bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meta‐analysis: prevalence of, and risk factors for, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Zamani Mohammad , Alizadeh‐Tabari Shaghayegh , Singh Siddharth , Loomba Rohit
Published: March 2022

Background

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is found in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, uncertainties remain on the magnitude of the association.

Aims

To explore systematically the prevalence of, and risk factors for, NAFLD in IBD patients.

Methods

We searched medical literature using Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and ProQuest, from inception to September 30, 2021. We included observational studies reporting the prevalence of NAFLD in ≥50 adult patients with IBD. Diagnosis of NAFLD could be based on imaging, histopathology, and/or hepatic steatosis index. Sex, age, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, prior surgery (bowel resection), corticosteroids, biologics and immunomodulators were assessed as potential risk factors for NAFLD.

Results

Of 1893 citations, 44 eligible studies were finally included, comprising 14 947 subjects from 18 different countries. Pooled prevalence of NAFLD was 30.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 26.5–34.9) in patients with IBD worldwide, which varied regionally. No significant difference was observed in the odds ratio (OR) of NAFLD among Crohn’s disease (CD) patients compared with ulcerative colitis (UC) patients (1.16, 95% CI 0.93–1.44). Risk of NAFLD was almost twice as high in patients with IBD as in healthy subjects (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.13–3.41). Age (adjusted OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.05) and BMI (adjusted OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.22–1.32) were statistically significantly associated with increased risk of NAFLD. The pooled prevalence of advanced liver fibrosis in IBD patients with NAFLD was 13.6% (95% CI 7.6–19.7) based on six studies.

Conclusion

Up to one‐third of patients with IBD experienced NAFLD worldwide. The risk of NAFLD was two times higher in IBD patients versus healthy subjects.
Undergraduates’ academic socialization. A cross‐time analysis
Authors: Farnese Maria Luisa , Spagnoli Paola , Livi Stefano
Published: March 2022

Background

Socialization practices support undergraduates’ transitional processes when beginning their academic careers and afterwards. Anyhow, the absence of specific socialization measures for academic contexts does not allow Universities to assess it.

Aims

The present study aimed to contribute to the socialization literature by proposing a reliable measure (USQ, Undergraduate Socialization Questionnaire) specific for the academic context, that is, reflecting the same construct at different developmental stages.

Method and samples

Based on an organizational socialization scale (NSQ; Haueter al., 2003, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63, 20), we examined in Study One the USQ’s three‐factor structure (task, group, organization) (n. 451 undergraduates) and, in Study Two, we tested the construct invariance across time, comparing undergraduates’ developmental changes through a two‐wave longitudinal design (n.185 undergraduates attending their first and their second year).

Results

Findings supported both the USQ’s dimensionality and measurement invariance, thus ensuring that the same underlying construct is being assessed, and its concurrent and predictive validity.

Conclusions

Overall, results showed that USQ is a reliable instrument useful to monitor the effectiveness of undergraduates’ adjustment process, also allowing comparison between specific groups of students or longitudinal comparison to evaluate their career development or the effectiveness of policies targeted to reduce the risk of marginalization and dropout.
The role of need for cognition (NfC) in the effect of language modalities on integrated writing performance
Authors: Cheong Choo Mui , Zhu Xinhua , Liu Yaping
Published: March 2022

Background

As a complex cognitive task, integrated writing (IW) requires not only different language modalities but also persistent cognitive effort. In practice, varied language modalities are taught together with IW tasks. However, little research has been done to investigate independent and integrated language tasks simultaneously. In addition, the need for cognition (NfC), which plays an important role in cognitive processing, has not been explored in the context of IW.

Aims

The present study aims to investigate the influence of different language modalities (i.e., reading and writing) on IW performance and how NfC moderates this influence.

Sample

A total of 246 Secondary Four students from three schools in Hong Kong.

Methods

Measures of reading, writing, NfC and IW performance were obtained. Structural equation modelling was used to explore the relationships between reading, writing and IW and investigate the role of NfC.

Results

Positive effects of reading and writing on IW performance were observed, and writing played a mediating role in the relationship between reading and IW at the same time. Although NfC negatively moderated the influence of reading on IW, it had no moderating effect on the influence of writing on IW.

Conclusions

The teaching of different language modalities enhances IW performance. The negative moderating effect of NfC on the relationship between reading and IW performance implies that differentiated instruction is required due to individual differences in the influence of reading on IW. Regarding pedagogical implication, teachers should integrate the teaching of reading and writing and focus on cultivating students’ cognitive needs to enhance their IW performance.
Reconsidering reconsent: Threats to internal and external validity when participants reconsent after debriefing
Authors: Hodson Gordon
Published: March 2022

We overwhelmingly utilize (partially) informed consent for, and debriefing of, human research participants. Also common is the practice of reconsent, particularly where changes in study protocols (or in participants themselves) occur midstream – participants consent again to remaining in the project or to having their data included. Worryingly under‐discussed is post‐debriefing reconsent, wherein participants can withdraw their data after learning more fully of the study's goals and methods. Yet, major ethics bodies in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom promote such practice, with vague and potentially problematic guidelines. Here, the author provides examples involving such reconsent practice, highlighting potentially serious problems that are scientific (e.g. threats to internal and external validity) and ethical (i.e. to the participant, their peers, the researcher and society) in nature. Particularly, problematic is the introduction, by design, of unknowable bias in our research findings. For example, highly prejudiced participants could withdraw data from a discrimination study after learning of the study's hypotheses and goals. The practice may arguably contradict an Open Science goal of increasing research transparency. This call for discussion about the direction of psychological science methods aims to engage a broader discussion in the research community.
Early rifting during marginal basin development: Petrography, microstructure, and detrital zircon U‐Pb geochronology of the Lapataia Formation, Argentine Fuegian Andes
Authors: Cao Sebastián J. , Torres Carbonell Pablo J. , Bordese Sofía , Lovecchio Juan P.
Published: March 2022

Although being one of the most efficient tools to constrain the stratigraphy of sedimentary basins, detrital zircon geochronology may present limitations under certain conditions, and isotopic ages should be treated with caution before assigning a depositional age. This is the case of depositional environments that lack coeval volcanism, where there may exist a significant time gap between the age of the youngest detrital zircon available and the actual time of deposition of a sedimentary rock. In this paper, we put on a comprehensive analysis in which detrital geochronology is aided with other reliable geological constraints. As a case study, we evaluate the stratigraphic age and provenance of the Lapataia Formation from the Fuegian Andes of southernmost South America, a low‐grade metamorphic unit with a problematic stratigraphic definition in the context of the Rocas Verdes basin. Detrital ages show very wide age spectra, with a younger peak at ca. 267 Ma. However, based on detailed petrography and microstructural observations, as well as stratigraphic correlations at a regional scale, we conclude that the Lapataia Formation represents the earliest stages of Jurassic rifting during the opening of the Rocas Verdes basin. Erosion from older basement blocks in an environment lacking coeval volcanic activity explains the occurrence of Paleozoic and older grains, and the lack of younger zircons. This work offers a multifaceted approach, which may be essential to assist radiometric detrital geochronology at certain stages during basin evolution.
Application and future prospects of additive manufacturing in dermatology
Authors: Mathew Nithin Tom , Mathachan Sinu Rose
Published: March 2022

The article discusses the additive manufacturing/3D printing of human skin for advanced applications. Even though this is still in its infancy, additive manufacturing has the potential to revolutionize the field of dermatology and cosmetology.
Assessing the vulnerability of habitats through plant rarity patterns in the Pyrenean range
Authors: Miranda Cebrián Héctor , Font Xavier , Roquet Cristina , Pizarro Gavilán Manuel , García María Begoña
Published: March 2022

Biodiversity is being severely affected by global change worldwide, but consequences differ across individual species and environments. Since rarity is a condition associated with vulnerability and extinction risk, it is a concerning factor itself that can also amplify the detrimental impact of global change drivers. Here, we assess differences in vulnerability derived from species rarity across environments in a South European mountain range, the Pyrenees, a complex landscape sheltering more than 3400 vascular plants. We first analyzed patterns of alpha taxonomic (richness) and phylogenetic diversity (standardized phylogenetic diversity, sesPD) from more than 18,000 plant surveys across 14 different habitats to find out which ones shelter the highest diversity. Then, we classified plant species according to four criteria of rarity (Pyrenean endemic, regional geographic range, ecological specialization and local abundance) and estimated their frequency among habitats and their contribution to PD. Generalized linear models were used to compare richness and sesPD among habitats, and the relationship between each diversity metric and rare species proportion was assessed. Grasslands harbor the greatest number of species but are poor in sesPD, while inland surface waters contain fewer species but are the most phylogenetically diverse. Deciduous, evergreen and Mediterranean forests show both high species richness and sesPD. Rare species account for half of the regional species pool, and are more abundant in habitats with fewer species and higher sesPD. Diversity metrics showed opposite tendencies between them and with rare species proportion, emphasizing that they are not interchangeable. Our results highlight the vulnerability of rocky and water‐related habitats due to the rarity of the species they shelter, but only the latter match other assessments of habitat vulnerability to global change drivers. The analysis of rarity patterns can guide conservation efforts by identifying priority targets when information about direct threats to habitats is scarce or incomplete.
Highway(s) overhead: Strong differences in wetland connectivity and protected status challenge waterbird migration along the four Palearctic‐Afrotropical flyways
Authors: Deboelpaep Evelien , Partoens Lisa , Koedam Nico , Vanschoenwinkel Bram
Published: March 2022

Aim

Waterbirds that travel seasonally between Europe and Africa use wetlands along four major Palearctic‐Afrotropical flyways. However, it is unknown to what extent the overall connectivity of these flyways may be threatened by ongoing habitat loss and degradation. Here, we contrasted the wetland connectivity along these four flyways, applying graph‐theoretic connectivity metrics on an intercontinental scale. We also explored for which flyway connectivity is most at risk. We then identified the most important wetlands by their contribution to connectivity in each flyway.

Location

Western Palearctic, Afrotropics.

Methods

Based on high‐resolution wetland maps, we calculated directional probabilistic connectivity metrics. Estimates of overall connectivity of each flyway were obtained, as well as the relative importance of wetlands, for birds with different migration strategies: short‐distance hoppers and long‐distance jumpers.

Results

The East‐Atlantic flyway and Eastern Mediterranean flyway had higher overall functional connectivity than the two central routes, reflecting the larger barrier represented by the Mediterranean Sea and Sahara Desert. Fewer than 5% of all wetlands supported more than 70% of the total connectivity of the network in each flyway, regardless of the considered migration strategy. These wetlands were either large, strategically positioned or both. Removing non‐protected wetlands from the analysis showed that the connectivity of some flyways could be jeopardized and that the East‐Atlantic and Eastern Mediterranean flyway may be most vulnerable to additional habitat loss.

Main conclusions

Our results illustrate (i) the major contribution of unprotected wetlands to flyway connectivity, (ii) the importance of integrating migration ecology into site‐based connectivity analyses and (iii) the utility of graph‐based connectivity metrics to inform conservation prioritization under present and future scenarios.
Effectiveness of the ToothSOS App as a training tool for the emergency management of traumatic dental injuries among non‐dentists
Authors: Duruk Gülsüm , Gümüşboğa Zekiye Şeyma
Published: March 2022

Background/Aim

Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are a major and urgent problem in oral health. Therefore, non‐dentists need to be conscious of the emergency management of TDIs. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the ToothSOS App on the level of knowledge about emergency management of TDIs among people who are not dental professionals.

Materials Methods

One hundred and five non‐dentists, aged 22–57 years, participated in this study and were given training on TDIs. The ToothSOS App launched by the IADT was used as a training tool. A 25‐question survey was conducted three times; before the ToothSOS App was downloaded and reviewed (T0), immediately after (T1), and one month later (T2).

Results

There was a statistically significant difference among the three time periods (p < .001) in terms of the knowledge about the management of TDIs, and the knowledge increased significantly (p < .001) at both T1 and T2 after reviewing the ToothSOS App. On a scale from 0 to 10, the mean correct scores increased from 2.85 ± 2.15 (median [min–max]: 2[0–10]) to 8.23 ± 2.21 (median [min‐max]: 9 [1–10]) (effect size: 2.5) at T1 and to 7.40 ± 2.34 (median [min–max]: 8 [1–10]) (effect size: 2.1) at T2.

Conclusion

The ToothSOS App as a training tool was effective to increase the knowledge level of individuals about the emergency management of TDIs.
Traumatic dental injuries and their sequelae in visually impaired adolescents
Authors: Dode Carolina Borio , Cavalcante Yuri , Risso Patrícia A.
Published: March 2022

Background/Aim

Traumatic dental injuries are a public health problem. Visual impairment can be considered a risk factor for traumatic dental injury given the difficulties imposed upon visually impaired patients by limited physical perception. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of traumatic dental injuries and their sequelae in adolescents with visual impairment.

Material and Methods

Adolescents (12–18 years) with visual impairment (blind or low vision) and no other special needs were included in the study. Data were collected after a clinical and radiographic examination. Data regarding gender, age, type of visual impairment, site of traumatic dental injury, tooth type, and affected tissues, care, and sequelae were obtained. The data were analyzed descriptively and with the chi‐square test (p < .05).

Results

Among 96 adolescents (65% blind; 55% female), 20.8% (n = 20) reported they had previously experienced a traumatic dental injury of 33 teeth (78.8% maxillary central incisors). Combined injuries (30.3%; n = 10) were the most common traumatic dental injuries, followed by concussion (27.3%, n = 9) and enamel–dentine fractures (21.2%, n = 7). Sequelae were observed in 27.3% (n = 9) of the teeth affected by a traumatic dental injury, and apical periodontitis (77.8%, n = 7) was the most common.

Conclusion

The frequency of traumatic dental injuries among visually impaired adolescents can be considered high, and the observed sequelae could have been minimized if adequate clinical and radiographic follow up had been carried out. These results suggest the importance of enhanced educational efforts to reduce traumatic dental injuries.
Ipsilateral hand impairment predicts long‐term outcome in patients with subacute stroke
Authors: Razak Rien Anggraini , Hannanu Firdaus Fabrice , Naegele Bernadette , Hommel Marc J. G. , Detante Olivier , Jaillard Assia
Published: March 2022

Background

Ipsilateral hand (ILH) impairment is documented following motor stroke, but its impact on long‐term outcome remains unknown. We assessed ILH impairment in subacute stroke and tested whether ILH impairment predicted long‐term outcome.

Methods

We performed a longitudinal study in 209 consecutive patients with unilateral stroke and sensorimotor deficit at admission. ILH impairment was evaluated using the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) and handgrip strength and defined as mild (z‐score < −1) or moderate (z‐score < −1.65). We used logistic regression (LR) to predict outcome assessed 9 (range, 7–12) months post‐stroke with the modified Rankin scale (mRS) categorized into good (mRS ≤ 1) and poor outcome (mRS ≥ 2). For internal validation, LR‐bootstrapping and cross‐validation with LASSO and Random Forest were performed.

Results

ILH impairment assessed at 89.04 ± 45.82 days post‐stroke was moderate in 10.53% (95% CI 6.7, 14.83) for PPT and 17.22% (95% CI 11.96, 22.49) for grip, and mild in 21.05% (95% CI 15.78, 26.79) for PPT and 35.89 (95% CI 29.67, 42.58) for grip. Good outcome was predicted by ILH‐PPT (B = 1.03 [95% CI 0.39, 3.31]), ILH‐grip (B = 1.16 [95% CI 0.54, 3.53]), low NIHSS‐discharge (B = −1.57 [95% CI −4.0, −1.19]), and no depression (B = −0.62 [95% CI −1.63, −0.43]), accounting for stroke delay (B = −0.011 [95% CI −0.06, 0.01]). Model efficiency was 91.6% (AUC = 0.977; 95% CI 0.959, 0.996). LASSO and Random Forest methods provided similar results, confirming the LR model robustness.

Conclusions

ILH impairment is frequent after motor stroke and predicts long‐term outcome. We propose to integrate ILH impairment into rehabilitation programs to improve recovery and serve research interventions such as neuromodulation.
Pathogenic DST sequence variants result in either epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) or hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 6 (HSAN‐VI)
Authors: Khalesi Raziyeh , Harvey Nailah , Garshasbi Masoud , Kalamati Elnaz , Youssefian Leila , Vahidnezhad Hassan , Uitto Jouni
Published: March 2022

DST encodes bullous pemphigoid antigen‐1 (BPAG1), a protein with eight tissue‐specific isoforms expressed in the skin, muscle, brain and nerves. Accordingly, mutations in this gene are associated with epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) and hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 6 (HSAN‐VI). The genotypic spectrum is attested to by 19 distinct mutations but genotype–phenotype correlation for both disorders is not well established. In this study, we performed next‐generation sequencing (NGS) on two families with different phenotypic presentations, one foetus (P1) with musculoskeletal and neurological malformations established by prenatal ultrasound and family history, and a 15‐year‐old female patient (P2) with skin blistering. P1 had a novel homozygous nonsense mutation, DST: NM_001144769, c.3805C>T, p.R1269* within a region of genetic homozygosity (ROH). This mutation resides within the plakin domain of BPAG1 and ablates all isoforms of this protein, leading to novel extracutaneous phenotypes consistent with HSAN‐VI in P1. P2 had a recurrent homozygous mutation DST: NM_001723.7, c.3370C>T, p.Gln1124* that presented with giant, trauma‐induced skin blisters without extracutaneous involvement. This mutation is located within the coiled‐coil domain present in the skin isoform of DST, BPGA1‐e, associated with EBS. In summary, we report two families with pathogenic DST variants and expand the spectrum of DST genotype and phenotypes.
Fournisseurs et travailleurs de l'habillement: les grands oubliés de la pandémie? Dynamique des rapports de force et répartition du coût des crises au sein des chaînes d'approvisionnement mondiales
Authors: ANNER Mark
Published: March 2022

Début 2020, les marques et enseignes de l'habillement ont annulé pour 40 milliards de dollars É.‐U. de commandes, aux dépens des fournisseurs et des travailleurs. Pour comprendre ce comportement, qui signale un rapport de force déséquilibré et une répartition inéquitable du coût des crises au sein des chaînes d'approvisionnement mondiales, l'auteur confronte plusieurs sources de données (enquêtes originales, entretiens, questionnaires aux fournisseurs, frise chronologique et statistiques commerciales). Il conclut que la puissance des acheteurs n'est pas absolue, comme le montre le succès de la campagne #PayUp. L'adoption d'accords contraignants n'en demeure pas moins indispensable pour protéger les fournisseurs et les travailleurs des pressions des clients.
The role of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in the aetiology of inguinal and incisional hernias
Authors: Durukan Ugur , Agcaoglu Orhan , Ozoran Emre , Karahan Salih Nafiz , Ozata Ibrahim , Duzkoylu Yigit , Pasaoglu Esra , Aren Acar
Published: March 2022

Inguinal and incisional hernias are the two most common types of hernias caused by abdominal wall weakness and defects in connective tissue. The structure of the extracellular matrix, mainly collagen and metalloproteinases (MMPs), and their regulators have been studied extensively and found to play a significant role in the pathophysiology of hernias. One of the regulators of MMPs, tissue inhibitor metalloproteinases (TIMPs), bind to MMPs and inhibit its activity significantly shifting the balance towards collagen synthesis rather than degradation. Due to their importance in collagen metabolism, their metabolism might be significant in the aetiology of hernias. Our study used immunohistochemical techniques to investigate the possible effects of TIMP 1 and 2 on the samples taken from the abdominal walls of patients with inguinal and incisional hernias, compared them with control patients, and reviewed the literature. In this study, samples of 90 patients (30 patients from control, inguinal hernia, and incisional hernia groups) were taken and analysed. These samples were stained with TIMP‐1 Ab‐2 and TIMP2 Ab‐5 (Clone 3A4) antibodies and evaluated under ×100 magnification. The degree of staining was classified as (a): No staining (0), (b): Staining less than 10% (I), (c): Staining between 10% and 50% (II), (d): Staining more than 50% (III). Statistical analyses were done. No significant difference was found between groups in terms of patient demographics. Smoking and family history of hernia was not found to be associated with TIMP expression. TIMP1 expression was significantly higher in the incisional and inguinal hernia group than in the control group (P < .05), while the level of TIMP2 was higher in the control group. (P < .05). TIMP1 and TIMP2 levels did not significantly differ between incisional and inguinal hernia groups. We found significantly increased TIMP‐1 levels in tissue samples from patients with hernia supporting its suggested role in hernia pathophysiology. Local alterations in MMP and TIMP levels might play a role in the pathogenesis of hernias. Thus detection of TIMP in tissues can be important for clinical use after further validation studies. In the era of molecular medicine, detecting TIMP levels in hernia patients can impact clinical practice.
Recurrence rate of basal cell carcinoma among different micrographic surgery techniques: systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Lacerda P.N. , Lange E.P. , Luna N.M. , Miot H.A. , Nogueira V.S.N. , Abbade L.P.F.
Published: March 2022

In high‐risk basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), micrographic surgery (MS) has high tissue preservation and low recurrence rates. The Mohs technique is the most commonly used technique, with limited use of other MS techniques. No studies have been designed to compare the MS methods. This review aimed to assess BCC recurrence rates of different MS techniques. A systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted to search for related studies in PubMed, LILACS, EMBASE, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, CINHAL and COCHRANE until March 2021. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies involving patients with BCC and indications for different MS techniques were included. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by three peer reviewers, as was the risk of bias assessment using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Pooled estimates were assessed using the random‐effects model (Logit), and heterogeneity was assessed by the chi‐squared test (χ2). Stata Software version 17.0 was used for analysis. Eighteen studies were included, two RCTs and sixteen observational studies. The overall recurrence rate was 2% (95% CI, 1.0–3.0%; χ2 = 46.2; P = 0.00; 18 studies, 10 424 BCCs). In studies using the Mohs technique, the recurrence rate was 3.0% (95% CI, 1.0–5.0%; χ2 = 11.0; P = 0.00; 6 studies; 1,582 BCCs), with the Munich technique 3.0% (95% CI, 2.0–5.0%; χ2 = 0.0; no heterogeneity; 3 studies; 404 BCCs), with Tubingen technique 1% (95% CI, 1.0–2.0%; χ2 = 12.1; P = 0.00; 8 studies; 8374 BCCs) and with the Muffin technique 0.0% (95% CI, 0.0–6.0%; 1 study; 64 BCCs). Relapse rates between MS techniques were low and appeared to be similar. However, the design of this review and the absence of primary studies that directly compare the techniques do not allow us to assert the superiority between them.
A temperature‐dependent phenology model for Apanteles subandinus Blanchard, parasitoid of Phthorimaea operculella Zeller and Symmetrischema tangolias (Gyen)
Authors: Cañedo Verónica , Dávila Waldo , Carhuapoma Pablo , Kroschel Jürgen , Kreuze Jan
Published: March 2022

The potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) is a major invasive pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) worldwide. Classical biological control using parasitoids had been of primary interest during the last decades to control this pest. More than twenty parasitoid species have been reported parasitizing P. operculella. Apanteles subandinus Blanchard had been successfully used in different countries. Determination of the parasitoid's temperature‐dependent development is crucial for better predicting the potential of the parasitoid to establish in a new region and to control the target pest. Therefore, the effect of temperature on the development and reproduction of A. subandinus was studied at five constant temperatures ranging from 11–30°C in its main host P. operculella. The Insect Life Cycle Modeling (ILCYM) software was used to fit nonlinear equations to collected life table data and to establish an overall phenology model to simulate life table parameters based on temperature. The parasitoid completed its life cycle at constant temperatures from 15 to 30°C. Temperature of 11°C was lethal to pupae, and at 35°C no larvae development was possible. The theoretical lower threshold temperatures for the development of egg‐larvae and pupae were 10.3°C and 11.8°C respectively. The model predicted limits for survival at around 12°C and 33°C. The lowest senescence rate was observed within the temperature range of 15–25°C. Oviposition time decreased significantly with increasing temperature from 12.2 days (15°C) to 1.8 days (30°C). The highest fertility was predicted at 27°C. Maximum population growth is expected around 26.78°C with a finite rate of increase, λ of 1.0445, which corresponds to a population doubling time of 15.9 days. The highest values for gross reproduction rate (GRR) and net reproduction rate (R0) were found between 24 and 25°C, and the shortest mean generation time (T) was observed at 30°C (23.48 d). The use of the phenology model in the context of classical biological control of P. operculella is discussed.
Patients as experts in the illness experience: Implications for the ethics of patient involvement in health professions education
Authors: Lefkowitz Ariel , Vizza Julie , Kuper Ayelet
Published: March 2022

In response to calls to increase patient involvement in health professions education (HPE), educators are inviting patients to play a range of roles in the teaching of clinical trainees. However, there are concerns that patients involved in educational programs are seen as representing a demographic larger than themselves: their disease, their social group or even patients as a whole. This leads to difficult ethical challenges related to representation, including problems of tokenistic inclusion and of inadvertently essentializing marginalized groups. We propose that conceptualizing patients as experts in their illness experience can help resolve these dilemmas of representation equitably and effectively. Just as clinical experts are involved in HPE to share their expertise and represent their clinical experience, so too should patients be invited to participate in HPE explicitly for their expertise in their illness experience. This framing clarifies the goals of patient involvement as technocratic rather than tokenistic, mandates meaningful contributions by patients, and helps frame patient involvement for learners as the presentation of expert perspectives.
A Vision Transformer network SeedViT for classification of maize seeds
Authors: Chen Jiqing , Luo Tian , Wu Jiahua , Wang Zhikui , Zhang Hongdu
Published: March 2022

Maize is a crop that is widely cultivated all over the world. Thus, the classification of maize seeds quality is important, while the traditional methods based on the texture, shape, and color which require repeated work is not efficient. Recently, deep learning reached the goal in the field of image processing, and a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) is often used to do the image classification task. Here, we explored another neural network called Vision Transformer (ViT), which originally was applied to the natural language processing. Based on the self‐attention mechanism, ViT discards the convolutional structure. But when trained from scratch on medium‐sized datasets, ViT performed poorly compared to CNN. Due to the lack of local structure within the input image, tokenization cannot be used to generate a valid training set in the original ViT model. As a result, we proposed an improved ViT model SeedViT. Compared with the original ViT which could only train large datasets, SeedViT can train small and medium datasets to achieve SOTA (State of the Art) in vision classification with only 2,500 images in our study. The feasibility of SeedViT to classify maize seeds’ quality was studied in this article, and we compared it with DCNN and traditional machine learning algorithms. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and precision were 97.6%, 94.1%, 98.9%, and 97%, respectively. In addition, we employed ViT and VGG (Visual Geometry Group, a convolutional neural network) to extract image features, and SVM (support vector machine) was used as the classifier to classify them, with the result that ViT‐SVM was stable around 96.6% on the test set and VGG‐SVM was stable around 94.6%. At last, a visual attention map was generated by visualization technology. It showed that SeedViT can be a new and novel way for maize seed manufacturing.

Practical applications

An algorithm for classifying and sorting out high‐quality maize seeds.

Use the Transformer algorithm from the field of natural language processing instead of the convolutional neural network algorithm.

Use GeLU function for activation and soft split with images to improve Vision Transformer model so that it can achieve great performance with small and medium datasets.
Care preferences in physician orders for life sustaining treatment in California nursing homes
Authors: Jennings Lee A. , Wenger Neil S. , Liang Li‐Jung , Parikh Punam , Powell David , Escarce Jose J. , Zingmond David
Published: March 2022

Background

Physician Orders for Life‐Sustaining Treatment (POLST) facilitates documentation and transition of patients' life‐sustaining treatment orders across care settings. Little is known about patient and facility factors related to care preferences within POLST across a large, diverse nursing home population. We describe the orders within POLST among all nursing home (NH) residents in California from 2011 to 2016.

Methods

California requires NHs to document in the Minimum Data Set whether residents complete a POLST and orders within POLST. Using a serial cross‐sectional design for each year, we describe POLST completion and orders for all California NH residents from 2011 to 2016 (N = 1,112,668). We used logistic mixed‐effects regression models to estimate POLST completion and resuscitation orders to understand the relationship with resident and facility characteristics, including Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Nursing Home Compare overall five‐star quality rating.

Results

POLST completion significantly increased from 2011 to 2016 with most residents having a POLST in 2016 (short‐stay:68%; long‐stay:81%). Among those with a POLST in 2016, 54% of long‐stay and 41% of short‐stay residents had a DNR order. Among residents with DNR, >90% had orders for limited medical interventions or comfort measures. Few residents (<6%) had a POLST with contradictory orders. In regression analyses, POLST completion was greater among residents with more functional dependence, but was lower among those with more cognitive impairment. Greater functional and cognitive impairment were associated with DNR orders. Racial and ethnic minorities indicated more aggressive care preferences. Higher CMS five‐star facility quality rating was associated with greater POLST completion.

Conclusions

Six years after a state mandate to document POLST completion in NHs, most California NH residents have a POLST, and about half of long‐stay residents have orders to limit life‐sustaining treatment. Future work should focus on determining the quality of care preference decisions documented in POLST.
Relational Co‐ordination and Stigma at Work: How Frontline Employees Compensate for Failures in Public Health Systems
Authors: George Gerard , Chaturvedi Sankalp , Corbishley Christopher , Atun Rifat
Published: March 2022

Co‐ordinating collective work and communicating a shared understanding of tasks is necessary to accomplishing organizational goals. Stigma could exacerbate co‐ordination challenges between public and private organizations by further widening differences in goals and incentives among employees. Using relational co‐ordination theory, we explore how stigma can influence employee behaviour in the context of healthcare delivery. We study healthcare professionals and frontline workers involved in the fight against AIDS in India to examine how public health systems fail due to a lack of communication and co‐ordination, and that these failures are worsened by stigma. When stigma is present, relationships between employees become strained due to misaligned work routines, lack of information sharing and cooperation failure. Our findings reveal emergent responses from frontline employees that mitigate co‐ordination failures through: (1) role adaptation to improve predictability of tasks; (2) social purpose identification to promote a common understanding and engage stigmatized clients; and (3) affective attachment that encourages extra‐role behaviours and task ownership. We draw implications for relational co‐ordination and stigma, as well as public‐private co‐ordination in public health systems.
Determinants of Interdependent Happiness Focusing on the Role of Social Capital: Empirical Insight From Japan1
Authors: Hommerich Carola , Ohnuma Susumu , Sato Kazushige , Mizutori Shogo
Published: March 2022

This study aimed to identify determinants of interdependent happiness (IH), with a focus on social capital resources. Using data from a population survey conducted in Sapporo, Japan, we ran hierarchical regressions to compare determinants of IH with determinants of a standard measure of subjective well‐being (SWB), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). While we confirmed the relationships of control variables generally associated with SWB also for IH, we found several decisive differences between the two well‐being measures regarding social capital. For IH, an overall larger share of variance was predicted by social capital resources than for SWLS. IH is most strongly affected by social affiliation, which measures a sense of belonging to society, followed by interpersonal reliance, and social support. Reciprocal norms and institutional reliance predicted only IH, but not SWLS. Overall, our results imply that IH captures aspects of well‐being related to social capital not fully covered by standard measures of SWB. Thus, for societies in which the cultural construal of happiness is more inclined to IH, the specific importance of social capital resources for SWB might be underestimated when relying solely on standard measures of well‐being.
Global incidence and mortality of hepatitis B and hepatitis C acute infections, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma from 2010 to 2019
Authors: Veracruz Nicolette , Gish Robert G. , Cheung Ramsey , Chitnis Amit S. , Wong Robert J.
Published: March 2022

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) contribute to significant healthcare burden globally. We aim to provide an updated and comprehensive analysis of global trends in the incidence and mortality of HBV and HCV related acute infections, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Estimates of annual cause‐specific disease incidence and mortality for HBV and HCV were analysed using the 2010–2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study database. Three distinct disease states were evaluated: acute infections, cirrhosis and HCC. Age‐standardized disease incidence and mortality were presented per 100,000 population and stratified by age, sex, year and 21 world regions. From 2010 to 2019, overall incidence of acute HBV declined by 19.3% (95% CI 4.1–32.0, p < .05) and HBV cirrhosis declined by 15.0% (95% CI 9.8–20.7, p < .05). Incidence of HCV cirrhosis increased by 5.6% (95% CI 0.3–10.2, p < .05) and HCV HCC remained stable. Incidence of acute HCV declined until 2015, after which it began increasing. From 2010 to 2019, overall mortality for HBV cirrhosis and HCV cirrhosis declined, whereas mortality for acute infections and HCC remained stable. Major differences in HBV and HCV incidence and mortality trends were observed when stratified by world regions. In conclusion, while our analyses of global trends in HBV and HCV incidence and mortality demonstrate encouraging trends, disparities in disease epidemiology were observed across world regions. These observations will identify regions and populations where greater focus and resources are needed to continue progressing towards viral hepatitis elimination.
SAV4 is required for ethylene‐induced root hair growth through stabilizing PIN2 auxin transporter in Arabidopsis
Authors: Chen Peirui , Ge Yanhua , Chen Liying , Yan Fenglian , Cai Lingling , Zhao Hongli , Lei Deshun , Jiang Jinxi , Wang Meiling , Tao Yi
Published: March 2022

Root hair development is regulated by hormonal and environmental cues, such as ethylene and low phosphate. Auxin efflux carrier PIN2 (PIN‐FORMED 2) plays an important role in establishing a proper auxin gradient in root tips, which is required for root hair development. Ethylene promotes root hair development through increasing PIN2 abundance in root tips, which subsequently leads to enhanced expression of auxin reporter genes. However, how PIN2 is regulated remains obscure.

Here, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana sav4 (shade avoidance 4) mutant exhibits defects in ethylene‐induced root hair development and in establishing a proper auxin gradient in root tips.

Ethylene treatment increased SAV4 abundance in root tips. SAV4 and PIN2 co‐localize to the shootward plasma membrane (PM) of root tip epidermal cells. SAV4 directly interacts with the PIN2 hydrophilic region (PIN2HL) and regulates PIN2 abundance on the PM. Vacuolar degradation of PIN2 is suppressed by ethylene, which was weakened in sav4 mutant. Furthermore, SAV4 affects the formation of PIN2 clusters and its lateral diffusion on the PM.

In summary, we identified SAV4 as a novel regulator of PIN2 that enhances PIN2 membrane clustering and stability through direct protein–protein interactions. Our study revealed a new layer of regulation on PIN2 dynamics.
How to date a crocodile: estimation of neosuchian clade ages and a comparison of four time‐scaling methods
Authors: Groh Sebastian S. , Upchurch Paul , Barrett Paul M. , Day Julia J.
Published: March 2022

Clade ages within the crocodylomorph clade Neosuchia have long been debated. Molecular and morphological studies have yielded remarkably divergent results. Despite recent advances, there has been no comprehensive relative comparison of the major time calibration methods available to estimate clade ages based on morphological data. We used four methods (cal3, extended Hedman, smoothed ghost lineage analysis (sGLA) and the fossilized birth–death model (FBD)) to date clade ages derived from a published crocodylomorph supertree and a new neosuchian phylogeny. All time‐scaling methods applied here agree on the origination of Neosuchia during the Late Triassic or Early Jurassic, and the presence of the major extant eusuchian groups (Crocodyloidea, Gavialoidea, Alligatoroidea and Caimaininae) by the end of the Late Cretaceous. The number of distinct lineages present before the K/Pg boundary is less certain, with support for two competing scenarios in which Crocodylinae, Tomistominae and Diplocynodontinae either: (1) diverged from other eusuchian lineages before the K/Pg boundary; or (2) evolved during a ‘burst’ of diversification after the K/Pg event. Cal3 and FBD proved to be the most suitable methods for time‐scaling phylogenetic trees dominated by fossil taxa. Extended Hedman estimates are substantially older than the others, with larger standard deviations and a strong sensitivity to taxon sampling and topological changes; sGLA has similar problems. We conclude that a detailed understanding of phylogenetic relationships, tree reconstruction methods, and good taxonomic coverage (in particular the inclusion of the oldest taxon in each clade) is essential when evaluating the results of such dating analyses.
Root endophyte differentially regulates plant response to NO3− and NH4+ nutrition by modulating N fluxes at the plant–fungal interface
Authors: Sun Kai , Lu Fan , Huang Peng‐Wei , Tang Meng‐Jun , Xu Fang‐Ji , Zhang Wei , Zhou Jia‐Yu , Zhao Ping , Jia Yong , Dai Chuan‐Chao
Published: March 2022

In the soil, plant roots associated with fungi often encounter uneven distribution of nitrate (NO3−)/ammonium (NH4+) patches, but the mechanism underlying N form‐influenced plant–fungal interactions remains limited. We inoculated Arabidopsis with a root endophyte Phomopsis liquidambaris, and evaluated the effects of P. liquidambaris on plant performance under NO3− or NH4+ nutrition. Under NO3− nutrition, P. liquidambaris inoculation promoted seedling growth, whereas under NH4+ nutrition, P. liquidambaris suppressed seedling growth. Under high NH4+ conditions, fungus‐colonized roots displayed increased NH4+ accumulation and NH4+ efflux, similar to the effect of ammonium stress caused by elevated NH4+ levels. Notably, this fungus excluded NH4+ during interactions with host roots, thereby leading to increased NH4+ levels at the plant–fungal interface under high NH4+ conditions. A nitrite reductase‐deficient strain that excludes NO3− but absorbs NH4+, decreased NH4+ levels in Arabidopsis shoots and rescued plant growth and nitrogen metabolism under high NH4+ levels. Transcriptomic analysis highlighted that P. liquidambaris had altered transcriptional responses associated with plant response to inorganic N forms. Our results demonstrate that fungus‐regulated NO3−/NH4+ dynamics at the plant–fungal interface alters plant response to NO3−/NH4+ nutrition. This study highlights the essential functions of root endophytes in plant adaptation to soil nitrogen nutrients.
Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of depression in older adults: A report from the Japanese Society of mood disorders
Authors: Baba Hajime , Kito Shinsuke , Nukariya Kazutaka , Takeshima Minoru , Fujise Noboru , Iga Junichi , Oshibuchi Hidehiro , Kawano Masahiko , Kimura Mahiko , Mizukami Katsuyoshi , Mimura Masaru ,   Committee for Treatment Guidelines of Mood Disorders, Japanese Society of Mood Disorders
Published: March 2022

The Committee for Treatment Guidelines of Mood Disorders, Japanese Society of Mood Disorders, published a Japanese guideline for the treatment of late‐life depression in 2020. Based on that guideline, the present guideline was developed and revised to incorporate the suggestions of global experts and the latest published evidence. In the diagnosis of late‐life depression, it is important to carefully differentiate it from bipolar disorders, depressive states caused by physical and organic brain disease, drug effects, and dementia, and to determine the comorbidity between late‐life depression and dementia. It is necessary to fully understand the clinical characteristics and psychosocial background of late‐life depression, evaluate the patient's condition, and provide basic interventions based on these factors. Problem‐solving therapy, reminiscence therapy/life review therapy, and behavioral activation therapy, and other forms of psychotherapy can reduce depressive symptoms. In terms of pharmacotherapy, newer antidepressants or non‐tricyclic antidepressants are recommended for late‐life depression, and it is recommended that the efficacy of least the minimal effective dosage should first be determined. Switching antidepressants and aripiprazole augmentation can be used to treatment‐resistant therapy. Electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation have demonstrated usefulness for late‐life depression. Exercise therapy, high‐intensity light therapy, and diet therapy also show some effectiveness and are useful for late‐life depression. Continuation therapy should be maintained for at least 1 year after remission.
Leading women in interventional pulmonology: Letter from Singapore
Authors: Lee Pyng
Published: March 2022

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