bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impaired osseointegration of dental implants associated with orthognathic surgery: Possible regional acceleratory phenomenon
Authors: Kim Jin‐Woo , Kim Heon‐Young , Kim Seon‐Yeong , Kim Sun‐Jong
Published: March 2019

Background

Regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP) is demonstrated to decrease regional bone mineral density and accelerate bone turnover. Hypothesizing that RAP can negatively affect the osseointegration of biomaterials, this study aimed to investigate the possible influence of the RAP on dental implant osseointegration.

Materials and Methods

Orthognathic surgery, one of the major surgeries on oral and maxillofacial region was set as intervention for RAP. Considering that RAP exerts its physiologic effects until 4 months after noxious stimuli, patients were classified according to the time interval between orthognathic surgery and dental implant installation; group I was designated to patients who had implant installation within 4 months from orthognathic surgery. Group II were those with installation after 4‐12 months and group III was longer than 12 months. Radiographic and clinical evaluations of dental implants including peri‐implant marginal bone changes (MBR), implant stability, cumulative survival rates were analyzed.

Results

A total of 54 patients with 106 implants (mean follow‐up of 72.6 months) were included in the study. MBR was significantly higher in group I (2.62 ± 0.91 mm) and II (2.25 ± 0.95 mm) compared to that of group III (0.94 ± 0.90 mm) at last follow up (P < 0.05) and this group difference over time was also significant (P < 0.001). Compared to group III, groups I and II exhibited lower ISQ values and higher biological complications including peri‐implantitis and peri‐implant gingivitis (P < 0.05). Group I showed significantly low‐cumulative survival rate (89.2%; implant‐level) compared to groups II and III.

Conclusions

In this study, impaired osseointegration of dental implants was demonstrated associated with orthognathic surgery. Micro‐environmental changes of hard tissue induced by major surgery on the jaw showed deteriorating effects on integrity of biomaterial osseointegration. Special considerations should be addressed for ideal treatment results and prognosis.
Soft tissue status and crestal bone loss around conventionally‐loaded dental implants placed in cigarette‐ and waterpipe (narghile) smokers: 8‐years' follow‐up results
Authors: Alahmari Fatemah , Javed Fawad , Ahmed Zain Uddin , Romanos Georgios E. , Al‐Kheraif Abdulaziz A.
Published: March 2019

Background

We hypothesized that crestal bone loss (CBL) and peri‐implant soft tissue inflammation are increased when conventionally‐loaded dental implants are placed in cigarette and waterpipe smokers compared to nonsmokers.

Purpose

The present 8‐years' follow‐up retrospective clinical study evaluated the stability of the conventionally‐loaded dental implants placed in cigarette‐ and waterpipe (narghile) smoking and nonsmoking population group.

Materials and Methods

Self‐reported cigarette‐smokers, waterpipe users along with never‐smokers have been included. Data pertaining to gender, age, duration and frequency of cigarette‐smoking, and usage of waterpipe were collected using a preformed questionnaire. Probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and peri‐implant plaque index (PI) were recorded measuring mesial and distal CBL on digital bitewing radiographs. Study power estimated with group comparisons performed using the Kruskal‐Wallis and Bonferroni post‐hoc adjustment tests. Statistically significant P‐values of less than 0.05 were considered.

Results

Forty‐one cigarette‐smokers, forty waterpipe‐users, and forty‐two never‐smokers with mean ages of 44.5 ± 4.3, 41.2 ± 4.7, 43.3 ± 2.8 years, respectively, were included. The mean duration of smoking habit and duration of each session of cigarette‐smoking was 5.5 ± 0.3 years and 7.7 ± 1.2 minutes, respectively. The mean period of waterpipe use and time of each session of was 10.6 ± 0.8 years and 20.2 ± 3.1 minutes, respectively. Among cigarette‐smokers, waterpipe‐users and never‐smokers, the implants had been in function for 8.5 ± 0.3, 8.6 ± 0.3, and 8.5 ± 0.5 years, respectively. PD, CBL, and peri‐implant PI were positively more among cigarette and waterpipe smoking users (P < 0.05) than with never‐smokers. Peri‐implant bleeding on probing was significant among never‐smokers (P < 0.05) compared to waterpipe‐users and cigarette‐smokers. There was no difference in Peri‐implant PI, PD, and CBL in cigarette‐smokers and waterpipe‐users.

Conclusions

Cigarette‐smokers and waterpipe users are vulnerable to peri‐implant soft tissue inflammation and CBL than never‐smokers. There is no variation in the severity of peri‐implant soft tissue inflammation and CBL in waterpipe and cigarette users.
A Rapid Design‐Led Approach to Innovation Readiness: Advantages and Challenges
Authors: Gribbin John , Spencer Nick , Bailey Mark
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this article is to report on an ongoing suite of research that aims to develop a design‐led approach to help small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) understand their innovation readiness. At present, a number of tools are available to organizations when carrying out an audit to determine their innovation readiness; however, none of these methodologies have been connected to the practice of design‐led innovation. This article begins to address this gap by presenting a review of a 12‐hour intervention carried out in collaboration with a fund‐management organization located in northeast England as part of a European Union–funded research and innovation program, Creative Fuse. The article utilizes a qualitative approach guided by case study principles, semi‐structured interviews, and action research to reflect on the proposed design‐led approach to assessing innovation readiness. Advantages and challenges to the approach are considered with the intention of developing a practical approach to assessing innovation readiness within SMEs, which builds on design principles in order to rapidly outline the opportunities and potential barriers facing organizations when it comes to identifying areas for future innovation.
Finding and Using Ambiguity to Search for Innovation Opportunities
Authors: Tan Linus , Kvan Thomas
Published: March 2019

This article shows the importance and value of ambiguity to reveal opportunities hidden in problems and the manner in which ambiguity is removed from applications of design thinking. It describes the value of introducing, sustaining, and using ambiguity and explains the different types of ambiguity. It follows up by describing the events when a designer encounters ambiguity. This article proposes that an understanding of ambiguity is needed to harness its capabilities in finding innovative opportunities. To do so, design practitioners should consider (1) identifying the type of ambiguity needed to expand the scope of opportunity exploration and (2) becoming aware of and managing one's ability to work with ambiguity. Finally, it identifies the lack of literature on the impact of independent and collective experience on using ambiguity in design.
Host‐size decisions of female parasitoid wasps seeking hidden hosts
Authors: Krimmel Billy A. , Morse Douglass H.
Published: March 2019

1. Choice of host size may play a critical role in parasitoid success, a task that takes on added complications when dealing with concealed hosts, but most such studies of insect behaviour have only taken place in the laboratory.

2. This study investigates the success of a wasp (Alabagrus texanus: Braconidae) in finding host caterpillarsHerpetogramma theseusalis(Crambidae) of the most effectively handled size hidden in shelters, in both the field and the laboratory.

3. First, the study tested wasp preference and success in parasitizing large, middle‐sized and small caterpillars (> 5, 3–5, < 3 mm) presented in the open, one at a time, in the laboratory. The wasps attacked (inserted or attempted to insert their ovipositor) a higher proportion of middle‐sized (3–5 mm) caterpillars compared with either small (< 3 mm) or large (> 5 mm) caterpillars. Naïve wasps attacked large caterpillars more often than did experienced wasps. Wasps responded to increasing caterpillar size by increasing the number of legs used to pin their prey rather than by increasing handling time.

4. The frequencies of visits to shelters in the field containing a majority of either large or middle‐sized caterpillars were then compared, followed by a test providing the wasps with similar choices under controlled laboratory conditions. Wasps most frequently visited shelters containing a majority of middle‐sized caterpillars both in the field and under controlled laboratory conditions.

5. The combined results confirmed that the wasps can size‐select their hosts both in the field and in laboratory tests.
Local adaptation, dispersal evolution, and the spatial eco‐evolutionary dynamics of invasion
Authors: Andrade‐Restrepo Martín , Champagnat Nicolas , Ferrière Régis
Published: March 2019

Local adaptation and dispersal evolution are key evolutionary processes shaping the invasion dynamics of populations colonizing new environments. Yet their interaction is largely unresolved. Using a single‐species population model along a one‐dimensional environmental gradient, we show how local competition and dispersal jointly shape the eco‐evolutionary dynamics and speed of invasion. From a focal introduction site, the generic pattern predicted by our model features a temporal transition from wave‐like to pulsed invasion. Each regime is driven primarily by local adaptation, while the transition is caused by eco‐evolutionary feedbacks mediated by dispersal. The interaction range and cost of dispersal arise as key factors of the duration and speed of each phase. Our results demonstrate that spatial eco‐evolutionary feedbacks along environmental gradients can drive strong temporal variation in the rate and structure of population spread, and must be considered to better understand and forecast invasion rates and range dynamics.
Assessment of a vertical slot fishway in south‐eastern Australia designed to pass numerous species and size classes of fish
Authors: O'Connor Justin , Pickworth Andrew , Fanson Ben , Lovric Denis
Published: March 2019

In the Barwon River, Australia, a tidal barrage formed a major impediment to fish movement so in 2013 a vertical slot fishway was installed. The assessment of fishways on tidal barriers is rare in Australia so to ensure the fishway was achieving its ecological objective (i.e. successfully passing the target size range of fish of 20–400 mm total length), fish were trapped at the entrance and exit on 12 occasions and the species composition, abundance and length of fish at the two locations were compared. Additionally, a section of the river downstream of the fishway was sampled to ensure fishway trapping accurately reflected the species composition wanting to use the fishway to move upstream. Eighteen species and 69,246 individual fish were caught in the fishway traps. Catch rates between locations did not differ for Common Galaxias (Galaxias maculatus) or Australian Smelt (Retropinna semoni), although species‐specific catch rates were lower at the exit for Flat‐headed Gudgeon (Philypnodon grandiceps), Tupong (Pseudaphritis urvillii) and Yellow‐eye Mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri). Length distribution between locations only differed for Australian Smelt with small fish under‐represented at the exit location (<25 mm total length). Eight species of fish were collected downstream of the fishway that were not collected in it; however, all of these were estuarine dependent except the non‐native Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Our results indicate that vertical slot fishways are a suitable design for improving river connectivity at a low head, tidal barrages in south‐eastern Australia. The study reiterates the importance of reinstating connectivity for species with obligate marine/freshwater migratory life history traits, and the indirect benefits of increased productivity made available to upstream areas.
Dynamic analysis of proteomic alterations in response to N‐linked glycosylation inhibition in a drug‐resistant ovarian carcinoma cell line
Authors: Shu Jian , Dang Liuyi , Zhang Dandan , Shah Punit , Chen Lijun , Zhang Hui , Sun Shisheng
Published: March 2019

Glycosylation inhibition can improve the efficacy of antitumor drugs and enhance the apoptosis of cancer cells, thus holding great potential for cancer treatment. Inhibition of N‐glycosylation induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR), and eventually triggers ER stress‐related apoptosis. Unfortunately, the detailed timeline of these cell responses and protein expression alterations related to N‐glycosylation inhibition is not explicit yet, and the pathways involved in different stages of N‐glycosylation inhibition still need to be characterized. In this study, the dynamic proteome alterations related to N‐glycosylation inhibition were investigated by further analyzing our previously published quantitative proteomics data from tunicamycin (TM)‐treated ovarian carcinoma (OVCAR‐3) cells. The results revealed that N‐glycosylation inhibition not only directly affects the expression of glycosylated proteins but also alters an extended scale of proteins. Functional annotation of these altered proteins demonstrated that proteins related to ER stress start changing within 6 h, followed by UPR within 24 h, and eventually ER stress‐related apoptosis is triggered after 48 h, indicating the conversion of cellular response from positive to negative. The dynamic proteome data presented here provide important information for better understanding of the significance of N‐glycosylation to cell survival and TM‐related cancer treatment.
Region 1p13.2 including the RSBN1, PTPN22, AP4B1 and long non‐coding RNA genes does not bear risk factors for endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem)
Authors: Lobo‐Alves Sara Cristina , de Oliveira Liana Alves , Petzl‐Erler Maria Luiza
Published: March 2019

Pemphigus foliaceus (PF) is an autoimmune skin disease characterized by autoantibodies directed mainly against desmoglein‐1. The purpose of this study was to determine whether differential susceptibility to endemic PF in Brazil (fogo selvagem) is associated with polymorphisms at the cytogenetic location 1p13.2. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms that together tag 28 SNPs on a segment of approximately 312,000 bp encompassing the protein‐coding genes MAGI3, PHTF1, RSBN1, PTPN22, BCL2L15, AP4B1, DCLRE1B, the pseudogenes MTND5P20, RPS2P14 (AL133517.1) and the long non‐coding RNA genes AL137856.1, and AP4B1‐AS1 were used as markers for association analysis in a case–control study. Allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies of rs33996649, rs2476601, rs3789604 and rs3195954 were compared between patient and control samples. No significant association was found. Lack of association with rs2476601 of the PTPN22 gene agrees with previous results for pemphigus vulgaris and the Tunisian form of endemic pemphigus foliaceus. The other three SNPs had never been analysed before in any form of pemphigus. We conclude that variants in structural and regulatory sites of region 1p13.2 are not susceptibility factors for fogo selvagem. We suggest careful investigation of this genomic region in diseases that had been previously associated with PTPN22, since there are several other genes relevant for immune‐mediated diseases located in 1p13.2.
John Webster on Dogmatics and Ethics
Authors: O’Donovan Oliver
Published: March 2019

From his earliest published writing Webster identified the moral life as the horizon of dogmatic enquiry, and his last‐published work offers a subtle clarification of how dogmatics relates to ethics. The principle ‘action follows being’ governs both the relation of the two sub‐disciplines and the internal logic of each. As theology is a knowledge acquired not only speculatively but also practically, dogmatics must look forward and practical theology look back. Their interaction covers the whole range of theological topics. It is a fittingly Chalcedonian conception stressing the duality of dogmatics and ethics alongside their unity. While specialized dogmatics and ethics are legitimate, the two remain proximate, in a definite order of origin and derivation. The temptation of a de‐moralized theology equalled by that of a theology wrongly constructed on a moral a priori. In his late essays Webster presents worked examples of how dogmatics may handle moral questions without venturing into casuistic exploration of dilemmas. One essay, however, goes further, troublingly describing ‘mortification and vivification’ as the primary human acts of the regenerate state, a function that the tradition has always assigned to love.
The Gift of the Non aliud: Creation from Nothing as a Metaphysics of Abundance
Authors: McFarland Ian A.
Published: March 2019

Although the doctrine of creation from nothing may seem to instantiate a metaphysics of privation, in which the creature’s existence is ultimately one of humiliation, further reflection shows that this conclusion is not justified. For God to be over against the creature as an other who might threaten its autonomy in this way would imply a gap between God’s will and creaturely substance that is inconsistent with creation ex nihilo, according to which creatures are other than God, but God, as the exclusive ground of creaturely existence, is ‘Not other’ than they. This point disrupts the relationships of privation or dependence that mark inner‐worldly acts of creating. To be (always only partly) dependent on a created other is indeed to be revealed as less than sufficient unto oneself; but to be (wholly) dependent on the ‘Not other’ is to be fully sufficient to fulfil the promise of one’s existence.
The Ontology of Scripture and the Ethics of Interpretation in the Theology of John Webster
Authors: Sarisky Darren
Published: March 2019

This article outlines the ontology of Scripture and the ethics of interpretation in the theology of John Webster, covering how the doctrines of revelation, sanctification, inspiration and canonization condition the locus of interpretation. Particular focus is given to the way in which the triune God’s presence and perfection determine Webster’s explication of these topics. The article’s conclusion is that Webster’s work makes a major contribution with the basic approach that it takes, thinking about the Bible in relation to a wider field, though it does not entirely overcome the obstacle of the dualism between history and transcendence.
A multicolor persistent luminescent phosphor Sr2Ga2GeO7:Pr3+ for dynamic anticounterfeiting
Authors: Ji Liping , Zhou Jinyu , Zhang Jiachi , Zhang Zhiya , Ma Zhidong , Wang Wenxiang , Li Huihui , Wu Chunfang
Published: March 2019

Persistent luminescence (PersL) phosphor is a glow‐in‐the‐dark material that has been widely applied. Here, we report a multicolor PersL phosphor Sr2Ga2GeO7:Pr3+. The PersL color can be tuned from deep red to blue. It reveals that the luminescent color modulation of the Sr2Ga2GeO7:Pr3+ phosphor is essentially associated with the cross‐relaxation effect of Pr3+ in the host with low‐phonon assistance energy. The PersL lifetime of the multicolor phosphors can be also tuned. Based on the unique features of Sr2Ga2GeO7:Pr3+ phosphor, some simple PersL images are fabricated to emit dynamic multicolor information, and it shows that the PersL image even depicts dynamic multicolor anticounterfeiting.
Distribution of atopic dermatitis lesions in United States adults
Authors: Silverberg J.I. , Margolis D.J. , Boguniewicz M. , Fonacier L. , Grayson M.H. , Ong P.Y. , Chiesa Fuxench Z.C. , Simpson E.L. , Gelfand J.M.
Published: March 2019

Background

The distribution of atopic dermatitis (AD) lesions and its impact on quality of life (QOL) is not well established in the US adult population.

Objective

To elucidate the distribution of AD lesions and its impact on QOL in US adults with AD.

Methods

A cross‐sectional, population‐based study of 602 adults was performed. AD was determined using modified UK Diagnostic Criteria, and its lesional distribution was assessed. QOL was assessed using Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to determine distinct phenotypes of AD lesional distribution. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between DLQI and distinct phenotypes.

Results

The most common sites of skin lesions were reported to be the popliteal fossae, lower legs, dorsal feet and antecubital fossae. Most persons reported partial (19.0%) or complete (63.0%) symmetry of lesions on the extremities. Lesions on the trunk were significantly more common in blacks and Hispanics. Age ≥ 60 years was associated with significantly lower proportions of active lesions on the face and scalp, and significantly higher proportion of lesions on the buttocks or genitals. LCA identified 5 classes of lesional distribution: 1. lower probabilities of lesions affecting any sites; 2. Higher probability of lesions involving the anterior and posterior neck and trunk; 3. lesions involving the antecubital fossae and upper extremities; 4. lesions involving the arms, posterior hands, genitals and buttocks, and to a lesser extent face, palms and legs; 5. lesions affecting all sites. Class‐2 (multivariable logistic regression; adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 7.19 [3.21–16.07], class‐3 (7.11 [3.20–15.80]), class‐4 (6.90 [3.07–15.50]) and class‐5 (7.92 [3.54–17.71]) were all significantly associated with higher DLQI scores compared to class 1.

Conclusion

AD is associated with heterogeneous distribution of AD lesions, and distinct phenotypes that are associated with QOL impact.
Evaluation of anal carcinoma screening in male and female HIV patients at an interdisciplinary HIV therapy centre
Authors: Todorova A. , Schwierzeck V. , Turek D. , Zink A. , Schwerdtfeger C. , Kaliebe K. , Spinner C.D. , Traidl‐Hoffmann C.
Published: March 2019

Background

Incidence of anal carcinoma is increased in people living with HIV (PLWH). Due to the improved life expectancy in PLWH, identifying appropriate prevention strategies for non‐AIDS‐defining cancer types such as anal carcinoma has become a priority in managing PLWH today.

Objective

We aimed to evaluate anal cytology assessment as screening tool for anal dysplasia and/or carcinoma in PLWH, regardless of gender or sexual orientation. Additionally, we investigated the correlation between cancer risk factors and abnormal screening results in our patient cohort.

Methods

People living with HIV from the Interdisciplinary HIV Centre of the University Hospital rechts der Isar in Munich, Germany (IZAR), were screened for anal carcinoma by single cytobrush examination and anal Papanicolaou (PAP) smear assessment from 2013 to 2015. Patients with abnormal PAP smear result were offered a follow‐up examination after 12 months. Differences between two groups were tested for statistical significance using Student's t‐test and Mann–Whitney U‐test, as appropriate.

Results

In total, 101 PLWH were included. 26.7% of subjects (n = 27) were PAP IIID, and 9.9% (n = 10) were PAP IVa. Seven female subjects had an abnormal finding at screening. Smoking was significantly associated with abnormal findings at screening (P = 0.005). In addition, our study found an association between sexually transmitted infections (STI) and anal dysplasia. Condylomata acuminata were increased in subjects with PAP IIID/PAP IVa (P = 0.045). Reactive syphilis serology was found to be significantly associated with abnormal screening results (P = 0.016), respectively.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that smoking and two common STIs, condylomata acuminata and syphilis, are risk factors associated with advanced anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) stages in our PLWH cohort. While further analysis is needed to determine diagnostic guidelines concerning AIN in PLWH, these results suggest that interdisciplinary lifestyle prevention strategies are required to reduce the risk factors for AIN in PLWH in an outpatient setting.
Biological treatments for paediatric psoriasis : a retrospective observational study on biological drug survival in daily practice in childhood psoriasis
Authors: Phan C. , Beauchet A. , Burztejn A.‐C. , Severino‐Freire M. , Barbarot S. , Girard C. , Lasek A. , Reguiai Z. , Hadj‐Rabia S. , Abasq C. , Brenaut E. , Droitcourt C. , Perrussel M. , Mallet S. , Phan A. , Lacour J.‐P. , Khemis A. , Bourrat E. , Chaby G. , Deborde R. , Plantin P. , Maruani A. , Piram M. , Maccari F. , Fougerousse A.‐C. , Kupfer‐Bessaguet I. , Balguérie X. , Barthelemy H. , Martin L. , Quiles‐Tsimaratos N. , Mery‐Brossard L. , Pallure V. , Lons‐Danic D. , Bouilly‐Auvray D. , Beylot‐Barry M. , Puzenat E. , Aubin F. , Mahé E. ,   For The Groupe de Recherche de la Société Française de Dermatologie Pédiatrique,   The Groupe de Recherche sur le Psoriasis de la Société Française de Dermatologie
Published: March 2019

Background

Three biotherapies – etanercept, adalimumab and ustekinumab – are licensed in childhood psoriasis. The few data available on their efficacy and tolerance are mainly derived from industry trials. However, biological drug survival impacts long‐term performance in real‐life settings.

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the survival rates of biological therapies in children with psoriasis in real‐life conditions. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the factors associated with the choice of the biological therapy and to report severe adverse events.

Materials and methods

This study was an observational retrospective study. Data were extracted from the clinical records of 134 children. Kaplan–Meier estimates were used to analyse drug survival overall and in subgroups of plaque psoriasis, bio‐naïve and non‐naïve patients.

Results

We analysed 184 treatment courses: 70 with etanercept, 68 with adalimumab and 46 with ustekinumab. Factors associated with the choice of first‐line biological agent were age at initiation (younger for adalimumab, P < 0.0001), age at onset of psoriasis (younger for adalimumab and etanercept, P = 0.03) and baseline Psoriasis Assessment Severity Index and Physician global assessment (both higher for adalimumab, P < 0.001). Drug survival rates were higher for ustekinumab than for adalimumab and etanercept (P < 0.0001) for all treatment and all psoriasis types, plaque‐type psoriasis (P = 0.0003), patients naïve for biological agents (P = 0.0007) and non‐naïve patients (P = 0.007). We reported eight serious adverse events (SAEs): severe infections (n = 3), significant weight gain (n = 2), psoriasis flare (n = 1) and malaise (n = 1). Biological therapy was discontinued in three children (one with psoriasis flare and two with weight gain). Only the two cases of weight gain resulted in an unfavourable outcome.

Conclusions

Our real‐life comparative study found that ustekinumab had the best drug survival outcome. The profile of SAEs in children was comparable to that in adults. These results will assist dermatologists in the decision‐making process when choosing treatment options for children with psoriasis in daily practice.
Getting at Mode Share: Comparing 3 Methods of Travel Mode Measurement for School Travel Research
Authors: Sersli Stephanie , Rothman Linda , Winters Meghan
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Mode share is an important metric for active school travel programs. Common methods for measuring mode share include Hands Up surveys and family surveys, but these require teacher and parental involvement. We used these methods as part of an evaluation of a school‐based bicycle training program, and added a novel observational count approach. This paper compares mode share results across the 3 methods.

METHODS

We collected data over 2015–2017 at 16 elementary schools. Our outcome of interest was mode share (walk, drive, and bicycle).

RESULTS

We found variations in travel mode estimates between methods and across schools. Overall most school journeys were made by walking (55.7% by observational counts, 46.3% by Hands Up surveys, and 51.5% by family surveys) or car (42.5%, 51.4%, and 46.2%, respectively), and a small proportion by bicycle (1.8%, 2.3%, and 2.2%, respectively). At individual schools, Hands Up and family survey results were similar; there was less agreement between these and observational counts.

CONCLUSION

School travel practitioners face pragmatic choices in data collection. Observational counts are a nonintrusive method suited for school‐wide travel patterns. Hands up and family surveys may be more appropriate for assessing differences between classrooms, ages, or family characteristics.
Curcumin solid dispersion-loaded in situ hydrogels for local treatment of injured vaginal bacterial infection and improvement of vaginal wound healing
Authors: Zhang Mengmeng , Zhuang Bo , Du Gangjun , Han Guang , Jin Yiguang
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Injured vaginal infection is detrimental to women. A curcumin hydrogel was studied for local treatment of injured vaginal infection.

Methods

Curcumin solid dispersions (CSDs) were prepared from polyvinyl pyrrolidone and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and an X-ray diffraction method. An in situ hydrogel CSD hydrogel (CSDG) was prepared with CSD/poloxamers and characterized. In vitro curcumin release and antibacterial effects of CSDs, CSDGs and curcumin were compared. The therapeutic effect of the CSDGs and Lincomycin/Lidocaine Gel was explored after intravaginal administration on the injured rat vaginal infection models.

Key findings

Curcumin was amorphous in CSDs where curcumin rapidly released in simulated vaginal fluids. However, CSDGs showed sustained release. CSDGs quickly formed gels in the vagina. CSDGs showed high in vivo anti-Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus effect though weak in vitro effect. The recovery of vaginal microenvironment and improvement of intravaginal Lactobacillus growth may be the major reason. Furthermore, CSDGs remarkably improved vaginal wound healing by alleviating inflammation and restoring vaginal epidermal tissues compared with the Lincomycin/Lidocaine Gel.

Conclusion

CSDGs are a promising topical formulation for local treatment of vaginal bacterial infection and improvement of vaginal wound healing.
Massage intervention for preterm infants by their mothers: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zhang Xiaoning , Wang Jun
Published: March 2019

Objective

Studies of the impact of infant massage intervention on the growth of preterm infants have been conducted in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and have demonstrated positive effects; however, few data exist regarding the effects of massage interventions by mothers on the growth of infants in the NICU. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to examine the effects of a 2‐week massage intervention conducted by mothers on their preterm infants.

Methods

Of 112 stable preterm infants born at a gestational age (GA) between 32 and 34 weeks and enrolled from an affiliated hospital, 54 were randomly allocated to an intervention group, and 58 were allocated to a control group. Mothers were trained to conduct a massage intervention in the intervention group, while the control group received standard care. For the infants in both groups, height (Ht), weight (Wt), and head circumference (HC) were measured at the onset of massage intervention, after one week, and after two weeks. Fifteen mothers were interviewed about their preparation for and completion of the massage intervention.

Results

Repeated‐measures analysis of variance showed that weight, height and head circumference significantly increased in the intervention group. Preterm infants who underwent the two‐week massage intervention had higher mean weight, height, and head circumference (F = 41.151, 6.621, 24.158, respectively;
p < .001). This study developed modified massage intervention guidance to provide recommendations for optimal massage intervention by mothers in the NICU: (a) Adapt to the NICU atmosphere; (b) control the mother's strength; (c) slowly perform each period of the massage, that is (i) place in a prone position (5 + 5 min); (ii) place in supine position (5 min); (d) stay relaxed and watch the preterm infant's response.

Practice Implications

Trained mothers conducted massage interventions, which can improve the growth of preterm infants. We developed massage intervention guidance to provide recommendations for optimal massage intervention by mothers in the NICU. We recommend that mothers apply massage intervention for preterm infants in the NICU.
Qualitative analysis for the “ideational apraxia” score from the Alzheimer's disease assessment scale cognitive subscale
Authors: Ito Sayuri , Sato Shigeru , Saito Naohiro , Ohnuma Ayumu , Tobita Muneshige , Kimpara Teiko , Iseki Chifumi , Suzuki Kyoko
Published: March 2019

Background

Various types of cognitive dysfunction could make it difficult to use multiple objects properly in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Aim

To observe the qualitative feature of action deficits during a widely used praxis task and to clarify cognitive dysfunctions underlying the deficits.

Methods

We examined 80 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 84 patients with AD (69 mild and 15 moderate AD) and 40 healthy controls (HC) using the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale—Japanese version (ADAS‐J cog) and the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). Errors in the “praxis task” of ADAS‐J cog were classified into 4 types: apraxic, attentional, visuospatial and writing errors based on their qualitative features. The ratio of each error type was calculated and compared with each other.

Results

Participants with mild and moderate AD made significantly more errors in the praxis task compared with those in the HC and MCI groups. Qualitative analysis revealed that attentional errors occur more frequently in the MCI group than those in the HC group. For apraxic errors, there were significant differences between the MCI group and the mild/moderate AD groups. The more severe their general cognitive dysfunctions, the greater the variety of errors patients exhibit in the praxis task.

Conclusion

The results indicate that a main factor affecting the praxis task in MCI patients was attentional deficits, while various cognitive dysfunctions were related to action deficits in patients with AD. Our qualitative analysis for the praxis task revealed difference in action deficits in MCI and AD patients.
The anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects of the Tanacetum Polycephalum hydroalcoholic extract against the experimental pentylenetetrazol‐induced model of the seizures in the male Wistar rats
Authors: Allahyari Farzin , Hosseini Abdolkarim , Azizi Vahid
Published: March 2019

Background

The genus Tanacetum is widespread in Europe and Western Asia. It is an important traditional plant which has been used in the treatment of many illnesses.

Aim

In the present study, the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Tanacetum polycephalum (henceforth TP) on the animal model of seizure was studied.

Methods

In this experimental study, 42 male Wistar rats weighing 220‐250 g were randomly selected and were divided to experimental and control groups (six rats per group). The experimental groups were treated by intraperitoneal (ip) single injection of 150, 300, 450, 600, and 750 mg kg−1 of hydroalcoholic extracts of TP. The control negative group received normal saline (0.9%) and the control positive group received phenobarbital (30 mg kg−1, ip) pretreatment. 30 minutes after the treatments, the seizure behaviors were evaluated by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ; 70 mg kg−1, ip) challenge. In addition, after experiment, the rats were put to death and brain was removed for the histological study.

Results

The ANOVA test was showed that compared to control group, all the TP doses delayed the initiation and duration of the tonic, clonic, and tonic‐clonic seizures and significantly reduced the tonic and clonic seizures (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the administration of all five doses of the extract significantly prevented the production of the dark neurons (P < 0.001) in different areas of the hippocampus compared to PTZ group.

Conclusions

We can conclude that the TP extract has beneficial effects on the prevention of the PTZ‐induced seizure.
Diamonds are Forever
Authors: Dorr Cian , Goodman Jeremy
Published: March 2019

We defend the thesis that every necessarily true proposition is always true. Since not every proposition that is always true is necessarily true, our thesis is at odds with theories of modality and time, such as those of Kit Fine and David Kaplan, which posit a fundamental symmetry between modal and tense operators. According to such theories, just as it is a contingent matter what is true at a given time, it is likewise a temporary matter what is true at a given possible world; so a proposition that is now true at all worlds, and thus necessarily true, may yet at some past or future time be false in the actual world, and thus not always true. We reconstruct and criticize several lines of argument in favor of this picture, and then argue against the picture on the grounds that it is inconsistent with certain sorts of contingency in the structure of time.
Sun‐induced Chl fluorescence and its importance for biophysical modeling of photosynthesis based on light reactions
Authors: Gu Lianhong , Han Jimei , Wood Jeffrey D. , Chang Christine Y‐Y. , Sun Ying
Published: March 2019

Recent progress in observing sun‐induced Chl fluorescence (SIF) provides an unprecedented opportunity to advance photosynthesis research in natural environments. However, we still lack an analytical framework to guide SIF studies and integration with the well‐developed active fluorescence approaches. Here, we derive a set of coupled fundamental equations to describe the dynamics of SIF and its relationship with C3 and C4 photosynthesis. These equations show that, although SIF is dynamically as complex as photosynthesis, the measured SIF simplifies photosynthetic modeling from the perspective of light reactions by integrating over the dynamic complexities of photosynthesis. Specifically, the measured SIF contains direct information about the actual electron transport from photosystem II to photosystem I, giving a quantifiable link between light and dark reactions. With much‐reduced requirements on inputs and parameters, the light‐reactions‐centric, SIF‐based biophysical model complements the traditional, dark‐reactions‐centric biochemical model of photosynthesis. The SIF–photosynthesis relationship, however, is nonlinear. This is because photosynthesis saturates at high light whereas SIF has a stronger tendency to keep increasing, as fluorescence quantum yield has a relatively muted sensitivity to light levels. Successful applications of the SIF‐based model of photosynthesis will depend on a predictive understanding of several previously underexplored physiological and biophysical processes. Advances can be facilitated by coordinated efforts in plant physiology, remote sensing, and eddy covariance flux observations.
Opening the doors for school health—An exploration of public health nurses’ capacities to engage in comprehensive school health programs
Authors: Sanders Tanya , O'Mahony Joyce , Duncan Susan , Mahara Star , Pitman Valerie , Ringstad Kristin , Weatherman Kristine
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Public health nurses (PHNs) have a significant role in engaging the voice and actions of school communities in promoting the health of children and youth. School nursing was one of the early 20th century public health nursing foci and specialties in Canada, however over several decades, there has been a gap in actualizing PHNs’ full potential in schools. At the same time, intersectoral and interdisciplinary comprehensive school health (CSH) models have emerged as exemplars of partnerships between schools and communities to advance health promotion and ultimately chronic disease prevention with school populations (Pan‐Canadian Joint Consortium for School Health, ; World Health Organization, ).

Design and Measurement

Using a participatory action research methodology we explored the role of PHNs in CSH, drawing on the concept of engagement in intersectoral healthy school teams.

Results and Conclusions

The three themes that emerged from the data analysis were: facilitators of public health nursing engagement, barriers to public health nursing engagement, and the influences of community context on engagement. Overall, findings indicate that the PHN role in CSH must be developed and supported so that PHNs remain a vital link between school health communities, programs, and policies in the promotion of health.
Do native and invasive herbivores have an effect on Brassica rapa pollination?
Authors: Scopece G. , Frachon L. , Cozzolino S.
Published: March 2019

Mutualistic (e.g. pollination) and antagonistic (e.g. herbivory) plant–insect interactions shape levels of plant fitness and can have interactive effects.

By using experimental plots of Brassica rapa plants infested with generalist (Mamestra brassicae) and specialised (Pieris brassicae) native herbivores and with a generalist invasive (Spodoptera littoralis) herbivore, we estimated both pollen movement among treatments and the visiting behaviour of honeybees versus other wild pollinators.

Overall, we found that herbivory has weak effects on plant pollen export, either in terms of inter‐treatment movements or of dispersion distance. Plants infested with the native specialised herbivore tend to export less pollen to other plants with the same treatment. Other wild pollinators preferentially visit non‐infested plants that differ from those of honeybees, which showed no preferences. Honeybees and other wild pollinators also showed different behaviours on plants infested with different herbivores, with the former tending to avoid revisiting the same treatment and the latter showing no avoidance behaviour. When taking into account the whole pollinator community, i.e. the interactive effects of honeybees and other wild pollinators, we found an increased avoidance of plants infested by the native specialised herbivore and a decreased avoidance of plants infested by the invasive herbivore.

Taken together, our results suggest that herbivory may have an effect on B. rapa pollination, but this effect depends on the relative abundance of honeybees and other wild pollinators.
Applications of CRISPR systems in respiratory health: Entering a new ‘red pen’ era in genome editing
Authors: Moses Colette , Kaur Parwinder
Published: March 2019

Respiratory diseases, such as influenza infection, acute tracheal bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, lung cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, continue to significantly impact human health. Diseases of the lung and respiratory tract are influenced by environmental conditions and socio‐economic factors; however, many of these serious respiratory disorders are also rooted in genetic or epigenetic causes. Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR‐associated (Cas) proteins, isolated from the immune system of prokaryotes, provide a tool to manipulate gene sequences and gene expression with significant implications for respiratory research. CRISPR/Cas systems allow preclinical modelling of causal factors involved in many respiratory diseases, providing new insights into their underlying mechanisms. CRISPR can also be used to screen for genes involved in respiratory processes, development and pathology, identifying novel disease drivers or drug targets. Finally, CRISPR/Cas systems can potentially correct genetic mutations and edit epigenetic marks that contribute to respiratory disorders, providing a form of personalized medicine that could be used in conjunction with other technologies such as stem cell reprogramming and transplantation. CRISPR gene editing is a young field of research, and concerns regarding its specificity, as well as the need for efficient and safe delivery methods, need to be addressed further. However, CRISPR/Cas systems represent a significant step forward for research and therapy in respiratory health, and it is likely we will see the breakthroughs generated from this technology continue.
Pollution State Modelling for Mexico City
Authors: White Philip A. , Gelfand Alan E. , Rodrigues Eliane R. , Tzintzun Guadalupe
Published: March 2019

Ground level ozone and particulate matter pollutants are associated with a variety of health issues and increased mortality. For this reason, Mexican environmental agencies regulate pollutant levels. In addition, Mexico City defines pollution emergencies by using thresholds that rely on regional maxima for ozone and for particulate matter with diameter less than 10 μm, PM10. To predict local pollution emergencies and to assess compliance to Mexican ambient air quality standards, we analyse hourly ozone and PM10-measurements from 24 stations across Mexico City from 2017 by using a bivariate spatiotemporal model. With this model, we predict future pollutant levels by using current weather conditions and recent pollutant concentrations. Employing hourly pollutant projections, we predict regional maxima needed to estimate the probability of future pollution emergencies. We discuss how predicted compliance to legislated pollution limits varies across regions within Mexico City in 2017. We find that the predicted probability of pollution emergencies is limited to a few time periods. In contrast, we show that predicted exceedance of Mexican ambient air quality standards is a common, nearly daily occurrence.
Computer Model Calibration with Confidence and Consistency
Authors: Plumlee Matthew
Published: March 2019

The paper proposes and examines a calibration method for inexact models. The method produces a confidence set on the parameters that includes the best parameter with a desired probability under any sample size. Additionally, this confidence set is shown to be consistent in that it excludes suboptimal parameters in large sample environments. The method works and the results hold with few assumptions; the ideas are maintained even with discrete input spaces or parameter spaces. Computation of the confidence sets and approximate confidence sets is discussed. The performance is illustrated in a simulation example as well as two real data examples.
Modelling Extreme Rain Accumulation with an Application to the 2011 Lake Champlain Flood
Authors: Jalbert Jonathan , Murphy Orla A. , Genest Christian , Nešlehová Johanna G.
Published: March 2019

A simple strategy is proposed to model total accumulation in non-overlapping clusters of extreme values from a stationary series of daily precipitation. Assuming that each cluster contains at least one value above a high threshold, the cluster sum S is expressed as the ratio S = M/P of the cluster maximum M and a random scaling factor P ∈ (0, 1]. The joint distribution for the pair (M, P) is then specified by coupling marginal distributions for M and P with a copula. Although the excess distribution of M is well approximated by a generalized Pareto distribution, it is argued that, conditionally on P < 1, a scaled beta distribution may already be sufficiently rich to capture the behaviour of P. An appropriate copula for the pair (M, P) can also be selected by standard rank-based techniques. This approach is used to analyse rainfall data from Burlington, Vermont, and to estimate the return period of the spring 2011 precipitation accumulation which was a key factor in that year's devastating flood in the Richelieu Valley Basin in Québec, Canada.