bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zero Acceleration and Non‐Self‐Healing Airy Beam Propagation near a Black Hole
Authors: Tian Ke , Ding Weifeng , Wang Zhaoying
Published: September 2022

In this paper, an analytical expression of Airy beams near a black hole is derived by general relativity concepts. This paper demonstrates the self‐acceleration and the self‐healing properties of Airy beams near a black hole with different Schwarzschild radii. It shows, during transmission, that the equivalent acceleration near a black hole decreases to a minimum negative value, then increases and eventually approaches zero. After propagating a certain distance, the trajectories of Airy beams approaching a black hole may no longer travel along parabolas, but rather almost straight lines due to the existence of the strong gravitational field. The shapes of the wave structure of Airy beams remain unvarying during the transmission, which indicates that the nondiffraction characteristic is still present. Moreover, the self‐healing property of Airy beams near a black hole gradually disappears with the increase of the strength of the gravitational field, because the energy flow to the major lobe is prevented by the gravitational field of the black hole. These intriguing features may open new prospects in the fields of nanophotonic optics, relativistic effects, transformation optics, and so on.
Influence of rotation speed on abrasive wear behavior of the UHMWPE in lubrication environment
Authors: Sun Weihao , Zhou Qin , Zhang Kai , Qin Kun , Yuan Tongxin , Zhou Ziyi
Published: September 2022

To better understand the damage failure mechanism of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in engineering application environments, a study was conducted to explore the effect of rotation speed on its abrasive wear performance in lubricant media containing abrasive particles, especially in comparison to the water. The wear mechanism was analyzed by friction coefficient and wear behavior. The results show that UHMWPE has excellent tribological properties in the water and is seriously worn in the abrasive environment. Under the condition of abrasive wear, there exists a critical rotation speed (360 r/min) leading to a shift in the wear mechanism of UHMWPE and obtaining the lowest wear rate of about 8.49 × 10−6 mm3/N•m. At below critical rotation speed, three‐body abrasive wear and adhesive wear mainly occur in UHMWPE; And at above critical rotation speed, the wear mechanism is mainly the plowing effect of particles on the material, and the furrow width can reach 40 μm. It is believed that this study can help to improve the understanding of the wear mechanism of UHMWPE, which can support the enhancement modification of the material and the application in complex environment.
Electron microscopic analysis in the gecko Lygodactylus reveals variations in micro‐ornamentation and sensory organs distribution in the epidermis that indicate regional functions
Authors: Bonfitto Antonio , Bussinello Davide , Alibardi Lorenzo
Published: September 2022

Possible pattern variations of micro‐ornamentation in different areas of the skin in the gecko Lygodactylus have been analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. A map of micro‐ornamentation present in various areas of the skin has been obtained. Differences in micro‐ornamentation pattern and sensory organ distribution were detected. The “spinulated pattern” consists of shorter spinulae in dorsal versus ventral scales, and spinules are shorter in inner scale surface and hinge regions with respect to the outer scale surface. The spines derive from the accumulation of struts of corneous material mainly composed of corneous beta proteins (CBPs, formerly indicated as beta‐keratins) that merge into pointed micro‐ornamentation. The 3D‐accumulation of CBPs within Oberhautchen cells can vary in some regions of different scales during Oberhautchen‐beta cell differentiation, perhaps also under physical tensile forces derived from continuous scale growth. Three other main patterns of micro‐ornamentation were detected and indicated as “corneous belts,” “corneous dendritic ramification,” and “serpentine‐pit and groove.” These variations from the typical spinulated pattern present in gecko epidermis are interpreted as transitional regions where the accumulation of corneous material in Oberhautchen cells that merges with underlying beta‐cells gives rise to nonspinulated surfaces. Spinulated sensory organs with bristles and lenticular‐shaped or knob‐like tactile corpuscles are more numerous in ventral scales of the tail tip close to adhesive pads and near the digital pads. These regions are likely those most involved in the fine control of movements and response to vibrational stimuli derived from air and objects movements, including potential preys or predators.
Regional archaeological underwater survey method: Applications and implications
Authors: Hu Yi , Liu Yipang , Ding Jianxiang , Liu Boran , Chu Zhongxin
Published: September 2022

Underwater cultural heritage (UCH) contributes to history, the arts, the economy and science. The number of intact and easily discoverable UCH sites is decreasing due to excavation in China. To conduct active surveys for mapping archaeological sites, rather than mapping based only on incidental reported finds from fishing operations, a regional archaeological underwater survey method is proposed according to independent geographical units and historical archives. This method is based on the approach used for systematic regional archaeological surveys on land and comprehensively examines similar survey examples. Old port districts, sea routes, fishing zones and naval battle areas are potential targets for this method. From 2012 to 2017, the survey method performed well when applied in the Haitan Strait, China, discovering intact sites, fragmented shipwrecks and numerous interfering objects. The method needs further refinement to eliminate interference and to obtain more detailed information about UCH. The main steps in this method include the selection of potential wreck site areas, the use of sequential equipment and survey line design. Cooperation between archaeologists and surveyors is essential.
High reactive oxygen species produced from fluorescence carbon dots for anticancer and photodynamic therapies: A review
Authors: Amal Nurul Mutmainnah , Shiddiq Muhandis , Armynah Bidayatul , Tahir Dahlang
Published: September 2022

High‐photoluminescence carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized from various sources and various methods using two approaches, namely bottom up and top down, with emission‐dependent excitation wavelength. Electronic transition from the higher‐occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) state to the lowest‐unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO) state, surface defect states, wider excitation spectrum, higher quantum yield, efficient energy transfer, and element doping affected the fluorescence properties of CDs. Using 102 references listed in this review, the authors studied the relationship between fluorescence mechanism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and materials anticancer applications. We described how the radical atom or ROS work as anticancer therapy and PDT and described the chemical reaction of high‐resolution fluorescence CDs. We summarized experimental techniques that are used for producing CDs and discussed their characteristics. Finally, conclusions and future prospects in this field are also discussed. The important characteristics of CD‐based design for high ROS may usher in new prospects and challenges for high efficiency and stability of PDT and anticancer therapy. In conclusion, we have provided perspectives and challenges of the future development of CD s.
Circular RNAs: Biomarkers of cancer
Authors: Cui Jingyi , Chen Meng , Zhang Lanxin , Huang Sida , Xiao Fei , Zou Lihui
Published: September 2022

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of single‐stranded closed RNAs that are produced by the back splicing of precursor mRNAs. The formation of circRNAs mainly involves intron‐pairing‐driven circularization, RNA‐binding protein (RBP)‐driven circularization, and lariat‐driven circularization. The vast majority of circRNAs are found in the cytoplasm, and some intron‐containing circRNAs are localized in the nucleus. CircRNAs have been found to function as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, interact with RBPs and translate proteins, and play an important regulatory role in the development and progression of cancer. CircRNAs exhibit tissue‐ and developmental stage–specific expression and are stable, with longer half‐lives than linear RNAs. CircRNAs have great potential as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, which is highlighted by their detectability in tissues, especially in fluid biopsy samples such as plasma, saliva, and urine. Here, we review the current studies on the properties and functions of circRNAs and their clinical application value.
Biosynthesis of the Isocoumarin Derivatives Fusamarins is Mediated by the PKS8 Gene Cluster in Fusarium
Authors: Atanasoff‐Kardjalieff Anna K. , Seidl Bernhard , Steinert Katharina , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Schuhmacher Rainer , Humpf Hans‐Ulrich , Kalinina Svetlana , Studt‐Reinhold Lena
Published: September 2022

Fusarium mangiferae causes the mango malformation disease (MMD) on young mango trees and seedlings resulting in economically significant crop losses. In addition, F. mangiferae produces a vast array of secondary metabolites (SMs), including mycotoxins that may contaminate the harvest. Their production is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level. Here, we show that lack of the H3 K9‐specific histone methyltransferase, FmKmt1, influences the expression of the F. mangiferae polyketide synthase (PKS) 8 (FmPKS8), a so far cryptic PKS. By a combination of reverse genetics, untargeted metabolomics, bioinformatics and chemical analyses including structural elucidation, we determined the FmPKS8 biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) and linked its activity to the production of fusamarins (FMN), which can be structurally classified as dihydroisocoumarins. Functional characterization of the four FMN cluster genes shed light on the biosynthetic pathway. Cytotoxicity assays revealed moderate toxicities with IC50 values between 1 and 50 μM depending on the compound.
Correct Identification of the Core‐Shell Structure of Cell Membrane‐Coated Polymeric Nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Lizhi , Yu Wei , Seitsonen Jani , Xu Wujun , Lehto Vesa‐Pekka
Published: September 2022

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of negatively stained cell membrane (CM)‐coated polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) reveal a characteristic core‐shell structure. However, negative staining agents can create artifacts that complicate the determination of the actual NP structure. Herein, it is demonstrated with various bare polymeric core NPs, such as poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether‐block‐PLGA, and poly(caprolactone), that certain observed core‐shell structures are actually artifacts caused by the staining process. To address this issue, fluorescence quenching was applied to quantify the proportion of fully coated NPs and statistical TEM analysis was used to identify and differentiate whether the observed core‐shell structures of CM‐coated PLGA (CM−PLGA) NPs are due to artifacts or to the CM coating. Integrated shells in TEM images of negatively stained CM−PLGA NPs are identified as artifacts. The present results challenge current understanding of the structure of CM‐coated polymeric NPs and encourage researchers to use the proposed characterization approach to avoid misinterpretations.
A Cascade Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling‐Substitution‐Elimination Reaction for the Synthesis of Linear Conjugated Dienynes
Authors: Lumbreras‐Teijeiro Alejandro , Bacic Matea , Oliver‐Meseguer Judit , Leyva‐Pérez Antonio
Published: September 2022

The engagement in tandem of well‐known organic reactions such as the Pd‐catalyzed Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction, nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions, enables the synthesis of otherwise difficult to obtain linear dienynes, in moderate to high yields. This retrosynthetic approach opens new ways to prepare highly conjugated alkenes and alkynes. Furthermore, ionic liquids are suitable solvents to perform the cascade reaction and recycle the metal catalysts.
Cooperative Adsorption of Metal‐organic Complexes on CsPbI2Br Perovskite Surface for Photovoltaic Efficiency Exceeding 17 %
Authors: Shi Yiheng , He Jingjing , Lian Huijun , Liu Xinyi , Yuan Haiyang , Hou Yu , Yang Shuang , Yang Hua Gui
Published: September 2022

Inorganic perovskite solar cells have attracted wide attention due to their excellent thermodynamic stability and suitable bandgap as the top absorber materials for tandem solar cells. However, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the perovskite cells can be considerably limited by the non‐radiative energy loss caused by grain boundaries and surfaces. Here, the synergistic functionalization of CsPbI2Br perovskites was demonstrated by using a metal‐organic complex. Experimental and theoretical studies revealed that the adsorption energy of the passivator could be a good descriptor to evaluate the surface passivation effect. The cooperative adsorption could eliminate the unsaturated surface sites, reduce the surface energy, and thus benefit device performance. The CsPbI2Br solar cells passivated by zinc diethyldithiocarbamate showed a champion power conversion efficiency of 17.15 % and retained 94 % of their initial efficiency after working under 1 sun illumination for 720 h in N2 atmosphere.
Immunoregulatory effects of testosterone supplementation combined with exercise training in men with Inclusion Body Myositis: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over trial
Authors: Coudert Jerome D , Slater Nataliya , Sooda Anuradha , Beer Kelly , Lim Ee Mun , Boyder Conchita , Zhang Rui , Mastaglia Frank L , Learmonth Yvonne C , Fairchild Timothy J , Yeap Bu B , Needham Merrilee
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM) is an inflammatory muscle disease affecting individuals over the age of 45, leading to progressive muscle wasting, disability and loss of independence. Histologically, IBM is characterised by immune changes including myofibres expressing major histocompatibility complex molecules and invaded by CD8+ T cells and macrophages, and by degenerative changes including protein aggregates organised in inclusion bodies, rimmed vacuoles and mitochondrial abnormalities. There is currently no cure, and regular exercise is currently the only recognised treatment effective at limiting muscle weakening, atrophy and loss of function. Testosterone exerts anti‐inflammatory effects, inhibiting effector T‐cell differentiation and pro‐inflammatory cytokine production.

Methods

We conducted a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over trial in men with IBM, to assess whether a personalised progressive exercise training combined with application of testosterone, reduced the inflammatory immune response associated with this disease over and above exercise alone. To assess intervention efficacy, we immunophenotyped blood immune cells by flow cytometry, and measured serum cytokines and chemokines by Luminex immunoassay.

Results

Testosterone supplementation resulted in modest yet significant count reduction in the classical monocyte subset as well as eosinophils. Testosterone‐independent immunoregulatory effects attributed to exercise included altered proportions of some monocyte, T‐ and B‐cell subsets, and reduced IL‐12, IL‐17, TNF‐α, MIP‐1β and sICAM‐1 in spite of interindividual variability.

Conclusion

Overall, our findings indicate anti‐inflammatory effects of exercise training in IBM patients, whilst concomitant testosterone supplementation provides some additional changes. Further studies combining testosterone and exercise would be worthwhile in larger cohorts and longer testosterone administration periods.
Infant temperamental fear, pupil dilation, and gaze aversion from smiling strangers
Authors: Zeng Guangyu , Maylott Sarah E. , Leung Tiffany S. , Messinger Daniel S. , Wang Jue , Simpson Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2022

In childhood, higher levels of temperamental fear—an early‐emerging proclivity to distress in the face of novelty—are associated with lower social responsivity and greater social anxiety. While the early emergence of temperamental fear in infancy is poorly understood, it is theorized to be driven by individual differences in reactivity and self‐regulation to novel stimuli. The current study used eye tracking to capture infants’ (N = 124) reactions to a video of a smiling stranger—a common social encounter—including infant gaze aversions from the stranger's face (indexing arousal regulation) and pupil dilation (indexing physiological reactivity), longitudinally at 2, 4, 6, and 8 months of age. Multilevel mixed‐effects models indicated that more fearful infants took more time to look away from a smiling stranger's face than less fearful infants, suggesting that high‐fear infants may have slower arousal regulation. At 2 and 4 months, more fearful infants also exhibited greater and faster pupil dilation before gaze aversions, consistent with greater physiological reactivity. Together, these findings suggest that individual differences in infants’ gaze aversions and pupil dilation can index the development of fearful temperament in early infancy, facilitating the identification of, and interventions for, risk factors to social disruptions.
Risk effects cascade up to an obligate scavenger
Authors: Perrig Paula L. , Lambertucci Sergio A. , Donadio Emiliano , Smith Justine A. , Middleton Arthur D. , Pauli Jonathan N.
Published: September 2022

The effects of predation risk on prey populations have been studied extensively; yet, how risk is manifested in a trophically linked guild—scavengers—has been overlooked. Risk could be particularly consequential for obligate scavengers that are vulnerable while foraging and rely on carrion provisioned by, and shared with, apex predators. We investigated whether Andean condors (Vultur gryphus) respond to predation risk in a landscape where the main source of carrion are camelids killed by pumas (Puma concolor). We hypothesized that condors would exhibit different behavioral responses to predation risk while they search, encounter, and exploit carrion. We explored condor habitat selection while flying by tracking nine birds with satellite transmitters and monitored via camera traps 41 natural carcasses and 25 experimental carrion stations. We found that condors searched for carrion in areas with a high probability of occurrence of puma kills. However, condors avoided exploiting carrion in areas featuring tall vegetation and steep slopes—selected by pumas to stalk prey—suggesting that condors manage risk primarily through the identification of safe foraging sites prior to landing. Our finding that condors avoided foraging near stalking cover for pumas highlights the importance of risk effects beyond predator–prey interactions, particularly for obligate scavengers.
Stochasticity directs adaptive evolution toward nonequilibrium evolutionary attractors
Authors: DeLong John P. , Cressler Clayton E.
Published: September 2022

Stochastic processes such as genetic drift may hinder adaptation, but the effect of such stochasticity on evolution via its effect on ecological dynamics is poorly understood. Here we evaluate patterns of adaptation in a population subject to variation in demographic stochasticity. We show that stochasticity can alter population dynamics and lead to evolutionary outcomes that are not predicted by classic eco‐evolutionary modeling approaches. We also show, however, that these outcomes are governed by nonequilibrium evolutionary attractors—these are maxima in lifetime reproductive success when stochasticity keeps the ecological system away from the deterministic equilibrium. These NEEAs alter the path of evolution but are not visible through the equilibrium lens that underlies much evolutionary theory. Our results reveal that considering population processes during transient periods can greatly improve our understanding of the path and pace of evolution.
Testosterone deficiency independently predicts mortality in women with HFrEF: insights from the T.O.S.CA. registry
Authors: Marra Alberto M. , D'Assante Roberta , Salzano Andrea , Iacoviello Massimo , Triggiani Vincenzo , Rengo Giuseppe , Limongelli Giuseppe , Masarone Daniele , Perticone Maria , Cimellaro Antonio , Perrone Filardi Pasquale , Paolillo Stefania , Gargiulo Paola , Mancini Antonio , Volterrani Maurizio , Vriz Olga , Castello Roberto , Passantino Andrea , Campo Michela , Modesti Pietro A. , De Giorgi Alfredo , Arcopinto Michele , D'Agostino Anna , Raparelli Valeria , Isidori Andrea M. , Valente Valeria , Giardino Federica , Crisci Giulia , Sciacqua Angela , Savoia Marcella , Suzuki Toru , Bossone Eduardo , Cittadini Antonio ,   T.O.S.CA. Investigators
Published: September 2022

Aims

Testosterone deficiency (TD) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). However, data in women are scanty. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic impact of TD on women with HFrEF.

Methods

Among 480 patients prospectively enrolled in the T.O.S.CA. (Terapia Ormonale Scompenso CArdiaco) registry, a prospective, multicentre, nationwide, observational study, 94 women were included in the current analysis. The TD was defined as serum testosterone levels lower than 25 ng/dl. Data regarding clinical status, echocardiography, exercise performance, cardiovascular hospitalization, and survival after an average follow‐up of 36 months were analysed.

Results

Thirty patients (31.9%) displayed TD. TD was associated with lower tricuspid annular plane excursion (TAPSE) to pulmonary arterial systolic pressure PASP ratio (TAPSE/PASP) (P = 0.008), peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) (P = 0.03) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (P < 0.001). TD was an independent predictor of the combined endpoint of all‐cause mortality/cardiovascular hospitalization (HR: 10.45; 95% CI: 3.54–17.01; P = 0.001), all‐cause mortality (HR: 8.33; 95%: 5.36–15.11; P = 0.039), and cardiovascular hospitalization (HR: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.13–4.50; P = 0.02).

Conclusions

One‐third of women with HFrEF displays TD that impacts remarkably on their morbidity and mortality. TD is associated with a worse clinical profile including exercise capacity, right ventricular‐pulmonary arterial coupling, and renal function. These findings lend support to an accurate profiling of women with HF, a problem often overlooked in clinical trials.
Constructing Delphi statements for technology foresight
Authors: Andersen Per Dannemand
Published: September 2022

Since its introduction decades ago, the Delphi method has become a popular instrument of broad application within the field of technology foresight and for wider science, technology, and innovation policy‐making. The Delphi method has also attracted interest from a methodological perspective. The literature on the Delphi method demonstrates a research gap on the issue of Delphi statements and respondents' understanding of those statements. Based on a systematic literature review, this paper examines the existing knowledge and practices in constructing Delphi statements. A key contribution of the paper is a set of practical recommendations for constructing Delphi statements for technology foresight. Furthermore, the paper suggests future research on the topic.
Proprioceptive contribution to oculomotor control in humans
Authors: Balslev Daniela , Mitchell Alexandra G. , Faria Patrick J. M. , Priba Lukasz , Macfarlane Jennifer A.
Published: September 2022

Stretch receptors in the extraocular muscles (EOMs) inform the central nervous system about the rotation of one's own eyes in the orbits. Whereas fine control of the skeletal muscles hinges critically on proprioceptive feedback, the role of proprioception in oculomotor control remains unclear. Human behavioural studies provide evidence for EOM proprioception in oculomotor control, however, behavioural and electrophysiological studies in the macaque do not. Unlike macaques, humans possess numerous muscle spindles in their EOMs. To find out whether the human oculomotor nuclei respond to proprioceptive feedback we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). With their eyes closed, participants placed their right index finger on the eyelid at the outer corner of the right eye. When prompted by a sound, they pushed the eyeball gently and briefly towards the nose. Control conditions separated out motor and tactile task components. The stretch of the right lateral rectus muscle was associated with activation of the left oculomotor nucleus and subthreshold activation of the left abducens nucleus. Because these nuclei control the horizontal movements of the left eye, we hypothesized that proprioceptive stimulation of the right EOM triggered left eye movement. To test this, we followed up with an eye‐tracking experiment in complete darkness using the same behavioural task as in the fMRI study. The left eye moved actively in the direction of the passive displacement of the right eye, albeit with a smaller amplitude. Eye tracking corroborated neuroimaging findings to suggest a proprioceptive contribution to ocular alignment.
Utilization of health services among the elderly in Iran during the COVID‐19 outbreak: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Faraji‐Khiavi Farzad , Jalilian Habib , Heydari Somayeh , Sadeghi Reza , Saduqi Morteza , Razavinasab Seyed‐Ali , Heidari‐Jamebozorgi Majid
Published: September 2022

Background and Aims

Elderly people are potentially vulnerable with a higher need for health services, and utilization of Essential Public Health Services (EPHS) among this group is of high importance. This study aimed to examine the utilization of health services among the elderly in Iran during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study conducted in 21 public health centers in Sirjan, Southern Iran, from May to December 2020. A total of 420 elderly patients were selected through a systematic random sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire and were analyzed using SPSSv22.0. The binary logistic regression was used to examine the effect of demographic, socioeconomic and morbidity status on inpatient and outpatient healthcare utilization.

Results

Our results showed that 56% of the elderly had a history of hospitalization during the last year. Although 60% of the elderly reported they had a perceived need for outpatient services, only 49% of them reported that they utilized outpatient services. 51% and 35.5% of the elderly reported that their inpatient and outpatient costs were covered by health insurance, respectively. Others reported their health spending was financed through out‐of‐pocket payments. Male gender aged 80 and above, urban residents, higher socioeconomic and supplemental insurance coverage were associated with an increase in health services utilization. The elderly with Cancer, mental disorders, kidney disease, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) were more likely to be hospitalized.

Conclusion

There were demographic and socioeconomic inequalities in health services utilization among the elderly. Therefore, appropriate interventions and strategies are needed to reduce these inequalities in health services utilization among the elderly. In addition, given that the hospitalization rate was significantly higher among the elderly with chronic diseases than those without, it is crucial and necessary to take interventions to reduce the burden of chronic diseases in the future.
The effects of low‐dose anthracycline‐based chemotherapy on the levels of serum NT‐proBNP level and left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunctions: A prospective observational study
Authors: Mohammadi Fatemeh , Bigdelu Leila , Allahyari Abolghasem , Morovatdar Negar , Rahimi Vafa Baradaran
Published: September 2022

Background and Aims

The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum N‐terminal (NT)‐pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and incidence of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic dysfunction in patients who underwent low‐dose anthracycline chemotherapy.

Methods

This observational, prospective study was conducted on all patients with proven breast cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, or non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and no history of previous cardiac or any chronic diseases who were candidates for low‐dose anthracycline chemotherapy from March 2017 to February 2018. We evaluated the serum NT‐proBNP level and performed trans‐thoracic echocardiography at baseline, 6, and 9 months after the chemotherapy.

Results

Among 57 patients who successfully finished the study, 13 (22.8%) patients were men and 44 (77.19%) patients were women, and the total mean age was 52 ± 14.86 years. Our results revealed that the LV systolic and diastolic function and NT‐proBNP mean levels were in the normal range at all three measured times. Additionally, no significant differences were observed between the levels of NT‐proBNP, LV systolic, and diastolic function at baseline, 6, and 9 months after chemotherapy with low‐dose anthracycline (p = 0.6, 0.1, and 0.4, respectively).

Conclusion

Following low‐dose anthracycline chemotherapy, none of our patients encountered LV systolic and diastolic dysfunctions and changes in serum NT‐proBNP level. However, further studies with a larger population, longer follow‐up duration, and higher dosage of anthracyclines are required to determine the effects of low‐dose anthracycline on NT‐proBNP level and LV systolic and diastolic functions.
In‐hospital outcomes of patients with a hypertensive emergency at a medical center, Ethiopia: A prospective observational study
Authors: Yizengaw Mengist Awoke , Chemeda Kisi , Kumela Kabaye , Tesfaye Behailu Terefe
Published: September 2022

Background

Hypertensive emergency is associated with substantial complications and loss of life across the world. Early identification and treatment of hypertensive emergency complications are critical to prevent or avoid any consequences. Despite this, in Ethiopia, studies addressing mortality rate and its predictors as well as complications of hypertensive emergency are limited.

Aims

This study aim to evaluate in‐hospital mortality of patients admitted with a hypertensive emergency at the emergency ward of Jimma Medical Center.

Methods

A consecutive sample of 140 adult (≥18 years of age) patients with a hypertensive emergency were recruited from September 1, 2020 to February 25, 2021 at Jimma Medical Center, Ethiopia and were followed up from admission to discharge/death. Patients who declined to participate and readmitted during the study period were excluded. To assess factors associated with in‐hospital mortality, bivariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed. A p value of less than 0.05 was used to declare the statistical significance.

Results

Over three‐fourths of the study participants, that is, 108 (77.1%), were males with a mean (±standard deviation) age of 52.8 ± 13.6 years. Hemorrhagic stroke, 53 (38.0%), and acute kidney injury, 38 (27.1%), were the most common complications of hypertensive emergency. The average (±standard deviation) length of stay in the hospital was 8.53 ± 3.61 days. During in‐hospital follow‐up, 16 patients (11.4%, 95% confidence interval: 6.7–17.9) died. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between patients not doing regular physical exercise before the current admission (adjusted hazard ratio = 4.629, 95% confidence interval: 1.171–18.294, p = 0.015) and in‐hospital mortality.

Conclusion

More than one‐tenth of patients with hypertensive emergency death was recorded at Jimma Medical Center. The frequent complications of hypertensive emergency were hemorrhagic stroke and acute renal injury. Not doing regular physical exercise before the current admission raises the likelihood of in‐hospital death. Therefore, strengthening and encouraging patients to perform regular physical exercise is imperative.
Combined convection heat transfer in a lid driven cavity filled with nanofluids
Authors: Nawafleh Audai S. , Taamneh Yazan , Bataineh Khaled
Published: September 2022

A simulation study is performed of laminar steady combined convection heat transfer in a lid‐driven cavity containing various types of nanofluid (CuO–water nanofluid and Al2O3–water nanofluid) at various boundary conditions. The influence of two different types of temperature distributions applied to the cavity's bottom wall is investigated. There are two types of temperature distributions: constant temperature (Th) and a sinusoidal temperature distribution applied to the bottom wall, which has a higher temperature than the top moving wall (Tc). In both circumstances, the sidewalls are kept adiabatic. The finite element method is utilized for the current issue. The influence of the Richardson number, which ranges from 0.01 to 10, and the volume fraction of nanoparticles, which ranges from 0 to 0.1, on the heat transfer rate has been explored. The influence of the sinusoidal temperature distribution's amplitude and phase angle is also examined. The isotherm and streamline patterns within the cavity are diverse with distinct nanoparticle volume fractions, and the Richardson numbers are presented and analyzed. The numerical findings showed that lowering the Richardson number raises the average Nusselt number. Also, the existence of nanoparticles in pure water increases heat transmission. Additionally, raising the sinusoidal temperature's amplitude increases the average Nusselt number. The results show that the increase of average Nusselt number at (φ = 0, Gr = 104, Pr = 1, Ɣ = 3π/2) for amplitude 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 is 0.53, 0.9, 1.3, and 1.87, respectively.
Mediating role of moral disengagement in the perpetration of cyberbullying by victims and bystanders
Authors: Luo Aileen , Bussey Kay
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Proliferation of internet use in adolescence has resulted in an increase in cyberbullying. Previous experiences of cyber victimization and cyber bystanding are commonly linked with cyberbullying perpetration, allowing the bullying cycle to persist. Moral disengagement is one factor that may facilitate victims and bystanders to later perpetrate cyberbullying. The process occurs through enlistment of justificatory strategies to enable individuals to perpetrate without feeling remorse. The present study investigates the potential role of moral disengagement in the perpetration of cyberbullying by victims and bystanders.

Methods

Young people (N = 563, Mage = 13.52, SD = 1.04) recruited from Australian schools completed a cross‐sectional self‐report survey comprising of validated measures of moral disengagement, and involvement in cyberbullying across different roles (perpetration, victimization, and bystanding).

Results

Findings indicated that moral disengagement significantly mediated the link between victimization and perpetration, and between bystanding and perpetration. Specifically, victims and bystanders engage in cyber perpetration through enlisting moral disengagement strategies.

Conclusions

Moral disengagement may, therefore, be one factor that mediates the association between cyber victimization and cyber bystanding, and cyber perpetration. Understanding mechanisms by which victims and bystanders engage in perpetration have implications for supporting victims and bystanders in antibullying strategies to minimize the occurrence of cyber perpetration.
AMPK: The key to ischemia‐reperfusion injury
Authors: Cai Jie , Chen Xinyue , Liu Xingyu , Li Zhangwang , Shi Ao , Tang Xiaoyi , Xia Panpan , Zhang Jing , Yu Peng
Published: September 2022

Ischemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI) refers to a syndrome in which tissue damage is further aggravated and organ function further deteriorates when blood flow is restored after a period of tissue ischemia. Acute myocardial infarction, stress ulcer, pancreatitis, intestinal ischemia, intermittent claudication, acute tubular necrosis, postshock liver failure, and multisystem organ failure are all related to reperfusion injury. AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been identified in multiple catabolic and anabolic signaling pathways. The functions of AMPK during health and diseases are intriguing but still need further research. Except for its conventional roles as an intracellular energy switch, emerging evidence reveals the critical role of AMPK in IRI as an energy‐sensing signal molecule by regulating metabolism, autophagy, oxidative stress, inflammation, and other progressions. At the same time, drugs based on AMPK for the treatment of IRI are constantly being researched and applied in clinics. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying the effects of AMPK in IRI and describe the AMPK‐targeting drugs in treatment, hoping to increase the understanding of AMPK in IRI and provide new insights into future clinical treatment.
A Drug–Drug Interaction Study of a Novel Selective Urate Reabsorption Inhibitor, SHR4640, and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor, Febuxostat, in Patients With Primary Hyperuricemia
Authors: Wang Chenjing , Yu Qing , Jiang Xin , Deng Yujie , Sun Feifei , Li Xin , Tao Ye , Lin Pingping , Ma Yaping , Zhu Yuxian , Li Chengqian , Cao Yu
Published: September 2022

SHR4640 is a novel, selective urate reabsorption inhibitor. As the mode of action of SHR4640 differs from that of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, such as febuxostat, coadministration of these drugs may be a treatment option for patients with primary hyperuricemia. We assessed the potential drug–drug interaction between SHR4640 and febuxostat. In this single‐center, open‐label, randomized, drug–drug interaction study, subjects received 80 mg febuxostat or 10 mg SHR4640 alone daily in the first week, whereas during the second week a combination of SHR4640 and febuxostat was administered daily to all subjects. Plasma concentrations of SHR4640 and febuxostat were analyzed. We compared their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters and assessed both safety and tolerability. Compared with febuxostat alone, the geometric mean ratios (90%CIs) of the maximum concentration (Cmax) and the area under the plasma concentration–time curve over the dosing interval τ (AUC0–τ) for febuxostat after coadministration were 1.284 (1.016 to 1.621) and 0.984 (0.876 to 1.106), respectively. The geometric mean ratios (90%CIs) of Cmax and AUC0–τ for SHR4640 after coadministration compared with SHR4640 alone were 0.910 (0.839 to 0.988) and 0.929 (0.893 to 0.966), respectively. Febuxostat had no effect on SHR4640 pharmacokinetic parameters, as the 90%CIs of the geometric mean ratios were all within the range of 0.80 to 1.25. The coadministration of febuxostat and SHR4640 was well tolerated. The coadministration of SHR4640 with febuxostat was not associated with any clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions. SHR4640 combined with febuxostat had a synergistic effect on reducing uric acid in the pharmacodynamics, with the AUC decreasing from 7440 to 3170 h μmol/L compared with febuxostat alone and from 5730 to 2960 h μmol/L compared with SHR4640 alone.
Pre‐doctoral dental faculty perceptions toward value‐based care: An exploratory study
Authors: McLeod Caroline D. , Kornegay Elizabeth C. , Tiwari Tamanna , Mason Matthew R. , Mathews Rebekah B. , Apostolon Danielle N. , Heaton Lisa J. , Wright John T. , Quinonez Rocio B.
Published: September 2022

Objectives

To explore pre‐doctoral faculty perceptions toward implementation of value‐based care (VBC) in didactic and clinical teaching.

Methods

This project was a collaborative effort between CareQuest and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Adams School of Dentistry introducing VBC to pre‐doctoral dental faculty as part of a new curriculum. Following a faculty development session on VBC in June 2021, faculty and subject matter experts were invited to participate in qualitative interviews. Subject matter experts were interviewed to establish a baseline for VBC knowledge and understanding. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Analysis was conducted by two analysts using ATLAS.ti and a thematic analysis approach.

Results

Six faculty and two subject matter experts participated in interviews. Although dental faculty demonstrated some understanding of VBC, they recognized that more training is required to build in‐depth knowledge and implementation strategies for teaching dental students. Faculty discussed value‐based concepts such as prevention‐focused teaching, person‐centered care, and disease management over invasive restoration of teeth, and how VBC is bringing about a paradigm shift in dentistry that needs to be reflected in dental education. They acknowledged a disconnect between VBC in didactic teaching versus clinical instruction. Those interviewed believed it would take time to shift faculty mindset and readiness to teach VBC, and continued efforts are needed at the leadership and faculty level for acceptance and implementation.

Conclusions

Although dental faculty recognize that VBC can bring a shift in dental practice, more training and guidance to implement it in didactic and clinical teaching is needed.
Extracellular vesicles elicit protective immune responses againstSalmonellainfection
Authors: Emerson Lisa E , Barker Hailey , Tran Terri , Barker Samantha , Enslow Samantha , Ou Mark , Hoffman Carol , Jones Melissa , Pascual David W. , Edelmann Mariola J.
Published: September 2022

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) produced by antigen‐presenting cells represent a novel mechanism of cell‐to‐cell communication. The sEVs have been shown to drive Th1‐type adaptive immune responses against intracellular infections such asSalmonella. In this study, we have demonstrated that an administration of sEVs produced bySalmonella‐infected macrophages to BALB/c mice that were then challenged withSalmonellainfection decreased bacterial load in infected animals and led to protection against a lethal dose ofSalmonella. Second, the same sEVs induced a robust production of IgA anti‐Salmonellaantibodies (Abs) in BALB/c mice, including IgA anti‐OmpD Abs. These results show that the nanoscale sEVs stimulate adaptive immune responses against intracellular pathogens and that these sEVs can be used to provide animals with complete protection against lethal infection, such as the systemic bacterial infection in immunodeficient BALB/c mice.
Early meteorological observations in West Africa during the 18th century
Authors: Rodrigo Fernando S. , Millán Vicente
Published: September 2022

This paper aims to present new meteorological data from West Africa during the 18th century. The data sources used are colonial reports, medical treatises on the health conditions in the region, and accounts of exploratory expeditions. The data correspond to five locations in West Africa: Saint‐Louis and Gorée (Senegal), Bulama (Guinea‐Bissau), Freetown (Sierra Leone), and Accra (Ghana). Based on daily and monthly resolutions, approximately 4,400 new meteorological recorded observations were recorded (temperature, precipitation, wind direction, qualitative information on atmospheric conditions). The database obtained is a set of scattered meteorological series with short observation periods and without homogeneous characteristics. However, these data allow us to obtain an overview of the climatic conditions in this area during the study period and information on specific phenomena.
A skilful seasonal prediction for wintertime rainfall in southern Thailand
Authors: Dong Zizhen , Wang Lin , Gong Hainan , Limsakul Atsamon , Fan Hongdou , Pimonsree Sittichai
Published: September 2022

Year‐to‐year variations of southern Thailand rainfall (STR) in boreal winter exert profound social and economic impacts, whereas current multimodel ensemble prediction systems have low skills to predict the STR. This study proposes a physical‐based seasonal prediction model for the winter STR 1 month in advance using the outputs from the dynamic models. The prediction model is constructed using linear regression, with the tropical western Pacific (TWP) sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in preceding October as a predictor. Its prediction skill in the leave‐five‐out cross‐validation is significantly higher than that of the multimodel ensemble mean. The mechanism behind this model is also discussed. In October, the warm TWP SST anomalies can trigger anomalous low‐level convergence surrounding the South China Sea in terms of the Matsuno–Gill mechanism and persist into the following winter, causing above‐than‐normal STR. This information is essential and may provide another perspective to improve the model prediction on the winter STR.
Rethinking the 10% strain rule in fracture healing: A distal femur fracture case series
Authors: Inacio Jordan V. , Schwarzenberg Peter , Kantzos Andrew , Malige Ajith , Nwachuku Chinenye O. , Dailey Hannah L.
Published: September 2022

Since the 1970s, the 2%−10% rule has been used to describe the range of interfragmentary gap closure strains that are conducive for secondary bone healing. Interpreting the available evidence for the association between strain and bone healing remains challenging because interfragmentary strain is impossible to directly measure in vivo. The question of how much strain occurs within and around the fracture gap is also difficult to resolve using bench tests with osteotomy models because these do not reflect the complexity of injury patterns seen in the clinic. To account for these challenges, we used finite element modeling to assess the three‐dimensional interfragmentary strain in a case series of naturally occurring distal femur fractures treated with lateral plating under load conditions representative of the early postoperative period. Preoperative computed tomography scans were used to construct patient‐specific finite element models and plate fixation constructs to match the operative management of each patient. The simulations showed that gap strains were within 2%−10% only for the lowest load application level, 20% static body weight (BW). Moderate loading of 60% static BW and above caused gap strains that far exceeded 10%, but in all cases, strains in the periosteal region external to the fracture line remained low. Comparing these findings with postoperative radiographs suggests that in vivo secondary healing of distal femur fractures may be robust to early gap strains much greater than 10% because formation of new bone is initiated outside the gap where strains are lower, followed by later consolidation within the gap.
Association of fasting in the first 72 h of intensive care unit stay with outcomes of critically ill patients
Authors: Cardozo Júnior Luis Carlos Maia , Besen Bruno Adler Maccagnan Pinheiro , dos Santos Yuri de Albuquerque Pessoa , Mendes Pedro Vitale , Park Marcelo
Published: September 2022

Background

Whether fasting early in critical illness course is acceptable is not clear and high‐quality data on this topic are lacking. To generate equipoise for future clinical trials and bring additional data to current literature, we compared outcomes of patients fasted during the first 72 h of intensive care unit (ICU) stay to patients receiving any nutrition support during this period.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study of a medical ICU from a tertiary academic center in Brazil. Adult patients treated between November 2017 and February 2022 with an ICU length of stay of ≥5 days were included. Baseline and daily data were retrieved from the prospectively collected administrative database. We did 1:1 propensity score matching to compare patients fasting for at least 72 h with controls. Primary outcome was hospital mortality and secondary outcomes were other resources' use.

Results

During the study period, 1591 patients were cared for in this ICU, of which 998 stayed ≥5 days. After excluding readmissions and propensity score matching, 93 patients in the fasting group were matched to 93 controls. Hospital mortality was similar between fasting and matched control groups (odds ratio = 1.04; 95% CI = 0.56–1.94; P > 0.99). Secondary outcomes were not different between groups, including length of stay, days on mechanical ventilation, and incidence of new infections.

Conclusion

Withholding nutrition support in the first 72 h of ICU stay was not associated with worse outcomes in this cohort of severe critically ill patients.