bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neue Konzepte für den Grundrechtsschutz in der digitalen Welt
Authors: Roßnagel Alexander , Bile Tamer , Geminn Christian L. , Nebel Maxi
Published: May 2022

Die globale Digitalisierung nahezu aller Lebensbereiche gefährdet zunehmend die individuelle und demokratische Selbstbestimmung und erfordert umso stärker ihren normativen Schutz. Doch die Bedingungen für diesen Schutz haben sich radikal geändert. Konzepte, Institutionen und Instrumente, die für diesen Schutz in den 1970er Jahren für die Gefährdung durch kommunale Gebietsrechenzentren entworfen wurden, genügen nicht mehr für den Schutz gegenüber globalen digitalen Infrastrukturen, die das alltägliche Leben bestimmen. Der Beitrag analysiert die Herausforderungen für das Grundrecht auf Datenschutz und informationelle Selbstbestimmung, untersucht das aktuelle Schutzkonzept der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung und seine Governance-Struktur, diskutiert Schutzverbesserungen in dem neugeschaffenen Regelungsumfeld und erörtert mögliche neue Konzepte und Instrumente zum Grundrechtsschutz in der globalen digitalen Transformation.

Als besondere Herausforderungen der relevanten Grundrechte werden technische und gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen in Form von neuen Datenquellen, virtuellen Infrastrukturen, Big Data und Künstlicher Intelligenz identifiziert. Das aus den relevanten Grundrechten abgeleitete Schutzkonzept des Datenschutzrechts wird auf Ebene von Einwilligung, Transparenz, Zweckbindung, Datenminimierung und auf Ebene der Betroffenenrechten durch diese Entwicklungen ausgehöhlt. Die Datenschutz-Grundverordnung hat zwar Verbesserungen bewirkt, jedoch bleiben die bestehenden Probleme in ihrem Kern vielfach ungelöst. Es ist deshalb auch nach dem Geltungsbeginn der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung eine Weiterentwicklung des Governance-Rahmens erforderlich. Hier sind neben der Europäischen Kommission auch nationale Gesetzgeber, Behörden und Gerichte gefragt. Notwendig ist sowohl eine Fortentwicklung der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung als auch eine strukturelle Modernisierung des Datenschutzrechts. Als Konzepte und Instrumente zur Bewältigung der beschriebenen Herausforderungen bieten sich die rechtliche Gestaltung grundrechtsriskanter Techniksysteme, eine Objektivierung des Grundrechtsschutzes, die Etablierung von Infrastrukturverantwortung sowie eine Globalisierung des Grundrechtsschutzes an.
Von Schutzbedürfnissen und Schutzverhalten
Authors: Meier Yannic , Meinert Judith , Krämer Nicole C.
Published: May 2022

Die Nutzung des Internets führt auf der einen Seite zu unzähligen Erleichterungen des täglichen Lebens, kann auf der anderen Seite allerdings auch zu Verletzungen der persönlichen Privatsphäre führen, da viele Firmen private Daten der Nutzenden sammeln. Noch sind Nutzende allerdings primär selbst in der Verantwortung, diese Privatheitsrisiken zu minimieren, da selbst strenge Datenschutzverordnungen wie die europäische DSGVO die Verantwortung für zahlreiche Entscheidungen bei den Nutzenden sehen. Daher ist es von großer Wichtigkeit, die persönlichen Motive für das Anwenden oder nicht Anwenden von Schutzmaßnahmen zu verstehen, um Nutzende gegebenenfalls unterstützen zu können. Vor diesem Hintergrund analysiert dieser Beitrag sieben empirische Untersuchungen und ordnet deren Hauptergebnisse in den empirischen Kontext bezüglich des Selbstdatenschutzes ein. Generell scheinen Nutzende motiviert zu sein, die eigene Privatsphäre online zu schützen, wobei einfach anzuwendende Schutzmaßnahmen häufiger verwendet werden als komplexere Strategien. Des Weiteren deuten die Studien darauf hin, dass das generelle Schutzverhalten bzw. die Schutzmotivation von einer Vielzahl unterschiedlicher psychologischer Faktoren beeinflusst werden. Einen besonders wichtigen Einfluss hat dabei die Wahrnehmung von Privatheitsrisiken, wobei auch weitere Variablen einen positiven Einfluss auf den Selbstdatenschutz haben, wie zum Beispiel die empfundene Effizienz des Schutzverhaltens, ein Bedürfnis nach höherem Privatheitsschutz oder eine ausgeprägtere Privatheitskompetenz. Allerdings gibt es auch Faktoren, die sich negativ auf das Schutzverhalten auswirken können, wie zum Beispiel Resignation, also der Glaube, dass Datenschutz nicht zu mehr tatsächlicher Privatheit führe. Schließlich deuten einige Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen darauf hin, dass ein probates Mittel für ein umsichtigeres Privatheitsverhalten im Netz die Schaffung von Transparenz sein kann. Dabei hat sich als wichtig herausgestellt, dass relevante Informationen möglichst kurz gehalten werden, damit Nutzende nicht überfordert sind. Besonders förderlich für Schutzverhalten sind außerdem Informationen darüber, welche Privatheitsrisiken bestehen und wie man diese effizient vermeiden kann. Vor dem Hintergrund der zusammengetragenen Ergebnisse scheint es besonders sinnvoll, Nutzende mit Wissen auszustatten, welche negativen Konsequenzen verschiedene Verhaltensweisen im Netz haben können und wie man sich effizient vor diesen Konsequenzen schützen kann.
Institutional Partnerships and Collaborations in Online Learning
Authors: Porter David , Perris Kirk
Published: May 2022

Globally, partnerships and collaborations are increasingly common in postsecondary education. The advent of networked technologies has intensified bilateral and multilateral engagements, and in the context of learning, it reveals there are a variety of partnership and collaboration “types” that can form. This chapter presents three examples of partnership and collaboration types drawn from the academic and business literature. Four case studies of partnerships and collaborations are then presented, and the aforementioned types are applied as a best fit to a given case study. The exercise illustrates how partnerships and collaborations in postsecondary education may develop and evolve, and how they can be sustained. The partnership and collaboration types offer some structure to better understand how institutions may approach and derive benefit from engagement with other institutions centered on achieving the objectives of access, quality, and innovation, espoused by proponents of online learning.
The relationship between sexual and gender stigma and suicide attempt and ideation among LGBTQI + populations in Thailand: findings from a national survey
Authors: Moallef Soroush , Salway Travis , Phanuphak Nittaya , Kivioja Katri , Pongruengphant Suparnee , Hayashi Kanna
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Thailand has one of the highest suicide rates in Southeast Asia; yet, little is known about suicidality among lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer, intersex, and other gender and sexually diverse (LGBTQI +) people living in the region, who may experience elevated risk for suicide. We sought to identify the prevalence of lifetime suicidal attempts and ideation among a nationally recruited sample of LGBTQI + people in Thailand. We further examined the relationship between levels of sexual/gender stigma and suicidal attempt and ideation.

Methods

Data were derived from a national online survey of Thai LGBTQI + individuals between January and March 2018. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between sexual/gender stigma scales, adapting a previously validated instrument, and suicide attempt and ideation.

Results

Among 1,290 LGBTQI + participants, the median age was 27 years. The prevalence of suicide attempt and ideation was 16.8% and 50.7%, respectively. In multivariable analyses, after adjusting for potential confounders, experiences of perceived and enacted sexual/gender stigma were independently and positively associated with suicide attempt (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.25; 95% confidence interval CI:1.10–1.41 and AOR = 1.31; 95% CI:1.11–1.55, respectively) and ideation (AOR = 1.30; 95% CI:1.17–1.43 and AOR = 1.34; 95% CI:1.14–1.58, respectively).

Conclusion

One-sixth of the sample reported a suicide attempt, while a half reported ever contemplating suicide. Both experiences of perceived and enacted sexual/gender stigma were associated with lifetime suicide attempt and ideation. Multi-level interventions are needed to decrease stigma and in turn suicide among LGBTQ + people in Thailand, including anti-discrimination policies and support for mental health and well-being.
Signal-to-noise matrix and model reduction in continuous-time hidden Markov models
Authors: Leoff Elisabeth , Ruderer Leonie , Sass Jörn
Published: May 2022

Continuous-time regime-switching models are a very popular class of models for financial applications. In this work the so-called signal-to-noise matrix is introduced for hidden Markov models where the switching is driven by an unobservable Markov chain. Its relations to filtering, i.e. state estimation of the chain given the available observations, and portfolio optimization are investigated. A convergence result for the filter is derived: The filter converges to its invariant distribution if the eigenvalues of the signal-to-noise matrix converge to zero. This matrix is then also used to prove a mutual fund representation for regime-switching models and a corresponding market reduction which is consistent with filtering and portfolio optimization. Two canonical cases for the reduction are analyzed in more detail, the first based on the market regimes and the second depending on the eigenvalues. These considerations are presented both for observable and unobservable Markov chains. The results are illustrated by numerical simulations.
Unassembled cell wall proteins form aggregates in the extracellular space of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain UVM4
Authors: Barolo Lorenzo , Commault Audrey S. , Abbriano Raffaela M. , Padula Matthew P. , Kim Mikael , Kuzhiumparambil Unnikrishnan , Ralph Peter J. , Pernice Mathieu
Published: May 2022

The green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is emerging as a promising cell biofactory for secreted recombinant protein (RP) production. In recent years, the generation of the broadly used cell wall–deficient mutant strain UVM4 has allowed for a drastic increase in secreted RP yields. However, purification of secreted RPs from the extracellular space of C. reinhardtii strain UVM4 is challenging. Previous studies suggest that secreted RPs are trapped in a matrix of cell wall protein aggregates populating the secretome of strain UVM4, making it difficult to isolate and purify the RPs. To better understand the nature and behaviour of these extracellular protein aggregates, we analysed and compared the extracellular proteome of the strain UVM4 to its cell-walled ancestor, C. reinhardtii strain 137c. When grown under the same conditions, strain UVM4 produced a unique extracellular proteomic profile, including a higher abundance of secreted cell wall glycoproteins. Further characterization of high molecular weight extracellular protein aggregates in strain UVM4 revealed that they are largely comprised of pherophorins, a specific class of cell wall glycoproteins. Our results offer important new insights into the extracellular space of strain UVM4, including strain-specific secreted cell wall proteins and the composition of the aggregates possibly related to impaired RP purification. The discovery of pherophorins as a major component of extracellular protein aggregates will inform future strategies to remove or prevent aggregate formation, enhance purification of secreted RPs, and improve yields of recombinant biopharmaceuticals in this emerging cell biofactory.

Key points

• Extracellular protein aggregates hinder purification of recombinant proteins in C. reinhardtii

• Unassembled cell wall pherophorins are major components of extracellular protein aggregates

• Known aggregate composition informs future strategies for recombinant protein purification
Pollutant dispersion by tall buildings: laboratory experiments and Large-Eddy Simulation
Authors: Lim H. D. , Hertwig Denise , Grylls Tom , Gough Hannah , Reeuwijk Maarten van , Grimmond Sue , Vanderwel Christina
Published: May 2022

Pollutant dispersion by a tall-building cluster within a low-rise neighbourhood of Beijing is investigated using both full-scale Large-Eddy Simulation and water flume experiments at 1:2400 model-to-full scale with Particle Image Velocimetry and Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence. The Large-Eddy Simulation and flume results of this realistic test case agree remarkably well despite differences in the inflow conditions and scale. Tall buildings have strong influence on the local flow and the development of the rooftop shear layer which dominates vertical momentum and scalar fluxes. Additional measurements using tall-buildings-only models at both 1:2400 and 1:4800 scales indicates the rooftop shear layer is insensitive to the scale. The relatively thicker incoming boundary layer affects the Reynolds stresses, the relative size of the pollutant source affects the concentration statistics and the relative laser-sheet thickness affects the spatially averaged results of the measured flow field. Low-rise buildings around the tall building cluster cause minor but non-negligible offsets in the peak magnitude and vertical location, and have a similar influence on the velocity and concentration statistics as the scale choice. These observations are generally applicable to pollutant dispersion of realistic tall building clusters in cities. The consistency between simulations and water tunnel experiments indicates the suitability of both methodologies.

Graphical abstract
Domain adaptation based transfer learning approach for solving PDEs on complex geometries
Authors: Chakraborty Ayan , Anitescu Cosmin , Zhuang Xiaoying , Rabczuk Timon
Published: May 2022

In machine learning, if the training data is independently and identically distributed as the test data then a trained model can make an accurate predictions for new samples of data. Conventional machine learning has a strong dependence on massive amounts of training data which are domain specific to understand their latent patterns. In contrast, Domain adaptation and Transfer learning methods are sub-fields within machine learning that are concerned with solving the inescapable problem of insufficient training data by relaxing the domain dependence hypothesis. In this contribution, this issue has been addressed and by making a novel combination of both the methods we develop a computationally efficient and practical algorithm to solve boundary value problems based on nonlinear partial differential equations. We adopt a meshfree analysis framework to integrate the prevailing geometric modelling techniques based on NURBS and present an enhanced deep collocation approach that also plays an important role in the accuracy of solutions. We start with a brief introduction on how these methods expand upon this framework. We observe an excellent agreement between these methods and have shown that how fine-tuning a pre-trained network to a specialized domain may lead to an outstanding performance compare to the existing ones. As proof of concept, we illustrate the performance of our proposed model on several benchmark problems.
The effect of continuous at-home training of minimally invasive surgical skills on skill retention
Authors: Joosten Maja , Hillemans Vera , van Capelleveen Marije , Bökkerink Guus M. J. , Verhoeven Daan , de Blaauw Ivo , Verhoeven Bas H. , Botden Sanne M. B. I.
Published: May 2022

Background

Skill deterioration of minimally invasive surgical (MIS) skills may be prevented by continuous training. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether unsupervised continuous at-home training of MIS skills results in better skill retention compared to no training.

Methods

Medical doctors followed a two-week interval training for two MIS tasks (precise peg transfer and interrupted suture with knot tying), ending with a baseline test. They were randomly assigned to the no-practice group or continuous-practice group. The latter practiced unsupervised at home every two weeks during the study period. Skill retention was measured after three and six months on both tasks by the total time needed, distance traveled by instruments and LS-CAT score (8 best possible score and > 40 worst score).

Results

A total of 38 participants were included. No significant differences in performance were found at pre-test or baseline. At six months the no-practice group needed more time for the suturing task (309 s vs. 196 s at baseline, p = 0.010) and the LS-CAT score was significantly worse (30 vs. 20 at baseline, p < 0.0001). The continuous-practice group performed the suturing task significantly better than the no-practice group at both three and six months (17 vs. 25, p < 0.001 and 17 vs. 30, p < 0.001) and faster as well (p = 0.034 and p = 0.001).

Conclusion

This study shows a skill decay after only a few months of non-use and shows better skill retention after continuous unsupervised at-home practice of MIS skills. This indicates an added value of regular at-home practice of surgical skills.
Clustering-based adaptive data augmentation for class-imbalance in machine learning (CADA): additive manufacturing use case
Authors: Dasari Siva Krishna , Cheddad Abbas , Palmquist Jonatan , Lundberg Lars
Published: May 2022

Large amount of data are generated from in-situ monitoring of additive manufacturing (AM) processes which is later used in prediction modelling for defect classification to speed up quality inspection of products. A high volume of this process data is defect-free (majority class) and a lower volume of this data has defects (minority class) which result in the class-imbalance issue. Using imbalanced datasets, classifiers often provide sub-optimal classification results, i.e. better performance on the majority class than the minority class. However, it is important for process engineers that models classify defects more accurately than the class with no defects since this is crucial for quality inspection. Hence, we address the class-imbalance issue in manufacturing process data to support in-situ quality control of additive manufactured components. For this, we propose cluster-based adaptive data augmentation (CADA) for oversampling to address the class-imbalance problem. Quantitative experiments are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method and to compare with other selected oversampling methods using AM datasets from an aerospace industry and a publicly available casting manufacturing dataset. The results show that CADA outperformed random oversampling and the SMOTE method and is similar to random data augmentation and cluster-based oversampling. Furthermore, the results of the statistical significance test show that there is a significant difference between the studied methods. As such, the CADA method can be considered as an alternative method for oversampling to improve the performance of models on the minority class.
Robust bias-correction of precipitation extremes using a novel hybrid empirical quantile-mapping method
Authors: Holthuijzen Maike , Beckage Brian , Clemins Patrick J. , Higdon Dave , Winter Jonathan M.
Published: May 2022

High-resolution, daily precipitation climate products that realistically represent extremes are critical for evaluating local-scale climate impacts. A popular bias-correction method, empirical quantile mapping (EQM), can generally correct distributional discrepancies between simulated climate variables and observed data but can be highly sensitive to the choice of calibration period and is prone to overfitting. In this study, we propose a hybrid bias-correction method for precipitation, EQM-LIN, which combines the efficacy of EQM for correcting lower quantiles, with a robust linear correction for upper quantiles. We apply both EQM and EQM-LIN to historical daily precipitation data simulated by a regional climate model over a region in the northeastern USA. We validate our results using a five-fold cross-validation and quantify performance of EQM and EQM-LIN using skill score metrics and several climatological indices. As part of a high-resolution downscaling and bias-correction workflow, EQM-LIN significantly outperforms EQM in reducing mean, and especially extreme, daily distributional biases present in raw model output. EQM-LIN performed as good or better than EQM in terms of bias-correcting standard climatological indices (e.g., total annual rainfall, frequency of wet days, total annual extreme rainfall). In addition, our study shows that EQM-LIN is particularly resistant to overfitting at extreme tails and is much less sensitive to calibration data, both of which can reduce the uncertainty of bias-correction at extremes.
Comparison of two surgical techniques (HOO vs. BSSO) for mandibular osteotomies in orthognathic surgery—a 10-year retrospective study
Authors: Seifert Lukas B. , Langhans Christopher , Berdan Yakub , Zorn Sophie , Klos Michelle , Landes Constantin , Sader Robert
Published: May 2022

Purpose

To retrospectively compare the high-angled sagittal split osteotomy (HOO) and the bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) for the correction of skeletal dysgnathias regarding intra- and postoperative complications.

Methods

The electronic medical records of all patients treated with an orthognathic surgery at the Department for Oral, Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany, between the years 2009 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Two hundred ninety-one patients were included. The overall complication rates were 19.78% (BSSO) compared to 12.5% (HOO) (p = 0.14). Significant differences were found regarding the operation time (HOO < BSSO, p = 0.02), material failure (HOO > BSSO, p = 0.04), and early recurrence requiring revision surgery (HOO < BSSO, p = 0.002). The use of a ramus plate significantly reduced the risk of plate failure (2.8% < 13.6%, p = 0.05). More bad splits (p = 0.08) and early sensory disorders (p = 0.07) occurred in the BSSO group.

Conclusion

The HOO presents a possible alternative to the BSSO since newly developed osteosynthesis material significantly reduces the risk of material failure. The BSSO is accompanied by higher risks of developing complications like a bad split and sensory disorders but, however, remains the standard for large anterior–posterior transpositions of the mandible.
Shear behavior of sliding zone soil of loess landslides via ring shear tests in the South Jingyang Plateau
Authors: Zhu Rongsen , Xie Wan-li , Liu Qiqi , Yang Hui , Wang Qiyao
Published: May 2022

Since the 1970s, a large number of loess collapses and landslides have occurred in the Loess Plateau of China due to water diversion and irrigation projects. A large amount of ancient landslide deposits are accumulated at the foot of the tableland, which is likely to slide again in the case of a rapid increase in short-term rainfall or long-term irrigation. The weak characteristics of the sliding zone soil often become the key factor affecting the revival of old landslides. To explore the effects of water content and shear rate on shear behavior of the sliding zone soil, a series of ring shear tests were conducted on reconstituted loess in the South Jingyang Plateau. Experimental results suggest that under the condition of normal consolidation, the soil sample with the optimum moisture content has the highest shear strength. The increase in the shear rate effectively reduces the strength of the soil. Because of the high shear rate, the pore water that cannot be dissipated and fine particles accumulated at the shear plane form a weak base (slurry making theory), which cannot be easily stopped once the landslides start, leading to high-speed and long-distance landslides. In addition, the changes in the soil particles and pores were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the observations were consistent with macroscopic results. From these studies, we come to the conclusion that the motion mechanism of reactivated landslide was associated with the interaction of water content and shear rate, which reduces the shear strength of the displaced materials to a great extent.
Cognitive phenotyping of post-infectious SARS-CoV-2 patients
Authors: Aiello Edoardo Nicolò , Radici Alice , Mora Gabriele , Pain Debora
Published: May 2022

Background

SARS-CoV-2 infection entails neuroinvasive, neuroinflammatory, and treatment-related features accounting for cognitive deficits in COVID-19-recovered patients. Although screening for such dysfunctions in this population is considered clinically relevant, contributions to cognitive phenotyping including premorbid and disease-related confounders are scarcely represented. This study thus aimed at describing the cognitive outcome at the function-/domain-level of post-infectious SARS-CoV-2 patients being already at risk (RCD +) or not (RCD −) for cognitive decline.

Methods

Fifty-four COVID-19-recovered individuals were classified as either RCD + or RCD − according to medical records. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Addebrooke Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), and Attentive Matrices (AM) were administered (N = 54, 34, 28, and 28 patients, respectively).

Results

Prevalence of defective (cutoff = 24.89) MMSE scores was 24.3% in RCD + patients and 5.9% in the RCD − group. ACE-R-total below cutoff scores were less frequent (RCD + : 5.4%; RCD − : 5.9%). Abnormal performances at the FAB an AM were respectively detected in 18.9% and 8.1% of RCD + patients and 0% and 11.8% of the RCD − group. Within the ACE-R subtests, those assessing orientation, attention, and fluency were the most frequently impaired in both groups. Disease-related variables were mostly unassociated with cognitive measures.

Discussion

Both RCD + and RCD − COVID-19-recovered individuals might show cognitive deficits within the dysexecutive-inattentive and amnesic spectrum. Non-instrumental, executive/attentive dysfunctions are predominant in this population and can be detected by both screening and domain-specific psychometric tests—although the latter might be more sensitive in RCD − patients.
Academic engagement: assessment, conditions, and effects—a study in higher education from the perspective of the person-situation interaction
Authors: Alonso-Tapia Jesús , Merino-Tejedor Enrique , Huertas Juan Antonio
Published: May 2022

This study has three main objectives. The first is to know to which degree engagement, as a person variable, and each of its modalities—agency, behavior, cognition, and emotion—are affected by the interaction with several learning situations, listening to a lecture, carrying out practical tasks alone, reading a text while studying, working in groups, or participating in practical classes. The second is to test its relationships with potential moderator variables—motivation, self-efficacy, emotion self-regulation, and stress—and its potential effects on performance and satisfaction. Participants were 531 university students. They filled in a questionnaire that allowed testing alternative theoretical models on the person-situation hypothesis using confirmatory factor analyses. Results showed that if items refer both to engagement modalities and learning situations, the traditional hierarchical model that considers that engagement depends on a personal disposition with four components does not fit well. Instead, the multitrait model does. It shows that engagement, as a general disposition, is activated by the set of situations and that each of its components only plays a role in some of them. The hypotheses on the relationship between engagement and the rest of the variables received positive support. These results open new perspectives for studying and improving engagement.
Planfeststellung und Plangenehmigung im Wasserhaushaltsrecht
Authors: Kümper Boas
Published: May 2022

Nachdem in NuR (2022, Heft 2, S. 77ff.) die Reichweite des wasserhaushaltsrechtlichen Planfeststellungsvorbehalts
sowie Fragen der Verfahrenswahl erörtert wurden, behandeln die nachstehenden Ausführungen die
der fachplanerischen Abwägung vorgelagerten Elemente des Entscheidungsprogramms der wasserhaushaltsrechtlichen
Planfeststellung und Plangenehmigung: das Erfordernis der Planrechtfertigung sowie die in 68 Abs. 3 WHG
normierten Versagungsgründe.
Analysis of the Integration of Aramid Fiber Tension Struts in a Box-shaped Pressure Vessel
Authors: Ruf Michael , Hupfeld Alexander , Heidacher Konstantin , Joop Dominik , Wrana Christian , Horoschenkoff Alexander
Published: May 2022

Shared vehicle architectures for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) allow significant cost reduction in development and production by enabling economies of scale. Therefore, a box-shaped design for a type 4 pressure vessel is developed, which allows an efficient storage of hydrogen in conventional battery design spaces. For a load capable design, the top and bottom of the tank wall are connected with tension struts made of aramid fibers. Based on an analytical design, the geometry of the vessel is defined and a manufacturing process is developed using tufting as key technology for the insertion of the aramid fiber tension struts. The load transfer between the CFRP tank wall and the tension struts is crucial for the mechanical strength of the containment. Fiber loops are evaluated by guiding the tension struts through the CFRP tank wall and deflecting the load. In tensile tests, strengths of at least 1720 MPa are measured for this configuration. The tightness of the containment is ensured by a polymer liner and its adhesion to the struts. The interface between aramid fiber struts and the liner is investigated on strut-level analytically and in experiments. Different shear moduli of the investigated polymers show a major influence on the shear stress in the liner. For the application in the tension-braced pressure vessel, liner materials with the lowest possible modulus should be used to reduce the stress peaks in the liner. Finally, a design corridor for the dimensions of the tension struts and preferred material properties for the liner can be derived. For the investigated material, a strut diameter of 1 mm with a strut spacing of 3 to 5 mm is recommended.
Age-velocity relations with GALEX $FUV$-determined ages of Sun-like, solar neighborhood stars
Authors: Crandall Sara , Smith Graeme H. , Birmingham Sufia , Vo Vy , Rockosi Constance , Murray-Clay Ruth
Published: May 2022

A relationship between chromospheric activity and age is calibrated for FGK dwarf stars using GALEX$FUV$
F
U
V
magnitudes and Gaia$(G_{BP} - G)$
(

G

B
P

−
G
)
colors. Such a calibration between GALEX$FUV$
F
U
V
magnitudes and stellar age has utility in population studies of dwarfs for further understanding of the chemical evolution of the Milky Way. As an illustration of one such application we have investigated a population of Sun-like, solar neighborhood stars for their metallicities and velocity dispersions; a cross-matched sample of FGK type dwarf stars from Casagrande et al. (2011) with the Gaia and GALEX catalogs. Using calibrated relationships between $FUV$
F
U
V
magnitudes and age, we determined a chromospheric activity indicator, $Q$
Q
, and stellar age, $\tau $
τ
, for each dwarf. We constructed age-velocity (AVR) and age-metallicity (AMR) relations with empirically-determined $FUV$
F
U
V
ages. Power law fits to AVR plots are consistent with heating mechanism models within the literature. We further demonstrate that perigalactic distance and eccentricity versus $FUV$
F
U
V
-age plots are consistent with an “inside out” formation history model.
Palindromic linearization and numerical solution of nonsymmetric algebraic $$T$$-Riccati equations
Authors: Benner Peter , Iannazzo Bruno , Meini Beatrice , Palitta Davide
Published: May 2022

We identify a relationship between the solutions of a nonsymmetric algebraic$$T$$T-Riccati equation ($$T$$T-NARE) and the deflating subspaces of a palindromic matrix pencil, obtained by arranging the coefficients of the$$T$$T-NARE. The interplay between$$T$$T-NAREs and palindromic pencils allows one to derive both theoretical properties of the solutions of the equation, and new methods for its numerical solution. In particular, we propose methods based on the (palindromic) QZ algorithm and the doubling algorithm, whose effectiveness is demonstrated by several numerical tests.
Parenting Behavior and Attitudes of a Group of South African Foster Parents Caring for Adolescents Presenting with Risk Behavior
Authors: Mmusi Fatima I. , Malan Hanelie , Herbst Alida
Published: May 2022

This article reports on one of the objectives of a larger study aiming at the development of an adolescent risk-behavior management program for foster parents. The objective relevant to this article entailed the exploration of parenting behaviors and attitudes of parents fostering adolescents presenting with risk behavior. The respondents were recruited from the clientele of designated welfare organizations in the North West Province of South Africa. A quantitative survey using the multi-dimensional Parental Style Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) was administered to a purposive sample of 150 respondents. A response rate of 64.5% was achieved, with only foster mothers participating in the study. Data analysis was done by the Statistical Consultation Services of the North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus) using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25, Release 25.0 SPSS. In addition, T-Tests and ANOVAs were used to test the hypothesis at a 0.05 level of significance and Spearman’s correlations examine correlations between sub-scale scores and biographical data. Sub-scales of the PSDQ were tested for internal consistency reliability and reasonable coefficients were rendered, except for the permissive parenting style scale that was excluded from analysis. The results showed a significant, positive correlation between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles amongst the respondents. Parental attitudes and responses to risk behavior significantly affected their actual behavior towards fostered adolescents presenting with risk behavior. The researchers concluded that consideration of parenting styles in the foster care relationship context will greatly determine the nature of further interventions.
Detectability of labeled weighted automata over monoids
Authors: Zhang Kuize
Published: May 2022

In this paper, by developing appropriate methods, we for the first time obtain characterization of four fundamental notions of detectability for general labeled weighted automata over monoids (denoted by $\mathcal {A}^{\mathfrak {M}}$

A

M

for short), where the four notions are strong (periodic) detectability (SD and SPD) and weak (periodic) detectability (WD and WPD). The contributions of the current paper are as follows. Firstly, we formulate the notions of concurrent composition, observer, and detector for $\mathcal {A}^{\mathfrak {M}}$

A

M

. Secondly, we use the concurrent composition to give a necessary and sufficient condition for SD, use the detector to give a necessary and sufficient condition for SPD, and use the observer to give necessary and sufficient conditions for WD and WPD, all for general $\mathcal {A}^{\mathfrak {M}}$

A

M

without any assumption. Thirdly, we prove that for a labeled weighted automaton over monoid $(\mathbb {Q}^{k},+)$
(

ℚ

k

,
+
)
(denoted by $\mathcal {A}^{\mathbb {Q}^{k}}$

A

ℚ

k

), its concurrent composition, observer, and detector can be computed in NP, 2-EXPTIME, and 2-EXPTIME, respectively, by developing novel connections between $\mathcal {A}^{\mathbb {Q}^{k}}$

A

ℚ

k

and the NP-complete exact path length problem (proven by [Nykänen and Ukkonen, 2002]) and a subclass of Presburger arithmetic. As a result, we prove that for $\mathcal {A}^{\mathbb {Q}^{k}}$

A

ℚ

k

, SD can be verified in coNP, while SPD, WD, and WPD can be verified in 2-EXPTIME. Particularly, for $\mathcal {A}^{\mathbb {Q}^{k}}$

A

ℚ

k

in which from every state, a distinct state can be reached through some unobservable, instantaneous path, detector $\mathcal {A}^{\mathbb {Q}^{k}}_{det}$

A

d
e
t

ℚ

k

can be computed in NP, and SPD can be verified in coNP. Finally, we prove that the problems of verifying SD and SPD of deterministic, deadlock-free, and divergence-free $\mathcal {A}^{\mathbb {N}}$

A

ℕ

over monoid $(\mathbb {N},+)$
(
ℕ
,
+
)
are both coNP-hard. The original methods developed in this paper will provide foundations for characterizing other fundamental properties (e.g., diagnosability and opacity) in labeled weighted automata over monoids. In addition, in order to differentiate labeled weighted automata over monoids from labeled timed automata, we also initially explore detectability in labeled timed automata, and prove that the SD verification problem is PSPACE-complete, while WD and WPD are undecidable.
Nonlinear Vibration and Stability of a Dielectric Elastomer Balloon Based on a Strain-Stiffening Model
Authors: Alibakhshi Amin , Chen Weiqiu , Destrade Michel
Published: May 2022

Limiting chain extensibility is a characteristic that plays a vital role in the stretching of highly elastic materials. The Gent model has been widely used to capture this behaviour, as it performs very well in fitting stress-stretch data in simple tension, and involves two material parameters only. Recently, Anssari-Benam and Bucchi (Int. J. Non. Linear. Mech. 128:103626, 2021) introduced a different form of generalised neo-Hookean model, focusing on the molecular structure of elastomers, and showed that their model encompasses all ranges of deformations, performing better than the Gent model in many respects, also with only two parameters. Here we investigate the nonlinear vibration and stability of a dielectric elastomer balloon modelled by that strain energy function. We derive the deformation field in spherical coordinates and the governing equations by the Euler-Lagrange method, assuming that the balloon retains its spherical symmetry as it inflates. We consider in turn that the balloon is under two types of voltages, a pure DC voltage and an AC voltage superimposed on a DC voltage. We analyse the dynamic response of the balloon and identify the influential parameters in the model. We find that the molecular structure of the material, as tracked by the number of segments in a single chain, can control the instability and the pull-in/snap-through critical voltage, as well as chaos and quasi-periodicity. The main result is that balloons made of materials exhibiting early strain-stiffening effects are more stable and less prone to generate chaotic nonlinear vibrations than when made of softer materials, such as those modelled by the neo-Hookean strain-energy density function.
Pre-service Teachers' Use of General Social Networking Sites Linked to Current Scenarios: Nature and Characteristics
Authors: Calderón-Garrido Diego , Gil-Fernández Raquel
Published: May 2022

Social networking sites form part of everyday life in classrooms at all educational levels. Within these, general social networking sites (GSNSs) offer pre-service teachers flexibility, versatility and the possibility of forming educational communities by connecting formal, non-formal and informal settings. This research analyses the nature, intensity, and type of pre-service teachers’ use of such for educational purposes in their initial training in order to detect the most important aspects for improvement. Possible factors shaping behaviour were gender, whether individuals belonged to universities operating online or in person, differences in the types of studies they were undertaking, and the time at which the questionnaire was administered, before or after the COVID-19 health crisis. To this end, we studied how much and with what aims these students use the most widely used GSNSs for educational purposes. To do so, we administered a questionnaire to a total of 812 students from 6 Spanish universities. The results show a preference for WhatsApp, YouTube, and Instagram. In addition, it was found that undergraduate students used them more intensively than postgraduate students. In the case of online universities, there was a greater need to cover affective and emotional aspects than in in-person universities. As in almost all areas, the situation caused by COVID-19 changed the way social networks were used. The findings also show that pre-service teachers consumed more information on social media than what they produced, which leads to a failure to fully exploit social capital and potential job or academic opportunities that could be generated through their own creations.
Strictly Localized Three-Dimensional States Close to Single Photons
Authors: Ryen Kai , Gulla Jan , Skaar Johannes
Published: May 2022

A class of strictly localized states which can be made arbitrarily close to single photons is constructed, and expressions for central properties are provided. It is demonstrated that single photon states can be well approximated by these states down to localization scales on the order of a few pulse cycles. The results readily generalize to states close to n-photons. We also provide upper and lower bounds for the fidelity between a given single photon and any state strictly localized to a given volume. These results constitute the limit of photon localization, complementary to the weak-localization limit (Bialynicki-Birula, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 5247, (1998)).
The role of short-time work and discretionary policy measures in mitigating the effects of the COVID-19 crisis in Germany
Authors: Christl Michael , De Poli Silvia , Hufkens Tine , Peichl Andreas , Ricci Mattia
Published: May 2022

In this paper, we investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on German household income in 2020 using a micro-level approach. We combine a microsimulation model with novel labour market transition techniques to simulate the COVID-19 shock on the German labour market. We find the consequences of the labour market shock to be highly regressive with a strong impact on the poorest households. However, this effect is nearly entirely offset by automatic stabilisers and discretionary policy measures. We explore the cushioning effect of these policies in detail, showing that short-time working schemes and especially the one-off payments for children are effective in cushioning the income loss of the poor.
Inborn Errors of Immunity on the Island of Ireland — a Cross-Jurisdictional UKPID/ESID Registry Report
Authors: Ryan Paul , Redenbaugh Vyanka , McGucken Jayne , Kindle Gerhard , Devlin Lisa A. , Coulter Tanya , Buckland Matthew S. , Seppänen Mikko R. J. , Conlon Niall P. , Feighery Conleth , Edgar J. David M.
Published: May 2022

The epidemiology of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) in the Republic of Ireland was first published in 2005 but has not been updated since. IEI prevalence data from Northern Ireland was last published in 2018. Using data from the United Kingdom Primary Immune Deficiency (UKPID) and European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registries, we reviewed all registered cases of IEI affecting adult patients ≥ 18 years of age from the two largest immunology specialist centres in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, respectively and calculated the combined minimum adult prevalence of IEI on the island of Ireland for the first time. We also recorded data pertaining to presenting symptoms of IEI, diagnostic delay, immunoglobulin data, and genetic testing, as well as briefly reporting data pertaining to secondary immunodeficiency in both countries. As of 1 May 2020, we identified a minimum adult IEI prevalence in Ireland of 8.85/100,000 population.
The Association between the Five-factor Model of Personality and Problem Gambling: a Meta-analysis
Authors: Dudfield Francine W. H. , Malouff John M. , Meynadier Jai
Published: May 2022

This meta-analysis examined the associations between five-factor personality model traits and problem gambling. To be eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis, studies had to provide effect size data that quantified the magnitude of the association between all five personality traits and problem gambling. Studies also had to use psychometrically sound measures. The meta-analysis included 20 separate samples from 19 studies and 32,222 total participants. The results showed that problem gambling was significantly correlated with the five-factor model of personality. The strongest personality correlate of problem gambling was neuroticism r = .31, p = < 0.001, 95% CI [0.17, 0.44], followed by conscientiousness r = − .28, p = < 0.001, 95% CI [-0.38,-0.17] ), agreeableness r = − .22, p = < 0.001, 95% CI [-0.34, − 0.10], openness r = − .17, p = < 0.001, 95% CI [-0.22,-0.12], and extraversion r = − .11, p = .024, 95% CI [-0.20,-0.01]. These results suggest problem gamblers tend to share a common personality profile – one that could provide clues as to the most effective ways to prevent and to treat problem gambling.
Primacy of Human Odors Over Visual and Heat Cues in Inducing Landing in Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes
Authors: Sumner Benjamin D. , Cardé Ring T.
Published: May 2022

Although human skin odor is thought to be the cue that anthropophilic mosquitoes use to discriminate us from other potential hosts, the precise details of how they use skin odor to find and land on a human is unclear. We found thatAedes aegyptiland on a source of skin odor without a co-located visual cue. By collecting human odor on glass beads and using identical glass beads to visually conceal skin odor and heat cues, we were able to study mosquito landing on skin odor, heat, and visual cues separately. Landing is necessary for blood feeding which is a required behavior for theAedes aegyptilife cycle as well as the behavior responsible for the epidemiological impact of mosquitoes. Therefore, we consider it to be the diagnostic measure of the importance of a host cue. In two-choice tests, a skin odor source had the highest valence for landing, followed by a combination of heat and a visual cue, and finally heat and visual cues presented separately. We also measured the durations of the landings, though no significant differences were found.
How self-awareness is connected to less experience of action crises in personal goal pursuit
Authors: Kreibich Antonia , Wolf Benjamin Mario , Bettschart Martin , Ghassemi Mirjam , Herrmann Marcel , Brandstätter Veronika
Published: May 2022

In this research, we applied a differential perspective to the study of action crises, i.e., being in an intra-psychic decisional conflict whether to pursue or abandon a goal once difficulties in its pursuit arise. In two studies, we investigated the role of individuals’ levels of self-awareness when experiencing such action crises. Both among professional ballet dancers (daily diary, Study 1) and university undergraduates (preregistered experience sampling, Study 2), individuals with greater levels of (dispositional and situational) self-awareness showed an adaptive, that is, problem-solving oriented way of dealing with difficulties in the pursuit of their (training or study) goals. As a consequence, self-awareness contributed to less experience of action crisis during goal pursuit and, as a result, led to better goal performance.
Improved perception of ceramic molds through augmented reality
Authors: Marín-Lora Carlos , Sotoca Jose M. , Chover Miguel
Published: May 2022

Augmented Reality techniques allow the user to visualize part of the real world through a display device by incorporating graphical information into the existing physical information. In this sense, it is important to know how the physical presence of the user in the augmented reality experience can affect the perception and evaluation of the product. To this end, this work presents a theoretical framework that explains how users perceive and evaluate the benefits and quality of augmentation with augmented reality through their physical presence, compared to visualizing the same experience through a video. The application was developed for the exhibition and sale of ceramic molds. Users viewed graphical information about the mold, placed between them and the screen while seeing themselves in the television as if it was a mirror. The experiments showed that the integration of the product into the environment and the spatial presence of the users had a positive effect on the perceived value in terms of usefulness and enjoyment, improved comfort in the purchase decision, and reinforced the overall opinion of the product.