bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Text messages reduce memory failures in adults with brain injury: A single-case experimental design
Authors: Cruz Gabriela , Petrie Susan , Goudie Nicola , Kersel Denyse , Evans Jonathan
Published: April 2016

Introduction

This study evaluated the efficacy of a low-cost reminder system to support prospective memory after traumatic brain injury and identified factors that contributed to the outcome.

Method

Two single-case experimental designs with multiple baselines across activities are described. Participants presented moderate-to-severe cognitive impairments in one case and post-concussion syndrome in the other. Both reported memory problems in everyday activities. Target activities were selected using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Participants were taught how to send reminders through Google Calendar to their mobile phones.

Results

The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure showed improved self-perception of performance and satisfaction levels. Using non-overlap of all pairs statistical analysis, most, but not all, target activities showed statistically significant improvement, with non-overlap ranging from 47% to 98%. Adjustments in the use of the reminders based on each participant’s activities and cognitive abilities were required in order to maximise the benefits.

Conclusion

The reminder system was effective in increasing the frequency of completion of routine activities of daily living. To increase the effectiveness of ubiquitous technology in supporting cognition after brain injury, several factors co-existing with cognitive problems should be taken into account.
Champions of an Older Adult Exercise Program: Believers, Promoters, and Recruiters
Authors: Miyawaki Christina E. , Belza Basia , Kohn Marlana J. , Petrescu-Prahova Miruna
Published: April 2016

Champions, who support, market, and promote programs, are a vital part of successful program adoption, implementation, and maintenance. Enhance®Fitness (EF) is an evidence-based, community-delivered group exercise program for older adults. Using semistructured phone interviews with 20 participants, 17 instructors, and 15 staff, we explored the roles of champions in adopting, implementing, and maintaining EF at YMCA-affiliated sites. Interviews revealed EF champions play critical roles in program dissemination. Champions are outgoing, passionate, and enthusiastic about EF. They believe in the program and its benefits (believers), are “walking advertisements” (promoters), and have magnetic personalities, persuading newcomers to join (recruiters). EF champions were not purposefully selected but naturally arose during the course of program delivery. Community sites adopting evidence-based programs can foster and support champions by engaging with them, and capitalizing on their energy as an emerging resource throughout the adoption, implementation, and maintenance of programs.
From Populist to Institutionalist Politics: Political Cultures of Protest in Contemporary Andean Bolivia
Authors: Ravindran Tathagatan
Published: April 2016

Social movements and acts of protest have played significant roles in charting the path of Bolivian history. Massive waves of protest against neoliberalism led to the overthrow of two presidents from office and culminated in the victory of Evo Morales. The stability of the Morales government stands in stark contrast to the chronic political instability of the neoliberal era. This paper deals with the paradox of the persistence of acts of protest all over Bolivia and the stability of the political regime of Evo Morales. The paradox is explained through the use of the distinction between populist and institutionalist politics made by Ernesto Laclau. Politics in the neoliberal era was populist, where society was divided into two opposed camps through the construction of a ‘people’ against the regime. The era after the election of Evo Morales is characterized by institutionalist politics where each political demand is separately and unevenly absorbed into the system. The potential of acts of protest to cause political transformations at various levels depends on their ability to construct a hegemonic chain of equivalence against the system, and the failure to construct it has frustrated efforts to create a more radical alternative to the current government.
Marxism, Mediation, Historiography: Writing About 1857
Authors: Jani Pranav
Published: April 2016

What are the methods and goals of radical history? How can Marxist historiography, charged with producing radical histories, contend with the postmodernist challenge that knowledge is always mediated, that only fragments are recoverable, not totalities? Working through concepts and methods associated with postcolonial literary studies and subaltern studies, the article analyzes a document in the British colonial archives from the time of the 1857 Revolt in India that challenges both nationalist and imperialist histories of its most famous rebel: Lakshmibai, queen of Jhansi. Understanding mediation and the limits of knowledge – the fissures and conflicts among colonial officials, the ambiguity of the queen’s intentions – are crucial to understanding this file, and the 1857 Revolt itself. But Marxist historiography must also link that text – mediated and complex as it is – to the world outside of the archive, and seek explanatory frameworks and adequate truths in the effort to produce radical histories.
Cholesterol Point-of-Care Testing for Community Pharmacies: A Review of the Current Literature
Authors: Haggerty Lauren , Tran Deanna
Published: April 2016

Objective:

To summarize the literature on cholesterol point-of-care tests (POCTs). This article would serve as a resource to assist community pharmacists in developing cholesterol point-of-care (POC) pharmacy services.

Data Sources:

A literature search was performed in MEDLINE Ovid, PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane database using the following medical subject headings (MeSH) terms: point-of-care test, cholesterol, blood chemical analysis, rapid testing, collaborative practice, community pharmacy, and ambulatory care. Additional resources including device manufacturer web sites were summarized to supplement the current literature.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All human research articles, review articles, meta-analyses, and abstracts published in English through September 1, 2014, were considered.

Data Synthesis:

A total of 36 articles were applicable for review. Information was divided into the following categories to be summarized: devices, pharmacists’ impact, and operational cost for the pharmacy.

Conclusions:

The current literature suggests that POCTs in community pharmacies assist with patient outcomes by providing screenings and referring patients with dyslipidemia for further evaluation. The majority of studies on cholesterol POC devices focused on accuracy, revealing the need for further studies to develop best practices and practice models with successful reimbursement. Accuracy, device specifications, required supplies, and patient preference should be considered when selecting a POC device for purchase.
Comparison of Periodontitis and Root Replacement in Cat Teeth with Resorptive Lesions
Authors: DuPont Gregg A. , DeBowes Linda J.
Published: April 2016

Cat teeth with resorptive lesions and periodontitis may have a distinctly different clinical and radiographic appearance compared with teeth that have focal, lesion-associated gingivitis. A retrospective, case-controlled study was performed to determine the occurrence of root replacement in cats with resorptive lesions and associated periodontitis. Of 543 teeth evaluated with resorptive lesions, radiographic and/or clinical signs of periodontitis were identified in 236 (43.5 %) teeth. Periodontitis was present in 43 of 275 (15.6 %) teeth with root replacement and 193 of 268 (72.0 %) teeth that had normal radiodensity and maintenance of the periodontal ligament. There was a significantly lower occurrence of root replacement in cat teeth with resorptive lesions and periodontitis.
Erupted Bilateral Compound Odontomas in a Dog
Authors: Eickhoff Markus , Seeliger Frank , Simon Daniela , Fehr Michael
Published: April 2016

A six-month-old, male Black Russian terrier dog was presented for oral masses on the distolingual aspect of the mandibular left and right first molar teeth. Intraoral dental radiographs showed periodontal support of the small teeth (denticles). Oral and radiographic examinations of the remaining teeth indicated no other dental abnormalities. The denticles had histomorphologic features of small teeth including normal appearing crown and root structures. Clinical and histopathologic examinations resulted in a diagnosis of bilateral compound odontomas with completely erupted denticles. Treatment consisted of extraction of all denticles and extensive curettage. The dog had uncomplicated wound healing with no signs of recurrence based on oral examination performed 15-months postoperatively.
Radicular Cyst of the Premaxilla in a Dog
Authors: Beckman Brett W.
Published: April 2016

A 13-year-old, male/neutered Border Collie dog was diagnosed with a radicular cyst of the left premaxilla. Tooth extraction and curettage of the lesion resulted in a positive clinical outcome 6-months following treatment.
Furcation Canals of the Maxillary Fourth Premolar and the Mandibular First Molar Teeth in Cats
Authors: Negro Viviana B. , Hernández Sabás Z. , Maresca Beatriz M. , Lorenzo Cesar E.
Published: April 2016

The furcation region morphology was evaluated in 103 mature feline carnassial teeth (54 maxillary fourth premolar and 49 mandibular first molar teeth). Patent furcation canals were present in 27.2% of teeth. No significant difference (p = 0.88) in distribution of this anatomical variation was found between maxillary fourth premolar and mandibular first molar teeth. The mean width of these furcation canals was 104.0 μm with two-thirds of the canals having a buccal orientation. The presence of furcation canals could be a factor in the etiopathogenesis of feline dental resorptive lesions, as well as a characteristic to be considered in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of endodontic or periodontic-endodontic lesions in cat teeth.
Mandibular Canine Tooth Luxation Injury in a Dog
Authors: Ulbricht Robert D. , Marretta Sandra Manfra , Klippert Linda S.
Published: April 2016

A mixed breed dog was presented for lateral luxation of the mandibular left canine tooth following oral trauma. This case report describes the management of this injury including reduction, stabilization using a wire reinforced acrylic splint, and standard endodontic therapy of the mandibular left canine tooth.
Comparison of Hand-Instrumented, Heated Gutta-Percha and Engine-Driven, Cold Gutta-Percha Endodontic Techniques
Authors: Stein Keith E. , Marretta Sandra Manfra , Siegel Arthur , Vitoux Jeanne
Published: April 2016

An in vitro study compared two gutta-percha obturation techniques of the mandibular first molar in dogs. The mandibular first molars were instrumented and obturated using either K-files and the SuccessFil vertical compaction technique or rotary instruments and the Simplifill/gutta-percha master cone technique. Instrumentation and obturation times were recorded for each tooth. Radiographs were used for evaluation of overall appearance of the final fill. A modified apical dye leakage technique was used to evaluate the ability of each method to provide an adequate barrier to apical leakage. The endodontic technique utilizing rotary instruments and Simplifill/gutta-percha master cone required less time and provided a better radiographic appearance to the endodontic fill. In addition, there was no apical dye leakage associated with this technique compared with a 44% leakage incidence in teeth treated with K-file instrumentation and SuccessFil.
Oral Fractures in Dogs of Brazil — A Retrospective Study
Authors: Lopes Fernanda M. , Gioso Marco Antonio , Ferro Daniel G. , Leon-Roman Marco A. , Venturini Michèle A.F.A. , Correa Herbert L.
Published: April 2016

A retrospective study was performed in 100 dogs with 121 mandibular and 21 maxillary fractures. Dogfight (43.0 %) and automobile (12.0 %) trauma were the most common etiologies for fracture. The cause of fracture was unknown in 23.0% of the cases, while pathologic fractures occurred in 13.0 % of cases. Young dogs (< 1-year-old) and dogs > 8-years of age were most affected. Mandibular fractures occurred in 90 dogs (90.0 %), with two dogs (2.2 %) having concurrent maxillary fractures. Maxillary fractures only were diagnosed in 10 dogs (10.0 %). The molar region (47.1 %) was the most commonly affected location for mandibular fracture, followed by fractures of the symphysis and parasymphysis (30.6 %), premolar region (17.4 %), angular process (4.1 %) and vertical ramus (0.8 %). In fractures of the mandibular region, the mandibular first molar tooth was often (85.9%) involved while the canine teeth were involved in 67.5 % of symphyseal and parasymphyseal fractures. The most common fracture of the maxilla was the maxillary bone (52.4 %), followed by the incisive (33.3 %), palatine (9.5 %), and nasal (4.8 %) bones.
Bilateral Maxillary Periodontal Ligament Hamartoma in a Dog
Authors: Taney Kendall G. , Dubielzig Richard R. , Trotter Thomas S. , Smith Mark M.
Published: April 2016

A 12.5-year-old dog was presented for severe periodontal disease and bilateral maxillary enlargement. Radiographs of the maxilla showed generalized root resorption, ankylosis, and rarefaction of bone with focal radiodense areas. Surgical tooth extraction of multiple maxillary teeth and bilateral incisional biopsies of the periodontal tissue and maxilla in the legion of the maxillary fourth premolars were performed. Histopathologic examination showed features typical of fully differentiated periodontal ligament with abundant cementum/alveolar lining bone and sparce odontogenic epithelial cell rests. Histopathology in conjunction with radiographic and clinical signs suggested a diagnosis of bilateral periodontal ligament hamartoma. Examination 3-months postoperatively indicated uncomplicated healing of the extraction and biopsy sites with no resolution of the maxillary enlargement.
Repair of a Gingival Cleft Associated with a Maxillary Canine Tooth in a Dog
Authors: Rawlinson Jennifer E. , Reiter Alexander M.
Published: April 2016

This case report describes repair of a gingival cleft located on the labial aspect of the maxillary left canine tooth in a client-owned dog. Multiple procedures were performed including elevation of a pedicle flap, granulation tissue removal, alveoloplasty and root planing and placement of an osteoconductive bone graft material. The surgical site was closed with a laterally repositioned flap. Postoperative examinations were performed at 2 and 3-weeks without chemical restraint and at 3 and 10-months postoperatively under general anesthesia. At the 10-month postoperative examination, a broad band of gingiva surrounded the maxillary left canine tooth, and probing revealed absence of periodontal pockets. Intraoral dental radiographs indicated maintenance of alveolar bone height and incorporation of the bone graft material into alveolar bone.
Complications of Mandibular Brachygnathism in a North African Leopard
Authors: De Simoi Alessandro
Published: April 2016

A 9-year-old, male North African leopard (Panhtera pardus) presented with mandibular brachygnathism and lingually displaced mandibular canine teeth causing a large left oronasal fistula, rhinitis and nasal discharge, and a right orocutaneous fistula. Surgical closure of the left oronasal defect, bilateral mandibular canine tooth crown reduction, and root canal therapy resulted in a positive clinical outcome. A small recurrent left oronasal fistula and the right orocutaneous fistula healed spontaneously after alleviating the occlusal contact with the mandibular canine teeth. At 12-months postoperatively, clinical signs of oral and dental disease had resolved.
Diagnosis and Management of Wegener's Granulomatosis in a Dog
Authors: Krug William , Marretta Sandra Manfra , de Lorimier Louis-Philippe , White Dean K. , Borst Luke
Published: April 2016

A four-year-old male/neutered mixed-breed dog was presented for severe, multifocal, proliferative gingivitis. Histopathologic examination of incisional biopsies supported a diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis, an autoimmune vasculitis previously unreported in the veterinary literature. Diagnostic investigations for infectious, neoplastic, or other inflammatory conditions all provided negative results. Management with a combination of immunosuppressive agents resulted in complete resolution and remission of the presenting lesions and associated clinical signs.
Orthodontic Correction of a Base Narrow Mandibular Canine Tooth in a Cat
Authors: van de Wetering Andrea
Published: April 2016

A 6-month-old cat was diagnosed with a lingually displaced mandibular canine tooth causing palatal trauma. This case report describes the correction and outcome for orthodontic movement of the left mandibular canine tooth.
Evaluation of Periodontal Changes following Intra-Alveolar Prosthesis for Maxillary Cheek Tooth Extraction in Ponies
Authors: Vlaminck Lieven E. , Steenhault Michel , Maes Dominiek , Huys Luc , Gasthuys Frank
Published: April 2016

This study investigated the placement of an intra-alveolar prosthesis of bone substitute on gingival/periodontal health in 5 ponies following repulsion of cheek teeth 108 and 208. In each pony, one randomly chosen alveolus was allowed to heal by second intention while the other was filled with a non-resorbable, biocompatible bone substitute. At 6, 12 and 24-months after surgery, both maxillary arches were evaluated for wear abnormalities and for gingival health using a periodontal scoring system. Recorded changes included development of overgrowths on mandibular cheek teeth, widening of maxillary interproximal spaces due to tooth drift with subsequent food accumulation, gingivitis, and subgingival pocket formation. Diastema formation initially occurred between the maxillary 06 and 07s but resolved after 24-months, whereas the diastemata that developed between the maxillary 09 and 10s remained. It was concluded that maxillary cheek teeth extraction induced progressive changes in the position of adjacent teeth that caused periodontitis. The use of a bone substitute prosthesis in the alveolus did not prevent the development of periodontal disease.
Diagnosis and Management of Odontogenic Myxoma in a Dog
Authors: Meyers Bruce , Boy Sonja C. , Steenkamp Gerhard
Published: April 2016

A three-year-old Jack Russell terrier dog was presented with a large gingival mass of the right mandible extending from the fourth premolar to the first molar teeth. Radiographic examination of the expansile mass revealed moth-eaten, honeycomb-like lyses of the mandible and extended into the mandibular alveolar canal based on computed tomography. The histopathological diagnosis of the biopsy was odontogenic fibromyxoma. Mandibulectomy with resection of the associated soft tissues was performed. Surgical management was curative with no clinical signs of disease 2-years after treatment. These neoplasms are slow growing, locally destructive tumors of odontogenic origin that have been described in the jaw of only one dog. In this paper, the clinico-radiological and pathologic features, diagnostic modalities as well as the factors that might influence treatment outcome of odontogenic myxomas are discussed. These odontogenic tumors are currently excluded from the WHO classification of odontogenic tumors in domestic animals and inclusion in future classifications systems is proposed.
Use of CO2 Laser as an Adjunctive Treatment for Caudal Stomatitis in a Cat
Authors: Lewis John R. , Tsugawa Anson J. , Reiter Alexander M.
Published: April 2016

Lasers have become a popular tool in veterinary practice, particularly the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. In humans, the CO2 laser is used most commonly in oral and maxillofacial soft tissue surgery due to its favorable interactions with oral soft tissues. Other types of lasers are better suited for use on hard tissues such as enamel and dentin. This article reviews the history of laser use, physics of laser-tissue interaction, delivery systems, and laser types used in dentistry and oral surgery. This is followed by a case report describing the use of CO2 laser as an adjunctive treatment for therapy of refractory caudal stomatitis in a cat.
Editorship: Something like “Pulling Teeth!”
Authors: Hawkins B. Jean
Published: April 2016

Whole tooth extraction is generally considered to be the treatment of choice for teeth with advanced feline external odontoclastic resorptive lesions. These teeth often have both a weakened, brittle crown and radicalar ankylosis. These two factors cause frustration and sometimes complications during attempts at extraction. This study investigated the alternative of intentionally leaving part or all of non-pathologic tooth roots in situ to prevent iatrogenic trauma to the patient, loss of alveolar bone, and prolonged healing of surgical defects. Fifty one roots from 23 teeth were radiographed 5–36 months following elective root retention; continued resorption without surrounding bony reaction was seen in almost all cases. In one cat, the roots retained normal periodontal ligament one year later; and in another cat that developed severe stomatitis, the intentionally retained roots were extracted at the same time that the remaining molar teeth were extracted.
Significant Association between Tooth Extrusion and Tooth Resorption in Domestic Cats
Authors: Lewis John R. , Okuda Ayako , Shofer Frances S. , Pachtinger Garret , Harvey Colin E. , Reiter Alexander M
Published: April 2016

Abnormal extrusion of canine teeth is often noted in middle-aged and geriatric domestic cats. The same age group of cats also is commonly affected by tooth resorption (TR). This study explored the relationship between these two phenomena of unknown etiology. Using digital radiography, the distance between the alveolar margin (AM) and cementoenamel junction (CEJ), referred to as the AM-CEJ distance, was measured in clinically and radiographically healthy maxillary canine teeth of 24 TR-affected and 29 TR-free cats. The mean AM-CEJ distance of maxillary canine teeth of cats with and cats without TR was 2.68-mm and 2.22-mm, respectively. An analysis of covariance adjusting for age revealed a significant correlation (p = 0.02) between tooth extrusion and TR. Extrusion of the maxillary canine teeth became clinically apparent when an AM-CEJ distance of 2.5-mm or greater was evident in the absence of horizontal or vertical alveolar bone loss. Based on this criterion, 15 of 24 cats with TR (63.0 %) exhibited extrusion of maxillary canine teeth, compared to 9 of 29 cats without TR (31.0 %). Four extruded and five non-extruded maxillary canine teeth were evaluated histologically. Cementum of extruded teeth was significantly thicker compared to that of non-extruded teeth. Four of 4 canine teeth with extrusion (100 %) showed histological evidence of resorption, compared to 1 of 5 canine teeth without extrusion (20.0 %). These results suggest that tooth extrusion is linked to or may be caused by similar factors responsible for the development of TR.
Gingival Thickness in Dogs: Association with Age, Gender, and Dental Arch Location
Authors: Kyllar Michal , Witter Kirsti
Published: April 2016

Reduced gingival thickness is one of many factors that might predispose humans to periodontal disease and subsequent gingival recession. Gingival thickness differs between individuals, and is associated with age, gender, and location on the dental arch. Different gingival phenotypes exist in the human population according to the thickness of gingiva. Similar information on gingival phenotypes in dogs is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the thickness of the gingiva in dogs and its relation to age, gender, and location on the dental arch. For this study, 48 dogs of comparable size (40-cm at withers) were divided into three groups according to their age as follows: < 2-years of age; 2 to 8-years of age; > 8-years of age. Gingival thickness was measured in both the mandible and maxilla using a transgingival probing technique. The graded probe was inserted midway into the attached gingiva at the level of each tooth class region. Young and middle aged dogs had significantly thicker gingiva (1.67 ± 0.17 mm and 1.68 ±0.18 mm, respectively) compared with older dogs (1.54 ± 0.16 mm). There was no significant difference in gingival thickness based on location or gender. Generally, the gingiva was thicker at the level of large teeth such as canine and carnassial teeth. Regions of thinner gingiva at the level of incisor and premolar teeth correlated with the regions of highest prevalence of periodontal disease found in previous studies.
Dental Malocclusion in a Coarse-Haired Wombat (Vombatus Ursinus)
Authors: Fagan David A. , Ullrey Duane E.
Published: April 2016

A female coarse-haired wombat held in captivity at the San Diego Zoo from approximately 2 to 16 years-of-age developed a dental malocclusion as a consequence of tooth overgrowth. The incisor, premolar, and molar teeth in this species are classified as aradicular hypsodont and continue to grow throughout life, presumably to counter the abrasive character of the high fiber, high ash, and high silica natural diet. In this case, there was a developmental defect of the maxillary incisor teeth, preventing functional interaction of the maxillary and mandibular incisor teeth. In addition, the captive diet appeared to be insufficiently abrasive, resulting in overgrown and malaligned premolar and molar teeth that were progressively less effective in food mastication and impinged on the tongue and buccal mucosa resulting in soft tissue lesions. The wombat was humanely euthanized, and comparisons of skull appearance and tooth position were made with those features in a wild-caught zoological specimen from the Smithsonian Institution.
Treatment for Traumatic Craniofacial Deformation with Restriction of the Temporomandibular Joint in a Dog
Authors: Fricke Jenny , Linn Kathy , Anthony James M. G.
Published: April 2016

A 4-month-old intact female golden retriever dog was presented with inability to open the mouth due to traumatic craniofacial deformation. Following a complete imaging workup with computed tomographic evaluation of the skull, the right zygomatic arch and ramus of the mandible were resected. The range of motion of the temporomandibular joint was increased from 2 to 6-cm.
Oral Myiasis in a Captive Hippopotamus
Authors: Junior João Luiz Rossi , Guião-Leite Flaviana L. , Gioso Marco Antonio , Falqueiro Léslie M. Domingues , Fecchio Roberto Silveira
Published: April 2016

Causes of dental infections can be related to failed dental eruption, malocclusion, abrasion, fractures with or without exposure of the dental pulp, and periodontal disease. Reports of oral myiasis in megavertebrates in captivity are infrequent, perhaps due to the difficulty in observing the oral cavity in such species. This report describes a case of oral myiasis in an adult male hippopotamus in the gingival area and alveolar mucosa of the left mandibular canine tooth.
Measurement of Clinical Crown Length of Incisor and Premolar Teeth in Clinically Healthy Rabbits
Authors: Schumacher Manfred
Published: April 2016

The clinical crown length of rabbit teeth has not been well documented. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical crown length of incisor and cheek teeth, and the periodontal probing depth in young healthy rabbits without clinical signs of dental disease. Two groups of 20 male rabbits were measured, the first in 2007 and the second in 2008/2009. The measurements were taken with rabbits under general anesthesia using a periodontal probe. The average crown length (mm) of the mandibular third and fourth premolar, and maxillary second premolar teeth was 3.1 +/− 0.4, 2.6 +/− 0.4, and 1.5 +/− 0.4, respectively. The periodontal probing depth for the cheek teeth in the maxilla and the mandible was very similar (0.5 – 1.0-mm). There was a minor difference in the average crown length (mm) of the mandibular (6.4 +/− 0.6) and maxillary (6.1 +/− 0.9) incisor teeth. The periodontal probing depth (mm) was different when comparing maxillary (2.2 +/− 0.4) and mandibular (5.1 +/− 0.8) incisor teeth. The divergence in tooth length in individual rabbits and between the two groups was minimal. Measuring the crown length of the rostral cheek and incisor teeth with a periodontal probe is easy to do in the rabbit and should be integrated into the clinical examination. The measurement results of this study can be used as a reference when trimming teeth.
Area of Desensitization following Mental Nerve Block in Dogs
Authors: Krug William , Losey Jeannie
Published: April 2016

Regional nerve blocks are commonly used to provide analgesia for dental and oral surgical procedures. The purpose of this study was to demarcate the areas of the mandible that would be desensitized by application of the mental nerve block. Seven healthy mixed-breed dogs were anesthetized for an annual dental examination and professional teeth cleaning procedure. Bupivacaine HCl (0.4 ml/m2) was administered at one middle mental foramen based on previously described techniques for the mental nerve block. A noxious stimulus was applied at 23 predetermined ipsilateral mandibular locations using pressure from a mosquito hemostat on the mucocutaneous junction (MCJ) and a dental curette on the vestibular mucogingival line (MGL) at the incisor, canine, and premolar teeth; and, the mesial and distal aspects of the first molar tooth. A thermal stimulus using a refrigerant spray on a cotton ball was applied to the ipsilateral canine, third premolar, and fourth premolar teeth; and, the mesial and distal aspects of the first molar tooth. Demonstration of nociception or anesthesia was noted and the responses tabulated. The area of desensitized tissues was smaller than expected and highly variable within the study group. In conclusion, the unilateral mental nerve block does not reliably provide generalized desensitization to tissues of the incisive and rostral regions of the mandible. Although the mental nerve block is recommended, other modes of analgesia should be emphasized for surgical and dental procedures involving these areas.
Sublingual Reactive Histiocytosis in a Dog
Authors: Cornegliani Luisa , Gracis Margherita , Ferro Silvia , Vercelli Antonella , Roccabianca Paola
Published: April 2016

Lingual lesions are relatively uncommon in dogs and are mostly represented by neoplasms and glossitis secondary to trauma or infections. Reactive histiocytosis is an uncommon, poorly understood, reactive disorder characterized by proliferation of activated, interstitial, dendritic, antigen-presenting cells associated with lymphocytes and neutrophils with a specific angiocentric orientation and occasional angioinvasion and angiodestruction. Clinically, the disease has a waxing and waning behavior with possible response to treatment and regression, or progression to multiple lesions and internal organ involvement. This case report describes an unusual sublingual presentation of reactive histiocytosis in a Miniature Pinscher dog. The diagnosis was obtained by clinical and histopathological exclusion of other causes, detection of the characteristic microscopic growth pattern, and by immunocytochemistry. Histiocytic cells were vimentin, CD18, CD11c, and CD1c positive consistent with a dendritic cell origin. Anti-BCG stain (Bacillus Calmette and Guerin) was negative for etiological agents. The dog was treated with oral administration of tetracycline and niacinamide during an 8-month period. There was no indication of recurrence of the sublingual mass 2-years following treatment.
Canine Periodontal Disease Control Using a Clindamycin Hydrochloride Gel
Authors: Johnston Thomas P. , Mondal Pravakar , Pal Dhananjay , MacGee Scott , Stromberg Arnold J. , Alur Hemant
Published: April 2016

Stabilizing or reducing periodontal pocket depth can have a positive influence on the retention of teeth in dogs. A topical 2 % clindamycin hydrochloride gel (CHgel) was evaluated for the treatment of periodontal disease in dogs. The CHgel formulation provides for the sustained erosion of the matrix, but also flows into the periodontal pocket as a viscous liquid, and then rapidly forms a gel that has mucoadhesive properties and also may function as a physical barrier to the introduction of bacteria. A professional teeth cleaning procedure including scaling and root planing was done in dogs with one group receiving CHgel following treatment. Periodontal health was determined before and after the procedure including measurement of periodontal pocket depth, gingival index, gingival bleeding sites, and number of suppurating sites. There was a statistically significant decrease in periodontal pocket depth (19 %), gingival index (16 %), and the number of bleeding sites (64 %) at 90-days in dogs receiving CHgel. Additionally, the number of suppurating sites was lower (93 %) at 90-days for the group receiving CHgel. The addition of CHgel effectively controlled the bacterial burden (e.g., Fusobacterium nucleatum) at both day 14 and 90. Gingival cells in culture were shown to rapidly incorporate clindamycin and attain saturation in approximately 20-minutes. In summary, a professional teeth cleaning procedure including root planning and the addition of CHgel improves the gingival index and reduces periodontal pocket depth.
Comparison of Shear Bonding Strength for Two Different Etching Systems in Canine and Human Dentin
Authors: Kimberlin Larry , Brown Phil
Published: April 2016

Canine dentin has increased size and number of dentinal tubules compared to human dentin. With less intertubular surface area for bonding to composite material in dog teeth, bonding shear strength may be affected negatively. This study was designed to compare the shear bonding strength of canine and human dentin. It also compared bond strength of two different acid etch systems when used with the same composite resin. The shear bond strength of composite cylinders to dentin was measured in 30 extracted canine cuspid teeth and a similar number of human molar teeth. Shear bond strength was 40 % greater for human compared with canine dentin. This significantly different (P < 0.05) result validates the hypothesis that dentin bond strength is positively correlated with the area of intertubular dentin. Results also indicated that shear bond strength was greater in the self-etching bond system compared with the etch and rinse system, although this difference was not significant.
Acquired Myasthenia Gravis Associated with Oral Sarcoma in a Dog
Authors: Stepaniuk Kevin , Legendre Loïc , Watson Shelby
Published: April 2016

Acquired myasthenia gravis is a common neuromuscular disorder resulting from autoantibody directed against the postsynaptic acetylcholine nicotinic receptors in skeletal muscle. Myasthenia gravis has been reported previously as a paraneoplastic syndrome. This case report presents myasthenia gravis secondary to an oral sarcoma in a juvenile Mastiff dog.
Bisphosphonate Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: A Review
Authors: Stepaniuk Kevin
Published: April 2016

Bisphosphonate use has increased in veterinary medicine over the last decade. During this time, bisphosphonate related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) in human patients has been identified. Only recently was a dog model for BRONJ developed for human oral surgery and medicine. Veterinary patients treated with bisphosphonates may be at an increased risk for BRONJ. There has been little, to no, investigation of potential long term side-effects of bisphosphonate use in veterinary patients; potential sequelae are unknown. The history of bisphosphonates, their use, and BRONJ in veterinary patients are discussed.
Orofacial Manifestations of High-Rise Syndrome in Cats: A Retrospective Study of 84 Cases
Authors: Bonner Sarah E. , Reiter Alexander M. , Lewis John R.
Published: April 2016

Medical records of cats with high-rise trauma were reviewed to document the prevalence and clinical manifestations of orofacial injury. Cats were presented over a 10-year period from January 2000 to December 2009. Signalment, weight, number of stories fallen, and survival data were recorded in 84 cats and physical examination findings were obtained from 83 cats. Fourteen of these cats were examined by veterinarians of the Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service. Mean age was 37-months. Mean distance fallen was 2.65 stories, and in the majority of cases the substrate the cat fell on was not recorded. Overall, survival was 94.0 % when including euthanasia as a cause of death and 98.8 % when excluding euthanized patients. Orofacial findings included bilateral epistaxis, hard palate fracture +/− tear of palatal soft tissue, palatal soft tissue bruising, mandibular fracture, mandibular symphyseal separation, tongue injury, facial soft tissue injury, dental trauma, and other oral soft tissue injury. Sixty-six percent of cats suffered some degree of orofacial injury. The population was analyzed for the prevalence of each type of injury. An oronasal fistula was seen in one cat as a complication of an untreated hard palate fracture. Possible etiology of the injuries and treatment options are discussed.
Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Veterinary Dentistry
Authors: Van Thielen Bert , Siguenza Francis , Hassan Bassam
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in imaging dogs and cats for diagnostic dental veterinary applications. CBCT scans of heads of six dogs and two cats were made. Dental panoramic and multi-planar reformatted (MPR) para-sagittal reconstructions were created using specialized software. Image quality and visibility of anatomical landmarks were subjectively assessed by two observers. Good image quality was obtained for the MPR para-sagittal reconstructions through multiple teeth. The image quality of the panoramic reconstructions of dogs was moderate while the panoramic reconstructions of cats were poor since the images were associated with an increased noise level. Segmental panoramic reconstructions of the mouth seem to be useful for studying the dental anatomy especially in dogs. The results of this study using human dental CBCT technology demonstrate the potential of this scanning technology in veterinary medicine. Unfortunately, the moderate image quality obtained with the CBCT technique reported here seems to be inferior to the diagnostic image quality obtained from 2-dimensional dental radiographs. Further research is required to optimize scanning and reconstruction protocols for veterinary applications.
Enamel Defect Restoration of the Left Mandibular First Molar Tooth
Authors: Greenfield Barden A.
Published: April 2016

Restorative dentistry is often performed to treat defects including caries, fractures, access sites for endodontic therapy, and enamel lesions. Restorative materials can reestablish tooth function, restore esthetics, or do both. The objectives of restorative dentistry are to return (restore) teeth to optimum form and function, prevent further breakdown of the remaining tooth structure, to protect pulp tissue from thermal, mechanical, and bacterial insult, and to create a proper or aesthetic tooth appearance. Enamel defects in dogs can affect one or multiple teeth. This case report will focus on a single enamel defect affecting the non-occlusal surface of a mandibular first molar tooth. This case report includes descriptions of proper defect preparation and application of a flowable composite, and a review of composite materials used in restorative dentistry.
Comparing the Degree of Exothermic Polymerization in Commonly Used Acrylic and Provisional Composite Resins for Intraoral Appliances
Authors: Rice CA , Riehl Jessica , Broman Karl , Soukup Jason W. , Gengler William R.
Published: April 2016

The use of dental acrylics and composite resins in veterinary dentistry has become widespread. However, their use is not without potential complications. All acrylics and composite resins produce an exothermic reaction during the polymerization process. The aim of the current study was to evaluate thermal conduction during the polymerization reaction of each material to offer clinical guidelines when choosing a material with particular consideration for the significant volumes typically used. Results showed that methylmethacrylate based resins generated a significantly higher degree of heat during polymerization. Bis-acryl based composite resins generated a significantly lower degree of heat during polymerization, making them the material of choice to potentially minimize thermal injury to the dentin-pulp complex. It is the responsibility of the clinician to become aware of all materials available, and to have an understanding of their properties to guide them in making sound clinical judgments.
A Histological Study of Peripheral Dental Caries of Equine Cheek Teeth
Authors: Erridge Mey E. , Cox Alistair L. , Dixon Padraic M.
Published: April 2016

Peripheral caries of equine cheek teeth is a poorly described disorder and, in particular, little is known of its histopathology. Histological examinations of decalcified sections of 21 equine peripheral caries-affected cheek teeth showed two different patterns of cemental lesions; including progressive enlargement of focal, flask-like lesions leading to breakdown of the adjacent cementum, and secondly; a more generalized flaking-off of thin layers of under-run, surface cementum. A thick layer of plaque and food material usually lay on the surface of affected cementum and also within cemental defects. Gram-stained sections showed large numbers of bacteria within the lacunae and canaliculi of affected peripheral cementum and within associated plaque. Pioneer bacteria were also seen within dentinal tubules of adjacent, normal-appearing dentin. Subgingival extension of peripheral caries lesions with localized periodontal destruction was rare. Grading of peripheral caries lesions by gross examination was found to underestimate the severity of the disorder as compared to histological grading.
Oronasal Fistula Repair Using Auricular Cartilage
Authors: Lorrain Roseline P. , Legendre Loüc F.J.
Published: April 2016

Seven oronasal fistula lesions secondary to extraction of maxillary canine teeth were treated in 5 dogs using a cartilage graft harvested from the ipsilateral auricular pinna. All dogs had undergone previous, unsuccessful surgeries in attempt to repair the defects. The technique is described in a step-by-step fashion for easy reproduction. The authors found the technique to be straightforward, relatively quick, and successful in all 7 lesions.
Validation of Use of Subsets of Teeth When Applying the Total Mouth Periodontal Score (TMPS) System in Dogs
Authors: Harvey Colin E. , Laster Larry , Shofer Frances S.
Published: April 2016

A total mouth periodontal score (TMPS) system in dogs has been described previously. Use of buccal and palatal/lingual surfaces of all teeth requires observation and recording of 120 gingivitis scores and 120 periodontitis scores. Although the result is a reliable, repeatable assessment of the extent of periodontal disease in the mouth, observing and recording 240 data points is time-consuming. Using data from a previously reported study of periodontal disease in dogs, correlation analysis was used to determine whether use of any of seven different subsets of teeth can generate TMPS subset gingivitis and periodontitis scores that are highly correlated with TMPS all-site, all-teeth scores. Overall, gingivitis scores were less highly correlated than periodontitis scores. The minimal tooth set with a significant intra-class correlation (≥ 0.9 of means of right and left sides) for both gingivitis scores and attachment loss measurements consisted of the buccal surface of the maxillary third incisor, canine, third premolar, fourth premolar, and first molar teeth; and, the mandibular canine, third premolar, fourth premolar, and first molar teeth on one side (9 teeth, 15 root sites). Use of this subset of teeth, which reduces the number of data points per dog from 240 to 30 for gingivitis and periodontitis at each scoring episode, is recommended when calculating the gingivitis and periodontitis scores using the TMPS system.
Percutaneous Approach for Sialolith Removal in a Donkey
Authors: Rodrigues João B. , Mora Sara , Bastos Estela , Viegas Carlos , Roman Fidel San
Published: April 2016

Salivary duct lithiasis is a condition characterized by the partial or total obstruction of a salivary gland or its excretory duct due to the formation of sialoliths. A 9-year-old female donkey, belonging to the unique and endangered indigenous breed of donkey in Portugal, was diagnosed with a sialolith in the rostral portion of the right parotid duct based on clinical, oral, dental, and radiographic examination results. Surgical removal of the sialolith was done through a percutaneous approach.
Polyamine Inhibitors for Treatment of Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Lewis John R. , O'Brien Thomas G. , Skorupski Katherine A. , Krick Erika L. , Reiter Alexander M. , Jennings Michael W. , Jurney Carrie H. , Shofer FS , Sorenmo Karin U.
Published: April 2016

This study assessed proof-of-concept for use of polyamine inhibitor 2-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) as a treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in client-owned cats. Polyamine levels in tumor tissue and normal oral mucosa were quantified before and after treatment. DFMO was administered orally to 14 client-owned cats with histologically confirmed oral SCC. Patients were monitored for gastrointestinal, dermatologic, auditory, hematological, and biochemical abnormalities. Total polyamine levels in tumor tissue decreased after treatment, as did the specific polyamine putrescine in both tumor tissue and normal mucosa. Ototoxicity was observed in 5 of 6 cats receiving pre- and post-treatment brainstem auditory evoked potential tests. Subclinical thrombocytopenia was observed in 6 of 14 cats. One cat showed mild post-anesthetic tremors that resolved without treatment. Oral administration of DFMO at doses used in this study resulted in significantly decreased tumor polyamine levels without life-threatening clinical or hema-tological toxicities. Further studies are warranted to explore pathophysiology of polyamine biochemistry and use of polyamine inhibitors in treatment of cats with oral SCC.
Evaluation of a Hydrophilic Gingival Dental Sealant in Beagle Dogs
Authors: Sitzman Clarence
Published: April 2016

A liquid solution, gingival sealant containing polymers that form a barrier film upon application was evaluated in dogs. It is a non-toxic, low viscosity, hydrophilic barrier sealant that dries in approximately 10 to 15-seconds after subgingival application. It was designed as a preventative to be applied immediately following a professional oral hygiene procedure in order to block plaque and calculus formation in the sulcus and aid in the prevention of periodontal disease in companion animals. Additionally, the polymer was designed to promote an aerobic environment in the sulcus by oxygen and water transport through engineered pores within the polymer. A 30-day split-mouth, blinded study in two groups of 15 beagle dogs was used. Plaque was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced on the side receiving the sealant by 30.0 % and 50.5 % (average = 40.3 %) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Calculus was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced on the side receiving the sealant by 27.2 % and 20.0 % (average = 23.6 %) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Gingival inflammation was monitored to assess product safety. Sides receiving sealant showed no statistically significant differences in gingival index score. No adverse events were observed in the study. This study demonstrates that this gingival sealant can be used as another valuable tool for aiding in the prevention of periodontal disease in dogs.