bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hyperbranched Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based Polymers Constructed via Linear Side‐Chains towards Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Zhou Zhaoqiong , Li Yan , Chen Pinyu , Meng Jinqiu , Luo Nan , Luo Liang , He Feng , Shao Xiangfeng , Zhang Hao‐Li , Liu Zitong
Published: November 2022

Conjugated polymers with high charge mobilities have drawn increasing attention in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) in recent years. However, OFETs of conjugated polymers with high mobility and good device stability remain a challenge. In this article, we report a hyperbranched polymer approach to improve the charge mobility and device stability. Three hyperbranched diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based polymers were designed and synthesized via linear alkyl side‐chain linkers. The results show that 2D topological hyperbranched polymers form stable thin film microstructures, and thus improve the device stability, since the conjugated moiety is interconnected by linear alkyl chain. Besides, the incorporation of linear alkyl chain instead of branching alkyl one reduce steric hindrance, and improve the microstructure ordering as well as the charge mobility. Bar‐coated OFETs result demonstrates that the devices mobilities and operational stabilities (bias stability and bending resistance) are both improved. All these indicate that hyperbranched polymer is a potential candidate for future application.
B(C6F5)3‐Catalyzed Regioselective Ring Opening of Cyclic Amines with Hydrosilanes
Authors: Peng Yi , Oestreich Martin
Published: November 2022

Opening the ring of cyclic amines by regioselective fission of one of the carbon–nitrogen bonds greatly expands the repertoire of available nitrogen‐containing skeletons. Unlike approaches starting from cyclic tertiary amines, methods that can directly open secondary amines are still scarce. The present work discloses an efficient reductive ring opening of either of these cyclic amines using PhSiH3 under B(C6F5)3 catalysis. By this, the direct transformation of unstrained cyclic amines into the corresponding acyclic amines is achieved in a simple one‐pot operation. A stepwise mechanism proceeding through the intermediacy of silylammonium ions followed by reductive cleavage of a carbon–nitrogen bond was experimentally verified.
Incidence, factors, and disparities related to cancer among Black individuals in Canada: A scoping review
Authors: Cénat Jude Mary , Dromer Élisabeth , Darius Wina Paul , Dalexis Rose Darly , Furyk Sarah Elizabeth , Poisson Hannah , Mansoub Bekarkhanechi Farid , Shah Muhammad , Diao David Guangyu , Gedeon Andi Phaelle , Lebel Sophie , Labelle Patrick R.
Published: November 2022

Background

In Canada, two of five individuals will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime and one in four will die from this disease. Given the disparities observed in health research among Black individuals, we conducted a scoping review to analyze the state of cancer research in Canadian Black communities regarding prevalence, incidence, screening, mortality, and related factors to observe advances and identify gaps and disparities.

Methods

A comprehensive search strategy was developed and executed in December 2021 across 10 databases (e.g., Embase). Of 3451 studies generated by the search, 19 were retained for extraction and included in this study.

Results

Studies were focused on a variety of cancer types among Black individuals including anal, breast, cervical, colorectal, gastric, lung, and prostate cancers. They included data on incidence, stage of cancer at diagnosis, type of care received, diagnostic interval length, and screening. A few studies also demonstrated racial disparities among Black individuals. This research reveals disparities in screening, incidence, and quality of care among Black individuals in Canada.

Conclusions

Given the gaps observed in cancer studies among Black individuals, federal and provincial governments and universities should consider creating special funds to generate research on this important health issue.

Plain language summary

Important gaps were observed on research on cancer among Black communities in Canada. Studies included in the scoping review highlights disparities in screening, incidence, and quality of care among Black individuals in Canada.
Simple Fabrication of ϵ‐Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Containing Silica Monoliths with Enhanced Coercivity
Authors: Altenschmidt Laura , Beaunier Patricia , Bordage Amélie , Rivière Eric , Fornasieri Giulia , Bleuzen Anne
Published: November 2022

Most of large‐size permanent room‐temperature hard magnets contain rare‐earth elements. Here, we present the preparation of a large‐size rare‐earth free hard magnet based on the loading of the ordered mesoporosity of a preformed ordered mesoporous silica monolith obtained by a sol‐gel route with the Fe(NO3)3 salt, followed by a simple calcination in air. The investigation of the influence of the thermal treatment temperature as well as the Fe/Si ratio on the microstructure of the ϵ‐Fe2O3/SiO2 nanocomposites reveals well‐controlled ϵ‐Fe2O3 particles size and size distribution. Their magnetic study allows us i) to specify the size of the particles with an enhanced coercivity and ii) to show a linear correlation between the magnetic coercivity of the materials and the mass percent of these particles in the nanocomposites. A ϵ‐Fe2O3 based bulk hard magnet with the highest coercive field of 18 kOe at room temperature was obtained by this synthesis process.
Toward deceiving the intrusion attacks in containerized cloud environment using virtual private cloud‐based moving target defense
Authors: Hyder Muhammad Faraz , Ahmed Waqas , Ahmed Maaz
Published: November 2022

The container‐based cloud has its distinct security challenges. In this article, moving target defense (MTD) is used to increase the cost and effort of the attacker to exploit resources and follow an attack path to compromise the critical resources in a container‐based cloud. The existing MTD mechanisms for cloud have not focused on intruder prevention inside containerized environment. The proposed solution is one of its kind that utilizes resource movement inside and across the virtual private network in the cloud to deceive intruders. The framework continuously changes the target/container to increase confusion about the routing path, so attackers cannot follow the simple attack path. This obscure cloud architecture increases the delay in attack and gives system/network administrators significant time to use Intrusion Detection mechanisms for countering the attack. The proposed scheme is implemented on the Google Cloud Platform (GCP) by using an extensive network of nodes hosting the stateful pods that are created and destroyed periodically. The experimental analysis confirmed that the proposed scheme substantially increased the attack path length and added obscurity at a low computation cost. However, as per experiments, implementing the proposed scheme in GCP slightly increases the dollar cost.
Comparative Risk of Hospitalized Bleeding of P2Y12 Inhibitors for Secondary Prophylaxis in Acute Coronary Syndrome After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Kumar Arun , Lutsey Pamela L. , St. Peter Wendy L. , Schommer Jon C. , Van't Hof Jeremy R. , Rajpurohit Abhijeet , Farley Joel F.
Published: November 2022

In closely monitored randomized controlled trials (RCTs), newer P2Y12 agents (ticagrelor and prasugrel) reduced cardiovascular outcomes compared with clopidogrel following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in acute coronary syndrome. However, these RCTs indicated a higher bleeding risk with these newer agents. This study evaluated the comparative safety of each P2Y12 inhibitor on hospitalizations due to major bleeding in a real‐world population. This retrospective, propensity score‐matched (PSM) cohort study utilized the IBM MarketScan database over 6 years (2013–2018) to identify incident users of P2Y12 inhibitors with age ≥18 years. The primary safety outcome was hospitalization due to any major bleeding event including gastrointestinal, intracranial, and other serious forms of bleeding. In pairwise comparisons using Cox‐proportional hazards models, ticagrelor, prasugrel, and clopidogrel users were compared for the primary safety outcome at 30, 90, and 180 days following the first prescription of P2Y12 inhibitor after PCI. There were 21,719 (ticagrelor vs. clopidogrel), 11,513 (prasugrel vs. clopidogrel), and 11,065 (prasugrel vs. ticagrelor) PSM pairs. Overall, the risk of major bleeding was similar for all P2Y12 inhibitors. Hospitalization for major bleeding was generally lower among ticagrelor users vs. clopidogrel and higher among prasugrel users compared with clopidogrel. Importantly, a 66% higher risk of major bleeding at 90 days is suggested with prasugrel compared with clopidogrel (hazard ratio 1.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–2.48). This study indicated a higher short‐term bleeding risk with prasugrel compared with clopidogrel, which concurs with the results of RCTs.
LncRNA IL21‐AS1 interacts with hnRNPU protein to promote IL21 overexpression and aberrant differentiation of Tfh cells in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Liu Limin , Hu Longyuan , Long Haojun , Zheng Meiling , Hu Zhi , He Ye , Gao Xiaofei , Du Pei , Zhao Hongjun , Yu Di , Lu Qianjin , Zhao Ming
Published: November 2022

Background

The aberrant differentiation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the mechanism of regulating Tfh cells differentiation remains unclear. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) act as important regulators in the processes of innate and adaptive immune response. Whether lncRNAs are involved in regulating Tfh cell differentiation and autoimmune responses need to be further identified.

Methods

The characters and functions of human IL21‐AS1 and its mouse homologous lncRNA (mIl21‐AS) were investigated by a series of biochemical assays and cell transfection assay. mIl21‐AS1 regulating humoral immune response in vivo was explored by keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) and chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) model.

Results

Human IL21‐AS1 and its mouse homologous lncRNA (mIl21‐AS) were identified and cloned. We uncovered that IL21‐AS1 was highly expressed in CD4+ T cells of SLE patients and Tfh cells, which promoted differentiation of Tfh cells. Mechanistically, IL21‐AS1 bound heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U and recruited acetyltransferases CREB‐binding protein to the promoter of IL21, leading to the transcriptional activation of IL21 and Tfh cells differentiation through increasing Histone H3 acetylation level on IL21 promoter. Moreover, Tfh proportion and antibodies production were significantly increased in mIl21‐AS knock‐in mice immunized with KLH. mIl21‐AS1 overexpression also exacerbated the lupus‐like phenotype in cGVHD mice model.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that IL21‐AS1 activates IL21 transcription via epigenetic mechanism to promote germinal centre response, adding insight into the molecular regulation of autoimmune pathogenesis and providing a novel target for SLE treatment.
The patterns and diagnostic significance of the lack of surface immunoglobulin light chain on mature B cells in clinical samples for lymphoma workup
Authors: Huang Sara L. , Fennell Thomas , Chen Xia , Huang James Z.
Published: November 2022

Background

Surface immunoglobulin (sIg) light chains are not always detected on mature B cells. This may present as a challenge for clonality determination in clinical flow cytometry.

Methods

To explore the mechanism and diagnostic significance of sIg negative mature B cells, we retrospectively studied 14 cases of sIg negative reactive B‐cell lymphocytosis and 89 cases of sIg negative mature B‐cell lymphomas. The expression patterns of sIg and cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (cIg) light chains were studied by flow cytometry using both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.

Results

These 14 cases of sIg negative reactive B‐cell lymphocytosis were proven to be polytypic based on cytoplasmic light chain studies. In 89 cases of sIg negative mature B‐cell lymphomas, we described four distinct patterns of abnormal light chain expression including partial or complete loss of sIg or cIg, suggesting different underlying mechanisms.

Conclusions

This study represents the first reported series of body or cystic fluids where reactive B cells do not have detectable sIg, arguing strongly against making a diagnosis of B‐cell lymphoma based on lack of sIg in mature B cells. Since the lack of sIg does not always predict clonal/neoplastic mature B‐cell proliferation, further cIg evaluation should be performed when sIg expression is not detected in mature B cells. The lack of both sIg and cIg in mature B cells may serve as a reliable surrogate clonality/neoplastic marker.
ortho‐Quinols in (Bio)Synthesis of Natural Products
Authors: Wloch Morgan , Valzer Emmanuel , Pouységu Laurent , Quideau Stéphane
Published: November 2022

6‐Alkyl‐6‐hydroxycyclohexa‐2,4‐dienone derivatives, commonly referred to as ortho‐quinols, and their simple ester and ether variants constitute a class of organic compounds that aroused much interest amongst chemists over the past 70 years for several reasons related to organic synthesis, natural product chemistry and biochemistry. It was very early on that organic chemists understood the potential of the unique yet versatile chemical reactivity of such compounds to synthesize more complex structures, and it soon emerged that ortho‐quinols could constitute key intermediates in the biosynthesis of certain natural products of various origins. This minireview discusses the chemistry of ortho‐quinols from the point of view of their role in the synthesis and biosynthesis of natural products. Examples of completed syntheses of natural products mostly taken in the literature of the last 20 years or so, together with some chosen pieces from older but pioneering and most remarkable works, are highlighted to illustrate this discussion.
Electrophoretic mobilization in capillary isoelectric focusing by a weak acid or an acidic ampholyte as catholyte assessed by computer simulation
Authors: Thormann Wolfgang
Published: November 2022

Capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) with cationic electrophoretic mobilization induced via replacing the catholyte with the anolyte or a solution of another acid or amino acid was investigated by computer simulation for a wide range pH gradient bracketed between two amphoteric spacers and short electrode vials with a higher id than the capillary. Dynamic simulations provide insight into the complexity of the mobilizing process in a hitherto inaccessible way. The electrophoretic mobilizing process begins with the penetration of the mobilizing compound through the entire capillary, is followed by a gradual or steplike decrease of pH, and ends in an environment with a non‐homogenous solution of the mobilizer. Analytes do not necessarily pass the point of detection in the order of decreasing pI values. Cationic mobilization encompasses an inherent zone dispersing and refocusing process toward the capillary end. This behavior is rather strong with phosphoric acid and citric acid, moderate with aspartic acid, glutamic acid (GLU), formic acid, and acetic acid and less pronounced in the absence of the cathodic spacer. The data reveal that optical detectors should not be placed before 90% of capillary length. Aspartic acid, GLU, formic acid, and acetic acid provide an environment with a continuously decreasing pH that explains their successful use in optimized two‐step CIEF protocols.
Ultrasound Propagation in Lithium‐Ion Battery Cell Materials: Basis for Developing Monitoring and Imaging Methods
Authors: Gold Lukas , Herzog Thomas , Schubert Frank , Heuer Henning , Giffin Guinevere A.
Published: November 2022

State‐of‐the‐art methods to monitor the degree of wetting of lithium‐ion batteries during production, which are applicable at an industrial scale, are not capable of determining the spatial electrolyte distribution in the porous network of electrodes and separator. Ultrasound can bridge this gap as it has previously been proven to be a suitable method to monitor or evaluate the infiltration of porous structures, for example, epoxy resin in carbon fiber composite. Herein, the acoustic properties of different battery cell materials are evaluated over a wide frequency range in both the dry and wet states, for the first time. Furthermore, a collection of input parameters, from the experimental setup and the evaluation routine to the acoustic parameters of the battery materials themselves, are provided. These parameters are needed for the adaptation of ultrasonic nondestructive testing to the monitoring of the wetting process of a lithium‐ion battery. Most importantly, this work demonstrates that a large change in the sound velocity (up to 100%) is observed when the porous structure of a lithium‐ion battery is filled with electrolyte and thus can serve as an appropriate evaluation figure of merit.
Stable sums to infer high return levels of multivariate rainfall time series
Authors: Buriticá Gloria , Naveau Philippe
Published: November 2022

Heavy rainfall distributional modeling is essential in any impact studies linked to the water cycle, for example, flood risks. Still, statistical analyses that both take into account the temporal and multivariate nature of extreme rainfall are rare, and often, a complex de‐clustering step is needed to make extreme rainfall temporally independent. A natural question is how to bypass this de‐clustering in a multivariate context. To address this issue, we introduce the stable sums method. Our goal is to incorporate time and space extreme dependencies in the analysis of heavy tails. To reach our goal, we build on large deviations of regularly varying stationary time series. Numerical experiments demonstrate that our novel approach enhances return levels inference in two ways. First, it is robust concerning time dependencies. We implement it alike on independent and dependent observations. In the univariate setting, it improves the accuracy of confidence intervals compared to the main estimators requiring temporal de‐clustering. Second, it thoughtfully integrates the spatial dependencies. In simulation, the multivariate stable sums method has a smaller mean squared error than its component‐wise implementation. We apply our method to infer high return levels of daily fall precipitation amounts from a national network of weather stations in France.
Changes in emotion regulation skills of school age children from the eyes of healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Turkey: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Karaaslan Bedriye Tuğba , Akoğlu Gözde , Özyurt Gonca , Oral Elif
Published: November 2022

Background and Aims

While health workers were affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic on an individual and professional basis, their families and especially their children were directly or indirectly exposed to similar factors. This study aims to compare the emotion regulation competencies of school‐age children of healthcare workers in Turkey, before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic and to investigate their emotion regulation competencies during the pandemic in terms of care conditions, daily life activities and overall health.

Methods

This study used the purposeful sampling technique and was designed as a cross‐sectional and relational survey study. To conduct this study, permission was received from the Ministry of Health Directorate‐General for Health Services, COVID‐19 Research Evaluation Commission, and İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University Non‐Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Date/Decision no: 04.03.2021/0090). The data‐collection process was carried out online between March and July, 2021. A total of 106 healthcare workers who serve in pandemic clinics or fields participated in this study. In addition to the information forms prepared by the researchers of this study, the Emotion Regulation Scale (ERS), which was adapted into Turkish, was used. One‐way analysis of variance for independent samples was used for the analysis of variables, and paired samples t‐test was used to compare emotion regulation competencies before and during the pandemic.

Results

The children's total ERS scores increased during the pandemic (47.70 ± 8.35) when compared with their pre‐pandemic scores (44.86 ± 9.25), and furthermore this difference was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.000). The total mean ERS score of children with a healthcare worker parent increased significantly during the pandemic compared with the scores before the pandemic, which revealed that emotion regulation occurred at a lower level for these children.

Conclusion

The effect of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the emotion regulation competencies of children whose parents are healthcare workers is evident.
STEREOCHIMIE DE 1,3,4‐TRIMETHYL‐2‐PHENYLPIPERAZINES : DIVERGENCE ENTRE LE CALCUL MMX ET LA RMN DANS LA DETERMINATION DES PROPORTIONS DE L'EQUILIBRE CONFORMATIONNEL
Authors: Gelbcke M. , Tytgat D.
Published: November 2022

Cis‐ and trons‐ 1,3,4‐trimethyl‐2‐phenylpiperazines have been synthesized and their most stable conformers were estimated by the MMX88.9 program. In the cis derivative at room temperature a rapid equilibrium between two conformers differing in the stereochemistry of the atoms at the position 2 and 3 was predicted (ratio = 7:3). The major species would be the conformer with an axial phenyl. Their 1H and 13C‐NMR spectra taken at different temperature confirm the existence of such an equilibrium in the cis compounds but a discrepancy in their proportion is noticed. The major species has an equatorial phenyl.
Differential expression of Chitinase 3‐Like 1 protein in appendicitis and appendix carcinomas
Authors: Zhang Yong , Li Yanping , Li Fei , Li Lingxing , Wang Chaoqun , Wang Han , Chen Yun , Zhang Chunling , Zhang Yi , Wang Wenyang
Published: November 2022

Background

Chitinase 3‐Like 1 (CHI3L1) has been used as an inflammatory biomarker for a variety of diseases, but its expression in acute appendicitis and appendix carcinomas remains unclear.

Methods

Sixty cases of patients were studied, including 46 acute appendicitis and 14 appendix carcinomas. We divided the acute appendicitis group into acute uncomplicated appendicitis (AUA), suppurative appendicitis (SA), and gangrenous appendicitis (GA). The appendix carcinoma group was divided into appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms (ANENs) and appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (AMN). Controls were 32 healthy donors. Blood neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), CHI3L1, C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and serum amyloid A (SAA) were measured in the patients. Meanwhile, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to identify the expression level and location of CHI3L1 in different cell types in appendix tissues.

Results

Compared with the controls, CHI3L1 serum levels were up‐regulated in SA, GA, and AMN groups, while no significant difference was observed in the AUA and ANEN groups. Immunofluorescence revealed that CHI3L1 expression was high in macrophages and adenocarcinoma cells of appendix tissues but not in the neuroendocrine carcinoma tissues. Moreover, levels of NLR and CRP in the SA and GA groups were considerably higher than in the control group. IL‐6 and SAA in SA, GA, ANENs, and AMN groups were also increased compared with the control group. In addition, CHI3L1 displayed good performance in predicting appendicitis, with an AUC of 0.862.

Conclusion

CHI3L1 was highly expressed in acute appendicitis and appendiceal mucinous neoplasms, which can be used as a novel biomarker predicting appendicitis.
Persistent increase of carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 with an unknown reason: A seven‐year follow‐up case
Authors: Zhao Wei , Duan Lei , Fang Long , Li Jinghua , Li Shirui , Wang Lina , Zhang Jingying , Zhang Wan , Cao Yongtong
Published: November 2022

Background

We described a patient who exhibited a gradual increase in carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA19‐9) concentrations for 4 years at three hospitals, with no associated clinical manifestations; however, we were unable to define the cause of this increase, forcing us to consider whether it was a false‐positive result.

Methods

Given the potential for interference, this study used multiple system detection, gradient dilution, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and heterophilic antibody blocking assay to evaluate the reliability of CA19‐9 concentration increase.

Results

Analysis of the patient sample using multiple systems indicated that CA19‐9 concentrations showed an obvious increase (154.0, and 889.2 IU/ml, respectively) using the Cobas E602 and Advia Centaur XP systems, and were within the reference ranges (<10 IU/ml) on other modules. PEG precipitation on the Cobas E602 and Advia Centaur XP systems reduced the CA19‐9 concentration, as did heterophilic blocking tube (HBT‐6, HBT‐1) blockade.

Conclusion

CA19‐9 was incorrectly identified to increase due to the presence of heterophilic antibodies. We recommend that heterophilic antibodies should be evaluated in cases with elevated CA19‐9 level but no associated clinical manifestations to prevent false positives.
Indirect evaluation of amyloid deposition by ultrasonography and its relationship with MEFV gene mutation in FMF patients
Authors: Urfali Mine , Yilmaz Gürkan , Özkul Bahattin , Urfali Furkan Ertürk
Published: November 2022

Objective

The most significant complication in familial mediterranean fever (FMF) patients is dysfunction and organ failure developing depending on amyloid deposition in organs. The golden standard for showing amyloid deposition is the biopsy; however, tissue stiffness was examined by shear wave elastography as a non‐invasive method in a restricted number of studies conducted, and it is considered that amyloid deposition can be shown indirectly. In our study, we aimed to indirectly evaluate amyloid deposition in organs with Shear wave and Doppler ultrasonography and to reveal its relationship with MEFV gene mutation analysis.

Method

42 FMF patients with normal thyroid and renal function tests and 35 participants with no FMF symptoms were included in our study. FMF patients were grouped depending on their MEFV mutation analyses. Thyroid, salivary glands, and renal parenchymal tissue stiffness were evaluated by shear wave elastography. Thyroidal artery and both renal artery resistances were evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography.

Results

Both parotis gland, thyroid and renal parenchymal stiffness and arterial vascular resistances in the patient group were found higher than the control group. A significant difference was not found in any parameters in classification based on gender. Tissue stiffness and vascular resistance values in the patient group with M694V homozygote mutation were found statistically significantly higher than the other mutation groups (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Our study shows that identifying genetic mutation type in FMF patients will help determine possibly amyloidosis risk. Imaging of tissue stiffness by shear wave elastography and evaluation of vascular resistance by Doppler can be useful for routine screening of those patients.
Burnout in oral health students: A scoping review
Authors: MacAulay Rebecca , Morash Julie , Kenwell Leslie S. , Haslam S. Kimberly
Published: November 2022

Background

Student burnout can be defined as the negative reactions that occur because of prolonged academic stress, which can result in emotional exhaustion/exhaustion (EE/EX), depersonalization/cynicism, and diminished personal accomplishment/reduced academic efficacy (DPA/RAE).

Objective

The purpose of this scoping review is to determine if burnout is prevalent in oral health students (OHS); identify the factors that are shown to be predicators of burnout in OHS; determine the preventive and coping strategies OHS used to mitigate the effects of burnout; and identify gaps in the literature on burnout in OHS.

Methods

A systematic search was completed using the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, EBSCO, and ERIC. The returns were screened by all members of the team using inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the studies that met the criteria were appraised.

Results and discussion

Eighteen studies assessed burnout in OHS, 15 studied dental students, 2 studied dental hygiene students, and 1 studied both. Findings concerning the prevalence of burnout varied greatly across the literature with anywhere between 7% and 70.4% of OHS reporting suffering from burnout syndrome. The most prevalent scale of burnout in OHS was EE/EX with 10%–66.2% of OHS reporting high levels. Stressors for OHS were years of study, clinical components, and demanding academic courses. Early identification and interventions are keys to prevent the negative consequences of burnout.

Conclusion

Burnout in OHS can affect their mental health, empathy toward patients, and professional conduct. Therefore, educating students and faculty on the signs and symptoms of burnout is key in preventing detrimental effects that may inhibit their academic success.
Reprogramming of T cell‐derived small extracellular vesicles using IL2 surface engineering induces potent anti‐cancer effects through miRNA delivery
Authors: Jung Dokyung , Shin Sanghee , Kang Sung‐Min , Jung Inseong , Ryu Suyeon , Noh Soojeong , Choi Sung‐Jin , Jeong Jongwon , Lee Beom Yong , Kim Kwang‐Soo , Kim Christine Seulki , Yoon Jong Hyuk , Lee Chan‐Hyeong , Bucher Felicitas , Kim Yong‐Nyun , Im Sin‐Hyeog , Song Byoung‐Joon , Yea Kyungmoo , Baek Moon‐Chang
Published: November 2022

T cell‐derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) exhibit anti‐cancer effects. However, their anti‐cancer potential should be reinforced to enhance clinical applicability. Herein, we generated interleukin‐2‐tethered sEVs (IL2‐sEVs) from engineered Jurkat T cells expressing IL2 at the plasma membrane via a flexible linker to induce an autocrine effect. IL2‐sEVs increased the anti‐cancer ability of CD8+ T cells without affecting regulatory T (Treg) cells and down‐regulated cellular and exosomal PD‐L1 expression in melanoma cells, causing their increased sensitivity to CD8+ T cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. Its effect on CD8+ T and melanoma cells was mediated by several IL2‐sEV‐resident microRNAs (miRNAs), whose expressions were upregulated by the autocrine effects of IL2. Among the miRNAs, miR‐181a‐3p and miR‐223‐3p notably reduced the PD‐L1 protein levels in melanoma cells. Interestingly, miR‐181a‐3p increased the activity of CD8+ T cells while suppressing Treg cell activity. IL2‐sEVs inhibited tumour progression in melanoma‐bearing immunocompetent mice, but not in immunodeficient mice. The combination of IL2‐sEVs and existing anti‐cancer drugs significantly improved anti‐cancer efficacy by decreasing PD‐L1 expression in vivo. Thus, IL2‐sEVs are potential cancer immunotherapeutic agents that regulate both immune and cancer cells by reprogramming miRNA levels.
Compound heterozygous variants within two conserved sialyltransferase motifs of ST3GAL5 cause GM3 synthase deficiency
Authors: Rudy Natasha , Aoki Kazuhiro , Ananth Amitha , Holloway Lynda , Skinner Cindy , Hurst Anna , Tiemeyer Michael , Steet Richard
Published: November 2022

GM3 synthase deficiency (GM3SD) is caused by biallelic variants in ST3GAL5. The ganglioside GM3, enriched in neuronal tissues, is a component of lipid rafts and regulates numerous signaling pathways. Affected individuals with GM3SD exhibit global developmental delay, progressive microcephaly, and dyskinetic movements. Hearing loss and altered skin pigmentation are also common. Most of the reported variants in ST3GAL5 are found in motifs conserved across all sialyltransferases within the GT29 family of enzymes. These motifs include motif L and motif S which contain amino acids responsible for substrate binding. These loss‐of‐function variants cause greatly reduced biosynthesis of GM3 and gangliosides derived from GM3. Here we describe an affected female with typical GM3SD features bearing two novel variants that reside in the other two conserved sialyltransferase motifs (motif 3 and motif VS). These missense alterations occur in amino acid residues that are strictly invariant across the entire GT29 family of sialyltransferases. The functional significance of these variants was confirmed by mass spectrometric analysis of plasma glycolipids, demonstrating a striking loss of GM3 and accumulation of lactosylceramide and Gb3 in the patient. The glycolipid profile changes were accompanied by an increase in ceramide chain length on LacCer. No changes in receptor tyrosine phosphorylation were observed in patient‐derived lymphoblasts, indicating that GM3 synthase loss‐of‐function in this cell type does not impact receptor tyrosine kinase activity. These findings demonstrate the high prevalence of loss‐of‐function ST3GAL5 variants within highly conserved sialyltransferase motifs in affected individuals with GM3SD.
Durability of humoral and cell‐mediated immune response after SARS‐CoV‐2 mRNA vaccine administration
Authors: Mihaylova Anastasiya , Lesichkova Spaska , Baleva Marta , Nikolova‐Vlahova Milena , Kundurzhiev Todor , Kolevski Alexander , Naumova Elissaveta
Published: November 2022

Vaccination against the SARS‐Cov‐2 virus is an effective way to protect against the disease and the severe course of COVID‐19. Forty‐nine fully vaccinated with mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 or mRNA‐1273) SARS‐CoV‐2 infection‐naïve volunteers aged 33–89 were enrolled in the study. Evaluation of the cellular and humoral immune response was performed within 1 to 3 months (T1) and 6–9 months (T2) after the second injection, and within 2–3 months (T3) after a booster dose. Additionally, a comparative analysis of the specific immune status was made between two age groups—below 60 (n = 22) and over 60 (n = 27) years. SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific T‐cell response was evaluated by IFN‐γ‐producing spot forming cells (SFCs) using a standardized ELISPOT assay. Virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) against SARS‐CoV‐2 were measured by a blocking ELISA test and spike protein specific IgG (S‐IgG) and IgA (S‐IgA) antibodies—by semiquantitative ELISA. IFN‐γ‐producing SFCs, S‐IgG, S‐IgA and VNA significantly decreased 6–9 months after the second dose. After the third injection S‐IgG and S‐IgA markedly increased compared to T2 and reached the levels at T1. Of note, the highest values of VNA were observed at T3. No differences in the tested immune parameters were found between the two age groups. Data obtained showed that for a long period—6–9 months after a full course of immunization with mRNA vaccine, immune reactivity is present, but both cellular and humoral immune responses gradually decrease. The administration of a third dose mainly restores the specific humoral immune response against the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus.
Metabolite analysis of soybean oil on promoting astaxanthin production of Phaffia rhodozyma
Authors: Li Qingru , Zhang Jing , Guan Xiaoyu , Lu Yanhong , Liu Yankai , Liu Jiahuan , Xu Na , Cai Chunyu , Nan Bo , Li Xia , Liu Jingsheng , Wang Yuhua
Published: November 2022

BACKGROUND

Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with strong antioxidant property. In addition, it has anti‐cancer, anti‐tumor, anti‐inflammatory and many other functions. The micro‐organisms that mainly produce astaxanthin are Haematococcus pluvialis and Phaffia rhodozyma. Compared with H. pluvialis, P. rhodozyma has shorter fermentation cycle and easier to control culture conditions, but the yield of astaxanthin in P. rhodozyma is low. This article studied how to improve the astaxanthin production of P. rhodozyma.

RESULTS

The results showed that when 10 mL L−1 soybean oil was added to the culture medium, astaxanthin production increased significantly, reaching 7.35 mg L−1, which was 1.4 times that of the control group, and lycopene and β‐carotene contents also increased significantly. Through targeted metabolite analysis, the fatty acids in P. rhodozyma significantly increased under the soybean oil stimulation, especially the fatty acids closely related to the formation of astaxanthin esters, included palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1n9), linoleic acid (C18:2n6), α‐linolenic acid (C18:3n3) and γ‐linolenic acid (C18:3n6), thereby increasing the astaxanthin esters content.

CONCLUSION

It showed that the addition of soybean oil can promote the accumulation of astaxanthin by promoting the increase of astaxanthin ester content. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography using a fused‐core particle column for fast analysis of propolis phenolic compounds
Authors: Contieri Letícia S. , de Souza Mesquita Leonardo M , Sanches Vitor L. , Viganó Juliane , Kamikawachi Renan Canute , Vilegas Wagner , Rostagno Mauricio A.
Published: November 2022

Propolis is a bee product with a complex chemical composition formed by several species from different geographical origins. The complex propolis composition requires an accurate and reproducible characterization of samples to standardize the quality of the material sold to consumers. This work developed an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector method to analyze propolis phenolic compounds based on the two key propolis biomarkers, Artepillin C and p‐Coumaric acid. This choice was made due to the complexity of the sample with the presence of several compounds. The optimized method was hyphenated with mass spectrometry detection allowing the detection of 23 different compounds. A step‐by‐step strategy was used to optimize temperature, flow rate, mobile phase composition, and re‐equilibration time. Reverse‐phase separation was achieved with a C18 fused‐core column packed with the commercially available smallest particles (1.3 nm). Using a fused‐core column with ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography allows highly efficient, sensitive, accurate, and reproducible determination of compounds extracted from propolis with an outstanding sample throughput and resolution. Optimized conditions permitted the separation of the compounds in 5.50 min with a total analysis time (sample‐to‐sample) of 6.50 min.
Recombinant human thyrotropin versus thyroid hormone withdrawal preparation for radioiodine ablation in differentiated thyroid cancer: Experience in a South Taiwanese medical center
Authors: Tsai Jia‐Ruei , Wu Shu‐Ting , Chi Shun‐Yu , Yang Yi‐Ting , Chan Yi‐Chia , Lim Lay San , Chiew Yvonne Ee Wern , Chen Wen‐Chieh , Chen Yung‐Nien , Chou Chen‐Kai
Published: November 2022

This retrospective study was designed to compare the treatment response of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) prepared for radioiodine ablation (RIA) with thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW) or recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) stimulation. Patients with DTC were followed‐up retrospectively between 2013 and 2018 in Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan. We compared the excellent response ratios between THW (49.9%) and rhTSH (50.1%) stimulation. Patients were then divided into subgroups, on the basis of age, sex, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, and tumor‐node‐metastasis stage, for analysis. In all, 647 patients were followed‐up after RIA. The ratios of THW or rhTSH use in the different subgroups were not statistically significant. In all the patients, the excellent response rate with THW and rhTSH was 80% and 76.5%, respectively, which was not statistically significant. The subgroup analysis, including age, sex, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, and tumor‐node‐metastasis stage (low and high risk), showed similar results. Furthermore, the logistic regression analysis revealed no statistically significant differences among the subgroups. The multivariate analysis showed extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis, and high I131 dose were the prognostic factors affecting the excellent response rate. In conclusion, the THW and rhTSH preparations for RIA were similar in terms of the excellent response rates and subgroup clinical outcomes.
Recent Progress in Liquid Crystal‐Based Smart Windows: Materials, Structures, and Design
Authors: Shen Wenbo , Li Guoqiang
Published: November 2022

As the vital elements for building environments, windows are utilized to bring light as well as thermal irradiation into the interior places and afford the medium for the communication between the interior and exterior of buildings. Liquid crystal (LC)‐based smart windows, which are mainly made of LC materials or polymer/LC composites, can dynamically modulate light transmittance and regulate the heat radiation entering buildings from the sun via the orientation variation of the LC molecules. Such smart windows play an important role in intelligent buildings and building energy conservation, which contributes to providing a more comfortable and low‐energy‐consumption living environment for mankind. In this review, recent progress in LC‐based smart windows of each category is overviewed. New materials, new ideas, and new methods to improve the performance of conventional LC‐based smart windows and create novel smart window technologies are outlined. Different advanced LC‐based smart window technologies, including electrochromism, thermochromism, photochromism, humidity‐triggered chromism, mechanical self‐powered technique, and dynamic infrared regulating mechanisms, are discussed systematically. The applications of LC‐based smart windows in indoor illumination/privacy protection switching, human‐machine interaction, and thermal regulation for intelligent buildings are highlighted. Last, the challenges and perspectives of LC‐based smart windows are also provided.
Differences in Human Plasma Protein Interactions between Various Polymersomes and Stealth Liposomes as Observed by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: Najer Adrian , Rifaie‐Graham Omar , Yeow Jonathan , Adrianus Christopher , Chami Mohamed , Stevens Molly M.
Published: November 2022

A significant factor hindering the clinical translation of polymersomes as vesicular nanocarriers is the limited availability of comparative studies detailing their interaction with blood plasma proteins compared to liposomes. Here, polymersomes are self‐assembled via film rehydration, solvent exchange, and polymerization‐induced self‐assembly using five different block copolymers. The hydrophilic blocks are composed of anti‐fouling polymers, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PMOXA), and all the data is benchmarked to PEGylated “stealth” liposomes. High colloidal stability in human plasma (HP) is confirmed for all but two tested nanovesicles. In situ fluorescence correlation spectroscopy measurements are then performed after incubating unlabeled nanovesicles with fluorescently labeled HP or the specific labeled plasma proteins, human serum albumin, and clusterin (apolipoprotein J). The binding of HP to PMOXA‐polymersomes could explain their relatively short circulation times found previously. In contrast, PEGylated liposomes also interact with HP but accumulate high levels of clusterin, providing them with their known prolonged circulation time. The absence of significant protein binding for most PEG‐polymersomes indicates mechanistic differences in protein interactions and associated downstream effects, such as cell uptake and circulation time, compared to PEGylated liposomes. These are key observations for bringing polymersomes closer to clinical translation and highlighting the importance of such comparative studies.
Dimension‐free square function estimates for Dunkl operators
Authors: Li Huaiqian , Zhao Mingfeng
Published: November 2022

Dunkl operators may be regarded as differential‐difference operators parameterized by finite reflection groups and multiplicity functions. In this paper, the Littlewood–Paley square function for Dunkl heat flows in is introduced by employing the full “gradient” induced by the corresponding carré du champ operator and then the boundedness is studied for all . For , we successfully adapt Stein's heat flows approach to overcome the difficulty caused by the difference part of the Dunkl operator and establish the boundedness, while for , we restrict to a particular case when the corresponding Weyl group is isomorphic to and apply a probabilistic method to prove the boundedness. In the latter case, the curvature‐dimension inequality for Dunkl operators in the sense of Bakry–Emery, which may be of independent interest, plays a crucial role. The results are dimension‐free.
A novel mutation in the collagen domain of EDA results in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia by impacting the receptor‐binding capability
Authors: Liu Xingyu , Zhao Yuming , Zhu Junxia
Published: November 2022

Background

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) mainly results from gene mutations in the EDA/EDAR/NF‐κB pathway. Function analysis of the mutations in the collagen domain of ectodysplasin A (EDA)result in HED has been rarely studied. This study aimed at determining the mechanism by which the novel collagen domain mutation of EDA results in HED.

Methods

We analyzed the DNAs from a Chinese family with HED and performed bioinformatics analysis. A new three‐dimensional structure model of the EDA trimer was built and used to predict the effect of the mutations on EDA. We performed a western blot to detect EDA1 proteins in cell lysates and supernatants. We then performed coimmunoprecipitation to determine whether the mutation would affect the interaction of EDA1 with the EDA receptor (EDAR). Dual luciferase reporter assay and immunofluorescence were performed to detect the effect of the mutant EDA1 protein on nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activation.

Results

A novel missense mutation (c.593G > A, p. Gly198Glu) in the collagen domain of EDA was detected. The mutation was predicted to be disease‐causing. A three‐dimensional structure model of the EDA trimer was first built in this study, in which the mutation site is located around the receptor binding domain. Functional studies showed that there was no difference in the secretion activity between the mutant EDA1 and the wild‐type EDA1. However, the receptor‐binding activity and the transcription activation of NF‐κB were impaired by the mutation.

Conclusion

We identified a novel mutation (c.593G > A, p. Gly198Glu) in the collagen domain of EDA. Bioinformatics analysis and functional studies showed this mutation was damaging, indicating that mutations in the collagen domain of EDA could result in HED by affecting the receptor‐binding activity of EDA and the transcriptional activity of NF‐κB.
Expanding the genetic causes of small‐fiber neuropathy: SCN genes and beyond
Authors: Chan Amanda C. Y. , Kumar Shivaram , Tan Grace , Wong Hiu Yi , Ong Jonathan J. Y. , Chandra Bharatendu , Huang Hua , Sharma Vijay Kumar , Lai Poh San
Published: November 2022

Small‐fiber neuropathy (SFN) is a disorder that exclusively affects the small nerve fibers, sparing the large nerve fibers. Thinly myelinated Aδ‐fibers and unmyelinated C‐fibers are damaged, leading to development of neuropathic pain, thermal dysfunction, sensory symptoms, and autonomic disturbances. Although many SFNs are secondary and due to immunological causes or metabolic disturbances, the etiology is unknown in up to half of the patients. Over the years, this proportion of “idiopathic SFN” has decreased, as familial and genetic causes have been discovered, thus shifting a proportion of once “idiopathic” cases to the genetic category. After the discovery of SCN9A‐gene variants in 2012, SCN10A and SCN11A variants have been found to be pathogenic in SFN. With improved accessibility of SFN diagnostic tools and genetic tests, many non‐SCN variants and genetically inherited systemic diseases involving the small nerve fibers have also been described, but only scattered throughout the literature. There are 80 SCN variants described as causing SFN, 8 genes causing hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathies (HSAN) described with pure SFN, and at least 7 genes involved in genetically inherited systemic diseases associated with SFN. This systematic review aims to consolidate and provide an updated overview on the genetic variants of SFN to date‐‐‐SCN genes and beyond. Awareness of these genetic causes of SFN is imperative for providing treatment directions, prognostication, and management of expectations for patients and their health‐care providers.