bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Giysi Konfor Özellikleri Konusunda Farkındalıklarının Araştırılması
Authors: ÇORUH Ebru , DEĞİRMENCİ Züleyha , ACAR Pelin
Published: December 2018

Giysi konforu, kullanıcı performansını etkileyen parametrelerden biridir. Giysi konforu konusundaki algı ve değerlendirmeler, ortam sıcaklığı ve bağıl nem gibi çevresel; giysi seçimi ve metabolik oran gibi kişisel etkenlere bağlıdır. Kişilerin algılarındaki farklılık, psikolojik durum, vücudun giysi ve çevre ile olan etkileşimlerini açıklayan fizyolojik faktörler, konforu etkileyen önemli parametreler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, giysi konfor değerlendirmeleri ile ölçülebilen kumaş özellikleri arasındaki ilişkileri incelemek ve farklı materyal ile yapısal özelliklere sahip kumaşların konforla ilişkili özelliklerini değerlendirmektir. Bu çalışmada 18-24 yaş aralığında farklı bölümlerde eğitim gören 100 adet kız ve erkek üniversite öğrencilerinin giysi konforu beklentileri çok kapsamlı bir anket örneği ile analiz edilmiş ve elde edilen sonuçlar cinsiyet faktörü de esas alınarak istatistiksel paket programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre cinsiyet konfordan bağımsız bir parametredir.
Microstrip Patch Antennas Covered with Chiral Metamaterial Structures
Authors: BAĞMANCI Mehmet , KARAASLAN Muharrem , UNAL Emin , KARADAG Faruk
Published: December 2018

In this working we present gain characteristic of microstrip patch antennas covered with chiral metamaterial. In order to determine gain of antennas covered with chiral metamaterial structure, S11 parameters and radiation pattern of antennas with chiral metamaterial and without chiral metamaterial are plotted and compared each other. The simulation results show that antennas covered with chiral metamaterial structure increase either gain or radiation pattern or both at operation frequency.
Fate of organic pollutants after sewage sludge spreading on agricultural soils: a 30-years field-scale recording
Authors: Patureau Dominique , Laforie Mireille , Lichtfouse Eric , Caria Giovanni , Denaix Laurence , Schmidt Jens Ejbye
Published: December 2018

Toxic organic compounds, such as the surfactants linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPE), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and residues derived from plastics (PAE-phthalates) end up in sewage sludge. In order to evaluate and quantify the potential environmental risks associated with the xenobiotic introduction into biological life cycle, the EU BIOWASTE project (QLK5-CT-2002-01138) devotes one task to the study of the fate of xenobiotic in a sandy soil after sludge spreading on a 30-year field-scale record experiment. Experimental maize crop fields from Bordeaux (France) have been amended with 100 tons per hectare each 2 years from 1974 to 1992. From 1992 to 2004, the fields were maintained and cropped with maize. This experiment shows that the concentration fluctuations in the sludge amended soil follow the same pattern of those in the sewage sludge showing that there is a real impact of the present xenobiotics in the sewage sludge on the concentration of the xenobiotics in the soil. Nonetheless, 12 years after the last addition of sewage sludge, the residual concentrations remain from 2 to 10 times higher than the content of the control soil, even though these levels are inferior to the Predicted Non Effect Concentration (PNEC). Only LAS level went back to the level in the control soil. However, only the LAS concentration is above the PNEC during all the experiment due to the very high level of LAS in the sludge (20 g/kg dry weight). These results show that even though this compound is much more degradable than NPE and PAE, it may have a long term effect in soil if high quantities are spread. To conclude, this study underlines the importance to fix maximum level for xenobiotic compounds for sewage sludge spreading on agricultural land, and also the central role of the sewage sludge processes in reducing the xenobiotic concentrations before spreading.
Sorption of Heavy Metals from Synthetic Metal Solutions and Industrial Wastewater Using Plant Materials
Authors: Al-Asheh Sameer , Duvnjak Zdravko
Published: December 2018

In a batch process, canola meal, pine bark and moss decreased the copper concentration in an industrial wastewater from a copper refining/smelting plant from 36.5 to 2.5, 4.1 and 5.2 ppm, respectively, when the concentration of each sorbent was 15 mg/mL. pH-controlled tests showed greater Cu2+ removal compared to those without pH control. The copper concentration was decreased to below its permissible upper limit for drinking water when the wastewater was treated with 9.2 mg/mL of bark at pH 5.2 followed by sorption with 2.3 mg/mL of activated carbon. This study also showed that the same total amount of sorbent used either in a single- or multistage sorption process resulted in the same level of copper removal. The removal of copper from the wastewater was also studied using columns packed with bark. After three sorption/desorption cycles, the copper concentration was decreased to 4 ppm.

This study also examined the mechanisms of metal biosorption by moss using analytical solutions. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalyses revealed that metal ions were sorbed mainly at the cell wall of the moss and only a small amount of ions diffused into the cytoplasm. Both the energy dispersive X-ray analysis and the atomic absorption spectrophotometry measurements showed that ion exchange was an important mechanism in this sorption process.
Enhanced removal of selenate from mining effluent by H2O2/HCl-pretreated zero-valent iron
Authors: Wu Bing , Jia Huichao , Yang Zhe , Shan Chao , Weng Jingxia , Xu Zhe , Pan Bingcai
Published: December 2018

Direct use of zero-valent iron (ZVI) in reductive removal of selenate (Se(VI)) is inefficient due to the intrinsic passive layer of ZVI. Here we observed that ZVI pretreated with H2O2 (P-ZVI-O) performs much better in Se(VI) removal from a mining effluent than other three modes of ZVI alone, acid washing ZVI (P-ZVI-A), and simultaneous addition of H2O2 and ZVI (ZVI-O) as well. The P-ZVI-O exhibits exceptionally high Se(VI) removal at a low dosage, wide pH range, with Se dropping down from 93.5 mg/L to <0.4 μg/L after 7-h reaction. Interestingly, the initial pH (2–6) of the mining effluent exerted little influence on the final Se(VI) removal. H2O2/HCl pretreatment results in the formation of various reducing corrosion products (e.g. Fe3O4, FeO and Fe2+), which greatly favors the efficient Se(VI) removal. In addition, surface-bound Fe2+ ions participated in the reduction of Se(VI). Combined with the influence of Se valence as well as pH and Fe2+ (whether dissolved or surface bound), it is deduced that the P-ZVI-O mode induced efficient Se(VI) removal via the adsorption-reduction and/or co-precipitation. This study demonstrates that H2O2/HCl pretreatment of ZVI is a very promising option to enhance the efficiency of reductive removal of Se(VI) from real effluents.
Valproic Acid and Epilepsy: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Evidences
Authors: Romoli Michele , Mazzocchetti Petra , D'Alonzo Renato , Siliquini Sabrina , Rinaldi Victoria Elisa , Verrotti Alberto , Calabresi Paolo , Costa Cinzia
Published: December 2018

After more than a century from its discovery, valproic acid (VPA) still represents one of the most efficient antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Pre and post-synaptic effects of VPA depend on a very broad spectrum of actions, including the regulation of ionic currents and the facilitation of GABAergic over glutamatergic transmission. As a result, VPA indirectly modulates neurotransmitter release and strengthens the threshold for seizure activity. However, even though participating to the anticonvulsant action, such mechanisms seem to have minor impact on epileptogenesis. Nonetheless, VPA has been reported to exert anti-epileptogenic effects. Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone deacetylases (HDACs), BDNF and GDNF modulation are pivotal to orientate neurons toward a neuroprotective status and promote dendritic spines organization. From such broad spectrum of actions comes constantly enlarging indications for VPA. It represents a drug of choice in child and adult with epilepsy, with either general or focal seizures, and is a consistent and safe IV option in generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Moreover, since VPA modulates DNA transcription through HDACs, recent evidences point to its use as an anti-nociceptive in migraine prophylaxis, and, even more interestingly, as a positive modulator of chemotherapy in cancer treatment. Furthermore, VPA-induced neuroprotection is under investigation for benefit in stroke and traumatic brain injury. Hence, VPA has still got its place in epilepsy, and yet deserves attention for its use far beyond neurological diseases. In this review, we aim to highlight, with a translational intent, the molecular basis and the clinical indications of VPA.
NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Pathophysiology of Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Review
Authors: Luo Yujie , Reis Cesar , Chen Sheng
Published: December 2018

Hemorrhagic stroke is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. There is still a lack of effective therapeutic approach. The recent studies have shown that the innate immune system plays a significant role in hemorrhagic stroke. Microglia, as major components in innate immune system, are activated and then can release cytokines and chemokines in response to hemorrhagic stroke, and ultimately led to neuroinflammation and brain injury. The NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is predominantly released by microglia and is believed as the main contributor of neuroinflammation. Several studies have focused on the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in hemorrhagic stroke-induced brain injury, however, the specific mechanism of NLRP3 activation and regulation remains unclear. This review summarized the mechanism of NLRP3 activation and its role in hemorrhagic stroke and discussed the translational significance.
The Synthesis and Use of BMS 204352 (MaxiPostTM)
Authors: Dalpozzo Renato
Published: December 2018

MaxiPostTM is an interesting 3-fluorooxindole derivative, discovered in the late nineties of
the last century as potassium channel opener. Since then, two different research fields were
discovered: the discovery of new synthetic methods, especially asymmetric ones, and the in vitro and
in vivo tests for its use as a drug for different diseases. This mini-review aims to summarize the state
of art in both fields.
Applications of Micelles in Catalyzing Organic Reactions
Authors: Bhat Bilal A. , Shairgojray Bashir A.
Published: December 2018

:

Micellar chemistry is gaining considerable interest among organic chemists because these
reactions are carried out in environmentally benign solvents like water. Owing to the exhaustive use
of toxic solvents in carrying out the different chemical reactions, there is a pressing need for alternative
approaches either environmental friendly or having minimum impact on the environment. In this
article, we aim to discuss the various aspects of micellar chemistry viz-a-viz its role in guiding the
chemical reactions. Micelles help to drive various kinds of organic reactions including oxidations,
reductions, carbon-carbon bond formation, carbon-heteroatom bond formation, multi-component reactions,
Pd-coupling reaction, olefin metathesis reaction, Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction, etc. in water.
Urinary Tract Infection in Children
Authors: Leung Alexander K.C. , Wong Alex H.C. , Leung Amy A.M. , Hon Kam L.
Published: December 2018

Background:

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a common infection in children. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are very important to reduce the morbidity associated with this condition.

Objective:

To provide an update on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of urinary tract infection in children.

Methods:

A PubMed search was completed in clinical queries using the key terms “urinary tract infection”, "pyelonephritis" OR "cystitis". The search strategy included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews. The search was restricted to English literature and the pediatric age group. Patents were searched using the key terms “urinary tract infection” "pyelonephritis" OR "cystitis" from www.google.com/patents, http://espacenet.com, and www.freepatentsonline.com.

Results:

Escherichia coli accounts for 80 to 90% of UTI in children. The symptoms and signs are nonspecific throughout infancy. Unexplained fever is the most common symptom of UTI during the first two years of life. After the second year of life, symptoms and signs of pyelonephritis include fever, chills, rigor, flank pain, and costovertebral angle tenderness. Lower tract symptoms and signs include suprapubic pain, dysuria, urinary frequency, urgency, cloudy urine, malodorous urine, and suprapubic tenderness. A urinalysis and urine culture should be performed when UTI is suspected. In the work-up of children with UTI, physicians must judiciously utilize imaging studies to minimize exposure of children to radiation. While waiting for the culture results, prompt antibiotic therapy is indicated for symptomatic UTI based on clinical findings and positive urinalysis to eradicate the infection and improve clinical outcome. The choice of antibiotics should take into consideration local data on antibiotic resistance patterns. Recent patents related to the management of UTI are discussed.

Conclusion:

Currently, a second or third generation cephalosporin and amoxicillin-clavulanate are drugs of choice in the treatment of acute uncomplicated UTI. Parenteral antibiotic therapy is recommended for infants ≤ 2 months and any child who is toxic-looking, hemodynamically unstable, immunocompromised, unable to tolerate oral medication, or not responding to oral medication. A combination of intravenous ampicillin and intravenous/intramuscular gentamycin or a third-generation cephalosporin can be used in those situations. Routine antimicrobial prophylaxis is rarely justified, but continuous antimicrobial prophylaxis should be considered for children with frequent febrile UTI.
Experimental Study on the Effects of Recycled Concrete Powder on Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete
Authors: Quan Hongzhu , Kasami Hideo
Published: December 2018

Introduction:

Although hundreds million tons of concrete wastes have been generated annually in China, the use of recycled aggregate for concrete is limited because of low density and high absorption due to adhered cement paste and mortar.

Methods:

A new method to produce high quality recycled aggregate by heating and grinding concrete rubbles to separate cement portions adhering to aggregate was developed recently. In this process by-product powder with the fineness of 400m2/kg is generated. By-product recycled fine powder consists of fine particles of hydrated cement and crushed aggregate. To use the recycled fine powder as concrete additives two series of experiments were performed to make clear of the effect of recycled fine powder.

Results and Conclusion:

Self-compacting concrete with recycled fine powder, granulated blast furnace slag and granulated limestone were tested for slump flow, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and drying shrinkage. Reduction in super plasticizing effect of high range water reducer was found for concrete with recycled powder. Compressive strength of concrete with recycled fine powder was the same as those with granulated limestone, and lower than those with granulated blast furnace slag. Concrete with recycled fine powder showed lower elastic modulus and higher drying shrinkage than those with granulated blast furnace slag and granulated limestone. The recycled fine powder is usable for self-compacting concrete without further processing, despite the possible increase in dosage of high range water reducer for a given slump flow and in drying shrinkage. The addition of granulated blast furnace slag together with recycled powder to self-compacting concrete improved super plasticizing effect of high range water reducer and properties of concrete.
Dielectric Properties of Polymer Composites with Nanocarbon Allotropes
Authors: Shevchenko Vitaliy G. , Nedorezova Polina M. , Ozerin Alexander N.
Published: December 2018

Background:

The paper describes the types and electrical properties of polymer nanocomposites containing carbon allotropes.

Objective:

Direct current conductivity, conduction in percolation systems, conduction mechanisms and factors controlling conductivity and percolation parameters are considered.

Method:

The dielectric properties of polymer nanocomposites are presented, and experimental methods and methods for analyzing the results have also been described. An analysis of the data on ac electrical conductivity, including the contribution of nanofiller - interfacial polarization is presented. Special consideration is given to the role of nanocarbons as dielectric probes.

Results:

The microwave properties of polymer nanocomposites, their use to estimate the distribution of nanofiller in the matrix, as well as practical applications for shielding and absorption of electromagnetic radiation have been analyzed.

Conclusion:

The use of carbon allotropes nanoparticles as fillers with high electrical conductivity provides polymer composites with useful electrical properties, including the ability to absorb highfrequency electromagnetic radiation.
PERANAN PEREMPUAN DI LUAR RUMAH TANGGA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HISTORIS
Authors: Dwikurniarini Dina -
Published: December 2018

Abstrak   Ajaran yang selama ini dikenalkan pada kita adalah bahwa perempuan diciptakan dari tulang rusuk pria. Anggapan tersebut telah menempatkan perempuan sebagai subordinasi pria. Bahkan kebudayaan kita juga mengajarkan perempuan sebagai mahkluk nomor dua. Oleh karena kedudukannya tersebut maka dalam seluruh aspek kehidupan perempuan tidak mempunyai peranan penting. Fungsi reproduksinya menjadikan perempuan tidak punya banyak waktu untuk berperanan dalam sektor publik, karena kewajibannya mengasuh anak. Mengurus rumah tangga adalah kewajibannya yang utama. Meskipun peran itu sangat penting tetapi dalam anggapan budaya tetap menempatkannya sebagai peran sekunder, karena mencari nafkah dilakukan suami adalah penting untuk meneruskan hidup. Melekatnya stigma sebagai “konco wingking” terus membayanginya. Betulkah sejak dahulu perempuan tidak mempunyai peran dalam rumah tangga terutama dalam sektor ekonomi? Tulisan singkat ini akan melihatnya dari aspek historis keberadaan perempuan di luar rumah tangganya. Pembahasan menekankan pada keterlibatan perempuan dalam perkembangan ekonomi masa kolonial.
NASIONALISME ASIA TIMUR: SUATU PERBANDINGAN JEPANG, CINA, DAN KOREA
Authors: Hartono Mudji -
Published: December 2018

Abstrak Kebangkitan nasional di Asia Timur telah muncul pada pertengahan abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20 sejalan dengan semakin intensifnya usaha penguasaan wilayah oleh suatu bangsa terhadap bangsa lain. Walaupun sama-sama bangsa Asia Timur, namun yang mendasari terbentuknya nasionalisme antara Jepang, Cina, dan Korea tampak adanya perbedaan. Untuk itu, dalam rangka melihat identitas masing-masing negara tersebut terkait dengan munculnya nasionalisme, artikel ini mencoba mengkajinya. Dari hasil kejian tampak bahwa di Jepang pembentukan nasionalisme didasarkan pada gabungan unsur etnisitas dan loyalitas politik. Sementara itu, di Cina dan Korea hanya aspek loyalitas politik yang digunakan untuk membentuk nasionalisme. Di Jepang, kedua unsur itu telah menyatu pada diri orang Jepang, sehingga apa yang dilakukan oleh orang Jepang yang berorientasi  internasionalisme tidak melenyapkan identitas nasional. Mereka sadar betul bahwa dirinya adalah orang Jepang. Sebaliknya, sebenarnya hingga saat ini pembentukan “nasionalisme Cina” dan “nasionalisme Korea” belum dapat terwujud.
ISLAM MODERAT KONTEKS INDONESIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HISTORIS
Authors: Minftahuddin Minftahuddin -
Published: December 2018

Abstrak Sungguh sangat menyedihkan apabila perbedaan dalam Islam, yang pada dasarnya berangkat dari perbedaan pemahaman dan penafsiran atas teks al-Qur’an dan al-Hadits, mengakibatkan ketidakharmonisan dalam bermasyarakat dan bernegara. Sebenarya, sepanjang perbedaan yang ada dilandasi dengan semangat nilai-nilai ukhuwah basyariah (persaudaraan antar umat manusia), ukhuwah Islamiyah (persaudaraan antar sesama umat Islam), hablu minannaas (hubungan baik dengan sesama manusia), dan ikhtilafu ummati rahmatun (perbedaan adalah rahmat), tidaklah menimbulkan permasalahan. Khususnya di Indonesia, dari fakta yang dapat dilihat, tampaknya belum memperlihatkan bahwa perbedaan itu rahmat. Dengan demikian, artikel ini mengajak untuk mencoba melihat kembali sejarah, bagaimana memahami Islam dan ber-Islam yang seharusnya diterapkan dalam konteks Indonesia sehingga  manusia Indonesia dalam berpaham tidak terjebak ke dalam ekstrimitas yang berlebihan. Konsep “Islam moderat”, pada dasarnya hanyalah sebatas tawaran yang semata-mata ingin membantu masyarakat pada umumnya dalam memahami Islam. Bersikap moderat dalam ber-Islam bukanlah suatu hal yang menyimpang dalam ajaran Islam, karena hal ini dapat ditemukan rujukannya, baik dalam al-Qur’an, al-Hadits, maupun perilaku manusia dalam sejarah. Mengembangkan pemahaman “Islam moderat” untuk konteks Indonesia dapatlah dianggap begitu penting. Bukankah diketahui bahwa di wilayah ini terdapat bayak paham dalam Islam, beragam agama, dan multi-etnis. Konsep “Islam moderat mengajak, bagaimana Islam dipahami secara kontekstual, memahami bahwa perbedaan dan keragaman adalah sunnatullah, tidak dapat ditolak keberadaannya. Jika hal ini diamalkan, dapat diyakini Islam akan menjadi agama rahmatan lil alamin.
ETOS KERJA : KETELADANAN MASYARAKAT BANYUMAS AWAL ABAD XX
Authors: Murdiyastomo Agus -
Published: December 2018

Abstrak Daerah Banyumas bagian selatan dikenal sebagai daerah yang subur penghasil padi, dan   mempunyai kepadatan penduduk yang cukup tinggi. Kesuburan tanah ini kemudian menarik para investor untuk menanamkan modalnya di daerah ini dengan membuka perkebunan tebu, dan pabrik gula. Masuknya usaha tersebut pada akhirnya menyerobot lahan tanaman pangan, karena syarat penanaman tebu kurang lebih sama dengan syarat penanaman padi. Usaha perkebunan dan berdirinya pabrik gula, telah menjadi daya tarik bagi penduduk dari luar untuk turut mengais rejeki di Banyumas. Dengan demikian  beban daerah ini semakin berat karena meningkatnya  jumlah penduduk pada setiap tahunnya.  Penggusuran lahan pertanian tentu mengurangi produksi pangan per tahun, yang pada akhirnya mengancam kesejahteraan  penduduk. Walaupun tekanan semakin menghimpit, tetapi  hidup harus tetap berlangsung, dan bagaimana usaha penduduk Karesidenan Banyumas menanggapi perkembangan situasi itu, dan dapat bertahan bahkan keluar dari tekanan ekonomi. Untuk merunut bagaimana penduduk Banyumas dapat bertahan hidup, dan bahkan  keluar dari tekanan ekonomi, maka digunakan metode  sejarah kritis, dengan mengkaji dokumen-dokumen yang berhasil dikumpulkan, ditunjang pula dengan bahan pustaka yang berhubungan dengan persoalan yang dikaji. Pengkajian terhadap persoalan yang hendak dipecahkan dilakukan dengan pendekatan ekologis, seperti yang dilakukan oleh Geertz,  dan menggali akar budaya Banyumas dengan pendekatan etnografis. Hasil kajian menunjukan bahwa Masyarakat Banyumas mampu bertahan dari tekanan ekonomi karena masyarakat Banyumas memiliki etos kerja yang tinggi. Kerja bagi masyarakat Banyumas bukan semata-mata untuk memperoleh penghasilan, tetapi kerja dilandasi dengan falsafah yang justru muncul dari stereotype orang Banyumas, yaitu terus terang dan apa adanya yang dalam dialek banyumas disebut dengan “cablaka”,  Hal ini pantas dikembangkan dalam rangka membangkitkan etos kerja yang dilandasi semangat nasionalisme, demi meraih Indonesia yang makmur dan sejahtera.
MENCIPTAKAN PERDAMAIAN MELALUI PENDIDIKAN PERDAMAIAN DI SEKOLAH
Authors: Wulandari Taat -
Published: December 2018

Abstrak Suatu negara dengan keadaan masyarakat yang beragam akan sangat rentan untuk terjadinya sebuah konflik. Indonesia adalah suatu negara yang memiliki keadaan tersebut dihadapkan pada masalah yang tidak ringan. Dibutuhkan keterampilan mengatur keberagaman tersebut agar semua komponen masyarakat dapat hidup dengan aman, nyaman, tenteram, dan damai bagi kelangsungan kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan bernegara. Namun, bangsa Indonesia tercinta ini masih diselimuti oleh berbagai konflik yang muncul dalam masyarakat. Masyarakat perlu dibekali oleh berbagai pengetahuan tentang keadaan bangsanya sejak dini. Pendidikan merupakan perantara yang tepat untuk menumbuhkan bermacam sikap yang mendukung tercapainya perdamaian.
KEBERADAAN ETNIS CINA DAN PENGARUHNYA DALAM PEREKONOMIAN DI ASIA TENGGARA
Authors: Widiyanta Danar -
Published: December 2018

Abstrak : Keberadaan Etnis Cina dalam melakukan aktivitas perdagangan di Asia Tenggara sudah terjadi jauh sebelum kedatangan bangsa Barat. Ketika orang Eropa datang di kawasan Asia Tenggara pada abad ke-16 dan awal abad ke-17, orang Cina sudah bermukim di kota-kota pelabuhan utama. Saudagar-saudagar Cina meskipun belum begitu banyak namun tersebar luas di seluruh kawasan ini. Dalam beberapa abad kemudian, orang Cina bertindak sebagai pedagang perantara atau bekerja sebagai buruh serta produsen berskala kecil. Ketika jumlah mereka semakin banyak, mereka kemudian mendominasi perekonomian pasar di kawasan Asia Tenggara.
DAMPAK MONOPOLI GARAM DI MADURA PADA ABAD XX
Authors: Parwoto Parwoto -
Published: December 2018

DAMPAK MONOPOLI GARAM DI MADURA PADA ABAD XXOleh: Drs. Parwoto, M. Hum dan Drs. Mudji Hartono, M. Hum1AbstrakMadura sering disebut sebagai pulau garam. Pembuatan garam di Madura merupakan mata pencaharian pokok sebagian penduduk madura, terutama di daerah sepanjang pantai selatan,yangmasuk wilayah kabupaten Sampang dibagian barat, Pamekasan dibagian tengah,danSumenep di bagian timur pulau madura. Pada awal abad ke-20 pemerintah Hindia Belandamenerapkan praktek monopoli garam di Madura sudah tentu monopoli itu berpengaruh terhadapkehidupan penduduk pembuat garam, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk membahas sejauh mana dampakmonopoli garam itu di Madura?.Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa monopoli garam di Madura yang berlangsung pada abad ke-20dilakukan oleh dinas regie dengan modalperusahaan atau pabrik. Monopoli garam itu dipandang olehpemerintah Hindia Belanda sebagai bagian dari sistem pajak, sebaliknya oleh penduduk dipandangsebagai bentuk eksploitasi yang merugikan, oleh karena itu mengakibatkn munculnya berbagai bentukperlawanan rakyat terhadap monopoli itu. Bentuk perlawanan itu antara lain: pembakaran gudanggudanggaram oleh penduduk; pelanggaran peraturan monopoli dengan sengaja, seperti petani garamtidak bersedia menyerahkan garamnya kepada pemerintah; banyak orang bermigrasi ke daerah ujungtimur Jawa Timur untuk mencari nafkah selama musim garam; pembuat garam melakukan mogokkerja; dan penduduk mengadakan pertemuan-pertemuan dan menuntun kenaikan harga garam dan upahburuh. Meskipun perlawanan rakyat Madura terhadap monopoli itu dikordinasi oleh SI, dan pemerintahBelanda tidak merespon dengan kekerasan, tetapi perlawanan itu tidak membuahkan hasil, maka hal inidapat diartikan sebagai kemrosotan SI lokal Madura.
DEMOKRASI PANCASILA dalam PERSPEKTIF SEJARAH
Authors: Sudrajat Ajat
Published: December 2018

ABSTRAK

Pancasila sebagai sebuah ideologi dan acauan sistem demokrasi di Indonesia telah melampaui waktu yang panjang. Memang, sebuah negera apabila hendak menjadi sesuatu yang ideal, maka dalam penyelenggaraannya haruslah berlandaskan demokrasi. Bukankah pemerintahan yang demokrasi akan mencurahkan kebaikan pada rakyat secara keseluruhan. Pada dasarnya demokrasi melekat pada kebebasan dan partisipasi individu. Menggunakan kebebasan, hak-hak sipil, dan politik, merupakan bagian dari kehidupan yang melekat pada individu sebagai makhluk sosial. Partisipasi dalam kehidupan sosial dan politik mengandung nilai intrinsik bagi kehidupan manusia. Semua itu sejalan dengan cita-cita demokrasi Pancasila. Untuk itu, artikel ini mencoba menyuguhkan praktik demokrasi di Indonesia dalam sejarahnya.

Diketahui bahwa Pancasila adalah landasan demokrasi dalam penyelenggaraan negara di Indonesia. Pancasila memeng menawarkan demokrasi yang ideal dan sebenarnya. Hanya saja, Pancasila sebagai ideologi negara dalam kurun waktu 70 tahun, dan juga menjadi pilar dalam berdemokrasi, ternyata telah memiliki rupa yang berbeda seiring dengan perubahan wajah perpolitikan di negeri ini. Apakah ini merupakan pertanda bahwa bangsa ini memang sedang belajar untuk mencari format yang tepat dalam berdemokrasi, yang sesuai dengan jiwa Pancasila. Terlepas dari itu, upaya mewujudkan Demokrasi Pancasila yang ideal harus terus dilakukan dengan melakukan dekontruksi secara berkelanjutan. Dekonstruksi yang dimaksud adalah upaya untuk melakukan pembacaan ulang seluruh realitas yang seakan jauh dari tujuan cita-cita Pancasila.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF LEGAL REGULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITY: THE CONCEPT "ENSURING ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY" IN RELATION WITH THE CONCEPT OF "ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION"
Authors: Vorontsova E. V. , Vorontsov A. L.
Published: December 2018

The paper discusses the current problems of the Russian environmental law related to the need of improving the mechanism for the legal regulation of environmental activities in the Russian Federation. The authors emphasize importance of environmental problems and need for serious systematic work of state bodies, as well as participation of civil society to solve them. The need for an organizational and legal framework, which should be the foundation of all nature protection activities, is noted. Analyzing the state of environmental legislation, the authors conclude that, despite a large number of regulatory acts, the environmental and legal mechanism of the Russian state is not entirely effective. Justifying their position, the authors focus their attention on technical, legal and theoretical problems of the mechanism of legal regulation of nature protection activities. Among the existing problems, the authors highlight systemic problems of environmental legislation, the essence of which is the duplication and absence of internal unity of regulatory material. The reasons for this are chaotic work of the legislator and the lack of a single long-term plan for his work in the field of environmental protection. In addition to the above-mentioned problem, there is another problem of interpretation of such terms as "environmental safety", "ensuring environmental safety" and " environmental protection". All have been well analyzed. The need for resolving these issues for the practice of environmental activities, as well as their academic significance, is explained. The paper presents doctrinal points of view, as well as the author's position on the causes of some debatable issues in the scientific environment. The authors propose a solution. The features of the legislative consolidation of the terms of "environmental protection" and "ensuring environmental safety" are noted. According to the authors, it does not contribute to the development of a unified opinion on their correlation and creates the prerequisites for further discussions. In general, the authors conclude on imperfection of the legal mechanism regulating relations in the sphere of environmental protection.
CUSTOMER ACCESS NETWORKING ON THE BASIS OF ETHERNET FTTH, PON TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Belitsky A. M. , Ivanenko R. R. , Besedin A. V. , Klochkov A. Y.
Published: December 2018

Nowadays, one of the trends of information and communication networks development is the provision within the shortest time of a larger number of telecommunication services to network users. Currently, connection of subscribers to xDSL communication channels provided by public switched telephone networks (PSTN) is widespread. Providers of classic telephony make active use of these networks due to the low cost of the connection of a subscriber. An obvious disadvantage of this connection type is the limited data transfer rate. Some Internet providers rapidly develop ETTH (Ethernet To The Home) networks. The advantage of ETTH networks is the targeting of the delivery of communication services to subscribers. One of the disadvantages is the operation of a network at the Ethernet level with all typical for this protocol features. The practice of optical networking has existed for many years; however, the basic approach to optical networking is based on the use of active equipment from the access node to users. PON-based (Passive Optical Network) FTTH architecture (Fiber To The Home) is as a rule, compatible with the Ethernet Protocol. The article shows the advantages of the deployment of PON-based FTTH networks, in particular, saving of fiber-optic lines in the area from the optical splitters to the Central telephone exchange or access point by using relevant ports. The article provides the description of access networks architecture applying Ethernet FTTH and PON technologies, and also discusses the prospects for further development of the above mentioned networks.
THE ANALYSES OF LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES PUBLIC BUDGETS
Authors: Belostotskiy A. А.
Published: December 2018

The article analyzes the formation of the public budgets of Latin American countries in the case of Brazil, Ecuador, Chile, Peru, as well as the effectiveness of the implementation of government programs, contributed to the chronic underfunding, financial instability and external debt increase, since in modern conditions, government financing, aimed to achieve results and high parameters of final results must take into consideration target programmes quality development and improvement, their justification, and implimentation assessment indicators. This study reflects budgetary expenditures in Latin American countries, characterizes state and municipal management and it is considered to be one of the conditions for the social well-being through such indicators as the level of budgetary resources provision and the amount of GDP used and produced per capita. The implementation of the budgeting concept,aimed to achieve results is related to the creation of budget expenditure performance monitoring system, core activities results reports of budget planning entities, the transition to a multi-year budget planning. The article offers beneficial cooperation with the Russian Federation as one of the directions for LAC financial situation improvment, based on the similarity of political views on the issues of a multipolar world, the strengthening the national sovereignty and collaboration in the economic and oil and gas spheres, which will contribute to reduce inflation, individual incomes increase. It will help to make national financial systems more resilient to external threats.
INTERREGIONAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NON-TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY IN ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATIONS
Authors: Grechenyuk O. N. , Vertakova Yu. V. , Grechenyuk А. V.
Published: December 2018

Regional innovative development in modern economic conditions depends not only on technological innovative development, but also on development extent in non-technological sphere. Marketing, organizational and ecological innovations are non-technological innovations. Organizational innovations have the leading role. Production program and realization (executed works and services), production quality and demand (goods, works and services) and market competitiveness in general depend on organization innovations implementation. In Russian practice, unfortunately, not much attention is paid to organizational innovations though leading foreign countries experience proves urgent need of their study and activation. Main goal of this research study is carrying out interregional comparative analysis of non-technological innovative activity in organizational innovations. This article describes carried out assessment of innovative development in the field of organizational innovations at state level, federal districts and regions of the Russian Federation. This study allows defining the main state tendencies, revealing leading federal districts and regions. Carried-out industry analysis of innovative activity in the field of organizational innovations has interesting results. According to this analysis it is possible to reveal main branches of organizational innovative development. This article also shows interstate research of organizational innovative development level. This research allows defining the place of the Russian Federation among leading foreign countries. There are conclusions about innovative development and recommendations about improvement of the existing situation.
IS THE INSTITUTE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW OF DECISIONS TAKEN UNDER APPOINTMENT OF THE COURT SESSION IN NEED OF FURTHER CHANGES?
Authors: Ryabinina T. K.
Published: December 2018

The article discusses issues concerning the legal regulation of the procedure for appealing against judicial decisions taken by the court under appointment of the court session. The author raises the problem of the necessity and appropriateness of any decision appeal taken in this stage of the process. Iit is proved that since any judicial decision determining the further movement received from the Prosecutor of the criminal case affects the interests of the participants in the proceedings. So the participants should be given the right of appeal to the General order, that is, in accordance with chapters 45.1 and 47.1 of the code of criminal procedure. In the paper general scientific and special legal methods of studies are used: analysis and synthesis, legal modeling, formally-legal. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the author's approach to the study of the problem which has not only theoretical but also practical importance, namely, to rethink the essence of the appeal against the intermediate court decisions. The author challenges the position of many scientists that the appeal of any and all decisions made under appointment of the court session, having primarily organizational and security nature, creates judicial red tape and delays the timing of the proceedings and therefore the criminal trial on the merits, basing his opinion that sometimes the execution of certain judgments of the court leads to much more temporal, organizational, and material costs than their verification by the higher court. In addition the right to appeal procedural actions and decisions, as a principle of criminal proceedings, along with other principles is designed to protect the legitimate rights and interests of any participant in the process. In modern Russian criminal proceedings that is a priority. Therefore, the author proposes to exclude the provision on prohibition to appeal an individual judge's decision rendered under appointment of the court session from the code of criminal procedure and to leavу only the ban to appeal the decision on the venue, date and time of the hearing.
CREATING OF CRIMINAL-LEGAL PRESCRIPTIONS OF PARTICIPATING IN CRIMINAL CODE OF 1845 AND 1903
Authors: Sitnikova A. I.
Published: December 2018

The paper is devoted to the consideration of the criminal legal regulations of the institution of criminal complicity, which are in the Criminal Code of 1845 and 1903. The author has conducted a comparative analysis of the legal provisions on criminal complicity and revealed some peculiarities of the legislative technique of constructing normative prescriptions on the criminal complicity in the legislation of the classical school of criminal law. The author also notes that the technique of constructing an institution of criminal complicity in the criminal legislation of the ХIХ-beginning of the XX century has long history and features of the development. The author notes that, unlike the Decree on punishments of criminal and executive 1845, in which there is no definition of complicity, the Criminal Code of 1903 contains a norm in which the signs of complicity in a crime are indicated. In the Decree of 1845 the legislator singled out two forms of complicity: complicity with prior consent and complicity without prior consent. Legislation on the forms of complicity in the Code of 1903 has been improved through the consolidation in the law of two more forms: participation in the community and complicity in the gang. At the same time, the normative text of the Code of 1845 is extremely difficult to formulate because there is no clarity, compactness. Besides there are repetitions and contradictions in the norms of complicity. In the Code of 1903, the author recognizes the norm, which regulates responsibility of the accomplices of the crime, as well as a regulation of the legal consequences on voluntary refusal of criminal complicity, to be effective. The author concludes that the Regulations of 1845 and 1903 are more effective in comparison with the previous criminal laws.
A REVIEW OF MODIFYING AGENTS USE TO IMPROVE NUCLEAR FUEL PERFORMANCE IN THE REACTORE CORE
Authors: Panov V. S. , Lopatin V. Y. , Myakisheva O. V. , Eremeeva J. V. , Ageev E. V. , Aldayarov T. M. , Lizunov A. I.
Published: December 2018

Today there are numerous research works meant to improve nuclear fuel element performance in order to ensure reliable operation under increased burn-up conditions. In this context the pellet microstructure seems to be a very important parameter. An increase in the grain size diminishes the branching of boundaries and reduces the migration speed of gas-filled pores to the grain boundaries which are the routes of accelerated diffusion. The problem can be solved by introducing nano additives to uranium dioxide considering the influence of small addition agents upon the grain growth activation and microstructure evolution. The addition of nano particles of different powders should stimulate agglomeration process. This is one of modern tendencies in the development of new material technologies for fast reactors. In the research process the mechanical activation with simultaneous size reduction of gadolinium oxide and aluminum and gadolinium hydroxide powders (Gd2O3 №1, Gd2O3 №2, Al(OH)3 and Gd(OH)3) was done in planetary centrifugal mill "Pulverisette 5" made by Fritsch GmbH company (Germany). The technology of UO2 nuclear fuel manufacture has been developed in several variants including the agglomeration with pre-pressing or extruding, isostatic and hot pressing, rotary swaging, vibratory compacting, slip casting, etc. Today the main UO2 fuel element manufacturing technologies are cold pressing and agglomeration considering their simplicity and affordability. The conducted research permitted to ascertain some specific features of initial TiO2, Al(OH)3, Gd2O3, and Gd(OH)3 additives and determine their basic properties. The authors determined the most optimal modes of fine-grained additives production and proposed and optimal method of their introduction into UO2 mixtures. The paper also considers possible mechanisms of fine-grained additives influence on the fuel pellet production.
ALGORITHM FOR DEFORMATION ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS WITH UNILATERAL BONDS
Authors: Serpik I. N. , Muymarov K. V. , Shvachko S. N.
Published: December 2018

A computation scheme for the analysis of reinforced concrete slabs using the finite element method providing possibility to consider unilateral connections has been developed. The stress-strain state of a slab is modeled taking into account physically nonlinear behavior of concrete and reinforcement, reinforcement discreteness, formation of transverse cracks in concrete. Kirchhoff hypotheses are considered to be true for a slab as a whole. It is believed that reinforcement out of cracks has a perfect adhesion with concrete. Concrete is represented by a system of thin layers, each of which is in a two-dimensional stress state. Approximation of displacements in this multilayer scheme is performed using triangular plate finite elements. Deformation of the reinforcement is described by means of rods working only in tension or compression. Unilateral connections are the contact finite elements. Concrete strength is evaluated according to Karpenko criterion. Deformation of concrete between cracks is described in accordance with Murashev’s approach.On the basis of the principle of virtual displacements assembling of elements takes place. A secant method case providing the convergence of the iterative process for a complex nonlinear problem of this type is proposed. At the first stage, a step-by-step increase of external forces is provided until the actual level of loading is achieved. Only one iteration of the secant method is performed at each step. Then, the iterative solution of the problem with repeated change of secant modulus is applied. The efficiency of this algorithm is confirmed on the basis of theoretical analysis and experiment for a rectangular in terms of bending reinforced concrete slab with free bearing on three sides, and not fixed on the fourth side. Three slab samples were tested and formation of cracks was monitored, measurement of deformations and displacements were performed
SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE IN CRIMINAL CASES: LEGISLATIVE, DOCTRINAL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT ASPECTS
Authors: Pashutina O. S. , Chebotareva I. N.
Published: December 2018

A counsel at law has broad advocacy authority to use specialized knowledge in criminal proceedings, which is one of the hallmarks of the adversarial process, in which the officials conducting criminal proceedings are confronted by a defense endowed with all legal arrangements to adjudicate the rights and legitimate interests of the suspected offenders and accused. The paper discusses procedural and non-procedural possibilities for a counsel at law to use the special knowledge in criminal proceedings through forensic expertise and the involvement of a specialist in that field. The author explains why activities of the counsel at law and of these two specialists in criminal cases are inextricably linked and mutually refer to each other. A counsel at law realizes his rights to participate in forensic expertise asking a specialist for help when appointing a forensic expertise, analyzing the expert's conclusion, applying for an additional or repeated expertise and summoning an expert to give evidence. Violation of the counsel at law rights in the process of the forensic expertise may be grounds for the recognition of the evidence inadmissible and cancel the procedural decision. The authors analyze a legal regulation of the counsel’s at law procedural possibilities on participating in a forensic expertise and on involving a specialist, taking into account changes in the Code of Criminal Procedure, introduced by Federal Law No. 73-FZ of April 17, 2017. The authors also summarize the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on problem issues arising in the process of implementation by the counsel’s at law rights granted by law. The article reveals ambiguity of the existing law enforcement practice and contradictory positions worked out by the highest judicial instances.