bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human settlement and changes in the distribution of river systems in the Minqin Basin over the past 2000 years in Northwest China
Authors: Xie Yaowen , Bie Qiang , He Chansheng
Published: December 2017

Introduction:
Arid area is an important base for human settlement, however, long and drastic human activities have altered the drainage patterns in the arid watersheds significantly, causing serious ecological consequences. This study, through a case study of the Minqin Basin, a microcosm of the artificial oases in the arid northwest China, used the multi-types of data to recover the spatial distribution of human settlement and drainage patterns during historical period and analyze the relationship between them over the past 2000 years.

Outcomes:
Before the Han Dynasty (121 BC), the utilization of water resources in the Minqin Basin was in the primitive stage and the drainage pattern maintained the natural state. From the Han (121 BC- 220) to the Wei-Jin Dynasties (220- 316), the utilization of water resources intensified unprecedentedly, but the natural shape of the river systems was still maintained. In the following 1,000 years or so, the drainage pattern was in the state of “following its own course” due to the small human population. In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), with the alteration of the main rivers, the water resource utilization increased obviously, but the human reclamations were mainly confined to the southern part of the basin. In the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the reclamation of the Liulin Lake area significantly changed the drainage patterns, resulted in the drastically northward expansion of human settlement. Since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, the artificial water system completely replaced the natural water system and intensified the ecological problems in the basin.

Discussion:
The changes over the past 2000 years show the drastic impacts of human activities on the alterations of the drainage patterns and related ecological problems in the arid Northwest China.

Conclusion:
Rehabilitation of such ecological impairments requires both ecological restoration projects and changes in human paradigm and behavior over multiple temporal and spatial scales.
Soil and Foliar Treatments to Control Insects in Peppers, 1993
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Peppers were transplanted on 26 Jul at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a double 25 ft. row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Spacing was 12 inches between plants and 36 inches between rows. Soil treatments were applied immediately prior to transplanting, in furrow, using a single hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer for the Furadan 4F and the Confidor 2F and a hand-held shaker for the Payload 15G. Foliar treatments were applied using a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Foliar application dates were 22 and 29 Sep and 11 Oct.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1993
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J.
Published: December 2017

‘Gemchip’ potatoes were planted 26 May at the Fry Farm, OARDC, Wooster, OH. Plant spacing was 36 inches between rows and 9 inches between plants. Three Admire 2F seed piece treatments were applied at planting using a CO2 compression sprayer at 40 psi with an 8004 flat fan nozzle delivering the insecticide into the seed furrow. The field was treated on 16 Jun with 0.75 lb/ acre of Sencor DF. Fungicide, Dithane at 2.0 lb/acre, was applied 9 Aug. Paraquat, 1 pt/acre, was applied 7 Sep as a vine killer. Plots were two rows wide and 40 ft in length, with 10 ft alleys separating plots and 6 ft alleys separating blocks. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were initiated when the first generation larvae were increasing in the plots in early Jul. Foliar applications were made 3 and 12 Jul and 3 and 12 Aug. The Trigard single application treatment was applied only on 3 Jul and 3 Aug. Foliar treatments were applied with a tractor mounted drop nozzle boom sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Bond spreader sticker was added at 4 oz/ 100 gal solution to all rates of the following insecticides: Prokill Cryolite 96, AC303,630, M-Trak, and Novodor. Number of eggs, small larvae (instar 1-2), large larvae (instar 3-4), and adults were counted, and percent defoliation was visually estimated, in five 1-m lengths of row per plot approximately five days after each application.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes, 1993
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , McShane Nancy
Published: December 2017

‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 8 Apr, ’93. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. Distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “ A ” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/ acre at 28 psi. Treatments were applied 21 May and 2, 15 and 21 Jun. Plots receiving Stalker were treated 21 May and 2 Jun. On 21 Jun Vydate, Kyrocide, Trigard, M-Trak, Novodor and Foil BFC plots were sprayed with Vydate 2L to control adult Colorado potato beetle. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae and egg masses/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 2 Jul from 20 feet of row.
Systemic Vs Foliar Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Miller Jennifer
Published: December 2017

This trial was established for a second year in a commercial potato field in an irrigated area with a very low density of potato acreage. Individual plots were 4—38 inch rows 30 ft long, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. The granular materials were applied on 30 Jun to a sandy soil and hilled in. Broadcast foliars were applied on 21 Jul and 6 Aug.
Control of Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle; Regent Dosage Study, Big Lake, Mn, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David , Miller Jennifer
Published: December 2017

The trial was located in an area where there were high levels of resistance to 3 classes of insecticides. Plots consisted of 4—25 ft rows with a row width of 3 ft. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and were replicated 3 times. The entire plot area was treated on 8 Jul with Thiodan 3E at 1.0 lb Al/acre and on 16 Jul with Asana XL ,66E at 0.05 lb Al/acre. Plot treatments were applied on 25 Jun, 6 and 19 Jul using a CO2 hand sprayer. About 10 gal of total material per acre was applied at 40 psi pressure. Larval ratings and estimates of defoliation were taken on 6 and 19 Jul. Vines were killed on 3 Aug and yields recorded on 18 Aug.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1993
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was a randomized complete block design replicated six times and was conducted at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1992. It was planted 21 May. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were sown to oats on 1 Jul. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole Katahdin seed (ca. 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by seven foliar applications of a flowable maneb (4F) (2.3 to 3.5 liter/ha). Furrow granular applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Furrow liquids were applied with a sprinkle can. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kliter/ha. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on a top, a middle, and a bottom leaf on 25 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using log10)(x + 1). Transformed means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using Fisher’s LSD Test and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 14.0, 5.0, 7.6 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 15.0, 18.5 and 19.0 °C.
Potato Insect Control, 1993
Authors: Slocombe A. C. , Ferro D. N.
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 5 May in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 10N:10P:10K/ acre) was banded into the furrow at planting. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb Al/acre on 24 Jun and 6 Jul. CPB densities on 15 Jun were 1.4 adults, 3.3 egg masses and 2.9 early instars per plant. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area separating each plot. All samples were taken from the center plants in each plot. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering about 70 gal/acre. CPB population densities were determined by counting larvae on 5 whole stalks in each plot. The number of early instars (first and second) or late instars (third and fourth) were recorded. All treatments were first applied on 16 Jun, and again on 23 and 30 Jun, and 7 and 14 Jul.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Foliar Sprays of Conventional and Biorational Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, Idaho. Potatoes were planted 11 May and irrigated by solid set sprinkler. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Eleven treatments and one untreated check plot were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36 inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long with 5 ft alleyways separating the plots. Applications were made as a broadcast spray using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer. Twenty gal of finished spray/acre were applied (30 psi, four, 10X hollow cone nozzles) to all plots. Pre-treatment counts of all beetle stages were made on 30 Jun and the first insecticide treatments were applied on 1 Jul. A second application of M-Trak, Imidan 50W, Imidan 2.5 EC, Kryocide, KPT, (botanical insect anti-feedant) and KPT with crop oil was made on 8 Jul. A third application of M-Trak, Kryocide and both KPT treatments was made on 19 Jul for control of the second generation. On a weekly basis, egg masses, larvae and adult beetles were counted and percent defoliation was estimated visually from whole plant inspections of the center five hills of the center two plot rows. Larval stages were separated into small (1-2 instar) and large (3—4 instar). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman-Keuls.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Foliar Sprays of Conventional and Biorational Insecticides, 1992
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Caldwell, Idaho. Potatoes were planted 2 Apr and irrigated by solid set sprinkler. The soil type is Greenleaf-Owyhee silt loam. Ten treatments and one untreated check plot were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36 inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long with 5 ft alleyways separating the plots. Applications were made as a broadcast spray using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer. Twenty gal of finished spray were applied (30 psi, four, 10X hollow cone nozzles) to all plots. Pre-treatment counts of all beetle stages were made and the first insecticide treatments were applied on 5 Jun. A second application of M-Trak, Kryocide, Bittersweet (KPT), and Tri-Gard was made on 17 Jun. A third application was made of the previously mentioned treatments on 13 Jul for control of the second generation. On a weekly basis, egg masses, larvae and adult beetles were counted and percent defoliation were estimated from whole plant inspections of the center five hills of the center two plot rows. Larval stages were separated into small (1-2 instar) and large (3—4 instar). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD’s.
Melon Aphid Control with Confidor, 1993
Authors: Teague T. G. , Stasi C.
Published: December 2017

Pumpkin was direct seeded in Calloway silt loam soil on raised beds with 80 inch spacing on 1 Jul at the ASU Research Farm. Plots were 50 ft long, 3 beds wide with 20 ft alleys separating plots. Treatments included applications at planting (AP) or 15 days later; these were either a soil applied sidedress (SD) or a foliar application (F). AP applications were made in a 8 inch band on top of the beds and lightly incorporated ca 1 inch prior to planting. The foliar application was applied using a CO2 charged backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi through a single hollow cone nozzle. SD applications were made using this sprayer calibrated to deliver 0.69 gal/1000 ft of row. The nozzle was attached to a knife that cut a 1-2 inch deep furrow ca 6 inches from the base of one side of plants. The furrow was covered using a rolling cultivator. All plots received a sidedress of liquid fertilizer (32-0-0); insecticide was included in the fertilizer mixture in one treatment. Application of SD insecticide in water was made on the same side of the plant in the fertilizer application zone. Soil temperature at a 4 inch depth at the time of the SD application was 92°F. The pH values of the Confidor spray mixtures in fertilizer and water were 5.8 and 7.8, respectively. Aphid population densities were determined by examining 2 leafs, 7 to 10 inch diameter, on 5 randomly selected plants/plot.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly in Squash, 1992
Authors: Seal D. R.
Published: December 2017

Squash (‘Dixie’) was planted in Homestead on 31 March 1992. Plant spacing was 0.3 m in the row and 0.9 m between rows. Plants were fertilized with 1890 kg/ha with granular fertilizer (8:16:16) on two dates, at planting and 2 wk after planting. Plots were four rows, 12 m long. Five treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with four replications. The treatments were: two formulations of imidacloprid (Confidor 2.5 G and Confidor 224 FS) at the rates of 0.01 and 0.025 gram AI/(row) m each. Dilution of imidacloprid (224 FS) was at the rate of 150 gal/acre. All insecticides were applied over seeds in furrow at the time of planting. Samples consisting of three matured leaves (one/plant) from the center of two middle rows of each treatment plot were collected on each of four sampling dates: 22 April, and 5, 12, and 20 May 1992. Numbers of whitefly eggs and immatures were recorded in three 20X fields on the three leaves per plot using a stereo microscope. Numbers of whitefly adults were recorded on each sampling leaf in the field on 15, 22, and 29 April, and 7, 15, and 22 May, 1992.
Soil and Foliar Treatments to Control Insects in Sweet Potatoes, 1993
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Sweet potatoes were planted on 22 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 3 rows 20 ft. long with 3 ft. spacing between rows. Plots were separated by an untreated guard row and replicated 6 times in a randomized, complete block design. Mocap treatments were applied and incorporated on 10 Jun to avoid phytotoxicity. Lorsban and Temik were applied and incorporated immediately prior to planting. Mocap and Lorsban were broadcast using a 6 flat fan nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 20 gal water/acre. Temik was applied in a 12 inch band using a hand-held shaker. Sevin foliar sprays were started on 14 Jul, after the first clickbeetles (wireworm adults) were caught in the black light trap at Painter. Clickbeetle light trap catches were used as a basis for determining dates for the Sevin threshold sprays. The Sevin schedule sprays were applied weekly from 14 Jul through 30 Aug. The Sevin threshold sprays were applied on 14 and 27 Jul, and 9 and 30 Aug. Foliar sprays were applied in 40 gal water/acre using the same sprayer described above. On 18 Oct, the center row of each plot was harvested and 25 market-sized roots were randomly selected to determine insect damage. Damage from wireworms, southern corn rootworms (Diabrotica) and Systena flea beetles is very similar and thus recorded and analyzed as a complex (WDS damage).
Whitefringed Beetle (WFB) Control in Sweet Potato, 1993
Authors: Zehnder Geoff , Dibona Alex , Pitts Jim
Published: December 2017

‘Cordner’ sweet potatoes were transplanted 26 May in a field near Clanton, AL. The soil was high in organic matter, and soil moisture was low at planting. The field had a history of WFB infestation; WFB larvae were detected in pre-plant soil samples. Plot size was 4 rows (36 inch spacing) by 30 feet; treatment plots were bordered on both sides by 4 untreated rows. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. At-planting granular formulations were applied by tractor with a Gandy-type applicator. Pre-plant liquid formulations were broadcast over the soil surface using a backpack sprayer with a five nozzle boom. Spray volume and pressure were 80 gpa and 40 psi, respectively. Broadcast spray treatments were incorporated into the top 6 inches of the soil within 10 minutes of application using a tractor-mounted roto-vator, and plant beds formed immediately thereafter. Granular formulations at root swell were applied over the top of the foliage using a tractor-mounted Gandy applicator. The two middle rows per treatment were harvested on 21 Oct and all sweet potatoes from these rows were counted and visually inspected for soil insect damage.
Insect Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring 1993
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

On 23 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots were 3-20 ft long rows on 5 ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Insecticidal sprays were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 30 Mar; 6, 14, 20-21, 27 Apr; 4, 11, 25, May; 1, 8, 15 and 22 Jun. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used hollow cone nozzles fitted with #3 disks and 25° cores. The number of nozzles per row was increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 60 gpa were applied the first six sprays (4 nozzles), 90 gpa the next three sprays (6 nozzles) and 120 gpa for the remaining four sprays (8 nozzles). All plots were sprayed weekly with Javelin (1 lb/acre) for control of armyworm larvae. Every plant was inspected weekly for characteristic symptoms of tomato mottle virus, a geminivirus transmitted by the sweetpotato whitefly. All control and yield data were collected on the middle 10 plants of the middle row of each plot. On 4 and 18 Jun, the numbers of small (<0.5 inch long) and large leafmines (>0.5 inch long) were counted in a 2 minute whole plant search. On 7 and 18 Jun, the numbers of leafmines and leaf rolls of the tomato pinworm were counted in a 4 min. whole plant search. The terminal leaflet was collected from a leaf from the upper third of each of ten plants on 14, 21 and 28 Jun. The numbers of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs, pupae and pupae exuviae of the sweetpotato whitefly and the numbers of tomato pinworm leafmines and leafrolls were counted. All counts data were totalled over all dates (last two dates only for tomato pinworm counts on laboratory foliage samples) for analysis. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 3, 14, 22 and 28 Jun and the fruit were separated as to the presence of tomato pinworm damage and were counted and weighed.
Apple, Tufted Apple Bud Moth Control Tactics, 1993
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Biddinger David J.
Published: December 2017

Experimental sprays were applied to 12-15 tree plots in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of alternating trees of ‘Yorking’, and ‘Golden Delicious’. These trees were spaced 18 × 25 ft apart and were 14 years old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster ‘309’ calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2.4 mph, except for the second Lorsban plus Lannate treatment which received 50 gpa at 2.8 mph. Applications timings were based on accumulated degree days following various biofix points (i.e., 1st egg hatch). Degree day calculations were based on minimum and maximum developmental thresholds of 45°F and 91°F, respectively. The first table contains a listing of treatments, degree day calculations and percent hatch estimates for each brood of TABM. All applications were complete sprays, except where noted. A routine schedule of fungicides (Penncozeb 80WP, Rubigan 1EC, Captan 50WP and Benlate 50DF) was maintained throughout the experiment. Alternate row middle (ARM) applications of Vendex 4L at 0.5 lb Al/acre on 19 and 27 May and of Omite 30WP at 1.2 lb Al/acre (expressed as amount/acre for a complete spray) on 6 Jul were applied for mite control and ARM of Swat 8E at 0.625 and 0.75 lb Al/acre (expressed as amount/acre for a complete spray) were applied on 24 Jun and 6 Jul, respectively for control of the spirea aphid. The effect of the sprays on the WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of mites around the periphery of the trees (cv. Yorking) at the end of the second generation flight. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM and ZM was evaluated by counting these mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree (cv. Yorking), 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the same trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all dropped apples on 12 and 24 Aug and 25 apples on 22 Sep and an at harvest sample on 27 Sep of 75 fruit per tree from each of two trees for ‘Golden Delicious’. For ‘Yorking’ injury was assessed on all dropped fruit on 12 and 24 Aug and 50 dropped fruit from each of two trees on 18 Oct and a harvest sample of 125 fruit/tree from 4 trees in the center of each replicate from 18 Oct to 22 Oct. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Western Flower Thrips on Onions, 1993
Authors: Sparks Alton N. , Anciso Juan
Published: December 2017

A small plot test was conducted in a commercial onion field near Donna, Texas, to evaluate selected insecticides for efficacy against the western flower thrips. Plots measured one row (40 in.) by 25 feet, with one row buffers between plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer in a total volume of 50 gal per acre. Nozzle arrangement consisted of three 10× nozzles with one nozzle over the row and two on drops (one on each side of the row). Treatments were applied 27 Feb and 8, 16 and 19 Mar. Thrips were monitored by random selection of 3 (first sample) or 5 (all other samples) plants per plot and counting all thrips present.
Grasshopper Control in Alfalfa, 1993
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Boetel B. A. , Jenson J.
Published: December 2017

A cage (1.0 × 1.0 by 1.5 m) study to determine the efficacy of Imidan 2.5 EC vs. Sevin XLR 4L on grasshoppers was conducted in alfalfa at Sinai, SD. Alfalfa (ca. 8 inch height) had recently (ca. 3 wk) been cut and regrowth was present. Treatments were arranged in a CRBD with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer at 20 gpa delivery. Two days after application of insecticides, 20 laboratory-reared 3rd-instar M. sanguinipes were placed into each cage. A follow-up (24 h) assessment of grasshopper survival was made (all living grasshoppers were removed). Subsequently, cages were reinfested at 6 DAT, and mortality was recorded following a 24-h exposure period. The objective of having 2 separate infestations was to determine residual control. Data were subjected to the General Linear Models procedure (SAS 1985), and means were compared with DMRT. Significant differences were detected between compounds. However, both compounds reduced grasshopper numbers to below economic levels (8 per m2) at both 2 and 7 DAT.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1993
Authors: McLeod M. J. , Twidwell E. K. , Gallenberg D. J.
Published: December 2017

Alfalfa weevil control was evaluated at 2 locations near Rapid City and I location near Gregory. Treatments consisted of various cultural methods and insecticides applied in a final spray volume of 20 gal per acre at 35 psi using a hand-held sprayboom consisting of 4, 8002S nozzles on 19 inch centers. Insecticide applications were made on 9 Jun at both Rapid City locations and 10 Jun at the Gregory location. Plots were 30 ft × 30 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications per treatment. Early harvest was made on the insecticide application date at all locations. Cultivation treatments were made at the time of alfalfa green up and consisted of a single pass with a spring-tooth harrow at the Rapid City location 1 and a single pass with a tandem disc at the Gregory location. Flaming treatment at Gregory consisted of a single pass over plots with a tractor-mounted propane flamer at the time of initial alfalfa growth. Alfalfa weevil density was evaluated prior to insecticide treatments and 7 and 14 DAT by taking 10 sweeps from each plot using a standard 15 inch sweep net. Larval densities are expressed as mean number of alfalfa weevil larvae per 10 sweeps. Yield was determined from a 45 ft2 area in the center of each plot.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1993
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: December 2017

The plots, 34 ft × 34 ft, were in a 2-yr-old stand of ‘Wampr’ variety alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied on 27 Apr with a low pressure, low volume, Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Spraying Systems 8003 stainless steel Tee Jet nozzles and operated at a pressure of 35 psi. A standard treatment of Furadan 4 F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre for comparison. Population densities of AW larvae were determined 3, 8, 10, 14 and 17 DAT by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net. A phytotoxicity rating was made 3 and 8 DAT in the Lorsban plots where 1 = no damage and 9 = complete kill with 2 through 8 being intermediate.
Western Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1993
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Townsend L. H.
Published: December 2017

Thirty-one insecticides were applied for control of WCR larvae in no-till and conventional tillage corn. The test plot was planted in a continuous corn field on the UK Spindletop Research Farm on 7 May in a RBD with 3 replicates of no-till and 3 replicates of conventional tillage. Individual plots consisted on single rows, 8 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. All plots received Accent 75WDG (0.0313 lb [AI]/acre) on 14 Jun. All insecticide treatments were applied at planting except the 2 Furadan 4F treatments, which were broadcast and banded, respectively on 25 May. Number of lodged plants per plot was recorded 28 Jul. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the base of the plant and the ground was less than 45°. Root damage ratings were evaluated on 29 Jun by examining 3 plants per plot using the Iowa 1-6 system. Data were subject to ANOVA and treatment means compared to that of the control by Dunnett’s test.
First Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1993
Authors: Bessin R. T. , Townsend L. H.
Published: December 2017

Twelve insecticides were evaluated for control of 1st generation ECB larvae. The test plot was planted in a second-year corn field on the UK Spindletop Research Farm in Fayette County on 7 May as a randomized block design with 3 replicates. Individual plots consisted of 2 rows, 24 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Plants within each plot were artificially infested with newly hatched 1st instar ECB. Larvae were mixed with corn cob grits and delivered into the whorls by Bazooka applicator at a rate of 40 larvae per plant on 21 Jun. M-Peril 5G, Pounce 1.5G, and the 4 Lorsban 15G granular formulations were applied in a band over the whorl stage corn using a Noble applicator driven by electric motor and mounted on a high-clearance tractor. Liquid insecticides were applied using a Solo-backpack sprayer at 20 psi and 33 gpa. All treatments were applied 24 Jun. Ten stalks were removed from each plot, split and the numbers of ECB caused cavities recorded on 14 Jul. Data were subjected to ANOVA and treatment means were compared to the control by LSD.
Second Generation European Corn Borer Control, 1993
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Wildman L. , Sloderbeck P. E.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in a furrow-irrigated corn field at the Southwest Research-Extension Center, Finney County, KS. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots were 4 rows, (10 ft) wide and 50 ft long, with a 4 row border of untreated corn on each side and a 10 ft alley at each end. The ECB treatments were made on 6 and 7 Aug. The simulated chemigation applications of insecticides were made using 3 Delavan 100/140, 0.75-inch raindrop nozzles mounted on a high clearance sprayer at tassel height between rows. This system was calibrated to deliver the equivalent of a 0.21 inches irrigation on the 2 center rows (5730 gal/acre). The standard insecticide treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer using a 10 ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (one on each side of the row on 16 inch drop hoses directed at the ear zone and a 3rd nozzle directed at the top of the plant). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gal/ acre at 2 mph and 40 psi. ECB control was evaluated by dissecting 15 plants per plot between 8-16 Sep to determine the number of larvae and length of tunneling per plant. Grain yield was determined by machine harvesting 2 rows per plot and correcting to 15% moisture.
Control of Western Corn Rootworm Larvae in West Central Nebraska, 1992
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J.
Published: December 2017

Granular insecticides were applied to suppress larval rootworm populations in 2 fields in west central NE. ‘Pioneer 3394’ hybrid field corn was ridge-planted in Field 1 with a John Deere Max-emerge planter, to a non-tilled seed bed on 11 May. Insecticides were applied at planting with insecticide boxes attached to the planter. Three replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. T-band applications were made by applying a 7 inch band of insecticide in front of the press wheel. In-furrow applications were made by applying insecticide directly into the seed furrow. All insecticides were applied at a rate of 1114.5 g (AI)/ha. Field 2 was ridge-planted to ‘Fontanelle 4435’ and ‘Fontanelle 6240’ hybrid field corn with a John Deere Max-emerge planter, to a non-tilled seed bed on 6 May. With the exception of 4 strips, 12 rows in width, Counter 15G was applied at planting with insecticide boxes on the planter at a rate of 1114.5 g (AI)/ha. A granular and a liquid insecticide were applied to untreated strips in Field 2 immediately prior to cultivation on 15 Jun. The field corn plants were in the early whorl stage (growth stage 2) of development at the time of application. The granular application was applied over the whorl of the plants with insecticide boxes attached to a tool bar. The liquid insecticide was applied in a 7 inch band to the base of the plants in total volume of 120 liter/ha at 206,786 Pa (30 psi). Cultivation treatments were applied at a rate of 1114.5 g (AI)/ha. Each treatment in Field 2 was applied to 10 × 4 m plots which were replicated 4 times and arranged in a RCB design. Two blocks of treatments were applied to ‘Fontanelle 4435’ hybrid field corn plants and 2 blocks of treatments were planted to ‘Fontanelle 6240’ hybrid field corn plants. Treatments in both fields were evaluated 13 Jul by rating washed roots, using the 1-6 Iowa Root Damage Rating Scale, of 4 plants from each replicate.
Corn Rootworm and European Corn Borer Control in Pennsylvania, 1992
Authors: Calvin D. D. , Rebarchak P. B. , Spangler S. M. , Roth G. W. , Hoffman L. , Lueloff S. M.
Published: December 2017

Thirteen corn rootworm granular soil insecticide treatments were evaluated on a Hagerstown silt loam soil near Rock Springs, PA, during 1992. A RCBD with 5 replications was used. Insecticides and rates were applied in-furrow or as a T-band application. Plots were 39 ft × 5 ft wide (2 rows). Treatments were applied using a Max Emerge John Deere 7000® corn planter on 20 May. T-band applications were applied in 7 inch bands over the row and into the furrow ahead of the press wheel, and in-furrow applications were directed into furrow in front of the press wheel.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Fall Armyworm, European Corn Borer and Boll Worm on Cotton in Southern North Carolina, 1993
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted in a Wagram loamy sand on 10 May near Richlands, NC. The fertility and weed management programs followed NCSU recommendations with 0.6 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G applied in furrow at planting. Plot size was 6 rows (38 inch centers) × 50 ft with 10 ft alleys. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied via a backpack-type CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal total volume per acre at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spraying Systems® nozzle per row. Initial treatment was based upon exceeding a threshold of 10 eggs per 100 terminals, with the 2nd application 5 d later. The 3rd and 4th applications were triggered by meeting a larval threshold of 3 percent BW or FAW in fruit. Application dates were 22 and 27 Jul and 10 and 19 Aug. Twenty-five bolls per plot were inspected for live caterpillars and damage on 17 Aug and 15 Sep. Yields were picked with a 1 row John Deere mechanical harvester. Insect and yield data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT.
Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton Using Bt’S in Combination with Larvin
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Jordan A. M.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 15 May at the Robert Fratesi farm in Jefferson County, AR. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Counts were made on 28 Jun, 22 Jul 2, and 13 Aug. These counts were taken approximately 4 days after applications were made.
Efficacy of Pirate Against Bollworm, Tobacco Budworm, and Beet Armyworm, 1993
Authors: Klein C. D. , Slaymaker P. H. , Tugwell N. P. , Wall M. L.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 28 May at the Southeast Branch Experiment Station in Rowher, AR. Plots consisted of 4 rows (38 inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 3 and 9 Sep with a CO2 backpack sprayer mounted on a four-wheeler. Total volume was 8.77 gal/acre at 30 psi and 3 mph using Teejet 8002VS nozzles on 38 inch spacing. Insect counts were made at 5 and 10 DAT by whole plant examination of 6 row ft on the center 2 rows of each plot.
Evaluation of Pirate 3 SC Against Boll Worm-Tobacco Budworm in Louisiana, 1993
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. , Burris E. , Graves J. B. , White C. A.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted 2 Jun with plots consisting of 4 rows (40 in centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD and replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 45 psi. Insecticide treatments were applied on 4, 9, 20, 31 Aug. Methyl parathion 4 EC (0.33 lb [AI]/acre) was applied to all plots on 24 and 28 Aug to reduce boll weevil infestations. Efficacy was determined by examining 50 plant terminals and squares per plot on 6, 13, 23 Aug and 2 Sep for evidence of damage and the presence of bollworm-tobacco budworm larvae. The data reported for bollworm-tobacco budworm and boll weevil damage are a summary of trial means across sample dates. High numbers of soybean looper and beet armyworm larvae were observed in the plots during Sep and visual defoliation ratings were estimated to evaluate differences among treatments. Each plot was scored as follows: 0 (no feeding damage), 1 (feeding damage within the lower Vi of the plant), 2 (feeding damage in the lower Vi and middle Vi of the plant) or 3 (feeding damage throughout the plant). The plots were mechanically harvested on 17 and 24 Oct to estimate seed cotton yields. The test area received 2.0 inches rainfall on 6 Aug, 0.5 inch on 20 Aug, and 0.3 inch on 28 Aug. Supplemental moisture was provided by sprinkler irrigation "as needed" during the season but not within 48 h of treatment applications.
Control of Boll Weevil and Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Martin S. H. , Graves J. B. , White C. A. , Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A.
Published: December 2017

A test was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against BW and TPB in irrigated cotton planted 15 Apr at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. The test consisted of a RBD with 4 replications of 5 row (1.02 m centers) × 15.2 m plots. The test was treated on 2, 6, 9, 12 and 15 Jul. All treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer and CO2 charged delivery system calibrated to deliver 56.1 liters/ha at 2.8 kg/cm2 through two TX-8 nozzles equally spaced per row. Treatments were evaluated on 6, 9, 12, 15 and 19 Jul by visually examining 50 randomly picked squares per plot for BW damage. Treatments were evaluated for TPB control on 19 Jul with a standard 38 cm diam sweep net by counting the number of adults and nymphs in two-25 sweep samples/plot. The plots received 1.9 cm irrigation with overhead sprinklers on 14 Jul.
Late-Season Control of the Bollworm-Tobacco Budworm Complex in Cotton, 1993
Authors: Micinski S. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Forrester F. D. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Fifteen treatments were evaluated at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine their efficacy in controlling a heavy infestation of the bollworm-tobacco budworm complex (primarily tobacco budworm) on late-planted cotton. The experiment was a RCBD with 4 replications. Cotton was planted 1 Jul and plots were 4 rows × 30.5 m on 102 cm centers. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 56.1 liters of finished spray solution/ha at 4.22 kg/cm2 with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart (2 nozzles/row). No bollworm-tobacco budworm control applications were made to the test area prior to the start of this trial. Treatments were applied on 27 Aug, and 2 and 8 Sep. Infestations of larvae and square damage were monitored 2-5 d following each application by examining 25 squares/plot.
Evaluation of Condor of Against Boll Worm-Tobacco Budworm, 1993
Authors: White C. A. , Leonard B. R. , Burris E. , Martin S. H. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Condor OF was evaluated against bollwormtobacco budworm at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. Plots consisted of 3 rows (1.02 m centers) x 15.2 m of cotton planted 1 Jul. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. All treatments were applied on 30 Aug with a tractor mounted boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 2.1 kg/cm2 through two TX-10 nozzles equally spaced per row. Treatments were evaluated on 3 Sep by visually examining 100 randomly picked squares per plot for damage and live boll worm-tobacco budworm larvae. No rainfall occurred during this test.
Grasshopper Control in Pasture, 1993
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Boetel B. A. , Jenson J.
Published: December 2017

A cage (1 × 1 × 1.5 m) study to determine the efficacy of selected insecticides for control of grasshoppers in a (simulated) pasture setting was conducted in Brookings, SD on Kentucky bluegrass. Insecticides were applied to plots at 10 gpa using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with TeeJet 8002 flat fan nozzles. Treatments were arranged in a CRD with 4 replications. Three days after application of insecticides, 20 laboratory-reared 3rd-instar MG were placed in each cage. Survival was assessed following a 24-h exposure period. Data were subjected to the General Linear Models procedure (SAS 1985), and means were compared using DMRT. No significant differences were detected between compounds or the rates of Decis. All compounds proved highly effective in reducing grasshopper densities.
Greenhouse Evaluation of Insecticides for Rice Water Weevil Larval Control, 1987
Authors: Grigarick A. A. , Oraze M. J. , Hesler L. S. , Smith K. A.
Published: December 2017

A RCBD with 5 replications was used to compare RWW larval control among 4 insecticide treatments and an untreated control. Rice plants were grown in a greenhouse in 1 liter plastic pots (10 cm diam) filled to 50% capacity with Stockton clay loam. Soil had been sifted through a 3.2-mm mesh screen and steam sterilized. Ammonium sulfate (0.5 g/pot) was added and lightly incorporated into the soil surface with forceps. Pots were flooded to a depth of 5 cm
Evaluation of Furadan and Payload for Rice Water Weevil Control, 1993
Authors: Muegge M. A. , Barbour J. D. , Trahan G. B. , Bollich P. A.
Published: December 2017

Furadan and Payload were evaluated for control of rice water weevil at the Rice Research Station, Crowley, LA. Plots, 1.22 × 7.5 m, were individually leveed and arranged in a RCBD with 4 replicates and 4 treatments. Fertilizer was incorporated pre-plant and applied broadcast 3 wk post-flood at 50.6 kg (13-13-13) and 101.2 kg (21-0-0) N-P-K/ha respectively. Plots were drill seeded (17.5 cm row spacing) to Crowley silt loam with ‘Cyprus’ rice at 112.5 kg seed/ha on 12 May, flush irrigated 14 and 21 May, and permanently flooded 28 May. Propanil was applied at 3.34 kg/ha on 26 May using a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 141.9 liters/ha at 1.8 kg/cm2 for weed control. Benomyl was aerially applied at 0.56 kg/ha on 28 Jun to control rice blast. Furadan 3G was applied 15 d post-flood using a hand-held shaker. Payload 15G was applied 15 d post-flood and at 2.95 kg/ha 15 and 29 d post-flood. Two randomly selected soil samples per plot were taken every 7 d starting 9 Jun and ending 21 Jul using a 10.2 × 10.2 cm core sampler. Individual samples were washed through a funnel, fitted with wire screen, into a 35 mesh screen sieve. Collected RWW larvae and pupae were floated in a saturated NaCl solution, counted and corrected for the number of rice plants per core. Effects of pesticide treatment on numbers of immature RWW were determined by ANOVA using orthogonal contrasts to separate the following mean comparisons: 1) Untreated vs Treated; 2) Furadan 3G vs Payload 15G applied once at 5.9 kg/ha and Payload applied twice a 2.95 kg/ha/application date; (3) Payload 15G applied once at 5.9 kg/ha vs Payload applied twice at 2.95 kg/ha/application. Because no significant differences in larva numbers were found among the Payload treatments, these were pooled and the following contrasts made: 1) Untreated vs Treated; 2) Furadan 3G vs Payload 15G. Analysis was performed using larval counts corrected and uncorrected for the number of plants per core, since these analyses produced similar results, only uncorrected means are presented in the table. All analyses were conducted at the 0.05 probability level.
Geocorid and Nabid Response to Insecticides on Soybean in Louisiana, 1993
Authors: Boyd M. L. , Wier A. T. , Thomas J. D. , Lingren S. , Boethel D. J.
Published: December 2017

The response of geocorids and nabids to selected insecticides used for control of soybean loopers and velvetbean caterpillars on soybeans was examined in a small plot insecticide trial at the St. Gabriel Research Station in Iberville Parish, LA. Treatments were applied to ‘Buckshot 723’ soybean in the R5 growth stage using a tractor and compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 2.66 kg/cm2 through 8002 flat fan nozzles. Plots were 5 rows wide (0.91 m row spacing) by 15.2 m and were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. The test was applied 9 Sep. At 1 d pretreatment (DPT) and 2 and 7 DAT, 1 beat-net sample (30 beats per sample) was taken from each plot with a standard 38.2 cm diam sweep net. No rainfall occurred during the test period.
Selected Biological Insecticides for Corn Earworm Control in Soybean in Virginia, 1993
Authors: Herbert, Jr. D. A.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of selected biological insecticides was evaluated against CEW in soybean. All treatments were applied on 12 Aug, and all treatments, except Larvin 3.2 were applied again on 17 Aug. Treatments were applied as sprays with water using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal formulation per acre at 50 psi through three D2-13 disc-core hollow cone spray nozzles per row, 1 over the top of the row and 1 on each side. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows × 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated 3 h before and 4, 8, 11 and 14 DAT from 12 Aug by comparing numbers of small (1st and 2nd instars), medium (3rd and 4th instars), large (5th and 6th instars) and total larvae per 3 row ft using a standard beat cloth sampling technique. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures. A cumulative index was calculated for each treatment using ∑(Xi+1 - Xi)(Yi + Yi+1)/2], where Xi and Xi+1 are adjacent sample dates and Yi and Yi+1 are corresponding points of total larval number.
Soybean Looper Control in the Macon Ridge Region of Louisiana with Selected Bt Insecticides, 1993
Authors: White C. A. , Leonard B. R. , Boethel D. J. , Thomas J. D. , Wier A. T.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of selected Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticides were evaluated for soybean looper control in 2 tests at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro on a Gigger-Gilbert silt loam. Plots were 5 rows (1.02 m centers) by 9.0 m of soybean planted 8 Jun. The test consisted of a RCBD with 4 replications. In Test 1, treatments were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air system calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha at 2.25 kg/cm2 through two TX-8 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row. In Test 2, treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system calibrated to deliver 107.5 liters/ha at 2.8 kg/cm2 through two TX-8 hollow cone nozzles equally spaced per row. Insecticides were applied on 20 and 23 Aug in Test 1 and Test 2, respectively. Treatments were evaluated at 2-3 DAT and 7 DAT using 2 samples of 20 sweeps with a standard 38.2 cm diam sweep net. The plots received 0.76 cm of rainfall on 21 Aug.