bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. tessellarius
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. tessellarius
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Triticum aestivam
. Inoculation into barley, oats, sweet corn, sudan grass, wild rye, smooth brome and tomato resulted in multiplication of bacteria to above 106 CFU/g fresh weight in 10 days, but no symptoms were produced. In wheat higher populations and symptoms were produced. DISEASE: Bacterial mosaic of wheat. Small chlorotic lesions are densely spread over the leaf surfaces, resembling a virus mosaic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (AK, NE, IA). TRANSMISSION: The bacterium has been shown to occur in seed under the seed coat near the embryo and was found in the roots, sheaths and leaves of seedlings grown from such seed (McBeath & Adelman, 1986).
Pithomyces maydicus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pithomyces maydicus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Albizzia, Andropogon, Brassica, Cacuo, Calapogonium, Centrosema, Chasmopodium, Cinnamomum, Citrus, Coix, Colocasia, Elaeis, Gladiolus, Glycine, Hevea, Lycopersicon, Mangifera, Ochlandra, Oryza, Pinus, Pueraria, Podocarpus, Salvinia, Saccharum, Sorghum, Theobroma, Vanda, Vitex, Zea
; also from soil and wood. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; frequently encountered as a secondary invader or as a saprophyte. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Ghana, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo. ASIA: Bangladesh, Brunei, India, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Sri Lanka. AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA: New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES: Honduras, Jamaica. SOUTH AMERICA: Ecuador, Guyana, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: By unknown means.
Pithomyces sacchari
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pithomyces sacchari
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Abrus, Anacardium, Ananas, Andropogon, Areca, Aristida, Arundinella, Borassus, Cajanus, Camellia, Canavalia, Casuarina, Citrus, Coffea, Coix, Cycas, Cynodon, Dioscorea, Elaeis, Eucalyptus, Gladiolus, Imperata, Lolium, Lucerne, Medicago, Musa, Nicotiana, Ophiuros, Oryza, Peltophorum, Rhus, Saccharum, Sesamum, Sorghum, Themeda, Triticum, Vigna, Withania, Zea
; also from air, food (milk, stored grain), soil and plant debris, textiles, and wood. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; frequently encountered as a secondary invader or as a saprophyte. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. ASIA: Hong Kong, India, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah), Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka. AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA: Australia, Guadalcanal, New Caledonia, USA (Hawaii). NORTH AMERICA: USA. CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES: Jamaica, Trinidad. SOUTH AMERICA: Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: By unknown means.
Peronospora potentillae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora potentillae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Potentilla argentea, P. aurea
subsp.
aurea, P. aurea
subsp.
chrysocraspeda
(=
P. ternata
),
P. crantzii, P. pabelliformis, P. gracilis
subsp.
nuttallii
(=
P. nuttallii
),
P. grandiflora, P. nepalensis, P. norvegica, P. norvegica
var.
hirsuta, P. pulcherrima, P. sterilis
. Possibly
Fragaria vesca
and
F. moschata
, but see below. DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Potentilla
species; an obligately necrotrophic plant pathogen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia; India, USSR (Uzbekistan). Europe; Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Sweden, Switzerland, UK (England, Wales, Scotland), USSR (Latvia; RSFSR). North America; USA (Arkansas, Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, New Jersey, Oregon, Texas, Washington State, Wisconsin, Wyoming), Canada (British Columbia, Saskatchewan) TRANSMISSION: By spores ('conidia') dispersed by wind or rain-splash. The role of oospores (if they are usually formed) in disease transmission is unknown.
Phytophthora richardiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora richardiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Asparagus
sp.,
Daucus carota, Lycopersicon esculentum, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Z. aethiopica
var.
minor
. DISEASE: Tuber rot of calla filly; foot rot of tomato; spear rot of asparagus; a facultatively necrotrophic plant pathogen. Symptoms on calla lily are: a yellow discoloration of the outer parts of leaves, slowly spreading over the entire leaf, then affecting inner leaves. Flowers are small, and, roots which are readily broken, only small pieces remaining attached to the tuber. In tomato, the disease symptoms are dieback of the main root and greying and hollowing of the stem base (46, 1335). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia; Philippines. Australasia & Oceania; Australia (NSW). Europe Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Netherlands, UK (England, N. Ireland). North America; USA (California, Florida, Indiana, Illinois, Maine, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Washington State). See IMI Distribution Map No. 171. TRANSMISSION: Not known, but presumably by zoospores in wet soil. The role of oospores is unknown, but presumably they act as perennating structures.
Alternaria bataticola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria bataticola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Ipomoea batatas
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of Sweet Potato. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Central Africa, Burundi. Asia: Japan, Papua New Guinea. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Nimbya gomphrenae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nimbya gomphrenae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Gomphrena globosa, Alternanthera denticulata, Ptilotus
sp. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Gomphrena
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Burma, Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia (Java), Japan, Malaysia (Malaya, Sabah), Nepal, Sri Lanka. Australasia & Oceania: Australia. Central & South America: Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad. North America: USA. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Sclerotinia trifoliorum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Williams M. A. J. , Spooner B. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Sclerotinia trifoliorum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Trifolium
spp., also
Medicago sativa
and other herbaceous leguminous forage crops including
Anthyllis vulneraria, Lathyrus
spp.,
other Medicago
spp.,
Melilotus
spp. and
Vicia
spp. including
V. faba
(on this host causing 'Bean rot'; the causal agent of which has often been referred to as
S. trifoliorum var. fabae
Keay) and
V. saliva
. Although approximately 100 hosts have been recorded for this pathogen there is often a lack of conclusive evidence that
S. trifoliorum
and not another
Sclerotinia
species is to blame. DISEASE: Rot, called variously: Stem rot, Crown rot, Brown patch of lawns, Clover sickness, Clover canker. Symptoms include leaf rot, petiole rot and stem rot. Initial leaf spotting may be followed by these more severe rot symptons. The foliage usually turns grey-green as though scalded, then may wither and the rot may spread. In lucerne the leaves may be totally destroyed by the pathogen, but it takes a long time to reach the root system through the comparatively thick stem. TRANSMISSION: The development of apothecia occurs in the autumn. Ascospores infect the leaves, and rotting of the clover plants sets in the following early spring. The fungus is able to complete its entire life-cycle as a saprophyte. Spread from plant to plant takes place chiefly along affected petioles, but the pathogen may grow about 2 cm over the soil from a nutritional base. The fungus can persist in the crown of the plant throughout the summer until harvest. Sclerotia may germinate to produce apothecia and ascospores which may infect emergent shoots; sclerotial germination is favoured by light, well-aerated soils and a temperature between 10° and 20°C. Mycelium and ascospores remain viable (in a dry state) for seven months, sclerotia buried in the soil survive for more than seven years.
In vitro
conidia will infect clover plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt; Asia: China, India, Israel, Japan, Korea; Australasia & Oceania: Australia (NSW, Viet., Tas., W.A.), New Zealand; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USSR; North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Que, PEI), USA (widespread), Mexico; Central & South America: Chile (see
CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases
No. 274).
Phialophora bubakii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Williams M. A. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phialophora bubakii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Isolated from softwood and hardwood timber and wood pulp; also man,
Canis
. DISEASE: Causing blue staining of timber, also occasionally reported as causing opportunistic mycoses in man and
Canis
, both subcutaneous and systemic infections. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Bangladesh, India; Europe: Czechoslovakia, Sweden, U.K; North America: Canada; Australasia: Australia. TRANSMISSION: Opportunistie mycoses induced following trauma (18, 977), surgery (15, 190) etc.
Cintractia axicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cintractia axicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Fimbristylis
species, including
F. annua, F. autumnalis, F. complanata, F. dichotoma, F. diphylla, F. exilis, F. globulosa, F. obtusispora, F. squarrulosa, F. tenera
and
F. thonningiana
; occasionally other
Cyperaceae
. DISEASE: Smut of
Fimbristylis
. Dikaryotic hyphae ramify intercellularly and intracellularly in the epidermis, cortex, medulla and vascular tissues of infected peduncles and form a white fungal covering; within this covering the fungal stroma with sporogenous pockets develops. Eventually the smut forms conspicuous black spore masses around the peduncles, whilst the spikelets are little altered morphologically. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. Africa: Gabon, Ghana, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Asia: Burma, China, India, Indo-China, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan; Australasia and Oceania: Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, North America: Mexico, USA; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Uruguay, Venezuela; Central America: Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Thomas, St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad, Virgin Is. (IMI Distribution Map 626, 1991). TRANSMISSION: Infection occurs in individual inflorescences. Ustilospores (and basidiospores) are disseminated by wind and rain. Ustilospore germination on peduncle surfaces and direct penetration of the epidermis have been observed (48, 3370).
Penicillium aurantiogriseum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium aurantiogriseum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found principally on cereals (Pitt & Hocking, 1985). DISEASES: On animals:
Penicillium aurantiogriseum
produces a nephrotoxin and rats fed with such contaminated feed, or an extracted nephrotoxic fraction, displayed renal tubular necrosis (Adatia
et al.
, 1991). On man: It is implicated in Balkan endemic nephropathy (MacGregor & Mantle, 1991). On insects: It has been isolated from bees (IMI, 1988). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, with a preference for cool to temperate climates.
Penicillium citrinum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium citrinum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found in soil, decaying vegetation etc. (Pitt, 1980). DISEASES: On man: Although not known to be pathogenic, it has been implicated in mycelial keratitis (Gugnani
et al.
, 1977). Additionally, it caused allergic reactions in workers producing ATP using the species as source (RMVM 21, 2235). In animals: It may be implicated in Balkan swine nephropathy outbreaks (Beuchat, 1987), and causing abortion in water buffaloes (RMVM 23, 32). World-wide, particularly in tropical and subtropical climates.
Penicillium islandicum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium islandicum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Common in cereals (Pitt, 1980). DISEASES: On man: It is the causal agent of 'yellow rice' disease, responsible for acute and chronic liver lesions cirrhosis and primary carcinomas, particularly in Japan (Beuchat, 1987). In animals: It is considered to be a weak pathogen (Pitt, 1980; IMI, 1988). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, although it appears to be more widespread in tropical than temperate regions.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Musa
sp.,
Heliconia
sp. DISEASE: Panama disease (vascular wilt) of banana. Also vascular wilt of abaca (
Musa textilis
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. Africa: Burundi, Cameroun, Canary Is., Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique (50, 3049), Nigeria, Republic of South Africa, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tanzania (incl. Zanzibar), Uganda, Zaire. America: North: Florida (68, 905); South: Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba (56, 4615), Dominica, Guadeloupe, Jamaica. Australasia: Australia, Brunei (51, 3059), Guam (60, 3258), India (68, 5699; 69, 657), Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand. IMI Distribution Map 31. TRANSMISSION: Through human transportation of infected planting material, plant debris or soil.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Elaeis guineensis
(Oil palm). May also infect
E. oleifera, E. madagascariensis
and
E. melanococca
. DISEASE: Vascular wilt. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: West and central Africa: Cameroon, Congo, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Zaire. Possibly Colombia. TRANSMISSION: Contaminated soil or plant material. Potentially by means of seed (52, 4182).
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cucumis melo
(Muskmelon, Cantaloupe). DISEASE: Vascular wilt. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: IMI Distribution Map 496. Africa: Morocco, Zimbabwe. Asia: India, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, USSR. Australasia: Australia. Europe: Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Netherlands, Turkey. America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: The fungus is soil borne and may be tramsmitted by seed.
Phyllachora alpiniae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hyde K. D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora alpiniae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Alpinia arctiflora, A. caerulea
. DISEASE: Tar (spot in the shape of a black cross) and diamond-shaped lesions on leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia.
Diachora erebia
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Diachora erebia
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Caragana arborescens, C. frutex
(syn.
C. frutex
f.
latifolia
),
C. microphylla, Caragana
sp. DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: China (Mongolia; Sikang), India, Russia. TRANSMISSION: No research is available, but probably through air-borne dispersal both of over-wintered ascospores and conidia in the spring.
Stigmochora controversa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Stigmochora controversa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acacia polyphylla, Piptadenia
sp.,
Pithecellobium scalare, Tamarindus indica
. DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: This has not been studied, but in related species occurs by airborne dispersal of ascospores.
Bifusella pini
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Bifusella pini
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus contorta, Pinus edulis, Pinus flexilis, Pinus monophylla
. DISEASES: Needle cast of pines. Little is known of the biology of
B. pini
, but the fact that this species fruits mainly on needles more than two years old suggests that it is unlikely to be a serious pathogen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah). TRANSMISSION: By airborne ascospores in wet or humid conditions.
Davisomycella asiatica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Davisomycella asiatica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus
sp. DISEASES: Needle cast of pines. Very little is known of the biology of this recently-described and interesting species, which has some features intermediate between
Davisomycella
Darker and
Elytroderma
Darker, but in view of the parasitic behaviour of other members of the same genus in North America, and of the strongly parasitic biology of members of the genus
Elytroderma
, it must be regarded as a potential pathogen of pines in south-east Asia. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Thailand. TRANSMISSION: By airborne ascospores in wet or humid conditions.
Lophodermella cerina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermella cerina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus contorta, Pinus elliottii
var.
elliottii, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus taeda
. DISEASES: Needle cast of pines. Symptoms on first-year needles have been reported to appear in November on southern pines, with the ascomata visible by late February and prominent by the end of March. Czabator
et al.
(1971) stated that two years' needles are affected, though it is not clear whether this means there are two sets of infected needles on a tree at the same time. All ages of pines in the southern USA have been reported to be infected, though the disease was more common in older stands, and while the infection was scattered within a stand, whole crowns of individual trees are affected. Severe and repeated attacks by
L. cerina
on pine species in the western USA did not cause significant mortality. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico). TRANSMISSION: By airborne ascospores in wet or humid conditions.
Lophodermium himalayense
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium himalayense
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus densiflora, Pinus greggii, Pinus insularis, Pinus kesiya, Pinus longifolia, Pinus oocarpa, Pinus patula, Pinus roxburghii, Pinus taeda, Pinus wallichiana, Pinus
sp. DISEASES: Needle cast of pines. Although the biology of this species is not known, it is included here for reference, as other members of the genus, and in particular
Lophodermium seditiosum
Minter, Staley & Millar (
Description Sheet
568), are important pathogens of pines. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India (Assam, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, North Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh), Sri Lanka. TRANSMISSION: By airborne ascospores in wet or humid conditions.
Nectria camelliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. , Wingfield M. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nectria camelliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Eucalyptus
sp.,
Pinus pinea
(62, 925). DISEASE: Isolated from roots and stems of dying
P. pinea
seedlings (62, 925), and roots of dying
Eucalyptus
cuttings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Brazil, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea (Crous & Wingfield, 1993). TRANSMISSION: Probably wind and splash dispersed.
Ascochyta allii-cepae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ascochyta allii-cepae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Allium cepa cv
. Hygro,
A. cepa cv
. Jumbo (
Alliaceae/Liliaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf tip blotch and die back of onion (65, 490). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (U.K.). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by water dispersed conidia during wet weather.
Didymella asphodeli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Didymella asphodeli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Asphodelus albus, A. aesfivus
(syn. :
A. microcarpus), A. ceracifer, A. microcarpus, A. racemosus
(syn.
A. ramosus
)
A. tenuifolius (Liliaceae
). DISEASE: The stem areas colonized by the fungus show brown to black discolouration. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Libya); Asia (Pakistan); Europe (Italy, France, Switzerland). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia by water splash in wet or humid conditions.
Septoria aquilina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria aquilina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Pteridium aquilinum
(bracken), (
Dennstaedtiaceae
). DISEASE: Brown spot of fern fronds. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, U.K.). TRANSMISSION: Most probably by plant debris in the soil and conidia dispersed by water splash.
Calonectria variabilis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Calonectria variabilis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Didymopanax morototoni, Eucalyptus
spp.,
Theobroma grandiflorum
. DISEASE: Leaf spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil. TRANSMISSION: Wind and splash dispersal of conidia and ascospores.
Prathigada terminaliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Prathigada terminaliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Terminalia bellerica
Roxb.,
T. chebula
Retz.,
T. superba
Engl. & Diels,
T. ivorensis
A. Chev.,
Terminalia
sp. (
Combretaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Nepal, Sierra Leone. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia dispersed by wind, less so by water.
Pseudocercospora neodeightonii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora neodeightonii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Terminalia albida
Sc. Elliot (
Combretaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Sierra Leone. TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia dispersed by wind, less so by water.
Peronospora conglomerata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora conglomerata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Erodium ciconium, E. cicutarium, E. hoefftianum, Geranium collinum, G. columbinum, G. dissectum, G. lucidum, G. macrorhizum, G. molle, G. ocellatum, G. phaeum, G. pratensis, G. purpureum, G. pusillum, G. pyrenaicum, G. robertianum, G. rotundifolium, G. solanderi, G. sylvaticum, G. transversale
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Geranium
species. Conidiophores occur over the entire undersurface of the leaf, which remains small and becomes crinkled and yellowish. In
G. pusillum
, a weak infection creates only light green patches on affected leaves, but a heavy infection reduces leaf size, and the blade often turns up, causing much tissue damage and subsequent leaf fall (39, 159). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Canary Isles. Asia-Temperate: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Republic of Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kirgizistan, Uzbekistan, Stravropol, Turkmenistan. Asia-Tropical: India. Australasia: Australia (Qld), New Zealand. Europe: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Krym, Smolensk, Pskov, Perm, Tatariya), Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK (England, Scotland), Yugoslavia. North America: Canada (British Columbia), USA (Idaho, Washington State). TRANSMISSION: By conidia dispersed by wind or rain-splash. The role of oospores in disease transmission is unknown, but they may act as perennating structures.
Peronospora euphorbiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hall G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora euphorbiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Euphorbia dulcis, E. paralias, E. peploides, E. peplus, E. platyphylla, E. prostrata, E. serpens, E. serpyllifolia, E
.
serratula
(=
E. stricta
). DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Euphorbia
species. Leaf lesions are hypophyllous, but superficial in E.
paralias
, as it has stomata on the upper surface of its leaves, which curl upwards. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: South Africa. Asia-Temperate: Japan. Europe: France, Italy, Majorca, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, UK (England). North America: USA (South Dakota, Texas). TRANSMISSION: By conidia which are dispersed by wind or rain-splash. The role of oospores in disease transmission is unknown, but they may serve as perennating structures.
Scolecobasidium verruculosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Scolecobasidium verruculosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Bambusa, Hevea
(roots),
Oryza
(roots). Also from soil. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; encountered as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Cameroon, Congo, Sierra Leone. Asia: India, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia). TRANSMISSION: Presumably via conidia dispersed by air or water, or movement of infected soil or plant debris.
Ulocladium atrum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ulocladium atrum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wood, seeds, stems, leaves of many different plants, soil. DISEASE: None. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Libya, Sierra Leone. N. America: Canada, USA (California, Colorado, Kansas). S. America: Argentina, Chile. Asia: India, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey. Australasia: Australia (WA, VIC), New Zealand. Europe: Cyprus, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, UK. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia, and possibly through water, soil and plant debris.
Cladosporium ornithogali
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cladosporium ornithogali
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ornithogalum
spp. (
Hyacinthaceae
) and
Gagea
Salisb. (
Liliaceae
). Ranojevic (1910) reports this fungus on leaves of
Ornithogalum narbonense
L.,
Muscari comosum
(L.) Miller and
M. neglectum
Gussone from Montenegro and Serbia. DISEASE: Leaf spot of Star of Bethlehem (
Ornithogalum
sp.). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Kenya, South Africa. America: USA (IL, PA, WA). Europe: Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Russia, UK. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Mycosphaerella swartii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. , Carnegie A. J. , Keane P. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella swartii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Eucalyptus coccifera, E. delegatensis, E. dives, E. elata, E. fastigata, E. globoidea, E. leucoxylon, E. obliqua
. Hosts associated with anamorph state only:
E. agglomerata, E. amygdalina, E. baxteri, E. consideniana, E. dalrympleana, E. delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. fraxinoides, E. grandis, E. johnstonii, E. leucoxylon
var.
petiolaris, E. melliodora, E. meullerana, E. pauciflora, E. phaeotricha, E. radiata, E. regnans, E. sieberi, E. tereticornis
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Eucalyptus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Ascospores are wind-borne.
Mycosphaerella walkeri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. , Carnegie A. J. , Keane P. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella walkeri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus
sp. Hosts associated with anamorph state only:
E. cladocalyx, E. gomphocephala, E. nitens, E. polyanthemos
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Eucalyptus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia. Dick (1990) reported the anamorph state from New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Ascospores are wind-borne.
Entyloma guaraniticum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Entyloma guaraniticum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Bidens pilosa
, and occasionally other
Bidens
species. DISEASE: Leaf spot or white smut of
Bidens
. Individual leaf spots are commonly 2-5 mm wide, but by confluence they sometimes form much larger patches. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Kenya, Mauritius, Sudan, Tanzania, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Asia: China (Yunnan), Hong Kong, India, peninsular Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan; Australasia: Australia (NSW, Qld), Papua New Guinea; Central America & West Indies: Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Tobago; South America: Paraguay. TRANSMISSION: No studies have been reported.
Tilletia setariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Tilletia setariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Setaria glauca, S. italica, S. lutescens, S. pallidifusca, Digitaria royleana
. DISEASE: Ovary smut of
Setaria
species. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: China (Beijing, Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, Sichuan), India (Bihar, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh; 72, 5629), Japan (58, 3144). TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported. The dusty spore mass is presumsbly dispersed by air currents; presence of healthy and diseased florets in the same inflorescence is likely to result in seed contamination.
Tilletia setariicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Tilletia setariicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Setaria intermedia
. DISEASE: Ovary smut of
Setaria
. The swollen infected ovaries project substantially beyond the glumes and are therefore conspicuous amongst the uninfected florets. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India (Banaras, Uttar Pradesh). TRANSMISSION: No studies have been reported. The powdery ustilospores are readily dispersed by air currents and rain, perhaps by insects, and seed contamination is possible.
Ustilago trichophora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ustilago trichophora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Echinochloa
spp. including
E
.
colonum, E. crus-galli, E. crus-galli
var.
frumentacea, E. crus-galli
var.
zelayensis, E. holubii, E. turneriana, E. walteri
; occasional records on
Panicum spectabile, Paspalidium geminatum, Sacciolopis striata, Tricholaene teneriffae
. DISEASE: Loose smut or node smut of
Echinochloa
. Field symptoms vary from relatively inconspicuous infection of a few ovaries in an inflorescence, through node and culm infection with normal inflorescence production, to infections that result in production of rosettes of short leafy axillary shoots and no inflorescence or distortion of the entire shoot system. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Malawi, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, 'French Congo'; Asia: Azerbaijan, Burma, China, Republic of Georgia, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Turkestan, Turkey, Uzbeckistan, 'Far East'; Australasia: Australia (NSW, NT, Qld.), New Zealand; Europe: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, Yugoslavia; North America: Canada (Quebec), Mexico, USA (range of
E. crus-galli
, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Washington DC, Delaware, Florida, IA, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, MD, Manitoba, Montana, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington State, Wisconsin, Wyoming; 69, 2765); Central America and West Indies: Cuba; South America: Argentina, Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: The dusty spore mass is readily disseminated by wind or rain, enabling infection at various times in the host vegetative cycle. Infection is also sometimes seedborne.
Aspergillus terreus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Zofia
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Aspergillus terreus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Worldwide in soils, but more common in tropical and subropical regions. Also isolated from decaying vegetation, particularly compost heaps and grass and hay silage. DISEASES:
On animals
: It is the usual etiological species in disseminated disease in dogs. The organs affected are the spleen, kidneys and bone (Walton
et al.
, 1994)). It also causes mycotic abortion in cattle (Giri
et al.
, 1994)).
On man
: Commonly isolated from human skin, particularly nails (Smith, 1989). It is now being isolated from AIDS patients (Chumpitazi
et al.
, 1993; Wright
et al.
, 1993), as well as classical aspergillosis (Denning
et al.
, 1994) and in post-operative cases (Taraprasad
et al.
, 1993). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, but with a preference for tropical and subtropical regions.
Penicillium griseofulvum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium griseofulvum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: An ubiquitous species, found in soils, on decaying vegetation, seeds, cereals, foods and feeds. DISEASES:
On birds
: Isolated from a case of avian penicilliosis (Aho
et al.
, 1990).
On other animals
: Associated with tremorgenic syndrome in sheep (Uzal
et al.
, 1992) and pigs (Ivanskii & Obashei, 1984). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide.
Penicillium hirsutum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Penicillium hirsutum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found in the rhizosphere of vegetables, and those of the genus
Allium
in particular. Also found on bulbs of the
Liliaceae
. DISEASES: Causes rots in bulbs and corms of flowering plants such as tulips, iris and crocus. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Dianthus
spp. (carnation, pinks, sweet williams),
Lychnis chalcedoica
L. (
Caryophyllaceae
) (Armstrong & Armstrong, 1954; Hood & Stewart, 1957). DISEASE: Vascular wilt. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread where
Dianthus
is grown. TRANSMISSION: Via infected planting materials and contaminated soil. Local dispersal is by water flow and splash droplets containing slimy macro- or microconidia.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Fragaria
(strawberry). DISEASE: Vascular wilt (or yellows). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia: Australia (Queensland), Japan, Korea. TRANSMISSION: Infected planting material; movement of soil during cultivation. Local dispersal is via water flow and splash droplets containing macro- and microconidia.
Inocybe bongardii var. bongardii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Treu R.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Inocybe bongardii var. bongardii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Ectomycorrhizal, under deciduous trees. DISEASE: None. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Siberia, North Africa, Israel (Dennis, 1986). TRANSMISSION: Via airborne basidiospores.
Inocybe rimosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Treu Roland
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Inocybe rimosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Ectomycorrhizal with both conifers and deciduous trees. DISEASE: None. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America, Argentina, Greenland, Europe, Iceland, North Africa, Canary Islands, Israel, Armenia, Siberia, Pakistan, China, Korea, Japan (Dennis, 1986). TRANSMISSION: Via airborne basidiospores.
Mycena inclinata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Treu Roland
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycena inclinata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On stumps of deciduous trees, occasionally on living trees. DISEASE: None. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America, Europe, Canary Islands, North Africa, East Siberia, Japan (Dennis, 1986). TRANSMISSION: Via airborne basidiospores.
Pholiota mutabilis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Treu R.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pholiota mutabilis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Grows on stumps of deciduous trees. DISEASE: None. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America, Greenland, Europe, Iceland, Asia, Java (Dennis, 1986), Tanzania (Pegler, 1977). TRANSMISSION: Via airborne basidiospores.
Ophiodothella neurophila
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ophiodothella neurophila
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cryptolepis buchnii, Streptocaulon baumii, S. extensum, S. tomentosum
(
Asclepiadaceae
). DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Myanmar, Philippines (Luzon). TRANSMISSION: Ascospores are air-dispersed, germinating on new host tissue to produce appressoria before penetration.
Phylleutypa dioscoreae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phylleutypa dioscoreae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Dioscorea burkilliana, D. praehensilis, D. rotundata, D. smilacifolia, Dioscorea
sp. (
Dioscoreaceae
). DISEASE: Stem gall, with sometimes extensive lesions; causing a reduction in internode length and leaf size. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sierra Leone. TRANSMISSION: Probably by air dispersal of ascospores; it has not been studied.
Trabutia quercina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Trabutia quercina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Quercus alnifolia, Q. coccifera, Q. dilitata, Q. ilex, Q. incana, Q. laurifolia, Q. lusitanica, Q.? mespilifolia, Q
.
murbeckii, Q. nigra, Q. semecarpifolia, Q. sessiliflora, Q. virens
. DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves, especially along veins; initially forming crustose stromata composed of radiating mycelium, eventually with radially arranged conidiomata and then ascomata. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Algeria, Cyprus, France, Germany (possibly introduced), India, Italy, Myanmar, Pakistan, Portugal, Spain, USA (Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina). TRANSMISSION: Not studied; ascospores may be dispersed by wind or watersplash. The asci deliquesce at least in some circumstances (Barr, 1987). The conidia probably also have a dispersal/disseminative function.
Therrya fuckelii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Therrya fuckelii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus halepensis
(twig),
P. leucodermis
(twig),
P. mugo
var.
pumilio
(twig)
P. resinosa
(branch),
P. sylvestris
(bark, branch, twig),
Pinus
sp. (branch). Most records are on
P. sylvestris
. DISEASE:
Therrya fuckelii
is found on dead attached and fallen twigs. For information on the possible ecological role of
Therrya
species, see the disease notes for
T. pini
(IMI Description 1298). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Belarus, Canada (Ontario), Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, UK (England, Scotland), Ukraine, USA (Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania). Altitude records exist up to 1500m (Spain), 1000m (Italy) and 440m (Scotland). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions. Ascomata containing ascospores have been observed in England in May.