bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transformational Change for Achieving Scale: Lessons for a Greener Recovery
Authors: Batra Geeta , Garcia Jeneen , Temnenko Kseniya
Published: January 2022

Achieving transformational changes that can be then effectively scaled up requires ambition in design, a supportive policy environment, sound project design and implementation, partnerships, and multistakeholder participation. This chapter presents a framework that can be applied at the design stage to plan for change and scaling up and provides relevant lessons based on GEF interventions. Achieving change and scale can be an iterative and a continuous process until impacts are generated at the magnitude and scope of the targeted scale. Successful transformations typically adopt a systems approach and address multiple constraints to attain environmental and other socioeconomic impacts.
From the Big Picture to Detailed Observation: The Case of the GEF IEO’s Strategic Country Cluster Evaluations
Authors: Carugi Carlo , Viggh Anna
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces strategic country cluster evaluations (SCCEs), a concrete example of how the Independent Evaluation Office (IEO) of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) has dealt with the increasing complexity of GEF programming. This complexity reflects the interconnectedness—in terms of both synergies and trade-offs—between socioeconomic development priorities and environment conservation imperatives that is typical of many country settings in which GEF projects and programs are implemented, such as least developed countries and small island developing states. SCCEs address this complexity by applying a purposive evaluative inquiry approach that starts from aggregate analyses designed to provide trends and identify cases of positive, neutral, or negative change, and proceeds to in-depth data gathering aimed at identifying the specific factors underlying the observed change in those specific cases. By establishing the interconnectedness and sequencing of the various evaluation components, rather than conducting these in parallel, SCCEs provide an opportunity to focus on a limited set of purposively selected issues that are common in clusters of countries and/or portfolios. This enables a comprehensive understanding of the factors at play in complex national and local settings.
Using a Realist Framework to Overcome Evaluation Challenges in the Uncertain Landscape of Carbon Finance
Authors: Murdoch Callum , Keppler Lisa , Burlace Tillem , Wörlen Christine
Published: January 2022

In 2013, the United Kingdom Department for International Development and the Department of Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy published a business case for the Carbon Market Finance Programme (CMFP). The core mandate: to build capacity and develop aids for least developed countries in sub-Saharan Africa to access finance via the carbon market. The chosen strategy involved signing emission reduction purchase agreements with private sector enterprises, using the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to verify generation of tradeable certified emissions reductions. The World Bank’s Carbon Initiative for Development (Ci-Dev) would implement the 12-year program. The team for the 2019 midterm evaluation found that program uncertainty—from sociopolitical challenges in pilot markets to global indecision on the future of Article 6 and carbon markets—would complicate assessing progress toward business case objectives. The collapse and failed recovery of the carbon market impacted underlying assumptions of the CMFP’s theory of change, and uncertainty about CDM’s future complicated evaluation of program sustainability. This chapter presents a practical approach to using realist evaluation to overcome the contextual uncertainties of the carbon market landscape, providing strengths and weaknesses of the approach applied and recommending a revised approach for future evaluations.
Functional Regression
Authors: Montesinos López Osval Antonio , Montesinos López Abelardo , Crossa Jose
Published: January 2022

This chapter deals with the main theoretical fundamentals and practical issues of using functional regression in the context of genomic prediction. We explain how to represent data in functions by means of basis functions and considered two basis functions: Fourier for periodic or near-periodic data and B-splines for nonperiodic data. We derived the functional regression with a smoothed coefficient function under a fixed model framework and some examples are also provided under this model. A Bayesian version of functional regression is outlined and explained and all details for its implementation in glmnet and BGLR are given. The examples take into account in the predictor the main effects of environments and genotypes and the genotype × environment interaction term. The examples are done with small data sets so that the user can run them on his/her own computer and can understand the implementation process.
Random Forest for Genomic Prediction
Authors: Montesinos López Osval Antonio , Montesinos López Abelardo , Crossa Jose
Published: January 2022

We give a detailed description of random forest and exemplify its use with data from plant breeding and genomic selection. The motivations for using random forest in genomic-enabled prediction are explained. Then we describe the process of building decision trees, which are a key component for building random forest models. We give (1) the random forest algorithm, (2) the main hyperparameters that need to be tuned, and (3) different splitting rules that are key for implementing random forest models for continuous, binary, categorical, and count response variables. In addition, many examples are provided for training random forest models with different types of response variables with plant breeding data. The random forest algorithm for multivariate outcomes is provided and its most popular splitting rules are also explained. In this case, some examples are provided for illustrating its implementation even with mixed outcomes (continuous, binary, and categorical). Final comments about the pros and cons of random forest are provided.
Preprocessing Tools for Data Preparation
Authors: Montesinos López Osval Antonio , Montesinos López Abelardo , Crossa Jose
Published: January 2022

This data preparation chapter is of paramount importance for implementing statistical machine learning methods for genomic selection. We present the basic linear mixed model that gives rise to BLUE and BLUP and explain how to decide when to use fixed or random effects that give rise to best linear unbiased estimates (BLUE or BLUEs) and best linear unbiased predictors (BLUP or BLUPs). The R codes for fitting linear mixed model for the data are given in small examples. We emphasize tools for computing BLUEs and BLUPs for many linear combinations of interest in genomic-enabled prediction and plant breeding. We present tools for cleaning, imputing, and detecting minor and major allele frequency computation, marker recodification, frequency of heterogeneous, frequency of NAs, and three methods for computing the genomic relationship matrix. In addition, scaling and data compression of inputs are important in statistical machine learning. For a more extensive description of linear mixed models, see Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-89010-0_5.
Overfitting, Model Tuning, and Evaluation of Prediction Performance
Authors: Montesinos López Osval Antonio , Montesinos López Abelardo , Crossa Jose
Published: January 2022

Theoverfittingphenomenon happens when a statistical machine learning model learns very well about the noise as well as the signal that is present in the training data. On the other hand, anunderfittedphenomenon occurs when only a few predictors are included in the statistical machine learning model that represents the complete structure of the data pattern poorly. This problem also arises when the training data set is too small and thus anunderfittedmodel does a poor job of fitting the training data and unsatisfactorily predicts new data points. This chapter describes the importance of the trade-off between prediction accuracy and model interpretability, as well as the difference between explanatory and predictive modeling: Explanatory modeling minimizes bias, whereas predictive modeling seeks to minimize the combination of bias and estimation variance. We assess the importance and different methods of cross-validation as well as the importance and strategies of tuning that are key to the successful use of some statistical machine learning methods. We explain the most important metrics for evaluating the prediction performance for continuous, binary, categorical, and count response variables.
Linear Mixed Models
Authors: Montesinos López Osval Antonio , Montesinos López Abelardo , Crossa Jose
Published: January 2022

The linear mixed model framework is explained in detail in this chapter. We explore three methods of parameter estimation (maximum likelihood, EM algorithm, and REML) and illustrate how genomic-enabled predictions are performed under this framework. We illustrate the use of linear mixed models by using the predictor several components such as environments, genotypes, and genotype × environment interaction. Also, the linear mixed model is illustrated under a multi-trait framework that is important in the prediction performance when the degree of correlation between traits is moderate or large. We illustrate the use of single-trait and multi-trait linear mixed models and provide the R codes for performing the analyses.
Bayesian and Classical Prediction Models for Categorical and Count Data
Authors: Montesinos López Osval Antonio , Montesinos López Abelardo , Crossa Jose
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, we explain, under a Bayesian framework, the fundamentals and practical issues for implementing genomic prediction models for categorical and count traits. First, we derive the Bayesian ordinal model and exemplify it with plant breeding data. These examples were implemented in the library BGLR. We also derive the ordinal logistic regression. The fundamentals and practical issues of penalized multinomial logistic regression and penalized Poisson regression are given including several examples illustrating the use of theglmnetlibrary. All the examples include main effects of environments and genotypes as well as the genotype × environment interaction term.
Support Vector Machines and Support Vector Regression
Authors: Montesinos López Osval Antonio , Montesinos López Abelardo , Crossa Jose
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, the support vector machines (svm) methods are studied. We first point out the origin and popularity of these methods and then we define the hyperplane concept which is the key for building these methods. We derive methods related to svm: the maximum margin classifier and the support vector classifier. We describe the derivation of the svm along with some kernel functions that are fundamental for building the different kernels methods that are allowed in svm. We explain how the svm for binary response variables can be expanded for categorical response variables and give examples of svm for binary and categorical response variables with plant breeding data for genomic selection. Finally, general issues for adopting the svm methodology for continuous response variables are provided, and some examples of svm for continuous response variables for genomic prediction are described.
Zusammenführungen
Authors: Kirsten Karina
Published: January 2022

Die diskursanalytischen und intertextuellen Analysen haben aus dem Untersuchungskorpus von Psycho, Psycho II-IV und Bates Motel verschiedene Genremarkierungen und Iterationen herausgelöst und in ihren Zuschreibungen, Gestaltungsweisen und Semantiken als Genresignaturen beschrieben. Die abschließenden Ausführungen führen die zentralen Erkenntnisse noch einmal zusammen und bündeln diese in einer diskurshistorischen Gesamtperspektive, die die Genresignaturen in ihren wesentlichen Differenzerscheinungen skizziert. Der Fokus auf Genresignaturen verbindet aber nicht nur die einzelnen Produktionen zu einer Genregeschichte, sondern er funktioniert des Weiteren als ein integratives Analysekonzept, das die Komplexität von Genres beschreibbar macht und auf andere generische Szenarien anwendbar ist.
Methodik der Skalenkonstruktion für das Big-Data-Glaubenssystem und erste empirische Evidenzen
Authors: Lünich Marco
Published: January 2022

An dieser Stelle beginnt der empirische Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit, der zum einen in diesem Kapitel 8 einen Vorschlag unterbreitet, wie man das Big-Data-Glaubenssystem (BDGS) einer empirischen Messung zuführen kann und wie die einzelnen konzeptuellen Dimensionen des BDGS im Rahmen dieser zu entwickelnden Messung operationalisiert werden können. Zum anderen sollen Untersuchungsergebnisse referiert werden, die erste Erkenntnisse über die Ausprägung des BDGS in der deutschen Bevölkerung und den Einfluss des BDGS auf kognitive, affektive und konative Komponenten der Einstellung in unterschiedlichen Lebensbereichen berichten, in denen KI-Anwendungen zum Einsatz kommen.
Studie 1 – Durchführung der Skalenkonstruktion
Authors: Lünich Marco
Published: January 2022

Im Folgenden wird die Durchführung der Online-Befragungen der ersten Studie zur Skalenkonstruktion dokumentiert. In diesem Rahmen wurden drei Erhebungen durchgeführt, die nachfolgend als Erhebung 1.1, 1.2 und 1.3 bezeichnet werden. Die erste Erhebung 1.1 diente der Identifikation geeigneter Frageitems und der Prüfung der zugrunde liegenden Modellstruktur, die Erhebungen 1.2. und 1.3 der Validierung der in Erhebung 1.1 ermittelten Modellstruktur.
Ausgewählte linguistische Entwicklungen in der Erzählforschung
Authors: Ackermann Ulrike
Published: January 2022

Die linguistische Erzählforschung wendet ihre Aufmerksamkeit drei Kernbereichen zu, die auch als Entwicklungsphasen mit eigenen Interessensschwerpunkten verstanden werden können: a) die schriftliche Erzähltextanalyse unter dem Einfluss des Strukturalismus und zu Teilen der Literaturwissenschaften, b) die mündliche Erzählforschung unter dem Einfluss der pragmatischen Wende und der Gesprächsanalysec) sowie das Erzählen in den Neuen Medien bzw. digitalen Medien insbesondere unter dem Einfluss der Computer-vermittelten-Kommunikation (computer-mediated-communication (CMC)). Durch die spezifischen Interessensschwerpunkte entstanden unterschiedliche Gewichtungen der Perspektiven und Beschreibungsansätze, die zwar zu verschiedenen Forschungsrichtungen mit ihren eigenen Untersuchungsmethoden führen, sich aber durchaus auch gegenseitig ergänzen können.
Higher-order QCD corrections to H → b$$ \overline{b} $$ from rational approximants
Authors: Boito Diogo , London Cristiane Y. , Masjuan Pere
Published: January 2022

Abstract

We use rational approximants to study missing higher orders in the massless scalar-current quark correlator. We predict the yet unknown six-loop coefficient of its imaginary part, related to Γ(H → b$$ \overline{b} $$

b
¯

), to be c5 = −6900 ± 1400. With this result, the perturbative series becomes almost insensitive to renormalization scale variations and the intrinsic QCD truncation uncertainty is tiny. This confirms the expectation that higher-order loop computations for this quantity will not be required in the foreseeable future, as the uncertainty in Γ(H → b$$ \overline{b} $$

b
¯

) will remain largely dominated by the Standard Model parameters.
Charakteristika und klinische Manifestation katheterassoziierter Thrombosen bei Frühgeborenen
Authors: Tippmann S. , Schmitz K. , Whybra C. , Staatz G. , Kampmann C. , Mildenberger E.
Published: January 2022

Hintergrund

In der Neonatologie sind peripher eingeführte zentrale Katheter ein häufiger Zugangsweg zur parenteralen Ernährung und Verabreichung von Medikamenten und Flüssigkeit. Die Vorteile stehen den Risiken wie Infektion, Thrombose und Fehllage gegenüber.

Fragestellung

Welche Charakteristika und klinischen Zeichen weisen auf das Vorliegen einer katheterassoziierten Thrombose hin?

Material und Methoden

In einer retrospektiven Betrachung aus dem Zeitraum 2010–2016 wurden alle Fälle von katheterassoziierten Thrombosen untersucht. Identifiziert wurden 10 Frühgeborene, deren Indikation zur Katheteranlage, Zugangsweg, Lage der Katheterspitze, Liegedauer, klinische Symptome und Krankheitsverlauf analysiert wurden.

Ergebnisse

Bei 10 Frühgeborenen mit einem Gestationsalter von 23 + 4 bis 34 + 5 SSW wurden 11 Thromboseereignisse beobachtet. Zehn der 11 Thromboseereignisse betrafen die V. cava inferior nach Katheteranlage an der unteren Extremität. Die Indikation zur Katheteranlage waren parenterale Ernährung und chirurgische Eingriffe. Bei 9 Patienten traten perinatale Komplikationen auf. Bei allen Patienten bestand während der Liegedauer der Katheter der Verdacht auf eine Infektion. Das Auftreten der Thrombose wurde nach 3 bis 27 Tagen sonographisch dokumentiert. In 8 Thromboseereignissen war eine Thrombozytopenie, in 4 Fällen eine Beinschwellung auffällig.

Diskussion

Das Patientenkollektiv zeigt Gemeinsamkeiten im klinischen Verlauf und bei den Symptomen, welche auf das Vorliegen einer Thrombose deuten. Auffällig ist außerdem, dass die meisten Thromboseereignisse das Stromgebiet der V. cava inferior betrafen.
Fatty Liver Index and Skeletal Muscle Density
Authors: Pasco Julie A. , Sui Sophia X. , West Emma C. , Anderson Kara B. , Rufus-Membere Pamela , Tembo Monica C. , Hyde Natalie K. , Williams Lana J. , Liu Zoe S. J. , Kotowicz Mark A.
Published: January 2022

Accumulation of fat in the liver and skeletal muscle is associated with obesity and poor health outcomes. Liver steatosis is a characteristic of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and myosteatosis, of poor muscle quality in sarcopenia. In this study of 403 men (33–96 years), we investigated associations between the fatty liver index (FLI) and muscle density, as markers of fat accumulation in these organs. We also investigated associations between the FLI and parameters of sarcopenia, including DXA-derived appendicular lean mass (ALM) and handgrip strength by dynamometry. Muscle density was measured using pQCT at the radius and tibia. FLI was calculated from BMI, waist circumference, and levels of triglycerides and gamma-glutamyltransferase. There was a pattern of decreasing muscle density across increasing quartiles of FLI. After adjusting for age and lifestyle, mean radial muscle density in Q4 was 2.1% lower than Q1 (p < 0.001) and mean tibial muscle density was 1.8% lower in Q3 and 3.0% lower in Q4, compared to Q1 (p = 0.022 and < 0.001, respectively). After adjusting for age and sedentary lifestyle, participants in the highest FLI quartile were sixfold more likely to have sarcopenia. In conclusion, our results suggest that fat accumulation in the liver co-exists with fat infiltration into skeletal muscle.
Evidence of a range expansion in sunfish from 47 years of coastal sightings
Authors: Lyashevska Olga , Brophy Deirdre , Wing Steve , Johns David G. , Haberlin Damien , Doyle Thomas K.
Published: January 2022

Almost nothing is known about the historical abundance of the ocean sunfish. Yet as an ecologically and functionally important taxa, understanding changes in abundance may be a useful indicator of how our seas are responding to anthropogenic changes including overfishing and climate change. Within this context, sightings from a coastal bird observatory (51.26$$^\circ$$

∘

N, 9.30$$^\circ$$

∘

W) over a 47 year period (from April to October 1971–2017) provided the first long-term index of sunfish abundance. Using a general linear mixed effect model with a hurdle to deal with imperfect detectability and to model trends, a higher probability of detecting sunfish was found in the 1990s and 2000s. Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) phytoplankton color indices and the annual mean position of the 13 $$^{\circ }$$

∘

C sea surface isotherm were significantly correlated with the probability of detecting sunfish. An increase in siphonophore abundance (as measured by the CPR) was also documented. However, this increase occurred 10–15 years after the sunfish increase and was not significantly correlated with sunfish abundance. Our results suggest that the observed increase in sunfish sightings is evidence of a range expansion because it was significantly correlated with the mean position of the 13 $$^{\circ }$$

∘

C isotherm which moved northwards by over 200 km. Furthermore, the observed increase in sunfish occured  10 years before sunfish sightings are documented in Icelandic and Norwegian waters, and was concurrent with well-known range expansions for other fish species during the 1990s. This study demonstrates how sustained citizen science projects can provide unique insights on the historical abundance of this enigmatic species.
Role of sex hormones in modulating myocardial perfusion and coronary flow reserve
Authors: Haider Achi , Bengs Susan , Portmann Angela , Rossi Alexia , Ahmed Hazem , Etter Dominik , Warnock Geoffrey I. , Mikail Nidaa , Grämer Muriel , Meisel Alexander , Gisler Livio , Jie Caitlin , Keller Claudia , Kozerke Sebastian , Weber Bruno , Schibli Roger , Mu Linjing , Kaufmann Philipp A. , Regitz-Zagrosek Vera , Ametamey Simon M. , Gebhard Catherine
Published: January 2022

Background

A growing body of evidence highlights sex differences in the diagnostic accuracy of cardiovascular imaging modalities. Nonetheless, the role of sex hormones in modulating myocardial perfusion and coronary flow reserve (CFR) is currently unclear. The aim of our study was to assess the impact of female and male sex hormones on myocardial perfusion and CFR.

Methods

Rest and stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) was conducted by small animal positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]flurpiridaz in a total of 56 mice (7–8 months old) including gonadectomized (Gx) and sham-operated males and females, respectively. Myocardial [18F]flurpiridaz uptake (% injected dose per mL, % ID/mL) was used as a surrogate for myocardial perfusion at rest and following intravenous regadenoson injection, as previously reported. Apparent coronary flow reserve (CFRApp) was calculated as the ratio of stress and rest myocardial perfusion. Left ventricular (LV) morphology and function were assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging.

Results

Orchiectomy resulted in a significant decrease of resting myocardial perfusion (Gx vs. sham, 19.4 ± 1.0 vs. 22.2 ± 0.7 % ID/mL, p = 0.034), while myocardial perfusion at stress remained unchanged (Gx vs. sham, 27.5 ± 1.2 vs. 27.3 ± 1.2 % ID/mL, p = 0.896). Accordingly, CFRApp was substantially higher in orchiectomized males (Gx vs. sham, 1.43 ± 0.04 vs. 1.23 ± 0.05, p = 0.004), and low serum testosterone levels were linked to a blunted resting myocardial perfusion (r = 0.438, p = 0.020) as well as an enhanced CFRApp (r = −0.500, p = 0.007). In contrast, oophorectomy did not affect myocardial perfusion in females. Of note, orchiectomized males showed a reduced LV mass, stroke volume, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on CMR, while no such effects were observed in oophorectomized females.

Conclusion

Our experimental data in mice indicate that sex differences in myocardial perfusion are primarily driven by testosterone. Given the diagnostic importance of PET-MPI in clinical routine, further studies are warranted to determine whether testosterone levels affect the interpretation of myocardial perfusion findings in patients.
Postoperative Delirium in Lung Cancer Anatomical Resection—Analysis of Risk Factors and Prognosis
Authors: Ishibashi Hironori , Wakejima Ryo , Asakawa Ayaka , Sugita Yusuke , Ishikawa Yuya , Hanafusa Mariko , Baba Shunichi , Nakashima Yasuhiro , Seto Katsutoshi , Okubo Kenichi
Published: January 2022

Background

The incidence of postoperative delirium after anatomical lung resection ranges from 5 to 16%. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors and prognosis of postoperative delirium in anatomical lung resection for lung cancer.

Methods

This study included 1351 patients undergoing anatomical lung resection between April 2010 and October 2020. We analyzed the perioperative risk factors of postoperative delirium. We also compared postoperative complications and survival between the delirium and non‐delirium groups.

Results

Postoperative delirium was identified in 44 (3.3%) of 1351 patients who underwent anatomical lung resection for lung cancer. Age, peripheral vascular disease, depression, and current smoking status were independent risk factors for postoperative delirium in the multivariate analysis. The percentage of postoperative delirium was 0.6% in never smokers and 6.0% in current smokers. The delirium and non‐delirium groups showed significant differences in overall survival (p = 0.0144) and non‐disease‐specific survival (p = 0.0080). After propensity score matching, the two groups did not significantly differ in overall survival (p = 0.9136), non‐disease‐specific survival (p = 0.8146), or disease‐specific survival (p = 0.6804).

Conclusions

Age, peripheral vascular disease, depression, and current smoking status were considered independent risk factors for postoperative delirium in anatomical lung resection for lung cancer. Smoking cessation for at least four weeks before surgery is recommended for reducing incidence of post‐operative delirium.
Coronary blood flow in heart failure: cause, consequence and bystander
Authors: Heusch Gerd
Published: January 2022

Heart failure is a clinical syndrome where cardiac output is not sufficient to sustain adequate perfusion and normal bodily functions, initially during exercise and in more severe forms also at rest. The two most frequent forms are heart failure of ischemic origin and of non-ischemic origin. In heart failure of ischemic origin, reduced coronary blood flow is causal to cardiac contractile dysfunction, and this is true for stunned and hibernating myocardium, coronary microembolization, myocardial infarction and post-infarct remodeling, possibly also for the takotsubo syndrome. The most frequent form of non-ischemic heart failure is dilated cardiomyopathy, caused by genetic mutations, myocarditis, toxic agents or sustained tachyarrhythmias, where alterations in coronary blood flow result from and contribute to cardiac contractile dysfunction. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by genetic mutations but can also result from increased pressure and volume overload (hypertension, valve disease). Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is characterized by pronounced coronary microvascular dysfunction, the causal contribution of which is however not clear. The present review characterizes the alterations of coronary blood flow which are causes or consequences of heart failure in its different manifestations. Apart from any potentially accompanying coronary atherosclerosis, all heart failure entities share common features of impaired coronary blood flow, but to a different extent: enhanced extravascular compression, impaired nitric oxide-mediated, endothelium-dependent vasodilation and enhanced vasoconstriction to mediators of neurohumoral activation. Impaired coronary blood flow contributes to the progression of heart failure and is thus a valid target for established and novel treatment regimens.
Simulation of crack propagation based on eigenerosion in brittle and ductile materials subject to finite strains
Authors: Wingender Dennis , Balzani Daniel
Published: January 2022

In this paper, a framework for the simulation of crack propagation in brittle and ductile materials is proposed. The framework is derived by extending the eigenerosion approach of Pandolfi and Ortiz (Int J Numer Methods Eng 92(8):694–714, 2012. 10.1002/nme.4352) to finite strains and by connecting it with a generalized energy-based, Griffith-type failure criterion for ductile fracture. To model the elasto-plastic response, a classical finite strain formulation is extended by viscous regularization to account for the shear band localization prior to fracture. The compression–tension asymmetry, which becomes particularly important during crack propagation under cyclic loading, is incorporated by splitting the strain energy density into a tensile and compression part. In a comparative study based on benchmark problems, it is shown that the unified approach is indeed able to represent brittle and ductile fracture at finite strains and to ensure converging, mesh-independent solutions. Furthermore, the proposed approach is analyzed for cyclic loading, and it is shown that classical Wöhler curves can be represented.
Effects of a training program for occupational health professionals on the cognitions and perceptions of workers: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: de Wit Mariska , Horreh Bedra , Hulshof Carel T. J. , Wind Haije , de Boer Angela G. E. M.
Published: January 2022

Purpose

To evaluate the effects of a training program for occupational health professionals (OHPs) on their ability to identify the cognitions and perceptions of workers with a chronic disease that may hinder work participation, and on their ability to recommend evidence-based interventions aimed at the identified cognitions and perceptions.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted in which OHPs were randomly assigned to a training program on the cognitions and perceptions of workers with a chronic disease (n = 29) or to a control group that did not receive training (n = 30). Participants received home assignments in which they had to identify the cognitions and perceptions of workers in video vignettes and had to indicate which interventions they would recommend to foster work participation. A generalized linear model repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to study the effects of the training program.

Results

The results of the analyses showed an increase in the ability to identify the cognitions and perceptions of workers of OHPs who received the training compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The results also showed an increased ability to recommend evidence-based interventions aimed at these cognitions and perceptions (p < 0.001) as a result of participation in the training.

Conclusion

The training program helps OHPs to identify cognitions and perceptions and to recommend evidence-based interventions. This can support them in their activities to increase the work participation of workers with a chronic disease.
Risk of colonoscopic post-polypectomy bleeding in patients on single antiplatelet therapy: systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Valvano Marco , Fabiani Stefano , Magistroni Marco , Mancusi Antonio , Longo Salvatore , Stefanelli Gianpiero , Vernia Filippo , Viscido Angelo , Romano Silvio , Latella Giovanni
Published: January 2022

Background

It was not yet fully established whether the use of antiplatelet agents (APAs) is associated with an increased risk of colorectal post-polypectomy bleeding (PPB). Temporarily, discontinuation of APAs could reduce the risk of PPB, but at the same time, it could increase the risk of cardiovascular disease recurrence. This study aimed to assess the PPB risk in patients using APAs compared to patients without APAs or anticoagulant therapy who had undergone colonoscopy with polypectomy.

Methods

A systematic electronic search of the literature was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and CENTRAL, to assess the risk of bleeding in patients who do not interrupt single antiplatelet therapy (P2Y12 inhibitors or aspirin) and undergone colonoscopy with polypectomy.

Results

Of 2417 identified articles, 8 articles (all of them were non-randomized studies of interventions (NRSI); no randomized controlled trials (RCT) were available on this topic) were selected for the meta-analysis, including 1620 patients on antiplatelet therapy and 13,321 controls. Uninterrupted APAs single therapy was associated with an increased risk of PPB compared to the control group (OR 2.31; CI 1.37–3.91). Patients on P2Y12i single therapy had a higher risk of both immediate (OR 4.43; CI 1.40–14.00) and delayed PPB (OR 10.80; CI 4.63–25.16) compared to the control group, while patients on aspirin single therapy may have a little to no difference increase in the number of both immediate and delayed PPB events.

Conclusions

Uninterrupted single antiplatelet therapy may increase the risk of PPB, but the evidence is very uncertain. The risk may be higher in delayed PPB. However, in deciding to discontinue APAs before colonoscopy with polypectomy, the potential higher risk of major adverse cardiovascular events should always be assessed.
Colorectal cancer pain upon diagnosis and after treatment: a cross-sectional comparison with healthy matched controls
Authors: Lopez-Garzon Maria , Postigo-Martin Paula , González-Santos Ángela , Arroyo-Morales Manuel , Achalandabaso-Ochoa Alexander , Férnández-Pérez Antonio Manuel , Cantarero-Villanueva Irene
Published: January 2022

Background

The current study sought to explore whether cancer pain (CP) already exists in patients at colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis before treatment compared with patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) after treatment and a healthy matched control group. The study also sought to examine whether factors related to physical health status could enhance pain processes.

Methods

An observational cross-sectional study was conducted following the STROBE checklist. Twenty-nine newly diagnosed and forty post-treatment patients with CRC and 40 healthy age/sex-matched controls were included for comparison. Pain, local muscle function, and body composition outcomes were assessed by a physiotherapist with > 3 years of experience. ANCOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests were performed, with Bonferroni and Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc analyses and Cohen’s d and Hedge’s effect size, as appropriate.

Results

The analysis detected lower values of pressure pain threshold (PPT) points, the PPT index, and abdominal strength and higher values of self-reported abdominal pain in newly diagnosed patients, with even more marked results observed in the post-treatment patients, where lower lean mass and skeletal muscle index values were also found than those in the healthy matched controls (p < 0.05). In the post-treatment and healthy matched control groups, positive associations were observed between the PPT lumbar dominant side points and abdominal isometric strength and lean mass, and negative associations were observed between the lumbar dominant side points and body fat (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Upon diagnosis, patients with CRC already show signs of hyperalgesia and central sensitization and deteriorated physical conditions and body composition, and this state could be aggravated by subsequent treatments.
The impact of intraoperative blood pressure variability on the risk of postoperative adverse outcomes in non-cardiac surgery: a systematic review
Authors: Putowski Zbigniew , Czok Marcelina , Krzych Łukasz J.
Published: January 2022

Hemodynamic stability during surgery seems to account for positive postoperative outcomes in patients. However, little is known about the impact of intraoperative blood pressure variability (IBPV) on the postoperative complications. The aim was to investigate whether IBPV is associated with the development of postoperative complications and what is the nature of this association. We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Medical Subject Headings, Embase, Web of Science, SCOPUS, clinicaltrials.gov, and Cochrane Library on the 8th of April, 2021. We included studies that only focused on adults who underwent primarily elective, non-cardiac surgery in which intraoperative blood pressure variation was measured and analyzed in regard to postoperative, non-surgical complications. We identified 11 papers. The studies varied in terms of applied definitions of blood pressure variation, of which standard deviation and average real variability were the most commonly applied definitions. Among the studies, the most consistent analyzed outcome was a 30-day mortality. The studies presented highly heterogeneous results, even after taking into account only the studies of best quality. Both higher and lower IBPV were reported to be associated for postoperative complications. Based on a limited number of studies, IBPV does not seem to be a reliable indicator in predicting postoperative complications. Existing premises suggest that either higher or lower IBPV could contribute to postoperative complications. Taking into account the heterogeneity and quality of the studies, the conclusions may not be definitive.
Iron serum levels and iron homeostasis parameters in patients with nosocomial pneumonia treated with cefiderocol: post hoc analysis of the APEKS-NP study
Authors: Skaar Eric P. , Echols Roger , Matsunaga Yuko , Menon Anju , Portsmouth Simon
Published: January 2022

Critically ill patients often present with low serum iron levels or anemia. We evaluated the impact of iron levels and iron homeostasis on the efficacy and safety of cefiderocol, an iron-chelator siderophore cephalosporin, in patients with nosocomial pneumonia in a post hoc analysis of the randomized, double-blind, Phase 3 APEKS-NP study (NCT03032380). Patients with Gram-negative nosocomial pneumonia received cefiderocol 2 g, 3-h infusion, q8h, or high-dose, extended-infusion meropenem 2 g, 3-h infusion, q8h, for 7–14 days. Efficacy and safety parameters, including specific iron homeostasis parameters (i.e., hepcidin, iron, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation), were analyzed according to baseline iron levels. In the cefiderocol and meropenem arms, 79.1% (117/148) and 83.3% (125/150) randomized patients, respectively, had low baseline serum iron levels. Rates of 14-day (12.3% [14/114] vs 11.6% [14/121]) and 28-day all-cause mortality (20.5% [23/112] vs 19.0% [23/121]), clinical cure (63.2% [72/114] vs 67.2% [82/122]), and microbiological eradication (43.6% [41/94] vs 48.1% [51/106]) at test of cure were similar in cefiderocol vs meropenem arms, respectively. In the overall safety population, rates of anemia-related adverse events were similar (cefiderocol arm 18.2% [27/148], meropenem arm 18.7% [28/150]). Changes from baseline to test of cure in hepcidin, iron, total iron binding capacity, and transferrin saturation were similar between treatment arms. Cefiderocol treatment did not affect iron homeostasis, and its efficacy and safety were not influenced by baseline serum iron levels. Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT03032380. Date of registration: 26 January 2017.
Japan Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guidelines 2017 for fertility preservation in childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer patients: part 2
Authors: Tozawa Akiko , Kimura Fuminori , Takai Yasushi , Nakajima Takeshi , Ushijima Kimio , Kobayashi Hiroaki , Satoh Toyomi , Harada Miyuki , Sugimoto Kohei , Saji Shigehira , Shimizu Chikako , Akiyama Kyoko , Bando Hiroko , Kuwahara Akira , Furui Tatsuro , Okada Hiroshi , Kawai Koji , Shinohara Nobuo , Nagao Koichi , Kitajima Michio , Suenobu Souichi , Soejima Toshinori , Miyachi Mitsuru , Miyoshi Yoko , Yoneda Akihiro , Horie Akihito , Ishida Yasushi , Usui Noriko , Kanda Yoshinobu , Fujii Nobuharu , Endo Makoto , Nakayama Robert , Hoshi Manabu , Yonemoto Tsukasa , Kiyotani Chikako , Okita Natsuko , Baba Eishi , Muto Manabu , Kikuchi Iwaho , Morishige Ken-ichirou , Tsugawa Koichiro , Nishiyama Hiroyuki , Hosoi Hajime , Tanimoto Mitsune , Kawai Akira , Sugiyama Kazuhiko , Boku Narikazu , Yonemura Masato , Hayashi Naoko , Aoki Daisuke , Suzuki Nao , Osuga Yutaka
Published: January 2022

The Japan Society of Clinical Oncology (JSCO) published the “JSCO Clinical Practice Guidelines 2017 for Fertility Preservation in Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer Patients” in 2017. This was the first guideline in cancer reproductive medicine in Japan. In the field of cancer reproductive medicine, close cooperation between an oncologist and a physician for reproductive medicine is important from before treatment initiation until long after treatment. The guideline takes into consideration disease specificity and provides opinions from the perspective of oncologists and specialists in reproductive medicine that are in line with the current state of the Japanese medical system. It is intended to serve as a reference for medical staff in both fields regarding the availability of fertility preservation therapy before the start of cancer treatment. Appropriate use of this guideline makes it easier to determine whether fertility preservation therapy is feasible and, ultimately, to improve survivorship in childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer patients. In this article (Part 2), we describe details by organ/system and also for pediatric cancer.
GLONASS precise orbit determination with identification of malfunctioning spacecraft
Authors: Bury Grzegorz , Sośnica Krzysztof , Zajdel Radosław , Strugarek Dariusz
Published: January 2022

Due to the continued development of the GLONASS satellites, precise orbit determination (POD) still poses a series of challenges. This study examines the impact of introducing the analytical tube-wing model for GLONASS-M and the box-wing model for GLONASS-K in a series of hybrid POD strategies that consider both the analytical model and a series of empirical parameters. We assess the perturbing accelerations acting on GLONASS spacecraft based on the analytical model. All GLONASS satellites are equipped with laser retroreflectors for satellite laser ranging (SLR). We apply the SLR observations for the GLONASS POD in a series of GNSS + SLR combined solutions. The application of the box-wing model significantly improves GLONASS orbits, especially for GLONASS-K, reducing the STD of SLR residuals from 92.6 to 27.6 mm. Although the metadata for all GLONASS-M satellites reveal similar construction characteristics, we found differences in empirical accelerations and SLR offsets not only between GLONASS-M and GLONASS-M+ but also within the GLONASS-M+ series. Moreover, we identify satellites with inferior orbit solutions and check if we can improve them using the analytical model and SLR observations. For GLONASS-M SVN730, the STD of the SLR residuals for orbits determined using the empirical solution is 48.7 mm. The STD diminishes to 41.2 and 37.8 mm when introducing the tube-wing model and SLR observations, respectively. As a result, both the application of the SLR observations and the analytical model significantly improve the orbit solution as well as reduce systematic errors affecting orbits of GLONASS satellites.
Spinoffs’ alliance network growth beyond parental ties: performance diminishing, then performance enhancing
Authors: Zarea Fazlelahi Forough , Burgers J. Henri , Obschonka Martin , Davidsson Per
Published: January 2022

Spinoff firms are a common phenomenon in entrepreneurship where employees leave incumbent parent firms to found their own. Like other types of new firms, such new spinoffs face liabilities of newness and smallness. Previous research has emphasised the role of the initial endowments from their parent firm to overcome such liabilities. In this study, we argue and are the first to show, that, in addition to such endowments, growing an alliance network with firmsother than their parents’is also critical for spinoff performance. Specifically, we investigate the performance effect of alliance network growth in newly founded spinoffs using a longitudinal sample of 248 spinoffs and 3370 strategic alliances in the mining industry. Drawing on theory based on the resource adjustment costs of forming alliances, we posit and find a U-shaped relationship between the alliance network growth and spinoff performance, above and beyond the parent firm’s influence. We further hypothesise and find that performance effects become stronger with increased time lags between alliance network growth and spinoff performance, and when spinoffs delay growing their alliance networks. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
When Elon Musk Changes his Tone, Does Bitcoin Adjust Its Tune?
Authors: Huynh Toan Luu Duc
Published: January 2022

We present a textual analysis that explains how Elon Musk’s sentiments in his Twitter content correlates with price and volatility in the Bitcoin market using the dynamic conditional correlation-generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model, allowing less sensitive to window size than traditional models. After examining 10,850 tweets containing 157,378 words posted from December 2017 to May 2021 and rigorously controlling other determinants, we found that the tone of the world’s wealthiest person can drive the Bitcoin market, having a Granger causal relation with returns. In addition, Musk is likely to use positive words in his tweets, and reversal effects exist in the relationship between Bitcoin prices and the optimism presented by Tesla’s CEO. However, we did not find evidence to support linkage between Musk’s sentiments and Bitcoin volatility. Our results are also robust when using a different cryptocurrency, i.e., Ether this paper extends the existing literature about the mechanisms of social media content generated by influential accounts on the Bitcoin market.
Measuring the effectiveness of online problem solving for improving academic performance in a probability course
Authors: González José Antonio , Giuliano Mónica , Pérez Silvia N.
Published: January 2022

Research on impact in student achievement of online homework systems compared to traditional methods is ambivalent. Methodological issues in the study design, besides of technological diversity, can account for this uncertainty. Hypothesis This study aims to estimate the effect size of homework practice with exercises automatically provided by the ‘e-status’ platform, in students from five Engineering programs. Instead of comparing students using the platform with others not using it, we distributed the subject topics into two blocks, and created nine probability problems for each block. After that, the students were randomly assigned to one block and could solve the related exercises through e-status. Teachers and evaluators were masked to the assignation. Five weeks after the assignment, all students answered a written test with questions regarding all topics. The study outcome was the difference between both blocks’ scores obtained from the test. The two groups comprised 163 and 166 students. Of these, 103 and 107 respectively attended the test, while the remainder were imputed with 0. Those assigned to the first block obtained an average outcome of −1.85, while the average in the second block was −3.29 (95% confidence interval of difference, −2.46 to −0.43). During the period in which they had access to the platform before the test, the average total time spent solving problems was less than three hours. Our findings provide evidence that a small amount of active online work can positively impact on student performance.
Protecting against researcher bias in secondary data analysis: challenges and potential solutions
Authors: Baldwin Jessie R. , Pingault Jean-Baptiste , Schoeler Tabea , Sallis Hannah M. , Munafò Marcus R.
Published: January 2022

Analysis of secondary data sources (such as cohort studies, survey data, and administrative records) has the potential to provide answers to science and society’s most pressing questions. However, researcher biases can lead to questionable research practices in secondary data analysis, which can distort the evidence base. While pre-registration can help to protect against researcher biases, it presents challenges for secondary data analysis. In this article, we describe these challenges and propose novel solutions and alternative approaches. Proposed solutions include approaches to (1) address bias linked to prior knowledge of the data, (2) enable pre-registration of non-hypothesis-driven research, (3) help ensure that pre-registered analyses will be appropriate for the data, and (4) address difficulties arising from reduced analytic flexibility in pre-registration. For each solution, we provide guidance on implementation for researchers and data guardians. The adoption of these practices can help to protect against researcher bias in secondary data analysis, to improve the robustness of research based on existing data.