bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Los poemas conquenses de Gerardo Diego
Authors: C. Cerrillo Torremocha Pedro
Published: February 2016

No ha sido muy frecuente la presencia de Cuenca en las obras de escritores que ocupan las mejores páginas de la Literatura Española: ni como tema, ni como escenario, ni como motivo. No obstante, hay algunas excepciones muy valiosas: Góngora, Pérez Galdós, Unamuno, Pío Baroja, Cela, García Lorca … Gerardo Diego sí escribió, en diversos momentos, poemas relacionados de alguna manera con Cuenca, entre ellos los dos romances que dedicó al Júcar y al Huécar, muy conocidos casi desde el mismo momento de su primera publicación (el del Júcar en 1927 y el del Huécar en 1966 –aunque éste lo había leído en público antes en algunas ocasiones, una de ellas precisamente en Cuen- ca–).
El campo semántico del parentesco primario en El Quijote
Authors: Skubic Mitja
Published: February 2016

En el Quijote el campo semántico del parentesco es más que modesto y, aparte de eso, los términos que lo constituyen son moderadamente utilizados. La constatación no es sorprendente; al contrario, es esperada: la novela de Cervantes no es una saga de una ramificada familia, es la narración de los acontecimientos que experimentan los dos héroes suyos, el caballero andante y su escudero. El primero no tiene familia: don Quijote mismo dice no estar casado ni haber pensado nunca en casarse (II,22). Así, hay sólo dos términos del parentesco que estrictamente le atañen a él, y son de uso constante aunque no muy frecuente: tío y sobrina. Esta aparece desde las primeras líneas de la novela con una sobrina que no llegaba a los veinte /años/ y continúa usándose a través de toda la novela, cuando don Quijote, por la sobrina siempre intitulado respetuosamente señor tío, vuestra merced, señor tío, I,6, y passim, está en casa y conversa con ella. Una sola vez, en la carta que atañe a los pollinos de dar a Sancho, escribe don Quijote señora sobrina, donde hay que ver una tendencia cómica.
Internet y los recursos lingüísticos para la lengua española : diccionarios y corpus
Authors: Kocjančič Polonca
Published: February 2016

Las obras de referencia y los diversos recursos lingüísticos conforman un nexo de unión entre una lengua en su totalidad y el usuario que busca información sobre cualquier aspecto de la lengua que emplea, sea materna o extranjera. Las nuevas tecnologías han abierto un universo nuevo y representan un elemento que hay que considerar en la difusión de la información lingüística, con algunos recursos bien conocidos y otros nuevos, que investigan enfoques alternativos de la organización de la información lingüística.
De Miguel, Elena (ed.) (2009). Panorama de lexicología. Barcelona: Ariel; 519 pp.
Authors: Markič Jasmina
Published: February 2016

En febrero 2009 Ariel publicó un libro imprescindible para la disciplina que se ocupa del léxico, la lexicología, en particular, y para la lingüística en general. La editora y también autora de uno de los capítulos es la doctora Elena de Miguel, catedrática de la lengua española de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. El libro lleva el título de Panorama de la lexicología y parte de la postura de que la lexicología es una disciplina independiente que se dedica a estudiar el léxico si bien no es la única disciplina que se ocupa de este tema. El volumen de 519 páginas tiene 17 capítulos repartidos en cuatro unidades temáti- cas que presentan exhaustivamente el panorama de las investigaciones sobre la lexicología y el estado actual de esta disciplina en la primera década del siglo XXI. Se trata de un libro muy actual, de un tema muy complejo, enfocado desde diferentes ángulos y escrito por eminentes investigadores y conocidos lingüistas.
Paralelismos indo-tibetanos en el exemplo XI de El conde Lucanor
Authors: Galván Álvarez Enrique
Published: February 2016

Bien es sabido que muchas de las historias que hallamos en la literatura española medieval son de origen asiático y que llegan a la península con la invasión musulmana. El Conde Lucanor no es en modo alguno una excepción y algunos de sus «exemplos» han sido identificados con cuentos que se hallan en fuentes asiáticas. Muchos de estos cuentos no son originarios de la tradición árabe-musulmana, sino que son tomados de otras tierras que los musulmanes habían invadido y de las que recogen, entre otras cosas, historias que adaptan a su modo de ver el mundo. El ejemplo más popular es la India, islamizada pro- gresivamente por diferentes tipos de musulmanes desde los siglos XII y XIII, y que nutre la literatura musulmana con múltiples historias que proceden de tradiciones budistas e hinduistas, o de obras clásicas del sub-continente (que a pesar de ser clásicas y de estar escritas, aún tienen un gran arraigo oral y siguen siendo contadas y recontadas de diversas formas), como el Panchatantra o el Mahabhárata.
Una historia muy simple
Authors: Mazzini Miha
Published: February 2016

Voy a contarles una historia muy simple. Probablemente no les parecerá nada espe- cial y no quiero robarles tiempo, así que voy a tratar de hacerlo lo más rápido posible.Me inscribí en psicología porque eso hizo mi mejor amiga. Éramos compañeras desde jardín de infantes y siempre la seguí en todo. En tercer año de facultad conoció a su novio y continuó sus estudios en otro país; por primera vez no podía seguirla. Cuando rendí todos los exámenes, el profesor me preguntó si estaba interesada en hacer mi tesis sobre el perfil psicológico de los participantes de reality shows. Accedí para no tener que pensar en otro tema, aunque no veía mucho la televisión porque me pasaba las noches entre los libros de estudio. Enseguida me di cuenta de que, evidentemente, el profesor había firmado un contrato con la emisora: a él lo empleaban y y yo era la que iba a tener que trabajar, pero no me importaba. La tesis de licenciatura no es más que eso y hay que hacerla. Yo evaluaba los candidatos y elegía a los participantes que vivirían juntos duran- te algunos meses. Como hacían el programa con una licencia extranjera y ya sabían qué le interesaba a la audiencia, yo tenía preparados los rasgos de los perfiles psicológicos que en ese aislamiento colectivo no resultan bien. Tuve que elegir gente variada, pero dentro de la media; nunca nada verdaderamente especial. Cuando me gradué, tuve las noches libres: de pronto tenía mucho más tiempo y podía haber visto el programa, pero ya había terminado. Pero oí que había sido todo un éxito y que sobre todo a los chicos les había encantado el reality y los participantes elegidos.
Marín, Rafael (ed.) (2015): Los predicados psicológicos. Madrid: Visor. 270 pp.
Authors: Markič Jasmina
Published: February 2016

Marín, Rafael (ed.) (2015): Los predicados psicológicos. Madrid: Visor. 270 pp.
Variabilidad del discurso oral: el caso de seguramente. Un análisis comparativo con quizá(s) y a lo mejor
Authors: Barrios Sabador María José
Published: February 2016

Variabilidad del discurso oral: el caso de seguramente.Un análisis comparativo con quizá(s) y a lo mejor
Natural Language Processing for Cohort Discovery in a Discharge Prediction Model for the Neonatal ICU
Authors: Lehmann Christoph , Fabbri Daniel , Temple Michael
Published: February 2016

Discharging patients from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) can be delayed for non-medical reasons including the procurement of home medical equipment, parental education, and the need for children’s services. We previously created a model to identify patients that will be medically ready for discharge in the subsequent 2–10 days. In this study we use Natural Language Processing to improve upon that model and discern why the model performed poorly on certain patients.

We retrospectively examined the text of the Assessment and Plan section from daily progress notes of 4,693 patients (103,206 patient-days) from the NICU of a large, academic children’s hospital. A matrix was constructed using words from NICU notes (single words and bigrams) to train a supervised machine learning algorithm to determine the most important words differentiating poorly performing patients compared to well performing patients in our original discharge prediction model.

NLP using a bag of words (BOW) analysis revealed several cohorts that performed poorly in our original model. These included patients with surgical diagnoses, pulmonary hypertension, retinopathy of prematurity, and psychosocial issues.

The BOW approach aided in cohort discovery and will allow further refinement of our original discharge model prediction. Adequately identifying patients discharged home on g-tube feeds alone could improve the AUC of our original model by 0.02. Additionally, this approach identified social issues as a major cause for delayed discharge.

A BOW analysis provides a method to improve and refine our NICU discharge prediction model and could potentially avoid over 900 (0.9%) hospital days.

AUC – Area under the Curve, CART -- Classification And Regression Trees, DTD – Days to Dis- charge, GI – Gastrointestinal, LOS – Length of Stay, NICU – Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, NS – Neurosurgery, RF – Random Forest.
Estudos de previsão de falências – uma revisão das publicações internacionais e brasileiras de 1930 a 2015
Authors: Pereira Vinicius Silva , Martins Vidigal Fernandes
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8069.2015v12n26p163

Este artigo realiza uma revisão abrangente dos principais estudos publicados no Brasil e no mundo abordando os indicadores financeiros, amostra, métodos e eficiência preditiva dos modelos de previsão de falências a partir de 1930 até 2015. O levantamento selecionou, no total, 227 artigos sobre a temática, sendo 48 artigos nacionais e 179 internacionais. Após a seleção, esses trabalhos foram agrupados em cinco fases de acordo com suas características metodológicas e de escolha de indicadores financeiros. Dessa forma, este trabalho contribui com a organização dos principais modelos e indicadores de previsão de falências utilizados na literatura desde 1930. Sugere-se, para pesquisas futuras, que os autores foquem na utilização de modelos já existentes, e não no desenvolvimento de novos modelos, bem como na utilização de mais indicadores não contábeis aos seus modelos.
Contabilidade e o Capital Intelectual: uma revisão de literatura para compreender sua relação
Authors: Vaz Caroline Rodrigues , Zarelli Paula Regina , Maldonado Mauricio Uriona
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8069.2015v12n26p51

Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um mapeamento das características das pesquisas científicas desenvolvidas com o propósito de verificar a relação da Contabilidade e o Capital Intelectual. Esta pesquisa classifica-se como bibliográfica, qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória. Foi utilizado o método ProKnow-C, na base de dados Web of Science em 2014, encontrando 1.220 artigos; após a filtragem contou com 85 artigos. Na análise bibliométrica o periódico relevante foi International Journal of Human Resource Management. O autor que se destacou foi Lopez Ruiz. O artigo com relevância acadêmica foi The role of human-capital in economic development evidence from aggregat cross-country data, com 2.990 citações. Conclui-se que há relação da Contabilidade com o Capital Intelectual, pois este surgiu dentro da Contabilidade pela necessidade de se avaliarem os recursos intangíveis como o conhecimento humano, as habilidades, suas experiências e os entendimentos dos processos realizados dentro da empresa.
Análise da evidenciação sobre a mensuração de ativos biológicos: antes e depois do CPC 29
Authors: Manfiolli Figueira Laís , De Souza Ribeiro Maisa
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8069.2015v12n26p73

Para verificar o comportamento da divulgação de informações contábeis a respeito de mensuração dos ativos biológicos, esta pesquisa analisou por meio de check-list, baseado nas orientações sobre evidenciação do CPC 29, as Demonstrações Financeiras, de 2008 a 2012, das trinta companhias de capital aberto da BM&FBOVESPA que os possuíam. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e baseada em análise documental. Após constatar que os ativos biológicos eram materiais em relação ao total de ativos, observou-se que o método do fluxo de caixa sobressaiu-se como alternativa para definição do valor justo pela inexistência de mercado ativo em várias fases de maturação desses itens, sendo também mais facilmente obtido. Empresas que formaram culturas próximo à data de encerramento declararam usar o custo histórico como equivalentes ao valor justo pela proximidade entre datas de formação e elaboração das demonstrações financeiras. Entretanto, a evolução verificada não ultrapassa os requisitos da norma contábil vigente.
Análise das Cartas-Comentários submetidas em resposta ao discussion paper extractive activities: perspectivas quanto ao futuro do IFRS 6 (CPC 34)
Authors: Santos Odilanei Morais dos , Silva Paula Danyelle Almeida da , Santos Ariovaldo Dos
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8069.2015v12n26p23

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise do processo de revisão/substituição do IFRS 6, levando-se em consideração a perspectiva dos diversos grupos de interesses, expressa em 141 cartas-comentários submetidas à audiência pública do Discussion Paper Extractive Activities, promovida pelo IASB. Essas cartas foram analisadas seguindo a metodologia da análise de conteúdo, e os resultados estão apoiados na teoria institucional. Os resultados evidenciam que o IASB, possivelmente, terá dificuldade para implementar sua proposta normativa, dada sua rejeição majoritária pelos diversos grupos de interesse participantes da audiência pública, os quais se apoiam nas práticas institucionalizadas pautadas nos métodos dos esforços bem sucedidos, capitalização total ou área de interesse, que conflitam com a proposta apresentada pelo órgão internacional, tendo-se, portanto, um cenário em que se acredita na manutenção do status quo vigente.
Measurement of neonatal abstinence syndrome: Evaluation of short forms
Authors: Jones, PhD Hendrée E. , Seashore, MD Carl , Johnson, FNP, PhD Elisabeth , Horton, PhD Evette , O’Grady, PhD Kevin E. , Andringa, PhD Kim
Published: February 2016

Objectives: 1) How well do the short forms previously developed from the Maternal Opioid Treatment: Human Experimental Research (MOTHER) neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) scale (MNS) discriminate between neonates untreated and treated for NAS? (2) Can a short form be developed that is superior to other short forms in discriminating between the two groups?Design/participants: This secondary analysis study used data from 131 delivered neonates in the MOTHER study, a randomized controlled trial comparing neonatal and maternal outcomes in opioid-dependent pregnant women administered buprenorphine or methadone.Setting: Comprehensive care was provided at seven university hospitals.Outcome measures: A 19-item instrument measuring neonatal abstinence signs.Results: A five-item index proved superior to the previous indices (ps < 0.01) and discriminated between the treated and untreated NAS groups as well as did the MNS total score (p=0.09).Conclusions: A short form developed from the MNS shows promise as a possible screening measure.
Fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system versus morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for pain management following orthopedic surgery: A pooled analysis of randomized, controlled trials
Authors: Hartrick, MD Craig T. , Knapke, MD Donald M. , Ding, MS, MA Li , Danesi, MD Hassan , Jones, MD James B.
Published: February 2016

Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of patient-controlled pain management following orthopedic surgery using either fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system (ITS) or morphine intravenous (IV) patient-controlled analgesia (PCA).Setting: Acute Care Hospital.Patients: Three-open-label, multicenter, randomized, active-controlled, parallel-group phase 3B studies (N = 2095) were conducted that compared fentanyl ITS with morphine IV PCA for postoperative pain in hospitalized postoperative patients. A subgroup of orthopedic surgery patients (N = 1,216) was pooled for this analysis; of which 819 completed treatment.Interventions: A total of 590 patients received fentanyl ITS (40 μg/dose) and 626 patients received morphine IV PCA (1 mg/dose) for up to 72 hours.Main outcome measures: Efficacy measures included the patient global assessment (PGA) and the investigator global assessment (IGA) of the method of pain control.Results: Patients had a mean age of about 60 years, were predominantly Caucasian (90.5 percent), and the majority underwent hip replacement (80.3 percent). There were more patients treated with fentanyl ITS who rated their pain control method as “excellent” compared to morphine IV PCA at 24 hours postsurgery (44.8 percent vs 33.0 percent, respectively; p < 0.001), 48 hours (37.5 percent vs 25.3 percent, respectively; p < 0.001), and at the last assessment (54.3 percent vs 39.6 percent, respectively; p < 0.001). There were more investigators who rated treatment with fentanyl ITS as “excellent” compared to morphine IV PCA at the last assessment (57.4 percent vs 36.9 percent, respectively; p < 0.001).Conclusions: Following orthopedic surgery, patients and investigators more frequently reported global assessment of pain control as “excellent” on the PGA and IGA assessments with fentanyl ITS than with morphine IV PCA.
Oxycodone with an opioid receptor antagonist: A review
Authors: Davis, MD, FCCP, FAAHPM Mellar P. , Goforth, MD Harold W.
Published: February 2016

The rationale for putting opioid antagonists with an agonist is to improve pain control, to reduce side effects, and/or to reduce abuse. The combination of prolonged release (PR) oxycodone and naloxone reduces constipation as demonstrated in multiple studies and has been designated a tamper-resistant opioid by the Food and Drug Administration. Bioequivalence of the combination product compared with PR oxycodone has not been established. Several of the pivotal studies provided suboptimal laxative support in the control arm of the randomized trials. Two noninferiority trials have demonstrated equivalent analgesia between PR oxycodone and the combination product at doses of less than 120 mg of oxycodone per day. There appears to be an analgesic ceiling above 80-120 mg of oxycodone per day. Safety monitoring during randomized trials was not been well described in published manuscripts. Benefits appear to be better for those with chronic noncancer pain compared with individuals with cancer when constipation was the primary outcome.
Minimizing stress with remifentanil in a patient with Takotsubo undergoing ophthalmic surgery
Authors: Fabio, MD Sbaraglia , Rossella, MD Garra , Mariella, MD De Riso , Nicola, MD Continolo , Maria, MD Sammartino
Published: February 2016

Anesthesiological management of patients with Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is a challenge of questions related to physiopathology, prognosis, and trigger causes. Relative rarity of this disease and lack of wide literature do not allow to state any negative or positive effect of the variety of drugs available for anesthesia. The authors report a case of a woman with a clear diagnosis of TTS and anxiety disorder, who underwent to cataract extractions at both eyes at two different times. Clinical management is described, from preoperative assessment until discharge of the patient. In both cases, surgery was successfully performed using remifentanil Target Controlled Infusion sedation in spontaneous ventilation. In this article, the authors suggest the possible cardio-protective role of remifentanil in this kind of pathology, focusing on its advantageous sedating action that guarantees a stress-free condition, while maintaining control on respiratory drive.
Geochemistry of PM10 over Europe during the EMEP intensive measurement periods in summer 2012 and winter 2013
Authors: Alastuey Andrés , Querol Xavier , Aas Wenche , Lucarelli Franco , Perez Noemí , Moreno Teresa , Cavalli Fabrizia , Areskoug Hans , Balan Violeta , Catrambone Maria , Ceburnis Darius , Cerro José C. , Conil Sébastien , Gevorgyan Lusine , Hueglin Christoph , Imre Kornelia , Jafrezzo Jean-Luc , Leeson Sarah R. , Mihalopoulos Nikolaos , Mitosinkova Marta , Pey Jorge , Putaud Jean-Philippe , Riffault Véronique , Ripoll Anna , Sciare Jean , Sellegri Karine , Spinder Gerald , Yttri Karl Espen
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Abstract. The third intensive measurement period (IMP) organised by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) under the UNECE CLTRAP took place in summer 2012 and winter 2013, with PM10 filter samples concurrently collected at 20 (16 EMEP) regional background sites across Europe for subsequent analysis of their mineral dust content. All samples were analysed by the same or a comparable methodology. Higher PM10 mineral dust loadings were observed at most sites in summer (0.5–10 µg m−3) compared to winter (0.2–2 µg m−3), with the most elevated concentrations in the southern- and easternmost countries, accounting for 20–40 % of PM10. Saharan dust outbreaks were responsible for the high summer dust loadings at western and central European sites, whereas regional or local sources explained the elevated concentrations observed at eastern sites. The eastern Mediterranean sites experienced elevated levels due to African dust outbreaks during both summer and winter. The mineral dust composition varied more in winter than in summer, with a higher relative contribution of anthropogenic dust during the former period. A relatively high contribution of K from non-mineral and non-seasalt sources, such as biomass burning, was evident in winter at some of the central and eastern European sites. The spatial distribution of some components and metals reveals the influence of specific anthropogenic sources on a regional scale: shipping emissions (V, Ni, and SO42−) in the Mediterranean region, metallurgy (Cr, Ni, and Mn) in Central and Eastern Europe, coal combustion (As, Se, and SO42−) in Eastern countries, and traffic (Cu) at sites affected by emissions from nearby cities.
A comparative study of K-rich and Na/Ca-rich feldspar ice nucleating particles in a nanoliter droplet freezing assay
Authors: Peckhaus Andreas , Kiselev Alexei , Hiron Thibault , Ebert Martin , Leisner Thomas
Published: February 2016

Abstract. A recently designed droplet freezing assay was used to study the freezing of up to 1500 identical 0.2 nL water droplets containing suspensions of three K-rich and one Na/Ca-rich feldspar particles. Three types of experiments have been conducted: cooling ramp, isothermal freezing at constant temperature, and freeze-thaw cycles. The observed freezing behavior have been interpreted with the help of a model based on the classical nucleation theory (Soccer Ball Model, SBM, Niedermeier, (2015). Applying the model to the different freezing experiments conducted with the same ice nucleating material allowed to constrain the parameter space and to derive the unique sets of model parameters for specific feldspar suspensions. The SBM was shown to adequately describe the shift of the freezing curves towards the lower temperature with dilution, the cooling rate dependence and the ice nucleating active sites (INAS) surface density ns (T) in a wide temperature range. Moreover, the SBM was capable of reproducing the variation of INAS surface density ns (T) with concentration of IN in the suspension droplets and correctly predicting the leveling-off of the ns (T) at low temperature. The freeze-thaw experiments have clearly shown that the heterogeneous freezing induced even by very active ice nucleating species still possesses a stochastic nature, with the degree of randomness increasing towards homogeneous nucleation. A population of the high temperature INAS has been identified in one of the K-rich feldspar samples (FS04). The freezing of 0.8 wt% suspension droplets of this particular feldspar was observed already at −5 °C. These high temperature active sites could be completely deactivated by treatment the sample with hydrogen peroxide but survived heating up to 90 °C. Although the mass density of the high temperature IN sites is comparable to that of the typical bacterial or fungal INPs, the possibility of biological contamination of the sample have been ruled out. The freezing efficacy of all feldspar samples have been shown to reduce only slightly after suspending in water for over 5 months.
Implementation of Blended Learning in Higher Learning Institutions: A Review of Literature
Authors: Maarop Amrien Hamila , Embi Mohamed Amin
Published: February 2016

While many educational premises including higher learning institutions favor blended learning over traditional approach and merely online learning, some academicians are still apprehensive about teaching in blended learning. The aim of this review is to synthesize the available evidence in the literature on challenges faced in implementing blended learning as well as the recommendations or lessons learnt from the experience. Eight articles published between January 2010 and December 2013 were appraised. This review revealed that among the challenges faced by the instructors are increased workload and time devotion, lack of pedagogical and technical skills to conduct the program and difficulty in finding the right blend between face-to-face and online learning. The review also discovered the importance of staff training, support and networking as strategies to help instructors deal with such issues.
Finding High Risk Persons with Internet Tests to Manage Risk—A Literature Review with Policy Implications to Avoid Violent Tragedies, Save Lives and Money
Authors: John Zagar Robert , Karolina Zagar Agata , G. Busch Kenneth , Garbarino James , Ferrari Terry , Russell Hughes John , Patzer Gordon , W. Kovach Joseph , M. Grove William , Tippins Steve , Imgrund Steve , Julia Quinn Dempsey Judge , Benjamin Basile Brother
Published: February 2016

The goal is to share policy implications of sensitive, specific internet-based tests in place of current approaches to lowering violence, namely fewer mass murders, suicides, homicides. When used, internet-based tests save lives and money. From 2009-2015, a Chicago field test had 324 fewer homicides (saving $2,089,848,548, ROI=6.42). In 60 yrs., conventional approaches for high risk persons (e.g.,. inappropriately releasing poor, severely mentally ill) led to unnecessary expense including yearly: (a) 300 mass murders (59% demonstrating psychiatric conditions); (b) 1-6% having costly personnel challenges; (c) 2,100,000 “revolving door” Emergency-Room (ER) psychiatric admissions (41,149 suicides, 90% mentally ill); (d) 10,000,000 prisoners (14,146 homicides, 20% psychiatric challenges). Current metrics fail [success rates from 25%-73%: (1) for background checks (25%); (2) interviews (M=46%); (3) physical exams (M=49%); (4) other tests (M=73%)]. Internet-based tests are simultaneously sensitive (97%), specific (97%), non-discriminatory, objective, inexpensive, $100/test, require 2-4 hrs.
Flow Analysis of Lambda Expressions
Authors: Jones Neil D.
Published: February 2016

We describe a method to analyze the data and control flow during mechanical evaluation of lambda expressions. The method produces a finite approximate description of the set of all states entered by a call-by-value lambda-calculus interpreter; a similar approach can easily be seen to work for call-by-name. A proof is given that the approximation is ''safe'' i.e. that it includes descriptions of every intermediate lambda-expression which occurs in the evaluation.

From a programming languages point of view the method extends previously developed interprocedural analysis methods to include both local and global variables, call-by-name or call-by-value parameter transmission and the use of procedures both as arguments to other procedures and as the results returned by them.
Program Transformations in a Denotational Setting
Authors: Nielson Flemming
Published: February 2016

Program transformations are frequently performed by optimizing compilers and the correctness of applying them usually depends on data flow information. For source-to-source transformations it is shown how a denotational setting can be useful for validating such program transformations.

Strong equivalence is obtained for transformations that exploit forward data flow information, whereas weak equivalence is obtained for transformations that exploit backward data flow information. To obtain strong equivalence both the original and the transformed program must be data flow analysed, but consideration of a transformation exploiting liveness of variables indicates that a more satisfactory approach may be possible.
Concurrent Algorithms for Root Searching
Authors: Eriksen Ole , Staunstrup Jørgen
Published: February 2016

Concurrent algorithms for finding the root of a real continuous function are analyzed.

A lower bound on the running time is given, this lower bound is obtained by a synchronous algorithm. A new asynchronous algorithm is discussed in detail and its running time is analyzed. Finally, the results from running the asynchronous algorithm on a multiprocessor are shown.
Type Algebras, Functor Categories, and Block Structure
Authors: Oles Frank J.
Published: February 2016

In this paper we outline a category-theoretic approach to the semantics of ALGOL-like languages in which particular attention is paid to the use of functor categories as a mechanism to reflect stack discipline.

Also, we explore the idea that implicit conversions can be modelled by making the phrase types of a language into a poset, and we show how any poset freely generates a type algebra.
Categorial Heterogeneous Algebraic Models of Programming Languages
Authors: Husberg Nisse
Published: February 2016

Heterogeneous algebraic theories and algebras are treated in detail with examples showing how to model programming languages. All categorial concepts needed --- and only those --- are defined and explained assuming no earlier background in category theory. The presentation covers language grammars and syntax fairly well, but semantics is treated only in general terms.
A Taxonomy for Programming Languages wit h Multi-Sequential Processes
Authors: Thomsen Kristine Stougård , Knudsen Jørgen Lindskov
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this paper is to describe a high level conceptual framework -- a taxonomy -- for programming languages with language constructs for specification of co-sequential and concurrent/interleaved processes.

Using a semi-formal model for processes we identify the major differences and similarities between co-sequential, interleaved and concurrent processes. We discuss the essential aspects of co-sequential processes, concerning different patterns in which control can be transferred between the processes. Moreover, we discuss the important common properties of co-sequential and concurrent/interleaved processes: Synchronization and communication. The form of this taxonomy is a tree of orthogonal aspects where each aspect may be further subdivided into orthogonal aspects. Each aspect is precisely defined and can be discussed without reference to the other aspects. This makes it easy to use the taxonomy when analyzing and comparing language constructs.

We find that the taxonomy is useful in at least three areas: When choosing a language for a specific application, when designing a language for a specific application area, and when teaching high level languages with multi-sequential processes.
Three Approaches to Teaching Software Ergonomics
Authors: Nielsen Jakob
Published: February 2016

Instruction strategies and experiences are reported from (1) a university course for computer science graduate students, (2) a continuing education course for programming school teachers, (3) a software ergonomics awareness course for hardware ergonomists.

It is concluded that software ergonomics courses should include specific examples of user friendly systems and of human factors experiments as well as generally applicable theories and concepts. These theories and concepts should be used as a framework for the examples
Program Development on Graphical Workstations
Authors: Nørmark Kurt
Published: February 2016

The aim of this paper is to emphasize the merits of program development on graphical workstations. A workstation with a graphical display and a pointing device is an interesting base for new programming environments. Sufficient machine resources are provided to support advanced software development tools, and a considerable improvement of the programmer-machine interaction is possible. Program editing on graphical workstations is discussed. Using windows, a program can simultaneously be presented at several abstraction levels and hereby good program survey and rapid program navigation is provided. We discuss how to cope with the large set of commands in syntax-directed editors, and how to create programs using the pointing device as the primary input medium. Testing incomplete program sketches by simulating unimplemented facilities via so-called state editing is explained. Simple graphical means seem to be useful when observing the program state. It is argued why continuous program observation combined with programmer controlled execution speed (including reverse execution) is valuable. Examples are drawn from the Ekko design - a proposed integrated program development system for graphical workstations - and from an implemented syntax-directed editor on a Perq workstation.
Symmetric Distributed Termination
Authors: Eriksen Ole , Skyum Sven
Published: February 2016

In this paper we present a simple algorithm for deciding when to terminate a distributed computation. Former solutions to the termination problem are restricted to rings and undirected connected networks, and they rely on the existence of a special master processor present in the network. The class of configurations for which our algorithm is applicable is the most general possible, namely the class of configurations, where the underlying (directed) networks are strongly connected. If the network is not strongly connected then there exists a group of processors which cannot send messages to the rest and it becomes impossible to detect when to terminate. Furthermore, the algorithm does not require a special master processor acting differently from the others. The only information needed is an upper bound on the diameter of the network (the number of processors, for example). The protocol for all processors is in other words identical.
Nedarving: (Resumé)
Authors: Thomsen Kristine Stougård
Published: February 2016

Der gives et resume af publikationerne PB-192, PB-209 og PB-210, som sammenfattes til en licentiatafhandling med titlen ''Nedarvning''. Emnet for afhandlingen er nedarvningsmekanismer i programmeringssprog. Resumeet indeholder en beskrivelse af den behandlede problemstilling, den anvendte metode og de opnåede resultater, herunder et mindre eksempel til illustration af den udviklede sproglige mekanisme. Desuden beskrives kort relationerne til den internationale forskning på området.
Synchronized Transitions
Authors: Ravn Anders P. , Staunstrup Jørgen
Published: February 2016

This paper presents a high-level notation for designing a VLSI chip as a number of asynchronous state machines. The machines are asynchronous in that they make state transitions without reference to a common time standard such as a common clock. The notation allows high-level descriptions of the functional behavior of an electrical circuit. This makes it possible to explore and verify different design decisions at a very early stage of the design, before making a detailed implementation. By imposing certain constraints on the abstract description, it is possible to transform it into a layout or program by using so-called implementation rules.
Transformations and Abstract Presentations in a Language Development Environment
Authors: Nørmark Kurt
Published: February 2016

A syntax-directed editing environment intended for development of artificial languages, e.g. programming languages, specification languages, and grammar definition languages, is presented. Various applications of a simple, syntactic transformation facility is central to the work. There is a description of how most syntax-directed editing operations can be implemented and understood as transformations. It is furthermore demonstrated how documents, which are represented as abstract syntax trees, can be kept consistent with a grammar that is under development. A multi-formalism transformation technique is also described. Abstract presentation of documents on a screen is another central topic. Two simple presentation formalisms that allow documents to be shown as trees and graphs are proposed. As a basis for the whole work, a new formalism for description of context-free languages has been worked out. The formalism is based on generalization/specialization hierarchies of syntax domains.
Through the Interface - a Human Activity Approach to User Interface Design
Authors: Bødker Susanne
Published: February 2016

This dissertation discusses human-computer interaction, and the role of user interfaces in use and design from the point-of-view of human activity theory. Human-computer interaction conducted in purposeful human work is in focus. The main idea is that a computer application, from the user's perspective, is not something that the user operates on but something that the user operates through on other objects or subjects.

The contents of the report is the following: Danish Summary; Introduction; Human Activity and Human-Computer Interaction; User Interface Design -- the Empirical Cases; User Interfaces; Methods for User Interface Design; User Interface Design -- Advice to the Designer.
A Correction to ''A Modal Logic for a Subclass of Event Structures''
Authors: Lodaya K. , Thiagarajan P. S.
Published: February 2016

The proof of the completeness result presented in the report DAIMI PB-220 (''A Modal Logic for a Subclass of Event Structures'' by K. Lodaya and P.S. Thiagarajan) contains a flaw. Our aim here is to rectify this flaw. To save space, we shall assume that the reader has a copy of DAIMI PB-220. The flaw occurs in the proof of Lemma 4.19. Hence the material we present here is to replace the material in Section 4 starting with Lemma 4.19.
Graph Grammars for Knowledge Representation
Authors: Hess Lilia , Mayoh Brian H.
Published: February 2016

This report consists of two papers presented at the March 1990 GRAGRA meeting in Bremen: the more general ''Representation of knowledge using graph grammars'' which argues for graphs as the universal KR formalism and the more specific ''The four musicians: analogies and expert systems -- a graphic approach'' which demonstrates the use of graphics for type inheritance and analogical reasoning.
Substitution Polymorphism for Object-Oriented Programming
Authors: Palsberg Jens , Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

We introduce substitution polymorphism as a new basis for typed object-oriented languages. While avoiding subtypes and polymorphic types, this mechanism enables optimal static type-checking of generic classes and polymorphic functions. The novel idea is to view a class as having a family of implicit subclasses, each of which is obtained through a substitution of types. This allows instantiation of a generic class to be merely subclassing and resolves the problems in the  Eiffel type system reported by Cook. All subclasses, including the implicit ones, can reuse the code implementing their superclass.
A note on opaque types
Authors: Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

We extend the results in Schwartzbach: Static Correctness of Hierarchical Procedures to include opaque types. An opaque version of a type is different from the original but has the same values and the same order relations to other types. The opaque types allow a more flexible polymorphism and provide the usual pragmatic advantages of distinguishing between intended and unintended type equalities. Opaque types can be viewed as a compromise between synonym types and abstract types.
Extended Smolensky's method
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Li
Published: February 2016

We give a simple extension of Smolensky's method by replacing Smolensky's concept of U^n_F-completeness by a new definition: F-hardness. An easy consequence of this definition is that F-hard functions do not have constant depth, polynomial size Boolean circuit with Mod_p, where p is the characteristic of F. By this extension, we can explicitly show many functions are hard, we establish a {\em Hardness Lemma} for a class of functions, and characterize when a function over a finite field is hard to compute by a small depth with Mod_p gates. Furthermore, we discuss the difficulties in extending Smolensky's theory over a general ring. While in general the nice relationship between the Boolean circuit model and the algebra of functions representing Boolean functions over a ring collapses, we can still extend the complexity theoretic notions introduced by this extended Smolensky's theory to a ring in order to classify functions over such a ring by their relative complexity. A result states that any representation of Majority over any ring R=Z/(r) for any fixed r in N is hard. This provides a kind of evidence that Majority is not AC^0 reducible to Mod_r.
Systematic sources of sub-optimal interface design in large product development organizations
Authors: Grudin Jonathan
Published: February 2016

The need for the developers of interactive systems to understand the eventual users and their work is well known. The first part of this paper explores the underlying problems in achieving an understanding of computer users and their work in one systems development context:

large product development organizations. The second part describes organizational goals that can conflict with good interface design. These goals often seem unrelated to interface considerations, but in the absence of knowledge of users and their work, they may be an unrecognized, subtle source of bad design decisions. While each organization is unique, the hope is that the forewarned reader will be better able to anticipate, recognize, and respond to these and similar challenges when they do appear.
Compositional Characterization of Observable Program Properties
Authors: Steffen Bernhard , Jay C. Barry , Mendler Michael
Published: February 2016

In this paper we model both program behaviours and abstractions between them as lax functors, which generalize abstract interpretations by exploiting the natural ordering of program properties. This generalization provides a framework in which correctness (safety) and completeness of abstract interpretations naturally arise from this order. Furthermore, it supports modular and stepwise refinement: given a program behaviour, its characterization, which is a ''best'' correct and complete denotational semantics for it, can be determined in a compositional way.
Convertible Undeniable Signatures
Authors: Boyar Joan , Chaum David , Damgård Ivan Bjerre , Pedersen Torben Pryds
Published: February 2016

We introduce a new concept called convertible undeniable signature schemes.

In these schemes, release of a single bit string by the signer turns all of his signatures, which were originally undeniable signatures, into ordinary digital signatures. We prove that the existence of such schemes is implied by the existence of digital signature schemes. Then, looking at the problem more practically, we present a very efficient convertible undeniable signature scheme. This scheme has the added benefit that signatures can also be selectively converted.
Unfold/fold Transformations Preserving Termination Properties
Authors: Amtoft Torben
Published: February 2016

The unfold/fold framework constitutes the spine of many program transformation strategies. However, by unrestricted use of folding the target program may terminate less often than the source program. Several authors have investigated the problem of setting up conditions which guarantee preservation of termination properties. These conditions are often formulated in a way which makes it hard to grasp the basic intuition why they work. The aim of this paper will be to give a more unified treatment by setting up a model which enables us to reason about termination preservation in a cleaner and more algebraic fashion. The model resembles a logic language and is parametrized with respect to evaluation order.
The Sun RPC Language Semantics
Authors: Musicante Martin
Published: February 2016

A formal description of the Sun Remote Procedure Call Protocol is given. The description is written using the Action Notation style of formal specification. Action Notation proves to be adequate to express the meaning of the Sun RPC communication mechanism.
Graph Types
Authors: Klarlund Nils , Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

Recursive data structures are abstractions of simple records and pointers. They impose a  shape invariant, which is verified at compile-time and exploited to automatically generate code for building, copying, comparing, and traversing values without loss of efficiency. However, such values are always tree shaped, which is a major obstacle to practical use. We propose a notion of  graph types , which allow common shapes, such as doubly-linked lists or threaded trees, to be expressed concisely and efficiently. We define regular languages of  routing expressions to specify relative addresses of extra pointers in a canonical spanning tree. An efficient algorithm for computing such addresses is developed. We employ a second-order monadic logic to decide well-formedness of graph type specifications. This logic can also be used for automated reasoning about pointer structures.
On the Action Semantics of Concurrent Programming Languages
Authors: Mosses Peter D.
Published: February 2016

Action semantics is a framework for semantic description of prograrnming languages. In this framework, actions are semantic entities, used to represent the potential behaviour of programs --- also the contributions that parts of programs make to such behaviour. The notation for expressing actions, called action notation, is combinator-based. It is used in much the same way that lambda-notation is used in denotational semantics. However, the essence of action notation is operational, rather than mathematical, and its meaning is formally defined by a structural operational semantics together with a bisimulation equivalence.

This paper briefly motivates action semantics, and explains the basic concepts. It then illustrates the use of the framework by giving an action semantic description of a small example language. This language includes a simple form of concurrency: tasks that may synchronize by means of rendezvous. The paper also discusses the operational semantics of action notation, focusing on the primitive actions that represent asynchronous message transmission and process initiation.
From CML to process Algebras
Authors: Nielson Flemming , Nielson Hanne Riis
Published: February 2016

Reppy's language CML extends Standard ML of Milner et al. with primitives for communication. It thus inherits a notion of strong polymorphic typing and may be equipped with a structural operational semantics. We formulate an effect system for statically expressing the communication behaviours of CML programs as these are not otherwise reflected in the types.

We then show how types and behaviours evolve in the course of computation: types may decrease and behaviours may loose alternatives as well as decrease. It will turn out that the syntax of behaviours is rather similar to that of a process algebra; our main results may therefore be viewed as regarding the semantics of a process algebra as an abstraction of the semantics of an underlying programming language. This establishes a new kind of connection between ''realistic'' concurrent programming languages and ''theoretical'' process algebras.