bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical parameters affecting mass loss of steel reinforcement
Authors: Drakakaki Argyro , Apostolopoulos Alkiviadis , Apostolopoulos Charis
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The safety of reinforced concrete structures is generally related to the expected service life of their individual materials. Corrosion damage manifesting on steel reinforcement is usually underestimated, although it greatly affects both load bearing capacity and plastic deformation limits of steel reinforcement. Corrosion damage degree has a great impact on the life expectancy of structures. This paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

In the present study, an effort has been made to examine and present critical parameters, which are significantly responsible for the differentiation of the corrosion damage level, as far as mass loss is concerned. Consequently, the size effect of the exposed – to the aggressive conditions – area of the specimen, as well as the volume of the protected (against corrosion) area, was examined in detail.

Findings

Differential aeration greatly affects the results of corrosion on the material, given that under both high and low oxygen concentration corrosion process is still ongoing.

Originality/value

Findings proceeded are worth mentioning, as they may contribute to a more pertinent evaluation of the corrosion damage (as far as mass loss is concerned), restricting the risk of erroneous predictions concerning the mechanical behavior of steel reinforcement.
Is this for our sake or their sake? Cross-cultural effects of message focus in cause-related marketing
Authors: Woo Hongjoo , Kim Seeun , Childs Michelle Lynn
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine how cause-related marketing (CRM) messages with a global focus and a national focus influence perceived brand authenticity and participation intentions among consumers across two countries, USA and South Korea, based on the social identity perspective. In addition, the study examines how perceived altruism of the brand mediates these relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

Hypotheses were tested by 2×2 between-subject quasi-experiment among about 260 US and Korean consumers. Data were analyzed using multivariate analyses of covariance (MANCOVA) and a moderated mediation analysis.

Findings

Results indicated that, overall, US consumers perceive higher brand authenticity and participation intentions toward CRM in than Korean consumers. Korean consumers perceived higher brand authenticity and participation intentions from a CRM message with a national focus, while US consumers did not have a significant preference between message focuses. According to the result of moderated mediation analysis, consumers’ perceived altruism toward the brand mediated the effects of interaction between message focus and consumer nationality.

Originality/value

This study provides a unique perspective about what specific kind of CRM message could be more effective for consumers in different cultures, and proposes a theoretical explanation of why such difference is observed based on consumers’ social identities and in-group favoritism.
Supply chain network and information sharing effects of SMEs’ credit quality on firm performance
Authors: Ali Zulqurnain , Gongbing Bi , Mehreen Aqsa
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine how a supply chain (SC) network helps small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to obtain liquidity and working capital for enhancing their performance while developing the relationships among SC members through information sharing. Moreover, this study also investigates whether a strong tie or bridge tie improves the availability of SMEs’ credit and performance.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a survey approach, data were collected from textile SMEs, located in Pakistan. Structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression model were run to validate the proposed model and the relationships.

Findings

Findings highlighted that strong tie and bridge tie of SMEs positively and significantly enhance the credit quality and SMEs’ performance. Furthermore, information sharing significantly moderates the relationship between SC network ties and SMEs’ credit quality. Credit quality significantly explains the indirect (mediation) association between the strong tie and the firm performance.

Practical implications

This study will help the SMEs’ entrepreneurs and SC executives to strengthen the liquidity position of SME and improve SMEs’ performance by developing the bridge ties. SMEs should share more information in their SC network while performing business transactions so that financers or lenders can easily access their operational capabilities and individual characteristics to offer them quality credit such as supply chain finance (SCF).

Originality/value

SMEs always face the issue of risk-free financing which adversely affects the firm performance. This study covered the hidden gap in SCM and SMEs’ financing literature by identifying the crucial role of SCF as quality credit in the development of SMEs. Moreover, SMEs can get benefits (e.g. quality credit=SCF) for better embedding in an SC network through information sharing.
Tracing the evolution of advertising account planning
Authors: Beede Park
Published: July 2019

Purpose

This study aims to contribute a comprehensive historical analysis of account planning in scholarly literature, tracing its origins in agency adoption through transformation amid today’s rapidly changing advertising environment.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper applies a historical literature review of advertising account planning literature spanning over a half-century. The analysis focuses on dual dimensions of chronological evolution and thematic content analysis to trace the development of key constructs and their changes over time.

Findings

The analysis sheds light on the origins of account planning as a discipline and factors influencing its practice among agencies. Three distinct chronological stages of development are identified, and four dominant construct themes evident across time. Analysis indicates that traditional account planning was well formed functionally in the 1990s and peaked in prominence around the turn of the new millennium. Of late, however, advances in account planning theory appear limited and the future fragmented.

Originality/value

This study provides a unique historical perspective tracing the chronological development and key constructs of account planning. Implications for the future of the planning discipline are uncertain as agencies innovate with new functional roles seeking to unlock consumer insights and creative opportunities in the digital advertising environment.
Open innovation in family firms: a systematic literature review
Authors: Gjergji Rafaela , Lazzarotti Valentina , Visconti Federico , García-Marco Teresa
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study is threefold: first, to provide a comprehensive and systemized literature review on open innovation (OI) in family firms; second, to identify the antecedent of family firms’ heterogeneity (i.e. governance structure, goals and resources) and to outline how they affect OI behavior; and third, to propose potential avenues for further research.

Design/methodology/approach

The study consists of a systematic literature review and analyses the findings of 36 papers on OI and family firms.

Findings

Based on the results of the reviewed papers, authors show how family firms’ specific characteristics/factors strictly related to their governance structure, goals and resources affect OI behavior. Furthermore, the authors highlight also that adoption of different mechanisms/strategies can be useful to family firms to overcome OI barriers. Finally, discussion and avenues for further research are presented.

Practical implications

This review can be useful to family business managers, directors and/or external consultants to better understand family-specific characteristics to support family businesses in opening up their boundaries to external partners.

Originality/value

To the best knowledge, this is the first systematic review on OI and family firms that attempt to identify all family-specific characteristics/factors, known as the antecedent of heterogeneity that affects family firm OI behavior. The authors believe that it could represent an important guide for future research on this topic.
Can corporate philanthropy be driven from the bottom to the top? Evidence from China
Authors: Zhang Lin , Mo Shenjiang , Chen Honghui , Wu Jintao
Published: July 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to demonstrate that corporate philanthropy can be driven from the bottom to the top. In particular, the authors investigate whether employees’ donations influence corporate philanthropy and under what conditions this effect occurs.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample consists of Chinese listed firms that disclosed the amount employees donated in response to the Sichuan earthquake in 2008. The Heckman two-stage selection model is applied to examine the effect of employees’ donations on corporate philanthropy and the conditions under which this effect occurs.

Findings

The results show that employees’ donations are positively associated with corporate philanthropy. Furthermore, a higher percentage of females in top management teams can significantly strengthen the effect of employees’ donations on corporate philanthropy. When the average age of the top management team members is high, the influence of employees’ donations on corporate philanthropy is stronger.

Practical implications

This is an empirical study that helps to predict corporate philanthropy. Another practical implication is that employees should be recognized as an important element of corporate social responsibility.

Social implications

The results encourage employees to become drivers of corporate social responsibility.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the corporate social responsibility literature by demonstrating that corporate philanthropy can be driven from the bottom to the top. Moreover, this study integrates signaling theory into the study of corporate social responsibility. Finally, this study identifies two important contingent factors that strengthen the effect of employees on top managers’ decisions about corporate social responsibility.
Remote ischaemic preconditioning modifies serum apolipoprotein D, met‐enkephalin, adenosine, and nitric oxide in healthy young adults
Authors: Ng Michelle W. , Angerosa Julie , Konstantinov Igor E. , Cheung Michael M. , Pepe Salvatore
Published: July 2019

Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) has been employed as a non‐invasive protective intervention against myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury in animal studies. However, the underlying mechanisms are incompletely defined in humans and its clinical efficacy has been inconclusive. As advanced age, disease, and drugs may confound RIPC mechanisms in patients, our aim is to measure whether RIPC evokes release of adenosine, bradykinin, met‐enkephalin, nitric oxide, and apolipoproteins in healthy young adults. Healthy subjects (n = 18, 9 males, 23 ± 1.5 years old; 9 females, 23 ± 1.8 years old) participated after informed consent. RIPC was applied using a blood pressure cuff to the dominant arms for four cycles of 5‐minute cuff inflation (ischaemia) and 5‐minute cuff deflation (reperfusion). Blood was sampled at baseline and immediately after the final cuff deflation (Post‐RIPC). Baseline and Post‐RIPC plasma levels of adenosine, bradykinin, met‐enkephalin, apolipoprotein A‐1 (ApoA‐1), apolipoprotein D (ApoD), and nitric oxide (as nitrite) were measured via ELISA and high‐performance liquid chromatography. Mean (±SD) baseline levels of adenosine, bradykinin, met‐enkephalin, ApoA‐1, ApoD, and nitrite in healthy young adults were 13.8 ± 6.5 ng/mL, 2.6 ± 1.9 μg/mL, 594.1 ± 197.4 pg/mL, 3.0 ± 0.7 mg/mL, 22.2 ± 4.0 μg/mL, and 49.8 ± 13.4 nmol/L, respectively. Post‐RIPC adenosine and nitrite levels increased (59.5 ± 37.9%, P < .0001; 32.2 ± 19.5%, P < .0001), whereas met‐enkephalin and ApoD levels marginally decreased (5.3 ± 14.0%, P = .04; 10.8 ± 20.5%, P = .04). Post‐RIPC levels were not influenced by sex, age, blood pressure, waist circumference, or BMI. RIPC produces increased levels of adenosine and nitrites, and decreased met‐enkephalin and ApoD in the plasma of young healthy adults.
Improving eDNA‐based protist diversity assessments using networks of amplicon sequence variants
Authors: Forster Dominik , Lentendu Guillaume , Filker Sabine , Dubois Elyssa , Wilding Thomas A. , Stoeck Thorsten
Published: July 2019

Effective and precise grouping of highly similar sequences remains a major bottleneck in the evaluation of high‐throughput sequencing datasets. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) offer a promising alternative that may supersede the widely used operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in environmental sequencing studies. We compared the performance of a recently developed pipeline based on the algorithm DADA2 for obtaining ASVs against a pipeline based on the algorithm SWARM for obtaining OTUs. Illumina‐sequencing of 29 individual ciliate species resulted in up to 11 ASVs per species, while SWARM produced up to 19 OTUs per species. To improve the congruency between species diversity and molecular diversity, we applied sequence similarity networks (SSNs) for second‐level sequence grouping into network sequence clusters (NSCs). At 100% sequence similarity in SWARM‐SSNs, NSC numbers decreased from 7.9‐fold overestimation without abundance filter, to 4.5‐fold overestimation when an abundance filter was applied. For the DADA2‐SSN approach, NSC numbers decreased from 3.5‐fold to 3‐fold overestimation. Rand index cluster analyses predicted best binning results between 97% and 94% sequence similarity for both DADA2‐SSNs and SWARM‐SSNs. Depending on the ecological questions addressed in an environmental sequencing study with protists we recommend ASVs as replacement for OTUs, best in combination with SSNs.
Reduced Soil Macropores and Forest Cover Reduce Warm‐Season Baseflow below Ecological Thresholds in the Upper Delaware River Basin
Authors: Endreny Theodore A. , Kwon Peter , Williamson Tanja N. , Evans Richard
Published: July 2019

We examined the impacts of changes in land cover and soil conditions on the flow regime of the upper Delaware River Basin using the Water Availability Tool for Environmental Resources. We simulated flows for two periods, c. 1600 and 1940, at three sites using the same temperature and precipitation conditions: the East Branch, West Branch, and mainstem Delaware River at Callicoon, New York. The 1600 period represented pristine forest and soils. The 1940 period included reduced forest cover, increased agriculture, and degraded soils with reduced soil macropore fractions. A model‐sensitivity test examined the impact of soil macropore and land cover change separately. We assessed changes in flow regimes between the 1600 and 1940 periods using a variety of flow statistics, including established ecological limits of hydrologic alteration (ELOHA) thresholds. Reduced forest soil macropore fraction significantly reduced summer and fall baseflows. The 1940 period had significantly lower Q50 flows (50% exceedance) than the 1600 period, as well as summer and fall Q90 and Q75–Q90 flows below the ELOHA thresholds. The one‐ to seven‐day minimum flows were also lower for the 1940 period, by 17% on the mainstem. 1940 flows were 6% more likely than the 1600 period to fall below the low‐flow threshold for federally endangered dwarf wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon) habitat. In contrast, the 1940 period had higher flows than the 1600 period from late fall to early winter.
A Note on Means Testing and Temptation
Authors: Kumru Cagri S. , Piggott John , Thanopoulos Athanasios C.
Published: July 2019

This study analyses the relative performance in terms of welfare of the current US PAYG system compared to an array of cost equivalent alternative specifications of means‐tested pension programmes. We conduct our analysis under two different settings. While in the first setting, individuals have standard preferences; in the second setting, individuals have self‐control preferences. We show that the implications of the reform substantially differ across the two settings.
Forecasting realised volatility: a Markov switching approach with time‐varying transition probabilities
Authors: Wang Xunxiao , Shrestha Keshab , Sun Qi
Published: July 2019

This paper introduces a markov‐switching heterogeneous autoregressive (MS‐HAR) model with time‐varying transition probabilities (TVTP) for the realised volatility of Shanghai securities composite index returns. Its various extensions have been obtained by including negative returns outside trading hours in addition to the leverage effects and trading volume. The findings show asymmetries in the impact of explanatory variables on the realised volatility. Moreover, the out‐of‐sample results show that the benchmark MS‐HAR with TVTP model and its extensions consistently outperform the simple HAR model, MS‐HAR model with constant transition probabilities (CTP) and their extensions. These results are robust to alternative realised measurements, and have economic implications.
Ultrafiltration for management of fluid overload in patients with heart failure
Authors: Gologorsky Rebecca C. , Roy Shuvo
Published: July 2019

Heart failure is the number one cause of death in the United States and a significant burden to the healthcare system. One of the primary complications of heart failure is fluid overload, for which current treatments are limited. Medical therapy is first‐line; however, rates of diuretic insensitivity are high, medications are not easily titrated, and they do not address the underlying physiologic derangement that leads to hypervolemia. Removal of isotonic fluid via hemofiltration and peritoneal dialysis is an understudied but promising therapy that enables decongestion without maladaptive stimulation of fluid retention pathways. Published studies report conflicting data on long‐term outcomes of ultrafiltration but reach consensus on greater and more durable volume reduction with ultrafiltration than conventional medical therapy. These studies are noteworthy for their neglect to standardize both patient selection and fluid removal protocol, which likely contribute to outcome variation. Novel technology in preclinical testing includes implantable ultrafiltration, which has potential to treat volume overload while minimizing the adverse effects associated with conventional hemofiltration. We performed a literature review of English‐language studies on hemo‐ and peritoneal filtration for management of fluid overload in congestive heart failure. Also included is a discussion of the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure and first‐line management as well as emerging technologies for ultrafiltration.
Letter: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is safe for prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B virus
Authors: Fan Li‐Wei , Zhao Chang , Ma Yi‐Long
Published: July 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Wang et al and Pan and Zhang papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15064 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15382.
Editorial: when cirrhosis deserves haemodialysis—rethinking strategies. Authors’ reply
Authors: Artru Florent , Louvet Alexandre , Hazzan Marc , Mathurin Philippe
Published: July 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Artru et al and Reverter papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15279 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15319.
Letter: pre‐operative anti‐TNF therapy in Crohn’s disease is not associated with increased complications following elective surgery
Authors: Istl Alexandra , Yang Mei L. , Fleshner Katherine A. , Parker Claire E. , Guizzetti Leonardo , Singh Siddharth , Jairath Vipul
Published: July 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Lin et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15184 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15392.
Editorial: screening for oesophageal varices after directly acting anti‐viral therapy—do not let your guard down
Authors: Rathi Sahaj , Marquez Vladimir
Published: July 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to McDonald et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15320.
Editorial: the overlap between dyspepsia and gastro‐oesophageal reflux—is duodenal eosinophilia the missing link?
Authors: Kanno Takeshi , Moayyedi Paul
Published: July 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Ronkainen et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15308 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15406.
Letter: improvement of clinical outcomes by metformin in metabolic liver disease—a microbiota‐dependent mechanism?
Authors: Ianiro Gianluca , Ponziani Francesca Romana , Gasbarrini Antonio , Cammarota Giovanni
Published: July 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Vilar‐Gomez et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15331.
Editorial: determinants of diagnostic delay in autoimmune atrophic gastritis—a salutary lesson
Authors: Walker Marjorie M.
Published: July 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Lenti et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15317 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15415.
Editorial: the overlap between dyspepsia and gastro‐oesophageal reflux—is duodenal eosinophilia the missing link? Authors' reply
Authors: Ronkainen Jukka , Aro Pertti , Walker Marjorie M. , Agréus Lars , Johansson Sven‐Erik , Jones Mike , Talley Nicholas J.
Published: July 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Ronkainen et al and Kanno and Moayyedi papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15308 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15388.
Spatial media and cycling spaces: A theory of coded attractors
Authors: Duggan Mike
Published: July 2019

This paper contributes to the literature on the digital geographies of cycling and everyday mobility by further examining the ways that spatial media have become embedded in the riding practices of amateur road cyclists. Road cycling offers a useful case study for examining the complexity of these relations because it is a primarily mobile practice that unfolds across multiple spaces, all of which may be contextually mediated by people, technologies, and environments in various ways. Using empirical evidence taken from an ethnographic study exploring the impacts of spatial media in an amateur road‐cycling club, the paper demonstrates why geographers could pay more attention to the sociomaterial assemblages of leisure spaces. The paper complicates the notion that cycling is simply mediated, tracked, and datafied by digital technologies, by arguing that cycling spaces are mediated by a multiplicity of socio‐material modulations. Adapting the Deleuzian concept of attractors, the paper demonstrates how spatial media can be conceptualised as a form of “coded attractor,” which competes with other socio‐material attractors to transduce and shape the spaces and practices of cycling. It is argued that this theoretical approach could be applied by geographers and others seeking alternative theoretical perspectives on studies of spatial media and everyday mobility.
Length of inpatient stays and associated factors among middle‐aged and older adults in Korea
Authors: Lee Sungkyu , Lee Hyunjoo
Published: July 2019

Using a nationally representative sample of middle‐aged and older adults in Korea, this study examined the length of inpatient stays and associated factors. The pooled 2008–2012 data were obtained from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging, and study sample consisted of 7,805 individuals aged 50 and older. Guided by the Andersen's healthcare utilization model, latent growth curve modeling was conducted. Study results indicate that the average inpatient stay has slightly increased among middle‐aged and older adults in Korea. Furthermore, the severity of functional disability, the number of chronic health conditions, and the level of depressive symptoms were found to be key factors associated with the length of inpatient stays. In particular, respondents who received federal welfare benefits had longer stays than those who did not receive welfare benefits. Being employed and having private insurance were also found to be predictors of increasing length of inpatient stays. However, marital status was not associated with the length of inpatient stays. By understanding the pattern of inpatient stays and associated factors, policymakers should make an effort to develop innovative cost‐effective healthcare programs.
Survey of veterinary prescribing for poultry disease
Authors: Crabb HK , Hardefeldt LY , Bailey KE , Billman‐Jacobe H , Gilkerson JR , Browning GF
Published: July 2019

Background

To enable better antimicrobial stewardship, it is important to know what the patterns of prescribing behaviour are and what diseases or reasons antibiotics are being prescribed. A prescribing guideline (i.e. recommended best practice for writing prescriptions) developed by the Australian poultry veterinarians exists. However, it is not a prescribing guideline detailing treatments for the commonly observed bacterial diseases in commercial poultry.

Methods

An online survey was deployed to all registered veterinarians and members of the Australian Veterinary Poultry Association to identify prescribing behaviours for the most frequently observed bacterial diseases of poultry.

Results

A total of 39 survey responses were received. Most surveys were started but not completed; 13 (33%) were completed with 18 (46%) containing some information on prescribing. The most frequent treatment responses were for Escherichia coli in both layers and broilers, chronic respiratory disease (CRD), fowl cholera and spotty liver in layers and necrotic enteritis in broilers. Treatments described were for products registered for poultry use, within the recommended label dose and duration of treatment (Tables 1, 2). Unsurprisingly, tetracyclines and amoxycillin, followed by lincomycin and trimethoprim sulfonamide products were the most frequently reported treatment options. Inappropriate treatments were reported for salmonellosis and one veterinarian recommended the use of enrofloxacin for the treatment of fowl cholera.

Conclusion

Information provided by respondents will enable the initial development of prescribing guidelines for both commercial and small poultry flocks. Importantly, it identified less than optimal prescribing behaviour for some diseases, a reliance on one class of antibiotic more than others and a failure to utilise all antimicrobial classes potentially available for treatment. Critically, the survey identified a lack of treatment options for bacterial disease in poultry. The most important bacterial diseases of poultry remain the same; effective alternatives for antibiotic treatment are required and old diseases, thought once gone, are reinventing themselves as problems for the future. Surveys of prescribing behaviours are essential for identifying diseases of high priority, changes in treatments and response to treatment and to identify areas for targeted antimicrobial stewardship, and research needs.
Why bad feelings predict good behaviours: The role of positive and negative anticipated emotions on consumer ethical decision making
Authors: Escadas Marco , Jalali Marjan S. , Farhangmehr Minoo
Published: July 2019

Research suggests that emotions can greatly influence consumer decision making and behaviours. Notwithstanding, our understanding of the role of anticipated emotions in what is an inherently complex deliberation process—that of consumer ethics—is still quite limited. The present study thus aims to address this gap, in two key ways: first, by measuring the influence of positive and negative anticipated emotions at each stage of the consumer ethical decision making process; and second by describing the specific emotions that most affect each component of the consumer ethical deliberation process and assessing their relative weight in predicting decisions involving ethical issues. Through the examination of 603 ethical situations and using multiple regression analysis, the findings indicate that anticipated emotions can account for up to 59% of the variance in consumer decisions involving ethics. Anticipating the experience of negative emotions as a result of carrying out an unethical behaviour was the affective component found to most influence consumer ethical deliberation process; and anticipated guilt was the discrete emotion exerting the greatest effect on consumer decision making in ethical situations. The findings indicate that more than feeling good, consumers avoid feeling bad; such that ethically favourable decisions emerge to prevent experiencing negative emotions in the future.
The impact of monetary stimuli on object‐based attention
Authors: Zhao Jingjing , Song Fangxing , Zhou Sicen , Hu Saisai , Liu Dawei , Wang Yonghui , Kong Feng
Published: July 2019

Previous research has implied that monetary reward to target location (a reward for spatial properties) can affect object‐based attention, but no study has directly investigated the influence of monetary objects (a reward for object properties) on object‐based attention. Thus, it is unclear whether and how monetary objects can affect object‐based attention. To experimentally investigate this problem, this study adapted the well‐established two‐rectangle paradigm. In Experiment 1, either two 100‐yuan notes or two 1‐yuan notes were presented to participants. We found an object‐based effect with faster responses to targets at an uncued position on the cued object compared to those at an equidistant position on the uncued object; the effect was similar in 100‐yuan and 1‐yuan note trials. In Experiment 2, two notes (one 100‐yuan and one 1‐yuan) were simultaneously presented to participants, and cue location (100‐yuan, 1‐yuan) was manipulated. We found a greater object‐based effect when the cue appeared on the 100‐yuan note than on the 1‐yuan note. These results suggest that the rewarding property of objects can affect object‐based attention by means of altering object salience.
Habitat amount drives the functional diversity and nestedness of anuran communities in an Atlantic Forest fragmented landscape
Authors: Almeida‐Gomes Mauricio , Vieira Marcus V. , Rocha Carlos F. D. , Melo Adriano S.
Published: July 2019

Natural environments disturbed by human activities can suffer from species extinctions, but some can still harbor high taxonomic diversity. However, disturbances may have impacts beyond the species level, if the species lost represent unique functions in the ecosystem. In this study, we evaluated to what extent the amount of habitat can determine the functional diversity and nestedness of amphibian communities in an Atlantic Forest fragmented landscape in Brazil, and if there is a threshold of habitat amount beyond which there is severe loss of functional diversity. As species responses may depend on their habitat type, we performed the analyses for three different sets of species: all species, forest‐dependent species, and generalist species. We also evaluated the relative importance of turnover and nestedness components to total functional dissimilarity among sites. Habitat amount affected functional diversity of frogs, especially for forest‐dependent species where a linear reduction was detected. The functional dissimilarity among sites was mostly explained by the nestedness component. The reduction of functional diversity was mediated by an ordered loss of traits, leading to a functionally nested metacommunity. These sensitive traits were closely related to habits and reproductive modes that depend on rivers and streams. The maintenance of functional diversity of frogs in fragmented landscapes must rely on the conservation of both terrestrial and aquatic environments, as some species and their traits can disappear from remnants of native vegetation lacking some specific habitats (e.g. streams).

Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
Pharmacological characterization of TQ05310, a potent inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 R140Q and R172K mutants
Authors: Gao Mingzhao , Zhu Hongmei , Fu Li , Li Yun , Bao Xubin , Fu Haoyu , Quan Haitian , Wang Lei , Lou Liguang
Published: July 2019

Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), an important mitochondrial metabolic enzyme involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is mutated in a variety of cancers. AG‐221, an inhibitor primarily targeting the IDH2‐R140Q mutant, has shown remarkable clinical benefits in the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia patients. However, AG‐221 has weak inhibitory activity toward IDH2‐R172K, a mutant form of IDH2 with more severe clinical manifestations. Herein, we report TQ05310 as the first mutant IDH2 inhibitor that potently targets both IDH2‐R140Q and IDH2‐R172K mutants. TQ05310 inhibited mutant IDH2 enzymatic activity, suppressed (R)‐2‐hydroxyglutarate (2‐HG) production and induced differentiation in cells expressing IDH2‐R140Q and IDH2‐R172K, but not in cells expressing wild‐type IDH1/2 or mutant IDH1. TQ05310 bound to both IDH2‐R140Q and IDH2‐R172K, with Q316 being the critical residue mediating the binding of TQ05310 with IDH2‐R140Q, but not with IDH2‐R172K. TQ05310 also had favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics and profoundly inhibited 2‐HG production in a tumor xenografts model. The results of the current study establish a solid foundation for further clinical investigation of TQ05310, and provide new insight into the development of novel mutant IDH2 inhibitors.
Barcode sequencing identifies resistant mechanisms to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in circulating tumor DNA of lung cancer patients
Authors: Kitazono Satoru , Sakai Kazuko , Yanagitani Noriko , Ariyasu Ryo , Yoshizawa Takahiro , Dotsu Yosuke , Koyama Junji , Saiki Masafumi , Sonoda Tomoaki , Nishikawa Shingo , Uchibori Ken , Horiike Atsushi , Nishio Kazuto , Nishio Makoto
Published: July 2019

Most patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation‐positive non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) will inevitably develop acquired resistance induced by treatment with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKI). The mechanisms of resistance to EGFR‐TKI are multifactorial, and the detection of these mechanisms is critical for treatment choices in patients who have progressed after EGFR‐TKI therapy. We evaluated the feasibility of a molecular barcode method using next‐generation sequencing to detect multifactorial resistance mechanisms in circulating tumor DNA and compared the results with those obtained using other technologies. Plasma samples were collected from 25 EGFR mutation‐positive NSCLC patients after the development of EGFR‐TKI resistance. Somatic mutation profiles of these samples were assessed using two methods of next‐generation sequencing and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). The positive rate for EGFR‐sensitizing mutations was 18/25 (72.0%) using ddPCR, 17/25 (68.0%) using amplicon sequencing, and 19/25 (76.0%) using molecular barcode sequencing. Rate of the EGFR T790M resistance mutation among patients with EGFR‐sensitizing mutations was shown to be 7/18 (38.9%) using ddPCR, 6/17 (35.3%) using amplicon sequencing, and 8/19 (42.1%) using molecular barcode sequencing. Copy number gain in the MET gene was detected in three cases using ddPCR. PIK3CA, KRAS and TP53 mutations were detected using amplicon sequencing. Molecular barcode sequencing detected PIK3CA, TP53, KRAS, and MAP2K1 mutations. Results of the three assays were comparable; however, in cell‐free DNA, molecular barcode sequencing detected mutations causing multifactorial resistance more sensitively than did the other assays.
A comparison of state support for young people leaving care in Norway and Sweden: Differences within comparable welfare systems
Authors: Storø Jan , Sjöblom Yvonne , Höjer Ingrid
Published: July 2019

The aim of this article is to account for and discuss support to young care leavers within the comparable welfare regimes of Norway and Sweden and to explore key differences between these 2 countries. This model implies that children and young people are included and entitled to support through being family members, not as independent actors in their own right. This makes young care leaver's transition from care to adulthood problematic—as they often do not have access to family support, they may be positioned in a vacuum where they are clients neither entitled to support from the child welfare system nor supported by their families of origin. In Norway, legislators and policymakers have agreed that care leavers need particular attention and targeted support, whereas in Sweden, there has been no such agreement. However, the Norwegian system of giving leaving care services is not strong enough to provide transition support to all care leavers, even if the legislation gives stronger protection than in Sweden. The article discusses the need for targeted measures of support for a successful care‐leaving process.
Supporting young people from care to adulthood: International practice
Authors: Stein Mike
Published: July 2019

This paper explores practice examples relating to young people's transitions from care to adulthood. It discusses examples drawn from young people's pathways to adulthood, leaving care law and policy and participation. The paper concludes with a discussion of the research evidence on promoting the resilience of young people from care to adulthood, by proposing a framework for evaluating the impact of practice. It is suggested that practice should be interrogated in respect of the contribution made to stability and continuity, educational achievement, involving young people, preparation and support into adulthood, and health and well‐being.
Custody and fostering teenagers
Authors: Thomas Ian
Published: July 2019

This paper offers a brief consideration of the internal and external factors impacting children and young people who have become in conflict with the law.
On‐Site Example‐Based Material Appearance Acquisition
Authors: Lin Y. , Peers P. , Ghosh A.
Published: July 2019

We present a novel example‐based material appearance modeling method suitable for rapid digital content creation. Our method only requires a single HDR photograph of a homogeneous isotropic dielectric exemplar object under known natural illumination. While conventional methods for appearance modeling require prior knowledge on the object shape, our method does not, nor does it recover the shape explicitly, greatly simplifying on‐site appearance acquisition to a lightweight photography process suited for non‐expert users. As our central contribution, we propose a shape‐agnostic BRDF estimation procedure based on binary RGB profile matching. We also model the appearance of materials exhibiting a regular or stationary texture‐like appearance, by synthesizing appropriate mesostructure from the same input HDR photograph and a mesostructure exemplar with (roughly) similar features. We believe our lightweight method for on‐site shape‐agnostic appearance acquisition presents a suitable alternative for a variety of applications that require plausible “rapid‐appearance‐modeling”.
Adaptive Temporal Sampling for Volumetric Path Tracing of Medical Data
Authors: Martschinke J. , Hartnagel S. , Keinert B. , Engel K. , Stamminger M.
Published: July 2019

Monte‐Carlo path tracing techniques can generate stunning visualizations of medical volumetric data. In a clinical context, such renderings turned out to be valuable for communication, education, and diagnosis. Because a large number of computationally expensive lighting samples is required to converge to a smooth result, progressive rendering is the only option for interactive settings: Low‐sampled, noisy images are shown while the user explores the data, and as soon as the camera is at rest the view is progressively refined. During interaction, the visual quality is low, which strongly impedes the user's experience. Even worse, when a data set is explored in virtual reality, the camera is never at rest, leading to constantly low image quality and strong flickering. In this work we present an approach to bring volumetric Monte‐Carlo path tracing to the interactive domain by reusing samples over time. To this end, we transfer the idea of temporal antialiasing from surface rendering to volume rendering. We show how to reproject volumetric ray samples even though they cannot be pinned to a particular 3D position, present an improved weighting scheme that makes longer history trails possible, and define an error accumulation method that downweights less appropriate older samples. Furthermore, we exploit reprojection information to adaptively determine the number of newly generated path tracing samples for each individual pixel. Our approach is designed for static, medical data with both volumetric and surface‐like structures. It achieves good‐quality volumetric Monte‐Carlo renderings with only little noise, and is also usable in a VR context.
Multicenter database registry for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: Japan Endoscopic Database Project
Authors: Kato Masayuki , Tanaka Kiyohito , Kida Mitsuhiro , Ryozawa Shomei , Matsuda Koji , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro , Saito Yutaka , Ohtsuka Kazuo , Oda Ichiro , Katada Chikatoshi , Kobayashi Kiyonori , Hoteya Shu , Horimatsu Takahiro , Kodashima Shinya , Matsuda Takahisa , Muto Manabu , Yamamoto Hironori , Iwakiri Ryuichi , Kutsumi Hiromu , Miyata Hiroaki , Kato Mototsugu , Haruma Ken , Fujimoto Kazuma , Uemura Naomi , Kaminishi Michio , Tajiri Hisao
Published: July 2019

Background and Aim

Few studies have reported on a national, population‐based endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) database. Hence, in 2015, we established a multicenter ERCP database registry, the Japan Endoscopic Database (JED) Project in preparation for a nationwide endoscopic database. The objective the present study was to evaluate this registry before the establishment of a nationwide endoscopic database.

Methods

From 1 January 2015 to 31 March 2017, we collected and analyzed the ERCP data of all patients who underwent ERCP in four participating centers in the JED Project based on the JED protocol.

Results

Four centers carried out 4104 ERCP on 2173 patients. Data entry of ERCP information (age, 100%; gender, 100%; American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System, 74.5%; scope, 92.7%; time to ERCP, 100%; antithrombotic drug information, 55.0%; primary selective common bile duct [CBD] cannulation methods, 73.0%; number of attempts at primary selective CBD cannulation, 67.6%; overall selective CBD cannulation methods, 68.9%; ERCP procedure time, 66.3%; fluoroscopy time, 65.1%; adverse events, 74.9%; serum amylase levels 1 day post‐ERCP, 36.5%) was accurately extracted from the four centers. Success rate of CBD cannulation by level of ERCP difficulty was 98.5%, 99.0%, and 96.4% in grades 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Complication rate by overall selective CBD cannulation method was 5.6%, 7.6%, and 10.5% in the contrast‐assisted technique, guidewire‐assisted technique, and cross‐over method, respectively.

Conclusion

Data from this evaluation of the JED Project, a multicenter ERCP database registry, suggest the feasibility of establishing a nationwide ERCP database and its challenges.
Features of chronic pancreatitis by endoscopic ultrasound influence the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of small pancreatic lesions
Authors: Kurita Yusuke , Kuwahara Takamichi , Hara Kazuo , Mizuno Nobumasa , Okuno Nozomi , Matsumoto Shimpei , Obata Masahiro , Koda Hiroki , Tajika Masahiro , Shimizu Yasuhiro , Nakajima Atsushi , Kubota Kensuke , Niwa Yasumasa
Published: July 2019

Background and Aim

In chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients, diagnosis of small pancreatic lesions by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) is challenging. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether CP influences the diagnostic ability of EUS‐FNA for pancreatic lesions ≤10 mm.

Methods

One hundred and seventeen patients who underwent EUS‐FNA for pancreatic lesions ≤10 mm in size were enrolled. Patients were classified into two groups based on features of CP observed by EUS (EUS‐CP features) in accordance with the Rosemont classification. The CP group was defined as cases consistent with CP or suggestive of CP, and the non‐CP group was defined as cases indeterminate for CP or normal. Factors influencing the diagnostic accuracy of EUS‐FNA and CP status in pancreatic tumors were also investigated.

Results

Diagnostic ability of EUS‐FNA (overall cases, non‐CP vs CP) had sensitivity (80.4%, 96.7% vs 57.1%; P < 0.001), specificity (100%, 100% vs 100%; P > 0.05), and accuracy (91.5%, 98.6% vs 80.4%; P = 0.001). In multivariate analysis of factors influencing the accuracy of EUS‐FNA, CP significantly lowered the accuracy (P = 0.048; odds ratio [OR] = 9.21). Among pancreatic cancer patients, the number of CP patients was significantly higher than the number of patients with benign lesions (P = 0.023). In multivariate analysis, lobularity without honeycombing was more frequently observed in cases of pancreatic cancer (P = 0.018; OR, 12.65).

Conclusion

Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided FNA offers high accuracy for small pancreatic lesions ≤10 mm. However, in cases with CP, the diagnostic ability of EUS‐FNA is significantly reduced.
Everyone in school: The effects of compulsory schooling age on drop‐out and completion rates
Authors: Raimondi Erica , Vergolini Loris
Published: July 2019

This article analyses the effect of the Berlinguer reform that was introduced in Italy in 1999 and increased compulsory schooling from eight to nine years. Hence, students had to attend school until the age of 15 instead of 14 that was required at the time and therefore to attend at least one year of upper secondary school (for pupils with a regular career). Using data from the Labour Force Surveys (1993–2010) and applying counterfactual time series and segmented regressions, we evaluate the effect of the reform on attendance and graduation rates. The results show that prolonging compulsory education encouraged a larger share of 16‐year‐olds to stay in school, especially those who were judged more at risk with less educated parents and with parents with a low occupational status. However, at age 17, part of the effect had already vanished and no effect was found on graduation rates. The compulsory schooling policy may have been more effective in adjusting the legislation to already existing student behaviour than in producing relevant changes in educational decisions.
Effect of xylitol on salivary β‐glucosidase in humans
Authors: Teixeira Essenfelder Lucimari , Gomes Anderson A. , Miquelutti David , da Silva Gustavo F. , Magalhães Maria L. B.
Published: July 2019

Dental biofilm – in which a diverse set of microorganisms are embedded in a complex polysaccharide matrix that adheres to oral components – is one of the most complex microbial communities in the human body. As biofilm formation is related to oral infections, such as caries and periodontal diseases, strategies for biofilm control are crucial for maintaining oral health. Xylitol, a synthetic sugar used as a sucrose substitute, has been shown to reduce biofilm formation. However, its precise mechanism of action on biofilm reduction has so far not been elucidated. Previous studies demonstrate that bacterial β‐glucosidase action is crucial for biofilm formation. Here, we investigated the correlation between salivary β‐glucosidase activity and dental plaque occurrence. We found a positive correlation between enzymatic activity and the presence of dental biofilm. We observed that xylitol inhibits β‐glucosidase in human saliva. Kinetic studies also confirmed that xylitol acts as a mixed type inhibitor of salivary β‐glucosidase. Based on our data, we suggest that xylitol impairs oral biofilm formation by the inhibition of bacterial β‐glucosidase, which is essential for biofilm formation in the oral cavity.