bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atomic‐Scale Insights into Electrode Surface Dynamics by High‐Speed Scanning Probe Microscopy
Authors: Magnussen Olaf M.
Published: June 2019

Atomic‐scale processes at electrode surfaces in liquid electrolytes are central elemental steps of electrochemical reactions. Detailed insights into the structure of these interfaces can be obtained with in situ scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopy. By increasing the time resolution of these methods into the millisecond range, highly dynamic processes at electrode surfaces become directly observable. This review gives an overview of in situ studies with video‐rate scanning probe microscopy techniques. Firstly, quantitative investigations into the dynamic behaviour of individual adsorbed atoms and molecules are described. These reveal a complex dependence of adsorbate surface diffusion on potential and co‐adsorbed species and provide data on adsorbate–adsorbate and adsorbate–substrate interactions in a liquid environment. Secondly, results on collective dynamic phenomena are discussed, such as molecular self‐assembly, the dynamics of nanoscale structures, nucleation and growth, and surface restructuring due to phase‐formation processes.
Highly Enantioselective Catalytic Kinetic Resolution of α‐Branched Aldehydes through Formal Cycloaddition with Homophthalic Anhydrides
Authors: Farid Umar , Aiello Maria Luisa , Connon Stephen J.
Published: June 2019

A new catalytic methodology was developed to promote an efficient one‐pot kinetic resolution of racemic aldehydes with selectivity (s*) of up to 91 (99:1 d.r., >99 % ee) in a cycloaddition reaction with enolizable anhydrides to afford dihydroisocoumarin products (a core prevalent in natural products and molecules of medicinal interest) containing three contiguous stereocentres.
Polyoxygenated Tertiary Alcohols: A Kiyooka Approach
Authors: Lücke Daniel , Kalesse Markus
Published: June 2019

A Kiyooka aldol approach for the stereoselective synthesis of tertiary alcohols is presented. This approach allows for the incorporation of different substituents at all three remaining positions at the chiral center bearing the tertiary alcohol. To demonstrate the validity of this approach different chiral alcohols were depicted and the relationship of double bond geometry of the ketene acetal and the diastereoselectivity was established.
Einsatz von perowskitischen Hohlfasermembranen in einem Mikrowellenplasma
Authors: Buck Frederic , Kistner Irina , Rösler Christoph , Schulz Andreas , Walker Matthias , Tovar Günter E. M. , Schiestel Thomas
Published: June 2019

Die Kombination eines Separations‐ mit einem Plasmaprozess wurde erstmals erfolgreich getestet. Dabei wird der Sauerstoff mittels einer gemischtleitenden Perowskit‐Membran abgetrennt. Im Plasma konnten bei 1 kW Permeationen bis zu 2,24 mL min−1cm−2 erreicht werden. Zudem gelang es, entsprechende Perowskit‐Membranen als Hohlfasern mit sehr guter CO2‐Stabilität herzustellen. Dabei zeigten die Hohlfasern eine konstante Permeation über mehr als 200 h. Des Weiteren konnte ein Spinnverfahren mit einem schwefelfreien Polymerbinder etabliert werden.
Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between the Fixed‐Dose Combinations of Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine and Elbasvir/Grazoprevir in Healthy Adult Participants
Authors: Feng Hwa‐Ping , Guo Zifang , Fandozzi Christine , Panebianco Deborah , Caro Luzelena , Wolford Dennis , Dreyer Daniel P. , Valesky Robert , Martinho Monika , Rizk Matthew L. , Iwamoto Marian , Yeh Wendy W.
Published: June 2019

Treatment of individuals coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) requires careful consideration of potential drug‐drug interactions. The pharmacokinetic interaction of the HCV fixed‐dose combination treatment of elbasvir/grazoprevir (EBR/GZR) when coadministered with the fixed‐dose combination HIV treatment of elvitegravir/cobicistat/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (EVG/COB/TDF/FTC) was evaluated in 22 healthy adults. In period 1, oral doses of EVG/COB/TDF/FTC (150 mg/150 mg/300 mg/200 mg) were administered once daily for 7 days. In period 2, oral doses of EBR/GZR (50 mg/100 mg) were administered once daily for 10 days. In period 3, oral doses of EVG/COB/TDF/FTC were coadministered with EBR/GZR once daily for 10 days. The pharmacokinetics of EVG/COB/TDF/FTC were not clinically meaningfully altered by concomitant EBR/GZR administration. Geometric mean ratios (90%CIs) for area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from time 0 to 24 hours (AUC0‐24) in the presence/absence of EBR/GZR were 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) for elvitegravir; 1.1 (1.0, 1.1) for emtricitabine; 1.2 (1.1, 1.2) for tenofovir; and 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) for cobicistat. In comparison, the AUC0‐24 of elbasvir was ∼2 times higher and the AUC0‐24 of grazoprevir was ∼5 times higher following concomitant administration of EVG/COB/TDF/FTC and EBR/GZR. Geometric mean ratios (90%CI) for AUC0‐24 in the presence/absence of EVG/COB/TDF/FTC were 2.2 (2.0, 2.4) for elbasvir and 5.4 (4.5, 6.4) for grazoprevir. Coadministration of EVG/COB/TDF/FTC and EBR/GZR was generally well tolerated in healthy adults in this study. Nevertheless, because of the increased GZR exposure that occurs with coadministration of EVG/COB/TDF/FTC and EBR/GZR, coadministration of this combination is not recommended in those coinfected with HIV and HCV.
Accelerated Durability Test for High‐Surface‐Area Oxyhydroxide Nickel Supported on Raney Nickel as Catalyst for the Alkaline Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Delgado Dario , Bizzotto Francesco , Zana Alessandro , Arenz Matthias
Published: June 2019

We demonstrate a fit‐for‐purpose accelerated durability test (ADT) of a high‐surface‐area catalyst for the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Using an automatized electrochemical setup enabled us to run a complex ADT protocol including online detection of the effective solution resistance as well as linear voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, cyclic galvanograms, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for 55 h in total. Using this protocol, we tested the service life stability of a nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOx) catalyst based on Raney Ni. The catalyst was prepared by growing nickel oxyhydroxide on high‐surface‐area Raney Ni and subsequent formation of the active phase. The successful synthesis of the active NiOx phase is supported by cyclic voltammetry and Raman spectroscopy. The as prepared and activated Raney NiOx exhibits an overpotential for the OER of 304 mV at 10 mA cm−2 with a Tafel slope of 53 mV dec−1 and roughness factors as high as 4515 determined by EIS during OER. By concentrating for the ADT protocol on current densities relevant for coupling water electrolysis to photovoltaics, it is demonstrated that Raney NiOx is a promising anode material candidate as it is earth abundant and its active phase exhibits high OER activity as well as stability.
Emerging Applications of Metabolomics in Clinical Pharmacology
Authors: Pang Huanhuan , Jia Wei , Hu Zeping
Published: June 2019

Metabolic disturbances have been associated with many human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Metabolomics, a rapidly growing member of the –omics family, investigates cellular metabolism by quantifying metabolites on a large scale and provides a link between metabolic pathways and the upstream genome that governs them. With the advances in analytical technologies, metabolomics is becoming a powerful tool for identifying diagnostic biomarkers of diseases, elucidating the pathological mechanisms, discovering novel drug targets, predicting drug responses, interpreting the mechanisms of drug action, as well as enabling precision treatment of patients. In this review, we highlight the recent advances of technologies and methodologies in metabolomics and their applications to the field of clinical pharmacology. Recent publications from 2013 to 2018 are covered in the review, and current challenges and potential future directions in the field are also discussed.
Metal‐Organic Coordination Polymers Formed from γ‐Cyclodextrin and Divalent Metal Ions
Authors: Koshevoy Evgeny I. , Samsonenko Denis G. , Berezin Alexey S. , Fedin Vladimir P.
Published: June 2019

The chemistry of metal‐organic frameworks based on cyclodextrins and alkali metals has been extensively investigated in recent years, but coordination polymers with non‐alkali metals have been rarely reported. Here, we describe the synthesis and X‐ray crystallographic characterization of a series of coordination polymers, [Ba(H2O)3(γ‐CD)]Cl2·6H2O (γ‐CD‐Ba1), [Ba(H2O)(γ‐CD)]Cl2·8H2O (γ‐CD‐Ba2), [Sr(H2O)(γ‐CD)](NO3)2·9H2O (γ‐CD‐Sr), [Ca(γ‐CD)2]Cl2·2CH3OH·16H2O (γ‐CD‐Ca), and [Pb(H2O)(γ‐CD)](NO3)2·11H2O (γ‐CD‐Pb), which were obtained by reacting γ‐cyclodextrin with alkaline earth metal ions and Pb2+. The coordination polymers formed from γ‐cyclodextrin and Ca2+ and Ba2+ are obtained for the first time. The only compound in the studied series, γ‐CD‐Ba1, has a 3D structure. The other compounds have layered structures. In the structure of γ‐CD‐Ca, the coordination and number of γ‐cyclodextrin molecules connected to the Ca2+ are different from those determined for a series of isostructural 2D coordination polymers, namely, γ‐CD‐Ba2, γ‐CD‐Sr and γ‐CD‐Pb. The metal‐organic coordination polymer γ‐CD‐Pb exhibits photoluminescence in the near UV‐region (λmax = 345 nm).
Association between blood pressure and postoperative hematomas in the patients undergoing head and neck cancer reconstruction
Authors: Wang Kuan‐Ying , Yang Kuo‐Chung , Su Fang‐Yi , Chen Yu‐Ching , Hsieh Yu‐Hsuan , Huang Shiao‐Lin , Liu Wen‐Chung
Published: June 2019

Background

Postoperative hematoma is one of the most common complications of free flap reconstruction and compromises the perfusion of pedicles and perforators. Therefore, we reviewed our patients to analyze the associated risk factors.

Method

This study involved a retrospective chart review from 2014 to 2016. We identified the patients undergoing free flap reconstructions for head and neck cancer. Patients with postoperative hematoma requiring surgical intervention were included.

Result

We enlisted 289 patients undergoing head and neck reconstructions. Eighteen patients (6.2%) had postoperative hematomas of which 12 hematomas occurred within the first 3 days and 9 in the first 24 hours. Elevated systolic blood pressure increased the risk of hematoma formation, but hematoma was not associated with higher failure rate. Tachycardia was observed in the patients with hematoma.

Conclusions

Transient elevated blood pressure increased the risk of hematoma. We suggest controlling systolic blood pressure below 150 mm Hg for prevention of hematoma.
Some Reactions with Indane‐1,3‐dione: A Facile Synthesis of Pentacycline Heterocyclic Analogues
Authors: Abdelrazek Fathy M. , Metz Peter , Jaeger Anne
Published: June 2019

Indane‐1,3‐dione 1 reacts with salicylaldehyde 5 and malononitrile 3 to afford 6‐amino‐7‐imino‐7H‐indeno‐[2′,1′:5,6]‐pyrano‐[3,4‐c]‐chromene 6, which could be transformed into the corresponding 7‐oxo derivative 7. 2‐(3‐Oxoindan‐1‐ylidene)‐malononitrile 10 couples with the diazonium salts 8, 14, and 15 to afford after cyclization the indeno‐[2,1‐c]‐pyridazine 13 and the indeno‐[2′,1′:3,4]‐pyridazino‐[1,6‐a]‐quinazoline derivatives 20 and 21, respectively.
An enhanced transient solver with dynamic p‐adaptation and multirate time integration for electromagnetic and multiphysics simulations
Authors: Yan Su , Jin Jian‐Ming
Published: June 2019

This paper presents an enhanced discontinuous Galerkin time‐domain (DGTD) solver for the simulation of both pure electromagnetic (EM) and multiphysics problems. By exploring the local variation of the physics, the polynomial expansion order of the physical quantity of interest is allowed to be adjusted locally and dynamically during the real time of a simulation, leading to a dynamic p‐adaptation technique that can provide a sufficient spatial resolution whenever and wherever needed while keeping the computational cost low. On top of the dynamic adaptation, the constraint of the time step size by an explicit time integration method is alleviated through the application of a multirate time integration (MTI) technique, which permits different time step sizes in elements with different sizes and polynomial orders. Together with the dynamic adaptation and MTI techniques, the enhanced DGTD method is both accurate and efficient in space and time and is employed in the numerical investigations of EM and multiphysics problems to demonstrate its performance and application.
Timing of Dysphagia Screening in Alzheimer's Dementia
Authors: Özsürekci Cemile , Arslan Selen Serel , Demir Numan , Çalışkan Hatice , Şengül Ayçiçek Gözde , Kılınç Hasan Erkan , Yaşaroğlu Ömer Faruk , Kızılarslanoğlu Cemal , Tuna Doğrul Rana , Balcı Cafer , Sümer Fatih , Karaduman Ayşe , Yavuz Burcu Balam , Cankurtaran Mustafa , Halil Meltem Gülhan
Published: June 2019

Background

Dysphagia is an important and frequent symptom in Alzheimer's dementia (AD). We hypothesized that dysphagia could be seen in the early stages of AD and sarcopenia presence rather than the severity of the AD affecting dysphagia. The main aim of this study was to investigate swallowing functions in AD patients according to stages. The second aim was to investigate the correlation between sarcopenia and dysphagia in AD.

Methods

This study involved 76 probable AD patients. For all participants, diagnosis of sarcopenia was based on definitions from the revised version of European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People at 2018. Dysphagia symptom severity was evaluated by the Turkish version of the Eating Assessment Tool, a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) was performed for instrumental evaluation of swallowing. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the clinical dementia rating (CDR) scale as CDR 1 (mild dementia), CDR 2 (moderate dementia), and CDR 3 (severe dementia). Swallowing evaluation parameters were analyzed between these groups.

Results

Mean age was 78.9 ± 6.4 years, and 56.4% were female. Twenty‐six patients had mild dementia, 31 patients had moderate dementia, 19 patients had severe dementia (CDR 3). We found that sarcopenia rates were similar between AD stages according to CDR in our study population and dysphagia could be seen in every stage of AD. In a multivariate analysis, polypharmacy and sarcopenia were found to be independently associated factors for dysphagia, irrespective of stage of AD (OR: 6.1, CI: 1.57‐23.9, P = 0.009; OR: 4.9, CI: 1.24‐19.6, P = 0.023, respectively).

Conclusion

Aspirations may be subtle so that AD patients and caregivers may not be aware of swallowing difficulties. Therefore, all AD patients, especially those who have polypharmacy and/or sarcopenia (probable‐sarcopenia‐severe sarcopenia), should be screened for dysphagia in every stage.
Adherence to surgical and oncologic standards improves survival in breast cancer patients
Authors: Zhao Beiqun , Tsai Catherine , Hunt Kelly K. , Blair Sarah L.
Published: June 2019

Background

Adherence to evidence‐based standards can lead to improved outcomes for patients with breast cancer. However, adherence rates to standards and their effects on patient outcomes are unknown.

Objectives

To examine adherence rates to standards compiled by the American College of Surgeons Clinical Research Program and its effects on patient outcomes.

Methods

Using the National Cancer Database (2004‐2015), we identified cohorts of breast cancer patients: clinical T1N0M0 under age of 70 (cT1), clinical T2N0M0 or T3N0M0 (cT2/3), and clinical M0 and pathologic N2 or N3 (pN2/3). Standards included negative margins, any adjuvant therapy, and two or more lymph nodes (LNs) examined (for cT1 or cT2/3 patients) or more than 10 LNs examined (for pN2/3 patients). We performed Kaplan‐Meier and Cox proportional hazards analysis.

Results

We identified 318 853 (65.0%) cT1, 164 593 (67.3%) cT2/3, and 77 626 (67.7%) pN2/3 patients who met the standards. More than 90% of patients had negative margins and adjuvant therapy, but less than 80% met LN standards. The median overall survival (OS) was significantly longer for patients who met the standards. Individual components of the standards were predictors of improved OS.

Conclusions

One‐third of patients did not meet the evidence‐based standards in their treatment for breast cancer. Efforts to improve the knowledge of and adherence to these standards should be emphasized.
The impact of unplanned excisions of truncal/extremity soft tissue sarcomas: A multi‐institutional propensity score analysis from the US Sarcoma Collaborative
Authors: Zaidi Mohammad Y. , Ethun Cecilia G. , Liu Yuan , Poultsides George , Howard J. Harrison , Mogal Harveshp , Tseng Jennifer , Votanopoulos Konstantinos , Fields Ryan C. , Cardona Kenneth
Published: June 2019

Objective

Our aim was to compare outcomes in patients who underwent unplanned excisions (UE) of soft‐tissue sarcomas (STS) against patients with planned excisions (PE).

Methods

The retrospective 7‐institution US Sarcoma Collaborative database was used. Patients with curative‐intent resection of truncal/extremity STS between 2000 and 2016 were included. Propensity score weighting analysis (PSWA) was performed. Endpoints were locoregional recurrence‐free survival (LRFS), distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS), and disease‐specific survival (DSS).

Results

One thousand five hundred and ninety‐six patients were included. Eighty‐two percent (n = 1315) underwent PE and 18% (n = 281) underwent UE. Compared with PE, patients with UE were younger with smaller tumors with similar tumor grade. Unmatched analysis revealed PE was associated with worse DMFS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.95, P = .009) and DSS (HR 1.78, P = .039), but not LRFS compared with UE. On PSWA, UE had earlier LRFS (3‐year LRFS: 80.5% vs 89.8%, P = .039), but not DMFS or DSS. By grade, patients with high‐grade tumors and UE had worse LRFS (1‐year LRFS: 90% vs 94%, P = .015), but similar DMFS and DSS compared with PE. In low‐grade patients, UE and PE had similar LRFS, DMFS, or DSS.

Conclusions

UE of STS is not associated with worse prognosis compared to PE, though UE is associated with earlier locoregional recurrence in patients with high‐grade tumors. Multimodality therapy is needed to achieve improved outcomes in these patients.
Semi‐Crystalline, Three‐Segmented Hybrid Gels with Multiple Shape‐Memory Effect
Authors: Argun Aslihan , Gulyuz Umit , Okay Oguz
Published: June 2019

Natural biological systems such as intervertebral disk, tendon, and ligament consist of regions with distinctly different mechanical properties, yet these regions intermesh with each other through an extremely tough interface. Here the authors present mechanically strong, three‐segmented hybrid hydrogels comprising of soft and hard components in a fused body resembling the mechanical heterogeneity of biological materials. An easy UV‐initiated bulk copolymerization method of stratified monomer solutions is used to synthesize three‐segmented hybrid hydrogels. In this method, stratification of the monomer solutions is created by means of the differences in their densities. Thus, the polymerization reactions in the monomer mixtures as well as in the interface regions occur simultaneously resulting in the formation of multi‐segmented hybrid hydrogels consisting of segments with different chemical and physical properties. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomer mixtures compositions of stratified solutions selected in this study lead to the formation of supramolecular, semi‐crystalline three‐segmented hybrid hydrogels with adjustable thermal and mechanical properties. They also exhibit thermally induced pseudo multiple shape‐memory function originating from distinctly different melting temperatures of crystalline domains belonging to the gel components of hybrids.
Cyclic Structures in Polymer Model Networks
Authors: Lang Michael
Published: June 2019

Advances of the past ten years for synthesis, analysis, and modeling of polymer model networks are critically reviewed with a focus on control and analysis of cyclic structures and their impact on network properties. The hetero‐complementary coupling reaction of the tetra‐PEG gel architecture allows only for cyclic structures containing an even number of network strands, which eliminates the formation of several network defects including pending loops. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can be used to detect the amount of inactive chains and the smallest active cyclic structures of a model network. Network disassembly spectrometry (NDS) allows for a detection of pending loops and the smallest active cycles at high accuracy. The size distribution of cyclic structures in a polymer model network depends predominantly on the overlap number of strands and the effective junction functionality. The contribution of a network strand to modulus inside a model network may be approximated by the number of strands of the smallest cyclic structure where it is part of. These discoveries pave the way for future developments towards an improved prediction of the phantom modulus of real networks that consist entirely of finite cycles.
Monotonicity and conformality in multicommodity network‐flow problems
Authors: Ciurria‐Infosino Iara , Granot Daniel , Granot Frieda
Published: June 2019

The objective of this paper is to develop a monotonicity theory for the important class of minimum convex‐cost parametric multicommodity network‐flow problems defined over directed graphs. The results allow us to determine when it is possible to predict, without numerical computations, the direction of change of optimal multicommodity flows resulting from changes in arc‐commodity parameters. In particular, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions that for every cost function satisfying some convexity and submodularity assumptions there always exists an optimal multicommodity flow for which the flow of a commodity in a given arc a is nondecreasing (resp., nonincreasing) in the parameter of a distinct commodity in arc b. These conditions are that either (1) there are only two commodities and the underlying undirected graph is series‐parallel or (2) there are three or more commodities and the graph is 2‐isomorphic to a suspension graph. A characterization of the precise pairs of arcs for which the above monotonicity result holds is also provided.
Validity of ICD‐9 and ICD‐10 codes used to identify acute liver injury: A study in three European data sources
Authors: Forns Joan , Cainzos‐Achirica Miguel , Hellfritzsch Maja , Morros Rosa , Poblador‐Plou Beatriz , Hallas Jesper , Giner‐Soriano Maria , Prados‐Torres Alexandra , Pottegård Anton , Cortés Jordi , Castellsagué Jordi , Jacquot Emmanuelle , Deltour Nicolas , Perez‐Gutthann Susana , Pladevall Manel
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Validating cases of acute liver injury (ALI) in health care data sources is challenging. Previous validation studies reported low positive predictive values (PPVs).

Methods

Case validation was undertaken in a study conducted from 2009 to 2014 assessing the risk of ALI in antidepressants users in databases in Spain (EpiChron and SIDIAP) and the Danish National Health Registers. Three ALI definitions were evaluated: primary (specific hospital discharge codes), secondary (specific and nonspecific hospital discharge codes), and tertiary (specific and nonspecific hospital and outpatient codes). The validation included review of patient profiles (EpiChron and SIDIAP) and of clinical data from medical records (EpiChron and Denmark). ALI cases were confirmed when liver enzyme values met a definition by an international working group.

Results

Overall PPVs (95% CIs) for the study ALI definitions were, for the primary ALI definition, 84% (60%‐97%) (EpiChron), 60% (26%‐88%) (SIDIAP), and 74% (60%‐85%) (Denmark); for the secondary ALI definition, 65% (45%‐81%) (EpiChron), 40% (19%‐64%) (SIDIAP), and 70% (64%‐77%) (Denmark); and for the tertiary ALI definition, 25% (18%‐34%) (EpiChron), 8% (7%‐9%) (SIDIAP), and 47% (42%‐52%) (Denmark). The overall PPVs were higher for specific than for nonspecific codes and for hospital discharge than for outpatient codes. The nonspecific code “unspecified jaundice” had high PPVs in Denmark.

Conclusions

PPVs obtained apply to patients using antidepressants without preexisting liver disease or ALI risk factors. To maximize validity, studies on ALI should prioritize hospital specific discharge codes and should include hospital codes for unspecified jaundice. Case validation is required when ALI outpatient cases are considered.
Development of potentially biocompatible hydrogels with cylindrical pores prepared from polyvinyl alcohol and low‐molecular weight polyacrylic acid
Authors: Sanchez Laura M. , Alvarez Vera A.
Published: June 2019

In the present work, blend hydrogels from PVA and two different low PAA molecular weights, Mw 1800 g/mol and 5000 g/mol were prepared through the freezing thawing (F‐T) physical crosslinking method. The obtained materials were fully characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to analyze their morphology, gel fraction (GF) to determine the crosslinking degree and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze the PVA‐PAA interactions. Thermal characterizations [thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC)] were conducted to study the relevant thermal characteristics. Sorption tests at different pH values (4 and 7) obtained from different aqueous systems were also inquired. The effects of PAA contents (between 1 and 5 wt%) and Mw of the used PAA on the hydrogel final properties were analyzed and related to the most probably PVA‐PAA interactions. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1479–1488 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cancer Proteomics and the Elusive Diagnostic Biomarkers
Authors: Bradshaw Ralph A. , Hondermarck Hubert , Rodriguez Henry
Published: June 2019

Despite progress in genomic and proteomic technology and applications, the validation of cancer biomarkers of use as clinical early detection diagnostics has remained elusive. As described in this brief viewpoint, there are now recognized to be many types of clinical biomarkers and proteomic analyses, particularly when combined with other ‘omic analyses, have been effective in many such biomarker identifications. However, in the area of early diagnosis of cancers, the problems associated with the conversion from identification to diagnostic have largely not been overcome. Notably, the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), has been particularly successful in refining the analytical steps needed to tackle this challenging issue and has provided positive insight into how to solve many of the underlying problems. The potential for developing clinical diagnostics for early detection of highly lethal cancers and possible new therapeutic strategies through proteomic analyses, as seen through these CPTAC successes, is more promising than ever.
On thermal strains and residual stresses in the linear theory of anti‐sandwiches
Authors: Javanbakht Z. , Aßmus M. , Naumenko K. , Öchsner A. , Altenbach H.
Published: June 2019

The current study aims to formulate the behaviour of anti‐sandwiches that considers residual stresses and thermal strains by means of a layer‐wise approach. To this end, the constitutive equations of classical linear elasticity are extended to form the Duhamel‐Neumann equations. The direct approach is adopted to project the three‐dimensional problem onto two‐dimensional surfaces, i.e., each layer of the anti‐sandwich is modelled as a single surface that represents the overall behaviour of the layer. The formulation of the problem begins with the decoupling of deformation into independent membrane, bending, twisting and transverse shear modes. The infinitesimal deformation measures are set up on the kinematics of the problem and related to the corresponding kinetic measures via the proposed stiffness relations. The resulting boundary value problem is converted into the equivalent weak form by means of a variational approach. The presented set of equations can be solved inexpensively using various computational approaches such as the finite element method.
Host/nonhost status and genetics of resistance in barley against three pathotypes of Magnaporthe blast fungi
Authors: Aghnoum R. , Bvindi C. , Menet G. , D’hoop B. , Maciel J. L. N. , Niks R. E.
Published: June 2019

Blast disease, caused by the Magnaporthe oryzae/grisea species complex, occurs in a wide range of wild and cultivated gramineous plant species including rice, wheat and barley. We inoculated a collection of cultivated (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare L.) and wild (ssp. spontaneum) barley accessions with M. oryzae Oryza pathotype (MoO), Triticum pathotype (MoT) and Pennisetum pathotype (MsP) to quantify the host status of barley, and to identify sources of blast resistance. Unlike wheat, the barley gene pool is rich with sources of complete and partial resistance against Magnaporthe. Cultivated barley appeared a nonhost to MsP, whereas wild barley showed some degree of susceptibility.
All 153 tested rice accessions were resistant to the MoT isolate, suggesting that rice is nonhost to this pathotype. Inoculation of L94/Vada and Vada/SusPtrit RIL mapping populations with MoO and/or MoT isolates of M. oryzae indicated one large effect QTL, designated as Rmoq1, on the short arm of chromosome 7H against the MoT isolate PY 67.1 in both populations. Resistance in L94 to the MoO isolate was due to a different QTL, located at 5H. An association mapping panel of West European barley cultivars also suggested that most QTLs were pathotype specific. Six blast resistance genes found in the biparental and association mapping studies coincided with map positions of powdery mildew resistance genes viz. Mlt, Mla6, Mlg, mlo, Mlj, and Mlhb genes. Our QTL and association mapping analyses do not support the association of the mlo resistance gene with enhanced susceptibility to M. oryzae as reported in literature.
Changes in antibiotic use following implementation of a telehealth stewardship pilot program
Authors: Wilson Brigid M. , Banks Richard E. , Crnich Christopher J. , Ide Emma , Viau Roberto A. , El Chakhtoura Nadim G. , Jones Yvonne R. , Cherry Jason B. , Anderson Brett A. , Jump Robin L. P.
Published: June 2019

Starting in 2016, we initiated a pilot tele-antibiotic stewardship program at 2 rural Veterans Affairs medical centers (VAMCs). Antibiotic days of therapy decreased significantly (P < .05) in the acute and long-term care units at both intervention sites, suggesting that tele-stewardship can effectively support antibiotic stewardship practices in rural VAMCs.
Mathematical modelling of a viscida network
Authors: Mavroyiakoumou C. , Griffiths I. M. , Howell P. D.
Published: June 2019

We develop a general model to describe a network of interconnected thin viscous sheets, or viscidas, which evolve under the action of surface tension. A junction between two viscidas is analysed by considering a single viscida containing a smoothed corner, where the centreline angle changes rapidly, and then considering the limit as the smoothing tends to zero. The analysis is generalized to derive a simple model for the behaviour at a junction between an arbitrary number of viscidas, which is then coupled to the governing equation for each viscida. We thus obtain a general theory, consisting of $N$ partial differential equations and $3J$ algebraic conservation laws, for a system of $N$ viscidas connected at $J$ junctions. This approach provides a framework to understand the fabrication of microstructured optical fibres containing closely spaced holes separated by interconnected thin viscous struts. We show sample solutions for simple networks with $J=2$ and $N=2$ or 3. We also demonstrate that there is no uniquely defined junction model to describe interconnections between viscidas of different thicknesses.
The Delta Wing in a Non-Uniform Supersonic Stream
Authors: Lance G. N.
Published: June 2019

A generalised conical field theory is developed and is applied to delta wings in a non-uniform stream. It is shown that a non-uniform stream may be characterised by the downwash at all points in space. The lift of a delta wing is found when the downwash in the wing plane is given as a power series in the co-ordinates in the wing plane. The basis of the conical field theory is described in some detail but the results only of the calculation of the lift distribution for various down washes are given. The solutions of certain integral equations, required in the calculations, are given in the Appendix.
A Note on the Evaluation of the Supersonic Downwash Integral
Authors: Hunn B. A.
Published: June 2019

To calculate tail loads in flight it is necessary to know the angle of downwash at all points of the tailplane for any given value of wing incidence. Current trends in aircraft design place the tailplane off the plane of the wing. There exist solutions for the downwash in the z=0 plane for a delta wing with subsonic leading edges. This note gives a form of integral suitable for numerical evaluation which determines the downwash in the plane of symmetry (y=0) of a delta wing with subsonic leading edges. This note also points out an apparent error in Ref. 4 by G. N. Ward and gives a closed form for the downwash at a point whose forward Mach cone totally includes an arrowhead wing with supersonic trailing edges and whose centre line coincides with the axis of the cone.
The Use of an Electrical Potential Analyser for the Calculation of the Pressures on Lifting Surfaces
Authors: Redshaw S. C.
Published: June 2019

The distribution of pressure over a lifting surface in subsonic potential flow is investigated by means of a three-dimensional electrical potential analyser. It is shown that by using the linear perturbation theory it is possible to obtain the pressure distribution for small angles of incidence, as well as the slope of the lift-incidence curve, easily and rapidly. A comparison with results obtained by vortex theory calculation shows a good agreement in spite of the relatively coarse network which was used for the experiments. There are no practical limitations to the use of a network having a finer mesh, and problems concerning curved and twisted surfaces may also be studied with facility by the use of the potential analyser.
Numerical Results for the Longitudinal Stability Derivatives and Stability Loci of a Low Aspect Ratio Rectangular Wing in Supersonic Flow
Authors: Winograd Lee , Miles John W.
Published: June 2019

The longitudinal stability derivatives and stability loci for a single-degree-of-freedom, pitching oscillation of a rectangular wing having an effective aspect ratio less than unity have been calculated from the results of a previous, analytical investigation. The results extend those previously available for a rectangular wing of effective aspect ratio greater than unity.
The Theory and Prevention of Undamped Aeroplane Nosewheel Shimmy
Authors: Williams D.
Published: June 2019

The mathematical theory of nosewheel shimmy is given, with particular reference to twin nosewheel assemblies. It is shown that a sovereign remedy for shimmy is to make the castor length greater than what is here called the “ creep distance,” which in practice is found to be approximately equal to the tyre radius. Lateral flexibility of the oleo leg is disadvantageous but elastic constraint at the pivot is a good feature. The one necessitates an increased castor for stability while the other allows a smaller castor. It is also shown how, by the use of a compact linkage mechanism, the effective castor length can be made independent of the wheel-leg offset and can have any desired value. Model experiments that confirm the theoretical conclusions are described.
Vibration of Isosceles Triangular Plates having the Base Clamped and Other Edges Simply-Supported
Authors: Cox Hugh L. , Klein Bertram
Published: June 2019

Approximate solutions are given for the lowest natural frequency
of flexural vibration of isosceles triangular plates which have the equal edges simply-supported and the base clamped. The results are presented graphically to allow rapid determination of a desired fundamental frequency.
Note on the Wave Drags of Untapered Wings with Streamwise Tips at Zero Lift
Authors: Young A. D.
Published: June 2019

Detailed calculations based on linearised supersonic flow theory have demonstrated in a number of cases the equivalence between the wave drags of yawed or swept wings of constant section and zero lift and the corresponding values in two-dimensional flow. These results and others are shown to follow readily from a general theorem for which a simple proof is given. Some interesting deductions are illustrated in Fig. 3.
Soviet Comments on International Law
Authors: Kulski W. W.
Published: June 2019

The postwar cultural isolationism towards the West and a specifically Soviet complex of inferiority inherited from the early years of the regime have produced since the last war an attitude of self-assertion. This somehow childish attitude is expressed, among others, by a frenzy of claims to Russian priorities not only in regard to technological inventions, but also in respect to the learned theories. The Soviet scholars seem to forget that the priority of a thinker in stating a concept, though important in itself, does not reduce another ’ s merit of fully developing a new concept in all its intellectual aspects; moreover, the importance of an intellectual must also be measured by the actual influence he exerted upon his contemporaries and the succeeding generations. A Russian writer may have preceded Bodin in formulating the idea of the state supreme power, but this does not alter the fact that Bodin was the first to establish a fully developed theory of sovereignty, nor does it diminish the Frenchman’s influence upon many generations. However, this Soviet frenzy of claiming priorities may have one beneficial result, namely, it might enrich our knowledge of the older Russian thought. The West is fairly familiar with some Russian thinkers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but knows next to nothing concerning their predecessors. This is why one may read with interest V. I. Zuev’s article:“The Priority of Russian Juristic Thought in the Establishment and Development of the Theory of Sovereignty” (Sovetskoe Gosudarstvo i Pravo, No. 3, March, 1951, pp. 24-37). This article presents another interest as well: It illustrates the Soviet opposition to the contemporary Western tendency to get rid of the encumbering dogma of state sovereignty; the concept of state sovereignty provides a theoretical basis for Soviet foreign policy, especially within the United Nations, and supplies the necessary arguments for denying the superiority of international law over municipal law:
First Hispano-Luso-American Congress of International Law
Authors: Kunz Josef L.
Published: June 2019

This writer wants to bring to the notice of his colleagues in the world that the first Hispano-Luso-American Congress of International Law will be held during October of this year in Madrid. The initiative has been taken by a group of Spanish professors and institutions of international law. The preparatory commission is presided over by the well-known international lawyer of the University of Madrid, Yanguas Messia; Dr. Luis Garcia Arias is its Secretary.
Can We Express ēxxx…(n) and I/μx by the Ordinates of Frequency Curves?
Authors: Elderton William
Published: June 2019

Many years ago it was suggested—I cannot remember by whom—that instead of graduating lx or qx or some such function it might be preferable to graduate annuity values. When I was fitting frequency curves to many kinds of statistics some fifty years ago, I noticed that the expectation of life from birth onwards looked something like the ordinates of a very skew frequency curve with a mode at age 4 or thereabouts. Partly because it seemed difficult to bring expectations of life within a definition of frequency distributions and partly because the example was neither a straightforward graduation nor helpful to the work on which I was then engaged, the notes I made were put aside and have long since been destroyed. From time to time, however, I have wondered whether life annuity values and expectations of life could be expressed roughly by one of the algebraic expressions used for frequency curves, and whether there would be advantages in working from joint expectations of life for n lives of the same age rather than for one life. Such a device, or the use of annuity values, may be taken to mean that we are using a series of values that could represent an expectation of life from a mortality table with heavier but related mortality. Approximations even if they are as rough as I had to anticipate in this case may be useful in unexpected ways, and that thought supplied me with some sort of justification for taking up the subject again and making some fresh calculations.
A System of Distribution of Surplus for Participating Deferred Annuities
Authors: Edey J.
Published: June 2019

This paper discusses the problem whether an office should issue with-profit deferred annuity contracts, and having concluded that with-profit contracts should be issued, it discusses a consistent system for the calculation of premium rates, the valuation of the business and the distribution of profits. Primarily, however, it describes what has been done in one particular case and refers but briefly to some other possibilities, there being no doubt that the discussion will embrace other systems of distribution. The approach in this particular case started from a large existing portfolio of non-profit group deferred annuity contracts and the system of distribution was designed to be applicable to group business. In the result, however, a system has emerged which could be applied to individual contracts and which has been extended to embrace group deferred annuity contracts carrying the option to take a cash sum at the maturity date. In the latter application it is sound under different systems of taxation.
Investment Policy and Index Numbers
Authors: Haycocks H. W. , Plymen J.
Published: June 2019

We have chosen Investment Policy and Index Numbers as the title of this paper, because the origin of the Actuaries' Investment Index is to be found in a paper, The Statistical Groundwork of Investment Policy, by the late C.M. Douglas (T.F.A. 12, 173).

The main policy consideration discussed by Douglas was the extent to which offices should invest in equities. Douglas maintained that funds should only be invested in equities if greater security was thereby obtained. To establish the suitability of equities, it was necessary to study the relative variations in equity prices, debenture prices and business activity. For this purpose, index numbers were required.

From a study of index numbers covering the period 1924-28 Douglas concluded that share prices were related to the level of business activity, i.e. to the progress of the ‘trade cycle’, equity prices following the cycle directly, and debenture prices following the cycle inversely, but with a different tempo and interval. If, therefore, an investor could judge the future trend of business activity, a sound investment policy could be pursued.

In this paper we propose to review some of the developments that have taken place in the principles and practice of investment policy over the last twenty-five years, and to study the contribution to these principles that the Actuaries' Investment Index and other index numbers can provide. In addition, we propose to review the methods used in the construction and maintenance of the Actuaries' Investment Index in the light of current conditions.
The Application of Actuarial Principles to the Transaction of Overseas Life Business
Authors: Skerman R. S.
Published: June 2019

The last paper submitted to the Institute on the special problems arising from the transaction of overseas life business was that submitted by W. F. Gardner in 1935 (J.I.A. 66, 198). The expansion since that date in overseas life business justifies a further review of these problems. In 1935 the revenue premium income (other than annuity purchase money) from the overseas business of British life offices as recorded in the Board of Trade Returns was some £6.4 million, representing 7.9% of the total ordinary branch premium income of British life offices; in 1954 the premium income from overseas business was £34.4 million and represented 12.3% of the total.
The Right to Petition an International Authority
Authors: Bruegel J. W.
Published: June 2019

Article 55 of the United Nations Charter commits the member States to promote “universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion,” recognising thus for the first time the individual as a subject of international law. This would have certainly been a very welcome step—yet we can hardly overlook the fact that very little has been done during the years since 1945, to enable the individual to enjoy this right, guaranteed by the Charter. The “Bill of Rights,” promised in 1946, is far from being completed and ripe for ratification. Rescinding a decision of its fifth session in favour of the inclusion of economic, social and cultural rights in the Draft Covenant of Human Rights, the General Assembly voted during its sixth session in favour of the drafting of two Covenants, one to guarantee civil and political rights and the other economic, social and cultural rights. The drafts of these two documents in the form they emerged from the ninth session of the UN Commission on Human Rights (April 7 to May 30, 1953) do not provide possibilities for the individual to petition an international authority in case of an alleged violation of the Covenant's provisions—in spite of the opinion expressed by the General Assembly at its third session in 1948, that “the right of petition is an essential human right.”
The Discovery of Paramphistomum hiberniae Willmott, 1950 and its Intermediate Host in the Channel Islands
Authors: Willmott S. , Pester F. R. N.
Published: June 2019

Planorbis leucostoma Millet has been found to be a natural intermediate host for Paramphistomum hiberniae in the Channel Islands.
Observations on Some Helminth Parasites from Ducks in Southern England
Authors: Soliman K. N.
Published: June 2019

1. Thirteen different species of helminth parasites were encountered in eighteen ducks (six Muscovy and twelve Khaki Campbells) on a farm in Berkshire. Of these parasites, four were trematodes, five cestodes, three nematodes and one Acanthocephala.

Hymenolepis collaris, Trichostrongylus tennis and Filicollis anatis are recorded from the domestic duck in Britain for the first time. Hymenolepis anatina and Hymenohpis abortiva are recorded for the first time in England.
Nematobothrium labeonis n.sp., a Member of the Family Didymozooidae (Trematoda) from a Freshwater Fish
Authors: McClelland W. F. J.
Published: June 2019

1. Nematobothrium labeonis n. sp. from the orbit of three species of Labeo is described.

2. The more recent literature relating to the classification of the genus is considered.

3. N. labeonis is contrasted with related species.
Rotylenchus coheni n.sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchida) parasitic on the roots of Hippeastrum sp
Authors: Goodey J. Basil
Published: June 2019

Pieces of Hippeastrum roots were sent to the Nematology Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, in July, 1950, by Dr. Morris Cohen, National Agricultural Advisory Service, Northern Province. They originated from a collection of these hothouse Amaryllids at Hexham, Northumberland. Later some more pieces of root and a potted plant, which was heavily infested, were received. Dr. Cohen had found eelworms associated with lesions on the roots and in the absence of other causes, thought they might be responsible for the damage to the roots and the consequent ill-health of the bulbs during the previous few years.