bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dry Friction Contribution to Damage‐Caused Increase of Damping in Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer‐Based Composites
Authors: Holeczek Klaudiusz , Kostka Pawel , Modler Niels
Published: October 2014

The investigations deal with the contribution of the dry friction to the damage‐caused increase of the anisotropic material damping in composite materials. Plate specimens made of glass fiber reinforced epoxy were damaged in controlled impact tests using two different projectile's geometries at three different kinetic energies. Unique investigation of the damaged specimens by means of simultaneous use of a universal testing machine with X‐ray computed tomography reveals slip motions between the macroscopic laminate constituents. Such motion in the damage zone unavoidably leads to an energy dissipation due to friction and hence to increase of damping. Dry friction forces – in contrast to viscous damping forces – are assumed velocity‐independent in a wide range of velocities. This observation served as the basis for the formulation of a method that enables the differentiation of material‐intrinsic and damage‐specific energy dissipating mechanisms. The anisotropic damping properties necessary for the validation of the method were acquired using a commercially available dynamic mechanical analyzer.
The medial pterygoid tubercle in the Atapuerca Early and Middle Pleistocene mandibles: Evolutionary implications
Authors: Bermúdez de Castro José‐María , Quam Rolf , Martinón‐Torres María , Martínez Ignacio , Gracia‐Téllez Ana , Arsuaga Juan Luís , Carbonell Eudald
Published: October 2014

Numerous studies have attempted to identify the presence of uniquely derived (autoapomorphic) Neandertal features. Here, we deal with the medial pterygoid tubercle (MTP), which is usually present on the internal face of the ascending ramus of Neandertal specimens. Our study stems from the identification of a hypertrophied tubercle in ATD6‐96, an Early Pleistocene mandible recovered from the TD6 level of the Atapuerca‐Gran Dolina site and attributed to Homo antecessor. Our review of the literature and study of numerous original fossil specimens and high quality replicas confirm that the MTP occurs at a high frequency in Neandertals (ca. 89%) and is also present in over half (ca. 55%) of the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos (SH) hominins. In contrast, it is generally absent or minimally developed in other extinct hominins, but can be found in variable frequencies (<ca. 25%) in Pleistocene and recent H. sapiens samples. The presence of this feature in ATD6‐96 joins other traits shared by H. antecessor, the SH hominins and Neandertals. Since the TD6 hominins have been attributed either to MIS 21 or to MIS 25, it seems that a suite of assumed derived Neandertal features appeared in the Early Pleistocene, and they should be interpreted as synapomorphies shared among different taxa. We suggest that H. antecessor, the SH hominins and Neandertals shared a common ancestor in which these features appeared during the Early Pleistocene. The presence of the MTP in taxa other than H. neanderthalensis precludes this feature from being a Neandertal autapomorphy. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:102–109, 2015 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physical properties of Zener tunnelling nano‐devices in graphene
Authors: Hills Romilly D. Y. , Kusmartsev Feodor V.
Published: October 2014

By considering the direction of charge carriers and the conservation of probablity current the transmission properties of graphene Zener tunnelling nano‐devices were obtained. The scattering properties were then used with an adaptation of the Landauer formalism to calculate an analytical expression for current and conductance. The numerical results of the IV characteristics were then briefly discussed for the graphene step and Zener barrier. A comparison between the theoretical model and experimental results shows the similarities of graphene nanoribbons and infinite sheet graphene.
Combinatorial Crystal Synthesis: Structural Landscape of Phloroglucinol:1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene and Phloroglucinol:Phenazine
Authors: Dubey Ritesh , Desiraju Gautam R.
Published: October 2014

A large number of crystal forms, polymorphs and pseudopolymorphs, have been isolated in the phloroglucinol‐dipyridylethylene (PGL:DPE) and phloroglucinol‐phenazine (PGL:PHE) systems. An understanding of the intermolecular interactions and synthon preferences in these binary systems enables one to design a ternary molecular solid that consists of PGL, PHE, and DPE, and also others where DPE is replaced by other heterocycles. Clean isolation of these ternary cocrystals demonstrates synthon amplification during crystallization. These results point to the lesser likelihood of polymorphism in multicomponent crystals compared to single‐component crystals. The appearance of several crystal forms during crystallization of a multicomponent system can be viewed as combinatorial crystal synthesis with synthon selection from a solution library. The resulting polymorphs and pseudopolymorphs that are obtained constitute a crystal structure landscape.
Synthese von Indolen mithilfe von sichtbarem Licht: Photoredoxkatalyse für die Palladium‐katalysierte C‐H‐Aktivierung
Authors: Zoller Jochen , Fabry David C. , Ronge Meria A. , Rueping Magnus
Published: October 2014

Eine kombinierte Palladium‐ und Photoredox‐katalysierte C‐H‐Olefinierung ermöglicht die Synthese von Indolen. Mithilfe von sichtbarem Licht gelingt die direkte C‐H‐Aktivierung von aromatischen Enaminen, wobei eine Vielzahl von Indolderivaten in guten Ausbeuten unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen zugänglich wird.
Stabilization of Liquid Foams through the Synergistic Action of Particles and an Immiscible Liquid
Authors: Zhang Yi , Wu Jie , Wang Hongzhi , Meredith J. Carson , Behrens Sven H.
Published: October 2014

Liquid foams are familiar from beer, frothed milk, or bubble baths; foams in general also play important roles in oil recovery, lightweight packaging, and insulation. Here a new class of foams is reported, obtained by frothing a suspension of colloidal particles in the presence of a small amount of an immiscible secondary liquid. A unique aspect of these foams, termed capillary foams, is the particle‐mediated spreading of the minority liquid around the gas bubbles. The resulting mixed particle/liquid coating can stabilize bubbles against coalescence even when the particles alone cannot. The coated bubbles are further immobilized by entrapment in a network of excess particles connected by bridges of the minority liquid. Capillary foams were prepared with a diverse set of particle/liquid combinations to demonstrate the generality of the phenomenon. The observed foam stability correlates with the particle affinity for the liquid interface formed by spreading the minority liquid at the bubble surface.
Reversibly Controlling Preferential Protein Adsorption on Bone Implants by Using an Applied Weak Potential as a Switch
Authors: Liao Jingwen , Zhu Ye , Zhou Zhengnan , Chen Junqi , Tan Guoxin , Ning Chengyun , Mao Chuanbin
Published: October 2014

A facile method is needed to control the protein adsorption onto biomaterials, such as, bone implants. Herein we doped taurocholic acid (TCA), an amphiphilic biomolecule, into an array of 1D nano‐architectured polypyrrole (NAPPy) on the implants. Doping TCA enabled the implant surface to show reversible wettability between 152° (superhydrophobic, switch‐on state) and 55° (hydrophilic, switch‐off state) in response to periodically switching two weak electrical potentials (+0.50 and −0.80 V as a switch‐on and switch‐off potential, respectively). The potential‐switchable reversible wettability, arising from the potential‐tunable orientation of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic face of TCA, led to potential‐switchable preferential adsorption of proteins as well as cell adhesion and spreading. This potential‐switchable strategy may open up a new avenue to control the biological activities on the implant surface.
“Lesen” von Polymeren: Die Sequenzierung natürlicher und synthetischer Makromoleküle
Authors: Mutlu Hatice , Lutz Jean‐François
Published: October 2014

Die Sequenzierung von Biopolymeren wie Proteine und DNA zählt zu den bedeutendsten wissenschaftlichen Leistungen des 20. Jahrhunderts. Tatsächlich ist es mithilfe moderner chemischer Methoden der Sequenzanalyse möglich geworden, den “Code des Lebens” zu lesen und zu verstehen. Somit spielen Sequenzierungsverfahren derzeit eine wichtige Rolle bei so unterschiedlichen Anwendungen wie der Genomik, der Gentherapie, der Biotechnologie und der Datenspeicherung. Letzten Endes ist die Sequenzierung aber keine spezifisch biologische Methodik, sondern lässt sich allgemein als ein Problem der makromolekularen Chemie auffassen, definiert als die Analyse von Monomersequenzen in einem Polymer. Allerdings haben sich die Verfahren zur Untersuchung von Monomersequenzen in biologischen und synthetischen Polymeren in der Vergangenheit stark unterschieden. Mit der neuesten Entwicklung von synthetischen sequenzkontrollierten Polymeren verschwinden diese “kulturellen” Unterschiede jedoch langsam. Das Ziel dieses Kurzaufsatzes ist es, einen Überblick über die Hilfsmittel zu geben, die gegenwärtig für die Sequenzanalyse in der makromolekularen Wissenschaft zur Verfügung stehen.
Synthesis of Indoles Using Visible Light: Photoredox Catalysis for Palladium‐Catalyzed CH Activation
Authors: Zoller Jochen , Fabry David C. , Ronge Meria A. , Rueping Magnus
Published: October 2014

A combined palladium‐ and photoredox‐catalyzed CH olefination enables the synthesis of indoles. By using visible light, the direct CH activation of aromatic enamines can be achieved and a variety of indole derivatives can be obtained in good yields under mild reaction conditions.
Visible‐Light‐Induced CO Release from a Therapeutically Viable Tryptophan‐Derived Manganese(I) Carbonyl (TryptoCORM) Exhibiting Potent Inhibition against E. coli
Authors: Ward Jonathan S. , Lynam Jason M. , Moir James , Fairlamb Ian J. S.
Published: October 2014

The first visible‐light‐activated carbon‐monoxide‐releasing molecule (CO‐RM) to exhibit a potent effect against Escherichia coli is described. The easily prepared tryptophan‐derived manganese‐containing complex (TryptoCORM) released 1.4 moles of CO at 465 nm, and 2 moles at 400 nm. A comprehensive synthetic, mechanistic and microbiological study into the behaviour of TryptoCORM is reported. The complex is thermally stable (i.e., does not release CO in solution in the absence of light), shows low toxicity against mammalian cells and releases tryptophan on photoinduced degradation, all of which point to TryptoCORM being therapeutically viable.
Core–Shell Nanoreactors for Efficient Aqueous Biphasic Catalysis
Authors: Zhang Xuewei , Cardozo Andrés F. , Chen Si , Zhang Wenjing , Julcour Carine , Lansalot Muriel , Blanco Jean‐François , Gayet Florence , Delmas Henri , Charleux Bernadette , Manoury Eric , D'Agosto Franck , Poli Rinaldo
Published: October 2014

Water‐borne phosphine‐functionalized core‐cross‐linked micelles (CCM) consisting of a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell were obtained as stable latexes by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) in water in a one‐pot, three‐step process. Initial homogeneous aqueous‐phase copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) and poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate (PEOMA) is followed by copolymerization of styrene (S) and 4‐diphenylphosphinostyrene (DPPS), yielding P(MAA‐co‐PEOMA)‐b‐P(S‐co‐DPPS) amphiphilic block copolymer micelles (M) by polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (PISA), and final micellar cross‐linking with a mixture of S and diethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The CCM were characterized by dynamic light scattering and NMR spectroscopy to evaluate size, dispersity, stability, and the swelling ability of various organic substrates. Coordination of [Rh(acac)(CO)2] (acac=acetylacetonate) to the core‐confined phosphine groups was rapid and quantitative. The CCM and M latexes were then used, in combination with [Rh(acac)(CO)2], to catalyze the aqueous biphasic hydroformylation of 1‐octene, in which they showed high activity, recyclability, protection of the activated Rh center by the polymer scaffold, and low Rh leaching. The CCM latex gave slightly lower catalytic activity but significantly less Rh leaching than the M latex. A control experiment conducted in the presence of the sulfoxantphos ligand pointed to the action of the CCM as catalytic nanoreactors with substrate and product transport into and out of the polymer core, rather than as a surfactant in interfacial catalysis.
Targeted survival improvements in clinical trials: Are you an absolutist or relativist?
Authors: Paul James
Published: October 2014

In this issue of Cancer, Castonguay et al highlight problems with reliably estimating the median OS in the control arm of clinical trials in ovarian cancer. This suggests that more careful reflection is generally required concerning how clinically relevant differences are determined and highlights further issues with the selection of overall survival as a primary endpoint. The article also raises questions regarding the prevalent standard statistical approach used to design and analyze studies with time to event outcomes.
Reduced‐toxicity conditioning with fludarabine, once‐daily intravenous busulfan, and antithymocyte globulins prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation: Results of a multicenter prospective phase 2 trial
Authors: Mohty Mohamad , Malard Florent , Blaise Didier , Milpied Noel , Furst Sabine , Tabrizi Resa , Guillaume Thierry , Vigouroux Stéphane , El‐Cheikh Jean , Delaunay Jacques , Le Gouill Steven , Moreau Philippe , Labopin Myriam , Chevallier Patrice
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

The optimal intensity of myeloablation delivered as part of a reduced‐intensity/toxicity conditioning (RIC/RTC) regimen to decrease the recurrence rate, without increasing nonrecurrence mortality (NRM), remains to be established.

METHODS

The current phase 2, prospective, multicenter trial aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of an RIC/RTC regimen based on busulfan at a dose of 130 mg/m2/day intravenously for 3 days, fludarabine at a dose of 30 mg/m2/day for 5 days, and antithymocyte globulins at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day for 2 days. A total of 80 patients (median age, 53 years; range, 25‐64 years) with hematological malignancies were included.

RESULTS

With a median follow‐up of 21 months (range, 12‐36.5 months), the Kaplan‐Meier estimates of overall and disease‐free survival at 2 years were 62% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 51%‐73%) and 50% (95% CI, 33%‐57%), respectively. The cumulative incidences of grade 2 to 4 acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) and chronic GVHD (all grades) were 29% (95% CI, 19%‐39%) and 35% (95% CI, 24%‐46%), respectively. At 2 years, the cumulative incidence of recurrence/disease progression and NRM were 44% (95% CI, 31%‐56%) and 11% (95% CI, 6%‐19%), respectively. Patient age, diagnosis, donor type, sex, presence of comorbidities, and the Hematopoietic cell transplantation‐specific comorbidities index did not appear to have any statistically significant impact on NRM, recurrence/disease progression, disease‐free survival, or overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS

The RIC/RTC regimen used in the current study appeared to be safe, with a low NRM rate at 2 years noted among high‐risk patients, and efficient disease control, warranting prospective phase 3 trials. Cancer 2015;121:562–569. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
FC2Q: exploiting fuzzy control in server consolidation for cloud applications with SLA constraints
Authors: Anglano Cosimo , Canonico Massimo , Guazzone Marco
Published: October 2014

Modern cloud data centers rely on server consolidation (the allocation of several virtual machines on the same physical host) to minimize their costs. Choosing the right consolidation level (how many and which virtual machines are assigned to a physical server) is a challenging problem, because contemporary multitier cloud applications must meet service level agreements in face of highly dynamic, nonstationary, and bursty workloads. In this paper, we deal with the problem of achieving the best consolidation level that can be attained without violating application service level agreements. We tackle this problem by devising fuzzy controller for consolidation and QoS (FC2Q), a resource management framework exploiting feedback fuzzy logic control, that is able to dynamically adapt the physical CPU capacity allocated to the tiers of an application in order to precisely match the needs induced by the intensity of its current workload. We implement FC2Q on a real testbed and use this implementation to demonstrate its ability of meeting the aforementioned goals by means of a thorough experimental evaluation, carried out with real‐world cloud applications and workloads. Furthermore, we compare the performance achieved by FC2Q against those attained by existing state‐of‐the‐art alternative solutions, and we show that FC2Q works better than them in all the considered experimental scenarios. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are Two‐Station Biased Random Walkers Always Potential Molecular Motors?
Authors: Bakalis Evangelos , Zerbetto Francesco
Published: October 2014

The short answer to the title question is no. Despite their tremendous complexity, many nanomachines are simply one‐dimensional systems undergoing a biased, that is, unidirectional, walk on a two‐minima potential energy curve. The initially prepared state, or station, is higher in energy than the final equilibrium state that is reached after overcoming an energy barrier. All chemical reactions comply with this scheme, which does not necessarily imply that a generic chemical reaction is a potential molecular motor. If the barrier is low, the system may walk back and the motion will have a large purely Brownian component. Alternatively, a large distance from the barrier of either of the two stations may introduce a Brownian component. Starting from a general inequality that leverages on the idea that the amount of heat dissipated along the potential energy curve is a good indication of the effectiveness of the biased walk, we provide guidelines for the selection of the features of artificial molecular motors.
Poly(vinylpyridine)‐Grafted Silica Containing Palladium or Nickel Nanoparticles as Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Sonogashira Coupling Reaction
Authors: Farjadian Fatemeh , Tamami Bahman
Published: October 2014

Efficient catalytic systems based on palladium and nickel nanoparticles supported on poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (P4VPy)‐grafted silica were prepared. After preparation of P4VPy‐grafted silica, complexation with PdCl2 and NiCl2 was carried out to obtain the heterogeneous catalytic systems. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) showed that palladium and nickel particles on the nanoscale were dispersed throughout the surface. Under copper‐, amine‐, and phosphine‐free conditions, the palladium catalyst exhibited excellent activity in the Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction. An amine‐ and phosphine‐free nickel‐catalyzed Sonogashira reaction in the presence of CuI as a cocatalyst was also performed successfully. In both systems phenylacetylene reacted with aryl iodides, bromides, and chlorides in high yield and over short reaction times.
One‐Pot Fabrication of Layered α‐Phase Nickel–Cobalt Hydroxides as Advanced Electrode Materials for Pseudocapacitors
Authors: Chen Haichao , Jiang Jianjun , Zhang Li , Zhao Yuandong , Guo Danqing , Ruan Yunjun , Xia Dandan
Published: October 2014

A novel and facile one‐step method for growing α‐phase nickel–cobalt hydroxides is developed. The use of 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) in the mixed solvent plays the decisive role in the precipitation of metal ions and the formation of α‐phase hydroxides. The synthetic method is robust enough to synthesize Ni–Co hydroxides with different stoichiometric ratios of Ni and Co, and can be extended to the fabrication of Ni0.67Zn0.33 hydroxide in the α phase. More encouragingly, the method employed can be further used to grow layered nickel‐cobalt hydroxides on Ni foam. As the electroactive materials for pseudocapacitors, the Ni–Co hydroxides deliver an ultrahigh specific capacitance (1337.4 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 for Ni0.67Co0.33 hydroxide) with improved rate capability and cycling stability. Moreover, a greatly increased specific capacitance (2248.9 and 2286.7 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 for Ni0.5Co0.5 and Ni0.67Co0.33 hydroxides, respectively) with superior cycling stability is obtained after growth on Ni foam.
Host‐specific thermal profiles affect fitness of a widespread pathogen
Authors: Stevenson Lisa A. , Roznik Elizabeth A. , Alford Ross A. , Pike David A.
Published: October 2014

Host behavior can interact with environmental context to influence outcomes of pathogen exposure and the impact of disease on species and populations. Determining whether the thermal behaviors of individual species influence susceptibility to disease can help enhance our ability to explain and predict how and when disease outbreaks are likely to occur. The widespread disease chytridiomycosis (caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd) often has species‐specific impacts on amphibian communities; some host species are asymptomatic, whereas others experience mass mortalities and population extirpation. We determined whether the average natural thermal regimes experienced by sympatric frog species in nature, in and of themselves, can account for differences in vulnerability to disease. We did this by growing Bd under temperatures mimicking those experienced by frogs in the wild. At low and high elevations, the rainforest frogs Litoria nannotis, L. rheocola, and L. serrata maintained mean thermal regimes within the optimal range for pathogen growth (15–25°C). Thermal regimes for L. serrata, which has recovered from Bd‐related declines, resulted in slower pathogen growth than the cooler and less variable thermal regimes for the other two species, which have experienced more long‐lasting declines. For L. rheocola and L. serrata, pathogen growth was faster in thermal regimes corresponding to high elevations than in those corresponding to low elevations, where temperatures were warmer. For L. nannotis, which prefers moist and thermally stable microenvironments, pathogen growth was fastest for low‐elevation thermal regimes. All of the thermal regimes we tested resulted in pathogen growth rates equivalent to, or significantly faster than, rates expected from constant‐temperature experiments. The effects of host body temperature on Bd can explain many of the broad ecological patterns of population declines in our focal species, via direct effects on pathogen fitness. Understanding the functional response of pathogens to conditions experienced by the host is important for determining the ecological drivers of disease outbreaks.
Spatial extreme value analysis to project extremes of large‐scale indicators for severe weather
Authors: Gilleland Eric , Brown Barbara G. , Ammann Caspar M.
Published: October 2014

Concurrently high values of the maximum potential wind speed of updrafts (Wmax) and 0–6 km wind shear (Shear) have been found to represent conducive environments for severe weather, which subsequently provides a way to study severe weather in future climates. Here, we employ a model for the product of these variables (WmSh) from the National Center for Atmospheric Research/United States National Center for Environmental Prediction reanalysis over North America conditioned on their having extreme energy in the spatial field in order to project the predominant spatial patterns of WmSh. The approach is based on the Heffernan and Tawn conditional extreme value model. Results suggest that this technique estimates the spatial behavior of WmSh well, which allows for exploring possible changes in the patterns over time. While the model enables a method for inferring the uncertainty in the patterns, such analysis is difficult with the currently available inference approach. A variation of the method is also explored to investigate how this type of model might be used to qualitatively understand how the spatial patterns of WmSh correspond to extreme river flow events. A case study for river flows from three rivers in northwestern Tennessee is studied, and it is found that advection of WmSh from the Gulf of Mexico prevails while elsewhere, WmSh is generally very low during such extreme events. © 2013 The Authors. Environmetrics published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of WENO schemes for multi‐dimensional Euler equations using GPU
Authors: Darian Hossein Mahmoodi , Esfahanian Vahid
Published: October 2014

This paper presents a detailed study on the implementation of Weighted Essentially Non‐Oscillatory (WENO) schemes on GPU. GPU implementation of up to ninth‐order accurate WENO schemes for the multi‐dimensional Euler equations of gas dynamics is presented. The implementation detail is discussed in the paper. The computational times of different schemes are obtained and the speedups are reported for different number of grid points. Furthermore, the execution times for the main kernels of the code are given and compared with each other. The numerical experiments show the speedups for the WENO schemes are very promising especially for fine grids. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatty acid profile of gamma‐irradiated and cooked African oil bean seed (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth)
Authors: Olotu Ifeoluwa , Enujiugha Victor , Obadina Adewale , Owolabi Kikelomo
Published: October 2014

The safety and shelf‐life of food products can be, respectively, ensured and extended with important food‐processing technologies such as irradiation. The joint effect of cooking and 10 kGy gamma irradiation on the fatty acid composition of the oil of Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth was evaluated. Oils from the raw seed, cooked seeds, irradiated seeds (10 kGy), cooked, and irradiated seeds (10 kGy) were extracted and analyzed for their fatty acid content. An omega‐6‐fatty acid (linoleic acid) was the principal unsaturated fatty acid in the bean seed oil (24.6%). Cooking significantly (P < 0.05) increased Erucic acid by 3.3% and Linolenic acid by 23.0%. Combined treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased C18:2, C6:0, C20:2, C18:3, C20:3, C24:0, and C22:6 being linoleic, caproic, eicosadienoic, linolenic, eicosatrienoic, ligoceric, and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively, and this increase made the oil sample to have the highest total fatty acid content (154.9%), unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio (109.6), and unsaturated fatty acid content (153.9%). 10 kGy irradiation induces the formation of C20:5 (eicosapentaenoic), while cooking induced the formation of C20:4 (arachidic acid), C22:6 (Heneicosanoic acid), and C22:2 (docosadienoic acid). Combined 10 kGy cooking and irradiation increased the susceptibility of the oil of the African oil bean to rancidity.
Genomic alterations as mediators of miRNA dysregulation in ovarian cancer
Authors: Kan Casina W. S. , Howell Viive M. , Hahn Michael A. , Marsh Deborah J.
Published: October 2014

Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Serous epithelial ovarian cancer (SEOC) is the most common and aggressive histological subtype. Widespread genomic alterations go hand‐in‐hand with aberrant DNA damage signaling and are a hallmark of high‐grade SEOC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNA molecules that are nonrandomly distributed in the genome. They are frequently located in chromosomal regions susceptible to copy number variation (CNV) associated with malignancy that can influence their expression. Widespread changes in miRNA expression have been reported in multiple cancer types including ovarian cancer. This review examines CNV and single nucleotide polymorphisms, two common types of genomic alterations that occur in ovarian cancer, in the context of their influence on the expression of miRNA and the ability of miRNA to bind to and regulate their target genes. This includes genes encoding proteins involved in DNA repair and the maintenance of genomic stability. Improved understanding of mechanisms of miRNA dysregulation and the role of miRNA in ovarian cancer will provide further insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of this disease. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the Pass‐Through of Exchange Rate Fluctuations to the Macroeconomy: Imports in Developing and Advanced Countries
Authors: Kandil Magda
Published: October 2014

Using annual data, the paper studies the time‐series evidence regarding the allocation of fluctuations in the exchange rate between demand components, real growth and price inflation in a sample of developing and advanced countries. Subsequently, cross‐country correlations establish the relevance of fluctuations in imports to the pass‐through channel of exchange rate fluctuations to economic activity. Further, the evidence evaluates the direct effects of fluctuations in the nominal values of imports on price inflation and real growth. Cross‐country regressions evaluate the effects of variation in the average and variability of exchange rate fluctuations on import growth. Subsequently, variation in indicators of macroeconomic performance (real growth, price inflation and the growth of private consumption and investment) is evaluated with respect to variation in the exchange rate and/or import growth. In developing countries, the evidence indicates the relevance of fluctuations in import growth to the transmission mechanism of exchange rate fluctuations to the macroeconomy. Where this relationship dominates, fluctuations in the exchange rate are no longer significant to the difference in macroeconomic indicators, having controlled for variation in import growth across countries. In advanced countries, import fluctuations may be transmitted to economic activity, further to fluctuations in the exchange rate, in line with variations in terms of trade. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antigen Expression Patterns of Plasma Cell Myeloma: An Association of Cytogenetic Abnormality and International Staging System (ISS) for Myeloma
Authors: Shin Sang‐Yong , Lee Seung‐Tae , Kim Hee‐Jin , Kim Suk Jin , Kim Kihyun , Kang Eun Suk , Kim Sun‐Hee
Published: October 2014

Background

Immunophenotyping of plasma cell has become an important diagnostic tool for plasma cell myeloma. There have been a few studies for association of antigen expression and cytogenetic abnormality of plasma cell myeloma.

Methods

A total of 68 symptomatic/smoldering plasma cell myeloma case were analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry using CD38 and CD138 for primary gating of plasma cells. A conventional cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies for detection of del(13q) or aneuploidy, del(17p), and IGH/FGFR translocation were done. We statistically analyzed the association of antigen expression and cytogenetic abnormality/myeloma stage (international staging system for multiple myeloma).

Results

Positive expression of CD19, CD28, CD45, CD56, CD117, and CD274 was detected in 8.8%, 50.0%, 50.0%, 75.0%, 39.7%, and 2.9% of cases, respectively. CD117‐negative cases were associated with hypodiploidy (P = 0.017). CD45‐negative cases were associated with deletion 13 or aneuploidy (P < 0.001) and del(17p)(P = 0.011) by FISH. CD45‐negativity or CD117‐negativity was associated with advanced stage (P = 0.012 and P = 0.016, respectively).

Conclusion

The antigen expression patterns of myeloma plasma cell were associated with cytogenetic abnormality and stage.
Does Investment Climate Matter for Firm's Technical Efficiency? An Application to Middle Eastern and North African Manufacturing
Authors: Kinda Tidiane , Plane Patrick , Véganzonès‐Varoudakis Marie‐Ange
Published: October 2014

Drawing on World Bank enterprise surveys, this paper shows that investment climate (IC) is correlated with firms' technical efficiency (TE) in eight manufacturing industries of 22 developing countries. Essential aspects of IC include the quality of infrastructure, the experience and education of the labour force, the cost of and access to financing, and different dimensions of government–business relations. The empirical analysis also illustrates that IC deficiencies in many Middle‐East and North‐Africa countries are associated with low TE. The exception is Morocco and, to some extent, Saudi‐Arabia, where the IC and TE rank close to that of the sample's most efficient economies. The paper also highlights that industries more exposed to international competition, as well as small and medium domestic firms, exhibit a higher sensitivity to IC limitations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insights into the organization of plumatellid larvae (lophotrochozoa, Bryozoa) by means of 3D‐imaging and confocal microscopy
Authors: Schwaha Thomas F. , Handschuh Stephan , Redl Emanuel , Wanninger Andreas
Published: October 2014

Within the Lophotrochozoa, the Bryozoa or Ectoprocta remain one of the phyla whose phylogenetic relation to other lophotrochozoans is still controversely discussed. To complement existing data and to gain more insight into bryozoan character evolution, we analyzed the morphology of the larva of the phylactolaemate Plumatella sp. The larva of Plumatella spp. consists of an outer ciliated mantle that covers two differentiated polypides. The muscular and serotonergic nervous system of the polypides correspond to previous studies. The two polypides and their corresponding buds differ in size, which, together with a comparison among bryozoans, indicates that a single polypide is the basal condition. The whole larval mantle and mantle fold are supplied with circular and longitudinal muscles, the former being more pronounced in the mantle fold. The apical plate on the anterior side contains a diffuse mesh of crossing fibers and thus differs from previous descriptions, which recognized a regular muscular grid. The serotonergic nervous system in the mantle and mantle fold consists of a diffuse basiepidermal nerve net with its highest concentration at the apical plate. Serotonin immunoreactivity so far has not been detected in the mantle fold. However, the presence of other neurotransmitters in the mantle fold shown by previous studies indicates that this nerve net is a common feature of phylactolaemate larvae. The main difference between currently analyzed phylactolaemate larvae seems to be the complexity of the larval mantle musculature, which most likely plays an important role during metamorphosis. This study confirms previous interpretations that the apical plate pole does not correspond to the apical pole of gymnolaemate larvae but to their oral side. Accelerated asexual development on the aboral pole leads to the suggestion that an apical organ is never formed and the apical plate compensates for its absence in the free‐swimming period. J. Morphol. 276:109–120, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isolation and identification of dexamethasone sodium phosphate degrading Pseudomonas alcaligenes
Authors: Yi Wang , Zhibang Yang , Lili Zhu , Zhongquan Shi , Lianju Ma , Ziwei Tang , Renju Jiang
Published: October 2014

Glucocorticosteroids such as dexamethasone have polluted hospital wastewater, urban sewage, and river water in varying degrees. However, dexamethasone degradation by bioremediation technology is less understood. This study aims to isolate bacteria that could degrade dexamethasone and to identify their degradation characteristics. Hospital wastewater contaminated by dexamethasone was collected. After culturing in inorganic salt medium and in carbon deficient medium containing dexamethasone sodium phosphate, a bacterial strain with dexamethasone sodium phosphate as the sole carbon and energy source was enriched and isolated from the contaminated wastewater. The strain was identified as Pseudomonas alcaligenes by morphology, Gram staining, biochemical test, and 16S rDNA sequencing. Isolated bacteria were domesticated. Then its degradation characteristic was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography method. The degradation rate of P. alcaligenes on dexamethasone sodium phosphate was 50.86%. Of the degraded dexamethasone sodium phosphate, 75.23% of dexamethasone sodium phosphate was degraded to dexamethasone and 23.63% was degraded to other metabolites. In conclusion, the isolated P. alcaligenes in this study would provide experimental evidence for further research on the bioremediation technology to treat dexamethasone sodium phosphate and dexamethasone polluted water and further for the elimination of side effects of dexamethasone.
Simulated Study on Effects of Ground Managements on Soil Water and Available Nutrients in Jujube Orchards
Authors: Wang Juan , Huang Jun , Zhao Xining , Wu Pute , Horwath William R. , Li Hongbing , Jing Zilong , Chen Xiaoli
Published: October 2014

Soil erosion is a key factor affecting sustainable agriculture on Chinese Loess Plateau. A 2‐year study was conducted on jujube trees in a controlled study to compare effects of clean cultivation (CC) with jujube branch mulch (WJBM), strip white clover cover (SWC), strip shallow tillage (ST), jujube branch mulch under tree canopy + strip white clover cover (JBM + SWC) and jujube branch mulch under tree canopy + strip shallow tillage (JMB + ST). The study was on sloping soil (26·7%) in mesocosms (2·0 m × 0·8 m × 0·8 m) using a rainfall simulator. Runoff volume and sediment yield were significantly larger under CC than other treatments (p < 0·05), and were least under WJBM. Water infiltration under CC was significantly less than other treatments (p < 0·05), while it was the largest under WJBM. The available nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) runoff loss under CC were significantly larger than others (p < 0·05), and least under WJBM. No differences in soil AN, AP and water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC) concentrations were detected among all treatments. The soil AN and WSOC concentration under all treatments decreased during the growing season and slightly increased during fallow, while AP concentrations fluctuated but decreased slowly. The WJBM was the best management in this sloping jujube orchard study. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Back focal plane imaging of Tamm plasmons and their coupled emission
Authors: Chen Yikai , Zhang Douguo , Qiu Dong , Zhu Liangfu , Yu Sisheng , Yao Peijun , Wang Pei , Ming Hai , Badugu Ramachandram , Lakowicz Joseph R.
Published: October 2014

The unique optical properties of Tamm plasmons (TPs) – such as flexible wavevector matching conditions including inplane wavevector within the light line, and existing both S‐ and P‐polarized TPs − facilitate them for direct optical excitation. The Tamm plasmon‐coupled emission (TPCE) from a combined photonic–plasmonic structure sustaining both surface plasmons (SPs) and TPs is described in this paper. The sensitivity of TPCE to the emission wavelength and polarization is examined with back focal plane imaging and verified with the numerical calculations. The results reveal that the excited probe can couple with both TPs and SPs, resulting in surface plasmon‐coupled emission (SPCE) and TPCE, respectively. The TPCE angle is strongly dependent on the wavelength allowing for spectral resolution using different observation angles. These Tamm structures provide a new tool to control the optical emission from dye molecules and have many potential applications in fluorescence‐based sensing and imaging.
Establishment of supermicrosurgical lymphaticovenular anastomosis model in rat
Authors: Yamamoto Takumi , Yamamoto Nana , Yamashita Marie , Furuya Megumi , Hayashi Akitatsu , Koshima Isao
Published: October 2014

Background: Lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) is becoming a choice of treatment for compression‐refractory lymphedema. However, LVA requires highly sophisticated microsurgical technique called supermicrosurgery, and no training model for LVA has been developed. This study aimed to develop and evaluate feasibility of a new LVA model using rat thigh lymphatic vessels. Methods: Ten Sprague‐Dawley rats were used for the study. After preoperative indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography, lymphatic vessels in posteromedial aspect of the thigh were dissected. In right limbs, the largest lymphatic vessel was anastomosed to the short saphenous vein or its branch, and the remaining lymphatic vessels were ligated (LVA group). In left limbs, all lymphatic vessels were ligated (control group). Anastomosis patency was evaluated intraoperatively and at postoperative 7 days. Results: Courses of lymphatic vessels in the thigh were constant; lymphatic vessels run along the short saphenous vein. The mean diameter of lymphatic vessel used for LVA was 0.240 ± 0.057 mm, and the mean diameter of vein was 0.370 ± 0.146 mm. All lymphatic vessels were translucent and very thin like human intact lymphatic vessels. In LVA group, intra‐ and post‐operative anastomosis patency rates were 100% (10/10) based on ICG lymphography. In control group, intra‐ and post‐operative patency rates were 0% (0/10). Conclusions: Rat lymphatic vessels are thin, translucent, and fragile similar to intact human lymphatic vessels. The LVA model uses easily accessible lymphatic vessels in the thigh, and is useful for training of supermicrosurgical LVA. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:57–60, 2017.
Schutz gegen Zahlungsausfälle
Authors: Antje Stephan
Published: October 2014

Viele Unternehmen verfügen über ein gutes Kundenmanagement. Dass manche Kunden dennoch ihre Rechnung nicht zahlen, passiert immer wieder. Dies kann selbst eine hervorragende Risikosteuerung nicht vorhersagen — aber manche Lieferanten lassen sich dagegen versichern.
Woher die Aufgaben für die Chemieolympiade kommen
Authors: Nick Sabine
Published: October 2014

Bevor eine Mannschaft aus Deutschland zur internationalen Chemieolympiade aufbricht, stehen in Deutschland vier Auswahlrunden an. Die Aufgaben der ersten Runden dürfen nicht zu leicht zu lösen sein, sollen aber trotzdem Spaß machen. In den letzten Runden müssen die Schüler Lösungsstrategien entwickeln, dafür jede Menge chemische Kenntnisse abrufen können, aber auch viel rechnen.
Mechanical reinforcement of hydrogels by nanofiber network undergoing biaxial deformation
Authors: Guo Yuanhao , Drum Jason , Qu Cheng , Cakmak Miko
Published: October 2014

Hydrogels can encapsulate large quantities of water within a three‐dimensional crosslinked polymer network. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels have been widely used in tissue engineering, wound dressing, and drug delivery. However, the inferior mechanical properties of PVA hydrogels limit their utility in load‐bearing applications. To alleviate this deficiency, we used a hybrid electrospinning/solution casting continuous process to reinforce PVA hydrogels using polyurethane nanofibers. In this process, the nanofibers were electrospun into the wet solution cast film prior to solidification. The reinforcement of PVA hydrogels at a series of extent of water swelling was determined using a custom built bubble biaxial stretching device. The results showed that nanofibers have substantial enhancement effect on mechanical properties particularly in thin hydrogel films at high water concentrations. Reduction of nanofiber diameter was also found to increase this reinforcement due to increased interfacial area between nanofibers and hydrogels. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:709–717, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
How to spot a narcissist: Mental health literacy with respect to Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Authors: Wright Kirstie , Furnham Adrian
Published: October 2014

Lay people were asked to read one Depression, one Schizophrenia, and three Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) vignettes. After each, they were asked what they thought the problem was for the individuals concerned and to make various ratings. Half of each of the five vignettes were of male, and the other of female, characters. The results demonstrated that laypeople are less likely to suggest help for, and have more difficulty identifying NPD compared to Depression and Schizophrenia. There were differences in the likeliness to suggest help between all three NPD vignettes and differences in the identification of two NPD vignettes possible due to the length and details in different vignettes. The gender of the person in the vignette had no effect on identification. The participants NPI scores were not correlated with the Narcissism literacy suggesting no relationship between having, and spotting, the disorder. Implications and limitations of the research are considered. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High mobility In2O3:H transparent conductive oxides prepared by atomic layer deposition and solid phase crystallization
Authors: Macco B. , Wu Y. , Vanhemel D. , Kessels W. M. M.
Published: October 2014

The preparation of high‐quality In2O3:H, as transparent conductive oxide (TCO), is demonstrated at low temperatures. Amorphous In2O3:H films were deposited by atomic layer deposition at 100 °C, after which they underwent solid phase crystallization by a short anneal at 200 °C. TEM analysis has shown that this approach can yield films with a lateral grain size of a few hundred nm, resulting in electron mobility values as high as 138 cm2/V s at a device‐relevant carrier density of 1.8 × 1020 cm–3. Due to the extremely high electron mobility, the crystallized films simultaneously exhibit a very low resistivity (0.27 mΩ cm) and a negligible free carrier absorption. In conjunction with the low temperature processing, this renders these films ideal candidates for front TCO layers in for example silicon heterojunction solar cells and other sensitive optoelectronic applications. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A clustering approach based on convergence degree chain for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Kuang Xiao‐Hui , Liu Li , Liu Qiang , Li Xiang
Published: October 2014

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play an important role in pervasive and ubiquitous systems. The energy consumption, scalability, stability, and lifetime are still open issues in WSNs. Clustering approach has been considered one of the most effective measures and has received tremendous attention in this research area. But most clustering algorithms of the previous related works adopt the idea of periodically and globally regrouping cluster nodes that may cause the improper energy consumption and link state instability during the clustering procedure. Aiming to decrease energy consumption of sensor node and increase WSNs stability, a novel Energy‐efficient Clustering Approach based on Convergence Degree chain, which is termed as ECACD, is proposed in this paper. ECACD protocol can improve stability of topology by using convergence degree and residual energy for cluster head election, reduce energy consumption of member node by cluster joining policy for cluster formation, and decrease communication cost by rotating cluster head according to convergence degree chain generated at initial stage. Analysis and simulation results show the advantage and effectiveness of our approach in terms of the cluster header characteristics and the network life time. According to the comparison with HEED (Hybrid Energy‐Efficient Distributed clustering), which is an energy‐efficient approach for clustering nodes in sensor networks by periodically selecting cluster heads according to a hybrid of their residual energy and a secondary parameter, ECACD increases the stability and extends the network life by 26% and 85%. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.