bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Characterization of Potentially Human Pathogenic, Cytotoxin‐producing Aeromonas Strains from Retailed Seafood in Berlin, Germany
Authors: Ullmann D. , Krause G. , Knabner D. , Weber H. , Beutin L.
Published: March 2005

The presence of potentially human pathogenic strains of Aeromonas was investigated in 84 samples of seafood which were purchased from retail traders in Berlin, Germany in spring 2000. A total of 134 Aeromonas strains were isolated on selective [GSP agar and Aeromonas (Ryan) agar] and unselective (standard count agar and enterohaemolysin agar) media from 27 (32.1%) of the samples and were classified as Aeromonas hydrophila (67.9%), A. caviae (26.1%) and A. sobria (6.0%) by biotyping. Thirteen (48.1%) of the 27 positive samples contained more than one species of Aeromonas. Production of haemolysins on enterohaemolysin agar was found with 132 (98.5%) of the strains at 28°C and with 130 strains (97.0%) at 37°C growth temperature. Vero cytotoxins were produced by 99 (73.9%) of the strains when grown at 28°C but only by 24 of the strains (17.9%) at 37°C. The latter strains were identified as A. hydrophila (n = 22) and A. sobria (n = 2) which came from 17 (20.2%) samples of raw seafood and from ready‐to‐eat salted herring ‘Matjes’ products. Cytotoxin‐encoding genes for aerolysin (aer) and haemolysin A (hlyA) were investigated by PCR. Aer and hlyA genes were detected in both, strains which produced toxins only at 28°C and strains which produced toxins at 37°C. Our data indicate that raw seafood and ready‐to‐eat fish products can harbour potential human pathogenic, cytotoxin producing Aeromonas strains.
The Use of Homologous Antigen in the Serological Diagnosis of Brucellosis Caused by Brucella melitensis
Authors: Tittarelli M. , Giovannini A. , Conte A. , Di Ventura M. , Nannini D. , Caporale V.
Published: March 2005

In the European Union the serological diagnosis of brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis is performed using the heterologous antigen of B. abortus S99. The possible higher sensitivity or ability of an early detection of antibodies by a homologous antigen may prove very useful in the final phases of an eradication programme. Results obtained in sheep experimentally infected by B. melitensis biovar 3 were compared using B. abortus S99, B. melitensis M1, M2 and M3 antigens in the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), the complement fixation test (CFT) and an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Forty‐six sheep from an officially brucellosis‐free flock were experimentally infected intraconjunctivally with B. melitensis biovar 3. Prior to infection, all animals were tested first against Brucella antibodies, weekly for 2 months post‐infection (PI) and then monthly for a further 7 months. All sera were tested against the antigens listed above using RBPT, CFT and ELISA. Using a Bayesian approach, test sensitivities were estimated and compared. Their ability for the early detection of antibodies was evaluated through a regression model based on a logit response model, using the number of days PI as the independent variable and the logit of the fraction of positive animals as the dependent variable. No significant differences were detected among the various antigens used, either in terms of sensitivity or in terms of antibody kinetics; however, the CFT was significantly less sensitive than the RBPT and ELISA and it also showed a lower rate of increase of percentage positive animals (β‐coefficient of regression analysis).
ISCOMTM‐based vaccines: The second decade
Authors: Sanders Megan T , Brown Lorena E , Deliyannis Georgia , Pearse Martin J
Published: March 2005

The immunostimulating complex or ‘iscom’ was first described 20 years ago as an antigen delivery system with powerful immunostimulating activity. Iscoms are cage‐like structures, typically 40 nm in diameter, that are comprised of antigen, cholesterol, phospholipid and saponin. ISCOMTM‐based vaccines have been shown to promote both antibody and cellular immune responses in a variety of experimental animal models. This review focuses on the evaluation of ISCOMTM‐based vaccines in animals over the past 10 years, as well as examining the progress that has been achieved in the development of human vaccines based on ISCOMTM adjuvant technology.
‘Guapo’ (Myrosma cannifolia) starch: a natural product with potential use in cosmetic formulations1
Authors: Rincón A. M. , de Pérez R. M. N. , Reyes A. , Romero A. , Orfila L. , Padilla F. C.
Published: March 2005

Synopsis

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the possible use of Myrosma cannifolia starch L.F. Maranthaceae (‘Guapo’), as a raw material in heterogeneous systems or powdered cosmetic and pharmaceutical products formulation. The starch chemical and physical characteristics, physico‐chemical properties, and rheological behaviour, previously studied, were considered. Flowing characteristics, particle size distribution, water absorption capacity at 25°C (ambient temperature), and toxicity were assessed. Results showed that Myrosma starch complies with the USP and British pharmacopoeia, and presented a normal particle distribution. More than 25% of the granules had a diameter >23.81 μm and the average size of particles was >16.92 μm. When compared with talc, ‘guapo’ starch presented higher values for water absorption capacity and flowing characteristics. Starch showed negative local toxicity, and low acute toxicity in vitro on two human dermis cell types. The amylographic study and the difractograms suggest the possible use of this starch in heterogeneous systems. A facial transparent powder was formulated and some of its properties were determined by sensorial analysis. It was concluded that the M. cannifolia starch presents certain characteristics useful in the formulation of new powdered products.
Isolation of a bacterial enzyme releasing axillary malodor and its use as a screening target for novel deodorant formulations1
Authors: Natsch A. , Gfeller H. , Gygax P. , Schmid J.
Published: March 2005

Synopsis

Axillary odor is known since 50 years to be formed upon the action of Corynebacteria on odorless axilla secretions, but the nature of the bacterial enzymes involved in this process remained a mystery. We identified the known axilla odor determinant 3‐methyl‐2‐hexenoic acid in hydrolyzed axilla secretions along with a new, chemically related compound, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐hexanoic acid. The natural, odorless precursors of both these acids were purified from non‐hydrolyzed fresh axilla secretions. The malodorous acids were shown to be covalently linked to a glutamine residue in fresh axilla secretions. Corynebacteria, but not Staphylococci, isolated from the axilla were found to release the acids from these precursors in vitro. A Zn2+ ‐dependent aminoacylase mediating this cleavage was then purified from Corynebacterium striatum Ax20 and the corresponding gene agaA was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Based on these biochemical findings, novel approaches in research on axilla malodor control are presented:

(a) With a new test method using the isolated Corynebacteria and their enzymatic activity, the direct malodor‐controlling activity of existing cosmetic ingredients was evaluated.

(b) The structure of the natural malodor precursor was modified by replacing the malodor acid with fragrance molecules. These new fragrance precursors were shown to be cleaved by the same aminoacylase.
A new mechanism of action for skin whitening agents: binding to the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor1
Authors: Wiechers J. W. , Rawlings A. V. , Garcia C. , Chesné C. , Balaguer P. , Nicolas J. C. , Corre S. , Galibert M.‐D.
Published: March 2005

Synopsis

Octadecenedioic acid is known as a skin whitening agent but its activity is not mediated via a direct inhibition of tyrosinase. Based on the secondary properties of this molecule, such as its anti‐inflammatory and anti‐ageing effects, we postulated that octadecenedioic acid interacted with the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) as this nuclear receptor also mediates these effects. Using reporter gene technology, we were indeed able to demonstrate binding of octadecenedioic acid to all three PPAR subtypes, in particular PPARγ with an EC50‐value of approx. 1 × 10−6 m. Binding to PPARγ of octadecenedioic acid or rosiglitazone, a known pharmaceutical PPARγ agonist, led to reduced melanogenesis. Subsequently also tyrosinase mRNA (as measured by real‐time polymerase chain reaction) and tyrosinase levels (as measured by Western blot) were reduced, suggesting the existence of a complete novel mechanism of skin whitening agents: binding to PPARγ results in reduced tyrosinase mRNA expression which in turn results in less tyrosinase being formed. This in turn leads to reduced melanogenesis both in vitro and in vivo Because octadecenedioic acid binds not only to PPARγ but also to PPARα and PPARδ, other efficacies mediated via these receptors may also be expected.
Measurement and prevention of hair photoaging
Authors: Roddick‐Lanzilotta A. , Kelly R.
Published: March 2005

Fluorescence spectroscopic measurement of the amino acid tryptophan on the hair fiber surface was extended to include in situ fiber irradiation and a novel cyclical wash off, reapplication protocol. When applied to the investigation of a new damage prevention active, it was shown that the active was preferentially degraded in a sacrificial manner and that the underlying fiber surface was maintained in good condition. In addition, tensile strength measurements were performed to assess the mechanical properties of the treated and untreated fibers following UV and sunlight exposure and the results demonstrate the damage prevention effectiveness of the active.
Protein loss quantification of abraded virgin and abraded bleached hair according to Bradford assay
Authors: Silva A. L. S. , Nunes A. S. , Gesztesi Natura J. L.
Published: March 2005

This study intends to present Bradford assay as an alternative to Lowry test to quantify hair damage during combing or brushing. The protocol involves collecting hair fragments that are chipped away from hair during these abrasive treatments and quantitatively measuring the amount of protein using an analytical procedure to detect low amounts of proteins. This protein determination method involves the binding of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G‐250 to hair protein (keratin). It is quite rapid and sensitive and less prone to interferences as the standard Lowry procedure. The latter is subject to interference from compounds such as lipids, cationic surfactants and EDTA, which are ingredients commonly used in hair care formulations and may lead to a false positive result. These drawbacks should be eliminated when using the so called Bradford method for hair protein quantitation. Our studies showed reproducible results for human hair protein and the developed color was stable for up to one hour. The data also show that virgin hair releases less protein than bleached hair. The amount detected for the former after combing ranges from 0.875 to 1.03 mg g–1 of hair and 4.85 to 5.35 mg g–1 of hair for the latter.
The application of polymethylene waxes as conditioning agent in hair relaxers
Authors: Vermeulen S. , Jansen Van Rensburg A. , Van Der Merwe B. , Shalvoy R. , Willford S.
Published: March 2005

Hair relaxers are harsh chemical treatments that leave the hair dull, dry and limp. There is a constant need for improvement of these products to make them milder and incorporate conditioning properties. Because of the high pH of relaxer or hair straightening systems, most quaternized (conditioning) ingredients are unstable and slowly break down to release ammonia over time, having no conditioning effects by the time the consumers use them. This paper discusses the partial substitution of the fatty alcohols that are traditionally used in relaxer systems with polymethylene wax and the benefits derived from using them. The study included the investigation of synergies among the ingredients, the stabilities of the various systems and comparisons with commercially available systems. The polymethylene wax, used in combination with the mineral oil gel and phosphate salt, coats the hair during the relaxing process, leaving it shiny, soft and conditioned as opposed to the poor condition of the hair relaxed by traditional, commercially available NaOH and LiOH relaxers. An additional benefit of using polymethylene wax in relaxer systems is that the conditioning agents that are normally added to the neutralizing shampoo to repair or mask the damage as a result of the relaxing process can be omitted.
Effects of low‐level hydrophobic substitution on conditioning properties of cationic cellulosic polymers in shampoo systems
Authors: Drovetskaya T. V. , Kreeger R. L. , Amos J. L. , Davis C. B. , Zhou S.
Published: March 2005

A new class of cationic conditioning polymers (Polymer SL) has been prepared and evaluated in shampoo formulations. Polymer SL is a family of high viscosity quaternized hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) polymers with cationic substitution of trimethyl ammonium and dimethyldodecyl ammonium (Figure 1). SL compositions benefit from hydrophobic character to deliver superior conditioning performance in hair care applications. At the same time, low levels of hydrophobes have been chosen to assure good compatibility with surfactant systems without the complications of associative thickening. The polymers have been evaluated in clear shampoo formulations and two‐in‐one silicone containing shampoos using objective lab methods and subjective panel evaluation on hair tresses. Commercial conditioning polymers: Polyquaternium‐10 (PQ‐10) (UCARE Polymer LR‐30 M™3) and Guar Hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium Chloride (Jaguar C‐13S®4) were used as performance benchmarks. The new hydrophobically‐modified cationic polymers demonstrated superior performance in all major categories of conditioning and showed improved silicone deposition from two‐in‐one systems. Moreover, they retained other good qualities of their PQ‐10 structural analogs such as enabling crystal clear formulations and showing no build‐up or volume‐down effects on hair. These new polymers were also found to be efficient conditioning agents in different surfactant systems with or without silicones. Supplied by Rhodia.
Enhanced delivery of an anti‐dandruff active in a shampoo vehicle
Authors: Georgalas A.
Published: March 2005

Formulating a delivery vehicle to enhance activity can potentially give higher activity or allow for adjustment to a lesser percent of active. A study was conducted in which the anti‐dandruff active, Octopirox®, INCI Piroctone Olamine [1‐Hydroxy‐4‐methyl‐6‐(2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl)‐2(1H)‐pyridinone], was incorporated into a simple shampoo base at two levels as well as in the same base with an added amphiphilic surfactant blend (Biobase® SMC) at the lower level. A group of 30 male subjects with moderate to severe dandruff were divided into three groups each of which evaluated one of three products for 4 weeks. Methods of evaluation included gravimetric determination of actual dandruff flakes, fluorescent staining of suspect yeast populations, blind evaluation by trained clinical personnel and panelist self assessment. The study demonstrated that the Octopirox® at 0.2% active delivered in the amphiphile blend was superior to the same level in the simple shampoo base and equivalent in activity to a much higher level (0.5%) in the base only. A proposed mechanism postulates the formation of liposome‐like association structures that solubilize and entrap the Octopirox® and deposit is substantively to the scalp for enhanced longer lasting activity.
Surfactants, polymers and their nanoparticles for personal care applications
Authors: Somasundaran P. , Chakraborty S. , Qiang Q. , Deo P. , Wang J. , Zhang R.
Published: March 2005

A ‘touch me not’ plant folding up rapidly upon being attacked or microbes depositing on teeth or ocean vessels even under hostile conditions are examples in nature that provide inspiration for developing new classes of personal care release or deposition systems. In this paper, development of such systems based on polymer/surfactant colloid chemistry is explored for achieving transport and release of cosmetic and pharmaceutical molecules at desired rates at desired sites. The successful development of products depends upon understanding and utilizing key interactions among surfactants, polymers and hybrid polymers that are relevant to personal care products. Thus, the absorbed layers or tethers on the particulates can be manipulated for desired dispersion of actives or depositions on substrate under any and all conditions. New hybrid polymers and nanogels have been synthesized for tuning up nanodomains that can extract and deliver at will cosmetics/drugs/toxins by perturbing pH, temperature or ionic strength of the system. Particularly, hydrophobically modified polymers have features of both polymers and surfactants and due to the associative nature of the hydrophobic groups, such polymers can form intramolecular nanodomains for performing carrier functions. Nanogels developed recently include that of polyacrylamide, poly(acrylic acid) and starch nanogels modified for extraction and subsequent slow release of fragrances and overdosed toxic drugs. Binding and release processes were investigated using surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence spectroscopies, powerful techniques for monitoring short term and long term changes.
Microscopic high‐resolution digital volumetric imaging of human hair fibers
Authors: Gruber J. V. , Kerschman R.
Published: March 2005

Methods for examining cationic polymer deposition on hair are well known and polymers such as Polyquaternium‐10 have enjoyed a significant commercial impact on shampoos and body washes as unique conditioning materials. It was recently reported that hair can be examined using a new microscopic called Digital Volumetric Imaging or DVI (10). By employing fluorescent dyes, deposition of cationic oligosaccharides onto damaged blond hair fibers was discussed. Because hair auto‐fluorescences, the microscope allows for examination of hair fibers directly including viewing of the cuticle, cortex and melanin within the cortex and careful imaging even distinguishes the medulla of the hair fiber. In this paper, examination of six virgin hair types including: (1) Afro‐American, (2) Asian, (3) European brown, (4) red, (5) blond and (6) gray was conducted looking for differences that each hair type brings to the visualizing technique. Digital manipulation of the fluorescent data allows for examination of interior hair fiber structures as well as the development of animated movies of three dimensional hair fiber structures.
A reciprocal lattice approach to assessing the luster of hair fibers, based on scattering by periodically deformed cylinders
Authors: John McKinnon A.
Published: March 2005

In a recent prize‐winning study, Nagase et al. presented an analysis, using geometrical optics, of the perception of luster of hair based on the different directions of light reflection from the front and internal rear surfaces of the fiber. These two reflections, from cuticle cells inclined to the fiber axis, lead to a specular peak and an associated bright zone, displaced in reflection angle, which is associated with luster perception. This work built upon the experimental observations of Bustard and Smith. Both these papers employed a model of the fiber which may be described as a linear stack of cone frusta, defined by the exposed axial length and angle of inclination to the fiber axis of the cuticle scales. This fiber model is readily amenable to an alternative treatment, in which the model is recognized as a convolution of a cone frustum with a one‐dimensional lattice. The scattering properties are then given in reciprocal (scattering) space as the product of the scattering function of a single frustum and that of the one‐dimensional lattice. This problem was addressed, in principle, long ago by Bear and Bolduan in work on the scattering of periodically distorted collagen fibrils. The author presents a related theory based on conical shells. It is demonstrated that the scattering from such a model extends over a number of non‐equatorial reciprocal lattice planes and is able to reproduce, in a crudely quantitative fashion, several of the features of the experimentally observed scattering. A major benefit of this approach is that it gives a three‐dimensional appreciation of light scattering by fibers.
The role of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in hair science
Authors: Spicka P. , Grald E.
Published: March 2005

The use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a virtual prototyping tool is widespread in the consumer packaged goods industry. CFD refers to the calculation on a computer of the velocity, pressure, and temperature and chemical species concentrations within a flowing liquid or gas. Because the performance of manufacturing equipment and product designs can be simulated on the computer, the benefit of using CFD is significant time and cost savings when compared to traditional physical testing methods. CFD has been used to design, scale‐up and troubleshoot mixing tanks, spray dryers, heat exchangers and other process equipment. Recently, computer models of the capillary wicking process inside fibrous structures have been added to CFD software. These models have been used to gain a better understanding of the absorbent performance of diapers and feminine protection products. The same models can also be used to represent the movement of shampoo, conditioner, colorants and other products through the hair and scalp. In this paper, we provide an introduction to CFD and show some examples of its application to the manufacture of consumer products. We also provide sonic examples to show the potential of CFD for understanding the performance of products applied to the hair and scalp.
Torsional method for evaluating hair damage and performance of hair care ingredients
Authors: Persaud D. , Kamath Y. K.
Published: March 2005

In this study, we have developed a single hair fiber torsional pendulum method to determine the role of the cuticle and the cortex on torsional properties with respect to fiber cross‐sectional area, fiber rigidity, and energy dissipation at 65% RH and in the wet state. Our results demonstrate that in fine diameter fibers with a high cuticle‐to‐cortex ratio, the cuticula exert a significant effect on the torsional deformation behavior of hair fibers at both normal humidities and in the wet condition. In addition, our data indicate that energy dissipation is confined to fibers with a high cuticle‐to‐cortex ratio, and the amount of energy dissipated becomes more pronounced with increasing water content. The torsional properties of hair spray‐treated fibers suggest that the deposited hair spray film masks the properties of the base fiber and imparts its own dissipative character to the measurement. Since tensile mechanical properties are often used to make claims about the performance of hair care products, we have compared the results obtained from torsional and tensile measurements on over‐processed bleached hair fibers conditioned with Polyquaternium‐10 and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CETAB) to evaluate which method is more advantageous. Our data demonstrate that torsional measurements can distinguish hair care products which reinforce the cuticle from those which affect the cortex, while tensile measurements showed no significant differences.
Influence of antioxidants on the sun protection properties of hair care products
Authors: Meinert K. , Springob C. , Schmidt C. U. , Kripp T. C.
Published: March 2005

Aim of this study was to determine the influence of commercially available antioxidants on sun protection properties of hair care products. To evaluate changes of human hair L*a*b‐color measurements, tensile strength measurements and high‐pressure dynamic scanning calorimetry (HPDSC) measurements were carried out. To have a measure for the concentration of the activity of the reactive species, causing hair or color damage, chemiluminescence measurements were carried out. Before the test with the antioxidants experiments were carried out to evaluate effects of varied artificial weathering conditions on physical properties of hair. Here high relative humidity (85%) and low radiant flux (600 W m–2) exhibited the biggest changes in natural hair color but the lowest changes in the in tensile strength and HPDSC measurements. All of the tested antioxidants reduced the chemiluminescence level when used in a pre‐sun or after‐sun formulation. According to the HPDSC measurements the antioxidants showed a slight increase of the peak temperature and therewith a hint towards a protection effect when used in a pre‐sun or after‐sun product. In contrast thereto some of the antioxidants reduced the tensile strength of sun care products for hair when added. A slight reduction in the lightening of natural hair color could be observed when antioxidants were present in the sun care formulations. The effect of antioxidants in sun care formulations used on dyed hair was strongly dependent on the shade of hair. The addition of some antioxidants yielded significant improvements of the protection properties of the used sun care product in some measurement methods.
Cutaneous restructuration by apple seed phytosterols: from DNA chip analysis to morphological alterations
Authors: Doering T. , Holtkötter O. , Schlotmann K. , Jassoy C. , Petersohn D. , Wadle A. , Waldmann‐Laue M.
Published: March 2005

Plant secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, isoflavones and phytosterols have been proposed as cosmetic ingredients displaying anti‐aging effects. On the cellular level, however, the activity profiles of these ingredients are only partially understood. In this study we analyzed the effects of apple seed phytosterols on age‐related structural and functional parameters using cell biochemical, molecular biological and bioengineering techniques. The expression of age‐related genes was studied using skin equivalents and cDNA microarrays. Incubation of skin equivalents with apple seed phytosterols had significant consequences: (i) differential regulation of a set of genes associated with keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, (ii) stimulation of hyaluronic acid synthesis, and (iii) increase of epidermal thickness. In vivo studies revealed that apple seed phytosterols improve skin elasticity and decrease skin roughness. In conclusion, apple seed phytosterols display distinct biological effects and significantly improve the structure and function of mature skin.
A novel nanoemulsification method of stirring at the Θ‐point with the tocopherol‐based block co‐polymer nonionic emulsifier PPG‐20 Tocophereth‐50
Authors: Kim Y.‐D. , Kim J.‐S. , Cho I. , Kim K. W.
Published: March 2005

Nanoemulsions have recently become increasingly important as potential vehicles for the controlled delivery of cosmetics and for the optimized dispersion of active ingredients in particular skin layers. The preparation of conventional nanoemulsions requires mainly high‐pressure homogenization, which is unproductive and requires high energy due to its lower efficiency, limiting their practical applications. In order to solve these problems novel nanoemulsions were studied using a model system of pseudo‐ternary water/emulsifier/paraffin oil. Nanoemulsions were prepared by stirring a mixture of the tocopherol‐containing block co‐polymer emulsifier PPG‐20 Tocophereth‐50, paraffin oil, and distilled water at the Θ‐point using weight fractions of the dispersed phase (φ) of 0.31 to 0.82 and an emulsifier content of 1.0 to 9 wt.%. The emulsifying property of PPG‐20 Tocophereth‐50 in nanoemulsions was compared with that of the conventional emulsifiers Tocophereth‐43, a mixture of polysorbate 60 and sesquioleate (3/1), and phospholipids. Also the emulsifying property of PPG‐20 Tocophereth‐50 in the more hydrophilic oils caprylic/capric triglyceride and octyldodecanol was compared with that in paraffin oil. The stability and morphology of the resulting nanoemulsions were studied by visual inspection, optical microscopy, particle size analysis, and cryo‐scanning electron microscopy. In the nanoemulsion systems containing caprylic/capric triglyceride and octyldodecanol, respectively, as an oil phase PPG‐20 Tocophereth‐50 showed emulsification properties similar to those in paraffin oil. The conventional emulsifiers Tocophereth‐43, a mixture of polysorbate 60 and sesquioleate (3/1), and phospholipids did not give nanoemulsions with high‐speed stirring. The block co‐polymer nonionic emulsifier PPG‐20 Tocophereth‐50 was found to produce stable nanoemulsions of mean droplet diameters ranging from 204 to 499 nm. The emulsification method of high‐speed stirring at the Θ‐point using PPG‐20 Tocophereth‐50 was found to be very effective for the preparation of stable nanoemulsions useful for applications in skincare cosmetics, cosmeceuticals, and drugs.
Application of emulsion technology to cosmetics
Authors: Sakai Y.
Published: March 2005

Skin care cosmetics and emulsions are related closely. The recent emulsion technology has advanced the quality of cosmetics, and cosmetics technology has advanced the study of emulsion. Therefore, cosmetic or emulsion researchers including the author were able to develop highly functional cosmetics by studying the chemical structure of oils and the form of emulsions which are both main factors for emulsion. As for the chemical structure of oils, a study has shown that a high polar oil with unique properties was synthesized, and applied to make‐up remover. This study was worthy of notice to connect the properties of the oil and emulsion with the organic conceptual diagram. As for the form of emulsion, it was reported that multiple type emulsion stabilized active ingredients and helped to permeate the skin markedly and employing a high‐pressure homogenizer brought even higher efficiency.
Scanning electron microscopic observation of oil/wax/water/surfactant system
Authors: Ikuta K. , Iikura T. , Ito H. , Yokotsuka A. , Takahashi M.
Published: March 2005

We observed the internal structure of an oil/wax/water/surfactant system using a scanning electron microscope to investigate the relationship between its hardness and state of wax crystal. The molten wax (hydrogenated jojoba oil, ceresin, polyethylene wax, carnauba wax, or microcrystalline wax) was cast in a home‐made spiral mold of aluminum foil for preparing the test specimen for SEM observation. In hydrogenated jojoba oil a fine frame‐like crystal structure, the so‐called ‘card‐house structure,’ was observed but not in other waxes. The mixture of hydrogenated jojoba oil and water showed a few small droplets deposited on the roundish wax frame‐like structure. On the other hand, waxes other than hydrogenated jojoba oil did not change their internal structure when they were mixed with water. This result suggested that hydrogenated jojoba oil showed uniquely high affinity for water. In the system of oil, water, surfactant, and various kinds of waxes, their crystal structure, hardness, and the shape of dispersed water particles were remarkably changed with the combination of waxes. In the system with ceresin and carnauba wax, the hardness measured by a card‐tension meter was high, and the internal crystal structure was fine and amorphous. The water particle in the ceresin and carnauba wax system had a smaller diameter than that in the system containing hydrogenated jojoba oil. The system containing hydrogenated jojoba oil showed a card house‐like wax crystal structure without high hardness. It was considered that the wax crystal structure played an important role in providing hardness and in contributing to the water distribution in the oil/wax/water/surfactant system.
Stabilization and application of liposomal structures containing sphingoglycolipid and sterylglycoside originating in plants
Authors: Kaise C. , Kaneko T.
Published: March 2005

The efficacy of corn sphingoglycolipid containing cerebroside and sterylglycoside as a cosmetic material has been studied in terms of its physicochemical stability and skin care effects. As a result, it was clarified that the optimized corn sphingoglycolipid with a proper ratio of cerebroside and sterylglycoside showed a superb occlusive ability against water evaporation and gave a high moisturizing effect to the skin. Therefore, it was concluded that it could become a promising cosmetic material.
Dispositional Forgiveness of Self, Others, and Situations
Authors: Thompson Laura Yamhure , Snyder C. R. , Hoffman Lesa , Michael Scott T. , Rasmussen Heather N. , Billings Laura S. , Heinze Laura , Neufeld Jason E. , Shorey Hal S. , Roberts Jessica C. , Roberts Danae E.
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Six studies regarding forgiveness are presented. The Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), a self‐report measure of dispositional forgiveness (with subscales to assess forgiveness of self, others, and situations) was developed and demonstrated good psychometric properties. Forgiveness correlated positively with cognitive flexibility, positive affect, and distraction; it correlated negatively with rumination, vengeance, and hostility. Forgiveness predicted four components of psychological well‐being (anger, anxiety, depression, and satisfaction with life); forgiveness of situations accounted for unique variance in these components of psychological well‐being. Forgiveness and hostility demonstrated equivalent, inverse associations with relationship duration, and forgiveness accounted for unique variance in relationship satisfaction, even when controlling for trust. Forgiveness level correlated positively with decreased negativity in statements written about transgressions in the present versus the past tense.
Personality Stability in Late Adulthood: A Behavioral Genetic Analysis
Authors: Johnson Wendy , McGue Matt , Krueger Robert F.
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A sample of 833 twins from the Minnesota Twin Study of Adult Development and Aging completed the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ; Tellegen, 1982) twice, averaging 59.4 (sd=9.7) years of age at first and 64.4 (sd=10.2) years of age at second testing (average retest interval 5.0 years, sd=2.36, range 1.0–10.4 years). Both means and standard deviations of scale scores were extremely stable from first to second testing. In addition, sample participants tended to retain their rank order on the scales (average r=.76 across scales). Bivariate biometric analyses showed that the genetic influences on most of the scale scores were almost perfectly correlated across the two waves (range .95 to 1.00). The nonshared environmental influences were also highly correlated across the two waves (range .53 to .73). Models specifying identical variance components at the two time points and fixing the genetic correlation to 1.00 provided improved fit. The results suggest that the high stability of personality in later adulthood has a strong genetic foundation, supplemented by stability of environmental effects.
Decision Support System for Waterproofing of Below‐Grade Structures
Authors: Shohet Igal M. , Galil Ittamar
Published: March 2005

Abstract:  This study focused on the development of a decision support system (DSS) for waterproofing of below‐grade structures. The objective was to formulate an optimal solution for waterproofing of below‐grade structures according to their parameters and based upon engineering and economic criteria. The model examines the environmental, structural, economic, and service life planning aspects of waterproofing in an integrated manner. The decision support model was based on the following four phases: input interface, preliminary classification, advanced classification, and output interface. The output phase consists of an interactive accessory that provides design details and quality assurance guidelines for each particular case, as well as economic parameters such as life cycle costs and risk of failure. The major contribution of this DSS is its development of a methodological application of integrated decision process, achieved by the use of engineering, economic, and service life criteria. Application of the DSS to several case studies revealed that a number of near‐optimal alternatives exist, which differ from one another in terms of constructability, capital costs, and labor inputs. Cost of failure plays a major role in life cycle assessment, and may be a salient factor in the selection of the optimal solution.
Delayed onset of warts over tattoo mark provoked by sunburn
Authors: Brajac I , Lončarek K , Stojnić‐Soša L , Gruber F
Published: March 2005

Multiple warts in a 32‐year‐old‐man are reported that developed after tattooing and remaining exclusively confined to that area. The tattooing was done 2.5 years earlier by a professional tattoo artist. It was previously a lesion‐free tattoo, but when damaged by sunburn developed multiple skin warts. The ability of a latent virus to induce warts after cutaneous ultraviolet exposure was discussed.
Liver failure and transplantation after itraconazole treatment for toenail onychomycosis
Authors: Srebrnik A , Levtov S , Ben‐Ami R , Brenner S
Published: March 2005

Three weeks after completing a 4‐pulse course of itraconazole for toenail onychomycosis, a 25‐year‐old woman patient developed severe liver crisis and required an emergency liver transplant. We report the case and discuss the use of itraconazole in onychomycosis and dermatomycoses.
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum and nephrolithiasis
Authors: Fabre B , Bayle P , Bazex J , Durand D , Lamant L , Chassaing N
Published: March 2005

We report the case of a 42‐year‐old man with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) and recurrent bilateral nephrolithiasis. Diagnosis of PXE was made by yellow papules on the neck and ophthalmologic angioid streaks. This diagnosis was confirmed by a skin biopsy (Von Kossa stain) and by genotyping analysis of ABCC6 (homozygous mutation R1138Q). Nephrolithiasis was recurrent and biological investigations showed hypophosphoraemia, hyperphosphaturia, hypercalciuria, normocalcaemia, normal serum parathyroid hormone value, high 1,25‐dihydroxy vitamin D value and a renal calcium oxalate stone. ABCC6 encodes for MRP6, a multidrug resistant protein strongly expressed in the liver and kidney. The substrates of the MRP6 remain unknown. As PXE is characterized by calcification of elastic fibres and this patient presents important phosphocalcic anomalies, we discuss the possible implications of MRP6 in the phosphocalcic metabolism.
Reactive angioendotheliomatosis: is it ‘intravascular histiocytosis’?
Authors: Mensing CH , Krengel S , Tronnier M , Wolff HH
Published: March 2005

We report the case of a 68‐year‐old female with reactive angioendotheliomatosis (RAE). This case highlights the benign course of this condition and suggests that this entity might be an intravascular histiocytosis.
Bowen's carcinoma of the scrotal skin associated with human papillomavirus type 82
Authors: Ueda M , Ashida M , Kunisada M , Ichihashi M , Sata T , Matsukura T
Published: March 2005

We have previously cloned human papillomavirus type 82 (HPV‐82) from a vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, but it is not known whether HPV‐82 can induce a cutaneous lesion. A large erosive nodule developed on the scrotum of a 50‐year‐old Japanese patient. Histopathologically, the lesion was composed of two distinct parts; one part showing changes characteristic of Bowen's disease in the epidermis, and the other showing elongated rete ridges and proliferation of atypical basaloid cells in the dermis. These parts were partially connected, giving the diagnosis of Bowen's carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, HPV capsid antigen was detected only in the nuclei of a few cells on the upper part of the epidermis. HPV‐82 was identified in the lesion by blot hybridization and viral DNA was demonstrated in the lesion by in situ hybridization. HPV‐82 has tropism for both the skin and the genital regions.
Oral itraconazole for the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis: an open, noncomparative trial
Authors: Kose O , Erbil H , Gur AR
Published: March 2005

Background  Seborrhoeic dermatitis is an inflammatory cutaneous disorder in which the colonization of the affected area by Malassezia has been proved to play a key role.

Objective  To perform a noncomparative open clinical study with oral itraconazole capsule (200 mg/day × 7 days) and consecutive usage 200 mg/day for the first 2 days of the following 2 months in patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis.

Methods  Twenty‐nine patients were enrolled to determine the efficacy and safety of oral itraconazole. The patients were evaluated according to itching, burning, erythema, desquamation and seborrhoea, each scored on a 0–4 scale on days 15 (T15), 30 (T30), 60 (T 60) and 90 (T90). Itraconazole capsule 100 mg was given twice a day for 1 week and then, after a 3‐week interval, patients used itraconazole capsule 200 mg/day for the first 2 days of the following 2 months. The clinical response was graded as markedly effective, effective, moderate or ineffective.

Results  A clinical improvement (evaluated as markedly effective or effective) was observed in 23 patients (83%) at T15, 21 (76%) at T30, 20 (72%) at T60 and 17 (61%) at T90. At baseline, the mean ± SD total clinical scores were 10.44 ± 2.45, 1.98 ± 0.5, 2.97 ± 1.12, 3.15 ± 1.74 and 3.30 ± 1.90 at T0, T15, T30, T60 and T90, respectively. Compared with baseline values, itraconazole capsule significantly reduced the mean ± SD total score as well as individual erythema and desquamation (Wilcoxon's signed test‐two tailed) (P < 0.0001). No drug‐related systemic adverse event was observed during the study.

Conclusions  Seborrhoeic dermatitis shows marked reduction in inflammation when treated with itraconazole. The anti‐inflammatory activity of oral itraconazole and efficacy on Malessezia suggests that itraconazole capsule will be first oral treatment option in future in severe seborrhoeic dermatitis.
Immunophenotypic analysis of the p53 gene in non‐melanoma skin cancer and correlation with apoptosis and cell proliferation
Authors: Stratigos AJ , Kapranos N , Petrakou E , Anastasiadou A , Pagouni A , Christofidou E , Petridis A , Papadopoulos O , Kokka E , Antoniou C , Georgala S , Katsambas AD
Published: March 2005

Background   Sunlight precipitates a series of genetic events that lead to the development of skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The p53 tumour suppressor gene, which plays a pivotal role in cell division and apoptosis, is frequently found mutated in sunlight‐induced skin tumours.

Objective   To investigate the immunoreactivity of the p53 gene in non‐melanoma skin cancers and to correlate its expression with apoptotic and cell proliferation markers.

Methods   We analysed 35 non‐melanoma tumours including 19 BCCs and 16 SCCs from sun‐exposed skin areas. p53 protein expression was studied immunohistochemically using the DO7 monoclonal antibody against wild‐type and mutant p53 forms. The percentage of p53‐immunopositive nuclei was measured by image analysis. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were also assessed by image analysis following Ki‐67 immunostaining and application of the TUNEL method on paraffin sections, respectively.

Results   The percentage of p53‐expressing cells varied from 3.5 to 90 in BCCs (median value 54.4%) and from 3.7 to 94 in SCCs (median value 40.3%). The mean value of Ki‐67‐positive cells was comparable in both groups of tumours with a mean value of 40.6% in BCCs and 34.6% in SCCs. Conversely, the TUNEL assay showed sporadic staining of apoptotic cells within the tumours with a mean value of 1.12% in BCCs and 1.8% in SCCs. p53 protein expression was correlated positively with cell proliferation (r = 0.75, P = 0.000001) and negatively with apoptosis (r = −0.23, P = 0.05).

Conclusion   p53 immunoreactivity was high in the majority of the skin carcinomas examined and correlated positively with cell proliferation and negatively with apoptosis. The p53 protein overexpression appears to be related to an inactivated protein resulting from mutations of the p53 gene or other unclear molecular mechanisms.
MODULE ONE: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH ETHICS
Authors: SCHÜKLENK UDO
Published: March 2005

This module will introduce you to the ethical concepts underlying applied ethical decision‐making in the area of research involving human participants. We will also learn what the issues are that people involved in research on research ethics are concerned with. Ethics without an understanding of historical and legal context makes arguably little sense. It is for this reason that this module will begin with a brief history of research ethics and ends with a brief overview of the relevant national and international guidelines pertaining to ethical issues in research involving human participants.
MODULE THREE: VULNERABLE/SPECIAL PARTICIPANT POPULATIONS
Authors: LOTT JASON P.
Published: March 2005

This module is designed to sensitise you to the special needs of participants who belong to populations that are more vulnerable than other participant populations. These populations typically include incompetent persons women who may or may not be pregnant, children, prisoners and refugees, impoverished people, and ethnic minorities. These and similar groups deserve special consideration for a number of important ethical and historical reasons, specifically those that surround the potential for exploitation, problems with informed consent, and concerns about respect for participant autonomy. This module introduces modus operandi that are based on national and international research guidelines for dealing with vulnerable/special participant populations, offering contextually‐dependent advice and relevant ethical considerations/ arguments for and against their involvement in scientific research endeavours.
Calcineurin Inhibitor‐Induced Headache: Clinical Characteristics and Possible Mechanisms
Authors: Ferrari Uta , Empl Monika , Kim Kwang Sik , Sostak Petra , Förderreuther Stefanie , Straube Andreas
Published: March 2005

Objective.—To classify the headache syndromes under treatment with calcineurin inhibitors and to investigate whether the latter influence the nitric oxide production of human brain microvascular cells (HBMEC).

Background.—Single cases of cyclosporine‐induced headaches have been reported. Since calcineurin inhibitors are known to influence the renal metabolism of NO, a key molecule in tension‐type headache and migraine, we were interested whether calcineurin inhibitors might change NO metabolism in HBMEC as well.

Design and Methods.—Headache symptoms of 74 patients receiving cyclosporine and/or tacrolimus for organ transplantation were retrospectively assessed. Furthermore, the effect of cyclosporine and tacrolimus on nitric oxide production in human brain microvascular endothelial cells was investigated after incubation.

Results.—Only 18 of the 74 patients reported no headache 1–36 months after liver, lung, or bone‐marrow transplantation, 28 reported a new headache, and 17 an increase in the frequency or intensity of a pre‐existing headache. The headache was generally classified as migraine without aura (IHS 1.1) or migraine‐like headache (IHS 1.6). Furthermore, we found significantly increased NO production after co‐incubation of calcineurin inhibitors with human brain microvascular endothelial cells.

Conclusion.—The pathophysiological mechanism of these headaches may be connected with an endothelial dysfunction in terms of increased production of NO.
Recurrence of Migraine With Aura Due to Tacrolimus Therapy in a Liver Transplant Recipient Successfully Treated With Sirolimus Substitution
Authors: Toth Cory C. , Burak Kelly , Becker Werner
Published: March 2005

We report the case of a female liver transplant recipient who developed a recurrence of severe migraine with aura while on tacrolimus therapy with subsequent remission of headache following discontinuation of tacrolimus and substitution with sirolimus therapy. Headaches in transplant‐recipient patients have become a new area of interest for headache specialists. In particular, immunosuppressant medications such as cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and OKT3 have been associated with development of headache syndromes in the transplant patient, exacerbation of previous headaches syndromes, and development of encephalopathies including headache as a clinical feature.