bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Opportunity Costs Of Haphazard Social Investments In Life-Saving
Authors: Tengs Tammy O , Graham John D
Published: October 2023

Numerous authors and studies have concluded that our current “port­ folio” of social investments in life-saving appears haphazard (Graham and Vaupel 1981; Morrall 1986; Zeckhauser and Viscusi 1990). To regulate the flammability of children’s clothing, for example, we spend $1.5 million per year of life saved, while some 30 percent of those children live in homes without smoke alarms, an investment that costs about $200,000 per year of life saved.
Time: What Happens in Classical Mythology
Authors: Hansen William
Published: October 2023

Time begins when the first thing happens, and in Hesiod’s cosmogony the first thing that happened was the appearance of Chaos. Since the two great families of gods, the Titans and the Olympians, came into being later, time preceded the gods and was not something created by them. So the gods are not masters of time, except in small ways as when Athena prolonged a particular night in order to allow Odysseus and Penelopê to become reacquainted with each other after a long separation. There are foreboding hints of an end-time. Hesiod sees himself as a member of the Race of Iron, who live in a degenerate era of misery and crime that will get worse and worse until finally Zeus will destroy it. He would rather have been born before it or after it.1 From this we can infer that he expects something better to follow the present age, but it will be not so much an end of time as a transition, the conclusion of one age and the beginning of another.
The Historical Roots of Modern Ukraine
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy
Published: October 2023

When Ukraine became independent in 1991, the new state began developing a historical pedigree that would anchor modern political realities in a venerable historical past. Carving a coherent national history from a bewildering kaleidoscope of past political, social, and cultural events was not a task unique to Ukrainian historians. The lack of a continuous state tradition might appear to be a major impediment, but Italian and German historians faced a similar problem. The temptation to write history backward, assuming that it would end with the creation of an independent Ukrainian state, was also typical of new national histories elsewhere.
Stalinism: Famine and Terror
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy
Published: October 2023

Since the mid-1920s, the Bolshevik leadership, frustrated by the economic and social ambiguities of the NEP, had been discussing ways to resume the country's advance toward socialism. In the debates about how to transform Soviet society, Joseph Stalin first sided with the moderates Nikolai Bukharin and Aleksey Ricoh to defeat his opponents on the left but then adopted a leftist call for rapid industrialization at the expense of the peasantry. In the process, he denounced his erstwhile allies as ringleaders of the “right opposition.” The party leadership in the Ukrainian republic sided with Stalin no matter what his position. When in mid-1928 Radanovich returned to Moscow, he was replaced as the Ukrainian party boss by Stanislaw Kosier, an ethnic Pole and an experienced party bureaucrat who had worked both in Ukraine and in Moscow. A Stalin loyalist, Kosier faithfully supported his patron during the ideological struggles of the late 1920s. Like other regional branches of the Bolshevik Party, in 1929 the Ukrainian party organization underwent a purge of “rightists,” resulting in the expulsion of 24,000 (almost 10 present) of Ukrainian Communists.
Western Ukrainian Lands between the Wars: The Birth of Radical Nationalism
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy
Published: October 2023

Following the end of World War I, the victorious Allies organized a series of conferences in Paris to redraw the map of Europe. Although they outwardly embraced the idea of national self-determination that had been promoted by U.S. president Woodrow Wilson, not all the peoples of Europe were awarded their own nation-states. As they dismantled the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Allies divided the empire's ethnic Ukrainian lands among two new states (Poland and Czechoslovakia) and an expanded Romania. Poland and Romania also managed to acquire some Ukrainian territories that had belonged to another defunct empire, tsarist Russia. As a result, western Ukraine, which is best defined in the interwar period as the Ukrainian-inhabited territories outside the Soviet Union,1 was now larger than it had been under the Habsburgs. More than 7 million strong by the early 1930s, western Ukrainians constituted one of the largest stateless minorities in interwar Europe.
From Leecylvania to. . .: 1754-1794
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

Back in 1754, Alice’s cousin Henry Lee II had left Lee Hall for Prince William County, where he established a new home he called Leesylvania. Like Stratford, it sat majestically on the Potomac and was surrounded by 2000 acres. This property had come into the family when Richard the Scholar married Laetitia Corbin. Henry’s legacy also included twenty slaves, much livestock, and nearly 3500 acres in Fairfax County, situated near where the District of Columbia would be established. After reaching his majority in 1750, Henry practiced law for three years in Westmoreland County. He did not, however, choose to live at Lee Hall where his mother resided. Separation did not prevent Mary Lee from sending Henry frequent reminders that he ought to marry. She even arranged an “entertainment” at Lee Hall for him and his lady-friend of the moment, a Miss Benson. The mother painted a charming picture of wedlock-”the felicity that holy state can admit . . . is certainly one of the happiest this side of the grave.” Felicity with Miss Benson was not in store for Henry. He may have hesitated because of Uncle Thomas’ dictum that a Lee should find a prosperous wife. If so, Henry was remarkably successful. His marriage took place in the same auspicious setting where Uncle Thomas had wed Aunt Hannah, the mansion at Green Spring, the James River residence of the prosperous Ludwell clan. There, on 1 December 1753, Henry Lee married a famous beauty, Lucy Grymes.
Merchants, Farmers, and the Marketplace
Authors: Hahn Steven
Published: October 2023

The residents of Faulkner’s Frenchman’s Bend were in for a rude shock when Flem Snopes assumed his duties as a clerk in Will Varner’s store. Fittingly Varner himself, the largest landowner and “chief man of the country,” was the first to taste of the new arrangements. Commanding Flem to fetch a plug of tobacco as he entered the store, Varner found a seat, cut off a chew, and struck up a conversation with some of the regulars when he suddenly noticed Flem standing expectantly at his elbow. “Hey?” Varner said. “What?” “You ain’t paid for it,” the clerk replied, “ ... the tobacco.” Stunned, Varner could only fumble for a nickel, hand it over, and resume his chat. Soon Flem would be riding in Varner’s buggy, living in Varner’s house, owning Varner’s land, controlling Varner’s hamlet. Then on to the county seat of Jefferson, where he eventually became president of the local bank. And so the New South displaced the Old.
Dialysis without Fear
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer
Published: October 2023

In Dialysis Without Fear, psychiatrist and dialysis patient Dr. Daniel Offer joins with his wife, Marjorie Kaiz Offer, and daughter, Susan Offer Szafir, to reveal how life can be lived, and lived well, on dialysis. Drawing on his long medical career and more than seven years of personal experience with dialysis, Dr. Offer dispels many misconceptions surrounding this treatment, explaining how you can adapt to the new diet, travel, work and continue to partake in life's joys and celebrations. But the fears and hardships can be quite real, and Dr. Offer brings his years as a psychiatrist to bear as he provides practical advice on how patients can overcome them. Walking through each step of dialysis, he explains different types of treatment, examines the pros and cons of a transplant, and discusses side effects. Since dialysis affects the entire family, Dr. Offer and his co-authors also provide realistic insights into how relatives can cope and thrive together, sharing the humour, courage, and triumphs of real families who have successfully faced the challenges of dialysis. The result is an inspiring, practical guide that will help patients and their families learn to overcome the difficulties of dialysis, live without fear, and enjoy every day.
Portfolio Theory
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

A portfolio is a collection of securities. Portfolio theory is a formal analysis of the relationship between the rates of return on a portfolio of risky securities and the rates of return on the securities contained in that portfolio. The rate of return on a portfolio is a random variable. The probability distribution that generates values for the rate of return on the portfolio is a compilation of the probability distributions that generate the rates of return on the securities contained in that portfolio. In this chapter, we develop an elementary version of portfolio theory. We then use that theory to explain how a rational investor would allocate funds among risky securities to create a portfolio that best suits his or her preferences regarding alternative combinations of risk and expected return.
Multifactor Models for Pricing Securities
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

Multifactor models are analogous to, and inspired by, the CAPM. In the CAPM there is a single source of risk for each security; that source of risk is the unpredictable variation in the rate of return on the market portfolio. Each security has a single quantity of risk, which is the sensitivity of that security’s rate of return to the rate of return on the market portfolio. In a multifactor model, there are two or more sources of risk for each security. Each source of risk is the unpredictable variation in the rate of return on a portfolio identified with that source of risk. Each security has more than one quantity of risk, and each quantity of risk is the sensitivity of that security’s rate of return to the rate of return on the portfolio identified with that source of risk.
Event Studies
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

An event study is an empirical technique designed to determine the direction and the magnitude of the effect of a specific piece of information on the equilibrium price of a security. The event study also measures the speed and reliability with which the market adjusts the price of the security to that information.1 The second matter is, of course, the essence of the efficient markets hypothesis. We discussed the use of event studies briefly in the preceding chapter. In this chapter, we present a more thorough development of the technique and discuss five specific applications. For a more advanced and comprehensive treatment, the reader should consult the survey article by MacKinlay.
Insider Trading
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

Inside information is information that is not publicly known. Inside information is economically significant if the current prices of securities do not reflect that information. In a market that is informationally efficient with respect to public information, the prices of securities will change once the inside information becomes public. Persons who trade on the basis of inside information purchase or sell securities whose prices do not yet reflect that information. These investors will obtain a capital gain when the market adjusts the prices to reflect the information. But unless the information becomes public, the prices of securities will not change to reflect the information, and there would be no reason to trade on it. That is, inside information that remains inside forever is of no use to investors who seek capital gains by purchasing or selling mispriced securities. Moreover, the information must become public soon enough to enable the investors to cover the opportunity costs they incur by holding the mispriced securities.
Futures Contracts
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

A futures contract is a standardized version of a forward contract. A forward contract is an agreement under which one person agrees to deliver a specified quantity of a good to a second person at a specified future time in exchange for a price that is specified when the contract is made. For example, suppose that on March 16, 2005, Mr. X purchases a forward contract in oats from Mr. Y. The contract specifies that on September 30, 2005, Mr. Y must deliver one ton of oats to a designated location (such as Kansas City), and that Mr. X will accept delivery of one ton of oats at that location and pay $46 to Mr. Y. The $46 is the forward price to which Mr. X and Mr. Y agreed on March 16, 2005, for delivery of oats on September 30, 2005.1
And the War Came
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

In Three Sentences Of His Second Inaugural Address on March 4, 1865, Abraham Lincoln outlined an interpretation of the causes of secession and of the Civil War. The institution of slavery, he said, created a powerful interest in the states where it existed. “To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union, even by war Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather than let it perish. And the war came.”
The Saratoga That Wasn’t: The Impact of Antietam Abroad
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

The Campaign And Battle Of Antietam had consequences that reached far beyond the mountains and valleys and fields of western Maryland where the fighting took place. Indeed, the battle’s reverberations were heard across the Atlantic in London and Paris. Like the secessionists of 1776 who founded the United States, the secessionists of 1861 who founded the Confederate States counted on foreign aid to help them win their independence. In the Revolution they got what they hoped for after the battle of Saratoga. French recognition of the fledgling United States and subsequent financial and military support were crucial to American success. In the Civil War the Confederates failed to achieve foreign recognition, which might have been crucial to Confederate success if it had happened. The outcome of the fighting near Sharpsburg was the main reason it did not happen; in that respect Antietam could be described as a failed Saratoga.
To Conquer a Peace? Lee’s Goals in the Gettysburg Campaign
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

General Robert E. Lee Wrote two official reports on the Gettysburg campaign: a preliminary after-action account on July 31, 1863, and a final report on January 20, 1864. In these documents he summarized the five main objectives of his invasion of Pennsylvania: To draw the Union Army of the Potomac away from the Rappahannock River line. 2) To take the initiative away from the enemy and disrupt any offensive plans General Joseph Hooker might have had for the rest of the summer.
Long-Legged Yankee Lies: The Lost Cause Textbook Crusade
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

Woodrow Wilson Was The First native-born Southerner to be elected president (in 1912) since Zachary Taylor in 1848. On July 4, 1913, Wilson had been in office exactly four months when he addressed a huge reunion of Union and Confederate veterans who had come to Gettysburg to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of that Civil War battle. “How wholesome and healing the peace has been!” Wilson exulted. “We have found one another again as brothers and comrades, in arms, enemies no longer, generous friends rather, our battles long past, the quarrel forgotten.” The spirit of this joint re- union of Blue and Gray was captured by a photograph of septuagenarian Con- federate veterans shaking hands with their Union counterparts across the stone wall where so much death had occurred fifty years earlier at the climax of Pickett’s Charge.
“Spend Much Time in Reading the Daily Papers”:The Press and Army Morale in the Civil War
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

Whether They Were At Home Or At The Front, Southerners and North-erners passed through more intense experiences during the Civil War than any other generation of Americans. Time and consciousness seemed to take on new dimensions as apprehensive civilians gathered outside newspaper or telegraph offices waiting for news from the battlefields, and soldiers eagerly snatched the latest New York Herald or Richmond Dispatch from newsboys in army camps. “These are fearfully critical, anxious days,” wrote a New Yorker waiting for news from the fighting in the Wilderness in May 1864, “in which the destinies of the continent for centuries will be decided.” These words were echoed by Virginia’s fire-eating secessionist Edmund Ruffin. “The excitement of the war, & interest in its incidents, have absorbed everything else,” he wrote in his diary. “We think and talk of nothing else.” From the American legation in London, Henry Adams wrote to his brother in the Army of the Potomac that the war might unfit them ever again “to live contented in times of peace and laziness. Our generation has been stirred up from its lowest layers and there is that in our history which will stamp every member of it until we are all in our graves One does every day and without a second thought, what would at another time be the event of a year, perhaps of a life.”
No Peace Without Victory, 1861–1865
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

For At Least The Past Two Centuries, nations have usually found it harder to end a war than to start one. Americans relearned that bitter lesson in Vietnam and, having apparently forgotten it, were forced to learn it all over again in Iraq. The difficulties of achieving peace are compounded when the war aims of a belligerent include regime change in the enemy polity. In the Napoleonic Wars, the coalition forces finally managed to end the conflict when they forced Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte to abdicate—twice. In World War I, Woodrow Wilson insisted that the Allies would negotiate only with a democratic government in Germany, and the armistice did not go into effect until the kaiser abdicated. In World War II, the Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of Axis governments in order to destroy those governments and install new ones in their place.
To Remember That He Had Lived
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

Over The Years, I Have Reviewed many books about Abraham Lincoln. Several of them contained new information, fresh insights, provocative interpretations, and sometimes distortions or errors. Reviewing these books gave me opportunities to offer my own views and amplifications of the authors’ findings and interpretations. This essay constitutes an updated compendium of reviews of seven Lincoln books. It is designed to stand alone as an exploration of some critical elements in the Lincoln story.
Unreconstructed Confederate
Authors: Barney William L
Published: October 2023

Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865; organized military resistance in North Carolina ended when General Joseph E. Johnston capitulated at Durham Station on April 26. Guerrilla skirmishes in the western mountains continued into early May, when another Federal regiment of mounted infantry rode into Haywood to clear out the guerrillas. On May 2 Federal troops helped themselves to Tom’ and Walter’s possessions. Walter lost four bacon hams, a mule, and “old Rip,” a horse that behaved so gently it seemed to understand the need to protect Walter’s crippled leg. Many of the cavalry were “home Yankees,” mountain Unionists recruited into the Federal army, who had a special grudge against neighbors like Tom who had spent much of the war hunting down Confederate deserters. Tom and Lizzie’s house was searched and some of their personal possessions carried off, as well as horses, mules, and hams. Tom had to swallow his pride when he was forced to stand back while Lizzie’s pockets were searched.
Declining Poverty The Human Face Of Reforms
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

After a careful review of the available evidence, Gary Fields (1980, p. 204) described the state of poverty in India in 1980 in the following stark terms: India is a miserably poor country. Per-capita yearly income is under $100. Of the Indian people, 45 percent receive incomes below $50 per year and 90 percent below $150. Of the total number of absolutely poor in the world (according to the AID data in Table 1.1), more than half are Indian. During the 1960s, per capita private consumer expenditure grew by less than percent per annum. India’s poverty problem is so acute and her resources so limited that it is debatable whether any internal policy change short of a major administrative overhaul and radical redirection of effort might be expected to improve things substantially.
The Revelationist Tradition
Authors: Turvey Malcolm
Published: October 2023

Not all of Jean Epstein’s flim theory is informed by a distrust of human vision. In one of his first major articles on flim, published in 1921, he argues that sight is our most advanced perceptual and cognitive faculty, and praises the cinema for being primarily a visual art.

Although sight is already recognized by everyone as the most developed sense, and even though the viewpoint of our intellect and our mores is visual, there has nevertheless never been an emotive process so homogeneously, so exclusively optical as the cinema. Truly, the cinema creates a particular system of consciousness limited to a single sense.
Paths to Power
Authors: Gillon Steven M
Published: October 2023

Early on a cold Monday morning in January 1974, Bill Clinton stood in front of a small crowd of family and friends at the Avanelle Motor Lodge in Hot Springs, Arkansas, and announced his candidacy for Congress. Ignoring his potential primary challengers, Clinton launched into an assault on the incumbent Republican opponent, tying him to the misdeeds of the Nixon White House and the developing Watergate scandal. “Of all the men in Congress, he is one of those who has allowed the President to go as far as he has,” Clinton told the appreciative crowd. A few months later, in April, Newt Gingrich gathered a dedicated group of supporters on a rainy Georgia night at his Watson Street headquarters in Carrollton, Georgia, to announce that he was also running for Congress. Calling himself a “common sense conservative,” he attacked the “political hacks” who did not “understand what is happening to the people they supposedly represent.”
’60s Legacies
Authors: Gillon Steven M
Published: October 2023

The President Insisted the impeachment debate was about sex; Gingrich maintained it was about perjury. In reality, it was about much more. The last time the House impeached a president was in the aftermath of the Civil War, as the nation engaged in a passionate debate over the legacy of slavery and the meaning of freedom. The roots of the Clinton impeachment traced back to the cultural conflicts of the 1960s, nurtured during three decades of partisan wrangling, cultivated by a host of powerful interest groups, and brought into sharp focus by a zealous special prosecutor.

In both cases, the decision to impeach a president was part of the nation’s ongoing effort to absorb the profound impact of wrenching social and cultural change. By the time the Radical Republicans in Congress voted to impeach Andrew Johnson in 1868, the war between North and South had been settled, but the nation was still fighting over the meaning of victory. In the modern culture wars there was no dramatic surrender at Appomattox, only an on-going series of skirmishes, culminating in a constitutional crisis of epic proportions. The Civil War was fought over the lofty issue of freedom versus slavery.
The Instruments
Authors: Kurkela Matti S
Published: October 2023

The basic structure of these instruments is very, very simple: an undertaking to do something (broadly, to render banking services) at the request of the account party in favor of the beneficiary provided that certain conditions are met (conditions precedent or CP’s).Nothing else.
Fraud
Authors: Kurkela Matti S
Published: October 2023

The fraud exception is globally well-established, but what constitutes fraud for the purposes of these instruments? There is both a criminal and a civil dimension in what we call fraud. Fraud is hard to define under many laws as are abuse, unreasonableness, unfairness and unconscionability. There is no international standard, nor are there internationally agreed criteria, either. We are told by commentators that: “The fraud rule is “the most controversial and confused area” in the law governing letters of credit, mainly because the standard of fraud is hard to define. The divergent views expressed by courts and commentators with respect to the essence of the standard of fraud reflect the tension between two different policy considerations: “the importance to international commerce of maintaining the principle of the autonomy of documentary credits . . . and the importance of discouraging or suppressing fraud in the letter of credit transaction.” “
Refusal, Dishonour, And Remedies
Authors: Kurkela Matti S
Published: October 2023

The Bank of Chinacase deals with two issues that commonly arise in international trade, first, fluctuating prices, and second, another issue typical of letter of credit disputes: discrepancies in the documents. The two collide when prices fall and the documents presented are discrepant. Here, additional spice is added by juris-dictional issues.
“If I Had a Hammer”
Authors: Winkler Allan M
Published: October 2023

Home from the war, Seeger was eager to get on with his life. Though reluctant to see the United States enter the war, he did his part. He endured separation from Toshi that included the birth, and death, of his son. Now, like millions of veterans, he was ready to take up again the things he enjoyed before going overseas. In his case that meant singing, whether alone or with a group, and using music to galvanize the working class. But there was always a tension: Could he remain true to those he cared about most in the face of commercial demands as he tried to earn a living?

Home was different from what it had been when he left for the Pacific. World War II brought a return of economic prosperity as huge military demands jump-started factories into full production. Unemployment all but disappeared. On the foreign front, despite the inevitable tensions involved in working with foreign allies, the major powers fought side by side and managed to defeat the Axis dictators. Though tension flared before the war, Americans and Russians were now on good terms.
In Black and White
Authors: Ayers Edward L
Published: October 2023

Every Human Emotion became entangled in Southern race relations. Booker T. Washington claimed to find “at least one white man who believed implicitly in one Negro, and one Negro who believed implicitly in one white man” wherever he traveled in the South. Yet even when human sympathy and friendship drew people together, the rituals of Southern race relations constrained and distorted the feelings. “There was a part of me in which it did not matter at all that they were black,” Harry Crews remembered of his childhood friends, “but there was another part of me in which it had to matter because it mattered to the world I lived in.’ When Crews referred to a respected black man as “Mr. Jones,” Crews’s aunt quickly corrected him. “No, son. Robert Jones is a nigger. You don’t say ‘mister’ when you speak of a nigger.
Populism
Authors: Ayers Edward L
Published: October 2023

The Setting of the 1890 Farmers’ Alliance national convention proved a bit awkward. The Alliance offered Jacksonville, the center of Florida tourism, the opportunity to host the convention, but the city displayed no interest. John F. “Phosphate King” Dunn, a self-made man famous for his generosity, helped the Alliance by profferring the town of Ocala for the convention. Not only would all three thousand of the city’s residents happily welcome the Alliance, but they would also charge convention delegates only half price for their accommodations, pay all the expenses of the officers, induce railroads to give special fares, and contribute $7000 to the enterprise.

The combination of New South boosterism and agrarian unrest led to some unlikely situations. Delegates who worked for national ownership of the railroads found themselves sleeping in a hotel owned by one of the nation’s most powerful railroad magnates. Delegates who called for the abolition of national banks saw an advertisement for a national bank prominently displayed in the program of their convention. Leaders of a movement that made a virtue of austerity received free carriage rides, entertainment, refreshments, transportation, and housing.
Reunion and Reaction
Authors: Ayers Edward L
Published: October 2023

The Integration of the South into the economy and mass culture of the nation accelerated in the late 1890s and early 1900s. Young men and women developed an avid interest in team sports and physical exercise, finding there a new source of regional pride. Southern women joined compatriots from the rest of the country to agitate for the vote. Black Southerners found—or had thrust upon them, depending on their point of view—a new spokesman who gained the attention of the nation. The Spanish-American War occasioned much talk of reconciliation among white Northerners and Southerners, much conflict between blacks and whites. Aging veterans of the Civil War came together to celebrate their distant glories in ceremonies of peace-making with their erstwhile enemies in the North. In each case, the South tentatively rejoined national life only to discover, and often reaffirm, the distance that separated its people from other Americans.
TWentieth Century Limited
Authors: Ayers Edward L
Published: October 2023

As The New Century began, Southerners had some reasons to be hopeful. Prosperity had not been greater for either race since the Civil War. The region enjoyed the praise and gratitude of the rest of the nation for the South’s enthusiastic aid in the Spanish-American War. The South produced popular songs, highly regarded books, vibrant new denominations. People of good will, including some of the South’s legislators, labored to improve the South’s schools and factories, to regulate railroads and other big companies.

The failures, though, were not hard to find. More blacks and whites than ever before had lost faith in one another. Laws of disfranchisement barred the voting box from virtually all black voters and from many whites; segregation clamped down on one place after another. The attempts to control and quiet racial conflict failed disastrously in the proudest city of the region. Young white men who sought to discuss the South’s problems were shouted down. The South, everyone could see, had changed enormously over the last quarter-century. Everyone could see, too, that the new order came with heavy costs.
Property Rights
Authors: Alexander Gregory S
Published: October 2023

Most written constitutions (or entrenched Bills of Rights) have clauses expressly protecting property. Recent history favors this trend.
Regulation of Hate Speech
Authors: Rosenfeld Michel
Published: October 2023

In a well-functioning democracy, the vindication of free speech rights depends primarily on the effective protection of unpopular and even offensive views. Indeed, widely shared views or even those held by a bare majority are unlikely to be suppressed, and even if they were occasionally trampled upon, it stands to reason that majoritarian politics would eventually inevitably come to their rescue. For example, in a democracy in which a majority strongly embraces a particular religious ideology, it would be unwise for those in power to seek to suppress expressions of that ideology as that would anger the political majority and prompt them to use their democratic rights to vote out those currently in power in favor of others, who would act more sympathetically to the ideology in question. On the other hand, it is easy to imagine how a political majority may be mobilized to legislate against views it deems repugnant or threatening to its established way of life. The minority religion that promotes a belief system and morality that the majority deems repugnant; the political dissidents who launch a radical attack (by means that most feel amount to mere propaganda) against the prevailing institutional order; and, the proponents of alternative lifestyles that are perceived as profoundly threatening to the traditions and way of life of the vast majority of citizens all loom as prime candidates for becoming the targets of majority-backed laws aimed at curtailing or suppressing their respectively held views.
Première in Los Angeles
Authors: Stokes Melvyn
Published: October 2023

The people who entered Clune’s Auditorium in Los Angeles on the evening of Monday, February 8, 1915, were both excited and apprehensive. They almost certainly knew that the earlier, afternoon performance of the film they were about to see, The Clansman, had been prohibited by a court injunction obtained by the Los Angeles branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Since most of them were connected in some way with the production of the film, they were also worried about reactions to the film at this, its official première. The Clansman had taken more time to complete than any other previous American film. It was the longest film so far made. It had cost more than any other film. Consequently, there was a good deal riding on the success of this particular showing. But there was no way of judging the quality of the final production before it was screened.
Prominent Principles of Domestic Law
Authors: wessels Bob , Markell Bruce A , Kilborn Jason J
Published: October 2023

If the procedures and substantive laws in insolvency cases in all jurisdictions were the same, cross-border cases involving the insolvencies of transnational businesses would present less difficulty. The world would have less need for detailed rules for recognition of judgments opening insolvency proceedings and other judgments related to such proceedings, communication and cooperation among courts and appointed insolvency office holders in such proceedings, and choice of law rules for cross-border cases.
Unilateral and Bilateral Forms of National Cooperation
Authors: wessels Bob , Markell Bruce A , Kilborn Jason J
Published: October 2023

States have engaged in various types and degrees of cooperation, moving away from aggressive territorialism, from the earliest times. By beginning with an exploration of several historical models of transnational cooperation in insolvency cases, this chapter provides crucial background for a deeper appreciation of the modern forms of cooperation to be discussed at the end of this chapter and in later chapters.
Photocoagulation for Diabetic Macular Edema and Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Goff Mitchell j. , mcdonald, h. Richard , ai everett
Published: October 2023

The indications and techniques, as well as the safety and efEcacy, of laser photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema are well established by the Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) and the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). Focal laser photocoagulation should be considered for all eyes with clinically signiEcant macular edema (CSME). Laser re-treatment sessions may be necessary for macular edema. Scatter (panretinal) photocoagulation treatment is performed promptly for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) with high-risk characteristics and may be considered for severe non proliferative retinopathy. Laser photocoagulation has potential complications, including foveal burn, choroidal detachment, and secondary glaucoma.
Posterior Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia of Lutz Revisited: Report of a Case Associated with a Midbrain Lesion
Authors: Remler Bernd f. , leigh R John
Published: October 2023

In 1923, Anton Lutz (1883–1948) published a detailed review of anatomical structures controlling eye movements in the cerebral hemispheres, the brainstem, and the cerebellum.Modern concepts of internuclear connections between the sixth and third nerve nuclei had not yet evolved, and Lutz proposed his own scheme for horizontal gaze control in the brainstem (Fig. 21.1). This consisted of a supranuclear crossed pathway that split into ascending and descending branches at the level of the mid-pons. Lutz correlated internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) with a lesion of the ascending branch and applied the term anterior INO to this condition. In contrast, a lesion of the descending branch at the pontine level would cause a prenuclear palsy of abduction, which Lutz referred to as posterior INO. Lutz’s anatomical conjectures were eventually proved incorrect, but the possibility of prenuclear abduction weakness continues to be discussed in the literature. So far, however, no case of isolated, unilateral abduction weakness with radiological confirmation of a supranuclear lesion site has been identified. We describe a patient presenting with mild abduction weakness mimicking a peripheral sixth nerve palsy. His ocular motor deficit correlated with a small, upper-brainstem lesion.
Epilogue
Authors: Post David G
Published: October 2023

Though my editor pressed me mercilessly to do so, I never could quite figure out whether this was a book about Jeff erson or a book about cyberspace. Now that you ‘ve fi nished—and you ‘re not one of those people who jumps ahead to the end, are you?—you can decide for yourself. I suspect that I didn ‘t answer any of the questions you might have had, at the start, about Internet law and regulation: about whether we should impose a rule of “Net Neutrality” on Internet Service Providers, or adopt more stringent privacy protections for data in electronic form, or require ISPs to keep track of user identities and to turn the information over to the authorities upon demand, or any of the other controversial current issues now under debate.
Taxation and E-Commerce in Australia
Authors: Norman Peter
Published: October 2023

As has been the case with most developed economies throughout the world, e-commerce activity in Australia has burgeoned in recent years as evidenced by the following data published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics regarding the business use of information technology and Internet commerce:
France: Invoicing and E-Commerce: What Are the Tax Constraints? Is Electronic Invoicing the Best Solution?
Authors: Bernier Gwenaëlle
Published: October 2023

When a company reaches the point where all its transactions are conducted on the Internet (prospecting, selling, and, for intangible services or goods, even delivering), the temptation grows even stronger to think that it can simply do away with all its paper-filing requirements and other obligations that compel it to issue paper documents (e.g., invoices) to its customers.
Argentina: E-Commerce Taxation in Argentina
Authors: Abogados Alfaro
Published: October 2023

E-Commerce taxation in Argentina must be understood within the context of its market evolution. In this sense, e-commerce in Argentina has developed at a slower pace than other countries in the region. Despite a strong growth during 2006 and 2007, Argentina is still behind its Latin American neighbors in terms of e-commerce sales and gross domestic product (GDP). In 2007, e-commerce in Argentina represented 0.3 percent of the GDP, compared to 0.43 percent in Chile and 0.38 percent in Brazil. The Argentine Web-site share in the e-commerce market is of 50 percent, compared to 70 percent in Brazil. Reasons for this situation are attributed to (1) the 2001 economic crisis that created certain financial and economic constraints in Argentina and (2) the existence of broadband users with low data transfer speed—an average speed of 512 kilobits per second—which initially inhibited new users. Since 2006, however, e-commerce in Argentina has grown 167 percent to an annual total amount of US$739 million, accompanying a 9 percent average growth of the economy per year and an increase in consumer confidence. The Internet, now positioned as a mandatory channel for commercialization of products and services, is becoming one of the most valuable business models, and it is expected to replace other traditional commercial channels in the years to come. Nevertheless, as it will be discussed in this article, e-commerce tax legislation and jurisprudence is still incipient. E-Commerce tax cases are solved by application of traditional taxation rules.
Brazil: E-Commerce Taxation in Brazil
Authors: Bonaldo RossanIa Neaime
Published: October 2023

The development of the Internet and, correspondingly, the increasing frequency of e-commerce transactions, have fostered the emergence of many legal questions, including tax issues surrounding this new method of conducting business. The world’s governments are slowly responding to the Internet and its effect on commerce by enacting modern tax laws that take into consideration the latest medium on which the transactions are taking place. Some governments, like Brazil’s, have responded more slowly than others. Brazilian law does not include particular provisions governing the taxation of e-commerce. Thus, e-commerce transactions will be taxed under the same law as traditional transactions.
Netherlands Antilles: Possibilities for E-Commerce Activities
Authors: Finessi Anjli
Published: October 2023

The ever-expanding use of electronic means to provide financial services, conduct trade, and pursue other commercial endeavors—referred to hereinafter as e-commerce— has led to the introduction of several laws in the Netherlands Antilles in recent years. These laws were aimed at promoting transparency and access to the marketplace, as well as guaranteeing electronic traffic trustworthiness and the removal of obstacles in the existing legislation. This chapter provides an overview of existing legislation relevant to e-commerce activities.
Diagnosis
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim
Published: October 2023

As in other diseases where the etiology is not clearly defined, the diagnosis of AS is based primarily on the history and physical examination and is confirmed by radiographic examination.1–8 A thorough clinical history and physical examination, particularly of the musculoskeletal system, are needed. Certain clinical features in the patient’s history and physical examination raise the index of suspicion, and probably the best nonclinical indicator of the disease presence is finding radiographic evidence of sacroiliitis.
A Short History of Medical Ethics
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: October 2023

A physician says “I have an ethical obligation never to cause the death of a patient,” another responds, “My ethical obligation is to relieve pain even if the patient dies.” The current argument over the role of physicians in assisting patients to die constantly refers to the ethical duties of the profession. References to the Hippocratic Oath are often heard. Many modern problems, from assisted suicide to accessible health care, raise questions about the traditional ethics of medicine and the medical profession. However, few know what the traditional ethics are and how they came into being. This book provides a brief tour of the complex story of medical ethics evolved over centuries in both Western and Eastern culture. It sets this story in the social and cultural contexts in which the work of healing was practised and suggest that, behing the many different perceptions about the ethical duties of physicians, certain themes appear constantly, and may be relevant to modern debates. The book begins with the Hippocratic medicine of ancient Greece, moves through the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Enlightenment in Europe, and the long history of Indian and Chinese medicine, ending as the problems raised modern medical science and technology challenge the settled ethics of the long tradition.
Patents, Designs, and Know-How
Authors: Hansen Peter W
Published: October 2023

In October 1992, the UAE issued its first law dealing with the protection of inventions and industrial drawings and designs. Ten years later, the PDL 1992 was repealed and replaced by federal law no. 17 of 2002. The PDL 2002 has been the subject of only one amending law that changed the references to the Minister and the Ministry (discussed below).

The 1993 regulations were not expressly repealed, but to the extent that any of the regulations are inconsistent with the PDL 2002, they have been repealed. The Ministry continues to refer to the PDR 1993 in its documents and so presumably it deems them still to be in force. Without the PDR 1993 there would be no regulations and no guidance as to how some significant areas of the law should be dealt with. Article 72 of the PDL 2002 directs the Cabinet to issue implementing regulations upon the suggestion of the Minister. Nevertheless, the lack of any new regulations to the PDL 2002 has not stopped the Ministry from continuing to administer the law or from receiving patent and design applications and granting patents and designs.

Looking to the future, the Dubai International Financial Center (DIFC) has released for comment a draft patent law that is to apply within the jurisdiction of the DIFC. There may also be a push within the Ministry to issue a new patent and designs law.
Trademarks
Authors: Hansen Peter W
Published: October 2023

The UAE legislated to protect consumers and promote transparency and honesty in trade as early as 1979 with federal law no. in relation to the prevention of fraud and deception in commercial dealings (the FDL 1979). The regulations to the law followed in 1984. The FDL 1979 is still relevant today to some of the practices and procedures in the UAE despite the later introduction of trademark and consumer laws.

In September 1992, the UAE issued its first federal trademark law (the TML 1992). That law in its amended form continues today to be the trade-mark law of the UAE. In February 1993, the Ministry of Economy and Commerce issued the regulations to the trademark law (the TMR 1993).

The TML 1992 was first amended in 2000. A reference to the trademark journal was added, replacing all references to the Official Gazette.
The Inevitability of American Judicial Review
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna
Published: October 2023

Much of the discussion about judicial review is distorted by an almost superstitious sense that it is a suspect practice. This attitude leads either to an overwrought fear of undemocratic rule by unelected federal judges, or to an effort to tame this fear by making the judges mere puppets of the framers of the Constitution. This suspicion of judicial review seems increasingly anachronistic in a world in which judicial review is the rule rather than the exception for democracies. The reason for this spread is simple: Much of the rest of the world has come to share the traditional American view that some basic values are too important to be left entirely to the protection of politicians. Majority rule by itself cannot be trusted to protect religious, political, racial, and geographic minorities from oppression, nor to protect fundamental human rights when they are needed by the powerless or the unpopular. Nor do elections offer a complete check against the desire of politicians to aggrandize their power and enrich their friends. These are lessons Americans learned early, in the years before the Constitution was drafted.