bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disinfection by Electrohydraulic Treatment
Authors: Allen Merton , Soike Kenneth
Published: October 2006

Electrohydraulic treatment was applied to suspensions of
Escherichia coli
, spores of
Bacillus subtilis
var.
niger
,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, and bacteriophage T2 at an input energy that, in most cases, was below the energy required to sterilize. The input energy was held relatively constant for each of these microorganisms, but the capacitance and voltage were varied. Data are presented which show the degree of disinfection as a function of capacitance and voltage. In all cases, the degree of disinfection for a given input energy increases as both capacitance and voltage are lowered.
Blake Outer Ridge: Development by Gravity Tectonics
Authors: Andrews James E.
Published: October 2006

A continuous seismic profile across the Blake Outer Ridge reveals clear evidence of a structural origin for the ridge. A ridge core separates distinctive regions of structure east and west of the crest and does not support a theory of depositional origin. The presence of horizon A continuously beneath the ridge rules out faulting or folding involving basement rocks. Gravity tectonics are suggested as the mechanism for formation of the ridge after the deposition of the sediments above horizon A.
Dechlorination of DDT in Frozen Blood
Authors: Ecobichon D. J. , Saschenbrecker P. W.
Published: October 2006

Dechlorination of a commercial mixture of
o
,
p
′-DDT and
p
,
p
′-DDT to
p
,
p
′-DDD and
p
,
p
′-DDE occurs in avian blood stored at -20°C, indicating nonenzymatic degradation. The subsequent disappearance of these two metabolites suggests conversion to other metabolites which cannot be detected by gas chromatography with an electron-capture detector.
Sounder Thinking Through Clearer Writing
Authors: Woodford F. Peter
Published: October 2006

Bad scientific writing involves more than stylistic inelegance: it is often the outward and visible form of an inward confusion of thought. The scientific literature at its present standard distorts rather than forms the graduate student's view of scientific knowledge and thought, and corrupts his ability to write, to read, and to think.

Strong educational measures are needed to effect reform. I advocate a course on scientific writing as an essential feature in every scientist's training. Such a course delves deep into the philosophy and method of science if it deals with logic, precision, and clarity; on how these qualities can be achieved in writing; and on how such achievement strengthens the corresponding faculties in thinking.
Drug-Induced Tolerance for Skin Allografts across the H-2 Barrier in Adult Mice
Authors: Floersheim Georg L.
Published: October 2006

Mice treated with methylhydrazine derivatives for 3 to 4 weeks before the transplantation showed markedly prolonged survival times for allogeneic skin grafts differing at the H-2 histocompatibility locus. Presumably permanent tolerance was induced in about 20 to 30 percent of the mice when the drug treatment was combined with a single injection of additional donor antigen. The tolerance persists without further drug treatment and is specific for donor tissue.
Retrograde Amnesia Produced by Intraperitoneal Injection of Physostigmine
Authors: Hamburg Martin D.
Published: October 2006

Intraperitoneal injection of physostigmine in rats produced a retrograde amnesia of a trained task of escaping shock. This amnesic effect was a U-shaped function of the length of the interval between initial training and injection. In all cases, retraining occurred 30 minutes after injection. A substantial effect was produced by physostigmine if its application was made 30 minutes after training; there was no effect if application and tests were made 1, 2, or 3 days after the original training. When the substance was injected and the rats were retrained 5, 7, or 14 days after the original training, a substantial effect again appeared. These results are similar to those reported in experiments in which another anticholinesterase, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, was applied intracerebrally. The data demonstrate a similar pattern of change of the amnesia with time, and they substantiate the view that neither the place of application nor the brain lesions caused the reported amnesia.
Continuous Gas Chromatography
Authors: Sussman M. V. , Huang C. C.
Published: October 2006

Continuous gas chromatography has been achieved with a radial-flow chromatographic channel free of packing and formed between two closely spaced (50 to 75 microns) disc surfaces (optically flat and solvent-coated) rotating at one-half or one revolution per second. This technique provides high capacity and immediate response (in a fraction of a second). Mixtures of hydrocarbon gases have been separated at flow rates of 6 to 30 cubic centimeters per minute with 100 to 150 cubic centimeters per minute of nitrogen carrier gas in a chromatographic channel only 39 millimeters long.
Cell-Bound Immunity to Autologous and Syngeneic Mouse Tumors Induced by Methylcholanthrene and Plastic Discs
Authors: Hellström I. , Hellström K. E.
Published: October 2006

A colony-inhibition assay was used to demonstrate specific immunity in vitro against syngeneic mouse sarcomas induced by methylcholanthrene or implanted Dictabelt plastic discs. An immunity to methylcholanthrene-induced tumors could also be demonstrated with lymphocytes derived from the autologous primary tumor-bearing host 3 to 8 days after removal of the primary tumor.
Excitation of Surface Waves by Events in Southern Algeria
Authors: Liebermann Robert C. , Pomeroy Paul W.
Published: October 2006

Surface-wave magnitudes (

M
8

) of 4.1 and 3.2 are determined for two events in southern Algeria. The corresponding body-wave magnitudes (

m
b

) are 5.8 and 4.9, respectively. The surface waves from these events are much smaller than would be expected from most earthquakes of comparable body-wave magnitudes, which fact suggests that these waves were generated by underground explosions.
Beryllium-10 in a Manganese Nodule
Authors: Somayajulu B. L. K.
Published: October 2006

Analyses of beryllium-10 activity in two sections of a manganese nodule indicate an accumulation rate that compares well with such rates measured by other methods on different nodules. The observed specific activity of beryllium-10 in the nodule is in accord with the calculations based on the production of beryllium-10 by cosmic rays in the atmosphere and with the geochemistry of beryllium in the ocean.
Ischemic Necrosis: Prevention by Stress
Authors: Selye Hans
Published: October 2006

Complete interruption of the circulation, by means of a special clip, in a skin flap during 9 hours results in necrosis of the ischemic area. Prior treatment with various severe stressors (spinal-cord transection, prolonged restraint, quadriplegia due to transection of motor nerves, forced exercise, or cold baths), as well as systemic injection of epinephrine, norepinephrine, or chlorpromazine, offers virtually complete protection against this form of topical tissue injury.
Atmospheric Ions and Germination of Uredospores of
Puccinia striiformis
Authors: Sharp E. L.
Published: October 2006

Atmospheric ions, identified by mobility characteristics, were associated with germination of lyophilized uredospores of
Puccinia striiformis
West. at Bozeman Montana. Ions of intermediate size were highest in concentration, and percentage germination of spores was lowest during periods conducive to air pollution. In duplicate experiments at an isolated site near Barrow. Alaska, essentially all atmospheric ions were small ions and the fungus spores were consistently germinated near maximum.
Selective Release of Enzymes from Bacteria
Authors: Heppel Leon A.
Published: October 2006

A group of hydrolytic enzymes, including phosphatases and nucleases, is selectively released from E. coli and certain other Gram-negative bacteria by a process designated as osmotic shock. This procedure involves exposure of the cells to ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) in 0.5 molar sucrose followed by a sudden osmotic transition to cold, dilute MgCl
2
. Osmotic shock also results in an alteration of the permeability barrier of the bacterial cell and a depletion of the pool of acid-soluble nucleotides, but there is no loss of viability. On being restored to growth medium, the shocked cells recover after a lag period. Formation of spheroplasts by treatment with EDTA and lysozyme leads to selective release of the same group of enzymes.

We believe that the selectively released enzymes are confined in a region between the bacterial cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane. Histochemical studies indicate such a localization. Further, the enzyme activities are measurable with intact cells, even when the substrate is a nucleotide, to which whole cells are impermeable. Another piece of evidence concerns a mutant
E. coli
with a defective cell wall. In contrast to normal bacteria, this organism loses one of these enzymes into the medium in the course of growth.

After osmotic shock, the bacteria show reduced uptake of sulfate, β-galactosides, galactose, and certain amino acids. Furthermore, the shock treatment causes the release of nondialyzable factors able to bind sulfate, galactose, and the same amino acids. A possible interpretation of these observations is the following: the binding proteins occupy sites near the bacterial surface, and they may be components of active transport systems responsible for the concentrative uptake of these nutrients.
Carbon Dioxide-Oxygen Separation: Facilitated Transport of Carbon Dioxide across a Liquid Film
Authors: Ward William J. , Robb Walter L.
Published: October 2006

An immobilized film of an aqueous bicarbonate-carbonate solution was developed which was 4100 times more permeable to carbon dioxide than to oxygen. The carbon dioxide transport was reaction-rate limited, and thus it could be increased by addition to the film of catalysts for the hydrolysis of carbon dioxide.
Carbon-13—Rich Diagenetic Carbonates in Miocene Formations of California and Oregon
Authors: Murata K. J. , Friedman I. I. , Madsen B. M.
Published: October 2006

Carbon unusually rich in C
13
(δC
13
= +5.4 to +19.0 per mil relative to the Peedee belemnite carbonate standard of the University of Chicago) is characteristic of certain diagenetic limestones and dolomites in the Miocene Monterey Shale of California and the Nye Mudstone of Oregon. This heavy carbon may have originated through low-temperature equilibration between CO
3
- - and CO
2
in migrating carbonated waters or between CH
4
and CO
2
in natural gas. Light carbon (δC
13
= -5.6 to -18.2 per mil) derived through nonequilibrium oxidation of organic matter also occurs in the carbonate of Monterey Shale in some localities, but at most places it is much less common than heavy carbon.
Strontium-90 Deposition in New York City
Authors: Volchok H. L.
Published: October 2006

Measurements of strontium-90 deposited in New York City over the past 12 years make for broader understanding of the fallout phenomenon. The data indicate a stratospheric half-residence time of 8 to 10 months. The seasonal oscillation of strontium-90 fallout is very symmetrical and consistent from year to year and completely independent of the timing and magnitude of nuclear tests. The predicted fallout of strontium-90 in 1970 is less than 1 percent of that during the peak year 1963.
Primordial Germ Cells in Blood Smears from Chick Embryos
Authors: Singh Roderick P. , Meyer David B.
Published: October 2006

The feasibility of studying avian primordial germ cells in blood smears has been demonstrated. Blood smears prepared from chick embryos of stages 13 to 15 (48 to 55 hours) contained primordial germ cells, which were revealed by the periodic acid-Schiff reaction. The presence of glycogen in the cytoplasm of the primordial germ cells facilitated their selective identification.
Temperature Effect on Protein Synthesis in a Heat-Synchronized Protozoan Treated with Actinomycin D
Authors: Byfield John E. , Scherbaum Otto H.
Published: October 2006

Protein synthesis was studied in the ciliated protozoan
Tetrahymena pyriformis
GL after actinomycin D was added to the culture medium. When the temperature rose above that optimum for growth, there were significant reductions in protein synthesis. Lipid biosynthesis under the same conditions was slightly stimulated, an indication that the effect was not due to an underlying reduction in energy sources. The phenomenon appears to be unique to the protein synthesizing system. Correlation with previous data suggests that it is due to nontranslational destruction of template RNA.
Control of Spiracles in Silk Moths by Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Burkett Barbara N. , Schneiderman Howard A.
Published: October 2006

Spiracles of insects open in high carbon dioxide tensions and close in high oxygen tensions. However, the targets of these gases in insects have never been identified. In diapausing pupae of the cecropia silk moth carbon dioxide acts primarily and directly on the spiracular apparatus itself (muscle or neuromuscular junctions), whereas oxygen has as its primary target the central nervous system. The spiracle behaves as an independent effector in response to carbon dioxide; this is quite different from the situation in vertebrates, where carbon dioxide acts primarily on the central nervous system. The roles of various nerves in controlling spiracular activity are discussed.
Stearic Acid as Plasma Replacement for Intracellular in vitro Culture of
Plasmodium knowlesi
Authors: Siddiqui Wasim A. , Schnell Jerome V. , Geiman Quentin M.
Published: October 2006

A chloroform extract of Cohn's fraction IV-4 of human plasma successfully replaced whole fraction IV-4 for the intracellular in vitro culture of
Plasmodium knowlesi
. We are now able to report the successful replacement of monkey plasma by stearic acid.
Crystallization of a Sulfate-Binding Protein (Permease) from
Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Pardee Arthur B.
Published: October 2006

Crystallization is reported of a protein that is a component of an active transport system for sulfate into
Salmonella typhimurium
. This appears to be the component that is specific for binding the substrate.
Mitotic Reactivation of the Terminal Bud and Cambium of White Ash
Authors: Tepper Herbert B. , Hollis Charles A.
Published: October 2006

The first appearance of mitotic figures in reactivating buds of 1-year-old ash seedlings is in leaf primordia. The occurrence of mitotic figures then progresses sequentially to the procambial cells and finally to the cambium at the base of the bud. Mitotic reactivation of the cambium in progressively more proximal regions of the stem is slow, proceeding at a maximal rate of 6 centimeters per day.
Radio Reflection by Free Radicals in Earth's Atmosphere
Authors: Barry J. Dale , Coleman Paul J. , Libby W. F. , Libby L. Marshall
Published: October 2006

Reflections of megacycle-per-second radio signals by free radicals in Earth's ionosphere are observed having about the intensity predicted for induced magnetic-dipole transitions. It seems that magnetic atoms, ions, and molecules in planetary atmospheres may be detected by this method. These observations were made with the topside ionosonder of the Canadian satellite Alouette II.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide Protects Tightly Coupled Mitochondria from Freezing Damage
Authors: Dickinson David B. , Misch M. Joan , Drury Robert E.
Published: October 2006

Dimethyl sulfoxide prevented loss of respiratory control and decrease in efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation when plant mitochondria were stored in liquid nitrogen. Respiration was severely inhibited and was not stimulated by adenosine diphosphate when mitochondria were frozen in liquid nitrogen without dimethyl sulfoxide. Thus, isolated mitochondria provide a model system for the study of the effects of freezing on biological membranes and of the prevention, by dimethyl sulfoxide, of freezing damage.
Refsum's Disease: Nature of the Enzyme Defect
Authors: Steinberg Daniel , Herndon James H. , Uhlendorf B. William , Mize Charles E. , Avigan Joel , Milne G. W. A.
Published: October 2006

Two siblings with Refsum's disease, an inherited disorder of lipid metabolism, oxidized intravenously injected uniformly labeled phytanic acid-C
14
at rates less than 5 percent of those found in normal subjects. The defect in oxidation of phytanic acid persisted in cultures of fibroblasts from the patients' skin. The rate of oxidation of the phytanic acid-C
14
was less than 1 percent of that found in cultures of fibroblasts from normal skin. However, pristanic acid, previously shown to be the first product of phytanic acid degradation, was oxidized at a normal rate in the patients' cultures. These results indicate that the enzymatic defect in Refsum's disease is in the first step of the pathway for degradation of phytanic acid, that is, in the unusual alpha-oxidative process that leads to a shortening of phytanic acid by one carbon atom.
Light Chains of Rabbit Immunoglobulin: Assignment to the Kappa Class
Authors: Doolittle Russell F. , Astrin Kenneth H.
Published: October 2006

Normal rabbit gamma globulin was reduced under conditions presumed to break only interchain disulfide bridges, and the reduced product was then blocked with C
14
-iodoacetamide. The light chains were separated from the heavy chains and subjected to peptic digestion. Two radioactive peptides were recovered from the digest. The peptides are apparently overlapping and represent the carboxy-terminus. Comparison of this region in the rabbit light chains with the corresponding amino acid sequences in various mouse and human light chains indicates that the rabbit light chains are of the κ-class.
Thermoregulation in the Desert Iguana
Dipsosaurus dorsalis
Authors: McGinnis Samuel M. , Dickson Larry L.
Published: October 2006

The body temperature of desert iguanas implanted with miniature temperature-sensitive radio transmitters was continuously monitored in their natural habitat. Extensive thermoregulatory behavior occurred in retreat burrows prior to morning emergence. Such behavior permits the iguana to emerge from below ground at its preferred body temperature rather than suboptimal temperature at which activity in the burrow is initiated.
Neural Correlates of Food and Water Intake in the Rat
Authors: Coury John N.
Published: October 2006

Adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation of several interrelated limbic and diencephalic areas causes the animal to eat and drink, respectively. The brain areas involved may be organized in terms of "Papez circuit" and, more generally, "Nauta circuit" neuroanatomy. However, it is proposed that separate synaptic nets, one for the control of hunger and one for the control of thirst, are deployed throughout the brain at all levels, including neocortical.
Far-Infrared Surveys of the Sky
Authors: Hoffmann W. F. , Woolf N. J. , Frederick C. L. , Low F. J.
Published: October 2006

A series of far-infrared surveys of the sky is searching for thermal radiation from interstellar grains and for other localized sources of far-infrared radiation. A balloon-borne germanium bolometer, cooled by liquid helium, is used in association with a telescope and spectral filters. During two initial flights the response to a black-body source was mainly between 300 and 360 microns. Approximately half the celestial sphere was surveyed, including most of the northern Milky Way. The angular resolution was 2 degrees. Moon was the only source of thermal radiation detected. The upper limit on the differential flux, relative to background, from other sources was 2 × 10
-23
watt per square centimeter per hertz, corresponding to an antenna temperature of 0.6°K in the Rayleigh-Jeans approximation, or 10°K for a black body.
Antigenic Study of the Protein from a Defective Strain of Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Rappaport Irving , Zaitlin Milton
Published: October 2006

Soluble protein from the defective strain PM2 of tobacco mosaic virus can be recognized as antigenically distinct from the protein of the wild-type tobacco mosaic virus by Ouchterlony and immunoelectrophoretic analyses at temperatures below 37°C. At these temperatures a polymerized state of protein with a characteristic antigenic structure is present in the wild-type virus; this structure is absent from the PM2 preparations. Above 37°C the precipitin patterns for tobacco mosaic virus and PM2 appear identical.
Perceptual Deficit during a Mental Task
Authors: Kahneman Daniel , Beatty Jackson , Pollack Irwin
Published: October 2006

Subjects monitored for a visual signal while engaged in a demanding mental task. The probability of detecting the signal depends on the time of its presentation during the 8 seconds of the task. A similar time course is observed for failures to detect and for changes of pupil size. Momentary variations in the load that the task imposes on the subject are reflected in both indices. Detection failures are not explained by the pupillary changes.
Radio Method for the Precise Measurement of the Rotation Period of the Earth
Authors: Gold T.
Published: October 2006

Radio interferometry with independent high-precision clocks, without a high-frequency communication channel between the stations, is now a possibility. It allows the stations to be as far apart as the earth can accommodate. This then makes the radio band from 10- to 60-centimeters wavelength the best frequency range for high-precision angular measurements, since the variability of the atmosphere is less disturbing there than in the optical band.
Human Growth Hormone and Placental Lactogen: Structural Similarity
Authors: Catt K. J. , Moffat B. , Niall H. D.
Published: October 2006

Sequential analysis of the first 17 amino acids from the amino-terminus of human placental lactogen reveals similarity to the sequence of human growth hormone, 11 of the residues being identical.
Wrinkling of Molar Crowns: New Evidence
Authors: Kraus Bertram S. , Oka Seishi W.
Published: October 2006

We submit that wrinkling of molar crowns in Primates is a phenomenon of genetically controlled activity of the inner enamel epithelium that is grossly evident soon after initial calcification of the tooth occurs. The amount and pattern of this wrinkling are characteristic of the species before they are evident in the enamel surface itself.
Wake Collapse in a Stratified Fluid
Authors: Schooley Allen H.
Published: October 2006

A two-dimensional model is used to obtain quantitative data on characteristics of turbulently mixed wakes of bodies submerged in stratified fluids (more dense below than above). The time between turbulent mixing and maximum expansion of the wake before vertical collapse starts is 0.44
T
, where
T
is the local Väisälä-Brunt period. Time after mixing for maximum rate of horizontal spreading is about 2.0
T
. The average Väisälä-Brunt period for the oceans and atmosphere is discussed. It is predicted that the wake collapse phenomenon is not unusual in these environments. The characteristic time for the most active phase of vertical wake collapse should be between a few minutes to several tens of minutes. Qualitative observations of aircraft vapor trails tend to confirm that the phenomenon does occur at full scale.
Streptonigrin: Effect on the First Meiotic Metaphase of the Mouse Egg
Authors: Jagiello Georgiana
Published: October 2006

Streptonigrin, an antibiotic and antitumor agent, alters the chromosomes of the mouse ovum during meiosis. Agglutination of bivalents or achromatic gaps and breaks occurred in the larger pairs both in vitro and in vivo. This newly detected cytogenetic effect suggests that such agents can gain access to developing mammalian ova and destroy the normal progress of meiosis.
Polydipsia Elicited by the Synergistic Action of a Saccharin and Glucose Solution
Authors: Valenstein Elliot S. , Cox Verne C. , Kakolewski Jan W.
Published: October 2006

Rats consume significantly more of a solution combining saccharin and glucose than equivalent solutions of these substances presented in separate bottles. Fluid consumption may exceed body weight. Experiments helping to delineate the basis of this synergistic action are presented.
Leukotactic Factor Elaborated by Mixtures of Genetically Dissimilar Cells
Authors: Ramseier H.
Published: October 2006

Mixtures of immunologically competent cells, from genetically dissimilar donors from inbred strains of mice, rats, or Syrian hamsters, cultivated in vitro elaborate into the medium a factor capable of attracting polymorphonuclear cells when it is injected into the skin of irradiated hamsters. Supernatant medium of cultured node cells from genetically identical donors contains no leukotactic activity. The degree of the cell accumulation seemed to parallel closely the degree of histoincompatibility.
Subcellular Structure of Endosperm Protein in High-Lysine and Normal Corn
Authors: Wolf M. J. , Khoo U. , Seckinger H. L.
Published: October 2006

Optical microscopy shows that the protein network in endosperm cells of normal corn is composed of an amorphous matrix in which granules averaging about 2 microns in diameter are embedded. That these granules are rich in zein is demonstrated by their solubility in 80 percent ethanol. High-lysine corn, with submicroscopic granules clearly resolved only in the electron microscope, has a much lower content of zein than normal corn. The small size of subcellular protein granules in high-lysine maize as compared with normal corn correlates with the reported difference in zein content of the two types of corn.
Conversion of DDT to DDD by Pathogenic and Saprophytic Bacteria Associated with Plants
Authors: Johnson B. Thomas , Goodman Robert N. , Goldberg Herbert S.
Published: October 2006

Of 27 microorganisms examined, 23 plant pathogenic and saprophytic bacterial species were found to convert
p
,
p
′ DDT to
p
,
p
′ DDD under anaerobic conditions. The range of conversion of DDT (10 micrograms per milliliter) during an incubation of 14 days was from a trace to over 5 micrograms per milliliter, with the majority of the bacteria showing the greatest activity during the final 7-day period. There is evidence that metabolites of DDT other than DDD are also produced.
Molecular Size of Hagfish Muscle Lactate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Arnheim N. , Cocks G. T. , Wilson A. C.
Published: October 2006

In contrast to an earlier report, we find that the primitive vertebrate
Eptatretus
possesses a muscle lactate dehydrogenase whose molecular size is like that of lactate dehydrogenases from higher vertebrates. The molecular size of lactate dehydrogenase appears to have remained constant during evolution.
Sialic Acid in HeLa Cells: Effect of Hydrocortisone
Authors: Carubelli R. , Griffin M. J.
Published: October 2006

HeLa S
3
cells grown in the presence of hydrocortisone contain more sialic acid than their corresponding untreated controls. The percentage of the total sialic acid present in the sedimentable fraction obtained from homogenates of cells treated with hydrocortisone is smaller than that of the corresponding fraction of control cells. In addition to
N
-acetylneuraminic acid, the chromatographic analysis suggests that HeLa S
3
cells probably contain trace amounts of
N
-glycolylneuraminic acid.
Choline in the Cell Wall of a Bacterium: Novel Type of Polymer-Linked Choline in Pneumococcus
Authors: Tomasz Alexander
Published: October 2006

Radioactive choline is incorporated by pneumococcus (strain R36A) into a polymeric substance from which it can be quantitatively recovered as free choline, after hydrolysis by strong acid. The polymeric substance is insoluble in lipid solvents and can be degraded by periodate. Fractionation studies and chemical analyses suggest that choline is linked to a polysaccharide component of pneumococcal cell wall.
Tubular Structures Associated with Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus in vivo
Authors: Hitchborn J. H. , Hills G. J.
Published: October 2006

Plants infected with a necrotic strain of turnip yellow mosaic virus contain tubes averaging about 80 millimicrons in diameter and attaining 3 microns in length. The main constituent of these tubes is a protein that is related chemically and immunologically to the protein of the virus. The tubes are composed of hexagonally packed hexagonal subunits resembling the hexamer protein subunits of the virus particles and are probably helical in construction.
Optical Environment in Gemini Space Flights
Authors: Silverman S. M. , Lloyd J. W. F.
Published: October 2006

The optical environment of spacecraft is discussed in terms of sky luminance, spacecraft corona, spacecraft scattered light, and glare sources. Rocket data show that sky luminance is not normally a significant factor; that spacecraft corona may be important at times; and that scattering from spacecraft protrusions and glare sources may be very significant. The range of effects for the scattered light sources is very broad and will depend on spacecraft geometry. An alternative approach in terms of primary sources is used to emphasize the overriding importance of sunlight scattered directly or indirectly.
Persistence of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides in Soils
Authors: Nash Ralph G. , Woolson Edwin A.
Published: October 2006

The percentages of technical aldrin, chlordane, endrin, heptachlor, Dilan, isodrin, BHC, and toxaphene remaining in Congaree sandy loam soil after 14, years were 40, 40, 41, 16, 23, 15, 10, and 45, respectively; those of purified aldrin and technical dieldrin after 15 years were 28 and 31, respectively; and the percentage of technical DDT in three soils after 17 years was 39. Treatments and maintenance of the soils were such that leaching, volatilization, photodecomposition, mechanical removal, and probably biological decomposition were at a minimum. These values may approach an upper limit of persistence of insecticides in soil.
Hemagglutinating 7
S
Subunits of 19
S
Cold Agglutinins
Authors: Cooper Amiel G.
Published: October 2006

Two highly purified IgM cold agglutinins have been mildly reduced yielding 7
S
subunits, with interchain covalent bonds intact. These subunits retained most of the cold-agglutinin activity as well as the specificity of the parent antibodies. However, as might be anticipated from theories of the importance of antibody size and number of subunits for complement binding, the IgM subunits were only very weakly lytic compared with the intact cold agglutinins. The findings are consistent with the presence of ten antibody-combining sites on the IgM molecule.
Vertical Diurnal Migration and Endogenous Rhythmicity
Authors: Enright J. T. , Hamner W. M.
Published: October 2006

Experimental studies of mixed populations of marine zooplankton have demonstrated that internal rhythms, synchronized by a light-dark cycle, are of dominant importance for the vertical migration of several species of crustaceans. For certain other organisms, the vertical migrations observed in the experiments can be accounted for as direct responses to light intensity only. Performances intermediate between these extremes were also observed, as well as behavior based on biological timing mechanisms that are not rhythms in the usual sense.
Algal Stromatolites: Use in Stratigraphic Correlation and Paleocurrent Determination
Authors: Hoffman Paul
Published: October 2006

Algal stromatolites are used for detailed rock-stratigraphic correlation for a distance of 160 kilometers in the Pethei Formation, of Aphebian (Precambrian) age, in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Laterally linked stromatolites are initiated by the draping of successive laminations over intraclasts or other irregularities in the bedding surface. Stromatolite shapes and orientations are related to paleocurrent direction determined from associated sedimentary structures. Thus stromatolite geometry is at least in part environmentally controlled.
Gene Activation without Histone Acetylation in
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Ellgaard Erik G.
Published: October 2006

Chromosomal puffing, generally believed to represent gene activation in
Drosophila
, was induced in the presence of radioactively labeled acetate. There is no preferential uptake of these labeled molecules in regions of gene activation. It is concluded that the acetylation of histones does not play a general role in the regulation of RNA synthesis in
Drosophila melanogaster
.
Absorption of Intact Protein Molecules across the Pulmonary Air-Tissue Barrier
Authors: Bensch Klaus G. , Dominguez Eduardo , Liebow Averill A.
Published: October 2006

The majority of heterologous serum albumin and globulin molecules introduced into the pulmonary alveoli of dogs are absorbed into the circulatory system antigenically intact. This function of the alveoli has both physiologic and pathologic importance.
Tissue Specificity of Histone Phosphorylation
Authors: Gutierrez Rose Mary , Hnilica Lubomir S.
Published: October 2006

The incorporation of
32
P-phosphate into histone fractions isolated from normal, hepatectomized, and Novikoff hepatoma-bearing rats was investigated. Varying degrees of phosphorylation were exhibited by different histone fractions. The phosphorylation of histones is tissue specific and appears to be correlated with metabolic cell functions, that is, it decreases with increasing mitotic activity of the cells.
Reserpine: Effect on Structure of Heart Muscle
Authors: Wilcken D. E. L. , Brender D. , Shorey C. D. , Macdonald G. J.
Published: October 2006

We examined the ultrastructure of hearts from dogs given reserpine intramuscularly for 4 days, and from untreated dogs. Sections of the myocardium from treated dogs invariably revealed mitochondrial abnormalities at the 5th and 14th days. These included fragmentation and loss of structure of the cristae, and cyst formation. The appearance at 25 days in the treated as well as in all the untreated dogs was normal. We concluded that reserpine in the dose used produces marked structural changes in the mitochondria of heart muscle, and that these changes are reversible. These changes may account for the myocardial depression sometimes seen after administration of reserpine.
Role Differentiation in Copulating Cicada Killer Wasps
Authors: Lin Norman
Published: October 2006

Copulating male and female cicada killer wasps have distinct behavioral roles independent of reproduction. Males terminate copulation, and females initiate the copulatory flight in which the pair in copulation escape potential danger. Separation and escape behavior are mutually exclusive. Separation occurs because the female clings to the substrate and fails to join the male in his frequent attempts at flight; thus he eventually pulls free. Escape occurs when the female begins flight, which the male readily joins. Differences in thresholds for flight probably largely determine both roles. There appears to be an evolutionary balance in escape and separation behavior determined by the behavior of the female, and illustrative of behavioral homeostasis. The female remains still in the presence of mild stimuli, such as attempted male flights, and thereby aids in separation; she initiates escape in the presence of strong stimuli such as potential enemies.
The Nucleon-Meson Cascade and Shielding
Authors: Alsmiller R. G.
Published: October 2006

The designing of radiation shields for manned space vehicles and for high-energy accelerators requires a knowledge of the nucleon-meson cascade that develops when a high-energy particle enters matter. The accuracy with which calculations of the nucleon-meson cascade can be made is to a large extent determined by the available information on particle production from nuclear reactions. The accuracy with which an effective shield can be designed is also determined by the available information on the biological effects of radiation.
Saxitoxin and Tetrodotoxin: Comparison of Nerve Blocking Mechanism
Authors: Narahashi Toshio , Haas Hans G. , Therrien Edward F.
Published: October 2006

Saxitoxin at concentrations of 3 × 10
-8
to 3 × 10
-7
mole per liter blocks the conduction of lobster giant axon with no change in resting potential. Recovery of washed axons is faster in those that had been treated with saxitoxin than it is in those that were treated with tetrodotoxin. Peak transient increase in nerve membrane conductance is selectively blocked by saxitoxin with no change in late steady-state increase in conductance. The major mechanism of saxitoxin blockage is the same that of tetrodotoxin blockage.
Development of Mouse Ova in Explanted Oviducts: Fertilization, Cultivation, and Transplantation
Authors: Pavlok Antonin
Published: October 2006

The development of fertilized ova in explanted parts of oviducts was studied from 12 to 36 hours after fertilization, and from 36 to 84 hours after fertilization. No egg mortality during cultivation, nor any slowing of development could be detected in either experiment. It may be presumed that the mortality of mouse ova during the period before implantation has no essential effect on the resulting fertility. During cultivation of oviducts for 144 hours, there occurred in most blastocysts herniation of their walls resulting in a formation similar to the blastocyst, and a migration of a disorganized mass of cells, some of which resembled the giant trophoblastic cells. After transplantation of ova fertilized in vitro to recipients, in four cases there occurred nidation and subsequent normal development of the embryo.
Induced Hypersensitivity to Barbital in the Female Rat
Authors: Aston Roy , Hibbeln Phyllis
Published: October 2006

Female rats, treated with two daily anesthetic doses of barbital, exhibit 1 month later a significant increase in sleeping time over that of control animals. Hypersensitive animals, as compared to controls, show no alteration in liver weight (as percentage of body weight), but they manifest a significant shortening of time for induction of anesthesia. Induced hypersensitivity to barbiturates is apparently not the result of alterations in the metabolism of these agents, but it may be related to enhanced susceptibility of the central nervous system to these drugs.
Circadian Rhythms of Liver Enzymes and Their Relationship to Enzyme Induction
Authors: Civen Morton , Ulrich Rene , Trimmer Betty M. , Brown Charlesta B.
Published: October 2006

Tyrosine alpha ketoglutarate transaminase, which is rapidly induced by various agents, shows circadian rhythmicity in the intact rat. This rhythmicity is only slightly altered after adrenalectomy, indicating that adrenal hormones do not play a major role in the metabolic control of the activity of tyrosine alpha ketoglutarate transaminase. On the other hand, phenylalaninepyruvate transaminase, which is not inducible over the same time period, does not show circadian variation. The results suggest that the sensitivity of an enzyme's regulating system to inducing agents may be related to the inherent circadian rhythm of the enzyme.
Erythrocyte Abnormality in Human Myopathy
Authors: Brown Harry Darrow , Chattopadhyay Swaraj K. , Patel Anil B.
Published: October 2006

Erythrocyte ghosts isolated from myopathic patients responded to 10
-4
molar ouabain with a dramatic increase in adenosine triphosphatase activity, while identical preparations from normal donors were inhibited by the same drug. These results have been interpreted in terms of a disease-related change in membrane integrity bearing upon function of the transport enzyme.
Participation of Tyrosine Phosphorylation in the Cytopathic Effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1
Authors: Cohen David I. , Tani Yoshihiko , Tian Huan , Boone Elizabeth , Samelson Lawrence E. , Lane H. Clifford
Published: October 2006

Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a common mechanism of signaling in pathways that regulate T cell receptor-mediated cell activation, cell proliferation, and the cell cycle. Because human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is thought to affect normal cell signaling, tyrosine phosphorylation may be associated with HIV cytopathicity. In both HIV-infected cells and transfected cells that stably express HIV envelope glycoproteins undergoing HIVgp41-induced cell fusion, a 30-kilodalton protein was phosphorylated on tyrosine with kinetics similar to those of syncytium formation and cell death. When tyrosine phosphorylation was inhibited by the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A, envelope-mediated syncytium formation was coordinately reduced. These studies show that specific intracellular signals, which apparently participate in cytopathicity, are generated by HIV and suggest strategies by which the fusion process might be interrupted.
Food Proteins: New Sources from Seeds
Authors: Altschul Aaron M.
Published: October 2006

Adequate protein nutrition is possible at lower cost without the undermining of man's satisfaction with his food. This potential requires the upgrading of the proteins of cereals by supplementation with amino acids and the development of new protein foods from low-cost sources such as the oilseeds; infant malnutrition can be eliminated by such means. The more sophisticated new foods such as protein beverages and textured products are proving acceptable to man and will supplement meager supplies of animal protein.
Chromium and Nickel in the Fig Tree Shale from South Africa
Authors: Danchin R. V.
Published: October 2006

Exceptionally high contents of chromium and nickel in shales from the early Precambrian Fig Tree series of South Africa (> 3.1 × 10
9
years old) suggest that the ancient crustal rocks from which these sediments were derived were ultramafic in composition.
Ragnar Granit
Authors: Ratliff Floyd
Published: October 2006

If it shall be demanded, then, when a man begins to have any ideas? I think the true answer is, when he first has any sensation. For since there appear not to be any ideas in the mind before the senses have conveyed any in, I conceive that ideas in the understanding are coeval with sensation. . . .
Chemical Analysis of the Moon at the Surveyor V Landing Site
Authors: Turkevich Anthony L. , Franzgrote Ernest J. , Patterson James H.
Published: October 2006

The chemical composition of the lunar surface material at a maria landing site has been determined by the alpha-scattering technique. Oxygen, silicon, and aluminum have been identified in the preliminary evaluation of the data. The general chemical composition is similar to that of a silicate of a basaltic type.
Surveyor V: Discussion of Chemical Analysis
Authors: Gault D. E. , Adams J. B. , Collins R. J. , Green J. , Kuiper G. P. , Mazursky H. , O'Keefe J. A. , Phinney R. A. , Shoemaker E. M.
Published: October 2006

Material of basaltic composition at the Surveyor V landing site implies that differentiation has occurred in the moon, probably due to internal sources of heat. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that extensive volcanic flows have been responsible for flooding and filling the mare basins. The processes and products of lunar magmatic activity are apparently similar to those of the earth.
Surveyor V: Television Pictures
Authors: Shoemaker E. M. , Batson R. M. , Holt H. E. , Morris E. C. , Rennilson J. J. , Whitaker E. A.
Published: October 2006

Surveyor V landed in a small crater, 8.5 meters wide and 12.5 meters long, which was probably formed by drainage of surficial fragmental debris into a subsurface fissure. The lunar surface debris layer is exposed in the walls of this crater. At depths below about 10 centimeters, the debris appears to be composed mainly of shock-compressed aggregates, ranging from a few millimeters up to 3 centimeters in diameter, set in a matrix of less-coherent finer particles. Rocky chips and fragments larger than a millimeter are dispersed as a subordinate constituent of the debris.
Photoelectric Potential from Photoreceptor Cells in Ventral Eye of
Limulus
Authors: Brown J. E. , Murray J. R. , Smith T. G.
Published: October 2006

Intense colored light from a gas laser evokes a photoelectric potential in the photoreceptor cells of the ventral eye of
Limulus
. This potential has two components, both of which have the action spectrum of a rhodopsin with an absorbancy maximum at 530 nm. The evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the photoelectric potential arises directly from the orderly array of rhodopsin molecules which are an integral part of the photoreceptor cell membrane.
Ablation Thermal Protection Systems
Authors: Ungar E. W.
Published: October 2006

The performance of ablation thermal protection systems is intimately related to the mass transfer, heat transfer, and chemical reactions which occur within the gas boundary layer. Production of a liquid layer and phase change or chemical reaction heat sinks greatly improve materials performance. Materials are available which achieve many goals for thermal protection. However, advanced materials which are now being developed provide hope of further reductions in the weight of heat-shielding structures.
Seismic Delay Times: Correlation with Other Data
Authors: Toksöz M. Nafi , Arkani-Hamed J.
Published: October 2006

Travel-time residuals of seismic
P
-waves were expanded in spherical harmonics to determine their global variations. The expansion cofficients were correlated with similar coefficients of geopotential, variations in heat flow, and the surface topography of Earth. Although none of the correlation coefficients is very high, best values are between the seismic delay times and variations in gravitational potential and between heat flow and surface topography.
Membranes of
Valonia ventricosa
: Apparent Absence of Water-Filled Pores
Authors: Gutknecht John
Published: October 2006

Osmotic and diffusional permeabilities to water have been measured in internally perfused cells of
Valonia ventricosa
. The osmotic and diffusional permeability coefficients for the protoplast are identical, 2.4 × 10
-4
centimeter per second. Thus, both osmotic and diffusional flows can occur by the same mechanism, that is, by diffusion; and there is no need to postulate the existence of water-filled pores in the membranes of this cell. Supporting evidence for this conclusion is the absence of solvent-solute interactions, that is, "solvent drag," for water, urea, and methanol crossing the protoplast of
Valonia
.
Stanfieldite: A New Phosphate Mineral from Stony-Iron Meteorites
Authors: Fuchs Louis H.
Published: October 2006

A new mineral, stanfieldite, Ca
4
(Mg,Fe)
5
(PO
4
)
6
, has been found in the Estherville mesosiderite and several pallasites: Santa Rosalia, Albin, Finmarken, Imilac, Mount Vernon, and Newport. The atom ratio Mg:Fe of this mineral varies from 1.5 in Estherville to a constant ratio of about 15 in the pallasites. X-ray, optical, and chemical data for the mineral resemble those for the only intermediate compound in the system Mg
3
(PO
4
)
2
-Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
.
Paleomagnetic Field Reversals and Cosmic Radiation
Authors: Waddington C. J.
Published: October 2006

Faunal changes observed in association with reversals of the geomagnetic field have been attributed to increased radiation dosages produced by cosmic rays when the field intensity is greatly reduced. However, at currently observed cosmic ray and solar particle intensities, the additional dosages produced at sea level during a period of complete removal of the geomagnetic field are negligible. Furthermore, even complete dumping of the energetic particle in the radiation belts would not give rise to the necessary increased dosages.
Enzyme Concentrations in Tissues
Authors: Srere Paul A.
Published: October 2006

Apparent enzyme concentrations in cells and in mitochondria are calculated from data available in the literature. These values are 10
-6
to 10
-5
moles per kilogram of tissue. It is pointed out that these concentrations are much higher than those used in enzymatic studies in vitro. Metabolic interpretations of experiments in vitro should consider this additional departure from conditions in vivo.
Cerumen in American Indians: Genetic Implications of Sticky and Dry Types
Authors: Petrakis Nicholas L. , Molohon Kathryn T. , Tepper David J.
Published: October 2006

Occurrence of sticky and dry cerumen was determined in 483 Indians from various tribes of the United States. The elevated frequencies of the allele for dry cerumen, found in Indians of pure ancestry, support the theory of the mongoloid origin of the American Indian. Potential application of cerumen quality as a marker for genetic and anthropological studies is discussed.