bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foucault, Politics and Organizations: (Re)‐Constructing Sexual Harassment
Authors: Brewis Joanna
Published: March 2003

This article reviews the body of knowledge around workplace sexual harassment. In deploying a Foucauldian analysis, it attempts to argue that this knowledge, as part of the wider discourse on sex, may (re)produce consequences counter to those which its proponents espouse. In particular, the discussion seeks to problematize the status of harassment knowledge as truth; the depiction within this knowledge of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ sex; the roles this knowledge identifies for men and women within the phenomenon of harassment; and the theme within harassment knowledge that sex is central to our existence. The conclusion aims to suggest the ways in which this kind of analysis is useful by addressing the criticisms usually levelled at Foucault's work.
Home‐based Telework, Gender, and the Synchronization of Work and Family: Perspectives of Teleworkers and their Co‐residents
Authors: Sullivan Cath , Lewis Suzan
Published: March 2003

This article explores the relationship between work–family roles and boundaries, and gender, among home‐based teleworkers and their families. Previous literature suggests two alternative models of the implications of home‐based work for gendered experiences of work and family: the new opportunities for flexibility model and the exploitation model. Drawing on the findings of a qualitative study of home‐based workers and their co‐residents, we argue that these models are not mutually exclusive. We explore the gendered processes whereby teleworking can simultaneously enhance work–life balance while perpetuating traditional work and family roles.
Organizing Gender? Looking at Metaphors as Frames of Meaning in Gender/Organizational Texts
Authors: Leonard Pauline
Published: March 2003

This article examines the ways in which the writing of gender and organizational theory has made use of metaphors to frame understanding about gender and gender relations. Key examples of different theoretical approaches to explaining gender difference within organizations are analysed as texts, to explore the ways in which rhetorical devices play a crucial role in constructing knowledges about women, men, and organizational life. In particular, three metaphors are uncovered: those of space, time and the sexual body. These have important connections with metaphors embedded in ‘mainstream’ (masculinist) organizational theory and are thus shown to construct our understanding of gender in particular, and somewhat limited, ways. However, in the second half of the article, alternative significations of these metaphors are explored. These suggest other readings which may open up the ways in which women, men and gender relations are framed within gender/organizational theoretical texts.
Multiple Social Roles — a Resource or a Burden: Is it Possible for Men and Women to Combine Paid Work with Family Life in a Satisfactory Way?
Authors: Nordenmark Mikael
Published: March 2003

The aim of this article is to study whether multiple social roles can be seen as a resource or a burden, or in other words, if a strong engagement in both paid work and family life is a positive or negative experience for men and women respectively. The main data used are a data set from Statistics Sweden, the so‐called ULF (the study of living conditions), in which nearly 30,000 randomly selected individuals were interviewed. When analysing how the combined family and labour market situation is related to the number of preferred working hours and psychological distress of individuals, the results show that it is primarily cohabiting women with children who work more than 40 hours per week, who want to reduce their working hours. However, the distress level is not relatively high for this category. Results indicate that many women, and some men, who have multiple social roles express a wish to reduce their working hours, but this does not necessarily mean that the levels of distress are higher for these groups. This may be a result of the fact that the alternative resources provided by multiple social roles in some sense outweigh the stressful effects that double demands have on psychological distress.
Queering Management and Organization
Authors: Parker Martin
Published: March 2003

This article makes connections between ‘queer’ theory and contemporary thinking about management and organization. The article contains a re‐presentation of queer, particularly the work of Butler and Sedgwick, and a discussion of the potential implications of queering for managers, managerial practices and the science of management. Most importantly, the article is also concerned with authority claims — both personal and institutional — and the relationship between (critical) theory and (critical) practice.
Girls’ Jobs for the Boys? Men, Masculinity and Non‐Traditional Occupations
Authors: Cross Simon , Bagilhole Barbara
Published: March 2003

Occupational segregation by sex remains the most pervasive aspect of the labour market. In the past, most research on this topic has concentrated on explanations of women’s segregation into low paid and low status occupations, or investigations of women who have crossed gender boundaries into men’s jobs, and the potential impact on them and the occupations. In contrast, this article reports on a small‐scale, qualitative study of ten men who have crossed into what are generally defined as ‘women’s jobs’. In doing so, one of the impacts on them has been that they have experienced challenges to their masculine identity from various sources and in a variety of ways. The men’s reactions to these challenges, and their strategies for developing and accommodating their masculinity in light of these challenges, are illuminating. They either attempted to maintain a traditional masculinity by distancing themselves from female colleagues, and/or partially (re)constructed a different masculinity by identifying with their non‐traditional occupations. This they did as often as they deemed necessary as a response to different forms of challenge to their gender identities from both men and women. Finally, the article argues that these responses work to maintain the men as the dominant gender, even in these traditionally defined ‘women’s jobs’.
Metamorphosis: From ‘Nice Girls’ to ‘Nice Bitches’: Resisting Patriarchal Articulations of Professional Identity
Authors: Katila Saija , Meriläinen Susan
Published: March 2003

This article explores the random strategies women adopt in resisting patriarchal articulations of their professional identity and the kind of organizational discourses women’s resistance brings about. The focus is on describing the context, dynamics of contradictory tensions and ambivalence inherent in situations of resisting. The article draws upon the authors’ own experiences in academia. In addition to participatory observation, the authors are using themselves as research instruments that enable them to highlight the emotions and ambivalent dynamics in the construction of gendered identities and power relations in organizations.

The study indicates that there are several sets of rules in motion in one and the same social situation, such as the rules of organizational behaviour, rules of friendship and the rules of gender relations in public places. By describing two overtly sexualized discourses that women’s resistance brought about, the article highlights that organizational sexuality does not necessarily differ in kind or in degree from ‘street sexuality’ or sexuality in semi‐public places. The study’s findings argue that it is important to extend research to both informal and semi‐formal organizational gatherings. These liminal spaces are important sites of communicative struggles over organizational meanings and identities.
Tax Progression and Human Capital in Imperfect Labour Markets
Authors: Fuest Clemens , Huber Bernd
Published: March 2003

Recent contributions to the theory of taxation argue that tax progression raises welfare and employment in the presence of labour market imperfections. This literature takes the endowment of workers with human capital as given. The present paper analyses the effects of tax progression in a model with endogenous human capital formation. We show that the effect of tax progression on human capital investment depends on the deductibility of the cost of human capital formation. With full deductibility, tax progression raises employment and welfare. With incomplete deductibility, in contrast, the effect of tax progression on employment and welfare may be negative.
On the Interaction of Risk and Time Preferences: An Experimental Study
Authors: Anderhub Vital , Güth Werner
Published: March 2003

Experimental studies of risk and time preference typically focus on one of the two phenomena. The goal of this paper is to investigate the (possible) correlation between subjects' attitude to risk and their time preference. For this sake we ask 61 subjects to price a simple lottery in three different scenarios. At the first, the lottery premium is paid `now'. At the second, it is paid `later'. At the third, it is paid `even later'. By comparing the certainty equivalents offered by the subjects for the three lotteries, we test how time and risk preferences are interrelated. Since the time interval between `now' and `later' is the same as between `later' and `even later', we also test the hypothesis of hyperbolic discounting. The main result is a statistically significant negative correlation between subjects' degrees of risk aversion and their (implicit) discount factors. Moreover, we show that the negative correlation is independent of the method used to elicit certainty equivalents (willingness to pay versus willingness to accept).
Input Demand and the Shortand Long-Run Employment Thresholds: An Empirical Analysis for the German Manufacturing Sector
Authors: Flaig Gebhard , Rottmann Horst
Published: March 2003

The concept of the `employment threshold' plays an important role in the public discussion of unemployment. The employment threshold is defined as that growth rate of output necessary to keep employment constant despite the continuous rise in productivity. It is related to the Okun coefficient which describes the relationship between the changes in output and unemployment. Many contributions to this debate give the impression that the employment threshold is more or less a structural characteristic independent of economic variables. In this paper we derive short- and long-run employment thresholds from an input demand system and show empirically that they depend on factor prices and capital accumulation. Higher wage rates raise the employment threshold and reduce the probability that a positive output shock will increase employment.
‘Aus so prosaischen Dingen wie Kartoffeln, Straßen, Traktoren werden poetische Dinge!’: Brecht, Sinn und Form, and Strittmatter's Katzgraben
Authors: Philpotts Matthew
Published: March 2003

This article takes as its starting–point an essay written by Bertolt Brecht in praise of the GDR playwright Erwin Strittmatter and his Socialist Realist drama, Katzgraben, which was staged by the Berliner Ensemble in May 1953. Published in the late summer of 1953 in Sinn und Form, this rather neglected essay is of significance because Brecht adopts in it a highly orthodox GDR position at a time when he was otherwise making dissenting interventions in GDR cultural politics. Publication of the essay, at a time when political pressure on Brecht had eased, is evidence that his interest in Strittmatter's play was not merely a short–term tactical manoeuvre to placate the SED regime. Rather, it was part of a consistent belief in the necessity of demonstrating what Brecht perceived to be the genuine achievements of the GDR. The events of 17 June, and the fascist mindset which Brecht saw underlying them, only served to reinforce this necessity in his mind. Brecht's pre–occupation with Katzgraben has a broader significance in highlighting the tendency in Brecht criticism to over–privilege tactical explanations for his behaviour in the GDR and in demonstrating that his cultural–political dissent was vitiated all the time by consistent ideological assent.
Fremdwortdiskussion und Rechtsextremismus
Authors: Pfalzgraf Falco
Published: March 2003

Seit den 1990er Jahren hat die Fremdwortdiskussion in Deutschland an Schärfe zugenommen. Vom Zweiten Weltkrieg bis in die 1990er Jahre kommt es lediglich zu einzelnen Stellungnahmen von Politikern zur Fremdwortdiskussion, doch Anfang 2001 kritisieren zahlreiche hochrangige deutsche Politiker parteiübergreifend den Gebrauch von Angloamerikanismen im Deutschen. Erstmals seit den 1930er Jahren werden Rufe nach einem Sprachschutzgesetz laut.

In diesem Zusammenhang ist die zunehmende Bildung und Einflussnahme neuer Vereinigungen zum Schutz des Deutschen zu sehen. Einige zeichnen sich durch beachtliche Mitgliederzahlen aus und fallen durch starke Medienpräsenz auf. Andere wieder sind kleinere Vereine, die aber ähnliche oder identische Ziele verfolgen. Hier wird auf das Netzwerk dieser Sprachschutz–Vereinigungen eingegangen. Es wird gezeigt, dass Sprachschutzvereine für viele rechtsgerichtete Organisationen interessant erscheinen, mit selbigen in Verbindung gebracht werden können, oder sich bewusst ihrer Unterstützung bedienen.

Nicht alle untersuchten Vereine dürfen trotz ihrer beachtlichen Vernetzung pauschal als rechtsextremistisch bezeichnet werden, einige aber können als rechtsextrem eingestuft werden. Es wird gezeigt, welche Vereine Verbindungen zum politisch rechten Lager haben. Andere Vereine hingegen haben erkannt, wie schädlich solche Kontakte ihrer Sache sein können und gehen mehr oder weniger erfolgreich gegen Rechtsextremisten in den eigenen Reihen vor. Ob dies aber mit ausreichender Konsequenz geschieht, sei dahingestellt.
Policy Transfer among Local Governments: An Information–Theory Approach
Authors: Wolman Harold , Page Ed
Published: March 2003

We argue that the burgeoning literature on policy transfer suffers from the lack of an analytical framework that would facilitate understanding and, thus, theory–building. We suggest that policy transfer be conceptualized as occurring through a communications and information framework and that it focus on information networks that include producers, senders, and facilitators of information, as well as recipients. We apply this framework to an illustrative study of how British local–authority officials involved in the area of urban regeneration policy learn from each other’s experience.

Utilizing this approach, the results of our case study yield several testable hypotheses for future study. In particular, they direct us towards the importance of informal networks in the policy–transfer process, towards an examination of the motivations of producers, senders, and disseminators of information, and towards the difficulty all participants in the network have in assessing the quality and validity of the information they receive.
Enhancing WTO Legitimacy: Constitutionalization or Global Subsidiarity?
Authors: Howse Robert , Nicolaidis Kalypso
Published: March 2003

Increasingly, scholars have articulated the challenge of global economic governance in constitutional terms. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is often painted as an incipient global economic constitution. Its legitimacy would be enhanced, some contend, by transforming the WTO treaty system into a federal construct. But the application of the language of constitutionalism to the WTO is likely to exacerbate the fears of the “discontents” of globalization that the international institutions of economic governance are not democratically accountable to anyone. We argue that the legitimacy of the multilateral trading order requires greater democratic contestability. The notion of global subsidiarity would be a more appropriate model for the WTO than that of a “federal” constitution. This notion incorporates three basic principles: institutional sensitivity, political inclusiveness, and top–down empowerment.
Technological Change and Environmental Policy: The Diffusion of Environmental Technology
Authors: DUPUY DAMIAN
Published: March 2003

As concern for environmental protection is growing within all sectors of society, industrial firms are being forced to become more accountable for their actions. Government policies, in the form of environmental standards, have been designed to reduce the level of toxic pollutants being discharged by firms. In order to comply with these standards, firms must either change the nature of their production processes or employ technologies that reduce the level of effluent being discharged. This paper investigates the role of environmental policy in driving firms to adopt pollution control technologies. The policy addressed is the Province of Ontario's Municipal Industrial Strategy for Abatement (MISA) which seeks to compel firms to reduce discharges of industrial effluent through the application of the “Best Available Technology Economically Achievable.” The impact of this policy instrument on the adoption of pollution control technology in the Ontario organic chemical industry is examined. The analysis is based on interviews with firms in the chemical industry which reveal that environmental policy has played a central role in inducing firms to adopt pollution control technologies. The paper draws on literature about technology diffusion, especially the relationship between suppliers and users of technology, and examines the process through which environmental technology is transferred to regulated firms. The relationship between the suppliers and users of technology is strong, especially between the large multinational users and smaller independent domestic technology suppliers.
The Internationalisation of Higher Education: the Case of Medical Education
Authors: Bourke Anne
Published: March 2003

The most visible aspect of the internationalisation of Higher Education is foreign students and this article outlines the factors which influence patterns and trends in international student mobility. Using the case study of undergraduate medical education, insights are provided on the issues which determine a student's choice of host nation and institution. Students who opt to study overseas to gain an award (the basic qualification to practice medicine) are the focus of this study, and the views expressed by them and individuals associated with international education, shed light on country and institution specific aspects which make the experience abroad either magic or misery.
The Construction of Paradox?: One Case of Mature Students in Higher Education
Authors: Wilson Fiona
Published: March 2003

Despite the fact that educational institutions have been actively encouraging mature students into higher education, we understand little of whether the experience of this group is the same as or different from that of the other students. There is a dearth of published research on the subjective experience of mature students. Much of the most widely quoted research on mature students has relied on quantitative techniques. While such procedures are useful for providing background details, they are less useful for exploring the lived experiences of being a mature student. Until we understand how the experience of being a mature student is lived, it is difficult, if not impossible to consider how policy and teaching practice for mature students can be developed. With qualitative and quantitative research methods, this research looks at the ‘lived experience’ of being a mature student in a Scottish university. Using a social constructionist framework, the focus is on how the reality of being a mature student is constructed by mature students. It shows how self contradictory these views of reality can be.
Private Higher Education and Diversity: An Exploratory Survey
Authors: Teixeira Pedro , Amaral Alberto
Published: March 2003

In this preliminary review, the authors analyse the effects of privatisation on diversity in higher education (HE) systems by exploring the consequences of the establishment of HE Institutions by non‐public organisations. The rising importance of privatisation in Europe (Western and transitional economies), Latin America, and Southeast Asia is analysed. Then follows detailed examinations of private‐sector HE in countries representative of all these geographical areas to determine how far privatisation has stimulated diversity. The preliminary results indicate that in each case the private sub‐sector has promoted limited and partial diversification. In general, though, the more recent private establishments, created to satisfy increasing demand for HE, have nonetheless focused predominately on teaching, have undertaken little, or no, research and appear to be of lower quality than the older institutions. The private sub‐sector is characterised mostly by its low‐risk behaviour, and a concentration on low‐cost and/or safer initiatives. Public authorities must share at least a partial responsibility for some of the negative side effects of the development of private higher education.
Widening Participation in Higher Education: The HEFCE Perspective on Policy and Progress
Authors: Lewis Ben
Published: March 2003

The first half of the 1990s saw a substantial increase in the number of people participating in higher education, though without a substantial alteration in the social profile of the English student population. However, today, with the Government target of 50 per cent of 18–30 year olds having some experience of higher education by 2010, the sector faces a new challenge in broadening as well as expanding its social base. This article traces different phases in the evolution of the HEFCE widening participation policy and strategy, including its response to the recommendations of the Dearing Report and, more recently, to the joint proposal with the Learning and Skills Council for a strengthening of partnerships between higher education, further education and schools.
A Continuing Role For Academics: The Governance of UK Universities in the Post–Dearing Era
Authors: Dearlove John
Published: March 2003

The governance of higher education has become a recognised cause for concern. Many academics lament the demise of an easy collegiality in the face of the rise of a harder managerialism that robs them of control. But outsiders to the system, concerned about the efficiency and effectiveness of higher education management, are critical of the extent to which academics seem all too eager and able to block changes that might lead to universities better addressing the needs of society.

This paper rejects the simple nostrums of both those who hark back to a collegial golden age and those who make the case for a brave managerial future. It argues that universities that are capable of real strategic change in response to challenge are capable of transcending the dichotomy between collegiality and managerialism as modes of organisation. In these successful universities, academics must be involved and prepared to lead, but they must also work in partnership with administrators, in institutions that will be strong to the extent that there is a shared vision that makes the institution rather more than just the sum of warring departments.
The Loss of Archbishop Stratford's Register
Authors: McHardy A.K.
Published: March 2003

The register of Archbishop John Stratford (1333–48) still existed in 1391, when it was consulted by Archbishop Courtenay, but subsequently disappeared. This document shows that its fate was to be the object, along with some of Courtenay's records, of a highway robbery in Rogate, Sussex, during the autumn of 1402 while it was being transported in the baggage‐train of Archbishop Thomas Arundel. Though we can speculate on the reasons for this theft, the motives of the thieves, who struck in an area peculiarly favourable to the lawless, still elude us.
Domestic Crony Capitalism and International Fickle Capital: Is There a Connection?
Authors: Wei Shang‐Jin
Published: March 2003

Domestic crony capitalism and fickle international capital flows are often suggested as two rival explanations for currency crises. This article examines a possible linkage between the two that has not been explored much in the literature: domestic crony capitalism may make a country more dependent on the more fickle type of international capital flows (e.g. international bank loans) rather than the less volatile type (e.g. foreign direct investment). It presents statistical evidence that the degree of domestic crony capitalism is indeed associated with a higher external loan‐to‐FDI ratio. Such a composition of capital flows has been identified as being associated with a higher incidence of a currency crisis. Therefore, even though crony capitalism does not forecast the exact timing of a crisis, it can nevertheless increase its likelihood.
A strategy for active ageing
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: March 2003

This article argues that a strategy of active ageing, by linking the key policy domains of employment, pensions, retirement, health and citizenship, provides a sound basis for industrialized countries to respond to the challenges presented by population ageing. The article outlines the genesis of the concept of active ageing and the principles that should be embodied in a modernized, comprehensive approach fit for the twenty‐first century. It then considers the potential for active ageing to address problems in the five key policy domains. Finally the article sets out a strategy on active ageing and illustrates how it might be operationalized at different stages of the life cycle. In conclusion the potentially beneficial nature of a comprehensive strategy on active ageing is emphasized: it represents the unusual combination of a morally correct policy that also makes sound economic sense.
Democratic and Revolutionary Traditions in Latin America
Authors: Knight Alan
Published: March 2003

This article seeks to identify and explain the historical links between democracy and revolution in Latin America. It first defines and analyses ‘democratic’ and ‘revolutionary’ traditions in the continent. It notes the precocity of nineteenth‐century Latin American liberalism which, stimulated by the independence struggles, carried implications for the subsequent onset of democracy in the twentieth century. It then presents a typology of five twentieth‐century political permutations (social democracy, revolutionary populism, statist populism, socialist revolution, and authoritarian reaction), seeking to tease out the corresponding relationships between the two ‘traditions’. It concludes (inter alia) that the current triumph of liberal democracy in Latin America, while in part attributable to historical precedent, is also significantly contingent, and dependent on the apparent exhaustion of the revolutionary tradition.
The Strategic Uses of Gender in Household Negotiations: Women Workers on Mexico’s Northern Border
Authors: Gates Leslie C.
Published: March 2003

The study illustrates the potential of the ‘doing gender’ perspective to explain why employment does not always improve women’s household–power. Eighteen in–depth interviews with women maquiladora workers in Mexico suggest that, depending on the gendered meanings of household negotiations, employment may help women gain new rights and extend the limits of respect accorded them by male companions and parents. Nevertheless, women were more successful when they used negotiating strategies that conformed to their gender identity, such as making offers, than when they used negotiating strategies that challenged traditional gender norms, such as withdrawing services or making threats.
Fear of Crime or Fear of Life? Public Insecurities in Chile
Authors: Dammert Lucia , Malone Mary Fran T.
Published: March 2003

Chile is regarded as one of the safest countries in Latin America. Crime rates are extremely low when compared to the rest of the region, and the police are widely considered to be efficient and trustworthy. Despite these objective trends, fear of crime is widespread throughout Chile. Why are Chileans so fearful when their country is so safe? We argue that fear of crime in Chile does not reflect fear of criminal acts per se, but is rather a manifestation of a wide range of daily insecurities. That is, fear of crime is rooted in other economic, social, and political insecurities featuring prominently in Chilean life today. To substantiate this argument, we test the ability of these “other” insecurities to predict fear of crime using a recent survey conducted by the International Labor Organization in 2001. We test our hypothesis alongside counterhypotheses prominent in the literature: social identity characteristics, victimization, trust in the media, urbanization, and community participation. We find that political, social, and economic insecurities best predict fear of crime; however, victimization, urbanization, and trust in the media are also significant. Our results suggest that scholars should study fear of crime not only as it relates to victimization and criminalization, but also in a context of insecurities generated by increasing rates of unemployment and poverty.
Development, the state, and transnational political connections: state and subject formations in Latin America
Authors: Radcliffe Sarah A.
Published: March 2003

Focusing on the processes of making and sustaining transnational political ties between actors, international actors and states, this paper reviews recent work from a number of disciplines on globalization and politics, and outlines an agenda for future research. Rather than seeing transnational political linkages merely as forerunners to the loss of local sovereignty, the paper argues for a wider conceptualization of transnational connections, embedded within processes of state formation in Latin America. Using a variety of examples, it is argued that transnational networks are associated with a wide range of meanings and a variety of responses by diverse actors. Drawing on recent work in political science, post‐structuralism and anthropology, it is suggested that geographical concepts ‐ related to scale, process and networks ‐ offer a means through which to analyze and ‘map out’ these transnational political processes.
Lives in limbo: Temporary Protected Status and immigrant identities
Authors: Mountz Alison , Wright Richard , Miyares Ines , Bailey Adrian J.
Published: March 2003

The United States formulates much of its immigration and refugee policy to match economic and political circumstances. We interpret these policy shifts as a set of graduated positions on immigration and refugee flows that attempts to discipline the lives of newcomers and, in so doing, shapes immigrant identities. In this article, we analyse the interplay between the US government and Salvadoran asylum applicants negotiating procedures that grant only temporary relief from deportation via the policy of Temporary Protected Status (TPS). We find that each policy shift results in the strategic renegotiation of asylum applicants’ identities so as to achieve the best opportunity for a successful outcome. Based on Foucault’s ideas of governmentality and Ong’s concept of flexible citizenship, we argue that what appears more superficially as a patchwork strategy of immigration laws and asylum practices may be theorized more deeply as a set of flexible responses by the state that turn on identity construction at different scales, and that aim to mediate transnational relations.
The network of global corporations and elite policy groups: a structure for transnational capitalist class formation?
Authors: Carroll William K. , Carson Colin
Published: March 2003

This study situates five top transnational policy–planning groups within the larger structure of corporate power that is constituted through interlocking directorates among the world's largest companies. Each group makes a distinct contribution towards transnational capitalist hegemony both by building consensus within the global corporate elite and by educating publics and states on the virtues of one or another variant of the neo–liberal paradigm. Analysis of corporate–policy interlocks reveals that a few dozen cosmopolitans – primarily men based in Europe and North America and actively engaged in corporate management – knit the network together via participation in transnational interlocking and/or multiple policy groups. As a structure underwriting transnational business activism, the network is highly centralized, yet from its core it extends unevenly to corporations and individuals positioned on its fringes. The policy groups pull the directorates of the world's major corporations together, and collaterally integrate the lifeworld of the global corporate elite, but they do so selectively, reproducing regional differences in participation. These findings support the claim that a well–integrated global corporate elite has formed, and that global policy groups have contributed to its formation. Whether this elite confirms the arrival of a transnational capitalist class is a matter partly of semantics and partly of substance.
The State of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy Research
Authors: Kazdin Alan E.
Published: March 2003

Child and adolescent therapy has progressed considerably, as reflected in the number of controlled studies, their methodological quality, and identification of evidence‐based treatments. The progress is qualified by several characteristics of the therapy research that depart from the characteristics of clinical practice. Key areas of research are being neglected and this neglect greatly limits progress and what we know about treatment. Prominent among these is the neglect of research on the mechanisms of change and the moderators of treatment outcome. This article highlights progress, characteristics, and limitations of current therapy research. In addition, a research plan is offered to advance research by: 1) understanding the mechanisms or processes through which therapeutic change occurs; 2) drawing on developmental psychopathology research to inform treatment; and 3) expanding the range of questions that guide treatment research and the range of outcome domains on which treatment conclusions are based.
Fears and Phobias in Children: Phenomenology, Epidemiology, and Aetiology
Authors: Ollendick Thomas H. , King Neville J. , Muris Peter
Published: March 2003

We examine the phenomenology, epidemiology, and aetiology of specific phobias in this brief review. In general terms, a specific phobia exists when fear of a specific object or situation is exaggerated, cannot be reasoned away, results in avoidance of the feared object or situation, persists over time, and is not age‐specific. Specific phobias occur in about 5% of children and in approximately 15% of children referred for anxiety‐related problems. Most of these children are comorbid with other disorders. We suggest that specific phobias are multiply determined and over‐determined. Genetic influences, temperamental predispositions, parental psychopathology, parenting practices, and individual conditioning histories converge to occasion the development and maintenance of childhood phobias. Inasmuch as any one specific phobia is acquired and maintained through such complex processes, we further conclude that treatment approaches will need to address these multiple dimensions before evidence‐based treatments can be fully realised.
The Preservation and Identification of Piñon Resins by GC‐MS in Pottery from the Western Great Basin
Authors: Eerkens J.
Published: March 2003

Gas chromatography — mass spectrometry analysis of a sherd from the Nevada Test Site revealed a high quantity of terpenes, including sesquiterpenoids and diterpenoids, demonstrating that piñon resins were prepared in the pot in prehistoric times. The presence of these biomarkers allowed for a very specific identification of the products prepared in the pot, a level of detail not often achieved in lipid residue analysis. That the terpenes are relatively unoxidized demonstrates that they are quite stable over long periods of time. The study also shows that sherds on the surface of archaeological sites can preserve lipids and terpenes and are amenable to organic residue analysis.
Bone diagenesis: an overview of processes
Authors: Hedges R. E. M.
Published: March 2003

This overview is a summary of the state of understanding of processes and states in bone diagenesis, as seen from a chemical perspective. It deals with the significance and usefulness of the measurements of ‘diagenetic parameters’—that is, of measures of diagenetic alteration—and of the theories of physico–chemical processes which are considered to underlie the measured changes. In many ways these two aspects are seen to come together quite well, and some progress has been made in relating different burial environments to the observations of alteration. Such a framework also allows us to ask more penetrating questions, such as how characteristic differences in diagenetic alteration might arise, and how the pre–burial environment might influence the eventual course of diagenesis.
The crystallinity of ancient bone and dentine: new insights by transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Reiche I. , Vignaud C. , Menu M.
Published: March 2003

We studied various archaeological and palaeontological bones and dentines from different burial environments by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR), X–ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in the framework of a general study of diagenesis. FT–IR and XRD were used to evaluate the global preservation state of the bone and dentine mineral phase by determining a splitting factor (SF) or a crystallinity index (CI), respectively. These data can be combined with studies on the nanometer scale made with TEM. This latter technique,coupled with electron microdiffraction, provides determination of dimensions and shapes of individual bone and dentine apatite nanocrystals as well as of secondary minerals formed during diagenesis. It enables us to distinguish between heat–induced recrystallization processes and crystal growth in solution occurring during diagenesis.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) applied to ancient pottery
Authors: Mata M. P. , Peacor D. R. , Gallart‐Martí M. D.
Published: March 2003

A comparative study of ancient pottery has been carried out, which utilized X‐ray diffraction, optics and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Samples came from three prehistoric sites in northern Spain (La Rioja). Transmission electron microscope techniques, which use intact ion‐milled samples, allow minerals and glass to be imaged in situ, providing data on textures, crystal structures and composition. TEM provided detailed characterization of both source‐characteristic raw materials and products of the firing process, and revealed the range of intermediate phases, most of which had sizes beyond that of resolution by SEM. More importantly, TEM provided definition of the reaction processes, from starting materials through glass and new crystalline phases, providing data on both temperature and duration of firing.
The origins of Byzantine glass from Maroni Petrera, Cyprus
Authors: Freestone I. C. , Ponting M. , Hughes M. J.
Published: March 2003

Nineteen glasses from Maroni Petrera, Cyprus, dating to the sixth–seventh centuries ad, have been analysed by energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis in the scanning electron microscope for major and minor elements. A subset of 15 glasses was also analysed for trace elements, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Two groups are identified. The majority is made of glass produced in the coastal region of Syria–Palestine. The smaller group is of high iron, manganese and titanium (HIMT) glass, a widespread type of uncertain origin at the present time. The glasses appear to have undergone relatively minor mixing and recycling, and the glass material is likely to have arrived in Cyprus in the form of raw glass chunks or relatively fresh vessel cullet.
On the circumstances surrounding the preservation and analysis of very old DNA
Authors: Geigl E.–M.
Published: March 2003

Herein, I discuss the limits and circumstances of DNA preservation in old fossils. The stability of DNA in physiological solution suggests that DNA should be degraded at the latest within 50 000–100 000 years and has convincingly been found in fossil bones of this age. I argue here that particular fossilization conditions can cause exceptional DNA preservation over much longer periods, in an unexpected state. A working hypothesis is proposed stating that DNA can ‘hibernate’—that is, be preserved over long periods—only if it is hidden within molecular ‘niches’ where it is not governed by the rules of aqueous solution chemistry, and that such ‘geological’ DNA cannot be purified using procedures that assume that it behaves like ‘biological’ DNA.
The long–term survival of bone: the role of bioerosion
Authors: Trueman C. N. , Martill D. M.
Published: March 2003

Fossil bones (N = 350) spanning more than 350 million years, and covering a wide range of depositional environments, were studied to compare the distribution of microbial destruction features in fossil bones with previously published data sets of bones of archaeological age. The distribution of bioerosion in fossil bones is very different from that found in bone from archaeological sites. Fossil bones typically show little or no bioerosion. Under normal conditions, if a bone is to survive into the fossil record, then rapid bioerosion must be prevented (or halted). This conclusion suggests that early post mortem processes,such as the mode of death, influence the potential of any bone to survive into deep time.
Structural adjustment and the contemporary sub‐Saharan African city
Authors: Briggs John , Yeboah Ian E. A.
Published: March 2003

Although it has been suggested that structural adjustment policies have slowed Third World urban growth and have stimulated a spatial deconcentration of economic activity, this paper argues that African cities continue to grow and mainly through peri‐urban development. This investment comes mainly from domestic sources and migrants’ remittances, and tends to be in consumption rather than production. Reasons include cultural factors, lack of confidence in the national economy and in the state’s long‐term economic objectives, an increasing demand for housing, improvements in intraurban transport, and a desire to spread investment risk among a range of alternatives including housing.
The space of the dream: a case of mis‐taken identity?
Authors: Cater Erlet
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the inherent contradictions presented by locating ‘the space of the dream’. In this case it is the fictitious lamasery of Shangri‐La described by James Hilton in the novel Lost Horizon, claimed to have been inspired by a monastery to the north of Zhongdian in the Chinese province of Yunnan. Whilst some of the idyllic attributes of Hilton’s vision of paradise on Earth are grounded in the natural and cultural diversity of the entire region, contingencies of place were bound to compromise any attempt to promote any one location as such for the purposes of international tourism. If it is a case of mis‐taken identity, however, does it matter? The tourists may internalize their expectations and build a composite image of their diverse and disparate experiences which they take back home.
Placing cyberspace: processes of Americanization in British children’s use of the Internet
Authors: Holloway Sarah L. , Valentine Gill
Published: March 2003

This paper counters the notion that cyberspace is a placeless electronic sphere through an analysis of British children's use of the Internet. It demonstrates that rather than being accessible from everywhere but existing nowhere, cyberspace is shaped through place‐routed cultures, and in particular through processes of Americanization.
Publishing and publishers: towards an historical geography of countryside writing, c. 1930‐1950
Authors: Brace Catherine
Published: March 2003

The role of publishers as cultural agents is under‐researched by those who have made use of the extensive canon of twentieth‐century countryside writing. This paper calls for an historical geography of publishing, which treats publishers as a vital element in the production and circulation of knowledge.
A century of inequality in England and Wales using standardized geographical units
Authors: Gregory Ian , Dorling Daniel , Southall Humphrey
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses geographical trends in relative poverty in England and Wales over the last century by comparing key quantitative indicators from key dates. The comparison is made possible by interpolating all the datasets onto a single standardized geography. Results suggest rising inequality in spite of the decline in absolute poverty.
The discursive nature of environmental conflicts: the case of the Öresund link
Authors: Linnros Hannah Dekker , Hallin Per Olof
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes the environmental conflict concerning the construction of a permanent link between Malmo, Sweden and the Danish capital, Copenhagen. The conflict is approached as both a discursive and institutional struggle, in which representations of nature and the environment are used not only to legitimize, but also to question institutional policies and development plans. The analysis focuses primarily on three of the counter‐discourses that have emerged in conflict with the hegemonic, institutional discourse, and also indicates how spatial representations have become important constituents of the discourses.
Researching actor power: analyzing mechanisms of interaction in negotiations over space
Authors: Few Roger
Published: March 2003

Turning complex theories on social power into research practice is no easy task. Drawing on recent debates in geography and associated disciplines, this paper illustrates one means of operationalizing the study of power deployed by actors in a negotiating arena through the elucidation of motives, resources and tactics. The discussion is based on the methods and findings of a case study of community involvement in protected area planning.
A battle on two fronts: competitive urges 'inside' Atlanta
Authors: Whitelegg Drew
Published: March 2003

This paper argues that intra–regional competition is as important as intra–regional in the shaping of an urban region. Recent concentration on urban promotion within the discipline places an emphasis on competition between cities that should be counterbalanced by stressing the degree of competition between cities and their suburban peripheries. Using the case of Atlanta, Georgia, and in particular its Vision 2020 initiative, the paper explores how regionalist approaches can easily unravel due to continued rivalries from individual constituents. Placing its theoretical grounding within David Harvey’s notion of ‘structural coherence’, the paper argues that regional policies within a capitalist environment of uneven development tend towards only temporary solutions.
Beyond world cities: Central America in a global space of flows
Authors: Brown Ed , Taylor Peter J. , Catalano Gilda
Published: March 2003

Central America is a region without a world city. Traditionally, the region’s national projects have been based upon openness to the world economy: how do the region’s contemporary transnational projects connect to the world economy under the new conditions of openness that is contemporary globalization? Focusing upon advanced producer services, three connections into the world city network are identified: global service firms operating directly in Central American cities, local service firms operating indirectly through extra‐regional world cities and global service firms operating through Latin American regional offices. Miami is confirmed as the primary world city through which Central America connects into the world economy