bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Bilateralism to Globalism: Mexico’s Early Cold War Foreign Policy, 1947-1964
Authors: Pettinà Vanni
Published: November 2020

Au cours de la première décennie de la Guerre froide, le Mexique s'est intégré dans le système d'alliances naissant des États-Unis, construit en Amérique latine pour contenir une menace soviétique potentielle. Dans un tel contexte, la politique étrangère du pays était principalement déterminée par ses relations bilatérales économiques et politiques avec Washington. Cependant, au milieu des années 1960, la stratégie internationale du Mexique s’élargit, passant de l'approche bilatérale des années 1950 à une orientation plus mondiale. Cet article explore l'évolution de la politique étrangère du Mexique entre le début des années 1950 et les années 1960, en retraçant les facteurs qui ont soutenu cette transformation.
Du mode bureaucratique vers l’agilité organisationnelle : le rôle de la communauté de pratique pilotée dans un établissement public
Authors: Obringer Lisa , Bénédic Michaël , Géraudel Mickaël
Published: November 2020

Les établissements publics ont besoin de faire preuve d’agilité organisationnelle pour être performants et répondre aux nouveaux enjeux sociétaux. Cependant, ce besoin d’agilité est freiné par la logique bureaucratique qui sous-tend le fonctionnement-même de ces établissements. Résoudre cette tension paradoxale entre bureaucratie et agilité organisationnelle requiert de mettre en œuvre le processus d’acceptation et de management de la tension paradoxale. Pour ce faire, la communauté de pratique pilotée offre un cadre d’analyse favorisant cette acceptation et donc le changement organisationnel souhaité. Ainsi, nous montrons, au travers d’une recherche action, comment la communauté de pratiques pilotée favorise le changement organisationnel au sein d’un établissement public luxembourgeois en facilitant sa transition d’une logique bureaucratique vers une logique d’agilité organisationnelle. Les implications sont doubles. Premièrement, nous montrons comment manager la tension entre bureaucratie et agilité au sein d’un établissement public. Deuxièmement, nous mettons en lumière le rôle de la communauté de pratique pilotée comme vecteur de changement organisationnel d’un établissement public.
Ruines et humanités numériques
Authors: Gillot Laurence , Del André , Bouet Olivier
Published: November 2020

Les relevés métriques, la photogrammétrie et les reconstitutions hypothétiques ont accompagné les travaux de recherche archéologiques dès leur début. Plus récemment, les photographies numériques, l’augmentation exponentielle des capacités de calcul et les méthodes de modélisation permises par le recours à l’archivage numérique ont ouvert la voie à de nouvelles formes d’usage et d’interprétation dans le champ de l’histoire urbaine. À partir des travaux menés dans l’oasis de Figuig au Maroc, l’article présente un cas où l’usage des outils numériques (SIG, photographies effectuées par un drone, photogrammétrie numérique) a enrichi la lecture des sources historiques, architecturales et archéologiques initiales, et permis de déployer une analyse multiscalaire, diachronique et patrimoniale, visant à rendre compte des dynamiques du peuplement et du développement de ce site urbain.
Spatialités sociales à Paris à la veille de la Révolution
Authors: Varet-Vitu Anne , Marraud Mathieu , Mermet Éric
Published: November 2020

La spatialisation des groupes sociaux est réputée difficile dans les villes d’Ancien Régime. Or, par la mise en place d’un SIG et la mobilisation de plusieurs méthodes et d’opérateurs spatiaux, 22 000 adresses parisiennes pour l’année 1789 ont pu être relevées dans les sources et spatialisées sur la ville à la veille de la Révolution. Le géocodage offre ainsi une vision globale de la localisation d’une grande fraction des habitants et en dévoile les répartitions à partir d’analyses socio-démographiques. Grâce à divers traitements et cartes thématiques, de nombreuses représentations des implantations sociales et des structures globales de la ville sont révélées, questionnant d’autant les cultures et pratiques de l’espace alors en usage. Tandis que chaque profession et activité sont détaillées par zones de densité, c’est aussi une exploration des proximités et des éloignements entre elles qui devient possible, nécessitant d’analyser le sens que ces relations spatiales pouvaient avoir sous la période.
Welfare of farmed insects
Authors: van Huis A.
Published: November 2020

The recent interest in using insects as food and feed is based on their capacity to be a sustainable alternative to other protein sources. When farmed as mini livestock, the question is raised as to whether they are ‘sentient beings’ (self-conscious)? In researching this topic, the problem is that humans often expect animals to have the same subjective experience as we do (anthropomorphic) and consider themselves as the centre of the universe (anthropocentric). We discuss insects’ sentience by looking at their brain, behaviour, and communicative abilities. The miniature brains of insects seem to be arranged in a very efficient functional way due to their very long evolutionary history. As for their behaviour, insects are capable of social and associative learning. Even dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in reward and pleasure, plays a role. Human communication is mainly verbal, while for insects other means of information exchange are more important, such as tactile, chemical, visual, and vibrational. The distinction needs to be made between nociception and pain, the latter being an emotional experience. It is difficult to prove that insects can experience pain, although they have a large repertoire of withdrawal and defensive behavioural responses. The philosophical attitudes deal with how we view insects and their relations to humans. This also determines the ethical attitude and how we should treat them. Are they just there for our benefit or do we consider them as co-animals? Insects as food requires that many insects must be killed. However, the number killed may not be different when one chooses a plant-based diet. It is concluded that insects should be farmed and killed using the precautionary principle, which assumes that they can experience pain. To discuss the consequences for the industry sector that produces insects for food and feed, we used Brambell’s five freedoms as a framework.
Knowledge Co-Production and Sustainable Socio-Economic Development
Authors: Tweheyo Robert
Published: November 2020

This chapter illuminates the significance of researcher-practitioner engagement in knowledge production and the impact it has on socioeconomic development. Knowledge production and sharing have a significant impact on the transformation of society. It highlights the importance of knowledge co-production through engaged scholarship research that achieves the twin goals of rigor and relevance. Engaged scholarship research creates a more pleasant relationship between scholars, non-academic practitioners and communities in creation of knowledge. This research approach however, is rarely applied in many research institutions and universities. Engaged scholarship research approach is therefore preferred because it empowers local communities to participate and contribute in making decisions that affect their lives. The chapter concludes by reiterating collaboration and stakeholder involvement that generate knowledge based on practical experiences and which are mutually beneficial and relevant in solving society problems.
Crossing Borders
Authors: Ozturk Burcu , Yalim Asli Cennet , Toraman Sinem
Published: November 2020

People around the world are moving from their home countries to other destinations to find safety for various reasons such as war, poverty, and violence. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 70.8 million people had been forced to move from their home countries by the end of 2018 and half of the world's displaced population is women. This chapter explores the challenges that refugee and asylum-seeker women experience, including mental health issues and sexual and gender-based violence. The authors systematically reviewed relevant studies that have been published in peer-reviewed journals that were from January 2000 through January 2020. Six articles met the inclusion criteria. The authors critically explored and analyzed these six articles, and the findings were discussed under the subjects of mental health and gender-based issues. Finally, recommendations were made to determine future directions for practice, policy, and research.
Reducing Second Language Writing Anxiety
Authors: Tarkan-Blanco Bashak
Published: November 2020

Academic writing is a difficult task for many post-secondary students in the U.S. However, it is particularly challenging for ESL students due to linguistic and cognitive factors. This challenge may lead to second language writing anxiety (SLWA), as a result of which some students may perform poorly on writing assignments and eventually fail the course. Although previous research studies offer instructional strategies to address SLWA, they are insufficient in their theoretical basis and practical application. Thus, this paper fills that gap by situating those pedagogical recommendations within their theoretical foundations and includes a sample writing assignment with a student self-regulation checklist.
Multilingual Writing in Digital World
Authors: Alawdat Maha
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines teachers' practices and strategies while using digital tools for writing. The chapter argues that when teachers use digital writing, they need to change their teaching strategies in order to ease their students' writing tasks. It also highlights the purposes of integrating digital tools for the writing classes and the challenges they face while adapting digital writing. The data are collected from teachers who work at schools, colleges, and universities, through a survey generated by Google forms. The findings show that integrating suitable digital tools requires mastering the use of technologies by supporting teachers' digital literacy skills before integrating them into classes to overcome any emerging challenges. This is to reinforce students to improve their writing levels. The chapter suggests more extended studies to examine students' attitudes and experiences with using digital tools and the impact of coronavirus pandemic on education.
Writing in the Digital Age
Authors: Şentürk Burcu
Published: November 2020

It is a fact that technology has become an indispensable part of our lives. The recommendations of the World Health Organization because of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic surrounding the whole world brings the obligation to continue the education and training activities with distance education systems. Once again, the significance of technology use in education has become abundant. Within the scope of this chapter, applied studies on digital writing, digital micro, and macro-level writing, Web 2.0 tools, digital and automatic feedback in digital writing will be envisaged in line with the 21st century technological educational requirements. In addition, the effective tips to teach basic digital writing through technology integration will be explored while the impact of the information age on the writing discipline will be discussed.
Expressive Multilingual Writing
Authors: Hancı-Azizoglu Eda Başak , Alawdat Maha
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this chapter reveals the healing power of writing at times of stress, turmoil, and crisis from multilingual perspectives. Writing relieves emotional chaos, stress, and even physical pain as evidenced by research. Multilingual writing is a process-based, complicated act that requires a series of intellectual stages to be developed as a skill. In parallel to this rationale, multilingual learners can generate creative spaces for their well-being and growth by using writing as a skill to express their emotions for easing feelings related to stress, turmoil, and crisis. This chapter encourages and models emotional or expressive writing as an innovative method to use in educational and health settings to allow creating novel experiences into language learning phases.
Writing and Young English Language Learners
Authors: Serna Dimas Hector Manuel
Published: November 2020

Bilingual education has been based on theories and research stemming from fields of linguistics, psychology, first and second language acquisition while the study of second language acquisition requires a change of paradigm that involves the social and cultural views of language and literacy learning. Within the context of this analysis, the paradigm in question includes the conception of literacy processes based on the ideas of identity, subjectivity, and agency. This study used classroom observations, open interviews, and students' documents to conceptualize the literacy processes of Spanish/English learners in a bilingual K-12 school in Colombia. The data of this study indicate that students have a sense of their identity as bilingual learners. It should be remarked that the variables of these concepts greatly depend on the school culture's official first and second agenda for literacy education, which often overlooks the facts on how students understand their circumstances of being bilingual and biliterate.
Therapeutic Approaches to Employ Monoclonal Antibody for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Martins Salonee , Salvi Purva , Lavuri Sai Tejaswi , Srivastava Manjita , Sakthivel Shalini , Barman Muneesh Kumar , Chand Kailash , Singh Meenakshi , Sonkar Subash C. , Bhukya Prudhvilal
Published: November 2020

With the evolution of the tissue system and division of function among differentiated cells/tissues, the property of controlled cell growth also evolved in animals. It is when this very control is lost that cancers develop. The immune system's ability to distinguish between self and non-self is central to impeding cancer progression. However, cancer cells in time can develop multiple ways of escaping immune control. Even today, cancer remains a disease of baffling complexity on account of its diverse origin and pathogenesis. Classical methods like surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have failed to make the cut as idyllic therapy, especially considering the encumbering side-effects and high failure rate. Alternative therapeutic strategies that exploit the immune system itself have proved promising. One of these is monoclonal antibody therapy. In this chapter, the relationship between the immune system and cancer and various forms of immunotherapy are discussed in detail.
Epigenetic Regulation of Breast Cancer
Authors: Kumar Umesh , Rathi Garima , Sharma Lakshit , Fakhri Khalid Umar , Mavi Anil Kumar , Goyal Jyoti , Kumar Sumit
Published: November 2020

Breast cancer is a carcinoma of mammary glands, which starts off as abnormal proliferation of ductal cells. This could, then, become either benign tumours or metastatic carcinomas. It is one of the most common causes of deaths because of cancer, and is one of the most common types of cancer in women in the whole world. India along with the US and China accounts for one-third of the breast cancer burden. The breast cancer carcinogenesis is attributed to epigenetics, which is the study of the reversible changes in the phenotype without any change in the DNA sequence. Genes, which are concerned with proliferation, anti-apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis, have been seen undergoing epigenetic changes in breast cancer. Cancer can be caused either by global hypomethylation (causing activation of oncogenes and leading to chromosomal instability) or by locus-specific hypermethylation (causing repression of gene expression and genetic instability due to inactivation of DNA repair genes). Other epigenetic mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis are histone modification and nucleosomal remodeling.
Religious Libraries in the Library and Information Science Matrix
Authors: Chisita Collence Takaingenhamo , Ngandu Kahakatshi Basua , Ngoaketsi Joseph
Published: November 2020

Religious libraries have evolved through time and space and their contributions to the present day libraries have not been given a thorough coverage in the corpus of librarianship. While the aforementioned libraries have taken various forms throughout their histories in supporting their broader institutions' missions and have had various kinds of relationships with other types of libraries, their contributions deserve great attention in order to unearth the roots of present day librarianship. This chapter explores the development of religious libraries and how they remain a force to reckon with in the the history of librarianship. Using literature review, the chapter explores the evolution of religious libraries in the context of religion and how such institutions can contribute towards global peace.
Human Resources Accounting Disclosure Practices (HRADP)
Authors: Arora Amit Kumar , Panchal Ankit
Published: November 2020

The objective of this paper is to determine the benefits and challenges of valuation and disclosure of human resources based on prior art. The study found low adoption rate of HR accounting, no standard method for valuation of human resource, no legal provision for the adoption of it, and disclosure of the same in the annual reports of the organization. The study recommended adopting the HRAP as there is evidence of an increase in the profitability and increase in the efficiency of the employees.
Pending questions in venous ulcers management. Report from a Symposium of the World Union of Wound Healing Societies International Congress
Authors: Guarnera Giorgio , Zamboni Paolo , Nelzen Olle , Mannello Ferdinando , Andriessen Anneke
Published: November 2020

Venous ulcers represent the most frequent ulcers and have a high clinical and socioeconomic significance. Nevertheless, pending questions remain on epidemiology, genetic and biomolecular mechanisms, contraindications and risk factors of compression therapy, role of pharmacological therapy. Overall prevalence in the range of 1-2% and point prevalence of 0.08-0.6% can be reduced if risk factors are identified and treated early. In this context, analysis of factor XIII and hemocromatosis gene polymorphisms, with the C282Y and H63D variants, may be of great importance. Also MMP12 gene polymorphism and the imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors are able to impair wound healing via deleterious degradation process of extra-cellular matrix. From a therapeutic point of view, conflicting recommendations exist on relative contraindications, risks and adverse events of compression therapy. Some studies showed that the administration of pentoxyphilline, Micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) and sulodexide was effective in accelerating ulcer healing, but there is no data on the duration of treatment, recurrence rates and cost-effectiveness relationship.
Fertility intention and use of contraception among women living with the human immunodeficiency virus in Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Authors: Mokwena Kebogile , Bogale Yenealem Reta
Published: November 2020

Background: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic resulted in decreased fertility among HIV-positive women, who did not want to transmit the virus to their unborn children. With the availability of antiretroviral therapy that suppresses viral load, HIV-infected women live normal lives and even acknowledge the desire and intention to have children, a factor that is rarely acknowledged in antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic services. This study examined fertility intentions and contraception use among a sample of women attending an ART clinic in Oromia Region, Ethiopia.

Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive design was used on a sample of 362 HIV-positive women. Data were collected using a researcher-administered questionnaire.

Results: The ages of the participants ranged from 18 to 49 years and most were between the ages of 23 and 32. A desire and intention to fall pregnant was reported by 46.6% (n = 158) of the participants. A total of 114 (35.5%) had given birth after they were diagnosed with HIV and 4% were pregnant at the time of the study. Of the study participants who wanted to have children, 60.7% (n = 82) planned to have a child within two years. In the period before they were diagnosed with HIV, most participants used injectable contraceptives but this changed to using the condom after they were diagnosed with HIV.

Conclusion: The high number of women who have both the desire and intention to have children among this sample of HIV-positive women requires that reproductive health services need to include family planning as an essential component of reproductive health services. The change to using the condom as a contraceptive method indicates the positive impact of health promotion received at ART clinic.

(Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp)

S Afr Fam Pract 2017; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2016.1254931
Mastering your fellowship (Online)
Authors: Von Pressentin Klaus B , Naidoo Mergan , Mabuza Langalibalele Honey
Published: November 2020

The series, “Mastering your Fellowship”, provides examples of the question format encountered in the written examination, Part A of the FCFP (SA) examination. The series is aimed at helping family medicine registrars prepare for this examination. Model answers are available online.
Evaluation of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme at a primary health care centre in South Africa
Authors: Akinsanya Olusegun Solomon , Wiseman-Firtell Jill , Akpomiemie Goodman , Adeniyi Oladele Vincent , Kaswa Ramprakash
Published: November 2020

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of the HIV programme at Levai Mbatha Community Health Centre (CHC), Evaton, South Africa.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of HIV-infected mother–infant pairs was conducted between 1 August 2009 and 31 July 2010. The infants’ HIV status was determined using HIV-specific qualitative DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Demographic characteristics, mode of mother to child transmission (MTCT), choice of infant feeding, mode of delivery and CD4 count were included.

Results: Of the 206 mothers, 10 infants had positive DNA PCR results at 6 weeks. The MTCT rate was 4.9%. The mean age of HIV-infected mothers was 28 years (SD 5.7, range 16–42 years). Overall, 74.2% (152) of HIV-positive mothers received dual therapy

and 28.8% (53) were on HAART alone. Mothers with CD4 count < 200cells/μl (OR = 0.09 [CI, 0.01–0.75]; p = 0.026) and lack of prophylaxis during labour (OR = 9.50 [CI, 1.59–56.66]; p = 0.013) were identified as significant risk factors associated with MTCT.

Conclusions: The PMTCT programme at Levai Mbatha CHC is effective in reducing the MTCT of HIV. Lack of ART prophylaxis and low CD4 count were the significant determinants of MTCT in the study.

(Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp)

S Afr Fam Pract 2017; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2016.1254933
Garden therapy
Authors: Ellis Chris
Published: November 2020

The world can be divided into two types of people. Outdoors people and Indoors people. In a similar way there are those of us who are gardeners and those who are not particularly interested in gardening or getting their hands into the soil, but who, nevertheless, like the look of a garden and will take a stroll in the outdoors on a sunny day.
Ethical issues with cognitive enhancement
Authors: Ellis Chris
Published: November 2020

Over the last few years I have had a small but steady number of normal students asking for stimulants such as methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta) to help them with their studying and exams. This may partly be because my rooms are near our local university campus.
Poor control and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus at an under-resourced South African Hospital: is it a case of clinical inertia?
Authors: Govender Romona Devi , Gathiram Prem , Panajatovic Miljenko
Published: November 2020

Evidence shows that even with the implementation of evidence-based medicine, the attainment of optimal glycaemic control is difficult and challenging for both patients and healthcare providers. This study was a one-year retrospective chart review with data collected during the period October 2010 to December 2010 of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who attended the outpatients’ department at the Port Shepstone Regional Hospital (PSRH), South Africa (SA). The total study population was 360 patients with 51% Black African, 32% Indian, 16% White and 1% Coloured. Of the 111 patients’ charts only 78 had two consecutive HbA1c levels recorded. Of the 78/111 patients, only 10 patients had the target HbA1c level of < 7% at visit 1. By visit two, 15.4% (n = 12) had achieved the target HbA1c level. Over the one-year chart review only 3/111 (2.7%) maintained their HbA1c level of < 7% and 5/111 patients whose treatment was revised according to the 2009 SEMDSA guidelines reached HbA1c < 7% by visit 2 whilst 4/111 patients, whose treatment schedule was not modified according to the 2009 SEMDSA guidelines, also reached HbA1c < 7% at visit 2. However, this one-year chart review showed that glycaemia was poorly managed at this hospital, which may be explained by clinical inertia.

(Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp)

S Afr Fam Pract 2017; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2017.1307909
Undergraduate medical students’ interest in specialising in Family Medicine at the University of the Free State, 2014
Authors: Hagemeister D T , Pal A , Kristen U , Mokgosana N , Joubert G
Published: November 2020

Background: There is a large demand for Family Medicine specialists, yet not enough medical students specialise in this field. This study investigated the interest of undergraduate medical students at the University of the Free State in pursuing a career in Family Medicine, factors associated with this interest, and their opinion of Family Medicine as a specialty.

Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study, anonymous, self-reporting questionnaires, available in English and Afrikaans, were distributed to first- to fifth-year undergraduates. Data were collected on demographic variables and interest in Family Medicine and other disciplines. The students had to rate the likelihood of them selecting 15 different specialties as a future career according to a five-point Likert scale. Opinions concerning Family Medicine were tested with a yes/no response as to the agreement to five statements.

Results: Fifth-year students were excluded due to poor response rate (13.6%). The response rate for the first- to fourth-year groups was 86.4%. Interest in Family Medicine decreased from first to third year (22.4, 21.2 and 14.0%, respectively), but increased again in the fourth year (23.3%). Females and speakers of African languages showed the most interest in this field. Medical students, especially first years, generally had poor knowledge regarding Family Medicine.

Conclusion: Family Medicine is not a preferred specialty in any of the four year groups, and students had insufficient knowledge of the field. Family Medicine should be introduced earlier into the medical curriculum.

(Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp)

S Afr Fam Pract 2017; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2017.1317977
Child deaths at National District Hospital, Free State: one a month is better than one a week
Authors: Brits H
Published: November 2020

Background: The United Nations set a two-thirds reduction in child mortality between 1990 and 2015 in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of 2000. The National Department of Health (NDoH) introduced strategies to achieve these MDGs, which included new vaccines, better HIV care and training of healthcare workers. This study investigated whether the strategies implemented by the NDoH decreased child mortality (MDG 4) at National District Hospital (NDH).

Method: A retrospective file review was done on all children that died in NDH from 2008 to 2015. Data were collected from patient files and ChildPIP data forms. Deaths before and after the implementation of the strategies were compared.

Results: A total of 209 children died during the study period. The mortality rate decreased from 47 per thousand admissions and stabilised at 15 per thousand admissions for the past five years. Deaths due to acute gastroenteritis decreased from 67% of the total to less than 40%. Pneumonia as the main cause of death decreased from 44 during the 2008–2010 period to 19 during the 2011–2015 period. More than 90% of the children who died were malnourished. There was no statistically significant improvement in the malnutrition rates during the study periods (p = 0.85).

Conclusion: Child deaths decreased from one a week to one a month at NDH. Strategies to meet the MDG 4 targets, like the introduction of the Rotavirus and Pneumococcal vaccine, the scale-up of anti-retroviral treatment and Prevention of Mother to Child transmission of HIV and better Integrated Management of Childhood Illness training all contributed to the better outcome.

(Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp)

S Afr Fam Pract 2017; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2017.1317991
Women who give birth before arriving at National District Hospital in Bloemfontein, Free State
Authors: Beukes A , Mabasa T , Mkhungo L , Olivier C , Ramoo N , Van Rooi D , Dawadi B R , Joubert Gina
Published: November 2020

Background: Birth before arrival (BBA) contributes to the neonatal death rate in South Africa. This study aimed to determine the profile of and reasons for women giving birth prior to arrival at National District Hospital, Bloemfontein.

Methods: This was a descriptive study of women, 18 years or older, presenting with BBA at National District Hospital between October 2015 and January 2016. Consenting women were interviewed by the discharging doctor who completed the questionnaire.

Results: Of the 68 mothers with BBAs, 61 were included (response rate 90%). The highest percentage (38%) lived less than 5 km from a healthcare facility. The median parity was three and 67% gave birth unexpectedly. Common factors were poor antenatal clinic booking and limited antenatal clinic visits. Most mothers (89%) depended on Emergency Medical Services and 69% had made no prior arrangements with a hospital.

Conclusion: Better education on antenatal care and delivery planning is recommended.

(Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp)

S Afr Fam Pract 2017; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2017.1313485
An assessment of the integrated nutrition programme for malnourished children aged six months to five years at primary healthcare facilities in Mangaung, Free State, South Africa
Authors: Brits Hanneke , Joubert Gina , Eyman Keshia , De Vink Rosie , Lesaoana Katleho , Makhetha Sello , Moeketsi Katiso
Published: November 2020

Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), malnutrition can be linked to 45% of deaths in children under the age of five years. The Integrated Nutrition Programme (INP) was introduced in 1994 to address malnutrition in South Africa. There had been no systematic evaluation of how well clinics perform regarding nutritional services. Malnutrition rates worsened in the Free State from 3.9% in 2009 to 10.7% in 2013. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the INP Supplementary Feeding Programme in primary healthcare facilities in the Mangaung University of the Free State Community Partnership Project, known as MUCPP, catchment area of Bloemfontein, Free State, in children aged six months to five years.

Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive cohort study. All children between six months and five years entering the feeding scheme between July 2014 and June 2015 at the MUCPP, which is the hub of the feeding scheme, and three primary healthcare clinics were included. Data were collected from September to November 2015 from the INP registers and captured on dataextraction forms.

Results: In total, 730 children were included in the study, 38.8% at risk for malnutrition and 61.2% malnourished. Most of the children (80.7%) stopped attending before change was seen. Only 14.1% exited the INP successfully with a normal weight for age and 3.0% deteriorated despite nutrition interventions. Of all children with one or more follow-up visits, 50.4% (119/236) improved from severe malnutrition to underweight or exited at target weight.

Conclusions: The follow-up of the children and the monitoring and implementation of the INP are inadequate. There is some evidence that children who attend the INP regularly benefit from the programme.

(Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp)

S Afr Fam Pract 2017; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2017.1340252
Retrospective clinical analysis of adverse drug reactions associated with antiretroviral therapy in Tlokwe district, South Africa
Authors: Van Graan Rentia , Viljoen Michelle , Rheeders Malie , Motara Fadeela
Published: November 2020

Background: South Africa has the highest number of patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) globally. Various obstacles were identified that influence effective reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in resource-limited countries. This investigation aimed to identify, classify and analyse the prevalence of ART-related ADRs.

Methods: This observational, quantitative and retrospective descriptive investigation utilised ADR forms completed by healthcare professionals in various healthcare facilities in the Tlokwe district, South Africa (January 2010 to December 2014). Descriptive and inferential analyses were carried out.

Results: A total of 770 ART-related ADRs were included in the final analysis. The mean age was 40.1 (± 10.1%) years, with significantly higher ADRs reported in females (70.8%). In this study, 99% of the ADRs were reported by doctors. Abnormal fat distribution (58%), peripheral neuropathy (21.6%) and renal dysfunction (6.6%) were most frequently reported. Females presented with abnormal fat distribution and peripheral neuropathy at a significantly younger age (38.1 ± 4.6 vs. 43.4 ± 5.7 years, p < 0.0001 and 39.7 ± 1.1 vs. 45.1 ± 9.2 years, p < 0.001) respectively compared with males. Gender difference was practically significant (Cramer’s V = 0.3) for all three of the major reported ADRs.

Conclusions: Gender was highly dependent among the major reported ADR categories, and women presented with abnormal fat distribution and peripheral neuropathy at a significantly earlier age than males. This retrospective analysis can serve as a platform for future ADR studies within this district. Sustainable and continuous efforts should be made to train and create more awareness among healthcare workers in this district.

(Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp)

S Afr Fam Pract 2018; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2017.1364013
Neutralising Neurophobia
Authors: Lamb Greg
Published: November 2020

Medical students are being trapped in the void between basic sciences and clinical facts. Of greater concern is that the chasm is widening with the progressive decline of the basic sciences, which require years to master. Meanwhile we expect our doctors to disperse quickly and start righting the wrongs. Teaching laboratories are becoming more sophisticated in order for students to be able to intubate and put up CVP (central venous pressure) lines unsupervised. Cardiac murmurs are digitalised, recorded and replayed. Mitral valve prolapse is an electrical oscillation of red lights and not the whooping of a white dove. The experience is made as real as possible and becomes ever more surreal. Medicine becomes performance based and frozen. The patella hammer rests on top of the book.
Practice of community-service doctors in the assessment and medico-legal documentation of common physical assault cases
Authors: Fouché L , Bezuidenhout J , Liebenberg C , Adefuye A O
Published: November 2020

Background: In South Africa, allegations of physical assault are managed primarily at the primary healthcare level, where they are attended to by medical officers or community service doctors (CSDs). However, reports that the knowledge and skills provided at undergraduate level are not sufficient to equip these CSDs to deal with evidence in medico-legal examinations in various settings, including in cases of patients who allege being the victims of common physical assault or assault with intent to inflict grievous bodily harm, have been documented in the literature. This study investigates the practice of CSDs in relation to the assessment and medico-legal documentation of allegations of common assault, with a view to identifying gaps in their knowledge of clinical forensic medicine.

Method: The study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. A questionnaire with quantitative sections that used an adapted Likert scale was used to gather data. An electronic survey tool was employed to target 150 CSDs countrywide. Percentages are used to display results.

Results: A response rate of 59.3% was achieved and results indicate that clinical forensic training in the undergraduate medical programme does not prepare CSDs sufficiently for the task of managing the medico-legal examination and documentation of allegations of assault by patients.

Conclusions: The courts rely heavily on medico-legal documentation for success in criminal prosecution. Any substantial flaw in the documentation, including inadequate observations and/or notes made by a medical practitioner, may make proving guilt very difficult. This study revealed an important gap in the knowledge and practice of clinical forensic medicine by CSDs and suggests that the current curriculum should be adapted to allow adequate training of undergraduate medical students in the area of clinical forensic medicine. Appropriate undergraduate training will ensure that medico-legal documentation is completed accurately and that medical practitioners help ensure the administration of justice.

(Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp)

S Afr Fam Pract 2018; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2017.1364014
Mastering your fellowship
Authors: Naidoo Mergan , Von Pressentin Klaus B , Ross Andrew , Ras Tasleem
Published: November 2020

The series, “Mastering your Fellowship”, provides examples of the question format encountered in the written and clinical examinations, Part A of the FCFP (SA) examination. The series is aimed at helping family medicine registrars prepare for this examination. Model answers are available online.
Underlying causes of chronic bladder dysfunction
Authors: Marais Andre , Osuch Elzbieta
Published: November 2020

General practitioners and family physicians frequently encounter patients suffering from voiding disorders. Various underlying causes such as spinal cord injury, cerebrovascular accidents, traumatic brain injury and several neurological diseases including Parkinson’s disease, dementia, multiple sclerosis and vitamin deficiencies have been implicated. Chronic bladder conditions may cause social embarrassment and decrease quality of life in affected individuals. It is important to identify the most common underlying causes of bladder dysfunction and have adequate knowledge regarding the primary treatment and prevention of complications in order to reduce the economic burden created by this group of disorders.
Hazards with hips in theatre
Authors: Gosai K.
Published: November 2020

No abstract available.
Sikanjalo district hospital Procedural medicine teaching unit
Authors: Ellis Chris
Published: November 2020

No abstract available.
Coordinating Health and Industrial Policy in South Africa; A Case Study of the Vaccine Public-Private Partnership
Authors: Walwyn David R. , Nkolele Adolph T.
Published: November 2020

Established in 2003 as a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) covering vaccine research and development, manufacturing and supply, the Biovac Institute has grown from an initial base of 24 staff and a revenue of R188 million to an organisation of 250 people and an annual revenue of R1.8 billion (as of January 2018). The institute earns a premium on the procurement cost of a broad range of vaccines required by the National Department of Health (NDoH), the net value of which reached R1.14 billion over the period 2010–2014 and was used to finance the institute’s operations, including vaccine distribution and quality control. In this study, we have evaluated the value-for-money of the partnership within a context of tension between health and industrial policy. According to the respondents in the qualitative survey, its principal benefit has been the uninterrupted supply of vaccine and the ability to respond quickly to vaccine shortages. The main disadvantages appear to have been the slow establishment of vaccine manufacturing, and initially a limited ability to negotiate highly competitive vaccine prices. Overall, it is concluded that the institute has delivered value-for-money and met the objectives of both industrial and health policy. However, the experience appears not to have convinced the NDoH of the value of such initiatives.
Degree gaps for multipliers and the dynamical André–Oort conjecture
Authors: Ingram Patrick
Published: November 2020

We demonstrate how recent work of Favre and Gauthier, together with a modification of a result of the author, shows that a family of polynomials with infinitely many post-critically finite specializations cannot have any periodic cycles with multiplier of very low degree, except those that vanish, generalizing results of Baker and DeMarco, and Favre and Gauthier.
Свойства кривизны твисторных пространств
Authors: Davidov Johann , Mushkarov Oleg
Published: November 2020

Приводится обзор некоторых результатов по римановой и почти эрмитовой геометрии твисторных пространств ориентированных римановых $4$-многообразий с акцентом на свойства их кривизны.
LncRNA gas5 regulates granulosa cell apoptosis and viability following radiation by x-ray via sponging miR-205- 5p and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in granulosa cell tumor of ovary
Authors: Li Yan , Ma Xing , Li Jun , He Saifei , Zhuang Juhua , Wang Guoyu , Ye Ying , Xia Wei
Published: November 2020

Purpose: To investigate the role of lncRNA gas5 in ovarian granulosa cells exposed to x-ray in granulosa cell tumor of ovary (GCTO).

Methods: KGN cell line was exposed to X-ray to mimic the radiotherapy for GCSO patients in vitro, cell viability was checked by CCK8 assays. RNA expression of apoptosis-related genes was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase reaction (qRT-PCR) while Western Blot for biomarkers in wnt/β-catenin signaling. Differential expressions of lncRNA gas5 were examined after cells were exposed to a ray for 0,24,48hs. We over expressed gas5 and assessed resultant cell viability, apoptosis and signaling. The sponging between gas5 and miR-205-5p was verified by luciferase assay. CCK8, qRT-PCR and Western blot were applied to investigate the correlation between miR-205-5p, cell viability, and apoptosis after miR-205-5p augmentation. Similarly, interaction between gas5 and miR-205-5p was assessed after co-transfection of miR-205-5p mimics and oe-gas5. Finally, wnt inhibitor was used to study the role of signaling pathway in KGN cells.

Results: Exposure of KGN to x-ray reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis. Gas5showed reduced expression in the cells, while miR-205-5p  expression increased. Gas5 upregulation protected the cells against apoptosis and contributed to cell viability and activation of wnt//β-catenin signaling. lncRNA gas5 targeted miR-205-5p and miR-205-5p mimics counteracted the functions of up-regulated lncRNA gas5, regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin suppressed cell viability.

Conclusions: lncRNA gas5 regulates cell apoptosis and viability following cellular radiation, thus presenting a potential therapeutic target for the application radiotherapy in GCTO patients.

Keywords: Ovary, Proliferation, Apoptosis, lncRNA gas5, Radiotherapy, β-catenin signaling
Microbiological sampling of swabs and food and water for human consumption
Authors: Furmeg Sanja , Bukvić Maja , Jaki Tkalec Vesna , Cvetnić Željko , Benić Marijan , Mustapić Petra , Sokolić Krunoslav , Sokolović Jadranka
Published: November 2020

Postupci uzorkovanja za mikrobiološku analizu hrane mogu utjecati na krajnji rezultat mikrobiološke pretrage. Uzorkovanje trebaju provoditi educirane i stručne osobe; pribor i oprema za uzorkovanje moraju biti sterilni; uzorak koji se uzorkuje mora biti reprezentativan, što znači da mora predstavljati jednu seriju ili lot proizvoda iz koje je uzet. Vrlo je važno uzorkovati dostatnu količinu uzorka koja je dovoljna za mikrobiološku analizu. Transport uzoraka do laboratorija i početak pretrage mora se provesti u što kraćem vremenu uz poštivanje temperaturnog režima. Sa svim se uzorcima treba postupati tako da bi se izbjeglo bilo kakvo oštećenje ambalaže. Uzorci moraju biti propisno upakirani te pravilno označeni. Osoba u poslovanju s hranom sam određuje učestalost uzorkovanja hrane, vode i površina koje dolaze u dodir s hranom koja je definirana planom samokontrole, a nadležna tijela kontroliraju provedbu propisanih planova. Osim uzorkovanja tijekom samokontrole koje provode osobe u poslovanju s hranom u Republici Hrvatskoj postoje i službene kontrole koje su propisane od nadležnih tijela u Republici Hrvatskoj, a to je Uprava za veterinarstvo i sigurnost hrane Ministarstva poljoprivrede.
Artritis Encefalitis Virus u koza u Republici Hrvatskoj u razdoblju od 2012. do 2019. godine
Authors: Roić Besi , Vincek Dragutin , Kostelić Antun , Prpić Jelena , Keros Tomislav , Jemeršić Lorena , Romac Zdravka , Jungić Andreja , Brnić Dragan
Published: November 2020

Artritis-encefalitis koza (AEK) je neizlječiva virusna bolest proširena u većini zemalja koje se bave intenzivnim uzgojem koza. Ekonomsko značenje ove bolesti očituje se uginućem jaradi, smanjenim prirastom i mliječnošću, prijevremenim lučenjem iz uzgoja. U razdoblju od 2012. do 2019. godine na području 16 županija u Republici Hrvatskoj pretraženo je 10 715 uzoraka krvi, a tijekom tog osmogodišnjeg razdoblja specifična protutijela za virus AEK bila su potvrđena u 4 353 uzoraka krvnog seruma pa zaključno možemo govoriti o seroprevalenciji od 40,62 %. Rezultati genotipiziranja odabranih sojeva LVMP ukazuju na cirkulaciju genetske skupine A i B u populaciji koza i to su prva takva istraživanja provedena u Hrvatskoj. Dokaz prisutnosti genotipa A u stadu koza u kojem je istovremeno dokazan i genotip B ukazuje na činjenicu da sojevi LVMP nisu ograničeni na jednu vrstu već da sojevi MVV koji se uglavnom nalaze u ovaca, cirkuliraju i u koza. Rezultati višegodišnjeg istraživanja provedenog na Hrvaskom veterinarskom institutu ukazuju na široku rasprostranjenost virusa AEK u uzgojima koza u Republici Hrvatskoj. Ako znamo da jednom zaražena jedinka ostaje doživotni nositelj i prenositelj virusa postavlja se pitanje uspješnosti cijele proizvodnje pa je stoga jedini dugoročno održiv način uzgoja uzgoj slobodan od AEK.