bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Nanosecond Laser Texturization on Tribological Behavior of AISI 321 Stainless Steel
Authors: Zawadzki Paweł , Dobrotvorskiy Sergey , Aleksenko Borys , Talar Rafał
Published: November 2024

This study investigates how laser-induced surface modifications influence key properties such as wear resistance, hardness, and friction in dry and lubricated conditions. The research applies nanosecond pulsed laser treatment to create random, quasi-random, quasi-periodic, and periodic surface structures on the steel surface, aiming to enhance the wear resistance and reduce the coefficient of friction (COF). The frictional performance between the carbon steel ball and the texturized surface was evaluated, including an analysis of the initial friction phase contact (single, double, and multi-contact), with the surface topography assessed before and after wear. The results of the pin-on-plate tests indicate that laser texturing improves the hardness by transforming austenite into martensite, modifies the wettability by periodizing the surface, reduces the COF, and enhances the wear resistance. Periodic surface structures allow for better lubricant retention and change in the lubrication regime, contributing to lower friction and a longer surface lifespan. Minimizing ball–surface contact through appropriate surface periodization significantly affects the load transfer. The primary wear phenomena are the adhesive and abrasion wear of a two-body nature, transforming into a three-body one. The study concludes that laser surface texturing is an effective method for enhancing the tribological performance of AISI 321 steel, with potential applications in industries requiring high wear resistance.
Optimizing the Elastic Modulus Temperature Coefficient of Ti-45Nb Alloy by Aging-Induced Nano-Precipitation α Phase
Authors: Guo Fujian , Lu Guangyi , Liu Wenle , Zhang Pan , Jin Lei , Shang Chengjia
Published: November 2024

Titanium–Niobium alloys have garnered extensive interest in various fields, such as aerospace, medical equipment, and scientific research instruments, due to their superior properties. Particularly, their anti-magnetic characteristics render them high potential in the watchmaking industry. The temperature coefficient of the elastic modulus of balance spring materials is a crucial parameter for assessing the impact of temperature on the properties of TiNb alloys. This study aims to explore the influence of heat treatment on the microstructural and elastic modulus temperature coefficient of the Ti-45Nb alloy. The results indicate that after short-term aging treatment, ω particles are enriched at grain boundaries and defects and are distributed in a necklace shape after erosion. After long-term aging treatment, the α phase appears in the material. The phase transformation process of low-temperature aging is β → β + β′ → β + ω → β + ω + α. The grain size of the material does not change significantly after different treatments. Additionally, the effect of heat treatment on material properties was studied by a low-temperature dynamic elastic modulus tester. The results showed that the temperature coefficient of the elastic modulus of the material in its original state was relatively high, ranging from 50~220 × 10−6·°C−1. After long-time aging treatment, the temperature coefficient of the elastic modulus of the material decreased significantly due to the appearance of the α phase. The temperature coefficient of the elastic modulus of the material after 48 h of heat preservation treatment fluctuated at 0 ± 30 × 10−6·°C−1. The internal control standard of excellent products in the industry is −11~35 × 10−6/°C. This study provides significant practical implications for the application of Ti-45Nb alloy in the watchmaking industry by adjusting the heat treatment temperature and time to study the effects on organizational evolution and the temperature coefficient of the elastic modulus.
A New Scheme to Generate Frequency 12-tupling Millimeter Wave Signals Only Based on Cascaded Three MZMs
Authors: Wang Dongfei , Yan Xueyao , Yang Zufang , Wang Xiangqing , Yang Xiaokun
Published: November 2024

In the proposed scheme, only three Mach–Zehnder modulators (MZMs) in cascaded mode are employed to generate a frequency 12-tupling millimeter wave (mm-wave) signal. In order to eventually get the frequency 12-tupling mm-wave signal, it is necessary to generate ±6th order harmonics. Therefore, the next work is to generate pure ±6th order optical sidebands to obtain a high-quality frequency 12-tupling signal. First of all, by adjusting the MZM bias voltage at peak point to suppress odd order sidebands; then, by controlling the phase differences to cancel even order sidebands except for the (6n)th order; lastly, by setting the modulation index to eliminate the 0th order optical carrier. Based on the above, the pure ±6th order optical harmonics are obtained. Moreover, the feasibility of the scheme has been demonstrated through a simulation. The optical sideband suppression ratio (OSSR) and radio frequency spurious suppression ratio (RFSSR) of the generated signal are 59.45 dB and 44.44 dB, respectively. In the end, the non-ideal factors that will affect the signal quality are also analyzed.
Automatic 3D Modeling Technique for Transmission Towers from 2D Drawings
Authors: Tang Ziqiang , Han Chao , Li Hongwu , Fan Zhou , Sun Ke , Huang Yuntian , Chen Yuxin , Wang Chenxing
Published: November 2024

The 3D modeling of transmission towers currently depends on manual operations, resulting in high labor and time costs. To this end, an automatic 3D modeling technique based on 2D drawings is proposed. Using this method, the 2D drawings of transmission towers were analyzed first, then a 3D model of a tower was reconstructed using a counter-to-detail strategy. The analysis of the 2D drawings aimed to segment the geometric shapes and subsequently extract the vectors. All obtained vectors were classified into outer contour vectors and internal structure vectors. For each tower section, the 3D outer contour framework was constructed first using the wireframe model algorithm, followed by the assembly of internal details onto the 3D contour framework to fully reconstruct the 3D model. Experiments demonstrated that constructed 3D models exhibited high accuracy, with an average chamfer distance to the real scanned dense LiDAR point clouds of less than 0.05 m, which was less than 1% relative to the whole size of the created models. Furthermore, the automation of this technique implies its potential for various applications.
A Conservative and Compact Finite Difference Scheme for the Sixth-Order Boussinesq Equation with Surface Tension
Authors: Wang Xiaofeng , Dai Weizhong , Biswas Anjan
Published: November 2024

In this study, we propose a conservative and compact finite difference scheme designed to preserve both the mass change rate and energy for solving the sixth-order Boussinesq equation with surface tension. Theoretical analysis confirms that the proposed scheme achieves second-order accuracy in temporal discretization and fourth-order accuracy in spatial discretization. The solvability, convergence, and stability of the difference scheme are rigorously established through the application of the discrete energy method. Additionally, a series of numerical experiments are conducted to illustrate the effectiveness and reliability of the conservative scheme for long-time simulations.
Cembranoid Diterpenes from South China Sea Soft Coral Sarcophyton crassocaule
Authors: Peng Hanyang , Zeng Yanbo , Zhang Rui , Yang Li , Wu Fei , Gai Cuijuan , Yuan Jingzhe , Chang Wenjun , Dai Haofu , Wang Xiachang
Published: November 2024

Cembranoid diterpenes are characteristic compounds of soft corals with diverse structures and significant activities, making them an important source of drug lead compounds. In this paper, five new cembranoid diterpenes, meijicrassolins A–E (1–5), were isolated from the soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule, along with five previously reported compounds (6–10). The structures and absolute configuration for new compounds 1–5 were assigned by extensive spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, quantum mechanical nuclear magnetic resonance (QM-NMR), and time-dependent density functional theory/electronic circular dichroism (TDDFT/ECD) calculations. Compounds 3, 4, and 9 showed moderate inhibition of nitric oxide generation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Overall, our research results have enriched the library of secondary metabolites from soft corals, providing more molecular entities for subsequent research and development of related compounds.
Correction: Enciu et al. Is Complete Excision Always Enough? A Quality of Sexual Life Assessment in Patients with Deep Endometriosis. Medicina 2024, 60, 1534
Authors: Enciu Raluca Gabriela , Enciu Octavian , Georgescu Dragoș Eugen , Tulin Adrian , Miron Adrian
Published: November 2024

In the original publication [...]
The Significance of Plant Nutrition in the Creation of the Intestinal Microbiota—Prevention of Chronic Diseases: A Narrative Review
Authors: Jovandaric Miljana Z. , Jovanović Kristina , Raus Misela , Babic Sandra , Igic Tamara , Kotlica Boba , Milicevic Srboljub
Published: November 2024

Dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal tract is the most common cause of disease in childhood and adulthood. The formation of the intestinal microbiome begins in utero, and composition modification during life depends mainly on various genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors. The main cause of intestinal dysbiosis is improper nutrition due to a short period of breastfeeding, insufficient intake of fresh fruits and vegetables, and/or consumption of a large amount of processed food. The benefits of a diet based on grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables are reflected in reducing the risk of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, myocardial infarction, stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, high blood pressure, asthma, allergies, and kidney stones. Anaerobic fermentation of fibers produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) that have an anti-inflammatory role and great importance in shaping the intestinal microbiota. Factors associated with high fiber in a plant-based diet promote increased insulin sensitivity. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) act as promoters of most normal and pre-neoplastic tissues. Conclusion: A plant-based diet high in fiber prevents disease by creating metabolites in the gut that reduce oxidative stress.
Physical Simulation of Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer Behavior in Oxygen Bottom Blowing Copper Furnace
Authors: Zhang Zelei , Shao Pin , Shi Shuyu
Published: November 2024

In order to improve the internal chemical reaction efficiency of oxygen bottom blowing copper smelting furnace, the efficient separation and flow control device and technology of matte and slag in oxygen bottom blowing copper smelting furnace were put forward. A physical model was established to investigate the effects of the insertion depth of the retaining wall, the horizontal distances, the gas flow rate, and the diameter of the deflector holes on the gas–liquid mass transfer behavior in the molten bath and the gas utilization rate. The results show that the gas–liquid mass transfer rate and the gas utilization rate will decrease with the increase in the depth when the insertion depth of the retaining wall is more than 0.054 m. The horizontal distance is 1.18 m, and the area of the whole reaction zone is suitable. The absence of diversion holes is conducive to smelting. The gas flow rate of 3.0 Nm3/h is beneficial to the gas–liquid mass transfer behavior and the gas utilization rate.
Innovative Process for Strategic Metal Recovery from Electric Arc Furnace Slag by Alkaline Leaching
Authors: Menad Nour-Eddine , Seron Alain , Bensamdi Sara
Published: November 2024

Currently, Electric Arc Furnace Slag (EAFS) is undervalued and is therefore only used in road construction, while blast furnace slag (BFS) is used as an interesting alternative in construction materials to replace natural aggregates in the manufacture of concrete. Steel slag (SS) represents a promising secondary resource due to its high content of critical metals, such as chromium (Cr) and vanadium (V). These metals are essential for various strategic industries, making it crucial to consider slag as a resource rather than waste. However, the primary challenge lies in selectively recovering these valuable metals. In this work, we explore the development of a hydrometallurgical process aimed at efficiently extracting Cr and V from Electric Arc Furnace Slag (EAFS). The characterization of the investigated EAFS shows that the main crystalline phases contained in this heterogeneous material are srebrodolskite, larnite, hematite, and spinel such as probably magnesio-chromite. The targeted metals seem to be dispersed in various mineral species contained in the SS. An innovative hydrometallurgical method has been explored, involving physical preparation by co-grinding slag with alkaline reagents followed by treatment in a microwave furnace to modify the metal-bearing species to facilitate metal processing dissolution. The results obtained showed that the leaching rates of Cr and V were, respectively, 100% and 65% after 15 min of treatment in the microwave furnace, while, after 2 h of conventional heat treatment, as explored in a previous study, 98% and 63% of the Cr and V were, respectively, leached.
Effect of Ga Doping on the Stability and Optoelectronic Properties of ZnSnO Thin Film Transistor
Authors: Guo Liang , Wang Qing , Wang Chao , Chu Xuefeng , Hao Yunpeng , Chi Yaodan , Yang Xiaotian
Published: November 2024

The electrical, stability and optoelectronic properties of GZTO TFTs with different Ga doping concentrations were investigated. Active layers were prepared by co-sputtering GaO and ZTO targets with different sputtering powers. The experimental results show that the surface of GZTO films is smooth, which is favorable for stability. The off-state current is reduced by a factor of 10, the switching ratio is increased to 1.59 × 108, and the threshold voltage shift is reduced in PBS and NBS tests. In addition, the transmittance of all devices is greater than 80% in the visible range, and the optical bandgap of the TFTs is increased from 3.61 eV to 3.84 eV after Ga doping. The current enhancement of the GZTO TFTs is more pronounced under UV irradiation, with higher responsiveness and better-sustained photoconductivity. It is proved that Ga doped into ZTO as a carrier suppressor can better combine with oxygen vacancies and reduce the concentration of oxygen vacancies and oxygen defects compared with Zn and Sn atoms, thus improving stability. GaO, as a wide bandgap material, can improve the optical bandgap of GZTO TFTs so that they can better absorb the light in the UV wavelength band, and they can be used in the field of UV photodetection.
A Study of Reverse Characteristics of GaN-on-Si Quasi-Vertical PiN Diode with Beveled Sidewall and Fluorine Plasma Treatment
Authors: Jia Fuchun , Chang Qingyuan , Li Mengdi , Liu Yungang , Lu Ziyan , Zhang Jifan , Lai Jinming , Lu Hao , Lu Yang , Hou Bin , Yang Ling , Ma Xiaohua
Published: November 2024

In this work, we show a high-performance GaN-on-Si quasi-vertical PiN diode based on the combination of beveled sidewall and fluorine plasma treatment (BSFP) by an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) system. The leakage current and breakdown voltage of the diode are systematically studied. Due to the beveled sidewall treated by the fluorine plasma, the diodes achieve an excellent breakdown voltage (VBR) of 790 V and a low reverse leakage current. In addition, the GaN-on-Si quasi-vertical PiN diode achieves a low specific on-resistance (Ron,sp) of 0.51 mΩ·cm2 and a high Baliga’s figure of merit (BFOM) of 1.22 GW/cm2. The relationship between the total leakage current and the device diameter shows that the sidewall leakage is the main leakage path of the device. Afterwards, the TCAD simulations based on electric field and electric potential reveal that the fluorine plasma treatment is a major factor in suppressing the leakage current and increasing the VBR for a diode with BSFP. This work systematically analyzes the effects of beveled sidewall and fluorine plasma treatment based on the reverse characteristics of the GaN-on-Si quasi-vertical PiN diode and highlights the great potential of the GaN-on-Si PiN diode for various power applications.
Series-Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna Array with Additive-Manufactured Foldable Honeycomb-Shaped Substrate
Authors: Noghanian Sima , Chang Yi-Hsiang , Guerron Patricio , Dahle Reena
Published: November 2024

This paper presents a novel foldable S-band microstrip patch antenna array operating in the 2.4–2.45 GHz band. The substrate is designed to allow the array to be folded and arranged in tiles, forming a versatile, reconfigurable antenna array. Additive manufacturing is used to fabricate the substrate for ease of fabrication and flexibility in its design. The major challenge in this type of design is creating a proper method of feeding the elements while maintaining the array’s optimal performance. A novel hinge design that can hold a coaxial cable for the series-fed array is introduced. The hinge provides the capability of folding the array from a flat orientation into various folded orientations. In this paper, a 2 × 1 microstrip array unit is presented as proof of concept. The antenna was fabricated and measured, and the results of the measurements are in close agreement with the simulations. The antenna can provide a gain as high as 7.72 dBi in flat conditions.
Topic Editorial on Fiber-Optic Sensors
Authors: Butt Muhammad A.
Published: November 2024

Fiber-optic sensors are highly significant in modern technology due to their unique abilities and versatility [...]
Fine Control of Optical Properties of Nb2O5 Film by Thermal Treatment
Authors: Liang Xianpeng , Liu Bowen , Yuan Quan , Lin Xiaomin , Ren Shaopeng , Zhao Shuaifeng , Yin Xiaojun , Fei Shuguo
Published: November 2024

Thermal treatment is a common method to improve the properties of optical thin films, but improper thermal treatment processing will result in the degradation of the optical properties of the optical thin film. The thermal stability of niobium oxide (Nb2O5) thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering was systematically studied by analyzing the roughness and morphology of the film under different thermal treatment processes. The results show that the amorphous stability of the Nb2O5 thin film can be maintained up to 400 °C. Before crystallization, with an increase in annealing temperature, the surface roughness of the film has no obvious change, the refractive index decreases, and the elastic modulus and hardness increase. The residual stress was measured by a laser interferometer. The results show that the residual compressive stress is present in the film, and the residual stress decreases with an increase in thermal treatment temperature. Considering the residual stress state, phase composition, mechanical properties, and optical properties of Nb2O5 films at different thermal treatment temperatures, we believe that the spectral position of the optical thin film device can be finely controlled within a 1.6% wavelength, and the thermal treatment temperature of Nb2O5 films prepared by magnetron sputtering should not exceed 400 °C.
Repainting and Authentic—Mineral Pigments in the Color Palettes Used in Three Old Romanian Royal Icons
Authors: Balta Zizi , Cristea-Stan Daniela , Mereuta Paul , Mirea Dragos , Filimon Daniela , Buterez Alina , Stanculescu Ioana
Published: November 2024

The interior of Orthodox churches is entirely decorated with paintings, icons, and frescoes, to help create a special environment for the prayers and visitors. The paintings have religious, esthetic, and historical value, being created in the Byzantine tradition and following recommendations on style and materials according to old church canons. Particular importance is attributed to the Iconostasis decorated with icons on several registers, as well as to polychrome wooden ornaments and imperial doors. This work presents the scientific investigation results of three royal icons, theoretically dating to the 19th century, from the Iconostasis of the Runcu church, an important 19th-century Romanian historical monument, aiming to answer questions regarding their age and constituent materials, especially what were the mineral pigments used in the color palettes for their painting and if there were any old repainting interventions, in order to assist their restoration and conservation. Methods of characterization employed were optical microscopy, SEM-EDX spectrometry, ATR/FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Results obtained allowed us to date, attribute, and evaluate the conservation state of the Royal icons; to our knowledge, this study is among the very few research studies carried out so far on the religious heritage conservation field in Romania.
Review of Silicon Recovery from Diamond Wire Saw Silicon Powder Waste Based on Hydrometallurgical Process
Authors: Xiong Baoshan , Han Shifeng , Yang Shicong , Xie Keqiang , Wei Kuixian , Ma Wenhui
Published: November 2024

The photovoltaic (PV) industry is developing rapidly to support energy transformation and emission reduction. In the whole PV industry chain, diamond wire saw silicon powder (DWSSP) waste is the most promising secondary resource for recycling high-purity silicon. DWSSP mainly contains metal impurities, and the treatment process based on hydrometallurgy can effectively remove metal impurities. The current DWSSP recovery process was divided into three categories: direct acid leaching, pyrometallurgy followed by acid leaching, and acid leaching followed by pyrometallurgy. This paper gives a comprehensive overview of these three purification processes from the aspects of impurity removal and recovery yield. The results suggest that acid leaching followed by pyrometallurgy is currently the most effective process for removing metal impurities from DWSSP. Moreover, this study underscores the potential for enhancing the purity of reclaimed silicon through the application of external field reinforcement, oxygen-regulated acid leaching, and surfactant-facilitated organic acid leaching and points out the development direction for promoting silicon recovery from DWSSP.
Investigations on the Synthesis of Chiral Ionic-Liquid-Supported Ligands and Corresponding Transition-Metal Catalysts: Strategy and Experimental Schemes
Authors: Xu Di , Wang Xin-Ning , Wang Li , Dai Li , Yang Chen
Published: November 2024

Ionic liquids have been utilized in numerous significant applications within the field of chemistry, particularly in organic chemistry, due to their unique physical and chemical properties. In the realm of asymmetric transition-metal-catalyzed transformations, chiral ionic-liquid-supported ligands and their corresponding transition-metal complexes have facilitated these processes in unconventional solvents, especially ionic liquids and water. These innovative reaction systems enable the recycling of transition-metal catalysts while producing optically active organic molecules with comparable or even higher levels of chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity compared to their parent catalysts. In this short review, we aim to provide an overview of the structures of chiral ionic-liquid-supported ligands and the synthetic pathways for these ligands and catalysts. Various synthetic methodologies are demonstrated based on the conceptual frameworks of diverse chiral ionic-liquid-supported ligands. We systematically present the structures and comprehensive synthetic pathways of the chiral ionic-liquid-supported ligands and the typical corresponding transition-metal complexes that have been readily applied to asymmetric processes, categorized by their parent ligand framework. Notably, the crucial experimental procedures are delineated in exhaustive detail, with the objective of enhancing comprehension of the pivotal aspects involved in constructing chiral ionic-liquid-tagged ligands and compounds for both scholars and readers. Considering the current limitations of such ligands and catalysts, we conclude with remarks on several potential research directions for future breakthroughs in the synthesis and application of these intriguing ligands.
Nutritional Genomics: Implications for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Figueiredo Inês , Farinha Cláudia , Barreto Patrícia , Coimbra Rita , Pereira Pedro , Marques João Pedro , Pires Isabel , Cachulo Maria Luz , Silva Rufino
Published: November 2024

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision loss in older individuals, driven by a multifactorial etiology involving genetic, environmental, and dietary factors. Nutritional genomics, which studies gene-nutrient interactions, has emerged as a promising field for AMD prevention and management. Genetic predispositions, such as variants in CFH, C3, C2/CFB, APOE, and oxidative stress pathways, significantly affect the risk and progression of AMD. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes findings from randomized controlled trials and recent advances in nutritional genomics research. It examines the interplay between genetic predispositions and dietary interventions, exploring how personalized nutritional strategies can optimize AMD management. Results and Discussion: The AREDS and AREDS2 trials demonstrated that supplements, including vitamins C, E, zinc, copper, lutein, and zeaxanthin, can reduce the progression to advanced AMD. Nutritional interventions tailored to genetic profiles show promise: CFH risk alleles may enhance zinc supplementation’s anti-inflammatory effects, while APOE variants influence the response to omega-3 fatty acids. Adjusting carotenoid intake, such as lutein and zeaxanthin, based on genetic susceptibility exemplifies emerging precision nutritional approaches. Ongoing research seeks to integrate nutrigenomic testing into clinical settings, enabling clinicians to tailor interventions to individual genetic profiles. Conclusions: Further studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of personalized interventions, investigate additional genetic variants, and develop tools for clinical implementation of nutrigenomics. Advancing these strategies holds the potential to improve patient outcomes, optimize AMD management, and pave the way for precision nutrition in ophthalmology.
Commonly Used Dose of Montmorency Tart Cherry Powder Does Not Improve Sleep or Inflammation Outcomes in Individuals with Overweight or Obesity
Authors: Tucker Robin M. , Kim Nahyun , Gurzell Eric , Mathi Sruti , Chavva Shreya , Senthilkumar Dharshini , Bartunek Olivia , Fenton Kayla C. , Herndon-Fenton Sidney J. , Cardino Vanessa N. , Cooney Gabrielle M. , Young Sam , Fenton Jenifer I.
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Sleep problems are frequently experienced and play an important role in inflammation and disease risk. US Montmorency tart cherries (MTC) improve sleep outcomes in previous studies, but studies in individuals with overweight and obesity are lacking. Methods: A total of 34 individuals with sleep issues and overweight or obesity (BMI: 32.1 ± 7.0 kg/m2) were recruited to this randomized controlled, crossover study. MTC capsules (500 mg) or a placebo were taken one hour before bed for 14 days. Sleep outcomes including total sleep time, deep and REM sleep duration, nap duration, and nocturnal sleep duration were assessed using the Zmachine and/or Fitbit Inspire 3. Subjective sleep information on quality and insomnia symptoms was collected using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Sleep Quality Scale, and the Insomnia Severity Index. Markers of inflammation included C-reactive protein, TNF-α, and IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-17A. Results: No significant effects of MTC supplementation were observed for any of the measures of interest (p > 0.05 for all). Conclusions: These results suggest studies of individuals with overweight and obesity should test higher doses of MTC than those currently recommended.
Vitamin D Supplementation for Treating Atopic Dermatitis in Children and Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Nielsen Amalie Ying , Høj Simon , Thomsen Simon Francis , Meteran Howraman
Published: November 2024

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting up to 20% of children and 10% of adults worldwide. Current research suggests a correlation between serum vitamin D level and AD severity and that vitamin D supplementation could have a potential therapeutic effect on AD. Objectives: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of vitamin D supplementation for disease improvement in children and adults with AD. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane were searched from 19 April to 20 April 2024. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of patients with AD comparing an intervention group with a control group. The risk of bias of the selected studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. All analyses were conducted in R (v4.1.2; R Core Team 2021). Results: Eleven RCTs with 686 participants were included. The included trials had measured AD severity by using the SCOring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) or the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI). Vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced AD severity compared with the control group (standardized mean difference = −0.41, 95% CI: −0.67 to −0.16, I2 = 58%, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Vitamin D supplementation reduces AD severity in children and adults. Larger-scale and longer-term studies are still needed to confirm this conclusion. This study has been registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024535014).
Potential Sources of Novel Foods to Procure Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds for Disease Prevention
Authors: Contreras María del Mar , Bravo Francisca I. , Carrillo Wilman
Published: November 2024

In the EU and UK, novel foods are foods that were not used for human consumption to a significant degree within the Union and the UK before 15 May 1997 [...]
Dietary Nutrition: The Friend or the Foe to Gastrointestinal Health
Authors: Jurjus Rosalyn , Jurjus Abdo
Published: November 2024

Over the years and even centuries, instincts, habits, cultures, social determinants, wars, and health needs were, and still are, factors that have shaped our dietary nutrition [...]
Predictive Models of Atherogenic Risk in Citizens of Trujillo (Peru) Based on Associated Factors
Authors: Bustamante Gallo Jackeline del Pilar , Neglia Cermeño Cinthya Stephany , Díaz-Ortega Jorge Luis , Yupari-Azabache Irma Luz
Published: November 2024

Background/objectives: Atherogenic risk is related to lipid metabolism imbalance and the likelihood of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The purpose of this study was to determine predictive models based on physiological parameters, family history, and lifestyle for atherogenic risk, assessed by indicators such as total cholesterol (TC)/HDL, triglycerides/HDL, LDL/HDL, and non-HDL cholesterol in citizens of the city of Trujillo (Peru). Methods: A total of 267 people, recruited from September to December 2023, participated in the study. Their lipid profile, glycaemia, abdominal perimeter, and blood pressure were determined, and questionnaires were applied with questions on diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, hours of sleep, and family history. Binary logistic regression was considered to determine prediction models for each atherogenic risk indicator. Results: High values were found for all atherogenic indicators; dietary habits were poor in 86.1%; physical activity was low in 35.2%; hours of sleep were less than 7 h in 64.4%; and alcohol and tobacco consumption were low in 8.2% and 9%, respectively. The family history of CVD corresponded to the mother, father, grandmother, and grandfather in 53.2%, 44.9%, 30.3% and 25.1%, respectively. In addition to the inclusion of BMI in the predictive models of atherogenic risk, for the case of total cholesterol/HDL, the variable grandparental history and female sex were included; for TG/HDL, low physical activity, male sex, and alcohol consumption were associated; and for LDL/HDL and non-HDL cholesterol, female sex and age were associated. Conclusion: The best prediction model for atherogenic risk is the corresponding model for TG/HDL, without ignoring the grandfather’s history of CVD and age.
Validity of a Web-Based 24-Hour Dietary Recall of Energy and Nutrient Intakes in Japanese Adults
Authors: Nakadate Misako , Kobayashi Shunichiro , Ishihara Junko , Takachi Ribeka , Sugawara Shiori , Hoshina Yuchie , Kito Kumiko , Kotemori Ayaka , Maruya Sachiko , Suzuki Aoi , Obara Taku , Ishikuro Mami , Ueno Fumihiko , Noda Aoi , Aizawa Misato , Takahashi Ippei , Yonezawa Yudai , Yamashita Takahiro , Suzuki Shigenori , Murakami Keiko , Kuriyama Shinichi
Published: November 2024

Recently, web-based dietary assessment tools for the targeted population have been developed and used to estimate the dietary intake level in several epidemiological studies. This study aimed to examine the validity of estimating energy and nutrient intake by the web-based 24 h dietary recall (Web24HR), which we developed for the Japanese population. Overall, 228 adults aged ≥20 years who agreed to participate were included. Web24HR was administered three times per person: twice within 3 weeks and once 3 months later. The data on 3-day weighed food records (WFR) at 3-month intervals in the four seasons were collected using the reference method. The intake of energy and nutrients between Web24HR and WFR were compared using Pearson’s correlation coefficients and the Bland–Altman analysis. As results, the correlations were moderate for both men (median r = 0.51) and women (median r = 0.38) except for iodine, retinol, retinol equivalents, and β-tocopherol. The Bland–Altman method revealed that the bias in intake was within ±10% for most nutrients, except for cholesterol, iodine, vitamin C, and the water content, in both sexes. Additionally, monounsaturated fatty acids in men and β-cryptoxanthin in women exhibited an underestimation of more than 10%. In conclusion, the Web24HR intake assessment showed moderate correlations for most nutrients in both sexes. The bias in intake was within ±10% for most nutrients, but there were discrepancies for some nutrients. This tool’s performance is comparable to Japan’s standard dietary exposure assessment methods and will be helpful for future applications in epidemiological studies, though caution is needed for certain nutrient assessments.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigen-Based Skin Tests (TBSTs) for Tuberculosis Infection Compared with TST and IGRA: A Network Meta-Analysis
Authors: Peng Li , Ma Weijie , Zhong Lei , Yang Jiaru , Wu Hanxin , Zhu Liangyu , Huang Xun , Yang Rui , Li Bingxue , Ma Weijiang , Wu Xinya , Song Jieqin , Luo Suyi , Bao Fukai , Liu Aihua
Published: November 2024

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the IGRA, TST, and TBST by combining diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) analysis and network meta-analysis (NMA) to increase the reliability and accuracy of diagnostic methods and promote the eradication of TB. An electronic search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was conducted, from the date of establishment to September 30, 2024. Data were synthesized with frequentist random-effects network meta-analyses, a single-group rate meta-analysis algorithm, and a bivariate mixed-effects logistic regression model. Summarized receiver operating characteristic curves and Fagan nomograms were used to assess diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility. Deeks’ funnel plots and the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tools were used to assess publication bias and risk of bias. Sources of heterogeneity were investigated using subgroup analyses. Forty-nine studies were identified. The diagnostic performance of the three diagnostic methods for TB infection is summarized as follows: the pooled sensitivity was 77.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69–0.856), and the pooled specificity was 80.3% (95% CI, 0.75–0.86). The sensitivity and specificity of the IGRA were 82.1% (95% CI, 0.78–0.86) and 81.1% (95% CI, 0.75–0.86), respectively, both higher than the TST. However, the TBST exhibited the highest specificity, at 98.5% (95% CI, 0.96–1.00), with a sensitivity of 78.7% (95% CI, 0.68–0.88), which was between that of the IGRA and TST. Subgroup analysis found that population categories and reference standards, among other factors, may be attributed to heterogeneity. In addition, the TST and IGRA add-on TBST can significantly improve diagnostic accuracy. In our study, the IGRA showed higher sensitivity, whereas the TBST showed higher specificity. Interestingly, under certain conditions, TST add-on TBST and IGRA add-on TBST showed better accuracy than TST and IGRA alone and could provide more effective guidance for clinical practice (PROSPERO CRD42023420136).
Appropriateness of Prescribing Transmucosal Immediate-Release Fentanyl in the Emergency Room, During Hospitalization, and at Discharge: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Punjabi Gary , Ramírez Elena
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: This study evaluated the appropriateness of transmucosal immediate-release fentanyl (TIRF) prescriptions in a Madrid emergency room during 2019 and 2022, following a 2018 warning about off-label use. Methods: TIRF prescription in the emergency room search yielded 993 patients in 2019 and 1499 in 2022, of which 140 were randomized for the study, 70 in 2019, and 70 in 2022. Dose appropriateness and indication for TIRF were analyzed according to established criteria. Results: Despite a high prevalence of cancer diagnoses (77.9%, 109/140), only 32.9% (46/140) of patients met the appropriateness criteria pre-hospitalization. This improved to 42.5% (51/120) at discharge, but the change was not statistically significant overall. However, focusing on surviving patients reveals a significant improvement in appropriateness, increasing from 30.83% (37/120) to 42.50% (p = 0.002). This improvement was particularly pronounced in 2022 (p = 0.0269), but not in 2019 (p = 0.0771). Interestingly, appropriateness in patients with prior TIRF prescriptions remained relatively stable from pre-hospitalization (46.75%) to discharge (48.78%). A concerningly high proportion of patients with cancer diagnoses (68.75%) received low-dose opioid therapy (<60 MME) at discharge, and 36.8% of patients over 80 years old were co-prescribed benzodiazepines, contradicting prescribing guidelines. Conclusions: This study found inappropriate TIRF prescriptions were common in an emergency room setting, often due to low pre-hospital opioid doses. While hospitalization improved TIRF appropriateness in survivors, especially in 2022, concerning prescribing practices persisted. This emphasizes the need for better education and interventions to ensure safe and effective TIRF use.
Anti-Epileptic Activity of Mitocurcumin in a Zebrafish–Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) Epilepsy Model
Authors: Ciubotaru Alin Dumitru , Leferman Carmen-Ecaterina , Ignat Bogdan-Emilian , Knieling Anton , Salaru Delia Lidia , Turliuc Dana Mihaela , Foia Liliana Georgeta , Dima Lorena , Minea Bogdan , Hritcu Luminita Diana , Cioroiu Bogdan Ionel , Stoica Laura , Ciureanu Ioan-Adrian , Ciobica Alin Stelian , Stoica Bogdan Alexandru , Ghiciuc Cristina Mihaela
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Ongoing challenges in epilepsy therapy warrant research on alternative treatments that offer improved efficacy and reduced side effects. Designed to enhance mitochondrial targeting and increase bioavailability, mitocurcumin (MitoCur) was evaluated for the first time as an antiepileptic agent, with curcumin (Cur) and sodium valproate (VPA), a standard antiepileptic drug, included for comparison. This study investigated the effects on seizure onset, severity, and progression in a zebrafish model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures and measured the concentrations of the compounds in brain tissue. Methods: Zebrafish were pre-treated with MitoCur and Cur (both at 0.25 and 0.5 µM doses) and VPA (0.25 and 0.5 mM) and observed for four minutes to establish baseline locomotor behavior. Subsequently, the animals were exposed to a 5 mM PTZ solution for 10 min, during which seizure progression was observed and scored as follows: 1—increased swimming; 2—burst swimming, left and right movements; 3—circular movements; 4—clonic seizure-like behavior; 5—loss of body posture. The studied compounds were quantified in brain tissue through HPLC and LC-MS. Results: Compared to the control group, all treatments reduced the distance moved and the average velocity, without significant differences between compounds or doses. During PTZ exposure, seizure latencies revealed that all treatments effectively delayed seizure onset up to score 4, demonstrating efficacy in managing moderate seizure activity. Notably, MitoCur also provided significant protection against the most severe seizure score (score 5). Brain tissue uptake analysis indicated that MitoCur achieved higher concentrations in the brain compared to Cur, at both doses. Conclusions: These results highlight the potential of MitoCur as a candidate for seizure management.
A Comprehensive Review of the Latest Trends in Spray Freeze Drying and Comparative Insights with Conventional Technologies
Authors: Ioannou Sartzi Maria , Drettas Dimitrios , Stramarkou Marina , Krokida Magdalini
Published: November 2024

Spray freeze drying (SFD) represents an emerging drying technique designed to produce a wide range of pharmaceuticals, foods, and active components with high quality and enhanced stability due to their unique structural characteristics. This method combines the advantages of the well-established techniques of freeze drying (FD) and spray drying (SD) while overcoming their challenges related to high process temperatures and durations. This is why SFD has experienced steady growth in recent years regarding not only the research interest, which is reflected by the increasing number of literature articles, but most importantly, the expanded market adoption, particularly in the pharmaceutical sector. Despite its potential, the high initial investment costs and complex operational requirements may hinder its growth. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the SFD technology, highlighting its advantages over conventional drying techniques and presenting its latest applications focused on pharmaceuticals. It also offers a thorough examination of the principles and the various parameters influencing the process for a better understanding and optimization of the process according to the needs of the final product. Finally, the current limitations of SFD are discussed, and future directions for addressing the economic and technical barriers are provided so that SFD can be widely industrialized, unlocking its full potential for diverse applications.
Addressing the Sharing Economy—Some (Potential) Inconsistencies of Its Emancipatory Defense
Authors: Laín Bru
Published: November 2024

The sharing economy (SE) is a strongly contested idea, both conceptually and politically. This paper first explores multiple existing definitions, emphasizing the challenges in both conceptual and operational terms they usually entail. It is argued that most of the common definitions tend to exacerbate tensions between informativeness and veracity, resulting in the SE becoming a catch-all concept. Alternatively, it is often suggested to operationalize the concept by breaking it down among its main areas, such as consumption, knowledge, production, and finance. However, these kinds of classifications lack logical-formal consistency and substantive validity. The paper then addresses the political-normative debate by briefly presenting the three main existing perspectives on the SE: (i) as a more inclusive form of capitalism, (ii) as the advancement of the neoliberal agenda, and (iii) as a sort of emancipatory economy. The primary aim of this paper, however, is not to advocate for a singular viewpoint or scrutinize any particular author’s theory, but to examine three common errors that the emancipatory conception may easily fall into: (i) overemphasizing the role of communities in economic activity, (ii) attributing an inherent collaborative propensity to individuals, and (iii) understanding markets from an a-institutional and psychological standpoint. The conclusions suggest that to truly realize the emancipatory potential of the SE, the conception should distance itself from standard economic theory and adopt a more institutional approach akin to classical political economy.
Energy Backflow in Unidirectional Monochromatic and Space–Time Waves
Authors: Saari Peeter , Besieris Ioannis M.
Published: November 2024

Backflow, or retropropagation, is a counterintuitive phenomenon whereby for a forward-propagating wave the energy locally propagates backward. In the context of backflow, physically most interesting are the so-called unidirectional waves, which contain only forward-propagating plane wave constituents. Yet, very few such waves possessing closed-form analytic expressions for evaluation of the Poynting vector are known. In this study, we examine energy backflow in a novel (2+time)-dimensional unidirectional monochromatic wave and in a (2+1)D spatiotemporal wavepacket, analytic expressions which we succeeded to find. We also present a detailed study of the backflow in the “needle” pulse. This is an interesting model object because well-known superluminal non-diffracting space–time wave packets can be derived from its simple factored wave function. Finally, we study the backflow in an unidirectional version of the so-called focus wave mode—a pulse propagating luminally and without spread, which is the first and most studied representative of the (3+1)D non-diffracting space–time wave packets (also referred to as spatiotemporally localized waves).
Enhancing Starch Film Properties Using Bacterial Nanocellulose-Stabilized Pickering Emulsions
Authors: de Almeida Natália Tavares , Pereira André Luís Sousa , de Oliveira Barros Matheus , Mattos Adriano Lincoln Albuquerque , Rosa Morsyleide de Freitas
Published: November 2024

This study aimed to address issues related to hydrophilicity, barrier properties, and mechanical performance in starch-based films by incorporating Pickering emulsions stabilized with nano-fibrillated bacterial cellulose (BC). Emulsions were added to the film-forming suspension at varying concentrations (1.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 7.5% v/v) for comparison. The films were evaluated using water vapor permeability (WVP), contact angle, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and tensile tests. The results showed a significant reduction in film hydrophilicity, with the contact angle increasing from 49.7° ± 1.5 to 71.0° ± 1.4, and improved water vapor barrier properties, with WVP decreasing from 0.085 ± 0.04 to 0.016 ± 0.01 g·mm/h·m2·kPa. FTIR analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of the emulsion into the starch matrix. Among the tested concentrations, 2.5% provided an optimal balance, increasing hydrophobicity while maintaining mechanical strength. These findings demonstrate that Pickering emulsions are an effective strategy for enhancing the functional properties of starch films.