bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wnt signaling regulates pancreatic β cell proliferation
Authors: Rulifson Ingrid C. , Karnik Satyajit K. , Heiser Patrick W. , ten Berge Derk , Chen Hainan , Gu Xueying , Taketo Makoto M. , Nusse Roel , Hebrok Matthias , Kim Seung K.
Published: April 2007

There is widespread interest in defining factors and mechanisms that stimulate proliferation of pancreatic islet cells. Wnt signaling is an important regulator of organ growth and cell fates, and genes encoding Wnt-signaling factors are expressed in the pancreas. However, it is unclear whether Wnt signaling regulates pancreatic islet proliferation and differentiation. Here we provide evidence that Wnt signaling stimulates islet β cell proliferation. The addition of purified Wnt3a protein to cultured β cells or islets promoted expression of Pitx2, a direct target of Wnt signaling, and Cyclin D2, an essential regulator of β cell cycle progression, and led to increased β cell proliferation
in vitro
. Conditional pancreatic β cell expression of activated β-catenin, a crucial Wnt signal transduction protein, produced similar phenotypes
in vivo
, leading to β cell expansion, increased insulin production and serum levels, and enhanced glucose handling. Conditional β cell expression of Axin, a potent negative regulator of Wnt signaling, led to reduced Pitx2 and Cyclin D2 expression by β cells, resulting in reduced neonatal β cell expansion and mass and impaired glucose tolerance. Thus, Wnt signaling is both necessary and sufficient for islet β cell proliferation, and our study provides previously unrecognized evidence of a mechanism governing endocrine pancreas growth and function.
Phosphorylation and regulation of a G protein–coupled receptor by protein kinase CK2
Authors: Torrecilla Ignacio , Spragg Elizabeth J. , Poulin Benoit , McWilliams Phillip J. , Mistry Sharad C. , Blaukat Andree , Tobin Andrew B.
Published: April 2007

We demonstrate a role for protein kinase casein kinase 2 (CK2) in the phosphorylation and regulation of the M3-muscarinic receptor in transfected cells and cerebellar granule neurons. On agonist occupation, specific subsets of receptor phosphoacceptor sites (which include the SASSDEED motif in the third intracellular loop) are phosphorylated by CK2. Receptor phosphorylation mediated by CK2 specifically regulates receptor coupling to the Jun-kinase pathway. Importantly, other phosphorylation-dependent receptor processes are regulated by kinases distinct from CK2. We conclude that G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be phosphorylated in an agonist-dependent fashion by protein kinases from a diverse range of kinase families, not just the GPCR kinases, and that receptor phosphorylation by a defined kinase determines a specific signalling outcome. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the M3-muscarinic receptor can be differentially phosphorylated in different cell types, indicating that phosphorylation is a flexible regulatory process where the sites that are phosphorylated, and hence the signalling outcome, are dependent on the cell type in which the receptor is expressed.
Spontaneous tumor rejection by cbl-b–deficient CD8+ T cells
Authors: Loeser Stefanie , Loser Karin , Bijker Martijn S. , Rangachari Manu , van der Burg Sjoerd H. , Wada Teiji , Beissert Stefan , Melief Cornelis J.M. , Penninger Josef M.
Published: April 2007

The concept of tumor surveillance implies that specific and nonspecific components of the immune system eliminate tumors in the early phase of malignancy. Understanding the biochemical mechanisms of tumor immunosurveillance is of paramount significance because it might allow one to specifically modulate spontaneous antitumor activity. We report that inactivation of the E3 ligase Casitas B cell lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) confers spontaneous in vivo rejection of tumor cells that express human papilloma virus antigens. Moreover, cbl-b−/− mice develop significantly fewer ultraviolet B (UVB)–induced skin malignancies and reject UVB-induced skin tumors. CD8+ T cells were identified as key players in the spontaneous tumor rejection response. Loss of Cbl-b not only enhances antitumor reactivity of CD8+ T cells but also occurs in the absence of CD4+ T cells. Mechanistically, cbl-b−/− CD8+ T cells are resistant to T regulatory cell–mediated suppression and exhibit enhanced activation and rapid tumor infiltration. Importantly, therapeutic transfer of naive cbl-b−/− CD8+ T cells is sufficient to mediate rejection of established tumors. Even up to 1 yr after the first encounter with the tumor cells, cbl-b−/− mice carry an “anticancer memory.” These data identify Cbl-b as a key signaling molecule that controls spontaneous antitumor activity of cytotoxic T cells in different cancer models. Inhibition of Cbl-b is a novel approach to stimulate long-lasting immunity against cancer.
The “Rout of Monsters” in Cornus
Authors: Wentersdorf Karl P.
Published: April 2007

In his entertainment A Mask Presented at Ludlow‐Castle, 1634, Milton describes the followers of the “foul inchanter” Comus, son of Circe by Bacchus, as a “rout of Monsters” who have been transformed, by a metamorphosis of their heads,

Into som brutish form of Woolf, or Bear, Or Ounce, or Tiger, Hog, or bearded Goat, All other parts remaining as they were.
Further Thoughts on Satan's Journey Through Chaos I
Authors: Lieb Michael
Published: April 2007

Several years ago, I attempted to determine imagistically the scatological dimension of Satan's journey through Chaos in Book II of Paradise Lost.1 That journey, I maintained in The Dialectics of Creation, involves, among other things, an ironic debasement of the Arch‐Deceiver in scatological terms.2 Entering Chaos’“Furnace mouth,” which belches forth its innards (II. 888‐89), Satan becomes part of the “crude consistence” (II. 941) that characterizes Chaos’“intestine broils” (II. 1001).3 As such, he participates in a process of intestinal decomposition that finally expels him as “waste” through the opening of what Milton variously calls the “bare outside of this World” (III. 74) and the “backside of the World” (III. 494). There, he is buffeted as the “sport of Winds” (III. 393) in a place “since calld/The Paradise of Fools” (III. 495‐96). In that way, his journey nicely illustrates Raphael's adage that excess “soon turns / Wisdom to Folly, as Nourishment to Wind” (VII. 129‐30). Assuming the imagistic validity of this scatological point of view, I would now like to explore some of its biographical and historical implications.
On Toads and the Justice of God
Authors: Danielson Dennis
Published: April 2007

In Book IV of Paradise Lost Satan undergoes a metamorphosis in three stages: between his entry into the garden and his discovery by Ithuriel and Zephon he appears as a cormorant (l. 196), as a variety of “those four‐footed kinds” (l. 397), and finally as a toad (l. 800). Ann Grossman has recently claimed that such animal imagery implies “a medieval treatment of evil as grotesque,“ and Irby Cauthen has shown—most notably from Topsell's Historie of Serpents—how appropriate it was for a seventeenth‐century poet to portray Satan as a toad. What I would like to do here, far from contradicting either of these helpful essays, is to consider what may have been the theological basis for Milton's presenting Satan's decline in Book IV as he does; and this, I believe, will allow a clearer understanding of how Satan's metamorphosis—particularly as a toad—not only enhances the account of what Gossman aptly terms his “progressively degenerating hell of self,“ but also in so doing reinforces the poem's pervasive theme of the justice of divine judgment.1
A Summer Institute for College Professors on Paradise Lost
Authors: Simons Louise
Published: April 2007

Donne Society Meeting

Central Renaissance Conference

South‐Central Renaissance Conference
Progress Report on Long Period Seismographs
Authors: Benioff Hugo , Press Frank
Published: April 2007

Long period seismograph systems in operation in Pasadena are described. Extension of the group velocity curves for mantle Rayleigh waves and G-waves, the detection of these waves from earthquakes in the magnitude range , and the recording of unusual body waves with unsuspected long period components are among the results which have been achieved.
Caustics Produced by Waves Through the Earth's Core
Authors: Gutenberg B.
Published: April 2007

Caustics produced by SKP, PKS, PKP and other phases through the Earth's core are investigated. No impulses from diffracted waves with periods of two seconds or more have been found beyond five degrees from caustics. Short waves preceding the main PKIKP-phase at distances between 125° and 140° probably have their deepest point in or near a transition zone between the liquid outer and the probably solid inner core and it is unlikely that they are related to the caustic of PKP near 145° although their travel-time curves end near this caustic. The observed range of long-period waves diffracted beyond the caustics of several phases is smaller than the maximum range calculated by Jeffreys.
On the Chemical Composition of the Outer Core
Authors: MacDonald Gordon J. F. , Knopoff Leon
Published: April 2007

The average composition of the Earth is assumed to be the same as that of the chondritic meteorites. This assumption is consistent with the present rate of heat production in the Earth. A core made up solely of iron-nickel is inconsistent with the chondritic model unless the ratio of the abundances of (Fe+ Mg)/Si is unity in the mantle. The condition (Fe + Mg)/Si = 1 requires that a major part of the mantle be made of material having the composition of pyroxene or pyroxene-garnet (eclogite). If the mantle is assumed to be made up of a 400 km shell of the composition of eclogite underlain by a material of dunite composition, the chondritic model requires a core of composition (Fe, Ni)1.6Si.

The representative atomic number (Ẑ) has been introduced to characterize compounds at moderately high pressures. From asymptotic relations in the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac model, a basis is formed for the computation of Ẑ. Bullen's density distribution gives Ẑ for the outer core of about 22. The representative atomic number of Fe1.6Si is 22.8. The composition of the core deduced from equation of state arguments is thus consistent with the chondritic model of the Earth.

The electrical conductivity of (Fe, Ni)1.6Si should be a third to a tenth that of pure iron for conditions obtained in the core. Such a conductivity is consistent with the requirements of the dynamo theory of the magnetic field.
A New Determination of the Differences in Gravity between the N.P.L. Teddington and the South African Fundamental and Secondary Stations
Authors: Gough D. I.
Published: April 2007

Observations have been made with the Cambridge pendulum apparatus at the British Fundamental gravity station at the N.P.L. Teddington, at the South African Fundamental gravity station at Johannesburg, and at the South African secondary stations at Pretoria and Mowbray. Two pendulums were exposed to mercury during the project. The remaining four, namely I A, I B, I C and VI A, give for the mean gravity differences

Teddington-Mowbray = 1.5495 ± 0.0001 cm/s2 Teddington-Johannesburg = 2.6472 ± 0.0003 cm/s2 Teddington-Pretoria = 2.5672 ± 0.0003 cm/s2 whence, adopting g = 981.1963 cm/s2 at Teddington, g = 979.6468 cm/s2 at Mowbray 978.5491 at Johannesburg 978.6291 at Pretoria.

These values agree well with the determinations of 1948-9 by Hales and Gough.
Spontaneous Magnetization Curves and Curie Points of Cation Deficient Titanomagnetites
Authors: Stephenson A.
Published: April 2007

Spontaneous magnetization curves J(T) and Curie points of cation deficient titanomagnetites have been calculated by using a molecular field approximation which has been successful in explaining quantitatively the P type behaviour of some stoichiometric titanomagnetites and the variation with composition of the Curie points. In extending this to the case of cation deficient titanomagnetites it is shown that, depending on cation distribution, these can have N type J(T) curves with compensation temperatures up to about 450°C and that others can have J(T) curves unlike the Q, P, L and N types of Néel.
Melanocyte colonization and pigmentation of breast carcinoma
Authors: AZZOPARDI J. G. , EUSEBI V.
Published: April 2007

Colonization of mammary cancers by melanocytes with attendant pigmentation of cancer cells by melanin occurs in most cases of breast cancer in which the dermal‐epidermal interface is reached by the tumour cells. There is evidence to suggest that the mammary cancer may become colonized at the expense of the epidermis, which is focally depleted of melanocytes. Melanocytes can even be found in groups of tumour cells within lymphatics. Colonization and pigmentation of breast cancer is usually only easily detected by selective staining methods. In very rare cases it can be gross and easily detectable in routine stains. The implications of this migratory phenomenon are discussed in terms of the biology of the melanocyte.
Eosinophilic granuloma of lymph nodes
Authors: REID H. , FOX H. , WHITTAKER J. S.
Published: April 2007

Two examples are reported of eosinophilic granuloma presenting as lymphadenopathy and being apparently confined to lymph nodes. The affected nodes were characterized by a striking sinus histiocytosis, a heavy infiltration with mature eosinophils and retention of normal lymphoid follicles. The differential diagnosis of this histological picture is discussed and the prognosis considered.
Primary lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract I. Plasma cell tumours
Authors: HENRY KRISTIN , FARRER‐BROWN G.
Published: April 2007

The histology of 125 cases of primary gastrointestinal lymphomas arising in the stomach and small and large intestine has been reviewed. The material was gathered from the Bland‐Sutton Institute of Pathology at the Middlesex Hospital and from the Westminster Hospital. Of the initial total of 143 cases diagnosed, 18 were rejected. Of the acceptable 125 cases, 51 lymphomas were arising in stomach, 53 in the small intestine and 21 in the large intestine including rectum. Excluding the four children in the series, ages ranged from 18 to 82 and were fairly evenly distributed across the decades. There was no significant sex difference in the Middlesex Hospital cases but in the Westminster Hospital series the male to female ratio was approximately 2.6 to 1. One significant finding to emerge from this histological survey, and which forms the basis of this communication, is the proportion of lymphomas considered to be predominantly of plasma cell type. These plasma cell tumours, or extramedullary plasmacytomas, accounted for 49 out of the 125 cases (39%) of gastrointestinal lymphomas. They were less common in stomach and most common in the intestine, the majority occurring in the ileocaecal region. Conversely, Hodgkin's disease, in contrast to some series, was not encountered. Of the non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas, grade I tumours were uncommon and true histiocytic lymphomas were distinctly rare. The high incidence of plasma cell tumours in our series is in keeping with the morphological findings of a previous study carried out in patients with alpha‐chain disease and in a small series of primary gastrointestinal lymphomas.
Ultrastructural features of the colonic epithelium in familial polyposis coli
Authors: DAWSON P. A. , FILIPE M. I. , BUSSEY H. J. R.
Published: April 2007

Colectomy specimens from 6 cases of familial polyposis coli (FPC) were examined. Macroscopically normal mucosa between polyps was taken at intervals along the ascending, transverse and descending colons and studied at EM level. All three regions show the same cell populations varying only in their ration and height of the epithelium. The same cell types seen in the normal crypt epithelium are present in teh mucosa from FPC. As in the normal, ‘intermediate’ cells are present in FPC but they are less conspicuous than in the mucosa adjacent to colonic carcinoma. However, there are ultrastructural features which distinguish the ‘normal’ mucosa in FPC from the true normal: (a): the presence of ‘clear columnar’ cells; (b) increased vesiculation in the absorptive cells; (c) large number of lysosomes; and (d)the presence of small electron‐dense bodies. The ultrastructure of the ‘clear columnar’ cells suggests their being incompletely differentiated cells, thus raising the possibility that their presence in the upper crypt and surface epithelium may represent an early stage in the process of polyp and cancer formation.
Oxytalan fibre formation in the cornea: a light and electron microscopical study
Authors: ALEXANDER R. A. , GARNER A.
Published: April 2007

Oxytalan is a fibrillar protein possessing some of the staining and ultrastructural properties of developing elastic tissue. In a study of human corneae we failed to find fibers of this type in five normal specimens but found them in each of 16 examples of keratoconus and 13 cases of post‐traumatic or post‐inflammatory scarring. In two cases the microfibrillar nature of the deposits was confirmed by electron microscopy, individual microfibrils measuring 10–12 nm in diameter and having profiles suggestive of a tubular structure. Oxytalan formation was intimately associated with the basal lamina of the covering epithelium with, in areas showing disruption of Bowman's layer and scarring, some extension into the superficial collagenous stroma.
A trichrome stain for the intrahepatic localization of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
Authors: GUBETTA L. , RIZZETTO M. , CRIVELLI O. , VERME G. , ARICÒ S.
Published: April 2007

A modified trichrome stain is described for the intrahepatic localization of the hepatitis B surface antigen; HBsAg containing cells exhibit specific green metachromasia contrasting with the granular brown colour of non infected hepatocytes and with the deep eosinophilic colour of ground glass cells of HBsAg‐negative alcoholic or drug hepatitis. The technique is simple and reliable for routine screening of HBsAg positive material; its sensitivity is greater than H & E, similar orcein and inferior to immunohistochemistry as performed on frozen sections. Histological diagnosis can be made on the same slide, since several other morphological details are provided in the trichrome stained preparations. With this technique 387 biopsies from HBsAg seronegative individuals were negative; full cytoplasm metachromasia was mostly seen in asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, focal or partial staining in patients with histological evidence of liver cell necrosis. The presence and the staining pattern of HBsAg were of no help in predicting transition to chronicity or a transition from chronic persistent to chronic active hepatitis.
Occult lupus nephropathy: a correlated light, electron and immunofluorescent microscopic study
Authors: WEIS LANDY S. , PACHMAN LAUREN M. , POTTER ELIZABETH V. , LEWY P. R. , JENNINGS R. B. , HERDSON P. B.
Published: April 2007

Renal biopsies obtained from four adolescent girls who developed symptomatic thrombocytopenia with serologicevidence of systemiclupus erythematosus, without clinical signs of renal involvement, showed glomerular disease by electron and immunofluorescent microscopy with light microscopic changes in two cases. Subsequently, three of the patients developed proteinuria, and repeat biopsies from all four showed appearances ranging from resolution to significant glomerulitis. The findings illustrate the variable patterns of occult glomerulitis in Iupus, and highlight the value of correlating light, electron and immunofluorescent studies in renal pathology.
Mesangio‐capillary glomerulonephritis associated with Q‐fever endocarditis
Authors: UFF J. S. , EVANS D. J.
Published: April 2007

A patient with nephrotic syndrome and Q‐fever endocarditis (confirmed serologically and ultrastructurally) was found to have mesangio‐capillary glomerulonephritis with parietal deposits of C3 and IgM and some IgM in the mesangium. Elution studies showed that IgM antibodies reactive against insoluble Coxiella antigens were present in the kidney. Review of the literature suggests that this type of immune complex nephritis may be associated with Q‐fever. Possible reasons for the variability of the nephritis associated with infective endocarditis are discussed.
The bone marrow in Hodgkin's disease: the non‐involved marrow
Authors: TE VELDE J. , DEN OTTOLANDER G. J. , SPAANDER P. J. , VAN DEN BERG C. , HARTGRINK‐GROENEVELD COCK A.
Published: April 2007

One hundred and nineteen methacrylate‐embedded trephine biopsy specimens from 80 patients with Hodgkin's disease are reviewed. Although marrow involvement was found in 4% of the untreated patients, the present study was mainly concerned with the marrow unaffected by specific infiltrates and in negative specimens. The non‐involved bone marrow in Hodgkin's disease invariably showed alterations of three types; stromal damage, inflammatory infiltration, and disturbed haematopoiesis. Each of these features can be found in the absence of one or both of the others. In severe examples, all three of these components usually occur simultaneously, giving histological pictures that mimic Hodgkinspecific infiltrates, sometimes in association with clinical suggestions of bone marrow involvement or replacement. But trephine biopsies of sufficiently high histological quality offer alternative explanations for the pancytopenia, for instance intramedullary phagocytosis, reactive sclerosing inflammation resembling auto‐immune disorders, or a disturbance of haematopoiesis itself. This disturbance could be due to a defect inherent in the haematopoiesis associated with Hodgkin's disease, possibly predisposing for leukaemia in longterm survivors who have received chemotherapy and/or irradiation. The disturbed erythropoiesis proved to be strongly correlated with the stage of the disease at the time of biopsy. This finding could contribute to staging procedures, when laparotomy is contraindicated.
Carcinoma of the breast with metaplasia to chondrosarcoma: a light and electron microscopic study
Authors: KAHN L. B. , UYS C. J. , DALE J. , RUTHERFOORD S.
Published: April 2007

Two carcinomas of the breast containing large areas of sarcomatous tissue were studied by light and electron microscopy. In one of these, the sarcomatous element was frankly cartilaginous and in the other, predominantly myxoid but with small cartilaginous‐looking foci. By light microscopy, a highly suggestive metaplastic transition could be traced from cells within the epithelial nests to those within the sarcomatous lobules. Ultrastructurally, cells in the former region showed epithelial characteristics and those in the latter region, mesenchymal and/or cartilaginous features. The carcinomatous cells contained desmosomes and formed intercellular spaces lined by microvilli; a few cells showed prominent profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum. In the first case, the cells in the immediate vicinity of the epithelial nests and those in the fully developed cartilaginous regions showed a progressive dilatation of their endoplasmic reticulum to form large sac‐like structures filled with a finely granular and floccular material. The intercellular matrix was electron lucent and contained scattered dense particles, fibrillo‐granular material and collagen fibres. Condensation of this material at some distance from the cell resulted in the formation of lacunae. In the second case, the cells in the myxoid areas also showed prominent dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum.
Objective measurement of basement membrane abnormalities in human neoplasms of colorectum and of breast
Authors: FREI J. V.
Published: April 2007

The basement membrane (lamina densa) was evaluated as normal, absent, multilayered, or otherwise abnormal at intercepts of an array of parallcl lines superimposed nearly perpendicularly on basement membrane regions. Six to eight consecutive photographs of the basement membrane region of three to four areas of three non‐neoplastic lesions and eight neoplastic lesions of colorectum, and two non‐neoplastic and six neoplastic lesions of the female breast were thus examined. Statistical analyses showed that there was no significant difference between three regions of three non‐neoplastic lesions, nor between the three nonneoplastic lesions of colorectum. The analyses were by χ2 tests performed comparing counts of absent basement membrane with those of all other types of basement membrane lumped together. Significant differences were observed between the sum of the non‐neoplastic lesions and the individual neoplasms. Differences between regions of the same lesion were observed only in malignant neoplasms. In breast lesions similarly, where the observations were pooled into three groups, i.e. counts of normal, absent, or other type of basement membrane, no difference between regions of the same lesion were observed in a duct hyperplasia and a fibroadenoma, but such differences were seen amongst adenocarcinomas and other lesions. Comparing the sum of observations of the above two lesions with the other lesions individually, there was generally an increasingly high χ2 value with increasing malignancy. Thus this approach to evaluation of neoplasms may provide an objective measure which correlates with prognosis. It is adaptable to routine use in hospitals with electron microscopy facilities.
The rectal biopsy appearances in Salmonella colitis
Authors: DAY D. W. , MANDAL B. K. , MORSON B. C.
Published: April 2007

Rectal biopsies were examined from 22 patients with Salmonella infection of food‐poisoning type and from seven patients with inflammatory bowel disease and coincidental Salmonella infection. In the former group the changes observed were mucosal oedema with acute inflammation of varying severity but with preservation of the crypt architecture. Crypt abscesses were present in a few cases but were usually localized in the crypt and mucus depletion only occurred with severe inflammation. These features are not specific and are similar to those seen in other types of infective colitis such as Shigella dysentery, gonococcal proctitis and amoebic colitis. In the majority of cases of infective colitis the appearances are usually sufficiently distinctive, however, to distinguish them from those seen in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The changes in the biopsies from the seven patients with coincidental Salmonella infection were in general those of the underlying idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.
Mucin‐producing carcinomas of the breast: ultrastructural observations
Authors: HARRIS M. , VASUDEV K. S. , ANFIELD C. , WELLS S.
Published: April 2007

The ultrastructural characteristics of mucin production in mammary mucoid carcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma (Harris, Wells & Vasudev 1978), papillary carcinoma and lobular carcinoma are compared. The mucin in lobular carcinoma is confined to intracytoplasmic lumina whereas it is present as membrane bound granules in the other three types, although intracytoplasmic lumina also occur in the latter. A possible origin of intracytoplasmic lumina from distended Golgi cisternae is proposed. Possibly, extracellular mucin acts as a mechanical barrier between tumour cells and lymphatics, thus explaining the good prognosis of typical mucoid carcinomas.
Malignant lymphomas and undifferentiated small cell carcinoma of the thyroid: a clinicopathological review in the light of the Kiel classification for malignant lymphomas
Authors: HEIMANN R. , VANNINEUSE A. , DE SLOOVER C. , DOR P.
Published: April 2007

The paper reports a re‐evaluation—based on the Kiel classification for non‐Hodgkin lymphomas—of a group of cases initially diagnosed as undifferentiated small cell carcinomas or primary lymphomas of the thyroid. Twelve such cases were found among the 155 cases of primary malignant tumours of the thyroid recorded at the Institut Jules Bordet between 1955 and 1975. The review of the clinical charts and the histology showed that all the cases were in fact malignant lymphomas fitting easily into one of the groups described in the Kiel classification. These findings support the growing opinion that undifferentiated small cell carcinoma of the thyroid does not exist as a distinctive clinicopathological entity. Furthermore, the Kiel classification proved to be an excellent prognostic indicator, since all the cases classified as highly malignant were indeed fatal, whereas the surviving cases—three of which had shown tumoral extension beyond the thyroid capsule—fell into the group of low malignancy. Lastly, this study acknowledges the frequently observed association of malignant lymphoma of the thyroid with stigmata of Hashimoto's disease, and thus supports the concept that the continuous antigenic stimulation observed in the latter could trigger the development of a malignant lyphoma.
Presence of satellite cells in a cardiac rhabdomyoma
Authors: TRILLO A. A. , HOLLEMAN I. L. , WHITE J. T.
Published: April 2007

Cardiac rhabdomyoma is the most common tumour of the heart in infancy and childhood. The clinical presentation, diagnosis and histopathological characteristics have been extensively studied; however, reports on the ultrastructure and histogenesis of this lesion are scanty and inconclusive. The case to be discussed is that of a 10‐year‐old male who presented with a cardiac rhabdomyoma occupying almost the entire ventricular apex. Ultrastructurally, the rhabdomyoma cells have a central, deeply‐indented nucleus surrounded by an admixture of mitochondria and sarcomeres. The remainder of the cytoplasm is occupied by pools of glycogen granules, randomly‐orientated myofibrils and small mitochondria. Intercellular junctions are numerous and consist of alternating zonula occludens and macula adherens. Typical satellite cells, sharing a common basement lamina are seen apposed to the rhabdomyoma cells. It is tempting to postulate that the proliferation of the rhabdomyoma cells is accomplished by differentiation of satellite cells, a process known to occur in skeletal muscle. Ultrastructurally, the rhabdomyoma cells are indistinguishable from Purkinje cells. The presence of Purkinje‐like cells in ectopic locations within the heart and their association with satellite cells is likely a form of embryological atavism.
Blue naevus of the cervix: report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: UFF J. S. , HALL M.
Published: April 2007

Two cases are described of blue naevi occurring in the uterine cervix. These showed a histological appearance identical to that seen in the commoner cutaneous examples. Electron microscopy of both lesions showed the presence of melanosomes in the dendritic cells. No Schwann cell elements were identified. Previous reports of cases are reviewed and discussed.
Malignant histiocytosis: a histological and ultrastructural study of lymph nodes in six cases
Authors: LOMBARDI L. , CARBONE A. , PILOTTI SILVANA , RILKE F.
Published: April 2007

A morphological, histological, and ultrastructural investigation was carried out on a series of six cases of malignant histiocytosis observed between 1973 and 1977. All lymph nodes were obtained prior to treatment. The histological findings revealed that the proliferating cell type was in all cases represented by histiocytes of varying degrees of atypia and with consistent phagocytic activity. In four cases, the histiocytic cellular proliferation also showed some degree of cohesiveness and, in two cases, there was capsular invasion. In three cases blood vessel invasion by malignant cells could be seen within the lymph node and in the surrounding tissue. On electron microscopy the tumour cells of malignant histiocytosis appeared to be pleomorphic with three types of cells: undifferentiated cells, histiocytes with variable degrees of differentiation, and cells with intermediate features. In particular, nonphagocytic and actively phagocytic histiocytes could be identified. The histological and ultrastructural data further support the idea that malignant histiocytosis is a disease that is related to the neoplastic proliferation of moderately differentiated histiocytes and their precursors. The latter may undergo various transformations with either apparently benign or definitely atypical morphological features.
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
Authors: JOHNSTONE J. M. , MORSON B. C.
Published: April 2007

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is an uncommon condition affecting one or more segments of the gastrointestinal tract, mainly the stomach and small bowel, the principal changes being a variable degree of both oedema and eosinophilic infiltration. Occurring at any age it is commonest in the third decade, is often associated with abdominal pain and peripheral blood eosinophilia, and responds to steroids: allergy or asthma occurs in some 25% of patients. The oedema and eosinophilia involve the submucosa generally but any layer of the gut may be affected. The aetiology is discussed: no allergic or other cause has been determined and it is probable that further knowledge of the role of the eosinophil may be necessary before the precise nature of the lesion can be understood. An association of eosinophilic gastroenteritis with malabsorptive or protein‐losing enteropathies is noted.
An unusual nodular lesion of the liver: probable partial nodular transformation
Authors: VARIEND S.
Published: April 2007

An unusual nodular lesion of the liver is reported. The appearances closely resembled those described in cases referred to as partial nodular transformation, but there were several unusual features; these included areas with the appearances of cirrhosis, and significantly raised alkaline phosphatase and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase. Differentiation of this condition from other nodular lesions described in the literature is discussed. In the case reported here the Rose Waaler and Latex tests were also positive and this may be significant in view of certain types of nodular conditions described in some rheumatoid conditions. Although it is quite possible that these various lesions are related histogenetically, until more information becomes available, it is proposed that the lesion described here represents a variant of partial nodular transformation in which the changes in some areas have progressed to a stage of fibrosis.
Capillary haemangiomatosis of the lungs
Authors: WAGENVOORT C. A. , BEETSTRA A. , SPIJKER J.
Published: April 2007

A case of capillary haemangiomatosis affecting both lungs. The angiomatous growth involved particularly the intralobular fibrous septa and appeared locally aggressive as it had destroyed and obstructed the pulmonary veins and venules. Some pulmonary arteries and bronchi were affected to a lesser extent. Pulmonary venous obstruction, sometimes simulating pulmonary veno‐occlusive disease, caused severe haemosiderosis and interstitial fibrosis. The clinical features and the lung biopsy erroneously suggested a diagnosis of primary pulmonary haemosiderosis. No comparable case has been found in the literature.
Primary lymphomas of the small intestine in Iraq: a pathological study of 145 cases
Authors: AL‐SALEEM T. , ZARDAWI I. M.
Published: April 2007

The histopathology of 145 malignant lymphomas of the small intestine in Iraq have been studied and results compared with the clinical and immunological findings. The most common pathology was an intense mucosal lymphoplasmacytic proliferation effacing the villi and crypts partially or completely. This was either ‘pure’, usually of mature plasma cells limited to the lamina propria or associated with a fullblown lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, almost always of the upper small intestine. The syndrome presented as abdominal pain, chronic diarrhoea, clubbing and, sometimes, the serological demonstration of alpha heavy chains. Other types of lymphomas were associated with ‘non‐specific’ mucosal inflammation or follicular lymphoid hyperplasia. They were either lymphocytic, plasmacytic or lymphoblastic with ‘starry sky’ histiocytic reaction, representing distinct clinicopathological entities unrelated to ‘alpha heavy chain disease’. Hodgkin's disease was extremely rare in this series.
Cytophotometric DNA determination in human astroglial tumours
Authors: DE REUCK J. , ROELS H. , VANDER EECKEN H.
Published: April 2007

The DNA content is determined by the cytophotometric method in 16 astroglial tumours, classified according to the degree of clinical malignancy. The values are compared to those found in non‐tumoural astrocytes. This method appears to be more reliable in assessment of the degree of malignancy of the tumour in biopsy material than histological criteria and the mitotic index. It is also shown to be of great value in cases where the biopsy is taken at the margin of the tumour and in which malignant histological features are missing.
Case report: ultrastructure of mature neurogenic implants from ovarian immature teratoma
Authors: GONZÁLEZ‐CÁMPORA R. , NOGALES F. F. , DAVIDSON H. G. , MÉNDEZ J. A.
Published: April 2007

An ultrastructural study of mature (grade o) neurogenic peritoneal implants from an ovarian immature teratoma grade 1 is presented. The presence of different types of neuroectodermal cells challenges the current terminology of this lesion, which implies a single proliferating cell type. The ultrastructural features were indicative of maturity in all cell lines and even the neurons exhibited well formed synapses. Marked cytoplasmic fibrillary change, similar to that found in central nervous system gliosis, was observed in the astrocytes. The ependymal cells had abnormal cilia with an altered configuration and number of microtubules.
Diagnosis of primary thyroid carcinoma by immunohistological demonstration of thyroglobulin
Authors: BURT A. , GOUDIE R. B.
Published: April 2007

Thyroglobulin was found by the immunoperoxidase technique in routine histological sections of biopsies from all of 30 proven cases of well differentiated papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma examined, in one of 20 anaplastic thyroid tumours and in none of 49 other tumours examined. Immunohistological demonstration of thyroglobulin in thyroidal or extrathyroidal tumours is of diagnostic value in confirming that the thyroid is the tissue of origin. Well differentiated tumours lacking thyroglobulin probably do not arise from thyroid epithelium.
Benign and malignant lymphoid lesions of the stomach. A histological reappraisal in the light of the Kiel classification for non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas
Authors: VANDEN HEULE B. , VAN KERKEM C. , HEIMANN R.
Published: April 2007

Twenty‐two cases of lymphoid tumours of the stomach were reviewed by application of the Kiel classification for non‐Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas. Four cases of pseudolymphomas were found, one of which had been previously misdiagnosed as malignant lymphoma. The remaining cases were all malignant tumours with B‐cell lymphoma features. These were divided into seven how grade lymphomas (three immunocytomas and four centroblastic/centrocytic) and 11 high grade lymphomas (six centroblastic and five immunoblastic lymphomas). No cases of Hodgkin's disease or lymphoblastic lymphoma were observed. The Kiel nomenclature was not only easy to apply, but also helped to differentiate pseudolymphoma from malignant lymphoma. Both the pseudolymphomas and the malignant lymphomas were consistently associated with follicular gastritis. This lesion, while intrinsically non specific, was sometimes accompanied by suggestions of transition between itself and the lymphoma, a fact which at least raises the possibility of a transformation of the former into the latter.
An appraisal of the relationship between primary hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus
Authors: SUMITHRAN E. , MACSWEEN R. N. M.
Published: April 2007

The association between hepatitis B virus infection and primary hepatocellular carcinoma is reviewed. On the basis of serological and tissue examination there is a close link between virus infection and the tumour. While there is evidence to favour an oncogenic role for virus this is not conclusive, and other possible explanations for the relationship are discussed.
Histopathological diagnosis of hypercurved seminiferous tubules
Authors: AVERBACK P.
Published: April 2007

A simple method for the recognition of hypercurvature of the seminiferous tubules in otherwise normal biopsies from infertile males consists of the recognition of characteristic ‘figure 8’ profiles of sectioned seminiferous tubules. Nineteen cases of morphometrically verified hypercurvature and 24 controls were tested in order to determine the validity of the method, which showed virtually no overlap in the two groups when at least four x 100 fields were assessed for ‘figure 8’ and grazing profiles. A recommended diagnostic approach, with cautions concerning pitfalls, is presented, and incidence, pathogenesis, and potential treatment are briefly discussed.
Necrotizing sialometaplasia of the lip simulating squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: GAD A. , WILLÉN HELENA , WILLÉN R. , THORSTENSSON S. , EKMAN L.
Published: April 2007

A case of necrotizing sialometaplasia of the lip in an 68‐year‐old pipe smoker is described. Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a self‐healing non‐neoplastic disease probably of ischaemic nature. Thirty‐nine cases of sialometaplasia are described in the literature up to early 1979. These cases appeared in the palate, nasal cavity, gingiva, lip, hypopharynx and maxillary sinus. Six cases have also been reported from major salivary glands. Histologically there is necrosis of mucous cells with partial replacement by squamous epithelium. This entity has often been mistaken for squamous or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. One has to be familiar with the existence of necrotizing sialometaplasia in order to avoid subjecting the patient unnecessary and potentially mutilating surgery.
Sex cord tumour of the ovary with annular tubules (SCTAT)
Authors: PUROHIT R.C. , ALAM S.Z.
Published: April 2007

Two cases of sex cord tumour of the ovary with annular tubules were diagnosed in African females of 23 and 57 years. In one case it was associated with the Peutz‐Jeghers syndrome and with Stein‐Leventhal ovaries whilst in the other case, pigmentation of the oral mucosa was present but without demonstrable polyposis of the intestine. The patient with the Peutz‐Jeghers syndrome presented with primary sterility whilst the other patient had a normal menstrual and obstetric history. Signs of virilization were not found in either case. The previously reported literature is reviewed and discussed.
Metaplastic polyps and polyposis of the colorectum
Authors: WILLIAMS G.T. , ARTHUR J.F. , BUSSEY H.J.R. , MORSON B.C.
Published: April 2007

Five hundred and fifty‐four colorectal metaplastic polyps have been studied histologically. Whilst most lesions were small and sessile, 16.1% measured greater than 0.5 cm in diameter and 0.9% were greater than 1 cm. The larger polyps were frequently pedunculated and occasionally showed a tubulo‐villous or villous pattern. A structural similarity between the larger metaplastic polyps and colorectal adenomas is illustrated and the importance of the distinction of metaplastic from dysplastic epithelium in the differentiation of these lesions is stressed. Other unusual features of metaplastic polyps are described. Evidence is given to suggest that males have a greater propensity to develop metaplastic polyps than females. A search for metaplastic‐like areas in other colorectal polyps revealed that they are rare (0.6%) in adenomas, but relatively frequent (20.8%) in juvenile polyps. Finally, seven patients with multiple metaplastic polyps of the colorectum are described, in whom a diagnosis of adenomatous polyposis had been made at some stage in their management. Six of the seven patients were males and the mean age at presentation was 37.4 years. Larger metaplastic polyps were frequent in these cases. The necessity for histological confirmation in all cases of intestinal polyposis is stressed, and the possibility that ‘metaplastic polyposis’ is a pathological entity is discussed.
Chondromatous metaplasia in the human larynx
Authors: HILL MARION J. , TAYLOR C.L. , SCOTT G.B.D.
Published: April 2007

The finding of metaplastic fibroelastic cartilage in both vestibular folds of the larynx of an Orang‐utan (Pongo pygmaeus) prompted the search for similar tissue in the same situation in 111 unselected human larynges removed at autopsy. Fibroelastic cartilage was found in both vestibular folds in three cases, being unilateral in a further four instances. The formation of this cartilage was preceded by the accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharide between fine collagen bundles within the vestibular fold followed by enlargement and alteration of the fibrocytes to resemble chondrocytes. These changes were found in 43 vestibular folds, and were bilateral in 10 cases.
Cytophotometric DNA determination in human oligodendroglial tumours
Authors: DE REUCK J. , SIEBEN G. , DE COSTER W. , ROELS H. , EECKEN H. VANDER
Published: April 2007

Cytophotometric DNA determination was performed on 11 surgically resected oligodendroglial tumours and on oligodendroglial cells in two normal brains. The results are compared with the histological findings, the mitotic index and the degree of clinical malignancy. In this type of glioma there is no correlation between the DNA pattern and the histological appearances and the mitotic index. It is concluded that an aneuploid DNA distribution curve corresponds to a bad prognosis, whilst a diploid DNA curve does not allow prediction of the degree of clinical malignancy.
Macromelanosomes in X‐linked ocular albinism
Authors: GARNER A. , JAY B. S.
Published: April 2007

Examination of clinically normal skin from four patients with X‐linked ocular albinism of the Nettleship‐Falls type by light and electron microscopy revealed the presence of macromelanosomes in some melanocytes and keratinocytes. Measuring up to 5 μm many of the abnormal melanosomes showed a concentrically laminated structure suggestive of a phasic growth pattern. Epidermis from three female carriers contained similar but fewer macromelanosomes. These findings indicate that skin biopsy could be of value not only in confirming the diagnosis of ocular albinism in affected males, but also to establish carrier status in asymptomatic females.
Unsuspected analgesic nephropathy in transitional cell carcinoma of the upper tract: a morphological study
Authors: LOMAX‐SMITH JANE , SEYMOUR A. E.
Published: April 2007

Analgesic nephropathy is known to have a high incidence in Australia where, following the experience in Scandinavia, reports have been published for some time recording the association between analgesic nephropathy and urothelial malignancies. The morbid anatomical features of analgesic nephropathy are now sufficiently well accepted to allow a retrospective study of unselected nephrectomies for transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter, in order to assess the incidence of analgesic‐type changes in this well defined group of malignancies. The records of a large general histopathology department between 1972–1978 were searched and 24 consecutive transitional cell carcinomas in these sites treated by nephrectomy were selected for study. Of these, 21 were suitable for assessment and on review were shown to comprise 11 cases with papillary changes acceptable as analgesic in type and five which were suggestive of early analgesic change. Of these 16, seven were female, only two were known analgesic abusers and five were recorded as consuming analgesics on a regular basis. These findings suggest that analgesics may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of urothelial malignancy in the general population.
Sulphomucins and precancerous lesions of the human stomach
Authors: JASS J. R. , FILIPE M. I.
Published: April 2007

The histochemical demonstration of sulphomucin secretion by gastric adenomatous polyps and adjacent metaplastic epithelium suggests this glycoprotein may be a marker of premalignant change. A possible relationship with fetal sulphoglycoprotein antigen is discussed.