bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Más allá de los cuerpos dóciles. El teatro de Eve Ensler como proyecto ‘boaliano’
Authors: Fernández Morales Marta
Published: June 2021

In an interview that was published in 2001, U.S-born playwright Eve Ensler stated that her mission as an author and performer was to raise the consciousness of her audience about atrocity and injustice. Most of her plays, including the well-known and often staged The Vagina Monologues (1998), are devoted to the denunciation of atrocity and injustice as they are inscribed on the female body. In Ensler’s production, women and girls are placed at the narrative and dramaturgical centre, and their bodies become the source of anger and rage, but also of self-knowledge, rebellion, pleasure, and sisterhood. Within a potentially Boalian framework which intends to transform the audience, encouraging it to assume the role of an agent, Ensler articulates proposals that give voice to the female body as sexed cultural matter, in the line of The Good Body (2001), Fur Is Back (2007), and I Am an Emotional Creature (2010). My objective here will be to try and prove that Ensler’s theatrical praxis has a place within Augusto Boal’s (1931- 2009) universe of the Theatre of the Oppressed, and that her work is also developed around the aim of overcoming the Foucaultian concept of a ‘docile body’, urging girls and women to empower themselves precisely from a locus that the dominant culture has tried to objectify and control through its discursive practices: their body.
La perspectiva religiosa y el uso de la lengua en Lutero
Authors: Monreal Pérez Juan Luis
Published: June 2021

The contribution of Luther to the development of the vernacular languages is in so far worth mentioning as it has allowed that German would become a richer language and its use would spread. On the other hand, Luther realized about the necessary relation between classic and vernacular languages. In fact, it was necessary for Luther to write and to talk in German because he was convinced that languages were not an instrument to classify people according to their social status, but to communicate with everybody, and to give them access to texts, like the New and the Ancient Testament, originally written in other languages. His translation of the Bible is a good example concerning the use of the romance languages. He used all his linguistic, philological and theological skills so that the translation would achieve the goals of transferring the meaning and of making a communicative use of the language.
El papel de la mujer en la sociedad inglesa del siglo XVIII
Authors: Torralbo Caballero Juan de Dios
Published: June 2021

eighteenth century discussions on education, women were usually either labelled too feather-brained, focused on leisure and gossip or they were castigated as vain for their attempt to be educated, therefore compromising their womanly duties. However, many well known male writers, such as Swift, Steele and Richardson, as well as Mary Wollstonecraft, championed the advancement of women and disagreed with an educational system that created intellectually inadequate young women. Instead of blaming women for their lack of learning, they criticised the educational methods for their lack of intellectual stimulation. This article examines how these writers viewed women as being intelligent beings with as much right to acquire knowledge as men, but how they also viewed women’s ultimate role in life as motherhood. They believed that education would help women become better people individually and therefore better mothers for the good of society.
Francis Hutcheson y la filosofía experiencialista contemporánea.
Authors: Moreno Inés
Published: June 2021

Se presentan aquí las dificultades de la Estética moderna al postular el carácter exclusivamente subjetivo de la experiencia estética. La emblemática teoría de Francis Hutcheson mostró, en su tiempo, el carácter irreductible de lo bello. El asunto sigue presente en el escenario contemporáneo: la filosofía experiencialista de Mark Johnson y George Lakoff intenta superar el dualismo todavía imperante en el pensamiento estético contemporáneo, desde una teoría que considere, seriamente, las bases corporales del significado.
El lector ante la autoficción.
Authors: Alcaraz León María José
Published: June 2021

Al menos desde que, en la década de los 70 del pasado siglo, surgiera el término “autoficción”, las cuestiones sobre cómo ha de entenderse este género o qué posibilidades de exploración de la subjetividad permite esta forma narrativa han dado lugar a un sostenido intercambio crítico en revistas académicas, simposios, ensayos, etc. En este trabajo abordaré algunas cuestiones relacionadas con el tipo de apreciación que parece exigida por este género a la luz de su doble compromiso con lo que, siguiendo a P. Lejeune (1975), se conocen como los pactos ficcional y autobiográfico. Palabras clave: Autobiografía ficcional, pacto ficcional, pacto autobiográfico, ficcionalizar, ver-como, acto de habla indirecto
De la teoría socialista al populismo: Gramsci en Laclau.
Authors: Salinas Alejandra M.
Published: June 2021

¿Cuál fue la influencia de Gramsci en Laclau? El trabajo responde esta pregunta. En sus primeros textos no hay referencias directas a la obra de Gramsci; más adelante, las citas y análisis remiten principalmente a otros intérpretes; en una tercera etapa, el autor italiano aparece vinculado a las nociones de pueblo, liderazgo y hegemonía. Proponemos analizar la presencia de Gramsci en los textos de Laclau, agrupados en tres etapas (marxista, postmarxista y populista). Se concluye que Laclau no fue un lector pionero ni sistemático de Gramsci, aunque adoptó y amplió sus ideas en las reflexiones sobre el socialismo y el populismo.
John Henry Newman, Edith Stein y la soberanía de la autoconciencia.
Authors: Choza Jacinto , Gutiérrrez Aguilar Ananí
Published: June 2021

En este artículo se expone la recepción del pensamiento de John Henry Newman y de Edith Stein en los cuadros teológicos y eclesiásticos oficiales de la iglesia católica. Recoge una parte de la historia de la guerra entre política y religión de la era contemporánea, en una parte de las iglesias cristianas de occidente. Esa guerra es la resistencia del Antiguo Régimen, frente al nuevo orden que a finales de la modernidad inauguran las proclamaciones de la dignidad del hombre, de los derechos humanos y de la soberanía de la autoconciencia. La recepción de Newman y Stein significa el reconocimiento de los derechos humanos y la dignidad humana en los ámbitos cristianos, y especialmente en la iglesia católica. Palabras clave: Persona, conciencia, autoconciencia, personalismo, Iglesia católica
El daímon homérico como antecedente del concepto filosófico de felicidad (eudaimonía).
Authors: Alfaro Molina Juan Gabriel
Published: June 2021

La felicidad (eudaimonía) es un concepto central en los escritos éticos filosóficos. Aquí se presenta un estudio sobre como los principales escritos homéricos fundamentan el sentido de este término, donde, a pesar de desconocerse dicha noción, utiliza la palabra compuesta de buen (εὐ) y daímon (δαίμων) para indicar la presencia de un ser celestial que guía al individuo. Homero en sus obras utiliza una serie de fórmulas para describir a este daímon, y cómo este se fue identificando como algo cercano a la conciencia del hombre, una acción divina en el interior de cada ser humano.
Envío, acontecimiento & catástrofe. La correspondencia entre Heidegger y Derrida.
Authors: Núñez Marco Antonio
Published: June 2021

En el presente artículo nos proponemos examinar, en primer lugar, la deconstrucción de la noción heideggeriana de Ereignis como ″envío del ser″ mediante su desplazamiento al ámbito de la tecnología de ″lo postal″. En segundo lugar, veremos las consecuencias que se derivan de inscribir un concepto ontológico en contexto reglado por la alteridad que escapa a los dominios del logos, tanto para una visión genealógica de la historia intelectual, como a la hora de ilustrar la naturaleza de la compleja de la relación entre ambos filósofos.
ENTRE O CRIME E A PANDEMIA: REFLEXÕES EM REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS
Authors: Carvalho João Gilberto Silva
Published: June 2021

Resumo: O texto tinha por objetivo uma pesquisa e se tornou um ensaio. De início, o objetivo era dar continuidade à perspectiva de aproximação da teoria das representações sociais aos fenômenos do cotidiano em estudos pontuais ou preliminares. E o fio condutor escolhido foi um crime bastante noticiado nos meios de comunicação, sendo o ponto de partida, portanto, de uma análise preliminar sobre a representação social do crime hediondo. Assim, a partir de dados veiculados pelos meios eletrônicos de comunicação, em prazo curto e delimitado, foram extraídos elementos que apontassem a possibilidade de uma pesquisa sobre a representação social do crime hediondo. Ainda que em caráter inicial, as análises respaldaram a perspectiva de uma abordagem recortada e bem próxima ao calor dos acontecimentos. Entretanto, de forma fulminante e paradoxal, a pandemia provocada pelo novo coronavírus confirmaria de forma radical a tal hipótese de trabalho, alterando completamente o escopo original do texto: escrever sobre o crime hediondo tornou-se secundário em relação ao caos provocado pelo vírus. O presente ensaio, escrito durante o período crítico da pandemia, expressa essa trajetória.Palavras-chave: Representações sociais. Crime hediondo. Cotidiano. Psicologia Social.Abstract: The text was intended for research and became an experience report. At first, the objective was to continue the perspective of bringing the theory of social representations closer to everyday phenomena in specific or preliminary studies. And the chosen guideline was a crime that was widely reported in the media, being the starting point, therefore, of a preliminary analysis on the social representation of heinous crime. Thus, from data transmitted by electronic means of communication, in a short and limited period, elements were extracted that point to the possibility of research on the social representation of heinous crime. Although in an initial character, the analyzes supported the perspective of a cut approach and very close to the heat of events. However, in a fulminating and paradoxical way, the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus would radically confirm this working hypothesis, completely changing the original scope of the text: writing about the heinous crime has become secondary to the chaos caused by the virus. The present essay, written during the critical period of the pandemic, expresses this trajectory.Keywords: Social representations. Heinous crime. Everyday life. Social psychology.
Lexical features of the news headlines on the BBC and CNN English-language channels
Authors:   National Pedagogical Dragomanov University, Ishchuk A. A.
Published: June 2021

The article reveals the features of the media language via analysis of the elements of English-language headlines that are used by the well-known information resources of the BBC and CNN channels. The method of random sampling and a comparative method were used in the research to demonstrate the lexical features of headlines of the English-language news. The mass media are the basis for the development of the linguistic situation, and the newspaper headlines can create new concepts within the journalistic and colloquial styles. The news covers political, military, economic, social, and cultural events. Stylistically colored vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation affect speech habits. The media language is not only a corpus of texts functioning in the field of mass communication, but also a stable intra-language system characterized by a certain set of linguistic properties. In this system, the main features are the ratio of audiovisual and verbal elements, which are unique for each type of mass media: television, print media, or online publications. The topicality of the study grounds on the issue of interpreting news texts and their impact on a viewer. The article studies the most common lexical units, their expressiveness, and the place they have in a sentence or phrase. The attributive function of nouns in news headlines is emphasized. Lexical features of headings include stable expressions, common words that are characterized by brevity and expressiveness, nominative attribute groups, numerals, and abbreviations.
Diachronic plurality of retranslations in the context of translation equivalence (case study of Ukrainian retranslations of W. Shakespeare’s tragedies)
Authors:   Dnipro University of Technology, Boiko I. V.
Published: June 2021

The article considers the concept of equivalence in the context of the diachronic plurality of retranslations of Shakespeare's tragedies. An analysis of different approaches to determining the levels of equivalence is given: E. Nida and K. Rice distinguish formal and dynamic equivalence; J. Catford differentiates formal equivalent and text equivalent; J. House determines the difference between explicit and implicit translation. W. Koller distinguishes five types of equivalence: denotative equivalence, connotative equivalence, text-normative equivalence, pragmatic equivalence, and formal equivalence. V. Komissarov defines the levels of equivalence that form a hierarchical structure: levels of communication objectives, description of the situation, utterance, messages, and linguistic signs. The article highlights the notion of diachronic plurality of retranslations of a time-remote original text on the example of Ukrainian retranslations of the XIX–XXI centuries of Shakespeare's tragedies „Hamlet” and „Romeo and Juliet” and defines the basic principles of equivalence theory on which diachronic plurality of retranslations is based. The specifics of translators' use of different strategies in achieving equivalence of the original text and the translated one, which are due to the creative personality of the translator and translation style, is described. The article demonstrates that achieving the equivalence of a time-remote original text that is not a fixed quantity is a very important task for every translator, whose decision is determined by various factors, including the translator's choice of appropriate strategies and tactics. Each translation reflects its „own” original, which always follows from the individual vision of the text by the translator.
The usage of project technology in English language classes in out-of-school establishments
Authors:   Svitlodarsk Center for Children and Youth Creativity, Savchenko I. E.
Published: June 2021

The article considers the specifics of organization of English language teaching and education in out-of-school establishments. The advantages of the extracurricular club activities and their objectives have been identified, while new language teaching in particular. It has been also established, that out-of-school activities promote the development of pupils' speech, communication and sociocultural competences. Extracurricular club activities are more flexible, amateur and appropriate the pupil’s needs. The teacher of the club has a certain freedom of choice the form of teaching and of work and types of knowledge control. It has been found that one of the methods that meets the conditions is the project method. The typology of educational projects after E. Polat has been considered, as so as the methodology for phased implementation of the project. The study has suggested that the project technology allows to integrate various forms and activities into the educational process. Pupils with different language skills contribute as much as possible into the overall work, in this way all the participants are involved without exception. While working on the project pupils acquire the practical skills of using foreign language, get used for teamwork, have the opportunity to embody their creative potential. Thereby the project technologies are the integral part of the successfully organized work on English teaching and the whole educational process in general.
Occasional words in the language of advertising
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Kotenko M. V. , Shtanhret A. Z. ,   National Forestry University of Ukraine
Published: June 2021

The article attempts to investigate the peculiarities of using of occasionalisms in the language of advertising. A thorough analysis of selected occasionalisms was performed on the level of phonetics, semantics and syntax. It has been proven that alliteration is the most often used means to increase the intonational expressiveness of an advertising slogan, as illustrated by numerous examples from newspaper articles. The analysis of belonging of occasional words to a certain part of the language has shown that they mostly belong to the class of nouns, adjectives and verbs with a positive connotation, thus contributing to the expressiveness of an advertising slogan. It has been confirmed that every occasionalism has been created for a certain advertising slogan by violating the language norms of word formation. Most occasional words have been formed by derivation, mainly affixation, base formation and abbreviation. From a syntactic point of view, the language of advertising is represented by affirmative, interrogative and exclamatory types of sentences. The main function of the selected occasional words is the nomination of certain products and services. Performing the function of an expressive means, occasionalisms are mostly used to provide a vivid description of the advertising product or service in order to attract the attention of consumers. It has been proved the expediency of using intentionally incorrect spelling of words, the so-called sensational or divergent spelling in the texts of the advertising slogan is considered to be one of the effective ways to attract the attention of modern consumers to the advertising product or service. As an example of an innovative tool in the battle for perspective consumers, the use of numerals and other graphic symbols has been singled out for the potential consumers’ attention, which will help to increase the effectiveness of the advertising slogan and remembering of its new expressive shades.
Time category of English folktale „The Seal-Catcher”
Authors:   University of customs and Finance, Biriukova D. V. , Kashyrina I. O. ,   Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs
Published: June 2021

This article is dedicated to the study of time category in the English folktale „The Seal-Catcher”. Folktale has always been considered as the unique component of folklore. All peoples of the world have been describing the pastime events through the folklore, in particular, through the folktale. A folktale is the world’s heritage unit. It has been transferred from one generation to another to tell about how people lived many years ago, how they worked, built relationship, which valuables they had etc. Folktales as long as anecdotes, fables, songs and other folklore components were told in oral. In this article the usage of time category in the English folktale „The Seal-Catcher” is researched. The object of the study is the folktale „The Seal-Catcher”. The aim is to determine the characteristics of the means of expressing the category of time in the English folktale. The term temporality is used as the synonym to the term time. In other words, temporality is the category of time being mostly used in specific unit. The category of time includes not only the time forms but also lexical means of linguistic expression of time. Time relation and time characteristics are studied in this article on the materials of the folktale „The Seal-Catcher”. In this folktale the most commonly used tense is Past Simple tense – 85%. The time category is mainly built on the Past Indefinite grammatical constructions. Application of Present Indefinite tense is not characteristic for this folktale. The further research is considered to be promising when to study modality of English folktales as the way of motivation to the action.
Lingvuistic features of the English language opera aria
Authors:   Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs, Kuzmenko A. O. , Railianova V. E. ,   Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs
Published: June 2021

The article deals with the relationship between discourse and text, as well as song discourse and song text. The place and role of the style of the opera aria in the world culture (musical culture) has been determined. The object of the study is the English-language song texts of opera arias, and the subject is their stylistic arrangement. The signs of dialogism in the English-language song texts of opera arias are clarified: the use of interjections, the first and second person of pronouns and verbs, imperative constructions and addresses. It has been proven that stylistic means of addition and substitution play a significant role in style. The stylistic addition is aimed at depicting the magical and mystical with a breath of the imaginary. On the other hand, vernacular using interjections, imperatives, abbreviated forms reinforce the ordinariness of life. All stylistic techniques of addition are aimed at more emotional saturation of the realities of human existence in the English-language song texts of opera arias. Personification is perhaps the main technique of opera arias, because everything that is sung about the feeling of love is filled with human skills and capabilities. Stylistic figures of addition and substitution in the English-language opera arias emphasize the emphatic nature of thought and the acuteness of the speaker's perception of the world around him.
The Changing Geopolitical Economy of Transcaucasia under
Multipolarity
Authors: Gürcan Efe Can
Published: June 2021

This article sheds light on the changing character of the Transcaucasian
geopolitical economy based on the question of how the multipolarization of world
politics has shaped the course of regional conflicts and the balance of forces
in the region. In this framework, the article proposes transcending static
labels such as Georgia / Azerbaijan as a “Western post,” Iran and Azerbaijan as
“arch enemies,” and Armenia as a “traditional Russian ally” by reference to
recent developments such as the peaceful rise of China in the region, Putin's
Eurasianist geostrategic leanings, and the reorientation of Turkey's foreign
policy since 2016. Georgian and Armenian color revolution dynamics are likely to
be suppressed thanks to the recent foreign policy shift of Turkey as a strategic
ally of Georgia, Georgia's inclusion in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and
the Russo-Turkish rapprochement. Amidst deteriorating relations with the US and
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in the 2010s, moreover, Azerbaijan's
foreign policy gives increasingly greater weight to relations with Russia, which
can be further deepened under the influence of Turkey's foreign policy. A
similar situation goes for Azerbaijan's involvement in the Non-Aligned Movement
and BRI, as well as Iranian acknowledgment of Azerbaijan's territorial integrity
despite unresolved tensions in bilateral relations.
Differential-geometry-based surface normal vector calculation method using a time-of-flight camera
Authors: Ohno Hiroshi
Published: June 2021

A surface normal vector of an object is often needed to detect an orientation of the object. A simple calculation method of the surface normal vector by means of a time-of-flight (ToF) camera is thus proposed here, using a coordinate transformation of three-dimensional irregular points acquired by the ToF camera to regular grid representation. Each point of the regular grid representation has a depth (distance from the camera) defined on the regular grid. The surface normal vector on the regular grid can be derived based on differential geometry with partial derivatives of the depth, and can then be in the form of the discretized Fourier transformation to which the fast Fourier transformation algorithm is applicable. The method of the surface normal vector calculation is thus theoretically derived. Validation of the method is also experimentally performed.
Focusing characteristics of linearly polarized Lorentz–Gaussian vortex beams with sinusoidal phase modulation
Authors: Chen Yueyang , Li Jinsong , Zhang Haoran , Ocran Francisca Margarita , Chang Shuo , Gao Xiumin
Published: June 2021

Based on the vector diffraction theory, this paper investigates the focusing properties of linearly polarized Lorentz–Gaussian vortex beams with sinusoidal phase modulation and discusses the focused light intensity under different parameters in detail. Results show that the focus pattern in the horizontal direction at the focal region can be compressed by increasing the relative Gaussian parameter

w
x

. As the relative Lorentz parameter

γ
y

increases, the focus pattern will separate in the vertical direction of the optical field. With the topological charge number

m

increases, a special tunable optical dark trap focusing mode can be obtained. Through changing the sinusoidal modulation parameter

n

, the regular trilateral, quadrangle, pentagon, and hexagon shapes of the focusing mode can be correspondingly constructed. Besides, on increasing propagation distance

z

, the focusing mode in the near focusing region gradually extends outside and always exhibits hexagon-shaped patterns, which reflects that this special focusing mode has a good stability. In addition, the optical gradient force distributions and the field intensity distributions in the longitudinal plane are also investigated to illuminate the applications of these alterable focal patterns. Those novel, to the best of our knowledge, findings may be helpful in applications such as optical manipulation, optical focusing, and imaging.
Efficient optical-to-terahertz conversion in large-area InGaAs photo-Dember emitters with increased indium content
Authors: Ilyakov I. E. , Shishkin B. V. , Malevich V. L. , Ponomarev D. S. , Galiev R. R. , Pavlov A. Yu. , Yachmenev A. E. , Kovalev S. P. , Chen M. , Akhmedzhanov R. A. , Khabibullin R. A.
Published: June 2021

In this Letter, optical-to-terahertz (THz) conversion of 800 nm femtosecond laser pulses in large-area bias-free InGaAs emitters based on photo-Dember (PD) and lateral photo-Dember (LPD) effects is experimentally investigated. We use metamorphic buffers to grow sub-micrometer thick

I
n

x

G
a

1
−
x

A
s

layers with indium mole fractions

x
=
0.37

, 0.53, and 0.70 on a GaAs substrate. A strong enhancement of THz output energy with an increase of indium content is observed. On the surface of the sample providing the strongest emission (

x
=
0.7

), we have fabricated a

1.5

c
m

2

area of asymmetrically shaped metallic grating for LPD emission. This LPD emitter allows achieving high conversion efficiency of

0.24

⋅

10

−
3

and a broad generation bandwidth of up to 6 THz. We also demonstrate that there is no significant difference in the conversion efficiency when operating at 1 and 200 kHz repetition rates. Our results show that large-area LPD emitters give a convenient, competitive way to generate intense high-repetition-rate THz pulses.
Azimuthally polarized picosecond vector beam with 1.7 kW of average output power
Authors: Loescher André , Röcker Christoph , Graf Thomas , Abdou Ahmed Marwan
Published: June 2021

We report on a thin-disk multipass amplifier delivering azimuthally polarized, 7.8 ps short, laser pulses at an average power and with pulse energies of up to 1.7 kW and 5.8 mJ, respectively. High polarization purity was achieved by compensating for the arbitrary linear phase shifts that are introduced by tilted optical elements.
Promoting inclusive metrics of success and impact to dismantle a discriminatory reward system in science
Authors: Davies Sarah W. , Putnam Hollie M. , Ainsworth Tracy , Baum Julia K. , Bove Colleen B. , Crosby Sarah C. , Côté Isabelle M. , Duplouy Anne , Fulweiler Robinson W. , Griffin Alyssa J. , Hanley Torrance C. , Hill Tessa , Humanes Adriana , Mangubhai Sangeeta , Metaxas Anna , Parker Laura M. , Rivera Hanny E. , Silbiger Nyssa J. , Smith Nicola S. , Spalding Ana K. , Traylor-Knowles Nikki , Weigel Brooke L. , Wright Rachel M. , Bates Amanda E.
Published: June 2021

Success and impact metrics in science are based on a system that perpetuates sexist and racist “rewards” by prioritizing citations and impact factors. These metrics are flawed and biased against already marginalized groups and fail to accurately capture the breadth of individuals’ meaningful scientific impacts. We advocate shifting this outdated value system to advance science through principles of justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion. We outline pathways for a paradigm shift in scientific values based on multidimensional mentorship and promoting mentee well-being. These actions will require collective efforts supported by academic leaders and administrators to drive essential systemic change.
Laboratory evaluation of the rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of Vibrio cholerae O1 using diarrheal samples
Authors: Chowdhury Goutam , Senapati Tarosi , Das Bhabatosh , Kamath Asha , Pal Debottam , Bose Puja , Deb Arundhati , Paul Sangita , Mukhopadhyay Asish K. , Dutta Shanta , Ramamurthy Thandavarayan
Published: June 2021

Background

Cholera, an acute diarrheal disease is a major public health problem in many developing countries. Several rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) are available for the detection of cholera, but their efficacies are not compared in an endemic setting. In this study, we have compared the specificity and sensitivity of three RDT kits for the detection ofVibrio choleraeO1 and compared their efficiency with culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods.

Methods

Five hundred six diarrheal stool samples collected from patients from two different hospitals in Kolkata, India were tested using SD Bioline Cholera, SMART-II Cholera O1 and Crystal-VC RDT kits. All the stool samples were screened for the presence ofV.choleraeby direct and enrichment culture methods. Stool DNA-based PCR assay was made to target the cholera toxin (ctxAB) and O1 somatic antigen (rfb) encoding genes. Statistical evaluation of the RDTs has been made using STATA software with stool culture and PCR results as the gold standards. The Bayesian latent class model (LCM) was used to evaluate the diagnostic tests in the absence of the gold standard.

Results

Involving culture technique as gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the cholera RDT kits in the direct testing of stools was highest with SAMRT-II (86.1%) and SD-Cholera (94.4%), respectively. The DNA based PCR assays gave very high sensitivity (98.4%) but the specificity was comparatively low (75.3%). After enrichment, the high sensitivity and specificity was detected with SAMRT-II (78.8%) and SD-Cholera (99.1%), respectively. Considering PCR as the gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the RDTs remained between 52.3–58.2% and 92.3–96.8%, respectively. In the LCM, the sensitivity of direct and enrichment testing was high in SAMRT-II (88% and 92%, respectively), but the specificity was high in SD cholera for both the methods (97% and 100%, respectively). The sensitivity/specificity of RDTs and direct culture have also been analyzed considering the age, gender and diarrheal disease severity of the patients.

Conclusion

Overall, the performance of the RDT kits remained almost similar in terms of specificity and sensitivity. Performance of PCR was superior to the antibody-based RDTs. The RTDs are very useful in identifying cholera cases during outbreak/epidemic situations and for making them as a point-of-care (POC) testing tool needs more improvement.
Development and psychometric properties of the Nursing Student Academic Resilience Inventory (NSARI): A mixed-method study
Authors: Ali-Abadi Tayyebeh , Ebadi Abbas , Sharif Nia Hamid , Soleimani Mohsen , Ghods Ali Asghar
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Resilience has been proposed as a suitable solution to better deal with nursing students in cases of challenges but the complex and multidimensional nature of resilience has made its measurement challenging. This study aimed to develop and validate a new inventory theory-driven labeled Nursing Student Academic Resilience Inventory.

Methods

This study was performed with an exploratory sequential mixed-method design. In the qualitative phase of the study, individual interviews were conducted by including 15 participants to elicit the concept of resilience through purposive sampling. In the quantitative phase, psychometric analysis of the extracted items was performed using face, content, and construct validities (exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses) on a sample size of 405 nursing students. Besides, reliability has been tested using internal consistency and test-retest methods. According to the COSMIN standards, beside two important indicators of validity and reliability, responsiveness and interpretability were also considered.

Results

A 6-factor structure (optimism, communication, self-esteem/evaluation, self-awareness, trustworthiness, and self-regulation) with 24 items were extracted in terms of the derived categories from the qualitative phase. In confirmatory factor analysis, the χ2/dfratio was calculated as 2.11 for the NSARI six-factor structure. Suitable values were obtained for the goodness of fit indices (CFI = 0.904, AGFI = 0.885, IFI = 0.906, PCFI = 0.767, and RMSEA = 0.053). In the second-order factor analysis, AVE = 0.70 indicated the existence of both convergent and divergent validities. The Cronbach’s alpha and omega coefficients were investigated as (0.66–0.78) and (0.66–0.80), respectively. The AIC was between 0.33 and 0.45 for all factors, which is an acceptable rate. Additionally, an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was obtained as .903 for the whole instrument (CI .846- .946, P <0.0001).

Conclusion

Multidimensional nature of resilience was supported through exploring its 6-factor structures in the nursing students’ field. This tool also showed an acceptable validity and reliability for measuring resilience in the population of nursing students.
Toe-brachial index is beyond a peripheral issue in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Darban Hosseini Amirkhiz Gisoo , Babaei Mohammad Reza , Madani Nahid Hashemi , Khamseh Mohammad Ebrahim
Published: June 2021

Background

Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in patients with diabetes. We aimed to evaluate the association between ankle-brachial index (ABI) and toe-brachial index (TBI) with carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Methods

This cross sectional study included 296 patients with T2DM who met the American Diabetes Association criteria for the assessment of peripheral arterial atherosclerosis. The ABI ≤ 0.9 and TBI ≤ 0.7 were considered as abnormal values. Linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between TBI/ABI and CIMT.

Results

Right CIMT was significantly greater in the low TBI group (p = 0.03) while, left CIMT did not show a significant difference. Each 0.1-unit decrease in TBI value was independently associated with 0.017 mm increase in the right CIMT (β ± SE; -0.017 ± 0.005, p = 0.002) and with odds of the presence of increased CIMT [odds ratio and 95% confidence interval: 1.21 (1.02, 1.44)] after adjustment with all traditional risk factors. There was not any significant association between ABI and increased CIMT.

Conclusions

Beyond a suitable tool for the diagnosis of peripheral artery disease in patients with T2DM, TBI can be applied for prediction of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.
Serial imaging of micro-agents and cancer cell spheroids in a microfluidic channel using multicolor fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Kaya Mert , Stein Fabian , Rouwkema Jeroen , Khalil Islam S. M. , Misra Sarthak
Published: June 2021

Multicolor fluorescence microscopy is a powerful technique to fully visualize many biological phenomena by acquiring images from different spectrum channels. This study expands the scope of multicolor fluorescence microscopy by serial imaging of polystyrene micro-beads as surrogates for drug carriers, cancer spheroids formed using HeLa cells, and microfluidic channels. Three fluorophores with different spectral characteristics are utilized to perform multicolor microscopy. According to the spectrum analysis of the fluorophores, a multicolor widefield fluorescence microscope is developed. Spectral crosstalk is corrected by exciting the fluorophores in a round-robin manner and synchronous emitted light collection. To report the performance of the multicolor microscopy, a simplified 3D tumor model is created by placing beads and spheroids inside a channel filled with the cell culture medium is imaged at varying exposure times. As a representative case and a method for bio-hybrid drug carrier fabrication, a spheroid surface is coated with beads in a channel utilizing electrostatic forces under the guidance of multicolor microscopy. Our experiments show that multicolor fluorescence microscopy enables crosstalk-free and spectrally-different individual image acquisition of beads, spheroids, and channels with the minimum exposure time of 5.5 ms. The imaging technique has the potential to monitor drug carrier transportation to cancer cells in real-time.
Interaction between CO2-consuming autotrophy and CO2-producing heterotrophy in non-axenic phototrophic biofilms
Authors: Ronan Patrick , Kroukamp Otini , Liss Steven N. , Wolfaardt Gideon
Published: June 2021

As the effects of climate change become increasingly evident, the need for effective CO2 management is clear. Microalgae are well-suited for CO2 sequestration, given their ability to rapidly uptake and fix CO2. They also readily assimilate inorganic nutrients and produce a biomass with inherent commercial value, leading to a paradigm in which CO2-sequestration, enhanced wastewater treatment, and biomass generation could be effectively combined. Natural non-axenic phototrophic cultures comprising both autotrophic and heterotrophic fractions are particularly attractive in this endeavour, given their increased robustness and innate O2-CO2 exchange. In this study, the interplay between CO2-consuming autotrophy and CO2-producing heterotrophy in a non-axenic phototrophic biofilm was examined. When the biofilm was cultivated under autotrophic conditions (i.e. no organic carbon), it grew autotrophically and exhibited CO2 uptake. After amending its growth medium with organic carbon (0.25 g/L glucose and 0.28 g/L sodium acetate), the biofilm rapidly toggled from net-autotrophic to net-heterotrophic growth, reaching a CO2 production rate of 60 μmol/h after 31 hours. When the organic carbon sources were provided at a lower concentration (0.125 g/L glucose and 0.14 g/L sodium acetate), the biofilm exhibited distinct, longitudinally discrete regions of heterotrophic and autotrophic metabolism in the proximal and distal halves of the biofilm respectively, within 4 hours of carbon amendment. Interestingly, this upstream and downstream partitioning of heterotrophic and autotrophic metabolism appeared to be reversible, as the position of these regions began to flip once the direction of medium flow (and hence nutrient availability) was reversed. The insight generated here can inform new and important research questions and contribute to efforts aimed at scaling and industrializing algal growth systems, where the ability to understand, predict, and optimize biofilm growth and activity is critical.
Evolution of deterrence with costly reputation information
Authors: Berger Ulrich , De Silva Hannelore
Published: June 2021

Deterrence, a defender’s avoidance of a challenger’s attack based on the threat of retaliation, is a basic ingredient of social cooperation in several animal species and is ubiquitous in human societies. Deterrence theory has recognized that deterrence can only be based on credible threats, but retaliating being costly for the defender rules this out in one-shot interactions. If interactions are repeated and observable, reputation building has been suggested as a way to sustain credibility and enable the evolution of deterrence. But this explanation ignores both the source and the costs of obtaining information on reputation. Even for small information costs successful deterrence is never evolutionarily stable. Here we use game-theoretic modelling and agent-based simulations to resolve this puzzle and to clarify under which conditions deterrence can nevertheless evolve and when it is bound to fail. Paradoxically, rich information on defenders’ past actions leads to a breakdown of deterrence, while with only minimal information deterrence can be highly successful. We argue that reputation-based deterrence sheds light on phenomena such as costly punishment and fairness, and might serve as a possible explanation for the evolution of informal property rights.
Razonemos
Authors: Pérez Miranda Iván
Published: June 2021

Editorial del nº2 (2011) de El Futuro del Pasado. Revista electrónica de Historia
Más allá de la técnica: símbolo y lenguaje del arte paleolítico
Authors: Hernández Sánchez Clara
Published: June 2021

El título del Congreso, “Razón, utopía y sociedad” responde a tres perspectivas de análisis que han conformado la investigación del Arte paleolítico a lo largo de su poco más de un siglo de vigencia científica. La razón llevó a los primeros prehistoriadores a establecer clasificaciones cronológicas basadas en presunciones estilísticas y técnicas. Frente a ello, surgieron los ‘utópicos’, aquellos arqueo-etnógrafos que pretendían dar explicaciones actuales a los primeros gestos gráficos de la Humanidad. Del estudio de las denominadas ‘culturas primitivas’ se han obtenido conocimientos teóricos aplicables, pero también numerosas incongruencias y anacronismos, nada justificados. La presente comunicación pretende una revisión historiográfica crítica de estos ‘caminos’ de la razón y la utopía con el objeto de acercarnos a la sociedad que hay detrás del arte. Una sociedad comunicada y comunicante, con un lenguaje propio, codificado por la colectividad y estructurado por sus emisores.
Apian, VI, 31: introducción didáctica de tópoi sobre los pueblos hispanos en el relato histórico
Authors: Hernández Prieto Enrique
Published: June 2021

En este fragmento de su obra, Apiano relata los presuntos hechos acaecidos entre Lucio Marcio, legado de Escipión, y un contingente de hispanos al servicio de los cartagineses, durante la Segunda Guerra Púnica. El autor aprovecha el trasfondo histórico para introducir, junto a habituales exigencias romanas en una negociación militar, toda una serie de tópicos sobre la naturaleza de los indígenas y, en general, del mundo bárbaro. En realidad, parece que Apiano habría adelantado unos acontecimientos más bien propios de las posteriores guerras celtibéricas y lusitanas. Además de adornar el relato, su objetivo habría sido adoctrinar a sus lectores, un público profundamente helenizado, sobre el carácter de los pueblos hispanos, especialmente de los celtíberos.
La imagen social del oficio de historiador
Authors: Manjón Esteban Alfonso
Published: June 2021

A pesar de la evolución que han sufrido los estudios históricos en las últimas décadas, no son demasiadas las aportaciones que los historiadores han hecho acerca de la labor que desempeñan, de las dificultades con que se encuentran a la hora de desarrollar su actividad profesional o de la importancia que adquiere su trabajo intelectual dentro del desarrollo cultural que experimenta la sociedad en la que vive. Esa realidad se ve reflejada en la imagen que la sociedad tiene acerca de su oficio. Así, los problemas con que el historiador se encuentra en su profesión, la escasa difusión de los valores con que debe realizarse el trabajo científico, la escasa presencia que muchas veces los historiadores tienen en los medios de comunicación, así como la más bien deficiente formación teórica y práctica de los estudiantes de Historia en la Universidad, permiten que la sociedad tenga un concepto no demasiado claro acerca, no ya de la importancia de los estudios históricos (lo que a veces también ocurre), sino de la legitimidad y honradez de nuestra labor académica e investigadora.
Fuentes documentales del Archivo General de Indias (Sevilla) para la historia de la mujer española en la América colonial
Authors: Ortega Sánchez Delfín
Published: June 2021

En este artículo analizamos el valor testimonial e histórico de los autos de bienes de difuntos de extremeñas fallecidas en Indias. A partir del estudio de varios expedientes, orientamos nuestro trabajo hacia las posibilidades ofrecidas por este tipo de documentación para la investigación de la historia de la mujer en la América española.
Ecofeminismo. Una reivindicación de la mujer y la naturaleza
Authors: Tardón Vigil María
Published: June 2021

A lo largo de la historia, la mujer ha sido, entre otras muchas cosas, creadora de conocimientos, productora de materia y guardiana de la biodiversidad. Los rasgos androcéntricos han ido transformando la cultura hasta desembocar en una crisis ecológica, razón de más por la cual se aborda la cuestión medioambiental desde el lado femenino (resaltando los valores de la naturaleza, la mujer, el animal, el sentimiento, la materia y el cuerpo). Fue Françoise d’Eaubonne la primera que usó el término “ecofeminismo” reclamando el cuerpo femenino como propiedad de una misma. Y a partir de esta premisa, diversos grupos de mujeres comenzaron a tomar conciencia sobre los riesgos de su salud, derivados del uso de pesticidas, fertilizantes y excesiva medicalización que repercuten sobre el cuerpo femenino. Y ya Karen Warren hace ecofeminismo desde la filosofía, concibe la diferenciación como inferioridad. La dominación es la peor de las formas de maltrato, y el medioambiente sufre cada día las consecuencias, cierta reflexión habría de impulsar una compasión especial por ese otro que nunca protesta.
Nacer de hombre, nacer de mujer, los nacimientos partenogénicos de la generación de los Dioses Olímpicos
Authors: Fernández García Verónica
Published: June 2021

La mitología griega es a menudo una fuente de información muy importante para la comprensión de la sociedad en que se fraguó. De modo que, gracias a los mitos, podemos investigar acerca de la mentalidad que tenían los antiguos griegos.El mito de Atenea y Zeus es un claro ejemplo de la concepción que tenían los helenos acerca de la intervención de las mujeres en la procreación. El mito de Hefesto y Hera sustenta lo anterior, y nos muestra la idea que existía acerca de la posibilidad de que las mujeres parieran en solitario. Todo lo bueno o todo lo malo están encerrados en estas dos formas de concepción en sus respectivos nacimientos partenogénicos. Por tanto, a lo largo de este trabajo, vamos a reflexionar sobre esta idea y, en definitiva, sobre el pensamiento griego en torno al papel de las mujeres en el acto de creación.
La Escuela Elemental de Artes e Industrias de Béjar (1852-1902)
Authors: Cascón Matas Carmen
Published: June 2021

La Escuela Regional de Artes y Oficios de Béjar (Salamanca) inició su andadura en 1886, aunque sus precedentes pueden ser rastreados desde 1852 en la Escuela Industrial. Béjar por aquel entonces podía presumir de ser uno de los escasos centros fabriles del oeste español, con una industria textil renqueante que subsistía a pesar de los embates de la crisis. La enseñanza técnica impartida en el centro educativo bejarano pretendía insertar a los trabajadores en el entorno laboral. El presente artículo intenta aportar una nueva perspectiva a la etapa comprendida entre 1886 y 1901 manejando nuevos datos procedentes del archivo de la propia institución, hasta ahora prácticamente inéditos, a la par que reflexionar sobre el contexto histórico, social y económico de la ciudad fabril.