bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building compact superconducting microwave resonators with Hilbert space-filling curves
Authors: Jiang Junliang , Li Zishuo , Guo Tingting , Xu Wenqu , Wei Xingyu , Zhang Kaixuan , Zhou Tianshi , Sheng Yifan , Cao Chunhai , Sun Guozhu , Wu Peiheng
Published: December 2022

Superconducting quantum computing is currently one of the most promising platforms for universal quantum information processing. The readout resonator is an essential integral part of a superconducting qubit, while its size is much larger compared to the Josephson junction. We propose and realize a new readout resonator using space-filling curves, specifically Hilbert space-filling curves. We introduce the frequency analysis method and demonstrate a qubit sample, in which the Hilbert-space-filling-curves resonator (HSFCR) is used to read out the qubit states. We also propose to fabricate the HSFCRs and Josephson junctions simultaneously in the same processes of E-beam lithography and E-beam evaporation. Our design reduces the resonator area sufficiently and, thus, will help to improve the integration of superconducting qubits, as well as to design other superconducting quantum devices.
Exact moment analysis of transient/asymptotic dispersion properties in periodic media with adsorbing/desorbing walls
Authors: Venditti Claudia , Giona Massimiliano , Adrover Alessandra
Published: December 2022

The paper develops a robust and computationally efficient homogenization approach, grounded on exact local and integral moments, to investigate the temporal evolution of effective dispersion properties of solute particles in periodic media possessing absorbing/desorbing walls. Adsorption onto and desorption from active walls allow linear and reversible mass transfer between the solid surface and the fluid phase. The transient analysis reveals some important features of the dispersion process that cannot be captured by asymptotic approaches aimed at determining exclusively the long-range/large-distance dispersion properties. Two case studies are considered: the dispersion of an analyte in a sinusoidal channel with adsorbing/desorbing walls and the retentive pillar array column for liquid chromatography. For both systems, the transient analysis shows how the tortuous fluid motion induced by the sinusoidal walls or by the presence of pillars induces wide and persistent temporal oscillations of the effective velocity and dispersion coefficient even for a steady (non-pulsating) Stokes flow. The adsorption/desorption process strongly amplifies the phenomenon of the overshoot for the effective dispersion coefficient that, on short/intermediate time scales, reaches values significantly larger than the asymptotic one. Moreover, the method proposed allows a detailed analysis of the temporal evolution of the skewness of the marginal distribution of the analyte along the main stream direction. It clearly shows that the time scale for achieving the macro-transport regime, which implies a Gaussian (symmetric) marginal pdf, is largely underestimated if one bases the analysis on the attainment of constant asymptotic values for the effective velocity and for the dispersion coefficient.
Modulating saturation magnetization and topological Hall resistivity of flexible ferrimagnetic Mn4N films by bending strains
Authors: Chen Zuolun , Shi Xiaohui , Liu Xiang , Chen Xia , Zhang Zeyu , Mi Wenbo
Published: December 2022

The ferrimagnetic rare-earth-free Mn4N films are considered as a good candidate in spintronics due to its low saturation magnetization (MS) and high Néel temperature. Here, Mn4N films are directly deposited on flexible mica to investigate strain-related magnetic and electronic transport properties. The MS variation of 11.0 nm Mn4N film reaches 453% at tensile strain of radius of curvature (ROC) = 2 mm. Bending strains cannot affect anomalous Hall resistivity and magnetoresistance. However, the topological Hall resistivity of 147.0 nm Mn4N film increases by 58% at tensile strain of ROC = 5 mm due to frustrated exchange interactions. The flexible Mn4N films have great potential applications in flexible magnetic sensor and strain gauge due to strain modulated MS, resistance, and stable magnetoresistance.
Demonstration of ultraviolet-B AlGaN-based laser diode operation with a peak light output power of 150 mW by improving injection efficiency through polarization charge modulation
Authors: Kondo Ryosuke , Yabutani Ayumu , Omori Tomoya , Yamada Kazuki , Matsubara Eri , Hasegawa Ryota , Nishibayashi Toma , Iwayama Sho , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Miyake Hideto , Iwaya Motoaki
Published: December 2022

In this study, AlGaN-based ultraviolet-B band laser diodes with 150-mW peak output power in pulsed operation were demonstrated at room temperature. The oscillation wavelength, differential quantum efficiency, and slope efficiency of a laser diode were 300 nm, 3.6%, and 0.15 W/A, respectively. These results were obtained by increasing the injection efficiency and decreasing the positive fixed polarization charge formed at the interface between a p-side waveguide layer and an electron blocking layer when polarization doping is formed in a p-AlGaN cladding layer.
Improving the provision of preconception care in Australian general practice through task-sharing with practice nurses
Authors: Withanage Nishadi N. , Botfield Jessica R. , Black Kirsten I. , Mazza Danielle
Published: December 2022

Preconception care (PCC) is effective in reducing modifiable risk factors and optimising maternal health. Primary care services such as general practices in Australia are an appropriate setting to provide PCC. However, PCC is not routinely provided in most of these settings, and many reproductive-aged women and men are not aware of the need for PCC. In this forum article, we discuss the factors that hinder PCC provision in Australian general practices and make recommendations on how access to PCC services can be broadened in Australia, including the potential opportunity for general practice nurses to contribute to the provision of PCC.
Understanding the zoonotic pathogen, Coxiella burnetii in Australian fur seal breeding colonies through environmental DNA and genotyping
Authors: Gardner Brett R. , Arnould John P. Y. , Hufschmid Jasmin , McIntosh Rebecca R. , Fromant Aymeric , Tadepalli Mythili , Stenos John
Published: December 2022

Context Coxiella burnetii is suspected as a novel pathogen contributing to decreased pup production in Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus). It has recently been described from a single breeding colony in Bass Strait, has previously been associated with two decreasing populations of northern hemisphere pinnipeds and is a known reproductive pathogen. Data around its disease ecology in marine mammals are sparse. Aims To determine whether environmental DNA (eDNA) can be used to survey for C. burnetii in Australian fur seal breeding colonies. To determine whether C. burnetii in Australian fur seals is the same genotype as terrestrial Australian C. burnetii. Methods Soil samples were collected from Kanowna Island and Seal Rocks. Placental samples were collected from Kanowna Island. Soil was evaluated for eDNA using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for com1 gene. Placental samples were evaluated with com1, htpAB and IS1111 markers. Multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis for three microsatellite loci (ms-24, ms-28 and ms-33) was used to determine relatedness to Australian C. burnetii genotypes. Key results eDNA results varied between pre-and post-pupping at Seal Rocks. When targeting the com1 gene, the post-pupping prevalence at Kanowna Island and Seal Rocks was 59.6% and 90%, respectively. eDNA PCR inhibition of samples was low at 1.9%. There was very poor, sporadic to absent IS1111 amplification in placental samples. The com1 and htpAB qPCRs had an overall prevalence across placental samples of 39.2% and 56.7% respectively. In 90.1% of placental samples (n = 11), the ms-28 locus amplified. Neither ms-24 nor ms-33 amplified. Conclusions eDNA is an effective tool to survey Australian fur seal breeding colonies in the post-pupping period for C. burnetii. The prevalence appears to be much higher in the Seal Rocks colony than in the Kanowna Island colony. It appears that this is not a terrestrial Australian genotype but rather closely related to genotypes detected in marine mammals in the northern hemisphere. Implications This research significantly expands our ability to survey for C. burnetii in Australian fur seals and other marine mammals. It highlights knowledge gaps in our understanding of the disease ecology and phylogeny of C. burnetii in marine mammals.
The squalene route to C30 carotenoid biosynthesis and the origins of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways
Authors: Santana-Molina Carlos , Henriques Valentina , Hornero-Méndez Damaso , Devos Damien P. , Rivas-Marin Elena
Published: December 2022

Carotenoids are isoprenoid lipids found across the tree of life with important implications in oxidative stress adaptations, photosynthetic metabolisms, as well as in membrane dynamics. The canonical view is that C40 carotenoids are synthesized from phytoene and C30 carotenoids from diapophytoene. Squalene is mostly associated with the biosynthesis of polycyclic triterpenes, although there have been suggestions that it could also be involved in the biosynthesis of C30 carotenoids. However, demonstration of the existence of this pathway in nature is lacking. Here, we demonstrate that C30 carotenoids are synthesized from squalene in the Planctomycetes bacteria and that this squalene route to C30 carotenoids is the most widespread in prokaryotes. Using the evolutionary history of carotenoid and squalene amino oxidases, we propose an evolutionary scenario to explain the origin and diversification of the different carotenoid and squalene-related pathways. We show that carotenoid biosynthetic pathways have been constantly transferred and neofunctionalized during prokaryotic evolution. One possible origin of the squalene pathway connects it with the one of C40 carotenoid synthesis of Cyanobacteria. The widespread occurrence of the squalene route to C30 carotenoids in
Bacteria
increases the functional repertoire of squalene, establishing it as a general hub of carotenoids and polycyclic triterpenes synthesis.
De novo mapping of α-helix recognition sites on protein surfaces using unbiased libraries
Authors: Li Kunhua , Tokareva Olena S. , Thomson Ty M. , Wahl Sebastian C. T. , Travaline Tara L. , Ramirez Jessica D. , Choudary Santosh K. , Agarwal Sorabh , Walkup Ward G. , Olsen Tivoli J. , Brennan Matthew J. , Verdine Gregory L. , McGee John H.
Published: December 2022

The α-helix is one of the most common protein surface recognition motifs found in nature, and its unique amide-cloaking properties also enable α-helical polypeptide motifs to exist in membranes. Together, these properties have inspired the development of α-helically constrained (Helicon) therapeutics that can enter cells and bind targets that have been considered “undruggable”, such as protein–protein interactions. To date, no general method for discovering α-helical binders to proteins has been reported, limiting Helicon drug discovery to only those proteins with previously characterized α-helix recognition sites, and restricting the starting chemical matter to those known α-helical binders. Here, we report a general and rapid screening method to empirically map the α-helix binding sites on a broad range of target proteins in parallel using large, unbiased Helicon phage display libraries and next-generation sequencing. We apply this method to screen six structurally diverse protein domains, only one of which had been previously reported to bind isolated α-helical peptides, discovering 20 families that collectively comprise several hundred individual Helicons. Analysis of 14 X-ray cocrystal structures reveals at least nine distinct α-helix recognition sites across these six proteins, and biochemical and biophysical studies show that these Helicons can block protein–protein interactions, inhibit enzymatic activity, induce conformational rearrangements, and cause protein dimerization. We anticipate that this method will prove broadly useful for the study of protein recognition and for the development of both biochemical tools and therapeutics for traditionally challenging protein targets.
Mesoscale structural gradients in human tooth enamel
Authors: Free Robert , DeRocher Karen , Cooley Victoria , Xu Ruqing , Stock Stuart R. , Joester Derk
Published: December 2022

The outstanding mechanical and chemical properties of dental enamel emerge from its complex hierarchical architecture. An accurate, detailed multiscale model of the structure and composition of enamel is important for understanding lesion formation in tooth decay (dental caries), enamel development (amelogenesis) and associated pathologies (e.g., amelogenesis imperfecta or molar hypomineralization), and minimally invasive dentistry. Although features at length scales smaller than 100 nm (individual crystallites) and greater than 50 µm (multiple rods) are well understood, competing field of view and sampling considerations have hindered exploration of mesoscale features, i.e., at the level of single enamel rods and the interrod enamel (1 to 10 µm). Here, we combine synchrotron X-ray diffraction at submicrometer resolution, analysis of crystallite orientation distribution, and unsupervised machine learning to show that crystallographic parameters differ between rod head and rod tail/interrod enamel. This variation strongly suggests that crystallites in different microarchitectural domains also differ in their composition. Thus, we use a dilute linear model to predict the concentrations of minority ions in hydroxylapatite (Mg
2+
and CO
3
2−
/Na
+
) that plausibly explain the observed lattice parameter variations. While differences within samples are highly significant and of similar magnitude, absolute values and the sign of the effect for some crystallographic parameters show interindividual variation that warrants further investigation. By revealing additional complexity at the rod/interrod level of human enamel and leaving open the possibility of modulation across larger length scales, these results inform future investigations into mechanisms governing amelogenesis and introduce another feature to consider when modeling the mechanical and chemical performance of enamel.
Central tolerance promoted by cell chimerism
Authors: Zeleniak Ann , Trucco Massimo
Published: December 2022

Historically, successful allotransplantation was only achieved by utilizing powerful immunosuppressive drugs that were exposing the patient to severe opportunistic infections. The thymus of the transplant recipient renders such therapy obligatory as it constitutively blocks self-reactive T cells while allowing alloreactive T cells to mature and populate the periphery. In 1992, a follow-up study revealed the presence of donor leukocytes in long-term transplant survivors. The stable persistence of recipient and donor leukocytes in the transplanted patient, referred to as “chimerism”, was considered the reason why in some cases it was even possible to stop immunosuppressive treatment without damaging the transplanted organ. Unfortunately, it quickly became evident that stable, persistent allogeneic chimerism was not easily achievable by design. Recently, a novel approach has been identified to help address this clinical gap in knowledge: Cotransplantation of a donor graft with a thymic organoid populated with donor precursor cells generates stable, long-term chimerism in the recipient. In humanized mice, the implantation of thymic organoids, populated with human donor inducible pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and the same donor CD34+ bone marrow precursors, induces tolerance to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched donor tissues/organs. This technology will allow successful allotransplantation of cells/organs even between Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)-noncompatible individuals and allow getting rid of immunosuppressive treatments reducing recipient morbidity.
Conceptions of play by children in five countries: towards an understanding of playfulness (Las concepciones acerca del juego de niños de cinco países: hacia un mejor conocimiento de la actividad lúdica)
Authors: Mukherjee Sarah J. , Bugallo Lucía , Scheuer Nora , Cremin Teresa , Montoro Virginia , Ferrero Martha , Preston Marcia , Cheng Doris , Golinkoff Roberta , Popp Jill
Published: December 2022

Drawing on a mixed-methods cross-cultural study undertaken in five locations in Argentina, Denmark, Hong Kong, England and the United States in 2018, this paper explores how children (aged five and seven) conceive of playfulness. Following a card-sorting task, 387 children selected familiar activities that they felt were most representative of play and not-play and explained their reasons. The children’s justifications were fully transcribed, and five corpora were created (one per site). Lexicometry was applied, generating sets of the characteristic responses per age in each site. In-depth qualitative interpretation of these modal responses revealed nine dimensions across play and not-play: pleasure, social context, materials, movement, agency, risk, goal, time and focus. Commonalities revealed that children’s ideas around play are not aligned with specific activities but with the sense of agency in a secure physical and social context when carrying out an activity experienced as an end in itself. Implications for playful pedagogies highlight the need to open up play with opportunities for children’s choice and initiative, confident exploration and immersion in the activities in which they participate.
Review of bioresorbable AZ91, AZ31 and Mg–Zn–Ca implants and their manufacturing methods
Authors: Ezhilmaran V. , Suya Prem Anand P. , Kannan Suresh , Sivashanmugam N. , Jayakrishna K. , Kalusuraman G.
Published: December 2022

In this paper, the magnesium alloys, such as AZ91, AZ31 and Mg–Zn–Ca are reviewed for the bioimplants application. A perspective of controlling the high degradation rate of Mg alloys is discussed by alloying, manufacturing methods, surface coating and surface treatment. The major constraint while using magnesium as an implant is the stress-shielding effect, which can be resolved by producing the Mg implant with Young's modulus closer to the cortical bones. The latest development for minimising the stress-shielding effect is by creating a porous magnesium scaffold although a change in fatigue resistance is unavoidable. The influence of manufacturing methods, such as die-casting, powder metallurgy, rolling and additive manufacturing is also discussed on the mechanical strength and degradation behaviour.
Interphase and fibrous precipitation in a thermomechanically processed V–Nb–Mo microalloyed steel
Authors: Mukherjee S. , Timokhina I. , Wang J. , Chakraborty A. , Pramanik S. , Kundu S. , Hodgson P.D.
Published: December 2022

A novel V–Nb–Mo steel was thermomechanically processed to promote ferrite grain refinement and precipitation during the austenite to ferrite transformation. Transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional atom probe tomography confirmed the formation of two main types of precipitates: nano-scale interphase precipitates and fibrous precipitates (FP). Both the precipitates had a Baker–Nutting orientation relationship with the ferrite matrix, but with different variants. Interphase precipitates exhibited a disc shape with an average distance between precipitate rows of 15 ± 2 nm and an average Guinier radius of 3.9 ± 1.7 nm, whereas FP had a rod-shape 2.5 ± 0.5 nm in radius and 8–25 nm in length. It appeared that the FP are formed along the plane perpendicular to the interphase precipitates plane.
Video‐based technical feedback and instruction improves tackling technique of community rugby union players
Authors: Davidow Demi , Watson Mikeala , Lambert Mike , Jones Ben , Smith Mitchel , Kraak Wilbur , Hendricks Sharief
Published: December 2022

The aims of this study were to test the change and retention of player's overall tackling technique and technical components following a player‐specific video‐based technical feedback and instruction intervention on both their dominant and non‐dominant shoulders. Twenty‐four (n = 24) rugby union players participated in a non‐randomized control‐intervention, which consisted of a video‐based technical feedback and instruction group (video‐based technical feedback) and a no video‐based technical feedback and instruction group (control). During 3 sessions (baseline, intervention, retention) separated by one week, participants in each group performed six tackles (3 tackles on each shoulder) on a tackle simulator. In total, 432 tackles (video‐based technical feedback = 216, control = 216) were analysed. Each tackle was analysed using a standardized list of technical criteria (arbitrary units, AU). For the dominant shoulder, tackling technique scores significantly improved from baseline to intervention for both groups. For the non‐dominant shoulder, only the video‐based technical feedback group improved their tackling technique from baseline to intervention (baseline 6.89 [6.33–7.45] AU vs. intervention 7.72 [7.35–8.10] AU p = .001, ES = 0.60 moderate). For the retention session, the video‐based technical feedback group scored significantly higher than the control group, for dominant (video‐based technical feedback 8.00 [7.60–8.40] AU vs. control 7.22 [6.83–7.62] AU p = .014, ES = 0.66 moderate) and non‐dominant (video‐based technical feedback 8.11 [7.81–8.41] AU vs. control 7.22 [6.90–7.55] p = .004, ES = 0.96 moderate) tackles. This study demonstrates the efficacy of video‐based technical feedback as a method to optimize tackle training for player safety and performance.
Diagnostic performance of a modified visual perception test
Authors: Elsherif Mayada , Mourad Mona , Hamouda Nesrine , Abdou Rania , Salem Taima
Published: December 2022

Background

During the process of learning to read, the dorsal pathway assesses the visual word form area (VWFA) in focussing on each letter and its sequence. Children with learning difficulty such as dyslexia have immature processing in these areas of the brain. The aim of the study is to modify the dynamic perceptual test to increase its diagnostic value to differentiate between dyslexic and non-dyslexic children.

Methods

Forty children were included divided into two subgroups, control group consists of 20 good reading skills children and study group consists of 20 dyslexic children according to the Arabic version of the dyslexia assessment. All children underwent psychometric, dyslexic evaluation, Phonological awareness skills assessment and the modified dynamic visual perception.

Results

There was statistically significant different between groups on saccadic and distractor tasks. The performance of control children was better than dyslexic children for identification of the optotype presented to them as well as the colour of the arrow.

Conclusion

The distractor direction and colour was the most specific in the modified dynamic perception in differentiating dyslexic from non-dyslexic children.
Latest Data Constraint of Some Parameterized Dark Energy Models
Authors: Yang Jing , Fan Xin-Yan , Feng Chao-Jun , Zhai Xiang-Hua
Published: December 2022

Using various latest cosmological datasets including type-Ia supernovae, cosmic microwave background radiation, baryon acoustic oscillations, and estimations of the Hubble parameter, we test some dark-energy models with parameterized equations of state and try to distinguish or select observation-preferred models. We obtain the best fitting results of the six models and calculate their values of the Akaike information criteria and Bayes information criterion. We can distinguish these dark energy models from each other by using these two information criterions. However, the ΛCDM model remains the best fit model. Furthermore, we perform geometric diagnostics including statefinder and Om diagnostics to understand the geometric behavior of the dark energy models. We find that the six dark-energy models can be distinguished from each other and from ΛCDM, Chaplygin gas, quintessence models after the statefinder and Om diagnostics are performed. Finally, we consider the growth factor of the dark-energy models with comparison to the ΛCDM model. Still, we find the models can be distinguished from each other and from the ΛCDM model through the growth factor approximation.
Rotational modes of a double conical pendulum
Authors: Cross Rod
Published: December 2022

Theoretical and experimental results are presented for a double conical pendulum rotated at the top end in a circular path of radius r
0. The rotation modes are different from those with r
0 = 0 and depend on whether the two pendulum masses rotate in or out of phase with the upper end and with each other. The results extend those already described in the physics teaching literature for a single conical pendulum, would be suitable as a lecture demonstration or an undergraduate laboratory experiment, and are closely analogous to those for a chain that is rotated at its upper end.
Addendum: Timelike and spacelike kernel functions for the hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment (2022 J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys.
49 055001)
Authors: Nesterenko A V
Published: December 2022

This addendum provides results complementary to those obtained in [J.
Phys.
G
49, 055001 (2022)]. Specifically, an equivalent form of the relation, which binds together the ‘spacelike’ kernel functions for the hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment

a

μ

HVP

, is obtained. It is shown that the infrared limiting value of the ‘spacelike’ and ‘timelike’ kernel functions, which enter the representations for

a

μ

HVP

involving the Adler function and the R-ratio, is identical to the corresponding QED contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment of the preceding order in the electromagnetic coupling. The next-to-leading order contributions

a

μ

HVP
(
3
b
)

(which includes the leptonic and hadronic insertions) and

a

μ

HVP
(
3
c
)

(which includes the double hadronic insertion), are studied. The three kernel functions appearing in the representations for

a

μ

HVP
(
3
b
)

, which involve the hadronic vacuum polarization function, Adler function, and the R-ratio, are presented for the cases of the electron and τ-lepton loop insertions.
Case-based reasoning user support for industrial x-ray computed tomography
Authors: Schild Leonard , Höger Katja , Zanini Filippo , Lanza Gisela , Carmignato Simone
Published: December 2022

Industrial x-ray computed tomography is increasingly used in the field of dimensional metrology. However, the measurement accuracy is influenced by many factors for which comprehensive expert’s knowledge is still not available. This work presents an approach to establish a user support system that allows a user to achieve highly accurate measurements. The approach generates knowledge from experimental investigations deploying specifically designed test parts and uses the knowledge in a case-based reasoning user support system. Validation experiments showed that the user support system was successful at providing a user with instructions that led to highly accurate measurements of three previously unknown industrial workpieces.
Shape analysis via gradient flows on diffeomorphism groups
Authors: Balehowsky Tracey , Karlsson Carl-Joar , Modin Klas
Published: December 2022

We study a Riemannian gradient flow on Sobolev diffeomorphisms for the problem of image registration. The energy functional quantifies the effect of transforming a template to a target, while also penalizing non-isometric deformations. The main result is well-posedness of the flow. We also give a geometric description of the gradient in terms of the momentum map.
Driving rapidly while remaining in control: classical shortcuts from Hamiltonian to stochastic dynamics
Authors: Guéry-Odelin David , Jarzynski Christopher , Plata Carlos A , Prados Antonio , Trizac Emmanuel
Published: December 2022

Stochastic thermodynamics lays down a broad framework to revisit the venerable concepts of heat, work and entropy production for individual stochastic trajectories of mesoscopic systems. Remarkably, this approach, relying on stochastic equations of motion, introduces time into the description of thermodynamic processes—which opens the way to fine control them. As a result, the field of finite-time thermodynamics of mesoscopic systems has blossomed. In this article, after introducing a few concepts of control for isolated mechanical systems evolving according to deterministic equations of motion, we review the different strategies that have been developed to realize finite-time state-to-state transformations in both over and underdamped regimes, by the proper design of time-dependent control parameters/driving. The systems under study are stochastic, epitomized by a Brownian object immersed in a fluid; they are thus strongly coupled to their environment playing the role of a reservoir. Interestingly, a few of those methods (inverse engineering, counterdiabatic driving, fast-forward) are directly inspired by their counterpart in quantum control. The review also analyzes the control through reservoir engineering. Besides the reachability of a given target state from a known initial state, the question of the optimal path is discussed. Optimality is here defined with respect to a cost function, a subject intimately related to the field of information thermodynamics and the question of speed limit. Another natural extension discussed deals with the connection between arbitrary states or non-equilibrium steady states. This field of control in stochastic thermodynamics enjoys a wealth of applications, ranging from optimal mesoscopic heat engines to population control in biological systems.
Curved beam generation and its experimental realization by rectangular prism with asymmetric polynomial back surface
Authors: Neşeli Berkay , Kurt Hamza , Turduev Mirbek
Published: December 2022

With the discovery of self-accelerating beams, possibility of obtaining curved light beams in free space has been realized. These special beams paved the way for many new applications as well as the exploration of novel beam types. Recently, great research effort has been conducted to realize different types of curved beams such as photonic hook and airy beam. These curved types of beams are obtained by introducing structural asymmetry or applying non-uniform dielectric distribution to the input and output face of the structure. With this regard, we propose specially designed asymmetric structure with polynomial back surface which generates curved light beams. Proposed lossless dielectric structure can generate curved beams at frequencies varying from 15.78 GHz to 20.09 GHz and corresponding curvature angles of minimum 41.34° and maximum 57.58°, respectively. The physical background of the curved beam formation is based on interference of the exiting light waves that diffract on upper and bottom polynomial surfaces which provides phase modulation leading to the curved trajectory of the propagating light. In addition, the observed beam steering effect is further investigated and the experimental verification in microwave region is conducted to verify our design’s operation principle.
Studying large-scale structure probes of modified gravity with COLA
Authors: Fiorini Bartolomeo , Koyama Kazuya , Izard Albert
Published: December 2022

We study the effect of two Modified Gravity (MG) theories, f(R) and nDGP, on three probes of large-scale structure, the real space power spectrum estimator Q
0, bispectrum and voids, and validate fast approximate COLA simulations against full N-body simulations for the prediction of these probes.
We find that using the first three even multipoles of the redshift space power spectrum to estimate Q
0 is enough to reproduce the MG boost factors of the real space power spectrum for both halo and galaxy catalogues.
By analysing the bispectrum and reduced bispectrum of Dark Matter (DM), we show that the strong MG signal present in the DM bispectrum is mainly due to the enhanced power spectrum. We warn about adopting screening approximations in simulations as this neglects non-linear contributions that can source a significant component of the MG bispectrum signal at the DM level, but we argue that this is not a problem for the bispectrum of galaxies in redshift space where the signal is dominated by the non-linear galaxy bias.
Finally, we search for voids in our mock galaxy catalogues using the ZOBOV watershed algorithm.
To apply a linear model for Redshift-Space Distortion (RSD) in the void-galaxy cross-correlation function, we first examine the effects of MG on the void profiles entering into the RSD model. We find relevant MG signals in the integrated-density, velocity dispersion and radial velocity profiles in the nDGP theory. Fitting the RSD model for the linear growth rate, we recover the linear theory prediction in an nDGP model, which is larger than the ΛCDM prediction
at the 3σ level. In f(R) theory we cannot naively compare the results of the fit with the linear theory prediction as this is scale-dependent, but we obtain results that are consistent with the ΛCDM prediction.
Macroscopic entanglement generation in optomechanical system embedded in non-Markovian environment
Authors: Yang Xiuyi , Yin Hongjie , Zhang Feng , Nie Jing
Published: December 2022

In this paper, we analyze the macroscopic entanglement generation between two movable mirrors in an optomechanical system beyond the Markov approximation. We derive a non-Markovian master equation for the optomechanical system and analyze the entanglement generation based on the numerical simulation. It is found that the maximum entanglement can be achieved by utilizing both the optomechanical coupling and the non-Markovian properties of the bath. In particular, we show the contribution from the system-bath coupling has a positive impact only if the bath is non-Markovian. Besides, the symmetric properties of the optomechanical system as well as the initial state are crucial to the entanglement generation. The results presented in the paper illustrate that the impact of the non-Markovian bath is an important factor in the entanglement generation in the optomechanical system.
Machine learning models inaccurately predict current and future high-latitude C balances
Authors: Shirley Ian A , Mekonnen Zelalem A , Grant Robert F , Dafflon Baptiste , Riley William J
Published: December 2022

The high-latitude carbon (C) cycle is a key feedback to the global climate system, yet because of system complexity and data limitations, there is currently disagreement over whether the region is a source or sink of C. Recent advances in big data analytics and computing power have popularized the use of machine learning (ML) algorithms to upscale site measurements of ecosystem processes, and in some cases forecast the response of these processes to climate change. Due to data limitations, however, ML model predictions of these processes are almost never validated with independent datasets. To better understand and characterize the limitations of these methods, we develop an approach to independently evaluate ML upscaling and forecasting. We mimic data-driven upscaling and forecasting efforts by applying ML algorithms to different subsets of regional process-model simulation gridcells, and then test ML performance using the remaining gridcells. In this study, we simulate C fluxes and environmental data across Alaska using ecosys, a process-rich terrestrial ecosystem model, and then apply boosted regression tree ML algorithms to training data configurations that mirror and expand upon existing AmeriFLUX eddy-covariance data availability. We first show that a ML model trained using ecosys outputs from currently-available Alaska AmeriFLUX sites incorrectly predicts that Alaska is presently a modeled net C source. Increased spatial coverage of the training dataset improves ML predictions, halving the bias when 240 modeled sites are used instead of 15. However, even this more accurate ML model incorrectly predicts Alaska C fluxes under 21st century climate change because of changes in atmospheric CO2, litter inputs, and vegetation composition that have impacts on C fluxes which cannot be inferred from the training data. Our results provide key insights to future C flux upscaling efforts and expose the potential for inaccurate ML upscaling and forecasting of high-latitude C cycle dynamics.
Sustainable scale-up of negative emissions technologies and practices: where to focus
Authors: Cobo Selene , Negri Valentina , Valente Antonio , Reiner David M , Hamelin Lorie , Dowell Niall Mac , Guillén-Gosálbez Gonzalo
Published: December 2022

Most climate change mitigation scenarios restricting global warming to 1.5 °C rely heavily on negative emissions technologies and practices (NETPs). Here we updated previous literature reviews and conducted an analysis to identify the most appealing NETPs. We evaluated 36 NETPs configurations considering their technical maturity, economic feasibility, greenhouse gas removal potential, resource use, and environmental impacts. We found multiple trade-offs among these indicators, which suggests that a regionalised portfolio of NETPs exploiting their complementary strengths is the way forward. Although no single NETP is superior to the others in terms of all the indicators simultaneously, we identified 16 Pareto-efficient NETPs. Among them, six are deemed particularly promising: forestation, soil carbon sequestration (SCS), enhanced weathering with olivine and three modalities of direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS). While the co-benefits, lower costs and higher maturity levels of forestation and SCS can propel their rapid deployment, these NETPs require continuous monitoring to reduce unintended side-effects—most notably the release of the stored carbon. Enhanced weathering also shows an overall good performance and substantial co-benefits, but its risks—especially those concerning human health—should be further investigated prior to deployment. DACCS presents significantly fewer side-effects, mainly its substantial energy demand; early investments in this NETP could reduce costs and accelerate its scale-up. Our insights can help guide future research and plan for the sustainable scale-up of NETPs, which we must set into motion within this decade.
Minimizing emissions from grid-based hydrogen production in the United States
Authors: Ricks Wilson , Xu Qingyu , Jenkins Jesse D
Published: December 2022

Low-carbon hydrogen could be an important component of a net-zero carbon economy, helping to mitigate emissions in a number of hard-to-abate sectors. The United States recently introduced an escalating production tax credit (PTC) to incentivize production of hydrogen meeting increasingly stringent embodied emissions thresholds. Hydrogen produced via electrolysis can qualify for the full subsidy under current federal accounting standards if the input electricity is generated by carbon-free resources, but may fail to do so if emitting resources are present in the generation mix. While use of behind-the-meter carbon-free electricity inputs can guarantee compliance with this standard, the PTC could also be structured to allow producers using grid-supplied electricity to qualify subject to certain clean energy procurement requirements. Herein we use electricity system capacity expansion modeling to quantitatively assess the impact of grid-connected electrolysis on the evolution of the power sector in the western United States through 2030 under multiple possible implementations of the clean hydrogen PTC. We find that subsidized grid-connected hydrogen production has the potential to induce additional emissions at effective rates worse than those of conventional, fossil-based hydrogen production pathways. Emissions can be minimized by requiring grid-based hydrogen producers to match 100% of their electricity consumption on an hourly basis with physically deliverable, ‘additional’ clean generation, which ensures effective emissions rates equivalent to electrolysis exclusively supplied by behind-the-meter carbon-free generation. While these requirements cannot eliminate indirect emissions caused by competition for limited clean resources, which we find to be a persistent result of large hydrogen production subsidies, they consistently outperform alternative approaches relying on relaxed time matching or marginal emissions accounting. Added hydrogen production costs from enforcing an hourly matching requirement rather than no requirements are less than $1 kg−1, and can be near zero if clean, firm electricity resources are available for procurement.
A unified model of suspension concentration distribution in sediment mixed turbulent flows using generalized fractional advection-diffusion equation
Authors: Kundu Snehasis , Sinha Ravi Ranjan
Published: December 2022

The fractional operator in a space fractional advection-diffusion equation (FADE) plays a significant role in the mixing and vertical movement of sediment particles in a sediment-laden turbulent flow under non-local effects. Turbulent flow exhibits non-local mixing properties, which leads to the non-Fickian diffusion process that cannot be captured by the traditional diffusion equation. In this work, we present a generalized FADE that includes the generalized fractional differential operator in the Caputo sense. The full analytical solution is proposed utilizing the general Laplace transformation method. This generalized solution contains weight and scale functions and includes the effects of non-locality. It has been shown that several existing famous models of suspension concentration distribution for sediment particles (including both type-I and type-II distributions) in turbulent flows can be obtained from the proposed generalized solution with proper choices of the scale and weight functions in particular. Here a total of fourteen different types of concentration distribution equations including type-I and type-II profiles are derived from the general solution. Further possible generalizations of the model are also discussed which are more useful for practical applications. It is found that the several existing sediment distribution models are equivalent up to choices of weight and scale functions. Further, we found that the scale function could be physically related to the characteristic Lagrangian length of sediment mixing. The choice of the scale and weight function for both the type-I and type-II profiles are discussed and analyzed. Finally, the model is validated with experimental data as well as field data from the Missouri River, Mississippi River, and Rio Grande conveyance channels, and in each case, satisfactory agreements are obtained. These suggest the broader applicability of the present study.
Giant longitudinal spin Hall effect for elliptically polarized light under surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Chen Ze , Zhen Weiming , Xu Hua , Zhuang Guoce , Zhang Zhihai , Zhang Hu , Zhang Xiaoguang , Meng Yang
Published: December 2022

We propose a novel and simple method for obtaining the giant longitudinal spin Hall effect (SHE) of the reflected light beam when the elliptically polarized light (instead of the linearly polarized light) at the telecommunication wavelength is obliquely incident on a prism–sodium interface excited by surface plasmon resonance. By introducing the spatially averaged Stokes parameter

S
ˉ

3

for a non-uniformly polarized reflected light field, understanding the generation mechanism of the giant longitudinal SHE from a new perspective is realized. The giant longitudinal SHE under the elliptically polarized light reaches 60.28 μm by the optimal parameter setup, and the spin splitting direction of the SHE can be switched by adjusting the amplitude ratio angle and phase difference of the incident elliptically polarized light. These findings open the way for the precise measurement of the ellipticity of the elliptically polarized light and the design of novel fiber-optic devices.
Maximizing ion dynamics and electrochemical performance of ionic liquid-acetonitrile electrolyte in Ti3C2T
x
MXene
Authors: Osti Naresh C , Lin Xiaobo , Zhao Wei , Wang Xuehang , Chen Chaofan , Gao Yu , Torita Takeshi , Kolesnikov Alexander I , Cummings Peter T , Gogotsi Yury , Mamontov Eugene
Published: December 2022

Modification of the structure and morphology of MXene electrodes and the formulation of the electrolytes used in their supercapacitor configurations are significant factors affecting the performance of electrochemical devices. In this study, we investigated the electrochemical performance and ion dynamics of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [EmimTFSI], ionic liquid in the presence of acetonitrile (ACN) at different concentrations in Ti3C2T
x
MXene supercapacitor. We found an optimum concentration of ACN, at which more cations from the ionic liquid attach to the MXene electrode surface, providing higher electrochemical performance. This higher capacitance is also associated with increased microscopic dynamics of the cation away from the pore wall. These findings give a guideline to optimize the performance of MXene-based supercapacitors using organic solvents-ionic liquid-based electrolyte systems.
Investigation of structural, morphological, thermal, and thermoelectric properties of Zn1−xCuxAl2O4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1)
Authors: Radha S , Mani J , Rajkumar R , Arivanandhan M , Jayavel R , Anbalagan G
Published: December 2022

Most promising oxide thermoelectric (TE) materials such as perovskites, layered oxide materials, Al-doped ZnO, etc, have been reported. In the present work, Zn1−x
Cu
x
Al2O4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) samples were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The structural, optical, morphological, and TE properties of Zn1−x
Cu
x
Al2O4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) have been investigated. XRD analysis reveals that ZnAl2O4 has a single-phase cubic structure and Cu is completely dissolved in the ZnAl2O4 lattice. Thermal analysis shows that ZnAl2O4 has high thermal stability up to 1000 °C. From the UV–vis DRS analysis, the energy band gap of ZnAl2O4 decreased from 3.30 eV to 2.82 eV with increasing the content of Cu. Carrier concentration and mobility of the samples were measured by the Hall effect. The values of a carrier concentration of undoped ZnAl2O4 and Zn0.9Cu0.1Al2O4 are obtained to be 3.836 × 1013 cm−3 and 3.3 × 1016 cm−3 at 313 K and 9.6 × 1013 cm−3 for pure and 5.5 × 1016 cm−3 for Zn0.9Cu0.1Al2O4 at 673 K. TE properties of the synthesized samples have been analyzed as a function of temperature. With the optimum values of Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity, Zn0.9Cu0.1Al2O4 shows the highest power factor of 0.50 μW/mK2 while the pure ZnAl2O4 shows a maximum power factor of 0.19 μW/mK2 at 673 K. The Zn0.9Cu0.1Al2O4 exhibits a relatively high zT of 2.4 × 10−4 at 673 K, while pure ZnAl2O4 has a zT value of 0.4 × 10−4 at 673 K. The obtained values reveal the improvement of TE properties by increasing the Cu content in the sample.