bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volatile States in International Politics
Authors: Mattiacci Eleonora
Published: January 2023

Volatile States in International Politics recasts canonical, timeless debates on how states’ behaviors change. Conventionally, scholars explore changes that make states progressively more conflictual (escalation) or less conflictual (reconciliation) toward other states. Volatile States in International Politics shows the limits of this practice. It demonstrates that states’ behaviors are instead often volatile, twisting and turning between cooperation and conflict in a way that appears inconsistent to their counterparts. Since observers cannot accurately predict what volatile states will do next, volatility often stifles trust and ignites conflict. Leveraging statistical techniques and archival data in a probing analysis of rivals and allies since the end of World War II, this book rejects attempts at dismissing volatility as reflecting mercurial leaders or intractable issues. Instead, it explains, a state acts in a volatile manner when its clashing domestic interests leverage power to achieve their goals in the international arena. In showing states’ potential for inconsistent behaviors, this novel investigation of volatility reveals how classic international politics concepts such as “stability” and “instability” fail to capture the most dynamic changes in states’ behaviors. Through its compelling analysis of multiple data sources, the book questions some of the basic assumptions held by scholars of international politics on whether consistent behavior spurs peace. Thus, its findings lead us to re-examine what we think we know about trust, escalation, reputation, audience costs, and compliance. This book shows that when properly understood, states’ inconsistent behaviors can become less confusing for observers and thus, potentially, less dangerous.
Volatility and Rivals
Authors: Mattiacci Eleonora
Published: January 2023

This chapter deepens the book’s inquiry into volatility in states’ behaviors by providing a systematic assessment of the book’s theory. It leverages a large-N analysis of countries involved in both a strategic and enduring rivalry over the period 1948–92. Though the theory presented in the book generalizes to all states, this chapter focuses on testing it on rivalries. Volatility in states’ behaviors is retraced using event data from news services. As rivals are often in the news, event data is more likely to be systematically more comprehensive when capturing interactions between rivals compared to when it captures interactions between other countries. The chapter finds that the interaction of power and interests is a strong predictor of increases in volatility. This result holds, the chapter finds, even when controlling for plausible alternative explanations, including mixed signals, leaders’ traits and transitions, and the presence of contentious issues.
The Matter of Wonder
Authors: Biernacki Loriliai
Published: January 2023

The current discourse of New Materialism seeks to chart a way of addressing our contemporary predicament around environmental destruction through reassessing our relationship and attitudes to matter. This book argues that the panentheism of the 11th-century Indian Hindu thinker Abhinavagupta offers a cogent philosophical model that gives us new ways of thinking about matter, which can help contemporary New Materialist thought. What makes panentheism an attractive model for Abhinavagupta’s philosophy is its Tantric impetus toward both the materiality of the world and the transcendence of divinity, proposing a philosophy that finds consciousness—a subjectivity as and at the very core of matter. Abhinavagupta’s articulation of a foundational and encompassing subjectivity proposes a panentheist solution to a familiar conundrum, one we are still grappling with today—that is: how does consciousness, which is so unlike matter, how does it actually connect to the materiality of our world? In familiar 21st-century terms, how does mind connect to body? This book brings this question to bear in comparative fashion on contemporary issues: our current concerns around what is sentient—animals? viruses? artificial intelligence?—set in relation to Abhinavagupta’s articulation of what gives rise to sentience through his use of the term vimarśa; our current conceptions of information as data—articulated in juxtaposition to Abhinavagupta’s theology of mantra, mystic sound; examining Abhinavagupta’s use of wonder (camatkāra) as camata a philosophical concept, and how his cosmological system (tattva) underwrites his understanding of a foundational subjectivity.
Introduction
Authors: Boswell Matthew , Rowland Antony
Published: January 2023

We begin our study by arguing that the 2010s will prove to be a pivotal decade in the development of Holocaust memory culture, with a comprehensive process of digitalization coinciding with the passing of many of the last remaining Holocaust survivors. This unique historical juncture has invested digital Holocaust memory projects with a dual sense of creative possibility and operational urgency. Setting out key lines of argument for a study of not only the digitalization but also the virtualization of Holocaust memory culture, we argue that the virtual is a discursive as much as a technological space, shaped by distinct values and ideologies. We also outline how our book’s title supports a series of specific critical interventions. Finally, we set out our overarching methodological approach. Exploring the poetics of virtual Holocaust memory, we identify four interconnected themes that we return to throughout our study: (1) truth and truthfulness, (2) the limits of connective memory, (3) the institutionalization of Holocaust memory culture, and (4) perpetrators and impiety.
War and the Democratisation of Perception
Authors: Ford Matthew , Hoskins Andrew
Published: January 2023

This chapter documents the confusing and opaque problem space that emerges out of the interaction between connected technologies, human participants, and the politics of violence. We examine war and its representation in the twenty-first century and identify some of the central challenges that make up what we call a new ecology of war. We further spell out the framework for our analysis of twenty-first century war: data, attention, and control. Drawing on several empirical examples, we argue that connected devices do not represent another domain for the armed forces to control but represent the window through which society engages with war. In this respect, war and its representation are intimately linked in what Scott (2015) would call the fourth dimension where our analogue and digital lives cannot be separated. This reflects Virilio's observation (1989) that "the history of battle is primarily a history of radically changing fields of perception".
The Middle East in Russia’s Foreign Policy, 1990–2020
Authors: Morozov Viacheslav
Published: January 2023

This chapter presents a genealogical account of Russia's view of the post–Cold War global order, with a particular emphasis on the factors determining its policy in the Middle East. Russia's decision in 2015 to conduct a military operation in Syria is a major outcome that my analysis seeks to explain by pointing out how Russian foreign and security policy thinking has evolved over the past few decades. The chapter argues that Moscow's outlook has always been West-centric, and that its policy in the region and elsewhere has been shaped by a number of factors, including the balance of forces on the domestic political arena. I do not directly intervene in the debate on the continuity and change in Russian foreign policy priorities, nor do I aim to provide a full overview of Moscow's policies in the Middle East. Rather, what I seek to highlight is how specific interpretations of major trends and events in global politics have resulted in policy choices, and how the relational dynamic between Russia and the West solidified the approach to global affairs that came to drive Russia's Middle East policy from around 2012–13 onwards.
Different but Similar
Authors: Katz Mark N.
Published: January 2023

This chapter seeks to compare the strengths and weaknesses of Soviet policy towards the Middle East during the Cold War with Putin's more recent foreign policy in the region. I first examine Soviet foreign policy, with attention to what went well for Moscow and what did not. This is followed by a similar examination of what has and has not gone well for Moscow during the Putin era. The expressions "what went/has gone well" and their negatives are used here deliberately in order to avoid viewing Moscow's foreign policy successes and failures as being solely the result of its own foreign policy decision-making. While Moscow's decisions obviously have played a role in whether its Middle Eastern policies are successful or not, sometimes the successes or failures of policies pursued by the United States, by Middle Eastern and other actors, and by events--often unexpected--have strongly affected the standing of Moscow (among others) in the region.
Conflict, Amnesty and Amnesia
Authors: Willis Michael J.
Published: January 2023

An examination of the civil conflict of the 1990s is essential to understanding Algerian politics of the past two decades. The conflict grew out of the formation of armed Islamist groups in the wake of the cancellation of elections and the banning of the FIS in 1992. It expanded massively in 1993 with the emergence of an extremist jihadi trend among the armed groups known as the GIA. The Algerian regime responded by expanding its forces and counter-terrorism operations and adopting more extreme measures against the armed groups including disappearances, torture, and the infiltration of the armed groups. A series of unexplained massacres prompted a ceasefire. The armed groups (AIS) allied to the FIS, leading to the AIS laying down its arms, in return for an effective amnesty. Members of the army and security forces were legally protected from legal action for any crimes committed in the conflict. Violence from armed Islamist groups has declined to very low levels. However, the absence of any formal process publicly identifying crimes and human rights violations in the period has left victims of both the state and the armed groups unhappy despite receiving financial compensation from the state.
Covid and Custom in Rural South Africa
Authors: Bank Leslie , Sharpley Nelly
Published: January 2023

This book explores the impact of Covid-19, and the associated state lockdown, on rural lives in a former homeland in South Africa. The 2020 Disaster Management Act saw the state sweep through rural areas, targeting funerals and other customary practices as potential "super-spreader" events. This unprecedented clampdown produced widespread disruption, fear, and anxiety. The authors build on path-breaking work concerning local responses to West Africa's Ebola epidemic, and examine the HIV/AIDS pandemic, to understand the impact of the Covid crisis on these communities, and on rural Africa more broadly. To shed light on the role of custom and ritual in rural social change during the pandemic, Covid and Custom in Rural South Africa applies long-term historical and ethnographic research; theories of people's science, local knowledge, and the human economy; and fieldwork conducted in ten rural South African communities during lockdown. The volume highlights differences between developments in Southern Africa and elsewhere on the continent, while exploring how the former apartheid homeland--commonly, yet problematically, represented as former "labour reserves"--have since been reconstituted as new home-spaces. In short, it explains why rural people have been so angered by the state's assault on their cultural practices and institutions in the time of Covid.
Disposable Citizens
Authors: Bank Leslie , Sharpley Nelly
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the declaration of a state of "war on Covid" in South Africa and the promises of protection for its citizens with the constitutional right to basic health care. The first part covers how the state developed an urban- and hospital-centric response which directed attention to metropolitan hospitals, like Livingston in Nelson Mandela Bay, rather than rural clinics and community health services. The chapter takes the reader away from the cities and into the rural hinterland of the Eastern Cape to experience what rural communities came to call ukuvala isango (closing the gate) or shutting people out. The chapter shows how the multiple and interconnected crises, of health care, the issuing of death certificates, hospital closures, failures to deep clean clinics, and strike action by nurses and civil servants all effectively left rural citizens without bio-medical protection. As the state refused a more engaged strategy, many people turned to indigenous knowledge and traditional healers to address their growing spiritual and physical distress. The chapter argues for some form of "people's science" as an alternative to the dominant, top-down bio-science model.
Introduction
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood
Published: January 2023

This chapter argues that sustainable resolution to the conflicts in the region will come from US-Iranian negotiations. Historically, the détente between Iran and the United States has almost always led to the reduction of tensions between Iran and its Arab neighbours. Working toward achieving reconciliation with Washington has potentially been rewarding for Iran, rending reaching a regional détente with Iran's neighbours all the more plausible.
The Biden Administration
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood
Published: January 2023

In this chapter, I explore several alternative scenarios and their policy implications for restarting the original Iran nuclear deal. I argue that the most likely scenario is that United States is keen on reshaping the deal, demanding more stringent reinforcement for the long term--a move that Iranian officials see counterproductive at this point, arguing that this will contribute to further diplomatic impasse. There is no evidence that a containment of Iran will work in the future either. The "maximum pressure" campaign aimed at isolating and punishing Iran by re-imposing sanctions proved ineffective and untenable. A better approach would emphasize a diplomatic track. After looking into Biden’s foreign policy experience with Iran, I critically engage and strengthen the case for diplomacy and multilateralism.
A Civilising Mission 2.0?
Authors: Vogel Christoph N.
Published: January 2023

Building upon the origins of the "conflict minerals" paradigm, this chapter illustrates how international advocacy has transformed into concrete policy debate. It introduces the landscape of parallel and partially overlapping regulation attempts that have emerged in the shape of laws and guidelines. It then analyzes how those are operationalized--in the form of "private indirect government"--by private sector, NGOs, and government agencies. In doing so, it pays particular attention to the US legislation known as "Dodd-Frank Act 1502", OECD guidance on responsible sourcing and the regional certification mechanism of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR). The chapter discusses how these policy innovations were informed by a mission civilisatrice-style ideology rooted in a reading of the Congolese conflict as violent, backwards, and driven by greed.
Prologue
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon
Published: January 2023

Korean legend has it that Dangun founded the country in 2333 BCE. The origins of Korea as a unified, distinct country can be traced back to the Silla Kingdom, which took control of most of the Korean Peninsula in 668. Final unification of the whole of the Korean Peninsula happened in 936, when Goryeo (also spelled Koryo) took control of the whole territory. Goryeo would be replaced by the Joseon Dynasty, which ruled Korea from 1392 until 1910. This was a period marked by economic, social, and cultural development and the strong influence of Confucianism. From 1910 until 1945, Korea was colonized by Japan, a period which strengthened minjok or the sense of a unique Korean identity. Following the end of occupation by Japan, Korea was divided into two by the US and the Soviet Union, while internal divisions tore Koreans apart. The result was the formal division of Korea into North and South.
Independence, War and Poverty 1948–60
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon
Published: January 2023

South Korea was established as an independent state in 1948, with the nationalist, conservative, and fiercely anti-communist Rhee Syngman as its first president. In 1950, North Korea invaded the South, starting the Korean War. The war would ravage the Korean Peninsula for three years, only ending in 1953 through an armistice. South Korea was able to survive the war to a large extent thanks to the support of the US, with which it established a formal alliance in 1953. Following the war, South Korea was one of the poorest countries in the world, with Rhee relying on US largesse to sustain his government but unable to achieve economic development. Protests by South Korean students and workers led to Rhee's resignation in 1960, opening the door to South Korea's first truly democratic elections--which were also the last until 1987.
The Liberal Decade 1998–2007
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon
Published: January 2023

Kim Dae-jung became the first liberal South Korean president since the 1960s when he took office in 1998. His victory was considered the moment when the 386 Generation that pushed for democracy in the 1980s really took power. The peaceful transition of power between conservatives and liberals showed the maturity of the South Korean democracy. Coming in the throes of the Asian Financial Crisis, Kim's presidency was marked by a focus on economic recovery and finding new growth engines. In this context, the South Korean government emphasized innovation as the future of the country's economy. Meanwhile, the Korean Wave was starting to take hold in Asia and beyond, and the South Korean government supported the internationalization of the country's artists. With South Korea recovering from the Asian Financial Crisis relatively quickly and having become a developed country, civic nationalism as opposed to minjok became the way in which most Koreans saw themselves. The successful hosting of the 2002 FIFA World Cup together with Japan reinforced this. With regards to North Korea, the Kim government pursed a Sunshine Policy to provide support to the impoverished country, resulting in the first-ever inter-Korean summit in 2000.
Global South Korea 2008–22
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon
Published: January 2023

South Korea weathered the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 better than most other developed countries. Likewise, it was one of the countries that weathered the COVID-19 pandemic better at the global level. This period of time between the two crises marked South Korea's emergence on the global stage. Successive South Korean presidents sought to make the country a more active actor in global affairs. Yet, it was innovation-driven economic growth, leading to South Korean firms competing at the technological frontier stage, and global boom of the Korean Wave that better symbolized the country's new-found status. The Korean Wave, in particular, changed external perceptions about South Korea and brought recognition of the country to new heights. At the domestic level, South Koreans continued to hold their leaders accountable and demand change. Most notably, in 2016–17 the Candlelight Revolution led to the impeachment of Park Geun-hye due to corrupt practices during her presidency. Meanwhile, South Korean women adopted the #MeToo movement to demand an end to patriarchal practices in the job market and in society more generally. More broadly, civic nationalism continued to grow in importance as a way for South Koreans to identify themselves.
The Islamic State’s Approach to Propaganda
Authors: Winter Charlie
Published: January 2023

Drawing on a range of internal documentation produced by the Islamic State—some physically captured from it, others that emerged among its supporters online—this chapter sets out the key features of the Islamic State's propaganda apparatus between 2014 and 2019. First, it describes how jihadists conceptualize the notion of propaganda. Second, it explores the specific strategic underpinnings and objectives of Islamic State propaganda. Third, it sets out the structure and day-to-day operations of the Islamic State's media apparatus. Understanding the group's overarching outreach goals as well as the mechanisms through which it hoped to achieve them is critical contextual knowledge for the rest of this discussion.
The Nation
Authors: Winter Charlie
Published: January 2023

In addition to the thousands of images showcasing its forays into proto-statehood, the Islamic State produced many thousands more that boasted of the utopian "nation" over which it presided. These pictures were implied to document "regular" people going about their business in the caliphate—working, shopping, worshipping, and relaxing—and, together, they made for a comprehensive visual account of what life was like for the ‘ām al-muslimīn (literally, "normal Muslims"). This chapter explores those images in detail, identifying the key consensus- and community-focused motifs and idealisations the Islamic State attempted to cultivate through propaganda.
A Study of Football Chants as Political Expression in the Algerian Hirak
Authors: Mezahi Maher
Published: January 2023

Since the establishment of indigenous football clubs in Algeria, football supporters have used their voice to express political opinion in the form of stadium songs. This chapter examines how the chants and other kinds of football art originated in Algeria, how supporter groups formed and grew increasingly concerned with political life in Algeria and across North Africa, and how football art was adopted by protestors during the anti-regime "Hirak" protests of 2019 and 2020. The chapter relied on the works of Mahfoud Amara's work on football sub-culture in Algeria and Youcef Fates' analysis of discourse in Algerian stadia, and concludes with a lyrical analysis of football songs sung in the Algerian Hirak protests.
Playing in the Triple Periphery
Authors: Reiche Danyel
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores Palestinian football by focusing on the case of Lebanon, one of the largest host communities for Palestinian refugees. In comparison to other Palestinian diaspora communities, Palestinians in Lebanon have a limited presence in football. While football has served as a tool for integration in countries such as Chile and Jordan, Lebanese football has reflected the exclusion of Palestinians in society. This study argues that Palestinian footballers’ lack of access to Lebanese citizenship--which is different from the experience of Palestinian immigrants and refugees in Chile and Jordan--is the main reason for the absence of Palestinian football success stories in Lebanon. This chapter examines how Palestinian football players in Lebanon are operating in a triple periphery. First, they are excluded from Lebanese football through lack of access to Lebanese nationality, which creates football-specific obstacles, such as a cap for Palestinian players in Lebanese leagues. Second, their status as stateless persons prevents Palestinians in Lebanon from representing their country of descent in international competitions. Finally, being stateless refugees restricts their potential movement to other football leagues abroad.
More Than Just a Game
Authors: Bloomfield Aubrey
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the role of football in the Palestinian-led Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) movement targeting Israel. As the world's most popular sport, football represents a potentially significant site for activism against the Israeli occupation of Palestine. Yet the sports boycott remains an underutilized and understudied aspect of the BDS movement. An analysis of the historical example of the international sports boycott movement against apartheid South Africa, the footballing landscape in Palestine and Israel, and the football-focused BDS actions to date, will be used to show that it deserves further attention. Developments over the past decade have already begun to show that a sports boycott centered on football could potentially have a significant impact on Israel. Given the unparalleled global spectacle that football represents, disrupting Israel's access to its normalizing function offers a powerful means to raise awareness of the BDS movement and signal disapproval with Israel's ongoing violations of international law and Palestinian human rights.
Qatar, the World Cup, and the Global Campaign for Migrant Workers’ Rights
Authors: Babar Zahra
Published: January 2023

This chapter reviews the evolution of labor reforms in Qatar before the World Cup bid, as well as those that have been reinforced since 2015 and are currently underway. The chapter is built around three arguments. The first is that labor reforms that have occurred in Qatar have not been solely due to the global human rights campaign around the World Cup. Qatar's decision to undertake reforms have been a result of a far more complex set of factors. The chapter's second argument contends that despite the state's undertaking of labor reform efforts, their current trajectory, and their long-term potential to guarantee greater protection of labor rights, it is disingenuous to assume that lower income migrants' lives will be radically transformed. The third contention is that Qatar 2022 represents a missed opportunity for global human rights organizations and journalists who spearheaded the campaign. By focusing solely on the conditions of migrant workers as a separate category of concern, and by adopting a myopic lens that does not connect broader local and regional demands for labor rights, the campaign dilutes its potential to galvanize demands for enduring change, and reproduces the Gulf to the global public as an Orientalized, exceptional space.
Introduction
Authors: Hussain Adeel
Published: January 2023

The introduction traces the solidification of blasphemy charges against non-Muslims in South Asian legal discourse. It focuses on the scholarly controversy between the traditionalist Indian scholar Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi and Shah Ismail Dehlvi in the first decades of the nineteenth century, concluding that in their era, strongly worded fatwas regarding blasphemy against the Prophet received little traction from their followers. It then sketches the conceptual shift that blasphemy underwent in the two centuries since, moving from a sin punishable by Allah in the hereafter to an individual moral duty and barometer of faith.
Rebirth
Authors: Hussain Adeel
Published: January 2023

The first chapter lays out the paradigm through which Mirza Ghulam Ahmad used insults against the Prophet strategically to rally support from the Muslim community. Against the prescriptions of the Hanafi School of Islamic jurisprudence that was dominant in India, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad began levelling blasphemy charges against non-Muslims and prophesizing the death of alleged blasphemers. It further reconstructs how the provincial Hindu preacher Pandit Lekh Ram entered into a vicious debate with Mirza Ghulam Ahmad that quickly turned poisonous, and how both men departed from conventional Islamic and Hindu law.
Sin
Authors: Hussain Adeel
Published: January 2023

This chapter unravels how the murder of a Lahore-based publisher, Rajpal Malhotra, came to be an issue of national importance and captured the attention of the national political leadership. Ilm Din, Rajpal's assailant, was hailed as a martyr after the state tried and hanged him for murder. This chapter shows how this historical instance further solidified the idea of Muslim martyrdom through judicial rulings. In continuation of the arguments proposed in the first and second chapter, the blasphemy discourse remained heavily embedded in the terms of debate set out by two provincial revivalist groups.
Religious Nativism
Authors: Duyvendak Jan Willem , Kešić Josip
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the role of religion and secularism in contemporary nativism, in particular the nativist problematization of Islam in Western contexts. This “religious nativism” depicts Islam not only as backward and therefore incompatible with national, European, Western, and indeed “modern” cultures, but also as a threat to these cultures. In order to unpack how this multifaceted self–other antagonism is constructed, the chapter discusses three central themes in the Dutch public debate: gender, homosexuality, and cultural Christianity. The chapter then demonstrates the various ways in which nativism deals with Muslims’ alterity after it has lost faith in integration as a solution. If the presence of Muslims is seen as a threat and this threat cannot be assuaged through integration, then what do nativists propose?
Populist Nativism
Authors: Duyvendak Jan Willem , Kešić Josip
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines right-wing discourses that attack elites for their moral corruption and cultural alienation, and it presents them as therefore being a threat to the native population and its culture. Being depicted as culturally alienated and for that reason not fully “native,” the national elite holds a symbolic position structurally similar to that of migrant minorities. Its otherness is significantly enhanced by the idea it supports the interests of other threatening minorities. The chapter unpacks the othering of national elites by exploring the nativist preoccupation with elites’ lack of appreciation for national culture and the diminishing presence of national identity in the public sphere and state institutions.
A new Anglo-India
Authors: Charlton-Stevens Uther
Published: January 2023

This chapter begins with debates around naming, with self-asserted and ascribed categories for the mixed. The replacement of Eurasian with Anglo-Indian in the Census of India of 1911 satisfied longstanding demands from within the group itself and anchored an amplified level of patriotic identification with Britain prior to the First World War. The difficulties in obtaining sanction for an Anglo-Indian Force, which served in Mesopotamia, highlighted internal and external dividing lines among Anglo-Indians and Domiciled Europeans--especially colorism. The postwar fracturing of communal unity came amidst heightened pressures on the group's employment from nationalist demands within the colonial legislatures for Indianisation of state and railway employment following the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. As Anglo-Indian parents and education remained conservatively pro-British, particularly in Bangalore, Henry Gidney dualistically emphasized love of the community's Indian motherland alongside continuing loyalty to its British fatherland. Resistance, factionalism, entryism, and legal action by prominent rivals continued to undermine Gidney's leadership. Simultaneously, Gidney's lobbying in London and alignment with other minorities--particularly the Dalit leader Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar--against Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress Party at the Round Table Conference proved critical to claims for minority group rights and power sharing under any prospective constitutional devolution settlement.
Freedom Fighters
Authors: Simpson Thula
Published: January 2023

Nelson Mandela left South Africa in 1962. During his time abroad, he solicited pledges of military training from Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Morocco. The chapter discusses Mandela's arrest following his return home later that year. The chapter also discusses the rise and fall of Poqo in 1962–3, while the struggle between the State and the Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in the aftermath of Mandela's arrest is also considered. MK's High Command developed Operation Mayibuye, a blueprint for guerrilla warfare, but its leaders were apprehended in a raid on their underground headquarters at Liliesleaf Farm in Rivonia in July 1963. Other dissident groups rolled up in 1963-4 were the Yu Chi Chan Club, and the NCL, which renamed itself the African Resistance Movement.
How Raqqa Became the Capital of ISIS
Authors: Rosenblatt Nate , Kilcullen David
Published: January 2023

This chapter tells the history of the Syrian city of Raqqa, and how in 2013 control of the city shifted between the Syrian regime, Syrian rebels, and finally ISIS, eventually becoming the capital of ISIS's caliphate. Using survey research conducted in Raqqa, the chapter examines how ISIS's strategy enabled it to seize the city, why other powers failed to hold the city, and how, after taking the city, ISIS failed to effectively govern it, eventually losing it to U.S.-backed forces.
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps of the 2020s
Authors: Vatanka Alex
Published: January 2023

This chapter traces the history of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps from the Iranian revolution to today. It examines how Iran's adoption of a forward defense strategy has shaped not just its proxies and the locales where it intervenes, but also the identity of the IRGC itself. The chapter explores how manpower shortages and the dynamics of signaling capability to the U.S. raise questions about the sustainability of Iranian strategy and the ways Iranian strategy will play a significant role in shaping the Middle East of the future.
Four Impediments to the Case for Mineness
Authors: McClelland Tom
Published: January 2023

This chapter argues that a compelling case for the existence of a sense of mineness is yet to be made. It proposes that any such case must overcome four impediments. The first is epistemological and concerns how we could identify this putative feature of experience. The second concerns the representational content of such experiences. The third concerns the function that these experiences would perform; and the fourth concerns the possibility of malfunction. The chapter argues that although none of these impediments constitute a knock-down objection to the sense of mineness, they each present a serious challenge that advocates of the sense of mineness must address.
Emotions of Mineness
Authors: Dub Richard
Published: January 2023

Feelings of authorship and feelings of ownership are difficult to place within a taxonomy of psychological types. This chapter defends the thesis that these “feelings of mineness” are emotions. Firstly, I describe the intentional structure and functional role of emotions, arguing that feelings of mineness have a similar structure and role. Secondly, I present what I take to be the best evidence for the affective status of feelings of mineness: their ability to generate delusions. Finally, I provide responses to the criticism that emotions and affect are necessarily evaluative but feelings of mineness are not evaluative.
The Ownership of Memories
Authors: Fernández Jordi
Published: January 2023

Is there such a thing as experiencing a memory as one’s own? I argue that the phenomenon of disowned memory gives us a reason to believe that memories carry a sense of mineness. I challenge the view that the sense of mineness for a memory is the feeling of being identical with the witness of the remembered scene, and I put forward an alternative proposal. According to it, the sense of mineness for a memory is the experience of the memory as matching the past. I argue that the alternative proposal makes better sense of the available reports of disowned memory. I conclude by offering some considerations on how the proposed account could accommodate other cases of disowned conscious states.
Miller’s Crossing
Authors: Quong Jonathan
Published: January 2023

This chapter engages with David Miller’s work on the conditionality of human rights. Miller believes that while some human rights are conditional, there are certain rights, such as those not to be killed or seriously injured, that cannot be forfeited. While Quong agrees that some human rights are conditional, he rejects Miller’s account of which rights these are. The chapter draws a distinction between two types of human rights: those that correlate with ‘burden-insensitive’ moral duties, which can be forfeited, and those associated with ‘burden-sensitive’ moral duties, which cannot. Strikingly, this account of the possibility of forfeiture does not map directly onto how human rights have sometimes been understood; so while Quong believes that some paradigmatic human rights, such as the right not to be killed, are in fact conditional, he argues that some others, such as the right to be rescued, are unconditional, though less established in human rights discourse.
Immigration: A Lockean Approach
Authors: Waldron Jeremy
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the legitimacy of state controls on migration from a ‘Lockean’ perspective. What rights to drive strangers away would communities have in the absence of systems of positive law? Waldron argues that reasons to drive away strangers are likely to fall into two camps: economic and cultural. He argues that neither type of argument is likely to succeed, as they do not give rise to the sort of reasons that could justify exclusion. In particular, he maintains that David Miller’s arguments relating to cultural protection are insufficient to justify immigration restrictions since they are grounded not in resistance to the destruction of a shared culture but in resistance to change in a shared culture. This cannot legitimize state controls. His conclusion is that it is much harder than it seems to establish the fundamental entitlement of societies to control immigration.
Miller’s Minarets: Religion, Culture, Domination
Authors: Laborde Cécile
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses David Miller’s treatment of the 2009 Swiss constitutional ban on building Muslim minarets. Miller is sympathetic to the idea that religious symbols in shared public spaces can, in principle, be restricted by a majority’s right of precedence. The chapter argues that to permit majority religious precedence in the public sphere would be an unacceptable instance of arbitrary domination. Religion is understood in terms of an “assigned identity”, typically defined by the majority in ways that stigmatise and silence the target minority and exclude it from the national community. Thus religion functions in the same way as race, affirming and consolidating boundaries between groups. The ban on minarets dominates Muslims by denying them civic standing, undermining the foundation of equal citizenship that is key to Miller’s own defence of citizenship and nationality. There are limits on how majorities can permissibly affirm their culture in the public sphere.
Public Good Fairness
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses David Miller’s claim that the provision of public goods raises important issues of justice. Patten argues that the just state has a role in promoting the provision of public goods that would be systematically underprovided by the market. This applies to both ‘essential goods’ relating to education, public health, and the environment, and some ‘discretionary’ goods stemming from particular conceptions of the good. Patten is more restrictive than Miller in his account of essential goods, but more permissive in terms of the discretionary goods whose provision is a requirement of justice. The chapter argues that relying on voluntary schemes for the provision of public goods can result in a bias against ideas of the good life that presuppose collective action. States sometimes have good all-things-considered fairness-based reasons to provide discretionary public goods that are not valued by everyone and pay for them out of general taxation revenues.
Hume on Authority and Opinion
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: January 2023

This chapter engages with both David Miller’s early work on the political thought of David Hume and his recent work on the methodology of political theory. It explores Hume’s treatment of the allocation, justification, and genesis of political authority. Hume appeals to common opinion at two points of his argument: positively, to establish the existence of an obligation to obey, since it is so widely believed to be true; and negatively, to oppose the claim that obligation rests on consent, since this is not widely believed to be true. Green argues that common acceptance of authority of the law is sensitive to the content and character of the law. Hume’s critique of consent theory, though often praised, is in fact not compelling, and consent theory need not be seen as incomplete or redundant in explaining duties to obey the law.
Sir Isaac Newton’s Universe
Authors: Ostlie Dale A.
Published: January 2023

Sir Isaac Newton’s Universe begins with a brief biography of the scientist at a pivotal time in history. With the plague sweeping through Europe and Galileo having died in the year of his birth, the time was right for the culmination of the Copernican revolution and the birth of new physics. The second and third sections of the chapter develop and explore Newton’s three laws of motion and his universal law of gravitation, which allowed him to derive Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion described in the fourth section. This powerful new way of studying the universe through universal laws of motion and gravitation were vindicated by the mathematical discovery of Neptune. Newton, along with Francis Bacon, Descartes, Voltaire, Benjamin Franklin, and others helped to usher in a new, more quantitative and logical way of thinking. With it came the Enlightenment and changes in art, culture, and religion.
Modern Physics: New Science to Study the Universe
Authors: Ostlie Dale A.
Published: January 2023

Modern Physics: New Science to Study the Universe shows that what may initially appear to be minor discrepancies with standard theories of the universe can lead to paradigm-shattering scientific revolutions. Einstein’s simple thought experiments exposed logical inconsistencies in Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light, and of the fundamental nature of space and time. These thought experiments led to Einstein’s development of his relativity theory and four-dimensional spacetime. The theory of special relativity is considered in this chapter. Explaining the spectrum of blackbody radiation became an intractable problem for the science of the 1800s. The solution led to quantum mechanics, a new understanding of the nature of atoms, and the discrete and probabilistic nature of the universe. The discovery that atomic nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons led to the realization that atoms of elements can have multiple isotopes, differing in the numbers of neutrons.
An Overview of the Solar System
Authors: Ostlie Dale A.
Published: January 2023

An Overview of the Solar System presents a brief survey of what our tiny region of space contains. The principal goal of the chapter is to give the reader an organizational framework for the study of our Solar System. The patterns that are exposed suggest that underlying evolutionary processes must have led to the Solar System’s current configuration. A secondary goal is to provide the reader with a quick introduction to the Solar System, should they choose to move directly to a study of interstellar space, stars, galaxies, the cosmic web, and cosmology. The groupings of the innermost rocky planets, the asteroid belt, the gas giants, and the more distant ice giants are reviewed along with the class of dwarf planets. The origins of comets from the Kuiper belt and the Oort Cloud, and meteoroids are also discussed. A discussion of the general importance of tidal interactions concludes the chapter.
The Rocky Planets and Our Moon
Authors: Ostlie Dale A.
Published: January 2023

The Rocky Planets and Our Moon considers the four innermost planets in our Solar System. Because the Moon is only slightly smaller than Mercury, it is included here as well. The atmospheres (if present) and surface features of the five bodies are considered in turn. If an atmosphere is present, what is it composed of and why? Is water present? What about cratering, volcanism, and tectonic activity? Does the body have a magnetic field? Comparing and contrasting the bodies provides insight into how they developed over time. The interiors of the planets are considered together. Seismic data when available, surface observations, and orbital data from moons and spacecraft also help scientists deduce what planetary interiors are like and why. The last two sections explore the exponential function, explosive population growth, pandemics, and humanity’s impact on our planet’s thin biosphere through climate change, while drawing lessons from our neighboring worlds.
Galaxies Galore
Authors: Ostlie Dale A.
Published: January 2023

Galaxies Galore introduces the vast collections of stars, dust, and gas once called “island universes.” The Milky Way is just one of trillions of galaxies, each containing many billions to trillions of stars. Hubble’s tuning fork diagram serves as a classification tool for galaxy types. Clusters and superclusters of galaxies exist throughout the universe forming part of the cosmic web. Most of the gravitational force necessary to hold them together is due to the as yet undetectable dark matter. It appears that all large galaxies contain one or more supermassive black holes at their centers, including the Milky Way’s diminutive 4 million solar mass black hole. The supermassive black holes of active galaxies can devour infalling material and generate powerful beams of radiation, known as quasars, that can be seen from across the universe. The chapter wraps up with a discussion of how galaxies form and evolve over time.
History and Time
Authors: Walsham Alexandra
Published: January 2023

In early modern England generation was often understood as a unit of historical chronology. This chapter examines the triangular relationship between religious controversies, the arts of history, and the sciences of time. It delineates the development of official and alternative narratives of the Reformation before considering when and why contemporaries came to think of this as a past event rather than an ongoing and unfinished process. Through an investigation of calendars, almanacs, and chronologies, it explores the naming and dating of the Reformation. It assesses how senses of religious rupture contributed to creating enduring models of periodization and engages with influential claims about the transformation of historiography and regimes of temporality in this era. A further theme is the intertwining of senses of historical and liturgical time with the rhythms of biological reproduction and the life cycle. The chapter traces the manner in which public memory of the English Reformations became entangled with family history and genealogy in printed and manuscript texts and material objects.
Memory and Archive
Authors: Walsham Alexandra
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines memory and its transmutations over the course of the several generations that experienced England’s plural and contested Reformations. It investigates shifting commemorative practices, including the creation of memorials and monuments to past generations and the spiritual legacies that the dying left to the living. It examines the impulses that led men and women to record the dramatic religious changes they had witnessed and in which they had participated, and the textual and material forms in which they transmitted these recollections to posterity as heirlooms. It explores what people strategically forgot as well as what they selectively remembered; how they retrospectively edited their own life stories as their religious and cultural preoccupations changed over time; and the manner in which events passed out of living memory and entered into the realm of inherited legend. The chapter also evaluates the role of generational transmission in creating the very archives, libraries, and museums through which our own knowledge of the Reformation past is filtered, and the interpretative paradigms that shape how we analyse this period.