bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Bayesian Inference for theKFunction
Authors: Bognar Matthew A.
Published: March 2006

TheKfunction is a summary of spatial dependence in spatial point processes. In practice one observes a realization of the spatial point process, called a spatial point pattern. Although theKfunction of a spatial point process is typically unknown, several estimators of the processKfunction have been put forth. These estimators, however, are based upon empirical averages; the complicated distributional properties of the estimators unfortunately complicates interval estimation. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian inferential framework, allowing inference for theKfunction of the spatial point process (including interval estimation). Of particular interest is the unique use of the posterior predictive distribution to (efficiently) enable such inferences. To demonstrate our technique, the well known Swedish pine sapling data (Strand, 1972) is analyzed, including a discussion on evaluating model fit. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Control of membrane‐attached biofilms using surfactants
Authors: Splendiani Antonietta , Livingston Andrew G. , Nicolella Cristiano
Published: March 2006

The effect of surfactants on membrane‐attached biofilms (MABs) was studied in a lab‐scale extractive membrane bioreactor (EMB). Twenty‐two surfactants were screened for their potential of increasing the cell wall negative charge (i.e. the electrostatic repulsion between bacteria) of Burkholderia sp. JS150 bacterial strain. Surfactants resulting in increased bacterial negative charge were further investigated for their effects on MAB population morphology and MAB attachment behaviour. Microscopic investigation of the bacterial population in MABs showed that surfactants affect the development of flagella, suggesting changes in the attachment capability of the JS150 strain in the presence of different surfactants. Among the screened surfactants, teepol showed the best characteristics in relation to the reduction of MAB accumulation, and it was tested in an EMB system for the extraction of monochlorobenzene from a synthetic wastewater. Comparison with a control EMB, operated without surfactants under the same conditions, proved that teepol effectively reduces MAB accumulation on the membrane walls. As a result, the overall mass transfer coefficient in the presence of teepol was 53% higher than in the control EMB. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A long‐term stable and adjustable osmotic pump for small volume flow based on principles of phloem loading
Authors: Ehwald M. , Adleff H. , Geggier P. , Ehwald R.
Published: March 2006

An adjustable pump for microfluidics employing principles of osmoregulation analogous to those of phloem loading in plant leaves has been constructed and tested. Volume flow arises in a hollow fibre with vapour‐permeable hydrophobic membrane. The fibre is connected to a source chamber filled with salt crystals and saturated salt solution. The source chamber takes up water through a relatively small membrane area and delivers saturated salt solution to one end of the capillary flow path within the hollow fibre. A stationary osmotic gradient is sustained in the hollow fibre lumen by constant input of saturated salt solution and radial osmotic water absorption. The strong temperature dependence of isothermal membrane distillation enables adjustment of the flow rate up to 20 nL/s. The pump provides pulse‐free flow of any liquid with constant rate for at least 26 days without recharging the source chamber. Backpressures up to 1 bar decrease the flow rate by less than 4%. The volume delivered at a constant rate is more than 40 times larger than the volume of the source chamber. Osmoregulatory pumps of the described type may be useful for microinfusion, microdialysis and analytical microsystems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous expression and maturation of the iron‐sulfur protein ferredoxin in a cell‐free system
Authors: Boyer Marcus E. , Wang Chia‐Wei , Swartz James R.
Published: March 2006

The model iron‐sulfur (Fe‐S) protein ferredoxin (Fd) from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 has been simultaneously produced and matured in a cell‐free production system. After 6 h of incubation at 37°C, Fd accumulated to >450 µg/mL. Essentially all was soluble, and 85% was active. Production and maturation of the protein in the cell‐free system were found to be dependent in a coupled manner on the concentration of the supplemented iron and sulfur sources, ferrous ammonium sulfate and cysteine, respectively. The recombinant expression of ISC helper proteins during cell extract preparation did not increase cell‐free Fd accumulation or activity, although the efficiency of iron and cysteine utilization increased. Fd maturation was independent of protein production rate, and proceeded at a constant rate throughout the period of active translation. In addition, incubation of denatured apo Fd with cell‐free reaction components resulted in recovery of Fd activity, supporting the interpretation that maturation mechanisms did not act co‐translationally. Incubation at 28°C increased total and active protein accumulation, but decreased the ratio of active to total Fd produced. In summary, the high product yields and folding efficiency make the cell‐free system described here an attractive platform for the study of Fe‐S protein production and maturation. The system enables both small‐volume, high throughput investigations as well as larger scale production. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of directed, high‐yield production and maturation of an Fe‐S protein in a cell‐free system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reactive oxygen species induced by shear stress mediate cell death in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Sahoo Susmita , Rao K. Krishnamurthy , Suraishkumar G.K.
Published: March 2006

Exposure of Bacillus subtilis to a shear rate of 1,482/s leads to a rapid loss of cell viability after 10 h of growth. Biochemical and molecular evidences provided below strongly suggest that cell death under high shear results from an apoptosis‐like process similar to that described in eukaryotes, with activation of a caspase‐3‐like protease (C3LP) followed by DNA fragmentation. Shear stress leads to an increase in specific intracellular reactive oxygen species (siROS), possibly through activation of NADH oxidase (NOX). The formation of siROS precedes the activation of C3LP and DNA fragmentation, thus establishing siROS as the molecular link between shear stress and apoptosis‐like cell death. A model is proposed in which NOX is viewed as being strategically placed on the plasma membrane of B. subtilis that senses and converts a mechanical force arising from shear stress into a chemical signal leading to activation of C3LP, DNA fragmentation, and thus, apoptosis‐like cell death. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering of Pichia pastoris for improved production of antibody fragments
Authors: Gasser Brigitte , Maurer Michael , Gach Johannes , Kunert Renate , Mattanovich Diethard
Published: March 2006

The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris has been used for the expression of many proteins, including antibody fragments. However, limitations became obvious especially when secreting heterodimeric Fab fragments. Up‐to‐date, antibody fragments have only been expressed under control of the strong inducible alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promoter, which may stress the cells by excessive transcription. Here, we examined the secretion characteristics of single chain and Fab fragments of two different monoclonal anti‐HIV1 antibodies (2F5 and 2G12) with both the AOX1 and the glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) promoter. Also, the influences of different secretion leaders and strains were evaluated. Interestingly, secretion was only achieved when using the GAP promoter and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating factor α (MFα leader), whereas there was no difference between the two P. pastoris strains. During fed batch fermentation of a 2F5 Fab expressing strain, intracellular retention of Fab heavy chains was observed, while both intact Fab and single light chain molecules were only detected in the supernatants. This led to the conclusion that protein folding and heterodimer assembly in the ER are rate limiting steps in Fab secretion. To alleviate this limitation, S. cerevisiae protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and the unfolded protein response (UPR) transcription factor HAC1 were constitutively overexpressed in P. pastoris. While the overexpression of HAC1 led to a moderate increase of Fab secretion of 1.3‐fold, PDI enabled an increase of the Fab level by 1.9‐fold. Hence, the formation of interchain disulfide bonds can be seen as a major rate limiting factor to Fab assembly and subsequent secretion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Broth conditions determining specific cake resistance during microfiltration of Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Graves Kevin , Rozeboom Glenn , Heng Meng , Glatz Charles
Published: March 2006

The effects of broth pH, pressure, temperature, and fermentation medium on specific cake resistance were studied for dead‐end microfiltration of Bacillus subtilis. Decreases in pH and transmembrane pressure decreased the specific cake resistance for cells grown in both complex and defined media. With the complex medium, the reduction in resistance with temperature decrease did not offset the flux decrease caused by the increase in viscosity. The greatest decrease in specific cake resistance occurred with adjustment of pH to 7.5 for cells grown in defined medium. For those cells the change in pH resulted in aggregation leading to a large increase in flux. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disruption of Brewers' yeast by hydrodynamic cavitation: Process variables and their influence on selective release
Authors: Balasundaram B. , Harrison S.T.L.
Published: March 2006

Intracellular products, not secreted from the microbial cell, are released by breaking the cell envelope consisting of cytoplasmic membrane and an outer cell wall. Hydrodynamic cavitation has been reported to cause microbial cell disruption. By manipulating the operating variables involved, a wide range of intensity of cavitation can be achieved resulting in a varying extent of disruption. The effect of the process variables including cavitation number, initial cell concentration of the suspension and the number of passes across the cavitation zone on the release of enzymes from various locations of the Brewers' yeast was studied. The release profile of the enzymes studied include α‐glucosidase (periplasmic), invertase (cell wall bound), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; cytoplasmic) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH; cytoplasmic). An optimum cavitation number Cv of 0.13 for maximum disruption was observed across the range Cv 0.09–0.99. The optimum cell concentration was found to be 0.5% (w/v, wet wt) when varying over the range 0.1%–5%. The sustained effect of cavitation on the yeast cell wall when re‐circulating the suspension across the cavitation zone was found to release the cell wall bound enzyme invertase (86%) to a greater extent than the enzymes from other locations of the cell (e.g. periplasmic α‐glucosidase at 17%). Localised damage to the cell wall could be observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of cells subjected to less intense cavitation conditions. Absence of the release of cytoplasmic enzymes to a significant extent, absence of micronisation as observed by TEM and presence of a lower number of proteins bands in the culture supernatant on SDS–PAGE analysis following hydrodynamic cavitation compared to disruption by high‐pressure homogenisation confirmed the selective release offered by hydrodynamic cavitation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Böden – gefährdete Haut der Erde? Bodendegradation und ‐verluste
Authors: Gerzabek Martin H.
Published: March 2006

Große Teile der weltweit landwirtschaftlich genutzten Böden weisen Nährstoffmängel auf und können nur mit entsprechenden Pflanzenschutzmaßnahmen genutzt werden. Insbesondere in armen Ländern führt die intensive Nutzung ohne Rückführung von Nährstoffen zur Degradation der Böden und somit zur Abnahme der Produktivität. Die größte Gefährdung der Bodenressourcen geht vom dauerhaften Verlust durch Flächenverbrauch und Erosion aus. Weitere Gefährdungen des Bodenzustandes und somit der Bodenfunktionen ergeben sich aus punktförmigen und diffusen Einträgen von persistenten organischen Schadstoffen, Schwermetallen und Radionukliden. Diese Schadstoffe verbleiben lange im Boden, akkumulieren dort und stellen damit eine potenzielle Gefährdung für die Lebensmittelkette und das Grundwasser dar.
“Harald Stümpke” – alias Gerolf Steiner
Authors: Hempel Irmtraut
Published: March 2006

Im Jahr 1945 entstand das erste zoologisch exakte Bild von Nasobema lyricum (Abbildung 1). Daraus wurde “das aufregendste zoologische Ereignis bis jetzt im 20. Jahrhundert: Die Entdeckung der Rhinogradentia” (G.G. Simpson in Science 1963).
Kreist hier der falsche Adler?
Authors: Kremer Bruno P.
Published: March 2006

Die staatliche Emblematik verwendet gern stilisierte Pflanzen oder Tiere von besonderem Symbolwert. Mitunter ist die getroffene Artwahl nicht besonders glücklich.
Yeast Prion‐Protein, Sup35, Fibril Formation Proceeds by Addition and Substraction of Oligomers
Authors: Narayanan Saravanakumar , Walter Stefan , Reif Bernd
Published: March 2006

In analogy to human prions, a domain of the translation‐termination protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sup35, can switch its conformation from a soluble functional state, [psi−], to a conformation, [PSI+], that facilitates aggregation and impairs its native function. Overexpression of the molecular chaperone Hsp104 abolishes the [PSI+] phenotype and restores the normal function of Sup35. We have recently shown that Hsp104 interacts preferably with low oligomeric species of a Sup35 derived peptide, Sup35[5–26]; however, due to possible exchange between different oligomeric states, it was not possible to obtain information on the distribution and stability of the oligomeric state. We show here, that low‐molecular‐weight oligomers (Sup35[5–26])n (n≈4–6) are indeed important for the fibril formation and disassembly process. We find that Hsp104 is able to disaggregate Sup35[5–26] fibrils by substraction of hexameric to decameric Sup35[5–26] oligomers. This disaggregation effect does not require assistance from other chaperones and is independent of ATP at high Hsp104 concentrations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that critical oligomers have a preference for α‐helical conformations. The conformational reorganization into β‐sheet structures seems to occur only upon incorporation of these oligomers into fibrillar structures. The results are demonstrated by using an equilibrium dialysis experiment that employed different molecular‐weight cut‐off membranes. A combination of thioflavin‐T (ThT) fluorescence and UV measurements allowed the quantification of fibril formation and the amount of peptide diffusing out of the dialysis bag. CD and NMR spectroscopy data were combined to obtain structural information.
Choosing community college: Factors affecting Latino college choice
Authors: Kurlaender Michal
Published: March 2006

This chapter explores the factors influencing Latino college choice and finds that even when we control for socioeconomic background, academic preparation, and degree intention, Latinos are more likely than white or African American students to begin postsecondary study at community colleges than at four‐year institutions.
Chain enrollment and college enclaves: Benefits and drawbacks of Latino college students' enrollment decisions
Authors: Person Ann E. , Rosenbaum James E.
Published: March 2006

This chapter examines the factors influencing Latino students' enrollment and access to information in fourteen midwestern two‐year colleges.
Micellization and Reversible pH‐Sensitive Phase Transfer of the Hyperbranched Multiarm PEI–PBLG Copolymer
Authors: Tian Huayu , Chen Xuesi , Lin Hao , Deng Chao , Zhang Peibiao , Wei Yen , Jing Xiabin
Published: March 2006

A novel, hyperbranched, amphiphilic multiarm biodegradable polyethylenimine‐poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) (PEI–PBLG) copolymer was prepared by the ring‐opening polymerization of γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate–N‐carboxyanhydride (BLG–NCA) with hyperbranched PEI as a macroinitiator. The copolymer could self‐assemble into core‐shell micelles in aqueous solution with highly hydrophobic micelle cores. As the PBLG content was increased, the size of the micelles increased and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) decreased. The surface of the micelles had a positive ζ potential. The cationic micelles were capable of complexing with plasmid DNA (pDNA), which could be released subsequently by treatment with polyanions. The PEI–PBLG copolymer formed unimolecular micelles in chloroform solution. The pH‐sensitive phase‐transfer behavior exhibited two critical pH points for triggering the encapsulation and release of guest molecules. Both the encapsulation and release processes were rapid and reversible. Under strong acidic or alkaline conditions, the release process became partially or completely irreversible. Thus, this copolymer system should be an attractive candidate for a gene‐ or drug‐delivery system in aqueous media and could provide the phase‐transfer carriers between water and organic media.
Towards Carbohydrate Derivatives of the ReI(CO)3 Fragment
Authors: Hinrichs Matthias , Hofbauer Florian R. , Klüfers Peter
Published: March 2006

With the [Re(CO)3Br3]2− ion as a precursor for the ReI(CO)3 fragment, the diols (1R,2R)‐cyclohexane‐1,2‐diol [(1R,2R)‐Chxd], anhydroerythritol (AnEryt), and (1S,2S)‐cyclopentane‐1,2‐diol [(1S,2S)‐Cptd] form dinuclear monoanions in the salts (NBu4)[(Re2(CO)6{μ‐(1R,2R)‐ChxdH−1}3] (1), [K([18]crown‐6)][Re2(CO)6(μ‐OMe)2(μ‐AnErytH−1)] (2) and (NBu4)[Re2(CO)6{μ‐(1S,2S)‐CptdH−1}3] (3). The monoanionic diolato ligands in these triply bridged dirhenates(I) are monodentate. Bridging triolato ligation in the trirhenates(I) is supported by the anions of glycerol (Glyc) and methyl β‐D‐ribopyranoside (Me‐β‐D‐Ribp), the latter binding in its 1C4 conformation, in (DBUH)2[Re3(CO)9(μ3‐O)(μ3‐GlycH−3)]⋅0.5 MeCN (4 a), (NEt4)[Re3(CO)9(μ3‐OMe)(μ3‐GlycH−3)] (4 b) and (DBUH)[Re3(CO)9(μ3‐OMe)(μ3‐1C4‐Me‐β‐D‐Ribp2,3,4H−3)] (5). The chiral sugar alcohols L‐threitol (L‐Thre) and D‐arabitol (D‐Arab) act as tetra‐ and pentadentate ligands, respectively, in (NEt4)[Re2(CO)6(L‐ThreH−3)]⋅MeCN (6) and (NEt4)2(DBUH)2[Re6(CO)18(D‐ArabH−5)2] (7). Complexes 6 and 7 are free of supporting oxo or methoxo ligands and use solely the O‐atom pattern of the polyol for the connection of the ReI(CO)3 moieties.
Total Synthesis of Pteridic Acids A and B
Authors: Nakahata Takashi , Fujimura Shohei , Kuwahara Shigefumi
Published: March 2006

Pteridic acid A (1) is a spirocyclic octaketide produced by the phytoepiphytic actinomycete Streptomyces hygroscopicus TP‐A0451 and possesses potent plant‐growth‐promoting activity comparable to that of indole‐3‐acetic acid. The enantioselective total synthesis of this natural product was achieved by employing the Sn(OTf)2‐mediated Evans aldol reaction and the Fukuyama acetylenic coupling reaction as the key CC bond‐forming steps producing 1 through a 14‐step sequence in 22 % overall yield from a known oxazolidinone derivative. MgBr2‐mediated equilibration of an anomerically favored spirocyclic intermediate used for the synthesis of 1 brought about partial epimerization of the spirocenter to give the corresponding anomerically disfavored epimer, which was converted into pteridic acid B (11‐epi‐1), another plant‐growth promoter of the same microbial origin.
Magnetic and Vibrational Properties and Crystal Structure of Sr9.2Co1.3(PO4)7 with Disordered Arrangements of Some Strontium, Cobalt, and Phosphate Ions.
Authors: Belik Alexei A. , Malakho Artem P. , Salamakha Petro S. , Lazoryak Bogdan I.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Na1.50Mn2.48Al0.85 (PO4)3, a New Synthetic Alluaudite‐Type Compound.
Authors: Hatert Frederic
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Twinning and Structure of Eu0.6Sr0.4MnO3.
Authors: Tamazyan Rafael , Rotiroti Nicola , van Smaalen Sander , Mukovskii Yakov , Arsenov A.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Triple Molybdates Cs2LiCo2(MoO4)4 and Rb3LiZn2(MoO4)4, Filled Derivatives of the Cs6Zn5(MoO4)8 Type.
Authors: Solodovnikova Zoya A. , Solodovnikov Sergey F. , Zolotova Evgeniya S.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lead Zinc Borate, PbZn2(BO3)2.
Authors: Chen Xue‐An , Zhao Ying‐Hua , Chang Xin‐An , Zhang Li , Xue Hai‐Ping
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unusual High‐Temperature Structural Behavior in Ferroelectric Bi2WO6.
Authors: McDowell Neil A. , Knight Kevin S. , Lightfoot Philip
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
White‐Light‐Emitting Long‐Lasting Phosphorescence in Dy3+‐Doped SrSiO3.
Authors: Kuang Jinyong , Liu Yingliang , Zhang Jianxian
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrogen‐Absorbing Characteristics of 15 Rare Earth Elements.
Authors: Hirano K. , Kadono J. , Yamamoto S. , Tanabe T. , Miyake H.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Three‐Dimensional Organically Templated Nickel‐Zinc Phosphate.
Authors: Lin Zhi‐En , Fan Wei , Chino Naotaka , Gao Feifei , Yokoi Toshiyuki , Okubo Tatsuya
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Enantioselective Oxidation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons with D4‐Symmetric Chiral Ruthenium Porphyrin Catalysts.
Authors: Zhang Rui , Yu Wing‐Yiu , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction of Silyl Enol Ethers with Aldehydes Using a Polymer‐Supported Chiral Lewis Acid Catalyst.
Authors: Itsuno Shinichi , Arima Shinnosuke , Haraguchi Naoki
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Synthesis of 1,3‐Aminoketals.
Authors: Bariau Annabelle , Canet Jean‐Louis , Chalard Pierre , Troin Yves
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Studies on Novel Synthetic Methodologies. Part 62. Fe3+‐K‐10 Montmorillonite Clay Catalyzed Friedel—Crafts Reaction of Unactivated Baylis—Hillman Adducts: An Efficient Stereoselective Synthesis of Trisubstituted Alkenes Containing a Benzyl Substituent.
Authors: Das Biswanath , Majhi Anjoy , Banerjee Joydeep , Chowdhury Nikhil , Venkateswarlu Katta
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
(S)‐Selective Kinetic Resolution and Chemoenzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols.
Authors: Boren Linnea , Martin‐Matute Belen , Xu Yongmei , Cordova Armando , Baeckvall Jan‐E.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Conversion of Alkyl Halides into Alcohols via Formyloxylation Reaction with DMF Catalyzed by Silver Salts.
Authors: Abad Antonio , Agullo Consuelo , Cunat Ana C. , Navarro Ismael
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Functionally Substituted Enamines as Building Blocks in Heterocyclic Synthesis: Reactivity of Glyoxal Diphenylhydrazone Toward Electrophilic Reagents.
Authors: Hassaneen Huwaida M. E. , Abdallah Tayseer A. , Hassaneen Hamdi M. , Elnagdi Mohamed H.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unprecedented Reactivity in the Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction: Intramolecular α‐Alkylation of Enones Using Saturated Alkyl Halides.
Authors: Krafft Marie E. , Seibert Kimberly A. , Haxell Thomas F. N. , Hirosawa Chitaru
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Heterogeneous Method for the Oxidation of Alcohols under Mild Conditions with Zinc Dichromate Adsorbed on Alumina.
Authors: Feizi N. , Hassani H. , Hakimi M.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Baeyer—Villiger Oxidation with Potassium Peroxomonosulfate Supported on Acidic Silica Gel.
Authors: Gonzalez‐Nunez Maria E. , Mello Rossella , Olmos Andrea , Asensio Gregorio
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Efficient Catalysts for Epoxidation Mediated by Iminium Salts.
Authors: Page Philip C. Bulman , Buckley Benjamin R. , Appleby Louise F. , Alsters Paul A.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solid‐State Regioselective Nitration of Activated Hydroxyaromatics and Hydroxycoumarins with Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate.
Authors: Ganguly Nemai C. , Dutta Sanjoy , Datta Mrityunjoy , De Prithwiraj
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Radical Cyanocarbonylation Using Alkyl Allyl Sulfones Precursors.
Authors: Kim Sangmo , Cho Chang Ho , Kim Sunggak , Uenoyama Yoshitaka , Ryu Ilhyong
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly (Z)‐Selective Hydrosilylation of Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by a Diphosphinidenecyclobutene‐Coordinated Ruthenium Complex: Application to the Synthesis of (Z,Z)‐Bis(2‐bromoethenyl)arenes.
Authors: Nagao Masato , Asano Kimihiro , Umeda Kazutoshi , Katayama Hiroyuki , Ozawa Fumiyuki
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tandem Carbocupration/Oxygenation of Terminal Alkynes.
Authors: Zhang Donghui , Ready Joseph M.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Efficient Reagents for Br/Mg Exchange.
Authors: Krasovskiy Arkady , Straub Bernd F. , Knochel Paul
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sodium Amalgam, a Useful Reducing Reagent for Formation of Amines from Azides Bearing a Variety of Functional Groups.
Authors: Lu Biao , Xie Xiao‐An , Zhu Ji‐Dong , Ma Da‐Wei
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reduction of 2,3‐Dihydroisoxazoles to β‐Amino Ketones and β‐Amino Alcohols.
Authors: Aschwanden Patrick , Kvaernoe Lisbet , Geisser Roger W. , Kleinbeck Florian , Carreira Erick M.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Selective Synthesis of Enantiopure O1‐Acyl‐3‐aminoalkane‐1,2‐diols by Ring Opening of Aminoepoxides with Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Concellon Jose M. , Suarez Jose Ramon , del Solar Virginia , Llavona Ricardo
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich‐Type Reactions Activated by ZnF2 Chiral Diamine in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Hamada Tomoaki , Manabe Kei , Kobayashi Shu
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Donor—Acceptor Alkynylcyclopropanes by Diastereoselective Cyclopropanation of Electron‐Deficient Alkenes with Alkoxyalkynyl Fischer Carbene Complexes.
Authors: Barluenga Jose , Fernandez‐Rodriguez Manuel A. , Garcia‐Garcia Patricia , Aguilar Enrique , Merino Isabel
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Vinylindiums Generated via Hydroindation of Terminal Alkynes with Diaryliodoniums Salts.
Authors: Xue Zhao , Yang De Yu , Wang ChunYan
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthesis of Quaternary α‐Hydroxy Acids by Alkylation of α‐Ketoamide‐Derived Dienediolates.
Authors: Newton Rebecca , Marsden Stephen P.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Alkyne Hydrothiolation with Aromatic and Aliphatic Thiols.
Authors: Cao Changsheng , Fraser Lauren R. , Love Jennifer A.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selective Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides with Poly[4‐hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]styrene.
Authors: Liu Ping , Liu Shi‐juan , Zhang Ji‐Zhen , Tian Guan‐rong
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pinacol Coupling of Aromatic Aldehydes Mediated by TiCl3—Mn—EtOH under Ultrasound Irradiation.
Authors: Li Ji‐Tai , Chen Yan‐Xue , Chang Rui‐Xiang , Li Tong‐Shuang
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of 2‐Iodo‐4‐(phenylchalcogenyl)‐1‐butenes.
Authors: Shi Min , Liu Le‐Ping , Tang Jie
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure‐Guided Synthesis of Tamoxifen Analogues with Improved Selectivity for the Orphan ERRγ.
Authors: Chao Esther Y. H. , Collins Jon L. , Gaillard Stephanie , Miller Aaron B. , Wang Liping , Orband‐Miller Lisa A. , Nolte Robert T. , McDonnell Donald P. , Willson Timothy M. , Zuercher William J.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Haloaromatization of 1,2‐Bis(ethynyl)benzene via Halogen Acids and PtCl2. Platinum‐Catalyzed 6‐π Electrocyclization of 1,2‐Bis(1′‐haloethenyl)benzene Intermediates.
Authors: Lo Ching‐Yu , Kumar Manyam Praveen , Chang Hsu‐Kai , Lush Shie‐Fu , Liu Rai‐Shung
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rigid Backbone 1,8‐Anthracene‐Linked Bis‐oxazolines (AnBOXes): Design, Synthesis, Application and Characteristics in Catalytic Asymmetric Aziridination.
Authors: Ma Linge , Jiao Peng , Zhang Qihan , Xu Jiaxi
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
From Genome to Drug Lead: Identification of a Small‐Molecule Inhibitor (I) of the SARS Virus.
Authors: Dooley Andrea J. , Shindo Nice , Taggart Barbara , Park Jewn‐Giew , Pang Yuan‐Ping
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Zirconium(IV) Chloride—Catalyzed Reaction of Indoles: An Expeditious Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes.
Authors: Nagawade Rahul R. , Shinde Devanand B.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Regioselective Oxidation of 4,5‐Disubstituted Pyrazoles: Controlled by Resonance Stabilization versus Hyperconjugation.
Authors: Lee Ka Young , Kim Seung Chan , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Di‐ and Tetra‐Sulfonated Heterocyclic Compounds by Crisscross Cycloaddition Reactions.
Authors: Tome Augusto C. , Cavaleiro Jose A. S. , Dominques Fernando M. J. , Cremlyn Richard J.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thieno[2,3‐c]pyrazoles and Related Heterocycles.
Authors: Haider Norbert , Farghaly Abdel‐Rahman , Al‐Mekhlafi Nabil , El‐Kashef Hussein
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Efficient Synthesis of 2,4,5‐Trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5‐Tetrasubstituted‐1H‐imidazoles.
Authors: Kidwai Mazaahir , Saxena Shilpi , Ruby Ruby , Rastogi Shweta
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 5(6)‐Arenesulfonyl Derivatives of 2‐Aminobenzimidazole in Polyphosphoric Acid.
Authors: Mel'nikova E. B. , El'chaninov M. M. , Lukyanov B. S.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Tuberculostatic Activity of 1,3‐Thiazacycloalkyl[3,2‐b]‐1,2,4‐triazoles.
Authors: Milczarska Barbara , Foks Henryk , Dobrzycka Urszula , Zwolska Zofia , Augustynowicz‐Kopec Ewa
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of 3‐Methoxyflavones.
Authors: Yoo Ho , Kim Seung Hwan , Lee Jiyong , Kim Hyoung Ja , Seo Seon Hee , Chung Bong Young , Jin Changbae , Lee Yong Sup
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Radical [n + 1] Annulations with Sulfur Dioxide.
Authors: Tsimelzon Anna , Braslau Rebecca
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Discovery of N‐(2‐Hydroxy‐2‐aryl‐cyclohexyl) Substituted Spiropiperidine as GlyT1 Antagonists with Improved Pharmacological Profile.
Authors: Ceccarelli Simona M. , Pinard Emmanuel , Stalder Henri , Alberati Daniela
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of N‐Aryl Pyridin‐2‐ones via Ligand Coupling Reactions Using Pentavalent Organobismuth Reagents.
Authors: Ikegai Kazuhiro , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of 2‐Aminobenzophenones and Polysubstituted Quinolines Through SmI2 Promoted Reductive Cleavage of 3‐Aryl‐2,1‐benzisoxazoles.
Authors: Fan Xuesen , Zhang Xinying , Zhang Yongmin
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Quinolines from 2‐Aminobenzyl Alcohol and Aldehydes.
Authors: Cho Chan Sik , Ren Wen Xiu , Shim Sang Chul
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of New Nitrogen‐Bridged Heterocycles. Part 58. Syntheses and Intramolecular Arene—π Interaction of 3‐(Allylthio)‐ and 3‐(Propargylthio)thieno[3,4‐b]indolizine Derivatives.
Authors: Kakehi Akikazu , Suga Hiroyuki , Kaneko Yoshikazu , Fujii Tsuneo , Tanaka Nobuaki
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and COX Inhibitory Activities of Rutaecarpine Derivatives.
Authors: Lee Eung Seok , Kim Seung Ill , Lee Seung Hoo , Jeong Tae Cheon , Moon Tae Chul , Chang Hyeun Wook , Jahng Yurngdong
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fused Pyrimidines. Part 2. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Furo[3,2‐e]imidazo[1,2‐c]pyrimidines and Furo[2,3‐d]pyrimidines.
Authors: Bhuiyan M. M. H. , Rahman Khandker M. M. , Hossain M. K. , Rahim M. A. , Hossain M. I.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of δ‐Lactam (2‐Oxopiperazine) Inhibitors of Elastase.
Authors: Seibel Juergen , Macdonald Simon J. , Schofield Christopher J.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Quinoxalines as Potential Nonulcerogenic Antiinflammatory and Analgesic Agents.
Authors: Ismail Magda M. F. , Ammar Yousry A. , Ibrahim Mohamed K. , El‐Zahaby Heba S. A. , Mahmoud Sawsan S.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antimalarial Activity of New 3‐Arylquinoxaline‐2‐carbonitrile Derivatives.
Authors: Zarranz Belen , Jaso Andres , Aldana Ignacio , Monge Antonio , Maurel Severine , Deharo Eric , Jullian Valerie , Sauvain Michel
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Reaction of Alkylenecyclopropanes and Diethyl Phosphite: A Novel Method for the Preparation of Diethyl 3,4‐Dihydro‐2‐naphthylphosphonates and 3‐Butenyl Ethyl Phosphates.
Authors: Huang Xian , Yu Lei
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Optically Active P‐Chiral Phosphinoselenoic Amides: Stereochemical Outcome at the P‐Stereogenic Center in the Synthesis of These Substances and Their Characterization.
Authors: Kimura Tsutomu , Murai Toshiaki
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Properties of a Stable 6‐Stannapentafulvene.
Authors: Mizuhata Yoshiyuki , Takeda Nobuhiro , Sasamori Takahiro , Tokitoh Norihiro
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unique Structural Topology and Reactivities of the ABD Tricycle in Phomactin A.
Authors: Cole Kevin P. , Hsung Richard P.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Chiral 1,2‐Diamines Derived from α‐Pinene.
Authors: Suzuki Toshiaki , Shibata Akira , Morohashi Naoya , Ohba Yoshihiro
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
4‐Hydroxyisoleucine: An Unusual Amino Acid as Antidyslipidemic and Antihyperglycemic Agent.
Authors: Narender Tadigoppula , Puri Anju , Shweta Shweta , Khaliq Tanvir , Saxena Rashmi , Bhatia Geetika , Chandra Ramesh
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
High‐Capacity Functional Protein Encapsulation in Nanoengineered Polypeptide Microcapsules.
Authors: Zhi Zheng‐liang , Haynie Donald T.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selective 1‐O‐Deacetylation of Carbohydrate Using Polymer‐Bound Benzylamine.
Authors: Johnsson Richard , Ellervik Ulf
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Alkaloids of Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss. (Chenopodiaceae)
Authors: El‐Shazly A. M. , Dora G. , Wink M.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of 7‐Deazaneplanocin A (V) Against Orthopoxviruses (Vaccinia and Cowpox Virus).
Authors: Arumugham Balakumar , Kim Hyo‐Joong , Prichard Mark N. , Kern Earl R. , Chu Chung K.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 2‐Substituted 6‐(Hydroxymethyl)purine Bases and Nucleosides.
Authors: Silhar Peter , Pohl Radek , Votruba Ivan , Hocek Michal
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Novel 2‐(Thymin‐1′‐ylmethoxy)ethyl Alkyl Sulfides and Their Oxidation Products.
Authors: Liu Xue‐Jun , Chen Ru‐Yu , Bai Dong‐Lu
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two New Diarylheptanoids from Juglans mandshurica.
Authors: Son Jong‐Keun , et al. et al.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Flavonoid: Tinctosid from Anthemis tinctoria L.
Authors: Masterova I. , Grancai D. , Grancaiova Z. , Pour M. , Ubik K.
Published: March 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.