bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Centralized Wage Determination and Regional Unemployment Differences: The Case of Italy
Authors: Caponi Vincenzo
Published: May 2021

This paper presents a general equilibrium model of regional unemployment dispersion based on the Mortensen and Pissarides (1999) framework. The model economy presented here has centralized institutions, such as a single central government and central unions, but regional labor markets with differences productivity. The model assumes that unions dislike wage dispersion across regions and the government dislikes population imbalance across the regions. The set up of the model is used to interpret the economic features of the Italian economy between the mid seventies and the end of the past century. By means of calibration using Italian data collected in the year 2000 the paper shows that the model economy explains the important regional dualism between the North and the South of Italy in terms of unemployment. Moreover, the model indicates that the interaction between unions and the government also generates low wage rates in the high productivity regions accompanied by low unemployment rates, even when the Northern worker is the median worker that determines the unions policies.
A regression model explaining predisposition to collaborate
Authors: Foster Mary K. , Meinhard Agnes G.
Published: May 2021

[First paragraph of Introduction]: In Canada the last two decades of the 20th century have been characterized by government policies that focus on stimulating the economy as a strategy for improving overall quality of life. This Ahard right turn@ has made tax cuts a priority over social program expenditures, and private sector efficiencies have been promoted as the most effective response to financial challenges (Jeffrey, 1999; McBride & Shields, 1997; Tester, 1996). Voluntary organizations in Canada have had to adapt to this new environment. Both federal and provincial governments have been withdrawing from direct service provision in several areas of social welfare with the expectation that the voluntary sector will fill any resulting gaps in the social safety net. At the same time, a decrease in government support for the voluntary sector has limited its capacity to respond to an increased demand for its services (Hall & Banting, 2000).
In Canada, on average 64% of revenues for voluntary organizations have come from government grants and payments (Hall & Macpherson, 1997). The federal government limited transfer payments for various social programs (Tester, 1996), and as a result, the provinces began a systematic retrenchment of these programs (Torjman, 1996). With such intense dependence on the government, any change in transfer payments is bound to have a noticeable impact on the
sector (Rice & Prince, 2000). This paper focuses on interorganizational activities among voluntary organizations as a response to the funding changes being experienced by the sector. Specifically, we develop a model that presents collaborative behaviour as a function of organizational characteristics, environmental pressures and organizational attitudes.

Keywords: CVSS, Centre for Voluntary Sector Studies, Working Paper Series,TRSM, Ted Rogers School of Management

Citation:
Characterizing the Effect of an Off-Peak Ground Pre-1 Cool Control Strategy 2 on Hybrid Ground Source Heat Pump Systems
Authors: Alaica Adam Alexandar , Dworkin Seth
Published: May 2021

Geo-exchange systems are a sustainable alternative to conventional space conditioning systems due to their high operating efficiency, resulting in reduced energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However, geo-exchange’s ability to penetrate the market has been throttled by large capital investments, resulting in undesirable payback periods. Optimized hybrid ground source heat pump systems (HGSHP) systems have been introduced as a remedy to overcome the current economic hurtles associated to the installation of geo-exchange systems. In both the literature, as well as in practice, there still remains potential for increased economic feasibility of this technology through integration of intelligent operational strategies. This paper presents a novel control methodology referred to as an off-peak ground pre-cool strategy, employing a time-of-use conscious operating logic which artificially pre-condition the system’s bore-field. Reducing peak power consumption is achieved by creating improved thermal characteristics during mid-peak/peak time-of-use operating brackets. A comprehensive numerical model was developed to characterize the operation of HGSHP systems for three real case studies. The mode implemented a base case set-point control scheme, used as a reference to assess the operational benefit of the proposed off-peak ground pre-cool control strategy. The preliminary analyses indicated operational cost savings of up to 16.4%, under specific pre-cool scheduling. The strategy indicated reductions in both carbon emission and peak power consumption of up t 19 15.0% and 58.5%, respectively. In all cases increasing cooling supplied by the hybrid geo 20 exchange system was indicated, with a maximum observed capacity increase of 43.7%.
Bending, Breaking, Wrapping, Binding: Material Knowledge And The Creation Of A Series Of Artist's Books For Catharine Christina Anderson
Authors: Martin Rebecca
Published: May 2021

I. Introduction

In March of 2016, my Grandmother called me to ask if I could help her lift my aunt Tina out of bed and into her wheelchair. Born with spina bifida, Tina was paralyzed from the waist down; she lived with my grandmother who took care of her. Increasingly, a migrating pain that had first begun in her knee was making ordinary tasks difficult. That night, my grandmother
picked me up in her old green car and brought me to Tina’s bedside. I locked my arms through hers while my grandmother lifted her legs. As we pulled her into her chair, she cried out in pain. I hesitated, but at my grandmother’s urging, we continued. This had become normal. Once in her chair, Tina was pale and hardly spoke. I said goodbye to her, and my grandmother drove me back home. Later that night, when my grandmother couldn’t get Tina back into bed again, she called my parents’ house—I was there for dinner. We’re calling an ambulance, I heard my father say. My grandmother and Tina had adhered to the same daily rituals for at least twenty-six years; the whole length of my life. Now, they had reached a point where this was untenable. The paramedics picked Tina up that night. Within a few days, she was diagnosed with neuroendocrine cancer. She passed away three weeks later, shortly after her 52nd birthday. My grandmother and I both, separately, took the books off our bookshelves and put them back in order.
The Mules are Splendid Company: One Man's Experience of WWI Africa
Authors: Wilson Sally
Published: May 2021

This book is based on the letters that Thomas Wilson, a civil engineer from the Borders of Scotland, wrote during the first World War while he was serving in East Africa.
The Negotiation of Space and Rights: Suburban Planning With Diversity
Authors: Zhuang Zhixi Cecilia
Published: May 2021

The increasing suburbanization of immigrant settlement in Canada’s major receiving cities has created unprecedented challenges for municipalities. Despite emerging research about the rise of ethnic suburbs in Canada and abroad, the role of suburban municipalities in facilitating immigrant integration and planning with diversity remains unclear. Based on mixed-method ethnographic research, this article investigates how immigrant and racialized communities in the Greater Toronto Area have significantly transformed suburban places and built institutionally complete communities. However, the rapid development of these spaces has not been fully recognized or supported by municipal planning authorities. Conflicts related to land use, public engagement, and public realm development expose planning’s failure to keep pace with the diverse needs of immigrant communities, who must continually negotiate and fight for their use of space. Furthermore, the lack of effective civic engagement not only ignores immigrant and racialized communities as important stakeholders in suburban redevelopment, but also threatens to destroy the social infrastructure built by these communities and their ‘informal’ practices that are often not recognized by the planning ‘norm.’ Without appropriate community consultation, planning processes can further sideline marginalized groups. Lack of consultation also tends to prevent cooperation between groups, impeding the building of inclusive communities. It is imperative for municipalities to better understand and encourage community engagement and placemaking in ethnic suburbs. This study offers several recommendations for suburban planning with diversity.

Keywords: Canada; diversity; ethnic suburbs; immigrant settlement; institutional completeness; social infrastructure; social space; Toronto
Commercial Ventures in Nonprofit Organizations: Strategic Change or Natural Evolution?
Authors: Meinhard Agnes , Moher Louise , Foster Mary , Fizrandolph Susan
Published: May 2021

This paper investigates the change processes involved in establishing commercial ventures as revenue generating alternatives in eleven nonprofit organizations, and reports on factors contributing to their success. The eleven cases studied illustrate that the establishment of commercial ventures in nonprofit organizations may result from either deliberate planning or following emergent opportunities. Regardless of whether change was emergent or deliberate, successful organizations were ones that did not try to radically change their paradigms. Their ventures were either merely an extension of existing physical or human resources, or entwined with their mission very early in their life cycle. The unsuccessful and struggling ventures, however, were the result of intended, deliberately planned change strategies that failed because the ventures failed to mesh with the organization’s paradigm.
Keywords: CVSS, Centre for Voluntary Sector Studies, Working Paper Series, TRSM, Ted Rogers School of Management

Keywords: nonprofit, commercial ventures, change
Rescaling the Sanctuary City: Police and Non-Status Migrants in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Hershkowitz Mia , Hudson Graham , Bauder Harald
Published: May 2021

Abstract The sanctuary city movement is aimed at limiting the local enforcement of federal immigration law. Canadian cities have joined this movement by pledging a) to provide access to municipal services without regard to immigration status, and b) to not share information identifying non-status migrants with federal immigration authorities. Despite these promises, local police continue to cooperate with the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). Continued cooperation raises questions about the capacity of cities to honour these promises. This paper shares the results of a preliminary study of the policing of non-status migrants in the Canadian province of Ontario. Relying on interviews with high-ranking police officers in eight local jurisdictions, the authors analyze police perceptions regarding their role in the enforcement of federal immigration law as well as their obligations to honour the spirit and the substance of sanctuary city policies. The study reveals that many police officers believe they possess legal authority to report non-status migrants to federal authorities where, in fact, this authority does not exist. The authors argue that this belief rests on a host of misconceptions about the relationship between criminal law and immigration law, claims of jurisdictional immunity from municipal government, and distortions of the historic, foundational principles of policing in Canada. The authors argue that greater protection of the rights and privacy of non-non-status migrants requires at a minimum a rescaling of sanctuary policies to the provincial level, where policing may be subject to more stringent laws and regulations.

Keywords: Sanctuary City; securitization of migration; crimmigration; non-status migrants; policing; scale; jurisdiction
Digital asset management systems: open source or not open source?
Authors: Morgan Marina , Eichenlaub Naomi
Published: May 2021

The objective of this poster is to provide an overview of a number of existing open source and proprietary information management systems for digital assets. We hope that this poster will
assist libraries and other institutions in their process of researching and decision-making when considering implementing a management system for their digital collections.
Who is Responsible for Human Factors in Engineering Design? The Case of Volvo Powertrain
Authors: Neumann Patrick , Winkel Jorgen
Published: May 2021

A case study in Volvo Powertrain is conducted to examine the distribution of responsibility for human factors in the companies’ engineering design process. Design decisions with human factors impact, and hence system performance implications, are identified in the design of both the product and the production system in a chain of decisions, spread across multiple stakeholder groups. Thus the organisational structure of the engineering design process appears to influence the ability to handle human factors appropriately at each stage of design. Responsibility (although perhaps not accountability) appears to be distributed throughout the engineering design process. Thus human factors aspects require careful coordination throughout engineering design.
Municipal Responses to ‘Illegality’: Urban Sanctuary across National Contexts
Authors: Bauder Harald , Gonzalez Dayana A
Published: May 2021

Cities often seek to mitigate the highly precarious situation of Illegalized (or undocumented) migrants. In this context, “sanctuary cites” are an innovative urban response to exclusionary national policies. In this article, we expand the geographical scope of sanctuary policies and practices beyond Canada, the USA, and the UK, where the policies and practices are well-known. In particular, we explore corresponding urban initiatives in Chile, Germany, and Spain. We find that varying kinds of urban-sanctuary policies and practices permit illegalized migrants to cope with their situations in particular national contexts. However, different labels, such as “city of refuge,” “commune of reception,” or “solidarity city” are used to describe such initiatives. While national, historical, and geopolitical contexts distinctly shape local efforts to accommodate illegalized migrants, recognizing similarities across national contexts is important to develop globally-coordinated and internationally-inspired responses at the urban scale.
The Substance of Solidarity: What the Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic Says About the Global Refugee Regime
Authors: Perzyna Magdalena
Published: May 2021

The European migrant crisis of 2015 brought to light the urgent need for solidarity and responsibility-sharing in dealing with large influxes of people fleeing war, conflict and persecution. This spirit was captured in two subsequent international agreements: the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) (2018) and the Global Compact for Safe and Orderly Migration (GCM) (2018). In the midst of a very different kind of crisis - the global COVID-19 pandemic - the need for solidarity and responsibility-sharing is all the more imperative as COVID-19 has become a 'risk multiplier' for asylum seekers, compounding existing drivers. By examining how Western nation states in the global North have responded to asylum seekers during the pandemic against the backdrop of existing international refugee law, practice, and policy, this essay seeks to evaluate the normative potential of the GCR and the GCM for the entrenchment of the principle of solidarity. Employing the theoretical framework of governmentality, it argues that despite the rhetoric of responsibility-sharing, the reactions of Western nation states reflect an existing trend toward exclusionary impulses, with countries reflexively reverting to patterns of state-centric, insular protectionism. Taking these issues into consideration, the essay goes on to focus on Canada's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in light of its proximity to and relationship with the United States to illustrate how biopower is being deployed to exclude in line with neoliberal rationalities, even in a country that is usually heralded as a beacon of humanitarianism. The essay concludes with a guarded diagnosis that warns of the potential for an international protection crisis should civil society fail to challenge prevailing biopolitics.

Keywords: COVID-19, Asylum Seekers, Refugees, Solidarity, Responsibility-sharing, Governmentality, Biopower, Neoliberal, Canada, United States
Reelpolitick: political ideologies in '30s and '40s films
Authors: Zielinski Ger
Published: May 2021

Even still, I take up and read with some keenness, but sometimes surreptitiously, any new book glancing my field of specialization, however diverging in theoretical frame or methodological approach, simply for its inherent promise to offer a fresh glimpse of some sort, some intellectual adventure. Kelley's recent anthology Reelpolitik definitely caught my attention, perked my expectations, and left my curiosity whetted but deeply unsated; and I shall tell you why.
Initiating an Ergonomics Process – Tips, Tricks and Traps. Commentary from Focus Groups and Case Studies
Authors: Neumann Patrick , Forsman M. , Kihlberg S. , Mathiassen S. E. , Wells R. P. , Norman R. W. , Frazer M. B. , Cole D. , Winkel Jorgen
Published: May 2021

Establishing a new ergonomics process in a company poses a special challenge to the ergonomics practitioner. The aim of this paper is to identify barriers and assists to the initiation of an ergonomics process and to raise awareness of these issues for both practitioners and researchers trying to initiate ergonomics intervention activities. We report on results from focus group sessions held with industrial personnel focussing on the initiation of ergonomics processes. Two cases of ergonomics process initiation are then presented and interpreted in light of these findings. Critical aspects for start up may include the point of entry into the organisation as well as both the base of support for ergonomics and the chain of authority in the organisation. Awareness of these factors will allow a growth strategy to be applied so that credibility, support, and activity expand from small but visible first ergonomics initiatives. Gaining support of top and middle managers is a key first objective.
Keywords Ergonomics Process, Initiation stage, Case Study, Focus Group, Intervention
4D WATBAK: Adapting Research Tools and Epidemiological Findings to Software for Easy Application by Industrial Personnel
Authors: Neumann Patrick , Wells R. P. , Norman R.W.
Published: May 2021

We have extended the research methods used in epidemiological studies of low back pain into assessment software that is suitable for use by industrial personnel. The system we are developing extends the capability of current biomechanical modelling approaches in two ways. We now have the ability to calculate shift-long cumulative loading (load integrals) on the spine as well the peak hand forces and peak spine load forces. We can also use epidemiological evidence to provide insight into low back injury risk in the presence of multiple, proven injury risk factors. This decision support aspect of the tool helps users apply current scientific evidence to make better decisions about job design and ergonomic program performance in industrial settings.
Keywords Biomechanical models, physical load assessment, injury risk, low back pain
What Makes Journalism “Excellent”? Criteria Identified by Judges in Two Leading Awards Programs
Authors: Shapiro Ivor , Albanese Patrizia , Doyle Leigh
Published: May 2021

What does “excellence” mean in journalism? The literature reveals no universally agreed set of standards, and awards guidelines are often unclear. We interviewed judges in two leading Canadian print journalism awards programs, using a sequence of open-ended and ranking questions to probe their criteria of excellence in a way calculated to elicit not just the standards they felt should be applied but the standards they actually did apply. Judges mentioned a wide variety of criteria, including the social importance and impact of works of journalism. But only two values were affirmed consistently: writing style and reporting rigour.
Personalized Service Delivery for Young People and Families: A Synthesis Review
Authors: Gharabaghi Kiaras , Stuart Carol
Published: May 2021

This synthesis project, funded through a MCYS Strategic Research Grant, seeks to provide a foundation for developing a multi-disciplinary and cross-sectoral research approach to exploring ‘personalized service’ within the context of residential treatment services for children and youth. This focus was to include the continuum of pre-referral supports and interventions to post-discharge community and family re-integration and sustainable outcomes. A detailed literature review about current approaches to ‘personalizing services’ in Ontario, Canada, North America, and the United Kingdom was undertaken with an emphasis on identifying the core conceptual and logistical principles that frame approaches to personalized services. The approach was intended to encourage future research that would focus on identifying and testing the evidence supporting or challenging such principles. The literature review was structured around six core themes:  

The stories and experiences of challenging and successful personalized approaches (satisfaction) as compared to outcomes (client change).

Diversity considerations, including cultural identity, linguistic groups, and gender orientations.

Service outcomes at the client level, at the agency level & at the system level.

Successful tools and protocols for implementing personalized services.

Quality assurance protocols.

Logistical and human resource considerations in service  provision. 
Digital Humanities and Metadata: linking the past to the digital future
Authors: Morgan Marina , Suhonos MJ , Wang Fangmin
Published: May 2021

The purpose of this poster is to highlight cross-domain metadata uses, metadata mapping, and success measures at the Ryerson University Library and Archives. The Library is highly involved in Ryerson-based proposals for interdisciplinary projects, especially in the Digital Humanities. Designing an online environment for the preservation and analysis of illustrated texts for children and Canadiana is a collaborative effort that involves cataloguing, metadata mapping, digitization, and website design.
Argumentation Maps - GIS-based Discussion Support for Online Planning
Authors: Rinner Claus
Published: May 2021

Information technology plays a growing role in planning procedures. A procedure step which has not been supported by specific computer tools up to now, is asynchronous discussions. Such discussions can occur in public participation as well as between planners during plan design. In this paper I introduce argumentation models as a way of structuring debates, and review existing tools for recording argumentation. A limited number of tools support design-related or map-related discussions. Their short-comings for analyzing geographically referenced arguments are discussed. Finally, the concept of `argumentation maps' is described, which combine the strengths of rigorous argumentation modeling and detailed geographic location to support map-based discussions in on-line planning.
Free Trade, Autarky And The Sustainability Of An International Environmental Agreement
Authors: Benchekroun Hassan , Yildiz Halis
Published: May 2021

We determine the impact of free trade on the sustainability of an international environmental agreement (IEA) and incorporate it into the assessment of the net benefits of opening up to free trade. We show that such an analysis can reverse the conclusions reached within a standard one-shot game framework. First, we examine a one shot game and argue that the benefits from an increase in economic activity due to free trade outweigh the extra cost of free trade associated with larger environmental damage. Then, we analyze the infinite repetition of the one-shot game where countries can use trigger strategies and show that there exist circumstances where an IEA is sustainable under autarky but not under free trade. This aggravates the environmental damages caused by free trade and leads to the possibility that autarky may welfare dominate free trade. This conclusion remains valid even when countries adopt the most cooperative environmental policy when the "fully cooperative" environmental policy is not sustainable.
In/Commensurability in Chimerica
Authors: Delaney Robert
Published: May 2021

In/Commensurability in Chimerica
Using High Frequency Ultrasound Envelope Statistics to Determine Scatterer Number Density in Dilute Cell Solutions
Authors: Tunis A. S. , Baddour Ralph E. , Czarnota G. J. , Giles A. , Worthington A. E. , Sherar Michael D. , Kolios Michael
Published: May 2021

It has previously been demonstrated in tissue-mimicking phantoms and in tissue that envelope statistics of US
backscatter are affected by changes in the scatterer properties
[1–4, 32, 37]. At higher frequencies the
wavelength of the US begins to approach the size of cells and cellular
components and at this scale the envelope statistics of HFUS
backscatter become more sensitive to structural changes within
cells. To investigate the relation between the envelope statistics and cell
structure, experiments were performed in vitro. The physical meaning of the fit parameters
was evaluated by investigating HFUS backscatter from suspensions
of various concentrations of two different cell lines
of different sizes.
Working with Ebook Metadata
Authors: Eichenlaub Naomi , Burry Paul
Published: May 2021

Working with Ebook Metadata
Centralized Wage Determination and Regional Unemployment Di®erences: The Case of Italy
Authors: Caponi Vincenzo
Published: May 2021

Centralized Wage Determination and Regional Unemployment Di®erences: The Case of Italy
Providing a Uniform Design Experience in an Undergraduate Mechanical Engineering Program
Authors: Salustri Filippo , Neumann Patrick
Published: May 2021

The design experience of 3rd year undergraduates in Mechanical Engineering at Ryerson University, and the assessment of student design work, was found to be disjointed and highly variable across the program. To attempt to address this, the authors are constructing courseware to help instructors of non-design engineering courses embed rich and consistent design projects into their courses. A “lightweight” Fast-Design process was developed. Course-specific design project examples of the process are being developed for five 3rd year courses using this design process. Current versions of all courseware are freely available. This paper details the nature of the courseware and how it was designed, developed,and deployed for the project. To date, one case has been deployed, two developed, and two more are under development. While results are so far only anecdotal, there is reason to believe that our approach can noticeably improve the design experience of students in non-design engineering courses.
News, Geography and Disadvantage: Mapping Newspaper Coverage of High-needs Neighbourhoods in Toronto, Canada
Authors: Lindgren April
Published: May 2021

The quantity and subject matter of news coverage has been implicated in the success or failure of efforts to address social exclusion, poverty and other complex problems in disadvantaged city neighbourhoods. Using a methodology that combines traditional content analysis with computer-based mapping of geographic references in local news items, this study examines the Toronto Star newspaper’s news coverage of 13 troubled neighbourhoods in Toronto, Canada. The results indicate that the paper is making only a limited contribution to the story-telling practices that are key to the development of neighbourhood engagement. It also suggests that media coverage may be a significant contributing factor to negative stereotyping that shapes internal and external opinions of the neighbourhoods. Both results have the potential to undermine strategies aimed at addressing problems such as social exclusion and poverty.
Intuitive Use of Tangible Toys
Authors: Desai Shital , Blackler Alethea , Popovic Vesna
Published: May 2021

Interfaces for children have continued to evolve in terms of complexity, with toys ranging from traditional tangible interfaces to apps with digital interfaces and hybrid toys with mixed physical and digital interfaces. However, there is limited research done to investigate their potential for intuitive use. This research study compares a tangible toy and an equivalent toy in the digital world (app) for intuitive use. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test results showed that the tangible toy was more intuitive than the intangible counterpart. Tangible systems are less complex to use and they require less time to encode and retrieve associated knowledge to use them intuitively. They are associated with low domain transfer distance and easily discoverable features. Intangible interfaces, on the other hand, require greater complexity and time to encode and retrieve associated experiential knowledge. Intangibles are associated with larger domain transfer distance and undiscoverable features which affects their intuitive use. Design implications and future work are discussed, emphasising the need for investigating
aspects that make tangible systems intuitive to use.

Keywords: Intuitive Interaction; Tangibles; Intangibles; Sensorimotor
Human trafficking and media myths: federal funding, communication strategies, and Canadian anti-trafficking programs
Authors: De Shalit Ann , Heynen Robert , van der Meulen Emily
Published: May 2021

This article looks at debates over human trafficking by considering the linkages between federal funding, media myths, and non-governmental organization (NGO) activities and by examining the textual and visual content of NGO websites. By highlighting the ways in which NGOs echo government communication strategies, we argue that these debates are
constrained not only by the current political terrain, but also by an ingrained and problematic anti-trafficking discourse. Further, we interrogate the language and emotive appeals of NGOs that receive federal funding for anti-trafficking programming through the exploration of counter-discourses developed by both scholars and independent organizations that are critical of dominant narratives and policies. We conclude by suggesting that alternative narratives
and media strategies are needed for the development of more nuanced and authentic conceptions of labour, migration, and sex work
Using workstation design parameters to predict workload - A proactive assessment approach for light assembly work
Authors: Greig Michael , Village Judy Lynn , Neumann Patrick
Published: May 2021

Addressing the need for a virtual tool to predict operator load in light assembly work, a method is presented to estimate shoulder load and hand movement from layout parameters. Using three-dimensional representation of a task location relative to the seated workstation, a regression model is used to predict operator shoulder load. Hand locations for each task of the work cycle are used to determine cumulative hand movement and shoulder load. A case application of the virtual tool showed that trends from an observational tool used by Neumann et al (2002) in a workstation comparison were matched. The virtual tool predicted shoulder load values 19.8-32.8% higher than the observational tool however this was attributed to its use of three-dimensional task analysis and a different shoulder model. Future work for the virtual tool will assess reliability, validity, the effect of underlying tool assumptions, and the incorporation of a movement time prediction method.
Newcomer Services in the Greater Toronto Area: an Exploration of the Range and Funding Sources of Settlement Services
Authors: Lim April , Lo Lucia , Siemiatycki Myer , Doucet Michael
Published: May 2021

This paper provides a profile of newcomer services and the agencies which provide them to recent immigrants in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). It is intended as a resource for researchers, immigrants, agency, community and government organizations. The paper begins by reviewing: the range of newcomer services available, trends in recent immigrant settlement in the Toronto area, and a description of funding sources for newcomer services in the GTA. Next we discuss our research methodology and identify some limitations to the material we present. The bulk of the paper consists of an identification of agencies providing newcomer services in the City of Toronto and RegionalMunicipalities of Durham, Halton, Peel and York. We cite location, funding source(s), and program offering(s) foreach agency. The paper concludes with tabulated summaries of the agencies described.

KEY WORDS: newcomer services; immigrant service agencies; Toronto immigration settlement; newcomer service funding
Applying Habermas’ validity claims as a standard for critical discourse analysis
Authors: Cukier Wendy , Bauer Robert , Middleton Catherine A.
Published: May 2021

It has been proposed that the theory and practice of information systems development could benefit from a more explicit consideration of concepts of rationality. Habermas’ communicative rationality has been proposed as an
approach to improve the conditions for rational discourse in systems development, thereby improving outcomes (Klein and Hirschheim 1991), and applied at the project level (Ulrich 2001) and to specific episodes of managerial communications (Ngwenyama and Lee 1997). At the same time, it is understood that societal discourses and ideologies shape the external environments of organizational decision making. A variety of approaches has been proposed to analyze these discourses including qualitative techniques for reading or interpreting texts, artifacts, and social practices (Philips and Hardy 2002). This paper examines the way in which Habermasian validity claims can provide an explicit and ethical standard for critical discourse analysis in order to reveal the distortions that shape the institutional environments of technology decision making. It offers an approach to operationalizing Habermas’ validity claims for an analysis of media texts related to a case study involving learning technology.
Trade, growth, and convergence in a dynamic Heckscher-Ohlin model
Authors: Bajona Claustre , Kehoe Timothy J
Published: May 2021

In models in which convergence in income levels across closed countries is driven by faster accumulation of a productive factor in the poorer countries, opening these countries to trade can stop convergence and even cause divergence. We make this point using a dynamic Heckscher-Ohlin model — a combination of a static two-good, two-factor Heckscher-Ohlin trade model and a two-sector growth model — with infinitely lived consumers where international borrowing and lending are not permitted. We obtain two main results: First, countries that differ only in their initial endowments of capital per worker may converge or diverge in income levels over time, depending on the elasticity of substitution between traded goods. Divergence can occur for parameter values that would imply convergence in a world of closed economies and vice versa. Second, factor price equalization in a given period does not imply factor price equalization in future periods.
Comparing quantitative and comment-based ratings for recommending open educational resources
Authors: Hanna Dalia , Abhari Abdolreza , Ferworn Alex
Published: May 2021

The recent application of recommender systems for educational resources and e-learning has facilitated online and accessible education on social networks. However, there are currently few studies about the methods for evaluation and performance measurement of these recommender systems in the complicated environment of educational and social networking platforms. The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the effectiveness of using sentiment analysis methods for educational resources based on user comments and compare it with the quantitative approach based on user rating to recommend best open learning resources (OER) available through online OER repositories. The quality of the OER will be justified by comparing the user rating and the users' reviews. The quality of users' reviews is based on calculating the term frequency for selected positive and negative terms, then determining the similarity among the comments. Comments with positive or negative words confirm the high and low ratings respectively.

Keywords: Open Education Resources, OER, Recommender Systems, Sentiment Analysis.
Considerations for the design of online gaming interventions for the frail elderly: A short communication
Authors: Fredericks Suzanne , Lapum Jennifer L. , Policelli Julia
Published: May 2021

Recovery from cardiovascular surgical procedures can be problematic for the frail elderly due to developmental considerations and the way that post-operative education is delivered in hospitals. In this short communication paper, we outline the physical and developmental considerations of this cohort as well as the standard delivery of post-operative education. As an alternative, we introduce online gaming and explore considerations for the design of this intervention related to post-operative, frail elderly cardiovascular surgical patients. Specific strategies and/or techniques for addressing each of these influences are presented.
(No) Access T.O.: A Pilot Study on Sanctuary City Policy in Toronto, Canada
Authors: Hudson Graham , Atak Idil , Manocchi Michele , Hannan Charity-Ann
Published: May 2021

Introduction: The “sanctuary city” movement is a grassroots, human rights-based response to increased numbers of non-status migrants living and working in global cities (Faraday 2012; Sawchuk & Kempf 2008; Bhuyan 2012; OCASI 2012). Nonstatus migrants live in situations of extreme precariousness — they are subject to detention and deportation if identified by federal authorities; often work in poor conditions; are socially isolated; face poverty, abuse, and exploitation; and are unable to safely access essential social services, including those related to healthcare, education, labour, shelters, food banks, and police services (Gibney 2000; De Giorgi 2010; Noll 2010). In February 2013, Toronto became the first “sanctuary city” in Canada, which is currently styled “Access T.O.” Hamilton and Vancouver followed suit in 2014 and 2016, respectively. The primary objective of Access T.O. is to ensure that all residents are able to access municipal and police services, regardless of immigration status. The policy directs city officials not to: 1) inquire into immigration status when providing select services, 2) deny non-status residents access to services to which they are entitled, and 3) share personal or identifying information with federal authorities, unless required to do so by federal or provincial law (City of Toronto 2013).
Participatory development of ergonomic design-for-fixture guidelines - A case study
Authors: Village Judy Lynn , Greig Michael
Published: May 2021

This paper describes one initiative in a 3 year-collaboration between Research In Motion (RIM) and Ryerson University, the goal of which is to integrate human factors (HF) considerations into the process of designing assembly systems. The RIM-Ryerson steering group suggested this initiative because the engineering group was formalizing their fixture development process with the goal of improving the quality and timeline for fixture design. To incorporate HF into design, research has suggested that the combination of a few specific HF design criteria and active involvement of HF specialists are both critical for positive outcomes. In this initiative, Ergonomists analyzed current assembly fixtures for ergonomics-related concerns. These were shared with nine design engineers in a workshop with a goal of translating the concerns into design guidelines that would prevent the concern. The workshop resulted in 12 design guidelines that are now ergonomic requirements for internal or external vendors. The new fixture development process now includes four process stages where the Ergonomist, working proactively as a design team member, ensures the design meets ergonomics requirements. The stages are: fixture design kick-off meeting to clarify design requirements and initiate the DFMEA (design failure modes effects analysis); the fixture design review; the production tool design sign-off; and lessons learned. The combination of ergonomic design-for-fixture guidelines and the participation of Ergonomists in the fixture design process have the potential for improving assembly ergonomics and quality across thousands of workers.
Evaluation of Centres for the Integral Attention of Children in Dominican Republic (CIANIs) and Local Community Organizations for Child Protection (LCOCP)
Authors: Parada Henry , Silver Susan , Burke Mike
Published: May 2021

The preparation of this report would not have been possible without the valuable contribution of countless individuals and groups who contributed not only to this final report, but also to the planning, development and implementation of the study.

Sincere gratitude is extended to the Dominican contributors and collaborators, starting with the CIANI families, CIANI employees, and community stakeholders who took the time to share their experiences.

The data collectors in the Dominican who completed the field work on the ground, working tirelessly to collect and organize the data.

To Kirsys Fernandez, for allowing us to partner with CONANI, and who facilitated the work done. To the various CONANI staff, for contributing their expertise and providing guidance and consultation throughout the life of this study. Special thanks to Alberto Padilla who helped facilitate collaboration and data collection. To INAIPI who took the time to meet with us and review our findings and provide feedback, special thanks to Alexandra Santelises and Eric Gomez who took the time to review the report and findings and meet with us to discuss.

Lastly, to the European Union’s Children and Violence Evaluation Challenge Fund, for their financial support
Exploratory Landscape Metrics for Agricultural Sustainability
Authors: de Noronha Vaz Eric , Noronha Teresa , Nijkamp Peter
Published: May 2021

Socio-economic growth and urban change have been an increasing concern for decision makers in recent decades. The monitoring, mapping and analysis of agricultural land-use change, especially in areas where urban change has been high, is crucial. The collision between traditional economic activities related to agriculture in tourist areas such as the Algarve and current demand for tourism infrastructures in urban regions is also leading to loss of economic activity. This paper uses a combined Geographical Information System approach with CORINE land cover datasets to perform a Shannon’s diversity index quantifying changes in agricultural areas. The paper then expands on the nature of the agricultural changes observed, and offers a multi-temporal assessment by means of landscape metrics in order to understand the shifting land-use patterns for the Algarve in land use planning and regional economic equilibrium: (1) forest regions become transformed into agricultural areas and agricultural areas become urban; (2) areas which are initially agricultural become scattered residential regions created by economic investors; and (3) agricultural land-use changes have a cyclical nature in which – in the course of the economic recession – such dynamic effects brought about a decrease in tourism and focus on traditional sectors. 

Keywords: agricultural land use change, sustainable agricultural development, landscape metrics, agricultural land loss, Geographical Information Systems 
Fitting Ergonomics to Engineering Work
Authors: Mekitiak Megan , Neumann Patrick
Published: May 2021

A series of group focus sessions were held with both union and managementrepresentatives who were involved in ergonomics programs in a number ofdifferent manufacturing facilities. This paper summarises the participant commentson important components of ergonomics program
For Rich or for Poor: When does Uncovered Interest Parity Hold?
Authors: Roche Maurice J , Moore Michael J
Published: May 2021

We
present a model that simultaneously explains why uncovered interest parity
holds for some pairs of countries and not for others. The flexible-price two-country monetary model is extended to include a consumption externality with habit persistence. Habit persistence is modeled using Campbell Cochrane preferences with ‘deep’ habits along the lines of the work of Ravn, Schmitt-Grohe and Uribe. By deep habits, we mean habits defined over goods rather than countries. The negative slope in the Fama regression arises when monetary instability is low and the precautionary savings motive dominates the intertemporal substitution motive. When monetary instability
is high, the Fama slope is positive in line with uncovered
interest parity. The model is simulated using the artificial economy methodology for 34 currencies against the US dollar. We conclude that, given the predominance of precautionary savings, the degree of monetary instability explains whether or not uncovered interest parity holds.
Cultural Bias in Standard Tests of Mental Abilities
Authors: Bernhard Judith K.
Published: May 2021

[Para. 1 of Introduction]

Despite calls for equity and freedom from bias in education, the goal of fair outcomes has proven to be elusive. In a 1987 policy statement, the Ontario Ministry of Education focused on the issue of fair treatment of all students and the dangers of culturally biased tests, but the problem continues. In major Candian cities, school dropout rates among certain minority groups of both white and non-white races continue to be disproportionately high (Mackay and Myles, 1989; Radwansky, 1988; Wright and Tsuji, 1984). The low aspirations and expectations of these groups also reflect inequitable school experiences. Attitudes about one's self, one's abilities, and one's future are formed in the earliest years of school, and persist and are reinforced in later primary and secondary education. Early childhood educators would do well to become aware of the ways in which some well-known and standard educational assessment tools contribute to bias in the educational process.
C-Anchor for Strengthening the Connection between Adhesively Bonded Laminates and Concrete Substrates
Authors: Razaqpur Ghani
Published: May 2021

A new carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) anchor is developed and tested to delay debonding in reinforced concrete (RC) beams externally strengthened with FRP laminate/sheet. The C-shape anchor is made from a commercially available CFRP grid. The anchors legs are 95 mm long while the spacing between the legs is adjustable, depending on FRP laminate and beam widths. Nine full scale RC beams, 3.0 m long, 250 mm wide and 400 mm deep, were strengthened with CFRP laminate/sheet, with and without the C-anchor. The main test parameters were the type and amount of FRP laminate and the presence/absence of the anchor. Test results showed that beams with the anchor had generally 5%–10% higher debonding and failure load, and they reached higher deflection at failure than the companion beams without anchors. Although complete separation of the FRP laminate from the concrete was not observed in any of the beams with anchors, there was noticeable slip at failure at one end of the laminate. A significant outcome of the study is that anchors are effective in limiting the extent of debonding along the laminate, thus contributing to the flexural stiffness of the beam by reducing the extent of cracking and limiting the crack width along the beam. Finally, the anchor allowed the FRP to reach or exceed its theoretically allowable strain computed based on the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 440 recommendation while in none of the beams without anchors, the FRP reached its theoretically allowable strain.