bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical and Kinetic Tools for Selecting Effective Antioxidants: Application to the Protection of Omega-3 Oils with Natural and Synthetic Phenols
Authors: Guitard Romain , Nardello-Rataj Véronique , Aubry Jean-Marie
Published: July 2016

Radical-scavenging antioxidants play crucial roles in the protection of unsaturated oils against autoxidation and, especially, edible oils rich in omega-3 because of their high sensitivity to oxygen. Two complementary tools are employed to select, among a large set of natural and synthetic phenols, the most promising antioxidants. On the one hand, density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of 70 natural (i.e., tocopherols, hydroxybenzoic and cinnamic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, lignans, and coumarins) and synthetic (i.e., 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisol (BHA), and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)) phenols. These BDEs are discussed on the basis of structure–activity relationships with regard to their potential antioxidant activities. On the other hand, the kinetic rate constants and number of hydrogen atoms released per phenol molecule are measured by monitoring the reaction of phenols with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical. The comparison of the results obtained with these two complementary methods allows highlighting the most promising antioxidants. Finally, the antioxidant effectiveness of the best candidates is assessed by following the absorption of oxygen by methyl esters of linseed oil containing 0.5 mmol L−1 of antioxidant and warmed at 90 °C under oxygen atmosphere. Under these conditions, some natural phenols namely epigallocatechin gallate, myricetin, rosmarinic and carnosic acids were found to be more effective antioxidants than α-tocopherol.
Genetic Mapping of a Major Resistance Gene to Pea Aphid (Acyrthosipon pisum) in the Model Legume Medicago truncatula
Authors: Kamphuis Lars , Guo Su-Min , Gao Ling-Ling , Singh Karam
Published: July 2016

Resistance to the Australian pea aphid (PA; Acyrthosiphon pisum) biotype in cultivar Jester of the model legume Medicago truncatula is mediated by a single dominant gene and is phloem-mediated. The genetic map position for this resistance gene, APR (Acyrthosiphon pisum resistance), is provided and shows that APR maps 39 centiMorgans (cM) distal of the A. kondoi resistance (AKR) locus, which mediates resistance to a closely related species of the same genus bluegreen aphid (A. kondoi). The APR region on chromosome 3 is dense in classical nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeats (NLRs) and overlaps with the region harbouring the RAP1 gene which confers resistance to a European PA biotype in the accession Jemalong A17. Further screening of a core collection of M. truncatula accessions identified seven lines with strong resistance to PA. Allelism experiments showed that the single dominant resistance to PA in M. truncatula accessions SA10481 and SA1516 are allelic to SA10733, the donor of the APR locus in cultivar Jester. While it remains unclear whether there are multiple PA resistance genes in an R-gene cluster or the resistance loci identified in the other M. truncatula accessions are allelic to APR, the introgression of APR into current M. truncatula cultivars will provide more durable resistance to PA.
Association between IRS1 Gene Polymorphism and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Case-Control Study in Korean Males
Authors: Park Hae , Kim Su , Kang Won , Park Jin , Kim Young , Nam Min , Kim Jong , Chung Joo-Ho
Published: July 2016

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway is thought to play an important role in brain development. Altered levels of IGFs and their signaling regulators have been shown in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients. In this study, we investigated whether coding region single-nucleotide polymorphisms (cSNPs) of the insulin receptor substrates (IRS1 and IRS2), key mediators of the IGF pathway, were associated with ASD in Korean males. Two cSNPs (rs1801123 of IRS1, and rs4773092 of IRS2) were genotyped using direct sequencing in 180 male ASD patients and 147 male control subjects. A significant association between rs1801123 of IRS1 and ASD was shown in additive (p = 0.022, odds ratio (OR) = 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.46–0.95) and dominant models (p = 0.013, OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.37–0.89). Allele frequency analysis also showed an association between rs1801123 and ASD (p = 0.022, OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.46–0.94). These results suggest that IRS1 may contribute to the susceptibility of ASD in Korean males.
The Interactions of Aquaporins and Mineral Nutrients in Higher Plants
Authors: Wang Min , Ding Lei , Gao Limin , Li Yingrui , Shen Qirong , Guo Shiwei
Published: July 2016

Aquaporins, major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) present in the plasma and intracellular membranes, facilitate the transport of small neutral molecules across cell membranes in higher plants. Recently, progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of aquaporin subcellular localization, transport selectivity, and gating properties. Although the role of aquaporins in maintaining the plant water status has been addressed, the interactions between plant aquaporins and mineral nutrients remain largely unknown. This review highlights the roles of various aquaporin orthologues in mineral nutrient uptake and transport, as well as the regulatory effects of mineral nutrients on aquaporin expression and activity, and an integrated link between aquaporins and mineral nutrient metabolism was identified.
Correction: Yan Chen, et al. Dual Agent Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Enhanced Antitumor Activity in a Multidrug-Resistant Breast Tumor Eenograft Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 2761–2772.
Authors: Chen Yan , Zheng Xue-Lian , Fang Dai-Long , Yang Yang , Zhang Jin-Kun , Li Hui-Li , Xu Bei , Lei Yi , Ren Ke , Song Xiang-Rong
Published: July 2016

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Comparison of Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Behavior in Two Similar Ferritic Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Alloys
Authors: Chao Jesus , Rementeria Rosalia , Aranda Maria , Capdevila Carlos , Gonzalez-Carrasco Jose
Published: July 2016

The ductile-to-brittle transition (DBT) behavior of two similar Fe-Cr-Al oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) stainless steels was analyzed following the Cottrell–Petch model. Both alloys were manufactured by mechanical alloying (MA) but by different forming routes. One was manufactured as hot rolled tube, and the other in the form of hot extruded bar. The two hot forming routes considered do not significantly influence the microstructure, but cause differences in the texture and the distribution of oxide particles. These have little influence on tensile properties; however, the DBT temperature and the upper shelf energy (USE) are significantly affected because of delamination orientation with regard to the notch plane. Whereas in hot rolled material the delaminations are parallel to the rolling surface, in the hot extruded material, they are randomly oriented because the material is transversally isotropic.
Healing of Fatigue Crack in 1045 Steel by Using Eddy Current Treatment
Authors: Yang Chuan , Xu Wenchen , Guo Bin , Shan Debin , Zhang Jian
Published: July 2016

In order to investigate the methods to heal fatigue cracks in metals, tubular specimens of 1045 steel with axial and radial fatigue cracks were treated under the eddy current. The optical microscope was employed to examine the change of fatigue cracks of specimens before and after the eddy current treatment. The results show that the fatigue cracks along the axial direction of the specimen could be healed effectively in the fatigue crack initiation zone and the crack tip zone under the eddy current treatment, and the healing could occur within a very short time. The voltage breakdown and the transient thermal compressive stress caused by the detouring of eddy current around the fatigue crack were the main factors contributing to the healing in the fatigue crack initiation zone and the crack tip zone, respectively. Eddy current treatment may be a novel and effective method for crack healing.
Comparative Magnetic Studies in the Solid State and Solution of Two Isostructural 1D Coordination Polymers Containing CoII/NiII-Curcuminoid Moieties
Authors: Díaz-Torres Raúl , Menelaou Melita , González-Campo Arántzazu , Teat Simon , Sañudo E. , Soler Mónica , Aliaga-Alcalde Núria
Published: July 2016

Two novel 1D coordination chains containing the curcuminoid (CCMoid) ligand 9Accm have been characterized: [CoII(9Accm)2(4,4´-bpy)]n (1) and [NiII(9Accm)2(4,4´-bpy)]n (2). The two compounds were synthesized by solvothermal and microwave (MW) assisted techniques, respectively, and crystals of both systems were directly obtained from the mother solutions. Crystal structures of 1 and 2 prove that both systems are isostructural, with the ligands in a trans configuration. The two chains have been magnetically characterized in solution by paramagnetic 1H NMR, where 1 displayed typical features from CoII systems, with spread out signals; meanwhile, 2 showed diamagnetic behaviour. The dissociation of the latest in solution and the stability of the “[Ni(9Accm)2]” unit were proved by further experiments in C5D5N. Additional UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence studies in solution were performed using exclusively 1. In the solid state χMT vs. T and M/NµB vs. H/T data were collected and fitted for 1 and 2; both systems display Ising plane anisotropy, with significant D values. System 1 presented slow relaxation of the magnetization, displaying frequency dependence in the in-phase/out-phase ac magnetic susceptibility data, when an external dc field of 0.2 T was applied. Finally, 1 was deposited on a HOPG (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite) substrate by spin-coating and analysed by AFM.
Fucoidans in Nanomedicine
Authors: Chollet Lucas , Saboural Pierre , Chauvierre Cédric , Villemin Jean-Noël , Letourneur Didier , Chaubet Frédéric
Published: July 2016

Fucoidans are widespread cost-effective sulfated marine polysaccharides which have raised interest in the scientific community over last decades for their wide spectrum of bioactivities. Unsurprisingly, nanomedicine has grasped these compounds to develop innovative therapeutic and diagnostic nanosystems. The applications of fucoidans in nanomedicine as imaging agents, drug carriers or for their intrinsic properties are reviewed here after a short presentation of the main structural data and biological properties of fucoidans. The origin and the physicochemical specifications of fucoidans are summarized in order to discuss the strategy of fucoidan-containing nanosystems in Human health. Currently, there is a need for reproducible, well characterized fucoidan fractions to ensure significant progress.
The Use of Networking in Nursing Practice —An Integrative Review
Authors: Khanum Sabiha , Souza Maria , Naz Najma , Sasso Grace , Brüggemann Odalea , Heideman Ivonete
Published: July 2016

Networking provides access to countless opportunities for nurses and patients and allows them to communicate, interact and collaborate with each other in order to enhance nursing care practice and improve health. The ubiquity of information and communication technologies have the potential to improve access to both health information and services in health care. The authors aim for this study is to investigate the role of networking tools in shaping and improving nursing care practices. An integrative review was conducted and electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct and ACM Digital Library were searched for studies published between 1985 and 2015. Sixteen articles, based on the use of networking tools in nursing care practice, were included in the review. Data synthesis consists of writing descriptive summaries and thematic analysis of the key findings in the included articles. Different networking tools are currently used by nursing professionals for patient’s safety and well-being. These include information technology, telehealth nursing, IT and networking applications, social media networks, miscellaneous interaction networks, internet as a source of information and communication networks. Networking assist healthcare professionals with completing their daily tasks such as teaching patients, monitoring their health, tracking their blood pressure and much more. A variety of networking tools are available for managing chronic disease, diet, and lifestyle choices of patients. However, privacy, security and reliability of exchanged information is extremely important in improving the quality of patient care.
Predicting the Potential Distribution of Olea ferruginea in Pakistan incorporating Climate Change by Using Maxent Model
Authors: Ashraf Uzma , Ali Hassan , Chaudry Muhammad , Ashraf Irfan , Batool Adila , Saqib Zafeer
Published: July 2016

The potential distribution of Olea ferruginea was predicted by Maxent model for present and the upcoming hypothetical (2050) climatic scenario. O. ferruginea is an economically beneficial plant species. For predicting the potential distribution of O. ferruginea in Pakistan, Worldclim variables for current and future climatic change scenarios, digital elevation model (DEM) slope, and aspects with the occurrence point were used. Pearson correlation was used to reject highly correlated variables. A total of 219 sighting points were used in the Maxent modeling. The area under curve (AUC) value was higher than 0.98. The approach used in this study is considered useful in predicting the potential distribution of O. ferruginea species, and can be an effective tool in the conservation and restoration planning for human welfare. The results show that there is a significant impact under future bioclimatic scenarios on the potential distribution of O. ferruginea in Pakistan. There is a significant decrease in the overall distribution of O. ferruginea due to loss of habitats under current distribution range, but this will be compensated by gain of habitat at higher altitudes in the future climate change scenario (habitat shift). It is recommended that the areas predicted suitable for the O. ferruginea may be used for plantation of this species while the deforested land should be restored for human welfare.
Water Footprint of Milk Produced and Processed in South Africa: Implications for Policy-Makers and Stakeholders along the Dairy Value Chain
Authors: Owusu-Sekyere Enoch , Scheepers Morné , Jordaan Henry
Published: July 2016

The current water scarcity situation in South Africa is a threat to sustainable development. The present paper has assessed the water footprint of milk produced and processed in South Africa using the procedures outlined in the water footprint assessment manual. The results show that 1352 m3 of water is required to produce one tonne of milk with 4% fat and 3.3% protein in South Africa. The water used in producing feed for lactating cows alone accounts for 86.35% of the total water footprint of milk. The water footprint of feed ration for lactating cows is about 85% higher than that of non-lactating cows. Green water footprint accounts for more than 86% of the total water footprint of feed ration for lactating cows. Green and blue water footprints are the highest contributors to the total water footprint milk production in South Africa. Water used for feed production for both lactating and non-lactating cows accounts for about 99% of the total water footprint of milk production in South Africa. Particular attention should be given to feed crops with low water footprints and high contribution to dry matter to provide balanced ration with low water footprint. Water users, managers and livestock producers should pay attention to green and blue water consumption activities along the milk value chain and design strategies to minimize them. Corn, sorghum and lucerne production under irrigation in the greater Orange River basin is sustainable, whereas oats production for silage in the same catchment area is not sustainable. Our findings provide the rationale for dairy producers and water users in the dairy industry to get an understanding of the degree of sustainability of their input and output combinations, production choices, and policy interventions, in terms of water use.
Distal femoral osteotomy using a novel deformity reduction device
Authors: Cappellari Fulvio , Olimpo Matteo , Piras Lisa , Radasch Robert , Ferretti Antonio , Peirone Bruno , Panichi Enrico
Published: July 2016

Distal femoral osteotomy is a surgical procedure used to correct patellar luxation, secondary to a femoral deformity. A distal femoral osteotomy using the tibial plateau levelling osteotomy-jig to temporarily provide stability of the distal femoral osteotomy, maintaining limb alignment in the frontal and axial planes prior to internal plate fixation of the osteotomy, has been described. This report describes a novel jig named Deformity Reduction Device (DRD). This device was developed with the specific aim of increasing precision and predictability during corrective osteotomy execution in order to be consistent with the preoperative planning. The distal femoral osteotomy DRD-assisted procedure is described in detail, discussing the theoretical and practical principles of the application.
Video-assisted removal of metal pellet fragments from the vertebral canal following gunshot injury and long-term outcome in a cat
Authors: Matres-Lorenzo Luis , Bernardé Antoine , Bernard Fabrice
Published: July 2016

Objective: To describe the surgical management and long-term outcome of a spinal gunshot injury in a cat.

Clinical report: A two-year-old, 4.2 kg castrated European Shorthair male cat was referred for evaluation of bilateral acute hind-limb paralysis with loss of deep pain perception in the right hindlimb associated with a perforating gunshot wound in the left side of the flank. Based on the clinical findings, the injury was localized to the fourth lumbar-first sacral spinal cord segment. The orthogonal spinal radiographs and computed tomography examination showed several metal pellet fragments within the vertebral canal of the sixth lumbar vertebra. A left mini-hemilaminectomy of the sixth lumbar vertebra pedicle combined with a mini dorsal laminectomy over the sixth to seventh lumbar vertebrae disc space were performed. A 2.4 mm 30° arthroscope was then introduced within the spinal canal to improve visibility and help with the fragment extraction. The cat was discharged from the hospital five days after surgery and the owners were encouraged to continue passive and active physiotherapy movements.

Results: The cat was ambulatory with a plantigrade stance eight weeks following surgery. At the last follow-up examination (24 months postoperatively), the cat was able to jump on chairs, although intermittent urinary and faecal incontinence, proprioceptive deficits, and plantigrade stance were still present.

Clinical significance: Decompressive surgery may promote neurological status improvement following spinal gunshot injury.
Determinants of Spending by Motorcycle Rally Visitors
Authors: Park Kwangsoo
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this study was to explore the determinants of festival spending by estimating expenditure models. This study analyzed the impact of sociodemographic and travel context factors on aggregated and disaggregated event expenditures by the visitors who attended the Sturgis
Motorcycle Rally held in Sturgis, South Dakota. The results indicated that length of stay and income had a significantly positive effect on the total on-site expenditures and accommodation spending. Length of stay and past experience (among travel context variables) as well as age, income,
and gender (among sociodemographic factors) had significant relationships with the on-site expenditure categories. Detailed discussions and implications were provided, and study limitations and recommendations for future studies were discussed.
TRACING THE MILKY WAY NUCLEAR WIND WITH 21 cm ATOMIC HYDROGEN EMISSION
Authors: Lockman Felix J. , McClure-Griffiths N. M.
Published: August 2016

There is evidence in 21 cm H i emission for voids several kiloparsecs in size centered approximately on the Galactic center, both above and below the Galactic plane. These appear to map the boundaries of the Galactic nuclear wind. An analysis of H i at the tangent points, where the distance to the gas can be estimated with reasonable accuracy, shows a sharp transition at Galactic radii R ≲ 2.4 kpc from the extended neutral gas layer characteristic of much of the Galactic disk, to a thin Gaussian layer with FWHM ∼ 125 pc. An anti-correlation between H i and γ-ray emission at latitudes

suggests that the boundary of the extended H i layer marks the walls of the Fermi Bubbles. With H i, we are able to trace the edges of the voids from

down to z ≈ 0, where they have a radius ∼2 kpc. The extended Hi layer likely results from star formation in the disk, which is limited largely to R ≳ 3 kpc, so the wind may be expanding into an area of relatively little H i. Because the H i kinematics can discriminate between gas in the Galactic center and foreground material, 21 cm H i emission may be the best probe of the extent of the nuclear wind near the Galactic plane.
Una nueva especie de Gutierrezia (Asteraceae, Astereae) de Argentina
Authors: Ratto F. , Bartoli A.
Published: July 2016

Se describe e ilustra Gutierrezia tortosae Ratto & Adr. Bartoli, una nueva especie de Argentina. Se asemeja a Gutierrezia mandonii (Sch. Bip.) Solbrig por presentar xilopodio, por la forma de las hojas y por el color amarillo de las flores liguladas, pero difiere de ella por tener tallos erectos y rígidos, hojas erectas y capítulos menores. Se presenta una clave para diferenciarla de las especies que habitan en el noroeste de Argentina.
Desigualdades regionais do crescimento Industrial do Estado do Paraná
Authors: Bragueto Claudio Roberto , Silva Luís Enrique da
Published: July 2016

L'industrialisation de l'État du Paraná s’est produite par un processus lent, discontinu et inégal. Analysant les caractéristiques industrielles de ses régions on observe des distinctions et des disparités industrielles. Ce travail vise donc à analyser les inégalités territoriales de la croissance industrielle de l'État du Paraná de 1990 à 2013. En plus des processus historiques, plus récemment, au cours d'une période de réorganisation du processus de production industrielle, les inégalités régionales de l'industrie au Paraná ont été liées à des différences touchant les conditions générales de la production dans les régions, qui les rendent plus ou moins attirantes pour le capital existant, ainsi que pour la politique d'attraction des investissements du gouvernement de l'État du Paraná. Les sources principales utilisées sont la base de données du Ministère du Travail et de l'Emploi (RAIS - Relação Anual de Informações Sociais - Informations Sociales annuelles) et la collecte de données statistiques de l'Institut du Paraná pour le développement économique et social - IPARDES. La conclusion est que les conditions générales de production historiquement établies et l'attraction de la politique d'investissement du gouvernement de l'État ont abouti à un développement industriel polarisé entre les régions du Paraná. En particulier, le secteur à technologies plus avancées augmente sa concentration dans la région métropolitaine de Curitiba, tandis que l'industrie à technologie moins intense est devenue plus spatialement dispersée, bien que concentrée dans quelques Mésorégions.
“The West Wing with Wigs” ? Politics and History in HBO’s John Adams
Authors: Godet Aurélie
Published: July 2016

In 2008, HBO released a $ 100 million, seven-part mini-series based on David McCullough’s Pulitzer Prize-winning biography of John Adams. The reviews were enthusiastic, with most people praising the cinematography, the storytelling, and Paul Giamatti and Laura Linney’s acting. Soon, however, historians started to complain about various historical inaccuracies in the show. Jeremy Stern, for example, wrote on the History News Network that “the first episode especially is fundamentally marred by an all-too-familiar and depressingly resilient prejudice against the early Revolutionaries, one that stretches back to late nineteenth-century scholarship and its depiction of the early protests as disingenuous tax riots.” John Bell went on to spot fibs, half-truths, and outright fabrications in HBO’s series on his website Boston1775.blogspot.com. Writer Kirk Ellis responded to these criticisms by saying that his intent was “not to portray the ‘external facts’ of the American Revolution […]. Rather, it was to depict an internal history, an epic of thoughts and ideas refracted through the singular prism of one man who helped shape those events”. Arising from Ellis’s declaration, this paper aims to explore the conflicting relationship between the “historian’s truth” and the “dramatist’s truth” in John Adams. Three sets of questions, in particular, will be asked :1) How does the series picture the stormy birth of the young republic and how does it bring John Adams to life ? 2) Did the second president of the United States “deserve” such a tribute ? In other words, what new aspects of John Adams’s life are revealed here that are not taught in high school or university history classes ?3) How and when does the writer’s “poetic license” manifest itself ? Is it acceptable to revise history in order to personify the spirit of the people and the politics of the times more fully ? In other words, does an understanding of history necessarily come at the expense of historical accuracy ?
Realism, Mimesis, and the Commodity in Season One of Mad Men
Authors: Wallace Beth Kowaleski
Published: July 2016

This article focuses on one scene from the episode entitled “The Wheel”, in which a machine allows the characters to time-travel, within a series which does the same. Michael Taussig’s theories on mimesis, expressed in his book Magic and Mimesis, will be used here to argue that what is being faithfully rendered in Mad Men is a particular relationship to the commodity, and the way in which the commodity is used to recapture the past. Don Draper’s epiphany in the “Carousel” scene becomes the spectator’s, and the healing power of the object is close to the impact of the series which manages to reactivate a past era for the audience.
“That’s the game, yo”: Stereotype and Identity in The Wire
Authors: Coulouma Flore
Published: July 2016

In David Simon’s The Wire (HBO, 2002-2008), stereotypes play a crucial role in the characters’ definition and assertion of their own identity. In the gangsters’ dialect, stereotypes are displayed in the form of fixed locutions and are a structural part of discourse. This paper focuses on the gangster characters in the first season of the series. It analyses the founding clichés of their social order: the metaphor of the game and its rules, the imperative to “be a real man”, and the basic stereotypes of capitalist business. My aim is to show how these social stereotypes and their linguistic expression affect the characters’ representation of themselves as players in “the game”, and how they contribute to David Simon’s criticism of contemporary American society.
... Paved with the Best Intentions? Utopian Spaces in Star Trek, the Original Series (NBC, 1966-1969)
Authors: Spalding Andréolle Donna
Published: July 2016

This paper is an examination of the ways in which the science fiction series Star Trek of the 1960s sheds light on a crucial moment in American history, the social context of which includes political turmoil and the questioning of mainstream values. The very structure of the episodes, often introduced by the captain’s log giving a stardate and a summary of the current situation of the starship Enterprise’s mission-in-progress, points to the exploratory traditions of the American nation built over an almost 300-year period of westward expansion. It is possible, then, to draw a parallel between the Enterprise’s journeys through the universe in search of “strange new planets and civilizations” (dixit Kirk’s voice in the credit scene) and the American quest for new lands needed to perpetuate the utopian project of democratic society first set into motion by the Puritans of New England in the 17th century. Indeed, throughout the three seasons Captain Kirk and his crew will beam down to numerous planets said to be, in the words of various characters, a “paradise”. Yet most of these spaces have somehow gone wrong: mad Earthmen have become dictators, terrorized natives are controlled by dysfunctional computers, or apparently beautiful, luxuriant forests filled in fact with poisonous plants kill and maim any human naive enough to venture there. Several other episodes explore the theme of parallel worlds where the “evil” potential of the Federation is exposed: the most emblematic episode entitled “Mirror, Mirror” thrusts Kirk into a parallel universe in which the Federation is a barbaric war-driven empire. One can wonder, then, to what extent the series challenges the utopian roots of the American world-view, treating it as a thin veneer behind which darker intentions can be easily exposed.
La série catalane Ventdelplà, entre réalisme et utopie
Authors: Houdiard Jennifer
Published: July 2016

La série Ventdelplà (TV3, 2005-2010) porte le nom du village imaginaire dans lequel s’ancre l’essentiel de l’action : Teresa, la protagoniste, fuit Barcelone et son mari qui la maltraite, pour se réfugier dans la demeure de ses ancêtres, au cœur de la campagne gironaise. Les premiers épisodes de la série donnent à voir une nette bipolarisation de l’espace : Teresa laisse derrière elle la grande cité, bruyante et bondée, un époux violent, des amis superficiels, et s’intègre peu à peu à la population de Ventdelplà, entre paysans, commères et notables locaux. Mais l’image du locus amoenus dessinée par les premiers plans sur Ventdelplà se révèle rapidement être un leurre : le petit village paisible n’est pas épargné par les fléaux de la société contemporaine ; en revanche, le cadre rural permet d’explorer d’autres problématiques, comme la préservation de l’environnement ou les difficultés rencontrées par les agriculteurs d’aujourd’hui.Ventdelplà s’inscrit dans la continuité de la production fictionnelle antérieure de TV3, marquée par la recherche du réalisme et de l’authenticité ; elle montre un autre visage de la Catalogne d’aujourd’hui, visage que ses concepteurs veulent aussi « vrai » que celui de la Barcelone qui servait de décor à Poblenou ou à El cor de la ciutat, mais qui se révèle être tout aussi peu vraisemblable du point de vue politique. En effet, Ventdelplà, à l’instar de la majorité des séries catalanes diffusées jusqu’à ce jour, montre une Catalogne à l’identité affirmée et jamais remise en question, uniformément catalanophone, et dont l’existence comme nation semble aller de soi. De plus, si la série s’inscrit explicitement dans un espace identifiable comme réel, le fait que la majeure partie de l’action se déroule dans un village imaginaire mérite que l’on s’interroge : Ventdelplà ne serait-il pas une sorte d’Utopia linguistique, culturelle et politique ?
Promenades au cœur du Village : L’articulation des espaces dans la série Le Prisonnier
Authors: Foulquier Valérie
Published: July 2016

L’intrigue du Prisonnier est à l’évidence une histoire d’enfermement et d’impossible évasion. Le héros est un espion qui vient de démissionner à grand fracas : le passeport, les clichés de plages tropicales qu’il jette dans sa valise, entrouvrent un espace de renouveau possible. Mais cet espace lui sera farouchement refusé ; il est enlevé puis déporté au Village, lieu clos et mystérieux d’où il n’aura de cesse d’essayer de s’échapper et dont la localisation demeurera mystérieuse. De par son indétermination toponymique et géographique, cet espace autarcique va se prêter à de nombreuses articulations narratologiques. Cet article se propose d’explorer le Village dans ses différentes strates et d’en dessiner le plan sous la double modalité de la perspective et du déplacement. Prédicat matériel d’une esthétique carcérale omniprésente, il n’est pas qu’un « mauvais lieu » (dys-topia), il est aussi un espace de séduction. Etymologiquement, il « emmène à part, à l’écart » (seducere : « mener hors du droit chemin ») et entraine les spectateurs dans un univers ludique et labyrinthique. Par des déplacements de perspective, il se fait lieu de récréation sensorielle et nous captive. Mais le Village opère un autre glissement : sa mise en scène du lieu et des figures glisse progressivement de l’espace organisé et rationnel pour nous faire pénétrer les espaces intimes de l’imagination et de l’inconscient. Ce déplacement est à l’origine d’une véritable poétique du décloisonnement, créant pour la série un univers onirique aux accents surréalistes.
La représentation de l’espace américain dans The West Wing
Authors: Gatefin Eric
Published: July 2016

Série de couloirs et de déambulations, The West Wing utilise les longs plans séquences au milieu des bureaux pour favoriser l’immersion des téléspectateurs dans un univers très singulier et rendre compte du caractère accaparant du lieu et du travail qui s’y effectue. Devant la prépondérance de cette représentation de l’espace, on peut alors s’interroger : existe-t-il un « ailleurs » de la Maison Blanche dans The West Wing ? La question de savoir ce que l’on voit des États-Unis vaut d’être posée pour une série politique, dont on a souvent loué le caractère pédagogique, c’est-à-dire la capacité à mettre en scène la complexité des problèmes de la société américaine et des questions internationales. Or, si la série présente bien les tenants et les aboutissants des problématiques auxquelles sont confrontés notamment les citoyens américains, quelle représentation propose-t-elle de ces problématiques mêmes ? Que se passe-t-il quand les figures principales de The West Wing délaissent un instant statistiques, clichés discursifs et images télévisées pour entrer en contact avec le pays qu’elles dirigent ? Pour les personnages, comme pour les principaux concepteurs de la série, cette rencontre avec l’Amérique est un exercice périlleux où la fiction, l’image du pays construite dans les dialogues à bâtons rompus autour du bureau ovale, heurte quelque chose qui lui résiste forcément et se laisse difficilement réduire.
Representations of Power Shifts Between Great Britain and India in The Jewel in the Crown (ITV, 1984)
Authors: Cabaret Florence
Published: July 2016

Focusing on the last years of the British presence in India, this 14-episode TV serial is itself the embodiment of a first form of transfer since it is the adaptation of Paul Scott’s Raj Quartet, i.e. four English novels published between 1966 and 1975 telling the stories of British and Indian characters living through the last days of the Raj. Yet this paper chooses to study how this shift of power between Great Britain and emerging India is staged in a serial which is now regarded as one of the best examples of the 1980s “heritage films”, in which the necessary departure of the British from India is constantly backgrounded by a nostalgic view of the British colonial enterprise. However, since The Jewel in the Crown is also described as one of the most critical representations of the presence of Great Britain in India in the 1940s, I will also focus on the ways the serial refers to Great Britain as a privileged vantage point but also as a locus of ambivalent attitudes, particularly so as it is seen by characters living in India but appearing on television screens at a moment when British television was trying to represent the British colonial past through various kinds of programs (documentaries, fiction, serials). Several key examples are discussed along those lines: the role of the opening and end credits, the use of excerpts from British newsreels in a work of fiction, the predominance of the British gaze and the way it is visually staged in the shots, some disturbing visual intrusions and conflagrations of unexpected shots. It thus leads me to show that if the year 1947 was generally constructed as a moment of reasonable “transfer of power” from Great Britain to India, such a TV serial unsettles some of the assumptions underlying the historiographical myth which depicted India’s independence as “a gentleman’s agreement”.
Take Me Back to Dear Old Blighty?
Authors: Ducray Amandine
Published: July 2016

Encore largement absentes du petit écran français, les séries humoristiques reposant sur des situations ethniques sont, en revanche, une constante en Grande-Bretagne depuis les années soixante-dix, lorsqu’apparaissent les premières sitcoms ethniques (black sitcoms), terme alors utilisé pour désigner des comédies de situation mettant en scène le contact entre des Britanniques issus de communautés minoritaires et des représentants de la « majorité » blanche. Dix à vingt ans plus tard, l’avènement d’un multiculturalisme télévisuel contribue à faire évoluer le paysage audiovisuel ; au face-à-face « Nous »/« Eux » succèdent bientôt des séries comiques focalisées sur un univers minoritaire (all black sitcoms), britannique noir d’abord, puis britannique sud-asiatique. Au début du vingt et unième siècle, les réalisateurs, comédiens et scénaristes tendent cependant à abandonner progressivement le genre « comédie de situation » pour des formats sériels plus souples. On assiste alors à l’émergence d’un large panel de sketch shows qui donnent à voir, successivement, voire parallèlement, des identités « de trait d’union » fondamentalement hybrides, mais aussi plus exclusivement blanches. À l’heure où certains membres de la « majorité » dite « de souche » se sentent parfois « minoritaires » du fait du multiculturalisme, un vent de nostalgie paraît en effet s’emparer d’humoristes et de spectateurs britanniques blancs en quête d’identité et qui semblent trouver dans la comédie un moyen détourné de renouer avec leurs racines. Adoptant une approche diachronique, le présent article s’attachera à observer les mutations des séries comiques à la télévision britannique dans leur approche de la question ethnique au sens large afin de voir comment, entre déplacements, hybridation et oscillation, elles ont pu refléter un questionnement durable, complexe et encore largement d’actualité en matière de relations raciales.
Importations, transpositions, adaptation dans le feuilleton quotidien Plus belle la vie
Authors: Legagneur Marine
Published: July 2016

En 2003, tandis que se multiplient les programmes de téléréalité sur les grilles des diffuseurs privés, face aux importantes audiences générées par ces nouveaux formats populaires,France Télévisions cherche à s’inscrire dans cette esthétique de la transparence et du banal qui séduit tant les publics. Forme de la proximité, le soap programmé quotidiennement dans la journée s’impose comme un succédané évident. Les programmateurs se heurtent toutefois à leur propre inexpérience en la matière : aucun feuilleton n’est, en effet, parvenu à s’installer dans le paysage audiovisuel français depuis vingt-cinq ans. Le diffuseur en amont et le producteur en aval ont alors recours à des études internationales, visant à recenser ces bonnes pratiques qui assurent le succès du format à l’étranger. On importe ainsi, en premier lieu, des techniques qui permettent la production industrielle d’un programme quotidien. Celles-ci influent directement sur les modalités d’écriture, l’esthétique et la tonalité du programme - de sorte que Plus belle la vie s’inscrit de tous points de vue dans l’héritage international du soap. Pour autant, parce qu’il est en premier lieu une forme de l’intime et du familier, le soap français nécessite que l’on transpose ses enjeux pour qu’ils soient plus conformes aux attentes du public auquel il est destiné. Ce faisant, le feuilleton devient un objet composite, mâtinant la tonalité traditionnelle du soap d’éléments burlesques, s’inspirant d’autres formats plus généralement regardés en France – à l’instar de la sitcom et de la saga –, se nourrissant d’une culture classique, du vaudeville, ou de la comédie de mœurs. Le feuilleton est alors le lieu d’un véritable travail d’adaptation et, de composite, il se mue en un format hybride et neuf, éminemment télévisuel au sens où il est très conscient de ses codes et de ses procédés d’écriture, et les exploite. Un programme de néotélévision, comme l’entend Umberto Eco, qui laisse au spectateur une place centrale et en fait un membre à part entière d’une forme nouvelle de communication.
Twin Peaks : Modernité du conte, conte de la modernité
Authors: Legagneur Marine
Published: July 2016

En choisissant de faire de Twin Peaks, petite ville imaginaire parfaitement représentative de la province américaine, le théâtre d’évènements extraordinaires, Lynch inscrit sa série dans la lignée du conte, genre qui fait de la quotidienneté le terreau d’où vient surgir le merveilleux. L’analyse révèle d’ailleurs rapidement que le feuilleton emprunte à la fois ses structures formelles, son esthétique et ses thématiques au genre du conte. Comme lui, Twin Peaks a vocation à dire quelque chose du monde réel, par le biais même de ses éléments invraisemblables. En transposant ses personnages dans un univers diégétique moderne – dans une temporalité identifiable – Lynch donne toutefois à la série la possibilité de travailler les représentations de l’Amérique contemporaine, de participer d’une mythologie américaine. Comme les formes traditionnelles du conte, Twin Peaks devrait incarner un inconscient collectif. Pourtant, il semble qu’après la philosophie politique de Marx et la science psychanalytique de Freud, le récit merveilleux, trop conscient de ses processus et de ses structures, ne soit plus à même de remplir sa fonction : toute tentative d’établir des relations symboliques entre lui et le monde paraît vouée à l’échec parce que conscientisée. Les significations éclairées d’un jour trop cru s’épuisent et se font, nécessairement, parodiques. Le conte moderne se désenchante. Pourquoi dès lors Lynch privilégie-t-il encore le récit merveilleux, alors qu’il échoue à nous révéler quelque chose du monde ? Dans la lignée des critiques du récit – qui dénoncent son incapacité à rendre compte de la complexité du réel, Lynch ne cherche pas à donner de la lisibilité au réel. Mais bien loin de disqualifier le récit, il disqualifie le monde, et propose au spectateur de vivre, avec le feuilleton, une pure expérience poétique à l’écart de la réalité.
Melding Fiction and Reality in HBO’s Carnivàle
Authors: Verger Jean Du
Published: July 2016

Carnivàle, created by Daniel Knauf, portrays a travelling carnival wending its way through the Dust Bowl during the unsettled period of the Great Depression, while the overarching story depicts the epic battle between good and evil. The show was cancelled by HBO after two seasons (2003-2005) not only because viewing rates had dropped significantly but also for financial reasons. The present article explores how fiction and reality interact in the show’s complex narrative pattern, which disrupts the formulaic structure of traditional TV series. The constant oscillation between both realms disorientates the viewers as they venture into a world where dreams and reality conflate, creating its own fictional reality, while the narrative’s complex pattern and subtext induce greater involvement on the viewers’ behalf as the unfolding story requires their complete attention in order to decipher its meaning. The fusion between history (the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression) and fiction enhances the viewer’s sense of confusion. The numerous cultural, historical and geographical references create a blurred area located between fiction and reality.
The X-Files, allégorie de la condition postmoderne du monde
Authors: Gai Frédéric
Published: July 2016

Diffusée sur la Fox entre 1993 et 2002, The X-Files, série phare de Chris Carter, reste dans les annales de la télévision. Construites dans la plus pure tradition des histoires d’extraterrestres ou du mythe de la conspiration, les aventures de Mulder et Scully se prêtent particulièrement bien au format sériel, tant par la tension créée au fil des saisons que par la durée nécessaire (neuf saisons) suscitée par la quête de vérité des deux personnages centraux. Au-delà des cadres de la science-fiction et de la fiction policière, la série peut être envisagée comme une mise en fiction du monde et de ses vicissitudes. En s’appuyant sur un mythe moderne prolifique aux Etats-Unis, les scénaristes construisent un discours critique sur la société contemporaine américaine, gangrénée par des facteurs aussi bien visibles que métaphorisés tels que la corruption, la constitution d’une société technocratique et sécuritaire, la course à l’armement ou la présence des stigmates de la Guerre Froide dans les mœurs bureaucratiques. Face à cela, la série s’impose comme une réponse : comme prétexte à la croisade de personnages en quête de grands récits fondateurs, mais aussi comme fondation d’une mythologie propre qui viendrait interroger le monde sur ses origines et ses fins. Les créateurs de la série font donc appel à différents procédés qui remettent en cause ses propres codes et invitent le spectateur à réfléchir sur la valeur même du programme qu’il regarde : la citation et la référence à d’autres œuvres (films, séries, littérature), l’auto-ironie et la réflexion métacritique sur l’écriture et la fabulation. Dans cette perspective, la série, consciente de l’histoire de son époque et de son statut de fiction, apparaît comme une allégorie postmoderne extrêmement critique qui appelle l’engagement du spectateur.
Les figurations du corps dans Deadwood : ancrage historique, réalisme et théâtralité
Authors: Menegaldo Gilles
Published: July 2016

Deadwood a réellement existé ainsi que certains personnages centraux et bon nombre de personnages secondaires. Certains sont des icônes de l’ouest mythique (Wild Bill Hickok, Calamity Jane), d’autres sont également des figures historiques comme Al Swearengen, le patron du « Gem saloon » ou encore George Hearst, père de William Randolph Hearst. La mise en fiction repose sur la transformation de personnages réels ou l’invention de nouveaux personnages comme la petite Sophia, ultime rescapée d’un massacre réel ou encore Alma Garret qui fait l’objet de différents enjeux. Le démarquage de la réalité se fait aussi par l’emploi d’un riche réseau intertextuel littéraire, cinématographique et philosophique. Outre la représentation du corps mythifié, la série se caractérise par une vision très réaliste du corps placé souvent dans des situations extrêmes. Le corps masculin ou féminin est un objet de désir, et un enjeu économique ou politique. La violence est un mode dominant et les femmes, exploitées sexuellement, en proie à la maladie et à l’emprise des drogues en sont les victimes privilégiées. Cette violence s’exprime par la récurrence des meurtres et des scènes de bagarre mais aussi par la mise en scène du corps souffrant. Le corps s’inscrit dans un mode de figuration grotesque qui met l’accent sur l’exagération ou la distorsion des traits physiques et privilégie une esthétique de la laideur. Les activités corporelles les plus intimes sont évoquées afin de privilégier la dimension sordide et dérisoire de l’existence au détriment d’une approche romantique dont il reste quelques traces. Le corps est cependant dramatisé par sa relation privilégiée au langage qui participe d’un effet de réel mais contribue aussi à théâtraliser certaines scènes par l’emploi de dialogues qui relèvent d’une langue littéraire métaphorique et enrichie par des emprunts shakespeariens. C’est la parole qui redonne une forme de noblesse ou un sens du tragique à des personnages dont le corps est souvent trivialisé ou réifié.