bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How does a standardized care plan facilitate the practice of pharmaceutical care planning in mental health settings across Scotland?
Authors: Fraser Mary , Fraser Karen , Davies Paul , Shaw Thom , Walker Andrew
Published: June 2009

Objectives

The aim of the project was to understand how a standardized generic pharmaceutical care plan could facilitate the practice of mental health pharmacy care planning across Scotland. Specifically, the objectives were to examine whether the plan was easy to use, collected appropriate information and enabled communication on discharge; when the plan was used in relation to multidisciplinary meetings; how useful it was to other team members; whether it changed the way pharmacists worked; and who wrote in the plan. A further objective was to examine whether there were barriers to implementing the plan and how these may be overcome.

Methods

A piloted questionnaire and diary were completed by practising pharmacists, asking them to describe their use of the generic care plan. Mental health pharmacists throughout Scotland used the care plans with adult, elderly and forensic mental health inpatients over the 2 month period.

Key findings

Forty-four mental health pharmacists participated (69.84% of practising mental health pharmacists across Scotland). They used the plan with 241 adult, 70 elderly and 16 forensic mental health patients. Many sections of the plan received positive appraisal, but changes were also widely recommended. Changes were on three levels: (1) additions or deletions to individual sections of the care plan, some of which may reflect local circumstances, (2) more radical deletions or changes to entire sections or pages and (3) to take into account the wider social and political context in which pharmacists work, with the potential for local rates of progress towards national imperatives, such as multidisciplinary working.

Conclusions

The development of a standardized care plan for mental health pharmacists should address policy issues and could enhance the role of the pharmacist within multidisciplinary teams.
Development and validation of procedures for assessment of competency of non-pharmacists in extemporaneous dispensing
Authors: Donnelly Ryan F , McNally Martin J , Barry Johanne G
Published: June 2009

Objectives

To develop and validate procedures that may be suitable for assessment of competency of two groups of non-pharmacist staff (pharmacy students and trainee support staff) in extemporaneous dispensing. This is important given the prospect of remote supervision of community pharmacies in the UK.

Methods

Analytical methods were validated according to International Conference on Harmonisation specifications and procedures were optimized to allow efficient drug extraction. This permitted straightforward determination of drug content in extemporaneously prepared lidocaine hydrochloride mouthwashes and norfloxacin creams and suspensions prepared by 10 participants recruited to represent the two groups of non-pharmacist staff.

Key findings

All 10 participants had completed the extemporaneous dispensing of all three products within 90 min. Extraction and analysis took approximately 15 min for each lidocaine hydrochloride mouthwash and 30 min for each diluted norfloxacin cream and norfloxacin suspension. The mean drug concentrations in lidocaine hydrochloride mouthwashes and diluted norfloxacin creams were within what are generally accepted as being pharmaceutically acceptable limits for drug content (100 ± 5%) for both groups of participants. There was no significant difference in the mean drug concentration of norfloxacin suspensions prepared by the participant groups. However, it was notable that only one participant prepared a suspension containing a norfloxacin concentration that was within pharmaceutically acceptable limits (101.51%).

Conclusions

A laboratory possessing suitable equipment and appropriately trained staff could cope readily with the large number of products prepared, for example, by a cohort of pre-registration students. Consequently, the validated procedures developed here could usefully be incorporated into the pre-registration examination for pharmacy students and a final qualifying examination for dispensers and pharmacy technicians. We believe that this is essential if the public and the profession are to have confidence in extemporaneous dispensing carried out in the absence of a pharmacist.
A Dialogical Approach to the Creation of New Knowledge in Organizations
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos
Published: June 2009

Despite several insightful empirical studies on how new knowledge is created in organizations, there is still no satisfactory answer to the question, how is new knowledge created in organizations? The purpose of this paper is to address this question by focusing on direct social interaction, adopting a dialogical approach. The following argument is advanced. From a dialogical perspective, new knowledge in organizations originates in the individual ability to draw new distinctions concerning a task at hand. New distinctions may be developed because practitioners experience their situations in terms of already constituted distinctions, which lend themselves to further articulation. Further articulation develops when organizational members engage in dialogical exchanges. When productive, dialogue leads to self-distanciation, namely, to individuals taking distance from their customary and unreflective ways of acting as practitioners. Dialogue is productive depending on the extent to which participants engage relationally with one another. When this happens, participants are more likely to actively take responsibility for both the joint tasks in which they are involved and for the relationships they have with others. Self-distanciation leads to new distinctions through three processes of conceptual change (conceptual combination, conceptual expansion, and conceptual reframing), which, when intersubjectively accepted, constitute new knowledge. Several organizational examples, as well as findings from organizational knowledge research, are reinterpreted to illustrate the above points.
A meta‐analysis of the predictors and consequences of organization‐based self‐esteem
Authors: Bowling Nathan A. , Eschleman Kevin J. , Wang Qiang , Kirkendall Cristina , Alarcon Gene
Published: June 2009

Organization‐based self‐esteem (OBSE), which represents employees' beliefs about their own value and competence as organizational members, has attracted much recent research attention. In the current paper, we identified several theoretically based predictors and consequences of OBSE. We then conducted a meta‐analysis examining the relationships between OBSE and these variables. Results indicated that several hypothesized predictors, including the work environment and employee dispositions, were related to OBSE. Furthermore, OBSE was related to several hypothesized outcome variables including job satisfaction, organizational commitment, employee health, job performance, and organizational citizenship behaviour. As expected, OBSE generally yielded stronger relationships with work‐related variables than did general self‐esteem and we found evidence that OBSE mediated the relationships between general self‐esteem and work‐related criteria.
Criteria of adequacy in functional linguistics
Authors: Butler Christopher S.
Published: June 2009

In this article, I shall put forward a set of criteria of adequacy (based on, but going considerably beyond, those proposed by Dik) which, in my view, a functional account of language should make serious attempts to fulfil. I shall argue that the overarching aim of functional linguistics should be a comprehensive theory of language, and that there are dangers in building models of grammar as ends in themselves, if these are not accompanied by equally well-developed models of the relationships between the grammar and other components of the more comprehensive model. I then briefly assess a selection of five functionalist approaches in relation to the proposed criteria of adequacy. The approaches, chosen to cover as wide a range as possible, are Functional Discourse Grammar, Role and Reference Grammar, Systemic Functional Linguistics, and finally two usage-based cognitive-functional approaches, Emergent Grammar/the interactional study of grammar at work, and Word Grammar. In conclusion, I propose that continued work towards a higher overall level of adequacy in functional linguistics would be greatly facilitated by (i) more widespread use of corpus-based data analysis, (ii) increased attention to the interfaces between different linguistic approaches, and (iii) familiarity with the work of other groups of scholars with an interest in language, in particular psycholinguists, psychologists, sociolinguists, sociologists, neurolinguists and neurologists.
Semantic conditioning of syntactic rules: evidentiality and auxiliation in English and Dutch
Authors: Seuren Pieter A. M. , Hamans Camiel
Published: June 2009

Ever since the category of evidentiality has been identified in the verbal grammar of certain languages, it has been assumed that evidentiality plays no role in the grammars of those languages that have not incorporated it into their verb morphology or at least their verb clusters. The present paper attempts to show that even if evidentiality is not visible in the verbal grammar of English and Dutch, it appears to be a motivating factor, both historically and synchronically, in the process whereby evidential predicates are made to play a subordinate syntactic role with regard to their embedded subject clause. This process, known as AUXILIATION (Kuteva, Auxiliation: an enquiry into the nature of grammaticalization, Oxford University Press, 2001), appears to manifest itself in a variety of, often successive, grammatical processes or rules, such as Subject-to-Subject Raising (the subject of the embedded clause becomes the subject of the main verb, as in John is likely to be late), V-ING (as in The man stopped breathing), Incorporation-by-Lowering (the evidential main verb is lowered on to the V-constituent of the embedded subject clause, as in John may have left), or Incorporation-by-Raising (also known as Predicate Raising), not or hardly attested in English but dominant in Dutch. A list is provided of those English (and Dutch) predicates that induce one of the above-mentioned auxiliation rules and it is checked how many of those have an evidential meaning. This is set off against evidential predicates that do not induce an auxiliation rule. It results that, for English and Dutch, lexical evidentiality is a powerful determinant for the induction of syntactic auxiliation.
Industrielle pH-Messung – Beiträge der Diffusionspotenziale zur MessunsicherheitIndustrial pH Measurement – Contribution of Diffusion Potentials to Measurement Uncertainty
Authors: Tauber Günter
Published: June 2009

Qualitätsmanagementsysteme stellen hohe Anforderungen an die Analytik und die Prozessführung in der chemischen und pharmazeutischen Industrie. Analysenergebnisse müssen rückführbar auf nationale Standards sein. Zur Angabe der Unsicherheit bei der wichtigen pH-Messung fehlen bisher Werte für die Liquid Junction Potentials (LJPs). Dieser Beitrag soll einen Teil dieser Lücke schließen.
2D-Echtzeit-Ultraschallverfahren zur Messung der Gewebeelastizität für die TumorfrüherkennungUltrasonic 2D-Real-Time Measurement of Tissue Elasticity for Early Tumor Detection
Authors: Eder Andreas , Kargel Christian
Published: June 2009

Die bildgebende Modalität “Ultraschall” besitzt eine Reihe von Vorteilen, jedoch können Gewebeveränderungen nur bei veränderten Schallstreueigenschaften sichtbar gemacht werden. Dies ist bei Tumoren leider nicht der Fall. Die Ultraschall-Elastographie verbessert die diagnostische Aussagekraft durch Messung der elasto-mechanischen Gewebeeigenschaften. Da Mediziner nur Echtzeit-Ultraschall-Verfahren akzeptieren, werden heute in der Elastographie vorwiegend numerisch effiziente 1D-Signalverarbeitungsmethoden eingesetzt. Diese unterliegen jedoch signifikanten Limitierungen, weshalb im vorliegenden Beitrag ein echtzeitfähiges 2D-Verfahren vorgestellt und mit dem besten 1D-Verfahren verglichen wird.
Kalibrierungsfreie Messung von Amplitude und Phase hochfrequenter SchwingungenCalibration-Free Measurement of Amplitude and Phase of High-Frequency Vibrations
Authors: Gollwitzer Andreas , Fischerauer Alice , Schwarzmüller Christian , Fischerauer Gerhard
Published: June 2009

Es wird ein neues Verfahren zur interferometrischen Erfassung von akustischen Oberflächenwellen vorgestellt. Die beschriebene Methode erlaubt die Extraktion der absoluten Amplitude und der Phase einer hochfrequenten Schwingung, unabhängig von Oberflächenreflexionsfaktoren, Variationen der Laserleistung oder Sensitivität des Interferometers. Ermöglicht wird dies durch die synchrone Erfassung des Messsignals mittels eines vektoriellen Netzwerkanalysators und eines digitalen Speicheroszilloskops. Die anschließende digitale Signalverarbeitung extrahiert die gewünschte Information aus den Messdaten. Zur Verifikation wurden Simulationen der Anregung akustischer Wellen mit dem Deltafunktionsmodell durchgeführt und mit den Messdaten verglichen. Anhand der Messdaten wird schließlich die anisotrope Slowness-Kurve konstruiert. Diese Information kann zur Bestimmung der Materialparameter von Dünnschichten verwendet werden.
Konstruktion eines Mikrokraftsensors für HerzkatheterisierungenDesign of a Micro Force Sensor for Heart Chaterizations
Authors: Meiß Thorsten , Werthschützky Roland
Published: June 2009

Katheterisierungen der Herzkranzgefäße werden gegenwärtig mittels eines Führungsdrahtes ohne die Möglichkeit der Darstellung der Kraft von dessen Spitze und somit ohne haptische Information für den Kardiologen durchgeführt. Dieser Beitrag fasst die Ergebnisse des Projektes HapCath zum Entwurf, dem Musterbau und dem Test von neuartigen, stark miniaturisierten Silizium-Mikro-Kraftsensoren mit Abmessungen unter 0,5mm zur Messung des wirkenden Kraftvektors zusammen.
Neue taktile Sensoren für die Mikro- und NanotechnikNew Tactile Sensors for Micro- and Nanotechnology
Authors: Brand Uwe , Nesterov Vladimir , Doering Lutz , Bütefisch Sebastian , Peiner Erwin , Büttgenbach Stephanus , Frühauf Joachim
Published: June 2009

Dimensionelle Messungen an Bauteilen der Mikrosystemtechnik waren aufgrund des Fehlens größenangepasster Antastelemente lange Zeit nicht möglich. Zwei neue Mikrotastsysteme auf der Basis von piezoresistiven Siliziumsensoren stehen nun zur Verfügung und können für Präzisionsmessungen eingesetzt werden. Durch die Vielfalt der zu messenden Materialien, unter denen etliche eine geringe Härte aufweisen, kommt der elastischen wie plastischen Deformation beim Messen große Bedeutung bei. Vermeiden lassen sich diese systemischen Abweichungen oder die Kratzer nur durch die Verwendung kleiner Antastkräfte. Der Beitrag beschreibt die entwickelte Mikrokraftmesstechnik und gibt einen Ausblick auf die in Entwicklung befindliche Nanokraftmesstechnik, die für entsprechende rasterkraftmikroskopische Präzisionsmessungen erforderlich ist. Ein Schwerpunkt der Forschungsarbeiten erstreckt sich auf die Modellierung der Deformationen beim taktilen, rasternden Messen.
Effects of rosiglitazone on fasting plasma fibroblast growth factor-21 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Li Ke , Li Ling , Yang Mengliu , Zong Haihong , Liu Hua , Yang Gangyi
Published: June 2009

Objective

Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) has recently been characterized as a potent metabolic regulator, but its pathophysiologic roles in humans remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of rosiglitazone on plasma FGF-21 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Design and methods

Thirty patients with new-onset T2DM (nT2DM), 34 type 2 diabetic patients with poor glycemic control (pT2DM) after the treatment with single hypoglycemic agent metformin, and 30 sex- and age-matched normal glycaemic controls (NGT) participated in the study. The pT2DM group was treated with rosiglitazone for 12 weeks. Plasma FGF-21 levels were measured with a RIA. The relationship between plasma FGF-21 levels and metabolic parameters was also analyzed.

Results

Fasting plasma FGF-21 levels were higher in nT2DM and pT2DM groups than in the control (1.81±0.64 vs 1.87±0.63 vs 1.52±0.61 μg/l, P<0.05), but there was no difference between nT2DM and pT2DM groups. Fasting plasma FGF-21 levels were decreased significantly in pT2DM group after the treatment with rosiglitazone compared with pre-treatment (1.59±0.63 vs 1.87±0.64 μ/l, P<0.05). In all diabetic patients, multiple regression analysis showed that HbA1c, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index were independently associated with plasma FGF-21 levels.

Conclusions

In pT2DM patients, plasma FGF-21 levels are increased, but significantly decreased after the treatment with rosiglitazone on top of ongoing metformin therapy. These data suggest that rosiglitazone may play a role in lowering FGF-21 levels in T2DM patients.
Involvement of the transcription factor STAT1 in the regulation of porcine ovarian granulosa cell functions treated and not treated with ghrelin
Authors: Benčo A , Sirotkin A V , Vašíček D , Pavlová S , Zemanová J , Kotwica J , Darlak K , Valenzuela F
Published: June 2009

The aim of ourin vitroexperiments was to study the role of the transcription factor STAT1 and the hormone ghrelin in controlling porcine ovarian function. The effects of treatment with ghrelin (0, 1, 10, 100 ng/ml), transfection-induced overexpression of transcription factor STAT1, and their combination on apoptosis (expression of apoptosis-related peptides caspase-3, BAX and anti-apoptotic peptide BCL2), proliferation (expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigene PCNA, proliferation-associated protein kinase MAPK/ERK1,2) and release of the hormones progesterone (P4), prostaglandin F (PGF) and oxytocin (OXT) in cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells was evaluated using RIA, immunocytochemistry and SDS-PAGE–western immunoblotting. It was found that ghrelin, when given alone, increased the expression of proliferation-associated PCNA and MAPK/ERK1,2, decreased the accumulation of apoptosis-related substances caspase-3, BAX, BCL2, decreased P4, and increased PGF and OXT release. Ghrelin tended to promote accumulation of STAT1 in both control and transfected cells, although in transfected cells ghrelin at 1 ng/ml decreased STAT1 accumulation. Transfection of porcine granulosa cells by a gene construct encoding STAT1 promoted the expression of STAT1 and apoptosis-related-BAX but the expression of BCL2 did not, and decreased the accumulation of proliferation-associated MAPK/ERK1,2 but not that of PCNA. It also promoted PGF and OXT but not P4release. Overexpression of STAT1 reversed the effect of ghrelin on STAT1, PCNA, PGF, OXT (from stimulatory to inhibitory), BCL2, P4(from inhibitory to stimulatory), prevented ghrelin effect on caspase-3 and BAX, but did not affect ghrelin's effect on MAPK/ERK1,2 expression. These results suggest that ghrelin directly affects porcine ovarian cells function – stimulates proliferation, inhibits apoptosis and affects secretory activity. Furthermore, they demonstrated the involvement of the transcription factor STAT1 in controlling these functions, the promotion of some markers of apoptosis (BAX), inhibition of some markers of proliferation (MAPK/ERK1,2) and stimulation of PGF release. Finally, the obtained data failed to demonstrate that STAT1 is involved in mediating the action of ghrelin on ovarian cell functions.
Follicle and hormone dynamics in single versus double ovulating heifers
Authors: Palhao M P , Beg M A , Rodrigues M T , Ginther O J
Published: June 2009

Follicles ≥5 mm were ablated at 4 day post-ovulation in heifers to induce a follicular wave, and prostaglandin F2α was given at day 6 to increase the incidence of double ovulations. Follicle diameters and plasma hormone concentrations were compared between single ovulators (n=12) and double ovulators (n=8). In double ovulators, the interval from follicle deviation to the peak of the pre-ovulatory LH surge was shorter (1.9±0.2 vs 2.5±0.2 days; P<0.02) and diameter of the largest pre-ovulatory follicle was smaller (12.2±0.5 vs 13.3±0.3 mm; P<0.02). The LH concentrations of the pre-ovulatory surge did not differ between single and double ovulators for 24 h on each side of the peak. When data were normalised to LH peak, the peak of the pre-ovulatory FSH and oestradiol (E2) surges occurred in synchrony with the peak of LH surge for both groups. Concentration of FSH for 24 h on each side of the peak showed a group effect (P<0.0001) from lower concentration in the double ovulators. A group-by-hour interaction (P<0.008) for E2 reflected greater concentration in the double ovulators before and at the peak. Results indicated that two pre-ovulatory follicles resulted in an earlier and greater E2 increase, leading to lower FSH concentration, an earlier LH surge, and ovulation at a smaller diameter. In conclusion, the difference in hormone concentrations during the pre-ovulatory period was an effect rather than a cause of double ovulations.
Genome Engineering-Based Analysis of Bearded Family Genes Reveals Both Functional Redundancy and a Nonessential Function in Lateral Inhibition in Drosophila
Authors: Chanet Soline , Vodovar Nicolas , Mayau Véronique , Schweisguth François
Published: June 2009

Lateral inhibition mediated by Notch receptor signaling regulates the determination of sensory organ precursor cells (SOPs) in Drosophila. The selection of SOPs from proneural cluster cells appears to rely on a negative feedback loop linking activation of the Notch receptor to downregulation of its ligand Delta within each cell. The molecular basis of this regulatory feedback mechanism is not known. Here, we have tested the role of the Bearded (Brd) family genes in this process. The Drosophila genome encodes eight Brd family members that interact with the E3 ubiquitin ligase Neuralized (Neur) and act as inhibitors of Neur-mediated Delta signaling. Genome engineering technologies were used to create specific deletions of all eight Brd family genes. We find that the Brd family genes mα, m4, and m6 encoded by the Enhancer of split Complex (E(spl)-C) are dispensable for Drosophila development and that deletion of the five Brd family genes encoded by the Brd Complex only reduces viability. However, deletion of all Brd family genes results in embryonic lethality. Additionally, the mα, m4, and m6 genes act redundantly with the other five Brd family genes to spatially restrict Notch activation in stage 5 embryos. These data reveal that the Brd family genes have an essential but redundant activity. While the activity of all eight Brd genes appears to be dispensable for SOP determination, clone border studies indicate that both the relative activity levels of Neur and Brd family members influence competition for the SOP fate during lateral inhibition. We propose that inhibition of Neur–Delta interaction by Brd family members is part of the feedback loop that underlies lateral inhibition in Drosophila.
Lower levels of TSH are associated with a lower risk of papillary thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodular disease: thyroid autonomy may play a protective role
Authors: Fiore E , Rago T , Provenzale M A , Scutari M , Ugolini C , Basolo F , Di Coscio G , Berti P , Grasso L , Elisei R , Pinchera A , Vitti P
Published: June 2009

Higher TSH values, even within normal ranges, have been associated with a greater risk of thyroid malignancy. The relationship between TSH and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has been analyzed in 10 178 patients submitted to fine needle aspiration of thyroid nodules with a cytology of PTC (n=497) or benign thyroid nodular disease (BTND, n=9681). In 942 patients, submitted to surgery (521 from BTND and 421 from PTC), the histological diagnosis confirmed an elevated specificity (99.6%) and sensitivity (98.1%) of cytology. TSH levels were significantly higher in PTC than in BTND both in the cytological and histological series and also in patients with a clinical diagnosis of multinodular goiter (MNG) and single/isolate nodule (S/I). A significant age-dependent development of thyroid autonomy (TSH <0.4 μU/ml) was observed in patients with benign thyroid disease, but not in those with PTC, diagnosed both on cytology and histology. In patients with MNG, the frequency of thyroid autonomy was higher and the risk of PTC was lower compared to those with S/I. In all patients, the presence of thyroid auto-antibodies (TAb) was associated with a significant increase of TSH. However, both in TAb positive and TAb negative patients TSH levels were significantly higher in PTC than in BTND. Our data confirm a direct relationship between TSH levels and risk of PTC in patients with nodular thyroid diseases. Thyroid autonomy conceivably protects against the risk of PTC, while thyroid autoimmunity does not play a significant role.
On generic structures with a strong amalgamation property
Authors: Ikeda Koichiro , Kikyo Hirotaka , Tsuboi Akito
Published: June 2009

Letbe a finite relational language andα= (αR:R∈) a tuple with 0 <αR≤ 1 for eachR∈. Consider a dimension function

where eacheR(A)is the number of realizations ofRinA. LetKαbe the class of finite structuresAsuch thatδα(X)≥ 0 for any substructureXofA. We show that the theory of the generic model ofKαis AE-axiomatizable for anyα.
Approximate counting by hashing in bounded arithmetic
Authors: Jeřábek Emil
Published: June 2009

We show how to formalize approximate counting via hash functions in subsystems of bounded arithmetic, using variants of the weak pigeonhole principle. We discuss several applications, including a proof of the tournament principle, and an improvement on the known relationship of the collapse of the bounded arithmetic hierarchy to the collapse of the polynomial-time hierarchy.
Lawvere–Tierney sheaves in Algebraic Set Theory
Authors: Awodey S. , Gambino N. , Lumsdaine P. L. , Warren M. A.
Published: June 2009

We present a solution to the problem of denning a counterpart in Algebraic Set Theory of the construction of internal sheaves in Topos Theory. Our approach is general in that we consider sheaves as determined by Lawvere-Tierney coverages, rather than by Grothendieck coverages, and assume only a weakening of the axioms for small maps originally introduced by Joyal and Moerdijk, thus subsuming the existing topos-theoretic results.
The amalgamation spectrum
Authors: Baldwin John T. , Kolesnikov Alexei , Shelah Saharon
Published: June 2009

We study when classes can have the disjoint amalgamation property for a proper initial segment of cardinals.

For every natural number k, there is a class Kk, defined by a sentence in Lω1,ω that has no models of cardinality greater than ℶk + 1, but Kk has the disjoint amalgamation property on models of cardinality less than or equal to ℵk − 3 and has models of cardinality ℵk − 1.

More strongly, we can have disjoint amalgamation up to ℵ∝ for ∝ < ω1, but have a bound on size of models.

For every countable ordinal ∝, there is a class K∝ defined by a sentence in Lω1,ω that has no models of cardinality greater than ℶω1, but K does have the disjoint amalgamation property on models of cardinality less than or equal to ℵ∝.

Finally we show that we can extend the ℵ∝ to ℶ∝ in the second theorem consistently with ZFC and while having ℵi ≪ ℶi for 0 < i < ∝. Similar results hold for arbitrary ordinals ∝ with ∣∝∣ = k and Lk + ω.
Kreisel's Conjecture with minimality principle
Authors: Hrubeš Pavel
Published: June 2009

We prove that Kreisel's Conjecture is true, if Peano arithmetic is axiomatised using minimality principle and axioms of identity (theory PAM). The result is independent on the choice of language of PAM. We also show that if infinitely many instances of A(x) are provable in a bounded number of steps in PAM then there exists . The results imply that PAM does not prove scheme of induction or identity schemes in a bounded number of steps.
Bounding non-GL2 and R.E.A.
Authors: Ambos-Spies Klaus , Ding Decheng , Wang Wei , Yu Liang
Published: June 2009

We prove that every Turing degree a bounding some non-GL2 degree is recursively enumerable in and above (r.e.a.) some 1-generic degree.
The existence of a near-unanimity term in a finite algebra is decidable
Authors: Maróti Miklós
Published: June 2009

We prove that it is decidable of a finite algebra whether it has a near-unanimity term operation, which settles a ten-year-old problem. As a consequence, it is decidable of a finite algebra in a congruence distributive variety whether it admits a natural duality.
The number of normal measures
Authors: Friedmanc Sy-David , Magidor Menachem
Published: June 2009

There have been numerous results showing that a measurable cardinal κ can carry exactly α normal measures in a model of GCH. where α is a cardinal at most κ++. Starting with just one measurable cardinal, we have [9] (for α = 1), [10] (for α = α++, the maximum possible) and [1] (for α = κ+, after collapsing κ++). In addition, under stronger large cardinal hypotheses, one can handle the remaining cases: [12] (starting with a measurable cardinal of Mitchell order α), [2] (as in [12], but where κ is the least measurable cardinal and α is less than κ, starting with a measurable of high Mitchell order) and [11] (as in [12], but where κ is the least measurable cardinal, starting with an assumption weaker than a measurable cardinal of Mitchell order 2). In this article we treat all cases by a uniform argument, starting with only one measurable cardinal and applying a cofinality-preserving forcing. The proof uses κ-Sacks forcing and the “tuning fork” technique of [8]. In addition, we explore the possibilities for the number of normal measures on a cardinal at which the GCH fails.
The Cognitive Profile of a Talented Foreign Language Learner. A Case Study
Authors: Biedroń Adriana , Szczepaniak Anna
Published: June 2009

The Cognitive Profile of a Talented Foreign Language Learner. A Case Study

The article examines a variety of cognitive individual variables of a talented foreign language learner. The research complies with the qualitative and quantitative criteria of choice of a talented learner proposed by Arancibia et al., (2008); Hartas et al., (2008); Hewston et al., (2005), and Skehan, (1998). Cognitive variables included tested: foreign language aptitude, verbal and non-verbal intelligence, learning styles, and learning strategies. The purpose of the research was to construct an extended cognitive profile of a 21-year-old student proficient in three languages. The research revealed that the subject is linguistically talented, especially in the area of phonological, analytical, and memory abilities. It is hypothesized that her superior abilities result from an extraordinarily efficient short-term phonological memory (Mackey et al., 2002). She uses miscellaneous learning strategies and her learning styles are versatile. The final conclusion is that research into linguistic talent is scarce, therefore further investigation, especially in the field of working memory of talented foreign language learners, is required.
Why Books Still Matter
Authors: DONATICH JOHN
Published: June 2009

Bibliophiles and publishers are treated with a fair amount of suspicion. While the defence of the book does not require the trashing of digital culture, many members of the new media infotopia claim the destruction of book culture as a good and inevitable thing. Why? And what is at risk? Does the book still matter in the intellectual and cognitive evolution as a species? Is a bookless world in which people learn to read and research by virtue of snippets, tags, annotations, and wiki-research a world of people who not only won't be able to read books but won't be able to write them? And then does the record of human experience, several thousand years evolved, irrevocably change?
How Scholars Credit Editors in Their Acknowledgements
Authors: BROWN ROBERT
Published: June 2009

Acknowledgements are the one place on public record where scholarly editors receive credit for their contributions to books. Some have argued that the tradition of editorial invisibility is self-defeating; one editor has proposed that editors receive official recognition from the publisher in a book's front matter, irrespective of author acknowledgement. As a preliminary to entertaining such a proposal, this article surveys current practices by authors in a content analysis of acknowledgements sampled from monographs recently published by university presses. The analysis found that editors were often characterized as manuscript shepherds having a dual role: ally to the author and expeditor of production. Speaking for scholarly editors, I oppose making editor recognition a publishing standard, as this might suggest that authors need not credit editors on their own. The cost of such omission would be high, as editors would be left out of the back story to their books.
The University of Minnesota Press
Authors: WERRE PAM
Published: June 2009

The author details the history of the University of Minnesota Press (UMP) from its founding in 1925 to the present. The UMP is a noted publisher of scholarly series and monographs while remaining true to its roots as a publisher of materials of interest to Minnesota and the upper Midwest. UMP is unique among university presses in that it also supports a test division and publication program.
Characterizing the Top Journals in Strategic Management: Orientation, Style, Originality, and Readability
Authors: GARCI´A-MERINO TERESA , SANTOS-A´LVAREZ VALLE
Published: June 2009

This paper characterizes the top journals in strategic management forum with respect to their orientation, style, originality, and readability. Data for the study were obtained from the Emerald Management Reviews database of Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. We analysed the period between 1996 and 2003. The main conclusions to be drawn from the analysis include the increasingly clear research orientation and academic style of the publications. Harvard Business Review figured prominently for its practical orientation, a predominantly professional/journalistic style, together with its readability. The journals that stand out for their originality are Strategic Management Journal and Academy of Management Journal. Although academic, Academy of Management Review also occasionally includes papers with a professional/journalistic style. Finally, we compare experts' views on the orientation and style of the journals with objective information gathered from the journals about their readership. We observed agreement in some of these, but noticed differences in Strategic Management Journal and in Administrative Science Quarterly.
Online Review of Manuscripts: More haste, less speed?
Authors: DONOVAN STEPHEN K.
Published: June 2009

With the modern culture of online submission and review systems, are peer reviewers being exploited and undervalued? What was once a simple process of accepting to review a paper, receiving it in the mail, and, eventually, returning it to the editor now requires passwords, usernames, printing off a hard copy, electronic reminders, and, tediously, entering all review comments electronically. Why not just say no? The hard work of the review process should be judging the paper, not fighting the program.
Survival rates in patients with primary malignant brain tumors stratified by patient age and tumor histological type: an analysis based on Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data, 1973–1991
Authors: Davis Faith G. , Freels Sally , Grutsch James , Barlas Suna , Brem Steven
Published: June 2009

Object.The authors present population-based survival rate estimates for patients with malignant primary brain tumors based on an analysis of 18 years of data obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute.

Methods.Estimates of survival rates at 2 and 5 years after diagnosis for patients with specific histological tumor types were categorized by patient's age at diagnosis (≤ 20 years, 21–64 years, and 65 years or older) and by the time period in which the patients were diagnosed (1973–1980, 1981–1985, 1986–1991). Where appropriate, survival estimates were adjusted for changing patterns in the mean age at diagnosis.

Conclusions.The authors observed a pattern of declining survival rates in patients with increasing age of the patient at diagnosis for most histological groups and overall improvements in survival rates of patients across these time periods adjusting for age at diagnosis. There were improvements in 2- and 5-year survival rates over the three time periods for children and adults with medulloblastoma and for adults with astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma. Improvements in survival rates for pediatric patients with medulloblastoma have leveled off in the most recent time period, and gender differences in survival rates for patients with this tumor, which were present in the 1970s, have disappeared. Clinically significant improvements in survival rates were not apparent in patients aged 65 years and older.

Changes in diagnostic and treatment procedures since the mid-1970s have resulted in improved survival rates for patients diagnosed as having medulloblastoma, oligodendroglioma, and astrocytoma, controlling for age at diagnosis. Glioblastoma multiforme continues to be the most intractable brain tumor.
Demographics, prognosis, and therapy in 702 patients with brain metastases from malignant melanoma
Authors: Sampson John H. , Carter James H. , Friedman Allan H. , Seigler Hilliard F.
Published: June 2009

Brain metastases are a common and devastating complication in patients with malignant melanoma. Therapeutic options for these patients are limited, and the prognosis is usually poor.

Object.A retrospective review of 6953 patients with melanoma treated at a single institution was undertaken to identify demographic factors associated with the development of clinically significant brain metastases in 702 of these patients and to determine the factors influencing the prognosis of this population to permit more informed recommendations regarding surgical therapy.

Methods.Factors found to be associated with the development of brain metastases included male gender, primary lesions located on mucosal surfaces or on the skin of the trunk or head and neck, thick or ulcerated primary lesions, and histological findings of acral lentiginous or nodular lesions. The overall median survival time of all patients with brain metastases was 113.2 days, and these metastases contributed to the death of 94.5% of the patients in this group. Patients with primary lesions located in the head or neck region had a significantly shorter survival time relative to other patients with brain metastases, whereas patients with a single brain metastasis, patients without lung or multiple other visceral metastases, and patients whose initial presentation with melanoma included a brain metastasis had a significantly better prognosis. The small group of patients who survived for more than 3 years was characterized by the presence of a surgically treated, single brain metastasis in the absence of other visceral metastatic disease.

Conclusions.Although most patients with brain metastases resulting from melanoma have a dismal prognosis, some who are likely to survive for longer periods can be identified. In these patients surgical resection can significantly prolong meaningful survival. The decision to recommend surgery should be based primarily on the resectability of the brain metastases and on the status and number of other organs with metastatic lesions.
Pulmonary function and radiographic abnormalities related to neurological outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Gruber Andreas , Reinprecht Andrea , Görzer Harald , Fridrich Peter , Czech Thomas , Illievich Udo M. , Richling Bernd
Published: June 2009

Object. This observational study is based on a consecutive series of 207 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage who were treated within 7 days of their most recent bleed. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of respiratory failure on neurological outcome.

Methods. Pulmonary function was assessed by determination of parameters describing pulmonary oxygen transport and exchange, by using composite scores for quantification of lung injury (lung injury score [LIS]) and mechanical ventilator settings (PIF score). Pulmonary function was related to the Hunt and Hess (H & H) grade assigned to the patient at hospital admission (p < 0.001). The pattern and time course of lung injury differed significantly between patients with H & H Grade I or II, Grade III, and Grade IV or V. Hunt and Hess grade, Fisher computerized tomography grade, intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, LIS, ratio of PaO2 to the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), and the ratio of the alveolar-minus-arterial oxygen tension difference (AaDO2) to FiO2 were related to neurological outcome (p < 0.001). The LIS on the day of maximum lung injury remained an independent predictor of outcome (p = 0.01) in a stepwise logistic regression analysis. The probability of poor neurological outcome significantly increased with both decreasing cerebral perfusion pressure and increasing severity of lung injury.

Conclusions. The overall mortality rate was 22.2% (46 of 207 patients). Subarachnoid hemorrhage and its neurological sequelae accounted for the principal mortality in this series. Medical (nonneurological and nontreatment-related) complications accounted for 37% of all deaths. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with associated multiple organ dysfunction syndrome was the leading cause of death from medical complications. The authors conclude that respiratory failure is related to neurological outcome, although it is not commonly the primary cause of death from medical complications.
Dose—response tolerance of the visual pathways and cranial nerves of the cavernous sinus to stereotactic radiosurgery
Authors: Leber Klaus A. , Berglöff Jutta , Pendl Gerhard
Published: June 2009

As the number of patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery increases, it becomes particularly important to define with precision adverse effects on distinct structures of the nervous system.

Object.This study was designed to assess the dose—response tolerance of the visual pathways and cranial nerves after exposure of the cavernous sinus to radiation.

Methods.A total of 66 sites in the visual system and 210 cranial nerves of the middle cranial fossa were investigated in 50 patients who had undergone gamma knife treatment for benign skull base tumors. The mean follow-up period was 40 months (range 24–60 months). Follow-up examinations consisted of neurological, neuroradiological, and neuroophthalmological evaluations.

The actuarial incidence of optic neuropathy was zero for patients who received a radiation dose of less than 10 Gy, 26.7% for patients receiving a dose in the range of 10 to less than 15 Gy, and 77.8% for those who received doses of 15 Gy or more (p < 0.0001). Previously impaired vision improved in 25.8% and was unchanged in 51.5% of patients. No sign of neuropathy was seen in patients whose cranial nerves of the cavernous sinus received radiation doses of between 5 and 30 Gy. Because tumor control appeared to have been achieved in 98% of the patients, the deterioration in visual function cannot be attributed to tumor progression.

Conclusions.The structures of the visual pathways (the optic nerve, chiasm, and tract) exhibit a much higher sensitivity to single-fraction radiation than other cranial nerves, and their particular dose—response characteristics can be defined. In contrast, the oculomotor and trigeminal nerves have a much higher dose tolerance.
Split spinal cord malformations in children
Authors: Ersşahin Yusuf , Mutluer Saffet , Kocaman Sevgül , Demirtasş Eren
Published: June 2009

Object.The authors reviewed and analyzed information on 74 patients with split spinal cord malformations (SSCMs) treated between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 1996 at their institution with the aim of defining and classifying the malformations according to the method of Pang, et al.

Methods.Computerized tomography myelography was superior to other radiological tools in defining the type of SSCM. There were 46 girls (62%) and 28 boys (38%) ranging in age from less than 1 day to 12 years (mean 33.08 months). The mean age (43.2 months) of the patients who exhibited neurological deficits and orthopedic deformities was significantly older than those (8.2 months) without deficits (p = 0.003). Fifty-two patients had a single Type I and 18 patients a single Type II SSCM; four patients had composite SSCMs. Sixty-two patients had at least one associated spinal lesion that could lead to spinal cord tethering. After surgery, the majority of the patients remained stable and clinical improvement was observed in 18 patients.

Conclusions.The classification of SSCMs proposed by Pang, et al., will eliminate the current chaos in terminology. In all SSCMs, either a rigid or a fibrous septum was found to transfix the spinal cord. There was at least one unrelated lesion that caused tethering of the spinal cord in 85% of the patients. The risk of neurological deficits resulting from SSCMs increases with the age of the patient; therefore, all patients should be surgically treated when diagnosed, especially before the development of orthopedic and neurological manifestations.
Multiple radiation-induced intracranial lesions after treatment for pituitary adenoma
Authors: Alexander Michael J. , DeSalles Antonio A. F. , Tomiyasu Uwamie
Published: June 2009

✓ This 53-year-old man presented with a syncopal episode 31 years after undergoing craniotomy and external-beam radiation for a pituitary macroadenoma. A gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) image of the brain demonstrated a 2.5-cm enhancing mass in the right caudate region that had not been seen on previous studies. A stereotactically guided biopsy procedure was performed to obtain specimens from the mass, which were consistent with ependymoma. The MR image also revealed two additional lesions that appeared to be within the radiation fields: a right temporal meningioma and a left frontal cavernous malformation. A review of the literature found three previous reports in which ependymomas presented after radiation therapy.
Germinoma causing wallerian degeneration
Authors: Nagata Kiyoshi , Nikaido Yuji , Yuasa Takashi , Fujimoto Kenta , Kim Yong Jin , Inoue Masazumi
Published: June 2009

✓ Germinomas occurring in the thalamus and basal ganglia sometimes cause atrophy of the cerebral hemisphere on the affected side. The authors present the case of a 12-year-old girl with a germinoma that developed in the basal frontal lobe and cerebral basal ganglia. Magnetic resonance imaging showed atrophy not only of the cerebrum but also of the brainstem. A T2-weighted image revealed an area of high intensity that proved to be wallerian degeneration extending from the corona radiata and internal capsule to the brainstem. The authors suggest that this pathological change may be involved in the development of the symptoms and hemiatrophy associated with germinomas in this region of the brain.