bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A clinical study comparing BIVAP saline vaporization of the prostate with bipolar TURP: Early complications, physiological changes and postoperative follow-up outcomes
Authors: Aydogdu Ozgu , Karakose Ayhan , Atesci Yusuf Ziya
Published: July 2014

Introduction: We compare BIVAP saline vaporization of the prostate with bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.Methods: In total, we included 86 patients treated with BIVAP (n = 44) and bipolar TURP (n = 42). The inclusion criteria were maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) ≤10 mL/s, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) ≥16, and prostate volume measured with transrectal ultrasound scan between 30 and 80 mL. Serum electrolyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels were determined preoperatively and postoperatively. All patients were evaluated at the postoperative first and third months and the IPSS score, post-void residual urinary volume (PVR), Qmax, and average urinary flow rate (Qave) were compared. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 program and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.Results: Preoperative demographic characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. The mean operation time was significantly higher (p = 0.02) and hospitalization time was significantly lower (p = 0.04) in the BIVAP group when compared to the bipolar TURP group. There was no significant difference between 2 groups in terms of preoperative and postoperative serum electrolyte, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Postoperative complication rates were similar in the 2 groups. The only exception was the rate of severe dysuria, which was significantly higher in the BIVAP group. No statistical difference was noted between the groups in terms of postoperative follow-up results.Conclusion: Bipolar TURP is a safe and highly effective technique which can be used in the surgical treatment of benign prostatic obstruction with minimal side effects. BIVAP saline vaporization of the prostate seems to be a potential alternative to bipolar TURP with shorter hospitalization time.
Retention of robot-assisted surgical skills in urological surgeons acquired using Mimic dV-Trainer
Authors: Teishima Jun , Hattori Minoru , Inoue Shogo , Hieda Keisuke , Ohara Shinya , Egi Hiroyuki , Ohdan Hideki , Matsubara Akio
Published: July 2014

Introduction: We assess the retention of robot-assisted surgical skills among urologic surgeons.Methods: The robot-assisted surgery skills of 20 urologic surgeons were assessed using a Mimic dV-Trainer program (Mimic Technologies, Inc., Seattle, WA) consisting of 6 tasks. These 20 surgeons had no previous experience either using the Mimic dV-Trainer or acting as the main surgeon in robot-assisted surgery. The surgeons completed the program 4 times in a row; after 1 year, they completed it again for a fifth time. Performance scores were recorded using the Mimic dV-Trainer’s built-in algorithm.Results: For all 6 tasks, there were significant improvements to the scores in the fourth trials compared with those in the first trials. The scores in the fifth trials did not significantly decline compared with those in the fourth trials. There was no significant difference between the fifth trial scores of surgeons with laparoscopic surgery skills/experience and those without.Conclusion: Our results indicate that fundamental robot-assisted surgical skills can be retained in the long-term after they are acquired.
On the Necessity of Including Joint Passive Dynamics in the Impedance Control of Robotic Legs
Authors: Arevalo Juan Carlos , Cestari Manuel , Sanz-Merodio Daniel , Garcia Elena
Published: July 2014

Bioinspired quadruped robots are among the best robot designs for field missions over the complex terrain encountered in extraterrestrial landscapes and disaster scenarios caused by natural and human-made catastrophes, such as those caused by nuclear power plant accidents and radiological emergencies. For such applications, the performance characteristics of the robots should include high mobility, adaptability to the terrain, the ability to handle a large payload and good endurance. Nature can provide inspiration for quadruped designs that are well suited for traversing complex terrain. Horse legs are an example of a structure that has evolved to exhibit good performance characteristics. In this paper, a leg design exhibiting the key features of horse legs is briefly described. This leg is an underactuated mechanism because it has two actively driven degrees of freedom (DOFs) and one passively driven DOF. In this work, two control laws intended to be use in the stan ce phase are described: a control law that considers passive mechanism dynamics and a second law that neglects these dynamics. The performance of the two control laws is experimentally evaluated and compared. The results indicate that the first control law better achieves the control goal; however, the use of the second is not completely unjustified.
Judicious, Sharp Spectators? Form, Pattern and Audience in Early Modern Theatre: Some Problems
Authors: Moseley C. W. R. D.
Published: July 2014

This article asks a number of questions about the nature of ‘Jacobethan’ theatrical experience. It does not pretend to offer answers, only problems. Acknowledging the intense commercial, competitive and time pressures under which companies might work, and the way in which scripts might be adapted, it nevertheless accepts the idea of the playwright as literary artist and addresses the paradox of discernible, complex and often abstract patterns built into the writing of plays designed for audiences of wide ability and little forgiving patience, and asks how these patterns were meant to be received.
Inference of reactive transport model parameters using a Bayesian multivariate approach
Authors: Carniato Luca , Schoups Gerrit , van de Giesen Nick
Published: July 2014

Parameter estimation of subsurface transport models from multispecies data requires the definition of an objective function that includes different types of measurements. Common approaches are weighted least squares (WLS), where weights are specified a priori for each measurement, and weighted least squares with weight estimation (WLS(we)) where weights are estimated from the data together with the parameters. In this study, we formulate the parameter estimation task as a multivariate Bayesian inference problem. The WLS and WLS(we) methods are special cases in this framework, corresponding to specific prior assumptions about the residual covariance matrix. The Bayesian perspective allows for generalizations to cases where residual correlation is important and for efficient inference by analytically integrating out the variances (weights) and selected covariances from the joint posterior. Specifically, the WLS and WLS(we) methods are compared to a multivariate (MV) approach that accounts for specific residual correlations without the need for explicit estimation of the error parameters. When applied to inference of reactive transport model parameters from column‐scale data on dissolved species concentrations, the following results were obtained: (1) accounting for residual correlation between species provides more accurate parameter estimation for high residual correlation levels whereas its influence for predictive uncertainty is negligible, (2) integrating out the (co)variances leads to an efficient estimation of the full joint posterior with a reduced computational effort compared to the WLS(we) method, and (3) in the presence of model structural errors, none of the methods is able to identify the correct parameter values.
The role of the Martian crustal magnetic fields in controlling ionospheric loss
Authors: Brecht Stephen H. , Ledvina Stephen A.
Published: July 2014

A hybrid particle code has been used to examine the interaction of the solar wind with Mars. It is found that the presence of the crustal magnetic fields modifies the heavy ion (O+ and O2+) loss rates. In the case of the solar minimum situation the modification was found to be significant and reported in Brecht and Ledvina (2012). In this paper both solar minimum and solar maximum results are reported and compared with data. The crustal magnetic fields reduce the ionospheric loss rate; and when the energy limits imposed on the data fits are considered, the results of the simulations are in reasonable agreement with data. The agreement with the data provides a strong argument for the physical control demonstrated by the simulations being realistic.
Multiple slow‐slip events during a foreshock sequence of the 2014 Iquique, Chile Mw 8.1 earthquake
Authors: Kato Aitaro , Nakagawa Shigeki
Published: July 2014

To obtain a precise record of the foreshock sequence before the 2014 Iquique, Chile Mw 8.1 earthquake, we applied a matched filter technique to continuous seismograms recorded near the source region. We newly detected about 10 times the number of seismic events listed in the routinely constructed earthquake catalog and identified multiple sequences of earthquake migrations at speeds of 2–10 km/d, both along strike and downdip on the fault plane, updip of the main shock area. In addition, we found out repeating earthquakes from the newly detected events, likely indicating aseismic slip along the plate boundary fault during the foreshock sequence. These observations suggest the occurrence of multiple slow‐slip events updip of the main shock area. The final slow‐slip event migrated toward the main shock nucleation point. We interpret that several parts of the plate boundary fault perhaps experienced slow slip, causing stress loading on the prospective largest slip patch of the main shock rupture.
Extreme Space Weather Impact: An Emergency Management Perspective
Authors: MacAlester Mark H. , Murtagh William
Published: July 2014

In 2010, the Department of Homeland Security's Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) partnered with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) to investigate the potential for extreme space weather conditions to impact National Security/Emergency Preparedness communications—those communications vital to a functioning government and to emergency and disaster response—in the United States. Given the interdependencies of modern critical infrastructure, the initial systematic review of academic research on space weather effects on communications expanded to other critical infrastructure sectors, federal agencies, and private sector organizations. While the effort is ongoing, and despite uncertainties inherent with this hazard, FEMA and the SWPC did draw some conclusions. If electric power remains available, an extreme space weather event will result in the intermittent loss of HF and similar sky wave radio systems, minimal direct impact to public safety line‐of‐sight radio and commercial cellular services, a relatively small loss of satellite services as a percentage of the total satellite fleet, interference or intermittent loss of satellite communications and GPS navigation and timing signals, and no first‐order impact to consumer electronic devices. Vulnerability of electric power to an extreme geomagnetic storm remains the primary concern from an emergency management perspective, but actual impact is not well understood at present. A discussion of potential impacts to infrastructure from the loss of electric power from any hazard is provided using the 2011 record tornado outbreak in Alabama as an example.
Formal Political Theory
Authors: Wong James K. L.
Published: July 2014

Formal political theory is a mathematical theory of politics. It models political actions, outcomes, arrangements, and institutions as formal structures, or as a set of abstract concepts and propositions. Using mathematical techniques and deductive reasoning, these concepts and propositions are put together based on certain assumptions.
Keynes, John Maynard (1883–1946)
Authors: Galbraith James K.
Published: July 2014

John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946) was the pivotal economist of the twentieth century, whose revolution rose to dominate academic and policy discourse for 50 years before falling to a counter‐revolution. Today Keynes's ideas have been purged from what is called mainstream economics, yet they persist in an academic subculture, as the instinctive response of policy‐makers to crisis, and among public intellectuals for whom he remains a beacon of insight and style.
Mill, John Stuart (1806–73)
Authors: Ryan Alan
Published: July 2014

Mill was a thinker of extraordinary range: the outstanding philosopher of mid‐nineteenth‐century Britain, the country's leading economist, a formidable social critic, and a polemicist on behalf of radical causes ranging from workers’ cooperatives to putting women on a footing of complete legal equality with men as to voting rights, property rights, marriage, education, and vocational opportunities. His enduring legacy is his defense of individual liberty against both political oppression and the tyranny of opinion. The fear that democracy might degenerate into the tyranny of the majority was not a novelty; the fear that the tyranny might be the dead weight of public opinion, the more irresistible for being silent, nonviolent, but omnipresent, was more nearly so.
Effects of playing a violent video game as male versus female avatar on subsequent aggression in male and female players
Authors: Yang Grace S. , Huesmann L. Rowell , Bushman Brad J.
Published: July 2014

Previous research has shown that violent video games can increase aggression in players immediately after they play. The present research examines the effects of one subtle cue within violent video games that might moderate these effects—whether the avatar is male or female. One common stereotype is that males are more aggressive than females. Thus, playing a violent video game as a male avatar, compared to a female avatar, should be more likely to prime aggressive thoughts and inclinations in players and lead to more aggressive behavior afterwards. Male and female university students (N = 242) were randomly assigned to play a violent video game as a male or female avatar. After gameplay, participants gave an ostensible partner who hated spicy food hot sauce to eat. The amount of hot sauce given was used to measure aggression. Consistent with priming theory, results showed that both male and female participants who played a violent game as a male avatar behaved more aggressively afterwards than those who played as female avatar. The priming effects of the male avatar were somewhat stronger for male participants than for female participants, suggesting that male participants identified more with the male avatar than did the female participants. These results are particularly noteworthy because they are consistent with another recent experiment showing that playing a violent game as an avatar with a different stereotypically aggressive attribute (black skin color) stimulates more aggression than playing as an avatar without the stereotypically aggressive attribute (Yang et al., 2014, Social Psychological and Personality Science). Aggr. Behav. 40:537–541, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Affect Regulation During Learning: The Enhancing Effect of Cognitive Reappraisal
Authors: Strain Amber Chauncey , D'Mello Sidney K.
Published: July 2014

Affective experiences routinely occur during learning and need to be successfully regulated. In two experiments, we used an intervention that combined elements of utility value and cognitive reappraisal to gauge its effects on engagement and performance. We predicted that participants using the reappraisal strategy would experience more engagement and higher learning outcomes than controls. Ethnically diverse adult learners ranging from 18 to 58 years of age (Experiment 1, N = 93; Experiment 2: N = 138) used affect regulation strategies or no strategy (control) in an online learning environment. Engagement and learning outcomes were measured throughout the experiment. Participants who used reappraisal generally reported more engagement and achieved higher learning outcomes than controls. A mediation analysis revealed evidence of a partial mediation effect of affective engagement between reappraisal and learning outcomes in Study 2. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the role of affect regulation during learning. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling Process Parameters during Plastication in Plastic Injection Molding Using Model Predictive Control
Authors: Dubay R. , Hu B. , Hernandez J. M. , Charest M.
Published: July 2014

This investigation presents a method for controlling two key parameters during plastication that can significantly influence melt viscosity on an injection molding machine (IMM). These parameters are screw rotational speed and hydraulic back pressure. Having the functionality to control these parameters at specific targets can potentially provide the mechanism to change the melt viscosity. Mathematical models were derived that described the interaction between these two parameters. These models were used to formulate a multivariable model predictive controller developed to control them. The controller was implemented on an industrial‐scale IMM with good closed‐loop performance.
Rapid Access to β‐Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Ketones: Harnessing Inductive Effects in Wacker‐Type Oxidations of Internal Alkenes
Authors: Lerch Michael M. , Morandi Bill , Wickens Zachary K. , Grubbs Robert H.
Published: July 2014

We present a practical trifluoromethyl‐directed Wacker‐type oxidation of internal alkenes that enables rapid access to β‐trifluoromethyl‐substituted ketones. Allylic trifluoromethyl‐substituted alkenes bearing a wide range of functional groups can be oxidized in high yield and regioselectivity. The distance dependence of the regioselectivity was established by systematic variation of the number of methylene units between the double bond and the trifluoromethyl group. The regioselectivity enforced by traditional directing groups could even be reversed by introduction of a competing trifluoromethyl group. Besides being a new powerful synthetic method to prepare fluorinated molecules, this work directly probes the role of inductive effects on nucleopalladation events.
Anomalous water absorption by microelectronic encapsulants due to hygrothermal‐induced degradation
Authors: van Soestbergen Michiel , Mavinkurve Amar
Published: July 2014

Epoxy molding compounds are widely used as microelectronic encapsulants to protect the electronic circuitry from moisture. Since these compounds are hydrophilic they impose a reliability risk, which is assessed by lifetime tests. The interpretation of these tests is generally based on Fickian absorption. However, this work demonstrates that water absorption by microelectronic encapsulants shows anomalous behavior due to hygrothermal‐induced degradation of the material. Namely, experimental data show that the absorption by maiden samples is much slower than subsequent (de)sorption cycles, whereas the solubility depends on the highest water content that was reached in the history of the material. Moreover, at temperatures above glass transition the material might even physically decompose due to water exposure. Comparing these results with common theoretical models for anomalous water absorption shows that the experimental observed anomalies are most likely triggered by internal degradation of the encapsulant, which will impact the reliability assessment of epoxy encapsulated microelectronics. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41192.
Rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties of P (3HB‐co‐4HB) and P (3HB‐co‐4HB)/EVA blends
Authors: Guo Jing , Liu Mengzhu , Liu Yuanfa , Hu Chengnv , Xia Ying , Zhang Hong , Gong Yumei
Published: July 2014

Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB‐co‐4HB)] fiber and P(3HB‐co‐4HB)/EVA fiber were obtained by single screw extrusion machine. The rheology of P(3HB‐co‐4HB) and P(3HB‐co‐4HB)/EVA blends was characterized by capillary rheometer, and the chemical groups of the blends were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The crystallization behavior and thermal, mechanical and elastic properties of the fibers were measured by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and single fiber strength tester, respectively. Besides, the moisture regain and drying shrinkage rates of the fibers were tested. These results showed that P(3HB‐co‐4HB)/EVA blends have better flowability, crystallinity, and thermal stability than P(3HB‐co‐4HB) fiber. The fracture strength of the P(3HB‐co‐4HB)/EVA fiber decreases with increasing the EVA content, but the elongation at break shows the contrary tendency. The rebound resilience ratio of P(3HB‐co‐4HB)/EVA fiber reaches 100%. Both moisture regain and drying shrinkage increase first and then decrease with increasing the EVA content. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41206.
Synergistic effect of THEIC‐Based charring agent on flame retardant properties of polylactide
Authors: Yuan Shanshan , Chen Wenyan , Liu Gousheng
Published: July 2014

A novel charring agent tris(2‐hydrooxyethyl) isocyanurate terephthalic acid ester, tetramer (TT4) was synthesized using tris(2‐hydrooxyethyl) isocyanurate and terephthalic acid as raw materials, and it was characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry and 1H‐NMR spectrum. It was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form intumescent flame retardants for polylactide (PLA). The combustion properties and thermal stability of PLA/APP/TT4 composites were evaluated by UL‐94 burning tests, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). It was found PLA with 30 wt % of APP/TT4 (5 : 1) achieved UL‐94 V‐0 rating and a 40.6 LOI value. Results from TGA demonstrated that APP/TT4 composites could retard the degradation of PLA above 410°C. The char residue at 500°C is higher than 24%, showing a good char forming ability. Moreover, the continuous and expansionary char layer observed from the SEM images proved good charring forming ability of TT4. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41218.
Query‐biased summary generation assisted by query expansion
Authors: Leal Bando Lorena , Scholer Falk , Turpin Andrew
Published: July 2014

Query‐biased summaries help users to identify which items returned by a search system should be read in full. In this article, we study the generation of query‐biased summaries as a sentence ranking approach, and methods to evaluate their effectiveness. Using sentence‐level relevance assessments from theTREC Novelty track, we gauge the benefits of query expansion to minimize the vocabulary mismatch problem between informational requests and sentence ranking methods. Our results from an intrinsic evaluation show that query expansion significantly improves the selection of short relevant sentences (5–13 words) between 7% and 11%. However, query expansion does not lead to improvements for sentences of medium (14–20 words) and long (21–29 words) lengths. In a separate crowdsourcing study, we analyze whether a summary composed of sentences ranked using query expansion was preferred over summaries not assisted by query expansion, rather than assessing sentences individually. We found that participants chose summaries aided by query expansion around 60% of the time over summaries using an unexpanded query. We conclude that query expansion techniques can benefit the selection of sentences for the construction of query‐biased summaries at the summary level rather than at the sentence ranking level.
Patient portal preferences: Perspectives on imaging information
Authors: McNamara Mary , Arnold Corey , Sarma Karthik , Aberle Denise , Garon Edward , Bui Alex A. T.
Published: July 2014

Patient portals have the potential to provide content that is specifically tailored to a patient's information needs based on diagnoses and other factors. In this work, we conducted a survey of 41 lung cancer patients at an outpatient lung cancer clinic at the medical center of the University of California, Los Angeles, to gain insight into these perceived information needs and opinions on the design of a portal to fulfill them. We found that patients requested access to information related to diagnosis and imaging, with more than half of the patients reporting that they did not anticipate an increase in anxiety due to access to medical record information via a portal. We also found that patient educational background did not lead to a significant difference in desires for explanations of reports and definitions of terms.
Stabilization And Tracking Of Underactuated Surface Vessels In Random Waves With Fin Based On Adaptive Hierarchical Sliding Mode Technique
Authors: Liu Cheng , Zou Zao‐jian , Hou Xian‐rui
Published: July 2014

Trajectory tracking and roll stabilization are both vital practices in ship motion control. Trajectory tracking is a kind of low‐frequency control, while roll stabilization by means of fins is a kind of high‐frequency control. However, they have been studied separately previously; most tracking control of underactuated surface vessels in the previous studies do not account for roll stabilization by means of fins. In reality, however, they are an integral system. In this paper, a simple control strategy is proposed to achieve trajectory tracking and fin roll stabilization simultaneously. Four degrees of freedom derived from a six degrees of freedom mathematical model of a surface vessel is considered, including surge, sway, roll and yaw. Surge force, roll moment and yaw moment are considered as control inputs, while position, yaw angle and roll angle are controlled. The number of control inputs is fewer than the outputs to be controlled. Therefore, we are dealing with an underactuated problem. An adaptive hierarchical sliding mode control technique is employed to deal with the underactuation. Stabilization of underactuated surface vessels is studied as a special case. Random waves are applied to test the robustness of the designed controllers. Lyapunov stability theory is used to show the stability of closed‐loop system. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
Design of highly sensitive phosphorescence sensor for determination of procaterol hydrochloride based on inhibition of KClO3 oxidation fluorescein isothiocyanate
Authors: Liu Jia‐Ming , Huang Qitong , Liu Zhen‐bo , Zhang Li‐Hong , Zheng Zhi‐Yong , Lin Chang‐Qing
Published: July 2014

Procaterol hydrochloride (Prh) can inhibit KClO3 oxidation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to form a non‐phosphorescent compound, which causes room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of FITC in the system to enhance sharply the linear relationship between ∆Ip and the Prh content. Thus, a rapid response and highly sensitive phosphorescence sensor for the determination of Prh has been developed based on the inhibiting effect of Prh on KClO3 oxidation of FITC. This simple, high sensitivity (detection limit (LD) calculated by 3Sb/k was 0.019 fg/spot, sample volume 0.40 µl, corresponding concentration 4.8 × 10–14 g ml–1) and selective sensor with a wide linear range (0.080–11.20 g/spot) has been applied to detect Prh in blood samples, and the results were consistent with those obtained by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Simultaneously, the mechanism of the phosphorescence sensor for the detection of Prh was also investigated using infrared spectroscopy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Undergraduates improve upon published crystal structure in class assignment
Authors: Horowitz Scott , Koldewey Philipp , Bardwell James C.
Published: July 2014

Recently, 57 undergraduate students at the University of Michigan were assigned the task of solving a crystal structure, given only the electron density map of a 1.3 Å crystal structure from the electron density server, and the position of the N‐terminal amino acid. To test their knowledge of amino acid chemistry, the students were not given the protein sequence. With minimal direction from the instructor on how the students should complete the assignment, the students fared remarkably well in this task, with over half the class able to reconstruct the original sequence with over 77% sequence identity, and with structures whose median ranked in the 91st percentile of all structures of comparable resolution in terms of structure quality. Fourteen percent of the students' structures produced Molprobity steric clash validation scores even better than that of the original structure, suggesting that multiple students achieved an improvement in the overall structure quality compared to the published structure. Students were able to delineate limiting case chemical environments, such as charged interactions or complete solvent exposure, but were less able to distinguish finer details of hydrogen bonding or hydrophobicity. Our results prompt several questions: why were students able to perform so well in their structural validation scores? How were some students able to outperform the 88% sequence identity mark that would constitute a perfect score, given the level of degenerate density or surface residues with poor density? And how can the methodology used by the best students inform the practices of professional X‐ray crystallographers? © 2014 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 42(5):398–404, 2014.
Jurors' Views on the Value and Objectivity of Mental Health Experts Testifying in Sexually Violent Predator Trials
Authors: Boccaccini Marcus T. , Murrie Daniel C. , Turner Darrel B.
Published: July 2014

Although psychologists and psychiatrists often testify in court, we know relatively little about the extent to which jurors value the testimony they hear from these experts. We surveyed 161 jurors who rendered opinions in 14 sex offender civil commitment trials after hearing testimony from psychologists and psychiatrists serving as expert witnesses. Most jurors reported that the experts they heard testify were honest, and they tended to attribute disagreements among experts to case complexity, as opposed to adversarial allegiance or bias. Most reported that hearing from the experts helped them make better decisions and that experts using risk assessment instruments could make more accurate predictions than those who did not. Jurors were, however, more skeptical about the ability of experts to accurately predict recidivism when they heard testimony from both prosecution and defense experts. Findings suggest that jurors value risk assessment testimony from experts, but that experts must think carefully about how to best make risk assessment instrument results accessible to jurors. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating an online compiler and a plagiarism detection tool into the Moodle distance education system for easy assessment of programming assignments
Authors: Kaya Mümine , Özel Selma Ayşe
Published: July 2014

In this study, an online compiler and a source code plagiarism detection tool have been included into the Moodle based distance education system of our Computer Engineering department. For this purpose Moodle system has been extended with the GCC compiler, and the Moss source code plagiarism detection tool. We observed that using the online compiler and the plagiarism detection tool reduces time and effort needed for the assessment of the programming assignments; prevents our students from plagiarism; and increases their success in their programming based Data Structures course. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:363–373, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21606
2′‐Bispyrene‐Modified 2′‐O‐Methyl RNA Probes as Useful Tools for the Detection of RNA: Synthesis, Fluorescent Properties, and Duplex Stability
Authors: Krasheninina Olga A. , Novopashina Darya S. , Lomzov Alexander A. , Venyaminova Alya G.
Published: July 2014

The synthesis and properties two series of new 2′‐O‐methyl RNA probes, each containing a single insertion of a 2′‐bispyrenylmethylphosphorodiamidate derivative of a nucleotide (U, C, A, and G), are described. As demonstrated by UV melting studies, the probes form stable complexes with model RNAs and DNAs. Significant increases (up to 21‐fold) in pyrene excimer fluorescence intensity were observed upon binding of most of the probes with complementary RNAs, but not with DNAs. The fluorescence spectra are independent of the nature of the modified nucleotides. The nucleotides on the 5′‐side of the modified nucleotide have no effect on the fluorescence spectra, whereas the natures of the two nucleotides on the 3′‐side are important: CC, CG, and UC dinucleotide units on the 3′‐side of the modified nucleotide provide the maximum increases in excimer fluorescence intensity. This study suggests that these 2′‐bispyrene‐labeled 2′‐O‐methyl RNA probes might be useful tools for detection of RNAs.
Therapeutic Applications of an Expanded Genetic Code
Authors: Sun Sophie B. , Schultz Peter G. , Kim Chan Hyuk
Published: July 2014

To date, over 100 noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) have been genetically encoded in living cells in order to expand the functional repertoire of the canonical 20 amino acids. More recently, this technology has been expanded to the field of protein therapeutics, where traditional chemical methods typically result in heterogeneous mixtures of proteins. The site‐specific incorporation of ncAAs with orthogonal chemical groups allows unprecedented control over the site of conjugation and the stoichiometry, thus facilitating the rational optimization of the biological functions and/or pharmacokinetics of biologics. Herein, we discuss the recent contribution of ncAA technology in enhancing the pharmacological properties of current protein therapeutics as well as developing novel therapeutic modalities.
Bioorthogonal Fluorescent Labeling of Functional G‐Protein‐Coupled Receptors
Authors: Tian He , Naganathan Saranga , Kazmi Manija A. , Schwartz Thue W. , Sakmar Thomas P. , Huber Thomas
Published: July 2014

Novel methods are required for site‐specific, quantitative fluorescent labeling of G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) and other difficult‐to‐express membrane proteins. Ideally, fluorescent probes should perturb the native structure and function as little as possible. We evaluated bioorthogonal reactions to label genetically encoded p‐acetyl‐L‐phenylalanine (AcF) or p‐azido‐L‐phenylalanine (azF) residues in receptors heterologously expressed in mammalian cells. We found that keto‐selective reagents were not truly bioorthogonal, possibly owing to post‐translational protein oxidation reactions. In contrast, the strain‐promoted [3+2] azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SpAAC) with dibenzocyclooctyne (DIBO) reagents yielded stoichiometric conjugates with azF‐rhodopsin while undergoing negligible background reactions. As one application of this technique, we used Alexa488–rhodopsin to measure the kinetics of ligand uptake and release in membrane‐mimetic bicelles using a novel fluorescence‐quenching assay.
SCAI expert consensus statement for infrapopliteal arterial intervention appropriate use
Authors: Gray Bruce H. , Diaz‐Sandoval Larry. J. , Dieter Robert S. , Jaff Michael R. , White Christopher J.
Published: July 2014

Intervention to treat infrapopliteal arterial disease can be challenging because the patients' comorbidities, the anatomic variables, and the limitations of our techniques. Clinical scenarios based on anatomic and clinical variables are presented. Recommendations regarding intervention (appropriate care, may be appropriate care, rarely appropriate care) are made based on best evidence.© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asymmetric oxa‐Michael‐aza‐Henry Cascade Reaction of 2‐Hydroxyaryl‐Substituted α‐Amido Sulfones and Nitroolefins Mediated by Chiral Squaramides
Authors: Zheng Bo , Hou Wenduan , Peng Yungui
Published: July 2014

A series of chiral squaramides were employed in the oxa‐Michael‐aza‐Henry cascade reaction of 2‐hydroxyaryl‐substituted α‐amido sulfones and nitroolefins. In the presence of 10 mol % of a squaramide catalyst and K2CO3 (aq) in CHCl3 at 0 °C, this reaction proceeded smoothly to afford chiral multisubstituted 4‐amino‐3‐nitrobenzopyrans, bearing a readily removable N‐Boc protecting group (Boc=tert‐butoxycarbonyl), in excellent yields (up to 98 %) and enantioselectivity [up to 98:2 enantiomeric ratio (er) and 93:7 diastereomeric ratio (dr)]. The 4‐amino‐3‐nitrobenzopyrans were converted into chiral 3,4‐diamino chromanes, which were further exploited as chiral ligands in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone, providing 1‐phenylethanol in up to 84 % yield and 93.5:6.5 er.
Graphene Oxide and Its Functionalized Derivatives as Carbocatalysts in the Multicomponent Strecker Reaction of Ketones
Authors: Sengupta Ananya , Su Chenliang , Bao Chenlu , Nai Chang Tai , Loh Kian Ping
Published: July 2014

Functionalized graphene oxide derivatives are found to be efficient and reusable carbocatalysts for the one‐pot multicomponent Strecker reaction of aldehydes and ketones under neat and open‐air conditions.
Molecular Pom Poms from Self‐Assembling α,γ‐Cyclic Peptides
Authors: Panciera Michele , Amorín Manuel , Granja Juan R.
Published: July 2014

The hierarchical self‐assembly properties of a dimer‐forming cyclic peptide that bears a nicotinic acid moiety to form molecular pom‐pom‐like structures are described. This dimeric assembly self organizes into spherical structures that can encapsulate small organic molecules owing to its porosity and it can also facilitate metal deposition on its surface directed by the pyridine moiety.
Insight into the Interactions between Novel Coumarin Derivatives and Human A3 Adenosine Receptors
Authors: Matos Maria João , Vilar Santiago , Kachler Sonja , Fonseca André , Santana Lourdes , Uriarte Eugenio , Borges Fernanda , Tatonetti Nicholas P. , Klotz Karl‐Norbert
Published: July 2014

A study focused on the discovery of new chemical entities based on the 3‐arylcoumarin scaffold was performed with the aim of finding new adenosine receptor (AR) ligands. Thirteen synthesized compounds were evaluated by radioligand binding (A1, A2A, and A3) and adenylyl cyclase activity (A2B) assays in order to study their affinity for the four human AR (hAR) subtypes. Seven of the studied compounds proved to be selective A3AR ligands, with 3‐(4′‐methylphenyl)‐8‐(2‐oxopropoxy)coumarin (12) being the most potent (Ki=634 nM). None of the compounds showed affinity for the A2B receptor, while four compounds were found to be nonselective AR ligands for the other three subtypes. Docking simulations were carried out to identify the hypothetical binding mode and to rationalize the interaction of these types of coumarin derivatives with the binding site of the three ARs to which binding was observed. The results allowed us to conclude that the 3‐arylcoumarin scaffold composes a novel and promising class of A3AR ligands. ADME properties were also calculated, with the results suggesting that these compounds are promising leads for the identification of new drug candidates.
Exorhodopsin and melanopsin systems in the pineal complex and brain at early developmental stages of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)
Authors: Eilertsen Mariann , Drivenes Øyvind , Edvardsen Rolf B. , Bradley Clarrisa A. , Ebbesson Lars O.E. , Helvik Jon Vidar
Published: July 2014

The complexity of the nonvisual photoreception systems in teleosts has just started to be appreciated, with colocalization of multiple photoreceptor types with unresolved functions. Here we describe an intricate expression pattern of melanopsins in early life stages of the marine flat fish Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), a period when the unpigmented brain is directly exposed to environmental photons. We show a refined and extensive expression of melanopsins in the halibut brain already at the time of hatching, long before the eyes are functional. We detect melanopsin in the habenula, suprachiasmatic nucleus, dorsal thalamus, and lateral tubular nucleus of first feeding larvae, suggesting conserved functions of the melanopsins in marine teleosts. The complex expression of melanopsins already at larval stages indicates the importance of nonvisual photoreception early in development. Most strikingly, we detect expression of both exorhodopsin and melanopsin in the pineal complex of halibut larvae. Double‐fluorescence labeling showed that two clusters of melanopsin‐positive cells are located lateral to the central rosette of exorhodopsin‐positive cells. The localization of different photopigments in the pineal complex suggests that two parallel photoreceptor systems may be active. Furthermore, the dispersed melanopsin‐positive cells in the spinal cord of halibut larvae at the time of hatching may be primary sensory cells or interneurons representing the first example of dispersed high‐order photoreceptor cells. The appearance of nonvisual opsins early in the development of halibut provides an alternative model for studying the evolution and functional significance of nonvisual opsins. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:4003–4022, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mean Field Equation of Liouville Type with Singular Data: Topological Degree
Authors: Chen Chiun‐Chuan , Lin Chang‐Shou
Published: July 2014

We consider the following mean field equation:

urn:x-wiley::media:cpa21532:cpa21532-math-0001

where M is a compact Riemann surface with volume 1, h* is a positive C1 function on M, and ρ and αj are constants satisfying αj > −1. In this paper, we derive the topological‐degree‐counting formula for noncritical values of ρ. We also give several applications of this formula, including existence of the curvature  + 1 metric with conic singularities, doubly periodic solutions of electroweak theory, and a special case of self‐gravitating strings. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time‐Resolved, In Situ DRIFTS/EDE/MS Studies on Alumina‐Supported Rhodium Catalysts: Effects of Ceriation and Zirconiation on Rhodium–CO Interactions
Authors: Kroner Anna B. , Newton Mark A. , Tromp Moniek , Roscioni Otello M. , Russell Andrea E. , Dent Andrew J. , Prestipino Carmelo , Evans John
Published: July 2014

The effects of ceria and zirconia on the structure–function properties of supported rhodium catalysts (1.6 and 4 wt % Rh/γ‐Al2O3) during CO exposure are described. Ceria and zirconia are introduced through two preparation methods: 1) ceria is deposited on γ‐Al2O3 from [Ce(acac)3] and rhodium metal is subsequently added, and 2) through the controlled surface modification (CSM) technique, which involves the decomposition of [M(acac)x] (M=Ce, x=3; M=Zr, x=4) on Rh/γ‐Al2O3. The structure–function correlations of ceria and/or zirconia‐doped rhodium catalysts are investigated by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier‐transform spectroscopy/energy‐dispersive extended X‐ray absorption spectroscopy/mass spectrometry (DRIFTS/EDE/MS) under time‐resolved, in situ conditions. CeOx and ZrO2 facilitate the protection of Rh particles against extensive oxidation in air and CO. Larger Rh core particles of ceriated and zirconiated Rh catalysts prepared by CSM are observed and compared with Rh/γ‐Al2O3 samples, whereas supported Rh particles are easily disrupted by CO forming mononuclear Rh geminal dicarbonyl species. DRIFTS results indicate that, through the interaction of CO with ceriated Rh particles, a significantly larger amount of linear CO species form; this suggests the predominance of a metallic Rh phase.
The Diverse Manifold of Electronic States Generated by a Single Carbon Defect in a Graphene Sheet: Multireference Calculations Using a Pyrene Defect Model
Authors: Machado Francisco B. C. , Aquino Adélia J. A. , Lischka Hans
Published: July 2014

Detailed calculations have been performed on the electronic states occurring in a single vacancy defect model based on pyrene from which one of the central carbon atoms has been removed. Complete active space self‐consistent field and multireference configuration interaction with singles and doubles calculations have been performed using the 6‐31G and 6‐31G* basis sets. Two types of defect geometries have been defined: 1) The unrelaxed defect structure based on pyrene and 2) a relaxed structure. In total 12 electronic states have been computed for the unrelaxed structure at C2v symmetry, comprising four singlets, triplets and quintets each. The lowest six states are formed from singlet and triplet states and appear in a rather narrow gap of ∼0.6 eV. The lowest quintet state is found 1.43 eV above the 3B1 ground state. As predicted from Jahn–Teller distortions, a CC bond is formed between dangling carbon bonds in the 1, 3B1 states, leading to the formation of a five‐membered ring. The 1, 3A2 states show initial repulsive behavior along the bond formation coordinate until an avoided crossing is reached by which these states are furnished with CC bonding character so that finally also in these cases a CC bond is established. Linear interpolation curves between the initial unrelaxed defect structure and the final optimized structure are used to give an overview of the evolution of electronic states and the occurrence of avoided crossings. Out‐of‐plane structures are investigated with special emphasis on the carbon atom containing a dangling bond in the relaxed structure. Unpaired electron densities are used to characterize the electronic structure of the different states.
The Determinants of Green Product Innovation Performance
Authors: Chang Ching‐Hsun
Published: July 2014

This study utilizes structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the positive effects of corporate environmental commitment and green human capital on green product innovation performance via the mediator: green adaptive ability. Green adaptive ability is the capability to comply with uncertain environmental regulations and environmentalism. This study tests the hypotheses in a sample of 136 of Taiwan's manufacturing companies. The findings in this study highlight the importance of corporate environmental commitment and green human capital that are determinants of green adaptive ability to develop green product innovation. The empirical results show corporate environmental commitment positively affects green product innovation performance directly and positively influences it indirectly via green adaptive ability. Green human capital, however, does not affect green product innovation performance directly. Green adaptive ability is a full mediator between green human capital and green product innovation performance but a partial mediator between corporate environmental commitment and green product innovation performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Homoleptic Molybdenum Cluster Sulfides Functionalized with Noninnocent Diimine Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Redox Behavior
Authors: Gushchin Artem L. , Laricheva Yuliya A. , Abramov Pavel A. , Virovets Alexander V. , Vicent Cristian , Sokolov Maxim N. , Llusar Rosa
Published: July 2014

Thiourea (tu) has been coordinated to the Mo3S44+ cluster unit to afford the new cluster compound [Mo3S4(tu)8(H2O)]Cl4·4H2O (1). The high substitutional lability of the thiourea ligands can be exploited to achieve smooth ligand substitution in the Mo3S4 cluster. The reactions of 1 with 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) and 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) have resulted in new trisubstituted diimino complexes [Mo3S4Cl3L3]+ [L = phen (2), bpy (3)]. The crystal structure of [Mo3S4Cl3(phen)3]Cl·4H2O was determined by X‐ray analysis. A solid‐state cyclic voltammetry study of 2 shows a ligand‐centered reversible two‐electron reduction. DFT calculations for [Mo3S4Cl3(phen)3]+ and the 2e‐reduced species [Mo3S4Cl3(phen)3]– support our interpretation of the reduction process. Compound 3 undergoes a reversible two‐electron reduction, which is more metal‐centered on the basis of DFT calculations.
Vanadium Complexes as Prospective Therapeutics: Structural Characterization of a VIV Lysozyme Adduct
Authors: Santos Marino F. A. , Correia Isabel , Oliveira Ana R. , Garribba Eugenio , Pessoa João Costa , Santos‐Silva Teresa
Published: July 2014

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Teresa Santos‐Silva from Universidade Nova de Lisboa and João da Costa Pessoa, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal. The cover image shows a representation of the HEWL–VIVO(pic)2 adduct (HEWL: hen egg white lysozyme; pic: picolinato).