bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mirrors
Authors: Taylor Mark P. , Seitz Rudolf
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

History and Definitions

2.

Substrate Materials and Forming Techniques

2.1.

Materials

2.2.

Forming Techniques

3.

Grinding and Polishing

4.

Coatings

5.

Production of General‐Purpose Mirrors
Nickel Alloys
Authors: Strassburg F. Werner
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Wrought Nickel3.Nickel ‐ Iron Alloys4.Nickel ‐ Copper Alloys5.Nickel ‐ Chromium Alloys6.Nickel Casting Alloys7.Welding Filler Metals for Nickel Alloys8.Nickel Brazing Alloys9.Fabrication of Nickel‐Base Alloys
Nitro Compounds, Aromatic
Authors: Booth Gerald
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Nitration2.1.Nitrating Agents2.2.Reaction Mechanisms3.Nitro Aromatics3.1.Nitrobenzenes3.2.Nitrotoluenes3.3.Nitroxylenes3.4.Nitronaphthalenes3.5.Other Nitro Aromatics4.Nitrohalo Aromatics4.1.Chloronitrobenzenes4.2.Dichloro‐ and Polychloronitrobenzenes4.3.Chloronitrotoluenes4.4.Fluoronitrobenzenes and Fluoronitrotoluenes5.Nitroamino Aromatics5.1.Nitroanilines5.2.Nitrotoluidines5.3.Halogenonitroanilines5.4.Cyanonitroanilines6.Nitroaromatic Sulfonic Acids and Derivatives6.1.Nitrobenzenesulfonic acids and Derivatives6.2.Nitrotoluenesulfonic Acids and Derivatives6.3.Chloronitrobenzenesulfonic Acids and Derivatives6.4.Chloronitrotoluenesulfonic Acids7.Nitrohydroxy and Alkoxy Aromatics7.1.Nitrophenols and Derived Ethers7.2.Nitroalkylphenols8.Nitroketones9.Nitroheterocycles9.1.Pyridine Derivatives9.2.Quinoline Derivatives9.3.Imidazole Derivatives9.4.Furan Derivatives9.5.Thiophene Derivatives9.6.Thiazole Derivatives
Nitrogen
Authors: Häussinger Peter , Leitgeb Paul , Schmücker Bernd
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.History2.Properties3.Occurrence4.Production4.1.Cryogenic Air Separation4.2.Air Separation by Adsorption4.3.Nitrogen Production by Membrane Separation4.4.Oxygen Removal from Air5.Storage and Transportation6.Quality Specifications and Analysis7.Uses8.Economic Aspects
Nonlinear Optics
Authors: Yoon Hyun N. , Norwood Robert A. , Man Hong‐Tai
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Nonlinear Optical Phenomena2.1.Macroscopic Nonlinear Optics2.1.1.Maxwell Equations and Constitutive Relations2.1.2.Second‐Order Nonlinear Optical Phenomena2.1.3.Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Phenomena2.2.Microscopic Nonlinear Optics2.2.1.Constitutive Relations and Local Fields2.2.2.General Classical Models2.2.3.Quantum Mechanical Treatment of Nonlinear Optics3.Second‐Order Nonlinear Optical Materials3.1.Inorganic Materials3.2.Organic Materials3.3.Nonlinear Optical Polymers3.4.Examples of SHG Materials3.5.Examples of Linear Electro‐Optical Materials3.6.Thin Film Applications4.Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Materials4.1.Fundamental Requirements forχ(3)Materials4.2.Measurement ofχ(3)Properties4.3.Inorganic Materials4.4.Organic Materials5.Nonlinear Optical Devices and Applications5.1.Electro‐Optic Devices5.2.Frequency Doubling and Parametric Conversion5.3.Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Devices5.4.Nonlinear Optics in Optical Fibers
Oxocarboxylic Acids
Authors: Klingler Franz Dietrich , Ebertz Wolfgang
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Pyruvic Acid3.Acetoacetic Acid and Derivatives3.1.Properties3.2.Production3.3.Uses and Economic Aspects3.4.Toxicology and Environmental Protection4.Levulinic Acid5.Acetonedicarboxylic Acid6.Other Oxocarboxylic Acids
Oxygen
Authors: Kirschner Mark J.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Production

4.1.

Oxygen from Cryogenic Air Separation

4.2.

Oxygen from Adsorptive Air Separation

4.3.

Oxygen from Membrane Air Separation

5.

Quality Specifications and Analysis

6.

Storage and Transportation

6.1.

Storage

6.2.

Material Selection for Oxygen Compatibility

6.3.

Transportation

7.

Uses

7.1.

Combustion and Metallurgy

7.2.

Production of Chemicals

7.3.

Oxygen Bleaching of Wood Pulp

7.4.

Wastewater Treatment

7.5.

Medicine

8.

Economic Aspects

9.

Toxicology and Occupational Health
Ozone
Authors: Kirschner Mark J.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production5.Environmental Protection6.Analysis7.Uses7.1.Potable Water Filtration and Disinfection7.2.Wastewater Treatment7.3.Other Uses8.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Peroxy Compounds, Organic
Authors: Klenk Herbert , Götz Peter H. , Siegmeier Rainer , Mayr Wilfried
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Alkyl Hydroperoxides2.1.Properties2.2.Production2.3.Uses3.Dialkyl Peroxides3.1.Properties3.2.Production3.3.Uses4.Peroxycarboxylic Acids4.1.Properties4.2.Production4.2.1.Peroxycarboxylic Acids from Carboxylic Acids and Hydrogen Peroxide4.2.2.Peroxycarboxylic Acids from Carboxylic Anhydrides and Hydrogen Peroxide4.2.3.Peroxycarboxylic Acids from Carboxylic Acid Chlorides and Hydrogen Peroxide4.2.4.Peroxycarboxylic Acids by Autoxidation of Aldehydes4.3.Uses5.Diacyl Peroxides5.1.Properties5.2.Production5.3.Uses6.Peroxycarboxylic Esters6.1.Properties6.2.Production6.3.Uses7.α‐Oxyperoxides7.1.Properties7.2.Production7.3.Uses8.α‐Aminoperoxides8.1.Properties8.2.Production8.3.Uses9.Safety Measures9.1.Hazards9.2.Transportation and Storage9.3.Handling10.Toxicology
Phosphorus
Authors: Diskowski Herbert , Hofmann Thomas
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Occurrence of Phosphates in Nature4.Production of White Phosphorus4.1.Raw Materials4.2.The Phosphorus Furnace4.3.Purification of Crude Phosphorus4.4.Treatment of Phosphorus‐Containing Wastewater4.5.Slag4.6.Ferrophosphorus4.7.Yields5.Production of Red Phosphorus6.Quality Specifications, Storage, and Transportation6.1.White Phosphorus6.2.Red Phosphorus7.Uses8.Economic Aspects9.Toxicology
Plastics, Properties and Testing
Authors: Stamm Manfred , Carlowitz Bodo
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.States of Order of Polymers1.1.Glassy State and Melt1.2.Crystalline State1.3.Liquid Crystals1.4.Blends and Block Copolymers2.Properties and Testing2.1.Mechanical Properties and Their Testing2.1.1.Classification of Plastics Based on Mechanical Properties2.1.2.Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers2.1.3.Mechanics of Deformation2.1.4.Friction and Wear2.1.5.Fracture Behavior2.1.6.Control of Mechanical Properties through Orientation, Internal Stresses, and Morphology2.1.7.Reinforced and Filled Plastics2.2.Acoustic Properties and Their Testing2.3.Thermal Properties and Their Testing2.3.1.Specific Heat2.3.2.Thermal Conductivity2.3.3.Thermal Expansion2.4.Electrical Properties and Their Testing2.4.1.Insulating Properties2.4.2.Dielectric Properties2.4.3.Dielectric Strength2.4.4.Electrets; Semiconducting and Conducting Polymers2.5.Optical Properties and Their Testing2.5.1.Refraction and Birefringence2.5.2.Transmittance and Gloss2.5.3.Color and Colorimetry2.6.Density and Physical‐Chemical Properties and Their Testing2.6.1.Density2.6.2.Liquid Absorption and Swelling; Desorption of Plasticizers2.6.3.Permeation of Gases and Vapors2.7.Stability Properties and Their Testing2.7.1.Water Absorption2.7.2.Effect of Chemicals2.7.3.Effects of Heat, Light, and Weathering2.7.4.Effect of High‐Energy Radiation2.7.5.Stability against Fire2.7.6.Effect of Microorganisms2.8.Processing Properties and Their Testing2.8.1.Molding Compounds2.8.2.Conventional Methods for Characterizing Flow Behavior2.8.3.Rheology of Plastics
Plastics, Recycling
Authors: Kaminsky Walter
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Recycling of Single‐Grade Wastes (Primary Recycling)3.Recycling of Mixed Wastes4.Chemical Products4.1.Hydrolysis and Alcoholysis4.2.Hydrogenation4.3.Pyrolysis5.Combustion6.Dumping and Degradation6.1.Degradation by UV Radiation6.2.Biodegradation
Polyacrylamides and Poly(Acrylic Acids)
Authors: Buchholz Fredric L.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Raw Materials3.Production3.1.Free‐Radical Polymerization3.2.Polymerization Processes3.2.1.Solution Polymerization3.2.2.Inverse Emulsion Polymerization3.2.3.Suspension Polymerization3.2.4.Precipitation Polymerization3.2.5.Polymer‐Analogous Reactions3.3.Finishing4.Properties5.Uses5.1.Poly(Acrylic Acids) and Their Salts5.2.Polyacrylamides and Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamides5.3.Other Polymers6.Economic Aspects7.Toxicology, Occupational Health, and Environmental Aspects
Polyacrylates
Authors: Penzel Erich
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Raw Materials3.Production3.1.Emulsion Polymerization3.1.1.Starting Materials3.1.2.Production Processes3.2.Solution Polymerization3.3.Elimination of Residual Monomers3.4.Toxicology and Environmental Aspects4.Properties4.1.Polymer Solutions and Dispersions4.1.1.Polymer Solutions4.1.2.Polymer Dispersions4.2.Properties of the Polymers5.Uses5.1.Paints and Coatings5.2.Paper Industry5.3.Adhesives and Sealing Compounds5.4.Textile Industry5.5.Leather Industry5.6.Miscellaneous Uses6.Economic Aspects
Polyester Resins, Unsaturated
Authors: Krämer Horst
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Raw Materials3.Production4.Additives5.Curing6.Types of UP Resins7.Testing and Properties8.Uses and Economic Aspects9.Occupational Health and Environmental Aspects
Polyoxyalkylenes
Authors: Bailey Frederick E. , Koleske Joseph V.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Properties3.Production4.Toxicity5.Handling6.Uses7.Economic Aspects
Polyvinyl Compounds, Others
Authors: Hallensleben Manfred L.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)1.1.Structure and Crystallinity1.2.Production1.3.Properties1.4.Uses, Toxicology, and Economic Aspects2.Poly(Vinyl Acetals)2.1.General Aspects2.2.Poly(Vinyl Formal)2.3.Poly(Vinyl Butyral)2.4.Other Poly(Vinyl Acetals)3.Poly(N‐Vinyllactams) and Poly(N‐Vinylamines)3.1.Polyvinylpyrrolidone3.2.Polymers of otherN‐Vinyllactams3.3.Polyvinylamines
Polysaccharides
Authors: Voragen Alphons C. J. , Rolin Claus , Marr Beinta U. , Challen Ian , Riad Abdelwahab , Lebbar Rachid , Knutsen Svein Halvor
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Analysis and Characterization3.Pectin3.1.Occurrence and Structure3.2.Pectolytic Enzymes3.3.Production3.4.Properties3.4.1.Physical Properties3.4.2.Gel Properties3.4.3.Stability and Chemical Reactions3.5.Analysis3.5.1.Measurement and Standardization of Gel‐Forming Capacity3.5.2.Chemical Analysis3.6.Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Characteristics3.7.Application in the Food Industry3.8.Market4.Alginates4.1.Occurrence4.2.Production4.3.Structure4.4.Properties4.5.Propylene Glycol (Propane‐1,2‐diol) Alginate4.6.Bacterial Alginates4.7.Analysis4.8.Applications4.9.Market5.Carrageenan5.1.Structure5.2.Sources and Raw Materials5.3.Production5.4.Analysis5.5.Properties5.6.Applications5.7.Physiological Properties6.Agar6.1.Production6.2.Structure and Gelling Mechanism6.3.Quick Soluble Agar7.Gum Arabic8.Gum Tragacanth9.Gum Karaya10.Gum Ghatti11.Xanthan Gum11.1.Production11.2.Structure and Properties11.3.Analysis11.4.Applications, Market12.Gellan Gum13.Galactomannans13.1.Structure13.2.Production13.3.Properties13.4.Analysis and Composition of Commercial Preparations13.5.Derivatives13.6.Applications13.7.Market14.Acknowledgement
Poly(Vinyl Esters)
Authors: Rinno Helmut
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Raw Materials3.Polymer Structure4.Production4.1.Bulk Polymerization4.2.Solution Polymerization4.3.Suspension (Bead) Polymerization4.4.Emulsion Polymerization5.Industrially Important Poly(Vinyl Esters)6.Properties7.Quality Specifications, Trade Names, Storage and Transport, Wastewater8.Uses, Toxicology, and Economic Aspects
Propellants
Authors: Schubert Hiltmar
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.History3.Classification and Formulation of Propellants3.1.Solid Propellants3.1.1.Homogeneous Propellants3.1.2.Composite Propellants3.2.Liquid Propellants3.2.1.Monopropellants3.2.2.Bipropellants4.Reactions and Properties4.1.Combustion Process4.2.Propellant Performance4.3.Mechanical Properties4.4.Chemical Stability4.5.Service Life4.6.Sensitivity and Vulnerability5.Uses5.1.Gun Propellants5.1.1.Solid Propellants5.1.2.Liquid Propellants5.2.Rocket Propellants5.2.1.Solid Propellants5.2.2.Liquid Propellants5.3.Propellants for Gas Generators6.Production6.1.Homogeneous Propellants6.1.1.Single‐Base Propellants6.1.2.Double‐ and Multibase Propellants6.2.Composite Propellants6.3.Special Propellant Devices7.Test Methods8.Safety Precautions and Environmental Protection
Purine Derivatives
Authors: Lenz Hans H.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Occurrence and Production4.Quality Specifications and Analysis5.Uses6.Economic Aspects
Pyrazolone Derivatives
Authors: Heise Hartmut , Hintzmann Manfred
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Reactions3.Production4.Environmental Protection5.Quality Specifications6.Analysis7.Storage and Transport8.Uses8.1.Pharmaceuticals8.2.Dyes and Pigments8.3.Crop Protection9.Economic Aspects10.Derivatives11.Toxicology
Pyrimidine and Pyrimidine Derivatives
Authors: Chorlton Alan P.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Chemical Properties3.Production4.Important Naturally Occurring Derivatives of Pyrimidine5.Industrially Important Pyrimidines5.1.Pharmaceuticals5.2.Agrochemicals5.3.Dyes
Quinoline and Isoquinoline
Authors: Collin Gerd , Höke Hartmut
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Quinoline1.1.Properties1.2.Production1.3.Uses and Economic Aspects1.4.Derivatives2.Isoquinoline2.1.Properties2.2.Production2.3.Uses3.Toxicology
Reduction
Authors: Kammermeier Bernhard
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Reduction of Individual Classes of Substances3.Electrolysis3.1.Inorganic Processes3.2.Organic Processes4.Individual Reducing Agents4.1.Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas4.2.Hydrogen4.3.Hydrides4.4.Metal Carbonyls4.5.Metals4.6.Metal Salts4.7.Nonmetallic Inorganic Reducing Agents4.8.Carbon Compounds4.8.1.Carbon Monoxide4.8.2.Formic Acid4.8.3.Carbonyl Compounds4.8.4.Alcohols4.8.5.Alkenes4.8.6.Heterocyclic Compounds5.Special Reduction Methods
Silicon Compounds, Organic
Authors: Rösch Lutz , John Peter , Reitmeier Rudolf
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Fundamental Synthetic Routes for Organosilicon Compounds2.1.Direct Synthesis of Organohalosilanes2.2.Grignard Synthesis2.3.Syntheses with Alkali Metals2.4.Addition Reactions (Hydrosilylation)2.5.Substitution Reactions of Si−H Bonds2.6.Coproportionation and Disproportionation3.Silicon‐Functional Organosilicon Compounds3.1.Halo‐ and Pseudohalosilanes3.2.Alkoxy‐ and Aryloxysilanes3.3.Acyloxysilanes3.4.Oximino‐ and Aminoxysilanes3.4.1.(Alkylamino)alkylsilanes3.5.Organofunctional Organosilicon Compounds4.Vinyl and Other Alkenyl Compounds4.1.Organohalogenated Compounds4.2.Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds4.3.Cyanoalkyl Compounds4.3.1.Organic Amino Compounds4.3.2.Other Nitrogen Compounds4.3.3.Organosulfur Compounds4.4.Mercapto and Sulfidic Organofunctions4.4.1.Compounds Containing Sulfur ‐ Oxygen Groups4.4.2.Oxygen‐Containing Compounds4.5.Epoxy and Other Oxy Compounds4.5.1.Acrylates and Other Ester Functions4.5.2.Acid Anhydrides and Other Carboxy Groups4.5.3.Other Organofunctions4.6.Other Organosilanes5.Tetraorganosilanes5.1.Production5.1.Polysilanes5.2.Uses6.Silylating Agents6.1.Silanes as Protecting Groups6.1.Organosilicon Pharmaceuticals6.1.Silanes for Modification of Organic Polymers6.1.1.Cross‐Linking of Polyethylene6.1.1.Donor Silanes6.2.Silane Coupling Agents6.2.1.Mode of Action6.3.Analysis6.4.Toxicology and Environmental Aspects7.Economic Aspects8.References
Silk
Authors: Zahn Helmut , Krasowski Anita
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction1.1.Definitions1.2.History1.3.Life Cycle of the Mulberry Silkworm2.Structure and Properties2.1.Hierarchy and Crystal Structure2.2.Chemical Composition2.3.Properties2.4.Analysis3.Production3.1.Sericulture3.2.Production of Silk Thread3.3.World Production3.4.Silk Yarns‐Classification and Testing4.Processing4.1.Degumming4.2.Weighting4.3.Bleaching4.4.Dyeing4.5.Printing4.6.Special Finishing5.Uses and Other Aspects
Single Cell Proteins
Authors: Babel Wolfgang , Pöhland Hans‐Dieter , Soyez Konrad
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Substrates and Organisms

3.

Efficiency Considerations in the Selection of Substrates and Microorganisms

4.

Technology and Equipment

5.

Products and Uses

6.

Economic Aspects

7.

Outlook
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Authors: Dubinsky Barry , Press Jeffery B.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Peripherally Acting Muscle Relaxants1.1.Nondepolarizing Drugs (Competitive Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs)1.2.Depolarizing Relaxants1.3.Agents Acting Directly on Skeletal Muscle2.Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants2.1.Treatment of Acute Muscle Spasms2.2.Treatment of Chronic Neurological Spasticity
Skin Cosmetics
Authors: Schneider Günther , Gohla Sven , Schreiber Jörg , Kaden Waltraud , Schönrock Uwe , Schmidt‐Lewerkühne Hartmut , Kuschel Annegret , Petsitis Xenia , Pape Wolfgang , Ippen Hellmut , Diembeck Walter
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction1.1.Cosmetics and the Skin1.2.The Function of Skin Cosmetics1.3.History2.Product Development2.1.Choice of Raw Materials2.2.Tests for Stability and Effectiveness3.Emulsions3.1.Introduction and Definition3.2.Composition and Classification3.2.1.Emulsifiers3.2.2.Lipophilic Constituents3.2.3.Hydrophilic Constituents3.2.4.Additives3.2.5.Special Ingredients3.3.PIT‐Emulsions3.3.1.General Introduction and Definition3.3.2.Phase Behavior of Oil ‐ Surfactant ‐ Water Systems3.3.3.Influence of Temperature on the Phase Behavior of an Emulsion3.3.4.Effects of Formulation Variables on Phase Inversion Temperature3.3.5.Nature of the Phase Inversion Area3.3.6.Physicochemical Characterization of the Phase Inversion Temperature3.3.6.1.Electrical Conductivity Measurement3.3.6.2.Interfacial Tension Measurement3.3.7.Emulsification Production Process and Emulsification Routes3.3.8.CAPICO Method (Calculation of Phase Inversion in Concentrates)3.3.9.Applications3.4.Stability and Product Safety3.5.Cosmetic Properties3.6.Production4.Gels4.1.Lipogels4.2.Hydrogels4.2.1.Polymer Gels4.2.2.Hydrodispersion Gels4.3.Lecithin Organogels4.4.Gel‐Emulsions4.5.Surfactant Gels/Detergent Gels4.6.Microemulsion Gels4.7.Water‐in‐Silicon Oil Gels5.Oils5.1.Ingredients5.2.Production6.Lipsticks6.1.Lip Protection6.2.Composition6.3.Testing6.4.Production7.Shower and Bath Preparations7.1.Composition7.1.1.Surfactants7.1.2.Auxiliaries7.2.Product Forms and Types7.3.Production8.Deodorants and Antiperspirants8.1.Composition8.2.Application Forms8.3.Testing8.4.Production9.Body Powders10.Decorative Body Agents, Cosmetics, and Makeup10.1.Types of Decorative Cosmetics10.2.Colorants10.3.Production11.Sunscreens11.1.Composition11.2.Evaluation11.3.Effectiveness and Production11.4.Toxicology and Environmental Protection12.Stability Testing12.1.Storage Conditions12.2.Test Methods13.In Vitro Compatibility Testing13.1.Introduction13.2.Test Methods14.Economic Aspects15.Legal Aspects
Sulfites, Thiosulfates, and Dithionites
Authors: Barberá José Jiménez , Metzger Adolf , Wolf Manfred
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Sulfites and Disulfites1.1.General Properties1.2.Ammonium Sulfite1.3.Potassium Disulfite1.4.Sodium Disulfite1.5.Sodium Hydrogensulfite1.6.Sodium Sulfite1.7.Analysis of Alkali‐Metal Sulfites1.8.Toxicology2.Thiosulfates2.1.General Properties2.2.Sodium Thiosulfate2.3.Ammonium Thiosulfate2.4.Toxicology3.Sodium Dithionite3.1.Introduction3.2.Properties3.3.Production3.4.Quality Specifications and Analysis3.5.Trade Names and Uses3.6.Safety and Environmental Aspects; Storage and Transport3.7.Economic Aspects3.8.Toxicology
Superconductors
Authors: Rietschel Hermann , Hoenig Hans E. , Bogner Günther , Jérome Denis
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Principles2.1.Electrical Resistance and Thermal Conductivity2.2.Behavior in Magnetic Fields2.3.Critical Current2.4.Energy Gap and Thermodynamic Properties2.5.Josephson Effects2.6.Theoretical Descriptions3.Classes of Superconductors3.1.Classical Superconductors3.2.Exotic Superconductors3.3.High‐Temperature Superconductors4.Electronic Applications of Superconductivity4.1.Superconductivity Effects Important for Electronic Applications4.1.1.Pure Inductances4.1.2.Small High‐Frequency Losses4.1.3.Energy‐Gap Effects4.1.4.Quantum Interference Effects4.2.Josephson Junctions, Tunnel Junctions, and Weak Links4.2.1.Junction Types and Their Significance4.2.2.Josephson Circuits, Digital Circuits, Digital Signal Processing, and Voltage Standards4.2.3.SQUIDs4.2.4.SQUIDs and Biomagnetism4.3.Applications of HT Superconductors4.3.1.Materials and Techniques for HT‐Superconducting Electronics4.3.2.Operating Temperatures of HT‐Superconducting Electronics4.3.3.Passive Components Based on HT Superconductors4.3.4.HT‐Superconductor Radiation Detectors4.3.5.Nonlinear HT‐Superconductor Components4.3.6.HT‐Superconductor SQUIDs4.4.Refrigerators for Cryoelectronics5.Application of Superconductivity in Magnet and Power Engineering5.1.Introduction5.2.Industrial Superconductors5.2.1.Metallic Superconductors5.2.2.Oxide‐Ceramic Superconductors5.3.Potential Superconductivity for Improvements in Conventional Electrical Devices5.3.1.Superconducting Magnets for High‐Energy Physics5.3.2.Magnetic Separation and Purification5.3.3.Superconducting Levitation for High‐Speed Transportation Systems5.3.4.Generators and Motors with Superconducting Windings5.3.5.Superconducting Transformers5.3.6.Superconducting Power‐Transmission Cables5.4.Novel Electrical Devices for Which Superconductors Are Indispensable5.4.1.Magnets for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Spectroscopy5.4.2.Magnet Systems for Magnetic‐Confinement Fusion Reactors5.4.3.Magnetohydrodynamic Energy Conversion5.4.4.Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)5.4.5.Superconducting Current Limiters6.Organic Superconductors6.1.Introduction6.2.Electronic Structure and Superconductivity6.3.Other Features of 1‐D Superconductors6.4.Prospects for HigherTcand Applications
Sweeteners
Authors: von Rymon Lipinski Gert‐Wolfhard
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Sensory Properties2.1.Structural Requirements for Sweetness2.2.Sweetness Intensity2.3.Taste Characteristics2.4.Synergism3.Uses3.1.Foods and Beverages3.2.Table‐Top Sweeteners3.3.Cosmetics3.4.Pharmaceuticals3.5.Feed3.6.Others4.General Toxicology and Physiology4.1.Toxicology4.2.Metabolism4.3.Suitability for Diabetics4.4.Dental Effects5.Food Legislation5.1.International Regulations and Assessments5.2.National Food Legislation6.Substances Commonly Used as Sweeteners6.1.Acesulfame K6.1.1.General Information6.1.2.Physical and Chemical Properties6.1.3.Production6.1.4.Specifications and Analysis6.1.5.Toxicology and Legislation6.1.6.Uses6.2.Aspartame6.2.1.General Information6.2.2.Physical and Chemical Properties6.2.3.Production6.2.4.Specifications and Analysis6.2.5.Toxicology and Legislation6.2.6.Uses6.3.Cyclamate6.3.1.General Information6.3.2.Physical and Chemical Properties6.3.3.Production6.3.4.Specifications and Analysis6.3.5.Toxicology and Legislation6.3.6.Uses6.4.Saccharin6.4.1.General Information6.4.2.Physical and Chemical Properties6.4.3.Production6.4.4.Specifications and Analysis6.4.5.Toxicology and Legislation6.4.6.Uses7.Sweeteners of Lesser Importance7.1.Glycyrrhizin7.1.1.General Information and Properties7.1.2.Production7.1.3.Toxicology and Legislation7.1.4.Uses7.2.Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone7.2.1.General Information and Properties7.2.2.Production7.2.3.Toxicology and Legislation7.2.4.Uses7.3.Stevioside and Rebaudioside7.3.1.General Information and Properties7.3.2.Production7.3.3.Toxicology and Legislation7.3.4.Uses7.4.Sucralose7.4.1.General Information and Properties7.4.2.Production7.4.3.Toxicology and Legislation7.4.4.Uses7.5.Thaumatin7.5.1.General Information and Properties7.5.2.Production7.5.3.Toxicology and Legislation7.5.4.Uses8.New Developments8.1.Alitame8.2.Others9.Substances Formerly Used as Sweeteners9.1.Dulcin9.2.Others
Tall Oil
Authors: Norlin Lars‐Hugo
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Crude Tall Oil as Byproduct and Raw Material

2.1.

Composition and Properties of Crude Tall Oil

2.2.

Recovery of Soap and Conversion to Crude Tall Oil

2.3.

Upgrading of Soap Extraction (Crude Soap Refining Process)

3.

Upgrading of Crude Tall Oil by Distillation

3.1.

Technical and Economic Conditions

3.2.

Process Description

3.2.1.

Dehydration

3.2.2.

Depitching

3.2.3.

Fractionation of Vaporized Tall Oil Compounds

4.

Energy Recovery

5.

Security and Construction Material

6.

Analysis

7.

Storage and Transportation

8.

Uses

9.

Economic Aspects

10.

Toxicology and Environmental Protection
Tartaric Acid
Authors: Kassaian Jean‐Maurice
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Optical Isomerism: Configuration

4.

Chemical Properties

5.

Resources and Starting Materials

6.

Production

6.1.

Production of
l
(+)‐Tartaric Acid

6.2.

Fermentation Process

6.3.

Chemical Synthesis

7.

Environmental Protection

8.

Quality Specifications

9.

Chemical Analysis

10.

Derivatives of
l
(+)‐Tartaric Acid

11.

Uses

12.

Economic Aspects

13.

Physiological and Toxicological Behavior
Tea
Authors: Crocker Anita
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

History

3.

Major Tea Producers

4.

Growth and Manufacture

5.

Tea Trade

6.

Tea Market and Consumption

7.

Tea and Health
Teratogenic Agents
Authors: Baeder Christian
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Course of Testing
Tungsten, Tungsten Alloys, and Tungsten Compounds
Authors: Lassner Erik , Schubert Wolf‐Dieter , Lüderitz Eberhard , Wolf Hans Uwe
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Raw Materials3.1.Natural Resources3.2.Tungsten Scrap4.Production4.1.Ore Beneficiation4.2.Pretreatment of Ore Concentrates and Scrap4.3.Hydrometallurgy4.3.1.Digestion4.3.2.Purification4.3.3.Conversion of Sodium Tungstate Solution to Ammonium Tungstate Solution4.3.3.1.Solvent Extraction4.3.3.2.Ion Exchange Process4.3.4.Crystallization of Ammonium Paratungstate (APT)4.4.Calcination of APT4.5.Reduction by Hydrogen to Tungsten Metal Powder4.6.Production of Compact Metal4.7.Processing of Sintered Parts4.7.1.Shaping4.7.2.Mechanical Bonding of Tungsten to Tungsten and Other Metals4.8.Surface Treatment4.9.Tungsten Coatings4.10.Production of High‐Purity Tungsten Metal (99.999 ‐ 99.9999 %)5.Tungsten Alloys5.1.Single‐Phase Mixed‐Crystal Alloys5.2.Multiple Phase Alloys6.Uses7.Analysis7.1.Raw Materials7.2.High‐Purity Intermediate Products, Tungsten Powder, and Compact Tungsten Metal7.3.Trace Elements in High‐Purity Tungsten Metal8.Ferrotungsten and Related Alloys8.1.Composition8.2.Uses8.3.Production8.3.1.Ferrotungsten8.3.1.1.Carbothermic Production8.3.1.2.Carbothermic and Silicothermic Production8.3.1.3.Metallothermic Production8.3.2.Production of Tungsten Melting Base and Tungsten Master Alloys9.Compounds9.1.Tungsten Chemistry9.2.Aqueous Solutions of Tungsten9.3.Intermetallic Compounds9.4.Compounds with Nonmetals9.4.1.Tungsten ‐ Boron Compounds9.4.2.Tungsten ‐ Carbon Compounds9.4.3.Tungsten ‐ Silicon Compounds9.4.4.Tungsten ‐ Group 15 Compounds9.4.5.Tungsten ‐ Oxygen Compounds9.4.6.Tungsten ‐ Chalcogenide Compounds9.4.7.Tungsten ‐ Halogenide Compounds10.Tungsten in Catalysis11.Economic Aspects12.Tungsten Recycling13.Beneficial Effects on Human Health14.Toxicology and Occupational Health15.Acknowledgement
Waxes
Authors: Wolfmeier Uwe , Schmidt Hans , Heinrichs Franz‐Leo , Michalczyk Georg , Payer Wolfgang , Dietsche Wolfram , Boehlke Klaus , Hohner Gerd , Wildgruber Josef
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction1.1.History of Waxes and Their Applications1.2.Definition1.3.Classification1.4.Properties and Uses1.5.World Market Volume for Waxes1.6.International Wax Organizations2.Recent Natural Waxes2.1.Introduction2.2.Vegetable Waxes2.2.1.Carnaúba Wax2.2.2.Candelilla Wax2.2.3.Ouricury Wax2.2.4.Sugarcane Wax2.2.5.Retamo Wax2.2.6.Jojoba Oil2.2.7.Other Vegetable Waxes2.3.Animal Waxes2.3.1.Beeswax2.3.2.Other Insect Waxes2.3.3.Wool Wax3.Montan Wax3.1.Formation and Occurrence3.2.Extraction3.3.Properties and Composition3.4.Refining and Derivatization3.4.1.Deresinification3.4.2.Bleaching3.4.3.Derivatization3.5.Uses and Economic Aspects4.Petroleum Waxes4.1.Introduction4.2.Macrocrystalline Waxes (Paraffin Waxes)4.2.1.Chemical Composition and General Properties4.2.2.Division into Product Classes4.2.3.Occurrence of Raw Materials and Processing4.2.3.1.Dewaxing Lubricating Oil Distillates4.2.3.2.Deoiling Slack Waxes4.2.3.3.Refining Deoiled Slack Waxes4.2.4.Storage, Transportation, Commercial Forms, and Producers4.2.5.Quality Specifications and Analysis4.2.6.Uses4.3.Microcrystalline Waxes (Microwaxes)4.3.1.Chemical Composition and General Properties4.3.2.Division into Product Classes4.3.3.Occurrence of Raw Materials and Processing4.3.4.Commercial Products and Producers4.3.5.Quality Specifications and Analysis4.3.6.Uses4.4.Legal Aspects4.5.Ecology4.6.Economic Aspects4.7.Candles5.Fischer ‐ Tropsch Paraffins6.Polyolefin Waxes6.1.Production and Properties6.1.1.Polyethylene Waxes by High‐Pressure Polymerization6.1.1.1.Production6.1.1.2.Properties6.1.2.Copolymeric Polyethylene Waxes by High‐Pressure Polymerization6.1.3.Polyolefin Waxes by Ziegler ‐ Natta Polymerization6.1.3.1.Production6.1.3.2.Properties6.1.4.Degradation Polyolefin Waxes6.1.4.1.Production6.1.4.2.Properties6.1.5.Polar Polyolefin Waxes6.2.Uses6.2.1.Nonpolar Polyolefin Waxes6.2.2.Polar Polyolefin Waxes6.3.Economic Importance7.Toxicology
Whiskers
Authors: Parvizi‐Majidi Azar
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction and Historical Development2.Applications and Commercial Products3.Asbestos Whiskers for Thermal Resistance/Insulation Applications4.Whiskers for Reinforcement Applications4.1.Silicon Carbide Whiskers4.2.Silicon Nitride and Sialon Whiskers4.3.Alumina and Mullite Whiskers4.4.Aluminum Borate Whiskers4.5.Other Types of Reinforcing Whiskers5.Whiskers for Electronics Applications5.1.Carbon Whiskers5.2.Other Types of Whiskers for Electronics Applications6.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Wine
Authors: Kunkee Ralph E. , Eschnauer Heinz R.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Wine Classifications, Types, and Labels2.1.Major Categories of Wines2.2.Table Wines2.2.1.Still Table Wines2.2.1.1.Dry, Still Table Wines2.2.1.2.Nondry, Still Table Wines2.2.2.Sparkling (Table) Wines2.3.Dessert/Appetizer Wines2.3.1.Sweet Dessert/Appetizer Wines2.3.2.Maderized Wines2.3.2.1.Oxidized by Film Yeast2.3.2.2.Oxidized with Age2.3.2.3.Oxidized by Heat Treatment2.3.3.Flavored Dessert Appetizer Wines2.3.3.1.Vermouths2.3.3.2.Specialty and Proprietary Dessert/Appetizer Wines2.4.Dealcoholized Wines2.4.1.Nonalcohol Wines2.4.2.Wines with Partial Removal of Ethanol2.5.Wine Labeling2.5.1.Importance of Region2.5.2.Controlled Appellations2.5.3.Imitations3.Chemical and Physical Composition of Wine3.1.Extract3.2.Physical Characteristics3.2.1.Density3.2.2.Temperature3.2.3.Viscosity3.2.4.Surface Tension and Tears3.2.5.Refractive Index3.3.Chemical Composition3.3.1.Organic Constituents3.3.1.1.Carbohydrates3.3.1.2.Aldehydes3.3.1.3.Organic Acids and Carbonic Acid3.3.1.4.Alcohols3.3.1.5.Esters and Other Aroma Substances3.3.1.6.Polyphenols3.3.1.7.Nitrogenous Compounds3.3.1.8.Vitamins3.3.2.Inorganic Constituents3.3.2.1.Enological Trace Concentrations3.3.2.2.Metal Depletion in the Fermentation and Preparation of Wine3.3.2.3.Enological Sample Bank3.3.2.4.Essential Trace Elements in Wine3.3.2.5.Micronutrients forVitis vinifera3.3.2.6.Enological Trace Element Taxonometry3.3.2.7.Enological Isotopic Taxonometry3.3.2.8.Enological Element Analysis4.Grapes and Grape Varieties4.1.Vitis viniferaVarieties4.2.Rootstocks5.Viticulture5.1.Dormancy and Its Utilization5.2.Agreement betweenTerroir, Climate and Grape Variety5.3.Grapevine Diseases5.4.Other Viticultural Practices6.Alcoholic Fermentation6.1.Pre‐fermentation Operations6.2.Yeast Growth and Fermentation6.3.Post‐fermentation Operations7.Secondary Fermentations7.1.Malolactic Fermentation7.2.Sparkling Wine7.3.Flor Sherry7.4.Microbial Spoilage8.Typicité and Style9.Sensory Evaluation10.Economic Aspects11.Wine and Health
Wood
Authors: Nimz Horst H. , Schmitt Uwe , Schwab Eckart , Wittmann Otto , Wolf Franz
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Morphology and Properties1.1.Introduction1.2.Biology of Wood1.2.1.Anatomy1.2.1.1.Cell Types1.2.1.2.Softwoods1.2.1.3.Hardwoods1.2.2.Secondary Changes1.2.3.Cell Wall Formation and Architecture1.3.Chemistry of Wood1.3.1.Chemical Components of Wood1.3.2.Distribution of Components in the Cell Wall1.3.3.Macromolecular Structure of Cell Wall Components1.4.Physical Properties2.Wood‐Based Materials2.1.Introduction2.2.Laminate Bonding2.2.1.Laminated Structural Timber (Glulam)2.2.1.1.Development2.2.1.2.Construction and Production2.2.1.3.Properties2.2.2.Veneers, Plywood, and Derived Products2.2.2.1.Development2.2.2.2.Production of Veneers2.2.2.3.Principal Types of Plywood2.2.2.4.Adhesives and Additives2.2.2.5.Production of Veneer Plywood2.2.2.6.Properties, Testing, and Uses2.2.2.7.Engineered Wood2.3.Particle Bonding2.3.1.Particle Board2.3.1.1.Development2.3.1.2.Types of Particle Board2.3.1.3.Raw Materials2.3.1.4.Adhesives and Additives2.3.1.5.Production2.3.1.6.Properties, Testing, and Uses2.3.2.Fiberboard2.3.2.1.Development2.3.2.2.Types of Fiberboard2.3.2.3.Raw Materials2.3.2.4.Binders and Additives2.3.2.5.Production Processes2.3.2.6.Properties, Testing, and Uses2.3.3.Wood‐Based Materials with Mineral Binders2.3.3.1.Cement‐Bonded Boards2.3.3.2.Gypsum‐Bonded Board2.3.3.3.Magnesia‐Bonded Boards2.4.Surface Treatment2.4.1.Veneers2.4.2.Liquid Paints and Coatings2.4.3.Coating with Sheets, Short‐Cycle Films, and Decorative Laminates2.4.3.1.Coating with Foils2.4.3.2.Decorative Films (Short‐Cycle Films)2.4.3.3.Decorative Laminates2.4.4.Properties, Testing, and Uses2.5.Environmental and Toxicological Aspects2.5.1.Wood Dust2.5.2.Emissions2.5.2.1.Emissions during Production of Wood‐Based Materials2.5.2.2.Emissions from Finished Materials2.5.3.Disposal2.6.Polymer Wood2.7.Economic Aspects
Linkage and association with the NOS2A locus on chromosome 17q11 in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Barcellos Lisa F. , Begovich Ann B. , Reynolds Rebecca L. , Caillier Stacy J. , Brassat David , Schmidt Silke , Grams Sarah E. , Walker Karen , Steiner Lori L. , Cree Bruce A. C. , Stillman Althea , Lincoln Robin R. , Pericak‐Vance Margaret A. , Haines Jonathan L. , Erlich Henry A. , Hauser Stephen L. , Oksenberg Jorge R.
Published: April 2004

A large body of research supports a multifactorial cause in multiple sclerosis (MS), with an underlying genetic susceptibility likely acting in concert with undefined environmental exposures. Here, we used a highly efficient multilocus genotyping assay to study single nucleotide polymorphisms representing variation in 34 genes from inflammatory pathways in a well‐characterized MS familial data set. Evidence of transmission distortion was present for several polymorphisms. Results for the NOS2A locus (exon 10 C/T, D346D) on chromosome 17q11 remained significant after correction for multiple testing and were reproduced in a second independent African American MS data set. In addition, linkage to a NOS2A promoter region polymorphism, (CCTTT)n, was present in a third data set of multicase MS families. Our results provide strong evidence for linkage and association to a new candidate disease gene on chromosome 17q11 in MS and suggest that variation within NOS2A or a nearby locus contributes to disease susceptibility. Ann Neurol 2004
Metastable and stable states of xanthan polyelectrolyte complexes studied by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Maurstad Gjertrud , Stokke Bjørn T.
Published: April 2004

The compaction of the semiflexible polysaccharide xanthan with selected multi‐ and polyvalent cations was studied. Polyelectrolyte complexes prepared at concentrations of 1–2 μg/ml were observed by tapping mode atomic force microscopy. High‐molecular‐weight xanthan compacted with chitosan yields a blend of mainly toroidal and metastable structures and a small fraction of rod‐like species. Polyelectrolyte complexes of xanthan with polyethylenimine and trivalent chromium yielded similar structures or alternatively less well packed species. Racquet‐type morphologies were identified as kinetically trapped states occurring on the folding path toward the energetically stable state of the toroids. Thermal annealing yielded a shift of the distribution of xanthan–chitosan morphologies toward this stable state. Ensembles of toroidal and rod‐like morphologies of the xanthan–chitosan structures, collected using an asphericity index, were analyzed. The mean height of the toroids increased upon heating, with a selective increase in the height range above 2 nm. It is suggested that the observed metastable structures are formed from the high‐molecular‐weight fraction of xanthan and that these are driven toward the toroidal state, being a low‐energy state, following annealing. Considered a model system for condensation of semiflexible polymers, the compaction of xanthan by chitosan captures the system at various stages in the folding toward a low‐energy state and thus allows experimental analyses of these intermediates and their evolution. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Paraoxonase 55 and 192 polymorphism and its relationship to serum paraoxonase activity and serum lipids in Turkish patients with non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Agachan Bedia , Yilmaz Hulya , Karaali Zeynep , İsbir Turgay
Published: April 2004

We investigated the effect of PON 55 and PON 192 polymorphisms on serum PON1 activity and lipid profiles in 213 non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) individuals and 116 non‐diabetic controls among Turkish subjects. The distribution of PON 55/192 gene polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction–based restriction fragment length polymorphism. Serum lipid levels were measured enzymically. PON activity was measured by spectrophotometric assay of p‐nitrophenol production following addition of paraoxon. We found that PON 55 and 192 genotype distribution was similar in patients and controls and paraoxonase activity was generally lower in diabetics than in control subjects. We showed that PON 55 and 192 genotypes have a major effect on serum PON activity. PON 192 BB homozygotes had significantly higher PON activity than AA and AB genotypes among the control and NIDDM populations (p<0.001). PON 55 MM homozygotes had significantly lower PON activity than did LL and LM genotypes in control and NIDDM populations (p<0.05). The PON1 55 and 192 polymorphisms did not consistently influence the serum lipid profiles in either population. In conclusion, our results suggest that the paraoxonase activities are affected by PON1 genetic variability in Turkish NIDDM patients and controls. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of cardiovascular complications accompanying AIDS
Authors: Pugliese A. , Gennero L. , Vidotto V. , Beltramo T. , Petrini S. , Torre D.
Published: April 2004

Manifestations of cardiovascular system involvement are not uncommon complications of HIV infection, especially in AIDS patients. However, the frequency of these manifestations is influenced by different variables including: survival prolongation in HIV‐infected patients, because of advances in antiretroviral treatment; improvement of immunodepression and reduction in the occurrence of opportunistic infections; adverse effects of some drugs. At present, on the whole cardiovascular complications that are HIV correlated in the western world, including Italy, occur less frequently than in the past. However complications associated with alterations in lipometabolism prevail because they can be promoted by some protease inhibitors in predisposed subjects. The most frequently reported questions and a careful analysis of recent data in the medical literature regarding the most common HIV‐correlated cardiovascular complications are discussed in this review. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prognostic significance of multiple morphologic features and biologic markers in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast
Authors: Cornfield Dennis B. , Palazzo Juan P. , Schwartz Gordon F. , Goonewardene Shanth A. , Kovatich Albert J. , Chervoneva Inna , Hyslop Terry , Schwarting Roland
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND

A number of conventional histopathologic features have been associated with recurrence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) after surgery alone and are included in the Van Nuys Pathologic Classification and Prognostic Index. To the authors' knowledge, very little is known regarding the prognostic significance of the many biologic markers that have been studied in DCIS in the past decade.

METHODS

Clinical and pathologic data were analyzed from 151 patients who underwent wide local excision alone for DCIS that was diagnosed by mammography or as an incidental finding between 1982 and 2000. Using local disease recurrence as an endpoint, the authors sought to determine the prognostic significance of a large number of histopathologic parameters as well as biologic markers (estrogen receptor [ER], progesterone receptor [PR], p53, HER‐2/neu, Ki‐67, p21, and bcl‐2), as determined by immunohistochemical staining of contemporary or archival tissue.

RESULTS

With a median follow‐up of 65 months, 42 recurrences were reported to occur between 11 months and 97 months after definitive surgery. In a univariate analysis, tumor size, Van Nuys pathologic classification, and degree of necrosis demonstrated significant correlations with the rate of recurrence. Tumor size, necrosis, nuclear grade, and comedonecrosis were found to be associated significantly with the time to disease recurrence. None of the biologic markers demonstrated a significant association with the rate of recurrence or the time to disease recurrence. In a multivariate analysis, only large tumor size (Van Nuys 2 or 3) and higher degrees of necrosis (Van Nuys 2 or 3) were found to be associated significantly with both the rate of recurrence and the time to recurrence. No biologic marker showed a significant correlation with recurrence. Using Classification and Regression‐Tree Analysis and Tree‐Structured Survival Analysis, PR > 3.5% and bcl‐2 < 97.5% were associated with a higher recurrence rate in the subgroup of patients with small tumor size (Van Nuys size 1) and higher degrees of tumor necrosis (Van Nuys 2 or 3).

CONCLUSIONS

The current results confirmed the value of conventional histopathologic parameters, as outlined in the Van Nuys classification system, in predicting local recurrence of DCIS. Using traditional logistic analyses, no significant correlation was found between a variety of biologic markers and disease recurrence. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Novel Prospects of the Acidic Thermal Rearrangement of Spiro[cyclopropane‐1,5′‐isoxazolidines] to β‐Lactams
Authors: Cordero Franca M. , Salvati Maria , Pisaneschi Federica , Brandi Alberto
Published: April 2004

Monocyclic β‐lactams were synthesized by a 1,3‐cycloaddition/thermal rearrangement process in the presence of a protic acid, starting from methylenecyclopropane derivatives and acyclic nitrones. Five‐membered cyclic nitrones failed to give carbapenam structures under the same conditions, affording exclusively the corresponding N‐trifluoroacetyl β‐amino acid derivatives in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis and Structural Properties of New Oligodeoxynucleotide Analogues Containing a 2′,5′‐Internucleotidic Squaryldiamide Linkage Capable of Formation of a Watson−Crick Base Pair with Adenine and a Wobble Base Pair with Guanine at the 3′‐Downstream Junction Site
Authors: Sato Kousuke , Tawarada Ryuya , Seio Kohji , Sekine Mitsuo
Published: April 2004

A TpT dimer analogue (U2′sq5′T), in which the 3′‐5′ phosphodiester linkage was replaced by a 2′‐5′ squaryldiamide linkage and the 5′‐upstream T was replaced by a 3′‐deoxyuridine, was synthesized in almost quantitative yield from diethyl squarate. This new dimer structural motif was designed to eliminate the squaryldiamide skeleton‐induced overall strain in T3′sq5′T, previously incorporated into DNA fragments as a new TpT mimic, through the change in the connection mode from the 3′‐5′ linkage to a 2′‐5′ linkage. Spectral analyses of U2′sq5′T suggest that the overall structure of this dimer mimic is basically similar to that of TpT. A DNA 10mer 5′‐d(CGCAU2′sq5′TAGCC)‐3′ incorporating this dimer was synthesized. From the CD analysis, it turned out that the overall structure of a DNA duplex of 5′‐d(CGCAU2′sq5′TAGCC)‐3′/3′‐d(GCGTAATCGG)‐5′ is closer to that of the unmodified duplex than the DNA duplex of 5′‐d(CGCAT3′sq5′TAGCC)‐3′/3′‐d(GCGTAATCGG)‐5′. Interestingly, extensive Tm experiments suggest that d(CGCAU2′sq5′TAGCC)‐3′ exhibits intriguing inherent hybridization affinity not only for the completely complementary oligodeoxynucleotide 3′‐d(GCGAATCGG)‐5′, but also for 3′‐d(GCGTAGTCGG)‐5′, with a mismatched dG. The unique property of the 3′‐downstream dT moiety of U2′sq5′T − the ability to recognize both dA and dG − was also supported by more detailed computational analysis of U2′sq5′T and TpT. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis of Enantiopure 9‐Oxabicyclononanediol Derivatives by Lipase‐Catalyzed Transformations and Determination of Their Absolute Configuration
Authors: Hegemann Klaus , Fröhlich Roland , Haufe Günter
Published: April 2004

Mixtures of endo,endo‐9‐oxabicyclo[4.2.1]nonane‐2,5‐diol (meso‐2) and endo,endo‐9‐oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane‐2,6‐diol [(±)‐3] were prepared from cycloocta‐1,5‐diene (1) upon treatment with peracids by transannular O‐heterocyclization and subsequent saponification of the formed diol monoesters such as (±)‐4 and (±)‐5. The corresponding diacetates, meso‐6 and (±)‐7, were formed by acetylation of either meso‐2 and (±)‐3 or (±)‐4 and (±)‐5 with acetic anhydride/pyridine. These diacetates were enantioselectively hydrolyzed by microbial enzymes such as the lipases from Candida antarctica (CAL) or Candida rugosa (CRL). The corresponding enantiomers were formed by lipase‐catalyzed acetylation of the diols meso‐2 and (±)‐3 with vinyl acetate. The skeletal isomers can also be separated in this way because the enantiopure monoacetates 4 were formed from the meso‐compounds 2 or 6, while one enantiomer of the racemic diacetate (±)‐7 [or the diol (±)‐3] was transformed into the enantiopure diol 3 (or the enantiopure diacetate 7, respectively) via the corresponding enantiomers of the monoacetate 5. The other enantiomer remained untouched in both cases. The lipases reacted enantioselectively to give the R isomer. Cycloocta‐1,5‐diene (1) was also used to synthesize 2‐oxa‐6‐thiatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane‐4,8‐diol [(±)‐11] in a four‐step sequence. This racemic diol was also acetylated selectively (R isomer) with vinyl acetate and CRL. Reductive desulfuration of (±)‐11 gave exo,exo‐9‐oxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane‐2,6‐diol [(±)‐12], which was acetylated selectively (S isomer) with CRL under the same conditions. The similarity in size and particularly in shape is responsible for the observed stereoselectivity of the lipases for the racemic endo,endo compounds (±)‐3 and (±)‐7 on the one hand and the exo,exo compound (±)‐12 on the other hand. The absolute configuration and crystal packing of the products was determined by X‐ray structural analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)