bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crisis and Transition in Jerusalem under Rome, Byzantium, Islam and the Crusades
Authors: Prag Kay
Published: September 2019

Comparing historical and archaeological evidence based on findings from the Kenyon excavations provides some information on the impact of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ transitions on the contemporary populations. An overview of the archaeological evidence illustrates both the processes and results of crisis, transition and aftermath. Jerusalem provides a case study of four major and several lesser episodes affecting ethnicity, politics, economy and religion over less than 1,500 years, from the Roman destruction in AD 70 and the establishment of Aelia Capitolina. There were major demographic changes resulting from the ‘hard’ transitions, but for all there is clear archaeological evidence of material and cultural transmission and survivals, visible not just in elite structures such as the major shrines, but widespread through a city with an ancient role as a central place of burial.
Early titling on films and Pathé’s innovative and multilingual strategies in 1903
Authors: Tour Claire Dupré La
Published: September 2019

The shift from titles on lantern slides to the practice of titling on the film itself dates to the turn of the 20th century. Early examples of preserved filmed titles are rare, but occasional advertisements can be found in the UK in catalogues of James Williamson (1899) and Robert William Paul (1901), and in France in a catalogue of the Parnaland film company (1901). Although evidence shows that Pathé was using this technique in 1901, catalogues from its British branch reveal that it advertised it from May 1903. The advertisements highlighted positive outcomes for producers and exhibitors, and promoted titles in a variety of languages. This early titling strategy allowed Pathé to get ahead of its competitors in terms of industrialisation, control over its product, and domestic and foreign market share. This chapter focuses on early filmed titling and intertitling practices, Pathé’s innovative offer in 1903, and its evolution until 1908.
Intertitles, translation, and subtitling: Major issues for the restoration of silent films
Authors: Moustacchi Dominique
Published: September 2019

Restoring films is a major preoccupation of all film archives. Film heritage must not only be preserved, but also given a new life so that it can be shown to the widest possible audience. The aim of restoration consists as much as possible in reinstating a film in its original form. This is even more difficult to achieve when dealing with the silent films that have survived to this day, often in an incomplete state. Main title cards and intertitles are frequently missing, which makes films difficult to follow and understand. How do we go about restoring title cards and reviving the meaning and comprehension of the film? How can we remain loyal to what filmmakers had in mind and what they wanted to achieve? A few examples from recent or older restorations done at the Centre national du cinéma et de l’image animée show what difficulties we have to overcome.
‘Don’t mention the war’: The Soviet re-editing of Three Live Ghosts
Authors: Barr Charles
Published: September 2019

Silent films were commonly adapted for foreign markets not simply by translation of intertitles but, when desired, by more radical change, both to the titles and to the whole structure and thrust of the narrative. The young Soviet Union systematically transformed films from the West in order to make them ideologically acceptable for its own public, as well as to train filmmakers in the craft of editing. The discovery in Moscow of the re-edited version of the 1922 Anglo-American production Three Live Ghosts—on which Alfred Hitchcock worked as title designer—enables an unprecedentedly full case study of this transformation process. Characters and their Great War context are ruthlessly reworked, in the service of a fresh anti-capitalist story. Finally, the same process is traced in reverse, in the sound period, through Hollywood’s own re-editing, for Cold War audiences, of its pro-Soviet wartime feature North Star into an anti-Soviet narrative.
Confessions of a film restorer
Authors: Christensen Thomas C.
Published: September 2019

When restoring a film, the aim is naturally always to provide the definitive version. However, many factors make this an impossible mission. This chapter draws on actual film archival practice and theory, exposing a minefield of obstacles facing any academic study trying to examine film history based on restored works. The focus is on silent cinema restoration, intertitles, and translation issues. Using Mark-Paul Meyer and Paul Read’s categories—from a one-to-one duplication to the creation of an altogether new work—the aim is to give an insight into the complexity of silent film restoration and the practical, and sometimes very unacademic, nature of the actual restoration work. The fact that most film restorations typically concentrate on image quality rather than titles, which are often merely supposed to support the visual action, adds to the complexity of transparency about the provenance of the filmic titles as an object of study.
Dubbing in the early 1930s: An improbable policy
Authors: O’brien Charles
Published: September 2019

This chapter uses the case of dubbing practices in the early 1930s to consider the possibility that the impact of screen translation techniques on film aesthetics is more significant than has been recognised. The focus is on Hollywood’s unexpected adoption in 1931 of voice dubbing as its principal means of preparing films for the main foreign markets. Hollywood’s reliance on dubbing is contrasted with practices in the German film industry, its main rival for the world film market, where films for export were prepared in foreign-language versions rather than dubbed. Dubbing involved more than voice replacement to affect motion picture style in various ways. Trade press documentation is used to suggest that the dubbed American films of 1931 typically featured less speech; fewer close-ups of speaking actors; more reaction shots in dialogue scenes; more cuts overall; framings and props that concealed rather than displayed the actors’ moving lips; and other stylistic quirks.
The significance of dubbed versions for early sound-film history
Authors: Cornu Jean-François
Published: September 2019

Dubbing as a film translation technique has been largely taken for granted since its origins. Yet such origins are rarely looked into from historical, technical, and artistic perspectives. The study of early French-dubbed Hollywood and European films has a lot to teach us. This chapter examines aspects of voice-acting, lip synchronisation, dialogue alteration, and sound mixing in nine American, German, and British films. It reveals how the makers of French dubbed versions, in Hollywood and in France, were keen on recreating the soundtrack of foreign films according to their own perception of sound and voice treatment, sometimes disregarding the source material to the point of ‘enriching’ it. This approach has major implications for the reception of these versions, but also for the study of the evolution of sound practices in the early sound period. The historical merits of these versions also have significant archival and exhibition implications.
The reception of dubbing in France 1931–3: The case of Paramount
Authors: Barnier Martin
Published: September 2019

The international film trade changed dramatically with the generalisation of sound films. It became more difficult for Hollywood to export English-speaking films than during the silent era. One solution was multiple-language films, which helped French stars to become even more popular in France. The Hollywood studios quickly opted for dubbing as the best solution. The first two Paramount films dubbed into French were Derelict (as Désemparé) and Morocco (as Cœurs brûlés) in 1931. How were these dubbed versions received by critics and the trade press in France? Popular film magazines did not object to dubbed versions so much, while cinephile magazines considered they were rushed jobs. This chapter studies the evolution of the reception of dubbed films in France in 1931–3, using evidence from the trade and popular press. It traces the beginning of the opposition between original-language versions for upmarket movie theatres, and dubbed versions aimed at popular neighbourhoods.
Creativity under constraints: The beginning of film translation in Mandatory Palestine
Authors: Weissbrod Rachel
Published: September 2019

This chapter addresses film translation into Hebrew in Mandatory Palestine, from the 1920s to the 1940s, when silent films were gradually replaced by talkies and the need for translation increased. It combines ‘macro history’ with ‘micro history’, the study of history through primary sources. Its main primary sources are the autobiographies of two pioneering translators, Ya’akov Davidon and Yerushalayim Segal, who specialised in dubbing and subtitling, respectively. While local production at that time served Zionist ideology, the main function of foreign films was to provide entertainment. Film translators faced two obstacles: official British censorship and the objection on the part of some sectors of Jewish society to the screening of films in foreign languages, considered a threat to Hebrew. Despite these obstacles, translators had the freedom to import, invent, and experiment with new technologies, and to adapt not just the translation to the film, but also the film to the translation.
Sensory Substitution: From Sensations to Phenomenology
Authors: Renier Laurent
Published: September 2019

Sensory substitution refers to the use of one sensory modality (e.g. hearing) to supply environmental information normally gathered by another sense (e.g. vision) while still preserving some of the key functions of the original sense. For example, the use of auditory signals might give information about visual scenes. The development of sensory substitution devices has profoundly changed the classical definition of sensory modalities and contributed to the emergence of a new form of perception. In the last decade, our knowledge about cognitive and brain mechanisms involved in sensory substitution has grown considerably, bringing new insights into human perception. The phenomenological experience of perceiving via a sensory substitution device can now be discussed in the light of current scientific knowledge. Thanks to technological advances and scientific achievements, sensory substitution has become a real alternative for restoring some functions of a defective sensory organ (e.g. sight in the case of blindness or hearing in the case of deafness). This essay addresses some of the major questions raised by sensory substitution, including discussions regarding the nature of perception arising from the use of such devices, demonstrates how the study of sensory substitution enhances our understanding of human perception and brain plasticity and provides a short overview of rehabilitation potentialities.
What Can Sensory Substitution Tell Us about the Organization of the Brain?
Authors: Hillenbrand Sarah , Raveh Dina , Amedi Amir
Published: September 2019

We discuss how sensory substitution devices (SSDs) can be used to study the organization of the brain. To do so we look at the use of SSDs in the blind and how SSDs can be used to identify sensory-dependent and sensory-independent brain function. Cross-modal interactions may represent new patterns of connectivity or the unmasking of pre-existing associations. We show how the blind brain can be a window into cross-modal plasticity and can dissociate intrinsic and experience-dependent brain functions. We argue that the brain is a sensory-independent task machine and explain the implications for the rehabilitation of blind people.
The Processing of What, Where, and How
Authors: Proulx Michael J. , Brown David J. , Pasqualotto Achille
Published: September 2019

Vision is the default sensory modality for normal spatial navigation in humans. Touch is restricted to providing information about peripersonal space, whereas detecting and avoiding obstacles in extrapersonal space is key for efficient navigation. Hearing is restricted to the detection of objects that emit noise, yet many obstacles such as walls are silent. Sensory substitution devices provide a means of translating distal visual information into a form that visually impaired individuals can process through either touch or hearing. Here we will review findings from various sensory substitution systems for the processing of visual information that can be classified as what (object recognition), where (localization), and how (perception for action) processing. Different forms of sensory substitution excel at some tasks more than others. Spatial navigation brings together these different forms of information and provides a useful model for comparing sensory substitution systems, with important implications for rehabilitation, neuroanatomy, and theories of cognition.
Sensory Substitution and Perceptual Emergence
Authors: Cohen Jonathan
Published: September 2019

Designers of sensory substitution devices (SSDs) typically aim to capture a wide representational scope by requiring their devices to present in the substituting modality the full range of basic energy available to the substituted modality, and then using this information to code up any further representations needed. On this view, if we could build a device that represents to touch (say) the distal distribution of light intensity—the basic form of energy to which visual receptors are normally responsive—our device could, in principle, represent everything available to vision: colour, shape, form, motion, and so on. Unfortunately, I will argue, this simple idea fails. For perceptual modalities represent ‘emergent’ features —i.e. features whose exemplification is not fixed by the representation of the distribution of basic energy. Hence, an SSD whose basic representational vocabulary is limited to the distribution of such basic energy will leave things out. None of this shows that SSDs will inevitably fail to represent what sensory modalities normally represent. It does suggest, however, that if we want them to represent what sensory modalities normally represent, we will have to do more than preserve the representation of basic energy to which the substituted modalities are sensitive.
Sensory Substitution: Unfulfilled Promises and Fundamental Limitations
Authors: Spence Charles
Published: September 2019

Many of the most attention-grabbing claims concerning the uptake of sensory substitution devices in the last 50 years have, noticeably, not come to pass. I highlight a number of the fundamental limitations (some acknowledged, others not) that may have prevented the development and uptake of these devices amongst individuals suffering from sensory loss. First and foremost, it may simply be impossible to fully substitute for the loss of vision (the sense most substituted for) given the imbalance in neural cortical resources given to processing information in the various senses. Second, the inability to substitute for the hedonic attributes of a given modality constitutes an important, if currently under-acknowledged, problem. Most researchers tend to focus their efforts on the substitution of the sensory-discriminative (primarily spatial) aspects of stimulation instead. Third, I highlight the technological limitations associated with providing useful substitution devices for those who have lost their sense of taste or smell, senses which, theoretically, should be far easier to substitute for. Another factor that may have limited the uptake of these devices—aesthetic concerns about the appearance of users wearing them—is, I believe, likely to disappear, as a range of other augmented-perception technologies become more widely accepted.
Evaluating the Political Effects of Anti-slavery and Anti-trafficking Activism
Authors: Quirk Joel
Published: September 2019

This Chapter considers ‘what happens next’ once information has been collected. This in turn means focusing upon political activism. Drawing upon ideas and insights from existing works on social movements and advocacy networks, I consider some of the main ways in which ‘success’ or ‘progress’ have been – and, I would argue, should be – evaluated in relation to several recent high-profile forms of political activism targeting slavery, trafficking and forced labour. The principle argument that emerges from this analysis is that anti-slavery and anti-trafficking need to be regarded as one component of broader portfolio of practices, interests and ideologies, rather than a singular issue or civil society cause which is assumed to enjoy a separate and elevated humanitarian or bipartisan political status. There is consequentially a pressing need for researchers to made further efforts to help understand and refine the ways in which patterns of political activism and mobilisation can strategically target the underlying sources and conditions of forced labour, vulnerability and marginalisation.
Confronting Bias in NGO Research on Modern Slavery
Authors: Okyere Samuel
Published: September 2019

This Chapter explores the extent to which efforts to attain more reliable, comprehensive data and knowledge on forced labour could be impeded by a lack of critical reflexivity in the use of mainstream conventional definitional and conceptual frameworks. Drawing on textual and discourse analysis of dissemination materials from a study of forced labour, the Chapter makes three key contributions. First, it argues that uncritical reliance on mainstream discourses reinforces their dominance and forecloses alternative conceptualisations, interpretations and understandings of the nature, causes and effects of forced labour. Second, the absence of critical reflexivity gives rise to methodological issues that adversely affect research validity, reliability and quality. Third, crucial empirical findings could be distorted or ignored where they contradict conventional discourses, interpretations and frameworks adopted for the research.
Why (and How) We Need to Talk to ‘the Victims’
Authors: Howard Neil
Published: September 2019

Too often, research on unfree labour is speculative, inaccurate and downright damaging to the individuals labelled as ‘victims’. This Chapter will make the case that, in order to overcome these serious failings, we need to conduct in-depth qualitative research with victims themselves. This means giving voice to their analyses and experiences and it means spending time learning from and with them. In making this case, the Chapter will draw on the author’s research between 2005 and 2012 into ‘child trafficking’ and youth labour mobility between rural Benin and Nigeria.
Researching Unfree Student Labour in Apple’s Supply Chain
Authors: Chan Jenny
Published: September 2019

Taiwanese-owned Foxconn Technology Group, the world’s biggest electronics contract manufacturer of Apple, used the labour of 150,000 student interns – 15 per cent of its entire million-strong workforce in China – during the summer of 2010. This Chapter looks into the quasi-employment arrangements of student interns, who occupy an ambiguous space between being a student and a worker in Apple’s global supply chain. The incorporation of vocational school teachers into corporate management can strengthen control over students, who are in effect unfree labourers during their internships, which could last from three months to a year. While male and female student interns are required to do the same work as other employees, their intern labour is devalued. With the loss of their capacity to control the timing, location and training content of the internships, student-workers vent their pent-up anger and grievances in the capital accumulation process, in which their fundamental rights to labour and education are scarified.
Reading the Poem ‘in the Very Picture’
Authors: Degl’Innocenti Luca
Published: September 2019

The international success of the Orlando Furioso would be hard to describe without the accompanying images. Virtually no early modern edition of Ariosto’s poem was published without a visual paratext. The English reception of the Orlando Furioso was no different, as illustrations were a vital component in the first edition of Harington’s translation (1591), whose 46 full-page plates imitated those published in Venice in 1584, with few and yet very significant changes. This essay discusses some new findings about the visual sources of the scenes added to the plate for Book 28, which shed new light on Harington’s approach to the Orlando Furioso and to Italian literature and culture. On the one hand, the picture shows that he knew an edition of the anonymous excerpt of canto 28 which circulated in Italy under the title of Historia del Re di Pavia, thus confirming the prominence and possibly also the priority of that canto in Harington’s work on the poem. On the other hand, some obscene additions aimed at enhancing the visibility of Ariosto’s most lascivious novella in defiance of the Puritan attacks against the Italianate vogue, appear so clearly related to the underground circulation of Aretino’s Sonetti lussuriosi in Elizabethan England as to urge a reconsideration of the balance between moralism and hedonism in Harington’s theory and practice of poetry.
Landscape and Seascape
Authors: Stoppino Eleonora
Published: September 2019

Since the earliest reception of the Orlando Furioso, the episodes Ariosto set in and around the British Isles have fascinated readers and inspired iconic artistic depictions. This chapter explores these episodes, focusing on Ariosto’s manipulation of the traditional chivalric seascape, descriptions of the sea and shipwrecks, on places and toponyms as producers of meaning in the British Isles landscapes, and on the 1532 addition of the episode centred on Olimpia, which can be considered a laboratory of narrative techniques, stylistic choices, and geospatial innovation.
‘englishing th’Italian Ariost’: The Orlando Furioso among the Elizabethans
Authors: Hiscock Andrew
Published: September 2019

This discussion focuses upon the production of editions and translations of Ariosto’s epic poem, the circulation of these texts and the allusions to Ariosto in the early modern, most particularly, the Elizabethan, period. During the course of this essay, attention is paid to early modern European appreciations of the Orlando Furioso in Italy, Spain and France as well as looking forward to the influence of Ariosto’s writing in English culture in subsequent centuries. In this review of the Ariostan presence in English writing and culture, a number of writers are discussed, including Spenser, Milton, Shakespeare, Harington and those writing for the early modern playhouses in London during the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods.
Fiordispina’s English Afterlives
Authors: Carthy Ita Mac
Published: September 2019

This essay examines the fortunes in English literature of one of Ariosto’s minor characters, the Spanish princess Fiordispina. It focuses, in particular, on the very different ways in which English authors Sir John Harington and John Gay cope (or fail to cope) with the abundant gender confusion and free-floating sexual desire of the Fiordispina episode in the former’s Orlando Furioso Translated into Heroical Verse (1591) and the latter’s ‘The Story of Fiordispina’ (c. 1720) and Achilles: A play (1732). Framed by Ali Smith’s reflections in Girl Meets Boy (2007) on rewriting old stories for new circumstances, it draws on relevance theory and offers new readings of how Harington and Gay amplify, abridge or alternatively alter the original in accordance with their need to be relevant to the readers for whom they write.
Entertainment and Irony: The Orlando Furioso from Modern to Postmodern
Authors: Jossa Stefano
Published: September 2019

Less popular than in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso has however made an impact on Anglo-American fiction. Loved by Samuel Beckett, who called risolino ariostesco (Ariosto’s smile) the poetic strategy of his preferred artists, and C. S. Lewis, who famously claimed that his utmost happiness would be to be always sitting by a window overlooking the sea, reading Ariosto’s masterpiece, Orlando Furioso proves more and more influential in contemporary fiction when it comes to epic modes, narrative techniques, fantasy and sci-fi: taken as a source of inspiration by both well-educated and popular writers and filmmakers, such as, among many others, David Lodge in Small World, Chelsea Quinn Yarbro in Ariosto and Jim Jarmusch in Mystery Train, Orlando Furioso proves in tune with two keywords of our contemporary age, irony and entertainment. This essay will explore his legacy in twentieth-century Anglo-American fiction in order to assess its potential in our times.
Harrison as Elegist
Authors: Morrison Blake
Published: September 2019

Among Tony Harrison’s outstanding achievements are the elegies written for his parents that appear in his School of Eloquence sequence and his long narrative poem ‘v.’. Morrison’s chapter explores the various ways in which these poems challenge and disrupt the conventions of the genre, by introducing subject matter and themes usually considered alien to the form—among them class, politics and personal identity—and by rooting them in a contemporary urban setting. The chapter also argues that Harrison’s elegies are cerebral as well as highly emotive; public as well as private; laboured rather than fluent (thereby expressing solidarity with the poet’s proletarian ancestors); and that they occupy a zone between inarticulacy (as exemplified by his father) and learned discourse. The poet’s acquisition of language is seen to come at a price: that of guilt towards his parents, from whom he feels cut off by virtue of his education and profession. After noting performative and acutely self-conscious elements in Harrison’s work, highlighting moments of humour, and touching on links to or departures from other poets (including Milton, Meredith, Yeats and Seamus Heaney), the chapter examines a single poem, ‘Marked with D’, in extensive detail. It concludes that although the poems under consideration were published over thirty years ago they are still striking relevant today—and indeed might be said foresee the key issues (of social class, affluence, regionalism and racism) that divide and disfigure the British nation today.
Tony Harrison and the Guardian
Authors: Armitstead Claire
Published: September 2019

In 1991 Tony Harrison was commissioned by Alan Rusbridger, then editor of the Guardian, to write two poems on the Gulf War. The result was ‘Initial Illumination’ and ‘’A Cold Coming’. in 1995, the newspaper sent Harrison to Bosnia to send poems based on his eye-witnessing of the war, resulting in The Cycles of Donji Vakuf. In 2003, the invasion of Iraq produced two new war poems: Iraquatrains and Baghdad Lullaby. Armitstead, herself a Guardian journalist, sets these important poems in their historical and cultural contexts, and argues that the relationship between poet and paper was unique and unlikely to be repeated in the foreseeable future..
Metre and Memory (and Μνημοσύνη‎)
Authors: Byrne Sandie
Published: September 2019

This chapter looks at Tony Harrison's self-appointed role as Bard and considers the significance of this in relation to Ancient and Classical Greek ideas about poetry and poets, particularly the public function of poetry and the relationship between poetry and memory.
Harrison as Scholar-Poet of the Theatre
Authors: Macintosh Fiona
Published: September 2019

Tony Harrison is widely acclaimed for his ability to make the most complex arguments lucid and accessible. Yet it is this very accessibility that often belies the degree of scholarship that informs his work for the theatre, in particular. It is not just that his versions of ancient Greek plays are underpinned by solid classical learning; it is also that they involve a considerable amount of scholarly research in libraries. To bear witness to this scholar-poet's scrupulous attention to detailed scholarship, this chapter takes as case-study an overlooked text from Harrison’s corpus, Medea, A Sex-War Opera(1985). This work was commissioned by New York’s Metropolitan Opera House as a libretto for a score by Jakob Druckman that was never completed. Indeed, Harrison’s libretto has never properly seen the light of day: the only (albeit truncated) production to date - the 1991 Medea: Sex Warby The Volcano Theatre Company - interwove Valerie Solanis’ 1960’s radical feminist text, The S.C.U.M. Manifesto (Society for Cutting Up Men) into the Harrison libretto.
Yet Medea, A Sex-War Opera is an ingenious, witty and hard-hitting piece of social intervention that still speaks powerfully back to, and vociferously against, twenty-first century gender discrimination. Ranging from George Buchanan’s Latin version (c.1540s) to Robert Brough’s demotic mid-Victorian burlesque (1856), the libretto is testament to Harrison’s extraordinary wide reading from ancient to modern versions of Medea’s story.
Verbal and Visual Witnessing: Tony Harrison’s Euripides
Authors: Hall Edith
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the theme of witnessing in Harrison’s later theatre works, especially the contrast between photographic and poetic records and accounts of trauma. It argues that Harrison’s choice of ancient plays to adapt and translate (Hippolytus, Medea, Hecuba, Iphigenia in Tauris, Trojan Women), and the central topics discussed in his original play FRAM, are closely related to his experience of the ancient Greek tragedian Euripides, especially to his messenger speeches, and above all to the messenger speech in his HERACLES. It also discusses his engagement with the figure of Gilbert Murray, whose pro-suffragette translations of Euripides were directed in Edwardian London by Harley Granville Barker, and who appears in FRAM, and describes the genesis of Harrison’s IPHIGENIA IN CRIMEA, in which Hall was closely involved.
The Translation and Reception of Tony Harrison’s Poetry in France
Authors: Marshall Cécile
Published: September 2019

Cécile Marshall, whose doctoral thesis analysed Harrison’s poems, films and plays (Université Michel de Montaigne, Bordeaux 3, Bordeaux, France), went on to translate some of these works into French. In this article, she concentrates on the more creative side of her engagement with Harrison’s poetry, her activity as Harrison’s French translator. Providing a few samples from her French translations, she describes the processes at work in translating rhymed verse into French, acknowledging difficulties, doubts and discoveries, and analyses the specificities of rhythm and meter in Harrison’s poetry that must flow, even if differently, from one language into another. She also traces the different French translations, from Quebec to Belgium and France from the late 1990s onwards which show the appeal of Harrison’s poems, as well as the difficulty of making this prolific poet accessible in translation. Cécile Marshall comments on her own contributions as a translator of Harrison into French for different occasions: poetry readings and screenings in Paris or Nantes; publications in monolingual or bilingual editions. She also underscores the vital help and encouragement she received from Harrison who was always attentive to the music of the French versions of his own poetry, a collaboration that owed the poet and his translator to be honoured with the Strasbourg European Prize for Literature in 2010.
Wine and Poetry: Translating Tony Harrison in Italy
Authors: Greco Giovanni
Published: September 2019

Tony Harrison has always had a deep connection with Italy and Italian poets, above all Naples and Leopardi. The article tries to show that Harrison’s sentence ‘it’s all poetry to me, whether it is for the printed page, or for reading aloud, or for the theatre, or the opera house, or concert hall, or even for television’ can be read as ‘it’s all translation to me’. The main idea is that translation works as the volcanic wine, Falanghina, disaster-nourished’, which transforms the lava of Vesuvius into a tasteful wine as described in Harrison's poem Piazza Sannazzaro. The process of translating from Latin and Greek or from other modern languages seems to equate, for Harrison, with the general process of creation either in a positive or in a negative sense. Translating, like poetry, is at the same time impossible and necessary, cannibalisation/Calibanisation of the original text (the case of The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus) and negotiation with the ruina of ‘the fleeting life’ represented by the Volcano, in order to find a new-ancient voice, the half-pissed poet-translator’s voice, that always sounds political, contains a public, even hectoring relevance (the case, among many others, of The Krieg Anthology).
An Essay on Satyr Names
Authors: Curbera Jaime
Published: September 2019

The skilful and imaginative vase paintings of satyrs make us forget that they originated in a real spectacle. In this essay, I propose to consider satyr names as the names of actual revellers and mummers, rather than as an invention by the painters or as names of daemons, viz. as fragments of an infinitely richer world. This perspective has wider ramifications than merely shedding light on the society in which these spectacles took place and on the technical language of the Bacchic parade. It can contribute to our understanding of, for example, why in the course of Greek history descriptive names were progressively relegated to nicknames. It highlights the role of metonymy in colloquial Greek and the influence of the parade of satyrs in naming practices. And it helps to explain the sense and meaning of several Greek words and names. Part I deals with some general questions on this phenomenon. Part II discusses the meanings of 40 difficult or remarkable satyr names and deals with more specific questions, such as the use of masks and soot, and coarse names.
The Diffusion of Roman Names and Naming Practices in Greek Poleis (2nd c. BC–3rd c. AD)
Authors: Balzat Jean-Sébastien
Published: September 2019

A survey of the epigraphic material of Greece and Asia Minor shows that the adoption of Roman names by locals was a negligible feature of the onomastics of the Late Hellenistic poleis, whereas, from Caesar’s dictatorship onwards, the spread of Roman citizenship to provincials triggered an unprecedented diffusion of Roman names. This article aims at revealing the main differences in the way citizens of the poleis adopted Roman names and naming practices between these two periods. The question arises whether the onomastic situation of the Late Hellenistic period has to be interpreted as a sign of resistance towards Rome. With the Empire citizens of the poleis began to receive tria nomina upon the grant of Roman citizenship, and Roman names acquired a new socio-political value. It will be shown that this opened the door to wider Roman influence on local naming practices, so that by the beginning of the 2nd c. AD the onomastic landscape of many poleis had been profoundly transformed.
Introduction
Authors: Hines Claire
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces the book’s main aims and its distinctive approach to the longstanding relationship between James Bond and Playboy magazine. The text is organised around an exploration of how the relationship was developed over time and in relation to society and culture so as to construct and maintain the playboy as an icon and lifestyle fantasy.
The bond beyond
Authors: Hines Claire
Published: September 2019

The final chapter considers aspects of the Playboy–Bond connection from the mid-1960s onwards, reflecting on the legacy of past associations and outlining some of the broader transformations that tested the limits of James Bond and Playboy as cultural icons. The nature and general patterns of the relationship formed between Bond and Playboy magazine in the early- to mid-1960s proved to be influential in the decades that followed, but were also negotiated in relation to social and cultural change. These changes include perceived shifts in gendered power relations and feminist critiques, meaning that strategies like humour and nostalgia became increasingly prominent ways to address cultural anxieties and the ongoing struggle to maintain some kind of contemporary relevance. In particular the chapter discusses the mid-1960s Bond parodies, the women of the Bond films in Playboy, the Bond of the Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig eras, and challenges to the playboy post-1960s. In the later sections of this chapter the importance of nostalgia to the Playboy–Bond relationship, and contemporary popular culture more generally, becomes especially apparent. The chapter concludes that the foregrounding of nostalgia is a key strategy used by Playboy and Bond to mediate and (re)narrate the relationships between past, present and future.
‘L’oued revient toujours dans son lit’: Franco-Maghrebi identity in Hassan Legzouli’s film Ten’ja
Authors: Mielusel Ramona
Published: September 2019

The complex question of identity has always been the center of interest of Franco-Maghrebi literature and cinema. It is also the main subject in Ten’ja, a 2004 film by Franco-Moroccan director Hassan Legzouli. This article attempts to outline the key moments in Nordine, the central character ’s transformation and initiation from denial to acceptance of his double-sided identity to climax in an essential understanding of his Franco-Maghrebi status north and south of the Mediterranean. Nordine successfully reconciles his multiple identities by the end of his transformative journey. The article explores how Legzouli depicts the journey of Franco-Maghrebi characters in comparison with other films of the same genre. The movie, by his structure and chosen topics, is a typical road movie, but Legzouli’s final twist distinguishes it from previous movies in the same field.
Introduction: global kosher and halal markets
Authors: Lever John , Fischer Johan
Published: September 2019

This chapter explains what modern kosher and halal production, trade and consumption are. More specifically the chapter introduces religious consumers as well as the relationship between globalised markets, production, regulation and audit culture. The chapter ends with reflections on methodology and organisation of the book.
Kosher and halal in the UK and Denmark
Authors: Lever John , Fischer Johan
Published: September 2019

This chapter serves as an introduction to Judaism/kosher and Islam/halal in the UK and Denmark respectively. The main function of these discussions is to give the reader a broader historical and societal context for exploring kosher and halal in greater empirical detail in subsequent chapters; we also discuss broader similarities and differences between kosher and halal in the UK and Denmark.
Beyond meat
Authors: Lever John , Fischer Johan
Published: September 2019

Within the last couple of decades, the trend in both kosher and halal production is that these globalising religious markets have moved beyond meat to include enzyme production, for example, as enzymes are part of a wide range of types of foods and drinks. This chapter explores how multinational companies that are both kosher and halal certified understand and comply with rising requirements in respect to issues such as certification, staff policies, science and innovation, for example – and how non-meat products such as enzymes are produced and qualified as kosher and halal.
Conclusion
Authors: Lever John , Fischer Johan
Published: September 2019

In focusing on the consequences of globalising kosher and halal markets this book has demonstrated that similarities and differences between kosher and halal consumption, production and regulation in different national contexts are not well understood, and that to better understand global kosher and halal markets they must be explored at different levels of the social scale. This conclusion is organised around three keywords from the book’s title: religion, regulation and consumption. We conclude on these themes by bringing in a few examples from preceding chapters and by reflecting on the ‘bigger picture’ these conclusions evoke.
Navy, nation and empire: nineteenth-century photographs of the British naval community overseas
Authors: McCreery Cindy
Published: September 2019

From approximately 1860, the vogue for both individual, ‘carte-de-visite’ portraits taken in professional photography studios as well as group photographs, often taken outdoors, swept across the British Empire. Photography studios from Plymouth to Cape Town catered to an increasingly enthusiastic naval community. This essay focuses on photographs taken in the 1860s of officers, their families and associates in and beyond the Royal Naval base at Simonstown near Cape Town, South Africa. Individual studio portraits such as ‘Officers of HMS Racoon, 1857-61’, outdoor shots of officers, women and children at naval picnics, photographs of dead officers as well as commemorative photographs of officers visiting Napoleon’s former tomb in St. Helena and Sir John Moore’s tomb at Corunna indicate the links made between the past and the present, and between, navy, nation and empire. The album also provides a unique documentary record of Prince Alfred’s 1867 visit to the Cape whilst Captain of HMS Galatea. When compared with the more formal, professional album of this cruise held in the Royal Archives in Windsor, the Wits album helps us to understand how photographs both identified and supported members of the British naval ‘family’ ashore as well as at sea.
Memorialising Anson, the fighting explorer: a case study in eighteenth-century naval commemoration and material culture
Authors: Parker Katherine
Published: September 2019

An informative example of the conscious act of naval hero-making are the commemorative medals struck in 1768 by the brother of George Anson. Anson had died in 1762, so these medals were not only a memorial to his life, but also a deliberate attempt to control his legacy. What the medals include, and omit, offers a fascinating opportunity to examine what some thought worthy of commemoration in eighteenth-century British culture. This chapter uses the medals as a prism through which to examine the interconnections between naval careers, material culture, and the process of commemoration. In addition, the paper offers a revaluation of the historiographical role of exploration in the eighteenth century and re-positions exploration as an explicitly naval activity in the British context.
Introduction
Authors: Thornton Tim , Carlton Katharine
Published: September 2019

The introduction reviews the historiography of the topic, considering the ways in which historians have touched on the illegitimate relationships and offspring of the elite in a variety of contexts, and considers the significance of its re-examination in the light of these debates. They include questions of demography and economic change, efforts to regulate behaviour in what is known as the ‘reformation of manners’, state-building, religious change, sexuality and gender, the history of the family, and the nature of noble and gentry society.
Gentlewomen and their lovers
Authors: Thornton Tim , Carlton Katharine
Published: September 2019

Even if for the gentry and nobility the double-standard was less restrictive of male conduct than, for example, Capp has argued, there is no question that contemporary expectations constrained the behaviour of females among the elite more severely than men. Still, this chapter explores the evidence for the extent and implications of illegitimate relationships conducted by elite females, and shows that they were far from uncommon and did not in every case lead to the most severe sanctions. It considers how the participants in such illegitimate relationships were described, and the gendered concepts implicit within those descriptions. As with that relating to the male gentry, the evidence here suggests that gentlewomen tended to become involved with men who, while some may have been servants, were themselves of relatively high status. Some of the more prominent women in this situation are considered, such as Elizabeth Parr, marchioness of Northampton, or Lady Florence Clifford, husband of Henry, 10th Lord Clifford, as are lesser known gentlewomen. The chapter considers how attitudes to these relationships, whether condemnatory, regulatory or less critical, changed over time.
The ‘wronged’ partner
Authors: Thornton Tim , Carlton Katharine
Published: September 2019

This chapter assesses the situation of the wives and husbands of those involved in illicit relationships. Contemporary culture identified the cuckold as a figure of public ridicule; he was judged by an act in which he did not participate, and the legitimacy and inheritance of his children might be brought into question. For elite wives, philandering husbands brought into question their roles as authority figures. If the husband’s affair was with another member of the nobility or gentry, it might very directly undercut the wife’s position in courtly and regional society, as on the occasion that George Clifford, earl of Cumberland’s mistress acted as hostess to King James in 1603 when Clifford’s wife Margaret was herself present. The chapter considers the gendered concepts implicit within contemporary attitudes towards ‘the wronged spouse’, the cuckold derided by wider society and viewed as unable to exert control over his wife; or the ‘virtuous’, pious, long-suffering wife developed particularly in the works of Samuel Daniel. It sets this alongside the evidence for the accommodation of their situations by many, seen e.g. in the role of noble and gentry wives in property transactions and testamentary dispositions which involved bastard children and even mistresses.
The bastard children
Authors: Thornton Tim , Carlton Katharine
Published: September 2019

This chapter argues for the rich and varied approaches taken by the aristocracy and gentry in providing for illegitimate children. Insights into the immediate circumstances of the birth are provided in the naming of the bastard child, both in forenames and family names attributed and adopted – suggesting the relative importance of the mistress’s family, anyone involved in fostering the child, and the elite family involved. Considering the later life of the bastard child, the chapter examines evidence for gendered and status differences e.g. in finding marriage partners or in financial provision. One important question is the degree to which these children were able to maintain gentle status. Many were evidently able to sustain the standing of gentlemen and gentlewomen; many males, in particular, proved to be vital supports to their kin, playing a full role in society and politics within and without family networks. Further, bastard offspring of the elite were able to accumulate considerable wealth and power – as in the case of Thomas Egerton, the illegitimate son of Sir Richard Egerton of Ridley who rose to become lord chancellor. The period saw an increasing scope for the careers of illegitimate offspring of the elite, in the law, the church, military service, and other areas.
In praise of limestone
Authors: Peterson Rick
Published: September 2019

In this chapter it is suggested that limestone landscapes can be seen as a connecting theme in parts of the European Neolithic. The evidence for cave burial at the beginning of the Neolithic is reviewed. Cave burial was relatively late in the local sequence in Greece and the Balkans. By contrast, in Italy, southern France and Spain single grave cave burial occurs from the beginning of the period. In these regions there is also a later Neolithic collective burial practice in caves. There is a large concentration of Late Neolithic collective burials in Belgium. Therefore, Early Neolithic cave burial was primarily a western Mediterranean phenomenon. Later Neolithic cave burial throughout Europe may have been connected with providing a fixed point in a seasonal round for mobile populations. There was an apparent upsurge in cave burial throughout the limestone regions of Europe around 4000 BC.