bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orthopaedic Trauma Surgeons' Financial Relationships With Industry: An Analysis of the Sunshine Act Reporting of Physician Open Payments From 2014 to 2019
Authors: Frane Nicholas , Partan Matthew J. , White Peter B. , Iturriaga Cesar , Tarazi John M. , Roy Trinava , Bitterman Adam D.
Published: November 2021

Introduction:

Orthopaedic trauma surgeons have an intricate relationship with the medical device industry. In the past decade, legislation has created transparency of monetary exchanges between physicians and industry. In 2013, the Physician Payments Sunshine Act was passed and ultimately led to the creation of the Open Payments Database. The purpose of this study was to evaluate trends in industry payments to orthopaedic trauma surgeons.

Methods:

A retrospective review of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' Open Payments Database was conducted for general industry payments to orthopaedic trauma surgeons from 2014 to 2019. Total payments and subtype payments were analyzed for yearly trends. All payments were converted to 2019 US dollars to adjust for inflation. Descriptive statistics included analysis of payments, number of surgeons, types of payments, top contributing companies, and regional comparisons. Trends were assessed through the Jonckheere-Terpstra test. Statistical significance was defined at P < 0.05.

Results:

From 2014 to 2019, 45,312 individual payments were given to orthopaedic trauma surgeons (N = 3208) accounting for a total of $41,376,397.85 (USD), with a mean of $919.54 per payment. Increased trends were noted for median annual payments, number of payments, and number of surgeons receiving payments. Compared with 2014 ($460.91), median payments were increased by 90.9% in 2016 ($879.85), 102.6% in 2018 ($933.81), and 178.6% in 2019 ($1284.06). Payment subtypes that demonstrated increasing median payments included consulting fees (P = 0.028); education (P < 0.001); entertainment, food, and beverage (P < 0.001); and travel (P = 0.019). Decreases in median payments were seen in royalties (P = 0.044) and grant funding (P < 0.001). Regional comparisons demonstrated increasing trends in median payments in the midwest (P = 0.011), south (P < 0.001), and west (P = 0.003), but not in the northeast (P = 0.081).

Discussion:

In our study, we found that industry payments to orthopaedic trauma surgeons were increasing markedly between 2014 and 2019, particularly among consulting fees, education, entertainment, food and beverage, and travel.
Pengenalan dan Implementasi Konsep Digital Literacy dalam Kondisi BDR bagi Orang Tua Masa Kini
Authors: Astawa Ni Luh Putu Ning Septyarini Putri , Taruna I Putu Cikal , Juliharta I Gede Putu Krisna
Published: November 2021

Kemajuan teknologi yang berkembang pesat berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan seharihari. Di era digital ini, beragam pengetahuan sudah dapat dicari di internet. Dengan kondisi saat ini dimana internet bukan lagi sesuatu yang mahal, tentu saja memaksa orang tua untuk ikut mengikuti perkembangan zaman. Karena itu, tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah untuk memberikan pengetahuan kepada orang tua/wali murid terhadap pengertian dan pengimplementasian Digital Literacy dalam kondisi belajar dari rumah (BDR). Kegiatan ini berfokus untuk memberikan sosialisasi tentang pentingnya pemahaman serta pelaksanaan pendampingan anak-anak di rumah menggunakan teknologi. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah metode ceramah, simulasi, dan praktek. Para peserta memberikan respon positif terhadap kegiatan ini, yang dapat dilihat dari hasil angket di akhir pelatihan. Selain itu hal tersebut juga dapat dilihat dari antusiasme peserta dalam kegiatan dengan aktif bertanya dan berdiskusi selama kegiatan berlangsung.
Deiksis dalam Tuturan Komik Dodit Mulyanto di Acara Komedi Tunggal Indonesia (SUCI)
Authors: Winarsih Anis Dwi , Yustisia Karlina Karadila , Lestari Erma
Published: November 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan deiksis ang digunakan dalam acara komedi tunggal. Deiksis merupakan kata yang memiliki referen berubah-ubah. Jenis penelitian ini ialah penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan metode deskriptif. Sumber data diperoleh dari video Dodit Mulyanto saat melakukan komedi tunggal. Kemudian, video tersebut ditranskripsikan agar lebih mudah dalam menganalisis deiksis. Berdasarkanhasil dan pembahasan yang dilakukan oleh peneliti, dapat disimpulkan bahwa deiksis yang terdapat dalam tuturan komik Dodit Mulyanto pada acara komedi tunggal terdiri dari empat jenis, yaitu deiksis persona, deiksis tempat, deiksis waktu dan deiksis wacana.
Persepsi Mahasiswa Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata terhadap Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab
Authors: Afjalurrahmansyah Afjalurrahmansyah
Published: November 2021

Penelitian ini mengkaji secara deskriptif kuantitatif tentang persepsi mahasiswa program studi Pariwisata Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Soromandi Bima terhadap pembelajaran bahasa Arab. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif dengan menggunakan tekhnik survei (kuesioner). Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa program studi Pariwisata angkatan 2019 yang berjumlah 66 orang dan menggunakan tekhnik pengambilan total sampling. Data primer dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan statistik deskriptif untuk mengetahui frekuensi jawaban dan persentasenya. Indikator persepsi pada kuesioner berdasarkan pada teori Walgito yaitu penyerapan, pengertian dan penilaian atau evaluasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persepsi mahasiswa terhadap pembelajaran bahasa Arab tergolong rendah, yang berimplikasi pada rendahnya kompetensi berbahasa mahasiswa. Dibutuhkan motivasi intrinsik dan dukungan ekstrinsik untuk mendongkrak kompetensi berbahasa mahasiswa.
Psychological Factors of EFL Students on Speaking Performance
Authors: Hafis Maliqul , Widya Retno
Published: November 2021

This research aimed to explore the psychological factors that caused college learners felt hard in delivering speaking performance. This study was conducted to the fifth semester English program students at IKIP PGRI Pontianak. The 37 students were chosen as the participant of this study which was obtained by doing purposive sampling. It was chosen since the problem occurred in IKIP PGRI Pontianak specifically at the fifth semester students. The research design used in this research was descriptive qualitative and quantitative design. The data were taken from online questionnaire and semi structured interview of students. The questionnaire was employed to find out the dominant factor. The other tool of collecting data was students’ semi structured-interview. It was used to support the questionnaire data. The researcher revealed that the psychological factor including anxiety, shyness, lack of confident, lack of motivation, and fear of making mistake were some factors that influenced students’ speaking performance. The researcher investigated that between five aspects, the dominanat factors influenced the students’ speaking performance was anxiety with the mean score (2,06). They worried to do speaking performance. Another factor were shyness, lack of confident, lack of motivation, and fear of making mistake, those factors hindered learners to practice their speaking ability in front of the class. The conclusions of this research were students feel anxious and afraid of making a mistake when they did speaking performance. This study suggested that the lecture should aware those factors affected students’ speaking performance in the class.
Pengaruh (Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja) dan Stres Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan (Studi kasus pada PT. Ridar Essindo di Tangerang)
Authors: Maduningtias Lucia , Khoir Oki Iqbal , Tarwijo Tarwijo
Published: November 2021

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja, Stres Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskritif  kuantitatif  analisis dengan pendekatan survey, kuesioner, dan wawancara. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh karyawan Ridar Essindo yang berjumlah 50 orang dengan menggunakan sampel jenuh. Teknik analisis menggunakan uji validitas, uji reliabilitas, uji normalitas, uji multikolinieritas, uji heteroskedastisitas, analisis regresi linear berganda, koefisien determinasi dan korelasi, uji f, dan uji t. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan analisis regresi berganda diperoleh Y = 21.096 + 0.645 X1 + 0.099 X2 + 6.205. Hasil uji t menunjukkan bahwa variabel X1 berpengaruh signifikan dilihat dari nilai t-hitung lebih besar dari t-tabel sebesar 4.358 < 1,677 dan nilai signifikasi lebih kecil sebesar 0,000 < 0,05. Sedangkan X2 berpengaruh namun tidak signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan dilihat dari nilai t-hitung lebih besar dari t-tabel sebesar 0,793 > 1,677 dan nilai signifikasi lebih besar sebesar 0,464 > 0,05. Kemudian melalui uji koefisien determinasi menunjukkan R sebesar 0,533 yang berarti terdapat hubungan yang positif  dan kuat antara keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja, stress kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan. Koefisien determinasinya sebesar 0,276. Hal ini menunjukkan sebesar 27,6%, sedangkan 72,4% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain seperti penempatan karyawan, pelatihan kerja, lingkungan kerja dan lain-lain. Berdasarkan pengujian hipotesis yang telah dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji f diperoleh bahwa  fhitung = 27,396 dan setelah dikonsultasikan dengan  ftabel  pada taraf signifikan 5% dan n = (-3) menunjukkan  ftabel  = 3,20 yang artinya terdapat pengaruh yang positif antara kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja, stres kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan karena  fhitung (27,396) > (3,20).
Aplikasi Zoom Meeting Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Dalam Pengajaran Ekonomi di SMA Negeri 2 Klari
Authors: Nurhayanti Hani , Surya Candra Moh. , Hendar Hendar , Waskita Deden Thosin
Published: November 2021

Pembelajaran jarak jauh adalah pola pembelajaran yang berlangsung dengan pemisahan antara guru dan siswa. Pembelajaran jarak jauh biasanya dilakukan secara online untuk mengatasi keterbatasan tersebut. Penggunaan Zoom Meeting sebagai media pembelajaran di masa pandemi COVID-19 perlu ditelaah lebih dalam, agar pembelajaran jarak jauh berhasil. Khusus untuk semua sekolah yang melaksanakan pembelajaran menggunakan aplikasi Zoom Meeting salah satunya SMA Negeri 2 Klari. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, populasinya adalah 144 siswa kelas XII SMA Negeri 2 Klari. Sampel penelitian siswa kelas XII IPS 1 dan XII IPS 2 sebanyak 54 siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Pada masa Pandemi atau social distancing, penggunaan aplikasi zoom meeting untuk pembelajaran dinilai efisien, karena ada interaksi antara siswa dengan guru namun pemahaman siswa belum maksimal karena keterbatasan waktu juga dalam mengajar menggunakan media online. Namun kelebihan menggunakan Zoom Meeting dinilai praktis dan efisien bagi siswa, karena dengan menggunakan Zoom Meeting komunikasi antara siswa dan guru lebih mudah dibandingkan berkomunikasi secara tertulis maupun melalui chat.
Roman conquest of the Sarajevo Region and its consequences on the example of urbanism and Early Christian (Late Antique) architecture
Authors: Šačić Beća Amra , Veletovac Edin
Published: November 2021

Observed from the Roman perspective, the territory of the modern capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its wider area was a deep and inaccessible heartland of Illyricum, subsequently the Roman province of Dalmatia. This territory had been conquered by the Romans for many decades, as evidenced in the works of GrecoRoman authors. Based on the analysis of source materials and the critical approach of the modern literature, in this paper, the authors have offered a chronological review of Roman conquests of the Sarajevo Region. Following the military and political events that refer to the oldest population of the Daesitiates, that we know by name, in the period of 33 BC to AD 9, we have established the conquest phases of the upper course of the Bosna River and the valleys of Željeznica and Miljacka Rivers. The second part of the paper lists all the arguments why Roman itineraries and other geographic sources do not mention the Roman settlement near Ilidža or the administrative unit (municipium) whose territory included the Sarajevo Region. The issue of administrative development of municipium Aquae was interpreted through a critical analysis of the epigraphic monuments. In this context, we paid attention to the name of this municipal unit. By comparing the text carved on two epigraphic monuments that holds the name of the municipal unit of Aquae, it was determined that we need to give precedence to the name carved on the base of the statue of Emperor Diocletian (AD 284-305) because this inscription belongs to the category of public inscriptions unlike the inscription found on a tombstone of a member of local elite in Krivoglavci. In addition, the second part of the paper analyses the Early Christian architecture found in the Sarajevo Region. The analysis includes the period from the 4th to the 6 centuries AD, and in its final part, it will offer certain guidelines regarding the Christianization process and the earliest Church organization in this region for the purpose of posing new questions that will assist in finding a solution to this important problem in future research.
POLITICAL PARTICIPATION OF EVANGELICALS IN COLOMBIA 1990 – 2017
Authors: Ortega Bibiana
Published: November 2021

The political participation of evangelicals in Colombia has been the consequence of two waves of religious mobilization. I hypothesis is that religious mobilization in the political field has been based on the demand for religious equality(in the 1990s) and the defense of Christian morality (in the 2010s). My objective is to describe the two wave of evangelical political mobilization in Colombia and its implications for the political arena. I have used diverse documentary sources (internal documents of some parties, books, dissertations, journals) and interviews with political and religious leaders, as well as some years of participant observationin some religious services and political meetings.
Slavic *komonjь and Its Probable Celtic Source
Authors: Blažek Václav
Published: November 2021

The main purpose of the present study is to demonstrate that besides the traditional Balto-Slavic etymology of Slavic *komonjь ‘riding horse’, based on the Baltic designation of ‘bridle’, there is an alternative, identifying in the Slavic word an adaptation of the syntagm ‘horse of road’ > ‘riding horse’, expressed in a hypothetical Celtic source from Central Europe as *epos (? *ekwos) or *markos *kammanios, with the following ellipsis of the word for ‘horse’.
DEIS EQUEUNUBO: The Divine Twins in Asturia
Authors: Danka Ignacy Ryszard , Witczak Krzysztof Tomasz
Published: November 2021

It should be concluded that the inscriptional phrase DEIS EQUEUNUBO had to refer to the Celtic (or Lusitanian) twin gods. The term EQUE(h)UNU seems a descriptive by-name of the Celtic divine twins, like Vedic Aśvināu (liter. ‘two horse-like [deities]’), Greek Διόσκουροι (liter. ‘Zeus’ boys’) or Etruscan Tinascliniiaras (liter. ‘to the sons of [the sky-god] Tin’).
La alimentación en la encrucijada humanitaria
Authors: Landaeta-Jiménez Maritza
Published: November 2021

En América Latina y el Caribe en 2020, la pandemia de COVID -19, ha provocado la caída de la economía, que según estimaciones de la CEPAL, será responsable de la peor crisis social en la historia de la región con millones de nuevos pobres y desempleados. Los efectos de la pandemia en Venezuela vinieron a sumar mayores problemas en la economía, incrementando el desempleo, la inestabilidad económica y la falta de insumos para la producción de alimentos. La inflación de los alimentos se situó en un increíble 1,700 por ciento al final de 2020, como consecuencia de la depreciación constante del Bolívar y la dolarización espontánea y parcial de la economía, que ha generado mayor desigualdad entre los que reciben remesas en moneda extranjera, 11% de los hogares según ENCOVI 2019-2020 y la mayoría de la población que no tiene acceso a este beneficio. Esta situación se magnifica, como consecuencia de una severa y generalizada crisis de servicios públicos y la escasez de combustible, que han afectado las actividades agrícolas y el transporte de los alimentos a los centros de distribución, lo cual limita aún más, el acceso a los alimentos y además algunas áreas de la economía han resentido el efecto de las sanciones. Entre las estrategias para afrontar la crisis, se encuentran, el consumo de alimentos más baratos, saltarse comidas, servir porciones más pequeñas, gastar sus ahorros y vender los activos para comprar alimentos. Por su parte, los adultos han reducido el consumo para que los niños y adolescentes puedan comer y han diversificado tanto los trabajos como la jornada laboral. Del mismo modo, durante la pandemia las familias han priorizado la compra de alimentos frescos cercanos a su lugar de residencia, debido a las restricciones para la movilidad y el costo del transporte. En estas circunstancias, el patrón de alimentación está determinado por la capacidad económica para acceder a los alimentos que requiere la familia, lo que establece profundas brechas en la alimentación según la condición, social y económica. Mientras que, el incremento en la inseguridad alimentaria va a depender del agotamiento extremo de los medios de vida, que pueden precipitar una situación crítica de hambre.
Revisiting Effects of Native Speakerism on Thai Teachers and Students in the Age of English as a Lingua Franca
Authors: Huttayavilaiphan Rutthaphak
Published: November 2021

Currently, the role of English language has changed from being a language used among native English speakers (NESs) to being a language spoken by people of various backgrounds or known as English as a lingua franca (ELF). This phenomenon has affected different aspects of global English usage and users across the world. However, in Thailand, this issue does not seem to be taken into account with regard to English language teaching (ELT) and learning practices as different ELT stakeholders continue to conform to traditional teaching methods related to NESs. This action is reflected in an English language ideology called ‘native speakerism’ which has long been entrenched in Thai society. It has repeatedly caused different problems for both Thai teachers and students of English language until the present day. This review article aims to demonstrate the impacts of the native speakerism ideology on Thai teachers and students of English language in the period of English as a global lingua franca. The article begins with an explanation of how the changes of role and status of English challenge traditional perspectives of English language and how the ELT industry around the world, including in Thailand, should adapt to such changes. Then, the article gives brief conceptualizations of native speakerism and its effects on English teachers and students. Finally, it moves on to discuss the native speakerism ideology in Thailand and reports different negative effects of native speakerism on Thai teachers and students of English language.
A praia como lugar de memória e formação de sociabilidades
Authors: Tavares Marcelo Ribeiro , Vaz Lilian Fessler , Matos Madalena Cunha
Published: November 2021

Introdução: Esporte e espaço urbano formam um binômio singular. A cidade como lugar privilegiado de práticas sociais possui no esporte um uso importante para a produção de memórias e para o fortalecimento de sociabilidades.Metodologia: Inclui revisão de literatura e pesquisa de campo para observação dos eventos, além da aplicação de questionários via ambiente virtual com jogadores amadores e frequentadores da praia.Resultados e discussão: Destaca-se a praia como lugar de diferenciação e conflito, que institui códigos, normas e usos segregados; a praia como lugar de mediações de conflitos advindos da intensidade de usos que são requeridos para esse espaço e a praia como lugar de disputa por espaço, desde atividades de trabalho às atividades de esportes e lazer. Frequentar a praia é um exercício intenso de socialização. Contribuições teórico-metodológicas: Destacar a pesquisa de literatura e de campo como suporte para ações de investigação que tenham a paisagem, a memória e o esporte como temas fundamentais para se pensar o espaço urbano, sobretudo, em lugares onde há uso de lazer ao longo do tempo.Conclusões: Verifica-se que a praia é um lugar onde conflitos e disputas por espaço se dão de forma intensa, mas a sociabilidade que se forma em torno de um ambiente tão agradável e voltado para atividades lúdicas e de lazer torna-se também uma marca da identidade carioca. Copacabana é uma referência mundial para a prática do vôlei, sede de campeonatos internacionais e das Olimpíadas de 2016. Assim, a orla é um espaço público importante como lugar de lazer e sociabilidade em meio urbano.
PSICOLOGIA SOCIAL COMUNITÁRIA E TEATRO DO OPRIMIDO: RUMOS PARA UMA PRÁXIS TRANSFORMADORA
Authors: Pinto Vívian de Andrade Hauck , Paiva Fernando Santana de
Published: November 2021

A Psicologia Social Comunitária (PSC) busca desenvolver intervenções psicossociais que contribuam para a supressão das desigualdades sociais presentes em nossa realidade. Assim como a PSC, o Teatro do Oprimido (TO) propõe uma atividade artística e política comprometida com a transformação da realidade social. Objetivamos apresentar algumas possíveis articulações e contribuições do TO para o campo da PSC, com destaque para as experiências que têm sido realizadas ante as opressões de gênero ainda vivenciadas por inúmeras mulheres no âmbito da sociedade brasileira. Realizamos uma revisão narrativa de literatura, contextualizando dimensões centrais do TO que podem favorecer a atuação dos profissionais da Psicologia diante de situações de exploração e opressão. Consideramos que o TO pode se conformar como uma ferramenta metodológica potente para uma práxis em PSC comprometida com a transformação da sociedade em direção à emancipação política e humana.
OFICINA TERAPÊUTICA COMO PROCESSO DE RESILIÊNCIA NO CENÁRIO DOS CUIDADOS PALIATIVOS E EXTENSIVOS
Authors: Camargo Paula Oliveira de , Litholdo Mariana Cunha
Published: November 2021

Cuidado paliativo é uma filosofia de abordagem diferenciada e integradora, cujo campo de atuação abrange doenças oncológicas e crônico-degenerativas. Cuidados extensivos é uma proposta de tratamento embasada nessa filosofia, que agrega a perspectiva de um processo de transição. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o processo de implantação das oficinas terapêuticas numa rede privada hospitalar, dentro dessa perspectiva. Será realizada uma descrição e análise de experiência desenvolvida cujo foco é a descrição das etapas do projeto desde sua implantação até o momento atual. Os benefícios identificados contemplam os seguintes fatores promotores de resiliência: o apoio social, autoconhecimento, resgate de sentido, formas de enfrentamento, questões bioéticas e processo de luto. Conclui-se que as oficinas terapêuticas como modalidade de atendimento de grupo, de forma integradora e multiprofissional, é uma área de atuação nova bem como requer a necessidade de realização de pesquisa visando a contribuir para a ampliação de seus resultados.
A ESTRUTURA DAS REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS SOBRE “BEBÊ” E “OBJETOS DE BEBÊ”
Authors: Dadalto Elâine Cristina Vargas , Rosa Edinete Maria
Published: November 2021

O objetivo foi identificar e comparar a estrutura das representações sociais (RS) de mães de recém-nascidos pré-termo sobre “bebê” e “objetos de bebê”, durante internação em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal e aos 12 meses de idade. A técnica usada foi a evocação de até cinco palavras/expressões associadas aos termos indutores e processamento pelo software EVOC-2003. Participaram 47 mães. No contexto da internação, o núcleo central da RS de “bebê” apresentou as palavras “amor” e “cuidado”, e, aos 12 meses, “amor” e “carinho”. Os elementos organizadores da RS de “objetos de bebê” foram “berço”, “brinquedo” e “mamadeira”, e, aos 12 meses, “brinquedo”, “chupeta” e “mamadeira”. A organização das RS teve o amor como base, demonstrando preocupação e cuidado devido à internação. Após o primeiro ano, sentimentos negativos foram suprimidos, observando-se valorização do ato de brincar, ressaltando as dificuldades para manter a amamentação e lidar com a sucção não nutritiva.
Ein Blick in den Abgrund
Authors: Wodarz Barbara
Published: November 2021

At the beginning of the 21st century, writing about the Shoah in French literature is undergoing transformation processes. Soazig Aaron, Frédéric Brun, Philippe Claudel and Jean-Pierre Gattégno transform the survivor, including his duality, into a literary figure and place a clear focus on seeing as perception and metaphor. They combine this with a critical self-reflection on the writing process and on the strategies of verbalisation. The factual aspects of the Shoah fade into the background in favour of a lucid critique of society and humanity. With this double trace, the trace of the victims and the trace of the awareness of human abysses, the texts stimulate social changes.
Free-electron Driven Terahertz Wave Sources Based on Simth-Purcell Effect
Authors: Liu Weihao , Yu Zijia , Tao Zhi
Published: November 2021

Terahertz electromagnetic wave is one of the hottest research topics in nowadays scientific world thanks to its broad applications in material characterization, medical imaging, wireless communication, and security checking etc. Using free-electron beams to interact with periodic structures via the famous Smith-Purcell effect is an efficient way of generating high-power terahertz radiation. In this chapter, we introduce the basic theory and latest developments of the terahertz radiation schemes using a free-electron beam (including continuous electron beam, a single electron bunch, and a train of electron bunches, etc.) to interact with periodic electromagnetic structures, including grating, surface plasmonics, and subwavelength hole arrays, via a special Smith-Purcell effect or Cherenkov-like effect. A kind of free-electron lasers based on the special Smith-Purcell radiation in the terahertz region is proposed and investigated, which can be developed as high-power terahertz wave sources for practical applications.
Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications as Drug Nanocarriers
Authors: Carissimi Guzmán , G. Montalbán Mercedes , G. Fuster Marta , Víllora Gloria
Published: November 2021

The use of nanoparticles in biomedical fields is a very promising scientific area and has aroused the interest of researchers in the search for new biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic materials. This chapter is based on the features of the biopolymer silk fibroin and its applications in nanomedicine. Silk fibroin, obtained from the Bombyx mori silkworm, is a natural polymeric biomaterial whose main features are its amphiphilic chemistry, biocompatibility, biodegradability, excellent mechanical properties in various material formats, and processing flexibility. All of these properties make silk fibroin a useful candidate to act as nanocarrier. In this chapter, the structure of silk fibroin, its biocompatibility and degradability are reviewed. In addition, an intensive review on the silk fibroin nanoparticle synthesis methods is also presented. Finally, the application of the silk fibroin nanoparticles for drug delivery acting as nanocarriers is detailed.
Near-Field Propagation Analysis for Traveling-Wave Antennas
Authors: Hoang Ha
Published: November 2021

The evolution of ElectroMagnetic (EM) models and modern EM solvers permit resolving a variety of real-life EM propagation and radiation problems, in which antenna design and optimization account a large proportion. However, understanding of EM propagation processes on antenna structures and design achievements can be limited when only total antenna responses are considered and there is lacking of near-field analysis. This chapter provides a better insight into the EM propagation processes on traveling-wave antennas. A near-field propagation analysis method is proposed based on simulated near-field data with corresponding meshed structure data. This overcomes the insufficiencies and obstacles for observation of the conventional analysis methods. The EM-solver-run optimization and accurate sampling for field and structure data are the first important steps for the analysis. For general propagation problems such as paths recognition and characterization of the propagation, the EM signal models, impulse response analysis and super-resolution algorithms for Time of Arrival (ToA) estimation are studied and proposed. A particular space/time/frequency analysis is implemented for traveling-wave Vivaldi antennas, in which the phenomenon of EM energy transfer out of the conducting elements into the free space and higher-order scattering processes are revealed. The refined adjustment and optimization for the antennas are also proposed.
FAD-Linked Autofluorescence and Chemically-Evoked Zinc Changes at Hippocampal Mossy Fiber-CA3 Synapses
Authors: M.C. Bastos Fatima , M. Matias Carlos , O. Lopes Ines , P. Vieira João , M. Santos Rosa , M. Rosario Luis , M. Quinta-Ferreira Rosa , Emilia Quinta-Ferreira Maria
Published: November 2021

Glutamatergic vesicles in hippocampal mossy fiber presynaptic boutons release zinc, which plays a modulatory role in synaptic activity and LTP. In this work, a fluorescence microscopy technique and the fluorescent probe for cytosolic zinc, Newport Green (NG), were applied, in a combined study of autofluorescence and zinc changes at the hippocampal mossy fiber-CA3 synaptic system. In particular, the dynamics of flavoprotein (FAD) autofluorescence signals, was compared to that of postsynaptic zinc signals, elicited both by high K+ (20 mM) and by tetraethylammonium (TEA, 25 mM). The real zinc signals were obtained subtracting autofluorescence values, from corresponding total NG-fluorescence data. Both autofluorescence and zinc-related fluorescence were raised by high K+. In contrast, the same signals were reduced during TEA exposure. It is suggested that the initial outburst of TEA-evoked zinc release might activate ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels, as part of a safeguard mechanism against excessive glutamatergic action. This would cause sustained inhibition of zinc signals and a more reduced mitochondrial state. In favor of the “KATP channel hypothesis”, the KATP channel blocker tolbutamide (250 μM) nearly suppressed the TEA-evoked fluorescence changes. It is concluded that recording autofluorescence from brain slices is essential for the accurate assessment of zinc signals and actions.
Vegetable and Herbal Extracts: A Way towards Preventive and Therapeutics Regimen
Authors: Sharma Tanya , Tyagi Vinika , Bansal Megha
Published: November 2021

The traditional and herbal medicines play significant role in the treatment of several diseases. These medicines are the outcome of extensive research on therapeutic and preventive activity of various plant species and their specific parts. Administration of various plant parts, vegetables, fruits and other herbal constituents have significant impact on reduction of clinical, carcinogenic and genotoxic effects of various environmental toxicants. Various parts of plant such as wood, bark, stem, leaf and pod are rich in antioxidants which are known for their free radical scavenging activity. Currently, the treatment options rely significantly using natural anti-oxidants which are extracted from plant products because these are largely available, cost effective and non-toxic as compared to the synthetic drugs. Some potent natural anti-oxidants include tocopherol, ascorbic acid, flavonoids, quercetin, carotene, cinnamic acid, peptides and phenolic compounds which are extensively available in various herbal extracts. The present chapter will focus upon availability of various antioxidants in vegetables and other medicinal plants and their potential activities against xenobiotics.
Visceral Leishmaniasis: Asymptomatic Facts
Authors: Sudarshan Medhavi , Sharan Sumit
Published: November 2021

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) caused by protozoan parasite Leishmania is a vector borne disease and infection is limited not to human but also to animals worldwide. For infection identification and prevalence in both Leishmania endemic and nonendemic regions, several serological and genetic techniques are used. Although diagnostic techniques and clinical symptoms can establish illness status, it is extremely difficult to diagnose infection in the absence of symptoms. Asymptomatic are healthy people who have an infection but are unaware of it. The epidemiology of asymptomatic Leishmaniasis is critical for its eradication. Only a small percentage of infected people are clinically suspected of having VL, as the majority of them may not show any symptoms and remain asymptomatic. Some asymptomatic infections may go away after a while, or they may linger for years, or they may develop to illness with clinical signs. Asymptomatic infection varies per endemic location, but almost all of them point to this hidden category of parasite infection. It is now critical to understand many factors such as diagnostic markers, genetic markers, and immunological markers along with different risk factors. All of these criteria, as well as some innovative techniques to diagnosing and controlling asymptomatic leishmaniasis, will be covered in this chapter. The main focus will be on asymptomatic condition of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis, which is caused by Leishmania donovani and spreads via female sand fly P. argentipes biting. The numerous criteria that play a role in asymptomatic to symptomatic conversion in a specific time period will also be discussed in this chapter.
Role of Functional Food in Treating and Preventing Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Edward Mashau Mpho , Eugenia Ramashia Shonisani
Published: November 2021

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are still a major cause of mortality worldwide and are a serious health problem. Various factors that contribute toward CVDs include hypertension, tobacco use, physical inactivity, diabetes mellitus, obesity and overweight, alcohol, dietary factors and psychosocial aspects such as stress, anxiety and depression. Nutraceuticals and diet are very important for prevention of CVDs. The potential of nutraceuticals or functional food in mitigating risk of CVDs is discussed. Functional food with health related properties include fruit and vegetable, fish, legumes, nuts, soya protein, coffee, tea, chocolate, animal based functional food. In addition, some diet plans have shown the potential of reducing the incidence of CVDs. This includes the Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Okinawan and vegetarian diets. This chapter examines the risk factors of CVDs, including hypertension, tobacco usage, physical inactivity, diabetes mellitus, overweight and obesity. The chapter also brings to the fore, functional foods with properties related to health and effect of dietary patterns in the treatment and prevention of CVDs.
Causal Cognition and Skillful Tool Use
Authors: Rodríguez Ramírez Dairon Alfonso , Maldonado Serrano Jorge Francisco ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2021

An epistemological account of tool use is fundamental for a better comprehension of technical objects within the philosophy of technology. In this paper, we put forward an answer to the question “What is the role of causal cognition in skillful tool use?” We argue that an interventionist account of causal representation enables us to see how cases of skillful tool use presuppose the acquisition of representations of the causal relationships between direct interventions on a tool and the desired effects. This approach allows us to explain two of the main features of skillful tool use: systematicity and generality.
Low Etanercept Concentrations in Children With Obesity and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Balevic Stephen J. , Becker Mara L. , Gonzalez Daniel , Funk Ryan S.
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the impact of obesity on etanercept (ETN) drug exposure in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).

METHODS

We conducted a pilot, cross-sectional, observational study in a real-world cohort of children with JIA receiving ETN as standard of care from a single center. We analyzed the relationship between body size and ETN plasma concentrations, adjusting for dosage. Body size was analyzed as a continuous measure using weight and body mass index (BMI) percentiles and categorically using BMI percentile classifications according to the CDC guidelines.

RESULTS

We enrolled a total of 29 children. Each child provided one plasma sample for ETN concentration measurement, and all participants were receiving subcutaneous ETN dosed weekly. We observed that the ETN concentration normalized for dose decreased significantly as a function of weight (p = 0.004) and BMI percentile (p = 0.04). Similarly, we observed a progressive decline in mean and median dose-normalized concentrations across higher body size categories. Because of reaching maximum ETN dosage (50 mg), 7 of 8 children (87.5%) with obesity received a weight-based dosage < 0.8 mg/kg/dose.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that higher body weight and BMI percentile are significantly and negatively associated with ETN drug serum concentration, accounting for differences in dosing. Our data suggest that children who are obese may be routinely under-dosed using current dosing strategies. Inadequate dosing may increase the risk for therapeutic failure and long-term morbidity in a developing child. As a result, characterizing adequate drug exposure in children of all sizes is an important step toward precision dosing.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Moxifloxacin to Guide Treatment of Mycoplasma hominis Meningitis in an Extremely Preterm Infant
Authors: Yeung Telford , Chung Erin , Chen Jennifer , Erdman Laura K. , Smiljkovic Mina , Wong Waison , Rolnitsky Asaph , Morris Shaun K. , El Shahed Amr , Banihani Rudaina , Bitnun Ari , Tomlinson Christopher
Published: November 2021

Mycoplasma hominis (M hominis) is a rare cause of neonatal bacterial meningitis. Treatment can be challenging because of M hominis' intrinsic antibiotic resistance and the difficulty in accessing antimicrobial susceptibility testing. In this report, we describe an extremely preterm male infant with seizures who had a subsequent diagnosis of M hominis meningitis. Because of severity of illness, doxycycline (4 mg/kg IV every 24 hours) and moxifloxacin (5 mg/kg IV every 24 hours) were started empirically. Repeat cerebrospinal fluid cultures were negative and showed decreasing pleiocytosis. Given the concentration-dependent killing of moxifloxacin and concern for endovascular infection from a concomitant cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, serum concentrations of moxifloxacin were obtained to estimate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. These were compared to the targets described in other case reports of M hominis meningitis. The maximum serum concentration (Cmax) was 2.5 mg/L, volume of distribution was 2.2 L/kg, clearance was 0.18 L/kg/hr, terminal half-life was 8.6 hours, and area-under-the-concentration-time curve (AUC) was 28.1 mg•hr/L. Using the range of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) reported in the literature, the estimated Cmax/MIC for this patient was 21 to 158 (target Cmax/MIC: >10) and AUC/MIC was 234 to 1757 (target AUC/MIC: ≥100). Doxycycline and moxifloxacin were continued for 6 weeks. No adverse events to moxifloxacin or doxycycline were observed in the NICU. This report describes the successful treatment of M hominis neonatal meningitis and adds to the knowledge of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of moxifloxacin in neonates. Additional data will help to confirm the role for routine therapeutic drug monitoring of moxifloxacin in neonates.
Determination of hen eggshell stress by the puncture method
Authors: Koprivica Ranko , Veljković Biljana , Rakonjac Simeon , Božić Miloš , Vujičić Vojislav , Radivojević Dušan , Marković Dušan , Đokić Dragoslav
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study was to design and apply the measuring acquisition system, or a device for determining the limit values of eggshell stress using the puncture method. This study focused on class "L" eggs produced on a laying hen farm in the vicinity of Čačak and determined the external physical properties of egg quality: length, width, shape index and mass. In addition, the following eggshell properties were determined: mass, proportion, thickness, and puncture force. The average egg length was 58.05 mm, width 45.46 mm, and shape index 78.25%. The average egg mass was 65.89 g, and the eggshell ratio 12.76% (8.44 g). The average eggshell thickness was 0.48 mm with a 4.69% coefficient of variation. Results showed that the tested eggs had uniform stress, with an average value of the minimum shell puncture force 26.34 N, with a 0.95% coefficient of variation.
Biological nutritional value of zeolite-based soil enhancers
Authors: Ugrinović Milan , Pavlović Suzana , Girek Zdenka , Damnjanović Jelena , Adžić Slađan , Ugrenović Vladan , Brdar-Jokanović Milka
Published: November 2021

A series of greenhouse experiments were conducted in order to determine the biological nutritional value of the substrate mixtures based on newly designed zeolite soil enhancers made to replace an earlier registered commercial enhancer (ZeoPlant™). Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was used as a test species. Plant height, number of leaves, and fresh plant mass were measured. During the preliminary experiments, the optimal ratio of enriched zeolites in the peat-based substrate mixtures was verified (about 25% volumetric), as well as the usability of Pirotski peat for the preparation of substrate mixtures. Enriched zeolites (EZa, EZb, EZc, EZd) were mixed in optimal ratio with Pirotski peat and compared to a commercial zeolite-based substrate mixture that was used as a control treatment. The control treatment showed the best results. On the other side, the differences between other treatments were not significant, but they indicate that some of the examined soil enhancers have a great potential for application in vegetable seedling production.
The Association between Weight-related Variables and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Baruth Meghan , Schlaff Rebecca A. , LaFramboise Faith C. , Deere Samantha J. , Miesen Kaylynne
Published: November 2021

Objectives: Postpartum depressive symptoms (PPDS) are common, and weight-related variables may be risk factors. In this study, we examined associations between weight-related variables and PPDS in postpartum women. Methods: Participants who gave birth within the past 12
months completed an online survey assessing various weight-related variables and PPDS. We examined associations between weight-related variables and PPDS using regression models. Results: Participants (N=315) were 30.1±3.9 years of age and 5.6±3.7 months postpartum. A
majority were white (96.2%), married (87.9%), and had a bachelor's degree or higher (70.5%). Having a higher pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and current BMI, lower weight loss at 6 months postpartum, and substantial postpartum weight retention were associated with higher PPDS. There was
no relationship between total gestational weight gain, IOM weight gain category, excess weight gain, postpartum weight retention, and pre-pregnancy-to-postpartum change in BMI, and postpartum depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Understanding factors associated with postpartum depressive
symptoms can help to develop and implement appropriate screenings/follow-ups and interventions among those at greatest risk. Given the potential connection to PPDS, there is a need for interventions aimed at promoting healthy pre-conception weight and helping women to lose excess pregnancy
weight during the postpartum period.
Effects of Integrated Health Education Combined with Life Intervention on Patients with Coronary Atherosclerotic Heart Disease Complicated with Hyperlipidemia
Authors: Luo Qiong , Jin Ping , Li Hongping , Cui Kun , Jiang Tianfeng
Published: November 2021

Objectives: In this study, we assessed the effects of integrated health education combined with life intervention on patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CHD) complicated with hyperlipidemia. Methods: We selected 96 patients with CHD complicated with hyperlipidemia
being treated in our hospital from June 2018 to June 2020, and assigned them to a control group (N=48) or a research group (N=48). Patients in the control group received integrated health education, whereas those in the research group were given integrated health education combined with life
intervention. We measured outcomes, including blood lipid levels, electrocardiogram (ECG) recovery times, lengths of hospital stay, compliance with nursing intervention, and satisfaction with nursing care. Results: After intervention, the total effective rate of nursing in the research
group was 93.75% which was higher than for the control group 79.17%. In the research group, the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were higher than those in control group, and the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was lower than that
in control group. The length of hospital stay and ECG recovery time were longer than those in research group. The research group had a higher nursing compliance rate than did the control group (91.67% vs 75.00%), and satisfaction with nursing care also was lower in the control group than in
the research group (77.08 % vs 91.67%) (p < .05). Conclusion: Integrated health education combined with life intervention has a better nursing effect on patients with CHD complicated with hyperlipidemia, and can contribute to controlling blood lipid level in the normal range, improve
nursing satisfaction and compliance of patients, reduce the occurrence of adverse events, shorten the length of hospital stay, and accelerate recovery of patients
Skolestrukturers betydning for skole-ledelse: En analyse af meningsskabelse, delegering og specialisering i to forskellige skolestrukturer i Danmark
Authors: Sandgaard Anders , Quvang Christian
Published: November 2021

Dette studie undersøger skolestrukturens betydning for ledelse set fra et skolechef perspektiv, og hvordan denne opleves som meningsskabende i et skolelederperspektiv. I løbet af de seneste tiår har mange danske kommuner med forskellige begrundelser ændret skolestrukturen, men der findes kun begrænset forskning, der belyser skolestrukturers betydning for skoleledelse. Studiet er et mixed methods design, hvor udgangspunktet er en kvantitativ genereret baseline med fokus på, hvordan skolechefer i Danmark vurderer en specifik kommunal skolestruktur. På basis af denne viden er der gennemført et kvalitativt studie baseret på individuelle- og fokusgruppeinterview samt interview-genererede fortællinger om ledelse i to cases repræsenterende, dels en traditionel-, dels en distrikts­baseret skolestruktur. Dermed har studiet et komparativt perspektiv. Studiets kvantitative analyser viser, at de to skolestrukturvarianter er funderet i forskellige styrings- og organiseringsprincipper med forskellige grad af ledelsesmæssig autonomi. Studiets kvalitative analyser viser, at delegering og specialisering i ledelse har forskellige muligheder indenfor de to typer af skolestrukturer. Studiet konkluderer, at den traditionelle skolestruktur gennem skoleledelsens meningsskabelse både kan hæmme og fremme mulig­heder for delegering og specialisering for ledelse, mens den distriktsbaserede skolestruktur i højere grad kan fremme delegering og specialiseringsmulighederne for ledelse. Således konkluderer studiet, at skolestruktur har forskellige konsekvenser for skoleledelsers meningsskabelse af ledelsesopgaverne.