bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contextual Effects on General Learning, Feature Learning, and Attention Strengthening in Visual Search
Authors: Rogers Wendy A. , Lee Mark D. , Fisk Arthur D.
Published: December 2006

Context has an important influence on performance in a variety of tasks. In the present experiment, the context of interest was the number of consecutive trials under identical search conditions. We were interested in how individuals learn to benefit from one form of contextual cues, the time course of such benefit, and the effects of contextual manipulations on general learning, feature learning, and automatic process development. We investigated these issues using a visual search task in which we could manipulate both consistency and learning context. The results suggest that the manipulation of context influenced feature learning; that is, at least 10 consecutive trials were required before optimal scanning strategies could be developed and/or instituted. However, the training context manipulation did not affect the acquisition of an automatic attention response in a consistent task or the acquisition of a general skill for a varied task. Implications for task and system design and the development of training programs are discussed.
Situation Awareness in Team Performance: Implications for Measurement and Training
Authors: Salas Eduardo , Prince Carolyn , Baker David P. , Shrestha Lisa
Published: December 2006

Situation awareness has long been recognized as an important variable in aviation performance. Research to date has focused on identifying characteristics of situation awareness for individuals, not on the behaviors and processes associated with team situation awareness. The purpose of this review is to delineate and identify characteristics of team situation awareness. In addition, implications are discussed and research questions are outlined that target the measurement and training of situation awareness in teams.
Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems
Authors: Endsley Mica R.
Published: December 2006

This paper presents a theoretical model of situation awareness based on its role in dynamic human decision making in a variety of domains. Situation awareness is presented as a predominant concern in system operation, based on a descriptive view of decision making. The relationship between situation awareness and numerous individual and environmental factors is explored. Among these factors, attention and working memory are presented as critical factors limiting operators from acquiring and interpreting information from the environment to form situation awareness, and mental models and goal-directed behavior are hypothesized as important mechanisms for overcoming these limits. The impact of design features, workload, stress, system complexity, and automation on operator situation awareness is addressed, and a taxonomy of errors in situation awareness is introduced, based on the model presented. The model is used to generate design implications for enhancing operator situation awareness and future directions for situation awareness research.
Effect of Type of Task and Number of Inspectors on Performance of an Industrial Inspection-Type Task
Authors: Stanislaw Harold
Published: December 2006

Two hundred forty subjects working alone and in pairs performed three different versions of a task similar to industrial inspection: a rating task and spatial and temporal two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) tasks. Performance was worse on the rating task than on the 2AFC tasks, and the spatial and temporal 2AFC tasks were performed equally well. These results could signify that performance is impaired more by demands made on long-term memory than by demands made on perception and sensory memory, or that asking subjects to compare items is fundamentally different from, and easier than, asking subjects to judge items in absolute terms. Individual differences in performance were marked, but performance was inconsistent across different versions of the inspection task. When subjects worked in pairs, performance was comparable to that obtained by requiring items to pass two inspections by individual subjects. However, a single inspection by subject pairs required less time than two inspections by individual subjects. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Effect of Synthetic Voice Intelligibility on Speech Comprehension
Authors: Paris Carol R. , Gilson Richard D. , Thomas Margaret H. , Silver N. Clayton
Published: December 2006

This research investigated the differential impact of synthetic voice quality and text difficulty on comprehension of extended prose. Sixty participants listened to five easy and five difficult passages in one of three speech modes: natural speech, VOTRAX (low intelligibility), or DECtalk (high intelligibility). Comprehension of DECtalk was equal to that of natural speech, whereas comprehension of VOTRAX was significantly poorer than with natural speech or DECtalk. Subjects were also asked to shadow passages of each speech type as a measure of resource processing demands. It was found that shadowing accuracy was significantly better for natural speech than for DECtalk and shadowing of DECtalk was markedly superior to that of VOTRAX. The results of this study suggest that resource-demand measures alone may not be appropriate to predict performance in practical applications. Specifically, overall comprehension may not suffer despite on-line losses in processing. These findings also point to a differential allocation of cognitive resources by speech synthesizers of differing intelligibility.
Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Plays a Key Role in CNS Demyelination
Authors: Liñares David , Taconis Maaike , Maña Paula , Correcha Manuel , Fordham Sue , Staykova Maria , Willenborg David O.
Published: December 2006

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small, short-lived molecule released from a variety of cells that is implicated in a multitude of biological processes. In pathological conditions, overproduction of NO may lead to the generation of highly reactive species, such as peroxynitrite and stable nitrosothiols, that may cause irreversible cell damage. Accordingly, several studies have suggested that NO may be involved in the pathogenesis of various neuroinflammatory/degenerative diseases. Increased concentrations of NO in the CNS in such cases are usually attributed to an increase in the inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS) usually produced by inflammatory cells. However, recent reports have suggested that the constitutive isoforms of NOS, neuronal (nNOS) and endothelial (eNOS), can also play a role. Here we examined the role that the constitutive isoforms of NOS might play in the cuprizone-induced model of demyelination/remyelination. Our results demonstrate that demyelination was greatly prevented in mice lacking nNOS. Protection was associated with a dramatic increase in mature oligodendrocyte survival and a decrease in apoptosis. Moreover,nNOS−/−mice did not respond to cuprizone with the extensive recruitment of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes, which is a typical feature in wild-type mice. Although demyelinating less,nNOS−/−mice exhibited a delay in remyelination. IneNOS−/−mice, demyelination progressed to the same extent as in wild type, but they showed a slight delay in spontaneous remyelination. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of considering the source of NO when assessing its role in neuroinflammation/degeneration and emphasizes the differing pathological effects driven by the different NOS isoforms.
Transgenic Inhibition of Neuronal Protein Kinase A Activity Facilitates Fear Extinction
Authors: Isiegas Carolina , Park Alice , Kandel Eric R. , Abel Ted , Lattal K. Matthew
Published: December 2006

Much is known about the neurobiology of memory storage for learned fear. In contrast, the molecular mechanisms underlying extinction of fear memory are just beginning to be delineated. Here, we investigate the role of protein kinase A (PKA) in extinction of memory for contextual fear by using conventional and temporally regulated transgenic approaches that allow us to inhibit PKA activity in neurons within brain regions thought to be involved in extinction. Strikingly, reduction of PKA activity facilitated the development of extinction, without interfering with storage of the original fear memory. Moreover, inhibition of PKA facilitated extinction of both recent and remote contextual fear memories. The finding that PKA, which is required for the acquisition of fear memory, is a constraint for extinction provides the first genetic support for the idea that fear extinction is itself a genuine learning process with its own specific molecular requirements, rather than simply the erasure of a previously learned process. Further, these experiments represent the first genetic evidence that protein kinases may be constraints for the extinction of fear.
Human Taste Thresholds Are Modulated by Serotonin and Noradrenaline
Authors: Heath Tom P. , Melichar Jan K. , Nutt David J. , Donaldson Lucy F.
Published: December 2006

Circumstances in which serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) are altered, such as in anxiety or depression, are associated with taste disturbances, indicating the importance of these transmitters in the determination of taste thresholds in health and disease. In this study, we show for the first time that human taste thresholds are plastic and are lowered by modulation of systemic monoamines. Measurement of taste function in healthy humans before and after a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor, NA reuptake inhibitor, or placebo showed that enhancing 5-HT significantly reduced the sucrose taste threshold by 27% and the quinine taste threshold by 53%. In contrast, enhancing NA significantly reduced bitter taste threshold by 39% and sour threshold by 22%. In addition, the anxiety level was positively correlated with bitter and salt taste thresholds. We show that 5-HT and NA participate in setting taste thresholds, that human taste in normal healthy subjects is plastic, and that modulation of these neurotransmitters has distinct effects on different taste modalities. We present a model to explain these findings. In addition, we show that the general anxiety level is directly related to taste perception, suggesting that altered taste and appetite seen in affective disorders may reflect an actual change in the gustatory system.
A Phosphoinositide Synthase Required for a Sustained Light Response
Authors: Wang Tao , Montell Craig
Published: December 2006

Drosophilaphototransduction serves as a model for phosphoinositide (PI) signaling and for characterizing the mechanisms regulating transient receptor potential (TRP) channelsin vivo. Activation of TRP and TRP-like (TRPL) requires hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), resulting in the generation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). Although a role for IP3has been excluded, TRP channels have been proposed to be activated by either a reduction of inhibitory PIP2or production of DAG/polyunsaturated fatty acids. Here, we characterize a protein, phosphatidylinositol synthase (dPIS), required for a key step during PIP2regeneration, the production of phosphatidylinositol. Overexpression of dPIS suppressed the retinal degeneration resulting from two other mutations affecting PIP2cycling,rdgB(retinal degeneration B) andcds(CDP-diacylglycerol synthase). To characterize the role of dPIS, we generated a mutation indpis, which represented the first mutation in a gene encoding a PI synthase in an animal. In contrast to other mutations that reduce PIP2regeneration, thedpis1mutation eliminated all PI synthase activity in flies and resulted in lethality. In mosaic animals, we found that dPIS was essential for maintaining the photoresponse. Because thedpis1mutation eliminates production of an enzyme essential for PIP2regeneration, our data argue against activation of TRP and TRPL through a reduction of inhibitory PIP2.
Auditory and Visual Space Maps in the Cholinergic Nucleus Isthmi Pars Parvocellularis of the Barn Owl
Authors: Maczko Kristin A. , Knudsen Phyllis F. , Knudsen Eric I.
Published: December 2006

The nucleus isthmi pars parvocellularis (Ipc) is a midbrain cholinergic nucleus that shares reciprocal, topographic connections with the optic tectum (OT). Ipc neurons project to spatially restricted columns in the OT, contacting essentially all OT layers in a given column. Previous research characterizes the Ipc as a visual processor. We found that, in the barn owl, the Ipc responds to auditory as well as to visual stimuli. Auditory responses were tuned broadly for frequency, but sharply for spatial cues. We measured the tuning of Ipc units to binaural sound localization cues, including interaural timing differences (ITDs) and interaural level differences (ILDs). Units in the Ipc were tuned to specific values of both ITD and ILD and were organized systematically according to their ITD and ILD tuning, forming a map of space. The auditory space map aligned with the visual space map in the Ipc. These results demonstrate that the Ipc encodes the spatial location of objects, independent of stimulus modality. These findings, combined with the precise pattern of projections from the Ipc to the OT, suggest that the role of the Ipc is to regulate the sensitivity of OT neurons in a space-specific manner.
Increasing the Frequency of Spontaneous Rhythmic Activity Disrupts Pool-Specific Axon Fasciculation and Pathfinding of Embryonic Spinal Motoneurons
Authors: Hanson M. Gartz , Landmesser Lynn T.
Published: December 2006

Rhythmic spontaneous bursting activity, which occurs in many developing neural circuits, has been considered to be important for the refinement of neural projections but not for early pathfinding decisions. However, the precise frequency of bursting activity differentially affects the two major pathfinding decisions made by chick lumbosacral motoneurons. Moderate slowing of burst frequency was shown previously to cause motoneurons to make dorsoventral (D-V) pathfinding errors and to alter the expression of molecules involved in that decision. Moderate speeding up of activity is shown here not to affect these molecules or D-V pathfinding but to strongly perturb the anteroposterior (A-P) pathfinding process by which motoneurons fasciculate into pool-specific fascicles at the limb base and then selectively grow to muscle targets. Resumption of normal frequency allowed axons to correct the A-P pathfinding errors by altering their trajectories distally, indicating the dynamic nature of this process and its continued sensitivity to patterned activity.
A melancholy skeptic
Authors: Guimarães Lívia
Published: December 2006

Hume variously viewed the association of philosophy and melancholy in different stages of his development. In this essay I propose to follow this progress, beginning with his youthful belief that a philosophical life would shelter its pursuer from melancholy. In my hypothesis, for the mature Hume knowledge in the broad sense of wide experience alone can ease melancholy states, while knowledge as narrow rational speculation proves itself untenable, as it triggers a state of melancholy despair in the agent.
Hume, liberty and the object of moral evaluation
Authors: Klaudat André
Published: December 2006

Hume's project concerning the conflict between liberty and necessity is ";reconciliatory";. But what is the nature of Hume's project? Does he solve a problem in metaphysics only? And when Hume says that the dispute between the doctrines of liberty and necessity is merely verbal, does he mean that there is no genuine metaphysical dispute between the doctrines? In the present essay I argue for: (1) there is room for liberty in Hume's philosophy, and not only because the position is pro forma compatibilist, even though this has importance for the recognition that Hume's main concern when discussing the matter is with practice; (2) the position does not involve a ";subjectivization"; of every form of necessity: it is not compatibilist because it creates a space for the claim that the operations of the will are non-problematically necessary through a weakning of the notion of necessity as it applies to external objects; (3) Hume holds that the ordinary phenomena of mental causation do not preempt the atribuition of moral responsibility, which combines perfectly with his identification of the object of moral evaluation: the whole of the character of a person, in relation to which there is, nonetheless, liberty. I intend to support my assertions by a close reading of what Hume states in section 8 of the first Enquiry.
O 18 Brumário, política e pós-modernismo
Authors: Codato Adriano Nervo
Published: December 2006

A maioria das interpretações contemporâneas das análises de Karl Marx sobre a política européia da segunda metade do século XIX têm, em comum, a supressão de toda menção à "economia" e sua substituição, ou pela autonomia da política, nas versões heterodoxas, ou pelo caráter performativo da linguagem, nas versões pós-modernas. Neste artigo, sustenta-se que há n'O 18 Brumário de Luís Bonaparte uma interpretação da política que pode ser reduzida, do ponto de vista teórico, a dois princípios explicativos da concepção materialista da história: a primazia do econômico e a oposição entre essência e aparência. O artigo se propõe a verificar a incidência desses postulados naquele texto.
Notas sobre dois livros de MacIntyre
Authors: Oliveira Isabel Ribeiro de
Published: December 2006

Os conceitos centrais da teoria da justiça desenvolvida por Alasdair MacIntyre - prática, narrativa e tradição - ocupam o núcleo da análise feita acerca de dois de seus livros: Depois da Virtude e Justiça de Quem? Qual racionalidade?. O artigo considera a relação, em MacIntyre, entre ética e história, virtude e relativismo, bem como apresenta seu conceito do Eu, como corretivos à anomia contemporânea.
Classes, cultura e ação coletiva
Authors: Sallum Jr. Brasílio
Published: December 2006

O artigo faz uma revisão da literatura sobre classes e conflito social, analisando seus impasses. Em seguida, faz uma incursão aos legados de Pierre Bordieu e Marx sobre a matéria, indicando como poderiam ser integrados numa teoria renovada das classes sociais.
Democracia, pluralização da representação e sociedade civil
Authors: Lavalle Adrián Gurza , Houtzager Peter P. , Castello Graziela
Published: December 2006

O artigo problematiza a relação entre representação política e reforma da democracia, mostrando tanto os deslocamentos analíticos das abordagens centradas no sistema político e na reconfiguração da representação quanto as omissões das literaturas preocupadas com a reforma ou o aprofundamento da democracia. Inovações teóricas e práticas para se pensar no futuro da representação parecem reunir elementos que traspassam as fronteiras da compreensão e da prática liberais da representação política. A partir do resgate crítico da idéia de "representação virtual", os autores sugerem, então, uma agenda de reforma da democracia capaz de incorporar essas inovações.
Eleições e representação
Authors: Manin Bernard , Przeworski Adam , Stokes Susan C.
Published: December 2006

O artigo indaga o quanto o mecanismo eleitoral pode, de fato, tornar mais representativas as instituições da democracia. Os autores diagnosticam sérias limitações no voto como mecanismo capaz de alavancar algum controle do representado sobre o representante.
Representação, retrato e drama
Authors: Araujo Cicero
Published: December 2006

O artigo vale-se de duas metáforas artísticas para explorar um contraste entre maneiras de pensar a representação política. As metáforas sugerem duas idealizações muito diferentes da boa ordem política, ainda que o vocabulário político tradicional costume confundi-las, e produzem seus próprios impactos a respeito do que esperar das práticas de representação das autoridades políticas.
Pontos de vista sobre a floresta amazônica: xamanismo e tradução
Authors: Cunha Manuela Carneiro da
Published: December 2006

O que é o trabalho xamânico na Amazônia de hoje? Como se pode entender, de forma mais geral, o florescimento do xamanismo e a extensão de sua clientela em situações de dominação colonial, desde pelo menos o século XVI? Que hierarquia de poderes e competências xamânicas e que formas específicas correspondem aos diferentes sistemas políticos e aos diversos nexos entre o local e o global? Por dever de ofício, cabe ao xamã o trabalho de tradução. Sugere-se que tradução deva ser entendida aqui em um sentido forte, benjaminiano, de procura de ressonâncias e reverberações entre sistemas e códigos diversos, e de totalização de pontos de vista parciais.
Lévi-Strauss no Brasil: a formação do etnólogo
Authors: Peixoto Fernanda
Published: December 2006

O artigo procura acompanhar o período brasileiro de Claude Lévi-Strauss (1935-1938), rastreando suas publicações, aulas e pesquisas no momento em que era professor de sociologia na Universidade de São Paulo, com o objetivo de compreender o lugar ocupado pelo Brasil na sua trajetória. O interesse é mostrar que apesar de breve, e de modo geral silenciada, a etapa brasileira do autor foi fundamental para os desdobramentos de sua futura carreira como etnólogo e americanista. O texto procura também avaliar o significado da vinda de Lévi-Strauss para o Brasil no contexto francês da época, quando o americanismo era ainda terreno pouco explorado, ao contrário do africanismo, "vocação" em voga no momento.
As etnogêneses: velhos atores e novos papéis no cenário cultural e político
Authors: Bartolomé Miguel Alberto
Published: December 2006

Os distintos usos do conceito de etnogêneses remetem a um mesmo tipo de dinâmica social, cuja base se encontra na historicidade de estruturas e formas culturais que tendiam a se conceberem como relativamente estáticas. A etnogênese, ou melhor, as etnogêneses referem-se ao dinamismo inerente aos agrupamentos étnicos, cujas lógicas sociais revelam uma plasticidade e uma capacidade adaptativa que nem sempre foram reconhecidas pela análise antropológica. Na verdade, a etnogênese foi e é um processo histórico constante que reflete a dinâmica cultural e política das sociedades anteriores ou exteriores ao desenvolvimento dos Estados nacionais da atualidade. A etnogênese é parte constitutiva do próprio processo histórico da humanidade e não só um dado do presente, como parecia depreender-se das reações de surpresa de alguns pesquisadores sociais em face de sua evidência contemporânea.
Tema e variantes do mito: sobre a morte e a ressurreição do boi
Authors: Cavalcanti Maria Laura Viveiros de Castro
Published: December 2006

O texto indaga sobre a presença e o sentido de processos míticos relacionados ao folguedo do boi, em uma abordagem de inspiração estruturalista. A primeira parte trata de desconstruir a difundida idéia de que o folguedo do boi corresponderia, ou teria correspondido em suas supostas origens, à encenação de um auto. Argumento que essa crença é um notável efeito da ilusão do arcaísmo característica dos estudos de folclore. Reformulando o "problema do auto", proponho sua compreensão como um conjunto de narrativas de origem que emerge da bibliografia em meados do século XX. Trata-se de demonstrar a natureza mítica dessas narrativas. As conclusões, seguindo sugestões da análise realizada, buscam situar em nova perspectiva a relação entre mito e rito na brincadeira do boi.
Teaching to the Test…Not! Balancing Best Practice and Testing Requirements in Writing
Authors: Higgins Betty , Miller Melinda , Wegmann Susan
Published: December 2006

High‐stakes testing and accountability in the United States cloak the real purpose of assessment—diagnosing learning to inform instruction. Standardized testing drives curricula in many states. Teachers may feel pressured to “teach to the test,” although they know it is not best practice.

The authors discuss how using several evidence‐based approaches to writing instruction—writing workshop and the witing process, 6 + 1 Traits, and modes of writing—can accomplish two goals: providing high‐quality instruction, and preparing students for success in standardized writing tests. They stress that assessment is a component of instruction, not an end unto itself, and that the goal of instruction is to produce lifelong learners, not test takers.
2006 U.S. Children's Literature Award Winners
Authors: Jacobs James , Mitchell Judith , Livingston Nancy
Published: December 2006

Winners of some of the leading awards for children's literature discuss the inspiration for their writing, their writing methods, and ideas for teachers who wish to use their books in the classroom.
Inspiring Young Scientists With Great Books
Authors: Brassell Danny
Published: December 2006

In an effort to increase her students' interest in science, a teacher in an underresourced school secured large donations of science‐related books for her classroom of second‐language learners. By balancing her science classroom library and read‐alouds with a number of interesting nonfiction trade books and storybooks, the teacher tried to enhance her students' reading comprehension and vocabulary skills, as well as their passion for science.

Students announced what scientific subjects interested them, and the teacher tried to provide them with corresponding books and activities. The teacher found that this responsive teaching approach empowered her students to take a more active part in their learning, and students' interest in reading and—more specifically—science skyrocketed. Tips for how teachers can obtain free or substantially discounted books and use science information texts in their teaching are provided.
Parent–child talk and children's memory for stressful events
Authors: Peterson Carole , Sales Jessica McDermott , Rees Michelle , Fivush Robyn
Published: December 2006

The relationship between parents' styles of talking about past events with their children and children's recall of stressful events was explored. In this investigation, 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children's recall of injuries requiring hospital emergency room treatment was assessed within a few days of the injury and again 2 years later, along with the way their parents reminisced with them about the event. Correlational analyses showed that age and parental reminiscing style were consistently related to child memory; regression analyses showed that although age was most important, parents who were more elaborative had children who recalled more during their initial interview about the harder‐to‐remember hospital event. Thus, an elaborative parental style may help children's recall of even highly salient and stressful events. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ESR and FTIR studies on electron beam‐irradiated low‐density polyethylene blends
Authors: Ali Z. I.
Published: December 2006

Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) composites modified with a resin based on ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer (surlyn) and/or citric acid were electron beam‐irradiated and investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) at room temperature. ESR studies were carried out directly after irradiation and after various time intervals up to 72 h postirradiation. The irradiated samples showed the ESR spectrum of seven lines that was assigned to the formation of allyl radical. The nature and yield of the allyl radical of the different LDPE samples were analyzed as a function of time after irradiation. Also, the radical concentration, decay, decay rate, and kinetics of radical decay were evaluated. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis at a series of different temperatures upon cooling from room temperature to −175°C and the reverse heating to +125°C was also carried out. The structural changes while cooling and heating of LDPE samples were investigated using FTIR spectrometry. The results showed that cooling of unirradiated LDPE samples to −175°C results in a decrease of the intensities of IR bands. However, heating the samples from −175°C up to +125°C led to a consequence increase in the intensities of the IR bands. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3461–3469, 2007
Donor‐Bound Glycosylation for Various Glycosyl Acceptors: Bidirectional Solid‐Phase Semisynthesis of Vancomycin and Its Derivatives
Authors: Doi Takayuki , Kinbara Atsushi , Inoue Hitoshi , Takahashi Takashi
Published: December 2006

The glycosidation of a polymer‐supported glycosyl donor, N‐phenyltrifluoroacetimidate, with various glycosyl acceptors is reported. The application of the polymer‐supported N‐phenyltrifluoroacetimidate is demonstrated in the synthesis of vancomycin derivatives. 2‐O‐[2‐(azidomethyl)benzoyl]glycosyl imidate was attached to a polymer support at the 6‐position by a phenylsulfonate linked with a C13 alkyl spacer. Solid‐phase glycosidation with a vancomycin aglycon, selective deprotection of the 2‐(azidomethyl)benzoyl group, and glycosylation of the resulting 2‐hydroxy group with a vancosamine unit were performed. Nucleophilic cleavage from the polymer support with acetate, chloride, azido, and thioacetate ions provided vancomycin derivatives in pure form after simple purification. The semisynthesis of vancomycin was achieved by deprotection of the acetate derivative.
Screening for novel PAX3 polymorphisms and risks of spina bifida
Authors: Lu Wei , Zhu Huiping , Wen Shu , Laurent Cecile , Shaw Gary M. , Lammer Edward J. , Finnell Richard H.
Published: December 2006

BACKGROUND:PAX3 plays an important role in mammalian embryonic development. Known mutations in PAX3 are etiologically associated with Waardenburg syndrome and syndromic neural tube defects (NTDs). Mutations in the murine homologue, pax3, are responsible for the phenotype of splotch mice, in which nullizygotes are 100% penetrant for NTDs. METHODS: The study sample included 74 infants with spina bifida (cases) and 87 nonmalformed infant controls. The conserved paired‐box domain as well as the upstream genomic region of PAX3 were subjected to resequencing and those identified SNPs were evaluated as haplotypes. The associations of haplotypes for selected gene regions and the risks of spina bifida were further studied. RESULTS: Nineteen SNPs were observed; 15 observed in controls had been submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database with allele frequencies. The PAX3 gene variant T‐1186C (rs16863657) and its related haplotype, TCTCCGCCC of nine SNPs, were found to be associated with an increased risk of spina bifida, with an OR of 3.5 (95% CI: 1.2–10.0) among Hispanic Whites. CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses indicated that PAX3 SNPs were not strong risk factors for human spina bifida. However, additional follow‐up of the PAX3 gene variant T‐1186C (rs16863657) and its related haplotype, TCTCCGCCC, may be important in other populations. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcome following bypass, and proximal and distal ligation of popliteal aneurysms
Authors: Box B , Adamson M , Magee T R , Galland R B
Published: December 2006

Background

The aim of this study was to describe early and late results of proximal and distal ligation for popliteal aneurysm (PA), combined with bypass, with particular reference to the fate of the excluded aneurysm.

Methods

Of a cohort of 116 patients with PAs, 66 were treated with bypass and ligation. Graft patency was determined by duplex surveillance. In addition, 17 patients with bypassed PAs underwent a total of 33 duplex scans to determine flow within the aneurysm and change in size.

Results

For initially patent PAs, 3-, 5- and 8-year primary bypass graft patency was 78, 78 and 51 per cent respectively. These rates were not statistically significantly different from those following bypass for thrombosed PA, 3- and 5-year primary patency being 72 and 65 per cent respectively. No PA produced further symptoms after bypass and ligation. No flow was seen in any aneurysm at follow-up. Only one showed an increase in size.

Conclusion

Proximal and distal ligation with bypass produced satisfactory long-term patency with good exclusion of the PA.
Three‐Coordinate Metal Centers in Extended Transition Metal Oxides.
Authors: Bowman Amy , Allix Mathieu , Pelloquin Denis , Rosseinsky Matthew J.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two‐Dimensional Lanthanide Heteropolyvanadates of Manganese(IV) and Nickel(IV) Containing Two Types of Heteropoly Anions with 1:13 and 1:12 Stoichiometry.
Authors: Liu Shuxia , Li Dehui , Xie Linhua , Cheng Haiyan , Zhao Xinyu , Su Zhongmin
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel 1D Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Based on Alternating Heteropolyanions [GeMo12O40]4‐ and Isopolyanions [Mo6O22]8‐.
Authors: Wang Jing‐Ping , Du Xiao‐Di , Niu Jing‐Yang
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The New Ternary Boride Mg8Pt4B and the New Intermetallic Compound PtMg2.
Authors: Schmitt Ruth , Glaser Jochen , Meyer H.‐Juergen
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Effective Approach for the Immobilization of Chiral Mn(III) Salen Complexes Through a Supported Ionic Liquid Phase.
Authors: Lou Lan‐Lan , Yu Kai , Ding Fei , Zhou Wei , Peng Xiaojie , Liu Shuangxi
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Nitroallylation of Arylmetallics with Cyclic Nitroallyl Acetates and Applications in Organic Synthesis.
Authors: Dong Lin , Xu Yan‐Jun , Yuan Wei‐Cheng , Cui Xin , Cun Lin‐Feng , Gong Liu‐Zhu
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
β‐Disubstituted Allylic Chlorides: Substrates for the Cu‐Catalyzed Asymmetric SN2′ Reaction.
Authors: Falciola Caroline A. , Tissot‐Croset Karine , Alexaxis Alexandre
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
BiCl3‐Catalyzed Propargylic Substitution Reaction of Propargylic Alcohols with C‐, O‐, S‐ and N‐Centered Nucleophiles.
Authors: Zhan Zhuang‐ping , Yang Wen‐zhen , Yang Rui‐feng , Yu Jing‐liang , Li Jun‐ping , Liu Hui‐juan
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sequential N‐Acylamide Methylenation—Enamide Ring‐Closing Metathesis: Construction of Benzo‐Fused Nitrogen Heterocycles.
Authors: Bennasar M. Lluisa , Roca Tomas , Monerris Manuel , Garcia‐Diaz Davinia
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Allylzincations of Internal Alkynes.
Authors: Yasui Hiroto , Nishikawa Toshihiro , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Entropy‐Controlled Supramolecular Photochirogenesis: Enantiodifferentiating Z—E Photoisomerization of Cyclooctene Included and Sensitized by Permethylated 6‐O‐Modified β‐Cyclodextrins.
Authors: Fukuhara Gaku , Mori Tadashi , Wada Takehiko , Inoue Yoshihisa
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Medium‐Sized Cyclophanes. Part 70. Direct Introduction of Bromine onto the Bridged Methylene of 5,13‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐8,16‐dimethyl[2.2]metacyclophane.
Authors: Yamato Takehiko , Miyamoto Shinpei , Okabe Ryo , Tazaki Yoshinori , Anai Hideyuki
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Effect of β‐Cyclodextrin on the Diastereoselective NaBH4 Reduction of Cyclohexanone Derivatives.
Authors: Seo Myung Soo , Lee Sang Hee
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Observations on the Reaction of N‐Alkyloxazolidines, Isocyanides and Carboxylic Acids: A Novel Three‐Component Reaction Leading to N‐Acyloxyethylamino Acid Amides.
Authors: Diorazio Louis J. , Motherwell William B. , Sheppard Tom D. , Waller Robert W.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of Salicylaldehyde with Tris(pentafluorophenyl)silanes and Secondary Amines.
Authors: Dilman A. D. , Arkhipov D. E. , Belyakov P. A. , Struchkova M. I. , Tartakovsky V. A.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Arylcyanation of Norbornene and Norbornadiene Catalyzed by Nickel.
Authors: Nakao Yoshiaki , Yada Akira , Satoh Jun , Ebata Shiro , Oda Shinichi , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Charge‐Induced Reversible Rearrangement of Endohedral Fullerenes: Electrochemistry of Tridysprosium Nitride Clusterfullerenes Dy3N@C2n (2n = 78, 80).
Authors: Yang Shangfeng , Zalibera Michal , Rapta Peter , Dunsch Lothar
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Functionalization of N‐[(Silyl)methyl]‐β‐lactam Carbanions with Carbon Electrophiles.
Authors: Palomo Claudio , Aizpurua Jesus M. , Benito Ana , Cuerdo Lourdes , Fratila Raluca M. , Miranda Jose I. , Linden Anthony
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Facile Stereoselective Synthesis of cis‐ and trans‐3‐Alkoxyazetidin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Bhalla Aman , Vanugopalan Paloth , Bari Shamsher S.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Benzyl (Phenyl) γ‐ and δ‐Lactones via Photoinduced Tandem Ar—C, C—O Bond Formation.
Authors: Protti Stefano , Fagnoni Maurizio , Albini Angelo
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Proline‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Aldol Reaction Between Methyl Ketones and α‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Wang Ya‐Jun , Shen Zong‐Xuan , Li Bin , Zhang Ya‐Wen
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of Azomethine Ylides with Chiral Acrylates Derived from Methyl (S)‐ and (R)‐Lactate: Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of Polysubstituted Prolines (III).
Authors: Najera Carmen , de Gracia Retamosa M. , Sansano Jose M.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Facile Synthesis of 3,5‐Dihydro‐6H‐imidazo[1,2‐b]‐1,2,4‐triazol‐6‐ones by an Iminophosphorane‐Mediated Annulation.
Authors: Yuan Ju‐Zhen , Fu Bo‐Qiao , Ding Ming‐Wu , Yang Guang‐Fu
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 4‐Aroyl‐1,2,4‐triazolidin‐3‐ones via Ring Extension in Reactions of 1,2‐Di‐ and 1,2,3,3‐Tetraalkyldiaziridines with Aroyl Isocyanates.
Authors: Shevtsov A. V. , Kuznetsov V. V. , Molotov S. I. , Lyssenko K. A. , Makhova N. N.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of C‐Aryl‐flavonoid Derivatives via Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Peng Wen‐Jie , Han Xiu‐Wen , Yu Biao
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Development of Novel 1,2‐Dihydro‐pyrimido[4,5‐c]pyridazine Based Inhibitors of Lymphocyte Specific Kinase (Lck).
Authors: Sabat Mark , et al. et al.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stille Coupling Reactions in the Synthesis of Hypoxia‐Selective 3‐Alkyl‐1,2,4‐benzotriazine 1,4‐Dioxide Anticancer Agents.
Authors: Pchalek Karin , Hay Michael P.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
4‐(3‐(Phtalhydrazide)azo)N‐phenylaza‐15‐crown‐5. Synthesis and Properties.
Authors: Baratoiu Rodica Daniela , Barbu Anca Elena , Mutihac Lucia , Caproiu Miron Teodor , Draghici Constantin , Socoteanu Radu , Constantinescu Titus
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Iridoid Glucosides from Wendlandia tinctoria Roots.
Authors: Dinda Biswanath , Debnath Sudhan , Arima Shiho , Sato Nariko , Harigaya Yoshihiro
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel Carbovir Analogue.
Authors: Kim Aihong , Hong Joon Hee
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Simple Synthesis of Novel Acyclic (E)‐Bromovinyl Nucleosides as Potential Antiviral Agents.
Authors: Kim Jin Woo , Hong Joon Hee
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New and Efficient Synthesis of Racemic Cyclopent‐3‐en‐1‐yl Nucleoside Analogues and Their Derivatives.
Authors: Reichardt Bastian , Ludek Olaf R. , Meier Chris
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tubeimoside V (I), a New Cyclic Bisdesmoside from Tubers of Bolbostemma paniculatum, Functions by Inducing Apoptosis in Human Glioblastoma U87MG Cells.
Authors: Cheng Guang , Zhang Yun , Zhang Xiang , Tang Hai‐Feng , Cao Wei‐Dong , Gao Da‐Kuan , Wang Xi‐Ling
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The First Total Synthesis and Structural Determination of Lagunamycin
Authors: Hosokawa Seijiro , Kuroda Shoichi , Imamura Keisuke , Tatsuta Kuniaki
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Antiallergic Agents from Natural Sources. Part 16. New Lignans from Kadsura coccinea and Their Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activities.
Authors: Li He‐Ran , Feng Yu‐Lin , Yang Zhi‐Gang , Wang Jue , Daikonya Akihiro , Kitanaka Susumu , Xu Li‐Zhen , Yang Shi‐Lin
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organometallic Compounds Containing Tellurium Ligands: Synthesis, Reactivity and Structures
Authors: Singh Ajai K.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organic Ammonium Carboxylates as Supramolecular Building Blocks: The Role of Ionic Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Sada Kazuki , Tani Takahiro , Shinkai Seiji
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Advances in Pd/C‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions
Authors: Seki Masahiko
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Potent Vitamin D Receptor Antagonists: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation
Authors: Saito Nozomi , Kittaka Atsushi
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Water Exclusion and Enantioselectivity in Catalysis
Authors: Breslow Ronald , Bandyopadhyay Subhajit , Levine Mindy , Zhou Wenjun
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Transporters: Synthesis of Oligoguanidinium Transporters and Their Application to Drug Delivery and Real‐Time Imaging
Authors: Goun Elena A. , Pillow Thomas H. , Jones Lisa R. , Rothbard Jonathan B. , Wender Paul A.
Published: December 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.