bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A ANALISIS PENETRALAN AIR ASAM TAMBANG BATUBARA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KAPUR TOHOR DI KOLAM PENGENDAPAN LUMPUR
Authors: Pranata Lufthi Agustian
Published: April 2021

PT Baturona Adimulya memiliki komitmen untuk mengolah air asam tambang yang terbentuk akibat dari kegiatan penambangan. Air asam tambang yang terbentuk akibat adanya oksidasi mineral sulfida, terutama pyrit (FeS2) yang menghasilkan asam sulfat. Air asam tambang merupakan sumber kontaminasi terhadap lingkungan kerena memiliki pH yang rendah. Penanganan Air asam tambang bertujuan untuk memenuhi baku mutu air buangan berdasarkan Kep.Men.LH 113/2003. PT Baturona Adimulya memiliki pengolahan air asam tambang menggunakan metode aktif, yaitu penggunaan kapur tohor. Pengolahan air asam tambang di PT Baturona Adimulya dimulai dari kegiatan persiapan barang penetralan hingga proses kegiatan akhir, yaitu pengukuran pH setelah proses penetralan dilakukan. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian laboratorium pada 3 sampel air asam tambang dengan pH awal sebesar 4 didapatkan dari dosis kapur tohor 0,1 gram/liter dapat menetralkan air asam tambang menjadi 5,3 sedangkan untuk dosis kapur 0,2 gram/l dapat menetralkan air asam tambang menjadi 6,1 dan pada dosis 0,3 gram/l dapat menetralkan AAT menjadi 6,4.
P PERBANDINGAN KUALITAS PELUMAS MOTOR 4T DI PALEMBANG DENGAN PARAMETER UJI SPECIFIC GRAVITY, KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, FLASH POINT, POUR POINT, TOTAL ACID NUMBER (TAN) DAN VACUUM DISTILLATION
Authors: Sari Dian Kurnia , Nopitasari Nopitasari
Published: April 2021

Pelumas baik yang berasal dari minyak bumi (mineral oil) atau pelumas sintetik umumnya berupa cairan, yang berfungsi untuk mengurangi gesekan diantara dua benda yang bergerak. Pelumas merupakan bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari mesin. Pelumas dibutuhkan mesin untuk melindungi komponen-komponen mesin dari keausan. Proses pembuatan minyak pelumas adalah distilasi atmosfir, distilasi hampa, deasphalting, solvent extraction, dewaxing, blending dan packaging. Untuk mendapatkan pelumas yang baik perlu ditambahkannya aditif yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Aditif adalah senyawa kimia yang bila ditambahkan ke dalam pelumas akan menaikkan unjuk kerja pelumas seperti yang diharapkan. Aditif dapat menentukan mutu pelumas yang digunakan karena dapat merubah sifat kimia maupun sifat fisik dari pelumas. Untuk mengetahui kualitas minyak pelumas diperlukan adanya pengujian sifat fisika dan sifat kimia dari pelumas dengan membandingkan hasil uji dari sampel.
P PEMANFAATAN BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK JELANTAH MENGGUNAKAN GELOMBANG MIKRO
Authors: Pratiwi Indah
Published: April 2021

Peningkatan kebutuhan bahan bakar minyak berdampak pada penurunan cadangan energi fosil. Salah satu cara pemerintah untuk mengatasi masalah ini adalah dengan meningkatkan produksi bahan bakar biomassa, contohnya biodiesel. Biodiesel dapat diproduksi dari minyak jelantah dengan melalui tahap transesterifikasi yang mereaksikan molekul minyak dengan alkohol dan katalis sehingga didapat metil ester. Metode pemanasan yang dapat digunakan adalah gelombang mikro. Metode ini memanfaatkan pancaran gelombang yang diserap oleh sampel untuk sehingga temperatur sampel lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan temperatur permukaan dinding reaktor. Dalam proses pembuatan biodiesel terdapat beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi proses pemanasan yang terjadi yaitu rasio minyak jelantah dan methanol, jumlah katalis, temperatur reaksi, tegangan listrik, serta jarak antar elektroda. Pengaruh dari berbagai faktor tersebut dapat dilihat dari hasil persen rendemen biodiesel yang didapat. Dari hasil penelitian, didapatkan rasio minyak jelantah dan methanol 5:1 menghasilkan persen rendemen sebesar 85.91, jumlah katalis CaO 2%, menghasilkan persen rendemen sebesar 87.12, temperatur reaksi 60oC menghasilkan persen rendemen sebesar 88.88, tegangan 10 kV menghasilkan persen rendemen sebesar 89.12, dan jarak elektroda 1 cm menghasilkan persen rendemen sebesar 86.34.
P PENANGGULANGAN SCALE CaCO_3 PADA SUMUR PF1 LAPANGAN 26 DI PT PERTAMINA EP ASSET 2 FIELD LIMAU
Authors: Alida Roni , Fandra Prima
Published: April 2021

Scale merupakan suatu endapan yang mengkristal dari air formasi di suatu bidang khusunya flowline yang dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti suhu, pH, tekanan, dan kandung ion senyawa kimia yang ada di air formasi tersebut. Jenis- jenis scale ialah hard scale, soft scale dan misc. Scale dapat  mengganggu laju alir dari suatu sumur dikarenakan scale dapat membuat pengecilan inside diameter (ID) dari pipa produksi. Pada sumur PF1 Lapangan 26 yang ada di PT Pertamina EP Asset 2 Field Limau, scale terbentuk di-flowline, karena adanya peningkatan tekanan pada flowline. Pada sumur ini scale yang terbentuk berjenis CaC. Hal ini  dibuktikan dengan kandungan ion senyawa kimia yang ada di air formasinya dan telah dilakukannya perhitungan mengunakan metode Stiff Davis dengan SI 1.17. Scale ini hanya akan larut pada asam, sesuai dengan karakteristik scale tersebut. Pada situasi ini asam  yang digunakan untuk proses penanggulangan berjenis asam HCl. Setelah proses penanggulangan scale CaC dilakukan, hasil evaluasi terlihat pada Productivity index (PI) dan Trend produksi di Sumur PF1 Lapangan 26 terjadi peningkatan. Sehingga proses penanggulangan scale CaC tersebut dikatakan berhasil.
An Analysis of the Use of Terminological Determinants „Art of Islam“ and „Islamic Art“
Authors: Akšamija Mehmed
Published: April 2021

This paper is a distinctive analysis of the phenomenological value of terms „Islamic art“ or „art of Islam“, which attempts to clarify the common treatment of such terms found in both Western and Muslim sources and which are inappropriate and ungrounded formulations from the viewpoint of traditional Islamic civilizational principles.

By focusing on the cognitive and precognitive approach to the productive-reflective representation of elements of visual art within this topic (i.e. by offering a possible solution) this study „comes into conflict“ with stereotypes that contemporary theories and history of art in the spirit of Western understanding of civilization, which can apply the aspect of globalization to anything it considers within the scope of its scientific area and approaches any civilizational achievement in the same way, reducing it to classic Western postulates.

In the explanation of this phenomenon (i.e. a prominent rather than appropriate need to reduce all forms of creative activity to common denominators whereby some lose and others win) the study introduces corresponding Latin and Arabic terms in parallel, and their possible lexical connections through theoretical tenets of Western civilizational circle to come closer to distinctive characteristics of Eastern/Islamic civilizational circle (homo faber, homo islamicus, homo fannān, and so forth).

It is interesting and totally distinctive that it is by approaching this terminology both from the Eastern and from the opposite, Western side through a methodological process one comes to the conclusion that these are diametrically opposite phenomena, which the ultimate Western definition names „art“, while Islamic denotation is explained and defined by means of terms grounded in the sacral and profane productive-reflective discourse of homo islamicus’s action-design/qadar, respectively qadar/ṣināʿat. Thus, we will conclude that understanding and the essential meaning of the concept of „art“ in Islamic civilization from the one hand and in other civilizations on the other are not and cannot be the same. Also, many of the issues and dogmas raised earlier are mentioned and some are addressed in this paper.
Bosniaks and Bosnia: A Study in the Philosophy of Politics (1)
Authors: Muhić Ferid
Published: April 2021

In this article, the author suggestively points to the importance of understanding the concept of nation and the state in the context of the European philosophical thought and practice regarding the nation and the state.

Although the occasion is about the Bosniak/Bosnian nation and the Bosnian state, the author’s reflections are applicable to all groups similar to the Bosniak/Bosnain nation, as well as to all the states similar to the Bosnian state. The basic premise of this article is that the idea of a universal nationality, culture and civilisation does not oppose or negate the particular feeling or the subjective experience of either the nationality or the state.

The membership of European Union does not detract the right for any nation in Europe of the right to cultivate and develop its national culture as well as its particular state consciousness. In fact, in the extent of which every nation and every state in Europe has an active awareness of its national and cultural specific value, gives Europe, indeed – the European Union strong and important role in the global community. Hence, the Bosniaks/Bosnians, both as a nation and a state (nation) have no need to withdraw, but rather have the historical opportunity to feature their specific Bosnian culture and Bosnian state as a richness worthy of appreciation, not only in Europe, but also in the world.
Evaluation of Economic Benefits of Smart City Initiatives
Authors: Wirsbinna Aik
Published: April 2021

Cities around the world are investing heavily in the design and implementation of Smart City Initiatives. A lot of public money goes into the smart city approach. Not only on the public side, but also for companies, smart city business models in this context are interesting. Global high-tech companies such as IBM, Cisco, SAP Research and Mitsubishi Electric work in large projects in Asia and Arabia. In Germany, there are also large telecommunications companies, mobile companies but also companies close to the city, such as energy suppliers or local IT companies with important knowledge of locality trying to enter the field. The global Corona Pandemic 2020 is accelerating this path too. Various efforts have been made to assess the results of these projects and initiatives. This study offers an analysis of the economic benefits of smart city initiatives. The main drivers and evaluation criteria will be examined to identify and to examine their potential contribution to the development of smart city. This article deals with the economic benefits of Smart City Initiatives. An attempt is made to develop and describe the most important economic benefits as categories from the literature analysis.
Prosodic salience in Anal Naga: where non-arbitrariness, phaticity and engagement meet
Authors: Ozerov Pavel
Published: April 2021

The study analyses the form and functions of two closely related non-arbitrary prosodic contours in Anal Naga (ISO 639-3:anm), a Trans-Himalayan (Tibeto-Burman) language of Northeast India. The two contours are (a) a Response-Seeking contour (RS), pronounced as a strongly accented rise-fall on the last syllable of the Intonation Unit and (b) Prosodic Intensification (PI), minimally pronounced as an identical deviant accent and maximally characterised by an abrupt shift into an extra-high pitch level (or a falsetto voice) and/or an extreme rhyme lengthening. RS has phatic, interaction-managing functions and PI triggers content-managing interpretations. Both markers index (in the Peircean sense) the investment of the speaker’s extra-effort, thus drawing the interlocutors’ attention and triggering an interpretive (PI) or responsive (RS) action. The study analyses RS and PI as conventional/symbolic indexicals (akin to a prosodic pointing) where on the one hand the form is naturally related to the triggered meaning but on the other hand the form of the marker, its distribution and the set of its functions are language-specific conventions. The study presents a brief cross-linguistic comparison of parallel indexical-iconic prosodic contours and demonstrates how despite their non-arbitrary nature, such markers have conventionalised forms, distribution and functions. The study adds to the growing evidence for the role of non-arbitrariness in language and interaction.
“Constrained neither physically nor morally”: Schiller, Aesthetic Freedom, and the Power of Play
Authors: Davis Karen E.
Published: April 2021

The general conceit of Schiller’s aesthetic education is that our experiences with art and beauty set us free from internal and external constraints and allow us to embrace our full humanity as rational and sensuous beings. Experiencing the aesthetic, or the play impulse, puts one in a state of aesthetic determinacy—or rather indeterminacy—that Schiller calls the highest sense of freedom, aesthetic freedom. Gail K. Hart examines Anthony Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange as an example of what Schillerian aesthetic education might look like in practice. Though it represents a distortion of Schiller’s aesthetic education, Hart argues that it also reveals an ineradicable element of coercion in aesthetic education. I argue that Burgess’s Ludovico Technique leaves out a key element of Schiller’s conception of aesthetic cultivation—play—and that Hart’s analysis of Schiller’s work likewise lacks a robust analysis of his notion of play. I argue that, when Schiller’s account of the play impulse is taken seriously as a necessary condition for aesthetic cultivation to take place, coercion is by definition made impossible. Aesthetic play is accomplished by the mutual destruction of physical and moral determinations, and this mutual erasure leads to a higher and more expansive freedom. External constraints and coercion cannot induce the aesthetic state, so aesthetic education as Schiller presents it in On the Aesthetic Education of Man cannot contain the element of coercion Hart suspects.
The Horizonal Field of Improvised Musical Performance
Authors: McAuliffe Sam
Published: April 2021

When we think of improvised musical performance, we commonly think of musicians engaged in an activity that brings forth a musical event of some kind. This activity is both situated and situating—it occurs in a particular locale and the event itself situates the players who are literally located within that event. This paper explores how we might understand the spatio-temporal field in which improvising musicians are situated when they perform. To comprehend what I refer to as the “horizonal field” of improvised musical performance requires understanding the nature of listening and hearing, the materiality of sound, and the spatio-temporal qualities of the audible event itself. Considering each of these topics, this paper presents the “horizonal field” of improvised musical performance as a particular region bounded by silence.
Refinishing the Story: Transforming Stories of Life into Life Stories
Authors: Mould Tom
Published: April 2021

Some of the most common stories shared by recipients of public assistance are “origin stories”: personal experience narratives that describe how people found themselves in need of help. In terms of the narrative event, these stories initially appear complete, meeting common criteria for defining narrative. But participants also narrate futures that provide an alternative ending to their origin stories and, in doing so, reframe, redefine, and “refinish” these stories. Analysis of these alternative endings reveal narrators to be both bricoleurs and cultural commentators, often referencing two well-established narratives in US culture: the cultural myth of the American Dream and the legend of “the welfare queen.” Further, the move to imagine the future encourages narrators to transform stories of their lives into more holistic life stories, revealing the life story as an emic genre of folklore.
Moving Toward A Digital Competency-based Approach in Applied Education: Developing a System Supported by Blockchain to Enhance Competency-Based Credentials
Authors: Ghonim Ahmed , Corpuz Irene
Published: April 2021

A competency-based approach to education (CBE) has emerged in recent years, fostering curriculum by tracking and indicting students' acquired skills and competencies. Since applied education is moving away from a theoretical approach to its application, employers are eager to be empowered with graduates' full e-profiles, which demonstrate candidates' competency-based strengths and weaknesses. This study considered a new digital system for competency-based learning, enhanced by Blockchain and badge technologies, to improve and indicate practical classes' quality in applied programs. Our core objectives were to promote the digitalization of competency-based education and students' e-portfolios as a proposed system in applied education. We also assessed its implementation, beginning with a learning gap analysis and moving on to discuss the digital CBE to support employers' ability to validate graduates' competency-based credentials acquired through their signature learning experience. We found that the digitalization of skills and competency-based credentials should be enhanced to foster knowing-by-doing and practical capabilities, which should be incorporated in applied education to achieve optimum CBE results and support recruitment and professional development processes. Further research and study are recommended to develop and unify standards adopted by the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), that are recognized by the industries.
Returning to Solvency Through Quality Improvement
Authors: Faciane Matthew , Fan Susan K. , Dwyer Rocky J.
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore quality improvement strategies senior manufacturing production managers use to reduce Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) to increase profit. The participants for this study were production managers within a manufacturing company located in the southeastern region of the United States who successfully developed and implemented strategies to lower COPQ to increase profitability. Six major themes emerged from the study: continuous improvement, quality assurance, employees as agents of quality improvement, communication between stakeholders, holding all firm members accountable for quality, and training. Manufacturing managers can use these strategies to lower COPQ and increase profits, which could result in enhancing other organizations’ financial performance. Findings from this study may enable manufacturing managers to improve organizational performance when continuous quality improvement processes are implemented throughout the manufacturing process and senior leaders champion lessons learned, support the training program approach, and implement a quality assurance program that empowers frontline employees as agents of quality throughout the manufacturing process.
Differentiation of road infrastructure in the voivodships
Authors: Chudy-Laskowska Katarzyna , Wierzbińska Maria
Published: April 2021

The aim of this article is to assess the diversity of road infrastructure in Polish voivodships in 2012. Two sets of indicators were adopted to evaluate the differences. Two sets of indicators gave slightly different results. The first group of indicators was related to roads per 100 km2. The second group of indicators was related to the road, but per 10 thousand of population. It is, therefore, hypothesized that for an analysis of road infrastructure in the regional breakdown the better solution is to adopt test indicators converted to 100 km2. The analysis was performed by using one of the oldest and most universal taxonomic methods developed by Jan Czekanowski. The data for the research was taken from the website of the Central Statistical Office.
Administrative sources and short-term business statistics
Authors: Dehnel Grażyna , Kowalewski Jacek
Published: April 2021

The increased interest in data on entrepreneurship and economic conditions of local character determines the need for systematic expansion of the information provided by economic statistics. The economic need to reduce the costs of creating the official statistics and the pressure to reduce burdens on business units and statistical reporting are limitations. Reconciling these expectations is not easy. On the one hand there is a need to modernize research methodology towards increasing the use of administrative systems. On the other hand, particular attention should be paid to maintaining the proper communication of official statistics with respondents and data users. These projects take on a special dimension in the short-term business statistics, due to the large number and frequency of research. This article presents the challenges and prospects for short-term statistics of enterprises against the existing rules and business conditions.
Data processing errors
Authors: Stefanowicz Bogdan , Cierpiał-Wolan Marek
Published: April 2021

The article highlights the need to broaden the analysis of the quality of the survey results, taking into account the negative impact of certain operations of so-called editing input data, such as checking their accuracy and correction of errors. In the conclusions it underlines the need to extend the programs for academic lectures in statistics for analysis of the impact of processing operations on the quality of the results.
Investments and basic fixed assets in agriculture
Authors: Urban Stanisław , Kowalska Anna
Published: April 2021

In Poland, investment activity in agriculture is visible especially after 2004, i.e. after accession to the European Union (EU). The incentive for farmers were invest funds directed to the common agricultural policy of the EU and an increase in demand for Polish agricultural products in the single European market. In the years 2000–2012 expenditures for all groups of investment in agriculture tend to rise. The largest increase was recorded in capital expenditures per 1 ha of farmland. This was due to financial support from the EU. Analysis showed a high diversity of farms in terms of equipment on tractors. Large farms had most tractors and they were best equipped in the high-power tractors. However, the biggest increase in tractors of 15 kW in the period from 2002 to 2012 was observed in farms with an area of 2–3 hectares (double) and 1–2 hectares (three times).
The problem of the use of unit equivalence scales in the analysis of the income situation of households in the European Union
Authors: Dudek Hanna
Published: April 2021

The article says about equivalence scales used to compare the income situation of households of different size and demographic composition. The use of a single equivalence scale in the European Union (EU) is questionable due to the different situation of Member States households. The paper presents the results obtained on the basis of panel data on changes in spending share on typical public and private goods. Eurostat data was used on the shares of expenditure on housing, energy, food and soft drinks. The author examined whether the shares of these goods resembled in 2004–2013. It was observed a catch-up effect stronger by the weaker countries in terms of scale. The obtained results allow for moderate optimism regarding the future of the applicability of uniform equivalence scales in all EU countries.
Monitoring the socio-economic development as a priority of official statistics
Authors: Bielak Renata , Czumaj Ewa
Published: April 2021

The mission of official statistics is to provide credible, reliable, independent and high-quality information on the state and changes in society, the economy and the environment, meet the needs of domestic and foreign users. Fulfillment of this obligation is reflected in the work of the current official statistics and in development activities. Monitoring of the socio-economic development requires continuous adaptation of statistics to the changing reality and the description of the phenomena and processes. The role of official statistics in the modern world goes far beyond the implementation of the research. Measuring sustainable development and information support for development policy are tangible examples of the undertaken challenges. The form and manner of data presentation have increasing importance for the effective transfer of information. To answer the need to improve communication with users, the CSO is implementing new systems of information share. The article describes, among others, ”Strateg” and ”Knowledge Databases”.
Work seniority as a determinant of employment intensity
Authors: Bieszk-Stolorz Beata
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this article is to analyse the intensity of unemployment leaving in relation to the length of an unemployed person’s work seniority. A hypothesis was made that its intensity changes depending of that person’s employment history and on its gender as well as education. The research material consisted of individual data of 21,398 unemployed people registered by the Poviat Labour Office (PUP) in Szczecin in 2012 and observed throughout 2013. The author used the event history analysis, which was conducted in three steps. First, the author assessed the likelihood of remaining unemployed depending on the unemployment period. Secondly, she divided the registered unemployed into groups according to their employment history and determined the relationship between the employment intensity and the span of time when the members of those groups remained registered in PUP. In the third step, she used the average hazard rates to compare the intensities of unemployment leaving in individual groups.
Analysis of public safety in European countries
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna , Żółtaszek Agata
Published: April 2021

Maintaining security is one of public tasks that determine the quality of life of the population. This issue is the subject of much debate both social and political. An in-depth assessment of the situation requires a variety of analyzes, significant from the point of view of the implementation of appropriate, effective strategy to increase the sense of security among citizens. The aim of the paper is to compare the state of public safety in selected European countries. The study was conducted based on Eurostat data from the years 2005–2011.
Intracapsular hemorrhage in the setting of pseudoexfoliation syndrome
Authors: Park, MD Jean H. , Ensor, DO William , Olson, MD Joanna , Hale, MD Benjamin
Published: April 2021

We report the case of an 84-year-old man who presented with decreased vision in his left eye. Ocular history included bilateral pseudoexfoliative glaucoma and vitelliform macular dystrophy. He had undergone intraocular lens placement in both eyes 6 years before presenting at our institution. Over follow-up of 4 years, he experienced recurrent spontaneous hyphema and continued residual intracapsular hemorrhage. He was eventually diagnosed with uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema syndrome in the setting of pseudoexfoliation.
Late dislocation of the capsular bag–intraocular lens–modified capsular tension ring complex after knotless transscleral suturing using 9-0 polypropylene
Authors: Anisimova, MD, PhD Natalia S. , Arbisser, MD Lisa B. , Shilova, MD, PhD Natalya F. , Kirtaev Roman V. , Dibina, MD Daria A. , Malyugin, MD, PhD Boris E.
Published: April 2021

We report a case of late breakage of a 9-0 polypropylene transscleral suture used for fixation of a dislocated capsular bag–intraocular lens–modified capsular tension ring complex in a 52-year-old woman with Marfan syndrome. Breakage occurred despite use of a cow-hitch technique for external and internal fixation. We believe breakage was caused by the suture chafing on the sharp edges of the modified capsular tension ring eyelet. Cross-sectional analysis of Malyugin-modified capsular tension rings from two different manufacturers revealed a difference with respect to radius of curvature. Suturing intraocular implants with relatively sharp edges may cause suture breakage; further studies are needed to identify the critical parameters for the surface quality of sutured intraocular implants.
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The Victim – a Great Actor in a Minor Role? – A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Duśko Łukasz , Szurman Mateusz
Published: April 2021

Recently, the role of the victim in criminal proceedings became more significant. An observation was made that the legal interests of the victim are much more severely affected by the crime than the collective legal interests in the form of public or social order. However, the differences in the rights the victim is vested with differ substantively between particular countries. The authors present the position of the victim in American, English and French law. The solutions provided for in these systems are confronted with legal regulations adopted in Poland, i.e. the home country of the authors. It shows, surprisingly, that the role of the victim in criminal proceedings has evolved somehow independently of the implementation of the concept of restitution. On the one hand, there are legal systems in which the criminal court may order the offender to pay compensation for the damage caused, but the role of the victim still remains marginal. On the other hand, there are systems in which the victim is not only entitled to receive restitution, but he or she also has significant powers which enable him or her to play an active role in the criminal proceedings.
Business and Human Rights – Recent Trends in Germany
Authors: Vesper-Gräske Marlen
Published: April 2021

There is an undeniable, growing trend in the current Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) discussions: the responsibility of corporations to abide by and to protect human rights. This discussion includes potential criminal liability for corporations as well as their management for human rights violations. This article will survey the legal status quo of corporate responsibility in the context of human rights protection in Germany. It will then outline two drafts of legislation: a first draft leaked to the press in February 2019 that did not result in further legislative action, and a second draft recently leaked to the public that included key points for such a legislation to become the new German Human Rights Supply Chain Due Diligence Law.
Terrorism – Prisons and Risk Management
Authors: Meyer Miriam
Published: April 2021

Coping with Islamist and right-wing terrorism and extremism requires a holistic approach. This paper examines the role of prisons on two levels in this context: as part of the state risk management, i.e. the role of prisons in the security architecture on the one hand, and risk management in prisons on the other hand. By highlighting the importance of an individualised perspective on the incarcerated persons bearing in mind the heterogeneity of the phenomenon, the paper also intends to raise interest beyond the purely dogmatic issues and to include the perspective of prisons in the discussion on how to deal with terrorism and extremism.
The Association of HLA-DQ2 with Celiac Disease
Authors: Gualandris Federica , Castellani Laura , Falanga Anna
Published: April 2021

DQ2 is a surface receptor of class II MHC exposed on APC immune-competent cells. Its function is to recognize non-self-antigens and present them to CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes, which activate cytokine <21> production and control antibody production and cell response. The activation of T lymphocytes by peptides derived from gluten proteins and the production of antibodies directed against tTG in tissues where it is localized is the basis of the etiopathogenesis of celiac disease (CD). CD is frequently associated with the presence of specific HLA system genes encoding heterodimers DQ2 and DQ8, identifiable by the DQA1*0501/DQB1*0201 or DQA1*0501/DQB1*0202 and DQB1*0302 alleles. DQ2 is also associated with genetic, endocrinological and neurological diseases such as: type 1 diabetes, thyroiditis, pancreatitis and multiple sclerosis. Interactions between DQ2 and T lymphoma have also been demonstrated. The correlation between autoimmune diseases in patients with CD and therefore DQ2 is much more frequent than in healthy subjects.
Antibody Therapy Targeting Cancer-Specific Cell Surface Antigen AGR2
Authors: Y. Liu Alvin , Crnogorac-Jurcevic Tatjana , J. Lai James , Lam Hung-Ming
Published: April 2021

For anterior gradient 2 (AGR2), normal cells express the intracellular form iAGR2 localized to the endoplasmic reticulum while cancer cells express the extracellular form eAGR2 localized on the cell surface and secreted. Antibodies targeting eAGR2+ cancer cells for eradication will spare normal cells. Two AGR2 monoclonal antibodies, P1G4 and P3A5, were shown to recognize specifically eAGR2+ pancreatic tumors implanted in mice. In addition, P1G4 showed enhancement in drug inhibition of tumor growth. Human:mouse chimeric antibodies of IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 were generated for both antibodies. These human IgG were shown to lyse eAGR2+ prostate cancer cells in vitro with human serum. AGR2 has an important function in distal spread of cancer cells, and is highly expressed in prostate, pancreatic, bladder metastases. Therefore, immunotherapy based on AGR2 antibody-mediated ADCC and CDC is highly promising. Cancer specificity of eAGR2 predicts possibly minimal collateral damage to healthy tissues and organs. Moreover, AGR2 therapy, once fully developed and approved, can be used to treat other solid tumors since AGR2 is an adenocarcinoma antigen found in many common malignancies.
Osteoporosis and Dietary Inflammatory Index
Authors: Cvijanović Peloza Olga , Pavičić Žeželj Sandra , Kenđel Jovanović Gordana , Pavičić Ivana , Terezija Jerbić Radetić Ana , Zoričić Cvek Sanja , Lulić Drenjak Jasna , Starčević Klasan Gordana , Fužinac Smojver Ariana , Arbanas Juraj
Published: April 2021

Healthy bones are constantly being renewed and proper nutrition is an important factor in this process. Anti-inflammatory diet is designed to improve health and prevent the occurrence and development of chronic diseases associated with inadequate diet. Proper nutrition is based on the anti-inflammatory pyramid and changes in poor eating habits are the long-term strategy for preventing inflammation and chronic diseases. Inflammatory factors from food may play a role in the development of osteoporosis and an anti-inflammatory diet may be a way to control and reduce long-term inflammation and prevent bone loss. Pro-inflammatory cytokines from the fat tissue, through activation of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system could intervene with bone metabolism in a way of increased bone loss. Therefore the special attention need to be given to obese patients due to twofold risk, one related to pro-inflammatory cytokines release and the other related to the deprivation of the vitamin D in the fat tissue.
Lupus Nephritis: Current Updates
Authors: Adeeb Fahd , Ahmad Hafiz Wan Md Adnan Wan
Published: April 2021

Lupus is a heterogenous multisystem autoimmune disease whereby nephritis is one of its most common cause of overall morbidity and mortality. Accurate, timely diagnosis and effective treatment in lupus nephritis (LN) remains a challenge to many clinicians including those who are directly involved in the daily care of these patients. Despite significant improvement in patients’ survival rate in recent years, in this era of precision medicine, there is pressing need to further improve our understanding and management of this disease. Our chapter would shed light on the key issues in LN including recent advances in our scientific understanding of its’ pathophysiology, major challenges and treatment strategies.
Potential Roles for Bacteriophages in Reducing Salmonella from Poultry and Swine
Authors: M. Thanki Anisha , Hooton Steve , M. Gigante Adriano , J. Atterbury Robert , R.J. Clokie Martha
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses application of natural parasites of bacteria, bacteriophages (phages), as a promising biological control for Salmonella in poultry and swine. Many studies have shown phages can be applied at different points from farm-to-fork, from pre to post slaughter, to control the spread of Salmonella in the food chain. Pre-slaughter applications include administering phages via oral gavage, in drinking water and in feed. Post slaughter applications include adding phages to carcasses and during packaging of meat products. The research discussed in this chapter demonstrate a set of promising data that relate to the ability of phages to reduce Salmonella colonisation and abundance. Collectively the studies support the viability of phage as antimicrobial prophylactics and therapeutics to prevent and control Salmonella in the food chain.
The Utility of Mechanical Homogenization in COVID-19 Diagnostic Workflows
Authors: P. Morehouse Zachary , J. Nash Rodney , Proctor Caleb , Ryan Gabriella
Published: April 2021

The use of mechanical homogenization in patient sample preparation for COVID-19 diagnostics has proven impactful in the face of the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Through methods including bead beating and shaker mill homogenization novel approaches to viral detection have been developed and improvements have been made to existing diagnostic workflows for the improvement of throughput and automation capacity. The application of mechanical homogenization techniques has enhanced the sensitivity and methodology for many molecular based approaches to COVID-19 detection and from a variety of sample types ranging from saliva to nasopharyngeal swabs. Additionally, this technology has been used to help increase laboratory safety during sample processing through efficient viral lysis. Herein, the many benefits of mechanical homogenization for COVID-19 detection will be discussed in the context of the many diagnostic workflows currently utilizing the technique.
Vitamin D and Diabetic Foot
Authors: Macido Antony
Published: April 2021

Approximately 15% of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are prone to developing diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) in their lifetime. The term vitamin D status or 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels are used interchangeably to represent the status of vitamin D in individuals throughout this paper. Evidence suggests a relationship between 25(OH)D levels and DFU. However, very minimal data is available on the association between DFU and vitamin D deficiency. After a careful review of the literature, it was inferred that vitamin D could be associated with DFU and diabetic foot infections. Available evidence on vitamin D and DFU suggests a negative correlation between 25(OH)D levels and the presence of DFU. Evidence also supports a negative relationship between 25(OH)D levels and diabetic foot infections. Further large-scale randomized controlled studies need to be done to confirm the relationship between 25(OH)D levels and DFU including the use of vitamin D in the management of DFU and diabetic foot infections.
Use Improved Differential Evolution Algorithms to Handle the Inverse Kinetics Problem for Robots with Residual Degrees of Freedom
Authors: Nguyen Trung , Bui Tam
Published: April 2021

In this study, the Self-adaptive strategy algorithm for controlling parameters in Differential Evolution algorithm (ISADE) improved from the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm, as well as the upgraded version of the algorithms has been applied to solve the Inverse Kinetics (IK) problem for the redundant robot with 7 Degree of Freedom (DoF). The results were compared with 4 other algorithms of DE and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) as well as Pro-DE and Pro-PSO algorithms. These algorithms are tested in three different Scenarios for the motion trajectory of the end effector of in the workspace. In the first scenario, the IK results for a single point were obtained. 100 points randomly generated in the robot’s workspace was input parameters for Scenario 2, while Scenario 3 used 100 points located on a spline in the robot workspace. The algorithms were compared with each other based on the following criteria: execution time, endpoint distance error, number of generations required and especially quality of the joints’ variable found. The comparison results showed 2 main points: firstly, the ISADE algorithm gave much better results than the other DE and PSO algorithms based on the criteria of execution time, endpoint accuracy and generation number required. The second point is that when applying Pro-ISADE, Pro-DE and Pro-PSO algorithms, in addition to the ability to significantly improve the above parameters compared to the ISADE, DE and PSO algorithms, it also ensures the quality of solved joints’ values.
An Overview of Glaucoma: Bidirectional Translation between Humans and Pre-Clinical Animal Models
Authors: Pilkinton Sophie , Hollingsworth T.J. , Jerkins Brian , M. Jablonski Monica
Published: April 2021

Glaucoma is a multifactorial, polygenetic disease with a shared outcome of loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons, which ultimately results in blindness. The most common risk factor of this disease is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), although many glaucoma patients have IOPs within the normal physiological range. Throughout disease progression, glial cells in the optic nerve head respond to glaucomatous changes, resulting in glial scar formation as a reaction to injury. This chapter overviews glaucoma as it affects humans and the quest to generate animal models of glaucoma so that we can better understand the pathophysiology of this disease and develop targeted therapies to slow or reverse glaucomatous damage. This chapter then reviews treatment modalities of glaucoma. Revealed herein is the lack of non-IOP-related modalities in the treatment of glaucoma. This finding supports the use of animal models in understanding the development of glaucoma pathophysiology and treatments.
Löfgren’s Syndrome
Authors: Wang Shiyu , Singh Shailendra
Published: April 2021

Löfgren’s syndrome presents as acute sarcoid arthritis, with a triad of hilar adenopathy, acute polyarthritis and erythema nodosum. Löfgren’s syndrome is self-limited, erythema nodosum, hilar adenopathy and acute polyarthritis usually resolve within a few weeks to months, however polyarthritis can last for up to 2 years. Treatment involves symptomatic control with NSAIDs/colchicine or oral glucocorticoids until symptoms resolve, if disease is resistant to these therapies, hydroxychloroquine, methotrexate or infliximab can be used. Löfgren’s syndrome is a rare presentation of sarcoidosis occurring in only about 5–10% of sarcoid patients. It is, however, important to recognize as it is the most common form of acute sarcoid arthritis and prompt treatment can prevent unnecessary prolonged discomfort for patients.
The Complex Relationship of Periodontal Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Martu Maria-Alexandra , Rezus Elena , Tatarciuc Diana , Luchian Ionut , Sufaru Irina-Georgeta , Maftei George-Alexandru , Gheorghe Dorin , Pasarin Liliana , Mihaela Solomon Sorina , Georgeta Foia Liliana
Published: April 2021

The relationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases is an important part of clinical periodontal research, which has been growing steadily. Even though the etiologies of periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) differ, these pathologies have many common features, both being multifactorial diseases characterized by localized chronic inflammatory reactions, which are fuelled by an analogous set of cytokines (among many, the most prominent being Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF), Interleukin (IL) 6 and 17), leading to high systemic circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP). It was not until the discovery of peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) mediated citrullination of proteins by Porphyromonas gingivalis that the link between the two diseases was purely speculative. This citrullination initiates a series of events which culminate in the production of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and, finally, in the clinical manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis. Another common denominator is the bone destruction caused by proinflammatory cytokines secreted by T 17 helper cells (TH17) which is the pathological hallmark of both diseases. Other notable common areas are shared risk factors such as environmental and genetic risk factors. Regarding treatment, neither pathologies have a definitive cure, however, several strategies are employed, some of which are common, such as diet and lifestyle changes, and immunomodulating medication applied locally or systemically.
Optimization of the ANNs Models Performance in the Short-Term Forecasting of the Wind Power of Wind Farms
Authors: Velázquez-Medina Sergio , Portero-Ajenjo Ulises
Published: April 2021

Due to the low dispatchability of wind power, the massive integration of this energy source in electrical systems requires short-term and very short-term wind farm power output forecasting models to be as efficient and stable as possible. A study is conducted in the present paper of potential improvements to the performance of artificial neural network (ANN) models in terms of efficiency and stability. Generally, current ANN models have been developed by considering exclusively the meteorological information of the wind farm reference station, in addition to selecting a fixed number of time periods prior to the forecasting. In this respect, new ANN models are proposed in this paper, which are developed by: varying the number of prior 1-h periods (periods prior to the prediction hour) chosen for the input layer parameters; and/or incorporating in the input layers data from a second weather station in addition to the wind farm reference station. It has been found that the model performance is always improved when data from a second weather station are incorporated. The mean absolute relative error (MARE) of the new models is reduced by up to 7.5%. Furthermore, the longer the forecast horizon, the greater the degree of improvement.
A new apterous rove beetle genus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from the Northern Andes with an assessment of its phylogenetic position
Authors: Chatzimanolis Stylianos , Brunke Adam J.
Published: April 2021

A remarkable new apterous genus of Xanthopygina beetles is described here as Ikaros gen. nov. The new genus includes three new species, I. apteros gen. et sp. nov. from Colombia, I. paramo gen. et sp. nov. from Colombia and I. polygonos gen. et sp. nov. from Venezuela. Phylogenetic analyses using molecular and morphological data were performed to assess the phylogenetic position of Ikaros gen. nov. and whether the three new taxa formed a monophyletic group. All analyses, including those with aptery-associated characters removed, strongly supported the monophyly of Ikaros gen. nov. The genus could not be confidently resolved as a member of any of the existing genus-group lineages, likely due to a lack of morphological signal in the backbone of the tree. Further analyses, ideally with molecular data, are needed to determine the position of Ikaros gen. nov.
Editor's Note: Redefining Normal
Authors: Verbeten Sharon
Published: April 2021

I f there’s one phrase that sticks out for me about the pandemic, it’s “the new normal.” What exactly is that? Is it trying to come to terms with the way our lives have changed over the last year—for better or worse? Or, as it more likely should be, redefining what normal should be.
Any Which Way . . . Loose Parts Play in the Library
Authors: Swadley Gretchen
Published: April 2021

Many ready-made toys for children come with directions, instruction sheets, or strict rules for usage. While that may be fine in some cases, many believe children can benefit from good old play with a variety of random, unconnected items. After all, some of our earliest ancestors learned many skills from just rocks, sticks, and leaves.Enter loose parts—a collection of natural or man-made materials that can be used to extend children’s ideas and foster imaginative play. These parts can be moved, arranged, designed, taken apart, or anything else a child can think up.
Move, Play, Read!
Authors: Lenstra Noah , Whelan Heidi , Carson Jenn , Senser Kelly , Bennett-Copeland Michelle , Dyson Christy , Fortin Danielle , Scott Barbara , Jellison Catherine
Published: April 2021

When the pandemic shut down many libraries in spring 2020, children’s librarians had to be creative to fill the void when most in-person programming stopped. In this collection of articles, librarians used everything from outside activities (like storywalks) to motion and movement programs to engage children. See how they helped students move, play, and read!—Editor