bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immigrants in a Restructuring Economy: A Partial Test of Theories
Authors: Menahem Gila , Spiro Shimon E.
Published: March 2003

The article addresses the occupational integration of immigrants from the former USSR into the economy of the city of Tel Aviv. This process is examined from a structural perspective, which focuses on the location of immigrants as a group in the restructuring economy of Israel’s main business centre.

Data from labour force surveys and income surveys conducted in 1992 and 1994 by Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics are used to analyse the distribution of veteran Israelis and recent immigrants among economic sectors and occupations.

Despite their superior academic and professional qualifications, immigrants were underrepresented in the business and financial services sector, the leading sector in post‐industrial economies. They were most strongly represented in the personal services sector, where they replaced Palestinian workers. The findings lend support to both the restructuring and replacement hypotheses.
Distribution, Inequality and Concentration of Incomeamong Older Immigrants in Canada
Authors: Basavarajappa K.G.
Published: March 2003

While there are many studies on differences in earnings between immigrants and the native‐born or among immigrant groups, they do not consider distribution and concentration of income among immigrants explicitly. These aspects are important for understanding the distribution of economic welfare and consumer behaviour among members and hence are policy relevant.

Using the 1991 Census data, the distribution and concentration of incomehave been examined among 15 broad birthplace groups for population aged55 years and over. About 19 per cent of males and 15 per cent of femalesreceive less than half the median income and obtain 5 per cent and 3 per centof the aggregate income respectively. About 30 per cent of males and29 per cent of females receive more than one and half times the medianincome and obtain 61 per cent and 59 per cent of aggregate incomerespectively. About 51 per cent of males and 56 per cent of females whoreceive incomes between half and one and half times the median income aretermed middle‐class and their shares of aggregate income amount to 34 and38 per cent respectively.

Although older immigrants aged 55 years and over, as a group, have roughlythe same quartile distribution and concentration of income as theirCanadian‐born counterparts, the birthplace groups differ considerably.Those from the developing regions, that is, the groups that have loweraverage annual incomes, also have more inequitable distribution of incomethan the Canadian‐born or their counterparts from the developed regions.

Thus, income distribution is more polarized in populations from developingregions than in populations from developed regions or in the Canadian‐bornpopulation.

On average, females receive 45 per cent less income than males, and thereis less polarization of income among them than among males regardless ofthe place of birth.

A part of the explanation lies in the receipt of government transfers, whichtend to equalize rather than polarize incomes, and older women derive ahigher proportion of their income from government transfers than older men.
Why Do Migrant Workers Intend to Extend Their Stay in Host Countries? The Case of Bangladeshi Workers in Malaysia's Manufacturing Sector
Authors: Ishida Akira , Shahid Hassan M.D.
Published: March 2003

This article explores various factors resulting in temporary migrant workers' decisions to extend their stay in host countries by means of a case study of Bangladeshi factory workers in Malaysia. The employment mediation and passage fees paid to brokers and agents by Bangladeshi workers are very large compared with general living standards in Bangladesh. These large sums are increasing steadily as the number of persons desiring to work overseas increases. Malpractice by brokers and agents causes Bangladeshi workers to overestimate the amount of remittances they can send home, and hence they pay higher mediation and passage fees to brokers or agents. From a humanitarian point of view, the Government should strictly regulate the activities of agents and brokers and provide accurate information to those who plan to work in Malaysia. Statistical analysis suggests that the lower real remittances fall below the expected amounts, and the lower real wages are, compared with passage and mediation fees, the more will Bangladeshi workers wish to extend their stay. These facts imply that if future Bangladeshi migrant workers to Malaysia have the correct information about income levels and living expenses in Malaysia, and hence mediation and passage fees become cheaper, the likelihood of their intending to extend their stays will be much lower.
Adjusting for Change of Status in International Migration: Demographic Implications
Authors: Khoo Siew–Ean , McDonald Peter
Published: March 2003

The calculation of net immigration for the purpose of estimating the resident population in Australia is based on net permanent and long–term (12 months or more) movements into and out of the country. All international movements with duration of stay in Australia or travel abroad of less than 12 months (defined as short–term) are excluded.

However, changes between short–term and long–term/permanent status can occur when people extend or shorten their stay or travel. Because net immigration is a significant component of Australia’s population growth (accounting for 40–50 per cent of annual growth), adjusting for these changes in migration status is thought to result in better estimates of net immigration and the resident population.

The paper shows that adjusting for change of status can have a large impact on net immigration, particularly when the immigrant intake is small. Failure to adequately adjust for change of status can also lead to misleading conclusions about the relative contributions of net temporary and permanent movements to total net immigration. The effect on the resident population, however, is relatively small, being less than 1 per cent of the total population. The paper also addresses the question of how important it is for countries to adjust for change of migrant status in international migration statistics in the context of increasing international mobility.
Livelihoods in Conflict: The Pursuit of Livelihoods by Refugees and the Impact on the Human Security of Host Communities
Authors: Jacobsen Karen
Published: March 2003

This paper explores how long–term refugees pursue livelihoods, the impact this pursuit has on the human security of conflict–affected communities, and the ways in which international assistance can help. Refugees’ pursuit of livelihoods can increase human security because economic activities help to recreate social and economic interdependence within and between communities, and can restore social networks based on the exchange of labour, assets and food. When refugees are allowed to gain access to resources and freedom of movement, and can work alongside their hosts to pursue productive lives, they would be less dependent on aid and better able to overcome the sources of tension and conflict in their host communities.

The paper identifies how humanitarian programmes working with national governments can increase economic security and shore up the respective rights of both refugees and their host communities. Today, relief interventions are no longer expected solely to save lives in the short term, but also to lay the foundation for future development and to promote conflict resolution.
Why Doesn't the Black‐‐Scholes Model Fit Japanese Warrants and Convertible Bonds?
Authors: Kuwahara Hirato , Marsh Terry A.
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we investigate the systematic departures of traded prices of Japanese equity warrants and convertible bonds from their theoretical Black–Scholes values. We briefly consider transactions costs and the dilution adjustment as potential explanations of the discrepancy. However, our major focus is on shifts in volatility of the prices of the underlying stocks as a function of the stock price changes; such shifts are not taken into account in the Black–Scholes values. We assume that the pseudo‐probability distributions of prices of stocks of cross‐sections of companies which are roughly similar in size are identical. This simple assumption, which can be generalized, enables us to infer the implied probability distribution and binomial tree for stock price changes using the Derman and Kani (1994), Rubinstein (1994) and Shimko (1993) approach. The cross‐section of warrant prices implies an inverse volatility smile and a positively skewed probability density for stock prices. Rubinstein's identifying assumptions generate an implied binomial tree in which the relative size of up‐steps and down‐steps, and thus volatility, changes systematically as stock prices change. We briefly consider potential explanations for the implied behaviour, and for the difference in the smile pattern between index options and the warrants and convertibles.
Young People’s Views on Distributive Justice, Rights, and Obligations: a Cross‐cultural Study
Authors: Jonsson Britta , Flanagan Constance
Published: March 2003

This article is based on a cross‐cultural research project: ‘Adolescents’ interpretation of the social contract’, in which values of young people in seven nations are compared. The goal of the project is to understand how adolescents across different nations interpret ‘the social contract‘, that is their concepts of the relationships between individuals and society. Young people today grow up in a harsh world where they are increasingly expected to rely on themsleves, and seem to be oriented more towards their own self‐achievement than to broader social commitments. The article uses the evidence from a range of countries to highlight young people’s opinions and views about distributive justice and public politics. These could be interpreted as a reflection of contemporary waves of liberalism and market ethics, but also as an expression of a collapse and shift of traditional social contracts between individuals and societies. It is argued that political stability may be undermined if the trend towards individualisation in post‐modern societies erodes the networks of community connections and trust, which are the cement of a strong civil society.
Aspects of Youth, Transitions, and the End of Certainties
Authors: Soares Camilo
Published: March 2003

It has often been said over the last few years that we are living through a period of transition. The old ‘status quo’ appears to have given wayto an ‘age of transition’. Transition is often used as an excuse to justify states of chaos and inequality which only favour a minority, stave off the criticisms and expectations of youth and demand sacrifices in pursuit of an age in which transition will end and peace will again reign over the face of the earth. Such a linear view of development is incapable of understanding process, differences, and particularities, and rejects any difference which might prevent it from ‘reaching its goal’ of globalisation and homogenisation. This view denies youth its own moment in time and sees it as a ‘transitional’ period between childhood and adulthood. In this article, we shall look at youth as a global transitional process in the context of the political, economic, and cultural juncture of the present day and as a ‘time of transition’. Through this discussion we shall attempt to portray the place, prospects, and challenges of youth movements today.
Overcoming Crises Resulting from Adherence to the Washington Consensus: Lessons From the Republic of Korea and Brazil
Authors: Coutinho Luciano
Published: March 2003

Considering the recent experiences of both the Republic of Korea and Brazil, the following lessons should be underscored. (1) Brazil's (and Latin America's) liberalisation policies approved by the Washington Consensus, and especially the inflation control programmes based on overvalued exchange rates, placed the region's economies in a vulnerable position. (2)The Republic of Korea's experience with liberalisation in the mid‐1990s was much more superficial and shorter. However, in terms of its rapid and short‐term external indebtedness, the country was quite imprudent. (3) The Republic of Korea's spectacular reversion in its external current account deficit during 1998 clearly underscores the importance of having large national business groups that are sufficiently competitive, industrially and technoogically, to react quickly to national policies and decisions. In Brazil, the financial, industrial, and technological weakness of large national business groups, explains, to a large degree, the difficulty of overcoming the balance of payments crisis, despite the reduced inflationary impact of the maxi‐devaluation in the exchange rate.
Global Trends and Eastern European Societal Transformations
Authors: Genov Nikolai
Published: March 2003

We give a review of Eastern European transformations, which differs from the expectations typical at the beginning of the 1990s. These transformations are tensionridden adjustments to global trends. They include transfer and localadaptation of normative and institutional patterns from the Western world. Four global trends and their controversial effects in the region are discussed. First, instrumental activism requires efficiency of decisions and actions,but clashes with ideas and practices of sustainability. Second, modern individualism, which took the lead after the collapse of official collectivism in the region, can be destructive, as it can involve high social costs and operate at the expense of the common good. Third, the worldwide trend towards organisational rationality, which tends to separate economy, politics and culture has also brought about, in the region, unpredicted organisational pathologies and anomie. Fourth, while the conditions of the transformation encourage the universalisation of value systems, at the same time, its tensions and conflicts sustain particularistic values.
The Public Finance Implications of Private Pensions: An Analysis with Special Reference to the United Kingdom
Authors: Casey Bernard H.
Published: March 2003

In an effort to take the costs of pensions "off the books", many have advocated giving a greater role to funded benefits, privately provided. However, where governments have adopted such an approach, they have both mandated contributions to the private schemes and sought, in the interests of consumer protection, to regulate them. Moreover, in many cases, either explicitly or implicitly, they have made some guarantees about the benefits that will be received. This paper, which makes special reference to plans and debates in the United Kingdom, argues that governments have, therefore, taken on some contingent liabilities, and that these liabilities have public finance implications. Even with privatization, not all the costs of pensions will be "off budget".
Motivation, Purpose and Processes in Pension Reform
Authors: Tamburi Giovanni
Published: March 2003

The worldwide nature of the pension reform debate and the wind of change which seems to prevail justify the search for clear answers to three questions: (1) Why change the legislative and institutional framework of social security? (2) What do governments and society at large hope to achieve through change? and (3) If change is desirable, how can it be achieved without disrupting the country's social and financial order? The motivations which incite reformers fall into a few neat categories. A simple typology, as suggested in this article, should help avoid confusion in the public interpretation of recent policies and trends. A regrettable source of untidiness in the pension reform debate is also the use of ambiguous terminology. This is not merely a semantic concern. It has to do with the political meaning that the term conveys, as it may reflect an ideological stance and thus become a divisive issue. Another advantage of putting pension reform into a clearer conceptual framework is that it introduces and explains five specific goals which are common to all contemporary reformers. They are (1) social acceptability, (2) financial sustainability, (3) political feasibility, (4) coherence with economic and labour market realities, and (5) client‐friendly management and administration. Ideally the perfect reform should aim at all five goals. In the real world, however, reformers have to settle for less because political feasibility – one of the five – is likely to limit their ambitions of fully meeting the other four.
Pension Provision for Specific Risk Groups: The Japanese Case
Authors: Takayama Noriyuki
Published: March 2003

The growing variety of possibilities in one life course raises coverage, fairness and social adequacy questions about existing public pension provision. This paper examines problems of drop‐out, full‐time housewives, carers, divorced or remarried people and those engaged in atypical work in Japan. A possible solution will be a universal basic pension financed by a consumption‐based tax. It is also advisable to expand social security coverage of the earnings‐related pension to any earners irrespective of their earnings amount, if any. In implementing this provision, an integrated single social security pension number for each person is required, and this has already been introduced in Japan. The 1999 government reform plan for pensions is also mentioned.
Trends in Pension Reform in the Russian Federation: A Bbrief Overview
Authors: Karasyov Dmitri , Lublin Yuri
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to briefly summarize the main trends in the pension reform process which has been carried out in the Russian Federation since the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The Russian Federation and the other former Soviet Republics, currently CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries, having undergone a transition from centrally planned to open‐market economies, face a common challenge: the need to adapt their social security programmes to new political, economic and social realities.
Social Budgeting in Transition Economies
Authors: Cichon Michael , Hagemejer Krzysztof , Scholz Wolfgang
Published: March 2003

The first part of this paper portrays social budgeting as a pivotal tool in national social governance. The second explains the meaning of social budgeting, which, essentially, consists of two elements: a database and a set of interdependent tools for projecting social protection revenue and expenditure. The third part discusses the particular needs of the transition economies with respect to the financial planning of social protection, and it is argued that countries need models for social budgeting as a technical, non‐ideological tool in order to prudently run social protection systems which are income redistribution mechanisms of potentially vast dimensions. The fourth part broadly explains the modular structure of the model, the advantage of this structure being that modules can intelligently be used as stand‐alone submodels. It also further discusses the particular advantages of social budgeting in countries in transition and includes a number of examples of technical adjustments that would have to be made to the model structure when applying it in the context of transitional economies. The two main reasons for such adjustments are identified as the fast change of their socio‐economic fabric over the past decade and the (related) changes in the collection and flow of data. The fifth part briefly presents social budget modelling projects implemented in central and eastern Europe, particularly focusing on the examples of Ukraine and Poland. Scenario simulations and policy experiments are presented and discussed. The conclusions summarize the advantages of social budgeting, using the ILO Social Budget Model (or a variant of it) in national and international contexts, and indicate the conditions required for successful implementation.
Issues in pension system design
Authors: Augusztinovics Maria
Published: March 2003

External conditions for pension system design and demographic and labour market trends are briefly considered and the latter found decisive. Basic concepts, e.g. social assistance and insurance, redistribution and actuarial fairness, are then introduced. Then it is argued that the “public PAYG versus private funded” dichotomy has attracted an unduly large share of attention in recent pension reform debates, as such institutional changes do not really address the basic problems, while quantitative aspects, the relationship between contribution and replacement rates, have been improperly neglected or shielded by the paradigmatic controversy. The next, crucial point is that traditional, employment‐based, earnings‐related forms of pension insurance are endangered by new trends on the labour market; hence, new solutions will have to be sought to ensure pension coverage for the entire population. A brief plea for more, relevant and comparative information on pension issues follows. The paper concludes with a concise summary and by contemplating what could and should be expected from the Second World Assembly on Ageing.
Providing social security in a context of change: Experience and challenges in Latin America
Authors: Bertranou Fabio M. , Rofman Rafael
Published: March 2003

Over the past two decades Latin America has experienced major demographic, economic and social changes. The trend towards accelerated ageing of the population in most countries, together with the financial restrictions faced by social protection systems, has brought sweeping changes in pension programmes. The new demographic and labour context presents challenges for these new programmes which, unless they make the necessary adaptations, will definitely be unable to attain their stated objective of providing universal coverage and eliminating poverty in old age. This article offers a general discussion of the processes that the region is undergoing, as well as the limitations and challenges imposed by existing welfare systems. Finally, it examines the options available to retain the objective of universal coverage and thus ensure the economic needs of the elderly population.
Formal pooling of health risks in sub‐Saharan Africa: Reflections on the obstacles encountered
Authors: Meessen Bruno , Criel Bart , Kegels Guy
Published: March 2003

Over the past few years a number of institutional solutions to the pooling of health risks have been advanced in a great number of reform proposals for developing countries. The empirical arguments in favour of such recommendations have the full force of accumulated experience in countries that have long been industrialized. However, rural realities in Africa and Asia naturally have very little to do with past or present realities in western countries. Whereas the technical‐cooperation and scientific community has relatively good knowledge of techniques, a number of recent experiences of the introduction of mutual benefit schemes in Africa seem to show that this approach is now enjoying some success. The low levels of membership in particular make it essential to tackle the problem fully. This article tries to identify the various possible explanations for this lack of enthusiasm in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Gender issues in social security policy of developing countries: Lessons from the Kerala experience
Authors: Arun Shoba , Arun T.G.
Published: March 2003

This paper is based on the premise that labour market conditions are critical in shaping access to social security benefits. Women's entitlement to long‐term social security is in many respects different from that of men on account of the assumptions which pervade the system about gender roles, labour market conditions, and outcomes. The Indian state of Kerala has made great strides in formulating various schemes for workers in the informal sector, but gender concerns in social security are in want of attention in the light of demographic pressures, fiscal constraints and changes in the global economy.
Thinking about ageing issues
Authors: Hoskins Dalmer D.
Published: March 2003

Advances in longevity and falling birth rates have a profound impact on our societies, in both the industrialized and developing worlds. Demographic ageing is causing considerable concern, if not alarm, in many circles. Yet the public debate about the future of social security is often lacking in accurate and objective information. It is easier to focus on the “burden” of ageing on society than attempt to better understand the complex, interrelated nature of the issues involved, especially the rising numbers of persons of working age who are inactive and contributing neither taxes nor social security contributions. Whether the mode of pension financing is public or private, retirement income of the non‐active older population must be paid out of the economic gains of the younger working population. Social security policy is all about making plans now for future generations. This means more carefully defining the terms of the public debate, articulating more clearly the desired objectives and policies.
Die Osterweiterung der EU aus der Sicht bestehender Mitgliedsländer: Was lehrt uns die Theorie der ökonomischen Integration?
Authors: Kohler Wilhelm
Published: March 2003

Eastern enlargement will be costly to incumbent EU countries, as the new members will all be net recipients of EU funds. A balanced view requires that the gains from integration be set against this cost. Drawing on established theories of economic integration, this paper first identifies typical fallacies present in policyoriented thinking about gains from trade liberalization and the role of preferential trading blocs like the EU. Using detailed data on east-west trade for each of the present member states, as well as the relevant trade barriers of the EU and applicant countries, it then presents empirical estimates on the likely orders of magnitude for integration gains. Comparing these to country-specific estimates of the fiscal burden from enlargement, it identifies likely winner and loser countries.
Hemispheric Asymmetry and Regional Differences in Electroencephalographic Alpha Activity at the Wake‐Sleep Transition
Authors: Hiroshige Yoshiharu , Dorokhov Vladimir B.
Published: March 2003

Electroencephalographic (EEG) alpha activity at the wake‐sleep transition was studied in six right‐handed adults in terms of hemispheric asymmetry and regional differences. Twelve‐channel EEGs with linked mastoid references were recorded together with horizontal and vertical electro‐oculograms (EOGs). Two types of alpha coefficient were obtained every 5.12 s by computing the relative proportion of right vs. left alpha band power and of anterior vs. posterior alpha band power. Four stages were scored using EEG sleep patterns (theta waves, vertex sharp waves, spindles, and K complex) and slow eye movement (SEM): stage W had neither EEG sleep patterns nor SEM; stage D1 had SEM and no EEG sleep patterns; stage D2 had theta waves or vertex sharp waves and SEM; stage S had spindles or K complex without SEM. It was found that the two types of alpha coefficient changed as a function of EEG‐EOG stage and were correlated. Right‐decreased and anterior‐shifted alpha activities were manifest at stages D2 and S. Drowsiness was considered to be a heterogeneous state, exhibiting different spatial changes in alpha activity between stages D1 and D2.
Formation of Categories Based on Functions in a Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Tanaka Masayuki
Published: March 2003

Four experiments examined the ability of an adolescent female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) to form categories of objects based on their function (i.e., tool, container, and food). In preliminary training, the subject learned three kinds of complementary relationships among real objects. In Experiments 1, 2 and 3, a matching‐to‐sample task presented real objects as samples and pictures of the objects as comparisons. Experiment 1 tested whether she could match pictures of items related to the sample when there was no picture of the sample among the comparisons. The subject showed a notable tendency to choose pictures of items that were complementary to the sample in preliminary training, but she chose few pictures of items from the same functional category as the sample, In Experiment 2, there were four comparisons, none of which were pictures of the items that were complementary to the sample; only one comparison showed a picture of an item from the same functional category as the sample. The subject chose pictures of items from the same functional category as the sample at only chance level. In Experiment 3, the subject was trained to match a picture of an item from the same category as the sample but showed no improvement in her performance. In Experiment 4, the subject was trained to choose a lexigram (geometrical figure) corresponding to the functional categories. After the subject matched the lexigrams correctly on the basis of functions, she correctly matched some of the untrained items on the basis of their functions. These results suggest that responding to lexigrams rather than pictures may improve ability to form functional categories.
Precuing the Target Location in Visual Searching by a Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): Effects of Precue Validity
Authors: Tomonaga Masaki
Published: March 2003

A chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) performed a visual search task using a modified matching‐to‐sample procedure in which a sample stimulus was followed by the search display, which contained one stimulus identical to the sample (target) and several uniform stimuli different from the sample (distractors). On cued trials, while the subject was observing the sample, a white square (precue) appeared at the location where the target was to be presented (valid trials), or elsewhere (invalid trials). The validity of the precue (correspondence between the cued and the target locations) was changed from 0% to 100% across conditions. Cost‐benefit analyses were performed on the difference between valid and noncued trials (benefit) and between invalid and noncued trials (cost). Under the high‐validity conditions, the response times were shorter when the cued location corresponded to the target location than when the precue did not appear. When the cued location did not correspond to the target location, on the other hand, the subject took longer to select the target than on noncued trials. When the validity of the precue was relatively low, however, cost of the invalid trials disappeared, while benefit of the valid trials remained. These results confirmed the two‐process (automatic and attentional) theory of priming in human information processing; the advance information had the same effects on a chimpanzee's visual search performance as on humans'.
The Right Faith at the Right Time? Determinants of Protestant Mission Success in the 19th–Century Brazilian Religious Market
Authors: Cavalcanti H. B.
Published: March 2003

The modern period of Protestant missions parallels 19th–century Western capitalist expansion, which aided northern hemisphere churches in extending their mission work to the south. In some regions, those missions followed a sponsored model, where the church was part of the larger transplanted colonial social order. In others, missions operated in an open religious market, where churches vied for their share of converts. This article compares the work of two American Protestant denominations in an open religious market (19th–century Brazil), looking for the conditions that facilitated or hindered their propagation. It finds that differences in faith and timing of arrival help explain degree of success in the host society.
The Church of Faith and Freedom: African–American Baptists and Social Action
Authors: Lee Shayne
Published: March 2003

Clergy have an undeniable ability to shape the political beliefs and attitudes of their congregations and thus revealing how the framing activities of clergy affect behavior and influence mobilization is vital for political sociology. This ethnographic work delineates how, in 1972, the Second Baptist Church of Evanston's new pastor initiated a rapid change from social conservatism to become one of the most politically and socially active African–American Baptist churches in the Midwest. Second Baptist's radical change confirms the power of religious elites in shaping politics in spiritual institutions, and also demonstrates the vital impact of professional socialization on the theological and political orientations of clergy.
The Processual Origins of Social Representations
Authors: Puddifoot John E.
Published: March 2003

Referring to some perceived difficulties in social representation theory, this paper offers an account of the genesis of social representations in a theory of valuing. Drawing on influential but previously largely unconnected ideas from interactionist theory, personal construct theory, and Rokeach’s theory of values, it is suggested that a process of valuing can be presented as a crucial link between the individual and social levels of analysis, a present theoretical disjuncture that has been of concern to some commentators in social representations and widespread beliefs.
Explanation, Understanding and Typical Action
Authors: Manicas Peter
Published: March 2003

There are immense differences in the social sciences both as regards what is to be explained and how it is to be explained. I make an initial distinction between the understanding, construed roughly as acquiring a grasp of the generative mechanisms and structures at work in the world, natural and social, and explanation, which I construe as causal. I clarify several candidates for the objects of explanation and reject the idea that the “explanation of behavior”—if that means the acts of concrete situated persons—is ever the proper object of explanation. Critical to my account is the idea of a typical actor, created for purposes of explanation. I conclude by applying this analysis to the explanation of crime.
Beyond Ontology: Ideation, Phenomenology and the Cross Cultural Study of Emotion
Authors: Solomon Robert
Published: March 2003

In this essay, I want to raise certain questions about the nature of emotions, about the similarities and differences in human psychology (“human nature”), and about the relation of psychological inquiry to ethics (in particular, the relationship between emotions and ethics). The core of my thesis, which I have argued now for almost twenty‐five years, is that emotions are (in part) a form of cognition, a matter of “ideas”, or in the current lingo, ideation. David Hume, rather famously, analyzed several “passions”, notably pride, in terms of “impressions” and “ideas”. While he held onto the traditional view that emotions were essentially sensations (“impressions”), he also elaborated an account of emotions defined by a complex (“a monstrous heap”) of idea, for example, the idea of self and of achievement in pride. Moreover, such ideas are relevant to ethics. For Hume, in particular, morals are a matter not of reason but of “sentiment”, thus bringing the understanding of emotions squarely into the arena of ethical discourse. Which opens the question whether different cultures with different ideas might have a very different conception and/or experience of pride as well as any number of different emotions. One might also ask, not very fruitfully, whether different cultures have different sensations, impressions or “affects”, but the promise of cross cultural emotions research clearly seems to lie on the side of “ideas”, in terms of different ways of seeing, different ways of conceiving, different ways of carving up and evaluating the world.
In Defense of the Emotions (and Passions too)
Authors: Solomon Robert
Published: March 2003

Sabini and Silver argue (“On the Possible Non‐Existence of Emotions: The Passions” (JTSB, 1997) that there are (or might be) no emotions. They are not just arguing, what I take to be true, that (1) emotions do not constitute a proper class or that (2) an emotion is not a “thing” or entity. They are – or seem to be – advocating serious reductionism, perhaps even an “eliminitivism” in which all talk of emotions (in both common sense and in philosophy) should be replaced by talk about desire and belief. I argue that emotions constitute a rich and subtle field of complex phenomena which are by no means reducible to the crude, artificial and grossly inadequate ontology of “beliefs and desires”. Emotions are real enough. Happily, Sabini and Silver believe this too. They don’t really mean what they say.
Colonialism in Africa, Culturally Induced Moral Ignorance, and the Scope of Responsibility
Authors: Ikuenobe Polycarp
Published: March 2003

This paper analyzes colonialism in Africa to show a plausible connection between culture and human agency and to highlight the conceptual problem of ascribing responsibility in the context of the notion of culturally induced moral ignorance. It argues for the plausibility of the inability thesis, which states that people can be rendered morally ignorant by their culture, using as a backdrop, Moody‐Adams’ account of the connection between culture and agency. It shows that Moody‐Adams’ account, and her criteria for ascribing responsibility, cannot handle the problem identified with the colonial situation or culture in Africa, with respect to responsibility of corrupt African leaders. Her arguments do not fully appreciate the real force of the inability thesis and the substantial problem of delimiting the scope of responsibility, which is involved in ascribing responsibility in the context of cultural impediments. This paper does not draw any specific practical conclusion with respect to the responsibility of African leaders. It leaves such a practical conclusion open. However, given the analysis of the colonial situation, the nature and complexity of the problem, it suggests that it is conceptually problematic to blame entirely, without qualification, the specter of corruption in Africa on African leaders.
Some Problems and Possibilities in the Study of Dynamical Social Processes
Authors: Puddifoot John E.
Published: March 2003

The recent challenge of Dynamical Systems Theory (also known as ComplexityTheory or Chaos Theory) to the social sciences, is based largely on the beliefthat processes in the social arena can be considered as analogous to those of the natural world, and that in consequence general theoretical advances in explaining the latter might with advantage be applied to the former. This paper aims to show that claims for Dynamical Systems Theory with respect to the understanding or measurement of social processes would be premature; the reasons for this lying not only in the unfamiliarity and operational difficulties of Dynamical Systems Theory in itself, but also in the problematic nature and history of our usage of the term ‘social process’. Reviewing some examples of such usage from Sociology and Social Psychology, it is concluded that Dynamical Systems Theory might serve as a catalyst for a re‐examination of existing orthodoxies and major concepts, but that progress would be retarded by the uncritical application of it's terminology, concepts, and techniques of mathematical modelling, without this prior and demanding first step.
Counselling for Tolerance
Authors: Almond Brenda
Published: March 2003

Tolerance is not neutrality, nor should tolerance in counselling be equated with a spiritual and emotional vacuum. Tolerance applies to style rather than stance, and a counsellor needs a conception of the ideal — broadly speaking, a moral position.

Originally proclaimed against religious and political tyranny, the political ideal of tolerance has in the twentieth century become confused with permissiveness, and is thus sometimes charged with generating many of the ills of modern society, including crime and family breakdown. Counselling has become the universal remedy, replacing punishment and compulsion.

The counsellor needs

(a) a view of human nature

(b) a conception of what is good for those possessing that nature.

Constants in the first mean there cannot be too much variation in the second. Society is varied and plural, so the counsellor must be non‐judgemental, but while this means accepting the person, it does not necessarily mean endorsing the conduct.

A distinction is drawn between therapeutic and philosophical counselling; the latter considers a problem, where the former focusses on the client, but both may fall short of offering a holistic view. Counselling may also exacerbate some of the problems of modern life by too readily accepting the conditions which cause them. Some ethical problems raised by confidentiality and informed consent are discussed. It is concluded that the counsellor must be tolerant, but not morally ambivalent, nor a relativist.
Environmentalism for Europe — One Model?
Authors: De‐Shalit Avner
Published: March 2003

Two models of environmentalism are considered. One — hard line environmentalism — is a theory which unites environmental ethics and political theory; the other — soft environmentalism — is a package of the two as two distinctive levels of moral reasoning. It is argued that hard‐line environmentalism is a‐democratic, rests on wrong methodological assumptions, and is friendly to the environment just so long as being so serves a sought‐after ‘psychological revolution’. Soft environmentalism is to be preferred also because its idea of democracy must be national and international rather than local. Since in the ‘new’ Europe people will move very often and will therefore fail to develop a sense of ‘place’ which is local, it may be a waste of time to emphasise ‘localism’ as part of environmentalism.
Blocked Exchanges Revisited
Authors: Machan Tibor R.
Published: March 2003

This paper reconsiders the topic of blocked exchanges. It has been argued by some philosophers and social theorists that in order to encourage people to make donations of, e.g., blood, the sale of such items should be banned by law or public policy. In this paper I argue that (a) donations made without the option of selling are morally diminished and (b) selling such items isn’t morally wrong or even insignificant in all cases since prudence (which is a moral virtue, pace Kant) may require that one sell them.
Get With the Program: Kasparov, Deep Blue, and Accusations of Unsportsthinglike Conduct
Authors: Gimbel Steven
Published: March 2003

Garry Kasparov made two allegations of unfairness in his recent chess match with the computer ‘Deep Blue’. The purpose of this inquiry is to determine whether the ethos of the contest would be violated if the purported activities had occurred and on what grounds. Kasparov’s first allegation, that the program was tampered with during play, would if true, violate fair play as it would encroach on Deep Blue’s autonomy, a necessary condition for fair play in individual strategic endeavours. The most charitable interpretation of Kasparov’s second allegation, that scouting information was used in an unfair manner, concerns questions of the nature of the identity of artificial individuals. Consideration of this issue finds Kasparov’s claim groundless.
Speciesism and the Argument from Misfortune
Authors: Kaufman Frederik
Published: March 2003

Is there a morally relevant difference between a brain‐damaged human being and a nonhuman animal at the same cognitive and emotional level to justify, say, performing medical experiments on the animal but not the human being? Some hold that the misfortune of the human being allows us to distinguish between them. I consider the nature of misfortunate and argue that an appeal to misfortune fails to distinguish between the human being and the nonhuman animal when the treatment at issue is equally morally serious, since the source of the limitation taken advantage of by performing the medical experiment, whether misfortunate or natural vulnerability, is irrelevant.
The Sow’s Ear, The Ivory Tower and the Enlightened Benefactor
Authors: Allan Jane
Published: March 2003

An account and an analysis of the success of the Glasgow School of Art/Strathclyde Regional Council Artists in Schools Project 1990‐1996
Remembering the Future: Art & Design and Media Education in Scotland
Authors: MacDonald Stuart W.
Published: March 2003

Media Education, including Media Studies as discipline in its own right and as a permeating element of other subjects, not least art and design, has enjoyed a privileged growth in Scotland. However, little is known about this development outside Scotland. Occasioned by a series of school residencies utilising photographic and electronic imaging, the paper looks at some of the background to media education's promissory growth whilst seeking to illuminate its current status, especially when set against recently imposed governmental constraints. Despite that trend, particular emphasis is placed on the ability of media education to vitiate tendencies towards orthodoxy. At the same time, and in the same context, the paper takes the opportunity to look at two contemporary issues in art and design education ‐ the role of critical studies as an underpinning sub‐discipline and that of child‐centred expressivity which, at times, have been seen to be irreconcilably opposite
The Teaching of the Visual Arts in the Lay Teacher Programme in Mid Araguaia, Brazil
Authors: Maria De Castro Almeida Celia
Published: March 2003

This paper reports on a teaching experience which took place in a course for the qualification of primary school lay teachers in the mid‐Araguaia region in mid‐western Brazil. The greatest challenge was to work with the heterogeneity of the group of adult teacher/students from varied ethnic, social and cultural backgrounds (homesteaders, immigrants from other areas of the country, and Indians of the Tapirapé and Carajá tribes), taking into account their multiple understandings and experiences in an attempt to maintain their individual identities while constructing new knowledge.
Editorial Review and Book Reviews
Authors: Yeomans Richard
Published: March 2003

Mervyn Romans, Basic Design: The Dynamics of Visual Form

Louise Campbell, Carl and Karin Larsson: Creators of the Swedish Style

Jewellery and Adornment: Information and Ideas for Teachers

Constable: Information and Ideas for Teachers

Drawing in Museums: Information and Ideas for Teachers

Sculpture at the V&A: A Handbook for Teachers

The Renaissance at the V&A: A Handbook for Teachers

The 20th Century: A Teacher’s Guide

Looking into The Tate: Exciting Ways to Explore the Tate Gallery’s Collection

The Pre‐Raphaelites and their World

Movements in Modern Art

Modernism

Realism

Surrealism

Howard Hollands, Minimalism

Penny Hay, Art, Craft and Design. A Practical Guide for Teachers Key Stages I & 2

Richard Yeomans, The Mosque and the Modern World: Architects Patrons and Design since the 1950s
Of Mice and Manga: Comics and Graphic Novels in Art Education
Authors: Adams Jeff
Published: March 2003

A justification for the inclusion of graphic comic art in post‐14 art education following the development of graphic novels in Europe, Japan and the USA. in recent years. The case is based on the visual dynamics of the medium and the potential for a critical realism which can be exploited in students’ studio practice and research. Particular attention is given to the Holocaust novel Maus and selected Japanese ‘Manga’ comics which have made an impact in the west, such as Barefoot Gen and Adolf. The article analyses the various innovative visual forms that these graphic novels utilise and considers their effectiveness as a vehicle for practice and research in the institutional art curriculum.