bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Late Effect of Radical Radiotherapy for Lung Cancer on Pulmonary Function
Authors: BALL D.L.
Published: March 2008

At the Peter MacCallum Hospital it is the policy to treat patients with non‐small cell carcinoma of the lung with radical intent if there are no adverse prognostic factors. Spirometric testing was carried out before and at least three months after the completion of radiotherapy in 25 patients who were so treated. The results indicate that high dose radiotherapy (50–60 Gy) to the primary site and mediastinum is well tolerated: although 64% of patients experienced a decrease in vital capacity, this was usually of acceptable degree and in the remaining 36% the vital capacity actually increased.
Transmesocolic Herniation of Small Bowel Following Colonic Interposition
Authors: AGHA FAROOQ P.
Published: March 2008

This report focuses on iatrogenic transmesocolic hernia causing small bowel obstruction following colonic interposition. Of 45 patients undergoing visceral esophageal substitution using colon, three developed small bowel obstruc‐. tion due to internal herniation of a loop of small bowel through a defect in the mesocolon. Awareness of this unique cause of small bowel obstruction following colonic interposition and institution of early surgical treatment will prevent irreparable intestinal damage associated with internal Hernias.
The Amniotic Flop – A New Ultrasonographic Sign*
Authors: BUTTERY BERESFORD
Published: March 2008

In a normal pregnancy, the extra embryonic coelom (EEC) may persist until 16 or 17 weeks gestation and is able to be visualized ultrasonically. In static echograms the amnion and EEC may mimic the features of threatened abortion or other conditions such as the empty sac of a second twin or an amniotic band. When the appearance is due to persistence of the EEC, real‐time evaluation of the membranes reveals an easily recognizable “floppy” movement of the amnion, whereas two other different patterns of movement are seen in threatened abortion and when an empty gestation sac is present in association with an intact pregnancy. Four illustrative case reports are presented. It is important that these different types of movement are able to be recognized because it permits differentiation between physiological and pathological conditions and improves diagnostic accuracy.
The Role of Ultrasound in the Management of Twin Pregnancies
Authors: PRIDMORE B.R.
Published: March 2008

The high perinatal mortality and morbidity in twin pregnancies is mainly associated with preterm labour and placental insufficiency. Early diagnosis, allowing adequate time for increased rest and aggressive treatment of threatened preterm labour, is the most important single factor in reducing this wastage.

While ultrasound prior to 20 weeks of gestation is the only reliable method of achieving early diagnosis of all twin pregnancies, the safety and cost‐effectiveness of routine ultrasound has not yet been established.

Based on the results from 196 twin pairs, the mean biparietal diameter (B.P.D.) for the smaller and larger twin is compared to the mean birthweight at each gestation. The decline in the B.P.D. increase appears to precede the drop in birthweight by about 2 weeks. There are sufficient false results in both directions to justify caution in interpretation of a single set of readings.

Polyhydramnios and dilatation of the cervix, both associated with preterm labour, and monoamniotic twins, associated with cord entanglement at delivery, can also be diagnosed by ultrasound.
Tricho‐Rhino‐Phalangeal Syndrome I (Report of 8 cases)
Authors: MORRIS L. , KOZLOWSKI K. , McNAUGHT P. , SILINK M.
Published: March 2008

Five familial and three sporadic cases of the Tricho‐rhino‐phalangeal syndrome are reported, among them the first case of the disease in a Polynesian. The syndrome is easy to recognize both clinically and radiologically. The authors stress the importance of the hip changes and suggest that all children with “Perthes‐like” hip changes and adults with early degenerative hip disease should have a thorough clinical examination. Patients with recognised Tricho‐rhino‐phalangeal syndrome should have their hips monitored to detect early “Perthes‐like” changes in the hope that eventual severe hip disease may be prevented.
Bilateral Glenoid Dysplasia (Report of 8 Cases)
Authors: KOZLOWSKI K. , COLAVITA N. , MORRIS L. , LITTLE K.E.T.
Published: March 2008

8 cases of isolated glenoid hypoplasia, 6 of them among children are reported.

Although it is a benign finding patients with this anomaly should abstain from excessive sport activities and heavy manual work.
Systolic Fluttering of the Noncoronary Cusp of the Aortic Valve and the Posterior Wall of the Aortic Root – A Sign of Mitral Regurgitation due to Dysfunction of the Posterior Leaflet of the Mitral Valve
Authors: ABEDIN ZAINUL , CARBAJAL ENRIQUE , CANO PEARL , VELEZ CARLOS
Published: March 2008

Ten consecutive patients with severe isolated mitral regurgitation were studied. All the patients were evaluated by physical examination, EKG, chest X‐ray, M‐mode echocardiogram, and left ventricular angiogram. In eight patients a systolic murmur of mitral regurgitation radiated to the left parasternal and aortic areas. All of these patients demonstrated fluttering of the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve and the posterior wall of the aortic root.

Two patients in whom the systolic murmur of mitral regurgitation did not radiate to left parasternal and aortic areas, did not show fluttering of the noncoronary cusp and the posterior aortic wall. These patients had a classical murmur of mitral regurgitation that radiated to the left axilla.

A review of 120 normal echocardiograms revealed fluttering of the right coronary cusp in three cases. None of these echocardiograms demonstrated fluttering of the noncoronary cusp or the posterior wall of aorta.

The findings lead us to conclude that the presence of systolic fluttering of the noncoronary cusp and the posterior wall of the aorta is suggestive of mitral regurgitation due to dysfunction of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. Isolated fluttering of the right coronary cusp is a nonspecific finding.
Calcified Pancreatic Pseudocyst – A Report of Two Cases
Authors: ROWLAND ROBERT , STEVENSON GILES W. , FARIS IRWIN B.
Published: March 2008

Two cases of calcified pancreatic pseudocyst are described in which the cysts were visible on plain abdominal x‐ray. The differential diagnosis of calcified lesions in the pancreas is discussed.
Radiology of The Linea Aspera
Authors: DESAI S.C. , WILLSON S.
Published: March 2008

The linea aspera may give rise to two parallel lines on an A.P. radiograph of the femur. The anatomy and radiology of this normal variant is described.
Cementomas (Report of 5 childhood cases)
Authors: KRYST L. , PIEKARCZYK J. , KOZLOWSKI K.
Published: March 2008

Five cases of cementomas in childhood are reported. Cementomas present radiographically in two forms – an immature form and a mature (calcified) form. The mature form is more characteristic radiographically.

In the differential diagnosis of the immature form all the cyst‐like and osteolytic lesions of the jaws must be considered. Odontomas, ameloblastomas and related tumours and fibrous dysplasia are the most common lesions simulating the second stage of cementomas.
Unilateral Hydrothorax Complicating Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis: Demonstration by 99m‐Technetmm‐Tin‐CoHoid Scintigraphy
Authors: PARAMSOTHY M. , CHUA C.T. , TAN H.W.
Published: March 2008

Unilateral hydrothorax is a rare but increasingly described complication of CAPD. Anatomical integrity of the diaphragm should be ascertained to determine the plan of future management. Radionuclide scintigraphy using 99m‐Technetium‐tin‐colloid is a simple, safe, non‐invasive technique in demonstrating transdiaphragmatic leakage of dialysate during CAPD. It takes relatively a little of patient's time with no discomfort.
Case Report: Mycotic Aneurysm of Thoracic Aorta as a Cause of Haemoptysis Role of Dynamic CT Scanning
Authors: LAVOIPIERRE ALAIN M. , HATFIELD JOHN J.
Published: March 2008

Haemoptysis can be difficult to diagnose. A case is reported where haemoptysis resulting from a false mycotic aneurysm consequent upon a lung abscess was diagnosed prior to surgery by C.T. scanning. The place of C.T. scanning in the diagnosis of paramediastinal masses is briefly reviewed and the need for bolus injection of contrast medium during dynamic C.T. scanning is stressed.
Neurofibroma – Sliding Hernia Through Obturator Foramen
Authors: HALL MARGARET , ANDERSON JOHN C.
Published: March 2008

The abdominal swelling seemed to be soft but solid. It appeared to herniate through the pelvis close to the ischial tuberosity. It was of uncertain origin, possibly a benign connective tissue neoplasm.

The patient was transferred to theatre for removal of the swelling. Due to the nature of the swelling it was necessary to remove it in two stages, using an abdominal and a perineal approach. Removal was difficult as the tumour was adherent to the bladder and uterine walls. The tumour was completely excised and cysto‐stomy and defunctioning colostomy performed.

This case history demonstrates the need to use different scanning techniques. Without using supine and erect positions, no comparisons could have been made between the mass in the vulva and buttock and the lower abdominal mass. It was by using these different scanning methods that the protuberance in the buttock and vulva was confirmed as a herniation of the lower abdominal mass.
Pelvic Dosimetry Comparison of Two Manual Afterloading Systems
Authors: KAROLIS CHRISTOPHER , FISHER RICHARD , LAWSON ANDREW
Published: March 2008

Two different, manually afterloaded, gynaecological applicators for intracavitary therapy are compared in a study of the pelvic dose distribution in 114 patients. The applicators have a similar shape but the source geometry in the vaginal ovoids is significantly different. The change in the geometry accounts for a 17% reduction in the dose to the recto‐vaginal septum. One of the applicators is constructed from stainless‐steel, the other from polyvinyl chloride.

On the average, the mid‐line symmetry appeared better with the plastic applicators, but the variation between patients was greater.
A Decade of Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer in South Australia
Authors: DENHAM J.W. , HARVEY N.D.M. , WARD G.G. , DIBDEN F.A. , AHMAD A. , DIBDEN C.F.A. , BRINDAL R.B. , WIGG D.R. , SWANEY L.M.
Published: March 2008

The results of treatment in 368 patients with head and neck cancer treated in the decade 1970–1980 are presented.

Patients with six of the most common malignancies, namely carcinoma of the Tongue, Tonsil, Nasopharynx, Pyriform Fossa, Supraglottic and Glottic Larynx, who have been treated primarily by radiation or where radiation has been used as a part of a planned combined approach, have been included in this report.

Results have been presented in both crude and actuarial form and are discussed in the light of changing management trends during the decade.
Nisbet Symposium – October 1985 Surgery of Musculoskeletal Tumours
Authors: DICKINSON I.C.
Published: March 2008

The surgery of tumours of bone and soft tissue has advanced greatly in the last 15–20 years. To a large extent, improved modalities of imaging have enabled the surgeon to more clearly define the surgical problem, and with the aid of adjuvant therapies, to indulge in safe surgery which will salvage limb and function. Tumours of both bone and soft tissue need to be imaged completely prior to biopsy, and careful consideration needs to be given to the appropriate therapy, the relationship of each modality of therapy to each other, and the plan of treatment should be formulated clearly prior to surgery being performed.

The investigation and biopsy of these tumours should be performed by the surgeon who is to perform the definitive surgery, and the surgeon should be experienced in the modalities which will maximise the patient's chance of satisfactory rehabilitation. These modalities may include amputation, and various methods of reconstructive surgery. Appropriate teamwork is essential for the satisfactory outcome of treatment of patients with these difficult conditions.

There have been great advances in the surgery of bone and soft tissue tumours in the last 15–20 years due to the greater understanding of tumour behaviour, and introduction of multi‐therapy. Adjuvant therapy ‐ chemotherapy and radiotherapy ‐ has enabled improved survival rates, and has also allowed for salvage of limbs which might otherwise have been amputated.
Complications of Cerebral Angiography in a Teaching Hospital
Authors: THOMSON K.R. , THOMSON S.McA.
Published: March 2008

A retrospective survey of the complications arising in 314 patients who underwent cerebral angiography showed an incidence of 0.3% of permanent neurologic deficit for diagnostic studies. Patients at risk appear to be those with subarachnoid haemorrhage and arterial spasm and older patients with “crescendo” transient ischaemic attacks.
Giant Cell Tumor of the Posterior Arch of the Atlas
Authors: SAHA MADAN M. , KAPOOR RAVI
Published: March 2008

Two rare cases of giant cell tumor involving the posterior arch of the atlas vertebra are presented.
Radiographic Projections for Coronary Angiography – Implications for Digital Subtraction Angiography
Authors: PARTRIDGE J.B. , SLAUGHTER R.E.
Published: March 2008

One hundred and forty two coronary artery stenoses were collected during a period in which the right coronary artery (RCA) was visualised in the lateral (LAT) left anterior oblique (LAO), LAO caudocranial (LAOCR) and right anterior oblique craniocaudal (RAOCA) projections, and the left coronary artery (LCA) in the same projections plus LAO craniocaudal (LAOCA) and RAO. Other views were occasionally added. Taking “visible” to mean that the stenosis was well enough seen to permit a satisfactory grading of its severity, 16% (19 of 116) of LCA stenoses and 11 % (3 of 26) of RCA stenoses were visible only in one view. Of these, in one case of an LCA stenosis, the only view which demonstrated the lesion was not part of the routine set. In only four instances (3 LCA, one RCA) was more than one view required to make a clinical decision. Although the best set of three views (LAOCR, LAT and RAOCA) yielded diagnostic results in 96% of all stenoses, 100% stenosis visualisation would require the operator to select one of a number of extra views (dependant upon the coronary anatomy). The only view which could have been discarded from the study without detriment was LAO.
NMR: Principles, Applications and Recent Advances
Authors: YOUNG ANTONY T.
Published: March 2008

Magnetic resonance imaging is a sensitive modality for brain imaging, but has been less successful in the rest of the body. Recent advances however are improving image quality and increasing diagnostic accuracy. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy has exciting prospects for analysing in‐vivo metabolism. This paper discusses the basic physical principles of nuclear magnetic resonance, the factors influencing choice of pulse sequence and interpretation of the images.
A Case of Central Pontine Myelinolysis Confirmed by Computed Tomography
Authors: WYLIE DR. E.J. , CHAKERA DR. T.M.H.
Published: March 2008

The case we present is of a previously well deaf lady who, following the treatment of hyponatraemia due to gastro‐enteritis developed quadriparesis, hyper‐reflexia and bilateral extensor plantar responses. Although the patient is not known to be alcoholic, her clinical presentation and C.T. scan are characteristic of central pontine myelinolysis. The clinical diagnosis of central pontine myelinolysis is important because affected patients may make remarkable recovery if vigorously supported. Computed tomography has been shown to be an invaluable adjunct to the antemortem diagnosis of this condition. Repeated C.T. examination may demonstrate some resolution of the radiographic findings many months subsequent to clinical improvement (Gerber et al 1983).
Ultrasound Demonstration of Amoebic Liver Abscess Causing Obstructive Jaundice
Authors: GUPTA R.K. , PANT L.T. COL. C.S.
Published: March 2008

Three cases of multiple amoebic liver abscess causing obstructive jaundice, demonstrated on ultrasound have been presented. The cause of obstruction in all three cases was the pressure effect of the abscess cavity at the hilum of the liver. The role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice in cases of amoebic liver abscess is stressed.
Primary Hyperoxaluria in Infancy
Authors: SRINIVAS H.N. , RAMKUMAR CHANDRAN
Published: March 2008

Primary Hyperoxaluria is a rare autosomal recessive disorder causing progressive renal failure and death before adulthood in most cases1. Acute renal failure due to Primary Hyperoxaluria with renal oxalosis is rare in infancy2‐ 3 and we report such a case emphasizing the importance of ultrasonographic examination in the diagnosis of this condition.
MRI of the Cervical Spine
Authors: BENSON M.D. , BUCKLEY J.H. , MAWHINNEY R.R. , WORTHINGTON B.S.
Published: March 2008

MRI provides a non‐invasive method of imaging the cervical spine in multiple planes. The excellent tissue contrast and sensitivity in the detection of desease which it provides make MRI a powerful diagnostic tool in the assessment of both anatomical deformity and tissue pathology. MRI undoubtedly has enormous potential in the diagnosis of both intraspinal and osteo‐articular disease of the cervical spine. Nevertheless there are still disadvantages of this technique. Radiologists should be aware of the strengths and weaknesses of MRI relative to other imaging modalities in order to ensure that this important but expensive technique is used to best effect.
Film Resistivity and its Relationship to Static Tree Formation on 105mm Roll Film
Authors: MCLEAN DONALD
Published: March 2008

Static tree formation on roll film is a phenomenon not infrequently found in the radiology department. In this paper an attempt has been made to quantify this phenomenon by measuring the physical film parameter resistivity for four brands of roll film.

A strong correlation between high resistivity and observed static tree formation is seen. Further, a survey of 20 radiology centres in the eastern and southern states of Australia using 105mm roll film revealed that film type was a significant factor in static tree formation, whereas camera type was not.
The Incidence of Sub‐hepatic Collections after Cholecystectomy*
Authors: CHATTERTON B.E. , BOUCAUT H. , WILSON C.G.
Published: March 2008

Percutaneous aspiration and drainage is increasingly being used in the diagnosis and management of surgical complications.

The purpose of this study was to determine the natural history of right upper quadrant collections in cholecystectomy patients. Twenty‐seven consecutive patients undergoing cholecystectomy were examined ultrasonically. Collections in the subphrenic space, gallbladder fossa or wound were specifically sought. All patients had conventional T‐tube and wound drainage post‐operatively.

Six collections were seen at the initial examination performed at a mean time of 6 days after surgery. Nineteen patients were re‐examined at a mean of 12.6 days post‐operatively and three of the collections seen initially had resolved, but 3 patients had developed new abnormalities.

By 30 days, all collections had resolved except for one patient with a large subphrenic collection which required surgical drainage.

It is concluded that collections are relatively common post‐cholecystectomy and most resolve spontaneously.
Primary Common Bile Duct Carcinoid Demonstration by Computerised Tomography, Ultrasonography and Angiography
Authors: ALEXANDER IAN A. , THOMSON KENNETH R. , KUNE GABRIEL A.
Published: March 2008

A 64 year old woman presenting with bleeding esophageal varices had a well circumscribed 5 cm diameter carcinoid tumor originating in the common bile duct, demonstrated by angiography, computerised tomography (CT) and ultrasonography, and this was surgically excised. This is the third case of common bile duct carcinoid tumor reported in the literature1,2 and the first to be demonstrated by angiography, CT and ultrasonography.
Computed Tomography of Intracranial Torulosis in the Australian Aboriginal
Authors: BATESON ERIC M.
Published: March 2008

CT scans of three Aboriginal patients with intracranial torulosis are reported. Two showed mass lesions, one presenting as an area of increased density due to a fibrogranulomatous lesion and the other presented as a ring of enhancement with a translucent centre indicating an abscess. The third case showed diffuse enhancement of the sulci of the cerebral cortex due to meningitis. The significance of these radiological changes is discussed.
Contrast Media Viscosity: A Contributing Factor in Blood‐Brain Barrier Damage Following Intracarotid Contrast Injection?
Authors: WYCHERLEY ALLAN G. , WILCOX JOHN , SAGE MICHAEL R. , EVILL CHARLES A.
Published: March 2008

Using a rabbit model, the effects of intra‐carotid methylglucamine iothalamate, at room temperature (23 °C), on the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) were investigated. BBB damage was assessed quantitatively by measuring pertechnetate uptake by the brain and qualitatively by subjective assessment of the degree of cortical staining by Evans' Blue dye. Intracarotid saline injections were made in control studies. The results are compared to those of an earlier study in this laboratory in which the same test solutions were injected at 37°C. As the results obtained with saline at each temperature were the same (p > 0.1) no temperature effect was evident, and as such, any difference between the degree of BBB damage with methylglucamine iothalamate at each temperature can be attributed to the change in viscosity due to temperature variation. The results show no statistical difference between the degree of BBB damage, as indiated by pertechnetate uptake, with either methylglucamine iothalamate, or saline at each temperature (p > 0.1 in each case). However, Evans' Blue staining was generally more intense when methylglucamine iothalamate was injected at23°C than at 37°C.
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Sonographic Findings
Authors: SINGCHAROEN THANIT , BADDELEY HIRAM , BENSON MARK , WARD MICHAEL
Published: March 2008

Sonographic findings in ten cases of primary sclerosing cholangitis are described. Thickening of the extra‐hepatic bile ducts is the most common finding. Other features are intra‐hepatic duct wall thickening and mild irregular dilatation, hepatic parenchymal change and evidence of portal hypertension. Two patterns of hepatic parenchymal change are noted: a) diffuse liver change and, b) patchy areas of increased echogenicity. Dilatation of the extra‐hepatic bile ducts is uncommon. Recognition of these findings will lead to the use of the more definitive procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and will avoid a delay in diagnosis.
Ectopia Vesicae in Utero
Authors: VERCO P.W. , KHOR B.H. , BARBARY J. , ENTHOVEN C.
Published: March 2008

Two foetuses were considered to have ectopia vesicae on the basis of the in utero ultrasound findings of a normal volume of liquor amnii, normal foetal kidneys, absence of a normal bladder, and an echogenic mass in the suprapubic region.
Ossifying Fibroma of Long Bone — Report of Two Cases
Authors: MACINTOSH DAVID , XIPELL JOSEPH M. , THOMAS DAVID P.
Published: March 2008

Two cases of ossifying fibroma of long bone with long term follow‐up are described. Although the diagnosis can usually be established from the plain radiographs, computerised tomography can be of considerable value. Because of therapeutic implications it is important to distinguish this lesion from other fibro‐osseous lesions of bone.
Osteogenic Sarcoma Arising in Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia A Case Report
Authors: JOSE C.C. , BENJAMIN C.S.
Published: March 2008

A 66 year old man with a longstanding history of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia was found to have an osteogenic sarcoma arising from the upper end of the left femur. As he was surgically unfit, he was treated with a course of external radiotherapy, with good palliation.
Costotransverse Joint Injection Description of Technique
Authors: LAU LAWRENCE S.W. , LITTLEJOHN GEOFFREY O.
Published: March 2008

Clinical evaluation of the various causes of dorsal back pain is often difficult. Injection of the costotransverse joint is a radiologic procedure performed under fluroscopic control. This technique may be helpful for assessing structural derangement as well as symptomatic joint pain of these patients. Familiarity of the anatomic and fluoroscopic appearances is essential for successful joint puncture.
Ultrasound Examination of the Normal Pyloric Sphincter in Neonates
Authors: LANGLOIS SUZANNE LE P. , LIPERT KAREN , HAYTER WAYNE
Published: March 2008

Real time ultrasound examination is rapidly becoming the initial diagnostic investigation for infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS). While published studies have documented the size of the abnormal pylorus, no studies of the normal diameter of the canal have been performed, and suggested values have merely been extrapolated from suspected patients considered normal in retrospect.

A prospective study of 112 normal neonates, ranging from premature to 6 weeks of age, demonstrated that the normal transverse pylorus is elliptical and measures 8.7 (±/‐ 1.4) by 9.7 (±/‐ 1.33)mms, while the muscle thickness measures 2.0 (±/‐ 0.6) and 2.1 (±/‐ 0.6)mm.

The examination is simple to perform, and requires no prior preparation or sedation. The size of the pylorus does not vary significantly with weight or maturity of the child, nor in relation to feeding.
Adrenal Myelolipoma: The Impact of Modern Investigations on the Diagnosis and Patient Management
Authors: LAU LAWRENCE S.W.
Published: March 2008

An asymptomatic adrenal myelolipoma was characterized by CT scanning in a patient with an adrenal mass noted in an I.V.P. examination for prostatism. The mass was successfully resected and the diagnosis confirmed. Review of the literature suggests that it is possible to adopt a more conservative approach in such cases with the assistance of modern imaging techniques where tissue characterization is possible (ultra‐sound, CT scanning and M.R.I.)‐ If an atypical appearance is present, further confirmation may be achieved with guided percutaneous skinny needle biopsy under local anaesthesia.
Pyle's Disease – Familial Metaphyseal Dysplasia – A Case Report
Authors: VOHRA VIVEK
Published: March 2008

One more case of Pyle's Disease is added to the literature. This rare entity produces unique and characteristic appearances of the bones and should not be difficult to differentiate from other conditions which are associated with metaphyseal flaring. The general health of the patient does not appear to be affected.
Radiation Dose Reduction on a Portable Image Intensifier Digital Storage Unit
Authors: FLEAY R.F.
Published: March 2008

The use of a heavy metal filter, namely Hafnium, with a K absorption edge at 65 key has reduced the skin dose by approximately 60% without image deterioration or x‐ray tube overload. The heavy metal foils are slightly more expensive than aluminium, around $150, however the large reduction in radiation levels to the patient and also around the operator area is worth the expense.

A heavy metal filter with a K absorption line at 65 kev has been used to reduce the radiation output of the Image Intensifier System to that required by the State Radiation Act.

Radiologists have seen no great deterioration in the stored image on the T.V. Screen and very little compensation, in the way of kV, or mA, is required.

To reduce radiation levels further to the patient, a Matrix Instruments Video Imager is incorporated into the unit and film recording taken of the stored image. This method is used instead of a Radiographic Exposure.
Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum in the Foetus, Neonate and Infant
Authors: VERCO P.W. , LeQUESNE G.W.
Published: March 2008

A small series of infants with agenesis of the corpus callosum is reviewed. It is postulated that this condition may be recognised in the utero on the basis of an increased lateral ventricular distance, and absence of the cavum septum pellueidum. It should not be confused with hydrocephalus.
Initial Detection of Gastrointestinal Disease during Routine Real‐Time, Abdominal Ultrasound in Adults
Authors: FATAAR SHADLEY
Published: March 2008

In 972 adult patients the whole abdomen was examined as part of routine real‐time US. Except for one patient, those with known gastrointestinal disease were excluded from this retrospective review. Twenty‐six patients were found in whom US was the primary imaging modality diagnosing gastrointestinal lesions. There were malignant neoplasms in 12 patients, peptic ulceration in 4, ileus or obstruction in 7, and one each with gastritis, localised gastric perforation, Crohn's colitis and appendicitis. Clinical suspicion of the lesion was high in 11 patients and either absent or low in the rest.
Pseudo‐Tumours of the Liver on Computed Tomographic (CT) Scanning caused by Adjacent Ascitic or Pleural Fluid
Authors: ALLISON M.C. , DICK R. , ELIOT C.
Published: March 2008

Fluid collections near the liver may cause an appearance on CT scanning of single or multiple low attenuation defects within the liver periphery. Tumour deposits may be suggested. The reasons for this are discussed. To prevent such diagnostic errors and save unnecessary biopsy or angiography, scanning should be performed using small intervals between slices, and thin cuts. Careful imaging on variable window settings is recommended. Recognition of the nature of the ‘pseudo‐tumour’ may prevent a patient with known primary non‐hepatic tumour being pronounced inoperable.
Acute Systemic Reactions to Intravascular Contrast Media –a planned approach
Authors: SKOWRONSKI GEORGE A. , RUNCIMAN WILLIAM B. , CRAWFORD C.W.S. , SAGE MICHAEL R.
Published: March 2008

Adverse reactions to intravascular contrast media (ICM) are common and carry a significant mortality rate. Major factors influencing incidence and severity include age, a history of asthma, heart disease, significant allergy, the type of investigation and the type of contrast agent used. Many mechanisms may be involved in producing ICM reactions, including histamine release, complement activation, antigen‐antibody reactions and direct cardiovascular effects. In order to deal with these unexpected emergencies, a carefully organised plan is essential. Patients with significant heart disease, asthma, allergy or a history of previous contrast reactions should be referred to major hospitals for their investigation. The use of forearm intravenous cannulae should be encouraged and patients must be carefully observed during ICM administration. Adrenaline is the mainstay of therapy and early intramuscular administration is recommended. Corticosteroids and antihistamines have no role in severe reactions, but bronchodilators and infusion of colloid solutions may be required.
The Radiological, Ultrasound and Computed Tomographic Findings in a Case of Renal Malacoplakia
Authors: PUVANESWARY M. , TEONG CHUA CHIN
Published: March 2008

Multifocal renal parenchymal malacoplakia should be suspected in patients having grossly enlarged kidneys with urinary tract infection. Characteristic radiological and ultrasonographic appearances as is illustrated in this case report may be noted. However, renal biopsy is required for definitive diagnosis.
The Fifth Year Undergraduate Radiology Teaching Programme At the Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Authors: ALBERTYN L.E. , VIES G.T. DA , NEWBLE D.I. , TUCKER W.G.
Published: March 2008

A short course in medical imaging totalling some nine hours, has been run for the past four years for small groups of fifth year medical students. The aims of the programme are to show students the scope of current radiology, to teach them how to consult the department and use the service effectively, to stimulate their interest in the natural history and patterns of disease, to teach them a logical approach to a radiograph, and to expose them to a range of common conditions demonstrated radiologically.

The teaching methods and results are described.
Venous Angioma of the Brain: CT and Angiographic Diagnosis
Authors: LIM GERALD H.K.
Published: March 2008

Five cases of the rare venous angioma of the brain are reported, along with a detailed description of the CT and angiographic findings. One case co‐existed with a brain tumour. The diagnosis can be made on the CT appearances alone in the majority of cases, with confirmation provided by cerebral angiography.
Post Metrizamide CT in the Diagnosis of Syringomyelia
Authors: FOULNER DERYCK , KHANGURE M.S. , CHAKERA T.M.H.
Published: March 2008

18 cases of syringomyelia examined over the last 3 years are reviewed.

9 cases were post‐traumatic (PT) and 9 were non‐traumatic (NT). Of the 9 NT cases, 5 were secondary to Arnold‐Chiari malformation, 1 was associated with Astrocytoma of the cord, and 3 were designated idiopathic.

The appearances of syringomyelia on myelogram CT (MCT) – the accumulation of contrast within the cord – are discussed along with suggestions for optimum scanning technique. Myelography block was present in 3 cases, and partial block in a further 3. The presence of block, or estimate of cord size, obviously could not be assessed in our case of direct syrinx puncture.

The PT cases were found to accumulate contrast earlier than the NT cases.
Evaluation of Pre‐Operative Chest X‐Ray
Authors: JEAVONS S.J. , SIDDLE K.J. , MITCHELL C. , O'HARE P.M.
Published: March 2008

The study assesses the value of pre‐operative chest x‐rays in a group of 500 adult patients. The frequency of detected abnormalities has been shown to be age related, with a significant increase in the over 50 age group. The most frequent abnormalities were cardiomegaly (23%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (6.8%).

Thirty‐three patients had abnormalities thought to be of significance in planned surgery or anaesthesia. Of these, four had surgery cancelled (3 with evidence of metastatic disease, 1 with severe emphysema) and one had palliative surgery (metastatic disease). One patient had surgery postponed due to workup of a suspicious rib lesion.

It is important to curb unnecessary health costs and to justify investigations in terms of patient benefits and cost effectiveness. If preoperative chest x‐rays were limited to the over 50 age group or to patients with clinical features of cardiac, pulmonary or malignant disease, it is unlikely that significant disease will be missed.
Atypical Target Pattern: Sonography in GIT lesions
Authors: GUPTA ARUN KUMAR , BERRY M. , Bhargava Professor S.
Published: March 2008

Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in 17 patients with various GIT lesions. 13 of them had a palpable lump and 7 of these had clinically a non GIT anatomical localization. Ultrasound was done as the first diagnostic investigation in these 13 patients. A characteristic ‘Atypical Target’ pattern, suggestive of GIT pathology, was observed in all 17 patients, thereby correctly directing further workup with the least waste of time. Histopathological confirmation was available in all 17 patients. Awareness of normal and atypical target pattern is emphasised on the sonologist, since it may be an incidental finding while doing sonography for some other clinical condition, thereby clinching the diagnosis.
Percutaneous Real‐Time Ultrasonic Guided Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Deep‐Seated, Non‐Palpable Intra‐abdominal Masses (Initial Experience)
Authors: SAWHNEY DR. SUKHPAL , BERRY DR. MANORAMA , BHARGAVA DR. SNEH
Published: March 2008

The accuracy of detecting and assessing the nature of deep seated non‐palpable lesions by ultrasonically guided biopsy has not been well established. Although various authors have reported the accuracy of this technique in large mass lesions1,2 the accuracy in non‐palpable lesions has not been emphasized. A real‐time sector scanner with a biopsy guide attached to a 3 MHz transducer was used for guiding 23 gauge fine needles into 24 patients with deep seated non‐palpable masses, detected on ultrasound studies, with a view to diagnose or exclude malignancy, and to establish the exact nature of these lesions, either benign or malignant.

Aspiration biopsy accurately diagnosed the lesions in 18 patients (75%). No complications occurred in any case.
Cloverleaf Skull and Bone Dysplasias (Report of four cases)
Authors: KOZLOWSKI K. , JEQUIER S. , SILLENCE D. , MOIR D.H.
Published: March 2008

Four newborns with cloverleaf skull – one with elbow synostoses, one with thanatophoric dysplasia and two with a generalised bone dysplasia are reported.

The syndromic relationship of cloverleaf skull deformity is discussed, specifically that between cloverleaf deformity with thanatophoric dysplasia and cloverleaf deformity with generalised bone dysplasia which is different from both achondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia.

The diagnosis “thanatophoric dysplasia with cloverleaf deformity” should be strictly applied to the rare cases of cloverleaf skull which show generalised bone changes characteristic for this syndrome.

CLOVERLEAF SKULL (CS) is an easily recognised anomaly. Its associations with other skeletal anomalies is well known. There is however confusion between cases of CS with generalised bone dysplasias.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify this latter problem as well as to report four new cases of this rare anomaly.
M.R.I, of the Soft Tissues – Case Reports
Authors: ROBERTSON ANGUS
Published: March 2008

These two cases re‐inforce work emanating from the Mayo Clinic1,3 that magnetic resonance imaging has great potential in the peripheral soft tissues.
Radiation Therapy in AIDS Related Kaposi's Sarcoma
Authors: O'BRIEN P.C. , DENHAM J.W.
Published: March 2008

The first case of epidemic Kaposi's Sarcoma requiring radiotherapy in Adelaide is described. A number of points related to the treatment of this condition and particularly the oral mucosa type of lesion are discussed.
Failure of a Short Course of Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation to Reduce the Incidence of Cerebral Relapse in Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: BALL D.L. , BISHOP J.F.
Published: March 2008

During 1981–1984, 17 patients achieving complete remission after chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer were treated with prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) 20 Gy in five fractions over five days. Seven patients (41%) developed CT‐documented cerebral relapse within 14 to 43 weeks (median 38 weeks) from PCI. Since this result is similar to the rates of cerebral relapse reported for patients not receiving PCI, we conclude that this dose schedule is ineffective for cranial prophylaxis.
Doppler Flow Measurements in the Assessment of Carotid Artery Stenosis
Authors: HASSAM RHONDA M. , EVILL CHARLES A. , BROPHY BRIAN P. , SAGE MICHAEL R.
Published: March 2008

This study aimed to determine if the structural changes found in intravenous digital subtraction angiography (IV‐DSA) studies of the extracranial carotid arteries can be related to changes in carotid blood flow, as measured by an ultrasonic Quantitative Volume Flow Meter (QFM), and tiiereby enable the elimination of normal patients from uneccesary IV‐DSA.

QFM blood flow measurements were performed on patients referred for investigation of suspected extracranial carotid artery disease by IV‐DSA. The blood flow and velocity, high to low flow ratio, and ^velocity difference of both carotid arteries in each patient were determined, and the correlation between these values, individually and combined, and the results obtained from DSA, were determined.

Analysis of results for individual arteries indicated only a weak correlation between blood flow values alone and carotid artery morphology. However, if a combination of the Dop‐pler parameters was used, the sensitivity of the QFM greatly increased.

The QFM was able to identify correctly 36% of the 50 patients referred for IV‐DSA as having insignificant disease, and therefore it may have value as a first line of investigation in the selection of patients for IV‐DSA.
Cranio‐Diaphyseal Dysplasia: Report of a Case
Authors: LEVY M.H. , KOZLOWSKI K.
Published: March 2008

Cranio‐diapyseal dysplasia is one of the rarest of the well differentiated sclerotic bone disorders.

This is the first case of this rare syndrome reported in the Australian literature.
Digital Angiography—Myth and Reality
Authors: DAWSON PETER
Published: March 2008

IV‐DSA has a place in modern angiography but it is a high contrast dose examination and rather unsuitable for many of the patients currently selected for it. Claims that it is non‐invasive, quick, simple and safe are also open to question. Intra‐arterial DSA, however, appears to possess many of the merits claimed for IV‐DSA. The conclusion to draw is not that there is no place for IV‐DSA but, rather, that we should be considerably more discriminating in our choice of patients to undergo the procedure.

The parameters determining image quality in digital subtraction angiography (DSA) are outlined and a discussion of the relative merits of intravenous and intra‐arterial DSA is presented.
Central Nervous System Prophylaxis in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia: CT Brain Appearance After 3 Years Continuous Complete Remission in 36 Malaysian Children
Authors: NURUDDIN REGINA N. , DAUD ABDULLAH B. , LIN HAI‐PENG
Published: March 2008

The cranial computed tomograms (CT) of 36 asymptomatic children with acute lymphobiastic leukaemia (ALL) were obtained after 3 years continuous complete remission (CCR). In all these children central nervous system (CNS) in volvement had been excluded at initial assessment. All were regularly followed to monitor haematologic as well as CNS remission.

Our study revealed that 22 of the 36 cases showed one or more of the following changes on brain CT: subarachnoid space widening, ventricular dilatation and intracerebral hypodense areas.

Significantly, intracerebral calcification was absent. In 2 cases, however, the pineal was calcified and regarded as a variant of normal. Changes on brain CT were documented as severe if more than one of the three criteria mentioned existed (6 cases). Serial cranial CT scans were available in 3 children, one of whom showed regression of a hypodense periventricular lesion.

Although CNS prophylaxis has dramatically increased survival time in childhood ALL, our findings concur with those of Peylan‐Ramu et al1 that treatment‐induced structural changes detectable on CT do occur in a considerable pro portion of asymptomatic disease‐free children in long‐term remission.
Computed Tomography in Radiotherapy Treatment Planning
Authors: TREMEWAN R.N.
Published: March 2008

Computed tomography (CT) provides in creased accuracy in tumour localisation, patient ouline data and heterogeneity information. This makes the use of CT highly desirable in 2–dimensional treatment planning. Where 3–dimensional (3–D) planning is used computed tomography (or possibly MRI) is essential. Radiotherapy departments must include dedicated CT scanners if they are to attain acceptable accuracy in simulation and treatment planning. The use of modern accelerators and treatment planning systems will be downgraded in the absence of routine CT imaging in a Radiotherapy Department.
Myelographic Differentiation of Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Malformations from the Normal Population
Authors: GULLIVER DAVID , NOAKES JENNIFER
Published: March 2008

Vascular filling defects are a normal feature of the thoracic myelogram. The aim of this paper was to provide criteria for differentiating the vascular filling defects in spinal AVM's from the range of filling defects seen in non‐AVM patients.

Out of 940 consecutive thoracic myelograms, in non‐AVM patients, 505 had vascular filling defects. These were compared with the myelographic features of nine spinal AVM's, with regard to vessel diameter, length, tortuosity and number. None of these criteria were diagnostic of AVM's as there was overlap bet ween the vascular filling defects of AVM's and the range of normal spinal cord vessels, especial ly posterior spinal veins.

However, filling defects greater than 1.4 mm diameter, which are excessively tortuous, long and. multiple, should be regarded as highly suspinous of an AVM.

A lateral film is important when vascular filling defects are seen, for if these filling defects are anterior to the cord, an AVM is more likely.
Primary Cardiac Mass Lesions (A Study of 24 Cases)
Authors: RAJANI M. , MUKHOPADHYAY S. , DOGRA B. , SHRIVASTAVA S. , BHATIA M.L. , VENUGOPAL P. , BHARGAVA S.
Published: March 2008

Over the last ten years we have come across 24 cases of cardiac mass lesions (tumors and cysts). twenty‐one were atrial myxomas, one fibrosarcoma of the right ventricle, one mesothelioma of the pericardium and one hydatid cyst of the epicardium.

Of the 21 myxomas, 17 were in the left atrium and three in the right atrium. There was no case of bilateral myxoma or right ventricular myxoma. There was no female prepondrance in our series of myxomas as 11 were males and 10 were females, The myxomas were consistently identified by cine angiocardiography and echocar‐diography. Nineteen myxomas were successfully treated surgically with one early mortality and another late mortality. Both died of non‐cardiac complications.
Computerised Arthrotomography of the Glenohumeral Joint
Authors: FAITHFULL G.R. , SONNABEND D.H.
Published: March 2008

Computerised arthrotomography of the glenohumeral joint is an extension of double contrast arthrography. It is of particular value in the assessment of patients with shoulder in stability, including patients in whom the diagnosis of recurrent subluxation requires substantiation, and shoulders which may be the site of multidirectional instability. It also appears to be of value in assessment of the articular surfaces following severe trauma. It should also be helpful in the detection of bicipital lesions and loose bodies.
Basilar Artery Fenestration with an associated Aneurysm: Case Report
Authors: FABRIKANT HAROLD
Published: March 2008

The case of a middle‐aged woman with a rugtured basilar aneurysm in a fenestration is presented. The entity of intracranial arterial fenestration is discussed, with particular reference to posterior fossa aneurysms. Pitfalls in the recognition of fenestrations are considered. These apply mainly to short lesions and are of practical concern. On the one hand, a short fenestration ‘per se’ may be mistaken for a fusiform aneurysm. On the other hand, a saccular aneurysm in a fenestration may obscure the latter making its angiographic detection difficult, perhaps impossible.

The Case of a middle‐aged woman With a ruptured basilar aneurysm in a fenestration is presented. The entity of intracranial arterial fenestration is discussed, with particular reference to posterior fossa aneurysms.
Extra‐Medullary Haemopoiesis Causing Paraplegia
Authors: THOMPSON S.A.
Published: March 2008

A case of spinal cord compression due to extra‐medullary haemopoiesis is described. The literature of this rare manifestation of an uncommon condition is reviewed and the modem imaging approach is summarized. Early diagnosis and treatment is emphasized.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of Pseudosyrinxes
Authors: HOUANG M.T.W. , STERN M. , BREW B. , PELL M. , SHEEHY J.
Published: March 2008

Six patients whose post‐myelographic computed tomography (CT) showed syringomyelia but whose clinical findings were not consistent were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In five of these patients no cavity was seen with MRI. A cavity was demonstrated in the sixth case but not in the region of abnormali ty on CT. MRI confirmed the clinical impression that intake of contrast into the cord did not represent a sryinx cavity. Possible causes are discussed. The term ‘pseudosyrinx’ is used for such a situation.