bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who Develops SJogren’s Syndrome?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Since Sjogren’s IS A SYNDROME and a disease, ascertaining how many people have it and elucidating its epidemiologic features have proven to be difficult undertakings. Although there are a variety of reasons for this, the most important is that an international consensus on how to define Sjogren’s has only recently been agreed upon. This chapter will review how many people have Sjogren’s and the principal identifying features of those individuals, as well as issues relating to genetic predisposition.
Generalized Symptoms and Signs of Sjogren’s Syndrome
Authors: Soloman Nehad R , Carsons MD Steven E
Published: November 2023

IT Has Been LONG realized that Sjogren’s syndrome is a complex disease, with the principal symptoms being dry eye and dry mouth. Over the course of many years it has been realized that there are a myriad of extraglandular symptoms encompassed by this disorder. These may include constitutional symptoms such as fatigue, achiness, fever, adenopathy (swollen glands), myalgias (muscle pain), and weight loss. Dryness in this disease is predominantly of the eyes and mouth, but it is not limited to these areas and commonly occurs in the skin, respiratory tract, and vaginal lining. Patients with Sjogren’s syndrome may also suffer from shortness of breath, cough, joint pain and swelling, rashes, reflux, muscle weakness, urinary dysfunction, peripheral or central nervous system disease, thyroid disease, and even depression. This chapter will provide a brief overview, with focus on the various extra glandular signs and symptoms associated with Sjogren’s syndrome (Table 6.1), whereas the next chapters will focus on specific organ manifestations.
Adjunctive Measures, Comorbidities, and Reproductive Issues in Sjogren’s
Authors: Solsky Marilyn , Weisman Michael H
Published: November 2023

Patients With Sjogren’S Syndrome are well aware of their symptoms of dry eye and dry mouth; however, Sjogren’s is a systemic illness, and patients need to be aware of certain risk factors and comorbidities that exist with this disease. Patients with Sjogren’s secondary to another rheumatic condition such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) need to be cognizant of the potential additional complications of these conditions.
Can I Work?
Authors: Hallegua David S
Published: November 2023

Sjogren’s Syndrome is known to cause eye and mouth dryness, fatigue, fever, joint pain, and muscle pain, but it also involves organs such as the lung, kidney, brain, and lymph glands. The severity of the illness varies widely; it can even be life-threatening and result in disability and inability to work. The mean age of a patient with Sjogren’s syndrome is around 55, which suggests that many of these patients may qualify for Medicare benefits and Social Security payments at age 65.
What Will Happen To Me?
Authors: Mavragani Clio P , Kassan MD Stuart S , Moutsopoulos Haralampos M
Published: November 2023

Sjogren’s Syndrome is a chronic disease without a cure. It’s a tough disease to live with day in and day out. However, many tools are available to Sjogren’s patients to help them live a long and productive life, as we have seen in previous chapters. No one can tell a patient what will happen to her or him over time, but we can talk about some of the potential complications. Sjogren’s is said to be a “lifestyle-threatening” but not life-threatening disease. In fact, although the symptoms of Sjogren’s syndrome, such as dry mouth and eyes, can negatively impact quality of life and are long-lasting, this disorder rarely completely incapacitates or shortens life span. In cases of secondary Sjogren’s syndrome, outcome is related to the underlying disorder. Complications from primary Sjogren’s syndrome can occur at various levels, depending on the organs involved.
Vocational Rehabilitation
Authors: Malec James F
Published: November 2023

Regional surveys of people with traumatic brain injury (TBI), family/significant others (Kolakowsky-Hayner et al., 2001; “A vision for the future: TBI town meetings 1994,” 1994) and the professional literature (Malec & Basford, 1996) identify employment services, along with service coordination and public awareness, as primary needs after significant TBI. Nonetheless, almost 20 years of data on vocational outcomes after TBI indicate that no more than 40% (and possibly less than 30%) of people with moderate to severe TBI obtain and maintain community- based employment (CBE) after their injuries. In contrast, reports on specialized programs and demonstration projects have reported marked improvement (over 70% of people served in CBE) over the historical benchmark of less than 40% in CBE.
Prologue
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

At 6:00 a.m. on April 17, 1961, a lone B-26 roared out of the dim light of the distant western horizon to challenge the Cuban brigade as it hurried to complete a night-time landing at Red Beach in southern Cuba. The pilot, one of Fidel Castro’s best, circled the Barbara J before zeroing in on the huge gunboat with rhythmic blasts of machine-gun fire that disabled two engines and almost sank it on a return assault. But those on board the ship returned the volleys with the steady hammer of BARs and machine guns, hitting the plane on its third pass and sending it down in a fiery crash beyond the dense mangrove trees and into the swamp.
Zapata
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

The Kennedy White House focused on Cuba within a week of taking office. Two days after the inauguration, the chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Lyman Lemnitzer, arrived at the State Department with a packet of measures aimed at overthrowing Castro, which he presented in a meeting of several advisers, including Dulles, Rusk, McNamara, Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles, and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. No one discussed a plan of action, except that Rusk mentioned the possibility of landing the exiles on the Isle of Pines below Havana. His colleagues, however, added a new twist to the proposal by emphasizing the necessity of direct U.S. military support.
Requiem
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

The morning after the invasion opened in ominous fashion for the brigade. At 4:00 a.m. Blue Beach underwent heavy artillery shelling near San Blas that thundered on throughout the day. In the meantime a brigade commander deepened the growing despair by erroneously reporting that four Russian MIG-15s had joined Castro’s T-33s and a dozen tanks in the assault. Those on the ground often mistook the identity of jets, resulting in several alleged MIG sightings. But this fear was not entirely unfounded. If not yet in the air, nearly two dozen MIGs sat on Castro’s airfields, still uncrated or not fully assembled while awaiting the imminent return of his pilots training in Czechoslovakia
Writing Resistance Village Attacks on Textual Monopolies in Eighteenth-Century Italy
Authors: Castiglione Caroline
Published: November 2023

In the winter of 1761-1762, Monsignor Dentice, emissary of the Papal Congregation of the Buon Governo, swept through the stato of Monte Libretti. For over half a century the Buon Governo had been trying to bring the communes subject to baronial jurisdiction under tighter fiscal control by the Congregation. Dentice hoped to audit the accounts of the six communal governments in the territory, but bookkeeping irregularities still abounded in the stato, nowhere more so than in the village of Monte Flavio. Dentice’s disillusioned report is strikingly similar to the one written by his predecessor in 1704, who had also noted the haphazard bookkeeping practices of the Monte Flavisti: “they do not keep books which are considered necessary for the administration of communal revenues [but rather] write confusedly: Income, Consiglio, Auditing, and other things without any order, and all of this on account of a lack of individuals capable of such a business.” The later eighteenth-century lord of the village agreed with all these bleak bureaucratic assessments. Giulio Cesare Barberini complained that the priors (the executive officers of the village) were “ignorant” and that there was a “universal incompetence” among all those eligible for public office in Monte Flavio. On really bad days he maligned the “crass ignorance” of the entire consiglio, whose membership he hoped to narrow to a more controllable group. Perhaps he hoped for a consiglio of the merely ignorant, rather than those crassly so? The nobleman’s exasperation is clearer than his plans for addressing the issue.
Prologue: Spring, 1917
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

Everywhere it was a time of waiting. Cold and despair gnawed at the peoples of the Old World, where the winter of 1916-17 clung cruelly, as apparently endless as the war that had gripped Europe since August 1914. Men had then gone eagerly to battle, expecting swift victory. But two and a half years of fighting had killed five million of them. Those still living waited wearily in the frigid early months of 1917, hoping for peace. Since the scything sweep of the German armies through Belgium and France had been stopped at the River Marne in September 1914, the Great War in Europe had settled into a grisly stalemate. Slanting from the Channel to the Swiss frontier, an unmovable line of battle had congealed across northern France.
Gender and Wilderness Conservation
Authors: Jarvis Kimberly A
Published: November 2023

On a cold September day in 1928, people gathered to dedicate the Franconia Notch Forest Reservation and Memorial Park to those who had served New Hampshire in times of war. In a cooperative effort by government and private groups, $400,000 had been raised from more than 15,000 contributors to purchase 6,000 forested acres on the western slopes of New Hampshire’s White Mountains, thereby saving the region from purchase by logging companies. The New Hampshire Federation of Women’s Clubs played a significant role in publicizing the Franconia Notch campaign and in its fundraising efforts. During the ceremony, Lula Morris, president of the New Hampshire Federation, noted that “it can be no secret that the New Hampshire Federation of Women’s Clubs played a very real and important part in the final act that made it possible to acquire these thousands of acres the women of New Hampshire did not fail their state.
Putting Wilderness in Context
Authors: Sutter Paul
Published: November 2023

The American wilderness idea, as previous chapters have suggested, has a deep, complex, and contested history. But what I call the modern wilderness idea—the notion that Americans ought to preserve “wilderness areas” as a distinct federal land designation, a policy made law with the passage of the Wilderness Act of 1964—had its origins during the interwar years.1 There were important threads from the national parks activism of the previous half century woven into interwar advocacy, but interwar activism was formative primarily because it led to the eventual statutory creation of a national wilderness system and because it produced many of the wilderness movement’s canonical figures, including Aldo Leopold and Bob Marshall. Yet to see the interwar era merely as a prelude to postwar passage of the Wilderness Act is to miss the fascinating context that drove the creation of the modern wilderness system. The central argument of this chapter, then, is that we need to appreciate not only that interwar activism was the foundation for postwar wilderness politics, but that interwar events and trends played a formative role in shaping the modern wilderness idea. We need to understand interwar wilderness thinking on its own terms.
The Confederate Retreat to Mars and Venus
Authors: Brown Thomas J
Published: November 2023

They are a study in the art of contrast. The marble statue to the fallen Confederate soldiers of South Carolina stands in front of the principal entrance to the state capitol (fig. 1). Leaning on his rifle as he looks directly down Main Street from a height of forty feet, he commands the precise point at which the channels of government and business power meet in Columbia. The bronze statue to the Confederate women of South Carolina sits diametrically across from the State House, about an equal distance from the building, in a chair on a low pedestal (fig. 2). With her back to the street, surrounded on three sides by shrubbery atop a restraining wall, she looks up from the Bible resting on her lap.
Oppositions: To the Crisis of 1836
Authors: Wilentz Sean
Published: November 2023

The sober constitutionalism of the GTU carried an important strain of radical artisan culture into the 1830s: like the earlier journeymen’s associations and freethinkers’ societies, the unions promoted a code of radical rectitude that would have taken their men out of the taverns, cockpits, and brothels and into committee rooms and lecture halls to combat their common enemies. Union procedures and rules captured this attitude only in part. For some unionists, moderate and radical, the cause required a complete transformation of character centered on temperance. Among the reasons Ely Moore cited in favor of a trade-union institute was that “it would induce (the journeymen] to forsake their accustomed places of re sort (where temptations too often beset them) ....”Of all the causes of poverty and ignorance other than low wages, John Commerford wrote, “there is none more preeminently conspicuous than that of alcohol.” Others claimed that “all talk of the hard heartedness of the employers [and] their mean maneuvers” would prove abortive “while we remain indifferent to the destroying effects of spiritous liquors.’’1 Against this thoroughgoing reformism, most journeymen (including the union rank and file) retained some loyalty to their usual haunts and pleasures. Even dedicated unionists saw nothing wrong with organizing their efforts in taverns and hotel bars, their customary meeting places. Nor did they necessarily object to drinking at work. As one immigrant cabinet maker recalled, his shop mates, union supporters all, automatically assumed that the right to drink went along with the right to control their own labor.
On Refusing to Begin
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: November 2023

what kind of text is The Claim of Reason?’ What does it ask of its readers, and what designs does it have upon them? Since any such designs can be effective only if those who encounter this text choose to stay with its orderings of words, we must first ask how it aims to elicit such a choice-how its opening encounter with its readers is designed to attract them. But where and how does this text conceive that its readers are to approach it? How are we to let this book teach us, this or anything? We might, provisionally, begin at the beginning.
Responses
Authors: Gavell Stanley
Published: November 2023

After a number of amiable questions, some fifteen years ago, concerning my path from the study of music to that of philosophy and how that path might have affected what I expected from philosophy and how I imagined a contribution I might have anticipated making to the field-fairly familiar issues to me by then, yet still ones I was happy enough to try to think through in response to new formulations of interest-an interviewer asked me whether in my contributions I felt the philosophy or the writing to come first in importance, or inspiration. I puzzled myself by falling quite silent, I might almost say shamed myself, since, according to my philosophical upbringing, to confess, or even to give the impression, that the way prose is written matters as much, or in the same way, as what it says or seeks to establish, compromises philosophy’s intellectual purity from the start, and at the same time claims something from writing that no standing field could be expected to ratify.
Cities and, Urban life
Authors: Benn Charles
Published: November 2023

The word for “city” in Chinese literally means “walls and markets,” an adequate if somewhat minimal definition of a traditional urban settlement. All cities in Tang China theoretically had ramparts and bazaars. Officially, according to the census of 754, there were 1,859 cities-321 prefectures and 1,538 counties-throughout the empire. The actual figure was somewhat smaller since prefectures were also the seats for some counties. A number of the prefectures and counties were located in poor backwaters that had neither the resources to afford nor the strategic value to justify the construction of outer walls. They also had populations too small to warrant labeling them “cities.” Those settlements had bamboo fences or palisades instead of walls.
Microcephaly And Early Brain Injury
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Growth delays are common in international adoptees at arrival to the United States (see Chapter 10). How ever, short stature and underweight are not as worrisome as microcephaly, a reflection of impaired brain growth. Microcephaly is common in newly arrived international adoptees (Table 12–1). Prenatal exposures, intrauterine growth retardation, birth injuries, environmental deprivation, malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and other factors all contribute to the prevalence of microcephaly in this population of children (see Chapters 2, 5–8, 10, and 11). These exposures affect brain size as well as function. Although microcephaly is a surrogate marker for early brain injury, not all normocephalic children escape exposures that adversely affect brain function. Conversely, some children with microcephaly appear to be functionally and cognitively intact.
School Issues
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

The prevalence of school problems among internationally adopted children is unknown. Most clinicians suspect an increased incidence of learning disabilities, behavior problems (such as attention– deficit hyperactivity disorder), language delays, auditory processing disorder (see Chapter 31), and other problems that impede school performance in this population of children. Genetic predisposition may contribute to these problems, exacerbated by preor postnatal exposures, stress, malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, toxic exposures, and other factors (see Chapters 5–8, 10–13, 24). Although some learning and behavior problems may appear prior to the school years, these issues are generally recognized after school entry. This chapter reviews the genetics of learning disabilities, intelligence, attentional regulation, and other factors that affect school competence and performance in internationally adopted children.
The Basics of the French Line
Authors: Hunter David
Published: November 2023

How Should We Approach a line of regular French verse? A good starting point for an exploration is that most famous of French meters, the alexandrine, which from the seventeenth century until the end of the nineteenth was widely used in every genre of verse. More than one third of the poems in the first five collections published by Verlaine (the French poet most frequently set to music) are in alexandrines, albeit not always regular ones.
Rhyme
Authors: Hunter David
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 4 we saw the importance of rhyme in delineating stanzas. In this chapter, I examine rhyme in more detail, as an element of verse in its own right. I then explore briefly the wider sound patterns that poets create in their works.
Free Verse
Authors: Hunter David
Published: November 2023

The “Vers Libre” OR free verse poems that first appeared in print in France in 1886, and were subsequently set to music by composers as different as Chausson, Fauré, and Poulenc, represented, as we shall see, a fundamental shift in thinking about French verse. However, many of the innovations of the vers libre can only be properly understood in the context of developments in verse practice that had been taking place since well before the end of the nineteenth century.
Historical Roots and Rationale of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)
Authors: Stone Arthur A , Shiffman Saul , Atienza, Audie A , Nebeling Linda
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the capture of real-time data referred to as Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) (Stone & Shiffman, 1994), which we hope sets the stage for the remainder of the book. We briefly define EMA, trace some of its historical antecedents, and discuss the core rationale for EMA methodology. Subsequent chapters deal in greater detail with specific aspects of EMA methods and present a wide array of studies using EMA to address substantive problems. EMA methods are characterized or defined by the repeated collection of real time data on participants’ momentary states in the natural environment.
The Analysis of Real-Time Momentary Data: A Practical Guide
Authors: Schwartz Joseph E , Stone Arthur A
Published: November 2023

Collecting real-time momentary data enables researchers to address a variety of questions, including some that are difficult, if not impossible, to address with traditional retrospective questionnaires. This chapter is intended to be a practical guide for analyzing real-time data. By necessity, it begins with a somewhat formal presentation of the general statistical model that is the basis for all of the subsequent analyses. The structure of momentary data is complex and, as might be expected, so are the analyses. The benefit of mastering the analytic concepts is the ability to address, with appropriate statistical techniques, numerous fascinating questions about daily life experience. Although the use of symbols and equations in the chapter may be intimidating, taking the time to decipher them will provide the necessary background for understanding the analyses. The symbols will take on concrete meaning as they are replaced with actual variables in the application sections of the chapter.
Prologue: why americanos?
Authors: Chasteen John Charles
Published: November 2023

Why AMERICANOS, without capitalization? Why América—as will be written here—with an accent mark? Americanos are, after all, simply the people of América. América is the same word in Spanish or Portuguese and English, one could say. And yet it isn’t. For Latin Americans, América has never been synonymous with the United States, nor are americanos simply Americans, and the distinction becomes important in the story told here. Therefore, in this book, América will be used to mean what we today call, in English, Latin America, including all the lands colonized by Spain and Portugal. The americanos in these pages are speakers of Spanish or Portuguese, not English.
Choices, 1776
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

The Canadian debacle brought about the Declaration of Independence. To be sure, Congress would have cut all ties with Great Britain sooner or later, but the military disasters at Quebec and along the St. Lawrence led it to make the break in July 1776.
“Knock Him Up For The Cam Paign”: The B Attle For New York, 1776
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Washington had inherited a difficult assignment in attempting to liberate Boston. He took on a nearly impossible mission in defending New York City against the British invasion.
Judge Tourgée and the Radical Civil War
Authors: Elliott Mark
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1902, a package arrived at the U.S. Consulate in Bordeaux, France, containing a complimentary volume of The Leopard’s Spots: A Romance of the White Man’s Burden, by Thomas Dixon, Jr. Walter Hines Page, the prominent publisher who had personally arranged for the publication of The Leopard’s Spots at Doubleday, Page, and Company, probably sent the volume believing that the American consul in Bordeaux would find the subject matter of great interest. If so, Page was not alone in this assumption.
A Radical Yankee in the Reconstruction South
Authors: Elliott Mark
Published: November 2023

While much of the Nation gave little thought to what might occur in the post-emancipation South, those who had championed abolitionism acted swiftly upon their own idea of the direction the new South must take. A veritable army of missionaries and schoolteachers followed in the wake of the Union army bringing with them a vision of “civilization” that distinctly smacked of the culture of New England. As early as 1862, the abolitionist-founded American Missionary Association had taken the lead in dispatching Northern teach-ers to the South to staff newly established freedmen’s schools. In St. Louis, in 1864, one observer was struck by the host of the energetic New England schoolteachers who suddenly descended upon the occupied city to establish “colored” schools and begin the work of making citizens out of slaves.
What Is Lupus?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

In simple terms, lupus erythematosus develops when the body becomes allergic to itself. Immunologically speaking, it is the opposite of what takes place in cancer or AIDS. In lupus, the body overreacts to an unknown stimulus and makes too many antibodies, or proteins directed against body tissue. Thus, lupus is called an autoimmune disease (auto meaning self).
The Impact of Lupus Upon the GI Tract and Liver
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

The largest organ system in our body is the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. If it were laid out on a floor, the area from the throat to the anus would extend for 40 feet. So it should come as no surprise that such an important part of the body can be involved in lupus. Actually, it is surprising that only limited portions of the gastrointestinal system are involved in the disease. This chapter will cover the relevant information for the lupus patient.
Lupus Through the Ages: Lupus in Children and the Elderly
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Lupus comes in many sizes, shapes, and varieties unique to the age of onset, the presence of a specific autoantibody, and the appearance of certain clinical features. Most SLE—some 85 percent—occurs in individuals between the ages of 20 and 60. Does the disease manifest itself differently in youth and differently in those of more advanced age? The answer is yes. Four distinct types of SLE have been described that represent the remaining 15 percent of patients with the disease: neonatal lupus, lupus in childhood, lupus in adolescence, and older-ageonset SLE.
Can a Woman with Lupus Have a Baby?
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Most women with SLE want to have children. This is certainly understandable, since 90 percent of patients with lupus are female and 90 percent develop the disease during their reproductive years. Unfortunately, many of my colleagues advise lupus patients not to become pregnant on the basis of incorrect or out- dated information. In addition, doctors are notorious for lacking a special sensitivity that is often needed when pregnancy is ill advised. The good news is that the overwhelming majority of lupus patients can have normal babies. On the other hand, there are circumstances when a pregnancy presents increased risks. This chapter attempts to confront and clarify misconceptions and notions often held by both patients and doctors.
Some Practical Solutions to Leadership Issues
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance
Published: November 2023

Even a rudimentary understanding of the stages of group formation helps reduce frustration for choral directors and enables them to work productively at every stage. Groups are dynamic entities; that is, they are constantly evolving. If directors view their choirs as static and unchanging, performance will decline over time. If directors view their choirs as too changeable to meet higher expectations—for example, inconsistent in attention or attendance—potential will be underrealized. Although general traits of a choir may remain fairly constant, there is an underlying process through which all groups pass, the understanding of which enables directors to make each stage as productive as possible.
Dental Functional Morphology: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable
Authors: Ungar Peter S
Published: November 2023

Begun (2004) recently wrote, “We will never be able to describe the behavior of fossils as if they were extant organisms” (497). This begs the question what can be known? In this chapter, I review the “knowns,” “unknowns,” and “unknowables” about reconstructing the diets of early hominins and other fossil primates through the study of their occlusal morphologies. The basic process involves the comparative method. If we can identify form-function relationships between teeth and diet in living primates, we can infer diet from the teeth of fossil forms. The Known Researchers have recognized for a long time that tooth form reflects function (e.g., Owen, 1840–1845). Gregory (1922) was among the earliest to study dental functional morphology in detail, suggesting that primate molar shape evolved to improve mechanical efficiency for chewing. Subsequent workers (Simpson, 1933; Crompton and Sita-Lumsden, 1970; Hiiemae and Kay, 1972) built on this idea and viewed teeth as guides for masticatory movements. Kay and Hiiemae (1974), for example, associated specific dental morphologies with specific chewing behaviors, noting that insectivorous primates have reciprocally concave blades well suited to shearing tough insect chitin between the leading edges of crown crests, whereas frugivore molars possess cusp tips oriented more parallel to the occlusal plane for crushing and grinding three-dimensional fruit flesh and seeds (fig. 4.1).
What Do We Know and Not Know about Dental Microwear and Diet?
Authors: Teaford Mark F
Published: November 2023

At first glance, in thinking about what we do and do not know about the evolution of human diet, it might seem impossible to truly know anything about it—that is until someone invents a time machine! However, paleontologists are, in many ways, like forensic scientists who travel through time. They must use any available clues to help decipher what went on eons ago. Only by considering the total range of evidence can we appreciate what is known, unknown, and unknowable about this complex topic. Unfortunately, much of that evidence is not direct evidence, in the sense of something visible on the bone or tooth, caused directly by something that happened during the individual’s lifetime. For instance, the relative size of certain bones may or may not be indicative of what an animal actually did, as the animal may have, for example, relatively long hindlimbs simply because its ancestors did. So, when looking through the evidence, paleontologists are constantly forced to evaluate their data, to see what they can, and cannot, say about the hypotheses being tested.
Theoretical and Actualistic Ecobotanical Perspectives on Early Hominin Diets and Paleoecology
Authors: Peters Charles R
Published: November 2023

Diet is one direct link between an animal and the multiple environments that it is surrounded by and in part creates (Andrewartha and Birch, 1984; Kuchka, 2001). It is reasonable to assume that the early hominin priority web for resources included potable water, plant foods, arboreal refuge, animal foods, and tool materials in a contingency hierarchy of critical functions (Peters and Blumenschine 1995, 1996). Ecobotanical perspectives are relevant to evaluating all of these resources. My focus is on Plio-Pleistocene hominins without controlled use of fire as a technology for food procurement and processing. Claims have been made for controlled use of fire by Plio-Pleistocene hominins (e.g., Clark and Harris, 1985; Brain and Sillen, 1988), but I will assume that technology was unavailable.
Preagricultural Diets and Evolutionary Health Promotion
Authors: Eaton S Boyd
Published: November 2023

Preagricultural Diets and Evolutionary Health Promotion During the past thirty years, health promotion advice, especially that involving nutrition, has been based primarily on epidemiological research findings. While not a paradigm in the Kuhnian sense (Kuhn, 1996), epidemiology has been by far the dominant force in the field of disease prevention. Grant funding, academic publications, official recommendations, conferences, and popular press accounts related to personal health all reflect an underlying faith that the epidemiological method will ultimately prevail. However, to “prevail” in health promotion terms means reducing the incidence and/or prevalence of targeted disease conditions and, viewed from this bottom-line perspective, epidemiology’s record has been unimpressive. Essential hypertension (Hajjar and Kotchen, 2003), diabetes mellitus (Mokdad et al., 2001), age-related fractures (Surgeon General, 2004), obesity (Flegal, Carroll, and Ogden, 2002), depression (Murphy et al., 2000), melanoma (Bevona and Sober, 2002), breast cancer (Clarke et al., 2002), and asthma (Mannino et al., 2002) all occur as, or more, frequently now than they did thirty years ago. The decline in myocardial infarction mortality has ceased (Willett, 2002), while the rate of congestive heart failure (now chiefly a consequence of atherosclerotic heart disease) has skyrocketed (Gheorghiade and Bonow, 1998).
Cognitive Techniques I: Cognitive Restructuring
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

After an assault, which is an extremely traumatic event, our thoughts and beliefs about ourselves and the world can undergo a drastic change. Often survivors believe that the world is extremely dangerous and that they are unworthy people who cannot cope. The goal of treatment is to help you evaluate your thoughts and beliefs about safety and your thoughts about yourself, and it is important to identify the unhelpful beliefs that make you feel distressed and prolong your PTSD symptoms.
The First Miracle Drugs
Authors: Lesch John E
Published: November 2023

In the decade from 1935-1945, while the Second World War raged in Europe, a new class of medicines capable of controlling bacterial infections launched a therapeutic revolution that continues today. The new medicines were not penicillin and antibiotics, but sulfonamides, or sulfa drugs. The sulfa drugs preceded penicillin by almost a decade, and during World War II they carried the main therapeutic burden in both military and civilian medicine. Their success stimulated a rapid expansion of research and production in the international pharmaceutical industry, raised expectations of medicine, and accelerated the appearance of new and powerful medicines based on research. The latter development created new regulatory dilemmas and unanticipated therapeutic problems. The sulfa drugs also proved extraordinarily fruitful as starting points for new drugs or classes of drugs, both for bacterial infections and for a number of important non-infectious diseases. This book examines this breakthrough in medicine, pharmacy, and science in three parts. Part I shows that an industrial research setting was crucial to the success of the revolution in therapeutics that emerged from medicinal chemistry. Part II shows how national differences shaped the reception of the sulfa drugs in Germany, France, Britain, and the United States. The author uses press coverage of the day to explore popular perceptions of the dramatic changes taking place in medicine. Part III documents the impact of the sulfa drugs on the American effort in World War II. It also shows how researchers came to an understanding of how the sulfa drugs worked, adding a new theoretical dimension to the science of pharmacology and at the same time providing a basis for the discovery of new medicinal drugs in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. A concluding chapter summarises the transforming impact of the sulfa drugs on twentieth-century medicine, tracing the therapeutic revolution from the initial breakthrough in the 1930s to the current search for effective treatments for AIDS and the new horizons opened up by the human genome project and stem cell research.
Ronald Reagan’s 100-D Ay Revolution
Authors: Troy Gil
Published: November 2023

Ronald Reagan’s “First Hundred Days “ have become central to the Reagan mythology. Supporters wistfully recall the “Reagan Revolution’s “ heady days, whereas critics mourn Reagan’s assault on Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal and Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society—both of which also benefited from a major inaugural push. In fact, Johnson and Reagan were following Roosevelt in starting their terms vigorously.
An Insider’s Lookat The Reagan Legacy
Authors: III Edwin Meese
Published: November 2023

In January of 1981, when Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as president, the United States was in the midst of serious trouble. In almost every area of public policy—the economy, energy, national security, our position of leadership in world affairs, crime, and drug abuse—major problems existed that had grown worse during the latter years of the 1970s.
Bright Lights, Doomed Cities: The Rise Or Fall Of New York City In The 1980s?
Authors: Cannato Vincent J
Published: November 2023

Sherman McCoy calls himself the “Master of the Universe.” And why not? Not yet 40 years old, he is making a million dollars a year as a bond trader on Wall Street, with all of the perks attending to his status—a Park Avenue co-op apartment, a devoted wife, a child in private school, and a mistress holed up in a rent-controlled love nest. McCoy is the prototypical “Yuppie” of the era, a benefi ciary of the Reagan boom that revived Wall Street. McCoy’s New York was one of prosperity and glitz. The city looks good from McCoy’s perch.
Intellectual affirmative action: How multiculturalism Became mandatory And Mainstream In Higher Education
Authors: Brilliant Mark
Published: November 2023

On June 28, 1978, a sharply divided United States Supreme Court ruled narrowly in favor of a limited application of affirmative action in higher education admissions. In the landmark case of University of California Regents v. Bakke, four justices concurred with enough of Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr.’s opinion to cobble together a razor thin one-vote majority on behalf of the “consideration of race and ethnic origin “ in admissions decisions. Doing so, the Court ruled, contributed to campus “diversity, “ which in turn met the requisite legal threshold of serving a “substantial interest “ on the part of the state.1
Parasites and Food Webs
Authors: Dobson Andy P , Lafferty Kevin D , Kuris Armand M
Published: November 2023

Every free-living species is host to a large diversity of parasitic species, the presence and influence of which have only recently received attention in studies of food webs. Initial studies of the St. Martin and Ythan food webs suggest that the consideration of parasites significantly changes the proportions of species at higher trophic levels; by definition the addition of parasites of top predators will lengthen the maximum lengths of food chains. However, until recently, the addition of parasites seems not to have had a major influence on levels of connectedness, nor on the scaling properties of food webs. Empirical long-term studies of the Serengeti illustrate the dramatic impact that a single pathogen may have on the long-term dynamics of food webs; ongoing comparative studies of salt marshes along the California coast illustrate that parasites may form a significant component of food-web biomass. Furthermore, parasites with complex (heteroxenic) life cycles have life-history stages that occupy a variety of different trophic positions in webs, these lead to complex long-loops in interactions between species that may considerably enhance the stability of food webs. We will conclude by examining how to include parasites into current theoretical models for food webs. In particular, we will examine whether the “niche model” may be scaled by metabolic rate, rather than body size, and examine how this affects our ability to organize species along a logical trophic-dynamic interaction spectrum.
The Golden Age,Part II: 1603-1625
Authors: Spring Matthew
Published: November 2023

True it is, I have lien long obscured from your sight, because I received a Kingly entertainment in a forraine climate ... yet I must tell you, as I have beene a stranger; so have I againe found strange entertainment since my returne; especially by the opposition of two sorts of people that shroude themselves under the title of Musitians. The first are some simple Cantors, or rncall singers, who though they seeme excellent in their blinde Division-making, are meerely ignorant, even in the first elements of Musicke, and also in the true order of the mutation of the Hexachord in the Systeme, (which hath ben apprmed by all the learned and skilfull men of Christendome, this 800 yeeres,) yet doe these fellowes give their verdict of me behinde my backe, and say, what I doe is after the old manner: but I will speake openly to them, and would have them know that the proudest Cantor of them, dares not oppose himselfe face to face against me. The second are young-men, professors of the Lute, who vaunt themselves, to the disparagement of such as have beene before their time, (wherein I my selfe am a party) that there never was the like of them.
Up From Eugenics
Authors: Dowbiggin Ian
Published: November 2023

The Great Depression of the 1930s was a dismal time for millions around the world. Yet to Marian Olden (1888–1981), a volunteer social worker and wife of a Princeton University professor, the Depression was the best of times for realizing her great goal in life. For Olden, the most pressing need in Depression-era America was the enactment of laws permitting the sterilization of people with mental disabilities, notably in her home state of New Jersey. By the mid-1930s, over thirty American states, two Canadian provinces, and numerous countries around the world had already passed comparable legislation.
A New League
Authors: Dowbiggin Ian
Published: November 2023

True to her indomitable nature, Marian Olden did not let her setback in the New Jersey legislature stop her. In 1943, hard on the heels of her failure to convince state representatives to enact an involuntary sterilization law, she and her allies formed a national, private, nonprofit organization called Birthright, Inc. Initially, Birthright was a tiny organization, desperately short of funds and headquartered in Olden’s home.
Life, Death, and the Family in Afro-American Slave Societies
Authors: Klein Herbert S , Ben Vinson III
Published: November 2023

The history of slavery in Latin America has been very much part of the history of European colonization and the development of American commodities for the European market. The distribution of the African slave population and their labor has been the theme stressed in this book up to this point. But this is only one part of the Afro-American experience, and in the following chapters the patterns of social, political, and cultural adjustments that the Africans were forced to make within this New World environment will be examined.
Transition from Slavery to Freedom
Authors: Klein Herbert S , Ben Vinson III
Published: November 2023

The Haitian revolution was but one manifestation of a growing attack on African slavery that had begun earlier in the 18th century. For the >rst time in western European history, there developed in many of the imperial and colonial societies associated with African slavery a popular abolitionist movement that challenged the very legitimacy of slavery. Though individuals had attacked slavery from its earliest development in the Americas, these were isolated voices, which never took on a mass following or signi>cantly changed accepted opinion. But at the beginning of the 18th century, an increasing number of influential philosophers and religious leaders began to challenge the legitimacy and morality of the institution.
Minnie the Moocher’s Revenge (JVC 2001)
Authors: Giddins Gary
Published: November 2023

Say this of JVC: the plot changes annually. It may look the same on paper, may list toward the same artists, suffer the same limitations, and capitulate to the same distractions, but George Wein’s flagship festival manages to take different turns each summer. If I am especially conscious of past vagaries, triumphs, subplots, and themes, contrived or otherwise, it is because midway through this edition, I realized that I had been reporting on the behemoth variously known as Newport–New York, Kool, and JVC for 30 years, and perused a few of my old reviews. Two seem most relevant: In 1991, the cast focused on under-40s and over-60s, leaving the boomers out in the cold, not for the last time; in 2000, every event paid its respects to the past. The current edition reversed both trends. Identifying bona fide boomer jazz heroes requires some precision. I refer to those who came into their own when we first started to listen, as opposed to those who, though slightly older or even younger, were already established parts of our inheritance. Dewey Redman, who turned 70 in May but had no national reputation until 1967, makes the cut; Phil Woods, who turns 70 in November but was a star long before 1960, does not. Boomer heroes (notably Redman, Wayne Shorter, Keith Jarrett, Jack DeJohnette, Chick Corea, Wayne Shorter, Michael Brecker, and did I mention Wayne Shorter?) accounted for most of the expectations and red orchestrations for strings by Johnny Mandel (stately) and Claus Ogerman (predictable), and Krall was often compelling, not least in her piano solos. Gladys Knight arrived half an hour late, but once she got going all was forgiven; except for an unnecessary guest saxophonist, her 90minute set—which included a vaudeville routine with her sole remaining Pip—was show business heaven. Yes, she could probably sing jazz, but her old material is so good she doesn’t need to.
Strictly Solalian (Martial Solal)
Authors: Giddins Gary
Published: November 2023

Probably the worst label one can stick on a jazz musician is Intellectual, a nebulous term that almost always serves as a warning: You may be expected to work—if you consider close listening work. The second most insidious label is Virtuoso, which is invariably smudged with special pleading. Combine the two and you are very likely left with an artist who requires rapt attention while compensating for emotional reserve with technical flair. You might well call it spinach and say the hell with it. But then your roughage may be Jack Daniel’s to me. At one time, Ahmad Jamal and Bill Evans were characterized as skillfully complex, usually to hold them at bay, yet each man attracted passionate followings that fermented into substantial popularity. Jamal usually keeps me at arm’s length, while Evans usually invites me in; it may be the opposite with you. Lennie Tristano is routinely described as cerebral, which once seemed tenable to me, yet now I find his Atlantic sessions flat-out thrilling. We could make this a parlor game, identifying undoubtedly brilliant musicians—Benny Carter, Lee Konitz, Herbie Nichols, Henry Threadgill—who remain alien to a broad audience.
Fine Style
Authors: Rarick Ethan
Published: November 2023

At 9:00 a.m. on Saturday, July 4, the Donners and the Reeds and some other families gathered near their campsite along Beaver Creek, a stream lined with box elder and willows. Brightly colored wildflowers poked through the grasses, and high red bluffs lined the little valley. There was no hurry to wash the breakfast dishes and hitch the teams, for they intended to stay in camp all day to celebrate the Fourth of July. Patriotic feelings ran high, for the country was at war. A few days after the wagon train left Independence, latecomers rode into camp bearing the latest St. Louis newspapers, which told of hostilities between American and Mexican troops on the Rio Grande. The news was no surprise. The year before, President Polk had acted on his campaign promise by annexing Texas, ostensibly an independent country but one that had been unrecognized by Mexico and coveted by the United States. Mexico and the United States still disputed the southern border of Texas, and it had been easy to see that the situation could lead to war, but that didn’t lessen the importance of the issue for Californiabound emigrants. California remained a part of Mexico, and now the United States and Mexico were at war.