bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Epigenetic Clocks for Key Ruminant Species
Authors: Caulton Alex , Dodds Ken G. , McRae Kathryn M. , Couldrey Christine , Horvath Steve , Clarke Shannon M.
Published: December 2021

Robust biomarkers of chronological age have been developed in humans and model mammalian species such as rats and mice using DNA methylation data. The concept of these so-called “epigenetic clocks” has emerged from a large body of literature describing the relationship between genome-wide methylation levels and age. Epigenetic clocks exploit this phenomenon and use small panels of differentially methylated cytosine (CpG) sites to make robust predictions of chronological age, independent of tissue type. Here, we present highly accurate livestock epigenetic clocks for which we have used the custom mammalian methylation array “HorvathMammalMethyl40” to construct the first epigenetic clock for domesticated goat (Capra hircus), cattle (Bos taurus), Red (Cervus elaphus) and Wapiti deer (Cervus canadensis) and composite-breed sheep (Ovis aries). Additionally, we have constructed a ‘farm animal clock’ for all species included in the study, which will allow for robust predictions to be extended to various breeds/strains. The farm animal clock shows similarly high accuracy to the individual species’ clocks (r > 0.97), utilizing only 217 CpG sites to estimate age (relative to the maximum lifespan of the species) with a single mathematical model. We hypothesise that the applications of this livestock clock could extend well beyond the scope of chronological age estimates. Many independent studies have demonstrated that a deviation between true age and clock derived molecular age is indicative of past and/or present health (including stress) status. There is, therefore, untapped potential to utilize livestock clocks in breeding programs as a predictor for age-related production traits.
Anticancer Activity of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori.: A Native Plant in Traditional Herbal Medicine of the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Al Kaabi Salama Khamis Sultan , Senthilkumar Annadurai , Kizhakkayil Jaleel , Alyafei Mohammed Abdul Muhsen , Kurup Shyam Sreedhara , Al Dhaheri Ayesha S. , Jaleel Abdul
Published: December 2021

Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori. is a native desert tree growing in United Arab Emirates (UAE). The plant is being cultivated in many parts of UAE, owing to its uses in traditional medicinal and food systems. In the present study bioactivities of cultivated M. peregrina species samples are evaluated with cytotoxic studies in the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2). Different extracts with hexane, chloroform, acetone and methanol were prepared from tubers, leaves and stem of M. peregrina for estimating their antioxidant contents and anticancer activities. The study was performed at different concentrations and all the extracts showed dose-depended response on both the cell lines. Among the extracts tested, the chloroform extract of stem showed remarkable anti-proliferative/cell death activity (IC50 = 45.53 µg/mL of 48 h incubation and 33.32 µg/mL of 72 h incubation) on MCF-7 cell lines. Whereas the same extract showed comparatively less activity (IC50 = 93.75 µg/mL of 48 h incubation and 87.76 µg/mL of 72 h incubation) on Caco-2 cell lines. The anti-proliferative effect of leaf extract with chloroform showed a drastic change in cell viability from 48 to 72 h incubation, in MCF-7 cells 220 to 87.5 µg/mL and in Caco-2 cells 500.9 to 72.9 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, less than 200 µg/mL of IC50 values reported in hexane extracts of tubers (188.6 µg/mL for 48 h and 164.3 µg/mL for 72 h), acetone extracts of tubers (167.4 µg/mL for 72 h) and acetone extracts of stem (171.5 µg/mL for 48 h and 101.7 µg/mL for 72 h) on MCF-7 cells. PARP (Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) cleavage assay and DNA fragmentation assay performed to understand the cause of cell death. Treatment of extract on the normal fibroblast cell line required more concentration for cytotoxicity compared to the treatment on the cancer cells. This ability of the extract proved the anti-cancer property of the M. peregrina extract from the stem, tuber and leaves. The information provided in the present study enables further studies on the isolation and characterization of an anticancer molecule from the tubers of M. peregrina.
Transcriptomic Analysis of Sex-Associated DEGs in Female and Male Flowers of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa [A. Chev] C. F. Liang & A. R. Ferguson)
Authors: Zapata Patricio , González Makarena , Pacheco Igor , Jorquera Claudia , Silva-Andrade Claudia , Garrido Marco Isaac , Infante Rodrigo , Salazar Juan Alfonso
Published: December 2021

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa [A. Chev.], C.V. Liang & A. R. Ferguson, 1984) is a perennial plant, with morphologically hermaphroditic and functionally dioecious flowers. Fruits of this species are berries of great commercial and nutritional importance. Nevertheless, few studies have analyzed the molecular mechanisms involved in sexual differentiation in this species. To determine these mechanisms, we performed RNA-seq in floral tissue at stage 60 on the BBCH scale in cultivar ‘Hayward’ (H, female) and a seedling from ‘Green Light’ × ‘Tomuri’ (G × T, male). From these analyses, we obtained expression profiles of 24,888 (H) and 27,027 (G × T) genes, of which 6413 showed differential transcript abundance. Genetic ontology (GO) and KEGG analysis revealed activation of pathways associated with the translation of hormonal signals, plant-pathogen interaction, metabolism of hormones, sugars, and nucleotides. The analysis of the protein-protein interaction network showed that the genes ERL1, AG, AGL8, LFY, WUS, AP2, WRKY, and CO, are crucial elements in the regulation of the hormonal response for the formation and development of anatomical reproductive structures and gametophytes. On the other hand, genes encoding four Putative S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methyltransferases (Achn201401, Achn281971, Achn047771 and Achn231981) were identified, which were up-regulated mainly in the male flowers. Moreover, the expression profiles of 15 selected genes through RT-qPCR were consistent with the results of RNA-seq. Finally, this work provides gene expression-based interactions between transcription factors and effector genes from hormonal signaling pathways, development of floral organs, biological and metabolic processes or even epigenetic mechanisms which could be involved in the kiwi sex-determination. Thus, in order to decode the nature of these interactions, it could be helpful to propose new models of flower development and sex determination in the Actinidia genus.
Techno-Economic Analysis of a Process to Convert Methane to Olefins, Featuring a Combined Reformer via the Methanol Intermediate Product
Authors: Alturki Abdulaziz
Published: December 2021

The substantial growth in shale-derived natural gas production in the US has caused significant changes in the chemical and petrochemical markets. Ethylene production of ethane and naphtha via steam cracking is one of the most energy- and emission-intensive activities in chemical manufacturing. High operating temperatures, high reaction endothermicity, and complex separation create high energy demands as well as considerable CO2 emissions. In this study, a demonstration of a transformational methane-to-ethylene process that offers lower emissions using energy optimization and a CO2 minimum-emission approach is presented. The comparisons of different reforming processes suggest that the dry reforming of methane has a negative carbon footprint at low syngas ratios of 1 and below, and that additional carbon emissions can be reduced using integrated heating and cooling utilities, resulting in a 99.24 percent decrease in CO2. A process design implemented to convert methane into value-added chemicals with minimum CO2 emissions is developed.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Young People’s Mental Health in the UK: Key Insights from Social Media Using Online Ethnography
Authors: Winter Rachel , Lavis Anna
Published: December 2021

There is increasing evidence of the psychological impact of COVID-19 on various population groups, with concern particularly focused on young people’s mental health. However, few papers have engaged with the views of young people themselves. We present findings from a study into young people’s discussions on social media about the impact of COVID-19 on their mental health. Real-time, multi-platform online ethnography was used to collect social media posts by young people in the United Kingdom (UK), March 2020–March 2021, 1033 original posts and 13,860 associated comments were analysed thematically. Mental health difficulties that were described as arising from, or exacerbated by, school closures, lost opportunities or fraught family environments included depression, anxiety and suicidality. Yet, some also described improvements to their mental health, away from prior stressors, such as school. Young people also recounted anxiety at the ramifications of the virus on others. The complexities of the psychological impact of COVID-19 on young people, and how this impact is situated in their pre-existing social worlds, need recognising. Forging appropriate support necessitates looking beyond an individualised conceptualisation of young people’s mental health that sets this apart from broader societal concerns. Instead, both research and practice need to take a systemic approach, recognising young people’s societal belonging and social contexts.
Risk Factors Analysis of Bone Mineral Density Based on Lasso and Quantile Regression in America during 2015–2018
Authors: Sun Chao , Zhu Boya , Zhu Sirong , Zhang Longjiang , Du Xiaoan , Tan Xiaodong
Published: December 2021

This study aimed to explore the risk factors of bone mineral density (BMD) in American residents and further analyse the extent of effects, to provide preventive guidance for maintenance of bone health. A cross-sectional study analysis was carried out in this study, of which data validity was identified and ethics approval was exempted based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Candidates’ demographics, physical examination, laboratory indicators and part of questionnaire information were collected and merged from NHANES in 2015–2016 and 2017–2018. The least absolute shrinkage selection operator (lasso) was used to select initial variables with “glmnet” package of R, quantile regression model to analyze influence factors of BMD and their effects in different sites with “qreg” code in Stata. Among 2937 candidates, 17 covariates were selected by lasso regression (λ = 0.00032) in left arm BMD, with 16 covariates in left leg BMD (λ = 0.00052) and 14 covariates in total BMD (λ = 0.00065). Quantile regression results displayed several factors with different coefficients in separate sites and quantiles: gender, age, educational status, race, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), lead, manganese, ethyl mercury, smoking, alcohol use and body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.05). We constructed robust regression models to conclude that some demographic characteristics, nutritional factors (especially lipid levels, heavy metals) and unhealthy behaviors affected BMD in varying degrees. Gender and race differences, Low-fat food intake and low exposure to heavy metals (mostly lead, manganese and mercury) should be considered by both clinical doctors and people. There is still no consensus on the impact of smoking and alcohol use on bone mineral density in our study.
Contamination of Fresh Produce with Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Associated Risks to Human Health: A Scoping Review
Authors: Rahman Mahbubur , Alam Mahbub-Ul , Luies Sharmin Khan , Kamal Abul , Ferdous Sharika , Lin Audrie , Sharior Fazle , Khan Rizwana , Rahman Ziaur , Parvez Sarker Masud , Amin Nuhu , Hasan Rezaul , Tadesse Birkneh Tilahun , Taneja Neelam , Islam Mohammad Aminul , Ercumen Ayse
Published: December 2021

Fresh produce, when consumed raw, can be a source of exposure to antimicrobial residues, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) of clinical importance. This review aims to determine: (1) the presence and abundance of antimicrobial residues, ARB and ARGs in fresh agricultural products sold in retail markets and consumed raw; (2) associated health risks in humans; and (3) pathways through which fresh produce becomes contaminated with ARB/ARGs. We searched the Ovid Medline, Web of Science and Hinari databases as well as grey literature, and identified 40 articles for inclusion. All studies investigated the occurrence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, and ten studies focused on ARGs in fresh produce, while none investigated antimicrobial residues. The most commonly observed ARB were E. coli (42.5%) followed by Klebsiella spp. (22.5%), and Salmonella spp. (20%), mainly detected on lettuce. Twenty-five articles mentioned health risks from consuming fresh produce but none quantified the risk. About half of the articles stated produce contamination occurred during pre- and post-harvest processes. Our review indicates that good agricultural and manufacturing practices, behavioural change communication and awareness-raising programs are required for all stakeholders along the food production and consumption supply chain to prevent ARB/ARG exposure through produce.
New Evidence on Regucalcin, Body Composition, and Walking Ability Adaptations to Multicomponent Exercise Training in Functionally Limited and Frail Older Adults
Authors: Pérez-Gómez Jorge , Redondo Pedro C. , Navarrete-Villanueva David , Lozano-Berges Gabriel , Ara Ignacio , González-Gross Marcela , Casajus José A. , Vicente-Rodríguez Germán
Published: December 2021

Background: Regucalcin, or senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30), is a Ca2+-binding protein with multiple functions reported in the literature. Physical exercise has been shown to improve aging markers; nevertheless, SMP30 in humans has not been extensively researched. Older adults experience a decline in functional capacity and body composition. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a multicomponent training (MCT) program on SMP30 and its regulation of walking ability and body composition in functionally limited, frail, and pre-frail older adults. Methods: A total of 34 older adults (aged 80.3 ± 6.1 years) were divided into an intervention group (IG = 20) and control group (CG = 14). The IG performed a supervised MCT (strength, endurance, balance, coordination, and flexibility) program for 6 months, 3 days per week, whereas the CG continued their normal lives without any specific physical training. SMP30 was analyzed in plasma after 3 and 6 months of MCT, while some physical fitness variables (Timed Up and Go (TUG) and 6-min walk test (6MWT)) and body composition (fat mass and lean mass) were measured at baseline, as well as after 3 months and 6 months of MCT. Results: No significant changes were observed in SPM30 between the IG (877.5 a.u. to 940.5 a.u., respectively) and CG (790.4 a.u. to 763.8 a.u., respectively). Moreover, no SMP30 differences were found between groups after 3 and 6 months of MCT. The IG improved significantly in the 6MWT after 3 months (472.2 ± 84.2 m) compared to baseline (411.2 ± 75.2 m). The IG also significantly enhanced their TUG performance after 3 months (7.6 ± 1.6 s) and 6 months (7.3 ± 1.8 s) of training compared to baseline (9.3 ± 3.2 s) (all, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in body composition between the IG and CG through the 6 months of MCT. Conclusions: The present study suggests that MCT did not change SMP30 levels from 3 to 6 months, where there were changes in neither walking ability nor body composition; however, MCT was effective in improving 6MWT and TUG performance from baseline to 3 months.
Systematic Review on Parkinson’s Disease Medications, Emphasizing on Three Recently Approved Drugs to Control Parkinson’s Symptoms
Authors: Sivanandy Palanisamy , Leey Tan Choo , Xiang Tan Chi , Ling Tan Chi , Wey Han Sean Ang , Semilan Samantha Lia Anak , Hong Phoon Kok
Published: December 2021

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a disease that involves neurodegeneration and is characterised by the motor symptoms which include muscle rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia. Other non-motor symptoms include pain, depression, anxiety, and psychosis. This disease affects up to ten million people worldwide. The pathophysiology behind PD is due to the neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway. There are many conventional drugs used in the treatment of PD. However, there are limitations associated with conventional drugs. For instance, levodopa is associated with the on-off phenomenon, and it may induce wearing off as time progresses. Therefore, this review aimed to analyze the newly approved drugs by the United States-Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) from 2016–2019 as the adjuvant therapy for the treatment of PD symptoms in terms of efficacy and safety. The new drugs include safinamide, istradefylline and pimavanserin. From this review, safinamide is considered to be more efficacious and safer as the adjunct therapy to levodopa as compared to istradefylline in controlling the motor symptoms. In Study 016, both safinamide 50 mg (p = 0.0138) and 100 mg (p = 0.0006) have improved the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part III score as compared to placebo. Improvement in Clinical Global Impression—Change (CGI-C), Clinical Global Impression—Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and off time were also seen in both groups of patients following the morning levodopa dose. Pimavanserin also showed favorable effects in ameliorating the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease Psychosis (PDP). A combination of conventional therapy and non-pharmacological treatment is warranted to enhance the well-being of PD patients.
How to Enhance the Motivation for Drug Detoxification: Consciousness Guidance and Behaviour Restriction of Family Intergenerational Ethics
Authors: Hong Pei , Li Shengnan , Yu Yanping , Deng Quanyang
Published: December 2021

Assisting substance users to recover from the behaviour of drug addiction and maintain long-term rehabilitation is a long and complicated process, in which the motivation to undergo drug rehabilitation plays a decisive role. So far, the cultural connotation of family and its mechanism of promoting behavioural change of substance users have not been fully explored. Through in-depth interviews with 15 drug rehabilitants, among which there were 7 women and 8 men, it is found that the motivation for drug rehabilitation is stimulated under the guidance and restriction of family ethics based on obligation and responsibility, which is mainly reflected in the longitudinal intergenerational responsibility. On the one hand, negative consequences such as intergenerational liability deficit and reputation damage lead substance users to reflect on ethical values. On the other hand, disciplines such as intergenerational responsibility and obligation and mutual assistance can correct the actual behaviour of substance users in ethical practice. In contrast to Western countries, which focus on external environmental factors such as family function, family relationships and family support, the motivation for drug rehabilitation in China places more emphasis on their identity and role as family members and corresponding responsibilities, which provides inspiration for developing social work services for substance users from family cultural norms.
Fluid Restriction Negatively Influences Perceived Morning Alertness and Visuomotor Ability
Authors: Benjamin Courteney L. , Norton Elliot P. , Shirley Benjamin M. , Rogers Rebecca R. , Williams Tyler D. , Marshall Mallory R. , Ballmann Christopher G.
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of two fluid intake protocols on alertness and reaction time before and after fluid intake. Healthy college-age males (n = 12) followed two fluid intake protocols on separate occasions: (1) prescribed fluid (PF) and fluid restricted (FR). In PF, participants were instructed to consume 500 mL of fluid the night prior to and the morning of data collection. In FR, participants were instructed to refrain from the consumption of fluid for 12 h. To assess hydration status, urine specific gravity and urine color were measured. Participants perceived level of thirst and alertness were also recorded. Participants then completed visuomotor reaction time tests using the Dynavision LED board, using both a central visuomotor test and a peripheral visuomotor test (PVRT) prior to (1) and following (2) the ingestion of 100 mL of water. Participants displayed significantly improved PVRT in PF state as compared to FR (PF1 = 1.13 ± 0.16, PF2 = 1.04 ± 0.14; FR1 = 1.27 ± 0.27, FR2 = 1.18 ± 0.20; p = 0.038, ηp2 = 0.363). Both CVRT and PVRT improved over time, following the ingestion of 100 mL of fluid. Participants in the PF state were also significantly more alert than participants in the FR state (PF = 4 ± 2, FR = 5 ± 2; p = 0.019, ES = 0.839). Collectively, perceived alertness and PVRT were negatively impacted by FR.
Extremely Acidic Eukaryotic (Micro) Organisms: Life in Acid Mine Drainage Polluted Environments—Mini-Review
Authors: Luís Ana , Córdoba Francisco , Antunes Catarina , Loayza-Muro Raul , Grande José , Silva Bruna , Diaz-Curiel Jesus , Ferreira da Silva Eduardo
Published: December 2021

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) results from sulfide oxidation, which incorporates hydrogen ions, sulfate, and metals/metalloids into the aquatic environment, allowing fixation, bioaccumulation and biomagnification of pollutants in the aquatic food chain. Acidic leachates from waste rock dams from pyritic and (to a lesser extent) coal mining are the main foci of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) production. When AMD is incorporated into rivers, notable changes in water hydro-geochemistry and biota are observed. There is a high interest in the biodiversity of this type of extreme environments for several reasons. Studies indicate that extreme acid environments may reflect early Earth conditions, and are thus, suitable for astrobiological experiments as acidophilic microorganisms survive on the sulfates and iron oxides in AMD-contaminated waters/sediments, an analogous environment to Mars; other reasons are related to the biotechnological potential of extremophiles. In addition, AMD is responsible for decreasing the diversity and abundance of different taxa, as well as for selecting the most well-adapted species to these toxic conditions. Acidophilic and acidotolerant eukaryotic microorganisms are mostly composed by algae (diatoms and unicellular and filamentous algae), protozoa, fungi and fungi-like protists, and unsegmented pseudocoelomata animals such as Rotifera and micro-macroinvertebrates. In this work, a literature review summarizing the most recent studies on eukaryotic organisms and micro-organisms in Acid Mine Drainage-affected environments is elaborated.
Association of Dietary Pattern, Lifestyle and Chronotype with Metabolic Syndrome in Elderly—Lessons from the Population-Based Hamburg City Health Study
Authors: Terschüren Claudia , Damerau Lukas , Petersen Elina Larissa , Harth Volker , Augustin Matthias , Zyriax Birgit-Christiane
Published: December 2021

In aging populations, the increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the resulting elevated risk of developing non-communicable diseases is a major challenge for worldwide health care. The elderly population-based Hamburg City Health Study (HCHS) allows investigating the association in the relevant age group 45–74 years. For 3513 of 10,000 participants, self-reported information on dietary patterns (DASH, MEDAS), chronotype, lifestyle, and data on metabolic syndrome parameters was available. Overall, having a “low” DASH score was a statistically significant risk factor (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.01–1.48). Only for “late” chronotype, a slightly elevated OR (1.06) was found, but no statistically significant effect on the outcome of metabolic syndrome. Still, considering chronotype vastly improved the model. However, a trend of an increasing predicted probability from early to late chronotype was found for participants with low adherence to the DASH diet. Future research should focus on options for prevention in persons with late chronotype, so they can be supported better in adherence to, e.g., DASH diet to lower their risk.
Income-Related Mortality Inequalities and Its Social Factors among Middle-Aged and Older Adults at the District Level in Aging Seoul: An Ecological Study Using Administrative Big Data
Authors: Kim Minhye , You Suzin , You Jong-sung , Kim Seung-Yun , Park Jong Heon
Published: December 2021

This study investigated income-related health inequality at sub-national level, focusing on mortality inequality among middle-aged and older adults (MOAs). Specifically, we examined income-related mortality inequality and its social factors among MOAs across 25 districts in Seoul using administrative big data from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS). We obtained access to the NHIS’s full-population micro-data on both incomes and demographic variables for the entire residents of Seoul. Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and Relative Index of Inequality (RII) were calculated. The effects of social attributes of districts on SIIs and RIIs were examined through ordinary least squares and spatial regressions. There were clear income-related mortality gradients. Cross-district variance of mortality rates was greater among the lowest income group. SIIs were smaller in wealthier districts. Weak spatial correlation was found in SIIs among men. Lower RIIs were linked to lower Gini coefficients of income for both genders. SIIs (men) were associated with higher proportions of special occupational pensioners and working population. Lower SIIs and RIIs (women) were associated with higher proportions of female household heads. The results suggest that increasing economic activities, targeting households with female heads, reforming public pensions, and reducing income inequality among MOAs can be good policy directions.
Remanufacturing Marketing Decisions in the Presence of Retailing Platforms in the Carbon Neutrality Era
Authors: Qiao Xiaojiao , Zhao Xiukun , Zou Jinhui
Published: December 2021

Background: In response to the specific goals of carbon peaking and neutrality, remanufacture is becoming increasingly popular. With the marketplace being more and more adopted, an independent remanufacturer (IR) could sell its products via either the reselling model or the marketplace model. In order to contribute more to carbon neutrality, we investigate the optimal marketing decision for remanufacturing. We construct two models namely reselling model and the marketplace model, and further explore the effects of each marketing model on the decisions and profits of both the IR and the platform firm. Methods: We examine a platform firm that sells new products and an IR that sells remanufactured products under two marketing models based on game theory: (1) a reselling model in which the IR sells remanufactured products to the platform firm; then the platform firm resells to consumers; (2) a marketplace model in which the IR sells remanufactured products to consumers through the platform. Results: Our results show that aiming at carbon neutrality, the IR would be induced by the marketplace model to undertake remanufacturing operations and remanufacture products as many as it could still meet the market demand. Meanwhile, the marketplace model encourages the IR to rethink its work and manufacture more products under certain conditions. Furthermore, both the platform firm and the IR prefer the marketplace model to the reselling model within a Pareto zone. In addition, we find that both the platform firm and the IR could benefit from the marketplace model when they take carbon neutrality under consideration. Conclusions: This study provides managerial insight from two aspects. Remanufactures could decide their marketing model via thorough consideration of market competition, commission rate, and production cost. The government could do more to protect the marketplace environment in order to stimulate the internal vitality of the platform in the achievement march of carbon neutrality purpose. That is, this study will provide good guidance for sustainable development decision-making of remanufacturing marketing platforms, and further contributes to the achievement of the carbon neutrality goal.
Small Relative Age Effect Appears in Professional Female Italian Team Sports
Authors: Brustio Paolo Riccardo , Boccia Gennaro , De Pasquale Paolo , Lupo Corrado , Ungureanu Alexandru Nicolae
Published: December 2021

The relative age effect (RAE) concerns those (dis)advantages and outcomes resulting from an interaction between the dates of selection and birthdates. Although this phenomenon is well known in a male context, limited data are available in female sports. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify the prevalence and magnitude of the RAE in a female Italian context at the professional level in basketball, soccer, and volleyball. A total of 1535 birthdates of elite senior players were analyzed overall and separately between early and late career stages. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests were applied to investigate the RAE in each sport. An asymmetry in birthdates was observed in all sports (Crammer’s V ranged = 0.10–0.12). Players born close to the beginning of the year were 1.62 and 1.61 times more likely to reach first and second Italian divisions of soccer and volleyball, respectively, than those born in the last part of the year. A small over-representation of female athletes born close to the beginning of the year is evident at the senior professional level in all Italian investigated team sports. In soccer, this trend was more evident in the first stage of a senior career.
Maladaptive Daydreaming in Relation to Linguistic Features and Attachment Style
Authors: Mariani Rachele , Musetti Alessandro , Di Monte Cinzia , Danskin Kerri , Franceschini Christian , Christian Christopher
Published: December 2021

(1) Background: Maladaptive daydreaming (MD) is a concept that describes a significant imaginary activity that replaces human engagement and/or interferes with academic, interpersonal, or vocational functioning. We explored the interaction between attachment style, reflective functioning (RF), and the narrative dimension of MD. (2) Methods: 414 adults completed an online survey, including socio-demographic variables, the 16-item Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale, the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, Relationship Questionnaire, and Reflective Functioning Questionnaire. Participants were asked to write a short description of the most representative episodes of their daydreams. Eighty-four participants were identified as maladaptive daydreamers (MDers). (3) Results: A set of t-tests between MDers and non-MDers group showed differences in attachment dimensions, RF, and linguistic measures. A linear regression model with Global Severity Index (GSI) of the revised Symptom Checklist-90 as the dependent variable, and psychological scales as independent variables showed that the MD score was the strongest predictor of GSI. Regarding differences between the two groups in linguistic measures, the MDers showed more use of reflection and sensory-somatic words, and a smaller number of affective words. (4) Conclusions: These results support the idea that the MD is a process connected to psychopathological mechanisms, probably to a sub-symbolic activation, and to dysfunctional self–other relational patterns that are difficult to integrate.
Jehovah’s Witnesses and Their Compliance with Regulations on Smoking and Blood Treatment
Authors: Pavlikova Barbara , van Dijk Jitse P.
Published: December 2021

Jehovah’s Witnesses (JWs) are known as a religious group compliant with the national laws in the case of smoking, but not-compliant when it comes to blood treatment. Their beliefs prevent them from taking part in a blood transfusion, which is widely included in standard methods of a life-saving treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the behavior of JWs regarding their approach to blood treatment and to smoking in relation to legal regulations in the field of health. We measured JWs’ compliance with health laws regarding blood treatment and smoking (the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control—FCTC). We used the concept of a semi-autonomous social field by Moore and the theory of planned behavior developed by Ajzen. Our findings show that in the case of JWs, the group rules often prevail over state rules contained in generally-binding legislation. In the case of smoking, this means that they seem compliant to the FCTC and to their group rules. In the case of blood treatment, it seems that they are breaking the national rules, because of their group rules. Breaking the latter can result in exclusion from the JWs community. JWs are compliant with national laws as long as these are congruent with their own group rules. If this is not the case, the group influence is very strong and the fear of exclusion from the JW group is often greater than the potential negative health consequences in real life.
Evaluation of Peripheral Electrostimulation Thresholds in Human Model for Uniform Magnetic Field Exposure
Authors: Suzuki Yosuke , Gomez-Tames Jose , Diao Yinliang , Hirata Akimasa
Published: December 2021

The external field strength according to the international guidelines and standards for human protection are derived to prevent peripheral nerve system pain at frequencies from 300–750 Hz to 1 MHz. In this frequency range, the stimulation is attributable to axon electrostimulation. One limitation in the current international guidelines is the lack of respective stimulation thresholds in the brain and peripheral nervous system from in vivo human measurements over a wide frequency range. This study investigates peripheral stimulation thresholds using a multi-scale computation based on a human anatomical model for uniform exposure. The nerve parameters are first adjusted from the measured data to fit the peripheral nerve in the trunk. From the parameters, the external magnetic field strength to stimulate the nerve was estimated. Here, the conservativeness of protection limits of the international guidelines and standards for peripheral stimulation was confirmed. The results showed a margin factor of 4–6 and 10–24 times between internal and external protection limits of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers standard (IEEE C95.1) and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection guidelines, with the computed pain thresholds.
Political Decision Making in the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Germany from the Perspective of Risk Management
Authors: Daumann Frank , Follert Florian , Gleißner Werner , Kamarás Endre , Naumann Chantal
Published: December 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic is permanently changing modern social and economic coexistence. Most governments have declared infection control to be their top priority while citizens face great restrictions on their civil rights. A pandemic is an exemplary scenario in which political actors must decide about future, and thus uncertain, events. This paper tries to present a tool well established in the field of entrepreneurial and management decision making which could also be a first benchmark for political decisions. Our approach builds on the standard epidemiological SEIR model in combination with simulation techniques used in risk management. By our case study we want to demonstrate the opportunities that risk management techniques, especially risk analyses using Monte Carlo simulation, can provide to policy makers in general, and in a public health crisis in particular. Hence, our case study can be used as a framework for political decision making under incomplete information and uncertainty. Overall, we want to point out that a health policy that aims to provide comprehensive protection against infection should also be based on economic criteria. This is without prejudice to the integration of ethical considerations in the final political decision.
Near-Peer Teaching in Human Anatomy from a Tutors’ Perspective: An Eighteen-Year-Old Experience at the University of Bologna
Authors: Orsini Ester , Quaranta Marilisa , Mariani Giulia Adalgisa , Mongiorgi Sara , Cocco Lucio , Billi Anna Maria , Manzoli Lucia , Ratti Stefano
Published: December 2021

The University of Bologna School of Medicine in 2003 adopted a near-peer teaching (NPT) program with senior medical students teaching and assisting younger students in human anatomy laboratories. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and outcomes of this program—unique on the Italian academic panorama—from the tutors’ perspective. An anonymous online survey was administered to all those who acted as peer tutors in the period from 2003 to 2021; it evaluated tutors’ perceptions regarding the influence of the tutoring experience on their skillset gains, academic performance, and professional career. Furthermore, tutors were asked to express their views on the value of cadaver dissection in medical education and professional development. The overall perception of the NPT program was overwhelmingly positive and the main reported benefits were improved long-term knowledge retention and academic performance, improved communication, team-working and time management skills, and enhanced self-confidence and motivation. Most tutors strongly believed that cadaver dissection was an invaluable learning tool in medical education, helped them to develop professionalism and human values, and positively influenced the caring of their future patients. Nearly all the participants highlighted the importance of voluntary body donation for medical education and research. The present results supported the thesis that tutors themselves benefited from the act of teaching peers; this impactful experience equipped them with a wide range of transferable skills that they could draw on as future educators and healthcare professionals.
A Spatial Survival Model for Risk Factors of Under-Five Child Mortality in Kenya
Authors: Daniel Kilemi , Onyango Nelson Owuor , Sarguta Rachel Jelagat
Published: December 2021

Child mortality is high in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to other regions in the world. In Kenya, the risk of mortality is assumed to vary from county to county due to diversity in socio-economic and even climatic factors. Recently, the country was split into 47 different administrative regions called counties, and health care was delegated to those county governments, further aggravating the spatial differences in health care from county to county. The goal of this study is to evaluate the effects of spatial variation in under-five mortality in Kenya. Data from the Kenya Demographic Health Survey (KDHS-2014) consisting the newly introduced counties was used to analyze this risk. Using a spatial Cox Proportional Hazard model, an Intrinsic Conditional Autoregressive Model (ICAR) was fitted to account for the spatial variation among the counties in the country while the Cox model was used to model the risk factors associated with the time to death of a child. Inference regarding the risk factors and the spatial variation was made in a Bayesian setup based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique to provide posterior estimates. The paper indicate the spatial disparities that exist in the country regarding child mortality in Kenya. The specific counties have mortality rates that are county-specific, although neighboring counties have similar hazards for death of a child. Counties in the central Kenya region were shown to have the highest hazard of death, while those from the western region had the lowest hazard of death. Demographic factors such as the sex of the child and sex of the household head, as well as social economic factors, such as the level of education, accounted for the most variation when spatial differences were factored in. The spatial Cox proportional hazard frailty model performed better compared to the non-spatial non-frailty model. These findings can help the country to plan health care interventions at a subnational level and guide social and health policies by ensuring that counties with a higher risk of Under Five Child Mortality (U5CM) are considered differently from counties experiencing a lower risk of death.
Benefits, Satisfaction and Limitations Derived from the Performance of Intergenerational Virtual Activities: Data from a General Population Spanish Survey
Authors: Canedo-García Alejandro , García-Sánchez Jesús-Nicasio , Pacheco-Sanz Deilis-Ivonne
Published: December 2021

The growing social gap between people of different generations has led to a greater interest in the study of intergenerational interactions. Digital technologies have become necessary for people of all ages to perform daily activities, increasingly including older people. The use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and virtual tools can provide older people with excellent opportunities to connect with other generations, improving their quality of life and well-being. The aim of this study was to examine the benefits, satisfaction, and limitations of intergenerational interactions generated by the use of virtual tools. The participants are subjects of any age and different social groups residing in Spain and have completed an online survey. The analysis of sociodemographic data of the respondents showed that there is a significant correlation between the use of social networks and all the variables analyzed, except for their level of autonomy. Most participants who participated in intergenerational virtual activities reported the benefits of their social participation, relationships, mood, mental health, and academic education. Moreover, most participants were quite or very satisfied with the person with whom they used the virtual tools, especially if the person was a friend, their partner, sibling, another relative, or colleague. Except for grandparents, people who participated in intergenerational virtual activities and who had no limitations or disabilities were more frequently reported by the participants. In conclusion, intergenerational interactions through the use of virtual tools can contribute to improving the social inclusion and relationships of all people involved.
Toxic Characteristics and Action Mode of the Mixotrophic Dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea on Co-Occurring Phytoplankton and Zooplankton
Authors: Wu Xiaoer , Yang Ying , Yang Yeyin , Zhong Ping , Xu Ning
Published: December 2021

The mixotrophic dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea frequently forms harmful algal blooms around the world and has caused massive deaths of shellfish, finfish and birds, yet its toxic mechanism is still unclear. In this study, toxic effects of A. sanguinea on co-culturing phytoplankton and zooplankton were investigated. The results showed that sonicated cultures of A. sanguinea JX13 and JX14, isolated from the Pearl River Estuary, had a significant lethal effect on the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, with the highest mortality rate of 80%. The highest inhibition rates of A. sanguinea cultures JX13 (90%) and JX14 (80%) on R. salina were much higher than that of AS2 (20%). Toxicity varied with the growth stage, during which A. sanguinea cells in the exponential stage showed the highest toxicity (40%), while A. sanguinea filtrate had the highest toxicity (10%) in the decline stage. The action mode of A. sanguinea toxicity on plankton was explored through an osmotic membrane culture device. It was found that A. sanguinea JX13 displayed an inhibitory effect on coexisting phytoplankton, whether they had contact or not, but the inhibition rate increased by 25% with contact. A lethal effect of A. sanguinea JX13 on rotifer Brachionus plicatilis was observed only in contact treatment. This study suggests that direct contact is the key action mode to trigger the release of toxins and induce toxic effects of A. sanguinea on co-occurring plankton.
Morbidity, Clinical Course and Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Patient Reported Survey
Authors: Wasilewska Eliza , Sobierajska-Rek Agnieszka , Śledzińska Karolina , Małgorzewicz Sylwia , Jassem Ewa , Wierzba Jolanta
Published: December 2021

Background: Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) may be at higher risk of a severe course of COVID-19. The aim of the study was to evaluate: (1) the incidence and course of COVID-19 infection in DMD patients; (2) the vaccination status of DMD patients; and (3) COVID-19 related anxiety among DMD families. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted during an online symposium for DMD patients and their families. All participants (DMD families; n = 150) were asked to fill in the online survey with questions about COVID-19 infection history, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 and anxiety during pandemic. Results: 53 DMD patients filled in the survey. Five (9.43%) were COVID-19 positive with mild symptoms of respiratory infection and anosmia; 23 (42.6%) were vaccinated, but in almost 20% of DMD families, none of the family members was vaccinated. Respondents revealed anxiety related both to the vaccination procedure and to COVID-19 infection (complications after infection 93.6%, death 62.4% respondents). Changes in health care system organization also aroused concern among participants (85.3%). Conclusion: The course of the COVID-19 infection in DMD patients was mild. Not enough patients with DMD and their families are vaccinated. Education about the management of COVID-19 infections and the vaccination procedure for DMD patients is needed and expected.
GIS-Based Survey over the Public Transport Strategy: An Instrument for Economic and Sustainable Urban Traffic Planning
Authors: Droj Gabriela , Droj Laurențiu , Badea Ana-Cornelia
Published: December 2021

Traffic has a direct impact on local and regional economies, on pollution levels and is also a major source of discomfort and frustration for the public who have to deal with congestion, accidents or detours due to road works or accidents. Congestion in urban areas is a common phenomenon nowadays, as the main arteries of cities become congested during peak hours or when there are additional constraints such as traffic accidents and road works that slow down traffic on road sections. When traffic increases, it is observed that some roads are predisposed to congestion, while others are not. It is evident that both congestion and urban traffic itself are influenced by several factors represented by complex geospatial data and the spatial relationships between them. In this paper were integrated mathematical models, real time traffic data with network analysis and simulation procedures in order to analyze the public transportation in Oradea and the impact on urban traffic. A mathematical model was also adapted to simulate the travel choices of the population of the city and of the surrounding villages. Based on the network analysis, traffic analysis and on the traveling simulation, the elements generating traffic congestion in the inner city can be easily determined. The results of the case study are emphasizing that diminishing the traffic and its effects can be obtained by improving either the public transport density or its accessibility.