bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glutamate–Transporter Unbinding in Probabilistic Synaptic Environment Facilitates Activation of Distant NMDA Receptors
Authors: Savtchenko Leonid P. , Rusakov Dmitri A.
Published: June 2023

Once outside the synaptic cleft, the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is rapidly bound by its high-affinity transporters, which are expressed in abundance on the surface of perisynaptic astroglia. While this binding and the subsequent uptake of glutamate constrain excitatory transmission mainly within individual synapses, there is growing evidence for the physiologically important extrasynaptic actions of glutamate. However, the mechanistic explanation and the scope of such actions remain obscure. Furthermore, a significant proportion of glutamate molecules initially bound by transporters could be released back into the extracellular space before being translocated into astrocytes. To understand the implications of such effects, we simulated the release, diffusion, and transporter and receptor interactions of glutamate molecules in the synaptic environment. The latter was represented via trial-by-trial stochastic generation of astroglial and neuronal elements in the brain neuropil (overlapping spheroids of varied sizes), rather than using the ‘average’ morphology, thus reflecting the probabilistic nature of neuropil architectonics. Our simulations predict significant activation of high-affinity receptors, such as receptors of the NMDA type, at distances beyond half-micron from the glutamate release site, with glutamate–transporter unbinding playing an important role. These theoretical predictions are consistent with recent glutamate imaging data, thus lending support to the concept of significant volume-transmitted actions of glutamate in the brain.
Effect of Mg Addition on Microstructure and Sacrificial Anode Protection Performance of Hot Dip Al-5Zn-4Si-xMg Coating
Authors: Liu Zhaobin , Li Jiaxin , Peng Haoping , Xie Aijun , Li Zhiwei
Published: June 2023

The effect of Mg addition on the microstructure and sacrificial anode protection performance of a hot-dip Al-5Zn-4Si-xMg coating was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), an X-ray diffractometer, and an electrochemical workstation. The results showed that Al-Zn-Si alloy was composed of an Al-rich phase and a Zn-rich phase. The MgZn2 phase appears after Mg addition. When the addition of Mg increased to 0.15 wt.%, the Mg2Si phase began to appear in the alloy. The hot-dip Al-5Zn-4Si-xMg coating consisted of Si particles, an Al-rich phase and a Zn-rich phase. When the Mg content increased to 0.15 wt.%, the Mg2Si phase and Al + Zn + MgZn2 eutectoid phase began to appear in the coating. In the full immersion corrosion test of the hot-dip Al-5Zn-4Si-xMg coating, the order of corrosion resistance was 0.15% Mg coating > 0.2% Mg coating > 0.05% Mg coating > 0 Mg coating. In the corrosion process of the hot-dip Al-5Zn-4Si-0.15Mg coating, with the increase in immersion, the self-corrosion current of the coating decreased, and the sacrificial protection performance was the best.
Multiplier Effects of Photodetectors—Source of Gain
Authors: Yang Ming , Chang Haoliang , Chen Jinhuan , Zhu Xinyu
Published: June 2023

A photodetector is a type of optoelectronic device with excellent photoelectric conversion abilities, which has especially important applications in many fields such as optical communication, image sensing, aerospace/environmental detection, and military safety. Among these applications, the multiplier effect of optoelectronic devices has been widely explored because photodetectors can convert a very weak optical signal into electrical signal output and offer amazing electron multiplication abilities. To date, hundreds of multiplier effects of photodetectors have been reported. However, there are few reviews on the multiplier effects of such devices. Here, a review of the multiplier effects of photodetectors covering detection spectra from ultraviolet to infrared is presented, including photodetectors based on inorganic materials, organic materials, and organic/inorganic materials. First, we provide brief insights into the detection mechanisms of multiplier effects of photodetectors and introduce the merits that represent key factors for a reasonable comparison of different photodetectors. Then, the multiplier effect on different types of material photodetectors is reviewed. Notably, we summarize the optimization directions of the performance of the multiplier photodetectors, including improving the external quantum efficiency, reducing the dark current, and increasing the response speed and spectral regulation. Finally, an outlook is delivered, the challenges and future directions are discussed, and general advice for designing and realizing novel high-performance photodetectors with multiplier effects is given to provide a guideline for the future development of this fast-developing field. The bottlenecks of existing multiplier technology are also analyzed, which has strong reference significance for the future development of this field.
Anatomical Structure and Phytochemical Composition of a Rare Species Fraxinus sogdiana Bunge (Oleaceae) Growing in Different Soils in Kazakhstan
Authors: Aldibekova Almagul , Kurmanbayeva Meruyert , Aksoy Ahmet , Permitina Valeria , Dimeyeva Liliya , Zverev Nikolai
Published: June 2023

Fraxinus sogdiana Bunge (family Oleaceae) is a rare, relict species, with a disjunctive distribution range. The species is listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. The aim of this study was to determine anatomical features and identify the phytochemical composition of F. sogdiana growing in different soils in Kazakhstan. The research objects were vegetative organs collected in the Temirlik River Valley of the Almaty region (the State National Nature Park “Sharyn”) and the Boralday River Valley of the Turkestan region (the Syrdarya–Turkestan Regional Nature Park) in 2020–2022. A comparative anatomical analysis of the vegetative organs of F. sogdiana revealed similarities and differences between the specimens studied. The level of significance was taken at 5%. The main feature identified in the anatomical structure of the F. sogdiana leaves was the presence of large special motor cells in the upper and lower epidermis. A study of the phytochemical composition identified the ten most important biologically active substances with antimicrobial, antitumor, diuretic, and antioxidative properties. In the study areas, soils were different in terms of conditions and time of soil formation. The soil profile of the floodplain terrace of the Temirlik River was found to be stratified with alternating interlayers of light loamy and sandy loam granulometric composition with inclusions of pebbles; differentiation of the soil profile into genetic horizons was poorly pronounced. The soil profile of the floodplain terrace of the Boralday River had a clear differentiation into genetic horizons.
Positive Point-of-Care Influenza Test Significantly Decreases the Probability of Antibiotic Treatment during Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care
Authors: Rzepka Aneta , Mania Anna
Published: June 2023

This study aimed to analyse clinical and laboratory findings in primary care patients with respiratory tract infections to distinguish the group more likely to receive antibiotic treatment. The study group consisted of 631 patients (264 males; 367 females) with a median age of 48 years (IQR 36–63 years). Analysed groups included patients treated with antibiotics (n = 269 patients; 43%) and those who recovered without antibiotic treatment (n = 362 patients; 57%). Patients receiving antibiotics were older (median 51 vs. 47 years; p = 0.008) and more commonly developed fever (77% vs. 25%, p < 0.0001) and cough (63% vs. 30%; p = 0.0014). Moreover, they more frequently presented wheezing and crackles upon physical examination (28% vs. 4% and 9% vs. 0.3%; p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). They also had more comorbidities and came to more follow-up visits (median of 4 vs. 3 and 2 vs. 1, p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Patients receiving symptomatic therapy more often had positive point-of-care tests (POCTS)—20% vs. 7%; p = <0.0001. Multivariate analysis in our cohort found comorbidities complexity (odds ratio—OR 2.62; 95% confidence interval—1.54–4.46), fever (OR 32.59; 95%CI 19.15–55.47), crackles (OR 26.35; 95%CI 2.77–250.81) and the number of visits (OR 4.15; 95%CI 2.39–7.20) as factors increasing the probability of antibiotic treatment. Positive influenza POCTS reduced the risk of antibiotic therapy (OR 0.0015; 95%CI 0.0001–0.0168).
Classification of Diabetes Using Feature Selection and Hybrid Al-Biruni Earth Radius and Dipper Throated Optimization
Authors: Alhussan Amel Ali , Abdelhamid Abdelaziz A. , Towfek S. K. , Ibrahim Abdelhameed , Eid Marwa M. , Khafaga Doaa Sami , Saraya Mohamed S.
Published: June 2023

Introduction: In public health, machine learning algorithms have been used to predict or diagnose chronic epidemiological disorders such as diabetes mellitus, which has reached epidemic proportions due to its widespread occurrence around the world. Diabetes is just one of several diseases for which machine learning techniques can be used in the diagnosis, prognosis, and assessment procedures. Methodology: In this paper, we propose a new approach for boosting the classification of diabetes based on a new metaheuristic optimization algorithm. The proposed approach proposes a new feature selection algorithm based on a dynamic Al-Biruni earth radius and dipper-throated optimization algorithm (DBERDTO). The selected features are then classified using a random forest classifier with its parameters optimized using the proposed DBERDTO. Results: The proposed methodology is evaluated and compared with recent optimization methods and machine learning models to prove its efficiency and superiority. The overall accuracy of diabetes classification achieved by the proposed approach is 98.6%. On the other hand, statistical tests have been conducted to assess the significance and the statistical difference of the proposed approach based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Conclusions: The results of these tests confirmed the superiority of the proposed approach compared to the other classification and optimization methods.
Shaped-Charge Learning Architecture for the Human–Machine Teams
Authors: Galitsky Boris , Ilvovsky Dmitry , Goldberg Saveli
Published: June 2023

In spite of great progress in recent years, deep learning (DNN) and transformers have strong limitations for supporting human–machine teams due to a lack of explainability, information on what exactly was generalized, and machinery to be integrated with various reasoning techniques, and weak defense against possible adversarial attacks of opponent team members. Due to these shortcomings, stand-alone DNNs have limited support for human–machine teams. We propose a Meta-learning/DNN → kNN architecture that overcomes these limitations by integrating deep learning with explainable nearest neighbor learning (kNN) to form the object level, having a deductive reasoning-based meta-level control learning process, and performing validation and correction of predictions in a way that is more interpretable by peer team members. We address our proposal from structural and maximum entropy production perspectives.
Romantic Transfer from Thermodynamic Theories to Personal Theories of Social Control: A Randomised Controlled Experiment
Authors: Chen Chen , Chen Si , Haste Helen , Selman Robert L. , Schneps Matthew H.
Published: June 2023

The transfer of learning is arguably the most enduring goal of education. The history of science reveals that although numerous theories have been transferred from the natural sciences to the socio-political realm, educational practitioners have often deemed such transfers romantic and rhetorical. We conducted an experiment that randomly assigned a sample of 292 college freshmen in China to two groups to learn different thermodynamic theories: entropy or self-organization theory. We examined whether the two groups may arrive at different implications about social (and government) control without explicit instructions. We found that participants who learned the theory of entropy were more likely to believe the social system would become chaotic over time without external control; thus, they preferred tightened social control. Whereas participants who learned self-organisation theory were more likely to believe that order may form from within a social system; therefore, they downplay external control and prefer stronger individual agency. Follow-up interviews showed that the participants’ narratives about social control were largely consistent with the thermodynamic concepts they had learned. Our findings have critical implications for the recent trend in STEM education that promotes the teaching of cross-cutting concepts—seeking patterns from interdisciplinary ideas—that may implicitly prime students to borrow physical science theories to formulate personal social hypotheses and engage in moral–civic–political discourse.
Subsampling of 3D Pixel Blocks as a Video Compression Method for Analog Transmission
Authors: Pastuszak Grzegorz
Published: June 2023

Hybrid digital–analog transmission of video signals enables flexibility in dividing video information into two parts to utilize the available bandwidth better. This study proposes a compression scheme to reduce the utilized bandwidth. The scheme uses different subsampling in three-dimensional (3D) blocks, where subsampling factors are selected to minimize reconstruction distortion. The study evaluates various methods for subsampling and reconstruction to find the best combination in terms of reconstruction quality and complexity. Results show that medium-quality reconstructions can be obtained for compression ratios of about 0.125–0.3 samples per pixel.
Evaluation of Soil Quality in Five Ages of Chinese Fir Plantations in Subtropical China Based on a Structural Equation Model
Authors: Cao Xiaoyu , Mo Yongjun , Yan Wende , Zhang Zelian , Peng Yuanying
Published: June 2023

Soil quality evaluation provides necessary and fundamental data and information for understanding the current situation of the soils and for promoting the sustainable use of land resources. In this study, soil quality was assessed by developing a structural equation model (SEM) in five aged Chinese fir plantations, located in the same soil type, with similar site conditions, in Subtropical China. A total of 150 soil samples were taken from the five aged stands of Chinese fir forests: 8-year-old young forests (stand I), 14-year-old middle-aged forests (stand II), 20-year-old near-mature forests (stand III), 26-year-old mature forests (stand VI), and 33-year-old over-mature forests (stand V). Fifteen soil indicators, including soil bulk density (BD), capillary porosity (CP), total capillary porosity (TCP), water holding capacity (WHC), soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), soil pH, soil acid phosphatase (ACP), invertase (INV), urease (URE), and catalase (CAT), were measured. The SEM was used to determine the weight of each soil indicator, and the soil quality index (SQI) was estimated for the Chinese fir plantations. Results showed that soil physical indicators, such as BD, CP, TCP, WHC, and chemical indicators, including SOM, TN, and AN, significantly degraded in stand II groups compared with the stand I groups, but were significantly recovered in the stand III groups. However, the enzyme activity of soil biological indicators had different patterns with changes in soil physical and chemical properties. The calculated SQI in the studied Chinese fir forests ranged from 0.4084 to 0.7298, which was significantly higher in the stand V and lower in the stand II (middle-aged stand) than in the other four aged stands (p < 0.05). The SEM weight analysis showed that the BD, SOM, and ACP were the most important indicators affecting the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soils in Chinese fir forests in the study area. This study provided an innovative scientific approach for estimating the weight of SQI in forests and a theoretical basis and practical application for sustainable management of Chinese fir forest ecosystems.
The Radial Growth of Juniperus squamata Showed Sharp Increase in Response to Climate Warming on the Three-River Headwaters Region of Tibetan Plateau since the Early 21st Century
Authors: Zhao Guoqing , Xin Zhongbao , Liu Jinhao , Huang Yanzhang , Keyimu Maierdang , Li Zongshan
Published: June 2023

In order to explore the impact of climate change on the ecosystem at high altitudes, dendroclimatology was used to study the response of radial growth of Juniperus squamata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don to the rapid warming in Nangqian County over the past 60 years, and a tree-ring width chronology for 115 years was established. (1) Meteorological data showed that the temperature in Nangqian County of the Tibetan Plateau has increased continuously during the past 60 years, and the minimum temperature has had the most significant change (0.63 °C/10a), especially between 2000–2019 (0.12 °C/a). Over the same time period precipitation has not changed significantly (0.94 mm/a, p > 0.10). The standard chronology was used to reconstruct the mean temperature series from July to September in Nangqian meteorological station during the past 115 years (1905–2019). The explained variance of the reconstructed equation was 42.8% (40.8%, after adjusting for degrees of freedom). The reconstructed temperature series can be roughly divided into two stages: from 1905 to 1999, the temperature fluctuated around the average value, 12.10 °C, and from 2000 to 2019, the temperature showed a significant upward trend. (2) The analysis of the climate-tree growth relationship indicated that the response of radial growth of Juniperus squamata to temperature was significantly stronger than the response to precipitation; especially in the last 20 years, when the radial growth of Juniperus squamata was positively correlated with temperature (p < 0.01). Compared to the maximum temperature and mean temperature, the correlation between radial growth of Juniperus squamata and minimum temperature was more significant. (3) Under the background of climate warming, the radial growth trend of Juniperus squamata in Nangqian county was consistent with temperature changes. Particularly in the past 20 years, the radial growth of Juniperus squamata showed a significantly increased trend and entered a rapid growth period.
The Impact of Roadkill on Cervid Populations in Lithuania
Authors: Balčiauskas Linas , Kučas Andrius , Balčiauskienė Laima
Published: June 2023

Cervid roadkill, including moose, red deer and roe deer, can pose a risk to drivers and are frequently registered. However, the roadkill influence on overall cervid populations is not fully known, especially by roadkill that are not officially registered. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of cervid roadkill on population abundance, evaluating (i) the proportion of ungulate–vehicle collisions not registered by official bodies, (ii) the number of roadkill in relation to hunted animals and (iii) the proportion of roadkill that occurs in forest habitat. The number of unreported roadkill was calculated based on a roadkill index assessed during 3815 registration sessions on main and national roads in Lithuania from 2002–2022. During this period, 373 moose, 712 red deer and 9179 roe deer roadkill were unreported, correlating to 13.8%, 95.8% and 31.1% of those registered by the Traffic Supervision Service. In conclusion, 39.5%, 17.5% and 20.1% of roadkill were registered on roads through forests. Moose roadkill amounted to a figure corresponding to 10% of those hunted, with the same figure for red deer being 1.8%, neither adding much mortality. At 16.5%–16.6%, the figure for roe deer might be important.
Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions against COVID-19 Causing a Lower Trend in Age of LHON Onset
Authors: Zheng Yuxi , Jia Xiaoyun , Li Shiqiang , Xiao Xueshan , Zhang Qingjiong , Wang Panfeng
Published: June 2023

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a monogenic but multifactorial disease vulnerable to environmental triggers. Little is known about how LHON onset changed during the COVID-19 pandemic and how non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPHIs) against COVID-19 impact LHON onset. One hundred and forty-seven LHON patients with the m.11778G>A mutation complaining of vision loss were involved between January 2017 and July 2022. The onset time points, age of onset, and possible risk factors were evaluated. Analyses were conducted among 96 LHON patients in the Pre-COVID-19 group and 51 in the COVID-19 group. The median (IQR) age of onset decreased significantly from 16.65 (13.739, 23.02) in pre-COVID-19 to 14.17 (8.87, 20.29) during COVID-19. Compared with the Pre-COVID-19 group, the COVID-19 group exhibited bimodal distribution with an additional peak at six; the first quarter of 2020 also witnessed a relatively denser onset, with no subsequent second spike. NPHIs against COVID-19 significantly changed patients’ lifestyles, including higher secondhand smoke exposure (p < 0.001), adherence to masks (p < 0.001), reduction in time spent outdoors for leisure (p = 0.001), and prolonged screen time (p = 0.007). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that secondhand smoke exposure and mask-wearing were independent risk factors of younger LHON onset. Lower age of onset of LHON appeared after the breakout of the COVID-19 pandemic, and novel risk factors were detected, including secondhand exposure and long mask-wearing. Carriers of LHON mtDNA mutations, especially teenagers or children, should be advised to avoid secondhand smoke exposure and there are possible adverse outcomes of longer mask-wearing.
Drug Target Identification and Drug Repurposing in Psoriasis through Systems Biology Approach, DNN-Based DTI Model and Genome-Wide Microarray Data
Authors: Zhan Yu-Ping , Chen Bor-Sen
Published: June 2023

Psoriasis is a chronic skin disease that affects millions of people worldwide. In 2014, psoriasis was recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a serious non-communicable disease. In this study, a systems biology approach was used to investigate the underlying pathogenic mechanism of psoriasis and identify the potential drug targets for therapeutic treatment. The study involved the construction of a candidate genome-wide genetic and epigenetic network (GWGEN) through big data mining, followed by the identification of real GWGENs of psoriatic and non-psoriatic using system identification and system order detection methods. Core GWGENs were extracted from real GWGENs using the Principal Network Projection (PNP) method, and the corresponding core signaling pathways were annotated using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Comparing core signaling pathways of psoriasis and non-psoriasis and their downstream cellular dysfunctions, STAT3, CEBPB, NF-κB, and FOXO1 are identified as significant biomarkers of pathogenic mechanism and considered as drug targets for the therapeutic treatment of psoriasis. Then, a deep neural network (DNN)-based drug-target interaction (DTI) model was trained by the DTI dataset to predict candidate molecular drugs. By considering adequate regulatory ability, toxicity, and sensitivity as drug design specifications, Naringin, Butein, and Betulinic acid were selected from the candidate molecular drugs and combined into potential multi-molecule drugs for the treatment of psoriasis.
Evaluation of Isokinetic Knee Strengths after ACL Reconstruction with Quadrupled Semitendinosus Suspensory Femoral and Tibial Fixation versus Four-Strand Semitendinosus and Gracilis Suspensory Femoral and Tibial Screw Fixation
Authors: Cerci Mehmet Halis , Yilmaz Ali Kerim , Kehribar Lokman , Surucu Serkan , Aydin Mahmud , Mahirogullari Mahir
Published: June 2023

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that patients undergoing ACL reconstruction with quadrupled semitendinosus suspensory femoral and tibial fixation have comparable results in muscle strength and knee function to those undergoing ACL reconstruction with four-strand semitendinosus-gracilis suspensory femoral fixation and a bioabsorbable tibial interference screw fixation. Materials and Methods: Between 2017 and 2019, 64 patients who were operated on by the same surgeon were included. Patients underwent ACL reconstruction technique with quadrupled semitendinosus suspensory femoral and tibial button fixation in Group 1, and patients underwent ACL reconstruction with coupled four-strand semitendinosus-gracilis suspensory femoral fixation and a bioabsorbable tibial interference screw in Group 2. Evaluation of patients was performed with the Lysholm and Tegner activity scale preoperatively and at the 1st and 6th months postoperatively. At the 6-month visit, isokinetic testing of the operated and non-operated limbs was performed in both groups. Results: There was no significant difference in the age, weight, and BMI values of the patients in Groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.05). According to the strength values of the operated sides of the patients in Group 1 and Group 2, there was no significant difference in the angular velocities of 60° s−1, 180° s−1, and 240° s−1 in both extension and flexion phases between the operated sides of Groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Patients who have ACL reconstruction with quadrupled semitendinosus suspensory femoral and tibial fixation have comparable muscle strength and knee function to those who undergo ACL reconstruction with four-strand semitendinosus-gracilis suspensory femoral fixation and a bioabsorbable tibial interference screw.
Severe Intentional Corrosive (Nitric Acid) Acute Poisoning: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Stoica Alexandra , Lionte Cătălina , Palaghia Mădălina , Gîrleanu Irina , Şorodoc Victoriţa , Ceasovschih Alexandr , Sîrbu Oana , Haliga Raluca , Bologa Cristina , Petriş Ovidiu , Nuţu Vlad , Trofin Ana , Bălan Gheorghe , Catana Andreea , Coman Adorata , Constantin Mihai , Puha Gabriela , Morăraşu Bianca , Şorodoc Laurenţiu
Published: June 2023

Despite being one of the most debilitating conditions encountered in the field of toxicology, there is a lack of neutralization measures for the toxins involved in acute corrosive poisoning, and this promotes progressive contact injury of deep tissues after poisoning has occurred. Multiple controversies still surround management strategies during the acute phase of poisoning and the long-term follow-up of the patient. Here, we report a severe case of intentional poisoning with nitric acid complicated by extensive injury of the upper digestive tract, multiple stricture formation, and complete dysphagia. Serial endoscopic dilation and insertion of a jejunostomy feeding tube were necessary, and underlying psychiatric illness negatively affected the outcome of the patient. We conclude that an interdisciplinary approach is necessary to properly reduce the extent of lesions and sequelae induced by corrosion. Early endoscopic mapping of injuries is of major importance to better predict the evolution and possible complications of poisoning. Interventional and reconstructive surgical procedures may significantly improve the life expectancy and quality of life of patients following intoxication with corrosive substances.
The Impact of Monocyte to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio on All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients with Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Mercean Denisa Bianca , Tomoaia Raluca , Şerban Adela Mihaela , Moţ Ştefan Dan Cezar , Hagiu Radu , Mihu Carmen Mihaela
Published: June 2023

Background: Inflammation plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of aortic stenosis. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the monocyte-HDL cholesterol ratio (MHR), a new inflammatory marker, in severe aortic stenosis (AS) patients who underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Methods: A total of 125 patients with severe AS who underwent TAVR were assessed. Clinical, echocardiographic and laboratory data relevant to the research were retrospectively obtained from the patients’ records. The MHR was determined by dividing the absolute monocyte count by the HDL-C value. The primary endpoints were overall and cardiovascular mortality. Results: During a median follow-up time of 39 months, primary endpoints were developed in 51 (40.8%) patients (overall mortality) and 21 (16.8%) patients (cardiovascular mortality). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that by using a cut-off level of 16.16, the MHR predicted the all-cause mortality with a sensitivity of 50.9% and specificity of 89.1%. In predicting cardiovascular mortality, the MHR exhibited a sensitivity of 80.9% and specificity of 70.1% when a cut-off level of 13.56 was used. In the multivariate analysis, the MHR (p < 0.0001; 95% CI: 1.06–1.15) and atrial fibrillation (p = 0.018; 95% CI: 1.11–3.38) were found to be significant predictors of overall mortality. Conclusions: This study showed a significant elevation in the MHR among patients who experienced all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and this ratio emerged as an independent predictor of all-cause death in patients with severe AS undergoing TAVR.
Optimization Study of Annular Wear-Resistant Layer Structure for Blast Furnace Tuyere
Authors: Zhu Wentao , Zhang Jianliang , Zong Yanbing , Zhang Lei , Liu Yanxiang , Yan Lifeng , Jiao Kexin
Published: June 2023

A new tuyere small sleeve coating structure that balances the high thermal conductivity of the copper substrate with the high wear resistance of the protective layer was developed in this paper. This structure can achieve a low-carbon blast furnace by reducing the heat loss from the tuyere. The 3D model was established via Solidworks for modeling and Ansys for numerical simulation, the temperature field of the annular wear-resistant layer structure tuyere small sleeve with different widths of the wear-resistant layer was analyzed and compared with the temperature and stress field of traditional tuyere small sleeve. The results show that the design of the annular wear-resistant layer structure of the tuyere small sleeve is more effective. The new annular wear-resistant layer structure for the tuyere small sleeve results in a decrease of 24 K in the average temperature of the wear-resistant coating. The comparison of this structure with tuyere sleeves without wear-resistant coatings shows a 16.7% reduction in heat loss, improves the wear resistance of the tuyere, providing new technological ideas for low-carbon blast furnace production. Compared with the tuyere sleeve completely covered with a wear-resistant coating, the maximum thermal stress of this structure decreased from 624.98 Mpa to 427.99 Mpa, resulting in a reduction of 31.5%, which is beneficial for the service life of the tuyere sleeve. The copper surface temperature of the new tuyere small sleeve is in a safe range when the temperature is below 2273 K.
Scanning Strategies in Laser Surface Texturing: A Review
Authors: Moskal Denys , Martan Jiří , Honner Milan
Published: June 2023

Laser surface texturing (LST) is one of the most promising technologies for controllable surface structuring and the acquisition of specific physical surface properties needed in functional surfaces. The quality and processing rate of the laser surface texturing strongly depend on the correct choice of a scanning strategy. In this paper, a comparative review of the classical and recently developed scanning strategies of laser surface texturing is presented. The main attention is paid to maximal processing rate, precision and existing physical limitations. Possible ways of further development of the laser scanning strategies are proposed.
Partial Decision Tree Forest: A Machine Learning Model for the Geosciences
Authors: Ozturk Kiyak Elife , Tuysuzoglu Goksu , Birant Derya
Published: June 2023

As a result of the continuous growth in the amount of geological data, machine learning (ML) offers an opportunity to contribute to solving problems in geosciences. However, digital geology applications introduce new challenges for machine learning due to the unique geoscience properties encountered in each problem, requiring novel research in ML. This paper proposes a novel machine learning method, entitled “Partial Decision Tree Forest (PART Forest)”, to overcome these challenges introduced by geoscience problems and offers potential advancements in both machine learning and geoscience disciplines. The effectiveness of the proposed PART Forest method was illustrated in mineral classification. This study aims to build an intelligent ML model that automatically classifies the minerals in terms of their crystal structures (triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, hexagonal, and trigonal) by taking into account their chemical compositions and their physical and optical properties. In the experiments, the proposed PART Forest method demonstrated its superiority over one of the well-known ensemble learning methods, random forest, in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, f-score, and AUC (area under the curve) metrics.
X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) to Scan the Structure and Characterize the Mud Cake Incorporated with Various Magnetic NPs Concentration: An Application to Evaluate the Wellbore Stability and Formation Damage
Authors: Faisal Rasan Sarbast , Salih Namam M. , Kamal Ibtisam , Préat Alain
Published: June 2023

The X-ray computed tomography method has provided unrivalled data about the characterization and evolution of the internal/external structure of materials by analyzing CTN and non-destructive imaging approach. Applying this method on the appropriate drilling-fluid ingredients plays a significant role in generating proper mud cake quality to stabilize wellbore, and avoid formation damage and filtration loss by preventing drilling fluid invasion into the formation. In this study, smart-water drilling mud containing different concentrations of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) was used to assess the filtration loss properties and formation impairment. Conventional static filter press, non-destructive X-ray computed tomography (CT) scan images and high-resolution quantitative measurement of CT number method were used to estimate the filtrate volume and characterize the filter cake layers, hence evaluating the reservoir damage through hundreds of merged images. The CT scan data were combined with the HIPAX and Radiant viewer digital image processing. The variation in CT number of mud cake samples under different concentrations of MNPs and without MNPs concentration were analyzed, and hundreds of 3D images as a cross-sectional profile were used. This paper highlights the importance of MNPs property in terms of minimizing filtration volume and improving mud cake quality and thickness, and hence improving the wellbore stability. From the results, a notable reduction of filtrate drilling mud volume and mud cake thickness to 40.9% and 46.6%, respectively, were recorded for drilling fluids incorporated with 0.92 wt.% of MNPs. However, this study asserts that optimal MNPs should be implemented to guarantee the best filtration property. As confirmed from the results, increasing the MNPs concentration beyond the optimal value (up to 2 wt.%) increased the filtrate volume and mud cake thickness by 3.23 and 33.3%, respectively. CT scan profile images show two layers of mud cake produced from water-based drilling fluids possessing 0.92 wt.% MNPs. The latter concentration was found to be the optimal additive of MNPs as it caused a decrease in filtration volume, mud cake thickness, and pore spaces within the structure of the mud cake. Using the optimum MNPs, the CT number (CTN) shows a high CTN and density material, and uniform compacted thin mud cake structure (0.75 mm). The produced thin mud cake layer reveals the precipitation or exchange of elemental/mineral composition during fluid-solid interaction. These results confirm that MNPs could help in avoiding or reducing the formation damage, driving away drilling fluid from the formation, and improving borehole stability.
Carbon Nanotubes for Confinement-Induced Energetic Nanomaterials
Authors: Acevedo Ruben , Soula Brigitte , Galibert Anne Marie , Flahaut Emmanuel
Published: June 2023

Oxidized carbon nanotubes obtained by catalytic chemical vapor deposition were filled with an aqueous solution of nano-energetic materials using a very simple impregnation method. The work compares different energetic materials but focuses especially on an inorganic compound belonging to the Werner complexes, [Co(NH3)6][NO3]3. Our results show a large increase in released energy upon heating, which we demonstrate to be related to the confinement of the nano-energetic material either directly by filling of the inner channel of carbon nanotubes or to insertion in the triangular channels between adjacent nanotubes when they form bundles.
Investigations on the Nonlinear Optical Properties of 0D, 1D, and 2D Boron Nitride Nanomaterials in the Visible Spectral Region
Authors: Dengler Stefanie , Eberle Bernd
Published: June 2023

In recent years, boron nitride nanomaterials have attracted increasing attention due to their unique properties such as high temperature stability and high thermal conductivity. They are structurally analogous to carbon nanomaterials and can also be generated as zero-dimensional nanoparticles and fullerenes, one-dimensional nanotubes and nanoribbons, and two-dimensional nanosheets or platelets. In contrast to carbon-based nanomaterials, which have been extensively studied during recent years, the optical limiting properties of boron nitride nanomaterials have hardly been analysed so far. This work summarises a comprehensive study on the nonlinear optical response of dispersed boron nitride nanotubes, boron nitride nanoplatelets, and boron nitride nanoparticles using nanosecond laser pulses at 532 nm. Their optical limiting behaviour is characterised by means of nonlinear transmittance and scattered energy measurements and a beam profiling camera is used to analyse the beam characteristics of the transmitted laser radiation. Our results show that nonlinear scattering dominates the OL performance of all measured boron nitride nanomaterials. Boron nitride nanotubes show a large optical limiting effect, much stronger than the benchmark material, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which makes them promising for laser protection applications.
Xylem Embolism and Pathogens: Can the Vessel Anatomy of Woody Plants Contribute to X. fastidiosa Resistance?
Authors: Carluccio Giambattista , Greco Davide , Sabella Erika , Vergine Marzia , De Bellis Luigi , Luvisi Andrea
Published: June 2023

The maintenance of an intact water column in the xylem lumen several meters above the ground is essential for woody plant viability. In fact, abiotic and biotic factors can lead to the formation of emboli in the xylem, interrupting sap flow and causing consequences on the health status of the plant. Anyway, the tendency of plants to develop emboli depends on the intrinsic features of the xylem, while the cyto-histological structure of the xylem plays a role in resistance to vascular pathogens, as in the case of the pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. Analysis of the scientific literature suggests that on grapevine and olive, some xylem features can determine plant tolerance to vascular pathogens. However, the same trend was not reported in citrus, indicating that X. fastidiosa interactions with host plants differ by species. Unfortunately, studies in this area are still limited, with few explaining inter-cultivar insights. Thus, in a global context seriously threatened by X. fastidiosa, a deeper understanding of the relationship between the physical and mechanical characteristics of the xylem and resistance to stresses can be useful for selecting cultivars that may be more resistant to environmental changes, such as drought and vascular pathogens, as a way to preserve agricultural productions and ecosystems.
Rodents as Sentinels for Toxoplasma gondii in Rural Ecosystems in Slovakia—Seroprevalence Study
Authors: Antolová Daniela , Stanko Michal , Jarošová Júlia , Miklisová Dana
Published: June 2023

Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous intracellular parasite with felids as definitive hosts and a broad range of intermediate hosts. Rodents are considered suitable sentinels for prevalence studies of many infections, including toxoplasmosis. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii in rodents from different localities of Slovakia and investigate the correlation between the seropositivity and the species, age, sex, and sexual activity of animals. Altogether, 1009 wild rodents belonging to 9 species were trapped in 2015 and 2019, and antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 6.7% of the animals. Seropositivity was detected in seven species, ranging from 0.0% in Micromys minutus and Apodemus sylvaticus to 7.7% in A. flavicollis. The females reached significantly higher seropositivity (9.7%) than the males (3.8%), and the adults were positive significantly more often (9.2%) than the subadults (4.9%). The seropositivity differed also among localities, with significantly higher positivity detected in suburban and touristic areas (12.2%) than in localities with a lower level of human activities (5.5%). This study showed that the occurrence of T. gondii varies significantly in rodent species and habitats with various environmental conditions and different levels of anthropic use. Several biological and ecological factors, e.g., soil contamination, soil conditions, the susceptibility of rodent species etc., may influence this variability.
Hyaluronic Acid Modified Metal Nanoparticles and Their Derived Substituents for Cancer Therapy: A Review
Authors: Uthappa Uluvangada Thammaiah , Suneetha Maduru , Ajeya Kanalli V. , Ji Seong Min
Published: June 2023

The use of metal nanoparticles (M-NPs) in cancer therapy has gained significant consideration owing to their exceptional physical and chemical features. However, due to the limitations, such as specificity and toxicity towards healthy cells, their application in clinical translations has been restricted. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide, has been extensively used as a targeting moiety, due to its ability to selectively bind to the CD44 receptors overexpressed on cancer cells. The HA-modified M-NPs have demonstrated promising results in improving specificity and efficacy in cancer therapy. This review discusses the significance of nanotechnology, the state of cancers, and the functions of HA-modified M-NPs, and other substituents in cancer therapy applications. Additionally, the role of various types of selected noble and non-noble M-NPs used in cancer therapy are described, along with the mechanisms involved in cancer targeting. Additionally, the purpose of HA, its sources and production processes, as well as its chemical and biological properties are described. In-depth explanations are provided about the contemporary applications of HA-modified noble and non-noble M-NPs and other substituents in cancer therapy. Furthermore, potential obstacles in optimizing HA-modified M-NPs, in terms of clinical translations, are discussed, followed by a conclusion and future prospects.
Theranostic Role of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle for Treating Renal Anemia: Evidence of Efficacy and Significance by MRI, Histology and Biomarkers
Authors: Hsiao Jong-Kai , Chen Chih-Lung , Hsieh Wen-Yuan , Kuo Ko-Lin
Published: June 2023

(1) Background: Increasing attention has been given to applying nanosized iron oxide nanoparticles (IOPs) to treat iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients who suffer from IDA often need long-term iron supplements. We aim to evaluate the safety and therapeutic effect of MPB-1523, a novel IOPs, in anemic CKD mice and to monitor iron storage by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. (2) Methods: MPB-1523 was intraperitoneally delivered to the CKD and sham mice, and blood were collected for hematocrit, iron storage, cytokine assays, and MR imaging throughout the study. (3) Results: The hematocrit levels of CKD and sham mice dropped initially but increased gradually to reach a steady value 60 days after IOP injection. The body iron storage indicator, ferritin gradually rose and total iron-binding capacity stabilized 30 days after IOP injection. No significant inflammation or oxidative stress were observed in both groups. By T2-weighted MR imaging, the liver signal intensity gradually increased in both groups but was more pronounced in the CKD group, indicating aggressive utilization of MPB-1523. MR imaging, histology and electron microscopy showed MPB-1523 is liver-specific. (4) Conclusions: MPB-1523 can serve as a long-term iron supplement and is monitored by MR imaging. Our results have strong translatability to the clinic.
Seaweeds in Food: Current Trends
Authors: Rogel-Castillo Cristian , Latorre-Castañeda Monica , Muñoz-Muñoz Camila , Agurto-Muñoz Cristian
Published: June 2023

Edible seaweeds are an excellent source of macronutrients, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds, and they can be consumed raw or used as ingredients in food products. However, seaweeds may also bioaccumulate potentially hazardous compounds for human health and animals, namely, heavy metals. Hence, the purpose of this review is to analyze the recent trends of edible seaweeds research: (i) nutritional composition and bioactive compounds, (ii) the use and acceptability of seaweeds in foodstuffs, (iii) the bioaccumulation of heavy metals and microbial pathogens, and (iv) current trends in Chile for using seaweeds in food. In summary, while it is evident that seaweeds are consumed widely worldwide, more research is needed to characterize new types of edible seaweeds as well as their use as ingredients in the development of new food products. Additionally, more research is needed to maintain control of the presence of heavy metals to assure a safe product for consumers. Finally, the need to keep promoting the benefits of seaweed consumption is emphasized, adding value in the algae-based production chain, and promoting a social algal culture.
Use of Multivariate Analysis to Unravel the Differences between Two Chamomile Varieties and Their Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Atoum Dana , Fernandez-Pastor Ignacio , Young Louise , Edrada-Ebel RuAngelie
Published: June 2023

Background: Plants from the Asteraceae family were commonly used to treat various diseases. The metabolomic profile of this family consisted of bioactive flavonoids and other phenolics. Chamomile is a member of the Asteraceae family. Jordanian and European chamomile are two varieties of Matricaria chamomilla (German chamomile), which were grown under different environmental conditions, were studied. Many examples of plant varieties with significant distinction in the secondary metabolite they afford have been described in the literature. Multivariate statistical analysis was employed to measure the depth of this variation in two chamomile varieties. Methods: From both types, crude extracts were prepared using solvents of different polarities and tested for their biological activity. The semipolar fraction of the European variety showed anticancer and antioxidant activity. Meanwhile, the semipolar fraction of the Jordanian type exhibited only antioxidant activity. Both extracts were fractionated, and then the biological activity was again assayed. Results: European and Jordanian chamomile fractions produced dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers exhibiting antioxidant capability. Additionally, Z-glucoferulic acid was produced from the European chamomile, demonstrating antioxidant activity. The European samples afforded two major compounds, chrysosplenetin and apigenin, that displayed anticancer activity. Conclusions: Different environmental conditions between Jordanian and European chamomile affected the type of isolated compounds. Structure elucidation was performed with HPLC-MS coupled with dereplication techniques and 2D NMR experiments.