bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
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Authors: Agell Jonas
Published: October 2023

This paper addresses an important question. What kind of social institutions, in a very broad sense, are likely to promote growth and development? Why have countries as diverse as Austria, Finland, Korea and Taiwan been success stories in the post-war period, while things have gone sour for countries like Peru and Uruguay? The paper suggests a definite answer. The success stories have been characterized by a high degree of social corporatism. A powerful state, spearheaded by a competent bureaucracy, has actively intervened in the development process. The private sector has been dominated by a few large players, primarily organized labour and nation-wide business confederations. Strategic decisions on economic and industrial policy have been taken in concert between the state and the private players.
Some Cultural Underpinnings of Male Sexual Behaviour Patterns in Thailand
Authors: Vanlandingham Mark , Grandjean Nancy
Published: October 2023

Many observers of Thai society have been puzzled by the persistence of unsafe sexual practices in the presence of a widening HIV epidemic.1 Recent surveys indicate that most young Thai men have visited prostitutes, and many do so with out the protection of condoms (Nopkesorn et al.,1991; Sittitrai et al.,1991; VanLandingham, 1993). The government and various nongovernmental organ izations have invested heavily in educating people about the dangers of these behaviours, and this strategy has succeeded in improving the level of understand ing that many Thais have about AIDS. Still, a significant proportion of men who appear to be aware of the potential consequences continue to engage in un protected sex with prostitutes.We argue that this behaviour is not as paradoxical as it may seem on the surface, given the long history of multiple sexual partners for men and several contempor ary cultural features that are consistent with sexual risk-taking for young Thai men. To support our argument we draw upon data we collected with our Thai col leagues in a northern Thai city (Chiang Mai) and attempt to synthesize these data with other analyses of Thai sexual behaviour and Thai culture.
German Monetary Policy as Reflected in the Academic Debate
Authors: Richter Rudolf
Published: October 2023

This article deals with the academic debate on monetary policy during the past 50 years, especially that in (West) Germany. It seeks to make a contribution to unravelling the history of the theory, or better the dogma, of central bank policy. Theoreticians, in contrast to historians, love to generalize and speculate; accordingly, the article covers more the broad lines of debate, rather than entering into the details, and I have not hesitated to indulge in supposition. The last 50 years, 1948–98, began with a variant of the international gold-exchange standard and ended with the start of an international paper standard. The break occurred at around the middle, between 1971 and 1973. The pace of this change becomes evident if one looks back a further 50 years, to the start of this century, the heyday of the international gold standard. Paper money was then considered to be suitable only for use in emergencies, and not at all for international exchange. Only a few, abstract-thinking economists considered an international paper standard possible and desirable, among them Knut Wicksell, the founder of the modern theory of money.
Is a Participant Culture Emerging in China?
Authors: Hjellum Torstein
Published: October 2023

There is an ongoing discussion among scholars about whether a civil society is developing in China, especially against the background of the mass protests of 1989. 1 The civil society concept refers to institutions, formal or informal, that exist and act independently of the state and are capable of developing their own views on local or national issues. They do not necessarily oppose the state, but they enjoy a great deal of autonomy.
Kinship Structures, Marriage Systems, and Reproductive Behaviour: The use of Anthropology and Demography in a Brazilian Case Study
Authors: Kaufmann Georgia
Published: October 2023

In families the greatest tension and disagreement often centre on similarities. In the family of social sciences, anthropology and demography have much in common, much to contribute to each other, and plenty to disagree over. Their respective approaches to the analysis of the social processes of reproduction are an example of this. Over the last twenty years many anthropologists have increasingly turned their backs on the study of kinship, even disavowing the existence of such a concept (Needham 1971; Schneider 1984). Demographers, on the other hand, have over the same period discovered the importance of the family in determining demographic behaviour both historically and in contemporary societies.
Male Protagonists In The ‘Commercialization’ Of Aspects Of The Female Life-Cycle In Ghana
Authors: Fayorsey John K Anarfi Clara Korkor
Published: October 2023

Ghanaian cultural norms and values stress that a woman should have many children. This is couched in many Akan sayings such as awoo ye (‘it is good to procreate’) and awoo se wo na w’anwo ba a, yekyi (‘infertility of a fecund young woman is taboo’). A woman who dies without having had a child is considered an abomination (kukuba in Akan), and is not given full funeral rites. These tenets are in line with Fortes’ (1978, p. 45) observation that in West Africa there is the deeply ingrained idea that normal men and women should continue to beget and bear children throughout their fecund years. Fertility is considered to be uniquely distinctive of womanhood. A girl becomes a woman when she is able to bear children, and continued childbearing is irrefutable evidence of continued femininity.
The Educational Method: A Sociological Interpretation
Authors: Bakken Børge
Published: October 2023

The educational method should be analysed not only as a method of pedagogy, but as a method of understanding how Chinese society functions in general. The themes of the educational method are the same themes as those we have already discussed in analysing the relations between tradition and modernization, integration and disintegration, etc. In particular, the themes of imitation and repetition appear to lie at the core of thinking about education and society in China.
Crime, Juvenile Delinquency, and Deterrence Policies
Authors: Bakken Børge
Published: October 2023

In today’s China, the danger of crime has become a narrative also about the dangers of youth. In the 1980s China began to witness a substantial increase in criminal activity, mainly as a consequence of rapidly growing juvenile delinquency. Chinese deterrence policy vastly overreacted to this perceived threat to social order, in an effort to demonstrate the government’s defence of moral and cultural values at a time of dramatic economic and social change.
Dimensions of Transition
Authors: Ickes Barry W
Published: October 2023

In the heady days after the failure of the coup in August 1991 many observers believed that transition from the planned to the market economy would be a straightforward process. Once the fetters of central planning were eliminated, the market economy would spring up. Of course, there were certain key steps that had to be implemented: liberalization of prices, stabilization, and privatization. But once these steps were taken reform would be achieved. With hindsight this consensus seems na”ive. Transition has proved to be more complex than was anticipated. Successes have been achieved, but the prices paid were not insubstantial.
Privatization and the Structure of Enterprise Ownership
Authors: Earle Johns S , Estrin Saul
Published: October 2023

Russia’s mass privatization has yielded a new ownership structure with important implications for Russia’s transition to a market economy. The rapidity of the privatization programme has been extraordinary, changing the ownership type of around 122,000 enterprises since 1992 (Goskomstat 1996). In this chapter, we consider who owns Russian firms, and whether there are systematic patterns to these ownership structures by sector, region, size, and privatization method. Since various types of insider ownership are hypothesized to be less effective than out sider ownership (Frydman, Gray, and Rapaczynski 1996), our findings arc relevant to expectations about the broader effects of Russian privatization on company performance.
Nuclear Disarmament: The Case for Incrementalism
Authors: Muller Harald
Published: October 2023

The present controversies surrounding nuclear weapons do not only express different interests of nuclear-weapon states and some non-nuclear-weapon (and threshold) states, but they are also expressions of two different strategies towards nuclear disarmament: a plea for prompt, far-reaching measures such as a nuclear-weapons convention or a time-bound framework for nuclear disarmament that would fix the final date for arriving at a nuclear weapons-free world here and now; and a preference for a step-by-step approach that would start from an understanding that nuclear disarmament is the final objective, but would not try to impose a time-scale to arrive there. Both prompt disarmers and incrementalists start from the same assumptions:
Intra-industry Trade
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

A large share of world trade consists of intra-industry trade. This type of trade takes place when traders both import and export goods that have similar characteristics. Wine producing regions import wines produced from the same varieties grown in competing regions. The United States imports Japanese and European autos while exporting American autos to Japan and Europe. These exchanges represent simultaneous imports and exports of different varieties of the same product. Observe that Xi Mi measures the amount of trade that does not involve intra- industry trade. Therefore, Xi Mi Xi Mi is the amount of intra-industry trade. If there is no trade overlap in industry i, so that either Xi or Mi is positive, but not both, the value of the index is equal to zero. For instance, if Xi > 0 and Mi 0, the index ‘s numerator is Xi Xi 0. By the same token, if Mi > 0 and Xi 0, the numerator is also equal to zero. By contrast, if there is complete trade overlap, so that Xi Mi, the index is equal to 1 (or 100 if the index is expressed as a percentage by multiplying by 100). The table also shows that intra-industry foreign direct investment (FDI) measured by a similar index is as important as intra-industry trade.
Networks and Outsourcing
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

The shift from in-house production to outsourcing is a key element of the new eco- nomy. Outsourcing offers lower-cost specialized production and avoids the corporate governance costs attached to vertical integration. However, when quality is not verifiable, suppliers have incentives to save costs by lowering quality. Moreover, specialized component suppliers face a ‘hold-up ‘ problem as clients have incentives to lower prices after the supplier realizes relation-specific sunk investments. The outsourcing decision depends on the balance of these factors. In a world where intermediate input trade has so greatly expanded that products have multiple nationalities, firms must decide where to outsource. The outsourcing location decision hinges on the costs of searching for a partner abroad, the ‘thickness ‘ of the foreign market, and the quality of the foreign legal system (Grossman and Helpman, 2002a).
The Consequences of Female Empowerment for Child Well-Being: A Review of Concepts, Issues, and Evidence in a Post-Cairo Context
Authors: Hobcraft John
Published: October 2023

In writing this chapter there are a number of difficult issues facing an author. What is female empowerment? How do we operationalize the concept for measurement purposes? How do we measure child well-being? Are associations the same as consequences? As a demographer writing for a demographic audience, what particular aspects of child well-being should be considered? In examining the links, how far can we go in using symptomatic indicators of female empowerment? For example, female empowerment is often seen as being a key factor in the increased resort to divorce in developed countries (although incomplete empowerment in the domestic domain may be a major source of tension). Can we then examine the consequences of divorce for children as being symptomatic consequences of female empowerment? Inevitably, I shall be forced to consider many such partial and symptomatic linkages.
Finland The Consolidation of Parliamentary Governance
Authors: Nousiainen Jaakko
Published: October 2023

The Finnish party system has been characterized by two features which are not always in good harmony: fragmentation and relative stability. For many decades the political field has been dominated, in genuine Scandinavian style, by five orientations: Conservatives, Liberals, Agrarians (Centre), Social Democrats, and Communists (the radical left). Distinctive aspects of the complexion are the strength of the agrarian centre, the clear division of the left into a moderate and a radical orientation, and its completion by a cultural and political minority movement, the Swedish People’s Party.
Source-vs.
Residence-based Taxation in the European Union: The Wrong Question?
Authors: Bird Richard M , Wilkie J Scott
Published: October 2023

Observations such as these raise questions about the usefulness of the traditional ‘source’ and ‘residence’ principles as devices to define the frame¬ work of neutrality and equity choices. Indeed, are these principles alternatives, or do they rather establish limits of a continuum on which the optimal position is in increasing doubt, owing to contemporary economic developments? We suggest in this chapter that ‘source’ and ‘residence’ are best understood as proxies for a practical paradigm to allocate world-wide income (and tax base] in line with underlying economic income and that we may need a new paradigm to achieve this goal more adequately in the world of today and, even more, that of tomorrow.
Labour: general discussion
Authors: Backhouse Roger E
Published: October 2023

Piero Ferri: I will say just two things. One is that I look at this story from a different perspective. I did not look at people who wrote about the Phillips curve but about the facts that made people theorize about the Phillips curve. To use a slogan, it is the inflation that created Friedman, not vice versa. Friedman, when he wrote his address, wrote when the rate of inflation was starting to increase, so I was looking at the inflation, not Friedman. The other point refers to the other paper. The basic question seems to be ‘How can you make the micro-research agree with the macro-results?’ I have been looking at this problem for twenty years and don’t have the answer. It is the basic question about macroeconomics because, nowadays, macroeconomics is nothing but general equilibrium. This is not macroeconomics. This comes up in Sims’s paper (2-3) but it is worth mentioning here. It is astonishing that Oswald and Trostel found a very robust coefficient. It is the first time in economics that you find a parameter that changes so little and, as far as I know, it is really new. However, in going from micro to macro, there are methodological jumps. There is the challenge that macroeconomics is not reducible to microeconomics.
Using government documents to assess the influence of academic research on macroeconomic policy
Authors: Mayer Thomas
Published: October 2023

Since many factors determine the choice of economic policies it is hard to pin down the role that economic analysis plays. One possibility is to see to what extent the work of academic economists is referred to in government documents. Do academic economists provide the reasons-or at least a least a rationale-for the policies that are adopted, or are they just disregarded kibitzers? More specifically, the organizers of this conference have asked me to address the following questions: do academic ideas enter official documents, and if so, how? What happens to them when they are used in official documents? Are they simplified? Is there any pattern to those that are accepted and those that are not? How long does it take for ideas to travel from the journals to official documents?
The Scope Of Lex monetaein International Transactions: A United States Perspective
Authors: Gruson Michael
Published: October 2023

Must a court, when enforcing a contract which by its terms is performable in a cur-23.01 rency other than the currency of the forum, give effect to the monetary laws of the country in which that currency is legal tender? For example, a plaintiff in a 1934 action before a US court had purchased prior to 1918 a life insurance policy payable in rubles. Is the insurer excused from paying on the policy because Russia has in the meantime issued a new currency without providing for a rate of exchange between the old and the new currency, thus making the old currency valueless? Recently, this issue has been much discussed in connection with the introduction of the Euro as a single currency for the Member States of the European Union that joined the third stage of the European Economic and Monetary Union and the establishment of fixed conversion rates between the replaced national currencies and the Euro.
The Nobel Prize and national politics
Authors: Hargittai István
Published: October 2023

C. V. Raman won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for the discovery of the Raman effect. He once said that although scientists ‘are claimed as nationals by one or another of many different countries, yet in the truest sense, they belong to the whole world.’1 Raman studied physics in India and got his degrees from the University of Madras. He did not follow the usual route of Indian scholars and go to Britain to get a PhD degree. He worked in a government office and in 1917 accepted a physics professor-ship at the University of Calcutta. He and his associate, K. S. Krishnan, observed a phenomenon of light scattering, first with their naked eyes, later with some optical instruments. They communicated the discovery in 1928. Legend has it that as soon as Raman had submitted the manuscript on the new effect for publication, he booked his passage to Stockholm from Calcutta for the following December. This is believable to the extent that Raman was known to be self-confident and that his Nobel recognition followed his discovery with unusual speed.
Is there life after the Nobel Prize?
Authors: Hargittai István
Published: October 2023

The Nobel Prize changes the lives of the laureates. They have control over some changes, and hardly any control over others. A case in point is Frederick Robbins (M54). He was a member of the team that succeeded in growing the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures. He was also a pediatrician, but from the day of the Nobel announcement he never received another request to see a patient in consultation. He was a professor at a university so his livelihood did not depend on it, but it is symptomatic of how high a pedestal is instantly created for the Nobel laureate as a consequence of the prize. As another winner stated succinctly: ‘Winning the Nobel Prize is hazardous to your health.’ Alfred Gilman (M94), on the other hand, compared the impact of the Nobel Prize on him to receiving a lifetime’s supply of Prozac injections.
Imagining Subjectivity
Authors: Millard Kenneth
Published: October 2023

The novels of this chapter are principally devoted to the dramatization of a particular individual’s life story, especially their career and their romantic history, and each of them is a retrospective narrative of their development, or autobiography, in which their author explains how they came to be who they are. These novels are a kind of confession or revelation in writing of their authors’ consciousness of themselves as Cartesian ‘subjects’ and they provide an account not only of the material circumstances of their lives but of the prevailing conditions that constitute them as individual American citizens. This romantic narrative has a prestigious American history with notable landmarks in Whitman’s ‘Song of Myself’ and Melville’s Moby Dick: ‘Call me Ishmael’. It is a process of representation that is intimately associated with imagination and with language, because any written account of a character’s consciousness must necessarily be predicated on the language that it employs and the larger cultural narratives that it subscribes to.
Europe In The Age Of The Wars Of Religion, 1559–1618
Authors: Bonney Richard
Published: October 2023

The war of 1562–3 in France was probably the first to be given openly the description of a ‘war of religion’, though (as has already been seen) the war of 1546–7 in Germany was a war of religion in fact, if not in name. Thereafter, there were to be many European wars which might be described by this label. Yet, it may be doubted whether there has ever been an age in which religious issues alone, without additional political, social or economic forces, caused wars or even crusades. Europe in the second half of the sixteenth century exemplifies this. Historians have professed to see the beginnings of radical religious parties in France and the Low Countries during this period, and ‘the ideological upsurge of the international Protestant community’ in the 1570s or thereabouts. The age generated its own powerful legends. Protestants imagined a great Catholic conspiracy, beginning with the meetings of the Council of Trent and extending to the ‘interview’ at Bayonne in 1565 between the French queen mother, Catherine de Medici, and the duke of Alba, representing Philip II of Spain. There, it was claimed, a plot had been formed to massacre the Protestants which came to its barbarous fruition in the St Bartholomew’s Day massacres in France in 1572. In fact, there was no Catholic con spiracy and the Bayonne meeting decided nothing of importance. The massacres of 1572 were chiefly a product of the volatile French domestic situation, not part of an international intrigue. Protestant states found it difficult to sink their political, economic and religious rivalries in a common ideological cause. There was much propaganda, but little practical co-operation: the separate political and religious rebellions of the later sixteenth century never became a single, generalized war of religion.
Territorial Consolidation, 1516-1559
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The unification of the Netherlands north of the rivers under the Habs-burgs during the years I 5I 6-49 was a complex political drama replete with implications for the future. It marked the culmination of a process reaching back three centuries whereby the outlying lesser states of the Low Countries were progressively absorbed into a power network dominated by the rulers, and now ruler, of the three big provinces—Flanders, Brabant, and Holland. During the course of these three centuries, the three large provinces had become more and more preponderant in terms of both population and economic influence. By the I 540s, the role of the States of these three in the affairs of the seventeen provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands was so overwhelming that they were providing around 75 per cent of the total revenue of the Habsburg Netherlands and the other fourteen provinces together a mere 25 per cent (see Table 2).
Repression under Alva, I 567-1572
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

With the collapse of the revolt of 1566-7, the reaction against Protestants gathered momentum. After its victory, in March, the government in Brussels felt strong enough to disperse its forces, sending garrisons to numerous towns and localities. Aremberg introduced garrisons into Leeuwarden, Sneek, and Sloten, and suppressed Protestant worship in Friesland. Many towns such as Haarlem, Venlo, and Roermond, which were still unoccupied, expelled their Calvinist preachers and terminated Protestant services both inside and outside their walls; during April, the exodus of Protestants began.
The Fall of the Oldenbarnevelt Regime,1616-1618
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

In the years 1609--IO the Arminian-Gomarist dispute spread through the length and breadth of the United Provinces, throwing the public Church into turmoil and unsettling civic and provincial government. Following the intervention of Oldenbarnevelt, and the States of Holland, on the side of the Arminians, a series of political initiatives were taken between 1610 and 1614 which, for the moment, seemed to check the turmoil and stabilize state and society under the leadership of the Holland regents.
Art and Architecture, I 590-1648
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

The Dutch Revolt, a revolution in politics and religion, was also a revolution in art and architecture. The fighting devastated hundreds of castles, residences, churches, cloisters, and civic buildings. It involved the suppression of the Catholic Church, which meant confiscation of its buildings, and art treasures, and their reallocation for civic use. The new public Church, the Reformed, adopted a totally different approach to church architecture, and adornment of churches, than its predecessor. The Revolt also led to the expansion, and enhanced status, of the civic militias which became the guardians and standard-bearers of the Revolt. It forged a new political rhetoric which demanded novel forms of civic art replacing what had gone before.
Society
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

Dramatic changes in economic life set in in the late 1640s resulting from a general restructuring of overseas commerce and navigation. In the years around 1647, the Dutch-Spanish conflict ceased, and a new phase, Phase Four (1647-72) of Dutch world trade primacy, began, involving vast shifts in the pattern of maritime commerce which, in turn, had ramifications for all aspects of the Dutch economy, society, and culture.’ Since 1621, during Phase Three, Dutch overseas trade had lapsed into recession (1621-32) and then recovered in the 1630s, albeit without regaining some strands of the ‘rich trades’ lost after 162i. Overall, the period 1621-47 was one of hesitant growth, the setbacks in European trade being compensated for, on the one hand, by the demand for Dutch-supplied provisions of all kinds in Germany and the south Netherlands and, on the other, by the gains in colonial commerce.
The Patriot Revolution, 1780-1787
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

On the morning of 26 September 1781, copies of a revolutionary booklet entitled Aan het Volk van Nederland (To the People of the Nether lands), published anonymously but written by Baron van der Capellen, were found posted up, and strewn, all over the Republic. Its political message was uncompromising. There had been a time, before the coming of the Habsburgs, when the Dutch people had enjoyed a high level of civil liberty and political freedom, being able to hold the rulers of the different provinces in check by means of the colleges of sworn representatives of the citizenry, the militias, and the influence of the guilds. The basis of this inestimable ‘freedom’ had been the unrestricted right of the citizenry to gather, organize, form committees, choose representatives, and express their views. The people had been stripped of their freedom by Charles V and, especially, Philip II. But the Revolt of 1572 had failed to restore their ‘freedom’.1 Although the quest to regain it had provided the essential impulse behind the Revolt against Philip II and the power of Spain, and there was much that was inspiring in it, from the people’s point of view it had ended in failure. Popular participation in civic and provincial government, momentarily revived by the citizens’ guilds and militias, had been suppressed once more by William the Silent and the regents.
Independence by Degrees 1945-1960
Authors: Lloyd T O
Published: October 2023

At the end of the Second World War Britain’s armed forces were larger than ever and were spread over an immense sweep of territory, and her prestige as one of the three leading victorious countries was very high. On the other hand, her two main allies agreed with each other that the British Empire ought to be reduced in size or ended as soon as possible, the Dominions had become more conscious of their position as independent states, and nationalist feeling in the colonies had become more firmly established during the war. The British had no desire to conduct a last-ditch struggle against the forces of change. It had become fairly clear during the war that arrangements would have to be made for India to become independent on the war was over, and this was done. At the eastern end of the Mediterranean, the only formal abandonment of an imperial possession was the ending of the Palestine mandate, but at much the same time the British were with¬ drawing from Greece, leaving the defence of Turkey to the United States, and dismantling their informal hold on Egypt.
Kingship and government
Authors: Goodman Anthony
Published: October 2023

Environmental factors inﬂuenced the efficacy of governments and the character of political cultures. The power structures which existed in 1300 were shaken up by the economic and social eﬀects of climatic deterioration, the pandemics of 1348–9, 1361, and 1379, and the persisting low levels of population in the ﬁfteenth century until its last decades.
The Churches and Peoples of the Three Kingdoms, 1603 – 1641
Authors: McCafferty John
Published: October 2023

The first two Stuart rulers of all Britain and Ireland were faced with many challenges arising from the quite different, but interlocking, pasts of both islands. The varieties of Christianity practised by their subjects presented particularly delicate and potentially, and sometimes actually, explosive problems of government. In Scotland, James VI and I faced and had faced a Reformation worked out while he was a child. It had been achieved without the crown and often against it. In England and Wales he faced a reformed church settled and, to some degree, fine-tuned by the dead queen. In Ireland there were not one but two church settlements. One had been exported there by his Tudor predecessors
Introduction
Authors: Burk Kathleen
Published: October 2023

Compared with the first half of the twentieth century, the second half can seem pretty tame. The Korean War (1950–1), Falklands War (1982), and Gulf War (1990–1), while critical in their time, were not remotely on the scale of the two world wars. The interwar Depression was of a different order of magnitude from the recession of the 1980s. Distance, in time as in place, lends romance.
Animal Sociology and a Natural Economy of the Body Politic, Part 11: The Past Is the Contested Zone
Authors: Haraway Donna
Published: October 2023

Primatology has focused on two major themes in interpreting the significance of animals for understanding human life-sex and economics, reproduction and production. The crucial transitions from natural to political economy and from biological social groups to the order of human kinship categories and systems of exchange have been basic concerns. These are old questions with complex relations to technical and ideological dimensions of biosocial science. Our understandings of both reproduction and production have double-edged possibilities. On one hand, we may reinforce our vision of the natural and cultural necessity of domination; on the other, we may learn to practise our sciences so as to show more clearly the now fragmentary possibilities of producing and reproducing our lives without overwhelming reliance on the theoretical categories and concrete practices of control and enmity.
Body, Bias, and Behaviour: A Comparative Analysis of Reasoning in Two Areas of Biological Science
Authors: Longino Helen E , Doell Ruth
Published: October 2023

Our intention in this essay is to bring to light the variety in the ways masculine bias can express itself in the content and processes of scientific research. The discussion focuses on the two areas of evolutionary studies and endocrinological research into behavioural sex differences. Although both have attempted to construe the relation between sex and gender, the forms of these disciplines differ from one another in significant respects. Examining them together should lead to a broader, more subtle understanding of how allegedly extra-scientific considerations shape scientific inquiry.
Language and Ideology in Evolutionary Theory: Reading Cultural Norms into Natural Law
Authors: Keller Evelyn Fox
Published: October 2023

In the mid-twentieth century, biology became a ‘mature science’, that is, it succeeded, finally, in breaking through the formidable barrier of ‘life’ that had heretofore precluded it from fully joining the mechanico-reductive tradition of the physical sciences. For the first time in history, the ‘secret of life’ could credibly be claimed to have been solved. Living beings—presumably including man along with the rest of the animal kingdom—came to be understood as (mere) chemical machines.
Live Sex Acts (Parental Advisory: Explicit Material)
Authors: Berlant Lauren
Published: October 2023

I am a citizen of the United States, and in this country where I live, every year millions of pictures are being made of women with our legs spread. We are called beaver, we are called pussy, our genitals are tied up, they are pasted, makeup is put on them to make them pop out of a page at a male viewer.... I live in a country where if you film any act of humiliation or torture, and if the victim is a woman, the film is both entertainment and it is protected speech. Now that tells me something about being a woman in this country.
Forecasting, Aggregation, and Nonsymmetry
Authors: Granger Clive W J , Teräsvirta Timo
Published: October 2023

In this chapter three separate but important topics are discussed. One of the major uses for time-series models is to produce forecasts and nonlinear models have particular difficulties in doing this, especially for several steps ahead. Alternative ways of producing multi-step forecasts are discussed and the possibility of combining forecasts is also considered.
Misspecification versus bubbles in the Cagan hyperinflation model
Authors: Durlauf Steven N , Hooker Mark A
Published: October 2023

Most test for rational bubbles using Cagan‘s hyperinflation model under rational expectations assume that the model is correctly specified. Rejections of the model are consequently treated as evidence of bubbles. This paper shows that it is possible to test model specification separately from the presence of bubbles. We provide a general framework for identifying all testable implications of the null hypothesis that the model is correctly specified as well as all implications of the null hypothesis that a given price sequence is a bubble-free realisation of the model. We find that in the German hyperinflation, empirical deviations from the fundamental price solution are primarily due to misspecification rather than bubbles, conditional on the same identification restrictions used in the parametric bubble-testing literature. Our analysis potentially reconciles some contradictory results in the literature.
Regime switching with time-varying transition probabilities
Authors: Diebold Francis X , Lee Joon-Haeng , Weinbach Gretchen C
Published: October 2023

The Markov switching model is useful because of the potential it offers for capturing occasional but recurrent regime shifts in a simple dynamic econometric model. Existing treatments, however, restrict the transition probabilities to be constant over time; that is, the probability of switching from one regime to the other cannot depend on the behaviour of underlying economic fundamentals. In contrast, we propose a class of Markov switching models in which the transition probabilities can vary with fundamentals. We develop an EM algorithm for estimation of the model and we illustrate it with a simulation example. We conclude with a discussion of directions for future research, including application to exchange rate and business cycle modelling.
Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics
Authors: Crenshaw Kimberle
Published: October 2023

One of the very few Black women’s studies books is entitled All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us are Brave. I have chosen this title as a point of departure in my efforts to develop a Black feminist criticism2 because it sets forth a problematic consequence of the tendency to treat race and gender as mutually exclusive categories of experience and analysis. In this talk, I want to examine how this tendency is perpetuated by a single-axis framework that is dominant in antidiscrimination law and that is also reflected in feminist theory and antiracist politics.
The Social Construction of Black Feminist Thought
Authors: Collins Patricia Hill
Published: October 2023

Sojourner Truth, Anna Julia Cooper, Ida Wells Barnett, and Fannie Lou Hamer are but a few names from a growing list of distinguished African-American women activists. Although their sustained resistance to Black women’s victimization within interlocking systems of race, gender, and class oppression is well known, these women did not act alone. Their actions were nurtured by the support of countless, ordinary African-American women who, through strategies of everyday resistance, created a powerful foundation for this more visible Black feminist activist tradition. Such support has been essential to the shape and goals of Black feminist thought.
Genealogies, Legacies, Movements
Authors: Alexander M Jacqui , Mohanty Chandra Talpade
Published: October 2023

We both came to feminist studies in the US academy through a series of geographical, political, and intellectual dislocations. Our journeys were marked by an educational process in which anticolonial struggle against the British (in Trinidad and Tobago and India) and the founding of the nation-state infused the fabric of everyday life.
General Introduction
Authors: Soskice Janet Martin
Published: October 2023

This collection has been assembled with two readerships especially in mind: first, those with a prior interest in theology and in feminist theology and, second, those interested in feminism who, seeing a book in this series on Feminism and Theology, may wish to pause to make themselves better acquainted. Since we have presumed little previous acquaintance with the literature, this collection can serve as an introduction for those in search of one; we hope, though, that even veterans in the field will find something new here.
On Being a Woman: Thailand
Authors: Mochai Benjaporn
Published: October 2023

First, let me tell you something about myself. I was born to a poor family in Isan (Northeast Thailand). My family was not happy when I was born because, not unlike to many families in the Northeast, a baby girl is not welcome. As someone told my mother: “To have a daughter is like having a toilet in front of your house.” A girl leaves and “des troys” her family. Eventually, when she gets married, she loses her last name. When I was a little girl, I wanted to be a real woman because as a child I was a tomboy.
The Sacrifice of Sarah
Authors: Trible Phyllis
Published: October 2023

Phyllis Trible’s Cod and the Rhetoric of Sexuality is a strong contender for the book most often described in citations as ‘groundbreaking’. Reproduced below is the second half of an article in which Trible managed to break ground with one of the most extensively analysed texts in the Hebrew Bible: the sacrifice, or binding, of Isaac in Genesis 22. The first half of the article, in common with the vast majority of exegesis that came before it, focuses on Abraham (the tested) and Isaac (the bound or sacrificed). Trible conducts a close reading that develops the themes of attachment (Abraham and his beloved son Isaac go together up Mount Moriah), detachment (Abraham is willing to raise the knife), and non-attachment (though Abraham had expected to return to his two servants with Isaac, he returns alone).
Towards Inclusive Worship
Authors: Adler Rachel
Published: October 2023

Jewish liturgy consists in large measure of biblical citations creatively interwoven with rabbinic texts. Even in non-Orthodox circles, liturgy is remarkably resistant to change; most Jews think their childhood melodies to particular prayers-let alone the words-were given on Sinai! Traditionally, there has been little scope for innovation or variety. Jewish services are repeated prayer by prayer, week after week, and regular ‘daweners’ (worshippers) find comfort and pleasure in familiarity. Not surprisingly, the unchanging nature of Jewish liturgy poses problems for many feminists.
Contours of a Queer Theology
Authors: Jantzen Grace M
Published: October 2023

Or should that be, ‘queer contours of theology’? My intention in this paper is certainly not an attempt to fix theological boundaries or positions, even if queer ones, or to generate a queer creed. Rather, I wish to begin an exploration of how queer thinking can be theologic ally creative, offering some suggestions towards a theology that gets rid of the straight and narrow boundaries of traditional christendom and is open to difference, fluidity, curvature.
The Mirror of Pornography
Authors: Brown Wendy
Published: October 2023

This effort to apprehend the rhetorical power of Catharine MacKinnon’ s social theory of gender is compelled by an aim that exceeds critique of her depiction of women as always and only sexually violable, her pornography politics, or her arguments about the First Amendment. Insofar as MacKinnon’s work has extraordinary political purchase, this essay seeks to discern something of the composition and constituency of this power in her theoretical project. How and why does MacKinnon’s complicatedly radical political analysis and voice acquire such hold? And what are the possibilities that other feminisms could rival such power with analyses more multivalent in their representation of gender subordination and gender construction, more attentive to the race and class of gender, more compatible with the rich diversity of female sexual experience,
The Colonial Harem: Images of a Suberoticism
Authors: Alloula Malek
Published: October 2023

We have here the equivalent of an anthology of breasts. And an anthology aims at exhaustive coverage, so the viewer gets to know a large variety of bosoms: first the Beduin, then the Kabyl, then the ‘Uled-Nayl, and so on. There emerges from this anthology a sort of half-aesthetic concept: the Moorish bosom, the exclusive property of the exotic postcard, which sets down its canon. Generally topped off with a smiling or dreamy face, this Moorish bosom, which expresses an obvious invitation, will travel from hand to hand to reach its destination. All along the trajectory, from sender to addressee, it will be offered to view, without any envelope to ensure the intimacy of a private correspondence.1 Even after its arrival, it will be solicited whenever the colony and its indiscreet charms are evoked.
Tambien Somos Mujeres: We Are Women, Too—Cuban Prostitutes after the Revolution
Authors: Ortiz Victoria
Published: October 2023

When 1959 dawned in Cuba, the brand-new revolution faced an almost overwhelming array of social, economic, and political problems, both internal and external. Emerging from a long history as a colony first of Spain and then—virtually—of the United States, Cuba appeared ill-equipped to resolve the difficulties involved in rising out of the oppression and exploitation of centuries. In fact, a multipronged approach to tackling the curing of ingrained and seemingly immutable social ills led the small island nation to achieve a degree of broad communal change that has been internationally hailed and often cited by the United Nations and non-governmental organizations as a model for planned social reform.
Seducing Women into ‘a Lifestyle of Vaginal Fisting’: Lesbian Sex Gets Virtually Dangerous
Authors: Hollibaugh Amber
Published: October 2023

Reverend Louis Sheldon, Director, Family Values Coalition, on 28 March 1994, discussing the Safer Sex Handbook for Lesbians, produced by the Lesbian AIDS Project of Gay Men’s Health Crisis and available at a youth peer educators’ conference held in New York City: This is it. I’m sorry, I thought you’d seen it. Is this your first time for—it’s wild. I mean it’s absolutely, it’s so grotesque, it’s so vulgar, it is so obscene that when I first saw it, I had to put it down. I couldn’t look at it because it’s pornography.
Lovers and Workers: Screening the Body in Post-Communist Hungarian Cinema
Authors: Portuges Catherine
Published: October 2023

Eastern Europe’s emergence from its Stalinist past is dramatically inscribed in the politics of its recent cinema. Relegated to a secondary status in favor of more pressing economic priorities, filmmakers accustomed to the security of a state-supported industry now find themselves competing for scarce resources in the midst of accusations of complicity with and defenses of opposition to former regimes. In Hungary as elsewhere, cinema continues nonetheless to play a vital role as public forum for the ongoing reassessment of the nation’s political past. Yet despite-or perhaps on account of-the transformations that have overtaken East-Central Europe, there persists in Hungarian cinema a lingering double vision, a depressive symptom of the profound alienation that is a legacy of the post-totalitarian psyche.
‘Holy Liberty’: The Establishment of a Political Tradition,I494—I498
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo
Published: October 2023

The Savonarolan movement was born of a conflict that had its immediate origins in the collapse of Medici power in November 1494. The expulsion of the Medici released latent social, political, and religious rivalries which it proved impossible to resolve. Despite his and his followers’ claims, Savonarola’s intervention in politics was in the long run to harden divisions and to embitter the rivalries amongst the Florentines. There is no doubt that, as contemporary observers were already noting, Savonarola’s personality together with his and his followers’ propensity to justify on religious grounds even the most expedient political acts, accounted in part for the ensuing escalation of the conflict; but only in part. For both the conflict and the increasingly disruptive polarization of the Florentine polity had their origins in widely divergent views on the nature of politics and on the scope of political action which predated Savonarola and the events of 1494. If at first, for a variety of reasons, these political principles remained in the background, with the passage of time and with the emergence of cohesive and active political groupings, they were thrust to the fore, becoming in the process more sharply defined.
Introduction to International
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights law
Authors: Lewinski Silke von
Published: October 2023

What is international law and why is it needed at all in the field of copyright and neighbouring rights law? The answers to these questions are essential for under standing the fundamentals of international copyright and neighbouring rights law. First, the notion of ‘international law’ is often misconceived as referring to foreign, national laws or to comparative law. As the Latin origin of the word reveals, however, international law refers to the law governing relations inter nationes, ie between nation-states—it refers to the regulation of relationships between states.1 This traditional concept has been modernized to also include ‘the conduct of states and of international organisations and . . . their relations inter se as well as . . . some of their relations with persons, whether natural or juridical’.2 In the field of copyright and neighbouring rights law, the most import ant rules of international law are those regarding the law of treaties, which addresses in particular treaty-making, application, revision, and interpretation (see Chapters 8 and 7) and the relationship between different treaties that cover the same or similar subject matter (see Chapter 24).