bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possible steps required in the internalization of nude Epstein—Barr virus
Authors: Barile Giuseppe , Di Certo Maria Grazia , Trivedi Pankaj , Faggioni Alberto
Published: April 2003

The hypothesis proposed is that the internalization of nude EBV by Raji cells—a CR2‐positive line—involves a multi‐step mechanism. Our data also indicate that Raji cells do not acquire the ability to kill EBV until after the virions attach to the membrane.
Erb‐B2 homodimerization inhibits MUC1 transcription in cultured human mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Canbay Emel
Published: April 2003

MUC1 mucin is a heavily O‐glycosylated transmembrane protein that is aberrantly expressed in many carcinomas, including breast cancer. In the present study, the effect of signaling generated from the Erb‐B2 homodimer as a result of transcription of the MUC1 gene was investigated in human mammary epithelial cell lines (MTSV1‐7 and Hb2) stably transfected with a pBAT/trk‐neu construct in which the extracellular domain of Erb‐B2 was replaced with the corresponding domain from the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor. In this system, NGF stimulated homodimerization of Erb‐B2 and phosphorylation of its intracellular domain. MTSV1‐7/trk‐neu and Hb2/trk‐neu cells were transiently transfected with a construct in which the MUC1 promoter caused expression of a CAT reporter gene, and were then treated with NGF. These studies showed that MUC1 expression was inhibited by NGF treatment in both cell lines, suggesting that its expression can be regulated by signals resulting from the homodimerization of Erb‐B2.
AN IMPROVIZED TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF NITROGEN FIXATION BY BLUE GREEN ALGAE AND AZOLLA USING MOIST SOIL CORES FROM RICE FIELDS
Authors: PRASANNA RADHA , TRIPATHI U. , DOMINIC T. K. , SINGH A. K. , YADAV A. K. , SINGH P. K.
Published: April 2003

A modified technique for measurement of nitrogen fixation by blue green algae and Azolla sp. using intact, moist soil cores was developed for use in field studies in which chemical fertilizers, blue green algae and Azolla biofertilizers had been used in association with a rice crop. This method involves collection of fresh and moist soil cores (0–30 mm) using a soil auger, incubation with 10% acetylene in airtight glass vials under field conditions for three hours, and measurement of the ethylene produced using a gas chromatograph. Experiments carried out over a period of three consecutive years revealed that the estimates of nitrogen fixation were comparable with data of other researchers obtained through the use of soil water columns, sophisticated chambers and automated sampling devices. This simplified technique, therefore, can provide rapid and reliable measurements of nitrogen fixation in field experiments.
Beginning the Witness: The αυτοπται και υπηρεται of Luke's Infancy Narrative
Authors: KUHN KARL A.
Published: April 2003

The majority of commentators contend that αυτοπται και υπηρεται (‘eyewitnesses and ministers’) in Luke 1:2b refers to the followers of Jesus who later become identified in Acts as his apostles and other key witnesses such as Stephen, Philip, and Paul. This essay challenges the majority opinion in arguing that numerous parallels between the characters in the infancy narrative and the disciples as portrayed in Luke 24 and Acts signal the evangelist's intent to present the faithful heralds of John's and Jesus' birth in Luke 1–2 as among those who are ‘eye-witnesses and ministers of the word’.
Reciprocity and ‘Favour’ in the Parable of the Undeserving Servant (Luke 17.7–10)
Authors: KNOWLES M. P.
Published: April 2003

At least for Jewish audiences, the meaning of the parable of the undeserving
servant (Luke 17.7–10) is clear enough: slaves can claim no credit for doing what they have
been ‘commanded’ (the redoubled τα
διαταχθεντα of vv. 9–10). Both the
passive voice and parallels from Jewish literature indicate that ‘Master’
and ‘slave’ are ciphers for God and the pious. Mishnah 'Abot 1.3,
for example, is widely cited: ‘Do not be like slaves who serve the Master for the sake of
reward, but be as slaves who serve the Master other than for reward, and let the fear of Heaven
be upon you.’ J. D. M. Derrett has adduced a wealth of material documenting master–slave
relations in Judaism as they relate to the circumstances depicted in
the text.
ālim Ḍākū and the Mystery of the Rubber Sea Monster: Urdu Detective Fiction in 1930s Punjab and the Experience of Colonial Modernity
Authors: Daechsel Markus
Published: April 2003

Detective fiction counts amongst the most successful literary products that the metropolitan west has exported to the world periphery. Between the end of the nineteenth century and the outbreak of the Second World War the genre acquired a global presence – both in the form of translations of existing works such as the Sherlock Holmes stories, and in the form of numerous indigenous adaptations. This kind of literature represented a prime example of the mass-produced and mass-circulated print entertainment that was part and parcel of the emergence of mass consumption as a social form. Detective fiction was, thus, both a carrier and an expression of modernity. While some literary theorists have pointed to longstanding historical antecedents, detective fiction would not have made sense in earlier historical epochs. The principles of scientific enquiry permeate the genre throughout, not just in terms of the ubiquitous magnifying glasses, finger-prints and assorted scientific apparatuses, but in terms of the subject matter itself – the fact that it is possible to make sense of an increasingly confusing world by uncovering hidden causal connections through rational enquiry.
On Early Chinese Morphology and its Intellectual History
Authors: Branner David Prager
Published: April 2003

The medieval Chinese tradition tells us that a given Chinese character may change its meaning when its reading is altered slightly. Modern scholars have sought principles for these changes, and from those principles have reconstructed a skeletal system of early Chinese morphology – with such elements as derivation by tone change, causative infixes, transitivising prefixes, etc. Yet it is an arresting fact that some of pre-modern China's linguistically most astute scholars inveighed against the multiple readings on which this research is based. They seem to have held strong opinions, not always made explicit, about precisely how it is that Chinese characters represent language. These two views, modern and traditional, represent fundamentally different models of how early Chinese evolved into modern Chinese.
STRATEGY PARALLELISM IN AUTOMATED THEOREM PROVING
Authors: WOLF ANDREAS , LETZ REINHOLD
Published: April 2003

Automated theorem provers use search strategies. Unfortunately, there is no unique strategy which is uniformly successful on all problems. This motivates us to apply different strategies in parallel, in a competitive manner. In this paper, we discuss properties, problems, and perspectives of strategy parallelism in theorem proving. We develop basic concepts like the complementarity and the overlap value of strategy sets. Some of the problems such as initial strategy selection and run-time strategy exchange are discussed in more detail. The paper also contains the description of an implementation of a strategy parallel theorem prover (p-SETHEO) and an experimental evaluation.
CELL-WORK OL-SYSTEMS WITH FINS
Authors: ROBINSON T. , SUBRAMANIAN K. G. , SIROMONEY RANI , DARE V. R.
Published: April 2003

Cell-works which are three-dimensional cyclic edge-label controlled OL-systems, were introduced by Lindenmayer. Fracchia and Prusinkiewicz provided cell-work systems using markers to model three-dimensional cellular structures. In this paper, cell-work systems with fins are proposed, generalizing the notion of map with handles. We allow each cell of a cell-work to divide into finitely many cells at any instant of time. This generalization enables us to describe three-dimensional images and fractals. A comparison of various systems with the system introduced in this paper is made.
DECOMPOSITION PRINCIPLE FOR ANALYZING REGION QUADTREES
Authors: ITO AKIRA , INOUE KATSUSHI , WANG YUE
Published: April 2003

Given a binary image of square size, it is desirable to identify the amount of shift of the foreground pixels such that it minimizes the total number of leaves of the region quadtree that represents the image. This problem is called quadtree normalization. For this problem, the best known algorithms have time complexities O(N2 log N), where N is the side length of given images (so, N2 is the total number of pixels).

In this paper, we show an algorithm that has the optimal complexity O(N2) for some class of images. Our strategy consists of two stages: decomposing the given image into axis-parallel rectangles at first and integrating the contributions of individual rectangles afterwards. To do this, we derive the necessary and sufficient condition on any decomposition scheme, in a conditional form of the well-known Inclusion–Exclusion Principle. It turns out that the generated primitives must be "strictly overlapped" to some extent.

The optimal linear-time complexity can be achieved in the case when the total area of the decomposed rectangles is bounded by O(N2) e.g. for the class of images whose foreground part is drawn with the finite number of rectangles. We only sketch the outline of the first decomposition stage of the new algorithm, but the last integrating stage is described in details.
TRACKING AND SEMANTIC LABELING OF BOUNDARY DATA
Authors: WALLACE A. M.
Published: April 2003

This paper describes a method to track and label contour data according to type or origin using registered depth and intensity images. Tracking is based on a simple continuity constraint, but type labeling is based on a concurrent analysis of the surrounding surface geometry with respect to a general reflectance model and a set of expected characteristics of the surfaces and boundary transitions. The method is demonstrated on a number of synthetic images and on real data acquired from triangulation and time-of-flight rangefinders.
NOISE-ROBUST AND INVARIANT OBJECT CLASSIFICATION BY THE HIGH-ORDER STATISTICAL PATTERN SPECTRUM
Authors: FORESTI G. L. , GENTILI S.
Published: April 2003

A new shape descriptor, the high order statistical pattern spectrum (HSP), able to extract from real images a set of descriptive features which can be used to classify objects regardless of their positions, sizes, orientations and the presence of noise, has been developed. The HSP is an internal, noise-robust, noninformation-preserving operator which combines the properties of invariance of the high order pattern spectrum and the properties of noise robustness of the statistical pattern spectrum. A neural network trained by a back-propagation algorithm has been used to test the method on different classification problems. Experimental results are presented on both synthetic and real images corrupted by various levels of noise and containing an object in different positions. Comparisons with other existing shape descriptor operators have been also performed.
Symptomatic inferior vena cava filter thrombosis: clinical study of 30 consecutive cases
Authors: Tardy B , Mismetti P , Page Y , Decousus H , Da Costa A , Zeni F , Barral G , Bertrand JC
Published: April 2003

Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter thrombosis has not been described as a clinical entity. Thirty patients with IVC percutaneous filter thrombosis were assessed by cavography, computed tomographic (CT) scan and/or duplex ultrasonography. All patients had proximal venous thrombosis when the filter was placed, and the indication for filter placement was a contraindication to anticoagulant therapy in eight patients (27%). Filter thrombosis occurred within 6 months following filter placement in 15 patients (early filter thrombosis group). Among these patients, 10 were not treated with oral anticoagulant, and none of the other five received adjusted anticoagulation. No patients with late filter thrombosis received anticoagulant at the time of the diagnosis. Early filter thrombosis was mainly associated with LGM filters (12 of the 15 cases). Occlusion was revealed by recurrent venous thrombosis in 18 cases. A thrombus above the filter and pulmonary embolism was found in 10 patients (33%). Thrombolytic therapy failed in 5 out of 7 cases, and all but two patients were treated with anticoagulant therapy. In conclusion, early filter thrombosis appears to be due to intracaval extension of deep vein thrombosis, and this emphasizes the need for appropriate anticoagulation. In the case of temporary contraindication to anticoagulation at the time of the filter placement, anticoagulant should be reassessed later.
Pulmonary B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with autoimmune disorders: a clinicopathological review of six cases
Authors: Nicholson AG , Wotherspoon AC , Jones AL , Sheppard MN , Isaacson PG , Corrin B
Published: April 2003

Because pulmonary B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are now thought to arise in bronchial mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), 45 patients with pulmonary B-cell lymphomas were reviewed to look for aetiological factors in the lung. It was found that six of the 45 lymphomas arose in patients with systemic autoimmune disease, which in three patients involved the lung. These three patients all had cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis treated with long-term immunosuppressive therapy. Five of the six lymphomas were high grade and one was low grade. The association of pulmonary lymphomas with autoimmune interstitial lung disease is consistent with associations between autoimmune diseases and lymphomas presenting at other mucosal sites, and lends weight to the hypothesis that formation of bronchial mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue precedes the development of lymphoma.
Salmeterol in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children: comparison of two doses
Authors: de Benedictis FM , Tuteri G , Pazzelli P , Niccoli A , Mezzetti D , Vaccaro R
Published: April 2003

Since the optimal dose of salmeterol in asthmatic children has not yet been clearly defined, we compared the efficacy and duration of the protective effect of two doses of salmeterol (25 and 50 micrograms) against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Twelve children (aged 7-14 yrs) with asthma were studied in a double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled design. On three separate days, exercise tests were performed 1 h and 12 h after administration of the drug. Pulmonary function measurements were performed before drug inhalation, before every exercise test and 1, 5, 10, 15 and 30 min after the end of exercise. The response was expressed as maximal decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Both doses of salmeterol provided significant bronchodilation for up to 12 h, with no difference between them. Maximal exercise-induced decrease in FEV1 (% fall) 1 h after pretreatment was (mean +/- SD) 35 +/- 16, 10 +/- 10 and 4 +/- 3% for placebo, 25 and 50 micrograms salmeterol, respectively. At 12 h after pretreatment these values were 31 +/- 14, 19 +/- 12 and 15 +/- 13%, respectively. Individual protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction at 1 and 12 h did not vary between the dosages (p < 0.05), even though the protection obtained by 25 micrograms at 12 h was no longer significant versus placebo. We conclude that 25 micrograms of inhaled salmeterol provides equally effective long-lasting bronchodilation and acute protection against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction as 50 micrograms, and may be a suitable dose for most asthmatic children.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa adherence to remodelling respiratory epithelium
Authors: de Bentzmann S , Roger P , Puchelle E
Published: April 2003

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic organism, which frequently colonizes the respiratory tract of patients with impaired host defence. In cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, this pathogen causes a progressive destructive bronchitis and bronchiolitis and is responsible for high mortality. Normal respiratory epithelium is protected against bacteria via mucus and mucociliary clearance. Alteration of mucociliary clearance and of glycosylation of mucins in CF facilitates the access of bacteria to the underlying airway epithelial cells. Intact respiratory epithelium does not bind P. aeruginosa, whereas injured respiratory epithelium is highly susceptible to P. aeruginosa adherence. We found that the high affinity of respiratory epithelium, from CF and non-CF sources, for P. aeruginosa, during the wound repair process is related to the apical expression of asialo ganglioside M1 (aGM1). The affinity of repairing respiratory epithelium for P. aeruginosa is time-dependent, and is related to transient apical expression of aGM1 at the surface of repairing respiratory epithelial cells. CF respiratory epithelial cells apically express more aGM1 residues with relation to an increased affinity for P. aeruginosa than non CF cells. High epithelial damage followed by repair represents a major cause of P. aeruginosa adherence to airway epithelium in cystic fibrosis. However, P. aerurignosa adherence and colonization are not restricted to cystic fibrosis disease and P. aeruginosa pneumonia may also occur in severely immunocompromised patients, suggesting that epithelial injury and decreased host-response favour the colonization of the airways by P. aeruginosa.
Fatal ball-valve airway obstruction by an extensive blood clot during mechanical ventilation
Authors: Foucher P , Merati M , Baudouin N , Reybet-Degat O , Camus P , Jeannin L
Published: April 2003

A ball-valve airway obstruction by a blood clot cast of almost the whole bronchial tree occurred in a small-cell lung cancer patient, who had been on mechanical ventilation for 9 days. Chest radiographs revealed overinflated lungs. Attempts to remove the cast via fibreoptic bronchoscopy were unsuccessful and the patient died. A postmortem extraction of the clot was performed with a rigid tube. This case is rare because of absence of severe haemoptysis and lung volume reduction.
Risk-attitude and patient treatment preferences
Authors: Fraenkel L , Bogardus S T , Wittink D R
Published: April 2003

Women’s treatment preferences for lupus nephritis vary widely even after adjusting for sociodemographic factors and disease severity. Attitude toward risk may partially explain inter-patient variability in treatment preference. The objective of this study was to examine the association between ‘risk-attitude’and patient treatment preferencesin lupus nephritis. Sixty-five premenopausal women with systemic lupus erythematosus were interviewed. Patient preferences for cyclophosphamide versus azathioprine for the treatment of lupus nephritis were ascertained using an Adaptive Conjoint Analysis questionnaire. Risk-attitude was ascertained by asking patients to choose between a pair of lotteries having the same expected value but differing in spread (the difference between the worst and best outcomes). Respondents preferring the wider spread were classified as relatively more risk-seeking and those preferring the narrower spread were classified as relatively more risk-averse. Twenty-eight percent of respondents were classified as relatively more risk-seeking. Risk-seeking women were more likely to prefer cyclophosphamidefor the treatment of lupus nephritis compared with risk-averse women [least square mean (SD) preference for cyclophosphamide 63 3 among risk-seeking women versus 55 2 among risk-averse women (P < 0.03)]. The association between risk attitude and treatment preference persisted as the probabilities of adverse events were varied to reflect the range of risks reported in the literature. Our results suggest that patients’relative risk-attitudes, as measured by a lottery task, are related to their treatment preferences. Differences in risk-attitude may help explain the inter-patient variability in treatment preferences.
Searching sheet metal parts based on bending process similarity
Authors: Misaki D , Aomura S
Published: April 2003

Sheet metal parts have been widely used in industry and much information for parts has been accumulated in a database. In planning the manufacturing process of a sheet metal part, if the process plan of a similar part can be retrieved from the database, the process planning would be faster and more consistent. In this paper, an effective method of searching the sheet metal parts based on bending process similarity is proposed. This method consists of two stages. In the first stage, flat pattern drawings of the parts with the same set-up numbers are classified into several topological structures. In the second stage, the parts that possess a similar bending process to the target part are selected. The bending process similarity is defined by the grasping position of a robot gripper. The number of reposition and grasping positions are decided by taking the geometric element of the flat pattern into consideration. The effectiveness of this method is described and illustrative examples are shown.
Synthesis of SnO2 Nanoparticles by the Sol-gel Method From Granulated Tin
Authors: Zhang Jianrong , Gao Lian
Published: April 2003

SnO2 sols were prepared by the sol-gel method starting from granulated tin. Calcining the dried gel powder at 773 K for 2 h formed almost monodispersed SnO2 nanoparticles whose average diameter was 5 nm and surface area as high as 143 m2/g.
Proliferative Potential of Canine Oral Epulides and Malignant Neoplasms Assessed by Bromodeoxyuridine Labeling
Authors: Yoshida K. , Yanai T. , Iwasaki T. , Sakai H. , Ohta J. , Kati S. , Ishikawa K. , Lackner A. A. , Masegi T.
Published: April 2003

The proliferative potential of canine oral lesions, including epulides, squamous cell carcinomas, a malignant melanoma, and a fibrosarcoma, was examined using a monoclonal antibody to bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Twenty-three dogs with oral masses were administered BrdU intravenously at a dose of 8 mg/kg 1 hour before surgery, and the BrdU labeling index (LI) of each lesion was determined immunohistochemically. The average BrdU LIs for the main proliferating elements in the fibromatous epulis (4 cases), ossifying epulis (2 cases), and acanthomatous epulis (10 cases) were 4.9, 3.0, and 8.8%, respectively. The squamous cell carcinomas (5 cases) had an average LI of 15.9%, and the LIs of the malignant melanoma and fibrosarcoma were 7.5 and 10.3%, respectively. All cases of acanthomatous epulides and squamous cell carcinoma treated with simple marginal surgical resection recurred within a short time. The higher LIs in the acanthomatous epulides, squamous cell carcinomas, and fibrosarcoma correlate well with their poor prognoses, reflected by rapid growth and frequent recurrence. Acanthomatous epulis is clearly distinguished from other epulides by its aggressive clinical behavior and high proliferative potential, which is equivalent to that of malignant tumors, despite a lack of cell atypia. The BrdU LI is a useful marker for evaluating the proliferative potential and prognosis of canine oral tumors.
Perosomus Elumbis (Vertebral Agenesis and Arthrogryposis) in a Stillborn Holstein Calf
Authors: Jones C. J.
Published: April 2003

Perosomus elumbis, an infrequently encountered congenital anomaly of unknown etiology, was studied in a female Holstein calf. This error of morphogenesis represents a set of multiorgan malformations that produce a deformity of the caudal one third of the fetus. In this case, the spinal and pelvic malformations were radiographed and then dissected. Intra-abdominal abnormalities of the soft tissues are also described. The normal sequential embryologic development of the vertebrate skeleton, anterior-posterior fetal positioning, and neural tube migration are discussed. An extensive literature of this birth defect in cattle (and sheep) is reveiwed. The reports from a period covering 165 years are compared with the pathologic features in this case. Chromosomal aberrations within the homeobox gene family are postulated to be contributory factors in the development of this type of dysorganogenesis.
Lesions and Transmission of Experimental Adenovirus Hemorrhagic Disease in Black-tailed Deer Fawns
Authors: Woods L. W. , Hanley R. S. , Chiu P. H. , Lehmkuhl H. D. , Nordhausen R. W. , Stillian M. H. , Swift P. K.
Published: April 2003

Adenovirus infection was the cause of an epizootic of hemorrhagic disease that is believed to have killed thousands of mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus) in California during the latter half of 1993. A systemic vasculitis with pulmonary edema and hemorrhagic enteropathy or a localized vasculitis associated with necrotizing stomatitis/pharyngitis/glossitis or osteomyelitis of the jaw were common necropsy findings in animals that died during this epizootic. To study transmission of adenovirus infection in deer and susceptibility of black-tailed deer ( Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) fawns to adenovirus infection, six 3–6-month-old black-tailed fawns were divided into two treatment groups. One group was inoculated intravenously and the other group was inoculated through the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth with purified adenovirus. Each treatment group also included two additional fawns (four total) that were not inoculated but were exposed to inoculated animals (contact animals). One fawn served as a negative control. Between 4 and 16 days postinoculation, 8/10 fawns developed systemic or localized infection with lesions identical to lesions seen in animals with natural disease that died during the epizootic. Transmission was by direct contact, and the route of inoculation did not affect the incubation period or the distribution of the virus (systemic or the localized infection). Immunohistochemical analysis using polyclonal antiserum against bovine adenovirus type 5 demonstrated staining in endothelial cells of vessels in numerous tissues in animals with systemic infection and endothelial staining only in vessels subtending necrotic foci in the upper alimentary tract in animals with the localized form of the disease. All inoculated or exposed animals had staining in the tonsillar epithelium. Transmission electron microscopic examination of lung and ileum from two fawns with pulmonary edema and hemorrhagic enteropathy demonstrated endothelial necrosis and adenovirus virions in endothelial cell nuclei. Adenovirus was reisolated in black-tailed deer pulmonary artery endothelial cells using lung homogenate of the first fawn that developed systemic adenovirus infection. Serum virus neutralization test results suggest that this deer adenovirus is a new serotype.
Dermatitis with Invasive Ciliated Protozoa in Dolphins That Died During the 1987–1988 Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin Morbilliviral Epizootic
Authors: Schulman F. Y. , Lipscomb T. P.
Published: April 2003

Dermatitis with intradermal cilated protozoa was identified in 18 of 95 (19%) Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus) that died during the 1987–1988 Atlantic-dolphin morbillivirus epizootic. The lesions were characterized by focally extensive suppurative and histiocytic dermatitis and cellulitis with ulceration and variable numbers of dermal and hypodermal ciliates. Vasculitis, thrombosis, and/or intravascular ciliates were rarely present. In one dolphin, there was an associated lymphadenitis with ciliates, and in another, bronchopneumonia with rare intrabronchiolar ciliates. Ten of the dolphins were female, and eight were male. The animals ranged in length from 148 to 260 cm. Eleven were from Virginia, four were from New Jersey, and three were from Florida. In 13 dolphins, results of immunohistochemical and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were positive for morbillivirus infection. Results of immunohistochemical tests were negative in four dolphins that were not also tested with PCR. Results were also negative in one dolphin tested using both methods. Nine dolphins had concomitant bacterial, fungal, and/or other protozoal infections. Fourteen other dolphins with ciliate-associated dermatitis were identified from 414 Atlantic bottlenose dolphin cases (3%) archived at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. The incidence of dermatitis with invasive ciliates is much greater in dolphins that died during the 1987–1988 epizootic.
Characterization of Metastatic Intestinal Adenocarcinoma with Differentiation into Multiple Morphologic Cell Types in a Virginia Opossum
Authors: Prater M. R. , Duncan R. B. , Gaydos J.
Published: April 2003

A captively maintained mature male opossum ( Didelphis virginiana) utilized in a research protocol was presented with clinical signs of chronic diarrhea and severe muscle wasting. At necropsy, there was multifocal mural gastric, intestinal, and urinary bladder thickening, concurrent bilateral hydroureter and hydronephrosis, and extensive fibrous abdominal adhesions. Histologic evaluation revealed intestinal adenocarcinoma with coelomic metastasis to the stomach and urinary bladder. The adenocarcinoma was evaluated using histo-chemistry and electron microscopy. Paneth, enteroendocrine, and goblet cell differentiation was documented in primary and metastatic sites. This unique presentation of intestinal adenocarcinoma has not previously been reported in the opossum or any other animals. Intestinal neoplasia with Paneth cell differentiation is extremely rare and has been reported in humans with familial adenomatous polyposis.
Choriocarcinoma and Teratoma in the Ovary of a Cynomolgus Monkey
Authors: Toyosawa K. , Okimoto K. , Koujitani T. , Kikawa E.
Published: April 2003

An ovarian choriocarcinoma was found in a 13-year-old cynomolgus monkey ( Macaca fascicularis). The tumor was accompanied by a mature teratoma in the contralateral ovary. Histologically, the choriocarcinoma was characterized by nests of cells where cytotrophoblasts occupied the periphery with syncytiotrophoblasts at the center. Immunohistochemical staining for anti-human chorionic gonadotropin was positive in the syncytiotrophoblasts. The teratoma consisted of well-differentiated epidermal cells, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, cartilage, bone, and teeth. Choriocarcinoma metastases were in multiple organs. The concomitant development of choriocarcinoma and teratoma in the ovary is a consistent finding with the human counterparts of these lesions.
Bilateral Renal Oncocytoma in a Greyhound Dog
Authors: Buergelt C. D. , Adjiri-Awere A.
Published: April 2003

A bilateral, locally invasive renal oncocytoma was diagnosed in a 10-year-old spayed female Greyhound dog. The diagnosis was based on positive staining of the tumor with the periodic acid-Schiff reaction prior to diastase treatment, on the immunohistochemical expression of cytoplasmic cytokeratin, and on the prominence of mitochondria in the tumor cells.
Reduction of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxic Effects by Oral Administration of Betaine in Male Han-Wistar Rats: A Morphometric Histological Study
Authors: Junnila M. , Rahko T. , Sukura A. , Lindberg L.-A.
Published: April 2003

Eighty-five male Han-Wistar rats were arranged into three groups: CCl4-exposed rats, CCl4+ betaine-exposed rats, and control rats. To see the effect of betaine alone, five rats of the control and of the CCl4+ betaine groups were sacrificed after 7 days, before exposure to CCl4. After that, two of the groups (the CCl4and CCl4+ betaine groups) were exposed to CCl4(1 ml/kg per day subcutaneously [SC] for 4 consecutive days), and one of the groups (control group) was given olive oil (1 ml/kg per day SC for 4 consecutive days). At the start of the study (day 0), day 1, day 2, day 3, day 4, and 3 days after the last CCl4and olive oil injections (day 7), samples of five rats per group were sacrificed, and the livers were taken for chemical analyses and histological examination. Oral betaine, after the acclimation period of a week, increased the number of mitochondria but not mitochondria size (day 0), compared with the case in control rats. Exposure to CCl4resulted in centrilobular hepatic steatosis, and the administration of betaine significantly reduced this. Morphometric analyses also revealed that the addition of betaine increased the volume density of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in the perinuclear areas of liver cell cytoplasm (day 7). Additionally, the administration of betaine prevented the reduction of Golgi complexes and mitochondrial figures in the cytoplasm observed after the exposures to CCI4. Also, the volume density of mitochondria was smallest in the CCI4-group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The results indicate that oral betaine either improves recovery or reduces the toxic effects of CCl4on cell organelles in liver cells of male Han-Wistar rats.
Diagnosis of Equine Arteritis Virus Infection in Two Horses by Using Monoclonal Antibody Immunoperoxidase Histochemistry on Skin Biopsies
Authors: Del Piero F.
Published: April 2003

Two 5-year-old grade male horses presented with epiphora, rhinorrhea, conjunctival and nasal mucosal hyperemia, and dorsal and thoracic macropapular rash. Skin biopsies were collected from the affected areas, and serial sections were evaluated following hematoxylin and eosin and immunoperoxidase histochemistry staining by using a murine monoclonal antibody of the immunoglobulin G2A isotype recognizing the 30- kDa membrane protein of equine arteritis virus (EAV). In both horses, lesions consisted of mild to moderate diffuse superficial dermal edema and vasculitis with mild perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates, occasional endothelial hypertrophy, and single-cell necrosis of tunica media myocytes. Immunohistochemically, a few endothelial cells, myocytes, and pericytes containing intracytoplasmic EAV antigen were identified. Immunoperoxidase histochemistry of skin biopsies can be used as an ancillary test for the clinical diagnosis of equine viral arteritis in horses, especially when a cutaneous macropapular rash is evident.
Gastritis and Intestinal Metaplasia in Syrian Hamsters Infected with Helicobacter aurati and Two Other Microaerobes
Authors: Patterson M. M. , Schrenzel M. D. , Feng Y. , Fox J. G.
Published: April 2003

Chronic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia associated with naturally occurring colonization by Helicobacter aurati and two other microaerobic species were observed in Syrian hamsters. Thirty-five hamsters, between 7 and 12 months of age, were evaluated from two research and three commercial facilities. Microaerobic bacteria were cultured from the hamster stomachs. These bacteria included H. aurati, a fusiform, ureasepositive species; a second novel helical, urease-negative Helicobacter sp.; as well as a smaller, urease-negative Campylobacter sp. Southern blot analysis detected Helicobacter spp. DNA in the gastric tissues of all 35 hamsters; 15 hamsters also had Campylobacter sp. DNA in their gastric tissues. When examined by light microscopy, argyrophilic bacteria consistent with H. aurati or the second Helicobacter sp. were present in antral sections of 12 out of the 15 hamsters where bacteria were seen, while 9 out of the 15 hamsters had bacteria resembling the Campylobacter sp. The presence of Helicobacter spp. but not the presence of Campylobacter sp. was significantly correlated to gastritis severity ( P < 0.0001 for Helicobacter spp., P = 0.6025 for Campylobacter sp.) and intestinal metaplasia, as measured by numbers of goblet cells ( P = 0.0239 for Helicobacter spp., P = 0.5525 for Campylobacter sp.). Severely affected hamsters also had Giardia sp. within their metaplastic gastric pits. Hamsters with naturally occurring helicobacter-associated gastritis provide a model for studying the development of intestinal metaplasia and gastric giardiasis in H. pylori-infected humans.
Periventricular Changes Associated with Spontaneous Canine Hydrocephalus
Authors: Wünschmann A. , Oglesbee M.
Published: April 2003

Causes of canine juvenile hydrocephalus have been well documented. However, the effects of hydrocephalus on periventricular white matter have been only partially described. The present report shows that hydrocephalus-associated lesions of the periventricular white matter, i.e., formation of diverticula, clefts, and tears, are prevalent. Marked hydrocephalus was identified at necropsy in 20 juvenile dogs between 1990 and 1999. The severity grade was based upon a ratio of lateral ventricular dimensions to cortical thickness. All animals exhibited ependymal lesions consisting of attenuation, with or without abortive attempts of ependymal regeneration, and ulceration. In 10 dogs (50%), unilateral or bilateral periventricular diverticula and cleft formation in the region of the caudate nucleus were observed. The diverticula were formed at the caudal pole of the caudate nucleus, communicated with the ventricular lumen, and were associated with ependymal denudation. Loss of the ependymal lining probably contributes to a bulk shift of cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricular lumen to the periventricular white matter, leading to diverticulum formation. Clefts were observed within the parenchyma at the border of the internal capsule and putamen, consistent with an ischemic insult. Occasionally tearing with separation of the caudate nucleus from the subcortical white matter was found, representing unification of expanding clefts and diverticula. In one of the few clinically well-documented cases, tearing was correlated with a sudden decline in neurologic function, culminating in euthanasia. However, tears and clefts may exhibit a chronicity of several days, as indicated by the presence of astroglial scars along the lesion margins.
Origin of Enzootic Intranasal Tumor in the Goat (Capra hircus): A Glycohistochemical Approach
Authors: Scocco P. , Mariotti F. , Ceccarelli P. , Fagioli O. , Renzoni G. , Vitellozzi G.
Published: April 2003

Enzootic intranasal tumor (EIT) appears glandular in type and has recently been classified as an adenocarcinoma of low malignancy. The aim of this study was to characterize the secretion of surface glycoconjugates (GCs) in EIT and in normal respiratory and olfactory mucosae of the goat by means of conventional and lectin histochemistry, in order to shed light on the histogenesis of EIT. Morphologic and ultrastructural investigations showed two growth types of EIT: i.e., tubular and papillary patterns. Conventional histochemistry revealed the presence of neutral and carboxylated GCs in the olfactory glands and in the tubular part of EIT, as well neutral and sulphated GCs in the respiratory glands and in the papillary part of EIT, suggesting that the papillary pattern tumor arises from the respiratory glands, whereas the tubular portion of EIT arises from the olfactory glands. Lectin histochemistry gave further information on the expressed GCs.
Feline Vaccine-associated Fibrosarcoma: An Ultrastructural Study of 20 Tumors (1996–1999)
Authors: Madewell B. R. , Griffey S. M. , McEntee M. C. , Leppert V. J. , Munn R. J.
Published: April 2003

Twenty feline vaccine-associated sarcomas were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Tumors contained pleomorphic spindle cells, histiocytoid cells, and giant cells. Most tumors contained myofibroblasts, which had morphologic features similar to those of fibroblasts. These cells were further distinguished by subplasmalemmal dense plaques and thin cytoplasmic actin myofilaments organized as elongated bundles concentrated at irregular intervals forming characteristic dense bodies. Intracellular crystalline particulate material was found in 5 of the 20 tumors. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to identify the crystalline material within one tumor as aluminum-based. One tumor from a feline leukemia virus-infected cat contained budding and immature retroviral particles.
Pathologic and Immunohistochemical Findings in Naturally Occurring West Nile Virus Infection in Horses
Authors: Cantile C. , Del Piero F. , Di Guardo G. , Arispici M.
Published: April 2003

The pathologic and peroxidase immunohistochemical features of West Nile flavivirus (WNV) infection were compared in four horses from the northeastern United States and six horses from central Italy. In all 10 animals, there were mild to severe polioencephalomyelitis with small T lymphocyte and lesser macrophage perivascular infiltrate, multifocal glial nodules, neutrophils, and occasional neuronophagia. Perivascular hemorrhages, also noted macroscopically in two animals, were observed in 50% of the horses. In the four American horses, lesions extended from the basal nuclei through the brain stem and to the sacral spinal cord and were more severe than the lesions observed in the six Italian horses, which had moderate to severe lesions mainly in the thoracolumbar spinal cord and mild rhombencephalic lesions. WNV antigen was scant and was identified within the cytoplasm of a few neurons, fibers, glial cells, and macrophages. WNV infection in horses is characterized by lesions with little associated antigen when compared with WNV infection in birds and some fatal human infections and with other important viral encephalitides of horses, such as alphavirus infections and rabies.
Marek's Disease Virus Infection in the Brain: Virus Replication, Cellular Infiltration, and Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigen Expression
Authors: Gimeno I. M. , Witter R. L. , Hunt H. D. , Lee L. F. , Reddy S. M. , Neumann U.
Published: April 2003

Marek's disease virus (MDV) infection in the brain was studied chronologically after inoculating 3-week-old chickens of two genetic lines with two strains of serotype 1 MDV representing two pathotypes (v and vv++). Viral replication in the brain was strongly associated with the development of lesions. Three viral antigens (pp38, gB, and meq) were detected in the brain of infected chickens. Marked differences between v and vv++ pathotypes of MDV were identified for level of virus replication, time course of brain lesions, and expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Two pathologic phenomena (inflammatory and proliferative) were detected in the brain of chickens inoculated with vv+MDV, but only inflammatory lesions were observed in those inoculated with vMDV. Inflammatory lesions, mainly composed of macrophages, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells, started at 6-10 days postinoculation (dpi) and were transient. Proliferative lesions, characterized by severe infiltrates of CD4+CD8- T cells (blasts), started at 19–26 dpi and persisted. Expression of MHC antigens in endothelial cells and infiltrating cells within the brain was influenced by MDV infection. Upregulation of MHC class II antigen occurred in all treatment groups, although it was more severe in those inoculated with vv+MDV. MHC class I antigen was downregulated only in those groups inoculated with vv+MDV. These results enhance our understanding of the nature and pattern of MDV infection in the brain and help to explain the neurovirulence associated with highly virulent MDV.
Radiculomeningomyelitis Due to Halicephalobus gingivalis in a Horse
Authors: Johnson J. S. , Hibler C. P. , Tillotson K. M. , Mason G. L.
Published: April 2003

An adult horse was euthanatized following a clinical diagnosis of cauda equina neuritis. Significant gross postmortem and histopathologic findings were limited to the sacral spinal cord and cauda equina. The sacral spinal cord, meninges, and spinal nerve roots were expanded and partially effaced by sclerosing granulomatous inflammation with necrosis. The lesion contained numerous nematode larvae and fewer adults with a rhabditiform esophagus having a corpus, isthmus, and valved bulb. Female nematodes were amphidelphic and didelphic with reflexed ovaries. These morphologic features confirm Halicephalobus gingivalis as a novel cause of clinical signs in this case of cauda equina neuritis.
Helicobacter pylori-induced Gastritis in Experimentally Infected Conventional Piglets
Authors: Poutahidis T. , Tsangaris T. , Kanakoudis G. , Vlemmas I. , Iliadis N. , Sofianou D.
Published: April 2003

A conventional nonmutant animal that could be experimentally infected with Helicobacter pylori isolates would be a useful animal model for human H. pylori-associated gastritis. Gnotobiotic and barrier-born pigs are susceptible to H. pylori infection, but attempts to infect conventional pigs with this bacterium have been unsuccessful. In the present study, a litter of eight 20-day-old crossbreed piglets were purchased from a commercial farm. Six of them were orally challenged two to five times at different ages, between 29 and 49 days, with doses of H. pylori inoculum containing approximately 109 bacterial cells. Two animals served as controls. The inoculation program began 2 days postweaning when the piglets were 29 days of age. Prior to every inoculation, the piglets were fasted and pretreated with cimetidine, and prior to the first and second inoculation each piglet also was pretreated with dexamethasone. The challenged piglets were euthanasized between 36 and 76 days of age. H. pylori colonized all six inoculated piglets. The pathology of the experimentally induced gastritis was examined macroscopically and by light and electron microscopy. H. pylori induced a severe lymphocytic gastritis in the conventional piglets and reproduced the large majority of the pathologic features of the human disease. Therefore, the conventional piglet represents a promising new model for study of the various pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of lesions of the human H. pyloriassociated gastritis.
Expression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-6 (BMP-6) in Myoepithelial Cells in Canine Mammary Gland Tumors
Authors: Tateyama S. , Uchida K. , Hidaka T. , Hirao M. , Yamaguchi R.
Published: April 2003

Seventy-three mammary tumors and three mammary tissue specimens were examined to elucidate the expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-6 in the myoepithelial cells of canine mammary gland tumors. Morphologically, the myoepithelial cells were classified into four types: resting and proliferating cells inside the basement membrane, and spindle- and star-shaped cells proliferating in the outer area of the basement membrane. The characteristics of these myoepithelial cells were confirmed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies raised against keratin, cytokeratin 19, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and vimentin. In simple adenoma, a small number of resting myoepithelial cells was immunopositive for BMP-6. In complex adenomas and benign mixed tumors, all types of myoepithelial cells, depending in some cases on their specific location within the tumor, were immunopositive for BMP-6, but almost all of the tubular epithelial cells were immunonegative. Foci consisting of a proliferation of BMP-6–positive star- and spindle-shaped cells had mucinous stroma with marked hyaline and chondroid changes. In contrast, the foci with BMP-6–negative spindle- and star-shaped cells tended to have mucinous stroma without chondroid change. Several types of mesenchymal cells including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and fibroblastlike cells in the mixed tumors, showed an intense immunopositive reaction for the BMP-6 antibody, and were located close to the ectopic cartilage and bone matrix. No significant immunoreactivity for BMP-6 was observed in most of the malignant mammary tumors; only one malignant mixed tumor was examined. All of these findings indicate that BMP-6 expression in myoepithelial cells may increase in complex adenomas and benign mixed tumors in canine mammary glands, and that BMP-6 expression is most intense in the vicinity of chondroid matrix in these tumors.