infidelity" in American society. Particular attention is given to free enquiry as a lens into the broader ways that "infidelity" and organized moral reform were competitive and intertwined political positions that eventually shaped the religious and moral texture of the Second Party System. Disputes between free enquirers and moral reformers took place within a context shaped by differing conceptions of citizenship, changing understandings of civil society, and a renewed cultural interest in the memory and meaning of the American Revolution. This article pays special attention to the opportunities provided in an urban context for print circulation, sociability, and religious controversy.
Unreliable Confessions:Khipusin the Colonial Parish
Authors: Charles John
Published: September 2007

The historiography of the book in the age of Spanish imperial expansionism has traditionally viewed printed works as repressive instruments of colonial domination that forcefully supplanted the native Americans' non-alphabetic vehicles of memory and communication. Accounts of the Europeans' wholesale destruction of native holy objects and material forms of expression bespeak the undisputable role of books in the Spanish colonization of indigenous memory and symbolizing practices. But the existence of colonial-era writings that testify to the resiliency of native technologies poses still-unanswered questions about the mechanisms by which this colonization took place and the ultimate reach of print culture in local native communities removed from the urban centers where, as Ángel Rama has suggested, written documents held sway. To what extent did native methods of communication endure under Spanish rule? What might the documentary traces of their use reveal about how they were transformed as a result of European contact? Can we tie their survival to concrete means by which native peoples withstood or adjusted to the Europeans' written culture and colonizing institutions? I would like to attempt to answer these questions by focusing on missionary uses of Andeankhipus:the knotted cords used by the Inca for the purposes of accounting and historical record keeping, which native parishioners employed in colonial times for learning Christian doctrine and recalling sins prior to confession.
“Savages” into Supplicants: Subversive Women and Restitution Petitions in Córdoba, Argentina During the Rosas Era
Authors: Hingson Jesse
Published: September 2007

In response to an anti-Federalist insurgency within the province of Córdoba in 1840, Manuel López, the governor (r. 1835-1852) and staunchally to Juan Manuel de Rosas, issued a directive to all provincial judges to round up all suspected Unitarians and their families, seize their property, and strip them of their citizenship. In following these orders, Pedro José García, the localjuez de paz(Justice of the Peace), the principle law enforcement body of Pueblo de la Toma in the heart of Córdoba province, proceeded to the farmhouse of Faustino Avalo, who had recently been “classified” as a “savage Unitarian,” a political label describing any person opposing Federalist rule. García charged Avalos with secretly aiding and abetting Unitarian armies, which had passed through the province during the anti-Federalist uprisings in the previous year. As evidence of his guilt, according to the confiscation order, Avalos went missing for weeks and was nowhere to be found. Indeed, when García arrived, only Avalos's wife, María Juana Villafáñez, and their ten children remained. Nevertheless, García, along with two other “trusted” witnesses, read the order and confiscated the entire family's property. Villafáñez and her children could only watch helplessly as their clothes, toys, furniture, and livestock were taken away in wagons and their house boarded up. Yet, García did not arrest nor imprison Villafáñez and her children; instead, they were allowed to stay with her brother, Gervasio, a well-known Federalist and one of the “trusted” witnesses to his sister's material loss and public humiliation.
On the Importance of Being Honorable: Masculinity, Survival, and Conflict in the Backlands of Northeast Brazil, Ceará, 1840s-1890
Authors: Santos Martha S.
Published: September 2007

On the night of June 24, 1874, the illiterate farmer Francisco Angelino de Souza attended a St. John's party in the house of João Pereira, located in the estate Barra do Felipe in the largely rural municipality of Jucás, province (now state) of Ceará in Northeast Brazil. The celebrations unfolded uneventfully, with the guests singing to the rhythms of aviola(small guitar, typical of the Northeastern backlands) and drinking the sugarcane brandy calledcachaçauntil late in the night. However, unexpectedly, a fight erupted between Francisco Angelino and António Rodrigues de Souza. According to eyewitnesses, Francisco Angelino stabbed António's leg with his knife after he had “offended” Francisco Angelino's reputation. In the midst of this commotion, one of the party guests performed anin flagrantearrest, taking an indignant Francisco Angelino to jail, while he clamored at the top of his lungs that he “was not afraid of any man, or even of being jailed, because he had a bull, a horse, lands and money” to defend himself.
2007 CLAH Luncheon Address: History and the Goddess Fortune: The Case of Santiago de Liniers
Authors: Socolow Susan Migden
Published: September 2007

“As ill-luck would have it”“As good luck would have it”

First let me welcome y'all to Atlanta.

Let me begin by telling you what I'm not going to do. There is no subaltern theory, gender theory, queer theory nor any discussion of race, class and gender (RCG) in my talk. Nothing will be constructed, deconstructed, structured, conceptualized or historicized. I will not speak of hegemony or hegemonic processes, “weapons of the weak” or contested terrains, discursive mechanisms or hidden discourses and I will not unpack concepts, tease out or discover embedded meanings or interrogate silences. Lastly, in this talk there are no subalterns and no one is contesting, negotiating, empowering or empowered.
Evaluation of the Rheological Properties and Master Curve Development for Bituminous Binders Used in Roofing
Authors: Rowe Geoffrey M. , Baumgardner Gaylon L.
Published: October 2007

As dynamic shear rheology (DSR) testing of asphalt binders is becoming the primary mode to evaluate asphalt binders worldwide, an understanding of the rheological performance of asphalt binders has become increasingly important. Such understanding of the basic principles of rheology is essential for those developing and applying specifications, as well as developers and producers of new and enhanced roofing binders. This paper discusses the determination of the complex shear (stiffness) modulus (G∗) and phase angle (δ) of bituminous binders over a range of temperatures and frequencies when tested in harmonic sinusoidal oscillatory shear mode using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) with parallel plate test geometry where both plates are controlled at the same temperature. Rheological measurements and master curves for six different binders used in the manufacture of industrial roofing materials are presented. The data presented are results of testing of unaged and oven-aged binders to include a standard air blown binder, a catalytically air blown binder, and various modified bitumen binders.
Racial Science Now: Histories of Race and Science in the Age of Personalized Medicine
Authors: BEATON BRIAN
Published: October 2007

The revitalization of race-based science and medicine at the very moment in which the history of “race” in science gained such widespread critical attention forces difficult questions regarding the success of the field. This article outlines the current debate over race in contemporary biomedical research and offers a case study of the RaceSci: A History of Race in Science Web project. One of the earliest electronic resources devoted to the history of race in science, RaceSci was relaunched in early 2007 to expand its focus on the present. To date, historians are generally absent from the academic and public dialogue on the “return” of racial science. In response, RaceSci aims to better engage historians with the raced-based organization of current scientific research, particularly in genetics, drug development, and the rise of so-called “personalized” medicine.
Role of renin-angiotensin system in development of heart failure induced by myocardial infarction in rats
Authors: Trindade Daniel C. , Trindade Raquel C. , Marassi Michelle P. , Martins Ornélia P.P.R. , Costa-e-Sousa Ricardo H. , Mattos Elisabete C. , Marinho-Jr. Alcides , Reis Luís C. , Olivares Emerson L.
Published: October 2007

We investigated the morphologic and functional changes of infarcted rat hearts under a paradigm of angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibition. Myocardial infarction was induced by left coronary artery ligation and a control group (SHAM) underwent sham-operation. Infarcted rats received normal drinking water with (CAP group) or without (INF group) captopril. Functional assessment was performed by electro (ECG) and echocardiogram (ECHO) just before and 21 days after surgery. The ECG of INF and CAP showed similar values and resembled healed infarct after surgery. The most outstanding differences between INF and CAP were the prevention of the increase of P-wave and attenuation both in rightward deviation of the QRS axis and Q-wave amplitude in CAP compared with INF. The ECHO showed that captopril treatment improved the diastolic filling more than systolic performance. Cardiac dilatation and left congestive heart failure were observed only in INF. Both infarcted groups showed a scar tissue in the left ventricular wall, but the INF showed a higher scar area than CAP (49.7 ± 5.24 vs. 22.33 ± 6.19 respectively). These data suggest that the renin-angiotensin system induces morphologic and functional changes in post-infarcted rat hearts and which can be assessed by non-invasive exams.
Flavonoids of Lonchocarpus montanus A.M.G. Azevedo and biological activity
Authors: Magalhães Aderbal F. , Tozzi Ana Maria G.A. , Magalhães Eva G. , Sannomiya Miriam , Soriano Maria del Pilar C. , Perez Mary A.F.
Published: October 2007

The analysis of root extracts from Lonchocarpus montanus A.M.G. Azevedo resulted in the isolation of twenty three compounds chiefly flavonoids of which five (four flavonoids and one benzophenone) are described for the first time. The molecular structures of the new compounds (1-5) were determined through spectral analysis (UV, IR, MS and NMR) as being: 2'-hydroxy-8-(a,a-dimethylallyl)-2", 2"-dimethylpyrano-(5",6":3',4')-dibenzoylmethane (1), 2'-methoxy-8-(a, a-dimethylallyl)-2", 2"-dimethylpyrano-(5",6":3',4')-dibenzoylmethane (2), 4'-methoxy-2",2"-dimethylpyrano-(5",6":8,7)-flavone (3), 2"-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-furano-(4",5":8,7)-flavone (4) and [2'-methoxy-furano-(4",5":3',4')-phenyl]-phenylmethanone (5). Additionally, fifteen fatty acids were detected through GC-MS analysis of the corresponding methyl esters [(CH3)2CH(CH2)8COOH and CH3(CH2)nCOOH (n = 6, 12-24)]. Quantitative RP-HPLC showed that the most abundant flavonoids in the petroleum ether and dichloromethane extracts were pongamol (19%) and lanceolatine B (8.0%), respectively. In the bioautography assay, the extracts, pongamol (9), lanceolatine B (10), isolonchocarpin (14), derriobtusone A (17) and medicarpine (18) were active against Staphilococus aureus whereas 9 also against Bacillus subtilis and Cladosporium cladosporioides. Compound 1, 2",2"-dimethylpyrano-(5",6":8,7)-flavone (11) and furano-(1200,1300:7,8)- 4'-methoxy flavone (12) were active against Fusarium oxysporium whereas 11 also against Rhizopus orizae. The extracts, compounds 9, 10, 17 and (E)-7-O-methoxypongamol (23) displayed high toxicity in the brine shrimp lethality assay.
A new species of Blatticola Schwenk, 1926 (Oxyurida, Thelastomatidae) a parasite of Anurogryllus muticus (De Geer, 1773) (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) from Argentina
Authors: Achinelly María Fernanda , Camino Nora B.
Published: October 2007

Blatticola cristovata n. sp. (Oxyurida, Thelastomatidae) a parasite of the cricket Anurogryllus muticus (De Geer, 1773) (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) from Argentina, is described and illustrated. This is the first species of the genus Blatticola found parasitizing cricket. This new species is characterized in females by having the cuticle annulated through the body length, the mouth opening is subtriangular and surrounded by eight cephalic papillae, the stoma is short with three pairs placed in two rows of cuticular sclerotised plates, amphids in small pore shaped, oesophagus is divided into three parts, anterior cylindrical corpus, isthmus distinct, and basal bulb valved, the nerve ring is situated around the middle of corpus, the intestine is wide broad anteriorly, oval eggs, smooth shell, with a straight side, and the other side with a band running longitudinally. Males with one pair of preanal, one pair of adanal and two pairs of postanal papillae, and the tail appendage short, conical and pointed.
Novos táxons e notas sobre Acanthoderini (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) com artículo III dos palpos labiais truncado
Authors: Martins Ubirajara R. , Galileo Maria Helena M.
Published: October 2007

Novos táxons são descritos em Acanthoderini com artículo apical dos palpos labiais truncado: Punctozotroctes bolivianus sp. nov. da Bolívia (Santa Cruz); P. nordestinus sp. nov. do Brasil (Pernambuco); Meridiotroctes gen. nov., espécie-tipo, M. meridionale sp. nov. do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina). Novos registros para o Brasil: Punctozotroctes hovorei Tavakilian & Néouze, 2007 para o Pará e P. hermieri Tavakilian & Néouze, 2007 para o Pará e Pernambuco.
Mutirão de cirurgias de adenotonsilectomias: uma solução viável?
Authors: Antunes Marcos Luiz , Frazatto Ricardo , Macoto Eduardo Kosugi , Vieira Fernando Mirage , Yonamine Fernando Kaoru
Published: October 2007

Os hospitais públicos sofrem com a demanda reprimida de indicações de cirurgias de adenoidectomia e/ou tonsilectomia, fazendo com que haja uma fila de espera crescente. O otorrinolaringologista se acostumou com as filas de espera, talvez por entender que este é um problema exclusivo do estado. Achamos de fundamental importância a realização de mutirões dessas cirurgias. OBJETIVOS: Padronizar a organização de mutirões, sua eficácia e viabilidade para os hospitais públicos e comparar a hemorragia pós-operatória nos mutirões e em cirurgias de rotina. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo clínico-prospectivo tipo coorte. Foram realizados mutirões de adenotonsilectomias no período de setembro de 2004 a junho de 2006, no Hospital Estadual de Diadema, analisando-se a equipe multiprofissional envolvida e comparando a complicação hemorragia no pós-operatório com um grupo controle de cirurgias realizadas na rotina. RESULTADOS: Foram realizados 22 mutirões no período (339 cirurgias), uma média de 15,4 cirurgias por mutirão. O índice de hemorragia pós-operatória que necessitou de revisão foi de 1,48% (5/339), não diferindo estatisticamente do grupo controle, 1,37% (5/364). CONCLUSÃO: Conseguimos padronizar a realização de mutirões de cirurgias de adenotonsilectomias, dentro dos parâmetros que consideramos mais seguros, diminuindo a fila de espera das cirurgias. O índice de hemorragia no pós-operatório entre as cirurgias nos mutirões e na rotina não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante.
Prevalência de portadores de DTM em pacientes avaliados no setor de otorrinolaringologia
Authors: Silveira Alexandra Magalhães , Feltrin Pedro Paulo , Zanetti Rachel Virgínia , Mautoni Mário Cláudio
Published: October 2007

A interação entre disfunção temporomandibular e otalgia é, mesmo nos dias atuais, motivo para especulações e hipóteses. Vários pesquisadores sugerem causas, conseqüências e supostos tratamentos. OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência de pacientes portadores de DTM em um serviço de otorrinolaringologia. TIPO DE ESTUDO: Este é um estudo epidemiológico do tipo descritivo com amostra transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 221 pacientes do Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia do Hospital da Cidade, em Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, durante um período de dois meses. Para captação e interpretação dos dados, bem como verificação da disfunção temporomandibular, foi utilizado um questionário auto-aplicado previamente validado. RESULTADO: Após coleta e interpretação dos dados de 221 pacientes, os resultados obtidos foram: 48 pacientes (21.72%) considerados como necessitando de tratamento para DTM (índice de DTM moderada e severa), dos quais 35 pertenciam ao gênero feminino (72.9%) e 13 ao masculino (21.1%). Apenas 15 indivíduos do total (7.24%) estavam totalmente livres de sintomas de DTM. Quanto aos demais, apresentaram: dor de cabeça (33,5%), dor no pescoço e ombro (28,5%), dor na região do ouvido (29%) e ruídos articulares (25%). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de DTM foi de 21.72% sendo significantemente maior no gênero feminino (p: 0.0001); e as prevalências, em relação aos índices, foram: DTM ausente 37.56%; DTM leve 40.72%; DTM moderada 19%, e DTM severa 2.72%.
O diagnóstico das zonas mortas na cóclea e sua importância no processo de reabilitação auditiva
Authors: Padilha Cristiane , Garcia Michele Vargas , Costa Maristela Julio
Published: October 2007

Cada vez mais na prática da audiologia é indispensável um bom diagnóstico audiológico, para que se tenha conhecimento das necessidades do paciente para seleção e adaptação de próteses auditivas. OBJETIVO: Expor literaturas recentes que referem conceitos de zonas mortas na cóclea, estratégias de diagnóstico e a importância deste no processo de seleção e adaptação de próteses auditivas. METODOLOGIA: Realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico sobre zonas mortas na cóclea. As zonas mortas na cóclea foram descritas como regiões onde as células ciliadas internas e/ou neurônios adjacentes não se encontram funcionais. Assim, nessas regiões a informação gerada pela vibração da membrana basilar não é transmitida ao sistema nervoso central. Porém, um tom com freqüência correspondente a zona morta, desde que suficientemente intenso, pode ser percebido em regiões próximas a esta zona, onde às células ciliadas internas e/ou fibras nervosas ainda apresentam-se funcionais. CONCLUSÃO: A identificação das zonas mortas na cóclea está sendo utilizada visando melhores resultados no processo de seleção e adaptação de próteses auditivas, pois as informações geradas pelas CCI ao nervo auditivo são importantes para um melhor reconhecimento dos sons, principalmente os sons da fala.
Desenvolvimento de produtos sustentáveis: o papel da gestão de pessoas
Authors: Jabbour Charbel José Chiappetta , Santos Fernando César Almada
Published: October 2007

Este artigo lança luzes sobre o debate acerca da integração entre administração de pessoas e desenvolvimento de produtos sustentáveis (DPS) que carece de perspectivas teóricas e práticas, principalmente quanto à produção científica nacional. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se uma abordagem reflexiva sobre as principais contribuições das dimensões funcionais e competitivas da gestão de pessoas para o DPS. Como resultado, é proposto um construto para a melhoria do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos ambientalmente sustentáveis e são apresentadas as implicações dessa interação para a área de recursos humanos, além de recomendações para pesquisas vindouras.