bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overview of Psychiatric Ethics IV: The Method of Casuistry
Authors: Robertson Michael , Ryan Christopher , Walter Garry
Published: July 2007

Objective: The aim of this paper is to describe the method of ethical analysis known as casuistry and consider its merits as a basis of ethical deliberation in psychiatry.

Conclusions: Casuistry approximates the legal arguments of common law. It examines ethical dilemmas by adopting a taxonomic approach to ‘paradigm’ cases, using a technique akin to that of normative analogical reasoning. Casuistry offers a useful method in ethical reasoning through providing a practical means of evaluating the merits of a particular course of action in a particular clinical situation. As a method ethical moral reasoning in psychiatry, casuistry suffers from a paucity of paradigm cases and its failure to fully contextualize ethical dilemmas by relying on common morality theory as its basis.
A novel application of melting curves: utility of peak area calculation for relative methylation quantification
Authors: Deligezer Ugur , Esin Akisik Ebru , Dalay Nejat
Published: July 2007

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:867–73.
The influence of added impurities on the growth and nucleation of sodium chloride
Authors: Cooke E. G.
Published: July 2007

Summarizing investigations on the solubility, nucleation and growth of NaCl in presence of K4Fe(CN)6 are reported. Raising the contents of K4Fe(CN)6 induces at first the formation of cubes, then skeletal forms and finally suppression of nucleation and growth for the duration of the experiment. Secondary nucleation is promoted under conditions for skeletal growth. Laboratory results are proved in a semitechnical continuous evaporator. — Secondary nucleation in MgSO4‐solutions coincides with the sudden appearence of whiskers.
Gittergeometrische Betrachtung der plastischen Verformung von Lavesphasen
Authors: Krämer Ursula , Schulze G. E. R.
Published: July 2007

Die Sprödigkeit vieler intermetallischer Verbindungen auch bei metallischem Bindungscharakter läßt einen Zusammenhang mit der Gittergeometrie vermuten. Der Einfluß der Atomanordnung auf das Gleiten der Versetzungen wird für die Lavesphasengitter des MgZn2‐Typs (C 14) und des MgCu2‐Typs (C 15) vergleichend mit den dicht gepackten metallischen Elementgittern untersucht. Betrachtet werden die Änderung der Koordinationsverhältnisse beim Gleiten, die Verzahnung der Ebenen im Modell starrer Kugeln, mögliche Stapelfehler und Teilversetzungen und daraus die günstigsten Gleitebenen für Ganzversetzungen mit stabilem bzw. gegen Dissoziation indifferentem Burgersvektor und Teilversetzungen ermittelt. Beim Schneiden von gleitenden Stufenversetzungen wird erwartet, daß Zwischengitteratome entstehen. Der Vergleich mit den Elementgittern legt den Schluß nahe, daß die Sprödigkeit der Verbindungsgitter eine Folge der komplizierten Atomanordnung ist.
Effect of substrate orientation on growth rate and doping level of vapour grown GaAs. Interval (111)A—(100)—(111)B
Authors: Lavrentyeva L. G. , Kataev Yu. G. , Moskovkin V. A. , Yakubenya M. P.
Published: July 2007

The effect of the substrate orientation and the supersaturation on the growth rate and doping level of vapor grown GaAs is considered. Experimental results are discussed in terms of crystal growth theory developed by BURTON, CABRERA, FRANK and CHERNOV (BCFCh). It is shown that the main predictions of theory are in agreement with the experimental results. At the same time experimental results, on the whole, are more complicated than predicted by simple crystal growth model. It can be concluded that the BCFCh‐theory is applicable for analysing the growth rate and doping level anisotropy for vapor grown crystals.
Single crystal synthesis and properties of lithium‐gallium‐, lithium‐aluminium‐oxide and mixed compounds (I) growing of LiGaO2‐, LiAlO2‐ and LiAlxGa1−x crystals from fluxes
Authors: Schwarzer H. , Neels H.
Published: July 2007

LiGaO2 forms a single eutectic with PbO/B2O3 (molar ratio 9:4). A nearly linear slope of the liquidus curve is followed by a steep rise of the temperature coefficient of solubility. The solvent power at 1300°C is 0.35 g LiGaO2/g PbO, B2O3; from 1000 to 1300°C there exist only poor differences in solubility of LiGaO2 and LiAlO2 in PbO/B2O3. LiGaO2 crystals up to 1 p in weight grew spontaneously by slow cooling from fluxes or by evaporation of the solvent, those of about 1–1.5 p from seeds by cooling stirred fluxes. LiAlO2 crystals are essentially smaller (6 mm). – By partial substitution of Ga2O3 by Al2O3 mixed crystals LiAlxGa1−xO2 result. In the case of x ≦ 0.5 the coefficient of segregation remains ≦1. The al concentrations along the polar axis decrease by more than 25 p.c., perpendicular to [001] they keep constant till to the crystal surface. – Crystals show hypermorphism from mm2 to mmm. With high initial exceedings only {110} and {011}, with lower ones also {120}, {130}, {210} and {310} as well as the reduced {100}, {010} combinations are observed. – LiGaO2 crystals grow by nucleous, sceletal or faceted growth resp. during the cooling period. – Primarily at 1270°C formed nuclei up to 1150°C grow to critical dimensions (≈0.5 mm) and develop to the main branch along [001]. Primary branches deflect to [010]. The convex secondary branches intergrow along (110), often including flux. With decreasing temperature a new crystallisation front is formed at the periphery leading to a stable faceted growth at about 1000°C.
Die Parameter der Drehung und die Orientierungsverteilungsfunktion (OVF)
Authors: Pospiech Jan
Published: July 2007

Für die Berechnung der dreidimensionalen Orientierungsverteilungsfunktion der Kristallite im vielkristallinen Material sind die Eulerschen Winkel als Orientierungsparameter besonders günstig. Andererseits ist die Darstellung von Orientierungsparameters besonders günstig. Andererseits ist die Darstellung von Orientierungen durch Angabe der Drehachse und des zugehörigen Drehwinkels besonders anschaulich. Es ist daher zweckmäßig, im letzten Rechenschritt auf diese Koordinaten zu transformieren. Dazu wurden die Transformationsbeziehungen zwischen beiden Orientierungsdarstellungen hergeleitet, und es wurde die zweckmäßigste Wahl des symmetrischen Grundbereiches in beiden Darstellungen erörtert.
Zu einigen Eigenschaften des polaren Gadoliniummolybdats (II) Morphische piezoelektrische und elastische Koeffizienten
Authors: Scheiding C. , Schmidt G. , Kürsten H. D.
Published: July 2007

Für das ferroelektrische GMO wurden die elastischen Nachgiebigkeiten s11 und s′11 für die [110]‐Richtung sowie die morphischen Piezomoduln d31 und d33 bestimmt. Alle diese Stoffgrößen steigen bei Annäherung and den Umwandlungspunkt an. Die Ergebnisse lassen einige qualitative Aussagen über Kopplungen mit den Umwandlungsparametern im Rahmen der thermodynamischen Theorie zu.
Proto‐Djurleite, a metastable form of cuprous sulphide
Authors: Mulder B. J.
Published: July 2007

In a study of thin single crystals of cuprous sulphide we found that the high‐temperature hexagonal form of chalcosite (Cu2S) can be metastable with respect both to temperature (supercooling) and to composition. In reversible equilibrium with the metastable chalcosite a second metastable phase is formed, resembling djurleite (Cu1.96S), which we propose to call proto‐djurleite. When cooled to a critical temperature the crystal suddenly reverts to a mixture of the stable low‐temperature forms of chalcosite and djurleite. The boundaries of the metastable two‐phase region have been determined between its upper temperature limit, which is 93 °C, and 75 °C.
Chemical and plasmachemical vapour deposition of aluminium nitride layers
Authors: Arnold H. , Biste L. , Bolze D. , Eichhorn G.
Published: July 2007

AIN was deposited pyrolytically by means of the aluminium trichloride‐ammonia process (either introducing both compounds seperately or in complex form) and by plasmachemical reaction of aluminium trichloride with nitrogen at temperatures from 600 to 1300°C. Layers deposited onto (100) spinel had an epitaxial (0001) orientation, whereas fibre textures resulted on silicon and quartz glass.
Beeinflussung des spezifischen Widerstandes von sauerstoffreichen Silizium‐Einkristallen durch Temperprozesse
Authors: Gaworzewski P. , Riemann H.
Published: July 2007

Veränderungen des Absolutwertes und der Verteilung des spezifischen Widerstandes von sauerstoffreichen Silizium‐Einkristallen durch Wärmebehandlung bei Temperaturen um 450 °C sind auf die Bildung donatorwirksamer Silizium‐Sauerstoff—Komplexe zurückzuführen. Die Maximalkonzentration der Thermodonatoren, die nach mehr als 100 Stunden Temperzeit vorliegt, ist der 3. Potenz der Konzentration des auf Zwischengitterplatz befindlichen, quasifreien Sauerstoffs proportional. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden anhand bestehender Modellvorstellungen diskutiert. Beispiele für die Kinetik der Thermodonatorbildung in Mikrobereichen werden an Proben mit stark inhomogenen Sauerstoffverteilungen angegeben. Ein Verfahren zur Ermittlung des Sauerstoffgehaltes in Mikrobereichen von radialen und axialen Schnitten von Silizium‐Einkristallen wird abgeleitet und die Nachweisgrenzen werden abgeschätzt.
Some extents to the VANDER PAUW method
Authors: Lourido Javier
Published: July 2007

The linearity of a system composed of a sample on which resistivity (ϱ0) and the Hall constant (R) is measured by the VAN DER PAUW method in the case of non‐point contacts is shown. Influence of contact dimensions on results is discussed, both theoretically and experimentally, on quantitative basis. Equations for the output currents involving the electrical and geometrical characteristics of the sample are given. These currents determine the necessary equipment sensitivity for effect detection.
Defect characterization of mixed SrCa tartrates
Authors: Patel A. R. , Arora S. K.
Published: July 2007

A few defect characteristics which are typical of gel‐grown mixed single crystals of SrCa tartrates (Sr1−XCaxC4H4O6 · 4H2O) having different concentration, x, of the cations have been described. The temperature of decomposition has been found to be related, to some extent, to dislocation concentration. The magnitude of configurational entropy, which is a manifestation of lattice disorder, has been computed. The Vickers microhardness and dislocation density of crystals have been found to bear good correlation. An empirical formula has been suggested to explain the observed variation in microhardness with the concentration of ions in the mixed lattice.
Electromigration of 113Sn in Cu
Authors: Neidhardt A. , Reinhold U. , Krautheim G. , Zehe A.
Published: July 2007

Electromigration of 113Sn in Cu was investigated by the isothermal method in the temperature range from 918 to 1042 °C using the thin layer boundary condition. Following Gilder and Lazarus the welding interface was marked by help of a 181Hf‐layer. The pseudo activation energy, which is (1.87 ± 0.29) eV, agrees within the experimental errors with the activation energy of impurity diffusion. Because of the fluctuation of the individual values a significant temperature dependence of the apparent effective charge could not been observed. The average value of the apparent effective charge z = −33 ± 2. The residual resistance due to electron scattering at the jumping atoms yields for the models of Fiks, Huntington, Bosvieux and Friedel (3.4 ± 0.3)μ Ω cm/at%, (6.8 ± 0.6) μΩ/at% and (5.7 ± 0.6) μΩ cm/at%, respectively.
Interface kinetics and the vapour phase mass transport in closed tube CdS:I2‐system
Authors: Paorici C. , Attolini G.
Published: July 2007

Experimental evidence is given for the CdS:I2 closed‐tube CVD system that small deviations of the experimental transport rate from the calculated mass transport rate through the vapour when interface kinetics is assumed not to be rate‐limiting, can be enhanced by the presence of mass convection in the This phenomenon which is strictly related to the presence of activational constraints at the solid‐vapour interfaces, is shown to be independent on the stoichiometry defect of the CdS charge, but dependent upon the presence of foreign impurities in the charge.
Epitaxial layers of CuInTe2 on GaAs
Authors: Neumann H. , Nowak E. , Schumann B. , Tempel A. , Kühn G.
Published: July 2007

CuInTe2 thin films were deposited onto semi‐insulating (111)A‐oriented GaAs substrates by flash evaporation. Epitaxial growth was found in the substrate temperature range Tsub = 620 … 790 K. Above 750 K a second phase was found besides the chalcopyrite phase. All epitaxial films were p‐type conducting and showed an increase of the hole concentration with rising substrate temperature above Tsub = 720 K. Three acceptor states with ionization energies of 350 … 500 meV, 135 … 150 meV, and of some 10−3 eV were found.
Evaluation of degree of crystallization by optical microscopy and chemical analysis in crystallization of alkaline‐earth metal tungstates from solutions in lithium chloride melts
Authors: Roy B. N. , Packter A.
Published: July 2007

A comparative study of the accuracy of optical microscopy and chemical analysis of residual solutions for evaluation of degree of crystallisation was carried out to ascertain their suitability for kinetics study of CaWO4 and BaWO4 crystallisation from LiCl melts (i) by continuous cooling at a constant cooling rate, and (ii) at constant temperature from a supersaturated solution. Chemical analysis of residual solution does not give desirable accuracy for the case (i) for αt values <0.30, and for the case (ii) for αt values <0.60. Optical microscopy was more accurate and suitable for both cases.
Defect generation in LPE garnet films during annealing
Authors: Hergt R.
Published: July 2007

The defects induced in LPE garnet films during annealing processes near 1300°C were investigated by X‐ray topography, etching, scanning electron microscopy and Nomarski interference microscopy. The results show that besides loops and more complicated dislocation configurations point defects play an essential role for the stress relaxation mechanism in the film. The observed coarsening effects on the film surface are due to the high surface free energy of {111} faces on garnets. A consistent explanation of the various experimental observations is given by assuming the creation of oxygen vacancies during annealing.
The properties of hydrogen forms of zeolite T obtained by the treatment with hydrochloric acid at 22°C
Authors: Cichocki A.
Published: July 2007

Hydrogen forms of zeolite T obtained by the treatment of synthetic zeolite of erionite‐offretite type with hydrochloric acid at 22°C were tested with the methods of chemical analysis, sorption and X‐ray diffraction. The influence of the variations in the number of treatments with acid, the concentration of acid and the calcination at 500°C on the properties of the samples was observed. It was found that the modification runs in two steps. The existence of the threshold of stability of the zeolite T structure under the treatment with 0.1 N HCl was indicated at the degree of decationization of 45–48% and the degree of dealumination of 25–28%. It was also found that about 30–33% of alkali cations in zeolite T are at the more accessible positions.
Quantitative analysis of Bi1−xSbx
Authors: Christ B. , Oelgart G. , Rogaschewski S.
Published: July 2007

The chemical composition of Bi1‐xSbx alloys is determined by means of square‐wave polarography, density measurements, measurements of the electron backscatter coefficient, and electron probe microanalysis. These experimental methods are discussed with respect to their results. At 10 keV, the electron probe microanalysis allows the determination of any antimony concentration without corrections (cSb = kSb).
Kinetics of crystallization in binary solutions
Authors: Dhanasekaran R. , Ramasamy P.
Published: July 2007

A two‐dimensional nucleation is required to grow the crystals of low energy planes. Expressions for the size and free energy of the two‐dimensional nucleus corresponding to a saddle point in binary system are derived. The concentration of the critical nuclei in the system is related to the critical free energy of the two‐dimensional nucleus. A circular island of atoms on the growing surface is considered and the flux of atoms on the surface going to the growing walls of the island from either direction is calculated. The rate of advance of the curved step is determined and hence the velocity of the straight step in the A‐B crystal‐binary solution interface is found.
Silicon inhomogeneities in Fe‐3 wt% Si single crystals grown by floating zone melting
Authors: Vanêk P. , Kadečková S.
Published: July 2007

The development of radial Si inhomogeneities and striations with the growth rate increasing from 20 to 65 mm/h has been observed in Fe‐3 wt% Si single crystals grown by floating zone melting. Within a relatively small interval of growth rates (49–54 mm/h) the distinct striations extend from the periphery with enhanced Si concentration to the whole crystal volume. The solid state diffusion cannot be responsible for this phenomenon although it modifies the striation structure, especially at lower growth rates.
On the existence of generalized inverse estimators in a singular system of equations
Authors: Dhrymes Phoebus J. , Schwarz Samuel
Published: July 2007

This paper deals with estimation problems in the context of singular systems of equations. It provides the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of restricted estimators as a routine extension of the standard theory of restricted least squares estimation. The paper also provides the means for carrying out tests of hypotheses on subsets of restrictions imposed on the system by explicitly providing an expression for the (appropriate) Lagrange multipliers.
Causal forces: Structuring knowledge for time‐series extrapolation
Authors: Scott Armstrong J. , Collopy Fred
Published: July 2007

This paper examines a strategy for structuring one type of domain knowledge for use in extrapolation. It does so by representing information about causality and using this domain knowledge to select and combine forecasts. We use five categories to express causal impacts upon trends: growth, decay, supporting, opposing, and regressing. An identification of causal forces aided in the determination of weights for combining extrapolation forecasts. These weights improved average ex ante forecast accuracy when tested on 104 annual economic and demographic time series. Gains in accuracy were greatest when (1) the causal forces were clearly specified and (2) stronger causal effects were expected, as in longer‐range forecasts. One rule suggested by this analysis was: ‘Do not extrapolate trends if they are contrary to causal forces.’ We tested this rule by comparing forecasts from a method that implicitly assumes supporting trends (Holt's exponential smoothing) with forecasts from the random walk. Use of the rule improved accuracy for 20 series where the trends were contrary; the MdAPE (Median Absolute Percentage Error) was 18% less for the random walk on 20 one‐year ahead forecasts and 40% less for 20 six‐year‐ahead forecasts. We then applied the rule to four other data sets. Here, the MdAPE for the random walk forecasts was 17% less than Holt's error for 943 short‐range forecasts and 43% less for 723 long‐range forecasts. Our study suggests that the causal assumptions implicit in traditional extrapolation methods are inappropriate for many applications.
Forecasting cyclical turning points with an index of leading indicators: A probabilistic approach
Authors: Nazmi Nader
Published: July 2007

In this paper the econometrics of latent variables in conjunction with leading economic indicators are used to predict turning points of the US industrial production variable for various forecasting horizons. The results reported here show that leading indicators used in regression models with a dichotomous dependent variable that marks periods of economic expansion and contraction forecast business cycle turning points accurately. Leading indicators produce the most reliable forecasts of turning points five months prior to cyclical changes and do not give any false signals. Moreover, the weights assigned to leading indicators for producing the index vary as the forecast horizon changes.
Forecasts of inflation from var models
Authors: Webb Roy H.
Published: July 2007

Why are forecasts of inflation from VAR models so much worse than their forecasts of real variables? This paper documents that relatively poor performance, and finds that the price equation of a VAR model fitted to US post‐war data is poorly specified. Statistical work by other authors has found that coefficients in such price equations may not be constant. Based on specific monetary actions, two changes in monetary policy regimes are proposed. Accounting for those two shifts yields significantly more accurate forecasts and lessens the evidence of misspecification.
The Spectrum of D = 11 Supergravity via Harmonic Expansions on S4 X S7
Authors: Sezgin E.
Published: July 2007

We derive the complete particle spectrum of the d = 11 supergravity compactified on AdS X S7, by analytically continuing AdS to S4, and using the Salam‐Strathdee method of harmonic expansion on S4 X S7. The spectrum is arranged into supermultiplets labelled by an integer l = 0, 1, 2,. The massless supermultiplet corresponds to l = 0. For the l'th supermultiplet we find a relation, involving the eigenvalues of the second order Casimir operators of SO(3, 2) and SO(8), given by 2C2[SO(3, 2)] + C2[SO(8)] = 3/2(l + 2) (l + 4).
Effective Gauge Theories of Composite W, Z and Massless Fermions
Authors: Craigie N. S. , Stern J.
Published: July 2007

We have attempted to identify the circumstances under which a weakly coupled massive gauge theory such as the standard Glashow‐Salam‐Weinberg model, can emerge as a low energy effective Lagrangian of an ASF preon gauge theory. This involves many issues including the interplay between global and local symmetries and sum rules connecting long and short distance physics. The article puts together these issues and demonstrates that ASF preon models can be very tight and predictive frameworks. We make a systematic search of a minimal extension of the standard electro‐weak theory, which could emerge as a low energy effective Lagrangian of an ASF preon gauge theory, in which the left‐right symmetry is spontaneously broken by vacuum condensation.
The Ampere‐Neumann Electrodynamics of Metallic Conductors
Authors: Graneau Peter
Published: July 2007

This is a review of the old electrodynamics which prevailed during the first half of the 165‐year history of electromagnetism. Amperes principal achievement was the deduction of his empirical force law from experiments with several current balances. Faraday then discovered electro‐magnetic induction. This prompted F. E. Neumann to work out a quantitative explanation of induction based on Amperes force law. It involved the concept of the electrodynamic potential which, as we know now, is the same entity as magnetic energy. With the newtonian principle of virtual work, Neumann found his potential yielded the correct mechanical forces on metallic current circuits. Neumanns theory contains a physical quantity which today is called the magnetic vector potential and treated as a mathematical contrivance.

Neumanns mutual inductance formula has become a powerful tool of inductance calculations. Maxwell made a major contribution to the Ampere‐Neumann electrodynamics by developing the mean‐geometric‐distance method for calculating the inductance of conductors of finite cross‐sections. This became particularly useful after Sommerfeld solved Neumanns double integral for parallel, straight wires. Maxwell built all of Neumanns mathematical theory into his field equations but the lingo changed. Electrodynamic potential became kinetic energy of the field; conductor element interactions became flux linkage; and so on. Maxwells equations do not contain a magnetic force law. He believed both Amperes law and the law currently in use, which was first suggested by Grassmann in 1845, were compatible with field theory. Lorentz later found that the motion of charges in vacuum obeyed only Grassmanns law and not Amperes. From then onward the old electrodynamics fell into disuse and field theory has reigned supremely ever since.

Recent developments have shown the conflict between Amperes and Grassmanns law to be related to the nature, of the electric current. Conduction currents in metals obey Amperes law and convection currents in vacuum obey Grassmanns law. Both laws agree on the reaction forces between closed metallic circuits, because the relativistic contribution from the Grassmann law then integrates to zero. This fact appears to have mislead Lorentz in believing that the drifting electron in vacuum is magnetically equivalent to the current element of metals.

An examination of the long debate concerning the validity of Newtons third law of motion in electromagnetism proves the Ampere‐Neumann electro‐dynamics to be valid for metallic circuits while the theory of special relativity and field momentum conservation are required for convecting charges in vacuum. This conclusion is strongly supported by experimental evidence. It demands a change in the concept of the metallic current element.
Terrain adaptive human walking animation
Authors: Tsutsuguchi Ken , Sakaino Hidetomo , Watanabe Yasuhiko
Published: July 2007

This paper describes a method for automatically generating human walking sequences that match the path set to the given terrain. The Environment Adaptive Human Walking Animation (EAW) module using this method offers to users an interface that can unite human walking motion with the environment in virtual worlds. The EAW module has a 4‐layer structure comprising the GUI level, the control level, the motion generation level and the rendering level. The EAW module realizes the adaptation to the 3D terrain by using “area divisions” and “step divisions” for the walking path in the control level, and generates the walking motion sequences by using the “E‐KLAW” method that uses dynamics and kinematics in the motion generation level. By using this module, the user's tasks are made significantly simpler and the user can incorporate human motion into various scenes.
Backpropagation learning algorithm with different learning coefficients for each layer
Authors: Takechi Hirochika , Murakami Kenji , Izumida Masanori
Published: July 2007

When considering the algorithm of error backpropagation learning, it is seen that the learning of each layer is not completed independently. This paper proposes a DLBP learning algorithm which uses different learning coefficients for each layer. By changing the ratio of the learning coefficients, the following can be controlled:

the learning progress of the hidden units;

the influence of the hidden units on the network. With DLBP learning, we can construct the corresponding networks to the different requirement such as;

to obtain a network with small number of hidden units; and

to obtain a fault tolerant network.
Limits of pictorial pattern discrimination caused by noise originating in image pickup process and the deduced optimum resolution
Authors: Yoneyama Tsuneo
Published: July 2007

In an image processing system, the resolution of the input unit serves as an important design parameter in prescribing the processing speed and the scale of the entire system. However, no method to date has been established to derive the specification logically. This paper describes a method for calculating the best resolution in an objective manner by observing the relationship between the resolution and the discrimination limit of figures resulting from the fluctuation of images that are generated in light detection. It is found that the sensitivity in observation at the best resolution coincides with the features of the visual system.
Status and issues of HPF compilers
Authors: Nakatani Toshio
Published: July 2007

High Performance Fortran (HPF) is an emerging, de facto standard language for machine‐independent, data‐parallel programs that run on various parallel machines. The ease with which parallel programs can be created by means of simple data placement annotations to Fortran 90 programs is particularly attractive to end‐users. The success of the HPF approach, however, depends on the innovation in compiler technology. In order to achieve a reasonable speedup on the target parallel machine, the HPF compiler must be able to parallelize loops, optimize communications, localize arrays, and generate efficient, scalable single‐program multiple‐data (SPMD) code. We have implemented HPF on the basis of the IBM XL Fortran 90 compiler. This task will present an overview of our compilation strategy and preliminary results obtained on an IBM Scalable POWERparallel System.
Identification of objects of complex shape by using stochastic local fractal variables–categorizing dust particles on lsi wafer surface
Authors: Kamijo Masayoshi , Aihara Shin‐Ichi , Nakazawa Masaru
Published: July 2007

When a natural object or phenomenon is modelled mathematically by using a fractal dimension, it is recognized that the object or phenomenon does not often have an autocorrelation. In the fractal theory, a fractal dimension is defined as a determined value (dimension) which is independent of the scale of its covering. In practice, however, the dimension often fluctuates depending on samples used (even with the same object or phenomenon) and its scale.

In published works of image analyses using fractal dimensions, it has been assumed that fractal dimensions are determined and independent of scales, ignoring the practical experience. To treat a natural object or phenomenon without contradictions, this paper introduces “stochastic local fractal variables.” Using these new variables, mathematical models of dust on LSI wafers are constructed, and they are identified by using the likelihood method. Usefulness of the proposed method has successfully been confirmed with real data.
Face recognition using neural networks with multiple combinations of categories
Authors: Yahagi Takashi , Takano Hiroaki
Published: July 2007

Neural networks trained via backpropagation are now widely applied in a pattern recognition method. However, since it becomes much more difficult for a network to accomplish its task when the number of categories increases, research on multiple network combination is active. Novel learning and recognition processes are proposed here. It is shown that by combining small‐scale neural networks, the proposed method allows exploitation of the potential capabilities of the networks. In the learning process, multiple networks are trained with patterns organized in overlapping groups. During the recognition process, response is obtained by making the networks compete with each other. In experiments involving recognition of individuals from various facial images and different expressions, a recognition rate of higher than 96 percent was obtained for 20 individuals and 131 images. Furthermore, results of simulations in which noise was added confirmed that the proposed method is robust with respect to pattern changes.
An analysis of carp cerebellar eeg under the microgravitational environment
Authors: Usui Shiro , Hirata Yutaka , Hagiwara Katsuyuki , Toda Naohiro , Akagi Ichiro
Published: July 2007

To confirm the plausibility of the sensory conflict hypothesis for space motion sickness, a space experiment was carried out in 1992 as NASA's Spacelab‐J mission. In the experiment, the dorsal light tilt reaction (DLTR) of carp was observed and the corresponding cerebellar EEG was recorded. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of change in gravitational environment on the EEG by means of spectrum analysis. In order to make a reliable conclusion, a procedure was established which consists of preprocessing, spectrum estimation and evaluation of the spectrum based on statistics. By applying this procedure, both the effects due to change in gravitational environment and the adaptation of the carp to the weightlessness environment in terms of differences in EEG spectrum are revealed. This result supports the sensory conflict hypothesis for space motion sickness.
Proof method for correctness of refinements of algebraic specification in abstract sequential machine style
Authors: Okano Kozo , Higashino Teruo , Taniguchi Kenichi
Published: July 2007

In this paper, new methods for providing the correctness of refinement among abstract sequential machine style programs are described. The programs are described in algebraic language ASL using some useful notions, i.e., the extended projection and the valid reachability condition for each transition function. These notions allow a designer to refine a given text (program or specification) to a concrete text more freely than the text that does not use such notions. These notions can also enhance the expressive power of the text.

On the other hand, these advantages would have lost half their values, if useful methods to prove the correctness of refinement among the texts using them are not found. Thus new methods for proving the correctness of the texts are proposed, and they do not require much proof loads.

First the correctness of refinement among the ASL texts with the extended projection is defined. Second, a method is proposed for proving the correctness of refinement among such texts. Also proposed is a definition of the correctness of refinement among the texts with the valid reachability conditions and a method to prove their correctness. These methods do not require more proof loads than the usual methods for the texts that do not use such notions in the abstract sequential machine style. Therefore, these methods are useful.
Capacity of autocorrelation associative memory with quantized synaptic weight
Authors: Mimura Kazushi , Okada Masato , Kurata Koji
Published: July 2007

The neural chips to speed up the process of a neural network have recently been developed actively. Since a conventional neural chip requires quantized synaptic weights, it is important to know the properties of the network with such weights. Devices for a 2‐layer network with the same number of input and output elements have been well developed, and such a device can be used as an autocorrelation associative memory by feeding its output to its input.

This paper investigates theoretically the capacity of an autocorrelation associative memory when its synaptic weights are quantized with a finite number of bits. It also proposes an optimum quantization function. A system with a finite number of elements is computer simulated. The proposed method can be applied to the design of a neural chip for associative memory.
Completion of term‐rewriting systems with multiple reduction orderings
Authors: Kondo Hisashi , Kurihara Masahito , Ohuchi Azuma
Published: July 2007

The Knuth‐Bendix completion procedure results in one of the following, when the reduction ordering and the set of equations are given: (1) the procedure succeeds by generating a complete term‐rewriting system; (2) the procedure fails by not giving the orientation to an equation by the reduction ordering; and (3) the procedure diverges without being terminated. The success or failure of the completion procedure depends greatly on the reduction ordering.

This paper proposes a completion procedure with multiple reduction orderings to reduce the burden of the user in determining the reduction ordering and to prevent the procedure from diverging due to the inadequate reduction ordering. To improve the efficiency, the data called node are used, based on the data structure of ATMS, which is an architecture proposed in the artificial intelligence. The parallel execution of the ordinary completion procedure is simulated under each reduction ordering.

The property of ATMS to handle the multiple context is utilized, and the duplication of the inference is avoided by sharing the result of inference among the reduction orderings.
Boldfacedness of an image and the applicability of a spread spectrum image encryption scheme
Authors: Tachibana Hiroaki , Oshita Shinjiro , Maeda Junya , Mutsuura Kouichi
Published: July 2007

We study the applicability and evaluate the decryption fidelity of a spread spectrum image encryption method, for which decryption is accomplished with easy operations, and which makes possible the protection of secrecy even in hardcopy form. Decryption in the spread spectrum encryption method is based on the recognition of the dark‐pixel region in the picture's background noise. To evaluate the applicability of this image encryption method, we employ measure Bn, called the boldfacedness, which estimates the boldness of the original image. This is essentially the area of the dark‐pixel region normalized by the length of the path surrounding it. We relate the intuitive visibility of several kinds of images to the boldfacedness, and confirm its validity. To estimate its applicability, we composed a questionnaire concerning the recognition of simple rectangular images in background noise. The results showed that for these simple rectangular images a Bn value down to about 0.023 is adequate. Next, since we often want to transmit images of documents in facsimile, we evaluated the fidelity of document images based on the size and type of several kinds of characters. To perform this evaluation we took as input Group 3 facsimile, with the resolution of all document images as a consistent 200 dpi. It became clear that, for document images, the letter‐recognition threshold value of Bn is in the neighborhood of 0.015. This is equivalent to the case both for 16‐point Mincho‐tai characters and for 10‐point standard characters, verifying the applicability of this encryption method for general document usage.
WSI oriented design for highly reliable systems based on the residue number system
Authors: Tomabechi Nobuhiro
Published: July 2007

In WSI, a single noise could disrupt the system. However, neither dual system nor triple system can be used as a countermeasure because WSI benefits from the use of a single wafer system. This paper presents a design procedure for noise‐tolerant systems in which multiple clock pulses and the features of the residue number system are effectively combined. The design sequence is as follows: (1) The system is designed based on the redundant residue number system. (2) The circuits corresponding to the digits of the residue number system are driven by the clock pulses, each of which has a different phase. (3) A circuit is applied which corrects the noise‐induced error through calculation of the remaining correct digits. The reliability of a nonrecursive digital filter is clearly improved by applying the given method. The reliability is, however, reduced by pipelining and the hardware upgrade needed for redundancy is limited to 31%. By applying the given method, coincident noise‐induced faults throughout the system are avoided and the redundant hardware is reduced. We have found the method suitable for noise‐tolerant systems design of WSI.
Communication computation model for modeling dynamic human communication
Authors: Hiji Masahiro , Miyazaki Masatoshi , Nunokawa Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

A communication computation model for modeling human communication is proposed. In this computation model, an individual communicator is represented by an Autonomous Object and a group communicator is represented by a Group Field. The mode of communication is represented by the communicative functions appropriate to each mode.

A method is described for modeling the dynamic character of communication while changing among these various communication types. The dynamic character of communication is described as the selection of the communicative function corresponding to the mode of communication as well as the resultant information exchanges. A communication process is described as a combination of these communicative functions.
Program slicing using a path dependence flow graph
Authors: Naoi Kuniaki , Takahashi Naohisa
Published: July 2007

A method that formally represents various program slices with a unified framework is presented; it uses a previously proposed directed graph called a path dependence flow graph (PDFG). Program slicing is a technique of extracting a set of statements (called slices) with certain desired features from an imperative program. The method proposed here has the following properties. (1) Since slices are represented by operations on dependence relationships defined on a PDFG, properties of slices such as an inclusion relationship among slices can be discussed independently of slicing procedures. (2) Since various slices are represented with the same framework, appropriate slices can be selected for specific purposes using one representation. (3) Since slices are generalized using orthogonal primitive attributes, slices can be represented comprehensively; this includes the ones for which there have been no known construction methods. It is also proven herein that major known slices and the slices represented by this method are identical as a set of statements, thereby demonstrating the appropriateness of this proposed method.
Rotation method for medical three‐dimensional image using object direct operation
Authors: Ban Hideyuki , Hashizume Akihide , Suzuki Ryuuichi
Published: July 2007

This paper proposes a method of rotating a three‐dimensional image on a screen by using a two‐dimensional pointer (e.g., a mouse cursor) to make medical diagnoses easier. The apparatus rotates the three‐dimensional image by directly clicking and dragging areas of interest with a pointer so that a user (e.g., a busy doctor) can examine the image from any number of angles without a break in his/her concentration. Experiments show that the proposed method is faster by 20 percent and simpler and easier to use without special training as compared with a conventional method (in which a mouse cursor points in a numerical viewing angle direction).
Oil, NGOs & youths: struggles for resource control in the Niger delta
Authors: Ifeka Caroline
Published: July 2007

The Niger Delta, one of the world's largest wetlands and the sixth largest exporter of crude oil, is notorious for environmental pollution, poverty and violence. For four decades the Federal Nigerian Government has neglected its obligations to fishing communities in the vicinity of oil wells or facing offshore platforms. Although the Federal Government takes 60% of the dollar sales of crude oil (40% goes to the oil companies), the political class has declined to regulate gas flaring, pipeline maintenance or levels of spillage. Frustrated by their exclusion from the benefits of oil, militant youths attack oil company installations, hi‐jack personnel, and lay waste to villages believed to harbour oil reserves, leaving many homeless. These angry subalterns believe that their communities own and should control of the natural resources in their vicinity. The consequence is an increase of casualties in inter‐communal raids and counter‐raids, in wildfires at spillage sites, and in shootings by ‘mobile police’ when demonstrating youths enter the oil installations that they guard.
Introduction
Authors: Turshen Meredeth
Published: July 2007

The following document is reprinted with the permission of our ACAS colleagues in the US (see their web site at http://acas.prairenet.org/). ACAS has chosen to address the role of western oil companies in Africa in order to see if activists running campaigns in the US, Africa and Europe could together develop a more robust position on oil, development, human rights and the environment. Our aim is to share analyses, strategies and tactics and to help other groups make oil a focus of their work in these four years of the US oil presidency. This issue of the Bulletin will, we hope, open a vigorous debate about oil and energy alternatives, about extractive industries and development, as well as about globalization and the looting of Africa's other resources, including biodiversity.
Underdevelopment and the law of value: a critique of Kay
Authors: Bernstein Henry
Published: July 2007

The article provides a brief but useful summary of Kay's book, fully acknowledging the importance of its contribution to the current debate. Bernstein does not agree, though, with Kay's emphasis on the category of merchant capital as central to the development of underdevelopment, as he does not think that it explains the changes in the conditions and relations of production in the Third World. He also criticises Kay for omitting any discussion of the internationalisation of capital in the present period of large‐scale industrialisation in the Third World, and of the politics of oppression. The level of abstraction on which Kay's analysis operates is seen as both its strength and its weakness.
The post‐colonial state and the forces and relations of production: Swaziland
Authors: Winter Isobel
Published: July 2007

In the case of Swaziland it is shown that the articulation of the capitalist mode of production in southern Africa with the non‐capitalist mode, the Swazi mode, provides a starting point from which to understand the take‐over of state power at independence and of the role played by the post‐colonial state.
Imperialism and the national struggle in Namibia
Authors: Innes Duncan
Published: July 2007

The struggle for national liberation in Namibia has developed historically into a confrontation between the South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO) on the one hand and the apartheid regime in South Africa on the other. Yet over the last few years we have witnessed the rise of other political groupings inside Namibia, the staging of the so‐called “Turnhalle” Constitutional Conference and the open involvement of the major Western powers in the struggle. This article attempts to explore the broader issue of South African imperialist involvement in Namibia and to examine the response of the Namibian people to that involvement. In so doing it will attempt to throw some light on the current stage of the struggle and to assess some of the more important recent political developments in relation to that broader struggle.
Capital and the state in South Africa
Authors: Bozzoli Belinda
Published: July 2007

This, and the following article, develop different critiques of the article on ‘Class Struggle and the Periodisation of the State in South Africa’ in ReviewNo.7. The argument developed here is that the article failed toprovide an adequate basis on which an explanation of the unique features of the South African state (its successful promotion of industrialisation, without any incorporation of the majority of the working class) could be constructed because of the particular interpretation given to theoretical concepts like ‘fractions’, ‘hegemony’ and ‘form of state’. The author argues that these concepts need to be reformulated so that changes in hegemony refer to a change in the very nature of capitalism itself rather than simply to some re‐arrangement in the power bloc.
The USSR, china and the horn of Africa
Authors: Lyons Roy
Published: July 2007

What are we to make of events in the Horn? Two ‘Marxist‐Leninist’ regimes, Somalia and Ethiopia, fighting each other, and each in turn having been armed by the Soviet Union; then Ethiopia using Soviet and Cuban help to put down the Eritrean liberation movement, one wing of which also styles itself ‘Marxist‐Leninist’. Are any of these acting on the basis of Marxist principles? Or in accord with ‘proletarian internationalism'? Or with Lenin's theses on the national question? In particular what are we to make of Soviet policy? This article argues that defence of state interest has been the primary consideration in Soviet foreign policy‐making since 1917.