bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Completeness of Infinite-dimensional Lie Groups in Their Left Uniformity
Authors: Glöckner Helge
Published: November 2017

We prove completeness for the main examples of infinite-dimensional Lie groups and some related topological groups. Consider a sequence $G_{1}\subseteq G_{2}\subseteq \cdots \,$ of topological groups $G_{n}$ n such that $G_{n}$ is a subgroup of $G_{n+1}$ and the latter induces the given topology on $G_{n}$, for each $n\in \mathbb{N}$. Let $G$ be the direct limit of the sequence in the category of topological groups. We show that $G$ induces the given topology on each $G_{n}$ whenever $\cup _{n\in \mathbb{N}}V_{1}V_{2}\cdots V_{n}$ is an identity neighbourhood in $G$ for all identity neighbourhoods $V_{n}\subseteq G_{n}$. If, moreover, each $G_{n}$ is complete, then $G$ is complete. We also show that the weak direct product $\oplus _{j\in J}G_{j}$ is complete for each family $(G_{j})_{j\in J}$ of complete Lie groups $G_{j}$. As a consequence, every strict direct limit $G=\cup _{n\in \mathbb{N}}G_{n}$ of finite-dimensional Lie groups is complete, as well as the diffeomorphism group $\text{Diff}_{c}(M)$ of a paracompact finite-dimensional smooth manifold $M$ and the test function group $C_{c}^{k}(M,H)$, for each $k\in \mathbb{N}_{0}\cup \{\infty \}$ and complete Lie group $H$ modelled on a complete locally convex space.
Treatment of Wastewater from Bean Sprout Production for Reuse
Authors: Burgos-Lujan Ines , Tong Anthony Zhaoguo
Published: November 2017

Bean sprout production consumes a significant volume of municipal water and generates a similar amount of wastewater. Water costs become a serious concern for this food industry, therefore wastewater reuse is highly desired by many sprout producers. Bean sprout wastewater has a relatively low level of contamination, which gives a great potential for reuse. The objective of this study was to exam the treatment feasibility of sprout production wastewater using a membrane bioreactor. Real-world wastewater from a sprout producer was treated continuously for 35 days. Important water quality parameters were monitored closely including chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, tannins, pH, total suspended solids (TSS), etc. Once the biological system was stabilized, the MBR’s effluent showed very low level of COD, ammonia, TSS and bacteria, which demonstrated that the reuse of sprout wastewater is achievable.
Upwelling conditions associated to the distribution of zooplankton in San Hipolito, B.C.S.
Authors: Cervantes-Duarte R , Aguíñiga-García S , Hernández-Trujillo S
Published: November 2017

From June 22 to 24, 1989, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, phosphate (0 to 300 m depth), wind speed and direction were measured in a grid of 35 hydrographic stations in the coastal Pacific off Bahía San Hipólito, B.C.S. Zooplankton biomass, abundance and diversity of the copepod community were also determined. The average wind direction and speed were 309º NW and 6.7 m s–1, respectively. The correlation coefficient between sigma-t and NO3–1 in the 25.0 to 26.0 density range was 0.67 (r, 95% confidence level). In general, high concentrations of zooplankton biomass were found at the coolest coastal stations. Thirty-three species of copepod were identified, dominated by Calanus pacifìcus (91%) and, in lesser abundance, by Pleuromama abdominalis (6.2%) and Calanus minor (0.7). A taxonomic analysis of the composition of copepods indicated a predominantly transitional fauna with some species of temperate-tropical origin. Using wind velocity and nitrate distribution, we estimate that 80 millimoles of NO3–1 m–2 d–1 are transported into the euphotic zone, which is equivalent to a new production of approximately 6.4 g C m–2 d–1. This value is considered high in comparison to other upwelling areas and apparently maintains high zooplankton biomass at inshore stations.
Floristic study on benthic marine algae of Bahia Concepcion, B.C.S., Mexico
Authors: Mateo-Cid LE , Sánchez-Rodríguez I , Rodríguez-Montesinos YE , Casas-Valdez MM
Published: November 2017

Results are presented of a study on the algae from the waters of Bahía Concepción, B.C.S., in the Gulf of California. The floristic list includes data on the species found, the state of reproduction, tidal levels, type of coast, substrate and epiphytism. Sixty-three species of Rhodophyta, 22 species of Phaeophyta and 18 species of Chlorophyta were identified. The presence of various species in relation to light, temperature and substrate is discussed. The Rhodophyta dominated in terms of species diversity. The algal flora of Bahía Concepción is tropical and its greatest species diversity is found in spring.
Identification of novel bone morphogenetic protein‐ responsive elements in a hepcidin promoter
Authors: Kanamori Yohei , Murakami Masaru , Matsui Tohru , Funaba Masayuki
Published: November 2017

Hepcidin plays a central role in systemic iron metabolism. The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway regulates expression of hepcidin through transcriptional activation via BMP‐responsive elements (REs) 1 and 2 on the promoter. Previous studies also revealed that the BMP pathway stimulates transcription of its target genes via GC‐rich sequences on the promoter. A search for GC‐rich sequences on the hepcidin promoter indicated 13 regions across the distal (A to F), middle (G to I), and proximal (J to M) areas; among them, mutations of the GC‐rich element found in regions B to D exhibited decreased responsiveness to ALK3(QD) expression in the presence of BMP‐RE1 mutations, indicating necessity of the elements for full expression of hepcidin by the BMP pathway.
Decomposition of the Mean Barotropic Transport in a High‐Resolution Model of the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Wang Yuan , Claus Martin , Greatbatch Richard J. , Sheng Jinyu
Published: November 2017

We show how a barotropic shallow water model can be used to decompose the mean barotropic transport from a high‐resolution ocean model based on the vertically averaged momentum equations. We apply the method to a high‐resolution model of the North Atlantic for which the local vorticity budget is both noisy and dominated by small spatial scales. The shallow water model acts as an effective filter and clearly reveals the transport driven by each term. The potential energy (joint effect of baroclinicity and bottom relief) term is the most important for driving transport, including in the northwest corner, while mean flow advection is important for driving transport along f/H contours around the Labrador Sea continental slope. Both the eddy momentum flux and the mean flow advection terms drive significant transport along the pathway of the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Current.
Strong Relations Between ENSO and the Arctic Oscillation in the North American Multimodel Ensemble
Authors: L'Heureux Michelle L. , Tippett Michael K. , Kumar Arun , Butler Amy H. , Ciasto Laura M. , Ding Qinghua , Harnos Kirstin J. , Johnson Nathaniel C.
Published: November 2017

Arctic Oscillation (AO) variability impacts climate anomalies over the middle to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Recently, state‐of‐the‐art climate prediction models have proved capable of skillfully predicting the AO during the winter, revealing a previously unrealized source of climate predictability. Hindcasts from the North American Multimodel Ensemble (NMME) show that the seasonal, ensemble mean 200 hPa AO index is skillfully predicted up to 7 months in advance and that this skill, especially at longer leads, is coincident with previously unknown and strong relations (r > 0.9) with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The NMME is a seasonal prediction system that comprises eight models and up to 100 members with forecasts out to 12 months. Observed ENSO‐AO correlations are within the spread of the NMME member correlations, but the majority of member correlations are stronger than observed, consistent with too high predictability in the model, or overconfidence.
A 2 Year Forecast for a 60–80% Chance of La Niña in 2017–2018
Authors: DiNezio Pedro N. , Deser Clara , Karspeck Alicia , Yeager Stephen , Okumura Yuko , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Rosenbloom Nan , Caron Julie , Meehl Gerald A.
Published: November 2017

Historical observations show that one in two La Niña events last for two consecutive years. Despite their outsized impacts on drought, these 2 year La Niña are not predicted on a routine basis. Here we assess their predictability using retrospective forecasts performed with a climate model that simulates realistic multiyear events, as well as with an empirical model based on observed predictors. The skill of the retrospective forecasts allows us to make predictions for the upcoming 2017–2018 boreal winter starting from conditions in November 2015. These 2 year forecasts indicate that the return of La Niña is more likely than not, with a 60% probability based on the climate model and an 80% probability based on the empirical model; the likelihood of El Niño is less than 8% in both cases. These results demonstrate the feasibility of predictions of the duration of La Niña.
Topographic Constraints on the Evolution and Connectivity of Titan's Lacustrine Basins
Authors: Hayes A. G. , Birch S. P. D. , Dietrich W. E. , Howard A. D. , Kirk R. L. , Poggiali V. , Mastrogiuseppe M. , Michaelides R. J. , Corlies P. M. , Moore J. M. , Malaska M. J. , Mitchell K. L. , Lorenz R. D. , Wood C. A.
Published: November 2017

The topography provided by altimetry, synthetic aperture radar‐topography, and stereo radargrammetry has opened new doors for Titan research by allowing for quantitative analysis of morphologic form. Using altimetry measurements, we show that Titan's Maria are consistent with an equipotential surface but that several filled lakes are found to be hundreds of meters above this sea level, suggesting that they exist in isolated or perched basins. Within a given drainage basin, empty lake floors are typically higher than the liquid elevation of nearby lakes/seas, suggesting local subsurface connectivity. The majority of Titan's lakes reside in topographically closed, sharp‐edged depressions whose planform curvature suggests lateral expansion through uniform scarp retreat. Many, but not all, empty lake basins exhibit flat floors and hectometer‐scale raised rims that present a challenge to formation models. We conclude that dissolution erosion can best match the observed constraints but that challenges remain in the interpretation of formation processes and materials.
Permeability Evolution of Slowly Slipping Faults in Shale Reservoirs
Authors: Wu Wei , Reece Julia S. , Gensterblum Yves , Zoback Mark D.
Published: November 2017

Slow slip on preexisting faults during hydraulic fracturing is a process that significantly influences shale gas production in extremely low permeability “shale” (unconventional) reservoirs. We experimentally examined the impacts of mineralogy, surface roughness, and effective stress on permeability evolution of slowly slipping faults in Eagle Ford shale samples. Our results show that fault permeability decreases with slip at higher effective stress but increases with slip at lower effective stress. The permeabilities of saw cut faults fully recover after cycling effective stress from 2.5 to 17.5 to 2.5 MPa and increase with slip at constant effective stress due to asperity damage and dilation associated with slip. However, the permeabilities of natural faults only partially recover after cycling effective stress returns to 2.5 MPa and decrease with slip due to produced gouge blocking fluid flow pathways. Our results suggest that slowly slipping faults have the potential to enhance reservoir stimulation in extremely low permeability reservoirs.
Tall Tower Vertical Profiles and Diurnal Trends of Ammonia in the Colorado Front Range
Authors: Tevlin A. G. , Li Y. , Collett J. L. , McDuffie E. E. , Fischer E. V. , Murphy J. G.
Published: November 2017

Ammonia (NH3) mixing ratios were measured between the surface and 280 m aboveground level from a moveable carriage at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory tower in summer 2014 as part of the Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Éxperiment. The campaign median mixing ratio was 3.3 ppb, ranging from below detection limits to 192 ppb. Median vertical profiles show an overall increase in NH3 mixing ratios toward the surface of 6.7 ppb (89%) during the day and 3.9 ppb (141%) at night. In contrast to the overall increasing trend, some individual profiles show decreasing NH3 in the lowest 10 m. This suggests that the local surface is capable of acting as either a source or a sink, depending on the relative amounts of NH3 at the surface, and in advected air parcels. We further use this data set to investigate the variation in diurnal patterns of NH3 as a function of height above the surface. At higher altitudes (100 ± 5 and 280 ± 5 m), NH3 mixing ratios reach a gradual maximum during the day between 9:00 and 16:00 local time, likely driven by changes in source region. At lower altitudes (10 ± 5 m), the daytime maximum begins earlier at about 7:00 local time, followed by a sharper increase at 9:00 local time. At this height we also observe a peak in NH3 mixing ratios during the night, likely driven by the trapping of emitted NH3 within the shallower nocturnal boundary layer.
Global Land Surface Temperature From the Along‐Track Scanning Radiometers
Authors: Ghent D. J. , Corlett G. K. , Göttsche F.‐M. , Remedios J. J.
Published: November 2017

The Leicester Along‐Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) and Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) Processor for LAnd Surface Temperature (LASPLAST) provides global land surface temperature (LST) products from thermal infrared radiance data. In this paper, the state‐of‐the‐art version of LASPLAST, as deployed in the GlobTemperature project, is described and applied to data from the Advanced Along‐Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR). The LASPLAST retrieval formulation for LST is a nadir‐only, two‐channel, split‐window algorithm, based on biome classification, fractional vegetation, and across‐track water vapor dependences. It incorporates globally robust retrieval coefficients derived using highly sampled atmosphere profiles. LASPLAST benefits from appropriate spatial resolution auxiliary information and a new probabilistic‐based cloud flagging algorithm. For the first time for a satellite‐derived LST product, pixel‐level uncertainties characterized in terms of random, locally correlated, and systematic components are provided. The new GlobTemperature GT_ATS_2P Version 1.0 product has been validated for 1 year of AATSR data (2009) against in situ measurements acquired from “gold standard reference” stations: Gobabeb, Namibia, and Evora, Portugal; seven Surface Radiation Budget stations, and the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement station at Southern Great Plains. These data show average absolute biases for the GT_ATS_2P Version 1.0 product of 1.00 K in the daytime and 1.08 K in the nighttime. The improvements in data provenance including better accuracy, fully traceable retrieval coefficients, quantified uncertainty, and more detailed information in the new harmonized format of the GT_ATS_2P product will allow for more significant exploitation of the historical LST data record from the ATSRs and a valuable near‐real‐time service from the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometers (SLSTRs).
Retrievals of the Far Infrared Surface Emissivity Over the Greenland Plateau Using the Tropospheric Airborne Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TAFTS)
Authors: Bellisario Christophe , Brindley Helen E. , Murray Jonathan E. , Last Alan , Pickering Juliet , Harlow R. Chawn , Fox Stuart , Fox Cathryn , Newman Stuart M. , Smith Maureen , Anderson Doug , Huang Xianglei , Chen Xiuhong
Published: November 2017

The Tropospheric Airborne Fourier Transform Spectrometer measured near surface upwelling and downwelling radiances within the far infrared (FIR) over Greenland during two flights in March 2015. Here we exploit observations from one of these flights to provide in situ estimates of FIR surface emissivity, encompassing the range 80–535 cm−1. The flight campaign and instrumental setup are described as well as the retrieval method, including the quality control performed on the observations. The combination of measurement and atmospheric profile uncertainties means that the retrieved surface emissivity has the smallest estimated error over the range 360–535 cm−1 (18.7–27.8 μm), lying between 0.89 and 1 with an associated error that is of the order ±0.06. Between 80 and 360 cm−1, the increasing opacity of the atmosphere, coupled with the uncertainty in the atmospheric state, means that the associated errors are larger and the emissivity values cannot be said to be distinct from 1. These FIR surface emissivity values are, to the best of our knowledge, the first ever from aircraft‐based measurements. We have compared them to a recently developed theoretical database designed to predict the infrared surface emissivity of frozen surfaces. When considering the FIR alone, we are able to match the retrievals within uncertainties. However, when we include contemporaneous retrievals from the mid‐infrared (MIR), no single theoretical representation is able to capture the FIR and MIR behaviors simultaneously. Our results point toward the need for model improvement and further testing, ideally including in situ characterization of the underlying surface conditions.
Engineering Escherichia coli for malate production by integrating modular pathway characterization with CRISPRi‐guided multiplexed metabolic tuning
Authors: Gao Cong , Wang Shihui , Hu Guipeng , Guo Liang , Chen Xiulai , Xu Peng , Liu Liming
Published: November 2017

The application of rational design in reallocating metabolic flux to overproduce desired chemicals is always restricted by the native regulatory network. Here, we demonstrated that in vitro modular pathway optimization combined with in vivo multiplexed combinatorial engineering enables effective characterization of the bottleneck of a complex biosynthetic cascade and improves the output of the engineered pathway. As a proof of concept, we systematically identified the rate‐limiting step of a five‐gene malate biosynthetic pathway by combinatorially tuning the enzyme loads of a reconstituted biocatalytic reaction in a cell‐free system. Using multiplexed CRISPR interference, we subsequently eliminated the metabolic constraints by rationally assigning an optimal gene expression pattern for each pathway module. The present engineered strain Escherichia coli B0013‐47 exhibited a 2.3‐fold increase in malate titer compared with that of the parental strain, with a yield of 0.85 mol/mol glucose in shake‐flask culture and titer of 269 mM (36 g/L) in fed‐batch cultivation. The strategy reported herein represents a powerful method for improving the efficiency of multi‐gene pathways and advancing the success of metabolic engineering.
In vitro treatment with concentrated growth factors (CGF) and sodium orthosilicate positively affects cell renewal in three different human cell lines
Authors: Bonazza Veronica , Borsani Elisa , Buffoli Barbara , Parolini Silvia , Inchingolo Francesco , Rezzani Rita , Rodella Luigi Fabrizio
Published: November 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of Silicon, in the soluble form of sodium orthosilicate, combined and not with the concentrated growth factors (CGF), a platelet‐rich preparation, on three different human cell lines of fibroblasts (NHDF), endothelial cells (HUVEC), and osteoblasts (HOBs). Each cell type was treated with sodium orthosilicate at the final concentration of 0.5 mM and 1 mM, CGF, and sodium orthosilicate combined with CGF, for 72 h. At the end of the experimental period, the in vitro effect on cell growth, proliferation, and metabolic activity was evaluated by performing a simple cell count, using an automated cell counter and by evaluating the expression of the intracellular proliferation marker Ki‐67, using Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Moreover, the expression of other cell markers and active molecules, such as Collagen type I, Osteopontin, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, and endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase, was evaluated, through immunohistochemistry. Results obtained showed that the combined use of CGF and sodium orthosilicate stimulates cell growth, proliferation, and metabolic activity, suggesting that this treatment could be effective in tissue regeneration.
Aggregation‐Induced Singlet Oxygen Generation: Functional Fluorophore and Anthrylphenylene Dyad Self‐Assemblies
Authors: Kim Sooyeon , Zhou Yang , Tohnai Norimitsu , Nakatsuji Hirotaka , Matsusaki Michiya , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Miyata Mikiji , Majima Tetsuro
Published: November 2017

The assembly of monomeric building blocks can manifest the display of new properties, including optical, mechanical, and electrochemical functionalities. In this study, we sought to develop a functional fluorophore self‐assembly that can generate reactive oxygen species only when aggregated. With an anthrylphenylene (AP) group, negatively charged and neutral fluorescein units form non‐fluorescent H‐aggregates in aqueous solution because of the weak intermolecular interaction between the anthracene and fluorescein moieties. In stark contrast, a boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) and AP dyad produces two‐color‐emissive aggregates through the formation of an intermolecular charge‐transfer (CT) complex between the electron‐rich anthracene and electron‐deficient BODIPY moieties. Furthermore, to our surprise, the BODIPY and AP dyad aggregates generate singlet oxygen (1O2) and photocytotoxicity upon excitation, indicating that the BODIPY–anthracene CT state favors an intersystem crossing process. Based on X‐ray crystallographic analysis, the lattice‐like molecular packing between the BODIPY and AP moieties was determined to bring about the unprecedented aggregation‐induced 1O2 generation (AISG).
Fault detection for nonlinear systems with unreliable measurements based on hierarchy cubature Kalman filter
Authors: Yan Liping , Zhang Yanan , Xiao Bo , Xia Yuanqing , Fu Mengyin
Published: November 2017

This paper is concerned with fault detection of a kind of nonlinear dynamic system. Based on the framework of hierarchy information processing, the scope of the fault is first located by use of the presented windowing cubature Kalman filter (WCKF), followed by point‐by‐point fault detection to locate the fault by use of the residuals of each moment within the suspected windows. Theoretical analysis and experiments show that the presented algorithm is more effective than the traditional point‐by‐point fault detection method that only uses the moment residuals. The presented algorithm has potential value in many application fields, such as fault detection, reliability evaluation, fault tolerant control, etc.
Optimization and Evaluation of Antiparasitic Benzamidobenzoic Acids as Inhibitors of Kinetoplastid Hexokinase 1
Authors: Flaherty Daniel P. , Harris Michael T. , Schroeder Chad E. , Khan Haaris , Kahney Elizabeth W. , Hackler Amber L. , Patrick Stephen L. , Weiner Warren S. , Aubé Jeffrey , Sharlow Elizabeth R. , Morris James C. , Golden Jennifer E.
Published: November 2017

Kinetoplastid‐based infections are neglected diseases that represent a significant human health issue. Chemotherapeutic options are limited due to toxicity, parasite susceptibility, and poor patient compliance. In response, we studied a molecular‐target‐directed approach involving intervention of hexokinase activity—a pivotal enzyme in parasite metabolism. A benzamidobenzoic acid hit with modest biochemical inhibition of Trypanosoma brucei hexokinase 1 (TbHK1, IC50=9.1 μm), low mammalian cytotoxicity (IMR90 cells, EC50>25 μm), and no appreciable activity on whole bloodstream‐form (BSF) parasites was optimized to afford a probe with improved TbHK1 potency and, significantly, efficacy against whole BSF parasites (TbHK1, IC50=0.28 μm; BSF, ED50=1.9 μm). Compounds in this series also inhibited the hexokinase enzyme from Leishmania major (LmHK1), albeit with less potency than toward TbHK1, suggesting that inhibition of the glycolytic pathway may be a promising opportunity to target multiple disease‐causing trypanosomatid protozoa.
Bedside to Bench: Integrating Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology and Reverse Translation to Optimize Drug Development
Authors: Gibbs John P. , Menon Rajeev , Kasichayanula Sreeneeranj
Published: November 2017

With so much emphasis on reducing attrition and becoming more efficient in the delivery of healthcare, there are many opportunities to leverage existing clinical data in drug development and to foster the practice of reverse translation. The application of quantitative approaches to convert clinical trial and real‐world data to knowledge will continue to drive innovation. Herein we discuss recent examples of reverse translation and consider future opportunities to capture critical clinical knowledge to inform decision‐making in drug development.
Trait‐abundance relation in response to nutrient addition in a Tibetan alpine meadow: The importance of species trade‐off in resource conservation and acquisition
Authors: Liu Huiying , Li Ying , Ren Fei , Lin Li , Zhu Wenyan , He Jin‐Sheng , Niu Kechang
Published: November 2017

In competition‐dominated communities, traits promoting resource conservation and competitive ability are expected to have an important influence on species relative abundance (SRA). Yet, few studies have tested the trait‐abundance relations in the line of species trade‐off in resource conservation versus acquisition, indicating by multiple traits coordination. We measuredSRAand key functional traits involving leaf economic spectrum (SLA, specific leaf area;LDMC, leaf dry matter content;LCC, leaf carbon concentration;LNC, leaf nitrogen concentration;LPC, leaf phosphorus concentration; Hs, mature height) for ten common species in all plots subjected to addition of nitrogen fertilizer (N), phosphorus fertilizer (P), or both of them (NP) in a Tibetan alpine meadow. We test whetherSRAis positively related with traits promoting plant resource conservation, while negatively correlated with traits promoting plant growth and resource acquisition. We found that species were primarily differentiated along a trade‐off axis involving traits promoting nutrient acquisition and fast growth (e.g.,LPCandSLA) versus traits promoting resource conservation and competition ability (e.g., largeLDMC). We further found thatSRAwas positively correlated with plant height,LDMC, andLCC, but negatively associated withSLAand leaf nutrient concentration irrespective of fertilization. A stronger positive height‐SRAwas found inNP‐fertilized plots than in other plots, while negative correlations betweenSRAandSLAandLPCwere found in N or P fertilized plots. The results indicate that species trade‐off in nutrient acquisition and resource conservation was a key driver ofSRAin competition‐dominated communities following fertilization, with the linkage betweenSRAand traits depending on plant competition for specific soil nutrient and/or light availability. The results highlight the importance of competitive exclusion in plant community assembly following fertilization and suggest that abundant species in local communities become dominated at expense of growth while infrequent species hold an advantage in fast growth and dispersals to neighbor meta‐communities.
Watershed services in the humid tropics: Opportunities from recent advances in ecohydrology
Authors: Hamel Perrine , Riveros‐Iregui Diego , Ballari Daniela , Browning Trevor , Célleri Rolando , Chandler David , Chun Kwok Pan , Destouni Georgia , Jacobs Suzanne , Jasechko Scott , Johnson Mark , Krishnaswamy Jagdish , Poca María , Pompeu Patrícia Vieira , Rocha Humberto
Published: November 2017

In response to increasing pressures on water resources, watershed services management programs are implemented throughout the tropics. These programs aim to promote land management activities that enhance the quantity and quality of water available to local communities. The success of these programs hinges on our ability to (a) understand the impacts of watershed interventions on ecohydrology; (b) model these impacts and design efficient management programs; and (c) develop strategies to overcome barriers to practical policy development, including resource limitations or the absence of baseline data. In this paper, we review opportunities in ecohydrological science that will help address these three challenges. The opportunities are grouped into measurement techniques, modelling approaches, and access to resources in our hyperconnected world. We then assess management implications of both the knowledge gaps and the new research developments related to the effect of land management. Overall, we stress the importance of policy‐relevant knowledge for implementing efficient and equitable watershed services programs in the tropics.
Saccharide Recognition and Helix Formation in Water with an Amphiphilic Pyridine–Phenol Alternating Oligomer
Authors: Ohishi Yuki , Abe Hajime , Inouye Masahiko
Published: November 2017

An amphiphilic pyridine–phenol alternating oligomer, in which oligo(ethylene glycol) chains are attached at the 4‐positions of the pyridine and the phenol rings, was synthesized as a helical host to realize saccharide recognition in water. This oligomer was soluble not only in less‐polar solvents but also in water at room temperature. Circular dichroism investigations revealed that the oligomer could recognize several kinds of saccharides and their derivatives, including glycodrugs to form chiral higher‐order structures in water. Especially, the oligomer showed high affinity for d‐glucosamine, and their association constants were over 103 m–1.
Regioselective Construction of Functionalized Biarylols by Fe(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Direct Arylation of 1‐Diazonaphthalen‐2(1H)‐ones and Their Fluorescence Properties
Authors: Somai Magar Krishna Bahadur , Edison T. N. J. I. , Lee Yong Rok
Published: November 2017

A facile and efficient protocol for the construction of functionalized biarylols by Fe(OTf)3‐catalyzed direct arylation of 1‐diazonaphthalen‐2(1H)‐ones with arenes has been developed. This methodology provides diverse 1‐arylnaphthalen‐2‐ols in moderate to good yields. This approach has also been applied to the synthesis of biologically interesting polycyclic‐aromatic‐substituted and heteroaryl‐substituted naphthalen‐2‐ols. The synthesized compounds bearing an anthracene scaffold can be useful as potential fluorescent biomarkers for confocal imaging of clone cells.
Two new conceptual models for the formation and degradation of baymouth spits by longshore drift and fluvial discharge (Iguape, SE Brazil)
Authors: Alcántara‐Carrió Javier , Dinkel Thaya M. , Portz Luana , Mahiques Michel M.
Published: November 2017

This study describes the formation of two successive baymouth spits systems on the south‐eastern Brazilian coast and the degradation of the first system. The study area includes the Jureia Beach spit, the deflected Ribeira de Iguape River mouth, the central Iguape sandy headland, the Icapara Inlet of the Mar Pequeno Lagoon and the northern end of the Comprida Island barrier spit. The wave and river flow patterns were combined with the coastline evolution and the alongshore migration rates deduced from satellite images. Initially, both spits showed convergent alongshore migration rates equal to or less than 83 m/yr. However, the extreme river flow due to high rainfall during a very strong El Niño event in 1983 eroded the inland side of the Jureia Beach spit, which finally retreated due to wave erosion. In 1989, a sand bank emerged in the river mouth, which attached to the central headland forming a recurved northeastward spit. In 1994, the high fluvial discharge associated with another very strong El Niño event caused the landward migration of the new spit and emersion of a second sand bank. This second sand bank merged with the Jureia Beach spit in 1997 at an alongshore migration rate of 1795.6 m/yr. Wave erosion of the central headland continued and the attached spit disappeared in 2000. In 2009, the headland erosion merged the river mouth and the Icapara Inlet, which resulted in flanking baymouth spits in a configuration that remains today. Therefore, two models for the formation of baymouth spits have been documented for wave‐dominated microtidal coasts in humid tropical regions with intense fluvial discharge. The convergent longshore migration of the spits is controlled by both the bidirectional longshore drift and the fluvial discharge, the latter eroding the fronting spit, supplying sediments and acting as a hydraulic blockage for longshore drift. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Could tsunami risk be underestimated using core‐based reconstructions? Lessons from ground penetrating radar
Authors: Takeda Hiraku , Goto Kazuhisa , Goff James , Matsumoto Hideaki , Sugawara Daisuke
Published: November 2017

Where should we take cores for palaeotsunami research? It is generally considered that local depressions with low energy environments such as wetlands are one of the best places. However, it is also recognized that the presence or absence of palaeotsunami deposits (and their relative thickness) is highly dependent upon subsoil microtopography. In the beach ridge system of Ishinomaki Plain, Japan, several palaeotsunami deposits linked to past Japan Trench earthquakes have been reported. However, the number of palaeotsunami deposits reported at individual sites varies considerably. This study used ground penetrating radar (GPR) combined with geological evidence to better understand the relationship between palaeotopography and palaeotsunami deposit characteristics. The subsurface topography of the ~3000–4000 bp beach ridge was reconstructed using GPR data coupled with core surveys of the underlying sediments. We noted that the number (and thickness) of the palaeotsunami deposits inferred from the cores was controlled by the palaeotopography. Namely, a larger number of events and thicker palaeotsunami deposits were observed in depressions in the subsurface microtopography. We noted a total of three palaeotsunami deposits dated to between 1700 and 3000 cal bp, but they were only observed together in 11% of the core sites. This result is important for tsunami risk assessments that use the sedimentary evidence of past events because we may well be underestimating the number of tsunamis that have occurred. We suggest that GPR is an efficient and invaluable tool to help researchers identify the most appropriate places to carry out geological fieldwork in order to provide a more comprehensive understanding of past tsunami activity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accurate prediction of acute fish toxicity of fragrance chemicals with the RTgill-W1 cell assay
Authors: Natsch Andreas , Laue Heike , Haupt Tina , von Niederhäusern Valentin , Sanders Gordon
Published: November 2017

Testing for acute fish toxicity is an integral part of the environmental safety assessment of chemicals. A true replacement of primary fish tissue was recently proposed using cell viability in a fish gill cell line (RTgill-W1) as a means of predicting acute toxicity, showing good predictivity on 35 chemicals. To promote regulatory acceptance, the predictivity and applicability domain of novel tests need to be carefully evaluated on chemicals with existing high-quality in vivo data. We applied the RTgill-W1 cell assay to 38 fragrance chemicals with a wide range of both physicochemical properties and median lethal concentration (LC50) values and representing a diverse range of chemistries. A strong correlation (R2 = 0.90–0.94) between the logarithmic in vivo LC50 values, based on fish mortality, and the logarithmic in vitro median effect concentration (EC50) values based on cell viability was observed. A leave-one-out analysis illustrates a median under-/overprediction from in vitro EC50 values to in vivo LC50 values by a factor of 1.5. This assay offers a simple, accurate, and reliable alternative to in vivo acute fish toxicity testing for chemicals, presumably acting mainly by a narcotic mode of action. Furthermore, the present study provides validation of the predictivity of the RTgill-W1 assay on a completely independent set of chemicals that had not been previously tested and indicates that fragrance chemicals are clearly within the applicability domain. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:931–941. © 2017 SETAC

Abstract
Response of the mayfly (Cloeon dipterum) to chronic exposure to thiamethoxam in outdoor mesocosms
Authors: Pickford Daniel B. , Finnegan Meaghean C. , Baxter Leilan R. , Böhmer Walter , Hanson Mark L. , Stegger Petra , Hommen Udo , Hoekstra Paul F. , Hamer Mick
Published: November 2017

Thiamethoxam is a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide that has been detected in surface water monitoring programs in North America and Europe. This has led to questions about its toxicity to nontarget insects, specifically those with an aquatic life stage. To address the uncertainty associated with possible impacts from environmental exposures, a chronic (35-d) outdoor mesocosm study with a formulated product containing thiamethoxam was conducted. The specific focus of the study was the response of mayflies (Ephemeroptera), which have been reported to be particularly sensitive in laboratory studies. A range of concentrations (nominally 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 10.0 µg/L thiamethoxam), plus untreated controls were tested, and the abundance and emergence of mayflies (Cloeon dipterum) were assessed weekly for 35 d. Mean measured time-weighted average exposures were within 6% of nominal over the duration of the study, with the mean half-life of thiamethoxam in each treatment ranging from 7 to 13 d. Statistically significant reductions in both larval abundance and adult emergence were observed at 10.0, 3.0, and 1.0 μg/L following 1, 2, and 3 wk of exposure, respectively. Exposure to 0.1 and 0.3 µg/L thiamethoxam had no statistically significant effect on larval mayfly abundance or adult emergence at any point in the study. These findings support a 35-d no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) of 0.3 µg thiamethoxam/L for mayflies (C. dipterum) under chronic conditions. Furthermore, because the 95th percentile of environmental concentrations has been reported to be 0.054 µg/L, these results indicate that populations of C. dipterum and similarly sensitive aquatic insects are unlikely to be significantly impacted by thiamethoxam exposure in natural systems represented by the conditions in our study. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1040–1050. © 2017 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Comparison of laboratory-derived biomagnification factors for hexachlorobenzene in common carp conducted under 9 test conditions
Authors: Hashizume Naoki , Inoue Yoshiyuki , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Murakami Hidekazu , Sumi Shinichiro , Ishibashi Takeshi , Yoshida Tomohiko
Published: November 2017

Nine dietary exposure bioaccumulation fish tests with hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were conducted with common carp to explore how differences in test conditions (different test foods and feeding rates) influenced the lipid-corrected, growth-corrected kinetic biomagnification factor (BMFkgL) value (BMFkgL = BMFkg × lipid content of test food/lipid content of test fish). The BMFkgL values for HCB differed by approximately a factor of 5 among the tests. The average, median, 95% confidence interval, and coefficient of variation of the BMFkgL values were 0.925, 0.998, 0.578 to 1.27, and 49%, respectively. The BMFkgL value differed markedly between tests conducted using test food with lipid contents of approximately 5 and 15%. Different feeding rates (2 or 3% of body weight/d) had comparatively little effect on the BMFkgL of HCB. The present study revealed that the lipid content of test fish was correlated with the growth-corrected kinetic BMF (BMFkg) value of HCB but the lipid content of test food was poorly correlated with BMFkg. This lack of correlation might explain the large variations of the BMFkgL values observed. The value of the BMFkg normalized to a fish with a 5% lipid content (defined as the 5% lipid-normalized BMFkg in the present study) did not differ markedly between tests conducted using test food with different lipid contents (5–15%). It is therefore useful to report the 5% lipid-normalized BMFkg as well as the BMFkgL when dietary exposure tests are conducted. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1032–1039. © 2017 SETAC
Effect of varying atmospheric conditions on methane boundary‐layer development in a free flow domain interfaced with a porous media domain
Authors: Deepagoda TKK Chamindu , Mitton Melissa , Smits Kathleen
Published: November 2017

Mitigation of atmospheric emission of methane from leaky underground infrastructure is important for controlling the global anthropogenic greenhouse gas burden. Overexposure to methane may also cause occupational health problems in indoor/outdoor environments at the local scale. Subsurface soil conditions (e.g. soil heterogeneity) affect methane migration in soils while near‐surface atmospheric boundary conditions (e.g. wind and temperature) affect off‐site emissions across the soil‐atmosphere interface. This study investigated the above‐surface methane concentration boundary‐layer development under different soil conditions (homogenous and layered) and atmospheric boundary controls (wind and temperature). A series of controlled bench‐scale experiments was conducted using an open‐loop boundary‐layer wind tunnel interfaced with a porous media tank inside which a simulated methane point source was embedded to mimic a buried leaky pipeline. Results revealed pronounced effects of wind and, to a lesser extent, temperature on above‐surface methane boundary‐layer development. High atmospheric temperature contributed to the concentration boundary‐layer build‐up whereas high wind velocity caused erosion of the boundary layer. The boundary‐layer methane concentration profiles were adequately simulated within an advection‐diffusion modeling framework combined with a Navier‐Stokes free flow domain by coupling free air flow, heat flow and flow of a multicomponent gas mixture. Simulations further implied that the Fickian diffusion approach may have limited applications when pronounced non‐isothermal conditions prevail within the system. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection in the era of direct‐acting antiviral agents: No longer a difficult‐to‐treat population
Authors: Sikavi Cameron , Chen Phillip H. , Lee Alex D. , Saab Elena G. , Choi Gina , Saab Sammy
Published: November 2017

The treatment of chronic hepatitis C (HCV) in human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV)–infected individuals has been historically marked by low sustained virologic response (SVR) rates in comparison to those without HIV infection, resulting in the Food and Drug Administration labeling those coinfected as a “special population with an unmet medical need.” We systematically reviewed the treatment of chronic HCV infection in those infected with HIV. We propose that with the advent of direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) agents, patients coinfected with HCV and HIV have similar SVR rates as HCV‐monoinfected persons and that DAAs address an unmet medical need in this population. A review was performed using Medical Subject Heading terms within the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases to search for studies dated between January 2004 and July 2017. Keywords used in the study included “hepatitis C,” “HIV,” “coinfection,” and “direct‐acting antiviral.” SVR rates for those with HCV and HIV coinfection treated with interferon‐based therapies were substantially lower that SVR rates of HCV‐monoinfected individuals. The advent of DAA agents has resulted in similar SVR rates between monoinfected and coinfected individuals, with SVR >93%. These medications have been demonstrated to have improved safety, efficacy, and tolerability in comparison to interferon‐based regimens. Conclusion: The designation of a “special population” for those with coinfection requires reconsideration; DAA therapies have resulted in similarly high rates of SVR for HCV infection in those with and without HIV infection; despite these improvements, however, clinicians must be cognizant of negative predictors of SVR and barriers to treatment that may be more common in the coinfected population. (Hepatology 2018;67:847–857)
Pyroptosis by caspase11/4‐gasdermin‐D pathway in alcoholic hepatitis in mice and patients
Authors: Khanova Elena , Wu Raymond , Wang Wen , Yan Rui , Chen Yibu , French Samuel W. , Llorente Cristina , Pan Stephanie Q. , Yang Qihong , Li Yuchang , Lazaro Raul , Ansong Charles , Smith Richard D. , Bataller Ramon , Morgan Timothy , Schnabl Bernd , Tsukamoto Hidekazu
Published: November 2017

Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) continues to be a disease with high mortality and no efficacious medical treatment. Although severe AH is presented as acute on chronic liver failure, what underlies this transition from chronic alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) to AH is largely unknown. To address this question, unbiased RNA sequencing and proteomic analyses were performed on livers of the recently developed AH mouse model, which exhibits the shift to AH from chronic ASH upon weekly alcohol binge, and these results are compared to gene expression profiling data from AH patients. This cross‐analysis has identified Casp11 (CASP4 in humans) as a commonly up‐regulated gene known to be involved in the noncanonical inflammasome pathway. Immunoblotting confirms CASP11/4 activation in AH mice and patients, but not in chronic ASH mice and healthy human livers. Gasdermin‐D (GSDMD), which induces pyroptosis (lytic cell death caused by bacterial infection) downstream of CASP11/4 activation, is also activated in AH livers in mice and patients. CASP11 deficiency reduces GSDMD activation, bacterial load in the liver, and severity of AH in the mouse model. Conversely, the deficiency of interleukin‐18, the key antimicrobial cytokine, aggravates hepatic bacterial load, GSDMD activation, and AH. Furthermore, hepatocyte‐specific expression of constitutively active GSDMD worsens hepatocellular lytic death and polymorphonuclear leukocyte inflammation. Conclusion: These results implicate pyroptosis induced by the CASP11/4‐GSDMD pathway in the pathogenesis of AH. (Hepatology 2018;67:1737‐1753).
Using stable isotopes to understand seasonal and interannual dynamics in moisture sources and atmospheric circulation in precipitation
Authors: Tang Yu , Song Xianfang , Zhang Yinghua , Han Dongmei , Ai Likun , Zhao Tianbao , Wang Yajun
Published: November 2017

Stable isotopes in precipitation are useful tracers to strengthen understanding of climate change and hydrological processes. In this study, the moisture sources of 190 precipitation events in Beijing were analysed using the Hybrid Single‐particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model, based on which we studied the relation between variations in precipitation δ18O and dynamics in moisture sources and atmospheric circulation in seasonal and interannual timescales. Categorization of 7 groups of moisture sources was performed, among which oceanic moisture sources presented lower δ18O in precipitation than continental moisture sources. The results show that seasonal variations of precipitation δ18O were caused by changes of moisture sources. In summer, moisture from proximal oceans dominated vapour transport to Beijing due to increasing monsoon strength and resulted in a relatively small variation of precipitation δ18O. At the interannual timescale, the variations of δ18O in summer precipitation were related to dynamics in oceanic moistures, showing depleted values when the contribution of oceanic moistures, especially the proportion of long‐distance oceanic moisture, was high. Further analysis indicated that changes of oceanic moisture sources were controlled by the strength of summer monsoons. These findings address the complexity of moisture sources in midlatitude monsoon areas and suggest that isotopic signals in precipitation have the potential to deduce changes in moisture sources and atmospheric circulation and can therefore serve for palaeoclimate reconstruction.