bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catpund
Authors: Ballin-Smith Beverley , Ballin Torben , Dickson Camilla , Carter Stephen , Sharman Paul , Arthur John
Published: February 2022

A prehistoric house was excavated in advance of industrial quarrying at Catpund, Shetland (NGR: HU 4242 2725). Although little of the internal stratigraphy of the house remained beneath a modern cabbage enclosure (planticrub), the form of the house survived. The artefacts found in and around the house indicate the domestic activities which took place there, and the farming methods employed in the vicinity. A thorough analysis of the artefactual evidence suggests that the house was in use some time during the middle to late Bronze Age. This report considers the structural and environmental evidence for the house together with discussions on its form, the distribution of artefacts and dating.
Effekti gravitatsii vokrug zaryajennih i vrashchayushchihsya kollapsarov v metrikah s nezavisimimi parametrami
Authors:   Centre for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Zakir Zahid
Published: February 2022

Метрика вне шара с зарядом на поверхности, как решение уравнений Эйнштейна-Максвелла, зависит от трёх независимых параметров – радиуса поверхности, заряда и гравитационного радиуса шара, равного гравитационному радиусу нейтрального невращающегося вещества. Электрическое поле есть лишь вне шара и его энергия даёт вклад в метрику с тем же знаком, что и вещество. Поэтому рост заряда усиливает гравитацию, увеличивая величину её эффектов (красные смещения, радиусы орбит и тени и др.). Метрика вне сферического коллапсара следует из метрики шара при асимптотическом приближении поверхности к гравитационному радиусу и поэтому включает два параметра вместо трёх, а её наблюдаемые следствия такие же, как и у шара с данным радиусом поверхности. Метрика вне такого коллапсара при его вращении включает ещё параметр вращения как независимый параметр. Новая форма метрики Керра-Ньюмана также включает независимый параметр - гравитационный радиус на полюсе. В ней вклады в метрику энергий вещества и вращения имеют одинаковый знак, а рост параметра вращения также усиливает гравитацию, увеличивая величину её эффектов (гравитационный радиус на экваторе, красные смещения, средние радиусы орбит и теней). Эти следствия физически корректны, но они обратны прежним нефизическим предсказаниям на базе стандартных метрик Рейснера-Нордстрёма, Керра и Керра-Ньюмана. Последние включали полную массу на бесконечности, зависящую от заряда и/или параметра вращения, а предсказания делались без учёта этой зависимости, что и вело к ошибочным следствиям, будто рост заряда и/или параметра вращения ослабляет гравитацию, уменьшая величину её наблюдаемых эффектов.
Total workflow uncertainty of frameless radiosurgery with the Gamma Knife Icon cone‐beam computed tomography
Authors: Duggar William N. , Morris Bart , He Rui , Yang Claus
Published: February 2022

Objective

Frameless treatment with the Gamma Knife Icon is still relatively new as a treatment option. As a result, additional confidence/knowledge about the uncertainty that exists within each portion of the treatment workflow could be gained especially regarding steps that have not been previously studied in the literature.

Methods

The Icon base delivery device (Perfexion) uncertainty is quantified and validated. The novel portions of the Icon such as mask immobilization, cone‐beam computed tomography image guidance, and the intrafraction motion management methods are studied specifically and to a greater extent to determine a total workflow uncertainty of frameless treatment with the Icon.

Results

The uncertainty of each treatment workflow step has been identified with the total workflow uncertainty being identified in this work as 1.3 mm with a standard deviation of 0.51 mm.

Conclusion

The total uncertainty of frameless treatment with the Icon has been evaluated and this data may indicate the need for setup margin in this setting with data that could be used by other institutions to calculate needed setup margin per their preferred recipe after validation of this data in their context.
Using Patient‐Reported Health Data From Social Media to Identify Diverse Lupus Patients and Assess Their Symptom and Medication Expressions: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Venuturupalli Swamy , Kumar Amit , Bunyan Alden , Davuluri Nikhil , Fortune Natalie , Reuter Katja
Published: February 2022

Objective

Patient communities use social media for peer support and information seeking. This study assessed the feasibility of using public patient‐generated health data from the social network Twitter to identify diverse lupus patients and gather their perspectives about disease symptoms and medications.

Methods

We extracted public lupus‐related Twitter messages (n = 47,715 tweets) in English posted by users (n = 8,446) in the US between September 1, 2017 and October 31, 2018. We analyzed the data to describe lupus patients and the expressed themes (symptoms and medications). Two independent coders analyzed the data; Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to ensure interrater reliability. Differences in symptom and medication expressions were analyzed using 2‐tailed Z tests and a combination of 1‐way analysis of variance tests and unpaired t‐tests.

Results

We found that lupus patients on Twitter are diverse in gender and race: approximately one‐third (34.64%, 62 of 179) were persons of color (POCs), and 85.47% were female. The expressed disease symptoms and medications varied significantly by gender and race. Most of our findings correlated with documented clinical observations, e.g., expressions of general pain (8.39%, 709 of 8,446), flares (6.05%, 511 of 8,446), and fatigue (4.18%, 353 of 8,446). However, our data also revealed less well‐known patient observations, e.g., possible racial disparities within ocular manifestations of lupus.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that social media surveillance can provide valuable data of clinical relevance from the perspective of lupus patients. The medical community has the opportunity to harness this information to inform the patient‐centered care within underrepresented patient groups, such as POCs.
Photoactivated Release of Nitric Oxide and Antimicrobial Peptide Derivatives for Synergistic Therapy of Bacterial Skin Abscesses
Authors: Chen Maohua , Zhou Jingjing , Ran Pan , Lei Fangmei , Meng Jie , Wei Junwu , Li Xiaohong
Published: February 2022

It is of paramount importance to develop novel approaches for combating bacterial resistance and the integration of different antibacterial mechanisms is essential to achieve synergistic bactericidal efficiency while reducing the associated side effects. Herein, amphiphilic antimicrobial copolymers derived from poly‐l‐lysine (PLL), black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) as near‐infrared (NIR) sensitizer, and S‐nitrosocysteamine (SNO) as nitric oxide (NO) donor, are assembled into PELI@BPQD‐SNO nanoparticles through electrostatic interactions. Amphiphilic copolymers with isopentanyl grafts on PLL at a ratio of 50% achieve an optimal balance between antibacterial activity and hemolysis rate. Photothermal effect of BPQDs leads to NIR‐responsive release of NO and the combination with amphiphilic copolymers mutually enhances long‐term inhibition of bacterial growth. In an S. aureus‐infected subcutaneous abscess model, the bactericidal rate of PELI@BPQD‐SNO/NIR treatment reaches nearly 99.6%, which is significantly higher than those without NO release (38%) or amphiphilic copolymers (24%) or NIR irradiation (17%). PELI@BPQD‐SNO/NIR treatment shows full recovery of infected wounds, efficient retardation of inflammatory cells, and reconstruction of blood vessels similar to those of healthy skin. Therefore, the electrostatic assembly demonstrates a promising strategy to deliver charged therapeutic agents and the photoactivated release of NO and amphiphilic copolymers achieves synergistic antibacterial efficacy without using any antibiotics.
Synthesis and Characterizations of 5,5′‐Bibenzo[rst]pentaphene with Axial Chirality and Symmetry‐Breaking Charge Transfer
Authors: Xu Xiushang , Gunasekaran Suman , Renken Scott , Ripani Lorenzo , Schollmeyer Dieter , Kim Woojae , Marcaccio Massimo , Musser Andrew , Narita Akimitsu
Published: February 2022

Exploration of novel biaryls consisting of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) units can be an important strategy toward further developments of organic materials with unique properties. In this study, 5,5′‐bibenzo[rst]pentaphene (BBPP) with two benzo[rst]pentaphene (BPP) units is synthesized in an efficient and versatile approach, and its structure is unambiguously elucidated by X‐ray crystallography. BBPP exhibits axial chirality, and the (M)‐ and (P)‐enantiomers are resolved by chiral high‐performance liquid chromatography and studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy. These enantiomers have a relatively high isomerization barrier of 43.6 kcal mol−1 calculated by density functional theory. The monomer BPP and dimer BBPP are characterized by UV‐vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The results indicate that both BPP and BBPP fluoresce from a formally dark S1 electronic state that is enabled by Herzberg–Teller intensity borrowing from a neighboring bright S2 state. While BPP exhibits a relatively low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), BBPP exhibits a significantly enhanced PLQY due to a greater S2 intensity borrowing. Moreover, symmetry‐breaking charge transfer in BBPP is demonstrated by spectroscopic investigations in solvents of different polarity. This suggests high potential for singlet fission in such π‐extended biaryls through appropriate molecular design.
A Dual Functional Polymer Interlayer Enables Near‐Infrared Absorbing Organic Photoanodes for Solar Water Oxidation
Authors: Lee Tack Ho , Rao Reshma R. , Pacalaj Richard A. , Wilson Anna A. , Durrant James R.
Published: February 2022

Organic photovoltaic devices employing bulk heterojunctions (BHJs) of polymer donors and small molecular nonfullerene acceptors have recently demonstrated high performance, with strong visible and near‐infrared absorption and low energy losses. Such junctions are promising candidates for solar‐driven water splitting; however, the poor underwater stability of the small molecular acceptor in such devices has limited their viability to date. Here, a stable and efficient organic photoanode is demonstrated for water oxidation based upon a Y6:PM6 BHJ with a further dual functional PM6 layer transferred from water, and Au/NiFe electrocatalyst top layers. The additional PM6 layer functions to 1) increase operational stability and 2) suppress recombination losses between the BHJ and electrocatalyst layers. These BHJ/PM6 based photoanodes exhibit a photocurrent density of 4.0 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode and promising operational stability compared to the anode without a PM6 layer, maintaining a photocurrent ≥ 2 mA cm−2 over 1 h. Employing these photoanodes, solar water oxidation under near‐infrared irradiation is demonstrated with an incident photon‐to‐current efficiency up to 25% at 770 nm illumination.
Interaction of soil health indicators to different regenerative farming practices on mineral soils
Authors: Xu Nan , Amgain Naba R. , Rabbany Abul , Capasso Jay , Korus Kevin , Swanson Stewart , Bhadha Jehangir H.
Published: February 2022

Regenerative farming is a common practice adopted to enhance soil health. Routinely, cheaply measured soil health indicators can be used to predict unknown soil health indicators, which makes analysis simple and fast. The objective of this study was to determine the interaction and relationship between soil health indicators and the effects of regenerative farming practices on soil health indicators. We conducted a comprehensive on‐farm study across Florida, measuring 11 soil health indicators for 592 soil samples that were collected from the surface 15 cm of soil on 13 experimental sites. Sampled fields were conventionally managed or subjected to either cover cropping, organic amendment application, or their combination, and fallow fields as control plots. We tested the Pearson correlation coefficient between 11 soil health indicators and further tested the types of relationships between each indicator using regression analysis. Strong positive correlations (r ≥ + .5 to 1.0) were obtained, especially between organic matter (OM) with maximum water holding capacity (MWHC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil protein (SP), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN); MWHC with CEC, SP, and TKN; TKN with CEC and SP; total phosphorus (TP) with Mehlich‐3 phosphorus (M3P). A strong negative correlation (r ≥ –.5 to –1.0) was observed between bulk density (BD) with OM, MWHC, CEC, and TKN. No significant change in soil health indicators was observed in control plots except for active carbon (AC) and CEC. Organic amendments and a combination of organic amendments with cover crops were effective in improving soil health indicators. However, cover crops alone had no effect on soil health indicators except for CEC and M3K.
Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis among young adults in northeastern Siberia and Midwest United States and its relationship with other biological adaptations to cold climates
Authors: Levy Stephanie B. , Klimova Tatiana M. , Zakharova Raisa N. , Fedorov Afanasiy I. , Fedorova Valentina I. , Baltakhinova Marina E. , Bondy Madison , Atallah Dania , Thompson‐Vasquez Jennah , Dong Kaylin , Debertine Anne , Leonard William R.
Published: February 2022

Objectives

Recent research suggests that brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a functional role in non‐shivering thermogenesis; however, few studies have examined population variation in BAT or its relationship with other mechanisms of adaptation to cold stress. This study characterized BAT thermogenesis and other adaptive responses to low temperatures among Indigenous Siberian young adults and young adults living near Chicago, IL.

Materials and methods

We recruited 72 Yakut participants (42 females; 30 males) and 54 participants in Evanston, IL (40 females; 14 males). Anthropometric dimensions and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were measured, and we calculated percent divergence in RMR from expected values (divRMR). We also quantified change in supraclavicular temperature, sternum temperature, and energy expenditure after a mild cooling condition.

Results

Participants in Yakutia were less likely to shiver during the cooling condition (p < .05) and exhibited significantly greater evidence of BAT thermogenesis, warmer sternum temperatures, and higher divRMR than participants in Evanston (p < .05). Additionally, the relationship between change in supraclavicular temperature and energy expenditure differed between the two samples.

Conclusions

Yakut young adults displayed greater evidence of BAT thermogenesis in response to mild cooling compared with young adults living near Chicago, IL. Furthermore, the relationship between BAT thermogenesis and change in energy expenditure appears to be stronger among Yakut adults. Adults that exhibited greater metabolic response to cold stress, such as higher BAT thermogenesis and divRMR, maintained warmer sternum temperatures. These results highlight the degree to which adaptation to cold climates involves multiple integrated biological pathways.
Ethical thinking in occupational and environmental medicine: Commentaries from the Selikoff Fund for Occupational and Environmental Cancer Research
Authors: Samuels Sheldon W. , Ringen Knut , Rom William N. , Frank Arthur
Published: February 2022

A tribute to Dr. Irving J. Selikoff MD, the founder of this journal, is indeed welcome now more than two decades after his passing. He was known during his lifetime as the US Father of Environmental Medicine which at the time encompassed occupational medicine and much more as industry also polluted the general environment. The 1970s were a busy time as OSHA and the EPA were newly formed and high exposures to workers were no exception. Dr. Selikoff was a brave pioneer examining workers throughout the country and Canada, publicizing their exposures, and writing and presenting the scientific results. Industry was not always receptive and controlled an astounding amount of narrative, with the creation of the American Journal of Industrial Medicine filling a void of scientific need. We four authors write about the ethics of occupational health, the plight of nuclear energy workers, the climate crisis and opportunity for unions to engage workers, and the global march toward educating medical students on workers' health and safety. All four of us interacted with Dr. Selikoff during his tenure at Mount Sinai, and over the years joined each other in promoting his legacy. Toward that end we have written articles honoring his memory.
Visible Light‐induced Functionalization of C−H Bonds: Opening of New Avenues in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Thakur Ankita , Manisha  , Kumar Inder , Sharma Upendra
Published: February 2022

In the last three decades, the resurgence and astonishing evolution of visible light‐mediated unreactive C−H bond functionalization has led to a sustainable and greener approach for introducing various moieties into imperative organic frameworks without the need for substrate preactivation. Unlike traditional electrophilic or nucleophilic reactions, the free radical mechanism of photoredox catalysis opens up new routes to achieve unprecedented C−H bond functionalization. In this context, single‐electron transfer or energy transfer interactions among exogenous photocatalysts, i. e., TM photocatalysts or organic dye photosensitizers, etc., in their excited state with the targeted substrate, thus generates active radical species, which encompasses the further elusive reaction pathways. This review covers the distinct radical generation methods via photoredox catalysis to trigger the C−H bond cleavage through visible light irradiation. Herein, we provide an overview of progress made in the last five years in visible‐light‐induced C−H bond functionalization, which may help chemists to envision the significant chemical transformations in molecular complexity.
Chemical Defect‐Driven Response on Graphene‐Based Chemiresistors for Sub‐ppm Ammonia Detection
Authors: Freddi Sonia , Gonzalez Miriam C. Rodriguez , Carro Pilar , Sangaletti Luigi , De Feyter Steven
Published: February 2022

Gas sensors are essential in several fields and, in general, features such as high sensitivity, quick response, and fast recovery are required, along with low power consumption and low cost. Graphene is considered a promising material for gas sensing applications, its functionalization often being a requisite. In the present study, we developed competitive and promising gas sensors for ammonia detection. Interestingly, we present an easy and efficient method to functionalize graphene by using diazonium chemistry with different functional groups. Moreover, we prove the superior sensing capability of our covalently modified graphene layers. These experimental data have been consistently interpreted by theoretical calculations, which reveal a defect‐driven sensor's response to ammonia. These results open the possibility of a comprehensive design and use of these graphene‐based sensors in real applications.
Asymmetric Auto‐Tandem Palladium Catalysis for 2,4‐Dienyl Carbonates: Ligand‐Controlled Divergent Synthesis
Authors: Zhu Jian‐Xiang , Chen Zhi‐Chao , Du Wei , Chen Ying‐Chun
Published: February 2022

Developing new asymmetric auto‐tandem catalysis processes, especially in a divergent manner, is highly attractive but extremely challenging. Presented herein is a palladium‐catalyzed auto‐tandem reaction between 2,4‐dienyl carbonates and o‐TsNH arylimines or trifluoroacetophenones that proceeds through a consecutive N‐allylation, vinylogous addition, π‐σ‐π isomerization, and another N‐allylation sequence. Importantly, switchable diastereodivergent synthesis could be achieved by tuning the chiral bisphosphine ligands, which led to the construction of a broad spectrum of fused tetrahydroquinoline architectures with moderate to excellent enantioselectivity. Ligand control even enabled effective access to regiodivergent azetidine or chemodivergent β‐H elimination with fair enantioselectivity, further showing the versatility of the current auto‐tandem catalysis.
A Platform for Stop‐Flow Gradient Generation to Investigate Chemotaxis
Authors: Xiao Zuyao , Nsamela Audrey , Garlan Benjamin , Simmchen Juliane
Published: February 2022

The ability of artificial microswimmers to respond to external stimuli and the mechanistical details of their origins belong to the most disputed challenges in interdisciplinary science. Therein, the creation of chemical gradients is technically challenging, because they quickly level out due to diffusion. Inspired by pivotal stopped flow experiments in chemical kinetics, we show that microfluidics gradient generation combined with a pressure feedback loop for precisely controlling the stop of the flows, can enable us to study mechanistical details of chemotaxis of artificial Janus micromotors, based on a catalytic reaction. We find that these copper Janus particles display a chemotactic motion along the concentration gradient in both, positive and negative direction and we demonstrate the mechanical reaction of the particles to unbalanced drag forces, explaining this behaviour.
Preparation of poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylonitrile) grafted glass and thermal stimulated detachment of surface‐attached human immortalized mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Nousou Tatsuki , Hirao Seiryu , Ogawa Tomohiro , Shiraishi Kohei
Published: February 2022

Novel cell culture substrates for non‐invasive‐targeted cell recovery were developed by grafting an upper‐critical‐solution‐temperature (UCST)‐type poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylonitrile) (PAA) onto a glass substrate as a cell attachment scaffold by surface‐initiated reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer (Si‐RAFT) polymerization. To optimize the UCST of PAA, the cloud point of the free polymer was first determined. Varying the chain lengths of PAA with an optimized AN‐compositions of 31 mol% followed by Si‐RAFT produced immobilized glass substrate (PAA‐g). The PAA‐g surface became hydrophilic, and the polymer brushes swelled as the temperature increased from 30 to 38°C. In addition, the viscoelasticity of PAA‐g was increased by the polymer brushes swelled. Thermal detachment of PAA‐g attached human immortalized mesenchymal stem cells (hiMSC) was observed by raising the temperature from 30 to 38°C. The polymer brushes length of PAA‐g affects the degree of hiMSC detachment, likely due to the change in viscoelasticity with the polymer brushes length.
Evaluation of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in a tourism development context: evidence for 15 Latin American countries
Authors: Ochoa‐Moreno Wilman‐Santiago , Quito Byron , Enríquez Daniel E. , Álvarez‐García José
Published: February 2022

The tourism sector is growing rapidly, and this has greatly stimulated economic growth around the world; however, the environmental degradation that this implies cannot be ignored. In order to achieve sustainable tourism, it is important to study the link between tourism and environmental quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between tourism and CO2 emissions from 1995 to 2018 in a sample of 20 Latin American countries. Econometric techniques of cointegration and causality were used to evaluate the relationship between these variables. To test the consistency of cointegration vectors, the dynamic ordinary least squares (DOSL) model was applied for individual countries and the panel dynamic ordinary least squares (PDOLS) model for groups of countries. The results show that tourism revenues have a negative effect on the global panel and upper‐middle‐income countries (UMICs). This result is statistically significant. However, as tourism revenues increase, they start to have a positive and significant effect on CO2 emissions per capita, globally and in UMICs. These results, which are contrary to the theory, form a U shape, which does not support the ecological Kuznets curve.
Effect of modified no‐touch laparoscopic radical hysterectomy on outcomes of early stage cervical cancer: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: He Fangjie , Yuan Songhua , Chen Xia , Zhang Siyou , Han Yubin , Lin Tiecheng , Xu Bingnan , Huang Shimin , Pan Zhiyin
Published: February 2022

Objectives

We aimed to compare the prognosis of modified no‐touch laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (MLRH) and laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (LRH) on survival in patients with early stage cervical cancer.

Materials and Methods

The clinicopathological data of patients with stage IB1 and IIA1 cervical cancer, who underwent radical surgery between 2014 and 2019, were retrospectively reviewed. The 5‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between the MLRH and LRH groups using the Kaplan–Meier method. Independent prognostic factors for 5‐year DFS and OS were identified using multivariate, forward, stepwise Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Results

A total of 223 patients with stage IB1 and IIA1 cervical cancer were included. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that the 5‐year DFS and OS rates in the MLRH (n = 81) group were significantly higher than those in the LRH group (n = 142) (DFS, 94.5% vs. 78.8%, p = 0.007; OS, 96.7% vs. 87.6%, p = 0.033). No significant differences were identified between the two groups in terms of operative time, blood loss, transfusion requirement, and intraoperative or postoperative complications. MLRH was an independent prognostic factor associated with increased 5‐year DFS (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.202; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.069–0.594; p = 0.004) and 5‐year OS (adjusted HR, 0.163; 95% CI, 0.035–0.748; p = 0.020).

Conclusion

The oncologic outcomes were superior with MLRH than with LRH in patients with stage IB1 and IIA1 cervical cancer. Contact of cervical tumor cells with the pelvic cavity likely explains the worse prognosis associated with LRH.
Latinx and Asian trainees counseling White clients: An interpretative phenomenology
Authors: Haskins Natoya Hill , Johnson Leonissa , Finan Regina , Edirmanasinghe Natalie , Brant‐Rajahn Sarah
Published: February 2022

Using interpretative phenomenology analysis, this study explored the lived experiences of eight Latinx and Asian trainees. Four superordinate themes were identified: illuminating hegemonic structures, identity challenges, increasing competence through awareness, and varying connections. Implications related to cross‐cultural counseling and counselor education and future research are discussed.
Free‐Standing MOF‐Derived Carbon@Carbon Cloth for Lithium‐Iodine Batteries via in‐Situ Carbonization
Authors: Lai Yingling , Wang Li , Chen Wen
Published: February 2022

The urgent demand for energy storage systems fueled the development of lithium‐iodine battery, for it is of high energy/power densities and long lifespan and considered as a promising energy storage system. For advanced lithium‐iodine batteries, a free‐standing metal‐organic frameworks (MOF) derived carbon@carbon cloth (MDC@CC) current collector, without using nonconductive binders, was fabricated via in‐situ calcination. Its meso‐micro porous structure and oxygen doping together restricted the shuttle effect and boosted the redox kinetics, leading to the outstanding long‐term cycle performance of MDC@CC. The major contribution of the capacitive effects at high sweep rates leads to impressive high‐rate performance, exhibiting a high capacity of 308 mAh g−1 at 1 C with Coulombic efficiency close to 100 %. Moreover, in long‐term cycling at 10 C, it displays a high capacity retention of 91 % after 3500 cycles.
Evidence of Kinetically Relevant Consistency in Thermal and Photo‐Thermal HCOOH Decomposition over Pd/LaCrO3/C3N4 Composite
Authors: Yuan Jin , Guo Jinqiu , He Zhiwei , Che Leisheng , Chen Shanshan , Zhang Hongbo
Published: February 2022

Photo‐thermal catalysis has been an attractive alternative strategy to promote chemical reactions for years, however, how light cooperates with thermal energy is still unclear. We meet this demand by exploring reaction mechanism via pressure dependency studies as well as H/D exchange experiments with HCOOH decomposition as a probe over a palladium nanoparticle (Pdn) and isolated Pd (Pd1) decorated LaCrO3/C3N4 composite catalyst, in which the H2 formation rate shows a first‐order dependence on HCOOH and inverse first‐order dependence on CO partial pressures no matter the reaction was driven by thermal or photo‐thermal energy. Additionally, negligible kinetic isotopic effects (KIEs: kH/kD) were determined under both dark and light conditions at 1.04 and 1.18 when the HCOOH was replaced by HCOOD. Besides, when the reactant HCOOH was further replaced by DCOOD, the KIE values of 1.55 (dark) and 1.92 (light) were obtained, which indicates that the HCOOH decomposition follows kinetically relevant (KR) of C−H bond rupture within HCOOH molecule under both thermal and photo‐thermal reaction conditions and the catalytic surface was found to be densely covered by CO based on the pressure dependency studies as well as the in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Clearly, the HCOOH decomposition driven by thermal and photo‐thermal energy follows the same reaction mechanism. Nevertheless, light induced hot electrons and the derived thermal effect do cause the enhancement of the reaction activity in some circumstances compared with bare thermal catalysis, which clarifies the confusion on cooperation mechanism of photo and thermal energies from the kinetic perspective. Hot electrons induced by photo‐illumination was confirmed by in situ FTIR CO chemisorption with ∼10 cm−1 redshift identified of the CO feature once light was introduced. Meanwhile, the photo thermal reaction system suffers from severe electron‐hole re‐combination at high reaction temperatures and make the thermal effect of photo irradiation dominant with respect to the effect at low reaction temperatures. This research provides insight to the mechanism on how photo‐thermal reaction works and draws attention to the photo‐thermal reaction process in boosting catalytic activity.
MABC‐EPF: Video in‐painting technique with enhanced priority function and optimal patch search algorithm
Authors: Janardhana Rao B. , Chakrapani Y. , Srinivas Kumar S.
Published: February 2022

In this article, video in‐painting technique with enhanced priority function and optimal patch searching algorithm is proposed. Initially, the source frames are extracted from video based on edge information, these frames are partitioned into two regions (1) target region (region to be in‐painted) and (2) source region that is region to be considered as appropriate patch selection for in‐painting the target region. A new priority function using confidence value, local structure multiplier, and motion vector uniformity to determine the in‐paint location. The suitable patch is identified in source region, using correlation measure, like sum of squared difference method. The searching of the suitable patch in source region is optimized through modified artificial bee colony (MABC) algorithm. To capture more edge information, irregular patch filling is carried out to in‐painting process. The in‐painting process is more improved by optimal patch scaling for better vision. Finally, the in‐painted source frames are combined to obtain the corrected video. The proposed method works better than the other art state applications. The proposed peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) attains better 8.06%, 7.90%, 32.15%, and 13.06% compared with other previous methods.
Thermal aware learning based CPU governor
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Sran Sukhwinder Singh , Kaur Lakhwinder , Singh Jagpreet
Published: February 2022

The high temperature of a processor chip reduces its lifetime by many years. Also, higher temperature increases the cooling cost as well. Hence, controlling the peak temperature and maintaining high performance are the two important objectives that are in general trade‐off with each other. The dynamic voltage and frequency scaling is often used to reduce the energy consumption by running the processor on lower voltage and frequencies. This eventually decreases the temperature. In this article, we propose a linear regression‐based online CPU governor to predict the future temperature with high accuracy and later adjust the frequencies of the processor such that the temperature does not increase the given threshold. Doing so controls the peak temperature as well as maintains high performance. Extensive experimentation revealed that the proposed governor decreases the peak temperature by 4%–5% without observing any performance penalty and also reduces the execution cost by 3%–10% compared to the state‐of‐the‐art.
A novel COVID‐19 sentiment analysis in Turkish based on the combination of convolutional neural network and bidirectional long‐short term memory on Twitter
Authors: Kabakus Abdullah Talha
Published: February 2022

The whole world has been experiencing the COVID‐19 pandemic since December 2019. During the pandemic, a new life has been started by necessity where people have extensively used social media to express their feelings, and find information. Twitter was used as the source of what people have shared regarding the COVID‐19 pandemic. Sentiment analysis deals with the extraction of the sentiment of a given text. Most of the related works deal with sentiment analysis in English, while studies for Turkish sentiment analysis lack in the research field. To this end, a novel sentiment analysis model based on the combination of convolutional neural network and bidirectional long short‐term memory was proposed in this study. The proposed deep neural network model was trained on the constructed Twitter dataset, which consists of Turkish tweets regarding the COVID‐19 pandemic, to classify a given tweet into three sentiment classes, namely, (i) , (ii) , and (iii) . A set of experiments were conducted for the evaluation of the proposed model. According to the experimental result, the proposed model obtained an accuracy as high as , which outperformed the state‐of‐the‐art baseline models for sentiment analysis of tweets in Turkish.
The role of image interpolation in pansharpening
Authors: Yilmaz Volkan
Published: February 2022

Pansharpening is an efficient way of producing images of higher spectral and spatial fidelity. Since pansharpening aims to generate a spectrally enhanced image with the same spatial detail content of the source panchromatic (PAN) image, the source multispectral (MS) image is upsampled to the size of the source PAN image prior to pansharpening. Several image interpolation algorithms have been proposed for this purpose, which may lead the analysts to a confusion as to which of these algorithms should be used for the best pansharpening performance. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the role of widely used image interpolation algorithms in the quality of the pansharpened images. For this purpose, the nearest neighbor interpolation, bilinear interpolation, bicubic interpolation, interpolation with a polynomial kernel of 23 coefficients (INTERP23) and cubic spline interpolation algorithms were tested through several pansharpening techniques on three test sites with different characteristics. Investigations revealed that upsampling the source MS images with the INTERP23 algorithm resulted in the pansharpened images with the optimum spectral and spatial quality.
Tailoring Single‐Atom Platinum for Selective and Stable Catalysts in Propane Dehydrogenation
Authors: Nakaya Yuki , Furukawa Shinya
Published: February 2022

Propane dehydrogenation has been a promising method for producing propylene that has the potentials to meet the increasing global demand for propylene. However, owing to the restricted equilibrium conversion caused by the high endothermicity, even the Pt‐based catalysts, which exhibit high activity and selectivity, severely suffer significantly from coke formation and/or nanoparticle sintering at realistic reaction temperatures, resulting in a short catalyst lifetime. As a result, few innovative catalysts in terms of catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability, have been produced. In this Review, we focus on the characteristics of single‐atom‐like Pt sites for PDH and attempt to provide suggestions for developing highly efficient catalysts. First, we briefly describe the fundamental strategies. Following that, the remarkable catalysis is addressed by three different distinct sorts of state‐of‐the‐art single‐atom‐like Pt catalysts are discussed. Additionally, we present other promising catalyst design approaches that are not based on single‐atom‐like Pt catalysts, as well as future research challenges in this field.
In Vivo Cellular Expansion of Lisocabtagene Maraleucel and Association With Efficacy and Safety in Relapsed/Refractory Large B‐Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Ogasawara Ken , Lymp James , Mack Timothy , Dell’Aringa Justine , Huang Chang‐pin , Smith Jeff , Peiser Leanne , Kostic Ana
Published: February 2022

Lisocabtagene maraleucel (liso‐cel) is an autologous, CD19‐directed, chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell product for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory large B‐cell lymphoma (LBCL) after 2 or more lines of systemic therapy. In vivo cellular expansion after single‐dose administration of liso‐cel has been characterized. In this article, in vivo liso‐cel expansion in the pivotal study TRANSCEND NHL 001 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT02631044) was further characterized to assess the relationship between in vivo cellular expansion after single‐dose administration of liso‐cel and efficacy or safety after adjusting for key baseline characteristics. Two bioanalytical methods, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry, were used for the assessment of cellular kinetics of liso‐cel, which showed high concordance for in vivo cellular expansion. Multivariable logistic regression analyses demonstrated that higher in vivo cellular expansion of liso‐cel was associated with a higher overall response and complete response rate, and a higher incidence of cytokine release syndrome and neurological events in patients with relapsed or refractory LBCL. Age and tumor burden (by sum of the product of perpendicular diameters) were likely to confound the relationship between in vivo cellular expansion and efficacy, where the association became stronger after controlling for these factors. Repeat dosing of liso‐cel was tested in the study; however, in vivo cellular expansion of liso‐cel was lower after repeat dosing than after the initial dose. These findings should enable a comprehensive understanding of the in vivo cellular kinetics of liso‐cel and the association with outcomes in relapsed/refractory LBCL.
Soil‐Sampling Strategies for Different Tillage and Fertilizer Placement Systems in Canada
Authors: Drohan Joy
Published: February 2022

Designing a soil‐sampling program to use with different types of tillage and fertilizer placement systems can be challenging. Without careful planning to gather representative samples of the entire soil volume, growers may get skewed results. We spoke with five soil scientists and agronomists across Canada and the Northern Great Plains to get their take on this important issue. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Soil & Water Management by reading the article and taking the quiz at https://bit.ly/3nIwZdQ. View all CEUs online at https://web.sciencesocieties.org/Learning‐Center/Courses.
An access control protocol for IoT‐based critical infrastructure in smart grid environment
Authors: Badar Hafiz Muhammad Sanaullah , Obaidat Mohammad S. , Mahmood Khalid , Saher Najia , Ayub Muhammad Faizan , Khan Dost Muhammad
Published: February 2022

Information and communication technology (ICT) can add appealing attributes such as transparency, energy conservation, cost reduction, reliability, and efficiency to the traditional power grid. The addition of these attributes is possible due to the concept of a smart grid (SG). However, ICT applications engender new access control challenges. Therefore, many studies have been conducted in recent years to investigate that the most significant challenge of the smart grid is privacy. In the light of these studies, two significant problems have been identified for SG access control protocols that must be addressed. First, we have all essential security requirements such as integrity, confidentiality, and authentication. Moreover, the cryptographic algorithms impose significant computational and communication costs on the system, however, in most of the contemporary infrastructure's devices usually have limited‐resource. Therefore, second, the lightweight design of access control protocols is also a significant challenge. To address these challenges, we introduce a provably secure and lightweight access control protocol for SGs that eliminates key exchange issues while increasing privacy and security. We evaluate the proposed protocol to determine its security strength against well‐known security attacks. Finally, we present a performance evaluation of the proposed protocol to demonstrate its efficiency in terms of computation and communication costs.
Current status of surveillance for Barrett's esophagus in Japan and the West
Authors: Koike Tomoyuki , Saito Masahiro , Ohara Yuki , Hatta Waku , Masamune Atsushi
Published: February 2022

Prospective studies in western countries have shown that the obvious risk factors for Barrett's esophageal cancer are male sex, smoking habit, a longer length of Barrett's esophagus, and low‐grade dysplasia. However, few reports have prospectively examined risk factors for adenocarcinoma development from Barrett's esophagus in Japan. In the West, where adenocarcinoma is common among esophageal cancer, endoscopic surveillance of Barrett's esophagus every 2–5 years is recommended for early detection of adenocarcinoma. However, there is no established surveillance method in Japan. In recent years, the incidence of adenocarcinoma from long‐segment Barrett's esophagus and short‐segment Barrett's esophagus longer than 2 cm in Japan has been reported to be similar to the West. For surveillance of adenocarcinoma arising from Barrett's esophagus, recognizing the characteristics of superficial adenocarcinoma and carefully observing the entire Barrett's esophagus are needed. It has been reported that representative characteristics of Barrett's adenocarcinoma are a reddish area or a lesion located on the anterior to the right sidewall. It is necessary to establish surveillance methods for Barrett's esophagus sooner in Japan.
Studying biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships in experimental microcosms among islands
Authors: Teittinen Anette , Soininen Janne , Virta Leena
Published: February 2022

Ecological studies on islands have provided fundamental insights into the mechanisms underlying biodiversity of larger organisms, but we know little about the factors affecting island microbial biodiversity and ecosystem function. We conducted a field experiment on five Baltic Sea islands where we placed aquatic microcosms with different levels of salinity mimicking environmental stress and allowed diatoms to colonize the microcosms via the air. Using structural equation models (SEM), we investigated the interconnections among environmental and dispersal‐related factors, diatom biodiversity, and ecosystem productivity (represented by chlorophyllaconcentration). We also tested whether the body size structure of the community influences productivity together with biodiversity. In SEMs, we found no relationship between species richness or evenness and productivity. However, productivity increased with increasing mean body size of species in the communities. The effects of environmental stress on both biodiversity and ecosystem productivity were highlighted as species richness and evenness declined, whereas productivity increased at the highest salinity levels. In addition to salinity, wind exposure affected both biodiversity metrics and productivity. This study provides new insights into microbial community assembly in a field experimental setting and the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function. Our results indicate that salinity presents a strong abiotic filter, leading to communities that may be species poor, yet comprise salinity‐tolerant and relatively productive species at high salinity. Our findings also emphasize the importance of mean community body size in mediating the effects of environmental conditions on productivity and suggest that this trait should be considered more broadly in biodiversity–ecosystem function studies.
c‐Abl‐induced Olig2 phosphorylation regulates the proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells
Authors: Zhang Jun , Sun Jian‐guang , Xing Xiaowen , Wu Rong , Zhou Lujun , Zhang Ying , Yuan Fang , Wang Shukun , Yuan Zengqiang
Published: February 2022

Oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelinating cells in the central nervous system (CNS), are differentiated from OL progenitor cells (OPCs). The proliferation of existing OPCs is indispensable for myelination during CNS development and remyelination in response to demyelination stimulation. The transcription factor Olig2 is required for the specification of OLs and is expressed in the OL lineage. However, the post‐translational modification of Olig2 in the proliferation of OPCs is poorly understood. Herein, we identified that c‐Abl directly phosphorylates Olig2 mainly at the Tyr137 site, and that Olig2 phosphorylation is essential for OPC proliferation. The expression levels of c‐Abl gradually decreased with brain development; moreover, c‐Abl was highly expressed in OPCs. OL‐specific c‐Abl knockout at the developmental stage led to an insufficient proliferation of OPCs, a decreased expression of myelin‐related genes, and myelination retardation. Accordingly, a c‐Abl‐specific kinase inhibitor suppressed OPC proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, we observed that OL‐specific c‐Abl knockout reduced OPC proliferation and remyelination in a cuprizone model of demyelination. In addition, we found that nilotinib, a clinically used c‐Abl inhibitor, decreased the expression of myelin basic protein (Mbp) and motor coordination in mice, indicating a neurological side effect of a long‐term administration of the c‐Abl inhibitor. Thus, we identified the important role of c‐Abl in OLs during developmental myelination and remyelination in a disease model.
Double interface regulation: Toward highly stable lithium metal anode with high utilization
Authors: Wang Guanyao , Zhu Ming , Zhang Ying , Song Chan , Zhu Xiaolong , Huang Zhongyi , Zhang Yuanjun , Yu Fangfang , Xu Gang , Wu Minghong , Liu Hua‐Kun , Dou Shi‐Xue , Wu Chao
Published: February 2022

The undesirable Li dendrite growth and other knock‐on issues have significantly plagued the application of Li metal anodes (LMAs). Herein, we report that the synergistic regulation of double interfaces adjacent to the metallic Li anode can effectively prevent the dendritic Li growth, significantly improving the cycling performance of LMAs under harsh conditions including high current density and high depth of discharge. Thorough comparison of electrolytes demonstrated that 1 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) in 1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME) can yield a robust and lithiophobic LiF‐rich upper interface (solid electrolyte interphase). Besides, the Sb‐based buffer layer forms a lithiophilic lower interface on current collector. The synergy of the upper and lower interfacial engineering plays an important role for outstanding cyclability of LMAs. Consequently, the plating/stripping of Li can be stably repeated for 835 and 329 cycles with an average Coulombic efficiency (CE) above 99% at 1 and 3 mA h cm−2, respectively. Surprisingly, the Li||Li symmetric cell can even withstand the baptism of current density up to 20 mA cm−2. The excellent performance validates that the facile synergistic regulating of interfaces adjacent to the metallic Li anode provides an effective pathway to stabilize LMAs.

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