bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vivo investigation on connective tissue healing to polished surfaces with different surface wettability
Authors: Kloss Frank R. , Steinmüller‐Nethl Doris , Stigler Robert G. , Ennemoser Thomas , Rasse Michael , Hächl Oliver
Published: November 2010

Objectives: Connective tissue in contact to transgingival/‐dermal implants presents itself as tight scar formation. Although rough surfaces support the attachment they increase bacterial colonisation as well. In contrast to surface roughness, little is known about the influence of surface wettability on soft‐tissue healing in vivo. We therefore investigated the influence of different surface wettabilities on connective tissue healing at polished implant surfaces in vivo.

Material and methods: Three polished experimental groups (titanium, titanium coated with hydrophobic nano‐crystalline diamond (H‐NCD) and titanium coated with hydrophilic nano‐crystalline diamond (O‐NCD) were inserted into the subcutaneous connective tissue of the abdominal wall of 24 rats. Animals were sacrificed after 1 and 4 weeks resulting in eight specimen per group per time point. Specimen were subjected to histological evaluation (van Giesson's staining) and immunohistochemistry staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), fibronectin and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α).

Results: Histological evaluation revealed dense scar formation at the titanium and H‐NCD surfaces. In contrast, the connective tissue was loose at the O‐NCD surface with a significantly higher number of cells after 4 weeks. O‐NCD demonstrated a strong expression of PCNA and fibronectin but a weak expression of TNF‐α. In contrast, the PCNA and fibronectin expression was low at the titanium and H‐NCD, with a strong signal of TNF‐α at the H‐NCD surface.

Conclusions: Hydrophilicity influences the connective tissue healing at polished implant surfaces in vivo positively. The attachment of connective tissue and the number of cells in contact to the surface were increased. Moreover, the inflammatory response is decreased at the hydrophilic surface.

To cite this article:
 Kloss FR, Steinmüller‐Nethl D, Stigler RG, Ennemoser T, Rasse M, Hächl O. In vivo investigation on connective tissue healing to polished surfaces with different surface wettability. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22, 2011; 699–705 doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02038.x
Methods for Evaluation of Humoral Immune Responses in Human Genital Tract Secretions
Authors: Mestecky Jiri , Alexander Rashada C. , Wei Qing , Moldoveanu Zina
Published: November 2010

Citation Mestecky J, Alexander RC, Wei Q, Moldoveanu Z. Methods for evaluation of humoral immune responses in human genital tract secretions. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65: 361–367

The compilation of epidemiological, virological, and immunological data clearly indicates that HIV‐1 infection must be considered primarily as a disease of the mucosal immune system. The earliest and most dramatic alterations of the immune system occur in the mucosal compartment. However, the mucosal immune systems of the genital and intestinal tracts display remarkable immunological differences that must be considered in the evaluation of humoral immune responses in HIV‐1‐infected individuals or in volunteers immunized with experimental HIV vaccines. In this regard, marked differences in the dominant Ig isotypes, molecular forms of HIV‐1‐specific antibodies, and their distinct effector functions in the genital versus intestinal tracts must be carefully evaluated and considered in the measurement and interpretation of humoral immune responses. Appropriate controls and alternative immunochemical assays should be used to complement and confirm results generated by ELISA, which are prone to false positivity. Special precautions and rigorous controls must be used in the evaluation of antibody‐mediated virus neutralization in external secretions of the genital and intestinal tracts.
Comprehensive and sequential management of an impacted maxillary central incisor with severe crown–root dilacerations
Authors: Xuan Kun , Zhang Yun‐fei , Liu Yan‐li , Jun Fang , Jin Fang , Wei Ke‐wen
Published: November 2010

Abstract –  Tooth dilaceration refers to a dental anomaly characterized by an abrupt deviation in the longitudinal axis of tooth. Crown–root dilaceration is diagnosed in teeth with sharp angles at the cement–enamel junction. The greater the bending degree is, the less chance there is for successful teeth preservation and relocation. In this report, a clinical case of an impacted maxillary central incisor with severe crown–root dilacerations was described by means of an operative evaluation using three‐dimensional dental computed tomography and a multidisciplinary approach that included surgical, orthodontic, endodontic, prosthetic and periodontal therapy.
Managerial Entrenchment and Capital Structure: New Evidence
Authors: John Kose , Litov Lubomir
Published: November 2010

Prior research has often taken the view that entrenched managers tend to avoid debt. Contrary to this view, we find that firms with entrenched managers, as measured by the Gompers et al. (2003) governance index, use more debt finance and have higher leverage ratios. To address the potential endogeneity of the governance index, we use instrumental variables analysis and the exogenous shock to corporate governance generated by the adoption of state anti‐takeover laws. We find that firms incorporated in states that adopt restrictive anti‐takeover laws increase the debt component of their external financing. Our evidence is consistent with entrenched managers receiving better access to debt markets (better credit ratings) and better financing terms (perhaps in response to the conservative investment policy that they pursue).
Relational Governance and Contract Damages: Evidence from Franchising
Authors: Badawi Adam B.
Published: November 2010

A substantial body of theoretical, qualitative, and experimental research has investigated whether reliance on legal threats “crowds out” informal, norm‐based ways of regulating behavior or, instead, whether the ability to enforce law formally enhances the ability of private parties to use these informal approaches. There has, however, been little quantitative, real‐world work that looks into this question. This article begins this process through a study of how franchisors regulate the incentives that their franchisees have to cut corners on the brand's quality and uniformity standards. One solution to this problem is to threaten to pursue a breach of contract action for violation of these standards, which allows the franchisor to obtain a damage award against a franchisee. Alternatively, a franchisor can rely on more informal means, such as awarding an extra franchise outlet to those franchisees who behave well. There is a tradeoff between these two mechanisms; the informal rewards are costly to provide, but easy to enforce, while contractual threats are cheap, but their enforcement is expensive. Moreover, the literature on relational governance suggests that the use of formal legal threats may undermine an agent's willingness to abide by reciprocation norms along noncontractible dimensions. These theories suggest that formal and informal mechanisms will act as substitutes and this study, which uses a newly collected data set of franchise agreements, provides strong evidence for that assertion. The analytical insight that permits this inference is the presence of liquidated damages provisions as an indicator of the willingness to use formal law. Courts have shown hostility to the use of the default rule of expectation damages, but they will enforce liquidated damages terms, which means that these provisions are a credible threat to use formal legal sanctions. This study finds that a limited number of franchisors use these terms and that their presence correlates negatively and significantly with variables that are associated with informal, nonlegal means of incentivizing franchisees.
An Empirical Investigation of Settlement and Litigation—The Case of Taiwanese Labor Disputes
Authors: Huang Kuo‐Chang , Chen Kong‐Pin , Lin Chang‐Ching
Published: November 2010

Using newly collected data on labor disputes in Taiwan, we study the characteristics of cases settled out of court, cases dropped after settlement fails, and cases actually brought to court. We find that the size of the stakes plays a crucial role in routing between settlement and litigation. In particular, our study shows that increasing stakes decreases the probability of settlement, decreases the percent of the claim recovered in settlement, and increases the probability of litigation after settlement fails. Moreover, while the plaintiff's credibility of threatening a lawsuit is an important factor, its absence is not so important as to undermine the pattern that an increase in the stakes would decrease the likelihood of settlement. Our study also reveals that the mediation mechanism performs the function of allowing workers with small claims to obtain effective recovery, which would be impossible if those workers had to resort to litigation. This result also suggests that the traditional game‐theoretic models are inadequate in explaining the litigants' behavior in settlement of small claims. Finally, we find that the workers' risk aversion might cause the percent of the claim recovered in settlement to drop as the amount of their initial claim increases.
Making Talk Cheap (and Problems Easy): How Legal and Political Institutions Can Facilitate Consensus
Authors: Boudreau Cheryl , McCubbins Mathew D. , Rodriguez Daniel B. , Weller Nicholas
Published: November 2010

In many legal, political, and social settings, people must reach a consensus before particular outcomes can be achieved and failing to reach a consensus may be costly. In this article, we present a theory and conduct experiments that take into account the costs associated with communicating, as well as the difficulty of the decisions that groups make. We find that when there is even a small cost (relative to the potential benefit) associated with sending information to others and/or listening, groups are much less likely to reach a consensus, primarily because they are less willing to communicate with one another. We also find that difficult problems significantly reduce group members’ willingness to communicate with one another and, therefore, hinder their ability to reach a consensus.
Methanoferrodoxin represents a new class of superoxide reductase containing an iron–sulfur cluster
Authors: Krätzer Christian , Welte Cornelia , Dörner Katerina , Friedrich Thorsten , Deppenmeier Uwe
Published: November 2010

Protein MM0632 from the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina mazei showed strong superoxide reductase activity and rapidly decomposed superoxide radicals to peroxides. The superoxide reductase activity of the heterologously produced enzyme was determined by a cytochrome c assay and in a test system with NADPH, ferredoxin:NADP+ reductase, and rubredoxin. Furthermore, EPR spectroscopy showed that MM0632 is the first superoxide reductase that possesses an iron–sulfur cluster instead of a second mononuclear iron center. We propose the name methanoferrodoxin for this new class of superoxide reductase with an [Fe(NHis)4(SCys)] site as the catalytic center and a [4Fe–4S] cluster as second prosthetic group that is probably involved in electron transfer to the catalytic center. Methanosarcina mazei grows only under anaerobic conditions, but is one of the most aerotolerant methanogens. It is tempting to speculate that methanoferrodoxin contributes to the protection of cells from oxygen radicals formed by flavoproteins during periodic exposure to oxygen in natural environments.
ETHNIC DIVERSITY, PROPERTY RIGHTS, AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Authors: BAGGIO Jacopo A. , PAPYRAKIS Elissaios
Published: November 2010

Countries rich in natural resources constitute both development failures and successes depending on their underlying socioeconomic fundamentals. Recent empirical evidence and theoretical work provide support for a resource‐curse hypothesis based on ethnic fractionalization. There is also increasing empirical evidence suggesting that ethnic heterogeneity based on polarization is a strong deterrent of economic growth. In this paper, we explore the interlinkages between natural resource abundance and both measures of ethnic heterogeneity. In a two–simultaneous equation system, we assess the effects of fractionalization and polarization on property‐rights protection, and thereby on growth, both directly as well as in interaction with our resource‐abundance proxy. We find that ethnic polarization is more likely to have a direct negative impact on the effectiveness of property rights in a resource‐rich context, which as we explain may suggest that different ethnic groups treat the contestable resource base as a semi‐public good.
Miscarriage of Chief Justice: Judicial Power and the Legal Complex in Pakistan under Musharraf
Authors: Ghias Shoaib A.
Published: November 2010

This article explores the struggle for judicial power in Pakistan under Pervez Musharraf focusing on two questions. First, how did pro‐Musharraf regime judges expand judicial power, leading to a confrontation with the regime? Second, how did the bar and the bench mobilize in the struggle for judicial power? The author shows how, instead of blindly supporting economic liberalization in a period of economic growth, the Supreme Court expanded power by scrutinizing questionable urban development, privatization, and deregulation measures in a virtuous cycle of public interest litigation. The author also describes how a politics of reciprocity explains the social mobilization of lawyers as the bench protected the bar from regime penetration, and the bar protected the bench from regime backlash. The Pakistani case questions some of our assumptions about economic liberalization and courts in authoritarian regimes, and the study invites scholars to explore the role of courts in developing judicial support structures and the role of lawyers in social movements.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Rural Communities: Current Research and Future Directions
Authors: Wardle Jon , Lui Chi‐Wai , Adams Jon
Published: November 2010

Contexts: The consumption of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in rural areas is a significant contemporary health care issue. An understanding of CAM use in rural health can provide a new perspective on health beliefs and practice as well as on some of the core service delivery issues facing rural health care generally.

Purpose: This article presents the first review and synthesis of research findings on CAM use and practice in rural communities.

Methods: A comprehensive search of literature from 1998 to 2010 in CINAHL, MEDLINE, AMED, and CSA Illumina (social sciences) was conducted. The search was confined to peer‐reviewed articles published in English reporting empirical research findings on the use or practice of CAM in rural settings.

Findings: Research findings are grouped and examined according to 3 key themes: “prevalence of CAM use and practice,”“user profile and trends of CAM consumption,” and “potential drivers and barriers to CAM use and practice.”

Conclusions: Evidence from recent research illustrates the substantial prevalence and complexity of CAM use in rural regions. A number of potential gaps in our understanding of CAM use and practice in rural settings are also identified.
Retrospect of the Chinese Exchange Rate Regime after Reform: Stylized Facts during the Period from 2005 to 2010
Authors: Sun Jie
Published: November 2010

In the present paper, we estimate the de facto RMB exchange rate regime, the currency basket, the floating band and the foreign exchange market pressure before and after the reform of the Chinese exchange rate regime in 2005. We find the following stylized facts: the value of the RMB became stable after the reform; the weight of the US dollar remained high in the basket, while other currencies remained statistically significant; and the floating band gradually increased to 10 percent during 2005–2008, and then greatly narrowed from the late summer of 2008 under the assumption of a yearly resetting interval. We find that the foreign exchange market pressure increased from 2005 to 2008. A possible reason is that the weight of the US dollar in the basket was slightly lower than the share of the US dollar in total transactions on the Chinese foreign exchange market. Therefore, it is reasonable for China to adopt a dollar peg exchange rate regime.
Molecular insights on the biosynthesis of antitumour compounds by actinomycetes
Authors: Olano Carlos , Méndez Carmen , Salas José A.
Published: November 2010

Natural products are traditionally the main source of drug leads. In particular, many antitumour compounds are either natural products or derived from them. However, the search for novel antitumour drugs active against untreatable tumours, with fewer side‐effects or with enhanced therapeutic efficiency, is a priority goal in cancer chemotherapy. Microorganisms, particularly actinomycetes, are prolific producers of bioactive compounds, including antitumour drugs, produced as secondary metabolites. Structural genes involved in the biosynthesis of such compounds are normally clustered together with resistance and regulatory genes, which facilitates the isolation of the gene cluster. The characterization of these clusters has represented, during the last 25 years, a great source of genes for the generation of novel derivatives by using combinatorial biosynthesis approaches: gene inactivation, gene expression, heterologous expression of the clusters or mutasynthesis. In addition, these techniques have been also applied to improve the production yields of natural and novel antitumour compounds. In this review we focus on some representative antitumour compounds produced by actinomycetes covering the genetic approaches used to isolate and validate their biosynthesis gene clusters, which finally led to generating novel derivatives and to improving the production yields.
Genus Bupleurum: a review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology and modes of action
Authors: Ashour Mohamed L , Wink Michael
Published: November 2010

Objectives

Radix Bupleuri represents one of the most successful and widely used herbal drugs in Asia for treatment of many diseases over the past 2000 years. Thorough studies have been carried out on many species of this genus and have generated immense data about the chemical composition and corresponding biological activity of extracts and isolated secondary metabolites. In this work, we review the chemistry and pharmacology of the genus Bupleurum and explore the relationships between the pharmacological effects and the chemical composition of these drugs.

Key findings

Early studies on the genus Bupleurum had focused only on the traditional uses of the plants in the treatment of inflammatory disorders and infectious diseases. After chemical profiling, several groups of secondary metabolites were characterized with relevant biological activity: triterpene saponins (saikosaponins), lignans, essential oils and polysaccharides. As a result, present interest is now focused on the bioactivity of the isolated triterpene saponins acting as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antiviral agents, as well as on the observed ant-iulcer activity of the polysaccharides and anti-proliferative activity of different lignans. Many saikosaponins exhibited very potent anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory activities both in vivo and in vitro.

Conclusions

Further investigations and screenings are required to explore other Bupleurum species, to evaluate the clinical safety and possible interactions with other drugs or herbs. Standardization of Bupleuri extracts is crucial for them being integrated into conventional medicine due to large chemical and biological variations between different species and varieties.
3D Unsteady Simulation of a Modern High Pressure Turbine Stage Using Phase Lag Periodicity: Analysis of Flow and Heat Transfer
Authors: Shyam Vikram , Ameri Ali , Luk Daniel F. , Chen Jen-Ping
Published: November 2010

Unsteady 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations have been performed on a highly loaded transonic turbine stage, and results are compared with steady calculations and experiments. A low Reynolds number k-ε turbulence model is employed to provide closure for the RANS system. A phase lag boundary condition is used in the tangential direction. This allows the unsteady simulation to be performed by using only one blade from each of the two rows. The objective of this paper is to study the effect of unsteadiness on rotor heat transfer and to glean any insight into unsteady flow physics. The role of the stator wake passing on the pressure distribution at the leading edge is also studied. The simulated heat transfer and pressure results agree favorably with the experiment. The time-averaged heat transfer predicted by the unsteady simulation is higher than the heat transfer predicted by the steady simulation everywhere, except at the leading edge. The shock structure formed, due to stator-rotor interaction, is analyzed. Heat transfer and pressure at the hub and casing are also studied. Thermal segregation is observed that leads to the heat transfer patterns predicted by steady and unsteady simulations to be different.
Chemical Looping Combustion Using the Direct Combustion of Liquid Metal in a Gas Turbine Based Cycle
Authors: McGlashan Niall R. , Childs Peter R. N. , Heyes Andrew L.
Published: November 2010

A combined cycle gas-turbine generating power and hydrogen is proposed and evaluated. The cycle embodies chemical looping combustion (CLC) and uses a Na based oxygen carrier. In operation, a stoichiometric excess of liquid Na is injected directly into the combustion chamber of a gas-turbine cycle, where it is burnt in compressed O2 produced in an external air separation unit (ASU). The resulting combustion chamber exit stream consists of hot Na vapor and this is expanded in a turbine. Liquid Na2O oxide is also generated in the combustion process but this can be separated, readily, from the Na vapor and collects in a pool at the bottom of the reactor. To regenerate liquid Na from Na2O, and hence complete the chemical loop, a reduction reactor (the reducer) is fed with three streams: the hot Na2O from the oxidizer, the Na vapor (plus some entrained wetness) exiting a Na-turbine, and a stream of solid fuel, which is assumed to be pure carbon for simplicity. The sensible heat content of the liquid Na2O and latent and sensible heat of the Na vapor provide the heat necessary to drive the endothermic reduction reaction and ensure the reducer is externally adiabatic. The exit gas from the reducer consists of almost pure CO, which can be used to generate byproduct H2 using the water-gas shift reaction. A mass and energy balance of the system is conducted assuming reactions reach equilibrium. The analysis allows for losses associated with turbomachinery; heat exchangers are assumed to operate with a finite approach temperature. However, pressure losses in equipment and pipework are assumed negligible—a reasonable assumption for this type of analysis that will still yield meaningful data. The analysis confirms that the combustion chamber exit temperature is limited by both first and second law considerations to a value suitable for a practical gas-turbine. The analysis also shows that the overall efficiency of the cycle, under optimum conditions and taking into account the work necessary to drive the ASU, can exceed 75%.
Understanding Ice Crystal Accretion and Shedding Phenomenon in Jet Engines Using a Rig Test
Authors: Mason Jeanne G. , Chow Philip , Fuleki Dan M.
Published: November 2010

The aviation industry has now connected a number of engine power-loss events to the ingestion of atmospheric ice crystals. Ice crystals are believed to penetrate to and eventually accrete on surfaces in the engine core where local air temperatures are warmer than freezing. Research aimed at understanding the accretion and shedding of ice crystals within the engine is being conducted industrywide. Although this specific icing condition is readily produced inside an operating engine, rig testing is the preferred research tool because it has the advantage of good visibility of the ice accretion process and easy access for video documentation. This paper presents one of the first efforts to simulate the warm air/cold ice conditions occurring inside the engine core using a test rig. The test section contains geometry simulating the transition duct between the low and high compressors in a typical jet engine and an airfoil simulating the engine strut connecting the inner and outer surfaces. Test results showed ice formed on the airfoil and other surfaces in the test section at air temperatures warmer than freezing. However, when both the air and surface temperatures were held below freezing, the injected ice did not melt and no ice accretion was observed. Ice only formed on the airfoil when mixed-phase conditions (liquid and ice) were produced, by introducing the ice into a warm airflow. This test concludes that a rig-level ice crystal icing test is feasible and capable of producing ice accretion in a simulated engine environment. As it was the first test of its kind, reporting of these preliminary test results are expected to benefit future experimenters.
Effect of Simulated Combustor Temperature Nonuniformity on HP Vane and End Wall Heat Transfer: An Experimental and Computational Investigation
Authors: Qureshi Imran , Beretta Arrigo , Povey Thomas
Published: November 2010

This paper presents experimental measurements and computational predictions of surface and end wall heat transfer for a high-pressure (HP) nozzle guide vane operating as part of a full HP turbine stage in an annular rotating turbine facility, with and without inlet temperature distortion (hot streaks). A detailed aerodynamic survey of the vane surface is also presented. The test turbine was the unshrouded MT1 turbine, installed in the Turbine Test Facility (previously called Isentropic Light Piston Facility) at QinetiQ, Farnborough, UK. This is a short-duration facility, which simulates engine-representative M, Re, nondimensional speed, and gas-to-wall temperature ratio at the turbine inlet. The facility has recently been upgraded to incorporate an advanced second-generation combustor simulator, capable of simulating well-defined, aggressive temperature profiles in both the radial and circumferential directions. This work forms part of the pan-European research program, TATEF II. Measurements of HP vane and end wall heat transfer obtained with inlet temperature distortion are compared with results for uniform inlet conditions. Steady and unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions have also been conducted on vane and end wall surfaces using the Rolls-Royce CFD code HYDRA to complement the analysis of experimental results. The heat transfer measurements presented in this paper are the first of their kind in that the temperature distortion is representative of an extreme cycle point, and was simulated with good periodicity and with well-defined boundary conditions in the test turbine.
Impact of Screens Around Bearings on the Flow and Heat Transfer in the Vent and Scavenge Oil Pipes in Bearing Chambers
Authors: Flouros Michael , Cottier Francois
Published: November 2010

The aim of this paper is to investigate, first, the effects of screens introduced around bearings and, second, the use of protruded instead of flush installed vent pipes. The investigation focuses on the air and oil flow distributions and on the heat transfer in the scavenge and the vent pipes in an aeroengine bearing chamber. The flow distribution has an impact on the pipe’s wall temperature distribution with the likelihood of generating hot spots. High temperatures may cause substantial effects on the health of the lubrication system. Problems may range from oil quality degradation to oil self ignition. A steady state CFD analysis of the heat transfer involving the two-phase air and oil flow in these pipes is performed using the ANSYS CFX package. It was demonstrated that whereas screens around bearings reduce the parasitic losses and vent protrusion reduces the oil flow to the air/oil separator, however, due to the oil flow distribution the thermal effects may lead to high material temperatures and to malfunctions in the engine’s lube system.
Extreme ultraviolet mask substrate surface roughness effects on lithographic patterning
Authors: George Simi A. , Naulleau Patrick P. , Mochi Iacopo , Salmassi Farhad , Gullikson Eric M. , Goldberg Kenneth A. , Anderson Erik H.
Published: November 2010

In extreme ultraviolet lithography exposure systems, mask substrate roughness-induced scatter contributes to line edge roughness (LER) at the image plane. In this article, the impact of mask substrate roughness on image plane speckle is explicitly evaluated. A programed roughness mask was used to study the correlation between mask roughness metrics and wafer plane aerial image inspection. The authors find that the roughness measurements by the top surface topography profile do not provide complete information on the scatter related speckle that leads to LER at the image plane. They suggest at-wavelength characterization by imaging and/or scatter measurements into different frequencies as an alternative for a more comprehensive metrology of the mask substrate/multilayer roughness effects.
A Giant Planet Around a Metal-Poor Star of Extragalactic Origin
Authors: Setiawan Johny , Klement Rainer J. , Henning Thomas , Rix Hans-Walter , Rochau Boyke , Rodmann Jens , Schulze-Hartung Tim
Published: November 2010

Unlikely Planet

Most known extrasolar planets orbit stars similar to the Sun. Very few planets have been detected around metal-poor stars whose abundances of elements other than hydrogen and helium are much lower than those of the Sun, or around stars that are at a late stage in their evolution.

Setiawan
et al.

(p.
1642
, published online 18 November) report the detection of a close-in giant planet around a metal-poor star belonging to a group of stars that formed in a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. The star has gone past the red giant phase of stellar evolution, when stars like the Sun expand up to many times their original size, and so it is unclear why the planet was not engulfed by the star as it expanded.
Evidence of Supersolidity in Rotating Solid Helium
Authors: Choi H. , Takahashi D. , Kono K. , Kim E.
Published: November 2010

Supersolidity in a Spin

Observing superfluid flow in a solid is a counterintuitive finding that has been accomplished by freezing
4
He inside a torsional oscillator and monitoring the oscillating period as the temperature is lowered: A reduction in the oscillating period will be observed at the supersolid transition when the mass of the superfluid decouples from the oscillator and the remaining normal component of the solid. However, extraneous classical effects can also cause this reduction, and so, to confirm supersolid formation,

Choi
et al.

(p.
1512
, published online 18 November) performed a slightly different measurement. Rotation was superimposed onto the oscillating motion, and the period and the shear modulus of the system were measured simultaneously. These two quantities exhibited very different responses to the rotation speed, suggesting that supersolidity (rather than classical effects that would also affect the shear modulus) is indeed at the root of the previously observed change in the oscillating period.
Reducing Inhibition Can Enhance Recovery
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: November 2010

Targeting tonic GABA-mediated inhibition in the appropriate time frame may provide a therapeutic strategy to enhance recovery from stroke.
mexEF-oprN
Multidrug Efflux Operon of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
: Regulation by the MexT Activator in Response to Nitrosative Stress and Chloramphenicol
Authors: Fetar Hossam , Gilmour Christie , Klinoski Rachael , Daigle Denis M. , Dean Charles R. , Poole Keith
Published: November 2010

A null mutation in the
mexS
gene of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
yielded an increased level of expression of a 3-gene operon containing a gene,
xenB
, whose product is highly homologous to a xenobiotic reductase in
Pseudomonas fluorescens
shown previously to remove nitro groups from trinitrotoluene and nitroglycerin (D. S. Blehert, B. G. Fox, and G. H. Chambliss, J. Bacteriol. 181:6254, 1999). This expression, which paralleled an increase in
mexEF-oprN
expression in the same mutant, was, like
mexEF-oprN
, dependent on the MexT LysR family positive regulator previously implicated in
mexEF-oprN
expression. As nitration is a well-known result of nitrosative stress, a role for
xenB
(and the coregulated
mexEF-oprN
) in a nitrosative stress response was hypothesized and tested. Using
s
-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) as a source of nitrosative stress, the expression of
xenB
and
mexEF-oprN
was shown to be GSNO inducible, although in the case of
xenB
, this was seen only for a mutant lacking MexEF-OprN. In both instances, this GSNO-inducible expression was dependent upon MexT. Chloramphenicol, a nitroaromatic antimicrobial that is a substrate for MexEF-OprN, was shown to induce
mexEF-oprN
but not
xenB
, again dependent upon the MexT regulator, possibly because it resembles a nitrosated nitrosative stress product accommodated by MexEF-OprN.
Antibody to Receptor Activator of NF-κB Ligand Ameliorates T Cell-Mediated Periodontal Bone Resorption
Authors: Lin Xiaoping , Han Xiaozhe , Kawai Toshihisa , Taubman Martin A.
Published: November 2010

Activated T and B lymphocytes in periodontal disease lesions express receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), which induces osteoclastic bone resorption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of anti-RANKL antibody on periodontal bone resorptionin vitroandin vivo. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansouter membrane protein 29 (Omp29) andA. actinomycetemcomitanslipopolysaccharide (LPS) were injected into 3 palatal gingival sites, and Omp29-specific T clone cells were transferred into the tail veins of rats. Rabbit anti-RANKL IgG antibody or F(ab′)2antibody fragments thereof were injected into the palatal sites in each rat (days −1, 1, and 3). Anti-RANKL IgG antibody significantly inhibited soluble RANKL (sRANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesisin vitro, in a dose-dependent manner, but also gave rise to a rat antibody response to rabbit IgGin vivo, with no significant inhibition of periodontal bone resorption detected. Lower doses (1.5 and 0.15 μg/3 sites) of F(ab′)2antibody were not immunogenic in the context of the experimental model. Periodontal bone resorption was inhibited significantly by injection of the anti-RANKL F(ab′)2antibody into gingivae. The sRANKL concentrations for the antibody-treated groups were decreased significantly compared to those for the untreated group. Osteoclasts on the alveolar bone surface were also diminished significantly after antibody injection. Gingival sRANKL concentration and bone loss showed a significant correlation with one another in animals receiving anti-RANKL F(ab′)2antibody. These results suggest that antibody to RANKL can inhibitA. actinomycetemcomitans-specific T cell-induced periodontal bone resorption by blockade and reduction of tissue sRANKL, providing an immunological approach to ameliorate immune cell-mediated periodontal bone resorption.
Evaluation of the removal of point-of-sale tobacco displays in Ireland
Authors: McNeill Ann , Lewis Sarah , Quinn Casey , Mulcahy Maurice , Clancy Luke , Hastings Gerard , Edwards Richard
Published: November 2010

Aim

To evaluate the short-term impacts of removing point-of-sale tobacco displays in Ireland, implemented in July 2009.

Methods

Retailer compliance was assessed using audit surveys in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Using a monthly survey of 1000 adults carried out since 2002, changes in smoking prevalence were assessed; attitudes were measured using extra questions added for a 10-month period before and after the law. Youth responses were assessed using a cohort of 180 13–15 year olds, interviewed in June and August 2009.

Results

Immediately following implementation, compliance was 97%. Support for the law increased among adults after implementation (58% Apr-Jun vs 66% Jul-Dec, p<0.001). Recall of displays decreased significantly for adults (49% to 22%; p<0.001), more so among teenagers (81% to 22%; p<0.001). There were no significant short-term changes in prevalence among youths or adults. The proportion of youths believing more than a fifth of children their age smoked decreased from 62% to 46%, p<0.001). Post-legislation, 14% of adult smokers thought the law had made it easier to quit smoking and 38% of teenagers thought it would make it easier for children not to smoke.

Conclusions

Compliance was very high and the law was well supported. Recall of displays dropped significantly among adults and teenagers post-legislation and there were encouraging signs that the law helped de-normalise smoking.
Interstitial water metabolite chemistry in a marine mine tailings deposit, Rupert Inlet, B.C.
Authors: Pedersen Thomas F.
Published: November 2010

The distributions of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text],[Formula: see text], titration alkalinity, Ca2+, and pH in interstitial waters collected from mine tailings and natural sediments in Rupert and Holberg inlets (Vancouver Island, British Columbia) are discussed. In natural sediments, dissolved ammonia, phosphate, and titration alkalinity increase with depth, and sulphate decreases, following established patterns for coastal sediments. In rapidly accumulating tailings, however, no dissolved phosphate enrichment is observed despite significant sulphate reduction. This phosphate depletion is accompanied by a calcium enrichment and a relatively high pH, which is probably due to the addition of lime to the tailings during milling. Solubility considerations suggest that the phosphate distributions in both tailings and natural deposits are controlled by equilibrium with respect to carbonate fluorapatite. Lime addition appears to increase the supersaturation of the pore water with respect to carbonate fluorapatite, resulting in phosphate consumption by the tailings. The tailings thus inhibit benthic phosphate regeneration, which is now known to be an important factor in the phosphorus budget of some coastal waters. It is demonstrated that such inhibition is not important in Rupert Inlet due to a short water residence time; however, it could be of significance in poorly mixed or stratified water bodies including lakes and some fjords.
Remnants of a submerged pre-Jurassic (Devonian?) landscape on Orphan Knoll, offshore eastern Canada
Authors: Parson L. M. , Masson D. G. , Rothwell R. G. , Grant A. C.
Published: November 2010

A large group of discrete peaks occurs on the northeastern surface of Orphan Knoll at water depths between 1800 and 2800 m. Long-range side-scan sonographs are used in conjunction with seismic reflection profiles to establish their flattened conical form. They commonly rise to 300 m above the sea floor and occupy basal areas up to 2 km in diameter at that level. Inclusion of the buried lower parts of these mounds may double estimates of both the height and diameter. The sonographs indicate that the mounds have a random distribution within an elongate northwesterly trending belt. Previous suggestions of their possible origin, such as remnants of dykes or ridges of resistant sedimentary strata, are rejected and an alternative explanation of a zone of partially buried Devonian reef knolls is proposed.
Stratigraphy, age, and paleogeography of the Eocene Chuckanut Formation, northwest Washington
Authors: Johnson Samuel Y.
Published: November 2010

The Eocene Chuckanut Formation of Washington's North Cascades comprises as much as 6000 m of alluvial strata and is one of the thickest nonmarine sequences in North America. It is exposed in several disconnected outcrop belts that are remnants of what was probably an extensive fluvial system in western Washington. In this study, seven stratigraphic members are defined in the main outcrop belt of the Chuckanut Formation near the town of Bellingham. Their ages, based on fission-track zircon dates, palynologic studies, and correlation by mapping, extend from the Early to the Late Eocene.Three types of fluvial systems contributed to the Chuckanut Formation and are distinguished on the basis of their lithology, sedimentology, and petrology. The first comprises fine-load meandering-river deposits of the Lower Eocene Bellingham Bay Member and the Middle Eocene Slide Member. Sandstones are arkosic and had their main source in rapidly uplifted, high-grade metamorphic terranes in eastern Washington. The second type comprises braided- and coarse-load meandering-river deposits of the Middle to Upper Eocene Padden Member. The Padden Member occurs only in the western part of the outcrop belt and was derived form the Coast Plutonic Complex of southern British Columbia to the north. Sandstones are arkosic but are richer in lithic fragments than sandstones of the underlying Bellingham Bay Member and interfingering Slide Member. The third fluvial-system type comprises conglomerate-rich braided-river and alluvial-fan deposits of the lower Middle Eocene Governors Point Member and the Middle to Upper (?) Eocene Maple Falls, Warnick, and Bald Mountain members. Sandstones from these units are both lithic and arkosic. These strata were locally derived from uplifts on the northern basin margin.The petrology of down-basin correlatives of the Chuckanut Formation on the northeast Olympic Peninsula is incompatible with derivation through the Chuckanut fluvial system. This petrologic contrast supports a model for large-scale Eocene dextral offsets in the continental margin of Washington.
Sedimentology of playa lakes of the northern Great Plains
Authors: Last William M.
Published: November 2010

The semi-arid plains of western Canada and northern United States contain a large number of saline and hypersaline lakes, with many of the shallow lakes exhibiting playa characteristics. For over 60 years a number of these playas have provided a source of valuable industrial minerals. The present study deals with the modern sediments and sedimentary processes operating in selected playa basins located throughout the northern Great Plains region.The playas generally occupy small, closed basins commonly having an elongate, riverine shape. Most of the brines are dominated by sodium, magnesium, and sulfate ions; however, examples of lakes rich in chloride and bicarbonate ions are also present. Significant variation in the brine chemistry can exist on a seasonal as well as a diurnal basis. The modern sediments of the playas consist of: (1) very soluble salts of mainly sodium and magnesium sulfates and carbonates; (2) sparingly soluble precipitates, including calcite, protodolomite, gypsum, and mixed layer clays; (3) detrital minerals consisting dominantly of quartz, carbonates, feldspars, and clays; and (4) organic matter.Much of the physical and mineralogical character of the playas is due to processes that are largely of a chemical nature and are associated with either evaporative concentration of the brines or groundwater discharge. The most significant processes include: cyclic flooding and desiccation of the playa surface, formation of salt crusts, efflorescent crusts, spring deposits, and intrasedimentary salts, formation of solution pits and chimneys, wind displacement of brines, and periodic detrital sedimentation by sheet flow and wind. These processes combine to create a very dynamic modern depositional environment. The establishment and prolonged maintenance of delicate physical and chemical equilibria have allowed the deposition of over 40 m of salt in some basins.
Environmental controls on the distribution of Atrypoidea species in Upper Silurian strata of arctic Canada
Authors: Jones Brian , Narbonne G. M.
Published: November 2010

Evidence from numerous localities throughout the Upper Silurian strata of arctic Canada suggests that the ranges of the various species of Atrypoidea were controlled primarily by environmental factors. Atrypoidea bioherma n. sp. occurred only on and immediately around bioherms. Atrypoidea foxi inhabited subtidal areas in an offshore position, and especially those areas between the bioherms with which A. bioherma were associated. Atrypoidea phoca apparently lived in a shallow subtidal area in close proximity to the shoreline. Atrypoidea erebus inhabited environments ranging from the low intertidal to shallow subtidal. Atrypoidea netserki lived in a shallow subtidal environment close to shore.Fluctuations in bathymetry and other environmental parameters during the deposition of the Upper Silurian strata resulted in an apparent zonation of Atrypoidea species. These zones, however, are ecologically controlled and can therefore only be utilized for biostratigraphic purposes with the utmost care.
Cryoconite hole thermodynamics
Authors: McIntyre N. F.
Published: November 2010

Energy sources governing the growth of cryoconite holes have been investigated by monitoring the meteorological balance at the surface of the Manatee Glacier, British Columbia, the dimensions of 125 holes, and the thermal conditions within them. Cryoconite holes are shown to be rough indicators of the energy balance at the glacier surface. Both atmospheric and biological energy sources operate, thereby suggesting a genetic classification of holes with "solar" and "biological" end members.
Characteristic trace fossils in nearshore to offshore sequences, Upper Cretaceous of east-central Utah
Authors: Howard James D. , Frey Robert W.
Published: November 2010

More than 20 trace fossil species occur in marine facies of the Cretaceous Star Point and Blackhawk formations in the Book Cliffs and Wasatch Plateau provinces of Utah. Major genera include Ancorichnus, Arenicolites, Aulichnites, Chondrites, Conichnus, Cylindrichnus, Medousichnus, Ophiomorpha, Palaeophycus, Planolites, Rosselia, Schaubcylindrichnus, Scolicia, Skolithos, Teichichnus, Teredolites, and Thalassinoides. Newly named taxa include Ancorichnus capronus, Medousichnus loculatus, and Rosselia chonoides.Most trace fossils occur in characteristic, albeit intergradational ichnofacies correlative with major lithofacies of regressive nearshore to offshore sequences. The latter include foreshore, foreshore–shoreface transition, shoreface, and offshore facies. Landward facies are typified by clean, well sorted, well stratified, sparsely burrowed sandstones. Seaward facies, except where interrupted by hummocky bedded sandstones, exhibit successively less pure, less well sorted and stratified, more intensely bioturbated, finer grained sandstones, siltstones, and mudstones.Characteristic ichnofacies and lithofacies in the Cretaceous of east-central Utah should provide potentially useful models for reconstruction of nearshore to offshore sequences elsewhere, especially in the Western Interior Region of North America.
The Silurian graptolite zonation of China
Authors: Xu Chen
Published: November 2010

China is divided into five Silurian stratigraphic regions on the basis of biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy. These regions are: Zhungar–Xingan region, Northwest China region, Xizang (Tibet) – western Yunnan region, Yangtze region, and the South China region. Twenty-four graptolite zones are now recognized in the Silurian of China. The earliest Silurian graptolite zones include the persculptus, acuminatus, and vesiculosus zones, characterized by an akidograptid–dimorphograptid sub-fauna; these are followed by the cyphus, gregarius, convolutus, and sedgwickii zones, characterized by a rastritid subfauna. The late Early Silurian zones include the turriculatus Zone with a spirograptid subfauna and the crispus, griestoniensis, and spiralis–grandis zones bearing a streptograptid subfauna. The Middle Silurian is characterized by a cyrtograptid subfauna, which is divided into 10 zones known, in ascending order, as the lapworthi, sakmaricus, insectus, centrifugus, murchisoni, riccartonensis, rigidus?, flexilis, ramosus, and lundgreni zones. The Late Silurian is divided into only three graptolite zones, characterized by a pristiograptid subfauna. They are the nilssoni, tumescens, and transgrediens zones.