bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variations Within The Fortin-Flamsteed Atlas of 1776: Taurus Poniatowski
Authors: Drennan Anthony S.
Published: April 2015

It is usually assumed that all copies of an edition of a star atlas are identical. This paper discusses variations within the Fortin-Flamsteed star atlas of 1776, in particular the alterations made to map 10, where the introduction of Taurus Poniatowski is the most apparent change. These alterations to the printing plates, together with various advertisements by the publishers and reviews in contemporary journals, enable a chronology of the introduction of a new constellation to be established.
Classification of Ancient Egyptian Astronomical ‘Diagrams’
Authors: Symons Sarah
Published: April 2015

The diverse group of 81 numbered ‘monuments’ in Neugebauer and Parker’s Egyptian Astronomical Texts, Volume 3 represents a collection of several different types of document. Arranged chronologically from the Middle Kingdom (c. 2000 B.C.) to the Roman Period (second century A.D.), these texts are more difficult to analyse than when grouped into traditions. Neugebauer and Parker’s system of families presented one basis for classification. This paper presents a second, complementary, way of looking at the documents, with the aim of opening up the possibilities for further analysis of the relationships between the texts and the modes of information transmission for the astronomical information they contain.
By How Much Did Le Verrier Err on the Position of Neptune?
Authors: Gapaillard Jacques
Published: April 2015

The planet Neptune was discovered on 23 September 1846, following the calculations of Le Verrier. This study is about the way the predictive performance of the French astronomer was numerically evaluated, first by Le Verrier himself, and then reported in various papers and books. A detailed examination of this question brings to light unexpected errors still present in today’s scientific literature.
“Numbers, too, have significance”: Annotating Salman Rushdie
Authors: Mishra Vijay
Published: April 2015

Strictly speaking, annotations do not belong to the discipline of bibliography, that is, if we follow its reading by three of the masters of the discipline: Ronald B. McKerrow, W. W. Greg and Fredson Bowers. Bibliography, in their definitions, is a scientific activity aimed at the construction of text as a “material” object. It has guiding principles that govern the quest for the “definitive” text where words are primarily iconic or indexical signs. To gloss words and sentences in support of a variant reading is a necessary evil, not something which is part of its formal principles. If textual bibliography were to accommodate some notion of annotations, as “bibliograhie de l’érudit”, then we need to make a case for annotation as an essential feature of the bibliographer’s exercise. This essay declares the legitimacy of annotation because it establishes the value of words well beyond the iconic or the indexical (the hitherto definition of the bibliographer’s object of reading). To explore this the article examines the use, in particular, of “numerology” in Salman Rushdie, annotates at length four numbers, and makes a case for their value in the organizational and thematic patterns of his novels. It is argued that numbers are also part of Rushdie’s interest in “affects” insofar as for Rushdie numbers are prior to cognition, they pre-exist consciousness and are not so much created as discovered. They also enter into the affective domain of being and are signs of the body’s visceral intensities as well as an index of its nonvolitional proclivities. In making the annotations the essay also explores the importance of intercultural annotations by giving the example of pre-colonial Indian scholarship.
A Model of Affirmative Intersectional Rehabilitation Counseling With Sexual Minorities
Authors: Dispenza Franco , Viehl Cory , Sewell Miriam H. , Burke Meredith A. , Gaudet Megan M.
Published: April 2015

Sexual minority persons (i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer [LGBQ]) are at risk for developing chronic illness(es) and/or disabilities (CID); however, there is a dearth of information regarding the practices used by rehabilitation counselors working with this population. This modified grounded theory study aimed to understand the effective practices that rehabilitation counselors reported exhibiting when working with sexual minority persons living with CID. A total of 12 certified rehabilitation counselors were individually interviewed. Interviews were transcribed and recursively analyzed with a research team. Trustworthiness and credibility were ensured via in-depth member checking, researcher triangulation, and collection of rich descriptions from participants. A substantive model of rehabilitation counseling was constructed from the interviews, with Affirmative Intersectionality as the core category. Four supporting categories were also constructed, including professional attributes, alliance, intersectional sensitivity, and intersectional interventions. Details regarding the model are provided, as well as discussion on educational and supervision implications, study’s limitations, and future research implications.
Health-Related Strains and Subsequent Delinquency and Marijuana Use
Authors: Kort-Butler Lisa A.
Published: April 2015

General strain theory provides one framework for explaining the relationship between physical health and delinquency, pointing to mechanisms such as negative emotions, social bonds, and stress proliferation. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used to examine these hypothetical mediators. Controlling for demographic factors, prior illicit behavior, and other strains, results from a series of regressions indicated that health-related strain (HRS) was positively associated with subsequent delinquency and marijuana use. Stressors at school were the primary mediators of these effects. Absences from school and social life due to health problems exerted an independent effect. The results lend support to the idea that experiencing HRS contributes to the proliferation of stress in other life domains, increasing the likelihood of delinquency and marijuana use.
A Design and a Model for Investigating the Heterogeneity of Context Effects in Public Opinion Surveys
Authors: Morgan Stephen L. , Taylor Poppe Emily S.
Published: April 2015

Context effects on survey response, caused by the unobserved interaction between beliefs stored in personal memory and triggers generated by the structure of the survey instrument, are a pervasive challenge to survey research. The authors argue that randomized survey experiments on representative samples, when paired with facilitative primes, can enable researchers to model selection into variable context effects, revealing heterogeneity at the population level. The value of the design, and its associated modeling strategy, is demonstrated by its ability to deepen the interpretation of a treatment effect of international competitiveness framing on long-used items drawn from the Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Poll and the General Social Survey about the quality of schooling in the United States, confidence in the leaders running public education, and support for spending to improve schools.
Combat Motivation and Combat Action
Authors: van den Aker Peter , Duel Jacco , Soeters Joseph
Published: April 2015

This research note presents the findings of a survey study among veterans from the Netherlands armed forces who participated in operations since the Second World War. The aim of the study is to reveal the veterans’ experiences with respect to their combat motivation—or lack thereof—and actual participation in combat actions. The data demonstrate that over time the degree of combat motivation has increased. The data also demonstrate that those who participated in combat actions and were motivated to do so are generally positive about operational and social–psychological aspects of the organization and its surroundings. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Slowly but Surely
Authors: Sarouphim Ketty M.
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this article is to shed light on the state of gifted education in Lebanon and to describe the efforts underway to establish programs for gifted learners in the country. The article starts with a description of the Lebanese system of education followed by research conducted in Lebanon on an instrument called Discovering Intellectual Strength and Capabilities While Observing Varied Ethnic Responses (DISCOVER), developed at the University of Arizona for the purpose of identifying gifted students from diverse ethnic groups. Next, the results that showed that DISCOVER could be used effectively in Lebanon are presented. Finally, a model for the development of a comprehensive system of education for the gifted nationwide is proposed.
Teachers’ Reactions to Pre-Differentiated and Enriched Mathematics Curricula
Authors: Rubenstein Lisa DaVia , Gilson Cindy M. , Bruce-Davis Micah N. , Gubbins E. Jean
Published: April 2015

Modern classrooms are often comprised of a heterogeneous student population with varying abilities. To address this variance, third-grade teachers implemented researcher-designed, pre-differentiated, and enriched math curricula in algebra, geometry and measurement, and graphing and data analysis. The goal of the curricula was to provide academic rigor for all students, including students with high abilities. These units prompted educators to recognize learning differences in their classrooms and provide appropriate lessons for each group. Qualitative analyses revealed the treatment teachers’ successful use of preassessments and grouping practices to accommodate students in their academically diverse classrooms. This study demonstrated the value of pre-differentiated and enriched curricula and professional development. Treatment teachers discussed how important it was that the curricula provided preassessments for each unit, and most lessons provided tiered activities directly connected to students’ preassessment performance. Providing teachers with more meaningful and cohesive tiered activities will support teachers’ efforts in academically challenging students of all levels.
Parathyroid Localization and Preservation during Transcervical Resection of Substernal Thyroid Glands
Authors: Heineman Thomas E. , Kadkade Prajoy , Kutler David I. , Cohen Marc A. , Kuhel William I.
Published: April 2015

Objective

The feasibility of parathyroid preservation during thyroidectomy has not been well documented for cases in which the thyroid gland extends into the mediastinum.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Setting

Tertiary academic referral center.

Subjects and Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, 70 consecutive patients who had substernal thyroid glands treated with a transcervical thyroidectomy between 1993 and 2013 were compared with 286 thyroidectomies that did not entail substernal extension within that same time period. All localized parathyroid glands were confirmed histologically.

Results

Of 160 possible parathyroid glands in the substernal cases, 119 (74%) were histologically confirmed intraoperatively (67 superior and 52 inferior). In nonsubsternal cases, 725 (89%) were histologically confirmed (372 superior and 353 inferior). There was a statistically significant difference between the substernal and nonsubsternal cases in the total number of glands found (P <. 0001) and the number of superior and inferior glands that were identified (P =. 009 and < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Even when the thyroid gland extends into the mediastinum, it is often possible, although with reduced efficiency, to identify and preserve the parathyroid glands.
The Effects of a Multi-Component Intervention on Preschool Children’s Literacy Skills
Authors: Dennis Lindsay R.
Published: April 2015

This study examined the effects of a multi-component intervention program (i.e., extended instruction and iPad app technology) on preschool children’s vocabulary. Instruction utilizing the intervention program was provided across 6 storybooks, 4 verbs per book, for a total of 24 verbs. Dependent variables included expressive vocabulary, definitions/examples, and generalization. A repeated acquisition (RA) design was used across six participants. There were increases across all participants from pretest to posttest for the expressive vocabulary and definition/examples measures. In addition, participants were able to generalize knowledge to novel images, both expressively and receptively. Implications for research and practice are provided.
Life Strain, Social Control, Social Learning, and Delinquency
Authors: Bao Wan-Ning , Haas Ain , Xie Yunping
Published: April 2015

Very few studies have examined the pathways to delinquency and causal factors for demographic subgroups of adolescents in a different culture. This article explores the effects of gender, age, and family socioeconomic status (SES) in an integrated model of strain, social control, social learning, and delinquency among a sample of Chinese adolescents. ANOVA is used to check for significant differences between categories of demographic groups on the variables in the integrated model, and the differential effects of causal factors in the theoretical path models are examined. Further tests of interaction effects are conducted to compare path coefficients between “high-risk” youths (i.e., male, mid-teen, and low family SES adolescents) and other subgroups. The findings identified similar pathways to delinquency across subgroups and clarified the salience of causal factors for male, mid-teen, and low SES adolescents in a different cultural context.
Perceived Discrimination among Latino Immigrants in New Destinations
Authors: Flippen Chenoa A. , Parrado Emilio A.
Published: April 2015

This article draws on original survey data to assess the prevalence of perceived discrimination among Latin American immigrants to Durham, North Carolina, a “new immigrant destination” in the Southeastern United States. Even though discrimination has a wide-ranging impact on social groups, from blocked opportunities, to adverse health outcomes, to highlighting and reifying intergroup boundaries, research among immigrant Latinos is rare, especially in new destinations. Our theoretical framework and empirical analysis expand social constructivist approaches that view ethnic discrimination as emerging from processes of competition and incorporation. We broaden prior discussions by investigating the specific social forces that give rise to perceived discrimination. In particular, we examine the extent to which perceptions of unequal treatment vary by gender, elaborating on the situational conditions that differentiate discrimination experiences for men and women. We also incorporate dimensions unique to the contemporary Latino immigrant experience, such as legal status, family migration dynamics, and transnationalism.
Social and Individual Sources of Self-identification as Global Citizens
Authors: Zhou Min
Published: April 2015

As an important type of cosmopolitan orientation, global self-identification refers to a higher level of self-identification with the world than with a particular nation-state. It has implications for the fate of nation-states and the prospect of global governance. This article examines what factors promote the adoption of global self-identification, using the recent wave of the World Values Survey data (2005–2008). I conceptualize the adoption of global self-identification as a two-level interactive process. While macro-level national characteristics do not directly impact global self-identification, they constitute the broader institutional context that conditions the effects of micro-level sociodemographic attributes. Specifically, existing theories often attribute the adoption of global self-identification to education and generational shifts. I argue that the cosmopolitanism-promoting effect of education and young age is not uniform across all countries but is more salient in affluent countries that are more involved in globalization. This emphasis on the cross-level interplay reveals both (1) the importance of country-level factors as the context under which individual-level factors operate and (2) the importance of individual-level factors as the conduit through which country-level influences penetrate down to individuals.
Understanding the Complexities of Skin Color, Perceptions of Race, and Discrimination Among Cubans, Dominicans, and Puerto Ricans
Authors: Araujo-Dawson Beverly
Published: April 2015

Caribbean Latino/a groups have a higher percentage of Black and Brown individuals who are often labeled Black in the United States. Unfortunately, little is known about how skin color affects the experiences of dark-skinned Latino/as. The present study is based on the Latino National Survey (LNS), which contains 8,634 completed interviews of self-identified Latino/a residents of the United States including 335 Dominicans, 420 Cubans, and 822 Puerto Ricans. Results demonstrated that Latino/as high in acculturation, females, respondents with a high school degree or higher, and Dominicans were more likely to perceive Latino as a race. Second, White respondents were less likely to perceive Latino as a race. Last, perceived discrimination was associated with high acculturation, being male, a higher income, and perceptions of race and age. More specifically, younger and darker-skinned Latino/as perceived more discrimination than White and older Latino/as. Research and practice implications are discussed.
Understanding Disparities in Service Seeking Following Forcible Versus Drug- or Alcohol-Facilitated/Incapacitated Rape
Authors: Walsh Kate , Zinzow Heidi M. , Badour Christal L. , Ruggiero Kenneth J. , Kilpatrick Dean G. , Resnick Heidi S.
Published: April 2015

Victims of drug- or alcohol-facilitated/incapacitated rape (DAFR/IR) are substantially less likely to seek medical, rape crisis, or police services compared with victims of forcible rape (FR); however, reasons for these disparities are poorly understood. The current study examined explanatory mechanisms in the pathway from rape type (FR vs. DAFR/IR) to disparities in post-rape service seeking (medical, rape crisis, criminal justice). Participants were 445 adult women from a nationally representative household probability sample who had experienced FR, DAFR/IR, or both since age 14. Personal characteristics (age, race, income, prior rape history), rape characteristics (fear, injury, loss of consciousness), and post-rape acknowledgment, medical concerns, and service seeking were collected. An indirect effects model using bootstrapped standard errors was estimated to examine pathways from rape type to service seeking. DAFR/IR-only victims were less likely to seek services compared with FR victims despite similar post-rape medical concerns. FR victims were more likely to report fear during the rape and a prior rape history, and to acknowledge the incident as rape; each of these characteristics was positively associated with service seeking. However, only prior rape history and acknowledgment served as indirect paths to service seeking; acknowledgment was the strongest predictor of service seeking. Diminished acknowledgment of the incident as rape may be especially important to explaining why DAFR/IR victims are less likely than FR victims to seek services. Public service campaigns designed to increase awareness of rape definitions, particularly around DAFR/IR, are important to reducing disparities in rape-related service seeking.
Jewish Heritage and the New Belarusian National Identity Project
Authors: Waligórska Magdalena
Published: April 2015

Focusing on three contemporary grassroots initiatives of preserving Jewish heritage and commemorating Jews in Belarus, namely, the Jewish Museum in Minsk, Ada Raǐchonak’s private museum of regional heritage in Hermanovichi, and the initiative of erecting the monument of Eliezer Ben-Yehuda in Hlybokae, the present article discusses how local efforts to commemorate Jews and preserve Jewish heritage tap into the culture of political dissent, Belarus’s international relations, and the larger project of redefining the Belarusian national identity. Looking at the way these memorial interventions frame Jewish legacy within a Belarusian national narrative, the article concentrates in particular on the institution of the public historian and the small, informal social networks used to operate under a repressive regime. Incorporating the multicultural legacy of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth into the canon of Belarusian national heritage and recognizing the contribution of ethnic minorities to the cultural landscape of Belarus, new memory projects devoted to Jewish history in Belarus mark a caesura in the country’s engagement with its ethnic Others and are also highly political. While the effort of filling in the gaps in national historiography and celebrating the cultural diversity of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania overlaps in significant ways with the agenda of the anti-Lukashenka opposition, Jewish heritage in Belarus also resonates with the state authorities, who seek to instrumentalize it for their own vision of national unity.
Therapeutic Use of Music and Television in Neurocritical Care
Authors: Olson DaiWai M. , Batjer H. Hunt , Zanders Michael L. , Harrison Kimberly , Suarez Jose I.
Published: April 2015

Introduction: Although health care providers often play music via radio, or play television, to calm and sooth patients, limited research is available to guide practice. Method: This study used a 17-item practice survey that was distributed electronically to neurocritical care society members in July 2014. Responses were collated and analyzed using SAS (Version 9.3). Results: There were 118 completed responses, including from 71 attending physicians, 9 resident or fellow physicians, 30 nurses, and 8 affiliate professional members. The majority of respondents sometimes or always play music (65%) and agree that music is therapeutic (70%). However, there was no clear practice pattern regarding when or why music or TV should be used as an intervention in the neurocritical care unit. Conclusion: The use of music and TV is a common intervention in the neurocritical care unit but lacks a strong scientific foundation and is associated with a high practice variance.
New poly(ether benzoxazole)s containing xanthene cardo groups
Authors: Guo Dong-Dong , Sheng Shou-Ri , Mao Xue-Chun , Liu Xiao-Ling , Jiang Jian-Wen
Published: April 2015

A series of poly(ether benzoxazole)s (PEBOs) containing xanthene cardo groups were prepared via direct one-step condensation polymerization in poly(phosphoric acid/phosphorus pentoxide solution from 9,9-bis[4-(4-carboxyphenoxy)phenyl]xanthene and various bis( o-aminophenol)s. The resulting PEBOs with inherent viscosities of 0.87–1.08 dL g−1 were amorphous and exhibited glass transition temperatures in the range of 245–320°C. These new PEBOs exhibited improved solubility and could be processable from solution. Additionally, the obtained PEBOs showed excellent thermal stability, and did not show a significant weight loss up to 500°C in air or nitrogen, and the temperatures at 10% weight loss were in the range of 533–590°C in nitrogen and 508–570°C in air, with char yields more than 50% at 800°C in nitrogen. All the PEBOs formed strong and flexible films with tensile strengths of 53–80 MPa, tensile moduli of 2.3–2.6 GPa, and elongations at break of 3.2–3.7%.
Revisiting the left cabinet share: How to measure the partisan profile of governments in welfare state research
Authors: Döring Holger , Schwander Hanna
Published: April 2015

Measuring the power of the political left with the ‘share of social democratic cabinet seats’ is the gold standard in the literature on partisan effects. We argue that this measure of left power suffers from conceptual ambiguity and propose an alternative approach to measure the ideological orientation of governments based on their power in cabinets and data on party positions. We see several shortcomings of the traditional measure: the social democratic cabinet share neglects the fact that parties’ ideological profiles differ across countries and have significantly changed over recent decades. Also, specific policy measures of party preferences are often more appropriate to gauge the government’s position than relying on highly aggregated left/right measures. In addition, the social democratic cabinet share does not take into account the impact of coalition partners, cabinet decision making and the possibility of minority governments relying on parliamentary support outside the cabinet on the ability of parties to implement the social policies. After discussing the reasons for the conceptual ambiguity of existing indicators for the power of the left, we present alternative measures for the ideological orientation of the government based on the composition of cabinets and different information about party positions. We demonstrate how these measures can be combined to a single indicator that takes into account both the ideological position of governing parties in a particular policy domain and their power to affect cabinet decisions. We critically discuss the availability and merits of data on party positions and cabinet compositions and provide recommendations for constructing measures in welfare state research.
Formulating European work and employment regulation during the pre-crisis years: Coalition building and institutional inertia
Authors: Mailand Mikkel , Arnholtz Jens
Published: April 2015

This article discusses whether the pre-crisis political right-turn in the European Union (EU) has had an impact on the development of European work and employment regulation. It finds that although pro-regulation actors have been weakened in the year leading up to the crisis, the expected weakening of Social Europe is only seen in a minority of the eight cases of EU-level work and employment regulation analysed. It is argued that two mechanisms can help explain this weaker than expected impact: successful resistance from pro-regulation actors and a certain form of organizational inertia linked to the actor’s search for legitimacy, especially the Commission’s need for a stronger social profile in order to be reappointed. Moreover, it is argued that stable coalitions have only played a role in some of the cases. The coalitions in action seem less stable and active than previous studies indicate.
Theory and measure in the psychological field: The case of attachment theory and the strange situation procedure
Authors: Ziv Yair , Hotam Yotam
Published: April 2015

In this article, we pose a question about the link between theory and measure within the field of psychology and use an influential psychological theory—attachment theory—as a case study to test our question. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we incorporate broad historical, sociological, and philosophical perspectives to support our thesis that in today’s psychological field there is pressure to achieve instantaneous empirical answers to broad theoretical questions and without due awareness of this state of affairs, a confusion could occur between theoretical and empirical constructs. In our review of attachment theory, we look at the connection between the theory and the empirical definitions of the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) and conclude that the use of the terminology “gold standard” in relation to the SSP is an imprudent characterization of what is otherwise a robust measurement tool. We theorize that this type of terminology may result in overreliance on the measure instead of on the theory.
Politicising the psychology of social class: The relevance of Pierre Bourdieu’s habitus for psychological research
Authors: Wagner Bernhard , McLaughlin Kenneth
Published: April 2015

In this article we discuss what Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus can add to psychologically informed debates around social class. We argue that habitus offers a way of coming to terms with the complexity and different dimensions of social class. For Bourdieu, habitus conceptualises the internalisation of social structures, how the “outer” becomes the “inner.” This distinct psychological question is critical for Bourdieu’s “psychoanalysis of the social.” We argue that Bourdieu’s habitus ties in with psychologically informed views on classed existence, but can also function as a tool to further psychological studies by suggesting a broader focus and pointing to aspects that tend to be underrepresented in mainstream psychological research, and that are also difficult to dissect from a psychological vantage point. In particular, questions of structural (power) inequalities and their reproduction on a communal as well as on an individual level are at the core of Bourdieu’s habitus concept, but these are often absent from contemporary class analysis. Finally, we argue that for all its complexity, the habitus concept can inform research on a practical level by enabling exploration of the complexity and messiness of the classed nature of everyday experience.
Class, precarity, and anxiety under neoliberal global capitalism: From denial to resistance
Authors: Neilson David
Published: April 2015

Circumstantial precarity correlates with anxiety, but the relationship is complex because people often quell anxiety by denying precarity. This article focuses in particular on how in this neoliberal era such psychological responses to precarity are class variegated and articulated with neoliberal ideology. Because this field of research is largely uncharted, this paper pays considerable attention to developing a conceptual framework appropriate to this task. This framework is based in the distinction between “ontological security” and “existential anxiety” that is correlated with an innovative account of the contemporary global class structure presented as a stratification of security/precarity, and linked with an adaption of Gramsci’s theory of ideology. From this basis, likely collective subjective responses are “imputed,” adapting Lukács’ theory, from different strategic vantage points within the contemporary neoliberal form of the global class structure. As part of the project to resist neoliberalism, final discussion focuses on how anxiety might be quelled without resort to denial.
Ten years of science news: A longitudinal analysis of scientific culture in the Spanish digital press
Authors: Groves Tamar , Figuerola Carlos G. , Quintanilla Miguel Á.
Published: April 2015

This article presents our study of science coverage in the digital Spanish press over the last decade. We employed automated information retrieval procedures to create a corpus of 50,763 text units dealing with science and technology, and used automated text-analysis procedures in order to provide a general picture of the structure, characteristics and evolution of science news in Spain. We found between 6% and 7% of science coverage, a clear high proportion of biomedicine and predominance of science over technology, although we also detected an increase in technological content during the second half of the decade. Analysing the extrinsic and intrinsic features of science culture, we found a predominance of intrinsic features that still need further analysis. Our attempt to use specialised software to examine big data was effective, and allowed us to reach these preliminary conclusions.
How certain is ‘certain’? Exploring how the English-language media reported the use of calibrated language in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fifth Assessment Report
Authors: Collins Luke C. , Nerlich Brigitte
Published: April 2015

This article presents findings from an analysis of English-language media reports following the publication of the fifth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report in September 2013. Focusing on the way they reported the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s use of ‘calibrated’ language, we find that of 1906 articles relating to the issuing of the report only 272 articles (14.27%) convey the use of a deliberate and systematic verbal scale. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s carefully calibrated language was rarely discussed or explicated, but in some instances scientists, political actors or journalists would attempt to contextualise or elaborate on the reported findings by using analogies to other scientific principles or examples of taking action despite uncertainty. We consider those analogies in terms of their efficacy in communicating (un)certainty.
Understanding the Early Career Benefits of Learning Abroad Programs
Authors: Potts Davina
Published: April 2015

European and U.S. institutions have promoted the value of a learning abroad experience for many years. As Australian higher education institutions have adopted policies and strategies to increase participation in learning abroad, with employability as a central argument, it is important to study this claim. This article examines the links between a learning abroad experience and early career benefits for recent graduates from Australian higher education, with an exploratory consideration of various conditions that may promote working for an international organization. Participation in multiple learning abroad programs emerged as an important variable. Participants reported a high level of benefit from their learning abroad experience in relation to the early stages of their career. Although employability skills such as interpersonal and communication skills, teamwork skills, and problem solving and analytical skills were rated as the greatest perceived benefits, career-related benefits such as future career prospects and increased motivation and passion for their chosen career direction were also identified. Although the study is set within the Australian higher education and graduate employment context, it contributes to the growing body of literature on the value of learning abroad to participants, educational institutions, employers, and society in general.
Redefining Simulation Fidelity for Healthcare Education
Authors: Tun Jimmy Kyaw , Alinier Guillaume , Tang Jessica , Kneebone Roger L.
Published: April 2015

Background. Fidelity - an intrinsic property of simulation is crucial to simulation design and to educational effectiveness. Yet the term fidelity is inconsistently used, which makes it difficult to draw inferences from current literature and translate research into practice.

Aim. In this article, we attempt to bring some clarity to the term simulation fidelity in healthcare education.

Method. We are opposed to the notion that high-fidelity simulation requires complete and faithful replication of reality, and instead argue for an accurate representation of real-world cues and stimuli. We address a number of issues surrounding the term fidelity and how it is currently used in the literature.

Result. In recognising the limitations of current methods of describing fidelity in the literature, we propose an alternative 3-dimensional framework for fidelity along the axes of the patient, clinical scenario, and healthcare facilities as a means for more precise and practical positioning of current healthcare simulation activities.

Conclusion. All aspects of fidelity significantly hinge on the learners’ perceived realism of the context of the learning episode as opposed to any one particular element such as the technology used.
Exploring the Hidden Barriers in Knowledge Translation
Authors: Harvey Gill , Marshall Rhianon J. , Jordan Zoe , Kitson Alison L.
Published: April 2015

Debates about knowledge translation (KT) typically focus on the research–practice gap, which appears to be premised on the assumption that academics are a homogeneous collective, sharing a common view. We argue that a number of hidden barriers need to be addressed related to the understanding, interpretation, ability, and commitment to translate knowledge within academic communities. We explore this by presenting a qualitative case study in a health sciences faculty. Applying organizational and management theory, we discuss different types of boundaries and the resultant barriers generated, ranging from diversity in understanding and perceptions of KT to varying motivations and incentives to engage in translational activity. We illustrate how we are using the empirical findings to inform the development of a KT strategy that targets the identified barriers. Investing in this internal KT-focused activity is an important step to maximize the potential of future collaborations between producers and users of research in health care.
Effect of Acupressure on Maternal Anxiety in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Bastani Farideh
Published: April 2015

Women with diabetes often experience a higher level of anxiety. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of acupressure on relieving anxiety of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A randomized clinical trial was conducted on 60 women with GDM at a university hospital. The participants were allocated to an experimental and a placebo group (30 women per group). The experimental group received a nurse-provided acupressure at the true point, and the placebo group received pressure (touching) at a sham (false) point. Anxiety was measured immediately in the groups prior to and after a 2-day intervention by a questionnaire and the Visual Analogue Scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results indicated that the acupressure group had significantly lower anxiety than the placebo group ( p ≤ .0001). In conclusion, the effects of acupressure appeared to be effective in reducing anxiety in diabetic pregnant women.
Development and Validation of the Spiritual Care Needs Inventory for Acute Care Hospital Patients in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Li-Fen , Koo Malcolm , Liao Yu-Chen , Chen Yuh-Min , Yeh Dah-Cherng
Published: April 2015

Spiritual care is increasingly being recognized as an integral aspect of nursing practice. The aim of this study was to develop a new instrument, Spiritual Care Needs Inventory (SCNI), for measuring spiritual care needs in acute care hospital patients with different religious beliefs. The 21-item instrument was completed by 1,351 adult acute care patients recruited from a medical center in Taiwan. Principal components analysis of the SCNI revealed two components, (a) meaning and hope and (b) caring and respect, which together accounted for 66.2% of the total variance. The internal consistency measures for the two components were 0.96 and 0.91, respectively. Furthermore, younger age, female sex, Christian religion, and regularly attending religious activities had significantly higher mean total scores in both components. The SCNI was found to be a simple instrument with excellent internal consistency for measuring the spiritual care needs in acute care hospital patients.
The Anthropology of Corruption
Authors: Torsello Davide , Venard Bertrand
Published: April 2015

The social importance of corruption and its complex nature have led management scholars to study the phenomenon. However, they have largely ignored the research conducted by anthropologists on the matter. The aim of this article is to provide a critical review of the anthropological literature on corruption in relation to the management science research. Anthropology offers valuable insights into the understanding of the study of corruption. The field provides new perspectives particularly in relation to the definition of the concept, the morality of corruption, the processual approach, the methods of inquiry, and the holistic perspective. Management research can gain important insights from the results of ethnographic investigations that support the idea that the great diversity in the practices of corruption worldwide is imbued with the particular cultural and social implications of this phenomenon.
The Divergent Effects of Transformational Leadership on Individual and Team Innovation
Authors: Li Voyce , Mitchell Rebecca , Boyle Brendan
Published: April 2015

Transformational leadership has consistently been argued to enhance team innovation, yet related research has generated ambiguous findings. We suggest that our understanding of leader impact on innovation would benefit from explicitly recognizing both group- and individual-focused transformational leadership dimensions and their distinct effects on team and individual innovation. In particular, we predict a novel contrasting effect in which group-focused transformational leader behavior has a positive impact on team innovation but a negative impact on individual innovation. We further argue that this divergence in leader effect is strengthened by task interdependence, which enhances the negative effects of group-level transformational leadership on individual innovation. Data from 195 members of 56 teams support our predicted pathways, which contribute to a clearer understanding of the complex, multilevel effects of leadership in innovation in teams, and highlight the importance of differentiating between team and individual leader dimensions and outcomes.
Keeping Positive and Building Strength
Authors: Sommer S. Amy , Howell Jane M. , Hadley Constance Noonan
Published: April 2015

During an organizational crisis in health care, we collected multilevel data from 426 team members and 52 leaders. The results of hierarchical linear modeling describe the influence of leader behavior on team members’ resilience, which is primarily through affective mechanisms. Specifically, transformational leadership was associated with greater levels of positive affect and lower levels of negative affect, which in turn predicted higher resilience among team members. Inverse effects were found for the passive form of management-by-exception (MBE) leadership. Contrary to expectation, no relationship was found between active MBE leadership and affect. The implications for leaders and team members to foster positive affect and resilience during a crisis are discussed.
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Hindfoot and Ankle Fusions Treated With rhPDGF-BB in Combination With a β-TCP-Collagen Matrix
Authors: Daniels Timothy R. , Younger Alastair S. E. , Penner Murray J. , Wing Kevin J. , Le Ian L. D. , Russell Iain S. , Lalonde Karl-André , Evangelista Peter T. , Quiton Jovelyn D. , Glazebrook Mark , DiGiovanni Christopher W.
Published: April 2015

Background:

Ankle and hindfoot arthrodesis is often supplemented with autograft to promote bony union. Autograft harvest can lead to increased perioperative morbidity. Purified recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB homodimer (rhPDGF-BB) has stimulated bone formation in mandibular defects and hindfoot fusion. This randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of rhPDGF-BB combined with an injectable, osteoconductive beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)–collagen matrix versus autograft in ankle and hindfoot fusions.

Methods:

Seventy-five patients requiring ankle or hindfoot fusion were randomized 5:1 for rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP-collagen (treatment, n = 63) or autograft (control, n = 12). Prospective analysis included 142 autograft control subjects from another clinical trial with identical study protocols. Standardized operative and postoperative protocols were used. Patients underwent standard internal fixation augmented with autograft or 0.3 mg/mL rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP-collagen. Radiologic, clinical, and quality-of-life outcomes were assessed over 52 weeks. Primary outcome was joint fusion (50% or more osseous bridging on computed tomography) at 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes included radiographs, clinical healing status, visual analog scale pain score, American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale score, Foot Function Index score, and Short Form-12 score. Noninferiority P values were calculated.

Results:

Complete fusion of all involved joints at 24 weeks as indicated by computed tomography was achieved in 53 of 63 (84%) rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP-collagen-treated patients and 100 of 154 (65%) autograft-treated patients ( P < .001). Mean time to fusion was 14.3 ± 8.9 weeks for rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP-collagen patients versus 19.7 ± 11.5 weeks for autograft patients ( P < .01). Clinical success at 52 weeks was achieved in 57 of 63 (91%) rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP-collagen patients and 120 of 154 (78%) autograft patients ( P < .001). Safety-related outcomes were equivalent. Autograft controls had 2 bone graft harvest infections.

Conclusions:

Application of rhPDGF-BB/β-TCP-collagen was a safe, effective alternative to autograft for ankle and hindfoot fusions, eliminating the pain and morbidity associated with autograft harvesting.

Level of Evidence:

Level I, prospective randomized study.
Effects of Rivaroxaban on Platelet Activation and Platelet–Coagulation Pathway Interaction
Authors: Perzborn Elisabeth , Heitmeier Stefan , Laux Volker
Published: April 2015

Introduction:

Activation of coagulation and platelets is closely linked, and arterial thrombosis involves coagulation activation as well as platelet activation and aggregation. In these studies, we investigated the possible synergistic effects of rivaroxaban in combination with antiplatelet agents on thrombin generation and platelet aggregation in vitro and on arterial thrombosis and hemostasis in rat models.

Materials and Methods:

Thrombin generation was measured by the Calibrated Automated Thrombogram method (0.5 pmol/L tissue factor) using human platelet-rich plasma (PRP) spiked with rivaroxaban (15, 30, or 60 ng/mL), ticagrelor (1.0 µg/mL), and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; 100 µg/mL). Tissue factor-induced platelet aggregation was measured in PRP spiked with rivaroxaban (15 or 30 ng/mL), ticagrelor (1 or 3 µg/mL), or a combination of these. An arteriovenous (AV) shunt model in rats was used to determine the effects of rivaroxaban (0.01, 0.03, or 0.1 mg/kg), clopidogrel (1 mg/kg), ASA (3 mg/kg), and combinations on arterial thrombosis.

Results:

Rivaroxaban inhibited thrombin generation in a concentration-dependent manner and the effect was enhanced with ticagrelor and ticagrelor plus ASA. Rivaroxaban and ticagrelor also concentration-dependently inhibited tissue factor-induced platelet aggregation, and their combination increased the inhibition synergistically. In the AV shunt model, rivaroxaban dose-dependently reduced thrombus formation. Combining subefficacious or weakly efficacious doses of rivaroxaban with ASA or ASA plus clopidogrel increased the antithrombotic effect.

Conclusion:

These data indicate that the combination of rivaroxaban with single or dual antiplatelet agents works synergistically to reduce platelet activation, which may in turn lead to the delayed/reduced formation of coagulation complexes and vice versa, thereby enhancing antithrombotic potency.