bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on localized corrosion mechanism of 2195 Al‐Li alloy in 4.0% NaCl solution (pH 6.5) using a three‐electrode coupling system
Authors: Li J. F. , Zheng Z. Q. , Jiang N. , Li S. C.
Published: March 2005

Localized corrosion morphologies of 2195 Al‐Li alloy with various heat treatment in 4.0% NaCl solution (pH 6.5) were investigated, and its corrosion mechanism was studied using a three‐electrode coupling system of α (Al) substituting for the precipitate‐free zone (PFZ), simulated bulk θ′ (Al2Cu) and T1 (Al2CuLi). θ′ acts as cathodic zone in the alloy. At the initial stage, T1 phase is active with respect to θ′ and α (Al), and endures the main anodic current, indicating that anodic dissolution occurs on T1. However, its potential moves to positive direction with immersion time, due to dealloying of Li from T1. As a result, the main anodic dissolution occurs on α (Al) at a later stage. At this stage, as only T1 and α (Al) are coupled, T1 is cathodic to α (Al). In real 2195 alloy, T1 phase is very tiny, and anodic dissolution of T1 and PFZ occurs alternately. These results show that its intergranular corrosion or intersubgranular corrosion is caused by alternate anodic dissolution of T1 phase and PFZ along grain and subgrain boundaries.
Adsorption mechanism of non‐toxic organic inhibitors on steel in solutions at pH 8 determined by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements
Authors: Akrout H. , Bousselmi L. , Triki E. , Maximovitch S. , Dalard F.
Published: March 2005

The adsorption on steel of two compounds, ascorbic acid salts (SA) and 1‐hydroxyethylidene,1‐diphosphonic acid salts (SHEDP), used alone or simultaneously, was studied using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). These products are considered to be non‐toxic organic corrosion inhibitors. SA adsorption was greater at cathodic potentials than at the corrosion potential, while SHEDP adsorbed better at the corrosion potential.

The effectiveness of these two inhibitors is discussed in relation to the polarization curves. Several hypotheses are discussed to explain the adsorption mechanism in the presence of the two compounds used either alone or together.
Oxidation behaviour of particle reinforced MoSi2 composites at temperatures up to 1700°C. Part II: Initial screening of the oxidation behaviour of MoSi2 composites
Authors: Lohfeld S. , Schütze M. , Böhm A. , Güther V. , Rix R. , Scholl R.
Published: March 2005

In the first part of this paper a literature survey on the oxidation behaviour of MoSi2 and MoSi2 composites has been given. The present second part reports about the experimental results from oxidation tests with several MoSi2 composites containing 15 vol.‐% Al2O3, Y2O3, ZrO2, HfO2, SiC, TiB2, ZrB2, or HfB2, respectively, from different development stages. The tests were conducted at 1600°C in air for 100 hours. It was shown that the production route of the powders has a significant influence on the performance of the materials at high temperatures. This was attributed to contaminations. Additionally, the results indicated that only the composites with SiC, ZrO2 or HfO2, respectively, are suitable for application above 1500°C. A more detailed report about the optimised material will follow in the third part of this paper.
Multicentered Gaussian‐based potentials for coarse‐grained polymer simulations: Linking atomistic and mesoscopic scales
Authors: Milano Giuseppe , Goudeau Sylvain , Müller‐Plathe Florian
Published: March 2005

A new analytical form for bond and angle potentials suitable for obtaining mesoscale effective force fields from target distributions is reported. Applications to realistic coarse‐grained models of atactic polystyrene and polyamide‐6,6 are described. The potential optimization procedure, despite its simplicity, allows the accurate reproduction of the target atomistic distributions. The procedure has been validated for both bond and angle potentials. Nonbonded numerical potentials have been optimized by pressure‐corrected iterative Boltzmann inversion. Thus, the proposed coarse‐graining strategy consists of hybrid analytical and numerical contributions to the mesoscale polymer force field. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 871–885, 2005
Carbon cycling and budget in a forested basin of southwestern Hokkaido, northern Japan
Authors: Shibata Hideaki , Hiura Tsutom , Tanaka Yumiko , Takagi Kentaro , Koike Takayoshi
Published: March 2005

Quantification of annual carbon sequestration is very important in order to assess the function of forest ecosystems in combatting global climate change and the ecosystem responses to those changes. Annual cycling and budget of carbon in a forested basin was investigated to quantify the carbon sequestration of a cool‐temperate deciduous forest ecosystem in the Horonai stream basin, Tomakomai Experimental Forest, northern Japan. Net ecosystem exchange, soil respiration, biomass increment, litterfall, soil‐solution chemistry, and stream export were observed in the basin from 1999–2001 as a part of IGBP‐TEMA project. We found that 258 g C m−2 year−1 was sequestered annually as net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in the forested basin. Discharge of carbon to the stream was 4 g C m−2 year−1 (about 2% of NEE) and consisted mainly of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). About 43% of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) was retained in the vegetation, while about 57% of NEP was sequestered in soil, suggesting that the movement of sequestered carbon from aboveground to belowground vegetation was an important process for net carbon accumulation in soil. The derived organic carbon from aboveground vegetation that moved to the soil mainly accumulated in the solid phase of the soil, with the result that the export of dissolved organic carbon to the stream was smaller than that of dissolved inorganic carbon. Our results indicated that the aboveground and belowground interaction of carbon fluxes was an important process for determining the rate and retention time of the carbon sequestration in a cool‐temperate deciduous forest ecosystem in the southwestern part of Hokkaido, northern Japan.
Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and Internalizing and Externalizing psychopathology
Authors: Garnefski Nadia , Kraaij Vivian , van Etten Marije
Published: March 2005

Objective

of the study was to examine the extent to which cognitive emotion regulation strategies were ‘common determinants’ of Internalizing and Externalizing problems and/or ‘specific determinants’ distinguishing one problem category from the other.

Method: The sample comprised 271 12‐ to 18‐year‐old secondary school students. Internalizing and Externalizing problems were measured by the Youth Self‐Report (YSR) and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies were measured by the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), in a cross‐sectional design.

Results

First, adolescents with Internalizing problems, Externalizing problems, comorbid Internalizing and Externalizing problems and a control group were compared on their specific cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Results showed that adolescents with Internalizing problems (both pure and comorbid) scored significantly higher on the cognitive emotion regulation strategies of self‐blame and rumination than those with Externalizing (pure) problems or the control group.

Unique relationships between the separate cognitive strategies and Internalizing and Externalizing problems were tested by means of Multiple Regression Analyses. Specific relationships were found between Internalizing problems and self‐blame, rumination and positive reappraisal and between Externalizing problems and positive refocusing. No ‘common’ correlates were found.

Conclusions

Theoretical models designed for the prediction of Internalizing problems might not simply be used for the prediction of Externalizing problems. Different (cognitive) intervention strategies should be used for adolescents with Internalizing problems and Externalizing problems.
Fear of pain associated with medical procedures and illnesses
Authors: Sastre Maróa Teresa Muñoz , Albaret Marie‐Christine , Escursell Rosa Maria Raich , Mullet Etienne
Published: March 2005

The study was aimed at determining the dimensions of fear of pain associated with medical procedures and the dimensions of fear of pain associated with illnesses and accidents on a sample composed of young, middle‐aged and elderly persons. The participants were 573 adults (aged 26–94 years). They were presented with (a) the French adaptation of the ten medical fear items from the original FPQ plus 19 additional items, (b) the French adaptation of the 6 illness items from the original FPQ plus 49 additional items, and (c) an Exposure to Painful Situations Questionnaire. As regards the fear of medical procedures, a four‐factor structure was identified: Examination and Care, Shots, Dental care, and Invasive procedures. Older participants, and less educated participants tended to show more fear of invasive procedures than younger participants, and more educated participants. As regards the fear of pain associated with illnesses, an eight‐factor solution was found: Minor ailments, cramps, infections and abscesses, inflamed joints, colics, breaks, lesion of organs, and cancer and terminal illness. Older participants tended to show more fear of pain associated with minor ailments, inflamed joints, breaks, colic, and cramps than younger participants did. Previous exposure to pain resulted in a clear decrease in fear of pain associated with most of medical procedures, especially invasive procedures and shots.
Can personality traits and gender predict the response to morphine? An experimental cold pain study
Authors: Pud Dorit , Yarnitsky David , Sprecher Elliot , Rogowski Zeev , Adler Rivka , Eisenberg Elon
Published: March 2005

The aim of the present study was to examine the possible role of personality traits, in accordance with Cloninger's theory, and gender, in the variability of responsiveness to opioids. Specifically, it was intended to test whether or not the three personality dimensions — harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD) and novelty seeking (NS) — as suggested by Cloninger, can predict inter‐personal differences in responsiveness to morphine after exposure to experimental cold pain. Thirty‐four healthy volunteers (15 females, 19 males) were given the cold pressor test (CPT). Pain threshold, tolerance, and magnitude (VAS) were measured before and after (six measures, 30 min apart) the administration of either 0.5 mg/kg oral morphine sulphate (n = 21) or 0.33 mg/kg oral active placebo (diphenhydramine) (n = 13) in a randomized, double blind design. Assessment of the three personality traits, according to Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, was performed before the CPT. A high HA score (but not RD, NS, or baseline values of the three pain parameters) predicted a significantly larger pain relief following the administration of morphine sulphate (but not of the placebo). Women exhibited a larger response in response to both treatments, as indicated by a significantly increased threshold and tolerance following morphine sulphate as well as significantly increased tolerance and decreased magnitude following placebo administration. The present study confirms the existence of individual differences in response to analgesic treatment. It suggests that high HA personality trait is associated with better responsiveness to morphine treatment, and that females respond better than men to both morphine and placebo.
Evaluation of noncardiac chest pain: diagnostic approach, coping strategies and quality of life
Authors: Husser Daniela , Bollmann Andreas , Kühne Christian , Molling Jochen , Klein Helmut U.
Published: March 2005

Background Approximately 30% of coronary angiograms are negative for significant coronary artery disease and patients are classified as having noncardiac chest pain (NCCP). So far, no systematic diagnostic approach to patients with NCCP investigating for possible esophageal, psychiatric and musculoskeletal abnormalities exists. Furthermore, coping strategies and quality of life are poorly characterized in NCCP patients.

Methods and results A simple diagnostic approach was applied to 37 consecutive patients (21 female, age 61 − 12 years) with angina‐like chest pain and normal coronary angiograms. Twenty‐one patients were found to suffer from psychiatric disorders (combined anxiety (A) and depression (D): n = 10, D: n = 5, panic disorder (P): n = 3, somatization (S): n = 3) based on their Symptom Check List 90 scores and according to DSM IV‐R criteria. Sixteen patients had an improvement of their chest pain after oral esomeprazole (40 mg for 7 days) and were therefore diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Musculoskeletal abnormalities including chostochondritis (n = 4), thoracic spondylodynia (n = 1), and fibromyalgia (n = 1) were found in six patients. Multiple diagnoses were confirmed in six patients with GERD (additional D n = 3, additional musculoskeletal disorders n = 3). Patients with psychiatric disorders showed a diminished quality of life (MOS‐SF 36), more frequent chest pain, less treatment satisfaction (Seattle Angina Questionnaire) and more rumination (Trier Coping Scales) compared to GERD patients.

Conclusions Immediate combined psychiatric and orthopedic evaluation as well as esomeprazole administration following exclusion of coronary artery disease may confirm the causes of noncardiac chest pain. Identification of psychiatric disorders seems especially warranted since these patients experience a reduced quality of life and exhibit pathologic coping strategies.
All three J‐domain proteins of the Escherichia coli DnaK chaperone machinery are DNA binding proteins
Authors: Gur Eyal , Katz Chen , Ron Eliora Z.
Published: March 2005

DnaJ, DjlA and CbpA are the J‐domain proteins of DnaK, the major Hsp70 of Escherichia coli. CbpA was originally discovered as a DNA binding protein. Here, we show that DNA binding is a property of DnaJ and DjlA as well. Of special interest in this respect is DjlA, as this cytoplasmic protein is membrane bound and, as shown here, its affinity for DNA is extremely high. The finding that all the three J‐proteins of DnaK are DNA binding proteins sheds new light on the cellular activity of these proteins.
Evidence for major structural changes in subunit C of the vacuolar ATPase due to nucleotide binding
Authors: Armbrüster Andrea , Hohn Christina , Hermesdorf Anne , Schumacher Karin , Börsch Michael , Grüber Gerhard
Published: March 2005

The ability of subunit C of eukaryotic V‐ATPases to bind ADP and ATP is demonstrated by photoaffinity labeling and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Quantitation of the photoaffinity and the FCS data indicate that the ATP‐analogues bind more weakly to subunit C than the ADP‐analogues. Site‐directed mutagenesis and N‐terminal sequencing of subunit C from Arabidopsis (VHA‐C) and yeast (Vma5p) have been used to map the C‐terminal region of subunit C as the nucleotide‐binding site. Tryptophan fluorescence quenching and decreased susceptibility to tryptic digestion of subunit C after binding of different nucleotides provides evidence for structural changes in this subunit caused by nucleotide‐binding.
Translating ecosystem indicators into decision criteria
Authors: Link Jason S.
Published: March 2005

Defining and attaining suitable management goals probably represent the most difficult part of ecosystem-based fisheries management. To achieve those goals we ultimately need to define ecosystem overfishing in a way that is analogous to the concept used in single-species management. Ecosystem-based control rules can then be formulated when various ecosystem indicators are evaluated with respect to fishing-induced changes. However, these multi-attribute control rules will be less straightforward than those applied typically in single-species management, and may represent a gradient rather than binary decision criteria. Some ecosystem-based decision criteria are suggested, based on indicators empirically derived from the Georges Bank, Gulf of Maine ecosystem. Further development in the translation of ecosystem indicators into decision criteria is one of the major areas for progress in fisheries science and management.
Zoledronic acid improves femoral head sphericity in a rat model of perthes disease
Authors: Little David G. , McDonald Michelle , Sharpe Ian T. , Peat Rachel , Williams Paul , McEvoy Tony
Published: March 2005

We hypothesized that the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid (ZA) could improve femoral head sphericity in Perthes disease by changing the balance between bone resorption and new bone formation. This study tests the effect of ZA in an established model of Perthes disease, the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR).

One hundred and twenty 4‐week old SHR rats were divided into three groups of 40: saline monthly, 0.015 mg/kg ZA weekly, or 0.05 mg/kg ZA monthly. At 15 weeks DXA measurements documented that femoral head BMD was increased by 18% in ZA weekly and 21% in ZA monthly compared to controls (p < 0.01). Femoral head sphericity in animals with osteonecrosis was improved in ZA‐treatment groups (p < 0.01) as measured by epiphyseal quotient (EQ). The proportion of “flat” heads (EQ ± 0.40) was significantly reduced from 32% in saline‐treated animals to 12% in weekly ZA and 3% in monthly ZA (p < 0.01). Histologically there was a similar prevalence of osteonecrosis in all groups. The prevalence of ossification delay was significantly reduced by ZA treatment (p < 0.01).

Zoledronic acid favorably altered femoral head shape in this spontaneous model of osteonecrosis in growing rats. Translation of these results to Perthes disease could mean that deformity of the femoral head may be modified in children, perhaps reducing the need for surgical intervention in childhood and adult life. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Responses of the lichen Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. to varying thallus nitrogen concentrations
Authors: GAIO-OLIVEIRA Gisela , DAHLMAN Lena , PALMQVIST Kristin , MÁGUAS Cristina
Published: March 2005

The responses of the nitrophytic green algal lichen Xanthoria parietina to varying nitrogen (N) concentrations were investigated by collecting 67 X. parietina thalli from clay roof tiles from 13 sites in Portugal with different exposures to N. Concentrations of total N, chlorophyll a (a marker for the photobiont), ergosterol (a marker for the mycobiont), and thallus specific weight (TSW; thallus dry weight in relation to surface area) were quantified for each thallus to see how biont investments were related to thallus N concentrations. Thallus N ranged from 11 to 43 mg g−1 DW revealing a wider N concentration range in this lichen compared to other green algal lichen species. Both chlorophyll a and ergosterol concentrations increased with increasing thallus N, with a steeper increase of the photobiont marker. TSW was similar in all thalli without any significant effect of thallus N concentration, suggesting that thallus developmental patterns are similar in low and high thallus N concentrations. The relatively higher resource allocation to the photobiont in relation to the mycobiont with increasing thallus N concentrations is an indication of the capacity of X. parietina to meet the C demands associated with N assimilation. This result is also in agreement with the inter-specific resource allocation pattern for green algal lichens across the same N concentration range.
Pyrenula subcylindrica, a new pyrenocarpous lichen from India
Authors: JAGADEESH RAM T. A. M. , UPRETI D. K. , SINHA G. P.
Published: March 2005

A new species of pyrenocarpous lichen, Pyrenula subcylindrica, from the Sundarbans area on the delta of the River Ganges is described. It is characterized by ascomata with a distinct clypeus, and 7–11-septate ascospores 42–67 μm long made up of cells with rounded to polygonal lumina and with subacute apices.
New saxicolous species of Hypotrachyna and Parmotrema (Parmeliaceae) from Rwanda
Authors: ELIX John A. , FISCHER Eberhard , KILLMANN Dorothee
Published: March 2005

The following new species of Parmeliaceae are described from Rwanda: Hypotrachyna rwandensis Elix, Eb. Fischer & Killmann and Parmotrema afrocetratum Elix, Eb. Fischer & Killmann.
The phonographic mise-en-scène
Authors: MOTEN FRED
Published: March 2005

For Adorno, the graphic reproduction of operatic performance means that the primary scene of audition has shifted as well: from the theatre – and the telic determinations towards which the natural history of the theatre tends – to the living room, where people gather to listen to what they no longer concern themselves to perform. The phonograph allows the vagaries and vulgarities of the visuality of (operatic) performance to be held off or back by an auditory experience whose condition of possibility and whose end is the illusory recovery of something literary – and thus essentially visual. What remains is to begin an attempt to see and hear what might be gained by moving through the opposition of the denigration of the recording in the discourse of performance and the denigration of performance in the discourse of ‘classical’ musicology. This attempt is made by way of the 1993 recording of Arnold Schoenberg's monodrama Erwartung, starring Jessye Norman as the opera's single character, Die Frau, with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra under the baton of James Levine. It is an attempt that has required reading with and against Adorno – which is to say, listening to and for the sound that works in and against him.
The operatic scandal of the singing body: Voice, presence, performativity
Authors: DUNCAN MICHELLE
Published: March 2005

This essay addresses the materiality of voice in opera production, proposing a shift away from methodological models that posit voice as silent and disembodied towards one in which the body figures central. Comparing the voice in opera with the voice of the performative utterance, the article assesses the relevance of performativity to opera studies. A distinction between Derrida's critique of the ‘metaphysics of presence’ and the presence of performance leads to a discussion of the ‘force’ of the vocal utterance and its relationship to the real via Shoshana Felman's The Scandal of the Speaking Body. The central argument is that voice upsets the model of distanced reason upon which enlightened subjectivity depends.
In response, a call
Authors: SCHNEIDER REBECCA
Published: March 2005

I am happy to strive to add an appoggiatura – if my comments might be considered a minor bridge towards a deferred conclusion – to the very stimulating set of articles by Michelle Duncan, David Levin and Fred Moten that appear in this issue. It struck me that these three articles can be read as imbroglio in that they offer contest, or dissonant engagement, more than seamless convergence. Indeed, by underscoring the complexities that haunt our habits of reception in ‘artistic’ practice, these essays further the passion and urgency in listening closely to less audible aspects in any cultural production including opera.
Terrestrial mechanisms of interannual CO2variability
Authors: Zeng N. , Mariotti A. , Wetzel P.
Published: March 2005

The interannual variability of atmospheric CO2growth rate shows remarkable correlation with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Here we present results from mechanistically based terrestrial carbon cycle model VEgetation‐Global‐Atmosphere‐Soil (VEGAS), forced by observed climate fields such as precipitation and temperature. Land is found to explain most of the interannual CO2variability with a magnitude of about 5 PgC yr−1. The simulated land‐atmosphere flux has a detrended correlation of 0.53 (0.6 at the 2–7 year ENSO band) with the CO2growth rate observed at Mauna Loa from 1965 to 2000. We also present the total ocean flux from the Hamburg Ocean Carbon Cycle Model (HAMOCC) which shows ocean‐atmosphere flux variation of about 1 PgC yr−1, and it is largely out of phase with land flux. On land, much of the change comes from the tropical regions such as the Amazon and Indonesia where ENSO related climate anomalies are in the same direction across much of the tropics. The subcontinental variations over North America and Eurasia are comparable to the tropics but the total interannual variability is about 1 PgC yr−1due to the cancellation from the subregions. This has implication for flux measurement network distribution. The tropical dominance also results from a “conspiracy” between climate and plant/soil physiology, as precipitation and temperature changes drive opposite changes in net primary production (NPP) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh), both contributing to land‐atmosphere flux changes in the same direction. However, NPP contributes to about three fourths of the total tropical interannual variation and the rest is from heterotrophic respiration; thus precipitation appears to be a more important factor than temperature on the interannual timescales as tropical wet and dry regimes control vegetation growth. Fire, largely driven by drought, also contributes significantly to the interannual CO2variability at a rate of about 1 PgC yr−1, and it is not totally in phase with NPP or Rh. The robust variability in tropical fluxes agree well with atmospheric inverse modeling results. Even over North America and Eurasia, where ENSO teleconnection is less robust, the fluxes show general agreement with inversion results, an encouraging sign for fruitful carbon data assimilation.
Extended scenarios for glacier melt due to anthropogenic forcing
Authors: Wigley T. M. L. , Raper S. C. B.
Published: March 2005

The IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR) developed a formula for the global meltwater contribution to sea level rise from Glaciers and Small Ice Caps (GSICs) that is applicable out to 2100. We show that, if applied to times beyond 2100 (as is necessary to assess sea level rise for concentration‐stabilization scenarios), the formula imposes an unrealistic upper bound on GSIC melt. A modification is introduced that allows the formula to be extended beyond 2100 with asymptotic melt equal to the initially available ice volume (V0). The modification has a negligible effect on the original TAR formulation out to 2100 and provides support for the IPCC method over this time period. We examine the sensitivity of GSIC melt to uncertainties in V0 and mass balance sensitivity, and give results for a range of CO2 concentration stabilization cases. Approximately 73–94% of GSIC ice is lost by 2400.
The capacitance of solid and hollow hexagonal ice columns
Authors: Chiruta Mihai , Wang Pao K.
Published: March 2005

The capacitances of solid and hollow hexagonal ice columns are calculated using the classical electrostatic analogy theory. Finite element techniques are used to solve the Laplace equation to obtain water vapor density distribution from which the capacitance can be determined. The results show that solid and hollow columns of the same dimensions have nearly the same capacitance despite the existence of cavities in the latter, which implies the same mass growth rates of the two. The computed capacitances agree well with experimental measurements. Since the volume of a hollow column is smaller than that of a solid column of the same dimensions, the same mass growth rate prompts the hollow column to grow faster in linear dimensions and hence interact stronger with radiation. This will have important implications on the cirrus influence on climate.
Stratospheric effects of energetic particle precipitation in 2003–2004
Authors: Randall C. E. , Harvey V. L. , Manney G. L. , Orsolini Y. , Codrescu M. , Sioris C. , Brohede S. , Haley C. S. , Gordley L. L. , Zawodny J. M. , Russell J. M.
Published: March 2005

Upper stratospheric enhancements in NOx (NO and NO2) were observed at high northern latitudes from March through at least July of 2004. Multi‐satellite data analysis is used to examine the temporal evolution of the enhancements, to place them in historical context, and to investigate their origin. The enhancements were a factor of 4 higher than nominal at some locations, and are unprecedented in the northern hemisphere since at least 1985. They were accompanied by reductions in O3 of more than 60% in some cases. The analysis suggests that energetic particle precipitation led to substantial NOx production in the upper atmosphere beginning with the remarkable solar storms in late October 2003 and possibly persisting through January. Downward transport of the excess NOx, facilitated by unique meteorological conditions in 2004 that led to an unusually strong upper stratospheric vortex from late January through March, caused the enhancements.
On the origin of whistler mode radiation in the plasmasphere
Authors: Green James L. , Boardsen Scott , Garcia Leonard , Taylor W. W. L. , Fung Shing F. , Reinisch B. W.
Published: March 2005

The origin of whistler mode radiation in the plasmasphere is examined from 3 years of plasma wave observations from the Dynamics Explorer and the Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration spacecraft. These data are used to construct plasma wave intensity maps of whistler mode radiation in the plasmasphere. The highest average intensities of the radiation in the wave maps show source locations and/or sites of wave amplification. Each type of wave is classified on the basis of its magnetic latitude and longitude rather than any spectral feature. Equatorial electromagnetic (EM) emissions (∼30–330 Hz), plasmaspheric hiss (∼330 Hz to 3.3 kHz), chorus (∼2–6 kHz), and VLF transmitters (∼10–50 kHz) are the main types of waves that are clearly delineated in the plasma wave maps. Observations of the equatorial EM emissions show that the most intense region is on or near the magnetic equator in the afternoon sector and that during times of negative Bz (interplanetary magnetic field) the maximum intensity moves from L values of 3 to <2. These observations are consistent with the origin of this emission being particle‐wave interactions in or near the magnetic equator. Plasmaspheric hiss shows high intensity at high latitudes and low altitudes (L shells from 2 to 4) and in the magnetic equator with L values from 2 to 3 in the early afternoon sector. The longitudinal distribution of the hiss intensity (excluding the enhancement at the equator) is similar to the distribution of lightning: stronger over continents than over the ocean, stronger in the summer than in the winter, and stronger on the dayside than on the nightside. These observations strongly support lightning as the dominant source for plasmaspheric hiss, which, through particle‐wave interactions, maintains the slot region in the radiation belts. The enhancement of hiss at the magnetic equator is consistent with particle‐wave interactions. The chorus emissions are most intense on the morningside as previously reported. At frequencies from ∼10 to ∼50 kHz, VLF transmitters dominate the spectrum. The maximum intensity of the VLF transmitters is in the late evening or early morning with enhancements all along L shells from 1.8 to 3.
Optimal observation network design for parameter structure identification in groundwater modeling
Authors: Chang Li‐Fang , Sun Ne‐Zheng , Yeh William W.‐G.
Published: March 2005

Designing a pumping observation experiment for parameter identification in groundwater modeling is a very challenging problem because the parameter structure, such as the hydraulic conductivity of a heterogeneous aquifer, is usually unknown. Generally, to identify a more complex parameter structure requires more observation data. Traditional experimental design methods have two disadvantages: First, the sufficiency of information provided by a design is not considered in the design stage. Second, the decision variables often are dependent on the unknown parameter because of the nonlinearity of the model. As a result, a sequential design observation process should be used, but this often is impractical in groundwater modeling. This paper presents a new methodology for experimental design that can find a minimum cost design to provide sufficient information for identifying both the parameter structure and parameter values. Sequential Gaussian simulation is used to generate different realizations for the unknown parameter. For each possible realization the number of observation wells is increased gradually during the design process until the information provided by the design is sufficient. The selection criterion for locating a new observation well is the maximization of the information content for parameter identification. The overall sufficiency of a design is assessed by Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed methodology is explained in detail by a numerical example.
Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport
Authors: Zhou Yuan , Tol Richard S. J.
Published: March 2005

Many regions of the world are facing formidable freshwater scarcity. Although there is substantial scope for economizing on the consumption of water without affecting its service level, the main response to water scarcity has been to increase the supply. To a large extent, this is done by transporting water from places where it is abundant to places where it is scarce. At a smaller scale and without a lot of public and political attention, people have started to tap into the sheer limitless resource of desalinated water. This study looks at the development of desalination and its costs over time. The unit costs of desalinated water for five main processes are evaluated, followed by regressions to analyze the main influencing factors to the costs. The unit costs for all processes have fallen considerably over the years. This study suggests that a cost of $1/m3 for seawater desalination and $0.6/m3 for brackish water would be feasible today. The costs will continue to decline in the future as technology progresses. In addition, a literature review on the costs of water transport is conducted in order to estimate the total cost of desalination and the transport of desalinated water to selected water stress cities. Transport costs range from a few cents per cubic meter to over a dollar. A 100 m vertical lift is about as costly as a 100 km horizontal transport ($0.05–0.06/m3). Transport makes desalinated water prohibitively expensive in highlands and continental interiors but not elsewhere.
A Cost-Oriented Approach for the Design of IT Architectures
Authors: Ardagna Danilo , Francalanci Chiara
Published: March 2005

Multiple combinations of hardware and network components can be selected to design an information technology (IT) infrastructure that satisfies organizational requirements. The professional criterion to deal with these degrees of freedom is cost minimization. However, a scientific approach has been rarely applied to cost minimization and a rigorous verification of professional design guidelines is still lacking. The methodological contribution of this paper is the representation of complex infrastructural design issues as a single cost-minimization problem. The approach to cost-minimization is empirically verified with a database of costs that has also been built as part of this research. The paper shows how an overall cost-minimization approach can provide significant cost reductions and indicates that infrastructural design rules previously identified by the professional literature can lead to sub-optimal solutions.
SIMULTANEOUS EXPOSURE-DEVELOPMENT OF HOLOGRAMS ON 649-F FILM
Authors: Casler David H. , Pruett Harold D.
Published: March 2005

A technique is presented for controlling holographic exposure times by directly viewing the reconstructed image during the exposure period. Results and applications are discussed.
SOME APPROACHES TO VACUUM UV AND X-RAY LASERS
Authors: Duguay M. A. , Rentzepis P. M.
Published: March 2005

The ejection of electrons from inner shells of atoms through photoionization is suggested as a straightforward means of creating population inversions at vacuum uv and x-ray wavelengths. This can be accomplished by photon sources covering broad bands. Sodium vapor and solid copper are examined as possible candidates for laser action at 372 Å and 1.54 Å, respectively. A first-rise traveling wave pump must be used; pumping powers required for superradiant operation run into several gigawatts, with rise times ranging from 10−9 sec in the near-vacuum uv to 10−15 sec in the x-ray region.
CURRENT SATURATION AND PHOTOFERROELECTRIC EFFECT IN SbSI
Authors: Fridkin V. M. , Groshik I. I. , Lakhovizkaya V. A. , Mikhailov M. P. , Nosov V. N.
Published: March 2005

The illumination of the ferroelectric SbSI in the spectral region where a maximum of photoconductivity of this crystal took place (λ ≃ 6200 Å) decreased the ferroelectric polarization. This resulted in the appearance of a region of saturation of the V-I characteristic and in the decrease of the pyrocurrent, being measured in the phase transition. The influence of illumination on the ferroelectric polarization in SbSI was observed in a relatively wide temperature interval below the Curie temperature.
SPIN AND ACOUSTIC BRAGG DIFFRACTION IN LONGITUDINAL MAGNETOELASTIC WAVES
Authors: Auld B. A. , Wilson D. A.
Published: March 2005

Infrared Bragg diffraction from the spin and acoustic components of a longitudinal magnetoelastic wave has been observed as a function of θe, the angle between the bias field and the magnetoelastic wave vector. The two diffraction components are identified by the polarization of the diffracted beam, and reasonable agreement with theory is obtained. Nonlinear effects are observed when θe is greater than 50°.
AN EXPERIMENT ON THE EFFECT OF FIELDS ON DIFFUSION
Authors: Jaccodine R. J.
Published: March 2005

The electric field that results from a high concentration diffusion is used to modify the penetration depth of another diffusion. This effect can be designed to overcome the usual ``push out'' effect in an NPN silicon transistor. In extreme cases, the base can be modified to the extent that a ``sucked in'' configuration results.
EMISSION SPECTRUM OF RHODAMINE B DYE LASERS
Authors: Deutsch T. F. , Bass M. , Meyer P. , Protopapa S.
Published: March 2005

The laser emission spectra of flash-lamp—pumped solutions of rhodamine B in ethanol were examined. A ``hole,'' located at 6261 Å, is seen in the laser emission spectra, but not in the fluorescence spectra. There is no absorption of the unexcited molecules at this wavelength and so the appearance of the hole is tentatively attributed to excited state absorption.
EVIDENCE OF EXCESS SILICON IN REACTIVELY SPUTTERED SILICON NITRIDE FILMS
Authors: Cordes L. F.
Published: March 2005

Results of etch rate, index of refraction, uv transmission, and dc conductivity measurements made on reactively sputtered Si3N4 films are compared with results of similar measurements made on pyrolytically deposited Si3N4 films. The observed differences in the results indicate that reactively sputtered films contain excess Si. Heating the sputtered films in vacuum, N2, or A changes the observed properties. The changes are interpreted as being due to the reaction of some of the excess Si with trapped N2 in the films.
SINGLE-FREQUENCY OPERATION OF THE ARGON-ION LASER AT 5145 Å
Authors: Forsyth J. M.
Published: March 2005

A simple technique for obtaining highly stable, high-power single-mode emission from an argon-ion laser at 5145 Å is described. The technique relies upon, among other factors, the simultaneous oscillation of the 4880 Å transition. We have observed that the spectral output envelope of the laser emission at either 4880 Å or 5145 Å is noticeably modified when both wavelengths oscillate at the same time.
TWO-WAVELENGTH INTERFEROMETRY OF A LASER-PRODUCED CARBON PLASMA
Authors: David Charles D.
Published: March 2005

Experimental determination in a time-resolved manner of the number densities of free electrons and neutral atoms in a carbon plasma is obtained with two-wavelength interferometry. The plasma is produced by a Q-switched ruby laser with a peak power of 100 MW, and a 3-W argon-ion laser is used as the interferometer light source. A maximum free electron density of 1.6 × 1019 cm−3 and a maximum neutral density of 1.6 × 1020 cm−3 are observed.
A HIGH-DENSITY FIELD-EMITTING SEMICONDUCTOR CATHODE PRODUCED BY A VOLTAGE-BREAKDOWN PROCESS
Authors: Utsumi Takao , Dalman G. C.
Published: March 2005

This Letter describes some characteristics of a new high-density field-emitting cathode which has possible applications in electron guns for cathode-ray tubes and other electronic devices. The cathode consists of a large array of micron-size emitting projections on a smooth semiconductor surface. These projections are generated initially by a voltage-breakdown process and appear to be maintained during operation by a regenerative process. Electron emission densities as high as 1.0 ∼ 2.0 A/cm2 have been attained from an area of 10−2 cm2 of either germanium or silicon. An experimental cathode-ray tube was successfully constructed using this cathode.
COHERENT RADIATION FROM VOLTAGE-BIASED WEAKLY CONNECTED SUPERCONDUCTORS
Authors: Zimmerman J. E. , Cowen J. A. , Silver A. H.
Published: March 2005

This Letter reports the generation of coherent radiation with voltage-biased superconducting point contacts at both 30 MHz and 10 KMHz. The method of voltage biasing stabilizes the frequency of the emitted radiation against external noise sources and is tunable over a wide frequency range. We have optimized the electromagnetic coupling of the superconducting generator to the receiver and detected at least 5% of the generated power at 30 MHz. The relation1 V = Φ0ν, where Φ0 is the flux quantum, is satisfied. Furthermore, we have observed harmonics, V = nΦ0ν, and subharmonics, nV = Φ0ν, of this relation. The frequency stability of the emitted radiation was limited by the stability of the bias supply and was measured to be 10−5 at 30 MHz.
INTERACTION OF LITHIUM WITH IMPURITIES AND DEFECTS IN SILICON
Authors: Fang P. H. , Liu Y. M.
Published: March 2005

Defects in silicon p-on-n solar cells with a lithium-diffused n region, produced by electron irradiation and spontaneously annealed at room temperature, are interpreted as lithium atoms.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF GAS ADDITIVES ON THE ELECTRON TEMPERATURE AND DENSITY IN A CO2 LASER DISCHARGE
Authors: Clark P. O. , Smith M. R.
Published: March 2005

The radial variation of electron temperature and density with partial gas pressures in a CO2–N2–He laser discharge is measured using double-probe and microwave resonance techniques. In a 22-mm-diam discharge tube the optimum partial gas pressures for maximum laser power correspond to an electron temperature of 3 eV and a density of 3 × 109 cm3. The radial electron density profile is compatible with measured gain profiles. The results indicate that the role of He in the excitation mechanism is not due to a reduction in electron temperature.
PULSED OPERATION OF CO2–N2–He LASERS
Authors: Clark P. O. , Smith M. R.
Published: March 2005

The amplitude and time behavior of the pulsed output from a 10.6-μ CO2–N2–He laser is investigated as a function of partial gas pressures and discharge current. Nearly two orders of magnitude increase in output power is obtained compared to CW operation. The time behavior of the laser pulse indicates that electron excitation processes dominate in populating the upper laser level.
EFFICIENT MICROWAVE SHEAR-WAVE GENERATION BY MODE CONVERSION
Authors: Lean E. G. H. , Shaw H. J.
Published: March 2005

It is found that efficient conversion from longitudinal acoustic waves to shear waves is possible in YAG by surface conversion at an incline surface, with both the input and output waves traveling along crystal axes. Using this process, existing efficient longitudinal-wave transducers are applicable to shear-wave generation. Laser beam probe measurements indicate that the surface conversion loss is of the order of 0.1 dB at 1461 MHz, and that the shear wave column has approximately the expected cross-sectional shape.
SUPERCONDUCTING LENS FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Kitamura Norihisa , Schulhof Michael P. , Siegel Benjamin M.
Published: March 2005

Arrangements of superconducting materials have been investigated to obtain objective lenses with the lowest possible spherical aberration coefficient (Cs) for the electron microscope. Various configurations of Nb3Sn in ferromagnetic containers giving current loops of small radii which produce axially symmetric magnetic fields with high peak intensities and narrow halfwidths were studied. The axial field distributions were measured (bismuth probe) and optical parameters and spherical aberration coefficients were calculated. Available superconducting materials appear to set a limit of Cs ≃ 0.4 mm and Cs ≃ 1.8 mm for 100 kV and 1000 kV electrons, respectively (bore diam, 5 mm).
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS OF MOLECULAR BEAMS SCATTERED FROM SOLID SURFACES
Authors: Hagena Otto Friedrich
Published: March 2005

Using a nozzle-type molecular beam with highly uniform velocity and high intensity and a sensitive time-of-flight detection system allows the measurement of the complete distribution of speeds after scattering the incident beam from a solid surface. With a ``dirty'' metal target at room temperature and argon as beam gas, it is found that the thermal spread of velocities in the scattered beam is at least three times larger than the thermal spread of velocities in the incident beam. While a complete thermal accommodation of the incident atoms would result in the same speed distribution for all scattering angles, the measurements show an angular dependence of the thermal spread and the mean speed of the scattered atoms.
DIRECT EVIDENCE OF PERSISTENT CURRENT LOOPS IN HARD SUPERCONDUCTING WIRE
Authors: Iwasa Y. , Williams J. E. C.
Published: March 2005

Measurements of the field near the surface of a Nb-25% Zr superconducting wire magnetized by a static transverse field have revealed spatially-periodic variations in local field strength indicative of persistent current loops (``macrovortices'') about six wire diameters in size.
COMPUTER-SIMULATED ION-EMISSION IMAGES OF DISLOCATIONS: SCREW DISLOCATION AT THE CENTER OF {420}
Authors: Sanwald R. C. , Ranganathan S. , Hren J. J.
Published: March 2005

It has been proposed by Ranganathan that spirals should appear in a field-ion image when a dislocation intersects the surface. These conditions were simulated with a computer for a fcc lattice using Moore's ``shell model.'' Ranganathan's hypothesis is shown to be exact for the case of a pure screw dislocation intersecting the center of a plane.
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF GIANT ACOUSTIC WAVE PACKETS GENERATED IN CdS BY HIGH ELECTRIC FIELDS
Authors: Zucker J. , Zemon S.
Published: March 2005

Using light scattering and the photoelastic effect, we have investigated the frequency spectrum of giant acoustic shear wave packets generated in semiconducting CdS by high electric fields. The frequencies were in the range 100 to 1500 MHz, at least an order of magnitude lower than the predicted frequency for maximum net gain. The strains were high enough to cause permanent crystal damage.
ELASTIC WAVE AND INFRARED LIGHT INTERACTIONS WITH A MOVING HIGH-FIELD DOMAIN IN A PIEZOELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR
Authors: Tsai C. S.
Published: March 2005

A double-Doppler-effect experiment for elastic waves or infrared light, using the moving high-field domain in a piezoelectric semiconductor as the moving boundary, is proposed. A possible experimental configuration for the elastic wave case is described and the parameters relevant to the experiment are evaluated for three potential piezoelectric semiconductors. The most important parameter is the change of acoustic impedance across the boundaries of the high-field domain. The possibility of employing the proposed experiments as the means for probing the elastic and optical properties of the high-field domain is also discussed.
FACE-CENTERED-CUBIC TUNGSTEN FILMS OBTAINED BY
Authors: Chopra K. L. , Randlett M. R. , Duff R. H.
Published: March 2005

Thick, stable tungsten films with fcc structure have been obtained by ion beam sputtering in vacuum onto substrates of glass, rock salt, and mica at a temperature of ∼250–400°C. The lattice constant is 4.15 Å. The fcc phase transforms slowly to bcc at annealing temperatures of ∼700°C.