bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rotational Transitions of COH+ and He: New Interaction Potential, Bound States, Scattering and Pressure Broadening Cross‐sections**
Authors: Ritika  , Dhilip Kumar Thogluva Janardhanan
Published: October 2023

We present new calculations of a metastable isomer of HCO+, i. e., COH+ in collision with He. The COH+ has been suggested as an alternative molecular hydrogen tracer, which makes it of great interest for astrophysical studies. COH+ was first observed in astronomical space towards SgrB2 with the observation of J=1→0, J=2→1 and J=3→2 lines. Calculations are based on new ab initio potential energy surfaces (PES) of charged complex COH+‐He using the CCSD(T) in conjunction with aug‐cc‐pVQZ basis set. The PES has a well depth of −836.5 cm−1 towards H‐end at the COH+‐He distance (R) of 2.9 Å in linear orientation. To test the new PES, the calculations of the bound‐state are carried out and pressure broadening cross‐sections of COH+ with He collisions are computed for kinetic energies up to 150 cm−1 using the accurate close‐coupling method. Further, the pressure broadening and shift coefficients have been calculated from the corresponding real and imaginary parts of cross‐sections for the first six rotational transitions. The data obtained is found to be in the same order as the HCO+‐He system. Further, the results of rate coefficients are compared with the reported COH+‐He and HCO+‐He data. The results generated by this study are believed to be useful for both laboratory and future astrophysical research.
Adolescents’ hair cortisol concentrations during COVID‐19: Evidence from two longitudinal studies in the Netherlands and the United States
Authors: Vacaru Stefania V. , Parenteau Anna M. , Yi Sydney , Silvers Jennifer A. , Hostinar Camelia E. , de Weerth Carolina
Published: October 2023

Background: Prolonged stress exposure is associated with alterations in cortisol output. The COVID‐19 pandemic represented a stressor for many, including children. However, a high‐quality caregiving environment may protect against psychological problems and possibly against elevations in cortisol. We examined adolescents’ physiological stress responses to the pandemic and the role of attachment in two longitudinal samples from the Netherlands and the United States (https://aspredicted.org/HHY_8MK). Methods: Cortisol was assessed from hair samples before and during the pandemic, while attachment was self‐reported prepandemic. Study 1 included a Dutch sample (N = 158; examined at ages 10 and later at 14 years old), whereas Study 2 included a US sample (N = 153; examined at ages 9–11 and again 2 years later) and an age‐matched prepandemic sample (N = 29, 10–13 years old). Repeated‐measures analyses of variance examined changes in cortisol from prepandemic to during the pandemic and the effect of attachment in each sample separately. Results: After accounting for age, both studies revealed nonsignificant changes in hair cortisol and a nonsignificant effect of attachment. A significant effect of sex emerged in Study 1, with Dutch girls showing a significant cortisol increase during the pandemic, which was not explained by puberty. Conclusion: These findings suggest differential associations of the pandemic with hair cortisol increases by sex and country.
Contribution to the Knowledge of the Philippine Freshwater Zooplankton: New Records of Monogonont Rotifera
Authors: Tuyor J. B. , Segers H.
Published: October 2023

A total of 50 taxa of monogonont rotifers is recorded from 10 samples collected in different freshwater bodies in Laguna province, Luzon, and Lake Danao, Leyte island, Visayas, the Philippines. Of these, 15 are new to the Philippine fauna. The majority of the species collected, including the new records, are common, cosmopolitan (70%) or tropicopolitan (18%) littoral/periphytic species. The richest taxocoenosis was registered among submerged Ceratophyllum sp. in Lake Danao.
Rotifera from Peat‐Swamps in Phuket Province, Thailand, with the Description of a New Colurella Bory de St. Vincent
Authors: Chittapun Supenya , Pholpunthin Pornsilp , Segers Hendrik
Published: October 2023

The rotifer fauna of three peat‐swamps in Phuket province, southern Thailand was investigated. A total of 77 species is identified, 12 of which are new to Thailand. A new species, Colurella sanoamuangae n. sp., is described. The zoogeography of the registered species is discussed.
An Immunochemical Assay to Detect DNA Damage in Bovine Sperm
Authors: van der SCHANS GOVERT P. , HARING RENE , Van DIJK‐KNIJNENBURG HELMA C. M. , BRUIJNZEEL PIETER L. B. , DEN DAAS NANKE H. G.
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: An immunochemical assay has been developedto detect oxidative damage in bovine sperm DNA. Sperm DNA contains a large amount of oxidative damage as a result of exposure to exogenous agents, but damage also can caused by normal metabolic processes and the absence of DNA repair in the later stages of spermatogenesis. A freeze‐thaw procedure performed on extended bovine sperm in straws did not induce additional DNA damage immediately after thawing compared with nonfrozen extended sperm. The data suggest that the amount of oxidative damage correlated to the percentage of artificially inseminated cows returning to service within 56 days postinsemination, because a number of sires with high sperm concentrations had a large variation in fertility after artificial insemination. These observations have led to the conclusion that by measuring DNA damage in thawed sperm, one might predict the fertility of bulls with high semen concentration.
Influence of Sex Hormones on Prostate Volume in Men on Hemodialysis
Authors: HAYAMI SHINSUKE , SASAGAWA ISOJI , NAKADA TERUHIRO
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: The relationship between sex hormones and prostate volume in 90 men on hemodialysis and 91 healthy men was investigated. In men on hemodialysis, serum levels of total and free testosterone were significantly reduced compared with the controls (P < .211), whereas the serum estradiol level was significantly elevated in men on hemodialysis (P < .211). However, prostate volumes were not different between the 2 groups. Serum estradiol level correlated with the prostate volume in controls (P < .001), whereas total and free testosterone levels did not correlate with the prostate volume. In men on hemodialysis, serum levels of total and free testosterone and estradiol did not correlate with the prostate volume. The present study suggests that sex hormones do not play important roles in the prostate growth in men on hemodialysis.
Intracavernosal Pressure Monitoring in Mice: Responses to Electrical Stimulation of the Cavernous Nerve and to Intracavernosal Drug Administration
Authors: SEZEN SENA F. , BURNETT ARTHUR L.
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: With the development of transgenic mice to evaluate mechanisms of erectile function, it appears particularly advantageous to develop a standardized mouse model of penile erection. The purpose of the study reported here was to evaluate the novel application of intracavernosal pressure (ICP) monitoring in the mouse during electrophysiologic and pharmacologic induction of penile erection. In anesthetized adult male mice, the cavernous nerves (CN) were isolated unilaterally, and the corpora cavernosa were exposed. A 24‐gauge angiocath (intravenous catheter) was inserted into the right corpus cavernosum to monitor the ICP, and a 30.5‐gauge needle was inserted into the left corpus cavernosum for intracavernosal drug administration. ICP was recorded during CN‐stimulated or pharmacostimulated erections. Electrical stimulation of the CN significantly increased the ICP (from 10.09 ± 2.01 to 34.62 ± 2.71 mm Hg, P < .05), which then returned to baseline pressure after termination of the electrical stimulation. Pretreatment with intracavernosal administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (0.1 mg), inhibited the electrical stimulation‐induced changes in ICP (7.17 ± 1.46 vs 10.38 ± 2.17 mm Hg, not significant [NS]). Also, intracavernosal administration of papaverine (0.4 mg) produced a significant increase in ICP (from 8.51 ± 0.69 to 26.37 ± 5.7 mm Hg, P < .05). We concluded that this technique might be applied to perform quantitative erection physiologic experiments with the mouse as an economical and experimentally advantageous animal model, particularly with the development of transgenic mice to evaluate mechanisms of erectile function.
Involvement of Inhibin in the Regulation of Follicle‐Stimulating Hormone Secretion in the Young Adult Male Shiba Goat
Authors: ARAKI KAZUSHI , ARAI KOJI Y. , WATANABE GEN , TAYA KAZUYOSHI
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: The roles of inhibin and testosterone in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion were investigated in young adult male Shiba goats (8–12 months of age). Plasma levels of inhibin but not testosterone abruptly decreased after hemicastration (75% of the initial level), concomitant with a progressive rise in plasma levels of FSH. Removal of the remaining testis at 33 days after the hemicastration quickly decreased plasma levels of both inhibin and testosterone and induced a progressive increase in plasma FSH and LH. Implantation of testosterone sheets immediately after castration suppressed the increase in plasma FSH in part only, whereas the increase in LH secretion was almost completely suppressed. An IV injection of antiserum against [Tyr30] porcine inhibin alpha1–30 resulted in a significant increase in plasma FSH in a dose‐dependent manner, without altering plasma concentrations of LH. These findings clearly indicate that both inhibin and testosterone physiologically regulate FSH secretion and that testosterone is the principal gonadal factor regulating LH secretion in the adult male goat.
Acidification of Intracellular pH in Bovine Spermatozoa Suppresses Motility and Extends Viable Life
Authors: JONES JEFFREY M. , BAVISTER BARRY D.
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: Intracellular pH (pHi) was determined in ejaculated bovine spermatozoa using a ratiometric absorbance technique under various incubation conditions that drastically altered sperm motility. The pHi was directly correlated with sperm motility. In a medium of Sodium, Potassium, and Magnesium [NKM] that supported active sperm motility, pHi was 6.9. In medium containing weak acids (NKM equilibrated with 100% CO2 or containing 80 mM 5,5‐dimethyl‐2,4‐oxazolidinedione; DMO), pHi was depressed at least 0.5 pH unit and sperm motility was suppressed. After complete immobilization of sperm was established, removal of the weak acids indicated that suppression of motility was fully reversible for up to 48 hours in CO2 and up to 24 hours in DMO. This study shows that expression and conservation of sperm motility are inversely related, and that depression of pHi by weak acids can reversibly inhibit sperm motility. These findings may help to explain the mechanisms by which sperm are immobilized within the male reproductive tract, and could be applicable to the design of improved ambient temperature semen extenders.
Uteroglobin and Transglutaminase Modulate Human Sperm Functions
Authors: LUCONI MICHAELA , MURATORI MONICA , MAGGI MARIO , PECCHIOLI PAOLA , PERI ALESSANDRO , MANCINI MARIO , FILIMBERTI ERMINIO , FORTI GIANNI , BALDI ELISABETTA
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: During the process of capacitation, spermatozoa undergo significant changes in membrane composition, including removal of decapacitating factors (DFs), which are present in seminal plasma, that lead to increased sensitivity to physiological stimuli of the acrosome reaction. In the present study we investigated the presence, localization, and effects on human spermatozoa of 2 proteins of seminal plasma origin, uteroglobin (UG) and trans‐glutaminase (TG). These 2 proteins interact with one another because TG promotes covalent links of UG to sperm surface proteins. We found that UG is localized around the entire surface of ejaculated human sperm, whereas TG is predominantly localized in the neck. FACScan analysis confirmed the surface localization of both antigens and demonstrated that swim‐up selection of spermatozoa was associated with a significant reduction in the contents of the 2 substances when compared with unselected samples. Western blot analysis of UG in total sperm lysates confirmed the lower content of the protein in swim‐up—selected sperm. Swim‐up—selected sperm were characterized by their ability to undergo a spontaneous, time‐dependent increase of capacitation‐characteristic chlortetracycline pattern of fluorescence and increase in responsiveness to progesterone. Such changes were not observed in unselected sperm. Exogenous addition of TG, together with recombinant rabbit UG, prevented the spontaneous increase in responsiveness to progesterone (acrosome reaction and intracellular calcium) at 24 hours in swim‐up—selected sperm, suggesting the occurrence of a capacitation‐inhibiting activity of the 2 substances. In addition, we found that endogenous UG and TG contents, as determined by FACScan analysis, were negatively correlated (P < .0001) with sperm motility and that exogenous addition of the 2 substances resulted in a substantial reduction of progressive motility (P < .01). Collectively, these data indicate that TG and UG represent 2 DFs, and contribute to understanding the biochemical mechanisms that characterize the process of capacitation.
Characterization of a Novel Transcript of 14–3‐3 Theta in Sertoli Cells
Authors: CHAUDHARY JAIDEEP , SKINNER MICHAEL K.
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: The isoforms of the highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed 14‐3‐3 family of proteins function primarily as adapters that modulate interactions between components of various cellular signaling and cell cycle regulatory pathways. Low levels of 14‐3‐3 isoforms appear to be expressed in most tissues, but specific isoforms or combinations have been shown to be overexpressed in a cell‐specific manner. In the present study we show that the theta isoform of 14‐3‐3 is expressed in Sertoli cells. Although previous reports have shown the presence of a 14‐3‐3 theta isoform in mouse testicular germ cells, this report demonstrates the presence of the 14‐3‐3 theta isoform in rat Sertoli cells. The 14‐3‐3 theta isoform isolated from rat Sertoli cells appears to have a truncated 3′ UTR, which makes the transcript shorter by 244 bp, compared with its brain counterpart. Northern blot analysis suggests that the 14‐3‐3 theta isoform may also be present in other testicular cell types and tissues. The truncation of the 3′ UTR suggests a potential role in regulating cell‐specific expression of 14‐3‐3 theta. The expression of 14‐3‐3 theta in Sertoli cells was confirmed by Northern blot, polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunocytochemical analysis. The levels of 14‐3‐3 theta mRNA and protein in Sertoli cells remained unchanged in response to the gonadotropin, FSH. Consistent with the absence of the effect of FSH on the expression of 14‐3‐3 theta, an antisense oligonucleotide to 14‐3‐3 theta had no effect on FSH‐induced activation of the transferrin promoter in Sertoli cells. The widespread expression of 14‐3‐3 theta in testis and the lack of effect of FSH on levels of its expression suggest that 14‐3‐3 theta influences Sertoli cell function in an FSH‐independent manner.
Characteristics of Human Sperm Chromatin Structure Following an Episode of Influenza and High Fever: A Case Study
Authors: EVENSON DONALD P. , JOST LORNA K. , CORZETT MICHELE , BALHORN ROD
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: Semen samples from a fertile patient presenting with influenza and a 1‐day fever of 39.9°C were obtained and analyzed at 18–66 days postfever (dpf) for sperm nuclear proteins, DNA stainability, free thiols (—SH), and susceptibility to DNA denaturation in situ. At 18 dpf, 36% of sperm demonstrated denatured DNA as measured by the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA), and decreased to 23% by 39 dpf. Samples at 33 and 39 dpf contained 49% and 30%, respectively, of cells with increased DNA stainability (HIGRN). A unique sperm nuclear protein band migrating between histones and protamines on acid‐urea gels appeared at 33 and 39 dpf and nearly disappeared by 52 dpf. Amino acid sequencing of the first 8 N‐terminal residues identified this protein as the precursor to protamine 2. The protamine P1 and P2 ratio remained normal, whereas the histone to protamine ratio increased slightly at 33 to 39 dpf. Flow cytometric measurements of nuclear —SH groups revealed the greatest reduction in free nuclear thiols at 33 dpf, and returned to normal by 45 dpf. The time of appearance of the unprocessed protamine 2 precursor and the relative increase in histone suggest a fever‐related disruption of the synthesis of mRNA that codes for a P2 processing enzyme or enzymes. Increased DNA staining is likely due to the increased histone/protamine ratio. This case study demonstrates that fever/influenza can have latent effects on sperm chromatin structure and may result in transient release of abnormal sperm.
Accidental Radiation Exposure and Azoospermia
Authors: BEZOLD GUNTRAM , GOTTLÖBER PETRA , GALL HELMUT , PETER RALF‐UWE
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: Seven Georgian male soldiers (19–25 years old) had accidentally been exposed to radiation by Cs‐137 between April 1996 and May 1997. No information about the exact time and duration of exposure was available. All patients presented with the sub‐acute stage of Cutaneous Radiation Syndrome with deep painful ulcers on different body sites, predominantly on the legs. Semen analyses showed complete azoospermia in 4 patients, with elevated follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) in 3 and elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) in 2 of them. One patient had severe oligozoospermia of 7 million sperm per mL, with normal sperm motility and morphology; his FSH and LH levels were elevated. One patient had complete normozoospermia, and the seventh patient had polyzoospermia of 340 million per mL; both of these patients had normal serum hormone levels. Only the patient with oligozoospermia reported a history of delayed testicular descent; his physical examination showed relatively soft and small testicles and a varicocele with considerable reflux. The physical andrological examinations were normal in the other 6 patients. It is very likely that the azoospermia in the 4 patients can be attributed to the radiation accident. In conclusion, it is essential to perform andrological examinations in patients who have been exposed to radiation even if there are only cutaneous injuries detectable, as a high percentage of them can show azoospermia.
Mechanism of Protection of Rat Spermatogenesis by Hormonal Pretreatment: Stimulation of Spermatogonial Differentiation After Irradiation
Authors: MEISTRICH MARVIN L. , WILSON GENE , KANGASNIEMI MARKO , HUHTANIEMI ILPO
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: Pretreatment of rats with hormones that suppress testosterone levels and sperm production enhances the recovery of spermatogenesis from stem cells after a cytotoxic insult. It is not known whether the enhanced recovery results from an increase in the numbers of surviving stem cells or whether their ability to differentiate is enhanced. In this study, untreated rats and rats pretreated with testosterone plus estradiol‐17β (T + E) were irradiated with 3.5 or 6 Gy, and the recovery of spermatogenesis from surviving stem cells was assessed at 6, 10, and 20 weeks after irradiation. T + E pretreatment did not significantly affect the numbers of A spermatogonia remaining in the tubules at 6 weeks after irradiation. In rats that were given irradiation alone, spermatogenesis steadily declined after 6 weeks because the stem cells lost their ability to differentiate. However, when rats were treated with T + E before irradiation, this decline was prevented, and in fact, at least at the lower dose of radiation, there was a progressive recovery of spermatogenesis. Given the similar spermatogonial counts at 6 weeks after irradiation in the irradiated‐only and T + E—treated, irradiated rats, the hormone treatment appears not to protect stem cells from being killed by the cytotoxic agent. Rather, the later enhancement of spermatogenic recovery results from prevention of an injury‐induced change in spermatogonia or in their environment, which would have otherwise resulted in failure of spermatogonial differentiation.
Interleukin‐1β Regulates Nitric Oxide Production and γ‐Glutamyl Transpeptidase Activity in Sertoli Cells
Authors: MERONI SILVINA B. , SUBURO ANGELA M. , CIGORRAGA SELVA B.
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: Several cytokines have been involved in the regulation of Sertoli cell function. Further investigations are required to elucidate the role of interleukin‐1 β (IL1β) in Sertoli cell physiology. Twenty‐day‐old rat Sertoli cell cultures were used to investigate a possible role of IL 1β in the regulation of γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (γGTP) and to elucidate the signaling pathway utilized by this cytokine. γGTP is a membrane‐bound enzyme that has been involved in amino acid transport across the plasma membrane and in protection from oxidative stress through its importance in the regulation of glutathione levels. Previous studies suggested that IL1β stimulates NO biosynthesis in other cell types. Therefore, we investigated whether IL 1β modified the level of nitrite, a stable metabolite of NO, in Sertoli cells. Dose‐response curves to IL 1β for γGTP activity and nitrite production were observed. The increments observed in γGTP activity and nitrite production were partially and completely blocked by simultaneous treatment with the NO synthase inhibitor amino‐guanidine. Treatment of Sertoli cell cultures with the NO donors sodium nitroprusside and S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine resulted in an increase in γGTP activity. The presence of neural, endothelial, and inducible isoforms of NO synthase (NOS) was investigated by a immunohistochemical technique using specific antibodies. The 2 constitutive isoforms were present under basal conditions, and the inducible protein appeared in IL 1β‐treated cultures. Finally, translocation of NF‐κB p65 subunit to the nucleus in IL 1β‐treated cultures was observed. These findings suggest that the action of IL1β on Sertoli cell γGTP activity is partially mediated via activation of NF‐κB and increments in iNOS and cellular production of NO.
The Effect of Reactive Oxygen Species on Equine Sperm Motility, Viability, Acrosomal Integrity, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, and Membrane Lipid Peroxidation
Authors: BAUMBER JULIE , BALL BARRY A. , GRAVANCE CURTIS G. , MEDINA VICTOR , DAVIES‐MOREL MINA C. G.
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to examine the influence of reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated through the use of the xanthine (X)‐xanthine oxidase (XO) system, on equine sperm motility, viability, acrosomal integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and membrane lipid peroxidation. Equine spermatozoa were separated from seminal plasma on a discontinuous Percoll gradient, and spermatozoa were incubated with 0.6 mM X and 0.05 U/mL XO for 30 minutes. Catalase (150 U/mL), superoxide dismutase (SOD, 150 U/mL), or glutathione (GSH, 1.5 mM) were evaluated for their ability to preserve sperm function in the presence of the induced oxidative stress. At the end of the 30‐minute incubation, sperm motility was determined by computer‐assisted semen analysis. Viability and acrosomal integrity were determined by Hoechst‐Pisum sativum staining, and mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by staining with JC‐1. Incubation with the X‐XO system led to a significant (P < .01) increase in hydrogen peroxide production and an associated decrease (P < .01) in motility parameters. Total motility was significantly (P < .01) lower in the presence of X‐XO compared with the case of the control (29% ± 9% vs 73% ± 1%, respectively). Catalase, but not SOD, prevented a decline in motility secondary to oxidative stress (71% ± 4% vs 30% ± 3%, respectively). The addition of glutathione had an intermediate effect in preserving sperm motility at the end of the 30‐minute incubation (53% ± 3%). No influence of X‐XO could be determined on viability, acrosomal integrity, or mitochondrial membrane potential. In order to promote lipid peroxidation, samples were incubated with ferrous sulfate (0.64 mM) and sodium ascorbate (20 mM) for 2 hours after the X‐XO incubation. No increase in membrane lipid peroxidation was detected. This study indicates that hydrogen peroxide is the major ROS responsible for damage to equine spermatozoa. The decrease in sperm motility associated with ROS occurs in the absence of any detectable decrease in viability, acrosomal integrity, or mitochondrial membrane potential or of any detectable increase in lipid peroxidation.
Sperm Calcium Levels and Chlortetracycline Fluorescence Patterns are Related to the In Vivo Fertility of Cryopreserved Bovine Semen
Authors: COLLIN SIMON , SIRARD MARC‐ANDRÉ , DUFOUR MAURICE , BAILEY JANICE L.
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT:Cryopreserved bovine semen is less fertile than fresh semen for reasons that have not been fully elucidated. Cryopreservation is known to disrupt the sperm plasma membrane and it induces premature capacitation of a sperm subpopulation, which may be a result of the increased internal calcium levels after thawing. To test the hypothesis that sperm intracellular calcium level is correlated with in vivo fertility, we used the fluorescent calcium indicator, indo‐1, and flow cytometry to assess intracellular calcium levels in frozen‐thawed sperm from bulls of varying degrees of fertility. We also tested a second hypothesis that the physiological status of sperm, as assessed by the chlortetracycline (CTC) fluorescent assay, is correlated with fertility. As detected by indo‐1 fluorescence, the intracellular calcium level is negatively correlated with bull fertility immediately after thawing (P= .0362; n = 3 ejaculates from each of 10 animals). Moreover, there was a significant difference between the 3 most and least fertile bulls over 4 hours of incubation (P< .05; n = 3 ejaculates per bull). Finally, there was a positive correlation between sperm displaying the CTC acrosome reaction pattern and fertility (P= .0014; n = 3 ejaculates from each of 10 bulls).
Dictioiwries
Authors: Holzman Susan
Published: October 2023

Jon Wright. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998
Brief Notices: Oxford Dictionaries
Authors: Holzman Susan
Published: October 2023

The following Brief Notices offer readers a descriptive list of vocabulary resources.
Looking Ahead, Book 4: Mastering Academic Writing
Authors: Aebersold Jo Ann
Published: October 2023

Christine Holten and Judith Marasco. Pacific Grove, CA: Heinle & Heinle, 1998
The Advanced Grammar Book (2nd ed.)
Authors: Elvin Barbara
Published: October 2023

Jocelyn Steer and Karen Carlisi. (1997).
Language Teaching Awareness: A Guide to Exploring Beliefs and Practices
Authors: Miller Patricia L.
Published: October 2023

Jerry G. Gebhard and Robert Oprandy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999
Grafting of Multifunctional Polymer Brushes from a Glass Surface: Surface‐Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization as a Versatile Tool for Biomedical Materials Engineering
Authors: Sroka Małgorzata , Zaborniak Izabela , Chmielarz Paweł , Bała Justyna , Wolski Karol , Ciszkowicz Ewa , Awsiuk Kamil , Raczkowska Joanna
Published: October 2023

The unique features of poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA), such as its sensitivity to external stimuli like pH and the presence of tertiary amine groups that can be easily quaternized to introduce antibacterial properties, make it a promising platform for biomedical applications. In this contribution, a facile, cost‐effective, and ecological procedure for controlled grafting of PDMAEMA brushes from a glass surface, both in mL and µL scale, is developed. This concept involves utilizing an aqueous solution of sunflower honey as a source of reducing sugars to accelerate surface‐initiated activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization. The PDMAEMA chains covalently grafted to the glass surface are then quaternized to form an antibacterial film. The thickness of the polymeric brush layer is determined by atomic force microscopy, while the chemical composition is analyzed by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Water contact angle measurements demonstrate the pH‐sensitivity of PDMAEMA pointing out the potential application of the prepared material as smart surfaces. Furthermore, the antibacterial tests against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria strains are performed. The protein adsorption is used to evaluate the biocompatibility of the prepared surfaces. The resulting glass materials can serve as multifunctional surfaces for various purposes.
Experiences of living with hip osteoarthritis and of receiving advice, education and ultrasound‐guided intra‐articular hip injection in the hip injection trial. A qualitative study
Authors: Holden Melanie Ann , Hawarden Ashley , Paskins Zoe , Roddy Edward , Mallen Christian D. , Liddle Jennifer , Bourton Amy , Jinks Clare ,   HIT trial team
Published: October 2023

Objectives

The Hip Injection Trial (HIT) compared the effectiveness of adding a single ultrasound‐guided intra‐articular injection of either corticosteroid and local anaesthetic or local anaesthetic alone to advice and education among people with hip osteoarthritis (OA). This nested qualitative study explored participants' experiences of living with hip OA and of the trial treatment they received.

Method

Semi‐structured telephone interviews were undertaken with a purposeful sample of trial participants after a 2‐month trial follow‐up. Interviewers were blinded to which injection participants had received. Thematic analysis using constant comparison was undertaken prior to knowing the trial results.

Results

34 trial participants were interviewed across all arms. OA causes pain, physical limitations, difficulties at work, lowered mood, and disrupted sleep. Those who received advice and education alone felt that they had not received ‘treatment’ and described little/no benefit. Participants in both injection groups described marked improvements in pain, physical function, and other aspects of life (e.g., sleep, confidence). The perceived magnitude of benefit appeared greater among those who received the corticosteroid injection; however, the length of benefit varied in both injection groups. There was uncertainty about the longer‐term benefits of injection and repeated injections.

Conclusion

Hip OA is highly burdensome. Participants perceived little/no benefit from advice and education alone but reported marked improvements when combined with either injection. However, the magnitude of benefit was greater among those who received corticosteroid. The varying duration of response to injection and uncertainty regarding longer‐term benefits of injection and repeated injections suggests that these areas are important for future research.

Trial registration: EudraCT 2014‐003412‐37; ISRCTN50550256.
Polymer Chemistry: A primer to enzymatic polymer degradation
Authors: Xu Chengzhang , Agarwal Seema , Möglich Andreas , Greiner Andreas
Published: October 2023

As highly efficient biocatalysts, enzymes could be used in technical applications for the degradation of polymers, for chemical recycling of polymers, and for the removal of microplastic debris. The formulation of enzymes with preservation of their enzymatic activity is a major challenge for applications with polymers.
Labor: Wo sich Einwegplastik vermeiden lässt
Authors: Chattopadhyay Purnesh , Bodiguel Stella , Simmchen Juliane
Published: October 2023

Für mehr Nachhaltigkeit und Recycling sorgen im Alltag Mehrwegverpackungen für Lebensmittel oder plastikfreie Kleidung. In Labors geht es nicht immer ohne Einwegkunststoffe. Aber es gibt Möglichkeiten, deren Menge klein zu halten.
Chemikerin statt Guerillera
Authors: Purrer Ulrike
Published: October 2023

Die Kolumbianerinnen Karen Cuero und Camila López kommen aus Tumaco, einer Stadt, die immer wieder vom bewaffneten Konflikt in Kolumbien betroffen war. Die Hauptwirtschaftszweige dieser Stadt sind Landwirtschaft, Fischerei, Holzwirtschaft und Tourismus – doch die beiden Frauen studieren Chemieingenieurwesen.
Interview: Regulierung per‐ und polyfluorierter Substanzen
Authors: Neubauer Uta
Published: October 2023

Die Europäische Chemikalienagentur Echa bereitet die Regulierung per‐ und polyfluorierter Alkylsubstanzen, kurz PFAS, vor. Allein die Umweltpersistenz der Substanzen rechtfertige ein umfassendes Verbot, meint Juliane Glüge von der ETH Zürich. Sie vertritt die European Chemical Society in Sitzungen der Echa, die sich mit dem PFAS‐Verbot beschäftigen. PFAS gehören seit dem Jahr 2019 zu ihren Arbeitsschwerpunkten. Studiert hat sie Biosystemtechnik an der Universität Magdeburg.
Ehrenamt, nachhaltige Chemie und ein Kind
Authors: Tietze Alexandra
Published: October 2023

Clara Hartling hat in ihrem Studium gelernt, Nachhaltigkeit und Chemieingenieurwesen genauso zu verbinden wie Praktika und Kinderbetreuung.
Trendbericht Theoretische Chemie 2023 (2/3): Berechnungen von Molekülschwingungen in der Thermodynamik
Authors: Perlt Eva , Khanifaev Jamoliddin , Schrader Tim
Published: October 2023

Maschinelles Lernen: Bisher zielten Anwendungen vor allem auf das Lernen von Potenzialenergiehyperflächen, derzeit zeigen sich viele neue Forschungsrichtungen. Molekülschwingungen in der Thermodynamik: Berechnung in Theorie und Simulation. Ultrakurze Laserpulse zum Beobachten molekularer Dynamik: Da die Bewegung von Elektronen genauso schnell ist wie die zeitliche Ausdehnung der Pulse, sind die Pulseigenschaften bei Simulationen explizit zu berücksichtigen.
Je kleiner, desto blauer
Authors: Osterath Brigitte
Published: October 2023

Die diesjährigen Chemienobelpreisträger Alexei Ekimov, Louis Brus und Moungi Bawendi haben Quantenpunkte hergestellt: Halbleiterkristalle, die so klein sind, dass Quantenphänomene ihre Eigenschaften bestimmen. Über die Größe der Nanopartikel lässt sich daher ihre Farbe einstellen.
Numerical algorithm with fifth‐order accuracy for axisymmetric Laplace equation with linear boundary value problem
Authors: Li Hu , Huang Jin
Published: October 2023

In order to obtain the numerical solutions of the axisymmetric Laplace equation with linear boundary problem in three dimensions, we have developed a quadrature method to solve the problem. Firstly, the problem can be transformed to a integral equation with weakly singular operator by using the Green's formula. Secondly, A quadrature method is constructed by combing the mid‐rectangle formula with a singular integral formula to solve the integral equation, which has the accuracy of and low computational complexity. Thirdly, the convergence of the numerical solutions is proved based on the theory of compact operators and the single parameter asymptotic expansion of errors with odd power is got. From the expansion, we construct an extrapolation algorithm (EA) to further improve the accuracy of the numerical solutions. After one extrapolation, the accuracy of the numerical solutions can reach the accuracy of . Finally, two numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the method.
The dyadic effects of individual resilience on family resilience among Chinese parents and children during COVID‐19
Authors: Feng Li , Jin Jialu , An Yuanyuan , Zhao Jiaqi , Zhu Yi , Li Xiaohui
Published: October 2023

Previous studies have mainly focused on examining families' struggles during the adaptive process of adversity, while the strength of family and how it arises were neglected. This study aims to explore the relationships between individual and family resilience among parents and children in families during COVID‐19. Guided by the longitudinal actor–partner interdependence model, one parent and a child in 136 Chinese families completed assessments of pandemic media exposure and individual resilience in mid‐February 2020 and family resilience in early March. Results showed that the child's individual resilience was positively associated with their own and their parents’ family resilience, while parents' resilience was only positively associated with their own. The evidence indicated that a child's individual resilience was critical for all core family members' perceived family resilience and provided implications for family intervention programs.
Multiple temporal reference frames revealed by a reproduction task
Authors: Fan Yunfei , Li Xiaoxuan , Bao Yan
Published: October 2023

The study investigates whether participants can establish multiple temporal references in a temporal reproduction task. The results show that participants can learn and maintain two references for the overlapping intervals with the short distribution being overestimated towards the long one.
Persistent chest pain following COVID‐19 infection – A scoping review
Authors: Kubrova Eva , Hallo‐Carrasco Alejandro J. , Klasova Johana , Pagan Rosado Robert D. , Prusinski Christian C. , Trofymenko Oleksandr , Schappell Justin B. , Prokop Larry J. , Yuh Clara I. , Gupta Sahil , Hunt Christine L.
Published: October 2023

Persistent chest pain (PCP) following acute COVID‐19 infection is a commonly reported symptom with an unclear etiology, making its management challenging. This scoping review aims to address the knowledge gap surrounding the characteristics of PCP following COVID‐19, its causes, and potential treatments. This is a scoping review of 64 studies, including observational (prospective, retrospective, cross‐sectional, case series, and case–control) and one quasi‐experimental study, from databases including Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Google Scholar, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus. Studies on patients with PCP following mild, moderate, and severe COVID‐19 infection were included. Studies with patients of any age, with chest pain that persisted following acute COVID‐19 disease, irrespective of etiology or duration were included. A total of 35 studies reported PCP symptoms following COVID‐19 (0.24%–76.6%) at an average follow‐up of 3 months or longer, 12 studies at 1–3 months and 17 studies at less than 1‐month follow‐up or not specified. PCP was common following mild—severe COVID‐19 infection, and etiology was mostly not reported. Fourteen studies proposed potential etiologies including endothelial dysfunction, cardiac ischemia, vasospasm, myocarditis, cardiac arrhythmia, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, postural tachycardia syndrome, or noted cardiac MRI (cMRI) changes. Evaluation methods included common cardiopulmonary tests, as well as less common tests such as flow‐mediated dilatation, cMRI, single‐photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Only one study reported a specific treatment (sulodexide). PCP is a prevalent symptom following COVID‐19 infection, with various proposed etiologies. Further research is needed to establish a better understanding of the causes and to develop targeted treatments for PCP following COVID‐19.
Validation of trail making test part A for cognitive screening in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Sayed Amira , Abdelhadi Ghada , Ramadan Ismail , Galeel Aya Abdel , Hamed Mervat
Published: October 2023

Cognitive impairment is a crucial early and late complaint in multiple sclerosis (MS). The exact onset of cognitive impairment in MS and its pathophysiology remain elusive. A simple, easy, and time saving method is crucial for detecting early cognitive complaints, specifically information processing speed, which is important for the functionality of higher cognitive processes. Here, the authors compare the sensitivity and specificity of trail making test part A as a short and free valid test with the symbol digit modality test (SDMT) for assessment of information processing speed in a sample of Egyptian people with MS.
Spherically confined hydrogenic atoms under classical non‐ideal plasmas: Scaling law for the critical cage size
Authors: Das Netai , Das Biswajit , Ghoshal Arijit
Published: October 2023

An elegant calculation is carried out to investigate the effects of the non‐ideality of classical plasma on the energy levels of the hydrogenic atoms held in a spherical cage. Organized effect of the non‐ideal classical plasma is described by an analytical pseudopotential which contains the Debye length and non‐ideality parameter as parameters. Convergent results for the bound states are obtained variationally by utilizing a large trail function containing cosine term which automatically takes care of the requisite boundary conditions. For the plasma‐free case, our results are in excellent agreement with the most accurate results available in the literature. An inclusive study is made to explore the changes emerging in the energy levels due to the variation of the plasma parameters and cage size. Special emphasis is made on the determination of critical cage size precisely. The present study specifically reveals that the increasing plasma non‐ideality leads to the elongation of the critical cage size. Moreover, it is empirically found that the critical cage size for a given hydrogenic atom can be obtained from a scaling law.
Reconfigurable Hexapartite Cluster States by Four‐Wave Mixing Processes with a Spatially Structured Pump
Authors: Zhang Kai , Guo Yu , Jing Jietai
Published: October 2023

The universal quantum computation provides a new paradigm for information processing. One feasible approach is measurement‐based one‐way quantum computation utilizing cluster states. Generally, the generation of cluster states with different structures for implementing on‐demand quantum computation needs different experimental setup, which limits its scalability. Here, the reconfigurable hexapartite cluster states created by postprocessing the quadrature information of hexapartite entangled state are demonstrated. Without altering the experimental layout, nine quantum correlated states with different structures, especially three cluster states, are implemented. In particular, such method can effectively reduce the excess noise introduced by creating cluster states under limited squeezing resources. This approach provides an avenue for realizing large‐scale reconfigurable cluster states without changing the experimental architecture.
Relating the Partial Dependence Plot and Permutation Feature Importance to the Data Generating Process
Authors: Molnar Christoph , Freiesleben Timo , König Gunnar , Herbinger Julia , Reisinger Tim , Casalicchio Giuseppe , Wright Marvin N. , Bischl Bernd
Published: October 2023

Scientists and practitioners increasingly rely on machine learning to model data and draw conclusions. Compared to statistical modeling approaches, machine learning makes fewer explicit assumptions about data structures, such as linearity. Consequently, the parameters of machine learning models usually cannot be easily related to the data generating process. To learn about the modeled relationships, partial dependence (PD) plots and permutation feature importance (PFI) are often used as interpretation methods. However, PD and PFI lack a theory that relates them to the data generating process. We formalize PD and PFI as statistical estimators of ground truth estimands rooted in the data generating process. We show that PD and PFI estimates deviate from this ground truth not only due to statistical biases, but also due to learner variance and Monte Carlo approximation errors. To account for these uncertainties in PD and PFI estimation, we propose the learner-PD and the learner-PFI based on model refits and propose corrected variance and confidence interval estimators.
Cost of Explainability in AI: An Example with Credit Scoring Models
Authors: Dessain Jean , Bentaleb Nora , Vinas Fabien
Published: October 2023

This paper examines the cost of explainability in machine learning models for credit scoring. The analysis is conducted under the constraint of meeting the regulatory requirements of the European Central Bank (ECB), using a real-life dataset of over 50,000 credit exposures. We compare the statistical and financial performances of black-box models, such as XGBoost and neural networks, with inherently explainable models like logistic regression and GAMs. Notably, statistical performance does not necessarily correlate with financial performance. Our results reveal a difference of 15 to 20 basis points in annual return on investment between the best performing black-box model and the best performing inherently explainable model, as cost of explainability. We also find that the cost of explainability increases together with the risk appetite.

To enhance the interpretability of explainable models, we apply isotonic smoothing of features’ shape functions based on expert judgment. Our findings suggest that incorporating expert judgment in the form of isotonic smoothing improves the explainability without compromising the performance. These results have significant implications for the use of explainable models in credit risk assessment and for regulatory compliance.
The absence of observable proton decay in a global SU(5) F-theory model
Authors: Clemens Herbert , Raby Stuart
Published: October 2023

Abstract

We begin with an E8× E8 Heterotic model broken to an SU(5)gauge× U(1)X and a twin SU(5)gauge× U(1)X, where one SU(5) and its spectrum is identified as the visible sector while the other can be identified as a hidden twin sector. In both cases we obtain the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) spectrum after Wilson-line symmetry-breaking enhanced by a low energy R-parity and $$ {\mathbb{Z}}_4^R $$

ℤ
4
R

symmetry. We argue that there will not be any observable proton decay in this model.
The Relationship Between Parent-Child Movement Synchrony and Social Behavior of Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Children Diagnosed with Down Syndrome
Authors: van der Steen Steffie , Hill Yannick , F. A. Cox Ralf
Published: October 2023

Purpose: Dyadic synchrony is positively associated with social competence. Although children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and children diagnosed with Down Syndrome (DS) both have trouble with dyadic synchrony, the origin of their difficulties is fundamentally different. In this mixed method study, we investigated differences in dyadic synchrony and social behavior between children diagnosed with ASD and DS. Methods: Twenty-seven children diagnosed with ASD (10 cisgender females; Mage = 10.98 years; SD = 2.21) and twenty-five children diagnosed with DS (11 cisgender females; Mage = 11.91 years; SD = 2.27) performed a collaborative drawing task with a parent in which they had to synchronize their drawing movements. We continuously tracked their dominant hand movements using wearable accelerometers, and performed Cross-Recurrence Quantification Analysis to extract synchrony measures. Additionally, we compared the social behaviors (interpersonal synchrony, emotion regulation, and social cognition, motivation, and confidence) of these children using quantitative parental questionnaires. Results: Parent-child synchrony measures were significantly higher for children diagnosed with ASD. Yet, parents were significantly more positive about the social behaviors of children diagnosed with DS. No significant correlation between the synchrony and questionnaire measures was found. Conclusion: While children diagnosed with ASD synchronize better during a collaborative task, the social behavior of the children diagnosed with DS (including social synchrony) is more positively evaluated by their parents. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.