bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PINUS TROPICAL COM POTENCIAL PARA USO EM PLANTIOS COMERCIAIS NO BRASIL
Authors: Wrege Marcos Silveira , Fritzsons Elenice , Shimizu Jarbas Yukio , Aguiar Ananda Virgínia de , Caramori Paulo Henrique
Published: February 2015

Entre os pinus tropicais, Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis é uma variedade natural, oriunda de região com clima tropical na América Central. A espécie se aclimatou bem em várias partes do mundo, em regiões com alta pluviosidade e temperaturas elevadas. Embora não tolere geadas severas, pode ser plantada em partes da região Sul do Brasil onde o clima é mais quente e a frequência de geadas é menor e é indicado para plantio em boa parte do Brasil, em mais de 3,5 milhões de km2 . Essa é uma variedade que apresenta alto rendimento em madeira de boa qualidade, além de possibilitar a exploração da resina. Neste trabalho, são apresentadas as regiões no Brasil que apresentam potencial para cultivo dessa variedade em regime de silvicultura intensiva, tomando como base sua região de origem no mundo. São indicadas para plantio comercial as zonas com os menores riscos de geada nos estados da região Sul, no Estado de São Paulo e nas demais regiões que oferecem condições climáticas favoráveis, principalmente de disponibilidade hídrica para o desenvolvimento dessa variedade de pinus.
Resurgence of the Endogeneity-Backed Instrumental Variable Methods
Authors: Qin Duo
Published: February 2015

This paper investigates the nature of the IV method for tackling endogeneity. By tracing the rise and fall of the method in macroeconometrics and its subsequent revival in microeconometrics, it pins the method down to an implicit model respecification device— breaking the circular causality of simultaneous relations by redefining it as an asymmetric one conditioning on a non-optimal conditional expectation of the assumed endogenous explanatory variable, thus rejecting that variable as a valid conditional variable. The revealed nature explains why the IV route is popular for models where endogeneity is superfluous whereas measurement errors are of the key concern.
In-situ single submicron particle composition analysis of ice residuals from mountain-top mixed-phase clouds in Central Europe
Authors: Schmidt S. , Schneider J. , Klimach T. , Mertes S. , Schenk L. P. , Curtius J. , Kupiszewski P. , Hammer E. , Vochezer P. , Lloyd G. , Ebert M. , Kandler K. , Weinbruch S. , Borrmann S.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. This paper presents results from the "INUIT-JFJ/CLACE 2013" field campaign at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch in January/February 2013. The chemical composition of ice particle residuals (IPR) in a size diameter range of 200–900 nm was measured in orographic, convective and non-convective clouds with a single particle mass spectrometer (ALABAMA) under ambient conditions characterized by temperatures between −28 and −4 °C and wind speed from 0.1 to 21 km h−1. Additionally, background aerosol particles in cloud free air were investigated. The IPR were sampled from mixed-phase clouds with two inlets which selectively extract small ice crystals in-cloud, namely the Counterflow Virtual Impactor (Ice-CVI) and the Ice Selective Inlet (ISI). The IPR as well as the aerosol particles were classified into seven different particle types: (1) black carbon, (2) organic carbon, (3) black carbon internally mixed with organic carbon, (4) minerals, (5) one particle group (termed "BioMinSal") that may contain biological particles, minerals, or salts, (6) industrial metals, and (7) lead containing particles. For any sampled particle population it was determined by means of single particle mass spectrometer how many of the analyzed particles belonged to each of these categories. Accordingly, between 20 and 30% of the IPR and roughly 42% of the background particles contained organic carbon. The measured fractions of minerals in the IPR composition varied from 6 to 33%, while the values for the "BioMinSal" group were between 15 and 29%. Four percent to 31% of the IPR contained organic carbon mixed with black carbon. Both inlets delivered similar results of the chemical composition and of the particle size distribution, although lead was found only in the IPR sampled by the Ice-CVI. The results show that the ice particle residual composition varies substantially between different cloud events, which indicates the influence of different meteorological conditions, such as origin of the air masses, temperature and wind speed.
An analytical system for studying the stable isotopes of carbon monoxide using continuous flow-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF-IRMS)
Authors: Pathirana S. L. , van der Veen C. , Popa M. E. , Röckmann T.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. In the atmosphere, carbon monoxide (CO) is the major sink for the hydroxyl radical (OH •), has multiple anthropogenic and natural sources and considerable spatial and seasonal variability. Measurements of CO isotopic composition are useful in constraining the strengths of its individual source and sink processes and thus its global cycle. A fully automated system for δ13C and δ18O analysis has been developed to extract CO from an air sample, convert CO into carbon dioxide (CO2) using the Schütze reagent, and then determine the isotopic composition in an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The entire system is continuously flushed with high-purity helium (He), the carrier gas. The blank signal of the Schütze reagent is only 1–3% of the typical sample size. The repeatability is 0.1‰ for δ13C and 0.2‰ for δ18O. The peak area allows simultaneous determination of the mole fraction with an analytical repeatability of ~0.7 nmol mol−1 for 100 mL of typical ambient air (185.4 nmol mol−1 of CO). A single, automated, measurement is performed in 18 min, so multiple measurements can be combined conveniently to improve precision.
DYNAMICO, an icosahedral hydrostatic dynamical core designed for consistency and versatility
Authors: Dubos T. , Dubey S. , Tort M. , Mittal R. , Meurdesoif Y. , Hourdin F.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The design of the icosahedral dynamical core DYNAMICO is presented. DYNAMICO solves the multi-layer rotating shallow-water equations, a compressible variant of the same equivalent to a discretization of the hydrostatic primitive equations in a Lagrangian vertical coordinate, and the primitive equations in a hybrid mass-based vertical coordinate. The common Hamiltonian structure of these sets of equations is exploited to formulate energy-conserving spatial discretizations in a unified way. The horizontal mesh is a quasi-uniform icosahedral C-grid obtained by subdivision of a regular icosahedron. Control volumes for mass, tracers and entropy/potential temperature are the hexagonal cells of the Voronoi mesh to avoid the fast numerical modes of the triangular C-grid. The horizontal discretization is that of Ringler et al. (2010), whose discrete quasi-Hamiltonian structure is identified. The prognostic variables are arranged vertically on a Lorenz grid with all thermodynamical variables collocated with mass. The vertical discretization is obtained from the three-dimensional Hamiltonian formulation. Tracers are transported using a second-order finite volume scheme with slope limiting for positivity. Explicit Runge–Kutta time integration is used for dynamics and forward-in-time integration with horizontal/vertical splitting is used for tracers. Most of the model code is common to the three sets of equations solved, making it easier to develop and validate each piece of the model separately. Representative three-dimensional test cases are run and analyzed, showing correctness of the model. The design permits to consider several extensions in the near future, from higher-order transport to more general dynamics, especially deep-atmosphere and non-hydrostatic equations.
A dasymetric data supported earthquake disaster loss quick assessment method for emergency response in China
Authors: Xu J. , An J. , Nie G.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Improving earthquake disaster loss estimation speed and accuracy is one of key factors in effective earthquake response and rescue. The presentation of exposure data by applying a dasymetric map approach has good potential for addressing this issue. With the support of 30'' × 30'' areal exposure data (population and building data in China), this paper presents a new two-phase earthquake disaster loss estimation method for emergency response situations. This method has two phases: a pre-earthquake phase and a co-earthquake phase. In the pre-earthquake phase, we pre-calculate the earthquake loss related to different seismic intensities and store them in a 30'' × 30'' grid format, which has four stages: determining the earthquake loss calculation factor, gridding possible damage matrixes, the building damage calculation and the people loss calculation. The dasymetric map approach makes this possible. Then, in the co-earthquake phase, there are two stages of estimating loss: generating a theoretical isoseismal map to depict the spatial distribution of the seismic intensity field; then, using the seismic intensity field to extract statistics of disaster loss from pre-calculated loss estimation data to obtain the final estimation results. The method is validated by four actual earthquakes that occurred in China. The method not only significant improves the speed and accuracy of loss estimation, but gives spatial distribution for the loss, which will be effective in aiding earthquake emergency response and rescue. Additionally, related pre-calculated earthquake loss estimation data in China could serve to provide disaster risk analysis before earthquakes happen. Currently, the pre-calculated loss estimation data and the two-phase estimation method are used by the China Earthquake Administration.
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Pregnant Women in Outpatient Facilities
Authors: Nogayeva Maral G. , Tuleutayeva Svetlana A.
Published: February 2015

Urinary tract morbidity has increased by 7% in Kazakhstan between 2007 to 2011. Pregnant women with extragenital pathologies or kidney diseases had the greatest prevalence of morbidity. Asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) is one of the most important risk factors of pyelonephritis development in pregnant women, and it can affect the course and outcome of pregnancy, delivery, and postnatal period. AB prevention requires prevention of pregnancy complications including early diagnostic of urinary tract infections, timely optimization of therapy at outpatient facilities, and dynamic follow-up.
Porcupine Quill Migration in the Thoracic Cavity of a German Shorthaired Pointer
Authors: Guevara Jose L. , Holmes Elaine S. , Reetz Jennifer , Holt David E.
Published: February 2015

A 7 yr old German shorthaired pointer presented with progressive respiratory distress and lethargy. Two weeks prior to presentation, the dog had porcupine quills removed from the left forepaw, muzzle, and sternal area. At the time of presentation, the dog had bounding pulses and friction rubs in the right dorsal lung field. Harsh lung sounds and decreased lung sounds were ausculted in multiple lung fields. Radiographs revealed a pneumothorax and rounding of the cardiac silhouette suggestive of pericardial effusion. Computed tomographic imaging was performed and revealed multiple porcupine quills in the thoracic cavity. Surgery was performed and quills were found in multiple lung lobes and the heart. Following surgery the dog remained hypotensive. A post-operative echocardiogram revealed multiple curvilinear soft-tissue opacities in the heart. Given the grave prognosis the dog was subsequently euthanized and a postmortem examination was performed. A single porcupine quill was discovered in the left atrium above the mitral valve annulus. The quill extended across the aortic root, impinging on the coronary artery below the level of the aortic valve. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first known report of porcupine quill migration through the heart.
Iatrogenic Traumatic Brain Injury During Tooth Extraction
Authors: Troxel Mark
Published: February 2015

An 8 yr old spayed female Yorkshire terrier was referred for evaluation of progressive neurological signs after a routine dental prophylaxis with tooth extractions. The patient was circling to the left and blind in the right eye with right hemiparesis. Neurolocalization was to the left forebrain. MRI revealed a linear tract extending from the caudal oropharynx, through the left retrobulbar space and frontal lobe, into the left parietal lobe. A small skull fracture was identified in the frontal bone through which the linear tract passed. Those findings were consistent with iatrogenic trauma from slippage of a dental elevator during extraction of tooth 210. The dog was treated empirically with clindamycin. The patient regained most of its normal neurological function within the first 4 mo after the initial injury. Although still not normal, the dog has a good quality of life. Traumatic brain injury is a rarely reported complication of extraction. Care must be taken while performing dental cleaning and tooth extraction, especially of the maxillary premolar and molar teeth to avoid iatrogenic damage to surrounding structures.
Abdominal Cryptococcosis in Two Dogs: Diagnosis and Medical Management
Authors: Tangeman Lindsay , Davignon Danielle , Patel Reema , Littman Meryl
Published: February 2015

Canine cryptococcosis cases are typically reported as neurologic, disseminated, or both. There have been few reports of other parenchymal organ involvement. Dogs infected with Cryptococcus spp. are likely to develop central nervous system involvement, and those that are severely affected are treated aggressively with surgery and/or amphotericin B. This report describes two cases of canine abdominal cryptococcosis: one boxer with primary alimentary cryptococcosis alone and one miniature schnauzer with pancreatic and disseminated cryptococcosis. The boxer is unique in that the dog suffered from primary alimentary cryptococcosis without dissemination, secondary anemia due to gastrointestinal losses, and is the second case to have Cryptococcus spp. identified on fecal examination as part of the diagnostic workup. Unlike previous reports, surgery was not performed in either case, and both dogs were treated with fluconazole alone. Currently, both dogs are free from clinical signs, and Cryptococcus spp. antigen titers are negative at 17 and 15 mo after initial presentation. These cases suggest fluconazole may be effective therapy alone for canine abdominal cryptococcosis, negating the need for high-risk therapy options such as surgery and/or amphotericin B in some cases.
Angioleiomyosarcoma in the Nasal Vestibule of a Dog: Surgical Excision via a Modified Lateral Approach
Authors: McGhie Jayne A. , FitzGerald Louise , Hosgood Giselle
Published: February 2015

This case report describes an 11 yr old spayed female German shepherd dog weighing 42 kg that presented with intermittent epistaxis from the left nostril. A nonulcerated pale irregular polypoid mass was visualized within the left nares. Computed tomography revealed a pedunculated mass arising from the ventrolateral nasal mucosal of the left nasal cavity with no evidence of involvement or invasion of adjacent soft tissues or bony structures. Histological and immunohistochemical examination of rhinoscopic biopsies returned a diagnosis of an angioleiomyosarcoma. The mass was excised using a modified lateral approach to the nasal cavity. Fulguration of the wound bed was performed. Clean surgical margins were identified on histopathology. The dog remained clinically free of recurrence 28 mo postsurgically. Angioleiomyosarcomas are rare tumors originating from the smooth muscle cells of blood vessel walls and are included in the spectrum of perivascular wall tumor, a subgroup of soft-tissue sarcomas.
Transobturator Vaginal Tape for Treatment of Urinary Incontinence in Spayed Bitches
Authors: Deschamps Jack-Yves , Roux Françoise A.
Published: February 2015

This study investigated the long-term effectiveness and safety of a variant of the transobturator vaginal tape inside-out technique for acquired urinary incontinence. Twelve spayed female dogs were operated over a 2 yr period. No intraoperative complications were encountered. Transient dysuria was the most common postoperative complication (7 out of 12 dogs). On the 12th day postoperatively, incontinence was completely cured in 11 out of 12 dogs (92%). At the time of the second evaluation (median follow-up time was 21 mo), patients classified as “cured,” “greatly improved,” or “improved” were 25, 50, and 25% of the total, respectively. At the time of either the fourth evaluation or at the time of death (median follow-up time was 52 mo), 50% of the bitches (6 out of 12) had the same results as previously but the other 50% had leakage that reappeared sporadically. A fistula appeared on the path of the tape in two bitches at 28 and 32 mo postsurgically. The technique presented is effective and more cost effective than the standard technique and could constitute an attractive alternative; however, it could be associated with an immediate postoperative dysuria, delayed fistula formation, and a partial recurrence of clinical signs.
Relação mundial per capita entre renda e emissão de dióxido de carbono
Authors: Bigarani Fernando Artico , Zapparoli Irene Domenes , Nascimento Sidnei Pereira do
Published: February 2015

O objetivo deste artigo é verificar a existência de relação per capita entre emissão de dióxido de carbono e o crescimento da renda. A metodologia utilizada consiste na análise exploratória de dados espaciais para os anos de 1994 e 2009 usando programa Geoda. Por meio de mapas e do Índice de Moran busca-se observar a existência de autocorrelação espacial, per capita, entre a emissão de gás carbônico e Produto Interno Bruto dos países da Europa e da África, identificando a existência de clusters espaciais. A análise dos resultados apresentou autocorrelação espacial significativa entre as variáveis estudadas e permitiu a identificação de clusters espaciais na Europa e na África. A conclusão confirma a teoria da Curva de Kuznets Ambiental e também identifica que o protocolo de Kyoto foi capaz de promover alterações nos clusters univariados analisados no período.
A transformação do consumo de bens culturais nos domicílios particulares durante o tempo: estudo do município de Canoas entre 2000 e 2010
Authors: Bem Judite Sanson , Waismann Moisés , Finatto Josiandro
Published: February 2015

As pessoas, com o passar do tempo, mudam seus hábitos de consumo e as preferências também se alteram no que concerne aos bens culturais. Dentre os motivos desta alteração estão os preços, a idade do consumidor, sua renda, sua educação e outros. Os moradores dos domicílios particulares de Canoas, município situado na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, não fugiram à regra durante os anos de 2000, apresentando comportamentos que são mais ou menos semelhantes ao ocorrido no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é estudar o comportamento do consumo de bens culturais nos domicílios particulares do município de Canoas no período de 2000 a 2010. Primeiramente, foram descritos os conceitos de bem cultural e as teorias sobre o consumo de bens culturais sob o enfoque da economia. Após, na segunda etapa, utiliza-se da estatística descritiva para apresentar os dados do Censo IBGE de 2010 e 2000 que dispõem a presença de bens e serviços culturais, dos domicílios particulares permanentes do município de Canoas, realizando uma comparação com o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Conclui-se que o município acompanhou os movimentos do Estado, mas apresentou no período um percentual superior de domicílios com bens de maior intensidade de tecnologia, como microcomputadores e telefones móveis.
De offshore vennootschap
Authors: van Koningsveld T.J.
Published: February 2015

Offshore companies: the perfect concealing instrument for money launderers?

Offshore companies play a substantial role in the laundering of dirty money, especially in bigger cases. This article reflects on the definition of offshore companies and analyses several cases of money laundering through these often complicated financial business structures. The lack of knowledge on offshore money laundering practices hampers criminal investigation worldwide. Improving the registration of cases and sharing knowledge internationally would help to develop better prevention measures and to detect money laundering through offshore companies. The author also provides a list of risk indicators signalizing possible abuse of offshore companies.
Wat
doen daders met hun geld?
Authors: Kruisbergen E.W. , Kleemans E.R. , Kouwenberg R.F.
Published: February 2015

What do offenders do with their money? Results from the Dutch Organised Crime Monitor

In this article the authors use empirical data from the Dutch Organised Crime Monitor to give empirical insight into the investments of organised crime offenders in legal economy. Using a dataset of 1,196 individual investments, they look into what kind of assets offenders purchase and where these assets are located. The authors use the empirical results to assess the tenability of different theoretical perspectives and assumptions that are present in the literature on money laundering and organised crime: the standard economic approach, the criminal infiltration approach and the social opportunity structure. The results of this study show that offenders predominantly invest in their home country and that their investments consist of tangible, familiar assets such as residences and other real estate and companies from well-known sectors. Investments such as bonds as well as stocks in companies in which offenders are not personally involved, were only found in a small number of cases. To put it differently: offenders usually stay close to home with their investments. Based on these results, the concept of social opportunity structure seems to be best suited to understand offenders’ investment choices.
Belust op misdaadgeld: de werkelijkheid van voordeelsontneming
Authors: van Duyne P.C. , Kristen F.G.H. , de Zanger W.S.
Published: February 2015

Eager for crime money: The reality of asset recovery

Dutch policy makers, as elsewhere, have a strong belief in the effectiveness of asset recovery legislation. There are high expectations concerning the amounts of crime money to be collected, and the collection thereof would enable theauthorities to tackle serious, organized crime and fill the treasury. However, the results of the authors’ empirical research into the actual execution of ‘recovery orders’ show a different image. The majority of asset recovery cases concerns cases with low payment obligations (under € 5,000), indicating that mainly ‘smaller fishes’ are targeted. In general, the collection of crime money proves to be a difficult endeavour. Large amounts are not collected and there are long execution times. Policy makers who publicly announce high expectations, and who budget the expected incomes from asset recovery, do not practice evidence-based policy making and give leeway to false hopes which then require new (legislative) measures.
Marked Variability in Reported Minimal Residual Disease Lower Level of Detection of 4 Hematolymphoid Neoplasms: A Survey of Participants in the College of American Pathologists Flow Cytometry Proficiency Testing Program
Authors: Keeney Michael , Halley Jaimie G. , Rhoads Daniel D. , Ansari M. Qasim , Kussick Steven J. , Karlon William J. , Mehta Kumudini U. , Dorfman David M. , Linden Michael A.
Published: February 2015

Context

Flow cytometry is often applied to minimal residual disease (MRD) testing in hematolymphoid neoplasia. Because flow-based MRD tests are developed in the laboratory, testing methodologies and lower levels of detection (LODs) are laboratory dependent.

Objectives

To broadly survey flow cytometry laboratories about MRD testing in laboratories, if performed, including indications and reported LODs.

Design

Voluntary supplemental questions were sent to the 549 laboratories participating in the College of American Pathologists (CAP) FL3-A Survey (Flow Cytometry—Immunophenotypic Characterization of Leukemia/Lymphoma) in the spring of 2014.

Results

A total of 500 laboratories (91%) responded to the supplemental questions as part of the FL3-A Survey by April 2014; of those 500 laboratories, 167 (33%) currently perform MRD for lymphoblastic leukemia, 118 (24%) for myeloid leukemia, 99 (20%) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and 91 (18%) for plasma cell myeloma. Other indications include non-Hodgkin lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, neuroblastoma, and myelodysplastic syndrome. Most responding laboratories that perform MRD for lymphoblastic leukemia reported an LOD of 0.01%. For myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and plasma cell myeloma, most laboratories indicated an LOD of 0.1%. Less than 3% (15 of 500) of laboratories reported LODs of 0.001% for one or more MRD assays performed.

Conclusions

There is major heterogeneity in the reported LODs of MRD testing performed by laboratories subscribing to the CAP FL3-A Survey. To address that heterogeneity, changes to the Flow Cytometry Checklist for the CAP Laboratory Accreditation Program are suggested that will include new requirements that each laboratory (1) document how an MRD assay's LOD is measured, and (2) include the LOD or lower limit of enumeration for flow-based MRD assays in the final diagnostic report.
Quantifying the effects of mixing and residual circulation on trends of stratospheric mean age of air
Authors: Ploeger F. , Abalos M. , Birner T. , Konopka P. , Legras B. , Müller R. , Riese M.
Published: February 2015

It is an outstanding issue to what degree trends in stratospheric mean age of air reflect changes in the (slow) residual circulation and how they are affected by (fast) eddy mixing. We present a method to quantify the effects of mixing and residual circulation on mean age trends, based on simulations with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) driven by ERA‐Interim reanalysis and on the integrated tracer continuity equation. During 1990–2013, mean age decreases throughout most of the stratosphere, qualitatively consistent with results based on climate model simulations. During 2002–2012, age changes show a clear hemispheric asymmetry in agreement with satellite observations. We find that changes in the residual circulation transit time cannot explain the mean age trends, and including the integrated effect of mixing is crucial. Above about 550 K (about 22 km), trends in the mixing effect on mean age appear to be coupled to residual circulation changes.
Asymmetric Kelvin‐Helmholtz propagation at Saturn's dayside magnetopause
Authors: Ma X. , Stauffer B. , Delamere P. A. , Otto A.
Published: February 2015

At Saturn's magnetopause, the shear flows are maximized (minimized) in the prenoon (postnoon) sector due to the rapid planetary rotation and the corotating magnetodisc. As such, the prenoon sector is expected to be more Kelvin‐Helmholtz (KH) unstable than the postnoon sector; however, in situ Cassini data analyses showed that the evidence of KH activity favors the postnoon sector. In this study, we use a two‐dimensional MHD simulation to demonstrate that fast‐growing KH modes strongly deform and diffuse the boundary layer on a time scale of a few minutes in the prenoon sector. Therefore, the KH observational signature is difficult to identify by spacecraft in the diffused boundary layer. KH vortices originating in the subsolar region (roughly from 10 to 14 local times) are transported to the postnoon sector and the wavelength is enlarged due to the gradient of shear flow, which is a plausible reason why KH events are more often observed in the postnoon sector. The prediction of the local boundary normal direction distribution as a function of spacecraft inward/outward crossing in the postnoon sector suggested by our simulation is qualitatively consistent with Cassini in situ observational results. We also discuss the impact of this dawn‐dusk asymmetric Kelvin‐Helmholtz evolution on magnetic reconnection at Saturn's magnetopause boundary.
Novel analysis of a sudden ionospheric disturbance using Schumann resonance measurements
Authors: Dyrda Michał , Kulak Andrzej , Mlynarczyk Janusz , Ostrowski Michał
Published: February 2015

A spherical cavity between Earth and the lower ionosphere forms a global resonator for Extremely Low Frequency electromagnetic waves. Constant thunderstorm activity leads to the formation of a resonance field in the cavity, known as the Schumann resonance. Solar flare generated Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances (SID) modify the ionosphere affecting the ground‐based radio communication systems. They are also expected to modify radiowave propagation in the cavity. In this paper, the Schumann Resonance spectral decomposition method is used for the first time to study the cavity resonance frequencies during the SID accompanying a strong X2.1 solar flare. We analyzed rapid changes in the frequencies and Q factors of the first five resonance modes using a 5 min timescale. The observed frequency shifts were compared to the ionizing solar flare fluxes in the UV, X‐ray, and high‐energy γ rays.
Magnetospheric signatures of ionospheric density cavities observed by Cluster
Authors: Russell A. J. B. , Karlsson T. , Wright A. N.
Published: February 2015

We present Cluster measurements of large amplitude electric fields correlated with intense downward field‐aligned currents, observed during a nightside crossing of the auroral zone. The data are reproduced by a simple model of magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling which, under different conditions, can also produce a divergent electric field signature in the downward current region, or correlation between the electric and perturbed magnetic fields. We conclude that strong electric field associated with intense downward field‐aligned current, such as this observation, is a signature of ionospheric plasma depletion caused by the downward current. It is also shown that the electric field in the downward current region correlates with downward current density if a background field is present, e.g., due to magnetospheric convection.
The influence of the Amundsen Sea Low on the winds in the Ross Sea and surroundings: Insights from a synoptic climatology
Authors: Coggins Jack H. J. , McDonald Adrian J.
Published: February 2015

The Amundsen Sea Low (ASL) is an area of climatologically low atmospheric pressure situated over the Southern Ocean. The depth and location of this feature have significant effects on winds, temperature, moisture transport, and sea ice in its vicinity. In this article, we quantify the modulating effect of this feature on winds over the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf. We examine composites of surface winds sampled according to extrema in ASL depth, longitude, and latitude. We employ the output of a previously developed synoptic climatology to identify the explanatory synoptic‐scale forcings. In autumn, winter, and spring (AWS) we find that the impact of the depth of the ASL is smaller than that of its location. The ASL moves eastward when it is deep, thereby reducing its influence on Ross Sea winds. When the ASL is northward, we find strongly enhanced southerly flows over the Ross Sea and Ice Shelf, forced by greater cyclonic activity in the north of the Ross Sea. In summer, we find increased cyclonic flow coinciding with a deeper ASL, despite the ASL being located in the Bellingshausen Sea at this time. The responses to the ASL longitude and latitude are profoundly different to those in AWS, suggesting that relationships are strongly dependent on the varying seasonal location of the low. We examine two metrics of the ASL depth and identify that the absolute mean sea level pressure (MSLP) has a more widespread response than that of the relative MSLP.
Rossby waves, extreme fronts, and wildfires in southeastern Australia
Authors: Reeder Michael J. , Spengler Thomas , Musgrave Ruth
Published: February 2015

The most catastrophic fires in recent history in southern Australia have been associated with extreme cold fronts. Here an extreme cold front is defined as one for which the maximum temperature at 2 m is at least 17°C lower on the day following the front. An anticyclone, which precedes the cold front, directs very dry northerlies or northwesterlies from the interior of the continent across the region. The passage of the cold front is followed by strong southerlies or southwesterlies. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts ERA‐Interim Reanalyses show that this regional synoptic pattern common to all strong cold fronts, and hence severe fire conditions, is a consequence of propagating Rossby waves, which grow to large amplitude and eventually irreversibly overturn. The process of overturning produces the low‐level anticyclone and dry conditions over southern Australia, while simultaneously producing an upper level trough and often precipitation in northeastern Australia.
Sources of Material Data
Authors: Kaufman J. G.
Published: February 2015

To identify useful sources of materials data, it is important to have clearly in mind at the outset (a) the intended use of data, (b) the type of data required, and (c) the quality of data required. These three factors are key in narrowing a search and improving its efficiency of a search for property data. Therefore, as an introduction to the identification of some specific potentially useful sources of materials data, this chapter discusses those three factors in some detail and describes the options available in types of data sources. The chapter also discusses two fundamental types of materials databases: textual data and numeric data. The two factors affecting data quality and reliability include (a) the manner in which the data were obtained and (b) the statistical reliability of the data presented. The chapter also discusses the variety of platforms available for databases today.
An Introduction to the Finite‐Element Method
Authors: Zohdi Tarek I.
Published: February 2015

This chapter provides a concise review of basic field equations in solid mechanics and then illustrates how the finite‐element method (FEM) can be employed to solve them. To motivate the use of the FEM, the author derives the classical equations of mechanical equilibrium. The central feature of the FEM is to reduce the field equations in a physically sound and systematic manner to an assembly of discrete subdomains, or “elements.” The fundamental mechanism that produces forces in elastic deformation is the stretching of atomic bonds. The chapter presents the classical theory of isotropic elastic material responses for three‐dimensional states of stress and strain. It discusses relationships between the stress and strain, so‐called material laws or constitutive relations for geometrically linear problems (infinitesimal deformations). The chapter describes Hilbertian Sobolev spaces and global/local transformations, and outlines differential properties of shape functions.
Failure Analysis of Plastics
Authors: Shah Vishu
Published: February 2015

The fundamental problem concerning the failures of parts made out of plastics materials is a lack of understanding of the difference between the nature of relatively newpolymeric materials and traditional materials. Part failure is generally related to one of four key factors: material selection, design, process, and service conditions. Most stresses imposed on plastic products in service can be grouped under thermal, chemical, physical, biological, mechanical, and electrical. The first step in analyzing any type of failure is to determine the cause of the failure. Before proceeding with elaborate tests, some basic information regarding the product must be gathered. Ten basic methods are employed to analyze product failure: visual examination, identification analysis, stress analysis, heat reversion technique, microtoming (microstructural analysis), mechanical testing, thermal analysis, nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques, fractography and simulation testing. By zeroing in on the type of failure, one can easily select the appropriate method of failure analysis.
Acoustics
Authors: Blotter Jonathan D. , Sommerfeldt Scott D. , Gee Kent L.
Published: February 2015

Acoustics is a very broad field of science that covers the generation, reduction, control, transmission, and reception aspects of sound. This chapter discusses three fundamental measures of sound. These are sound power, sound intensity, and sound pressure. In the field of acoustics, the decibel (dB), which is one‐tenth of a bel, is almost exclusively used. The first weighting filter to be discussed is called A weighting and usually carries the associated symbol dBA or dB(A). The chapter summarizes the fundamental theoretical developments of acoustics in a fluid. When a wave propagating in a medium encounters a change in the impedance presented to the wave, reflection and transmission of the wave occur. The chapter outlines some general concepts associated with the use of passive noise control for reducing unwanted noise and explains concepts associated with active noise control. Finally, hearing loss, community and environmental noise, and sound quality analysis, are presented.
Design Optimization: An Overview
Authors: Ravi Ravindran A. , Reklaitis G. V.
Published: February 2015

This chapter presents an overview of optimization theory and its application to problems arising in engineering. In the most general terms, optimization theory is a body of mathematical results and numerical methods for finding and identifying the best candidate from a collection of alternatives without having to enumerate and evaluate explicitly all possible alternatives. An overview was given of the elements and methods comprising design optimization methodology. The key element in the overall process of design optimization was seen to be the engineering model of the system constructed for this purpose. The assumptions and formulation details of the model govern the quality and relevance of the optimal design obtained. The chapter also gives a structural classification of optimization problems and a broad brush review of the main families of optimization methods. Clearly this review can only hope to serve as entry point to this broad field.
Life‐Cycle Design
Authors: Clarke Abigail , Gershenson John K.
Published: February 2015

This chapter outlines the principles that characterize the goals of design for the life cycle (DfLC) as well as the methods that provide the means to achieve these goals and the tools that support life‐cycle‐compatible design decisions. A few illustrative implementations of DfLC are shown to highlight the achievement of these goals. The chief motivation for DfLC is to foresee environmental effects and mitigate them through product design. Many standards, certifications, and ecolabels have been put in place to encourage product design improvements and affect consumer buying habits. The purpose of DfLC is to create products that positively affect the environment, thus decreasing ecological damage. Life‐cycle design—that is, product life‐cycle design—is at the very heart of the development of the product life cycle. However, it is clear that the future holds new and important challenges to the current state of DfLC.
Engineering Applications of Virtual Reality
Authors: Zhu Wenjuan , Peng Xiaobo , Leu Ming C.
Published: February 2015

This chapter introduces the techniques involved in the design and development of virtual reality (VR) systems. It describes the main techniques and applications of the VR technology, including its hardware, software, and engineering applications. The chapter reviews various VR applications in engineering, including concept design, data visualization, virtual manufacturing, driving simulation, and construction engineering. Dani and Gadh presented an approach for creating shape designs in a VR environment called Conceptual VIRtual Design System (COVIRDS). This system uses VR technology to provide a 3D virtual environment in which the designer can create and modify 3D shapes with an interface based on bimodal voice and hand tracking. There are four areas of VR in manufacturing applications: process simulation, factory layout, assembly method prototyping, and part flow simulation. By immersing the user in the virtual environment (VE), VR reveals spatially complex structures in a way that makes them easy to understand and study.
Data Acquisition and Display Systems
Authors: Milliman Philip C.
Published: February 2015

Control systems have become increasingly based on standard systems and interfaces; sensors themselves are often based on just smaller versions of the same operating system as large manufacturing systems. This chapter attempts to cover aspects of data acquisition and manipulation that may help the engineer better understand issues and give a foundation for using and even constructing tools. It covers the nature of data and the acquisition and conversion of data to usable units and includes some discussion of useful display techniques. The chapter also covers the coordination, storage,access, and manipulation of data. A discussion of pros and cons of different strategies should help the reader understand the trade‐offs in system selection and construction. A recent standard of use in manufacturing is the OPC (OLE for process control) standard, which provides for a standard way of communicating with process equipment.
Neural Networks in Feedback Control Systems
Authors: Vamvoudakis K. G. , Lewis F.L. , Ge Shuzhi Sam
Published: February 2015

This chapter shows how neural networks (NNs) fulfill the promise of providing model‐free learning controllers for a class of nonlinear systems in the sense that a structural or parameterized model of the system dynamics is not needed. It shows different methods of NN controller design that yield guaranteed performance for systems of different structure and complexity. The control structures discussed in the chapter are multiloop controllers with NNs in some of the loops and an outer tracking unity‐gain feedback loop. Throughout, there are repeatable design algorithms and guarantees of system performance including both small tracking errors and bounded NN weights. Recent results show that approximate dynamic programming (ADP) with critic and actor neural networks, allows the design of adaptive learning controllers that converge online to optimal control solutions, while also guaranteeing closed‐loop stability. ADP also offers design methods for differential games that can be implemented online in real time.
“Missing perikymata”—fact or fiction? A study on chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) canines
Authors: Kierdorf Horst , Witzel Carsten , Kierdorf Uwe , Skinner Matthew M. , Skinner Mark F.
Published: February 2015

Recently, a lower than expected number of perikymata between repetitive furrow‐type hypoplastic defects has been reported in chimpanzee canines from the Fongoli site, Senegal (Skinner and Pruetz: Am J Phys Anthropol 149 (2012) 468–482). Based on an observation in a localized enamel fracture surface of a canine of a chimpanzee from the Taï Forest (Ivory Coast), these authors inferred that a nonemergence of striae of Retzius could be the cause for the “missing perikymata” phenomenon in the Fongoli chimpanzees. To check this inference, we analyzed the structure of outer enamel in three chimpanzee canines. The teeth were studied using light‐microscopic and scanning‐electron microscopic techniques. Our analysis of the specimen upon which Skinner and Pruetz (Am J Phys Anthropol 149 (2012) 468–482) had made their original observation does not support their hypothesis. We demonstrate that the enamel morphology described by them is not caused by a nonemergence of striae of Retzius but can be attributed to structural variations in outer enamel that result in a differential fracture behavior. Although rejecting the presumed existence of nonemergent striae of Retzius, our study provided evidence that, in furrow‐type hypoplastic defects, a pronounced tapering of Retzius increments can occur, with the striae of Retzius forming acute angles with the outer enamel surface. We suggest that in such cases the outcrop of some striae of Retzius is essentially unobservable at the enamel surface, causing too low perikymata counts. The pronounced tapering of Retzius increments in outer enamel presumably reflects a mild to moderate disturbance of the function of late secretory ameloblasts. Am J Phys Anthropol 157:276–283, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spatial Configurations of Water Management at an Early Angkorian Capital – Combining GPR and TerraSAR‐X Data to Complement an Archaeological Map
Authors: Sonnemann Till Frieder
Published: February 2015

Hariharalaya was a medieval political centre of the eighth–ninth centuryce, located on the northern shore of Lake Tonle Sap in Cambodia. Mapped in detail in the 1990s by means of aerial photographs and ground surveys, more recently ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and high‐resolution satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) were applied to further interpret this complex archaeological landscape. In combination with remote sensing imagery, the two radiofrequency‐based imaging techniques were used to complement the existing archaeological maps. The area housed an extensive low‐density urban complex of earthen mounds and ponds, approximately 5 × 5 km square and centring on the Bakong, an early Angkorian state temple, crossed and encircled by a mostly disconnected water‐management network of embankments and canals. Extensive GPR surveys, conducted predominantly on the existing small roads and paths criss‐crossing the landscape, appraise the visible archaeological features with subsurface information. The analysis verifies the existence of channels and embankments, complementing the information with depth and width. The identification of additional, now desiccated, canals and river channels assisted in connecting a number of already mapped archaeological features, and helped to distinguish possible later additions, thereby untangling the water‐management network. Spotlight TerrSAR‐X satellite data together with satellite images of the visual spectrum complemented the analysis, by providing information about water saturation in areas inaccessible to ground surveys, marking out palaeochannels and providing clues about the landscape before development took place. This three‐dimensional interpretation informs on the functioning of this particular early Angkorian hydraulic system, adding to the understanding of water management in medieval Southeast Asia. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.