bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unemployment of professional artists: empirical evidence from Australia
Authors: Zawadzki Kamil
Published: December 2016

This paper analyses the determinants of professional artists' unemployment. A sample of 1030 Australian artists was examined to determine the relationship between the probability of unemployment and artistic profession, education, origin and other demographic covariates. Special attention is focussed on factors influencing the probability of long‐term unemployment. It is found that artists in Australia are a heterogeneous labour market group, as regards exposure to unemployment and long‐term unemployment risk. The probability of unemployment episodes varies significantly depending on the artistic occupation: community cultural development workers, actors and directors are most likely to experience unemployment, while musicians and craftspeople are the least likely. Youth, disability, living in a capital city or in Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria or New South Wales, as well as level of tertiary education, can all increase the likelihood of unemployment episodes. On the other hand, participation in formal training in the artistic profession and living in a relationship or marriage are associated with a lower probability of unemployment. Being a writer or visual artist, living in the Northern Territory, and lower levels of education can increase the probability of experiencing long‐term unemployment. Neither gender, nor origin nor age affects the risk of long‐term unemployment of Australian artists.
The normalisation of income management in Australia: analysis of the parliamentary debates of 2007 and 2009–10
Authors: Lovell Melissa E.
Published: December 2016

Initially introduced as part of Australia's Northern Territory Intervention in 2007, Income Management (IM) explicitly targeted inhabitants of remote NT Indigenous communities. IM is a form of welfare conditionality that involves compulsorily ‘quarantining’ at least half of individuals' social security income. It has been heavily criticised for being racist, discriminatory, and a violation of individual rights. The introduction of New Income Management (NIM) in 2010 extended IM beyond Indigenous communities and introduced a new set of eligibility criteria that shifted the focus of IM from Indigenous people to working age recipients of social security income. This in depth study of the early parliamentary debates on the compulsory IM programs traces the patterns of political discourse that led to IM coming to be seen by many policy makers as a normal and legitimate technique within Australian social policy. Situating the IM programs within neoliberal concerns about welfare dependency and active citizenship, this article argues that the introduction of NIM heralded a shift from a conception of IM as part of a focused social experiment targeted at remote Indigenous communities to a potentially mainstream social policy option.
Social Worker Assessed Vulnerable Income Management
Authors: Bray J. Rob , Gray Matthew , Hand Kelly , Katz Ilan
Published: December 2016

Despite the small size of the sub program, Social Worker Assessed Vulnerable Welfare Payment Recipients Income Management is often cited as a preferred approach to this type of initiative, being tightly targeted at a group of people with identified high needs, and demonstrated poor outcomes. Although the program was considered in the two recent major evaluations of income management, specific findings relating to it have tended to be overshadowed by the more general finding of an absence of positive outcomes, and indeed potentially negative effects, from compulsory income management. While the size of the sub program has made evaluation difficult, the two major evaluations of income management have nevertheless made specific findings which suggest that the program has had some positive outcomes for a highly marginal participant group. These findings, along with aspects of the operation of the program, including the role played by social workers, and a proposal to abolish the program, are discussed.
Amyloid β induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation in retinal pigment epithelial cells via NADPH oxidase‐ and mitochondria‐dependent ROS production
Authors: Wang Ke , Yao Yong , Zhu Xue , Zhang Kai , Zhou Fanfan , Zhu Ling
Published: December 2016

Amyloid β (Aβ)‐induced chronic inflammation is believed to be a key pathogenic process in early‐stage age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation triggered by Aβ is responsible for retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction in the onset of AMD; however, the detailed molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the involvement of NADPH oxidase‐ and mitochondria‐derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the process of Aβ1–40‐induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS‐primed ARPE‐19 cells. The results showed that Aβ1–40 could induce excessive ROS generation, MAPK/NF‐κB signaling activation and subsequently NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS‐primed ARPE‐19 cells. Furthermore, the inductive effect of Aβ1–40 on NLRP3 inflammasome activation was mediated in a manner dependent on NADPH oxidase‐ and mitochondria‐derived ROS. Our findings may provide a novel insight into the molecular mechanism by which Aβ contributes to the early‐stage AMD.
LCN2 overexpression in bone enhances the hematopoietic compartment via modulation of the bone marrow microenvironment
Authors: Costa Delfina , Principi Elisa , Lazzarini Edoardo , Descalzi Fiorella , Cancedda Ranieri , Castagnola Patrizio , Tavella Sara
Published: December 2016

Lipocalin‐2 (LCN2) is a member of the lipocalin family whose expression is modulated in several conditions, including cell differentiation, innate immunity, stress, and cancer. Although it is known that it is expressed in bone, its function in this tissue remains poorly studied. To this end, we took advantage of transgenic mice lines that expressed LCN2 driven by a bone specific type I collagen (LCN2‐Tg). In the bone marrow (BM) of LCN2‐Tg mice we observed an increased number of phenotypically long‐term hematopoietic stem cells (LT‐HSC) that also displayed a higher proliferation rate compared to wild‐type controls (Wt). Furthermore, hematopoietic progenitor cells, obtained from LCN2‐Tg BM showed an increased clonogenic capacity compared to those obtained from LCN2‐Tg spleen, a higher concentration of serum erythropoietin and a higher number of mature erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of old LCN2‐Tg animals compared to aged‐matched wt. The findings of a combined increase in the BM of the LCN2‐Tg mice of SDF‐1, SCF, and TIMP‐1 levels along with the reduction of both MMP‐9 activity and cathepsin K concentration may explain the observed effects on the HSC compartment. This study shows that LCN2 overexpression in bones modifies the BM microenvironment via modulation of the expression of key secreted factors and cytokines, which in turn regulate the HSC niche behavior enhancing both HSC homing in young mice and erythrocytes production in older mice.
Change in temperature extremes and its correlation with mean temperature in mainland China from 1960 to 2015
Authors: Fang Shibo , Qi Yue , Yu Weiguo , Liang Hanyue , Han Guojun , Li Qingxiang , Shen Shuanghe , Zhou Guangsheng , Shi Guangxun
Published: December 2016

Changes in temperature extremes can be linked to mean temperature changes and variability. This study aims to quantify observed trends in mean and extreme temperature values and to analyse the relationship between mean and extreme temperatures in mainland China, based on daily data from 1960 to 2015. This is the first analysis undertaken of the relationship between mean and extreme temperatures in mainland China. Based on the 95th and 99th percentiles of daily Tmax and the 5th and 1st percentiles of daily Tmin, warm days (TX95p), hot days (TX99p), cold nights (TN05p), and very cold nights (TN01p) were defined. The results showed the following: (1) large increasing tendencies of TX95p and TX99p nearly all occurred in locations where mean temperature had substantially increased, and large decreasing tendencies of TN05p were more probably at locations of warming in mainland China; (2) the rise of mean temperature significantly increased the frequency of TX95p and TX99p, and decreased the frequency of TN05p, which indicates a simple shift of the entire distribution towards a warmer climate and greater potential risk of heat waves in the future. The likelihood of occurrence of TX95p and TX99p increased by about 3 and 1 day, respectively, and the occurrence of TN05p was reduced by about 4 days with a mean temperature increase of 1 °C, but the occurrence of TN01p was hardly affected, indicating increased variability of Tmin temperatures; and (3) the mean and extreme temperatures increased with the urbanization rate in China, and advanced phenologies and unaffected frequency of very cold nights (TN01p) could pose more potential risk of frost and freeze injury to crops in China in the future.
Lower airway disease and pituitary surgery: Is there an association with postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak?
Authors: Hanba Curtis , Svider Peter F. , Jacob Jeffrey T. , Guthikonda Murali , Liu James K. , Eloy Jean Anderson , Folbe Adam J.
Published: December 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

To explore the relationship between lower airway disease and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea among patients undergoing pituitary surgery

Study Design

Retrospective review.

Methods

A retrospective review of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's 2013 National Inpatient Sample was conducted to characterize the hospital stay and surgical outcomes of patients undergoing pituitary surgery. Patients with lower airway disease (including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) were compared to a disease‐free population identifying demographics and complications over‐represented in the lower airway group.

Results

The majority of hypophysectomies (92.1%) were performed via a transsphenoidal approach. Among transsphenoidal patients, individuals with asthma (92.8% of the lower airway disease cohort) harbored a greater postoperative CSF leak rate (4.7% vs. 2.7%, P = .022), and were more likely to develop postoperative diabetes insipidus (6.2% vs. 4.1%, P = .024) and neurological complications (13.0% vs. 9.6%, P = .010) when compared to a lower airway disease‐free cohort. Patients with CSF rhinorrhea had longer lengths of stay (7.8 days vs. 4.5 days, P < .001) and higher discharge costs ($148,309 vs. $76,246, P < .001). A binary logistic regression model identified having asthma (P = .042), being female (P = .011), and having gastroesophageal reflux disease (P = .006) as independent predictors of postoperative CSF rhinorrhea.

Conclusions

Several patient comorbidities including asthma are associated with a greater risk of postoperative CSF rhinorrhea. Perioperative lower airway assessment and disease control may potentially decrease one's risk of this complication, although further inquiry is urgently needed to identify optimal preventive strategies.

Level of Evidence

2c. Laryngoscope, 127:1543–1550, 2017
The strong tree property and weak square
Authors: Hayut Yair , Unger Spencer
Published: December 2016

We show that it is consistent, relative to ω many supercompact cardinals, that the super tree property holds at for all but there are weak square and a very good scale at .
Desolvation Induced Origami of Photocurable Polymers by Digit Light Processing
Authors: Zhao Zeang , Wu Jiangtao , Mu Xiaoming , Chen Haosen , Qi H. Jerry , Fang Daining
Published: December 2016

Self‐folding origami is of great interest in current research on functional materials and structures, but there is still a challenge to develop a simple method to create freestanding, reversible, and complex origami structures. This communication provides a feasible solution to this challenge by developing a method based on the digit light processing technique and desolvation‐induced self‐folding. In this new method, flat polymer sheets can be cured by a light field from a commercial projector with varying intensity, and the self‐folding process is triggered by desolvation in water. Folded origami structures can be recovered once immersed in the swelling medium. The self‐folding process is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Diverse 3D origami shapes are demonstrated. This method can be used for responsive actuators and the fabrication of 3D electronic devices.

image
Modeling RAFT Gelation and Grafting of Polymer Brushes for the Production of Molecularly Imprinted Functional Particles
Authors: Oliveira Daniela , Dias Rolando C.S. , Costa Mário R.P.F.N.
Published: December 2016

RAFT precipitation polymerization was here used for the molecular imprinting of 5‐fluorouracil (a drug used in cancer treatment) followed by grafting of polymer functional brushes in the particles surface. Materials combining high molecular recognition capabilities and stimulation triggered by changes in the surrounding environment (e.g. pH/temperature) have thus been sought. Mathematical modeling of the RAFT copolymerization of vinyl/divinyl monomers was used to describe the crosslinking process involved in the molecular imprinting step. The size of the grafted polymer functional brushes was estimated using models for the calculation of molecular weight distribution in RAFT homopolymerization. One of the goals of this study consists in the development of polymer reaction engineering tools for the design of synthesis conditions leading to tailored molecularly imprinted particles with responsive features. A first sketch of the two steps involved in the production of the MIP responsive particles is here presented. However, the need for new kinetic studies accounting for specificities of the molecular imprinting and surface extension processes (e.g. presence of template during molecular imprinting and solvent effects) is here identified. Measurements of the dynamics of gelation and brushes growth are also needed to perform model validation. Improvement on the modeling of RAFT gelation with heterogeneous conditions avoiding some simplifications and the amelioration of the numerical efficiency in the calculation of the MWD of RAFT polymers are other issues to be addressed in future works.
Encapsulation of Gibbsite Platelets With Free Radical and Controlled Radical Emulsion Polymerization Approaches, a Small Review
Authors: Loiko Olessya P. , Spoelstra Anne B. , van Herk Alexander M. , Meuldijk Jan , Heuts Johan P.A.
Published: December 2016

Water‐borne anisotropic polymer‐Gibbsite latex particles were prepared by a conventional and an atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) based starved‐feed emulsion polymerisation without any chemical modification of the platelet surface. Anionic co‐oligomers, synthesised via ATRP, were used in both approaches. In the conventional‐based route charged co‐oligomer acted as stabiliser for the initial platelets and the latex particles formed. In case of an ATRP‐based approach the co‐oligomer not only served as stabiliser, but also as a macroinitiator for Activator ReGenerated by Electron Transfer (ARGET) ATRP‐based starved‐feed emulsion polymerisation. Cryo‐TEM characterization of the resulting nanocomposites showed successfully encapsulated platelets in the conventional‐based approach and a “muffin‐like” morphology in the ATRP‐based one.
On the stability of a space vehicle riding on an intense laser beam
Authors: Popova Elena , Efendiev Messoud , Gabitov Ildar
Published: December 2016

The Breakthrough Starshot Initiative is suggested to develop the concept of propelling a nanoscale spacecraft by the radiation pressure of an intense laser beam. In this project, the nanocraft is a gram‐scale robotic spacecraft comprising two main parts: StarChip and Lightsail. To achieve the goal of the project, it is necessary to solve a number of scientific problems. One of these tasks is to make sure that the nanocraft position and orientation inside the intense laser beam column are stable. The nanocraft driven by intense laser beam pressure acting on its Lightsail is sensitive to the torques and lateral forces reacting on the surface of the sail. These forces influence the orientation and lateral displacement of the spacecraft, thus affecting its dynamics. If unstable, the nanocraft might be expelled from the area of laser beam. In choosing the models for nanocraft stability studies, we are using several assumptions: (i) configuration of nanocraft is treated as a rigid body; (ii) flat or concave shape of circular sail; and (iii) mirror reflection of laser beam from surface of the Lightsail. We found conditions of position stability for spherical and conical shapes of the sail. The simplest stable configurations require the StarChip to be removed from the sail to make the distance to the center of mass of the nanocraft bigger than the curvature radius of the sail. Stability criteria do not require the spinning of the nanocraft. A flat sail is never stable. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chipless RFID tag with an improved magnitude and robustness of RCS response
Authors: Svanda Milan , Polivka Milan , Havlicek Jaroslav , Machac Jan
Published: December 2016

This paper describes properties of a new 20‐bit chipless RFID tag of the size 52 × 50 mm2, which exhibits an improved magnitude and robustness of the radar cross section. The tag is based on a novel slots‐in‐plate array approach, which is complementary to a typical tag consisting of an array of single resonators. In order to eliminate the detuning effect of the missing or shortening slots representing ‘0’ bit information on the resonances of neighbouring slots signifying ‘1’ bit information, the modification of the inter‐element arrangement was proposed. Both ways of ‘0’ bit information coding were studied and compared. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:488–492, 2017
From Form to Function to Sustainable Solutions? Reforming Public Sectors in Low Income Countries: New Approaches and Available Evidence of “What Works”
Authors: Fritz Verena
Published: December 2016

The article reviews the evidence about success of public sector reforms in low and middle income countries, external support for such reforms, and recent ideas of how such support could be better designed and implemented. Enthusiasm for supporting public sector reforms has decreased over the past decade, and available data suggest that there has been little overall improvement. However, it also indicates that a small number of countries have significantly strengthened their public sectors over the past 10 to 20 years. The article then reviews five new approaches that have been proposed for better supporting public sector reforms. It looks at how they diagnose what has not worked and the implications of what should be carried out differently. Furthermore, it explores to what extent the available evidence of overall stagnation as well as of success cases fits with these proposed alternatives, to gauge to what extent they are likely to make a difference. The final section sets out the implications. Development agencies should seek to deliberately test a combination of the proposed alternative approaches, particularly in more difficult contexts, taking political feasibility as a basis and adding other elements. The urgency to make progress remains high. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
En route towards the peptide γ‐helix: X‐ray diffraction analyses and conformational energy calculations of Adm‐rich short peptides
Authors: Mazzier Daniela , Grassi Luigi , Moretto Alessandro , Alemán Carlos , Formaggio Fernando , Toniolo Claudio , Crisma Marco
Published: December 2016

We performed the solution‐phase synthesis of a set of model peptides, including homo‐oligomers, based on the 2‐aminoadamantane‐2‐carboxylic acid (Adm) residue, an extremely bulky, highly lipophilic, tricyclic, achiral, Cα‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acid. In particular, for the difficult peptide coupling reaction between two Adm residues, we took advantage of the Meldal's α‐azidoacyl chloride approach. Most of the synthesized Adm peptides were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. The results indicate a significant propensity for the Adm residue to adopt γ‐turn and γ‐turn‐like conformations. Interestingly, we found that a ‐CO‐(Adm)2‐NH‐ sequence is folded in the crystal state into a regular, incipient γ‐helix, at variance with the behavior of all of the homo‐dipeptides from Cα‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acids already investigated, which tend to adopt either the β‐turn or the fully extended conformation. Our density functional theory conformational energy calculations on the terminally blocked homo‐peptides (n = 2–8) fully confirmed the crystal‐state data, strongly supporting the view that this rigid Cα‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acid residue is largely the most effective building block for γ‐helix induction, although to a limited length (anti‐cooperative effect). Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assimilation for skin SST in the NASA GEOS atmospheric data assimilation system
Authors: Akella Santha , Todling Ricardo , Suarez Max
Published: December 2016

The present article describes the sea surface temperature (SST) developments implemented in the Goddard Earth Observing System, Version 5 (GEOS) Atmospheric Data Assimilation System (ADAS). These are enhancements that contribute to the development of an atmosphere–ocean coupled data assimilation system using GEOS. In the current quasi‐operational GEOS‐ADAS, the SST is a boundary condition prescribed based on the OSTIA product, therefore SST and skin SST (Ts) are identical.

This work modifies the GEOS‐ADAS Ts by modelling and assimilating near sea surface sensitive satellite infrared (IR) observations. The atmosphere–ocean interface layer of the GEOS atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is updated to include near‐surface diurnal warming and cool‐skin effects. The GEOS analysis system is also updated to directly assimilate SST‐relevant Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) radiance observations.

Data assimilation experiments designed to evaluate the Ts modification in GEOS‐ADAS show improvements in the assimilation of radiance observations that extend beyond the thermal infrared bands of AVHRR. In particular, many channels of hyperspectral sensors, such as those of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) are also better assimilated. We also obtained improved fit to withheld insitu buoy measurement of near‐surface SST. Evaluation of forecast skill scores show neutral to marginal benefit from the modified Ts.
Objective classification of extratropical cyclogenesis
Authors: Graf Michael A. , Wernli Heini , Sprenger Michael
Published: December 2016

Extratropical cyclones experience vastly different genesis conditions at the first point of their tracks. A novel method is introduced to characterize this variability and classify genesis events by computing 30 diagnostic variables that describe the synoptic‐scale environment of 16 029 genesis events in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, using ERA‐Interim reanalyses from 2000–2011. These variables are referred to as precursors and include parameters characterizing upper‐level forcing, low‐level baroclinicity, thermodynamic stability, surface fluxes and moist processes. The genesis events spread over a large portion of the 30‐dimensional precursor phase space and no obvious clusters occur, which highlights the high variability of cyclogenesis processes and indicates that they form in a continuum rather than a few distinct categories. A projection of the genesis events to the first two principle components (PC) of the precursor phase space allows reduction of the dimensionality and introduction of a meaningful segmentation of the genesis events in five classes. The first two PCs are characterized by upper‐level forcing (e.g. the amplitude of the upper‐level potential vorticity (PV) anomaly) and low‐tropospheric diabatic processes (e.g. precipitation and diabatically produced low‐level PV), respectively. The first of the five classes identified constitutes the centre of the PC1–PC2 phase space and represents average conditions. Composites reveal that the four classes of events characterized by large positive or negative scores of PC1 and PC2 occur in distinct and strongly differing flow regimes, characterized by the strength of the upper‐level forcing, the structure of the upper‐level jet and the amplitude of low‐level moist processes and baroclinicity. The four classes also have clearly differing geographical distributions. Many well‐known cyclogenesis events fall within classes characterized by strong low‐level moist processes with or without strong upper‐level forcing. Also discussed are the robustness of the method and the linkage to classical concepts of cyclone classifications.
Performance analysis of next generation web access via satellite
Authors: Secchi R. , Mohideen A. C. , Fairhurst G.
Published: December 2016

Responsiveness is a critical metric for web performance. Recent work in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has resulted in a new set of web protocols, including definition of the hypertext transfer protocol version 2 (HTTP/2) and a corresponding set of TCP updates. Together, these have been designed to reduce the web page download latency compared with HTTP/1.1. This paper describes the main features of the new protocols and discusses the impact of path delay on their expected performance. It then presents a set of tests to evaluate whether current implementations of the new protocols can offer benefit with an operational satellite access network and suggests how the specifications can evolve and be tuned to further enhance performance for long network paths. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Image, Volume 8, Issue 1
Authors: Sperling Ruth
Published: December 2016

The cover image, by Ruth Sperling, is based on the Advanced Review The nuts and bolts of the endogenous spliceosome, DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1377.

image
Reengineering of the feedback-inhibition enzyme N-acetyl-l-glutamate kinase to enhance l-arginine production in Corynebacterium crenatum
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Xu Meijuan , Ge Xiaoxun , Zhang Xian , Yang Taowei , Xu Zhenghong , Rao Zhiming
Published: December 2016

N-acetyl-l-glutamate kinase (NAGK) catalyzes the second step of l-arginine biosynthesis and is inhibited by l-arginine in Corynebacterium crenatum. To ascertain the basis for the arginine sensitivity of CcNAGK, residue E19 which located at the entrance of the Arginine-ring was subjected to site-saturated mutagenesis and we successfully illustrated the inhibition-resistant mechanism. Typically, the E19Y mutant displayed the greatest deregulation of l-arginine feedback inhibition. An equally important strategy is to improve the catalytic activity and thermostability of CcNAGK. For further strain improvement, we used site-directed mutagenesis to identify mutations that improve CcNAGK. Results identified variants I74V, F91H and K234T display higher specific activity and thermostability. The l-arginine yield and productivity of the recombinant strain C. crenatum SYPA-EH3 (which possesses a combination of all four mutant sites, E19Y/I74V/F91H/K234T) reached 61.2 and 0.638 g/L/h, respectively, after 96 h in 5 L bioreactor fermentation, an increase of approximately 41.8% compared with the initial strain.
Molecular methods resolve the bacterial composition of natural marine biofilms on galvanically coupled stainless steel cathodes
Authors: Oldham Athenia L , Steinberg Mia K , Duncan Kathleen E , Makama Zakari , Beech Iwona
Published: December 2016

Navy vessels consist of various metal alloys and biofilm accumulation at the metal surface is thought to play a role in influencing metal deterioration. To develop better strategies to monitor and control metallic biofilms, it is necessary to resolve the bacterial composition within the biofilm. This study aimed to determine if differences in electrochemical current could influence the composition of dominant bacteria in a metallic biofilm, and if so, determine the level of resolution using metagenomic amplicon sequencing. Current was generated by creating galvanic couples between cathodes made from stainless steel and anodes made from carbon steel, aluminum, or copper nickel and exposing them in the Delaware Bay. Stainless steel cathodes (SSCs) coupled to aluminum or carbon steel generated a higher mean current (0.39 mA) than that coupled to copper nickel (0.17 mA). Following 3 months of exposure, the bacterial composition of biofilms collected from the SSCs was determined and compared. Dominant bacterial taxa from the two higher current SSCs were different from that of the low-current SSC as determined by DGGE and verified by Illumina DNA-seq analysis. These results demonstrate that electrochemical current could influence the composition of dominant bacteria in metallic biofilms and that amplicon sequencing is sufficient to complement current methods used to study metallic biofilms in marine environments.
The Confluence of Psychiatric Symptoms and Neurodegenerative Disease: Impact on Genetic Counseling
Authors: Goldman Jill S. , Huey Edward D. , Thorne Deborah Z.
Published: December 2016

Hereditary neurodegenerative diseases can present with a psychiatric prodrome that overlaps with psychiatric symptoms that are not primary to these diseases. When individuals present for predictive testing while experiencing such symptoms, clinicians including genetic counselors, must proceed with caution and evaluate each situation on a case‐by‐case basis. Legitimate reasons may exist for moving forward with testing. Additionally predicting the consequences of testing is unrealistic so that the clinicians must do their best to prepare patients for both positive and negative results. A multidisciplinary team following the Huntington disease protocol remains the gold standard care for predictive testing for such patients. We discuss 3 case histories that demonstrate the complex nature of genetic counseling and testing in the presence of psychiatric symptoms, whether emanating from the disease itself or the results of living in an affected family.
Serum n‐3 Tetracosapentaenoic Acid and Tetracosahexaenoic Acid Increase Following Higher Dietary α‐Linolenic Acid but not Docosahexaenoic Acid
Authors: Metherel Adam H. , Domenichiello Anthony F. , Kitson Alex P. , Lin Yu‐Hong , Bazinet Richard P.
Published: December 2016

n‐3 Tetracosapentaenoic acid (24:5n‐3, TPAn‐3) and tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:6n‐3, THA) are believed to be important intermediates to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) synthesis. The purpose of this study is to report for the first time serum concentrations of TPAn‐3 and THA and their response to changing dietary α‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐3, ALA) and DHA. The responses will then be used in an attempt to predict the location of these fatty acids in relation to DHA in the biosynthetic pathway. Male Long Evans rats (n = 6 per group) were fed either a low (0.1% of total fatty acids), medium (3%) or high (10%) ALA diet with no added DHA, or a low (0%), medium (0.2%) or high (2%) DHA diet with a background of 2% ALA for 8 weeks post‐weaning. Serum n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations (nmol/mL ± SEM) were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Serum THA increases from low (0.3 ± 0.1) to medium (5.8 ± 0.7) but not from medium to high (4.6 ± 0.9) dietary ALA, while serum TPAn‐3 increases with increasing dietary ALA from 0.09 ± 0.04 to 0.70 ± 0.09 to 1.23 ± 0.14 nmol/mL. Following DHA feeding, neither TPAn‐3 or THA change across all dietary DHA intake levels. Serum TPAn‐3 demonstrates a similar response to dietary DHA. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that increases in dietary ALA but not DHA increase serum TPAn‐3 and THA in rats, suggesting that both fatty acids are precursors to DHA in the biosynthetic pathway.
Social Amplification: A Mechanism in the Spread of Brand Usage
Authors: East Robert , Uncles Mark , Romaniuk Jenni , Lomax Wendy
Published: December 2016

This paper is concerned with the way in which positive word of mouth (PWOM) about brands spreads their usage. We find that brand users, who have heard positive comments on their brand, offer nearly twice as much PWOM as users who have not heard such comments. We identify a transmission mechanism that underpins the production of PWOM; specifically, that social amplification underlies this effect.

While brands are at the core of our investigation, background theory comes from the literature on diffusion and the adoption of new products. We explain the social basis of new product adoption and argue that social amplification works alongside the classic infectious disease model of diffusion and results in further adoptions when the extra WOM reaches non-users. We support this account with evidence using data from studies on branded mobile phones, movies, vacation destinations, hotels, restaurants and fashion stores. It is proposed that recommendation received from others stimulates more PWOM because it provides a script which the receiver of the recommendation can use in subsequent conversations, and we offer empirical support for this proposal.
Cognitive complaints in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease are associated with altered resting‐state networks
Authors: Contreras Joey A. , Goñi Joaquín , Risacher Shannon L. , Amico Enrico , Yoder Karmen , Dzemidzic Mario , West John D. , McDonald Brenna C. , Farlow Martin R. , Sporns Olaf , Saykin Andrew J.
Published: December 2016

Introduction

Pathophysiological changes that accompany early clinical symptoms in prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD) may have a disruptive influence on brain networks. We investigated resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI), combined with brain connectomics, to assess changes in whole‐brain functional connectivity (FC) in relation to neurocognitive variables.

Methods

Participants included 58 older adults who underwent rsfMRI. Individual FC matrices were computed based on a 278‐region parcellation. FastICA decomposition was performed on a matrix combining all subjects' FC. Each FC pattern was then used as a response in a multilinear regression model including neurocognitive variables associated with AD (cognitive complaint index [CCI] scores from self and informant, an episodic memory score, and an executive function score).

Results

Three connectivity independent component analysis (connICA) components (RSN, VIS, and FP‐DMN FC patterns) associated with neurocognitive variables were identified based on prespecified criteria. RSN‐pattern, characterized by increased FC within all resting‐state networks, was negatively associated with self CCI. VIS‐pattern, characterized by an increase in visual resting‐state network, was negatively associated with CCI self or informant scores. FP‐DMN‐pattern, characterized by an increased interaction of frontoparietal and default mode networks (DMN), was positively associated with verbal episodic memory.

Discussion

Specific patterns of FC were differently associated with neurocognitive variables thought to change early in the course of AD. An integrative connectomics approach relating cognition to changes in FC may help identify preclinical and early prodromal stages of AD and help elucidate the complex relationship between subjective and objective indices of cognitive decline and differences in brain functional organization.
Burnout en estudiantes de enfermería de una universidad privada
Authors: Uribe T. María Ángela , Illesca P. Mónica
Published: December 2016

Introducción: El síndrome de burnout es común a todas las personas que realizan cualquier actividad laboral y se ven sobrepasados por la falta de tiempo, el exceso de tareas, el incremento de obligaciones y la conciencia sobre la imposibilidad de cumplir con lo planeado; no es exclusivo de género, raza, estatus social, profesión o edad. El burnout académico surge de la presunción de que los estudiantes, específicamente universitarios, al igual que cualquier profesional, se encuentran con presiones y sobrecargas académicas propias de este colectivo. Ellos mantienen una relación de compensación directa e indirecta con la institución, evidenciada en apoyos económicos, becas, reconocimientos. De esta manera, la sobreexigencia del trabajo sería equivalente al exceso de actividades y tareas propias del proceso de aprendizaje.
Objetivo: Determinar la presencia del síndrome de burnout en los estudiantes de la carrera de Enfermería de una universidad privada de Chile, expresado en las variables sociodemográficas-académicas y la relación de los niveles de burnout, los ámbitos actitudinales y comportamentales.
Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte trasversal a 244 sujetos. Para recolectar los datos se utilizó la Escala Unidimensional del Burnout Estudiantil y un instrumento para la obtención de antecedentes sociodemográficos y académicos. El análisis es descriptivo, expresado en tablas de distribución de frecuencia, y la asociación entre las variables, mediante el índice de correlación de Spearman y Chi2.
Resultados: El 100% de los estudiantes presentaron burnout académico, prevaleciendo el nivel «leve» (73.4%) y predominando el indicador comportamental. En el análisis de asociación del síndrome con las variables sociodemográficas y  cadémicas no se apreció una relación significativa.
The Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative (ONDRI)
Authors: Farhan Sali M. K. , Bartha Robert , Black Sandra E. , Corbett Dale , Finger Elizabeth , Freedman Morris , Greenberg Barry , Grimes David A. , Hegele Robert A. , Hudson Chris , Kleinstiver Peter W. , Lang Anthony E. , Masellis Mario , McIlroy William E. , McLaughlin Paula M. , Montero-Odasso Manuel , Munoz David G. , Munoz Douglas P. , Strother Stephen , Swartz Richard H. , Symons Sean , Tartaglia Maria Carmela , Zinman Lorne ,   ONDRI Investigators, Strong Michael J.
Published: December 2016

Because individuals develop dementia as a manifestation of neurodegenerative or neurovascular disorder, there is a need to develop reliable approaches to their identification. We are undertaking an observational study (Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative [ONDRI]) that includes genomics, neuroimaging, and assessments of cognition as well as language, speech, gait, retinal imaging, and eye tracking. Disorders studied include Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and vascular cognitive impairment. Data from ONDRI will be collected into the Brain-CODE database to facilitate correlative analysis. ONDRI will provide a repertoire of endophenotyped individuals that will be a unique, publicly available resource.
Thou shalt not cheat: how to reduce internet use in web surveys on political knowledge
Authors: Vezzoni Cristiano , Ladini Riccardo
Published: December 2016

By means of a split-ballot survey experiment, we study whether a normative instruction not to use the internet when answering political knowledge questions reduces cheating in web surveys. The knowledge questions refer to basic facts about the European Union and the data come from the Italian National Election Study web panel carried out in Italy before the 2014 European Election. Our analysis shows that a simple normative instruction significantly reduces cheating. We also show that reducing cheating is important to achieve a correct assessment of reliability of knowledge scales, while a decrease of cheating leaves unaltered the knowledge gap between lower and higher educated respondents. These results invite caution when including political knowledge questions in an online survey. Our advice is to include a normative instruction not to search the internet to reduce cheating and obtain more genuine answers. More generally, we conclude by stressing the need to consider the implications of online data collection when building questionnaires for public opinion research.
Vapour explosion under hot water depressurization
Authors: Ivashnyov Oleg E. , Ivashneva Marina N.
Published: December 2016

This paper continues a series of works developing a model for a high-speed boiling flow capable of describing different fluxes with no change in the model coefficients. Refining the interfacial area transport equation in partial derivatives, we test the ability of the model to describe phenomena that cannot be simulated by models that average the interfacial interaction. In the previous version, the possibility for bubble fragmentation was considered, which permitted us to reproduce an explosive boiling in rarefaction shocks moving at a speed of ${\sim}10~\text{m}~\text{s}^{-1}$ fixed in experiments on hot water decompression. The shocks were shown to be caused by a chain bubble fragmentation leading to a sharp increase in the interphase area (Ivashnyov et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 413, 2000, pp. 149–180). With no change in the free parameters (the initial number of boiling centres in the flow bulk and the critical Weber number) chosen for a tube decompression, the model gave close predictions for critical flows in long nozzles, $L/D\sim 100$. The formation of a boiling shock in the nozzle was shown to be the reason for the onset of autovibrated regimes (Ivashnyov & Ivashneva, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 710, 2012, pp. 72–101). However, the previous model does not simulate the phenomenon of a vapour explosion at a primary stage of a hot water decompression, when the first rarefaction wave is followed by an extended, 1 m width, several MPa amplitude compression wave in which the pressure reaches a plateau below a saturation value. The model proposed assumes initial boiling centre origination at the channel walls. Due to overflowing, the wall bubbles break up, with their fragments passing into the flow. On growing up, the flow bubbles can break up in their turn. It is shown that an extended compression wave is caused by the fragmentation of wall bubbles, which leads to the increase in the interphase area, boiling intensification and the pressure rise. The pressure reaches a plateau before a saturation state is reached due to flow momentum loss accelerating the fragments of wall bubbles. The phenomenon of pressure ‘oscillation’ fixed in some experimental oscillograms when the pressure in the compression wave increases up to a saturation pressure and then drops to the plateau value has been explained as well. The ‘illposedness’ defect of the generally accepted model for two-phase two-velocity flow with a compressible carrying phase, which lies in its complex characteristics, has been rectified. The calculations of a stationary countercurrent liquid-particle flow in a diffuser with the improved hyperbolic model predicts a critical regime with a maximal liquid mass flux, while the old non-hyperbolic model simulates the supercritical regimes with ‘numerical instabilities’. Calculations of a transient upward flow of particles have shown the formation of a superslow ‘creeping’ shock wave of particles compacting.
Hydro-acoustic frequencies of the weakly compressible mild-slope equation
Authors: Renzi Emiliano
Published: December 2016

We present a novel analytical solution for hydro-acoustic waves in a weakly compressible fluid flow over a slowly varying bottom. Application of a multiple-scale perturbation technique and matched asymptotic analysis leads to a uniform analytical solution of the depth-averaged governing equations in three dimensions. We show that the slow depth variation has a leading-order effect on the evolution of the normal mode amplitude and direction. This dynamics is much richer than the two-dimensional limit analysed in previous studies. For tsunamigenic disturbances, we show that the hydro-acoustic wave field is made up by longshore trapped and offshore propagating components, which were not explicated in previous work. For a plane beach, we find an exact analytical solution of the model equation in terms of integrals of Bessel functions. Our model offers a physical insight into the evolution of hydro-acoustic waves of interest for the design of tsunami early warning systems.
Topological fluid mechanics of the formation of the Kármán-vortex street
Authors: Heil Matthias , Rosso Jordan , Hazel Andrew L. , Brøns Morten
Published: December 2016

We explore the two-dimensional flow around a circular cylinder with the aim of elucidating the changes in the topology of the vorticity field that lead to the formation of the Kármán vortex street. Specifically, we analyse the formation and disappearance of extremal points of vorticity, which we consider to be feature points for vortices. The basic vortex creation mechanism is shown to be a topological cusp bifurcation in the vorticity field, where a saddle and an extremum of the vorticity are created simultaneously. We demonstrate that vortices are first created approximately 100 diameters downstream of the cylinder, at a Reynolds number,$Re_{K}$, which is slightly larger than the critical Reynolds number,$Re_{crit}\approx 46$, at which the flow becomes time periodic. For$Re$slightly above$Re_{K}$, the newly created vortices disappear again a short distance further downstream. As$Re$is further increased, the points of creation and disappearance move rapidly upstream and downstream, respectively, and the Kármán vortex street persists over increasingly large streamwise distances.
Disentangling the origins of torque enhancement through wall roughness in Taylor–Couette turbulence
Authors: Zhu Xiaojue , Verzicco Roberto , Lohse Detlef
Published: December 2016

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are performed to analyse the global transport properties of turbulent Taylor–Couette flow with inner rough wall up to Taylor number$Ta=10^{10}$. The dimensionless torque $Nu_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}}$ shows an effective scaling of $Nu_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}}\propto Ta^{0.42\pm 0.01}$, which is steeper than the ultimate regime effective scaling $Nu_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}}\propto Ta^{0.38}$ seen for smooth inner and outer walls. It is found that at the inner rough wall, the dominant contribution to the torque comes from the pressure forces on the radial faces of the rough elements; while viscous shear stresses on the rough surfaces contribute little to $Nu_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}}$. Thus, the log layer close to the rough wall depends on the roughness length scale, rather than on the viscous length scale. We then separate the torque contributed from the smooth inner wall and the rough outer wall. It is found that the smooth wall torque scaling follows $Nu_{s}\propto Ta_{s}^{0.38\pm 0.01}$, in excellent agreement with the case where both walls are smooth. In contrast, the rough wall torque scaling follows $Nu_{r}\propto Ta_{r}^{0.47\pm 0.03}$, very close to the pure ultimate regime scaling $Nu_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}}\propto Ta^{1/2}$. The energy dissipation rate at the wall of an inner rough cylinder decreases significantly as a consequence of the wall shear stress reduction caused by the flow separation at the rough elements. On the other hand, the latter shed vortices in the bulk that are transported towards the outer cylinder and dissipated. Compared to the purely smooth case, the inner wall roughness renders the system more bulk dominated and thus increases the effective scaling exponent.