bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elaboración de Índice de Calidad de Atención para inversiones públicas en CESFAM
Authors: Orozco Twyman Francisco
Published: December 2020

Esta investigación se realiza para colaborar con el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia en la elaboración de un índice que exprese la calidad de la atención médica de las alternativas de proyectos de inversión en Centros de Salud Familiar (CESFAM). Se utilizó la metodología multicriterio del Proceso de Análisis Jerárquico (AHP por sus siglas en inglés), basándose en el criterio de seis expertos que han incidido en el proceso decisional y con indicadores del tipo infraestructura, procesos y resultados que tienen un alto nivel de probabilidad de cálculo.

Como resultado, se obtuvo un índice compuesto de cinco criterios estratégicos que confirman la importancia que la literatura le entrega a la resolutividad de los centros y los resultados que obtiene su gestión para incrementar su calidad. Además, el indicador es aplicable o adaptable para la evaluación de los distintos tipos de inversiones en CESFAM.
México en la encrucijada, de la retórica a una práctica emancipadora
Authors: Mussot López María Luisa
Published: December 2020

El texto muestra la distancia entre la narrativa de los derechos humanos y el enfoque de igualdad y no discriminación (eje transversal a los enfoques diferenciales), y su concreción en los programas sociales de la administración Peña Nieto en México. La investigación analizó tres reglas de operación de programas a población vulnerable, concluyendo que la retórica, pensar homogénea a la población, atender individualmente necesidades (combate a la pobreza) e incentivar capacidades (méritos), difiere de transversalizar la perspectiva diferencial: que especializa políticas según la diversidad, su relación con la pobreza y resto de formas de dominación. Garantía de derechos y emancipación.
Plataformas digitales: mecanismos de acceso a la información en lo subnacional (Veracruz 2000-2018)
Authors: Rojas Flores Georgina
Published: December 2020

El derecho de acceso a la información pública es vital para la democracia pues la transparencia y rendición de cuentas permite a los actores sociales tomar mejores decisiones. El propósito de este artículo es brindar un acercamiento al Sistema Infomex y la Plataforma Nacional de Transparencia (PNT) como mecanismos de acceso ciudadano a la información pública. Se expone el proceso mediante el cual surgen estas plataformas como dispositivos que deberían favorecer el acceso a la información en todos los niveles, pero se centra en el subnacional, específicamente en Veracruz. Lo anterior, desde la discusión y promulgación de las leyes de transparencia en México y en la entidad veracruzana, hasta lo referente al uso de dichos mecanismos digitales. Esto por medio de una metodología mixta con énfasis en un análisis documental enriquecido por bibliografía especializada, un rastreo hemerográfico, la revisión de documentación del Congreso del Estado, el Diario Oficial de la Federación y las respuestas a las solicitudes de acceso a la información. Se concluye que persisten fallas hacia la transparencia y el acceso a la información como falta de información estadística, fallas técnicas y déficits en la capacidad de respuesta de los sistemas, indispensables para su evaluación y mejoras.
Vulnerabilidad: Una propuesta conceptual para el análisis de las políticas sociales en el Perú
Authors: Herbozo Hernán
Published: December 2020

El artículo busca establecer una definición del concepto de vulnerabilidad, con la finalidad de contribuir al estudio de las políticas sociales en el Perú. A partir del análisis de contenido de los textos fundamentales de cuatro autores que forman parte de la tradición liberal del pensamiento político y de la teoría de la justicia: Aristóteles, John Rawls, Adam Smith y, más contemporáneamente, David Bilchitz., se establecen un conjunto de factores multidimensionales que, de manera estructural e interdependiente, definen la vulnerabilidad de los individuos que, en calidad de ciudadanos, participan dentro de una sociedad con cultura pública democrática. Esta propuesta conceptual busca repensar las relaciones de inequidad social desde dos perspectivas: i) una perspectiva institucional que centra su atención en los satisfactores humanos necesarios y suficientes para garantizar el umbral mínimo de una vida digna y ii) una perspectiva participativa que centra su atención en el conjunto de posibilidades concretas que presentan los individuos para hacer efectivos sus derechos sociales. Esta perspectiva participativa plantea dos requisitos para la realización de los derechos sociales: i) la existencia de una estructura básica de instituciones democráticas funcionales y ii) las capacidades de los individuos.
Who is at risk? The development of a tool to predict and prevent postpartum hemorrhage
Authors: Bazirete Oliva , Nzayirambaho Manassé , Umubyeyi Aline , Uwimana Marie Chantal , Marilyn Evans
Published: December 2020

Background: Postpartum hemorrhage remains the main cause of maternal mortality in Low and Middle Income Countries. There is a need to advocate for extra vigilance to recognize women at a greater risk and implement early intervention for Postpartum hemorrhage prevention. The purpose of the present study is to develop a content validated risk assessment tool for the prediction and prevention of Postpartum hemorrhage among childbearing women.Methods: This study is drawn from a larger mixed method sequential exploratory study. Factors influencing the prevention of Postpartum hemorrhage were identified from a scoping review and qualitative descriptive studies previously conducted. To establish content validity Index of the instrument, content experts assessed each item of the tool for comprehensiveness, relevance, and face validity. The tool was pilot tested to assess its clinical utility by fifteen (15) health care providers purposively selected from one district hospital based on a minimum of one-year experience in maternity. Ethical considerations were observed.Results: The Risk Assessment Tool went through three rounds of assessment for its content validity. The final round of quantification of the content validity demonstrates that 4 items out of 46 had an Item Content Validity Index (I-CVI) of 0.85 while 42 had the maximum I-CVI of 1. The overall Scale Content Validity Index/ Average (S-CVI/Ave) was 0.98, and the universal approach of Scale Content Validity Index/Universal Agreement (S-CVI/UA) was 0.91. The assessment of clinical utility of Risk Assessment Tool for the Prediction and Prevention of Postpartum hemorrhage among Childbearing women (RATP) demonstrates that its format allows easy recording of findings and using the tool can be an added value for prevention of PPH.Conclusions: The risk assessment tool for the prediction and prevention of Postpartum hemorrhage is intended to be used by health care providers in Rwanda to identify mothers at risk of developing PPH and implement timely prevention strategies. The clinical use of the tool can be vital in the development of accurate preventive approaches by key policy makers in Rwanda in particular and in other developing countries.
Growing Thanks to Whom? The Impact of Staff on Demand on Organizational Growth Dynamics: Evidence from Sweden
Authors: Pompa Leonardo
Published: December 2020

Young fast-growing companies operating in the digital economy represent a tendency which has, so far, been little explored by academic literature that has, until now, not been able to form a systematic approach to this topic. Among the many factors that can help to explain their rapid evolutionary dynamics, some researchers (Ismail, 2013; Burke, 2015) underline the so-called use of Staff on Demand, that is to say freelance workers. In other words, freelance personnel. One usually thinks that not having stable relationships with the companies for which they work, contractors can help to streamline organizational processes and therefore favour faster growth. By means of a multiple case study, this paper will show that, contrary to belief, Staff on Demand represents an important but not crucial presence for fast-growing companies. The case study was carried out on a number of recently formed Swedish companies. The collection of data and the interviews with their founders, CEOs and HR Officers, clearly show that the most important role is still played by full time employees and that the presence of Staff on Demand does not affect in any substantial way the growth of a company or of Human Resource management.
Turning the Commission’s Farm to Fork Strategy into a far-reaching reform of EU agriculture
Authors: Stevenson Peter
Published: December 2020

Despite the EU’s claim to lead the world on farm animal welfare, much of the EU livestock sector is industrial with poor welfare standards. Moreover, the crowded, stressful conditions of industrial livestock production contribute to the emergence, spread and amplification of pathogens, some of which are zoonotic.  Industrial production is dependent on the routine use of antimicrobials to prevent the bacterial diseases that are inevitable when animals are kept in poor conditions. This leads to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in animals which can in turn be transferred to people, so undermining the efficacy of the antimicrobials that are so important in human medicine. In order to reduce disease risk and save our antibiotics, we need to move to ‘health-oriented systems’ for rearing animals in which good health is inherent in the farming methods rather than being propped up by routine use of antimicrobials.  Industrial livestock production is also dependent on feeding human-edible cereals to animals who convert them very inefficiently into meat and milk. 57% of EU cereals are used to feed farm animals.  Industrial production’s huge demand for cereals has fuelled intensive crop production which with its monocultures and agro-chemicals has led to soil degradation, overuse and pollution of ground- and surface-water, and biodiversity loss including sharp declines in pollinators and farmland birds.  We need to transform the role of animals; they only make an efficient contribution to food security when they are converting materials we cannot consume – e.g. grass, crop residues, by-products and unavoidable food waste – into food we can eat.  We need to move to regenerative agriculture such as agroecology which can minimise the use of pesticides and fertilisers, while in some cases, enhancing productivity by supporting and harnessing natural processes.
Covid-19 y la relación hombre-naturaleza: el equilibrio violado. Reflexiones sobre la gestión de la complejidad de las pandemias: de la protección de los ecosistemas al principio de precaución
Authors: Zanini Silvia
Published: December 2020

La actual crisis pandémica sólo puede llevarnos a reflexionar sobre la interrelación entre el hombre y la naturaleza. Hoy en día, el derecho se enfrenta a un desafío de época: afrontar y gestionar una complejidad global que afecta a intereses y derechos fundamentales como la salud y el medio ambiente, en una situación caracterizada por un alto nivel de incertidumbre científica. El presente trabajo pretende ofrecer una reflexión sobre la necesidad de examinar el medio ambiente y su protección optando por un enfoque ecosistémico capaz de captar y considerar adecuadamente el equilibrio entre los componentes bióticos y abióticos y el papel que pueden desempeñar para la vida y el bienestar humano, incluso a nivel de desarrollo sostenible. Sobre esta base, nos preguntamos a continuación cuál es la dimensión operativa correcta que hay que atribuir al principio fundamental de precaución en este escenario, redescubriendo sus orígenes de vocación ecológica y destacando el perfil de la responsabilidad del hombre hacia el medio ambiente, del que se deriva el principio en cuestión.
Las milicias ciudadanas en las revoluciones liberales europeas: el caso del primer liberalismo español
Authors: Butrón Prida Gonzalo
Published: December 2020

La movilización armada de la sociedad propiciada por la revolución liberal incluyó el fomento de la idea de comprometer con el nuevo orden a los ciudadanos completos, aquellos que no solo habían de disfrutar en exclusiva de los derechos políticos, sino también del derecho a portar armas. Se formaron, en consecuencia, una serie de milicias ciudadanas dependientes normalmente de los ayuntamientos y con un fuerte componente de clase, herederas en gran medida de las ya existentes en la Edad Moderna, pero con la particularidad de contar con un significado y una implicación política muy superior.La necesidad de defender lo propio, junto al interés por posicionarse en el nuevo escenario abierto por la revolución, sacó a las burguesías locales de su aversión a los alistamientos y las implicó ampliamente en los nuevos cuerpos armados. Sin embargo, las milicias acabaron resultando un problema conforme el Antiguo Régimen fue derrotado y la revolución fue revisada en sentido moderado. Por un lado, por las pugnas internas por su control, y por otro por su conversión en foco de contestación del poder central, sobre todo cuando estaba ocupado por el enemigo político.
Narrativas de uma professora em final de carreira: a educação frente à pandemia
Authors: Bruns Juliana Pedroso , Rausch Rita Buzzi
Published: December 2020

Com vistas a valorizar os saberes docentes de uma professora em final de carreira, refletiu-se sobre a formação de professores e a utilização das tecnologias digitais no processo de ensino e aprendizagem, mediante e-learning, no momento em que o país vivencia uma pandemia mundial provocada pelo COVID-19. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa e, para coleta dos dados, utilizou-se entrevista narrativa com uma professora em final de carreira, que atua na Rede Municipal de Ensino de Brusque, (SC). Para análise, utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo e como suporte teórico, as contribuições de Marcelo (2001), Vaillant e Marcelo (2012), Nóvoa (2009, 2019, 2020) e Pérez Gómez (2015). Os resultados evidenciaram lacunas na formação continuada, pois não basta propiciar aos docentes formação, bem como utilizar tecnologia para o processo de ensino aprendizagem, visto que muitos estudantes não possuem acesso à internet. Tornando-se urgente repensar a educação, principalmente, das crianças pertencentes às classes menos privilegiadas.
A arte de viver em tempos de pandemia
Authors: Corrêa Jordana Da Silva , Oliveira Neiva Afonso
Published: December 2020

O artigo utiliza o método de pesquisa bibliográfico-reflexivo para apresentar os conceitos de “arte de viver”, “exercícios espirituais” e “práticas de si”, trabalhados, cada um a seu modo, por Pierre Hadot (1922-2010) e Michel Foucault (1926-1984). O objetivo é apontar que, mesmo em meio aos problemas trazidos e evidenciados pela pandemia de COVID-19, é possível a transformação do indivíduo, no sentido de que, em meio ao caos, sempre deve haver esperança, de modo a modificar o olhar do sujeito em relação ao outro. Com isso, trazemos duas sessões principais: uma, que retoma o contexto da pandemia e, outra, que aponta, por meio das teorias filosóficas e dos dois referenciais, uma nova maneira de viver.
Formação continuada para tecnologias digitais em tempos de pandemia: percepções docentes sobre o curso Google Sala de Aula
Authors: Do Espírito Santo Eniel , De Lima Tatiana Polliana Pinto
Published: December 2020

Neste artigo discutimos a formação continuada dos professores no contexto das demandas relacionadas ao ensino online decorrente do isolamento social imposto pela pandemia de Covid-19.  O estudo visa analisar a percepção dos participantes do curso de extensão Google Sala de Aula para Docentes, da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, buscando-se refletir sobre o contexto da educação escolarizada diante dos desafios da pandemia bem como dos relacionados com a formação docente para as tecnologias digitais. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa, por meio do método de estudo de caso, realizando-se a descrição do questionário de avaliação de satisfação preenchido por 413 cursistas. Concluímos que os programas de formação docente em tecnologias digitais necessitam promover a reflexão crítica, por meio do diálogo pedagógico e apropriação tecnológica, possibilitando o traquejo com as tecnologias emergentes e, sobretudo, promovendo a aprendizagem e emancipação dos estudantes nestes tempos pandêmicos.
Body image and quality of life for middle-age
men practicing long-distance running
Authors: Wesołowska Paula
Published: December 2020

Physical activity is an integral part of a healthy lifestyle, regardless of an individual human’s stage of life. The aim
of the study was to investigate the relationship between long-distance running and body image,as well as quality
of life amongmiddle-aged Polish men practicing long distance-running. Furthermore, the study was aimed at
comparing their group in terms of the above variables with the group of men not undertaking physical activity.
The study was conducted in 2018 among 220 men. The research tool consisted of: an original personal survey, the
Body Scale Image and the Shortened Version of the WHOQOL-BREF (The World Health Organization Quality of Life)
Survey. It has been shown that practicing physical activity aff ects the perception of one’s body among men in the
middle of adulthood, while its impact on the sense of quality of life has not been confi rmed. It has been proven
that men who practice long-distance running diff er signifi cantly in the perception of their own body from men not
performing any physical activity.
Zbigniew Dziubiński (2020). Sport w służbie osoby
i wspólnoty w perspektywie papieża Franciszka
[Eng. Sport in the service of the person and
community from the perspective of Pope Francis],
Warsaw: Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education,
Salesian Sports Organisation of the Republic of Poland,
pp. 1-232.
Authors: Zowisło Maria
Published: December 2020

Zbigniew Dziubiński (2020). Sport w służbie osoby
i wspólnoty w perspektywie papieża Franciszka
[Eng. Sport in the service of the person and
community from the perspective of Pope Francis],
Warsaw: Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education,
Salesian Sports Organisation of the Republic of Poland,
pp. 1-232.
Concubinato: resistência feminina, afetividades, famílias e mestiçagens na comarca de Sabará no século XVIII
Authors: Santos Igor Bruno Cavalcante dos
Published: December 2020

Este artigo objetiva analisar o concubinato na comarca de Sabará no século XVIII, mais especificamente na primeira metade dessa centúria, e o faz considerando o seu aspecto de consequência da vontade e escolha dos sujeitos envolvidos e não no espectro de relações marginais. Dentro de uma abordagem sociocultural, o estudo compreende a prática da mancebia enquanto resultado e resultante do intenso e complexo processo das mestiçagens processadas na América portuguesa. Como fonte as devassas eclesiásticas e os testamentos foram privilegiados e ajudaram no sentido de pensarmos uma parte das intrincadas tramas do cotidiano que resultaram em arranjos familiares não legitimados perante as autoridades da época, porém, socialmente aceitos e reproduzidos dentro do cotidiano.
Relações de ofício e de saberes entre o naturalista Joaquim Veloso de Miranda e seus auxiliares em Minas Gerais (1780-1805)
Authors: Pereira Márcio
Published: December 2020

As últimas duas décadas do século XVIII marcam o início de um processo de reorientação política e econômica de Portugal para com suas conquistas. Em Minas Gerais, em função da diminuição das atividades mineradoras, o Estado português encontra na História Natural uma nova perspectiva para auferir receitas e dinamizar a economia colonial e reinol. Utilizando-se na maioria das vezes de profissionais ilustrados que frequentaram a Universidade de Coimbra reformada, Portugal deu início a uma complexa atividade de troca de exemplares dos três Reinos da natureza, confiando ainda a estes delegados outras atividades como a própria dinamização desse processo em seus domínios geográficos. Nestes sertões, o naturalista luso-brasileiro Joaquim Veloso de Miranda foi o responsável por coordenar as atividades inerentes a esta nova política de desenvolvimento econômico, bem como por instruir e comandar seus auxiliares nas várias atividades que este esforço demandava. A presente comunicação tem por objetivo apresentar os processos que envolvem a transmissão de conhecimentos no âmbito das relações de trabalho e servidão, inclusive, direcionadas às atividades que perpassavam a História Natural, entre o naturalista em questão e seus auxiliares, no intuito de esclarecer ainda mais os préstimos realizados por esses homens para atender às demandas da Coroa portuguesa.
Os Gregos: a aprendizagem pela narrativa e representação
Authors: Ferreira Amauri Carlos
Published: December 2020

Este artigo contempla a educação grega que  teve início pelas epopeias e as formas elaboradas do processo educativo. A civilização grega contribui de forma decisiva e singular na percepção do mundo. De que maneira esta civilização desenvolveu-se, social e politicamente? Como a formação do ser grego que buscava a perfeição, a liberdade e a democracia irradiou-se culturalmente? Essas perguntas, e tantas outras, correspondem à constituição de uma identidade através da educação que, no sentido grego, seria a paideia. A paideia trata da formação do ser grego.  O objetivo desse artigo é apresentar de forma didática a importância dos gregos da antiguidade para a compreensão do processo educativo ocidental. Para tal, buscou-se, a partir da aprendizagem pela narrativa dos mitos e da  representação pelo teatro, um modo racional de se compreender o mundo. Assim, os gregos, em seu projeto de paideia, nos legaram um modo de narrar o mundo miticamente ao representá-lo pela arte do teatro e ao educar os indivíduos  pela arte de pensar.
As Conferências de Ministros de Defesa das Américas (1995-2008): a construção do conceito de segurança
Authors: Cruz Glauber Eduardo Ribeiro
Published: December 2020

As Conferências de Ministros de Defesa das Américas são reuniões propostas para pensar, discutir e definir um novo conceito de segurança para o continente americano. No período histórico definido como Guerra Fria, a concepção de segurança internacional vigente na região esteve direcionada para as decisões políticas e militares balizadas pela Doutrina de Segurança Nacional, a qual incluía a participação efetiva dos militares na política. A partir da década de 1990 buscou-se, por meio de fóruns, conferências, cúpulas e reuniões, rever, construir e delimitar um novo conceito de segurança, assimilando as posições políticas e as prioridades dos países latino-americanos dentro dos blocos regionais, a partir da ampliação do diálogo entre civis e  militares, para definir a atuação e a ação política dos países americanos diante dos desafios impostos à segurança do continente. A ampliação do conceito de segurança e a responsabilidade de cada membro em relação ao seu país realçam o impacto da segurança como tema público relevante no início do século XXI.
Der Einfluss von Covid-19 auf den Strafvollzug und die Strafvollzugspolitik in Deutschland
Authors: Dünkel Frieder , Morgenstern Christine
Published: December 2020

Die Situation im deutschen Strafvollzug vor dem Ausbruch der Corona-Pandemie war insofern relativ entspannt, als die Gefangenenraten seit 2003 um ca. 20 % gesunken waren und Überbelegung kaum vorkam. Es gab und gibt allerdings ein spezielles Problem mit Ersatzfreiheitsstrafen (ESF) Verbüßenden, die ca. 10 % der Population des Erwachsenenstrafvollzugs darstellen. Die Aufnahme von Gefangenen mit kurzen Freiheitsstrafen ist insbesondere in Zeiten von Covid-19 problematisch, weil sie einen hohen Durchlauf verursachen und damit die Infektionsgefahr in Gefängnissen erhöhen. Seit März 2020 setzten daher alle Bundesländer die Ladung zum Strafantritt wegen einer ESF und oder reduzierten das entsprechende Klientel drastisch. Die Gefangenrate sank von 77 auf 67 pro 100.000 der Wohnbevölkerung (30.6.2020). Die Lebensbedingungen im Strafvollzug verschlechterten sich gleichwohl, weil die Kontakte von Insassen zur Außenwelt drastisch eingeschränkt wurden. Zur Kompensation der ausgesetzten Besuchsmöglichkeiten und der nur noch ausnahmsweise gewährten Vollzugslockerungen wurden Möglichkeiten der Telefonie und Internetkommunikation mit Familienangehörigen und anderen Bezugspersonen erweitert. Seit Juni 2020 wurden einige der Lockdown-Maßnahmen aufgehoben und Besuche schrittweise wieder erlaubt. Der Beitrag diskutiert weitergehende strafvollzugspolitische und sanktionenrechtliche Optionen für die Zeit nach der Pandemie wie z. B. die Beibehaltung internetbasierter Kommunikation mit Angehörigen etc., die Möglichkeiten des Home-Office für einige Tätigkeitsbereiche der Bediensteten und sanktionenrechtlich die Abschaffung oder zumindest weitergehende Reduzierung der ESF sowie kurzer Freiheitsstrafen generell.
Radikalisierungsprozesse aus professioneller Sicht – empirische Prüfung eines Modells auf Mikro-, Meso- und Makroebene
Authors: Meier Jana , Bögelein Nicole , Neubacher Frank
Published: December 2020

Dieser Text prüft, inwiefern Expertinnen und Experten, die sich beruflich mit dem Themenbereich Radikalisierung beschäftigen, für den Radikalisierungsverlauf die gleichen Aspekte auf der Mikro-, Meso- und Makroebene als zentral erachten, wie theoretische Modelle dies tun. Grundlage dafür ist das Modell, das im früher in der NK erschienenen Text „Modelle von Radikalisierungsverläufen - Einflussfaktoren auf Mikro-, Meso und Makroebene“ (Bögelein/Meier/Neubacher, 2017) herausgearbeitet wurde. Es zeigt sich, dass die Expertinnen und Experten die gleichen Themen als relevant empfinden.
The promises and realization of the right to development in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: KAHOMBO Balingene
Published: December 2020

This paper examines, from a legal and socio-economic perspective, how the right to development materializes its promises and realization in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In this regards, it analyzes its incorporation in the Congolese legal order, defines its constituent elements, and the measures which have been adopted to implement the constitutional framework. It also identifies challenges to the right to development in the DRC and permissive conditions for its effective enjoyment. The main conclusion is that the right to development enshrined in the Congolese law remains more a matter of claims and aspirations than a tangible reality reflecting an increase in the quality of life of the Congolese people. Obstacles to the realization and enjoyment of the right to development include the adverse effects of capitalist liberalism, the extraversion of Congolese development policies, and the culture of predation which dates back to the colonial period. The Congolese leadership has a historic responsibility to trigger or impose the much needed change. This will require not only the integration of the DRC’s international commitments in its domestic development policies based on an internal dynamic putting Congolese at the center of every socio-economic initiative, but also a state which has effective authority over its territory to defend the rule of law, is more interventionist so as to stop the current intentional destruction of the country, and promotes ethical behaviours in public services.
Economic development through the dairy sector: analyzing the legal protection frameworks
Authors: WAMUYU Hannah
Published: December 2020

The paper discusses the important role played by the dairy sector in Kenya with respect to economic development from which the economic and social rights can be realised. In doing so the paper defines an elaborate structural framework within which the sector is managed from the level of production of milk to marketing and sale of dairy products. Various laws and policies that govern the sector are highlighted most of which have interventions to the existing challenges that affect the sector. The paper highlights a number of threats to the sector which if not addressed within the given protection frameworks can lead to collapse of the industry. One of the major threats identified is the low price at which milk is sold by the farmer despite there being high consumer prices. Such low returns to the farmer adversely affect the welfare of the affected communities. The paper attributed the problem of low prices to the oligopolistic tendencies in the sector that have resulted in monopolization of prices. Dumping of milk products was also identified as a major threat which has also contributed to low prices of milk to the farmer. The paper recognizes that the elaborate legal protection frameworks in place can be utilized to regulate such restrictive trade practices and further protect the dairy sector which is still developing.
Local Taxes and ICTs in Uganda
Authors: Matsiko Andrew
Published: December 2020

In Uganda, corruption, bribery, low-quality services, the exclusion of citizens from managing public expenditure and the mobilisation of revenues triggered tax evasion, tax avoidance and protests for a long time. As a result, the government recently digitalised its systems of revenue extraction in local urban authorities. In fact, this study’s empirical findings show that the idea of digitalising local urban fiscal institutions in Uganda has strengthened not only the formalisation of the informal sector, but also the provision of public services and citizen participation, and has moreover alleviated the avoidance and evasion of taxes and fiscal leakages.

Andrew Matsiko is a beneficiary of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Grant for his PhD research in political science at Münster University. He lectured at Bugema University, Uganda and is a member of IPSA: Research Committee 05: Comparative Studies on Local Government and Research Committee 10: Electronic Democracy. Andrew Matsiko’s research interests include state building and taxation, local comparative and regional politics, comparative research methods, digitalisation and hybrid political participation.
The North American Plums (PrunusSpp.): A Review of the Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Relationships
Authors: J. Chavez Dario , X. Chaparro José
Published: December 2020

North America is a center of diversity for Prunus species. Tree architecture, chilling requirement, heat requirement, fruit development period, fruit size, fruit texture, disease resistance, and adaptive changes to multiple environmental conditions are a few examples of the traits of which tremendous genetic variability is available in the native plum species. Wild native Prunus species constitute an important potential source of genetic diversity for stone fruit breeding and selection. A review of the North American plum taxonomic treatment and phylogenetic studies is described. Various studies have been done with three major groups being identified: Americana series, Chickasaw series, and Beach series.
Air Traffic Controllers’ Attitude to the Mistakes Hazards during Their Professional Experience
Authors: Reva Oleksii , Nevynitsyn Andrii , Borsuk Serhii , Shulgin Valerii , Kamyshyn Volodymyr
Published: December 2020

Air traffic controllers’ (ATCs) work process can be presented as uninterrupted set of decisions. These decisions occur and are implemented in both clear and stealth forms being influenced a lot. Determined and stochastic risks are especially important in this process. Human factor (HF) effect on flight safety is proven to be better considered through operators’ attitudes toward unsafe acts and conditions. This seamlessly integrates in ICAO safety paradigm. Air traffic controllers’ preferences system (PS) is discussed in regard to typical professional mistakes set. Using paired comparison, normative part of summary hazard and differentiating part of summary hazard, the preferences system of air traffic controllers is received. For the first time, mistakes pair summary hazard is determined on the unique qualimetric 100-point scale. Systems pair has high correlation level according to Spearman coefficient (R = 0.9727). Proposed Kendall rank coefficient outweighs the traditional one twice (Wtraditional = 0.2722, Wproposed = 0.55237). The significance level for all cases is equal to 1%. Multistep procedure of marginal opinions separation is implemented. It increased Kendall rank coefficient value up to Wproposed = 0.7. Survey procedure influenced positively on the ability of mistakes memorization, recognition, and avoidance during simulation training.
Bisphosphonates as Chelating Agents in Uranium Poisoning
Authors: Beatriz Martínez Adriana , Bettina Bozal Carola , Soledad Orona Nadia , Ruth Tasat Deborah , Matilde Ubios Angela
Published: December 2020

The study of uranium toxicity is very important for public health in general and especially for workers involved in the processes of uranium mining and milling because of the immediate and/or mediate risks of exposure. Most available studies show unsuccessful attempts to eliminate uranium from target organs once the poisoning has occurred. Our group has managed to avoid damage to target organs (short-term kidney and long-term bone damage) in a high percentage of animals treated with lethal doses of uranyl nitrate through the effective chelating action of a single dose of bisodic etidronate. In this context, the contributions of our team and other groups working on chelating therapies provide a starting point for progress in the search for agents for preventing and/or reducing the toxic effects of uranium.
Design Approaches for Safety Increasing and Risk Decreasing for the Civil Aircraft’s Operation
Authors: Tiniakov Dmytro
Published: December 2020

The safety and risks of civil aircraft operation depend on a lot of factors. One of them is the structural features of an aircraft. In aviation history, there are examples when “non-rational” design solution was the reason for crashes, but there are examples about successful civil aircraft that have “rational” structure and long operational time without critical incidents. So, how can a designer provide high safety of level and decrease incidents’ risks in time of a regular aircraft operation? This chapter partly can help to understand some reasons and approaches for providing “rational” aircraft structure. Design solutions can be divided into some groups by some common features and requirements. They are maintainability, serviceability, accessibility, labor effort decreasing, weather requirements, transportation, etc. All these groups depend on engineers’ structural solutions. They are interdependent and often contradictory. In other words, if one of the features will be better, another will be worse at the same time. And, a designer must remember all the time about this and try to find compromise between different requirements. The successful commercial aircraft is composed of a set of rational design solutions for these specific tasks.
Theories and Models of Human Errors Occurrence. Simulation of Aircraft Maintenance Processes
Authors: Pryimak Andrii , Orlovskyi Mykhailo , Tretyakov Yevgeny
Published: December 2020

General issues of the errors occurrence by technical personnel were considered, their causes and consequences. Classifications of errors based on an ergonomic understanding of their nature, as well as on the results of an engineering-psychological analysis of operators’ activity are given. Much attention is paid to the methods used by ICAO to classify errors and violations. Details considered models SHELL and J. Reason. Their adaptation is presented for analysis cases of the impact of the technical maintenance quality on the flight safety of aircraft. A special place is occupied by the disclosure of assessing issues impact of technical personnel errors on flight safety. A wide range of existing methods and models is presented, allowing obtaining qualitative and quantitative assessment of this effect in order for the prevention of errors by technical personnel and mitigating their consequences.
Response of Growth Inhibitor Paclobutrazol in Fruit Crops
Authors: Ashraf Naira , Ashraf Moieza
Published: December 2020

Paclobutrazol (PBZ; IUPAC name: (2RS, 3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4, 4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl) pentan-3-ol) is a triazol derivative and an antagonist of gibberellins. It has been shown to inhibit shoot growth in various perennial fruit trees. Paclobutrazol application reduced the number of shoots, transforming trees into a more desirable, spur-type growth habit as the vegetative sink was reduced. This compound induces an early and intense flowering, diminishing vegetative growth and reducing the extension of buds, allowing for ripening and the initiation of apical buds inflorescence. Besides, it also increases fruit set, the years following application as a carryover effect. An increase in return bloom is a common response to paclobutrazol treatment and has been reported for various fruit crops. Paclobutrazol is widely used to advance harvest maturity in various fruit crops and it improves fruit quality in terms of accelerated colour development, delayed and synchronized fruit maturation and control of preharvest fruit drop. It is known to improve fruit physical and fruit chemical characteristics. Fruit calcium is increased for 2–3 years due to carry over effect. It helps in the maintenance of better fruit quality during storage and influences nutrient uptake in various fruit crops including stone fruits. It has been characterized as an environmentally stable compound in soil and water environments with a long half-life under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Non-Steady First Matrix Cracking of Fiber-Reinforced Ceramics
Authors: Wang Huan
Published: December 2020

Matrix cracking affects the reliability and safety of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites during operation. The matrix cracking can be divided into two types, that is, steady state crack and non-steady state cracking. This chapter is about the non-steady stable cracking of fiber-reinforced CMCs. The micro stress field of fiber, matrix, and interface shear stress along the fiber direction is analyzed using the shear-lag model. The relationship between the crack opening displacement and the crack surface closure traction is derived. The experimental first matrix cracking stress of different CMCs are predicted.
Multiple Matrix Cracking of Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic-Matrix Composites during Operation
Authors: Zhu Chengzheng
Published: December 2020

In the field of civil aviation, the most important factor is safety quality. Improving aircraft performance can increase flight safety factor in some degree. To improve the thrust-to-weight ratio of aircraft engines and reduce fuel consumption, the fundamental measure is to increase the turbine inlet temperature of engines, while hot-section components is directly related to the maximum allowable operating temperature. Ceramic-matrix composite (CMC) material is one of the important candidate materials for aeroengine. To improve CMCs in aircraft engine application, it is necessary to investigate the failure mechanism of CMCs and also failure models. However, during operation, matrix multiple cracking occurs with fiber debonding and fracture, which affects the flight safety and failure risk. In this chapter, the multiple matrix cracking of fiber-reinforced CMCs is investigated using energy balance approach.
Sea Almond as a Promising Feedstock for Green Diesel: Statistical Optimization and Power Rate Law Based Chemical Kinetics of Its Consecutive Irreversible Methanolysis
Authors: Esonye Chizoo , Donminic Onukwuli Okechukwu , Uwaoma Ofoefule Akuzuo , Sunday Ume Cyril , Jacintha Ogbodo Nkiruka
Published: December 2020

For successful industrial scale-up and effective cost analysis of transesterification process, presentation of complimentary research data from process optimization using statistical design techniques, chemical kinetics and thermodynamics are essential. Full factorial central composite design (FFCCD) was applied for the statistical optimization of base methanolysis of sea almond (Terminalia catappa) seed oil using response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with desirability function analysis on quadratic model. Reaction time had the most significant impact on the biodiesel yield. Optimum conditions for biodiesel yield of 93.09 wt% validated at 92.58 wt% were 50.03°C, 2.04 wt% catalyst concentration, 58.5 min and 4.66 methanol/oil molar ratio with overall desirability of 1.00. Ascertained fuel properties of the FAME were in compliance with international limits. GC–MS, FTIR and NMR characterizations confirmed unsaturation and good cold-flow qualities of the biodiesel. Based on power rate law, second-order kinetic model out-performed first-order kinetic model. Rate constants of the triglyceride (TG), diglycerides (DG) and monoglycerides (MG) hydrolysis were in the range of 0.00838–0.0409 wt%/min while activation energies were 12.76, 15.83 and 22.43 kcal/mol respectively. TG hydrolysis to DG was the rate determining step. The optimal conditions have minimal error and would serve as a springboard for industrial scale-up of biodiesel production from T. catappa seed oil.
Energy Use Efficiency in Irrigated and Rainfed Wheat in Pakistan
Authors: Imran Muhammad , Özçatalbaş Orhan
Published: December 2020

Wheat is an important staple food in Pakistan and is grown in both irrigated and rainfed production systems. To meet increased demand, farmers have increased the use of input energy in wheat production. The intensive use of energy has many consequences for energy security and environmental sustainability. In this chapter, we have analyzed the energy use efficiency of wheat crop grown in two different production systems using data collected from wheat farmers of Punjab province of Pakistan through face-to-face interviews. Energy input–output analysis revealed that 49,079 MJ/ha input energy is used in irrigated wheat and 31,421 MJ/ha in rainfed wheat. The main difference between both production systems is because of irrigation water. Fertilizer has the highest share in total energy consumption followed by diesel fuel. Energy consumed per kilogram of wheat produced is less in rainfed wheat compared to irrigated. Similarly, energy efficiency values of rainfed wheat are better than irrigated wheat. Results of data envelopment analysis reveal that 38% of wheat farmers in rainfed systems and 62% in the irrigated system are using energy efficiently. The substantial difference between the energy use of inefficient and efficient indicates that there’s a significant potential to improve energy use efficiency in both systems.
Industrial Control Systems Honeypot: A Formal Analysis of Conpot
Authors:   K.J. Somaiya College of Engineering, Mumbai, India, Gokhale Sheetal , Dalvi Ashwini , Siddavatam Irfan
Published: December 2020

Technologies used in ICS and Smart Grid are overlapping. The most discussed attacks on ICSs are Stuxnet and Black energy malware. The anatomy of these attacks not only pointed out that the security of ICS is of prime concern but also demanded to execute a proactive approach in practicing ICS security. Honeypot is used to implement defensive measures for security. The Honeynet group released Honeypot for ICS labelled as Conpot in 2013. Though the Conpot is low interactive Honeypot, it emulates processes of different cyber-physical systems, typically Smart Grid. In the literature, the effectiveness of Honeypot operations was studied by challenging limitations of the existing setup or proposing new variants. Similar approaches are followed for Conpot evaluation. However, none of the work addressed a formal verification method to verify the engagement of Honeypot, and this makes the presented work unique. For proposed work, Coloured Petri Net (CPN) tool is used for formal verification of Conpot. The variants of Conpot are modelled, including initial state model, deadlock state model and livelock model. Further evaluation of these models based on state space analysis results confirmed that Conpot could lure an attacker by engaging him in an infinite loop and thereby limiting the scope of the attacker from exploring and damaging the real-time systems or services. However, in the deadlock state, the attacker’s activity in the conpot will be restricted and will be unable to proceed further as the conpot model incorporates deadlock loop.
Improving Cloud Data Encryption Using Customized Genetic Algorithm
Authors:   Department of Computer Science, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Arshad Muhammad Junaid , Umair Muhammad , Munawar Saima , Naveed Nasir , Naeem Humaira
Published: December 2020

Data Encryption is widely utilized for ensuring data privacy, integrity, and confidentiality. Nowadays, a large volume of data is uploaded to the cloud, which increases its vulnerability and adds to security breaches. These security breaches include circumstances where sensitive information is being exposed to third parties or any access to sensitive information by unauthorized personnel. The objective of this research is to propose a method for improving encryption by customizing the genetic algorithm (GA) with added steps of encryption. These added steps of encryption include the data being processed with local information (chromosome's value calculated with computer-generated random bits without human intervention). The improvement in the randomness of the key generated is based on altering the population size, number of generations, and mutation rate. The first step of encrypting is to convert sample data into binary form. Once the encryption process is complete, this binary result is converted back to get the encrypted data or cipher-text. Foremost, the GA operators (population size, number of generations, and mutation rate) are changed to determine the optimal values of each operator to bring forth a random key in the minimum possible time, then local intelligence is headed in the algorithm to further improve the outcomes. Local Intelligence consists of local information and a random bit generated in each iteration. Local Information is the current value of a parent in each iteration at the gene level. Both local information and random bit are then applied in a mathematical pattern to generate a randomized key. The local intelligence-based algorithm can operate better in terms of time with the same degree of randomness that is generated with the conventional GA technique. The result showed that the proposed method is at least 80% more efficient in terms of time while generating the secret key with the same randomness level as generated by a conventional GA. Therefore, when large data are intended to be encrypted, then using local intelligence can demonstrate to be better utilized time.
FBSEM: A Novel Feature-Based Stacked Ensemble Method for Sentiment Analysis
Authors:   Cumhuriyet University, Department of Management Information Systems, Sivas 58140, Turkey, Görmez Yasin , Işık Yunus E. , Temiz Mustafa , Aydın Zafer
Published: December 2020

Sentiment analysis is the process of determining the attitude or the emotional state of a text automatically. Many algorithms are proposed for this task including ensemble methods, which have the potential to decrease error rates of the individual base learners considerably. In many machine learning tasks and especially in sentiment analysis, extracting informative features is as important as developing sophisticated classifiers. In this study, a stacked ensemble method is proposed for sentiment analysis, which systematically combines six feature extraction methods and three classifiers. The proposed method obtains cross-validation accuracies of 89.6%, 90.7% and 67.2% on large movie, Turkish movie and SemEval-2017 datasets, respectively, outperforming the other classifiers. The accuracy improvements are shown to be statistically significant at the 99% confidence level by performing a Z-test.