bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grids with Unusual, High Nuclearity – A Structural Approach
Authors: Stadler Adrian‐Mihail
Published: October 2009

Polynuclear supramolecular homoleptic grid‐like architectures containing s2 (s = 3, 4, 5) metal ions arranged like the elements of a square matrix and located in the coordination spheres generated at the intersection points (“nodes”) of the 2s bridging s‐topic ligands (the “bars” of the grid), are quite rare, but they are fascinating by their formation by self‐assembly, their structures and properties. Moreover, heteroleptic hexanuclear complete [2 × 3] grids, as well as other kinds of grids containing more than four metal centres were reported. The access to such grids necessitates the design of appropriate polytopic ligands. However, in several cases, incomplete grids were obtained instead of the expected complete grids. The structural diversity of the grids with unusual, high nuclearity reported until now is herein reviewed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Electrochemical Investigation of Myoglobin in Layer‐by‐Layer Films Assembled with Sulfonated‐β‐Cyclodextrin
Authors: Li Jueyu , Liu Dan , Tian Lei , Yang Lingzhu , Hu Naifei
Published: October 2009

In this work, myoglobin (Mb) and sulfonated‐β‐cyclodextrin (S‐CD) were assembled into {S‐CD/Mb}n layer‐by‐layer films on solid substrates. In pH 7.0 buffers, the {S‐CD/Mb}n films assembled on electrodes showed a pair of well‐defined and nearly reversible CV peaks at about −0.35 V vs. SCE. The stable CV response of {S‐CD/Mb}n films could be used to electrocatalyze reduction of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide in solution. For comparison, another modified β‐cyclodextrin, carboxyethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (C‐CD), was also assembled with Mb into {C‐CD/Mb}n multilayer films. The driving forces of the assembly were explored and discussed.
A Simple Fabrication Method for Three‐Dimensional Gold Nanoparticle Electrodes and Their Application to the Study of the Direct Electrochemistry of Cytochrome c
Authors: Murata Kenichi , Kajiya Kazuki , Nukaga Megumi , Suga Yosuke , Watanabe Toshiyuki , Nakamura Nobuhumi , Ohno Hiroyuki
Published: October 2009

A simple method for constructing gold nanoparticle‐modified electrodes with three‐dimensional nanostructures is demonstrated. The electrodes were prepared by casting citrate‐reduced AuNPs onto polycrystalline gold electrodes. The resultant electrodes had a large surface area‐to‐volume ratio, adequate for high protein loading and conferring high stability. The gold nanoparticle electrodes were covered with a self‐assembled monolayer of 11‐mercaptoundecanoic acid for electrostatic immobilization of cytochrome c (cyt c). At the electrode, direct, reversible electron transfer from cyt c was observed with remarkable stability. Moreover, an extremely high surface coverage of electrochemically active cyt c, 167 fully packed monolayers, was obtained through use of the electrode.
Electrokinetic sample injection for high‐sensitivity CZE (part 2): Improving the quantitative repeatability and application of electrokinetic supercharging‐CZE to the detection of atmospheric electrolytes
Authors: Xu Zhongqi , Koshimidzu Eiji , Hirokawa Takeshi
Published: October 2009

Electrokinetic supercharging (EKS) is defined as a technique that combines electrokinetic sample injection with transient ITP. Quantitative repeatability of EKS‐CZE and the other CE methods using electrokinetic sample injection process is usually inferior in comparison with the CE methods using hydrodynamic or hydrostatic injection. This is due to some effects, such as the temperature change and the convection of the sample solution in the reservoir, as well as the change of the distance between an electrode and a capillary end (Dec). In particular, we have found that the Dec change might most seriously affect the repeatability, especially when the electrode is a thin Pt wire that could be unintentionally bent during sampling. By using a Teflon spacer to fix Dec to 1.1 mm, the RSD of peak area (n=5) was decreased from 20 to 3.4% in EKS‐CZE for several metal cations. This Dec dependence of the sample amount injected was supported by computer simulation using CFD‐ACE+ software. The improved repeatability (down to 5.1% at n=5, averaged RSD for Co2+, Li+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+) was also experimentally attained by increasing the Dec to ca. 20 mm, which was also effective to obtain high sensitivity. Since the temperature and the convection effects on the repeatability are comparatively small in a proper laboratory environment, these effects were estimated from the EKS‐CZE experiments using conditions such as warming and agitating the sample solution during EKS process. Finally, EKS‐CZE was applied to the detection of ions from atmospheric electrolytes in high‐purity water exposed to ambient air for 2 h. The microgram per liter levels of anions (chloride, sulfate, nitrate, formate, acetate and lactate) and cations (ammonium, calcium, sodium and magnesium) could be detected using conventional UV detector.
The effect of riparian land use on transport hydraulics in agricultural headwater streams located in northeast Ohio, USA
Authors: Herrman Kyle S. , Bouchard Virginie , Granata Tim , Carey Anne E. , Moore Richard H.
Published: October 2009

This study examined if riparian land use (forested vs agricultural) affects hydraulic transport in headwater streams located in an agriculturally fragmented watershed. We identified paired 50‐m reaches (one reach in agricultural land use and the other in forested land use) along three headwater streams in the Upper Sugar Creek Watershed in northeast Ohio, USA (40° 51′42″N, 81° 50′29″W). Using breakthrough curves obtained by Rhodamine WT slug injections and the one‐dimensional transport with inflow and storage model (OTIS), hydraulic transport parameters were obtained for each reach on six different occasions (n = 36). Relative transient storage (AS:A) was similar between both reach types (As: A = 0·3 ± 0·1 for both agricultural and forested reaches). Comparing values of Fmed200 to those in the literature indicates that the effect of transient storage was moderately high in the study streams in the Upper Sugar Creek Watershed. Examining travel times revealed that overall residence time (HRT) and residence time in transient storage (TSTO) were both longer in forested reaches (forested HRT = 19·1 ± 11·5 min and TSTO = 4·0 ± 3·8 min; agricultural HRT = 9·3 ± 5·3 min and TSTO = 1·7 ± 1·4 min). We concluded that the effect of transient storage on solute transport was similar between the forested and agricultural reaches but the forested reaches had a greater potential to retain solutes as a result of longer travel times. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The threat of corporate groups and the insolvency connection
Authors: Dähnert Alexander
Published: October 2009

This paper attempts to shed some light on the issue referred to by the term ‘group threat’. The factual appearance of corporate groups will be emphasized, as well as the question of what particular dangers arise from groups of legal entities. It will be argued that the source of group threats lies in the supremacy of group interest over the interests of affiliates, particularly in groups acting as a single unit. However, while efficiency gains inherent in group structures have attracted considerable attention in the debate about the insolvencies of corporate groups, the aspect of how the restriction of group threats can be reconciled with these efficiency‐preservation concepts has been neglected. This appears of some concern given the fact that group threats and group synergy effects are part of the same coin. Both sides of the Janus‐head ought to be considered in insolvency concepts and an attempt will be made to put the specific aspect of group threats into the wider context of group insolvencies. Existing approaches will be introduced, summarized and categorized, with a particular view taken of their common characteristics. It is argued that most insolvency concepts suffer from the same fundamental deficiencies: the focus on the structure of groups, which makes the very nature of integrated companies difficult to grasp. Consequently, this calls into question the application of these concepts and leads, furthermore, to significant collateral damage in the shape of principles central to company law. Resulting from these shortcomings and from the insight that the supremacy of the group interest constitutes the fundamental source of group characteristics, this paper suggests as an alternative that the focus be placed on wrongful conduct, the argument being that it is not the static structure, but the way the group is directed and ruled, which constitutes the decisive criterion for insolvency concepts. The understanding of group threats is therefore the key to a satisfactory approach to group specific challenges in insolvency. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effectiveness and efficiency of corporate insolvency law—part two
Authors: Luttikhuis Karin
Published: October 2009

Little empirical research has been done in the Netherlands (or internationally) into the effect of corporate insolvency proceedings. The Dutch legislature has made several attempts in the past decades to revise the current Dutch Bankruptcy Act (Faillissementswet) of 1893, while almost nothing is known about the effectiveness and efficiency of the Dutch corporate insolvency law. I have studied the effectiveness of the current Dutch insolvency law and of European Directive 2001/23/EC which is incorporated in this law, on the basis of theoretical and large‐scale empirical research. The study concerned all 4167 of the corporate insolvencies that ended in 2004. In the first part of this Article (International Insolvency Review, Volume 17, 3, Winter 2008, pp. 189–209), the research results showed that the Dutch Bankruptcy Act achieved the goals set on it only to a limited degree and that the informal restructuring procedure is of great social importance. In this second part, I concentrate on the conditions imposed by European Directive 2001/23/EC on the European national legislatures to protect employees' rights: automatic transfer of employment contracts in the event of transfers as part of insolvency proceedings, together with measures to prevent misuse of insolvency proceedings in such a way as to deprive employees of the rights provided for in this European Directive. The study shows that, in the Netherlands, not applying automatic transfer of employment contracts when an undertaking or business is transferred as part of an insolvency proceeding does not result in large‐scale misuse of insolvency law. It appears that automatic transfer of employment contracts outside insolvency proceedings can actually impede the informal restructuring of financially unsound companies. These surprising results are interesting for corporate insolvency proceedings worldwide. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calcium regulation of non‐kinase and kinase activities of recombinant myosin light‐chain kinase and its mutants
Authors: Xie Ce , Zhang Yue , Wang Hong Hui , Matsumoto Atsushi , Nakamura Akio , Ishikawa Ryoki , Yoshiyama Shinji , Hayakawa Kohichi , Kohama Kazuhiro , Gao Ying
Published: October 2009

Myosin light‐chain kinase (MLCK) comprised of N‐terminal actin‐binding domain, central catalytic domain, and C‐terminal myosin‐binding domain. It exerted not only kinase activity to phosphorylate 20 kDa regulatory light chain of smooth muscle but also exerted non‐kinase activity on myosin motor and myosin ATPase activities (Nakamura et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 369, 135). The previous studies on the multiple MLCK functions were done using MLCK fragments. The present study reported the expression of whole MLCK molecules in Escherichia coli in a large amount. The construct in which the calmodulin (CaM) binding domain for regulating kinase activity was mutated lost the kinase activity. However, the mutant exerted non‐kinase activity and inhibited both myosin motor and ATPase activities. The domain that regulated kinase activity was also shown to be involved in the Ca2+ regulation of non‐kinase activity. The deletion mutants of actin‐binding domain which located at N‐terminal 1–41 amino acids demonstrated that non‐kinase activity was mediated through actin filaments. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(11): 1092–1098, 2009
Bevacizumab and ranibizumab on microvascular endothelial cells: A comparative study
Authors: Costa Raquel , Carneiro Ângela , Rocha Ana , Pirraco Ana , Falcão Manuel , Vasques Luísa , Soares Raquel
Published: October 2009

Given its broad effects in endothelium, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) represents the primary rate‐limiting step of angiogenesis. Therefore, VEGF targeting therapies were soon developed. Bevacizumab and ranibizumab are two of these therapeutic agents already in clinical use. Bevacizumab was first used for cancer treatment, whereas ranibizumab was designed to target choroidal neovascularization, the main cause of blindness in age‐related macular degeneration. The present study aims to compare the multiple effects of bevacizumab and ranibizumab in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs). HMEC cultures were established and treated during 24 h with the anti‐VEGF agents within the intravitreal‐established concentration range or excipients. Analyses of VEGF content in cell media and VEGF receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2) expression in cell lysates were performed. No cell cytotoxicity (MTS assay) was found in anti‐VEGF‐treated cultures at any concentration. Apoptosis (TUNEL assay) was significantly increased and cell proliferation (BrdU assay), migration (transwell assay) and assembly into vascular structures were significantly reduced by incubation with both agents at the two doses used. These findings were accompanied by a strong decrease in VEGF release, and in phosphorylated VEGFR‐2 and Akt expression for both agents at the clinical concentration. Interestingly, phosphorylated Erk was only significantly reduced upon bevacizumab treatment. In addition, proliferation was more affected by ranibizumab, whereas migration, capillary formation, and phosphorylated VEGFR2 expression were significantly reduced by bevacizumab as compared to ranibizumab. Therefore, although both agents presented anti‐angiogenic actions, distinct effects were exerted by the two molecules in HMEC. These findings suggest that a careful confirmation of these effects in clinical settings is mandatory. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 1410–1417, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human testicular orphan receptor 4 enhances thyroid hormone receptor signaling
Authors: Huang Ya‐Hui , Liao Chen‐Hsin , Chen Ruey‐Nan , Liao Chia‐Jung , Lin Kwang‐Huei
Published: October 2009

The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) and human testicular orphan receptor 4 (TR4) belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. They are ligand‐dependent transcription factors. TR and TR4 bind to a similar thyroid response element (TRE), known as a direct repeat with four nucleotide spacing (DR4). This study examined the possible interaction or cross‐talking between those two receptors. We hypothesized that protein–protein interaction between TR4 and TR may promote TR‐mediated transcriptional activity. Glutathione S‐transferase pull‐down and immunoprecipitation assays showed direct interaction between TR and TR4. Electrophoretic mobility‐shift assay demonstrated that TR and TR4 could co‐occupy the same TRE. The interaction between TR4 and TR may enhance regulation of genes targeted by TR, such as furin, fibrinogen, cdk2 and p21 expression. We found that TR4 function is similar with TR as TR4 alone could regulate expression of some TR target genes, and could increase cell migration or inhibit cell proliferation. Importantly, the TR‐dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and stimulation of cell migration are more enhanced in the HepG2‐TR cells stably over‐expressing TR4. Overall, TR4 not only has modulation abilities similar to TR but also can cross‐talk with TR and promote the TR signaling pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 222: 347–356, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient synthesis and spectroscopy of 3,3‐dimethyl‐2,3,4,5,10,11‐hexahydro‐8‐[(o‐; and p‐methyl)phenoxy]‐11‐[(o‐; and p‐substituted)phenyl]‐1H‐dibezo‐[b,e][1,4]diazepin‐1‐ones
Authors: Cortés Eduardo Cortés , Meneses Ociel E. Andrade , García‐Mellado Olivia , Zuñiga Ofelia Collera , Naranjo‐Rodríguez Elia Brosla
Published: October 2009

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An easy synthesis of four steps to afforded 12 new derivatives of 3,3‐dimethyl‐2,3,4,5,10,11‐hexahydro‐8‐[(o‐; and p‐methyl)phenoxy]‐11‐[(o‐; and p‐substituted)phenyl]‐1H‐dibezo‐[b,e][1,4]diazep‐in‐1‐ones IV, IV,1, IV,2, IV,3, IV,4, IV,5, IV,6, IV,7, IV,8, IV,9, IV,10, IV,11, IV,12 with potential biological and pharmacological activity as sedative, hypnotic‐muscular relaxing, anticonvulsant, and schizophrenia treatment of the central nervous system (CNS). The final products have been obtained with good yields, by condensation and cyclization between 3‐{4‐[(o‐; and p‐methyl)phenoxy]‐1,2‐phenylendiamine}‐5,5‐dimethyl‐2‐cyclohexanone III, with the corresponding (o‐; and p‐R)benzaldehyde. The structure of all derivatives was corroborated by spectroscopy of ir, 1H, and 13C NMR, with bi‐dimensional experiments and EI‐MS in low and high resolution with collision‐induced dissociation experiments (CID). J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
New crown compounds containing a 1,3,4‐thiadiazole moiety: Synthesis and crystal structure
Authors: Outirite Moha , Bentiss Fouad , Lebrini Mounim , Wignacourt Jean‐Pierre , Lagrenée Michel
Published: October 2009

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The syntheses of new macrocyclic compounds are described. The 2,5‐bis(hydroxyphenyl)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole reacts with allyl bromide to give the corresponding allyloxy derivative. The allyl is used to functionalize the ortho position by means of a Claisen rearrangement under microwave irradiation. New 2,5‐dihydroxyphenyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles are obtained, which are converted into macrocyclic polyethers. The structures of the new macrocyclic compounds were confirmed by 1H, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The crystal structure of 2,5‐bis(2‐allyloxyphenyl)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole has been determined. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Caspase inhibition by cardiotrophin‐1 prevents neuronal death in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Peng Hui , Sola Augusto , Moore James , Wen Tongchun
Published: October 2009

Our previous studies showed that cardiotrophin‐1 (CT‐1), a cytokine in the interleukin‐6 family, protected the developing rat brain against focal cerebral ischemia (FCI) in vivo and prevented cortical neuron death in vitro. However, the mechanisms by which CT‐1 prevents neuronal death are not clearly understood. This in vivo study focused on whether CT‐1 treatment prevented FCI‐induced brain injuries in the postnatal day 7 (P7) rat through modulating activation of the initiator caspase‐8 (C‐8) and the downstream effector caspase‐3 (C‐3). FCI caused a significant increase in expressions of cleaved C‐8 and C‐3 and, meanwhile, a significant decrease in expression of microtubule‐associated protein‐2 (MAP2) in the left ischemic cortex of the P7 rat brain after FCI. Exogenous treatment of CT‐1 significantly reduced the expression of cleaved C‐8 or C‐3 and attenuated the decline in MAP2 expression in the ischemic cortex from 12 to 24 hr after FCI. Subsequent in vitro experiments demonstrated that CT‐1 treatment inhibited sodium nitroprusside (SNP)‐induced activation of C‐8 and C‐3 and loss of MAP2‐positive neurons in cortical neuron cultures. More importantly, CT‐1 activated several pathways, including Janus kinase 2, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3, nuclear factor kappa B, mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), and MAPK kinase in the cultures exposed to SNP. This is the first suggestion that CT‐1 prevents neuronal injury in the developing central nervous system possibly through mediating multiple signal pathways, inhibiting activation of C‐8 and C‐3. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
First radiocarbon dates on woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) from northern Germany
Authors: Sommer Robert S. , Benecke Norbert
Published: October 2009

A major gap in the radiocarbon chronology of woolly mammoth in Europe results from an absence of dated records from the Late Weichselian moraine regions of the Northern European Lowlands. In the past many fossil mammoth remains were discovered in the province of Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania in northeastern Germany. Seven finds, which were well preserved, were radiocarbon dated by accelerator mass spectrometry. The dates, ranging from 44.8 to 23.9 14C ka BP (50–28 cal. ka BP), can be correlated with Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 of the late Quaternary, and indicate that mammoth was able to colonise this region during a period of rapid environmental changes. The new radiocarbon evidence fits well into the known colonisation pattern of woolly mammoth and shows a continuous distribution in the Late Weichselian moraine areas of northern Germany before the expansion of the Scandinavian ice sheet. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Schweißtechnische Anwendungen der Hochleistungs–Faserlaser
Authors: Kessler Berthold
Published: October 2009

Seit ungefähr 10 Jahren wird die Festkörperlaserentwicklung mit rasanter Geschwindigkeit in Punkto höherer verfügbarer Laserleistung, höherer Effizienz und besserer Strahlqualität vorangetrieben. Insbesondere die Entwicklung der Hochleistung–Faserlaser hat diesen Trend beschleunigt und zu vorher undenkbaren Leistungen und Strahleigenschaften geführt. Ende 2008 waren Multimode–Laser mit 50 kW Strahlleistung und Single–Mode Laser mit 10 kW erhältlich.
Fiber Amplifiers – Part 2
Authors: Paschotta Rüdiger
Published: October 2009

Part 1 of this series gave an introduction to the technology of fiber amplifiers. Part 2 discusses various technical issues. The later part 3 will address example cases.
Complex‐valued analysis of arterial spin labeling–based functional magnetic resonance imaging signals
Authors: Hernandez‐Garcia Luis , Vazquez Alberto L. , Rowe Daniel B.
Published: October 2009

Cerebral blood flow‐dependent phase differences between tagged and control arterial spin labeling images are reported. A biophysical model is presented to explain the vascular origin of this difference. Arterial spin labeling data indicated that the phase difference is largest when the arterial component of the signals is preserved but is greatly reduced as the arterial contribution is suppressed by postinversion delays or flow‐crushing gradients. Arterial vasculature imaging by saturation data of activation and hypercapnia conditions showed increases in phase accompanying blood flow increases.

An arterial spin labeling functional magnetic resonance imaging study yielded significant activation by magnitude‐only, phase‐only, and complex analyses when preserving the whole arterial spin labeling signal. After suppression of the arterial signal by postinversion delays, magnitude‐only and complex models yielded similar activation levels, but the phase‐only model detected nearly no activation. When flow crushers were used for arterial suppression, magnitude‐only activation was slightly lower and fluctuations in phase were dramatically higher than when postinversion delays were used.

Although the complex analysis performed did not improve detection, a simulation study indicated that the complex‐valued activation model exhibits combined magnitude and phase detection power and thus maximizes sensitivity under ideal conditions. This suggests that, as arterial spin labeling imaging and image correction methods develop, the complex‐valued detection model may become helpful in signal detection. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic susceptibility mapping of brain tissue in vivo using MRI phase data
Authors: Shmueli Karin , de Zwart Jacco A. , van Gelderen Peter , Li Tie‐Qiang , Dodd Stephen J. , Duyn Jeff H.
Published: October 2009

Phase images in susceptibility‐weighted MRI of brain provide excellent contrast. However, the phase is affected by tissue geometry and orientation relative to the main magnetic field (B0), and phase changes extend beyond areas of altered susceptibility. Magnetic susceptibility, on the other hand, is an intrinsic tissue property, closely reflecting tissue composition. Therefore, recently developed inverse Fourier‐based methods were applied to calculate susceptibility maps from high‐resolution phase images acquired at a single orientation at 7 T in the human brain (in vivo and fixed) and at 11.7 T in fixed marmoset brain. In susceptibility images, the contrast of cortical layers was more consistent than in phase images and was independent of the structures' orientation relative to B0. The contrast of iron‐rich deep‐brain structures (red nucleus and substantia nigra) in susceptibility images agreed more closely with iron‐dominated R images than the phase image contrast, which extended outside the structures. The mean susceptibility in these regions was significantly correlated with their estimated iron content. Susceptibility maps calculated using this method overcome the orientation‐dependence and non‐locality of phase image contrast and seem to reflect underlying tissue composition. Susceptibility images should be easier to interpret than phase images and could improve our understanding of the sources of susceptibility contrast. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of female sexuality in Australian alcohol advertising: public policy implications of young adults' reactions to stereotypes
Authors: Jones Sandra C. , Reid Amanda
Published: October 2009

Coinciding with the rise of ‘raunch culture’, a new female stereotype has emerged in advertising – the ‘lusty, busty exhibitionist’ who exudes sexual power and confidence. Previous research has generally found that women react less positively to female sexual images in alcohol advertising than males, but different sexual stereotypes have not been explicitly examined. The present study utilizes different types of sexual appeals in three televised advertisements for alcohol brands and investigates the relationship between types of sexual imagery and attitude to the advertisement, stated reasons for (dis)liking the advertisement and purchase intention (PI) among 268 Australian university students. Surprisingly, an advertisement using the new stereotype was actually liked less overall by females than an advertisement using the traditional passive demeaning/sex object stereotype. Females liked all of the advertisements significantly less than males, although there was considerable variation in male attitudes towards an advertisement that was generally perceived to contain sexist or demeaning humour. The findings of our study raise two important cautions for the alcohol (advertising) industry and for public policy. First, advertisers and policy makers need to be aware that a substantial proportion of consumers are offended by such portrayals. Second, in a climate in which consumers and advocates are increasingly voicing concerns over the ineffectiveness of the self‐regulatory system, policy makers need to consider the introduction of a regulatory framework.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for distinct alterations in the FGF axis in prostate cancer progression to an aggressive clinical phenotype
Authors: Murphy Tania , Darby Steve , Mathers Marie E , Gnanapragasam Vincent J
Published: October 2009

Multiple fibroblast growth factor (FGF) axis alterations are known to occur in prostate cancer. Here we simultaneously profiled key components of this axis to determine their relevance in disease progression. An optimized immunohistochemistry protocol was used in expression analysis of FGF2, FGF8, FGFR1, FGFR4, and Sef (similar expression to FGF) in a single TMA of prostate cancer. FGF ligands and receptors were overexpressed in cancers compared to benign samples (p < 0.0001), while Sef expression was reduced (p < 0.0001). There was a positive association between higher grades and increased FGFR4 (p = 0.02), FGF2, and FGF8 (p = 0.002 and p < 0.0001). Sef expression was progressively lower with increasing grade (p = 0.005). Clinical stage was positively associated with FGF2, FGF8, and FGFR4 expression (p = 0.005, 0.03, and 0.012) but not with FGFR1 or Sef expression. Only reduced Sef was associated with bone metastasis (p = 0.02) and was also predictive of subsequent metastasis in initially localized tumours (p = 0.004). Down‐regulation of Sef and increased FGFR4 were also the only independent variables associated with disease‐specific survival (HR 1.73, p = 0.04 and HR 0.56, p = 0.01). In in vitro studies, silencing Sef enhanced the cell response to FGFs (p < 0.001) and substantially mitigated the effectiveness of an FGFR1 inhibitor. Conversely, increased Sef blocked the response to FGFs and had a comparable suppressive effect to the inhibitor. This study demonstrates that increased FGFR4 and reduced Sef may be critical FGF alterations associated with prostate cancer progression. Sef may also have a role in the tumour response to FGFR inhibition and warrants further investigation in this context. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kurzgefasste Geschichte der Malaria‐Chemotherapie. Von Zwiebeln bis zum Artemisinin
Authors: Hempelmann Ernst , Tesarowicz Iwona , Oleksyn Barbara J.
Published: October 2009

Malaria ist der Überbegriff für drei verschiedene von Parasiten der Gattung Plasmodium hervorgerufene und von Mücken der Gattung Anopheles übertragene Infektionskrankheiten des Menschen. Ungefähr die Hälfte der Weltbevölkerung lebt in Regionen, in denen Malaria endemisch oder epidemisch auftritt. Nach Angaben der World Health Organization (WHO) sind im Jahre 2006 weltweit 881.000 Menschen an Malaria gestorben. Über 90 % der Todesfälle kommen in Afrika südlich der Sahara vor; die häufigsten Opfer sind Kinder unter 5 Jahren. Zur Infektions‐Bekämpfung stehen neben der Vernichtung der Anopheles‐Mücken nur eine begrenzte Zahl von Medikamenten zur Verfügung.
Use of array comparative genomic hybridization for prenatal diagnosis of fetuses with sonographic anomalies and normal metaphase karyotype
Authors: Kleeman Linda , Bianchi Diana W. , Shaffer Lisa G. , Rorem Emily , Cowan Janet , Craigo Sabrina D. , Tighiouart Hocine , Wilkins‐Haug Louise E.
Published: October 2009

Objective

To prospectively study the addition of array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to the prenatal evaluation of fetal structural anomalies.

Methods

Pregnant women carrying fetuses with a major structural abnormality were recruited at the time of invasive procedure for chromosome analysis. Only women whose fetuses had a normal karyotype (n = 50) were subsequently evaluated by array CGH using one of two arrays (1887 clones covering 622 loci or subsequently 4685 clones covering 1500 loci).

Results

The mean gestational age of the fetuses was 24.5 weeks (range 11–38 weeks). The most prevalent anomalies were cardiac, central nervous system, skeletal, and urogenital. The median turnaround time for culturing and array CGH diagnosis was 18 days (range 2–72). Four of 50 fetuses had abnormal array results. One (2%) was clinically significant and three (6%) were inherited or benign variants.

Conclusions

Array CGH studies in fetuses with sonographic anomalies and normal metaphase karyotype detected clinically significant copy number alterations in 1 of 50 cases. This percentage (2%) is consistent with prior prenatal reports. Further studies are warranted to more precisely identify which fetal anomalies are associated with copy number alterations of clinical significance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First trimester pregnancy associated plasma protein‐A as a marker for poor pregnancy outcome in patients with early‐onset fetal growth restriction
Authors: Fox Nathan S. , Chasen Stephen T.
Published: October 2009

Objective

To determine whether pregnancy associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) can be used to identify pregnancies at risk for poor perinatal outcomes among patients with second trimester fetal growth restriction (FGR).

Methods

We analyzed outcomes for singleton pregnancies of patients with evidence of FGR in the second trimester who also had first trimester serum PAPP‐A measured for aneuploidy risk assessment. We excluded pregnancies with aneuploidy, major anomalies, fetal infection, or second trimester premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).

Results

One hundred and ninety eight pregnancies with second trimester FGR and first trimester serum PAPP‐A measurements were identified. PAPP‐A below the fifth percentile was associated with an increased rate of third trimester SGA (50% vs 11%, p = 0.012), preterm birth (33.3% vs 8%, p = 0.039), NICU admission (33.3% vs 8%, p = 0.039), intrauterine or neonatal death (20% vs 0%, p = 0.002), smaller median birth weight (2975g vs 3085g, p = 0.026), and earlier median gestational age at delivery (38.14 weeks vs 39.86 weeks, p = 0.004). PAPP‐A values below the 10th percentile and below the 25th percentile were also associated with poor outcomes.

Conclusion

PAPP‐A appears to be a useful marker for neonatal outcome in patients diagnosed with second trimester FGR. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone by a new yttrium complex: Y[2,2′‐ethylidene‐bis(4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenoxy)]2(ethylene glycol dimethyl ether)Na(ethylene glycol dimethyl ether)3
Authors: Wu Guangming , Liu Jiachu , Sun Weilin , Shen Zhiquan , Ni Xufeng
Published: October 2009

The main aims of the work reported here were to synthesize and characterize a new 2,2′‐ethylidene‐bis(4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol) (EDBPH2)‐based bimetal yttrium complex, Y(EDBP)2(DME)Na(DME)3 (1c; where DME is ethylene glycol dimethyl ether), which was employed as an efficient initiator for the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL). From single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, the solid structure of this new bimetal initiator was well established. Experimental results show that 1c initiates the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐CL to afford poly(ε‐CL) with a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.09–1.36, 65 °C). Based on an in situ NMR study, a plausible coordination–insertion mechanism is then proposed. The bimetal complex 1c can be used as an initiator for the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐CL with some living characteristics. A study of the mechanism reveals that DME displacement in 1c by ε‐CL is involved in the initiation process and the propagation may proceed through three pathways by NaO insertion or YO insertion. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Vapor‐phase polymerization of pyrrole on flexible substrate at low temperature and its application in heat generation
Authors: Shang Songmin , Yang Xiaoming , Tao Xiao‐ming , Lam Song Song
Published: October 2009

The vapor‐phase polymerization of pyrrole to form conducting polypyrrole (PPy) films was applied to coat flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics. A PPy‐coated PET fabric surface resistance of 200–20 000 Ω□−1 was obtained. The polymerization conditions, such as the concentration of oxidant and the reaction time and temperature, were systematically investigated. The coated fabric samples exhibited increasing temperatures when subjected to a fixed DC voltage. This result indicates the potential of these PPy‐coated fabric materials for heating applications. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative analyses of the proteomes of leaves and flowers at various stages of development reveal organ‐specific functional differentiation of proteins in soybean
Authors: Ahsan Nagib , Komatsu Setsuko
Published: October 2009

The functional differentiation of protein networks in individual organs and tissues of soybean at various developmental stages was investigated by proteomic approach. Protein extraction by Mg/NP‐40 buffer followed by alkaline phenol‐based method was optimized for proteomic analysis. Proteome analyses of leaves at various developmental stages showed 26 differentially expressed proteins, wherein proteins in translocon at the outer/inner envelope membrane of chloroplast protein‐transport machineries increased significantly at the first trifoliate. Immunoblot analysis showed chaperonin‐60 expressed abundantly in young leaves, whereas HSP 70 and ATP‐synthase β were constitutively expressed in all tissues. The net photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll content showed an age‐dependent correlation in leaves. These results suggest that proteins involved in carbon assimilation, folding and assembly, and energy may work synchronously and show a linear correlation to photosynthesis at developmental stages of leaves. Comparison of flower bud and flower proteome reveals 29 differentially expressed proteins, wherein proteins involved in mitochondrial protein transport and assembly, secondary metabolism, and pollen‐tube growth were up‐regulated during flower development. Together, these results suggest that during developmental stages, each type of tissue is associated with a specific group of proteins; wherein proteins involved in energy, sugar metabolism, and folding, assembly, and destination may play pivotal roles in the maturation process of each organ or tissue.
Stepped association of comb‐like and stimuli‐responsive graft chitosan copolymer synthesized using ATRP and active ester conjugation methods
Authors: Bao Hongqian , Hu Jinhua , Gan Leong Huat , Li Lin
Published: October 2009

Herein, we report the synthesis of a comb‐like pH‐sensitive graft copolymer, poly[(2‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate]‐graft‐chitosan, using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and active ester conjugation methods. The utilization of ATRP guaranteed the narrow molecular weight distribution of the side chains, which further led to the low polydispersity of the copolymer aggregates. The active ester reaction took place in the mild and homogeneous solutions, and the graft ratio reached 58%. The pH‐responsive association behavior of the graft copolymer in aqueous solution was examined by potentiometric titration, laser light scattering, surface tensiometry, and transmission electron microscopy. Because of the difference in proton dissociation between the amine groups of chitosan and DMAEMA segments, the copolymer exhibited the different conformations with pH variation: random coils at pH ∼ 4, core‐shell structured micelles at pH 5–6, double‐layered hard spheres at pH ∼ 7, and larger aggregates at pH ∼ 8. The beneath mechanism cause the microstructure changes as a function of pH was discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6682–6692, 2009
Effect of fibril arrangement on crack trapping in a film‐terminated fibrillar interface
Authors: Liu Jingzhou , Hui Chung‐Yuen , Jagota Anand
Published: October 2009

We present a three‐dimensional (3D) model for adhesion enhancement due to crack trapping in a film‐terminated fibrillar structure. Adhesion enhancement occurs due to trapping of the interfacial crack in the region between fibrils. Energy release to the crack tip is attenuated because, between fibrils, it has to pass through the compliant terminal film. Using perturbation theory and a finite element method, we solve for the shape of crack front, which is unknown. Our model thus also allows us to study how adhesion enhancement depends on the arrangement of fibrils. For example, our model explains why, for a fixed area density of fibrils and for similar crack orientations, hexagonal arrays have higher adhesion than square arrays. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2368–2384, 2009
Broadband Optical Antireflection of Plastic Optics by Molded Stochastic Sub‐wavelength Structures
Authors: Ehret Gerd , Buhr Egbert , Gäbler Stefan , Bitzer Hans‐Martin
Published: October 2009

Stochastic sub‐wavelength structures with lateral sizes of below 100 nm and heights of about 250 nm were produced on polymer surfaces by plasma treatment. From these master samples, an embossing nickel tool was manufactured, which, in turn, was used to replicate the master surface form by hot embossing in plastic materials. The geometry of the produced nanostructures was quantified by scanning electron microscopy. The optical surface reflectance of both the master and the replicated samples were measured in the visible wavelength range. A significant reduction of optical reflectance from the expected 4% of untreated surfaces, to less than 0.5% of the master samples, and to values between 1% and 2% of the replicated samples was achieved. The optical reflectance of the stochastic structures was calculated by a finite element‐based rigorous solution of the Maxwell equations. The modeled results show a good agreement with experimental data.

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Different interfaces to crystalline ZnO nanorods and their applications
Authors: Willander M. , Asif M. H. , Zaman S. , Zainelabdin A. , Bano N. , Al‐Hilli S. M. , Nur O.
Published: October 2009

In this paper we will demonstrate the growth of crystalline ZnO nanorods on different substrates including some of crystalline as well as amorphous nature. The application of these ZnO nanorods to optoelectronics and to bioelectronics will be highlighted. We demonstrate the fabrication of n‐ZnO nanorods/p‐type substrates and fabricated light emitting diodes (LEDs) based on these structures. Among the presented LEDs, a hybrid configuration based on the integration of p‐type polymers on flexible plastic provides a potential for developing large area white LEDs. Moreover, ZnO nanorods based intracellular measurements using bare and functionalized ZnO surfaces were demonstrated to be a valuable non‐destructive tool for obtaining intracellular measurements paving the way for a wealth of intracellular information. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acute stress disorder in the paediatric surgical children and adolescents injured during the Wenchuan earthquake in China
Authors: Liu Kezhi , Liang Xuemei , Guo Lanting , Li Yuan , Li Xirong , Xin Bo , Huang Mingjin , Li Yuanyuan
Published: October 2009

The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and symptoms of acute stress disorder (ASD) in the paediatric surgical children and adolescents injured during the Wenchuan earthquake in China. One hundred eighteen children and adolescent inpatients were surveyed by the ASD scale (ASDS) within 1 month of the earthquake. Using the validated ASDS score above cut‐off threshold levels, the incidence of ASD in this sample was 54.3 per cent. The morbidity of ASD were 56.1, 24.6 and 19.3 per cent in the child, in the early adolescent and in the middle adolescent, respectively. There was no significant difference among the three age groups about the severity of ASD symptom. The proportions of ASD positive were 44.0 per cent in boys and 63.6 per cent in girls that showed significant difference. The exposure risk factors were being buried in the earthquake, injury of parent, injury of relatives, amputation and operation. These results indicated that ASD was widely prevalent among the children and adolescents wounded in the earthquake, which needed an effective psychosocial intervention. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non Cell-Autonomous Reprogramming of Adult Ocular Progenitors: Generation of Pluripotent Stem Cells without Exogenous Transcription Factors
Authors: Balasubramanian Sudha , Babai Norbert , Chaudhuri Anathbandhu , Qiu Fang , Bhattacharya Sumitra , Dave Bhavana J. , Parameswaran Sowmya , Carson Steve D. , Thoreson Wallace B , Sharp John G. , Rao Mahendra , Ahmad Iqbal
Published: October 2009

Direct reprogramming of differentiated cells to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by ectopic expression of defined transcription factors (TFs) represents a significant breakthrough towards the use of stem cells in regenerative medicine (Takahashi and Yamanaka Cell 2006;126:663–676). However, the virus-mediated expression of exogenous transcription factors could be potentially harmful and, therefore, represents a barrier to the clinical use of iPS cells. Several approaches, ranging from plasmid-mediated TF expression to introduction of recombinant TFs (Yamanaka Cell 2009;137:13–17; Zhou, Wu, Joo et al. Cell Stem Cell 2009;4:381–384), have been reported to address the risk associated with viral integration. We describe an alternative strategy of reprogramming somatic progenitors entirely through the recruitment of endogenous genes without the introduction of genetic materials or exogenous factors. To this end, we reprogrammed accessible and renewable progenitors from the limbal epithelium of adult rat eye by microenvironment-based induction of endogenous iPS cell genes. Non cell-autonomous reprogramming generates cells that are pluripotent and capable of differentiating into functional neurons, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes, which may facilitate autologous cell therapy to treat degenerative diseases.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Absolute phase in mobile channels
Authors: Ren Jinyun , Vaughan Rodney G.
Published: October 2009

Radio channels are usually modeled as a well‐defined Rice process. The statistics of its wrapped phase (i.e., phase values in [−π,π)), such as the mean, variance, and probability density function (pdf), are known. The absolute phase, i.e., the accumulated phase change over an observation interval, is considered here as a new channel variable. Its use for channel characterization can extend to cognitively track users. However, there is very little knowledge about the statistics of the absolute phase. In fact, the known, associated effects of the absolute phase, such as various click noise contributions, are not consistently treated or interpreted in the literature. The definitions of absolute phase, based on both unwrapping and on other methods previously discussed for FM receivers, lay a basis for analysis of the mean, variance, and pdf of the absolute phase for a well‐defined Rice process. The conditions are identified for approximate pdf models to hold, and it is noted that pdfs for the absolute phase for small or medium Rice factor and small observation interval are open problems. Simulations are used to support the analysis and discussion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved network mobility service for intelligent transportation systems
Authors: Kuntz Romain , Montavont Julien , Schreiner Guillaume , Binet David , Noël Thomas
Published: October 2009

In the past few years, the concept of pervasive connectivity has become of crucial importance. New protocols have therefore been standardized to enable IPv6 mobility, such as the Network Mobility Basic Support (NEMO BS) protocol. This protocol is particularly suited for providing a global IPv6 connectivity in intelligent transportation systems. Yet, despite its popularity and maturity, it still suffers from various limitations which prevent its adoption in large‐scale commercial deployments. Among these are operator specific issues such as the lack of practical and efficient bootstrapping procedure. Also, a global connectivity enables the provision of value‐added services whose attractiveness mainly depends on their ease of configuration. In this paper, we focus on solutions to address both the bootstrapping of NEMO BS and service discovery in a mobile environment. By investigating various bootstrapping proposals, we advocate the use of a standardized solution extended with the missing pieces to operate in a NEMO BS environment. We also expose how operator services could be exported and announced in the mobile subnet. Authentication and authorization to access these services are also investigated. Experiments on a prototype show that our proposal brings the missing blocks towards the deployment of network mobility service in intelligent transportation systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.