bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motivational school climate and teachers' achievement goal orientations: A hierarchical approach
Authors: Dickhäuser Oliver , Janke Stefan , Daumiller Martin , Dresel Markus
Published: July 2020

Background

Teachers' achievement goal orientations are known to affect teachers' beliefs and behaviour. In contrast, we know relatively little on how school climate is associated with teachers' achievement goals, even though theoretical ideas can be derived from self‐determination theory and empirical research on the impact of goal structures. The few studies that exist on the issue are limited as analyses were only conducted at the individual level and subsequent findings can, thus, not be interpreted as climate effects.

Aim

We aimed to overcome this shortcoming by analysing associations between teachers' perception of school motivational climate and their achievement goal orientations at individual and at school level. We postulated that at school level a school's learning goal structure, autonomy‐supportive leadership, positive feedback culture, and a collaborative climate would be associated with teachers' learning goal orientation, whereas a school's performance goal structure was supposed to align with teachers' performance (approach and avoidance) goal orientation.

Sample

A total of 532 teachers from 40 different schools filled out questionnaires on their achievement goal orientations and aspects of their work context.

Methods

We used hierarchical linear modelling to analyse effects at individual and at school level.

Results

Teachers' learning goal orientations and their performance avoidance goal orientations varied significantly across schools. Positive perceptions of schools' feedback culture at school level corresponded positively with learning goal orientations, and collaborative climate was negatively associated with performance (approach and avoidance) goal orientations.

Conclusions

The results underline the importance of schools' motivational climate for teacher motivation and provide a starting point for developing strategies of workplace development.
Prostate cancer screening and treatment: where have we come from and where are we going?
Authors: Albertsen Peter C.
Published: July 2020

Objective

To evaluate the current prostate cancer screening and treatment paradigm in light of recently published long‐term results of major screening and treatment trials.

Methods

Historical review of the evolution of the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer followed by a detailed summary of the findings and differences among the three major screening trials and the three major treatment trials.

Results

Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) testing can identify clinically significant prostate cancer and has produced a significant stage shift and is the likely explanation for the decline in prostate cancer mortality. Unfortunately, PSA testing predominantly identifies low‐grade disease that is unlikely to progress during a patient’s lifetime leading to substantial diagnosis of indolent disease. Treatment with radical prostatectomy (RP) appears to benefit primarily younger men (aged <65 years) with intermediate‐grade disease. Too few men with low‐grade disease benefit from RP to justify intervening in all. Unfortunately, high‐grade prostate cancer often progresses despite surgery and radiation.

Conclusion

The primary PSA testing paradigm is wrong. Rather than attempting to identify all prostate cancers as early as possible, testing objectives should shift towards identifying men likely to harbour clinically significant disease. These are the men who appear to benefit from early diagnosis and intervention, including the earlier use of antiandrogen therapy prior to widespread metastases.
Quantitative analyses of cirques on the Faroe Islands: evidence for time transgressive glacier occupation
Authors: Wallick Keyleigh N. , Principato Sarah M.
Published: July 2020

This study presents the first analysis of ice‐free cirques on the Faroe Islands using a Geographical Information System (GIS) and the Automated Cirque Metric Extraction (ACME) tool. The length, width, area, circularity, mean aspect, mean slope, and elevation range, minimum, and maximum were calculated using ACME. Cirque distance to coastline was measured using ArcGIS. A total of 116 cirques were identified. Mean cirque length is 950 m and mean cirque width is 890 m. Average cirque area is 0.8 km2 and mean elevation is 386 m a.s.l. The modal orientation of the aspect of cirques is north‐northeast, with a vector mean of 7° and mean resultant length of 0.09. Aspect data have large dispersion, which shows evidence of cloudy ablation seasons in the past. The dispersion in aspect may also be related to the time transgressive nature of glacier occupation in these cirques. Past equilibrium‐line altitudes (ELAs) of cirque glaciers reconstructed with the minimum point method resulted in a mean palaeo‐ELA of 213 m a.s.l. Positive, linear relationships are observed between palaeo‐ELA and cirque distance to coastline. There are at least two possible interpretations of this relationship: (i) that the cirque formation is dependent on pre‐existing topography with cirques forming at the head of valleys, which occurs at higher elevations further inland, and (ii) that this relationship demonstrates the importance of access to moisture for glacier survival. A combination of both interpretations is also possible. Positive linear relationships are also observed between longitude and palaeo‐ELA indicative of palaeo‐precipitation patterns along an east–west gradient. Cirques on the Faroe Islands are smaller in length and width and present at lower elevations compared to cirques located in other regions of the world. The timing of glacial occupation in these cirques is not known, and the landforms likely formed over multiple glaciations.
PKR kinase directly regulates tau expression and Alzheimer's disease‐related tau phosphorylation
Authors: Reimer Lasse , Betzer Cristine , Kofoed Rikke Hahn , Volbracht Christiane , Fog Karina , Kurhade Chaitanya , Nilsson Emma , Överby Anna K. , Jensen Poul Henning
Published: July 2020

Deposition of extensively hyperphosphorylated tau in specific brain cells is a clear pathological hallmark in Alzheimer's disease and a number of other neurodegenerative disorders, collectively termed the tauopathies. Furthermore, hyperphosphorylation of tau prevents it from fulfilling its physiological role as a microtubule‐stabilizing protein and leaves it increasingly vulnerable to self‐assembly, suggestive of a central underlying role of hyperphosphorylation as a contributing factor in the etiology of these diseases. Via in vitro phosphorylation and regulation of kinase activity within cells and acute brain tissue, we reveal that the inflammation associated kinase, protein kinase R (PKR), directly phosphorylates numerous abnormal and disease‐modifying residues within tau including Thr181, Ser199/202, Thr231, Ser262, Ser396, Ser404 and Ser409. Similar to disease processes, these PKR‐mediated phosphorylations actively displace tau from microtubules in cells. In addition, PKR overexpression and knockdown, respectively, increase and decrease tau protein and mRNA levels in cells. This regulation occurs independent of noncoding transcriptional elements, suggesting an underlying mechanism involving intra‐exonic regulation of the tau‐encoding microtubule‐associated protein tau (MAPT) gene. Finally, acute encephalopathy in wild type mice, induced by intracranial Langat virus infection, results in robust inflammation and PKR upregulation accompanied by abnormally phosphorylated full‐length‐ and truncated tau. These findings indicate that PKR, independent of other kinases and upon acute brain inflammation, is capable of triggering pathological modulation of tau, which, in turn, might form the initial pathologic seed in several tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease and Chronic traumatic encephalopathy where inflammation is severe.
Endogenous YAP1 activation drives immediate onset of cervical carcinoma in situ in mice
Authors: Nishio Miki , To Yoko , Maehama Tomohiko , Aono Yukari , Otani Junji , Hikasa Hiroki , Kitagawa Akihiro , Mimori Koshi , Sasaki Takehiko , Nishina Hiroshi , Toyokuni Shinya , Lydon John P. , Nakao Kazuwa , Wah Mak Tak , Kiyono Tohru , Katabuchi Hidetaka , Tashiro Hironori , Suzuki Akira
Published: July 2020

Cervical cancer (CC) is usually initiated by infection with high‐risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). The HPV E6 and E7 proteins target p53 and RB, respectively, but other cellular targets likely exist. We generated uterus‐specific MOB1A/B double KO (uMob1DKO) mice, which immediately developed cervical squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Mutant cervical epithelial cells showed YAP1‐dependent hyperproliferation, altered self‐renewal, impaired contact inhibition, and chromosomal instability. p53 activation was increased in uMob1DKO cells, and additional p53 loss in uMob1DKO mice accelerated tumor invasion. In human CC, strong YAP1 activation was observed from the precancerous stage. Human cells overexpressing HPV16 E6/E7 showed inactivation of not only p53 and RB but also PTPN14, boosting YAP1 activation. Estrogen, cigarette smoke condensate, and PI3K hyperactivation all increased YAP1 activity in human cervical epithelial cells, and PTPN14 depletion along with PI3K activation or estrogen treatment further enhanced YAP1. Thus, immediate CC onset may initiate when YAP1 activity exceeds an oncogenic threshold, making Hippo‐YAP1 signaling a major CC driver.
A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase 3 study of tivantinib in Japanese patients with MET‐high hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kudo Masatoshi , Morimoto Manabu , Moriguchi Michihisa , Izumi Namiki , Takayama Tetsuji , Yoshiji Hitoshi , Hino Keisuke , Oikawa Takayoshi , Chiba Tetsuhiro , Motomura Kenta , Kato Junko , Yasuchika Kentaro , Ido Akio , Sato Takashi , Nakashima Daisuke , Ueshima Kazuomi , Ikeda Masafumi , Okusaka Takuji , Tamura Kazuo , Furuse Junji
Published: July 2020

A previous randomized phase 2 study of hepatocellular carcinoma revealed that the c‐Met inhibitor tivantinib as second‐line treatment significantly prolonged progression‐free survival in a subpopulation whose tumor samples highly expressed c‐Met (MET‐high). Accordingly, this phase 3 study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of tivantinib as a second‐line treatment for Japanese patients with MET‐high hepatocellular carcinoma. This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study was conducted at 60 centers in Japan. Hepatocellular carcinoma patients with one prior sorafenib treatment and those with MET‐high tumor samples were eligible for inclusion. Registered patients were randomly assigned to either the tivantinib or placebo group at a 2:1 ratio and were treated with twice‐a‐day oral tivantinib (120 mg bid) or placebo until the discontinuation criteria were met. The primary endpoint was progression‐free survival while the secondary endpoints included overall survival and safety. Between January 2014 and June 2016, 386 patients provided consent, and 195 patients were randomized to the tivantinib (n = 134) or placebo (n = 61) group. Median progression‐free survival was 2.8 (95% confidence interval: 2.7‐2.9) and 2.3 (1.5‐2.8) mo in the tivantinib and placebo groups, respectively (hazard ratio = 0.74, 95% confidence interval: 0.52‐1.04, P = .082). Median overall survival was 10.3 (95% confidence interval: 8.1‐11.6) and 8.5 (6.2‐11.4) mo in the tivantinib and placebo group, respectively (hazard ratio = 0.82, 95% confidence interval: 0.58‐1.15). The most common tivantinib‐related grade ≥3 adverse events were neutropenia (31.6%), leukocytopenia (24.8%), and anemia (12.0%). This study did not confirm the significant efficacy of tivantinib as a second‐line treatment for Japanese patients with MET‐high hepatocellular carcinoma. (NCT02029157).
Exendin‐4‐based imaging in endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia cohort: A tertiary Endocrine centre experience
Authors: Garg Robin , Shah Ravikumar , Tiwari Ankita , Purandare Nilendu , Lele Vikram R. , Malhotra Gaurav , Verma Priyanka , Gosavi Vikrant , Dalvi Abhay , Kumar Jaiswal Sanjeet , Patil Virendra , Ramteke‐Jadhav Swati , Lila Anurag , Shah Nalini , Bandgar Tushar
Published: July 2020

Context

Insulinoma needs accurate preoperative localization for minimally invasive surgery. Exendin‐4‐based imaging has shown promising results.

Objective

To evaluate performance parameters of exendin‐4‐based imaging in insulinoma localization and compare with other imaging modalities.

Design

Retrospective cross‐sectional study.

Patients

We report 14 patients with endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia (EHH) managed at our centre; in whom, the final diagnosis was insulinoma (n = 11), Munchausen syndrome (MS) (n = 2) and inconclusive (n = 1). Retrospective reporting of CECT, 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT and 68Ga‐NODAGA‐exendin‐4‐PET/CT was done. With per‐lesion analysis, performance parameters were calculated for the histopathological diagnosis of insulinoma.

Main Outcome Measures

True positive (TP), false positive (FP), false negative (FN), true negative (TN), sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) for insulinoma localization.

Results

In our cohort, 12 histopathologically proven insulinoma lesions [(TP): 11 primary lesions, 1 metastasis] were detected in 11 patients, whereas two patients had MS (TN). Sn and PPV were 75% and 100%, 33.3% and 80% and 83.3% and 71.4% for CECT, 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT and 68Ga‑NODAGA‑exendin‑4‐PET/CT, respectively. With exendin‐4‐based imaging, FP uptake in normal pancreatic tissue and FN results in the pancreatic tail lesion was seen. In one patient, TN result suggested the correct diagnosis of MS.

Conclusion

68Ga‑NODAGA‑exendin‑4‐PET/CT has higher sensitivity than 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT and CECT for insulinoma localization. FP uptake in normal pancreas and FN result in tail lesions are limitations of currently utilized exendin‐4‐based imaging.
The Philadelphia Look: Exploring Urban Place‐Making through Street Style Photography
Authors: Luvaas Brent
Published: July 2020

Is there a Philadelphia look, a shared sartorial sensibility that is distinctive to this city and nowhere else? Does a city imprint itself upon its residents in some discernible, observable way? Are Philadelphians actively engaged in a communal project of place‐making through their everyday practices of dress? And if so, what does that project look like? What kinds of aesthetics does it produce, reproduce, and combine?

These are some of the questions I have pondered these last five years as I have combed the streets of Philadelphia, taking hundreds of photographs of “stylish” pedestrians in their everyday attire. It is also a question I have frequently asked the people I photograph. This photo essay explores the question through thirty black and white, head‐to‐toe portraits of Philadelphians, taken on alleys, sidewalks, and roadways throughout the city, and it uses quotes from my street interviews with them to gesture toward this aesthetic commonality‐in‐the‐making. The question of “what is the Philadelphia look?” it suggests, is one that can only be addressed visually. The photographs presented demonstrate the very elusiveness and slipperiness of Philadelphia's style, a categorical refusal to be categorized that somehow, perhaps paradoxically, produces its own patterned repetitions, its own assemblages of themes, moods, and attitudes that cohere, however temporarily, into something resembling a “look.”
The effect of adjuvant oral irrigation on self‐administered oral care in the management of peri‐implant mucositis: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Bunk Daniel , Eisenburger Michael , Häckl Sebastian , Eberhard Jörg , Stiesch Meike , Grischke Jasmin
Published: July 2020

Objectives

This single‐blinded randomized clinical trial evaluated the effect of adjuvant oral irrigation in addition to self‐administered oral care on prevalence and severity of peri‐implant mucositis.

Material & Methods

After randomization, patients suffering from peri‐implant mucositis were assigned to the following: Group 1 (control) received oral hygiene instruction following a standardized protocol, including a sub‐ and supramucosal mechanical debridement. Group 2 and 3 additionally were instructed to use an oral irrigator with either water or 0.06% CHX solution. One implant per patient was considered for examination. Clinical examinations included Probing Depth, Bleeding on Probing (BOP‐positive sites), and Modified Plaque and Gingival Index. A surrogate variable (mucositis severity score) was applied measuring severity of disease. Statistical analysis included linear regression models and sensitivity analysis.

Results

Sixty periodontally healthy patients were examined for presence and severity of peri‐implant mucositis. 70% of all patients reached complete resolution of disease after 12 weeks. The prevalence of peri‐implant mucositis after 12 weeks was 50% in group 1, 35% in group 2, and 5% in group 3. Average BOP‐positive sites were reduced in all groups after 12 weeks (mean change from baseline: group 1: −1.5; group 2: −1.8; group 3: −2.3).

Conclusion

Within the limits of the study, adjuvant use of an oral irrigator with 0.06% CHX in addition to mechanical biofilm removal and oral hygiene instruction can reduce the presence and severity of peri‐implant mucositis after 12 weeks.
Conservation of species interactions to achieve self‐sustaining ecosystems
Authors: Heinen Julia Helena , Rahbek Carsten , Borregaard Michael Krabbe
Published: July 2020

A desirable goal of nature management is to re‐establish self‐sustaining ecosystems that ensure the persistence of natural habitats and species without requiring active management. Such self‐sustainability relies on functional species interactions; yet, species interactions are often overlooked in the conservation literature, and when designing species‐specific management efforts. Some interactions may not be restored under general management (e.g. land protection), and may require additional specific management interventions. Interventions targeting these specific interactions fall in a gap between general and species‐specific management, effectively bridging community‐ and population‐level approaches to conservation management. We propose that managers should explicitly identify cases where active management of specific interaction partners is required to achieve population self‐sustainability. In addition, they should ensure that general management interventions do not inadvertently conflict with naturally occurring interactions, potentially thwarting conservation targets. Interaction functionality may be restored by relying on native species and by identifying the spatial context in which interactions are most likely to re‐establish, considering distributional range overlap of interaction partners, local variation in individual encounter rate or even spatial variation in the expected success rate (efficiency) of the focal interaction.
Genomic selection for resistance to spruce budworm in white spruce and relationships with growth and wood quality traits
Authors: Beaulieu Jean , Nadeau Simon , Ding Chen , Celedon Jose M. , Azaiez Aïda , Ritland Carol , Laverdière Jean‐Philippe , Deslauriers Marie , Adams Greg , Fullarton Michele , Bohlmann Joerg , Lenz Patrick , Bousquet Jean
Published: July 2020

With climate change, the pressure on tree breeding to provide varieties with improved resilience to biotic and abiotic stress is increasing. As such, pest resistance is of high priority but has been neglected in most tree breeding programs, given the complexity of phenotyping for these traits and delays to assess mature trees. In addition, the existing genetic variation of resistance and its relationship with productivity should be better understood for their consideration in multitrait breeding. In this study, we evaluated the prospects for genetic improvement of the levels of acetophenone aglycones (AAs) in white spruce needles, which have been shown to be tightly linked to resistance to spruce budworm. Furthermore, we estimated the accuracy of genomic selection (GS) for these traits, allowing selection at a very early stage to accelerate breeding. A total of 1,516 progeny trees established on five sites and belonging to 136 full‐sib families from a mature breeding population in New Brunswick were measured for height growth and genotyped for 4,148 high‐quality SNPs belonging to as many genes along the white spruce genome. In addition, 598 trees were assessed for levels of AAs piceol and pungenol in needles, and 578 for wood stiffness. GS models were developed with the phenotyped trees and then applied to predict the trait values of unphenotyped trees. AAs were under moderate‐to‐high genetic control (h2: 0.43–0.57) with null or marginally negative genetic correlations with other traits. The prediction accuracy of GS models (GBLUP) for AAs was high (PAAC: 0.63–0.67) and comparable or slightly higher than pedigree‐based (ABLUP) or BayesCπ models. We show that AA traits can be improved and that GS speeds up the selection of improved trees for insect resistance and for growth and wood quality traits. Various selection strategies were tested to optimize multitrait gains.
In‐store shopping hassles: Conceptualization and classification
Authors: Lee Jaehoon , Ko Guihan
Published: July 2020

A positive shopping experience provides retailers with a competitive advantage. However, retail environments pose numerous hassles that may negatively affect consumer experiences. Integrating perspectives from attribution theory and expectation theory, we examine the concept of shopping hassle and how it differs from that of retail service failure. Furthermore, we utilize qualitative approaches to explore what shopping episodes consumers perceive as hassles. Conducting semi‐structured in‐depth interviews in Study 1, we develop a classification framework of in‐store shopping hassles. In Study 2, we use a critical incident technique approach to gain a further understanding of types of shopping hassle.
Inactivation ofEscherichia coliK12 by pulsed UV light on goat meat and beef: microbial responses and modelling
Authors: Bryant Madalyn T. , Degala Hema L. , Mahapatra Ajit K. , Gosukonda Ramana M. , Kannan Govind
Published: July 2020

The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of pulsed UV light (PUVL) in inactivatingEscherichia coliK12 on goat meat and beef surfaces. Inactivation studies were conducted for 5 to 60 s at three distances from the light source (4.47, 8.28 and 12.09 cm) in the PUVL chamber. Predictive models using regression and artificial neural networks (ANN) were developed to quantify log reductions. Pulsed UV light was more effective on beef than goat meat. Maximum log reductions of 1.66 and 1.74 CFU mL−1rinse solution were achieved on goat meat and beef, respectively, at 4.47 cm distance for 60 s.Escherichia coliK12 reduction increased significantly with increasing treatment time and closer distance from the light source. In general, both ANN and regression models effectively described inactivation ofE. coliK12. Predictive models describing PUVL inactivation kinetics ofE. coliK12 can be used for process optimisation in meat industry.
A review on novel non‐thermal food processing techniques for mycotoxin reduction
Authors: Adebo Oluwafemi Ayodeji , Molelekoa Tumisi , Makhuvele Rhulani , Adebiyi Janet Adeyinka , Oyedeji Ajibola Bamikole , Gbashi Sefater , Adefisoye Martins Ajibade , Ogundele Opeoluwa Mayowa , Njobeh Patrick Berka
Published: July 2020

The overarching challenges of mycotoxin contamination in food necessitate the development of strategies to be implemented to combat their effects thereof. Common processing techniques have been utilised but do not necessarily meet the desired efficacy. This review appraises studies on novel non‐thermal food processing techniques, particularly high pressure processing, pulsed electric filed, cold plasma and ultrasound processing for the decontamination of mycotoxins in food. Although available studies on these techniques have suggested a reduction of mycotoxins and in some instances, complete decontamination of mycotoxins was also reported. The mechanisms by which reduction/elimination occurs include through decomposition of toxins after collision with ions/electrons leading to cleavage of bonds, structural degradation of the mycotoxins structure and cleavage of functional groups. Additional studies into the toxicity of degraded products and the composition of the food products are still required to ensure a more widespread adoption of these techniques to enhance food safety.
Changes of microbial diversity and volatile compounds in edible and deteriorated Qingke barley fresh noodles stored at 25 °C
Authors: Tuersuntuoheti Tuohetisayipu , Wang Zhenhua , Zhang Min , Asimi Sailimuhan , Liang Shan , Wang Ziyuan , Ren Xin , Sohail Amjad
Published: July 2020

Microbial diversity and volatile compounds in Qingke barley fresh noodles (QBFN) with different storage time at 25 ± 1 °C were investigated. The results showed that Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Erwinia and Alternaria, Pyrenophora, Penicillium were the dominant microorganisms in edible QBFN (stored for 0 and 12 h), while Pantoea, Erwinia, Bacillus and Penicillium, Aspergillus were the dominant spoilage microorganisms in deteriorated QBFN (stored for 18 h). The edible QBFN have high concentration of aldehydes (61.27 μg kg−1), furan and pyrazines (60.87 μg kg−1), alcohols (49.74 μg kg−1) and ketones (29.74 μg kg−1) that give basic flavours to the QBFN. As storage time increased, the concentrations of above volatile compounds decreased, and new esters and sulphuric compounds which gave unpleasant odours to the QBFN appeared. Multivariate data analysis methods showed that 2‐pentyl‐furan, hexanal, 5‐Ethylcyclopent‐1‐enecarboxaldehy, cyclohexanol and methyl allyl sulphide, ethyl isovalerate were the main volatile compounds that make a difference in flavour between the edible and deteriorated QBFN.
The prevalence and perception of self-medication among adults in the Klang Valley, Malaysia
Authors: Mok Chi Zen , Sellappans Renukha , Ee Loo Jason Siau
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Self-medication, while potentially beneficial, also brings certain risks such as inappropriate treatment and adverse effects. In this study, we determine the prevalence and perception towards self-medication among adults living in the Klang Valley, Malaysia.

Methods

This study was a cross-sectional study which sampled 562 respondents across the Klang Valley, Malaysia using a stratified quota sampling method and a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: demographic data, self-medication practices and perception towards self-medication. Perception towards self-medication was measured using 20 statements with a 5-point Likert scale. Descriptive and inferential tests as well as factor analysis were used to analyse the data.

Key findings

The overall prevalence of self-medication for minor ailments was 63.5%. Self-medication was practised to a similar degree regardless of respondent demographics. Respondents most frequently obtained their medicines for self-medication of minor ailments from pharmacies without consulting the pharmacist (68.6%), followed by using leftover medications at home (44.8%) and obtaining medicines from friends and family (16.0%). Factor analysis revealed that self-medication behaviour is driven by good perception towards self-medication in terms of efficacy, safety and convenience, as well as by previous personal or shared experiences.

Conclusion

The prevalence of self-medication is high among adults in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Adults who self-medicate view the consequences of self-medication in a positive light and may be influenced by previous personal or shared experiences. As certain risks with self-medication may be underestimated, efforts to educate the public while promoting a more proactive approach among healthcare professionals should be encouraged.
Online Design Education: Meta‐Connective Pedagogy
Authors: Dreamson Neal
Published: July 2020

Rapid technological advancement has changed the landscape of design education to be integrated with educational technology, and the worldwide COVID‐19 pandemic has further accelerated its transition to online education. Pedagogical engagement with online education is unavoidable to ensure that the transition is successful when the situation ends. Yet, many prior studies on online design education remain focused on technical and administrative uses of digital technologies. In this article, meta‐connective pedagogy is introduced to enable educators and researchers critically to engage with pedagogical concerns emerging from the connective nature of the digitally networked world. Meta‐connective pedagogy is to focus on we are always‐being‐connected and argue that authentic learning and teaching are determined by diverse forms of pre‐existing connectivity. This article consists of four parts. First, it is argued that studio‐based learning has developed a ‘resistant’ stance towards online education, which justifies the omission of understanding connective features from its discourses. Second, four up‐to‐date studies on online design education are critically reviewed in a comparative manner, as their views are split into technical and pedagogical aspects. Third, meta‐connective pedagogy is introduced to address why and how connectivity becomes an emerging pedagogical concern for online education. Fourth and last, a schematic form of meta‐connective design education is articulated, and new roles and responsibilities of educators are addressed. Overall, it is argued that the whole concept of design education is subverted towards connectivity that is inclusive of social components of traditional design studios in a more efficient way.
A supporting role: Mothers’ perceptions of their child’s developing awareness of Down syndrome
Authors: Deakin Karen , Jahoda Andrew
Published: July 2020

Background

Young people with Down syndrome and their families often contend with social stigma. The present study examined this issue from their mothers' perspective.

Methods

An interpretative phenomenological approach (IPA) was used to explore mothers' perceptions of their child's developing awareness of their disability and associated social stigma. Interviews were carried out with nine mothers of young people with Down syndrome aged 9–16 years old.

Results

All mothers were sensitive to the stigmatized status of Down syndrome and were at pains to protect their child from becoming aware of it. Some mothers had talked about Down syndrome with their child. Other mothers carefully monitored their child for signs that they were ready to talk about it. On the surface, all mothers believed that their child had a limited insight into Down syndrome and stigma but detailed discussion revealed more complex insights.

Conclusion

Mothers expressed uncertainty and anxiety about when and how to talk to their child about Down syndrome.
Staff experience of the implementation of intensive interaction within their places of work with people with learning disabilities and/or autism
Authors: Berridge Samantha , Hutchinson Nick
Published: July 2020

Background

Intensive interaction is an approach used to develop the communication and social inclusion of those who are pre‐verbal. It is used in a variety of settings by healthcare and educational staff.

Method

A systematic search was conducted to identify and review the literature which explores staff experiences of intensive interaction being implemented within their places of work. Thematic synthesis was utilized to synthesize the findings.

Results

Nine papers were included. Three higher‐order themes were generated: “Personal Doubt, Discordance & Discomfort,” “A Turning Point” and “Needing Implementation at All Levels.”

Conclusions

There were consistent findings across a range of settings. Findings suggest that intensive interaction is rewarding for staff and beneficial to those that they work with. Implementation was sometimes perceived to be challenging and this review attempts to highlight solutions with guidance of the literature. Limitations largely relate to heterogeneity of the papers and methodological limitations are discussed.
UK multicenter retrospective comparison of novel active versus conventional passive fixation coronary sinus leads
Authors: Gerontitis Dimitrios , Diab Ihab , Chow Anthony W. C. , Hunter Ross J. , Leyva Francisco , Turley Andrew J. , Williams Ian , Ullah Waqas ,   other members of the Attain Stability Study Group/Consortium
Published: July 2020

Background

A novel active fixation coronary sinus (CS) lead, Attain Stability (AS), has been released aiming to improve targeted lead positioning. Rather than being wedged into the distal vessel, it relies on a side helix for fixation. We aimed to compare implant procedure parameters and electromechanical stability of the AS lead with passive CS leads.

Methods

A retrospective study involving six major UK cardiac centers. Patients who received active fixation leads were compared with passive fixation lead recipients in a 1:2 ratio. The primary outcome was total lead displacements (combined macrodisplacement/microdisplacement, defined as displacements requiring repositioning procedures, an increase in threshold ≥0.5 V or pulse width ≥0.5 ms, or a change in pacing polarity).

Results

A total of 761 patients were included (253 AS leads and 508 passive fixation leads), of which 736 had follow‐up data. The primary endpoint rate was 31% (75/241) in the active and 43% (214/495) in the passive group (p = .002). Six patients (2.5%) in the active group and 14 patients (2.8%) in the passive group required CS lead repositioning procedures (p = 0.981). On multivariable analysis, active leads were associated with a reduction in lead displacements, odds ratio 0.66 (95% confidence interval: 0.46–0.95), p = .024. There were differences in favor of passive leads in procedure duration, 120 (96–149) versus 127 (105–155) min (p = .008), and fluoroscopy time, 17 (11–26) versus 18.5 (13–27) min (p = .0022). The median follow‐up duration was similar (active vs. passive): 31 (17–47) versus 34 (16–71) weeks, (p = .052).

Conclusion

AS CS leads had improved electromechanical stability compared with passive fixation leads, with only minimal increases in implant procedure and fluoroscopy times.
Mechanical plaque removal of periodontal maintenance patients: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Slot Dagmar E. , Valkenburg Cees , Van der Weijden G.A. (Fridus)
Published: July 2020

Aim

This systematic review synthesizes the available clinical evidence concerning efficacy of mechanical oral hygiene devices in periodontal maintenance patients.

Material and Methods

Three databases were searched up to October 2019 for clinical trials conducted in adult patients in periodontal maintenance which evaluated the effect of toothbrushes or an interdental device on plaque removal and parameters of periodontal diseases. Descriptive analysis and network meta‐analysis (NMA) were performed.

Results

Sixteen eligible publications, including 17 relevant comparisons, were retrieved. Four out of five comparisons found no clinical difference between a manual and power toothbrush. Of the interdental cleaning devices, the interdental brushes (IDBs) reduced plaque scores more effectively than a manual toothbrush alone. For the oral irrigator, two out of three comparisons indicated a positive effect on gingivitis scores, and probing pocket depth. The NMA demonstrated that for plaque removal the adjuvant use of IDBs was significantly more effective than the manual toothbrush alone. For the reduction of gingival inflammation, no product ranked higher than the manual toothbrush.

Conclusion

Due to the scarcity of studies that met the inclusion criteria for each of the oral hygiene devices and the low certainty of the resultant evidence, no strong “evidence‐based” conclusion can be drawn concerning any specific oral hygiene device for patient self‐care in periodontal maintenance.
Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae irradiated at higher doses improve the rearing of two species of native parasitoids
Authors: Cancino Jorge , Ayala Amanda , Ovruski Sergio , Rios Laura , López Patricia , Hendrichs Jorge
Published: July 2020

Irradiation doses 40, 80, 120 and 160 Gy were used on 6‐, 7‐, 8‐ and 9‐days‐old Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae. The larvae from the different age groups irradiated with different doses were exposed separately to Neotropical‐native Doryctobracon crawfordi (Viereck), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck) and the Asian introduced Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). A significant increment in parasitoid emergence directly related to radiation increment on parasitoids D. crawfordi and U. anastrephae was observed. This effect was higher on irradiated young larvae; in D. longicaudata, emergence increment was related to age of larva but not with radiation doses. Similar results were obtained for sex ratio. Host larva weight increased with age, and irradiation had no effect on gaining weight of growing larvae. The host larval mortality 72 hr after exposition had an inverse relationship regarding to its age, although it did not have a negative effect as regards radiation doses. Immature stages of parasitoid/larva (>1 = superparasitism) were higher in 8‐days‐old larvae parasitized by D. Longicaudata, while in D. crawfordi and U. Anastrephae, superparasitism was absent (<1 immature stage per host larva). Superparasitism was not affected by increased radiation dose. No levels of melanin were detected as indicators of immunological reactions. However, these results are considered to be closely related to the lessening of these reactions due to irradiation. The positive relationship between emergence and irradiation dose to host larvae was present in native species D. crawfordi and U. anastrephae, but absent for exotic D. longicaudata. The data presented here are of great relevance for cost effective mass rearing of these parasitoids.
Earwig preying on ambrosia beetle: Evaluating predatory process and prey preference
Authors: Jiang Zi‐Ru , Kajimura Hisashi
Published: July 2020

Earwigs (Dermaptera), such as Forficula auricularia L., are important euryphagous predators for a wide variety of prey and can markedly influence the populations of orchard pests. Most previous studies on earwig feeding behaviour have not used adult beetles of the prey species; few researchers have focused on prey preference in earwigs. Some fragments of beetle exoskeleton and an earwig adult, Anisolabella marginalis (Dohrn), were found in the same cage, where adults of ambrosia beetle, Euwallacea interjectus (Blandford), were emerging from the logs of a fig tree infected with Ceratocystis canker (fig wilt disease). Thus, A. marginalis was suspected of being a predator of E. interjectus. To shed light on this issue, in the laboratory, we set up a test arena and observed and recorded behavioural interactions between A. marginalis and E. interjectus. E. interjectus was collected from the logs of fig trees and reared on an artificial diet, along with six different ambrosia beetle species, which were collected from a trap (baited with ethanol) and a fallen maple tree. A series of laboratory experiments demonstrated that A. marginalis is actually a predator of E. interjectus and other species of ambrosia beetle, indicating its a potential for use in effective pest control in the field. The predators frequently consume and tend to select their prey depending on prey size, rather than sex and beetle species. Furthermore, earwigs have alternative predatory strategies for dealing with seven different species, although they use their forceps to cut the body of most tested beetles.
Patient satisfaction with esthetics, phonetics, and function following implant‐supported fixed restorative treatment in the esthetic zone: A systematic review
Authors: Ramani Rishi S. , Bennani Vincent , Aarts John M. , Choi Joanne Jung Eun , Brunton Paul A.
Published: July 2020

Objective

To determine patient satisfaction with esthetics, phonetics, and function following implant‐supported fixed restorative treatment in the esthetic zone by measuring the Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL).

Materials and methods

This systematic review follows the “Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta‐analysis protocols” (PRISMA‐P) 2015 statement. Studies were searched in the databases Ovid, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. The quality of the studies included in the review was scored using the GRADE system. The impact of the findings was analyzed by calculating effect size and standardization of results across different OHRQoL measurements was achieved by calculating the percentage equivalent.

Results

A total of 13 studies were selected to be included in his systematic review after application of the inclusion criteria. A total of six studies recorded pre‐ and post‐treatment OHRQoL results, while the remaining seven studies provided only post‐treatment results.

Conclusions

This review concluded that implant‐supported fixed restorations in the esthetic zone have an overall positive impact on OHRQoL. However, patient satisfaction from this treatment reduced as the number of missing teeth replaced by implants was increased.

Clinical significance

When implant‐supported fixed restorations are being planned in the esthetic zone, dentists need to consider the patient's perception and the subsequent impact of these restorations on the patient's quality of life. Clinicians can be assured that patient OHRQoL will increase; however, clinicians should also keep in mind the importance of the gingival frame. Furthermore, they should be aware of the challenges when planning cases with larger numbers of implants in the esthetic zone as this could lead to a lowering of a patient QoL.
Fish species in estuaries – from partial association to complete dependency
Authors: Whitfield Alan K.
Published: July 2020

Estuarine dependency by certain fish species has been clearly demonstrated in a number of studies, but the term has also been used for those species and guilds that are not dependent on estuaries. The origins and development of the term are explored, and definitions for four types of estuarine fish association are provided which may be helpful in facilitating classification and comparisons between fish taxa using estuarine systems in different parts of the world. In addition, a diagrammatic representation of more recent estuary‐associated guild categories is presented to provide context and clarity on the estuarine dependency issue, and the fact that a continuum in terms of dependency is perhaps most appropriate for describing fish species relationships with estuaries.

Ethical statement

This brief communication is a philosophical discussion and did not involve the capture, use or care of any living or dead fish. Therefore, no permit or animal ethics clearance was required to undertake the literature review.
Weight status and associated comorbidities in children and adults with Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder and intellectual and developmental disabilities
Authors: Ptomey L. T. , Walpitage D. L. , Mohseni M. , Dreyer Gillette M. L. , Davis A. M. , Forseth B. , Dean E. E. , Waitman L. R.
Published: July 2020

Background

Little is known about body weight status and the association between body weight and common comorbidities in children and adults with Down syndrome (DS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs).

Methods

Data were extracted from the University of Kansas Medical Center's Healthcare Enterprise Repository for Ontological Narration clinical integrated data repository. Measures included demographics (sex, age and race), disability diagnosis, comorbid health conditions, height, weight and body mass index percentiles (BMI%ile; <18 years of age) or BMI (≥18 years of age).

Results

Four hundred and sixty‐eight individuals with DS (122 children and 346 adults), 1659 individuals with ASD (1073 children and 585 adults) and 604 individuals with other IDDs (152 children and 452 adults) were identified. A total of 47.0% (DS), 41.9% (ASD) and 33.5% (IDD) of children had overweight/obese (OW/OB), respectively. Children with DS were more likely to have OW/OB compared with children with IDD or ASD [odds ratio (OR) = 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.49, 2.46); OR = 1.43, 95% CI: (1.19, 1.72)], respectively. A total of 81.1% (DS), 62.1% (ASD), and 62.4% (IDD) of adults were OW/OB, respectively. Adults with DS were more likely to have OW/OB compared with those with IDD [OR = 2.56, 95% CI: (2.16, 3.02)]. No significant differences were observed by race. In children with ASD, higher OW/OB was associated with significantly higher (compared with non‐OW/OB) occurrence of sleep apnoea [OR = 2.94, 95% CI: (2.22, 3.89)], hypothyroidism [OR = 3.14, 95% CI: (2.17, 4.25)] and hypertension [OR = 4.11, 95% CI: (3.05, 5.54)]. In adults with DS, OW/OB was significantly associated with higher risk of sleep apnoea and type 2 diabetes [OR = 2.93, 95% CI: (2.10, 4.09); OR = 1.76, 95% CI: (1.11, 2.79) respectively]. Similarly, in adults with ASD and IDD, OW/OB was significantly associated with higher risk of sleep apnoea [OR = 3.39, 95% CI: (2.37, 4.85) and OR = 6.69, 95% CI: (4.43, 10.10)], type 2 diabetes [OR = 2.25, 95 % CI: (1.68, 3.01) and OR = 5.49, 95% CI: (3.96, 7.61)] and hypertension [OR = 3.55, 95% CI: (2.76, 4.57) and 3.97, 95% CI: (3.17, 4.97)].

Conclusion

Findings suggest higher rates of OW/OB in individuals with DS compared with ASD and IDD. Given the increased risk of comorbidities associated with the increased risk of OW/OB, identification of effective interventions for this special population of individuals is critical.
Differences between rats and mice in the leptin action on the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: Implications for the regulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis
Authors: Campos Ana M.P. , Teixeira Pryscila D.S. , Wasinski Frederick , Klein Marianne O. , Bittencourt Jackson C. , Metzger Martin , Donato Jose
Published: July 2020

Previous studies indicate that leptin regulates the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid (HPT) axis via direct and indirect mechanisms. The indirect mechanism involves leptin action in pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC)‐ and agouti‐related peptide (AgRP)‐expressing neurones. These cells innervate the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) where they modulate hypophysiotrophic thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone (TRH)‐producing neurones. The direct mechanism involves the expression of leptin receptor (LepR) in a subpopulation of PVH TRH neurones. However, to our knowledge, the existence of LepR in PVH TRH neurones of mice has not been clearly confirmed. Therefore, we investigated possible species‐specific differences between rats and mice with respect to the mechanisms recruited by leptin to regulate the HPT axis. We observed that an acute leptin injection induced phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3), a marker of leptin‐responsive cells, in 46.2 ± 8.0% of PVH proTRH immunoreactive neurones in rats. By contrast, an insignificant number of proTRH positive neurones in the mouse PVH co‐expressed leptin‐induced pSTAT3 or LepR. Similarly, central leptin injection increased the percentage of PVH proTRH neurones containing cAMP response element‐binding protein phosphorylation in rats, but not in mice. We investigated the innervation of AgRP and POMC axons in the PVH and observed that rats exhibited a denser POMC innervation in the PVH compared to mice, whereas rats and mice showed similar density of AgRP axons in the PVH. In conclusion, rats and mice exhibit important species‐specific differences in the direct and indirect mechanisms used by leptin to regulate the HPT axis.