bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer‐Supported Naphthalene‐Catalyzed Sodium Reactions.
Authors: van der Ancker Tania R. , Love Cameron J.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Creolophins: A Family of Linear Triquinanes from Creolophus cirrhatus (Basidiomycete).
Authors: Opatz Till , Kolshorn Heinz , Birnbacher Judith , Schueffler Anja , Deininger Friederike , Anke Timm
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Indicol by a Carbene Cyclization—Cycloaddition Cascade Strategy.
Authors: Lam Sze Kui , Chiu Pauline
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Free‐Radical‐Based, Specific Desulfurization of Cysteine: A Powerful Advance in the Synthesis of Polypeptides and Glycopolypeptides.
Authors: Wan Qian , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Glycal Imidate Rearrangement: Formation of α‐ and β‐N‐Glycosyl Trichloroacetamides.
Authors: Yang Jaemoon , Mercer Gregory J. , Nguyen Hien M.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Acetalation—Acetylation of Sugars and Related Derivatives with Enolacetates under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Mukherjee Debaraj , Shah Bhahwal Ali , Gupta Pankaj , Taneja Subhash Chandra
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Catalysis for a One‐Pot Regioselective Protection of Carbohydrates: The Example of Glucose.
Authors: Francais Antoine , Urban Dominique , Beau Jean‐Marie
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Communesin F
Authors: Yang Jun , Wu Haoxing , Shen Liqun , Qin Yong
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1′‐Phenyl Substituted Nucleoside Analogues.
Authors: Nasr Tamer , Taniguchi Yosuke , Sasaki Shigeki
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hoogsteen vs. Watson—Crick Base Pairing: Incorporation of 2‐Substituted Adenine‐ and 7‐Deazaadenine 2′‐Deoxy‐β‐D‐ribonucleosides into Oligonucleotides.
Authors: Ramzaeva Natalya , Michalek Elisabeth , Kazimierczuk Zygmunt , Seela Frank , Rosemeyer Helmut
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Retipolides — Unusual Spiromacrolactones from the Mushrooms Retiboletus retipes and R. ornatipes.
Authors: Justus Karl , Herrmann Rupert , Klamann Joerg‐Dieter , Gruber Gertraud , Hellwig Veronika , Ingerl Andrea , Polborn Kurt , Steffan Bert , Steglich Wolfgang
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Two Natural Phenanthrenes: Confusarin (Ia) and a Regioisomer (Ib).
Authors: Radix Sylvie , Barret Roland
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric CuH‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylations en Route to the C‐9 Epimer (V) of Amphidinoketide I.
Authors: Lipshutz Bruce H. , Lee Ching‐Tien , Servesko Jeff M.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a 5‐Spirocyclopropyl Deoxyrhamnojirimycin as a Constrained Naringinase Inhibitor.
Authors: Pearson Morwenna S. M. , Plantier‐Royon Richard , Szymoniak Jan , Bertus Philippe , Behr Jean‐Bernard
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Substituted‐clavams: Antifungal Properties, DD‐Peptidase and β‐Lactamase Inhibition.
Authors: Cierpucha Maciej , Panfil Irma , Danh Tong Thanh , Chmielewski Marek , Kurzatkowski Wieslaw , Rajnisz Aleksandra , Solecka Jolanta
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiproliferative in vitro Activity of Natural Flavans and Related Compounds.
Authors: Zhang Liang , Zhang Wei‐Ge , Ma En‐Long , Wu Lan , Bao Kai , Wang Xiao‐Long , Wang Yu‐Ling , Song Hong‐Rui
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Stereocontrolled Construction of rel‐(7S,8S,7′R,8′S)‐7,7′‐Epoxylignan Skeleton
Authors: Kitamura Maria , Hayashi Hiromi , Yano Masahiro , Tanaka Tetsuaki , Maezaki Naoyoshi
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon Nanotubes, Synthesis, Growth and Orientation Control
Authors: Kennedy Lawrence A.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Chalcogenides: Clusters, Layers, Nanotubes
Authors: Sokolov Maxim N.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Binary Halogen‐Chalcogen Compounds, Polyanions and Polycations
Authors: Xu Zhengtao
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chalcogen—Oxygen Chemistry
Authors: Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,1‐Dithiolato Ligands and Related Selenium and Tellurium Compounds
Authors: Haiduc Ionel
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Tsuji Allylations
Authors: Mohr Justin T. , Stoltz Brian M.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Interconnections and Independence: Heinrich Wieland (1877—1957) and His Era
Authors: Vaupel Elisabeth
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalysis Lost: Modern Chemistry, Ancient Chemistry, and an Unseen Biosynthetic Apparatus.
Authors: Barbas Carlos F. III
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Antiviral Activity of 3‐(3,5‐Dimethylbenzyl)uracil Derivatives Against HIV‐1 and HCMV
Authors: Maruyama Tokumi , Demizu Yosuke , Kozai Shigetada , Witvrouw Myriam , Pannecouque Christophe , Balzarini Jan , Snoecks Robert , Andrei Graciella , De Clercq Erik
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: In vivo and in vitro Activity and Mechanism of Action of the Multidrug Cytarabine‐L‐glycerylyl‐fluorodeoxyuridine
Authors: Bijnsdorp Irene V. , Schwendener Reto A. , Schott Herbert , Fichtner Iduna , Smid Kees , Schott Sarah , Laan Adrie C. , Peters Godefridus J.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Value of Natural Products to Future Pharmaceutical Discovery
Authors: Baker Dwight D. , Chu Min , Oza Uma , Rajgarhia Vineet
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis and Biological Activity of L‐Bicyclocarba‐d4T
Authors: Moon Hyung Ryong , Park Ah‐Young , Kim Kyung Ran , Chun Moon Woo , Jeong Lak Shin
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Functionalization of Polychloroarenes
Authors: Vasil'ev A. A. , Burukin A. S. , Zlotin S. G.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymatic Synthesis of Cyclic Triterpenes
Authors: Abe Ikuro
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Steroids: Partial Synthesis in Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Hanson James R.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Chemistry of Carbohydrate Clusters with Cores Having Guest Binding Abilities
Authors: Vargas‐Berenguel Antonio , Ortega‐Caballero Fernando , Casas‐Solvas Juan Manuel
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Role of NHC Ligands in Oxidation Catalysis
Authors: Strassner Thomas
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis and Organometallic Chemistry of Rhodium and Iridium in the Oxidation of Organic Substrates
Authors: Tejel Cristina , Ciriano Miguel A.
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Steps of Chemical Evolution Towards the Origin of Life
Authors: Rode Bernd M. , Fitz Daniel , Jakschitz Thomas
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal—Sulfur Clusters as the Model for the Active Sites of Metalloenzymes
Authors: Mizobe Yasushi
Published: March 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Retrograde analysis of the cerebellar projections to the posteroventral part of the ventral lateral thalamic nucleus in the macaque monkey
Authors: Evrard Henry C. , Craig A.D. (Bud)
Published: March 2008

The organization of cerebellothalamic projections was investigated in macaque monkeys using injections of retrograde tracers (cholera toxin B and fluorescent dextrans) in the posteroventral part of the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus (VLpv), the main source of thalamic inputs to the primary motor cortex. Injections that filled all of VLpv labeled abundant neurons that were inhomogeneously distributed among many unlabeled cells in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCbN). Single large pressure injections made in face‐, forelimb‐, or hindlimb‐related portions of VLpv using physiological guidance labeled numerous neurons that were broadly dispersed within a coarse somatotopographic anteroposterior (foot to face) gradient in the dentate and interposed nuclei. Small iontophoretic injections labeled fewer neurons with the same somatotopographic gradient, but strikingly, the labeled neurons in these cases were as broadly dispersed as in cases with large injections. Simultaneous injections of multiple tracers in VLpv (one tracer per somatic region with no overlap between injections) confirmed the general somatotopography but also demonstrated clearly the overlapping distributions and the close intermingling of neurons labeled with different tracers. Significantly, very few neurons (<2%) were double‐labeled. This organizational pattern contrasts with the concept of a segregated “point‐to‐point” somatotopy and instead resembles the complex patterns that have been observed throughout the motor pathway. These data support the idea that muscle synergies are represented anatomically in the DCbN by a general somatotopography in which intermingled neurons and dispersed but selective connections provide the basis for plastic, adaptable movement coordination of different parts of the body. Indexing terms: J. Comp. Neurol. 508:286–314, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shear instability for stratified hydrostatic flows
Authors: Chumakova Lyuba , Menzaque Fernando E. , Milewski Paul A. , Rosales Rodolfo R. , Tabak Esteban G. , Turner Cristina V.
Published: March 2008

Stratified flows in hydrostatic balance are studied in both their multilayer and continuous formulations. A novel stability criterion is proposed for stratified flows, which reinterprets stability in terms not of growth of small perturbations but of the well‐posedness of the time evolution. This reinterpretation allows one to extend the classic results of Miles and Howard concerning steady and planar flows to the realm of flows that are nonuniform and unsteady. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nucleophilic Reactivities of Pyrroles
Authors: Nigst Tobias A. , Westermaier Martin , Ofial Armin R. , Mayr Herbert
Published: March 2008

The second‐order rate constants of the reactions of alkyl‐substituted pyrroles with a series of benzhydrylium ions were determined in acetonitrile, and the reaction products were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The formation of the σ adducts is the rate‐limiting step of these reactions. Because the second‐order rate constants correlate linearly with the electrophilicity parameters of the benzhydrylium ions, the determination of the nucleophilicity parameters N and s according to the linear free energy relationship log k2 (20 °C) = s(N + E) was achieved. With these findings, a direct comparison of the nucleophilic reactivities of these π‐excessive heterocycles with other nucleophiles became possible, and the pyrroles were integrated into the comprehensive scale of nucleophilicity, covering a range of 8–9 orders of magnitude from N‐(triisopropylsilyl)pyrrole (N = 3.12), the weakest nucleophile of this series, to kryptopyrrole (3‐ethyl‐2,4‐dimethylpyrrole, N = 11.63). Thus, highly reactive pyrroles show similar nucleophilic reactivities as enamines, whereas those of less‐reactive pyrroles are comparable to allylsilanes or indoles. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Procedural justice and compliance behaviour: the mediating role of emotions
Authors: Murphy Kristina , Tyler Tom
Published: March 2008

Procedural justice researchers have consistently found that if authorities treat people with trust, fairness, respect and neutrality, people will not only be more willing to cooperate with authorities, but they will also be more likely to comply with authority decisions and rules. New research in this area has gone on to explore the role that emotions play in response to procedural justice and injustice. What this new research has neglected to do, however, is examine whether emotions mediate the effect of procedural justice on subsequent compliance behaviour in real life settings. Using longitudinal survey data collected in two real‐life contexts (Study 1: a taxation dispute (N = 652), and Study 2: workplaces (N = 2366)), the present study will show that perceptions of procedural justice influence the emotions experienced by people, but more importantly these emotional reactions (i.e. anger and happiness) mediate the effect of justice on subsequent compliance behaviour. In other words, it is these positive and negative emotional reactions to perceived justice or injustice that go on to predict who will and will not comply with authority decisions and rules. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of humic acids with human DNA: Proposed mechanisms and kinetics
Authors: Sutlovic Davorka , Gamulin Stjepan , Definis‐Gojanovic Marija , Gugic Dijana , Andjelinovic Simun
Published: March 2008

Human DNA quantification by quantitative real‐time PCR (QRT‐PCR) has gained great importance in forensic DNA and ancient DNA studies. However, in such samples, DNA quantification is impaired by the frequently present humic acid (HA). We have previously shown that the addition of synthetic HA inhibits QRT‐PCR. In this study we investigated the possible mechanisms of HA interaction with human DNA, and kinetics of QRT‐PCR inhibition. In QRT‐PCR with pure human DNA and no HA added, VMAX was 40. With DNA sample containing 4 μg/mL of HA, VMAX was 30.30 while the addition of extra Taq polymerase to the same sample changed VMAX into 38.91, amplifying between 80 and 90% of input DNA. The KM/VMAX ratio in all the samples remained constant, indicating that the mechanism of HA inhibition of QRT‐PCR is uncompetitive by nature. Moreover, HA shifts the human DNA melting temperature point (Tm) from 75 to 87°C and inhibits DNase I‐mediated DNA cleavage, most probably affecting the enzyme's activity.
Measurement and computation of ground resistances at 161/23.9–11.95‐kV indoor‐type substations
Authors: Chang Cheng‐Nan , Lee Chien‐Hsing , Wang Yaw‐Juen
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this paper is to compare the calculated and actual ground resistances at two 161/23.9–11.95‐kV indoor‐type substations in the system of Taiwan Power Company. For the calculated ground resistances, one‐ and two‐layer soil models based on Sverak and Schwarz equations, the method of images and the current distribution electromagnetic grounding and soil structure analysis (CDEGS) program are performed. As for the actual ground resistances, they are found by subtracting the measured ground resistances which are obtained by the fall‐of‐potential method from the earth mutual resistances. As a result, the calculated ground resistance based on the method of images as the observation point located at the lower layer of the two‐layer soil model is approximately equal to the actual ground resistance measured by the fall‐of‐potential method with the potential electrode buried at the lower layer. In addition, the ground potential rises (GPRs) at both substations are computed and compared with the minimum touch voltages for assessing the grounding system safety. The result shows that the design of the grounding system at both substations is unsafe under the one‐layer soil model for humans with 50 and 70 kg body weight. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiobjective distributed generation placement using fuzzy goal programming with genetic algorithm
Authors: Kim Kyu‐Ho , Song Kyung‐Bin , Joo Sung‐Kwan , Lee Yu‐Jeong , Kim Jin‐O
Published: March 2008

This paper presents a new method to determine the locations and sizes of Distributed Generations (DGs) for loss reduction and voltage profile enhancement in distribution systems. The strategic placement of DG can help reduce power losses and improve feeder voltage profile. Fuzzy Goal Programming (FGP) is adopted to handle the multiobjective DG placement problem incorporating the voltage characteristics of each individual load component. The original objective functions and constraints are transformed into the multiobjective function with fuzzy sets by FGP. The transformed multiobjective function with fuzzy sets represents the imprecise natures for criterion of loss reduction and voltage profile enhancement, and the number and total capacities of DGs. The solution of the transformed multiobjective function with fuzzy sets is searched by Genetic Algorithm (GA). The proposed method is tested on the IEEE 34‐bus system to demonstrate its effectiveness. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The transformer thermal loss of life: Part 2‐Influence of functional and structural parameters' variability. A probabilistic approach
Authors: Resende M. J. , Pierrat L. , Santana J.
Published: March 2008

Main factors constraining transformers' thermal loss of life (LOL) are load and ambient temperature profiles they experience. Provided a suitable transformer thermal model and a LOL one are chosen, it is possible, from a theoretical point of view, to determine its on‐line expected LOL, as already presented in the first part of this work. However, due to the random character of constrains, such a purely deterministic approach will lead to reduced reliability results. The physical characteristics of the real profiles that transformers are subjected to (deterministic and random), and the uncertainty associated to transformer's specific parameters used in its thermal model, require a probabilistic approach for the study of expected LOL. This part of the work consists of two studies: the estimation of transformer LOL by considering statistical distributions for the load and ambient temperature profiles and the analysis of model's sensitivity to its structural parameters. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic nonlinear control approach to a power factor corrector design
Authors: Sasaki Seigo
Published: March 2008

A nonlinear controller for a power factor corrector is systematically constructedviaLyapunov‐based controller design approach for the bilinear state averaged model. First, a nonlinear gain of the controller is derived to shape the source current and the output voltage be desired form respectivelyvianonlinearH∞control system design approach. Second, a source current reference generator is constructed, which consists of a current feedforward loop given by a steady state analysis and a voltage feedback loop with an output voltage error amplifier. The design approach makes it clear that the tracking performance for the output voltage is achieved by generating an adequate source current reference. This paper finally shows efficiencies of the approach through computer simulations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A power quality analysis scheme using adaptive subband decomposition
Authors: Ece Doğan Gökhan , Gerek Ömer Nezih
Published: March 2008

In this work, a new event detection method for power quality analysis based on the statistical analysis of adaptive decomposition signals is presented. The combination of an adaptive prediction filter‐based subband decomposition structure with a rule‐based histogram analysis block produced successful detection and classification parameters on our real life power system transient data. Proposed scheme is implemented using MATLAB™ Simulink DSP Blockset. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk‐based self‐scheduling for GenCos in the day‐ahead competitive electricity markets
Authors: Yamin H. Y. , Altawil I. A. , Al‐Ajlouni A. F. , Shahidehpour S. M.
Published: March 2008

This paper addresses the risk‐based self‐scheduling problem using a hybrid technique between Lagrangian relaxation (LR) and particle swarm optimizer (PSO). The paper analyses a self‐scheduling model that accounts for profit and risk simultaneously. The effect of risk is explicitly modelled in the self‐scheduling problem taking into account the variance of the market‐clearing prices. The forecasted hourly probabilities that spinning and non‐spinning reserves are called and generated are also considered in the formulation to simulate the reserve uncertainty. Artificial neural network (ANN) is applied for forecasting the hourly reserve probability. The proposed approach is applied to a 36 unit test system. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of lorazepam on visual perceptual abilities
Authors: Pompéia S. , Pradella‐Hallinan M. , Manzano G. M. , Bueno O. F. A.
Published: March 2008

Objective

To evaluate the effects of an acute dose of the benzodiazepine (BZ) lorazepam in young healthy volunteers on five distinguishable visual perception abilities determined by previous factor‐analytic studies.

Methods

This was a double‐blind, cross‐over design study of acute oral doses of lorazepam (2 mg) and placebo in young healthy volunteers. We focused on a set of paper‐and‐pencil tests of visual perceptual abilities that load on five correlated but distinguishable factors (Spatial Visualization, Spatial Relations, Perceptual Speed, Closure Speed, and Closure Flexibility). Some other tests (DSST, immediate and delayed recall of prose; measures of subjective mood alterations) were used to control for the classic BZ‐induced effects.

Results

Lorazepam impaired performance in the DSST and delayed recall of prose, increased subjective sedation and impaired tasks of all abilities except Spatial Visualization and Closure Speed. Only impairment in Perceptual Speed (Identical Pictures task) and delayed recall of prose were not explained by sedation.

Conclusion

Acute administration of lorazepam, in a dose that impaired episodic memory, selectively affected different visual perceptual abilities before and after controlling for sedation. Central executive demands and sedation did not account for results, so impairment in the Identical Pictures task may be attributed to lorazepam's visual processing alterations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of SO42−/Fe2O3MoO3 and its catalytic activity in the electrolytic reaction of phenol with methanol
Authors: Zhu Zhigang , Wang Bo , Ma Hongzhu
Published: March 2008

BACKGROUND: Environmentally friendly solid catalysts are important in many processes from an industrial point of view and are applied widely in the study of alkylation of phenol with methanol in gas phase. However, liquid‐phase reactions have not been well studied. This paper deals with an assessment of liquid‐phase electrolytic alkylation in the presence of SO42−/Fe2O3MoO3.

RESULTS: A bidentate structure was formed between the SO42− and metal. A catalyst with an amorphous structure delivered lower catalytic activity even at a higher Mo content. The highest activity was obtained at an Mo content of 16% (molar composition), which delivered a phenol conversion of up to 70.5%. Experiments also showed that the catalyst can be reused at least for three times.

CONCLUSION: Application of solid catalyst in the liquid‐phase reaction assisted by electrolysis alkylation was found to be viable. The main products were methoxyphenols, in contrast to that associated with gas‐phase operation. A possible mechanism of product formation has been proposed. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
New insights on late Quaternary palaeogeographic setting in the Northern Adriatic Sea (Italy)
Authors: Picone Sara , Alvisi Francesca , Dinelli Enrico , Morigi Caterina , Negri Alessandra , Ravaioli Mariangela , Vaccaro Carmela
Published: March 2008

Sedimentological, geochemical and micropalaeontological data from sediment cores in the northwestern Adriatic Sea were obtained to reconstruct the stratigraphic framework and palaeogeographic setting during the last post‐glacial sea‐level rise (14000–6000 yr BP). Four lithostratigraphic units were identified: (a) distal plain deposits (>14000 yr BP), submerged during the first phases of marine ingression; (b) coastal lagoon system; (c) barrier‐lagoon system, which is dated back to between 10019 ± 61 and 10228 ± 174 cal. yr BP from 14C dating on peat and shell remains; (d) marine prodelta deposits (<5500 yr BP). Geochemical data allow the identification of three distinct sediment sources: River Po, River Adige and Eastern Alpine rivers characterised by decreasing Ni/Mg ratios (50–70, 8–15 and 5–10, respectively) and Ba/Al ratios of 45–55, 55–65 and 35–45, respectively. The three sources display different relative abundances in time. During the Lateglacial, the Po is the main sediment source for the southern cores, whereas the Eastern Alps and the River Adige are the main sediment sources for the northern cores. This suggests a northern position of the Po River bed compared to previous studies. Coastal drowning led to a homogenization of the provenance signal within the sediments. Only after the marine transgression does a River Po signal appear in the northern cores. At the same time, in the southern cores the signal of Eastern Alpine rivers becomes stronger. Transgressive barrier‐lagoon and recent sediments do not display a predominant signal for provenance indicators. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
10 W continuous-wave Nd:GdVO4 microchip laser
Authors: Liao M , Lan R , Wang Z , Zhang H , Wang J , Hou X , Xu X
Published: March 2008

In this letter we reported a LD end-pumped high power Nd:GdVO4 microchip laser. With a 0.5 at.%, 1.5 mm, T = 1% Nd:GdVO4 crystal, 10.1 W maximum output was achieved, corresponding an optical-optical conversion efficiency of 42.3%. The pump threshold was as low as 0.21 W.
Immobilization of Penicillin G Acylase on Poly[(glycidyl methacrylate)‐co‐(glycerol monomethacrylate)]‐Grafted Magnetic Microspheres
Authors: Huang Junsheng , Li Xiutao , Zheng Yanhui , Zhang Yong , Zhao Ruiying , Gao Xicai , Yan Husheng
Published: March 2008

Poly[(glycidyl methacrylate)‐co‐(glycerol monomethacrylate)]‐grafted magnetic microspheres were prepared by graft random copolymerization via ATRP from polymer microspheres with dispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Penicillin G acylase (PGA) was immobilized onto the polymer brush‐grafted magnetic microspheres. The immobilized PGA prepared with initial glycidyl methacrylate/ glycerol monomethacrylate ratios of 40/60 to 60/40 possessed higher catalytic activity than that prepared with higher proportions of glycidyl methacrylate in the initial monomer mixture. The immobilized PGA showed high thermal stability and enhanced tolerability to the pH variance.

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Synthesis of Amine and Epoxide Telechelic Siloxanes
Authors: Chakraborty Ruby , Soucek Mark D.
Published: March 2008

A synthetic route was developed to prepare thermosetting methyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl substituted polysiloxanes with epoxide or amino end groups. Cycloalkene (cyclopentene or cyclohexene) and dichlorosilane gas were reacted at 180 °C, and at high pressure (2 MPa) to produce dicycloaliphatic dichlorosilane. Hydrolytic condensations of the dichlorosilanes were performed affording low molecular weight cyclic siloxane oligomers. Base catalyzed ring opening polymerization of the cyclic oligomers afforded the hydride‐terminated polysiloxanes. The hydride‐terminated polysiloxanes were then functionalized with glycidyl epoxide or aliphatic amine groups via hydrosilation reactions. The oligomers and polymers were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 29Si NMR, FTIR, and GPC. The molecular weight of polydimethylsiloxane, polydicyclopentylsiloxane, and polydicyclohexylsiloxane oligomers were $\overline M _{\rm n}$ = 1 000, 1 200, and 1 500, respectively. The polydispersity index of all the cyclic oligomers was ≈1.15. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to evaluate the crosslinking reaction and the glass transition temperature of the thermally cured systems. Crosslinking occurred at 120 °C and the Tg of the methyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl functionalized siloxanes were found to be at −104, −93, and −82 °C, respectively.

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Kinetic Study of D,L‐Lactide and Glycolide Homopolymerizations by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Authors: Mazarro Rosario , de Lucas Antonio , Gracia Ignacio , Rodríguez Juan F.
Published: March 2008

The homopolymerizations of D,L‐lactide and glycolide catalyzed by ZnOct2 were studied by DSC. The kinetic parameters obtained are compared with those obtained from conversion data of bulk polymerizations. For the glycolide, the respective values of the calculated rate constants were quite similar. For the lactide polymerization, however, the agreement between the values obtained was not so good because the kinetics is affected by thermodynamics in the DSC experiments. As a result, the kinetics can not be studied by DSC. The degree of aggregation of the catalyst, the reaction order with respect to it, and the initiator influence were determined for glycolide homopolymerization.

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Chemically Extracted Cornhusk Fibers as Reinforcement in Light‐Weight Poly(propylene) Composites
Authors: Huda Shah , Yang Yiqi
Published: March 2008

Flexural, impact resistance, tensile, and sound absorption properties of composites from cornhusk fiber (CHF) and PP have been investigated. The effect of holding temperature, CHF length, CHF concentration, and enzyme treatment of CHF on mechanical properties and the effect of the latter two on sound absorption have been studied. Compared with jute/PP composites, CHF/PP composites have similar impact resistance, 33% higher flexural strength, 71% lower flexural modulus, 43% higher tensile strength, 54% lower tensile modulus, and slightly higher noise reduction coefficient. Enzyme treatment of CHF results in increased mechanical and sound absorption properties.

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Porous Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Foams with a Tunable Bimodality in Foam Morphology Produced with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Jacobs Leon J. M. , Hurkens Stan A. M. , Kemmere Maartje F. , Keurentjes Jos T. F.
Published: March 2008

Porous cellulose acetate butyrate foams with a bimodal cell size distribution were produced using supercritical carbon dioxide as a blowing agent. It is demonstrated that the cell size distribution is tunable, due to the semi‐crystalline nature of the polymer. The resulting morphology will either be homogeneous or bimodal, depending on the depressurization rate. Mercury intrusion porosimetry shows that the produced cellulose acetate butyrate foams possess an open cellular structure.

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Isotactic Poly(propylene) Nanocomposites Based upon Boehmite Nanofillers
Authors: Streller Rouven C. , Thomann R. , Torno O. , Mülhaupt R.
Published: March 2008

The influence of boehmite crystallite sizes, varied between 10 and 60 nm, was studied with respect to the morphology development, crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of the boehmite‐based iPP nanocomposites. The nanometer‐scaled boehmites were formed during twin‐screw melt extrusion of iPP at 200 °C. Even in the absence of polymer compatibilizers, the boehmites, obtained from Sasol's process, enabled very effective deagglomeration and in‐situ dispersion of nanoboehmites. With increase in boehmite crystallite size it was possible to improve simultaneously stiffness and impact strength of iPP. As evidenced by means of DSC, POM and WAXS measurements, the deagglomerated nanoboehmites nucleated crystallization of poly(propylene)'s α‐modification.

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Red Ionic Water‐Soluble Imidazolium‐Containing Polydiacetylene
Authors: Chougrani Kamel , Deschamps Jérome , Dutremez Sylvain , van der Lee Arie , Barisien Thierry , Legrand Laurent , Schott Michel , Filhol Jean‐Sébastien , Boury Bruno
Published: March 2008

Synthesis of a water‐soluble polydiacetylene has been achieved by topochemical polymerization in the solid state of the bis(N‐methylimidazolium)diacetylene monomer. Structural characterization for the monomer by X‐ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy supports a photopolymerization initiated at the surface. Characterization of the polymer (NMR, UV and Raman spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering) is given along with a molecular modelling interpretation of the polymerization in the solid state.

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Optical Non‐Linearity from Montmorillonite Intercalated with a Chromophore‐Containing Dendritic Structure: A Self‐Assembly Approach
Authors: Chen Yung‐Chung , Juang Tzong‐Yuan , Dai Shenghong A. , Wu Tzong‐Ming , Lin Jiang‐Jen , Jeng Ru‐Jong
Published: March 2008

Chromophore‐containing dendritic structures (G1, G2) are utilized to intercalate layered silicates, which results in a large d‐spacing up to 126 Å. An exfoliated morphology is obtained by mixing the dendritic structure intercalated layered silicates with polyimide in N,N‐dimethylacetamide solution. The dendritic structures attached on the clay template would arrange in a non‐centrosymmetric manner. This self‐assembled arrangement brought about the electro‐optical coefficients of 5–6 pm · V−1 for these relatively low chromophore‐containing organic/inorganic nanocomposites without resorting to poling. Excellent temporal stability (100 °C) is also achieved.

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ATRP of Silylated Glycerol Monomethacrylate in Organic Medium for Convenient Synthesis of Amphiphilic Copolymers
Authors: Giacomelli Cristiano , Borsali Redouane
Published: March 2008

A synthetic method with broad spectrum of application in the preparation of self‐organizing amphiphilic copolymers having poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) (PG2MA) as a hydrophilic part is herein reported. The approach relies on the facile preparation of silylated glycerol monomethacrylate (G2MA‐TMS) monomer, and its controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in organic media, which produced well‐defined (co)polymers with predictable molar mass and low dispersity, followed by desilylation. The wide scope of such a strategy was demonstrated by the successful synthesis of original polycaprolactone‐b‐poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) (PCL‐b‐PG2MA) diblock copolymers with the ability to self‐assemble into ordered structures (micelles and vesicles) in an aqueous medium.

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A Facile Route to Synthesize Well‐Defined Polybutadiene DendriMacs
Authors: Kimani Solomon M. , Hutchings Lian R.
Published: March 2008

A facile route to synthesize well‐defined polybutadiene (PBd) DendriMacs is described. In a highly modified approach to that recently published for the synthesis of polystyrene DendriMacs, a G1 polybutadiene (PBd) DendriMac has been synthesized in three simple and high yielding steps. The first step involves the synthesis of a three‐arm PBd mikto arm star in which one arm has a terminal hydroxy group introduced by the use of a protected functionalized initiator. Following fractionation of the star, the hydroxy group is deprotected and converted into an alkyl bromide moiety before coupling the star to a trifunctional core (1,1,1‐tris(4‐hydroxylphenyl)ethane) by a Williamson coupling reaction catalyzed by cesium carbonate to yield a G1 PBd DendriMac.

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Knowledge acquisition and transfer among engineers: effects of network structure
Authors: Boone Tonya , Ganeshan Ram
Published: March 2008

This paper examines the association between the structure of formal intra‐firm networks and productivity. We focus on two network structure components—department centralization and centrality, within a four department engineering organization. Centrality indicates the number of connections between one department and others within the organization, while centralization captures how much of those connections are concentrated among the workers within the department. Both of these represent specific managerial decisions in a formal network structure. We use learning curve theory to measure accumulated organizational knowledge, its depreciation and intra‐firm transfers. We hypothesize that the departments are more productive, experience less depreciation and realize more knowledge transfer if they have more intra‐firm connections among more workers. The findings suggest a significant yet moderate association between the formal network structure and productivity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On facet‐breaking for crystalline mean curvature flow in 3D
Authors: Bellettini Giovanni
Published: March 2008

We discuss the facet‐breaking phenomenon in crystalline mean curvature flow, and its connection with the prescribed curvature problem and the capillarity problem. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Level‐set techniques for microwave medical imaging
Authors: Irishina Natalia , Dorn Oliver , Moscoso Miguel
Published: March 2008

Microwave tomographic imaging is showing significant promise as a new technique for the early detection of breast cancer. Its physical basis is the contrast between the dielectric properties of the healthy breast tissue and the malignant tumors at microwave frequencies. We propose and analyze a novel shape‐reconstruction technique for the early detection of breast cancer from microwave data which is based on a level‐set technique. The advantages of this method compared to more traditional pixel‐based approaches are well‐defined boundaries and the incorporation of an intrinsic regularization in form of a‐priori assumptions about the general anatomical structure of breast that reduces the dimensionality of the inverse problem and thereby stabilizes the reconstruction. Our goal is not only to detect the tumors but to simultaneously determine their approximate locations, sizes and permittivity values. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)