bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical biogeography of a new antitropical clade of temperate freshwater fishes
Authors: Chen Wei‐Jen , Lavoué Sébastien , Beheregaray Luciano B. , Mayden Richard L.
Published: May 2014

Aim

Any discovery of new biogeographical pattern in landlocked animals may challenge hypotheses that account for the evolution of intercontinental faunas. In this study, we examined the evolutionary origin and historical biogeography of temperate, freshwater perch‐like fishes within a molecular phylogenetic framework.

Location

Temperate Eastern Eurasia, the Americas and Australia.

Methods

Data from five nuclear markers obtained from 15 targeted species and a broad sampling of percomorphs were assembled to investigate their phylogeny and historical biogeography. We (1) applied a fossil‐calibrated Bayesian reconstruction to provide a phylogenetic time‐scale for the diversification of the taxa, (2) inferred the evolution of habitat preference through a tree‐based character reconstruction method, and (3) reconstructed the evolution of range distributions using a dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis model.

Results

We recovered a new antitropical freshwater clade, Percichthyoidea, composed of Sinipercidae, Percichthyidae (including Percilia but excluding Macquaria colonorum), Elassomatidae and Centrarchidae. Our time‐scale analysis indicates that the Percichthyoidea originated around the Cretaceous–Palaeogene transition. Ancestral habitat reconstructions revealed only one marine‐to‐freshwater transition that preceded the origin of the percichthyoids; the warm‐to‐temperate transition occurred earlier. Ancestral‐area inference indicates a wide‐ranging pan‐American and Eastern Eurasian distribution of the most recent common ancestor of Percichthyoidea. The initial diversification event occurred between the southern (Percichthyidae) and northern (remaining percichthyoids) clades. A second divergence occurred between Eastern Eurasia (Sinipercidae) and North America (Centrarchidae plus Elassomatidae). The trans‐Pacific distribution of the Percichthyidae may have preceded the final breakup of south Gondwana.

Main conclusions

The present‐day distribution of the Percichthyoidea is unique within extant fishes, comprising four trans‐Pacific continental blocks across the two hemispheres. Current geological and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions may well explain the longitudinal but not the latitudinal pattern of this freshwater fish clade, as it requires a transequatorial freshwater system connecting temperate regions of South and North America during the Late Cretaceous/Palaeogene. An alternative hypothesis is discussed, in which the ancestor of the Percichthyoidea was not completely adapted to freshwater.
Molecular Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Two Novel Brackish Water Hypotrich Ciliates, with the Establishment of a New Genus, Antiokeronopsis gen. n. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)
Authors: Fan Yangbo , Pan Ying , Huang Jie , Lin Xiaofeng , Hu Xiaozhong , Warren Alan
Published: May 2014

Two novel brackish water urostyloid ciliates, Anteholosticha paramanca sp. n. and Antiokeronopsis flava gen. n., sp. n., isolated from the Shenzhen Mangrove Nature Protection Area on the coast of the South China Sea, were investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation techniques. Anteholosticha paramanca sp. n. is characterized by its spherical yellowish cortical granules arranged in lines, shortened midventral complex and three transverse cirri. Morphogenesis is similar to that in Anteholosticha manca. The new genus Antiokeronopsis is diagnosed by having a continuous adoral zone of membranelles, frontal cirri arranged in a bicorona, midventral complex composed of midventral pairs only, one marginal cirral row on each side, the presence of frontoterminal and transverse cirri, and the lack of buccal and caudal cirri. The type species A. flava sp. n. is characterized by its elongated body shape, brown to yellowish body color and two types of cortical granules. Small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence data justify the classification of both species. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that A. paramanca clusters with Bakuella subtropica within a clade that includes two other Anteholosticha species, while Antiokeronopsis groups within the core urostylids and is most closely related to the well‐known genera Pseudokeronopsis and Uroleptopsis.
Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Pork Meat and Pork Meat Products Using SDS‐PAGE, 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and MALDI‐TOF Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Han S.‐K. , Hong Y. , Kwak H.‐L. , Kim E.‐S. , Kim M.‐J. , Shrivastav A. , Oh M.‐H. , Kim H.‐Y.
Published: May 2014

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are major components of the microbial flora of packaged and cured meats and can contribute to spoilage. Bacteriological analyses of the pork meat and pork meat product samples were carried out to know the diversity of LAB across the samples. Thirty‐one samples of raw pork meat, semi‐processed pork meat and pork meat products were collected from four meat factories in Korea. A total of 216 LAB were isolated and identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing followed by confirmation of results using matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time of flight mass spectrometry. Lactobacillus (Lb.) sakei was the most dominant LAB associated with all samples, regardless of the origin or packaging. The next predominant LAB were Lactococcus (Lc.) lactis and Pediococcus pentosaceus in raw samples, Lb. plantarum and Lb. brevis in semi‐processed samples, and Weissella viridescens and Lc. lactis in product samples. Lb. plantarum, Lc. lactis and Lb. brevis were LAB found in all sample groups.

Practical Applications

Identification of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in pork meat and pork meat products is fundamental to understanding the onset of spoilage. The results will reveal the prevalence of different species in different processing conditions and be helpful in order to analyze spoilage by LAB rapidly and accurately. The high LAB loads detected on pork meat indicated that strategies to reduce microbial load and improve food safety are needed.
Fibre analysis in 3D materials and process validation on artificial data
Authors: COUPRIE M. , MEULENYZER S. , SALEM M.A. , TALBOT H. , POURCEL F.
Published: May 2014

The physical properties of fibrous materials are closely linked to their microstructure. In order to characterize their microstructures as effectively as possible, all fibres in a sample should be individualized. This work mainly aims at developing a new fibre analysis method that segments a 3D greyscale tomography image into a background and a set of connected components, each representing a single fibre. Properly completed fibre analyses may provide input data for generative or synthetic models, which can in turn be used to estimate various characteristics of the material. In this paper, we introduce an original method based on the skeletonization of the fibre mass, followed by a geometrical analysis of the obtained skeleton. Based on this procedure, several measurements can be computed (e.g. length, orientation, number of contacts). Furthermore, we validate the reliability of our fibre analysis process using various comparisons between our results and artificial ground‐truth data.
Rice Resistance to Sheath Blight Mediated by Potassium
Authors: Schurt Daniel Augusto , Lopes Ueder Pedro , Duarte Henrique Silva Silveira , Rodrigues Fabrício Ávila
Published: May 2014

This study investigated the effect of potassium (K) on sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) development on rice plants from cultivars BR‐IRGA 409 and Labelle grown in nutrient solution containing 0, 50 and 100 mm of K. Sheath blight progress on inoculated sheaths was evaluated by measuring the relative lesion length at 48, 72, 96 and 120 h after inoculation (hai). Data were used to calculate the area under relative lesion length progress curve (AURLLPC). The foliar K concentration on leaf sheaths tissue increased by 61.48 and 116.05% to cultivars BR‐IRGA 409 and Labelle, respectively, as the K rates increased from 0 to 100 mm. A linear model best described the relationship between the AURLLPC and the K rates. The AURLLPC decreased by 29.2 and 21.3% for cultivars BR‐IRGA 409 and Labelle, respectively, as the K rates in the nutrient solution increased. It can be concluded that high K concentration on leaf sheaths tissue was important to decrease sheath blight symptoms on rice leaf sheaths.
Sensitivity of Venturia inaequalis to Trifloxystrobin and Difenoconazole in Uruguay
Authors: Mondino Pedro , Casanova Leticia , Celio Antonella , Bentancur Oscar , Leoni Carolina , Alaniz Sandra
Published: May 2014

The sensitivity of Venturia inaequalis to trifloxystrobin and difenoconazole was studied in Uruguay. Populations of V. inaequalis were collected from apple orchards with different histories of trifloxystrobin use. Sensitivity of populations to trifloxystrobin was analysed using a method for testing spore germination published by FRAC, using a discriminatory concentration of 2.0 mg a.i./l. Resistance to trifloxystrobin was widespread in the region of commercial apple production with resistance detected in all orchards examined, the incidences ranging from 3% to 95%. The highest frequencies were found in orchards with the most intensive use of Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) fungicides. Sensitivities of isolates of V. inaequalis to difenoconazole were assessed at five concentrations using a mycelial growth assay on isolates (33 isolates per orchard) from one non‐commercial (baseline orchard) and two commercial orchards having differing histories of difenoconazole use. Populations in both commercial orchards exhibited reduced sensitivities to difenoconazole compared to the baseline orchard. Resistance factor (RF) values of 6.6 and 11.74 were measured in the orchards with moderate (up to 4 sprays per season) and intensive use (more than 5 sprays per season) of difenoconazole, respectively. A single‐assessment concentration (SAC) was identified for assessing difenoconazole sensitivity of V. inaequalis isolates by fitting linear regressions between log10 EC50 and relative growth (RG) of the isolates at each fungicide concentration testing, and comparing the goodness‐of‐fit of the regression lines. Comparable results were obtained based on EC50 values and RG values at a SAC of 0.05 mg of active ingredient per litre (a.i. per l). Populations from both commercial orchards differed from the baseline population, in that isolates with RG ≥70 were present at substantial levels in the former but absent from the latter.
Genetic Mapping Reveals Sophisticated Responses of Malus domestica to Botryosphaeria dothidea Isolates
Authors: Cui Mei Sha , Yang Li Li , Han Yuan Yuan , Zhang Qiong , Zhao Yong Bo , Li Chun Min , Han Yue Peng , Wang Yi , Chen Dong Mei , Yang Feng Qiu , Zhang Xin Zhong , Han Zhen Hai
Published: May 2014

Infection by the globally distributed pathogenic fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. et de Not. causes bot canker on the stems, branches and limbs or causes fruit ring rot (FRR) on the fruit in apple. To investigate the relationship between resistance to bot canker and FRR and among resistance mechanisms in response to different pathogen isolates, 34 major gene loci and six quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for bot canker and FRR resistance/susceptibility were genetically mapped on Malus genome using an F1 hybrid population (Jonathan × Golden Delicious) in 2008 and 2009. None of the QTLs for bot canker and FRR overlapped with the region of the major gene loci. Some of the FRR‐ and bot canker‐associated loci either coincided or overlapped, and some were independent, suggesting that the responses of different organs to the pathogen would be correlated but might deviate from each other. Some major gene loci and QTLs associated with different pathogen isolates of bot canker or, FRR were mapped to different regions of the genome. The results indicated that not only did the resistance mechanisms differ between bot canker and FRR but also that genetic differentiation occurred among pathogen isolates.
Patterns of phylogenetic diversity are linked to invasion impacts, not invasion resistance, in a native grassland
Authors: Bennett Jonathan A. , Stotz Gisela C. , Cahill James F.
Published: May 2014

Question

There are often more invasive species in communities that are less phylogenetically diverse or distantly related to the invaders. This is thought to indicate reduced biotic resistance, but recent theory predicts that phylogenetic relationships have more influence on competitive outcomes when interactions are more pair‐wise than diffuse. Therefore, phylogenetic relationships should change when the invader becomes dominant and interactions are more pair‐wise, rather than alter biotic resistance, which is the outcome of diffuse interactions with the resident community; however both processes can produce similar phylogenetic structures within communities. We ask whether phylogenetic structure is more associated with biotic resistance or invasion impacts following Bromus inermis (brome) invasion and identify the mechanisms behind changes to phylogenetic structure.

Location

Native grassland in Alberta, Canada.

Methods

We tested whether phylogenetic structure affected biotic resistance by transplanting brome seedlings into intact vegetation and quantified invasion impacts on community structure by surveying across multiple invasion edges. Additionally, we tested whether relatedness, rarity, average patch size, evolutionary distinctiveness or environmental tolerances determined species' response to brome invasion.

Results

Neither phylogenetic diversity, nor relatedness to brome, influenced the strength of biotic resistance; resource availability was the strongest determinant of resistance. However, communities did become less diverse and phylogenetically over‐dispersed following brome invasion, but not because of the loss of related species. Brome invasion was associated with declines in common species from common lineages and increases in shade‐tolerant species and rare species from species‐poor lineages.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that invasion is more likely to affect the phylogenetic structure of the community than the phylogenetic structure of the community will affect invasion. However, they also suggest that the degree of relatedness between the invader and the resident community is unlikely to drive these effects on phylogenetic community structure. Consistent with previous studies, invasion effects were stronger for common species as they have reduced shade tolerance and cannot persist in a subordinate role. This suggests that invasion effects on phylogenetic community structure will depend on which species exhibit traits that enable persistence with the invader and how these traits are distributed across the phylogeny.
The Danebury Iron Age meteorite—An H5 ordinary chondrite “find” from Hampshire, England
Authors: Pillinger C. T. , Pillinger J. M. , Johnson D. , Greenwood R. C. , Tindle A. G. , Jull A. J. T. , Allen D. H. , Cunliffe B.
Published: May 2014

What remains of a 30 g sample, first recognized as a meteorite in 1989 during characterization of metalworking debris from Danebury, an Iron Age hillfort, in Hampshire, England, has been classified as an H5 ordinary chondrite. Its arrival on Earth has been dated as 2350 ± 120 yr BP, making it contemporary with the period of maximum human activity at the recovery site. Despite its considerable terrestrial residence age, the interior of the specimen is remarkably fresh with a weathering index of W1/2. There is, however, no evidence of human intervention in its preservation. Its near‐pristine state is explained in terms of its serendipitous burial during the back‐fill of a pit dug into chalk by prehistoric people for the storage of grain. This chance discovery has interesting ramifications for the survival of meteorites in areas having a high pH because of a natural lime content arising as a result of the local geology.
Isolated medial longitudinal fasciculus syndrome due to small midbrain infarction
Authors: Kobayashi Zen , Iizuka Mihoko , Tomimitsu Hiroyuki , Shintani Shuzo
Published: May 2014

Isolated medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) syndrome as a result of midbrain infarction is rare, and its magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has not been reported previously. A 62‐year‐old man suddenly presented with diplopia, and consulted JA Toride Medical Center, Ibaraki, Japan. The patient complained of diplopia when viewing targets on the left side. Examination of the ocular movement showed only adduction disturbance of the right eye. There was no anisocoria, nystagmus, convergence disturbance, blepharoptosis, motor weakness, ataxia or sensory disturbance. Diffusion‐weighted brain MRI showed a small high‐intensity lesion in the right paramedian portion of the caudal midbrain tegmentum, which was thought to involve the right MLF. Re‐examination of the patient 18 days after onset showed the disappearance of the adduction disturbance of the right eye, and diffusion‐weighted MRI approximately 1 month after onset showed resolution of the high intensity lesion. This is the first report of isolated MLF syndrome in which midbrain infarction was confirmed with MRI.
Sensorimotor neuropathy in late‐onset Krabbe disease progressing over 40 years after onset
Authors: Tokushige Shin‐ichi , Mitsui Jun , Goto Ryoji , Hatano Keiko , Terao Yasuo , Kanda Takefumi , Nakano Ryoichi , Tsuji Shoji
Published: May 2014

We describe the case of a 51‐year‐old woman with Krabbe disease presenting with progressive spastic paraparesis since she was 10 years‐of‐age. At the age of 51 years, neurological evaluation showed progression of her sensorimotor neuropathy along with deterioration of nerve conduction, whereas no apparent progression of the bilateral pyramidal tract lesions was observed by magnetic resonance imaging. Sensorimotor neuropathy progresses over several decades in its long‐term natural course in contrast to the absence of apparent progression of lesions in the central motor pathways.
The economics of restoration: looking back and leaping forward
Authors: Blignaut James , Aronson James , de Wit Martin
Published: May 2014

Since the publication of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005 there has been a surge of interest in ecological restoration (ER) to recover biodiversity, re‐establish ecosystem functioning and connectivity, and reactivate the delivery of ecosystem services. In policy spheres, there have also been repeated calls for expansion of restoration efforts. In many countries, new legislation now requires some form of restoration and/or a form of offset investment. All of this will require major increases in financial allocations toward restoration science, technology, and implementation, and much more detailed valuation techniques. The economics of restoration is a new field emerging to support these needs. Our paper here starts with an analysis of the articles and reviews published on this broad subject from 1928 to 2012, as captured in the Scopus academic search platform. Our goal is to present and summarize what has been said and done in this area to date. Next, we map out one possible way forward, illustrated by examples and based on a coherent bundle of decision parameters related to the economics of ER and, more broadly, to the restoration of natural capital. The restoration of natural capital is defined as activities that integrate investment in, and replenishment of, natural capital stocks to improve the flows of ecosystem goods and services, and the preservation of biodiversity, while enhancing all aspects of human well‐being. We give special attention to system dynamic approaches and other promising tools and techniques.
Universal ECG Changes in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Procainamide Challenge
Authors: JORDAN CHRISTOPHER P. , BERUL CHARLES I. , MOAK JEFFREY P. , GREENE ELIZABETH ANNE
Published: May 2014

Background

Procainamide is known to prolong PR, QRS, and QTc intervals in adults and is utilized to unmask the distinct electrocardiographic signatures, including right bundle branch block pattern and right precordial ST segment elevation seen with Brugada syndrome. This study analyzes a pediatric case series of procainamide challenges done to evaluate for possible Brugada syndrome. Our goal was to quantify the impact of procainamide on electrocardiographic intervals in all pediatric patients, regardless of the eventual determination of Brugada syndrome status.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed all children undergoing procainamide challenge, consecutively from March 2009 to September 2012. Patients received intravenous procainamide over 15 minutes. All electrocardiograms (ECGs) performed during the drug challenge were reviewed. Analysis and ECG measurements were performed by investigators blinded to clinical diagnoses.

Results

All patients undergoing procainamide infusion had prolongation of their PR (mean +14%; 0–45%), QRS (+13%; 2–49%), and QTc (+15%; 4–30%) intervals regardless of testing outcome. QTc prolongation to >460 ms following procainamide infusion occurred in 76% of patients. No sustained arrhythmias or adverse events occurred.

Conclusions

ECG changes including prolongation of the PR, QRS, and QTc intervals were seen in all children who underwent procainamide challenge for evaluation of possible Brugada syndrome. An increase in the PR, QRS, and QTc intervals of at least 20% occurred in all children without any adverse events. The QTc prolongation was not completely explained by the QRS prolongation.
Migraine is frequent in children and adolescents with neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Pinho Ricardo Silva , Fusão Eduardo Ferracioli , Paschoal Joelma Karina Sagica Fernandes , Caran Eliana Maria Monteiro , Minett Thaís Soares Cianciarullo , Vilanova Luiz Celso Pereira , Masruha Marcelo Rodrigues
Published: May 2014

Background

Despite the high prevalence of headache in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), little data exist regarding the classification and characterization of headaches experienced by these patients. This paper describes a study of headache in patients with NF1 compared with healthy controls.

Methods

In this transversal study, participants (aged 4–19 years) were classified into two groups: NF1 patients or control subjects. The diagnosis of NF1 was performed according to the diagnostic criteria of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference, and the headache diagnosis was performed according to the diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders, Second Edition. All participants underwent physical and neurologic evaluation and completed a detailed headache questionnaire.

Results

The comparison of 50 patients with NF1 and 50 age‐matched controls revealed that the complaint of headache was significantly more frequent in the NF1 group than in the control group (CG) (62% vs 14%, χ2(1) = 22.4; P < 0.001). Migraine was significantly more frequent in patients with NF1 than in the CG (54% vs 14%, χ2(1) = 17.82; P < 0.001). No differences were found between the two groups regarding the use of simple analgesics (NF1: 14% vs CG: 5%, χ2(1) = 1.18; P = 0.276).

Conclusions

Children and adolescents with NF1 are prone to migraines. Complaints of headache are very frequent in this population.
Non‐invasive markers of pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung disease: Is cardiopulmonary exercise testing the Holy Grail?
Authors: Boutou Afroditi K. , Pitsiou Georgia G. , Argyropoulou Paraskevi
Published: May 2014

See article, page 675
Multi‐Sited Governance of Large‐Scale Land Acquisitions: Mapping and Evaluating the Terrain
Authors: German Laura
Published: May 2014

Recent spikes in commodity prices, the growing appetite for primary commodities among emerging economies, growing interest in biofuels and speculations over future returns to land and its products have led to a renewed interest in farmland in the global South. With highly publicized risks and polarized “win‐lose” narratives, so‐called “land grabbing” has become an important focus of transnational governance activity. In juxtaposition to those seeing large‐scale land acquisitions as inherently risky or undesirable, some argue for the potential opportunities they engender—provided risks can be mitigated through improved governance. This paper explores this argument through a systematic analysis of the formal features of the multi‐sited governance mechanisms in place to guide agricultural investment and govern its social and environmental effects. The intent is not to discount the importance of informal norms and practices or the so‐called “lived experience of governance,” nor the argument that such land acquisitions are inherently flawed irrespective of the “discipline imposed on them.” Rather, the paper aims to explore the merits of the arguments advanced by the pro‐investment camp, and to explore the extent to which the emerging global governance architecture is set up to deliver on the purported benefits of large‐scale agricultural investment. Results suggest that serious weaknesses in the substantive scope, reach and/or implementation mechanisms in all of the reviewed governance mechanisms pose a serious risk to the likely effectiveness of the emerging governance architecture in minimizing risks and leveraging benefits. Addressing these weaknesses is an obvious first step for bolstering the credibility of those advocating that governance is the solution.
Both CRISPR/Cas‐based nucleases and nickases can be used efficiently for genome engineering in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Fauser Friedrich , Schiml Simon , Puchta Holger
Published: May 2014

Engineered nucleases can be used to induce site‐specific double‐strand breaks (DSBs) in plant genomes. Thus, homologous recombination (HR) can be enhanced and targeted mutagenesis can be achieved by error‐prone non‐homologous end‐joining (NHEJ). Recently, the bacterial CRISPR/Cas9 system was used for DSB induction in plants to promote HR and NHEJ. Cas9 can also be engineered to work as a nickase inducing single‐strand breaks (SSBs). Here we show that only the nuclease but not the nickase is an efficient tool for NHEJ‐mediated mutagenesis in plants. We demonstrate the stable inheritance of nuclease‐induced targeted mutagenesis events in the ADH1 and TT4 genes of Arabidopsis thaliana at frequencies from 2.5 up to 70.0%. Deep sequencing analysis revealed NHEJ‐mediated DSB repair in about a third of all reads in T1 plants. In contrast, applying the nickase resulted in the reduction of mutation frequency by at least 740‐fold. Nevertheless, the nickase is able to induce HR at similar efficiencies as the nuclease or the homing endonuclease I–SceI. Two different types of somatic HR mechanisms, recombination between tandemly arranged direct repeats as well as gene conversion using the information on an inverted repeat could be enhanced by the nickase to a similar extent as by DSB‐inducing enzymes. Thus, the Cas9 nickase has the potential to become an important tool for genome engineering in plants. It should not only be applicable for HR‐mediated gene targeting systems but also by the combined action of two nickases as DSB‐inducing agents excluding off‐target effects in homologous genomic regions.
COMPARISON OF ADAPTIVE RADIOTHERAPY TECHNIQUES FOR EXTERNAL RADIATION THERAPY OF CANINE BLADDER CANCER
Authors: Nieset Jessica R. , Harmon Joseph F. , Johnson Thomas E. , Larue Susan M.
Published: May 2014

Daily bladder variations make it difficult to utilize standard radiotherapy as a primary treatment option for muscle‐invasive bladder cancer. Our purpose was to develop a model comparing dose distributions of image‐guided and adaptive radiotherapy (ART) techniques for canine bladder cancer. Images were obtained retrospectively from cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans used for daily positioning of four dogs undergoing fractionated image‐guided radiotherapy (IGRT). Four different treatment plans were modeled for each dog, and dosimetric data were compared. Two plans were developed using planning target volumes based on planning computed tomography (CT) bladder volume. These plans then used bony anatomy or soft tissue anatomy for daily positioning and dosimetric modeling. The third plan type was a hybrid IGRT and ART technique utilizing a library of premade anisotropic planning target volumes using bladder wall motion data and selection of a "plan‐of‐the‐day" determined from positioning CBCT bladder volumes. The fourth plan was an ART technique that constructed a new planning target volume each day based on daily bladder volume as determined by pretreatment CBCT. Dose volume histograms were generated for each plan type and dose distribution for the bladder and rectum were compared between plan types. Irradiated rectal volume decreased and irradiated bladder volume increased as plan conformality increased. ART provided the greatest rectal sparing, with lowest irradiated rectal volume (P < 0.001), and largest bladder volume receiving 95% of the prescription dose (P < 0.001). In our model, adaptive radiotherapy techniques for canine bladder cancer showed significant reduction in rectal volume irradiated when compared to nonadaptive techniques, while maintaining appropriate bladder coverage.
APPEARANCE OF THE CANINE MENINGES IN SUBTRACTION MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGES
Authors: Lamb Christopher R. , Lam Richard , Keenihan Erin K. , Frean Stephen
Published: May 2014

The canine meninges are not visible as discrete structures in noncontrast magnetic resonance (MR) images, and are incompletely visualized in T1‐weighted, postgadolinium images, reportedly appearing as short, thin curvilinear segments with minimal enhancement. Subtraction imaging facilitates detection of enhancement of tissues, hence may increase the conspicuity of meninges. The aim of the present study was to describe qualitatively the appearance of canine meninges in subtraction MR images obtained using a dynamic technique. Images were reviewed of 10 consecutive dogs that had dynamic pre‐ and postgadolinium T1W imaging of the brain that was interpreted as normal, and had normal cerebrospinal fluid. Image‐anatomic correlation was facilitated by dissection and histologic examination of two canine cadavers. Meningeal enhancement was relatively inconspicuous in postgadolinium T1‐weighted images, but was clearly visible in subtraction images of all dogs. Enhancement was visible as faint, small‐rounded foci compatible with vessels seen end on within the sulci, a series of larger rounded foci compatible with vessels of variable caliber on the dorsal aspect of the cerebral cortex, and a continuous thin zone of moderate enhancement around the brain. Superimposition of color‐encoded subtraction images on pregadolinium T1‐ and T2‐weighted images facilitated localization of the origin of enhancement, which appeared to be predominantly dural, with relatively few leptomeningeal structures visible. Dynamic subtraction MR imaging should be considered for inclusion in clinical brain MR protocols because of the possibility that its use may increase sensitivity for lesions affecting the meninges.
Effectiveness of water permeable joint filling materials for weed prevention in paved areas
Authors: De Cauwer B , Fagot M , Beeldens A , Boonen E , Bulcke R , Reheul D
Published: May 2014

The recent phase‐out of herbicide use on public pavements in Flanders has triggered the development of alternative strategies for weed prevention and control. In this study, growth chamber experiments investigated the ability of various water permeable joint filling materials for pavements to prevent weed growth. Joint fillers included in the tests comprised five innovative (iron slag sand, polymeric bound sand and three sodium silicate enriched fillers) and eight standard joint fillers (four fine materials, for example, sea sand, white sand, sandstone and fine limestone, and four coarse materials based on porphyry and limestone). Their ability to suppress weeds was investigated by examining seedling emergence and biomass production of seven test species in pure or organically polluted (5%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 80% compost by volume) filler substrate. Selected test species were dominant, hard‐to‐control weeds found on pavements. Seedling emergence and weed biomass were lowest in iron slag sand, polymeric bound sand and most sodium silicate enriched fillers, irrespective of pollution level or test species. Within standard joint fillers, pure white sand, sandstone and the coarse materials also reduced biomass, but their inhibitory effect dropped quickly once organically polluted, in contrast to fine limestone and sea sand for which weed suppression lasted longer (up to 40% compost by volume). Weed suppression of joint fillers was species specific. Our results show that there is potential for preventing weed growth using fillers that prevent the growth of a wide spectrum of plant species over a long period.
Theoretical Reflections on the Emergence of Global Labor Solidarity
Authors: Scipes Kim
Published: May 2014

This article recognizes that there is no theory of global labor solidarity and tries to lay some groundwork specifically toward developing such. It begins with an examination of “labor imperialism,” which has recently been theoretically grounded, and rejects that. It then discusses previous efforts to theoretically develop the concept of “new labor internationalism,” particularly highlighting the thinking of Peter Waterman. It joins this with Kim Scipes’ three levels of labor internationalism. Following, it replaces the concept of international labor solidarity with global labor solidarity so as to recognize new developments by workers in multiple sites around the globe: workers around the world are no longer waiting for “Northern” labor movements’ resources or even ideas, but are trying to build real labor solidarity across the globe, acting in solidarity with their brothers and sisters from across the world.
Stitching Together: How Workers Are Hemming Down Transnational Capital in the Hyper‐Global Apparel Industry
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Mahoney Jack
Published: May 2014

Fatal disasters in Bangladesh garment factories demand we learn from recent antisweatshop breakthroughs. Beginning in 2007, workers at Fruit of the Loom (FOTL) factories in Honduras built a uniquely successful global campaign. FOTL closed a factory and laid off 1,200 workers in response to workers' efforts to improve working conditions, a textbook move in the industry's “race to the bottom.” But nine months later, after the largest collegiate boycott of a single company in history, FOTL reopened the factory and extended union neutrality to all its Honduran factories. We argue that the campaign, which resulted in a reversal of the transnational's decision to abandon the unionized factory and the direct negotiation between FOTL top executives and workers, provides an unprecedented model for labor to rein in the apparel industry's hyper‐mobile capital. Since their negotiated agreement with FOTL, workers have won significant improvements in wages and working conditions, and inspired groundbreaking new campaigns to challenge the transnationals whose products they assemble.
Bounds and algorithms for the -Bessel function of imaginary order
Authors: Booker Andrew R. , Strömbergsson Andreas , Then Holger
Published: May 2014

Using the paths of steepest descent, we prove precise bounds with numerical implied constants for the modified Bessel function${K}_{ir} (x)$of imaginary order and its first two derivatives with respect to the order. We also prove precise asymptotic bounds on more general (mixed) derivatives without working out numerical implied constants. Moreover, we present an absolutely and rapidly convergent series for the computation of${K}_{ir} (x)$and its derivatives, as well as a formula based on Fourier interpolation for computing with many values of$r$. Finally, we have implemented a subset of these features in a software library for fast and rigorous computation of${K}_{ir} (x)$.
Changes in spinal inhibitory networks induced by furosemide in humans
Authors: Klomjai Wanalee , Lackmy‐Vallée Alexandra , Katz Rose , Bussel Bernard , Bensmail Djamel , Lamy Jean‐Charles , Roche Nicolas
Published: May 2014

Key points

It has been demonstrated in humans that furosemide crosses the blood–brain barrier and blocks activity in the epileptic brain.

In this study, we demonstrated using non‐invasive electrophysiological techniques in healthy human subjects that furosemide, a cation‐chloride co‐transporter blocker, orally administered at doses commonly used in the clinic (40 mg), reduces the efficacy of pre‐ and postsynaptic inhibition of soleus motoneurons in the spinal cord.

Furosemide can be a useful tool to detect the intrinsic functioning of inhibitory synapses and to explore if the reduced inhibitory interneuronal activity that probably contributes to spasticity also exists in humans with spinal cord injury.

During neural development in animals, GABAergic and glycinergic neurons are first excitatory, and then become inhibitory in the mature state. This developmental shift is due mainly to strong expression of the cation‐chloride K–Cl cotransporter 2 (KCC2) and down‐regulation of Na–K–Cl cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) during maturation. The down‐regulation of co‐transporter KCC2 after spinal cord transection in animals leads to the depolarising (excitatory) action of GABA and glycine and thus results in a reduction of inhibitory synaptic efficiency. Furosemide, a loop diuretic, has been shown to selectively and reversibly block inhibitory postsynaptic potentials without affecting excitatory postsynaptic potentials in animal spinal neurons. Moreover, this diuretic has been also demonstrated to block the cation‐chloride co‐transporters. Here, we used furosemide to demonstrate changes in spinal inhibitory networks in healthy human subjects. Non‐invasive electrophysiological techniques were used to assess presynaptic inhibition, postsynaptic inhibition and the efficacy of synaptic transmission between muscle afferent terminals and soleus motoneurons in the spinal cord. Orally administered furosemide, at doses commonly used in the clinic (40 mg), significantly reduced spinal inhibitory interneuronal activity for at least 70 min from intake compared to control experiments in the same subjects while no changes were observed in the efficacy of synaptic transmission between muscle afferent terminals and soleus motoneurons. The reduction of inhibition was dose‐dependent. Our results provide indirect evidence that reversible changes in the cation‐chloride transport system induce modulations of inhibitory neuronal activity at spinal cord level in humans.
Cell-intrinsic requirement of Dscam1 isoform diversity for axon collateral formation
Authors: He Haihuai , Kise Yoshiaki , Izadifar Azadeh , Urwyler Olivier , Ayaz Derya , Parthasarthy Akhila , Yan Bing , Erfurth Maria-Luise , Dascenco Dan , Schmucker Dietmar
Published: May 2014

Wiring the developing insect brain

Developmental brain wiring requires a complex set of cellular interactions often orchestrated by a large number of surface receptors. Thousands of Dscam1 receptor isoforms function as “surface tags” endowing neurons with unique molecular identities. These isoforms are important for neuronal self-recognition and dendrite self-avoidance. He
et al.
report that the diversity of Dscam1 isoforms is also essential for complex axonal branching of sensory neurons in developing fruit flies.

Science
, this issue p.
1182
Retrograde semaphorin signaling regulates synapse elimination in the developing mouse brain
Authors: Uesaka Naofumi , Uchigashima Motokazu , Mikuni Takayasu , Nakazawa Takanobu , Nakao Harumi , Hirai Hirokazu , Aiba Atsu , Watanabe Masahiko , Kano Masanobu
Published: May 2014

Making and breaking neuronal synapses

As the brain develops, early synapse formation is exuberant and haphazard. But as development progresses, connections are refined into functional networks. In that process, many synapses get eliminated. Uesaka
et al.
now show that molecules already known for axon guidance are functional later on when they regulate the synaptic pruning needed to refine the circuits connected during axon guidance.

Science
, this issue p.
1020
Draft Genome Sequence of Pectobacterium wasabiae Strain CFIA1002
Authors: Yuan Kat (Xiaoli) , Adam Zaky , Tambong James , Lévesque C. André , Chen Wen , Lewis Christopher T. , De Boer Solke H. , Li Xiang (Sean)
Published: May 2014

Pectobacterium wasabiae
, originally causing soft rot disease in horseradish in Japan, was recently found to cause blackleg-like symptoms on potato in the United States, Canada, and Europe. A draft genome sequence of a Canadian potato isolate of
P. wasabiae
CFIA1002 will enhance the characterization of its pathogenicity and host specificity features.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Bacillus bombysepticus
, a Pathogen Leading to Bombyx mori Black Chest Septicemia
Authors: Cheng Tingcai , Lin Ping , Jin Shengkai , Wu Yuqian , Fu Bohua , Long Renwen , Liu Duolian , Guo Youbing , Peng Li , Xia Qingyou
Published: May 2014

Bacillus bombysepticus
is a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium. Here, we announce the first complete genome sequence of this organism isolated from the cadavers of silkworm larvae that had been sick. The genome contains a single circular chromosome and a circular plasmid. Analyses of the
B. bombysepticus
genome will provide insights into its pathomechanisms and biology.
Genome Sequence of Candida tropicalis no. 121, Used for RNA Production
Authors: Li Bingbing , Guo Ting , Chen Yong , Xie Jingjing , Niu Huanqing , Liu Dong , Cheng Jian , Chen Xiaochun , Wu Jinglan , Zhuang Wei , Zhu Chenjie , Ying Hanjie
Published: May 2014

We report here the complete genome sequence of
Candida tropicalis
no. 121.
C. tropicalis
no. 121 is a high-RNA-producing strain obtained by mutagenesis in our laboratory. The complete genome sequence was determined using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 and contains 6,415 genes. The genome size of
C. tropicalis
no. 121 is >15.3 Mb.
Draft Genome Sequences of Streptococcus pyogenes Strains Associated with Throat and Skin Infections in Lebanon
Authors: Tokajian Sima , Eisen Jonathan A. , Jospin Guillaume , Coil David A.
Published: May 2014

We present the draft genome sequences of nine clinical
Streptococcus pyogenes
isolates recovered from patients suffering from sore throat and skin infections. An average of 2,454,334 paired-end reads per sample were generated, which assembled into 21 to 198 contigs, with a G+C content of 38.4 to 38.5%.
Draft Genome Sequences of Three
Arcobacter
Strains of Pig and Dairy Cattle Manure Origin
Authors: Adam Zaky , Whiteduck-Leveillee Kerri , Cloutier Michel , Tambong James T. , Chen Wen , Lewis Christopher T. , Lévesque C. André , Topp Edward , Lapen David R. , Talbot Guylaine , Khan Izhar U. H.
Published: May 2014

The genus
Arcobacter
has been associated with human illness and fecal contamination by humans and animals. Here, we announce the draft genome sequences of three strains of
Arcobacter
species cultured from pig and dairy cattle manure tanks. This information will assist in the characterization of features related to host specificities and identify potential pathogenic health risks to humans and animals.
Divergent Picobirnaviruses in Human Feces
Authors: Ng Terry Fei Fan , Vega Everardo , Kondov Nikola O. , Markey Christopher , Deng Xutao , Gregoricus Nicole , Vinjé Jan , Delwart Eric
Published: May 2014

The near-complete genomes of two picobirnaviruses (PBVs) in diarrheal stool samples, human picobirnaviruses D and E (HuPBV-D and -E), were genetically characterized. Their RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) protein sequences had <66% identities to known PBVs. Due to a single nucleotide insertion, the open reading frame 2 (ORF2) in segment 1 of HuPBV-D was interrupted by a stop codon. A small stem-loop structure overlying the stop codon may result in translational readthrough into the rest of ORF2.
Complete Genome Sequence of
Dyella jiangningensis
Strain SBZ3-12, Isolated from the Surfaces of Weathered Rock
Authors: Bao Yuanyuan , Kwok Amy Ho Yan , He Linyan , Jiang Jingwei , Huang Zhi , Leung Frederick Chi-ching , Sheng Xiafang
Published: May 2014

Dyella jiangningensis
strain SBZ3-12 can weather biotite and release Al and Fe from biotite under nutrient-poor conditions. Here, we report the first complete genome sequence of
D. jiangningensis
strain SBZ3-12, which may facilitate a better understanding of the molecular mechanism behind mineral weathering.
Draft Genome Sequence of an Antifungal Bacterium Isolated from the Breeding Environment of
Dorcus hopei binodulosus
Authors: Kenzaka Takehiko , Yamada Yasuhiro , Tani Katsuji
Published: May 2014

Burkholderia
sp. strain A1 was isolated from a decaying log present in the breeding environment of a stag beetle. The draft genome sequence indicates that strain A1 harbors many biosynthesis molecules, which have antimicrobial properties, and thus potentially eliminates the fungi by producing antifungal compounds, such as siderophores.
External ophthalmoplegia with orbital myositis in an adult patient after chickenpox infection
Authors: Kim Jung-Hoon , Lee Seung-Jun , Kim Moosang
Published: May 2014

Herpes zoster and chickenpox are caused by a single virus, varicella-zoster virus. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus-associated ophthalmoplegia is well documented. Very rarely, herpes zoster and chickenpox cause external ophthalmoplegia. A 48-year-old man was diagnosed with chickenpox and treated with intravenous acyclovir. He suddenly reported diplopia and restricted left eye movement. MRI of the orbit revealed thickening and abnormal contrast enhancement of the preseptal space and lateral rectus muscle of the left eye. In this case, external ophthalmoplegia occurred following chickenpox with radiological evidence of orbital myositis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of external ophthalmoplegia of radiologically confirmed orbital myositis after chickenpox infection.
A rare urinary bladder tumour
Authors: Haddad-Lacle Judella Edwina Maria , Haddad Charles Joseph , Villas Bruce
Published: May 2014

This case report describes a 54-year-old man who presented to his primary care physician with low back pain. During his workup, an incidental finding of a bladder mass was diagnosed. He underwent transurethral resection of the bladder tumour and the resulting pathology was consistent with extra nodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma). Presentation of MALT lymphoma in the urinary bladder is rare. This malignancy is more commonly found in the stomach. The prognosis for this rare tumour is excellent. Our patient showed no sign of recurrence with transurethral excision and radiation alone.
Acute renal failure induced by markedly decreased appetite secondary to a depressive episode after discontinuation of long-term lithium therapy in an elderly patient with bipolar disorder
Authors: Okada Akira
Published: May 2014

Some elderly patients on chronic lithium therapy for bipolar disorder and their doctors may be faced with a therapeutic dilemma over whether or not to continue prescribing/taking lithium given their increased risk of reduced renal function. We present the case of a 78-year-old woman with bipolar disorder who discontinued lithium therapy due to increased risk factors for renal injury. After discontinuation, she experienced markedly decreased appetite secondary to a depressive episode, and developed acute renal failure, which subsequently progressed to a more advanced stage of chronic kidney disease. This case suggests that extreme care must be taken to prevent the recurrence of depression in elderly patients with bipolar disorder who discontinue lithium therapy, even when they had been emotionally stable for a long time while receiving lithium. Medications other than lithium for bipolar disorder may be needed at the time lithium therapy is discontinued.