bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors of Preinvasive and Invasive Cervical Cancer
Authors: Shrestha P , Koirala P , Singh M
Published: January 2016

Aims: The objective of this study was to assess the risk factors of preinvasive and invasive cervical cancer.Methods: This was a prospective hospital based case control study conducted from April 2012 to April 2013, which included 91 patients in each group. Among cases, 34 were Cervical Cancer and 57 were Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Simple random method was adopted for selecting patients. Prefixed questionnaire was used. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 19.0.Results: In multivariate analysis, history of abnormal vaginal discharge and cigarette smoking were significantly associated with cervical cancer (p value of 0.001 and 0.003 respectively) and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (p <0.001). Whereas, early age at first sexual intercourse ≤ 16 years and more than one sexual partner of husband had only borderline significance for Cervical cancer (p value 0.049 and 0.038 respectively).Conclusions: Cigarette smoking and abnormal vaginal discharge were significantly associated with cervical cancer.
Anaesthetic Management of a Morbidly Obese Parturient for Elective Caesarean Section
Authors: Pradhan R , Shrestha S , Gurung T , Shrestha AB , Sharma KR
Published: January 2016

Anaesthesia for an obese parturient poses a challenge to anaesthesiologists. Here we report a case of 27 years obese primigravidae at 40 weeks of gestation with gestational hypertension who underwent elective cesarean section under combined spinal epidural anaesthesia. Her intraoperative and postoperative periods were uneventful.
Health Behaviours and Awareness of Canada’s Food Guide: A Population-based Study
Authors: Mathe Nonsikelelo , Agborsangaya Calypse B. , Loitz Christina C. , Johnson Jeffrey A. , Johnson Steven T.
Published: January 2016

Purpose: Lifestyle behaviours among adults reporting awareness of Canada’s Food Guide (CFG) are described.

Methods: Data from a cross-sectional survey of adults from Alberta were used to estimate the prevalence of reported health behaviours among respondents aware of the CFG.

Results: Respondents (n = 1044) reported general awareness of CFG (mean age 50.3 years; 54.2% female) of whom 82.2% reported awareness of specific CFG recommendations. Respondents reported frequently reading food labels (>58.0%), reading the number of calories (45.5%), the amount of sodium (49.5%), the amount of fat (46.7%), and the type of fat (45.5%) on the food label. Most respondents (90.0%) reported frequently selecting foods to promote health. Approximately one-third of the respondents (35.8%) reported frequently consuming ≥5 portions of vegetables and fruit per day and regularly participating in physical activity (55.3%). Body weight was perceived as healthy by 63.4% of the respondents. Most engaged in 2 health behaviours frequently. Adjusting for important socio-demographic characteristics, those who reported frequently consuming ≥5 portions of vegetables and fruit per day were more likely to engage in a second health behaviour outlined in CGF (OR: 23.6, 95% CI (16.2–34.4)).

Conclusion: Awareness of CFG did not translate to positive health behaviours. More proactive population level strategies to support specific health behaviours as outlined in CFG might be warranted.
Baby-led Weaning: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: D’Andrea Elisa , Jenkins Kielyn , Mathews Maria , Roebothan Barbara
Published: January 2016

Purpose: To date, baby-led weaning (BLW) has not been examined in a Canadian population. This research investigated common BLW practices and compared associated knowledge and perceptions of practicing mothers and health care professionals (HCPs).

Methods: Sixty-five mothers practicing BLW and 33 HCPs were surveyed using 2 online questionnaires. Mothers were recruited through the Newfoundland and Labrador BLW Facebook page and HCPs via email at 2 regional health authorities.

Results: Mothers described BLW in terms of food shape and consistency (whole, solid); however, in practice, some mothers offered puréed foods such as infant cereals. More HCPs than mothers indicated choking, inadequate energy, and iron intake as concerns. Mothers relied on the Facebook page over HCPs for BLW information and support. Although all practicing mothers would recommend BLW to others, less than half (48.5%) of HCPs would support it in their practice.

Conclusions: Mothers following BLW vary greatly in their experiences and adherence to BLW. They view the practice and its disadvantages very differently than HCPs. Although most HCPs were aware of BLW, few were familiar with specific practices. HCPs may benefit from a greater understanding of BLW to provide guidance to the growing number of mothers following this practice.
Renewing Democracy: The Rise of Green Politics in West Germany
Authors: Milder Stephen , Jarausch Konrad H.
Published: January 2016

The September 2013 Bundestag election, which reelected Angela Merkel

as chancellor, was a clear defeat for the Green Party. Alliance 90/The

Greens (henceforth the Greens) fared far better than the Free Democratic

Party (FDP), which failed even to score the five percent of the vote required

for representation in parliament, but still fell from 10.7 percent to 8.4 percent,

losing five of their sixty-eight seats in parliament. Since in March of

that same year, surveys had shown their support at 17 percent, this disappointing

result forced Jürgen Trittin, the leader of the parliamentary delegation

to step down.1 In many ways, this perceived electoral debacle marked

the end of an era. The former Federal Minister of the Envi ron ment, who

had originally joined the party in 1980, told reporters that “a new generation” would have to step forward and lead the party into the 2017

campaign. This statement suggested not only that the Greens’ rebellious

founding impulse was spent, but also that they had become part of the

establishment in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), now requiring a

reinvigoration of their own. Since the Greens were once expected to be little

more than a short-lived byproduct of the social conflicts of the 1970s, a

closer look at the party’s founding moment at the beginning of the 1980s

might shed new light on its current predicament.
A Brief Cosmogeny of the West German Green Party
Authors: Davis Belinda
Published: January 2016

Today's German Green Party looks much like its parliamentary counterparts. However, the long-term political experience of activists who founded the party informed flexible and open political thinking and structure, and raised questions about the nature of deep social change that are worth returning to. The Green Party in its current form is not the only possible relevant and practical manifestation of this thinking. This piece briefly traces an evolution of political thought before the emergence of the Green Party through the case of one former activist.
Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry: The Transformation of Modern Environmental Analyses
Authors: Lim Lucy , Yan Fangzhi , Bach Stephen , Pihakari Katianna , Klein David
Published: January 2016

Unknown compounds in environmental samples are difficult to identify using standard mass spectrometric methods. Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) has revolutionized how environmental analyses are performed. With its unsurpassed mass accuracy, high resolution and sensitivity, researchers now have a tool for difficult and complex environmental analyses. Two features of FTMS are responsible for changing the face of how complex analyses are accomplished. First is the ability to quickly and with high mass accuracy determine the presence of unknown chemical residues in samples. For years, the field has been limited by mass spectrometric methods that were based on knowing what compounds of interest were. Secondly, by utilizing the high resolution capabilities coupled with the low detection limits of FTMS, analysts also could dilute the sample sufficiently to minimize the ionization changes from varied matrices.
High-Efficiency Solar-Powered 3-D Printers for Sustainable Development
Authors: Gwamuri Jephias , Franco Dhiogo , Khan Khalid , Gauchia Lucia , Pearce Joshua
Published: January 2016

The release of the open source 3-D printer known as the RepRap (a self-Replicating Rapid prototyper) resulted in the potential for distributed manufacturing of products for significantly lower costs than conventional manufacturing. This development, coupled with open source-appropriate technology (OSAT), has enabled the opportunity for 3-D printers to be used for sustainable development. In this context, OSAT provides the opportunity to modify and improve the physical designs of their printers and desired digitally-shared objects. However, these 3-D printers require electricity while more than a billion people still lack electricity. To enable the utilization of RepRaps in off-grid communities, solar photovoltaic (PV)-powered mobile systems have been developed, but recent improvements in novel delta-style 3-D printer designs allows for reduced costs and improved performance. This study builds on these innovations to develop and experimentally validate a mobile solar-PV-powered delta 3-D printer system. It is designed to run the RepRap 3-D printer regardless of solar flux. The electrical system design is tested outdoors for operating conditions: (1) PV charging battery and running 3-D printer; (2) printing under low insolation; (3) battery powering the 3-D printer alone; (4) PV charging the battery only; and (5) battery fully charged with PV-powered 3-D printing. The results show the system performed as required under all conditions providing feasibility for adoption in off-grid rural communities. 3-D printers powered by affordable mobile PV solar systems have a great potential to reduce poverty through employment creation, as well as ensuring a constant supply of scarce products for isolated communities.
Effect of Polydextrose on Subjective Feelings of Appetite during the Satiation and Satiety Periods: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ibarra Alvin , Astbury Nerys , Olli Kaisa , Alhoniemi Esa , Tiihonen Kirsti
Published: January 2016

Introduction: Subjective feelings of appetite are measured using visual analogue scales (VAS) in controlled trials. However, the methods used to analyze VAS during the Satiation (pre- to post-meal) and Satiety (post-meal to subsequent meal) periods vary broadly, making it difficult to compare results amongst independent studies testing the same product. This review proposes a methodology to analyze VAS during both the Satiation and Satiety periods, allowing us to compare results in a meta-analysis. Methods: A methodology to express VAS results as incremental areas under the curve (iAUC) for both the Satiation and Satiety periods is proposed using polydextrose as a case study. Further, a systematic review and meta-analysis on subjective feelings of appetite was conducted following the PRISMA methodology. Meta-analyses were expressed as Standardized Mean Difference (SMD). Results: Seven studies were included in the meta-analysis. There were important differences in the methods used to analyze appetite ratings amongst these studies. The separate subjective feelings of appetite reported were Hunger, Satisfaction, Fullness, Prospective Food Consumption, and the Desire to Eat. The method proposed here allowed the results of the different studies to be homogenized. The meta-analysis showed that Desire to Eat during the Satiation period favors polydextrose for the reduction of this subjective feeling of appetite (SMD = 0.24, I2 < 0.01, p = 0.018); this effect was also significant in the sub-analysis by sex for the male population (SMD = 0.35, I2 < 0.01, p = 0.015). There were no other significant results. Conclusion: It is possible to compare VAS results from separate studies. The assessment of iAUC for both the Satiation and Satiety periods generates results of homogeneous magnitudes. This case study demonstrates, for the first time, that polydextrose reduces the Desire to Eat during the Satiation period. This may explain, at least in part, the observed effects of polydextrose on the reduction of levels of energy intake at subsequent meals.
Modelling the Progression of Male Swimmers’ Performances through Adolescence
Authors: Dormehl Shilo , Robertson Samuel , Williams Craig
Published: January 2016

Insufficient data on adolescent athletes is contributing to the challenges facing youth athletic development and accurate talent identification. The purpose of this study was to model the progression of male sub-elite swimmers’ performances during adolescence. The performances of 446 males (12–19 year olds) competing in seven individual events (50, 100, 200 m freestyle, 100 m backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, 200 m individual medley) over an eight-year period at an annual international schools swimming championship, run under FINA regulations were collected. Quadratic functions for each event were determined using mixed linear models. Thresholds of peak performance were achieved between the ages of 18.5 ± 0.1 (50 m freestyle and 200 m individual medley) and 19.8 ± 0.1 (100 m butterfly) years. The slowest rate of improvement was observed in the 200 m individual medley (20.7%) and the highest in the 100 m butterfly (26.2%). Butterfly does however appear to be one of the last strokes in which males specialise. The models may be useful as talent identification tools, as they predict the age at which an average sub-elite swimmer could potentially peak. The expected rate of improvement could serve as a tool in which to monitor and evaluate benchmarks.
Synthesis of Chiral Cyclic Carbonates via Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Epoxides and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Wu Xiao , Castro-Osma José , North Michael
Published: January 2016

The catalytic synthesis of cyclic carbonates using carbon dioxide as a C1-building block is a highly active area of research. Here, we review the catalytic production of enantiomerically enriched cyclic carbonates via kinetic resolution of racemic epoxides catalysed by metal-containing catalyst systems.
Advances and Challenges in Studying Hepatitis B Virus In Vitro
Authors: Witt-Kehati Dvora , Bitton Alaluf Maya , Shlomai Amir
Published: January 2016

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small DNA virus that infects the liver. Current anti-HBV drugs efficiently suppress viral replication but do not eradicate the virus due to the persistence of its episomal DNA. Efforts to develop reliable in vitro systems to model HBV infection, an imperative tool for studying HBV biology and its interactions with the host, have been hampered by major limitations at the level of the virus, the host and infection readouts. This review summarizes major milestones in the development of in vitro systems to study HBV. Recent advances in our understanding of HBV biology, such as the discovery of the bile-acid pump sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as a receptor for HBV, enabled the establishment of NTCP expressing hepatoma cell lines permissive for HBV infection. Furthermore, advanced tissue engineering techniques facilitate now the establishment of HBV infection systems based on primary human hepatocytes that maintain their phenotype and permissiveness for infection over time. The ability to differentiate inducible pluripotent stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells opens the door for studying HBV in a more isogenic background, as well. Thus, the recent advances in in vitro models for HBV infection holds promise for a better understanding of virus-host interactions and for future development of more definitive anti-viral drugs.
Pour le cinquantenaire de la mort de Franz Schrader (1844-1924)
Authors: Broc Numa
Published: January 2016

Franz Schrader was one of the most unconventional French geographers at the end of the nineteen century. He was a truly self-educated man. While still very young, he devoted himself to mapping the central Pyrenees and invented the orographe. Then he found himself in charge of the geographical department at the Hachette Publishing House and from 1884 to 1911 he issued an enormous Atlas Universel de Géographie as well as numerous more specialized publications. As the chairman of the French Alpine Club he created a committee of topography (Commission de Topographie) with the intention of improving on the available maps of the Alps and the Pyrenees. An enthusiastic mountainlover, a keen popularizer of geography, a talented painter and writer, Schrader has escaped succint classifications. However, he has remained apart from the geography of the Universities and the methodological renewal initiated by his contemporary Vidal de la Blache.
Brive-la-Gaillarde, ville moyenne dynamique ?
Authors: Genty Michel
Published: January 2016

Brive-la-Gaillarde, a dynamic medium sized town ? As a result of its recent and rather substantial population growth, Brive-la- Gaillarde now ranks among leading medium-sized urban centers. A determining factor lies in the strengthening of its regional function, that is : a dynamic wholesale sector, attractive large-scale shopping facilities, a wider range of service activities, its growning influence as a dispatching center for farm products, as well as the supply of various services to rural areas. The industrial activities, however, are expending slowly but are expected to grow fasten in the near future as new plants (a baby food factory, ceramics, slaughtering and meat-processing industries, etc.) are settling alongside the existing electrical and mechanical engineering, electronics and sheet iron works.
Transformations industrielles et intégration de l'espace dans la Communauté urbaine de Bordeaux
Authors: Dumas Jean
Published: January 2016

De 1962 à 1973, l'agglomération de Bordeaux a connu un renouveau industriel. Le déclin des activités traditionnelles a été compensé par l'apparition et par le renforcement d'industries locales, liées aux besoins urbains (bâtiment, matériaux de construction, imprimerie). La création de zones industrielles à la périphérie renforce la cohésion entre la ville-centre et ses banlieues. Ce système de croissance, assurant le succès de la Communauté urbaine, reposait largement sur une unité de pouvoir local, le député- maire de Bordeaux animant le système et assurant une médiation efficace auprès des instances nationales. A partir de 1973, cette intégration autour de la réussite industrielle est remise en cause par les difficultés de fonctionnement de l'institution communautaire, alors que la récession économique met en valeur les faiblesses du milieu industriel.
Assessment of the viscoelastic properties of modified bitumens containing styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer
Authors: Słowik Mieczysław
Published: January 2016

The viscoelastic behaviour of styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer modified asphalt binders during tensile
test and inverse creep test (retarded strain recovery after unloading) has been analysed in the presented paper. Laboratory
tests have been conducted on two specimens of road bitumen: 20/30 and 50/70 penetration grade, which have
been subjected to modification with the additive of 9% concentrate of SBS elastomer modified bitumen. When the two
were mixed, the samples of polymer modified binders containing 3% or 6% by mass of the SBS elastomer were obtained.
Force-ductility (tensile) test that has been followed by the extended procedure for the determination of elastic recovery,
has been used as the research method. The results of the study have showed a significant improvement of the effect of
modifications on the elastic properties and the temperature susceptibility reduction obtained only in the case of binders,
where the polymer constitutes a dispersing phase forming a continuous network throughout the bitumen. Moreover,
the temperature susceptibility coefficients, defined on the basis of the tensile test results, have been proposed as an alternative
or extension to the previously widely used parameter, the Penetration Index.
Influence of compaction temperature on the properties of Marshall specimens
Authors: Androjić Ivica , Dimter Sanja
Published: January 2016

Compaction of hot mix asphalt is influenced by several factors; some related to the environment, some determined by mix and structural design and some by contractor during construction. The temperature of asphalt mixture has the biggest influence on the compaction of asphalt mixtures and their properties. The temperature of asphalt mixture affects viscosity of bitumen and achievement of the maximum density of asphalt mixture. This paper describes a laboratory study on the effects of different installation temperatures on the physico-mechanical properties of specimens of asphalt mixtures: stability, Marshall Quotient (stiffness), density, voids and voids filled with asphalt. By regression analysis of the test results the correlation of certain properties of asphalt mix and compaction temperatures was established. For all the models observed, the coefficients of determination are very high and indicate very solid links. The obtained research results indicate a pronounced effect of compaction temperature on each tested property of asphalt mix.
Performance characteristics of the open-graded asphalt concrete filled with a special cement grout
Authors: Cihackova Pavlina , Hyzl Petr , Stehlik Dusan , Dasek Ondrej , Šernas Ovidijus , Vaitkus Audrius
Published: January 2016

This paper presents a performance of the open-graded asphalt concrete filled with a special cement grout in the road structures, introduces practical examples of the usage of this technology and defines the main properties. In addition, laboratory design of asphalt mixtures filled with special grout is researched. Finally, the results obtained from various laboratory tests are evaluated. The paper contains the open-graded asphalt concrete filled with a special cement grout mix design procedure and results of stiffness measurement, low temperature properties, permanent deformation and skid resistance. Open-graded asphalt concrete filled with a special cement grout mixture is compared to the commonly used asphalt mixes. The open-graded asphalt concrete filled with a special cement grout showed better results than the commonly used asphalt mixes by the stiffness and resistance to the permanent deformation characteristics but behavior at the low temperatures is slightly problematic.
Impact of farm equipment loading on low-volume concrete road structural response and performance
Authors: Ceylan Halil , Wang Shiyun , Kim Sunghwan , Gopalakrishnan Kasthurirangan , Khazanovich Lev , Dai Shongtao
Published: January 2016

The rapid increase in farm equipment size in the United States of America agricultural industry has raised significant concerns regarding its impact on the low-volume road infrastructure. The study described in this paper investigated the impact of heavy farm equipment (or agricultural vehicle) on the structural behaviour of rigid pavement system. A series of full-scale traffic tests were conducted at the Minnesota’s Cold Weather Pavement Testing Facility (more commonly known as MnROAD) on two existing low-volume rigid pavement sections: (1) to study the effects of agricultural vehicle and weights, traffic wander pattern, pavement structure, and environmental factors on rigid pavement responses (deflections, strains and stresses), and (2) to compare these responses with those of a standard 356 kN (80 kips) five-axle, semi-trailer truck for assessing relative rigid pavement damage caused by heavy farm equipment. Numerical analyses were also carried out for rigid pavement fatigue damage estimations by simulating field test conditions. The Finite Element Model was able to predict rigid pavement responses under complicated heavy agricultural farm equipment loading. The study findings revealed that seasonal change, traffic wander, vehicle loading/configurations, pavement thickness, slab length and modulus of subgrade support are all important factors to be considered in designing rigid pavement subjected to heavy farm equipment loading. The use of tandem or tridem axles is recommended for all farm equipment because those axles help to distribute the load and minimize rigid pavement damage.
Effect of film thickness on resistance to permanent deformation in asphalt mixtures
Authors: Remišová Eva
Published: January 2016

The resistance of asphalt mixtures against permanent deformation is one of important requirements that have to be verified in the design process of asphalt mixtures. In the case of asphalt concrete the European Standard EN 13108-1:2006 Bituminous Mixtures. Material Specifications. Part 1: Asphalt Concrete allows empirical (compositional recipes and requirements) or fundamental approach for testing of permanent deformation resistance. A fundamental approach specifies asphalt concrete in terms of performance-based requirements linked to limited prescription of composition and constituent materials. In this design approach a triaxial cyclic compression test is used to verify resistance to permanent deformation. The presented study investigates characteristics of resistance to rutting of asphalt concrete mixtures (eight mixtures of AC 11 from different producers) determined by triaxial cyclic compression test. The basic conclusions and statements of main factors influenced resistance to rutting (type of binder, binder content, and aggregate gradation) have been worked out from prevenient experience and experimental measuring. But measured test results presented in the following paper point out differences in resistance however the bitumen contents are relatively the same. During detailed investigation the tested asphalt mixtures had small differences in aggregate gradation. Changes in gradation make change of aggregate specific surface and the mixture needs different bitumen content to coat aggregate particles, to bound them to each other and to make stiff material resistant to rutting. The results from measuring of resistance to permanent deformation show the relation between aggregate specific surface and bitumen film thickness and permanent deformation.
AN INFRARED SEARCH FOR HDO IN COMET D/2012 S1 (ISON) AND IMPLICATIONS FOR iSHELL
Authors: Gibb Erika L. , Bonev Boncho P. , DiSanti Michael A. , Villanueva Geronimo L. , Paganini Lucas , Mumma Michael J.
Published: January 2016

We performed a sensitive search for HDO in comet D/2012 S1 (ISON) on 2013 November 16, 17, and 22 using CSHELL and the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility. We constrained the HDO/H2O ratio to <2.0 VSMOW (the terrestrial ocean value) at the 3σ uncertainty level from two independent measurements corresponding to different H2O outgassing rates. This represents the best constrained HDO/H2O ratio for a comet using a small (3 m) telescope and illustrates that when CSHELL is replaced with iSHELL, 3 m class telescopes are still strong contenders for detecting minor volatile species in moderately bright comets.
PROPERTIES AND EVOLUTION OF THE REDBACK MILLISECOND PULSAR BINARY PSR J2129–0429
Authors: Bellm Eric C. , Kaplan David L. , Breton Rene P. , Phinney E. Sterl , Bhalerao Varun B. , Camilo Fernando , Dahal Sumit , Djorgovski S. G. , Drake Andrew J. , Hessels J. W. T. , Laher Russ R. , Levitan David B. , Lewis Fraser , Mahabal Ashish A. , Ofek Eran O. , Prince Thomas A. , Ransom Scott M. , Roberts Mallory S. E. , Russell David M. , Sesar Branimir , Surace Jason A. , Tang Sumin
Published: January 2016

PSR J2129−0429 is a “redback” eclipsing millisecond pulsar binary with an unusually long 15.2 hr orbit. It was discovered by the Green Bank Telescope in a targeted search of unidentified Fermi gamma-ray sources. The pulsar companion is optically bright (mean m

R
 = 16.6 mag), allowing us to construct the longest baseline photometric data set available for such a system. We present 10 years of archival and new photometry of the companion from the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research Survey, the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey, the Palomar Transient Factory, the Palomar 60 inch, and the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope. Radial velocity spectroscopy using the Double-Beam Spectrograph on the Palomar 200 inch indicates that the pulsar is massive: 1.74 ± 0.18

. The G-type pulsar companion has mass 0.44 ± 0.04

, one of the heaviest known redback companions. It is currently 95 ± 1% Roche-lobe filling and only mildly irradiated by the pulsar. We identify a clear 13.1 mmag yr−1 secular decline in the mean magnitude of the companion as well as smaller-scale variations in the optical light curve shape. This behavior may indicate that the companion is cooling. Binary evolution calculations indicate that PSR J2129−0429 has an orbital period almost exactly at the bifurcation period between systems that converge into tighter orbits as black widows and redbacks and those that diverge into wider pulsar–white dwarf binaries. Its eventual fate may depend on whether it undergoes future episodes of mass transfer and increased irradiation.
MULTI-FREQUENCY RADIO PROFILES OF PSR B1133+16: RADIATION LOCATION AND PARTICLE ENERGY
Authors: Lu J. G. , Du Y. J. , Hao L. F. , Yan Z. , Liu Z. Y. , Lee K. J. , Qiao G. J. , Shang L. H. , Wang M. , Xu R. X. , Yue Y. L. , Zhi Q. J.
Published: January 2016

The pulse profile of PSR B1133+16 is usually regarded as a conal double structure. However, its multi-frequency profiles cannot simply be fitted with two Gaussian functions, and a third component is always needed to fit the bridge region (between two peaks). This would introduce additional, redundant parameters. In this paper, through a comparison of five fitting functions (Gaussian, von Mises, hyperbolic secant, square hyperbolic secant, and Lorentz), it is found that the square hyperbolic secant function can best reproduce the profile, yielding an improved fit. Moreover, a symmetric 2D radiation beam function, instead of a simple 1D Gaussian function, is used to fit the profile. Each profile with either well-resolved or not-so-well-resolved peaks could be fitted adequately using this beam function, and the bridge emission between the two peaks does not need to be a new component. Adopting inclination and impact angles based on polarization measurements, the opening angle (

) of the radiation beam in a certain frequency band is derived from beam-function fitting. The corresponding radiation altitudes are then calculated. Based on multi-frequency profiles, we also computed the Lorentz factors of the particles and their dispersion at those locations in both the curvature-radiation and inverse-Compton-scattering models. We found that the Lorentz factors of the particles decrease rapidly as the radiation altitude increases. Besides, the radiation prefers to be generated in an annular region rather than the core region, and this needs further validation.
ANALYTIC PROPERTIES OF FORCE-FREE JETS IN THE KERR SPACETIME—II
Authors: Pan Zhen , Yu Cong
Published: January 2016

We reinvestigate the structure of a steady axisymmetric force-free magnetosphere around a Kerr black hole (BH). The BH magnetosphere structure is governed by a second-order differential equation of A

ϕ
depending on two “free” functions Ω and I, where A

ϕ
is the ϕ component of the vector potential of the electromagnetic field, Ω is the angular velocity of the magnetic field lines, and I is the poloidal electric current. While the two functions Ω and I are not arbitrarily given, they do need to be self-consistently determined along with the differential equation. Based on the perturbation approach we proposed in paper I, in this paper, we self-consistently sort out two boundary conditions governing Ω and I, and interpret these conditions mathematically and physically. Making use of the boundary conditions, we prove that all magnetic field lines crossing the infinite-redshift surface also penetrate the event horizon. Furthermore, we argue that the BH Meissner effect does not work in a force-free magnetosphere due to the perfect conductivity.
DISCOVERY OF AN L4β CANDIDATE MEMBER OF ARGUS IN THE PLANETARY MASS REGIME: WISE J231921.92+764544.4
Authors: Castro Philip J. , Gizis John E.
Published: January 2016

We present the discovery of a young L dwarf, WISE J231921.92+764544.4, identified by comparing the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) All-Sky Catalog to the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS). A medium-resolution optical spectrum provides a spectral type of L4β, with a photometric distance estimate of 26.1 ± 4.4 pc. The red WISE W1 − W2 color provides additional evidence of youth, while the 2MASS J − K
s color does not. WISE J231921.92+764544.4 is a candidate member of the young moving group Argus, with the space motion and position of WISE J231921.92+764544.4 giving a probability of 79% for membership in Argus and a probability of 21% as a field object, based on BANYAN II. WISE J231921.92+764544.4 has a mass of 12.1 ± 0.4

based on membership in Argus, within the planetary mass regime.
EVIDENCE FOR A VERY LOW-COLUMN DENSITY HOLE IN THE GALACTIC HALO IN THE DIRECTION OF THE HIGH LATITUDE MOLECULAR CLOUD MBM 16
Authors: Liu W. , Galeazzi M. , Ursino E.
Published: January 2016

Shadow observations are the only way to observe emission from the galactic halo (GH) and/or the circumgalactic medium (CGM) free of any foreground contamination from local hot bubble (LHB) and solar wind charge exchange (SWCX). We analyzed data from a shadow observation in the direction of the high latitude, neutral hydrogen cloud MBM 16 with Suzaku. We found that all emission can be accounted for by foreground emission from LHB and SWCX, plus power-law emission associated with unresolved point sources. The GH/CGM in the direction of MBM 16 is negligible or inexistent in our observation, with upper limits on the emission measure of

pc cm−6 (90% C.L.-solar metallicity), at the lowest end of current estimates.
MERGERS AND STAR FORMATION: THE ENVIRONMENT AND STELLAR MASS GROWTH OF THE PROGENITORS OF ULTRA-MASSIVE GALAXIES SINCE Z = 2
Authors: Vulcani Benedetta , Marchesini Danilo , De Lucia Gabriella , Muzzin Adam , Stefanon Mauro , Brammer Gabriel B. , Labbé Ivo , Le Fèvre Olivier , Milvang-Jensen Bo
Published: January 2016

The growth of galaxies is a key problem in understanding the structure and evolution of the universe. Galaxies grow their stellar mass by a combination of star formation and mergers, with a relative importance that is redshift dependent. Theoretical models predict quantitatively different contributions from the two channels; measuring these from the data is a crucial constraint. Exploiting the UltraVISTA catalog and a unique sample of progenitors of local ultra-massive galaxies selected with an abundance matching approach, we quantify the role of the two mechanisms from z = 2 to 0. We also compare our results to two independent incarnations of semi-analytic models. At all redshifts, progenitors are found in a variety of environments, ranging from being isolated to having 5–10 companions with mass ratio at least 1:10 within a projected radius of 500 kpc. In models, progenitors have a systematically larger number of companions, entailing a larger mass growth for mergers than in observations, at all redshifts. Generally, in both observations and models, the inferred and the expected mass growth roughly agree, within the uncertainties. Overall, our analysis confirms the model predictions, showing how the growth history of massive galaxies is dominated by in situ star formation at z ∼ 2, both star formation and mergers at 1 < z < 2, and by mergers alone at z < 1. Nonetheless, detailed comparisons still point out tensions between the expected mass growth and our results, which might be due to either an incorrect progenitors-descendants selection, uncertainties on star-formation rate and mass estimates, or the adopted assumptions on merger rates.
THE FATE OF A RED NUGGET: IN SITU STAR FORMATION OF SATELLITES AROUND A MASSIVE COMPACT GALAXY
Authors: Morishita Takahiro , Ichikawa Takashi
Published: January 2016

To study the accretion phase for local massive galaxies, we search accreting satellites around a massive compact galaxy (

), spectroscopically confirmed (

) in the eXtreme Deep Field, which has been originally reported in Szomoru et al. We detect 1369 satellite candidates within the projected virial radius (

kpc) of the compact galaxy in the all-combined Advanced Camera for Surveys image, with a

-limiting magnitude of

ABmag, which corresponds to

at the redshift. The photometric redshift measured with 12 multi-band images confirms 34 satellites out of the candidates. Most of the satellites are found to have rest-frame colors consistent with star-forming galaxies. We investigate the relation between stellar mass and star formation rate (the star formation main sequence), and find a steeper slope at the low-mass end (

), while more massive satellites are consistently on the sequence reported in previous studies. Within the uncertainties of star formation and photometric redshift, we conjecture possible scenarios for the compact galaxy which evolves to a local massive galaxy by way of significant size and mass growth. While the merging of the existing total stellar mass in the satellites is not enough to explain the mass growth predicted by observations and simulations, the contribution by in situ star formation in the satellites could compensate for the deficit. Provided that most satellites keep the observed in situ star formation and then quench before they accrete by, e.g., environmental quenching, the compact galaxy would become a massive early-type galaxy consistent with the local size–mass relation.
THE KEPLER-454 SYSTEM: A SMALL, NOT-ROCKY INNER PLANET, A JOVIAN WORLD, AND A DISTANT COMPANION
Authors: Gettel Sara , Charbonneau David , Dressing Courtney D. , Buchhave Lars A. , Dumusque Xavier , Vanderburg Andrew , Bonomo Aldo S. , Malavolta Luca , Pepe Francesco , Cameron Andrew Collier , Latham David W. , Udry Stéphane , Marcy Geoffrey W. , Isaacson Howard , Howard Andrew W. , Davies Guy R. , Aguirre Victor Silva , Kjeldsen Hans , Bedding Timothy R. , Lopez Eric , Affer Laura , Cosentino Rosario , Figueira Pedro , Fiorenzano Aldo F. M. , Harutyunyan Avet , Johnson John Asher , Lopez-Morales Mercedes , Lovis Christophe , Mayor Michel , Micela Giusi , Molinari Emilio , Motalebi Fatemeh , Phillips David F. , Piotto Giampaolo , Queloz Didier , Rice Ken , Sasselov Dimitar , Ségransan Damien , Sozzetti Alessandro , Watson Chris , Basu Sarbani , Campante Tiago L. , Christensen-Dalsgaard Jørgen , Kawaler Steven D. , Metcalfe Travis S. , Handberg Rasmus , Lund Mikkel N. , Lundkvist Mia S. , Huber Daniel , Chaplin William J.
Published: January 2016

Kepler-454 (KOI-273) is a relatively bright (V = 11.69 mag), Sun-like star that hosts a transiting planet candidate in a 10.6 day orbit. From spectroscopy, we estimate the stellar temperature to be 5687 ± 50 K, its metallicity to be [m/H] = 0.32 ± 0.08, and the projected rotational velocity to be v sin i < 2.4 km s−1. We combine these values with a study of the asteroseismic frequencies from short cadence Kepler data to estimate the stellar mass to be

, the radius to be 1.066 ± 0.012 R
⊙, and the age to be

Gyr. We estimate the radius of the 10.6 day planet as 2.37 ± 0.13 R
⊕. Using 63 radial velocity observations obtained with the HARPS-N spectrograph on the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo and 36 observations made with the HIRES spectrograph at the Keck Observatory, we measure the mass of this planet to be 6.8 ± 1.4 M
⊕. We also detect two additional non-transiting companions, a planet with a minimum mass of 4.46 ± 0.12 M

J
in a nearly circular 524 day orbit and a massive companion with a period >10 years and mass >12.1 M

J
. The 12 exoplanets with radii <2.7 R
⊕ and precise mass measurements appear to fall into two populations, with those <1.6 R
⊕ following an Earth-like composition curve and larger planets requiring a significant fraction of volatiles. With a density of 2.76 ± 0.73 g cm−3, Kepler-454b lies near the mass transition between these two populations and requires the presence of volatiles and/or H/He gas.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY FOR ASTROPHYSICISTS: A SELF-CONSISTENT FORMALISM AND ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR ARBITRARY C/O
Authors: Heng Kevin , Lyons James R. , Tsai Shang-Min
Published: January 2016

We present a self-consistent formalism for computing and understanding the atmospheric chemistry of exoplanets from the viewpoint of an astrophysicist. Starting from the first law of thermodynamics, we demonstrate that the van’t Hoff equation (which describes the equilibrium constant), Arrhenius equation (which describes the rate coefficients), and procedures associated with the Gibbs free energy (minimization, rescaling) have a common physical and mathematical origin. We address an ambiguity associated with the equilibrium constant, which is used to relate the forward and reverse rate coefficients, and restate its two definitions. By necessity, one of the equilibrium constants must be dimensionless and equate to an exponential function involving the Gibbs free energy, while the other is a ratio of rate coefficients and must therefore possess physical units. We demonstrate that the Arrhenius equation takes on a functional form that is more general than previously stated without recourse to tagging on ad hoc functional forms. Finally, we derive analytical models of chemical systems, in equilibrium, with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. We include acetylene and are able to reproduce several key trends, versus temperature and carbon-to-oxygen ratio, published in the literature. The rich variety of behavior that mixing ratios exhibit as a function of the carbon-to-oxygen ratio is merely the outcome of stoichiometric book-keeping and not the direct consequence of temperature or pressure variations.
GALAXIES IN X-RAY SELECTED CLUSTERS AND GROUPS IN DARK ENERGY SURVEY DATA. I. STELLAR MASS GROWTH OF BRIGHT CENTRAL GALAXIES SINCE z ∼ 1.2
Authors: Zhang Y. , Miller C. , McKay T. , Rooney P. , Evrard A. E. , Romer A. K. , Perfecto R. , Song J. , Desai S. , Mohr J. , Wilcox H. , Bermeo-Hernandez A. , Jeltema T. , Hollowood D. , Bacon D. , Capozzi D. , Collins C. , Das R. , Gerdes D. , Hennig C. , Hilton M. , Hoyle B. , Kay S. , Liddle A. , Mann R. G. , Mehrtens N. , Nichol R. C. , Papovich C. , Sahlén M. , Soares-Santos M. , Stott J. , Viana P. T. , Abbott T. , Abdalla F. B. , Banerji M. , Bauer A. H. , Benoit-Lévy A. , Bertin E. , Brooks D. , Buckley-Geer E. , Burke D. L. , Rosell A. Carnero , Castander F. J. , Diehl H. T. , Doel P. , Cunha C. E , Eifler T. F. , Neto A. Fausti , Fernandez E. , Flaugher B. , Fosalba P. , Frieman J. , Gaztanaga E. , Gruen D. , Gruendl R. A. , Honscheid K. , James D. , Kuehn K. , Kuropatkin N. , Lahav O. , Maia M. A. G. , Makler M. , Marshall J. L. , Martini Paul , Miquel R. , Ogando R. , Plazas A. A. , Roodman A. , Rykoff E. S. , Sako M. , Sanchez E. , Scarpine V. , Schubnell M. , Sevilla I. , Smith R. C. , Sobreira F. , Suchyta E. , Swanson M. E. C. , Tarle G. , Thaler J. , Tucker D. , Vikram V. , Costa L. N. da
Published: January 2016

Using the science verification data of the Dark Energy Survey for a new sample of 106 X-ray selected clusters and groups, we study the stellar mass growth of bright central galaxies (BCGs) since redshift z ~ 1.2. Compared with the expectation in a semi-analytical model applied to the Millennium Simulation, the observed BCGs become under-massive/under-luminous with decreasing redshift. We incorporate the uncertainties associated with cluster mass, redshift, and BCG stellar mass measurements into an analysis of a redshift-dependent BCG-cluster mass relation,

, and compare the observed relation to the model prediction. We estimate the average growth rate since z = 1.0 for BCGs hosted by clusters of M
200,z
 = 1013.8
M
⊙; at z = 1.0: m
*,BCG appears to have grown by 0.13 ± 0.11 dex, in tension at the ∼2.5σ significance level with the 0.40 dex growth rate expected from the semi-analytic model. We show that the build-up of extended intracluster light after z = 1.0 may alleviate this tension in BCG growth rates.
Observations sur le sarcophage de Polyxène et les styles de l’Ionie du Nord à la fin de l’archaïsme
Authors: Croissant Francis
Published: January 2016

Le sarcophage en marbre dit « de Polyxène », trouvé en 1994 près de Gümüsçay en Turquie, s’il a été déjà assez souvent commenté, n’a encore fait l’objet d’aucune publication exhaustive. Il constitue pourtant un document majeur sur l’art grec de la fin de l’archaïsme et pose des problèmes difficiles, notamment du point de vue de l’iconographie, qui a jusqu’à présent surtout retenu l’attention. Mais les questions de style ne sont pas moins cruciales, même s’il a fallu attendre 2007 pour qu’un article leur soit spécialement consacré. Encore cette étude, qui comporte pour la première fois une illustration complète, et replace à juste titre les reliefs dans le cadre régional tracé en 1975 par le dernier livre d’Ernst Langlotz, c’est‑à‑dire l’Ionie du Nord, laisse‑t‑elle de côté quelques aspects essentiels du monument : les affinités évidentes de celui‑ci avec la peinture attique de la fin du vi e  s., notamment, et la diversité interne que fait vite apparaître un examen attentif des visages appellent une explication. Or l’analyse comparative des profils conduit à y retrouver les trois principaux modèles stylistiques — créés selon toute apparence à Phocée, à Clazomènes et en Éolide — qu’avait mis en évidence dès 1983 l’étude des protomés féminines de terre cuite. Il est donc probable que l’atelier qui, vers 520 av. J.‑C., vint sur les rives de la Propontide exécuter la commande d’un membre de l’élite locale réunissait, autour d’un maître d’œuvre sans doute clazoménien, plusieurs sculpteurs de la région. Ainsi se trouve brillamment confirmée la vitalité de ces centres de création de l’Ionie du Nord, dont les protomés permettaient déjà de supposer qu’ils avaient joué parallèlement, par l’intermédiaire d’artistes immigrés, un rôle majeur dans l’évolution de l’art attique, notamment dans la naissance et le développement de la peinture à figures rouges.
Les dynamiques de Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan
Authors: Schmit Christophe
Published: January 2016

Ellen McNiven Hine montre l’influence qu’exercent les théories de Newton sur Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan et tempère l’image donnée par des travaux antérieurs faisant de ce savant un fidèle disciple de René Descartes : elle qualifie alors l’académicien de «  cartonian  ». Par ailleurs, la bibliothèque de Mairan s’avère riche d’ouvrages aux inspirations scientifiques diverses, laissant supposer une curiosité, voire une pratique, débordant le cadre d’une doxa cartésienne. À travers l’examen de quelques éléments du système du monde proposé par Dortous de Mairan, ainsi qu’à l’aune de ses réflexions sur l’inertie et sur la cohésion de la matière, cette étude vise dans un premier temps à justifier que le qualificatif « cartésien » ne rend qu’insuffisamment compte du mécanisme adopté par Mairan : si, en suivant la thèse de McNiven Hine, Mairan n’est plus tout à fait « cartésien » du fait de l’influence d’Isaac Newton, il s’éloigne aussi de Descartes de par sa lecture de Nicolas Malebranche. L’étude s’attache par ailleurs aux analyses de Mairan relatives à la quantification de la force d’un corps en mouvement, et à celles touchant à des collisions de mobiles sur des surfaces fixes : ces premiers travaux montrent la diversité d’usage du mot « force », qui correspond à un simple mouvement et/ou à une impulsion ; les seconds s’inscrivent dans des pratiques qui préfigurent la formulation du principe de D’Alembert.