bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Practice Guidelines: Accelerating an Evolution. An Endocrine Society Consensus Statement*
Authors: McCartney Christopher R , Rosen Clifford J
Published: October 2018

An analysis of the Endocrine Society’s clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) published from 2010 to 2017—presented by Irwig et al. in the current issue of The Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism—suggested that the Endocrine Society met five of seven National Academy of Medicine (NAM) standards concerning financial conflicts of interest in CPGs. As current contributors to the Endocrine Society’s CPG efforts, we offer additional context related to the 2011 NAM standards and the current environment concerning industry support in medicine, and we comment on the nature of industry support received by the Society’s CPG authors according to Irwig and colleagues’ analysis of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ Open Payments database. Perhaps most importantly, we outline the Society’s recent and ongoing efforts to enhance the value of its CPGs. Such efforts include a 2016 revision of CPG author conflict of interest rules—a change that was invisible to the investigatory methods used by Irwig et al.—in addition to other processes designed to enhance CPG objectivity. We conclude our commentary by recognizing that good-faith attempts to enhance transparency and to reduce conflicts of interest (real or apparent) in CPGs will ultimately serve the best interests of patients and providers; we confirm the Endocrine Society’s resolute commitment to providing high-quality, evidence-based clinical guidance via a CPG development process that faithfully accords with current CPG best practices.
Comparative genomic analysis of embryonic, lineage-converted, and stem cell-derived motor neurons
Authors: Ichida Justin K. , Staats Kim A. , Davis-Dusenbery Brandi N. , Clement Kendell , Galloway Kate E. , Babos Kimberly N. , Shi Yingxiao , Son Esther Y. , Kiskinis Evangelos , Atwater Nicholas , Gu Hongcang , Gnirke Andreas , Meissner Alexander , Eggan Kevin
Published: October 2018

Advances in stem cell science allow the production of different cell types in vitro either through the recapitulation of developmental processes, often termed “directed differentiation,” or the forced expression of lineage-specific transcription factors. Although cells produced by both approaches are increasingly used in translational applications, their quantitative similarity to their primary counterparts remains largely unresolved. To investigate the similarity between in vitro-derived and primary cell types, we harvested and purified mouse spinal motor neurons and compared them to motor neurons produced by transcription factor-mediated lineage conversion of fibroblasts or directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. To enable unbiased analysis of these motor neuron types and their cells of origin, we then subjected them to whole transcriptome and DNA methylome analysis by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). Despite major differences in methodology, lineage conversion and directed differentiation both produce cells that closely approximate the primary motor neuron state. However, we identify differences in Fas signaling, the Hox code, and synaptic gene expression between lineage-converted and directed differentiation motor neurons that affect their utility in translational studies.
High experience levels delay recruitment but promote simultaneous time-memories in honey bee foragers
Authors: Van Nest Byron N. , Otto Matthew W. , Moore Darrell
Published: October 2018

Honey bee (Apis mellifera) foragers can remember both the location and time of day food is collected and, even in the absence of a reward, reconnoiter the food source at the appropriate time on subsequent days. This spatiotemporal memory (time-memory) is linked to the circadian clock and enables foragers to synchronize their behavior with floral nectar secretion rhythms, thus eliminating the need to rediscover productive food sources each day. Here, we asked if the establishment of one time-memory influences the formation of another time-memory at the same time of day. In other words, can two time-place memories with the same “time-stamp” coexist? We simultaneously trained two groups of foragers from a single hive to two separate feeders at the same restricted time of day. After five days of training, one feeder was shut off. The second feeder continued being productive four more days. Our results showed that (1) foragers with high experience levels at the first source were significantly more likely than low-experience foragers to maintain fidelity to their original source and resist recruitment to the alternative source, (2) nearly one-third of foragers demonstrated multiple, overlapping time-memories by visiting both feeders at the correct time, and (3) significantly more high-experience than low-experience foragers exhibited this multitasking behavior. The ability to maintain and act upon two different, yet contemporaneous, time-memories gives the forager bee a previously unknown level of versatility in attending to multiple food sources. These findings have major implications for understanding the formation and management of circadian spatiotemporal memories.
How do baleen whales stow their filter? A comparative biomechanical analysis of baleen bending
Authors: Werth Alexander J. , Rita Diego , Rosario Michael V. , Moore Michael J. , Sformo Todd L.
Published: October 2018

Bowhead and right whale (balaenid) baleen filtering plates, longer in vertical dimension (3-4+ m) than the closed mouth, presumably bend during gape closure. This has not been observed in live whales, even with scrutiny of videorecorded feeding sequences. To determine what happens to baleen as gape closes, we conducted an integrative, multifactorial study including materials testing, functional (flow tank and kinematic) testing, and histological examination. We measured baleen bending properties along the dorsoventral length of plates and anteroposterior location within a rack of plates via mechanical (axial bending, composite flexure, compression, and tension) tests of hydrated and air-dried tissue samples from balaenid and other whale baleen. Balaenid baleen is remarkably strong yet pliable, with ductile fringes and low stiffness and high elasticity when wet; it likely bends in the closed mouth when not used for filtration. Calculation of flexural modulus from stress/strain experiments shows baleen is slightly more flexible where it emerges from the gums and at its ventral terminus, but kinematic analysis indicates plates bend evenly along their whole length. Fin and humpback whale baleen has similar material properties but less flexibility, with no dorsoventral variation. Internal horn tubes have greater external and hollow luminal diameter but lower density in lateral relative to medial baleen of bowhead and fin whales, suggesting greater capacity for lateral bending. Baleen bending has major consequences not only for feeding morphology and energetics but also conservation given that entanglement in fishing gear is a leading cause of whale mortality.
Three-dimensional shape and velocity changes affect responses of a locust visual interneuron to approaching objects
Authors: Stott Tarquin P. , Olson Erik G. N. , Parkinson Rachel H. , Gray John R.
Published: October 2018

Adaptive collision avoidance behaviours require accurate detection of complex spatiotemporal properties of an object approaching in an animal's natural, 3-dimensional environment. Within the locust, the lobula giant movement detector (LGMD) and its postsynaptic partner, the descending contralateral movement detector (DCMD) respond robustly to images that emulate an approaching 2-dimensional object and exhibit firing rate modulation correlated with changes in object trajectory. It is not known how this pathway responds to visual expansion of a 3-dimensional object or an approaching object that changes velocity, both of which representing natural stimuli. We compared DCMD responses to images that emulate the approach of a sphere with those elicited by a 2-dimensional disc. A sphere evoked later peak firing and decreased sensitivity to the ratio of the half size of the object to the approach velocity, resulting in an increased threshold subtense angle required to generate peak firing. We also presented locusts with a sphere that decreased or increased velocity. A velocity decrease resulted in transition-associated peak firing followed by a firing rate increase that resembled the response to a constant, slower velocity. A velocity increase resulted in an earlier increase in the firing rate that was more pronounced with an earlier transition. These results further demonstrate that this pathway can provide motor circuits for behaviour with salient information about complex stimulus dynamics.
UGA stop codon readthrough to translate intergenic region of Plautia stali intestine virus does not require RNA structures forming internal ribosomal entry site
Authors: Kamoshita Nobuhiko , Tominaga Shin-ichi
Published: October 2018

The translation of capsid proteins of Plautia stali intestine virus (PSIV), encoded in its second open reading frame (ORF2), is directed by an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) located in the intergenic region (IGR). Owing to the specific properties of PSIV IGR in terms of nucleotide length and frame organization, capsid proteins are also translated via stop codon readthrough in mammalian cultured cells as an extension of translation from the first ORF (ORF1) and IGR. To delineate stop codon readthrough in PSIV, we determined requirements of cis-acting elements through a molecular genetics approach applied in both cell-free translation systems and cultured cells. Mutants with deletions from the 3′ end of IGR revealed that almost none of the sequence of IGR is necessary for readthrough, apart from the 5′-terminal codon CUA. Nucleotide replacement of this CUA trinucleotide or change of the termination codon from UGA severely impaired readthrough. Chemical mapping of the IGR region of the most active 3′ deletion mutant indicated that this defined minimal element UGACUA, together with its downstream sequence, adopts a single-stranded conformation. Stimulatory activities of downstream RNA structures identified to date in gammaretrovirus, coltivirus, and alphavirus were not detected in the context of PSIV IGR, despite the presence of structures for IRES. To our knowledge, PSIV IGR is the first example of stop codon readthrough that is solely defined by the local hexamer sequence, even though the sequence is adjacent to an established region of RNA secondary/tertiary structures.
Unraveling the structural basis for the exceptional stability of RNA G-quadruplexes capped by a uridine tetrad at the 3′ terminus
Authors: Andrałojć Witold , Małgowska Magdalena , Sarzyńska Joanna , Pasternak Karol , Szpotkowski Kamil , Kierzek Ryszard , Gdaniec Zofia
Published: October 2018

Uridine tetrads (U-tetrads) are a structural element encountered in RNA G-quadruplexes, for example, in the structures formed by the biologically relevant human telomeric repeat RNA. For these molecules, an unexpectedly strong stabilizing influence of a U-tetrad forming at the 3′ terminus of a quadruplex was reported. Here we present the high-resolution solution NMR structure of the r(UGGUGGU)4 quadruplex which, in our opinion, provides an explanation for this stabilization. Our structure features a distinctive, abrupt chain reversal just prior to the 3′ uridine tetrad. Similar “reversed U-tetrads” were already observed in the crystalline phase. However, our NMR structure coupled with extensive explicit solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations identifies some key features of this motif that up to now remained overlooked. These include the presence of an exceptionally stable 2′OH to phosphate hydrogen bond, as well as the formation of an additional K+ binding pocket in the quadruplex groove.
Influence of Mg2+ on the conformational flexibility of a tetracycline aptamer
Authors: Hetzke Thilo , Vogel Marc , Gophane Dnyaneshwar B. , Weigand Julia E. , Suess Beatrix , Sigurdsson Snorri Th. , Prisner Thomas F.
Published: October 2018

The tetracycline-binding RNA aptamer (TC-aptamer) is a synthetic riboswitch that binds the antibiotic tetracycline (TC) with exceptionally high affinity. Although a crystal structure exists of the TC-bound state, little is known about the conformational dynamics and changes upon ligand binding. In this study, pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance techniques for measuring distances (PELDOR) in combination with rigid nitroxide spin labels (Çm spin label) were used to investigate the conformational flexibility of the TC-aptamer in the presence and absence of TC at different Mg2+ concentrations. TC was found to be the essential factor for stabilizing the tertiary structure at intermediate Mg2+ concentrations. At higher Mg2+ concentrations, Mg2+ alone is sufficient to stabilize the tertiary structure. In addition, the orientation of the two spin-labeled RNA helices with respect to each other was analyzed with orientation-selective PELDOR and compared to the crystal structure. These results demonstrate for the first time the unique value of the Çm spin label in combination with PELDOR to provide information about conformational flexibilities and orientations of secondary structure elements of biologically relevant RNAs.
Seasonal upsurge of pneumococcal meningitis in the Central African Republic
Authors: Crellen Thomas , Rao V. Bhargavi , Piening Turid , Zeydner Joke , Siddiqui M. Ruby
Published: October 2018

A high incidence of bacterial meningitis was observed in the Central African Republic (CAR) from December 2015 to May 2017 in three hospitals in the northwest of the country that are within the African meningitis belt. The majority of cases were caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (249/328; 75.9%), which occurred disproportionately during the dry season (November-April) with a high case-fatality ratio of 41.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 33.0, 50.8%). High rates of bacterial meningitis during the dry season in the meningitis belt are typically caused by Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal meningitis), and our observations suggest that the risk of contracting S. pneumoniae (pneumococcal) meningitis is increased by the same environmental factors. Cases of meningococcal meningitis (67/328; 20.4%) observed over the same period were predominantly type W and had a lower case fatality rate of 9.6% (95% CI 3.6, 21.8%). Due to conflict and difficulties in accessing medical facilities, it is likely that the reported cases represented only a small proportion of the overall burden and that there is high underlying prevalence of S. pneumoniae carriage in the community. Nationwide vaccination campaigns in the CAR against meningitis have been limited to the use of MenAfriVac, which targets only meningococcal meningitis type A. We therefore highlight the need for expanded vaccine coverage to prevent additional causes of seasonal outbreaks.
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Algae: 19
Authors: Andersen Robert A.
Published: October 2018

The name Haematococcus is not recommended for conservation against the name Protococcus, and the name Polytomataceae is not recommended for conservation against the name Protococcaceae.
Molecular phylogeny and cryptic morphology reveal a new genus of West Indian woody bamboo (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae) hidden by convergent character evolution
Authors: Tyrrell Christopher D. , Londoño Ximena , Prieto Ramona Oviedo , Attigala Lakshmi , McDonald Katelyn , Clark Lynn G.
Published: October 2018

Arthrostylidium, a Neotropical genus of 31 mostly clambering woody bamboo species, is a member of subtribe Arthrostylidiinae, which is closely allied to subtribe Guaduinae. Arthrostylidium has long been a catchall for species within its subtribe that display unusual morphology. While attempting to clarify the circumscription of Arthrostylidium, we discovered three West Indian species (A. angustifolium, A. farctum, A. pinifolium) that possess putative Guaduinae features. We test the hypothesis that these three species should be classified within subtribe Guaduinae and revise their taxonomy. Phylogenetic inference based on sequences of four plastid markers (ndhF, trnC‐rpoB, trnD‐trnT, rps16‐trnQ) recovered Arthrostylidium as polyphyletic, with A. angustifolium, A. farctum, and A. pinifolium forming a well‐supported clade sister to the Guaduinae. Parametric bootstrap tests uphold this topology as significant. Detailed morphological and anatomical analyses revealed A. angustifolium, A. farctum, and A. pinifolium lack characteristics diagnostic for Arthrostylidiinae but conform to Guaduinae. Based on the morphological and molecular results, we erect the new genus Tibisia within subtribe Guaduinae, transfer Arthrostylidium angustifolium, A. farctum, and A. pinifolium to Tibisia as T. angustifolia, T. farcta, and T. pinifolia, and provide keys to the genera of Guaduinae and the species of Tibisia. These findings demonstrate convergent evolution in a number of macromorphological characters that have been important for generic identification, and reinforce the diagnostic value of leaf anatomy for subtribal determination among the Neotropical woody bamboos.
Psychophysiological Adaptation of Patients with Local Radiation Injuries
Authors: Метляева Неля , Metlyaeva Nelya , Краснюк В. , Krasnuk V. , Бушманов Андрей , Bushmanov Andrey , Давтян А. , Davtyan A. , Щербатых О. , Shcherbatykh O. , Юнанова Л. , Yunanova L. , Корень­ков В. , Koren’kov V. , Юнанов Д. , Yunanov D.
Published: October 2018

Purpose: Assessment of psycho-physiological adaptation of patients with local radiation injuries (LRI), depending on the presence or absence of an established connection with an accident at work in connection with a radiation accident or an incident that has undergone a psychophysiological examination.

Material and methods: Clinical and psychophysiological examination of 57 patients with local radiation injuries was performed, 20 of them, whose LRI s were associated with an accident at work (Group 1) and 37 patients, whose LRI connection was not established with production (Group 2). The mean age of the examined subjects was 41.6 ± 3.1 and 52.0 ± 1.6 years. The psychophysiological examination was carried out using the automated program-methodical complex “Expert”, designed to study the personality of a person, the cognitive and intellectual characteristics of a person using the method of the Multilateral Personality Study is an adaptation of MMPI, the method of Cattell’s 16PF, the Raven test, simple and complex sensorimotor reactions and reaction to a moving object.

Results: Clinical and psychophysiological assessment of personality and the actual mental state of patients with LRI having an established connection to an accident at work in comparison with patients with LRI with an unrelated connection with production allowed to determine the main types of disturbance of psychophysiological adaptation in a kind of anxiety-hypochondriacal type of adaptation disorder with a tendency to dissocial behavior in patients with LRI who have an established connection with an accident at work.

Conclusion: Anxiety-hypochondriacal type of disturbance of psychophysiological adaptation in patients with LRI is caused primarily by concern about the state of physical health, which determined the tension of mental adaptation with a tendency to neglect social norms and rules of behavior, with a tendency to dissocial behavior, psychasthenia, autization, distancing, alienation, affective rigidity, the desire to put the blame on others for the violation of interpersonal relationships, life difficulties and emotions conflicts. The dissocial type of the disturbance of psychophysiological adaptation was revealed mainly in patients with LRI who have established connection with an accident at work.
Results of the 65th Session of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of the Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) (Vienna, 11–14 June, 2018)
Authors: Уйба В. , Uyba V. , Аклеев А. , Akleev A. , Азизова Т. , Azizova T. , Иванов В. , Ivanov V. , Ильясов Д. , Il'yasov D. , Карпикова Л. , Karpikova L. , Киселев С. , Kiselev S. , Крышев А. , Kryshev A. , Михеенко С. , Miheenko S. , Романов С. , Romanov S. , Усольцев В. , Usol'cev V. , Шинкарев С. , Shinkarev S.
Published: October 2018

Current paper is devoted to the main outcomes of the 64th UNSCEAR Session which took place in Vienna during 10 – 14 June 2018. Within the framework of the meetings of the working group and subgroups the documents on the following projects were discussed:

- Biological mechanisms influencing health effects from low-dose radiation exposure.

- Developments since the 2013 UNSCEAR report on the levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the nuclear accident following the great East-Japan earthquake and tsunami: review of 2016 scientific literature including an evaluation of thyroid cancer data in regions affected by the Chernobyl accident.

- Exposure of patients to ionizing radiation.

- Exposure of workers to ionizing radiation.

- Selected evaluations of health effects and of risk inference due to radiation exposure.

- Lung cancer from exposure to radon and to penetrating radiation.

In the course of the discussion, some organizational issues such as preparation of UNSCEAR publications, feasibility of establishing standing working groups, public outreach activities, future research program, report to the General Assembly etc., were considered.
Future-Time Framing: The Effect of Language on Corporate Future Orientation
Authors: Liang Hao , Marquis Christopher , Renneboog Luc , Sun Sunny Li
Published: October 2018

We examine how international variation in corporate future-oriented behavior, such as corporate social responsibility and research and development investment, could partially stem from characteristics of the languages spoken at firms. We develop a future-time framing perspective rooted in the literatures on organizational categorization and framing. Our theory and hypotheses focus on how companies with working languages that obligatorily separate the future tense and the present tense engage less in future-oriented behaviors, and this effect is attenuated by exposure to multilingual environments. The results based on a large global sample of firms from 39 countries support our theory, highlighting the importance of language in affecting organizational behavior around the world.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1217 .
EU extraterritorial obligations with respect to trade with occupied territories: Reflections after the case of Front Polisario before EU courts
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric , Fransen Rutger
Published: October 2018

This paper provides a critical analysis of the recent judgments of the General Court of the EU and the Court of Justice of the EU in the case of Front Polisario v Council, which concerned the application of the EU-Morocco Liberalisation Agreement to products from Western Sahara. The central argument is that both EU courts failed to adequately consider the nature of the Moroccan presence on Western Saharan territory: a belligerent occupation. In light of this occupation, the courts should have channelled the EU’s extraterritorial obligations vis-à-vis the population of Western Sahara through the tailor-made regimes of the law of occupation and the international duty of non-recognition. It is argued that the application of the Liberalisation Agreement may notably run afoul of the EU’s duty of non-recognition, but that the Agreement may still apply insofar as it benefits the local population. More fundamentally, after Front Polisario, the EU may want to reconsider all trade relations in respect of occupied territories by distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate products.
Extraterritoriality of EU law and human rights after Lisbon: The case of trade and public procurement: Conclusion
Authors: Bartels Lorand
Published: October 2018

This is a conclusion to a special issue on extraterritoriality on EU law and human rights. It offers some reflections on the articles in the special issue, in particular from the perspective of public international law and international trade law. In this context, it looks at the distinction between the right of a State to regulate activities beyond its jurisdiction, and its obligation – including under human rights law – to do so. It also looks at how the answer might differ according to whether the form of regulation is direct or – especially common in international trade law, where the direct object of regulation relates to access to a domestic market – indirect.
Making fútbol straight again: Homophobia, misogyny and the politics of Alexis Sánchez’s sexuality
Authors: Elsey Brenda
Published: October 2018

This essay examines the media frenzy around the ‘love-life’ of Chilean football star Alexís Sánchez, particularly the 2017 announcement of his romantic involvement with actress Mayte Rodríguez. It discusses the media coverage as a poignant example of misogyny and homophobia in Chilean football culture, as well as one of the forces that perpetuates that culture. During the years of the 2018 World Cup qualifying process, Chile accrued the most severe fines of any country for homophobic behaviour at football matches. This fact has attracted some, but not much, attention. There are few spaces of such extreme gender segregation as football. Once football’s capacity to develop proper masculinity and heterosexuality was widely accepted, football directors, journalists and fans pushed women outside of the sport. The relationship between homophobia and sexism has a long history in the construction of football fandom, play and organization. Media played a crucial role in reinforcing the heteronormative and misogynist aspects of the sport. This essay discusses how these long-standing prejudices have hurt women journalists, fans and athletes. Please note that this essay was previously published in Spanish in De Cabeza.
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection Alters Olfaction Before Hearing Deterioration In Mice
Authors: Lazarini Françoise , Katsimpardi Lida , Levivien Sarah , Wagner Sébastien , Gressens Pierre , Teissier Natacha , Lledo Pierre-Marie
Published: October 2018

In developed countries, cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected newborns are at high risk of developing sensorineural handicaps such as hearing loss, requiring extensive follow-up. However, early prognostic tools for auditory damage in children are not yet available. In the fetus, CMV infection leads to early olfactory bulb (OB) damage, suggesting that olfaction might represent a valuable prognosis for neurological outcome of this viral infection. Here, we demonstrate thatin uteroCMV inoculation causes fetal infection and growth retardation in mice of both sexes. It disrupts OB normal development, leading to disproportionate OB cell layers and rapid major olfactory deficits. Olfaction is impaired as early as day 6 after birth in both sexes, long before the emergence of auditory deficits. Olfactometry in males reveals a long-lasting alteration in olfactory perception and discrimination, particularly in binary mixtures of monomolecular odorants. Although sensory inputs to the OB remain unchanged, hallmarks of autophagy are increased in the OB of 3-postnatal week-old mice, leading to local neuroinflammation and loss of neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase and calbindin. At the cellular level, we found CMV-infected cells and an increased number of apoptotic cells scattered throughout the OB layers, whereas cell proliferation in the neurogenic subventricular zone was decreased. These cellular observations were long-lasting, persisting up to 16 weeks after birth in both males and females and thus providing a mechanism supporting olfactory loss. Despite obvious differences in neurogenesis between human and mouse, these findings offer new strategies aimed at early detection of neurological dysfunctions caused by congenital infections.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn developed countries, congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected newborns are at high risk of developing sensory handicaps such as hearing loss, thus requiring prolonged follow-up. In this study, we describe for the first time the functional impact of congenital CMV infection on the olfactory system and its associated sense of smell. We demonstrate that a mouse model of congenital CMV infection shows defects in olfactory bulb (OB) normal development and pronounced olfactory deficits affecting acuity and discrimination of odorants. These major olfactory deficits occur long before the emergence of auditory deficits through the upregulation of OB autophagy inducing local neuroinflammation and altered neuron content. Our findings provide new opportunities for designing olfactory means to monitor the possible neurological outcome during congenital CMV infection.
Changes in Brainstem Pain Modulation Circuitry Function over the Migraine Cycle
Authors: Marciszewski Kasia K. , Meylakh Noemi , Di Pietro Flavia , Mills Emily P. , Macefield Vaughan G. , Macey Paul M. , Henderson Luke A.
Published: October 2018

The neural mechanism responsible for migraine remains unclear. While an external trigger has been proposed to initiate a migraine, it has also been proposed that changes in brainstem function are critical for migraine headache initiation and maintenance. Although the idea of altered brainstem function has some indirect support, no study has directly measured brainstem pain modulation circuitry function in migraineurs particularly immediately before a migraine. In male and female humans, we performed fMRI in 31 controls and 31 migraineurs at various times in their migraine cycle. We measured brainstem function during noxious orofacial stimulation and assessed resting-state functional connectivity. First, we found that, in individual migraineurs, pain sensitivity increased over the interictal period but then dramatically decreased immediately before a migraine. Second, despite overall similar pain intensity ratings between groups, in the period immediately before a migraine, compared with controls and other migraine phases, migraineurs displayed greater activation in the spinal trigeminal nucleus during noxious orofacial stimulation and reduced functional connectivity of this region with the rostral ventromedial medulla. Additionally, during the interictal phase, migraineurs displayed reduced activation of the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter and enhanced periaqueductal gray connectivity with the rostral ventromedial medulla. These data support the hypothesis that brainstem sensitivity fluctuates throughout the migraine cycle. However, in contrast to the prevailing hypothesis, our data suggest that, immediately before a migraine attack, endogenous analgesic mechanisms are enhanced and incoming noxious inputs are less likely to reach higher brain centers.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIt has been hypothesized that alterations in brainstem function are critical for the generation of migraine. In particular, modulation of orofacial pain pathways by brainstem circuits alters the propensity of external triggers or ongoing spontaneous activity to evoke a migraine attack. We sought to obtain empirical evidence to support this theory. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that pain sensitivity decreased immediately before a migraine, and this was coupled with increased sensitivity of the spinal trigeminal nucleus to noxious stimuli. We also found that resting connectivity within endogenous pain modulation circuitry alters across the migraine cycle. These changes may reflect enhanced and diminished neural tone states proposed to be critical for the generation of a migraine and underlie cyclic fluctuations in migraine brainstem sensitivity.
The Human Penguin Project: Climate, Social Integration, and Core Body Temperature
Authors: IJzerman Hans , Lindenberg Siegwart , Dalğar İlker , Weissgerber Sophia S. C. , Vergara Rodrigo C. , Cairo Athena H. , Čolić Marija V. , Dursun Pinar , Frankowska Natalia , Hadi Rhonda , Hall Calvin J. , Hong Youngki , Hu Chuan-Peng , Joy-Gaba Jennifer , Lazarević Dušanka , Lazarević Ljiljana B. , Parzuchowski Michal , Ratner Kyle G. , Rothman David , Sim Samantha , Simão Cláudia , Song Mengdi , Stojilović Darko , Blomster Johanna K. , Brito Rodrigo , Hennecke Marie , Jaume-Guazzini Francisco , Schubert Thomas W. , Schütz Astrid , Seibt Beate , Zickfeld Janis H.
Published: October 2018

Social thermoregulation theory posits that modern human relationships are pleisiomorphically organized around body temperature regulation. In two studies (N = 1755) designed to test the principles from this theory, we used supervised machine learning to identify social and non-social factors that relate to core body temperature. This data-driven analysis found that complex social integration (CSI), defined as the number of high-contact roles one engages in, is a critical predictor of core body temperature. We further used a cross-validation approach to show that colder climates relate to higher levels of CSI, which in turn relates to higher CBT (when climates get colder). These results suggest that despite modern affordances for regulating body temperature, people still rely on social warmth to buffer their bodies against the cold.
Walking through Theory
Authors: Shields Sara Scott
Published: October 2018

This article describes my experiences teaching the graduate research course, “Research Survey,” where I used an artfully imagined assignment focused on the development of theoretical frameworks. Through practitioner and arts-informed inquiry, I explore how students reflected and made sense of their theoretical frameworks by creating three-dimensional miniature spaces. This inquiry seeks deeper understanding of the usefulness of arts- and image-based practices in student and teacher negotiation of complex knowledge formation in higher education contexts. The goal of the research is to answer the question: How might the creation of three-dimensional miniature spaces allow students to develop and understand their theoretical research frameworks?
Depth in 21st-Century Cells? European Salafi Jihadi Terrorism and Psychoanalysis in the Luciferian Age
Authors: Lippens Ronnie
Published: October 2018

The psychoanalytic interpretation of Salafi jihadism and terrorism, or the application of psychoanalytic categories to said issues, are not very common. Indeed the mobilization of psychoanalysis in this context very often prompts accusations of orientalism and cultural imperialism. Both academic discourse and, to a lesser extent, policy, tend to “explain,” whether genuinely, strategically or tactically, or diplomatically, the emergence of “home-grown” Salafism by pointing to social, welfare, or educational deficits in the jihadists’ biographies. In this article we make an attempt to focus on psychoanalysis (or “depth psychology,” as it was sometimes called in a now-bygone age) to shed light on the phenomenon. Taking cues from Jan Hendrik van den Berg’s neo-Freudian and phenomenology-inspired critique of classical psychoanalysis on the one hand, and Peter Sloterdijk’s recent work on bastardy on the other, we offer a reading of European home-grown Salafi jihadist and terrorist inclination as reactions to failure, and as manifestations of a deep sense of inadequacy, in some of those who are unable to live up to what has become the predominant, imperative code in the cultural mainstream: to live one’s life in radical, complete, and total sovereignty, undetermined and in absolute omnipotence. This code, and the exigencies it imposes, we suggest, have become mainstream in the age which we have called Luciferian.
Peoples Temple
Authors: Feltmate David
Published: October 2018

What is the legacy of Peoples Temple? Forty years after the events at Jonestown it seems that “Jonestown” has solidified itself as a landmark moment in American religious history. Jonestown has become synonymous with the problems of charismatic religious leadership and religious violence. Yet, the group who died at Jonestown, Peoples Temple, is largely unknown to people who reference the Jonestown murders/suicides. This article argues that revisiting Peoples Temple’s goals of apostolic socialism and racial reconciliation offer important insights for understanding the group’s legacy that can contribute insight into ways of solving ongoing social problems related to poverty and racial inequality in the United States.
Physiological and biochemical studies on the protective effect of Ficus carica leaf extract, vitamin C or their combination on liver toxicity induced by lead acetate in male rats
Authors: Diab Abdel Aziz A. , Zahra Mansour H. , Attia Mai S. , Shehata Ahmed M.
Published: October 2018

Introduction: Lead is an environmental contaminant, which is toxic to organ systems in human and other animals. The present study investigated the possible protective role of Ficus carica leaf extract, vitamin C or the combined treatment in lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity.

Methods: One hundred and twenty-six adult male albino rats were divided into seven groups (n = 18). G1 (control group) received distilled water. G2 (lead acetate group) received lead acetate at a daily dose of 20 mg/kg body weight by gastric gavage. G3 (Ficus carica group) received Ficus carica leaves extract at a daily dose of 200 mg/kg body weight by gastric gavage. G4 (Ficus and lead group) received Ficus carica leaves extract followed by lead acetate after 20 minutes. G5 (vitamin C group) received vitamin C at a daily dose of 200 mg/kg body weight by gastric gavage, G6 (vitamin c and lead group) received vitamin C followed by lead acetate after 20 minutes. And, G7 (Ficus, vitamin C, and lead group) received Ficus carica leaves extract and vitamin C followed by lead acetate after 20 minutes. The treatment extended for six weeks, blood and specimens were collected at a 2-week interval. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), direct bilirubin (DB), lipid peroxidation biomarker (Malondialdehyde (MDA)), antioxidants enzymes (Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH)) in liver tissue and histopathological changes in liver were investigated.

Results: Lead acetate caused significant increases in AST, ALT, ALP, DB and MDA levels. In addition, TP and level of SOD and GSH significantly decreased compared to the control group. The pre-treatment with the combination of Ficus carica and vitamin C improved liver parameters, the level of antioxidant enzymes as well as histopathological changes.

Conclusion: The combination of Ficus carica leaf extract and vitamin C had a remarkable protective action against lead acetate induced- oxidative damage in rats.
Advance Care Planning and HIV Symptoms in Adolescence
Authors: Lyon Maureen E. , Garvie Patricia A. , D’Angelo Lawrence J. , Dallas Ronald H. , Briggs Linda , Flynn Patricia M. , Garcia Ana , Cheng Yao I. , Wang Jichuan ,   for the Adolescent Palliative Care Consortium
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVES:

To determine the effect of family-centered pediatric advance care planning (FACE pACP) on HIV-specific symptoms.

METHODS:

In this single-blinded, randomized controlled trial conducted at 6 US hospital-based HIV clinics, 105 adolescent-family dyads, randomly assigned from July 2011 to June 2014, received 3 weekly sessions in either the FACE pACP arm ([1] pediatric advance care planning survey, [2] Respecting Choices interview, and [3] 5 Wishes directive) or the control arm ([1] developmental history, [2] safety tips, and [3] nutrition and exercise tips). The General Health Assessment for Children measured patient-reported HIV-specific symptoms. Latent class analyses clustered individual patients based on symptom patterns. Path analysis examined the mediating role of dyadic treatment congruence with respect to the intervention effect on symptom patterns.

RESULTS:

Patients were a mean age of 17.8 years old, 54% male, and 93% African American. Latent class analysis identified 2 latent HIV-symptom classes at 12 months: higher symptoms and suffering (27%) and lower symptoms and suffering (73%). FACE pACP had a positive effect on dyadic treatment congruence (β = .65; 95% CI: 0.04 to 1.28), and higher treatment congruence had a negative effect on symptoms and suffering (β = −1.14; 95% CI: −2.55 to −0.24). Therefore, FACE pACP decreased the likelihood of symptoms and suffering through better dyadic treatment congruence (β = −.69; 95% CI: −2.14 to −0.006). Higher religiousness (β = 2.19; 95% CI: 0.22 to 4.70) predicted symptoms and suffering.

CONCLUSIONS:

FACE pACP increased and maintained agreement about goals of care longitudinally, which lowered adolescents’ physical symptoms and suffering, suggesting that early pACP is worthwhile.
A relação entre metáforas conceptuais e funções executivas: uma revisão da literatura
Authors: Billig Johanna Dagort , Vanin Aline Aver , Wagner Gabriela Peretti
Published: October 2018

Este artigo de revisão integrativa da literatura busca avaliar as evidências recentes acerca da relação entre o desempenho em tarefas ligadas a funções executivas e a compreensão e a produção de metáforas conceptuais. Para tanto, os descritores “metáforas” e “funções executivas”, bem como termos relacionados a este último, foram pesquisados nas bases de dados Pubmed, Scielo e Lilacs. Após seguir critérios de inclusão e de exclusão, foram selecionados sete artigos que trazem debates recentes acerca do tema. A partir dos experimentos descritos nos estudos revisados, verificou-se que há relação entre desempenho em termos de memória de trabalho e de controle inibitório e a compreensão e a produção de metáforas. Ainda, os fatores idade, tamanho de vocabulário e grau de familiaridade com as metáforas são aspectos que modularam as relações entre funcionamento executivo e a compreensão e/ou produção de metáforas.
Mãe, materno mar, de Boaventura Cardoso: uma viagem pela memória de Angola
Authors: Minuzzi Luara Pinto
Published: October 2018

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o romance do escritor angolano Boaventura Cardoso, Mãe, materno mar, a partir das Teorias do Imaginário. A viagem de trem pelo território de Angola será tomada como uma simbólica viagem pela história e pelas tradições do país esquecidas e abafadas pelo colonialismo. Assim, essa jornada pelo espaço é também uma jornada no tempo. Imagens de morte e de nascimento serão estudadas a fim de compreender como é necessário matar uma visão quase que completamente ocidentalizada para, depois, renascer uma mais conforme à cultura angolana.
A memória na Literatura da Segunda Guerra Mundial: narrações como testemunho histórico e invenção
Authors: Kunrath Milena Hoffmann
Published: October 2018

Este artigo reflete sobre a influência da memória na Literatura da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Focando principalmente na lembrança traumática de soldados alemães que se tornaram posteriormente escritores, o artigo coteja as possibilidades da narração, que compreendem ao mesmo tempo uma parte de relato histórico, ficção e de reorganização, ora intencional, ora não, de suas recordações mais marcantes. O relembrar destes atores, que não pretendem alcançar uma verdade histórica, percorre caminhos imaginados para liberta-se catarticamente do passado traumático. Busca-se aqui também apresentar exemplos de casos em que o testemunho, como realidade pessoal (e não histórica) inconsciente perpassa a narração de forma a construir uma realidade fiel ao autor e a muitos de seus leitores.
Discurso, Memória, Alteridade: diálogos e confrontos identitários contemporâneos
Authors: Corrêa di Fanti Maria Da Glória , Theobald Pedro , De Mello Ana Maria Lisboa
Published: October 2018

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Parental Expectations and Attitude to Academic Subjects as Correlates of Career Aspirations among Secondary School Students in Sokoto Metropolis, Sokoto, Nigeria
Authors: Olatunji Abdulkadir, Abdulkarim , Abubakar Gulma, Khadijah , Soye Mohammed, Alhaji
Published: October 2018

This study investigated the relationship between parental expectation, attitude to academic subjects and career aspiration among senior secondary school students in Sokoto Metropolis. A descriptive research design was adopted in this study. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select 10 out of the 21 Senior Secondary Schools in Sokoto Metropolis. 346 students were selected using Research Advisor table of determining sample size in a given population. Three instruments were used for data collection in this study namely:  Adopted Version of Boyi Parental Influence Questionnaire to measure parental expectations on career aspirations of students, Adopted Version of Boyi Subject Selection Questionnaire to measure students’ Attitude to Academic Subjects and Adapted version of Bakare Motivation for Occupation Preference Scale (MOPS) to measure students’ career aspirations. Data were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis with the use of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. The result showed that there was significant relationship between parental expectations and career aspirations of respondents. Also there was significant relationship between attitude to academic subjects and career aspirations of respondents. However, it was found that attitude to academic subjects is more related to career aspirations of senior secondary school students than their parental expectation. Based on these findings, it was recommended that counsellors and teachers should assist the students in developing positive attitude to academic subjects in order to improve their awareness of career aspirations and to minimize the level of ignorance while choosing career.
Roadkill records of reptiles and birds in Cerrado and Pantanal landscapes
Authors: Fischer Wagner , Faria de Godoi Raquel , Conceição Paranhos Filho Antonio
Published: October 2018

We monitored reptile and bird roadkills in Cerrado–Pantanal landscapes along the Campo Grande to Corumbá highway BR-262. We describe species distribution in different landscape zones, including the first geographic record for Hydrodynastes bicinctus Herrmann, 1804 in the Pantanal basin. The roadkill occurrence of Spizaetus melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1816) is an outstanding record. We recorded 930 individuals belonging to 29 reptile and 47 bird species; 20 of these species are new roadkill records in Brazil. The 8 new records of reptile species include Eunectes notaeus Cope, 1862, Bothrops mattogrossensis Amaral,1925, Dracaena paraguayensis Amaral,1950 and H. bicinctus; and 12 new records of bird species include S. melanoleucus, Heterospizias meridionalis Latham, 1790, Urubitinga urubitinga (Gmelin, 1788), Pulsatrix perspicillata (Latham, 1790), Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766), and Jabiru mycteria (Lichtenstein, 1819). Richness of road-killed species on the BR-262 highway seemed to be high, reinforcing concerns about wildlife-vehicle collisions where these accidents occur, as they lead to long term and chronic impacts on wildlife and road safety in the Pantanal region.