bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A NEW GENUS OF THE GYMNOASCACEAE WITH SWOLLEN PERIDIAL SEPTA
Authors: Orr G. F. , Kuehn H. H. , Plunkett O. A.
Published: August 2008

A new genus of the Gymnoascaceae, Auxarthron, is established to include certain species previously excluded from Gymnoascus and Myxolrichum. The genus is characterized by the presence of (1) enlargements at the septa in the peridial hyphae; (2) ascospores globose, subglobose to ovoid, asperulate to echinulate-reticulate, and hyaline to pale orange-yellow-brown; (3) the presence of either short spines or elongate appendages, or both; (4) lightly colored, elongate appendages which are non-septate except for one, two, or three basal septa with characteristic swellings at such septa; (5) orange-yellow-brown colored to brown ascocarps with a peridial network of more or less dichotomously anastomosed hyphae. Seven species are included in the genus as follows: Auxarthron californiense sp. nov. (the type species), A. reticulatum (Zukal) comb, nov., A. zuffianum (Morini) comb, nov., A. umbrinum (Boudier) comb, nov., A. brunneum (Rostrup) comb, nov., A. conjugatum (Kuehn) comb, nov., and A. conipactum sp. nov.
THE GENUS MYXOTRICHUM KUNZE
Authors: Orr G. F. , Kuehn H. H. , Plunkett O. A.
Published: August 2008

The genus Myxotrichum Kunze is monographed and limited to seven valid species. Twenty-five previously described species of Myxotrichum are excluded from the genus and placed in other Gymnoascaceous genera or elsewhere. Two new combinations are described. Myxotrichum is considered to be represented by M. chartarum (Nees) Kunze, M. aeruginosum Montagne, M. deflexum Berkeley, M. ochraceum Berkeley and Broome, M. setosum (Eidam) comb, nov., M. stipitatum (Lindfors) comb, nov., and M. carminoparum Robak.
INCORPORATION OF CYTIDINE-H3 INTO THE PRIMARY LEAF OF WHEAT FOLLOWING INFECTION WITH PUCCINIA RECONDITA ROB. EX DESM.
Authors: Nielsen J. , Rohringer R.
Published: August 2008

In short-term experiments, cytidine-H3 was fed to rusted and healthy areas of wheat leaves. The incorporated activity, presumably residing in ribonucleic acid, was detected by microautoradiographic methods. Most of the label was found to be incorporated in host cell nuclei. Little incorporation occurred in extranuclear structures of host cells, including chloroplasts. Very long autoradiographic exposure times failed to reveal any incorporation into the fungus.Host cells in infected leaf areas contained considerably less label in their nuclei and cytoplasm than those in cells further from the site of infection. This effect of the fungus extended over some distance into uninvaded host tissue, but not beyond 100 μ from the periphery of the mycelium. The decreased cytidine incorporation in the affected host tissue is not caused by possible changes in pool size of endogenous cytidine. The significance of these results for the host–parasite interaction is briefly discussed.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYME DISTRIBUTION IN SHOOT TIPS OF WHITE SPRUCE (PICEA GLAUCA (MOENCH) VOSS)
Authors: Born W. H. Vanden
Published: August 2008

The relationship between morphological and metabolic or enzymic differentiation in shoot tips of white spruce has been investigated by histochemical methods revealing the distribution of several enzymes and other cellular constituents in tissues of the shoot tip at different times during the growing season. Most of the enzymes studied showed well-defined distribution patterns which varied with the stage of development of the shoot tip. Less seasonal variation was observed in the distribution of the other substances included.Activity of cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase was high in the shoot apex during the flush of growth in the spring, indicating a high level of respiratory activity in that region, consistent with the rapid growth of the shoot. Peroxidase activity was associated particularly with meristematic or potentially meristematic tissue regions. The evidence substantiates the view that mitotic activity is greatest on the flanks of the apex and supports the existence of a quiescent center with relatively low activity in the apical mother cell zone, classically the origin of the primary stem tissues. High phosphatase activity was observed in the crown region and at the bases of needle and cone scale primordia.Young cones in fall or spring exhibited enzyme distribution patterns distinctly different from those in vegetative shoot tips. No evidence was obtained to indicate what enzyme or enzymes might be particularly involved in the differentiation of reproductive buds, but the results provide a basis for a further critical investigation of this differentiation by histochemical means.
ATROPELLIS CANKER OF LODGEPOLE PINE: ETIOLOGY, SYMPTOMS, AND CANKER DEVELOPMENT RATES
Authors: Hopkins J. C.
Published: August 2008

The reproductive structures of Atropellis piniphila (Weir) Lohman and Cash are described from material collected on lodgepole pine in Alberta. Conidia probably precede apothecia. They are produced endogenously and are released in a mucilaginous exudate when the fructifications are wet. Inoculations and subsequent reisolations provide strong evidence of the pathogenicity of A. piniphila, although only a few of the inoculations were successful.The pathogen entered through undamaged bark, and most stem infections originated on stems at branch nodes. Some stem cankers originated as branch infections in a stand where the lower branches were alive, but none originated in this way where live branches were restricted to the upper crown. In stands with large amounts of inoculum, the likelihood of stem tissues becoming infected changed as tissues grew older. An initial period of very low likelihood of infection was succeeded by one of high likelihood, and this in turn by a period of low likelihood.The development of symptoms is described, and the rates of longitudinal and tangential development of cankers are given.
RESPIRATION OF AZALEA FLOWER BUDS TREATED WITH LOW-TEMPERATURE STORAGE OR GIBBERELLIC ACID
Authors: Ballantyne D. J.
Published: August 2008

The oxygen uptake of flower buds from Van der Cruyssen azaleas was measured while and after plants were treated with 45 days of 2 °C storage or with 7-weekly sprays of 500 p.p.m. gibberellic acid (GA). Respiration of the flower buds decreased during the cold-storage period. In contrast, respiration of the buds from both GA and cold storage treated plants was greater than that of control plants for the 2- to S-week posttreatment period. This increase reached a peak at the 3-week point.
CYTOTAXONOMIC NOTES ON SOME CIRSIUM SPECIES OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Moore R. J. , Franicton C.
Published: August 2008

Chromosomes numbers of 17 species of the section Onotrophe of Petrak and of one species of the section Dermalolepis Petrak are given. The number 2n = 34, believed to be primitive, is found in 11 species; lower numbers, presumably reduced from 34, are found in two groups of species of the Onotrophe. The taxonomy and relationships of some species are discussed. A new species, Cirsium longistylum Moore & Frankton (2n = 34) from Montana, is described.
STUDIES ON THE WILT OF PEAS CAUSED BY FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM SCHL. F. PISI (LINF.) S. & H., RACE
Authors: Fleischmann George
Published: August 2008

Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. pisi (Linf.) S. & H., race 1, was found associated with pea wilt in two localities on the Niagara Peninsula. Under experimental conditions, low soil temperature was found to be the primary limiting factor to the development of this disease. Secondary factors governing disease severity included the nature and concentration of pathogenic inoculum, the microbial population of the soil, and the particular host variety infected. Two pathogenic isolates of race 1 could not be distinguished in vitro with respect to morphological and physiological characters examined.A stable cultural variant isolated from a sectored region of a wild-type colony was found to differ from the parental strain in colonial characters, pigmentation, rate of growth and sporulation, pH drifts of the substrate medium incident to the growth of the fungus, sensitivity to the antifungal antibiotic Acti-dione, and inactivation by ultraviolet irradiation. The variant strain was also less virulent on host varieties susceptible to the wild-type race 1 isolate.Auxotrophic mutants were induced by ultraviolet irradiation and were used in the synthesis of heterocaryons. A diploid strain was screened from one such induced heterocaryon. Positive evidence for the heterocaryotic and diploid stages of the parasexual cycle in this pathogen is presented.
SOME INOCULUM AND SUBSTRATE FACTORS IN THE CULTURAL INHIBITION OF HYPOXYLON PRUINATUM (KLOTZSCHE) CKE. BY PYROCATECHOL
Authors: Bier John E. , Rowat Marian H.
Published: August 2008

The experimental results indicated that the type of inoculum was a critical factor in the ability of Hypoxylon pruinalum (Klotzsche) Cke. to colonize 2% Difco Bacto malt agar containing 640 p.p.m. of pyrocatechol, or plates with 10% autoclaved bark meal of Populustremuloides Michx. in 2% water agar. Hypoxylon failed to become established on these media when the inoculum consisted of agar plugs from the margin of 5- to 7-day-old colonies on 2% Difco Bacto malt agar. However, the fungus did colonize the same plates when infected portions of autoclaved bark meal of P. tremuloides were used as the inoculum. Apparently, the total inhibition of Hypoxylon on these media was related to the use of the agar plug type of inoculum rather than to the concentration of fungistatic substances in the media. The most rapid growth of Hypoxylon on malt agar containing pyrocatechol occurred in the colonies that developed from infected portions of untreated bark meal of P. tremuloides. In these cultures Hypoxylon grew in association with bark saprophytes that appeared to act on the pyrocatechol and provide a more favorable medium for the growth of the fungus.It was demonstrated that the nutritional properties of the untreated bark of P. tremuloides were more favorable to the growth of Hypoxylon than those of autoclaved bark. The growth of the fungus was strongly inhibited on malt agar containing suspensions of autoclaved bark and 640 p.p.m. of pyrocatechol. Excellent growth occurred when the medium contained suspensions of untreated bark and the additional pyrocatechol. Apparently, the development of the bark saprophytes inactivated the pyrocatechol in the medium and the untreated bark tissues and prevented the chemical inhibition of Hypoxylon. Therefore, the nutritional and microbiological factors of untreated bark were such that the fungus could grow and survive in these tissues despite the presence of pyrocatechol. However, the saprophytic microfloras of most samples of untreated bark included Trichoderma sp. and (or) Aspergillus sp., which overcame the competition from the other saprophytes and were mutually antagonistic with Hypoxylon. The growth of the fungus was inhibited when the untreated bark tissues were colonized by these saprophytes.
GLYCOSIDE HYDROLASE ACTIVITY IN BIRCH AND MAPLE XYLEM SAP AND XYLEM TISSUE
Authors: Martin S. M. , Adams G. A.
Published: August 2008

In both maple and birch saps there is significant but low glycoside hydrolase activity. Maple sap preparations were higher in invertase and lower in amylase activity than the corresponding birch preparations; invertase and amylase activity was approximately the same in the two xylem tissues. Sucrose predominates in maple sap and glucose and fructose in birch sap but this difference cannot be ascribed to enzyme activity in either the sap per se or in the xylem tissue of the tree trunks.
THE ORIGIN OF A NEW PHYSIOLOGIC RACE OF CROWN RUST VIRULENT ON THE OAT VARIETIES VICTORIA AND SAIA
Authors: Fleischmann George
Published: August 2008

A new physiologic race of crown rust, Puccinia coronata Corda f. sp. avenae Erikss., was isolated from oats collected in four Canadian provinces in 1962. This race, 332, is one of the first reported that is capable of attacking both the differential oat varieties Victoria and Saia. A close relationship exists between race 332 and race 216, which suggests that the former may have arisen from the latter by mutation. The evolution of this new race has occurred in the absence of any known Saia type resistance in current commercial varieties, and its survival points up the operation of selective forces other than host resistance on the racial composition of the pathogenic population.
THE EXTRACTION OF WHEAT STRIATE MOSAIC VIRUS FROM DISEASED WHEAT PLANTS
Authors: Lee Peter E.
Published: August 2008

Extracts from wheat plants infected with wheat striate mosiac virus were shown to be infective by injection into virus-free leafhoppers (Endria inimica Say). To prepare the infective extracts, diseased plants were homogenized in phosphate-buffered saline with or without magnesium chloride and glycine, heated at 45 °C for 10 minutes, and concentrated by differential centrifugation. The virus was protected by the addition of magnesium chloride and glycine. Most of the virus was sedimented at 78,400 g for 60 minutes but a decrease in viral activity occurred during centrifugation.
DIPLOPHASE ACTIVITY OF STEMONITIS FUSCA ROTH
Authors: Benedict W. G.
Published: August 2008

The diploid swarm cell in the life cycle of Stemonitis fusca was observed continuously following syngamy through encystment and a nuclear division to the formation of other swarmcells. Evidence is presented to show that the first diploid cell may not be the primary plasmodial cell under certain microcultural conditions.
VIVIPARY IN BROMUS PUMPELLIANUS SCRIBN.
Authors: Wilton A. C.
Published: August 2008

Vivipary is reported in seven plants of Bromus pumpellianus Scribn. which were grown from seed collected in central Alaska. The phenomenon occurred on three occasions at Winnipeg, Manitoba, twice in the greenhouse and once in the field, and on one occasion at Palmer, Alaska, in plants grown in a light chamber. No proliferations were found in the same plants grown in the field at Palmer, Alaska. The environment under which proliferations occurred was long days, moderate temperatures, and moderately humid atmosphere. Change in daylength from that which occurs in the natural habitat was not essential to promote vivipary. The viviparous leaflets arose from maternal tissue which under normal circumstances would have become the lemmas of the spikelet.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CULTURE OF ROOTS OF THE BRACKEN FERN
Authors: Partanen Jane N. , Partanen Carl R.
Published: August 2008

Roots of the bracken fern (Pteridium aquilium) isolated from a sexual sporeling have been successfully cultured in vitro. Initial studies were directed toward a definition of growth conditions and media. The roots are now cultured in a very simple medium consisting of a Knudson mineral salt solution with added minor elements and 1.5% sucrose, at an initial pH of 5.5. A striking response leading eventually to the formation of laterals was observed when indoleacetic acid was added to the medium. After prolonged culture, without transfer, some of the stock cultures on basal medium gave rise to gametophytes through the process of apospory.
THE EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY AND TEMPERATURE ON FLORAL INITIATION AND INFLORESCENCE DEVELOPMENT OF MARQUIS WHEAT
Authors: Friend D. J. C. , Fisher J. E. , Helson V. A.
Published: August 2008

Under continuous illumination, floral initiation was earlier with each increase in light intensity from 200 to 2500 ft-c, and with each increase in temperature between 10 and 30 °C. This effect of light intensity is attributed to promotion of floral initiation by energy in the far-red (730 mμ).The rate of formation of leaf primordia was accelerated by increases in light intensity to a greater extent than floral initiation, so that the final leaf number on the main shoot was greatest for the plants grown at high light intensities. Between 10 and 25 °C an increase in temperature had similar effects on the rate of formation of leaf primordia and floral initiation, so that the final leaf number was not altered. The final leaf number was lower at 30 °C than at 25 °C because leaf primordium formation was retarded.After floral initiation, the growth of the apical meristem was most rapid at 30 °C and 2500 ft-c, resulting in the earliest heading and anthesis (33 and 38 days). Low temperatures strongly retarded the later stages of ear development and emergence.
SYNTHESIS OF RAFFINOSE IN SPRUCE TWIGS
Authors: Rast Dora , McInnes A. G. , Neish A. C.
Published: August 2008

Detached spruce twigs were allowed to photosynthesize in C14O2, or were fed labelled glucose, fructose, or galactose through the stem. The sucrose and raffinose formed were isolated and the distribution of C14between their constituent monosaccharides was determined. Raffinose formed photosynthetically had a relatively low amount of C14in its galactose moiety. The actual labelling pattern showed a seasonal variation but raffinose seems to be synthesized by galactosylation of uniformly labelled sucrose. When monosaccharides were administered through the stem it appears that two different pools of sucrose are involved, one of which is not uniformly labelled. This is discussed in relation to transport of sugars.
THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PLACYNTHIUM
Authors: Henssen Aino
Published: August 2008

A general survey is given of the morphology and anatomy of the genus Placynthium. The species: aspralile, flabellosum, nigrum incl v. tantaleum, petersii, subradiatum, and stenophyllum are described in detail. The following new combinations are made: Placynthium filiforme, Placynthium aspralile, Placynthium subradiatum f. coerulescens, and Synalissa subnigra. The new variety Placynthium stenophyllum v. isidiatum is established.
PROTEIN TURNOVER IN ATTACHED WHEAT AND TOBACCO LEAVES
Authors: Hellebust J. A. , Bidwell R. G. S.
Published: August 2008

Attached primary and secondary wheat leaves were supplied continuously with C14O2 during daily periods of photosynthesis for 3 days. Samples were analyzed for amounts and total activities of respired carbon, soluble sugars and amino acids, protein amino acids, and protein nitrogen. By labelling all possible protein precursors to the same extent it was possible to eliminate doubts about the specific activity of carbon entering protein. Hence turnover rates could be accurately established. Because tobacco leaves last for a long time, it was possible to label their proteins, wait until soluble compounds were at a low specific activity, and then measure turnover of proteins as radioactivity in them decreased.Protein amino acid turnover rates of 0.4–0.5% per hour were obtained in rapidly growing secondary wheat leaves and 0.2–0.3% per hour in non-growing primary wheat leaves. Turnover rates of 0.15–0.2% per hour were found in expanding tobacco leaves, but little or no turnover was found in fully expanded tobacco leaves.It is suggested that protein turnover is a facet of the biochemical differentiation that accompanies development, enlargement, or change in function of an organ without concomitant net protein synthesis.
ROSELLINIA LIMONIISPORA: NUCLEAR CHANGES IN THE DEVELOPING ASCUS
Authors: Hayman David S.
Published: August 2008

The nuclear cycle in the developing ascus of Rosellinia limoniispora, as revealed in aceto-orcein and acetocarmine smears, follows the general pattern for the higher Ascomycetes: crozier formation, early synapsis of homologous chromosomes in the fusion nucleus followed by nucleolar fusion, rapid elongation of chromosomes and ascus up to late pachytene of prophase I followed by contraction of the chromosomes and nucleolus, and the formation of eight nuclei as a result of two meiotic and one mitotic divisions. The orientation of nuclei in divisions II and III is haphazard. Ascospore delimitation is by simple cleavage of the cytoplasm; no centriole – astral ray mechanism was observed. A nuclear division occurs in each young ascospore, one daughter nucleus being cut off into a cell and degenerating.
EXCRETION OF COLORED ULTRAVIOLET-ABSORBING SUBSTANCES BY MARINE ALGAE
Authors: Craigie J. S. , McLachlan J.
Published: August 2008

Normal, healthy thalli of Fucus vesiculosus have been shown to release into the surrounding medium yellow compounds which absorb ultraviolet light. A study of this phenomenon revealed that brief exposure to elevated temperatures (20 °C) increased the amount of pigment released. There was no difference in the production in light or darkness and only a small decrease with reduced salinity. The amount of pigmentation observed in the medium was directly proportional to the degree of alkalinity from pH 7 to pH 9.A number of other macrophytes and microphytes were examined and only those possessing physodes released substances giving a spectrum similar to that of F. vesiculosus.Isolation of the material, alkaline hydrolysis, and chromatography revealed phloroglucinol and several unidentified fluorescent substances. It appears that these materials were flavonols or catechin-type tannins.
ECOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE FUNGI AND BACTERIA IN SLIME ACCUMULATIONS IN A PAPER MILL
Authors: Eveleigh D. E. , Brewer D.
Published: August 2008

The microfloras of slimes present at one location in a paper mill were examined over a 2-year period (1959–1961). The same basic flora was present throughout this time, though the dominant organism varied from one sampling to another. Psychrophilic microorganisms were frequently found. The factors which influence microbial activity in slime are discussed.
THE IDENTITY OF TWO SAP-TRANSMISSIBLE VIRUSES OF CARNATION IN ONTARIO
Authors: Kemp W. G.
Published: August 2008

Both carnation mottle virus and carnation ring spot virus, hitherto unreported in Canada, were detected in commercial carnation varieties in Ontario. These viruses were distinguished by their effects on the differential hosts, Gomphrena glabasa L. and two selected clonal lines of Dianthus barbatus L., and by their host ranges, physical properties, and serological reactions. Evidence is presented to show that each is identical with the virus of the same name occurring in this crop in England and the United States.
COMPUTER TAXONOMY IN THE FUNGI IMPERFECTI
Authors: Kendrick W. Bryce , Proctor Jean R.
Published: August 2008

In Part I of this paper, the principles of numerical taxonomy are discussed and the practical processes outlined, with particular reference to their applicability to the Fungi Imperfecti.In Part II, one of the authors (J.R.P.) discusses several scoring methods, including one introduced by the authors in which a 'primary' character is weighted according to the number of 'secondary' characters used to describe it. The merits of the various methods are considered.In Part III, one of the authors (W.B.K.) discusses the results obtained when 30 strains of Hyphomycetes belonging to the Leptographium complex were compared using a computer, the taxonomic data being scored in six ways. The classification agreeing most closely with the established one was obtained when 'primary' characters were weighted and 'negative matches' were included. Of the methods applied, this is considered in Part II to be the most logically satisfying.
TOTAL GROWTH OF THE AERIAL PARTS OF A WHITE SPRUCE TREE AT CHALK RIVER, ONTARIO, CANADA
Authors: Fraser D. A. , Belanger L. , McGuire D. , Zdrazil Z.
Published: August 2008

Apical and radial growth in trunk and branches, and needle distribution were studied in a white spruce tree 11 meters high and 36 years old. Growth was summarized according to (1) years of formation (Oblique Summation), (2) transversely by trunk internodes (Horizontal Summation), and (3) position of the annual rings and branch internodes (and needles) relative to the pith or trunk respectively (Vertical Summation). In this study summations 1 and 3 were considered to reflect internal (nutritional and hormonal) controls of growth, whereas summation 2 represented the effect of environmental factors including periodicity of flower and seed formation.The tree studied possessed [Formula: see text] million needles when sampled in 1961, two-fifths of which were formed during the last 2 years of growth. The percentage of ash in the needles varied from 4 in the new needles to almost 8% in those 10 years old. The productive capacity of one "average" needle in terms of apical growth, trunk wood, and new needle formation was estimated.
CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND DECAY OF WOOD FIBER PRODUCTS BY ASTEROSTROMA CERVICOLOR (BERK. & CURTIS) MASSEE AND TRECHISPORA BRINKMANNI (BRES.) ROGERS & JACKSON
Authors: Schroeder D. B. , French D. W.
Published: August 2008

Asterostroma cervicolor (Berk. & Curtis) Massee and Trechispora brinkmanni (Bres.) Rogers and Jackson were found associated with rigid insulating materials and hardboards which were being evaluated in soil burial beds for their resistance to decay. Cultural characteristics of both fungi are described. The soil-block method was used to test the ability of the two fungi to decay rigid insulating materials and hardboards treated with various preservatives.
THE GENUS ALEURODISCUS (SENSU STRICTO) IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Lemke Paul Arenz
Published: August 2008

The basidiomycete genus Aleurodiscus Rabenh. ex J. Schroet. has been variously interpreted by several authors. In its broadest sense the genus comprises the cyphelloid and corticioid homobasidiomycetes with large basidiospores. Aleurodiscus (sensu lato), thus defined, presently consists of nearly 110 named species, which appear to be referable to about 75 accepted taxa.The present work is a taxonomic re-evaluation of the genus Aleurodiscus. Some attempt to establish specific limits for the North American Aleurodisci follows and the taxonomic position of Aleurodiscus (sensu stricto) is considered. Although particular emphasis has been devoted to the North American species, practically all of the previously described species of Aleurodiscus have been reviewed by the author. When most of the named species of Aleurodiscus are compared, they appear to form a natural assemblage on the basis of their spore amyloidity and marked affinity in microstructure. These species have been retained within the genus Aleurodiscus (sensu stricto) (TYPE SPECIES: A. amorphus (Pers. per Purt.: Fr.) J. Schroet.). Certain species formerly placed in Aleurodiscus belong elsewhere. These species remain either to be reallocated into other recognized genera or to be relegated into new genera. The taxonomy of these non-amyloid-spored species will be discussed in a subsequent paper.Only the amyloid-spored species of Aleurodiscus are accounted for in the present paper. The North American and neotropical species are described, discussed, and wherever necessary illustrated. Considerable emphasis has been placed on nomenclature and synonymy. Distribution and host relationships are mentioned and those specimens examined are cited. Five previously described species are recorded for the North American mycoflora for the first time. These include Aleurodiscus aurantius (Pers. per Fr.) J. Schroet., A. disciformis (DC. per Fr.) Pat., A. fennicus Laurila, A. lapponicus Litsch., and A. tsugae Yasuda. Five species are described as new to science: Aleurodiscus abietis Jacks, et Lemke, sp. nov.; A. laurentianus Jacks, et Lemke, sp. nov. A. macrocystidiatus Lemke, sp. nov. A. piceinus Lyon et Lemke, sp. nov.; and A. spiniger Rogers et Lemke, sp. nov. The combination Aleurodiscus lividocoeruleus (Karst.) Lemke, comb. nov. is provided. A new genus, Aleurocystidiellum Lemke, gen. nov. (MONOTYPE: A. subcruentatum (Berk. et Curt.) Lemke, gen. & comb. nov.), is proposed to accommodate an amyloid-spored species not considered to be cogeneric with the other amyloid-spored Aleurodisci. Aleurodiscus stereoides Yasuda is recognized as a facultative synonym of Aleurocystidiellum subcruentatum (Berk. et Curt.) Lemke.The amyloid-spored species of Aleurodiscus (sensu stricto) have been compared with certain of the other amyloid-spored hymenomycetes, and a key to the amyloid-spored Aleurodisci and allied genera is provided under the heading Stereaceae. A discussion of microstructure and terminology for the genus is given to facilitate the use of the key.
EVIDENCE OF CIRCUMNUTATIONAL GROWTH MOVEMENTS OF RHIZOMES OF POA PRATENSIS L. THAT AID IN SOIL PENETRATION
Authors: Fisher John E.
Published: August 2008

The growth of rhizomes of Poa pratensis L. through dense soil was studied by means of an apparatus consisting of a short, pivoted, balance arm having, at one end, a cone into which a rhizome tip was guided, and at the other end, an inclined mirror onto which a collimated light beam was directed, the reflection being projected onto the distant wall of a darkened room.At 1000 × magnification a circular, clockwise, 24 hour rotation of the rhizome tip was observed. The actual diameter of revolution was between 0.5 and 3.0 mm.At 1000 × magnification a minor, circular, clockwise, revolution of 1 to 2 hours period, superimposed on the major revolution was determined. The actual diameter of revolution was between 0.001 and 0.010 mm.The major and minor revolutions were circumnutational movement rather than torsional twisting. The region of both movements was the ultimate 2 to 3 cm of the rhizome. Both the ultimate cataphyll and the true rhizome stem were involved.These rotational movements undoubtedly aid the rhizome in penetration of the soil.
EFFECTIVE FUNGICIDE DOSAGE IN RELATION TO INOCULUM CONCENTRATION IN SOIL
Authors: Richardson Lloyd T. , Munnecke Donald E.
Published: August 2008

A quantitative relationship was established between the fungicide dosage required to control a soil-borne disease and the concentration of mycelial inoculum in soil. The incidence of pre-emergence damping-off was observed in pea seedlings grown in non-sterile soil artifically infested with a series of concentrations of inoculum of Pythium irregulare or Rhizoctonia solani and treated with a dosage series of thiram or methylmercuric dicyandiamide. Parallel linear dosage–control curves were obtained which indicated that the logarithm of the fungicide dosage at the 50% control level increases proportionately with the logarithm of the inoculum density. This linear relationship provides a basis for evaluation of the activity of fungicides against various pathogenic fungi in soil.
ON THE SOURCE OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN CULTURES OF A SNOW MOLD FUNGUS
Authors: Ward E. W. B.
Published: August 2008

An unidentified basidiomycete, which produces hydrogen cyanide in culture, was shown to accumulate a cyanogenic compound in growing mycelium before free hydrogen cyanide could be detected. At all phases of growth the hydrogen cyanide present in the free state was a relatively small fraction of that in the combined form. Crude preparations of the cyanogenic compound were obtained by methanol extraction of dried mycelium. It is soluble in water and methanol and moderately soluble in ethanol. In solution it is heat labile and, in contrast to cyanogenic glycosides isolated from higher plants, decomposes rapidly at pH values above 6.0. No evidence of enzymic breakdown either in vivo or in vitro was obtained.
GLUTAMIC DECARBOXYLASE IN RELATION TO LEAF ONTOGENY AND VERNALIZATION
Authors: Weinberger Pearl , Godin C.
Published: August 2008

The concentrations of glutamic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid varied with the physiological age of each of the first three leaves of Triticum vulgare (var. Rideau). Vernalization did not alter this amino acid – leaf age relationship. The activity of glutamic decarboxylase was dependent both on leaf age and on leaf ontogeny.
THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OF MACROPHOMA TUMEFACIENS INFECTIONS IN BLACK POPLAR
Authors: Zalasky H.
Published: August 2008

Macrophoma tumefaciens Shear was shown experimentally to be the causal agent of the galls in uninjured Populus balsamifera L.Penetration of the intact cuticle and epidermis was direct. After negotiating the epidermal layer, the fungus ramified both inter- and intra-cellularly. Within the inner periderm and outer cortex there developed intervening pockets of plesionecrotic tissue partially ingressed by fungus hyphae. Meristematic activity of the phellogen was accelerated, and new lenticels were stimulated in the inner periderm and cortex; such meristematic activity corresponded with the final development of the stromata and mature pycnidia; it persisted and seemed to prevent or delay considerably the ingress of the fungus. A cicatrice, consisting of rapidly dividing cortical parenchyma, was also stimulated; meristematic cells surrounding the holonecrotic area remained unchanged in appearance until hyphae came in contact with them.Development of pycnidia, and stimulation of hypertrophy of the phloem, cambium, and xylem are described.
SEIMATOSPORIUM (= CRYPTOSTICTIS) PARASITES OF ROSA, VITIS, AND CORNUS
Authors: Shoemaker R. A.
Published: August 2008

A key, illustrations, and descriptions are provided for the four species of Seimatosporium Corda parasitic on Rosa. Seimatosporium rosae Corda (= Cryptostictis cynosbati (Fuckel) Sacc), the generic type, occurs on rose stems and fruit in Europe and North America. Seimatosporium lichenicola (Corda) Shoemaker and E. Müller causes cankers on rose stems, occurs on rose fruits and on stems of Vitis and Cornus in Europe and North America. Seimatosporium caudatum (Preuss) n. comb, occurs on stem cankers and leaf spots of roses in Europe and North America. Seimatosporium discosioides (Ell. & Ev.) n. comb, causes a leaf spot of rose in North America. From a study of types and other specimens, Cryptosticlis Fuckel is accepted as a synonym of Seimatosporium and the following new combinations are made: Seimatosporium anomalum (Harkn.), S. arbuti (Bonar), S. cadicola (B.C. Sutton), S. consocium (Peck), S. davisiae (McAlp.), S. effusum (Vestergr.), S. falcatum (B.C. Sutton), S. foliicola (Berk.), S. grevilleae (Loos), S. hakeae (B.C. Sutton), S. hollosii (Toth), S. kennedyae (McAlp.), S. lonicerae (Cooke), S. mariae (Clinton), S. parasiticum (Dearness & House).
POLLEN GRAIN PRESERVATION OF UNDERREPRESENTED SPECIES IN FOSSIL SPECTRA
Authors: Sangster A. G. , Dale H. M.
Published: August 2008

Pollen grains of 10 genera significant in pollen analysis were placed in a Sphagnum bog, in peat stored in a laboratory, and in pond bottom sediment. The decomposition of both protoplasts and sporoderms of these pollen grains was followed for periods up to 2 years. Species of the same genus showed similar preservation characteristics. Acer, referred to in literature as underrepresented in pollen spectra, was severely degraded, becoming unrecognizable in pond sediment. In general the pond sediment was more destructive of sporoderms than was the Sphagnum bog. Species used in the study are listed in order of sporodermal degradation and classified by their tendency to fossilize in peat and in pond sediment.
REMARQUES CONCERNANT L'ACTION DE LA LUMIÈRE SUR LA GERMINATION
Authors: Rollin P.
Published: August 2008

not available
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS AND TAXONOMIC NOTES ON WESTERN CANADIAN AND ARCTIC PLANTS
Authors: Packer J. G.
Published: August 2008

The chromosome numbers of some western Canadian and Arctic higher plant species are listed, and brief taxonomic notes on some of the counts appear in the discussion. An outline of the writer's understanding of the role of biosystematics in taxonomy and the significance of chromosome numbers in taxonomy is contained in the introduction.
THE EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND N-ETHYLMALEIMIDE ON AMYLASE ACTIVITY, ASCORBIC ACID, AND GLUTATHIONE IN GERMINATING BARLEY SEEDS
Authors: Srivastava B. I. Sahai , Meredith W. O. S.
Published: August 2008

The effects of treating germinating barley seeds with gibberellic acid and N-ethylmaleimide alone and in combination were investigated. Gibberellic acid treatment had no effects on the levels of β-amylase, ascorbic acid, and glutathione but increased production of α-amylase. N-Ethylmaleimide suppressed the levels of α-amylase and glutathione and delayed the attainment of peak for β-amylase. In combining gibberellic acid and N-ethylmaleimide, the effect on α-amylase of 4 mM N-ethylmaleimide was completely reversed and that of 8 mM N-ethylmaleimide was almost completely reversed. The combination of gibberellic acid and N-ethylmaleimide produced lower levels of glutathione than those for N-ethylmaleimide alone, and had some peculiar effects on the activity of β-amylase. It is concluded that the increase of α-amylase activity in germinating barley by gibberellic acid is not produced through the effect of gibberellic acid on ascorbic acid – glutathione system. There is, however, an indication that gibberellic acid does affect some —SH sensitive systems.
THE EFFECT OF COMPOSITION OF THE MEDIUM ON MORPHOLOGY IN SCENEDESMUS OBLIQUUS
Authors: Trainor Francis R.
Published: August 2008

A study of the morphology of Scenedesmus obliquus, as affected by various media, was initiated. Coenobium formation was favored with the addition of 0.1% glucose to the medium, whereas the addition of 1.5% yeast extract resulted in production of unicells. Dactylococcus stages were produced in the absence of an organic substrate. There appeared to be no correlation between cell morphology and growth rate.
A NEW FUNGUS IN THE GENUS CERATOCYSTIS OCCURRING ON BLUE-STAINED LODGEPOLE PINE ATTACKED BY BARK BEETLES
Authors: Robinson-Jeffrey Robena C. , Grinchenko A. H. Hertha
Published: August 2008

A new fungus, Ceratocystis huntii sp. nov., occurring on lodgepole pine (Pinus conlorla Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.), attacked by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusmonticolae Hopk), is described and figured.
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF LEAVES WITH LOCALIZED VIRUS INFECTIONS: PARTICULATE FRACTIONS AND SUBSTRATES IN TMV-INFECTED NICOTIANA GLUTINOSA L.
Authors: Weintraub M. , Ragetli H. W. J.
Published: August 2008

When crude homogenates of Nicotiana glutinosa leaves, infected with TMV and showing well-developed lesions, were fractionated by agar gel electrophoresis, the virus band contained very few particles 300 mμ long, as shown by electron microscopy. An equivalent homogenate of N. tabacum systemically infected with TMV and fractionated similarly had about 105times as many particles per unit scanned. This ratio was substantiated by estimating the number of TMV particles per cell in a local lesion and in a systemic infection at a time of comparable development, by means of serology. There were, respectively, 500 to 1000 and 2.5 × 106particles per cell. The electron microscope also showed that a fast electrophoretic band from TMV-infected N. glutinosa was composed of particles shorter than 300 mμ, and that the ribosomal fraction in locally infected tissues had almost disappeared. It is concluded that the abnormal rise in respiration of locally infected tissues is not caused by any great synthesis of virus nor, apparently, by accumulated respirable substrate, as shown by carbohydrate and amino acid analysis.
TRACHEID SIZE AND ANTICLINAL DIVISIONS IN THE CAMBIUM OF PSEUDOTSUGA
Authors: Bannan M. W.
Published: August 2008

This study is concerned with certain aspects of cambial behavior and tracheid size in Douglas-fir. Geographical origin of material was Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Washington, and several localities in British Columbia from Golden to Vancouver Island. Tracheids were smallest in all dimensions in the Colorado collections and largest in wood from coastal British Columbia. In second growth trees 35–70 years old and 10–20 in. in diameter maximum cell length was associated with a ring width of approximately 1 mm, the length declining in both wider and narrower rings. Increase in girth was accompanied by pseudotransverse divisions, these occurring mostly in fusiform cells functioning as initials, and only rarely in derived xylem mother cells. At breast height the frequency of pseudotransverse division centered about a rate of 1.3 divisions per centimeter of xylem increment when rings were 2–7 mm wide. Reduction in ring width below 1 mm occasioned a rise in frequency of anticlinal division with consequent cell shortening. In the recent growth of old trees 475–675 years old and 3–7 ft in diameter similar relationships prevailed between frequency of anticlinal division, cell length, and ring width, but mean values for rate of division and cell length differed slightly from those for young trees. Upward in the bole, to a height of 50 ft, anticlinal divisions decreased in frequency and cell length increased, but the amount of cell lengthening was greater than could be accounted for by the change in rate of division. Notable differences in rate of division occurred between neighboring trees on most sites. Although pseudotransverse divisions took place at various times during the growing season, most were aestival. Length of the partition in pseudotransverse division, although fluctuating from cell to cell, was, in general, directly related to length of the cambial cell undergoing division. The orientation of the partition in anticlinal division was usually unidirectional in neighboring cells, but occasionally an indeterminate condition prevailed. When unidirectional, reversals in direction of tilt occurred after varied intervals. Duration of the latter tended to be inversely related to the frequency of pseudotransverse division.
THE QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF FROST INJURY AND RESISTANCE IN BLACK LOCUST, ALFALFA, AND WHEAT TISSUES BY DETERMINATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND OTHER NINHYDRIN-REACTING SUBSTANCES RELEASED AFTER THAWING
Authors: Siminovitch D. , Therrien H. , Gfeller F. , Rheaume B.
Published: August 2008

Amino acids and other soluble α-amino compounds are liberated into a leaching medium from tissues of black locust bark, alfalfa, and wheat that are frozen to temperatures which are injurious to the tissues. The amounts liberated increase with lowering in freezing temperature and are proportional to the loss in vital capacity of the tissue. Insignificant amounts of amino acids are released by leaching of non-frozen tissue while a maximum is reached at freezing temperatures which are completely lethal. The amino acids liberated from frozen and thawed tissues must originate from the destruction of living cells by the freezing process. The determination of the concentration of amino acids in the medium in which the plant tissues are leached after freezing can be used therefore as a quantitative method for the estimation of the injury sustained in the freezing.The use of the ninhydrin reaction for the purpose of this determination is described and its application to the estimation of freezing injury and resistance in a variety of hardy and non-hardy tissues of alfalfa, wheat, and black locust tree bark is shown. The extension of this procedure to the determination of injury produced by toxic and other detrimental agents is indicated.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HOLOCENE PALEOECOLOGY OF WESTCENTRAL CANADA: A LATE-GLACIAL DEPOSIT FROM THE MISSOURI COTEAU
Authors: Ritchie J. C. , Vries Bernard de
Published: August 2008

A buried deposit of limnic sediment was excavated from a site on the Missouri Coteau of Saskatchewan, within the Mixed Prairie section of the Great Plains. Carbon-14 determinations indicate that the section is late-glacial, possibly deposited during an interstadial terminated by the Condie (= Valders?) re-advance. On the basis of the records of about 60 taxa of Tracheophyta and a pollen diagram, the section is characterized by lower, middle, and upper plant assemblages. It is suggested that the lower and upper assemblages, distinguished mainly by a Picea – Shepherdia canadensis – Salix – Artemisia pollen spectrum, indicate the prevalence on mesic sites of a spruce forest. The middle assemblage, having an array of macrofossils and a few microfossils of temperate geographical affinity and a pollen spectrum suggesting relatively less spruce and (or) more herbaceous vegetation, is interpreted in terms of a mixed spruce–poplar forest on mesic sites with shrub and grassland communities on the more xeric habitats. This tripartite division of the section in terms of ecologically concordant plant assemblages suggests an amelioration of environment followed by a deterioration which was probably correlative with the Condie re-advance.
BOTRYOSPHAERIA TSUGAE N. SP., CAUSING DIEBACK OF WESTERN HEMLOCK IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Funk A.
Published: August 2008

Botryosphaeria tsugae n. sp. was found to have a Macrophoma conidial state. The fungus causes cankers and dieback of branches and leaders of Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. in the coastal forests of British Columbia. The fungus attacks the cambium, kills meristematic cells, and causes the collapse of the phloem.
CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING IN FILAMENTOUS FUNGI
Authors: Isaac P. K.
Published: August 2008

Current theories concerning the motility of protoplasm are considered in relation to the streaming in fungal hyphae. It was not possible to demonstrate a pressure gradient in the mycelium sufficient to cause the observed rates of flow, and it is suggested that the distribution of dry mass in the hyphae is consistent with the view that movement is the result of a counterflow system similar to that proposed recently to account for amoeboid movement.
CUTICULAR STUDIES IN SOLANACEAE
Authors: Ahmad Khwaja J.
Published: August 2008

Foliar cuticle and epidermis, including trichomes, of 26 species (17 genera) of Solanaceae from India and South America have been studied. Most of the species are amphistomatic and possess either 'cruciferous' stomata or both 'cruciferous' and 'ranunculaceous' types intermingled; only a few species show exclusively the ranunculaceous type of stomata. Several types of epidermal hairs (both glandular and non-glandular) are found and these appear to be of great diagnostic value. This fact is particularly important as many species are of pharmacognostic interest. Some interesting characters such as 'cuticular striations', 'single guard cells', and 'degenerated stomatal cells' have also been recorded in a number of species. Further subdivisions of the family have been evaluated in the light of the present investigations, and regrouping of different genera under various tribes has been suggested.
EXAMINATION OF SOME SOLUBLE CONSTITUENTS OF SPHAGNUM GAMETOPHYTES
Authors: Maass W. S. G. , Craigie J. S.
Published: August 2008

A survey of 14 species of Sphagnum has shown that the amino acids and organic acids are essentially those encountered in higher plants. At least one unidentified amino compound occurs in the rare S. strictum. Malic and citric acid are the dominant organic acids, but the amounts of free organic acids in Sphagnum are unusually low. Two tri- and three tetra-saccharides, consisting of fructosylated sucrose, are regular constituents of the neutral fraction of Sphagnum.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL ON WEED VEGETATION ON A DRAINED RIVER MILLPOND
Authors: Dale Hugh M.
Published: August 2008

The soil of the river bed exposed in June, became covered with plants of common terrestrial weed species by midsummer. An analysis revealed four distinct plant communities each associated with a particular substrate. Textural differences resulting from sorting of material at the time of maximum river flow separated the communities. Also, organic matter as well as potassium and magnesium content contributed to differences in soil which were reflected in the plant communities.
VARIATIONS IN THE SEQUENCE OF KARYOKINESIS AND CYTOKINESIS IN REGENERATING MOSS LEAF CELLS
Authors: Maltzahn K. E. Von , Clark D.
Published: August 2008

The relationship between karyokinesis, cytokinesis, and protonematal outgrowth in regenerating moss leaf cells has been investigated. Different patterns in the sequence of these events have been observed and these are described.
ANOMALOUS FLORAL ORGANIZATION IN POPULUS TREMULOIDES
Authors: Maini J. S. , Coupland R. T.
Published: August 2008

Two types of abnormalities are reported within this normally dioecious species—monoecious stems and polyamomonoecious stems. Differences were found in number of capsules per ament, size of capsule, and weight of seed between monoecious stems and normal dioecious stems from a nearby grove.