bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children's advertisement-awareness related to their views on smoking
Authors: Charlton Anne
Published: March 2007

IN a Cancer Research Campaign-funded survey of 849 children aged nine and ten years, and 1132 chil dren aged 12 and 13 years in Cumbria and Tyne and Wear in November 1984, 67 per cent of the younger group and 84 per cent of the older group could name at least one cigarette brand. Seventeen per cent of the younger and 23 per cent of the older group named a favourite cigarette advertisement, although one per cent and two per cent respectively named cigar or tobacco advertisements on television, or anti- smoking posters. Those children who named a favourite advertisement showed significantly greater support for supposed positive values of smoking such as looking tough, looking grown-up, calming nerves, giving confidence and controlling weight. This difference in opinion applied equally to smokers and 'never-smokers' in both age groups. Comparatively few children - 20 per cent of smokers of the younger group and 12 per cent of the older group - smoked the brand they named as their favourite advertisement. Three-quarters of the sample expressed no brand loyalty, but of those who did, taste of the cigarette was the main reason they gave for choosing it, although some made the choice because they considered that cigarette to be less harmful.

It is suggested that children are receiving the posi tive messages from cigarette advertisements even as young as the impressionable age of nine years when they are most likely to try their first cigarette, although the advertisements are supposedly not intended for them. They may see these messages as generic to smoking and the positive impressions they gain from them could be one of the important influences in their decision to smoke.
Solvents and schoolchildren - knowledge and experimentation among a group of young people aged 11 to 18
Authors: Stuart Pauline
Published: March 2007

THE aim of the research project was to discover the prevalence of volatile substance abuse, commonly known as glue-sniffing, in one health district in the north west of England. The sample size was 1729 from nine out of a total of 12 of the district's com prehensive schools, plus one single-sex, fee-paying school. Of the total sample, six per cent had experi mented with a solvent, glue being the most popular substance. The experimentation rate varied con siderably according to the year, the first year show ing a one per cent rate, rising by four per cent each year, and peaking in the fourth year at 12 per cent.
Does sponsored sport lead to smoking among children?
Authors: Piepe Anthony , Charlton Peter , Morey Judy , Yerrell Paul , Ledwith Frank
Published: March 2007

A SURVEY of 861 children aged 11 to 15 plus was carried out in five schools in one educational auth ority using an anonymous questionnaire. It was found that children who had viewed the Master's Snooker Tournament sponsored by Benson and Hedges were more likely to recall the brand than non-viewers. This replication of previous findings was extended to include the effects of sponsored sport on smoking, after allowing for personality and social factors known to influence the frequency of smoking. Associations between recall, other adver tising variables and smoking were positive in all but one instance after allowing for the effects of controls.
Teach or treat? Questions posed by demands for prevention in dental consultations
Authors: Nettleton Sarah
Published: March 2007

RECENT reports suggest that the scope for dental health education in the dentist-patient consultation ought to be enhanced. It is pertinant to question how far, or whether or not, dentists are equipped, able and prepared to deliver education in the surgery. Inter views with 28 dentists offer an insight into the prob lems that such a preventive approach might encounter. Difficulties which dentists perceive are found to relate to their communication with patients, and the receptiveness of the patients to professional advice.
The Certificate in Health Education — A continuing experience in the development and training of health educators
Authors: Boothroyd Wendy , England Peter , Tibbs Geraldine
Published: March 2007

THIS paper describes key developments in the national validation of certificate courses, and the set ting up of a network of co-operative curriculum development projects between the Health Education Council, local health education services and their officers, and colleges and their tutors. These develop ments are encompassed in a centre-periphery inter actional model which, when projected into the future, displays continued active development. This model for the training and role development of health educators has considerable adaptability for use in other situations.
Children's opinions on whether or not cigarette advertisements should be banned
Authors: Aitken P.P. , Leathar D.S. , Squair S.I.
Published: March 2007

INDIVIDUAL interviews were conducted with 726 Glasgow children aged between six and 17 years. About 80 per cent of the children of primary school age favoured a ban on cigarette advertising, giving concern about health as the major reason for this. The proportion of children of secondary school age who favoured a ban decreased from 68 per cent among the 12- and 13-year-olds, to 44 percent among the 16- and 17-year-olds. Secondary school children tended to mention health concerns and the persuasive function of advertising when giving reasons for a ban. Smokers and children who said they would smoke when they were older tended to be less in favour of a ban on cigarette advertising. These findings, taken in conjunction with other research findings, suggest that cigarette advertising may have predisposing as well as reinforcing effects on children's smoking behaviour.
People's perceptions of the risk of Aids and the role of the mass media
Authors: Watney Simon
Published: March 2007

It is those who have the least to fear about Aids who are the most worried, according to the Terrence Higgins Trust. Simon Watney warns that misleading assessments of risk, anti-homosexual hysteria, and political philosophies influencing educational approaches could mean a bleak future.
A practice campaign for National No Smoking Day
Authors: Graffy Jonathan
Published: March 2007

DURING the four weeks before National No Smoking Day in 1986, all smokers attending an inner London general practice were asked to attempt to stop. The surgery was attended by 586 adults, 262 of whom were smokers. Eighty nine (34 per cent) of the smokers promised to try to stop, and these were fol lowed up by a postal questionnaire after three months. At least 72 per cent of those who had pledged to stop tried to do so and 57 per cent stopped for one day. After three months, eight per cent of those who had promised to stop were still not smok ing. Assuming that none of those who did not pledge to stop actually did so, this is equivalent to three per cent of all smokers who were consulted.

The results are comparable to those of other studies of general practitioners giving advice against smoking, and suggest that linking the advice given in routine consultations to a national cam paign is both acceptable and effective.
Using an Aids questionnaire in schools
Authors: Beckers Sue , Dlugolecka Maria
Published: March 2007

A QUESTIONNAIRE developed for use in schools in West Dorset has been found to provide a helpful way of commencing teaching and promoting discussion on Aids. It can also be used to evaluate students' beliefs and attitudes before and after teaching. Results of 442 completed questionnaires from 14 to 16-year-olds showed a good knowledge of Aids, especially in those areas emphasised by the govern ment campaign, but they also identified some com mon misconceptions, notably about the reliability of condoms for preventing its spread.
Fitness — why and what are we testing?
Authors: Abbott Janice , Gee Lindsey
Published: March 2007

THE last few years have seen an increase in popu larity in fitness testing among health educators. This paper addresses issues concerning the motives, responsibilities and professional competence of the tester, and examines which aspects of fitness are actually being measured. Guidelines are presented regarding the required knowledge and skills of all personnel involved in fitness testing.
Lifestyle and the elderly
Authors: Vetter Norman J. , Lewis Peter A. , Charny Mark
Published: March 2007

A RANDOM sample of over 4,000 residents of Cardiff were questioned about their lifestyle and attitudes to health. Comparisons between the younger and older age groups showed that older people drank less alcohol and smoked fewer cigarettes than younger people, but that they took less exercise and ate fewer foods of the kind associated with a healthy diet. Com parisons between the Cardiff survey and others reveal similar findings. There is a marked variation in the response of older people to different issues, pos sibly due to financial pressures. Older people were much closer to younger people in their knowledge of lifestyle issues than in their habits. Measures of the effectiveness of recent prevention strategies suggest that older people, as well as being interested in improving their health, will respond with changing their habits. Most importantly, they may experience enhanced well-being, if carefully targeted and treated as partners in the education process, rather than being simply recipients.
Knowledge and perceptions of HIV infection among Finns in 1989
Authors: Tikkanen Jorma , Koskela Kaj
Published: March 2007

THE purpose of the study was to explore the degree of knowledge among Finns of human immunodef iciency virus (HIV) infection and their attitudes towards it. The sample comprised 1,912 individuals, aged between 15 and 64, selected randomly and interviewed by telephone or in person in August 1989. There was good knowledge of the modes of transmission of HIV, HIV test methods and places in which testing takes place. The attitudes of the Finns towards the testing of special groups, such as for eigners, were relatively strict. On the other hand, attitudes towards those who have contracted HIV infection were fairly positive. Knowledge of and atti tudes towards HIV infection in Finland remained unchanged between 1988 and 1989. On an inter national basis, the situation in relation to HIV in Finland is good, and the possible reasons for this are discussed.
Evaluating professional development
Authors: Whitty G. , Aggleton P.J. , Fitz J.
Published: March 2007

THIS paper draws upon the findings of an evaluation and programme review of some of the professional development activities supported by the Health Education Council/Health Education Authority during the period 1986-89. The evaluation, based at Bristol Polytechnic, used a variety of methods to evaluate a set of activities consisting of the Certificate, Diploma and Masters courses supported by HEC/HEA and the Academic Lecturer scheme. The research team concluded that, despite the strengths of individual programme components, the overall provision for professional development in health education lacked co herence. They made various recommendations, as outlined in this pa per, and some of these are already being acted upon by the HEA.
Smoking among young people: some recent developments in Wales
Authors: Smith Christopher
Published: March 2007

RESULTS from the Welsh Youth Health Survey show a fall in experimentation with smoking between 1986 and 1990, but little change in smoking prevalence. Other data show that cigarettes are still widely avail able for purchase by the under-16s. These data pro vided the background against which Health for All targets on young people and smoking were developed for Wales, and reinforce the need for further work to promote smoke-free lifestyles and environments. Among the initiatives currently being undertaken by the Health Promotion Authority for Wales are support for non-smoking policies in schools, Smokebusters Cymru and addressing the issue of tobacco sales to the under-16s.
Social influences on the dental health behaviour of five year-olds
Authors: Thomas J.F.G. , Startup R.
Published: March 2007

THE dental care of 405 five year-old school children was investigated in a predominantly rural area of west Wales. Information was gathered from a ques tionnaire administered to parents covering a range of social variables. Some social class differences were noted but these were partly explained by reference to facilitating factors such as the possession of a car or telephone. It was the mother's educational level and her knowledge and attitudes which substan tially accounted for behaviour affecting the child's dental health. Of importance here were her degree of 'fatalism' and anxiety about dentistry. Mothers who were themselves regular or irregular attenders dif fered in their awareness of the dental services available.
Reasons for non-attendance for breast screening by Asian women
Authors: Hoare Tanya A. , Johnson Carolyn M. , Gorton Russell , Alberg Corinna
Published: March 2007

CONCERN is felt among those involved with the NHS breast screening programme that attendance by women from minority ethnic communities may be low, particularly amongst Asian women from the Indian sub-continent*. It is important to establish the relative importance of reasons for non-attend ance if health promotion resources to improve up take are to be directed in the most effective manner. In the study reported here, 93 non-attenders with Asian names, from an inner-city area of Manchester, were followed up by link workers in the summer of 1989. Half the women were found to be no longer resident at the address to which invitations were sent, and one-third of the others were on extended visits to Asia. Both attitudinal and practical reasons for non-attendance were given by the women who were contacted and interviewed. Thirty-four inter viewed women were offered additional appoint ments for screening, and after this personal intervention there was a 70 per cent uptake. Con clusions about the uptake of screening by Asian women may be unreliable, with misleadingly low values resulting from the inaccuracy of screening registers. Furthermore, comparisons made between Asian and other populations may be invalid. There appears to be potential for improving attendance by Asian women by increasing the understanding of what the invitation is for.
Coronary heart disease prevention in general practice: the practices and views of a national sample of general practitioners
Authors: Calnan Michael , Williams Simon
Published: March 2007

THE Health of the Nation white paper has prescribed an important role for primary health care in the key priority area of coronary heart disease prevention. One of the recommendations is to explore ways of developing existing health promotion arrangements in primary care in response to the national strategy. This study aimed to discover what these existing arrangements were through a postal survey and in- depth interviews with a random sample of general practitioners (GPs) in England during 1991 and 1992. The results show GPs' involvement was mainly con fined to risk factor assessment and management in the consultation, although there was little evidence of systematic risk assessment. The majority of the practices had well-person clinics, usually run by a practice nurse, where there was a greater likelihood of systematic tests and measurements. The impli cations of these findings are discussed.
Issues in implementing a national HEA campaign at local level
Authors: Velleman Gill , Oxford Liz
Published: March 2007

The study reported here assessed the attempts made at a district health authority level to implement a campaign initiated at a national level. Participants at briefing sessions which were promoted in one county to support the Health Education Authority's September 1991 'Food For The Heart' month, were all followed up in terms of types of activities organised and methods of evaluation used. Respondents reported various campaign aspects that were felt to be either helpful or a hindrance to the organisation of activities. These included issues around the campaign's focus and target, the available resources, and media involvement. The implications of these results for future programmes are discussed, including the campaign aim and objectives, guidance on activities, evaluation, resources and planning.
Smoking prevalence in 15-16-year-old pupils in Solihull, 1987-93: impact on health education practice
Authors: Robertson Wendy , Bedford Sara , Gabb Angela , Parfitt David , Field Neil
Published: March 2007

Since 1987, a survey of the prevalence of cigarette smoking among 15-16-year-olds in Solihull has been carried out every two years (1987, 1989, 1991 and 1993). The information was gathered by an anonymous self-administered questionnaire, distributed to a one-in-five random sample of Year 11 pupils from all Solihull Local Authority secondary schools. The percentage of pupils who smoked (defined as smoking at least one cigarette in the previous week) has increased from 23 per cent in 1987 to 28 per cent in 1993. In each survey, at least two-thirds of the pupils who smoked wished to give up. The information from the surveys has made it a priority to increase our effective no-smoking activity with young people to halt, then reverse, the current trend of increasing smoking rates among young people.
Promoting health through primary care: challenges in taking a strategic approach
Authors: Doyle Yvonne , Thomas Paul
Published: March 2007

A strategic approach to health promotion in primary care is more than the aggregate of individual activities within a practice setting, or providing health checks in 'health promotion' clinics. It implies a shared practice view of priorities for improving the health of the practice population. To develop a strategy, staff will need networks and skills which may be unfamiliar. This has implications for the working relationship between primary care and community health services, local authorities and the voluntary sector. Challenges to a coherent strategy arise from the isolation of health promotion initiatives in primary care from those of the district health authority, and the way in which the population uses general practice. Health promotion initiatives at every level of the NHS should be evaluated but there are recognised problems in undertaking these evalua tions. A multidisciplinary working group of the Faculty of Public Health Medicine has identified the need for: better local links between primary care and other agencies, research at regional and national level, and training for primary care teams.
Skin, sun and sense: an evaluation of a skin cancer prevention campaign
Authors: Fielder H. , Lo SV , Shorney S. , Roberts DL
Published: March 2007

'Molewatch' was a public education campaign in West Glamorgan to raise the awareness of the general public about the dangers of excessive exposure to sunlight and to encourage the early detection of skin cancers, especially malignant melanomas. During 1995 a mobile trailer was used as a source of information for individuals, and also provided a focus for mass media attention. The evaluation reported here showed that media cove rage ensured that at least two million people had the opportunity to see or read about the campaign; 10,000 leaflets were distributed and the numbers referred to the dermatology clinic rose. Analysis of questionnaires ad ministered to visitors to the mobile trailer and six weeks after the campaign showed increased awareness about sun protection measures after the campaign, but no change in behaviour.
An evaluation of a training workshop for pharmacists based on the Stages of Change model of smoking cessation
Authors: Sinclair Hazel , Bond Christine , Lennox A Scott , Silcock Jonathan , Winfield Arthur
Published: March 2007

This paper details part of the findings of a randomised controlled trial to evaluate an interactive training workshop, based on the Stages of Change model of smoking cessation, which was commissioned from Grampian Health Promotions. Forty pharmacists and 54 pharmacy assistants from 32 Grampian community pharmacies attended the training intervention in January 1995. Participants were followed up by postal questionnaire at 0, 2 and 12 months to assess their perceptions of the value and utility of the training, and in-depth information was gathered using telephone interviews with a representative sample of participants (n = 20) 18 months after the workshop. The majority of pharmacists and pharmacy assistants thought that: the model was a good way of understanding smoking cessation; the training was a good learning experience and a good use of their time; they had been able to utilise the training; it had made a difference to the way they counselled customers; had helped them to help their customers; and had increased their job satisfaction.
Curbing illegal cigarette sales to children: an assessment of an initiative in Sandwell
Authors: Saxon Chris , Middleton John , Robinson Bob
Published: March 2007

Changes in the enforcement of laws prohibiting the sale of cigarettes to under-16-year-olds are reviewed, and the role of health authorities in ensuring that the law is rigorously enforced is discussed. Results of concerted test-purchase campaigns in various parts of the country are discussed in relation to Sandwell's 1995/96 findings. These show lower levels of sales than in some other parts of the country. Prosecutions have been successful, with fines in the lower range of those imposed around the country. Various ways of continuing this initiative are discussed.
Cervical screening: the knowledge and opinions of black and minority ethnic women and of health advocates in East London
Authors: Box Val
Published: March 2007

As part of the initial phase of the ScanLink project carried out by the Can cerlink charity and held in Newham, East London, from 1995 to 1997, the views and experiences of black and minority ethnic women were sought on smear-test screening for cervical cancer. Several previous studies have found that minority ethnic groups receive unequal screening coverage. As part of community awareness-raising sessions on cancer, 172 black and minority eth nic women completed questionnaires on their knowledge, attitudes and experi ences of cancer-screening services. Of these women, 17 also took part in individual in-depth interviews; 11 of the session facilitators were interviewed individually, and 11 health advocates took part in two focus-group discussions, It was found that: many of the women surveyed were unaware of the screening service; many others held misconceptions about the smear test;, and fear, embarrassment and previous negative experiences all inhibited initial or repeat attendance for screening. This article focuses on issues concerning ethnicity, language, advocacy and racism.
Improving written information for women about cervical screening: evidence-based criteria for the content of letters and leaflets
Authors: Davey C. , Austoker J. , Jansen C.
Published: March 2007

Over 3 million women in England have a smear test each year, and many of them will require further investigation and possibly treatment. The adverse psychological consequences associated with cervical screening are well estab lished. Written information is one effective strategy to help allay women's fears and concerns, but the quality of the information that women receive needs to be improved. This article describes the use of a systematic review of the literature to develop evidence-based criteria for the content of letters and leaflets for each stage of the cervical screening process form invitaion for the initial smear test to treatment. The methodology used in conducting the review is also described.
Perspectives, practices and the Pharmacy Healthcare Scheme: a small-scale investigation of use of health-education leaflets among pharmacists in Wales
Authors: Mullan Elaine , Fry Alison , Tudor-Smith Chris
Published: March 2007

Since 1993 pharmacists have been contractually obliged to display health- education leaflets. However, there has been little examination of pharmacists' attitudes to and usage of such leaflets. Are pharmacists happy with the Phar macy Healthcare Scheme (PHS) leaflet service? Are leaflets important to them? How are leaflets distributed? This paper reports on a srnall-scale investigation of these questions with 85 pharmacists in Wales and provides a preliminary profile of perspectives and practices concerning health-education leaflets among those involved in the PHS. Overall, attitudes to leaflets were positive, usage was in keeping with good-practice guidelines and respondents were happy with the PHS leaflet-supply service. However, few reported giving feed back concerning leaflets and leaflet provision to either the PHS or their local health promotion unit (HPU). In addition, 88 per cent reported never receiving guidelines on leaflet use, a large proportion use commercial leaflets and there is little interaction with HPUs. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for policy and practice.
Europeans in late Mughal south Asia: The perceptions of Italian missionaries
Authors: Lorenzen David N.
Published: March 2007

During the last half of the eighteenth century, a group of Roman Catholic Capuchin friars from Italy were active as missionaries in various towns in Bihar and also in Chandernagore. Their principal stations in Bihar were Bettiah and Patna. Four of these missionaries wrote letters, essays, books and translations relating to their encounter with Hinduism, Indian culture, and the political events of the period. These texts shed light on what was happening in these towns during this period, and also explain in detail the reactions of the missionaries to Hindu polytheism, Hindu mythology, the caste system, and the political culture of late Mughal society. What is particularly interesting is the contrast between their perceptions, influenced by conservative Catholicism, and those of the French and British, more influenced by Enlightenment culture.
Is It Possible To Adapt To the Suicide of a Close Individual? Results of a 10-Year Prospective Follow-Up Study
Authors: Saarinen Pirjo Irmeli , Hintikka Jukka , Vnamäki Heimo , Lehtonen Johannes , Lönnqvist Jouko
Published: March 2007

We conducted a prospective ten-year follow-up study on the consequences of a suicide among relatives or other individuals close to the suicide victim. Baseline interviews (n = 104) were carried out during the National Suicide Prevention Project in Finland from 1987 to 1988. Semi-structured follow-up interviews including the 12- item General Health Questionnaire and the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory were carried out ten years later (n = 64, 64% of those still alive). Mental symptoms were reported to have been common after suicide but they had subsided during three years. Mental symptoms had been common especially among children after their parent's suicide. At baseline mothers had had depressive symptoms more often than others, but at follow-up there was no statistical difference. Life changes associated with the suicide were common, and they could be unfavourable as well as favourable. At the time of the follow-up study, half of the interviewees felt that baseline interviews had helped them to adjust to the suicide.
University Students' Attitudes Towards Mental Patients and Psychiatric Treatment
Authors: Chung K.F. , Chen Eric Y.H. , Liu Catherine S.M.
Published: March 2007

Background: Public attitudes towards mental patients and psychiatric treatment are mostly unfavorable, Mental patients tend to conceal their illness or selectively disclose their treatment histories to someone they trust.

Aims: To examine the university students' attitudes towards different information regarding a person labeled as mentally ill.

Methods: We designed seven descriptions of a mentally ill person of varying past and current treatment histories and randomly assigned 308 university under graduates to read one of the descriptions. Subjects rated their willingness to interact with the hypothetical case using a 19-item social distance scale.

Results: Greater social distance was associated with non-medical field of study, no previous contact with the mentally ill and female gender. Subjects without previous contact with mentally ill individuals kept greater distance from a discharged mental patient receiving psychiatric care than a mental patient who did not require medications nor psychiatric follow-up. In contrast, respondents who had previous contact with the mentally ill were more willing to interact with a discharged mental patient receiving psychiatric care comparing with a person labeled as mentally ill alone and a mental patient who had never been admitted to hospital. Conclusions: Implications of our findings in clinical management and designing stigma-reducing programme are discussed.
Cultural Phenomenology and Residency Training Revisited
Authors: Zimmer Ben
Published: March 2007

A field experience in the Northern Galilee area of Israel is described by a Senior American Resident in Psychiatry, with emphasis on the cultural aspects of the experience as well as the benefits related to professional maturation. The author discusses the field experience as part of a residency education, invites other such experiences, and compares his own experiences with others described in the literature.
A Comparative Study of Opinions of U.S.a. and European Professionals On the Etiology of Infantile Autism
Authors: Sanua Victor D.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the paper is to present the results of a cross-national research on the opinions of various professionals in the U.S.A and Europe as to the causation of infantile autism. Respondents were given 12 causatative factors to choose from.

The major finding is that a much larger percentage of psychiatrists, psychologists and other professionals, primarily social workers in the United States believe in the organic etiology of infantile autism. A larger percentage of professionals in Europe were more likely to attribute the disease to environmental factors, primarily familial. It seems that irrespective of discipline, the belief in the organic etiology of infantile autism is stronger in the U.S.A. than in Europe.
Unwelcome Guests: Bugbears of the Emergency Room Physician
Authors: Adityanjee  , Mohan D. , Wig N.N.
Published: March 2007

In a prospective study on psychiatric emergencies in the setting of a general hospital, the phenomenon of repeat-visits was studied. Results confirm that repeaters repre sent a sizeable load on emergency services—about 18% of all psychiatric emergen cies. Females and neurotics are over-represented among the repeaters. Chronic repeaters tend to evoke strong feelings among the emergency physicians thereby decreasing their chances of referral to the psychiatry resident on call.
"A Normality for Us Without Confinement for Them": Notes On the Associations of Families of the Mentally Ill
Authors: Grazia Giannichedda Maria
Published: March 2007

Associations of families of the mentally ill arose in Italy in the early 1980s mainly in the country's northern and central regions. They denounced the inadequacies of an extramural service conceived of as an out-patient clinic filling the void left by the shutting down of asylums. The positions elaborated by these associations focus on four main themes: the distribution of the "burden of care" for the ill between ser vices and families; the ill-conceived interpretation of the families' needs owing to the professional's alleged tendency to "point the finger of guilt" at the families themselves; the demand for greater power in regard to decisions made by the services; the interac tion with the rights and liberties of the mentally ill. Two different ranges of problems are discussed. First, there is the conflict within the family between the interests and rights of its income-producing and its "dependent" members. This conflict points not to a loss but to an overload of functions shifted to the family at a time of rising expectations for the satisfaction of needs. It therefore calls for services of a new kind, i.e. services capable of making these conflicting interests and rights compatible. Second, extramural services either reject or misinterpret the asylum's labour-saving function. These services thus ascribe care for the material life of the mentally ill to the family's own resources alone. Hence the need in the field of mental health to rethink the type of approach to the family, and the necessity—crucial throughout the welfare system—of deep-going organizational and cultural transformations in order to revise the distribution of the time to care among families, public and private institu tions, conventional and voluntary services.
Psychiatric Hospitalisations Evaluated by Patients
Authors: Boller Svend , Valbak Kristian , Lindhardt Anne , Tybjerg Jørgen
Published: March 2007

For a number of years consumer satisfaction evaluation has been used as documen tary evidence of the effect of treatment in psychiatric service systems. Especially in the USA consumer evaluations have been used in connection with the closure of the large central mental hospitals and the changeover to a community based psychiatric service system.

The present investigation was conducted in a large psychiatric hospital and con firmed other such investigations that the patients are satisfied with the psychiatric treatment system. This result is in sharp contrast with society's general attitude to the same treatment system.

In the present study we found a significant positive correlation between a positive assessment of hospitalisation and the relatives' contact with the staff on the ward. This is an important result in a period when spending cuts and reductions in staff might reduce time for contacts with relatives.

Consumer evaluations such as the present one are necessary as a basis of future adjustments in the psychiatric treatment system.
Returning for Follow Up: Attendance Compliance in an Indian Psychiatric Clinic
Authors: Bender Keith G. , Koshy M.K.
Published: March 2007

Attendance compliance was studied in first time outpatient attenders at an Indian psychiatric clinic. Compliance was positively associated with the patient's willing ness to attend the initial consultation, being given an early appointment time for the first follow up appointment, good work prognosis and informing the patient's accompanying relative of this good work prognosis. Factors associated with decreased compliance were telling the patient the expected duration of treatment and an illness duration of less than six months at the time of presentation. The results have implications for timing of the subsequent appointment, developing rapport with the patient and being circumspect about what the patient is told.
Pretreatment Expectations of New Zealand Clients Receiving Cognitive-Behavioural Psychotherapy: Comparison With a North American Sample
Authors: Deane Frank P.
Published: March 2007

A study of New Zealand clients' expectations of psychotherapy was conducted using the Psychotherapy Questionnaire (PQ). The PQ was administered to 141 New Zealand clients attending their first appointment with a clinical psychologist. The New Zealand clients' expectations were compared to previous research using a sample of USA clients who also completed the PQ prior to their first visit with a therapist. Those differences between the NZ and USA samples were consistent with previous research comparing the expectations of non-American samples. In general the NZ sample expected to be more passive in therapy than the USA sample and did not expect to have to discuss difficult or uncomfortable topics. Despite these differences there were suggestions that NZ and USA clients may have more similarities than differences with regard to their expectations about psychotherapy.
Psychiatric Morbidity of Foreign Students in Yugoslavia: a 25 Year Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Janca Aleksandar , Helzer John E.
Published: March 2007

Psychiatric morbidity of hospitalized foreign students in Yugoslavia was analyzed in a 25-year retrospective study and was compared to the psychiatric morbidity of a group of Yugoslav students hospitalized in the same psychiatric institutions, over the same time period. Results showed significantly higher rates of paranoid and depressive reactions amongstforeign students, and suggested correlation between their psychiatric morbidity and maladaptation to the new living conditions.
Stages of Acculturation as Reflected By Depression Reduction in Immigrant Nursing Students
Authors: Hener T. , Weller A. , Shor R.
Published: March 2007

Depression amongst immigrant students from the former Soviet Union was assessed as an index of the stage of their acculturation into the new host society, Israel. At the beginning of the first year of nursing school, three groups completed the Beck Depression Inventory. The two groups of immigrants: immigrant nurses preparing for licensing ( N = 26) and immigrant students ( N = 16), reported mild levels of depression, while Israeli students ( N = 33) were significantly less depressed, within the normal range. Six months later, both immigrant groups were within the normal range, the immigrant nurses group showing the greatest decrease in depression. This change may be explained by adaptation to the educational setting, mastering the host society's language and social anchorage. The importance of background variables for predicting depression reduction is examined. The findings are discussed within the framework of multistage models of acculturation and the implications for counseling immigrant students are presented.
Social Support and Adjustment to a Novel Social Environment
Authors: Furukawa Toshiaki , Sarason Irwin G. , Sarason Barbara R.
Published: March 2007

The present article aims to examine the ways in which social support may affect the adaptation of individuals to a novel social environment. A distinctive feature of this research was the assessment of social support both before and after entering a completely new network of social relationships. A cohort of international exchange high school students (N = 242) was administered a battery of self-report ques tionnaires dealing with personality traits, perceived social support, coping beha viors and emotional distress before leaving Japan and six months after living with a host family in a foreign community. Perceived social support abroad contributed to less emotional distress. This health-promoting effect of social support was found to be mediated by adaptive coping behaviours, and was not due to confounding by personality traits. Perceived social support at home was predictive of more emotional distress abroad. Subjects who reported high levels of social support at home were particularly vulnerable when they entered the completely new environment and found that such support was no longer available.
Meeting Students' Total Communication Needs
Authors: Cox Homer L.
Published: March 2007

The remarks in this article were delivered as Professor Cox's Presidential Address to the American Business Writing Association, December 28, 1966, Sheraton-Charles Hotel, New Orleans, Louisiana. Originally titled "The Greater Opportu nity," the article focuses on the emerging necessity for serving the communication needs of all students, not just business-school students, and presents ideas on how the '' new curriculum" might be struc tured.
Business Communication Consulting
Authors: Gieselman Robert D. , Philpott James
Published: March 2007

This recent survey of ABCA members reveals that consulting in the business communications field is less aggressive and profitable than it might be Faculty members charge their clients fees that are fractions of those charged by full-time consultants. These low fees, the authors believe, are a disservice to the profession.
DATA COMMUNICATIONS: Rationale for Enrichment in Business Communication
Authors: Christensen G. Jay
Published: March 2007

The author of this article believes that data communications will make revo lutionary changes in the field of business communications, and that teachers in the field should immediately become aware of the main problems which data communications technology presents and introduce discussion of these problems into the curriculum.
PREDICTING MESSAGE EFFECT IN WRITTEN BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS: The Need for Theoretical Formulations
Authors: Almaney Adnan
Published: March 2007

The business communicator's ability to elicit a certain response from the receiver is intimately connected with his ability to predict reliably the effect of the encoded message. Such prediction requires theoretical formulations to explain the interaction or causal associations among the components of the communication process.
Determining the Content of a Collegiate Report-Writing Course
Authors: Van Fleet Ellamaye
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes Dr. Van Fleet's dissertation, completed at the Univer sity of Tennessee in December, 1969. Particularly interesting are the expressed educational needs of professional report writers.
CURRENT TRENDS IN TEACHING BUSINESS COMMUNICATION: A Report of Practices in Member Schools of the American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business
Authors: Bullard Dwight
Published: March 2007

This paper summarizes the characteristics of business communication courses as they are taught in colleges holding membership in the American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business. It draws conclusions about present practices and recommends developments and improvements.
The Business Communications Laboratory
Authors: Rudolph Evan
Published: March 2007

The author presents several provocative reasons why traditional approaches are no longer applicable in the teaching of Business Communications and suggests a simulation approach which combines the traditional methodology with a newer procedural approach.
Differences Between Managers and Subordinates in Their Perception of Opinion Leaders
Authors: Peterson Brent D.
Published: March 2007

This study identifies opinion leaders in the areas of Task, Organizational Scuttle- butt, and Personal Guidance, and determines how managers in the organization rated or perceived these opinion leaders as compared to how subordinates in the organization perceived them.
Bond Stresses in Fiber Reinforced Composites Subjected to Uniform Tension
Authors: Chang C.S. , Conway H.D.
Published: March 2007

Theoretical elasticity solutions are presented for determining the bond stresses between the fibers and matrix of reinforced com posites. The effects of fiber dimensions, spacing and Poisson's ratio are all studied in problems of plane stress. The first problem con sidered is a column of rigid, one-dimensional fibers equally spaced in an infinite, elastic sheet subjected to a uniform stress field parallel to the fibers. The bond stresses are calculated by Fourier integral and modified point-matching techniques. The effects on the bond stresses of varying the length/spacing ratio and Poisson's ratio for the matrix are investigated. The second problem investi gated is that of an elastic sheet containing regularly distributed rows and columns of rigid, one-dimensional fibers. The elastic sheet is again subjected to a uniform tension. Fourier series and modified point-matching techniques are used in this analysis. The effects on the bond stresses of varying the horizontal and vertical spacing are again investigated.
Effect of Fillers and Voids on Compressive Yield of Epoxy Composites
Authors: Ishai Ori , Coheno Leslie J.
Published: March 2007

Two series of epoxy composites, filled and porous, were loaded in compression up to yield under several constant strain rates. Results indicate a linear relationship between yield stress and log strain rate, characterized by a constant slope for the different com positions, and almost linear dependence of yield stress on filler content. A simplified empirical formula was derived for the yield stress of filled composites as function of filler content and strain rate. Similar dependence was found for porous composites.

The strain-rate dependence indicates non-Newtonian visco plastic behaviour obeying the corresponding Eyring equation. The filler content was found to have almost no effect on the activation volume terms, and its main effect is apparently with regard to the activation energy characteristics of the yielding process.
Dynamic Moduli and Damping Ratios in Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Schultz Albert B. , Tsai Stephen W.
Published: March 2007

Measurements of elastic moduli and damping ratios are reported for glass fiber reinforced, unidirectional composite beams when they are vibrated over a frequency range of 5.0-10,000 Hz.

The elastic moduli show little tendency to change within this frequency range, except when the fibers make an angle of 45° with the beam axis, in which case the modulus is raised about 15 percent above its low frequency value. The low frequency values are 7-27 percent higher than the static values.

The damping ratios are typically of magnitude 10-2 but exhibit both frequency and amplitude dependence. At high frequencies, the damping ratio for a 0° beam is almost five times that of an aluminum beam, while for a 22.5° or 45° beam it is over thirty times as large. The increase in ratio magnitude with change in fiber orientation angle usually occurs in the order 0°, 22.5°, 90°, 45°. The damping ratios transform as the imaginary parts of complex moduli. If the damping ratios are known for three fiber orientation angles, they may be predicted for any other angle. In this respect, the composite exhibits anisotropic, linear viscoelastic behavior when undergoing small oscillations.
Experimental Study of the Stability of Composite Plates
Authors: Ashton J.E. , Love T.S.
Published: March 2007

An experimental study of the uniaxial compressive stability of rectangular boron-epoxy laminated plates is presented. The plates are clamped on the loaded edges and either clamped or simply- supported on the sides. The buckling loads are determined by means of Southwell plots and are compared to analytical results obtained with a previously published method. Experimental results are presented for twenty composite plates and four metal plates. Good agreement between the experimental and analytical results is shown for both symmetrical and unsymmetrical plates, and for plates strongly aniso tropic as well as orthotropic and isotropic.
Shear Buckling of Unsymmetrical Cross-Ply Plates
Authors: Whitney J.M.
Published: March 2007

Recently solutions have been obtained [1, 2, 3] for the bending, vibrations, and buckling of laminated plates in which coupling between bending and stretch ing is important. However, buckling results were limited to unsymmetric angle- ply laminates under biaxial compression. Thus, there are no solutions available for the buckling of coupled laminates subjected to shear loading.

This paper is concerned with the stability of unsymmetric cross-ply rectangular plates under uniform shear. These composites consist of an even number of layers all of the same thickness and elastic properties with the orthotropic axes of symmetry in each ply alternately oriented at 0° and 90° to the plate axes. Hinge- support boundary conditions are considered. The effect of coupling is ascertained by comparing coupled solutions to those obtained by neglecting the coupling coefficients in the governing equations. Applicability of the reduced bending stiffness approximation to shear buckling of cross-ply composites is also in vestigated.