bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field Corn, Wireworm Larval Control, 1991
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Rouse J. R. , Boeve P. J. , Baker D. A. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time soil insectides were evaluated for wireworm control in a field near Hancock, IA, which required replanting because of severe wireworm damage. Field cultivating removed the existing stand and prepared the seedbed for replanting. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to single, 40-ft long rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to insure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Seed treatments were assigned to extra, individual seed hoppers. Following corn emergence, stand counts were taken from 1/1000 acre per treatment and the seeds/seedlings were carefully extracted from 2, 1-m sections of row and inspected for wireworm feeding damage on the following 1 to 4 damage scale: (1) seed/seedling undamaged, (2) seed/seedling damaged but plant established, (3) seed/seedling damaged, plant showing some signs of stress, (4) seed/seedling damaged, no plant or questionable establishment. Insecticide efficacy was analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with REGWQ.
Planting-Time Versus Rescue Insecticide Treatments for Black Cutworm Control, 1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassa. , Levine El.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted in 30 inch rows on 28 May. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 5 times. Each plot was 4 rows wide × 50 ft long. Insecticides applied at planting-time and as rescue treatments were evaluated for the control of BCW in artificial infestations of corn plants (plants infested 6 Jun) within 36-ft2 barrier arenas. Granular insecticides were metered through Noble units mounted on each of the planter units and applied in-furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels on the planter. Band treatments were incorporated into the soil with spring tines attached to the planter. The planting-time liquid insecticides (41.1 gpa) were applied in a 10-inch band at 30 psi and a speed of 5 mph with 8004E Teejet even flat nozzles. Rescue treatments were broadcast on 7 Jun with XR8004 Teejet extended range flat fan spray tips mounted on a 10-ft boom by a 3-point hitch to the rear of a tractor. A compressed-air system was calibrated to deliver 36.3 gpa at a pressure of 40 psi and a speed of 3 mph. The cumulative number of cut plants in each barrier was determined 1, 6, and 10 days after rescue treatments were applied (DAT). These dates corresponded to corn seedling growth stages 2-3, 4, and 5, respectively. The condition of the plants cut by BCW larvae was also determined at 10 DAT; that is, cut plants were classified as either “dead” or “recovered” from earlier cutting.
Reduced Rates of Soil Insecticides for Corn Rootworm Control, 1987-1991
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Gray M. E. , Steffey K. L.
Published: March 2022

The current application rate for most corn rootworm (CRW) soil insecticides is approximately 1.0 lb of actual insecticide per acre. Reduced rates (V2 and % of the labeled rates) of selected CRW insecticides were included in our regular insecticide evaluations to compare their effectiveness with the labeled rates. Experiments were conducted from 1987 through 1991 at several research locations. Soil insecticides were applied at planting time in-furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels and incorporated into the soil. The experimental designs were randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each treatment was applied to a single 100- ft row; rows were 30 inches apart. Insecticides were metered through Noble units mounted on each of the planter units 0ohn Deere, 7000 series, 4-row Max-Emerge planter). Five roots were evaluated for damage in each plot using the Iowa State 1-6 scale. Stand counts were determined by recording the number of plants per 17.4 linear ft of row.
Insecticide Performance Against First-Generation European Corn Borer—Liquids Vs Granules, 1991
Authors: Ostlie K. R.
Published: March 2022

Granules are generally recommended over liquids for first-generation ECB. The comparative efficacy of liquid and granular insecticides was evaluated against an artificial ECB infestation established in a commercial corn field at the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. Plots, measuring 1 row (76-cm centers) X 9.1 m, were infested in the late whorl stage; the middle 15 plants received 3 egg masses, 1 each on 18 Jul, 19 Jul, and 20 Jul. Whenever possible, granular and liquid formulations of the same active ingredient were used plus several standards lacking a granular or liquid counterpart. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Granules were banded over the row on 22 Jul pm with a 1-row Gandy granular applicator. Liquids were banded over the row on 23 Jul am with a C02-powered backpack sprayer delivering 217 liters/ha using 8002 nozzles. Efficacy was evaluated from 27 Aug to 4 Sep by dissecting the 15 infested plants from each plot and counting both tunnels and larvae.
Ovo-Larvicidal Efficacy of Aerially Applied Ovicides, 1990
Authors: Kirk I. W. , House V. S.
Published: March 2022

Larvin, Ovasyn, and Curacron were applied aerially at 2 rates (0.14 and 0.28 kg (AI)/ha), 2 spray volumes (18.7 and 46.8 liters/ha), and 2 aircraft speeds (145 and 209 km/h). Cotton plants for the study were grown outdoors in 4 liter pots, 2 plants per pot, to an average height of 0.5 m. The test plants were transported to a staging area near the field where TBW eggs (0-24 h), collected from a susceptible strain of laboratory-reared moths, were transferred to selected cotton plants with a moistened brush. Nine eggs were placed on each of 3 fully-expanded terminal leaves of each plant in each pot prior to spraying (54 eggs/pot). The test plants were moved to the field and placed in rows of field-grown cotton plants of similar size. A Cessna Ag Husky was used to apply spray treatments. All test plants were then returned to the greenhouse for further treatment and evaluation. Eggs were also similarly placed on other sprayed plants 1 and 2 days after spraying. The 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 (ovicide × rate × spray vol × aircraft speed × days posttreatment) factorial arrangement of treatments was conducted in an experiment with 3 replications. Six days after egg placement, the plants were examined for egg hatch and larval mortality. The percentage eggs hatched and percentage larval recovery from hatched eggs were converted to percent mortality compared to an untreated check by Abbott's formula. Data were transformed by arcsine Vx prior to ANOVA.
Foliar Fertilizer (22% Urea) Effects on Aphid Control Test-I, 1991
Authors: Long D. W. , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 6 treatments and a control replicated 6 times. Cotton was planted on 7 May with plots consisting of 2 rows (on 102 cm centers) × 6.1 m and foliar sprays were applied with a utility tractor equipped with a compressed air system calibrated with water to deliver 76 liters/ha at 2.6 kg/cm2 and 5.5 km/h (2 VS8001 nozzles/row). Treatments were applied on 29 May and plots were evaluated on 31 May and 5 Jun. The plots had not been treated previously and plant height at treatment initiation ranged from 50-75 cm. Effectiveness on aphid populations was evaluated by randomly collecting 25 plant terminals from each plot and placing them immediately into 0.95 liter glass jars. In the laboratory, 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), 5 ml of dilute liquid detergent solution, and 500 ml of tap water were added to the glass jars. Following vigorous agitation, the contents of the jars were poured onto a no. 30 metal sieve and plants were thoroughly washed to dislodge remaining aphids, which were funneled into 300-mesh sieves. Contents of the 300-mesh sieve were backwashed into a Buchner filter apparatus (7 cm diam) containing rules filter paper. Numbers of aphids were determined using a Zeiss binocular stereoscope at 12 × magnification. No rainfall was recorded between 29 and 31 May and a trace (<0.1 cm) of rain occurred on 4 Jun.
Effectiveness of Karate 1 E Applied in Varying Concentrations of Urea on Aphid Control Test-III, 1991
Authors: Long D. W. , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a completely randomized block, with 11 treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Cotton was planted on 7 May with plots consisting of 2 rows (on 102 cm center) × 6.1 m and foliar sprays were applied with a utility tractor equipped with a compressed air system calibrated with water to deliver 95 liters/ha at 3.7 kg/cm2 (2 TX-6 nozzles/row) and 5.5 km/h. Treatments were applied on 15 Jul and plots were evaluated on 18 Jul. The test area had not been treated previously and plant height at treatment initiation ranged from 75-100 cm. Effectiveness of aphid infestations was evaluated by randomly collecting 25 plant terminals from each plot and placing them immediately into 0.95 liter glass jars. In the laboratory, 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite (5.25%), 5 ml of dilute liquid detergent solution, and 500 ml of tap water added to the glass jars. Following vigorous agitation, the contents of the jars were poured onto a no. 30 metal sieve and plants were thoroughly washed to dislodge remaining aphids, which were tunneled into 300-mesh sieves. Contents of the 300-mesh sieve were backwashed into a Buchner filter apparatus (7 cm diam) containing ruled filter paper. Numbers of aphids were determined using a Zeiss binocular stereoscope at 12× magnification. Rainfall was recorded on 17 Jul (2.2 cm) and 21 Jul (1.8 cm).
Foliar Insect Control in Lupin, 1991
Authors: Noetzel David , Sheets Becky
Published: March 2022

The trial was planted at the Staples Irrigation Station on 26 Apr using a 4 row John Deere Maximerge planter. Plots were 4 rows × 7.6 m in length, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Seed was inoculated before planting. The soil applications of Furadan 4 F to 4 plots were made using 2 liters of water as a carrier and placed in a 10 cm band over the newly planted row. The field was lightly irrigated to insure uniform and rapid germination. Foliar insecticides were broadcast applied in 2 liters water total/4 plots (.0023 ha) on 7 and 25 Jun. Stand counts, seedcorn maggot injury and yields were recorded. Shortly after 1 Jun a severe disease (CoUetotricum sp., Phoma sp, and Phtftoketa sp) outbreak occurred. Three applications of systemic fungicide were applied to the entire experiment in an attempt to check the epidemic.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite in Peanut, 1991
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Selected pesticides were evaluated for control of TSSM in 'NC-llC Virginiatype peanut in Isle of Wight County, VA. Peanuts were planted using a 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were applied on 23 Jul using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal formulation per acre at 50 psi through three D2-13 disc-core hollow cone spray nozzles per row, 1 over the top and 1 on each side. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows × 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated 3 h before and 3 and 9 DAT by comparing the number of live mites in a 1.5 cm diam area on 2 randomly selected leaflets per plot. Mite counts were made in the field using 10 × magnification lenses. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Planting Time Treatments for Control of Tobacco Thrips in Peanut, 1991
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of planting time insecticide treatments was evaluated against TT injury in Virginia-type peanut. Peanuts were planted 6 May with 36-inch row spacing. In-furrow (IF) treatments were applied into the seed furrow at planting, granules using a tractor-mounted Noble applicator, liquids using a COs pressurized tractor-mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 24 psi through 1SS8001E flat fan nozzle per row mounted just above planter disks and turned parallel to row direction. Band, preplant incorporated (ppi) treatments were applied just before planting in a 12 to 14-inch band over the row with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17 gal/ acre at 22 psi through one 8004E nozzle per row, then soil incorporated 3 to 4 inches deep with a land conditioner. Seed treatments were applied by gently rolling seeds in a plastic bag containing product until seeds were evenly coated. Additional band, late cracking time foliar applications were made to some treatments to evaluate sustained activity. These were applied similarly to band, ppi applications but about 2 weeks after planting (21 May) and not soil incorporated. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100% leaves injured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Apple, Lorsban Timing and Rate Trial for Insect Control, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to mature trees near Douglas, MI ('A' Block) at a rate of 125 gal/acre with an FMC 1029 sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of single trees replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied on 24 Apr (1/2 inch green), 30 Apr (P), 15 May (PF), 27 May (1C), 8 Jun (2C), 19 Jun (2C), 1 Jul (4C), 14 Jul (5C), 27 Jul (6C), 8 Aug (7C), 19 Aug (8C), 3 Sep (9C), and 17 Sep (10C). When timed applications were not made, treatment plots were maintained with Cuthion 35 W at a 3.0 lb per acre rate. Dodine and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. On 23 Jul 100 apples per replicate (400 per treatment) were evaluated for internal lepidoptera (CM, OFM, LAW) damage. At harvest, 24 Sep, 100 fruit per replicate (400 per treatment) were examined for pest damage.
Evaluation of an Aerial Application of Dimiun and Sevin for Rangeland Grasshopper Control, 1991
Authors: Bomar Charles R. , Lockwood Jeffrey A. , DeBrey Larry D. , Schell Scott P.
Published: March 2022

Dimilin WP and Sevin XLR were applied to a rangeland site in Platte County, WY. Treatments were randomly assigned to 16, 40-acre plots, with 4 replicates of: untreated, 1.0, and 3.0 oz per acre of Dimilin, and 24.0 oz per acre of Sevin. Treatments were aerially applied on 19 Jun, in 60 ft swaths. Grasshopper densities were estimated in each plot by using 27, visualized ft2 samples; species and age composition were determined by taking 100 sweeps with a 12 in diam sweep net. These samplings procedures were conducted immediately prior to treatment and 7, 14, and 21 d after treatment. Fisher's protected LSD post-ANOVA test was used to evaluate differences in grasshopper densities at each sampling time. Mortality rates were calculated after correcting for mortality and development in the untreated plots. Due to initial differences in community structure between plots, it was not possible to statistically analyze the effects of treatment on the frequency distributions of species and developmental stages.
Control of RWW with Carbofuran, 1991
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: March 2022

The study consisted of 2 experiments conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont. Experiment 1 was designed as a randomized complete block with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Plot size was 16 ft × 12 rows 7 inches apart. Rice was drill planted at 100 lbs seed/acre on 4 Apr and flushed with rain on the same date. Thiobencarb was applied preemergence on 9 Apr at 4.0 lbs (AI)/acre. Rice emerged 9 d after planting. Urea was applied at the seedling stage of growth on 26 Apr at 68 lbs N/acre. Propanil and bentazon were applied at 3 and 0.75 lbs (AI)/acre, respectively, on 6 May, 7 d before the permanent flood which was applied 30 d after rice emergence. Urea was applied a second time at 51 lbs N/acre immediately before the permanent flood. From rice emergence to the permanent flood, rice was flushed as needed. Flowable Furadan was applied to rice using a 4 nozzle spray rig with 800067 tips and 100 mesh screens. Spray vol was 20.5 gal/acre. Flowable Furadan was also applied to urea by slowly and gradually pipetting the liquid onto the fertilizer in a glass jar which was shaken continuously for 5 min. The carbofurancoated urea was air dried and clumps were.manually broken up and applied by hand. Granular carbofuran was applied with a hand-held shaker. Plots sprayed with flowable Furadan and treated with carbofuran-coated urea were surrounded by metal barriers to prevent movement of insecticide. Bensulfuron was applied at 1 oz (AI)/acre on 17 May, 4 d after the permanent flood. Urea was applied a third and fourth time at 51 lbs N/acre on 28 May and 12 Jun. Five, 4-inch diameter by 4-inch deep soil cores containing approximately 1 plant were removed from each plot on 4 Jun, 22 d after the permanent flood. Plants in cores were washed and roots inspected for RWW immatures. The middle 8 rows of each plot were harvested at maturity with a combine. Grain was cleaned, weighed, and yield adjusted to 12% moisture. Experiment 2 was designed the same as Experiment 1. Urea was applied preplant on 12 Jul at 68 lb N/acre followed by drill planting at 100 lb seed/acre on the same date. Plots were flushed 13 Jul and thiobencarb applied preemergence 18 Jul at 4 lbs AI/ acre. Rice emerged 8 d after planting. Propanil and bentazon were applied at 3 and 0.75 lbs Al/acre, respectively, on 31 Jul 7 d before the permanent flood which was applied 18 d after rice emergence. Urea was applied a second time at 51 lbs N/acre on 7 Aug immediately before the permanent flood. Flowable Furadan was applied to urea and granular carbofuran was applied to plots as described in Experiment 1. Evaluation of treatment efficacy and harvest methods were the same as in Experiment 1. Efficacy data from both experiments were transformed using Vx + 0.5. All data were analyzed by ANOVA and, where appropriate, means separated by DMRT.
Chinch Bug Control with Sevin XLR Plus and Liquid Ivory Soap, 1991
Authors: Spike B. P. , Wright R. J. , Danielson S. D. , Pryor R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted to compare the efficacy of Ivory* soap and water, an unorthodox treatment used by some NE farmers to control CB, with an insecticide labeled for use on CB. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Each treated plot was approx. 10 × 15 m. The sorghum was bordered on the east by CB-infested winter wheat. Treatments were applied at dusk 2 Jul 1991 to 5-6 leaf sorghum plants with drop nozzles (flat fan) directed at the base of the plant, 21.7 gal/ acre with tractor speed of 1 mph. The control treatment consisted of running the tractor and spray equipment down the infested rows, but no treatment (not even water) was applied. Preteatment CB counts were taken earlier on 2 Jul. Posttreatment counts were taken on 3 Jul. To determine CB densities, 4 plants were randomly selected from the center of each plot, cut, and placed in 0.5 gal ZipLoc* bags; CB were counted in the laboratory. For posttreatment CB counts, live and dead CB per plant were determined. At the time of treatment, chinch bugs were in the adult stage, moving from the adjacent wheat field.
Selected Insecticides for Corn Earworm Control in Soybean in Virginia, 1991
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against CEW in soybean. Asgrow '5979' soybean was planted on 3 Jun using a 36-inch row spacing. Aldicarb was applied at 0.75 lb (AI)/acre in furrow. Treatments were applied on 6 Aug using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal formulation per acre at 50 psi through three D2-13 disc-core hollow cone spray nozzles per row, one over the top of the row and one on each side. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows × 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated 3 h before and 3, 6, 10, 14, and 17 DAT by comparing numbers of small (1st and 2nd instars), medium (3rd and 4th instars), large (5th and 6th instars), and total larvae per 3 row feet using a standard beat cloth sampling technique. Yield was determined by combining the center 2 rows of each plot (80 row feet) using a Hege small-plot combine. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Control of Soybean Loopers and Velvetbean Caterpillars on Soybeans, 1991
Authors: Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

Two field tests were conducted in conventionally planted and tilled soybeans at the Wiregrass Substation in Headland, AL. Ten treatments and a control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 4 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) and 50 ft long. Replicates were separated by a 15 ft alley. Treatments were applied in water on 30 Aug using a boom sprayer equipped with 1 TX 10 nozzle per row operating at 40 psi and delivering 8 gal/acre. Insect populations were monitored by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between 2 randomly selected rows and by beating both rows. Samples were taken at 1 hr before treatment and at 4, 5, and 7 DAT.
Soybean Looper Control with Selected Experimental Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Mink J. S. , Boethel D. J. , Wier A. T. , Thomas J. D. , Leonard B. R. , Bums E.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of selected experimental insecticides was evaluated for soybean looper control in Northeast LA. Test I was conducted on the Macon Ridge Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. Plots consisted of 4 rows on 1.0 m centers × 15.2 m. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 5 replications. Insecticides were applied on 31 Aug to 'Centennial' soybeans in the R5 growth stage with a CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters total spray/ha at 1.4 kg/cm2 through 8002 nozzles (2/row). Plots were sampled at 3 and 7 DAT using 2, 25-sweep samples with a standard 0.4 m diam sweep net. The test plots received 1.2 cm of rainfall on I Sep, 0.2 cm rainfall on 2 Sep, and 0.7 cm rainfall on 3 Sep. Test II was conducted on the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, LA. Plots consisted of 4 rows on 1.0 m centers × 19.7 m. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 4 Sep to 'Deltapine 105' soybeans in the R5 growth stage with a tractor-mounted boom and compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters total spray/ ha at 3.36 kg/cm2 through 80015 flat fan nozzles (2/row). Plots were sampled 2 DAT using two 25-sweep samples with a standard 0.4 m diam sweep net.
Soybean Insect Pest Control, 1990
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont, and was designed as a randomized complete block with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Soybeans were planted 16 Jun in rows 32 inches wide and were not irrigated. Plot size was 6 rows, 40 ft long with 2 buffer rows between plots. On 18 Jun, before seedling emergence (24 Jun), plots were treated with glyphosate and metolachlor at 1.0 lb and 2.0 lb (AI)/acre, respectively. On 3 Jul plots were treated with Storm (bentazon + acifluorfen) at 1.5 pt/acre. Insecticide treatments were applied 25 Sep with a 4-nozzle hand-held boom sprayer equipped with 800067 tips in a final spray volume of 10 gal/ acre. The propellant was COa at 22 psi. Applications were made at 1530h during calm, clear conditions. No rain fell for 1 wk after application of treatments; however, for the entire insect sampling period (24 Sep-23 Oct) 4.65 inches of rain was recorded. One day before and 1, 3, 8, 14, 21, and 23 days after application, 9 ft of row in each plot were sampled with a vertical beat sheet. Samples were placed into plastic bags and refrigerated. The contents of the bags were transferred to vials containing preservative and later identified. Yield was obtained by harvesting 20 ft of each of the middle 2 rows of each plot. Insect data were transformed by x + 0.5 and all data were analyzed using ANOVA and where appropriate DMRT.
Evaluation of Dimilin and Benlate for Soybean Insect Pest and Disease Control, 1990
Authors: Way M. O. , Whitney N. G. , Wallace R. G.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Beaumont. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Soil type was a Midland silty clay loam. Plot size was 40 ft × 6 rows (32-inch row spacing) with 2 buffer rows on either side of each plot. Plots were planted 16 Jun at about 10 seeds/ft. On 18 Jun plots were treated with 2 pt Dual and 1 qt Roundup/acre in a finished spray volume of 20 gal/acre. Seedlings emerged 24 Jun but the stand was not uniform due to large amounts of partially decayed organic matter which arose from a heavy weed cover at the time of land preparation. On 3 Jul plots were treated with 1.5 pt Storm/acre in a finished spray volume of 20 gal/acre. On 28 Aug (when soybeans were in V13 R3) Dimilin, Benlate, and Dimilin + Benlate treatments were applied to 4 rows of each plot using a Solo backpack sprayer. Finished spray volume was 20 gal/acre. One day pre-application and 2, 7, and 14 day post-application samples of insects were taken; however, insect populations were too low on all sample dates for a meaningful evaluation. A repeat application of treatments was made (when soybeans were V15 R5) on 20 Sep. At this time target insect populations were evident and increasing. Pre-application (2 h before application) and 1, 7, 13, 20, and 32 d post-application insect samples were taken. Each sample consisted of shaking soybean plants along 9 ft of row over a vertical beat sheet. Insects were shaken and brushed from the vertical beat sheet into a plastic bag which was frozen for later inspection of the contents. One sample (9 ft of sampled row) was taken from each plot on each sample date. From time of application on 20 Sep to 14 d later no appreciable precipitation was recorded. On 6 Nov plots were visually rated for disease severity. Anthracnose was the predominant disease. At maturity, 40 ft of row in each plot was harvested with a small plot combine. Insect count data were transformed using Vx + 0.5 and all data analyzed by ANOVA and DMRT where appropriate.
Control of Southern Green Stink Bug on Soybean, 1991
Authors: Wier A. T. , Mink J. S. , Thomas J. D. , Boethel D. J.
Published: March 2022

Two small plot insecticide screening trials were conducted in Iberville Parish at St. Gabriel Research Station to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides for control of SGSB. In Test 1, plots measuring 15.24 m by 8 rows (0.91 m row spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor and CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.6 liters/ha at 1.12 kg/cm2 through 8002 flat fan nozzles. Treatments were applied on 12 Sep to 'Centennial' soybeans in the R5 growth stage. Posttreatment samples consisting of 2 sets of 25 sweeps (38.2 cm diam sweep net) were taken at 2, 7, and 14 DAT. In Test 2, plots measuring 15.24 m by 4 rows (0.92 m row spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with identical equipment, pressure, and output. Treatments were applied on 27 Sep to 'Centennial' soybeans in the R6 growth stage. Posttreatment samples were taken at 3, 7, and 14 DAT. Rainfall amounts measured were 0.23, 0.64, and 0.38 cm on 16, 24, and 25 Sep, respectively.
Two Spotted Spider Mite and Bean Leaf Beetle Control in Ohio, 1991
Authors: Wilson H. R. , Eisley J. B.
Published: March 2022

A test was conducted at the OARDC Northwestern Field Station near Hoytville to evaluate the efficacy of an acaricide applied at 2 rates and 4 insecticide treatments for control of TSSM on soybeans. The block selected for treatment had been fallow in 1990, planted 11 May, and was found in late Jul to be infested with TSSM that was evenly distributed throughout the block. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates per treatment was used. Plots were 200 ft in length and 4 rows wide at 30 inch row spacing. Treatments were broadcasted 5 Aug with a 4 row, 10 ft boom with nozzles (Spraying Systems XR 8002) mounted at 15 inch intervals. The system was calibrated to deliver 32 gal/acre at 32 psi, at a tractor speed of 3 mph., when the soybean stand was in the early pod formation stage. Posttreatment TSSM abundance was determined by random collection of 40 leaves per replicate on 14 Aug, brushing the mites from the leaves on to a sticky glass plate, and counting the number of mites with a binocular microscope. Since the block was also impacted by a severe infestation of BLB, subsequent pod injury damage due to 2nd generation BLB was evaluated. In a neighboring block, sweep net sampling of BLB adults averaged 1.4 BLB per sweep on 25 Jul, 1.2 BLB per sweep on 7 Aug, and 5.2 BLB per sweep on 15 Aug.
Application Techniques Study for Mexican Rice Borer Control on Sugarcane, 1991
Authors: Meagher R. L. , Saldafia R. R.
Published: March 2022

Foliar spray concentrates were applied aerially to a field of 1st ratoon sugarcane, cultivar 'TCP 81-3058', located in Hidalgo County, near Santa Rosa, TX. The field was sectioned into plots of 22 rows (152.4-cm centers) × 374.3 m, with the 11 treated rows in the center. Insecticide treatments were randomly assigned to plots in a complete block design with 4 replications. Each spray was aerially applied to the crop canopy on 16.8-m swath widths (11 rows) at a rate of 18.9 liters finished formulation (insecticide + water + ValBuff at 2.0 pt/100 gal) per acre. Prespray counts of infested leafsheaths from randomly-collected stalks (25 stalks/replication, 100 stalks/treatment) were made 28 May. Azinphosmethyl (Guthion 2 L at 0.75 lb [AI]/acre treatments were applied beginning 4 Jun and continued after leafsheath infestations exceeded 10%. Treatments included morning (before 7:00 am) and evening (after 7:00 pm) applications with or without the addition of a stickerspreader (Valco X-Plus Sticker Spreader at 1 pt/100 gal). Postspray sample counts of bored internodes (25 stalks/replication, 100 stalks/treatment) were taken 29 Jul and 2 Oct to evaluate injury levels. Yield and quality parameters were measured at harvest (10-12 Oct).
Apple, Broad Spectrum Control with Fenoxycarb, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (Macspur S—Block) at a rate of 100 gal/acre with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of all materials were made as indicated on; 15 May (PF), 25 May (IC), 19 Jun (3C), 15 Jul, and 29 Aug. Dodine was applied separately to all treatments. Evaluations of fruit damage were made on 19 Jul and 20 Sep by randomly picking 100 apples per replicate (400 apples per treatment), and evaluating them for damage by insect pests. Internal feeders included CM, LAW, and OFM.
Control of Tobacco Wireworms with Fall, Winter, and Spring Applications, 1991
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established at the Upper Piedmont Research Station (UPRS) near Reidsville, NC, on 2 Nov and at the Border Belt Tobacco Research Station (BBTRS) near Whiteville, NC, on 5 Nov. Plots were 20 plants long (ca. 40 foot) and 4 rows wide (45 and 48 inches between rows at UPRS and BBTRS, respectively) and were arranged according to a randomized complete-block design having 10 treatments and 4 blocks. Soil types were Cecil loamy sand (pH 6.0) and Goldsboro fine sandy loam (pH 6.5) for UPRS and BBTRS, respectively. Fall applications (treatments 1-3) were made on 2 Nov at the UPRS and on 5 November at the BBTRS, using a CO2- powered sprayer fitted with 5, 8004 Spraying Systems flat-fan nozzles spaced 20 inches apart on an 80 inch boom. Sprays were applied at 30 psi with a delivery rate of 25 gal/acre and incorporated to a depth of 4 to 6 inches with a spring tooth harrow. Rows were ridged within 2 hours after incorporation. Winter applications (treatments 4-6) were made on 4 Feb at UPRS and on 19 Feb at BBTRS, while spring applications (treatments 7-9) were made on 9 Apr at BBTRS and on 3 May at UPRS. Winter and spring treatments were applied as described above. Flue-cured tobaccos, var. NC 37 and var. K 326, were transplanted on 16 Apr and 10 May at the BBTRS and UPRS, respectively. Soil moisture was excellent at the time of transplanting. Three weeks after transplanting, 10 consecutive plants from one row per plot were gently pulled from the soil and the roots and stems visually examined and rated for wireworm damage as follows: 0 = no damage; 1 = feeding scars on root surface; 2 = feeding reaching pith with tunneling >1 cm; 3 = pith tunneling from 1-5 cm; 4 = pith tunneling >5 cm; and 5 = dead plant. Data were subjected to ANOVA. Proportion of plants infested was transformed to arcsine Vproportion before ANOVA.
Thrips Control in Georgia Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1991
Authors: McPherson R. M.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco, K-326, was transplanted on 12 April at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station Bowen Farm in Tift County, GA. Production practices followed recommendations of the Georgia Cooperative Extension Service, and included Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Lorsban for wireworms and grubs, Nemacur for nematode suppression, and Ridomil for blue mold control. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied at a rate of 1000 lb/acre in a split application. Plots 4 rows wide (44 inch row spacing) by 30 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications of four insecticide treatments (plus an untreated control). Treatments were applied on 18, 26 Apr, 2, and 10 May to control thrips. Foliar sprays were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 3, TX-12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 27 gal/acre at 35 psi. Each plot was separated by an untreated border row and an alley 4 ft wide on each end. The number of live thrips on plants 2, 4, and 6 of row 2 were counted on 22 Apr, 2, and 10 May prior to applying treatments, and on 13 and 27 May. The aphids per 10 plants in row 2 also were counted on these dates. All data were subjected to AN OVA and Duncan's multiple range test (P = 0.05).
Controlling Tobacco Insect Pests with Transplant and Foliar Insecticide Treatments, 1991
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Culbreath Albert K. , Csinos Alex S.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco, 'CV K-326', was transplanted on 12 Apr at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station Bowen Farm in Tift County, GA. Production practices were carried out according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service recommendations. A pre-plant incorporated tank mix of the following was applied; Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, and Nemacur for nematode suppression. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied at a rate of 1000 lb/acre in a split application. Prior to planting, plots 4 rows wide (44 inch row spacing) by 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Six transplant insecticide treatments were applied at planting and included NTN 33893 in the transplant water, NTN 33893 as a foliar spray after transplant, Orthene in the transplant water, Orthene as a foliar spray after transplant, Temik in a 6-inch band to the side of the row and incorporated after transplant, and Furadan in an incorporated band after transplant. Also, Orthene was foliar-applied at 2 and 4 wk after transplant. The eighth treatment was an untreated control. Transplant water treatments were applied at a rate of 4 oz of form per plant. Foliar sprays were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 3, TX-12 nozzles directed over the row, delivering 22 gal of form/acre at 35 psi. Granular materials were applied with a Gandy applicator as sidedress applications in a 6-inch band to the right of the row and lightly incorporated. The center 2 rows of each plot were treated with an untreated border row on each side. All plots were separated on each end with an alley 4 ft wide. The number of live aphids and thrips was recorded on plants 2, 4, and 6 of row 2 of each plot 10, 21, 40, and 70 days after transplant. Also, the number of budworms and hornworms per 10 plants was recorded on these same sampling dates. Aphid damage ratings were taken on 27 Jun from each of the 10 plants in row 2 that were being used to determine yield estimates. Damage scores ranged from 0 (no visible aphid injury) to 10 (all upper leaves essentially covered with aphid injury, honeydew, and sooty mold). Also on 27 Jun each of the 10 plants were visually rated for percent defoliation. Between mid-Jun and late Jul each plot was harvested (4 primings) and cured. All data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test (P = 0.05).
Apple, Season-Long Insecticide Block Treatments, 1991
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to mature trees at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of three rows by three trees (9 trees/unit), each replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 5 May, 20 May, 31 May, 12 Jun, 25 Jun, 7 Jul, 19 Jul, 2 Aug, 14 Aug, and 27 Aug. Dodine, Rubigan, Captan, NAA, and Nova were applied separately to all treatments^ Mid-season data were taken on 13 Jun by picking 25 fruit, taken randomly from the periphery of test trees from each replicate (100 fruit per treatment). Mite densities were estimated on 9 Aug from 50 leaves per replicate (200 leaves per treatment). Samples were processed with a mite-brushing machine, and eggs and motile forms of ERM, adult AF, and ZM were counted with the aid of a microscope. Pest damage to mature fruit was sampled on 9 Sep by randomly picking 100 fruit from the periphery of the test trees in each replicate (400 per treatment).
Hessian Fly and Aphid Control Tests on Wheat, 1991
Authors: Chapin Jay W. , Thomas James S.
Published: March 2022

At-planting insecticide applications were made to winter wheat seeded 1 Nov in a Dothan sandy loam in Barnwell County, SC. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replicates. The experimental unit was a plot 50 × 5.3 ft (8 rows on 8 inch spacing). Granular Di-Syston and Thimet were placed in-furrow with electric Gandy applicators. In-furrow applications of Di-Syston 8 were made with a CO2 pressurized canister connected to an aluminum manifold having 8 brass push-in fittings. Equal lengths of plastic irrigation tubing (1 mm internal diam) delivered insecticide to the open furrow at 11.1 gal/acre, 25 psi manifold pressure. Broadcast applications of Di-Syston 8 were made from a CO2 pressurized canister connected to a boom mounted in front of the double-disk openers. The system delivered 10.1 gal/acre at 25 psi through Teejet 8001 flat fan nozzles. Broadcast foliar treatments of NTN 33893 were made with a tractor-mounted CO2 pressurized boom (Teejet TX 6 nozzles, 7.3 gal/acre at 50 psi). A previously untreated set of plots was Sed with NTN 33893 on 9 Jan and a set of plots previously treated with Di-Syston 15 G in-furrow was Sed with NTN 33893 on 12 Mar. Hessian fly samples were taken by randomly uprooting 10 plants from each of 4 plots (40 plants/treatment) and dissecting them in the laboratory. Aphid counts were made from 2 random 6-inch samples per plot (8/treatment). HF activity was monitored wkly in a separate set of plots by sampling 40 leaves for egg deposition and dissecting 40 plants for larval and puparial counts. Aphid species populations were also monitored wkly in a separate set of plots. EGA and BCOA were predominant throughout the growing season. On the 3 Mar sampling date, BCOA comprised 64% of the population and EGA the remainder. Yields were taken by harvesting the middle 6 rows with an Almaco plot combine. All treatments were planted with the same seed lot.
Insecticide × Fungicide; Interaction When Prophylactically Applied to Wheat, Trial 2, 1901
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Jones Roge. , Warnes Denni.
Published: March 2022

This is the final comparison made during 3 years at two locations to determine whether a prophylactic treatment of Penncap M 2 F at 0.56 kg (AI)/ha might be profitable. Twenty-five × 50 ft plots were cut in a bulk Marshall wheat field on the West Central Experiment Station at Morris, MN. Plot size was 7.6 m × 15.3 m and treatments were arranged in a Latin Square design with 4 replications. A combined application of fungicide and insecticide was made on 17 Jun when the wheat was in Feekes stage = 8. Approximately 110 liter/ha of total material was applied at a pressure of 7 kg/cm2 using a hydraulic sprayer. Yields were obtained by combining a strip (1.2 m × 15.3 m) through the long axis of each plot. The grain was dried and moisture and test weights taken. Yields were adjusted to a standard moisture.
Greenbug and Hessian Fly Control in Winter Wheat with Insecticide-Treated Seed, 1991
Authors: Knutson Alle.
Published: March 2022

Wheat seed treated with NTN 33893 (imidacloprid) was evaluated for greenbug and Hessian fly control in winter wheat planted 26 Oct in Cooke Co., TX. In Trial 1, Di-Syston 15 G was used as a standard treatment and applied with electric-driven Gandy boxes mounted on the wheat drill. In Trial 2, one rate of NTN treated seed (250 g (AI)/100 kg seed) was mixed with an equal volume of seed treated only with Baytan (triadimenol) fungicide. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block. Plots were 13.5 × 65 ft long (seeding rate: 80 lb/acre). Treatments were evaluated at 31, 115, and 154 d after planting (DAP) by recording the number of greenbug per ft of drill-row in 2-4 locations/plot. Wheat plants in 1 ft of drill-row were pulled from 2 locations in each plot 199 DAP and combined into a single sample. Fifty small tillers from each sample were dissected to record Hessian fly puparia. Plots were harvested using a combine with an 8-ft header.
Apple, Summer Control of European Red Mites, 1991
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (Red-Block) at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of all materials were made as indicated in the table on 18 Jul. Dodine, Captan, Rubigan, Nova, Ambush, Guthion, and Lannate were applied separately to all treatments. Efficacy was determined by counting ERM eggs and motile forms as well as adult ZM and AF on 50 randomly selected leaves per tree (200 leaves per treatment). Mites were brushed from leaves in a mite-brushing machine and counted under magnification of a microscope.
Apple, Evaluation of Experimental Insecticide Ac-303630 24 Sc, 1991
Authors: Polk D. F. , Swift F. C. , Cantarella M.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 5 tree plots replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The orchard block consisted of'Red Delicious' on Mill planted in 1970 on a 20' by 20' spacing. Sprays were applied with an FMC handgun sprayer using a 5 HP diaphragm pump at 280 psi until run off, with approx. 4 gal of spray applied to each tree. There were 5 treatments in this test; 1) = AC-303630 50.9 g AI/100 gal, 2) = AC-303630 101.8 g AI/100 gal, 3) = AC-303630 203.7 g AI/100 gal, 4) = Standard Program, and 5) = untreated control. The Standard Program consisted of: Pink—Thiodan 50 WP 454 g/100 gal, Petal Fall—Imidan 50 WP 454 g/100 gal + Carzol 92 SP 60 g/ 100 gal, 1st Cover—Imidan 454 g/100 gal, 2nd Cover—Imidan 454 g/100 gal + Lannate 1.8 L 235 ml/100 gal, 3rd Cover—Imidan 454 g/100 gal, 4th Cover— Imidan 454 g/100 gal, 5th Cover—Imidan 454 g/100 gal, and 6th Cover—Imidan 454 g/100 gal. Spray dates for all treatments and conditions were: Pink— 12 Apr 57°F, 2 mph wind & clear, Petal Fall—2 May 62°F, 0-2 mph wind & clear, 1st Cover—20 May 65°F, 0-2 mph wind & clear, 2nd Cover—10 Jun 85°F, 5 mph wind & clear, 3rd Cover—1 Jul 75°F 0-2 mph wind & cloudy, 4th Cover—17 Jul 83°F, 5 mph wind & clear, 5th Cover—6 Aug 75°F, 2-3 mph wind & clear, and 6th Cover—28 Aug 75°F, 0-2 mph wind & clear. All treatments received regular fungicide cover sprays of Captan or Captan + Rubigan. Mite and mite predator counts were done on a weekly basis, with each mite sample consisting of 25 leaves per tree, brushed and counted with a binocular scope. SP counts are reported as a 3 min count per tree. SJS counts were done on 1 Aug, and reported as the number damaged per 100 fruit per tree and as the number of sites present in the 20 maximally infested fruit per tree. AA counts were made on 6 Jun and 14 Jun. Data are reported as average aphis per colony of the 10 maximally infested colonies per tree. STLM, WALH, EAS, and RAA counts were done on 21 May. STLM counts are reported as mines per 3 min count per tree. WALH counts are reported as damaged leaves out of 300 leaves per tree. EAS counts are reported as infestations per 300 fruit. RAA counts are reported as colonies per tree. A post-harvest fruit evaluation was done, using 100 fruit per tree and reported as percent damage by AM, CM, EAS, PC, SJS, TABM/LR, and TPB. A postharvest fruit finish evaluation consisted of 30 fruit per tree. Each fruit was rated on a 0 to 5 scale for percent russet. Values used were as follows: 0 = no russet, I = raised lenticels, 2 = 1-10% russeted, 3 = 11-15% russeted, 4 = 16-50% russeted, and 5 = >51% russeted. Mean values of each replicate were used for calculations. Data were transformed to log(x + 1) for analysis at P = 0.01 except on the 15 Jul mite count where P = 0.05.
Apple, Evaluation of Experimental Miticides, 1991
Authors: Polk D. F. , Swift F. C. , Cantarella M.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 7 tree plots replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The orchard block consisted of 'Empire', 'Red Delicious', and 'Rome' on M7a, planted in 1982 on a 15 by 18 ft spacing. Replicates 1 and 2 were on 'Red Delicious', while replicates 3 and 4 were on 'Empire'. Sprays were applied with an FMC handgun sprayer using a 5 HP diaphragm pump at 280 psi until run off, with approx. 4 gal of spray applied to each tree. One application of Pydrin 2.4 EC 178 ml/100 gal was made on 6 Jun in order to build mite populations, since few mites were present early in the season. Miticides were applied on 1 Jul and again on 10 Jul. Conditions during applications were 75°F on both dates, with 2 mph winds and cloudy skies on 1 Jul, and 2-4 mph winds and clear skies on 10 Jul. Treatments were as follows: 1) BAS 300 00 I 20 WP .05 lb AI/100 gal, 2) BAS 300 00 I 20 WP . 12 lb AI/100 gal, 3) BAS 300 11 I 75 WP .05 lb AI/100 gal, 4) BAS 300 11 I 75 WP . 12 lb AI/100 gal, 5) Omite (propargite) 30 WP .60 lb AI/100 gal, and 6) Omite 30 WP .30 lb AI/100 gal, 7) Untreated. ERM counts were taken in samples of 15 leaves per tree on 7 Jun (pre-treatment), and again on 3, 8, 15, 22, 29 Jul, and 5, 12 Aug. SP populations were evaluated on 12 Aug. Predacious mites and beetles were not present early in the season, since they had been eliminated by the Pydrin application. Fruit finish was evaluated by taking 30 fruit from each tree and evaluating for fruit russet on a 0 to 5 basis. Values were used as follows: 0 = no russet, 1 = raised lenticels, 2 = 1-10% russeted, 3 = 11-15% russeted, 4 = 16-50% russeted, and 5 = >51% russeted. Each fruit was evaluated, and an average per replicate was used in the calculations.