bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical‐based photon mapping for an LED backlight lighting simulator
Authors: Son Chang‐Hwan , Lee Myong‐Young , Lee Cheol‐Hee , Ha Yeong‐Ho
Published: August 2007

Abstract— Liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs) have become increasingly popular due to their lower price and larger sizes. In particular, backlights having an RGB LED source have recently attracted attention, because they have a wider color gamut, higher luminance, and lower power consumption. However, even when the backlight area is uniformly covered with light modules based on arrays of individual LEDs, this does not ensure a uniform chromaticity and luminance over the backlight panel, thereby stressing the need for lighting simulation of the backlight. Accordingly, this paper proposes an effective lighting simulator to predict the chromaticity and luminance distribution of an LED backlight panel for an LCD. First, the spectrum‐based photons are all initially generated using a random function with a constraint satisfying the spectral power distribution of the actual LED light sources, while their emitting directions are determined based on a pre‐calculated probability using a random variable angle. The optical characteristics of the inner sheets in the LCD backlight structure are then modeled using the wavelength and incident angle to predict the next direction of each photon based on the reflection and transmittance at an intersection. All the photons that reach the unit area of the outward panel are gathered to shape their spectral power distribution, then converted to CIEXYZ values and multiplied with a color‐matching function. Finally, a realistic image visualization of these CIEXYZ values is achieved through standardized device characterization using the sRGB mode. Experiments confirm that the proposed spectrum‐based photon mapping can effectively predict the chromaticity and luminance distribution of an LED backlight panel, providing a good lighting simulation of an LED backlight before manufacturing the LCD.
HDR image compression and evaluation based on local adaptation using a retinal model
Authors: Wang Lijie , Horiuchi Takahiko , Kotera Hiroaki , Tominaga Shoji
Published: August 2007

Abstract— The retinal adaptation process helps the human visual system to see high‐dynamic‐range (HDR) scenes in the real world. A simple static local adaptation method for HDR image compression based on a retinal model is presented. The proposed simple model aims at recreating the same sensations of the human visual system between the real‐world scene and the range compressed image on the display device when viewed after the human visual system reaches the steady local adaptation state, respectively. In computing scene local adaptation, the use of a non‐linear edge‐preserving bilateral filter not only presents a better tonal rendition in compressing local contrast and preserving details but also avoids banding artifacts across high‐gradient edges. Our new model relates the display adaptation with the scene adaptation based on the retinal model. In order to verify the effectiveness, a subjective evaluation is made by comparing the real scene and the display image using the paired comparison technique.
Optimization of operating parameters of video display units in text reading task: Luminance contrast, viewing distance, and character size
Authors: Mallick Zulquernain , Badruddin Irfan Anjum
Published: August 2007

Abstract— The purpose of this study is to determine the reading performance of operators on a desktop computer. The effects of luminance contrast, viewing distance, and character size on the speed of reading were investigated. The luminance contrast between the background and character was varied while color contrast was held near‐constant. Stimuli with different levels of character size, viewing distance, and luminance contrast were considered while assessing the readability performance. The luminance contrast between the background and character (0.01, 0.15, and 1.00), character sizes (0.2, 1.5, and 4°), and viewing distance (40, 50, and 60 cm) were used, and the performance of the operators were recorded in terms of words per minutes (WPM). Standard workplace design recommendations to position the center of the visual display terminal (VDT) 15° and 40° below horizontal eye level were used for the visually intensive readability task. An orthogonal array, the signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratio, and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to investigate the above‐mentioned operating parameters to determine the optimum readability performance. The results indicated that performance was better at a 15° viewing angle as compared to a 40° viewing angle.
3.2: High Dynamic Range Projection Systems
Authors: Damberg Gerwin , Seetzen Helge , Ward Greg , Heidrich Wolfgang , Whitehead Lorne
Published: August 2007

Digital cinema and home theatre applications need to compete with analog film in terms of image quality. The single most important performance specification of a projection system, and the largest gap in the competition between digital and analog projectors, is the relatively low dynamic range of luminance of current digital projectors. In this paper we introduce a novel digital system capable of displaying images with a high enough dynamic range to rival analog film. The projection system described is based on a serial combination of light modulating devices, such as two liquid crystal micro‐display panels within a projection light engine. One of the modulation steps can be of lower spatial resolution and contrast. This increases the optical efficiency of the system and avoids optical artifacts. We describe several hardware implementations of this approach as well as the required image processing. Finally, we present an evaluation of the designs in terms of performance, image quality and cost.
3.5: Late‐News Paper: RGB Laser for Mobile Projection Devices
Authors: Steegmueller Ulrich , Kuehnelt Michael , Unold Heiko , Schwarz Thomas , Schulz Roland , Singer Frank
Published: August 2007

Recent advances in small form factor lasers for mobile projection devices are discussed. Based on semiconductor solutions, efficient and very compact full color laser modules are realized, suitable both for imager and scanning beam type laser projection systems.
4.1: Color Conversion from Film to xvYCC Video Signal
Authors: Matsumoto Tatsuhiko , Imai Yutaka , Shimpuku Yoshihide , Nakatsue Takehiro , Haga Shuichi , Eto Hiroaki , Akiyama Yoshiyuki , Sakurai Masato , Takizuka Hiroshi , Kakinuma Koichiro , Morita Hideo
Published: August 2007

The color gamut of xvYCC is wider than that of film. We evaluated the color reproduction and developed a new method of converting the video signal, which reproduced color of a film in xvYCC color space faithfully.
5.4: Novel Glass Diffuser Plate for Large LCD‐TV
Authors: Schiavoni Michele , Counil Guillaume , Gayout Patrick , Allano Jean‐Luc , Marandon Franck
Published: August 2007

We describe different innovations of a diffuser plate for a direct‐type Backligh Unit (BLU), that allow both the reduction of the number of light sources ‐resulting in significant cost reduction‐ and a more compact BLU. Moreover, we show that the diffusing foil can be removed from the conventional optical stack.
6.2: Dynamic Driving Schemes for Cholesteric LCDs to Eliminate Data‐Dependent Defects
Authors: Mi Xiang‐Dong , Johnson David M. , Stephenson Stanley W.
Published: August 2007

An improved dynamic driving scheme is proposed to eliminate data‐pattern‐dependent defects in cholesteric LCD images by inserting a framing voltage pulse between each successive selected pixel voltage pulse, such that the effective selection time is independent of the preceding and following non‐selected pixel voltages.
7.2: Realization of 6Mask LTPS CMOS Panel for AMLCD Application
Authors: Park Soo‐Jeong , Lee Seok‐Woo , Kim Young‐Joo , Baek Myoung Kee , Yoo Yong Su , Lim Kyoung Moon , Kim Chang Yeon , Kim Chang‐Dong , Chung In‐Jae
Published: August 2007

6Mask CMOS process in low temperature polycrystalline silicon thin film transistors (poly‐Si TFTs) has been developed and verified by manufacturing a 6Mask CMOS panel. The 6Mask CMOS structure is suitable for the panel operation with line inversion, where a novel process is adopted to substitute for the storage doping of conventional structure without an additional mask step.
7.3: Giant‐grain Poly‐Si by CW Laser Annealing of a‐Si with Cylindrical Microlens Array
Authors: Son Yong‐Duck , Son Nam‐Kil , Kim Ki‐Hyung , Kim Eun‐Hyun , Oh Jae‐Hwan , Jang Jin
Published: August 2007

We have developed a super large grain poly‐Si on glass by CW laser crystallization using cylindrical microlens array. A giant‐grain poly‐Si with average grain size of 15 μm × 15 μm was achieved. The n‐channel TFT using the poly‐Si exhibited the field‐effect mobility, on/off current ratio, threshold voltage and gate voltage swing of 470 cm2/Vs, ∼108, 0.1 V and 0.4 V/dec., respectively. On the other hand, the p‐channel TFT exhibited 192 cm2/Vs, ∼108, −2.2 V and 0.5 V/dec., respectively. A single crystalline Si on glass can be achieved with this technique.
7.4: A 2.4‐in. VGA LCD by CW‐Laser Lateral Crystallization Poly‐Si TFTs with Excellent TFT Uniformity
Authors: Ogawa Yasuyuki , Suga Katsuyuki , Chida Mitsuru , Tada Kenshi , Shimada Satomi , Katoh Sumio , Kuniyoshi Tokuaki , Shimizu Tsutomu , Takafuji Yutaka , Sasaki Nobuo
Published: August 2007

A low power (lower than 50mW) and high resolution (332ppi) VGA LCD with integrated 6‐bit digital data drivers has been developed using CLC (CW‐Laser Lateral Crystallization) technology. Logic operations at 3V and low power analog buffer circuits are realized by improved uniformity of TFT characteristics. Integration of digital drivers with line‐at‐a‐time driving scheme is achieved by fine lithography technology (2μm pitch wiring).
9.4: A Novel 0.82″ QXGA Analog LCOS Micro Display for Professional Applications
Authors: Vermandel Miguel , Van Den Wouwer Dirk , Coosemans Thierry , Van Doorselaer Geert
Published: August 2007

A 0.82″ QXGA (2048×1536) LCOS panel for professional projection applications is presented. To meet the high requirements, a new scalable and testable analog layout architecture is presented featuring small pixel sizes and maximum signal integrity, allowing large resolutions and high illumination levels. The QXGA‐panel is designed in C35_2P4M and has 70 dies/ wafer.
10.2: Motion Artifacts in Medical Applications
Authors: Gatti Giorgio
Published: August 2007

In this paper an overdrive compensation for motion blur artifacts of LCD displays is described. It fits to those medical applications where moving images for diagnostic purposes are presented. This compensation relies on characterization of the LCD‐display‐transitions with a full‐state‐model, DICOM‐grayscale mapping for nonlinear compensation of the human vision and overdrive on multiple frames. Transitions that cannot complete in one frame are overdriven in subsequent frames with accurate computation of levels.
10.3: Projection System with an Image Guiding Optical Fiber Bundle for Picture Transfer
Authors: Riehemann Stefan , Lippmann Uwe , Friedrich Karsten , Huonker Ralph , Haueisen Jens , Notni Gunther
Published: August 2007

For stimulating specific human brain functions inside a clinical MEG measurement chamber a visual stimulation system was developed. This 3‐panel LCOS projection system uses a 4 meter long image guiding optical fiber bundle to transfer the image into the magnetically shielded measurement chamber. System design and realized prototype are presented.
11.1: Invited Paper: Motion‐Fidelity Improvement at a Frame Rate of 120 Hz via the Use of a Scanning Backlight
Authors: Sluyterman A. A. Seyno , Van der Poel Wilbert A. J. A.
Published: August 2007

Even at a 120 Hz frame rate, motion fidelity still needs improvement. This paper describes how a visible improvement can be achieved via a scanning backlight. The role of the panel properties on the measured performance improvement of the scanning backlight is highlighted.
12.5L: Late‐News Paper: Fast Switching Super Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Displays Doped with Silver and Palladium Nanoparticles
Authors: Toko Yasuo , Yokoyama Shuji , Takigawa Shinya , Nishino Shigeyoshi , Toshima Naoki , Kobayashi Shunsuke
Published: August 2007

This paper reports for the first time that the metal nanoparticle doping technology in STN‐LCDs is effective for realizing their fast response speed particularly at low temperature. The ratio of Ag and Pd of the metal nanoparticle doped in the liquid crystal is changed, and the condition suitable for the direct multiplexed dot matrix driving is found. It is demonstrated that the switching speed of STN‐LCD is improved particularly at the low temperature, say, −30°C over three times.
P‐4: Metal Contact Improvement in Cu‐gate TFT‐LCD
Authors: Tsai Wen‐Ching , Tu Kou‐Yuan , Lin Han‐Tu , Gan Feng‐Yuan
Published: August 2007

It was found that the extremely high contact resistance between Cu and ITO is caused by the damage of Cu during the via hole etching using SF6 and O2 plasma. TEM and XPS analysis indicate that an etching by‐product composed principally Cu2O was formed on the Cu film after the via etching. The result of a 3‐level 4‐factor Taguchi design showed that SF6/O2 ratio is the key parameter for the Cu dry etching. The Cu etching rate increases with decreasing the SF6/O2 ratio. By a via etching with high SF6/O2, Cu2O formation could be suppressed. The via contact resistance between Cu and ITO could be improved as same as that in the conventional Al gate metal.
P‐6: Top‐Gate and Bottom‐Gate Amorphous ZnO Transparent TFTs Fabricated by All‐Etching Processes
Authors: Hsieh Hsing‐Hung , Wu Chung‐Chih
Published: August 2007

Both top‐gate and bottom‐gate amorphous ZnO TTFTs were effectively fabricated by thinning the ZnO layer and by using all‐etching processes. Rather high field‐effect mobilities of 25 cm2/Vs and 4 cm2/Vs and on/off current ratios of >107 and >106 were achieved for top‐gate and bottom‐gate configurations, respectively.
P‐12: Enhanced Pentacene OTFTs with Suspended Source/Drain Electrode
Authors: Kim Yong‐Hoon , Lee Yong Uk , Han Jeong‐In , Han Sang‐Myeon , Lee Woocheul , Han Min‐Koo , Park Young‐Hwan , Oh Myung‐Hwan , Kang Jungwon
Published: August 2007

We have proposed and fabricated a new triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) pentacene organic thin‐film transistor (OTFT) by employing suspended source/drain (SSD) electrode which successfully improves the electrical properties such as field‐effect mobility, on/off ratio, threshold voltage (VTH) and subthreshold slope compared to conventional bottom‐contact OTFTs. The SSD electrode was fabricated by using Cr/Au double layer where the Cr was used as a sacrificial layer. By completely etching the Cr layer in the active area, a suspended Au source/drain structure is constructed forming a top‐contact‐like geometry. The field‐effect mobility of ink‐jet printed TIPS pentacene OTFT increased from 0.007 cm2/Vs to 0.066 cm2/Vs, on/off ratio increased from 104 to 106, VTH decreased from +9 V to −3 V and subthreshold slope decreased from 4.5 V/decade to 0.9 V/decade.
P‐14: a‐Si Robust Gate Driver for 7.0‐in. WVGA LCD Panel
Authors: Chen Hung‐Chun , Chiang Ko‐Yu , Chen Ming‐Daw , Kung Chen‐Pang , Hou Wei‐Hsin
Published: August 2007

We proposed an Hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film transistors (a‐Si:H TFT) robust gate driver on glass substrate for the 7‐inch WVGA TFT‐LCD panel. By utilizing the specific design technique, the threshold voltage (Vth) shift of the a‐Si TFT in the gate driver can be compensated. Under reliability simulations, the gate driver can operates correctly over 8 days in 80 °C, although the Vth increased to ten times of the initial value. The integrated a‐Si TFT gate driver can effectively reduce the cost of TFT‐LCD manufacturing in the future.
P‐16: Solution‐Processed Zinc Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Levy David , Irving Lyn , Childs Andrea
Published: August 2007

Methods for producing zinc oxide thin‐film transistors by solution processing were studied. One class of methods involves the use of zinc‐acetate‐based precursor solutions, while the other involves the use of preformed nanoparticles. Devices with reasonable transfer characteristics were obtained from both routes, exhibiting mobilities typically greater than 0.1 cm2/Vs.
P‐19: Investigation of Deposition Rate Effects on the Current‐Voltage Characteristics of Organic Dynamic Random Access Bistable Devices
Authors: Chang Tzu‐Yueh , Chen Szu‐Yuan , Lee Po‐Tsung
Published: August 2007

We investigate organic dynamic random access bistable devices with Al/Alq3/n‐type Si structure at different deposition rates. Each of them contains a heterostructure, and only two‐layer deposition is needed in this structure. Current‐voltage characteristic similar to that of metal/organic semiconductor/metal structure, the three‐layer structure widely used for organic memory devices, is obtained. Moreover, we are able to modify the electrical properties by utilizing appropriate deposition rates. This device shows extremely simple fabrication process and great potential in future advanced organic flexible display.
P‐22: Single‐Grain Si TFTs and Circuits for Flexible Electronics and 3D‐ICs
Authors: Ishihara Ryoichi , Rana Vikas , He Ming , Metselaar Wim , Beenakker Kees , Hiroshima Yasushi , Abe Daisuke , Inoue Satoshi
Published: August 2007

TFTs were fabricated inside a location‐controlled Si grains through the μ‐Czochralski process with excimer‐laser. Single‐grain TFTs and inverters fabricated at 350°C showed a mobility of 597 cm2/Vs and a propagation delay of 3.1 ns. Combining a‐Si by sputtering and SiO2 by ICPECVD, SG‐TFTs were fabricated with a maximum temperature of 100°C. A mobility of 289 cm2/Vs was obtained successfully.
P‐27: Anomalous Increased Drain Current Characteristics of a‐Si:H TFTs with Long Channel Width
Authors: Jin Sung Hun , Park Mun‐Soo , Kim Jeong Il , Kim Dong Gyu , Kim Nam Deog
Published: August 2007

A‐Si:H TFTs having channel widths ranging from 40 μm to 48,000 μm were successfully fabricated and investigated for characterization of electrical dependence on channel width. TFTs with a critical channel width larger than 10,000 μm show width‐normalized drain current increases significantly even at the low lateral electrical field of 1.9 MV/m. for a critical bias condition, width‐normalized drain current has the dependency on channel width, resulting from the increased field effect mobility from 0.722 cm2/V‐sec to 1.6 cm2/V‐sec at VGS=12 V due to the dissipated power at the drain edge and the NPN bipolar action.
P‐28: Flexibility Study of High‐Performance LTPS‐TFT on Flexible Metal Foil
Authors: Cheon Jun Hyuk , Bae Jung Ho , Jang Jin
Published: August 2007

We have studied the flexibility of the p‐channel LTPS‐TFT on 150‐μm‐thick flexible metal foil. The p‐channel, non‐laser poly‐Si TFT on the metal foil exhibited the field‐effect mobility of 107.5 cm2/Vs, the threshold voltage of −6.7 V, the gate voltage swing of 0.9 V/dec., and the minimum off current of 10−12 A/μm at Vds=−0.1 V. The TFT performance is stable until 10,000 bendings with the strain of 0.6%.
P‐195L: Late‐News Poster: A High Resolution LTPS AMLCD with Integrated 8‐bit DAC
Authors: Hashimoto Kazuyuki , Matsuki Fumirou , Yamashita Keitaro , Sano Keiichi , Lin Wei‐Cheng , Ayres J. Richard , Edwards Martin
Published: August 2007

A 222 dpi LTPS AMLCD with integrated 8‐bit DACs for reduced system cost is described. The architecture is based on a 2‐stage resistor‐capacitor DAC with a 2‐way interleaved architecture that is well suited to high‐resolution LTPS displays. We have confirmed images with high uniformity on a 1.8 inch QVGA display.
P‐196L: Late‐News Poster: High‐Performance Zinc Oxide Transistors by an Ambient Process
Authors: Levy David , Cowdery‐Corvan Peter , Freeman Diane , Nelson Shelby , Childs Andrea
Published: August 2007

An ambient process was developed for producing both the dielectric and semiconductor layers of a zinc oxide‐based thin‐film transistor. The dielectric films exhibited good electrical properties, leading to devices with gate leakage less than 25 nA/cm2. Typical devices had mobilities in excess of 5 cm2/Vs from a process with a maximum substrate temperature of 200°C. In addition, devices showed reasonable electrical stability in this novel deposition process for dielectrics and semiconductors.
P‐200L: Late‐News Poster: Sensing Touch by Sensing Force
Authors: Elwell James
Published: August 2007

Directly measuring the force of a touch on a touch screen eliminates the limitations of traditional touch technologies. Force sensing touch devices heretofore have proven impractical. We explore the challenges of force‐based touch sensing, how these are overcome, and the capabilities thus offered to the design engineer.
P‐34: Influences of Anti‐reflection and Anti‐glare Surface Treatments on Legibility and Visual Fatigue of Reflective‐type Displays
Authors: Jeng Shie‐Chang , Lin Yan‐Rung , Liao Chi‐Chang , Lee Mei‐Ju , Liu Kang‐Hung , Wen Chao‐Hua , Lin Po‐Hung , Lin Yu‐Ting , Hwang Sheue‐Ling
Published: August 2007

Influences of anti‐reflection and anti‐glare surface treatments, radius of curvature and ambient illuminance on legibility and visual fatigue of reflective‐type displays were studied. The results showed that legibility and visual fatigue mainly depended on the surface treatment, and better surface treatment can improve legibility and reduce visual fatigue especially in the intense ambient illumination. Surface treatments of 0.8% anti‐reflection and 44% anti‐glare show the same visual performance.
P‐35: Characterizing Laser Speckle and Its Effect on Target Detection
Authors: Gaska James P. , Tai Chi‐Feng , Geri George A.
Published: August 2007

In this study we examine a power spectral density metric for characterizing laser speckle and predicting its effect on target detection. To evaluate the metric, we measured contrast energy thresholds on both a laser speckle background and backgrounds consisting of randomly modulated pixel luminance (i.e., pixel noise). We found that, at the same power spectral density levels, energy thresholds obtained for gratings superimposed on pixel noise were slightly higher than analogous thresholds obtained with laser‐speckle noise. In the discussion section, we outline necessary improvements to the laser speckle power spectral density metric.
P‐40: A Visual Model of Color Break‐Up for Design Field‐Sequential LCDs
Authors: Yan Shu‐Ping , Cheng Yu‐Kuo , Lin Fang‐Cheng , Wei Ching‐Ming , Huang Yi‐Pai , Shieh Han‐Ping D.
Published: August 2007

A model to evaluate the color break‐up (CBU) of field‐sequential color liquid crystal display (FSC‐LCD) had been successfully established. In order to quantify the CBU, “Color Break‐Up Angle (CBUA)” was proposed as the evaluation index. From the psychophysical experiments, the CBUA=0.22° was reported as the averaged threshold value for indistinguished color break‐up. Consequently, the minimum frame rate could be derived from the model to suppress CBU in the various FSC‐LCDs.
P‐44: High Video Image Quality Technology: Dynamic Scanning Backlight with Black Insertion (DSBBI) Implemented in a 32″ OCB‐LCD TV
Authors: Hsu Tien‐Chu P. , Cheng Jung‐Chieh L. , Hsu Ming‐Tan T. , Chen Szu‐Fen F.
Published: August 2007

“Dynamic Scanning Backlight with Black Insertion” method was proposed to enhance video image quality. This method utilizes the dynamic backlight luminance control to increase contrast and the scanning backlight with black insertion to reduce MPRT. This technology was successfully implemented in a 32″ OCB‐LCD TV. As the results, the DSBBI technology increased contrast ratio over 1000:1, and reduced the MPRT less than 6ms.
P‐45: Optimization of LCD Color Performance Using a New ACC Technique
Authors: Jeong Jae Won , Moon Hoi Sik , Berkeley Brian H. , Kim Sang Soo
Published: August 2007

Achieving on‐ and off‐axis white balance is one of the key issues for LCD image quality enhancement. A well‐known color correction algorithm for image quality, especially color performance, is Accurate Color Capture (ACC). Determination of ACC correction values has been quite time consuming as past methods have required trial‐and‐error analysis of differences between predicted and measured values. We propose a new method for color correction that uses a spatially emulated pattern and measured values on the patterns. We implemented the proposed algorithm in a software tool and applied it to a PVA‐mode panel.
P‐47: Current Mode A New Way to Power, Control, and Dim CCFL and EEFL Backlights
Authors: Ball Newton E. , Barker‐Ball Sarah
Published: August 2007

Graphical load‐line analysis, adapted from Esaki diode theory, is rescaled for CCFL and shows that simple Current‐Mode control utilizing a closely coupled transformer, makes “strike” obsolete. Sharply higher lamp current efficacy is presented graphically. It is postulated that the large differences in current efficacy are caused by deficiencies in the resonant system, and possibilities are listed.
P‐49: The Driving Method with Different RGB Driving Voltages for Bistable Displays
Authors: Liou Chang‐Ho , Hsiao Chih‐Wen , Chang Wei‐Jen , Chen Ming‐Daw
Published: August 2007

A driving method was developed for the flexible bistable displays application. In this paper, we use two methods to improve the drawback of bistable cholesteric liquid‐crystals displays (CHLCD). One is a scanning procedure was to increase the refresh time. And the other is the PWM driving method was adopted to increase the gray levels of Ch‐LCD.
P‐51: Novel Positive Type Photosensitive Insulating Materials by Organic/ Inorganic Hybrid Technologies as a Passivation Layer on TFT LCDs
Authors: Kusaka Yasunari , Nakamura Shigeru , Azuma Kenichi , Sasaki Taku , Unate Takao , Nakatani Yasuhiro , Nakasuga Akira , Matsukawa Kimihiro , Murakami Shuichi , Ohkura Kensaku , Kikkawa Takamaro
Published: August 2007

In this paper, we describe a novel positive type photosensitive silica‐based spin on glass (SOG) material. This material is made by organic/inorganic hybrid technologies can provide good performances of high insulating resistance, transparency, and heat resistance. This material could be used as a passivation layer on TFT LCDs, and provide a novel vacuum‐less process.
P‐55: Cell Filling of Flexible Liquid Crystal Displays Using One Line Filling and Tilted Roller Pressing
Authors: Wu Wen‐Tuan , Kuo Yuo‐Cheng , Hsu Ching‐Ming , Li Chang‐Chou , Ke Chih‐Yu , Hsiao Chung‐Hsin
Published: August 2007

We have developed an approach for filling liquid crystal into flexible cells in atmosphere. A roller pressing unit was employed to laminate two PET films with patterned polymer spacer, and from which a bubble free liquid crystal cell has been achieved reproducibly. This approach can be integrated into a roll‐to‐roll system.
P‐56: Aligning Liquid Crystals Using Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Murauski Anatoli , Li Xihua , Chigrinov Vladimir , Kobrin Boris , Chinn Jeff
Published: August 2007

Conventional method of liquid crystal (LC) alignment — rubbing of polyimide film with a cloth — changes the topography of the layer and induces anisotropic orientation of polymer chains along the rubbing direction. Unfortunately, it also generates a lot of debris. Moreover, this method is incompatible with localized control over LC alignment. Recently, anchoring of LC was demonstrated using low energy surfaces from self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) deposited from a liquid phase on gold and silica. We applied Molecular Vapor Deposition (MVD™) technology for anchoring of MLC 6610 liquid crystal to ITO surface. Advantage of vapor‐phase deposition in superior surface quality has been reported elsewhere. Self‐assembled monolayers of perfluorinated chlorosilanes and aminosilanes were used to build LC cell with symmetrical boundary condition and cell gap of 10 um. Anchoring energy of 4.2×10−4 J/m2 was obtained using capacity method for both types of SAMs. MLC 6610 showed 2.45 V threshold voltage. We observed a uniform vertical alignment of the cell without defects.
P‐57: Color Shift Evaluation in Motion Image
Authors: Lai Yueh‐Yi , Chang Kai‐Chieh , Wen Chao‐Hua , Guan Shing‐Sheng , Tsai Chenh‐Min
Published: August 2007

Motion color images in LCDs become more and more important topic. In this paper, a color shift evaluation method is examined to judge the quality of captured motion images via a pursuit camera system. Furthermore, fifteen expectative color mixtures of color pairs were compared with results of subjective tests. Experiment results revealed that there exists high correlation between measuring system and the subjective test, and the proposed method was enough to be a quality index to present color shift characteristics for LCD displays.
P‐60: Novel Display Image Quality Analysis Based on Human Visual Perception
Authors: Lee Jongseo , Souk Jun H. , Miseli Joe
Published: August 2007

Picture quality analysis technologies considering on human visual perception (HVP) were introduced. Dynamic contrast analysis method in moving contents, color aberration analysis method, ghost image assessment method, and outdoor picture quality assessment method were researched and reviewed. The results from those analysis methods was correlated with human visual perception.
P‐65: Plasma Parameters of Gas Discharge in Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps and External Electrode Fluorescent Lamps
Authors: Lee Min‐Kyu , Yoo Dong‐Gun , Kim Jung‐Hyun , Kim Sang‐Jin , Jeong Jong‐Mun , Kang Mi‐Jo , Shin Myeong‐Ju , Koo Je‐Huan , Hong Byoung‐Hee , Choi Eun‐Ha , Cho Guangsup , Jeong Hee‐Suk , Kim Jin‐Sheon , Cho Mee‐Ryoung , Hwang Myung‐Keun , Yang Seong‐Yong
Published: August 2007

From the light propagation observed along the tube of CCFLs and EEFLs, the electron temperature and the plasma density are estimated as kTe∼2 eV and ne∼1016 m−3. This might be a new diagnostic technology to measure the plasma parameters in the fine tube of gas discharge.
P‐66: Analysis and Reduction of Moiré in Two‐Layered 3D Display
Authors: Oku Kentaro , Tomizuka Yoshiteru , Tanaka Yoshinori
Published: August 2007

Simulator for moiré in two‐layered 3D displays has been developed and moiré reduction has been investigated. Attachment of lens‐array to a front surface of a rear LC panel is one of good solutions for moiré reduction, while suppressing the deterioration of contrast and brightness of rear panel picture.
P‐73: A Novel LCD Backlight Unit using a Light‐guide Plate with High Fill‐factor Microlens Array and a Conical Microlens Array Sheet
Authors: Lee Joo‐Hyung , Yoon Jun‐Bo , Choi Joon‐Yong , Bae Sang‐Min
Published: August 2007

In this paper, we have proposed a novel LCD backlight unit (BLU) composed of a light‐guide plate (LGP) mounting high fill‐factor microlens array and an optical sheet of conical microlens array with a slanted angle of 54.5°. The proposed BLU shows 13.6% improvement in the total luminance compared with the conventional BLU and the viewing angle of 108° (−42° ∼ 66°). We also have fabricated Ni‐stamper with the microlens array pattern for injection molding, one of the cost‐efficient methods for mass production.
P‐80: External Electrode Fluorescent Lamps and Backlight Units for the Large Area of 32″∼42″ LCD‐TVs
Authors: Jin Dong‐Jun , Bong Jae‐Hwan , Yoo Dong‐Geun , Kim Sang‐Jin , Kim Ga‐Eul , Jeong Jong‐Mun , Lee Min‐Kyu , Shin Sang‐Cho , Lee Mi‐Ran , Koo Je‐Huan , Hong Byoung‐Hee , Choi Eun‐Ha , Cho Guangsup , Ha Dal‐Young , Ahn Jong‐Ki , Soh Hoe‐sup , Ahn Byung‐Chul , Gu Seung‐Man
Published: August 2007

The commercialized EEFL‐BLUs of 32″, 37″, and 42″ LCD‐TVs are reported with respect to the basic characteristics of luminance and efficiency. The capacitive and resistive reactance is also presented to design the inverter for lamps and BLUs.
P‐81: Reduced‐Aberration Tunable‐Focus Liquid Crystal Lenses for 3D Displays
Authors: Hong Qi , Wu Thomas X. , Lu Ruibo , Wu Shin‐Tson
Published: August 2007

A three‐dimensional display with eye accommodation is proposed. According to this design, by modifying the diopter of the display pixels using tunable‐focus liquid crystal micro‐lens array, eye accommodation information is provided. Potential applications for virtual reality and television are emphasized.
P‐201L: Late‐News Poster: Comparative Analysis on Thermal Properties of Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ and (Ba, Sr)2SiO4:Eu2+ Yellow Phosphors for White LED
Authors: Choi Nam Sik , Park Boo Won , Hwang Dae Kyun , Lee Sang Nam , Kim Jong Su
Published: August 2007

The spectral variation of Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ (YAG) with temperature is smaller than that of its alternative (Ba, Sr) 2SiO4:Eu2 (BOS). The quenching temperature of YAG is higher than that of BOS. On the other hand, the luminance of YAG is seriously thermal‐degraded in comparison with BOS.
P‐203L: Late‐News Poster: Thick Electroluminescent Device using ZnGa2O4:Mn2+ Ceramic Phosphor Film
Authors: Park Boo Won , Choi Nam Sik , Lee Sung Hoo , Son Se Mo , Kim Jong Su
Published: August 2007

Thick ZnGa2O4:Mn2+ Ceramic phosphor film is applied to A.C. inorganic electroluminescent (EL) device. The ceramic‐film phosphor with 200 μm thick is sandwiched between transparent ITO glasses. The EL device under A.C. power of 200 V and 60 Hz shows the green emission spectrum from Mn2+ ions peaking at 508 nm.
P‐82: Synthesis and Characterization of (R0.96Eu0.02Dy0.02)2MgSi2O7 (R=Ca, Sr) Phosphors
Authors: Choi Hwa‐Kyung , Kim Jin‐Ho
Published: August 2007

Rare earth ions doped alkaline earth silicate phosphors were prepared by the conventional ceramic processing route under various conditions. The Rietveld refinement of the crystal structure of Ca2MgSi2O7 and Sr2MgSi2O7 compositions indicated that a single phase of akermanite was well synthesized. (R0.96Eu0.02Dy0.02)2MgSi2O7 (R=Ca, Sr) phosphors showed fairly good optical properties under the processing conditions of non‐additive flux, 1000 °C calcination temperature, and 2mol% activators. (Sr0.96Eu0.02Dy0.02)2MgSi2O7 and (Ca0.96Eu0.02Dy0.02)2MgSi2O7 phosphors emitted 465 nm and 530 nm lights, respectively, by 325 nm exciting sources. Increase of Ca/Sr ratio of (Ca, Sr)‐akermanite phosphor caused the shift of optic‐center from blue to green region throughout the composition range of isostructural Sr‐ and Ca‐akermanites. And median diameters of powdered phosphors were about 3–4 μm.
P‐84: Experimental and Theoretical Luminous Efficacies of Phosphors used for Producing White Light from Blue‐emitting LEDs
Authors: Withnall Robert , Silver Jack , Fern George R. , Lipman Anthony L.
Published: August 2007

Phosphors that absorb blue light and emit in the yellow, green and red have been synthesized, and their experimental and theoretical luminous efficacies are compared. These comparisons show that the formulation and preparation method of the phosphor are critical for producing energy efficient white LEDs for display and lighting applications.
P‐85: The Emission Mechanism of BAM:Eu2+ Phosphor Under VUV Excitation
Authors: Tanno Hiroaki , Zhang Shuxiu , Uchida Giichiro , Shinoda Tsutae , Kajiyama Hiroshi
Published: August 2007

The photoluminescence and thermoluminescence characteristics of BaMgAl10O17 (BAM) and SrMgAl10O17 (SAM) are studied under VUV (146 nm) excitation. The host emission from BAM is observed at 300 K whereas no signal is obtained from SAM. This result suggests that the host emission from BAM relates to the defects in BAM lattice. It is estimated that the radiative energy originating in BAM host contributes to 20 % of total Eu2+ emitting under 146 nm excitation.
P‐87: Flux Effects on BaAl2S4:Eu, F Blue‐phosphor
Authors: Guo Runhong , Miura Noboru , Matsumoto Hironaga , Nakano Ryotaro
Published: August 2007

Blue‐emitting BaAl2S4:Eu phosphor thin‐films was achieved under low temperature annealing. Phosphor thin‐films are deposited with using EuF3 as a Eu‐source. Crystal structure of BaAl2S4:Eu thin films deposited with fluorine have orthorhombic structure. The relationship between the optical properties and crystal structure is also studied.
P‐93: Analysis of Optical Emission Spectra from AC‐PDPs for Various Xe Content
Authors: Uchida Giichiro , Kajiyama Hiroshi , Shinoda Tsutae
Published: August 2007

Here is presented the time‐resolved measurements on optical emission spectra from AC‐PDP with various Xe contents. Experiments show that the relative emission intensity (nXe/nNe)INe(585nm)/IXe(823nm), which is induced from Ne and Xe atom, drastically decreases with discharge time, where the relative emission intensity is normalized by neutral gas density (nNe and nXe). There is considerable effect of Xe contents on (nXe/nNe)INe(585nm)/IXe(823nm) especially in initial stage of discharge. The time‐resolved measurement of (nXe/nNe)INe(585nm)/IXe(828nm) is useful to estimate the dynamic change of electron energy in a PDP micro‐discharge.
P‐96: Analysis of Discharge Characteristics on 50‐in. Full HD, 50‐in. HD, and 42‐in. HD PDP Cells using Vt Close‐Curve
Authors: Park Ki‐Hyung , Park Hyung Dal , Lim Jae‐Kwang , Kim Jae Young , Tae Heung‐Sik , Ahn Ho Young , Lee Kwang‐Sik
Published: August 2007

To investigate the discharge characteristics such as a firing voltage and wall voltage condition by the conventional driving waveform in the ultra fine AC‐PDP cells, the Vt close‐curves are measured. Using the shape and shift of the Vt close curves measured from the various PDP cell sizes such as 50‐in. full HD, 50‐in. HD, and 42‐in. HD grades, the discharge characteristics are analyzed in detail.
P‐97: Analysis of Wall‐Voltage Variation During Address Period Using V(t) Closed Curves
Authors: Choi Byung‐Tae , Park Hyung Dal , Lim Jae Kwang , Tae Heung‐Sik , Hur Min , Park Soo‐Ho , Yoo Minsun , Lee Kwang‐Sik
Published: August 2007

To explain a non‐uniformity of the address discharge during an address period, the wall voltage variation during an address period was investigated as a function of the number of the applied address pulse by the Vt closed curve. It was observed that the wall voltage between the scan and address electrodes was decreased with an increase in the number of the applied address pulse. It was also observed that the wall voltage variation during an address period strongly depends on the voltage difference between the Y and A electrodes.
P‐98: The Effects of Si Doped MgO Protecting Layer in AC PDP
Authors: Lee Don‐Kyu , Yoon Cho‐Rom , Heo Jeong‐Eun , Lee Hae June , Lee Ho‐Jun , Park Chung‐Hoo
Published: August 2007

In order to improve the material characteristics of the protective layer for ac‐PDPs, a small amount of Si was added to the MgO films. Both the surface characteristics of the protecting layer and the electro‐optical properties were investigated, such as discharge voltages, luminance, luminous efficacy, addressing jitter, and image sticking.
P‐104: A New Cathode Treatment Method in CNT‐FED Manufacturing
Authors: Mo C. N. , Chiang M. C. , Liu M. , Hsu C. Y.
Published: August 2007

The sand‐paper impression method was investigated in field emission display. Using surface morphology of printed CNTs and physical surface treatments, a 25 mm × 25 mm CNT‐Device with a space of less than 400 μm was fabricated to improve the CNT emission characters. The experimental results illustrated that CNT emission could be obtained quite easily and at low cost for CTN‐FED manufacturing.
P‐107: The Fastest Response TN‐Type TFT LCD of the World Likes OCB Level
Authors: Chao Andy , Huang K. T. , Tsai C. W. , Hung Y. W. , Cheng H. F. , Yeh William , Yu C. H. , Wu H. H.
Published: August 2007

Nowadays, RT and MPRT become a very important factor to judge image quality. We have developed fastest response time and motion picture response time TFT LCD of the world for image quality request. Our panel can reach RT 2ms and gray to gray RT avg. below 2ms. We also combine the fastest cell and advanced over‐drive system to make MPRT be 4ms.
P‐110: Electroclinic Effect in the Chiral Smectic C (SmC*) Phase
Authors: Jang Joo‐Nyung , Davey Anthony B. , Crossland William A.
Published: August 2007

We have proposed that the electroclinic effect can explain the mechanism of layer rotation in SmC*. In this work, we investigate the soft mode in SmC* phase with three different experiments.
P‐111: Novel Electrowetting Displays
Authors: Blankenbach Karlheinz , Schmoll Andreas , Bitman Andriy , Bartels Frank , Jerosch Dieter
Published: August 2007

Novel Displays have been developed using the effect of moving a droplet by electrowetting. This approach enables bi‐stable and high reflective monochrome and color displays which could also be made on plastic substrates. Prototypes show promising performance in terms of contrast ratio, gray scale and color.
P‐112: Low Driving Voltage with Clean Aligned Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Devices
Authors: Lin Chi‐Wen , Li Kun‐Zhan , Yang Chin‐Wei , Chen Huang‐Ming Philip
Published: August 2007

Low driving voltage FLC material, R3206 with Vsat. at 3.5V (AZ Electronic Materials), and its mixtures were under evaluation for potential TFT display application. Poor alignment issue was overcome by the diluted pitch mixtures and asymmetric hybrid alignment cells. In the series of diluted pitch mixtures, the contrast and alignment are better than pure compound in pre‐made cells (1.8±0.1μm, from EHC). In particular, the 70% R3206 mixture showed the best result with low driving voltage below 5V and fast response time (T on +T off) under 1.1 ms. The hybrid alignment cell was successfully suppressed horizontal chevron defects and achieved the best contrast ratio of 750. These results provide promising FLC materials with low driving voltage, well aligned, and fast switching for TFT‐LCD application.
P‐113: Ferroelectric LC Aligned on SiO2 Thin Films Using the Ion Beam Deposition and its Applications
Authors: Li Xihua , Murauski Anatoli , Chigrinov Vladimir , Khokhlov A. , Khokhlov E.
Published: August 2007

The uniform alignment of Ferroelectric LCs (FLC) on inorganic thin film surfaces can be obtained using oblique ion beam sputtering deposition on substrates. Large deposition angle from 60° to 80 ° can be used for thin SiO2 alignment layer, which thickness can vary from 5nm to 40 nm. Two types of uniform alignment of “chevron” (before electrical treatment) and “quazi‐bookshelf” (after electrical treatment) were studied. The applications using this unique technology in low power consumption displays, fast switching color displays, future LCD‐TVs and fiber optics are discussed. High quality alignment on large size substrates is also easily achieved because of the linear design of the ion beam sputtering source, which is a big challenge for FLC on SiOx layers before.
P‐119: The Stabilized Bistable LC Mode for Flexible Display from Multi‐rubbing on the PILC Structure
Authors: Bae Ji‐Hong , Jang Se‐Jin , Choi Yoonseuk , Jhun Chul Gyu , Kim Jae Chang , Kim Jae‐Hoon
Published: August 2007

We propose the stabilization technique for the memory state of bistable liquid crystal (LC) mode in the pixel‐isolated LC (PILC) structure. To obtain the enhanced retention time of memory state, we apply the multi‐rubbing method to create the partial 90° twisted domains in each sub‐pixel as the seeds of stabilizing the π‐twist states. The PILC structure provides the uniform and stable cell gap against various external deformations. The suggested structure can be very useful for portable flexible display applications with high quality device performance such as low power consumptions and good mechanical reliability.
P‐122: Fabrication of Single Substrate Flexible LCD by Laminating Functional Polymer Cover Film
Authors: Bae Kwang‐Soo , Kim Hak‐Rin , Kim Young Min , Kim Jae‐Hoon
Published: August 2007

We proposed a lamination process of a polymer film with a photo‐curable polymer for fabricating flexible liquid crystal (LC) displays on single substrate. In our structure, a cover film layer was tightly attached to the polymer wall structure of a bottom plastic substrate after lamination, and LCs were uniformly aligned by grooves formed on the laminated cover film.
P‐124: Analysis of Image Sticking on Real Cell — Analysis of the Cause Material of Boundary Image Sticking
Authors: Kamoto Ritsu
Published: August 2007

Image sticking phenomena is one of the most important issues on LCD especially TVs, etc. It is well known image sticking is one of the display failure caused by the residual DC voltage. Analysis of the cause material of display failure on LCD, especially temporary defect, image sticking on LCD is very difficult, not reported about the cause material on real cells. Micro analysis methods such as infrared micro‐spectroscopy (μ ‐IR) and micro‐sampling mass spectrometry (μ ‐MS), provide deep insights of display defect, image sticking phenomena on LCD. In this paper, it is tried to analyze the cause material of the boundary image sticking on real cell dividing cross sectional direction, bulk liquid crystal (LC) layer, vicinity LC layer and interface LC/PI film layer, and investigated the mechanism of image sticking. It is supposed that aromatic carboxylic acid is condensed at boundary interface between liquid crystal and polyimide alignment film of CF side inducing residual DC voltage.
P‐205L: Late‐News Poster: The Study of the Correlation between Surface Anchoring Energy and Activation Energy on Patterned Vertical Alignment (PVA) Mode
Authors: You Jaeyong , Jung Jiyoung , Choi Nakcho , Rhie Kungwon , Shin Sungtae
Published: August 2007

The adsorption and desorption of the ions are closely related to the image sticking of liquid crystal (LC) cells. We made an effort to measure the fixed quantity of ion concentration by measuring the residual DC voltage in LC cell and the surface anchoring energy in PVA cell. To understand the mechanism of image sticking, we studied these adsorption and desorption activation energy and found that the desorption activation energy increases as the surface anchoring energy does, and this relationship is rather universal. This observation led us to a conclusion that smaller anchoring energy is required to reduce the image sticking of LC cells.
P‐128: Orientation of a Reactive Mesogen on Photosensitive Surface
Authors: Kurioz Yuriy , Buluy Oleksandr , Reznikov Yuriy , Gerus Igor , Harding Richard
Published: August 2007

Reactive mesogens (RMs) are polymerisable liquid crystals that can be formed through the process of in‐Situ photopolymerisation into thin birefringent films. These films have found applications as optical films (retarders) in the flat panel display industry. Application of the birefringent films requires homogeneous orientation of the optical axis over the film's surface. We report high quality fast photoalignment of reactive mesogens on surfaces of cellulose‐cinnamate polymers. Unique photosensitivity of cellulose‐cinnamates and high quality photo‐orientation of reactive mesogenes on these polymers allow cellulose‐cinnamates to be considered as promising materials for producing thin birefringent polymer films by roll‐to‐roll technology.
P‐137: Photoaligned Transflective Liquid Crystal Display with Single Cell Gap using OCB and Low Twist Nematic Modes
Authors: Xu Peizhi , Mak Hin Yu , Muravsky Alexander , Li Xihua , Chigrinov Vladimir , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: August 2007

Transflective liquid crystal display (LCD) with single cell gap consisting optically compensated bend (OCB) and low twist nematic modes has been studied. Since no double cell gap structure is included in the configuration, the fabrication process is easy and only one more step UV exposure is needed during photoalignment process to produce domains. Based on this new configuration, a transflective LCD with high brightness and high contrast could be obtained.
P‐138: Axially Symmetric Domain Formed by Soft‐Lithographically Patterned LC Alignment Layers
Authors: Kim Hak‐Rin , Shin Min‐Soo , Bae Kwang‐Soo , Song June‐Yong , Choi Jong Sun , Kim Jae‐Hoon
Published: August 2007

We demonstrated an axially symmetric multi‐domain liquid crystal (LC) structure formed by soft‐lithographically patterned LC alignment layers. In our structure, homeotropic LC alignment layers are periodically patterned on a unidirectionally rubbed homogeneous LC alignment layer. The field‐induced LC reorientation on the non‐rubbed patterned surfaces is determined by the easy axis of the pattern boundaries, producing axially symmetric multi‐domains or a mono‐domain LC structures.