bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic analysis of Rhizophora mucronata in Savu Sea Marine National Park, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: IHWAN IHWAN , ARUMINGTYAS ESTRI LARAS , RETNANINGDYAH CATUR , HAKIM LUCHMAN
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Ihwan, Arumningtyas EL, Retnaningdyah C, Hakim L. 2024. Phylogenetic analysis of Rhizophora mucronata in Savu Sea Marine National Park, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4498-4506. Mangroves, a crucial coastal ecosystem, play a crucial role in marine biodiversity and shoreline protection. This study investigates the phylogenetic patterns and haplotype analysis of Rhizophora mucronate, a key mangrove species, in the biodiverse Savu Sea Marine National Park within the Coral Triangle. We collected 30 R. mucronata samples from 15 mangrove populations in the park, including Sumba Island, Sabu Island, Rote Island, and Timor Island. The Maximum Likelihood-based phylogenetic tree reconstruction revealed distinct genetic clusters, segregating populations into two primary clades: Indo-West Pacific (IWP) and Atlantic East Pacific (AEP). Populations from the Sumba, Rote, Semau, Timor, and Sabu Islands primarily aligned with the IWP clade, while some samples exhibited unexpected clustering patterns, indicating potential unique genetic lineages. Notably, populations from Hambapraing and Tesabela showed closer genetic affinity to AEP and the outgroup species, respectively. Our subsequent haplotype analysis further unveiled a complex network of sequence-dependent populations, with notable haplotypes, such as Haplotype 2, showing widespread distribution across Sabu, Sumba, Rote, and Timor, and Haplotype 13 linking populations from Singapore, China, India, USA, Kenya, and Seychelles. These findings not only underscore the complexity of genetics but also highlight the importance of considering distinctive genetic patterns to unravel evolutionary relationships, thereby providing a solid foundation for future research and conservation initiatives.
Phenotypic and genotypic screening of Bacillus cereus local isolates for their antimicrobial resistance
Authors: FARHANI IZZADINI , DEWANTI-HARIYADI RATIH , LIOE HANIFAH NURYANI
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Farhani I, Dewanti-Hariyadi R, Lioe HN. 2024. Phenotypic and genotypic screening of Bacillus cereus local isolates for their antimicrobial resistance. Biodiversitas 25: 4507-4514. Bacillus cereus is a sporeformer bacterium that ranks second as Indonesia's most common cause of foodborne illnesses from 2000 to 2015. The bacterium produces cereulides and enterotoxins, which trigger emetic and diarrheal syndromes. The rise of antibiotic resistance in pathogens such as B. cereus could complicate treatment and allow the bacterium to act as the reservoir of antibiotic-resistant genes. Currently, antibiotic resistance in B. cereus has not been reported in Indonesia. This study aims to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of 21 B. cereus local isolates obtained from foods against eight different antibiotics. The phenotypic resistance was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, while resistance genes were detected using a polymerase chain reaction targeting the bla1, tetL, and tetB genes. None of the isolates (0%; 0/21) showed resistance to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, or erythromycin. However, all (100%; 21/21) were resistant to ampicillin, cefoxitin, cephalothin, and penicillin G. Additionally, 4.8% (1/21) were susceptible to erythromycin, while 33.3% (7/21) were resistant to tetracycline. The detection of resistance-encoding genes revealed that 100% (21/21) of the isolates possessed the bla1 gene, but tetL and tetB genes were absent in any of the isolates (0%; 0/21).
Mountain tourism impact on bird diversity along hiking trails of Mount Prau, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: ABDULLAH MUHAMMAD , HAKIM LUCHMAN , SISWANTO DIAN , SETYOWATI DEWI LIESNOOR
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Abdullah M, Hakim L, Siswanto D, Setyowati DL. 2024. Mountain tourism impact on bird diversity along hiking trails of Mount Prau, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4690-4698. Hiking represents a significant dimension of mountain tourism and has gained considerable popularity among travelers. Unfortunately, the perception of hiking activities as a form of mass tourism raises significant concerns regarding potential environmental degradation and the threats posed to biodiversity in mountainous regions. Birds are organisms that are sensitive to human activities. Therefore, a critical component for assessing the impact of mountain tourism on biodiversity is to analyze the diversity of bird species on several hiking trails. This study aims to examine the differences in bird species diversity on several hiking trails with different visitor frequencies on Mount Prau, Indonesia. Surveys for bird observations were conducted systematically using the Variable Circular Plot (VCP) method along the hiking trail. Bird species diversity data were analyzed to obtain Margalef's species richness index, Shannon diversity index, and Pielou's evenness index. In addition, correspondence analysis was also used to see the differences in the composition of bird community species on different hiking trails. Trails with high visitor preferences showed lower species richness, diversity, and evenness indices than rarely visited trails. Ordination analysis showed a clear grouping of bird communities based on species composition between highly visited and less visited routes. Less frequented Mount Prau trails host diverse endemics and high conservation status birds, while heavily frequented trails show reduced diversity. This finding confirms the negative impact of mountain tourism on bird biodiversity in the mountain area. This also signifies the need for a conservation strategy to balance mountain tourism with biodiversity conservation in Mount Prau. It should be able to limit the number of visitors, control access in sensitive areas, and involve methods of ecotourism that would favor wildlife.
Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants used on usadha rare remedies in Bali Province, Indonesia
Authors: WIDHIANTARA I GEDE , PUTRA I MADE WISNU ADHI , LESTARI NI KADEK DWIPAYANI , WIRADANA PUTU ANGGA , PERMATASARI ANAK AGUNG AYU PUTRI , SARI NI KADEK YUNITA , WINDARISTA NI PUTU LIDYA , ELIZABETH GLADYS , SUCIPTO TEGUH HARI
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Widhiantara IG, Putra IMWA, Lestari NKD, Wiradana PA, Permatasari AAAP, Sari NKY, Windarista NPL, Elizabeth G, Sucipto TH. 2024. Ethnopharmacological study of medicinal plants used on usadha rare remedies in Bali Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4723-4736. Lontar usadha rare is an inventory of ancient manuscripts on traditional Balinese medicine, with a focus on the system of treating disorders in children. This manuscript presents various information about various types of medicinal plants, formulation methods, and application by the Balinese people for hundreds of years. However, most of the knowledge contained in the lontar is only known to traditional medical practitioners and includes behaviors that are typical of the usage of medicinal plants. This study aimed to examine and document the diversity of medicinal plants used in usadha rare in Bali Province, Indonesia. Data were collected through direct interviews conducted with traditional medical practitioners selected using a purposive sampling method. This study was conducted from May to September 2024, and data that was successfully collected included the type of plant, regional name, Latin name, parts used, method of application, and diseases treated. Data collected were analyzed subjectively and quantitatively using diagrams, graphs, and tables, and then the Use Value (UV) was used to assess the results. The results showed that there were 65 types of medicinal plants from 34 families successfully identified in usadha rare treatment. Plant families most frequently used by traditional medical practitioners include Zingiberaceae (12.31%), Asteraceae (7.69%), as well as Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Menispermaceae, Piperaceae, and Rubiaceae, each with 4.62%. In most cases, leaves were more widely used, followed by fruits, bark, rhizomes, and flowers. Boiling and pounding were the basic methods in making preparations from medicinal plants, while topical external use was the most common way of administering medicine to infants and children. Medicinal plants were often used to treat fever, diarrhea, bloating, and body warming, relieve coughs and toothaches, and heal wounds in children.
Assessing the climatic impacts on abundance of Mansonia annulifera, Ma. indiana, and Ma. uniformis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Central Thailand
Authors: ABDULLOH ARINA , CHAIPHONGPACHARA TANAWAT , LAOJUN SEDTHAPONG
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Abdulloh A, Chaiphongpachara T, Laojun S. 2024. Assessing the climatic impacts on abundance of Mansonia annulifera, Ma. indiana, and Ma. uniformis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Central Thailand. Biodiversitas 25: 4736-4744. Mansonia mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are important vectors for transmitting filarial nematodes, including Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti, which cause lymphatic filariasis in humans. In this study, we used a Poisson regression model to evaluate the impact of climatic variables atmospheric pressure, rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed on the abundance of three Mansonia mosquito species, including Ma. annulifera, Ma. indiana, and Ma. uniformis in Central Thailand. Over the period from November 2021 to October 2022, we collected the mosquitoes in three villages: Rua Village, Wat Khok Ket Village, and Khlong Bang Kae Village using BG-Pro CDC-style traps equipped with dry ice, BG-lure, and an ultraviolet light system, operating from 6:00 PM to 6:00 AM for three consecutive days each month. Our analysis revealed significant associations between several climatic factors and mosquito abundance. For Ma. annulifera, each unit increase in temperature and relative humidity significantly increased mosquito abundance by 83.2% and 16.2%, respectively (p<0.05). In contrast, increases in wind speed, atmospheric pressure, and rainfall correspondingly decreased abundance by 57.6%, 10.3%, and 0.7% (p<0.05). For Ma. indiana, rises in temperature, atmospheric pressure, and rainfall notably increased mosquito counts by 119.3%, 30.1%, and 0.6%, respectively (p<0.05). Conversely, an increase in wind speed led to a significant reduction of 43.2% (p<0.05). In the case of Ma. uniformis, temperature, and rainfall positively influenced mosquito abundance by 114.5% and 0.7%, respectively (p<0.05), while a rise in relative humidity resulted in a 3% reduction (p<0.05). These findings have significant practical implications, providing crucial insights into predicting future shifts in mosquito populations in response to climatic changes, thereby empowering the surveillance and control of mosquito-borne diseases in this region.
LC-MS/MS analysis and antioxidant activity of ethanol fraction of Aglaonema modestum leaves
Authors: SILABAN SARONOM , NAINGGOLAN BAJOKA , IKHWAN JUANDI , HARLIANANDA NUR , SIMORANGKIR MURNIATY
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Silaban S, Nainggolan B, Ikhwan J, Harliananda N, Simorangkir M. 2024. LC-MS/MS analysis and antioxidant activity of ethanol fraction of Aglaonema modestum leaves. Biodiversitas 25: 4756-4762. Free radicals are one of the triggers of various diseases. Excessive free radicals have the potential to cause oxidative stress, such as diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease. Antioxidants can be used to prevent free radicals. Synthetic antioxidants have unnecessary side effects, and natural antioxidants can be a safer alternative. Natural antioxidants can come from plants, which contain phenolic compounds in the form of flavonoids. Aglaonema modestum, with the local name simargaolgaol, contains this compound. This plant is often found in Barus, North Sumatra, Indonesia, and is usually used by the community as traditional medicine for internal and external wounds. This study aims to identify the potential antioxidant activity of the leaves ethanol fractions of A. modestum. Purification was done using the standard column chromatography method, antioxidant activity analysis using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method with vitamin C as a control, and fraction compound analysis using LC-MS/MS. Antioxidant activity value (IC50) of ethanol fraction of A. modestum consecutively at 30.953 ppm (very strong), 109.809 ppm (moderate), and vitamin C with an IC50 value of 2.304 ppm (very strong). The results of LC-MS/MS analysis of the ethanol fraction identified three compounds, namely Cadsurenin K (RT 5.91 minutes), Methyl ophiopogonone B (RT 6.37 minutes), and Schizandrin C (RT 7.30 minutes). The ethanol fraction of A. modestum leaves has alternative potential as a natural antioxidant.
Medicinal plants used for menstrual regulators and pain relievers in Tumiang Village, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: PANJAITAN RUQIAH GANDA PUTRI , KHAIRUNNISA KHAIRUNNISA , TITIN TITIN , AKBARINI DIAN
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Panjaitan RGP, Khairunnisa, Titin, Akbarini D. 2024. Medicinal plants used for menstrual regulators and pain relievers in Tumiang Village, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4796-4805. The use of medicinal plants for traditional treatment is a common practice in various rural areas in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to create an inventory of medicinal plants used as menstrual regulators and pain relievers by the community in Tumiang Village, Samalantan Sub-district, Bengkayang District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study employs a qualitative method with triangulation techniques, and data collection was conducted with interviews, observations, and documentation by involving 11 informants. The results showed that a total of 15 plants were used as menstrual regulators and pain relievers by the community of Tumiang Village. These included korongan (Ricinus communis), marampayo (Croton hirtus), kakompo (Limnophila rugosa), sarat saribu (Lygodium microphyllum), antidur (Phyllanthus urinaria), ganda rusa (Phaleria macrocarpa), ahiak (Zingiber officinale), cakur (Kaempferia galanga), unyit (Curcuma longa), tamulawak (Curcuma zanthorrhiza), matsoe (Perilla frutescens), karaoke (Piper betle), kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus), asam jawa (Tamarindus indica), and rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa). In addition, 2 plants, namely pinang (Areca catechu) and saring kuyang (Zingiber purpureum), were specifically used only as menstrual pain relievers. The results of the study highlight the unique role of the Zingiberaceae family is the most commonly utilized, with leaves being the most frequently used plant part, and the most prevalent processing method being boiling. This research underscores the significance of these plants in the health of the local community and their potential for further scientific exploration.
Diurnal activity patterns of painted storks (Mycteria leucocephala) in an urban artificial wetland in Malaysia
Authors: LIMIN NURFARAH AIN , ABIDIN MUHAMMAD ZULFADLI ZAINAL , KAMAR NURUL NABILAH SHAMSHUL , AMRAN MUHAMMAD AL AMIN , YUSOF NUR NADIAH MD
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Limin NA, Abidin MZZ, Kamar NNS, Amran MAA, Yusof NNM. 2024. Diurnal activity patterns of painted storks (Mycteria leucocephala) in an urban artificial wetland in Malaysia. Biodiversitas 25: 4878-4885. The increasing population of painted storks (Mycteria leucocephala) in Malaysia poses potential risks to native waterbird species, such as the milky stork. Despite their growing presence in urban artificial lakes, such as those in Putrajaya and Selangor, our understanding of their activity patterns remains limited, highlighting the importance of this research. Therefore, this study closely investigated the diurnal activity patterns of painted storks in an urban artificial wetland in Malaysia. Stork behavior was observed using instantaneous scanning and focal sampling methods for over 20 days. Results indicated that preening was the most common activity (30%), followed by foraging (24%), vigilance (23%), walking (15%), and other behaviors (8%). Storks displayed significantly more preening in the morning, though the durations were shorter compared to the afternoon and late afternoon. They also spent more time foraging and being vigilant in the morning than at other times. Furthermore, during all sessions, the number of individuals observed in the grassy areas was much higher than in the lake or on nearby rooftops. This study provides valuable insights into the behavior of painted storks, which could inform management strategies for waterbird species in urban artificial wetlands.
Species diversity and distribution of Odonata in Brgy. Rogongon, Iligan City, Philippines
Authors: MAGSALAY DENMAR D. , NUÑEZA OLGA M. , VILLANUEVA REAGAN JOSEPH T.
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Magsalay DD, Nuñeza OM, Villanueva RJT. 2024. Species diversity and distribution of Odonata in Brgy. Rogongon, Iligan City, Philippines. Biodiversitas 25: 4909-4919. Odonata is an insect order often utilized as a bioindicator to help determine the health of an ecosystem. The Philippine Odonata is recognized to have high diversity and endemicity, especially the suborder Zygoptera, since its limited range and its habitat distribution are low. This study was conducted to provide baseline information on the species diversity and distribution of Odonata in Brgy. Rogongon, Iligan City, Philippines. The research employed an 'opportunistic method', a strategy that involves collecting data based on the availability of the species, using sweep nets as a collection tool. Therefore, 35 species belonging to 10 families under 25 genera were found. Results showed that the most abundant family is Libellulidae (S = 9), followed by the family Platycnemididae (S = 8). All the study sites showed moderate diversity (H' = 1.73 - 2.75). On the other hand, one endangered, three vulnerable, and two near-threatened Odonata species were recorded in this study. Moreover, the distribution trend of Odonata species along an elevational gradient in the study areas is that species richness and endemism increase until Site 2 (730 to 787 masl) and then decreases as the elevation increases. Factors such as habitat structure and level of disturbances could be the reason for such a trend. Environmental factors such as air temperature, relative humidity, water temperature, water pH, and streamflow affect the distribution and abundance of the Odonata based on the canonical correspondence analysis. Any alteration in the habitat in each study site would be a threat to the population of Odonata. Thus, there is a need to protect the remaining forest of Iligan City, especially since endangered and vulnerable species are present.
Impact of genotype and harvest age on the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in Indonesia
Authors: LIWANDA NOVIAN , SYUKUR MUHAMAD , NURCHOLIS WARAS
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Liwanda N, Syukur M, Nurcholis W. 2024. Impact of genotype and harvest age on the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4920-4929. Consuming bioactive compounds like polyphenols and flavonoids is crucial for reducing the risk of diseases due to their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), a widely cultivated vegetable known for its nutritional benefits, remains underutilized in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify the optimal genotype and harvest age of okra to maximize total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity. Ten okra genotypes were evaluated, with a focus on the impact of harvest age on four selected genotypes. The G7 genotype (F7 Clemson × Stripe-3-10-15B) exhibited the highest TPC (0.98 mg gallic acid equivalent/g fresh weight), TFC (0.35 mg quercetin equivalent/g fresh weight), and antioxidant capacity (5.13 µmol Trolox equivalent/g fresh weight). The optimal harvest age was determined to be the 7th day after anthesis, yielding the highest TPC and TFC values, ranging from 0.31 to 0.98 mg GAE/g and 0.19 to 0.35 mg QE/g, respectively. These findings indicate that both genotype and harvest age significantly affect the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of okra, with the G7 genotype and the 7th day after anthesis being optimal for maximizing bioactive compounds. This study highlights the potential for developing superior okra varieties in Indonesia.
Weed species in plant communities as indicators of degradation of vegetation cover and fertile soil layer in desert regions
Authors: OSMONALI BEKTEMIR , TOKBERGENOVA AIGUL , TAUKEBAYEV OMIRZHAN , ZULPYKHAROV KANAT , SALMURZAULY RUSLAN , SMANOV ZHASSULAN , USSEN SERIKBAY
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Osmonali B, Tokbergenova A, Taukebayev O, Zulpykharov K, Salmurzauly R, Smanov Z, Ussen S. 2024. Weed species in plant communities as indicators of degradation of vegetation cover and fertile soil layer in desert regions. Biodiversitas 25: 4930-4938. The geographical position of Kazakhstan on the continent of Eurasia determines its special role in solving problems of conservation of biodiversity of natural biological and land resources. One of the numerous factors of anthropogenic desertification is overgrazing. Under long-term unsystematic grazing, fodder lands of sandy massifs are more exposed to various types of soil deflation and vegetation changes. In desert regions, weeds can be an important indicator of degradation of vegetation cover and fertile soil layer. Some weed species may indicate soil moisture deficiency, salt degradation or lack of fertile substances. The purpose of our work is to identify soil changes, depending on the dominance of weed species and the degree of disturbance. On the example of the following weed species: Peganum harmala, Pseudosophora alopecuroides, Alhagi pseudalhagi, Suaeda linifolia, Karelinia caspia. Suaeda linifolia and K. caspia are indicator plants of salinisation by toxic salts. The study of weed species in desert regions can help to determine the level of degradation of soil and vegetation cover and to develop measures for their restoration and improvement. The study of weed species in plant communities of desert regions can help to determine the degree of degradation of vegetation cover and fertile soil layer, as well as to develop measures for their restoration and protection. Peganum harmala and A. pseudalhagi are indicators of overgrazing and degradation of vegetation cover. Pseudosophora alopecuroides, also known as indicator shrub, is a plant species that is often used as an indicator of land cover degradation. This species typically grows on soils with low nutrient content and can tolerate dry and unfavourable conditions. Thus, observing the presence of P. alopecuroides in a particular area can be a useful indicator to determine the level of vegetation degradation and the need for measures to restore and protect soil and vegetation.
Assessment of morphological characteristics and quality of turfgrass Zoysia matrella accessions from Indonesia
Authors: RAHAYU RAHAYU , HERAWATI AKTAVIA , HERDIANSYAH GANJAR , PUTRI RADEN AJENG ALMA AZZAHRA KUSUMA , SOFYAN ADNAN , MUTTAQIN QAMAL
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Rahayu, Herawati A, Herdiansyah G, Putri RAAAK, Sofyan A, Muttaqin Q. 2024. Assessment of morphological characteristics and quality of turfgrass Zoysia matrella accessions from Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4950-4960. Zoysia matrella is a popular turfgrass species suitable for tropical climates, including Indonesia. However, there are challenges related to the selection of accessions that produce the best quality. This research aimed to assess the morphological characteristics and visual and functional quality of turfgrass Z. matrella collected from various origins in Indonesia. The study combined exploratory surveys to collect Z. matrella accessions across Indonesia and was continued by laboratory experiments at Universitas Sebelas Maret, Central Java, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). We used 16 accessions of Z. matrella from 8 provinces in Indonesia to be compared with two commercials, imported accessions as controls. Results showed that Z. matrella accession from Sampit, Central Kalimantan showed the highest plant height of 10.22 cm, the longest root length of 15.72 cm, and the percentage of coverage was 94.06%. Conversely, accession from Marina Semarang had the shortest plant height of 8.35 cm with a percentage of cover of 72.75%. Some local accessions of Z. matrella had comparable visual and functional quality, growth, and morphology characteristics to the commercialized accessions, opening possibilities for the development of new, high-quality Z. matrella cultivars native to Indonesia.
Characterizing the chemical composition and variations of several medicinal plant leaves using 1H NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: ALMAHASHEER HANAN
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Almahasheer H. 2024. Characterizing the chemical composition and variations of several medicinal plant leaves using 1H NMR Spectroscopy. Biodiversitas 25: 4971-4977. This study utilizes 1H NMR spectroscopy to characterize the chemical composition of nine medicinal plant leaves, focusing on spectral intensity differences across four distinct regions based on organic functional groups. The analysis revealed that the carbohydrate region (50-110 ppm) had the highest spectral intensity at 0.655374, indicating a predominant presence of cellulose. The aliphatic region (0-50 ppm) displayed an intensity of 0.222092, while the aromatic region (110-150 ppm) was lower at 0.047311. The carboxyl region (150-200 ppm) exhibited an intensity of 0.075224, reflecting lower concentrations of carboxyl compounds. Significant variations in chemical group ratios were observed among the samples. Circaea lutetiana exhibited the highest carbohydrate ratio (0.82), while Peganum harmala showed the lowest (0.48). Aromatic ratios were notably higher in P. harmala and Crataegus sp. (0.10) compared to Cassia senna and Ficus carica (0.01). Additionally, P. harmala had the highest aliphatic ratio (0.35), while C. senna exhibited the highest carboxyl ratio (0.12). The robust application of NMR spectroscopy enhances our understanding of phytochemical diversity. It highlights the diverse chemical profiles and potential functional adaptations of the studied plants, suggesting significant implications for their medicinal applications. This research aligns with Saudi Vision 2030, a vision that we, as a scientific community, seek to boost the agricultural sector’s role in the economy while encouraging sustainable practices and biodiversity conservation. By elucidating the molecular characteristics of these plants, we provide critical insights into their ecological roles and responses to environmental changes. Ultimately, this study advances sustainable resource management and fosters innovative applications in healthcare, nutrition, and the preservation of plant biodiversity in Saudi Arabia.
Occurement assessment of helminth parasites in Euthynnus affinis from Banten, Indonesia
Authors: INDARYANTO FORCEP RIO , KAMAL MOHAMMAD MUKHLIS , BUTET NURLISA A. , AFFANDI RIDWAN , TIURIA RISA
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Indaryanto FR, Kamal MK, Butet NA, Affandi R, Tiuria R. 2024. Occurement assessment of helminth parasites in Euthynnus affinis from Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4978-4985. As an economically valuable fish, Euthynnus affinis requires regular surveillance and assessment of the prevalence of helminth parasitic infestation in Banten waters, Indonesia. In the districts of Cituis-Tangerang (North Banten), Labuan-Pandeglang (West Banten), and Binuangeun-Lebak (South Banten) in the waters of Banten, E. affinis were collected in November 2023 to January 2024. Seven species of helminth parasitic were identified to infect E. affinis in Banten: Anisakis typica (intensity 1.17; prevalence 14.65%), Tentacularia sp. (intensity 1; prevalence 0.64%), Dinurus sp. (intensity 17.75; prevalence 7.64%), Didymozoid sp. (intensity 2.25; Prevalence 7.64%), Rhadinorhynchus sp. (intensity 24.86; prevalence 87.90%), and Acanthocephalus sp. (intensity 24.86; prevalence 87.90%) are the seven species of helminth parasitic that infect E. affinis in Banten. The overall prevalence of helminth parasitic infection was categorized as moderately prevalence (89.17%) with a moderate intensity (27.32). Despite severe infestations of distinct helminth parasitic species, the mean condition factor (K) values for parasitized and non-parasitized fish did not differ appreciably. Positive allometric growth was observed in both parasitized and non-parasitic fish. Helminth parasitic infection exceeding 80 individuals/fish significantly affects the Gonado Somatic Index (GSI). Fish measuring 25-30 cm in total length were found to be susceptible to helminth parasitic infection; however, there was no correlation between fish length and parasite abundance (r2 = 0.0223). Males had a higher infection rate compared to female fish. There was no statistically significant difference in the abundance of parasites across the three locations. The host's diet was found to affect the parasitic infection. The greatest diversity of parasite species was discovered in Labuan, West Banten.
Short Communication: Helminth fauna of Lutjanidae from Kedonganan, Bali, Indonesia
Authors: RUDIANTO ERICK ARRASHY , WIJAYANTI DIAH PERMATA , HARYANTI DWI , INDRAYANTI ELIS
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Rudianto EA, Wijayanti DP, Haryanti D, Indrayanti E. 2024. Short Communication: Helminth fauna of Lutjanidae from Kedonganan, Bali. Biodiversitas 25: 4986-4993. The biodiversity of parasites in demersal reef fishes is immense but remains poorly understood and often overlooked. This is also hindered by the lack of survey of parasite communities in reef fishes, especially in Indonesia. Therefore, we surveyed endoparasites of reef-associated and demersal lutjanids in the Kedonganan fish market, Bali. A total of 25 individuals of six lutjanid species: Lutjanus erythropterus, Lutjanus russellii, Lutjanus sebae, Lutjanus timoriensis, Lutjanus vitta, and Pristipomoides multidens, were collected from the fish market. The parasites were collected using a modification of the gut wash method. Two individuals of Philometridae were recovered from L. vitta. Other recovered helminth fauna were Acanthocephala, Nematoda, and Digenea, mainly belonging to Siphoderina spp. and Hamacreadium sp. We also reported for the first time, endoparasites of L. erythropterus and P. multidens in Indonesian waters. This study highlighted the importance ichthyo-parasitological survey as a part of the biodiversity survey. More surveys and reports on endoparasites in demersal reef fishes in Indonesia are needed, especially on their biology, ecology, diversity, and impact on human health, considering that most of these demersal fishes are consumed by local people.
Mapping of Sapuka Islands water areas, South Sulawesi, Indonesia using Marxan technology for coral reef conservation
Authors: JAYA JAYA , ROSWIYANTI ROSWIYANTI , RAUF ABDUL , MASSISENG ANDI NUR APUNG , DARIS LUKMAN , ZAENAB ST
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Yaya J, Roswiyanti R, Rauf A, Massiseng ANA, Daris L, Zaenab S. 2024. Mapping of Sapuka Islands water areas, South Sulawesi, Indonesia using Marxan technology for coral reef conservation. Biodiversitas 25: 5012-5023. Mapping coastal and marine conservation areas is essential for supporting sustainable resource management and promoting designated utilization practices. This study aimed to assess the condition of coral reefs and develop a map of conservation zones in the Sapuka Islands' waters, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study's novelty lies in providing an updated status of coral reef conditions and identifying optimal zones for conservation within the Sapuka Islands. Data were collected through direct observation, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), social mapping, GPS-based coordinate tracking, underwater photo transects, and the identification of planning units, conservation features, and cost metrics. Findings indicated a decline in coral reef area over the past three years, with coverage reducing from 6,094.67 ha in 2022 to 5,771.67 ha in 2023 and further to 5,559.67 ha in 2024. Several coral genera were identified, including Euphyllia, Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Giniastrea, Sinularia, and Porites. The Marxan analysis identified a core conservation zone encompassing 6,950 ha, distributed across the waters of Sapuka Caddi Island (6,575 ha) and Pelokang Island (375 ha).
Identification of virulence genes from clinical isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Authors: MOHAMMAD SARMAD QASSIM , AWAYID HUSSAM SAMI , ZARROUK-MAHJOUB SINDA
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Mohammad SQ, Awayid HS, Zarrouk-Mahjoub S. 2024. Identification of virulence genes from clinical isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Biodiversitas 25: 5083-5093. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strain of Staphylococcus aureus that has developed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillin, methicillin, amoxicillin, and oxacillin. This resistance complicates treatment compared to non-resistant strains. While previous studies have defined MRSA phylogeny and transmission in well-resourced settings, this study specifically highlights the effectiveness of five targeted loci analyses (ermA, ermB, ermC, hla-?, and tsst-1) for understanding MRSA evolution in diverse clinical contexts. This study analyzed the phylogenetic relationships among 20 MRSA isolates, which were amplified from the targeted loci. The research focused on the ermA locus in three isolates (A1-A3), the ermB locus in nine isolates (B1 to B9), the ermC locus in six isolates (C1 to C6), the hla-? gene in one isolate (D1), and the tsst-1 gene in one isolate (E1). Genetic diversity was assessed based on the variants identified within these loci. Direct sequencing of the amplified fragments was conducted to detect genetic polymorphisms, and coding variants were translated to evaluate their potential effects on protein function. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to evaluate the associations and distributions of the experimental variables. Sequencing results confirmed that the isolates were S. aureus. The alignment revealed no variants in samples A1-A3, C1-C6, and D1. One variant (176G>A) was found in group B1-B9, resulting in a missense mutation (p.100Ser>Asn). Sample E1 contained a single nucleotide deletion (56C-del). Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct clades of isolates that corresponded with various clinical and non-clinical sources. The ermA locus proved to be more effective in tracking the evolutionary trajectories of the studied S. aureus isolates compared to the other loci. These findings suggest that ermA markers could be valuable for broader applications in monitoring the evolutionary distributions of bacterial strains across diverse contexts. Further investigation may enhance our understanding of bacterial evolution in various environments.
Phytochemical, antioxidant, in silico, and in vitro anti-breast cancer effects of Erigeron sumatrensis from Gayo Highlands (Indonesia) against MCF-7 cells
Authors: PUSPA VIVIVERA RUSELLI , ADISTA MUHAMMAD ANSARI , DJUFRI DJUFRI
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Puspa VR, Adista MA, Djufri. 2024. Phytochemical, antioxidant, in silico, and in vitro anti-breast cancer effects of Erigeron sumatrensis from Gayo Highlands (Indonesia) against MCF-7 cells. Biodiversitas 25: 5123-5137. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of Erigeron sumatrensis, a wild herb from the Gayo Highlands, by evaluating its methanol stem extract's phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, biological activity, molecular docking, ADMET prediction, and MTT assay using MCF-7 cells. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, and alkaloids. The stem extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content at 959.091 mgQE/g. Antioxidant activity, assessed using the DPPH assay, was strong with an IC50 value of 96 ?g/mL. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the methanol extract of E. sumatrensis stems led to the identification of 24 compounds. Molecular docking studies identified three compounds-Stigmast-7-en-3-ol, (3?,5?,24S)-, Caryophyllene oxide and 1H-Cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol, decahydro- 1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-, [1ar(1a?,4a?,7?,7a?,7b?)] exhibiting potential anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 cells. ADMET analysis predicted compliance with all identified compounds, suggesting their suitability as oral drug candidates. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay against MCF-7 cells yielded a moderate cytotoxic classification with an IC50 of 192.90 ?g/mL. These findings highlight the promising potential of E. sumatrensis as a source of bioactive compounds for developing novel anti-breast cancer drugs. However, further research is needed to explore its full therapeutic potential and facilitate its development into pharmaceutical products.
Fish diversity and associated physicochemical conditions in seaweed farming areas in Bone Gulf Waters, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: PATANGNGARI FIJWAL , MUSBIR MUSBIR , NAJAMUDDIN NAJAMUDDIN
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Patangngari F, Musbir M, Najamuddin. 2025. Fish diversity and associated physicochemical conditions in seaweed farming areas in Bone Gulf Waters, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 153-165. The waters of Bone Gulf, located on the coast of Bone District, possess a longstanding legacy of fishing gear, specifically small fishing gear with a mesh size of 15 mm, which is in use today because of the substantial population along the coast. Seaweed farming regions have increasingly become alternatives to fishing zones. This research examines fish diversity and environmental factors in seaweed cultivation zones. Fish were obtained from fishermen utilizing fishing gear in seaweed regions, specifically around the Cape (ST 1), the middle (ST 2), and a distant estuary (ST 3) in Bone waters, from February to August 2024. 2375 fish specimens were gathered, encompassing 67 species from 40 families. Increased diversity was noted in species count (15-46), the species diversity index (2.48-3.18), the evenness index (0.832-0.910), the species richness index (2.64-6.96), and the species dominance index (0.057-0.096). The five most frequently captured species were Chanos chanos, Leiognathus fasciatus, Siganus guttatus, Terapon jarbua, Crenimugil seheli, and Lates calcarifer, together with Oreochromis mossambicus, classified as Vulnerable (VU), and Himantura uarnak, classified as Endangered (EN). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) shows that current velocity and depth are the main factors significantly associated with fish stocks. Furthermore, the phosphate, turbidity, nitrate, salinity, temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen metrics exhibited no significant impact across the three sites. Future research should focus on long-term monitoring of fish population dynamics, investigating the effects of seaweed farming on fish community structure, and formulating sustainable management practices that engage local communities to preserve and enhance aquatic ecosystems and ensure long-term ecosystem health.
eDNA metabarcoding in mangrove ecosystems for fish conservation and stock assessment of Sardinops sagax melanostictus in the Philippines
Authors: BALATERO TRICKSIE P. , MOLINA ZILJIH , DALAYAP RODELYN , DECHAVEZ RANDE , MANUBAG JANECE JEAN , SUMAYA NANETTE HOPE , DELA PEÑA JUSUA , TABUGO SHARON ROSE
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Balatero TP, Molina Z, Dalayap RM, Dechavez R, Manubag JJ, Sumaya NH, Peña JD, Tabugo SRM. 2025. eDNA metabarcoding in mangrove ecosystems for fish conservation and stock assessment of Sardinops sagax melanostictus in the Philippines. Biodiversitas 26: 347-357. Mangrove forests are essential ecosystems that provide many benefits, including nursery grounds for various marine species; however, identifying juveniles is often challenging, as visual fish surveys primarily rely on the characteristics of adult specimens for accurate classification. These vital ecosystems are threatened by overfishing, habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. Therefore, this study employs environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding as a non-invasive tool to identify fish species in the mangrove ecosystems of Mindanao, Philippines. eDNA metabarcoding facilitates species detection by analyzing genetic material found in environmental samples, offering a cost-effective and sensitive method for identifying fish species. Seawater samples were collected from selected mangrove areas, and the extracted eDNA was analyzed using high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS). The sampling sites were South Cotabato, Surigao del Norte, Misamis Oriental, and Tawi-Tawi, which recorded 29 species across 20 families. Notable species included Zenarchopterus dunckeri (Zenarchopteridae), a rare fish in the aquarium hobby; Hippocampus comes (Syngnathidae), the tiger-tail seahorse, which is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN; Sardinops melanostictus (Clupeidae), known for its high commercial value; Siganus corallinus (Siganidae), valued for both food and the aquarium trade; and Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Muraenidae), an invasive species, that plays a vital role in the food chain as a natural predator of lionfish. Tawi-Tawi Island emerged as the most diverse site, recording species from 11 families. The results highlight the critical role of mangroves as nurseries in supporting diverse fish populations and underscore the effectiveness of eDNA metabarcoding as complementary to traditional species inventory techniques.
Variability of yield and yield components of 23 hybrid cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) genotypes under shaded and unshaded conditions
Authors: Putri Deka Rosalinda Maulidya , Syukur Muhamad , Ritonga Arya Widura
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Putri DRM, Syukur M, Ritonga AW. 2025. Variability of yield and yield components of 23 hybrid cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) genotypes under shaded and unshaded conditions. Biodiversitas 26: 396-406. Cayenne pepper production is challenged by limited agricultural land, necessitating a sustainable intercropping system to meet rising demand. This requires varieties that can grow, develop, and produce under shade-stress conditions. This study aimed to obtain information on the variability of growth, yield components, and physiological traits and to determine yield-related traits in cayenne pepper hybrids obtained from full-diallel crosses under shaded and unshaded conditions. A total of 23 genotypes, consisting of 20 F1 hybrids from five parental lines and three comparisons, were planted using a nested randomized complete block design with two factors: shade and genotype. The results showed that G8 and G27 exhibited superior performance under shade conditions, producing a higher number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, marketable number of fruits, marketable yield fruit, fruit diameter, and fruit weight compared to unshaded conditions. These findings have practical implications for cayenne pepper production, as they can guide the selection of varieties for shaded conditions. Chili was categorized into six clusters under unshaded conditions and four clusters under shaded conditions. Marketable yield fruit, marketable number of fruits, and number of fruits per plant had a significant positive correlation coefficient on fruit yield per plant under unshaded conditions. In contrast, under shaded conditions, there was a significant positive correlation shown on fruit diameter, plant height, marketable yield fruit, number of fruits per plant, marketable number of fruits, and fruit weight.
Development of lectin gene-based SNAP and ARMS markers as anticancer biomarkers in mutant rodent tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme) of Pekalongan accession, Indonesia
Authors: MUFLIKHATI ZIDNI , Sianipar Nesti F. , Reflinur Reflinur , Anas Anas
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Muflikhati Z, Sianipar NF, Reflinur, Anas. 2025. Development of lectin gene-based SNAP and ARMS markers as anticancer biomarkers in mutant rodent tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme) of Pekalongan accession, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 424-433. Typhonium flagelliforme is a medicinal plant with potential anticancer properties. This study aimed to develop Single Nucleotide Amplified Polymorphism (SNAP) and Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) markers from the lectin gene that contributed to anticancer activity found in gamma-irradiated mutant rodent tuber plants of the Pekalongan accession. The two markers were designed for the site of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), which were identified at approximately 500 bp in the length of the lectin gene sequence. The SNAP Lec113 primer designed from a 113 bp silent mutation in the respective gene has successfully differentiated rodent tuber mutant lines across the wild-type, determined by the specific T allele at 351 bp. Meanwhile, the ARMS Lec241 primer, designed from a 241 bp missense mutation (arginine to threonine), distinguished mutants from their wild-type by the specific G allele at 193 bp. The two developed markers demonstrated their high specificity and sensitivity in detecting genetic variations spanning lectin gene involved in anticancer biosynthesis. The SNAP marker effectively distinguished among seven mutant samples, while the ARMS marker provided consistent results across experiments. These molecular markers offer a rapid and accurate method for identifying genetic variations in rodent tuber plants, providing a significant practical benefit for the field of genetic screening and mutation impact studies. The three-primer SNAP system presents a more cost-effective option for large-scale screening compared to the four-primer ARMS system. This study provides a foundation for targeted breeding programs and genetic studies in rodent tuber, potentially accelerating the development of varieties with enhanced medicinal properties. The markers enhance genetic screening efficiency and understanding of medicinal properties in rodent tuber, significantly advancing the field of natural product therapeutics and mutation impact studies.