bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease with tau pathology mimicking new‐onset refractory non‐convulsive status epilepticus: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Gonzalez‐Martinez Alicia , Quintas Sonia , Redondo Nuria , Casado‐Fernández Laura , Vivancos José
Published: November 2020

Background and purpose

The aim of our study is to review the relationship between NCSE and sCJD. Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is the most common form of human prion disease. Electroencephalography (EEG)‐detected changes such as periodic sharp wave complexes, superimposable to those seen in non‐convulsive epileptic status (NCSE), have only rarely been described at CJD onset, especially in sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases.

Methods

We describe clinical, EEG, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuroimaging findings of a confirmed case of sCJD with tau pathology, initially diagnosed as NCSE. We performed a literature review in PubMed of previous publications on both sCJD and NCSE.

Results

An 82‐year‐old woman with no medical history presented with a 2‐week rapidly progressive neurological disorder, with motor aphasia, myoclonus, pyramidalism, and left posterior alien hand. EEG showed periodic sharp waves on right frontal regions, so anti‐epileptic treatment was started. CSF results were normal. Brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated hyperintensity of the right cerebral cortex in diffusion sequences. Due to suspected new‐onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE), corticosteroid treatment was started, without clinical improvement. Necropsy results confirmed sCJD with tau pathology. The literature review identified 14 references including a total of 18 cases with NCSE as the presenting symptom of sCJD; the clinical and results in complementary tests were compiled into a table.

Conclusions

Sporadic CJD should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with rapid cognitive decline and EEG changes consistent with NCSE. The wide heterogeneity in the etiology of NCSE, including autoimmune disorders, especially NORSE, suggests immunotherapy should be initiated based on a good risk–benefit balance. Some cases of sCJD, such as the present case with tau pathology, may mimic this clinico‐electrical course.
A three‐pronged approach that leans on Indigenous knowledge for northern fish monitoring and conservation
Authors: Bowles Ella , Marin Kia , MacLeod Pamela , Fraser Dylan J.
Published: October 2020

Investigating whether changes within fish populations may result from harvesting requires a comprehensive approach, especially in more data‐sparse northern regions. Our study took a three‐pronged approach to investigate walleye population change by combining Indigenous knowledge (IK), phenotypic traits, and genomics. We thank Larson et al. (2020) for their critiques of our study; certainly, there are aspects of their critique that are warranted and merit further investigation. However, we argue that their critique is over‐stated and misleading, primarily given that (a) one of three prongs of our research, IK, was dismissed in their assessment of our study's conclusions; (b) our Bayesian size‐at‐age modeling should help to mitigate sample size issues; (c) their re‐analysis of our size‐at‐age data does not actually refute our results; (d) genomic changes that we observed are nascent; (e) the data file that Larson et al. (2020) used for their genomic re‐analysis was not correct; and (f) criteria that Larson et al. (2020) use for their genomic re‐analysis were not properly justified.
Sixteen hundred years of increasing tree cover prior to modern deforestation in Southern Amazon and Central Brazilian savannas
Authors: Wright Jamie L. , Bomfim Barbara , Wong Corrine I. , Marimon‐Júnior Ben H. , Marimon Beatriz S. , Silva Lucas C. R.
Published: October 2020

Tropical ecosystems are under increasing pressure from land‐use change and deforestation. Changes in tropical forest cover are expected to affect carbon and water cycling with important implications for climatic stability at global scales. A major roadblock for predicting how tropical deforestation affects climate is the lack of baseline conditions (i.e., prior to human disturbance) of forest–savanna dynamics. To address this limitation, we developed a long‐term analysis of forest and savanna distribution across the Amazon–Cerrado transition of central Brazil. We used soil organic carbon isotope ratios as a proxy for changes in woody vegetation cover over time in response to fluctuations in precipitation inferred from speleothem oxygen and strontium stable isotope records. Based on stable isotope signatures and radiocarbon activity of organic matter in soil profiles, we quantified the magnitude and direction of changes in forest and savanna ecosystem cover. Using changes in tree cover measured in 83 different locations for forests and savannas, we developed interpolation maps to assess the coherence of regional changes in vegetation. Our analysis reveals a broad pattern of woody vegetation expansion into savannas and densification within forests and savannas for at least the past ~1,600 years. The rates of vegetation change varied significantly among sampling locations possibly due to variation in local environmental factors that constrain primary productivity. The few instances in which tree cover declined (7.7% of all sampled profiles) were associated with savannas under dry conditions. Our results suggest a regional increase in moisture and expansion of woody vegetation prior to modern deforestation, which could help inform conservation and management efforts for climate change mitigation. We discuss the possible mechanisms driving forest expansion and densification of savannas directly (i.e., increasing precipitation) and indirectly (e.g., decreasing disturbance) and suggest future research directions that have the potential to improve climate and ecosystem models.
Association between concentration of active MMP‐9 in pulpal blood and pulpotomy outcome in permanent mature teeth with irreversible pulpitis – a preliminary study
Authors: Sharma R. , Kumar V. , Logani A. , Chawla A. , Mir R. A. , Sharma S. , Kalaivani M.
Published: October 2020

Aim

To investigate the correlation between the concentration of active‐matrix metalloproteinases‐9 (aMMP‐9) in pulpal blood and the outcome of pulpotomy in mature permanent teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (SIP).

Methodology

Forty permanent molar teeth with a clinical diagnosis of SIP and normal apical tissues with periapical index (PAI) score ≤ 2 and ten permanent teeth (8 molars and two premolars) with a diagnosis of normal pulp that required root canal treatment for prosthetic reasons from patients between the ages of 15–35 years were recruited. All clinical procedures were performed under local anaesthesia and rubber dam isolation. After access opening, the coronal pulp tissue was amputated up to the canal orifice. A 100 μL volume of the pulpal blood was collected using a micropipette and transported to the laboratory. Sodium hypochlorite (2.5 %) was used as a haemostatic agent, and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was used as the pulp capping material. The tooth was restored with composite at the same visit. Teeth with normal pulps were treated with single‐visit root canal treatment. Patients with pulpotomy were recalled at 6 and 12 months. Outcome assessment of teeth with pulpotomy was carried out at 12 months and was categorized as success (asymptomatic patients with PAI score ≤ 2) or failure (symptomatic patients or PAI score ≥ 3). Quantification of aMMP‐9 in pulpal blood was achieved using a fluorometric assay. The following statistical analyses were performed to assess the data: t‐test, Fisher's exact test, kappa coefficient, non‐parametric test, Wilcoxon rank‐sum test, Spearman rank correlation test and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC).

Result

The success rate of pulpotomy was 88 % at 12‐months. There was a significant difference between the median concentrations of aMMP‐9 in pulpal blood of teeth with normal pulps (52 (12–96) ng mL−1:) and SIP (193.3 (25.8–607.7) ng mL−1:) (P = 0.0003) and successful (132.3 (25.8–548.3) ng mL−1:) and failed cases (512.4 (334.8–607.7 ng mL−1:) (P = 0.0015) of MTA pulpotomy. A significant association was established between aMMP‐9 concentration and outcome of pulpotomy. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (0.9484, 95%CI) suggested excellent discriminatory power of aMMP‐9 concentration in pulpal blood to predict the pulpotomy outcome.

Conclusion

The pulpal blood concentration of aMMP‐9 was significantly associated with the outcome of pulpotomy in teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, where it may be used as a potential prognostic biomarker.
The prevalence, risk factors, and psychosocial impacts of acne vulgaris in medical students: a literature review
Authors: Sachdeva Muskaan , Tan Josephine , Lim Jacqueline , Kim Matilda , Nadeem Ibrahim , Bismil Ramprasad
Published: October 2020

Affecting approximately 9.4% of the population worldwide, acne vulgaris is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Medical students are exposed to higher levels of stress and have a higher prevalence of acne. However, the risk factors and the impact of acne on medical students’ mental health remains poorly understood. The aim of this literature review is to: (i) summarize the prevalence and risk factors of acne vulgaris in medical students and (ii) highlight the impact of psychological consequences of acne in medical students. A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE in OVID, using variations in the following search terms: acne vulgaris, medical students, self‐esteem, psychology, psychiatry, suicide, suicidal thoughts, self‐harm, positive and negative effects, psychological well‐being, anxiety, and depression. Studies that stated the prevalence or risk factors of acne vulgaris and/or examined the association between psychosocial effects and acne vulgaris in medical students were included. Eleven cross‐sectional studies were included. The prevalence of acne vulgaris in medical students ranged from 34.38% to 97.9% across nine studies. Review of these articles revealed that acne prevalence is associated with stress, gender differences, and lifestyle factors in medical students. Acne had many negative psychological and social impacts on medical students including negative self‐image, lower confidence, embarrassment, depression, anxiety, social withdrawal, and impaired social behaviors. Further research on the intersection between acne vulgaris and the mental health of medical students is needed.
Factors associated with the development of acute general surgical pathology in medical inpatients
Authors: Partha Sarathy Prasanna , Veysey Martin
Published: November 2020

Background

Medical inpatients can develop acute general surgical conditions. However, this is rare. The presence of multiple acute pathologies delays diagnosis and these patients have poorer prognoses.

Aim

To determine the incidence, risk factors and prognosis of medical inpatients developing acute general surgical conditions.

Methods

A single‐centre retrospective case–control study was conducted over 1 year in the United Kingdom. Medical patients developing acute surgical pathology were identified using the local referral system. For each case, two controls were selected from a pool of medical inpatients receiving no general surgical input during their admission. Patient records were used to collect hospital admission details, demographic and laboratory data. Univariate analysis and multivariable analysis were performed.

Results

The study included 42 cases and 84 controls. The incidence of general surgical pathology in medical inpatients was 2.3/1000 admissions/year. In multivariate analysis, risk factors associated with developing general surgical pathology were previous abdominal surgery (odds ratio (OR) =3.68; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.43 to 9.48; P = 0.007) and doubling from baseline creatinine (OR = 18.9; 95% CI: 2.57 to 139; P = 0.004). Patients with surgical pathology had longer inpatient stays (22.8 vs 9.4 days; P < 0.001) and a higher inpatient mortality (23.8% vs 7.1%; P = 0.011). Development of surgical pathology was strongly associated with mortality (OR = 4.06; 95% CI: 1.36 to 12.1).

Conclusion

The development of acute surgical pathology in medical inpatients is rare but associated with longer inpatient stays and higher mortality. We have identified risk‐factors associated with the development of surgical pathology, which can be used to identify patients at risk of surgical pathology.
A proposal for a multi‐domain data fusion strategy in a climate‐smart agriculture context
Authors: López Iván Darío , Grass José Fernando , Figueroa Apolinar , Corrales Juan Carlos
Published: October 2020

Agriculture provides food, raw materials, and employment opportunities for a significant percentage of the world's population. Climate, economic, political, social, and other conditions affect decision making in agricultural processes. In many cases, these conditions imply the loss of suitability of many areas for some traditional crops. In contrast, these areas can produce new crops by taking advantage of changing conditions. In this sense, having reliable tools and information for decision making is essential in adapting to new agricultural productivity scenarios. The above implies having sufficient and relevant data sources to reduce the uncertainty in the decision‐making processes. However, data by nature tend to be diverse in structure, storage formats, and access protocols. Data fusion tasks have been immersed in a multitude of applications and have been approached from different points of view when implementing a suitable solution. We propose a multi‐domain data fusion strategy to support data analysis tasks in agricultural contexts. We also describe all the data sources collected, which are the main input to the proposed strategy. The combined data sources were also evaluated through a preliminary exploratory analysis in a multi‐label learning approach. Finally, the data fusion strategy is explained through an example in agricultural crop production.
20(S)‐Protopanaxadiol inhibits epithelial‐mesenchymal transition by promoting retinoid X receptor alpha in human colorectal carcinoma cells
Authors: Lu Zeyuan , Liu Hongyan , Fu Wenwen , Wang Yuchen , Geng Jianan , Wang Yaozhen , Yu Xiaofeng , Wang Quan , Xu Huali , Sui Dayun
Published: October 2020

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) recurrence is often accompanied by metastasis. Most metastasis undergo through epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). Studies showed that retinol X receptor alpha (RXRα) and 20(S)‐Protopanaxadiol (PPD) have anti‐tumour effects. However, the anti‐metastasis effect of 20(S)‐PPD and the effect of RXRα on EMT‐induced metastasis are few studies on. Therefore, the role of RXRα and 20(S)‐PPD in CRC cell metastasis remains to be fully elucidated. RXRα with clinicopathological characteristics and EMT‐related expression in clinical samples were examined. Then, RXRα and EMT level in SW480 and SW620 cells, overexpressed and silenced RXRα in SW620 cells and SW480 cells, respectively, were evaluated. Finally, 20(S)‐PPD effect on SW620 and SW480 cells was evaluated. The results showed that a lower RXRα expression in cancer tissues, and a moderate negative correlation between RXRα and N stage, and tended to higher level of EMT. SW480 and SW620 cells had the highest and lowest RXRα expression among four CRC cell lines. SW480 had lower EMT level than SW620. Furthermore, 20(S)‐PPD increased RXRα and inhibited EMT level in SW620 cell. Finally, 20(S)‐PPD cannot restore SW480 cells EMT level to normal when RXRα silencing. These findings suggest that 20(S)‐PPD may inhibit EMT process in CRC cells by regulating RXRα expression.
Molecular and morphological diversity in species of Kronichthys (Teleostei, Loricariidae) from Atlantic coastal rivers of Brazil
Authors: Souza Camila S. , Silva Gabriel S. C. , Ochoa Luz E. , Roxo Fabio F. , Costa‐Silva Guilherme J. , Foresti Fausto , Melo Bruno F. , Oliveira Claudio
Published: October 2020

The Neotropical catfish genus Kronichthys contains three species distributed along coastal rivers of southern and southeastern Brazil. Although phylogenetic hypotheses are available, the molecular and morphological diversity and species boundaries within the genus remain unexplored. In this study, the authors generated mitochondrial data for 90 specimens combined with morphometric and meristic data to investigate species diversity, species boundaries and putative morphological signatures in Kronichthys. Phylogenetic and species delimitation results clearly show the presence of four genetic lineages, three within Kronichthys heylandi along the coast from Rio de Janeiro to southern São Paulo and a single lineage encompassing both the nominal species Kronichthys lacerta and Kronichthys subteres from the Ribeira de Iguape basin to Santa Catarina in southern Brazil. Nonetheless, morphological data show overlapped ranges in morphometrics and a definition of only two morphotypes, with clear phenotypic differences in the teeth number: K. heylandi differs from K. subteres + K. lacerta by the higher number of premaxillary teeth (30–52 vs. 19–28) and higher number of dentary teeth (28–54 vs. 17–28). Headwater captures and connections of paleodrainages because of sea‐level fluctuations represent the two major biogeographic processes promoting species diversification and lineage dispersal of Kronichthys in the Atlantic coastal range of Brazil.
Effects of Greek juniper (Juniperus excelsa) extract on immune responses and disease resistance against Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Bilen Soner , Ispir Selcuk , Kenanoglu Osman Nezih , Taştan Yiğit , Güney Kerim , Terzi Ertugrul
Published: October 2020

This study investigated the effects of Greek juniper extract on immune responses of rainbow trout. In this experiment, 4 doses [0 (Control), 1 (J1), 4 (J4) and 8 (J8) mg/kg] of the extract were administered orally using an oral gavage twice a day for 14 days. Immune responses were measured on 7th and 14th days. On 14th day, Yersinia ruckeri was injected intraperitoneally to all fish of all groups. On 14th day, ORP in fish of J1 group increased significantly. Lysozyme activity (LA) was increased in J8 group on 7th day (p < .05). On 14th day, a significant decrease was determined in J1 and J4 treatments in LA. Myeloperoxidase activity was significantly decreased in all groups irrespective of sampling times (p < .05). Interleukin (IL)‐1β was significantly elevated in fish of J8 group on 7th day. IL‐8 increased in fish of J8 and J4 groups on 7th day of the study. IL‐12 gene expression was significantly up‐regulated in J8 fish group on 7th day, and in J4 fish group on 14th day. Survival rate was higher in J8 treatment compared to the control and other treatments (p < .05). The results suggest that Juniperus excelsa provides protection against Y. ruckeri in rainbow trout.
DOES SPEED MATTER? THE ROLE OF HIGH‐FREQUENCY TRADING FOR ORDER BOOK RESILIENCY
Authors: Clapham Benjamin , Haferkorn Martin , Zimmermann Kai
Published: October 2020

We analyze limit order book resiliency following liquidity shocks initiated by large market orders. Based on a unique data set, we investigate whether high‐frequency traders are involved in replenishing the order book. Therefore, we relate the net liquidity provision of high‐frequency traders, algorithmic traders, and human traders around these market impact events to order book resiliency. Although all groups of traders react, our results show that only high‐frequency traders reduce the spread within the first seconds after the market impact event. Order book depth replenishment, however, takes significantly longer and is mainly accomplished by human traders’ liquidity provision.
Nationwide survey of pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy in Japan
Authors: Kudo Takahiro , Abukawa Daiki , Nakayama Yoshiko , Segawa Osamu , Uchida Keiichi , Jimbo Keisuke , Shimizu Toshiaki
Published: October 2020

Background and Aim

The implementation rates of pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy are increasing with advancements in the devices used and pediatricians' skills. As part of the Japan Pediatric Endoscopy Study Group, we aimed to investigate the rates of pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy use and the associated adverse events through a nationwide survey.

Methods

A questionnaire was sent to 630 institutions in Japan. The numbers of pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy cases and adverse events occurring during endoscopy, from April 2011 to March 2016, were investigated.

Results

Responses were obtained from 445 facilities. The total number of pediatric gastrointestinal endoscopies was 37 447 and that of endoscopic examinations was 32 219 (86.0%), with esophagogastroduodenoscopy accounting for 18 484 cases; ileal colonoscopy, 11 936; endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 389; wireless capsule endoscopy, 897; and balloon‐assisted enteroscopy, 513. The number of endoscopic treatments was 5228, followed by balloon dilatation (1703), foreign body removal (989), and polypectomy (822); 201 adverse events (0.54%) occurred, 79 of which presented during endoscopic examination (0.25%). Eight serious perforations were noted in 0.0054% and 0.025% of those undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy, respectively. Overall, 122 adverse events (2.33%) occurred in association with endoscopic treatment. One case of cardiopulmonary arrest occurred because of accidental extubation. However, no deaths occurred.

Conclusion

Endoscopic examinations had a slightly higher adverse event rate, because of an increase in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and small intestine enteroscopy, than that reported in previous studies, but the adverse event rate of endoscopic treatment did not increase.
The environmental and material implications of circular transitions: A diffusion and product‐life‐cycle‐based modeling framework
Authors: Sigüenza Carlos Pablo , Steubing Bernhard , Tukker Arnold , Aguilar‐Hernández Glenn A.
Published: October 2020

Circular business models (CBMs) and their potential environmental benefits have been widely assessed by using life cycle assessment (LCA). However, most LCA studies consider static systems and assume instant and full technology adoption, limiting the analysis of the implications of circular transitions. Considering technology diffusion in LCA models may bring a better understanding of the environmental implications of the adoption of CBMs. Nevertheless, diffusion is also related to stock dynamics, which are difficult to represent in classic LCA models. To overcome these issues, we propose a modeling framework that integrates three modeling families to assess the environmental impacts and material implications of the adoption of CBMs: diffusion of innovations, product stock dynamics, and LCA. We present a method of application and illustrate it with a theoretical case study. This framework might be useful in the socio‐economic analysis of systems transitioning to CBMs, especially in systems that involve long‐lived products.
Medical and socioeconomic challenges of private dermatocosmetology clinics during COVID‐19 pandemic: A survey from Turkey
Authors: Esme Pelin , Akoglu Gulsen , Erbil Hakan
Published: October 2020

Background

Coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) disease has rapidly spread worldwide with a multitude effects on daily life. Since the transmission risk increases with close contact, some cosmetic procedures are considered high risk and majority of them had to be postponed or canceled in private dermatocosmetology clinics especially during the heavy period of the outbreak.

Aims

We aimed to document the medical and socioeconomic problems emerged in dermatocosmetology clinics in Turkey caused by COVID‐19 pandemic and to discuss the management strategies taken by dermatologists.

Patients/Methods

This survey research was conducted with 100 dermatologists who work in private dermatocosmetology clinics. The survey included 38 questions about office re‐arrangements including patient admission and office environment, safety precautions taken for cosmetic procedures, management of clinic staff, and financial impact of the pandemic.

Results

A remarkable decrease in major cosmetic interest was reported in private clinics; meanwhile, there was an increase in applicants for noncosmetic dermatological complaints. The most avoided cosmetic procedures were application of skin care devices, lasers, chemical peeling, and thread lifting, while botulinum toxin injection was the most performed procedure. Nearly half of the participants had severe financial damage. Of the participants, 55% reported that they worked anxiously during this period and 60% believed that they managed the early period of the pandemic successfully.

Conclusion

Private dermatocosmetology clinics have to work in a totally different period that they have never experienced before. The pandemic has had serious impacts on both medical and socioeconomic issues which had to be managed carefully.
Metabolic syndrome in androgenetic alopecia patients; Is serum regulated on activation, normal T‐cell expressed and secreted the missing link?
Authors: Mustafa Amany Ibraim , Abel Halim Walid Abd Ellatif , Eman Fawzy , Doaa El‐Habbak
Published: October 2020

Background

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common cause of hair loss affecting both men and women. There are many conflicting results about the relationship between AGA and metabolic syndrome, (MetS) and the pathogenesis of the metabolic disorders in AGA patients is not completely elucidated.

Aims

Evaluation of the prevalence of MetS and the possible role of RANTES in pathogenesis of the MS among AGA patients.

Methods

A total of 160 subjects were enrolled in this work; included 100 patients clinically diagnosed with AGA and 60 apparently healthy control subjects. They were evaluated for MS components according to National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) adult treatment panel 3 (ATP3) and measurement of serum RANTES level using ELISA kits.

Results

Metabolic syndrome was present in 30.0% of AGA patients and in 10.0% of the control group (P = .038), Studied AGA patients showed significantly higher serum RANTES when compared to control group (P value < .001). Moreover, serum RANTES levels were significantly positively correlated with BMI, FBG, TC, and LDL‐c levels in AGA patients with MetS.

Conclusion

Metabolic syndrome components were prevalent among AGA patients. Serum RANTES level was significantly higher in all AGA patients and specifically in those with MS as it was significantly positively correlated with some MetS components which reflects its possible role in pathogenesis of MetS in AGA patients.
Lipidomics reveals the role of glycoceramide and phosphatidylethanolamine in infantile acne
Authors: Yang Manli , Zhou Mingyue , Wang Hecong , Yang Ming , Gao Ying , Jia Yan
Published: October 2020

Background

Infantile acne refers to a skin disease that usually occurs on the face from 6 weeks to 1 year old, and the etiology of infantile acne is different from that of puberty acne. The change of skin surface lipid (SSL) is an important factor in the occurrence of acne.

Objectives

Comparison of facial skin lipid changes in healthy and acne‐prone infants, screening for possible groupings of substances, to explore factors associated with the development of acne in infants, such as gender and frequency of face washing.

Methods

A questionnaire was used to obtain information about the infant, facial lipids were affixed with adhesive tape, and the samples were analyzed using Ultraperformance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐QTOF‐MS), with subsequent data analyzed by single‐factor and multifactor analysis.

Results

It was observed that some lipids followed the trend of lipid master classes, subclasses and were significantly different. Galactosylceramides, glycosylceramides and phosphatidylethanolamine were screened as the majority of differentiating lipid species. Additionally, it was emphasized that the frequency of face washing and parent's acne was independent with the severity of acne in infant by clinical characteristics, whereas the skin type and gender can affect the severity of acne statistically.

Conclusions

Facial lipids change significantly between infantile acne and healthy infants, suggesting that qualitative and quantitative changes in lipids are strongly associated with the development of acne and may exacerbate the environment in which acne occurs.
The Effects of Various Polishing Procedures on Surface Topography of CAD/CAM Resin Restoratives
Authors: Kara Dilan , Tekçe Neslihan , Fidan Sinan , Demirci Mustafa , Tuncer Safa , Balcı Sibel
Published: October 2020

Purpose

To investigate the effects of different polishing procedures on surface properties of CAD/CAM resin blocks.

Materials and Methods

In this study, three different CAD/CAM restorative materials (Cerasmart, Lava Ultimate and Shofu Block HC) were used. CAD/CAM blocks were cut in 3‐mm‐thick slabs and divided into 5 groups. Group‐1: Glaze; Group‐2: Two‐step Diamond Polisher; Group‐3: One‐step Diamond Polisher; Group‐4: Three‐step Diamond Polisher; Group‐5: Polishing Discs+Diamond Paste. After polishing, top surfaces of the samples were prepared to screen by noncontact laser profilometer (Nanovea) for measurements. Data were analyzed using two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results

The arithmetical mean deviation of the profile was defined as Ra. The extension of Ra (a line's arithmetical mean height) to a surface was defined as Sa. Compared to the arithmetical mean of the surface, Sa expresses the difference in terms of each point's height as an absolute value. Sa was commonly used to assess surface roughness. The highest surface roughness (Ra) values in this study were 0.313 ± 0.05 for Cerasmart, 0.433 ± 0.10 for Lava Ultimate and 0.320 ± 0.05 for Shofu Block HC. The specimens in Group‐4 displayed higher Ra values than other groups for each CAD/CAM material. According to surface topography (Sa) values, highest values were 2.936 ± 1.25 for Cerasmart, 2.633 ± 1.28 for Lava Ultimate and 3.489 ± 0.57 for Shofu Block HC. For Cerasmart, LAVA Ultimate and Shofu blocks, Group‐1 exhibited significantly higher Sa values than other groups (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Optiglaze Color, Sof‐Lex Diamond and Identoflex Diamond Ceramic Polisher create smooth CAD/CAM resin surfaces. However, surface roughness values of Cosmedent Nano/Microhybrid Diamond and Diapolisher Paste applied specimens were high. According to Sa values, highest roughness values belong to Optiglaze Color.
Self‐control in daily life: Prevalence and effectiveness of diverse self‐control strategies
Authors: Milyavskaya Marina , Saunders Blair , Inzlicht Michael
Published: October 2020

Objective

What strategies do people use to resist desires in their day‐to‐day life? How effective are these strategies? Do people use different strategies for different desires? This study addresses these questions using experience sampling to examine strategy use in daily life.

Method

Participants (N = 197, Mage = 20.4, 63% female) reported on their use of six specific strategies (situation modification, distraction, reminding self of goals, promise to give in later, reminder of why it is bad, willpower) to resist desires (4,462 desires reported over a week).

Results

Participants reported using at least one strategy 89% of the time, and more than one strategy 25% of the time. Goal reminders and promises to give in later were more likely to be used for stronger desires. People also preferred different strategies for different types of desires (e.g., eating vs. leisure vs. work, etc.).

Conclusion

In contrast to recent theoretical predictions, we find that many strategies, including inhibition, are similarly effective and that using multiple strategies is especially effective.
How do we get people into contact? Predictors of intergroup contact and drivers of contact seeking
Authors: Kauff Mathias , Beneda Marta , Paolini Stefania , Bilewicz Michał , Kotzur Patrick , O'Donnell Alexander W. , Stevenson Clifford , Wagner Ulrich , Christ Oliver
Published: October 2020

Compared to the impressive amount of research on consequences of intergroup contact, relatively little work has been devoted to predictors of intergroup contact. Although opportunities for intergroup contact are constantly growing in modern diverse societies, these contact opportunities are not necessarily exploited. In the present review article, we describe current research on predictors of intergroup contact and drivers of contact seeking on a micro‐, meso‐, and macro‐level. We provide an overview of predictors, while focusing on recent research that is especially relevant for designing interventions and planning social policies aiming at increasing contact between different groups in varied societies. On the micro‐level, we discuss relational self‐expansion motives and confidence in contact as predictors of intergroup contact. On the meso‐level, we focus on the role of intragroup processes and historical intergroup conflicts in facilitating contact. On the macro‐level, we reflect on changing societal norms as a potential tool to increase the frequency intergroup contact. By focusing on the applied value of research findings, discussing diverse predictors, and applying a multilevel approach, we also address recent criticisms of the intergroup contact literature and demonstrate the generative nature of contemporary research in this area.
Revisiting the ‘bank of microscopic forms’ in macroalgal‐dominated ecosystems
Authors: Schoenrock Kathryn M. , McHugh Tristin Anoush , Krueger‐Hadfield Stacy A.
Published: November 2020

Theoretical ecological models, such as succession and facilitation, were defined in terrestrial habitats, and subsequently applied to marine and freshwater habitats in intertidal and then subtidal realms. One such model is the soil seed bank, defined as all viable seeds (or fruits) found near the soil surface that facilitate community restoration/recovery. “Banks of microscopic forms” have been hypothesized in aquatic habitats and recent work from aquaculture has highlighted dormancy in algal life cycle stages. To reinvigorate the discussions about these algal banks, we discuss differences in life cycles, dispersal, and summarize research on banks of macroalgal stages in aquatic ecosystems that may be easier to explore with modern advances in molecular technology. With focus on seminal work in global kelp forest ecosystems, we present a pilot study in northern California as proof of concept thatNereocystis luetkeanaandAlaria marginatastages can be detected within kelp forests in the biofilm of rocks and bedrock using targeted primers long after zoospore release. Considering the increased interest in algae as an economic resource, [blue] carbon sink, and as ecosystem engineers, the potential for “banking” macroalgal forms could be a mechanism of resilience and recovery in aquatic populations that have complex life cycles and environmental cues for reproduction. Molecular barcoding is becoming an important tool for identifying banks of macroalgal forms in marine communities. Understanding banks of macroalgal stages, especially in deforested habitats with intense disturbance and grazer pressure, will allow researchers and marine resource managers to facilitate this natural process in recovery of the aquatic system.
Sleep‐disrupting effects of nocturnal nursing interventions in intensive care unit patients: A systematic review
Authors: Locihová Hana , Axmann Karel , Žiaková Katarína
Published: October 2020

Patients staying in the intensive care unit (ICU) require constant monitoring and numerous nursing interventions performed as needed, irrespective of daytime or night‐time. The disturbing effect of nocturnal nursing interventions and their contribution to sleep disruptions are unclear. The review analysed nocturnal nursing interventions, and their character, frequency and effects on sleep quality. The databases CINAHL, PubMed and Scopus were searched to identify and subsequently evaluate 19 studies (1,531 patients) meeting the algorithm used. Although nocturnal nursing interventions provided to ICU patients were frequent and varied, they were responsible for only a minority of observed sleep disruptions. The most frequent nocturnal intervention was Vital signs monitoring (Nursing Interventions Classification, 6,680). Implementation of sleep protocols, of which an integral part is clustering and planning of nocturnal interventions, appears to be effective. The review suggests that nursing interventions are not the main cause of sleep disruptions in the ICU. In an effort to improve the quality of sleep in ICU patients, other factors causing disturbance need to be addressed as well. The current trend is more careful planning of nursing care, clustering of interventions and minimizing nocturnal disruptions to allow patients at least one uninterrupted sleep cycle (90 min).
HIV influences clustering and intracellular replication of hepatitis C virus
Authors: Goyal Ashish , Perelson Alan S. , Kandathil Abraham J. , Quinn Jeffrey , Balagopal Ashwin , Ribeiro Ruy M.
Published: October 2020

HCV and HIV coinfection is common and HIV leads to increased HCV viraemia and accelerated disease progression. However, the biological basis of this interaction remains poorly understood and little is known about the impact of HIV on HCV replication at the cellular level. We analysed HCV RNA, based on single‐cell laser‐capture microdissection, in liver biopsies from monoinfected (n = 4) and HCV/HIV‐coinfected (n = 5) participants. HCV RNA was assayed in 3200 hepatocytes with information of spatial position. We compared HCV RNA levels and clustering properties of infection between mono‐ and coinfected participants, and developed a mathematical model of infection. Although the median plasma HCV RNA level and the fraction of infected cells were comparable in monoinfected (7.0 log10IU/mL and ~ 30%) and coinfected (7.3 log10IU/mL and ~ 40%) participants, the median HCV RNA per infected hepatocyte in monoinfected (2.8IU) was significantly lower than in coinfected (8.2IU) participants (p = .03). Clustering of infected cells was more prominent in monoinfected participants (91% of samples) than in coinfected participants (~48%), p = .0045, suggesting that spatial spread may be influenced by HIV coinfection. Interestingly, when clustering does occur, the size of clusters is similar in both types of infection. A mathematical model of infection suggested that HIV allows higher intracellular accumulation of HCV RNA by impeding the export of HCV RNA. Our observations show that HIV coinfection impacts intracellular accumulation of HCV RNA and the clustering of HCV‐infected cells, but to a less extent the fraction of HCV‐infected cells.
Open markets
Authors: Karatzas Ioannis , Kim Donghan
Published: October 2020

An open market is a subset of a larger equity market, composed of a certain fixed number of top‐capitalization stocks. Though the number of stocks in the open market is fixed, their composition changes over time, as each company's rank by market capitalization fluctuates. When one is allowed to invest also in a money market, an open market resembles the entire “closed” equity market in the sense that the market viability (lack of arbitrage) is equivalent to the existence of a numéraire portfolio (which cannot be outperformed). When access to the money market is prohibited, the class of portfolios shrinks significantly in open markets; in such a setting, we discuss the Capital Asset Pricing Model, how to construct functionally generated portfolios, and the concept of universal portfolio.
Endogenous timing and manufacturer advertising: A note
Authors: Hu Qing , Mizuno Tomomichi
Published: October 2020

We consider a vertical market comprising of a manufacturer engaging in advertising and two retailers offering differentiated products. We analyze the endogenous order of moves for the retailers and demonstrate that they may choose a more competitive environment: simultaneous pricing under Bertrand competition or sequential producing under Cournot competition. This result is robust even if we extended our model to third‐degree wholesale price discrimination and persuasive advertising.
Evolution of the Brassicaceae‐specific MS5‐Like family and neofunctionalization of the novel MALE STERILITY 5 gene essential for male fertility in Brassica napus
Authors: Zeng Xinhua , Li Hao , Li Keqi , Yuan Rong , Zhao Shengbo , Li Jun , Luo Junling , Li Xiaofei , Ma Hong , Wu Gang , Yan Xiaohong
Published: October 2020

New genes (or lineage‐specific genes) can facilitate functional innovations. MALE STERILITY 5 (MS5) in Brassica napus is a fertility‐related new gene, which has two wild‐type alleles (BnMS5a and BnMS5c) and two mutant alleles (BnMS5b and BnMS5d) that could induce male sterility.

Here, we studied the history and functional evolution of MS5 homologs in plants by phylogenetic analysis and molecular genetic experiments.

We identified 727 MS5 homologs and found that they define a Brassicaceae‐specific gene family that has expanded partly via multiple tandem gene duplications and also probably transpositions. The MS5 in B. napus is inherited from a basic diploid ancestor of B. rapa. Molecular genetic experiments indicate that BnMS5a and BnMS5c are functionally distinct in B. napus and that BnMS5d can inhibit BnMS5a in B. napus in a dosage‐dependent manner. The BnMS5a protein can move in coordination with meiotic telomeres and interact with the nuclear envelope protein SUN1, with a possible crucial role in meiotic chromosome behavior.

In summary, BnMS5 belongs to a Brassicaceae‐specific new gene family, and has gained a novel function that is essential for male fertility in B. napus through neofunctionalization that has likely occurred since the origin of B. rapa.
A copy number variant at the HPDA‐D12 locus confers compact plant architecture in cotton
Authors: Ji Gaoxiang , Liang Chengzhen , Cai Yingfan , Pan Zhaoe , Meng Zhigang , Li Yanyan , Jia Yinhua , Miao Yuchen , Pei Xinxin , Gong Wenfang , Wang Xiaoyang , Gao Qiong , Peng Zhen , Wang Liru , Sun Junling , Geng Xiaoli , Wang Pengpeng , Chen Baojun , Wang Peilin , Zhu Tao , He Shoupu , Zhang Rui , Du Xiongming
Published: October 2020

Improving yield is a primary mission for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) breeders; development of cultivars with suitable architecture for high planting density (HPDA) can increase yield per unit area.

We characterized a natural cotton mutant, AiSheng98 (AS98), which exhibits shorter height, shorter branch length, and more acute branch angle than wild‐type.

A copy number variant at the HPDA locus on Chromosome D12 (HPDA‐D12), encoding a dehydration‐responsive element‐binding (DREB) transcription factor, GhDREB1B, strongly affects plant architecture in the AS98 mutant. We found an association between a tandem duplication of a c. 13.5 kb segment in HPDA‐D12 and elevated GhDREB1B expression resulting in the AS98 mutant phenotype. GhDREB1B overexpression confers a significant decrease in plant height and branch length, and reduced branch angle.

Our results suggest that fine‐tuning GhDREB1B expression may be a viable engineering strategy for modification of plant architecture favorable to high planting density in cotton.
The esophageal mucosal barrier in health and disease: mucosal pathophysiology and protective mechanisms
Authors: Gyawali C. Prakash , Sonu Irene , Becker Laren , Sarosiek Jerzy
Published: October 2020

Diseases of the esophagus, such as gastroesophageal reflux (GER), can result in changes to mucosal integrity, neurological function, and the microbiome. Although poorly understood, both age and GER can lead to changes to the enteric nervous system. In addition, the esophagus has a distinct microbiome that can be altered in GER. Mucosal integrity is also at risk due to persistent damage from acid. Diagnostic tools, such as ambulatory pH/impedance testing and esophageal mucosal impedance, can assess short‐term and longitudinal GER burden, which can also assess the risk for mucosal compromise. The quality of the mucosal barrier is determined by its intercellular spaces, tight junctions, and tight junction proteins, which are represented by claudins, occludins, and adhesion molecules. Fortunately, there are protective factors for mucosal integrity that are secreted by the esophageal submucosal mucous glands and within saliva that are augmented by mastication. These protective factors have potential as therapeutic targets for GER. In this article, we aim to review diagnostic tools used to predict mucosal integrity, aging, and microbiome changes to the esophagus and esophageal mucosal defense mechanisms.
SFRP2 enhances dental pulp stem cell‐mediated dentin regeneration in rabbit jaw
Authors: Wang Chao , Wang Yuejun , Wang Haiyan , Yang Haoqing , Cao Yangyang , Xia DengSheng , Cao Yu , Fan Zhipeng
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Dental tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‐mediated tooth regeneration may be a useful therapeutic tool for repairing tooth loss. However, the low success rate of tooth regeneration restricts its clinical application. Identifying key factors for enhancing dentinogenesis in MSCs is crucial for promoting tooth regeneration.

Materials and Methods

Human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were transfected with retrovirus to obtain SFRP2‐over‐expressing DPSCs. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, Alizarin red staining, quantitative analysis of calcium, and dentinogenesis‐related genes were detected. Additionally, transplantation in a rabbit tooth extraction model was used to explore the role of SFRP2 in dentin regeneration.

Results

We found SFRP2 over‐expression greatly enhanced ALP activity, and mineralization in DPSCs. Real‐time RT‐PCR revealed SFRP2 over‐expression promoted the expressions of OSX, RUNX2, DSPP, DMP1, and BSP. Moreover, Micro CT analysis showed high‐density calcification occurred to a much higher extent in SFRP2 over‐expressing group compared to control group in vivo. Additionally, HE staining, immmunohistochemistry staining, and scanning electron microscopy results showed much more dentin‐like tissue formed in SFRP2 over‐expressing group compared to control group.

Conclusions

Our findings revealed SFRP2 is an important regulator that enhances the dentinogenesis of DPSCs and dentin regeneration in the jaw, which may have clinical applications.
Investigation of dens invaginatus in a Chinese subpopulation using Cone‐beam computed tomography
Authors: Chen Lei , Li Yabin , Wang Haijia
Published: October 2020

Objective

This study assesses the prevalence and characteristics of dens invaginatus (DI) in a sample of Chinese population by using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.

Methodology

A retrospective study was conducted by using the CBCT images of 1,004 patients. The whole dentition was evaluated for the presence and characteristics of DI. Periapical pathosis status and bilateral feature of affected teeth were also examined.

Results

Dens invaginatus was observed in 85 of 1,004 subjects, with a prevalence of 8.47% and a tooth prevalence of 0.494%. Males presented a higher prevalence of DI than females (p = .011). Type I DI was the most commonly observed type of dens invaginatus, followed by type II and type III. The structure form of different types of DI was various. Overall 2.48% of the patients with type I DI, 5.88% of the patients with type II DI, 100% of the patients with type III DI had apical pathosis. Bilateral DI was found in 63.53% of the affected patients.

Conclusions

This study indicates that DI was not rare, and clinicians should be aware of its existence. CBCT examination can provide an accurate representation of dental anatomy and should be incorporated into early diagnosis and treatment planning for teeth with DI.