bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: H3PO4/(CF3CO)2O Mediated Acylation Followed by Hurd—Mori Reaction: Synthesis of Novel 1,2,3‐Thiadiazol Derivatives.
Authors: Rajitha Chittipaka , Dubey P. K. , Sunku Venkataiah , Veeramaneni Venugopal Rao , Pal Manojit
Published: October 2013

Starting material (I) is prepared in a three step sequence starting from o‐nitrophenol.
ChemInform Abstract: Switching the Regioselectivity via Indium(III) and Gold(I) Catalysis: A Post‐Ugi Intramolecular Hydroarylation to Azepino‐ and Azocine‐[c,d]indolones.
Authors: Kumar Amit , Li Zhenghua , Sharma Sunil K. , Parmar Virinder S. , Van der Eycken Erik V.
Published: October 2013

The intramolecular hydroarylation of Ugi adducts (V) in the presence of an indium catalyst leads to azepinoindolones (VI), whilst azocineindolones (VII) are obtained using a gold catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,6‐Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid as Organocatalyst for the Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzodiazepines Through One‐Pot Reaction.
Authors: Lal Mohan , Basha R. Sidick , Sarkar Satavisha , Khan Abu T.
Published: October 2013

Title compounds such as (IV), (VI), and (VIII) are prepared via a three‐component reaction of o‐phenylenediamine (I), aromatic aldehydes and β‐ketoesters.
ChemInform Abstract: Transformations of Tetrahydro‐1,4‐benzoxazepines and Tetrahydro‐1,4‐benzothiazepines under the Action of Alkynes. First Example of the Synthesis of Tetrahydro‐1,4‐benzothiazonine‐6‐carboxylate.
Authors: Voskressensky L. G. , Akbulatov S. V. , Borisova T. N. , Kulikova L. N. , Listratova A. V. , Sorokina E. A. , Varlamov A. V.
Published: October 2013

A variety of tetrahydrobenzoxazepines and related‐thiazepines (X) are synthesized and subjected to reactions with activated alkynes in MeOH while the benzoxazepines suffer a ring cleavage at the N—C(5) bond [→ (XII)], benzothiazepine (Xd) undergoes an unprecedented thiazepine ring expansion furnishing a benzothiazonine (XIV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Condensed [1,2,3]Triazolo[5,1‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazepine Systems
Authors: Kalinina T. A. , Shatunova D. V. , Glukhareva T. V. , Morzherin Yu. Yu.
Published: October 2013

via Dimroth rearrangement of hydrazinothiadiazole (I) followed by cyclocondensation of intermediate 5‐mercaptotriazole with quinoline or pyrazole derivatives containing adjacent chlorine and formyl groups
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionally Substituted 1,2,4‐Selenadiazoles
Authors: Dotsenko V. V. , Frolov K. A. , Krivokolysko S. G.
Published: October 2013

by mild oxidation of cyanoselenoacetamides (I)
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Absorption Abilities of Pyrazolo[5,1‐c][1,2,4]triazine‐based Disperse Dyes.
Authors: Karci F. , Karci F.
Published: October 2013

The solvent and acid‐base effects on the wavelength of maximum absorption of the title compounds is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Derivatives by Ni(II)‐Catalyzed Reaction of Diethyl Malonate with Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Reznikov A. N. , Golovin E. V. , Klimochkin Yu. N.
Published: October 2013

Low‐cost and readily accessible Ni(II) complex catalysts are employed as key step in the enantioselective Michael addition leading finally to (3R)‐4‐amino‐3‐methylbutanoic acid (V) and R‐phenotropil (XIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Inhibition of Candida albicans Isocitrate Lyase Activity by Cadiolides and Synoilides from the Ascidian Synoicum sp.
Authors: Ahn Chan‐Hong , Won Tae Hyung , Kim Heegyu , Shin Jongheon , Oh Ki‐Bong
Published: October 2013

The cadiolide E (I), G (IIa), H (IIb), I (III), and synoilide A (IVa) and B (IVb) are isolated from title ascidian.
ChemInform Abstract: New Bioactive Dihydrofuranocoumarins from the Roots of the Tunisian Ferula lutea (Poir.) Maire.
Authors: Ben Salem Saoussen , Jabrane Aymen , Harzallah‐Skhiri Fethia , Ben Jannet Hichem
Published: October 2013

The 5‐hydroxyprantschimgin (Ia) and 5‐hydroxydeltoin (Ib) are isolated as inseparable isomers together with eight known compounds The mixture of the compounds (I) shows cytotoxic activity against the cancer cell lines HT‐29 and HCT 116 and antioxidant activity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Comprehensive Survey of Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing Nontraditional Ligand Chelation Motifs
Authors: Ladouceur Sebastien , Zysman‐Colman Eli
Published: October 2013

Review: structure—optoelectronic property relationships; 83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Methylidynetrisphosphonates: Promising C1 Building Block for the Design of Phosphate Mimetics
Authors: Romanenko Vadim D. , Kukhar Valery P.
Published: October 2013

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oximes of Seven‐Membered Heterocyclic Compounds Containing One Heteroatom
Authors: Abele E. , Abele R. , Golomba L. , Visnevska J. , Beresneva T. , Rubina K.
Published: October 2013

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfur Analogues of Fluorinated Pyrones, Chromones, and Coumarins
Authors: Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Ya.
Published: October 2013

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Angular Tricyclic Benzofurans and Related Natural Products of Fungal Origin. Isolation, Biological Activity and Synthesis
Authors: Simonetti Sebastian O. , Larghi Enrique L. , Bracca Andrea B. J. , Kaufman Teodoro S.
Published: October 2013

Review: 251 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cinchonine and Thiourea
Authors: Xi Yumeng , Shi Xiaodong
Published: October 2013

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Cyanoselenoacetamide
Authors: Dotsenko V. V. , Frolov K. A. , Krivokolysko S. G.
Published: October 2013

Review: 112 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Activation in Azide and Nitrene Chemistry: Methyl Azide, Phenyl Azide, Naphthyl Azides, Pyridyl Azides, Benzotriazoles, and Triazolopyridines
Authors: Wentrup Curt
Published: October 2013

Review: more than 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐(Acyloxy)benzotriazoles: Useful Reagents for the Regioselective Acylation of Diols
Authors: Wilkinson Brendan L.
Published: October 2013

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescent Distyrylbenzenes: Tailoring Molecular Structure and Crystalline Morphology
Authors: Gierschner Johannes , Park Soo Young
Published: October 2013

Review: 119 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Significance of Heterogeneous Catalysis. Supported Catalysts in Reaction Processes
Authors: Heutz Niels , Merz Klaus
Published: October 2013

Review: 9 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugates of Cyclooligosaccharide Scaffolds and Carbohydrate Ligands: Methods for Synthesis and the Interaction with Lectins
Authors: Titov D. V. , Gening M. L. , Tsvetkov Yu. E. , Nifantiev N. E.
Published: October 2013

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Influence of Magnetic Anisotropy on Current‐Induced Spindynamics
Authors: Lindner Juergen , Buergler Daniel E. , Mangin Stephane
Published: October 2013

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Graphene Oxide Protected Nucleic Acid Probes for Bioanalysis and Biomedicine
Authors: Cui Liang , Song Yanling , Ke Guoliang , Guan Zhichao , Zhang Huimin , Lin Ya , Huang Yishun , Zhu Zhi , Yang Chaoyong James
Published: October 2013

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Update View of Cisplatin Transport
Authors: Arensano Fabio , Losacco Maurizio , Natile Giovanni
Published: October 2013

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rise of the Selective Inhibitors of anti‐Apoptotic Bcl‐2 Family Proteins
Authors: Han Li , Wang Renxiao
Published: October 2013

Review: 11 refs.
Analysis of pressure fluctuations induced by multi‐horizontal submerged jets in the novel jet tank
Authors: Meng Huibo , Wang Yanfen , Yu Yanfang , Wang Zongyong , Wu Jianhua
Published: October 2013

By means of detrending moving average and rescaled range analysis, the multifractal characteristics of the pressure fluctuation rate series (PFRS) derived from instantaneous fluctuations signals (PFS) in circulating jet tank (CJT) were investigated and the criteria of different scales were established. The central parts of the probability density functions of PFRS were exponentially distributed, and the positive part decayed slower than the negative part. The existence of multifractal characteristics of PFRS under different circumferential angles had been confirmed by both the strong q‐dependence of generalised Hurst exponents and continuous wavelet decompositions. The high frequency Hurst exponents based on rescaled range analysis were all >0.66 with the changing Re, which presented that PFRS had the long‐range dependence and aperiodicity. The local fractal dimensions declined with the increasing scales and presented the same trend at different dimensionless radial positions r/R0. The decomposed fluctuation components at scale a = 1–4 had different local fractal dimensions which revealed that the fluid flow was more complicated. The fluctuation energy profiles of PFRS indicated that the instantaneous pressure fluctuations were dominated by the interaction between macro‐scale vortexes and liquid phase.
Paclitaxel resistance by random mutagenesis of α‐tubulin
Authors: Yin Shanghua , Zeng Changqing , Hari Malathi , Cabral Fernando
Published: October 2013

Many mammalian β‐tubulin mutations that confer paclitaxel resistance have been characterized, but little is currently known about the role of α‐tubulin mutations in drug resistance. Previous studies using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that α‐tubulin mutations occur with a frequency equal to β‐tubulin mutations among CHO cells selected for resistance to paclitaxel but the identities of those mutations are largely unknown. We have now sequenced the major α‐tubulin gene in several paclitaxel resistant CHO cell lines with lesions in genomic DNA and identified five mutations that predominately affect the amino terminal part of the protein. We also used random mutagenesis and transfection of α‐tubulin cDNA to select further paclitaxel resistant mutants in an effort to remove genomic constraints that may limit the diversity of mutations. This approach led to the identification of 16 additional mutations that were distributed throughout the α‐tubulin sequence. The mutations were confirmed as sufficient to confer resistance by site‐directed mutagenesis, and they acted by a mechanism that involved reductions in microtubule assembly. One mutation prevented the acetylation of α‐tubulin but otherwise produced a phenotype similar to the other mutations. A scan of the literature revealed that a significant number of drug resistance mutations overlap or lie close to lesions that have been reported in patients with brain disorders suggesting that alterations in microtubule assembly underlie both cellular resistance and developmental defects. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A lightweight key management scheme based on an Adelson‐Velskii and Landis tree and elliptic curve cryptography for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Boumerzoug Hayette , Amar Bensaber Boucif , Biskri Ismail
Published: October 2013

Wireless sensor networks are increasingly used in most varied fields such as environment, health, and military. Often, information transmitted on these networks requires encryption to maintain confidentiality, integrity, and non‐repudiation. But encryption techniques used to encrypt data on wired networks are not suitable for sensor networks that consist of small nodes equipped with limited resources. In this paper; we propose a security method for wireless sensor networks that provides good protection while taking into account the limited resources of the sensors. This method is based on an effective key management scheme with a minimum storage of keys. It is based on the combination and improvement of two approaches already proposed by the research community: cryptography based on elliptic curves and key management based on an Adelson‐Velskii and Landis tree. Compared with RECC ‘a routing‐driven elliptic curve cryptography based key management scheme for heterogeneous sensor networks’ and CECKM ‘high‐effect key management associated with secure data transmission approaches in sensor networks using a hierarchical‐based cluster elliptic curve key agreement’, two methods based on Diffie–Hellman elliptic curve cryptography method, our method reduces energy consumption, storage memory, and extends the lifetime of the sensor network. Our simulation results illustrate that our approach saves significant time and memory and reduces the number of exchanged packets during keys installation phase. Also, it requires fewer processing operations and maintains the scalability of the network. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 2013.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Oxidative Debris on Graphene Oxide Films
Authors: López‐Díaz David , Mercedes Velázquez Maria , Blanco de La Torre Santiago , Pérez‐Pisonero Ana , Trujillano Raquel , Fierro José Luis García , Claramunt Sergi , Cirera Albert
Published: October 2013

We study the effect of oxidative impurities on the properties of graphene oxide and on the graphene oxide Langmuir–Blodgett films (LB). The starting material was grupo Antolín nanofibers (GANF) and the oxidation process was a modified Hummers method to obtain highly oxidized graphene oxide. The purification procedure reported in this work eliminated oxidative impurities decreasing the thickness of the nanoplatelets. The purified material thus obtained presents an oxidation degree similar to that achieved by chemical reduction of the graphite oxide. The purified and non‐purified graphene oxides were deposited onto silicon by means of a Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) methodology. The morphology of the LB films was analyzed by field emission scanning microscopy (FE‐SEM) and micro‐Raman spectroscopy. Our results show that the LB films built by transferring Langmuir monolayers at the liquid‐expanded state of the purified material are constituted by close‐packed and non‐overlapped nanoplatelets. The isotherms of the Langmuir monolayer precursor of the LB films were interpreted according to the Volmer’s model.
Tube‐In‐Tube Reactor as a Useful Tool for Homo‐ and Heterogeneous Olefin Metathesis under Continuous Flow Mode
Authors: Skowerski Krzysztof , Czarnocki Stefan J. , Knapkiewicz Paweł
Published: October 2013

A tube‐in‐tube reactor was successfully applied in homo‐ and heterogeneous olefin metathesis reactions under continuous flow mode. It was shown that the efficient removal of ethylene facilitated by connection of the reactor with a vacuum pump significantly improves the outcome of metathesis reactions. The beneficial aspects of this approach are most apparent in reactions performed at low concentration, such as macrocyclization reactions. The established system allows achievement of both improved yield and selectivity, and is ideal for industrial applications.
A novel low power and high speed double edge explicit pulse triggered level converter flip‐flop
Authors: Razmdideh Ramin , Saneei Mohsen
Published: October 2013

One of the effective ways to reduce power consumption is using clustered voltage scaling technique. The level converter flip‐flop is needed to control static current when the block with Low Supply Voltage (VDDL) drives the block with High Supply Voltage (VDDH). One of the big challenges of design is that level converter flip‐flop has low power and high speed. In this paper, pulse triggered level converter flip‐flop and double edge pulse generator were proposed. This level converter flip‐flop used conditional data mapping technique for reducing power consumption. An explicit double edge pulse generator could be shared among several level converter flip‐flops so that power consumption would be reduced. Also, the number of stack transistor was reduced in the discharging path that causes delay decrease. The simulation results showed that the proposed flip‐flop reduced 20% of power consumption and 17% of delay in comparison with other flip‐flops at 50% data switching activity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel animal pole‐enriched maternal mRNAs are preferentially expressed in neural ectoderm
Authors: Grant Paaqua A. , Yan Bo , Johnson Michael A. , Johnson Diana L.E. , Moody Sally A.
Published: October 2013

Background: Many animals utilize maternal mRNAs to pre‐pattern the embryo before the onset of zygotic transcription. In Xenopus laevis, vegetal factors specify the germ line, endoderm, and dorsal axis, but there are few studies demonstrating roles for animal‐enriched maternal mRNAs. Therefore, we carried out a microarray analysis to identify novel maternal transcripts enriched in 8‐cell‐stage animal blastomeres. Results: We identified 39 mRNAs isolated from 8‐cell animal blastomeres that are >4‐fold enriched compared to vegetal pole mRNAs. We characterized 14 of these that are of unknown function. We validated the microarray results for 8/14 genes by qRT‐PCR and for 14/14 genes by in situ hybridization assays. Because no developmental functions are reported yet, we provide the expression patterns for each of the 14 genes. Each is expressed in the animal hemisphere of unfertilized eggs, 8‐cell animal blastomeres, and diffusely in blastula animal cap ectoderm, gastrula ectoderm and neural ectoderm, neural crest (and derivatives) and cranial placodes (and derivatives). They have varying later expression in some mesodermal and endodermal tissues in tail bud through larval stages. Conclusions: Novel animal‐enriched maternal mRNAs are preferentially expressed in ectodermal derivatives, particularly neural ectoderm. However, they are later expressed in derivatives of other germ layers. Developmental Dynamics 243:478–496, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Online SOC Estimation of Battery for Wireless Tramcar
Authors: Miyamoto Hiroyuki , Morimoto Masayuki , Morita Katsuaki
Published: October 2013

Wireless tramcars (battery‐driven tramcars) are developing to the actual application stage. The most important information to be considered while operating a wireless tramcar is the state of charge (SOC) of the battery. The purpose of this study is to develop an online method for SOC estimation. This method employs a new equivalent circuit of a lithium‐ion battery. SOC estimation using a conventional equivalent circuit results in a large error during fast current transients. In order to improve the accuracy of the estimation, we propose a new equivalent circuit of a lithium‐ion battery. Because the parameters of the proposed equivalent circuit depend on temperature, we propose a new method for SOC estimation in which the temperature estimation is taken into account. This method requires only instantaneous values of the voltage and current, and therefore no temperature measurement is required.

Experimental results show that the accuracy of the proposed method is significantly improved when the temperature is taken into account. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(2): 83–89, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21174
Static and Dynamic Characteristic Models of Global Solar Radiation Fluctuation in the Scope of Load Frequency Control
Authors: Akatsuka Motoki , Hara Ryoichi , Kita Hiroyuki , Takitani Katsuyuki , Saito Masami
Published: October 2013

Penetration of photovoltaic (PV) generation system into the power system may have some negative effects on stable operations of the power system; for example, on frequency control. Therefore, investigation of the short‐term fluctuations of PV generation is important as a precaution for further PV penetration. Since PV generation is approximately proportional to the incident solar radiation, this paper develops static and dynamic characteristic models for short‐term fluctuations of global solar radiation. The static characteristic model is a set of standard deviations which have been statistically estimated based on past observed data. The dynamic characteristic model consists of autoregressive models which are designed for actually observed time‐sequential short‐term fluctuation data. In both models, the clearness index is used to eliminate seasonal variation of solar radiation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(2): 10–20, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22469
Reduction in Ripple Current and Self‐Inductance by Using Electromagnetic Coupling of Reactor
Authors: Nakamura Takayuki , Taguchi Yoshiaki , Ogasa Masamichi
Published: October 2013

To produce DC current by using a multiphase reversible chopper, smoothing reactors are needed. When smoothing reactors are employed, the chopper device becomes large and heavy, especially if electromagnetic interference is avoided.

The reduction in the ripple current by electromagnetic coupling contributes to making the chopper device smaller and lighter. We deduced the relationships among the ripple current amplitude, duty factor, and electromagnetic coupling coefficient. To determine the loss and gain, we introduced the ratio of the amplitude of the ripple current in each phase and in the total combined current of the multiphase chopper system to that of the ripple current in a one‐phase chopper, Aph, Asum, respectively. This value indicates the reduction not only in the ripple current amplitude but also in the self‐inductance. The minimum value of the above‐mentioned ratio obtained analytically is accurately determined. We derived the minimum values and obtained the range within which reduction of the ripple current amplitude for both each phase and total combined is achieved. Finally, we applied an optimal electromagnetic coupling coefficient to the design of on‐board reactors of electric railway vehicles. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(2): 68–82, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22480
Demand–Supply Balancing Capability Analysis for a Future Power System
Authors: Ogimoto Kazuhiko , Kataoka Kazuto , Ikegami Takashi , Nonaka Shunsuke , Azuma Hitoshi , Fukutome Suguru
Published: October 2013

Under the anticipated high penetration of variable renewable energy generation such as photovoltaics and higher share of nuclear generation, the issue of supply–demand balancing capability should be evaluated and fixed in a future power system. Improvement of existing balancing measures and new technologies such as demand activation and energy storage are expected to solve the issue. In this situation, a long‐range power system supply–demand analysis should have the capability to evaluate the balancing capability and balancing countermeasures. This paper presents a new analysis methodology of activated demand model and evaluation of supply–demand balancing capability for a long‐range power system demand–supply analysis model, ESPRIT. Model analysis was made to verify the new methodology of the tool including day‐ahead scheduling of a heat pump water heater, an EV/PHEV, and a battery. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(2): 21–30, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22488
A simple, one‐tube assay for the simultaneous detection and diagnosis of ten Australian poultry Eimeria
Authors: Godwin Rosamond M. , Morgan Jess A. T.
Published: October 2013

Coccidiosis is a costly worldwide enteric disease of chickens caused by parasites of the genus Eimeria. At present, there are seven described species that occur globally and a further three undescribed, operational taxonomic units (OTUs X, Y, and Z) that are known to infect chickens from Australia. Species of Eimeria have both overlapping morphology and pathology and frequently occur as mixed‐species infections. This makes definitive diagnosis with currently available tests difficult and, to date, there is no test for the detection of the three OTUs. This paper describes the development of a PCR‐based assay that is capable of detecting all ten species of Eimeria, including OTUs X, Y, and Z in field samples. The assay is based on a single set of generic primers that amplifies a single diagnostic fragment from the mitochondrial genome of each species. This one‐tube assay is simple, low‐cost, and has the capacity to be high throughput. It will therefore be of great benefit to the poultry industry for Eimeria detection and control, and the confirmation of identity and purity of vaccine strains.
Proteomic identification of p38 MAP kinase substrates using in vitro phosphorylation
Authors: Iida Naoyuki , Fujita Masayuki , Miyazawa Kohtaro , Kobayashi Michimoto , Hattori Seisuke
Published: October 2013

Protein phosphorylation is a major mechanism that regulates many basic cellular processes. Identification and characterization of substrates for a given protein kinase can lead to a better understanding of signal transduction pathways. However, it is still difficult to efficiently identify substrates for protein kinases. Here, we propose an integrated proteomic approach consisting of in vitro dephosphorylation and phosphorylation, phosphoprotein enrichment, and 2D‐DIGE. Phosphatase treatment significantly reduced the complexity of the phosphoproteome, which enabled us to efficiently identify the substrates. We employed p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAP kinase) as a model kinase and identified 23 novel candidate substrates for this kinase. Seven selected candidates were phosphorylated by p38 MAP kinase in vitro and in p38 MAP kinase‐activated cells. This proteomic approach can be applied to any protein kinase, allowing global identification of novel substrates.
Olfactory ensheathing cells, but not schwann cells, proliferate and migrate extensively within moderately X‐Irradiated juvenile rat brain
Authors: Lankford Karen L. , Brown Robert J. , Sasaki Masanori , Kocsis Jeffery D.
Published: October 2013

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and Schwann cells (SCs) share many characteristics, including the ability to promote neuronal repair when transplanted directly into spinal cord lesions, but poor survival and migration when transplanted into intact adult spinal cord. Interestingly, transplanted OECs, but not SCs, migrate extensively within the X‐irradiated (40 Gy) adult rat spinal cord, suggesting distinct responses to environmental cues [Lankford et al., (2008) GLIA 56:1664–1678]. In this study, GFP‐expressing OECs and SCs were transplanted into juvenile rat brains (hippocampus) subjected to a moderate radiation dose (16 Gy). As in the adult spinal cord, OECs, but not SCs, migrated extensively within the irradiated juvenile rat brain. Unbiased stereology revealed that the number of OECs observed within irradiated rat brains three weeks after transplantation was as much as 20 times greater than the number of cells transplanted, and the cells distributed extensively within the brain. In conjunction with the OEC dispersion, the number of activated microglia in OEC‐transplanted irradiated brains was reduced. Unlike in the intact adult spinal cord, both OECs and SCs showed some, but limited, migration within nonirradiated rat brains, suggesting that the developing brain may be a more permissive environment for cell migration than the adult CNS. These results show that OECs display unique migratory, proliferative, and microglia interaction properties as compared with SCs when transplanted into the moderately X‐irradiated brain. GLIA 2013;62:52–63
Is genotype 3 of the hepatitis C virus the new villain?
Authors: Goossens Nicolas , Negro Francesco
Published: October 2013

Genotype 3 of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been long considered an easy-to-treat infection, with higher cure rates (˜70%) than other viral genotypes with the standard combination of pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin. However, the relative insensitivity of this genotype to most protease inhibitors and the recent unexpected data on decreased effectiveness of sofosbuvir have raised questions on how to achieve universal cure, a goal that seems reasonable for other genotypes. In addition, increasing clinical and experimental data show that HCV genotype 3 may be associated not only with severe steatosis, but also with accelerated fibrosis progression rate and increased oncogenesis. Conclusion: Currently available data suggest that we should increase our efforts to understand the virology and pathogenesis of HCV genotype 3, aiming at better and more potent, genotype-targeted treatments. (Hepatology 2014;59:2403–2412)
Interleukin 1 beta gene and risk of schizophrenia: detailed case–control and family‐based studies and an updated meta‐analysis
Authors: Shibuya Masako , Watanabe Yuichiro , Nunokawa Ayako , Egawa Jun , Kaneko Naoshi , Igeta Hirofumi , Someya Toshiyuki
Published: October 2013

Objective

Interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. To assess whether the IL1B gene confers increased susceptibility to schizophrenia, we conducted case–control and family‐based studies and an updated meta‐analysis.

Methods

We tested the association between IL1B and schizophrenia in 1229 case–control and 112 trio samples using 12 markers, including common tagging single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and a rare non‐synonymous variation detected by resequencing the coding regions. We also performed a meta‐analysis of rs16944 using a total of 8724 case–control and 201 trio samples from 16 independent populations.

Results

We found no significant associations between any of the 12 SNVs examined and schizophrenia in either case–control or trio samples. Moreover, our meta‐analysis results showed no significant association between the common SNV, rs16944, and schizophrenia.

Conclusions

The present study does not support a role for IL1B in schizophrenia susceptibility. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impacts of climate variability on water quality with best management practices in sub‐tropical climate of USA
Authors: Jayakody Priyantha , Parajuli Prem B. , Cathcart Thomas P.
Published: October 2013

Efficiency of non‐point source pollution control methods may be altered in future climate. This study investigated climate change impacts on sediment and nutrient transport, and efficiency of best management practices (BMPs), in the Upper Pearl River Watershed (UPRW) in Mississippi. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool was applied to the UPRW using observed flow, sediment and nutrient data. Water quality samples were collected at three US geological survey gauging stations. The model was successfully calibrated and validated for daily time steps (Nash Sutcliffe efficiency and coefficient of determination – R2 up to 0.7) using manual and automatic (sequential uncertainty fitting version 2) methods from February 2010 to May 2011. Future weather scenarios were simulated using the LARS‐WG model, a stochastic weather generator, with Community Climate System Model, global climate model, which was developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research in the USA. On the basis of the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A1B, A2 and B1 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, climate change scenarios were simulated for the mid (2046–2065) and late (2080–2099) century. Effectiveness of four BMPs (Riparian buffer, stream fencing, sub‐surface manure applications and vegetative filter strips) on reducing sediment and nutrient were evaluated in current and future climate conditions. Results show that sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus loadings will be increased up to a maximum of 26.3%, 7.3% and 14.3%, respectively, in future climate conditions. Furthermore, the effectiveness of BMPs on sediment removal will be reduced in future climate conditions, and the efficiency of nitrogen removal will be increased, whereas phosphorus removal efficiency will remain unchanged. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Borrelidin has limited anti‐cancer effects in bcl‐2 overexpressing breast cancer and leukemia cells and reveals toxicity in non‐malignant breast epithelial cells
Authors: Gafiuc Diana , Weiß Marlene , Mylonas Ioannis , Brüning Ansgar
Published: October 2013

Clinically effective anti‐cancer drugs have to tread a narrow line between selective cytotoxicity on tumor cells and tolerable adverse effects against healthy tissues. This causes the failure of many potential cancer drugs in advanced clinical trials, hence signifying the importance of a comprehensive initial estimate of the cytotoxicity of prospective anti‐cancer drugs in preclinical studies. In this study, the cytotoxicity of borrelidin, a macrolide antibiotic with a high cytotoxic selectivity for proliferating endothelial cells and leukemia cells, was tested on malignant and non‐malignant breast cells. Highly metastatic breast cancer cell lines (MDA‐MB‐231 and MDA‐MB‐435) showed promising results and exhibited good sensitivity to borrelidin at low nanomolar concentrations, but borrelidin was cytotoxic to a non‐malignant breast epithelial cell line (MCF10A) as well. Furthermore, although a high sensitivity of endothelial cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells; HUVEC) and individual leukemia cell lines (Jurkat and IM9) to borrelidin was confirmed in this study, another leukemia cell line (HL60) and an immortalized endothelial cell line (EA.hy926) displayed a significantly decreased sensitivity. Reduced sensitivity to borrelidin was associated with elevated bcl‐2 expression in these cell lines. In conclusion, the results presented show that borrelidin displays high and selective cytotoxicity against subgroups of cancer cells and endothelial cells, but, owing to its non‐specific toxicity to non‐malignant cells, its clinical application might be restricted because of likely adverse effects and limited efficacy in bcl2‐overexpressing cancer cells. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The in vivo evaluation of tissue‐based biomaterials in a rat full‐thickness abdominal wall defect model
Authors: Bryan Nicholas , Ahswin Helen , Smart Neil , Bayon Yves , Wohlert Stephen , Hunt John A.
Published: October 2013

Hernias are defects in which an anatomical fascia is breached resulting in ectopic positioning of an organ into an orifice which routinely does not contain it. Intervention often involves repositioning translocated organs and repair of damaged fascia using exogenous grafts. Despite hernia prevalence, repairs can still fail due to postoperative complications, such as chronic pain and decreased mobility. This study compared repair capacities and characterized the foreign body response elicited by a number of hernia repair grafts to deduce their bulk inflammatory properties while also concluding the point in their fabrication when these are inferred. Materials derived from human dermis (Alloderm®), porcine dermis (Permacol™, patch A, patch D and Strattice®), porcine small‐intestinal submucosa (Surgisis™) and a synthetic (multifilament Surgipro™) were implanted into a rat full‐thickness abdominal wall excision model, incubated for up to 2 years and characterized histopathologically. Surgisis™ resorbed the fastest of the materials tested (1–3 months) resulting in a mechanically stable parietal peritoneum. Decellularization using sodium dodecyl sulfate (patch A) stimulated a large early inflammatory response which ultimately may have contributed to increased resorption of porcine dermal matrix however the remaining materials typically persisted throughout the 2‐year incubation. Cross‐linking porcine dermis using 1,6‐hexamethylene disocyanate (vs. an identical noncross‐linked counterpart) showed no difference in cell recruitment or material integration over 2 years. Typically Strattice® and Alloderm® recruited larger early populations of cells than Permacol™; however, over extended periods of time in vivo this response normalized. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 709–720, 2014.
Impact of virus clearance for the development of hemorrhagic stroke in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Arase Yasuji , Kobayashi Mariko , Kawamura Yusuke , Suzuki Fumitaka , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Akuta Norio , Kobayashi Masahiro , Sezaki Hitomi , Saito Satoshi , Hosaka Tetsuya , Ikeda Kenji , Kumada Hiromitsu , Kobayashi Tetsuro
Published: October 2013

The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to assess the cumulative incidence and predictive factors for intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke after the termination of interferon (IFN) therapy in Japanese patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV). A total of 4,649 HCV‐positive patients treated with IFN were enrolled. The primary goal is the first onset of intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke. The mean observation period was 8.0 years. Evaluation was performed using the Kaplan–Meier method and the Cox proportional hazard model. A P‐value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 28 developed intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke. The cumulative incidence of intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke was 0.3% at 5 years, 0.8% at 10 years, and 1.7% at 15 years. Intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke occurred when patients had age increments of 10 years (hazard ratio: 2.77; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.48–5.18; P = 0.001), hypertension (hazard ratio: 2.30; 95% CI 1.09–4.83; P = 0.021), liver cirrhosis (hazard ratio: 4.50; 95% CI 2.07–9.78; P < 0.001), and HCV non‐clearance (hazard ratio: 3.22; 95% CI 1.22–8.53; P = 0.018). On the intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke based on the difference of liver fibrosis and efficacy of IFN therapy, HCV clearance reduced to 24.3% (1/4.11) compared to HCV non‐clearance in cirrhotic patients (P = 0.040). In conclusion, HCV clearance reduced the development of intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke. In particular, HCV clearance reduced intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke to about one‐fourth in cirrhotic patients. J. Med. Virol. 86:169–175, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetics of 25‐hydroperoxycholesterol formation during photo‐oxidation of crystalline cholesterol
Authors: Medina‐Meza Ilce Gabriela , Rodriguez‐Estrada Maria Teresa , Lercker Giovanni , Barnaba Carlo , García Hugo Sergio
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

25‐Hydroxycholesterol (25‐OH), a side‐chain product of cholesterol oxidation, has emerged as one of the important issues in food chemistry and biochemistry, because of its involvement in several human pathologies. This oxysterol is derived from both enzymatic and non‐enzymatic pathways. However, the latter mechanism has been scarcely studied in either food or model systems. In this work, a kinetic model was developed to evaluate the formation of 25‐OH and its precursor 25‐hydroperoxycholesterol (25‐OOH) during photo‐oxidation of cholesterol for 28 days under fluorescent light. 25‐OOH was estimated by an indirect method, using thin‐layer chromatography coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

Peroxide value (POV) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) were determined. POV showed a hyperbolic behavior, typical of a crystalline system in which the availability of cholesterol is the limiting factor. Further reactions of hydroperoxides were followed; in particular, after photo‐oxidation, 25‐OOH (0.55 mg g−1) and 25‐OH (0.08 mg g−1) were found in cholesterol, as well as seven other oxysterols, including 7‐hydroxy and 5,6‐epoxy derivatives. The application of kinetic models to the data showed good correlation with theoretical values, allowing derivation of the kinetic parameters for each oxidation route.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this work confirm that cholesterol in the crystalline state involves different oxidation patterns as compared to cholesterol in solution. Moreover, the numerical fit proved that hydroperoxidation is the rate‐limiting step in 25‐OH formation. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of extraction solvents and plant parts used on the antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects ofGarcinia atroviridis: a comparative study
Authors: Al‐Mansoub Majed Ahmed , Asmawi Mohd. Zaini , Murugaiyah Vikneswaran
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Garcinia atroviridisis a seasonal fruit plant found in many parts of South East Asia. The fruit rind is used in cooking and traditionally consumed for various reasons, including to lower blood cholesterol. A comparative study was undertaken to investigate the influence of extraction solvents and plant parts used on the lipid‐lowering and antioxidant activities ofGarcinia atroviridis.

RESULTS

Aqueous extracts showed better antihyperlipidemic activity than the methanol extracts. Aqueous extract of ripe fruit showed the most potent antihyperlipidemic activity, comparable to that of atorvastatin. It significantly reduced the total cholesterol (P< 0.05), triglycerides (P< 0.01), low‐density lipoprotein (P< 0.01), very‐low‐density lipoprotein (P< 0.01) and atherogenic index (P< 0.01). In contrast, antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of all parts ofG. atroviridiswere higher than their respective aqueous extracts, whereby the stem and leaves extracts showed better antioxidant activities than the fruits.

CONCLUSION

Aqueous and methanol extracts ofG. atroviridisshowed higher antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects, respectively. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents showed significant correlations with antioxidant but not with antihyperlipidemic activities, indicating the involvement of other compounds. Contrary to the traditional belief, the present findings suggest that the fruit has higher antihyperlipidemic potential than the fruit rind. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
How the Soil Moves Upward in the Olive Orchards of NW Syria: Sustainability Analysis of a Local Innovation
Authors: Colen Liesbeth , Turkelboom Francis , Van Steenwinkel Sarah , Al Ahmed Kasem , Deckers Jozef , Poesen Jean
Published: October 2013

This paper analyses a local innovation in response to intense soil degradation in olive orchards of north‐west Syria. Farmers developed a practice consisting of quarrying red clayey soil in valley bottoms and applying this soil to hillslope olive orchards with heavily degraded calcareous soils. A biophysical, economic and social analysis of the practice of soil application identified the opportunities and risks of this innovative soil management technique. On the basis of a pairwise comparison of nine adjacent treated and nontreated orchard plots, soil applications were found to increase soil depth by 36%, soil water availability by 28% and total available soil nutrients: potassium (+45%), nitrogen (+12%) and phosphorus (+6%). Olive yield increased by about 40%. A cost–benefit analysis found this practice to be economically viable within a large geographical area, and farmers scored the practice higher than alternative methods. A socio‐economic analysis revealed its widespread adoption among different farmer types. The positive results of soil applications at the farm level explain its fast adoption. However, potential risks – including the further depletion of soil resources and the transfer of soil‐borne diseases – limit the long‐term sustainability of this locally developed practice. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative three‐dimensional assessment of port‐wine stain clearance after laser treatments
Authors: Frigerio Alice , Bhama Prabhat K. , Tan Oon T.
Published: October 2013

Background and Objective

Outcomes analysis of laser treatment for port‐wine stains has been hampered by the lack of an objective measure of surface area and volume; moreover, treatment success is often gauged by clinician subjective assessment. Three‐dimensional (3D) surface imaging has been applied in several medical disciplines to quantify surface changes, with promising results. We hypothesized that 3D surface imaging could be used to objectively measure changes in area and volume of port‐wine stains following laser treatment.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

We performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients with port‐wine stains treated over a 20‐month time period. Area and volume of the lesions were measured using 3dMD photogrammetric software (3dMD, Atlanta, GA) before and after a series of sequential pulsed dye laser and/or alexandrite laser treatments.

Results

Fifty‐five patients with 59 port‐wine stains were included in the study. The initial average measured area was 44.3 cm2; final average measured area decreased to 36.9 cm2 (P < 0.001). The average volume change was 1.20 cc for all PWS included in the study and 1.90 cc for lesions that received at least 5 laser treatments within the study period.

Conclusion

Three‐dimensional photography demonstrated area and volume changes in patients with port‐wine stains after laser treatments. Future studies to determine if statistically significant changes correlate with clinically appreciable changes are warranted. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:180–185, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo, high‐resolution, three‐dimensional imaging of port wine stain microvasculature in human skin
Authors: Liu Gangjun , Jia Wangcun , Nelson J. Stuart , Chen Zhongping
Published: October 2013

Background and Objectives

Port‐wine stain (PWS) is a congenital, progressive vascular malformation of the dermis. The use of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for the characterization of blood vessels in PWS skin has been demonstrated by several groups. In the past few years, advances in OCT technology have greatly increased imaging speed. Sophisticated numerical algorithms have improved the sensitivity of Doppler OCT dramatically. These improvements have enabled the noninvasive, high‐resolution, three‐dimensional functional imaging of PWS skin. Here, we demonstrate high‐resolution, three‐dimensional, microvasculature imaging of PWS and normal skin using Doppler OCT technique.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The OCT system uses a swept source laser which has a central wavelength of 1,310 nm, an A‐line rate of 50 kHz and a total average power of 16 mW. The system uses a handheld imaging probe and has an axial resolution of 9.3 µm in air and a lateral resolution of approximately 15 µm. Images were acquired from PWS subjects at the Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic. Microvasculature of the PWS skin and normal skin were obtained from the PWS subject.

Results

High‐resolution, three‐dimensional microvasculature of PWS and normal skin were obtained. Many enlarged PWS vessels are detected in the dermis down to 1.0 mm below the PWS skin surface. In one subject, the blood vessel diameters range from 40 to 90 µm at the epidermal–dermal junction and increase up to 300–500 µm at deeper regions 700–1,000 µm below skin surface. The blood vessels close to the epidermal–dermal junction are more uniform, in terms of diameter. The more tortuous and dilated PWS blood vessels are located at deeper regions 600–1,000 µm below the skin surface. In another subject example, the PWS skin blood vessels are dilated at very superficial layers at a depth less than 500 µm below the skin surface. The PWS skin vessel diameters range from 60 to 650 µm, with most vessels having a diameter of around 200 µm.

Conclusions

OCT can be used to quantitatively image in vivo skin micro‐vasculature. Analysis of the PWS and normal skin blood vessels were performed and the results can provide quantitative information to optimize laser treatment on an individual patient basis. Lasers Surg. Med. 45:628–632, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.