bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteochondroma of the temporomandibular joint: a case report
Authors: Utumi Estevam Rubens , Pedron Irineu Gregnanin , Perrella Andréia , Zambon Camila Eduarda , Ceccheti Marcelo Minharro , Cavalcanti Marcelo Gusmão Paraíso
Published: September 2010

Osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle has been found in the oral and maxillofacial region rarely. This paper describes a case of osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle in a 20-year-old woman, who was referred to our service with facial asymmetry, prognathic deviation of chin, cross-bite to the contralateral side, changes in condylar morphology, limited mouth opening, and malocclusion. Computed tomography (CT) was performed for better evaluation to the pathological conditions on the temporomandibular joint. Based on the clinical examination, patient history, and complementary exams, the hypothesis of osteochondroma was established. Condylectomy was performed using a preauricular approach with total removal of the lesion. After 3 years of postoperative follow up and orthodontic therapy, the patient is symptom-free, and has normal mouth opening with no deviation in the opening pattern.
Early selection of elite clones of an ornamental bromeliad in vitro
Authors: Manfio Candida Elisa , Motoike Sérgio Yoshimitsu , Paula Cláudio Coelho de , Valente Magno Sávio , Melo Cristiane Gamarano
Published: September 2010

Orthophytum grossiorum is a typical bromeliad from Atlantic forestry threatened of extinction. The objectives of this research were to select O. grossiorum clones with ornamental values easy to propagate in vitro, and establish in vitro propagation protocols for these clones. The project was developed in three steps: germination and in vitro selection of seedlings responsive to BAP (6-benzylaminopurine), selection of clones with ornamental values, and establishment of protocol for in vitro propagation of the selected clones. In the first step only 18.33% of plantlets germinated in vitro were responsive to BAP. These plantlets were selected and replicated in vitro several times, each replicated plantlet constituting a clone. In the second step these clones were established ex vitro and surveyed for ornamental attributes. Five out of 11 clones were selected in this step. These clones presented distinct phenotypic traits and were considered of high ornamental quality. In the third step a protocol for in vitro propagation was developed for each selected clone.
Mushroom cultivation in Brazil: challenges and potential for growth
Authors: Dias Eustáquio Souza
Published: September 2010

Mushroom cultivation is rapidly expanding in Brazil because Brazilians have discovered the medicinal and culinary value of mushrooms and their economic situation has improved. However, the horticultural technology for cultivating mushrooms under Brazilian conditions is lacking. For many years, the mushroom cultivation technology used in Brazil was adapted from developed countries whose materials and climate were different from those of Brazil. In order to exploit the Brazilian potential for mushroom cultivation it is essential to develop cultivation technology for family owned and operated rustic farms as well as for modern large scale industrial operations. Mushroom species cultivated in Brazil are discussed and some approaches for future research are suggested.
Aplicação de dejeto suíno e estrutura de um latossolo vermelho sob semeadura direta
Authors: Arruda Cesar Alessandro Oliveira , Alves Mauricio Vicente , Mafra Álvaro Luiz , Cassol Paulo Cezar , Albuquerque Jackson Adriano , Santos Julio Cesar Pires
Published: September 2010

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, estimar o efeito da aplicação de doses crescentes de dejetos suínos, em atributos físicos do solo. O experimento localizado em Campos Novos, SC, foi conduzido num Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico, no delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, com os tratamentos: testemunha (0); adubo solúvel (AS); combinação dejeto e adubo solúvel (DS); dejeto líquido suíno aplicado nas doses de 50, 100 e 200 m³ ha-1. Desde 2001 foi cultivado milho e aveia preta, sob sistema de semeadura direta. A amostragem do solo foi realizada em janeiro de 2006, nas camadas de 0-5; 5-10; 10-20 cm de profundidade, para determinação de carbono orgânico, densidade, estabilidade de agregados, macroporos, microporos e porosidade total. A aplicação de dejeto suíno nas doses de 50 e 100 m³ ha-1, reduziu a estabilidade de agregados do solo em relação à testemunha sem adubação. Os demais atributos físicos do solo e o teor de C orgânico não foram modificados pelos tratamentos, indicando que o uso agrícola do dejeto suíno, nas condições estudadas, mantém a qualidade física do solo.
Decomposição, liberação e volatilização de nitrogênio em resíduos culturais de mucuna-cinza (Mucuna cinerea)
Authors: Ribas Rodolfo Gustavo Teixeira , Santos Ricardo Henrique Silva , Siqueira Rosileyde Gonçalves , Diniz Ellen Rúbia , Peternelli Luiz Alexandre , Freitas Gilberto Bernardo de
Published: September 2010

As leguminosas possibilitam a incorporação biológica de nitrogênio aos sistemas de produção. Contudo, existe pouco conhecimento sobre a decomposição, liberação e volatilização de nitrogênioassociados à diferentes doses de seus resíduos. Objetivouse, neste trabalho avaliar a decomposição, a liberação e a volatilização de nitrogênio de diferentes doses de mucuna-cinza (Mucuna cinerea Piper & Tracy). O experimento constou de tratamentos com 12 (C12) ou 25 (C25) Mg ha-1 de composto orgânico: C12AV0 (sem leguminosa); C12AV4 (4 Mg ha-1 de resíduo); C12AV8 (8 Mg ha-1); C12AV12 (12 Mg ha-1); C25; AV12 (12 Mg ha-1) e testemunha absoluta. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados e cinco repetições. Foram determinadas as taxas de decomposição do adubo verde e liberação de N, o teor de N-mineral no solo e a volatilização de N-NH3. A liberação de N (t½=28 dias) foi mais rápida que a decomposição do resíduo (t½=38 dias). Essa liberação de N eleva rapidamente os teores de N-mineral do solo e resulta também em maior elevação da volatilização de N-NH3. O incremento das doses de 8 para 12 Mg ha-1 de mucuna resultou em aumento mais que proporcional da volatilização acumulada de N-NH3, atingindo 30 kg ha-1 após 30 dias.
Heterose e distâncias genéticas moleculares para a produção de grãos em soja
Authors: Colombari Filho José Manoel , Geraldi Isaias Olívio , Barona Marco Antonio Acevedo
Published: September 2010

Em soja, tem sido relatada a ocorrência de heterose para a produção de grãos, e embora a utilização de cultivares híbridas não seja ainda uma realidade nesta espécie, o conhecimento da heterose é importante para uma pré-seleção de cruzamentos, visto que cruzamentos mais heteróticos estão associados a uma maior divergência entre os genitores. Entretanto, a obtenção de sementes F1 em quantidade suficiente para a avaliação experimental em parcelas é muito difícil e, assim, outros indicadores da ocorrência da heterose poderiam ser muito úteis. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho a avaliação da heterose para a produção de grãos em soja e as suas relações com as distâncias genéticas (DG), obtidas com o marcador molecular AFLP. Seis híbridos F1 oriundos de cruzamentos com diferentes distâncias genéticas (DG) e os respectivos genitores foram avaliados em experimentos com quatro repetições, empregando o delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Foi observada uma grande variação entre os cruzamentos quanto às heteroses, isso é, de 6,29 a 56,50% em relação à média dos genitores ( h mg) e de -0,34 a 51,30% em relação ao genitor superior (h gs). As correlações entre as distâncias genéticas (DG) e as heteroses foram elevadas (r = 0,83 e 0,60, respectivamente, para h mg e h gs), indicando que as distâncias genéticas podem ser utilizadas como indicativas de cruzamentos mais divergentes e, consequentemente, como um dos auxiliares na seleção de genitores mais divergentes em soja.
Influência do potássio e da calagem na composição química, qualidade fisiológica e na atividade enzimática de sementes de soja
Authors: Veiga Adriano Delly , Pinho Édila Vilela de Resende Von , Veiga André Delly , Pereira Pedro Henrique de Andrade Resende , Oliveira Kênia Carvalho de , Pinho Renzo Garcia Von
Published: September 2010

A composição química das sementes pode ser influenciada por fatores genéticos, ambientais e pela disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo durante a produção e, como consequência, terem o seu vigor afetado. O potássio pode influenciar a atividade de várias enzimas presentes nas plantas, necessárias em várias reações envolvidas na utilização de energia, síntese de amido, metabolismo do nitrogênio e respiração. Avaliou-se o efeito da adubação potássica e da calagem na composição química, qualidade fisiológica e na atividade de enzimas de sementes de soja. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida nos laboratórios de análises e biotecnologia de sementes do Departamento de Agricultura e no Laboratório de Produção Vegetal do Departamento de Ciências dos Alimentos da Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA). Em sementes de soja do cultivar Msoy 8001, produzidas sob 2 níveis de saturação por base (48% e 85%) e quatro doses de K2O por hectare (0, 50, 100 e 200 kg), foram avaliados teores de óleo e proteína, germinação, envelhecimento acelerado e atividade das enzimas envolvidas nos processos de germinação e deterioração de sementes. A adubação potássica não afeta a germinação e o vigor das sementes, enquanto a elevação da saturação por base, proporciona maior vigor de sementes de soja. Há aumento no teor de óleo e redução no teor de proteína em sementes de soja à medida que a dose de K2O é aumentada. Ocorre aumento de teor de proteínas em sementes de soja, produzidas sob maiores níveis de saturação por base. A atividade das enzimas piruvato quinase, esterase e álcool desidrogenase em sementes de soja é afetada pela concentração de potássio e saturação por base no solo.
Uma biografia de Peter Paul Hilbert: a história de quem partiu para ver a Amazônia
Authors: Hilbert Klaus
Published: September 2010

Essa biografia conta a história do meu pai, Peter Paul Hilbert (1914-1989), arqueólogo do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, em Belém, que entre 1948 e 1961 pesquisou no médio rio Amazonas. Ele procurava contar histórias sobre os moradores que viviam às margens do rio e suas culturas por meio de uma arqueologia que privilegiava a relação entre pessoas, bem como entre pessoas e o ambiente tropical.
O Museu Goeldi e a pesquisa arqueológica: um panorama dos últimos dezessete anos (1991-2008)
Authors: Pereira Edithe
Published: September 2010

O texto apresenta um panorama da história recente (1991-2008) da Área de Arqueologia do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, com as contribuições dadas por essa instituição para a arqueologia da Amazônia. Para compor esse panorama, foram consideradas as pesquisas realizadas, a formação de recursos humanos, os aspectos relacionados ao crescimento e à pesquisa do acervo sob a guarda da instituição e os aspectos infra-estruturais.
Conflitos de interesses em torno da exploração madeireira na Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes, Acre, Brasil
Authors: Fantini Alfredo Celso , Crisóstomo Charle Ferreira
Published: September 2010

O artigo analisa a situação-problema da exploração comercial de madeira como modo de uso da terra na comunidade Rio Branco da Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes, estado do Acre, e a polêmica implantação do Projeto de Manejo Florestal Comunitário (PMFC). A partir de entrevistas com extrativistas e profissionais de nove instituições governamentais e nãogovernamentais, foi elaborada uma lista com oito usos da terra para a Reserva. Na etapa seguinte, cada participante foi solicitado a ordenar os usos de acordo com as suas prioridades individuais. Por meio do Indicador de Sustentabilidade em Sistemas de Interesse (ISSI) foi calculado o grau de convergência entre o interesse (ordenamento de prioridades) de cada extrativista e o interesse da comunidade, e entre os extrativistas e as instituições. O manejo de produtos florestais não-madeireiros (PFNMs) e o cultivo da roça ainda são os usos da terra preferidos pelos extrativistas 'não-participantes' do PMFC, que atribuíram prioridade mínima para a exploração da madeira. Os extrativistas que já haviam aderido ao PMFC apontaram a exploração da madeira como sua prioridade máxima. Membros das instituições apontaram preferência pelos usos da terra com menor impacto sobre a floresta, posição mais próxima das prioridades dos extrativistas que ainda não haviam aderido ao PMFC. Numa segunda rodada de ordenamento de prioridades do uso da terra, os extrativistas 'participantes' do PMFC mudaram substancialmente o seu primeiro ordenamento, elegendo o manejo de PFNMs e o cultivo da roça como prioridades máximas. Os resultados revelam que a questão da exploração da madeira na Reserva constitui um complexo sistema de interesses e que muitos extrativistas ainda se sentem inseguros em relação às consequências da implementação do projeto, ou seja, que o projeto não estava suficientemente maduro para ser colocado em prática.
Shrek Meets Vygotsky: Rethinking Adolescents' Multimodal Literacy Practices in Schools
Authors: Mills Kathy A.
Published: September 2010

Recent research has emphasized the multimodal and digital nature of adolescent literacy practices. These practices cross multiple social spaces, particularly settings outside of schools. This article re‐examines current research to yield three caveats that counter assumptions about the pervasiveness, relevance, and spontaneity of youths' multimodal practices in the digital communications environment: (1) It is incorrect to assume that today's adolescents are all “digital natives” (2) Engaging adolescents in multimodal textual practices must involve more than conforming the curriculum to their interests and practices—it should extend students' repertoire of skills and genres; and (3) Although some new multimodal practices are taken up by adolescents with minimal instruction in informal contexts, greater emphasis should be placed on expert scaffolding of these literacies in school settings.
Determination of Intrinsic Dip and Azimuth From LWD Azimuthal-Propagation Resistivity Measurements in Anisotropic Formations
Authors: Fang S.. , Merchant A.. , Hart E.. , Kirkwood A..
Published: September 2010

With the use of both azimuthal-propagation-resistivity (APR) and main- and cross-component data, the resistivity anisotropy and its dip and azimuth angles of a massive formation (anisotropic shale or laminated sand) can be determined. The accuracy of the determined parameters depends on the amount of available data. The minimum amount of data required is two frequency main components and real and quadrature cross components. The boundary effects will distort the solution eventually; however, the anisotropy-enhanced processing will minimize the effects to extend the algorithm to a certain distance away from a boundary.
Realizing Value From Real-Time Well Monitoring in Greenfield Assets
Authors: Feineman David R.
Published: September 2010

BP's proprietary Integrated Surveillance Information System (ISIS) was deployed globally starting in 2006. The system delivers wellperformance data to petroleum engineers in field and office sites in near real time. The paper presents two case studies on implementing remote well-performance monitoring on two greenfield assets in Africa and Asia where distance, national culture, and language differences must be addressed as part of a technology rollout. On the basis of these case studies, there is evidence that greenfield assets can adopt new ways of working and technology that allow them to surpass the performance on similar brownfield projects.
Optimization of Smart Wells in the St. Joseph Field
Authors: van Essen G. M. , Jansen J. D. , Brouwer D. R. , Douma S. G. , Zandvliet M. J. , Rollett K. I. , Harris D. P
Published: September 2010

The St. Joseph field has been on production since September 1981 under natural depletion supported by crestal gas injection. As part of a major redevelopment study, the scope for waterflooding was addressed using "smart" completions with multiple inflow control valves (ICVs) in the wells to be drilled for the redevelopment. Optimal control theory was used to optimize monetary value over the remaining producing life of the field, and in particular to select the optimal number of ICVs, the optimal configuration of the perforation zones, and the optimal operational strategies for the ICVs. A gradient-based optimization technique was implemented in a reservoir simulator equipped with the adjoint functionality to compute gradients of an objective function with respect to control parameters. For computational reasons, an initial optimization study was performed on a sector model, which showed promising results.
Smart-Well Production Optimization Using an Ensemble-Based Method
Authors: Su Ho-Jeen , Oliver Dean S.
Published: September 2010

Ensemble methods have been applied successfully in assisted history matching and in production optimization. In history matching, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) has been used to estimate the values of hundreds of thousands of variables from various types of data. In production optimization, an ensemble-based method has been used to estimate optimal control settings for problems with thousands of control variables. In both cases, relatively small numbers of random realizations are used to compute update directions for improving estimates.

In this paper, we illustrate the application of the ensemble-based optimization on two fairly complex problems that would be difficult to handle by other methods. In the first example, we show its application to optimize inflow-control-valve (ICV) settings on two horizontal wells in a sector model of 200,000 cells. One hundred layers were used in the reservoir model to capture geological heterogeneity. The two wells were drilled parallel to the edgewater boundary. The optimization objective in this example is to minimize cumulative water production over a 10-year production period while maintaining a constant liquid-production rate. Results after only five optimization iterations with improved control-valve settings showed a 50% reduction in cumulative water production. The fully automated optimization process was completed within a few hours under a parallel-computing environment.

The ensemble-based method was also applied successfully to a 3D case consisting of 10 multilateral wells with ICVs installed at each lateral junction. The interaction of various laterals is difficult to visualize, but the optimization algorithm was again successful in reducing water production. In this example, we demonstrate that proper choice of control variables can be important to the success of the optimization.
Numerical Modeling of Rock/Casing Interaction in Radioactive-Marker Boreholes of the Northern Adriatic Basin, Italy
Authors: Castelletto N.. , Ferronato M.. , Gambolati G.. , Janna C.. , Teatini P..
Published: September 2010

The possible influence of the well casing in reservoir-deformation measurements by the radioactive-marker technique (RMT) is investigated. The issue is quite important because RMT data may be used for a most-representative estimate of the in-situ vertical rock compressibility cM (i.e., a basic parameter to predict the land settlement caused by gas-/oilfield development or the land uplift caused by underground fluid injection). A geomechanical finite-element (FE) model is implemented to evaluate the disturbance caused by the stiffness of the steel casing and the surrounding cement on the amount of deformation around the borehole as detected by RMT. The FE model is integrated by a class of elastoplastic interface FEs (IFEs) specifically designed to account for the potential sliding of the different materials (i.e., along the contact surfaces between the steel casing and the cement, and the cement and the exploited formation). The numerical simulations make use of real casing data and geomechanical information from the Northern Adriatic basin, Italy. The results show that sliding is not likely to occur along the contact surfaces and that RMT appears to be a reliable tool for assessing the actual geomechanical properties of the depleted formation at a depth larger than 1000 m, where the in-situ deformation is negligibly affected by the casing stiffness. In shallow softer units, the compaction as measured by RMT is influenced progressively by casing, with a corresponding likely underestimate of cM.
Review of Thermal Recovery Technologies for the Clearwater and Lower Grand Rapids Formations in the Cold Lake Area in Alberta
Authors: Jiang Qi , Thornton Bruce , Russel-Houston Jen , Spence Steve
Published: September 2010

Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) has been a commercial recovery process since the mid 1980s in the Cold Lake area in northeast Alberta. The current bitumen production is over 220,000 B/D using CSS from this area. To achieve desired injectivity in the bitumen saturated reservoir, steam is usually injected at a pressure above or close to the fracture pressure of the formation. A relatively high pressure drawdown is created between the wellbore and formation during the production phase, particularly in the early stage of the production cycle where formation compaction and solution gas drive are the two most important recovery mechanisms. The CSS process has limited application in reservoirs with thick bottom water or in reservoirs with fine grain sands.

The Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) process has been field tested and commercially expanded in the Lower Grand Rapids and Clearwater Formations in the Cold Lake area. In contrast to CSS, SAGD is a continuous steam injection process that relies on gravity and requires a minimum pressure drawdown to drive the reservoir fluids to the wellbore. This provides a significant advantage for SAGD as an option for the reservoirs with bottom water, top gas or with formations with fine grain sands. Several SAGD projects are in operation in different types of reservoirs in the Cold Lake and Lloydminster areas; some with thick bottom water zones.

A performance review is conducted based on the available data for various CSS and SAGD projects in the Cold Lake area. The selection criteria between CSS and SAGD technologies for Clearwater and Lower Grand Rapids are discussed. Reservoir modeling results are presented concerning the impact of well placement, reservoir heterogeneity and operating parameters on SAGD performance, based on Osum's Lower Grand Rapids and Clearwater geology in the Cold Lake area.
Joint Stiffness and Deformation Behaviour of Discontinuous Rock
Authors: Nassir Mohammad , Settari Antonin , Wan Richard
Published: September 2010

Some rock masses are characterized by joints, fractures and other planes of weakness which reduce the strength and deformation properties of rock structure. Under different loading conditions, joints with weaker than normal and shear deformation strength undergo a relatively higher strain than intact rock. Because permeability of jointed rock masses in fractured reservoirs is a strong function of joint aperture size, one may expect a major change in the permeability when subjected to confining load variation. Therefore, it is important to establish the relation between the stress-strain of the jointed rock mass and the reservoir permeability. This relation is particularly important to model hydraulic fracturing and productivity decline in tight gas wells.

In this paper, a new relation is proposed to model prepeak shear stiffness of the joint based on the conventional joint surface parameters and the confining load. Furthermore, constitutive matrices for evaluating deformation behaviour of a single-joint and regularly jointed rock are presented as the results of an analytical study. Based on the concept of joint stiffness, an equivalent stiffness for regularly jointed rock masses was derived, assuming that the deformation of the jointed rock mass equals the sum of the deformation of the rock matrix and the joints. Finite element technique is used to numerically model the deformation behaviour of the jointed rock under various loading conditions. The applicability of the constitutive model to represent jointed rock mass was confirmed from comparison of the numerical results with some of the existing experimental data.

The model presented here will be the key element for integrated geomechanical modelling of tight gas wells, naturally fracture reservoirs and other fracturing processes in stress-sensitive reservoirs.
A Semi-Unsteady-State Wellbore Steam/Water Flow Model for Prediction of Sandface Conditions in Steam Injection Wells
Authors: Bahonar Mehdi , Azaiez Jalel , Chen Zhangxing
Published: September 2010

A numerical nonisothermal two-phase wellbore model is developed to simulate downward flow of a steam and water mixture in the wellbore. This model entails simultaneous solution of coupled mass and momentum conservation equations inside the wellbore with an energy conservation equation for the fluids within the wellbore, surrounding medium and formation. A new drift-flux model that accounts for slip between the phases inside the wellbore is employed. In addition, a 2D implicit scheme that allows for heat transfer in both the axial and radial directions in the formation is developed. Furthermore, a rigorous nonlinear temperature- and depth-dependent overall heat transfer coefficient is implemented. The model predictions are validated against real field data and other available models. The model is useful for designing well completion and accurately computing the wellbore/formation heat transfer, which is important for estimating oil recovery by using steam injection.
New development of pipe-network management in Kobe City
Authors: Hashigami Shigehiro , Matsushita Makoto , Kumaki Yoshihiro
Published: September 2010

Distribution pipelines now require a lot of maintenance and mass renewal. We need to determine measures to maintain water quality and to carry out reconstruction of the pipeline system. In addition, the mass retirement of engineers also provides us with a serious challenge on how to transfer their knowledge and skill. In 2008 Kobe City established Kobe Waterworks Vision 2017, in which plans have been set out to realize ‘safety’, ‘relief’, ‘sustainability’ and so on. In order to realize the vision in the field of distribution pipelines, pipe-network reconstruction and the Manual for Water Safety Control in Distribution Network are the key practices to achieve the highest level of pipe-network management. In this paper, we present the outline and application example of these practices.
German Flooding of the Pontine Marshes in World War II: Biological Warfare Or Total War Tactic?
Authors: Geissler Erhard , Guillemin Jeanne
Published: September 2010

The German army's 1943 flooding of the Pontine Marshes south of Rome, which later caused a sharp rise in malaria cases among Italian civilians, has recently been described by historian Frank Snowden as a unique instance of biological warfare and bioterrorism in the European theater of war and, consequently, as a violation of the 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibiting chemical and biological warfare. We argue that archival documents fail to support this allegation, on several counts. As a matter of historical record, Hitler prohibited German biological weapons (BW) development and consistently adhered to the Geneva Protocol. Rather than biological warfare against civilians, the Wehrmacht used flooding, land mines, and the destruction of vital infrastructure to obstruct the Allied advance. To protect its own troops in the area, the German army sought to contain the increased mosquito breeding likely to be caused by the flooding. Italians returning to the Pontine Marshes after the German retreat in 1944 suffered malaria as a result of environmental destruction, which was banned by the 1899 and 1907 Hague Conventions and by subsequent treaties. In contrast, a state's violation of the Geneva Protocol, whether past or present, involves the use of germ weapons and, by inference, a state-level capability. Any allegation of such a serious violation demands credible evidence that meets high scientific and legal standards of proof.
Objecting to the Genetic Virtue Program: Premises, tradeoffs, and science
Authors: Bronstein Jamie
Published: September 2010

The Enlightenment bequeathed to us the notion that the human mind can and should dominate over nature—that there is nothing we cannot know or should not attempt. And, in fact, there is something to be said for this position, since a truthful historian has to admit that standards of living have generally been greatly bettered by the technology of the last two centuries. Without confidence in our ability to remake nature, the great medical advances of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries would never have been possible: antisepsis, the discovery of the tuberculosis bacillus, sulfa drugs, the polio vaccine. Like twentieth-century researchers who faced polio and smallpox, Mark Walker has perhaps identified the central ethical malady of our twenty-first century civilization—how the lack of virtue impedes our moral progress. And just as biological researchers sought to use science to eradicate these diseases, so Walker seeks to use genetic manipulation to eradicate evil.
Initialization of ice-sheet forecasts viewed as an inverse Robin problem
Authors: Arthern Robert J. , Gudmundsson G. Hilmar
Published: September 2010

As simulations of 21st-century climate start to include components with longer timescales, such as ice sheets, the initial conditions for those components will become critical to the forecast. This paper describes an algorithm for specifying the initial state of an ice-sheet model, given spatially continuous observations of the surface elevation, the velocity at the surface and the thickness of the ice. The algorithm can be viewed as an inverse procedure to solve for the viscosity or the basal drag coefficient. It applies to incompressible Stokes flow over an impenetrable boundary, and is based upon techniques used in electric impedance tomography; in particular, the minimization of a type of cost function proposed by Kohn and Vogelius. The algorithm can be implemented numerically using only the forward solution of the Stokes equations, with no need to develop a separate adjoint model. The only requirement placed upon the numerical Stokes solver is that boundary conditions of Dirichlet, Neumann and Robin types can be implemented. As an illustrative example, the algorithm is applied to shear flow down an impenetrable inclined plane. A fully three-dimensional test case using a commercially available solver for the Stokes equations is also presented.
Propagation of long fractures in the Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, investigated using a numerical model of fracture propagation
Authors: Hulbe Christina L. , LeDoux Christine , Cruikshank Kenneth
Published: September 2010

Long rifts near the front of the Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, are observed to begin as fractures along the lateral boundaries of outlet streams feeding the shelf. These flaws eventually become the planes along which tabular icebergs calve. The fractures propagate laterally as they advect through the shelf, with orientations that can be explained by the glaciological stress field. Fracture length remains constrained over much of the advective path, and locations of crack tip arrest are observed to coincide with structural boundaries, such as suture zones between ice from adjacent outlet glaciers. Geomechanical principles and numerical models demonstrate that in the absence of these suture zones crack tips are unlikely to arrest in these locations. We conclude that lateral inhomogeneity in the ice plays an important role in fracture mechanics through most of the ice shelf. Only near the shelf front are these local structural effects overcome such that the large rifts required for tabular iceberg production develop.
Excavations of a Monastic Settlement and Medieval Church Site at Killevin, Crarae Gardens, Mid Argyll
Authors: Kirby Magnus , Alexander Derek
Published: September 2010

An archaeological excavation was carried out at Crarae Gardens on an area of land adjacent to the site of Killevin Church. The name Killevin indicates an early church foundation, and an early Christian cross had previously been discovered on the site. The excavation identified two large ditches, which are thought to represent two phases of a vallum surrounding an early Christian monastic settlement. Associated post-holes comprising a possible structure were also identified. Radiocarbon dates obtained from the inner ditch and associated features produced 7th- to 9th-century AD dates, providing further evidence that the documented medieval church of Killevin may have been founded on an early Christian monastic settlement.
Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer: Patient Selection and Management
Authors: Klotz L.
Published: September 2010

Screening for prostate cancer using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been appealing. However, the significant associated decline in prostate cancer mortality comes at the cost of a very high rate of diagnosis, and many patients with indolent, non-life-threatening cancer are exposed to the risk of significant side effects from radical treatment. Most men with favourable-risk prostate cancer are not destined to die of their disease, even in the absence of treatment. The challenge is to identify the subset that harbour more aggressive disease early enough that curative therapy is still a possibility, thereby allowing the others to enjoy improved quality of life, free from the side effects of treatment. This article reviews current research into active surveillance in favourable-risk disease and some of the issues that arise when prostate cancer is monitored rather than being treated immediately.
Management of Prostate Cancer: Canadian Contribution to the Changing Landscape
Authors: Saad F.
Published: September 2010

It was with pleasure that I accepted to serve as editor of this timely supplement dedicated to prostate cancer [...]
Evaluation of Selected Rheumatoid Arthritis Activity Scores for Office-based Assessment
Authors: SULLIVAN MARY BETH , IANNACCONE CHRISTINE , CUI JING , LU BING , BATRA KERRI , WEINBLATT MICHAEL , SHADICK NANCY A.
Published: September 2010

Objective.

Patient-reported measures can quickly provide assessments of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity in the office setting and do not require a laboratory test or physician examination. The goal of our study was to establish the validity of patient-reported indices compared to the C-reactive protein-based Disease Activity Score (DAS28-CRP4).

Methods.

Baseline and 1-year followup DAS28-CRP4 data were obtained from 740 RA subjects and were compared to indices (MDHAQ, CDAI, RAPID, RADAI, GAS) according to cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) status and change at 1 year. Pairwise correlations were calculated for each index.

Results.

Among 740 subjects, mean age 57 years, disease duration 14 years, the CDAI (r = 0.84, Δ r = 0.80) and RAPID (r = 0.71, Δ r = 0.70) had the highest correlation with the DAS28-CRP4 scores at baseline and 1 year. These correlations were not influenced by CCP status, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug use, biologic use, or by disease duration.

Conclusion.

In RA, the CDAI and RAPID correlated well with the DAS28-CRP4. They may both be practical and informative in the care of patients in the office setting.
Pluri-, inter-, transdisciplinarité : ou le réel décomposé en réseaux de savoir
Authors: Claverie Bernard
Published: September 2010

Résumé Si la question des multiples disciplines et des multiples points de vue se pose dans un espace scientifique, c’est bien en projectique . Celle-ci adopte d’emblée le postulat que tout se tient, tout s’articule, tout covarie, coémerge ou disparaît dans un ensemble fracassant, dont la crise mondiale actuelle n’est que le prélude au dépassement de nos représentations. L’actualité d’une réflexion sur les croisements disciplinaires bat son plein depuis quelques années, mais malheureusement reste en butte aux rayons des marchés de la science. Pourtant, la problématique anime les chercheurs qui sentent l’inutilité de leurs résultats s’ils ne sont pas référés à un tout, à des systèmes dont la complexité effraie ou rassure, et à une société qui attend d’eux les solutions à ses interrogations modernes. La valeur citoyenne de la science impose maintenant une responsabilité du chercheur dans l’immensité des questions sans réponse. Mais comment faire ? Et que faire ? C’est autour de ces questions qu’un séminaire de l’Institut des Sciences de la Communication du CNRS a tenté d’apporter quelques définitions et quelques amorces pour une réflexion en marche, qui concerne évidemment les sciences humaines, les sciences politiques et les sciences de gestion. Ce texte à propos de la projectique reprend l’intervention de l’auteur lors d’une conférence donnée le 2 mars 2009 à la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme Aquitaine 1 .
Indigenous innovation system for catching-up in China
Authors: Tang Ming Feng
Published: September 2010

Résumé Adoptant la perspective des Systèmes Nationaux d’Innovation (NIS), ce papier analyse comment la Chine construit un système d’innovation endogène pour améliorer sa compétitivité et suit l’impact du système sur les capacités de la Chine en termes d’innovation. On trouve que le système endogène d’innovation n’améliore pas de façon indiscutable l’innovation, mais qu’il favorise la génération de connaissances qui elle-même fournit de nouvelles sources permettant de promouvoir l’innovation. Les raisons semblent résider dans la faible capacité d’absorption des firmes locales, dans l’écart existant entre la production de connaissances et les besoins du marché, et d’autre part dans un ensemble de réformes institutionnelles qui stimulent l’université et les instituts de recherche à générer des connaissances. Nous suggérons que le système d’innovation endogène chinois soit réformé pour améliorer la capacité d’absorption des entreprises locales et pour renforcer les interactions entre les innovateurs locaux. Finalement, notre travail propose quelques implications pour d’autres pays en développement et souligne nos futures lignes de recherche.
Lack of TNFR p55 Results in Heightened Expression of IFN-γ and IL-17 during the Development of Reactive Arthritis
Authors: Eliçabe Ricardo J. , Cargnelutti Ethelina , Serer María I. , Stege Patricia W. , Valdez Susana R. , Toscano Marta A. , Rabinovich Gabriel A. , Di Genaro María S.
Published: September 2010

Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a type of arthritis originating from certain gastrointestinal or genitourinary infections. In previous studies, we reported the development of progressive Yersinia enterocolitica-induced ReA in mice lacking TNFR p55; however, the mechanisms underlying this effect are still uncertain. In this study, we investigated the impact of TNFR p55 deficiency in modulating Ag-specific Th1 and Th17 responses during this arthritogenic process. We found more severe ReA in TNFRp55−/− mice compared with their wild-type (WT) counterparts. This effect was accompanied by increased levels of Yersinia LPS in the joints of knockout mice. Analysis of the local cytokine profile revealed greater amounts of IFN-γ and IL-17 in arthritic joints of TNFRp55−/− mice compared with WT mice at day 21 postinfection. Moreover, altered IL-17 and IFN-γ production was observed in mesenteric and inguinal lymph nodes of Yersinia-infected TNFRp55−/− mice, as well as in spleen cells obtained from infected mice and restimulated ex vivo with bacterial Ags. Increased levels of cytokine secretion were associated with a greater frequency of CD4+IL-17+, CD4+IFN-γ+, and IL-17+IFN-γ+ cells in TNFRp55−/− mice compared with WT mice. Remarkably, Ab-mediated blockade of IL-17 and/or IFN-γ resulted in reduced joint histological scores in TNFRp55−/− mice. A mechanistic analysis revealed the involvement of p40, a common subunit of heterodimeric IL-12 and IL-23, in the generation of augmented IFN-γ and IL-17 production under TNFR p55 deficiency. Taken together, these data indicate that, in the absence of TNFR p55 signaling, Th1 and Th17 effector cells may act in concert to sustain the inflammatory response in bacterial-induced arthritogenic processes.
T Cell-Induced Mast Cell Activation: A Role for Microparticles Released from Activated T Cells
Authors: Shefler Irit , Salamon Pazit , Reshef Tamar , Mor Adam , Mekori Yoseph A.
Published: September 2010

Close physical proximity between mast cells and T cells has been demonstrated in several T cell-mediated inflammatory processes. However, the way by which mast cells are activated in these T cell-mediated immune responses has not been fully elucidated. We previously identified and characterized a novel mast cell activation pathway initiated by physical contact with activated T cells and showed that this pathway is associated with degranulation and cytokine release. In this study, we provide evidence that mast cells may also be activated by microparticles released from activated T cells that are considered miniature versions of a cell. Microparticles were isolated from supernatants of activated T cells by Centricon filtration or by high-speed centrifugation and identified by electron microscopy, flow cytometry (Annexin stain), and expression of the integrin LFA-1. Stimulated T cells were found to generate microparticles that induce degranulation and cytokine (IL-8 and oncostatin M) release from human mast cells. Mast cell activation by T cell microparticles involved the MAPK signaling pathway. The results were similar when mast cells were stimulated by activated fixed T cells or by whole membranes of the latter. This suggests that microparticles carry mast cell-activating factors similar to cells from which they originate. By releasing microparticles, T cells might convey surface molecules similar to those involved in the activation of mast cells by cellular contact. By extension, microparticles might affect the activity of mast cells, which are usually not in direct contact with T cells at the inflammatory site.
Alzheimer's Proteins, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Interplay in a Neuronal Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Bobba Antonella , Petragallo Vito A. , Marra Ersilia , Atlante Anna
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we discuss the interplay between beta-amyloid (A) peptide, Tau fragments, oxidative stress, and mitochondria in the neuronal model of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) in which the molecular events reminiscent of AD are activated. The identification of the death route and the cause/effect relationships between the events leading to death could be helpful to manage the progression of apoptosis in neurodegeneration and to define antiapoptotic treatments acting on precocious steps of the death process. Mitochondrial dysfunction is among the earliest events linked to AD and might play a causative role in disease onset and progression. Recent studies on CGNs have shown that adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) impairment, due to interaction with toxic N-ter Tau fragment, contributes in a significant manner to bioenergetic failure and mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings open a window for new therapeutic strategies aimed at preserving and/or improving mitochondrial function.
Adaptation of the Rapid Estimate of Adult Litera cy in Medicine Revised (REALM -R) to the South African context: Part 1
Authors: Wasserman Zelda , Wright Susanna C.D. , Maja Todd Mavis
Published: September 2010

Literacy levels are increasingly important in health care because professional nurses and other health care professionals often use written health education materials as a major component in patient education. In South Africa, no current instrument is available to assess the literacy levels of patients in the primary health care setting, though several instruments have been developed and validated internationally. The purpose of this paper was to adapt and validate the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine Revised (REALM-R) to the South African context. The REALM-R is a short instrument that is designed to rapidly screen clients in the primary health care setting for low health literacy. A modified Delphi-technique was used to measure the judgement of a group of experts for the purpose of making a decision. Eight experts in the field of Nursing Science were selected purposively to obtain the most reliable consensus. Data was collected by means of a selfreport whereby participants responded to a series of questions posed by the researcher. Descriptive statistics was used for analysing data. The REALM-R was adapted to the South African context to ensure that the literacy level of South African clients is measured with an appropriate instrument.OpsommingGeletterdheidsvlakke word toenemend belangrik in gesondheidsorg aangesien geregistreerde verpleegkundiges en ander gesondheidswerkers dikwels geskrewe gesondheidopvoedkundige materiaal gebruik. Op die oomblik in Suid-Afrika is daar geen geletterdheidsvlaksinstrument beskikbaar om pasiënte in primêre gesondheidsorg se geletterdheid te toets nie. Daar bestaan wel gevalideerde internasionale instrumente. Die doel van die studie was om die REALM-R, ‘n internasionaal gevalideerde mediese geletterdheidsinstrument, aan te pas en te valideer om in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks gebruik te kan word. Die REALM-R is ‘n kort geletterdheidsinstrument wat ontwikkel was om primêre sorg pasiênte wat moontlik lae geletterdheidsvaardigheid het, te kansif. ‘n Aangepasde Delphi-tegniek is gebruik om die oordeel van ‘n groep kundiges in te win. Agt kundiges in verpleegwetenskappe is doelgerig gekies ten einde ‘n betroubare ooreenkoms te verkry.Data is deur middel van self-raportering ingewin deurdat die deelnemers op vrae, gestel deur die navorser, geantwoord het. Beskrywende statistiek is gebruik om die data te ontleed. Die REALM-R is aangepas vir die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks ten einde ‘n geskikte instrument beskikbaar te stel om die geletterdheidsvaardigheid van primêre sorg pasiente vinnig en akkuraat te kan meet.
Whose English Counts? Native Speakers as English Language Learners
Authors: GRILL JENNIFER
Published: September 2010

The author, a teacher educator, explains that because of a lack of training in language studies, many teachers do not view language as linguists do. She identifies three misconceptions (and the implications they have for English language learners) that still persist in education: Standard English is the best and most correct form of English, English dialects are improper and randomly created forms of the language, and dialects interfere with learning “proper” English and should not be used in the classroom. Such myths about language allow linguistic discrimination to continue in schools. The author debunks these myths and provides suggestions for teachers in terms of how to work with dominant and nondominant English varieties in their classrooms.
A System for Understanding and Selecting English‐Language Articles for Advanced ESL Writers
Authors: ROBINSON HEATHER M.
Published: September 2010

The use of definite and indefinite articles in English is well known to be a major point of difficulty for many normative English speakers. These difficulties prevail even when the speakers are fluent in most other aspects of English grammar and style. This article investigates the pedagogical and linguistic reasons why article use is such a persistent problem area for ESL writers, and it presents a system for teaching the use of articles in English. It shows how the inherent meaning of a noun phrase interacts with other elements in the linguistic environment and with authorial intention in determining which article is most appropriate for that noun phrase. Finally, it provides an apparatus with which ESL writers can track the various components of article use and demonstrates how this apparatus can help make decisions about which article is the best choice for expressing the writer's intended meaning.