bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of CCL19 by DC‐Lamp+ mature dendritic cells in human lymph node versus chronically inflamed skin
Authors: Katou Fuminori , Ohtani Haruo , Nakayama Takashi , Nagura Hiroshi , Yoshie Osamu , Motegi Katsutoshi
Published: December 2002

De novo formation of lymphoid tissue is one of the characteristic features of chronic inflammation. The formation of T cell–mature dendritic cell (DC) clusters has been previously demonstrated in chronically inflamed skin infected with Candida albicans. A functional similarity was also found between chronic inflammation and the T‐cell zone of lymph nodes (LNs), since a substantial fraction of phenotypically mature DCs in both tissues expressed CCL22 (macrophage‐derived chemokine; MDC) and were closely surrounded by memory‐type T cells expressing its receptor, CCR4. To analyse the nature of T cell–mature DC interactions further in chronically inflamed skin and LNs, the present study focuses on another chemokine system, namely CCL19 (EBI1 ligand chemokine; ELC), CCL21 (secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine; SLC) and their shared receptor, CCR7. RT‐PCR analysis revealed expression of CCL19, CCL21, and CCR7 at high levels in LNs and at low levels in inflamed skin. Using immunohistochemistry, the majority of DC‐Lamp+ mature DCs in the T‐cell area of LNs expressed CCL19 and were surrounded by CCR7+ naïve‐type lymphocytes, while CCL21 was expressed in reticular stromal cells and vascular endothelial cells. Very few mature DCs in LNs were found to express CCR7. In contrast, the majority of DC‐Lamp+ mature DCs in inflamed skin were totally negative for CCL19 and were surrounded by CCR7− memory‐type T cells. Furthermore, CCL21 expression in the inflamed skin was detected in dermal lymphatic endothelial cells and rare CCR7+ mature DCs were mostly seen within the lymphatic vessels. In normal skin, on the other hand, no cells immunoreactive for CCL19, CCL21, or CCR7 were found. The present study thus reveals a striking difference in the function of mature DCs between LNs and chronically inflamed skin. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequent genetic alterations in flat urothelial hyperplasias and concomitant papillary bladder cancer as detected by CGH, LOH, and FISH analyses
Authors: Obermann EC , Junker K , Stoehr R , Dietmaier W , Zaak D , Schubert J , Hofstaedter F , Knuechel R , Hartmann A
Published: December 2002

Flat urothelial hyperplasia, defined as markedly thickened urothelium without cytological atypia, is regarded in the new WHO classification as a urothelial lesion without malignant potential. Frequent deletions of chromosome 9 detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) have been previously reported in flat urothelial hyperplasias found in patients with papillary bladder cancer. Using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and microsatellite analysis, these hyperplasias and concomitant papillary tumours of the same patients were screened for other genetic alterations to validate and extend the previous findings. Eleven flat hyperplasias detected by 5‐ALA‐induced fluorescence endoscopy and ten papillary urothelial carcinomas (pTaG1–G2) from ten patients were investigated. After microdissection, the DNA of the lesions was pre‐amplified using whole genome amplification (I‐PEP‐PCR). Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analyses were performed with five microsatellite markers at chromosomes 9p, 9q, and 17p. CGH was performed using standard protocols. In 6 of 11 hyperplasias and 7 of 10 papillary tumours, deletions at chromosome 9 were simultaneously shown by FISH, LOH, and CGH analyses. There was a good correlation between FISH, LOH, and CGH analyses, with identical results in 6 of 10 patients. In addition to deletions at chromosome 9, further genetic alterations were detected by CGH in 9 of 10 investigated hyperplasias, including changes frequently found in invasive papillary bladder cancer (loss of chromosomes 2q, 4, 8p, and 11p; gain of chromosome 17; and amplification at 11q12q13). There was considerable genetic heterogeneity between hyperplasias and papillary tumours, but a clonal relationship was suggested by LOH and/or CGH analyses in 5 of 10 cases. These data support the hypothesis that flat urothelial hyperplasias can display many genetic alterations commonly found in bladder cancer and could therefore be an early neoplastic lesion in the multistep development of invasive urothelial carcinoma. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psoriatic lesional skin exhibits an aberrant expression pattern of interferon regulatory factor‐2 (IRF‐2)
Authors: van der Fits Leslie , van der Wel Leontine I , Laman Jon D , Prens Errol P , Verschuren Martie CM
Published: December 2002

Psoriasis is a T‐cell‐mediated inflammatory skin disease. A Th1 cytokine profile with increased levels of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) is predominant in skin and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from psoriasis patients. Furthermore, psoriatic keratinocytes exhibit an aberrant sensitivity and response to IFN‐γ. The transcriptional activator interferon regulatory factor‐1 (IRF‐1) plays a crucial role in the activation of IFN‐γ‐induced gene expression. Recently it was shown that mice deficient in IRF‐2, a transcriptional repressor of IFN signalling and thereby acting as an IRF‐1 antagonist, display psoriasis‐like skin abnormalities. It was therefore hypothesized that a dysbalance between IRF‐1 and IRF‐2, the activator and repressor of IFN responses, respectively, contributes to the altered IFN‐γ signalling observed in patients with psoriasis. In the epidermis of patients with psoriasis and healthy controls, similar IRF‐1 and IRF‐2 mRNA expression levels were observed. Furthermore, it was not possible to detect any differences in IRF‐1 and IRF‐2 protein levels in nuclear extracts from the epidermis of controls and psoriasis patients by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and western blot analysis. Using double immunofluorescence labelling, it was observed that in normal skin IRF‐1 was expressed in keratinocytes throughout the epidermis, whereas IRF‐2 was restricted to the basal cell layer. In psoriatic skin, IRF‐1 expression was comparable to normal skin, whereas IRF‐2 was expressed in both basal and suprabasal cell layers. This altered IRF‐2 expression in suprabasal cell layers may therefore result in a dysbalance between the activator and repressor of IFN responses in these cell layers, putatively contributing to aberrant responses to IFN‐γ and eventually to the psoriatic skin phenotype. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stages on the way to breast cancer
Authors: Going JJ
Published: December 2002

Pathways to breast cancer have been difficult to define using morphology alone. Although epithelial hyperplasia of usual type (HUT) is associated with moderately elevated breast cancer risk, molecular evidence placing it in a cancer precursor pathway is not clear‐cut. Recent evidence suggests that small numbers of cytokeratin 5/6 positive cells are precursors of separate lineages which acquire either cytokeratin 8/18/19 or smooth muscle actin (SMA) and cytokeratin 14 on separate pathways to fully differentiated epithelial and myoepithelial phenotypes (and may ultimately lose cytokeratin 5/6 expression). Immunohistochemistry shows that most HUT have a mixed precursor phenotype resembling normal breast with co‐expression of cytokeratin 5/6, 8/18/19 and SMA, in contrast to atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) and ductal carcinoma in situ which typically have a ‘mature’ luminal phenotype positive for cytokeratin 8/18/19 but lacking cytokeratin 5/6 expression. While this supports the idea of a biological discontinuity between HUT and ADH/DCIS, caution is called for in the diagnostic use of these reagents until greater experience has been accumulated, and other published data do show features of HUT intermediate between normal breast lobules and ADH. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR chemical shifts as probes for steric effects in mono‐ and disubstituted adamantanes
Authors: Seidl Peter Rudolf , Leal Kátia Zaccur , Yoneda Julliane Diniz
Published: December 2002

Substituent effects are widely used to investigate the factors affecting carbon‐13 chemical shifts. Adamantane and its derivatives are convenient probes for relative contributions to these factors owing to their symmetry and relative absence of ring strain. We have extended our studies on NMR chemical shifts of 1‐ and 2‐methyladamantanes to hydroxy, bromo, methoxy and acetamide substituents and also certain disubstituted (one of the groups being methyl) analogs. DFT/GIAO calculations at the B3LYP/6–31G(d,p) level show that, except for α‐effects, steric interactions are mainly responsible for substituent effects on chemical shifts. The CHARGE program is particularly well suited for localizing these effects and estimating their approximate shape and range.
Probing the solvation shell of organic molecules by intermolecular 1H NOESY
Authors: Bagno Alessandro
Published: December 2002

The solvation of some neutral and charged organic molecules (phenol, nitroanilines, tetraalkylammonium) in binary solvent mixtures was investigated by means of intermolecular 1H‐NOESY NMR spectroscopy. The solvation shell of the solute is, in most cases, selectively enriched in one of the cosolvents (preferential solvation). The origin of preferential solvation is discussed in terms of solute–solvent interactions and microheterogeneity in the solvent mixture. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational determination of the enthalpic and entropic contributions to the conformational preference of monosubstituted cyclohexanes. Molecular mechanics, semiempirical and density functional theory methods and ab initio calculations
Authors: Muñoz‐Muñiz Omar , Juaristi Eusebio
Published: December 2002

Several computational methods [MM2, MM3, PM3, AM1, MNDO, HF/3‐21G(d), HF/6‐31G(d), B3LYP/3‐21G(d), B3LYP/6‐31G(d), MP2/6‐31G(d), etc.] were examined in their efficiency to reproduce the experimentally obtained thermodynamic data for axial ⇌ equatorial equilibria in benzylcyclohexane (7) and sulfur‐containing derivatives methylthio (8), methylsulfinyl (9), and methylsulfonylcyclohexane (10). While in general, best agreement between the theoretical results and the experimental data was found when electronic correlation was included in fairly robust MP2/6‐31G(d) calculations, for the estimation of conformational parameters in larger systems the use of lower level HF and B3LYP methods is anticipated to afford reliable data at reasonable computing times. In most cases, proper estimation of ΔS° parameters requires consideration of Δ

, which appears as dominant term for Δ

parameters. It is appreciated that a proper comprehension of the conformational behavior of monosubstituted cyclohexanes requires of satisfactory understanding of the enthalpic and entropic contributions to the conformational free energy difference, ΔG°. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transition‐state geometry and activation energy calculation for the retro‐ene elimination reaction of propene from diallyl sulfide
Authors: Rodríguez Leonardo J. , Fermín José , Añez Rafael , Ocando‐Mavarez Edgar
Published: December 2002

The transition‐state geometry and the activation energy for the retro‐ene elimination of propene from diallyl sulfide were calculated at three levels of ab initio molecular orbital theory [HF, DFT(B3LYP) and MP2] combined with three basis sets (3–21G*, 6–31G* and 6–31 + G**). The activation energies were determined at room temperature and at 375 °C and compared with experimental data. Our calculations lead to transition states that consist of a non‐planar six‐center cyclic structure with a distorted chair‐like geometry. Moreover, the transition‐state geometry has a marked ‘product‐like’ character. We found that the B3LYP/6–31G* level produce activation values closer to the experimental values in a reasonable time. In all cases studied, the activation energies obtained from both the density functional and MP2 are better than those obtained using the Hartree–Fock method, which overestimates the barrier height. Regardless of the level of theory used [HF, DFT(B3LYP) or MP2], the basis sets 6–31G* and 6–31 + G** produce practically the same values of the activation energy; however, the first set is about twice as fast as the second. The transition‐state geometry obtained by different levels showed only slight structural differences. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐temperature ionization of neutral hexacoordinate to ionic pentacoordinate silicon complexes. Unusual temperature, solvent and substituent effects
Authors: Kost Daniel , Kalikhman Inna , Kingston Vijeyakumar , Gostevskii Boris
Published: December 2002

Neutral hexacoordinate complexes of silicon (1) ionize to pentacoordinate siliconium chloride salts (2) in CH2Cl2, CHCl3 or CHFCl2 solutions. 29Si NMR measurements prove that the extent of ionization increases as the temperature of the solution is lowered. The ionizations are slightly exothermic, and have negative entropies. It is shown that increased solvent polarity drives the reaction to the ionic side, i.e. that ion solvation is responsible for the ionization. The lack of a common‐ion effect on addition of tetrabutylammonium chloride indicates the formation of unseparated ion pairs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and coordinating ability of chitosan dithiocarbamate and analogs towards Cu(II) ions
Authors: Humeres Eduardo , Pinheiro de Souza Eduardo , Debacher Nito Angelo , Aliev Abil E.
Published: December 2002

Potassium chitosan dithiocarbamate (ChitDTC) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and solid‐state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The degree of substitution (DS) (number of substituents per 100 2‐amino‐2‐deoxyglucopyranoside units) and molalities of the groups were calculated for acetylamino, amino and dithiocarbamate substituents in chitin, chitosan and ChitDTC. A comparative study of the retention and exchange of Cu(II) was performed with chitin, chitosan and ChitDTC at 30 °C, pH 6.0 (0.1 M succinate). The stability constants, KX, for the heterogenous equilibrium

were calculated assuming that complexing of Cu(II) ions was largely in a 1:1 ratio with respect to each group. The values of KX for each group were NHAc 45.1, DTC 3.14 × 103, and NH2 1.12 × 104. It is proposed that in the presence of succinate, the main species of aqua Cu(II) ion present in solution must be the uncharged Cu(II)–succinate complex that prevents the acetylamino, amino and DTC groups from forming complexes higher than 1:1. Also, this may explain the fact that the stability constant for DTC was lower than for the amino group. The method allows the characterization of the chelating ability of each group in ChitDTC with respect to metal ions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of cyclodextrin on the hydrolysis of the pesticide fenitrothion [O,O‐dimethyl O‐(3‐methyl‐4‐nitrophenyl)phosphorothioate]
Authors: Vico Raquel V. , Buján Elba I. , de Rossi Rita H.
Published: December 2002

The hydrolysis of fenitrothion was studied at HO− concentrations between 0.099 and 0.999 M. The second‐order rate constant is 2.0 × 10−3 M
−1 s−1. The reaction is inhibited by β‐cyclodextrin at HO− concentrations of 0.5, 0.1 and 0.05 M. Saturation kinetics are observed in all cases. From the kinetic data, it is concluded that the main reaction pathway for the cyclodextrin‐mediated reaction is the reaction of HO− with the substrate complexed with the anion of β‐cyclodextrin. The rate constant for this reaction, k3, is about four times smaller than that for the reaction of the substrate with HO− in the solvent. The inhibition is attributed to the inclusion of the substrate with the phosphate group in an orientation that is difficult to reach by the ionized secondary OH groups of the cyclodextrin and protected for the attack of an external OH. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The generation of vinyl cations and excited triplet states by laser flash irradiation of arylalkynes
Authors: Kotani Masashi , Kobayashi Shinjiro , Chang Jeong‐Ah
Published: December 2002

Laser flash photolysis of 4‐methoxyphenyl (anisyl) substituted alkynes 1 in protic and aprotic solvents was investigated in order to study the generation of the α‐anisylvinyl cations 2 by laser flash photoprotonation of the arylalkynes. Cations 2 were generated in 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol, but the excited triplet state of arylalkyne 1 was detected in the aprotic solvents dichloromethane and acetonitrile. Reaction of the cations 2 with sodium azide was investigated and found to be diffusion controlled; reactions of 2 with cyclohexa‐1,3‐diene were also investigated and found to be appreciably affected by steric hindrance due to the β‐substituents. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation of the rates of solvolysis of benzoyl chloride and derivatives using extended forms of the Grunwald–Winstein equation
Authors: Kevill Dennis N. , D'Souza Malcolm J.
Published: December 2002

Available specific rates of solvolysis at 25 °C of benzoyl chloride and four para‐substituted derivatives for which both NT and YCl values are tabulated were analyzed using the extended (two‐term) Grunwald–Winstein equation. The ionization pathway with appreciable nucleophilic solvation of the incipient carbocation observed for the p‐methoxy derivative is accompanied by increasingly important regions of dominant operation of an addition–elimination pathway as the Hammett σ value for the substituent increases. Accordingly, for the p‐nitro derivative only the 97% HFIP data point deviates from the addition–elimination correlation. Correlations of the specific rates of solvolysis of 2,6‐dimethylbenzoyl chloride are improved by incorporation of a term governed by the aromatic ring parameter (I). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactions of trimethylstannide and trimethylsiliconide anions with aromatic and heteroaromatic substrates
Authors: Postigo Al , Vaillard Santiago E. , Rossi Roberto A.
Published: December 2002

A parallel study was carried out on the reactions of Me3Sn− and Me3Si− ions towards aromatic and heteroaromatic substrates in hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) as solvent. It was found that Me3Si− ions are more reactive and therefore less selective than Me3Sn− ions. In HMPA, PhI and PhBr react with Me3Sn− ions through an HME pathway. PhCl also reacts by an HME reaction, but under photostimulation the SRN1 mechanism competes with the HME process. With PhF as substrate, Me3Sn− ions afford (4‐fluorophenyl)trimethylstannane, presumably through a hypervalent tin species. Under irradiation, the SRN1 mechanism operates concurrently with the formation of the hypervalent tin species. Me3Si− ions, on the other hand, react with PhX (X = Cl, Br, I) to yield the ipso substitution product, presumably through the intermediacy of a hypervalent silicon species. PhF affords, upon reaction with Me3Si− ions, o‐ and p‐fluorotrimethylsilylbenzenes together with the ipso substitution product PhSiMe3. A novel type of nucleophilic substitution mechanism takes place with Me3Si− ions upon reaction with aromatic and heteroaromatic substrates without classical leaving groups in HMPA. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How the by‐products hint at mechanisms and suggest new synthetic routes in some organolithium reactions
Authors: Nudelman Norma Sbarbati , García Graciela V. , Velurtas Susana
Published: December 2002

The recent proliferation of structural studies of organolithium reagents has led to an extended knowledge of the aggregation state of these pervasive synthetic intermediates. Nevertheless, detailed investigations of organolithium reaction mechanisms are still very limited. The most popular techniques in the relatively few reported studies are UV, EPR and NMR spectroscopy, the use of radical clocks and investigation of the stereochemical course of the reaction when applied. This paper describes how the search for minor products can be an additional mechanistic tool. Metal–halogen exchange was studied with a new suitable fast radical clock bearing a phenyl group at the alkene C‐terminus, even when the probe was able to trap very short‐lived radical intermediates, the results showed that the reaction proceeds through an open lithiated intermediate. In another study, radicals of benzil were generated on the lithium surface and their reactions studied in THF. Characterization of the minor products, the rates of decay of the reagent and formation of products, and also periodical EPR of the reaction mixture, allowed the proposal of the whole reaction mechanism. In both reactions studied, the detailed understanding of the reaction mechanisms based on the side‐products provided new more economical and environmentally friendly alternatives for the synthesis of substituted 2,3‐dihydrobenzo[b]furans and aromatic esters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization and rheological properties of model alkali‐soluble rheology modifiers synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization
Authors: Sprong E. , De Wet‐Roos D. , Tonge M. P. , Sanderson R. D.
Published: December 2002

Model alkali‐soluble rheology modifiers of different molar masses were synthesized by the reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization of methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, and two different associative macromonomers. The polymerization kinetics showed good living character including well‐controlled molar mass, molar mass linearly increasing with conversion, and the ability to chain‐extend by forming an AB block copolymer. The steady‐shear and dynamic properties of a core‐shell emulsion, thickened with the different model alkali‐soluble rheology modifiers, were measured at constant pH and temperature. The steady‐shear data for latex solutions with conventional rheology modifiers exhibited the expected thickening, whereas the associative rheology modifiers showed contrasting rheology behavior. The dynamic measurements revealed that the latex solutions thickened with the conventional rheology modifiers exhibit solid‐like (dominant G′) behavior as compared with the associative rheology modifiers that give the latex solution a liquid‐like (dominant G″) character. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 223–235, 2003
Poly(silylenemethylene)‐based polymer blends. III. Synthesis and properties of polymer blends containing siloxane‐crosslinked poly(silylenemethylene)s
Authors: Ogawa Takuya , Murakami Masashi
Published: December 2002

Soft–hard binary polymer blends consisting of amorphous poly(silylene methylene)s (PSMs) and crystalline poly(diphenylsilylenemethylene) were prepared by both melt processing at 360 °C and in situ polymerization at 300 °C. Linear and siloxane‐crosslinked PSMs were used as amorphous components for the purpose of determining how the crosslinks affected the interactions between the component polymers. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis indirectly suggested that discernable differences between the blends containing linear and crosslinked PSMs were attributable to the degree of interactions between the amorphous and crystalline components. The morphological differences between these blends were studied with transmission electron microscopy. The dispersion phase was smaller in the blends containing crosslinked PSM than that in the blends containing linear PSM. This directly indicated that a larger interaction between the amorphous and crystalline phases was obtained by the introduction of crosslinks because of the smaller viscosity difference between the phases and a larger degree of polymer chain entanglement. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 257–263, 2003
Hydrogen‐bonded thermotropic liquid‐crystalline polyester–amides from bis(hydroxy alkamido)aranes: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Sudha J. D. , Pillai C. K. S.
Published: December 2002

Hydrogen‐bonded aromatic–aliphatic polyester–amides (PEAs) were prepared by solution/melt polycondensation of aromatic–aliphatic amidodiols 1,4‐bis(4‐hydroxybutyramide)benzene (BHBB), 1,4‐bis(5‐hydroxy pentamide)benzene, 1,4‐bis(6‐hydroxyhexamide)benzene, 1,4‐bis(4‐hydroxybutyramidexylene), 1,4‐bis(5‐hydroxypentamidexylene, 1,4‐bis(4‐hydroxybutyramide)benzene, and 1,4‐bis(6‐hydroxyhexamidexylene) with terephthaloyl chloride/dimethyl terephthalate. Aromatic–aliphatic amido diols were prepared by the aminolysis of γ‐butyrolactone, δ‐valerolactone, and ϵ‐caprolactone with aromatic diamines such as paraphenylene diamine and paraxylene diamine. The monomers and polymers were characterized by chemical analysis (hydroxyl value and elemental analysis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The thermal‐ and phase‐transition behaviors of the polymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry in combination with hot‐stage optical microscopy. Crystallinity of polymers was examined with wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The polymers exhibited liquid crystallinity with layered structures formed by self‐organization of the hetero intermolecular hydrogen‐bonded networks indicating smectic phases except for PEAs prepared from BHBB. The hydrogen atom of the phenyl‐substituent group forces the neighboring carbonyl groups out of plane of the rings preventing formation of layered structures in the case of BHBB. The PEAs retained intermolecular hydrogen bonding even in the mesomorphic state, and variations in the hydrogen‐bonded lamellae/micelles might be responsible for the variations from one smectic to another texture. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 335–346, 2003
Synthesis and characterization of photocrosslinkable, side‐chain, second‐order nonlinear optical poly(ester imide)s with great film‐forming ability and long‐term dipole orientation stability
Authors: Lu Jiongxin , Yin Jie
Published: December 2002

A series of photocrosslinkable, side‐chain, second‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) poly(ester imide)s (PEIs) based on a chromophore‐containing dianhydride, 2,2′‐{4‐[(4‐nitrophenyl)‐azo]phenyl}iminobis(ethyl benzene‐1,2‐dicarboxylic acid anhydride‐4‐carboxylate), benzophenone‐3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride, and 4,4′‐diamino‐3,3′‐dimethyl diphenylmethane were prepared. The resulting PEIs exhibited many useful physical characteristics, such as good organosolubility, excellent film‐forming properties, high glass‐transition temperatures (186–229 °C), and high thermal decomposition temperatures. The electrooptic coefficient value of PEI3 at 650 nm was 11.5 pm/V, and high long‐term stability of the NLO chromophore alignment in the poled PEI3 film at 120 °C was observed. The temporal stability of the dipole orientation at 150 °C was further enhanced by ultraviolet irradiation because of photocrosslinking. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 303–312, 2003
Biodegradable brushlike graft polymers. I. Polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone onto water‐soluble hydroxypropyl cellulose as the backbone by the protection of the trimethylsilyl group
Authors: Wang Caiqi , Dong Yuping , Tan Huimin
Published: December 2002

After the protection of partial hydroxyl groups with trimethylsilyl (TMS) groups, hydroxypropyl cellulose becomes soluble in organic solvents, and the number of hydroxyl groups as initiating groups can be controlled. As a result, a new brushlike graft poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) can be prepared with hydroxypropyl cellulose as the backbone polymer by homogeneous ring‐opening graft polymerization and deprotection. The protection and deprotection of the TMS group during the entire procedure were carefully monitored with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and NMR, and the final graft copolymers were characterized with FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 273–280, 2003
Passive and semi‐active seismic response control of a cable‐stayed bridge
Authors: Iemura Hirokazu , Pradono Mulyo Harris
Published: December 2002

Effectiveness of passive and semi‐active seismic response control on a cable‐stayed bridge was studied by numerical analyses. An existing cable‐stayed bridge which has fixed‐hinge connections between deck and towers is modeled and its connections were replaced by isolation bearings and dampers. The isolation bearings are of elastic and hysteretic type. The dampers are of linear and variable type. The variable damper uses semi‐active control that incorporates a pseudo‐negative stiffness algorithm. A pseudo‐negative stiffness hysteretic loop produced by the variable damper, combined with a positive stiffness curve of the deck‐tower connections, creates nearly rigid–perfectly plastic force–deformation characteristics with a large damping ratio. The damping ratio for the main mode of the bridge for both passive and semi‐active control was also calculated. Soil‐structure interaction and three‐dimensional effects on structural responses were studied. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of non‐proportional damping on seismic isolation
Authors: Du Yongfeng , Li Hui , Spencer Billie F.
Published: December 2002

This paper presents several new methods for estimating the maximum seismic responses of non‐proportionally damped two‐degrees of freedom isolation systems. For completeness of the discussion, the formulation, analysis methods, and results are first compared for proportionally and non‐proportionally damped structural systems. The effect of non‐proportional damping on the properties of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a base‐isolated structure is presented. Several approaches to estimate the maximum response of a two‐degrees of freedom, non‐proportionally damped isolation system are developed, and numerical comparison is made through two examples. Numerical results show that the methods presented in this paper better reflect the optimum isolation damping that results in the minimum superstructure shear force response. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global warming mode of atmospheric circulation
Authors: Zhu Jinhong , Wang Shaowu , Zhang Xiangdong
Published: December 2002

Variations of global zonal‐mean atmospheric circulation are studied using the National Center of Environment Prediction/National Center of Atmosphere Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data set from January 1948 to February 2001 and CCM3.6 (Community Climate Model Version 3.6) simulations for the period 1900–1999. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis indicates that variations of zonal‐mean geopotential height in the tropics are usually opposite to those over the subpolar zone in both hemispheres. The first mode of EOF analysis shows that height is higher than normal in the tropics when it is lower over the subpolar zone in both hemispheres with much stronger westerlies over mid latitudes in both hemispheres, and vice versa. This mode explains about 50% variance and is predominant in the whole troposphere. The time series of EOF1 has a sharp transition near about 1977 and the polarity changes from negative to positive. This mode is closely related to the variations of global mean surface air temperature. The detrended correlation coefficient between EOF1 time series and the surface air temperature is 0.74 in the boreal winter. Furthermore, the lowest correlation coefficient among the other three seasons, annual mean, seasonal mean and monthly mean is higher than 0.42 which indicates the fairly good relationship between this mode and the surface air temperature. This result has been verified using CCM3.6 simulations. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Skill of statistical interpretation forecasting system during monsoon season in India
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Maini Parvinder , Rathore L. S. , Singh S. V.
Published: December 2002

An evaluation of statistical interpretation(SI) forecast skill for rainfall and maximum/minimum temperature during monsoon season (June–September) is presented. A brief description of the methodology used for SI forecast and data used is also given. The skill of SI forecast is calculated during 1999, monsoon and has been found encouraging. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
ACTIN‐RELATED PROTEIN (ARP2) INSERTS INTO ARTIFICIAL LIPID MEMBRANES
Authors: Goldmann Wolfgang H. , Isenberg Gerhard
Published: December 2002

Arp2 is localized in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells where it controls actin dynamics. Computer analyses have suggested one possible lipid binding site, residues 185–202 of the primary amino acid sequence on Arp2, that could allow for membrane attachment/insertion. We expressed this region as a fusion protein with schistosomal glutathione S‐transferase (GST) and investigated the interaction of this fragment with mixtures of dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS) and dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) phospholipids in reconstituted lipid bilayers using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Calorimetric measurements showed that as the fusion protein increased, the main chain transition enthalpy decreased and the chain‐melting temperature shifted, which is indicative of partial protein insertion into the hydrophobic region of the lipid membrane. This was confirmed using the Langmuir Blodgett technique (film balance) on lipid monolayers. The dissociation constant (Kd) determined by the temperature jump method was approximately 1.1μM.
EXPRESSION AND REGULATION OF SPARC, FIBRONECTIN, AND COLLAGEN IV BY DEXAMETHASONE IN LENS EPITHELIAL CELLS
Authors: Sawhney Rajinder S.
Published: December 2002

Cataract formation is a deleterious side effect of some hormone therapies, thus, it is important to understand how hormones regulate lens basement structure and function. We have examined the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) on the regulation of Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteines (SPARC), fibronectin (FN), and collagen IV (CN IV). To radiolabel newly synthesized proteins, cultured monolayers of bovine anterior lens capsule epithelial (ALCE) cells were pulsed with [3H] proline. To identify proteins, an immunofluorescent technique, immunoprecipitation with specific antibodies, and electrophoretic separation on sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) were used. DEX increased production of total proteins, whereas it specifically decreased synthesis of FN and CN IV. A decrease in FN and CN IV synthesis by DEX in ALCE cells may decrease adhesion of lens epithelium to the basement membrane (BM), which may in turn cause pathogenesis. Messenger RNAs were identified by Northern blot analyses using specific DNA probes. Treatment of lens epithelial cells with DEX causes a 100–150% up‐regulation of SPARC mRNA in a concentration‐dependent fashion. The increase in the expression of FN mRNA by DEX was in a dose‐response fashion and varied from 50–600%. A 24‐hour treatment with DEX (10−6M) increased CN IV mRNA levels to 386% over baseline levels. Thus showing a differential upregulation by DEX of mRNAs of SPARC, FN, and CN IV. Results of nuclear run‐on transcription assays indicate that regulation of RNAs by DEX may occur, in part, at the transcriptional level. The aberrant expression of lens basement membrane proteins by DEX may contribute to abnormal lens cell function and ultimately to anterior subcapsular cataract.
LOCALIZATION OF PAN‐CADHERIN IMMUNOREACTIVITY IN ADULT RAT TISSUES
Authors: Filiz Serdar , Dalcik Hakki , Yardimoglu Melda , Gonca Suheyla , Ceylan Sureyya
Published: December 2002

Cadherins, being responsible for selective cell recognition and normal tissue integrity in adults, regulate morphogenesis in a variety of organs during development. In this study, anti‐rat pan‐cadherin antibody, specific to all subgroups of the cadherin family, was used to map the distribution of the pan‐cadherin immunoreactivity in adult rat organs. Pan‐cadherin immunoreactivity positive tissues were: secretory cells of the adenohypophysis, autonomic nerve, corneal epithelium, oesophageal nerve plexus, stomach and pyloric glandular cells, epithelium of the ileum and its nerve plexus, alveolar cells of the lung, proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney, islet cells of Langerhans, and the acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas. For the first time, positive pan‐cadherin immunoreactivity was demonstrated in the epithelial cells of the corpus ciliaris and in the nerve plexus of corpus cavernosum of the penis. In conclusion, our results suggest that cells in many tissues and organs of the adult rat synthesize cadherins.
EFFECTS OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR‐β1 AND FIBRONECTIN ON SPARC EXPRESSION IN CULTURES OF HUMAN PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT CELLS
Authors: Fujita Tsuyoshi , Shiba Hideki , Sakata Masatoshi , Uchida Yuushi , Ogawa Tetsuji , Kurihara Hidemi
Published: December 2002

Transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) increases synthesis of secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), as well as fibronectin (FN) and type I collagen. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of SPARC expression. We examined the effect of FN on SPARC expression by TGF‐β1 in cultures of human periodontal ligament cells (HPL cells). TGF‐β1 increased the SPARC and SPARC mRNA levels in HPL cells. Extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by HPL cells in the presence of TGF‐β1 also increased the SPARC levels. Contents of FN and type I collagen in the ECM were increased by TGF‐β1. HPL cells cultured on FN‐coated plates secreted more SPARC than those on non‐coated plates. However, type I collagen had little effect on SPARC levels. The addition of anti‐α5 antibody to the cultures abolished the increase in SPARC mRNA expression by TGF‐β1. This study demonstrated that FN may be partly involved in the increase in SPARC expression by TGF‐β1 in HPL cells.
Molecular phylogeny and status of Diploicia and Diplotomma, with observations on Diploicia subcanescens and Diplotomma rivas-martinezii
Authors: Molina María del Carmen , Crespo Ana , Blanco Oscar , Hladun Néstor , Hawksworth David L.
Published: December 2002

ITS rDNA sequence data shows that Diploicia and Diplotomma species form a monophyletic clade distinct from other Buellia species. This indicates that Diplotomma merits acceptance as a genus, and suggests that Diploicia should be treated as a synonym of Diplotomma, the earlier name. The data also shows Diploicia subcanescens, considered the fertile counterpart in a species pair with D. canescens, is nested within D. canescens and should be treated as a synonym despite reported chemical differences. In addition, the molecular data support the distinctness of Diplotomma rivas-martinezii, a species restricted to gypsum rocks in Spain, from the widespread D. venustum, which grows on calcareous rocks. Aposymbiotic cultures suggest that D. rivas-martinezii also differs from D. venustum in its germination and isolation success rates. One new combination is made: Diplotomnta pulverulenta (Anzi) D. Hawksw. (syn. Abrothallus pulverulentus Anzi) for the lichenicolous species previously known as Buellia pulverulenta.
Pain recurrence: A quality of life issue in endometriosis
Authors: Damario M.A. , Rock J.A.
Published: December 2002

Studies reveal endometriosis to be present in 38–51% of women undergoing laparoscopy for chronic pelvic pain. Symptoms attributable to endometriosis include dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, generalized pelvic pain, dyschezia, and radiation of pain to the back or leg. Psychological factors may also contribute to a more intense pain experience. Medical therapy provides symptom relief in 72–93% of patients, although recurrence is common following treatment discontinuation. Surgical therapy has had varying results for long‐term pain relief; adequacy of the initial surgical treatment appears to be a critical factor. Important adjunctive measures include presacral neurectomy and excisional techniques to remove deep, fibrotic, retroperitoneal lesions. The quality of life of women with endometriosis will improve with greater focus on achieving the long‐term relief of pelvic pain. Limitation of pain recurrence would benefit the patient greatly, by providing symptom relief and preventing the cycle of its probable adverse effects on physical activity, work productivity, sexual fulfilment, and mood.
Synaptic plasticity and tianeptine: structural regulation
Authors: Fuchs E. , Czéh B. , Michaelis T. , de Biurrun G. , Watanabe T. , Frahm J.
Published: December 2002

Stress-induced structural and cellular alterations in the hippocampus can contribute to the pathophysiology of depression. The reversal of these alterations may be a mechanism by which antidepressants achieve their therapeutic effect. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate  the effect of tianeptine on stress-induced structural changes and alterations in cerebral metabolites. To this end, psychosocially stressed male tree shrews were treated with tianeptine. A combination of in vivo and postmortem methods was used to evaluate the antidepressant treatment on the preservation of neuronal plasticity. It was found that all stress-induced effects were prevented by the administration of tianeptine. It is concluded that these findings provide experimental evidence for recent theories that impairment of neuronal viability and neuroplasticity might be important causal factors in mood disorders, suggesting tianeptine as a potential stimulator of neural resilience.
Beyond the monoamine hypothesis: mechanisms, molecules and methods
Authors: Hindmarch I.
Published: December 2002

The first effective antidepressants (monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants) relied on their ability to augment serotonin and noradrenaline levels at the synapse. Forty years later, the same biological model led to the supremacy of the serotonergic hypothesis to explain not only the pathophysiology of depressive illness, but also the neuropharmacological basis for obsessive compulsive disorder, phobias, posttraumatic stress disorder, and even generalized anxiety disorder. It could be argued that the blinkered view of depression as a solely serotonergic phenomenon has not only restrained and limited research into other potential systems, but has also slowed down the discovery of putative antidepressant drugs. While some might argue that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis explains an individual’s sensitivity to depression, there are others who equally claim that the most likely explanations are to be found in the neuropsychopharmacology of the immune system or even through reductions in hippocampal volume. There is a richness of possibilities regarding the mechanisms for antidepressant activity embracing theoretical, pharmacological and clinical data. However, the methods by which putative antidepressants are assessed and their clinical efficacy demonstrated are not always robust. That current clinical comparisons of antidepressants rarely show major differences in efficacy between existing molecules could be taken as an indication that “all drugs are the same” or perhaps, more insightfully, as an indication that the ubiquitous Hamilton depression (HAM-D) rating scales are not sensitive to inter-drug differences, even though pronounced pharmacodynamic differences between molecules are easily demonstrated. Any advances in the development of new antidepressants will have to find not only original compounds but also unique psychometric tests by which the drugs can be assessed in a sensitive, reliable, and valid manner.
Look! Hear! The uneasy relationship of music and television
Authors: Frith Simon
Published: December 2002

Television is an essential part of the star-making machinery of the music business and music accompanies nearly all television programmes, and yet the relationship between the two is uneasy. Television does not seem to be an essential part of musical culture and adds little to music aesthetically. Music has had little impact on the form or aesthetics of television. And yet television has certainly had an impact on music and particularly on the mediation of rock and the formation of the modern pop/rock aesthetic. Here it is not music in television that is important but television in music. The 1950s was a significant turning point in popular music history not so much because of the musical revolution of rock ‘n’ roll but because of the impact of television.
Tracking British television: pop music as stock soundtrack to the small screen
Authors: Donnelly K.J.
Published: December 2002

Recent years have seen an increase in pop music on television, replacing its more traditional incidental music. It is now dominant as stock music on television, filling expanding continuity and advertising spaces. The licensing of pop music for screen use is increasingly important for the music industry, spawning a new form of ‘multipurpose music’ which, as well as being music in its own right, can also be resold as stock music for television. While in the 1980s there was a rush to tie-in pop music with films, in the 1990s, it increasingly was to tie pop music with television. This article documents and explores this transition.
Sounds real: music and documentary
Authors: Corner John
Published: December 2002

This article examines the way in which music has featured in documentary films and programmes. The conventions of restrained use to cue mood and theme are explored, using examples and the recommendations of manuals. Across the varieties of documentary output, the article notes how the dominance of journalistic and observational formats has, for different reasons, tended to place music in the margins. Drawing on an example from the classic period of documentary film-making in Britain, it points towards a more expansive use of music in a complementary relationship with images. A number of general theoretical points about the specific properties of the documentary image and its relationship with music are raised and recent examples of successful innovation discussed. The article ends by suggesting that there is more scope for aesthetic development in music-image relations than has often been recognised and that some of the established inhibitions about mixing ‘fact’ with ‘emotion’ need to be reviewed.
CALLing for help: researching language learning strategies
using help facilities in a web-based multimedia program
Authors: PUJOLĂ JOAN-TOMÁS
Published: December 2002

This paper summarizes the research described in a PhD thesis (Pujolă, 2000) which
presents a description of how learners use the help facilities of a web-based multimedia CALL program,
called ImPRESSions, designed to foster second language learners’ reading and listening skills and
language learning strategies. The study investigates the variation of strategy use in a CALL environment:
Twenty two Spanish adult students of English worked with the program in four sessions and their computer
movements were digital-video screen recorded. Together with direct observation and retrospective questions
a detailed picture of learners’ deployment of strategies was drawn. As the emphasis was on the
process rather than the product, the description and analysis of the data focus on the observation of the
language learning strategies learners deployed when using the help facilities provided: Dictionary,
Cultural Notes, Transcript, Subtitles and Play Controls, Feedback and an Experts module specifically designed
to provide the language learner training component of the program. The qualitative analysis of the
data indicates that many variables have an influence on the amount and quality of the use of the help
provided by the program, from the learners’ individual differences to the fact that the CALL
environment may prompt learners to behave or work in a different way from a more conventional type of
learning. The results of the study provide information for future CALL material design and the type of
research offers new possibilities for CALL research methods.