bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A STORM SURGE AND WAVE MODEL FOR LAKE HURON (GREAT LAKES, USA)
Authors: Salisbury Michael , DeMunda Todd , Walker Nicole
Published: February 2019

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is tasked with developing flood insurance rate maps along coastlines and major water bodies within the United States, which includes the U.S. portion of the Great Lakes shoreline. Previous flood studies have developed storm surge and wave models of the Great Lakes (including Lake Huron) in support of FEMAâ€™s efforts; however, an independent technical review of those previous coastal flood studies in Lake Huron revealed technical deficiencies in the methods and tools used to generate the wave conditions needed to support overland mapping. Most paramount of these was the fact that starting wave conditions for one dimensional (1D) transformation from a two-dimensional (2D) model were taken from deep water. Using 1D methods to shoal and refract waves to the coastline for runup and/or overland wave analysis may fail to capture the more complex nature of wave refraction/diffraction that 2D wave models can capture. Further, this method omits the development of the directional wave spectra in the nearshore region. To address this concern, a coupled 2D wave and water level model (ADCIRC+SWAN) was developed to hindcast historical storms that have occurred in Lake Huron. These model results will be used to drive the 1D methods to assess nearshore wave hazards from locations near the surfzone limit.
REEF3D:NSEWAVE, A THREE-DIMENSIONAL NON-HYDROSTATIC WAVE MODEL ON A FIXED GRID
Authors: Bihs Hans , Heveling Kristina , Kamath Arun
Published: February 2019

For coastal engineering problems, wave modeling is required for various spatial scales. In recent years, the development of high-resolution Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based numerical wave tanks (NWT) has gained a lot of attention. Here, the Navier-Stokes equations are solved together with a two-phase interface capturing algorithm for the calculation of the free surface location. The interface capturing treatment of the free water surface is performed on fixed grids, allowing for the simulation of complex wave phenomena such as breaking waves. The CFD-based NWT are preferably used for nearfield problems, such as wave-structure interaction. For larger spatial scales, the computational cost becomes rather expensive. In the current paper, the three-dimensional open-source hydrodynamics model REEF3D is extended from a CFD-based NWT to a non-hydrostatic wave model, suitable for economic large scale computation of waves.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS OF WAVE OVERTOPPING OF REVETMENT STRUCTURES IN REEF ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Splinter Kristen , Li Liqun , Blacka Matt
Published: February 2019

Reefs offer natural protection to many coastal island nations through the physical processes of wave breaking on the reef rim and thus, reducing the wave energy that reaches the shoreline. However, both mean and infragravity water levels build up over the reef due to wave breaking on the reef top that can lead to coastal inundation and serious damage (Gourlay 1996a; Gourlay 1996b; Blacka et al. 2015). To protect the community around the coastal region, the construction of defensive structures, such as revetments or sea dikes may be required. The present study is focused on wave overtopping discharge on smooth revetments within the reef environment, which is not fully understood. Classical formulas that estimate overtopping of revetments (see Van der Meer et al. 2016 and references therein) are based on waves breaking in deep to shallow water either in front of the structure or directly on the structure. Recently, Altomare (2016) updated Van Gentâ€™s (1999) formula of overtopping discharge of smooth sea dikes on shallow foreshores to include very shallow foreshores. The updated equation estimates dimensionless over-topping as a function of the full spectrum wave properties at the toe of the structure and an equivalent slope term. As the reef environment can often be described as a very flat and shallow lagoon seaward of the shoreline, the Altomare formula can potentially be adopted to predict the overtopping discharge on smooth revetments in reef environments, but this has yet to be tested.
A NONLINEAR AND DISPERSIVE 3D MODEL FOR COASTAL WAVES USING RADIAL BASIS FUNCTIONS
Authors: Raoult Cécile , Yates Marissa L. , Benoit Michel
Published: February 2019

Accurate wave propagation models are required for the design of coastal structures and the evaluation of coastal risks. Nonlinear and dispersive effects are particularly important in the nearshore environment. Two-dimensional cross-shore (2DV) wave models can be used as a preliminary step in coastal studies, but 3D models are needed to capture fully the effects of alongshore bathymetric variations, variable wave incidence, the presence of coastal or harbor structures, etc. Yates and Benoit (2015) developed a numerical model based on fully nonlinear potential flow theory. By assuming non-overturning waves, the kinematic and dynamic free surface boundary conditions are expressed as evolution equations of the free surface elevation and velocity potential, following Zakharov (1968). At each time step, the free surface vertical velocity is estimated by solving the Laplace equation for the velocity potential in the domain. Following Tian and Sato (2008), a spectral approach is used to expand the velocity potential in the vertical as a linear combination of Chebyshev polynomials. The accuracy of the 2DV model was validated with several non-breaking experimental test cases (Benoit et al., 2014; Raoult et al., 2016). Here the model is extended to 3D using scattered nodes (for flexibility) to discretize the horizontal domain. Spatial derivatives are estimated at each node using a linear combination of the function values at neighboring points using Radial Basis Functions (RBF) (Wright and Fornberg, 2006). The accuracy of the method depends on the number of neighboring nodes (Nsten) and the chosen RBF type (e.g. multiquadric, Gaussian, polyharmonic spline (PHS), thin plate spline, etc.), with associated shape factor C for some of them.
STATISTICS OF EXTREME WAVES IN COASTAL WATERS: LARGE SCALE EXPERIMENTS AND ADVANCED NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS
Authors: Zhang Jie , Benoit Michel , Kimmoun Olivier , Hsu Hung-Chu
Published: February 2019

Freak (or rogue) waves have been a topic of interest in the scientific community for several decades. However, most of the attention has been devoted to the study of these waves in oceanic domains with deep water conditions (see Dysthe et al., 2008). Few papers deal with rogue wave occurrences in coastal areas, in particular considering variable bathymetry. The present work aims at improving the knowledge on the statistics of extreme waves in irregular wave conditions propagating over a sloping bottom profile, through large scale experiments and advanced numerical models.
HYDRODYNAMICS UNDER LARGE-SCALE REGULAR AND BICHROMATIC BREAKING WAVES
Authors: Van der A Dominic , Van der Zanden Joep , Li Ming , Cooper James , Clark Simon , Eltard-Larsen Bjarke , Carstensen Stefan , Fuhrman David , Petrotta Carmelo , Faraci Carla , Scandura Pietro , CÃ¡ceres IvÃ¡n , McLelland Stuart , Fromant Guillaume , Hurther David , Ruessink Gerben , Brinkkemper Joost
Published: February 2019

Multiphase CFD models recently have proved promising in modelling crossâ€shore sediment transport and morphodynamics (Jacobsen et al 2014). However, modelling breaking wave turbulence remains a major challenge for these models, because it occurs at very different spatial and temporal length scales and involves the interaction between surface generated turbulence and turbulence generated in the bottom boundary layer. To an extent these challenges arise from a lack of appropriate experimental data, since most previous experimental studies involved breaking waves at small-scale, and have not permitted investigation of the turbulent boundary layer processes. Moreover, most existing studies have concentrated on regular waves, thereby excluding the flow and turbulence dynamics occurring at wave group time-scales under irregular waves within the surf zone. These limitations motivated a new experiment in the large-scale CIEM wave flume in Barcelona involving regular and irregular waves. The experiment was conducted in May-July 2017 within the HYDRALAB+ Transnational Access project HYBRID.
SOURCE MECHANISM OF THE TSUNAMI OP MARCH 28, 1964 IN ALASKA
Authors: Van Dorn W.M. G.
Published: February 2019

The distribution of permanent, vertical crustal dislocations, the times and directions of early water motion in and around the generation area, and the unusual low frequency character of the tsunami record obtained from Wake Island, all suggest that the tsunami associated with the great Alaskan earthquake of March 28, 1964 was produced by a dipolar movement of the earth's crust, centered along a line running from Hinchinbrook Island (Prince William Sound) southwesterly to the Trinity Islands. The positive pole of this disturbance encompassed most of the shallow shelf bordering the Gulf of Alaska, while the negative pole lay mostly under land. Thus, the early effect was the drainage of water from the shelf into the Gulf, thus generating a long solitary wave, which radiated out over the Pacific with very little dispersion. Tilting of Prince William Sound to the northwest produced strong seiching action in the deep, narrow adjacent fjords, thus inundating inhabited places already suffering from earth shock and slumping of the deltas on which they were situated. Preliminary calculations indicate that the initial positive phase of the tsunami contained about 2.3 x 102lergs of energy, as compared with 2.7 x 1022ergs computed for the tsunami of March 9, 1957 in the Andreanof Islands.
COMPUTATIONS OF LONGSHORE CURRENTS
Authors: Chiu Tsao-Yi , Bruun Per
Published: February 2019

This article introduces the longshore current computations based on theories published under the title "Longshore Currents and Longshore Troughs" (Bruun, 1963). Two approaches are used to formulate the longshore current velocities for a beach profile with one bar under the following assumptions: (1) that longshore current is evenly distributed (or a mean can be taken) along the depthj (2) that the solitary wave theory is applicable for waves in the surf zone; (3) that the statistical wave-height distribution for a deep water wave spectrum with a single narrow band of frequencies can be used near the shore, and (4) that the depth over the bar crest, Dcr, equal 0.8Hv/i /o\. Breaking wave height H^Q/^X is designated to be the actual height equal to Hw-j (significant wave height). Diagrams have been constructed for both approaches for beach profiles with one bar, from which longshore current velocities caused by various wave-breaking conditions can be read directly. As for longshore currents along the beach with a multibar system, fifteen diagrams covering a great variety of wave-breaking conditions are provided for obtaining longshore current velocities in different troughs.
THE COASTLINE OF RIVER-DELTAS
Authors: Bakker W.T.J.N.P. , Edelman T.
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the shape of the coastline of a river delta on a coast, along which sediment is transported by waves only. In order to make the problem suitable to a mathematical treatment it is necessary to simplify to a large extend the processes occurring in nature.
SEASONAL CHANGES IN BEACHES OP THE NORTH ATLANTIC COAST OF THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Darling John M.
Published: February 2019

Seasonal changes of eight Atlantic Ocean beaches along the East Coast of the United States from southern New Jersey to Rhode Island have been under study since September 1962. These beaches are surveyed at frequent intervals repeating profile lines perpendicular to the shoreline, spaced to indicate any major changes occurring to the beach shape or dimensions with as much assurance as is reasonably possible. Correlation of changes in beach profile with tide and wave data is being made. Changes in the beach profiles to date indicate variations on a seasonal basis.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF A DRIFT-SAMP DYKE ON THE ISLAND ROTTUMERPLAAT
Authors: Blumenthal K.P.
Published: February 2019

In the paper a description is given of the construction of a dyke using drift-sand on a sandy shoal off the Netherlands' North coast called "Rottumerplaat", and of the experiences gained hereby. Only where necessary for general understanding reference is made to conditions and experiences in other places in Holland* where dunes or dykes are built using drift-sand. The object of the dyke under consideration is to obtain a flood-free strip of land in an area, where this may be useful for future hydraulic engineering works. A special circumstance on Rottumerplaat is the low level in relation to the tidal curvet it has always been assumed that construction of a drift-sand dyke, starting on such a low level, would have no chance of success.
POSSIBILITY OP HELICOPTER USE IN SOUNDING SURVEY FOR HYDROGRAPHIC PLANS OP MOUTHS NAUTICALLY UNKNOWN
Authors: Fontes F.C. , Casanova L.M.
Published: February 2019

Reference is made to the method that it was necessary to resort to for the first complete hydrographic survey of the Cuama mouth on the Zambezi delta,where the plans for the economic development of the Zambezi Valley foresee the need for the establishment of a fluviomaritime harbour. Thi3 corresponds to the execution of sounding by means of a direct intersection method (shore controlled survey), using helicopters for the transportation of the echo sounder. The operational techniques for sounding with helicopters and localization of the points sounded are described, indicating also the equipment and personnel required for such operations. The results obtained through two hydrographic surveys carried out in 1962 and 1963 are indicated and analyzed, examining the technical worth of the method, its efficiency, costs and safety, as compared to the classical sounding methods. Further, reference is made to the possibilities for improvement offered by the method being described and to the circumstances under which it has been applied, taking into consideration the results obtained during the trial sounding operation.
DUTCH AND FLORIDA PRACTICES ON REVETMENT DESIGN
Authors: Gerritsen F. , Bruun P.
Published: February 2019

In this paper the authors discuss Dutch and Florida practices on revetment design. Instead of presenting two different papers they have preferred to prepare one paper in which basic principles and techniques are emphasized.
ON OPTIMUM BREAKWATER DESIGN
Authors: Van de Kreeke J. , Paape A.
Published: February 2019

A breakwater design is optimum when it results in a structure that meets the requirements at minimum total cost. The total cost consist of cost of construction, anticipated damage and economic loss due to failure of the structure. For any type of structure the design wave or load is governed by the condition of minimum total cost. This is worked out for some possible designs for Europoort Harbour, Rotterdam. The data needed are often insufficient, however, for reasonable assumptions important directives can be obtained especially with respect to ranking of structures of the same type.
SEAWARD PROFILE FOR RUBBLE MOUND BREAKWATERS
Authors: Priest Melville S. , Pugh Joel W. , Singh Rameshwar
Published: February 2019

For several years, some coastal engineers have been aware that the seaward face of rubble mound breakwaters of the common trapezoidal cross-section is conducive to relatively severe wave action and possible damage to the breakwaters. Further, it has been suggested that a preferable seaward profile would be that composed of three straight lines, with the middle line at a relatively small angle with the horizontal, to form what might be thought of as abroad berm. In order to arrive at a more realistic knowledge of seaward profiles for which wave intensity and likelihood of breakwater damage are minimal, a laboratory study of shallow-water wave action on rubble breakwaters was initiated at Auburn University, It is hoped that such knowledge will lead to design procedures which will result in (a) less violent wave action, (b) less structural damage, and (c) the possible use of smaller stones. Thus far, the study has been devoted to shallow-water waves of two types, steep, smooth waves and spilling breakers, acting, with normal incidence, upon breakwaters constructed of various materials and having an initial seaward slope of 1 on if. For each set of conditions, the stable seaward profile was determined. Through dimensional analysis and curve fitting, an effort was made to describe the stable seaward profiles in terms of physical quantities which influence the profiles. It is the authors1 belief that the results of this study will be useful in leading to more rational design procedures.
COMMUNICATION SUR LA CONSTRUCTION DU PORT DE COTONOU (Dahomey)
Authors: Sireyjol P.
Published: February 2019

Un accord est intervenu en 1959 entre lea Gouvernements Ixangais et DahomeBn vue de la construction d'un port en eau profonde sur la c6te du Benin a proximi t6 de ville de Cotonou (Republique du Dahomey). L'ouvrage en cours de construction est un port gagnd sur la mer, en avancee par rapport au rivage, qui a eu pour effet d'intei rompre l'important transit littoral qui s'exerce de l'Ouest a l'Est sur cette c6te. travaux commences en Novembre 1959 sont des maintenant tres avances. D£ja les pe'trol peuvent etre recus dans le port et les navires a marchandises diverses seront recus quai avant la fin de l'annee 1964. La presente communication porte sur 1'incidence tres profonde que le phenomeu transit littoral a exercee sur la conception et les conditions d'execution des divei ouvrages.
PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR AND THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE COASTS
Authors: Teixeira da Mota A.
Published: February 2019

When, under the strong impulse of Prince Henry, Portuguese maritime discoveries began, in the dawn of the XVth Century, methods of navigation were still those of coastal and estimated navigatxon and resulted mostly from the progress made in the Xlllth Century. During that period the knowledge of geometry of ancient Greece had spread widely and the mariner's compass had been adopted on board the Mediterranean ships. These innovations had the following consequences: a) Rutters: to the former indication of the principal characteristics of the coasts, particularly as regards to ports and bars, and of the distance between the most remarkable accidents, was from now on added the indication of the magnetic azimuths between these accidents. b) Nautical charts: the nautical chart, nonexistent m Europe, was created at that time.
ON THE DESIGN OF SMALL CRAFT HARBORS
Authors: Lee Charles E.
Published: February 2019

There is little useable, up-to-date written data on the design of small craft harbors. That which has been written does not in general fit the needs of today's crowded marinas. Therefore, we are pioneering a new phase of coastal engineering, one that needs the cooperation of both scientist and engineers, of private practice, university and government. To develop these needs, we must have specialization, as today's research, development, and design is too complex for any one individual to be expert in all. In larger organizations, such as government, three specializations must be developed. It is necessary that all of us in coastal engineering realize and admit this. Therefore, in this introduction the delineation of the responsibilities of these specialties are discussed. The designer must go to the shore, evaluate the needs of the area, conceive the works that will accomplish the needs, relate to the researcher where his lack of understanding lies and therefore the areas where research is needed. The researcher must then go to the laboratory and to the basic mathematical relationships and establish the relationship of one factor to another. The designer must then take these relationships to the drawing board and devise the structures to furnish a useable harbor. The relationship between the designer and the researcher must be initimate with each having full confidence in the other. Each of these takes long experience, training, and direction of thought that is peculiar to his calling. However, most frequently one in his specific knowledge feels that he can better do the job of the other. Here is often perpetrated a mistake that is severely injurous to the general public. A designer cannot be developed by reading literature, doing laboratory experiments, and discussing design with field personnel, even with frequent visits to the sites. A designer is developed by consultation with the scientist, or researcher, living with the on-site problems, and bearing full responsibility for the designs he devises by living with his projects. A scientist or a research engineer is developed by love of delving into the unknown, logically relating one factor of truth to another, starting with Idealized conditions completely unrelated to actual conditions, then developing coefficients to compensate for the irregularities of nature until a procedure is developed that the designer, with his long experience with actual conditions, can utilize in the development of a project. Rarely is both specialties inherent in one man. Therefore, grave errors are made by giving principal research responsibilities to a designer or principal design responsibilities to a researcher.
COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH ON THE GREAT LAKES
Authors: Bajorunas L.
Published: February 2019

Collection and study of field data relative to coastal engineering is underway for the following problems: wind over the lakes and its relationship with wind recorded on land; wave characteristics and effect of wind and environment; water level disturbances and mathematical relationship with acting forces; currents in harbors and factors affecting them; littoral transport.
STORM CONDITIONS AND VEGETATION IN EQUILIBRIUM OP REEF ISLANDS
Authors: Stoddart D.R.
Published: February 2019

The study of reef islands on the British Honduras coast before and after a major hurricane in 1961 demonstrated the critical significance of vegetation in determining whether storm action is mainly erosional or aggradational. Ian-induced vegetation change in this area has led to major storms becoming primarily destructive, and this change can be related to the recent history of the islands. Instability resulting from continued interference with natural vegetation will have serious consequences for the economic use and even future existence of the islands; such use will best be regulated by allowing natural regeneration of vegetation in shelter belts along the most exposed shores of islands.
WATER WAVE EQUIVALENT OF MACH-REFLECTION
Authors: Wiegel R.L.
Published: February 2019

Periodic (shallow water and transitional water) and solitary water gravity waves do not reflect from a wall in the manner commonly supposed, when the angle between the direction of wave advance and the wall is less than about 5? to 45 degrees. The wave front bends near the wall, becoming normal to the wall, with a small reflected wave. For angles less than about 20 degrees the reflected wave becomes almost negligible. The portion of the wave near the wall (called the Mach-stem in air blast waves) increases in height as the wave continues to move along the wall. Once the Mach-stem is formed, it will continue to grow even when the wall is bent around through almost 90 degrees; for periodic waves a Machreflected wave also develops. The Mach-stem is insensitive to undulation, of the wall. Results of studies of this phenomenon in the laboratory are presented, together with some observation of its occurrence in the ocean. The importance of this phenomenon to the study of tsunami action at Hilo, Hawaii, is presented.
Complete Proceedings - Single PDF Download
Authors: Johnson J. W.
Published: February 2019

At the suggestion of the late Professor Boris A. Bakhmeteff, the Council on Wave Research was formed in 1950 under the Engineering Foundation. At intervals thereafter the Council has co-sponsored with various societies, universities, and governmental agencies throughout the world several international conferences on coastal engineering. The purpose of these conferences has been to bring together both engineers and scientists of many disciples for an exchange of information and thereby delineate fruitful research areas in the general field of coastal engineering. In 1964 the Council on Wave Research transferred its activities to the American Society of Civil Engineers and became the Coastal Engineering Research Council. Thus, the Ninth Conference on Coastal Engineering was cosponsored by this new Council and the Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil in Lisbon, Portugal.
The effect of respiratory motion on electronic portal imaging device dosimetry
Authors: Fielding Andrew L. , Mendieta Jessica Benitez , Maxwell Sarah , Jones Catherine
Published: February 2019

There is an increasing need to develop methods for in vivo verification of the delivery of radiotherapy treatments. Electronic portal imaging devices (EPID's) have been demonstrated to be of use for this application. The basic principle is relatively straightforward, the EPID is used to measure a two‐dimensional (2D) planar exit or portal dose map behind the patient during the treatment delivery that can provide information on any errors in linear accelerator output or changes in the patient anatomy. In this paper we focused on the effect of intra‐fraction motion, particularly respiratory motion, on the measured 2D EPID dose–response. Measurements were made with a breast phantom undergoing one‐dimensional (1D) sinusoidal motion with a range of amplitudes (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 cm) and frequencies (12, 15, and 20  cycles/min). Further measurements were made with the phantom undergoing breathing sequences measured during patient planning computed tomography simulation. We made use of the quadratic calibration method that converts the EPID images to a surrogate for dose, equivalent thickness of Plastic Water®. Comparisons were made of the 2D thickness maps derived for the different motions compared to the static phantom case and the resulting dose difference analyzed over the “breast” region of interest. A 2D gamma analysis within the same region of interest was performed of the motion images compared to static reference image. Comparisons were made of 1D thickness profiles for the moving and static phantom. The 1D and 2D analyses show the method to be sensitive to the smallest motion amplitude of 0.5 cm tested in the phantom measurements. The results using the phantom demonstrate the method to be a potentially useful tool for monitoring intra‐fraction motion during the delivery of patient radiotherapy treatments as well as more generally providing information on the effects of motion on EPID based in vivo dosimetric verification.
Estimation algorithm for system with non‐Gaussian multiplicative/additive noises based on variational Bayesian inference
Authors: Yu Xingkai , Li Jianxun , Xu Jian
Published: February 2019

This paper considers estimation algorithms for linear and nonlinear systems contaminated by non‐Gaussian multiplicative and additive noises. Based on the variational idea, in order to derive optimal estimation algorithms, we combine the multiplicative noise with states as the joint parameters to estimate. The application of variational Bayesian inference to joint estimation of the state and the multiplicative noise is established. By treating the states as unknown quantities as well as the multiplicative noise, there are now correlations between the states and multiplicative noise in the posterior distribution. There are two main goals in Bayesian learning. The first is approximating the marginal likelihood (PDF of multiplicative noise) to perform model comparison. The second is approximating the posterior distribution over the states (also called a system model), which can then be used for prediction. The two goals constitute the iterative algorithm. The rules for determining the loop is the Kullback‐Leibler divergence between the true distribution of state and a chosen fixed tractable distribution, which is used to approximate the true one. The iterative algorithm is deduced, which is initialized based on the idea of sampling. Meanwhile, the convergence analysis of the proposed iterative algorithm is presented. The numerical simulation results in a comparison between the proposed method and these existing classic algorithms in the context of nonlinear hidden Markov models, state‐space models, and target‐tracking models with non‐Gaussian multiplicative noise demonstrate the superiorities, not only in speed, precision, and computation load but also in the ability to process non‐Gaussian complex noise.
Molecular Engineering of Functional Nucleic Acid Nanomaterials toward In Vivo Applications
Authors: Zhang JingJing , Lan Tian , Lu Yi
Published: February 2019

Recent advances in nanotechnology and engineering have generated many nanomaterials with unique physical and chemical properties. Over the past decade, numerous nanomaterials are introduced into many research areas, such as sensors for environmental monitoring, food safety, point‐of‐care diagnostics, and as transducers for solar energy transfer. Meanwhile, functional nucleic acids (FNAs), including nucleic acid enzymes, aptamers, and aptazymes, have attracted major attention from the biomedical community due to their unique target recognition and catalytic properties. Benefiting from the recent progress of molecular engineering strategies, the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials are endowed by the target recognition and catalytic activity of FNAs in the presence of a target analyte, resulting in numerous smart nanoprobes for diverse applications including intracellular imaging, drug delivery, in vivo imaging, and tumor therapy. This progress report focuses on the recent advances in designing and engineering FNA‐based nanomaterials, highlighting the functional outcomes toward in vivo applications. The challenges and opportunities for the future translation of FNA‐based nanomaterials into clinical applications are also discussed.
Tendon Tissue Engineering: Effects of Mechanical and Biochemical Stimulation on Stem Cell Alignment on Cell‐Laden Hydrogel Yarns
Authors: Rinoldi Chiara , Costantini Marco , Kijeńska‐Gawrońska Ewa , Testa Stefano , Fornetti Ersilia , Heljak Marcin , Ćwiklińska Monika , Buda Robert , Baldi Jacopo , Cannata Stefano , Guzowski Jan , Gargioli Cesare , Khademhosseini Ali , Swieszkowski Wojciech
Published: February 2019

Fiber‐based approaches hold great promise for tendon tissue engineering enabling the possibility of manufacturing aligned hydrogel filaments that can guide collagen fiber orientation, thereby providing a biomimetic micro‐environment for cell attachment, orientation, migration, and proliferation. In this study, a 3D system composed of cell‐laden, highly aligned hydrogel yarns is designed and obtained via wet spinning in order to reproduce the morphology and structure of tendon fascicles. A bioink composed of alginate and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is optimized for spinning and loaded with human bone morrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM‐MSCs). The produced scaffolds are subjected to mechanical stretching to recapitulate the strains occurring in native tendon tissue. Stem cell differentiation is promoted by addition of bone morphogenetic protein 12 (BMP‐12) in the culture medium. The aligned orientation of the fibers combined with mechanical stimulation results in highly preferential longitudinal cell orientation and demonstrates enhanced collagen type I and III expression. Additionally, the combination of biochemical and mechanical stimulations promotes the expression of specific tenogenic markers, signatures of efficient cell differentiation towards tendon. The obtained results suggest that the proposed 3D cell‐laden aligned system can be used for engineering of scaffolds for tendon regeneration.
Highly Stable Organic Transistors on Paper Enabled by a Simple and Universal Surface Planarization Method
Authors: Shin Hyeonwoo , Roh Jeongkyun , Song Jiyoung , Roh Heebum , Kang Chan‐Mo , Lee Taesoo , Park Gunbaek , An Kunsik , Kim Jun Young , Kim Hyoseok , Kwak Jeonghun , Lee Changhee , Kim Hyeok
Published: February 2019

In this work, operationally and mechanically stable organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) are demonstrated on aramid fiber‐based paper enabled by a simple and universal surface planarization method. By employing a nanoimprint lithography‐inspired surface smoothening method, rough aramid paper is successfully smoothened from a scale of several tens of micrometers to a sub‐nanometer‐scale surface roughness. Owing to the sub‐nanometer‐scale surface roughness of the aramid paper, the OFETs fabricated on the aramid paper exhibit decent field‐effect mobility (0.25 cm2V−1s−1) with a high current on‐to‐off ratio (>107), both of which are comparable with those of OFETs fabricated on rigid silicon substrates. Moreover, the OFETs fabricated on the aramid paper exhibit both high operational and mechanical stability; this is indicated by a bias‐stress‐induced threshold voltage shift (∆VTH≈ 4.27 V under an excessive gate bias stress of 1.7 MV cm−1for 1 h 30 min) comparable to that of OFETs on a rigid silicon substrate, moderate field‐effect mobility, and a threshold voltage stability under 1000 bending cycles with a compressive strain of 1%. The demonstration of highly stable OFETs on paper enabled by the simple planarization method will expand the potential use of various types of paper in electronic applications.
Optically Controlled Abnormal Photovoltaic Current Modulation with Temperature in BiFeO3
Authors: Zhao Rudai , Ma Nan , Qi Jia , Mishra Yogendra Kumar , Adelung Rainer , Yang Ya
Published: February 2019

Ferroelectric materials hold great promise toward next generation of optoelectronic devices because of their unique characteristics such as above‐bandgap photovoltage and polarization‐dependent photocurrent. But the relative low photocurrent value limits their potential applications in real devices. In order to improve the photovoltaic performance and detailed and systematic investigations about the role of temperature gradient on the photocurrent in indium tin oxide (ITO)/BiFeO3 (BFO)/ITO device under various temperature gradients across both sides are carried out. The observed results reveal an enhancement in photocurrent under applying different temperature gradients, which is mainly associated with light intensity. The applied temperature gradients induce interesting mechanisms under weak and strong lights. Due to the temperature gradient controlled photocurrent, the photosensing performance of ITO/BFO/ITO photodetector device with respect to 365 nm light can be strongly modulated. This presented strategy offers a feasible route for enhancing the photovoltaic performances of the BFO material based device, which offers the capability to push forward the practical applications of ferroelectric photovoltaic devices.
Testing the associations between leading and lagging indicators in a contractor safety pre‐qualification database
Authors: Manjourides Justin , Dennerlein Jack T.
Published: February 2019

Background

Safety prequalification assessing contractors’ safety management systems and safety programs lack validation in predicting construction worker injuries.

Methods

Safety assessments of leading indicators from 2198 construction contractors, including Safety Management Systems (SMS), Safety Programs (e.g., falls, hearing protection), and Special Elements (drug testing, return to work) scales as well as the history of citations from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) were compared to contractors' lagging indicators of recordable injury case rates (RC) and rates of injuries involving days away, restricted, or transferred (DART).

Results

Increased SMS scores were related to lower injury rates. Each one‐point increase in SMS values was associated with 34% reduced odds of a recordable case rate greater than zero (Odds ratio (OR): 0.66, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): (0.57, 0.79)), and a 9% reduced recordable case rate, if one occurs (Risk Ratio (RR): 0.91, 95% CI: (0.88, 0.94)). A one‐point increase in SMS was associated with 28% reduced odds of a DART (OR = 0.72, 95%CI (0.56, 0.91)), and 9% reduced DART rate, if one occurs (RR = 0.91, 95%CI (0.87, 0.95)). Safety programs did not show consistent associations with injury outcomes. Having additional Special Elements related to drug and alcohol programs was associated with lower injury rates while the Special Element related to return to work showed no consistent associations with injury. Having more OSHA Citations was associated with lower injury rates for companies with injuries.

Conclusions

These results support pre‐qualification methods based on SMS and suggest the need for safety management systems in contractors.
39th Annual David W. Smith Workshop on Malformations and Morphogenesis: Abstracts of the 2018 Annual Meeting
Authors: Boycott Kym M. , Innes A. Micheil
Published: February 2019

The 39th Annual David W. Smith workshop on Malformations and Morphogenesis was held from August 24th‐29th 2018 at the Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity, Banff, Alberta, Canada. The Workshop, which honors the legacy of David W. Smith, brought together clinicians and researchers from around the world interested in congenital malformations and their underlying mechanisms of morphogenesis in this addition to this year's five themes: phenotypes and phenotyping of known, novel and emerging syndromes; treatment; epigenetics and chromatin disorders; placenta; and, gene–environment interaction. This Conference Report includes the abstracts presented at the 2018 Workshop.
Removal of sulfur compounds from LPG by heteropoly acid‐modified spent FCC catalyst
Authors: Su Baochuan , Shi Li , Liu Naiwang , Wang Xin , Meng Xuan
Published: February 2019

Modified spent FCC catalysts were prepared and the desulfurization properties of these adsorbents were examined in this paper. The experiment data indicated that the spent FCC catalyst performed well in desulfurization after modification; the sulfur content in the liquified petroleum gas (LPG) dropped down to 5~10 mg.m−3. X‐Ray Fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction, Nitrorms and Fourier transform infrared were applied to characterize these adsorbents. Results showed that the content of various metals in spent FCC catalyst was significantly higher than fresh catalyst; and the metals which deactivated the FCC catalysts became the active sites for desulfurization. In addition, a moderate amount of Lewis acid sites is advantageous to desulfurization while too many Lewis acid sites played a negative role.
Ball milling: a green mechanochemical approach for synthesis of Ni (II), Co (II) and Cu (II) complexes
Authors: Zaky Rania , Fekri Ahmed
Published: February 2019

A series of Ni (II), Co (II) and Cu (II) complexes were synthesized with excellent yields via a one‐pot ball milling chelation reaction of those metals and β‐diketone. The process offers numerous advantages, such as better yield, short reaction time and mild reaction conditions. The computational studying was estimated to approve the geometry of the isolated solid compounds by applying density functional theory. The synthesized compounds were interpreted by using various spectroscopic techniques [infrared (IR), 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, UV–visible, electron spin resonance (ESR) and mass spectrometry] together with some physical studies (molar conductance and magnetic susceptibility). The outcomes data displayed that the (HD1), (HD2) and (HD3) acted as neutral and/or mononegative bidentate ligands. The ESR as well as electronic spectra suggested the octahedral configuration for all isolated complexes, expect [Cu (HD2)(OAc)2]·2H2O has square planar structure. Also, the in vitro antimicrobial assay was done by using the well diffusion method for HD1, HD2, HD3 and their complexes.
Structural variation from trinuclears to 1D chains: Syntheses, structures and properties
Authors: Yin Xiu‐Ju , Zhu Long‐Guan
Published: February 2019

Five complexes [Co3(Hpmad)6]·(4‐sb)2·(CH3COO)2·(H2O)2 (1), [Co3(Hpmad)6]·(3‐sb)2·(CH3COO)2·(H2O)0.5 (2), [Co(Hpmad)2(4‐sb)]n (3), [Co(Hpmad)2(3‐sb)]n (4) and {[Co(Hpmad)(SO4)(H2O)2]·H2O}n (5) [Hpmad is 2‐pyrimidineamidoxime, H2(4‐sb) is 4‐sulfobenzoic acid and H2(3‐sb) is 3‐sulfobenzoic acid], were prepared at room temperature. Complexes 1–5 were characterized by elemental analyses, single crystal X‐ray diffractions, powder X‐ray diffractions, infrared spectra, thermogravimetric analyses, fluorescence spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Complexes 1 and 2 possess the linear trinuclear Co2+ structures. Complexes 3 and 4 exhibit similar one‐dimensional (1D) chains. Complex 5 comprises the 1D helical chain. The change of anion in cobalt salt from CH3COO− to Cl− to SO42− leads to the structural evolution from the linear trinuclear Co2+ structure to the 1D chain to the 1D helical chain. Complexes 1–5 exhibit the Hpmad‐based emissions. The magnetic properties of 1–5 were also investigated.
Zinc (II), palladium (II) and cadmium (II) complexes containing 4‐methoxy‐N‐(pyridin‐2‐ylmethylene) aniline derivatives: Synthesis, characterization and methyl methacrylate polymerization
Authors: Park Suhyun , Lee Jungkyu K. , Lee Hyosun , Nayab Saira , Shin Jong Won
Published: February 2019

A series of Zn (II), Pd (II) and Cd (II) complexes, [(L)nMX2]m (L = L‐a–L‐c; M = Zn, Pd; X = Cl; M = Cd; X = Br; n, m = 1 or 2), containing 4‐methoxy‐N‐(pyridin‐2‐ylmethylene) aniline (L‐a), 4‐methoxy‐N‐(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl) aniline (L‐b) and 4‐methoxy‐N‐methyl‐N‐(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl) aniline (L‐c) have been synthesized and characterized. The X‐ray crystal structures of Pd (II) complexes [L1PdCl2] (L = L‐b and L‐c) revealed distorted square planar geometries obtained via coordinative interaction of the nitrogen atoms of pyridine and amine moieties and two chloro ligands. The geometry around Zn (II) center in [(L‐a)ZnCl2] and [(L‐c)ZnCl2] can be best described as distorted tetrahedral, whereas [(L‐b)2ZnCl2] and [(L‐b)2CdBr2] achieved 6‐coordinated octahedral geometries around Zn and Cd centers through 2‐equivalent ligands, respectively. In addition, a dimeric [(L‐c)Cd(μ‐Br)Br]2 complex exhibited typical 5‐coordinated trigonal bipyramidal geometry around Cd center. The polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of modified methylaluminoxane was evaluated by all the synthesized complexes at 60°C. Among these complexes, [(L‐b)PdCl2] showed the highest catalytic activity [3.80 × 104 g poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/mol Pd hr−1], yielding high molecular weight (9.12 × 105 g mol−1) PMMA. Syndio‐enriched PMMA (characterized using 1H‐NMR spectroscopy) of about 0.68 was obtained with Tg in the range 120–128°C. Unlike imine and amine moieties, the introduction of N‐methyl moiety has an adverse effect on the catalytic activity, but the syndiotacticity remained unaffected.
Fully biobased polyester polyols derived from renewable resources toward preparation of polyurethane and their application for coatings
Authors: Khanderay Jitendra C. , Gite Vikas V.
Published: February 2019

Renewable resources such as isosorbide and dimer acid were used to prepare fully biobased polyester polyols and polyurethane (PU) coatings. The structural features of polyester polyols were studied by end‐group analysis and spectroscopic methods. Then polyols were utilized in the preparation of PU coatings by reacting with diisocyanate. The prepared PU coatings were tested for both mechanical and chemical testings, which involved gloss, cross‐cut adhesion, pencil hardness, anticorrosion performance by immersion and Tafel plot methods, and chemical resistance against water, solvent, and acid media. The prepared PUs were also tested for their thermal stability using a thermogravimetric analyzer and surface morphology by a scanning electron microscopy. Tested mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and thermal stability results demonstrated that the renewable sources used in the preparation of PU coatings can be good substitutes over petroleum resources. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47558.
Cranial Nerves: Phylogeny and Ontogeny
Authors: Martínez‐Marcos Alino , Sañudo José Ramón
Published: February 2019

This Special Issue, entitled “Cranial Nerves: phylogeny, ontogeny, morphology and clinical significance,” has been divided into two consecutive volumes. We present here the first volume, devoted to phylogeny and ontogeny. Articles in this volume examine these two topics from a microscopic point of view. This volume includes an historical review that serves as an introduction. It also includes a review of the organization of cranial nerves from a neuromeric perspective which, together with two articles in amphioxi and lampreys, give emphasis to a comparative approach. Finally, several articles examine cranial nerves zero (nervus terminalis), I (olfactory), II (optic), III, IV and VI (oculomotor), VIII (cochlear and vestibular), and XI (accessory or spinal). Together, they provide a general overview of the neuroanatomical organization of cranial nerves, while offering insights into an evo‐devo paradigm. Anat Rec, 302:378–380, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
UV‐Light Photoelectrochemical Sensor Based on the Copper Tetraamino‐Phthalocyanine‐modified ITO Electrode for the Detection of Nifedipine in Drugs and Human Serum
Authors: Peng Jinyun , Zhuge Wenfeng , Huang Yingying , Zhang Cuizhong , Huang Wei
Published: February 2019

In this study, a new photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor based on the copper tetraamino‐phthalocyanine‐modified ITO electrode (CuTAPc/ITO) was designed for the determination of nifedipine. The prepared CuTAPc materials were characterized using UV–Visible spectrophotometry (UVS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Then, the CuTAPc solution was coated on the ITO electrode surface to fabricate a simple PEC sensing platform. Then, the photoelectrochemical behavior of nifedipine at the CuTAPc/ITO electrode was investigated by chronoamperometry under ultraviolet light irradiation. The obtained results indicated that the modified electrode showed a higher response signal than the blank electrode. The photocurrent of CuTAPc/ITO increased with the increasing concentration of nifedipine. The peak photocurrents were linearly dependent on the nifedipine concentration in the range of 0.25–18.0 μmol/L, thereby providing the detection limit of 0.15 μmol/L (S/N = 3). Due to the good responses for the determination of nifedipine, this sensor can be used as an alternative analysis tool for the detection of nifedipine in various real samples with high sensitivity, low detection limit, and wide linearity range.