bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REPRINT
Authors: Broderick Joseph , Connolly Sander , Feldmann Edward , Hanley Daniel , Kase Carlos , Krieger Derk , Mayberg Marc , Morgenstern Lewis , Ogilvy Christopher S. , Vespa Paul , Zuccarello Mario
Published: October 2007

Purpose—

The aim of this statement is to present current and comprehensive recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

Methods—

A formal literature search of Medline was performed through the end date of August 2006. The results of this search were complemented by additional articles on related issues known to the writing committee. Data were synthesized with the use of evidence tables. The American Heart Association Stroke Council’s Levels of Evidence grading algorithm was used to grade each recommendation. Prerelease review of the draft guideline was performed by 5 expert peer reviewers and by the members of the Stroke Council Leadership Committee. It is intended that this guideline be fully updated in 3 years’ time.

Results—

Evidence-based guidelines are presented for the diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage, the management of increased arterial blood pressure and intracranial pressure, the treatment of medical complications of intracerebral hemorrhage, and the prevention of recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage. Recent trials of recombinant factor VII to slow initial bleeding are discussed. Recommendations for various surgical approaches for treatment of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage are presented. Finally, withdrawal-of-care and end-of-life issues in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage are examined.
A Systematic Evaluation of the Adaptation of Depression Diagnostic Methods for Stroke Survivors Who Have Aphasia
Authors: Townend Ellen , Brady Marian , McLaughlan Kirsty
Published: October 2007

Background and Purpose—

One in 3 stroke survivors has aphasia (impaired language comprehension and expressive abilities). Conventionally, depression diagnosis uses language-based methods. We aimed to systematically review methods that have been used to diagnose depression and adaptations to these methods intended for people with aphasia.

Methods—

We systematically reviewed stroke studies (to January 2006) that included a depression diagnosis and individuals with aphasia. We extracted data related to depression diagnostic methods used for individuals with/without aphasia. We sought clarification from authors when required.

Results—

A total of 60 studies included people with aphasia. Almost half the studies (29/60; 48%) adapted their main depression diagnostic method (most typically a clinical interview and published criteria) for individuals with aphasia. Adaptive methods included: using informants (relatives or staff), clinical observation, modifying questions and visual analogue scales. Evidence of the validity or reliability of these adaptations was rarely reported. However, use of informants or clinical observation did achieve the inclusion of most people with aphasia in the diagnosis of depression. Remaining studies, that did not report adaptive methods, suggested that conventional language-based methods are suitable for individuals with only ‘mild’ aphasia.

Conclusions—

People with aphasia can be and have been included in depression diagnostic assessments. However, we suggest that depression and language experts collaborate to develop a more valid method of depression diagnosis for patients with aphasia that has good reliability.
Radar Analysis of Precipitation Initiation in Maritime versus Continental Clouds near the Florida Coast: Inferences Concerning the Role of CCN and Giant Nuclei
Authors: Göke Sabine , Ochs Harry T. , Rauber Robert M.
Published: October 2007

A method of analyzing radar data is developed and applied to determine whether the X-band radar reflectivity evolution of clouds observed during summertime on the northeast Florida coast during the Small Cumulus Microphysics Study (SCMS) shows distinct differences in precipitation development that can be associated with the clouds’ maritime or continental characteristics. For this study, the entire National Center for Atmospheric Research CP2 radar dataset from SCMS was examined, and 38 clouds were used. For these clouds the evolution in X-band radar reflectivity, from the clouds’ earliest detection through precipitation, was clearly documented and met specific requirements concerning the clouds’ location relative to the coastline and direction of movement. Since cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and giant and ultragiant nuclei (GN) measurements were not available for the specific clouds used in this study, proxies were used to partition the clouds into four groups based on the cloud location and direction of movement. Specifically, it was assumed that clouds forming over the ocean during onshore flow had maritime characteristics (group 1: low CCN, high GN), clouds forming over land during onshore flow would have modified maritime characteristics (group 2: high CCN, high GN), clouds forming over land during offshore flow would have continental characteristics (group 3: high CCN, low GN), and clouds forming over the ocean during offshore flow would have modified continental characteristics (group 4: high CCN, high GN). These assumptions are based on past measurements presented by Sax and Hudson. Then, these populations were statistically compared using the nonparametric multiresponse permutation procedure developed by Mielke et al. A comparison of groups 1 and 2 provided a test of the role of CCN concentrations in precipitation development in these cloud populations. A comparison of groups 3 and 4 provided a test of the role of GN concentrations in precipitation development in these cloud populations. The two cloud populations that were disjoint at a statistically significant level were groups 1 and 2. For these groups, the analysis showed that the median characteristic total water content of the truly maritime clouds (group 1) was about half that of the modified maritime clouds (group 2) at the time of precipitation formation. The characteristic time to precipitation formation was about 60% smaller for the truly maritime clouds. Thus, the characteristic reflectivity threshold for precipitation development was reached at a much lower altitude above cloud base in a much faster time in the truly maritime clouds. This result supports the conclusions of Hudson and Yum that precipitation development in the SCMS clouds was primarily controlled by CCN concentrations rather than GN concentrations.
Transport and Mixing in Kinematic and Dynamically Consistent Flows
Authors: Haynes P. H. , Poet D. A. , Shuckburgh E. F.
Published: October 2007

The interplay between dynamics and transport in two-dimensional flows is examined by comparing the transport and mixing in a kinematic flow in which the velocity field is imposed as a given function of time with that in an analogous dynamically consistent flow in which the advected vorticity field controls the flow evolution. In both cases the variation of the transport and mixing behavior with a parameter ε governing the strength of the time dependence is considered. It is shown that dynamical consistency has the effect of (i) postponing the breaking of a central transport barrier as ε increases and (ii) removing the property of the kinematic flow that, for a large range of ε, a weakly permeable central barrier persists. The first effect is associated with the development of a strong vorticity gradient and the associated jet along the central transport barrier. The second effect is associated with the fact that, in the dynamically consistent flow, the breaking of the central barrier is accompanied by a drastic change in the vorticity field and hence in the structure of the flow.

The relation between the vorticity field and transport barriers is further examined using a range of simple kinematic and dynamically consistent models. Implications for formulation of predictive models that represent the interactions between dynamics, transport, and mixing (and might be suggested as a basis for parameterizing eddies in flows that form multiple jets) are discussed.
Tropospheric Planetary Wave Dynamics and Mixture Modeling: Two Preferred Regimes and a Regime Shift
Authors: Hannachi A.
Published: October 2007

Investigation of preferred structures of planetary wave dynamics is addressed using multivariate Gaussian mixture models. The number of components in the mixture is obtained using order statistics of the mixing proportions, hence avoiding previous difficulties related to sample sizes and independence issues. The method is first applied to a few low-order stochastic dynamical systems and data from a general circulation model. The method is next applied to winter daily 500-hPa heights from 1949 to 2003 over the Northern Hemisphere. A spatial clustering algorithm is first applied to the leading two principal components (PCs) and shows significant clustering. The clustering is particularly robust for the first half of the record and less for the second half. The mixture model is then used to identify the clusters. Two highly significant extratropical planetary-scale preferred structures are obtained within the first two to four EOF state space. The first pattern shows a Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern and a negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the second pattern is nearly opposite to the first one. It is also observed that some subspaces show multivariate Gaussianity, compatible with linearity, whereas others show multivariate non-Gaussianity. The same analysis is also applied to two subperiods, before and after 1978, and shows a similar regime behavior, with a slight stronger support for the first subperiod. In addition a significant regime shift is also observed between the two periods as well as a change in the shape of the distribution. The patterns associated with the regime shifts reflect essentially a PNA pattern and an NAO pattern consistent with the observed global warming effect on climate and the observed shift in sea surface temperature around the mid-1970s.
Representation of Turbulent Mixing and Buoyancy Reversal in Bulk Cloud Models
Authors: Grabowski Wojciech W.
Published: October 2007

This paper discusses the representation of subgrid-scale turbulent mixing in bulk models of warm (ice free) clouds, which assume instantaneous adjustment to grid-scale saturation. This is a reasonable assumption for condensation of water vapor because supersaturations inside clouds are typically small (∼0.1% or smaller), except near cloud bases where about an order of magnitude larger supersaturations are anticipated. For the cloud evaporation, however, instantaneous adjustment to grid-scale saturation is questionable, especially when evaporation occurs as a result of turbulent mixing between a cloud and its unsaturated environment. This is because turbulent mixing between initially separated volumes of cloudy and cloud-free environmental air proceeds through a gradual filamentation of these volumes, with progressively increasing evaporation of cloud water during the approach to final homogenization. A relatively simple model of this chain of events is included in a bulk model of moist nonprecipitating thermodynamics. The model delays adjustment to saturation for cloud evaporation following the turbulent mixing until the volume can be assumed homogeneous. An additional prognostic variable, the width of a cloudy filament, is added to represent the progress of turbulent mixing and the approach to homogenization. Theoretical developments are illustrated by idealized 2D simulations of moist thermals rising from rest and realistic large-eddy simulations of a cloud field.
Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Interactions during the 2003 European Summer Heat Wave
Authors: Fischer E. M. , Seneviratne S. I. , Vidale P. L. , Lüthi D. , Schär C.
Published: October 2007

The role of land surface–related processes and feedbacks during the record-breaking 2003 European summer heat wave is explored with a regional climate model. All simulations are driven by lateral boundary conditions and sea surface temperatures from the ECMWF operational analysis and 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), thereby prescribing the large-scale circulation. In particular, the contribution of soil moisture anomalies and their interactions with the atmosphere through latent and sensible heat fluxes is investigated. Sensitivity experiments are performed by perturbing spring soil moisture in order to determine its influence on the formation of the heat wave. A multiyear regional climate simulation for 1970–2000 using a fixed model setup is used as the reference period.

A large precipitation deficit together with early vegetation green-up and strong positive radiative anomalies in the months preceding the extreme summer event contributed to an early and rapid loss of soil moisture, which exceeded the multiyear average by far. The exceptionally high temperature anomalies, most pronounced in June and August 2003, were initiated by persistent anticyclonic circulation anomalies that enabled a dominance of the local heat balance. In this experiment the hottest phase in early August is realistically simulated despite the absence of an anomaly in total surface net radiation. This indicates an important role of the partitioning of net radiation in latent and sensible heat fluxes, which is to a large extent controlled by soil moisture. The lack of soil moisture strongly reduced latent cooling and thereby amplified the surface temperature anomalies.

The evaluation of the experiments with perturbed spring soil moisture shows that this quantity is an important parameter for the evolution of European heat waves. Simulations indicate that without soil moisture anomalies the summer heat anomalies could have been reduced by around 40% in some regions. Moreover, drought conditions are revealed to influence the tropospheric circulation by producing a surface heat low and enhanced ridging in the midtroposphere. This suggests a positive feedback mechanism between soil moisture, continental-scale circulation, and temperature.
Changepoint Detection in Periodic and Autocorrelated Time Series
Authors: Lund Robert , Wang Xiaolan L. , Lu Qi Qi , Reeves Jaxk , Gallagher Colin , Feng Yang
Published: October 2007

Undocumented changepoints (inhomogeneities) are ubiquitous features of climatic time series. Level shifts in time series caused by changepoints confound many inference problems and are very important data features. Tests for undocumented changepoints from models that have independent and identically distributed errors are by now well understood. However, most climate series exhibit serial autocorrelation. Monthly, daily, or hourly series may also have periodic mean structures. This article develops a test for undocumented changepoints for periodic and autocorrelated time series. Classical changepoint tests based on sums of squared errors are modified to take into account series autocorrelations and periodicities. The methods are applied in the analyses of two climate series.
Surface Temperature and Humidity Trends in Canada for 1953–2005
Authors: Vincent Lucie A. , van Wijngaarden William A. , Hopkinson Ron
Published: October 2007

Annual and seasonal trends in temperature, dewpoint, relative humidity, and specific humidity are presented for the period 1953–2005. The analysis uses hourly observations from 75 climatological stations across Canada. Data were examined for discontinuities due to changes in instruments and observing practice. It was found that the main discontinuity corresponds to the replacement of the psychrometer by the dewcel in the early 1970s, which created an artificial negative step in relative humidity and dewpoint at many locations. After accounting for these discontinuities, the results of trend analysis show evidence of an increase in air moisture content associated with the warming observed in the country. During winter and spring, the significant warming in the western and southern regions is accompanied by an increase in dewpoint and specific humidity and by a decrease in relative humidity; in summer, warming is observed in the southeast and it is associated with significant positive trends in dewpoint and specific humidity. Although there is no strong evidence of a greater nighttime warming in Canada over 1953–2005, the nighttime dewpoint and specific humidity trends are slightly larger than the daytime trends, especially during the spring and summer.
Simulation of Subantarctic Mode and Antarctic Intermediate Waters in Climate Models
Authors: Sloyan Bernadette M. , Kamenkovich Igor V.
Published: October 2007

The Southern Ocean’s Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) are two globally significant upper-ocean water masses that circulate in all Southern Hemisphere subtropical gyres and cross the equator to enter the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. Simulations of SAMW and AAIW for the twentieth century in eight climate models [GFDL-CM2.1, CCSM3, CNRM-CM3, MIROC3.2(medres), MIROC3.2(hires), MRI-CGCM2.3.2, CSIRO-Mk3.0, and UKMO-HadCM3] that provided their output in support of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) have been compared to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Atlas of Regional Seas. The climate models, except for UKMO-HadCM3, CSIRO-Mk3.0, and MRI-CGCM2.3.2, provide a reasonable simulation of SAMW and AAIW isopycnal temperature and salinity in the Southern Ocean. Many models simulate the potential vorticity minimum layer and salinity minimum layer of SAMW and AAIW, respectively. However, the simulated SAMW layer is generally thinner and at lighter densities than observed. All climate models display a limited equatorward extension of SAMW and AAIW north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Errors in the simulation of SAMW and AAIW property characteristics are likely to be due to a combination of many errors in the climate models, including simulation of wind and buoyancy forcing, inadequate representation of subgrid-scale mixing processes in the Southern Ocean, and midlatitude diapycnal mixing parameterizations.
Toward an Understanding of the Tourism Potential in Cuba
Authors: Kirk John M.
Published: October 2007

The author argues that the U.S.-led boycott of and travel ban to Cuba has been abandoned by most other nations, to the detriment of U.S. interests. Rather than continue the boycott, opening tourist channels could well pave the way to rapprochement between the two estranged governments.
Security Forces and Sexual Violence: A Cross-National Analysis of a Principal—Agent Argument
Authors: Butler Christopher K. , Gluch Tali , Mitchell Neil J.
Published: October 2007

This article investigates sexual violence committed by government security forces. It focuses on the issue of delegation. It uses principal—agent logic to understand sexual violence committed by these forces and to set up a cross-national empirical analysis. The article provides an approach to measuring the amount of agent discretion in a political system and an analysis of new cross-national data on the incidence of rape and sexual violence committed by police and security forces. It is argued that sexual violence is a category of human rights violation that is more likely to be attributable to the selfish motivations of agents, and it is an act that is likely to be hidden. This article identifies the conditions under which these acts are most likely to occur as conditions of conflict, system-wide slack bureaucratic control, and where there are constraints on information and organization. The theoretical argument makes sense of earlier findings in the human rights literature, such as the importance of democracy and conflict, while directing attention to motivations, accountability, and, for the first time in systematic analyses of human rights, to the particular issue of sexual violence. The use of cross-national data on the incidence of sexual violence for the year 2003 provides preliminary support for the theoretical argument. After controlling for factors likely to increase the incidence of sexual violence, such as military size and ethnic fractionalization, it is found that, where agents are more accountable and subject to tighter control, sexual violence is less likely. Finally, the article points to the importance of additional data collection over time, consistent with other human rights and conflict datasets, and draws out some policy implications following from the theoretical argument and analysis.
Distress and Violent Victimization among Young Adolescents
Authors: Schreck Christopher J. , Burek Melissa W. , Stewart Eric A. , Miller J. Mitchell
Published: October 2007

This article explores the empirical validity of the Social Interactionist (SI) perspective as an explanation of violent victimization. An additional goal is to explain why early puberty among adolescents is connected to violent victimization. Using SI, we theorize that early puberty creates unusually high levels of distress for adolescents (more so for girls than boys), causing them to behave in ways that create grievances with others and provoke victimization. The research hypotheses were tested using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a nationally representative data set of teenagers attending school in the United States. We found that measures of distress significantly increase violent victimization among members of the sample. Furthermore, the SI measures partially mediated the relationship between early puberty and violent victimization for boys and fully mediated this relationship for girls.
Bicycle-Theft Victimization in Contemporary Urban China
Authors: Lening Zhang  , Messner Steven F. , Jianhong Liu
Published: October 2007

China has been characterized as a “bicycle nation.” Since the economic reform was initiated in the early 1980s, bicycles have become a major target of criminal activities because of their availability, utility, and monetary value, and because of the difficulty of securing them. The present study discusses the Chinese concern with bicycle theft and explores the social and legal aspects of bicycle-theft victimization in China. Drawing upon the lifestyle-exposure and routine-activities perspectives, the present study specifies a number of important household- and neighborhood-level variables as indicators of target attractiveness, guardianship, and exposure to potential offenders to explore the risk of bicycle theft in urban China. Using data collected from a recent survey in the city of Tianjin, the study conducts multilevel analyses of the risk and protective factors for bicycle-theft victimization. The data show that house type (row houses) and number of adult household members are significant protective factors for the risk of bicycle theft, whereas neighborhood poverty level is a significant risk factor. Exposure to potential offenders, which is measured in terms of neighborhood deviance and/or crime level, is also a risk factor for bicycle-theft victimization.
Childlessness and Parenthood in Two Centuries
Authors: Dykstra Pearl A. , Hagestad Gunhild O.
Published: October 2007

The article focuses on findings that were replicated across several countries and considers their relevance for future older adults. Key findings are that (a) childlessness makes more of a difference in men's than in women's lives, (b) never-married women are a childless category with particularly favorable characteristics, and (c) childless people face support deficits only toward the end of life. In future cohorts, the authors expect to see (a) clearer contrasts between childless men and fathers, given indications that men are being more strongly selected into parenthood; (b) diminished differences between childless women and mothers, given the improved conditions for combining work and care; (c) fewer differences in reliance on formal support between older people with and without children, given the increased levels of education and material resources; and (d) that involuntary childlessness will be all the more distressing, given that a chosen life path has been blocked.
Social Embeddedness and Late-Life Parenthood
Authors: Wenger G. Clare , Dykstra Pearl A. , Melkas Tuula , Knipscheer Kees C. P. M.
Published: October 2007

This article focuses on the ways in which patterns of marriage and fertility shape older people's involvement in community groups and their support networks. The data are from Australia, Finland, Germany, Israel, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Findings show that childless older adults, regardless of marital status and gender, are equally as likely as parents to be active in the community and in voluntary organizations and to perform volunteer work. Never-married childless women are particularly active socially. Married, childless men are particularly dependent on their wives. In general, childless people are less likely than are parents to have robust network types capable of maintaining independent living without recourse to residential care during conditions of frailty. In some countries, it appears to be marriage rather than parenthood that makes the difference in support networks.
Health of Aging Parents and Childless Individuals
Authors: Kendig Hal , Dykstra Pearl A. , van Gaalen Ruben I. , Melkas Tuula
Published: October 2007

This article reviews and presents research findings on the relationships between parenthood and health over the life span. Existing research shows lacunae. The links between reproductive behavior and longevity generally focus on family size rather than contrasting parents and nonparents. Studies of marital status differentials in survival generally confound the effects of parenthood and marital status. Studies of the effects of multiple roles (combining parenthood, marriage, and employment) have the drawback that parenthood is equated with currently having children in the home. The authors provide new evidence on the health of people who have reached old age, contrasting those with and without children, in an attempt to tease out the effects of parenthood, marital status, and gender. Data from Australia, Finland, and the Netherlands are used. Insofar as parenthood effects are found, they pertain to health behaviors (smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical exercise), providing evidence for the social control influences of parenthood.
Results of Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery
Authors: Battaglia Michael J. , Cordasco Frank A. , Hannafin Jo A. , Rodeo Scott A. , O'Brien Stephen J. , Altchek David W. , Cavanaugh John , Wickiewicz Thomas L. , Warren Russell F.
Published: October 2007

Background

Revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery remains challenging.

Purpose

To analyze the authors’ experience with revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery and determine the association between stability and functional results.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Between 1991 and 2002, 95 of 102 patients who underwent revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction at the authors’ institution met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Of those, the 63 (66%) who returned for complete clinical and radiologic evaluation (mean follow-up, 72.7 months) formed the study group. Subjective evaluation focused on return to sports, arthritic symptoms, and subjective International Knee Documentation Committee criteria. Clinical evaluation included examination, KT-1000 arthrometer and functional testing, and radiographic analysis of alignment and arthritis.

Results

Based on International Knee Documentation Committee subjective scores and return to sports, results were rated as excellent/good in 45 patients (71%), fair in 6 (10%), and poor in 12 (19%). A grade IA or IIA Lachman and a KT-1000 arthrometer side-to-side difference of <3 mm (32/63 patients) was associated with a good/excellent result (P < .05). The mechanical axis was midline in 78% (49/63 patients). Radiographic arthritis (16 patients, 25%) was associated with duration of instability after primary failure (P < .03). Return to sports occurred in 59% (37/63 patients). Sixteen patients (25%) required a second revision surgery.

Conclusion

Revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery allowed approximately 60% of patients to go back to sports, most of them at lower levels than their prerevision function. Instrumented laxity of <3 mm was associated with a better result. Radiographic arthritis was associated with duration of instability symptoms after primary failure. Patients who undergo revision anterior cruciate ligament surgery should be counseled as to the expected outcome and cautioned that this procedure probably represents a salvage situation and may not allow them to return to their desired levels of function.
Interobserver Agreement in the Classification of Rotator Cuff Tears Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Spencer Edwin E. , Dunn Warren R. , Wright Rick W. , Wolf Brian R. , Spindler Kurt P. , McCarty Eric , Ma C. Benjamin , Jones Grant , Safran Marc , Holloway G. Brian , Kuhn John E.
Published: October 2007

Background

Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a standard method of assessing the extent and features of rotator cuff disease, the authors are not aware of any studies that have assessed the interobserver agreement among orthopaedic surgeons reviewing MRI scans for rotator cuff disease.

Hypothesis

Fellowship-trained orthopaedic shoulder surgeons will have good interobserver agreement in predicting the more salient features of rotator cuff disease such as tear type (full thickness versus partial thickness), tear size, and number of tendons involved but only fair agreement with more complex features such as muscle volume, fat content, and the grade of partial-thickness cuff tears.

Study Design

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3.

Methods

Ten fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgery shoulder specialists reviewed 27 MRI scans of 27 shoulders from patients with surgically confirmed rotator cuff disease. The ability to interpret full-thickness versus partial-thickness tears, acromion type, acromioclavicular joint spurs or signal changes, biceps lesions, size and grade of partial-thickness tears, acromiohumeral distance, number of tendons involved and amount of retraction for full-thickness tears, size of full-thickness tears, and individual muscle fatty infiltration and atrophy were assessed. Surgeons completed a standard evaluation form for each MRI scan. Interobserver agreement was determined and a kappa level was derived.

Results

Interobserver agreement was highest (>80%) for predicting full- versus partial-thickness tears of the rotator cuff, and for quantity of the teres minor tendon. Agreement was slightly less (>70%) for detecting signal in the acromioclavicular joint, the side of the partial-thickness tear, the number of tendons involved in a full-thickness tear, and the quantity of the subscapularis and infraspinatus muscle bellies. Agreement was less yet (60%) for detecting the presence of spurs at the acromioclavicular joint, a tear of the long head of the biceps tendon, amount of retraction of a full-thickness tear, and the quantity of the supraspinatus. The best kappa statistics were found for detecting the difference between a full- and partial-thickness rotator cuff tear (0.77), and for the number of tendons involved for full-thickness tears (0.55). Kappa for predicting the involved side of a partial-thickness tear was 0.44; for predicting the grade of a partial-thickness tear, it was −0.11.

Conclusions

Fellowship-trained, experienced orthopaedic surgeons had good agreement for predicting full-thickness rotator cuff tears and the number of tendons involved and moderate agreement in predicting the involved side of a partial-thickness rotator cuff tear, but poor agreement in predicting the grade of a partial-thickness tear.
An Epidemiologic Comparison of High School and College Wrestling Injuries
Authors: Yard Ellen E. , Collins Christy L. , Dick Randall W. , Comstock R. Dawn
Published: October 2007

Background

Wrestling holds worldwide popularity, and large numbers of United States high school and college males participate. However, the sport's arduous nature results in high injury rates.

Hypothesis

Wrestling injury rates and patterns will differ between high school and college practice and match exposures.

Study Design

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods

Wrestling-related injury data were collected during the 2005–2006 academic year from 74 nationally representative high schools via High School Reporting Information Online (RIO) and from 15 Division I, II, and III colleges via the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System.

Results

Certified athletic trainers reported 387 injuries among participating high school wrestlers during 166 279 athlete-exposures, for an injury rate of 2.33 injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures. Nationally, high school wrestlers sustained an estimated 99 676 injuries and 8741 skin infections during the 2005–2006 season. In college, 258 injuries occurred among participating wrestlers during 35 599 athlete-exposures, for an injury rate of 7.25 injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures. The injury rate per 1000 athlete-exposures was higher in college than high school (rate ratio [RR] = 3.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.66–3.64) and was higher in matches than in practice in high school (RR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.73–2.59) and college (RR = 5.07, 95% CI: 3.96–6.50). Diagnoses in greater proportions of college wrestlers included lacerations (injury proportion ratio [IPR] = 5.98, 95% CI: 2.27–15.74) and cartilage injuries (IPR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.26–5.74). Body parts injured in greater proportions of high school wrestlers included elbow (IPR = 3.90, 95% CI: 1.66–9.14) and hand (IPR = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.21–5.54). Almost half of all injured high school (44.9%) and college (42.6%) wrestlers resumed wrestling within <1 week. Skin infections represented 8.5% and 20.9% of all reported high school and college events, respectively, and frequently affected the head/face/neck (50.0%).

Conclusions

Rates and patterns of wrestling injury differ between high school and college and between practice and matches.
Reliability and Diagnostic Accuracy of History and Physical Examination for Diagnosing Glenoid Labral Tears
Authors: Walsworth Matthew K. , Doukas William C. , Murphy Kevin P. , Mielcarek Billie J. , Michener Lori A.
Published: October 2007

Background

Glenoid labral tears provide a diagnostic challenge.

Hypothesis

Combinations of items in the patient history and physical examination will provide stronger diagnostic accuracy to suggest the presence or absence of glenoid labral tear than will individual items.

Study Design

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 1.

Methods

History and examination findings in patients with shoulder pain (N = 55) were compared with arthroscopic findings to determine diagnostic accuracy and intertester reliability.

Results

The intertester reliability of the crank, anterior slide, and active compression tests was 0.20 to 0.24. A combined history of popping or catching and positive crank or anterior slide results yielded specificities of 0.91 and 1.00 and positive likelihood ratios of 3.0 and infinity, respectively. A positive anterior slide result combined with either a positive active compression or crank result yielded specificities of 0.91 and positive likelihood ratio of 2.75 and 3.75, respectively. Requiring only a single positive finding in the combination of popping or catching and the anterior slide or crank yielded sensitivities of 0.82 and 0.89 and negative likelihood ratios of 0.31 and 0.33, respectively.

Conclusion

The diagnostic accuracy of individual tests in previous studies is quite variable, which may be explained in part by the modest reliability of these tests. The combination of popping or catching with a positive crank or anterior slide result or a positive anterior slide result with a positive active compression or crank test result suggests the presence of a labral tear. The combined absence of popping or catching and a negative anterior slide or crank result suggests the absence of a labral tear.
Injuries in Young Elite Female Soccer Players
Authors: Le Gall Franck , Carling Christopher , Reilly Thomas
Published: October 2007

Background

Epidemiologic data on injuries in young female soccer players at elite levels are scarce.

Purpose

The aim of the present study is to investigate the incidence of soccer-related injuries in young elite female French players.

Study Design

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods

Injuries sustained by players between 15 and 19 years of age, during 8 seasons, were diagnosed and documented by a sports physician according to type, location, severity, the date the injury occurred, and playing position.

Results

Altogether 619 injuries were documented for 110 players (92.4%). Of these injuries, 64.6% (4.6/1000 training hours; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.2–5.0) and 35.4% (22.4/1000 match hours; 95% CI, 19.4–25.4) were sustained during training and matches, respectively. The risk of injury was greater in the youngest (under age 15) group compared with the oldest (under 19) group (relative risk 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3–2.3). Traumatic injuries amounted to 536 (86.4%) and 83 (13.4%) were overuse injuries. There were 51.9% minor injuries, 35.7% moderate injuries, and 12.4% major injuries. Most injuries were located at the lower extremities (83.4%), with the majority affecting the ankle (n = 157). The most commonly diagnosed injury was ankle sprain (16.8%). Twelve anterior cruciate ligament ruptures were sustained, with the majority occurring during matches (n = 10; 1.0/1000 match hours; 95% CI, 0.4–1.6). Reinjuries accounted for 4.4% of total injuries, and September was the predominant month for injury (14.2%).

Conclusions

The results, when compared with those of other investigations on female soccer players, revealed high rates of both traumatic injury and match injury, whereas recurrence of injury was low. Injuries, notably sprains, to the ankle were common, suggesting a need for the implementation of specific injury prevention strategies for this joint.
Early Motion after Quadriceps and Patellar Tendon Repairs
Authors: West Jesse L. , Keene James S. , Kaplan Lee D.
Published: October 2007

Background

Complications of immobilization after quadriceps and patellar tendon repairs include decreased patellar mobility, limited flexion, persistent pain, muscle weakness, and patella baja. In contrast, early motion limits muscle atrophy, accelerates tendon healing, and prevents joint stiffness.

Hypothesis

Quadriceps and patellar tendon repairs protected with a “relaxing suture” are strong enough to safely permit early motion, full weightbearing, and brace-free ambulation.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Twenty quadriceps and 30 patellar tendon ruptures were treated with a primary repair augmented with a single No. 5 Ethibond suture, a postoperative regimen of controlled motion and full weightbearing at 7 to 10 days, and brace-free ambulation at 6 weeks after surgery. At a minimum follow-up of 12 months, results of surgery were assessed with the Lysholm knee rating system.

Results

Six weeks after surgery, 120° of flexion and brace-free ambulation were the goals and were achieved at a mean of 7.2 and 7.7 weeks, respectively. By 6 months, all patients reached their preinjury levels of activity (eg, basketball, Softball, Rocky Mountain tour guide), 40 had full active extension, and 10 lacked 3° to 10° of active extension. There were no postoperative complications. At a mean follow-up of 4 years (range, 1–12 years), the Lysholm scores averaged 92 points (range, 84–100 points), and there were 35 excellent, 15 good, and no fair or poor results.

Conclusion

Quadriceps and patellar tendon repairs protected by a relaxing suture were strong enough to safely permit early motion, weightbearing, and brace-free ambulation while producing good and excellent results.
Validity and Reliability of the Brief Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale With Turkish Children
Authors: Siyez Digdem Müge , Kaya Alim
Published: October 2007

The Brief Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) was designed to measure life satisfaction among children and adolescents. The present study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the BMSLSS. The Turkish version of BMSLSS was administered to 394 students from fourth through eighth grade. The results revealed acceptable internal consistency reliability, criterion-related validity, and construct validity for the BMSLSS. The BMSLSS scores had acceptable test-retest reliability ( r = .82) and internal consistency ( r = .89). Item-total correlations varied from .64 to .78. The BMSLSS had a significant correlation with the Children's Depression Inventory and the Piers Haris Self-Concept Scale. The results indicated that the BMSLSS has strong pyschometric properties for the sample of the study.
The Technological Development of Congressional Candidate Web Sites
Authors: Druckman James N. , Kifer Martin J. , Parkin Michael
Published: October 2007

The Internet offers political candidates a new way to campaign. Part of the Internet's novelty comes from technological options not available in most other media. Candidates, however, must weigh various benefits and costs in using a given technological innovation. For example, technology that allows for increased user interactivity may lead to a more stimulating web site but might distract users from the campaign's central message. In this article, the authors use data from 444 congressional campaign web sites, over two elections, to examine how candidates approach web technology. They investigate the factors that lead candidates to utilize or avoid particular technological features. They show that technological adoption is determined by both practical and strategic political considerations. Of particular interest, the competitiveness of a candidate's race leads the candidate to use more sophisticated presentation technologies but less advanced interactive innovations because these latter options interfere with the candidate's message.
Party Loyalty and Legislative Success
Authors: Hasecke Edward B. , Mycoff Jason D.
Published: October 2007

Majority Party leaders are hypothesized, through their control of the legislative schedule in the House of Representatives, to use legislative success as a selective incentive to encourage majority party members to contribute to the collective goals of the party. Members can demonstrate party loyalty through floor voting and financial contributions to the party's re-election efforts. This article examines legislative success from the 103rd through 107th Congresses. The evidence shows that both demonstrations of party loyalty have a significant effect on legislative success.
Checks, Balances, and the Cost of Regulation
Authors: Daley Dorothy M. , Haider-Markel Donald P. , Whitford Andrew B.
Published: October 2007

This article examines the relationship between political veto points, credible commitments, and regulatory compliance costs. Its central purpose is to assess whether different types of political veto points credibly constrain regulatory change and thus lower compliance costs. The authors conceptualize veto points broadly, including legislative oversight, gubernatorial powers, and direct democracy. We analyze state-level environmental compliance costs from 1988 to 1994 as a function of the structure of state political institutions and state political and economic characteristics. The results suggest that a key veto point, the authority for legislators to review bureaucratic behavior, consistently reduces compliance costs.
Passive-Aggressive Behavior and Leadership Styles in Organizations
Authors: Johnson Nora J. , Klee Thomas
Published: October 2007

In this phenomenological study, 13 experts were asked about passive-aggressive (PA) behaviors in the workplace, specifically, whether leadership styles (autocratic, transactional, and transformational) can predict them. Participants were asked to consider the occurrence of PA behaviors in typically healthy working individuals' (rather than disordered individuals') responses to leadership styles and organizational events. Of the eight themes that emerged from the analyzed interviews, three hold particular significance to the workplace. First, a majority of the participants viewed PA behaviors in organizations as a combination of exogenous and endogenous factors. Second, most interviewees agreed that specific types of change in organizations contribute to PA behaviors. Third, most participants viewed the autocratic leadership style as a predictor of PA behaviors.
Politics Understanding and Networking Ability as a Function of Mentoring
Authors: Blass Fred R. , Brouer Robyn L. , Perrewé Pamela L. , Ferris Gerald R.
Published: October 2007

Some have suggested that mentoring in organizations tends to focus on “learning the ropes,” or understanding organizational politics. This process is believed to result in building greater political skill and networking ability. The authors examined the relationships among mentoring, politics understanding, and networking ability. It was proposed that individuals experiencing the mentoring process would report higher levels of knowledge regarding understanding organizational politics, leading to greater networking ability. Specifically, the hypothesis that politics understanding mediated the relationship between mentoring and networking ability was tested with mediation analysis. The results provided strong support for the hypothesized relationship, demonstrating full mediation. Two additional hypotheses proposed a test of the “political skill deficiency” hypothesis, that the mediated relationships between mentoring, politics understanding, and networking ability would be moderated by gender and ethnicity, such that mediation would occur for men and Caucasians but not women and minorities. The results supported these hypotheses. Study implications and directions for future research are discussed.
The Effects of Job Insecurity on Satisfaction and Perceived Organizational Performance
Authors: Reisel William D. , Chia Swee-Lim , Maloles Cesar M. , Slocum John W.
Published: October 2007

This research examines the effects of job insecurity on job satisfaction and organizational performance. Performance was measured with perceptual data. A total of 320 employees from various organizations participated in the research. The hypothesized model was tested by means of structural equation modeling. The findings show that job insecurity has a significant negative impact on employee satisfaction and an indirect effect on perceived organizational performance.
A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Variations in Adults' Language Use: Talkativeness, Affiliative Speech, and Assertive Speech
Authors: Leaper Campbell , Ayres Melanie M.
Published: October 2007

Three separate sets of meta-analyses were conducted of studies testing for gender differences in adults' talkativeness, affiliative speech, and assertive speech. Across independent samples, statistically significant but negligible average effects sizes were obtained with all three language constructs: Contrary to the prediction, men were more talkative (d = —.14) than were women. As expected, men used more assertive speech (d = .09), whereas women used more affiliative speech (d = .12). In addition, 17 moderator variables were tested that included aspects of the interactive context (e.g., familiarity, gender composition, activity), measurement qualities (e.g., operational definition, observation length), and publication characteristics (e.g., author gender, publication source). Depending on particular moderators, more meaningful effect sizes (d > .2) occurred for each language construct. In addition, the direction of some gender differences was significantly reversed under particular conditions. The results are interpreted in relation to social-constructionist, socialization, and biological interpretations of gender-related variations in social behavior.