bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Prophylactic Treatment of Bovine Mastitis using a Homoeopathic Complex (Phytolacca decandra 200CH, Bryonia alba 30CH and Silicea terra 30CH)
Authors:   , Clarke Lindy Jane
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of a homoeopathic complex of Phytolacca decandra 200CH, Bryonia alba 30CH and Silicea terra 30CH in the treatment of bovine mastitis. The efficacy of the complex was evaluated in terms of its effect on reducing the Somatic Cell Count (SCC) as well as its effect on reducing the total number of clinical cases occurring within the herd on treatment. The aim of trying to reduce the SCC is the fact that it is related to the quality of the milk produced, the higher the SCC the lower the quality and yield of the milk produced and thus the lower the monetary return on the sale of such milk. It is also related to the volume of milk produced as the higher the SCC the lower the quantity of milk produced. The number of cases of clinical mastitis is also an important economical consideration, as there are a number of costs associated with each case including short and long-term losses in production as well as the cost of treatment and management of infected animals
An assessment of the extent of mercury pollution of the Mngceweni stream, the Umgeni River and the Inanda Dam in Kwa Zulu-Natal
Authors:   , Barratt Graham James
Published: February 2022

The debate surrounding mercury pollution of the river system below Thor Chemicals in Kwa Zulu Natal, South Africa has been of concern to the people of the region for several years. No scientific assessment of Mercury pollution has been carried out to date, other then a study conducted by Johnston et al. (1991) in 1990 in an area restricted to within 5 kilometres of the plant. Due to elevated levels being detected directly below the plant, Johnston et al. (1991) have expressed concern that this could result in the mobilisation of Mercury into the ecosystem and possibly threaten the Ecology of the Inanda Dam which is located approximately 20 kilometres south of Thor Chemicals which is a major reservoir for Durban. Added to this, the community residing in the area has expressed a great deal of concern and the matter was taken up in parliament in 1998. These factors provide impetus for a follow up study to determine the extent of mercury transformation into the higher trophic levels in the area surrounding Thor Chemicals. In order to quantify the extent to which mercury has become mobilised in the ecosystem and to identify possible pathways of exposure to the community, samples of sediment, algae, cattle hair and fish were taken at ten sample sites. These sample sites were selected at intervals along the Mngceweni and Umgeni River. The first sampling site was situated below Thor and the final sample site was located at the head of the Inanda Dam. Sediment, algae, cattle hair and fish were specifically chosen as they are considered to be reliable indicators of mercury pollution and mobilization. Fish,form an important part of the diet of the community residing in the study area. Mercury concentrations for the above parameters, were compared to mercury concentrations found in the control area, upstream from Thor, as well as to international and local standards. Composite sediment samples taken at the first sample site, within 500 metres of Thor Chemicals, revealed a mercury level of 54j.lg/gram. Mercury concentrations detected in the remainder of the composite sediment samples were significantly lower and revealed similar levels of magnitude throughout the rest of the study area. The higher concentration of mercury in the sediment at the site directly below Thor Chemicals may be attributed
The leadership potential of generation Y practitioner nurses : basis for a developmental framework
Authors:   , Manson Theresa Anne
Published: February 2022

This study addresses the global leadership crisis in healthcare. Generation Y nurses are the face of the future for the nursing profession and they will soon form the majority cohort of nurses worldwide. Leaders look similar all over the world, and Filipino nurses are now working in most countries. Their leadership ability will no doubt impact on healthcare worldwide. There has been a lack of academic research focusing on the leadership needs of Generation Y nurses, and in particular a lack of mixed methods research in this field. Aim The aim of the study was to develop a sustainable, structured, Generation Y appropriate leadership framework for practitioner nurses, incorporating the knowledge, skills and abilities required so that they are adequately prepared to fulfil leadership at the bedside. Methodology The study design was a multistage mixed methods advanced framework, with concurrent and sequential phases. The design suitably addressed the quantitative and qualitative research questions. Integration occurred at multiple levels. The Relationship-Based Care (RBC) model was adapted to serve as the theoretical framework. Data was collected on Generation Y Filipino nurses working at a hospital in Saudi Arabia. The data collection methods included the online VIA-24 strengths survey, the American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE) leadership survey on ‘the leader within’ using Benner’s rating scale, and semi-structured face-to-face interviews. The quantitative data was analysed using statistical measures, while the qualitative data was analysed using Tesch’s coding and thematic analysis. Findings The three sets of data revealed insights into the perceptions, leadership needs and leadership development of Generation Y nurses. The significant findings were that Generation Y nurse’s rate ‘fairness’ as the most important character strength and they want equal opportunity to take on leadership roles. The character of a leader determines leadership ability and effectiveness, and they believe they have leadership ability, and that anyone can lead. Generation Y nurses are keen to take the lead, but they need further personal and professional development, and a clear career plan. They value collaborative teamwork, relationships and good communication. They have a clear leadership vision, and strongly desire leadership education that is creative, innovative, technology-driven and fun. They want to learn through active learning and reflective practice. The outcome of the study led to the development of a leadership framework for practitioner nurses that can be used to prepare them for future leadership roles.
STUDI KASUS TINGKAT MOTIVASI SISWA SMK TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN IPA DI SEKOLAH
Authors: Sanimah Sanimah , Wahyuni Sri , Lambe Imelda Wardani
Published: February 2022

Mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan termasuk ke dalam kelompok mata pelajaran adaptif, yakni kelompok mata pelajaran yang berperan sebagai penunjang bagi pencapaian kompetensi keahlian atau mata pelajaran produktif. Penelitian studi kasus ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang tingkat motivasi siswa dalam mempelajari IPA di SMK. Penelitian ini melibatkan subjek sebanyak 30 orang siswa program keahlian Teknik Sepeda Motor di salah satu SMK Swasta di Kecamatan Stabat. Data dijaring melalui angket siswa. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran IPA menunjang penguasaan kompetensi keahlian sehingga motivasi belajar siswa menjadi tinggi. Dari hasil pengolahan data diperoleh persentase tingkat motivasi siswa dalam pembelajaran IPA mencapai 82,9%. Artinya, motivasi siswa dalam pembelajaran IPA termasuk ke dalam kategori baik sekali. Berdasarkan hasil temuan maka diperlukan tindak lanjut pengembangan metode pembelajaran yang tepat untuk mengintegrasikan keterampilan IPA dengan mata pelajaran produktif untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa
Essencialidade do Planejamento Econômico para o Alcance do Desenvolvimento Nacional
Authors: Koury Suzy Elizabeth Cavalcante , Lima Amanda Naif Daibes
Published: February 2022

Este artigo estuda o instituto do planejamento econômico com base nos ensinamentos do professor Washington Peluso Albino de Souza e à luz da Constituição Federal de 1988. Apesar de ser uma técnica que possibilita a intervenção do Estado no domínio econômico, observa-se o seu gradual abandono, o que é prejudicial ao desenvolvimento nacional, um dos objetivos fundamentais da República. Diante desse contexto, questiona-se: como o planejamento econômico pode contribuir para a efetivação do desenvolvimento nacional? Para responder à problemática proposta, são objetivos deste ensaio a análise conceitual do instituto, o estudo das políticas de planejamento nacionalistas (1930 a 1960), do período de crise democrática (1961 a 1964) e do regime autoritário (1964 a 1985). Conclui-se pela necessidade de condução do planejamento em bases democráticas, enquanto dever do Estado, a fim de que seja viabilizado o alcance do desenvolvimento nacional.
EFEKTIVITAS PEMBELAJARAN AKTIF, KREATIF, EFEKTIF DAN MENYENANGKAN (PAKEM) PADA MATERI MATRIKS
Authors: WIJAYANTI ENDANG
Published: February 2022

The experimental-based research carried out has several objectives including: (1) Seeing the correlation between learning outcomes/achievements of students who in the learning process use the Active, Creative, Effective and Fun PAKEM Learning Method and without using PAKEM on matrix material subjects, (2) Knowing the effectiveness of using PAKEM on student learning outcomes/achievements. In this study, the population of SMA Negeri 1 Comal is the student population for the 2021/2022 academic year. The sample used in the study was taken randomly. And the sample in this study were students there were 2 classes and one experimental class. The initial process of this research has a series of initial tests which are tests of reliability, validity, level of difficulty, and discriminating power of questions. After the treatment of two classes/groups with different treatments was carried out, statistical tests were carried out. From the results of testing the research data, it shows that there are differences in the level of achievement through the learning process using PAKEM and without using PAKEM. And obtained the test results in the experimental group of 76.84 and the test results of the control class group of 61.75 then after statistical calculations obtained t_count = 6.22 while t_table = 2.68 from the results obtained it can be concluded that in this study that students who go through the learning process using PAKEM get better abilities/achievements than students who go through the learning process without PAKEM.

ABSTRAKPenelitian berbasis eksperimen yang dilaksanakan memiliki beberapa tujuan diantaranya : (1) Melihat adanya korelasi antara hasil belajar/prestasi siswa yang pada proses pembelajaranya menggunakan Metode Pembelajaran Aktif, Kreatif, Efektif dan Menyenangkan PAKEM dan tanpa menggunakan PAKEM pada mata pelajaran Materi matriks, (2) Mengetahui efektifitas penggunaan PAKEM terhadap hasil belajar/prestasi siswa. Pada penelitian memiliki Populasi Siswa SMA Negeri 1 Comal Tahun Pelajaran 2021/2022. Sampel yang digunakan pada penelitian diambil secara acak. Dan Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah siswa ada 2 kelas dan satu kelas eksperimen. Proses awal penelitian ini memiliki rangkaian uji awal yang merupakan uji coba reliabilitas, validitas, tingkat kesukaran, dan daya pembeda soal. Setelah diadakan treatment terhadap dua kelas/kelompok dengan perlakuan berbeda maka dilakukan uji statistik. Dari hasil pengujian data penelitian memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan pada tingkat prestasi yang melalui proses pembelajaran menggunakan PAKEM dan tanpa menggunakan PAKEM. Dan diperoleh hasil tes pada kelompok eksperimen sebesar 76,84 dan hasil tes kelompok kelas control sebesar 61,75 kemudian setelah dilakukan perhitungan statistik diperoleh  sedangkan  dari hasil yang diperoleh maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada penelitian ini bahwa siswa yang melalui proses pembelajaran menggunakan PAKEM PAKEM memperoleh kemampuan/hasil prestasi yang lebih baik daripada siswa melalui proses pemebelajaran tanpa PAKEM.
Dust transport and advection measurement with spaceborne lidars ALADIN, CALIOP and model reanalysis data
Authors: Dai Guangyao , Sun Kangwen , Wang Xiaoye , Wu Songhua , E Xiangying , Liu Qi , Liu Bingyi
Published: February 2022

Abstract. In this paper, a long-term large-scale Sahara dust transport event occurred during 14 June and 27 June 2020 is tracked with the spaceborne lidars ALADIN and CALIOP observations and the models ECMWF and HYSPLIT analysis. We evaluate the performance of the ALADIN and CALIOP on the observations of dust optical properties and wind fields and explore the capability in tracking the dust events and in calculating the dust mass advection with the combination of measurement data from ALADIN and CALIOP coupled with the products from ECMWF and HYSPLIT. The dust plumes are identified with AIRS/Aqua “Dust Score Index” and with the “Vertical Feature Mask” products from CALIOP. The emission, dispersion, transport and deposition of the dust event are monitored using the data from AIRS/Aqua, CALIOP and HYSPLIT. With the quasi-synchronization observations by ALADIN and CALIOP, combining the wind field and relative humidity, the dust advection values are calculated. From this study, it is found that the dust event generated on 14 and 15 June 2020 from Sahara Desert in North Africa, and then dispersed and transported westward over the Atlantic Ocean, and finally deposited in the Atlantic Ocean, the Americas and the Caribbean Sea. During the transport and deposition processes, the dust plumes are trapped in the Northeasterly Trade-wind zone between the latitudes of 5 °N and 30 °N , altitudes of 0 km and 6 km (in this paper we name this space area as “Saharan dust westward transport tunnel”). From the measurement results on 19 June 2020, influenced by the hygroscopic effect and mixing with other types aerosols, the backscatter coefficients of dust plumes are increasing along the transport routes, with 3.88 × 10−6 ± 2.59 × 10−6 m−1sr−1 in “dust portion during emission phase”, 7.09 × 10−6 ± 3.34 × 10−6 m−1sr−1 in “dust portion during development phase” and 7.76 × 10−6 ± 3.74 × 10−6 m−1sr−1 in “dust portion during deposition phase”. Finally, the advection value at different dust parts and heights on 19 June and on entire transport routine during transportation are computed. On 19 June, the mean dust advection values are about 2.06 mg · m−2 ·s−1 in dust portion during emission phase, 1.47 mg · m−2 ·s−1 in dust portion during development phase and 0.95 mg · m−2 ·s−1 in dust portion during deposition phase. In the whole life-time of the dust event, the mean dust advection values are about 1.50 mg · m−2 ·s−1 on 15 June 2020, 2.41 mg · m−2 ·s−1 on 16 June 2020, 1.47 mg · m−2 ·s−1 on 19 June 2020, 2.01 mg · m−2 ·s−1 on 24 June 2020 and 1.15 mg · m−2 ·s−1 on 27 June 2020. During the dust development stage, the mean advection values gradually increase and reach to the maximum value on 16 June with the enhancement of the dust event. Then, the mean advection values decrease during the transport and the deposition of the dust over the Atlantic Ocean, the Americas and the Caribbean Sea.
Momentum fluxes from airborne wind measurements in three cumulus cases over land
Authors: Koning Ada Mariska , Nuijens Louise , Mallaun Christian
Published: February 2022

Abstract. This study combines airborne Doppler Wind Lidar (DWL) observations with high-frequency in situ wind measurements from a gust probe, a combination that to our knowledge has not been used before. The two measurement techniques show a similar mean in the wind components throughout the flights and are then used to study momentum transport in relation to shallow cumulus over land. We present three case studies ranging from forced cumulus humilis to thicker clouds associated with stronger popcorn-like convection after a cold front passage. The wind profiles obtained with the DWL are helpful in explaining the momentum fluxes that are calculated from the 100 Hz in situ data using the eddy covariance method. Most of the momentum flux profiles revealed down-gradient momentum transport that was generally strongest within the mixed-layer and decreasing towards cloud tops. Comparing clear-sky and cloud-topped transects, the cloudy skies revealed a substantial enhancement in the mixed-layer momentum flux (more than twice as much). On one track during the third flight, after a post-cold-front passage and displaying thicker clouds, shows a momentum flux profile that did not decrease linearly with height as expected from shear-driven small-scale turbulence. The momentum in the mixed layer was very small, but a very strong flux has been observed in the cloud layer. Moreover, the updraft contribution to the flux was much larger in this case than in all other tracks that have been flown during the campaign. Last, we look into how much flux the different scales contribute to the overall transport. There we find that the largest scales (up to 7 km) usually carry most flux. However, sometimes the larger scales have opposite contribution to the flux than the scales smaller than 7 km, which can then result in a smaller or almost no net flux.
Quantifying the coastal urban surface layer structure using distributed temperature sensing in Helsinki, Finland
Authors: Karttunen Sasu , O'Connor Ewan , Peltola Olli , Järvi Leena
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The structure of the urban boundary layer, and particularly the surface layer, displays significant complexity, which can be exacerbated by coastal effects for cities located in coastal regions. Resolving the complexity of the coastal urban boundary layer remains an important question for many applications such as air quality and numerical weather prediction. One of the most promising new techniques for measuring the structure of the surface layer is fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS), which has the potential to provide new significant insights for boundary layer meteorology by making it possible to study thermal turbulence with high spatial and temporal resolution. We present 14 weeks of profile measurements with a DTS system at an urban site in Helsinki, Finland, during the winter and spring of 2020. We assess the benefits and drawbacks of using DTS measurements to supplement sonic anemometry for longer measurement periods in varying meteorological conditions, including those found difficult for the DTS method in prior studies. Furthermore, we demonstrate the capabilities of the DTS system using two case scenarios: a study of the erosion of a near-ground cold layer during the passage of a warm front, and a comparison of the near-ground thermal structure with and without the presence of a sea-breeze cell during springtime convective boundary layer development. This study demonstrates the utility of DTS measurements in revealing the internal surface layer structure, beyond the predictions of traditional surface layer theories. This knowledge is important for improving surface layer theories and parametrisations, including those used in numerical weather prediction. The study also highlights the drawbacks of DTS measurements, caused by low signal-to-noise ratios in near-neutral atmospheric conditions, especially when such a system would be used to supplement turbulence measurements over longer periods. Overall, this study presents important considerations for planning new studies or ongoing measurements utilising this exciting and relatively new instrumentation.
A statistical framework for integrating nonparametric proxy distributions into geological reconstructions of relative sea level
Authors: Ashe Erica L. , Khan Nicole S. , Toth Lauren T. , Dutton Andrea , Kopp Robert E.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Robust, proxy-based reconstructions of relative sea-level (RSL) change are critical to distinguishing the processes that drive spatial and temporal sea-level variability. The relationships between individual proxies and RSL can be complex and are often poorly represented by traditional methods that assume Gaussian likelihood distributions. We develop a new statistical framework to estimate past RSL change based on nonparametric, empirical modern distributions of proxies in relation to RSL, applying the framework to corals and mangroves as an illustrative example. We validate our model by comparing its skill in reconstructing RSL and rates of change to two previous RSL models using synthetic time-series datasets based on Holocene sea-level data from South Florida. The new framework results in lower bias, better model fit, and greater accuracy and precision than the two previous RSL models. We also perform sensitivity tests using sea-level scenarios based on two periods of interest – meltwater pulses (MWPs) and the Holocene – to analyze the sensitivity of the statistical reconstructions to the quantity and precision of proxy data; we define high-precision indicators, such as mangroves and the reef-crest coral Acropora palmata, with 2σ vertical uncertainties within ± 3 m and lower-precision indicators, such as Orbicella spp., with 2σ vertical uncertainties within ± 10 m. For reconstructing rapid rates of change in RSL of up to ∼ 40 m kyr−1, such as those that may have characterized MWPs during deglacial periods, we find that employing the nonparametric model with 5 to 10 high-precision data points per kiloyear enables us to constrain rates to within ± 3 m kyr−1 (1σ). For reconstructing RSL with rates of up to ∼ 15 m kyr−1, as observed during the Holocene, we conclude that employing the model with 5 to 10 high-precision (or a combination of high- and low-precision) data points per kiloyear enables precise estimates of RSL within ±∼ 2 m (2σ) and accurate RSL reconstructions with errors ≲ 0.7 m. Employing the nonparametric model with only lower-precision indicators also produces fairly accurate estimates of RSL with errors ≲1.50 m, although with less precision, only constraining RSL to ±∼ 3–4 m (2σ). Although the model performs better than previous models in terms of bias, model fit, accuracy, and precision, it is computationally expensive to run because it requires inverting large matrices for every sample. The new model also provides minimal gains over similar models when a large quantity of high-precision data are available. Therefore, we recommend incorporating the nonparametric likelihood distributions when no other information (e.g., reef facies or epibionts indicative of shallow-water environments to refine coral elevational uncertainties) or no high-precision data are available at a location or during a given time period of interest.
Evaluating the Arabian Sea as a regional source of atmospheric CO2: seasonal variability and drivers
Authors: de Verneil Alain , Lachkar Zouhair , Smith Shafer , Lévy Marina
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The Arabian Sea (AS) was confirmed to be a net emitter of CO2 to the atmosphere during the international Joint Global Ocean Flux Study program
of the 1990s, but since then few in situ data have been collected, leaving data-based methods to calculate air–sea exchange with fewer and
potentially out-of-date data. Additionally, coarse-resolution models underestimate CO2 flux compared to other approaches. To address these
shortcomings, we employ a high-resolution (1/24∘) regional model to quantify the seasonal cycle of air–sea CO2 exchange in the AS
by focusing on two main contributing factors, pCO2 and winds. We compare the model to available in situ pCO2 data
and find that uncertainties in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) lead to the greatest discrepancies. Nevertheless, the model
is more successful than neural network approaches in replicating the large variability in summertime pCO2 because it captures the
AS's intense monsoon dynamics. In the seasonal pCO2 cycle, temperature plays the major role in determining surface
pCO2 except where DIC delivery is important in summer upwelling areas. Since seasonal temperature forcing is relatively uniform,
pCO2 differences between the AS's subregions are mostly caused by geographic DIC gradients. We find that primary productivity during
both summer and winter monsoon blooms, but also generally, is insufficient to offset the physical delivery of DIC to the surface, resulting in
limited biological control of CO2 release. The most intense air–sea CO2 exchange occurs during the summer monsoon when outgassing
rates reach ∼ 6 molCm-2yr-1 in the upwelling regions of Oman and Somalia, but the entire AS contributes CO2 to the
atmosphere. Despite a regional spring maximum of pCO2 driven by surface heating, CO2 exchange rates peak in summer due to
winds, which account for ∼ 90 % of the summer CO2 flux variability vs. 6 % for pCO2. In comparison with
other estimates, we find that the AS emits ∼ 160 Tg C yr−1, slightly higher than previously reported. Altogether, there is
2× variability in annual flux magnitude across methodologies considered. Future attempts to reduce the variability in estimates will likely
require more in situ carbon data. Since summer monsoon winds are critical in determining flux both directly and indirectly through temperature, DIC,
TA, mixing, and primary production effects on pCO2, studies looking to predict CO2 emissions in the AS with ongoing climate
change will need to correctly resolve their timing, strength, and upwelling dynamics.
Accounting for non-rainfall moisture and temperature improves litter decay model performance in a fog-dominated dryland system
Authors: Logan J. Robert , Todd-Brown Kathe E. , Jacobson Kathryn M. , Jacobson Peter J. , Vogt Roland , Evans Sarah E.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Historically, ecosystem models have treated rainfall as the primary moisture source driving litter decomposition. In many arid and semi-arid lands however, non-rainfall moisture (fog, dew, and water vapor) plays a more important role in supporting microbial activity and carbon turnover. To date though, we lack a robust approach for modeling the role of non-rainfall moisture in litter decomposition. We developed a series of simple litter decay models with different moisture sensitivity and temperature sensitivity functions to explicitly represent the role of non-rainfall moisture in the litter decay process. To evaluate model performance, we conducted a 30-month litter decomposition study at six sites along a fog/dew gradient in the Namib Desert, spanning almost an eight-fold difference in non-rainfall moisture frequency. Litter decay rates in the field correlated with fog and dew frequency but not with rainfall. Including either temperature or non-rainfall moisture sensitivity functions improved model performance, but the combination of temperature and moisture sensitivity together provided more realistic estimates of litter decomposition than relying on either alone. Model performance was similar regardless of whether we used continuous moisture sensitivity functions based on relative humidity or a simple binary function based on the presence of moisture, though a Gaussian temperature sensitivity outperformed a monotonically increasing Q10 temperature function. We demonstrate that explicitly modeling non-rainfall moisture and temperature together is necessary to accurately capture litter decay dynamics in a fog-affected dryland system and provide suggestions for how to incorporate non-rainfall moisture into existing Earth system models.
Glacial state of the global carbon cycle: time-slice simulations for the last glacial maximum with an Earth-system model
Authors: Kurahashi-Nakamura Takasumi , Paul André , Merkel Ute , Schulz Michael
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Three time-slice carbon-cycle simulations for the last glacial maximum (LGM) constrained by the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and the amount of carbon stored in the deep ocean were carried out with a fully-coupled comprehensive climate model CESM1.2 (the Community Earth System Model version 1.2). Although the three modeled LGM ocean states had remarkably different physical features, all of them were compatible with the pre-industrial (PI) state in terms of the global ocean carbon inventory considering the presumed transfers of carbon among the various reservoirs during the evolution from the LGM to PI. The increase in the total alkalinity required to simulate ocean states that is deemed appropriate for the LGM was quantitatively in line with the scenario of post-glacial shallow water deposition of calcium carbonate, suggesting that the reconstructed estimates of the glacial deep-ocean carbon inventory and those of the amount of carbonate deposition on shelves are in agreement with each other. On the other hand, comparisons between the simulated distributions of paleoceanographic tracers and corresponding reconstructions clearly distinguished the different geometry of ocean-circulation cells and favored a shallower Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) for the LGM compared to PI.
NEMO-Bohai 1.0: a high-resolution ocean and sea ice modelling system for the Bohai Sea, China
Authors: Yan Yu , Gu Wei , Gierisch Andrea M. U. , Xu Yingjun , Uotila Petteri
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Severe ice conditions in the Bohai Sea could cause
serious harm to maritime traffic, offshore oil exploitation, aquaculture,
and other economic activities in the surrounding regions. In addition to
providing sea ice forecasts for disaster prevention and risk mitigation, sea
ice numerical models could help explain the sea ice variability within the
context of climate change in marine ecosystems, such as spotted seals, which
are the only ice-dependent animal that breeds in Chinese waters. Here, we
developed NEMO-Bohai, an ocean–ice coupled model based on the Nucleus for
European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) model version 4.0 and Sea Ice
Modelling Integrated Initiative (SI3) (NEMO4.0-SI3) for the Bohai
Sea. This study will present the scientific design and technical choices of
the parameterizations for the NEMO-Bohai model. The model was calibrated and
evaluated with in situ and satellite observations of the ocean and sea ice.
The model simulations agree with the observations with respect to sea
surface height (SSH), temperature (SST), salinity (SSS), currents, and
temperature and salinity stratification. The seasonal variation of the sea
ice area is well simulated by the model compared to the satellite remote
sensing data for the period of 1996–2017. Overall agreement is found for the
occurrence dates of the annual maximum sea ice area. The simulated sea ice
thickness and volume are in general agreement with the observations with
slight overestimations. NEMO-Bohai can simulate seasonal sea ice evolution
and long-term interannual variations. Hence, NEMO-Bohai is a valuable tool
for long-term ocean and ice simulations and climate change studies.
Scaling methods of leakage correction in GRACE mass change estimates revisited for the complex hydro-climatic setting of the Indus basin
Authors: Tripathi Vasaw , Groh Andreas , Horwath Martin , Ramsankaran RAAJ
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Total Water Storage Change (TWSC) reflects the balance of all water fluxes in a hydrological system. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment/Follow-On (GRACE/GRACE-FO) satellite missions are the only means of observing this state variable, distributed as coefficients of a spherical harmonic (SH) model. The well-known correlated noise in these observations requires filtering, scattering the actual mass changes from their true locations. This effect is known as leakage. This study explores the traditional basin and grid scaling approaches and develops a novel frequency-dependent scaling for leakage correction of GRACE TWSC in a unique, basin-specific assessment for the Indus basin. We harness the characteristics of significant heterogeneity in the Indus basin due to climate and human-induced changes to evaluate the physical nature of these scaling schemes. The most recent, WaterGAP Hydrology Model (WGHM v2.2d), with its two variants, standard (without glacier mass changes) and Integrated (with glacier mass changes), is used to derive scaling factors. For the first time, we explicitly show the effect of inclusion or exclusion of glacier mass changes in the model on the gridded scaling factors. Frequency dependant scaling factors, as a novelty, allow us to compare the differences of scaling seasonal and trend components separately. We employ time series analysis using the Lomb-Scargle periodogram to decompose the time series and visualize the effect of filtering on different time scales. We find that for the Indus basin, where mass changes of different frequencies are localized, frequency-dependent scaling factors for the entire basin perform similar to the gridded scaling factors, while both outperform basin scaling. The property of frequency-dependent scaling to keep the noise level unscaled can be extremely useful for applications requiring a high signal-to-noise ratio of TWSC observations. Apart from these novel developments and insights into the traditional scaling approach, our study encourages the regional scale users to conduct specific assessments for their basin of interest.
Evaluation of filtering methods for use on high-frequency measurements of landslide displacements
Authors: Sharifi Sohrab , Hendry Michael T. , Macciotta Renato , Evans Trevor
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Displacement monitoring is a critical control for risks associated with potentially sudden slope failures. Instrument measurements are, however,
obscured by the presence of scatter. Data filtering methods aim to reduce the scatter and therefore enhance the performance of early warning systems
(EWSs). The effectiveness of EWSs depends on the lag time between the onset of acceleration and its detection by the monitoring system such that a
timely warning is issued for the implementation of consequence mitigation strategies. This paper evaluates the performance of three filtering
methods (simple moving average, Gaussian-weighted moving average, and Savitzky–Golay) and considers their comparative advantages and
disadvantages. The evaluation utilized six levels of randomly generated scatter on synthetic data, as well as high-frequency global navigation
satellite system (GNSS) displacement measurements at the Ten-mile landslide in British Columbia, Canada. The simple moving average method exhibited
significant disadvantages compared to the Gaussian-weighted moving average and Savitzky–Golay approaches. This paper presents a framework to
evaluate the adequacy of different algorithms for minimizing monitoring data scatter.
Legal translation and “traditional” comparative law – Similarities and differences
Authors: Simonnæs Ingrid
Published: February 2022

The aim of this paper is to describe some similarities and differences encountered when comparing legal translation and comparative law as separate yet interrelated disciplines. To this end, their respective objectives and methods are broadly outlined. This is followed by a case study on translations of a specific legal text into English and German which have been produced by candidates sitting the Norwegian National Translator Accreditation Exam. In this paper, I intend to show that comparative law “in the traditional sense” (Friedman, 1990, p. 49) is much concerned with issues of translation and show that there are not only similarities but also differences.
Fine tuning style and precision: Adapting directive citations to Finnish statutes
Authors: Piehl Aino
Published: February 2022

When transposing EU directives into national laws, Finnish drafters usually alter the wording of the directive. This paper describes these modifications and offers some insights into the reasons behind them. The study is based on a corpus of Finnish versions of EU directives and of Finnish laws that transpose those directives.
Pym, A., & Assis Rosa, A. (Eds.). New directions in translation studies/Novos rumos nos estudos da tradução. Special Issue of Anglo Saxonica 3.3.
Authors: Alves Fabio
Published: February 2022

Pym, A., & Assis Rosa, A. (Eds.) (2012). New directions in translation studies/Novos rumos nos estudos da tradução. Special Issue of Anglo Saxonica 3.3. Lisbon: University of Lisbon Centre for English Studies. 394p.
Narratives of Translation and Belonging in Multilingual Performance: The Case Study of 20/20
Authors: Komporaly Jozefina
Published: February 2022

This article investigates ways in which theatre and performance have the potential to revisit and re-interpret ideological narratives. Drawing on the politics of transnational performance-making processes, it examines how multilingual theatre productions can contribute to the production of subjective and collective identities, and help articulate ideas and perceptions of belonging. With reference to 20/20 – a piece of documentary-style theatre about a major inter-ethnic conflict that took place in 1990 in a bilingual city in Romania – this case study maps out arguments for utilizing multilingualism on stage, and engages with the ethics of representation in the process of multilingual transfer. Billed as  ‘multi-ethnic and multilingual’, the production embraces an agenda that goes beyond the examination of an isolated local conflict and makes the point that both theatre-making and theatre-going are experiences that strongly interact with narratives of cultural identity and hybridization. Thus, the representation of belonging or not belonging is tied in with questions of agency, and the right of individuals to affirm and indeed interrogate their hereditary links to a community.
Bilingual performance and surtitles: translating linguistic and cultural duality in Canada
Authors: Ladouceur Louise
Published: February 2022

In Canada, theatre artists living in a linguistic minority context, such as Francophones in Western Canada and Anglophones in Quebec, are bilingual out of necessity. They have recently explored their bilingualism in playwriting and in performing plays that display various degrees of heterolingualism. This article focuses on the emergence of a bilingual theatre in Canada and the challenges it poses for translation. Surtitles are an asset for these heterolingual plays, allowing them to reach a wider audience without erasing the linguistic and cultural specificity of the original production. The use of surtitles has led to experiments in which translation exceeds its primary function and takes on a creative role within the performance. This opens the way to the exploration of new theatrical aesthetics that showcase the linguistic duality at the heart of the Canadian reality.
The visual multiplicity of films and its implications for audio description: A case study of the film What Dreams May Come
Authors: Maszerowska Anna
Published: February 2022

Multilingualism in film is largely understood in terms of verbal communication. However, multiplicity also strongly manifests itself at the level of visual narration. The many codes within the cinematographic language encourage a broadening of the concept of multilingualism beyond the spectrum of words alone. This article examines the implications of visual multiplicity for media accessibility and, in particular, for audio description. Taking as a starting point Chaume’s (2004a, 2004b) classification of signifying codes of cinematographic language, we carry out a detailed analysis of the film What Dreams May Come (1998), discuss the composition of the filmic image and suggest strategies for achieving a successful descriptive integration of the visual and the verbal.
« Words are not simple play things! » : L’hétérolinguisme théâtral chez Louis Patrick Leroux
Authors: Nolette Nicole
Published: February 2022

This article explores how, in the 1990s, Canadian playwright Patrick Leroux broke away from previously prevalent representations of bilingualism in minority Franco-Ontarian drama and made multilingualism and translation into theatrical “play things”. His most playful performance text, Le Rêve totalitaire de dieu l’amibe, features as many games as issues at stake for staging experimental minority theatre. Substractive ideologies around bilingualism are torn apart, heterolingualism is raised and deconstructed like a strange tower of Babel and translation becomes BabelFish-like. L’ombre du lecteur anglais (The shadow of the English reader) and an Anglophone commentator are added to a production that is constantly reworked, retranslated and surtitled. The trajectory of the production from Ottawa to Sudbury (in Ontario) and Saint-Lambert (in Quebec), and then on to Montreal and to Hull, delineates a playground for translation riddled with layers of address to spectators, depending on their level of comprehension of the languages spoken on (and off) stage.
Strategies for rendering multilingualism in subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing
Authors: Szarkowska Agnieszka , Żbikowska Jagoda , Krejtz Izabela
Published: February 2022

In this paper we present a set of strategies for rendering the presence of multiple languages in multilingual films in subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing (SDH): vehicular matching, explicit attribution, colour-coding and linguistic homogenisation. We also report on an online study among deaf and hard of hearing Polish participants regarding their preferences for specific SDH strategies. The findings show that, even when they do not know the foreign language involved, most participants prefer more informative strategies where indications of multilingualism are made explicit.
How multilingual can a dubbed film be? Language combinations and national traditions as determining factors
Authors: Voellmer Elena , Zabalbeascoa Patrick
Published: February 2022

This paper analyses the German and Spanish dubbed versionsof Inglourious Basterds (Bender & Tarantino, 2009), two different translations of the same source text. In dialogue with relevant theory, we discuss the question of the extent to which a translated text can be heterolingual and how certain dubbing practices may prevent translations from being as heterolingual as their source texts. Our case study has also enabled us to find possible evidence of norms with regard to the translation of heterolingual films in Spain and in Germany. Linguistic variation is an important feature of Inglourious Basterds and it is both interlingual (different languages) and intralingual (dialects, sociolects and idiolects).  Each dubbed version has its own initial situation and it is particularly interesting to see how linguistic variation is dealt with in translation. We propose the concept of ‘represented nationalities’ (similar to Delabastita’s 2010 “supposedly spoken” or “represented” languages) in the Spanish dubbed version of the film. As a theoretical contribution, we suggest that ‘intertextual translation’ is a more accurate term for translations of heterolingual texts (including dubbed versions) than Jakobson’s (1959) “interlingual translation”.
Wartime interpreting during the Sino-Dutch War (1661–1662)
Authors: Chang Pin-ling
Published: February 2022

While wartime interpreting has become a research focus in very recent years, little research has explored on-the-battleground interpreting for warring sides in pre-modern times. By examining the Dutch East India Company (VOC) archival resources and other relevant historical documents, this study discusses interpreting practices during the Sino-Dutch War (1661–1662) in seventeenth-century colonial Taiwan, with a focus on interpreters’ backgrounds, functions and status, issues of loyalty and trust, and interpreters and translation as a tool of manipulation and power struggles. The overview of the interpreters and the interpreting practices in pre-modern wartime viewed against our present experience shows both differences and similarities in wartime interpreting between the past and the present; it also indicates that although the importance of interpreters has been increasingly recognized, they have remained a symbol of both relief and distrust since ancient times.
Ethics, identity and ideology: A study of the interpreters in the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (1937–1945)
Authors: Li Ping , Tian Chuanmao , Huang Zhonglian
Published: February 2022

In this article we explore interpreter ethics in China’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (1937–1945). Interpreter ethics in conflict zones may be divided into professional and situation ethics, and situation ethics is the focus of this study. Apart from professional identity and ideology, interpreters have other identities and ideologies such as national identity and political ideology, especially when they belong to either of the conflicting parties. The concepts of ethics, identity and ideology remain unchanged when they are related to interpreting as a profession. However, they have different connotations when they are associated with a nation, a group or a community. As mediators across languages and cultures, interpreters are more likely to face moral crises in wartime than in peacetime. Therefore, in many cases, they have to violate professional ethics in order to follow situation ethics, and situation ethics varies with their identities and ideologies. The research findings show that during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, interpreters’ national identity remained the same but their moral attitude changed.
Declining the interpreter’s role in World War I
Authors: Cowley Peter James
Published: February 2022

In this article I will examine autobiographical and fictionalised accounts of World War One by three French interpreters: the writer André Maurois, the painter Paul Maze, and the cartoonist Hansi. All three worked as officiers de liaison with the British Expeditionary Force, discharging their duties in remarkably divergent ways and accounting for them equally differently. My focus will be on how their accounts can be read as representations of the role of the interpreter, and at the same time how the figure of the interpreter, underpinned by the assumption of neutrality, is deployed to represent other activities in conflict zones.
Words cut two ways: An overview of the situation of Afghan interpreters at the beginning of the 21st century
Authors: Tălpaș Mihaela
Published: February 2022

This piece of research attempts to highlight the role of interpreters in the period 2001–2015 when international coalition forces were in Afghanistan during and after the war. The scope of this paper is, therefore, to address the risks faced by interpreters working for the coalition in Afghanistan in order to develop possible strategies for interpreters and the users of their services for tackling future similar situations of armed conflict. It should be mentioned that the interpreters themselves were perceived as a danger both by the very same coalition forces and by the local community. Consequently, the “dangerous interpreter” became a danger in itself for local interpreters. Having analysed a corpus of online interviews and articles, specialised journals, reports and literature containing the opinions and experiences of interpreters in Afghanistan and of other parties they interacted with, I shall try both to outline the risks faced by interpreters and indicate the necessity of having interpreters in the field. To this end, I shall outline the image of the interpreter-soldier by drawing attention to the risks faced by military personnel and drawing a parallel with those to which interpreters in Afghanistan are exposed. My aim, on the one hand, is to highlight the human side of the interpreter and, on the other, to create a more comprehensive image of “war interpreters at war”, in order to deal better with the challenges of armed conflict in the field of interpreting, both as an interpreter and as a user of interpreting services.
Traduire l'ironie
Authors: Lievois Katrien , Schoentjes Pierre
Published: February 2022

Irony is a salient feature of common discourse and of some of contemporary art ’s more sophisticated representations. An intriguing characteristic of art and speech, irony ’s power and relevance reaches well beyond the enclaves of academic research and reflection. Translating irony involves a series of interpretative gestures which are not solely provoked by or confined to the act of translation as such. Even when one does not move between languages, reading irony always involves an act of interpretation which ‘translates’ a meaning out of a text that is not ‘given’. This article offers a critical survey of the literature on the translation of irony while aiming to monitor and explain the techniques and challenges involved in its translation.