bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robert Southey and the Language of Social Discipline
Authors: Harling Philip
Published: November 2007

Robert Southey is probably still best remembered as a versifying turncoat, the most reactionary and least anthologized Lake poet. He owes this reputation to the reformers of his own day, who took it amiss when he renounced his youthful dreams of radical egalitarianism and appeared to exchange them for the £300 a year he made by scribbling Court-ordered odes as Poet Laureate. By the late 1810s, opposition M.P.s were scolding him on the Commons floor for urging the suppression of just the sort of republican sentiments that he himself had committed to paper in the 1790s. Byron memorably sent him up as an apostate hack:

He had written praises of a regicide;

He had written praises of all kings whatever;

He had written for republics far and wide,

And then against them bitterer than ever;

He had sung against all battles, and again

In their high praise and glory; he had call'd

Reviewing “the ungentle craft,” and then

Become as base a critic as e'er crawl'd–

Fed, paid, and pamper'd by the very men

By whom his muse and morals had been maul'd:

He had written much blank verse, and blanker prose,

And more of both than anybody knows.

Despite being the target of such devastating attack, Southey nevertheless has had plenty of defenders over the last century and a half. Most of them have stressed his consistent commitment to humanitarian interventionism. Cuthbert Southey established this far more positive critical tradition by stressing the reforms that his father had repeatedly advocated in print: reduction of child labor in factories; addition of Anglican churches and clergymen, especially in poor urban districts; public works schemes in times of distress; land allotments for poor laborers; cultivation of waste lands by paupers; reduction of the Bloody Code and of corporal punishment in the military, along with some of the more punitive measures enshrined in the poor laws and game laws; establishment of savings banks, emigration schemes, Protestant sisterhoods of charity, and, most importantly, a national system of Anglican, state-aided popular education.
“Constructing the Poor in Early Seventeenth-Century London”
Authors: Schen Claire S.
Published: November 2007

Historians of early modern Europe have become accustomed to the dichotomy of the deserving and undeserving poor, though they still debate the origins of the transformation of attitudes toward the poor and poverty. Historians have studied less carefully the ways in which these presumably static categories flexed, as individuals and officials worked out poor relief and charity on the local level. Military, religious, and social exigencies, precipitated by war, the Reformation, and demographic pressure, allowed churchwardens and vestrymen to redraw the contours of the deserving and undeserving poor within the broader frame of the infirm, aged, and sick. International conflicts of the early seventeenth century created circumstances and refugees not anticipated by the poor law innovators of the sixteenth century. London’s responses to these unexpected developments illustrate how inhabitants constructed the categories of die deserving and undeserving poor. This construction depended upon the discretion of churchwardens and their fellow officers, who listened to the accounts and read the official documents of the poor making claims on parish relief and charity.
“The Gear Rout”: The Cornish Rising of 1648
and the Second Civil War
Authors: Stoyle Mark
Published: November 2007

In July 1648 John Bond, Master of the
Savoy, delivered a thanksgiving sermon to the
House of Commons, in which he praised God for the
series of victories that the New Model Army had
recently won in many parts of England and Wales.
The tangled, multi-layered conflict known to
posterity as the Second Civil War was still
raging, rebel forces were holding out in
Colchester and the Scottish army of the Engagement
was marching south, but Bond—anxious to buoy up
the Army’s allies and to cast down the spirits of
its enemies—did everything he could to emphasise
the universality of the recent successes. “The
garment of gladnesse reacheth all over…the Land,”
he declaimed, “the robe [of victory] reacheth
from…Northumberland in the North, to…Sussex in the
South…[and] from Dover…in the East, to Pensands,
the utmost part of Cornwall, in the West.” Bond’s
reference to Penzance would have struck a chord
with many of his listeners, for accounts of an
insurgent defeat in the little Cornish town had
been read out in the House some weeks before. Yet,
from that day to this, the rising at Penzance—and
indeed the entire “Western dimension” of the
Second Civil War have been largely
forgotten.
The Scottish Political Community and the Parliament of 1563
Authors: Goodare Julian
Published: November 2007

When Mary queen of Scots met her first Parliament, she encountered an institution that had long played an influential part in Scottish history. The Scottish Parliament was important for its legislation and taxation, but it was even more important as the forum in which the political community assembled to take major decisions about how the government should be configured. This article uses a newly-discovered list of those attending the Parliament of 1563 as the starting-point for an investigation of the political community in Mary's reign.

Although our understanding of sixteenth-century politics has been much enhanced by studies focused on “kingship,” many crucial issues concern relationships among people other than the king. For more than half of the century there was no adult monarch present, and government had to be carried on by consensus between a regent and the nobility. Adult monarchs usually had more power than temporary regents, but they, too, had to seek consensus if they were to rule successfully.
Violence Against and Amongst Jews in An Early Modern Town: Tolerance and its Limits in Portsmouth, 1718–1781
Authors: Warner Jessica
Published: November 2007

In 1811, William Robinson, a purser's steward in the royal navy, deserted, having served six long and brutal years at sea. Years later, he wrote his memoirs, under the colorful title ofJack Nastyface. In it he recorded the many indignities inflicted on the sailors of his day. He did so in terms designed to horrify polite men and women, toward which end he dwelled at considerable length on floggings, keel-haulings, and the like. He was, however, perfectly prepared to tolerate the indignities that sailors inflicted on a group even more marginal than themselves: the Jews who made an uncertain living peddling slops and trinkets outside the royal dockyards. In one passage, Robinson fondly remembered how a sailor had avenged himself on one such peddler, known disparagingly as “Moses.” The sailor, assisted by several of the crew, succeeded in appropriating a new suit of clothes; “Moses,” sputtering with rage, was forced to leave the ship “amidst the grins and jeers of the whole crew, who were much diverted and pleased to think that any of their shipmates had tact enough to retaliate so nicely on a Jew.”

The incident, at first blush, bears all the marks of anti-Semitism. It suggests that “Moses” was singled out precisely because he was Jewish; as such, it fits nicely with the claims of a new and very pessimistic generation of scholars. These scholars, in true academic tradition, have expressed a great deal of disappointment over the work of their predecessors.
The World of Alexander Campbell: An Eighteenth-Century Grenadian Planter
Authors: Quintanilla Mark
Published: November 2007

In 1763 few Europeans doubted the enormous importance of their Caribbean possessions, a fact indicated by the ready willingness of the French to cede Canada in order to regain British-occupied Martinique. The British were no different, and in the West Indies they were in the process of establishing a New World aristocracy whose riches were based upon African slavery and the production of tropical crops. The British prized their Caribbean territories, especially since the sugar revolution that had begun during the mid-seventeenth century first in Barbados where the crop had become dominant by 1660 and then in Jamaica. British planters continued their success in the Leeward Island settlements of Antigua, St. Christopher, Nevis, and Montserrat, where entrepreneurs converted their lands to sugar cane by the early 1700s. West Indian planters became influential within the British Empire, and exercised profound social, political, and economic importance in the metropolis. By the eighteenth century they were the richest colonists within the empire; they were landed aristocrats who could have vied in wealth and prestige with their counterparts in Britain.
Guilt by Association: The Atheist Cabal and the Rise of the Public Sphere in Augustan England
Authors: Lund Roger D.
Published: November 2007

It is a cliché of literary history that the natives of the long eighteenth century were uniquely “clubbable” men and women. As Peter Clark points out, by the mid-eighteenth century voluntary associations of all sorts had become “an essential part of the social and cultural language of urban life.” Clark chronicles the rise of coffee houses, benefit societies, lodges, fraternal organizations, and clubs of every kind. As he points out, however, while the “image and concept of the voluntary society increasingly penetrated every nook and cranny of British social and cultural life” in the eighteenth century, there was no “extended philosophical justification for the importance and freedom of voluntary associations in society.” The absence of such justifications may be traced, at least in part, to a relatively wide-spread suspicion of voluntary association as manifested in “atheist” clubs and heterodox conventicles, forms of association that figured prominently in the imagination of Augustan pamphleteers, but whose history, as Justin Champion remarks, “is obscure and little studied.” As I argue in this essay, a brief study of atheist clubs that presumably flourished in the early decades of the eighteenth century reveals a resistance on the part of High-Church Anglican pamphleteers to the growth of clubs and private associations because they presumably posed a threat to the establishment both in Church and State.
Burden of Comorbid Medical Conditions and Quality of Diabetes Care
Authors: Halanych Jewell H. , Safford Monika M. , Keys Wendy C. , Person Sharina D. , Shikany James M. , Kim Young-Il , Centor Robert M. , Allison Jeroan J.
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—With performance-based reimbursement pressures, it is concerning that most performance measurements treat each condition in isolation, ignoring the complexities of patients with multiple comorbidities. We sought to examine the relationship between comorbidity and commonly assessed services for diabetic patients in a managed care organization.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In 6,032 diabetic patients, we determined the association between the independent variable medical comorbidity, measured by the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and the dependent variables A1C testing, lipid testing, dilated eye exam, and urinary microalbumin testing. We calculated predicted probabilities of receiving tests for patients with increasing comorbid illnesses, adjusting for patient demographics.

RESULTS—A1C and lipid testing decreased slightly at higher CCI: predicted probabilities for CCI quartiles 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 0.83 (95% CI 0.70–0.91), 0.83 (0.69–0.92), 0.82 (0.68–0.91), and 0.78 (0.61–0.88) for A1C, respectively, and 0.82 (0.69–0.91), 0.81(0.67–0.90), 0.79 (0.64–0.89), and 0.77 (0.61–0.88) for lipids. Dilated eye exam and urinary microalbumin testing did not differ across CCI quartiles: for quartiles 1, 2, 3, and 4, predicted probabilities were 0.48 (0.33–0.63), 0.54 (0.38–0.69), 0.50 (0.34–0.65), and 0.50 (0.34–0.65) for eye exam, respectively, and 0.23 (0.12–0.40), 0.24 (0.12–0.42), 0.24 (0.12–0.41), and 23 (0.11–0.40) for urinary microalbumin.

CONCLUSIONS—Services received did not differ based on comorbid illness burden. Because it is not clear whether equally aggressive care confers equal benefits to patients with varying comorbid illness burden, more evidence confirming such benefits may be warranted before widespread implementation of pay-for-performance programs using currently available “one size fits all” performance measures.
Impaired Postprandial Blood Flow in Adipose Tissue May Be an Early Marker of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Dimitriadis George , Lambadiari Vaia , Mitrou Panayota , Maratou Eirini , Boutati Eleni , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B. , Economopoulos Theofanis , Raptis Sotirios A.
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—We investigated the changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) after a meal in the various stages of type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Five groups were examined: healthy control subjects, first-degree relatives of subjects with type 2 diabetes, subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), subjects with type 2 diabetes and postprandial hyperglycemia but normal fasting plasma glucose levels (diabetes group A [DMA]), and subjects with type 2 diabetes with both postprandial and fasting hyperglycemia (diabetes group B [DMB]). ATBF was measured with 133Xe.

RESULTS—ATBF was higher in control subjects (1,507 ± 103 ml/100 cm3 tissue × min) versus relatives and IGT, DMA, and DMB subjects (845 ± 123, 679 ± 69, 765 ± 60, and 757 ± 69 ml/100 cm3 tissue × min, respectively; P < 0.001). Insulin sensitivity index (ISI) in control subjects (82 ± 3 mg × l2/mmol × mU × min) was higher versus that for relatives and IGT, DMA, and DMB subjects (60 ± 3, 45 ± 1, 40 ± 6, and 29 ± 4 mg × l2/mmol × mU × min, respectively; P < 0.0001). ISI was positively associated with peak-baseline ATBF (β coefficient 0.029 ± 0.013, P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS—After meal ingestion, insulin-stimulated ATBF was decreased in relatives and and IGT, DMA, and DMB subjects. This defect could be an early marker of insulin resistance that precedes the development of type 2 diabetes.
Intrahepatic Fat Accumulation and Alterations in Lipoprotein Composition in Obese Adolescents
Authors: Cali Anna M.G. , Zern Tosca L. , Taksali Sara E. , de Oliveira Ana Mayra , Dufour Sylvie , Otvos James D. , Caprio Sonia
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—Among other metabolic consequences, a dyslipidemic profile often accompanies childhood obesity. In adults, type 2 diabetes and hepatic steatosis have been shown to alter lipoprotein subclass distribution and size; however, these alterations have not yet been shown in children or adolescents. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effect of hepatic steatosis on lipoprotein concentration and size in obese adolescents.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Using fast magnetic resonance imaging, we measured intrahepatic fat content in 49 obese adolescents with normal glucose tolerance. The presence or absence of hepatic steatosis was determined by a threshold value for hepatic fat fraction (HFF) of 5.5%; therefore, the cohort was divided into two groups (HFF > or <5.5%). Fasting lipoprotein subclasses were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

RESULTS—Overall, the high-HFF group had 88% higher concentrations of large VLDL compared with the low-HFF group (P < 0.001). Likewise, the high-HFF group had significantly higher concentrations of small dense LDL (P < 0.007); however, the low-HFF group had significantly higher concentrations of large HDL (P < 0.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that high HFF was the strongest single correlate, accounting for 32.6% of the variance in large VLDL concentrations (P < 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS—The presence of fatty liver was associated with a pronounced dyslipidemic profile characterized by large VLDL, small dense LDL, and decreased large HDL concentrations. This proatherogenic phenotype was strongly related to the intrahepatic lipid content.
Serum Prolactin and Cortisol Levels After Suckling for Varying Periods of Time and the Effect of a Nipple Shield
Authors: Amatayakul Kosin , Vutyavanich Teraporn , Tanthayaphinant Orasri , Tovanabutra Sodsai , Yutabootr Yupadee , Drewett Robert F.
Published: November 2007

Plasma prolactin and cortisol levels were measured in mothers breast feeding with or without the use of a thin latex nipple shield, and in mothers wearing a nipple shield but who were not nursing. Suckling duration and milk transfer were also recorded. Suckling duration ranged between 6 and 31 min, being significantly correlated with prolactin levels 40 to 120 min after the feed started. At the latter time, baseline prolactin level and time spent nursing accounted together for most of the variance in prolactin levels: R2 was 0.79 and 0.82 at 90 min and 120 min respectively. Prolactin was released as usual when the shield was in place: levels were not significantly different from levels without the shield. Suckling duration was also unaffected by the shield, but milk transfer was significantly reduced. Cortisol was not released by using the shield, and the shield alone (without suckling) did not release prolactin. The thin latex nipple shield has therefore no untoward effect on the release of these hormones during nursing.
Dicephalus Tribrachius: Prenatal Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Jirous JirÍ , Radocha Karel , Hanus Stanislav , Podholová Miroslava , Mergancová Jindriska
Published: November 2007

A case of conjoined twins diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound is presented. The pathologist's report, the ultrasonographic differential diagnosis, management of delivery and a summary of the literature are included.
Les ouvriers du livre devant l'innovation technologique. Esquisse d'une réflexion
Authors: Reberioux Madeleine
Published: November 2007

Résumé Cet article analyse, de façon problématique, les réactions des ouvriers du labeur et de la presse aux innovations technologiques qui ont depuis cent cinquante ans transformé, voire bouleversé leur travail : presses mécaniques vers 1830, linotype au tournant du siècle, mutations complexes des dernières années. Sensibles au progrès technologique et forts d'une conscience collective qu'on peut dire de classe, ils ont chaque fois, non sans graves retards, été capables de faire front. La crise actuelle est de loin la plus difficile. La Fédération Française des Travailleurs du livre, dont la représentativité reste solide malgré ses reculs, s'oriente vers l'élaboration d'une culture de branche professionnelle et d'entreprise.
Les égouts de Paris aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Les humeurs de la ville préindustrielle
Authors: Boudriot Pierre-Denis
Published: November 2007

Résumé Jusqu'au Second Empire l'égout joue un rôle encore mineur dans l'assainissement de Paris. De trop faible pente, insuffisamment développé, mal entretenu et rarement couvert, l'égout peut au contraire contribuer à aggraver l'état sanitaire général. Les habitants des quartiers surinfectés réclament parfois son abandon. Eaux usées et pluviales s'écouleraient alors sur le pavé des rues, jusqu'à la Seine. Mais en surface, les pentes devraient être modifiées au prix d'importants travaux de repavage, d'enfoncement ou de surélévation des maisons riveraines. Par ailleurs, des différences de niveau aberrantes entre certains égouts rendent vaine leur restauration. Entre 1738 et 1740, un nouvel égout entièrement maçonné, long de six kilomètres, borde toute la périphérie Nord de la capitale. Pièce maîtresse du réseau septentrional, ce «Grand Egout» n'a cependant pas une déclivité suffisante. De surcroît, son entretien est négligé. Déclassé dès 1770 par l'essor urbain, il périclite. Cet échec fixe l'image indissociable de l'égout : le lieu de l'infect par excellence ; une image consacrée par Victor hugo dans les Misérables.
Le corps de ville et les élections échevinales à Paris aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Codification coutumière et pratiques sociales
Authors: Descimon Robert
Published: November 2007

Résumé L'élection coutumière du prévôt des marchands et des échevins rencontrait l'assentiment du roi, sans doute parce qu'elle contribuait à garantir le crédit de la monarchie à travers celui des bourgeois. Mais le corps de ville, comme tout corps d'officiers, obéissait aux logiques concurrentes de la résignation in favorem et de la vénalité. Cependant les pratiques électives limitées qui assuraient la représentation des bourgeois les plus "apparents" résistèrent aux crises du XVIe siècle. L'organisation des pouvoirs municipaux visa toujours, en dernière analyse, à établir une répartition équilibrée des charges entre notables, officiers du roi et marchands.
L'appropriation de l'espace urbain : la formation de la valeur dans la ville moderne (XVIe-XIXe siècles)
Authors: Lepetit Bernard
Published: November 2007

Abstract « Soil and space : enigmas for the economist ». This opinion from a respected present-day analyst of rent provides the starting point for this article. It actually takes the form not of empirical observations but an examination of some of the economic, anthropological and sociological models employed to explain the morphogenesis of urban value. The conclusion reached is that no immediately determinant relation, in whatever direction, can be established between urban society and its spatial context : although contemporary with each other their evolution occurs in different timescales. Adoption of a properly historical perspective is found to be an effective safeguard against simplistic determinisms and circular analyses.
Les patrons des métiers du bâtiment à Alençon (Orne) : au XIXe siècle : émergence d'une « élite populaire
Authors: Lenhof Jean-Louis
Published: November 2007

Résumé Entre 1815 et 1914, Alençon n'a pas connu d'essor démographique, et la population totale recensée n'a jamais atteint les 20 000 habitants. Néanmoins, le travail n'a pas manqué pour les patrons du bâtiment : constructions financées par une importante « classe oisive » de rentiers du sol, mises en chantiers liées à la prospérité de la fabrique de toiles de chanvre (filature mécanisée, tissage « dispersé »), travaux entrepris à la faveur du développement des fonctions de service (surtout après la crise des années 1880-1890). Ces bonnes affaires ont enrichi les divers patrons du bâtiment : des fortunes supérieures à 100 000 F apparaissent à la fin du siècle. Mais, si ce type de patronat a été un moyen d'intégration sociale pour de nombreux migrants ruraux, il n'y a eu qu'une promotion sociale limitée de l'ensemble du groupe, qui n'a pas dépassé le stade de « l'élite populaire ». En outre, seuls quelques éléments, qualifiés « d'entrepreneurs » (par opposition au simple « maître-artisan »), ont vraiment réussi : ils dirigent, à la fin du siècle, les « entreprises générales », c'est-à-dire qu'ils prennent en charge des programmes entiers de construction, voire les décident eux-mêmes. Cependant, aucun d'entre eux n'a réellement fait partie des groupes dirigeants de la ville.
La naissance des associations agraires en Espagne 1833-1898
Authors: Pan-Montojo Juan
Published: November 2007

Résumé Cet article analyse la genèse et développement des associations agricoles en Espagne, entre la Révolution libérale et la crise de 1898. Il essaye de montrer les continuités et discontinuités existantes dans l'organisation des intérêts et l'action collective au milieu rural, à travers la transition de l'Ancien Régime à la nouvelle société établie par le processus révolutionnaire. L'étude distingue trois périodes dans l'histoire du phénomène associatif en Espagne et elle évoque le rôle joué par l'Etat dans la formation des mouvements corporatistes agraires.
Urbanisme du Paris souterrain : premiers projets de chemin de fer urbain et naissance de l'urbanisme des cités modernes
Authors: Papayanis Nicholas
Published: November 2007

Abstract This is a study of pioneering plans for the creation of an underground rail system for Paris in the first half of the nineteenth century and their link to both a new, organic conception of the city and the birth of modern urban planning. Part of a larger debate in the 1840s on the shape of Paris, the projects discussed here formed part of a discourse that envisaged the modern city as a dynamic field of continuous movement and space-time compression as the key to its efficient functioning. Focusing on the underground plans of Hector Horeau, FI. de Kérizouet, Edouard Brame and Eugène Flachat, and Louis Le Hir, this analysis not only demonstrates the connection between these early projects and a vision of Paris as a circulatory system for the efficient circulation of commerce and pedestrian flow. It also explores the belief of city planners that mass urban transport could alleviate social tensions caused by overcrowding in the city center by affording workers relatively cheap and efficient mobility in and out of the city. Reflected within these projects were also the interests and concerns of a dynamic and growing capitalist economy. Following Henri Lefebvre's insight that space in a capitalist society is not neutral but reflects the requirements of capitalism, this study examines the interest taken by capitalist entrepreneurs in the planning of Parisian urban transit. Equally significant, these projects, by starting to consider the city globally with respect to circulation and by plotting straight lines above and below ground in the mapping of an ideal urban railway system, constitute important intellectual underpinnings for the creative destruction and rebuilding of Paris by Georges Haussmann and Napoleon III. Growing out of the eighteenth-century tradition which had already begun to see Paris as a space that could be shaped and transformed according to rational plans and visions, the mid-nineteenth-century speculations on the underground are among the forerunners of modern urban planning concepts and texts.
La direction des finances extérieures face à la modernisation et à la nécessité de restaurer la puissance internationale de la France (1946-1950)
Authors: Lepage Solenne
Published: November 2007

Résumé L'équipe des Finances extérieures - ou Finex - du ministère des Finances réunie autour de Guillaume Guindey fait sienne en 1946 la préoccupation constante de la modernisation, selon une conception centrée sur la libération des échanges, « indispensable au développement et à la modernisation» de l'économie française. Si l'on observe une «conversion» limitée à la politique de la dépense - la modernisation, pour Finex, passe par un assainissement financier -, la ligne adoptée est néanmoins pragmatique; elle peut s'écarter de l'orthodoxie de Bretton Woods pour s'adapter à l'intérêt français estimé, en particulier pour favoriser le développement des exportations, manifestant une forme de « conversion ». Mais cette ligne demeure en tout état de cause une défense de la «crédibilité» extérieure de la France. Condition, après la stabilisation économique et financière, de la libération des échanges, la coopération européenne constitue un axe essentiel de l'action de la direction des Finances extérieures. Brillante équipe européaniste, Finex constitue de fait un foyer majeur d'animation de l'OECE et d'inspiration de projets de coopération européenne dans ces années 1946-1950.
Les banques d'émission et la BRI face à la dislocation de l'étalon-or (1931-1933) : l'entrée dans l'âge de la coopération monétaire internationale
Authors: Feiertag Olivier
Published: November 2007

Résumé La crise financière mondiale de 1931-33 révéla l'ampleur sans précédent prise par les mouvements internationaux de capitaux à très court terme depuis le milieu des années 1920. Leur reflux à partir de mai 1931 entraîna la mise en œuvre de formes nouvelles de coopération monétaire internationale qui pour la première fois rassembla, non sans difficultés, l'ensemble des banques d'émission sous l'égide de la Banque des Règlements Internationaux (BRI) qui endossa alors, de manière proprement institutionnelle, la fonction de prêteur international en dernier ressort. Au-delà des impuissances évidentes de la BRI à enrayer le cours de la crise, il reste que les expériences monétaires collectives du début des années Trente ont marqué une étape non négligeable dans le processus long de convergence des pratiques et des doctrines monétaires en Europe.
La mise en place des institutions monétaires européennes (1957-1964)
Authors: Bottex Agnès
Published: November 2007

Résumé Cette contribution analyse l'installation des institutions communautaires chargées des questions monétaires entre 1957 et 1964, période qui vit la mise en place du comité monétaire, la création du comité de politique conjoncturelle et du comité des gouverneurs des banques centrales. Les analyses qui y sont proposées montrent comment dès 1957 se trouvèrent confrontées les conceptions nationales lors des débats relatifs à l'élaboration des missions et du mode de fonctionnement du comité monétaire. Elles montrent à la fois l'importance de la dynamique imprimée par la Commission et les représentants de plusieurs banques centrales et les résistances, surtout françaises, à une éviction trop marquée des intérêts nationaux et de leurs représentants directs - les hauts fonctionnaires - des instances mises en place. Dès 1964 apparaissent les premiers freins sur le chemin de l'intégration monétaire qui ne s'est épanoui pleinement qu'au cours des années 1970.
Transferts de technologie et management de la grande entreprise au Japon : le point de vue de la business history
Authors: Kudo Akira
Published: November 2007

Abstract Without a continuous and dynamic flow of technology and management transfers into Japan, the country's industrialisation could never have succeeded. Japanese firms unquestionably showed an exceptional enthusiasm for imports of technology and management skills. If there was any resistance, it was attenuated by an acute awareness of Japan's lag behind the West and led to the conservation of certain specific Japanese practices, especially in management. Not only did no real opposition manifest itself on the part of the different agents in the work-place to theses innovations; the climate of co-operation proper to the Japanese factory or workshop actually favoured the creation of a working consensus. The result was the rapid adoption of Western management skills and practices, and even the will to do better.
Un mouvement antipornographique : la Ligue pour le relèvement de la moralité publique (1883-1946)
Authors: Le Naour Jean-Yves
Published: November 2007

Résumé La Ligue pour le relèvement de la moralité publique (LRMP) est née en 1883 à l'initiative de militants protestants engagés dans le combat contre la réglementation de la prostitution, sur le modèle des sociétés abolitionnistes britanniques ou helvétiques. Soucieuse d'éduquer le peuple pour bâtir une république éclairée et morale, elle mène campagne contre les écrits et les images pornographiques, les jeux, l'alcoolisme et le taudis, tout en gardant une ligne abolitionniste indéfectible. Affichant son neutralisme politique et confessionnel, la LRMP ne parvient pas à devenir le mouvement de masse qu'elle rêvait d'être : malgré la qualité de ses membres appartenant à l'élite intellectuelle et sociale, elle reste désespérément une organisation marginale dont l'activité repose sur l'investissement de quelques militants déterminés et tient un discours ambigu, entre progressisme et réaction contre l'évolution des mœurs, qui rebute autant les conservateurs que les démocrates.
Linguistique et brouillons, dynamique et synchronisation
Authors: Schwartz Yves
Published: November 2007

The paper aims to find suitable basic theoretical assumptions which could underly the analysis of successive manuscripts as traces of text genesis. The major linguistic theories in the twentieth century fail to account simulaneously for verbal production, for relevant temporal properties and for specific textual dimensions. They are unable to propound dynamical forms for the succession of writing and rewriting stages and, for each of these stages, to separate (and link) mental and verbal processes, prospecctive and executive moments, as well as anticipating and memorizing ones. The complexity of the relations between these activities can lead to conflicts between them and to lacks of synchronization. Neuropsycholinguistics can offer some interesting parameters to deal with this problem.
Les uns : une pluralité singulière
Authors: Schnedecker Catherine
Published: November 2007

This article tries to put forward on the basis of historical consideration that the pronoun les uns is a pronoun with whole share, quite fixed, original from the point of view of its internal plural. In one second part, one studies the referential behavior frame of the pronoun, under angle of his relative (in)definitude and his partitive nature, which one considers certain consequences in the discursive plan
Quelques-uns, celui, chacun : pronoms ou déterminants ?
Authors: Sleeman Petra
Published: November 2007

The goal of the paper is to show that morphologically complex pronouns such as quelques-uns, celui and chacun are in fact determiners within a DP that contains an empty noun. This claim is supported by several arguments. First, several syntactic phenomena, such as the use of dislocated nouns introduced by de or the combination with the quantitative pronoun en, suggest that pronouns such as quelques-uns, celui and chacun are in fact determiners within a DP in which the noun can be dislocated or can be replaced by the pronoun en. Second, to respect Kayne's (1994) Antisymmetry theory, for the partitive construction (the first part of which can be one of the pronouns quelques-uns, celui or chacun) a structure is proposed that necessarily contains an (empty) noun, which can account for agreement facts. Finally, the noun position containing an empty category is also required to account for restrictions on nounless DPs. It is proposed that the empty category pro is only licensed in the nominal position by determiners or adjectives with a partitive meaning and only if it can be interpreted as a topic.
Direct Enantioselective Synthesis of Bicyclic Diels–Alder Products
Authors: Sundén Henrik , Rios Ramon , Xu Yongmei , Eriksson Lars , Córdova Armando
Published: November 2007

The direct amine‐catalyzed enantioselective Diels–Alder reaction between α,β‐unsaturated cyclic ketones and nitroolefins is presented. A simple diamine catalyzes the asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction with high stereoselectivity and furnishes the corresponding Diels–Alder adducts in good to high yields with >25:1 dr and up to 86 % ee. The study demonstrates a convenient entry to functionalized bicyclic molecules contaning four stereocenters that are formed with excellent diastreoselectivity and good to high enantioselectivity.
Asymmetric Direct Aldol Reaction of α‐Keto Esters and Acetone Catalyzed by Bifunctional Organocatalysts
Authors: Wang Fei , Xiong Yan , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming
Published: November 2007

A type of C2‐symmetrical bisprolinamide has been developed for the asymmetric aldol reaction between acetone and α‐keto esters, which furnishes the chiral tertiary alcohols in high yields (up to 99 %) with high enantioselectivities (up to 94 % ee). Aliphatic, heteroaromatic and aromatic α‐keto esters including those with electron‐donating or electron‐withdrawing group substituents were found to be suitable substrates in the presence of bisprolinamide 2a (15 mol %) and AcOH (150 mol %) with reaction times of no more than 16 h. This process is easily manipulated with readily available reagents. The geometry of catalyst 2a was fully optimized at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level with all electron calculations. Based on the experimental investigations and DFT calculations of catalyst 2a, a possible transition state A has been proposed to explain the origin of the activation and asymmetric inductivity.
Comparative study of the hydrolytic degradation of glycolide/L‐lactide/ε‐caprolactone terpolymers initiated by zirconium(IV) acetylacetonate or stannous octoate
Authors: Kasperczyk Janusz , Hu Yanfei , Jaworskam Joanna , Dobrzynski Piotr , Wei Jia , Li Suming
Published: November 2007

A series of copolymers have been synthesized by the ring‐opening polymerization of glycolide, L‐lactide, and ϵ‐caprolactone with zirconium(IV) acetylacetonate [Zr(Acac)4] or stannous octoate [Sn(Oct)2] as the catalyst. The resulting terpolymers have been characterized by analytical techniques such as proton nuclear magnetic resonance, size exclusion chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. Data have confirmed that Sn(Oct)2 leads to less transesterification of polymer chains than Zr(Acac)4 under similar conditions. The various copolymers have been compression‐molded and allowed to degrade in a pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 37°C. The results show that the degradation rate depends not only on the copolymer composition but also on the chain microstructure, the Sn(Oct)2‐initiated copolymers degrading less rapidly than Zr(Acac)4‐initiated ones with more random chain structures. The caproyl component appears the most resistant to degradation as its content increases in almost all cases. Moreover, caproyl units exhibit a protecting effect on neighboring lactyl or glycolyl units. The glycolyl content exhibits different features: it decreases because of faster degradation of glycolyl units, which are more hydrophilic than caproyl and lactyl ones, remains stable in the case of abundant CGC sequences, which are very resistant to degradation, or even increases because of the formation of polyglycolide crystallites. Terpolymers can crystallize during degradation if the block length of one of the components is sufficiently long, even though they are amorphous initially. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Ring opening polymerization of aliphatic cyclic carbonates in the presence of natural amino acids
Authors: Liu Jiyan , Zhang Chao , Liu Lijian
Published: November 2007

Poly(dimethyl trimethylene carbonate) (PDTC) and poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) were synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of dimethly trimethylene carbonate (DTC) and trimethylene carbonate (TMC) in the presence of five kinds of natural amino acids (L‐alanine, L‐valine, L‐leucine, L‐proline, and L‐phenylalanine). PDTCs with number‐average molecular weight (Mn) from 6700 to 18,900 g/mol and PTMCs with Mn from 7200 to 17,800 g/mol were obtained at a feed ratio of [monomer]/[L‐phenylalanine] ranging from 50 to 200. The results of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and titration proved amino acid connecting onto the polymer backbone. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Zeta potential of Nafion molecules in isopropanol‐water mixture solvent
Authors: Zhang Haining , Pan Jingjing , He Xiuchong , Pan Mu
Published: November 2007

Structure of Nafion in isopropanol/water mixture solvent has been investigated using zeta potential. It was found that zeta potential of Nafion strongly depends on the concentration. When the concentration of Nafion varied from 0.5 to 1 wt %, zeta potential increased significantly from about 0 to −12 mV, corresponding to the change of structure of Nafion molecules from true solution to dispersion of aggregates. While the concentration is above 5 wt %, micelle‐like structure of Nafion aggregates was proposed. The dependence of zeta potential of Nafion on pH value at concentration of 5 wt % shows a nonmonotonic function and isoelectric point of Nafion‐Na of 8.0 was observed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Recombinant therapeutic proteins: Production platforms and challenges
Authors: Dingermann Theo
Published: November 2007

Since the approval of insulin in 1982, more than 120 recombinant drug substances have been approved and become available as extremely valuable therapeutic options. Exact copying of the most common human form is no longer a value per se, as challenges, primarily related to the pharmacokinetics of artificial recombinant drugs, can be overcome by diverging from the original. However, relatively minor changes in manufacturing or packaging may impact safety of therapeutic proteins. A major achievement is the development of recombinant proteins capable of entering a cell. Such drugs open up completely new opportunities by targeting intracellular mechanisms or by substituting intracellularly operating enzymes. Concerns that protein variants would cause an intolerable immune response turned out to be exaggerated. Although most recombinant drugs provoke some immune response, they are still well tolerated. This knowledge might result in a change in attitude towards antibody formation, i.e., neutralizing antibody activity (in vitro) may be overcome by dosing consistently on the basis of antibody titers and not only on body weight. As with other drugs, efficacy and safety of therapeutic proteins have to be demonstrated in clinical studies, and superiority over available products has to be proven instead of just claimed.
Semaphorins 3A, 3C, and 3F in mesencephalic dopaminergic axon pathfinding
Authors: Hernández‐Montiel Hebert L. , Tamariz Elisa , Sandoval‐Minero M. Teresa , Varela‐Echavarría Alfredo
Published: November 2007

By analyzing the mechanisms that govern dopaminergic axon pathfinding from the midbrain to the striatum in embryonic rat brains, we identified neuroepithelial regions that exert chemotropic effects on mesencephalic dopaminergic axons. Explants from the pretectum and the striatum showed an attractive effect, whereas those from the midhindbrain boundary, the dorsal thalamus, and the ventral thalamus had no effect. Expression of semaphorin (Sema) 3C and Sema3F in the pretectum and of Sema3A in the striatum suggested a role for these axon guidance molecules in dopaminergic axon pathfinding. When expressed in HEK293 cell aggregates, Sema3C had an attractive effect and enhanced axon growth, Sema3A enhanced axon growth, and Sema3F had a repulsive effect on dopaminergic axons. Antineuropilin‐1 and antineuropilin‐2 antibodies reduced attraction by the pretectum, whereas attraction by the striatum was not affected by the presence of antineuropilin‐1 antibodies. Moreover, neuropilin‐1‐ and neuropilin‐2‐soluble Fc chimeras reduced the attraction by the pretectum. These results suggest that semaphorins may help to establish the dopaminergic projection from the midbrain to the striatum during embryonic development. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:387–397, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emergence of cellular markers and functional ionotropic glutamate receptors on tangentially dispersed cells in the developing mouse retina
Authors: Acosta Monica L. , Bumsted O'Brien Keely M. , Tan Seong‐Seng , Kalloniatis Michael
Published: November 2007

Tangential cell dispersion in the retina is a spacing mechanism that establishes a regular mosaic organization among cell types and contributes to their final positioning. The present study has used the X‐inactivation transgenic mouse expressing the lacZ reporter gene on one X chromosome. Due to X chromosome inactivation, 50% of early progenitor cells express β‐galactosidase (β‐Gal); therefore, all cells derived from a particular β‐Gal‐expressing progenitor cell can be identified in labeled columns. The radial segregation of clonally related β‐Gal‐positive and β‐Gal‐negative cells can be used to determine whether single cells transgress a clonal boundary in the retina. We investigated the extent to which particular cell classes tangentially disperse by analyzing the placement of labeled cells expressing particular markers at several ages and quantifying their tangential displacement. Retinal neurons expressing cell markers at postnatal day (P) 1 have a greater degree of tangential dispersion compared with amacrine and bipolar cells at P5–6. We also studied whether there is a functional correlation with these dispersion patterns by investigating the emergence of functional ionotropic glutamate receptors. To determine the degree of functional glutamate receptor activation, agmatine (AGB) was used in combination with cell‐specific labeling. AGB permeates functional glutamate receptor channels following activation with α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), kainate or N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA). Within these receptor groups, high concentrations of AMPA, kainate, and NMDA are associated with a high degree of tangential dispersion in the adult. Developmentally, functional kainate and AMPA receptors were detected by P1 and were associated with tangentially dispersed cells. Functional NMDA receptors were not detected as early as kainate and AMPA receptors. These results indicate that cells generated early during development are more likely to disperse tangentially compared with those generated later in development. Therefore, functional AMPA and kainate receptors may play a critical role in tangentially displacing cell types. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:506–523, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase and of γ‐aminobutyric acid type B receptors in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis
Authors: Zega Giuliana , Biggiogero Maira , Groppelli Silvia , Candiani Simona , Oliveri Diana , Parodi Manuela , Pestarino Mario , De Bernardi Fiorenza , Pennati Roberta
Published: November 2007

We describe Ciona intestinalis γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic neurons during development, studying the expression pattern of Ci‐GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase: GABA synthesizing enzyme) by in situ hybridization. Moreover, we cloned two GABAB receptor subunits (Ci‐GABABRs), and a phylogenetic analysis (neighbor‐joining method) suggested that they clustered with their vertebrate counterparts. We compared Ci‐GAD and Ci‐GABABRs expression patterns in C. intestinalis embryos and larvae. At the tailbud stage, Ci‐GAD expression was widely detected in central and peripheral nervous system (CNS/PNS) precursors, whereas Ci‐GABABRs expression was evident at the level of the precursors of the visceral ganglion. GABA was localized by immunohistochemistry at the same developmental stage. In the larva, Ci‐GAD transcripts and GABA immunofluorescence were also detected throughout the CNS and in some neurons of the PNS, whereas transcripts of both GABAB receptor subunits were found mainly in the CNS. The expression pattern of Ci‐GABABRs appeared restricted to Ci‐GAD‐positive territories in the sensory vesicle, whereas, in the visceral ganglion, Ci‐GABABRs transcripts were found in ventral motoneurons that did not express Ci‐GAD. Insofar as GABAergic neurons are widely distributed also in the CNS and PNS of vertebrates and other invertebrate chordates, it seems likely that GABA signaling was extensively present in the protochordate nervous system. Results from this work show that GABA is the most widespread inhibitory neurotransmitter in C. intestinalis nervous system and that it can signal through GABAB receptors both pre‐ and postsynaptically to modulate different sensory inputs and subsequent swimming activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:489–505, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aminopyrimidine‐Based Donor–Acceptor Chromophores: Push–Pull versus Aromatic Behaviour
Authors: Ortíz Alejandro , Insuasty Braulio , Torres M. Rosario , Herranz M. Ángeles , Martín Nazario , Viruela Rafael , Ortí Enrique
Published: November 2007

Novel 2‐aminopyrimidines substituted with two electron‐donor dialkylamino groups and either one dicyanovinyl (4a–d) or one tricyanovinyl (7a–d) electron‐acceptor group have been synthesized, and the balance between their push–pull character and their aromatic behaviour has been studied by experimental (spectroscopic, electrochemical and X‐ray analysis) and theoretical (DFT/B3LYP/6‐31G**) methods. Calculations reveal that the push–pull character is energetically favoured with respect to the preservation of the aromaticity of the pyrimidine ring. X‐ray analysis of 7a confirms the theoretical predictions and reveals a strong distortion from planarity due to the steric interaction between the tricyanovinyl group and the adjacent dialkylamino moieties. In contrast with what would normally be expected for push–pull compounds, the visible‐region absorption bands of 4a–d and 7a–d are associated with π–π* electronic transitions and not with intramolecular charge‐transfer absorptions. In each compound, both the HOMO and the LUMO are spread over the whole molecule and are not located on the donor and acceptor moieties, respectively, as is the case for typical push–pull chromophores.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)