bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of subsurface Resistivity Structures in Relation to the Level of Damage Caused by Earthquakes Using the Audio-Magnetotelluric (AMT) Method (Case study: the 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake)
Authors: Nurhasan  , Setyo Risky Nipta Dwi , Pratama Andika , Zahra Iradati , Ogawa Yasuo
Published: October 2024

The 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake had caused a disaster in Bantul area. Although the magnitude reached only Mw = 6.4, it left more than 6,000 fatalities and up to 1,000,000 homeless. The earthquakes that occur in this area is shallow earthquakes that originate on land (Opak fault) and triggers quite high surface damage. This damage includes damage to buildings and infrastructure that support community activities. The main objective of this research is to determine the subsurface structure and be able to identify soft layers based on the distribution of resistivity values that can be correlated to the value of the amplification factor. The Audio-Magnetotelluric (AMT) method was conducted in this area using five components of electric and magnetic fields. The Audio-Magnetotelluric (AMT) method utilizes electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 1 Hz to 100KHz. Based on the one-dimensional (1-D) inversion result calculated from 3 sites show that there is a low resistivity value (10 - 70 Ωm) from the surface to the depth of 1000 m. This ticked conductive zone interpreted as a sediment layer that can triggers the high amplification factor values.
Identification of Slip Surface Using Geoelectric Methods in post Cianjur Earthquake Landslide
Authors: Zahra Iradati , Viridi Sparisoma , Naufal Muhammad Risyad , Pratama Andika , Setyo Risky Nipta Dwi , Fitriani Dini
Published: October 2024

The landslide occurrence after the 2022 earthquake was influenced by the geographical location of Cianjur Regency, located at the foot of Mount Gede, so the morphology of the highland relief is dominant. An earthquake measuring 5.6 on the Richter scale due to the movement of the Cugenang Fault triggered landslides at various points, one of which was in Cugenang District. This research aims to identify the slip surface of landslides in Cugenang District using the geoelectric method due to the 2022 Cianjur earthquake. This method is used to map subsurface resistivity values, producing 2D modeling. Surface slip inference is estimated at significant differences in subsurface resistivity values. The results of the interpretation of geoelectric measurements show the detection of slip surfaces at varying depths from the surface ranging from 5 to 15 meters, a distance of 20-90 meters from the first electrode with resistivity distribution values ranging from 0.01 Ωm to 155 Ωm. Consequently, the contact is considered to be the interface between the tuff breccia and the clay layer. This finding is confirmed by the shape of the layer which is thought to function as a sliding surface, which shows a concave/rotational shape following the slope in the geographically corrected 2D modeling.
Location of the collinear equilibrium points in the elliptic restricted three-body problem with various perturbation effects
Authors: Saputra M B , Ramadhan H S , Huda I N , Putra L B
Published: October 2024

This study aims to examine the elliptic restricted three-body problem (ERTBP) by modifying the classical case and applying various perturbation sources to the three-body system. In this study, the locations of the Lagrange collinear equilibrium points of ERTBP were examined. We consider that the first primary body emits radiation and has an oblate shape. In contrast, the second primary body was considered to be elongated and approximated as a finite straight-segment. In addition, the perturbations from the disk-like structure around the three-body system were also included. The equations of motion of the infinitesimal body are presented in a dimensionless pulsating coordinate system. Three collinear equilibrium points were identified. The locations of the collinear equilibrium points were calculated numerically for several cases of perturbation values and also presented versus eccentricity over its range. We observed that the position of the collinear equilibrium points (L
1, L
2, and L
3) shifted when perturbing parameters were included, as opposed to where they were in the classical ERTBP.
On the Equivalence of Gravitational Waves Formulations in Teleparallel Gravity and General Relativity
Authors: Saputra Andre , Subagyo Bintoro Anang
Published: October 2024

Gravitational waves have become a vital way to test our current understanding of gravity. In this work, we explore the formulations of gravitational waves in two distinct theories of gravity: the Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity (TEGR), a subclass of Teleparallel Gravity (TG), and General Relativity (GR). By linearizing the gravitational field equations in each theory, we demonstrate that the formulations of gravitational waves in TEGR and GR are equivalent. This equivalence suggests that the teleparallel formalism can effectively describe gravitational waves, providing a novel perspective on the topic and potentially broadening the scope of gravitational wave research.
Comparison of Neutronic Analysis for 250 MWth Molten Salt Reactor using Monte Carlo OpenMC Code with Different Nuclear Data Libraries of JENDL 5.0, ENDF/B-VII.1, ENDF/B-VIII.0, and JEFF 3.3
Authors: Variastuti M. , Irwanto D.
Published: October 2024

Nuclear data libraries playian important role in the accuracy of neutronic aspect calculations, which determine various factors in a nuclear reactor design. Likewise, deterministic or Monte Carlo methods significantly affect the calculation results. Thus, the combination of nuclear data library and calculation methods needs to be studied carefully. This research will conduct neutronic analysis for the Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) design, one of the Generation IV reactor types with advanced features for future energy resources, using the Monte Carlo-based program OpenMC and different nuclear data libraries. MSR will be designed for a 250 MWth power capacity, operable for five years. The fuel used will be LiF-BeF2 as a coolant and ThF4-UF4 as the fuel. The compositions for each fuel will be optimized to achieve critical conditions during five years of operation. This research aims to evaluate the use of differentinuclear data libraries on reactor criticality conditions, using the nuclear data libraries ENDF/VIII-B, ENDF/VII.0, JEFF 3.3, and JENDL 5.0. To perform the calculation and analysis, MSR chain depletion modification has to be done for different nuclear data libraries. Then, evaluation will be conducted on effective multiplicationifactor (k-eff), neutron flux spectrum, and cross-section. The results of this research show that the use of JENDL 5.0 provides more optimal critical conditions. This is due to the completeness of JENDL 5.0 nuclear data covering 795 nuclide data and higher fission cross-section values. While ENDF/VIII-B has 557 nuclide data evaluations compared to ENDF/VII.0’s 423 nuclide data, more stable k-eff values are shown for the use of ENDF nuclear data libraries. This research is expected to significantly contribute to meeting Indonesia’s energy needs by providing efficient solutions in MSR design in neutronic aspects using the most accurate nuclear data library.
Quasinormal Modes and Stability Analysis of Rotating Hairy Black Holes in Asymptotically Flat Spacetime
Authors: Akbar A. A. , Subagyo B. A.
Published: October 2024

Kerr black holes, characterized solely by their mass and angular momentum, are considered the predominant type in the universe. Recent studies, however, suggest that black holes may possess additional parameters, known as “hair”. This paper investigates the quasinormal modes (QNMs) of rotating hairy black holes in asymptotically flat spacetimes using the continued fraction method to analyze their stability. Our results demonstrate that the introduction of hair parameters modifies the QNM frequencies, indicating a nuanced stability profile that reduces to the classical Kerr solution under specific conditions. These findings provide new insights into the dynamic properties of hairy black holes and their potential astrophysical implications.
Design of a Thermally Resistant and Safe Door for a Medical Waste Pyrolysis Incinerator in a Green Environment
Authors: Jumhur Aam Amaningsih , Sirojuddin  , Garendi Yermia Bima , Chandra Prima
Published: October 2024

The door of a medical waste pyrolysis incinerator plays a critical role in ensuring safe and efficient operation, as it must withstand extreme conditions, including combustion temperatures ranging from 1000 °C to 1200 °C and internal pressure. This study focuses on designing a door that is not only robust and airtight but also highly resistant to these high temperatures, ensuring both operational safety and environmental protection. The design process began with a combustion chamber capacity of 0.5 m3, with the incinerator body measuring 900 mm x 900 mm x 1200 mm and the door measuring 650 mm x 650 mm. The door was fabricated using steel with a yield strength of 245 MPa, equipped with locking bolts, and sealed with high-temperature-resistant asbestos to prevent leaks. The design was initially developed using 2D AutoCAD and 3D SolidWorks software. Analytical calculations were validated through SolidWorks simulations, revealing that the stress at the critical point was 58.185 MPa, providing a safety factor of 4.2 times above the yield stress. This robust design not only enhances the durability of the incinerator door but also contributes to the overall safety and effectiveness of medical waste management, supporting broader environmental safety goals.
Evaluation of the Position and Area of Window Openings on Visual Comfort in Classrooms at Budi Luhur University
Authors: Kurniasih Sri , Laksana Eka Purwa , Anggraeni Dyah S
Published: October 2024

Window openings in classrooms at Budi Luhur University use glass coated with ray ben stickers to reduce excess heat entering the classroom with different levels of darkness. This can cause the distribution of light in the classroom to be uneven and the light intensity requirements not to meet standards. This research is essential to determine the most efficient and effective position and area of classroom window openings, as well as to propose a window opening design that meets visual comfort standards. The research method used in this research is a quantitative research method with an experimental approach. The Quantitative Method is measuring the intensity of natural lighting in window openings and calculating the area of window openings in classrooms in units 3, 4, 5, 6 of Budi Luhur University, as well as processing questionnaire data about space perception. The results of this research are that the best position and type of window openings are grouped windows with ¾ openings, the lighting intensity is closest to SNI Lighting, namely class 4.3.1, which is 134 lux when the lights are off and 168 lux when the lights are on. The best perception of visual comfort felt by respondents was in classroom 4.3.1, namely 94% of respondents stated that they were visually comfortable when the lights were off, and 93% of respondents stated that they were visually comfortable when the lights were turned on.
Waste to Energy; Conversion of Plastic Waste into Liquid Fuel Equivalent to Diesel and Gasoline Using the Pyrolysis Method
Authors: Tambunan Bisrul Hapis , Ambarita Himsar , Sitorus Tulus Burhanuddin , Sebayang Abdi Hanra , Abdullah Ilmi
Published: October 2024

The aim of this research is to produce oil equivalent to diesel and gasoline from plastic waste using the pyrolysis method, examining its physico-chemical properties and comparing it with conventional diesel and gasoline. The production of diesel oil and gasoline from plastic waste is a topic that has received increasing attention in recent years, due to increasing awareness of the environmental problems caused by plastic waste and the need for alternative energy sources. Methods for converting plastic waste into liquid fuel, separating diesel and gasoline equivalents and examining their physico-chemical properties are the main focus of this research. Pyrolysis is the process chosen because the technology is simpler than other methods, such as gasification for example. A total of 6000 grams of plastic chips were pyrolyzed in an LPG-fueled reactor. Pyrolysis was carried out at temperatures of 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 °C, then the yield of oil produced at each temperature was weighed. It was found that the optimum temperature for pyrolysis was 300 because the increase in yield afterwards was very small. Next, 2000 grams of pyrolysis oil was distilled by gradually increasing the temperature from 100 to 300. The resulting 1520 grams or 79.17% gasoline equivalent fraction, 320 grams or 16.67% diesel fraction, the remaining 80 grams or 4.17% residual oil. The results of the physico-chemical properties examination showed that the diesel and gasoline fractions were similar to conventional diesel and gasoline.
Development of Multiple Representation Models in Physics Mechanics Learning Using a Self-Regulated Learning Approach
Authors: Napis  , Yufiarti  , Wirasti M K
Published: October 2024

The challenge of learning mechanical physics is to help students with different characteristics learn to solve problems. Backgrounds education, initial abilities, understanding concepts, and self-regulated learning which can have an impact on representational abilities in solving physics problems. Model development needs to be carried out in an effort to facilitate students in learning to solve physics problems through a multiple representation model approach. Development uses the Dick & Carey model with descriptive analysis with pre and post-test design. The research was conducted at the Mathematics Education Departement, Mathematics and Science Faculty of Universitas Indraprasta PGRI, with a sample of 27 students taking physics mechanics course. Development has produced the VIFOCA learning model which consists of Visualization, Formulation, and Calculation. Formative evaluation involving instructional design experts, material and language experts obtained an average score of 4.75, while the formative evaluation of students showed an average score of 4.35, with a mean combined score of 4.55. The result of the evaluation formative show that the VIFOCA model is feasible for use in physics learning mechanics. The ability of physics problem solving is known based on the pre-test results of 61.33, while the post-test average is 68.74, with an increase of 12.08%. The results of this research indicate that the VIFOCA learning model can help facilitate learning and improve physics mechanics problem solving abilities.
Knowledge-Based Flipped Classroom Model to Improve Physics Learning Outcomes
Authors: Haris  , Wibawa Basuki , Mahdiyah
Published: October 2024

The goal of studying physics is to produce individuals who can use their knowledge and comprehension to tackle complicated challenges in daily life. This is partly influenced by the absence of practical work in the laboratory. Therefore, a learning model is needed that can overcome this problem. This journal presents a model for implementing a Knowledge-Based Flipped Classroom approach in the context of physics education. Traditional classroom settings often rely on passive consumption of information, limiting student engagement and depth of understanding. In contrast, the flipped classroom model emphasizes active learning, where students engage with the course material before class begins, allowing in-class time for deeper exploration, discussion, and application of concepts. This research uses a mixed-methods research methodology, to evaluate the effectiveness of the Knowledge-Based Flipped Classroom model in physics teaching. This paper proposes a structured framework for designing flipped physics classrooms, integrating multimedia resources, interactive activities, and collaborative learning experiences. Using this strategy, instructors can improve student learning outcomes by developing critical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and conceptual knowledge. The adoption of the Knowledge Based Flipped Classroom paradigm has been proven to improve learning outcomes in Sensor Technology courses, according to the study’s findings. It is advised that this learning approach be applied in Sensor Technology courses as an alternative to traditional instruction.
Implementation of Inquiry Learning Models on Renewable Energy Materials to Improve Students’ Communication Skills
Authors: Serevina V , Maulana D , Putri A D C , Nofridanti
Published: October 2024

This study aims to improve students’ communication skills on renewable energy material through the application of the inquiry learning model at class XI public high school 109 Jakarta. The benefit of this research is as an innovation in learning physics through the inquiry learning model to improve students’ communication skills. This research methode used classroom action research which took place in two cycles with four stages in each cycle, namely planning, action, observation, and reflection. The subjects of this study were class XI-3 students at public high school 109 Jakarta for the academic year 2022/2023 with a total of 36 students. At the time of applying the inquiry learning model cycle I: 33 (91.67%) students were able to communicate, and 3 (8.33%) students were less able to communicate with an average grade of 88.0. In cycle II: 36 (100%) students able to communicate in front of the class with an average grade of 91.2. The conclusion from this study is the implementation of the inquiry learning model can improve student’s communication skills on renewable energy material with N-gain score 0.37, categorized as Average.
Implementation of Problem Based Learning (PBL) Model on Renewable Energy Materials to Improve Students’ Critical Thinking Skills
Authors: Serevina V , Maulana D , Triana H , Nainggolan R , Nofridanti
Published: October 2024

This study aims to improve students’ critical thinking skills on renewable energy related material in class XI through the application of problem-based learning model. This study is a classroom action research consisting of two cycles with four stages of each cycle: planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting, conducted in the odd semester of the 2022/2023 school year. The benefits of this research are to improve the learning quality in the classroom and to train students’ critical thinking skills. The subjects in this study were 36 students of class XI-2 public high-school 109 Jakarta. Based on the results of tests, interviews, and observations, when applying the Problem Based Learning model in cycle I: 27 students (75%) were able to think critically and 9 students (25%) were less able to think critically with a class average score of final test 76.41. In cycle II: 34 students (94%) were able to think critically and 2 students (6%) were less able to think critically with a class average score on the final test of 81.82. The conclusion of this study showed that applying a problem-based learning model to renewable energy materials can improve students’ critical thinking skills.
Determining The Lens Aberations on Positive Lenses Through Science Process Skill
Authors: Fitri U R , Nurhasanah G , Budiawan M A , Ziveria M , Muhara I
Published: October 2024

This research aims to determine aberrations or image distortions in a positive lens using an optics experiment kit for image distortions. The experimental tool consists of a diaphragm, a positive lens, a light source, lens path, an image capture screen, and a flint glass used to reduce lens distortions. The main tool is made of acrylic, which is durable and easy to use. The lens used is a strong positive lens (+100). The diaphragms used vary, including a slit diaphragm with five slits and a four-ring diaphragm. These diaphragms are used to produce image shapes and observe the distortions that occur. The work process refers to the skills of scientific processes such as observation, classification, measurement, prediction, communication, and conclusion, which are implemented in the work instructions for creating aberrations or image distortions by placing the positive lens parallel to the light source and the image capture screen. Then, the distortions that occur are observed, and a flint glass is placed in front of the light source to reduce the distortions that are formed. By observing the resulting image, it can be seen that the distortions that occur on the positive lens and how the flint glass works to reduce these aberrations. This is in line with the theory that aberrations on a positive lens occur due to imperfect light bias, either because of the different refractive index biases from different media in the lens, or because of the lens shape not being ideal. Flint glass is one of the methods used to reduce these aberrations.
The Effectiveness of the Dilemma-STEAM Learning Model Based on Motion Graphic Videos in the Subject of Parabolic Motion
Authors: Nasbey H , Apriliani N P , Kurniawan A F , Samsudin A , Fadlan A
Published: October 2024

This study aims to develop and evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the Dilemma-STEAM learning model using motion graphic videos in teaching Parabolic Motion. The developed motion graphic videos incorporate five Dilemma-STEAM learning syntaxes: Reflection, Exploration, Elaboration, Integration, and Transformation, which address the topic of Parabolic Motion. The development model utilized in this Research and Development (R&D) method follows the 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate) with the following stages: 1. Needs analysis, 2. Product design, 3. Product development, 4. Feasibility testing and product trials. Based on needs analysis conducted through field observations, it was found that students require learning media in the form of motion graphics for the subject of Parabolic Motion using the Dilemma-STEAM learning model. Feasibility tests by subject matter experts, media experts, and learning experts were conducted using feasibility questionnaires, yielding an average feasibility percentage of 92% for subject matter experts, 89% for media experts, and 78% for learning experts. Additionally, readability tests and trials of the Dilemma-STEAM learning model were conducted with eleventh-grade students, with average effectiveness percentages of 78% and 75%, respectively. Based on the obtained average percentages, it is concluded that the Dilemma-STEAM learning model based on motion graphic videos is feasible and effective as a learning medium for eleventh-grade Physics.
CH4 and CO emission estimates for megacities: deriving enhancement ratios of CO2, CH4, and CO from GOSAT-2 observations
Authors: Ohyama Hirofumi , Yoshida Yukio , Matsunaga Tsuneo
Published: October 2024

Enhancement ratios among trace gases co-emitted by combustion of fossil fuels vary with emission sources and their combustion efficiency. We used column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (XCO2), methane (XCH4), and carbon monoxide (XCO) from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite-2 (GOSAT-2), a unique satellite that observes them simultaneously with the same field of view, to derive the enhancement ratios (ΔXCO/ΔXCO2, ΔXCO/ΔXCH4, and ΔXCH4/ΔXCO2) for the 40 most populous cities in the world. These enhancement ratios were used to evaluate the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR). For cities where the difference in the 2015 EDGAR CO emissions between the latest versions (v6.1 and v5.0) was 30% or less, the GOSAT-2 ΔXCO/ΔXCO2 ratios and EDGAR (v6.1/v7.0) CO/CO2 emission ratios were in good agreement (correlation coefficient of 0.65). For ∼70% of the cities where the difference of CO emissions exceeded 30%, the EDGAR CO/CO2 emission ratios using v6.1 CO emissions were in better agreement with the GOSAT-2 ΔXCO/ΔXCO2 ratios than those using v5.0 CO emissions, indicating that v6.1 CO emissions were improved over v5.0 emissions. However, for the remaining cities, the version upgrade may have reduced the CO emissions too much. The CH4 and CO emissions for each city were then estimated from the ΔXCH4/ΔXCO2 and ΔXCO/ΔXCO2 ratios, respectively, by reference to the CO2 emissions from the Open-data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2 (ODIAC) or EDGAR. Compared to our estimates using the ODIAC (EDGAR) CO2 emissions, the EDGAR v7.0 CH4 and v6.1 CO emissions were underestimated for 74% (57%) and 76% (53%), respectively, of all cities where results were available. For several cities where emissions were estimated using in situ observations and ground-based remote sensing observations, our results were in reasonable agreement with these results. The implication is that satellite-derived enhancement ratios can provide informative constraints on anthropogenic emissions in megacities.
Resistances and Horizons
Authors: Martínez Ariadna Franco , García Esmeralda Padilla , Morato Elisa Romero , Juárez Mariana Torres , Aguirre Laura Villeda , Tracey Caroline
Published: October 2024

In this chapter, members of EPIICO collective, through collaborative writing, describe the path they have taken over the course of eight years of practicing, searching, holding encounters, and creating together around the practice of Contact Improvisation in Mexico City. The approach is built from embedded experiences, not from academic knowledge. The current members of the collective describe the struggles within the practice: their economic context, patriarchal attitudes in the dance, extractive practices in festivals organized in Mexico, and social changes brought by COVID-19. So the environment in which the dance happens is part of their dance, too; they dance with it and even despite it. Over time, EPIICO collective has enriched their CI practice with ideas and philosophies from communitarian-territorial feminism and Zapatismo, as they continue to develop a politics of their own.
Talking Like the State
Authors: Aiyar Yamini
Published: October 2024

This chapter offers a thick descriptive account, via the voices of the frontline state, of the internal dynamics of how the frontline state functions. It focuses particularly on how the state talks to itself—commands, controls, orders—through its internal hierarchies, circulars as it goes about implementing its tasks. By training its ear to the voices of officers tasked with implementation, this chapter brings to the fore the myriad ways in which legalistic norms that dominate organizational structures and management practices, shape how frontline workers (particularly district and block education officials) see themselves and interpret their professional purpose. This chapter identifies two key characteristics of the frontline state—the post office paradox, fuelled by a sense of powerlessness and the hierarchical control exercised through paper, the circulars that dominate modes of communication within governmental hierarchies. Together these are the modes through which the state talks to itself and inturn, see’s itself, defines it organizational mystique and sets limits on its internal understandings of performance.
The Making and Shaping of the Government Schoolteacher
Authors: Aiyar Yamini
Published: October 2024

This chapter trains its gaze on the teacher. It draws on the research teams observations in classrooms, training centers, surveys and formal and informal interactions with government school teachers in Delhi to understand how teachers shape their professional identity and the ways in which this contributes to teaching-learning dynamics in the classroom. This chapter puts forward the argument that the Indian education system is driven by a deep societal consensus that judges the classroom through the prism of syllabus completion and achievements in exams. This has encouraged a rote learning, chalk and talk pedagogy that is the norm. Efforts to reform the classroom run up against this consensus. Added to this is the burden of administrative tasks that dominate the relationship between teachers and the education burecracy. Teachers’ cast themselves as victims of a system which doesn’t value their professional role as ‘teachers’. It is this self image of victimisation that prevents any reflexive engagement amongst teachers with questions of classroom dynamics. Teachers’ see themselves as being held accountable primarily for administrative tasks, its consequences on teacher motivation are significant. This is the challenge that school education reforms in India confront.
From Hierarchy and Legalism to Deliberation
Authors: Aiyar Yamini
Published: October 2024

This chapter turns its gaze inside the school as the Chunauti reform and subsequent reading mission and Mission Buniyaad were rolled out. It documents the role played by different stakeholders from the reformers to the mentor teachers and deputy directors of education at the district level, in shaping the messages of the reform and captures teacher responses in the classroom. It also examines how the modes of communication of the government—the circulars, whatsapp messages, training sessions—contributed to creating sites of resistance within the school. Through the voices of the frontline administrators it captures chaos, the resistance, the distortion and the excitement, and opportunities opened up by the reforms within the classroom. The chapter presents a window into the trials and triumphs of implementing reform ideas. It also highlights the levers of success that enabled reformers to entrench new ideas these included the role of mentor teachers, reading missions, and mission buniyaad.
Reframing the State Capacity Debate
Authors: Aiyar Yamini
Published: October 2024

This concluding chapter present closing arguments. The chapter pulls the key findings together and examines the broader implications of the arguments of this book on the discourse and policy approach to the challenge of state capacity. Through the Delhi experience, it highlights the centrality of listening to, rather than dismissing voices of the frontline as critical to the task of state capacity. It begins by identifying, through Delhi’s reform experience, the key levers that were used to prise open interestices within the existing school system where new learning oriented norms were nurtured. These include deploying mentor teachers as principled agents, repeated contact and engagement with frontline actors and the consistent infusion of mission mode interventions within a larger framework of engineering learning outcomes oriented shifts in the classroom. These are the key building blocks of state capacity. This chapter ends with a call to shift the discourse on state capacity away from a vilification of the frontline and the prevalent approach of bypassing it altogether via the disciplining-plumbing framework, to one that invests and empowers the frontline state. The path to reforms, this chapter argues, requires building relational contracts that shift organizational culture away from dominant legalistic norms to more deliberative ones.
Multisensory Perceptual Tuning
Authors: de Hevia Maria Dolores , Streri Arlette
Published: October 2024

Sensory inputs are integrated in multiple ways allowing to perceive unity and disambiguate between interpretations of the environment, attesting to the importance of this process. This might be considered particularly challenging for newborns and infants, who lack extensive experience with the environment. On the contrary, the presence of multimodal information may reveal the existence of cognitive abilities that go beyond simple reflexes or a meaningless structuring of the environment, even from birth. First the fetus in a limited way, and then the newborn with all functional senses, exploits the varied richness of stimulation to make sense of, and increase adaptation to, the environment, and foster learning of the most relevant information.

While the newborn is ready to adapt to a multimodal environment, their senses are still immature and will further develop for a better comprehension and adjustment of their actions. The development of intersensory interactions during the first year reveals this remarkable adaptation process. The fetal stage prepares the neonatal stage for the complexity of the environment. Although vision is fully functional only from birth, recent methods in developmental psychology have revealed the relationships between vision and hearing, and between vision and touch at birth. Intersensory interactions shed light on early humans’ ability to abstract and link relevant information in order to restore unity to the received stimulation and enable infants to represent abstract concepts such as numerical quantity and links to spatial and temporal dimensions.
Teaching Climate Justice Education Holistically in Schools
Authors: Stevenson Robert B. , Whitehouse Hilary , Field Ellen
Published: October 2024

Climate change education in schools has shifted over the last decade from being given little or no attention, to being narrowly confined to science and geographical education, and to receiving increased attention across the globe within educational policy, curriculum design, teaching practice, and research endeavors. The growing calls for more expansive climate change education internationally respond to the “unprecedented” experiences of record heat, cold, fire, drought, famine, and flood that are now commonly lived and intensely felt across the globe, making climate change an urgent, disruptive, and embodied phenomenon.

We previously described climate change education as “learning in the face of risk, uncertainty and rapid change.” Unfortunately, the risks have intensified to a full-blown crisis. The year 2023 was the hottest year on record. Within the timeframe of this publication, the Paris Agreement guardrail of 1.5°C will likely be exceeded. Young people are unlikely to experience a stable, Holocene-type atmosphere in their lifetimes.

Today’s youth are acutely aware they will bear the most significant impacts of the climate crisis and will be responsible for extensive climate mitigation and adaptation, especially in the face of the limited actions of governments and corporations to substantially reduce carbon emissions. This reality exposes the intergenerational injustice of the rapidly changing climate, but it also exposes other injustices owing to economic inequalities within countries and between developed and developing countries, as well as across geographic locations that are more affected by sea-level rises, extreme heat, or climate extremes that disrupt economic livelihoods and well-being. As a result of the recognition of these injustices, there has been an increasing shift in the nomenclature in research literature as well as in youth climate movements and projects, from climate change education to a more holistic idea of climate justice education. Both research and youth climate movements have drawn attention to the importance of education encompassing matters of intergenerational, sociocultural, economic, and political justice as well as confronting the emotional issues generated by the threats and occurrence of climate disasters. Many conceptions of climate justice education embrace the cognitive, affective, behavioral, and civic action domains of learning.

For young people and their teachers in formal education, collective student engagement is of prime importance. The most effective scale for taking action for climate mitigation, resilience, and adaptation is recognized at the community level. Schools are places and spaces for materially positive learning actions within communities and, as such, powerful places to drive local action. Although climate disruption is a peril at the global scale, effective climate education and action tends to be at the local scale.
Equiano, Olaudah (Gustavus Vasa)
Authors: Korieh Chima J.
Published: October 2024

Olaudah Equiano was an outstanding 18th-century African of Igbo descent. He wrote and published a memoir that documented his life in Africa before enslavement, his life as a slave, his life in freedom, and his life as a writer and abolitionist. By his account, he was born in 1745 in Essaka (Isseke) in what is known as the Anambra State in southeastern Nigeria. Olaudah’s life took a tragic and dramatic turn when he was about eleven years old. He was kidnapped with his sister by slave raiders during the peak of the transatlantic slave trade in the Bight of Biafra in present-day Nigeria. After being sold to European slave traders, he worked as a slave in America and the Caribbean Islands and was later transferred to England, where he bought his freedom. His memoir and advocacy as an abolitionist brought him in contact with other abolitionists in England, where he was destined to play a critical role in the ending of the slave trade. Equiano and his memoir are significant in additional ways. Apart from the uncertainty about his early years, his autobiography provides one of the earliest depictions of the middle passage experience of enslaved Africans and the nature of Igbo society in the 18th century. His description of the political economy of the Igbo and the social organization of the society provides contemporary scholars with an early account of an African society.
Living Standards in the USSR During the Interwar Period
Authors: Voskoboynikov Ilya B.
Published: October 2024

How was life in the Soviet Union in the interwar period? The two interwar decades fall into the years of relative prosperity of the mid-1920s; the years of tumult and disaster (1929–1938) with the famines of 1932–1933, mass exiles, and repressions; and the initial years of the Second World War (WW2). These decades fall into the middle of a demographic transition and the formation of internal administrative borders between the Union republics.

Despite some ongoing debates on data quality, there is a general understanding that annual growth rate of real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita was outstanding in the mid-1920s and in the second half of the 1930s. The literature is divided, however, on the conversion of this growth into improved living standards. A number of studies have postulated that after 1928 real consumption never achieved this level. Studies, published since 1990s, show that the second half of the 1930s was relatively prosperous so that the living standards of the urban population improved.

An alternative approach is looking at biological indicators, such as life expectancy at birth, child mortality, and child and adult stature as they do not have the biases peculiar to economic indices. In the case of the Soviet Union, they are of special interest because of the nonuniform quality of official statistics and, specifically, the fact that nonmarket prices did not reflect product scarcity. In terms of life expectancy, child mortality, and stature, the second half of the 1930s was accompanied by growing living standards, and remarkable progress was achieved in public education and healthcare. However, the mass terror of 1937–1938 with one million excess deaths was also part of the “high living standards” of the late 1930s.

The conventional view on living standards mostly considers the Soviet Union as a whole, neglecting differences across the Union republics. Some of these differences, however, are represented in demographic statistics.
Magnetosphere of Jupiter
Authors: Bagenal Fran
Published: October 2024

The magnetosphere of Jupiter is a vast region (50 million times the volume of the planet, 70,000 times the volume of the Sun) that is dominated by the magnetic field of Jupiter. Towards the Sun, upstream in the solar wind, the magnetosphere extends 60-100 jovian radii, compressing and expanding in response to changes in the solar wind pressure. Downstream in the solar wind, the magnetosphere extends past the orbit of Saturn. The vast volume of the magnetosphere encompasses the ring system and many of Jupiter’s 95 moons, including the four Galilean moons. The innermost Galilean moon, Io, ejects about one ton per second of gases, derived from its sulfur dioxide (SO2) atmosphere, that are dissociated and ionized to produce a toroidal region of plasma comprising electrons plus S and O ions of multiple charge states. Plasma from the Io plasma torus spreads out into the magnetosphere, getting heated (by poorly understood processes) to form a plasma sheet. Some of the magnetospheric particles are accelerated and precipitate into Jupiter’s atmosphere, where they excite intense auroral emissions, spanning the spectrum from X-rays to radio. The plasma sheet extends well beyond the orbits of the Galilean moons. The plasma interaction with Europa induces electrical currents in the ocean below the moon’s ice crust. Ganymede is the only moon known to have its own internal magnetic dynamo, producing a magnetosphere within a magnetosphere. Electrical currents generated in the plasma interactions with Io, Europa, and Ganymede travel along the magnetic field to Jupiter, where localized auroral emissions are excited at the satellites’ magnetic footprints. Large-scale electrical currents flow along the magnetic field between Jupiter and the plasma sheet, coupling the plasma sheet to Jupiter’s ionosphere that rotates with the planet’s ~10-hour spin period. Thus, Jupiter’s angular momentum drives the dynamics of the magnetosphere out to ~50 jovian radii. Farther out, the solar wind begins to influence the magnetospheric dynamics, coupled by processes at the magnetospheric boundary. Ultimately, the Iogenic material is ejected as plasma blobs down the magnetotail, eventually mixing with the solar wind, similar to the plasma tail of a comet.
Experimental Studies of Condensation in the Solar Nebula and Circumstellar Outflows
Authors: Takigawa Aki
Published: October 2024

Characteristics of minerals in primitive chondrites, micrometeorites, and interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) such as chemical composition, crystal structures, textures, size, and shape indicate that solids and gases hardly reached equilibrium in the solar nebula. They may record a part of physicochemical conditions where dust formed or altered in the solar nebula or their parent bodies. Even the presence or absence of the minerals constrain the conditions in which they can survive or disappear. On the basis of the thermodynamical equilibrium models, which succeeded in predicting minerals stable in each temperature and pressure condition, laboratory experiments have played crucial roles in understanding kinetically controlled processes, such as evaporation, condensation (nucleation and growth), and chemical reactions, and deducing formation and alteration conditions in the solar nebula and their parent bodies from observations of primitive extraterrestrial materials.

In laboratories, it is impossible to reproduce physicochemical conditions in the solar nebula mainly because of the limited laboratory timescales. Therefore, each experimental work focuses on a single process or reproduction of certain mineralogical characteristics observed in meteorites and IDPs. The kinetically controlled reactions of abundant minerals such as forsterite were examined by laboratory experiments of evaporation, gas–solid reaction, and condensation. Evaporation and condensation coefficients were determined based on the Hertz–Knudsen equation and nucleation theory, which are important parameters controlling timescales of reaction, temperature dependences, grain size or reaction volume, and chemical fractionation occurring in a limited timescale. In addition, chemical compositions and textures of amorphous metastable materials were systematically investigated by condensation experiments of nanoparticles. Various types of laboratory experiments and theoretical studies are complementary to each other for understanding the mineralogy of extraterrestrial materials and dust formation and evolution in the solar nebula.
Gravity and Quantum Entanglement
Authors: Rangamani Mukund , Hubeny Veronika
Published: October 2024

The holographic entanglement entropy proposals give an explicit geometric encoding of spatially ordered quantum entanglement in continuum quantum field theory. These proposals have been developed in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence, which posits a quantum duality between gravitational dynamics in anti-de Sitter (AdS) space times and that of a conformal field theory (CFT) in one fewer dimension. The von Neumann entropy of a spatial region of the CFT is given by the area of a particular extremal surface in the dual geometry. This surprising connection between a fundamental quantum mechanical concept and a simple geometric construct has given deep insights into the nature of the holographic map and potentially holds an important clue to unraveling the mysteries of quantum gravity.
Fat Stigma in the United States
Authors: Erdman Farrell Amy
Published: October 2024

Fat stigma has deep roots in US and Western cultures, dating back centuries. Whatever leniency or even valorization given to a fat body for its sign of wealth or healthy fecundity was largely replaced by a colonial abhorrence of fatness linked to processes of racialization, white supremacy, and the legitimization of slavery. Fatness became a powerful signifier of an “uncivilized” body, one unfit for modern life. These ideas continue to resonate in the early 21st century, fueling a $90 billion diet industry, causing discrimination in every institution and organization, and creating untold harm in the lives of fat individuals and communities. Significantly, however, these ideas are not uniform. Not only are there varied perceptions of fatness (the idealization of a fat baby’s body, the enjoyment of fatty foods, the pleasure in the curves and flesh of a lover), there is also an organized and decades-old fat activist and fat studies movement that challenges fat stigma on every layer.
Heirloom Seeds and Traditional Foodways
Authors: Woys Weaver William
Published: October 2024

The heirloom seed movement and its association with traditional foodways is a worldwide grassroots phenomenon motivated by a rejection of globalization and state-sponsored industrial agriculture. The goal of the movement is to create an alternative food safety net based on sustainable agricultural practices with emphasis on local and regional culinary identities. There are hundreds of grassroots organizations throughout the world devoted to seed saving and to traditional foodways. Since kitchen and market gardens are maintained in many societies by women, the heirloom seed movement is also imbued with agendas designed to promote the social status of women.
Food and Philosophy
Authors: Borghini Andrea
Published: October 2024

The philosophy of food is an emerging field of contemporary philosophical scholarship, which distinguishes itself for its highly inter- and cross-disciplinary orientation as well as for the contamination of different schools and traditions of philosophy. Initially preoccupied with core issues concerning food ethics (e.g., vegetarianism and the ethics of agriculture) and food aesthetics (e.g., the nature of gustatory experience as well as its aesthetic value), the philosophy of food has since expanded to encompass a wide range of debates linked to food production, consumption, and representation. The list of topics includes, among others and in no particular order: food systems vis-à-vis climate change and environmental ethics; the ethics of dieting and obesity; food and cultural appropriation; questions concerning the identity of specific food items (e.g., natural foods, recipes, geographical indications); the aesthetic worth of specific beverages (among the most studied, wine, coffee, beer, whiskey); broad conceptions of food justice as found in local food movements, feminist approaches to the study of food, and social gastronomy. This list testifies not only to the broad spectrum of questions that philosophers have taken up, but also to the numerous methodologies that they have employed to address them.