bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'inclusion des familles africaines en Ile-de-France : de la catégorie «ethnique» aux groupes «africains»
Authors: POIRET Christian
Published: November 2011

Black African Families in Paris Area : from the «Ethnic» Category to the Concrete «African» Groups.

The urban segregation in Paris area produces, with diversified Black African migrants, concrete «African» groups in some depreciated districts. This article proposes a quantitative and dynamic approach of this phenomenon, based both on the ministry of education's statistics and the general census of population, and a qualitative approach of the four main types of African families' housing conditions (migrant workers' hostels, delapidated private housing, devaluated social housing, state-aided accession to the property). It shows how the powerful discrimination suffered by the so-called «African» population (foreign or French) in the housing market favours a process of communalisation within the ethnicised and segregated African groups.
Faire la réalité ou s'y faire ?
Authors: Angeletti Thomas
Published: November 2011

Résumé Comment se constitue, se consolide et se déploie une certaine réalité économique ? Cet article étudie la question à travers la situation du Commissariat général au Plan à la fin des années 1960. Si celui-ci occupe alors une place importante dans l’espace politico-administratif, il fait toutefois l’objet de nombreuses remises en cause, en raison particulièrement de la force alors accordée au marché et à la concurrence extérieure. L’introduction dans ce cadre d’un modèle macroéconomique dénommé « FIFI », élaboré par une équipe d’économistes de l’INSEE, s’accompagne de certains déplacements quant au mode de fabrication des politiques économiques et de leurs finalités. Il a ainsi été conçu de manière à dresser un tableau de l’économie française en 1975 si aucune décision n’était prise, afin d’identifier les problèmes économiques à venir et de déterminer les solutions pouvant être proposées. En ce qu’il est un instrument d’attribution de causalités (entre différentes entités telles que le salaire, le chômage ou encore la contrainte extérieure), le modèle FIFI tend à déplacer le type d’imputations sur lesquelles s’appuient les participants au Plan, et notamment les organisations syndicales. Ainsi, ces métrologies économiques n’ont pas pour seule conséquence de faire une réalité chiffrée et relativement autonome ; elles déstabilisent également d’autres formes politiques, celles-ci explicitement fondées sur des valeurs.
La souveraineté est-elle privatisable ?
Authors: Magnon-pujo Cyril
Published: November 2011

Résumé À partir d’une analyse des régulations mises en œuvre depuis une décennie autour des activités de violence privée, cet article se propose de revenir sur l’apparent constat de privatisation de l’État. L’usage croissant des compagnies de sécurité privée par les États traduit en effet l’extension et la normalisation de logiques marchandes comme mode de gouvernement, y compris dans la conduite de la guerre. Cependant, les limites de ce marché de la sécurité et le développement conséquent de contrôles autour de cette activité commerciale invitent à infirmer la vision d’un simple retrait de l’État. L’émergence, en trois séquences, d’une régulation où l’État se réinvestit progressivement, permet alors de constater in fine sa respécification en tant qu’autorité légitime et souveraine, au cours de ce processus de sous-traitance de la violence et de son contrôle.
Une xénophobie d'État ?
Authors: Déplaude Marc-Olivier
Published: November 2011

Résumé La xénophobie constitue le principal fondement des barrières légales qui ont été mises en place entre la fin du XIX e siècle et les années 1930 pour dissuader les étrangers d’exercer la médecine en France. Doit-on pour autant considérer que cette xénophobie, inscrite dans le droit, demeure le principal facteur explicatif du cantonnement des médecins originaires des ex-colonies et protectorats français à des emplois peu valorisés à l’intérieur du champ médical et des décisions publiques qui ont été prises à leur sujet avant les mesures de régularisation de la fin des années 1990 ? Prenant appui sur une enquête sociologique et historique, cet article propose d’apporter des éléments de réponse à cette question en analysant l’évolution de la situation des « médecins étrangers » et des débats et mesures dont ils ont fait l’objet de l’après-guerre au milieu des années 2000.
Les pratiques financières des milieux populaires de Rosario (Argentine) à l'aune du démantèlement du rapport salarial fordiste
Authors: Saiag Hadrien
Published: November 2011

Résumé L’analyse des budgets des foyers populaires situés dans l’ancien cordon industriel de Rosario dévoile une multitude de pratiques visant à mettre l’épargne à distance et à reproduire les relations de dette. Il ne s’agit pas d’archaïsmes que la modernité serait amenée à dépasser : au contraire, elles expriment le visage qu’a pris autour de Rosario la financiarisation des rapports sociaux. Ainsi, à travers leur rapport à la dette, ces pratiques expriment et actualisent des rapports sociaux complexes. Elles doivent être vues comme des adaptations à des contraintes nouvelles, nées du démantèlement du rapport salarial fordiste qui a touché la périphérie de Rosario.
La consommation en régime d'abondance
Authors: Auray Nicolas
Published: November 2011

Résumé Les offres culturelles dites illimitées, qui proposent aux consommateurs, en échange d’un forfait tarifé, un accès à une profusion de contenus culturels, constituent un observatoire privilégié pour étudier les processus de confrontation des utilisateurs à une des promesses les plus exaltantes de la technologie numérique, celle de l’illimité. La confrontation associe trois dynamiques : (1) une dynamique, d’ordre « anomique », d’élévation des désirs et des aspirations, des désirs infinis répondant à la promesse de l’illimité et étant susceptibles de conduire à la désorientation et à la frustration; (2) une dynamique, d’ordre « contestataire », de confrontation au bridage des offres mis en place par les firmes à la suite du succès inattendu de celles-ci ; (3) une dynamique d’ordre « éthique », d’autodiscipline et de construction collective de règles partagées entre les utilisateurs. Après avoir contribué à une définition des conditions pragmatiques de pertinence requises de la notion d’illimité pour une offre commerciale, cet article tente de mieux comprendre cette confrontation en observant des dynamiques d’usage choisies à partir des 17 offres commerciales dites illimitées existant en France en septembre 2010. L’objectif de cette recherche est de voir comment s’articulent l’inquiétude anomique (revers de la fascination), l’autorestriction assumée (revers de la liberté) et la contestation (revers de la déception face au sentiment d’avoir été trompé).
La guerre économique, forme moderne de la guerre ?
Authors: Bosserelle Éric
Published: November 2011

Résumé Soutenue depuis plusieurs années par de nombreux auteurs, la thèse selon laquelle la guerre économique s’imposerait aujourd’hui comme la forme moderne de la guerre est une thèse qui est pour le moins discutable. À l’encontre de cette dernière, il nous semble, au contraire, que la fin de la guerre froide et la trajectoire empruntée par la phase de mondialisation en cours ont redonné toute leur actualité à la question des conflits militaires. Par conséquent, cet article s’interroge sur la transformation et le devenir de la guerre, et sur l’éventuelle poursuite du leadership américain qui se trouve impliqué au plus haut degré dans les questions relatives à la gouvernance mondiale.
Upregulations of Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper by Hypoxia and Glucocorticoid Inhibit Proinflammatory Cytokines under Hypoxic Conditions in Macrophages
Authors: Wang Yan , Ma Yuan-Yuan , Song Xing-Lei , Cai Hao-Yu , Chen Ji-Cheng , Song Liang-Nian , Yang Rui , Lu Jian
Published: November 2011

Hypoxia and inflammation often develop concurrently in numerous diseases, and the influence of hypoxia on natural evolution of inflammatory responses is widely accepted. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is thought to be an important mediator of anti-inflammatory and immune-suppressive actions of glucocorticoid (GC). However, whether GILZ is involved in hypoxic response is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of hypoxic exposure and/or the administration of dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic GC on GILZ expression both in vitro and in vivo, and further explored the relationship between GILZ and proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. We found that hypoxia not only remarkably upregulated the expression of GILZ, but also significantly enhanced Dex-induced expression of GILZ in macrophages and the spleen of rats. ERK activity is found involved in the upregulation of GILZ induced by hypoxia. Inhibiting the expression of GILZ in RAW264.7 cells using specific GILZ small interfering RNA led to a significant increase in mRNA production and protein secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 in hypoxia and abrogated the inhibitory effect of Dex on expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in hypoxia. We also found that adrenal hormones played pivotal roles in upregulation of GILZ expression in vivo. Altogether, data presented in this study suggest that GILZ has an important role not only in adjusting adaptive responses to hypoxia by negatively regulating the activation of macrophages and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, but also in mediating the anti-inflammatory action of GC under hypoxic conditions.
Information and knowledge sharing trends of small and medium-sized enterprises in the Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Mohsam Faeda , Van Brakel Pieter A.
Published: November 2011

Background: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), especially in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, are currently facing various financial and other obstacles, which may threaten their survival. Globalisation, the lowering of trade barriers and the reduction of import tariffs have resulted in increased international competition. Businesses are thus forced to undertake continuous improvements and innovation in order to survive, to keep abreast of change and to excel.Objectives: Effective knowledge sharing and consequent knowledge management (KM) have been identified as definite approaches to enhancing competitive advantage. The research therefore aimed to establish to what extent small enterprises embrace their knowledge sharing activities and whether their knowledge sharing activities are managed at all. Furthermore, it examined how their knowledge sharing can contribute to their competitive advantage.Method: A case study approach was followed for this research. Selected SMEs from the engineering sector were the subject of the case study and SME owners, directors and managers of consulting civil engineering firms were interviewed to determine whether there are mechanisms in place to ensure better knowledge sharing within SMEs.Results: In general, respondents had stated that they possessed special factors that set them above their competitors:• The company strategy and good reputation of completing projects within the required timeframe. In other words, they were well known for their track record in terms of service delivery. • Their specialty in terms of different focus areas, namely structural and civil engineering, water supply and storm water design, transportation, sewer design and storm water traffic. • The fact that they operated in silos. This means that the specialists in their specific fields operated independently in groups, separately from everyone else in the company. • Their good relationship with local authorities and other companies in the field. • Their multidisciplinary approach in incorporating all spheres of civil engineering, which gave them a niche in the market. • The vast knowledge and experience of the owners and directors.Conclusion: Each of the companies interviewed had unique skills that they can apply to their advantage. They were also found to be implementing KM processes such as sharing, creating and leveraging of information and knowledge, albeit in the absence of formal policies. It was therefore deduced that SME successes depend on how well they share their tacit and explicit knowledge; this will determine whether they would excel above their competitors.
Characterization of Simple Highest Weight Modules
Authors: Mazorchuk Volodymyr , Zhao Kaiming
Published: November 2011

We prove that for simple complex finite dimensional Lie algebras, affine Kac–Moody Lie algebras, the Virasoro algebra, and the Heisenberg–Virasoro algebra, simple highest weight modules are characterized by the property that all positive root elements act on these modules locally nilpotently. We also show that this is not the case for higher rank Virasoro algebras and for Heisenberg algebras.
Die FAK-fenomeen: populêre Afrikaanse musiek en volksliedjies
Authors: Bosman Martjie
Published: November 2011

Afrikaans popular music of a variety of genres and subgenres is currently flourishing. A very productive phenomenon is the re-interpretation of older songs, in particular folk songs. This article gives a short historical overview of the collection and publication of Afrikaans folk songs, followed by a brief description of various ways in which folk songs have previously been utilised. The collection of Afrikaans folk songs known as the FAK (Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Organisations) songbook earned itself an important position in Afrikaans cultural circles, but it was also stigmatised. Since the end of the 1990s, Afrikaans popular songwriters and singers showed a renewed interest in so-called FAK songs and a number of musical arrangements and re-writings of folk song lyrics have been recorded. A number of lyrics that either contain references to folk songs or are re-writings of folk songs, are discussed. Tension between the old, well-known words of the folk songs and the new songs often develops, while the intertextual references to older songs are used to comment on current situations. The importance of popular music in minor cultures is briefly discussed.
Indigenous culture as a knowledge system
Authors: Du Plessis Hester , Raza Gauhar
Published: November 2011

Complex concepts such as cultural identity, gender issues and the effects of colonialism, politics, and power structures on societies form part of the debate around indigenous culture as a knowledge system. This article makes a contribution to the debate by addressing cultural issues encountered during a cross-cultural research project based in India and South Africa. The authors reflected on some of the conceptual issues they grappled with during their research. The project involved the documentation, study and understanding of the extent in which indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) and modern technologies were utilised in the traditional manufacturing processes of artisans in general and potters in particular. The roles and functions of IKS as used during the production of artefacts were included in the study. This perspective was coupled with a study on the artisans' attitude towards and understanding of science (PAUS) while conducting their traditional technological processes. The combined approach provided a method that allowed researchers to develop interventions that capitalised on existing skills, practices and social relationships rather than undermining them, thus contributing to their sustainability. The project, at the same time, focussed on redefining the characteristics of "knowing" (of knowledge) as not just a mere contemplative gaze, but also as a practical activity. By focusing on artisans, the question of knowledge was placed in the two spheres of knowledge production: "theory" (epistemology) and "practice". This approach attempted to address and discuss some academic notions based on culture; including a variety of aspects that broadly constitute the "concept" of culture. As these notions continuously alter with changing academic insights they are constantly re-defined by academics and researchers.
Time's Picturing of HIV/Aids: International perceptions of disease in Africa
Authors: Milton Viola Candice
Published: November 2011

This article is an exploration of the February 12, 2001 edition of Time magazine with its focus on Aids in Africa. I explore the extentto which Jo-Ellen Fair's viewpoint on news as reinforcement of the "relations of ruling" holds true. This essay will focus on how the binary oppositions "us" versus "them" came into being and more particularly on how the magazine's depictions of HIV/Aids and HIV+ people intersect with perceptions of race, place and gender. I also argue that Time's framing of this special issue fits the definition of a "doxiconic process" as suggested by Dana Cloud and that the (visual) rhetoric of HIV/Aids has many similarities to what she sees as a culture clash in the rhetoric of the (American) war on terrorism.
Symbols of leadership and conceptions of power in Hausa Literature: An intertextual reading of a Dodo folktale and a popular song
Authors: Oumarou Chaibou Elhadji
Published: November 2011

This article presents a brief exploration of the interface between the collective or ancestral archetype of the “Dodo”, symbolising destructive power in Hausa tales and the more individual interpretation and stylistic concerns of a contemporary popular singer, Ali Na Maliki, addressing, at another level, the subject of power and leadership portrayed by the traditional chief. The paper will focus on the interaction between genres, seen in the light of intertextuality as defined by Michael Riffaterre and M.H. Abrams among others. It highlights, moreover, the thematic and aesthetic contribution of the oral artist Ali Na Maliki to contemporary Hausa orature and culture. It reposes on an analysis of the manipulation of certain images and animal symbols of leadership and power borrowed from the world of tales used with a certain degree of innovation in order to evoke, symbolically, the mythical attributes of power in the artistic universe of his songs.
A Man from the River Niger: Kélétigui Abdourahmane Mariko
Authors: Boyd Debra S.
Published: November 2011

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Die enigmatiese aard van die trieksterfiguur in Ingrid Winterbach se Niggie
Authors: Botha Marisa , Van Vuuren Helize
Published: November 2011

This article explores the enigmatic nature of tricksters in Ingrid Winterbach’s Niggie (Cousin, 2002), as manifested in everyday life through the supernatural and the unconscious (for instance in dreams). In this way some of the puzzling aspects of this magisterial novel are clarified. Early in Niggie the reader is confronted with a trickster figure in the form of a dream figure, the red haired woman with the little feather hat, who appears in the farmer’s epiphanic dream. After tricking him, she leaves him with an intense sense of loss. This type of trickster figure is variously embodied and manifested throughout the novel in several other mysterious characters, adding to the jouissance or playfulness and ambiguity in the novel. It would appear that Winterbach as a South African author was inspired not only by tricksters from European mythology, but also by indigenous African, Khoi and San mythology. In this regard trickster figures from the Khoi and San as well as Nguni cultures are also discussed. These figures are, amongst others, the Mantis (/Kaggen), Heitsi-Eibeb, Uthlakanyana and Tokoloshe.
Herovering van het paradijs: Het Zuid-Afrikaanse ecotoerisme in ethisch perspectief
Authors: Zajas Pawel
Published: November 2011

The paper offers an analysis of an ethnographic perspective on the contemporary status of indigenous tribes of South Africa. The analysis concerns a specific publication Herovering van het paradijs (Paradise reconquered) which constitutes a report on the indigenous peoples of South Africa compiled as an incentive of the Dutch Organization for International Aid (Novib). The paper focuses on the negative perception of tourism in contemporary ethnography recently tending to interpret it as a type of colonialism of a modern kind. The more recent ethnographic account distances itself from the empirical approach, as if allowing the underprivileged to speak for themselves, while it in fact contradicts its initial assumptions. The apparent concern for the authenticity of the indigenous, though unintended, defies any manifestation of cultural hybridization which is, moreover, held to blame, as can be gathered, for the present disastrous condition of the indigenous peoples. The message of the contemporary ethnographic accounts is reinforced by the photos of some modern or “western” items recycled to fit a traditional, e.g., Bushman environment. The above strategy of presentation results in a deliberate reversal of the established order. Its aim is to demonstrate the absurdity involved in the interpenetration of rules and norms valid for different civilizations. In this way, undeniable similarities of cultures are backgrounded while the Bushman self-destructive distinctiveness is foregrounded. As one can conclude, what the authors of the book under scrutiny are aiming at, while claiming the rights to impose their own norms on the local culture, is nothing else but the petrifaction of the mythical tribal condition.
Sprookjes in/en initiatierituelen
Authors: De Sterck Marita
Published: November 2011

All over the world stories are told in which girls become women. Young heroines survive outside and inside, lightning and thunder, earthquakes and floods … In spite of bodily harms, jealous mothers, incestuous fathers, animal suitors … changing women emerge, bleeding instead of sleeping, alive and kicking, rooted in firm female flesh after their second birth. The author collected oral stories about growing up from girl to woman among the Sepedi and Griqua in South Africa. In this article she deals with questions about writing these stories for young readers from other cultural contexts. She attempts to answer the question: How much is lost in translation?
Literary strains of négritude and consciencism in Joseph Brahim Seid: Envisioning nation and a new multicultural Chadian identity
Authors: Haire Karen
Published: November 2011

This study introduces Joseph Brahim Seid, one of Africa’s intellectuals of the first generation of independence, in relation to the ideologisation of his contemporaneous counterparts, to Léopold Sédar Senghor’s négritude and Kwame Nkrumah’s consciencism. Two stories from J. B. Seid’s 1962 collection, Au Tchad sous les Etoiles (translated as Told By Starlight in Chad, 2007) are read as envisioning nation and a new multicultural Chadian identity at the moment of independence. Unpacking literary strains of négritude and consciencism lays bare neglected and overlooked tensions that thwart reconciliation of the different segments of Chadian society: African/tradition–Arab/Islam–Western/Christianity. One story envisions modernisation in the reconciliation between Africa and the West, but in real life modernisaton does not occur within the context of African communalism as the story has it, but in the neo-colonial context, where it benefits the few, and mostly international stakeholders. Possibly with the intent of building nation, Seid tends to harmonize African-Arab cultures and traditional-Islamic religions, neglecting the tyranny of Islamisation and Arabisation in the past. In the present, as we know, rivalry between Arab and African populations in the Chad region has resurfaced. Superimposing Biblical motifs and understating traditional African beliefs and religious practices in a story that tends to reconcile Christianity, Islam and the traditional society, Seid overlooks the colonial context in which “civilising” Christianity is implicated, especially the distaste it engendered towards the traditional society and religions. Double-standards result from the higher prestige attaching to Islam, associated with literacy, and Christianity, associated with modernisation, thus African societies have yielded to the perceived progress imperative. While J. B. Seid’s stories elevate the traditional societal value of communalism, portrayed with positive affect, in real life it has not transformed itself into a socialism sufficient to build nation and promote the multiculturalism envisioned and desired.
Parallelism in G. V. Mona’s UVulindlela
Authors: Mtumane Zilibele
Published: November 2011

This article examines the use of parallelism in the poetry of G. V. Mona as contained in the anthology UVulindlela (“The Pathfinder”, 1995). The discussion in this article commences by defining the concept of parallelism. Parallelism is discussed as it takes different forms, which include complete parallelism, incomplete parallelism and parallelism by linking. These forms are selected as they are clearly used in the poetry under study. The article also demonstrates what purpose is fulfilled by the parallelism used in Mona’s poetry. Lastly, a concluding remark is included, where some findings and observations about the use of parallelism in Mona’s poetry are highlighted.
Die verkleurmannetjie(s) op Shaka: ’n Vergelyking tussen D. J. Opperman en Thomas Mofolo
Authors: Krog Antjie
Published: November 2011

For the purpose of the D. J. Opperman memorial lecture at Stellenbosch the writer took one of this poet’s most well-known credos who maintained under the influence of Keats that the poet should be ‘colourless’, i.e. without any agenda in order to take on the colour of that which or whom is being imagined. Both Opperman and the Basotho writer Thomas Mofolo imagined Shaka and explore a key moment in both these works where the imagined Shaka is judging his task. It is shown how Opperman’s Shaka is carrying very much the thumbprints of the rising Afrikaner nationalism of the 1940s as well as a notion of the task of a poet/builder/leader taken directly from European influenced poets such as N. P. van Wyk Louw. In contrast, Mofolo presents Shaka outside the missionary framework of his time and within an indigenous moral structure. In Mofolo’s work ambition changes Shaka into an individual who begins to live in disregard of his community. It is argued that it is important to imagine The Other through getting into their skins, but that imagining The Other as a differently skinned version of oneself, is misleading. To escape the “spurious one-ness of a quasi-liberal era” requires the taking place of unhampered and translated conversations within normalizing circumstances.
Die transgressiewe karnavaleske: ’n Fenomeen in die kabarettekste uit ’n Gelyke kans van Jeanne Goosen
Authors: Loubser Henriëtte
Published: November 2011

This article examines the phenomenon of the transgressive carnivalesque, a notion of Mikhail Bakhtin of breaking through social conventions and barriers, as it manifests in the cabaret texts in ’n Gelyke kans (“An even chance”) by Jeanne Goosen. The carnival on the town square represents a world of feasts, comedy, dance, costumes, masks, giants, monsters and trained animals. It includes comic verbal compositions like parody and vulgar burlesque. These texts can be recognised as subversive of the symbolic order and the Bakhtinian moments are clearly identifiable in each text. The research of Bakhtin, as a broad development of the carnivalesque into a powerful, critical subversion of all official words and hierarchies with far reaching consequences, are here applicable. Without being judgmental, Goosen sympathetically exposes man’s inborn, continuous search for the illusion of perfect happiness.
Dialogue in S. A. Dazela’s Izono zakho ziya kukujikela
Authors: Mtumane Zilibele
Published: November 2011

This article investigates the use of dialogue in the depiction of the main character, Mpumlo’s personality traits in S. A. Dazela’s novel, Izono zakho ziya kukujikela (“Your sins will turn against you”, 1991). Mpumlo is the lead character in the novel. The aspects of Mpumlo’s personality, as depicted through dialogue, that feature prominently in the novel, include his kindness and humaneness, caring, being a liar, dangerousness, jealousy, cruelty, sarcasm, irresponsibility, cheating, rudeness and disrespect. All these traits will be highlighted. A discussion is also presented of the concepts of dialogue and personality in general and of Mpumlo’s personality traits in particular.
Globalisering, modernisme en postmodernisme: In stede van die liefde (2005) van Etienne van Heerden
Authors: Visagie Andries
Published: November 2011

In the 1990s postmodernism as a literary phenomenon led to the development of a lively literary discourse in Afrikaans. However, in contemporary narrative criticism postmodernism rarely features as a theoretical framework for studies of new Afrikaans writing. In poetry criticism postmodernism still enjoys some currency, whereas some critics hold the position that there should be stronger acknowledgement of modernist elements in the development of Afrikaans poetry. In an effort to grasp the manifestation of postmodernism in contemporary Afrikaans prose, this article focuses on globalisation and modernism as two unique challenges to thinking about postmodernism that prevail in Etienne van Heerden’s novel In stede van die liefde (In Cities of Love, 2005). The article identifies three problems in theoretical reflections about postmodernism, namely a too narrowly conceived view of postmodernism, a lack of recognition of the continuities between modernism and postmodernism, and the resulting neglect of modernism. Furthermore, the article offers a critical interrogation of globalisation in its guise as a new master narrative in the light of recent developments in the postmodern era. Through a reading of Van Heerden’s novel, the interrogation focuses on the motifs of slippage and substitution in In stede van die liefde. The representation of space in the novel includes both the urban and the rural and points to ‘glocalisation’, a term that refers to the interconnection between the local and the global. The author proposes that globalisation in the guise of a diffuse and multidimensional master narrative, produces a yearning for older master narratives leading to the reaffirmed presence of modernist elements in a manifestly postmodernist novel such as In stede van die liefde. The challenge is to acknowledge modernist elements in contemporary literature using a theoretical approach that exhaustively accounts for the link between postmodernism and globalisation – new manifestations of modernism can no longer be examined with outdated theories about modernist literature.
Chinua Achebe: A re-assessment
Authors: Nnolim Charles E.
Published: November 2011

This article argues that the genius of Chinua Achebe as a novelist was definitely assisted by the advantage of an early start so that other African writers had no choice but to look up to him. It was Chinua Achebe who established and defined the Nigerian tradition in the novel, a tradition that takes its roots from our folk culture and creatively makes use of our proverbs, legends, folktales, and local myths, thus giving expression to our national culture. And by making capital of what is indigenous in both Nigerian and African literature, Achebe established the total rehabilitation of the image and dignity of the African personality bruised and damaged by the colonial master. Achebe’s achievements were indeed so fascinating that a “School of Achebe” arose. It is understood that both in his fictional and non-fictional works plus his interviews and other critical essays, Achebe is at heart a social critic. This is made clear in The Trouble with Nigeria in which he concentrated on the issue of poor leadership in Nigeria. He had equally dealt with the problem of poor leadership in his earlier fiction where he created leaders who failed their people. With the failure of both leaders of the old order and of the military regimes, Achebe places his hopes on the elite on whom the duty of salvaging Nigeria from her leadership problems rests. But will the elite rise up to the challenge? Achebe is a writer to whom we are grateful.
Writing resistance: Dissidence and visions of healing in Nigerian poetry of the military era
Authors: Okùnoyè Oyèníyì
Published: November 2011

In spite of the fact that about thirty years of military rule impacted negatively on various spheres of Nigerian life, this essay argues that it also served as a catalyst for the growth of Nigerian poetry. It contests the critical standpoint that exclusively identifies socially sensitive poetry in Nigeria in the closing decades of the twentieth century with a particular ‘generation’ of poets and situates the phenomenal growth of Nigerian poetry within this period – which also coincides with the military era – within the flowering of a vibrant civil society and activist writing. It maintains that more poets and tendencies than have been associated with the experience contributed to its making and suggests that this tradition constitutes a major component of the corpus of Nigerian poetry of English expression. In reappraising the growth of Nigerian poetry in the last three decades of the twentieth century, this paper argues that writing against dictatorship – the defining character of this tradition – has enriched Nigerian poetry in more ways than critics have suggested. It correlates developments within the political sphere with corresponding responses in the Nigerian poetic imagination to define the unique character of this major phase in the development of Nigerian poetry.
Exile, exilic consciousness and the poetic imagination in Tanure Ojaide’s poetry
Authors: Tsaaior James Tar
Published: November 2011

As a thematic trajectory, exile constitutes a visible presence in the Nigerian poetic afflatus and imagination. This is sometimes not adequately or sufficiently acknowledged. Increasingly, however, exile and exilic consciousness have continued to occupy a contested and contestable site in literature especially Nigerian poetry. This is essentially because of the multiple and shifting networks of significations that undergird the very constitution and definition of home, exile and the exiled. While exile could signify absence from one’s homeland and hence register an erasure of physical presence from a particular landscape, other interpretive grids that negotiate exile refract it as a spiritual and psychological state that does not necessarily translate to physical absence from home. The essay contends that both modes of epistemology and hermeneutic insights are tenable. Its framing and defining concern is the negotiation of the theme of exile in Nigerian poetry especially the poetry of Tanure Ojaide. The paper’s sustained argument is that Ojaide’s poetic imagination and sensibility have generously benefited from the trope of exile which has been conditioned by the reality of living and working away from home in the United States of America even as the poet himself problematises this reality with his frequent visits home and the construction of a hybrid identity as a cosmopolitan citizen of the world. The paper uses Ojaide’s When It No Longer Matters Where You Live as a paradigm of textual representation to underscore the exilic consciousness in Nigerian poetry. It concludes that Ojaide’s volume contributes significantly to the work on the theme of exile in world literature and reflexively foregrounds the currency of the theme of exile in Nigerian poetry and, indeed, literature.
Nuptial poetry among the Tiv of Nigeria
Authors: Tsenôngu Moses
Published: November 2011

This essay first introduces briefly ethnological data of the Tiv, focusing particularly on their marriage forms. The important place of the marriage dance in their marriage ceremony is identified. Also identified is the involvement of poetry in the dance. Three kinds of poetic performances are highlighted. These are the solicited poems from professional poets, the solos performed individually by elderly women during the dances, and the dominant antiphonies that are of general participation. The antiphonies are divided into those that welcome the bride, those that abuse bad wives, those that praise smart grooms, those that demonstrate men’s courting manipulations and those that celebrate sexuality. Each of these divisions is exemplified with poetic illustrations. In conclusion, the artistry and functionality of Tiv nuptial poems are re-emphasised.
Exorcising the ghost of the past: The abandonment of obsession with apartheid in Mpe’s Welcome to Our Hillbrow
Authors: Rafapa L. J. , Mahori Freddy
Published: November 2011

This article examines how Phaswane Mpe’s post-apartheid novel, Welcome to Our Hillbrow (2000), responds to Njabulo Ndebele’s idea of “rediscovering the ordinary”. This is probed through analyses of themes, characterization and style. It will be argued that, through Welcome to Our Hillbrow, Mpe makes a call for introspection to the black South African populace of the postapartheid era, so that instead of simplistically continuing to blame social ills on (the legacy of) apartheid, they examine their own attitudes, thoughts, perceptions and feelings regarding socio-political problems like corruption, crime, xenophobia and HIV/AIDS. In this respect Mpe stands apart from other black South African writers, such as Zakes Mda, who have produced their writings in the post-apartheid period. Ndebele’s theory denounces the “spectacular” way of writing, which he sees as characterising the literary output of black South African writers during the apartheid era. However, this perspective has relevance beyond the apartheid era, in as far as black South African fiction writers should not deny society its natural wholeness of existence by not exploring diverse themes.
In the wings of the ethnography stage: Michel Leiris’ scientific pursuit and existential quest
Authors: Wynchank Anny
Published: November 2011

This paper analyses the attitude of a French surrealist writer and ethnographer, Michel Leiris, who accompanied the expedition led by Marcel Griaule, from Dakar to Djibouti (1931–33), as the archivist-secretary of this official “mission”. In fact, Leiris participated actively in the ethnographic activities of the team. He kept a detailed account and recorded the methods used to acquire the objects collected. These methods were not always honest, but Leiris attempts to exonerate the team by pointing out that they were acting for the advancement of science and knowledge. Later, he ascribed ethnography an important role: to revalorise cultures which had been unjustly underrated. Leiris expected that his participation in the expedition would also allow him to encounter a different reality and meet the Other, hence to reduce his introspective tendencies and existential malaise. Realising these expectations were unfulfilled, he chose for his book the title Phantom Africa, which denied “full existence” to that continent. However, his account is of great interest to us because it reveals the mentality and attitude of an early 20th century surrealist ethnographer.
Ultrasonic Assessment of the Urethra and the Vagina in Normal Continent Women and Women Suffering from Stress in Urinary Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse
Authors: Mousa Laila ASE , Kamel Hossam H , Serour Ahmad G
Published: November 2011

Urinary continence depends on two factors the presence of an intact and strong internal urethral sphincter (IUS); and on an acquired behavior, gained by learning and training in early childhood, how to maintain a high alpha-sympathetic tone at the IUS keeping it closed all the time until there is a need.

The IUS is a cylinder that extends from the urinary bladder neck to the urogenital diaphragm. It is composed of a strong collagen sheet with muscle fibers that intermingle with the collagen in the middle of the cylinder's thickness. The strong collagen sheet gives the IUS the high wall tension necessary to create the high urethral closure pressure. The muscle fibers, innervated by alpha-sympathetic nerves (T10-L2) are responsible for closure and opening of the urethra.

Rupture of the IUS causes its weakness and it will not withstand increases of abdominal pressure, and urine will leak. Rupture and split of the collagen sheet are better demonstrated by imaging by 3D US and MRI.

Normal vagina is a cylinder of collageno-elastic-muscular tissues. Its strong collagen sheet is responsible for keeping it in its normal upward and backward position. Labors cause redundancy and weakness of the vaginal walls with subsequent prolapse; and lacerations of the IUS which is intimately overlying the anterior vaginal wall.
Peri- and Postmenopausal Uterine Bleeding Transvaginal Ultrasound with Hysterosonography and Diagnostic Correlation with Hysteroscopy
Authors: Parihar Mandakini , Parihar Anand
Published: November 2011

The recent years have seen medical science and technology expand by leaps and bounds. We have shifted focus from correction of the problem to prevention of the problem. Abnormal uterine bleeding is an important cause of ill health in perimenopausal women. In the perimenopausal years, there is an increase in the incidence of bleeding irregularities. This is because of an increase in the prevalence of benign and malignant uterine lesions. There has also been a significant increase in the number of women presenting with postmenopausal bleeding. At transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS), the finding of a thickened central endometrial complex, with or without cystic changes, is often nonspecific and may be caused by an endometrial polyp, submucosal fibroid, endometrial hyperplasia, carcinoma or cystic atrophy. In addition, because of an increased prevalence of adenomyosis or adenomyosis-like changes in women around this age group, proper transvaginal sonographic assessment of endometrial thickness and abnormalities is of utmost importance but maybe difficult in some women.

When TVS cannot accurately measure the endometrial thickness or when there is a nonspecific thickened central endometrial complex, hysterosonography can provide additional information and can help in the diagnosis and final treatment. Hysterosonography, as an adjunct to TVS, allows identification of intracavitary lesions and focal and diffuse endometrial abnormalities and helps determine the abnormality. Final diagnosis confirmed by hysteroscopy. In this review, we discuss these common abnormalities and the correlation of TVS and hysterosonographic findings with hysteroscopic evaluation.
3D, Vocal and Tomographic Ultrasound Image in Prenatal Diagnosis of Hypospadias
Authors: Raga Francisco , Bonilla Francisco , Bonilla-Musoles Fernando , Castillo Juan Carlos
Published: November 2011

We report a case of anterior hypospadias, diagnosed at 26th week in a 37 years-old primigravida with normal 46XY kariotype through amniocentesis carried out at 16th week.

Sonographic examination with 2D showed a short and curved penis. The use of three orthogonal planes, Tomographic Ultrasound Image (TUI) and VOCAL allowed an exact prenatal diagnostic, showing the “tulip” sign and defining localization, situation and extension of the urethral orifice.
Dusty space plasma diagnosis using temporal behavior of polar mesospheric summer echoes during active modification
Authors: Mahmoudian A. , Scales W. A. , Kosch M. J. , Senior A. , Rietveld M.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The objective of this paper is to study the effect of different plasma and dust parameters on Polar Mesospheric Summer Echoes (PMSE) temporal behavior after turn-on and turn-off of radio wave heating and to use these responses to diagnose the properties of the dust layer. The threshold radar frequency and dust parameters for the enhancement or suppression of radar echoes after radio wave heating turn-on are investigated for measured mesospheric plasma parameters. The effect of parameters such as the electron temperature enhancement during heating, dust density, dust charge polarity, ion-neutral collision frequency, electron density and dust radius on the temporal evolution of electron irregularities associated with PMSE are investigated. The possible diagnostic information for various charged dust and background plasma quantities using the temporal behavior of backscattered radar power in active experiments is discussed. The computational results are used to make predictions for PMSE active modification experiments at 7.9, 56, 139, 224 and 930 MHz corresponding to existing radar facilities. Data from a 2009 VHF (224 MHz) experiment at EISCAT is compared with the computational model to obtain dust parameters in the PMSE.
East European Studies: Towards a Map of the Field and Its Needs
Authors: Linden Ronald H.
Published: November 2011

With this paper the Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies are launched. Though modest in conception, form, and certainly budget, this series is quite immodest in its goals: to find and distribute in the most effective and timely way possible high quality scholarly papers on topics relating to the Soviet Union and East Europe, drawn from the entire range of the humanities and social science disciplines. The Russian and East European Studies Committee of the University of Pittsburgh's Center for International Studies, in recognizing the need for such a series, also recognized the tasks such a project would entail and did not shrink from them. They therefore deserve a prompt expression of appreciation from the editor as well as the promise that their commitment will be consistently tested in the future. Even this first paper, much less the projected four-peryear, would not have appeared without the resolute efforts, careful attention and staunch support offered by Bob Donnorummo and Rose Krasnopoler of REES and by Burkart Holzner, Director of the University Center for International Studies.
After the Kratkii Kurs: Soviet Leadership Conflict Over Theoretical Education: 1956-1961
Authors: Harris Jonathan
Published: November 2011

The nature and extent of political conflict between Soviet leaders under first secretary N. S. Khrushchev has recently become a matter of considerable dispute. Since the late 1960's, Western specialists have generally endorsed Carl Linden's conclusion that a reformist Khrushchev was locked in constant conflict with orthodox elements in the Soviet leadership over a wide range of political, economic, and social issues.l However, a recent study of the Khrushchev and Brezhnev regimes by George Breslauer has charged that Linden and others had produced historically inaccurate portraits of the Khrushchev administration. For one thing they oversimplified the choices facing Soviet leaders in each issue area. For another, they sought to document conflict without first documenting the policy consensus within which that conflict was taking place. The result was that the books in questionexaggerated the level of polarization in the Soviet leadership.
From Krestianka to Udarnitsa: Rural Women and the Vydvizhenie Campaign, 1933-1941
Authors: Oja Matt F.
Published: November 2011

From the end of the first five-year plan onward, the Soviet Communist Party faced a chronic failure of its program for transforming the Soviet countryside from a cultural and economic backwater to an advanced, industrial society. The Party tried to cope with runaway labor turnover and consequent cadre shortages in one important way by attempting to mobilize a huge potential labor pool that had remained almost completely unexposed to modem technology: peasant women. In 1933, Stalin personally initiated a comprehensive campaign to tap this potential by actively requiring that peasant women be trained to operate heavy farm machinery, and that the most capable women be promoted to higher positions such as brigade leader, kolkho chairman, and rural Party positions.