bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri in cattle in southern Brazil
Authors: Henker Luan Cleber , Cruz Raquel Aparecida Sales da , Silva Fernando Soares da , Driemeier David , Sonne Luciana , Uzal Francisco Alejandro , Pavarini Saulo Petinatti
Published: June 2019

Abstract Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba commonly found in the environment, mainly in fresh water and soil. This protozoon is occasionally involved in cases of fatal central nervous system disease in humans and other animal species. We describe here a case of meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri in cattle, in southern Brazil. A four-year-old Angus cow presented a clinical history of initial mild neurological signs that progressed to paddling movements, opisthotonus and lateral recumbency after five days. This animal had been kept in an irrigated rice stubble paddock. Grossly, the main lesions consisted of multiple areas of malacia in the right olfactory bulb, piriform lobes, hippocampus, frontal lobe cortex and fornix, along with severe thickening of the mesencephalon and rhombencephalon leptomeninges. Microscopically, severe multifocal necrosuppurative and hemorrhagic meningoencephalitis associated with a large quantity of amoebic trophozoites was present. The latter were confirmed to be Naegleria spp., through immunohistochemistry. Based on the strong congruence with the histopathological data of known cases reported in the literature, a probable association with Naegleria fowleri was established. To our knowledge, this is only the second report of Naegleria fowleri-associated meningoencephalitis in cattle in South America, and it is the first in southern Brazil.
Comparison of conventional and molecular techniques for Trypanosoma vivax diagnosis in experimentally infected cattle
Authors: Fidelis Junior Otavio Luiz , Sampaio Paulo Henrique , Gonçalves Luiz Ricardo , André Marcos Rogério , Machado Rosangela Zacarias , Wijffels Gene , Cadioli Fabiano Antonio
Published: June 2019

Abstract Livestock infections by Trypanosoma vivax have been occurring with increasing frequency, mainly due to the presence of animals with subclinical infections and without apparent parasitaemia, making diagnosis challenging. The aim of the present study was to evaluate several techniques used for T. vivax diagnosis in order to assess the best way of using them during the course of the disease. Molecular methods demonstrated higher rates of detection than parasitological methods, detecting 33 of the 54 (61.1%) known positive samples, while the hematocrit centrifugation technique (best parasitological test) detected only 44.4%. The serological methods, IFAT and ELISA, detected seropositivity in 51 of the 54 (94.4%) and 49 of the 54 (90.7%) known positive samples, respectively. Despite being highly sensitive, the latter only demonstrates exposure to the infectious agent and does not indicate whether the infection is active. The present study was the first to use the qPCR for a South American isolate, improving disease detection and quantification. Furthermore, the analyses revealed that the patent phase of the disease may extend up to 42 days, longer than previously reported. The combination of several diagnostic techniques can lower the frequency of false negative results and contributes toward better disease control.
Frequency of antibodies and risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in backyard pig production in the city of Mossoró, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Authors: Santos Isabela Maria Campanelli dos , Leite Alexandro Iris , Furquim Maria Eduarda Chiaradia , Zanatto Diego Carlos de Souza , Fernandes Simone de Jesus , Silva Glaucenyra Cecília Pinheiro da , Sampaio Paulo Henrique , Machado Rosangela Zacarias , André Marcos Rogério
Published: June 2019

Abstract Toxoplasmosis is an important zoonosis for pregnant women and immunosuppressed people. The pig population also becomes infected by this pathogen, and undercooked or raw meat is an important source of infection for humans. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the rate of exposure of pigs to T. gondii in the municipality of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte and seek to identify associations with possible risk factors. Blood samples were collected from 412 pigs and were analyzed using the immunofluorescence assay. Among these 412 serum samples, 40.7% were seropositive for T. gondii. The IgG antibody titers were 64 (56 specimens), 128 (32), 256 (37), 512 (23), 1024 (14), 2048 (5) and 4046 (1). Seropositivity for T. gondii was found to be related (p-value < 0.05) to the following factors: female gender, semi-confined rearing system, use of well water, dewormed animals, presence of cats, goats, sheep, mice and vultures on the farm and carcasses left on the ground. In contrast, seropositivity was not related (p-value < 0.05) to the age of the pigs, type of facility or feeding with human food remains. Preventive measures need to be adopted on the farms studied here, with the aim of decreasing the animals’ intake of sporulated oocysts.
Surveillance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in sewage from an urban area in Brazil
Authors: Martins Felippe Danyel Cardoso , Ladeia Winni Alves , Toledo Roberta dos Santos , Garcia João Luis , Navarro Italmar Teodorico , Freire Roberta Lemos
Published: June 2019

Abstract Cryptosporidium and Giardia are protozoan parasites that cause diarrhea in humans and animals. Molecular characterization of these pathogens in sewage may provide insight on their occurrence and prevalence in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in raw and treated sewage from Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Samples were collected every two weeks during a year. Samples were concentrated, then DNA was extracted and subjected to a nested PCR targeting the Giardia 18S rRNA gene and the Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA gene. Species of Cryptosporidium were characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). All raw sewage and 76% of the treated sewage were positive for Giardia; 84% of raw sewage samples and 8% of treated sewage were positive for Cryptosporidium. C. muris, C. hominis, C. baileyi, C. parvum and C. suis were detected in 100%, 19%, 9%, 9% and 4% of raw sewage, respectively. C. muris was the only species found in treated sewage. Multiple species of Cryptosporidium were present in 19.04% of the raw sewage. Treated sewage water can pose a threat to human health. The speciation of Cryptosporidium revealed the presence of non-common zoonotic species as C. suis and C. muris.
Comunidade Quilombola Barra da Aroeira (TO): abordagem fenomenológica das práticas ecológicas
Authors: Teixeira Rogério Ferreira , E Souza Lucas Barbosa
Published: June 2019

Esta pesquisa se propôs a investigar a percepção sobre o meio ambiente e as práticas da economia ecológica na Comunidade Quilombola da Barra da Aroeira, localizada no município de Santa Teresa do Tocantins, Estado do Tocantins, Brasil. Para tanto, foi empregada uma abordagem fenomenológica, tendo como finalidade apreender as possíveis contribuições quanto às práticas sustentáveis em suas diferentes interfaces, a partir da experiência dos próprios moradores locais. Especificamente, foram abordadas questões ligadas à natureza, à produção e ao modo de vida na Comunidade, com a intenção de melhor conhecê-la e de identificar ações efetivas, técnicas e princípios com potencial para a promoção de desenvolvimento local replicáveis em outros contextos, sobretudo no Estado do Tocantins.
Indicadores de Saúde Ambiental: uma abordagem através do Método Promethee II
Authors: Carvalho José Ribamar Marques de , Carvalho Enyedja Kerlly Martins de Araújo , Araújo Sérgio Murilo Santos de , Dantas Renilson Targino
Published: June 2019

O grande número de fatores ambientais que podem afetar a saúde humana é um indicativo da complexidade das interações existentes e da amplitude de ações necessárias para melhorar os fatores ambientais determinantes da saúde, podendo ser variáveis sociais, econômicas e ambientais. Em face desse contexto, o presente estudo objetiva analisar a situação da performance em relação à saúde ambiental dos municípios que integram a Região do Rio Taperoá - PB.Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados neste trabalho consistiram em uma pesquisa documental e exploratória, na qual se fez uso da análise multicrité¬rio (Método PROMETHEE II). O panorama geral obtido dos municípios evidencia as fragilidades que cada ente público apresenta em relação à gestão da saúde ambiental e seus supostos desdobramentos, apontando os supostos entraves relacionados às questões sociais, econômicas e ambientais que se relacionam implícita ou explicitamente com este tipo de gestão.
Impactos ambientais e delimitação da área de preservação permanente do Rio Espinharas no trecho urbano de Patos-PB
Authors: Alves João Batista , Medeiros Felipe Silva de
Published: June 2019

Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar e avaliar a proposta de delimitação da área de preservação permanente - APP do trecho urbano do Rio Espinharas, na cidade de Patos-PB, realizada pela Superintendência e Administração do Meio Ambiente do Estado da Paraíba – SUDEMA/PB, e diagnosticar os principais impactos ambientais. A demarcação foi feita a partir de pontos georreferenciados coletados às margens do rio, bem como a identificação dos principais impactos ambientais. Identificou-se uma variação de largura da calha do rio entre 10m e 50m, devido a impactos e alterações ocorridas no processo de antropização. A delimitação da APP foi de 50m a partir da maior largura de calha. Os principais impactos observados foram: retirada da mata ciliar, poluição por lançamento de esgotos e resíduos sólidos, assoreamento, invasão das margens com construções e usos agropecuários. Infere-se, ainda, que ocorre a falta de fiscalização - omissão dos poderes públicos e da própria sociedade local - na busca de soluções para os problemas detectados.
La recuperación de una tecnología tradicional: ¿Una alternativa para la agricultura familiar? La asociación de productores de yerba mate en sistema barbacuá del centro de la provincia de Misiones, Argentina
Authors: Forni Pablo
Published: June 2019

Por generaciones, la producción y elaboración de yerba mate ha estado primordialmente en manos de miles de productores familiares en la provincia de Misiones (Argentina). Sin embargo, políticas de desregulación, cambios tecnológicos y procesos de concentración económica los han ido relegado a meros proveedores de materia prima a la industria. Este artículo describe y analiza la red socio técnica impulsada por un grupo de productores familiares que buscan recuperar una tecnología tradicional (los secaderos tradicionales o de sistema barbacuá) como alternativa productiva. Se presta atención a la historia del cultivo y elaboración de la yerba mate en el territorio, a las especificidades de este proceso productivo único en el mundo y finalmente al proceso de articulación de la red productiva evaluando sus logros y limitaciones. La perspectiva teórica es la teoría del actor red (ANT).
Papel dos atores sociais na aquisição de produtos da agricultura familiar para alimentação escolar em municípios paranaenses
Authors: Triches Rozane Marcia , Kilian Leidi
Published: June 2019

O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar surgiu como proposta do Governo Federal em ofertar alimentação aos escolares. Com a implantação da Lei 11.947/2009, passou a ser obrigatória a compra de produtos da agricultura familiar para a alimentação escolar. Este artigo tem como objetivo principal verificar a atuação e percepção dos atores sociais envolvidos na implementação desta política em oito municípios do estado do Paraná. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa, realizado a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores envolvidos com a execução do PNAE como gestores e membros do Conselho de Alimentação Escolar. Os dados foram analisados por categorização temática, utilizando-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados obtidos permitem considerar que os municípios maiores têm mais dificuldade no atendimento da lei. Cada local apresenta fatores dificultadores e facilitadores, no entanto, os processos de mudança são mais prováveis de acontecer nos locais onde os atores sociais se tornam agentes e utilizam-se dos espaços que promovem interfaces para pensar estratégias que ultrapassem as barreiras e viabilizem a aquisição de produtos da agricultura familiar.
As interações com o ambiente institucional nas agroindústrias familiares gaúchas
Authors: Matei Ana Paula , Silva Leonardo Xavier da
Published: June 2019

As agroindústrias familiares no Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil têm resultado em uma alternativa complementar para o desenvolvimento da agricultura familiar. Além da disposição dos atores em empreender e tornar o processo de agroindustrialização uma realidade socioeconômica que dinamiza o desenvolvimento local, há diversas interações com o ambiente institucional favorável a estas iniciativas. Baseado em 19 estudos de casos com empreendimentos rurais familiares de três regiões no Estado do RS, o objetivo deste artigo foi o de demonstrar a capacidade de implementar processos de interações sociais e institucionais visando à inovação. Estas interações foram caracterizadas a partir de evidências empíricas de relacionamentos com organizações, entidades e instituições. As interações foram caracterizadas a partir dos mecanismos (como?) e das finalidades (por quê?) pelas quais ocorreram o relacionamento. Além disso, três atributos foram analisados na interação: busca de fontes abertas de informação, aquisição de conhecimento ou tecnologia e/ou inovação cooperativa. O resultado, a partir da análise de agrupamento, evidenciou 13 categorias de interações para a implementação de processos de inovação no âmbito das agroindústrias familiares, destacando-se como uma prática evidentemente importante para o desenvolvimento local destes empreendimentos rurais.
O Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos no Tocantins: as condições sociais de realização de mercados com práticas de acesso individuais e coletivas
Authors: Carvalho Gildene Soares , Pedroso Neto Antonio José
Published: June 2019

O objetivo desse artigo é analisar o mercado institucional que envolve o Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA), caracterizado pelas compras de alimentos executadas nas três esferas de governos (Federal, Estadual e Municipal), e que são doados para entidades socioassistenciais. Na realização da pesquisa utilizou-se de questionários e entrevistas, sendo aplicado 25 questionários somente com os agricultores familiares, e 12 entrevistas com os agentes participantes nas duas experiências do PAA no Estado do Tocantins. O trabalho apresenta uma reflexão sobre a construção social do mercado institucional do PAA, identificando as práticas construídas entre os agricultores familiares que acessam esse mercado de forma coletiva (PAA Conab) e os que acessam de forma individual (PAA Estadual). E ainda apresenta uma síntese dos dados referentes à execução do programa no período de 2003 a 2014 e a percepção dos agentes sobre a execução desse mercado
Agricultura Familiar, Sistemas Agroalimentares Localizados (SIALs) e as Dinâmicas de Desenvolvimento dos Territórios Rurais
Authors: Moraes Jorge Luiz Amaral de
Published: June 2019

Este artigo teve como objetivo principal buscar evidências teóricas de que os Sistemas Agroalimentares Localizados (SIALs) podem ser um importante instrumento de viabilização socioeconômica da agricultura familiar e de desenvolvimento rural. As ferramentas teórico-metodológicas utilizadas são os conceitos e proposições referentes à formação de Sistemas Agroalimentares Localizados (SIALs) e a abordagem territorial do desenvolvimento rural. Buscou-se argumentos que pudessem explicitar as eventuais relações entre a agricultura familiar, os SPLs e as dinâmicas de desenvolvimento dos territórios rurais. O contexto dessas relações é a intensificação do debate sobre a gestão territorial do desenvolvimento e as mudanças nas dinâmicas de produção agroalimentar, no reconhecimento da importância da agricultura familiar e das aglomerações produtivas locais para o desenvolvimento rural. Os resultados sugerem que os SIALs podem se tornarem um importante mecanismo de articulação da agricultura familiar com a dinâmica de desenvolvimento dos territórios rurais e com o processo de reestruturação do sistema produtivo global. A busca por melhor qualidade de vida e infraestrutura rural, maior diversificação das atividades agroalimentares, agroindustriais e turísticas, que utilizem os recursos ambientais de forma sustentável e que gerem renda e emprego para as famílias rurais são fatores que podem contribuir para uma desaceleração ou reversão dos fluxos migratórios rural-urbano.
Editores - Parte 1
Authors: Silveira Rogério Leandro Lima da , Felippi Angela Cristina Trevisan
Published: June 2019

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Escala de satisfacción con la vida (SWLS): análisis de validez, confiabilidad y baremos para estudiantes universitarios de Bogotá
Authors: Vinaccia Alpi Stefano , Parada Nicolás , Quiceno Japcy Margarita , Riveros Munévar Fernando , Vera Maldonado Luis Andersen
Published: June 2019

Objetivo: Analizar la validez, confiabilidad y baremos de la escala de satisfacción con la vida (SWLS) por Vázquez, Duque y Hervás (2013) en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Bogotá.
Método: Participaron en el estudio 121 universitarios de ambos sexos entre los 18 y 45 años. Se utilizó como instrumento para esta investigación la versión traducida y adaptada al español del SWLS por Vázquez, Duque y Hervás (2013). El estudio fue de corte transversal, de tipo instrumental y con un método psicométrico.
Resultados: El análisis factorial denota un solo factor que explica el 62,3 % de la varianza total acumulada, modelo que fue confirmado con ecuaciones estructurales y que concuerda con la propuesta teórica de la escala, así como un alfa de Cronbach general de 0,839, correlaciones positivas entre todos los reactivos y apropiada concordancia entre los elementos y el puntaje total corregido.
Conclusiones: La Escala de satisfacción con la vida (SWLS) muestra una alta confiabilidad, apropiada consistencia interna entre los reactivos, correlaciones entre elementos y el puntaje total corregido, y concordancia en la estructura factorial con la versión original, lo que indica una adecuada validez de constructo, con apropiada confiabilidad y consistencia en la muestra de estudiantes universitarios, recomendando su aplicación en esta muestra.
Estructura interna de la Escala de Conciliación Vida-Trabajo para mujeres asalariadas del noreste de México
Authors: Hernández-Montaño Alicia , González-Tovar José
Published: June 2019

Objetivo: Realizar la validación inicial de la estructura de la Escala de Conciliación Vida-Trabajo en mujeres insertas en el mercado laboral del noreste de México.

Método: Se utilizó un diseño cuantitativo de corte explicativo. El muestreo fue intencional, 554 mujeres mayores de 18 años y que desempeñan actividades laborales remuneradas. El instrumento contó con 35 reactivos organizados en ocho dimensiones: desarrollo personal, vida familiar, vida social, cuidado personal, alimentación, actividad física, satisfacción e interferencia.

Resultados: Se obtuvo la consistencia interna y el análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y confirmatorio (AFC). Se logró una reducción de ocho a seis dimensiones y de 35 a 25 reactivos. Una vez obtenidos estos valores, la escala tiene una adecuada estructura interna (GFI=0,867, RMSEA= 0,063) es válida y confiable (?=0,874) para evaluar el nivel de conciliación vida-familia de mujeres que se desempeñan en diferentes sectores laborales.

Conclusiones: La gratificación, interferencia, pareja y crianza, cuidado de la salud, responsabilidades en el hogar y tiempo libre son dimensiones de la ECVT que permiten identificar la estructura de la conciliación desde la perspectiva de las mujeres trabajadoras.
Private Enforcement Services - a Preventive or a Criminogenic Factor for Economic Crimes (a Socio-Economic and Legal Analysis)
Authors: Polyakova Nina , Polyakov Vladimir , Kryazhev Vladimir , Kryazheva Alena
Published: June 2019

Private enforcement as a mechanism of protecting property rights and contract obligations consists in the use of coercion and is a paid service. Private enforcement is provided by security services entrepreneurs, who use and adapt different practices. These services should be studied from different perspectives, including legal, economic and sociological ones. The authors explain why it is necessary to examine enforcement as a mechanism of forcing to fulfill obligations while taking into account its institutional essence. In this respect, enforcement is a mechanism that ensures that institutions fulfill their roles. Within institutional framework, sustainable relationships between subjects are only possible if the rules of the game are clearly defined or if the limitations have been set. Enforcement through coercion makes the subjects fulfill their obligations determined by formal or informal rules of the game. At the same time, in a developed society the services of enforcement have institutional characteristics because they are themselves based on both formal rules of interaction (for example, an agreement) and informal ones arising from traditional culture and practices. The authors single out and describe four types of enforcement. The first one is self-enforcement; it is present between the contractors who are interested in observing the conditions of the contract. The second one is group enforcement; it is used by entrepreneurs associations or self-regulating organizations when a party fails to observe its obligations, in which case the violator is subject to various sanctions (expulsion from an organization, reputational los-ses, etc.). The third type is state enforcement; it is implemented through the state legal system. The fourth type is private enforcement; such services are carried out by special structures or private persons. The authors also identify the specific features of the development of private enforcement in Russia. These services could be effective or fictitious; they could contain the elements of overt or covert coercion. The coercion measures used to force the violator to fulfill the obligations could be different - legal, economic, non-economic, etc. Under certain circumstances private enforcement could be an instrument of criminal groups. When researching the problems of private enforcement from criminological standpoint, it is important to determine the causes and conditions that contribute to unlawful actions.
Some Aspects of Prevention and Investigation of Damage to the Railway Telecommunications Facilities
Authors: Ozerov Igor , Katayeva Olga , Rudov Denis , Cherkasova Elena , Volchenko Anastasia , Domracheva Ekaterina , Ilyakina Oksana
Published: June 2019

The authors study the issues of preventing the damage to the railway telecommunications infrastructure by analyzing the current criminal procedure legislation, criminal legislation and criminalistics views on the methods and means of counteracting crimes under Art. 215.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. They present the algorithm of actions of the law enforcement employees and the specialists servicing the railway facilities when such offences take place. The authors analyze the procedural investigative activities regarding the employees of the organizations that service the railway infrastructure. The investigation of crimes under Art. 215.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation requires expert knowledge in the sphere of servicing railway transport. The authors specifically examine some evidence acquired during the preliminary investigation and the methodology of some investigative actions (interrogation of witnesses, representatives of the aggrieved party, inspection of the crime scene). They analyze the procedure of evaluating the damage inflicted on sophisticated telecommunication facilities. They also single out a number of special characteristics of the investigative methodology for crimes under Art. 215.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation when specialists in servicing complex telecommunications facilities are called to give testimony. It is noted that countries bordering on the Russian Federation and members of the Customs Union are gradually harmonizing their criminal and criminal procedure legislation with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The paper states that today the Russian Federation has sufficient legislative base to form a system of preventing crimes against railway telecommunications infrastructure. In conclusion the authors present a number of measures to counteract crimes under Art. 215.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, offer their brief description and the recommendations for using them. They stress the necessity of cooperation between the owners of the railway facilities, the law enforcement bodies and the mass media.
The Role of the Prosecutor in the Prevention and Elimination of Investigative Errors: Russian and German Experience
Authors: Putzke Holm , Tarbagaev Aleksey , Nazarov Аleksandr , Maiorova Ludmila
Published: June 2019

The paper is devoted to the prevention, identification and correction of mistakes during the preliminary criminal investigation because establishing the offence and all the circumstances that constitute evidence forms the basis for a just verdict, helps prevent crimes against justice and reach other goals of punishment. The authors present the conceptual and normative background for the model of permanent prosecutors supervision as the dominant control and supervision activity in the pre-trial criminal proceedings that allows to effectively implement the strategies of criminal prosecution and protection of human rights. This model establishes the authority of the prosecutor for the procedural management of the criminal prosecution in the criminal process as a significant supervision authority. The tasks of identifying, correcting and preventing (not making) mistakes in pre-trial investigations are equally urgent in Russia and in Germany. Although the Criminal Procedure Code of Germany gives the prosecutors office the leading role in the investigation, in practice the investigation is more often carried out by the police while the role of the prosecutor is reduced to summarizing the results of the police investigation and making the final decisions. At the same time, the prosecutors office has considerable powers of discretion regarding the initiation or non-initiation of criminal prosecution, the prosecutor uses his/her own discretion to determine the procedure and method of investigation. It is important to examine some aspects of the prosecutors role in German criminal court proceedings within the framework of correcting investigation mistakes in Russian criminal process. The model of prosecutors supervision presented in the paper does not preclude the legislative provisions for the transfer of some authority of the court to the prosecutor at the pre-trial stages of the criminal process. This model of prosecutors supervision allows timely and effective identification, correction and prevention of investigation mistakes at the pre-trial stages of criminal court proceedings.
Institute of Punishment in the Indian Penal Code of 1860: the Penological Theories
Authors: Krasheninnikova Nina , Trikoz Elena
Published: June 2019

The historical experience of India in search of its own concept of punishment is unique. It was greatly influenced by the countrys colonial past and the Anglo-Saxon legal culture as well as the philosophical, religious, ethno-linguistic, caste, tribal and other factors. The Indian Penal Code of 1860 uses an original penological construct and a system of punishments. It was influenced by the historical and theoretical factors described in this article, by criminal policy in British India and by its post-colonial development. The countrys penological discourse, influenced by the criminal law doctrine of the metropolitan state, has two distinct features. Firstly, it is the diversity of types of punishment and judges discretion in choosing them to individualize liability. Secondly, the humanitarian orientation of the institute of punishment and the reduction in the number of crimes punishable by death penalty. English lawyer Th.B. Macaulay, the creator of the Indian Penal Code of 1860, considered general prevention, or deterrence, to be the main goal of punishment, while specific prevention through the physical isolation of the criminal and his correction was viewed as a complimentary goal. It was important for the colonial criminal policy to obtain tangible results from the penological theory and the practices of punishment in order to suppress the local ritual crimes (cult «thuggism») and traditional ritual sacrifices (sati ritual). After a large-scale sepoy rebellion and the spread of dacoity crimes, the repressive functions of punishment began to prevail over other penological theories. The so-called «white terror» was commonly used against political opponents fighting for religious freedoms and independence of colonial India. Modern India is a good example of the controversial experience of the search for the effective criminal-penological theories that is a considerable addition to the classic (westernized) criminology. The special historical concepts and practices of punishment in the countries of the «global south», including India, are now studied by the new field of «Southern Criminology». The Indian government is promoting a complex criminal-penological approach to counteracting domestic crimes and transnational threats.
Attacks on the Judiciary: Undercurrents of a Political versus Legal Constitutionalism Dilemma?
Authors: Kawadza Herbert
Published: June 2019

A number of landmark judicial review decisions and the resultant political backlash are arguably to supportive of the claim that political and legal constitutionalism are entrenched in South Africa. The common thread in the legislature and executive's reaction to judicial review decisions is that government supremacy is under threat from legal constitutionalism. More specifically, there is a perception that courts are meddling in the political space through judgments that are aimed at weakening the government's authority and power. Nonetheless, such decisions have had an effect of reinforcing the judiciary's legal constitutional role of reviewing the lawfulness of the other branches' activities. There is need for strategies to minimize this tension as the continued antagonism can have unintended consequences such as the delegitimisation of the judiciary
Preserving the Integrity of Medical-Related Information – How "Informed" is Consent?
Authors: Njotini Mzukisi Niven
Published: June 2019

Health care services are recognised as a right. These services are available to "everyone" who needs them. This availability ensures that users, that is, persons who receive treatment in a health establishment or who are in need of health services, are able to have access to these services. Generally, health care services should be available without undue financial burden to users. This then means that the government is saddled with an added financial and administrative burden to ensure their availability to users. However, the availability of the services depends on the availability of resources. In cases where resources are diminished, users who may be in need of health care services may be excluded. Furthermore, the availability of access to health care services does not sufficiently guarantee the securing of users’ personal information. Thus, it is enquired what levels of safeguards do health establishments have to secure the personal information of users? Do these security mechanisms allow for the disclosure of personal information to third parties, and how?
Formal Regulation of Third Party Litigation Funding Agreements? A South African Perspective
Authors: Khoza Mpho Justice
Published: June 2019

In South Africa third party litigation funding agreement as a tool that provides access to justice is not legislated with regard to non-lawyers. This article is based on research conducted to determine whether regulating this type of agreement would facilitate in fostering the policy that favours access to justice. A brief comparative study showed that English law permits third party litigation funding agreements in the Courts and Legal Services Act 1990. However, unlike in South African law, English law also has a body that regulates the conclusion of third party litigation funding agreements. The Association of Litigation Funders introduced a voluntary Code of Conduct for Litigation Funders in 2011 and an updated one in 2016, which regulates the conclusion of third party litigation funding agreements. The Code of Conduct protects the litigant against abuse by the funder and the funder against non-compliance by the litigant. Despite being a "self-regulatory" legislative initiative that governs most of the funding agreements in England, this Code does not bind non-members of the Association. In South Africa there is no such voluntary regulation of third party litigation funding agreements. Consequently, litigants may be prejudiced by the litigation funder in instances where a funder receives a disproportionate percentage of the capital award. The study on which this article draws investigated whether there is a need for an effective legislative response that regulates third party litigation funding agreements in South Africa. It was found that there is a need for formal regulation with regard to third party litigation funding agreements because there are no clear guidelines on the conclusion of the agreements in South Africa.
A Duty of Support for All South African Unmarried Intimate Partners Part I
Authors: Bonthuys Elsje
Published: June 2019

The democratic Constitutional dispensation has led to the gradual extension of spousal duties of support to unmarried couples who hitherto could not legally claim support from their partners or from third parties who had unlawfully caused the death of their partners. The new recipients of rights to support can be divided into three groups: wives in Muslim religious marriages, partners in same-sex intimate relationships and unmarried opposite sex cohabitants whose relationships closely resemble civil marriage in both form and function. However, certain distinctive features of customary marriage, the continuing consequences of apartheid policies for African families and certain distinctive patrilineal features of traditional African families have largely excluded African women – who constitute the largest and most economically vulnerable group of women – from the benefits of these developments. Part one of this two-part article analyses the trajectory of the developing right to support intimate partnerships which appears to be based either on marriage (in the case of Muslim marriages) or similarity to marriage, including monogamy and permanent co-residence in the case of same-sex and opposite sex partners. This leaves no room to extend rights to unmarried intimate partners whose relationships do not fit the template of civil marriage, and, in particular, excludes many disadvantaged African women from obtaining legal rights to support from their relationships.
Beyond Sexual Binaries? The German Federal Constitutional Court and the Rights of Intersex People
Authors: Botha Henk
Published: June 2019

In a recent judgment, the German Federal Constitutional Court held that it was unconstitutional to require every person's sex to be entered on the birth register, without providing for a third option for intersex persons. This article examines the intersex judgment in view of the Court's earlier jurisprudence on the rights of trans persons. It argues that this judgment was enabled, to a significant extent, by the fluid understanding of sex and gender identity shown in those judgments, and by the elaboration in those cases of the relationship between sexual freedom, human dignity and equality. It also comments on the possible relevance of the intersex judgment for South Africa, in view of some of the parallels and differences between German and South African constitutional jurisprudence.
Comparative Constitutional Studies – Between Magic and Deceit
Authors: Venter Francois
Published: June 2019

This contribution reviews the book by Günter Frankenberg titled Comparative Constitutional Studies – Between Magic and Deceit published by Edward Elgar Publishing in 2018.
"The Common Law is … not what it used to be"*: Revisiting Recognition of a Constitutionally-Inspired Implied Duty of Fair Dealing in the Common Law Contract of Employment (Part 3)
Authors: Louw Andre
Published: June 2019

This piece, which is in three parts, will revisit the importation of fairness into the employment contract (outside and independent of the fairness-based provisions of our labour legislation) by a line of Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) judgments during the 2000s. This process culminated in the recognition of an "implied duty of fair dealing" in the common-law employment contract. This piece will discuss such developments, will argue that such an implied duty still forms part of our law (despite the apparent consensus in the literature that the SCA turned its back on such earlier judgments), will critically examine some of the arguments for and against the recognition of such a duty, and will then consider the issue within the broader context of the role of good faith and fairness in our general law of contract.
The Million Rand Question: Does a Civil Marriage Automatically Dissolve the Parties' Customary Marriage?
Authors: Osman Fatima
Published: June 2019

In 2016 the Eastern Cape Local Division in Mthata heard a claim by Mrs Winnie Madikezela-Mandela that, amongst other things, her customary marriage to former President Nelson Mandela continued to exist until his death, despite the dissolution of their civil marriage. Not long thereafter, in 2017, former President Jacob Zuma's daughter made headlines by claiming half of her soon-to-be-ex-husband's multimillion-rand estate despite the couple’s having entered into a valid ante-nuptial contract. The claim was that her preceding customary marriage had not been accompanied by an ante-nuptial contract, and therefore the marriage was in community of property. These high-profile cases raise the fundamental legal question: what effect does a civil marriage between parties have on the parties' customary marriage to each other?

Historically the subsequent civil marriage terminated the customary marriage, as such marriages were not legally recognised in South Africa. The Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998 allows for such dual marriages without specifying the consequences thereof. Most commentators have interpreted the provisions to perpetuate the historical position; the civil marriage terminates the customary marriage. While this appears distasteful, the rationale is legal certainty and accords with the recommendations of the South African Law Commission. Furthermore, alternative customary dispute resolution mechanisms are still available to the parties, who are unlikely to suffer prejudice under the interpretation. In addition, given the social reality in which dual marriages are conducted and how they are perceived by parties, parties should be allowed to conclude an ante-nuptial contract after their customary marriage but before their civil marriage to regulate the proprietary consequences of their marriage.
Municipal Law Making under SPLUMA: A Survey of Fifteen "First Generation" Municipal Planning By-Laws
Authors: De Visser Jaap , Poswa Xavia Siyabonga
Published: June 2019

The legal framework for spatial planning and land use management changed with the introduction of the new Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act 16 of 2013 (SPLUMA). SPLUMA facilitates the shift of power over critical areas of land use management from provincial governments to local governments, which results from the Constitution allocating "municipal planning" to municipalities. With this comes a responsibility for municipalities to adopt municipal planning by-laws. This article focuses on four of the many challenges SPLUMA needed to address namely (1) the division of responsibilities between national, provincial and local government, (2) the interrelationship between plans and rights, (3) planning and informality and (4) making government cohere. The article introduces these four challenges and examines how SPLUMA seeks to address them. In particular, it conducts a preliminary assessment of fifteen "first generation" municipal planning by-laws to assess how they address the four themes in SPLUMA.
Beyond the Contours of Normally Acceptable Political Violence: Is Cameroon a Conflict/Transitional Society in the Offing?
Authors: Agbor Avitus A , Njieassam Esther E
Published: June 2019

Legal scholars and other social scientists agree that political violence comprising assaults on civil and political liberties may occur in the context of contentious politics. Unfortunately, there have been instances in history where such politics is marked by intermittent attacks against people's rights and freedoms. Such attacks occur when politics has gone sour, and there are times when the violence exceeds the bounds of what is acceptable. From the documented atrocities of Nazi Germany, the horrendous crimes of the regime of Slobodan Milosevic in the former Yugoslavia, the outrageous crimes perpetrated during the genocide in Rwanda, the shameful and despicable inhumanities inflicted on the people of Darfur in the Sudan, and the violence in post-electoral Kenya, to the bloodshed in areas like Mali, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, etc, violent conflict has punctuated world history. Added to this list of countries is Cameroon, which in the last quarter of 2016 degenerated into a hotspot of political violence in the English-speaking regions. The perpetration of political violence in Cameroon has raised serious questions that may be relevant not only to the resolution of the political problem that gave rise to the violence but also to laying the foundations of a post-conflict Cameroon that is united and honours the principles of truth, justice and reconciliation.
This paper describes some of the salient occurrences of political violence in Cameroon and argues that the presence of specific elements elevates this violence to the level of a serious crime in international law. It is argued herein that crimes against humanity may have been committed during the state action against the Anglophones in Cameroon. It is also argued that the political character of the violence, added to the scale of the victimisation and its systematic and protracted nature, qualify Cameroon as a transitional society engaged in conflict that is in need of transitional justice.
Reflecting on the extent of the suffering of the victims of such political violence, this paper discusses the function of the justice system in establishing the truth and holding the perpetrators accountable. Past instances of political violence in Cameroon have been glossed over, but in our opinion, healing a fragmented and disunited Cameroon with its history of grave violations of human rights requires that the perpetrators be held accountable, and that truth and justice should prevail. Such considerations should be factored into the legal and political architecture of a post-conflict, transitional Cameroon.
Are Close of Pleadings now Irrelevant? An Evaluation of the Impact the Nkala Judgment has on Litis Contestatio
Authors: Khan Muhammed Siraaj
Published: June 2019

The position regulating close of pleadings in South African law of civil procedure has for a long time been unchallenged. However, the court in Nkala v Harmony Gold Mining Company Limited 2016 5 SA 240 (GJ) developed the common law to allow for the transmissibility of claims for general damages to the deceased's estate even if pleadings have not reached the stage of litis contestatio. The argument is that while the need for the development for the common law is recognised, the minority opinion should be the preferred approach. The majority held that the common law should be developed to allow all claims for general damages to be transmissible to the deceased's estate even if the stage of litis contestatio has not been reached. This note posits that the points raised by the minority opinion are of sufficient magnitude to prevent the immediate wholesale development of the common law. Detailed legal argument specifically addressing the development of the common law as a whole in this context, as well as the knock-on effects of the same were not ventilated, and as such the majority judgment can be viewed as premature. The paper provides an analytical and critical view of the judgment.
Government Intervention and Suburban Sprawl
Authors: Soni (Govindjee) Urmila
Published: June 2019

The writer is of the opinion that government intervention is the probable cause of suburban sprawl in American cities. Two types of sprawl  are discussed, namely, sprawl which results due to to the creation of suburbs and sprawl arising from the inability to be mobile without the use of one's personal transport. The writer makes use of comparative tables and statistics to add credibility to the findings. The school system, the creation of highways, making jay-walking a crime and the legal obligation to provide huge parking lots for shopping centres are some of the unusual reasons why  there has been excessive sprawl in American cities.

Solutions are suggested to counter government intervention.  Although the study is USA based, book could  have universal appeal. However, as acknowledged by the writer,  the cost that will have to be incurrred, may be a barrier.
Comparative Constitutional Theory
Authors: Venter Francois
Published: June 2019

This contribution is a review of the research handbook in comparative constitutional law, titled Comparative Constitutional Theory edited by Gary Jacobsohn and Miguel Schor. It was published in 2018 by Edward Elgar Publishing. Every law library worthy of the name should acquire it for the benefit of constitutional scholars and advanced students of constitutional comparison.
Public Participation in African Constitutionalism
Authors: Menski Werner
Published: June 2019

This review explores why public participation in constitution-making matters for cultivating responsible governance and for fine-tuning justice, focused on immensely rich African evidence within a broader comparative constitutional law context.
Implementation of DSM strategies at the Kopanang Mine
Authors: Mathews EH , Den Boef M
Published: June 2019

This paper describes the implementation of Demand Side Management (DSM) strategies at AngloGold’s Kopanang Mine, for a period of three months during 2001. Since the unit price of electricity was very high during certain hours of the day, it was endeavoured to save costs by scheduling the operation of specific high power drawing equipment, (such as the clear water pumps and bulk air coolers), to operate mainly outside of peak hours. This objective was achieved by modelling and calculating a daily optimum operation schedule, which was supplied daily to the mine. As a result, an amount of R335 000 in electricity costs was saved during this period. It was also demonstrated that an additional R273 000 could have been saved if the supplied schedules had been complied with consistently.
Carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles fuelled with ethanol mixtures
Authors: Lloyd PJ
Published: June 2019

The growing interest in the possible use of ethanol from natural sources to blend with petrol (gasoline) derived from crude oil (or synthesis from other fossil fuels) should be supported by knowledge of the likely effect on greenhouse gas emissions. This contribution estimates the emission of CO2 from petrolethanol blends as a function of the volume percentage ethanol in the blend and the consumption of petrol/100km in the average vehicle. The effect of the ethanol having a lower energy per unit mass or volume than petrol is specifically taken into account.