bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Threshold Concepts and Their Use in Rangeland Management and Restoration: The Good, the Bad, and the Insidious
Authors: Bestelmeyer Brandon T.
Published: August 2006

Ecological thresholds describe abrupt changes in ecological properties in time or space. In rangeland management, thresholds reflect changes in vegetation and soils that are expensive or impossible to reverse. The threshold concept has catalyzed important advances in rangeland management thinking, but it has also introduced two classes of drawbacks. First, the ambiguity of the term “threshold” and the desire for simplicity in its application has led to an overemphasis on classification thresholds, such as vegetation cover values. Uncritical use of classification thresholds may lead to the abandonment of management efforts in land areas that would otherwise benefit from intervention. Second, it is possible that the invocation of thresholds and irreversible degradation may eventually result in the wholesale conversion of land areas that would have been recoverable or served important societal functions, such as biodiversity maintenance, that are not reflected in threshold definitions. I conclude with a recommendation to clarify the nature of thresholds by defining the relationships among pattern, process, and degradation and distinguishing preventive thresholds from restoration thresholds. We must also broaden the attributes used to define states and thresholds.
Seven‐Year Survival of Perennial Herbaceous Transplants in Temperate Woodland Restoration
Authors: Mottl Larissa M. , Mabry Cathy M. , Farrar Donald R.
Published: August 2006

Little is known about restoring the perennial herbaceous understory of Midwestern deciduous woodlands, despite the significant and widespread degradation of remnants due to human activities. Because many woodland understory species have reproductive characters that make reestablishment from seed slow or difficult, we investigated transplanting as a strategy for introducing 24 species to a degraded early‐successional woodland in central Iowa, U.S.A. Plants were planted in single‐species groups of generally four individuals, and then monitored for survival five times over a 7‐year period, and for flowering during the first year. After 7 years, persistence of these groups was 57% averaged across species. Survival in years 5–7 does not reflect individuals that spread beyond the original planting units by self‐sowing or vegetative spread and is therefore a minimum estimate of the abundance of many species at the site. Mean percent flowering was 72% across single‐species groups for 15 species monitored. We consider these survival and flowering rates acceptable indicators of establishment success, especially given drought conditions at our site in the first few years and lack of weed control beyond the first year, and evidence that transplanted species were establishing outside the original planting locations. Additional work is needed to investigate regional differences in transplant success, and methods for sustainable production of species are not suitable for introduction by seed. We caution that our results do not necessarily apply to the restoration of rare species.
Native Plant Regeneration on Abandoned Desert Farmland: Effects of Irrigation, Soil Preparation, and Amendments on Seedling Establishment
Authors: Banerjee Monisha J. , Gerhart Vanda J. , Glenn Edward P.
Published: August 2006

Direct seeding methods to revegetate abandoned farmland were tested at a desert site west of Phoenix, Arizona. Native seeds were broadcast onto plots prepared by mulching, imprinting, chiseling, and fertilizing with phosphorous in a split‐plot design. Each main plot was split into subplots that were not irrigated, irrigated with saline (3.25 dS/m) well water, or irrigated and hand weeded of Salsola iberica. Native seeds germinated poorly on all treatments, and three annual exotic weeds (Brassica nigra, S. iberica, and Schismus spp.) dominated the plots. None of the main plot treatments (mulching, imprinting, chiseling, or fertilizing) had a significant effect on seed germination or canopy cover. Irrigation increased plant cover on plots, but weeds dominated the cover (<4% native species, up to 50% weeds). Near the end of the second growing season a seed bank study was conducted in the greenhouse. Undisturbed desert soil had relatively few weed seeds and more native plant seeds than the disturbed agricultural soil samples, which had few viable native seeds and were dominated by Schismus spp., B. nigra, and S. iberica. The results illustrate the difficulty of establishing native plants on abandoned desert farmland due to the dominance of weedy species, the presence of salts in the soil, and the lack of adequate soil moisture in the treatments without supplemental irrigation.
Determining the Optimal Sowing Density for a Mixture of Native Plants Used to Revegetate Degraded Ecosystems
Authors: Burton Carla M. , Burton Philip J. , Hebda Richard , Turner Nancy J.
Published: August 2006

No standardized, objective methodology exists for optimizing seeding rates when establishing herbaceous plant cover for pastures, hay fields, ecological restoration, or other revegetation activities. Seeding densities, fertilizer use, season of seeding, and the interaction of these treatments were tested using native plants on degraded sites in northern British Columbia, Canada. A mixture of 20% Achillea millefolium, 20% Carex aenea, 20% Elymus glaucus, 20% Festuca occidentalis, 16% Geum macrophyllum, and 4% Lupinus polyphyllus seed was applied at 0, 375, 750, 1,500, 3,000, and 6,000 pure live seed (PLS) per m2 in 2.5 × 2.5–m rototilled test plots, established in the fall and spring, with and without fertilizer. There was no significant difference in plant cover of sown species between fall seeding and spring seeding, and few treatment interactions were identified in the first 2 years after sowing. There was no significant difference in cover between seed densities of 3,000 and 6,000 PLS/m2 in the first year, nor among 1,500, 3,000, and 6,000 PLS/m2 treatments in the second year. Seed densities as low as 375 PLS/m2 produced year 2 plant cover equivalent to that observed at 3,000 PLS/m2 in year 1. Plots sown to seed densities less than or equal to 750 PLS/m2 generally exhibited an increase (infilling) in plant density from year 1 to year 2, whereas plots sown to seed densities greater than or equal to 1,500 PLS/m2 generally exhibited a decrease (density‐dependent mortality) in plant density. These results imply a most efficient sowing density between 750 and 1,500 PLS/m2 (corresponding to 190–301 established plants.m−2 after two growing seasons). It is suggested that net changes in plant populations observed over a range of sowing densities are a robust and objective means of determining optimal sowing densities for the establishment of herbaceous perennials.
Increasing the Effectiveness of Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) Control in Wet Meadow Restorations
Authors: Adams Carrie Reinhardt , Galatowitsch Susan M.
Published: August 2006

Restoration practices are often based on trial and error or anecdotal information because data from controlled experiments are not available. In wet meadow restorations of the upper Midwest United States, Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) is controlled with spring burning and spring glyphosate herbicide applications, but the relative effectiveness of either treatment with respect to P. arundinacea growth and life history has not been assessed. We designed a multiyear field experiment to evaluate effects of burning and herbicide application timings on P. arundinacea populations. Burning did not reduce P. arundinacea biomass but reduced the P. arundinacea seed bank, potentially limiting recolonization of P. arundinacea. Glyphosate applications in late August and late September were more effective than in mid‐May (due to enhanced glyphosate translocation to rhizomes), such that two mid‐May applications reduced P. arundinacea biomass to a level equivalent to that achieved by one late‐season application. Phalaris. arundinacea recolonized rapidly from the seed bank and, in plots that received suboptimally timed (mid‐May) herbicide, from rhizomes. Establishment of native species was very low, likely due to competition with recolonizing P. arundinacea. Unplanted species (from the seed bank and refugial populations) accounted for the majority of non‐P. arundinacea biomass. Recolonization of other species was strongly limited by a threshold level of P. arundinacea biomass. Adequate site preparation (over multiple growing seasons) and aftercare (selective removal of P. arundinacea) will be the key to facilitating subsequent wet meadow vegetation establishment. This research provides an example of the importance of experimental evidence as the basis to improve the efficiency of restoration practices.
Testing a Passive Revegetation Approach for Restoring Coastal Plain Depression Wetlands
Authors: De Steven Diane , Sharitz Rebecca R. , Singer Julian H. , Barton Christopher D.
Published: August 2006

Restoration of coastal plain depressions, a biologically significant and threatened wetland type of the southeastern United States, has received little systematic research. Within the context of an experimental project designed to evaluate several restoration approaches, we tested whether successful revegetation can be achieved by passive methods (recruitment from seed banks or seed dispersal) that allow for wetland “self‐design” in response to hydrologic recovery. For 16 forested depressions that historically had been drained and altered, drainage ditches were plugged to reestablish natural ponding regimes, and the successional forest was harvested to open the sites and promote establishment of emergent wetland vegetation. We sampled seed bank and vegetation composition 1 year before restoration and monitored vegetation response for 3 years after. Following forest removal and ditch plugging, the restored wetlands quickly developed a dense cover of herbaceous plant species, of which roughly half were wetland species. Seed banks were a major source of wetland species for early revegetation. However, hydrologic recovery was slowed by a prolonged drought, which allowed nonwetland plant species to establish from seed banks and dispersal or to regrow after site harvest. Some nonwetland species were later suppressed by ponded conditions in the third year, but resprouting woody plants persisted and could alter the future trajectory of revegetation. Some characteristic wetland species were largely absent in the restored sites, indicating that passive methods may not fully replicate the composition of reference systems. Passive revegetation was partially successful, but regional droughts present inherent challenges to restoring depressional wetlands whose hydrologic regimes are strongly controlled by rainfall variability.
Effects of Applicant's Adverse Medical History on College Students' Ratings of Job Applications1
Authors: Wages Charlene , Manson Todd , Jordan Jesse J.
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this experiment was to determine if the existence of high blood pressure or allergies would decrease the likelihood of a person obtaining a job. Forty‐eight college students rated hypothetical job applicants with allergies, high blood pressure, or no adverse physical condition for either a high‐stress manager trainee position or a low‐stress bookkeeper position. For the manager trainee position, applicants with either high blood pressure or allergies were rated significantly lower than the applicants with no adverse physical condition. For the bookkeeper position there were no significant differences between the ratings of the individuals with the different physical conditions. These results suggest that any adverse physical condition may have a negative prototype associated with it; however, a job applicant's physical condition may have different consequences depending upon the type of job for which he/she is applying. The effect of the stress level of the different jobs on the ratings was discussed.
Emotional State, Physical Well‐Being, and Performance in the Presence of Feigned Ambient Odor1
Authors: Knasko Susan C. , Gilbert Avery N. , Sabini John
Published: August 2006

Measures of emotional state, physical well‐being, performance, and room odor were obtained from subjects given the suggestion of a pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral ambient odor (n= 30 per condition). The hedonic quality of the feigned odor altered self‐reports of pleasure, but not dominance or arousal. Subjects given the pleasant suggestion reported a more positive mood. The number of reported physical health symptoms differed as a function of the hedonic quality of the feigned odor. The category corresponding to the fewest number of physical symptoms was predominated by subjects in the pleasant condition, while subjects in the unpleasant condition predominated the category with the greatest number of symptoms. Subjects predicted higher task performance in the unpleasant condition, but no differences were found among conditions in actual performance. Room odor ratings differed in directions consistent with the hedonic quality of the feigned odor. The effects of olfactory suggestion may be relevant to the psychosomatic component of sick building syndrome and to the perception and marketing of fragrance.
Cancer‐Related Channel Selection: A Focus On Women Who Have Had a Mammography1
Authors: Johnson J. David , Meischke Hendrika
Published: August 2006

This study examines the impact of three major classes of factors—triggers, impediments, and demographics—on the selection within and across four different channels: doctors, friends/family, organizations, and media. A sample of women over 40 (n = 209) who had had a mammography were asked which channels they had turned to within the last year for cancer‐related information. Discriminant analyses revealed significant functions for the family/friends and media channels. The most important variables in these functions were a woman's age and the number of things she did to minimize her chances of getting breast cancer. These results are discussed in terms of their theoretic and pragmatic implications for future cancer control efforts targeted at women who have had a mammography.
Source Credibility and the Language of Expert Testimony1
Authors: Hurwitz Steven D. , Miron Murray S. , Johnson Blair T.
Published: August 2006

In an examination of the language used by expert witnesses during actual courtroom testimony, it was expected that experts who exhibited content themes related to their credentials or experience (expertise) and to objectivity (trustworthiness) would be perceived as being more credible. Forty‐three segments of expert testimony were taken from actual court transcripts and content analyzed. Two‐factor analytically derived factors predicted expert witness membership into low‐ and high‐credibility groups, defined a priori by credibility judgments of undergraduate raters (n = 348). These factors were (a) the use of passive voice and (b) the witnesses' background and qualifications. Further analyses revealed that perceptions of expert witness credibility were also a function of the usage of words that connote power (an expert's official status, degree of prominence and/or recognition) or negative (suffering or damage). Results are discussed in terms of dimensions of source credibility and their parallels to past research in persuasion.
Attitudes Toward Sexual Harassment of Women in India1
Authors: Menon Shobha A. , Kanekar Suresh
Published: August 2006

A hypothetical incident of sexual harassment at the workplace was presented to 720 undergraduate students of the University of Bombay who attributed blame to the female victim of a superordinate male harasser and rated the appropriateness of her response to the harassment. The experiment had a 2 (Subject's Sex) × 3 (Victim's Marital Status: unmarried, married, or divorced) × 2 (Type of Harassment: verbal vs. physical) × 4 (Victim's Response: ignoring, complaining, scolding, or slapping) between‐subjects factorial design with 15 subjects per cell. Male subjects blamed the victim of harassment more than female subjects, the unmarried and married victims were blamed more than the divorced victim, and the ignoring victim was blamed more than the complaining, scolding, and slapping victims. Perceived appropriateness of victim's response was higher with the divorced victim as compared to the unmarried and married victims, with physical harassment as compared to verbal harassment, and with the complaining, scolding, and slapping victims as compared to the ignoring victim. A three‐way interaction on perceived appropriateness suggested that female subjects, as compared to male subjects, were more in favor of strong self‐assertive action against harassment, but relatively less so in the case of the unmarried victim.
Social Relations, Coping, and Psychological Distress Among Persons With HIV/AIDS1
Authors: Schmitz Mark F. , Crystal Stephen
Published: August 2006

The interrelationships among social support, coping style, and psychological distress were examined using longitudinal data from a sample of 212 persons with HIV/AIDS. Structural equation modeling analyses showed significant indirect effects on psychological distress for avoidant coping, feeling loved and understood, satisfaction with support, rejection by family members, discrimination because of HIV status, and number of AIDS symptoms. The inclusion of negative social interactions in the model is an important extension of the stress‐support literature. Feeling loved and understood mediated the relationship between social support and coping style choice. Results highlight the multidimensional nature of the processes that shape psychological outcomes in HIV disease. and suggest several potential points of intervention, including social‐support efforts that increase the sense that one matters to others, and interventions to assist patients to move from avoidant to active coping strategies.
Applying Self‐Determination Theory to the Prediction of Distress and Well‐Being in Gay Men With HIV and AIDS1
Authors: Igreja Isabel , Zuroff David C. , Koestner Richard , Saltaris Christina , BROUILLETTE MARIE‐JOSÉE , Lalonde Richard
Published: August 2006

Self‐determination theory (Deci & Ryan. 1985. 1991) was used to predict psychological well‐being and distress in 48 gay men with HIV. 39 AIDS patients. and 38 HIV‐negative control participants. Participants listed 10 to 15 personal strivings and identitied their reasons for engaging in each striving. Multiple regression analyses revealed that introjection (engaging in strivings because of an internal sense of obligation or necessity) was associated with increased distress. especially among HIV‐ and AIDS participants. Introjection also predicted decreased well‐being. Integration (engaging in strivings because they are personally valued and meaningful) was positively related to well‐being. Adjustment to a life‐threatening illness is influenced by individuals' feelings of autonomy; that is. the extent to which they believe themselves to be the source of their actions.
We're Here, We're Queer, We're on TV: The Effects of Visual Media on Heterosexuals' Attitudes Toward Gay Men and Lesbians1
Authors: Levina Marina , Waldo Craig R. , Fitzgerald Louise F.
Published: August 2006

Effects of visual media on attitudes toward gay men and lesbians were investigated by exposing 3 groups of participants to a brief video. The first group viewed an anti‐gay video. the second group viewed a pro‐gay video, and a comparison group viewed a neutral video. Participants attitudes were measured immediately following the video after seeing the video, participants were contacted by telephone. and their attitudes were again assessed. Participants were not aware of the connection between the follow‐up assessment and the initial video exposure. At follow‐up. participants attitudes were significantly different. with attitudes with the pro‐gay video group being most positive, and those in the anti‐gay video group being most negative.
An Examination of Happiness, Racism, and Demographics on Judgments of Guilt
Authors: Dean Kimberly , Wayne Julie Holliday , Mack Dan , Thomas Kecia
Published: August 2006

A policy‐capturing study was conducted to evaluate the roles of both plaintiff and defendant race and gender on judgments of criminal guilt in either an assault or a theti case. It was hypothesized that defendant gender and race would affect likelihood of guilt ratings. Moreover, mock jurors' dispositional happiness, scores of modern racism, and race and gender were explored as potential influences on their decision‐making policies and judgments. As predicted, strong support was found for the role of defendant gender on judgments of guilt. However, defendant race did not significantly impact guilt ratings. Post hoc analses revealed the importance of race and gender of the victim to juror decisions. In addition, participants' own race and gender played signiticant roles in the decisionmaking policies that were produced. Limitations of the study are discussed. as are topics for future research.
Supervisors' Attitudes About the Early Retirement of Subordinates1
Authors: Henkens Kène
Published: August 2006

This article presents the results of a study among 273 supervisors regarding the early retirement of older subordinates. The assumption is that attitudes of supervisors will stimulate early retirement in downsizing organizations and organizations where the employees are exposed to physical pressures. Next, the performance of older employees and supervisors' expectations regarding future performance are deemed important. The results show that supervisors are not in favor of encouraging large numbers of older employees to continue working until official retirement age (65 years). The results suggest that supervisors' attitudes are only weakly influenced by overall corporate goals, such as achieving a younger work force and decreasing employment, and that expectations regarding the loss of human capital and health and sickness absenteeism are important in retirement/retention recommendations.
Promoting Safe Driving Behaviors: The Influence of Message Framing and Issue Involvement
Authors: Millar Murray G. , Millar Karen U.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the influence of framing and issue involvement on the intentions of participants to perform safe driving behaviors. It was hypothesized that when participants were involved with the issue, gain messages would increase intentions to perform safe driving behaviors more than would loss messages. To examine this hypothesis, participants were classified as either being high or low in involvement, and then were required to read either a gain or a loss message promoting a particular safe‐driving behavior. After reading the message, the participants' agreement with the message, cognitive and affective responses to the message, and intentions to perform the behavior were recorded. The results supported the hypothesis.
The Relation of Candidate Personality With Selection‐Interview Outcomes
Authors: Cook Kevin W. , Vance Carol A. , Spector Paul E.
Published: August 2006

Two studies examined the relation of personality on the interview process. Study 1 was designed to examine these behaviors and characteristics in a lab sctting. while Study 2 examined similar variables in a field setting. Study 1 demonstrated that Type A achievemetit strivings, extraversion, work locus of control. neuroticism. and trait anxiety were related to interview outcomes in simulated employment interviews. Study 2 examined the relation of personality characteristics to outcomes of actual interviews conducted by college recruiters. Type A achievement striving, work locus of control. and trait anxiety were found to be related to interviewer decision outcomes.
Increased permeability for polyethylene glycols through skin compromised by sodium lauryl sulphate
Authors: Jakasa Ivone , Verberk Maarten M. , Bunge Annette L. , Kruse Jacob , Kezic Sanja
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  In this in vivo human study we assessed the influence of skin damage by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) on percutaneous penetration of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of different molecular weights (MW).

Percutaneous penetration of PEGs was determined using tape stripping of the stratum corneum (SC). The forearm skin of volunteers was pretreated with 5% w/w SLS for 4 h, and 24 h later patches with PEGs were applied for 6 h. The penetration parameters were deduced by data regression to Fick's law for unsteady‐state diffusion.

The trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL) increased after SLS treatment from 6.3 ± 2.1 to 17.9 ± 8.7 g/m2/h. The diffusion coefficient for all PEGs was increased in the SLS‐damaged skin. The increase was smaller for higher MW. In addition, the partition coefficient of PEGs between SC and water was larger in the SLS‐compromised skin and showed a tendency to increase with MW. The permeability coefficient decreased gradually with increasing MW of PEGs in both control and SLS‐compromised skin. SLS caused a threefold increase in the permeability coefficient for all MWs ranging in control skin from 0.34 to 0.70 × 10−5 cm/h and in the SLS‐compromised skin from 1.20 to 2.09 × 10−5 cm/h for MW of 590–282 Da.

The results of this study show the deleterious effect of SLS on the skin barrier for hydrophilic PEGs. A defective skin barrier will facilitate absorption of other chemicals and local skin effects.
Synergistic effect of interleukin‐6 promoter (IL6 −634C/G) and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1 469K/E) gene polymorphisms on the risk of endometriosis in Japanese women
Authors: Kitawaki Jo , Kiyomizu Miyo , Obayashi Hiroshi , Ohta Mitsuhiro , Ishihara Hiroaki , Hasegawa Goji , Nakamura Naoto , Yoshikawa Toshikazu , Honjo Hideo
Published: August 2006

Problem  Endometriosis is an immune‐related, chronic inflammatory disease with a polygenic predisposition. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) gene promoter region polymorphism (−634C/G) and the intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) gene 469K/E polymorphism are responsible in part for the genetic susceptibility to endometriosis.

Methods of study  The IL‐6 −634C/G and ICAM‐1 469K/E genotypes were determined in 202 patients with endometriosis and 236 control women by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Results  There were no differences in the IL‐6 −634C/G or the ICAM‐1 469K/E genotypes and allele frequencies between control women and endometriosis patients collectively, or between control women and each clinical subgroup of endometriosis patients. Interestingly, the frequency of ICAM‐1 EE homozygotes who concomitantly carried the IL‐6 −634G allele was significantly higher in patients with endometriosis (χ2 = 6.458, P = 0.0396, d.f. = 2).

Conclusion  Our results suggest that the IL‐6 −634C/G and ICAM‐1 469K/E polymorphisms synergistically affect the susceptibility for endometriosis in the Japanese population.
US1 HIV – changing patterns in HAART era, patients’ quality of life and occupational risks
Authors: Reichart PA
Published: August 2006

Oral manifestations are early and important indicators of HIV‐infection. Several lesions with strong association to HIV infection have been described: oral candidiasis (OC), oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), Non‐Hodgkin‐Lymphoma (NHL), necrotising ulcerative gingivitis and periodontitis. These lesions may be present in up to 50% of patients with HIV‐infection and up to 80% of those with AIDS. Changing patterns in HAART era: With the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) the prevalence of OC, OHL and HIV – associated periodontal disease has decreased in adults. The prevalence of KS has not changed. However, there has been an increase in HPV‐associated oral lesions (papillomas, condylomas and focal epithelial hyperplasia) and HIV‐related salivary gland disease. In children receiving HAART no change in the prevalence of HIV‐related oral lesions has been found. Quality of life: The presence of oral lesions has a marked impact on health related quality of life. HIV‐associated orofacial lesions may lead to facial disfigurement (KS, NHL) or may impair speech and swallowing. Consequently, weight loss and pain may be result. Studies have shown that patients with OC, angular cheilitis and OHL have a high score of decayed teeth (DMFT). Xerostomia and taste disturbances may also be factors with impact on quality of life. Occupational risks: Occupational exposure to HIV has resulted in 57 documented cases of HIV sero‐conversion among healthcare workers in the US (December 2001). Exposure to HBV and HCV carries a much higher risk of occupational infection than that for HIV‐exposure.
US3 Allergy in dental practice
Authors: Biočina‐Lukenda D , Diz PD
Published: August 2006

Allergy reactions of the oral mucosa comprise an array of clinical manifestations, some of them difficult to differentiate from toxic reactions. Type‐I reactions are most frequently seen related to application of polymers in the oral cavity, such as orthodontic bonding and fissure sealant materials. There may also be systemic manifestations such as urticaria. Type‐IV reactions may be seen related to most dental materials used, from amalgam and gold to polymers. These reactions appear as chronic reddening and/or ulceration of the oral mucosa. Lichenoid reactions have histopathological characteristics compatible with type‐IV allergy reactions and are the most prevalent material‐adverse reactions seen in the oral cavity. Recent advances have been made in characterizing the more prevalent allergens on oral mucosa, such as methacrylates, natural rubber latex (NRL) proteins, rubber glove chemicals and disinfectants. This improved understanding has clearly enhanced the success, particularly for type I NRL allergies. Skin patch tests, applying a series of dental materials in non‐toxic concentrations on the skin, have been used to identify sensitization. However, the value of those tests can be questioned. Although obvious advances have been made in characterizing dental allergens and understanding potential exposure, improved diagnostic and management techniques are still needed. Corticosteroid therapy is all too often the only treatment. Drug allergy including local anaesthetics, and systemic antibiotics and NSAIDs, may also present in the dental environment, causing life‐threatening emergencies specially in ’at risk patients’. The GDP has to know the principles of prevention, diagnosis and management of these situations.
US6 Burning mouth syndrome
Authors: Buchanan JAG
Published: August 2006

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is an idiopathic burning discomfort or pain affecting people with clinically normal oral mucosa in whom a medical or dental cause has been excluded. Associated symptoms include altered taste and a sensation of oral dryness. Terms previously used to describe BMS include glossodynia, glossopyrosis, stomatodynia, stomatopyrosis, sore tongue, and oral dysaesthesia. BMS mainly affects women particularly after the menopause, when its prevalence may be 18–33%. Suggested causal factors include hormonal disturbances associated with the menopause and psychogenic factors (including anxiety, depression, stress, life events, personality disorders, and cancer phobia). There is increasing evidence that a sensory neuropathy underlies BMS symptoms. Management of the symptoms of BMS can be challenging. It has been hampered by a relative lack of high quality evidence and randomised controlled trials into BMS treatment. Many studies have not differentiated between those with burning mouth syndrome (i.e. idiopathic disease) from those with other conditions (such as haematinic deficiencies) causing symptoms of a burning mouth, making results unreliable. Local and systemic factors (such as mucosal disorders, allergies, ill fitting dentures, hypersensitivity reactions and vitamin deficiencies) may cause the symptom of burning mouth and should be excluded before reaching the diagnosis of BMS. Various interventions have been proposed to be beneficial in managing BMS ranging from cognitive behaviour therapy, antidepressants, dietary supplements, hormone replacement in postmenopausal women, topical benzydamine hydrochloride, capsaician and clonazepam. This presentation will critically review BMS diagnosis, the evidence concerning the efficacy of potential interventions and propose a management protocol.
PL3 Stevens Johnson syndrome and mucous membrane pemphigoid: ocular manifestations and their management
Authors: Dart JKG
Published: August 2006

Stevens Johnson Syndrome (SJS), its severe form Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN), and mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) are the major autoimmune causes of conjunctival scarring. Between them these diseases present some of the most difficult management problems in ophthalmology. SJS/TEN develop conjunctival disease as part of the acute generalised mucosal involvement. The conjunctivitis varies from a papillary reaction with watery discharge to a membranous conjunctivitis with sloughing of the conjunctival epithelium. Corneal epithelial defects are common and may progress to corneal ulceration with or without bacterial superinfection. Although the morbidity may be due to the acute corneal complications it more usually results from the progressive effects of the conjunctival scarring, the secondary ocular surface disease, infections & treatment toxicity that occur later. Some cases of SJS/TEN develop the following late inflammatory diseases: recurrent conjunctival inflammation without scarring (recurrent SJS), inflammation with cicatrisation like ocular MMP (SJS‐MMP) and scleritis. On the other hand ocular MMP (MMPO) presents with acute conjunctivitis and limbitis in only 10% of cases; the remainder present with subacute or low grade chronic inflammation and progressive scarring. Progression in MMPO is due to the same factors that cause the morbidity in SJS/TEN (conjunctival scarring, the secondary ocular surface disease, infections & treatment toxicity) coupled with the effects of the progressive conjunctival inflammation and scarring that is a feature of all cases of MMPO, but occurs in a few cases of SJS/TEN with ocular involvement. Successful management of both SJS/TEN and CP demands identification of the components of the disorder due to (i) surface disease, (ii) treatment toxicity (iii) immune mediated inflammation and (iv) infection. These problems lead to a dry eye, surface failure and corneal blindness. All these components of the problem require prompt treatment to prevent progression to surface failure because of the poor prognosis for rehabilitation, by corneal graft surgery and/or surface reconstruction, in this group of patients.
PL4 Periodontologist's viewpoint inclusive of soft tissues around implants
Authors: Van Steenberghe D , Michiels K
Published: August 2006

Integuments play a key role for the integrity of the bodily tissues. Both teeth and oral implants pierce the gingiva or alveolar mucosa with an interface acting as a relative seal. The epithelia adhering by means a basal membrane to either the implant or a tooth are not keratinized. They both contain laminin‐5 with a similar structural relationship. The cytokeratins are strikingly similar in both instances. Il‐1 beta and TGF‐beta 1, when overexpressed jeopardize the soft tissue healing and lead to fibrosis. Subepithelial bullous diseases may thus be a relative contra‐indication. Although soft tissue innervation has been described, Merkel cells seem to be absent around artificial abutments. The subepithelial vascular supply with its characteristic loops is also found in both instances. Furthermore the stroma and the outflow crevicular fluid are strikingly similar from a quantitative and compositional viewpoint. When a biofilm accumulates on a tooth or an implant, the surrounding soft tissues demonstrate an inflammatory reaction, which cannot be distinguished from eachother. This will interact with the healing of blistering diseases as observed with the natural dentition. The non‐plaque related pathologies of peri‐implant gingival and alveolar mucosa are hardly documented but some case reports reveal a similar reaction. For example gingival cyclosporin also induces hyperplasia around implants. Few reports provide histological insights on the mucosal pathologies such as lichen planus or pemphigoid. This part of oral pathology merits more attention. At the clinical level periodontologists can meanwhile extrapolate their expertise to the peri‐implant soft tissues.
OC10 Topical pimecrolimus for the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus
Authors: Cedro MK , Chaudhry SI , Porter SR
Published: August 2006

Introduction  A wide variety of topical and systemic therapies are proposed for the treatment of symptomatic erosive or ulcerative oral lichen planus (OLP). The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus has been shown to be an effective means of treating OLP recalcitrant to other therapies. More recently, pimecrolimus has also been suggested to be of benefit in the treatment of such disease.

Case Summary  A 50‐year‐old male with a 7‐year history of histopathologically proven erosive OLP had been treated with a wide variety of topical and systemic therapies, including tacrolimus ointment. Despite this his condition remained problematic with frequent episodes of severe erosive disease predominantly affecting the buccal mucosa bilaterally. Clinical examination revealed extensive intra‐oral erosive disease, particularly affecting the right buccal mucosa. Twice daily topical application of 1% pimecrolimus ointment (Elidel®) was instituted. This resulted in resolution of his symptoms and a significant improvement in the clinical appearance of his oral lesions within a 2‐month period.

Conclusion  Topical pimecrolimus may be an effective therapy for symptomatic erosive or ulcerative OLP recalcitrant to other topical and systemic therapies, including topical tacrolimus. There is a need for appropriate studies to establish the efficacy of pimecrolimus for the treatment of OLP and to ascertain whether topical calcineurin inhibitors increase the malignant potential of OLP.
OC11 Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome presenting with oral premalignant papillomas
Authors: Tanyeri H , Kucukay S , Dursun G , Kurklu E , Aslan B , Gulluoglu MG , Beka H , Agacfidan A
Published: August 2006

Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES) is a rare primary immunodeficiency characterized by the clinical triad of recurrent staphylococcal abscesses, recurrent cyst‐forming pneumonia and an elevated serum IgE level. A 10‐year‐old female with HIES presenting with widespread oral premalignant papillomas, which are an uncommon co‐existing manifestation, and labial herpes simplex virus infection is reported. The patient experienced recurrent furuncles, pneumonia, tuberculosis, otitis media and sinusitis attacks since she was 6 months‐old. She had been diagnosed with HIES at the age of 6 when the papillomatous lesions first occurred in oral cavity. Family history was not remarkable. Intraoral examination revealed diffuse multiple papillomas covering the tongue, lips, buccal, labial and palatinal mucosa and gingiva extending to the crowns of teeth. The lips were enlarged to the double of normal size due to numerous papilloma formations and the outline could hardly be traced. These lesions caused nutritional, aesthetic, psycological problems besides loss of appetite. Histopathological examination of the lesions revealed papillary proliferations of squamous epithelium which was confirmed to be positive for human papilloma virus DNA by molecular based test (Inno lipa HPV genotyping test) which is based on reverse hybridization principle and PCR. Typing of HPV was found to be as HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42–45, 51–53, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68, 70 and 74, forming a high/intermediate risk group for malignancy. For the management of widespread papillomas, diode laser was applied. After therapy, significant clinical improvement, reduction in oral discomfort and improvement in appetite was observed. Since infection with HPV is a significant independent factor for oral squamous cell carcinoma, the patient remains under regular review.
OC5 Diagnosis of secondary syphilis due to oral lesions
Authors: López AF , Delgado E , Acosta M , Somacarrera ML
Published: August 2006

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum that typically produces skin and oral lesions during the acute phase. In the chronic phase, bone, viscera, cardiovascular, and neurological manifestations may appear. Therefore, syphilis is classically divided into stages of occurrence, with each stage having its own peculiar signs and symptoms related to time and antigen‐antibody responses. The stages are primary, secondary, latent, tertiary, and congenital. Oral lesions of secondary syphilis are rare, however, they may present and the dentist should be able to diagnose them. A 23‐years‐old white male was referred by his physician to our clinic. The oral mucosa presented several irregular, shallow ulcers, with definite limits and variable shape. Additional ulcers and red macular lesions were present in the tongue, palate and labial mucosa. In the anamnesis, the patient reported having previously palm‐plantar papule‐macular red lesions. Physical examination revealed no cervical or submandibular lymphadenopathy and no facial asymmetry. The patient noted that the painful, vesicular and ulcerated lesions appeared one month ago. In that moment, he also presented with asthenia, dysphagia and pain. Routine hematologic examination was normal. The patient's medical history was insignificant except for an episode of urethritis six months before. He had been treated by his physician with topical corticoids, with no favourable improvement of lesions. His medical history and clinical features were consistent with secondary luetic disease. Serologic studies supported this diagnosis. The syphilis was treated with penicillin G, with complete remission of the lesions.
A Prospective Clinical Study on Titanium Implants in the Zygomatic Arch for Prosthetic Rehabilitation of the Atrophic Edentulous Maxilla with a Follow‐Up of 6 Months to 5 Years
Authors: Aparicio Carlos , Ouazzani Wafaa , Garcia Roberto , Arevalo Xabier , Muela Rosa , Fortes Vanessa
Published: August 2006

Background  Prosthetic rehabilitation with implant‐supported prostheses in the atrophic edentulous maxilla often requires a bone augmentation procedure to enable implant placement and integration. However, a rigid anchorage can also be achieved by using so‐called zygomatic implants placed in the zygomatic arch in combination with regular implants placed in residual bone.

Purpose  The aim of the present study was to report on the clinical outcome of using zygomatic and regular implants for prosthetic rehabilitation of the severely atrophic edentulous maxilla.

Materials and Methods  Sixty‐nine consecutive patients with severe maxillary atrophy were, during a 5‐year period, treated with a total of 69 fixed full‐arch prostheses anchored on 435 implants. Of these, 131 were zygomatic implants and 304 were regular implants. Fifty‐seven bridges were screw‐retained and 12 were cemented. The screw‐retained bridges were removed at the examination appointments and each implant was tested for mobility. In addition, the zygomatic implants were subjected to Periotest® (Siemens AG, Bensheim, Germany) measurements. The patients had at the time of this report been followed for at least 6 months up to 5 years in loading.

Results  Two regular implants failed during the study period giving a cumulative survival rate of 99.0%. None of the zygomatic implants was removed. All patients received and maintained a fixed full‐arch bridge during the study. Periotest measurements of zygomatic implants showed a decreased Periotest values value with time, indictating an increased stability. Three patients presented with sinusitis 14–27 months postoperatively, which could be resolved with antibiotics. Loosening of the zygomatic implant gold screws was recorded in nine patients. Fracture of one gold screw as well as the prosthesis occurred twice in one patient. Fracture of anterior prosthetic teeth was experienced in four patients.

Conclusions  The results from the present study show that the use of zygomatic and regular implants represents a predictable alternative to bone grafting in the rehabilitation of the atrophic edentulous maxilla.
Print Culture, Ephemera, and the Elizabethan News Pamphlet
Authors: Voss Paul J.
Published: August 2006

Scholars have long explored the unparalleled impact of the printing press and the ability of the new technology to disseminate books and ideas. More recently, bibliographers and historians have turned their attention toward ephemera, including news pamphlets and otherad hocpublications. This research continues to yield rich information about the publication of printed matter in the early decades of the printing press. This essay reviews some recent scholarship on this important topic and demonstrates how one rare pamphlet (it survives in only a single copy) displays sophisticated reading practices, encourages questioning of genre, and suggests the importance of ephemeral publications. This pamphlet,A Subtil Practice, confuses the categories of fiction and non‐fiction while participating in a lively discussion about the English involvement in the French civil wars of religion. The contemporary marginalia found in the pamphlet allows us a glimpse of an early response to the pamphlet and a single reaction to the conflated worlds of fiction and non‐fiction.
Weaver Ants Increase Premature Loss of Leaves Used for Nest Construction in Rhizophora Trees1
Authors: Offenberg Joachim , Nielsen Mogens Gissel , Macintosh Donald J. , Aksornkoae Sanit , Havanon Sopon
Published: August 2006

Oecophylla ants utilize living leaves when they construct their nests. We investigated how Oecophylla smaragdina nests in southern Thailand affected leaf performance on the mangrove tree Rhizophora mucronata. Leaves used in nests and neighboring leaves showed a higher rate of premature leaf loss compared to control leaves farther from the nests. However, a tree's total cost due to the higher premature leaf loss was estimated to be approximately between 3‐ and 20‐fold lower than the benefit derived from ant protection, detected in a previous study (Offenberg et al. 2004).
Discovery of a Parasitoid and a Predator of Bat Flies (Diptera: Streblidae) at La Selva, Costa Rica1
Authors: Shockley Floyd W. , Murray Kevin L.
Published: August 2006

While netting bats to collect streblid bat flies at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, two different natural enemies of streblids were found attacking the bat flies on two species of bats. One was identified as a parasitoid in the hymenopteran family, Braconidae, while the other was a predaceous plant bug in the hemipteran family, Miridae. This is the first description of a natural enemy of streblids being collected in situ (i.e., actively foraging through the hair of the streblid bat host).