bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation in composition of sunflower oil from composite samples and single seeds of varieties and inbred lines
Authors: Putt E. D. , Carson R. B.
Published: June 2007

The seed oil of eight sunflower varieties grown at 10 locations in 1964 and 14 locations in 1964 showed highly significant differences between varieties and between stations in mean values for percentage of stearic, oleic and linoleic acids but no significant difference for palmitic acid. The same observations held for oleic and linoleic acids in three varieties common to eight stations in the two years. The only significant interaction appearing in these studies was between years and stations. Varieties requiring the same time to mature differed significantly. Oil from composite samples of inbred lines showed large differences in composition, e.g., the ranges in 56 lines grown in one season at one location were: palmitic 4.7–8.2%; stearic 1.7–9.1%; oleic 13.9–40.3%; and linoleic 47.9–76.4%. Single seeds within inbred lines also showed striking variation. The greatest variation occurred in lines inbred for one to three generations and the least in lines inbred for eight to nine generations. Pairs of lines with identical or similar flowering date differed significantly in mean values of all four acids. Variation between seeds within varieties were relatively narrow in Armavirec and Advent, but wide in Peredovik where the range was: palmitic 4.5–9.4%; stearic 2.5–12.4%; oleic 14.8–46.4%; and linoleic 34.3–75.5%. The results show that genetic control of oil quality, independent of flowering or maturity date, exists in sunflowers. The wide range in composition suggests that altering oil quality in the crop by breeding is a practical objective.
Catalyst studies for hydrogenation of vegetable oils
Authors: Stefanovic Sava , Albright Lyle F.
Published: June 2007

Cottonseed and soybean oils were partially hydrogenated using various commercial nickel catalysts. Methods were investigated by which commercial catalysts can be changed with respect to the rate of reaction, selectivity ortrans‐isomerization during hydrogenation of the oils. Catalysts which were treated with hydrogen sulfide produce considerably moretrans isomers but catalysts treated with air often cause higher selectivity ratios. Factors affecting the hydrogenation characteristics of a catalyst are discussed.
Separation and purification of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, and comparison of semi‐synthetic aflatoxins B2 and G2 with naturally‐occurring aflatoxins B2 and G2
Authors: Rodricks J. V.
Published: June 2007

A method is described for the isolation of highly purified aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 from extracts ofAspergillus flavus. The four aflatoxins, isolated from background impurities by rapid passage of the extracts through an acid alumina column, are separated from each other by chromatography on a silica gel column. Aflatoxins B2 and G2 are prepared by hydrogenation of the mixture of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 and then separated by elution from a silica gel column with chloroform containing 0.7% ethanol. A comparison of semi‐synthetic aflatoxins B2 and G2 with naturally‐occurring aflatoxins B2 and G2 shows no significant difference in physical properties.
Studies on surface tension of the system: Barium soap‐water and propanol‐1
Authors: Mehrotra K. N. , Varma R. P.
Published: June 2007

The surface tension results of the barium soap solutions in water‐propanol‐1 mixtures have been explained on the basis of Szyszkowski's empirical equation:γ =γo (1 + X ln Y) ‐ Xγo ln C. The values of the constants X and Y of the equation have been calculated for various soap systems. The constant X is found to be almost independent of the composition of the solvent mixture but it depends to some extent on the chain length of the soap. The values of Y show a marked increase at 50% propanol‐1 concentration which confirms that the transition in the nature of the micelles takes place at about 50% propanol‐1 concentration. The values of X and Y are suggestive of the size and nature of the micelles, respectively.
Ethoxylation of fatty amines
Authors: Sanders H. L. , Braunwarth J. B. , McConnell R. B. , Swenson R. A.
Published: June 2007

It is well known that long chain alcohols and phenols cannot react with ethylene oxide in the absence of catalysts, whereas primary fatty amines can take up at least two moles of oxide to form tertiary amines. It has been found that further ethoxylation of this two mole adduct in the absence of added catalyst can proceed only if ethoxylation temperatures are lowered considerably. The present paper demonstrates that this low‐temperature ethoxylation is really catalyzed by a previously overlooked highly alkaline compound generated during the course of the reaction. It is shown that this is a long‐chain quaternary ammonium compound, and the mechanism of its formation is described. As the addition of ethylene oxide proceeds, this quaternary gradually decomposes and the reaction essentially comes to a halt when it has all disappeared.
Effect of growth regulators on lipase activity of peanut during germination
Authors: Vyas D. N. , Patel K. C.
Published: June 2007

Lipase activity is affected by the growth regulator treatments prior to germination of the seeds. The order of magnitude of this effect is as follows: Suc > MH ⋍ AA > Sul > DW ⋍ GA > control. The effect induced by the growth regulators is explained on the basis of interfering effect of the regulators with the functions of mitochondria. The lipase activity of all the seeds is found to increase with the period of germination reaching maximum values on different periods. The increase of lipase activity is not only dependent on the plant physiology, but other metabolic products such as ascorbic acid oxidase and amino acids produced during germination also play a great role on its production in oil‐bearing seeds.
Ion‐chromatographic characterization of ethoxylated anionic surfactants
Authors: Stemp A. , Boriraj V. A. , Walling P. , Neill P.
Published: June 2007

Alkyl ether sulfates (AES), analyzed by nonsuppressed or single‐column ion chromatography with conductivity detection, generate profiles that are characteristic of the ethoxylate content. Identification of ethoxylation content was accomplished by calculating the slope of the log of the peak area for each homologue vs. the number of ethoxyl groups in the homologue. Quantitation of ethylene oxide content as well as quantitation of mixed alkyl sufates in the presence of AES in mixed surfactant systems is possible. Raw materials require only dilution in mobile phase, while finished products must be subjected to a solid‐phase extraction by means of a reverse‐phase cartridge and an ion‐pair reagent. The chromatogram of the anionic surfactant yields the moles of ethoxylation and the characterization of the ethoxyl chain distribution. Anionic surfactant mixtures in products are identified and quantitated by reference to AES raw materials with a similar slope.
Analysis of nonionic surfactants in bench‐scale biotreater samples
Authors: Dubey S. T. , Kravetz L. , Salanitro J. P.
Published: June 2007

The effluents and activated sludges used in benchscale biotreater units have been analyzed for nonionic alcohol ethoxylates and their residues. Separate bench‐scale units were fed linear alcohol ethoxylates (AE), highly branched and branched nonylphenol ethoxylates. Effluents and sludges were first pretreated by a foam sublation technique to provide a gross separation of surfactants from the environmental matrix. This step was followed by normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with either fluorescence detection (FD) or evaporative light‐scattering detection (ESLD). The AEs were derivatized with phenylisocyanate and analyzed by normal‐phase HPLC coupled with FD. At extremely low surfactant levels, pretreatment of large sample volumes resulted in interferences on derivatization. Hence, a normal‐phase HPLC method with ELSD was developed. Although some interferences do appear using ELSD, this method appears to be a more viable alternative to derivatization/FD for very low levels of AE. HPLC with FD and ELSD detection methods are more quantitative and provide information on the polyoxyethylene chain than is possible with traditional methods like cobalt‐thiocyanate active substance.
Automation of phase diagram recording
Authors: Rouse J. , Adamy S. T. , Mehreteab A. , Broze G.
Published: June 2007

An automated titration system has been developed for generating data to construct phase diagrams, which are extremely useful in the development of personal and household products. In this report, we describe the system and how it can be utilized to perform the technique of dual titration. In the procedure, a clear microemulsion sample is titrated with an oil until the dispersion turns cloudy (defined to be a transmittance below 90%). The mixture is then dosed with a certain quantity of cosurfactant, more than enough to clear the mixture. The sample is again titrated with oil. This process continues until the sample no longer clear upon adding cosurfactant. The resulting measurements of oil uptake can be used to characterize the boundaries of the L1 or oil‐in‐water microemulsion region of the phase space. Experiments for up to sixteen samples can be performed, each having individual setup and operating instructions. Features include completely automated operation, computer‐controlled two‐speed mixing, viscosity detection at the end‐point condition and the storage of results in a computerized format.
Nonionic surfactant polarity index determination by inverse gas chromatography
Authors: Nace V. M. , Knoell James C.
Published: June 2007

Polyglycol nonionic surfactants are widely used in industrial and consumer products. Two classes of these surfactants, made from selected combinations of 1,2‐butylene oxide, propylene oxide and ethylene oxide, were compared to alcohol ethoxylate (AE) and nonyl phenol ethoxylate nonionic surfactants in this study. Polyglycol copolymers consisted of either a polypropylene glycol (PPG) or polybutylene glycol (PBG) central hydrophobe. Ethoxylation of the hydrophobes produced polyethylene glycol hydrophilic blocks. Differences in hydrophobe polarity were determined by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). IGC is a useful analytical method by which the physical and chemical characteristics of a material are studied. The stationary surfactant material under study was coated onto an inert support and used as the packing for the column. A probe mixture, containing simple organic molecules of varying polarity, was injected, and the retention characteristics were measured. The retention characteristics of the standard probe mixture were used to reveal relative polarity information about the stationary surfactant coatings. Polarities of the four hydrophobes were (in decreasing order): PPG, PBG, nonyl phenyl and fatty alkyl. Comparisons were then made between the calculated hydrophile‐lipophile balance values and polarity indices of the hydrophobes and their ethoxylates. The effects of hydroxyl groups on polarity were also studied and quantified.
Solubilization of unilamellar liposomes by betaine‐type zwitterionic/anionic surfactant systems
Authors: de la Maza A. , Parra J. L.
Published: June 2007

The mechanisms governing the solubilizing interactions between zwitterionic/anionic mixed surfactant systems at different molar fractions of the zwitterionic surfactant (Xzwitter) and neutral or electrically charged unilamellar liposomes were investigated. The mixed systems were formed by N‐dodecyl‐N,N‐dimethylbetaine and sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of piperazine‐1,4‐bis‐(2‐ethanesulfonic acid) buffer at pH 7.20. Unilamellar liposomes formed by egg phosphatidylcholine, in some cases together with stearylamine or phosphatidic acid, were used. Solubilization was detected as a decrease in static light‐scattering of liposomes. Two parameters were regarded as corresponding to the effective surfactant/lipid molar ratios (Re) at which the surfactant system (i) saturated the liposomes, Resat, and (ii) led to a total solubilization of liposomes, Resol. From these parameters the bilayer/aqueous medium surfactant partition coefficients for the saturation (Ksat) and complete bilayer solubilization (Ksol) were determined. When Xzwitter was 0.40, The Re and K parameters showed a maximum, whereas the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of these systems exhibited a minimum, regardless of the electrical charge of bilayers. Given that the ability of the surfactant systems to saturate or solubilize liposomes is inversely related to the Resat and Resol parameters, these capacities appear to be directly correlated with the CMC of the mixed systems. The similarity of both Ksat and Ksol (particularly for Xzwitter=0.2–0.8) suggests that a similar partition equilibrium governs both the saturation and the complete solubilization of bilayers, the free surfactant concentration (Sa,Sb), remaining almost constant with similar values to the CMC for each mixed system studied.
Aqueous and nonaqueous microemulsion systems with a palm oil‐base emollient
Authors: Hamdan S. , Lizana R. , Laili C. R.
Published: June 2007

Microemulsions with a palm oil‐based emollient, i.e., medium‐chain triglyceride (MCT), and water or glycerol, stabilized by two oppositely charged ionic surfactants and a medium‐chain alcohol, were investigated. The results showed that only the water‐in‐MCT or the glycerol‐in‐MCT microemulsions were prominent. The maximum solubilization of the MCT emollient was higher in cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, i.e., the positively charged surfactant that contained a nitrogen atom, than the negatively charged surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. However, the results did not lend themselves for selecting any decisive factor that would explain the different solubilization behavior encountered in the investigated aqueous and nonaqueous systems.
Sulfonation with SO3: Relative reactivity of commercial alkylbenzene components
Authors: Cohen L. , Vergara R. , Moreno A. , Berna J. L.
Published: June 2007

Commercial linear alkylbenzene components, such as linear alkylbenzene homologs and isomers, branched alkylbenzene and dialkyltetralins, have been synthesized and isolated. Equimolar mixtures have been prepared, and their relative velocities during the sulfonation reaction have been established.
Synthesis and surface properties of chemodegradable anionic surfactants: Sodium salts of sulfated 2‐n‐alkyl‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐5‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxanes
Authors: Sokołowski Adam , Piasecki Andrzej , Burczyk Bogdan
Published: June 2007

In acid‐catalyzed reactions of long‐chain aliphatic aldehydes (Ia‐d) (a,R=n‐C5H11; b,R=n‐C7H15; c,R=n‐C9H19; d,R=n‐C11H23) with 1,1,1‐tris(hydroxymethyl)‐ethane (II), 2‐n‐alkyl‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐5‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxanes (IIIa‐d) were obtained. Then they were reacted with SO3·pyridine complex in dry carbon tetrachloride solution, to obtain trisubstituted derivatives of 1,3‐dioxane (IVa‐d). They constitute a new group of chemodegradable, acetal‐type anionic surfactants, which may readily hydrolyze and oxidize to nonsurfactant compounds. Physical data of the new compounds and some surface properties, such as Krafft point, critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension of aqueous solution near CMC (γCMC) and wetting and foaming properties, were determined. Sodium salts of sulfated 2‐n‐alkyl‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐5‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxanes (IVa‐d) exhibit aqueous solution properties similar to those of the well‐known sodium alkyloligooxyethylene sulfates. Presence of the 5‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxane moiety in molecules of compounds IVa‐d introduces hydrophobic character comparable to the effect of three oxyethylene groups (‐CH2CH2O‐) or of two methylene groups (‐CH2‐) of the alkyl chain in sodium alkyl ether sulfates [R(OCH2CH2)mOSO3Na] with equal R value.
Alkyldimethylamine oxides as synergistic fabric softeners
Authors: Crutcher T. , Smith K. R. , Borland J. E. , Sauer J. D. , Perine J. W.
Published: June 2007

The interaction of solid alkyldimethylamine oxide and ditallowdimethylammonium chloride (DTMAC) and ditallow dimethylammonium sulfate (DTMAS) quats in representative types of fabric softener systems was studied with particular focus on synergistic behavior. Softening, whiteness retention, wetting, static build‐up and detersiveness were evaluated for laundry rinses, laundry detergents and dryer sheets. In laundry rinses, blends of amine oxide and DTMAC proved to be synergistic for improving the wetting of cotton towels. Although no synergism was observed in laundry detergents, formulations containing amine oxide gave better detersiveness than systems with DTMAC without the splotching associated with the quaternary salt. In dryer sheets, it was discovered that blends of amine oxide and DTMAS gave synergistic softening of cotton towels and were unexpectedly effective in preventing static charge build‐up on polyester fabric.
Application of Plackett‐Burman design and linear programming to light‐duty liquid detergent formulation
Authors: Chan K. Y. , Kavanagh P. E.
Published: June 2007

Plackett‐Burman experimental design is applied to a seven‐component light‐duty liquid detergent formulation to determine which components affect five different properties of the formulation. Regression analysis and linear programming are then applied to the results of the Plackett‐Burman analysis. It is shown that the formulation can be optimized by linear programming, even if some of the properties are nonlinear. The procedure saves much of the experimental effort required to find the quadratic and interaction terms for nonlinear models of the properties and the difficulties of optimization with nonlinear constraints.
On the probable origin of some milk fat acids in rumen microbial lipids
Authors: Keeney Mark , Katz Ira , Allison M. J.
Published: June 2007

The quantity and character of the microbial lipid isolated from rumen digesta are interpreted as indicating that significant quantities of milk fat acids originate from rumen microbial synthesis of long chain acids from volatile fatty acids. Component fatty acid patterns are presented of rumen bacterial lipid, crude rumen protozoal lipid, blood serum lipid, and milk lipid isolated from samples taken from a lactating Holstein. Certain rumen bacterial lipid fractions are shown to be very rich sources of odd carbon acids and branched acids, and it is suggested that the major source of these acids in ruminant fats is from bacterial synthesis rather than animal synthesis.
Infrared spectra and gas chromatography of some oxygenated fatty acid derivatives
Authors: Kitagawa I. , Sugai M. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: June 2007

Infrared spectra of hydroxy‐, acetoxy‐, oxo‐, and unsaturated oxo‐stearic acid derivatives were studied, and their purities were checked by gas‐liquid chromatography.
Fractionation of ethoxylated n‐dodecanol into molecular species by countercurrent distribution and determination of some of their physical properties
Authors: Gerhardt W. , Harigopal V. P. , Suss Sabine
Published: June 2007

Ethoxylated n‐dodecanol, containing an average 4.2 moles of ethylene oxide, was separated into 13 members of a series of dodecyoxypoly (ethoxy) ethanols using a 200 tube counter current distribution apparatus. Purity of each homologue was checked by thin layer chromatography, and its distribution constant, mp and refractive index were determined.
Synthesis of novel alkyl‐aryl polyamide
Authors: Richardson W. E. , Smith C. H.
Published: June 2007

A laboratory procedure for synthesizing an alkylaryl polyamide curing agent for liquid epoxy resins from commercially available, low cost materials is given. The various chemical reactions required to obtain the desired end‐product are described, and several properties of the novel polyamide are listed. This agent was found suitable for producing foamed or frothed epoxy products.
Rate of color formation in sulfonation of dodecylbenzene with gaseous sulfur trioxide
Authors: Broström Anders
Published: June 2007

An experimental method has been developed to study the color formation in sulfonation of dodecylbenzene with gaseous sulfur trioxide. The rate of color formation in dodecylbenzene sulfonation, measured as the light absorbance at 420 nm, has been studied under various conditions, and the results have been correlated to a mathematical model.
Hydroxy alkane sulfonate (HAS), a new surfactant based on olefins
Authors: Stapersma J. , Deuling H. H. , van Ginkel R.
Published: June 2007

Mild sulfonation of detergent‐range internal olefins in a falling‐film reactor results in quantitative conversion to a mixture of β‐sultones, alkenesulfonic acids, and larger‐ring sultones in a molar ratio ofca. 85:10:5. By direct neutralization and hydrolysis under well‐controlled conditions such mixtures can be converted into products that are rich in β‐hydroxysulfonates and have low levels of residual sultones, inorganic sulfate, and free oil.
Addition of bisulfite to α‐olefins: Synthesis of n‐alkane sulfonates and characterization of intermediates
Authors: Herke Robert , Rasheed Khalid
Published: June 2007

The free radical‐catalyzed bisulfite addition to octene‐1, decene‐1, dodecene‐1 and tetradecene‐1 was studied under different conditions. The experimental conditions could be adjusted to yield different ratios of intermediate as well as final compounds. We have separated, purified and positively identified alkane‐1‐sodium sulfonates of general formula CH3‐(CH2)n‐SO3Na (n=7,9,11 and 13), alkane‐1‐sodium sulfonate‐2‐sulfinic acids of general formula CH3‐(CH2)n‐CHSO2H‐CH2‐SO3Na (n=5,7,9 and 11) and alkane‐1,2‐disodium sulfonates of general formula CH3‐(CH2)n‐CHSO3Na‐CH2‐SO3Na (n=5,7,9 and 11).

The solubilities and critical micelle concentrations of mono‐ and disodium alkane sulfonates were determined, and for definite identification13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and dispersive X‐ray crystallography were employed along with classical wet analytical procedures.
C‐21 dicarboxylic acids in soap and detergent applications
Authors: Robinson Philip L.
Published: June 2007

A unique polycarboxylic acid, 5(6)‐carboxy‐4‐hexyl‐2‐cyclohexene‐1‐octanoic acid, has been available commercially for over 15 years. A new high‐purity (>97%), light‐color version of the C‐21 dicarboxylic acid has been developed recently. Soaps of the C‐21 dicarboxylic acid can be used as hydrotropes to increase the solubility of nonionic surfactants in aqueous solutions containing builders and/or anionic surfactants. Since these soaps are anionic fatty acid derivatives, they reduce the surface tensions of formulations, thus improving detergency. The nontoxic and biodegradable nature of this dicarboxylic acid makes it an attractive formulation component. This paper outlines application evaluations of the soaps prepared from the C‐21 dicarboxylic acids. These evaluations demonstrate how the soaps interact with nonionic surfactants or pine oil to provide clear formulations, how they wet cotton skeins in neutral to highly alkaline solutions, and how they inhibit gel formation when preparing high‐solids fatty acid soap solutions. Furthermore, the preparation and characterization of the soaps of the C‐21 dicarboxylic acid products are discussed. Mass‐balance equations describe the preparation of aqueous soap solutions at any given concentration. Characterization of the resulting soap solutions includes acid number, pH, color, color stability, foam stability, surface tension as a function of concentration, and hard‐water compatibility.
Production of sophorose lipids byTorulopsis bombicola from safflower oil and glucose
Authors: Zhou Qing H. , Klekner Vaclav , Kosaric Nalma
Published: June 2007

The production of sophorose lipids increased with increasing concentrations of both safflower oil and glucose, and was profoundly influenced by the concentration of yeast extract. A high concentration of sophorose lipids (about 135 g/L) was obtained (in a 1‐L Bellco stirred reactor) when the medium consisted of 10% glucose, 10.5% safflower oil, 0.1% urea, and 0.25–0.3% yeast extract. A similar yield of sophorose lipids also was obtained in a 20‐L bioreactor. About 50% of the apolar sophorose lipid 1′,4″‐lactone 6′,6″‐diacetate (SL‐1) was found in the mixture of sophorose lipids produced under these conditions.
Utilizing ethanol to produce stabilized brown rice products
Authors: Champagne Elaine T. , Hron Robert J. , Abraham George
Published: June 2007

Oil in brown rice is susceptible to hydrolytic and oxidative deterioration, which can lead to off‐odors, off‐flavors, and shortened shelf life. This paper discusses lipolytic hydrolysis and oxidation of kernel oil and methods for stabilizing the oil. An overview of processes in which ethanol is used in liquid and vapor states to stabilize brown rice to lipolytic hydrolysis is presented.
Fish meal and oil: Current uses
Authors: Bimbo Anthony P. , Crowther Jane B.
Published: June 2007

World landings of fish and shellfish are approaching 100 million metric tons (MMT) annually. Of this total, around 28% is processed into fish meal and oil. Economic pressures due to poor landings, low prices in traditional markets and high fuel costs have forced the industry to seek new markets and products that can take advantage of the unique properties of fish proteins and oils.

Fish meal processing continues to evolve. Fresh raw materials and new, low‐temperature processing techniques lead to products with excellent nutritional value. These new, special meals are finding uses in feeding farmed fish, early‐weaned pigs, ruminants and pets.

Fish oils, whether present as fat in the fish meal or as separated oil, are rich in ω3 fatty acids. When fed to food animals, these ω3 fatty acids deposit in the meat and depot fat. Concepts for poultry with an equivalent amount of ω3 fatty acids to lean fish are being developed. Eggs with a high ω3 fatty acid content and good functionality and flavor are under evaluation. Catfish with shelf‐stable flavors and high ω3 fatty acids are also under study. ω3 Fatty acids may affect the immune function of livestock. Future research will evaluate the overall immune function of animals, including resistance to disease, survival under stress and hatchability.
Vegetable oil‐based printing inks
Authors: Erhan S. Z. , Bagby M. O. , Cunningham H. W.
Published: June 2007

Nearly 75 black and 25 colored inks consisting of 100% vegetable oil‐based vehicles were formulated. The physical properties of these inks met or exceeded the industry standards for lithographic and letterpress newsprint applications. In addition, elimination of petroleum‐based resin and reduced pigment usage, due to the light vehicle color, provided a competitively priced alternative to petroleumbased inks.
Lipase G‐Catalyzed synthesis of monoglycerides in organic solvent and analysis by HPLC
Authors: Akoh Casimir C. , Cooper Carolyn , Nwosu Chigozie V.
Published: June 2007

Monoglycerides were synthesized with Lipase G fromPenicillium sp. as biocatalyst. This enzyme successfully catalyzed the esterification of glycerol with oleic acid (18:1 n‐9) or eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA (20:5 n‐3) in hexane. Esterification at 40°C for 24 hr resulted in 86.3 mol% and 64.3 mol% incorporation of 18:1 n‐9 and 20:5 n‐3, respectively. Lipase GC fromGeotrichum candidum was not effective in esterifying the fatty acids under the present experimental conditions. Lipase G was able to incorporate 98.5 mol% and 98.1 mol% of 18:1 n‐9 onto glycerol in 24 hr or less at 25°C and 37°C, respectively, in the absence of molecular sieve 4A. The product formed was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a combined evaporative light scattering mass detector (ELSD) and ultraviolet detection at 206 nm. The result of this study demonstrates that Lipase G is capable of incorporating long‐chain fatty acids of potential health benefit onto glycerol.
Recovery of residual oil from the centrifuge sludge of a palm oil mill: Effect of enzyme digestion and surfactant treatment
Authors: Ho C. C. , Show M. C. , Ong S. H.
Published: June 2007

Residual oil recovery from the centrifuge sludge of a palm oil mill was investigated by treating with enzyme (Celluclast) followed by washing the digested substrate with surfactant. The optimal conditions for enzyme digestion with respect to pH, temperature, reaction time, concentrations of enzyme and surfactant were evaluated. The possible role of the surfactant in the oil recovery process is discussed. The chemical composition and physical properties of the sludge before and after treatment were determined and its significance in the subsequent effluent treatment/utilization of the sludge is discussed.
Lipid profile of process streams of palm oil mill
Authors: George S. , Arumughan C.
Published: June 2007

During palm oil extraction, oil loss occurs mainly at three stages of processing, namely sterilization, pressing and clarification. Samples from a semi‐commercial palm oil mill were analyzed for their lipid composition (triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, free fatty acid, phospholipid and glycolipid contents and fatty acid compositions of these lipid classes) and compared with the end product,viz., raw palm oil. The results indicate significant variations between the samples with respect to oil quality and lipid profile. Data relating to the lipid classes showed that sterilizer condensate had the highest levels of free fatty acids (24%), followed by press fiber (12.5%) and sludge effluent (10.9%), as compared to raw oil (1.5%). Diacylglycerol and monoacylglycerol contents were also markedly higher for these streams. Press fiber was characterized by extremely high proportions of phospholipids and glycolipids. Distribution of fatty acids (16:0, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3) also varied among lipid classes of the process streams, particularly between polar lipids. This paper discusses the compositional aspects of lipids relating to quality of oils of the palm oil mill streams.
Dry refining of sesame oil with alkali‐enriched sodium metasilicate
Authors: Mukhopadhyay S. B. , Gupta P. K. , Basu A. K.
Published: June 2007

The paper describes an easy method of refining sesame oil with alkali‐enriched dry sodium metasilicate (SMS). This method offered significant reduction in free fatty acids (FFA) of the oil. Extent of FFA reduction depended on the degree of the alkalinity of SMS‐NaOH mixture. Color of the oil was not markedly improved by the process.
The influence of food emulsifiers on fat and sugar dispersions in oils. II. Rheology, colloidal forces
Authors: Johansson Dorota , Bergenståhl Bjöm
Published: June 2007

The influence of food emulsifiers on the viscoelastic properties (storage modulus and yield value) of fat and sugar dispersions in vegetable oils has been investigated. It was found that almost all of the emulsifiers tested influence the rheology of the dispersions. The magnitude and the direction of the rheological changes depend on both the type and the amount of emulsifier. In most cases the changes are relatively small, especially for fat crystals. Generally speaking, the largest changes are caused by lecithins and saturated monoglycerides. The magnitudes of colloidal forces and equilibrium distances between the particles have been estimated from the rheological network model of van den Tempel [J. Colloid Sci. 16:284 (1964)] and from the correlation of the yield value to the interaction energy by Gillespie [J. Colloid Sci. 15:219 (1960)] and Tadros [Langmuir 6:28 (1990) andChemistry and Industry 7:210 (1985)]. The results indicate that van der Waals forces alone cannot be responsible for the interparticle interaction in fat or sugar dispersions. The formation of water bridges is discussed as a probable source of interaction in both cases. Furthermore, the validity of the network model for fat and sugar dispersions in oils is questionable.
Textural properties of cheese analogs containing proteolytic enzyme‐modified soy protein isolates
Authors: Kim (Lee) Sook Y. , Park Peter S. W. , Rhee Khee C.
Published: June 2007

Cheese analogs were prepared from untreated or proteolytically modified soy protein isolates (SPIs), replacing 60% of casein, to explore their potential to replace higher‐priced milk proteins. Quality attributes of cheese analogs were evaluated by texture profile analysis with the Instron and melting spread. Compared with commercial milk‐based cheeses, ranging from hard‐type (Cheddar) to soft‐type products (Mozzarella), textural properties of cheese analogs were markedly different; they were harder and more fracturable with no measurable adhesiveness. The use of enzyme‐modified SPI significantly (P < 0.05) lowered both hardness and fracturability of cheese analogs and also brought about adhesiveness, all of which fell within the range observed for dairy cheeses. Although melting spread of cheese analogs was improved by the use of enzyme‐modified SPI, it was still inferior to those of dairy cheeses and needed further improvement. Treatments of SPI with alcalase and trypsin were more influential in modifying textural properties of the resulting cheese analogs than those with other proteases studied.
Desorption mass spectrometry of olestra
Authors: Sanders R. A. , Gardner D. R. , Lacey M. P. , Keough T.
Published: June 2007

Field desorption (FD), fast atom bombardment (FAB) and plasma desorption (PD) mass spectrometry have been used for the characterization of olestra, a mixture of octa‐, hepta‐ and hexaesters of sucrose formed by reaction of sucrose with long‐chain fatty acids (C12–C18). Most previous applications of desorption ionization mass spectrometry have involved polar compounds; however, the relatively low‐polarity olestra is also amenable to these techniques with proper sample preparation. Field desorption provides molecular weight information, but the transience of the signals limits the usefulness for observing fragmentation and measuring ester distributions. In addition, FD may not be sensitive enough to allow characterization of fractions isolated from analytical high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns. Fast atom bombardment produces longer‐lasting signals, which permit characterization of components over a wide mass range. However, signal‐to‐noise fluctuates substantially, depending on analyte solubility in the matrix, making the characterization of partial esters collected from HPLC uncertain and difficult. Plasma desorption mass spectrometry is the easiest and most sensitive technique for olestra characterization but provides the lowest mass resolution. Because it requires no more than a few µg of material, it is effective for the characterization of HPLC fractions. Furthermore, it is the only method, of the three investigated, that allows detection of intact dimeric species having molecular masses in the 3,000 to 5,000 dalton range.
Analysis of lipid classes by solid‐phase extraction and high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography
Authors: Hopia Anu I. , Piironen Vieno I. , Koivistoinen Pekka E. , Hyvönen Lea E. T.
Published: June 2007

An improved method to analyze lipid classes of edible oils and fats by solid‐phase extraction (SPE) and high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) is presented. A mixture of lipid standards was fractionated by the solid‐phase extraction procedure (NH2 phase) into polar and nonpolar fractions; these were then submitted to analysis by HPSEC. The size‐exclusion chromatographic columns were three styrene/divinylbenzene columns with pore sizes of 100 Å and 50 Å. Light‐scattering was used for the detection system, and the parameters of the detector were optimized to minimize the difference between the responses of the compounds studied. With this procedure it was possible to separate the following lipid classes: triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids, sterols, sterol esters, tocopherols and carotenoids. Quantitative analysis was studied for a light‐scattering detector with several lipid standards of different molecular weights and unsaturation levels.
Control of lipid oxidation in fish oil with various antioxidative compounds
Authors: Kaitaranta Jukka K.
Published: June 2007

Samples of a commercial fish oil were separately treated with various chemical compounds and then studied for their susceptibility to rancidity by means of an accelerated oxidation test at 60°C.α‐Tocopherol acetate and ascorbyl palmitate showed the lowest antioxidative effects among the group of seven chemicals. Anoxomer, a synthetic phenolic polymer, had an antioxidative power comparable to that of ethoxyquin, butylated hydroxytoluene or butylated hydroxyanisole when all were applied to the oil in the concentration of 0.02%. However, the most powerful antioxidant was tertiary‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), with an antioxidant efficiency twice that of the above‐mentioned phenolic compounds when used at only 0.01% concentration in the oil. Although TBHQ and Anoxomer proved to be potential compounds for preventing rancidity in fish oils, their use is still hindered by the limited acceptance from the appropriate authorities.
The effect of 2,4,6,8‐tetramethyldecanoic acid on the hydrolysis and acylation of phospholipid by lipase in isooctane
Authors: Yamaoka Masakazu , Fortkamp Jens , Morr Michael , Schmid Rolf D.
Published: June 2007

The effect of an unusual natural fatty acid, 2,4,6,8‐tetramethyldecanoic acid (TMDA), on the hydrolysis and acylation of phospholipid by lipase in isooctane was studied. Lipases examined were fromRhizopus delemar, Candida cylindracea andPseudomonas sp. The lipase was dispersed in isooctane by dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) with or without the fatty acid and decanoyl‐lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). The effect of TMDA on both the hydrolysis of DOPE and the acylation of LPC was compared with that of decanoic acid (DA) by varying the water content. At the higher water content, the hydrolysis of DOPE was enhanced or trace amount of phosphatidylcholine was produced. Hydrolysis was enhanced more by the addition of TMDA than by DA. The effect of TMDA on the acylation of LPC was similar to that of DA.
Simplified method for the determination oftrans monoenes in edible fats by TLC‐GLC
Authors: Ulberth Franz , Henninger Monika
Published: June 2007

Several modifications of an established thin‐layer chromatography‐gas‐liquid chromatography (TLC‐GLC) procedure for quantitatingtrans unsaturated fatty acids in edible fats are presented. These refinements considerably simplify the procedure without affecting accuracy. The modifications include: i) the use of pre‐coated silica sheets, dynamically impregnated with Ag+, which allow separated bands to be cut off with a pair of scissors; and ii) the use of stearic acid in the deliberately combined saturated andtrans monounsaturated fatty acid methyl ester bands as an (endogenous) internal standard.Trans values thereby obtained agree favorably with the results from the conventional technique.
On the structure of the liquid state of triglycerides
Authors: Larsson Kåre
Published: June 2007

Neutron diffraction data on trilaurin were recently presented by Cebulaet al. [Cebula, D.J., D.J. McClements, M.J.W. Povey and P.R. Smith,J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 69:130 (1992)] with an interpretation of a liquid structure related to the nematic state of liquid crystals. Arguments for an alternative interpretation, consistent with curved stacks of bilayer units proposed earlier, are presented in this paper, based mainly on the analogy in diffraction behavior with polar lipid liquids/L2‐phases.
Effectiveness of oil carrier for antioxidants in fish concentrate
Authors: Chuang J. L. , Harris Natholyn D.
Published: June 2007

Two levels of antioxidants, 0.02% and 0.002%, were added to a concentrated fish product. Two ways of incorporating antioxidants into fish oil were studied. The oxidation rate of the samples was measured by using an oxygen analyzer and the thiobarbituric acid test. The concentrated fish prepared from fresh mullet was stored for 0 hr, 48 hr, and 96 hr. The use of antioxidants in a vegetable oil carrier did significantly slow the breakdown reaction of fish oil and lowered the oxidation rate of the sample. When vegetable oil was used to serve as an antioxidant carrier, the high level of antioxidant (0.02%) stabilized the fatty product more efficiently than the lower level (0.002%) did. At the level of 0.02% antioxidants, using soybean oil to serve as antioxidant carrier, the fish product was quite stable during storage under the conditions of this study.
Studies on viscosity of calcium soaps in aqueous methanol
Authors: Varma R. P. , Bahadur P.
Published: June 2007

Viscosity measurements of calcium soaps show that two kinds of micelles are formed in aqueous methanol mixtures. The change in the nature of micelles from hydrophilic oleomicelles to lipophilic hydromicelles occurs in solvents containing 40–50% (v/v) of methanol. The equations of Vand and Moulik are applicable only above the critical micelle concentration of the soaps. The parameters of the equations have been evaluated. These may be used to calculate the viscosity of soap solutions in the concentration range in which the equations hold good.
Biorenewable solvents for vegetable oil extraction
Authors: Hron R. J. , Koltun S. P. , Graci A. V.
Published: June 2007

A review of the literature pertaining to possible alternatives for hexane as solvent in the extraction of vegetable oils was made. The review was restricted to solvents obtainable from renewable resources and included the most recent technological advances in oil extraction processes. The most promising systems surveyed were based on the use of water, alcohols, ketones, halocarbons, or of liquified and supercritical gases as solvents for oils.
Rice hull ash adsorbent performance under commercial soy oil bleaching conditions
Authors: Proctor A. , Clark P. K. , Parker C. A.
Published: June 2007

Rice hull silica and a rice hull carbon ash were evaluated as adsorbents for the soy oil bleaching process under commercial temperature and pressure conditions. Their performance in adsorbing pigment, phospholipid, free fatty acids, and peroxides was compared with that of a commercial bleaching clay and silica hydrogel. With the exception of phospholipid binding, rice hull‐derived adsorbents were ineffective. Rice hull silica showed potential as a phospholipid adsorbent but was not as effective as the synthetic silica hydrogel on an adsorbent weight basis. However, it was a superior adsorbent when the data were expressed as adsorbate bound per unit surface area. The low surface area of the rice hull silica limits its commercial viability. It may have value in areas of the world where rice hulls are plentiful and an inexpensive phospholipid adsorbent is required for oil processing. Research is in progress to increase the surface area of rice hull silica for commercial oil processing.
Organic reactions in emulsions—Preparation of glycerol and polyglycerol esters of fatty acids by transesterification reaction
Authors: Kaufman V. R. , Garti N.
Published: June 2007

Monoglycerol and polyglycerol esters of fatty acids have been prepared in an emulsion medium of polyglycerol in esters of fatty acids. Transesterification between glycerol or polyglycerols and methyl esters of fatty acids is made at relatively low temperatures (95–150 C) in the presence of alkaline catalyst and anionic or nonionic emulsifiers. The reaction system consists of two immiscible phases transformed into a “milky” (macro) or transparent (micro) emulsion throughout the heating process. The product obtained using this technology is not a highly substituted ester since the transesterification reaction is selective. The type and the amount of emulsifier have to be carefully selected. Unsuitable emulsifiers which will not stabilize the emulsion are ineffective in enlarging the contact between the reactants; therefore, the conversion of the reactants is very poor. With suitable emulsifiers, the conversions and the yields improved due to a better contact between reactants.
Accumulation of lipids, proteins, alkaloids and anthocyanins during embryo development in vivo ofTheobroma cacao L.
Authors: Wright D. C. , Park W. D. , Leopold N. R. , Hasegawa P. M. , Janick J.
Published: June 2007

Developing embryos ofTheobroma cacao ranging in weight from 0.01–2.2 g dry weight, equivalent to 100–180 days postpollination, were analyzed for lipids, alkaloids, proteins, and anthocyanins. Total lipid, fatty acid, triglyceride, alkaloid, and anthocyanin accumulation increased linearly after an initial lag with embryo dry weight. Palmitic, stearic, arachidic, and oleic acids had constant rates of accumulation per micromole of total fatty acid (0.29, 0.27, 0.38, and 0.01, respectively); however, linoleic and linolenic acid accumulation decreased from 0.2 and 0.02 below 0.2 g dry weight to 0.035 and 0.0035 above 0.2 g dry weight, respectively. Monounsaturated triglycerides [palmito‐oleo‐stearin (POS), oleo‐distearin (SOS), and oleo‐dipalmitin (POP)] continued to accumulate as dry weight increased but polyunsaturated triglycerides [palmito‐diolein (POO), stearo‐diolein (SOO), linoleo‐dipalmitin (PLP), and palmito‐linoleo‐olein (PLO)] ceased to accumulate at about 0.4 g dry weight. Theobromine accumulation increased linearly with dry weight after an initial lag but the rate differed with cultivar. Caffeine accumulation was low until the final stages of development. The protein pattern became dominated by 4 protein species with apparent molecular weights of 43, 34, 22, and 14 kDa as embryos matured.
Comparative efficiencies of bread crumb softeners at varied bread storage temperatures
Authors: Lorenz K. , Dilsaver W. , Kulp K.
Published: June 2007

A series of commercial surfactants was evaluated in white pan bread for their crumb antifirming effects during storage at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 C. These agents produced softer breads at all temperatures as compared to bread without surfactants. Although breads kept at 40 and 50 C remained softer than at room temperature (25 C), storage at elevated temperatures is not advised due to possible organoleptic and microbial deteriorations. At temperatures below 25 C, faster firming generally occurred, but was much less in the presence of surfactants. This observation suggests that a surfactant system might be found to retard firming at those conditions.
Changing practices and changing residues in animal fats and plant oils 1890–1980
Authors: Frank R.
Published: June 2007

Following World War II and the movement of people from the rural to the urban environment, producers of food have become increasingly dependent on organic chemical substances to control pests affecting the production of food. Because of scientific evidence and public concern, constant changes have occurred in the types of pesticides being used over the last three decades.

The persistent organochlorines which accumulated in fats and oils were removed in the early 1970s. Since that time, residues in animal fats and plant oils have declined markedly and almost disappeared in most cases. No early evidence was found in Ontario that these compounds accumulated in plant oils and so no indepth study was undertaken.

With the threat of biological resistance ever looming larger, Integrated Pest Management programs have been investigated and are being implemented to reduce the dependence on chemical pesticides. Current pesticides rarely appear in oil and fats and those that do are controlled below the MRL by following the days to slaughter for livestock and the days to harvest for crops.

In general, pesticide residues in fats and oils produced in the Province of Ontario have declined during the last decade and are continuing to decline. Monitoring for all pesticide residues will continue to ensure that this state of affairs is maintained.