bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen mit Cyanidionen? Die Strukturen von 1,3‐Diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazoliumcyanid und 1‐Isopropyl‐3,4,5‐trimethylimidazoliumcyanid
Authors: Kuhn Norbert , Eichele Klaus , Steimann Manfred , Al‐Sheikh Ahmed , Doser Bernd , Ochsenfeld Christian
Published: October 2006

Hydrogen Bonds with Cyanide Ions? The Structures of 1,3‐Diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazolium Cyanide and 1‐Isopropyl‐3,4,5‐trimethylimidazolium Cyanide

1,3‐Diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazolium cyanide (2a) and 1‐isopropyl‐3,4,5‐trimethylimidazolium cyanide (2b) are obtained from the reaction of the corresponding 2,3‐dihydrodimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidenes (1) and hydrogen cyanide in excellent yield. Their crystal structure analyses reveal the presence of ion pairs linked by hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure analysis of 2a reveals a near colinear orientation of the C(1)‐H bond axis and the cyanide ion while in 2b this orientation is perpendicular. In both cases, the interionic distances are in the expected range for hydrogen bonds. Ab‐initio calculations of the total energy of the salts 2 indicate small differences in energy between the colinear and perpendicular orientation of the ions as well as between the colinear C‐H···C‐N and C‐H···N‐C orientations. The comparison of calculated and measured 13C and 15N NMR chemical shifts does not allow the distinction between the possible orientations.
Effects of Coordinating Solvents on the Supramolecular Assembling of Tectons arised from the Metallation of Sulfamethoxazole: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Polymeric [Cd(sulfamethoxazolato)2(L)2]n {L = N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF); Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)} and [Cd(sulfamethoxazolato)2(Py)2]n·n(Py)(Py =pyridine)
Authors: Marques Lenice L. , de Oliveira Gelson Manzoni , Schulz Lang Ernesto
Published: October 2006

Cadmium acetate reacts with sulfamethoxazole (5‐methyl‐3‐isoxazolyl sulfanilamide) and with DMF / DMSO / pyridine to give the crystalline polymers [Cd(sulfamethoxazolato)2(L2)]n {L = DMF (1), DMSO (2)} and [Cd(sulfamethoxazolato)2(Py)2]n·n(Py) (3). Complexes 1, 2 and 3 confirm the tectonic character of the [Cd(sulfamethoxazolato)2(L)2] moieties and the remarkable ability of the {Cd(sulfamethoxazolato)4} fragments to be non selectively stabilized by monodentate ligands. In the polymeric assemblies of the title complexes the cadmium(II) atoms are linked through sulfamethoxazolato anions which alternate in their coordination with the isoxazolic N‐atoms and the aromatic amino groups. The chains of vicinal rings build tunnels along the crystallographic c axis.
Spiro Compounds of Tin, Selenium and Tellurium Containing 1,3,2‐Diazaelement‐[3]ferrocenophane Units
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , Klimkina Elena V. , Milius Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

The reactions of 1,1′‐bis[Li(trimethylsilyl)amino]ferrocene (2a) with selenium‐ or tellurium tetrahalides gave the 1,1′,3,3′‐tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)‐1,1′,3,3′‐tetraaza‐2‐selene‐ and 2‐tellura‐2,2′‐spirobi[3]ferrocenophanes 5 and 6, respectively. The analogous reaction with tin dichloride afforded the corresponding 2‐stanna‐2,2′‐spirobi[3]ferrocenophane (9) rather than the expected stannylene 8. The reaction of 2,2‐dichloro‐1,3‐bis(trimethylsilyl)‐1,3,2‐diazastanna‐[3]ferrocenophane (10) with the dilithio reagent 2b also gave the spirotin compound 9, of which the molecular structure was determined by X‐ray analysis. The formation of the products and their solution‐state structures was deduced from multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies (1H, 13C, 15N, 29Si, 77Se, 125Te, 119Sn NMR spectroscopy).
MnO3Cl, Isolation and Crystal Structure
Authors: Spandl Johann , Supeł Joanna , Drews Thomas , Seppelt Konrad
Published: October 2006

MnO3Cl is prepared from KMnO4 und ClSO3H. The thermally very unstable compound is identified by its Raman spectrum and a single crystal structure determination: a = 715.4(5), b = 1008.3(7), c = 500.9(4) pm, space group Cmc21. Solid MnO3Cl consists of molecules with only weak intermolecular interactions. The M–Cl bond length is 209.9(4) pm. The crystal structure is compared to those of MnO3F, CrO2Cl2, and ReO3Cl, the X‐ray crystal structure determinations of which are also submitted in this article.
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Magnetic and Photoelectric Properties of Two Cobalt(II) Coordination Polymers
Authors: Jin Jing , Niu Shu Yun , Yang Guang Di , Ye Ling
Published: October 2006

Two cobalt(II) coordination polymers, {[Co(μ‐4,4′‐bipy)(4,4′‐bipy)2(H2O)2]·(OH)3·(Me4N)·4,4′‐bipy·4H2O}n (1) and {[Co(μ‐4,4′‐bipy)(H2O)4]·suc·4H2O}n (2) (4,4′‐bipy = 4,4′‐bipyridine, suc = succinate dianions), were hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis, UV‐Vis‐NIR, and ICP. The main structure feature common to the both polymers is presence of the infinite linear chains, [Co(μ‐4,4′‐bipy)(4,4′‐bipy)2(H2O)2]n (1) and [Co(μ‐4,4′‐bipy)(H2O)4]n (2), respectively. In 1, the chains are further linked by the hydrogen‐bond and π‐π stacking interaction, producing extended layer structure. The 4,4′‐bipy molecules in 1 play three different roles. In 2, the chains are linked into three‐dimensional network structure via complicated hydrogen bonding system. The variable temperature (2.0∼300 K) magnetic susceptibility of 1 indicates a tendency of spin‐transition in the temperature range of 110 K to 22 K, which attributes to the transition of high‐spin to low‐spin from Co2+(d7) ion. Also, the result of surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS) reveals that the polymer 1 has significant photoelectric conversion property in the region of 300‐800 nm.
Spatial genetic pattern in the land mollusc Helix aspersa inferred from a ‘centre-based clustering’ procedure
Authors: GUILLER ANNIE , BELLIDO ALAIN , COUTELLE ALAIN , MADEC LUC
Published: October 2006

The present work provides the first broad-scale screening of allozymes in the land snail Helix aspersa. By using overall information available on the distribution of genetic variation between 102 populations previously investigated, we expect to strengthen our knowledge on the spread of the invasive aspersa subspecies in the Western Mediterranean. We propose a new approach based on a centre-based clustering procedure to cluster populations into groups following rules of geographical proximity and genetic similarity. Assuming a stepping-stone model of diffusion, we apply a partitioning algorithm which clusters only populations that are geographically contiguous. The algorithm used, which is actually part of leading methods developed for analysing large microarray datasets, is that of the k-means. Its goal is to minimize the within-group variance. The spatial constraint is provided by a list of connections between localities deduced from a Delaunay network. After testing each optimal group for the presence of spatial arrangement in the genetic data, the inferred genetic structure was compared with partitions obtained from other methods published for defining homogeneous groups (i.e. the Monmonier and SAMOVA algorithms). Competing biogeographical scenarios inferred from the k-means procedure were then compared and discussed to shed more light on colonization routes taken by the species.
Radiofrequency ablation (coblation): a promising new technique for laryngeal papillomata
Authors: Timms M S , Bruce I A , Patel N K
Published: October 2006

This paper describes a new application for radiofrequency ablation in head and neck surgery. Two patients with extensive laryngeal papillomata were successfully treated using this technology. The technique is described in detail, highlighting the main benefits of this approach as compared with existing techniques. These advantages include limited damage to underlying tissues and a bloodless field.
York Bowen's Viola Concerto
Authors: Talbot John
Published: October 2006

YORK BOWEN: Viola Concerto in C minor, op.25. CECIL FORSYTH: Viola Concerto in G minor. Lawrence Power (vla), BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra c. Martyn Brabbins. Hyperion CDA67546.

BOWEN: Viola Concerto; Viola Sonata No.2 in F major; Melody for the C string, op.51 no.2. Doris Lederer (vla), with Czech Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra c. Paul Polivnick, Bruce Murray (pno). Centaur CRC 2786.

BOWEN: Viola Concerto. WALTON: Viola Concerto in A minor. HOWELLS: Elegy for viola, string quartet and string orchestra. VAUGHAN WILLIAMS: Suite for viola and orchestra (Group I). Helen Callus (vla), New Zealand Symphony Orchestra c. Marc Taddei. ASV CD DCA 1181.
Further reviews
Authors: Head Raymond
Published: October 2006

Rapsodi: Albanian piano music Volume 2. Kirsten Johnson (pno). Guild GMCD 7300.
London, Leighton House
Authors: Miller Malcolm
Published: October 2006

London, Leighton House: piano music of Peter Feuchtwanger
Economic changes and afforestation incentives in rural China
Authors: DÉMURGER SYLVIE , YANG WEIYONG
Published: October 2006

This paper uses provincial macro-data from the mid 1980s onwards to investigate the determinants of land-use choice in rural China, by paying particular attention to the decision to plant trees as competing with agriculture. The evidence supports the importance of economic motivations in the afforestation decision. A profit-seeking behavior is found to be at stake in the decision to plant trees, which is made according to both the relative profitability of forestry against agriculture, and their relative risks. Afforestation is also found to strongly depend on the pressure upon land as well as on household wealth.
A search for two‐component energetic proton events observed on board SOHO
Authors: Al‐Sawad Amjad , Torsti Jarmo , Kocharov Leon , Huttunen‐Heikinmaa Kalle
Published: October 2006

We examined solar energetic particle (SEP) events from May 1996 through April 2000 that showed evidence for two peaks of intensity, separated by 3–24 hours, in the energy range ∼1–20 MeV, observed with the Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Electron instrument (ERNE) onboard Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). Of 88 clear SEP events observed, 18 exhibited such double peaks, with more than factor of two dips between the peaks in the energy range up to at least 8 MeV. Second peaks were examined in terms of velocity dispersion and change of 4He/p abundance ratio. Three events showed both velocity dispersion and abundance change, four events just an abundance change, and four showed velocity dispersion and no abundance change. We discuss how these different properties may reflect acceleration processes near the Sun and in the interplanetary medium. In the remaining seven events with neither velocity dispersion nor abundance change, we suggest that the second peak was a spatial feature caused by interplanetary magnetic field structures.
Time series modeling of significant wave height in multiple scales, combining various sources of data
Authors: Stefanakos Ch. N. , Athanassoulis G. A. , Barstow S. F.
Published: October 2006

In the present paper, a composite stochastic model is formulated and validated, resolving the state‐by‐state, seasonal and interannual variabilities of HS. The model is a combination of two cyclostationary random processes modeling the variability of mean monthly values and mean monthly standard deviations, respectively, and of a stationary random process modeling the residual, state‐by‐state, variability. In this way, the time series of significant wave height is given the structure of a multiple‐scale composite stochastic process. The present model is a generalization of the nonstationary stochastic modeling introduced by the authors in previous works.
Validation of MIPAS satellite measurements of HNO3 using comparison of rotational and vibrational spectroscopy
Authors: Mencaraglia F. , Bianchini G. , Boscaleri A. , Carli B. , Ceccherini S. , Raspollini P. , Perrin A. , Flaud J.‐M.
Published: October 2006

HNO3 profiles measured by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument operating on the Envisat satellite are validated with balloon measurements. An agreement of ±5% is obtained. The two measurements observe HNO3 features in different spectral regions (vibration spectra in the middle infrared and rotation spectra in the far infrared, respectively) and the agreement is obtained after that significant upgradings are made to the spectroscopic database. A stringent test of our understanding of HNO3 spectroscopy for remote sensing measurements is obtained.
Early transient superplumes and the origin of the Martian crustal dichotomy
Authors: Ke Y. , Solomatov V. S.
Published: October 2006

The large temperature difference between the core and mantle of Mars at the end of planetary accretion creates a hot, internally convecting thermal boundary layer at the base of the mantle, whose viscosity is several orders of magnitude lower than the viscosity of the mantle above it. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations of the instability of this thermal boundary layer show that it is likely that only one large plume forms. This superplume may play a role in the formation of crustal dichotomy and generation of the magnetic field in the early history of Mars.
First observations of the artificial modulation of polar mesospheric winter echoes
Authors: Kavanagh A. J. , Honary F. , Rietveld M. T. , Senior A.
Published: October 2006

We demonstrate for the first time that the application of ionospheric heating can affect the strength of polar mesospheric winter echoes (PMWE) detected by VHF radar. PMWE were observed between 61.8 and 68.5 km altitude and we show that the signal strength can be modulated with 10‐second and 1‐minute cycles. The structures that cause PMWE are shown to extend over several hundred meters (∼300 m) with echoes existing in two height regimes simultaneously and a descent in altitude indicative of gravity wave effects. The effect on PMWE of ionospheric heating has similar gross features to those for PMSE: a sharp decrease in power when HF heating is switched on followed by a sharp increase when heating is switched off. During the period of active heating there is some recovery in echo power suggestive of dust control of the PMWE.
Toward a Conceptual Understanding of Asexuality
Authors: Bogaert Anthony F.
Published: October 2006

Asexuality has been the subject of recent academic ( A. F. Bogaert, 2004 ) and public (e.g., New Scientist; CNN) discourse. This has raised questions about the conceptualization and definition of asexuality. Here the author reviews some of these issues, discusses asexuality from a sexual orientation point of view (i.e., as a lack of sexual attraction), and reviews the similarities and differences between this definition and related phenomena (e.g., hypoactive sexual desire disorder). Finally, the author concludes that the term asexuality should not necessarily be used to describe a pathological or health-compromised state.
Molecular gymnastics at the herpesvirus surface
Authors: Rey Félix A
Published: October 2006

This review analyses recent structural results that provide clues about a possible molecular mechanism for the transmission of a fusogenic signal among the envelope glycoproteins of the herpes simplex virus on receptor binding by glycoprotein gD. This signal triggers the membrane‐fusion machinery of the virus—contained in glycoproteins gB, gH and gL—to induce the merging of viral and cellular membranes, and to allow virus entry into target cells. This activating process parallels that of γ‐retroviruses, in which receptor binding by the amino‐terminal domain of the envelope protein activates the fusogenic potential of the virion in a similar way, despite the different organization of the envelope complexes of these two types of viruses. Therefore, the new structural results on the interaction of gD with its receptors might also provide insights into the mechanism of fusogenic signal transmission in γ‐retroviruses. Furthermore, the fusion activation parallels with retroviruses, together with the recently reported structural homology of gB with the rhabdovirus envelope glycoprotein indicate that the complex entry apparatus of herpesviruses appears to be functionally related to that of simpler enveloped viruses.
Cell cycle-dependent expression of cIAP2 at G2/M phase contributes to survival during mitotic cell cycle arrest
Authors: Jin Hyung-Seung , Lee Tae H.
Published: October 2006

cIAP2 (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2) is induced by NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) when cells need to respond quickly to different apoptotic stimuli. A recent study using cDNA microarray technology has suggested that cIAP2 transcription is regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner, although the mechanism for such regulation is unknown. In this study, we confirmed the cell cycle-dependent regulation of cIAP2 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, we found that a bipartite CDE (cell cycle-dependent element)/CHR (cell cycle gene homology region) element in the cIAP2 promoter mediates cIAP2 gene activation in G2/M phase. Cell cycle-dependent G2/M-phase-specific cIAP2 expression is enhanced by NF-κB activation, and selective down-regulation of cIAP2 causes cells blocked in mitosis with nocodazole to become susceptible to apoptosis, indicating that the G2/M-phase-specific expression of cIAP2 contributes to the survival of mitotically arrested cells. Our studies describing the NF-κB-independent G2/M-phase-specific expression of cIAP2 will help in further understanding the molecular basis of cIAP2 over-expression in a variety of human cancers.
Insulin induction of glucokinase and fatty acid synthase in hepatocytes: analysis of the roles of sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein-1c and liver X receptor
Authors: Hansmannel Franck , Mordier Sylvie , Iynedjian Patrick B.
Published: October 2006

The transcription activator SREBP-1c (sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein-1c) is induced by insulin in the liver and is considered a master regulator of lipogenic genes such as FASN (fatty acid synthase). The question of whether SREBP-1c is also a mediator of insulin action on the regulatory enzyme of glucose metabolism GCK (glucokinase) is controversial. In the present paper, we induced SREBP-1c to various levels with insulin or the liver X receptor ligand T0901317 in primary hepatocytes and asked if these levels correlated with those of GCK or FASN mRNA expression, using the latter as positive control. Insulin and T0901317 triggered the accumulation of precursor and processed forms of SREBP-1c to similar levels and with comparable kinetics, and both effectors together caused synergistic increases in SREBP-1c protein levels. These effects were accompanied by commensurate elevation of FASN mRNA, notably by a synergistic response to both effectors. By contrast, GCK mRNA was unresponsive to T0901317 and was induced only by insulin. Treatment of hepatocytes with insulin and/or T0901317 resulted in the recruitment of SREBP-1c to the FASN promoter as shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation, whereas SREBP-1c did not bind to the GCK promoter. Lastly, we observed that the glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor SB216763 produced a small increase in SREBP-1c protein level, which was further augmented in the presence of T0901317. The level of FASN mRNA varied in parallel with SREBP-1c, while GCK mRNA was unaffected. Collectively, these results showed that increases in SREBP-1c were neither necessary nor sufficient for GCK induction in hepatocytes, while at the same time they underscored the role of SREBP-1c as a key regulator of FASN.
Compatible solutes and fungal development
Authors: Dijksterhuis Jan , de Vries Ronald P.
Published: October 2006

Compatible solutes are components that can be quickly accumulated and degraded inside fungal cells. They do not disturb the functioning of proteins and protect the cell under adverse conditions. In this issue of the Biochemical Journal, Solomon and co-workers evaluate the role of mannitol, one of these components, in Stagonospora nodorum, a plant-pathogenic fungus, and find surprising effects on the development of spores and spore-forming structures.
Theories of reactive scattering
Authors: Hu Wenfang , Schatz George C.
Published: October 2006

This paper is an overview of the theory of reactive scattering, with emphasis on fully quantum mechanical theories that have been developed to describe simple chemical reactions, especially atom-diatom reactions. We also describe related quasiclassical trajectory applications, and in all of this review the emphasis is on methods and applications concerned with state-resolved reaction dynamics. The review first provides an overview of the development of the theory, including a discussion of computational methods based on coupled channel calculations, variational methods, and wave packet methods. Choices of coordinates, including the use of hyperspherical coordinates are discussed, as are basis set and discrete variational representations. The review also summarizes a number of applications that have been performed, especially the two most comprehensively studied systems, H+H2 and F+H2, along with brief discussions of a large number of other systems, including other hydrogen atom transfer reactions, insertion reactions, electronically nonadiabatic reactions, and reactions involving four or more atoms. For each reaction we describe the method used and important new physical insight extracted from the results.
Search and retrieval of plasma wave forms: Structural pattern recognition approach
Authors: Dormido-Canto S. , Farias G. , Vega J. , Dormido R. , Sánchez J. , Duro N. , Santos M. , Martin J. A. , Pajares G.
Published: October 2006

Databases for fusion experiments are designed to store several million wave forms. Temporal evolution signals show the same patterns under the same plasma conditions and, therefore, pattern recognition techniques can allow identification of similar plasma behaviors. Further developments in this area must be focused on four aspects: large databases, feature extraction, similarity function, and search/retrieval efficiency. This article describes an approach for pattern searching within wave forms. The technique is performed in three stages. Firstly, the signals are filtered. Secondly, signals are encoded according to a discrete set of values (code alphabet). Finally, pattern recognition is carried out via string comparisons. The definition of code alphabets enables the description of wave forms as strings, instead of representing the signals in terms of multidimensional data vectors. An alphabet of just five letters can be enough to describe any signal. In this way, signals can be stored as a sequence of characters in a relational database, thereby allowing the use of powerful structured query languages to search for patterns and also ensuring quick data access.
Development and characterization of the proton recoil detector for the MPRu neutron spectrometer
Authors: Giacomelli L. , Andersson Sundén E. , Conroy S. , Ericsson G. , Gatu Johnson M. , Hellesen C. , Hjalmarsson A. , Källne J. , Ronchi E. , Sjöstrand H. , Weiszflog M. , Gorini G. , Tardocchi M. , Murari A. , Popovichev S. , Sousa J. , Pereira R. C. , Combo A. , Cruz N. ,   JET EFDA contributors
Published: October 2006

The magnetic proton recoil neutron spectrometer has been upgraded (MPRu) with a new focal plane hodoscope detector as a major part to improve the immunity to background and to extend the measuring range from 18 down to 1.5 MeV. The MPRu detector project has entailed the development of the phoswich technique for this application. This was done through tests of prototype scintillators to reach the final design. The article reports on the tests conducted, the projected specification, and demonstrated performance through the first MPRu results obtained at JET.
Applications of phase conjugate mirror to Thomson scattering diagnostics (invited)
Authors: Hatae T. , Naito O. , Nakatsuka M. , Yoshida H.
Published: October 2006

A high performance phase conjugate mirror based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS-PCM) has been applied to the Thomson scattering system in the JT-60U tokamak for the first time in order to improve the measurement performance. A SBS-PCM realized a high reflectivity of 95% at a high input power of 145W (2.9J, 50Hz). Using the SBS-PCM, two methods have been developed to increase the intensity of scattered light. For the first method, we have developed a new optical design to provide a double-pass scattering method with the SBS-PCM. A laser beam passing through the plasma is reflected by the SBS-PCM. The reflected beam passes the plasma again along the same path by means of the phase conjugation of the optically nonlinear stimulated Brillouin scattering process. The double-pass Thomson scattering method using the SBS-PCM has demonstrated an increase of the scattered light by a factor of 1.6 compared with the single-pass scattering method in JT-60U. A multipass Thomson scattering method in which the laser beam can be confined between a couple of SBS-PCMs is also proposed. It is estimated that the multipass scattering method generates the scattered light more than several times as large as that of the single-pass scattering method. For the second method, a high-average-power yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser system has been developed using the SBS-PCM. The SBS-PCM effectively compensated thermal degradation at two amplifier lines, and the average power was increased by a factor of >8 from 45W (1.5J, 30Hz) to 373W (7.46J, 50Hz). A Nd:YAG laser (5J, 100Hz) for the edge Thomson scattering in International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) has been designed based on the result.
Bent-crystal Laue spectrograph for measuring x-ray spectra (15<E<100keV)
Authors: Failor B. H. , Wong S. , Riordan J. C. , Hudson L. T. , O’Brien C. M. , Seltzer S. M. , Seiler S. , Pressley L. , Lojewski D. Y.
Published: October 2006

A bent-crystal Laue {or Cauchois [J. Phys. Radium 3, 320 (1932)] geometry} spectrograph is a good compromise between sensitivity and spectral resolution for measuring x-ray spectra (15<E<100keV) from large area x-ray sources because source-size spectral broadening is mitigated. We have designed, built, and tested such a spectrograph for measuring the spectra from electron-beam x-ray sources with diameters as large as 30cm. The same spectrograph geometry has also been used to diagnose (with higher spectral resolution) smaller sources, such as x-ray tubes for mammography and laser-driven inertial fusion targets. We review our spectrograph design and describe the performance of different components. We have compared the reflectivity and spectral resolution of LiF, and Ge diffracting crystals. We have also measured the differences in sensitivity and spectral resolution using different x-ray to light converters (plastic scintillator, CsI, and Gd2O2S) fiber optically coupled to an intensified charge-coupled device camera. We have also coupled scintillating fibers to photomultiplier tubes to obtain temporal records for discrete energy channels.
Mode- and bond-selective reaction of Cl(P3∕22) with CH3D: C–H stretch overtone excitation near 6000cm−1
Authors: Holiday Robert J. , Kwon Chan Ho , Annesley Christopher J. , Fleming Crim F.
Published: October 2006

Experiments explore the influence of different C–H stretching eigenstates of CH3D on the reaction of CH3D with Cl(P3∕22). We prepare the ∣110⟩∣0⟩(A1,E), ∣200⟩∣0⟩(E), and ∣100⟩∣0⟩+ν3+ν5 eigenstates by direct midinfrared absorption near 6000cm−1. The vibrationally excited molecules react with photolytic Cl atoms, and we monitor the vibrational states of the CH2D or CH3 radical products by 2+1 resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization. Initial excitation of the ∣200⟩∣0⟩(E) state leads to a twofold increase in CH2D products in the vibrational ground state compared to ∣100⟩∣0⟩+ν3+ν5 excitation, indicating mode-selective chemistry in which the C–H stretch motion couples more effectively to the H-atom abstraction coordinate than bend motion. For two eigenstates that differ only in the symmetry of the vibrational wave function, ∣110⟩∣0⟩(A1) and ∣110⟩∣0⟩(E), the ratio of reaction cross sections is 1.00±0.05, showing that there is no difference in enhancement of the H-atom abstraction reaction. Molecules with excited local modes corresponding to one quantum of C–H stretch in each of two distinct oscillators react exclusively to form C–H stretch excited CH2D products. Conversely, eigenstates containing stretch excitation in a single C–H oscillator form predominantly ground vibrational state CH2D products. Analyzing the product state yields for reaction of the ∣110⟩∣0⟩(A1) state of CH3D yields an enhancement of 20±4 over the thermal reaction. A local mode description of the vibrational motion along with a spectator model for the reactivity accounts for all of the observed dynamics.
Electrical transport properties of ferromagnetic GaxCr1−xN thin films
Authors: Wu Stephen Y. , Newman N.
Published: October 2006

The authors report the transport properties of ferromagnetic Ga0.97Cr0.03N films with a Curie temperature of over 900K. Samples synthesized under conditions that produce the maximum occupancy of Cr atoms on the Ga site (∼90%) and the maximum ferromagnetic moment of ∼0.6μB∕Cr (775°C growth temperature) exhibit a T−1∕4 dependence of resistivity, indicative of Mott [J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1, 1 (1968)] phonon-assisted variable range hopping between deep level defects. The observation of variable range hopping in ferromagnetic films indicates that ferromagnetism results from a double-exchange-type mechanism. Films grown at higher temperatures (>800°C) show enhanced Cr segregation, properties associated with percolative transport, and very small, if any, ferromagnetic moments.
Soviet Cartography Set in Stone: The ‘Map of Industrialization’
Authors: Moran Dominique
Published: October 2006

In this paper I take the example of the ‘Map of Industrialization’, a huge stone mosaic map of 1930s USSR as a point of convergence for discourses connecting Soviet propaganda and the depiction of Soviet space through cartography, the nature of maps as social constructs, the relationship between cartography and art in Soviet Russia, and the role of cartography in shaping the image of the Soviet nation-state. I trace the history of the Map and consider the Map as a work of art and as an instrument of the state, exploring these notions in the context of its history of exhibition in the USSR and overseas and of its periodic alteration. I conclude with a consideration of the changing discourses surrounding the Map in the post-Soviet era and link this discussion to broader themes of cultural memory, monuments, and the negotiation of national identity.
Influence of nutrient supply and water vapour pressure on root architecture of Douglas-fir and western hemlock seedlings
Authors: Conlin Timothy S. S. , van den Driessche R.
Published: October 2006

Root growth responses of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Raf. Sarg.) seedlings to three nutrient concentrations and two shoot vapour pressure deficits were measured. Both species gained dry mass at high and medium nutrient treatments throughout the experiment, but not at low nutrition. Low nutrition gave highest ratios of projected leaf surface area to total root length in both species. Douglas-fir geometry differed from that of hemlock, with longer interior link lengths, particularly at the lowest nutrition. Douglas-fir showed greater numbers of exterior–interior links than hemlock. More links were observed at medium and high nutrition than at low nutrition for both species. Exterior–interior links increased over time for the two highest nutrient treatments. Significant topological differences were observed between species, the lowest and two highest nutrient treatments, and high and low vapour pressure deficits. Both species showed herring-bone root architecture at the lowest nutrition. This architectural configuration became more pronounced in hemlock seedlings grown under higher vapour pressure deficits. Faster-growing Douglas-fir had a dichotomous architecture at medium and high nutrition that was not influenced by increased vapour pressure deficits. Douglas-fir topology appears to be adapted to exploit soil nutrient patches while hemlock appears to rely on efficient exploitation of soil volume.
Corrigendum to: Auxin is required for pollination-induced ovary growth in Dendrobium orchids
Authors: Ketsa Saichol , Wisutiamonkul Apinya , van Doorn Wouter G.
Published: October 2006

In Dendrobium and other orchids the ovule becomes mature long after pollination, whereas the ovary starts growing within two days of pollination. The signalling pathway that induces rapid ovary growth after pollination has remained elusive. We placed the auxin antagonist �-(p-chlorophenoxy) isobutyric acid (PCIB) or the auxin transport inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) on the stigma, before pollination. Both treatments nullified pollination-induced ovary growth. The ovaries also did not grow after similar stigma treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), AgNO3 (both inhibitors of ethylene action), aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) or CoCl2 (which both inhibit ethylene synthesis), before pollination. Pollination could be replaced by placement of the auxin naphthylacetic acid (NAA) on the stigma. All mentioned inhibitors nullified the effect of NAA, indicating that if auxin is the initiator of ovary growth, it acts through ethylene. The results suggest that the pollination effect on ovary growth requires auxin (at least auxin transport and maybe also auxin signalling), and both ethylene synthesis and ethylene action.
High temperature enhances inhibitor production but reduces fallover in tobacco Rubisco
Authors: Schrader Stephen M. , Kane Heather J. , Sharkey Thomas D. , von Caemmerer Susanne
Published: October 2006

High temperature inhibits photosynthesis by several mechanisms including reduction in Rubisco activity. While the initial reaction velocity of purified, fully carbamylated, inhibitor-free Rubisco increases with temperature in vitro, over time, the reaction velocity slowly declines (fallover) because of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic production of inhibitors from the substrate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. We tested whether fallover could contribute to the decline in Rubisco activity observed in leaf extracts at high temperature. Production of d-xylulose-1,5-bisphosphate (XuBP), an inhibitor of Rubisco, was greater at 35 and 45°C than at 25°C but fallover was less severe at 35 and 45°C than at 25°C, both in rate and extent under saturating CO2 and ambient O2. This apparent dichotomy is consistent with the catalytic site of Rubisco loosening at higher temperatures and releasing inhibitors more easily. The loosening of the catalytic site was supported by the observation that RuBP and XuBP were released from their complexes with uncarbamylated, Mg2+-free Rubisco faster at 35 and 45°C than at 25°C. We conclude that, although XuBP production increased relative to catalytic throughput at higher temperatures, this was more than compensated for by its faster release, resulting in less fallover inhibition at higher temperatures.
Viewpoint: How large is the carbon isotope fractionation of the photorespiratory enzyme glycine decarboxylase?
Authors: Tcherkez Guillaume
Published: October 2006

Despite the intense effort developed over the past 10 years to determine the 12C / 13C isotope fractionation associated with photorespiration, much uncertainty remains about the amplitude, and even the sign, of the 12C / 13C isotope fractionation of glycine decarboxylase, the enzyme that produces CO2 during the photorespiratory cycle. In fact, leaf gas-exchange data have repeatedly indicated that CO2 evolved by photorespiration is depleted in 13C compared with the source material, while glycine decarboxylase has mostly favoured 13C in vitro. Here I give theoretical insights on the glycine decarboxylase reaction and show that (i), both photorespiration and glycine decarboxylation must favour the same carbon isotope — the in vitro measurements being probably adulterated by the high sensitivity of the enzyme to assay conditions and the possible reversibility of the reaction in these conditions, and (ii), simplified quantum chemistry considerations as well as comparisons with other pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent decarboxylases indicate that the carbon isotope fractionation favour the 12C isotope by ~20‰, a value that is consistent with the value of the photorespiratory fractionation (f) obtained by gas-exchange experiments.
Persistent notochordal canal mimicking compression fracture: a case report
Authors: Öner A. Y. , Akpek S. , Tokgoz N.
Published: October 2006

A persistent notochordal canal is a rare anomaly that is generally discovered by chance. The radiographic appearance of this entity is characteristic and usually does not require further investigation. However, in some cases plain films may fail to depict this appearance, and computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is required for final diagnosis. We report the MRI findings of a young woman with persistent notochordal canal who, based on plain radiographs, had first been misdiagnosed as having a compression fracture.
Computed tomography perfusion usefulness in early imaging diagnosis of herpes simplex virus encephalitis
Authors: De Lucas E. Marco , Mandly González A. , Gutiérrez A. , Sánchez E. , Arnáiz J. , Piedra T. , Rodríguez E. , Díez C.
Published: October 2006

An early diagnosis is crucial in herpes simplex virus encephalitis patients in order to institute acyclovir therapy and reduce mortality rates. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the gold standard for evaluation of these patients, but is frequently not available in the emergency setting. We report the first case of a computed tomography (CT) perfusion study that helped to establish a prompt diagnosis revealing abnormal increase of blood flow in the affected temporoparietal cortex at an early stage.
Imaging and interventional radiological treatment of hemoptysis
Authors: Andersen P. E.
Published: October 2006

Hemoptysis is coughing up blood originating from the lower respiratory tract. There are multiple causes of hemoptysis, from airway diseases, parenchymal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and other causes. Hemoptysis may cease temporarily, but a possible life-threatening condition may still be present, requiring complete evaluation and probably treatment. Massive hemoptysis (>300 ml blood in 24 hours) seldom occurs but has high mortality. Diagnostic examinations include patient history, physical examination, bronchoscopy, laboratory tests, chest X-ray, computed tomography (CT) of the chest, pulmonary angiography, aortography, and angiography of the bronchials and other thoracic systemic arteries. Bronchoscopy together with clinical and radiological examinations indicates from which part of the lung the bleeding is occurring, yet the cause of hemoptysis cannot be determined in 20–30% of cases. One of the therapeutic measurements may be embolization of the bleeding vessel such as in pulmonary arteriovenous malformations or in bronchial or other systemic arterial branches supplying the bleeding lung segment. Systemic bronchial and non-bronchial collateral artery anatomy is very complex and variable, and it may be difficult to recognize how the systemic arteries or pulmonary arteries may be involved as a source of bleeding. Interventional treatments are effective and safe therapeutic methods which reduce the need for acute thoracic surgery. Embolization may be life saving, or it may postpone surgery and, in some situations, should be the treatment of choice.
Computed tomography of the human pineal gland for study of the sleep–wake rhythm: reproducibility of a semi-quantitative approach
Authors: Schmitz S. A. , Platzek I. , Kunz D. , Mahlberg R. , Wolf K.-J. , Heidenreich J. O.
Published: October 2006

Purpose: To propose a semi-quantitative computed tomography (CT) protocol for determining uncalcified pineal tissue (UCPT), and to evaluate its reproducibility in modification of studies showing that the degree of calcification is a potential marker of deficient melatonin production and may prove an instability marker of circadian rhythm.

Material and Methods: Twenty-two pineal gland autopsy specimens were scanned in a skull phantom with different slice thickness twice and the uncalcified tissue visually assessed using a four-point scale. The maximum gland density was measured and its inverse graded on a non-linear four-point scale. The sum of both scores was multiplied by the gland volume to yield the UCPT. The within-subject variance of UCPT was determined and compared between scans of different slice thickness.

Results: The UCPT of the first measurement, in arbitrary units, was 39±52.5 for 1 mm slice thickness, 44±51.1 for 2 mm, 45±34.8 for 4 mm, and 84±58.0 for 8 mm. Significant differences of within-subject variance of UCPT were found between 1 and 4 mm, 1 and 8 mm, and 2 and 8 mm slice thicknesses ( P<0.05).

Conclusion: A superior reproducibility of the semi-quantitative CT determination of UCPT was found using 1 and 2 mm slice thicknesses. These data support the use of thin slices of 1 and 2 mm. The benefit in reproducibility from thin slices has to be carefully weighted against their considerably higher radiation exposure.
The role of spiral multidetector dynamic CT in the study of williams-campbell syndrome
Authors: Di Scioscio V. , Zompatori M. , Mistura I. , Montanari P. , Santilli L. , Luccaroni R. , Sverzellati N.
Published: October 2006

Williams-Campbell syndrome is a cystic bronchiectatic disease secondary to deficiency or defect of cartilaginous plates in the wall of the airways. In the literature, two main forms are suggested: congenital and acquired (post-infectious). The most frequent symptoms are represented by recurrent pulmonary infections from childhood. Multislice spiral dynamic CT has a major role in the study of cystic pulmonary disease and in differentiating Williams-Campbell syndrome from the other causes of cystic bronchiectasis, in which even lung function tests can give deceptive results.
Iodine-123 BMIPP scintigraphy in the evaluation of patients with heart failure
Authors: Nakae I. , Matsuo S. , Koh T. , Mitsunami K. , Horie M.
Published: October 2006

Purpose: To investigate whether cardiac parameters obtained by I-123 15-(p-iodophenyl)-3-methyl pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP, a radioactive fatty acid analogue) myocardial scintigraphy are useful as indicators of disease severity and predictors of cardiac events in congestive heart failure (CHF).

Material and Methods: Thirty-two CHF patients (functional class: 17 in NYHA II and 15 in NYHA III at the time of this study) were compared with 18 normal control subjects. Myocardial scintigraphy was performed 15 min and 3 hours after I-123 BMIPP injection. The heart-to-mediastinum count ratio of I-123 BMIPP on the initial (H/Mi) and delayed (H/Md) images and the washout rate (WR) were calculated.

Results: Both H/Mi and H/Md were lower in CHF than in controls (H/Mi 1.96±0.18 vs. 2.30±0.29; H/Md 1.72±0.15 vs. 1.97±0.21; both P<0.001), but WR was higher in CHF than in controls (WR (%) 23.7±5.7 vs. 18.2±6.0, P<0.01). Both H/Mi ( R = 0.42, P<0.05) and H/Md ( R = 0.45, P<0.05) correlated positively with the left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF), estimated by echocardiography. The WR correlated positively with the plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level ( R = 0.47, P<0.01). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed an earlier CHF progression for patients with a lower H/Mi (<1.94).

Conclusion: Myocardial metabolic abnormality evaluated by I-123 BMIPP scintigraphy is related to the severity of CHF. Furthermore, it may be useful as a predictor for cardiac events.
The politics of urban water reform in Ghana
Authors: Whitfield Lindsay
Published: October 2006

This article highlights the interaction between the domestic political system and the aid system in Ghana and the implications of this interaction for democratic governance. It is illustrated using the example of urban water reform as a case study of the policymaking process and captures the complexities of this interaction which the ‘choiceless democracy’ thesis fails to do. The term ‘aid system’ refers to all aid organisations and their regular operations within a specific country, where aid organisations include both official bilateral and multilateral agencies as well as international NGOs. The article examines the government’s plan for water privatisation and the public debate and opposition that it continues to generate. The politics of urban water reform is revealing about the politics of economic reform more generally.

This article is based on a chapter of the author's doctoral dissertation (Politics, 2005, University of Oxford).
Can the Poor Help GM Crops? Technology, representation & cotton in the Makhathini flats, South Africa
Authors: Witt Harald , Patel Rajeev , Schnurr Matthew
Published: October 2006

The adoption of Genetically Modified (GM) cotton in South Africa's Makhathini Flats in 1998 was heralded as a case in which agricultural biotechnology could benefit smallholder farmers, and a model for the rest of the continent to follow. Using historical, political economic and ethnographic data, we find the initial enthusiasm around GM technology to be misguided. We argue that Makhathini's structured institutional framework privileges adopters of GM technologies through access to credit and markets. The adoption of GM cotton is symptomatic not of farmers’ endorsement of GM technology, but a sign of the profound lack of choice facing them in the region.
Characteristics of Tissue‐Engineered Cartilage on Macroporous Biodegradable PLGA Scaffold
Authors: Baek Chung‐Hwan , Ko Ye‐Jeung
Published: October 2006

Background: The purpose of this study was to establish in vivo culture of chondrocytes on biodegradable, poly‐D,L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA) scaffolds and to analyze the characteristics of the reconstructed cartilage.

Methods: In vitro cultured chondrocytes that were grown on a polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (poly‐HEMA) coated dish were seeded onto the PLGA scaffolds to make a cell–polymer construct before implantation. One cell scaffold construct was carefully implanted in the subcutaneous pocket of a nude mouse and another cell‐free scaffold was implanted in the opposite side of the same nude mouse as the control. Morphologic, biochemical, and immunohistochemical characteristics of cells cultured within the PLGA constructs were examined after 8 weeks and 16 weeks of harvesting in the nude mouse.

Results: New cartilage began to be generated in the period of 8 weeks and the neocartilage formation was accomplished in 4 months with the exact dimensions of the original scaffold in this in vivo study. All the explants showed the irregular shape of viable chondrocytes within normal lacunae and a mature cartilaginous matrix, and they positively immunostained for collagen type II.

Conclusion: The new tissue‐engineered cartilage in vivo on PLGA scaffolds displayed the biochemical characteristics of cartilage tissue, and it showed chondrocyte‐specific phenotypes and morphology that were similar to the native cartilage.