bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ports and complications for intraperitoneal chemotherapy delivery
Authors: Helm CW
Published: October 2011

Please cite this paper as: Helm C. Ports and complications for intraperitoneal chemotherapy delivery. BJOG 2012;119:150–159.

Intraperitoneal access ports are essential to the delivery of chemotherapy agents into the peritoneal cavity of women with ovarian cancer, but their malfunction and adverse effects are frequently responsible for the failure to complete planned therapy. Complications, such as obstruction of the catheter, infection, leakage, rotation, retraction, and pain, together with bowel and vaginal perforation, cause delays in treatment, patient suffering and the expenditure of medical resources. A wide variety of ports have been used, including vascular access devices and intraperitoneal access devices. This paper reviews the development and use of ports for intraperitoneal chemotherapy, their complications and reported methods of prevention.
Is complex gastroschisis predictable by prenatal ultrasound?
Authors: Kuleva M , Khen‐Dunlop N , Dumez Y , Ville Y , Salomon LJ
Published: October 2011

Please cite this paper as: Kuleva M, Khen‐Dunlop N, Dumez Y, Ville Y, Salomon L. Is complex gastroschisis predictable by prenatal ultrasound? BJOG 2012;119:102–109.

Objective  To establish a correlation between prenatal ultrasound findings and postnatal outcome in neonates with gastroschisis (GS).

Design  Retrospective case–control study.

Setting  Prenatal ultrasound reports, labour and neonatal intensive care unit notes, and paediatric surgical clinic records were reviewed.

Population  Neonates with an antenatal diagnosis of isolated GS.

Methods  The neonates were divided into two groups: one with associated bowel complications including intestinal atresia, perforation, necrosis or volvulus (‘complex’ GS), and the second without bowel complication (‘simple’ GS). Prenatal ultrasound markers: small‐for‐gestational‐age, intra‐abdominal and extra‐abdominal bowel dilatation (>6 mm), thickened intestinal wall and stomach dilatation were correlated with outcome.

Main outcome measures  Fetal or neonatal death in complex versus simple GS. Time on parenteral nutrition and duration of hospital stay were also noted.

Results  In all, 105 cases were eligible for analysis. Survival rate was 101/105 (96.2%). None of the ultrasound markers was predictive of fetal or neonatal death. Fourteen of 103 live‐born babies (14.6%) had complex GS, which was associated with longer time on parenteral nutrition [8.0 (51.5–390) versus 33.5 (25.3–53.3) days, P < 0.001] and longer duration of hospital stay [85.3 (55.5–210) versus 41.5 (33.0–64.8) days, P < 0.001]. Infants with complex GS were more likely to require bowel resection and stoma placement (P < 0.05). Intra‐abdominal bowel dilatation was the only predictive ultrasound marker of complex GS (odds ratio 4.13, 95% CI 1.32–12.90; P = 0.018). Receiver operating characteristic curve for observed/expected bowel diameter yielded 6 as the cutoff value for predicting complex GS (odds ratio 7.9, 95% CI 2.3–27.3; P = 0.001) with 54% and 88% for sensibility and specificity, respectively.

Conclusions  Intra‐abdominal bowel dilatation is the only ultrasound marker predictive of complex GS but it is a strong marker.
The antiretroviral protease inhibitors indinavir and nelfinavir stimulate Mrp1‐mediated GSH export from cultured brain astrocytes
Authors: Brandmann Maria , Tulpule Ketki , Schmidt Maike M. , Dringen Ralf
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 78–92.

Combinations of antiretroviral drugs are successfully used for the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and reduce the incidence of severe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐associated dementia. To test whether such drugs affect the GSH metabolism of brain cells, we have exposed astrocyte‐rich primary cultures to various antiretroviral compounds. Treatment of the cultures with the protease inhibitors indinavir or nelfinavir in low micromolar concentrations resulted in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent depletion of cellular GSH from viable cells which was accompanied by a matching increase in the extracellular GSH content. In contrast, the reverse transcriptase inhibitors zidovudine, lamivudine, efavirenz or nevirapine did not alter cellular or extracellular GSH levels. Removal of indinavir from the medium by washing the cells terminated the stimulated GSH export immediately, while the nelfinavir‐induced accelerated GSH export was maintained even after removal of nelfinavir. The stimulation of the GSH export from viable astrocytes by indinavir or nelfinavir was completely prevented by the application of MK571, an inhibitor of the multidrug resistance protein 1. These data demonstrate that indinavir and nelfinavir stimulate multidrug resistance protein 1‐mediated GSH export from viable astrocytes and suggest that treatment of patients with such inhibitors may affect the GSH homeostasis in brain.
Comparative effects of different modes of renin angiotensin system inhibition on hypercholesterolaemia‐induced atherosclerosis
Authors: Lu Hong , Balakrishnan Anju , Howatt Deborah A , Wu Congqing , Charnigo Richard , Liau Gene , Cassis Lisa A , Daugherty Alan
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhibition of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) has been consistently demonstrated to reduce atherosclerosis. However, there has been no direct comparison among the three available pharmacological modes of inhibiting the RAS, which are inhibitors of renin, ACE and angiotensin II type 1 receptor. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative effects of these three modes of pharmacological RAS inhibition in reducing atherosclerosis by determining the dose–response relationships.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male LDL receptor ‐/‐ mice were administered either vehicle or any of three doses of aliskiren, enalapril or losartan through s.c. infusion for 12 weeks. All mice were fed a saturated fat‐enriched diet during drug infusions. Systolic and diastolic BPs were measured during the study using a non‐invasive tail‐cuff system. Plasma cholesterol and renin concentrations, atherosclerotic lesions, and renal angiotensin II concentrations were determined at the termination of the study.

KEY RESULTS Plasma renin concentrations were increased by all three drugs. None of the drugs changed plasma cholesterol concentrations. All drugs produced a dose‐related decrease in BP. All three drugs also profoundly reduced atherosclerosis in a dose‐dependent manner. The highest dose of each drug markedly attenuated lesion size, with no significant differences between the different drugs. The highest dose of each drug also similarly reduced renal angiotensin II concentrations.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Drugs that inhibit the RAS, irrespective of their mode of inhibition, profoundly affect atherosclerotic lesion development in a dose‐dependent manner.
Glucagon and a glucagon‐GLP‐1 dual‐agonist increases cardiac performance with different metabolic effects in insulin‐resistant hearts
Authors: Axelsen LN , Keung W , Pedersen HD , Meier E , Riber D , Kjølbye AL , Petersen JS , Proctor SD , Holstein‐Rathlou N‐H , Lopaschuk GD
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The prevalence of heart disease continues to rise, particularly in subjects with insulin resistance (IR), and improved therapies for these patients is an important challenge. In this study we evaluated cardiac function and energy metabolism in IR JCR:LA‐cp rat hearts before and after treatment with an inotropic compound (glucagon), a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonist (ZP131) or a glucagon‐GLP‐1 dual‐agonist (ZP2495).

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Hearts from IR and lean JCR:LA rats were isolated and perfused in the working heart mode for measurement of cardiac function and metabolism before and after addition of vehicle, glucagon, ZP131 or ZP2495. Subsequently, cardiac levels of nucleotides and short‐chain CoA esters were measured by HPLC.

KEY RESULTS Hearts from IR rats showed decreased rates of glycolysis and glucose oxidation, plus increased palmitate oxidation rates, although cardiac function and energy state (measured by ATP/AMP ratios) was normal compared with control rats. Glucagon increased glucose oxidation and glycolytic rates in control and IR hearts, but the increase was not enough to avoid AMP and ADP accumulation in IR hearts. ZP131 had no significant metabolic or functional effects in either IR or control hearts. In contrast, ZP2495 increased glucose oxidation and glycolytic rates in IR hearts to a similar extent to that of glucagon but with no concomitant accumulation of AMP or ADP.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Whereas glucagon compromised the energetic state of IR hearts, glucagon‐GLP‐1 dual‐agonist ZP2495 appeared to preserve it. Therefore, a glucagon‐GLP‐1 dual‐agonist may be beneficial compared with glucagon alone in the treatment of severe heart failure or cardiogenic shock in subjects with IR.
Development of a radioiodinated apoptosis–inducing ligand, rhTRAIL, and a radiolabelled agonist TRAIL receptor antibody for clinical imaging studies
Authors: Duiker EW , Dijkers ECF , Lambers Heerspink H , de Jong S , van der Zee AGJ , Jager PL , Kosterink JGW , de Vries EGE , Lub‐de Hooge MN
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The TNF‐related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis through activation of the death receptors, TRAIL‐R1 and TRAIL‐R2. Recombinant human (rh) TRAIL and the TRAIL‐R1 directed monoclonal antibody mapatumumab are currently clinically evaluated as anticancer agents. The objective of this study was to develop radiopharmaceuticals targeting the TRAIL‐R1, suitable for clinical use to help understand and predict clinical efficacy in patients.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH rhTRAIL was radioiodinated with 125I, and conjugated mapatumumab was radiolabelled with 111In. The radiopharmaceuticals were characterized, their in vitro stability and death receptor targeting capacities were determined and in vivo biodistribution was studied in nude mice bearing human tumour xenografts with different expression of TRAIL‐R1.

KEY RESULTS Labelling efficiencies, radiochemical purity, stability and binding properties were optimized for the radioimmunoconjugates. In vivo biodistribution showed rapid renal clearance of [125I]rhTRAIL, with highest kidney activity at 15 min and almost no detectable activity after 4 h. Activity rapidly decreased in almost all organs, except for the xenografts. Radiolabelled mapatumumab showed blood clearance between 24 and 168 h and a reduced decrease in radioactivity in the high receptor expression xenograft.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS rhTRAIL and mapatumumab can be efficiently radiolabelled. The new radiopharmaceuticals can be used clinically to study pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and tumour targeting, which could support evaluation of the native targeted agents in phase I/II trials.
Novel cAMP signalling paradigms: therapeutic implications for airway disease
Authors: Billington Charlotte K , Hall Ian P
Published: October 2011

Since its discovery over 50 years ago, cAMP has been the archetypal second messenger introducing students to the concept of cell signalling at the simplest level. As explored in this review, however, there are many more facets to cAMP signalling than the path from Gs‐coupled receptor to adenylyl cyclase (AC) to cAMP to PKA to biological effect. After a brief description of this canonical cAMP signalling pathway, a snapshot is provided of the novel paradigms of cAMP signalling. As in the airway the cAMP pathway relays the major bronchorelaxant signal and as such is the target for frontline therapy for asthma and COPD, particular emphasis is given to airway disease and therapy. Areas discussed include biased agonism, continued signalling following internalization, modulation of cAMP by AC, control of cAMP degradation, cAMP and calcium crosstalk, Epac‐mediated signalling and finally the implications of altered genotypes will be considered.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Novel cAMP Signalling Paradigms. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.166.issue‐2
Blockade of ICa suppresses early afterdepolarizations and reduces transmural dispersion of repolarization in a whole heart model of chronic heart failure
Authors: Milberg P , Fink M , Pott C , Frommeyer G , Biertz J , Osada N , Stypmann J , Mönnig G , Koopmann M , Breithardt G , Eckardt L
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic heart failure (CHF) is associated with action potential prolongation and Ca2+ overload, increasing risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VT). We therefore investigated whether ICa blockade was anti‐arrhythmic in an intact perfused heart model of CHF.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CHF was induced in rabbits after 4 weeks of rapid ventricular pacing. Hearts from CHF and sham‐operated rabbits were isolated and perfused (Langendorff preparation), with ablation of the AV node. VT was induced by erythromycin and low [K+] (1.5mM). Electrophysiology of cardiac myocytes, with block of cation currents, was simulated by a mathematical model.

KEY RESULTS Repolarization was prolonged in CHF hearts compared with sham‐operated hearts. Action potential duration (APD) and overall dispersion of repolarization were further increased by erythromycin (300 µM) to block IKr in CHF hearts. After lowering [K+] to 1.5mM, CHF and sham hearts showed spontaneous episodes of polymorphic non‐sustained VT. Additional infusion of verapamil (0.75 µM) suppressed early afterdepolarizations (EAD) and VT in 75% of sham and CHF hearts. Verapamil shortened APD and dispersion of repolarization, mainly by reducing transmural dispersion of repolarization via shortening of endocardial action potentials. Mathematical simulations showed that EADs were more effectively reduced by verapamil assuming a state‐dependent block than a simple block of ICa.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Blockade of ICa was highly effective in suppressing VT via reduction of transmural dispersion of repolarization and suppression of EAD. Such blockade might represent a novel therapeutic option to reduce risk of VT in structurally normal hearts and also in heart failure.

LINKED ARTICLE This article is commented on by Stams et al., pp. 554–556 of this issue. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2011.01818.x
S(+)amphetamine induces a persistent leak in the human dopamine transporter: molecular stent hypothesis
Authors: Rodriguez‐Menchaca Aldo A , Solis Jr Ernesto , Cameron Krasnodara , De Felice Louis J
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Wherever they are located, dopamine transporters (DATs) clear dopamine (DA) from the extracellular milieu to help regulate dopaminergic signalling. Exposure to amphetamine (AMPH) increases extracellular DA in the synaptic cleft, which has been ascribed to DAT reverse transport. Increased extracellular DA prolongs postsynaptic activity and reinforces abuse and hedonic behaviour.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing human (h) DAT were voltage‐clamped and exposed to DA, R(‐)AMPH, or S(+)AMPH.

KEY RESULTS At ‐60mV, near neuronal resting potentials, S(+)AMPH induced a depolarizing current through hDAT, which after removing the drug, persisted for more than 30 min. This persistent leak in the absence of S(+)AMPH was in contrast to the currents induced by R(‐)AMPH and DA, which returned to baseline immediately after their removal. Our data suggest that S(+)AMPH and Na+ carry the initial S(+)AMPH‐induced current, whereas Na+ and Cl‐ carry the persistent leak current. We propose that the persistent current results from the internal action of S(+)AMPH on hDAT because the temporal effect was consistent with S(+)AMPH influx, and intracellular S(+)AMPH activated the effect. The persistent current was dependent on Na+ and was blocked by cocaine. Intracellular injection of S(+)AMPH also activated a DA‐induced persistent leak current.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We report a hitherto unknown action of S(+)AMPH on hDAT that potentially affects AMPH‐induced DA release. We propose that internal S(+)AMPH acts as a molecular stent that holds the transporter open even after external S(+)AMPH is removed. Amphetamine‐induced persistent leak currents are likely to influence dopaminergic signalling, DA release mechanisms, and amphetamine abuse.
Investigating the Impact of Contrasting Paradigms of Knowledge on the Emancipatory Aims of Gallery Programmes for Young People
Authors: Sayers Esther
Published: October 2011

Within an emerging philosophy of contemporary gallery education, new pedagogies are required to meet the demands of looking at art, with increasingly varied constituent groups. Strategies that aim to empower young learners come from an ideological framework in which knowledge is negotiated and local significances are produced conversationally by learners and facilitators. Tension exists between the ideological position and the role of the gallery as ‘expert’: this conflict creates ambivalence towards the learner. The discourse of the ‘expert’ and the discourse of ‘local negotiation’ employ different pedagogic strategies, creating tension in the ways in which knowledge is reproduced for the visitor and participant. This article explores interrogatory pilot work with young people at Tate Modern. I use a hermeneutical approach to explore the interpretive roles of facilitator and participant when language‐based strategies are used to look at art. This research aims to construct a pedagogy that enables young people to learn about art in ways that take account of their situation as learners.
IS TEMPORAL OCCURRENCE OF DIATOMS RELATED TO SPECIES TRAITS, LOCAL ABUNDANCE, AND REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION?1
Authors: Virtanen Laura K. , Köngäs Petrina , Aitto‐Oja Sanna , Soininen Janne
Published: October 2011

Water quality in streams typically changes fast, and sensitive biological indicators are crucial for monitoring these changes in water quality. Diatoms are widely used in biological stream quality assessment. However, interannual and intra‐annual variation of diatom population densities is large, often hampering a reliable quality assessment. We studied the importance of different species traits on temporal occurrence of diatom species. We also examined whether temporal occurrence of diatoms is related to species' local abundance or regional distribution using a data set collected in Finnish streams. According to the general linear model (GLM), temporal occurrence of diatoms increased with increasing local abundance and regional distribution. Species that occurred more frequently also had larger niche breadths and nonmarginal niche positions. In addition, cell size and attachment ability were positively related to species temporal occurrence. Our results imply that abundant and widely distributed species with large niches and ability to attach sustain persistent populations in varying environmental conditions typical for streams. We suggest that future studies could concentrate on monitoring these common (abundant) species when detecting the possible changes in the biological state of streams. We advise, however, to consider a relatively large number of species as many of the most common species may have low indicator values.
Effects of Withdrawal from Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor on the Level and Circadian Periodicity of Running‐Wheel Activity in C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ Mice
Authors: Logan Ryan W. , McCulley Walter D. , Seggio Joseph A. , Rosenwasser Alan M.
Published: October 2011

Background:  Alcohol withdrawal is associated with behavioral and chronobiological disturbances that may persist during protracted abstinence. We previously reported that C57BL/6J (B6) mice show marked but temporary reductions in running‐wheel activity, and normal free‐running circadian rhythms, following a 4‐day chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor exposure (16 hours of ethanol vapor exposure alternating with 8 hours of withdrawal). In the present experiments, we extend these observations in 2 ways: (i) by examining post‐CIE locomotor activity in C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice, an inbred strain characterized by high sensitivity to ethanol withdrawal, and (ii) by directly comparing the responses of B6 and C3H mice to a longer‐duration CIE protocol.

Methods:  In Experiment 1, C3H mice were exposed to the same 4‐day CIE protocol used in our previous study with B6 mice (referred to here as the 1‐cycle CIE protocol). In Experiment 2, C3H and B6 mice were exposed to 3 successive 4‐day CIE cycles, each separated by 2 days of withdrawal (the 3‐cycle CIE protocol). Running‐wheel activity was monitored prior to and following CIE, and post‐CIE activity was recorded in constant darkness to allow assessment of free‐running circadian period and phase.

Results:  C3H mice displayed pronounced reductions in running‐wheel activity that persisted for the duration of the recording period (up to 30 days) following both 1‐cycle (Experiment 1) and 3‐cycle (Experiment 2) CIE protocols. In contrast, B6 mice showed reductions in locomotor activity that persisted for about 1 week following the 3‐cycle CIE protocol, similar to the results of our previous study using a 1‐cycle protocol in this strain. Additionally, C3H mice showed significant shortening of free‐running period following the 3‐cycle, but not the 1‐cycle, CIE protocol, while B6 mice showed normal free‐running rhythms.

Conclusions:  These results reveal genetic differences in the persistence of ethanol withdrawal‐induced hypo‐locomotion. In addition, chronobiological alterations during extended abstinence may depend on both genetic susceptibility and an extended prior withdrawal history. The present data establish a novel experimental model for long‐term behavioral and circadian disruptions associated with ethanol withdrawal.
The Relationship Between Measures of Impulsivity and Alcohol Misuse: An Integrative Structural Equation Modeling Approach
Authors: Courtney Kelly E. , Arellano Ryan , Barkley‐Levenson Emily , Gálvan Adriana , Poldrack Russell A. , MacKillop James , David Jentsch J. , Ray Lara A.
Published: October 2011

Background:  Higher levels of impulsivity have been implicated in the development of alcohol use disorders. Recent findings suggest that impulsivity is not a unitary construct, highlighted by the diverse ways in which the various measures of impulsivity relate to alcohol use outcomes. This study simultaneously tested the following dimensions of impulsivity as determinants of alcohol use and alcohol problems: risky decision making, self‐reported risk‐attitudes, response inhibition, and impulsive decision making.

Methods:  Participants were a community sample of nontreatment seeking problem drinkers (n = 158). Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses employed behavioral measures of impulsive decision making (delay discounting task [DDT]), response inhibition (stop signal task [SST]), and risky decision making (Balloon Analogue Risk Task [BART]), and a self‐report measure of risk‐attitudes (domain‐specific risk‐attitude scale [DOSPERT]), as predictors of alcohol use and of alcohol‐related problems in this sample.

Results:  The model fits well, accounting for 38% of the variance in alcohol problems, and identified 2 impulsivity dimensions that significantly loaded onto alcohol outcomes: (i) impulsive decision making, indexed by the DDT; and (ii) risky decision making, measured by the BART.

Conclusions:  The impulsive decision‐making dimension of impulsivity, indexed by the DDT, was the strongest predictor of alcohol use and alcohol pathology in this sample of problem drinkers. Unexpectedly, a negative relationship was found between risky decision making and alcohol problems. The results highlight the importance of considering the distinct facets of impulsivity to elucidate their individual and combined effects on alcohol use initiation, escalation, and dependence.
The Effect of Alcohol Advertising on Immediate Alcohol Consumption in College Students: An Experimental Study
Authors: Koordeman Renske , Anschutz Doeschka J. , Engels Rutger C. M. E.
Published: October 2011

Background:  Survey studies have emphasized a positive association between exposure to alcohol advertising on television (TV) and the onset and continuation of drinking among young people. Alcohol advertising might also directly influence viewers’ consumption of alcohol while watching TV. The present study therefore tested the immediate effects of alcohol advertisements on the alcohol consumption of young adults while watching a movie. Weekly drinking, problem drinking, positive and arousal expectancies of alcohol, ad recall, attitude, and skepticism toward the ads were tested as moderators.

Methods:  An experimental design comparing 2 advertisement conditions (alcohol ads vs. nonalcohol ads) was used. A total of 80 men, young adult friendly dyads (ages 18 to 29) participated. The study examined actual alcohol consumption while watching a 1‐hour movie with 3 advertising breaks. A multivariate regression analysis was used to examine the effects of advertisement condition on alcohol consumption.

Results:  Assignment to the alcohol advertisement condition did not increase alcohol consumption. In addition, no moderating effects between advertisement condition and the individual factors on alcohol consumption were found.

Conclusions:  Viewing alcohol advertising did not lead to higher alcohol consumption in young men while watching a movie. However, replications of this study using other samples (e.g., different countries and cultures), other settings (e.g., movie theater, home), and with other designs (e.g., different movies and alcohol ads, cumulative exposure, extended exposure effects) are warranted.
Is Talk “Cheap”? An Initial Investigation of the Equivalence of Alcohol Purchase Task Performance for Hypothetical and Actual Rewards
Authors: Amlung Michael T. , Acker John , Stojek Monika K. , Murphy James G. , MacKillop James
Published: October 2011

Background:  Behavioral economic alcohol purchase tasks (APTs) are self‐report measures of alcohol demand that assess estimated consumption at escalating levels of price. However, the relationship between estimated performance for hypothetical outcomes and choices for actual outcomes has not been determined. The present study examined both the correspondence between choices for hypothetical and actual outcomes, and the correspondence between estimated alcohol consumption and actual drinking behavior. A collateral goal of the study was to examine the effects of alcohol cues on APT performance.

Methods:  Forty‐one heavy‐drinking adults (56% men) participated in a human laboratory protocol comprising APTs for hypothetical and actual alcohol and money, an alcohol cue reactivity paradigm, an alcohol self‐administration period, and a recovery period.

Results:  Pearson correlations revealed very high correspondence between APT performance for hypothetical and actual alcohol (ps < 0.001). Estimated consumption on the APT was similarly strongly associated with actual consumption during the self‐administration period (r = 0.87, p < 0.001). Exposure to alcohol cues significantly increased subjective craving and arousal and had a trend‐level effect on intensity of demand, in spite of notable ceiling effects. Associations among motivational indices were highly variable, suggesting multidimensionality.

Conclusions:  These results suggest there may be close correspondence both between value preferences for hypothetical alcohol and actual alcohol, and between estimated consumption and actual consumption. Methodological considerations and priorities for future studies are discussed.
Chronic Ethanol Feeding Accelerates Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression in a Sex‐Dependent Manner in a Mouse Model of Hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Brandon‐Warner Elizabeth , Walling Tracy L. , Schrum Laura W. , McKillop Iain H.
Published: October 2011

Background:  Chronic ethanol consumption increases the risk of hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While sex differences exist in susceptibility to ethanol‐induced liver damage/HCC development, little is known about the effects of ethanol on tumor progression.

Methods:  Neonatal male and female mice were initiated with a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Sixteen or 40 weeks later, animals were placed on a 10/20% (v/v) ethanol–drinking water (EtOH‐DW; alternate days) regime for 8 weeks. At study end, liver tissue and serum were analyzed for liver pathology/function and cytokine expression.

Results:  DEN reproducibly induced hepatic foci/tumors in male and female mice. Ethanol diminished hepatic function and increased liver damage, but ethanol alone did not induce hepatic foci/HCC formation. In DEN‐initiated EtOH‐DW animals, ethanol significantly increased tumor incidence and burden, but only in male mice. Male and female mice (±DEN) demonstrated comparable blood alcohol content at necropsy, yet increased hepatic damage and diminished hepatic function/antioxidant capacity were significantly greater in males. Analysis of liver mRNA for Th1, Th2, or T‐regulatory factors demonstrated significantly elevated SMAD3 in male compared to female mice in response to EtOH, DEN initiation, and DEN + EtOH‐DW.

Conclusions:  These data demonstrate male mice are more susceptible to HCC incidence and progression in the setting of chronic ethanol feeding than females. Differences in markers of hepatic immune response in male mice suggest that increased TGFβ‐SMAD3 signaling may enhance promotion in this model of HCC progression, effects modulated by chronic ethanol feeding.
A Review of Social Skills Deficits in Individuals with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Profiles, Mechanisms, and Interventions
Authors: Kully‐Martens Katrina , Denys Kennedy , Treit Sarah , Tamana Sukhpreet , Rasmussen Carmen
Published: October 2011

Background:  Individuals gestationally exposed to alcohol experience a multitude of sociobehavioral impairments, including deficits in adaptive behaviors such as social skills.

Methods:  The goal of this report is to critically review research on social skills deficits in individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure, including individuals with and without fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).

Results:  Social deficits are found in alcohol‐exposed children, adults, and adolescents with and without a clinical presentation. These deficits tend to persist across the lifespan and may even worsen with age. Social deficits in this population appear to be independent of facial dysmorphology and IQ and are worse than can be predicted based on atypical behaviors alone. Abnormalities in neurobiology, executive function, sensory processing, and communication likely interact with contextual influences to produce the range of social deficits observed in FASD.

Conclusions:  Future investigations should strive to reconcile the relationship between social skills deficits in FASD and variables such as gender, age, cognitive profile, and structural and functional brain impairments to enable better characterization of the deficits observed in this population, which will enhance diagnosis and improve remediation.
A UNIVERSITY TEACHER'S VIEW OF THE HIGH SCHOOL COURSE IN FRENCH*
Authors: Fay Percival B.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— This paper deals with the secondary school work in French, considered as a preparation for the continued study of French in the university. The writer discusses various phases of the work (pronunciation, grammar, reading, translation, composition, conversation), and offers suggestions as to the emphasis which may properly be laid on each. Accuracy should be the principal aim throughout the course, and pupils should learn to respect the study of French as a serious intellectual discipline.
A SURVEY COURSE AND PERIOD COURSES IN SPANISH‐AMERICAN LITERATURE
Authors: Mapes E. K.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary,— Available texts now make possible a modest survey course in Spanish‐American literature, plus at least two special courses. Detailed suggestions, especially bibliographical.
THE EFFECT OF A SUMMER VACATION ON STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE OF FRENCH
Authors: Cole Robert D.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Tests given to a limited number of boys indicated comparatively little loss during the summer, particularly in the case of boys with high I. Q. and those who had made high scores in June.
THE TEACHING OF FIRST YEAR ITALIAN
Authors: Napoli Anton
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The suggestions made in this article aim at a better training in the fundamentals of first year work. By omitting conversation and composition during the study of grammar rules and until a reasonably working vocabulary is acquired, much more time could be devoted to pronunciation, analysis of syntax, assimilation of sentence structure, and thinking in Italian.)
CRITICAL REMARKS ON NOVIAL
Authors: Talmey Max
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A critical linguistic examination of Jespersen's “Novial” shows that it fails signally in naturalness, i.e. correspondence to the natural languages, an important desideratum for any International Language.)
AN ANALYSIS OF THE VOCABULARY OF TWO RECENT FRENCH GRAMMARS
Authors: Blackburn Margaret
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The purpose of this study is to make an analysis, on the basis of relative usefulness, of words found in two specific French grammars, comparing them and their frequencies to the Vander Beke list,3 and to draw therefrom whatever conclusions may follow in regard to making textbooks for beginners.
SPEAKING‐VOCABULARY IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors: West Michael
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The schoolmaster's problem is to predict future needs, and to supply varied needs in one class. The Direct Method brought the schoolmaster face to face with his old problem. Word‐frequency lists as an attempt at solution: their deficiencies. “Basic English” as an attempt on different lines.—Indications of the probable solution of the problem.
A NEW APPROACH TO PRACTICE IN READING A MODERN LANGUAGE*
Authors: Coleman Algernon
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The length of the period of study by the majority of pupils is a major consideration in fixing the objectives of modern language courses. The ability to read is generally recognized as the first goal. Investigations in teaching children to read the mother tongue provide material of value to modern language teachers and suggest a technique for the development of skill in reading a foreign language silently.
TEACHING STUDENTS TO READ A FOREIGN LANGUAGE VERSUS LETTING THEM LEARN HOW
Authors: Sparkman Colley F.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— An adaptation of modern methods of learning to read the vernacular to the problem of learning to read a foreign language.
TRAINING FOR READING: TECHNIQUE*
Authors: Eddy Helen M.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Justification of the Reading Method and an account of an experiment in the development of a direct‐reading technique adapted to students of high school age.
THE USE OF A STANDARDIZED VOCABULARY IN BEGINNING GERMAN*
Authors: Engel E. F.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A criticism of the German word lists published up to date and an attempt to set up a list which will be suitable for classroom purposes.
ORATORICAL SIDE SHOWS
Authors: Jones Willis Knapp
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The value of speechmaking in a modern language course with suggested method and topics.
RADIO AND AURAL COMPREHENSION*
Authors: Mercer C. H.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Had the directors of the Modern Foreign Language Study foreseen the possibilities of radio, they might have given more attention to aural and less to visual comprehension. Popularity of radio lessons and talks in Europe. Gramophone may be regarded as miniature broadcasting station, and, along with talkie, be used as preparation for radio. Lack of training in aural comprehension liable to impede progress in international understanding.
SOME ASPECTS OF MODERN LANGUAGE TEACHING IN SWEDEN
Authors: Gustafson Signhild V.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The well‐educated Swede must know English, French and German. How schools and universities give him this training, plus a generally rich background, in a practical way, is the theme of the following pages.
THE OUTSIDE READING PROBLEM—A PRACTICAL SUGGESTION
Authors: Kercheville F. M.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Essays written on topics chosen by the students from the fields of their own major subjects instead of the usual “book reports” offer splendid opportunities for the much needed points of contact between the modern languages and other fields of study.
TENDENCIES IN THE FRENCH LITERATURE OF TO‐DAY
Authors: Françon Marcel
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The purpose of the following article is to explain and to coordinate the manifold tendencies of the modern French literature by showing the influence of the psychological and philosophical conditions of the time, particularly the anxiety of men and the unrest of the world, on the writings of to‐day.
MORE ANENT THE PHONETIC LABORATORY METHOD
Authors: Levin Lawrence M.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— This paper contains an analysis of the phonetic laboratory method of teaching pronunciation on the basis of the author's experience with the system.
IN LIEU OF MONTHLY TESTS
Authors: Fairfield Virginia
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— An outline of short daily tests which have proved helpful to both teacher and student in checking on progress. They are offered as a substitute for the long monthly test as being time savers and most satisfactory.
NOTE ON THE MOODS AND TENSES OF THE FRENCH VERB
Authors: Chessex Jean Charles
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— On the importance of the early study of the past tense and of the early use of the subjunctive.
THE PROBLEM OF “WEANING” IN READING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors: West Michael
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— An attempt to show when and how the shift from prepared, i.e., simplified, texts to unaltered material may be made.
LISTS' LABOUR'S LOST
Authors: Adams John
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Let logical rules replace the learning of lists. Suggested rules for the position of adjectives and the use of tire or avoir as auxiliary.
TESTING OUT‐OF‐CLASS READING
Authors: Goddard Eunice R. , Seibert Louise C.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— It is desirable to find a method of testing out‐of‐class reading which shall be objective, shall furnish a “pure” mark, and be easy to administer and to score. Of various methods examined, the only one which meets the criteria is the true‐false type of test. In making this type of test, certain technical requirements must be observed.)
THE VOCABULARIES OF TWO DIRECT‐METHOD FRENCH GRAMMARS FOR BEGINNERS
Authors: Sears Edith K.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The purpose of this study is to evaluate critically, on the basis of relative usefulness, the vocabularies of two specific French grammars,1 comparing them with the French Word Book2 as regards frequency and range of occurrence, and to draw conclusions with respect to vocabularies in these and other textbooks for beginners.)
MACBETH IN THE HANDS OF FRENCH AND SPANISH TRANSLATORS
Authors: Manchester P. T.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Translation into poetic language, preserving the meanings and subtleties of the original is one of the fine arts, and is truly scholarly production. The difficulties encountered in interpreting and adequately translating Shakespeare are illustrated by comparisons of representative translations into French and Spanish, of passages from Macbeth.
READING A MODERN LANGUAGE
Authors: Carter Boyd G.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Reading techniques in a foreign language need emphasis as in English. Attention to these removes difficulties for the language student, especially in the secondary school.
THE LANGUAGE OF “BETTER UNDERSTANDINGS”
Authors: Hetzel Henry W.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— This is an attempt to show that the use of Esperanto is a step forward toward “better understanding” of common problems on the part of all nations of our sad world.
THE TECHNIQUE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE BROADCASTING
Authors: Mercer C. H.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Broadcasting technique is a function of broadcasting objective. In America, “Music is the universal language of humanity”: radio sings and fiddles. Damrosch technique converts music into language. In Europe, “Nation shall speak peace to nation”: auditory and visual techniques convert language into thought. International Modern Language Teachers Association will promote student friendship.
A COMPARISON OF FRENCH AND GERMAN IDIOMS
Authors: Kleiner Mathilde
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The study of French and German idioms demonstrates that, although the two languages are of different origin, many of their idioms show a striking similarity.
RADIO INSTRUCTION IN LANGUAGES*
Authors: Monroe R. E.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Why should not language instruction make use of the unlimited opportunities offered by the radio. Experiments at Ohio State University.
DEFENDING MODERN LANGUAGES BEFORE OUR CURRICULUM REVISERS
Authors: Roehm Alfred I.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A reading‐speed, one half as rapid as in English, achieved in two years. Eight hours of actual reading in post‐school life maintains and even enhances this ability. Can such an ability be justified as part of latter‐day functional education?
NEW OBJECTIVE IN MODERN LANGUAGE TEACHING
Authors: Waldman Mark
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Instruction of modern languages in secondary schools should stress the aesthetic view‐point and emphasize the ethical element wherever and whenever possible. College students studying modern languages should be divided into three classes according to their reasons for studying a foreign language.
ACTIVITÉ LITTÉRAIRE À LA COUR DE MARGUERITE D'AUTRICHE: MICHEL RIZ (RICCIO)
Authors: Françon Marcel , Boom Gh. De
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— This paper deals with the intellectual life at the court of Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands from 1507 to 1530. One manuscript is brought forward which is dedicated to this princess.
THE FIXATIVE VALUE OF INTENSIVE TRANSLATION
Authors: Crider Blake
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Experimental evidence is presented to show that it is advisable to recommend intensive preparation of passages assigned for translation in order that the class performance may be of a higher quality.
THE MODERN LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THE SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF GERMANY*
Authors: White Emilie Margaret
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Impossible to compare language achievement in two countries, because of difference in time devoted to study. Promotion by classes makes possible modern student projects and wide choice in texts. Modified direct method general. Emphasis on understanding of peoples.
FOUR TOPICS EXPLAINED FUNCTIONALLY
Authors: Hawkins Frederick E.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A few original teaching devices are here described which have helped the writer to present vividly and clearly certain items in French for beginners.
SOME RESULTS OF LABORATORY TRAINING
Authors: Waltz Ralph H.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Results of tests of laboratory drill in a new environment suggest that many of the possibilities of the laboratory have been hitherto neglected or overlooked.
THE PROBLEM OF EXTRA READING IN THE STUDY OF A MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors: Steinbach H. R.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Voluntary extra reading in foreign language courses has been found more advisable than definite assignments. To encourage students, grades are raised, if enough pages are read in addition to regular class work. Oral rather than written reports are found most expedient.
IS LEARNING TO READ AN EASY TASK?
Authors: Spendiaroff Eugene
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Some comments on Professor West's theory.
A DEVICE FOR MAKING TESTS FUNCTION1
Authors: Crooks Esther J.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The practice of summarizing on charts the errors in tests will make available an accurate and apparent diagnosis of the teacher's work and that of his students, and will lead to more effective class reviews, to more significant tests and to more stimulating conferences with students.
A GRAMMAR LESSON WITH REVIEW AND DRILL
Authors: Will Lucy M.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— This article describes a technique for a grammar development lesson with review and drill, and demonstrates this technique by wenn and als as temporal conjunctions with a review and drill of conjunctions in general.
THREE LITTLE WORDS WE OFTEN SEE1
Authors: Rosenberg S. L. Millard
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Le, la, and lo: assorted curiosities of pronominal usage; some plausible explanations reviewed, and an asperity soothed; an academy errant, and the poetic possibilities of the accusative; a doubtful dative and the strange case of the charitable lady; the philosophical problem raised by a boy's letter; and other oblique adventures.
MORE “GRAPHIC GRAMMAR”
Authors: Griggs Marion T.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Further examples of graphic grammar in support of the theory that it is easier for the average (visual‐minded) student to grasp visual explanations: a “pattern” for learning certain tenses of many French irregular verbs, and a graphic method for finding the present subjunctive.
OLD WINE IN A NEW BOTTLE
Authors: Thurnau H. C.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Similarity of a recent American story to a well‐known Grimm Märchen. Investigation reveals the antiquity of the tale and its widespread dissemination in the literature of the world.
AN UNNOTED CASE OF AGREEMENT ACCORDING TO SENSE
Authors: Schwartz William Leonard
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Broché, relié, etc., when following titles of books, do not agree with the titles, but according to sense with a word like livre, understood.
MENACE OR MIRAGE? THE UNITED STATES SEEN THROUGH FRENCH EYES, 1929–1931
Authors: Thompson Albert Wilder
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— A discussion of books written about the United States in the last three years by French journalists, professors, and economists.)
MORTALITY OF MODERN LANGUAGE STUDENTS: ITS CAUSES AND PREVENTION*
Authors: Cheydleur Frederic D.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— In this investigation we have aimed to present a clinical study of the causes of scholarship mortality in modern languages and its prevention by a more scientific procedure. Our findings warrant our recommending the use of intelligence, placement, and achievement tests, personal guidance, grouping into upper and lower sections, the employment of a method with attainable objectives, small beginning classes and larger succeeding ones, and the sifting, winnowing, and rewarding of teachers.
TUMULT AND SHOUTING
Authors: Young Charles E.
Published: October 2011

Summary.— Varying conditions entail a variation in methods. Since there is no one best method, choose those elements of the different methods that will best fit your conditions. A common sense statement of facts. Ed.
A MINIMUM STANDARD VOCABULARY FOR GERMAN
Authors: Morgan Bayard Q.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The AATG has called for a minimum standard vocabulary and approved the committee's preliminary procedure. The terms defined. A Socratic dialog on the need for the word‐list. Its usefulness set forth, and the present and future reponsibilities of editors and textbook‐makers discussed.
FRENCH IN RHODE ISLAND JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS
Authors: Hawkins Frederick E.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Modem language instruction in the junior high schools of at least one State is considerably like clothes handed down from an older brother to a younger, regardless of the fit. Perhaps Junior would get along better in a suit of his own.