bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of oestrogen treatment and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibition on the microvasculature of ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Giménez Jose , Garcia Paz M. , Bonacasa Barbara , Carbonell Luis F. , Quesada Tomas , Hernández Isabel
Published: November 2005

We investigated the role of oestrogen in the function and structure of the microcirculation of female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), and evaluated the effect of 17β‐oestradiol on their cardiovascular response to pharmacological agents that block the formation of angiotensin II. Ten‐week‐old SHRs were randomly assigned to the following groups: intact, ovariectomized, and ovariectomized treated with 17β‐oestradiol (1.5 mg delivered over 60 days) and/or captopril (5 mg kg−1 day−1 for 8 weeks). Systolic blood pressure was determined from the time of ovariectomy up to 18 weeks of age, at which time endothelial function and microvascular density in skeletal muscle were evaluated. Both 17β‐oestradiol and captopril prevented development of hypertension in ovariectomized rats. Furthermore, coadministration of both drugs had a greater antihypertensive effect than either one alone. Acetylcholine‐induced vasodilatation was impaired in ovariectomized SHRs, and the response was improved by treatment with 17β‐oestradiol and/or captopril. In addition, 17β‐oestradiol replacement in ovariectomized rats enhanced the effect of captopril on acetylcholine‐induced vasodilatation. Ovariectomized rats also showed lower microvascular density than intact rats, an effect that was prevented by 17β‐oestradiol replacement or captopril treatment and, to a significantly larger extent, by coadministration of both. We concluded that both 17β‐oestradiol and captopril attenuated the development of hypertension and improved the impairment in microvascular density of ovariectomized SHRs. Moreover, when simultaneously administered, oestradiol and captopril had an additive effect on blood pressure and the microvasculature.
The mammalian exercise pressor reflex in health and disease
Authors: Smith Scott A. , Mitchell Jere H. , Garry Mary G.
Published: November 2005

The exercise pressor reflex (a peripheral neural reflex originating in skeletal muscle) contributes significantly to the regulation of the cardiovascular system during exercise. Exercise‐induced signals that comprise the afferent arm of the reflex are generated by activation of mechanically (muscle mechanoreflex) and chemically sensitive (muscle metaboreflex) skeletal muscle receptors. Activation of these receptors and their associated afferent fibres reflexively adjusts sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity during exercise. In heart failure, the cardiovascular response to exercise is augmented. Owing to the peripheral skeletal myopathy that develops in heart failure (e.g. muscle atrophy, decreased peripheral blood flow, fibre‐type transformation and reduced oxidative capacity), the exercise pressor reflex has been implicated as a possible mechanism by which the cardiovascular response to physical activity is exaggerated in this disease. Accumulating evidence supports this conclusion. This review therefore focuses on the role of the exercise pressor reflex in regulating the cardiovascular system during exercise in both health and disease. Updates on our current understanding of the exercise pressor reflex neural pathway as well as experimental models used to study this reflex are presented. In addition, special emphasis is placed on the changes in exercise pressor reflex activity that develop in heart failure, including the contributions of the muscle mechanoreflex and metaboreflex to this pressor reflex dysfunction.
Rapid glucose sensing by protein kinase A for insulin exocytosis in mouse pancreatic islets
Authors: Hatakeyama Hiroyasu , Kishimoto Takuya , Nemoto Tomomi , Kasai Haruo , Takahashi Noriko
Published: November 2005

The role of protein kinase A (PKA) in insulin exocytosis was investigated with the use of two‐photon excitation imaging of mouse islets of Langerhans. Inhibitors of PKA selectively reduced the number of exocytic events during the initial period (< 250 s) of the first phase of glucose‐induced exocytosis (GIE), without affecting the second phase, in intact islets or small clusters of islet cells. The PKA inhibitors did not reduce the extent of the glucose‐induced increase in [Ca2+]i. The actions of glucose and PKA in Ca2+‐induced insulin exocytosis (CIE) triggered by photolysis of a caged‐Ca2+ compound, which resulted in large increases in [Ca2+]i and thereby bypassed the ATP‐sensitive K+ channel‐dependent mechanism of glucose sensing, were therefore studied. A high concentration (20 mm) of glucose potentiated CIE within 1 min, and this effect was blocked by inhibitors of PKA. This PKA‐dependent action of glucose required glucose metabolism, given that increasing the intracellular concentration of cAMP by treatment with forskolin potentiated CIE only at the high glucose concentration. Finally, PKA appeared to reduce the frequency of ‘kiss‐and‐run’ exocytic events and to promote full‐fusion events during GIE. These data indicate that a PKA‐dependent mechanism of glucose sensing, which is operative even at the basal level of PKA activity, plays an important role specifically in the first phase of GIE, and they suggest that the action of PKA is mediated at the level of the fusion reaction.
An amino‐terminal lysine residue of rat connexin40 that is required for spermine block
Authors: Lin Xianming , Fenn Edward , Veenstra Richard D.
Published: November 2005

Spermine blocks connexin40 (Cx40) gap junctions, and two cytoplasmic amino‐terminal domain glutamate residues are essential for this inhibitory activity. To further examine the molecular basis for block, we mutated a portion of a basic amino acid (HKH) motif on the Cx40 amino‐terminal domain. Replacement of the Cx40 H15 + K16 residues with the Q15 + A16 sequence native to spermine‐insensitive connexin43 (Cx43) gap junctions increased the equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) and reduced the maximum inhibition by spermine. The corresponding electrical distance (δ) approximation was decreased by about 50%. The transjunctional voltage (Vj)‐dependent gating of homotypic Cx40 H15Q + K16A mutant gap junctions was also significantly reduced. The minimum normalized steady‐state junctional conductance (Gmin) increased from 0.17 to 0.72, with an increase in the half‐inactivation voltage from 48 to 60 mV. However, the unitary junctional conductance (γj; 160 pS) was only slightly altered, and the relative cation/anion conductance and permeability ratios were unchanged from wild‐type Cx40 gap junction channels. The relative K+/Cl− permeability (PK/PCl) ratio increased from six to ten when [KCl] was reduced to 25% of normal. These data suggest that the HKH motif at positions 15–17 is important to the conformational structure of the putative voltage sensor and spermine receptor of Cx40, without causing significant alteration of the electrostatic surface charge potentials that contribute to the ion selectivity of this gap junction channel.
Cardiac memory … new insights into molecular mechanisms
Authors: Rosen Michael R. , Cohen Ira S.
Published: November 2005

‘Cardiac memory’ describes an electrocardiographic T wave vector change, recorded during normal sinus rhythm that reflects the QRS complex vector during prior periods of ventricular pacing or arrhythmia. In this brief review we consider the mechanisms responsible for cardiac memory, which offer a unique window for relating molecular determinants of repolarization to their expression in the function of ion channels and in the electrophysiology of the heart. Understanding the steps that translate the molecular mechanisms for memory into clinical expression in this relatively straightforward model facilitates our comprehension of the complex pathways that order normal cardiac repolarization and repolarization changes.
Neuronal responses to transient hypoglycaemia in the dorsal vagal complex of the rat brainstem
Authors: Balfour Robert H. , Hansen Ann Maria Kruse , Trapp Stefan
Published: November 2005

Several regions of the mammalian brain contain glucosensing neurones. In vivo studies have suggested that those located in the hypothalamus and lower brainstem are involved in glucoprivic feeding and homeostatic control of blood glucose. We have identified and characterized hypoglycaemia‐sensitive neurones in the dorsal vagal complex of the brainstem using in situ hybridization, single‐cell RT‐PCR and whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings from rat brainstem slices. Approximately 80% of neurones did not respond to hypoglycaemia (changing artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) glucose from 10 mm to 0 mm) within 5 min (non‐responsive: NR). Another 10% depolarized within 155 ± 31 s (mean ±s.e.m.) of glucose removal (glucose‐inhibited: GI), and the remaining neurones hyperpolarized within 53 ± 7 s (glucose‐excited: GE). The hyperpolarization was reversed by the KATP channel blocker tolbutamide. Single‐cell RT‐PCR revealed that GI and GE, but not NR, cells expressed glucokinase (GLK). In contrast, SUR1, a KATP channel subunit, was expressed in GE and some NR cells. In situ hybridization with biotin‐labelled riboprobes in the dorsal vagal complex revealed ubiquitous expression of SUR1, and widespread, but sparse, expression of GLK. Identification of astrocytes using a GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) antibody showed that GLK and GFAP were not colocalized. In summary, we have demonstrated that GI and GE neurones exist in the brainstem and that GLK is essential for their function. It seems likely that GE neurones work in a way analogous to pancreatic β‐cells in that they require both GLK and KATP channels.
Adenylate cyclase 5 and KCa1.1 channel are required for EGFR up‐regulation of PCNA in native contractile rat basilar artery smooth muscle
Authors: Ivanov Alexander , Gerzanich Volodymyr , Ivanova Svetlana , DenHaese Ryan , Tsymbalyuk Orest , Simard J. Marc
Published: November 2005

In synthetic phenotype vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), activation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) induces a sustained increase in intermediate conductance KCa (int‐KCa; KCa3.1) channels that is essential for proliferation. However, a comparable mechanism has not been identified in native contractile phenotype VSMC, which express large conductance KCa (maxi‐KCa; KCa1.1) channels, not int‐KCa channels. Using patch clamp of freshly isolated contractile VSMC from rat basilar artery, we found that EGF (100 ng ml−1) caused hyperpolarization (7.9 ± 3.9 mV) due to activation of iberiotoxin‐sensitive, maxi‐KCa channels. The EGFR ligands EGF (100 ng ml−1), transforming growth factor α (0.4 ng ml−1) and heparin‐binding EGF (100 ng ml−1) all caused a 20% increase in maxi‐KCa channel current that was blocked by AG‐1478 or by knock‐down of EGFR expression using cisterna magna infusion of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS‐ODN). In controls, EGFR knock‐down, and EGFR gain‐of‐expression (angiotensin II hypertension), the increase in maxi‐KCa current correlated with the abundance of EGFR protein expressed. The EGFR‐mediated increase in maxi‐KCa channel activity was blocked by inhibiting cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (cAK) using KT‐5720 or Rp‐cAMP, or by inhibiting adenylate cyclase type 5 (AC‐5) using 2′,5′‐dideoxyadenosine or knock‐down of AC‐5 expression by intracisternal AS‐ODN. Direct infusion of EGF into cisterna magna caused up‐regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in VSMC that was prevented by coinfusion of iberiotoxin or of AG‐1478. Our data, which are consistent with the hypothesis that hyperpolarization is critical for a proliferative response, are the first to implicate AC‐5 and maxi‐KCa channels in gene activation related to EGFR signalling in native contractile VSMC.
Coupled Bending-Torsional Vibration of a Cracked Hollow Beam Model in Water and Identification of Cracking
Authors: Yang Xinfeng , Swamidas A. S. J. , Seshadri R. , Datta I.
Published: November 2005

The coupled flexural-torsional vibration equations of a floating beam model, considering added fluid masses, are developed. The beam has varying bending stiffness, varying torsional stiffness and varying mass distribution; frequencies and mode shapes are calculated using Galerkin’s method. Stiffness for the cracked beam (backbone) has been calculated using an energy procedure. Experimental values have been compared with the results of theoretical predictions and the agreement between the two found to be good. The frequency contour method has been used to identify the crack.`
Effects of Discontinuity of Elasticity and Damping on the Dynamics of an Electromechanical Transducer
Authors: Yamapi R. , Chabi Orou J. B. , Woafo P.
Published: November 2005

In this paper, we study numerically the effects of discontinuity in elasticity and damping on the dynamics of an electromechanical transducer. Frequency-response curves of oscillatory states are obtained. Bifurcation structures and transitions to nonperiodic or chaotic motion are found.
Review of Sonic-Boom Generation Theory and Prediction Methods
Authors: Carlson H. W. , Maglieri D. J.
Published: November 2005

Within the past two decades, the combined contributions of scientists and engineers in this country and abroad have resulted in development of systematic and reliable methods for the prediction of sonic-boom phenomena. The prediction techniques reviewed in the present paper permit the calculation of sonic booms produced by rather complex conventional supersonic aircraft designs performing level nonaccelerated flight in a quiet atmosphere. It has been found that the calculated characteristics for a quiet atmosphere are representative of nominal conditions in a statistical sense for a real atmosphere. Basic concepts of supersonic flow analysis, for representation of an airplane as a linear distribution of disturbances and for determination of the resultant pressure field complete with shocks, are outlined. Numerical techniques for implementation of the theory are discussed briefly, and examples of the correlation of theory with experimental data from wind tunnel and flight tests are presented. Special attention is given to presentation of a simplified method for rapid “first-cut” estimation of farfield bow-shock overpressure. Finally, some problems encountered in attempts at applying the prediction techniques for the nearfield at high supersonic Mach numbers are recognized, and the need for further refinement of present techniques or the development of new systems is discussed.
Effects of Atmospheric Irregularities on Sonic-Boom Propagation
Authors: Pierce Allan D. , Maglieri Domenic J.
Published: November 2005

A review is given of information obtained in recent years concerning the effects on sonic-boom signatures of departures of the atmosphere from a perfectly stratified time invariant model. These effects include the observed random variations in boom overpressures from those expected for a stratified atmosphere, the anomalously large and variable rise times, and the occurence of spiked or rounded waveforms rather than the characteristic N waves. The extent of the variability in data recorded during actual flight tests is summarized in the form of histograms, representing experimentally obtained probability density functions. The physical mechanisms believed to be responsible for the variations and the anomalous features in the signatures are described. These include refraction and subsequent wavefront rippling by turbulence, the possible focusing or defocusing of rays, the formation of caustics, and the phenomenon of wavefront folding, diffraction, and scattering. Recent statistical theories of shock propagation through a turbulent atmosphere proposed by Crow, George and Plotkin, Pierce, Horning, and others are reviewed.
Review of Sonic-Boom Simulation Devices and Techniques
Authors: Edge Philip M. , Hubbard Harvey H.
Published: November 2005

Research on aircraft-generated sonic booms has led to the development of special techniques to generate controlled sonic-boom-type disturbances without the complications and expense of supersonic flight operations. This paper contains brief descriptions of several of these techniques along with the significant hardware items involved and indicates the advantages and disadvantages of each in research applications. Included are wind tunnels, ballistic ranges, spark discharges, piston phones, shock tubes, high-speed valve systems, and shaped explosive charges. Specialized applications include sonic-boom generation and propagation studies and the responses of structures, terrain, people, and animals. Situations for which simulators are applicable are shown to include both small-scale and large-scale laboratory tests and full-scale field tests. Although no one approach to simulation is ideal, the various techniques available generally complement each other to provide desired capability for a broad range of sonic-boom studies.
Seismic and Underwater Responses to Sonic Boom
Authors: Cook J. C. , Goforth T. , Cook R. K.
Published: November 2005

Sonic booms produced by aircraft moving at supersonic speeds apply moving loads to the earth's surface. In deep water, a moving underwater pressure field is observed to accompany the hyperbolic boom trace sweeping over the surface. The pressure waveform underwater near the surface is almost identical to that of the N wave in air, but it is rapidly smoothed and attenuated with depth, typically becoming one-tenth as large at a depth less than 0.6 of the N wavelength. Overpressures may exceed background noise pressures by factors of up to 100 at moderate depths for frequencies between 2 Hz and 100 Hz, but are less than 0.16% of pressures known to harm marine life in single exposures. Adequate quantitative theories for the underwater effect have been developed, and have been verified by scale-model experiments. On land, which is generally stratified, there are two major effects: the “static” deformation field traveling with the surface load, and air-coupled Rayleigh wavetrains following each N-wave transient. The latter have frequencies and amplitudes determined by the geology and the aircraft speed. The former has always been the largest effect in over 1003 seismograms recorded in field tests. Its amplitude is proportional to the sonic-boom overpressure. The maximum ground motion recorded was about 100 times the largest natural, steady seismic noise background, but was still less than 1% of the accepted seismic damage threshold for residential structures. Movement is greater in soft ground than on hard rock, and decreases rapidly with depth. Present quantitative theories for the major seismic effects agree reasonably well with the experiments. Seismic forerunner waves, which begin at least 7 sec before arrival of the sonic boom, might be exploited for automatic warnings to lessen the startle effect. Sonic booms probably cannot trigger earthquakes, but might possibly precipitate incipient avalanches or landslides in exceptional areas which are already stressed to within a few percent of instability.
Sonic-Boom-Induced Building Structure Responses Including Damage
Authors: Clarkson Brian L. , Mayes William H.
Published: November 2005

Concepts of sonic-boom pressure loading of building structures and the associated responses are reviewed, and results of pertinent theoretical and experimental research programs are summarized. The significance of sonic-boom load time histories, including waveshape effects, are illustrated with the aid of simple structural elements such as beams and plates. Also included are discussions of the significance of such other phenomena as three-dimensional loading effects, air cavity coupling, multimodal responses, and structural nonlinearities. Measured deflection, acceleration, and strain data from laboratory models and full-scale building tests are summarized, and these data are compared, where possible, with predicted values. Damage complaint and claim experience due both to controlled and uncontrolled supersonic flights over communities are summarized with particular reference to residential, commercial, and historic buildings. Sonic-boom induced building responses are compared with those from other impulsive loadings due to natural and cultural events and from laboratory simulation tests.
Animal Response to Sonic Booms
Authors: Bell Wilson B.
Published: November 2005

This paper reviews reports and studies of animal response to sonic booms. Individual domestic or pet animals may react to a boom, a simple startle response being the most common reaction. However, specific reactions differ according to the species involved, whether the animal is alone, and perhaps whether there has been previous exposure. Occasional trampling, moving, raising head, stampeding, jumping, and running are among the reactions reported. Avian species occasionally run, fly, or crowd. Reactions vary from boom to boom and are not predictable. Animal reactions to booms are similar to their reactions to low-level subsonic airplane flights, helicopters, barking dogs, blown paper, and sudden noises. Conclusive data on effects of booms on production are not available, but no change in milk production by one dairy herd was noted. The reactions of mink to sonic booms have been studied in considerable detail. Female mink with kits may be alerted, pause in activity, and look for source of sound. Sleeping females may awaken and mating pairs may show momentary alertness, but the mating ritual is not disturbed. No wounding, killing, carrying, or burying of kits in nest by females have been observed in the studies. In one series of observations the reactions of the mink to barking dogs, truck noises, and mine blasting were similar to their reactions to booms. The effect of booms on eggs being hatched under commercial conditions was examined in detail, and no effects on hatchability were found. However, a mass hatching failure of the Dry Tortugas Sooty Tern occurred in 1969, and the circumstantial evidence suggests that physical damage to the eggs by severe sonic booms caused by low-level supersonic flights was responsible. Observations on wild and zoo animals are quite limited, but those made on deer, reindeer, and some zoo animals revealed no reaction or only minimal and momentary reaction, such as raising the head, pricking the ears, and scenting the air.
Experiments on the Effect of Sonic-Boom Exposure on Humans
Authors: Rylander Ragnar , Sörensen Stefan , Berglund Kenneth , Brodin Carina
Published: November 2005

This paper reports the results of a field experiment initiated by the Division of House Construction at Chalmers' University of Technology in connection with the Swedish Aeronautical Research Institute, whose primary aim was to study boom exposure effect on structures. Military aircraft were used which flew over a test area generating sonic booms of various intensities. Test persons were exposed directly under the flight path, the exposure effect being measured with the aid of a visual performance test and a tracking test. In addition, the subjective reactions of the test persons and military recruits, present at other sites under the sonic-boom carpet, were evaluated with the aid of a questionnaire.
FIRST-ORDER ACTIONS: A NEW VIEW
Authors: BERTIN M. C. , PIMENTEL B. M. , POMPEIA P. J.
Published: November 2005

We analyse systems described by first-order actions using the Hamilton–Jacobi (HJ) formalism for singular systems. In this study we verify that generalized brackets appear in a natural way in HJ approach, showing us the existence of a symplectic structure in the phase space of this formalism.
PLANAR SYSTEM AND w∞ ALGEBRA
Authors: DOUARI JAMILA
Published: November 2005

We study the exotic particles symmetry in the background of noncommutative two-dimensional phase-space leading to realize in physics the deformed version of Cλ-extended Heisenberg algebra and ω∞ symmetry.
LEE–YANG FORCE, GAUGE SYMMETRY AND "DARK ENERGY"
Authors: HSU JONG-PING
Published: November 2005

In 1955, Lee and Yang discussed a new massless gauge field based on the established conservation of baryon number. They predicted the existence of a repulsive force between baryonic matter, just as the conservation of electron–lepton number was later shown to imply the existence of a repulsive force between electrons. Although Eötvös experiments showed the force to be undetectably small at that time, such a force may be related to the dark-energy-induced acceleration of the expansion of the universe. If the gauge invariant Lagrangian involves a spacetime derivative of the field strength, the resultant potential has properties similar to that of the "dark energy" implied by the cosmological constant in the Einstein's equation.
A NOVEL THEORY OF ELECTROWEAK INSTANTONS
Authors: SI TIEYAN , DUAN YI-SHI
Published: November 2005

Using ϕ-mapping topological current theory and the expansion theory of the δ-function, we found a more exact expression of conventional instanton and multi-instanton. We established a novel approach to instanton. It is found that the instantons arise from the symmetric phase of the Higgs field ϕ=0, the fine topological structure of the instanton number is also given.
COULOMB SYSTEMS IN A STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: TURBINER A. V. , LÓPEZ-VIEYRA J. C.
Published: November 2005

A study of what would the atomic–molecular physics be in an external strong magnetic field is presented. Emphasis is made on one-electron systems which seem the most bound, since two- and more-electron systems are weakly bound due to their maximal total spin nature. We demonstrate that the Coulombic systems (αpe) and (ααe) placed in (astro-physically relevant) magnetic fields B>1011 G become bound. It manifests a theoretical existence of the exotic ions ( HeH )2+ and [Formula: see text] with parallel configuration (the magnetic field is directed along the internuclear axis) as optimal. Both ions are unstable towards dissociation but do have very large lifetimes. At B>1000 a.u. the ion [Formula: see text] becomes stable and even becomes the most stable among one-electron ions made from protons and/or α-particles. A table of one-electron atomic–molecular systems which may exist in a strong magnetic field is given.
ACCESSIBILITY OF COMPACT STRUCTURES AND PRION-LIKE PROTEIN FOLDING PROPERTY
Authors: CHEN HU , KOH CHAN GHEE , LIAW CHIH YOUNG , ZHOU XIN
Published: November 2005

Based on two-dimensional Gō model of proteins and Monte Carlo simulation method, it is found that different compact conformations have different accessibility, i.e., some are easy to reach in the Monte Carlo simulation from a random conformation, while others are not. The logarithm of folding time is approximately a linear function of the contact order of the native conformation, which is consistent with published experimental results. Transition barrier is the main factor to determine the folding time at low temperature when proteins are stable. To fold to native structure with bigger contact order, higher barrier needs to be overcome. To study the folding properties of some prion-like proteins which have two possible conformations, the normal Gō model is extended to double-Gō model with two native states. In folding simulations, the native state with high accessibility is reached with much higher probability than the other. The accessibility of compact structures determines which structure is easy to reach in folding process.
STUDY ON THE PHOTOREFRACTIVE PROPERTIES OF Sc, In CO-DOPED LITHIUM NIOBATE CRYSTALS
Authors: XU ZHAOPENG , XU SHIWEN , XU YUHENG , WANG RUI
Published: November 2005

The Sc:In:LiNbO 3 crystals co-doped with 0.5 mol% Sc 2 O 3 and 0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mol% In 2 O 3 were grown by the Czochralski method. The structure of the crystals was measured by infrared spectra. The mechanism of the shift of OH - absorption peak was investigated. The photo-damage resistance ability of Sc:In:LiNbO 3 crystals was observed by the straightly observing transmission facula distortion method. The Sc:In:LiNbO 3 waveguide substrates were fabricated by the proton exchange technique using benzoic acid as the proton source. The photo-damage thresholds of these y-cut waveguide substrates were measured by the m-line method. The results measured by the two methods above all show that the photo-damage resistance ability of Sc:In:LiNbO 3 crystals increases two orders of magnitude in comparison with that of pure LiNbO 3 crystals. The mechanism of the enhancement of the photo-damage resistance ability of Sc:In:LiNbO 3 crystals is discussed by Li -vacancy model.
CONSECUTIVE DIFFERENCES AS A METHOD OF SIGNAL FRACTAL ANALYSIS
Authors: KALAUZI A. , SPASIC S. , CULIC M. , GRBIC G. , MARTAC L. J.
Published: November 2005

We propose a new method for calculating fractal dimension (DF) of a signal y(t), based on coefficients [Formula: see text], mean absolute values of its nth order derivatives (consecutive finite differences for sampled signals). We found that logarithms of [Formula: see text], n = 2,3,…,nmax, exhibited linear dependence on n: [Formula: see text] with stable slopes and Y-intercepts proportional to signal DF values. Using a family of Weierstrass functions, we established a link between Y-intercepts and signal fractal dimension: [Formula: see text] and calculated parameters A(nmax) and B(nmax) for nmax= 3,…,7. Compared to Higuchi's algorithm, advantages of this method include greater speed and eliminating the need to choose value for kmax, since the smallest error was obtained with nmax= 3.
MULTIFRACTAL ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE TIME SERIES: DATA FROM BOREHOLES IN KAMCHATKA
Authors: BODRI LOUISE , CERMAK VLADIMIR
Published: November 2005

In the present work, we focus on the multifractal structure of the microtemperature time series monitored at depth in boreholes, namely in two holes drilled in Kamchatka (Russia). Two monitoring series were performed for approximately two weeks with a 5-second reading interval; thus, each series contains about 230,000 data points. The observed temperatures displayed sharp gradients and large fluctuations over all observed time ranges, reflecting fine structure of the heat transfer process in the shallow subsurface. Recurrence plot (RP) technique was applied for detecting hidden rhythms that generated the time series. The most characteristic feature of the RPs is their web-like structure, indicating quasi-periodic occurrence of the sharp changes. The spectral and the local growth of the second moment techniques were used for distinguishing between the potentially different heat transfer processes. Both spectra show "red noise" behavior, however, exhibit distinct scaling exponents for different frequency domains from near 1.33 for low frequencies to near 3 at the high frequency end of the spectra. Local growth of the second moment technique has revealed the presence of temperature forming process with the characteristic time of approximately 1 minute, that smoothes out generally anti-persistent behavior on shorter time scales, but has a little effect on longer time scales.

The investigation was accomplished by the calculation of universal multifractal indices, which characterize temperature fluctuation upon scales in the range from minutes to weeks. Both time series show very similar multifractal behavior. The Hurst exponent, characterizing the degree of non-stationarity, equals to 0.18–0.20, the measure of intermittence C1 amounts to 0.10, and the α-index, characterizing the degree of multifractality, amounts to 1.32 and 1.24 for both boreholes. We speculate on the origin of these common features intervening all over the observed range of time scales in a borehole.
STRUCTURE OF THE PATH LENGTH SET IN ASYMMETRIC TREES
Authors: EPSTEIN CHLOE , SENDEWICZ WILLIAM , BROWN DAVID
Published: November 2005

We characterize the path length set of asymmetric binary fractal trees in terms of the scaling ratios, r and ℓ. We show that if r + ℓ < 1, then the path length set is a Cantor set, and if r + ℓ ≥ 1, then the path length set is an interval.
SMOLUCHOWSKI–KRAMERS APPROXIMATION AND EXIT PROBLEMS
Authors: CHEN ZHIWEI , FREIDLIN MARK
Published: November 2005

As is known, the solution of problem (1) converges to the solution of problem (3) uniformly on any finite time interval as μ ↓ 0. We study relations between large deviations for these two processes [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] as ε ↓ 0. A special attention is paid to the case of linear systems, when the quasi-potential is calculated explicitly.
SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS OF INFINITE DIMENSIONAL SDES WITH JUMP
Authors: CAO GUILAN , HE KAI , ZHANG XICHENG
Published: November 2005

In this paper, we study the existence and uniqueness of solutions to non-Markovian stochastic differential equations with jump and non-Lipschitz coefficients in infinite dimensional spaces by successive approximation.
Requirements/design debugging
Authors: Bates Peter
Published: November 2005

This session was essentially a continuation of the earlier session on Knowledge-Based systems. The discussion proceeded along two dimensions. One is the paradigm used to, in some sense, debug high-level specifications. This is further broken into the 'current' and the 'operational specifications' paradigms. The other dimension is one of techniques for implementing these views. This dimension also has only two aspects, current techniques and knowledge-based techniques.

The plan for the session was to introduce the technologies that may or may not exist to support these capabilities followed by a debate on these methods. There are four areas to be discussed in terms of technology---symbolic evaluation, fault analysis, behavior expectations and natural language explanations.
An approach to testing specifications
Authors: Jard C. , Bochmann G. v.
Published: November 2005

An approach to testing the consistency of specifications is explored, which is applicable to the design validation of communication protocols and other cases of step-wise refinement. In this approach, a testing module compares a trace of interactions obtained from an execution of the refined specification (e. g. the protocol specification) with the reference specification (e. g. the communication service specification).

Non-determinism in reference specifications presents certain problems. Using an extended finite state transition model for the specifications, a strategy for limiting the amount of non-determinacy is presented.

An automated method for constructing a testing module for a given reference specification is discussed. Experience with the application of this testing approach to the design of a Transport protocol and a distributed mutual exclusion algorithm is described.
The role of debugging within software engineering environments
Authors: Müllerburg Monika A. F.
Published: November 2005

Programming environments (PEs) support a single programmer developing small- to medium-scale programs, whereas software development support systems and software engineering environments (SE
2
s) support whole project teams, developing Large-scale software. There is no reason to believe that one and only one support system may exist. The usefulness of one or the other depends on the particular situation of software development.

Debugging is distinguished from testing and defined not only for removing bugs from programs (dynamic debugging) but also from documents describing the programs (static debugging).

The key problem of debugging is understanding the software. Debugging may be supported by static analysis tools and by interactive debugging systems which help both to understand the software better and to estimate the impacts of an intended change. Graphical representations are also very useful for better understanding system structures and for recognising faults and clashes faster. Tools may furthermore be used to report errors and corrections, and to maintain these reports.

In the context of PEs and SE
2
s the tools supporting debugging are connected. Tools can be based on a uniform internal representation, allowing a uniform user interface. Tasks and corresponding tools can be tailored to each other, avoiding duplication of work. One task knows what the others have already done. One knows if certain types of errors have been prevented or removed, i.e. if static analysis tools prevent data flow errors during runtime. Tools and results of other tasks may be used, i.e. cross reference lists and test path reports. Similarities and differences of debugging in PEs and in SE
2
s are discussed by some example systems. The discussion is concluded by demonstrating possible influences on future software development by personal computers, knowledge engineering, and predicative programming.
Distributed debugging
Authors: Gross Thomas
Published: November 2005

Both sessions on Tuesday morning (March 22, 1983) were devoted to the discussion of Distributed Debugging. Three papers were presented during the first part; then there was a lively panel discussion on Multiprocess and Distributed Debugging. Both session were chaired by John R. White (Xerox PARC).
An approach to high-level debugging of distributed systems
Authors: Bates Peter , Wileden Jack C.
Published: November 2005

As part of a study of methods and strategies for problem solving in a distributed environment [Less80], we have been investigating techniques suitable for use in debugging programs written for implementation on distributed processing networks.

Traditional debugging methods emphasize techniques that apply at the level of computation units and generally allow users to examine, and possibly alter, the state of a computation. Interactive debugging monitors are probably the most powerful implementations of the traditional method and usually permit a user to examine an entire snspshot of system state at any step of the computation. It is the job of the debugger (usually a person directing the error search) to determine what units are relevant to some problem, examine the units in whatever fashion is available, and then fit the results of these examinations into a model of how the computation works. Two elements essential to the successful completion of the debugging task are evident here: the ability to monitor, in some meaningful way, the relevant system activity so as to understand how system behavior differs from the debugger's model, and the ability to perform experiments based (implicitly or explicitly) on the information gathered. Through the interaction of these two elements a debugger attempts to gain an understanding of the causes of an error or at least to note where the implementation and the expected behavior differ.
High level language debugging with a compiler
Authors: Ferrante Jeanne
Published: November 2005

In this paper, we start from the basic premise of wanting an interactive high level language debugger, and we explore the possibilities of achieving this using a compiler. We outline the functional capabilities desired, and suggest means of achieving them using a compiler. Most of these entail requirements on the compiler, and our suggestions may be viewed as justification for modularizing compiler design.
Static analysis of programs as an aid to debugging
Authors: Tischler Ron , Schaufler Robin , Payne Charlotte
Published: November 2005

This paper describes how MAP, a tool for understanding software, combines static analysis, some dynamic features, and an interactive presentation to aid programmers in debugging. Static analysis of the sort produced in optimizing compilers could provide programmers with useful information that they cannot get from dynamic debuggers. The challenge for designers of static analysis tools is to present the information in a useful form.
Dynamical system specifications as validation media
Authors: Gyorkos J. , Rozman I. , Welzer T.
Published: November 2005

How to present to the customer team the aim and the potential behavior of the future software system after the earliest phases of software development process - the requirements analysis? Activation of systems specifications as the useful connection between the both customer and developer team is described in the paper. Activation gives the dynamic procedural picture of the future system with the optional level of abstraction and with the possibility of tracing the desired event structure. The advantages of the described activating of systems specifications are simplicity, well understandability and the flexible connection with the techniques for generating system specifications. All this improve the customer/developer cycle's communication paths.
Communication types
Authors: Jung C. , Sibert E.
Published: November 2005

Indirect naming of processes in the distributed message communication can be achieved either by introducing channels or ports (
channel oriented scheme
) or by using process variables (
process oriented scheme
). The

communication type

is introduced on top of the process oriented scheme in order to achieve the same degree of static checking on legitimate communication between processes as the channel oriented scheme. This can be done without introducing a passive shared object in the language semantics which is a major disadvantage of the channel oriented scheme, in a distributed message communication environment.
Involving coroutines in interaction between functional and conventional language
Authors: Ivanovic M. , Budimac Z.
Published: November 2005

Both functional and conventional languages have their advantages and flaws. For this reason, it is often useful to combine good sides of both languages in single application. The possibility to call conventional functions from functional programs will couple elegance of functional programs with efficiency of conventional programs. The paper describes one possible way of communication between pure functional language LispKit LISP and conventional language Modula-2, involving coroutines.
A plea for a readable Prolog programming style
Authors: McLaughlin R.
Published: November 2005

Prolog is not like most computer languages. In Prolog a particular action can bring forth many results. This means special care must be taken when writing code. Not only must the code meet standards of readability but it must also allow us to understand the process by which the coder intended inferences to take place.Prolog use a set of rules based on pure logic to make inferences from a set of data. In general, there is no telling how many items will satisfy the set of rules we have contrived. It is from this that both the power and danger of Prolog come.I will attempt to discuss ways in which Prolog programs can be written to improve maintenance and debugging. I will also try to discuss limitations of the language.
Functional programming in a parallel environment: the implementation of FP in MDC
Authors: Christopher T. , Ameiss D.
Published: November 2005

Functional Programming has been proposed as a style of programming suitable for parallel computation. At IIT we have developed a language, MDC, for parallel programming using message passing. We contend that MDC is highly suitable for programming parallel computers. This paper evaluates both claims by implementing functional programming in MDC. The relative ease of implementation supports both claims.
Galois
Authors: Launchbury John
Published: November 2005

As a company, Galois began its life with the mission simply of supplying functional programming services, building tools and products for clients, leveraging the productivity of functional languages and the abilities of our engineers. This went well, except that our business lacked focus. Every new job had to be found and sold from scratch. We realized that we had to focus on a specific market if we wanted to achieve stability and growth. We chose High Assurance Software as it was a natural fit both for our technology and our expertise, further narrowing our attention to information assurance (IA).
Multi-return function call
Authors: Shivers Olin , Fisher David
Published: November 2005

It is possible to extend the basic notion of "function call" to allow functions to have multiple return points. This turns out to be a surprisingly useful mechanism. This paper conducts a fairly wide-ranging tour of such a feature: a formal semantics for a minimal λ -calculus capturing the mechanism; a motivating example; a static type system; useful transformations; implementation concerns and experience with an implementation; and comparison to related mechanisms, such as exceptions, sum-types and explicit continuations. We conclude that multiple-return function call is not only a useful and expressive mechanism, both at the source-code and intermediate-representation level, but is also quite inexpensive to implement.
Closures for statically-typed object-oriented languages
Authors: de Oliveira Guimarães José
Published: November 2005

Closures increase considerably the level of a language by mixing access to local variables with remote execution of a set of locally-defined statements. However, to date closures have not been added to statically-typed languages because it is difficult to type them and runtime errors occur if local variables that no longer exist are accessed. We proposed a limited but quite general kind of closure for statically-typed object-oriented languages. They can be used in most situations normal closures can without introducing any runtime errors.
Method driven model
Authors: Babu Chitra , Janakiram D.
Published: November 2005

Object-Oriented (OO) paradigm facilitates identification of pertinent domain objects as nouns. Often the domain verbs are modeled as member functions associated with these objects. However, object interactions are also characterized by domain verbs. The current OO programming languages lack suitable abstractions for modeling interactions among objects. To overcome this limitation, we propose a unified model known as Method Driven Model (MDM) that employs a novel approach for capturing object interactions using aspects. Each object in the proposed model is viewed as consisting of several aspects from the identity and encapsulation perspective. Instead of viewing objects as being rigidly defined at compile-time, the aspect run-time system weaves the aspects appropriately with the objects. The key features of MDM are that it enables State Based Filtering(SBF) and eliminates Object Schizophrenia Problem (OSP).
Converting java programs to use generic libraries
Authors: Donovan Alan , Kiežun Adam , Tschantz Matthew S. , Ernst Michael D.
Published: November 2005

Java 1.5 will include a type system (called JSR-14) that supports parametric polymorphism, or generic classes. This will bring many benefits to Java programmers, not least because current Java practice makes heavy use of logically-generic classes, including container classes.

Translation of Java source code into semantically equivalent JSR-14 source code requires two steps: parameterization (adding type parameters to class definitions) and instantiation (adding the type arguments at each use of a parameterized class). Parameterization need be done only once for a class, whereas instantiation must be performed for each client, of which there are potentially many more. Therefore, this work focuses on the instantiation problem. We present a technique to determine sound and precise JSR-14 types at each use of a class for which a generic type specification is available. Our approach uses a precise and context-sensitive pointer analysis to determine possible types at allocation sites, and a set-constraint-based analysis (that incorporates guarded, or conditional, constraints) to choose consistent types for both allocation and declaration sites. The technique handles all features of the JSR-14 type system, notably the raw types that provide backward compatibility. We have implemented our analysis in a tool that automatically inserts type parameters into Java code, and we report its performance when applied to a number of real-world Java programs.