bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recyclable 3D‐Printed Aqueous Lithium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Gulzar Umair , Egorov Vladimir , Zhang Yan , O’Dwyer Colm
Published: April 2023

Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, in energy storage devices such as batteries has the potential to create new form factor small cells that are incorporated into the shape of the device at the design stage. With large‐scale proliferation, sustainable and recyclable materials are needed to avoid used cell waste accumulation, and the cells should have performance metrics that match or exceed existing cells. Inspired by safe aqueous battery chemistries and development in stereolithographic photopolymerization printing methods such as vat polymerization (Vat‐P), a 3D‐printed aqueous lithium‐ion battery developed, using sustainable active cathode and anode materials of LiMn2O4 and FePO4·2H2O, which can be fully recycled using a simple combustion method. This battery is designed to allow a stable cycling, higher energy density option compared to a metallic cell of similar construction, and to ensure better intraelectrode electrical conductivity and rigidity necessary for a viable cell, avoiding brittleness sometimes found in all‐in‐one composite‐printed electrodes. The printed cell has a stable cell‐level capacity of 1.86 mAh, better than that of a comparable metallic coin cell of similar internal chemistry, with an average cell voltage just over 1.0 V. Following combustion, the crystalline phase of LiMn2O4 and a mixed phase of some Fe2O3 mixed with a dominant composition of FePO4 are recovered. All inorganic materials are recovered after combustion.
Risk, race, and predictive policing: A critical race theory analysis of the strategic subject list
Authors: DaViera Andrea L. , Uriostegui Marbella , Gottlieb Aaron , Onyeka Ogechi (Cynthia)
Published: April 2023

Predictive policing is a tool used increasingly by police departments that may exacerbate entrenched racial/ethnic disparities in the Prison Industrial Complex (PIC). Using a Critical Race Theory framework, we analyzed arrest data from a predictive policing program, the Strategic Subject List (SSL), and questioned how the SSL risk score (i.e., calculated risk for gun violence perpetration or victimization) predicts the arrested individual's race/ethnicity while accounting for local spatial conditions, including poverty and racial composition. Using multinomial logistic regression with community area fixed effects, results indicate that the risk score predicts the race/ethnicity of the arrested person while accounting for spatial context. As such, despite claims of scientific objectivity, we provide empirical evidence that the algorithmically‐derived risk variable is racially biased. We discuss our study in the context of how the SSL reinforces a pseudoscientific justification of the PIC and call for the abolition of these tools broadly.
Overexertion and heat stress in the fire service: a new conceptual framework
Authors: Wohlgemuth Kealey , Sekiguchi Yasuki , Mota Jacob
Published: April 2023

From the year 2000, the United States Fire Administration (USFA) has been recording all line‐of‐duty deaths in the fire service. Stress or overexertion caused 1096 out of 2598 total line‐of‐duty deaths in the United States from 2000 to 2021. Those deaths due to stress or overexertion were further classified as myocardial infarction (90%), cerebrovascular accident (6.8%), other (2.6%), and heat exhaustion (0.6%). Environmental heat exposure is a concern in firefighting, as firefighters work in extreme conditions, such as high ambient temperatures, while wearing protective clothing. Heat stress is not only hazardous to the cardiovascular system, but may accentuate muscle fatigue and overexertion. In addition, overexertion itself is related to increased incidence of musculoskeletal injuries, usually to the lower extremities. Further, there is a strong physiological mechanistic link to suggest that the increased occupational heat exposure and thermoregulatory strain firefighters experience may be a stressor that increases the risk of injuries. This commentary hopes to show the need for further research on the effects of occupational exposures and physiological strain in the fire service.
A PUS7 gene pathogenic variant causing self‐injurious behavior, sleep disturbances, and developmental delay: A case report
Authors: Muda Alice , Malerba Laura , Giordano Lucio , Fazzi Elisa , Accorsi Patrizia
Published: April 2023

PUS7 gene pathogenic variants cause a deficiency in an RNA‐independent pseudouridine synthase, which results in a neurodevelopmental phenotype characterized by various degrees of psychomotor delay, acquired microcephaly, aggressive behavior, and intellectual disability. Since 2018, PUS7 deficiency has been described in 15 patients with different pathogenic variants but similar clinical phenotypes. We describe the case of a male infant with a homozygous truncating pathogenic variant in the PUS7 gene (c.329_332delCTGA; p.Thr110Argfs*4) who, in addition to the previously mentioned features, displays self‐injurious behavior, sleep disturbances and motor stereotypies.
Novel mosaic TRAF7 likely pathogenic variant in an African American family
Authors: Colleran Jack A. , Daykin Emily C. , Hernandez Cindy , Ray Joseph , Morand Megan
Published: April 2023

Pathogenic variants in TRAF7 are often de novo and features of individuals harboring these variants are characterized by neurodevelopmental delay, ptosis, cardiac defects, limb anomalies, and dysmorphic features. We present a familial case in two African American patients with a novel, likely pathogenic c.1936G>A variant in TRAF7. Patient 1 is a 31‐year‐old female with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), intellectual disability, ptosis, and other dysmorphic features. She was identified to harbor this likely pathogenic variant in a mosaic (33.89%) state in leukocytes. Her son, Patient 2, is a 10‐month‐old male with a PDA, atrial septal defect, ptosis, developmental delay, history of feeding difficulties, congenital maxillary frenulum, and malrotation of the intestine. He has the same variant in a non‐mosaic state. These cases demonstrate the variable expressivity observed with variants in TRAF7 within the same family and expand upon current understanding of mosaic TRAF7 variants. They also provide phenotypic data on genetic variation in individuals with African American ancestry, a population who has been underrepresented in the literature and may be less frequently referred to genetic specialists.
Greater tool use diversity is associated with increased terrestriality in wild capuchin monkeys
Authors: Falótico Tiago , Ottoni Eduardo B.
Published: April 2023

Terrestriality was an essential factor in human evolution. Hominins' extensive use of the ground allowed exploring a new range of environments and their objects, including new resources and potential tool raw materials. Capuchin monkeys are primarily arboreal primates but are also the most prolific tool users among platyrrhines, customarily using stone tools on the ground due to physical limitations and material availability.

Objectives

Our goals were to (1) measure the terrestriality levels of a group of capuchin monkeys and (2) test the hypothesis that terrestriality has a positive effect on the stone tool use variability because the increased time on the ground would offer more opportunities to interact with the available stones, leading to more innovations of tool use behaviors. We predict a more diversified use of stone tools in the population with a higher degree of terrestriality.

Materials and Methods

This study was on a group of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) at Serra da Capivara National Park (SCNP), Brazil. Scan sampling was done for 23 months, recording the behavior and substrate used by the individuals.

Results

The ground use rate was 41%, with no sex difference but an age difference: infants were less terrestrial than juveniles and adults.

Discussion

Compared to a population with a more limited tool use repertoire (Fazenda Boa Vista), SCNP adult capuchins are more terrestrial (43% v. 27%). Stone tool use diversity and terrestriality in capuchins appear to be positively correlated. Our results support this hypothesis and provide terrestriality measurements of the wild capuchin population with the most complex stone tool kit.
Cyclotetrabenzil Derivatives for Electrochemical Lithium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Meng Jianing , Robles Alexandra , Jalife Said , Ren Wen , Zhang Ye , Zhao Lihong , Liang Yanliang , Wu Judy I. , Miljanić Ognjen Š. , Yao Yan
Published: April 2023

Organic electrode materials could revolutionize batteries because of their high energy densities, the use of Earth‐abundant elements, and structural diversity which allows fine‐tuning of electrochemical properties. However, small organic molecules and intermediates formed during their redox cycling in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have high solubility in organic electrolytes, leading to rapid decay of cycling performance. We report the use of three cyclotetrabenzil octaketone macrocycles as cathode materials for LIBs. The rigid and insoluble naphthalene‐based cyclotetrabenzil reversibly accepts eight electrons in a two‐step process with a specific capacity of 279 mAh g−1 and a stable cycling performance with ≈65 % capacity retention after 135 cycles. DFT calculations indicate that its reduction increases both ring strain and ring rigidity, as demonstrated by computed high distortion energies, repulsive regions in NCI plots, and close [C⋅⋅⋅C] contacts between the naphthalenes. This work highlights the importance of shape‐persistency and ring strain in the design of redox‐active macrocycles that maintain very low solubility in various redox states.
Regulating Spin Polarization through Cationic Vacancy Defects in Bi4Ti3O12 for Enhanced Molecular Oxygen Activation
Authors: Zhang Dongpeng , Li Yanxiao , Wang Pengfei , Qu Jinyong , Zhan Sihui , Li Yi
Published: April 2023

Molecular oxygen (O2) activation technology is of great significance in environmental purification due to its eco‐friendly operation and cost‐effective nature. However, the activation of O2 is limited by spin‐forbidden transitions, and efficient molecular oxygen activation depends on electronic behavior and surface adsorption. Herein, we prepared cationic defect‐rich Bi4Ti3O12 (BTO‐MV2) catalysts containing Ti vacancies (VTi) for O2 activation in water purification. The VTi on BTO nanosheets can induce electron spin polarization, increasing the number of spin‐down photogenerated electrons and reducing the recombination of electron‐hole pairs. An active surface VTi is also formed, serving as a center for adsorbing O2 and extracting electrons, effectively generating ⋅OH, O2.− and 1O2. The degradation rate constant of tetracycline achieved by BTO‐MV2 is 3.3 times faster than BTO, indicating a satisfactory prospect for practical application. This work provides an efficient pathway to activate molecular oxygen by constructing new active sites through cationic vacancy modification technology.
Nanobody Loop Mimetics Enhance Son of Sevenless 1‐Catalyzed Nucleotide Exchange on RAS**
Authors: Van holsbeeck Kevin , Fischer Baptiste , Gonzalez Simon , Gadais Charlène , Versées Wim , Martins José C. , Martin Charlotte , Wohlkönig Alexandre , Steyaert Jan , Ballet Steven
Published: April 2023

RAS proteins control various intracellular signaling networks. Mutations at specific locations were shown to stabilize their active guanosine triphosphate (GTP)‐bound state, which is associated with the development of multiple cancers. An attractive approach to modulate RAS signaling is through its regulatory guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) son of sevenless 1 (SOS1). With the recent discovery of Nanobody14 (Nb14), which potently enhances SOS1‐catalyzed nucleotide exchange on RAS, we explored the feasibility of developing peptide mimetics by structurally mimicking the complementarity‐determining region 3 (CDR3). Guided by a biochemical GEF assay and X‐ray co‐crystal structures, successive rounds of optimization and gradual conformational rigidification led to CDR3 mimetics showing half of the maximal activation potential of Nb14 with an EC50 value of 29 μM. Altogether, this study demonstrated that peptides able to modulate a protein‐protein interaction can be obtained by structural mimicry of a Nb paratope.
Sulfenate Anion Catalyzed Diastereoselective Synthesis of Aziridines
Authors: Zheng Zhipeng , Pu Youge , Adrio Javier , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: April 2023

Aziridines are highly valued synthetic targets in organic and medicinal chemistry. The organocatalytic synthesis of such structures with broad substrate scope and good diastereoselectivity, however, is rare. Herein, we report a broadly applicable and diastereoselective synthetic method for the synthesis of trans‐aziridines from imines and benzylic or alkyl halides utilizing sulfenate anions (PhSO–) as the catalyst. Substrates bearing heterocyclic aromatic groups, alkyl, and electron‐rich and electron‐poor aryl groups were shown to be compatible with this method (33 examples), giving good yields and high diastereoselectivities (trans : cis >20 : 1). Further functionalization of aziridines containing cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl groups was achieved through ring‐opening reactions, with a cyclobutyl‐substituted norephedrine derivative obtained through a four‐step synthesis. We offer a mechanistic proposal involving reversible addition of the deprotonated benzyl sulfoxide to the imine to explain the high trans‐diastereoselectivity.
Miscibility of nitrated poly(phenylene oxide) and styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer blends
Authors: Xing Chao , Yan Yong‐Zhu , Zhang Wei‐Jin , Chung James Yoon‐Jin , Ha Chang‐Sik
Published: April 2023

Poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1, 4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO) is a well‐known high heat‐resistant polymer and miscible with polystyrene. However, it is not miscible with many polymers containing polar groups. In the present study, PPO was nitrated to prepare a nitrated PPO (NPPO) containing polar nitro groups and blended with a copolymer of styrene/acrylonitrile (SAN). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) data showed that NPPO in SAN‐rich phase was miscible with SAN, while NPPO in NPPO‐rich phase was partially phase‐separated from SAN, both over the entire blend composition range from NPPO wt. fractions of 0.1–0.5 investigated for this work. Analyses of Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and ultra‐violet (UV–VIS) spectra indicated that the miscibility of NPPO with SAN was caused by intermolecular hydrogen bonding of CN group of SAN with OH end‐group of NPPO in the NPPO/SAN blends. NPPO's OH end‐group, meta‐nitro 2,6‐dimethyl phenol, was produced during nitration of PPO due to chain scission of aryl ether bond. Besides the intermolecular hydrogen bonding, dipole‐diplo interaction of the CN and nitro groups resulted in dissociation of the CN dimers and trimers to the CN monomers in the NPPO/SAN blends.
A comparison of the multilevel MIMIC model to the multilevel regression and mixed ANOVA model for the estimation and testing of a cross‐level interaction effect: A simulation study
Authors: Kessels Rob , Moerbeek Mirjam
Published: April 2023

When observing data on a patient‐reported outcome measure in, for example, clinical trials, the variables observed are often correlated and intended to measure a latent variable. In addition, such data are also often characterized by a hierarchical structure, meaning that the outcome is repeatedly measured within patients. To analyze such data, it is important to use an appropriate statistical model, such as structural equation modeling (SEM). However, researchers may rely on simpler statistical models that are applied to an aggregated data structure. For example, correlated variables are combined into one sum score that approximates a latent variable. This may have implications when, for example, the sum score consists of indicators that relate differently to the latent variable being measured. This study compares three models that can be applied to analyze such data: the multilevel multiple indicators multiple causes (ML‐MIMIC) model, a univariate multilevel model, and a mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) model. The focus is on the estimation of a cross‐level interaction effect that presents the difference over time on the patient‐reported outcome between two treatment groups. The ML‐MIMIC model is an SEM‐type model that considers the relationship between the indicators and the latent variable in a multilevel setting, whereas the univariate multilevel and mixed ANOVA model rely on sum scores to approximate the latent variable. In addition, the mixed ANOVA model uses aggregated second‐level means as outcome. This study showed that the ML‐MIMIC model produced unbiased cross‐level interaction effect estimates when the relationships between the indicators and the latent variable being measured varied across indicators. In contrast, under similar conditions, the univariate multilevel and mixed ANOVA model underestimated the cross‐level interaction effect.
Dynamic functional hippocampal markers of residual depressive symptoms in euthymic bipolar disorder
Authors: Saccaro Luigi F , Gaviria Julian , Ville Dimitri Van De , Piguet Camille
Published: April 2023

Objectives

: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe, chronic, affective disorder characterized by recurrent switching between mood states, psychomotor and cognitive symptoms, which can linger in euthymic states as residual symptoms. Hippocampal alterations may play a key role in the neural processing of BD symptoms. However, its dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) remains unclear. Therefore, the present study explores hippocampal dFC in relation to BD symptoms.

Methods

: We assessed hippocampus‐based dFC coactivation patterns (CAPs) on resting‐state fMRI data of 25 euthymic BD patients and 25 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls (HC).

Results

: Bilateral hippocampal dFC with somatomotor networks (SMN) was reduced in BD, compared to HC, while at the same time dFC between the left hippocampus and midcingulo‐insular salience system (SN) was higher in BD. Correlational analysis between CAPs and clinical scores revealed that dFC between the bilateral hippocampus and the default‐like network (DMN) correlated with depression scores in BD. Furthermore, pathological hyperconnectivity between the default mode network (DMN) and SMN and the frontoparietal network (FPN) was modulated by the same depression scores in BD.

Conclusions

: Overall, we observed alterations of large‐scale functional brain networks associated with decreased flexibility in cognitive control, salience detection, and emotion processing in BD. Additionally, the present study provides new insights on the neural architecture underlying a self‐centered perspective on the environment in BD patients. dFC markers may improve detection, treatment, and follow‐up of BD patients and of disabling residual depressive symptoms in particular.
Evaluating methods for measuring background connectivity in slow event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging designs
Authors: Frank Lea E. , Zeithamova Dagmar
Published: April 2023

Introduction

Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is widely used for measuring functional interactions between brain regions, significantly contributing to our understanding of large‐scale brain networks and brain–behavior relationships. Furthermore, idiosyncratic patterns of resting‐state connections can be leveraged to identify individuals and predict individual differences in clinical symptoms, cognitive abilities, and other individual factors. Idiosyncratic connectivity patterns are thought to persist across task states, suggesting task‐based fMRI can be similarly leveraged for individual differences analyses.

Method

Here, we tested the degree to which functional interactions occurring in the background of a task during slow event‐related fMRI parallel or differ from those captured during resting‐state fMRI. We compared two approaches for removing task‐evoked activity from task‐based fMRI: (1) applying a low‐pass filter to remove task‐related frequencies in the signal, or (2) extracting residuals from a general linear model (GLM) that accounts for task‐evoked responses.

Result

We found that the organization of large‐scale cortical networks and individual's idiosyncratic connectivity patterns are preserved during task‐based fMRI. In contrast, individual differences in connection strength can vary more substantially between rest and task. Compared to low‐pass filtering, background connectivity obtained from GLM residuals produced idiosyncratic connectivity patterns and individual differences in connection strength that more resembled rest. However, all background connectivity measures were highly similar when derived from the low‐pass‐filtered signal or GLM residuals, indicating that both methods are suitable for measuring background connectivity.

Conclusion

Together, our results highlight new avenues for the analysis of task‐based fMRI datasets and the utility of each background connectivity method.
Exploring the effects of socioemotional wealth on environmental strategies of family firms in China: An integrative perspective
Authors: Li Jian , Wang Yang , Yao Nengzhi (Chris) , Cui Xue
Published: April 2023

The findings of family business research regarding the relationship between socioemotional wealth (SEW) and environmental strategies have been inconsistent. This study seeks to explain the inconsistency by distinguishing between extended SEW and restricted SEW. We argue that prior empirical studies may ignore the dual nature of SEW and prose that family firms with extended SEW are more likely to pursue proactive environmental strategies, whereas those with restricted SEW tend to adopt reactive environmental strategies. Furthermore, we integrate the SEW perspective with regulatory focus theory, proposing that promotion focus mediates the relationship between extended SEW and proactive environment strategies, while prevention focus mediates the relationship between restricted SEW and reactive environmental strategies. These hypotheses were tested with a survey of polluting family firms in China and were found to be supported. Our findings offer novel insights into family business research, as well as significant implications about how to enhance environmental performance of family firms.
The Leap of Inulin Fructans from Food Industry to Medical Application
Authors: Zhou Xuemei , Wang Shixu , Xu Chongchong , Li Jiaolin , Liu Hongyan , He Lin , Zhong Shurong , Li Kuan
Published: April 2023

As a dietary supplement, the efficacy of prebiotics has become a hot issue in recent years. Inulin is one of internationally recognized prebiotics and belongs to a group of non‐digestible and fermentable carbohydrates. Currently, the food industry is increasingly using prebiotic inulin as a health‐promoting substrate, not just as food supplement. In addition, inulin has also shown great promise in the treatment of various diseases. This article reviews the application of inulin in the food industry and summarizes physiological function of inulin. Through the review and prospect of the research on obesity, diabetes and mental illness, it provides the theoretical basis for the joint development of inulin in food industry and medical application.
Antifungal Activity of Natural Naphthoquinones and Anthraquinones against Madurella mycetomatis
Authors: Ma Jingyi , Todd Matthew , van de Sande Wendy W. J. , Biersack Bernhard
Published: April 2023

Eumycetoma, the fungal form of the neglected tropical disease mycetoma, is a crippling infectious disease with low response rates to currently available antifungal drugs. In this study, a series of natural naphthoquinones and anthraquinones was evaluated for their activity against Madurella mycetomatis, which is the most common causative agent of eumycetoma. The metabolic activity of Madurella mycetomatis as well as the viability of Galleria mellonella larvae upon treatment with quinones was investigated. Several hydroxy‐substituted naphthoquinones exhibited activity against Madurella mycetomatis. In particular, naphthazarin (5,8‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone) was identified as a considerably active antifungal compound against Madurella mycetomatis (IC50=1.4 μM), while it showed reduced toxicity to Galleria mellonella larvae, which is a well‐established in vivo invertebrate model for mycetoma drug studies.
Kinetic Resolution of 2‐Aryldihydroquinolines Using Lithiation – Synthesis of Chiral 1,2‐ and 1,4‐Dihydroquinolines
Authors: Yeo Song‐Hee , Choi Anthony , Greaves Sophie , Meijer Anthony J. H. M. , Silvestri Ilaria Proietti , Coldham Iain
Published: April 2023

Highly enantiomerically enriched dihydrohydroquinolines were prepared in two steps from quinoline. Addition of aryllithiums to quinoline with tert‐butoxycarbonyl (Boc) protection gave N‐Boc‐2‐aryl‐1,2‐dihydroquinolines. These were treated with n‐butyllithium and electrophilic trapping occurred exclusively at C‐4 of the dihydroquinoline, a result supported by DFT studies. Variable temperature NMR spectroscopy gave kinetic data for the barrier to rotation of the carbonyl group (ΔG≠≈49 kJ mol−1, 195 K). Lithiation using the diamine sparteine allowed kinetic resolutions with high enantioselectivities (enantiomer ratio up to 99 : 1). The enantioenriched 1,2‐dihydroquinolines could be converted to 1,4‐dihydroquinolines with retention of stereochemistry. Further functionalisation led to trisubstituted products. Reduction provided enantioenriched tetrahydroquinolines, whereas acid‐promoted removal of Boc led to quinolines, and this was applied to a synthesis of the antimalarial compound M5717.
Using Solution History to Control Hydrogel Properties of a Perylene Bisimide
Authors: Ginesi Rebecca E. , Murray Nicholas R. , Dalgliesh Robert M. , Doutch James , Draper Emily R.
Published: April 2023

pH dependence on water soluble aggregates is well‐known in the field of low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs), with different aggregates sometimes having very different properties depending on their final pH. This aggregation determines their applications and performance. Here, we investigate the pH dependence of perylene bisimide gels; initially solutions are formed at a high pH and gels form as the pH is decreased. We find it is not only the final pH but also the starting pH that can impact the resulting gel. We use small angle neutron scattering (SANS), rheology,1H NMR spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy to examine the effect of starting pH on gelation kinetics and final gel properties. Adjusting the solution from pH 9 (where there are few or no aggregates) to pH 6 results in the formation of different worm‐like micelles than the ones directly formed at pH 6, leading to again gels with different mechanical properties. This work highlights the importance of controlling the pH of solutions before gelation, but also opens up more possible morphologies and therefore more properties from the same molecule.
Effects of environmental stress factors on the actin cytoskeleton of fungi and plants: Ionizing radiation and ROS
Authors: Stephan Octavian O. H.
Published: April 2023

Actin is an abundant and multifaceted protein in eukaryotic cells that has been detected in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus. In cooperation with numerous interacting accessory‐proteins, monomeric actin (G‐actin) polymerizes into microfilaments (F‐actin) which constitute ubiquitous subcellular higher order structures. Considering the extensive spatial dimensions and multifunctionality of actin superarrays, the present study analyses the issue if and to what extent environmental stress factors, specifically ionizing radiation (IR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), affect the cellular actin‐entity. In that context, this review particularly surveys IR‐response of fungi and plants. It examines in detail which actin‐related cellular constituents and molecular pathways are influenced by IR and related ROS. This comprehensive survey concludes that the general integrity of the total cellular actin cytoskeleton is a requirement for IR‐tolerance. Actin's functions in genome organization and nuclear events like chromatin remodeling, DNA‐repair, and transcription play a key role. Beyond that, it is highly significant that the macromolecular cytoplasmic and cortical actin‐frameworks are affected by IR as well. In response to IR, actin‐filament bundling proteins (fimbrins) are required to stabilize cables or patches. In addition, the actin‐associated factors mediating cellular polarity are essential for IR‐survivability. Moreover, it is concluded that a cellular homeostasis system comprising ROS, ROS‐scavengers, NADPH‐oxidases, and the actin cytoskeleton plays an essential role here. Consequently, besides the actin‐fraction which controls crucial genome‐integrity, also the portion which facilitates orderly cellular transport and polarized growth has to be maintained in order to survive IR.
Comparison of the Hologic Genius Digital Diagnostics System with the ThinPrep Imaging System—A retrospective assessment
Authors: Ikenberg Hans , Lieder Sabrina , Ahr André , Wilhelm Manfred , Schön Christiane , Xhaja Arjola
Published: April 2023

Background

Digital cytology (DC) with artificial intelligence (AI) is a new approach. The authors compared DC with liquid‐based cytology (LBC) using computer assistance (CAS) in a retrospective, noninterventional study.

Methods

In total, 1994 ThinPrep LBC slides (Hologic), which were previously analyzed in 2020 using an imaging system with CAS in routine cotesting for cytology/human papillomavirus, were reviewed in a blinded mode using the Genius Digital Diagnostics System (Hologic). In 555 cases, a histology result was available. The slides were digitally scanned (volumetric scan) at 14 levels integrated into one. AI algorithms were used to present a gallery of six tiles each (containing objects of interest) in five categories. Six additional tile rows were available, from which the diagnoses were made. All cases with a mismatch between DC and imaging system results were reviewed by an additional cytopathologist.

Results

In 86.56% of cases, a complete match between both systems was observed using the same cytology categories. When also considering the histology results, the match was 90.37%. In addition, when a cytology follow‐up and/or a retrospective review was applied, the match reached 97.34%. In only 0.65% of cases was a major discrepancy observed (two grades of cytology or a low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion/high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [LSIL/HSIL] shift), and none were identified by DC. Significantly more cases of higher severity (atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high grade [ASC‐H], high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [HSIL]) were identified with DC, and its negative predictive value was higher. The screening time was significantly shorter with DC.

Conclusions

With the Genius system for DC, the sensitivity for HSIL+/ASC‐H and the specificity for LSIL and HSIL were superior to LBC and CAS. Screening time was significantly lower.
Development of maize inbred lines with elevated grain methionine concentration from a high methionine population
Authors: Hintch Taylor D. , Lauter Adrienne Moran , Kinney Shelly M. , Lubberstedt Thomas , Frei Ursula , Duangpapeng Prakasit , Edwards Jode W. , Scott Marvin Paul
Published: April 2023

Methionine is a nutritionally limiting amino acid in poultry diets based on maize (Zea mays L.) grain. Synthetic dietary supplements are available but are costly and not preferred by organic poultry producers. The development of high methionine maize varieties would reduce the need for supplementation. Several approaches have been reported for achieving this goal. Here, we report a novel approach that can produce diverse inbred lines with higher content of methionine than other methods. Inbred lines were developed using doubled haploid technology from a broad‐based synthetic population that has undergone mass selection for grain methionine concentration. Out of 18 randomly selected inbred lines, one was significantly higher in methionine concentration than the high methionine check and 11 were not significantly different from it. The inbred lines developed in this way also exhibited useful genetic diversity for several agronomic and kernel quality traits, including flowering date, and orangeness of the kernel. This approach is an excellent complement to other breeding methods for development of varieties for production of poultry feed. Because the approach does not rely on transgenic technology, the resulting lines are suitable for use by organic producers and are well suited to organic production systems.
Cultivating accessible architecture for all: an interview with Steve Wright
Authors: Allarakhia Hawa
Published: April 2023

At the University of Miami, students studying architecture now have the opportunity to learn about incorporating accessibility by taking a first‐of‐its‐kind class about universal design. Steve Wright, the instructor of the course, discusses how he integrated the experiences and needs of a wide variety of individuals with disabilities into the course.
Student with disabilities eligible for reasonable modifications from NBME
Authors: Charmatz Marc
Published: April 2023

A New York federal court granted a preliminary injunction to a gifted student with learning disabilities and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, holding that the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) had to provide the student with double time for the Step 1 United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). The court rejected NBME's argument that the student was not an individual with a disability due to his academic success. Sampson v. Nat'l Bd. of Med. Exam'rs, 22‐CV‐05120 (E.D.N.Y. 2022).
Study identifies skills students with ID should have for postsecondary success
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: April 2023

A recent study surveyed parents of students with intellectual disabilities about the skills that such students need as they prepare to attend a program focused on supporting students with intellectual disabilities. The study, entitled Parent Perspectives on Preparing Students with Intellectual Disabilities for Inclusive Postsecondary Education, used a three‐round Delphi survey consisting of open‐ended questions and rating scales to identify desired skills.
Termination and retaliation
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: April 2023

An overview of the key topics faced by disability services providers with citations to noteworthy cases, statutes, regulations, and additional sources.
A machine learning‐derived echocardiographic algorithm identifies people at risk of heart failure with distinct cardiac structure, function, and response to spironolactone: Findings from the HOMAGE trial
Authors: Kobayashi Masatake , Huttin Olivier , Ferreira João Pedro , Duarte Kevin , González Arantxa , Heymans Stephane , Verdonschot Job A.J. , Brunner‐La Rocca Hans‐Peter , Pellicori Pierpaolo , Clark Andrew L. , Petutschnigg Johannes , Edelmann Frank , Cleland John G. , Rossignol Patrick , Zannad Faiez , Girerd Nicolas ,   the HOMAGE Trial Committees and Investigators
Published: April 2023

Aim

An echocardiographic algorithm derived by machine learning (e′VM) characterizes pre‐clinical individuals with different cardiac structure and function, biomarkers, and long‐term risk of heart failure (HF). Our aim was the external validation of the e′VM algorithm and to explore whether it may identify subgroups who benefit from spironolactone.

Methods and results

The HOMAGE (Heart OMics in AGEing) trial enrolled participants at high risk of developing HF randomly assigned to spironolactone or placebo over 9 months. The e′VM algorithm was applied to 416 participants (mean age 74 ± 7 years, 25% women) with available echocardiographic variables (i.e. e′ mean, left ventricular end‐diastolic volume and mass indexed by body surface area [LVMi]). The effects of spironolactone on changes in echocardiographic and biomarker variables were assessed across e′VM phenotypes. A majority (>80%) had either a ‘diastolic changes’ (D), or ‘diastolic changes with structural remodelling’ (D/S) phenotype. The D/S phenotype had the highest LVMi, left atrial volume, E/e', natriuretic peptide and troponin levels (all p < 0.05). Spironolactone significantly reduced E/e' and B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in the D/S phenotype (p < 0.01), but not in other phenotypes (p > 0.10; pinteraction <0.05 for both). These interactions were not observed when considering guideline‐recommended echocardiographic structural and functional abnormalities. The magnitude of effects of spironolactone on LVMi, left atrial volume and a type I collagen marker was numerically higher in the D/S phenotype than the D phenotype but the interaction test did not reach significance.

Conclusions

In the HOMAGE trial, the e′VM algorithm identified echocardiographic phenotypes with distinct responses to spironolactone as assessed by changes in E/e' and BNP.
Potential global impact of sodium–glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors in heart failure
Authors: Talha Khawaja M. , Butler Javed , Greene Stephen J. , Aggarwal Rahul , Anker Stefan D. , Claggett Brian L. , Docherty Kieran F. , Solomon Scott D. , McMurray John J.V. , Januzzi James L. , Vaduganathan Muthiah , Fonarow Gregg C.
Published: April 2023

Aims

Sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT‐2) inhibitors are effective across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in heart failure (HF); however, population‐wide medication use in eligible patients remains suboptimal. We evaluated the potential implications of optimal global implementation of SGLT‐2 inhibitors in HF.

Methods and results

A decision analytical study was performed using the global prevalence of HF from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 report. Exclusion criteria were applied using the NHANES to ascertain an SGLT‐2 inhibitor‐eligible population, which was mapped onto global LVEF distributions from the REPORT‐HF registry. The number needed to treat for 3 years for the composite of worsening HF events and cardiovascular deaths was calculated from estimated event rates in the DAPA‐HF, EMPEROR‐Reduced, EMPEROR‐Preserved, and DELIVER trials and projected onto the eligible population. An estimated 49 329 000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 43 882 000–54 929 000) HF patients would be eligible for SGLT‐2 inhibitors across all LVEFs, including 25 651 000 (95% CI 22 818 000–28 563 000) with LVEF ≤40% and 23 678 000 (95% CI 21 063 000–26 366 000) with LVEF >40%. Optimal implementation of SGLT‐2 inhibitors would be projected to prevent/postpone 4 512 011 (95% CI 4 013 686–5 024 232) to 5 986 943 (95% CI 5 325 721–6 666 604) total worsening HF events and cardiovascular deaths over 3 years in patients with LVEF <40%. An additional 2 102 606 (95% CI 1 870 394–2 341 301) to 2 557 224 (95% CI 2 274 804–2 847 528) total worsening HF events and cardiovascular deaths would be prevented/postponed in patients with LVEF >40%. Among all eligible HF patients, irrespective of LVEF, 7 069 235 (95% CI 6 288 490–7 871 760) to 8 089 549 (95% CI 7 196 115–9 007 905) total worsening HF events and cardiovascular deaths would be prevented/postponed over this period.

Conclusions

Optimal implementation of SGLT‐2 inhibitors globally in HF is projected to prevent/postpone approximately 7–8 million worsening HF events and cardiovascular deaths over 3 years.
Transition Metal Catalysts Bearing Multidentate Ligands for Efficient and Environmental Benign Oxidations by H2O2
Authors: Sappino Carla , Di Stefano Stefano , Lanzalunga Osvaldo , Zonta Cristiano , Licini Giulia
Published: April 2023

In this perspective, two different classes of multidentate ligands (aminotriphenolate and dipyridinimine) and the corresponding metal (Ti, V, Mo, W, Fe) complexes are described. These catalysts can activate efficiently the environmental benign H2O2 oxidant, promoting a wide variety of oxidative processes (sulfoxidations, N‐oxidations, epoxidations, haloperoxidation, alcohol oxidation, hydroxylation).
Convenient Approach to 10‐ and 11‐Membered Azalactams
Authors: Lysenko Viacheslav , Shvydenko Kostiantyn , Nazarenko Kostiantyn , Shishkina Svitlana , Rusanov Eduard , Kostyuk Aleksandr
Published: April 2023

A convenient method for the synthesis of 10‐ and 11‐membered azalactams via reductive cleavage of bicyclic systems featuring an amidine fragment was studied. It was found that the ring‐expansion reaction of bicyclic dihydropyrimidones depends on the ring size of saturated fragment, substituents in the pyrimidone core and reaction conditions. A new efficient method for the synthesis of medium ring azalactams by reductive cleavage of quaternary salts of annulated dihydropyrimidones was proposed as well. The obtained medium ring azalactams with a secondary amine function were used in the synthesis of bicyclic heteroaromatic systems.
Fabrication of Co3O4 particles‐modified multi‐walled carbon nanotube and poly(phenosafranine) composite electrode for selective and sensitive rutin detection
Authors: Aktürk Merve , Dursun Zekerya
Published: April 2023

The preparation and characterisation of a new composite electrode with Co3O4 particles‐modified multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and poly(phenosafranine), as well as its novel application for the voltammetric detection of rutin was described. The resulting composite electrode was characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In the optimised experimental conditions, the oxidation peak current (Ipa) of rutin showed a linear increase in concentration, between 0.008–0.6 and 0.80–6.0 μmol L−1, with a detection limit of 0.00379 μmol L−1. Due to its good selectivity and stability, the composite electrode was successfully applied in detecting rutin in pharmaceutical formulations.
Human consumption of large herbivore digesta and its implications for foraging theory
Authors: Garvey Raven
Published: April 2023

Vegetal matter undergoing digestion in herbivores' stomachs and intestines, digesta, can be an important source of dietary carbohydrates for human foragers. Digesta significantly increases large herbivores' total caloric yield and broadens their nutritional profile to include three key macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrates) in amounts sufficient to sustain small foraging groups for multiple days without supplementation. Ethnographic reports of routine digesta consumption are limited to high latitudes, but the practice may have had a wider distribution prehistorically. Including this underappreciated resource in our foraging hypotheses and models can substantively change their predictions. Assessing the explanatory power of kilocalorie‐centered models relative to ones that attend to humans' other nutritional requirements can help us better address major questions in evolutionary anthropology. This paper explores the foraging implications of digesta in two contexts—sex‐divided subsistence labor and archaeologically observed increases in plant use and sedentism—using estimates of available protein and carbohydrates in the native tissues and digesta, respectively, of a large ruminant herbivore (Bison bison).
New data on chert catchment analysis in inland Iberia during the Late Pleistocene
Authors: Sánchez de la Torre Marta , Mangado Llach Xavier , Castillo‐Jiménez Samuel , Luque Luis , Alcolea‐González José J. , Alcaraz‐Castaño Manuel
Published: April 2023

In this paper, we present the first results obtained after new fieldwork and laboratory studies of chert catchment sources during the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in inland Iberia, a region that has been traditionally depicted as marginal and sparsely populated during the last glacial due to its harsh ecological conditions compared to the coastal areas of the Iberian Peninsula. Our main aim is to determine the mobility strategies and social networks of the last Neandertals and first modern humans settled in inland Iberia and neighbouring regions, and eventually test the hypothesis that the last glacial human settlement in the Iberian hinterland was more dense and complex than previously thought. In this study, we focus on the cherts exploited at two archaeological sites: the Peña Cabra and Peña Capón rock shelters. These sites are located in the southeastern foothills of the Central System range, in the province of Guadalajara (Spain), and they have yielded a sequence of human occupations from the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, respectively. To obtain a detailed picture of the mobility patterns and catchment strategies of the hunter‐gatherers settled at these sites, our fieldwork focussed on identifying chert outcrops that could have been frequented and exploited by them. After two field seasons, 22 chert outcrops from eight geological formations were identified and more than 300 samples were collected and analysed. We conducted textural, micropalaeontological, petrographical and geochemical analyses, with the aim of comprehensively characterising the various rock resources available in the study area. Results have shown that different siliceous varieties were available in the area surrounding the sites and both Neandertals and modern humans could have provisioned there. Also, they suggest the potential existence of a network connecting the Tagus and Ebro valleys, but this is a working hypothesis to be tested with future research.
Survival in Huntington’s disease and other young‐onset dementias
Authors: Loi Samantha M. , Tsoukra Paraskevi , Sun Emily , Chen Zhibin , Wibawa Pierre , Biase Maria di , Farrand Sarah , Eratne Dhamidhu , Kelso Wendy , Evans Andrew , Walterfang Mark , Velakoulis Dennis
Published: April 2023

Objectives

To compare survival and risk factors associated with mortality in common young‐onset dementias (YOD) including Huntington's disease.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included inpatients from an Australian specialist neuropsychiatry service, over 20 years. Dementia diagnoses were based on consensus criteria and Huntington's disease (HD) was confirmed genetically. Mortality and cause of death were determined using linkage to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare National Death Index.

Results

There were 386 individuals with YOD included. The dementia types included frontotemporal dementia (FTD) (24.5%), HD (21.2%) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) (20.5%). 63% (n = 243) individuals had died. The longest median survival was for those who had HD, 18.8 years from symptom onset and with a reduced mortality risk compared to AD and FTD (hazard ratio 0.5). Overall, people with YOD had significantly increased mortality, of 5–8 times, compared to the general population. Females with a YOD had higher standardised mortality ratio compared to males (9.3 vs. 4.9) overall. The most frequent cause of death in those with HD was reported as HD, with other causes of death in the other YOD‐subtypes related to dementia and mental/behavioural disorders.

Discussion

This is the first Australian study to investigate survival and risk factors of mortality in people with YOD. YOD has a significant risk of death compared to the general population. Our findings provide useful clinical information for people affected by YOD as well as future planning and service provision.