bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perbandingan Ekstrak Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya) dan Daun Srikaya (Annona squamosa) Dalam Mematikan Lalat Rumah (Musca domestica)
Authors: Kasim Khiki Purnawati , Zaenab Zaenab , Riskyah Nurul
Published: July 2024

Jenis lalat yang mampu berkembangbiak dengan cepat adalah lalat rumah (Musca domestica). Lalat dapat berperan sebagai penyebab penyakit pencernaan seperti diare. Data Dinkes Provinsi Sulsel tahun 2020 menunjukkan sebanyak 19.592 kasus diare. Tingginya angka kejadian penyakit diare yang disebabkan oleh lalat sehingga perlu dilakukan pengendalian. Pengendalian lalat rumah dapat menggunakan insektisida nabati seperti pemanfaatan daun papaya dan daun srikaya yang memiliki senyawa kimia flavonoid, alkanoid, tanin, dan saponin. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut dapat menyebabkan kematian lalat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kemampuan ekstrak daun pepaya (Carica papaya) dan daun srikaya (Annona squamosa) dalam mematikan lalat rumah (Musca domestica). Jenis penelitian yang digunakan bersifat eksperimen dengan menggunakan metode spray. Sampel dalam penelitian ini yaitu 20 ekor lalat rumah yang dipaparkan menggunakan ekstrak daun pepaya dan daun srikaya dengan konsentrasi 35%, 40%, dan 45% selama 60 menit dengan masing- masing control pada daun papaya dan daun srikaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata kematian lalat rumah pada daun papaya dengan konsentrasi 35% sebanyak 14 ekor (70%) sedangkan pada daun srikaya sebanyak 16 ekor (80%). Pada konsentrasi 40% pada daun papaya sebanyak 16 ekor (80%) sedangkan pada daun srikaya sebanyak 17 ekor (85%). Dan pada konsentrasi 45% daun papaya didapatkan rata-rata kematian lalat sebanyak 17 ekor (85%) dan pada daun srikaya sebanyak 18 ekor (90%). Adapun kesimpulan pada penelitian ini yaitu ekstrak daun papaya pada konsentrasi 40% dan 45% efektif mematikan lalat rumah, sedangkan ekstrak daun srikaya pada konsentrasi 35%, 40%, dan 45% efektif mematikan lalat rumah.
Yerba Mate as a Co-Precursor in the Synthesis of Silica Through the Sol-Gel Technique
Authors: Vazquez Patricia
Published: July 2024

The sol-gel method opened a new synthesis route at room temperature, since it allows controlling the properties of a material obtained from very pure liquid precursors, so that it meets the necessary characteristics to be used as a selective membrane. In the present work, solids are developed whose active phase is formed by silicon oxides in conjunction with bio-molecules present in the plant matrices used as a source of biomass, specifically from yerba mate. The evaluation through photographic monitoring of the yerba mate stages made it possible to establish when a plant material could be considered discarded due to its appearance or organoleptic character. Likewise, photographic monitoring made it possible to monitor the degree of solidification suffered by the silica obtained in the presence of the bio-waste used. Furthermore, the contribution in the use of spectral techniques such as FTIR provides a specific overview of the properties of the material obtained.
4-H Exploring Citizenship, Unit V: My Community
Authors: Rutledge John , Jordan Joy C. , Pracht Dale
Published: July 2024

The "My Community" project is an educational initiative designed to deepen understanding and involvement in one's local community. Addressing fundamental questions such as the nature of a community, the role of a citizen, available opportunities, and ways to foster community improvement, this project provides a comprehensive exploration into community dynamics. The project emphasizes experiential learning, encouraging participants to engage actively in their communities. Through this hands-on approach, participants will find the experience to be fun, exciting, challenging, and ultimately rewarding, fostering a greater sense of civic responsibility and community cohesion. This document was first time published in Oct. 1986
Rabbits, Rabbits, Rabbits: Pet Rabbit Record Book
Authors: Jordan Joy C. , Rodriguez Loretta , Kochert Jessica , Heltemes Bill , Decubellis Chris , Gore Renee
Published: July 2024

Pet rabbits are chosen primarily for their temperment, more so than for their looks. They are generally calm animals that can be easily handled and cared for. In the 4-H Pet Rabbit project (visit http://florida4h.org for more information about this online project), youth learn the skills necessary for choosing a healthy rabbit, proper handling of a rabbit, rabbit health, and general care. This document, the Pet Rabbit Record Book (4H RAR 11), familiarizes youth with the importance of record keeping as an integral part of project management. By tracking inventory, financial records associated with their project, rabbit health and grooming details, and related information, youth will be well prepared to relate their experiences in a written narrative as part of their project completion activities. Original publication date September 2010.
4-H Horse and Pony Lease
Authors: Johnson E. L. , DeVito Wendy
Published: July 2024

This document contains the forms that might be needed for one 4-H'er to lease a horse: a page of instructions, a page of advice, the 3-page lease form, and 2 copies of the addendum (if up to two others are sharing Horse). This lease form was designed to cover the basic agreement between a 4-H member and a horse owner. If either party prefers to delete or edit any of the wording, or add more wording, it may be done as long as both parties agree and it does not alter any lease rules required by 4-H. Members of the general public leasing the same Horse as a 4-H youth are not required to use this particular form. However, anyone involved in a horse lease is encouraged to have similar agreements spelled out in writing. Original publication date March 2011.
Rabbits, Rabbits, Rabbits: Show Rabbit Record Book
Authors: Jordan Joy C. , Rodriguez Loretta , Kochert Jessica , Heltemes Bill , Decubellis Chris , Gore Renee
Published: July 2024

When people discuss "Market Rabbits," they often think only of using rabbits for their meat. However, in this Florida 4-H project, youth have the opportunity to study not only meat rabbit production, but also the textile rabbit markets and pet or show stock production for their market project. In the 4-H Market Rabbit project (visit http://florida4h.org for more information about this online project), youth learn the skills necessary for choosing and maintaining healthy rabbit stock, proper handling of rabbits, rabbit health, and general care in addition to producing rabbits for a profit. This document, the Market Rabbit Record Book (4H RAR 13), familiarizes youth with the importance of record keeping as an integral part of project management. Records help youth keep track of vital information that can later help them make the best decisions regarding their animals. By tracking inventory, financial records associated with their project, rabbit health and growth details, industry-specific information such as wool/meat/kit yield, as well as pedigree/breeding and identification methods and dates, youth will be well prepared to relate their experiences in a written narrative as part of their project completion activities. Original publication date September 2010.
4-H Livestock Judging: Activity 2, Different Strokes
Authors: Carr Chad , Crosswhite Justin , Jhonson Amanda
Published: July 2024

This document is an educational guide. It serves as a curriculum resource within the Florida 4-H program, specifically designed for teaching livestock judging to young people aged 11-18. The guide emphasizes the development of various life skills through judging activities, such as communication, decision making, and organizational skills, while also aiming to boost confidence and self-esteem among participants.
The document is intended for 4-H leaders and coaches, providing encouragement and guidance for those who may lack extensive background knowledge in animal science. It highlights the importance of animal science within the Florida 4-H educational framework and underscores the positive impact of livestock judging programs on youth development. The guide also aims to reassure and support potential leaders, emphasizing that successful programs can be led effectively without requiring advanced subject matter expertise. Original publication date November 1992.
4-H Volunteer Training Series: Recognizing Young People
Authors: Bender Georgene , Sachs Geralyn , Hensley Sarah , Toelle Andrew , Cook Kelsey , Ward Marnie , Reighter Shayla , Meringolo Dallas , Quirie Courtney
Published: July 2024

Developing a sense of belonging is one of the Essential Elements of a positive youth development experience. Creating an inclusive environment in your 4-H club programs and activities can help you achieve this goal. Providing many forms of recognition for all, not just for those who excel in competition with other youth, supports this sense of belonging.
Field Evaluation of Container Nursery Irrigation Systems: Part 2: Measuring Application Rates
Authors: Haman Dorota Z. , Yeager Thomas H.
Published: July 2024

Performance of sprinkler and microirrigation systems can be evaluated by measuring operating pressures, application rates, and uniformity of water application under nursery conditions. We discuss the measurement of application rates for overhead sprinkler systems. The application rate is defined as the average depth of water applied per unit time of system operation. For a sprinkler system, application rate is usually expressed in inches per hour.
Detention/Retention for Citrus Stormwater Management
Authors: Boman Brian , Wilson Chris , Jennings Mark , Shukla Sanjay
Published: July 2024

Circular 1405 addresses the critical aspects of detention/retention for citrus stormwater management. Authored by experts in agricultural and biological engineering, soil and water science, and the Florida Department of Agriculture, this publication offers guidance on surface water management regulations, soil and vegetation considerations, floodplain encroachment, off-site discharge planning, and permit requirements for agricultural projects in Florida. The document emphasizes the importance of balancing water resource management to protect Florida's water resources while supporting agricultural development.
Safe Tractor Operations: Road Safety for Tractors and Farm Machinery
Authors: Gorucu Serap , Lehtola Carol J. , Brown Charles M.
Published: July 2024

The Safe Tractor Operations series contains six articles devoted to tractor safety. This publication discusses practical tips to help prevent collisions involving tractors and other farm machinery on public roads. Written by Serap Gorucu, Carol J. Lehtola, and Charles M. Brown and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, June 2024.
Safe Tractor Operations: Loading and Towing
Authors: Gorucu Serap , Lehtola Carol J. , Brown Charles M.
Published: July 2024

The Safe Tractor Operations series contains six articles devoted to tractor safety. This publication lists safety recommendations for towing equipment and loading a tractor onto a trailer or truck. Written by Serap Gorucu, Carol J. Lehtola, and Charles M. Brown and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, June 2024.
Help Protect Florida’s Natural Areas from Invasive Plants
Authors: Enloe S.F. , Langeland K.A.
Published: July 2024

This document addresses the pressing issue of invasive plants in Florida's natural areas, threatening native habitats and biodiversity. With over half of Florida's land developed for agriculture or urban use, preserving remaining natural areas is crucial for ecological balance. Invasive plants like Brazilian pepper tree and Australian pine displace native species, disrupt natural processes, and pose economic and environmental risks. Regulations exist to control these plants, but public awareness and action are essential.
The article emphasizes the importance of recognizing and removing invasive plants from private properties to prevent their spread. It advocates for using native plants in landscaping and seeks collaboration among property owners, land managers, and officials to protect Florida's ecosystems. Sharing information and raising awareness are key to effective conservation efforts.
Sugarcane Cultivar CP 78-1628 Descriptive Fact Sheet
Authors: Sandhu H.S. , Singh M.P. , Gilbert R.A.
Published: July 2024

The selection of a sugarcane cultivar that eventually becomes a production success is probably due in equal parts to the cultivar's attributes, word of mouth, gut feeling, and luck. This Fact Sheet provides many of the attributes cultivar identification is based upon. Some of these you will use as the basis for cultivar selection. First published in Dec. 2001.
Sugarcane Cultivar CP 89-2143 Descriptive Fact Sheet
Authors: Singh M.P. , Sandhu H.S. , Gilbert R.A.
Published: July 2024

The selection of a sugarcane cultivar that eventually becomes a production success is probably due in equal parts to the cultivar's attributes, word of mouth, gut feeling, and luck. This fact sheet provides many of the attributes cultivar identification is based upon. Some of these you will use as the basis for cultivar selection. Document first published in Dec. 2001.
Tillage and Overseeding Pastures for Winter Forage Production in North Florida
Authors: Mackowiak C. L. , Dubeux J. C. B. , George Sheeja , Wright D. L. , Blount A. R. , Small I.
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this publication is to provide guidance on preparing and planting annual cool-season forages on prepared seedbeds and overseeding annual cool-season forages on pastures in north Florida. Written by C. L. Mackowiak, J. C. B. Dubeux, S. George, D. L. Wright, A. R. Blount, and I. Small, and published by the UF/IFAS Agronomy Department, revised April 2024.
Stargrass
Authors: Vendramini J. , Mislevy P.
Published: July 2024

The purpose of the document is to provide comprehensive information and guidelines on the cultivation, management, and utilization of stargrass (Cynodon spp.), specifically focusing on recommended varieties, growing conditions, cultural practices, and the advantages and disadvantages of stargrass as a forage crop. This detailed resource aims to assist farmers and ranchers in understanding the optimal methods for establishing and managing stargrass to maximize forage production and animal performance in warm-season environments. The document also highlights the specific traits and benefits of various stargrass varieties, offering practical insights into effective fertilization, weed and pest control, grazing management, and hay production strategies. Overall, it serves as a valuable guide for those seeking to incorporate stargrass into their agricultural operations for improved livestock productivity and forage quality. First published in August 2002.
Mott Elephantgrass
Authors: Sollenberger L.E.
Published: July 2024

Elephantgrasses were introduced from Africa to the U.S. in the early 1900s, with dwarf varieties like Mott emerging in the 1940s and 1970s. Mott elephantgrass reaches 5–6 feet in height, making it more manageable than taller types. It boasts high forage quality with 12%–14% crude protein and 65%–70% digestibility when properly fertilized. Despite its benefits, Mott is not widely adopted in Florida due to costly vegetative planting methods. Ideal planting requires mature, well-fertilized stems placed horizontally in furrows during July-August. This document aims at providing detailed guidance on the characteristics, cultivation, and management of Mott dwarf elephantgrass. It serves as a resource for farmers and agricultural practitioners interested in understanding the unique qualities and potential uses of this specific grass variety, particularly in the context of forage production and grazing systems. The document outlines key features, establishment methods, optimal management practices, and recommended fertilization strategies to maximize the productivity and nutritive value of Mott elephantgrass in agricultural settings. First published in June, 2002.
Production of Biofuel Crops in Florida: Peanut
Authors: Wright D. L.
Published: July 2024

This document explores the production of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) in Florida and their potential as a biofuel crop. Peanuts thrive in the sandy, infertile soils of the southeastern United States, particularly in Florida, where they cover approximately 170,000 acres annually. With a high oil content of 45-52%, peanuts can produce over 150 gallons of biodiesel per acre, making them a promising biofuel source. The crop's biology, production practices, potential yields, challenges, and environmental considerations are discussed. Peanuts' adaptability, established production practices, and the potential for breeding disease-resistant, low-input varieties position them as a competitive candidate in the biofuels market. This document was first time published in January 2008.
Guide to Olive Tree Nutrition in Florida
Authors: Mulvaney Michael , Mylavarapu Rao , Andersen Peter C. , Thetford Mack , Gillett-Kaufman Jennifer L.
Published: July 2024

The growing olive industry in the southeastern United States, including Florida, lacks specific fertilization guidelines due to limited region-specific research. Existing recommendations from other regions guide current practices. This guide outlines nutrient management for olive trees, assuming a density of 600 trees per acre. Fertilization should be uniformly distributed within the tree’s dripline, integrating soil and plant tissue sampling to inform nutrient needs, particularly using leaf tissue analysis for accurate in-season nutrient assessment. Nutrient recommendations primarily address nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and boron (B), with specific protocols for leaf tissue sampling and sufficiency ranges. Challenges in Florida include rapid leaching of B and K in sandy soils and the risk of excessive irrigation. This guide highlights the need for ongoing research to develop Florida-specific best management practices for olive production. Additional resources on olive cultivation in Florida are provided.
FloRun™ ‘331’ Peanut Variety
Authors: Tillman Barry L.
Published: July 2024

This document is about FloRun™ '331', a peanut variety developed by the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, North Florida Research and Education Center near Marianna, Florida. It was released in 2016 because it combines high yield potential with excellent disease tolerance. FloRun™ '331' has a typical runner growth habit with a semi-prominent central stem and medium-green foliage. It has medium runner seed size with high oleic oil chemistry.
Cannabis sativa Plant Identification and Its Look-Alikes
Authors: Martin Cliff G. , Brym Zachary T.
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this document is to provide an identification guide for Cannabis sativa to be used by growers and land managers by showing key factors to distinguish it from similar-looking plants. The general public and aspiring botanists may also use this document to see how a plant is defined botanically and how those characteristics can distinguish a plant of interest from other look-alike plants. Written by Cliff G. Martin and Zachary T. Brym, and published by the UF/IFAS Agronomy Department, March 2024.
Fire Ants Management in Industrial Hemp
Authors: Nwosu Nkem , Singh Hardeep , Brym Zachary , Sharma Lakesh , Carter Ethan , Revynthi Alexandra M. , Osborne Lance
Published: July 2024

This publication highlights the presence, damage, and management of imported fire ants in industrial hemp production. This UF/IFAS Extension publication offers practical knowledge to researchers, Extension agents, growers, crop consultants, agricultural professionals, and students on the effects and management of imported fire ants in industrial hemp production. Written by Nkem J. Nwosu, Hardeep Singh, Zachary Brym, Lakesh Sharma, Ethan Carter, Alexandra M. Revynthi, and Lance Osborne, and published by the UF/IFAS Agronomy Department, May 2024.
Annual Warm-Season Legumes for Florida and the United States Gulf Coast: Forage Yield, Nutritional Composition, and Feeding Value
Authors: Foster Jamie , Myer R.O. , Adesogan A.T. , Carter Jeffrey , Sollenberger Lynn , Blount A.R.
Published: July 2024

The study explores warm-season legumes suitable for Florida and the US Gulf Coast. Seeded options like cowpea, soybean, and pigeonpea provide cost-effective and nutritious forage. Cowpea turns yellow when ready for harvest, soybean at stage R6, and pigeonpea during pod setting. Additionally, annual cultivated peanut is another viable option. Forage yield and nutrient composition were studied over three years, with cowpea, forage soybean, and pigeonpea showing promising results. The full publication provides further details. First published in January 2011.
Recovering From Freeze Damage
Authors: Futch Stephen H.
Published: July 2024

This text provides comprehensive guidelines for managing and aiding the recovery of citrus trees following exposure to freezing temperatures. It emphasizes the importance of tree dormancy in reducing susceptibility to cold damage, noting that evergreen citrus trees are less cold-tolerant than deciduous trees. The article outlines symptoms of cold damage, such as drooping leaves, bark splitting, and cold cankers, and describes the proper care needed for bearing groves, including adjusted fertilization, irrigation, and pruning practices.
Post-freeze care recommendations include a cautious approach to immediate interventions, reducing fertilizer based on the extent of tree damage, and prioritizing weed control and disease management. The article also covers the specific needs of young trees, suggesting removal of protective banks or wraps to prevent further damage and detailing how to reapply protection as needed. Overall, the article provides a detailed and flexible approach to help citrus growers minimize damage and promote recovery in the aftermath of a freeze. First published in June, 1992.
Effects of Cultural Practices on Cold Protection
Authors: Futch Stephen H.
Published: July 2024

The relation of cultural practices to freeze damage will refer to radiation freezes (windy conditions) unless otherwise stated. Advective freezes, such as those that occurred in the 1980s, behave differently. Most of the principles in this documente apply for all freezes but are less effective during windy freezes because of the rapid air movement and transport of cold air during these events. First published in June 1992.
Temple Tangor
Authors: Jackson L.K. , Futch Stephen H.
Published: July 2024

This document is about the caractheristics of the fruit, the tree and the cultivation of the Temple tangor. The Temple tangor is most often referred to as an orange, but there is ample evidence to suggest it is actually a tangerine-orange hybrid, or tangor. Apparently the cultivar originated in Jamaica in the late 1800's. It was later introduced into Florida and propagated by Buckeye Nurseries who named the variety Temple in 1919 after the late W. C. Temple who had earlier promoted the fruit in the state. The Temple, with tropical origin, has a relatively high heat requirement and is rather sensitive to cold. It does fairly well under commercial cultivation in Florida and produces very good quality fruit. First published September, 1993.
Cross-Pollination Planting Plans
Authors: Futch Stephen H. , Jackson L.K.
Published: July 2024

The document is about addressing the issue of self-incompatibility in citrus hybrid varieties, which results in poor fruit set and compromised productivity due to inadequate cross-pollination. It explains the need for cross-pollination with compatible pollen and outlines various planting plans to enhance fruit production. The document provides detailed criteria for selecting effective pollenizer varieties and presents different planting strategies (Plans A, B, C, and D) to optimize cross-pollination in different orchard configurations, such as individual trees with space on all sides and hedgerows. It also discusses specific considerations for certain citrus varieties, emphasizing the importance of proper pollenizer placement and management to achieve better fruit yields. First published in Sept. 1993.
Robinson Tangerine
Authors: Jackson L.K. , Futch Stephen H.
Published: July 2024

This document is about the Robinson, one of the released citrus hybrids originating from a Clementine x Orlando cross made by Gardner and Bellows at the United States Department of Agriculture Station in Orlando in 1942. It was officially released as a cultivar by Reece and Gardner in 1959. Since the fruit is 3/4 tangerine and 1/4 grapefruit, it looks most like a tangerine and is marketed as one even though it is technically a citrus hybrid. First published in
Dancy Tangerine
Authors: Jackson L.K. , Futch Stephen H.
Published: July 2024

This document is about Dancy, one of the oldest tangerine varieties known in Florida. The variety originated in 1867 from a seed of Moragne tangerine in the grove of Colonel F. L. Dancy of Orange Mills. Dancy has been a very popular variety over the years but is no longer widely planted due to a number of production problems that will be discussed later. There are still a few groves of Dancy as well as numerous dooryard trees, but this variety has been replaced over the years by new tangerine hybrids such as Robinson, Sunburst, and Honey (Murcott). First published in Sept. 1993
Fallglo Tangerine
Authors: Jackson L.K. , Futch Stephen H.
Published: July 2024

This document is about the citrus hybrid Fallglo. It is the result of a 1962 cross between Bower and Temple made by P. C. Reese. The plant was later selected for further evaluation by Reese and C. J. Hearn (both from the United States Department of Agriculture Horticultural Station in Orlando). Hearn released the variety in 1987. Firs published in September 1993.
Orlando Tangelo
Authors: Futch Stephen H. , Jackson L.K.
Published: July 2024

This document is about the Orlando tangelo, a cross between Dancy tangerine and a Duncan grapefruit which was made by W. T. Swingle of the U.S.D.A. in 1911. Originally this variety was known as "Lake tangelo" but changed to "Orlando" many years ago. First time published Sep. 1993.
Murcott (Honey Tangerine)
Authors: Futch Stephen H. , Jackson L.K.
Published: July 2024

The actual origin of the Murcott is unknown but is most likely a tangor, which is a cross between a tangerine and a sweet orange. The early history discusses the possibility that the variety originated in a USDA planting around 1916. In about 1922, early history states that Mr. Charles Murcott Smith had a nursery in Bayview, Pinellas County, Florida where several of these trees were located. Mr. Smith most likely obtained the original trees from the USDA. This document was first time published in 1993.
Sunburst Tangerine
Authors: Futch Stephen H. , Jackson L.K.
Published: July 2024

This document first published in Sep. 1993 is about Sunburst, the most widely grown commercial early Florida tangerine. It is a cross between the two citrus hybrids Robinson and Osceola. This cross was made in 1961 and was released for commercial use in 1979 by C. J. Hearn of the United States Department of Agriculture in Orlando.
Lee Citrus Hybrid
Authors: Jackson L.K. , Futch Stephen H.
Published: July 2024

Lee is one of the released citrus hybrids arising from a cross of Clementine mandarin by Orlando tangelo made by Gardner and Bellows in 1942 at the United States Department of Agriculture Laboratory in Orlando. It was officially released as a new variety in 1959 but has never attained important commercial status. The fruit is 3/4 tangerine and 1/4 grapefruit and most closely resembles a tangerine or tangelo. There has been renewed interest in Lee following the freezes of the 1980's since the fruit matures early and the trees are fairly cold hardy. This document was published first time Sept. 1993.
Pollination of Citrus Hybrids
Authors: Futch Stephen H. , Jackson L.K.
Published: July 2024

This document discusses the challenges of sexual self-incompatibility in citrus hybrids, which leads to low yields due to ineffective self-pollination. Cross-pollination with compatible cultivars is necessary for adequate fertilization and seed production. Effective pollination requires mixing compatible trees within a grove, ensuring good bee activity, and minimizing the use of harmful insecticides during bloom. Pollenizer trees should be no more than three trees away from those needing pollination. Additionally, synchronizing bloom periods and early fruit harvest from pollenizer trees help maintain consistent fruit production. Honeybees are essential for this process, and one colony per two acres is recommended.
Guide to Citrus Disease Identification
Authors: Futch Stephen H.
Published: July 2024

Citrus trees in both commercial and dooryard plantings can exhibit a host of symptoms reflecting various disorders that can impact their health, vigor, and productivity to varying degrees. Identifying symptoms correctly is an important aspect of management, as inappropriate remedial applications or actions can be costly and sometimes detrimental.
Disease symptoms addressed in this publication are an important aspect of commercial citrus production programs. Proper disease identification is an important factor in planning and conducting any disease control program. Disease symptoms may vary in expression on foliage, stems, roots, and fruit, and may not in all cases resemble those illustrated in various publications. Symptoms can vary considerably from mild to severe depending upon infection period, climatic conditions, and age of tissue when infection occurred. When in doubt about disease identification, seek advice before committing to costly and perhaps inappropriate corrective measures.
Hurricane Preparedness for Citrus Groves
Authors: Zekri Mongi , Rouse Robert R. , Crane Jonathan H.
Published: July 2024

This document discusses the impact of tropical storms and hurricanes on citrus groves, emphasizing the potential for significant rain and wind damage. The hurricane season spans from June 1 to November 30, during which all of Florida, particularly south Florida with its shallow-rooted citrus trees, faces threats from severe weather events. Strong winds can dislodge fruit from trees, while the combined effects of wind and substantial rainfall (10–20 inches) can cause severe and long-lasting damage. Additionally, high tides driven by wind can lead to saltwater flooding miles inland, exacerbating grove flooding by preventing water runoff in bays, estuaries, and rivers. Although hurricanes pose a serious threat to citrus groves, growers with pre-established hurricane plans can mitigate losses more effectively. In this text, recommendations are provided for adequately preparing for the hurricane season and minimizing its effects.
Fertilization of Sweet Corn, Celery, Romaine, Escarole, Endive, and Radish on Organic Soils in Florida
Authors: Hochmuth George , Hanlon Ed , Snyder George , Nagata Russell , Schueneman Tom
Published: July 2024

Celery, sweet corn, endive, escarole, romaine lettuce, and radish are important crops on organic soils in Florida. This bulletin summarizes fertilization research results with these crops from the 1940s to the present. New interpretations of these compiled works were used to produce updated UF/IFAS Extension recommendations for fertilization of these six vegetable crops. The recommendations presented in this publication supersede those found in Bulletin 876 (Sanchez, 1990), Bulletin 757 (Guzman et al., 1973), Circular 806 (Hochmuth and Hanlon, 1989), and fertilization recommendations in all crop production guides printed previous to this circular.
Financial Considerations - Florida Greenhouse Vegetable Production Handbook, Vol 1
Authors: Hochmuth George , Thomas W.D. , Sweat M.S. , Hochmuth Robert
Published: July 2024

One of the most important points a new grower needs to know is that greenhouse vegetable production is very costly. It is costly to establish the greenhouse facility, and additional costs are incurred during the crop production, harvesting, and shipping phases. All of these costs are incurred before any financial return is realized. The cost of establishing the operation will depend on many factors. These factors include the size and number of the greenhouses, type of production system to be used, method of marketing, need for associated facilities such as packing facilities and vehicles, availability of supplies and support services, and amount and quality of labor. This document is one of a series of the Horticultural Sciences Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date December 1990.
Summary - Florida Greenhouse Vegetable Production Handbook, Vol 1
Authors: Hochmuth George
Published: July 2024

The production of greenhouse vegetables involves dealing with specialty horticultural crops that have some exacting requirements. If the production phase of greenhouse vegetable culture can be characterized, it would certainly include the descriptors intensive, timely, managerial-dependent, detail specific, and expensive. This document is one of a series of the Horticultural Sciences Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date December 1990.
Production Systems - Florida Greenhouse Vegetable Production Handbook, Vol 2
Authors: Hochmuth George
Published: July 2024

In any fertigation system, the basic components are: stock tanks for fertilizers, a water source, a method for mixing fertilizer and water in correct proportion, and a pump to move the water and fertilizer mix to the plants. The method in which these components are arranged and used differs depending on the specific cultural system used. This document is about those components of fertigation, the process of apply fertilizers with the irrigation water. First published in 1990.
Preface—Florida Greenhouse Vegetable Production Handbook, Vol 3
Authors: Hochmuth George
Published: July 2024

Volume 3 of the handbook presents details on the specific cultural practices for producing greenhouse vegetables in Florida. This volume is intended to function as a major reference guide for vegetable crop production using various production systems. First published Dec. 1990.
General Aspects of Plant Growth—Florida Greenhouse Vegetable Production Handbook, Vol 3
Authors: Hochmuth George
Published: July 2024

This text discusses the critical factors for achieving profitable greenhouse vegetable production by optimizing plant growth processes, primarily focusing on photosynthesis. Photosynthesis, which converts light, carbon dioxide, and water into sugars and oxygen, is influenced by light intensity, CO2 levels, temperature, and water supply. The text explains that managing these factors—such as using shading to control temperature, enhancing CO2 levels, and ensuring adequate water—can maximize photosynthesis and plant growth. Additionally, it touches on the importance of minimizing nutrient deficiencies, diseases, and mechanical damage to maintain healthy photosynthetic activity. The ultimate goal for greenhouse managers is to balance photosynthesis and respiration to produce high yields of quality vegetables. The handbook provides further details on optimizing greenhouse environments and crop management. First published Dec. 1990
Irrigation of Greenhouse Vegetables—Florida Greenhouse Vegetable Production Handbook, Vol 3
Authors: Hochmuth George
Published: July 2024

Vegetables produced in greenhouses require ample amounts of water for optimum growth, yield, and fruit quality. Water is the "universal solvent" in plant cells and is involved in many biochemical processes. Growth processes will slow, and lower yield and quality will result if the plant is without water even for a very short period. Water is taken into the plant through the root system and exits as water vapor through the leaves by a process called transpiration. Along the way, water is involved in the many processes contributing to growth and yield. As water leaves the plant, the evaporation process cools the plant. Only about 2% of the water that enters the plant is consumed in biochemical reactions. The majority is transpired. Optimum management of other cultural factors such as disease control is critical to providing for adequate water uptake. Document first published Dec.1990.
Fertilizer Management for Greenhouse Vegetables - Florida Greenhouse Vegetable Production Handbook, Vol 3
Authors: Hochmuth George
Published: July 2024

Plants require 17 elements for normal growth and reproduction. The objective of a sound fertilizer management program is to supply these required nutrients in ample, but not excessive amounts for optimum crop production. This chapter will present general information on plant nutrition that will be useful irrespective of the particular cultural system e.g., perlite, rockwool, coconut coir, peatmix, or NFT hydroponics used by a grower. Fertilizer programs will be detailed later in this document. First published Dec.1990.
Pepper Mild Mottle Virus
Authors: Adkins Scott , Roberts Pamela D.
Published: July 2024

Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) occurs worldwide in field-grown bell, hot, and ornamental pepper species. The virus has also been found in greenhouse peppers in Canada, and Spain where greenhouse production practices are ideal for rapid spread of the disease. PMMoV was identified in commercial bell pepper fields in Florida in 2000. Disease incidence (the percentage of plants infected) of up to 30% was estimated in these Florida outbreaks. In subsequent years, PMMoV has appeared only sporadically in the state. Because foliar symptoms can be mild, infected plants may not be noticed until the fruit symptoms are evident, resulting in spread to neighboring plants and higher yield losses.
Winter Forage Legume Guide
Authors: Dubeux Jose , Wallau M. , Newman Y.C. , Munoz P. , Quesenberry K.
Published: July 2024

Winter legumes are important in forage production in Florida. They are frost tolerant and can supply highly nutritious feed during the winter and spring months. When properly inoculated, they supply nitrogen for their own growth and provide nitrogen for other plants growing with or following them. This document provides information on the different types of forage, its cultivation and maintenance. First published April, 1994.
Chilling Injury in Tropical Foliage Plants: II. Aglaonema
Authors: Chen J. , Henley Richard W. , Henny R.J. , Caldwell R.D. , Robinson C.A.
Published: July 2024

This document is about Aglaonema, commonly called Chinese evergreen. This plant is a member of the family Araceae that comprises 21 known species that are native to southeast Asia where they grow in the humid, heavily shaded tropical forest (Huxley 1994). Cultivated in the East for centuries, Aglaonema was believed to bring fortune to life and probably was introduced to the western world in 1885 (Brown 2000). First published Oct. 2001.
Questions and Answers: 2009 Florida-Friendly Landscaping™ Legislation
Authors: Momol Esen , Tolbert Jane , DAbreau Marina , Nell Terril , Hansen Gail , Knox Gary A. , Thomas Michael , Jones Kristine , Spratt Jim , Lewis Claire , Malone Kathy
Published: July 2024

This document is about the 2009 Florida-Friendly Landscaping™ legislation and its implications for water conservation and environmental protection in Florida. It highlights the role of homeowners' associations (HOAs) in landscape design and maintenance, encouraging the adoption of Florida-Friendly landscaping practices to conserve water and protect the environment. The text also mentions the resources provided by the University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) to help HOAs and homeowners implement these practices.
Fertilization of Fresh Water Fish Ponds
Authors: Watson Craig , Cichra Charles E.
Published: July 2024

This document outlines the principles and practices of fertilizing freshwater fish ponds to enhance their productivity. Fertilization, akin to its use in land-based agriculture, can significantly boost the production of small natural food-consuming fish species such as bluegill and golden shiner by increasing the availability of algae and zooplankton. This process not only supports small fish but also benefits larger predatory fish, like largemouth bass, by improving their food supply. Phosphorus is identified as the most critical nutrient, often supplemented with nitrogen for better results. The document discusses the forms and application methods of fertilizers, emphasizing liquid fertilizers for their rapid effectiveness. Practical guidelines for determining the timing and frequency of fertilization based on water temperature and clarity are provided, alongside techniques for applying both liquid and granular fertilizers efficiently. The document also addresses common challenges such as muddy water, aquatic weeds, water exchange, and low alkalinity, and offers solutions for each. Finally, it highlights the importance of a committed, long-term fertilization program to avoid inefficiencies and aquatic weed issues. First published June 1990.
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (White Spot) Infections in Fish
Authors: Francis-Floyd Ruth , Yanong Roy , Pouder Deborah
Published: July 2024

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) is a protozoan parasite that can cause severe losses in aquaculture and aquariums. It is introduced via new fish, substrates, plants, or equipment. Preventive measures include quarantining and treating new fish, holding plants without fish, and disinfecting decorations. Ich can cause rapid, high mortality among fish. Immediate treatment is necessary due to its fast reproduction. Since only the infective theront stage is susceptible to treatment, repeated treatments or prolonged salt use are required. Daily tank cleaning helps remove the parasite. Survivors can carry the parasite and reinfect others. This document is about how effective management and biosecurity practices, including quick treatment and multiple treatments during outbreaks, can help to control Ich and minimize economic losses. First published March 1991.
Use of Copper in Freshwater Aquaculture and Farm Ponds
Authors: Watson Craig , Yanong Roy
Published: July 2024

Copper has been used for many years as a chemical tool in freshwater farm ponds and aquaculture operations. It is both an effective algicide and a parasite treatment. The problem with the use of copper is that there is a thin line that separates effective treatment levels from overdoses, which can kill fish. This fact sheet is designed to explain when copper is used, how it is used, and some precautions to take before using it. First published in 1989.
Culture of Hybrid Tilapia: A Reference Profile
Authors: McGee Michael , Cichra Charles E.
Published: July 2024

The goal of most fish farmers is to maximize production and profits while holding labor and management efforts to the minimum. Risk of fish kills, disease outbreaks, poor water quality, and reduced feed conversion often result when efforts to increase production are unsupported by improved management strategies. This document is about aeration. This is a process that offers the most immediate and practical solution to water quality problems encountered at higher stocking and feeding rates. Aeration may be broadly classified into two different applications, emergency aeration and maintenance aeration. First published June, 1991.
Let 'Em Grow: Scalloping Best Practices
Authors: Hall-Scharf Brittany , Blanco Victor
Published: July 2024

Recreational scalloping is a popular summertime activity that attracts participants from far and wide to Florida's Gulf Coast. Coastal counties that serve as vessel launch points rely on this fishery for economic viability, but the biology of the bay scallop and the environmental stressors this species endures have led to limited populations of bay scallops remaining along Florida's Gulf Coast . Therefore, it is essential to implement best practices for harvesting bay scallops so that future generations can enjoy this marine resource activity. This publication gives recreational scallopers tips on how to sort through scallops in the water so that scallops that are too small are returned immediately to the same spot where they were taken. Improving harvesting techniques can help sustain this valuable fishery.
Ocean Acidification: Effects on Sponges
Authors: Donnarumma Lena A. , Henry Joseph , Patterson Joshua , Krueger Shelly , Krimsky Lisa , Baker Shirley
Published: July 2024

Approximately 30% of the carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere has been absorbed by the world’s oceans. As CO2 emissions increase due to human activities so does the amount of CO2 absorbed by the oceans. Carbon dioxide lowers the pH of the ocean system, causing ocean acidification (OA). The effects of OA on economically and ecologically important aquatic species is a subject of interest. Sponges are important reef-associated species that provide shelter for fish and crustaceans in reef habitats and can also structure ecosystems through bioerosion, water filtration, and colonization of coral reef areas. This publication considers the effects of OA on marine sponges, with a focus on Florida’s coral reef.
The United States Orange Industry: Declining Production and Climbing Imports
Authors: Hammami A. Malek , Li Yi , Guan Zhengfei
Published: July 2024

The US orange industry has been grappling with declining production since the early 2000s due to the outbreak of the Huanglongbing disease and various other challenges. To meet the market demand, the United States increasingly relies on imports, notably those from Mexico and Chile. This publication further explores the factors contributing to this trend and discusses potential solutions.
A Review of Bell Pepper Production and Price Trends from 2010 to 2022
Authors: Wade Tara , Amon Kelvin , Guan Zhengfei , Frey Craig
Published: July 2024

In the United States, bell peppers are cultivated for both fresh and processed markets, with California, Florida, and Georgia producing most of the crop. Production varies across states, and, in Florida, bell pepper production varies by region within the state with growing seasons ranging from July to March for northern Florida and August to February for southern Florida. This publication provides information on conventional bell pepper acreage, volume, and pricing for the top three producing states: California, Florida, and Georgia. It will be useful to producers, Extension agents, and others interested in trends concerning specialty crop commodities. It serves as a single location where important information about the specialty crop market and production trends can be found.
Disaster Assistance for Agriculture in Florida following Hurricane Idalia
Authors: Kumar Shivendra , Athearn Kevin , Court Christa , Lindsey Angela , Aue Kelly , Strange Lisa , Sidhu Sudeep , Love Joel , Hochmuth Robert , Jones Erin , Beach Emily , Wynn Keith , Fenneman Daniel , Capasso Jay , Simonne Eric
Published: July 2024

Multiple federal and state agencies provide assistance to qualified agricultural producers following a natural disaster, such as a hurricane. However, the programs change over time, and many producers are not aware of the programs available. The purpose of this publication is to list and briefly describe disaster assistance resources available to agricultural producers in Florida after Hurricane Idalia. To the extent that some information remains the same, this publication could provide guidance to Extension agents, nongovernmental organizations, and producers impacted by future hurricanes. The information was compiled from websites, government documents, and discussions with government agency representatives following Hurricane Idalia.