bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flow Regimes and Mixing of Dissimilar Fluids in T‐Jets Mixers
Authors: Brito Margarida S. C. A. , Fonte Cláudio P. , Dias Madalena M. , Lopes José Carlos B. , Santos Ricardo J.
Published: December 2021

Efficient mixing conditions for similar fluids in T‐Jets mixers are well‐established. This paper extends the characterization of the mixing of dissimilar fluids. Planar laser‐induced fluorescence images were captured using fluids with a viscosity ratio between 1.2 and 3. Flow visualizations showed that the best mixing conditions are achieved when the jets are well‐balanced, and the onset of a chaotic flow regime is determined by the Reynolds number of the more viscous fluid (ReHjet > 100). Computational fluid dynamics simulations were also performed to get deeper insight into the flow field and mixing dynamics, enabling the prediction of the impingement point position. An analytical model based on jets' kinetic energy rate balance is proposed as a design tool to predict the impingement point position.
Strategic Substitution of −OH/−NR2 (R=Et, Me) Imparts Colorimetric Switching between F− and Hg2+ by Salicyaldehyde/Benzaldehyde‐Quinoxaline Conjugates
Authors: Bag Riya , Sikdar Yeasin , Sahu Sutapa , Bag Jayanta , Drew Michael G. B. , Pal Kuntal , Goswami Sanchita
Published: December 2021

We herein report two salicyaldehyde‐quinoxaline (HQS and HQSN) conjugates and a benzaldehyde‐quinoxaline (QBN) conjugate to fabricate selective chemosensors for F− and Hg2+ in the micromolar range. This work demonstrates how sensing outcomes are affected by modulating proton acidity by introducing an electron donating group, −NEt2, in the probe backbone. Interestingly, the un‐substituted probe HQS can selectively detect F−, whereas HQSN and QBN are selective for Hg2+. In order to gain insights into the mechanism of sensing, geometry optimizations have been carried out on QS(−1), QS(−1)⋅⋅⋅HF, QSN(−1) and QSN(−1)⋅⋅⋅HF and the experimental data are validated in terms of free energy and pKa values. Detailed DFT and TD‐DFT analyses provide ample support towards the mechanism of sensing of the analytes.
EPR Characterisation of Phthalocyanine Radical Anions in Near‐Infrared Photocleavage of the Hydrophilic Axial Ligand of a Photoimmunotherapeutic Reagent, IR700
Authors: Inanami Osamu , Hiraoka Wakako , Goto Yuto , Takakura Hideo , Ogawa Mikako
Published: December 2021

The front cover artwork is provided by Osamu Inanami, Mikako Ogawa and co‐workers at Hokkaido University and Meiji University (Japan). The image shows the formation mechanism of photoinduced cytotoxic aggregation through two‐step cleavage reactions of the hydrophilic axial ligands of IR700 in photoimmunotherapy. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/cptc.202100172.
Lead‐Free Cs2AgSbCl6 Double Perovskite Nanocrystals for Effective Visible‐Light Photocatalytic C−C Coupling Reactions
Authors: Guo Yanmei , Lou Yongbing , Chen Jinxi , Zhao Yixin
Published: December 2021

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have been regarded as a promising potential photocatalyst, owing to their high molar extinction coefficient, low economic cost, adjustable light absorption range, and ample surface active sites. However, the toxicity of lead and its inherent instability in water and polar solvents could hinder their wide application in the field of photocatalysis. Herein, with α‐alkylation of aldehydes as a model reaction, C−C bond‐forming is demonstrated in high yield by using lead‐free double perovskite Cs2AgSbCl6 NCs under visible light irradiation. Moreover, the photocatalytic performance is simply improved by rational control of the surface ligands and a reaction mechanism involving a radical intermediate is proposed. Although the stability requires further amelioration, the results indicate the enormous potential of lead‐free double perovskite NC photocatalysts for organic synthesis and chemical transformations.
Clinical application of flow cytometry in patients with unexplained cytopenia and suspected myelodysplastic syndrome: A report of the European LeukemiaNet International MDS‐Flow Cytometry Working Group
Authors: van de Loosdrecht Arjan A. , Kern Wolfgang , Porwit Anna , Valent Peter , Kordasti Sharham , Cremers Eline , Alhan Canan , Duetz Carolien , Dunlop Alan , Hobo Willemijn , Preijers Frank , Wagner‐Ballon Orianne , Chapuis Nicolas , Fontenay Michaela , Bettelheim Peter , Eidenschink‐Brodersen Lisa , Font Patricia , Johansson Ulrika , Loken Michael R. , te Marvelde Jeroen G. , Matarraz Sergio , Ogata Kiyoyuki , Oelschlaegel Uta , Orfao Alberto , Psarra Katherina , Subirá Dolores , Wells Denise A. , Béné Marie C. , Della Porta Matteo G. , Burbury Kate , Bellos Frauke , van der Velden Vincent H. J. , Westers Theresia M. , Saft Leonie , Ireland Robin
Published: December 2021

This article discusses the rationale for inclusion of flow cytometry (FCM) in the diagnostic investigation and evaluation of cytopenias of uncertain origin and suspected myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) by the European LeukemiaNet international MDS Flow Working Group (ELN iMDS Flow WG). The WHO 2016 classification recognizes that FCM contributes to the diagnosis of MDS and may be useful for prognostication, prediction, and evaluation of response to therapy and follow‐up of MDS patients.
Mother's engagement with infant linked to infant's responding to threat
Authors: Thrasher Cat , Krol Kathleen M. , Grossmann Tobias
Published: December 2021

The early development of threat perception in infancy might be dependent on caregiver context, but this link has not yet been studied in human infants. This study examined the emergence of the young infant's response to threat in the context of variations in caregiving behavior. Eighty infant‐caregiver dyads (39 female infants, all of western European descent) visited the laboratory when the infant was 5 months old. Each dyad completed a free‐play task, from which we coded for the mother's level of engagement: the amount of talking, close proximity, positive affect, and attention directed toward the infant. When the infant was 7 months old, they came back to the laboratory and we used functional near infrared spectroscopy and eye tracking to measure infants’ neural and attentional responses to threatening angry faces. In response to threat, infants of more‐engaged mothers showed increased brain responses in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex—a brain region associated with emotion regulation and cognitive control among adults—and reduced attentional avoidance. These results point to a role for caregiver behavioral context in the early development of brain systems involved in human threat responding.
What can community ecologists learn from species distribution models?
Authors: Murphy Stephen J. , Smith Adam B.
Published: December 2021

Species distribution and ecological niche models (SDMs and ENMs) are popular tools used in a wide variety of research and conservation applications. However, their use in understanding community‐level patterns and processes is an emerging and rapidly developing field. Here, we examine a set of important and challenging topics that are central to advancing the field of community ecology where we believe SDMs and ENMs can help in making progress. Topics examined in this review include the prediction of community attributes (e.g., species richness and composition), the detection and estimation of rare species, species abundance patterns, scale dependencies in species–environment relations, biotic interactions, and historical contingencies. We also describe how SDMs can be used to help construct regional species pools and community assembly models that can be used to help address important questions in novel and interesting ways. We expect that greater integration between theoretical advancements in community ecology, local field‐based experimental studies, and coarse‐scale species distribution modeling applications will become a highly productive avenue for moving the field of community ecology forward and for developing more predictive models of community assembly and dynamics.
Using remote sensing to monitor the spring phenology of Acadia National Park across elevational gradients
Authors: Liu Yan , McDonough MacKenzie Caitlin , Primack Richard B. , Hill Michael J. , Zhang Xiaoyang , Wang Zhuosen , Schaaf Crystal B.
Published: December 2021

Greenup dates and their responses to elevation and temperature variations across the mountains of Acadia National Park are monitored using remote sensing data, including Landsat 8 surface reflectances (at a 30‐m spatial resolution) and VIIRS reflectances adjusted to a nadir view (gridded at a 500‐m spatial resolution), during the 2013–2016 growing seasons. The 30‐m resolution provides a better scale for studying the phenology variation across elevational gradients than the 500‐m resolution, as greenup dates monitored at 30‐m scale have better agreement with leaf‐out dates recorded in the field alongside the north–south‐oriented hiking trails on three of the park’s tallest mountains (466 m, 418 m, and 380 m), and can provide landcover‐specific analysis. The spring phenology responses to temperature and elevation vary among different spatial scales. Greenup dates of Acadia National Park monitored at 30‐m scale show a weak advancing trend with higher spring temperature, while greenup dates monitored at 500 m show a weak delaying trend. The species mix within landcover at 30‐m scale could weaken the advancing trend detected at field observation level. The landcover mix and elevation variation within 500‐m scale could alter the spring phenology response to spring temperature variation. Greenup dates monitored at both 30‐m and 500‐m scales vary among different elevational zones, aspects, landcovers, and years. However, the relationship between greenup dates and elevation is rather weak.
Sensitivity enhancement in capillary electrophoresis and their applications for analyses of pharmaceutical and related biochemical substances
Authors: Suntornsuk L. , Anurukvorakun O.
Published: December 2021

This review aims to illustrate sensitivity enhancement methods in capillary electrophoresis (CE) and their applications for pharmaceutical and related biochemical substance analyses. The first two parts of the article describe the introduction and principle of CE. The main part focuses on strategies for sensitivity improvement in CE including detector and capillary technologies and preconcentration techniques. Applications of these techniques for pharmaceutical and biomedical substance analyses are surveyed during the years 2018–2021.
Unravelling the structural‐property relations of porphyrinoids with respect to photo‐ and electro‐chemical activities
Authors: Singh Gita , Chandra Sudeshna
Published: December 2021

Porphyrins have multiple roles in living and nonliving systems because of their exceptional tunable chemical and physical properties. They are interesting macrocyclic compounds that could be modified in a number of ways. The structural diversity of porphyrinoids make them a unique choice for functional devices exhibiting photo‐ and electrochemical properties. Their properties can be modified or altered by either protonating the nitrogen atoms or by inducing charge transfer to the metal center. Structural changes induced by flattening and planar distortions, redox reactions, solvents, and porphyrin aggregations also influence the photo‐ and electro‐chemical properties of porphyrinoids. This review gives a brief explanation on the effects of structural orientation, molecular structure, and charge on the properties of porphyrinoids. The review also illustrates the correlation between the geometrical features and the photo‐ and electrochemical behavior of porphyrinoids.
The interaction capabilities of phytoconstituents of ethanolic seed extract of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) with HMG‐CoA reductase to subside the hypercholesterolemia: A mechanistic approach
Authors: Chouhan Harshlata , Purohit Ashok , Ram Heera , Chowdhury Suman , Kashyap Priya , Panwar Anil , Kumar Ashok
Published: December 2021

The aim of this study was to evaluate hypocholesterolemic potential of phytoconstituents of ethanolic seed extract of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) by assessments of interaction capabilities with 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase (HMG‐CoA) reductase through in vivo and in silico assessments along with screening of phytoconstituents of the test extract. The phytoconstituents of the test extract were identified by Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS)/MS examinations. The hypercholesterolemic rabbit animal model was used for in vivo study and further examined the lipid profile and atherogenic indices. The treatments of the test extract and standard drug (atorvastatin) caused significant reductions in dyslipidemia indices, that is, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Casteli Risk Index‐I (CRI‐I), CRI‐II and atherogenic coefficient (AC). Accordingly, the molecular docking showed significant interactions between the cuminaldehyde and HMG‐CoA reductase compared to the other phytoconstituents. Further, molecular dynamics (MD) validated the interaction capabilities through assessments of N‐Substance, V‐Volume, T‐Temperature (NVT), N‐Substance, P‐Pressure, T‐Temperature (NPT), Root Mean Score Deviation (RSMD), Root Mean Score Fluctuation (RSMF), radius of gyration, system density, and potential energy along with locality assessment of complex interactions evaluated by angle distribution, average angle interaction, free energy of solvation, and solvent accessible surface area (SASA). Subsequently, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) predictions revealed the druggability and bioavailability criteria of the leading identified compounds. On the basis of results obtained, it can be concluded that small phytochemical molecules of test extract of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) have capabilities to inhibit the HMG‐CoA reductase and ameliorate the dyslipidemia indices.
Synthesis of new two‐dimensional titanium carbonitride Ti2C0.5N0.5TxMXene and its performance as an electrode material for sodium‐ion battery
Authors: Liang Kun , Tabassum Anika , Majed Ahmad , Dun Chaochao , Yang Feipeng , Guo Jinghua , Prenger Kaitlyn , Urban Jeffrey J. , Naguib Michael
Published: December 2021

Two‐dimensional (2D) layered transition metal carbides/nitrides, called MXenes, are attractive alternative electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage. Owing to their metallic electrical conductivity and low ion diffusion barrier, MXenes are promising anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, we report on a new 2D carbonitride MXene, viz., Ti2C0.5N0.5Tx (Tx stands for surface terminations), and the only second carbonitride after Ti3CNTx so far. A new type of in situ HF (HCl/KF) etching condition was employed to synthesize multilayer Ti2C0.5N0.5Tx powders from Ti2AlC0.5N0.5. Spontaneous intercalation of tetramethylammonium followed by sonication in water allowed for large‐scale delamination of this new titanium carbonitride into 2D sheets. Multilayer Ti2C0.5N0.5Tx powders showed higher specific capacities and larger electroactive surface area than those of Ti2CTx powders. Multilayer Ti2C0.5N0.5Tx powders show a specific capacity of 182 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1, the highest among all reported MXene electrodes as SIBs with excellent cycling stability.

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iTRAQ‐based proteomic analysis reveals potential osteogenesis‐promoted role of ATM in strontium‐incorporated titanium implant
Authors: Xu Yuzi , Zhou Chuan , Li Jia , Xu Yangbo , He Fuming
Published: December 2021

The present study aims to reveal the osteogenic roles played by DNA damage response biomarkers through implementing isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technique. First, sandblasted large‐grit double acid‐etched (SLA) titanium implant and strontium‐incorporated (SLA‐Sr) titanium implant were used for inserting in the tibiae of rats. iTRAQ technique was used to detect protein expression changes and identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). In total, 19,343 peptides and 4280 proteins were screened out. Among them, 91 and 138 DEPs were identified in the SLA‐Sr group after implantation for 3 and 7 days, respectively. Ataxia‐telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein up‐regulated on the 3rd day showed a trend of further up‐regulation on the 7th day. Moreover, functional enrichment analyses were also conducted to explore the biological function of DEPs during the initial stage of osseointegration in vivo, which revealed that the biological functions of the DEPs on the 7th day were mainly related to “mismatch repair” and “mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint.” Analysis of the Reactome signaling pathway showed that ATM was associated with TP53's regulation and activation. Finally, DNA damage repair related genes were selected for validation at mRNA and protein expression levels. Real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry validation results demonstrated that mRNA expression level of ATM was higher in SLA‐Sr group. In conclusion, SLA‐Sr titanium implant could initiate DNA damage repair by activating expression levels of ATM. This study was striving to reveal new faces of better osseointegration and shedding light on the biological function and underlying mechanisms of this important procedure.
Graduate student workload: Pandemic challenges and recommendations for accommodations
Authors: Swanson Helena L. , Pierre‐Louis Catherine , Monjaras‐Gaytan Lidia Y. , Zinter Kayleigh E. , McGarity‐Palmer Rebecca , Clark Withington Margaret H.
Published: December 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the lives of graduate student workers within university settings. At a large Midwestern private university, a Psychology Graduate Student Association (PsychGSA) identified that, in response to the pandemic, different levels of accommodations were being provided by faculty to graduate students. The PsychGSA conducted an evaluative survey that captured the experiences of 50 graduate students in the psychology department. The results highlight the inequitable challenges graduate students are currently facing. Recommendations to faculty to appropriately accommodate students during this unprecedented time, and beyond, are reported.
Community social capital, migration status, and Chinese rural children's psychosocial development
Authors: Tian Felicia F. , Jing Yongchao , Liu Jingming
Published: December 2021

Migration's impact on Chinese rural children's psychosocial development is the subject of growing research attention. While scholars highlight the critical role of social support, they have yet to systematically examine whether and how community social capital, which provides proximal social support for families, affects rural children's psychosocial development as well as whether such associations vary by children's migration status. Using data from the child component of the 2012 Chinese Urbanization and Labor Migration Survey, this article shows that community social capital reduces children's behavioral and emotional problems; however, left‐behind children and migrant children gain less from community social capital than children with at‐home parents. In addition, left‐behind girls fare worse and gain less from community social capital than left‐behind boys. Together, these findings imply that community social capital reinforces the disadvantaged psychosocial development of rural children who experience parental migration and evidence the enduring gender inequality in rural China.
Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker armor—Development, damage, and defense in the intertidal
Authors: Woodruff Eleanor C. , Huie Jonathan M. , Summers Adam P. , Cohen Karly E.
Published: December 2021

Predation, combat, and the slings and arrows of an abrasive and high impact environment, represent just some of the biotic and abiotic stressors that fishes are armored against. The Pacific Spiny Lumpsucker (Eumicrotremus orbis) found in the subtidal of the Northern Pacific Ocean is a rotund fish covered with epidermal, cone‐shaped, enamel odontodes. The Lumpsucker is a poor swimmer in the wave swept rocky intertidal, and this armor may be a lightweight solution to the problem of collisions with abiotic obstacles. We use micro‐CT and scanning electron microscopy to reveal the morphology and ontogeny of the armor, and to quantify the amount of mineralization relative to the endoskeleton. The non‐overlapping odontodes are organized into eight rows—six rows on the body, one row surrounding the eye, and one row underneath the chin. Odontodes start as a single, hooked cone; and they grow by the addition of cusps that accrete into a spiral. The mineral investment in armor compared to skeleton increases over ontogeny. Damage to the armor occurs both through passive abrasion and breakage from impact; and there is no evidence of replacement, or repair of damaged odontodes.
Tanzania short rains and its relations to Trans‐Atlantic‐Pacific Ocean Dipole‐like pattern
Authors: Kebacho Laban Lameck
Published: December 2021

Previous studies have suggested that interocean interactions can improve our understanding of climate's impacts on extreme weather events. The present study investigates how the interaction between the tropical eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans impacts extreme weather events over Tanzania. Results illustrate that the proposed Trans‐Atlantic‐Pacific Ocean Dipole index (TAPODI) is significantly correlated with the short rains over Tanzania. The wavelet coherence analysis showed that the variability of the short rains was influenced principally by the TAPODI on the interannual (1–5 years) scale. The association between TAPODI and short rains is in‐phase, with the phase of TAPODI lags that of the short rains by 90°. The positive phase of the TAPODI is associated with the advection of moist air from the Congo basin that favours ascent motion and leads to above‐normal rainfall over Tanzania. The negative phase of the TAPODI is related to sinking motions, accompanied by divergent winds at low level that block winds from the Congo basin and the western Indian Ocean, hence leads to below‐normal rainfall over Tanzania. Therefore, the study revealed the interactions between the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, which will improve the climate predictability and prediction of the short rains over Tanzania.
The stability of total talar prosthesis—How stable to dislocation? Cadaveric study
Authors: Sato Go , Saengsin Jirawat , Sornsakrin Pongpanot , Bhimani Rohan , Lubberts Bart , Taniguchi Akira , DiGiovanni Christopher , Tanaka Yasuhito
Published: December 2021

The aim of this study was to characterize ankle stability of total talar prosthesis (TTP) and to determine the effect of implant sizes on stability as well as the resistance to TTP dislocation. Twelve below‐knee cadaveric specimens were divided into two groups. Group 1 received a size matched implant and Group 2 received downsized implant by 5%. The stability assessment under fluoroscopy was performed for each cadaver in its native state. Following TTP insertion process, each then underwent evaluation of the TTP ankle stability. The stability of pre‐ and post‐TTP was compared. (1) Anterior drawer distance. (2) Talar tilt angle under varus and valgus stress. (3) Subtalar tilt angle under varus stress was measured. Finally, the dislocation test was performed using the aforementioned testing conditions, then the stress force was slowly increased from 0 to 350 N, during which time it was observed on fluoroscopy all the time. Compared to pre TTP ankles, varus and anterior drawer stress showed significant instability (p < 0.001–0.031). Only anterior drawer stress in smaller sized implants showed significant instability when compared to identical sized implants (p = 0.008). No dislocation was seen under varus, valgus, and subtalar stress. However, anterior dislocation was observed in all cases of smaller size implant group (p = 0.045). TTP implant was stable under valgus and subtalar stress. However, clinicians should pay attention to anterior instability. Notably, downsized implants should be considered carefully to minimize the chance of anterior dislocation.
Rectal cancer: Maximizing local control and minimizing toxicity
Authors: Whelan Sean , Burneikis Dominykas , Kalady Matthew F.
Published: December 2021

Adoption of multimodality treatment approach for rectal cancer has resulted in significant improvements in oncologic outcomes. The roles of chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery in rectal cancer treatment are continuously evolving with the goal of achieving the best possible oncologic and functional outcome while minimizing treatment toxicity. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent trials focusing on organ‐sparing treatment strategies and the optimal selection of patients for neoadjuvant radiation therapy.
Intelligent Breathing Soliton Generation in Ultrafast Fiber Lasers
Authors: Wu Xiuqi , Peng Junsong , Boscolo Sonia , Zhang Ying , Finot Christophe , Zeng Heping
Published: December 2021

Harnessing pulse generation from an ultrafast laser is a challenging task as reaching a specific mode‐locked regime generally involves adjusting multiple control parameters, in connection with a wide range of accessible pulse dynamics. Machine‐learning tools have recently shown promising for the design of smart lasers that can tune themselves to desired operating states. Yet, machine‐learning algorithms are mainly designed to target regimes of parameter‐invariant, stationary pulse generation, while the intelligent excitation of evolving pulse patterns in a laser remains largely unexplored. Breathing solitons exhibiting periodic oscillatory behavior, emerging as ubiquitous mode‐locked regime of ultrafast fiber lasers, are attracting considerable interest by virtue of their connection with a range of important nonlinear dynamics, such as exceptional points, and the Fermi‐Pasta‐Ulam paradox. Here, an evolutionary algorithm is implemented for the self‐optimization of the breather regime in a fiber laser mode‐locked through a four‐parameter nonlinear polarization evolution. Depending on the specifications of the merit function used for the optimization procedure, various breathing‐soliton states are obtained, including single breathers with controllable oscillation period and breathing ratio, and breather molecular complexes with a controllable number of elementary constituents. This work opens up a novel avenue for exploration and optimization of complex dynamics in nonlinear systems.
Enhanced Photoluminescence of Monolayer MoSe2 in a Double Resonant Plasmonic Nanocavity with Fano Resonance and Mode Matching
Authors: Li Chenyang , Wang Qifa , Diao Hang , Hao Zhen , Yu Weixing , Liu Kaihui , Gan Xuetao , Xiao Fajun , Zhao Jianlin
Published: December 2021

Two‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides exhibit remarkable optical properties. However, their applications in electronics and photonics are severely limited by the intrinsically low absorption and emission rates. Here, the photoluminescence (PL) enhancement by integrating the monolayer MoSe2 into an Ag nanowire‐on‐mirror (NWoM) nanocavity is reported. From the dark‐field scattering spectrum, a Fano resonance resulting from the coupling between discrete exciton state of MoSe2 and broad plasmon mode of nanocavity is observed. This Fano resonance, as a characteristic of intermediate plasmon–exciton coupling, shows remarkable ability to accelerate emission rate of MoSe2. Furthermore, the nanocavity with multiple resonances provides an excellent spatial mode overlap at excitation and emission wavelengths that affords the intriguing opportunity to resonantly enhance the absorption and PL quantum yield at the same location. The combination of Fano resonance and mode matching allows the attainment of over 1800‐fold PL enhancement. These results provide a facile way to enhance the PL intensity of monolayer MoSe2 that may facilitate highly efficient optoelectronic devices.
Colloidal Synthesis and Tunable Multicolor Emission of Vacancy‐Ordered Cs2HfCl6 Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Liu Siping , Yang Bin , Chen Junsheng , Zheng Daoyuan , Tang Zhe , Deng Weiqiao , Han Keli
Published: December 2021

Vacancy‐ordered perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have recently attracted much interest owing to their unique structure and optical properties; however, regulating self‐trapped excitons (STEs) in vacancy‐ordered perovskite NCs to exhibit tunable multicolor emission is still challenging because of the highly localized charge distribution and strong carrier‐phonon coupling. Herein, the first colloidal synthesis of lead‐free vacancy‐ordered Cs2HfCl6 perovskite NCs by a hot‐injection method using hafnium acetylacetonate as metal precursors is reported. The passivation strategy of sub‐bandgap trap states inside Cs2HfCl6 NCs is proposed by doping Sb3+. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements verify that the passivation of sub‐bandgap trap states may be attributed to the enhanced chemical interaction between the Hf4+ cations and Cl– anions. Simultaneously, the introduction of Sb3+ ions yields a bright orange emission. Employing lanthanide acetylacetonate compounds, four lanthanide ions including Pr3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, and Ho3+ are doped into the Cs2HfCl6 NCs, which achieves tunable multicolor emissions (from blue to green to pink) through the energy transfer from STEs to lanthanide ions. This investigation not only develops a novel vacancy‐ordered perovskite NCs, but also provides effective strategies for tuning the optical properties of lead‐free vacancy‐ordered perovskite NCs.
Tumor‐derived exosomes: Key players in non‐small cell lung cancer metastasis and their implication for targeted therapy
Authors: Rizwan Maryam Noor , Ma Yunxia , Nenkov Miljana , Jin Lai , Schröder Desiree Charlotte , Westermann Martin , Gaßler Nikolaus , Chen Yuan
Published: December 2021

Exosomes represent extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin ranging from 30 to 100 nm that are released by most of eukaryotic cells and can be found in body fluids. These vesicles in carrying DNA, RNA, microRNA (miRNA), Long noncoding RNA, proteins, and lipids serve as intercellular communicators. Due to their role in crosstalk between tumor cells and mesenchymal stroma cells, they are vital for tumor growth, progression, and anticancer drug resistance. Lung cancer is a global leading cause of cancer‐related deaths with 5‐year survival rates of about 7% in patients with distant metastasis. Although the implementation of targeted therapy has improved the clinical outcome of nonsmall cell lung cancer, drug resistance remains a major obstacle. Lung tumor‐derived exosomes (TDEs) conveying molecular information from tumor cells to their neighbor cells or cells at distant sites of the body activate the tumor microenvironment (TME) and facilitate tumor metastasis. Exosomal miRNAs are also considered as noninvasive biomarkers for early diagnosis of lung cancer. This review summarizes the influence of lung TDEs on the TME and metastasis. Their involvement in targeted therapy resistance and potential clinical applications are discussed. Additionally, challenges encountered in the development of exosome‐based therapeutic strategies are addressed.
Theoretical model of lithium iron phosphate power battery under high‐rate discharging for electromagnetic launch
Authors: Zhou Ren , Lu Junyong , Long Xinlin , Wu Yiting , Liu Lang , Liu Yingquan
Published: December 2021

Due to the large error of the traditional battery theoretical model during large‐rate discharge for electromagnetic launch, the Shepherd derivative model considering the factors of the pulse cycle condition, temperature, and life is proposed by the Naval University of Engineering. The discharge rate of traditional lithium‐ion batteries does not exceed 10C, while that for electromagnetic launch reaches 60C. The continuous pulse cycle condition of ultra‐large discharging rate causes many unique electrochemical reactions inside the cells. The traditional model cannot accurately describe the discharge characteristics of the battery. The accurate battery theoretical model is an important basis for system efficiency calculation, precise discharge control, and remaining capacity prediction. To this purpose, an experimental platform for electromagnetic launch is built, and discharge characteristics of the battery under different rate, temperature, and life decay are measured. Through the experimental test and analysis, the reason that the traditional model cannot accurately characterize the large‐rate discharge process is analyzed. And a novel battery theoretical model is designed with the help of genetic algorithm, which is integrated with the electromagnetic launch topology. Numerical simulation is compared with the experimental results, which verifies the modeling accuracy for the large‐rate discharge. On this basis, a variety of discharge conditions are applied to test the applicability of the model, resulting in better results. Finally, with the continuous cycle‐pulse condition in the electromagnetic launch system, the stability and accuracy of the model are confirmed.
Finding the right CRM saves time, effort, and money
Authors: Talarico Donna
Published: December 2021

Customer relationship management software has changed the way businesses of all sizes operate and communicate. Many colleges and universities have already recognized the benefits of CRMs for not just the enrollment process but throughout the student lifecycle.
Real‐Time Drug Delivery System Tracked Through an Optical Microfiber: Supporting Interface of Metal‐Organic‐Framework
Authors: Sun Dandan , Xu Shaomin , Liu Shan , Fu Yongming , Yang Yukun , Ma Jie
Published: December 2021

Effective chemotherapy treatment for cancer patients remains an urgent issue due to the difficulty in precisely delivering drugs to the tumor site. Based on the pH‐responsive degradation characteristics of the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐8), the optical fiber drug delivery system is proposed to achieve efficient drug loading and release. ZIF‐8 nanomaterial prepared by in‐situ synthesis technology is not only the protective shell of the drug (doxorubicin hydrochloride, DOX) but also as the analyte collector on the optical fiber, which monitors the process of nano‐scale drug loading and releases in real‐time because of the refractive index (RI) change caused by the interaction of light and DOX@ZIF‐8 films. The experimental results show that the successful loading and release of the drug are respectively calibrated by wavelength red‐shift (53 nm) and blue‐shift (43.42 nm) with a loading rate of 11.6%. The drug release process also achieved a faster response time. These observations indicate that the metal‐organic framework (MOF) material coated on optical fiber can retain the robust framework structure and demonstrate that the fiber‐based drug delivery platform has the advantages of fast response, high sensitivity, and good photophysical stability, which provides new insights for combination cancer therapy and precise treatment.
Biomarkers of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children by urine metabolomics based on Q Exactive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Jing , Fu Yunhua , Jing Wei , Li Jie , Wang Xin , Chen Jialing , Sun Shuxin , Yue Hao , Dai Yulin
Published: December 2021

Rationale

Mycoplasma pneumoniae has become one of the common pathogens causing pediatric respiratory infections. In clinical diagnosis, throat swabs are very difficult to obtain from children, and there is a possibility of false positive results; hence, there are few clinically available diagnostic methods.

Methods

In this study, Q Exactive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the metabolites in the urine of healthy children (HC) and M. pneumoniae pneumonia in children (MPPC) patients. A multivariate statistical analysis was performed to screen the differential metabolites. Based on the HMDB and KEGG, the possible metabolic pathways subject to biological alteration were identified.

Results

Compared with HC, 73 different metabolites in MPPC patients disrupted nine metabolic pathways through different change trends; after integrating various parameters, 20 significantly different metabolites were identified as MPPC potential biomarkers. Through the above two analysis modes, acetylphosphate and 2,5‐dioxopentanoate were both screened out and used as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of MPPC for the first time.

Conclusions

The characterization of 20 potential biomarkers provides a scientific basis for predicting and diagnosing MPPC. This article further indicates that urine metabolic profiling has great potential in diagnosing MPPC and can effectively prevent the disease from causing further deterioration.
Impact of COVID‐19 on Early Literacy Instruction for Emergent Bilinguals
Authors: Crosson Amy C. , Silverman Rebecca D.
Published: December 2021

We investigated teachers’ perspectives on how literacy instruction for bilingual children changed due to the shift to remote instruction during COVID‐19. Fifty K‐2 public school teachers from 10 states submitted smartphone‐based diary entries about their day‐to‐day literacy instructional practices before versus during COVID‐19. Teachers reported implementing less literacy instruction in general. The smallest declines were seen in code‐focused, foundational skills, while the largest declines were in language‐focused practices such as extended writing, vocabulary knowledge, and reading comprehension strategies. We analyzed teachers’ responses to identify factors that influenced their adaptations. Implications for areas of literacy development in need of immediate, intensive attention in the aftermath of COVID‐19 are addressed.
Parenting in a Pandemic: Parental stress, anxiety and depression among parents during the government‐initiated physical distancing measures following the first wave of COVID‐19
Authors: Johnson Miriam S. , Skjerdingstad Nora , Ebrahimi Omid V. , Hoffart Asle , Johnson Sverre Urnes
Published: December 2021

Drawing on the tenets of family stress theory, the aim of this study is to examine parents' perceived stress, symptoms of anxiety, depression, and associated risk‐ and protective factors across demographic subgroups during in the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Norwegian parents (N = 2868; 79.5% mothers) with >1 child under 18 years of age completed an online survey two weeks after the implementation of government‐initiated distancing measures. The survey includes measures of COVID‐related risk factors (parental stress, burnout, depression, anxiety, anger of parents towards children, difficulty working from home, and positive beliefs about worry) and protective factors (self‐efficacy and social support). Mothers, parents living with more than one child, and parents with a psychiatric diagnosis reported greater levels of parental stress, more burnout, and more anger towards their children, as well as less social support. Almost 25% of the parents reported anxiety and depression that are clinically significant. Parents who followed distancing measures reported significantly higher distress. Anger of parents towards children explains 41% of the variation in parental stress. These findings indicate that parents have experienced symptoms of deteriorated mental health due to the COVID‐ 19 pandemic, including parental stress, anxiety, and depression. The study presents practical implications for meso‐ and macro‐level policymaking and offers support to further the potential aims of public health and clinical interventions. Future studies to monitor long‐term aversive mental health outcomes among parents are warranted.
Lithium Vacancy‐Tuned [CuO4] Sites for Selective CO2 Electroreduction to C2+ Products
Authors: Peng Chen , Zhu Xiaorong , Xu Zikai , Yan Shuai , Chang Lo Yueh , Wang Zhiqiang , Zhang Junbo , Chen Menghuan , Sham Tsun‐Kong , Li Yafei , Zheng Gengfeng
Published: December 2021

Electrochemical CO2 reduction to valuable multi‐carbon (C2+) products is attractive but with poor selectivity and activity due to the low‐efficient CC coupling. Herein, a lithium vacancy‐tuned Li2CuO2 with square‐planar [CuO4] layers is developed via an electrochemical delithiation strategy. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the lithium vacancies (VLi) lead to a shorter distance between adjacent [CuO4] layers and reduce the coordination number of Li+ around each Cu, featuring with a lower energy barrier for COCO coupling than pristine Li2CuO2 without VLi. With the VLi percentage of ≈1.6%, the Li2−xCuO2 catalyst exhibits a high Faradaic efficiency of 90.6 ± 7.6% for C2+ at −0.85 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode without iR correction, and an outstanding partial current density of −706 ± 32 mA cm−2. This work suggests an attractive approach to create controllable alkali metal vacancy‐tuned Cu catalytic sites toward C2+ products in electrochemical CO2 reduction.
Phenolic‐rich extract of avocado Persea americana (var. Colinred) peel blunts paraquat/maneb‐induced apoptosis through blocking phosphorylation of LRRK2 kinase in human nerve‐like cells
Authors: Quintero‐Espinosa Diana A. , Ortega‐Arellano Hector Flavio , Velez‐Pardo Carlos , Jimenez‐Del‐Rio Marlene
Published: December 2021

It is increasingly evident that LRRK2 kinase activity is involved in oxidative stress (OS)‐induced apoptosis—a type of regulated cell death and neurodegeneration, suggesting LRRK2 inhibition as a potential therapeutic target. We report that a phenolic‐rich extract of avocado Persea americana var. Colinred peel (CRE, 0.01 mg/ml) restricts environmental neurotoxins paraquat (1 mM)/maneb (0.05 mM)‐induced apoptosis process through blocking reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and concomitant inhibition of phosphorylation of LRRK2 in nerve‐like cells (NLCs). Indeed, PQ + MB at 6 h exposure significantly increased ROS (57 ± 5%), oxidation of protein DJ‐1cys106SOH into DJ‐1Cys106SO3 ([~3.7 f(old)‐(i)ncrease]), augmented p‐(S935)‐LRRK2 kinase (~20‐f(old) (i)ncrease), induced nuclei condensation/fragmentation (28 ± 6%), increased the expression of PUMA (~6.2‐fi), and activated CASPASE‐3 (CASP‐3, ~4‐fi) proteins; but significantly decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm, ~48 ± 4%), all markers indicative of apoptosis compared to untreated cells. Remarkably, CRE significantly diminished both OS‐signals (i.e., DCF+ cells, DJ‐1Cys106SO3) as well as apoptosis markers (e.g., PUMA, CASP‐3, loss of ΔΨm, p‐LRRK2 kinase) in NLCs exposed to PQ + MB. Furthermore, CRE dramatically reestablishes the transient intracellular Ca2+ flow (~300%) triggered by dopamine (DA) in neuronal cells exposed to PQ + MB. We conclude that PQ + MB‐induced apoptosis in NLCs through OS‐mechanism, involving DJ‐1, PUMA, CASP‐3, LRRK2 kinase, mitochondria damage, DNA fragmentation, and alteration of DA‐receptors. Our findings imply that CRE protects NLCs directly via antioxidant mechanism and indirectly by blocking LRRK2 kinase against PQ + MB stress stimuli. These data suggest that CRE might be a potential natural antioxidant.
Japan: Formalization of Banking Supervision Including a Reversal
Authors: Hotori Eiji , Wendschlag Mikael , Giddey Thibaud
Published: December 2021

This chapter deals with the case of Japan, which experienced a reversal of the formalization of banking supervision. Additionally, this chapter outlines the on-site examination process and the main objectives of bank examinations. During the initial adoption of formal banking supervision, its main role was the “education” of bankers rather than proper prudential oversight. Formal banking supervision was suspended between 1893 and 1914 but was reintroduced in response to requests from both bankers and the government. This reversal reflected the development of the Japanese economy in the 1900s and 1910s, and thus the main driver of the formalization of banking supervision in Japan was not a financial crisis. The gradual development of the banking sector and better-educated bankers in the early twentieth century provided the background for the transformation of the supervisor’s role. The formalization process was completed with the enactment of the Banking Act of 1927 and the creation of the Bank Inspection Section within the Ministry of Finance in 1927.
Sweden: Early Adopter of Formal Banking Supervision with Incremental Steps
Authors: Hotori Eiji , Wendschlag Mikael , Giddey Thibaud
Published: December 2021

The banking supervision in Sweden was formalized incrementally over the last half of the nineteenth century when the banking sector grew and modernized. Swedish banking regulation developed out of the charter requirement, and the supervision out of the administration of the growing number of charter applications. With the creation of the Bank Bureau within the Ministry of Finance and the development of the Bank Inspector profession in the 1860s and 1870s, banking supervisory activities such as on- and off-site examinations became more frequent and standardized. The creation of the independent agency, the Bank Inspection Board, in 1906, and the transfer of supervisory executive powers from the Ministry of Finance to the new supervisory agency, were the final step of the formalization process. During the same period, banking regulation was harmonized and furthered a process of centralizations to the authorities in Stockholm.
Germany: Financial Crises and Formalization of Banking Supervision
Authors: Hotori Eiji , Wendschlag Mikael , Giddey Thibaud
Published: December 2021

In Germany, the banking supervision formalized as a consequence of the severe banking crises of the early 1930s, just as in many other countries on the European continent. The formalization process was initiated with the decisions to temporarily take over some of the large commercial banks that faced default in the banking crisis in 1931. Due to the extended loans and direct ownership stakes, the government established a board to look after its interests. The “temporary” measures were made permanent by the Nazi-government as one of several institutional and organizational means to have banks accommodate the economic policies of the regime. All three elements of banking supervision formalization (regulation, a supervisor, and supervision) were in place by the mid-1930s. However, given the very high level of control over the banks at the time, it is misleading to date the emergence of formal banking supervision to this time. During the occupation years, the banking supervision (in West-Germany) was organized at the state-level, similar to the US system. We date the full formalization after the Second World War when the German central government’s control over the banking sector ended.
France: Credit Control and Formalization of Banking Supervision
Authors: Hotori Eiji , Wendschlag Mikael , Giddey Thibaud
Published: December 2021

The banking supervision in France was formalized with the Banking Acts of 1941 and of 1945. In 1941, the Banking Control Commission as the supervisory agency was created, and rigid financial regulation such as a minimum capital requirement and a separation of banking types was introduced. In connection to the 1941 Act, the four largest commercial banks in France were also nationalized. However, with the German occupation and the wartime situation, the formalization of banking supervision was only completed with the Banking Act of 1945. The essential contents of the 1941 Act were upheld, but the supervisory agency was given a lot of measures to enforce bank regulation. Especially, authorization of rigid penalties enhanced effectiveness of supervisory activities. The main drivers of the formalization of banking supervision in France were the policy measures undertaken during the Vichy regime and the Liberation Government’s measures. In the post-Second World War era, the banking supervisory system was used mainly to enforce credit control policy actions, in a period of economic recovery and reconstruction. The banking act of January 1984 decompartmentalized the banking system and changed the institutions of supervision.