bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Induction of systemic resistance in tomato against broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca)
Authors: Borzouei Shahla , Sharifi Rouhallah , Moarrefzadeh Nahid
Published: August 2019

Rhizosphere dwelling bacteria can increase plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and they promote plant growth through various mechanisms. In this study, three bioassays were conducted including the following: (a) screening for effective bacterial isolates in the suppression of broomrape, (b) evaluating induced systemic resistance against broomrape and (c) comparing the selected bacterium isolate with plant chemical inducers. Fifteen plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were examined to assess their biocontrol potential against Egyptian broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca). Ten isolates significantly reduced the broomrape biomass compared to the control. The Lysinibacillus boronitolerans B124 reduced the dry weight of broomrape plants from 2.15 g in control to 0.45 g. Bacillus megaterium B6 was the best isolate in reducing the number of broomrape tubercles. In addition, the activity of three selected bacterial isolates was investigated in induced systemic resistance to broomrape by split‐root method. The Bacillus pumilus INR7 reduced the number of visible broomrape tubercles by 90%, and B. megaterium B71 and L. boronitolerans B124 were the next two in rank. Compared with the control, L. boronitolerans B124 reduced the dry weight of broomrape from 1.49 g in control to 0.39 g. In a subsequent experiment, L. boronitolerans B124 was evaluated along with some resistance‐inducing volatile compounds. Lysinibacillus boronitolerans B124 decreased the number of broomrapes by 87% on average, while the lowest dry weight of broomrape was observed in methyl jasmonate treatment. In conclusion, PGPR have considerable potential to be used in the integrated management of broomrape. It is also possible to use a mixture of rhizobacteria and defence inducers, such as biogenic volatiles as a promising approach in the management of this noxious parasitic weed.
Variability of first morning urine specific gravity in 103 healthy dogs
Authors: Rudinsky Adam , Cortright Catherine , Purcell Sally , Cordner Amy , Lord Linda , Wellman Maxey , DiBartola Stephen , Chew Dennis
Published: August 2019

Background

Urine specific gravity (USG) is an integral part of the urinalysis and a key component of many clinical decisions, and fluctuations in USG have the potential to impact case management.

Objectives

To determine the intraindividual variability of first morning USG results in healthy dogs.

Animals

One hundred three healthy client‐owned dogs.

Methods

Dogs were deemed healthy based on clinical history and physical examination findings. Repeated USG measurements were performed over the course of 2 weeks. Three urine samples were collected each week for a total of 6 samples per dog. Sample collection was distributed evenly throughout the week. Urine samples were acquired immediately upon waking and before any ingestion of liquids, food, or exertion of physical activity in the dogs. All measurements were made using the same Misco digital refractometer.

Results

Intraindividual USG was variable over the course of the study. The mean difference between the minimum and maximum USG for each dog was 0.015 (SD, 0.007). The within‐week difference between the minimum and maximum USG was less than over the complete 2‐week study (0.009 [SD 0.006] for week 1 and 0.010 [SD 0.007] for week 2). The mean coefficient of variance across all 6 time points was 15.4% (SD 8.97%).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Clinically important variation occurs in USG in healthy animals and might impact clinical decision‐making when diagnostic cutoff points are utilized. Clinicians should be aware of inherent variability in this clinical variable when analyzing results.
Dietary probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M modulates the intestinal microbiota and stimulates intestinal immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Al‐Hisnawi Ali , Rodiles Ana , Rawling Mark D. , Castex Mathieu , Waines Paul , Gioacchini Georgia , Carnevali Oliana , Merrifield Daniel L.
Published: August 2019

A study was conducted to evaluate the probiotic effect of Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish (310 ± 9 g) were fed a control diet or a P. acidilactici‐supplemented diet (at 2.4 × 106 CFU/g) for 4 weeks. The probiotic was observed to populate the intestine with levels ranging from log 3.7 to 5.4 CFU/g. Furthermore, these populations were able to persist for at least 24 hr after the cessation of probiotic feeding. High‐throughput sequencing analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA libraries demonstrated that P. acidilactici was able to modulate the gut microbiome of rainbow trout and that the probiotic was detected as a common taxon on the mucosa and in the digesta of the probiotic fish (p < .05). Real‐time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that feeding the probiotic upregulated pro‐inflammatory cytokines, interleukin‐1β, and interleukin‐8 and downregulated anti‐inflammatory interleukin‐10 compared to the control‐fed fish. Furthermore, the mRNA levels for the mucosal antibody immunoglobulin T was also elevated in probiotic‐fed fish. These findings help to explain some of the mechanisms behind the previously reported observed benefits of using this probiotic in the intestinal morphology and immunity of rainbow trout.
Inflammation—The role of ATP in pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Fodor Paul , White Benjamin , Khan Raheela
Published: August 2019

Sterile inflammation may be initiated by molecules in the host organism that signal “damage” or “danger” also known as danger‐associated molecular pattern (DAMPs). In pre‐eclampsia (PE), a variety of DAMPs may be involved in the etiology or exacerbation of the disorder. Adenosine 5’‐triphosphate (ATP) is a key intracellular energy molecule as well as a ligand for purinergic receptors. In humans, under physiological conditions, extracellular ATP (eATP) levels are distinctly low, but can rise to several hundred fold when cells become injured, stressed, or even necrotic. This often initiates a sterile inflammatory response with eATP acting as a DAMP. Extracellular ATP and its derivative nucleotides synthetized by endonucleotidases exhibit many of their effects through purinergic receptors, via inflammatory cascades and the production of proinflammatory molecules. This is clearly seen in the P2X7 gated receptor, which is linked to release of cytokines of the interleukin‐1 family. Considering its fundamental role in innate immunity, an imbalance of P2X7 receptor activation may lead to deleterious effects in the coordination of placental vessel tone via the synthesis of various proinflammatory cytokines. This review explores the implication of DAMPs, specifically ATP and uric acid in the inflammation associated with PE.
Childhood obesity intervention studies: A narrative review and guide for investigators, authors, editors, reviewers, journalists, and readers to guard against exaggerated effectiveness claims
Authors: Brown Andrew W. , Altman Douglas G. , Baranowski Tom , Bland J. Martin , Dawson John A. , Dhurandhar Nikhil V. , Dowla Shima , Fontaine Kevin R. , Gelman Andrew , Heymsfield Steven B. , Jayawardene Wasantha , Keith Scott W. , Kyle Theodore K. , Loken Eric , Oakes J. Michael , Stevens June , Thomas Diana M. , Allison David B.
Published: August 2019

Being able to draw accurate conclusions from childhood obesity trials is important to make advances in reversing the obesity epidemic. However, obesity research sometimes is not conducted or reported to appropriate scientific standards. To constructively draw attention to this issue, we present 10 errors that are commonly committed, illustrate each error with examples from the childhood obesity literature, and follow with suggestions on how to avoid these errors. These errors are as follows: using self‐reported outcomes and teaching to the test; foregoing control groups and risking regression to the mean creating differences over time; changing the goal posts; ignoring clustering in studies that randomize groups of children; following the forking paths, subsetting, p‐hacking, and data dredging; basing conclusions on tests for significant differences from baseline; equating “no statistically significant difference” with “equally effective”; ignoring intervention study results in favor of observational analyses; using one‐sided testing for statistical significance; and stating that effects are clinically significant even though they are not statistically significant. We hope that compiling these errors in one article will serve as the beginning of a checklist to support fidelity in conducting, analyzing, and reporting childhood obesity research.
An experimental test of the effects of dispersal and the paradox of enrichment on metapopulation persistence
Authors: Laan Erin , Fox Jeremy W.
Published: August 2019

Many species exhibit high‐amplitude, extinction‐prone cycles, for instance due to resource enrichment (called the paradox of enrichment). How do such species manage to persist? One possibility is metapopulation dynamics, but it is unclear if these can mitigate the paradox of enrichment. The paradox of enrichment might increase local population extinction rates, and might also increase the spatial synchrony of population fluctuations because population cycles are easily synchronized by even low rates of dispersal. Spatially‐synchronous population fluctuations would leave no scope for rescue effects, and spatially‐synchronous local extinctions would leave no source for recolonization. We conducted a protist microcosm experiment to test how dispersal and enrichment affect the persistence of predator–prey metapopulations by altering spatial synchrony. We assembled 54, 4‐patch metapopulations of the protist predator Euplotes patella and its protist prey Tetrahymena pyriformis. Each metapopulation experienced one of nine dispersal rates, crossed with one of six enrichment levels. We tested the effects of enrichment and dispersal on predator–prey cycle amplitude, predator population extinction risk, spatial synchrony of predator population fluctuations, and predator metapopulation persistence time. Enrichment increased predator–prey cycle amplitude but had no detectable effect on population extinction risk. Dispersal had no effect on predator–prey cycle amplitude. Spatial synchrony increased with enrichment and dispersal. Metapopulation persistence decreased with enrichment and spatial synchrony. We conclude that increasing enrichment reduced metapopulation persistence primarily by increasing spatial synchrony of local extinctions, rather than by increasing their frequency. These results highlight the importance of synchrony‐preventing mechanisms for metapopulation persistence.
Structure and vulnerability of the multi‐interaction network in macrophyte‐dominated lakes
Authors: Puche Eric , Rojo Carmen , Ramos‐Jiliberto Rodrigo , Rodrigo María A.
Published: August 2019

The network approach is crucial to understand how ecosystems are structured and how they will respond to the disturbances (e.g. the current global change). We have recreated the multi‐interaction network of a shallow freshwater lake dominated by submerged macrophytes (Charophytes), a known system very vulnerable to environmental changes, considering both trophic and non‐trophic relationships among its elements. To minimize the environmental variability, we established it in an experimental mesocosm, including three habitats: the pelagic, the habitat around the meadow and the periphytic community living on macrophytes. We aimed to study the structure of this network and the roles of its elements, as well as the response of this system to a foreseeable decrease in charophytes due to the global change. Thus, we tested whether there are species in the system that, due to the connections they establish, have central or connecting roles and if the reduction of charophytes affects more the elements that live intimately associated with them. Our results confirm that charophytes are the most central node in the network and that the high‐mobility large planktonic herbivores living within the meadow are acting as bridges between the conformant compartments. This suggests a structurally crucial tandem macrophytes‐herbivores with the former playing a foundation role (i.e. basal and abundant species centralizing non‐trophic interactions) and the latter being connectors in this network. Interestingly, we found that the periphytic elements where those with the highest capacity to affect the other elements of the network when being disturbed. Furthermore, an eventual decrease in the abundance of charophytes will cause a major direct damage to the meadow and periphyton, compartments to which they provide refuge and life support, respectively. Our study highlights the need of approaches encompassing the complex structure of the ecological networks to identify crucial species (such as foundation or connecting species) for their topology and vulnerability geared towards conservation biology.
A novel transalveolar approach for retrieval of displaced tooth roots from the maxillary sinus using a modified suction catheter: technical note
Authors: Cheng H. , Sproat C. , Patel N.
Published: August 2019

Aims

The aim is to introduce a novel transalveolar technique for retrieval of tooth roots from the maxillary antrum using a modified flexible suction catheter.

Method

The displaced root is confirmed using plain radiographs and the patient is placed on a preoperative antral regime of broad‐spectrum antibiotics, analgesics and nasal decongestants for one week. On the day of the operation, the precise location of the root is identified using a small volume pre‐operative cone beam computed tomogram (CBCT). A buccal mucoperiosteal flap is raised to allow visualisation and exploration of the existing extraction socket. The dentoalveolar socket is expanded using a fissure bur in a surgical handpiece to allow access to the sinus. A modified flexible fine bore suction catheter is inserted into the sinus and directed to the location of the root to enable retrieval. The socket is then flushed with saline until the root is dislodged and captured at the tip of the catheter. The socket is closed in a tension free manner with a buccal advancement flap. The antral regime prescribed pre‐operatively is continued for one week post‐operatively.

Results

This technique is currently practised at Guy's Hospital under local anaesthetic, intravenous sedation and general anaesthetic. This minimally invasive technique preserves alveolar bone and offers fewer complications than the Caldwell‐Luc. It allows immediate retrieval of displaced tooth roots from the maxillary sinus and is best applied when healing has not yet taken place.

Conclusion

The combination of CBCT and this transalveolar approach using a modified flexible suction catheter should be considered in all cases where roots are to be retrieved from the maxillary sinus to reduce surgical morbidity.
Cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections due to enterococcal species: Clinical features, management, and outcomes
Authors: Oh Timothy S. , Le Katherine , Baddour Larry M. , Sohail M. Rizwan , Vikram Holenarasipur R. , Hernandez‐Meneses Marta , Miro Jose M. , Prutkin Jordan M. , Greenspon Arnold J. , Carrillo Roger G. , Danik Stephen B. , Naber Christoph K. , Blank Elisabeth , Tseng Chi‐Hong , Uslan Daniel Z. , Peacock James E. ,   The MEDIC (Multicenter Electrophysiologic Device Infection Cohort) Investigators
Published: August 2019

Background

Enterococcal cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infections are not well characterized.

Methods

Data from the Multicenter Electrophysiologic Device Infection Cohort, a prospective study of CIED infections, were used for descriptive analysis of adults with enterococcal CIED infections.

Results

Of 433 patients, 21 (4.8%) had enterococcal CIED infection. Median age was 71 years. Twelve patients (57%) had permanent pacemakers, five (24%) implantable cardioverter defibrillators, and four (19%) biventricular devices. Median time from last procedure to infection was 570 days. CIED‐related bloodstream infections occurred in three patients (14%) and 18 (86%) had infective endocarditis (IE), 14 (78%) of which were definite by the modified Duke criteria. IE cases were classified as follows: valvular IE, four; lead IE, eight; both valve and lead IE, six. Vegetations were demonstrated by transesophageal echocardiography in 17 patients (81%). Blood cultures were positive in 19/19 patients with confirmed results. The most common antimicrobial regimen was penicillin plus an aminoglycoside (33%). Antibiotics were given for a median of 43 days. Only 14 patients (67%) underwent device removal. There was one death during the index hospitalization with four additional deaths within 6 months (overall mortality 24%). There were no relapses.

Conclusions

Enterococci caused 4.8% of CIED infections in our cohort. Based on the late onset after device placement or manipulation, most infections were likely hematogenous in origin. IE was the most common infection syndrome. Only 67% of patients underwent device removal. At 6 months follow‐up, no CIED infection relapses had occurred, but overall mortality was 24%.
Burst and Tonic Spinal Cord Stimulation Both Activate Spinal GABAergic Mechanisms to Attenuate Pain in a Rat Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Meuwissen Koen P.V. , de Vries Luuk E. , Gu Jianwen Wendy , Zhang Tianhe C. , Joosten Elbert A.J.
Published: August 2019

Background

Experimental and clinical studies have shown that tonic spinal cord stimulation (SCS) releases gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the spinal dorsal horn. Recently, it was suggested that burst SCS does not act via spinal GABAergic mechanisms. Therefore, we studied spinal GABA release during burst and tonic SCS, both anatomically and pharmacologically, in a well‐established chronic neuropathic pain model.

Methods

Animals underwent partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL). Quantitative immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of intracellular GABA levels in the lumbar L4 to L6 dorsal spinal cord was performed after 60 minutes of burst, tonic, or sham SCS in rats that had undergone PSNL (n = 16). In a second pharmacological experiment, the effects of intrathecal administration of the GABAA antagonist bicuculline (5 μg) and the GABAB antagonist phaclofen (5 μg) were assessed. Paw withdrawal thresholds to von Frey filaments of rats that had undergone PSNL (n = 20) were tested during 60 minutes of burst and tonic SCS 30 minutes after intrathecal administration of the drugs.

Results

Quantitative IHC analysis of GABA immunoreactivity in spinal dorsal horn sections of animals that had received burst SCS (n = 5) showed significantly lower intracellular GABA levels when compared to sham SCS sections (n = 4; P = 0.0201) and tonic SCS sections (n = 7; P = 0.0077). Intrathecal application of the GABAA antagonist bicuculline (5 μg; n = 10) or the GABAB antagonist phaclofen (5 μg; n = 10) resulted in ablation of the analgesic effect for both burst SCS and tonic SCS.

Conclusions

In conclusion, our anatomical and pharmacological data demonstrate that, in this well‐established chronic neuropathic animal model, the analgesic effects of both burst SCS and tonic SCS are mediated via spinal GABAergic mechanisms.
Cyberpeace: Why Internet Governance Matters for Global Peace and Stability
Authors: White Paul Antony
Published: August 2019

While the governance of the Internet is often assumed to be merely a technical matter, it is actually a fiercely contested political arena, in which institutional arrangements are still being shaped. This paper aims to demonstrate how, and why, the politics surrounding Internet governance are of significance for international peace and stability. The Internet has great potential as a facilitator of the peacebuilding process, but it can also be used as a tool of oppression, a channel for disinformation and propaganda, and even as a means of waging war. The institutions that are built around Internet governance will determine in whose hands ultimate control of the network will lie, and will ultimately decide whether the Internet is to be a vehicle of human liberation and peacebuilding, or a tool of oppression and conflict. To accomplish the latter, there is a need to move away from traditional state‐based assumptions around global governance and security.
Photobiomodulation Enhances Cisplatin Cytotoxicity in a Culture Model with Oral Cell Lineages
Authors: Diniz Ivana M. A. , Souto Giovanna R. , Freitas Iuri D. P. , de Arruda José Alcides A. , da Silva Janine M. , Silva Tarcília A. , Mesquita Ricardo A.
Published: August 2019

Cisplatin plays a central role in cancer chemotherapy, but resistance to this drug remains a major obstacle in treatment. Drawbacks related to cisplatin failure may be associated with cell energy metabolism. This study investigated whether photobiomodulation (PBM) can potentiate the effects of cisplatin on keratinocytes (HaCat) and cancer cells (SCC25 and HN12). Cells were treated with laser (GaAlAs; 660 nm; 60 mW; 0.33 J; 2.14 W cm−2; 11.7 J cm−2 and 6 s) and cisplatin (7.8 μg mL−1) to evaluate cell viability, Ki‐67, VEGF, TGF‐β1, EGF expression and ROS production. Observations were validated in the SCC25 cell lineage, where the type of cell death (necrosis/apoptosis) and the amount of ATP were assessed. Cell lineages showed increased sensitivity to cisplatin associated with PBM (Cis‐PBM). Ki‐67 was augmented in all cell lineages treated with Cis‐PBM when compared to cisplatin alone (Cis). Cis or Cis‐PBM significantly decreased VEGF expression in cancer cells, while no changes were seen in the expression of TGF‐β1 or EGF compared to control. ROS levels were similar in the Cis and Cis‐PBM groups. Cells treated with Cis‐PBM died by apoptosis, leading to greater consumption of ATP. These observations suggest that PBM may potentiate the effects of cisplatin, leading to increased drug cytotoxicity and enhanced cell death.
miR‐17‐5p affects porcine granulosa cell growth and oestradiol synthesis by targeting E2F1 gene
Authors: Zhang Shuna , Wang Ling , Wang Lei , Chen Yaru , Li Fenge
Published: August 2019

Female fertility potential is based on the development and growth of ovarian follicles. Our previous study showed that miR‐17‐5p was significantly differently expressed in pre‐ovulatory ovarian follicles of Large White (LW) and Chinese Taihu (CT) sows. In the present study, we investigated the role of miR‐17‐5p in ovarian follicle development. We demonstrated that miR‐17‐5p overexpression significantly decreased the luciferase reporter activity containing the E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) 3′untranslated region (3′UTR) and suppressed the E2F1 expression, whereas the miR‐17‐5p inhibition increased the E2F1 expression in porcine granulosa cells (pGCs). Meanwhile, miR‐17‐5p overexpression or E2F1 knockdown promoted cell growth, follicular development marker genes (LHR, CYP19A1 and AREG) expression and oestradiol synthesis, and miR‐17‐5p inhibition suppressed cell growth, follicular development marker genes (LHR, CYP19A1 and AREG) expression and oestradiol synthesis in pGCs. Furthermore, E2F1 knockdown increased CYP19A1 promoter activity. This study suggests that miR‐17‐5p regulates pGC growth and oestradiol synthesis by targeting E2F1 gene.
Quantification of cutaneous allergic reactions using 3D optical imaging: A feasibility study
Authors: den Blanken Mark D. , van der Bent Sebastiaan , Liberton Niels , Grimbergen Matthijs , Hofman Mark B. M. , Verdaasdonk Ruud , Rustemeyer Thomas
Published: August 2019

Background

User‐independent quantitative measures of cutaneous allergic reactions can help the physicians manage and evaluate the treatment of cutaneous allergic reactions. In this paper, we present and validate a method to quantify the elevation, volume and area of cutaneous allergic reactions to red tattoos.

Methods

The skin surface of allergic tattoo reactions was imaged using an optical 3D scanner. The in‐house developed analysis tool measured the elevation, volume and area of the lesions, compared to a reference surface. This reference surface was created by 3D interpolation of the skin after manual removal of the lesions. The error of the interpolation tool was validated using a digital arm model. The error of our optical scanner was determined using a 3D printed lesion phantom. The clinical feasibility of the method was tested in 83 lesions in 17 patients.

Results

The method showed clear potential to assess skin elevation, volume change and area of an allergic reaction. The validation measurements revealed that the error due to interpolation increases for larger interpolation areas and largely determined the error in the clinical measurements. Lesions with a width ≥4 mm and an elevation ≥0.4 mm could be measured with an error below 26%. Patient measurements showed that lesions up to 600 mm2 could be measured accurately, and elevation and volume changes could be assessed at follow‐up.

Conclusion

Quantification of cutaneous allergic reactions to red tattoos using 3D optical scanning is feasible and may objectify skin elevation and improve management of the allergic reaction.
Perception of the blue light effect on Korean women's faces using the blue pearl pigment
Authors: Lee Myeongryeol , Park Se‐Jun , Jeong Choonbok , Jang Sue Im , Han Jiyeon , Kim Beom Joon , Kim Eunjoo
Published: August 2019

Background

Transparent‐looking skin is an objective of facial makeup products. However, this effect of makeup products has not been investigated to Korean women's faces.

Materials and Methods

We investigated the perception of blue light on women's faces using the blue pearl pigment. We compared colors and/or spectra of naked skin, standard makeup powder foundation (standard foundation), and test makeup powder foundations containing the blue pearl pigment 10% (w/w) (pearl foundation) or (ultramarine blue) blue pigment 0.2% (w/w) (pigment foundation) on real women's faces (n = 6) using spectrophotometry and facial image analysis. A self‐administered questionnaire showed facial images (n = 3) with applied makeup powder foundations on computer monitor (n = 35); evaluated items were blooming, transparency, smoothness, gloss, and vitality.

Results

In vivo, the pearl foundation showed significantly lower b* values (degree of yellowness) than did naked skin, and pigment foundation and the samples also showed significantly higher reflection of blue light (410–490 nm) than did naked skin, standard foundation, or pigment foundation. In image analysis, the image with the pearl foundation showed significantly lower quasi‐b* value. On the self‐administered questionnaire, the results showed that the pearl foundation had a significantly higher grade than did naked skin, standard foundation, or pigment foundation at all evaluation items: blooming, transparency, smoothness, gloss, and vitality.

Conclusion

Blue pearl pigment creates the perception of blue light effect, including transparency and gloss in Korean women.
Is it Safe to Keep This Job? The Costs of Violence on the Psychological Health and Careers of U.S. Mayors
Authors: Herrick Rebekah , Franklin Lori D.
Published: August 2019

Objective

This article explores the effects of physical and psychological violence on politicians' mental health and political ambition.

Methods

All mayors in cities of 30,000 and above were surveyed regarding any experiences of violence during their campaigns and service as mayors. Additionally, they reported any psychological and political costs of the negative experiences.

Results

Of 1,360 subjects, responses were received from 283. Among these, 216 subjects reported experiencing at least one incident of violence. Of those, more than 42 percent reported at least one indicator of potential psychological harm, but fewer than one‐fifth were considering leaving office. Harassment, frequency of violence, and physical violence had the greatest effects.

Conclusion

Violence has modest, but real effects on mayors’ psychological well‐being and political ambition, and these effects are more pronounced for those experiencing physical violence or harassment.
Food banks and the production of scarcity
Authors: May Jon , Williams Andrew , Cloke Paul , Cherry Liev
Published: August 2019

This paper contributes to critical discussions of austerity by examining the constructions of scarcity that underpin it. Specifically, it shows how notions of scarcity (re)emergent in a period of austerity have shaped materially insufficient and stigmatising welfare systems. We do this through the example of UK food banks. We suggest that under austerity a particular moral economy of scarcity has become embedded at the level of common sense, including in the common sense of many of those distributing food aid. In UK food banks this moral economy is shaped by images of the “empty cupboard” and discourses of absolute hunger which normalise practices of (self)rationing and exacerbate food insecurity. Tracing attempts by some food bank managers and volunteers to challenge this moral economy, we conclude with a critical agenda for academics and practitioners to rethink relationships between welfare, austerity, and scarcity.
Comparative study of suspended and attached growth in membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment
Authors: Ibrahim Rabialtu Sulihah , Sabeen Ali Hussein , Zainon Noor Zainura , Ahmad Mutamim Noor Sabrina
Published: August 2019

The performance of laboratory scale experiments in treating synthetic domestic wastewater were conducted with suspended growth (SG) (without media) and attached growth (AG) (with moving media) membrane bioreactors (MBRs). The aim of this study is to compare fouling and the treatment performance of attached growth membrane bioreactor (AGMBR) with suspended growth membrane bioreactor (SGMBR) by assessing the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate, nitrite and ammonia. The finding shows that with 10% of attached growth media, average COD, nitrate, nitrite and nitrogen ammonia removal efficiency for AGMBR were found to be greater than the SGMBR system. AGMBR significantly increased critical flux, (Jc) up to 48 L m−2 h−1, hence producing low final transmembrane pressure (TMP) after cleaning and decreased the total resistance at 5.69 × 1011 m−1. Addition of cylindrical polythene media resulted in slow TMP increment that prolonged filtration process. In conclusion, AGMBR gave a better treatment performance and could minimize the membrane fouling problem.
Comparison of Semivariogram Models in Rain Gauge Network Design
Authors: Mohd Aziz Mohd Khairul Bazli , Yusof Fadhilah , Mohd Daud Zalina , Yusop Zulkifli , Kasno Mohammad Afif
Published: August 2019

The well-known geostatistics method (variance-reduction method) is commonly used to determine the optimal rain gauge network. The main problem in geostatistics method to determine the best semivariogram model in order to be used in estimating the variance. An optimal choice of the semivariogram model is an important point for a good data evaluation process. Three different semivariogram models which are Spherical, Gaussian and Exponential are used and their performances are compared in this study. Cross validation technique is applied to compute the errors of the semivariograms. Rain-fall data for the period of 1975 – 2008 from the existing 84 rain gauge stations covering the state of Johor are used in this study. The result shows that the exponential model is the best semivariogram model and chosen to determine the optimal number and location of rain gauge station.
Spatially sparse sound source localization in an under-determined system by using a hybrid compressive sensing method
Authors: Shi Tongyang , Liu Yangfan , Bolton J. Stuart
Published: August 2019

Near-field Acoustical Holography is a powerful tool for sound source identification and sound field reconstruction. Generally, many microphone measurements are required to construct a source model that can span the whole sound source region while simultaneously avoiding measurement errors and ensuring a high spatial sampling rate. That type of measurement is economically costly and hard to perform in industrial environments. Motivated by the desire to be able to use a relatively small number of microphone measurements to reconstruct a sound field and to accurately identify sound source locations, an Equivalent Source Method (ESM) is considered here. In particular, the focus is on the combination of a monopole-distribution ESM and a relatively small number of microphone measurements, thus creating an under-determined system. Wideband Acoustical Holography and l1-norm Convex Optimization are introduced to solve this under-determined inverse problem. Based on the attributes of these two methods, a hybrid method combining the best features of each is proposed to identify sound source locations.
First-in-Human Phase 1 Study To Assess Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of a Novel Antifungal Drug, VL-2397, in Healthy Adults
Authors: Mammen Mammen P. , Armas Danielle , Hughes Frank H. , Hopkins Andrew M. , Fisher Cindy L. , Resch Pamela A. , Rusalov Denis , Sullivan Sean M. , Smith Larry R.
Published: August 2019

VL-2397 is an antifungal drug with a novel mechanism of action, rapid fungicidal
in vitro
activity, and potent
in vivo
activity against
Aspergillus fumigatus
, including azole-resistant strains. VL2397-101, a phase 1 first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-escalation study, was conducted in healthy adults to determine the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of single and multiple ascending intravenous (i.v.) doses of VL-2397.
Identification and Application of Epitopes in EtMIC1 ofEimeria tenellaRecognized by the Monoclonal Antibodies 1-A1 and 1-H2
Authors: Zhao Ningning , Ming Shuzhen , Lu Yaru , Wang Fangkun , Li Hongmei , Zhang Xiao , Zhao Xiaomin
Published: August 2019

Eimeria tenellamicroneme-1 protein (EtMIC1) has been proposed to be a transmembrane protein, but this characteristic has not yet been confirmed experimentally. Furthermore, despite EtMIC1 being an important candidate antigen, its key epitope has not been reported.
Ultrasensitive Detection of Clostridioides difficile Toxins in Stool by Use of Single-Molecule Counting Technology: Comparison with Detection of Free Toxin by Cell Culture Cytotoxicity Neutralization Assay
Authors: Hansen Glen , Young Stephen , Wu Alan H. B. , Herding Emily , Nordberg Vickie , Mills Ray , Griego-Fullbright Christen , Wagner Aaron , Ong Chui Mei , Lewis Shawna , Yoon Joseph , Estis Joel , Sandlund Johanna , Friedland Emily , Carroll Karen C.
Published: August 2019

Laboratory tests for
Clostridioides difficile
infection (CDI) rely on the detection of free toxin or molecular detection of toxin genes. The Singulex Clarity C. diff toxins A/B assay is a rapid, automated, and ultrasensitive assay that detects
C. difficile
toxins A and B in stool. We compared CDI assays across two prospective multicenter studies to set a cutoff for the Clarity assay and to independently validate the performance compared with that of a cell culture cytotoxicity neutralization assay (CCCNA).
Vpr Enhances HIV-1 Env Processing and Virion Infectivity in Macrophages by Modulating TET2-Dependent IFITM3 Expression
Authors: Wang Qi , Su Lishan
Published: August 2019

How Vpr enhances HIV-1 replication in macrophages is still unclear. We report here that Vpr enhanced HIV-1 Env processing during the first round of HIV-1 replication, resulting in virions with higher Env incorporation and viral infectivity. These higher-quality viral particles contributed to elevated infection during the second round and spreading infection in macrophages and other HIV-1 target cells. We have recently discovered that TET2 is a novel host factor degraded by Vpr, which leads to sustained IL-6 expression in macrophages. Interestingly, Vpr-enhanced HIV-1 Env processing depended on both the IFITIM3 and TET2 genes. The constitutive expression of IFITIM3 expression in macrophages was maintained by TET2, which demethylated the IFITIM3 promoter. We conclude that the Vpr degrades TET2 to enhance HIV-1 replication in macrophages by reducing IFITIM3 expression to increase viral Env processing, virion incorporation, and infectivity and by sustaining IL-6 expression to increase HIV-1 gene expression. The Vpr-TET2 axis may serve as a novel target to develop anti-HIV drugs to inhibit HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis.
Myeloid and CD4 T Cells Comprise the Latent Reservoir in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed SIVmac251-Infected Macaques
Authors: Abreu Celina M. , Veenhuis Rebecca T. , Avalos Claudia R. , Graham Shelby , Parrilla Daymond R. , Ferreira Edna A. , Queen Suzanne E. , Shirk Erin N. , Bullock Brandon T. , Li Ming , Metcalf Pate Kelly A. , Beck Sarah E. , Mangus Lisa M. , Mankowski Joseph L. , Mac Gabhann Feilim , O’Connor Shelby L. , Gama Lucio , Clements Janice E.
Published: August 2019

This study provides further evidence that the latent reservoir is comprised of both CD4+T cells and myeloid cells. The data presented here suggest that CD4+T cells and macrophages found throughout tissues in the body can contain replication-competent SIV and contribute to rebound of the virus after treatment interruption. Additionally, we have shown that monocytes in blood contain latent virus and, though not considered a reservoir themselves due to their short life span, could contribute to the size of the latent reservoir upon entering the tissue and differentiating into long-lived macrophages. These new insights into the size and location of the SIV reservoir using a model that is heavily studied in the HIV field could have great implications for HIV-infected individuals and should be taken into consideration with the development of future HIV cure strategies.
Pathogenic Escherichia coli Hijacks GTPase-Activated p21-Activated Kinase for Actin Pedestal Formation
Authors: Singh Vikash , Davidson Anthony , Hume Peter J. , Koronakis Vassilis
Published: August 2019

Enteropathogenic
E. coli
and enterohemorrhagic
E. coli
(EPEC and EHEC, respectively) remain a significant global health problem. Both EPEC and EHEC initiate infection by attaching to cells in the host intestine, triggering the formation of actin-rich “pedestal” structures directly beneath the adherent pathogen. These bacteria inject their own receptor into host cells, which upon binding to a protein on the pathogen surface triggers pedestal formation. Multiple other proteins are also delivered into the cells of the host intestine, but how they contribute to disease is often less clear. Here, we show how one of these injected proteins, EspG, hijacks a host signaling pathway for pedestal production. This provides new insights into this essential early stage in EPEC and EHEC disease.
Combining Mutations That Inhibit Two Distinct Steps of the ATP Hydrolysis Cycle Restores Wild-Type Function in the Lipopolysaccharide Transporter and Shows that ATP Binding Triggers Transport
Authors: Simpson Brent W. , Pahil Karanbir S. , Owens Tristan W. , Lundstedt Emily A. , Davis Rebecca M. , Kahne Daniel , Ruiz Natividad
Published: August 2019

Gram-negative bacteria are naturally resistant to many antibiotics because their surface is covered by the glycolipid LPS. Newly synthesized LPS is transported across the cell envelope by the multiprotein Lpt machinery, which includes LptB
2
FGC, an unusual ABC transporter that extracts LPS from the inner membrane. Like in other ABC transporters, the LptB
2
FGC transport cycle is driven by the cyclical conformational changes that a cytoplasmic, dimeric ATPase, LptB, undergoes when binding and hydrolyzing ATP. How these conformational changes are controlled in ABC transporters is poorly understood. Here, we identified two lethal changes in LptB that, when combined, remarkably restore wild-type transport function. Biochemical studies revealed that the two changes affect different steps in the transport cycle, having opposing, lethal effects on LptB’s dimerization cycle. Our work provides mechanistic details about the LptB
2
FGC extractor that could be used to develop Lpt inhibitors that would overcome the innate antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria.
Deferred consent for delivery room studies: the providers’ perspective
Authors: den Boer Maria C , Houtlosser Mirjam , Foglia Elizabeth E , Lopriore Enrico , de Vries Martine Charlotte , Engberts Dirk P , te Pas Arjan B
Published: August 2019

Objective

To gain insight into neonatal care providers’ perceptions of deferred consent for delivery room (DR) studies in actual scenarios.

Methods

We conducted semistructured interviews with 46 neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) staff members of the Leiden University Medical Center (the Netherlands) and the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (USA). At the time interviews were conducted, both NICUs conducted the same DR studies, but differed in their consent approaches. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using the qualitative data analysis software Atlas.ti V.7.0.

Results

Although providers reported to regard the prospective consent approach as the most preferable consent approach, they acknowledged that a deferred consent approach is needed for high-quality DR management. However, providers reported concerns about parental autonomy, approaching parents for consent and ethical review of study protocols that include a deferred consent approach. Providers furthermore differed in perceived appropriateness of a deferred consent approach for the studies that were being conducted at their NICUs. Providers with first-hand experience with deferred consent reported positive experiences that they attributed to appropriate communication and timing of approaching parents for consent.

Conclusion

Insight into providers’ perceptions of deferred consent for DR studies in actual scenarios suggests that a deferred consent approach is considered acceptable, but that actual usage of the approach for DR studies can be improved on.
Model to improve cardiometabolic risk factors in Palestine refugees with diabetes mellitus attending UNRWA health centers
Authors: Abu Kishk Nada , Shahin Yousef , Mitri Joanna , Turki Yassir , Zeidan Wafaa , Seita Akihiro
Published: August 2019

Introduction

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is the main primary healthcare provider and provides assistance and protection to around 5 million Palestine refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, West Bank and Gaza. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common problem among Palestine refugees, with a prevalence of 11.0%. In 2014, UNRWA embarked on a diabetes campaign to assist both patients with DM and staff in improving diabetes care management, by building the capacity of UNRWA’s health staff and improving the knowledge and lifestyle behaviors among Palestine refugees with DM.

Method

Using a quasiexperimental study, we randomly selected 50 patients with diabetes from the 32 largest UNRWA health centers (HC); a total of 1600 participants were enrolled. Each HC conducted weekly group sessions for 6 months, including education, healthy cooking, and physical exercise. Body measurements, 2-hour postprandial glucose test, blood pressure and session attendance were collected on a weekly basis. Demographical data, pre/postquestionnaires and cholesterol levels were collected before and after the campaign. Paired t-test in SPSS V.21 was used.

Results

Out of 1600 patients, 1598 (1186 (74.0%) females and 412 (26.0%) males) completed the campaign; 576 (36.0%) patients had diabetes type 2 (DMII), 960 (60.0%) had DMII and hypertension and 62 (4.0%) had diabetes type 1 (DMI). After the campaign, the average weight loss was 2.6 kg (95% CI 2.4 to 2.7). In addition, 22% lost ≥5%, 25% lost 3%–5%, and 30% lost 1%–3% of their weight. Significant improvements were seen in blood glucose, cholesterol and waist circumference (WC) (p≤0.001 for all). The session attendance rate was 70.6% in total.

Conclusions

This campaign focused on raising healthy lifestyle awareness and practices among Palestine refugees with DM. It was associated with reduction cardiometabolic risk factors. Similar campaigns need to be sustained and expanded. Local community and non-governmental organization partnerships observed during the campaign should be strengthened and sustained.
Do exposure to outdoor temperatures, NO2and PM10affect the work-related injuries risk? A case-crossover study in three Italian cities, 2001–2010
Authors: Schifano Patrizia , Asta Federica , Marinaccio Alessandro , Bonafede Michela , Davoli Marina , Michelozzi Paola
Published: August 2019

Objectives

Studies on the effect of temperature on rates of work-related injuries (WRIs) are very recent, and are evolving in depth and scope. However, less is known about potential effects of air pollutants. Our objective was to analyse the association between WRI and NO2, PM10and air temperature in three major Italian cities, and to identify groups of workers more at risk in Italy.

Design

Time-stratified case-crossover study.

Settings

Milan, Turin, Rome, years 2001–2010.

Participants

A total of 468 816 WRI occurred between 2001 and 2010 in Milan, Turin and Rome were extracted from the Italian national workers’ compensation authority database.

Main outcomes

Associations between WRI and temperature, PM10, NO2, separately in the warm and in the cold season (WS, May–September; CS, November–February). Effect modification was studied by economic sector, occupational activity and indoor/outdoor job activity.

Results

Exposure to NO2(lag 0–8) showed the highest effect on the risk of WRI,with ORs ranging from 1.20 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.24) in Milan to 1.30 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.37) in Turin in the WS. The effect of exposure to PM10was milder but consistent across all cities: ORs from 1.09 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.12) in Turin to 1.15 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.18) in Rome. Temperature was associated with risk of WRI only among those working in construction (highest association in Rome 1.06; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.12), transportation (highest association in Milan 1.05; 95% CI 0.96 to 1.14) and the energy industry (highest association in Milan 1.57; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.38) in the WS in all cities. A weak effect of low temperatures was observed in the CS only in Rome.

Conclusions

Exposures to NO2resulted as strongest hazard for WRIs, mainly in warm months, while the independent effect of temperature was significant only in specific subgroups of workers. These results could be considered to better plan safety prevention programmes.