bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Declaring Sanctuary
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on the formal declaration of public sanctuary at La Placita Church by Fr. Olivares. In step with the national sanctuary movement in the country, Fr. Olivares believed that after four years of assisting the refugees the time had come to announce public sanctuary. La Placita would be a safe space for refugees against immigration officials who regarded them as “illegal aliens.” On December 12, 1985-the feast day of Our Lady of Guadalupe-and in a formal Mass, Fr. Olivares declared La Placita a public sanctuary. This chapter also deals with the tense relationship of Fr. Olivares with Archbishop Roger Mahony over sanctuary.
¡Presente!
Authors: García Mario T.
Published: May 2019

This chapter deals with Fr. Olivares being diagnosed with the HIV-AIDS virus in 1990. His illness prevented him for being as engaged in sanctuary and other public protests. He had to now fight for his life. The chapter examines his last years of life in retirement and his failing health. He died in 1993 and his funeral Mass was attended by thousands. This chapter concludes with a discussion of Fr. Olivares’ legacy.
Introduction
Authors: Harker Jaime
Published: May 2019

The introduction situates the literary movement of Southern lesbian feminism within Southern Studies, histories of feminism and lesbian feminist, and queer studies, and suggests that the archive of Southern lesbian feminism revises and challenges each scholarly speciality.
Conclusion
Authors: Harker Jaime
Published: May 2019

The conclusion considers some of the legacies of the Women in Print movement and the Southern lesbian feminists who animated it, by considering contemporary examples of small press publishing and queer distribution networks.
The Inheritances of a New Elite Private School
Authors: Purdy Michelle A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter chronicles how early decisions by Dr. William Pressly, founding president of Westminster, and other private school leaders began to blur the boundaries between public and private. Westminster, established in 1951, became a popular private school among white middle- and upper-class Atlantans. As Pressly became a leader of the National Council of Independent Schools, he began to negotiate multiple contexts, including that of the city of Atlanta, the state of Georgia, and independent schools nationally. Westminster’s early school culture reflected “Old South” sentiments and racist traditions, while at the same time the first black students to desegregate the school were being born. They would be raised in the segregated black communities and schools developed because of and in spite of Jim Crow. What they gained as young boys and girls would help equip them for experiences that they did not know lay ahead—desegregating and attending Westminster.
Courageous Navigation
Authors: Purdy Michelle A.
Published: May 2019

This final chapter examines the early 1970s. During the summer of 1970, Pressly spoke out against segregationist academies. Concurrently, black Mississippians challenged the tax-exemption status of segregated white private schools. As a result, the IRS required private institutions with tax-exempt status to establish non-discriminatory admissions policies. Under the leadership of William Dandridge, NAIS gave more attention to the quality of the black student experience in independent schools. Yet these changes could not fully interrupt the institutional and interpersonal racism that black students experienced in independent schools. As shifting politics occurred in Atlanta, the black students at Westminster immersed themselves in academics and extracurricular activities, and the students became even more important to the institution. Michael McBay, who had been harassed, became the activist, in the more traditional sense, among the black students. As Michael, Malcolm Ryder, Jannard Wade, and Wanda Ward graduated, new black students like Corliss Blount and Donata Russell joined Westminster. Altogether, thirty-five black students matriculated at Westminster during the first years of desegregation, and over half graduated in time as they individually succeeded, broke barriers, and courageously navigated an institution not originally created with them in mind.
A Pig and a Garden
Authors: White Monica M.
Published: May 2019

Much of the scholarship on the work and legacy of activist Fannie Lou Hamer concentrates on her tireless efforts for civil/human rights and African American representation and access to electoral politics. This chapter brings to light an important project she started in 1969, Freedom Farms Cooperative in Sunflower County, MS. An agricultural cooperative built on 680-acres, Freedom Farm included a pig bank, Head Start program, community gardens, commercial kitchen, a garment factory, sewing cooperative, tool bank, and low-income, affordable housing as strategies to support the needs of African Americans who were fired and evicted for exercising the right to vote. Freedom Farm offered these sharecroppers and tenant farmers educational and re-training opportunities including health care and disaster relief for those who wanted to stay in the Mississippi Delta. Using a historical method to analyze extensive archival records, this chapter offers an analysis of Freedom Farm and illuminates valuable lessons on agriculture as resistance, and alternative strategies of rebuilding and investing in sustainable com- munities. Using the principles of collective and shared ownership, Freedom Farm and the work of Ms. Hamer, offer us important and valuable lessons on rebuilding our communities and investing in sustainable cities around food production.
Conclusion
Authors: White Monica M.
Published: May 2019

The book concludes by demonstrating how Freedom Farmers offers a more complex – and empowering – picture of Black people’s relationship to agriculture than in typical portrayals which emphasize oppression and exploitation. Freedom Farmers also offers a rich counterpoint to social movement literature that often focuses on urban narratives of struggle and more obvious resistance strategies, such as protests. Challenging common perceptions about African Americans’ relationship to the land, Freedom Farmers demonstrates the history of Black farmers fighting to maintain their livelihoods and identities as farmers, using agricultural-based strategies to build collective agency and community resilience. This notion of community resilience demonstrated by Freedom Farmers encourages us to expand the concept of social and ecological resilience to account for the structural factors that have caused the ongoing catastrophes of racial and economic oppression. Freedom Farmers uncovers a history of African American farmers’ strategies of collective agency and community resilience to offer a historical grounding and inspiration for current food justice movements in their work toward liberation.
Bienvenidos a Norte Carolina
Authors: Gill Hannah
Published: May 2019

Chapter 3 takes up the story of contemporary Latin American immigration to North Carolina from the 1970s to the present. The chapter seeks to answer such questions as what Latin American migrant and refugee groups are currently moving to North Carolina and why? Where do they come from? What global and local factors precipitate and sustain migration to the state? How has immigration affected state and local economies? How do native North Carolinians play a role in these processes, and how do they perceive immigrants?
Our Higher Calling
Authors: Thorp Holden , Goldstein Buck
Published: May 2019

American higher education is strong because of a special relationship with the American public and the federal government. Misunderstandings about how higher education works have strained the partnership, which has animated and driven American higher education. Carefully describing the roles of faculty, students, trustees, and administration can clear up some of these misunderstandings and position universities to deal with the pressures caused by changing demographics of incoming students, financial challenges associated with these changes, and differences in learning brought on by technological advances. Greater clarity sets the stage for an important conversation about the future of higher education and the United States.
Students Are Not Customers
Authors: Thorp Holden , Goldstein Buck
Published: May 2019

The relationship with undergraduate students is responsible for the primary opinions that the public has about higher education. Popular culture creates an image that all college students are eighteen years old, live in residence halls, and are recent high school graduates who pay the full tuition rate. In reality, many college students are adult learners, do not live on campus, and most get significant financial aid. Recent economic studies show that there are large numbers of unserved college students in the United States who do not know that they can attend excellent colleges and that low-income students who do attend excellent colleges graduate at a very similar rate and achieve financial status that is very similar to wealthier students.
University Leadership—More Complicated and More Critical Than Ever
Authors: Thorp Holden , Goldstein Buck
Published: May 2019

In 2012, the rectors of the University of Virginia carried out a failed attempt to oust President Teresa Sullivan, demonstrating how a lack of understanding of shared governance and the importance of the internal dynamics of a university can frustrate university trustees. Bart Giamatti said that a university presidency is “a mid-nineteenth-century ecclesiastical position on top of a late-twentieth-century corporation.” While trustees have some important formal powers, most of their influence is informal and has to be navigated within the internal customs and traditions of the university. Two leaders who have navigated these dynamics successfully but in very different ways are Mark Wrighton and Gordon Gee.
Rebuilding the Partnership
Authors: Thorp Holden , Goldstein Buck
Published: May 2019

All of the key parties have an important role to play in rebuilding the partnership. Trustees and policymakers must be careful not to micro-manage; allow Chancellors to build their own teams; respect the views of the faculty and allow the Chancellor the leeway to gain the support of the faculty; support research as well as teaching and be cognizant of the fact that politics are deeply ingrained in the discussion; Administrators must stay close to students, preferably by teaching; embrace the role of faculty member; stay suspicious of administration; engage with academic medicine; and raise funds for true priorities. Faculty must teach with enthusiasm; participate in the community; realistically assess the job prospects of your graduate students; and do not seek administrative positions to further academic goals—programmatic endowment is better. Students should do their homework before applying to college; engage the community once you are admitted; clarify your goals for the college experience and ask for help when you need it.
Rolling: Drag and Fly
Authors: Balay Anne
Published: May 2019

Many truckers are openly racist towards African-Americans, Mexican immigrants, and those they perceive to be Islamic or Sikh. Truckers from these groups are understood to be desperate and willing to work for less, thus driving down freight rates for everyone else. Trucking corporations manipulate these attitudes to maximize their profit, but it is truckers individually who are labelled as bigots by the narrating class.
Rolling: Draggin’ Ass
Authors: Balay Anne
Published: May 2019

Truckers take pride in surviving the challenges and exhaustion of trucking work. The job and its culture are dangerous and risky, with rape a frequent occurrence and loneliness a given. Persisting through this is a source of working-class identity.
Evaluating the “2+26” regional strategy for air quality improvement during two air pollution alerts in Beijing: variations in PM2.5 concentrations, source apportionment, and the relative contribution of local emission and regional transport
Authors: Chen Ziyue , Chen Danlu , Wen Wei , Zhuang Yan , Kwan Mei-Po , Chen Bin , Zhao Bo , Yang Lin , Gao Bingbo , Li Ruiyuan , Xu Bing
Published: May 2019

Abstract. To comprehensively evaluate the effects of the recent “2+26” regional
strategy for air quality improvement, we compared the variations in
PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing during four pollution episodes with
different emission-reduction strategies. The 2+26 strategy implemented
in March 2018 led to a mean PM2.5 concentration 16.43 % lower than
that during the pollution episode in March 2013, when no specific
emission-reduction measures were in place. The same 2+26 strategy
implemented in November 2017 led to a mean PM2.5 concentration 32.70 % lower than that during the pollution episode in November 2016,
when local emission-reduction measures were implemented. The results
suggested that the effects of the 2+26 regional emission-reduction
measures on PM2.5 reductions were influenced by a diversity of factors
and could differ significantly during specific pollution episodes.
Furthermore, we found the proportions of sulfate ions decreased
significantly, and nitrate ions were the dominant PM2.5 components
during the two 2+26 orange alert periods. Meanwhile, the relative
contribution of coal combustion to PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing
during the pollution episodes in March 2013, November 2016, November 2017
and March 2018 was 40 %, 34 %, 28 % and 11 %, respectively,
indicating that the recent “Coal to Gas” project and the contingent
2+26 strategy led to a dramatic decrease in coal combustion in the
Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. On the other hand, the relative contribution
of vehicle exhaust during the 2+26 orange alert periods in
November 2017 and March 2018 reached 40 % and 54 %, respectively. The relative
contribution of local emissions to PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing also
varied significantly and ranged from 49.46 % to 89.35 % during the four
pollution episodes. These results suggested that the 2+26 regional
emission-reduction strategy should be implemented with red air pollution
alerts during heavy pollution episodes to intentionally reduce the dominant
contribution of vehicle exhausts to PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing,
while specific emission-reduction measures should be implemented accordingly
for different cities within the 2+26 framework.
China's Clean Air Action has suppressed unfavorable influences of climate on wintertime PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing since 2002
Authors: Gao Meng , Liu Zirui , Zheng Bo , Ji Dongsheng , Sherman Peter , Song Shaojie , Xin Jinyuan , Liu Cheng , Wang Yuesi , Zhang Qiang , Wang Zifa , Carmichael Gregory , McElroy Michael
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Severe wintertime PM2.5 pollution in Beijing has been receiving increasing worldwide attention, yet the decadal variations remain relatively unexplored. Combining field measurements and model simulations, we quantified the relative influences of anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions on PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing over winters of 2002–2016. Between the winters of 2011 and 2016, stringent emission control measures resulted in a 21 % decrease in mean mass concentrations of PM2.5 in Beijing, with 7 fewer haze days per winter on average. With fixed emissions, meteorological conditions over the study period would have led to an increase of haze in Beijing, but the strict emission control measures have suppressed the unfavorable influences of recent climate. The unfavorable meteorological conditions are attributed to the weakening of the East Asia Winter Monsoon associated particularly with an increase in pressure associated with the Aleutian low.
The changing role of organic nitrates in the removal and transport of NOx
Authors: Romer Present Paul S. , Zare Azimeh , Cohen Ronald C.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. A better understanding of the chemistry of nitrogen oxides (NONOx) is crucial to effectively reducing air pollution and predicting future air quality. The response of NOx lifetime to perturbations in emissions or in the climate system is set in large part by whether NOx loss occurs primarily by the direct formation of HNO3 or through the formation of alkyl and multifunctional nitrates (RONO2). Using 15 years of detailed in situ observations, we show that in the summertime continental boundary layer the relative importance of these two pathways can be well approximated by the relative likelihood that OH will react with NO2 or instead with a volatile organic compound (VOC). Over the past decades, changes in anthropogenic emissions of both NONOx and VOCs have led to a significant increase in the overall importance of RONO2 chemistry to NONOx loss. We find that this shift is associated with a decreased effectiveness of NONOx emissions reductions on ozone production in polluted areas and increased transport of NONOx from source to receptor regions. This change in chemistry, combined with changes in the spatial pattern of NONOx emissions, is observed to be leading to a flatter distribution of NO2 across the United States, potentially transforming ozone air pollution from a local issue into a regional one.
Kinetics of calcite precipitation by ureolytic bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic conditions
Authors: Mitchell Andrew C. , Espinosa-Ortiz Erika J. , Parks Stacy L. , Phillips Adrienne J. , Cunningham Alfred B. , Gerlach Robin
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The kinetics of urea hydrolysis (ureolysis) and induced calcium carbonate
(CaCO3) precipitation for engineering use in the subsurface was
investigated under aerobic conditions using Sporosarcina pasteurii
(ATCC strain 11859) as well as Bacillus sphaericus strains 21776
and 21787. All bacterial strains showed ureolytic activity inducing
CaCO3 precipitation aerobically. Rate constants not normalized to
biomass demonstrated slightly higher-rate coefficients for both ureolysis
(kurea) and CaCO3 precipitation (kprecip)
for B. sphaericus 21776 (kurea=0.10±0.03 h−1, kprecip=0.60±0.34 h−1) compared to
S. pasteurii (kurea=0.07±0.02 h−1,
kprecip=0.25±0.02 h−1), though these differences were
not statistically significantly different. B. sphaericus 21787
showed little ureolytic activity but was still capable of inducing some
CaCO3 precipitation. Cell growth appeared to be inhibited during
the period of CaCO3 precipitation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images suggest this is due
to the encasement of cells and was reflected in lower kurea
values observed in the presence of dissolved Ca. However, biomass regrowth
could be observed after CaCO3 precipitation ceased, which suggests
that ureolysis-induced CaCO3 precipitation is not necessarily
lethal for the entire population. The kinetics of ureolysis and
CaCO3 precipitation with S. pasteurii was further
analyzed under anaerobic conditions. Rate coefficients obtained in anaerobic
environments were comparable to those under aerobic conditions; however, no
cell growth was observed under anaerobic conditions with NO3-,
SO42- or Fe3+ as potential terminal electron
acceptors. These data suggest that the initial rates of ureolysis and
ureolysis-induced CaCO3 precipitation are not significantly
affected by the absence of oxygen but that long-term ureolytic activity might
require the addition of suitable electron acceptors. Variations in the
ureolytic capabilities and associated rates of CaCO3 precipitation
between strains must be fully considered in subsurface engineering strategies
that utilize microbial amendments.
A multi-year observation of nitrous oxide at the Boknis Eck Time-Series Station in the Eckernförde Bay (southwestern Baltic Sea)
Authors: Ma Xiao , Lennartz Sinikka T. , Bange Hermann W.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas and it is involved in stratospheric ozone depletion. Its oceanic production is mainly influenced by dissolved nutrient and oxygen (O2) concentrations in the water column. Here we examined the seasonal and annual variations of dissolved N2O at the Boknis Eck (BE) Time-Series Station located in Eckernförde Bay (southwestern Baltic Sea). Monthly measurements of N2O started in July 2005. We found a pronounced seasonal pattern for N2O with high concentrations (supersaturations) in winter/early spring and low concentrations (undersaturations) in autumn when hypoxic/anoxic conditions prevail. Unusually low N2O concentrations were observed during October 2016–April 2017, which was presumably a result of prolonged anoxia and the subsequent nutrient deficiency. Unusually high N2O concentrations were found in November 2017 and this event was linked to the occurrence of upwelling which interrupted N2O consumption via denitrification and potentially promoted ammonium oxidation (nitrification) at the oxic/anoxic interface. Nutrient concentrations (such as nitrate, nitrite and phosphate) at BE are decreasing since 1980s, but oxygen concentrations in the water column are still decreasing. Our results indicate a close coupling of N2O anomalies to O2 concentration, nutrients and stratification. Given the long-term trends of declining nutrient and oxygen concentrations at BE, a decrease in N2O concentration, and thus emissions, seems likely due to an increasing number of events with low N2O concentrations.
A Tethered And Navigated Air Blimp (TANAB) for observing themicroclimate over a complex terrain
Authors: Nambiar Manoj K. , Byerlay Ryan A. E. , Nazem Amir , Nahian M. Rafsan , Moradi Mohsen , Aliabadi Amir A.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. This study presents the first environmental monitoring field campaign of a newly developed Tethered And Navigated Air Blimp (TANAB) system to investigate the microclimate over a complex terrain. The use of a tethered balloon in complex terrains such as mines and tailings ponds is novel and the focus of the present study. The TANAB system was fully developed and launched at a mine facility in northern Canada in May 2018. This study describes the key design features, the sensor payload onboard, and the observations made by the TANAB system. The system measured meteorological conditions including wind speed in three directions, temperature, relative humidity, and pressure over the first few tens of meters of the atmospheric boundary layer. The system also performed earth surface thermal imaging, or temperature mapping, of the underlying surface. The measurements were made at two primary locations in the facility: i) near a tailings pond and ii) in a mine pit. TANAB measured the dynamics of the atmosphere at different diurnal times (e.g. day versus night) and locations (near tailings pond versus inside the mine). Such dynamics include mean and turbulence statistics pertaining to flow momentum and energy, and they are crucial in the understanding of emission fluxes from the facility in future studies. In addition, TANAB can provide boundary conditions and validation datasets to support mesoscale dispersion modelling or Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations for various transport models.
A full waveform current recorder for electrical prospecting
Authors: Chen Kai , Jin Sheng
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Current data are an important input data for electrical
prospecting data postprocessing. The existing current recorder is
inadequate for continuous recording, precision, bandwidth, dynamic range,
and input range. A new full waveform current recorder that is ideal for
measuring current signal for electrical prospecting applications is
presented. The new measurement principle enables the fabrication of a
high-precision current sensor with an autonomous data logger as well as
continuous measurement capabilities for full waveforms that are comparable
to recent developments for electrical prospecting applications. The full
waveform current recorder is capable of measuring current with bandwidth
from direct current (DC) to 10 kHz, with a power spectrum density noise floor of
10 µA/rt(Hz) at 10 Hz. The current recorder has a dynamic range that is higher
than 97 dB over a range of 100 A at peak, with time synchronisation error as
low as ±0.1 µs. These features make new current recorder a
promising technology for high-precision measurement with long-duration,
autonomous data logging for field electrical prospecting applications.
Hybrid climate datasets from a climate data evaluation system and their impacts on hydrologic simulations for the Athabasca River basin in Canada
Authors: Eum Hyung-Il , Gupta Anil
Published: May 2019

Abstract. A reliable climate dataset is a backbone for modeling the essential processes of the water cycle and predicting future conditions. Although a number of gridded climate datasets are available for the North American content, which provide reasonable estimates of climatic conditions in the region, there are inherent inconsistencies in these available climate datasets (e.g., spatial and temporal varying data accuracies, meteorological parameters, length of records, spatial coverage, temporal resolution, etc). These inconsistencies raise a valid question as to which datasets are the most suitable for the study area and how to systematically combine these datasets to produce a reliable climate dataset for climate studies and hydrological modeling. This study suggested a framework, called reference reliability evaluation system (REFRES), that systematically determines a ranking of multiple climate datasets to generate a hybrid climate dataset for a region. To demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed framework, REFRES was applied to produce a historical hybrid climate dataset for the Athabasca River basin in Alberta, Canada. A proxy validation was also conducted to prove the applicability of the generated hybrid climate datasets to hydrologic simulations. This study evaluated five climate datasets, including station-based gridded climate datasets (ANUSPLIN, Alberta Township, and PNWNAmet), a multi-source gridded dataset (Canadian Precipiation Analysis – CaPA), and a reanalysis-based dataset (NARR). The results showed that the gridded climate interpolated from station data performed better than multi-source and reanalysis based climate datasets. For the Athabasca River basin, Township and ANUSPLIN were mostly ranked first for precipitation and temperature, respectively. The proxy validation also confirmed the superior performance of hybrid climate datasets compared with the other five individual climate datasets investigated in this study. These results indicate that the hybrid climate dataset provides a better representation of historical climatic conditions and thus, enhancing the reliability of hydrologic simulations.
Joint analysis of the magnetic field and total gradient intensity in central Europe
Authors: Milano Maurizio , Fedi Maurizio , Fairhead J. Derek
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In the European region, the magnetic field at satellite altitudes
(∼350 km) is mainly defined by a long-wavelength magnetic low,
called the Central European Magnetic Low (CEML) here, located to the southwest
of the Trans-European Suture Zone (TESZ). We studied this area through a joint analysis of magnetic and total gradient
(∇T) anomaly maps for a range of different altitudes of 5, 100 and
350 km. Tests on synthetic models showed the usefulness of the joint
analysis at various altitudes to identify reverse dipolar anomalies and to
characterize areas in which magnetization is weak. This way we identified
areas where either reversely or normally magnetized sources are locally
dominant. At a European scale these anomalies are sparse, with a low degree
of coalescence effect. The ∇T map indeed presents generally small
values within the CEML area, indicating that the Paleozoic Platform is
weakly magnetized. At 350 km of altitude, the TESZ effect is largely dominant: with intense
∇T highs above the East European Craton (EEC) and very small values
above the Paleozoic Platform, this again denotes a weakly magnetized
crust. Small coalescence effects are masked by the trend of the TESZ. Although we identified sparsely located reversely magnetized sources in the
Paleozoic Platform of the CEML, the joint analysis does not support a model
of a generally reversely magnetized crust. Instead, our analysis strongly
favors the hypothesis that the CEML anomaly is mainly caused by a sharp
contrast between the magnetic properties of the EEC and Paleozoic Platform.
Visual analytics of the aftershock point cloud data in complex fault systems
Authors: Wang Chisheng , Ke Junzhuo , Jiang Jincheng , Lu Min , Xiu Wenqun , Liu Peng , Li Qingquan
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Aftershock point cloud data provide direct evidence for the characteristics of underground faults. However, there has been a dearth of studies using the state-of-art visual analytics methods to explore the data. In this paper, we present a novel interactive visual analysis approach for visualizing the aftershock point cloud. Our method employs a variety of interactive operations, rapid visual computing functions, flexible display modes and various filtering approaches to present and explore the desired information for the fault geometry and aftershock dynamics. The case study conducted for the 2016 central Italy earthquake sequence shows that the proposed approach can facilitate the discovery of the geometry of the four main fault segments and three secondary fault segments. It can also clearly reveal the spatio-temporal evolution of the aftershocks, helping to find the fluid-driven mechanism of this sequence. An open-source prototype system based on the approach is also developed and is freely available.
Assessing the performance of a distributed radiation-temperature melt model on an Arctic glacier using UAV data
Authors: Bash Eleanor A. , Moorman Brian J.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Enhanced temperature index (ETI) models of glacier surface melt are commonly used in studies of glacier mass balance and runoff. With limited data available most models are validated based on ablation stakes and data from automatic weather stations (AWS). With the technological advances of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and structure-from-motion (SfM), it is possible to measure glacier surface melt in detail over larger portions of a glacier. In this study, we use melt measured using SfM processing of UAV imagery to assess the performance of an ETI melt model in two-dimensions. Imagery collected over a portion of the ablation zone of Fountain Glacier, NU, on July 21 and 24, 2016 was previously used to determine distributed surface melt. Incoming solar radiation and temperature measured at the AWS, along with albedo derived from UAV imagery, are used as inputs for the model which was used to estimate melt from July 21–24, 2016. Modelled melt agrees with melt measured at the AWS within ±0.010 m. Across the study area the median model error (−0.044 m), calculated as the difference between measured and modelled melt, is within the uncertainty of the measurements. A strong link was found between the model error and glacier surface aspect with higher errors linked to south aspects. The highest errors were also linked to the density of water flow features on the glacier surface. The relation between water flow and model error suggests that energy from surface water flow is contributing significantly to surface melt on Fountain Glacier. Deep surface streams with highly asymmetrical banks are observed on Fountain Glacier, but the processes leading to their formation are missing in the model assessed here. The failure of the model to capture flow-induced melt and to under-estimate melt on south aspects would lead to significant underestimation of surface melt should the model be used to project future change.
Innhold
Authors: - -
Published: May 2019

innhold
Universal health coverage and WHO model list of essential medicines – impact on blood transfusion in lower- and middle-income countries
Authors: Th. Smit Sibinga Cees , E. Abdella Yetmgeta
Published: May 2019

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UM NOVO ENFOQUE PARA A TRADUÇÃO NO ENSINO COMUNICATIVO DE LÍNGUAS
Authors: Cuéllar Lázaro Carmen , De Siqueira Pedra (tradutora) Nylcéa Thereza
Published: May 2019

No presente artigo pretende-se reivindicar o lugar da tradução no ensino de línguas estrangeiras. Para tanto, depois de uma breve apresentação de como a tradução foi tratada nos diferentes métodos de ensino e de como o afastamento da língua materna da sala de línguas resultou no abandono de atividades tradutórias em sala de aula, apresenta-se como a tradução é assumida pelo método comunicativo. Depois dessas considerações, expõe-se o resultado da pesquisa realizada em diferentes manuais de ensino de espanhol como língua estrangeira para analisar como a língua materna e a tradução aparecem contempladas neles.
FUNDAMENTOS DA TRADUÇÃO PEDAGÓGICA: TRADUÇÃO,	ENSINO E COMUNICAÇÃO
Authors: Pintado Gutiérrez Lucía , Lopes (tradutora) Fernanda Cristina
Published: May 2019

A integração da tradução pedagógica na aula de língua estrangeira faz parte do profundo revisionismo realizado, por um lado, na tradução e, por outro lado, no ensino de línguas estrangeiras, que promoveu uma reconciliação que culminou no reconhecimento e contínuo desenvolvimento dessa área. A questão central foi reconsiderar o panorama e reconhecer uma rede de interesses comuns entre a tradução e o ensino de línguas. O objetivo da tradução na aula de língua é essencialmente comunicativo (facilitando a aquisição da competência comunicativa em uma língua estrangeira). Por isso, a tradução pedagógica encontra sua razão de pertencimento a um currículo de línguas sob um paradigma comunicativo e dinâmico em que o ensino recupera aspectos teórico-pragmáticos essenciais.
A RELEVÂNCIA DA TRADUÇÃO PEDAGÓGICA PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DA EDUCAÇÃO BILÍNGUE NA COSTA RICA
Authors: Hernández-Ching Ruth Cristina , Lopes (tradutora) Fernanda Cristina
Published: May 2019

O artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre o bilinguismo na Costa Rica à luz das últimas versões dos documentos da educação costa-riquenha (2011, 2013, 2015 e 2017). Analisam-se as contribuições bem-sucedidas de várias pesquisas nacionais e internacionais, onde a tradução pedagógica é proposta como uma técnica eficaz para o desenvolvimento de competências comunicativas. Da mesma forma, faz-se um relato dos principais marcos históricos da tradução no ensino de segunda língua. Existem importantes programas no MEP (Ministério de Educação Pública), escolas, colégios e universidades públicas e privadas, mas há uma tendência a associar o uso da tradução ao ensino apenas via método gramatica-tradução. Estudos posteriores poderiam comparar o desenvolvimento entre estudantes que adquiriram o idioma como segunda língua e trabalharam por um curto período de tempo em um centro de atendimento, em turismo ou em atividades da vida real em que precisaram traduzir ou interpretar em modo real, em comparação com aqueles que não o fizeram.
TRADUÇÃO DE MÚSICA NO ENSINO DE ALEMÃO COMO LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA
Authors: Pleß Ulrike , Abdala Junior (tradutor) Luiz Carlos
Published: May 2019

No artigo Tradução de música no ensino de alemão como língua estrangeira discute-se a relevância da tradução de músicas na aula de alemão como língua estrangeira. Nesse contexto, faz-se uma sugestão didática para diferentes níveis de aprendizado. O objetivo é que os estudantes possam vislumbrar o mundo estrangeiro e entrar em contato com a sua cultura. Ao realizar traduções de letras de música, lidando intensivamente com a língua estrangeira, os estudantes podem aprender tanto através dos apelos afetivos que a música proporciona, quanto com os elementos linguísticos da letra.
O que traduzir? Como traduzir? Por que traduzir?
Authors: De Carlo Maddalena , Druciak (tradutora) Carmem Lúcia
Published: May 2019

No marco do ensino de línguas o destino da tradução seguiu um caminho alternativo. Pedra angular, ao lado da gramática, na metodologia tradicional, totalmente banida dos métodos áudio-orais, ignorada na abordagem comunicativa, a tradução-mediação está hoje reintegrada ao ensino de línguas já que ocupa um lugar considerável no funcionamento linguístico comum de nossas sociedades. Após um breve panorama da evolução dos estudos da tradução, este artigo leva em consideração três níveis possíveis de integração da prática tradutória em uma formação linguística.
APRESENTAÇÃO
Authors: De Siqueira Pedra Nylcéa Thereza
Published: May 2019

Apresentação do Dossier especial sobre tradução e ensino de línguas
A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DA TRADUÇÃO PEDAGÓGICA NA CORREÇÃO MORFOSSINTÁTICA: UM ESTUDO PRELIMINAR COM ALUNOS DE ESPANHOL COMO LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA EM NÍVEL AVANÇADO
Authors: Gasca Jiménez, Laura , De Siqueira Pedra (tradutora) Nylcéa Thereza
Published: May 2019

No presente artigo são apresentados os resultados de um estudo longitudinal de quatro semanas de duração sobre a contribuição da tradução pedagógica na correção morfossintática da segunda língua. Seis estudantes universitários matriculados em um curso de nível avançado de espanhol como segunda língua na Universidade de Houston participaram do estudo. O curso tinha como objetivo contribuir com o desenvolvimento da competência comunicativa dos estudantes mediante a introdução da prática da tradução direta (L2>L1) e inversa (L1>L2), com ênfase nesta. Os participantes desenvolveram uma atividade de tradução como pré-teste e pós-teste, no começo e no final do curso. Os resultados sugerem que o uso da tradução pedagógica como metodologia ativa que promove a reflexão e combina o trabalho individual com o colaborativo tem um impacto favorável na correção morfossintática da segunda língua. Esse impacto positivo se faz particularmente notório no uso das preposições, dos adjetivos e dos tempos e modos verbais. O presente trabalho se soma aos trabalhos de Cook (2010) e González Davies (2002) que propõem a prática da tradução inversa (L1>L2) para o desenvolvimento da correção gramatical.
Charles Peirce's Theory of Scientific Method
Authors: Reilly Francis E.
Published: May 2019

This book is an attempt to understand a significant part of the complex thought of CharlesSanders Peirce, especially in those areas which interested him most: scientific method and related philosophical questions. It is organized primarily from Peirce's own writings, taking chronological settings into account where appropriate, and pointing out the close connections of several major themes in Peirce's work which show the rich diversity of his thought and its systematic unity. Following an introductory sketch of Peirce the thinking and writer is a study of the spirit and phases of scientific inquiry, and a consideration of its relevance to certain outstanding philosophical views which Peirce held. This double approach is necessary because his views on scientific method are interlaced with a profound and elaborate philosophy of the cosmos. Peirce's thought is unusually close-knit, and his difficulty as a writer lies in his inability to achieve a partial focus without bringing into view numerous connections and relations with the whole picture of reality. This book attempts to understand Peirce as Peirce intended himself to be understood, and has presented what the author believes Peirce's philosophy of scientific method to be. The book singles out for praise Peirce's Greek insistence on the primacy of theoretical knowledge and his almost Teilhardian synthesis of evolutionary themes. Primarily philosophical, this volume analyzes Peirce's thought using a theory of knowledge and metaphysics rather than formal logic.
The Scientist’s Concern: Knowledge for its Own Sake
Authors: Reilly Francis E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses Peirce's understanding of science. Peirce asserts that the lexicographer and the non-scientist may regard science as an “organized body of knowledge,” but the genuine scientist regards their pursuit as a “mode of life.” He argues that science is the pursuit of scientific men, and this pursuit must be motivated by the pure love of knowledge for its own sake. An understanding of what science is, therefore, can be achieved only by understanding what the scientist is about. For Peirce, the motive of the scientist is of primary importance: they must be in search of knowledge for its own sake. This, of course, means that the questions asked by the scientist, and the answers which they hope to find, will be theoretical. Accordingly, the method that they follow will be adapted to the scientist's theoretical questions. Hence this chapter considers scientific inquiry as the pursuit of truth for its own sake.
The Moderate Fallibilism of Science
Authors: Reilly Francis E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers how valuable scientific knowledge is, and how certain and permanent is the knowledge gained through this method. Peirce repeatedly and firmly asserts that scientific knowledge is not a completely certain and adequate representation of its object. Science never achieves the final and absolute formulation of the universe. Pierce calls the acknowledgment of this necessary limitation of scientific knowledge “fallibilism.” It is an attitude of reserve toward science, a deliberate withholding of a complete and final commitment toward the achievements of the scientific method. At the same time, there is a spirit of confidence in science, and an assurance that science really does converge on the truth. Peircean fallibilism, then, is not a complete distrust of scientific knowledge. Rather it is tempered by the reasoned conviction that scientific knowledge is the best knowledge we have, and that the method of the sciences is the only reliable method of settling opinion, hence why his attitude is considered a “moderate fallibilism.” This chapter considers the moderate fallibilism of science as a consequent of the method of the sciences, and of the object which the sciences study, namely, the universe.
Change and Permanence in the Experimental Logic
Authors: Boisvert Raymond D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines John Dewey’s new logic. Dewey understands logic as involving especially the search for method. His earliest attempt at developing a methodology fully consistent with the advances of modern science is found in Studies in Logical Theory, published in 1903. Dewey’s views were not developed in isolation from the philosophical controversies of his day. The type of logic he espoused is presented as a response to the perceived insufficiencies of alternative positions. The chapter also explores Dewey’s objections to the two traditions that dominated philosophical discussion, realism and idealism, and deals in greater detail with his understanding of the term object.
Dewey’s Objections to Traditional Doctrines
Authors: Boisvert Raymond D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter suggests that an awareness of the weaknesses and errors John Dewey finds in the traditional doctrines is crucial in piecing together the constructive doctrine he propounds. It looks at the objections Dewey has to earlier ontologies, beginning with an analysis about a traditional distinction—that between techne and physis—which is essential to an understanding of Dewey, especially in relation to earlier naturalistic thinkers. The chapter also examines Dewey’s works to elucidate his objections to other theories of form. These will come mostly from Experience and Nature and Art as Experience. Finally, the chapter deals with certain sections of The Quest for Certainty which provide a good link with both the discussions of idealism and its subsequent constructive analyses.
C. S. Peirce and Religious Experience
Authors: Potter Vincent G.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses how Peirce viewed the role of experience in religion. Over the years, there have been two problems present in the analysis of religion and religious experience. The first is classical empiricism's charge that religious language is meaningless, in the sense of bearing no cognitive content. The second is the tension felt by religious believers between the need for an authentic experience of God—a sense of awareness of God's nearness or presence—and the need for rational argument to ground and to legitimate any such experience. Experience is required to make religion concrete and alive; argument is required to authenticate the experience. The chapter turns to Peirce to answer both these problems in terms of his general theory of experience and cognition.
“Vaguely Like a Man”: The Theism of Charles S. Peirce
Authors: Potter Vincent G.
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyzes how Charles Sanders Peirce's theism is “sound pragmatism,” and this is not likely to attract positivists who have adopted its maxim as an expression of their own views concerning verification. His theism, he says, is a consequence of anthropomorphism—a claim not likely to enthuse either traditional theists or hard-headed scientists. Moreover, Peirce's theism is intrinsically infected with vagueness, a disease which surely will be diagnosed as fatal by many analysts and logicians. The chapter also shows how Peirce's theism is supported by a form of the ontological argument, and aims to understand the precise import of these shocking claims and perhaps suggest at least that they are not so bad even if unusual and/or distasteful.
C. S. Peirce’s Argument for God’s Reality: A Pragmatist’s View
Authors: Potter Vincent G.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explains that religion for Charles Sanders Peirce is a topic of “vital importance” and so is a matter more of the heart than of the head. He writes that all sensible talk about religion, morals, and aesthetics must be common-place, all reasoning about them unsound, and all study of them narrow and sordid. When it is a question of great decisions affecting one's lives, it is the wise man who knows that sentiment and instinct are sure guides, while reasoning about such matters is out of place since that faculty is a notoriously fallible instrument. In addition, the chapter presents Peirce's argument for God's reality: the Humble Argument, sometimes called the Neglected Argument.
The Argument of “The Will to Believe”
Authors: O'Connell Robert J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter traces Williams James' argument, pointing up its crucial turnings, its sometimes subtle shifts in logic or meaning of terms, and calling the reader's attention to those features which, more generally ignored or slighted by previous writers, become important for the qualified defense of James. The chapter examines how James is seemingly betraying an uneasiness about his preceding definition of religion—a definition so “generic and broad” as to drain it of all the juices that should flow through a truly momentous hypothesis. One might object that James is about to present not merely a “further,” but a more particular, even an accidental, form of the religious hypothesis he first felt it necessary to keep generic and broad; but that might be caviling.
Process Philosophy and Its Problems
Authors: Kraus Elizabeth M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents the nature, basic insight, and linguistic difficulties of process philosophy. Process philosophy is an answer to the being vs. becoming, permanence vs. change problematic which has been central to metaphysical speculation since the time of the Greeks. Two inseparable notions constitute the foundational insight of Alfred North Whitehead's process philosophy: the permanence of value achieved and the ongoingness of value achievement. His purpose in writing Process and Reality is to construct a metaphysical scheme capable of elucidating the implications of these notions. The remainder of the chapter discusses the Whitehead's construction of a novel philosophical language and his use of language of consciousness in interpretations of non-conscious processes.
The Speculative Scheme
Authors: Kraus Elizabeth M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses Alfred North Whitehead's speculative scheme. The elaboration of a speculative scheme does not proceed in an ad hoc manner, but is controlled each step of the way by the norms which govern the ideal product. The most fundamental criterion of any metaphysics is that it be self-referential, interpreting not only the world of experience but itself, its process of formulation, and its relation to other theories as well. Any philosophical theory should be the prime exemplification of itself if it is not to be useless speculation. For Whitehead's scheme, this entails that the theory manifest the same organic interconnections as it ascribes to the world.