bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrologic monitoring: The third wave
Authors: Durgin Philip B.
Published: October 2011

Surface and groundwater monitoring have gone through development stages that involved manual and mechanical techniques and are now being revolutionized by microelectronics. Participants at a special half‐day session of the 1985 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif., (entitled “Hydrologic Monitoring Writh Microelectronics”), discussed recent advances in microelectronic applications that promote more and better hydrologic data acquisition at lower costs.

Of particular interest were reports on the development of new sensors and monitoring techniques. F. Milanovich (Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, Calif.) highlighted the session with a fascinating presentation on the use of fiber optics to sense several water quality factors for in situ measurement of groundwater. Some specific organic contaminants can be determined so the sensors lend themselves to monitoring groundwater pollution. S.E. Silliman (University of Arizona, Tucson) found that thermistor probes in a borehole could accurately detect where water was flowing through interconnected fractures from another borehole. This technique appears to have interesting potential particularly where dyes and chemical tracers need to be avoided.
April streamflow
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Streamflows decreased sharply in much of the United States east of the Mississippi River during April, with 19 streams in the region at record‐low flows, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). A USGS monthly check on water resources conditions nationwide also showed that the West and Midwest had above‐average streamflows and that the level of the Great Salt Lake in Utah continued to rise closer to the lake's historic high mark, set more than a century ago.
ESF signs ODP Agreement
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The National Science Foundation (NSF) and a consortium of 12 countries represented by the European Science Foundation (ESF) recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding for cooperation in the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). ODP is an international project to explore ocean basins to learn about the structure of the earth, life in the oceans, and changes in global climate.

Under terms of the memorandum, ESF will contribute $2.5 million to the project each year. This will entitle ESF to have two scientific representatives on each ODP cruise and a co‐chief scientist on one cruise each year. ESF also will participate in ODP planning, including the selection of drill sites.
Ocean Sciences Section at the 1986 AGU Spring Meeting
Authors: Brooks David A.
Published: October 2011

Attendance of oceanographers at the spring meeting was noticeably down from previous years, with only about 75 papers presented in eight oral sessions. In part, the poor attendance is attributable to the biannual AGU‐ASLO (American Society of Limnology and Oceanography) meeting, which was well attended in New Orleans, La., this January. In spite of the short time interval between the AGU‐ASLO meeting and the popular AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif., many of our members evidently prefer the AGU‐ASLO joint format to the larger, Union‐scale format of the Spring Meeting. Alternate year dips in Ocean Section attendance at the Spring Meeting support this conjecture.
The teaching of geophysics in Latin America: An updated assessment
Authors: Valencio Daniel A. , Schneider Otto
Published: October 2011

The situation of geophysics in developing countries has been the subject of discussions and analysis by diverse international organizations. It was also discussed in some articles in Eos [e.g., Lomnitz, 1982; Urrutia Fucugauchi, 1982; Bolt, 1982]. We have been requested to contribute a current evaluation of the problem, with particular reference to geophysical education in Latin America.

In the following report on specialized training of geophysicists in Latin American countries, we consider the “exact earth sciences” in the broader sense, i.e., the mathematical and physical (and, to a certain extent, chemical) aspects of the planet earth as a whole, including its fluid portions, as opposed to the more restricted concept of just solid earth geophysics. In other words, our inquiry follows the scope of both AGU and the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), so geodesy, although not explicitly covered, will still be mentioned occasionally. We will also consider the applied branches, especially exploration geophysics, since these areas furnish powerful motivation for fostering our sciences, both in the governmental circles of developing countries and among the young people looking for a promising professional future.
New deadlines set for NSF proposals
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The National Science Foundation's (NSF) Division of Earth Sciences announces that deadlines for submissions of proposals to its programs are August 15, 1986, and January 15, 1987. Proposals received after these deadlines may be returned unreviewed or, in some cases, be held for the next review cycle. Proposals received at NSF after the deadline dates will not be eligible for consideration at the subsequent panel meeting.

Previously, the division had accepted for evaluation proposals at any time throughout the year, although preferred target dates were often announced. Specifying deadlines ensures that proposals receive adequate peer review prior to panel meetings, according to Alan Gaines, program director for volcanology and mantle geochemistry. Although the change followed in the wake of Gramm‐Rudman‐Hollings, it was not a result of recent budgetary constraints. NSF expects that the number of proposals funded will remain approximately the same.
Geothermal drilling in the Cascade Range: Preliminary results from a 1387‐m core hole, Newberry Volcano, Oregon
Authors: Swanberg Chandler A. , Combs Jim
Published: October 2011

The Cascade Mountain Range, which consists of a series of Quaternary and late Tertiary andesitic volcanos that extend from Northern California to Southern British Columbia, is a geologic province with immense potential for the generation of electricity from geothermal energy resources. The geothermal potential for the Cascades Province may well be thousands if not tens of thousands of megawatts [see Bloomquist et al., 1985]. Yet to date there are no geothermal power plants operating in the Cascades Province, and none are planned. Furthermore, except for the obvious heat sources represented by the active volcanos, very little is known about the geothermal resources in the Cascades.
Hawaii Symposium on How Volcanos Work
Authors: Decker Robert , Decker Barbara
Published: October 2011

Ancient Hawaiians told in legend about Pele, goddess of volcanic fires. She migrated from the Island of Kauai to Oahu, then to Maui, and finally to her present home in the Halemaumau Crater of Kilauea Volcano on the island of Hawaii. Geologists today accept this same relative age progression for the evolution of the islands, and they will be discussing this and many other aspects of how volcanos work—world volcanos, not just Hawaiian volcanos—at a meeting in Hawaii next year.
Ozone measurements in the Amazon
Authors: Kirchhoff V. W. J. H.
Published: October 2011

Several scientists of the Brazilian Institute for Space Research (Instituto de Pesquisas Espacias, or INPE; headquarters at Sāo Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo) went to Manaus (3°S, 60°W), in the central region of the Amazon forest during July–August 1985 to study the atmosphere of the equatorial rainforest. The expedition to the Amazon was part of a large binational atmospheric chemistry field campaign that was organized to measure several atmospheric gases of the forest environment. This was definitely the largest scientific field expedition in this field ever performed on Brazilian territory.
Memoirs of a Geologist: From Poverty Peak to Piggery Gulch
Authors: McCoy Floyd W.
Published: October 2011

In the first half of this century, geologists began mapping the islands within the Pacific basin systematically, following the exploratory expeditions launched by major countries in the previous century. Into the remote oceanic expanses went Thomas A. Jaggar, Ruy H. Finch, Howel Williams, Harry S. Ladd, J. Edward Hoffmeister, Gordon A. Macdonald (to name only a few)—and Harold T. Stearns. These were the days of long ship travel without the convenience of airplanes. Cultural mixing had not resulted in the nearly homogenous amorphism that seems to exist now, and communication within and across the basin was slow and tedious.
Pedro Nuñez and the first printed treatise on twilight observation
Authors: Gadsden M.
Published: October 2011

Pedro Nuñez (the name is also written variously as Nunes, Nonius, Nonnius, and Nunnius) was born at Alcacer do Sol, Portugal, in 1502, and died in 1578. In that period and in that country, it was inevitable that his interests were in cosmography and navigation. His principal claim to fame is as author of the major treatise De Arte Atque Ratione Navigandi, which was published in 1546.
Quake swarm in California
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

A series of four earthquakes shook an area centered 24 km north of Bishop, Calif., on July 20–21, 1986. The earthquake swarm prompted the director of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to send a letter to the California Office of Emergency Services, advising state officials of increased risk that additional earthquakes of the same or greater magnitude could soon follow. The earthquakes near Bishop had no apparent connection to two quakes in other parts of the state earlier in the month. As Eos went to press, the seismic activity near Bishop was tapering off, “as it does in a normal aftershock sequence,” according to David P. Hill, a geophysicist with USGS in Menlo Park, Calif.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 11(6), June 30, 1986, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution's Scientific Event Alert Network. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos as a microfiche supplement or as a paper reprint. For the microfiche, order document E86‐008 at $2.50 (U.S.) from AGU Customer Services, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20009. For the paper reprint, order SEAN Bulletin (giving volume and issue numbers and issue date) through AGU Separates at the above address; the price is $3.50 for one copy of each issue number for those who do not have a deposit account, $2 for those who do; additional copies of each issue number are $1. Subscriptions to SEAN Bulletin are available from AGU Fulfillment at the above address; the price is $18 for 12 monthly issues mailed to a U.S. address, $28 if mailed elsewhere, and must be prepaid.
The child's‐eye view of working parents
Authors: Sancetta Connie
Published: October 2011

For the past 4 years, the Education and Human Resources Committee has been sponsoring evening panel sessions at the AGU Spring and Fall Meetings. Panelists have discussed their experiences in coping with problems such as balancing their time between work and family, or overcoming barriers to professional growth. At the 1986 AGU Spring Meeting in May 1986, we tried a different format. Rather than presentations by a few panelists followed by questions from the audience, we ran a group discussion in which the entire audience participated.
A workshop on dusty plasmas
Authors: Whipple Elden C.
Published: October 2011

“Dusty plasmas” is the name given to plasmas heavily laden with charged dust grains that, together with the surrounding ions and electrons, constitute a new kind of plasma regime. Such plasmas exist in the rings of planets, in the atmospheres of comets, and in interstellar dust clouds. The dust grains are strongly coupled to the fields and particles in the plasma through their electrical charges. As a result, the motions of the grains may be dominated by electric and magnetic forces, and collective effects can play an important role. This field of study is receiving increased attention because of the observations of dust during recent spacecraft missions to the planets and comets, together with the dawning recognition that the evolution of dusty plasma clouds in space may be quite different from that of nondusty clouds.
Why history?
Authors: Stern David P.
Published: October 2011

When Galileo turned his telescope towards the moon, he saw something altogether new. For thousands of years, men and women had wondered about the moon: Suddenly, it was revealed as a world with mountains and craters, not unlike our own world. It was a revolutionary discovery, even more significant because the ancient Greeks and Romans, whose civilization Europe still admired and sometimes held supreme, had never achieved anything like it. In the eyes of his contemporaries, but for Galilee's discovery, mankind's ignorance could have gone on forever. As the poet Alexander Pope wrote not much later about another great discoverer,
Along‐axis variations in the MARK area
Authors: Karson J.A.
Published: October 2011

During May and June 1986, scientists aboard the R/V Atlantis 11 carried out an investigation of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR) axis just south of the Kane Fracture Zone at 24°N (MARK Area). This was the first nearbottom study of the MAR median valley outside of a transform fault intersection since the French‐American Mid‐Ocean Undersea Study (FAMOUS) and AMAR investigations of the 1970s. At the MARK Area, manned submersible dives with the DSRV ALVIN, deep‐towed Angus camera runs, dredges, hydrocasts, and Sea Beam surveys were concentrated in four east‐west transects across the rift valley at distances of 25, 40, 60, and 75 km south of the Kane ridge‐transform intersection. The goal of the study was to determine along‐axis variations in style of seafloor spreading, and the results document that radical variations do indeed exist over lateral distances of less than 20 km. The northernmost transect (23°22′N) is only 25 km south of the Kane Transform and has an asymmetric form, with the west wall of the median valley being steeper and higher than the east wall. The axial region of the valley is dominated by a narrow, 600‐m‐high volcanic constructional ridge that extends north all the way to the transform. This ridge marks the neovolcanic zone and is the site of active black smoker hydrothermal vents and associated mineral deposits and biological communities. The vents are very similar to those of the East Pacific Rise and indicate the presence of a magma chamber at less than 2 km depth. Just 15 km to the south (23°15′N), there is no well‐defined median valley at all. At this point the spreading center has no recognizable neovolcanic zone, but the seafloor is pervasively fissured and faulted over a width of at least 15 km. Asymmetric fault blocks up to 400 m high occur near the axial trace of the rift. In both of these two transects, serpentinized peridotites were found to crop out extensively on the west median valley wall.
Seven editors named for JGR–Solid Earth and Planets
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Beginning January 1, 1987, William M. Kaula, Editor‐in‐Chief, will lead a team of six other editors for the Journal of Geophysical Research‐Solid Earth and Planets. Each editor will function independently and have full responsibility for accepting and rejecting papers in his area.
Reinventing the wheel and other foibles
Authors: Hunsucker Robert D. , Hargreaves John K.
Published: October 2011

This letter expresses personal opinions with which not everyone will agree. Indeed, it may be that no one will agree. Yet it is well known (reference omitted) that middle age brings a propensity to philosophize, a condition that may become chronic, and having thus offered some kind of an excuse, we can come to the point. The topic is the state of geophysics, as revealed by certain aspects of geophysical reporting. Lest the editor should feel moved to instant rejection (what, no referees?), we hastily add that our barbs are not aimed (exclusively) at AGU publications, tempting targets though they may be. The concerns are more general than any one journal, any one laboratory, or any one country.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

AGU Separates at the above address; the price is $3.50 for one copy of each issue number for those who do not have a deposit account, $2 for those who do; additional copies of each issue number an $ 1. Subscriptions to SEAN Bulletin are available from AGU Fulfillment at the above address; the price is $18 for 12 monthly issues mailed to a U.S. address, $28 if mailed elsewhere, and must be prepaid.
Geotechnical applications of remote sensing and remote data transmission
Authors: Johnson Ivan
Published: October 2011

The International Symposium on Geotechnical Applications of Remote Sensing and Remote Data Transmission was held January 31, 1986, at Cocoa Beach, Fla. The symposium was organized by the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and the International Committee on Remote Sensing and Data Transmission (ICRSDT) of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. Cochairs for the symposium were Ivan Johnson of A. Ivan Johnson, Inc., Arvada, Colo., and Bernt Pettersson of Brown and Root, Inc., Houston, Tex. Johnson is President of ICRSDT and Pettersson is Chairman of ASTM D18 Subcommittee on Surface and Subsurface Reconnaissance.
August streamflow
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The flow of streams in the Southeast generally remained well below average during August, although the hydrologic drought conditions of the past several months have eased, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). USGS hydrologists said that in contrast to conditions in the Southeast, which remained dry, several New York streams were at record high flows for August, and above average flows were reported in much of the Northeast, Minnesota, western Iowa, the Dakotas, eastern Nebraska and parts of Colorado, Utah, and southern Idaho.
Research drilling at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field, California: The Shallow Thermal Gradient Project
Authors: Newmark R. L. , Kasameyer P. W. , Younker L. W. , Lysne P. C.
Published: October 2011

During November and December 1985, a series of shallow (80‐m or 250‐ft.) holes were drilled in the southern Salton Sea. Temperatures in these holes will be logged for at least 3 months after drilling to establish equilibrium temperatures. The intent is to close the thermal gradient contours of the field and thus define the width of the transition zone between the locations exhibiting high thermal gradients and those exhibiting regional thermal gradients in the area north of the volcanic domes. These observations will allow competing models [e.g., Riney et al., 1977; Rex, 1983; Kasameyer et al., 1984] for the circulation of the hydrothermal system to be tested and will provide a more accurate assessment of the size of the geothermal resource.
AGU overview
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

AGU made substantial progress on all fronts during the past few years. During these past 5 years, the Union has experienced strong growth: The membership has grown more than 40%, and the liquid reserves of the Union have more than tripled, restoring the Union's sound financial base. We are sending more pages to more people, and more people are attending AGU meetings. All price increases to the membership have been kept below inflationary levels. Serving the needs of scientists is AGU's objective, and there seems to be ample evidence of success in the record.
Goals of the Union
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The purposes of the Union are defined in the statutes as follows:

To promote the scientific study of the earth and its environment in space and to make the results of such studies available to the public.

To promote cooperation among scientific organizations whose objectives include the furtherance of knowledge in the geophysical disciplines.

To initiate and participate in geophysical research programs, including those that depend upon international cooperation.

To advance the various geophysical disciplines by scientific discussion, publication and dissemination of information, and by sponsorship of scientific and technical symposia, colloquia, and meetings.
AGU Supporting Members
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

All dues‐paid members who contribute an additional $80 or more in any single year earn recognition as Individual Supporting Members for that year. The donor may designate the manner in which the Union should use this contribution.

Among the present Supporting Members, there are 36 Life Supporting Members, including two Sustaining Members and one Benefactor. These are the individuals who have contributed $1500, $5000,or $10,000 to AGU.
A quarter of a century with the auroral oval
Authors: Feldstein Y. I.
Published: October 2011

A quarter of a century has elapsed since the concept of auroral oval was introduced into geophysics, and there has been a recent revival of interest among scientists in the evolution throughout the last 3 centuries of our knowledge of the global distribution of auroras. The auroral oval is considered to be a high‐latitude region of the upper atmosphere with permanent luminescence; this region is fixed relative to the sun and is acentric with respect to the geomagnetic pole (that is, the oval is located nearer to the pole by 10° in latitude on the dayside in comparison to the nightside). The development of auroral knowledge from the combination of speculation and intuition in the 18th and the early 19th centuries to the latest observations and conclusions (which are based on the data of the planetary network of all‐sky cameras, photographs and planetary images obtained from satellites, and modern concepts concerning the magnetospheric structure) has been a spiral. Each new level of development is contingent on the accumulation of fresh experimental evidence and the associate qualitative changes in the adopted concepts of the laws of the studied natural phenomenon. It is not surprising that the new concepts should often comprise the earlier ideas. However, because they are based on data that was inaccessible to the earlier researchers, the new‐found regularities and their generalizations have never replicated the former ideas completely. They constitute a new level in the eternal endeavor to understand the natural system.
Deep ocean circulation and its relation to topography
Authors: Hogg Nelson G. , Guinasso Norman L.
Published: October 2011

A meeting to discuss the present state of knowledge concerning the deep circulation of the world ocean and to suggest priorities for research for the next decade was held at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, June 17–19, 1986 under the auspices of the U.S. Planning Office for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). This was one of five topical meetings sponsored in 1986 by the U.S. WOCE planning effort.
AIP history center seeks old books and photographs
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

AGU members can give essential help to an effort to gather materials that are important for education and public understanding of geophysics. Now that AGU is a Member Society of the American Institute of Physics (AIP), the AIP Center for History of Physics is striving to enlarge its collections of materials on the history of geophysics. They are appealing to AGU members to help AIP locate and acquire materials, such as classic textbooks and old snapshots, that will be invaluable to future historians and educators.
An Introduction to the Theory of Seismology
Authors: Menke William
Published: October 2011

This old standard text has undergone its first face‐lift since its 1963 third edition. Its length has been increased from 381 pages to 499, its size from 14.5×22.0 cm to 15.5×23.5 cm, the number of equations from 433 to 859, the number of figures from 43 to 96, the date of most recent reference from 1962 to 1985, and its price from $9.50 to $69.50. Problems have been added to the end of each chapter, and an appendix of earth models (e.g., the Preliminary Earth Reference Model) to the end of the book. As Bolt states in the preface, “About sixty percent of this edition is new material.”
ICSU gives green light to IGBP
Authors: Roederer Juan G.
Published: October 2011

It finally happened. The International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) launched what promises to become the largest, most complex, and most ambitious program of international scientific cooperation ever to be organized.

Of several fathers (some officially recognized as such, others not) and after several years of gestation, IGBP saw the light on September 19, 1986, when the General Assembly of ICSU meeting in Berne, Switzerland, passed a resolution accepting the recommendations formulated by an ad hoc Planning Group in a document entitled The International Geosphere‐Biosphere Programme: A Study of Global Change [ICSU, 1986]. This is also the official designation of the project. Its main objective will be “to describe and understand the interactive physical, chemical, and biological processes that regulate the total earth system, the unique environment that it provides for life, the changes that are occurring in this system, and the manner in which they are influenced by human actions.”
Spring business meeting
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The spring business meeting of the GP Section was held during the GP Luncheon on Tuesday, May 20, 1986, in Baltimore, Md. Outgoing President Neil Opdyke introduced the newly elected officers: President Subir Banerjee (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis), President‐Elect Ron Merrill (University of Washington, Seattle), and Secretary Laurie Brown (University of Massachusetts, Amherst). Announcements to members included upcoming workshops on rock magnetism and deep sea drilling (further details available elsewhere in the GP Compass) and the formation of a group to study the earth's core and lower mantle (the International Study of the Earth's Core and Lower Mantle, or ISECALM). The intention of the National Science Foundation (NSF) Earth Sciences Division to have deadlines of August 15 and January 15 for proposal submission was also announced.
Vetting of Conference Proceedings Papers: Too much of a good thing?
Authors: Cowley Stanley W. H.
Published: October 2011

Fifteen years ago, when I first became involved in space physics research and started to attend conferences, the refereeing of proceedings papers was rarely regarded as a serious business. The relaxed attitudes then prevailing doubtless allowed fringe material to be published which might better not have been inflicted upon the community, but a few pages of such a nature at least provided some light relief in an otherwise solid diet of scientific progress. On the positive side, the freedom given to authors to express their views in a more unbuttoned manner than would be appropriate in a formal journal paper encouraged interesting, individual, and thought‐provoking contributions. The writing of conference papers could be a pleasurable and hassle‐free experience.
The Global Ocean Flux Study (GOFS): Status of the U.S. GOFS Program
Authors: Brewer P. G. , Bruland K. W. , Eppley R. W. , McCarthy J. J.
Published: October 2011

The proposed National Science Foundation (NSF) budget for Fiscal Year (FY) 1987 contains funding for a major new initiative [Waldrop, 1986], the Global Geosciences Program, which consists of separate but related research efforts that treat the earth as an integrated system of global oceanic and atmospheric circulation systems and as a delicate and dynamic balance of biogeochemical fluxes that sustain life on our blue planet.

This paper concerns the status of one important element of this program, the U.S. segment of the Global Ocean Flux Study, which is now being planned with NSF and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) support. What is the origin of such a program? What are its aims? How might it be accomplished? Finally, why is it necessary at this time?
Abstracts [AGU Fall Meeting and ALSO Winter Meeting, 1986]
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Health and Environmental Research (OHER) has just established the Alexander Hollaender Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship Program to support outstanding recent recipients of doctoral degrees in conducting energy‐related research supported by OHER in the environmental, life, and biomedical sciences. Fellows will receive a stipend of $35,000, and appointments will be made at participating DOE laboratories and approved university laboratories.

Applicants must have received a doctoral degree within the past 2 years. (Applicants with M.D. or D.V.M. degrees and research experience will also be considered.) Selection criteria include academic achievements, recommendations, scientific background, statement of research to be performed, and availability of funds and facilities. Fellowships are for 1 year, renewable for a second year upon recommendation of the laboratory at which the fellowship is held.
To: the world from: spelled out re: name game
Authors: Wasserburg G. J.
Published: October 2011

How far will things go in the spellings of my name? I calculate ∼(26)N, where N is the number of characters arbitrarily assigned to my name. In the September 30, 1986, issue of Eos in which awards of the Union are announced, my name is misspelled both in the description of the Hess Medal and also as a recipient. AGU is to be congratulated for spelling it correctly on the medall AGU recently asked me to serve on its Nominations Committee, and in the letter of appointment and in the published list of committee members in Eos, my name is also misspelled. Claude Allegre and I have just received the 1986 Crafoord Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy.
GEOSAT data available soon
Authors: Cheney Robert
Published: October 2011

GEOSAT altimeter data collected after November 8, 1986, will be made available to the general research community by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) beginning in early 1987. Although GEOSAT has been operating since April 1985, observations from the first 18 months are classified. In October 1986 the satellite was maneuvered into a 17‐day exact repeat orbit whose ground track coincides with the previous Seasat altimeter tracks, allowing new GEOSAT data to be unclassified. Under agreement reached with the U.S. Navy and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (Laurel, Md.), NOAA will assume responsibility for generating the unclassified data sets from this Exact Repeat Mission (ERM). Doppler tracking data will first be evaluated by the Naval Astronautics Group (NAG) to ensure that the GEOSAT ground track has deviated by no more than 1 km (cross track) from the exactrepeat orbit. On‐board thrusters will be fired when necessary (approximately monthly) to maintain colinearity. Raw data in, the form of sensor data records (SDRs) will then be transmitted to a NOAA processing facility in Rockville, Md., where they will be converted to finished geophysical data records (GDRs). SDR‐to‐GDR production consists of merging the altimeter data with an ephemeris provided by NAG and adding correctionfields for tides, troposphere (wet and dry components), and ionosphere. Completed GDRs will be sent to NOAA National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS) in Washington, D.C., where they will be made avilable to the public. (GEOSAT data will initially be distributed to U.S. institutions only; foreign institutions are advised to seek access through formal embassy channels.)
Lost CTD recovered by French sub
Authors: Desaubies Y.
Published: October 2011

On March 11, 1986, the R/V Noroit, a research vessel belonging to IFREMER (Institut Francais de Recherche, pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, Paris), was on station in the northeast Atlantic Ocean (46°54′N, 11°14′W). The crew were performing a deep conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) cast (water depth 4750 m) as part of a survey of abyssal circulation in that region. The towed CTD instrument unit was 120 m from the bottom when the cable ruptured, resulting in the loss of the instrument and 4788 m of cable. The cause of the cable failure was quickly diagnosed as corrosion on a rarely used part of the cable.
Panel recommendations on Oil Spill Risk Assessment
Authors: Mellor George L.
Published: October 2011

A technical panel was convened by the Minerals Management Services (MMS) of the Department of Interior to identify deficiencies and recommend improvements in their Oil Spill Risk Analysis (OSRA) model. Members of the panel were J. M. Bane, Jr. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), G. S. Janowitz (North Carolina State University, Raleigh), T. H. Lee (University of Miami, Miami, Fla.), G. L. Mellor (Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.), M. L. Spaulding (University of Rhode Island, Kingston), and F. M. Vukovich (Research Triangle Institute, Raleigh‐Durham, N.C.).

The present OSRA model uses climatologically derived near‐surface velocity fields on which are superposed oil trajectory velocities derived from the so‐called “3.5% rule”: this uses a wind series derived from a “transition probability matrix” statistical approach.
Magnetic self reversal seen in Ruiz Pumice
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

Pumice fragments that were emitted in the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano (Colombia) display a rarely observed type of magnetic reversal, according to a paper in the November 20, 1986, issue of Nature. This pumice seems to have undergone self‐reversal, according to the paper's authors; it is the first example of newly formed rock with a magnetization opposite to that of the earth's present field.
Louisiana estuary loss reviewed
Authors: Sackett Bill
Published: October 2011

The state of Louisiana loses ∼80 km2 or about 1% of the state's coastal wetlands from its estuaries each year, according to Donald F. Boesch, executive director of the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium. Boesch was the cooordinator and a speaker at the seventh in a series of seminars on the nation's estuaries, sponsored by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Estuarine Programs Office, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Department of the Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service.
Duggal Award nominations sought
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Shakti P. Duggal Award was established in 1983 to recognize outstanding work by a young scientist in the field of cosmic ray physics. The first biennial award, consisting of $1000 and a plaque, was presented to Raymond Protheroe of the University of Adelaide (Adelaide, Australia) at the 19th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC) in La Jolla, Calif. The second presentation will be made at the 20th ICRC in Moscow, August 2–15, 1987.
The Central California Coastal Circulation Study
Authors: Chelton Dudley B. , Bernstein Robert L. , Bratkovich Alan , Kosro P. Michael
Published: October 2011

The Central California Coastal Circulation Study (CCCCS) was an 18‐month field program designed to study the variability of water mass characteristics and the velocity field on the continental shelf and upper continental slope of California from Point Conception to San Francisco. This study was funded by the U.S. Department of Interior, Minerals Management Service (MMS), as part of an overall assessment of the impact of development of oil and gas resources on the ecosystem of coastal California. The Santa Maria Basin area, which extends from Point Conception to Point Buchon (100 km to the north) and about 50 km offshore, is of particular interest, as this area will be the focus of oil and gas exploration and production over the next decade. However, MMS is also interested in how the ocean variability in this region relates to the large‐scale flow of the California Current System. The field work for CCCCS was conducted from February 1984 through July 1985 by Raytheon Service Company. This paper summarizes some of the preliminary results from analysis of the CCCCS data.
Reply [to Comment on “Tu Que?” by Emile A. Okal]
Authors: Russell C. T.
Published: October 2011

My proposal to limit the number of authors per paper in AGU journals to five had a very serious purpose. By limiting the number of authors, the status of each individual coauthor would be raised, and the sense of responsibility of each author would be heightened. By making coauthorship slightly more exclusive, the pressure on an author to a d d as a coauthor everyone with whom he had discussed his results prior to writing the paper would be reduced. Furthermore, the coauthors would feel a greater responsibility to assist the first author in preparing a suitable manuscript. This reviewer receives too many papers that are not quite ready for submittal but were submitted anyway. The coauthors would also gain more credit for their work because the reference list could include each coauthor's name rather than the “et al.” that is becoming all too standard now.
Robert A. Weller
Authors: Beardsley Robert C. , Weller Robert A.
Published: October 2011

Robert A. Weller is a seagoing experimentalist or observational oceanographer who has made in his short career several truly outstanding contributions to understanding how the upper ocean responds to atmospheric forcing. He is without doubt one of the most capable and creative oceanographers of his age and deserves the recognition provided by the James B. Macelwane Award as a “young geophysicist of outstanding ability and promise.”

After receiving his undergraduate degree in engineering a n d applied physics from Harvard, Bob Weller entered graduate school in physical oceanography at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and worked with Russ Davis on the development of a new mechanical current meter to be used in upper ocean studies. While several current meter designs then in use worked well on subsurface moorings in the d e e p ocean, no existing current meter performed well in the upper ocean. After considerable experimental effort, Bob developed a mechanical flow sensor (using two coupled propellers) with nearly perfect cosine response and then used two of these sensors mounted at right angles with associated electronics to build the vector‐measuring current meter (or VMCM). By mechanically filtering out the usually very large oscillatory flows with periods less than a minute associated with surface wave and wave‐induced mooring motion, the VMCM allows accurate measurement of the generally smaller lowerfrequency horizontal velocities present in the upper ocean. Weller and Davis received a patent for this novel instrument design, and a commercial version has been in production since 1981. Bob has continued to make improvements in the VMCM, and this instrument has become the standard for both upper ocean and coastal ocean circulation studies.
NSF ODP science activities
Authors: Buffler Richard
Published: October 2011

The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) is now finishing its second year of operation, having completed 12 legs in the Atlantic Ocean and off the west coast of South America. The drillship JOIDES Resolution (SEDCO/BP 471) now heads for two legs in the Weddell Sea/ subantarctic region before entering the Indian Ocean for ∼1.5 years of drilling. International membership increased from four to six during 1986, and it is anticipated that the Soviet Union will join the program as the seventh international member in early 1987. Other members include Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Japan , the United Kingdom, and a European Science Foundation consortium of 12 nations. A second Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD II) is planned for July 6– 8, 1987, in Strasbourg, France, to plan the scientific and technological goals for ODP during the 1990s.
El Niño Returns
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

El Niño, a climatic disturbance that shifts much of the world's weather pattern every 2–7 years, has returned and is probably near the midpoint of its expected 18‐month life cycle, according to an announcement by the National Weather Service (NWS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This El Niño appears to be much milder than its predecessor 4 years ago, from April 1982 to July 1983. That event, the worst in more than 100 years, caused floods and droughts that led to more than 1000 deaths and $2 billion to $8 billion in economic losses.

The phenomenon comes about when equatorial winds that normally blow the Pacific Ocean's surface waters from east to west weaken or reverse themselves. The warm surface waters then flow from west to east. Results include a decrease in rainfall in the Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, New Guinea, and Southern Africa; increased rainfall in the South American coast, the southeastern United States, and eastern Africa; and milder than normal weather in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, western Canada, and Alaska. The current El Niño was successfully predicted by at least three different scientific models, according to The New York Times, although the event began somewhat later than expected.
AGU elects 1987 Fellows
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Twenty distinguished scientists have been elected Fellows of the Union. The total number of Fellows elected each year may not exceed 0.1 % of the total membership at the time of election.
Looking ahead and looking back
Authors: Reiff Patricia H.
Published: October 2011

1986 was a banner year for Eos, and SPR certainly did its share (and more) in keeping Eos interesting and informative. At the Eos editors' breakfast in San Francisco, Managing Editor Barbara Richman reported the good news (updated here to include all of 1986). Eos showed impressive gains in the amount of copy published. Articles, for example, had 197 journal page equivalents in 1986, compared to 101 in 1985 (up 96%!). Of the 58 articles published, 13 (22%) were in SPR, the largest single group. News and GAP were on a par with 1985, whereas meeting reports and news about AGU operations and activities showed a 73% and 58% increase, respectively, and book reviews and meeting announcements showed declines (−45% and −20%, respectively.) Color covers increased from 17 in 1985 to 24 in 1986—thanks to all our contributors who agreed to pay the charges for color covers! Total pages printed showed a small increase—4.1% over 1985. Congratulations to Barbara and her staff in keeping Eos rolling! The publication backlog is still longer than we would like to see, but with frequently two articles per week, the backlog is being chipped away.
Budget timetable
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a timetable for congressional action under the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (Gramm‐Rudman‐Hollings). These deadlines apply to fiscal years (FY) 1987–1991. The Congress missed a number of these deadlines last year. The deficit reduction measures in Gramm‐Rudman‐Hollings would lead to a balanced budget in 1991.
Looking back at the Hill
Authors: Butler Eric
Published: October 2011

When I came to Washington, I emerged from a world of flannel shirts and sneakers to one of suits and ties and from beat‐up cars (perhaps this was just a New England phenomenon) to late model vehicles (with air conditioning, of course) that are always clean. The transition from talks of calibration curves and “clean room” techniques to community right‐to‐know laws and mandatory Superfund cleanup standards was not always straightforward, but it was nearly always fun and very educational.

The people here are enthusiastic and hardworking, and their work and rewards are a bit different than those in academe. Most staff have no idea about the seasonal cycles of nutrients in a temperate zone estuary and may not have heard of the ideal gas laws. They might think that these ideas were conceived in a new piece of legislation and want to become cosponsors. On the other hand, before coming to Washington, I had no idea what the legislative process was all about. I am still wet behind the ears in that regard, but I do find it mildly amusing and somewhat appropriate that all new House bills start by being dropped into a receptacle on the floor of the House called a hopper.
Fram Strait: Exchange and dynamics
Authors: Aagaard K. , Reed R.
Published: October 2011

During November 18–20, 1986, a workshop entitled “Fram Strait: Exchange and Dynamics” was held at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory in Seattle, Wash. A total of 27 talks were presented, and approximately 50 scientists attended. The principal issues addressed were the role of exchanges through Fram Strait in the regional and large‐scale circulation and geochemical cycling and the factors driving and controlling flow through the strait. Fram Strait, between Greenland and Spitsbergen, is the deep passage between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic extension in the Norwegian and Greenland seas (Figure 1).
Observations of the Continental Crust Through Drilling I
Authors: Ernst W. G.
Published: October 2011

This book is the product of an international symposium held in Tarrytown, N.Y., May 20–25, 1984. The individual contributions are summaries of scientific investigations planned or in progress at the time. Because continental drilling is a fast‐developing field, the compendium is, in places, out of date; nevertheless, it provides perspective for the efforts that were then envisioned or underway. The book is divided into seven sections:

Review of National Drilling Programs

Thermal Regimes

Geochemistry and Mineral Resources

In Situ Borehole Measurements

Advances in Drilling and Logging Technology

Recent Results From Scientific Drilling

Deep Structures of Continents
Over the eye of the storm
Authors: Snow J. William
Published: October 2011

The force of Hurricane Josephine is clearly evident from the photograph on the cover. The center of the circulation at the surface is located at 33.5°N, 7l.7°W, 400 km east‐southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. When this photograph was taken on October 12, 1984, at 1631:34 UT, the camera was pointing toward the southwest from the orbital subpoint of 34.8°N, 70.1°W. The South Carolina coastline is faintly visible beyond all the clouds in the upper right‐hand corner. The south wall of the hurricane eye is practically nonexistent.
Honor your colleagues at the AGU Spring Meeting
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

AGU will pay tribute to the 1987 Medalists and Fellows on Wednesday, May 20, at the Honors Ceremony, Reception, and Banquet. The William Bowie Medal, the John Adam Fleming Medal, the Charles A. Whitten Medal, and one of the James B. Macelwane medals will be presented at the ceremony, which begins at 5:45 P.M. in the Hyatt Hotel in Baltimore, Md. Also to be honored at the ceremony, which is the most important social function at the Spring Meeting, are those newly elected Fellows (see Eos, April 7, 1987, p. 205) who will be attending. The Walter H. Bucher Medal, the Harry H. Hess Medal, the Maurice Ewing Medal, and two James B. Macelwane medals will be presented at the AGU 1987 Fall Meeting.
Demonstration project cuts red tape
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

Results from a demonstration project aimed at cutting red tape in federal grants for basic research at universities are "very encouraging" so far, according to Don I. Phillips, executive director of the Government‐University‐Industry Research Roundtable. The roundtable is coordinating the experimental effort, with the participation of five major federal agencies as well as the Florida state university system and the University of Miami (a private institution in Coral Gables, Fla.).

Under the project, special conditions apply to grants from the participating agencies to individual researchers at the participating universities: Investigators do not have to ask the agency's permission for changes in budget allocations, purchases of permanent equipment, or foreign travel. Grant money can be spent up to a year after the grant ends without a special request. Under this plan, researchers, with agency approval, can also ask to have their entire research program covered as a single administrative entity, rather than as several individual projects.