bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anesthesia Management of a Patient with Penetrating Brain Injury with a Knife into the Occipital Region
Authors: Patil Shruti S. , Devani Kavin K. , Lemle Swapnil D.
Published: February 2024

Penetrating brain injuries are rare events in modern times. In this article we present the case of an adolescent with a knife, lodged in the occipital region needing surgical care. The patient was conscious, cooperative, and vitally stable with a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) of 15/15 with no lateralizing signs. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain demonstrated the knife blade in the suboccipital bone with suspicious injury to the right transverse sinus. General anesthesia was provided and airway secured in a lateral position using a video laryngoscope. Surgery was performed in the prone position using the Mayfield head holder. All measures to prevent secondary brain injury were taken. The patient remained vitally stable during surgery and could be extubated after surgery. Planning and preparation are vital for the smooth conduct of the case.
Examining the Effects of Strength Training with Load Progression on Sleep Parameters and Mental Health in College Students
Authors: Calazans de Lira Camila Tenório , Santiago Ladyodeyse da Cunha Silva , Henrique Rafael do Santos , Rangel-Junior João Francisco Lins Brayner , Campello Camilla Porto , Santos Marcos André Moura
Published: February 2024

Objective To compare the effects of strength training with load progression after 4 weeks on sleep parameters and mental health in college students.

Methods A total of 17 university students (11 women, 6 men), ranging from 18 to 21 years old, were randomized into a strength training group (STG) and a control group (CG). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), insomnia severity questionnaire, hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale, profile of mood states (POMS), and chronotype were used to evaluate the main outcomes. Training consisted of 60 minute·d−1 (2 times/week, for 4-weeks), with 3 sets of 10 to 12 repetitions, and a 1-minute rest interval between sets and exercises. Baseline and postintervention differences were analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE).

Results After 4 weeks of ST, a significant time effect on the chronotype (β: 1.33; p < 0.05) was observed in the STG. Additionally, there was a significant time and group effect in the reduction of tension (β: 5.00; p < 0.05), depression (β: 15.41; p < 0.05), anger (β: 8.00; p < 0.05), and confusion (β: 6.50; p < 0.05). For fatigue (β: 2.66; p < 0.05), there was a significant time effect difference in its reduction. Vigor was meaningfully increased in the STG group (β: −1.75; p < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant positive relationship was observed between sleep quality and anxiety (r = 0.54; p = 0.03). Finally, insomnia was positively related with an increase in confusion (r = 0.70; p = 0.04) and anxiety (r = 0.52; p = 0.04), as well as with a decrease in vigor (r = −0.71; p = 0.03).

Discussion Short-term strength training for 4 weeks was effective for improving mental health, helping achieve characteristics of a positive mood profile, that is, low values for negative factors and a high value for the positive factor.
Intensive Voice Treatment following Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection for a Speaker with Abductor Laryngeal Dystonia: An Exploratory Case Study
Authors: Schnell Mindy , Slavin Dianne
Published: February 2024

Abductor laryngeal dystonia (ABLD) is a rare neurological voice disorder which results in sporadic opening of the vocal folds during speech. Etiology is unknown, and to date there is no identified effective behavioral treatment for it. It is hypothesized that LSVT LOUD®, which was developed to treat dysphonia secondary to Parkinson's disease, may have application to speakers with ABLD to improve outcomes beyond that with botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) treatment alone. The participant received one injection of BoNT in each vocal fold 2 to 3 months prior to initiating intensive voice therapy via teletherapy. Objective measures of vocal loudness (dB sound pressure level), maximum phonation time, and high/low pitch frequency (Hz) were recorded in all treatment sessions and follow-up sessions. Over the course of treatment, the participant showed steady gains in phonation time, volume, pitch range, and vocal quality with a substantial reduction in aphonic voice breaks by the end of the treatment program. Perceptual symptoms of ABLD were nearly undetectable by the participant and the clinicians up to 12 months posttreatment, with no additional BoNT injections. The results suggest that LSVT LOUD® following BoNT was effective, with long-lasting improvement in vocal function, for this speaker with ABLD.
How do intra-party dynamics impact the party elite’s immigration policy manoeuvres? The case of German Social Democrats
Authors: Orhan Suat Alper
Published: February 2024

This article examines the Social Democratic Party of Germany’s (SPD) approach to immigration and the role of party activists in shaping its policies. The article delves into the party’s response to the 2015 refugee crisis and its aftermath, utilising the discourse taken by the party’s leading figures and interviews with party elites, exploring their perceptions of activists and their constraints on immigration policies. The findings reveal that the influence of party activists is beyond their official power within the organisational structure, and their nestedness within the party affects the party elite’s policy- and decision-making on immigration. Given the potential backlash from activists, the study underscores the party elites’ cautious approach to policy shifts and emphasises the significance of leadership skills, the party’s image and electoral motivations in navigating intra-party dynamics and policy-making. Ultimately, the research highlights the delicate balance SPD elites seek in addressing immigration issues within its party structure.
Citizen science as a relevant approach to the challenges of complex thinking development in higher education: mapping and bibliometric analysis
Authors: Alfaro-Ponce Berenice , Durán-González Rosa , Morales-Maure Luisa , Sanabria-Z Jorge
Published: February 2024

Educational strategies have undergone significant transformations in an era marked by rapid globalization, advancements in communication technologies, and challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic. Amid these changes, Citizen Science (CS) has gained prominence as an innovative educational approach, particularly in fostering complex thinking skills necessary to navigate contemporary global trends. This study aims to fill the knowledge gap regarding the effectiveness of CS projects in developing complex thinking competencies within higher education. Through a bibliometric analysis of 28 Scopus-indexed articles from 2000 to 2022, this research maps the landscape of CS as an educational strategy and evaluates its alignment with complex thinking development. The analysis indicates a strong link between CS projects and the enhancement of complex thinking and its sub-competencies. It demonstrates that CS initiatives have successfully achieved their educational objectives, substantially enriching the learning experience. Furthermore, the research highlights a growing trend in applying CS for educational purposes. These findings suggest that CS can be a valuable component of higher education curricula, offering a practical method for developing critical competencies in students. The study underscores the potential of CS to contribute meaningfully to the evolution of pedagogical practices and provides a foundation for future research to build upon, particularly in the context of higher education’s response to global educational demands.
High-harmonic spectroscopy of impulsively aligned 1,3-cyclohexadiene: Signatures of attosecond charge migration
Authors: Tehlar Andres , Casanova Jakob T. , Dnestryan Andrey , Jensen Frank , Madsen Lars Bojer , Tolstikhin Oleg I. , Wörner Hans Jakob
Published: February 2024

High-harmonic spectroscopy is an all-optical technique with inherent attosecond temporal resolution that has been successfully employed to reconstruct charge migration, electron-tunneling dynamics, and conical-intersection dynamics. Here, we demonstrate the extension of two key components of high-harmonic spectroscopy, i.e., impulsive alignment and measurements with multiple driving wavelengths to 1,3-cyclohexadiene and benzene. In the case of 1,3-cyclohexadiene, we find that the temporal sequence of maximal and minimal emitted high-harmonic intensities as a function of the delay between the alignment and probe pulses inverts between 25 and 30 eV and again between 35 and 40 eV when an 800-nm driver is used, but no inversions are observed with a 1420-nm driver. This observation is explained by the wavelength-dependent interference of emission from multiple molecular orbitals (HOMO to HOMO-3), as demonstrated by calculations based on the weak-field asymptotic theory and accurate photorecombination matrix elements. These results indicate that attosecond charge migration takes place in the 1,3-cyclohexadiene cation and can potentially be reconstructed with the help of additional measurements. Our experiments also demonstrate a pathway toward studying photochemical reactions in the molecular frame of 1,3-cyclohexadiene.
A comparison of current analytical methods for detecting particulate matter and micro/nanoplastics
Authors: Thomas Chloe , Spatayeva Togzhan , Yu Dawon , Loh Andrew , Yim Un Hyuk , Yoon Jeong-Yeol
Published: February 2024

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are increasingly found in all realms of the world, including water and soil. Now, there is growing concern over this type of pollution in the air. Many well-established techniques exist for detecting particulate matter (PM) in the air. They are low-cost and handheld, and some of them even allow direct detection from the air. While various MNP detection methods have been demonstrated, airborne MNP detection methods depend on expensive laboratory instruments. This review paper examines the current analytic methods used to identify PM and MNP and discusses their similarities and differences. PM can be detected directly from the air primarily via light scattering, while direct air detection of MNP has not been demonstrated. Sampling steps allow both PM and MNP to be detected from the air. Since PM detection does not require the type identification of materials, mass detection has been utilized, including gravimetric and microbalance methods. Simple optical detection based on absorbance or reflectance and electrical current measurements have also been used for PM detection. However, MNP detection does require type identification, including plastic vs non-plastic or the type of plastic, requiring more sophisticated methods, including spectroscopic and thermal analyses. Microscopic identification has been utilized for both PM and MNP detection since it can identify the size, morphology, autofluorescence, and spectroscopic properties. Machine learning algorithms can also analyze the microscopic images and spectra to identify the type of PM and MNP. While microscopic identification previously required a bulky benchtop microscope, a portable or even handheld microscope has become available, allowing it to detect MNPs in a portable, low-cost manner.
Microwave characterization of tantalum superconducting resonators on silicon substrate with niobium buffer layer
Authors: Urade Yoshiro , Yakushiji Kay , Tsujimoto Manabu , Yamada Takahiro , Makise Kazumasa , Mizubayashi Wataru , Inomata Kunihiro
Published: February 2024

Tantalum thin films sputtered on unheated silicon substrates are characterized with microwaves at around 10 GHz in a 10 mK environment. We show that the phase of tantalum with a body-centered cubic lattice (α-Ta) can be grown selectively by depositing a niobium buffer layer prior to a tantalum film. The physical properties of the films, such as superconducting transition temperature and crystallinity, change markedly with the addition of the buffer layer. Coplanar waveguide resonators based on the composite film exhibit significantly enhanced internal quality factors compared with a film without the buffer layer. The internal quality factor approaches 2 × 107 at a large-photon-number limit. While the quality factor decreases at the single-photon level owing to two-level system (TLS) loss, we have deduced that one of the causes of TLS loss is the amorphous silicon layer at the film–substrate interface, which originates from the substrate cleaning before the film deposition rather than the film itself. The temperature dependence of the internal quality factors shows a marked rise below 200 mK, suggesting the presence of TLS–TLS interactions. The present low-loss tantalum films can be deposited without substrate heating and thus have various potential applications in superconducting quantum electronics.
Mixing entropy and enthalpy effects on europium ions in Eu-doped BaAl2O4
Authors: Wu Yu-Hao , Lam Tu-Ngoc , Ke Sun-Way , Lee Wen-Jay , Lee Chien-Yu , Chen Bo-Yi , Yin Gung-Chian , Hsieh Wan-Zhen , Chiang Ching-Yu , Tang Mau-Tsu , Lin Bi-Hsuan , Huang E-Wen
Published: February 2024

Distributions of Eu2+ and Eu3+ do affect the optical properties. However, the substitution of the activator ions hardly perturbed the crystal structure of the host lattice. Without the differences in crystal structure, it is not trivial to develop an effective descriptor to investigate stoichiometry-dependent mechanism to explore the effects of Eu species on valence states. In this study, through x-ray nanodiffraction, x-ray fluorescence, x-ray absorption near edge structure, and x-ray excited optical luminescence, we mapped the valence state distributions of Eu species to calculate the local mixing enthalpy and entropy. The calculated thermodynamics parameters show good agreement with the optical properties. We found that Eu2+ of Eu-doped BaAl2O4 predominantly existed in a divalent state, which results in segregation phenomena of local Eu2+ and Eu3+ ions.
On the hysteresis characteristics and compensation control strategy of a pneumatic hydrodynamic retarder
Authors: Wei Wei , Tao Tianlang , Jian Hongchao , Guo Meng , Hu Naipeng , Yan Qingdong
Published: February 2024

As the core component of the hydrodynamic retarder braking system, pneumatic proportional solenoid valve plays an important role in the process of braking torque control. However, the hysteresis characteristic caused by friction and air compressibility will lead to the deviation of braking torque. In order to solve this problem, the hysteresis characteristic of pneumatic proportional solenoid valve is experimentally studied, and the causes of hysteresis phenomenon are analyzed through mathematical modeling of the valve core. Then, a high-precision prediction model of braking torque is obtained by combining Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and response surface method, which is used to construct the mapping relationship between control air pressure and braking torque. Furthermore, a feedforward controller based on Prandtl–Ishlinskii inverse model is designed to compensate the hysteresis characteristics. On this basis, a compound hysteresis characteristics compensation control strategy combined with Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) feedback control is proposed to realize the accurate control of braking torque. Finally, the test verification of braking torque control is carried out. The average error of compound control, feedforward control, and PID control under torque step working condition is 3.16%, 5.97%, and 6.23%, and the response time is 3.75, 8.75, and 3.2 s, respectively. The compound control strategy also has smaller torque error and shorter response time under both ramp torque tracking and constant torque conditions. To sum up, this compound control strategy can effectively compensate the hysteresis characteristics of the pneumatic hydrodynamic retarder and ensure the driving safety by improving the control accuracy and response speed of braking torque.
Large barocaloric and magnetocaloric effects in MnFe0.8+xNi1.2−xSiGe0.5 high-entropy intermetallics
Authors: Wang Xuyu , Xuan Haicheng , Ji Minjie , Chen Fenghua , Han Zhida , Han Peide , Qiao Junwei
Published: February 2024

High-entropy intermetallics (HEIs) are a category of materials that exhibit special functional properties. Among the many excellent properties of high-entropy materials, the magnetocaloric performance has a promising future. We design of HEIs of MnFe0.8+xNi1.2−xSiGe0.5 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) based on the MnNiSi. The change of Fe content establishes a stable magnetic structure transition from paramagnetic hexagonal phase to ferromagnetic orthorhombic phase, and a large magnetic entropy change of 25.8 and 32.8 J·kg−1 K−1 is obtained in x = 0.2 and 0.3 materials under the field of 3 T. Moreover, the transition temperature of the MnFeNiSiGe0.5 HEI decreases with increasing pressure, and a low-pressure-induced large reversible barocaloric effect is achieved with the transformation entropy change of 43.72 J·kg−1 K−1 by applying hydrostatic pressure of 10 kbar. Our findings demonstrate that MnFe0.8+xNi1.2−xSiGe0.5 HEIs have promising potential as high-performance solid state refrigeration materials.
Energy spectra and fluxes of turbulent rotating Bose–Einstein condensates in two dimensions
Authors: Sivakumar Anirudh , Mishra Pankaj Kumar , Hujeirat Ahmad A. , Muruganandam Paulsamy
Published: February 2024

We investigate the scaling of the energy cascade in a harmonically trapped, turbulent, rotating Bose-Einstein condensate in two dimensions. We achieve turbulence by injecting a localized perturbation into the condensate and gradually increasing its rotation frequency from an initial value to a maximum. The main characteristics of the resulting turbulent state depend on the initial conditions, rotation frequency, and ramp-up time. We analyze the energy and the fluxes of kinetic energy by considering initial profiles without vortices and with vortex lattices. In the case without initial vortices, we find the presence of Kolmogorov-like scaling (k−5/3) of the incompressible kinetic energy in the inertial range. However, with initial vortex lattices, the energy spectrum follows Vinen scaling (k−1) at transient iterations. For cases with high rotating frequencies, Kolmogorov-like scaling emerges at longer durations. We observe positive kinetic energy fluxes with both initial states across all final frequencies, indicating a forward cascade of incompressible and compressible kinetic energy.
Machine learning investigation of high-k metal gate processes for dynamic random access memory peripheral transistor
Authors: Kwon Namyong , Bang JoonHo , Sung Won Ju , Han Jung Hoon , Lee Dongin , Jung Ilwoo , Park Se Guen , Ban Hyodong , Hwang Sangjoon , Shin Won Yong , Bae Jinhye , Lee Dongwoo
Published: February 2024

Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) plays a crucial role as a memory device in modern computing, and the high-k/metal gate (HKMG) process is essential for enhancing DRAM’s power efficiency and performance. However, integration of the HKMG process into the existing DRAM technology presents complex and time-consuming challenges. This research uses machine learning analysis to investigate the relationships among the process parameters and electrical properties of HKMG in DRAM. The expectation–maximization imputation was utilized to fill in the missing data, and the Shapley additive explanations analysis was employed for the regression models to predict the electrical properties of HKMG. The impact of the process parameters on the electrical properties is quantified, and the important features that affect the performance of the HKMG transistor are characterized by using the explainable AI algorithm.
On Mars as it is on Earth: Bioinspired technologies for sustainability on Earth are paving the way for a new era of space exploration
Authors: Fernandez Javier G. , Ng Shiwei
Published: February 2024

This Perspective explores the synergy between bioinspired technologies for sustainability on Earth and their application in space exploration. We focus on the parallels between the paradigm shift toward sustainable development on our planet and establishing permanent human settlements on Mars and the Moon. Informed by Earth’s ecological and technological progress, which emphasizes the critical need for efficiency and integration with the planet’s metabolic processes, the discussion revolves around the challenges and opportunities in creating self-sustaining communities in space. Specifically, the focus is on the central role that bioinspired materials, particularly bioinspired chitinous materials, will play in developing sustainable manufacturing practices on Earth and in extraterrestrial environments. Considering the development of bioinspired chitinous manufacturing in the last decade, we argue that we are witnessing the birth of a new manufacturing paradigm embracing efficiency, resilience, and ecological cycles inspired by biological systems, which will be essential for sustainable living on Earth and advancing a new age of space exploration.
Intermolecular donor–acceptor stacking to suppress triplet exciton diffusion for long-persistent organic room-temperature phosphorescence
Authors: Ma Jiajia , Dou Jiawen , Xu Nuo , Wang Guo , Duan Yuai , Liao Yi , Yi Yuanping , Geng Hua
Published: February 2024

Controlling triplet states is crucial to improve the efficiency and lifetime of organic room temperature phosphorescence (ORTP). Although the intrinsic factors from intramolecular radiative and non-radiative decay have been intensively investigated, the extrinsic factors that affect triplet exciton quenching are rarely reported. Diffusion to the defect sites inside the crystal or at the crystal surface may bring about quenching of triplet exciton. Here, the phosphorescence lifetime is found to have a negative correlation with the triplet exciton diffusion coefficient based on the density functional theory (DFT)/time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations on a series of ORTP materials. For systems with a weak charge transfer (CT) characteristic, close π–π stacking will lead to strong triplet coupling and fast triplet exciton diffusion in most cases, which is detrimental to the phosphorescence lifetime. Notably, for intramolcular donor–acceptor (D–A) type systems with a CT characteristic, intermolecular D–A stacking results in ultra-small triplet coupling, thus contributing to slow triplet diffusion and long phosphorescence lifetime. These findings shed some light on molecular design toward high-efficiency long persistent ORTP.
The double surge wave generated by a supercritical flow entering upstream of a pre-existing current
Authors: Defina Andrea
Published: February 2024

The paper discusses a particular phenomenon that develops in an open channel flow when a supercritical current enters from upstream a pre-existing current. In this case, a system of two surge waves, which propagate downstream while distancing each other, develops; the two surges can be either positive or negative, as well as shock or diffuse waves, and arrange into four different configurations. A model of the double surge wave system that allows to estimate the waves characteristics such as the height and the speed of the wave fronts, is described and discussed, and a criterion to predict the wave configuration is proposed. The model is then tested against the results of lab experiments that confirmed its reliability. Some numerical simulations are also performed to describe and further discuss the double surge wave system that develops under different conditions of practical interest.
Relaxation times and dynamic behavior of an optofluidic flow meter in the nanoliter per minute regime
Authors: Drachman Nicholas , Patrone Paul N. , Cooksey Gregory A.
Published: February 2024

Accuracy and temporal resolution of flow meters are often unacceptable below the microliter per minute scale, limiting their ability to evaluate the real-time performance of many microfluidic devices. For conventional flow meters, this problem arises from uncertainties that depend on physical effects, such as evaporation, whose relative impacts scale inversely with flow rate. More advanced techniques that can measure nanoliter per minute flows are often not dynamic and require specialized equipment. Herein, we report on new experimental and theoretical results that overcome both limitations using an optofluidic flow meter. Previously, we showed that this device can measure flow rates as low as 1 nl/min with roughly 5% relative uncertainty by leveraging the photobleaching rate of a fluorescent dye. We now extend that work by determining the flow meter's relaxation time over a wide range of flow rates and incident irradiances. Using a simplified analytical model, we deduce that this time constant arises from the interplay between the photobleaching rate and transit time of the dye through the optical interrogation region. This motivates us to consider a more general model of the device, which, surprisingly, implies that all time constants are related by a simple scaling relationship depending only on the flow rate and optical irradiance. We experimentally validate this relationship to within 5% uncertainty down to 1 nl/min. Additionally, we measure a relaxation time of the flow meter on the order of 100 ms for 1 nl/min flows, demonstrating the ability to make dynamic measurements of small flows with unprecedented accuracy.
Nonlinear optical properties of lanthanum titanate glasses prepared by levitation melting
Authors: Topper B. , Neumann A. , Mafi A. , Pettes M. , Alrubkhi A. , Wilke S. K. , Weber R.
Published: February 2024

Lanthanum titanate glasses (17 La2O3-83 TiO2) are fabricated via aerodynamic levitation melting. Nonlinear refraction and absorption were measured with the Z scan technique using ∼550 ps optical pulses at 532 nm wavelength with peak intensities in the range of 0.25–2.5 GW/cm2. The two-photon absorption coefficient (β) and the effective nonlinear refraction coefficient (n2eff) are found to be, respectively, 2.19 cm/GW and 152 × 10−16 cm2/W (85 × 10−13 esu). The Raman gain is measured to be 106 × 10−11 cm/W. The nonlinearity strength is found to be nearly 60 times larger in lanthanum titanate glasses relative to silica.
Deficiency of factor-inhibiting HIF creates a tumor-promoting immune microenvironment
Authors: Ma Jingyi , Al Moussawi Khatoun , Lou Hantao , Chan Hok Fung , Wang Yihua , Chadwick Joseph , Phetsouphanh Chansavath , Slee Elizabeth A. , Zhong Shan , Leissing Thomas M. , Roth Andrew , Qin Xiao , Chen Shuo , Yin Jie , Ratnayaka Indrika , Hu Yang , Louphrasitthiphol Pakavarin , Taylor Lewis , Bettencourt Paulo J. G. , Muers Mary , Greaves David R. , McShane Helen , Goldin Robert , Soilleux Elizabeth J. , Coleman Mathew L. , Ratcliffe Peter J. , Lu Xin
Published: February 2024

Hypoxia signaling influences tumor development through both cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic pathways. Inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) function has recently been approved as a cancer treatment strategy. Hence, it is important to understand how regulators of HIF may affect tumor growth under physiological conditions. Here we report that in aging mice factor-inhibiting HIF (FIH), one of the most studied negative regulators of HIF, is a haploinsufficient suppressor of spontaneous B cell lymphomas, particular pulmonary B cell lymphomas. FIH deficiency alters immune composition in aged mice and creates a tumor-supportive immune environment demonstrated in syngeneic mouse tumor models. Mechanistically, FIH-defective myeloid cells acquire tumor-supportive properties in response to signals secreted by cancer cells or produced in the tumor microenvironment with enhanced arginase expression and cytokine-directed migration. Together, these data demonstrate that under physiological conditions, FIH plays a key role in maintaining immune homeostasis and can suppress tumorigenesis through a cell-extrinsic pathway.
Dark matter effects explanation with the torsion in the Minkowski space
Authors: Romanets Petro
Published: February 2024

Investigating rotation curves and the Tully–Fisher ratio within galaxies represents a central theme of extensive research and scientific interest. Despite several theoretical models, a comprehensive explanation of the observed correlation between galaxy types and their rotation curves remains elusive. This study endeavors to bridge this knowledge gap by delving into the discernible connection between the presence of dark matter and galaxy classification. By meticulously examining the gravitational field’s dependency on its source’s point symmetry, we introduce a novel theoretical framework that offers a coherent rationale for these empirical findings. Our proposed model explains the appearance of dark matter as a direct consequence of the reduction of point symmetry in gravitational systems. Neither arbitrary systems with a high mass density nor a perfectly spherically symmetric mass distribution give the observable effects of dark matter. Special attention was paid to the axial symmetry scenario as a reasonable approach for modeling the mass distribution in most galaxies. We thoroughly analyzed, showing strong agreement with experimental observations for dwarf, Sb, and Scd galaxies. Thus, our study provides a compelling theoretical foundation for elucidating the intricate interplay between galaxy types, rotation curves, and the presence of dark matter, shedding new light on the dynamics of the cosmos.
Inversion of a restricted transverse ray transform with sources on a curve
Authors: Mishra Rohit Kumar , Thakkar Chandni
Published: February 2024

In this paper, a restricted transverse ray transform acting on vector and symmetric m-tensor fields is studied. We developed inversion algorithms using restricted transverse ray transform data to recover symmetric m-tensor fields in

R

3

and vector fields in

R

n

. We restrict the transverse ray transform to all lines going through a fixed curve γ that satisfies the Kirillov–Tuy condition. We show that the known restricted data can be used to reconstruct a specific weighted Radon transform of the unknown vector/tensor field’s components, which we then use to explicitly recover the unknown field.
Recent progress in epitaxial growth of dislocation tolerant and dislocation free III–V lasers on silicon
Authors: Yan Zhao , Li Qiang
Published: February 2024

Epitaxial integration of III–V optical functionalities on silicon (Si) is the key to complement current Si photonics, facilitating the development of scalable, compact photonic integrated circuits. Here we aim to outline this field, focusing on the III–V semiconductor materials and the III–V lasers grown on Si. This paper is divided into two main parts: in the first part, we discuss III–V materials grown on Si, including the low-index {hhl} facets, (001) Si surface and anti-phase boundary, and dislocation engineering. The second part centres at III–V lasers grown on Si: we will first discuss III–V lasers that are highly tolerant to dislocations, including quantum dot/dash diode lasers, interband cascade, and quantum cascade lasers grown on Si from near infrared to long-wave infrared. We then move to the selective heteroepitaxy of low dislocation density III–Vs for the bufferless lasers. Finally, we review the III–V nanowire photonic crystal lasers grown on Si, which offers a different approach to overcome material mismatch and grow dislocation free III–V structures on silicon. We start with briefly introducing the recent progress of each technology, followed with a discussion of its key advantages, research challenge and opportunities.
Validation of three-dimensional thoracic electrical impedance tomography of horses during normal and increased tidal volumes
Authors: Byrne David P , Studer Nicole , Secombe Cristy , Cieslewicz Alexander , Hosgood Giselle , Raisis Anthea , Adler Andy , Mosing Martina
Published: February 2024

Objective. Data from two-plane electrical impedance tomography (EIT) can be reconstructed into various slices of functional lung images, allowing for more complete visualisation and assessment of lung physiology in health and disease. The aim of this study was to confirm the ability of 3D EIT to visualise normal lung anatomy and physiology at rest and during increased ventilation (represented by rebreathing). Approach. Two-plane EIT data, using two electrode planes 20 cm apart, were collected in 20 standing sedate horses at baseline (resting) conditions, and during rebreathing. EIT data were reconstructed into 3D EIT whereby tidal impedance variation (TIV), ventilated area, and right-left and ventral-dorsal centres of ventilation (CoVRL and CoVVD, respectively) were calculated in cranial, middle and caudal slices of lung, from data collected using the two planes of electrodes. Main results. There was a significant interaction of time and slice for TIV (p < 0.0001) with TIV increasing during rebreathing in both caudal and middle slices. The ratio of right to left ventilated area was higher in the cranial slice, in comparison to the caudal slice (p = 0.0002). There were significant effects of time and slice on CoVVD whereby the cranial slice was more ventrally distributed than the caudal slice (p < 0.0009 for the interaction). Significance. The distribution of ventilation in the three slices corresponds with topographical anatomy of the equine lung. This study confirms that 3D EIT can accurately represent lung anatomy and changes in ventilation distribution during rebreathing in standing sedate horses.
NBI optimization on SMART and implications for scenario development
Authors: Podestà M , Cruz-Zabala D J , Poli F M , Dominguez-Palacios J , Berkery J W , Garcia-Muñoz M , Viezzer E , Mancini A , Segado J , Velarde L , Kaye S M
Published: February 2024

The SMall Aspect Ratio Tokamak (SMART) under commissioning at the University of Seville, Spain, aims to explore confinement properties and possible advantages in confinement for compact/spherical tokamaks operating at negative vs. positive triangularity. This work explores the benefits of auxiliary heating through Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) for SMART scenarios beyond the initial Ohmic phase of operations, in support of the device’s mission. Expected values of electron and ion temperature achievable with NBI heating are first predicted for the current flat-top phase, including modeling to optimize the NBI injection geometry to maximize NBI absorption and minimize losses for a given equilibrium. Simulations are then extended for a selected case to cover the current ramp-up phase. Differences with results obtained for the flat-top phase indicate the importance of determining the plasma evolution over time, as well as self-consistently determining the edge plasma parameters for reliable time-dependent simulations. Initial simulation results indicate the advantage of auxiliary NBI heating to achieve nearly double values of pressure and stored energy compared to Ohmic discharges, thus significantly increasing the device’s performance. The scenarios developed in this work will also contribute to diagnostic development and optimization for SMART, as well as providing test cases for initial predictions of macro- and micro-instabilities.
Wide-range, durable, and adaptable miniature pressure sensor based on planar capacitance
Authors: Liu Shimin , Yuan Bo , Yang Lei , Chen Sicheng , Guo Yanjie
Published: February 2024

Capacitive pressure sensor (CPS) is widely used in the field of industrial equipment, because of the merits of fast dynamic response and high resolution. However, the traditional laminated CPS makes it difficult to achieve a wide detection limit in a small size, and this structure is susceptible to electromagnetic interference. Here we developed a miniature planar capacitive pressure sensor (MPCPS) with high performance, which can realize the response to external touching stimuli through the deformation of the packaging material and the change of the equivalent resistance. A metal shielding layer was added under the insulating substrate to effectively isolate the external interference. The thickness of the sensor is about 200 μm, and the diameter of the core sensing area is less than 1 mm. Two types of electrodes with different shapes were designed, among which the spiral electrode MPCPS (S-MPCPS) has better performance than the linear electrode MPCPS. The S-MPCPS has a sensitivity of 99.2% MPa−1 in the low-pressure range (0–0.1 MPa), fast response (20 ms), wide detection limit (>1 MPa), and high durability (>2000 cycles). In addition, MPCPS is proven to have good resistance to high temperature and oil contamination. Finally, practical applications such as contact pressure measuring on the meshing surface of spur gears and mechanical gripper clamping force monitoring were successfully demonstrated. These results shed light on the potential application of the MPCPS in the pressure detection of industrial equipment.
Design and analysis of three-dimensional chiral metamaterials for enhanced torsional compliance
Authors: Ji Minjung , Cho Younghoi , Lee Seung-Jae , Park Keun
Published: February 2024

Three-dimensional (3D) chiral structures are a subset of mechanical metamaterials known for their distinctive deformation characteristics, including the presence of auxetic and compression–torsion coupling behaviors. In this study, a novel 3D chiral metamaterial with high torsional compliance was designed. A gammadion-shaped chiral cell comprising inclined ligaments was incorporated into the chiral structure for enhanced torsional compliance. Finite element analyses (FEAs) were performed to demonstrate that the proposed chiral structure outperformed other chiral structures in terms of torsional compliance. Furthermore, FEAs were performed to investigate the influence of the slenderness ratio and ligament diameter of the chiral structure, on attaining a maximum torsional compliance of 18.6° N−1. These 3D chiral structures were fabricated using additive manufacturing techniques, and experimental validations were performed to observe and confirm the compression–torsion coupling behaviors. To further expand the utility of these 3D chiral structures, statistical analyses were conducted to establish regression models for effective density and torsional compliance, as functions of the slenderness ratio and ligament diameter. These regression models can enhance the applicability of the proposed chiral structures in the development of versatile functional components that require compression–torsion coupling behaviors.
Experimental study of vibration modes switching based triple frequency-up converting energy harvesting with pre-biased displacement
Authors: Xu Jiawen , Xia Dawei , Lai Zhihui , Chen Geng , Dai Wenxing , Wang Jingxiong , Yang Hongxin
Published: February 2024

In this study, a novel piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) system featuring triple frequency-up converting is proposed. The system comprises a piezoelectric cantilever and two stoppers. When in contact with the stoppers, the cantilever transitions into a high-order vibration mode, leading to the reversal of voltage outputs. The frequency-up converting effect is achieved by multiple mode switches occurring during a single cycle of motion. Experimental results demonstrated the significant ability of the proposed system to achieve triple frequency-up converting across a broad frequency range. Furthermore, three pre-bias displacements were introduced to assess the frequency-up converting characteristics of the PEH. The system exhibited a maximum ratio of triple and essential frequency components reaching up to 8.86. A maximum root-mean-square power output of 3.03 mW was achieved.
Multiple localized waves to the (2+1)-dimensional shallow water waveequation on non-flat constant backgrounds and their applications
Authors: Cao Yulei , Tian Hao , Ghanbari Behzad , Zhang Zhao
Published: February 2024

In this paper, a new general bilinear Bäcklund transformation and Lax pair for the (2+1)-dimensional shallow water wave equation are given in terms of the binary Bell polynomials. Based on this transformation along with introducing an arbitrary function, the multi-kink soliton, line breather, and multi-line rogue wave solutions on a non-flat constant background plane are derived. Further, we found that the dynamic pattern of line breather on the background of periodic line waves are similar to the two-periodic wave solutions obtained through a multi-dimensional Riemann theta function. Also, the generation mechanism and smooth conditions of the line rogue waves on the periodic line wave background are presented with long-wave limit method. Additionally, a family of new rational solutions, consisting of line rogue waves and line solitons, are derived, which have never been reported before. Furthermore, the present work can be directly applied to other nonlinear equations.
Quench dynamics in the Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard and Dicke models
Authors: Hogan Andrew R , Martin Andy M
Published: February 2024

Both the Jaynes-Cummings-Hubbard (JCH) and Dicke models can be thought of as idealised models of a quantum battery. In this paper we numerically investigate the charging properties of both of these models. The two models differ in how the two-level systems are contained in cavities. In the Dicke model, the N two-level systems are contained in a single cavity, while in the JCH model the two-level systems each have their own cavity and are able to pass photons between them. In each of these models we consider a scenario where the two-level systems start in the ground state and the coupling parameter between the photon and the two-level systems is quenched. Each of these models display a maximum charging power that scales with the size of the battery N and no super charging was found. Charging power also scales with the square root of the average number of photons per two-level system m for both models. Finally, in the JCH model, the power was found to charge inversely with the photon-cavity coupling κ.
Mechanical and thermal response of XFe2O4 (X = Zn, Ag and Co) spinel ferrites via IR-spectroscopy and first-principles calculations
Authors: Haq Muhammad Ahsan Ul , Javed Maiza , Mumtaz Rubina , Ullah Hamid , Rehman Atiq ur , Wabaidur Saikh Mohammad , Ahmad Zubair , Zafar Muhammad
Published: February 2024

The lack of comprehensive literature on the all-important aspect of the elasticity of spinel ferrites led to the hydrothermal synthesis of different (Co, Zn, Ag) spinel ferrites. IR spectroscopy revealed the characteristic absorption bands of metal-oxygen in all three compositions. The shifting of tetrahedral and octahedral bending vibrations towards higher frequencies owes to changes in inter-atomic and inter-ionic distances. Elastic parameters, wave velocities, and Debye temperature have been calculated using IR spectroscopy data. Elastic parameters have been higher for Co ferrites than Zn and Ag ferrites. The Poisson ratio seems to be consistent for different spinel ferrites. Shear wave velocity has been found to be higher than longitudinal wave velocity because perpendicular particle vibrations take higher energy than parallel vibrations. Wave velocities have been found to be higher in Ag ferrites than in the other two compositions. Debye temperature follows the same trend as elastic parameters. Additionally, we have confirmed the mechanical stability of the Co, Zn, and Ag ferrites using the first-principles calculations in the density functional theory (DFT) approach framework. Interestingly, the Co/Zn/Ag ferrites exhibit semiconducting nature with a band gap of 3.96/3.66/0.71 ev. Our study could pave the way for next-generation spintronic devices.
Depth dependence of oceanic turbulence optical power spectrum under any temperature and salinity concentration
Authors: Gerçekcioğlu Hamza , Baykal Yahya
Published: February 2024

The Oceanic Turbulence Optical Power Spectrum (OTOPS) with depth variations is acquired under any temperature and salinity concentration. It is supposed that specific medium is the Atlantic Ocean at high latitude and the Pacific Ocean at high, mid and low latitudes. For the OTOPS model, a depth-varying functions that include low-latitude, high- and mid-latitude-summer and mid-latitude-winter salinity and temperature changes are found. With the help of the equations for the temperature and salinity changes, figures are obtained for the eddy diffusivity ratio depth of seawater and OTOPS model against the depth and

κ

at these media. In the ocean, downlink (uplink) is defined as the optical wireless communication link where the receiver (transmitter) is located at a deeper point than the transmitter (receiver), i.e., in the downlink, optical signal proceeds from a point close to ocean surface to deeper ocean and in the uplink, optical signal proceeds from deeper ocean to a point close to ocean surface. In this paper, the OTOPS model is investigated on how its properties change in the underwater environment in downlink and uplink. Different behavior of the OTOPS model is exhibited.
A microwave blackbody target for cosmic microwave background spectral measurements in the 10–20 GHz range
Authors: Alonso-Arias P. , Cuttaia F. , Terenzi L. , Simonetto A. , Fuerte-Rodríguez P.A. , Hoyland R. , Rubiño-Martín J.A.
Published: February 2024

The Tenerife Microwave Spectrometer (TMS) is a ground-based
radio-spectrometer that will take absolute measurements of the sky
between 10–20 GHz. To ensure the sensitivity and immunity to
systematic errors of these measurements, TMS includes an internal
calibration system optimised for the TMS band, and cooled down to
4 K. It consists of an Aluminium core, composed of a baseplate and
a bed of pyramidal elements coated with an absorber material and a
metallic shield. The absorber coating is made of a commercial resin
ECCOSORB CR/MF 117. To achieve the high stability (± 1 mK/h),
temperature homogeneity (thermal gradients ΔT ≤ 25 mK),
and emissivity (e ≥ 0.999) requirements of the reference unit,
careful consideration has been given to the RF and thermal
properties of the materials, as well as their geometry. In summary,
this paper presents a comprehensive account of the design,
characterisation, and test results of the TMS reference system.
3D printed high-precision porous scaffolds prepared by fused deposition modeling induce macrophage polarization to promote bone regeneration
Authors: Wang Xiangyu , Fu Xinyu , Luo Dongmei , Hou Ruxia , Li Peiwen , Chen Yurou , Zhang Xinyao , Meng Xiangjie , Yue Yingge , Liu Junyu
Published: February 2024

Macrophage-mediated bone immune responses significantly influence the repair of bone defects when utilizing tissue-engineered scaffolds. Notably, the scaffolds’ physical structure critically impacts macrophage polarization. The optimal pore size for facilitating bone repair remains a topic of debate due to the imprecision of traditional methods in controlling scaffold pore dimensions and spatial architecture. In this investigation, we utilized fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology to fabricate high-precision porous polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds, aiming to elucidate the impact of pore size on macrophage polarization. We assessed the scaffolds’ mechanical attributes and biocompatibility. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression levels of macrophage-related genes, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for cytokine secretion levels. In vitro osteogenic capacity was determined through alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red staining. Our findings indicated that macroporous scaffolds enhanced macrophage adhesion and drove their differentiation towards the M2 phenotype. This led to the increased production of anti-inflammatory factors and a reduction in pro-inflammatory agents, highlighting the scaffolds’ immunomodulatory capabilities. Moreover, conditioned media from macrophages cultured on these macroporous scaffolds bolstered the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, exhibiting superior osteogenic differentiation potential. Consequently, FDM-fabricated PCL scaffolds, with precision-controlled pore sizes, present promising prospects as superior materials for bone tissue engineering, leveraging the regulation of macrophage polarization.