bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Gor'kov and Melik‐Barkhudarov Correction to the Mean‐Field Critical Field Transition to Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov States
Authors: Caldas Heron , Chen Qijin
Published: August 2020

The Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov (FFLO) states, characterized by Cooper pairs condensed at finite‐momentum are, at the same time, exotic and elusive. It is partially due to the fact that the FFLO states allow superconductivity to survive even in strong magnetic fields at the mean‐field level. The effects of induced interactions at zero temperature are calculated in both clean and dirty cases, and it is found that the critical field at which the quantum phase transition to an FFLO state occurs at the mean‐field level is strongly suppressed in imbalanced Fermi gases. This strongly shrinks the phase space region where the FFLO state is unstable and more exotic ground state is to be found. In the presence of high level impurities, this shrinkage may destroy the FFLO state completely.
Fragment‐Based Stabilizers of Protein–Protein Interactions through Imine‐Based Tethering
Authors: Wolter Madita , Valenti Dario , Cossar Peter J. , Levy Laura M. , Hristeva Stanimira , Genski Thorsten , Hoffmann Torsten , Brunsveld Luc , Tzalis Dimitrios , Ottmann Christian
Published: August 2020

Small‐molecule stabilization of protein–protein interactions (PPIs) is a promising concept in drug discovery, however the question how to identify or design chemical starting points in a “bottom‐up” approach is largely unanswered. We report a novel concept for identifying initial chemical matter for PPI stabilization based on imine‐forming fragments. The imine bond offers a covalent anchor for site‐directed fragment targeting, whereas its transient nature enables efficient analysis of structure–activity relationships. This bond enables fragment identification and optimisation using protein crystallography. We report novel fragments that bind specifically to a lysine at the PPI interface of the p65‐subunit‐derived peptide of NF‐κB with the adapter protein 14‐3‐3. Those fragments that subsequently establish contacts with the p65‐derived peptide, rather than with 14‐3‐3, efficiently stabilize the 14‐3‐3/p65 complex and offer novel starting points for molecular glues.
Chemical Batteries with CO2
Authors: Schlögl Robert
Published: August 2020

Efforts to obtain raw materials from CO2 by catalytic reduction as a means of combating greenhouse gas emissions are pushing the boundaries of the chemical industry. The dimensions of modern energy regimes, on the one hand, and the necessary transport and trade of globally produced renewable energy, on the other, will require the use of chemical batteries in conjunction with the local production of renewable electricity. The synthesis of methanol is an important option for chemical batteries and will, for that reason, be described here in detail. It is also shown that the necessary, robust, and fundamental understanding of processes and the material science of catalysts for the hydrogenation of CO2 does not yet exist.
Alteration of gammaretroviral vector integration patterns by insertion of histone and leucine zipper into integrase
Authors: Yang Yeji , Lee Ji‐eun , Jeong Hye‐young , Shim Ji‐yeon , Baek Min‐jeong , Son Min‐jeong , Kim Yeon‐ju , Noh Hohsuk , Lim Kwang‐il
Published: August 2020

Retroviral vectors show long‐term gene expression in gene therapy through the integration of transgenes into the human cell genome. Murine leukemia virus (MLV), a well‐studied gammaretrovirus, has been often used as a representative retroviral vector. However, frequent integrations of MLV‐based vectors into transcriptional start sites (TSSs) could lead to the activation of oncogenes by enhancer effects of the genetic components within the vectors. Therefore, the MLV integration preference for TSSs limits its wider use in clinical applications. To reduce the integration preference of MLV‐based vectors, we attempted to perturb the structure of the viral integrase that plays a key role in determining integration sites. For this goal, we inserted histones and leucine zippers, having DNA‐binding property, into internal sites of MLV integrase. This integrase engineering yielded multiple mutant vectors that showed significantly different integration patterns compared with that of wild‐type vector. Some mutant vectors did not prefer the key regulatory genomic domains of human cells, TSSs. Moreover, a couple of engineered vectors did not integrate into the genomic sites near the TSSs of oncogenes. Overall, this study suggests that structural perturbation of integrase is a simple way to develop safer MLV‐based retroviral vectors for use in clinical applications.
Doping Effects of Pentavalent Metal Ions (Nb5+ or Ta5+) on the Redox Stability and Electrochemical Properties of La0.6Sr0.4FeO3‐δ for Use as Interconnectors in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Song Jeheon , Kim Sun‐Dong , Raju Kati , Byun Segi , Woo Sang‐Kuk , Han Moon Hee , Cho Churl Hee , Kim Tae Woo
Published: August 2020

In this work, pentavalent metal ions of Nb or Ta are doped in the Fe sites of La0.6Sr0.4FeO3−δ (LSFO), and the doping effects on the redox stability and electrochemical properties of LSFO are investigated. Nb‐ or Ta‐doped LSFO is synthesized by a citric acid‐based sol–gel process and solid‐state reaction. The doping of metal ions in LSFO is confirmed by powder XRD and Rietveld refinements. The oxidation states of the doped metal ions are also confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In a stability test in a reducing atmosphere of H2, the undoped LSFO shows structural deterioration, whereas the doping of pentavalent metal ions leads to an enhancement in the structural stability of LSFO. Electrical conductivity measurements show that the LSFO compounds with 10 mol % Nb or Ta show the highest conductivity value under conditions of air or H2. Long‐term stability tests show that all the metal‐doped LSFO are much more stable than LSFO.
Variable Sensing Ion Selectivity of the l‐Cysteine Capped ZnS:Mn Nanocrystals in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Choi Mi , Hwang Cheong‐Soo
Published: August 2020

Colloidal l‐cysteine (Cys)‐capped ZnS:Mn nanocrystals were synthesized and exposed to various pH conditions to modify their surface for further applications as photo‐chemical sensors. The observed zeta‐potential values indicated that the ZnS:Mn–Cys nanocrystals formed positive charged nanocrystal surface at pH 3 condition. Therefore, they were considered to be applied as an anion sensor. As a result, the fluorescence of the ZnS:Mn–Cys‐pH 3 nanocrystals was exclusively quenched by the addition of nitrite (NO2−) ions. In addition, the ZnS:Mn–Cys nanocrystals, which were exposed to pH 7 and pH 13, formed negatively charged surfaces, which were presumed to be applied as cation photosensors. Consequently, the fluorescence of the ZnS:Mn–Cys‐pH 7 nanocrystals were amplified by the addition of Zn2+ ions, whereas the most added metal ions caused quenching of the emission lights of the ZnS:Mn–Cys‐pH 7 nanocrystals. Moreover, the fluorescence of the ZnS:Mn–Cys‐pH 13 nanocrystals was quenched only when Cu2+ ions were added.
Concatenating Suzuki Arylation and Buchwald–Hartwig Amination by A Sequentially Pd‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Process—Consecutive Three‐Component Synthesis of C,N‐Diarylated Heterocycles
Authors: Mayer Laura , Kohlbecher Regina , Müller Thomas J. J.
Published: August 2020

The concatenation of Suzuki coupling and Buchwald‐Hartwig amination in a consecutive multicomponent reaction opens a concise, modular and efficient one‐pot approach to diversely functionalized heterocycles, as exemplified for 3,10‐diaryl 10H‐phenothiazines, 3,9‐diaryl 9H‐carbazoles, and 1,5‐diaryl 1H‐indoles, in high yields starting from simple staring materials. Moreover, this one‐pot reaction is a sequentially palladium‐catalyzed process that does not require additional catalyst loading after the first coupling step.
Is the relationship between child abuse and suicide attempts mediated by nonsuicidal self‐injury and pain tolerance?
Authors: Schönfelder Antje , Rath Dajana , Forkmann Thomas , Paashaus Laura , Stengler Katarina , Teismann Tobias , Juckel Georg , Glaesmer Heide
Published: August 2020

Although there is evidence for an association of child abuse with lifetime suicidal behaviour, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In recent research, we found this relationship to be indirect and mediated by capability for suicide (CS). Emotional and sexual abuse were directly associated with CS. Based on the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide, the result for emotional abuse was surprising and raised the question for a missing link in this association. Consequently, this study examines nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) as an additional mediator (M1) between child abuse (X), pain tolerance (M2), and suicide attempts (Y). We included 308 psychiatric inpatients (M = 36.9 years, 53% female) with either an acute suicidal crisis (n = 146) or a recent suicide attempt (n = 157). For the assessment, we used the Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS), the German version of the self‐injurious thoughts and behaviours interview (SITBI‐G), the German Capability for Suicide Questionnaire (GCSQ), and a pressure algometer for measuring pain tolerance objectively. Serial mediator analyses were applied. All types of abuse showed relationships with NSSI, which itself was connected to suicidal behaviour in almost all models, whereas pain tolerance did not show the expected relations. The results suggest that NSSI is an important predictor for suicide attempts and should be considered in suicide risk assessment. Future research should address this topic in prospective studies with a more comprehensive assessment of child abuse. In summary, this study once again highlights the serious effects of child abuse and in particular the mediating role of NSSI.
When accurate cytomorphology directs clinical decision: Colonic adenocarcinoma presents initially with an isolated vertebral bone metastasis
Authors: Asiry Saeed , Matloob Ammar , Gera Shweta
Published: August 2020

Liver is the most common site for metastasis of colonic adenocarcinoma. Other relatively common metastatic locations include: peritoneum, lungs and ovaries. Rare metastatic sites include: central nervous system, testis, uterus, oral cavity and bones. Though it is rare to have an isolated bone metastasis without liver or visceral involvement in colonic adenocarcinoma, it can occur. Our case illustrates the vital role of an accurate cytopathologic diagnosis in directing the proper clinical decision and management in our young patient. Our patient's first presentation was acute on chronic back pain radiating to his lower extremities with clinical suspicion of tuberculosis spondylitis. The correct cytopathologic diagnosis of the fine needle aspiration from the destructive vertebral lesion led to the establishment of an isolated metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma diagnosis initially and directed the clinical management of our patient.
Novozyme 435 and Lipozyme RM IM Preferably Esterify Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids at the sn‐2 Position
Authors: Rivero‐Pino Fernando , Padial‐Dominguez Marta , Guadix Emilia M. , Morales‐Medina Rocio
Published: August 2020

This work aims at studying the impact that the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids (FA) with the same chain length exerts on the esterification yield and the regiodistribution of FA in the glycerol backbone. To that end, triacylglycerols (TAG) are produced by esterifying several mixtures (stearic, oleic, and alpha‐linolenic acids) employing Novozyme 435 and Lipozyme RM IM. All esterifications achieve a high content of TAG (>69 mol%) with Lipozyme RM IM being more active. Both lipases initially esterify stearic acid, while linolenic acid is preferably esterified in the last step of the esterification. Additionally, the higher the degree of unsaturation, the higher the concentration at the position sn‐2. This trend is more marked for Novozyme 435. The structure of the FA causes steric hindrance resulting in competitive‐like behavior among the FA. Hence, the selectivity of lipases might be affected by the composition of the substrate.

Practical Applications: Omega‐3 FA have a high nutritional value and are industrially employed to produce concentrates and structured or functional lipids. The regiodistribution of FA in the glycerol determines its bioavailability; those linked to the central position are more efficiently metabolized while those in the sn‐1 and sn‐3 positions are merely stored or excreted. Structured lipids are produced employing lipases, hence the regioselectivity of the lipases is a key point for the production. The results show that, for the same chain length, the regioselectivity of lipases can be affected by the composition of the substrate and that polyunsaturated FA tend to be esterified in the central position when employing Novozyme 435 and Lipozyme RM IM.
Preventing pain after breast surgery: A systematic review with meta‐analyses and trial‐sequential analyses
Authors: Lepot Ariane , Elia Nadia , Tramèr Martin Richard , Rehberg Benno
Published: August 2020

Background and objective

The aim of this systematic review was to indirectly compare the efficacy of any intervention, administered perioperatively, on acute and persistent pain after breast surgery.

Databases and data treatment

We searched for randomized trials comparing analgesic interventions with placebo or no treatment in patients undergoing breast surgery under general anaesthesia. Primary outcome was intensity of acute pain (up to 6 hr postoperatively). Secondary outcomes were cumulative 24‐hr morphine consumption, incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), and chronic pain. We used an original three‐step approach. First, meta‐analyses were performed when data from at least three trials could be combined; secondly, trial sequential analyses were used to separate conclusive from unclear evidence. And thirdly, the quality of evidence was rated with GRADE.

Results

Seventy‐three trials (5,512 patients) tested loco‐regional blocks (paravertebral, pectoralis), local anaesthetic infiltrations, oral gabapentinoids or intravenous administration of glucocorticoids, lidocaine, N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate antagonists or alpha2 agonists. With paravertebral blocks, pectoralis blocks and glucocorticoids, there was conclusive evidence of a clinically relevant reduction in acute pain (visual analogue scale > 1.0 cm). With pectoralis blocks, and gabapentinoids, there was conclusive evidence of a reduction in the cumulative 24‐hr morphine consumption (> 30%). With paravertebral blocks and glucocorticoids, there was conclusive evidence of a relative reduction in the incidence of PONV of 70%. For chronic pain, insufficient data were available.

Conclusions

Mainly with loco‐regional blocks, there is conclusive evidence of a reduction in acute pain intensity, morphine consumption and PONV incidence after breast surgery. For rational decision making, data on chronic pain are needed.

Significance

This quantitative systematic review compares eight interventions, published across 73 trials, to prevent pain after breast surgery, and grades their degree of efficacy. The most efficient interventions are paravertebral blocks, pectoralis blocks and glucocorticoids, with moderate to low evidence for the blocks. Intravenous lidocaine and alpha2 agonists are efficacious to a lesser extent, but with a higher level of evidence. Data for chronic pain are lacking.
Mitochondrial DNA copy number and cytogenetic damage among fuel filling station attendants
Authors: Gaikwad Avinash S. , Mahmood Riaz , Beerappa Ravichandran , Karunamoorthy Panjakumar , Venugopal Dhananjayan
Published: August 2020

Fuel filling attendants are constantly exposed to the complex mixture of gasoline and all refinery environments are probably carcinogenic for humans. These workers are considered as an unorganized group in India and unaware of the risk. The present study was focused to monitor workplace pollutants (particulate matter size 10 [PM10 μm], total volatile organic compound [VOC], and carbon monoxide [CO]), benzene exposure (phenol), and to evaluate their genotoxicity effect with reference to relative mitochondrial DNA copy number (MtDNAcn), 8‐OHdG (8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine), and micronuclei (MN) frequency (%) among fuel filling attendants. This study recorded 318 ± 134 and 1,050 ± 260 μg/m3 time‐weighted average concentration of PM10 and CO, respectively. However, total VOC levels recorded were below the detectable level (BDL) to 290 ± 50 μg/m3. A total of 53 subjects (26 exposed and 27 control) participated in this study with similar sociodemographic information. It was noticed that fuel filling attendants were not using proper personal protective equipment (PPE) and are younger generation. The significantly (p = <.001) higher level of phenol, a metabolite of benzene, was detected in the exposed group. The significantly elevated level of urinary 8‐OHdG (p = .01), MN frequency (p = .001), and relative MtDNAcn (p = .001) was observed in exposed group as compared to the control group. The study exemplify that workers were exposed to the benzene, workplace pollutant, and observed genotoxicity suggest malignancy risk. This study highlights the importance of biomonitoring in occupational settings to avoid malignancies. The possible engineering controls, frequent health check‐ups, awareness about the risks, and PPE use can reduce health hazards.
Combination therapy of apo‐transferrin and thyroid hormones enhances remyelination
Authors: Rosato‐Siri María Victoria , Marziali Leandro Nazareno , Mattera Vanesa , Correale Jorge , Pasquini Juana María
Published: August 2020

The current study presents two different approaches with a view to elucidating the interaction between thyroid hormones (TH) and apo‐transferrin (aTf) and their role in myelination and remyelination. First, in vitro assays were conducted to determine the single and combined effects of aTf and triiodothyronine (T3) on oligodendroglial cell lineage proliferation and oligodendrocyte (OLG) maturation in primary cultures. Results revealed higher proliferation rates upon single aTf treatment but Control values upon T3 and aTf + T3 treatments. In addition, both aTf and T3 accelerated OLG maturation, with the greatest effects being exerted by combined aTf + T3 administration in terms of both myelin basic protein (MBP) expression and morphological complexity. Second, in vivo assays were carried out to establish single and combined effects of aTf and T3, as well as TH receptor (THR) inhibitor I‐850, on remyelination following a CPZ‐induced demyelination protocol. Results showed an increase in myelin deposition and the number of mature remyelinating OLG upon single treatments, but a synergic effect upon combined aTf + T3 treatment which was prevented by THR inhibition. It may be thus concluded that combined treatment yielded the most beneficial effects on OLG maturation parameters in vitro and remyelinating capacity in vivo when compared to single treatments. These findings may help explore the development of new target molecules in the treatment of demyelinating diseases.
Association of combined engagement in cognitive and physical activity with domain‐specific cognitive function: The Shanghai Aging Study
Authors: Wu Wanqing , Zhao Qianhua , Xiao Zhenxu , Liang Xiaoniu , Luo Jianfeng , Ding Ding
Published: August 2020

Objectives

This cross‐sectional study aimed to examine the association of the combined engagement in cognitive activity (CA) and physical activity (PA) with domain‐specific cognition in community‐dwelling older adults.

Methods

We analysed data from 3192 dementia‐free participants aged ≥50 years in the Shanghai Aging Study. CA was assessed using Shanghai Cognitive Activities Scale. PA was determined based on questionnaires and further transformed into metabolic equivalent values. We used multivariate linear and logistic regression models to estimate the β and odds ratio of CA, PA, or combined CA and PA and each neuropsychological test.

Results

A high level of CA was associated with a better performance in most of the tests, except for the conflicting instructions task (CIT) and stick test (ST). In contrast, PA displayed no significant associations with any test. Engagement in high CA and high PA was associated with the best performance in Mini‐Mental State Examination, recall in ST, categorisation in Modified Common Objects Sorting Test (MCOST), immediate recall, delayed recall, and recognition in Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Participants with “high CA and low PA” had the lowest risk of impairment in Go/No‐Go correct tapping in CIT, rotate in ST, item naming, and category naming in MCOST, Trail Making Test (TMT)‐A, and TMT‐B.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that engagement in both high CA and high PA may be the most efficacious way to maintain various domains of cognition. A higher level of CA may help to preserve cognition among older individuals who have difficulties in performing PA.
The International Collaboration for Cancer Classification and Research
Authors: Cree Ian A. , Indave Ruiz Blanca Iciar , Zavadil Jiri , McKay James , Olivier Magali , Kozlakidis Zisis , Lazar Alexander J. , Hyde Chris , Holdenrieder Stefan , Hastings Ros , Rajpoot Nasir , de la Fouchardiere Arnaud , Rous Brian , Zenklusen Jean Claude , Normanno Nicola , Schilsky Richard L. ,   for the ICR participants
Published: August 2020

Gaps in the translation of research findings to clinical management have been recognized for decades. They exist for the diagnosis as well as the management of cancer. The international standards for cancer diagnosis are contained within the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours, published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and known worldwide as the WHO Blue Books. In addition to their relevance to individual patients, these volumes provide a valuable contribution to cancer research and surveillance, fulfilling an important role in scientific evidence synthesis and international standard setting. However, the multidimensional nature of cancer classification, the way in which the WHO Classification of Tumours is constructed, and the scientific information overload in the field pose important challenges for the translation of research findings to tumour classification and hence cancer diagnosis. To help address these challenges, we have established the International Collaboration for Cancer Classification and Research (IC3R) to provide a forum for the coordination of efforts in evidence generation, standard setting and best practice recommendations in the field of tumour classification. The first IC3R meeting, held in Lyon, France, in February 2019, gathered representatives of major institutions involved in tumour classification and related fields to identify and discuss translational challenges in data comparability, standard setting, quality management, evidence evaluation and copyright, as well as to develop a collaborative plan for addressing these challenges.
The degree of international trade and exchange rate exposure—Firm‐level evidence from two small open economies
Authors: Annelies Van Cauwenberge , Mark Vancauteren , Roel Braekers , Sigrid Vandemaele
Published: August 2020

This study investigates exchange rate exposure by comparing Dutch and Belgian listed firms at each point in time using monthly data from 2006 to 2015. Gaps in previous research are addressed by using disaggregated firm‐level data to construct trade‐weighted firm‐specific effective exchange indices and by applying copula theory. Our findings are as follows. First, extreme events leading to non‐normality of stock returns are, at least partially, caused by a firm's international trade status. Second, Dutch listed firms experience stronger exchange rate exposure since they engage more into trade outside the Eurozone than the Belgian listed firms. Third, listed importing firms experience stronger exchange rate exposure than listed exporting firms, which indicates a dual effect of exchange rate risk arising from cash flow effects in both the domestic economy and the foreign market. Overall, our proposed methodology contributes to a better understanding of the link between exchange rate changes and trade, and may therefore be of use to policy makers involved with exchange rate or monetary policy.
An Integrated View of Student Success at Small Colleges
Authors: Palucki Blake Laura , Wynn T. Colleen
Published: August 2020

Contemporary students have a varied set of needs—the “lifecycle” of a typical student may no longer be 4 years of continuous enrollment between the ages of 18 and 22, and many students bring rich and varied experiences with them to college. As institutions strive to allocate resources in ways that provide the most benefit to student achievement, creating a culture of evidence that not only deepens our understanding of students but also promotes institutional action has become more important than ever. This chapter articulates institutional research's collaborative role in integrating data and analytics in ways that support, engage, and enhance student experiences across the institution. Examples of how institutional research offices have collaborated with student affairs and information technology offices will be discussed. The chapter will conclude with a set of recommendations to assist institutional researchers in partnering across campus to share timely and relevant data to enhance student success.
Government Transfers and Time Allocation Decisions: The Case of Child Labour in Ethiopia
Authors: Prifti Ervin , Daidone Silvio , Campora Greta , Pace Noemi
Published: August 2020

We exploit the social cash transfer programme in Ethiopia to study how an increase in unearned income through a government transfer affects children's work time allocation and their school attendance rate. In rural areas, the transfer led to a half an hour reduction in the total number of hours worked, while in urban areas, transfers had the opposite impacts, worsening the child labour situation with no impacts on the share of children attending school. An insufficient transfer amount and lack of messaging on its recommended use may partly explain the mixed results on child labour and the lack of impacts on school attendance. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children With Sickle Cell Disease: A Pilot Study
Authors: Maroda Andrew J. , Spence Matthew N. , Larson Stephen R. , Estepp Jeremie H. , Gillespie M. Boyd , Harris Atia J. , Mamidala Madhu P. , Sheyn Anthony M.
Published: August 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and sickle cell disease (SCD) represent two complex disease processes. Current guidelines recommend that children with SCD receive polysomnography (PSG) after presenting with signs or symptoms of sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB). Recent studies suggest a disproportionately elevated prevalence of SDB in the population of children with SCD, and traditional risk factors may not be evident within these patients. Further objective testing might be needed to screen all pediatric patients with SCD, even in the absence of overt signs or symptoms of OSA to prevent complications of both conditions.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

Institutional review board approval was obtained. An eight‐question OSA risk assessment screening questionnaire was presented prospectively to 100 consecutive patients with SCD in the pediatric hematology clinic regardless of complaints of SDB.

Results

Out of 100 patients, 51 were female. The average age, body mass index (BMI), BMI percentile, and I'M SLEEPY score of the entire cohort were 3.97 years, 15.97%, 55.4%, and 1.63%, respectively. Nineteen patients had a positive sleep apnea screening score and were referred for PSG. The average age BMI, BMI percentile, and I'M SLEEPY score for those 19 patients were 3.77%, 16.67%, 65%, and 3.95%, respectively. Ten patients completed PSG, with seven diagnosed with OSA.

Conclusions

This pilot study demonstrates a higher incidence of SDB and OSA in children with SCD relative to the general pediatric population. Although more PSG reports and further testing is needed to determine whether the results hold, preliminary data indicate that children with SCD should at least undergo OSA screening in the office regardless of overt symptoms.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 131:E1022–E1028, 2021
Comparative study on the effects of silica size and dispersion mode on the fire retardancy of extruded wood fiber/HDPE composites
Authors: Zhou Haiyang , Hao Xiaolong , Wang Xiaoyu , Liu Tao , Sun Lichao , Yi Xin , Wang Qingwen , Ou Rongxian
Published: August 2020

The inflammability of wood fiber/high‐density polyethylene composites (WPCs/HDPE) remains a limitation for its application. Here the authors sought to improve the flame retardancy of WPCs by incorporating uniformly dispersed SiO2. Specifically, micron‐ and nano‐SiO2 were incorporated into HDPE via dry blending (dry dispersion) or solution blending (wet dispersion), to prepare the compounded matrices for the WPCs. The effects of SiO2 size and dispersion mode on the thermal stability and fire retardancy of WPCs were investigated. The results indicated that the nano‐SiO2 was more beneficial to improve the thermal stability of WPCs than the micron‐SiO2, especially incorporating via wet dispersion. The cone calorimetry tests revealed that incorporating 9 wt% micron‐SiO2 slightly decreased the heat release and smoke production of the WPCs. The incorporation of nano‐SiO2 in WPCs showed a moderate reduction in the heat release, while slightly increased the smoke production. The wet dispersion presented minor advantage over dry dispersion in improving the flame retardancy of WPCs. In addition, the dynamic thermal‐mechanical analysis revealed that the WPCs containing wet‐dispersed micron‐ or nano‐SiO2 exhibited a higher storage modulus compared to that dry‐dispersed SiO2.
Who are we missing? Underrepresentation of data sources used for pharmacoepidemiology research in the United States
Authors: Kaviani Pardiss , Landi Suzanne N. , McKethan Aaron , Brookhart M. Alan , McGrath Leah J.
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Research using healthcare databases often includes patients frequently excluded from clinical trials; yet it is not known whether commonly used data represents the overall population or specific sub‐populations of interest. We aimed to examine population representativeness from data sources in recent research studies in the United States (US).

Methods

We identified data sources from abstracts accepted to the 34th International Conference on Pharmacoepidemiology & Therapeutic Risk Management. The final sample included research studies using ≥1 data source from the US. We classified data sources broadly as claims, linkage, electronic health records (EHR), survey, distributed data network, and other. Studies using claims and EHRs were further classified into more specific categories, including special populations of interest (eg, children).

Results

We identified 356 abstracts. The majority used claims data (n = 201, 56.5%), followed by data linkages (n = 46, 12.9%), and EHR data (n = 39, 11.0%). Among EHR studies, most (n = 16, 41.0%) came from network data sources (eg, Kaiser Permanente). Almost half (49.4%) of claims‐based studies used commercial claims data sources, followed by Medicare (22.1%), Medicaid (11.3%), and Medicare Supplemental (6.1%). Only 15% of studies included children in the study population (n = 53), with 8% focused on a pediatric topic (n = 27).

Conclusions

We find that certain populations in the US are under‐represented in pharmacoepidemiology, particularly Medicaid enrollees and children. Researchers should strive to utilize data sources that may be more representative of the US population, particularly vulnerable populations.
Effective Yellow Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ Nanophosphor for Light‐Emitting Diode and Photovoltaic Cell as a Downconverter
Authors: Kang Taewook , Kang Hyunwoo , Jeong Hyundon , Park Jehong , Kim Taehoon , Kim Jongsu
Published: August 2020

Yellow Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ (YAG:Ce) nanophosphors are prepared through a coprecipitation method. The optimal one shows a single phase, with a particle size of less than 50 nm and the broad photoluminescence (PL) spectra with a maximum peak at 560 nm. Its best quantum efficiency of 65% is achieved, and its lumen maintenance at 200 °C approaches 76%, which is comparable with that of a commercial bulk phosphor. Its applications to white light‐emitting diode (LED) and photovoltaic cell as downconverter are demonstrated. The white LED with the nanophosphor shows higher color rendering index (79) than that of the bulk (74). The significant photovoltaic efficiency is enhanced from 17.2% to 19.1%.
Sol‐Gel Nanocoatings to Functionalize Fibers and Textiles: A Critical Perspective
Authors: Ciriminna Rosaria , Albo Yael , Pagliaro Mario
Published: August 2020

Two decades after their commercial introduction, environmentally friendly and easily applied silica‐based sol‐gel nanocoatings are used by selected textile companies to produce high performance textile fabrics endowed with new functional properties. Reports on their industrial utilization, however, are conflicting. Collecting updated information from leading industry's practitioners, this study identifies the main technical and economic reasons that will drive widespread application of hybrid sol‐gel coatings in the textile industry.
Surfactant Intercalated Mono‐metallic Cobalt Hydrotalcite: Preparation, Characterization, and its Bi‐functional Electrocatalytic Application
Authors: Sharma Dhanjay , Sakthivel A. , Michelraj S. , Muthurasu A. , Ganesh V.
Published: August 2020

A series of surfactants are intercalated into mono‐metallic hydrotalcite type α‐Co(OH)2 through ion exchange method to produce organic‐cobalt hydrotalcite (HT‐SDS, HT‐TMA and HT‐SL). The resultant material maintains its inner laminate structure with increased interlayer spacing. FT‐IR spectroscopic studies and powder XRD analysis revealed the successful intercalation of SDS into the interlayers of α‐cobalt hydroxides. TEM and N2 sorption studies further demonstrate the intercalation of organic surfactant in the interlayer spacing of CoHT. XPS studies indicated the presence of surface exposed cobalt in both Co2+ and Co3+ oxidation states. Furthermore, the applicability of these intercalated materials in electrocatalytic applications specifically for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline medium is explored. Among the various investigated materials, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) intercalated material exhibited better performance in terms of higher catalytic current at a lower overpotential value. Moreover, the kinetic parameters associated with electrocatalysis are determined, and the mechanism behind OER and ORR is elucidated. These results clearly demonstrate the potential bi‐functional utility of such layered materials for electrocatalytic applications.
Fast Transfer Hydrogenation(TH) in Aerobic Condition and Oxidation of Alcohols with N‐Methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide Catalyzed by Ru(II) Ligated with Chalcogenated Pyridines and PPh3
Authors: Kumar Rajan , Singh Ved Vati , Jain Nidhi , Singh Ajai K.
Published: August 2020

The transfer hydrogenation (TH) of aldehydes / ketones (at mmol level), using propan‐2‐ol as a H‐source is complete within 15 min when catalyzed by 0.1 mol% of [Ru(L)(PPh3)Cl2]] (1–4; L=L1–L4; L1/L2=(E)‐2‐(phenylthio/seleno)‐N‐(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyene)ethan‐amine, L3/L4=2‐(phenylthio/seleno)‐N‐(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)ethan‐ amine). The 1–4 were prepared by treating [Ru(PPh3)3Cl2] with L1–L4 respectively.The L1–L4 and 1–4 were characterized by 1H, 13C{1H} and 77Se{1H} NMR spectra. Single crystal structures of 1–4 determined by X‐ray diffraction revealed distorted octahedral geometry of Ru in each complex and bond lengths (Å) as: Ru−S, 2.3441(1) and 2.335(3) and Ru−Se, 2.4497(2) and 2.4518(4). Each of 1–4 (0.1 mol%) is almost equally efficient as catalyst for TH and oxidation of alcohols with N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide (NMO). The optimum amount of oxidant NMO was found 3 mmol for 1 mmol of alcohol. In ambient conditions both the catalytic reactions by the four complexes appear to be homogeneous. The scope of substrates for both the reactions is reported.
Applications of Wittig Reaction in the Total Synthesis of Natural Macrolides
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Zadsirjan Vahideh , Daraie Mansoureh , Ghanbarian Manizheh
Published: August 2020

The Wittig reaction involves the synthesis of an alkene via the conversion of an aldehyde or ketone with the already generated ylide from a phosphonium salt. Significantly, when this important name reaction is employed the desired alkenes are constructed via a predictable manner, thus resultant particularly are useful in the total synthesis of natural products and synthetic complex organic compounds with definite geometric isomers, exhibiting diverse biological potencies. In this review we try to highlight the applications of the Wittig reaction as an efficient and attractive strategy in the total synthesis of macrolides from 2008 to 2020.
Design and Synthesis of Silver Decorated Fe3O4 @ Fe Doped CeO2 Core‐Shell Ternary Composite as Highly Efficient Nanocatalyst for Selective Oxidation of Alkenes
Authors: Ghosh Topi , Choudhary Neha , Mobin Shaikh M.
Published: August 2020

Well define silver decorated Fe3O4 @ Fe doped CeO2 core‐shell ternary composite based nanocatalyst was designed and synthesized. This Fe3O4@Fe‐CeO2/Ag nanocatalyst undergoes alkenes oxidation which showed 100 % conversion of styrene with 95 % selectivity for benzaldehyde by using 70 % aqueous tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) under optimum reaction condition. The Fe3O4@Fe‐CeO2/Ag catalyst was further evaluated for substrate scope showed an excellent conversion, high selectivity for corresponding aldehydes with excellent reusability of catalyst.
Enhancement in the Specific Energy of B‐doped Graphene Using Redox Additive Electrolytes
Authors: Suresh Balaji S. , Mohammad Tauquir Shaikh , Karnan M. , Moorthy Megala , Sathish M.
Published: August 2020

Electrochemical performance of carbon materials can be enhanced by doping with heteroatoms. Electrochemical investigations suggest that the B‐doped graphene in which B‐source and graphene oxide are in the ratio 1 : 1 demonstrates a highest specific capacitance of 406 F/g at 2 A/g in 1 M H2SO4. The specific capacity of B‐doped graphene in 0.01 M hydroquinone (HQ)/H2SO4 is 2523 C/g in redox additive electrolyte. Performance evaluation of fabricated symmetric supercapacitor cell indicates that the specific capacitance in 0.01 M HQ/H2SO4 and 1 M H2SO4 solution are found to be 440 and 284 F/g at 3 A/g, respectively and greater than EMIMBF4 (97 F/g). The maximum specific energy of the fabricated symmetric cell achieved using 0.01 M HQ/H2SO4 solution is found to be 50 Wh/kg which is comparatively superior than 1 M H2SO4 (14.2 Wh/kg) and EMIMBF4 (30 Wh/kg).
Improved Electrocatalysis and Electrophoretic Deposition due to the Strong Synergy between Au and Ag Nanoparticles.
Authors: Arboleda David Muñetón , Ibañez Francisco J.
Published: August 2020

Here we demonstrate that every time Au and Ag NPs are physically mixed together they outperform their monometallic counterparts upon electrocatalysis of hydroquinone (HQ) and electrophoretic deposition (EPD) coverage.We chemically synthesize citrated‐coated Au and Ag nanoparticles (NPs), mix them at the following percent ratios: Au100‐xAgx (Au90Ag10, Au75Ag25, Au50Ag50, Au25Ag75, Au10Ag90), and form films via EPD using HQ as mediate molecule. We encountered good agreement between Optical Extinction Spectroscopy (OES) calculations and Linear Scan Voltammetry (LSV) oxidation peaks which indicated two size populations around ∼2 and 4 nm for Au and 8 nm diameters for Ag NPs. During EPD, HQ electrocatalysis follows the order: Au75Ag25 >Au50Ag50 >Au25Ag75 >Au90Ag10 > Au NPs > Au10Ag90 > Ag NPs. This is remarkable because Au25Ag75 outperforms the Au90Ag10 mixture indicating that “less is more” in the sense that ∼ 70% less Au content in the mixture is more electroactive upon HQ. This suggests that Ag NPs are also playing an important role in the mixture. Also, Au NPs play a role as for example the addition of 10% Au to pure Ag NPs increases more than 3 orders of magnitude the coverage (1.3 x 1012 NPs) with respect to monometallic Ag ( 7.5 x 108 NPs). XPS exhibits electron transfer from Ag to Au NPs which confirms the electronic mechanism in the mixture.Kinetic studies show that the smallest 2 nm diam. Au NPs are responsible for the fastest kinetic due to lower overpotentials. These experiments reveal that small Au NPs (2 nm diam.) and Ag NPs in the mixture team up toward electrocatalysis of HQ which then favors the deposition of NPs by EPD. Fine control on the composition, size, and coverage of deposited metal Au and Ag NPs within the same film are crucial in the design of advanced optoelectronic devices.
Dipyrromethane Decorated Gelator in Anion Recognition and Solvent‐Dependent Aggregation‐Induced Emission
Authors: Pati Chiranjit , Ghosh Sumit , Ghosh Kumaresh
Published: August 2020

Aryl ethers coupled dipyrromethane gelator 1 has been designed and synthesised. It forms nice gels from CH3CN‐THF (9 : 1, v/v) and DMF‐H2O (5 : 2, v/v). Gels are mechanically strong as established from rheological study and show different aggregation morphologies. The aggregation‐induced emission enhancement (AIEE) is observed in DMF‐H2O and this attribute is explored by SEM and different spectroscopic methods. DMF‐H2O (5 : 2, v/v) gel shows intense green emission under UV illumination. By contrast, gel from CH3CN‐THF (9 : 1, v/v) is noticed to be non‐emissive and anion‐responsive. Systematic analysis reveals that the gelator functions as sensory material for hydrogenpyrophosphate (HP2O73−) over a series of other anions in CH3CN‐THF (9 : 1, v/v). In this event, gel is converted to sol in presence of HP2O73− to report its visual recognition.
Facile Physical Modifications of Polymer Hole Transporting Layers for Efficient and Reproducible Perovskite Solar Cells with Fill Factor Exceeding 80%
Authors: Chen Kang , Kong Weiguang , Ali Nasir , Song Wenjie , Wang Zhiwen , Wang Anyi , Yu Zhaohui , Tao Junlei , Yang Shaopeng , Fu Guangsheng
Published: August 2020

The hole transport materials that interact with the indium tin oxide (ITO) surface can be processed into monomolecular layers (MLs), which often exhibit different surface and electronic properties than their thin‐film counterparts. Herein, it is found that poly[bis(4‐phenyl)(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA) films (R‐PTAA) can be easily processed into ML (M‐PTAA) due to the van der Waals interaction between ITO and PTAA. However, compared with R‐PTAA, the work function (WF) and conductivity of M‐PTAA are simultaneously reduced by the charge transfer at the ITO/PTAA interface. To address this issue, a modified monomolecular layer strategy (m‐MLS) is developed, where a small amount of 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) is introduced to enhance the interaction force between ITO and PTAA. PTAA treated by m‐MLS (F‐PTAA) has a hydrophilic physical surface, closely matching electronic energy level with the perovskite layer and smaller bulk resistance. As a result, the efficiency and reproducibility of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are substantially improved. PSCs based on F‐PTAA demonstrated the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.7% with a fill factor of over 80%. This study inspires the development of novel interface modification materials, and provides a simple and convenient direction for the fabrication of high‐performance and reproducible inverted PSCs with high fill factors.
Return to the original concept and new typification of Loranthus spicatus (Loranthaceae), an economically important Neotropical mistletoe
Authors: Caires Claudenir Simões , Proença Carolyn Elinore Barnes
Published: August 2020

The neotypification of Loranthus spicatus proposed by Job Kuijt in 1976 is analysed. The previously proposed neotype was found to disagree with the original concept of this species, which was adopted from the original publication in 1760 until 1964. Tabula 68 published in Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia in 1763 is proposed as lectotype. To further aid the correct application of this name, we also propose an epitype.
Wie kann Forschendes Lernen evaluiert werden?
Authors: Thiem Janina , Gess Christopher
Published: August 2020

Forschendes Lernen wird bislang nur an wenigen Hochschulen gezielt evaluiert. Um die Evaluationspraxis voranzubringen, gibt der vorliegende Beitrag einen Überblick über Evaluationen zum Forschenden Lernen. Laufende und abgeschlossene Evaluationen werden nach verwendeten Forschungsmethoden sowie nach der Zielgruppe der Evaluation systematisch dargestellt.
Forschendes Studieren: „Wow, da machen Leute jetzt wirklich unseren Fragebogen!“
Authors: Gerkensmeier Imke , Lüdders Lisa , Kedzior Karina Karolina
Published: August 2020

Forschendes Studieren wird an der Universität Bremen seit 2012 im Rahmen von „Forschend Studieren von Anfang an (ForstA)“-Projekten vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) gefördert. Ein solches Projekt wurde von uns im Bachelorstudium Psychologie über drei Semester in den Jahren 2015 und 2016 durchgeführt (Gerkensmeier, Lüdders & Kedzior, 2016). Unser Konzept war, Studierende ab Studienbeginn in den Forschungsprozess einzuführen, ihnen die Möglichkeit zu bieten, wissenschaftliche Kompetenzen aktiv zu entwickeln, und unter der Begleitung von Lehrenden Forschungsbeiträge zu produzieren (Huber, 2014).
Reflexion durch Evaluation?
Authors: Fiegert Monika , Kunze Ingrid
Published: August 2020

Bereits seit der Jahrtausendwende (Wissenschaftsrat 2001, S. 34) wird gefordert, dass Lehramtsstudierende „forschend lernen“ sollen. Mit Forschendem Lernen werden unterschiedliche Zielsetzungen verbunden (Huber, 2009), von denen hier nur die für unseren Kontext relevanten genannt werden (ausführlich z. B. Fiegert, Kunze & Ossowski, 2010, S. 35–38). Durch das Konzept Forschenden Lernens sollen Studierende befähigt werden, die notwendige Differenz von Theorie- und Praxiswissen zu reflektieren und im zukünftigen Berufsfeld bearbeitbar zu machen.
Forschendes Lernen in der curricularen Verankerung in der Medizin
Authors: Gronewold Sabine , Kohse Klaus Peter , Gehlhar Kirsten
Published: August 2020

Forschendes und forschungsorientiertes Lernen (Huber, 2014) findet im Medizinstudium in Deutschland bereits in verschiedenen Modellen statt. Im Hinblick auf die internationale Hochschulausbildung, gemäß Bachelor-Master-Modell mit entsprechenden Forschungsleistungen, ist es aber noch deutlich zu verstärken. Die Approbationsordnung für Ärzte (ÄApprO) sieht keine in das Studium integrierte Forschungsleistung vor und die Fülle der geforderten Leistungsnachweise erschwert Fakultäten eine Schwerpunktsetzung und systematische Ausbildung im Bereich Wissenschaft und Forschung.
Ausflug der Forschung: Einmal Lehre und zurück
Authors: Morat Tobias
Published: August 2020

Gute Hochschullehre sollte eine Einheit von Forschung und Lehre verfolgen (Healy & Jenkins, 2008; Huber, 2009), damit Studierende gut und breit für potenzielle Berufsfelder qualifiziert werden (Strüder, 2015).
Forschungsnahes Lernen in studentischen Entwicklungs- und Beraterteams im Modell „Ressource Oriented Sanitation System“ der TU Hamburg
Authors: Schaldach Ruth , Vosgerau Klaus
Published: August 2020

Zum Wintersemester 2015/16 wurde an der Technischen Universität Hamburg (TUHH) das Modul „Resources Oriented Sanitation Systems“ didaktisch neu im Sinne des Forschenden Lernens (Huber, 2009) konzipiert und in dem Semester als Pilotprojekt durchgeführt. Seitdem setzen sich darin turnusmäßig rund 40 Masterstudierende aus verschiedenen Studiengängen sowie internationale Austauschstudierende aktiv mit einem aktuellen Schwerpunkt der Forschung und Entwicklung am Institut für Abwasserwirtschaft und Gewässerschutz (AWW) und mit Forschungsergebnissen angrenzender Fachgebiete auseinander.
Eine Systematik der Forschungsformen und ihre Eignung für Forschendes Lernen
Authors: Mieg Harald A.
Published: August 2020

Forschen nutzt die ganze Vielfalt von Erkenntnismöglichkeiten – genaues Beobachten ist ebenso wichtig wie Hochtechnologie. In diesem Beitrag werden verschiedene Forschungsformen im Hinblick auf Erkenntnisweisen systematisiert und Wege für die differenzielle Nutzung der Forschungsformen für das Forschende Lernen aufgezeigt.