bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased Thermal Pain Sensitivity in Animals
Exposed to Chronic High Dose Vicodin® but Not
Pure Hydrocodone
Authors: Foecking Eileen M.
Published: February 2021

Vicodin, the combination drug of acetaminophen and the opioid hydrocodone, is one of
the most prescribed drugs on the market today. Opioids have demonstrated the ability
to paradoxically cause increased pain sensitivity to users in a phenomena called opioidinduced hyperalgesia (OIH). While selected opioids have been shown to produce OIH
symptoms in an animal model, hydrocodone and the combination drug Vicodin have yet to
be studied. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of exposure to chronic high
dose Vicodin or its components on the sensitivity to both thermal and mechanical pain.
Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups, Vicodin®, acetaminophen, hydrocodone,
or vehicle control, and administered the drug daily for 120 days. Rats were subsequently
tested for thermal and mechanical sensitivity. The rats in the Vicodin group displayed a
significant decrease in withdrawal time to thermal pain. The rats receiving acetaminophen,
hydrocodone, and vehicle showed no statistically significant hypersensitivity in thermal
testing. None of the groups demonstrated statistically significant hypersensitivity to
mechanical testing. The data suggests Vicodin produces signs of OIH in a rodent model.
However, increased pain sensitivity was only noted in the thermal pathway and the
hypersensitivity was only seen with the opioid combination drug, not the opioid alone.
The results of this study both support the results of previous rodent opioid studies while
generating further questions about the specific properties of Vicodin that contribute to
pain hypersensitivity. The growing use of Vicodin to treat chronic pain necessitates further
research looking into this paradoxical pain response.
Key words: Vicodin, acetaminophen, hydrocodone, opioid-induced hyperalgesia,
thermal sensitivity, mechanical sensitivity, pain, hypersensitivity
Pelvic Belt Effects on Sacroiliac Joint
Ligaments: A Computational Approach to
Understand Therapeutic Effects of Pelvic Belts
Authors: Sichting Freddy
Published: February 2021

Background: The sacroiliac joint is a widely described source of low back pain. Therapeutic
approaches to relieve pain include the application of pelvic belts. However, the effects of pelvic
belts on sacroiliac joint ligaments as potential pain generators are mostly unknown.
Objectives: The aim of our study was to analyze the influence of pelvic belts on ligament load
by means of a computer model.
Study Design: Experimental computer study using a finite element method.
Methods: A computer model of the human pelvis was created, comprising bones, ligaments,
and cartilage. Detailed geometries, material properties of ligaments, and in-vivo pressure
distribution patterns of a pelvic belt were implemented. The effects of pelvic belts on ligament
strain were computed in the double-leg stance.
Results: Pelvic belts increase sacroiliac joint motion around the sagittal axis but decrease
motion around the transverse axis. With pelvic belt application, most of the strained sacroiliac
joint ligaments were relieved, especially the sacrospinous, sacrotuberous, and the interosseous
sacroiliac ligaments. Sacroiliac joint motion and ligament strains were minute. These results agree
with validation data from other studies.
Limitations: Assigning homogenous and linear material properties and excluding muscle
forces are clear simplifications of the complex reality.
Conclusions: Pelvic belts alter sacroiliac joint motion and provide partial relief of ligament
strain that is subjectively marked, although minimal in absolute terms. These findings confirm
theories that besides being mechanical stabilizers, the sacroiliac joint ligaments are likely involved
in neuromuscular feedback mechanisms. The results from our computer model help with
unraveling the therapeutic mechanisms of pelvic belts.
Key words: Finite element computer study, low back pain, neuromuscular feedback, pelvic
biomechanics, pelvic belt intervention, sacroiliac joint ligaments, sacroiliac joint motion
Computer-Tomographic Verification of
Ultrasound-Guided Piriformis Muscle Injection:
A Feasibility Study
Authors: Fabregat Gustavo
Published: February 2021

Background: Approximately 6% to 8% of lumbar pain cases, whether associated with
radicular pain or not, may be attributed to the presence of piriformis muscle syndrome.
Available treatments, among others, include pharmacotherapy, physical therapy, and injections
of different substances into the muscle. Various methods have been used to confirm correct
needle placement during these procedures, including electromyography (EMG), fluoroscopy,
computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrasonography (US) has
now become a widely used technique and therefore may be an attractive alternative for
needle guidance when injecting this muscle.
Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the reliability of US in piriformis injection
of patients with piriformis syndrome.
Study Design: Feasibility study; 10 patients with piriformis muscle syndrome were injected
with botulinum toxin A using a US-guided procedure. Then patients were administered 2 mL
iodinated contrast and were then transferred to the CT scanner, where they underwent pelvic
and hip imaging to assess intramuscular distribution of the iodinated contrast.
Setting: Multidisciplinary Pain Management Department in Spain.
Results: Of all 10 study patients (8 women, 2 men), 9 had intramuscular or intrafascial
contrast distribution. Distribution did not go deeper than the piriformis muscle in any of the
patients. The absence of contrast (intravascular injection) was not observed in any case.
Limitations: The main limitation of our study is the use of ionizing radiation as confirmation
technique.
Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided puncture may be a reliable and simple procedure for
injection of the piriformis muscle, as long as good education and training are provided to the
operator. US has a number of advantages over traditional approaches, including accessibility
and especially no ionizing radiation exposure for both health care providers and patients.
Key words: Piriformis, ultrasound-guidance, CT, pain, chronic pain, ultrasonography,
botulinum toxin, sciatica
Evidence of Specific Cognitive Deficits in
Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain under
Long-Term Substitution Treatment of Opioids
Authors: Wang Haili
Published: February 2021

Background: There is a growing number of patients worldwide being treated with longterm opioids for chronic non-cancer pain, although there is limited evidence for their
effectiveness in improving pain and function. Opioid-use related adverse effects, especially
in cognitive functioning in these patients, are rarely evaluated.
Objectives: The present study investigated the cognitive functions of patients with chronic
back pain who underwent long-term opioid treatment in comparison with those patients
without opioid usage and healthy controls.
Study Design: A prospective, nonrandomized, cross-sectional study.
Setting: Multidisciplinary pain management clinic, specialty referral center, University
Hospital in Germany.
Methods: In a prospective cross-sectional design, 37 patients with chronic back pain who
underwent long-term opioid therapy (OP) were compared with 33 patients with chronic
back pain without opioid therapy (NO) and 25 healthy controls (HC). Assessment of primary
outcome included cognitive function such as information processing speed, choice reaction
time, pattern recognition memory, and executive function. Other data included pain, back
function, depression and anxiety, use of medication, and education status. The relationship
between cognitive functions and anxiety/depression was analysed.
Results: Both patient groups needed significantly longer time in information processing
when compared to HC (Group 1: 41.87 ± 20.47 Group 2: 38.29 ± 19.99 Group 3: 30.25 ±
14.19). Additionally, OP patients had significantly reduced spatial memory capacity, flexibility
for concept change, and impaired performance in working memory assessment compared
to NO patients and HC. The impaired cognitive outcomes were significantly associated with
pain intensity, depression scores, and medication use.
Limitations: Limitations include small number of patients with heterogeneous opioid
therapy and the nonrandomized observational nature of the study.
Conclusions: Our findings give a differential view into the cognitive changes from
chronic back pain with and without long-term opioids treatment. Chronic back pain itself
impairs some distinct cognitive functions. Long-term opioid therapy adds further cognitive
impairment.
Key words: Long-term opioid therapy, chronic back pain, cognitive dysfunction
Anatomy of the Infrapatellar Branch in Relation
to Skin Incisions and as the Basis to Treat
Neuropathic Pain by Percutaneous
Cryodenervation
Authors: Ackmann Thomas
Published: February 2021

Background: Neuropathic knee pain, particularly of the infrapatellar branch, is an important
complication of knee replacement surgery, with an incidence as high as 70%. The increasing
number of elderly patients requiring knee surgery, including total knee arthroplasty (TKA), has
contributed to an increase in the number of patients with this pathology. Treatment includes
neurectomy, infiltration therapy, and cryodenervation. Percutaneous cryodenervation of the
infrapatellar branch is a promising option.
Objective: To provide the necessary anatomical analysis to optimize percutaneous cryodenervation
of the infrapatellar branch by defining sections of the unbranched ramus infrapatellaris to
demonstrate the risk of nerve injury through 3 different skin incisions typically used during TKA.
Study Design: Anatomical study.
Methods: Cadavers were used for assessment. Exclusion criteria were scars from knee surgery,
deep wounds, and a flexion angle of no more than 90°. We compared 3 frequently used skin
incisions with the course of the infrapatellar branch and identified sections of the unbranched
nerves that were suitable for percutaneous cryodenervation.
Results: In total, 18 formalin-fixed cadavers (mean age, 78.9 years) contributed 30 knees (15 pairs)
for dissection. We identified the following 4 anatomical variations of the ramus infrapatellaris in
relation to the sartorius muscle: anterior, posterior, penetrating, and pes anserinus types. Sections
were then found to treat the nerve branch types. The nerve sections were localized using the
medial pole of the patella as a palpable landmark and varied in length between 15 mm and 40
mm. The medial parapatellar skin incision showed the highest risk of lesions to the infrapatellar
branch (53.3%) followed by the midline skin incision (46.7%) and the lateral parapatellar skin
incision (30.0%).
Limitations: This was an observational study, performed using a limited number of cadavers.
This therefore precluded generalization and statistical analysis. Significantly more female (13)
cadavers were examined compared to male (5). Further studies in human populations, and with
larger samples, are necessary to confirm these results.
Conclusion: Based on our findings, the surgeon can localize the unbranched main nerve.
Compared with the current practice, our approach should allow for a lower impact on tissues and
should facilitate complete pain relief through a single cryodenervation. Furthermore, we propose
that the lateral parapatellar skin incision is an acceptable alternative surgical approach in knee
replacement surgery because it is associated with the lowest risk of damage to the infrapatellar
branch.
Key words: Percutaneous cryodenervation, infrapatellar branch, neuropathic knee pain, knee
surgery, skin incisions knee surgery, total knee arthroplasty
Department
of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation, University of
Health Sciences, Fatih Sultan
Mehmet Education and
Training Hospital, Istanbul,
Turkey
Authors: Sima Lei
Published: February 2021

Background: Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) occurs in 9% to 34% of herpes zoster (HZ) patients,
and the incidence of PHN is positively correlated with age. A number of patients suffer from poor
therapeutic effects or intolerable side effects and need to accept minimally invasive analgesia.
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and
pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) on the treatment of elderly patients with HZ-related pain persisting
beyond the acute phase.
Study Design: A prospective, randomized-controlled trial.
Setting: Research was conducted at the National Pain Management and Research Center, ChinaJapan Friendship Hospital (Beijing, China).
Methods: We selected 63 patients aged over 50 years with zoster-related pain of 1 to 6 months
onset. They were randomly divided into an SCS group and a PRF group. In the SCS group, the
stimulus electrodes were placed in the affected spinal ganglion segment of the epidural space for 2
weeks. In the PRF group, the radiofrequency needle was percutaneously punctured in the affected
dorsal root ganglion. The main outcome measures were the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11) score,
response rate, and complete remission rate. The secondary endpoint was defined as the use of
analgesics and calcium channel antagonists.
Results: The NRS-11 score in the SCS group decreased to 2.90 ± 1.83 (1 week post operation)
and 4.37 ± 2.43 (24 weeks post operation), while that in the PRF group decreased to 3.13 ±
1.78 and 4.23 ± 2.64, respectively (compared with baseline, P < .001); there was no significant
difference between the 2 groups (P > .05) . The effective rate of pain management was in the
range of 56.67% to 81.25%, and the complete pain relief rate ranged from 37% to 71%. The
number of patients still using analgesics and calcium channel antagonists after operation were
significantly less than those pre-operation (P < .001). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression
analyses showed that the operation method, age, gender, and course of disease did not affect
surgical efficacy.
Limitations: The main limitation of this study is that all the cases were from the same center.
Conclusion: It therefore can be concluded that SCS and PRF can effectively relieve PHN.
Key words: Spinal cord stimulation, pulsed radiofrequency, postherpetic neuralgia
Cordotomy for Intractable Cancer Pain:
A Narrative Review
Authors: Salahadin Salahadin
Published: February 2021

Background: Cordotomy is an invasive procedure for the management of intractable pain
not controlled by conventional therapies, such as analgesics or nerve block. This procedure
involves mechanical disruption of nociceptive pathways in the anterolateral column, specifically
the spinothalamic and spinoreticular pathways to relieve pain while preserving fine touch and
proprioceptive tracts.
Objectives: The purpose of this review article is to refresh our knowledge of cordotomy and
support its continued use in managing intractable pain due to malignant disease.
Study Design: This is a review article with the goal of reviewing and summarizing the pertinent
case reports, case series, retrospective studies, prospective studies, and review articles published
from 2010 onward on spinal cordotomy.
Setting: The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center.
Methods: PubMed search of keywords “spinal cordotomy,” “percutaneous cordotomy,” or
“open cordotomy” was undertaken. Search results were organized by year of publication.
Results: Cordotomy can be performed via percutaneous, open, endoscopic, or transdiscal
approach. Percutaneous image-guided approach is the most well-studied and reported technique
compared with others, with relatively good pain improvement both in the postoperative and shortterm period. The use of open cordotomy has diminished significantly in recent years because of the
advent of other less invasive approaches. Cordotomy in children, although rare, has been described
in some case reports and case series with reported pain improvement postprocedure. Although
complications can vary broadly, some reported side effects include ataxia and paresis due to lesion
in the spinocerebellar/corticospinal tract; respiratory failure due to lesion in the reticulospinal tract;
or sympathetic dysfunction, bladder dysfunctions, or Horner syndrome due to unintentional lesions
in the spinothalamic tract.
Limitations: Review article included literature published only in English. For the studies reviewed,
the sample size was relatively small and the patient population was heterogeneous (in terms of
underlying disease process, duration of symptoms, previous treatment attempted and length of
follow-up).
Conclusions: Cordotomy results in selective loss of pain and temperature perception on the
contralateral side, up to several segments below the level of the disruption. The plethora of
analgesics available and advanced technologies have reduced the demand for cordotomy in the
management of intractable pain. However, some patients with pain unresponsive to medical and
procedural management, particularly malignant pain, may benefit from this procedure, and it
is a viable treatment option especially for patients with a limited life expectancy whose severe,
unilateral pain is unresponsive to analgesic medications.
Key words: Cancer pain, cordotomy complications, cordotomy indications, intractable pain,
open cordotomy, percutaneous cordotomy
Are Foraminal Stenosis Severity and Herniation
Level Associated with the Treatment Success of
Cervical Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injection?
Authors: Edipoglu Ipek Saadet
Published: February 2021

Background: Foraminal stenosis, defined as a narrowing of the cervical neural foramen, is one
of the most common causes of upper extremity radicular pain.
Objectives: The aim of our study was to determine the effects of the severity of neural foraminal
stenosis and spinal herniation level on treatment success in patients treated with interlaminar
epidural steroid injections (ILESI) due to cervical disc herniation-related radiculopathy and their
possible predictive roles.
Study Design: A retrospective assessment.
Setting: A university hospital interventional pain management center.
Methods: We performed our study between August 2017 and February 2019, retrospectively. All
patients’ demographic characteristics, clinical and demographic data, including pain scores before
and after cervical ILESI in the first hour, third week, and third month follow-ups, presence of motor
deficits, symptom side, symptom duration before cervical ILESI, and whether there was progression
to surgery in the 3-month period after injection, were collected.
Results: We evaluated 61 patients in the final analysis. When the spinal herniation levels and
foraminal stenosis grades were compared, there was a significant difference between the groups
(P = 0.003, P = 0.005). We reported significant correlations between foraminal stenosis grade
(odds ratio [OR], –0.425, P = 0.038) and spinal herniation level (OR, –0.925, P = 0.001) and
treatment success.
Limitations: Our study’s design was retrospective.
Conclusions: Cervical ILESI is a reliable treatment option that provides a significant reduction
in pain of patients with cervical radiculopathy. However, the success of ILESI treatment may be
negatively affected in these patients in the presence of high spinal level cervical disc herniation
and severe foraminal stenosis. Therefore considering these 2 parameters in predicting the patient
population who will benefit from cervical ILESI is of importance in terms of decreasing potential
complications.
Key words: Interlaminar epidural steroid injections, foraminal stenosis, spinal level, cervical disc
herniation, radicular pain
Considerations for Epidural Blood Patch and
Other Postdural Puncture Headache Treatments in
Patients with COVID-19
Authors: Scemama Pascal
Published: February 2021

Background: A primary concern in the use of EBP in these patients is the possibility of seeding
the virus in the CNS. Another important concern is related to the known hypercoagulable state
in COVID-19 positive patients and associated organ dysfunction that may alter the metabolism
of anticoagulants. The safety of the providers performing the EBP, the position of the patient and
choices for image guidance (blind, fluoroscopic) are also key considerations to review. It is also
important to explore the current state of knowledge about using allogenic instead of autologous
blood as well as emerging techniques to eliminate the coronavirus from the blood.
Objectives: In this article we pose the questions of how to manage PDPH in the COVID-19
positive patient and more specifically, the use of epidural blood patch (EBP).
Methods: Literature review.
Results: EBP is usually considered after the failure of conservative and pharmacological
treatments. Because of the additional risks of EBP in COVID-19 patients it is important to also
consider less traditional pharmacological treatments such as theophylinnes and cosyntropin that
may offer some additional benefit for COVID-19 patient. Finally, other interventions other than
EBP should also be considered including occipital nerve blocks, sphenopalatine ganglion blocks
(infratemporal or transnasal).
Limitations: A narrative review with paucity of literature.
Conclusion: Going forward, an effective treatment for COVID-19 or a safe vaccine and a deeper
understanding of the pathophysiology of the virus will certainly change the risk calculus involved
in performing an EBP in a COVID-19 patient.
Key words: COVID-19; PDPH; Epidural Blood Patch; Post-dural Puncture Headache
A STUDY ON USE OF STREPTOKINASE IN MULTILOCULATED PLEURAL
EFFUSION & COMPLEX EMPYEMA
Authors: Babu P.Jayakar , Gade Sivakalyani
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND: In patients with multiloculated exudative pleural effusion and complex empyema.It is always
difcult to drain the uid, most of the cases end up in aggressive surgery,brinolytics like streptokinase is a good
alternative
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.To estimate the use of streptokinase in multiloculated effusion as brinolytic
2. To determine use of streptokinase as a alternative for surgery
METHODS: A total of 23 patients with age>18 years with multiloculated pleural effusion and empyema presented to katuri medical college ,
Guntur, from september 2018 to aug 2019,were included in the study. Findings are conrmed by radiology and ultrasound. Icd was kept in all
patients and streptokinase 2.5 lakh units mixed in 50 ml saline was given through icd tube twice for 3 days, after failure to drain the effusions with
a standard chest tube because of multiloculation and multi septation
RESULTS: Post procedure drain was noted and radiologically evaluated. Out of 23 patients 19 patients showed good lung expansion and
increase drainage of pleural uid and 3 cases showed moderate lung expansion and 1 patient showed hypersensitivity
CONCLUSION: Streptokinase is proved as effective safe, cheaper and easily available brinolytic used in drainage of multiloculated pleural
effusion who fail to drain adequately with a standard chest tube
THE MAGICAL INSTRUMENT WHICH CAN POSTPONE ENDODONTIC
SURGERY
Authors: Sinha Garima , Oraon Vinay
Published: February 2021

The ultimate target of any endodontic treatment with periapical lesion is to induce complete bony healing of the lesion in
which faster healing comprises with apical surgery but patient always wants an alternative of the surgery and this is the
magical instrument which can postpone the endodontic surgery-The Apexum Device
DYSLIPIDEMIA – TYPE2 DIABETES AND NON DIABETES POPULATION IN
AND AROUND ERODE DISTRICT, TAMILNADU
Authors: Thinakaran Murugesan , Chitra Thangadurai
Published: February 2021

Background and objects: Patients with diabetes mellitus are at high risk of cardiovascular events because of abnormal
lipid status. Dyslipidemia is common in diabetes mellitus and is associated with cardiovascular complications. Early
diagnosis and treatment is the main cornerstone in the prevention of its multiple complications. The aim of the study was to determine the
prevalence of abnormal lipid prole levels.
Materials and Method: The study population was made up of Eighty-ve (85) already diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients and Ninety-two (92)
with an age range of 28 to 70 years, who come from routine health, follow up at various tertiary hospitals in Erode. The samples were analyzed
using the chemical analyzer COBAS INTEGRA 400.
Results and Conclusion: Dyslipidemia was found in 63.52% in type2 diabetes patients and 43.47% in non-diabetic patients. High TG, high
LDL-C, high TC and low HDL-C exhibited an increasing trend in the proportion of patients with dyslipidemia. The following risk factors namely
female sex, age above 50- years, BMI (overweight and obese), poor glycemic control, central obesity and physical inactivity were associated with
diabetic dyslipidemia. This study presents some interesting and novel ndings which may be very important in the care and management of
patients with type-2 diabetes.
“ QUALITY OF LIFE AND ITS CORRELATES IN THE GERIATRIC
POPULATION WITH DEMENTIA: A STUDY FROM EASTERN INDIA “
Authors: Sinha Abhik , Sanyal Debasish , Bhattacharya Salil
Published: February 2021

Background : Dementia is one of the leading cause of disability in geriatric population . Dementia is associated with a
reduced Quality of Life (QoL) the cause of which is multifactorial .Qol is a very important outcome measure of
management in persons with dementia . The objectives of this study were t Objectives : o determine the clinico social prole in the geriatric
population under study and to nd out the quality of life and its correlates in the persons with dementia under study Material & Method:
Observational, descriptive study with cross-sectional design. The study was done in 432 geriatric population (>60 years) in the Rural Field
Practice Area of a urban Medical College , Kolkata and in the Old Age Home and day Care Centers of a leading Geriatric NGO in Kolkata .,
Kolkata. 441 (51%) of the study population were male and 423 (49%) were female. In persons wit Results: h dementia age of the person was
negatively co-related with the Cornel Brown score. Per capita income was positively co-related with the Cornel Brown score. Number of care
givers was positively co-related with the Cornel Brown score. Cornel Brown score was higher in the persons with dementia who have a family
history of dementia. Cornel Brown score was signicantly higher among the female and the difference was statistically signicant. Conclusion:
InGeriatricPersons with dementia quality of life is to be assessed properly and efforts are taken to be taken measures so that their quality of life can be better.
A STUDY OF COAGULATION PROFILE IN SEVERE PREECLAMPSIA & ECLAMPSIA AND ITS FETOMATERNAL OUTCOME
Authors: Batool Zohra , Kanakannavar Suresh S
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND: The assessment of coagulation parameters in patients with eclampsia or pre eclampsia may be important to help diagnose the severity of the disease and predict the outcome. AIM: To study coagulation prole changes in severe preeclampsia and eclampsia and its relation to the fetomaternal outcome. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Coagulation parameters which consisted of BT, CT, Platelet Count, PT, aPTT and D-dimer levels were done in 150 women with severe preeclampsia or eclampsia. RESULTS: There was a statistically signicant association between platelet count, d-dimer levels and severity of preeclampsia. There was also signicant association of coagulation parameters with maternal outcomes. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: The coagulation parameters, especially Platelet count and d-dimer can be used as early indicators for the assessment of severity of cases with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
DENTAL MANAGEMENT AND CONSIDERATIONS IN DIABETIC PATIENT- A
REVIEW
Authors: Hashim Shakeeb , Khatoon Roquiya
Published: February 2021

Current epidemiological data suggest that the prevalence of diabetes in India is increasing. Patients with poor glycemic
control are more prone to oral manifestations of diabetes ,which includes periodontal diseases, salivary gland dysfunction,
halitosis, burning mouth sensation, delayed wound healing and increased susceptibility to infections. Diabetic patients are also at risk of
experiencing an intraoperative diabetic emergency at dental ofce. Therefore, dentists must analyse and implement important dental management
considerations while providing care and treatment to diabetic patients. In this article, we discuss the diagnosis, oral ndings, dental care and
emergency management of diabetic patient.
Pengaruh Penggunaan Alat Peraga Tumbuhan dengan Metode Demonstrasi terhadap Hasil Belajar IPA pada Peserta Didik Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Heremba Juniati
Published: February 2021

Penilitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui  hasil  belajar peserta didik  dalam menggunakan alat  peraga  tumbuhan  dengan  metode  demonstrasi  pada  peserta  didik  kelas  IV  SD Negeri  4  Tanjung  Kauari  Kota  Sorong. Fokus pada penelitian ini adalah peserta didik  kelas IV  SD Negeri  4  Tanjung  Kauari  Kota  Sorong  dengan  jumlah peserta didik sebanyak 35 peserta didik yang berjumlah laki-laki 18 anak dan perempuan 17 anak. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif  dengan penerapan  metode demonstrasi  Instrumen  pengumpulan  data  yang  digunakan penelitih adalah  observasi  pengumpulan hasil belajar  di kelas  IV SD Negeri  4 Tanjung Kasuari  Kota Sorong. dan   untuk  mengetahui  faktor  pendukung  dan  faktor  penghambat  untuk  mengetahui  hasil  belajar peserta didik  dalam menggunakan alat  peraga  tumbuhan  dengan  metode  demonstrasi  pada  peserta  didik  kelas  IV  SD Negeri  4  Tanjung  Kauari  Kota  Sorong. Hasil penelitian ini  menunjukan bahwa  hasil belajar pada  peserta  didik  kelas  IV  SD  Negeri  4  Tanjung  Kasuari  Kota  Sorong  adalah  53,00 %,  standar deviasinya yaitu 12,05%, median atau nilai tengah adalah 40,00%, variance 89,00%,  minimum 20,00%, dan maksimum 72,00%, serta  jumlah  keseluruhan semuanya  adalah  286,5%.
Peningkatan Keterampilan Berbicara Melalui Metode Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah Siswa Sekolah Dasar Manokwari Papua Barat
Authors: Wabdaron Densemina Yunita , Reba Yansen Alberth
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara kelas V SDN 69 Amban Manokwari Papua Barat. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) menggunakan model Kemmis dan Mc. Taggart, penelitian tersebut dilakukan dalam dua siklus. Masing-masing siklus terdiri dari tahap perencanaan, implementasi tindakan pengamatan dan refleksi tindakan. Subjek penelitian peserta didik adalah siswa kelas V SD. Proses pengumpulan data melalui tes keterampilan berbicara dan non tes berupa hasil observasi, pelaksanaan metode pembelajaran berbasis masalah dengan menggunakan lembar observasi dan aktivitas guru dan siswa catatan lapangan dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan keterampilan berbicara. Hal ini dibuktikan siswa yang tuntas pada tindakan siklus I yaitu 48% dan pada siklus II meningkat menjadi 92%. Adapun hasil pengamatan siklus I pada aktivitas guru mencapai 71% dan aktivitas siswa mencapai 62,5%. Pada siklus II aktivitas guru mengalami peningkatan 89% dan aktivitas siswa juga mencapai 89%. Dengan demikian penggunaan metode pembelajaran berbasis masalah dapat meningkatkan keterampilan berbicara siswa kelas V SD Negeri 69 Amban Manokwari Papua.
Peningkatan Rasa Percaya Diri dan Prestasi Belajar Peserta Didik melalui Strategi Pembelajaran Time Token Kelas IV SD Negeri 2 Kotayasa
Authors: Purwani Gita Prili , Muslim Aji Heru , Nugroho Agung
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan Rasa Percaya Diri dan Prestasi Belajar pada peserta didik melalui Strategi Pembelajaran Time Token di Kelas IV SD Negeri 2 Kotayasa. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian tindakan kelas. PTK ini dilakukan selama 1 siklus dan satu pertemuan. Pembelajaran ini di lakukan sesuai dengan RPP (rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran). Penelitian ini dirancang dari beberapa tahapan yaitu perencanaan (planning), tindakan (action), observasi (observation), dan refleksi (reflection). Subjek dari penelitian ini yaitu kelas IV A SD N 2 Kotayasa dengan jumlah siswa kelas IV A yaitu 26 peserta didik. terdiri 12 anak lai-laki dan 14 perempuan. Alat pengumpulan data penelitian ini menggunakan teknik tes dan teknik non tes yaitu Observasi ( lembar observasi aktivitas guru, lembar observasi aktivitas peserta didik. lembar observasi sikap percaya diri), angket, dokumen. Hasil PTK ini dengan satu siklus menghasilkan peningkatan sikap rasa percaya diri peserta didik di kelas IV SD N 2 Kotayasa. Peserta didik. Pada siklus I dengan presentase ketuntasan belajar Bahasa Indonesia 50% dengan kriteria cukup, ketuntasan belajar PPKn 73% dengan kriteria baik, dan ketuntasan belajar IPS 69% dengan kriteria baik. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa pembelajaran menggunakan strategi time token dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar dan percaya diri peserta didik.
Pengaruh Pijat Punggung Dengan Minyak Essensial Lemon Terhadap Nyeri Punggung Bawah pada Lansia
Authors: Utami Tutut Putri , Halid Sopian , Hapipah Hapipah , Hadi Irwan , Istianah Istianah , Apriani Idris Baiq Nurainun
Published: February 2021

Nyeri punggung bawah merupakan salah satu gangguan musculoskeletal akibat aktifitas yang kurang baik menyebabkan timbulnya rasa nyeri yang sering diderita oleh lansia. Salah satu manajemen nyeri non farmakologis dapat dilakukan dengan pijat punggung dengan minyak essensial lemon. Pijat punggung merupakan teknik memberikan tindakan pijat pada punggung dengan usapan secara perlahan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh pijat punggung dengan minyak essensial lemon terhadap nyeri punggung bawah pada lansia di Balai Sosial Lanjut Usia Mandalika Mataram. Jenis penelitian ini adalah pre eksperimental dengan rancangan one group pretest-posttest design. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 17 orang yang dipilih berdasarkan teknik purposive sampling. Analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat dan bivariat. Berdasarkan analisis paired t-test menunjukkan bahwa melakukan pijat punggung dapat menurunkan skala nyeri punggung bawah pada lansia dengan nilai ρ = 0,000 (<0,05). Dapat diambil kesimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruh pemberian pijat punggung dengan minyak essensial lemon terhadap skala nyeri punggung bawah pada lansia di Balai Sosial Lanjut Usia Mandalika. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut pijat punggung dengan minyak essensial lemon sebagai salah satu alternative intervensi keperawatan untuk mengurangi rasa nyeri punggung bawah
Does Energy Dependence Threaten the State Economy?
Authors: Strakova Eliska , Kalinova Eva
Published: February 2021

The combination of the need to adjust the energy mix in favor of the environment and the demands on energy consumption and at the same time on the economic growth of states leads to an increase in energy dependence. The high level of energy dependence is often cited as a potential threat to the economic growth of the state. The aim of the paper is to find out whether there is a correlation between macroeconomic indicators and the degree of energy dependence. Using the Pearson correlation coefficient, we examine the strength of the relationship between GDP, trade balance, inflation, unemployment and the degree of energy dependence on the example of the states of the European Union in the period 2005 2018. The results of the research show that the relationship between the degree of energy dependence and macroeconomic indicators for the European Union is completely individual and the strength and direction of correlation varies from country to country. Combining the degree of energy dependence in general with the direct threat to economic growth therefore proves to be misleading and it is necessary to always deal with a specific state in this matter and take into account other factors that could affect the relationship under study. These conclusions represent the beginning of a paradigm shift that energy dependence threatens the state economy, and therefore more emphasis can be placed on other aspects, such as the environmental ones, when adopting new energy strategies.
EVALUAREA SOLICITĂRILOR TERMICE ȘI A DURATEI DE VIAȚĂ A TRANSFORMATOARELOR DE DISTRIBUȚIE AFLATE ÎN REGIM PERIODIC NESINUSOIDAL
Authors: CAZACU Emil , DUMITRAN Laurentiu-Marius , PETRESCU Lucian
Published: February 2021

Electrical transformers are some of the most important equipment in the entire electricity distribution chain. Their operation with optimal values of the parameters (electrical, thermal and mechanical) ensures the continuous supply of consumers. The modern electrical loads of power distribution transformers are often nonlinear and generate several power quality problems, especially the distortion of the waveform of the current that flows through the windings of the transformer. This generates additional stresses (electrical and thermal) of the various components of the transformer (originally designed to operate in pure sinusoidal mode) which can cause abnormal (faulty) operation of the transformer and ultimately reducing its life (estimated by the manufacturer for permanent sinusoidal regime). In order to prevent or diminish the negative effects of the nonsinusoidal regime on the transformer, a deliberate limitation (reduction) of its maximum load is performed. The procedure is known as transformer derating. Its main aim is to establish the most appropriate declassification factors (denomination), resulting from the correlation of the nominal and constructive data of the transformer with the power quality parameters, measured in its secondary part (usually, these are the current distortion level and the corresponding spectrum harmonic). This paper analyzes qualitatively and quantitatively these aspects and proposes a downgrading procedure for in-service transformers which it illustrates in a case study.
ANALIZA CONDUCTIVITĂȚII ELECTRICE A NANOCOMPOZITELOR PVC-TiO2 PRIN SPECTROSCOPIE DIELECTRICĂ
Authors: ANDREI Laura , CIUPRINA Florin
Published: February 2021

Electrical conductivity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and of PVC-TiO2 nanocomposites with TiO2 nanoparticle concentration of 5% was analyzed by dielectric spectroscopy in the frequency range 10^-2 – 10^6 Hz, and for three different temperatures: 310, 320 and 340 K. Frequency variation of the imaginary part of the complex permittivity was analyzed with Havriliak-Negami (HN) model. Temperature influence on this variation was used to determine the activation energy of electric conduction in the studied materials. Frequency variation of the real part of the complex permittivity was analyzed, as well, and the temperature influence on DC conductivity (σDC) and AC conductivity (σAC) was discussed in the paper. The obtained results emphasize an important temperature influence on the dielectric response and, consequently, on the electrical conductivity, especially at low frequencies up to 10^2 Hz, for both PVC and PVC-TiO2 nanocomposites. Thus, at low frequencies in the range 10^-2 – 10^2 Hz, high frequency variations of the imaginary part of the complex permittivity can be noticed, which indicate important charge movements through the polymeric material under electric field. The increase of the temperature leads to an increase of the DC conductivity values, and to an increase of the frequency threshold up to which a frequency independent electrical conduction can be observed. The study presented in this paper shows that the dielectric spectroscopy is a performant tool that allows, besides the highlighting of dielectric relaxations corresponding to the different polarization types from polymeric materials, also to characterize these materials from the point of view of electric conduction. Thus, by dielectric spectroscopy, the electrical insulating materials from the insulations of power cables and electrical machines can be analyzed in a large range of frequencies and temperatures, which allows the understanding of the behavior of these materials in different operating conditions.
Modeling of the horizontal and vertical anomalies in a reinforced concrete slab and their detection by using infrared thermography method
Authors:   Department of Civil Engineering, National School of Applied Sciences (ENSA), Agadir, Morocco, Noufid Abdelhamid , Belattar Sougrati ,   Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Mly Abdellah Street, Marrakech, Morocco
Published: February 2021

This article deals with the application of infrared thermography in the detection of anomalies in a reinforced concrete slab. This defect takes several forms, namely, horizontal, vertical, oblique, or spherical. In a previous article, in this journal (Vol 8, Issue 2), the case of inclined and spherical defect was investigated, while, in this one, it has studied the defect in horizontal and vertical positions, while varying, on one hand, the properties of the slab and, on the other hand, the characteristics of the defect. With finite element simulation software (COMSOL Multi-Physics), different simulations have been carried out to derive results on infrared thermography in reinforced concrete slabs. Following this study, the horizontal anomalies are easily detectable compared to the vertical ones, and the nature of the defect (air, water, and ice) influences the detection and that of the depth and width of the anomaly decides on the question of detectability, under the assumption that the infrared camera used in the detection is quite sensitive to the temperature contrast due to the presence of the anomaly.
Performance evaluation of combustion of palm kernel shell and coconut husk blend in a pilot-scale grate furnace
Authors:   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria, Oladosu Kamoru Olufemi , Mustapha Akeem Amao ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, Durowoju Mondiu Olayinka ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, Ogunsanya Olusegun ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
Published: February 2021

Pollution resulting from the use of stereotypical fuels for energy generation has been a great menace to the air we breathe. Co-combustion of biomass fuels has proved effective against the deficiencies associated with the burning of individual biomass on its own. This study aimed at investigating the combustion of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) and Coconut Husk (CH) blend in a grate furnace. The proximate and ultimate analyses of the mix of PKS and CH were determined using ASTM 3174-76 method. Four combustion tests were carried out with a 2 kW grate furnace, where the effects of temperature distribution, flue gas emissions (CO2, CO, and NO2), and combustion efficiency were measured. All the experimental tests were performed using varying primary-secondary air ratio of (40:60). The temperature distribution at different positions (H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5) in the combustion unit using PKS and CH blend (PKS-CH) ratio of 100:00, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 was measured. Temperature data were recorded for 50 minutes after a stable bed temperature of 248.7 °C was reached. The results indicated that the highest temperature immediately above the grate (H1) was 720.9 °C for 60:40 fuel proportions. A more significant temperature difference of 356.4 oC between the bed temperature and H1 temperature was recorded for 70:30 fuel proportions. The average deviation from temperatures at H1 to H5 at 50 minutes of the experiment was approximately 122 °C. For each cocombustion fuel option, combustion efficiency increases with time following the same pattern as CO2 emission. The combustion efficiency was maximum (62.11%) at 70:30 PKS-CH ratios, which conversely showed a low CO emission of 302 ppm.
Experimental modeling of refrigerants at high ambient temperature
Authors:   Kuwait National Petroleum Company (KNPC), Ahmadi, Kuwait, Ajrawi Sahar , Alotaibi Sorour ,   Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Kuwait Kuwait National Petroleum Company., Chackroun Walid ,   Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Kuwait Kuwait National Petroleum Company.
Published: February 2021

High ambient temperature is well known to have an adverse impact on air conditioners; it lowers their cooling capacity along with their coefficient of performance. Moreover, air conditioning plays a significant role in damaging the environment as it contributes to both global warming and ozone depletion. In the past few decades, the Montreal agreement was introduced to protect the ozone layer from substances that contribute to its depletion. Developing countries are now facing the challenges of phasing out HCFCs such as R22 in the air conditioning sector. The aim of this study is to find an alternative refrigerant that can replace R22 after its phase out. The new refrigerant must have low environmental impacts and should be able to withstand operation in high ambient temperature countries. In this study, the hydrocarbon refrigerant R290 and the hydrofluorocarbon R410A were selected as alternatives. Furthermore, experimental testing was carried out on the baseline refrigerant R22 and R410A using a 7kW ducted split unit at three outdoor conditions: 35oC, 48oC, and 52oC. From the experimental results, a model based on R22 and R410A was developed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The model was successful in verifying the experimental results within a 15% error range and was tested again with external data from (Eltalouny & Nielsen, 2016) [10]. After confirming its validity, the model was simulated to predict the performance of the alternative refrigerant R290 under the same experimental conditions and input data. To test the model’s validity on R290, results from Eltalouny & Nielsen (2016) were used. The model succeeded in predicting the COP and power consumption. The refrigerants demonstrated deterioration in their performance at elevated temperatures compared to their performance at a typical operating regime. With proper safety measures, and enhancement to the compressor efficiency, R290 can be considered as a promising alternative.
PENGARUH KREATIVITAS DAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN PESERTA BPJS KETENAGAKERJAAN CABANG PEMATANGSIANTAR
Authors: Siti Syahara  , Munte Risma Nurhaini
Published: February 2021

Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah peserta BPJS Ketenagakerjaan yang mengikuti program JKK selama bulan Maret-April 2020 dan sampel yang diambil sebanyak 68 responden dengan menggunakan strata random sampling. Analisis data yang digunakan yaitu meliputi Uji Validitas, Uji Reliabillitas, Uji Asumsi Klasik, Analisis Regresi Linier Berganda, Uji Hipotesis digunakan Uji t, Uji F, dan Koefisien Determinasi (R2) dengan memakai bantuan SPSS versi 20.  .

            Dari hasil penelitian ini diperoleh persamaan regresi linier berganda Y = 2,563 + 0,202X1 + 0,698X2 yang artinya apabila variabel independen dianggap konstan maka nilai kepuasan peserta (Y) meningkat 2,563%, apabila kreativitas (X1) naik sebesar 1 satuan maka kepuasan peserta akan meningkat 0,202%, dan apabila kualitas pelayanan (X2) naik sebesar 1 satuan maka kepuasan peserta akan meningkat 0,698%. Secara parsial terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara kreativitas terhadap kepuasan peserta yang ditunjukan dari hasil Uji thitung (2,772)>ttabel(1,668)dengan signifikan 0,007< 0,05. Dan juga terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antara kualitas pelayanan terhadap kepuasan peserta yang ditunjukkan dari hasil Uji thitung(9,617)> ttabel(1,668) dengan signifikan 0,000 < 0,05. Secara simultan terdapat pengaruh signifikan antara kreativitas dan kualitas pelayanan terhadap kepuasan peserta hal ini ditunjukkan pada Fhitung 65,390 > Ftabel 3,14 dengan signifikan 0,000 < 0,05. Dengan nilai R2 diperoleh besarnya pengaruh kreativitas dan kualitas pelayanan terhadap kepuasan peserta sebesar 66,8% dan sisanya 33,2% dipengaruhi varibel lain diluar penelitian ini