bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Framework to Develop a Zero-Carbon Emission Sustainable Cognitive City
Authors: Ahuja Kiran , Khosla Arun
Published: April 2019

To develop a sustainable zero-carbon cognitive city, a setup is required that will lessen outflows of ozone-depleting substances to zero and all practices that discharge ozone-harming substances. This progress incorporates de-carbonizing power and zero-emanation transport for environmental change. Zero-carbon urban areas keep up ideal living conditions while wiping out natural effect. Rather than utilizing set up urban communities, numerous engineers are beginning sans preparation with a specific end goal to make a zero-carbon city. While keeping this in view, the authors propose a framework for zero-carbon emission sustainable cognitive cities. They ensure that each part of a city adds to its being without carbon. They integrate large and small-scale energy initiatives and solutions along with citywide improvements in energy efficiency, low carbon transportation, and distributed energy resources. The cities will become clusters of smart energy communities, which can exploit the benefits of new energy systems.
Green Communication for Cognitive Cities
Authors: Bala Indu , Singh Ghanshyam
Published: April 2019

To meet the explosive data rate requirements of future cognitive cities, mobile and wireless technologies are evolving at a very fast pace. With the faster adoption of bandwidth-hungry applications in our daily lives, the energy consumption in wireless networks has increased. Higher energy consumption has imposed some serious health concerns such as exposure to harmful radiation and increase in carbon dioxide emissions into the environment. To overcome the ecological and health issues and to meet the end user's high data rate requirements for the successful deployment of the cognitive cities, the most important technology is green communication. Taking into consideration the importance of green communication technologies, this chapter presents an intense survey on energy-efficient technologies developed for green communication. Some key research challenges pertaining to the use and deployment of these technologies for green communication are discussed. In the end of this chapter, the worldwide standardization efforts for cognitive cities are also highlighted.
Role of Electronics Devices for E-Health in Smart Cities
Authors: Rathee Davinder Singh , Ahuja Kiran , Hailu Tadesse
Published: April 2019

As the world's population ages, those suffering from diseases will increase. Researchers in electronics, computer, networking, and medical fields need to work more seriously to make the broad vision of smart healthcare/e-health system. To achieve the objectives of e-healthcare in smart cities, there is a need to create new system that allows the acquisition of health information smartly, automatically, and transparently in order to take efficient decisions provided by the supporting system. Such systems may be designed technically by embedded together communication, smart signals, internet of things, network of sensors.
Cross-Cultural Aspects of Collective Intelligence Online
Authors: Farmer Lesley S. J.
Published: April 2019

Today's wisdom society depends on intellectual capital, that is, collective knowledge and informational assets. Increasingly, the global scene reflects a more interactive mode relative to information, particularly because of social media. As heterogeneous groups bring different expertise and perspectives, their gathered and organized knowledge can lead to more informed decisions and resultant actions. This collective intelligence has been transformed with the advent of easily accessible interactive technologies. Adding to the complexity, cross-cultural aspects impact the processes leading to collective intelligence as culture impacts individual and group interaction. This chapter explores the intersection of collective intelligence, online technology, and cross-cultural aspects. The chapter also shares research-based conditions to optimize that intersection.
Cultural Influences on Academic Sharing
Authors: Albers Nancy D. , Knotts Tami L.
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to examine student perspectives on academic sharing, in both online and face-to-face higher educational settings, focusing on generational and cross-national differences. In recent years, students have taken to excusing traditional acts considered to be cheating as benevolent acts of generosity and caring. This study empirically examines if engagement in cheating behavior, rationalization of unfair advantage, and acceptance of academic dishonesty are predictable using measures of age and culture. Specifically, the authors tested for differences between millennials and pre-millennials and differences between collectivistic and individualistic cultures. Not surprisingly, the results confirm that students engage in acts of academic dishonesty. This study indicated, however, that many students increasingly consider certain acts of academic dishonesty as appropriate behavior. Millennials and some students from more collectivistic countries are rationalizing damaging acts of cheating as common and acceptable. These students are systematically shifting blame for their bad acts onto others.
Gender Characteristics
Authors: Chuang Szufang , Crowder Cindy L.
Published: April 2019

Demographics in higher education populations have been changing. Females have become the majority population in online learning. Genders are physiologically and psychologically similar yet still different. This chapter provides an overview of cross-cultural gender characteristics of adult learners and discusses the associated challenges that interfere with their online learning effectiveness. Gender differences in behavior and learning are discussed from biological, environmental, and technological perspectives. Strategies to address their challenges and needs in online learning are provided. The chapter then concludes with suggestions for future research on cross-cultural gender issues in the online learning environment.
Andragogical Design Considerations for Online Multicultural Education
Authors: Vallera Farah L. , Lewis Matthew D.
Published: April 2019

Online education is expanding in higher education as a means of cost-effective, accessible, convenient, and flexible environments for learning. Such environments are popular amongst the growing population of diverse adult learners. This growth mirrors the need for diversity and multicultural education to both meet students' needs and prepare them for a multicultural, globalized world. Instructional design considerations that address diverse adult online learners' needs are examined and discussed. This chapter also examines some instructional design considerations that were used to develop and implement multiculturally inclusive materials and activities tested in graduate and undergraduate level courses. Recommendations for the development of online materials geared toward diverse adult audiences are provided.
Pedagogical Issues and Challenges for Cross-Cultural Online Instruction
Authors: Yu Chien , Huang Kun , Posadas Gabe
Published: April 2019

Due to the increasingly multicultural nature of online learning environments, it is crucial that instructors and instructional designers be aware of the importance of cultural factors in online teaching and learning. This chapter examines current educational and strategic studies of cross-cultural distance learning based on a review of scholarly publications, and helps readers develop an up-to-date understanding of the issues as well as challenges pertinent to cross-cultural online teaching and learning. In addition to reviewing the notion of cultural differences, the chapter seeks to provide instructional strategies that incorporate multicultural experience in designing online teaching or training. The chapter can help extend readers' knowledge and understanding of cross-cultural perspectives, influence of cultural differences on learning, and implications for designing cross-cultural distance learning.
Online Equivalencies and the Potential to Inadvertently Offend or Cause Discomfort
Authors: Strycker Jesse , Machtmes Krisanna
Published: April 2019

This chapter considers how attempts to have online courses resemble face-to-face courses as closely as possible can backfire and cause discomfort or other concerns to some international students. A critical self-study approach was utilized to consider one instructor's experience of working with a greater number of international students in online and hybrid courses, and the changes to previously developed best practices to have as positive of a learning experience as possible for all students.
Start-Ups for the Generations in Digital Economy
Authors: Stoenică Iuliana Camelia , Stanciu Alina
Published: April 2019

This article analyses the theories of professional motivation from the perspective of the new generations: X, Y, Z and it contributes to the literature by considering, a first, business models, strategic implications and business opportunities. Each generation has a fundamental value of business: the X Generation has the experience and the financial power; the Millennials have the creativity, passion for the ideas of and DNA technology; and the Z Generation has great freedom and pragmatism.
A Systematic Evaluation of a Soccer Club's College Advisory Program
Authors: Chyung Seung Youn (Yonnie) , Olachea Stacey E. , Olson Colleen , Davis Ben
Published: April 2019

The College Advisory Program offered by Total Vision Soccer Club aims at providing young players with the opportunity to learn how to navigate the collegiate recruiting process, market themselves to college coaches, and increase their exposure to potential colleges and universities. A team of external evaluators (authors of this chapter) conducted a formative evaluation to determine what the program needs to do to reach its goal. By following a systemic evaluation process, the evaluation team investigated five dimensions of the program and collected data by reviewing various program materials and conducting surveys and interviews with players and their parents, upstream stakeholders, and downstream impactees. By triangulating the multiple sources of data, the team drew a conclusion that most program dimensions were rated as mediocre although the program had several strengths. The team provided evidence-based recommendations for improving the quality of the program.
Using a Predictive Rating System for Computer Programmers to Optimise Recruitment
Authors: Bracewell Paul J. , Patel Ankit K. , Blackie Evan J. , Boys Chris
Published: April 2019

Using a quantitative assessment system, the number of resumes reviewed to identify a suitable developer was reduced to 3.5% with a successful recruitment decision made in 10 working days of posting the job advertisement. This paper summarises the methodology for developing that rating system. The depth and quality of an available talent pool is a function of demand, which is demonstrated by comparing globally-scaled individual performance metrics. Public code repositories are accessed and the code quality assessed algorithmically. The performance score combines accuracy, timeliness and difficulty from a series of challenges. These three attributes form a meaningful predictive measure of performance by using a non-linear optimisation routine. Bootstrapping is used to validate the approach. This process randomly omitted a scored performance observation per coder in order to calculate the performance score from the retained scores. There was a strong relationship (r = 0.70) between the predicted 1-omitted-performance score with the actual omitted score highlighting the predictive power.
A Driver's Mind
Authors: Lützenberger Marco
Published: April 2019

Over the last decade, traffic simulation frameworks have advanced into an indispensible tool for traffic planning and infrastructure management. For these simulations, sophisticated models are used to “mimic” traffic systems in a lifelike fashion. In most cases, these models focus on a rather technical scope. Human factors, such as drivers' behaviours are either neglected or “estimated” without any proven connection to reality. This chapter presents an analysis of psychological driver models in order to establish such a connection. In order to do so, human driver behaviour is introduced from a psychological point of view, and state-of-the-art conceptualisations are analysed to identify factors that determine human traffic behaviour. These factors are explained in more detail, and their appliances in human behaviour models for traffic simulations are discussed. This chapter does not provide a comprehensive mapping from simulation requirements to particular characteristics of human driver behaviour but clarifies the assembly of human traffic behaviour, identifies relevant factors of influence, and thus, serves as a guideline for the development of human behaviour models for traffic simulations.
Management Control Systems
Authors: Zanin Filippo , Comuzzi Eugenio , Costantini Antonio
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines issues about key concepts and aims of management control. Based on a review of relevant academic literature, the chapter provides an overview of some among the most popular definitions of management control, summarizes different approaches to management control and describes some influential theoretical frameworks.
An MCDM Approach to the Selection of Novel Technologies for Innovative In-Vehicle Information Systems
Authors: Lisboa Isabel C. , Vieira Joana , Mouta Sandra , Machado Sara , Ribeiro Nuno , Silva Estêvão , Ribeiro Rita A. , Pereira Alfredo F.
Published: April 2019

Driving a car is a complex skill that includes interacting with multiple systems inside the vehicle. Today's challenge in the automotive industry is to produce innovative In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) that are pleasant to use and satisfy the costumers' needs while, simultaneously, maintaining the delicate balance of primary task vs. secondary tasks while driving. The authors report a MCDM approach for rank ordering a large heterogeneous set of human-machine interaction technologies; the final set consisted of hundred and one candidates. They measured candidate technologies on eight qualitative criteria that were defined by domain experts, using a group decision-making approach. The main objective was ordering alternatives by their decision score, not the selection of one or a small set of them. The authors' approach assisted decision makers in exploring the characteristics of the most promising technologies and they focused on analyzing the technologies in the top quartile, as measured by their MCDM model. Further, a clustering analysis of the top quartile revealed the presence of important criteria trade-offs.
Performance Measurement Systems for Healthcare Organisations
Authors: Rodríguez Raúl Rodríguez , Figueroa Sara Elena Trespalacios , Alfaro-Saiz Juan-Jose , Verdecho María-José
Published: April 2019

This chapter deals with the performance measurement systems (PMS) for healthcare organisations topic. PMS have been proved to be a widely used management tool to control, monitor and manage performance and, extensively, organisations. However, most of the developed works have focused on industrial organisations, being the application of this topic to health organisations not fully exploited. This chapter brings, based on scientific literature, some sound reviews that could be the starting point for researching activities in this topic. Then, it shows an overview of performance measurement elements applied to healthcare organisations from different optics such as efficacy, quality, adequateness, use of ICT and sustainability at both intra and inter-organisational contexts.
Assessing User Experience via Biometric Sensor Affect Detection
Authors: Kula Irfan , Branaghan Russell J. , Atkinson Robert K. , Roscoe Rod D.
Published: April 2019

Traditional user experience assessments rely on self-report, human-system performance, and observational data that incompletely capture users' psychological demands, processing, or affect. Specifically, self-report measures require users to identify and articulate subjective responses to product features, yet users may not possess accurate awareness or may be unwilling or unable to express themselves. Similarly, human-system performance and observational measures require analysts to make inferences about hidden psychological states based on observed external patterns. This chapter discusses how biometric sensor-based affect detection technologies (e.g., eye tracking and EEG) may supplement traditional methods. By measuring biometric indicators of psychological states, researchers can gain potentially richer and more accurate insights into user experience. These technologies are gaining traction in educational technology development and functionality, and thus the extension of these tools for usability and user experience evaluation is highly feasible.
Computer Agent Technologies in Collaborative Assessments
Authors: Rosen Yigal , Mosharraf Maryam
Published: April 2019

Often in our daily lives we learn and work in groups. In recognition of the importance of collaborative and problem solving skills, educators are realizing the need for effective and scalable learning and assessment solutions to promote the skillset in educational systems. In the settings of a comprehensive collaborative problem solving assessment, each student should be matched with various types of group members and must apply the skills in varied contexts and tasks. One solution to these assessment demands is to use computer-based (virtual) agents to serve as the collaborators in the interactions with students. The chapter presents the premises and challenges in the use of computer agents in the assessment of collaborative problem solving. Directions for future research are discussed in terms of their implications to large-scale assessment programs.
Current Work in the Human-Machine Interface for Ergonomic Intervention With Exoskeletons
Authors: Schnieders Thomas Michael , Stone Richard T.
Published: April 2019

This literature review of exoskeleton design provides a brief history of exoskeleton development, discusses current research of exoskeletons with respect to the innate human-machine interface, and the incorporation of exoskeletons for ergonomic intervention, and offers a review of needed future work. Development of assistive exoskeletons began in the 1960's but older designs lacked design for human factors and ergonomics and had low power energy density and power to weight ratios. Advancements in technology have spurred a broad spectrum of research aimed at enhancing human performance and assisting in rehabilitation. The review underwent a holistic and extensive search and provides a reflective snapshot of the state of the art in exoskeleton design as it pertains to the incorporation of exoskeletons for ergonomic intervention. Some of the remaining challenges include improving the energy density of exoskeleton power supplies, improving the power to weight ratio of actuation devices, improving the mechanical human-machine interface, and dealing with variability between users.
Knowledge Management in 2016
Authors: Lofaro Ronald John
Published: April 2019

This article will very briefly indicate some current topics and developments in the field of cognitive engineering (CE), knowledge engineering (KE) and knowledge management (KM). From there, it will present an extensive look at the development and usage of new Delphi model, starting with its origin in the 1980's and later, its successful usages with modifications into the early 2000's. An effort will be made to show how that new Delphi, called the small-group Delphi paradigm (SGDP), can now be again modified to take advantage of expansions in the field of KE/KM and of the great strides in communication and computer technology. Next, an example of how such an up-dated, modified SGDP could be applied to a current, serious problem in aviation, as well as an indication of other issues for which this new Delphi also could provide useful results.
The Impact of ICT on Supply Chain Agility and Human Performance
Authors: Loya Valeria Martínez , Alcaraz Jorge Luis García , Reza José Roberto Díaz , Gayosso Deysi Guadalupe Marquez
Published: April 2019

Supply Chain (SC) has become a key element for companies to increase their productivity and competitiveness. However, the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) has also played an important role in the performance of these companies. Therefore, this chapter analyzes three latent variables in order to know the importance of ICT in both supply chain agility and the performance of human resources. Information was obtained from a questionnaire administered in the maquiladora industry in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. A structural equation model is generated to understand the relationships among latent variables, and three hypotheses are raised based on such interactions. Finally, results indicate that supply chain agility and the performance of human resources are directly linked to the use of information and communication technologies.
Evaluating Psychological Aircraft Accident Reports for Differences in the Investigation of Human Factors
Authors: Nitzschner Marco Michael , Stein Michael
Published: April 2019

Analyzing accidents clearly is an important method for maintaining and improving safety in aviation. Nevertheless, evaluating these accident reports is equally important. Still, such evaluations seem to be generally neglected, especially in the military domain. The aim of the current study was to shed light on this fact by analyzing investigated human factors in military aircraft accident reports of aviation psychologists. Therefore, the authors conducted a content analysis of 42 reports of the German Armed Forces from the years 1994-2014. Confidence intervals and effect sizes indicated various differences in human factors throughout the psychological aircraft accident reports. Further, confidence intervals and effect sizes indicated differences in the corresponding areas. Thus, differences concerning human factors exist in the investigated accident reports.
Impact of Intellectual Capital on the Organizational Performance of Airline Industry in Malaysia
Authors: Khalique Muhammad , Isa Abu Hassan Md.
Published: April 2019

This chapter aims to examine the role of intellectual capital in order to enhance the organizational performance of airline industry in Malaysia. Five components of intellectual capital, namely human capital, customer capital, structural capital, technological capital, and spiritual capital, were used to investigate the role of intellectual capital in airline industry in Malaysia. A structured questionnaire was used to gather the required data from Kuala Lumpur, Sultan Ismail Johor Bharu International Airport, and Kuching International Airport. A total of 195 out of 200 useable questionnaires were collected. Multiple regression analysis was employed to test the proposed research hypotheses of this study. The findings show that two variables, namely customer capital and spiritual capital, appeared as significant contributors while the remaining three variables, human capital, structural capital, and technological capital, appeared as insignificant contributors. This is a preliminary study and it could be a milestone for further studies.
A Five-Factor Model Inventory for Use in Screening Police Officer Applicants
Authors: Detrick Paul , Chibnall John T.
Published: April 2019

The Five Factor Model (FFM) is widely accepted as a valid descriptor of normal personality and commonly used as a framework for prediction of job performance. As an inventory that operationalizes the FFM, the NEO PI-R is often utilized in personnel selection. The California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training has identified ten dimensions that increasingly serve as a template for the screening of police officer applicants. These screening dimensions are based on the FFM. The NEO PI-R thus appears well suited to serve as an inventory used for screening police officer applicants. A literature review is provided and strengths and weaknesses of the inventory discussed.
Internet of Things in Asset Management
Authors: Kinnunen Sini-Kaisu , Ylä-Kujala Antti , Marttonen-Arola Salla , Kärri Timo , Baglee David
Published: April 2019

The emerging Internet of Things (IoT) technologies could rationalize data processes from acquisition to decision making if future research is focused on the exact needs of industry. This article contributes to this field by examining and categorizing the applications available through IoT technologies in the management of industrial asset groups. Previous literature and a number of industrial professionals and academic experts are used to identify the feasibility of IoT technologies in asset management. This article describes a preliminary study, which highlights the research potential of specific IoT technologies, for further research related to smart factories of the future. Based on the results of literature review and empirical panels IoT technologies have significant potential to be applied widely in the management of different asset groups. For example, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technologies are recognized to be potential in the management of inventories, sensor technologies in the management of machinery, equipment and buildings, and the naming technologies are potential in the management of spare parts.
Integration of Sustainability and Management Control Systems
Authors: Vola Paola
Published: April 2019

In order to support family SMEs in developing more responsible, innovative, and competitive business models, this chapter proposes to study the role and interaction between sustainability control systems (SCSs) and management control systems (MCSs). The chapter will examine management control and family business literature with the purpose of discussing the following research issues: What are the interactions between different forms of social responsibility in family SMESs? How can we transfer the family firms' attitude to social responsibility in a sustainable business model? What are main elements of a sustainable business model that can leverage on family firms business model? The conceptual framework will be defined through literature review: the main aim is to convey the meaning of sustainability and investigating the integration between SCSs and MCSs in family SMEs.
Emergent Pathways for the Future of Instructional Design
Authors: Roubides Pascal
Published: April 2019

This chapter aims at providing an overview of the entire field of instructional design, starting with a brief historical account of the field but focusing on current and promising trends for the future of instructional design based on advances in instructional technology and human-computer interaction capabilities. The discussion encompasses several parallel trending areas, such as adaptive learning, digital storytelling, gamification, simulation technologies, augmented reality, cybernetics, the xAPI standard, mobile and ubiquitous learning, as well as implications of these trends for the field from both the theoretical and practical point of view. Even though this discussion is by no means an exhaustive account of these trends, it is the aim of this monogram to provide a centralized literature review of multiple paths currently being carved in the field and a glimpse to a multiplicity of potential futures for all those involved in designing and delivering learning or effecting human behavior and performance change.
Free Media and Democracy in the Age of Globalization
Authors: Naseer Moazzam , Aktaş Celalettin , Shehzad Hassan
Published: April 2019

The present chapter investigates the evolution of print media in general around the world and with particular emphasis in Turkey with respect to major transformation of freedom of speech, democracy and justice. The other equally important and major focus of this chapter is what causes the print media to evolve when it was long debated that the time for print media is over. In the age of globalization when there are plenty of media round the corner and the terms free media and democracy are contested and debated in different countries. An analysis is presented how a newspaper could work to bring the justice and democracy in a given society as a fourth pillar of the state in a contested environment of new media. Interviews with a print media journalist one who is not working in Turkey and with another one is influential reporter working in Turkey are conducted. The comments of the journalists are ethnographically evaluated and interpreted with storytelling and ethnographic techniques and discourse is presented.
Media Ethics and Elections Coverage in Nigeria
Authors: Ogwezzy-Ndisika Abigail , Ibraheem Ismail Adegboyega , Faustino Babatunde Adesina
Published: April 2019

This paper examined media ethics in Nigerian using elections coverage as a lens. It focuses on the gender dimension, a fundamental factor in media and election debates; and brought to the fore the socio-political and economic factors affecting the ethical performance of journalists covering elections in Nigeria. It argues that journalist covering elections in Nigeria are operating in challenging socio-political and economic context, but are beginning to rise up to the occasion having improved on the coverage of women politicians. It concludes that despite the challenges, ethical reportage can promote gender balanced coverage of elections in Nigeria. It recommends that the media should provide platforms for engagements and give equal access to parties and candidates (both females and males); and also provide space in which freedom of expression can be exercised and alternative, dissenting, and minority voices heard.
The Freedom of Critical Thinking
Authors: Fleming Jennifer , Kajimoto Masato
Published: April 2019

This study examines how college educators in Hong Kong, Vietnam, and Malaysia adopted and adapted lessons gleaned from a news literacy curriculum developed by journalism instructors at Stony Brook University in New York. In doing so, the chapter situates the emerging field of news literacy within parameters of its parent field, media literacy, and current trends in digitization, globalization, and information freedom. Details on how educators in Asia made a pedagogy designed for American citizens relevant to their students and how they negotiated country-specific social, cultural, and political contexts are included. Future directions in research include more in-depth and comparative understandings of the processes at work in localizing media literacy frameworks as well as an exploration of what media literacy educators in the United States and other democracies can learn from their counterparts in countries where accessing, creating, and disseminating information could be considered subversive activities.
Journalists and Mobile
Authors: Meyer Hans Karl , Speakman Burton
Published: April 2019

Despite the high profile of many social media activist efforts, such as the Arab Spring, researchers are still questioning whether these mostly online campaigns can lead to real world impact. Journalists are also asking themselves what role they fill as they watch, comment on, and cover the deluge of activism on Twitter, Facebook, and other sites. Through a comprehensive review of the literature on social capital and its intersection with the Internet and social media, this chapter suggests that social media can lead to social capital, but journalists provide the key ingredient to lead to lasting social change. Literature on the goals and aims of journalism, coupled with a review of its vital role in a community, point to the need for the context and verification that journalism provides in order for social media to transform into social capital.
The Politicization of Selfie Journalism
Authors: Maniou Theodora , Panagiotidis Kosmas , Veglis Andreas
Published: April 2019

While the phenomenon of selfie photographs in the media has been extensively analysed by academics, Selfie Journalism was recently introduced and constitutes one of the most notable phenomena within the digital media environment, raising a number of issues relating to notions of infotainment and impartial reporting, especially in ‘difficult' sectors, such as politics. This paper identifies the specific characteristics of Selfie Journalism in political reporting. Based on both quantitative and qualitative research, the study analyses these characteristics in the period of parliamentary elections of 2016 in Cyprus. The aim of the study is dual: first, to examine the extensive use of Selfie Journalism by candidates themselves in political campaigning and, secondly, to examine the impact of this phenomenon upon the media and, in turn, media engagement in such political tactics. The greater scope of this study evolves around the argument that Selfie Journalism, as a new species of participatory journalism, has penetrated the media in an effort to attract larger audiences.
Abuse of the Social Media Brain
Authors: Kohle Fritz , Raj Sony Jalarajan
Published: April 2019

Despite the criticism in the mainstream press regarding the use and abuse of digital and social media, its use has been increasingly encouraged and supported in schools and universities. This chapter examines the social media behaviour of techy-savvy undergraduate students at NHTV, University of Applied Sciences, Breda, The Netherlands, from the perspective of an independent documentary producer and educator, to determine whether any correlation between the amount of time spent online and the use of cognitive functions exists. Media producers require an audience capable of critical thought, and teachers educate future audiences to acquire the necessary cognitive skills. Hence, the chapter analyses how the viewer's cognitive functions impaired by the use of social and digital media affects the reception of media products. This further leads to a more critical concern about the educators' response to the challenges provided by social and digital media.
Viral News Content, Instantaneity, and Newsworthiness Criteria
Authors: Luchessi Lila
Published: April 2019

Social networks have modified the activities of the press, the actions of audiences, and the perceptions of societies. The strategies displayed to avoid losing consumers aim at fulfilling the audience's needs and the gap between the producers' and the consumers' interests tends to widen. This leads to a crisis point in news financing, affecting the traditional logic of the media industry; while advertisers are now able to reach their audiences without its mediation, viralization and instantaneity force the media to publish information incompatible with the public interest as considered by the press. In this way, traditional newsworthiness criteria are replaced by other criteria that redefine the concept of information. The aim of this chapter is to analyze the way in which instantaneity and viralization have affected not only the journalistic activity but also the information selection criteria and the audiences' input on the web.
Citizen Engagement and News Selection for Facebook Pages
Authors: Drulă Georgeta
Published: April 2019

As news flows in the social media environment, communication processes are facilitated by connecting processes between different categories of people. Thus, multimedia stories in social media journalism link not only pieces of information, but also people. Social media platforms are not only to communicate with audiences, but also to make connections between different stakeholders in the online production of news. This chapter investigates if this process of the selection of news for social media platforms is based on algorithmic criteria, or is only based on a human judgment? Methodologically, this chapter will analyse data from the Facebook pages of Romanian news sites in order to generate data which will be developed for a comparative analysis with online media in Poland. The questions raised by this study concern how media companies promote information on social media sites today.
Designing Transmedia Journalism Projects
Authors: Moloney Kevin
Published: April 2019

This chapter explores the design and execution of transmedia journalism projects to inform professional production and academic experimentation. It draws on the author's current project to illustrate real-world production planning. The chapter opens with a discussion of how design thinking and audience targeting apply to this task and contribute to project success. The chapter then elaborates the flow of decisions required for a thorough transmedia plan and finally presents the Refuge project as a design example. This pilot transmedia story network focuses on the single issue of refugees: those who migrate by force, either to escape suffering and deprivation or to build new, more hopeful lives elsewhere. It is the first in a networked series of similar projects that will explore the issues that polarize the electorate in the American West, from economic stratification to religious identity, environment, and gun ownership rights.
Towards Crowd-Driven Business Processes
Authors: Vuković Maja , Bartolini Claudio
Published: April 2019

Web 2.0 is shifting work to online, virtual environments. At the same time social networking technologies are accelerating the discovery of experts, increasing the effectiveness of online knowledge acquisition and collaborative efforts. Nowadays it is possible to harness potentially unknown (large) groups of networked specialists for their abilities to amass large-scale collections of data and to solve complex business and technical problems, in the process known as crowdsourcing. Large global enterprises and entrepreneurs are increasingly adopting crowdsourcing because of its promise to give simple, low cost, access to a scalable workforce online. Enterprise crowdsourcing examples abound, taking many different shapes and forms, from mass data collection to enabling end-user driven customer support. This chapter identifies requirements for common protocols and reusable service components, extracting from existing crowdsourcing applications, in order to enable standardized interfaces supporting crowdsourcing capabilities.
A Framework for Using Crowdsourcing in Government
Authors: Clark Benjamin Y. , Zingale Nicholas , Logan Joseph , Brudney Jeffrey
Published: April 2019

Crowdsourcing is a concept in which the crowd is used as a source of labor, idea generation, or problem identification. Crowdsourcing originated in the private sector; though with any good private sector practice it is increasingly being utilized in government. This paper provides an overview of the concept of crowdsourcing, gives examples of its use in the private and public sectors, and develops a framework for how governments can begin to strategize and think about crowdsourcing to solve problems when engaging with citizens. The authors' framework is illustrated with a number of cases from current or past uses of crowdsourcing in government. They conclude with important considerations about how governments should strategize their crowdsourcing efforts.
Developing an Integration Framework for Crowdsourcing and Internet of Things With Applications for Disaster Response
Authors: Dubey Rameshwar
Published: April 2019

The crowdsourcing and Internet of Things (IoT) have played a significant role in revolutionizing the information age. In response to pressing need, we have attempted to develop a theoretical framework which can help disaster relief workers to improve their coordination using valuable information derived using comprehensive crowdsourcing framework. In this study we have used two-prong research strategies. First we have conducted extensive review of articles published in reputable journals, magazines and blogs by eminent practitioners and policy makers followed by case studies: stampede in Godavari River at Rajahmundry (2015), earthquake in Nepal (2015), flood in Uttarakhand (2013). Finally we have concluded our research findings with further research directions.
Improving Accessibility Through VGI and Crowdsourcing
Authors: Cruz Igor Gomes , Campelo Claudio E.C.
Published: April 2019

Accessibility is an important element in the life of those who have certain limitations, such as the physically disabled and visually impaired people. However, one of the greatest challenges for this group is to find paths and areas adapted to their limitations while performing their daily activities, since not all environments they explore have these characteristics. Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) and the crowdsourcing technique appear to be quite useful to develop solutions to overcome these challenges, since these techniques are naturally cheap as they rely on human sensors as the main agent of information delivery. In this chapter, we discuss how these techniques can help mitigate accessibility problems and present some existing research and applications in the field.
PEER
Authors: Lorenzi David , Chun Soon Ae , Vaidya Jaideep S. , Shafiq Basit , Atluri Vijayalakshmi , Adam Nabil R.
Published: April 2019

While government agencies, NGOs, and even commercial entities immediately swing into action to help out, in the case of large disasters, one of the biggest resources – citizens themselves – are underutilized. The rise of social media creates an opportunity for the citizen participation for disaster response management. By harnessing the power of citizen crowdsourcing, the government can have enhanced disaster situation awareness and utilize resources provided by citizen volunteers, resulting in more effective disaster responses. In this paper, the prototype Public Engagement in Emergency Response (PEER) framework is presented. It provides a comprehensive online and mobile crowdsourcing platform for situation reporting and resource volunteering. Events are described that transpired in the aftermath of superstorm Sandy, which demonstrate the benefits of using the PEER framework in a major disaster situation. Also described is how it can alleviate some of the issues associated with the crowdsourcing responses such as fraud.
Digital Collaboration in Educational and Research Institutions
Authors: Muhtaseb Rami Wael
Published: April 2019

This chapter explores the role of digital technologies in promoting interaction and collaboration at educational and research institutions. It describes some forms of digital collaboration, and explores how educational and research institutions employ digital technologies to reach learners inside and outside the institutional boundaries. The chapter investigates a number of digital collaboration tools and their characteristics, and highlights some aspects of employing these tools to support interaction among students, teachers, researchers, and different learning communities with a special focus on science. Some cases of integrating digital technologies in the educational process and in research are also given. At the end of the chapter, insights are discussed, and a summary is presented.
Collaborative and Educational Crowdsourcing of Spaceflight Software Using SPHERES Zero Robotics
Authors: Nag Sreeja , Hoffman Jeffrey A. , de Weck Olivier L.
Published: April 2019

Crowdsourcing is being researched as a problem-solving technique by issuing open calls for solutions to large crowds of people with the incentive of prizes. This paper tackles the dual objectives of building cluster flight software and educating students using collaborative competition, both in virtual simulation environments and on real hardware in space. The concept is demonstrated using the SPHERES Zero Robotics Program, a robotics programming competition where the robots are nano-satellites called SPHERES onboard the International Space Station (ISS), traditionally used as a Guidance, Navigation and Control testbed in microgravity. Zero Robotics allows students to program SPHERES to play a game through a web-based interface and the most robust projects are evaluated on the ISS hardware, supervised by astronauts. The apparatus to investigate the influence of collaboration was developed by (1) building new web infrastructure where intensive inter-participant collaboration is possible, (2) designing a game that incentivizes collaboration with opponents, to solve a relevant formation flight problem and (3) structuring a tournament such that inter-team collaboration is mandated. The web infrastructure was also built using collaborative competitions, to demonstrate feasibility of building space software end-to-end by crowdsourcing.
The Infomediary Campaign in the Philippines as a Strategy to Alleviate Information Poverty
Authors: Manalo IV Jaime A. , Balmeo Katherine P. , Berto Jayson P. , Saludez Fredierick M.
Published: April 2019

This chapter is about the Infomediary Campaign in the Philippines, a strategy to mobilize young people in agriculture and to alleviate information poverty in remote rice-farming communities. It reflects on how information and communications technology (ICTs) and some offline means can converge to address information poverty, and thereby contribute to positive social change. Social change in this chapter is operationalized as moving from a period of information scarcity to one with additional communication pathways to alleviate information poverty. Surveys, interviews, and content analyses were used in data collection. This chapter combines Stakeholder Theory and the Livelihoods Approach to better unpack the results of this research. Key ingredients for upscaling the Campaign are identified. The strengths and weaknesses of using the combined approach are discussed.
A Route Recommender System Based on Current and Historical Crowdsourcing
Authors: Goncalves Marlene , Rengifo Patrick , Rodríguez Daniela Andreina , Martínez Ivette C.
Published: April 2019

Due to the rise of the social networks it's possible to use techniques based on crowdsourcing to easily gather real-time information directly from citizens in order to create recommendation systems capable to employ knowledge that is shared from the crowd. Particularly, in Twitter, the users publish a big amount of short messages; however, to automatically extract useful information from Twitter is a complex task. In order to provide an informed recommendation of the current best route between two city points, this chapter introduces a workflow that integrates natural language techniques to build an vector of features for training two linear classifiers which obtain current information from Twitter, and integrates that information with historical information about possible routes using exponential smoothing; current and historical data to feed a route selection algorithm based on Dijkstra. The effectiveness of the proposed workflow is shown with routes between two interest points in Caracas (Venezuela).
Between Davos and Porto Alegre
Authors: Magala Slawomir Jan
Published: April 2019

Surfing contemporary media communications allows us to notice the names of a Swiss town of Davos and a Brazilian city of Porto Alegre. They stand for two different strategies of pursuing knowledge, allocating it to social institutions and organizing social learning processes. The first is for the rich and powerful. The second is for the poor and powerless. Both symbolize global class struggles, also in producing and applying knowledge, which is the fastest growing human resource. What if we apply the idea of a democratic entrepreneurship and explore contemporary possibilities of information and communication technologies from the point of social learning processes? Can improved learning be imagined as the only sustainable guideline in the longer run? Can primitive accumulation of knowledge give way prevent costly cognitive failures?