bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forty Years On: An Appreciation and Assessment of Baptism in the Holy Spirit by James D.G. Dunn
Authors: Stronstad Roger
Published: July 2010

Baptism in the Holy Spirit by James D.G. Dunn was noteworthy for its challenge to the interpretation of Luke's data about the Holy Spirit by the Pentecostal Movement of the twentieth century. The following response to Dunn's book focuses on Part Two of Dunn's now classic study. In these chapters Dunn interprets Luke's primary data about the baptism in the Holy Spirit to be about conversion-initiation. In contrast to Dunn's conversion-initiation interpretation Pentecostals interpret Luke's data about Spirit-baptism to be about Christian vocation; i.e., commissioning-empowerment. This understanding of Luke's theology about Spirit-baptism is reinforced by his antecedent spiritual state motif whereby everyone who receives the Holy Spirit – from Zacharias to the Ephesian twelve – is first described as being either righteous or a believer.
A Celebration of and Engagement with James D.G. Dunn's Baptism in the Holy Spirit Forty Years On
Authors: Thomas John Christopher
Published: July 2010

This short study offers a celebration of and engagement with James D.G. Dunn's Baptism of the Holy Spirit forty years after its first publication. Specifically, this article focuses upon the sections of Baptism of the Holy Spirit devoted to the Johannine literature, posing questions for further reflection and discussion.
Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Yet Once More—Again
Authors: Dunn James
Published: July 2010

James Dunn responds gratefully to the commendatory critiques of Roger Stronstad, Janet Everts, Chris omas and Max Turner. Luke depicts the first coming of the Spirit into a life as both strikingly manifest and as life-giving; he does not envisage an earlier quiet coming. Paul understands the seal of the Spirit as the beginning of the process of salvation, individuals thus baptized in the Spirit and anointed into active ministry in the body. John likewise depicts the reception of the Spirit in John 7.39 and 20.22 as life-creating, the consequence of Christ's crucifixion-glorification. The area of agreement with Max Turner far exceeds the details of difference.
The Pentecostal Reappropriation of Common Sense Realism
Authors: McCall Bradford
Published: July 2010

The paper traces the early Pentecostal appropriation of common sense realism. In the first part of this paper, a general overview of the ascent of common sense philosophy will be provided. In the second part, the early Pentecostal's Bible Reading Method shall be examined, as it is characterized by Kenneth J. Archer, highlighting how early Pentecostals employed a Baconian-influenced common sense method, one that produced confidence that the facts of Scripture could be discovered as clearly as the facts of science. Although this paper is primarily a reconstruction of the historical influence that common sense philosophy had upon early Pentecostalism, in the third part I offer a suggestion for (a) contemporary reappropriation of common sense realism within the Renewal movement.
Baptism and Justification: A Methodist Understanding
Authors: Lancaster Sarah Heaner
Published: July 2010

The association of the Methodists with the Roman Catholic and Lutheran Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification was a significant ecumenical event. The Methodist Statement that allowed this agreement, though, does not include a description of the connection between baptism and justification. This paper examines John Wesley's understandings of baptism and justification to suggest a way that they may be held together in Methodist theology. The Methodist practice of infant baptism stands in tension with an understanding of justification built on the model of adult conversion experience, and this tension is found in Wesley's own work. It is possible, though, to find in the way Wesley engaged certain questions some indications of how baptism and justification may be both connected and distinguished in order to display a flexible understanding of God's ongoing work in human life.
The Development of Canonical Jurisprudence in the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England
Authors: Arthur Gordon
Published: July 2010

This paper offers a theological examination of the legal theory underlying the Canon Law of the Roman Catholic Church from the time of Gratian onwards, and of the Church of England since the Reformation, comparing the latter with parallel developments in English Common Law. Despite their very different contexts, structures and emphases, a surprising degree of similarity emerges, which may provide a basis for further discussion and convergence in the future.
Traditions in Dialogue: A Comparison of the Concept of Tradition in Old Catholic – Anglican, Orthodox – Anglican and Orthodox – Old Catholic Dialogue
Authors: Smit Peter-Ben
Published: July 2010

Anglicans, Old Catholics, and Orthodox have been engaged in dialogue with each other practically since the beginnings of the ecumenical movement. This paper survey the findings of these three dialogues on the subject of Tradition and compares them to each other, concluding that even though these dialogues have developed compatible and dynamic understandings of Tradition, these understanding have not yet led to the removal of certain obstacles between the Churches involved.
Communion: Some Pauline Foundations
Authors: Lincoln Andrew
Published: July 2010

Explorations of communion in the New Testament most frequently start with examination of the use of the koinonia word group. This paper provides a sketch of the history of such examination, including the most recent comprehensive study by N. Baumert, in order to highlight the disputed central issue about the meaning of koinonia and to expose major problems in approaching the topic of communion through a word study of koinonia. More positively, the main part of the paper attempts to address the question that studies of koinonia in Paul are presumably seeking to answer, namely, what do Paul's letters have to say about communal life among Christian believers? To that end, there follows an analysis of the ethos of communion as presented by Paul in Romans and in Philippians, with attention given to how Paul endeavours to establish and maintain harmony in the community in the midst of diverse and sometimes conflicting convictions about the gospel that he proclaimed. Some of the distinctive features of communion shaped by Paul's gospel are then summarized in conclusion.
Constructive Comparative Ecclesiology: The Pioneering Work of Roger Haight
Authors: Mannion Gerard
Published: July 2010

The completion of a major three-volume work in Comparative Ecclesiology by Roger Haight SJ provides the opportunity for an assessment of the method, scope and ecumenical significance of this innovative approach. This article summarises the argument of the trilogy, drawing out particularly its distinctive methodology and theological presuppositions and implications. The aspiration towards a 'post-denominational ecclesiology', along the lines of the two major statements of the WCC's Faith and Order Commission, receives support and the consequences for the exercise of church authority of embracing ecclesial pluralism are touched on.
The Continuing Importance of the Local. African Churches and the Search for Worship Space in Amsterdam
Authors: van der Meulen Marten
Published: July 2010

This article focuses on the interaction of African churches with the local social, political and religious ecology of Amsterdam Southeast in their search for worship space. It shows the continuing importance of the local, even for such transnational religious movements as African churches. Constructing a worship location confronts the churches with the 'ingrained orders of social power in the host society' (Favell 2003). They encountered familiar black – white distinctions, a legion of 'white helpers' and a long process of building trust. I argue that African churches use transnational and local strategies. Becoming part of the local is inspired by missionary motives and is related to the character of religious congregations as relatively fixed organisations which nurture a practice of engagement with local society. Cet article se concentre sur l'interaction des églises africaines avec l'écologie locale au niveau sociale, politique et religieuse du Sud-est d'Amsterdam dans leur recherche de l'espace de culte. Cela démontre l'importance ininterrompue du local, même pour des mouvements religieux transnationaux comme les églises africaines. La construction d'un espace de culte confronte les églises avec « les ordres enracinés du pouvoir social dans la société hôte » (Favell 2003). Ils rencontrent la distinction habituelle entre noir et blanc, une légion d'« aide blanche » et un long processus de construire la confiance. Je soutiens que des églises africaines utilisent des stratégies transnationales et locales. Devenir une partie des locaux est inspiré par des motifs de missionnaire et est rapproché du caractère des congrégations religieuses comme les organisations relativement fixes qui élèvent une pratique d'engagement avec la société locale.
Migration to the Gulf States and China: Local Perspectives from Cameroon
Authors: Tatah Peter , Pelican Michaela
Published: July 2010

This contribution discusses local perspectives on international migration with a focus on South-South and South-East migration, namely from Cameroon to the Gulf States and to China. The report is based on a joint research project involving anthropologists and students of the Universities of Zurich, Yaoundé and Douala. As in many African countries, international migration has become a major concern for large parts of the population of Cameroon. While western countries still feature as preferred destinations, many Cameroonians have turned to other, more easily accessible options within the South. Popular destinations are countries within Africa as well as the Near and Far East. In all these migration enterprises the family plays a crucial role, both in the preparation of the journey and with regard to transnational exchange relations. For Muslim migrants, religion may be a significant factor influencing their choice of destination besides other considerations, such as economic and educational incentives. Cette contribution examine les perspectives locales sur la migration internationale avec un accent sur la migration Sud-Sud et sur la migration Sud-Est, à savoir du Cameroun aux Etats du Golfe et à la Chine. Le rapport est basé sur un projet de recherche impliquant des anthropologues et des étudiants des universités de Zurich, Yaoundé et Douala. Comme dans beaucoup de pays africains, la migration internationale est devenue un souci majeur pour la majeure partie de la population camerounaise. Tandis que les pays occidentaux figurent toujours comme les destinations préférées, beaucoup de Camerounais se tournent vers des pays plus accessibles dans le Sud. Les destinations populaires sont les pays africains et l'Extrême et Proche Orient. Dans toutes ces stratégies de migration la famille joue un rôle crucial, tant dans la préparation du voyage qu'en ce qui concerne les relations d'échange transnationales. Pour les migrants musulmans, la religion peut être un facteur significatif influençant le choix de la destination en plus d'autres considérations, comme des motivations économiques et éducatives.
Escrava Anastácia: The Iconographic History of a Brazilian Popular Saint
Authors: Hayes Kelly , Handler Jerome
Published: July 2010

This article describes the transformation of an image depicting an unnamed, enslaved African man wearing a metal facemask, a common form of punishment in colonial Brazil, into the iconic representation of the martyred slave Anastácia/Anastasia, the focus of a growing religious and political movement in Brazil. The authors trace the image to an early 19th century engraving based on a drawing by the Frenchman Jacques Arago. Well over a century later, Arago's image increasingly became associated with a corpus of myths describing the virtuous suffering and painful death of a female slave named Anastácia. By the 1990s, Arago's image (and variations of it), now identified as the martyred Anastácia/Anastasia, had proliferated throughout Brazil, an object of devotion for Catholics and practitioners of Umbanda, as well as a symbol of black pride. Cet article décrit la transformation de l'image d'un esclave Africain inconnu, portant un masque de métal, une forme courante de punition dans le Brésil colonial.Cette représentation iconique de l'esclave martyr, Anastacia/Anastasia est devenue le noyau d'un mouvement politique et religieux d'importance croissante au Brésil.Les auteurs font remonter cette image à une gravure du début du 19ème siècle, fondée sur un dessin du français Jacques Arago. Plus d'un siècle après, le dessin d'Arago a été graduellement associé à un corpus de mythes décrivant les souffrances, la vertu et la mort douloureuse d'une femme esclave appelée Anastacia. Vers 1990 l'image dessinée par Arago (et ses variations), à présent identifiées à la martyre Anastacia/Anastasia était répandue dans tout le Brésil, l'objet de dévotion de la part de catholiques et de fidèles de l'Umbanda ainsi qu'un symbole de la fierté noire.
Negotiating Race: Blackness and Whiteness in the Context of Homecoming to Ghana
Authors: Schramm Katharina
Published: July 2010

This article aims to analyse the dynamics of the making and unmaking of racial identities by looking at the ways in which the issue of race is debated in the context of historical and more recent return movements of African Americans to Ghana. The discourse surrounding the return, or homecoming as it is commonly phrased, is determined by notions of an African family and Black kinship. In official rhetoric, race is represented as an irrefutable reality, and a shared racial identity appears as the key to the mutual understanding and common cause of Africans and African Americans. Going beyond this rhetoric, the author shows how the categories of Blackness and Whiteness, while being constructed as mutually exclusive, are rather flexible and constantly re-negotiated in the course of the homecoming practice. She argues that the entangled movements of diasporic return speak in profound ways of the complexity and ambivalence that are at the heart of processes of racialisation. Cet article vise à analyser la dynamique de construction et de destruction des identités raciales en étudiant les voies par lesquelles la question de la race est débattue dans le contexte des mouvements historiques et plus récents des Afro-Américains au Ghana. Le discours entourant le retour, ou le retour au pays tel qu'il est généralement exprimé, est déterminé par les notions de la famille africaine et de la parenté noire. Dans la rhétorique officielle, la race est représentée comme une réalité irréfutable et l'identité raciale partagée apparaît comme la clef à la compréhension mutuelle et à la cause commune des Africains et des Afro-Américains. En allant au-delà de cette rhétorique, l'auteure montre que les catégories de noirceur et de blancheur, bien qu'étant construites comme mutuellement exclusives, sont plutôt flexibles et constamment renégociées au cours du retour au pays. Elle soutient que les mouvements enchevêtrés du retour de la diaspora parlent de façon profonde de la complexité et de l'ambivalence qui sont au cœur des processus de racialisation.
Mbadamassi of Lagos: A Soldier for King and Kaiser, and a Deportee to German South West Africa
Authors: Gewald Jan-Bart
Published: July 2010

In 1915 troops of the South African Union Defence Force invaded German South West Africa, present day Namibia. In the north of the territory the South African forces captured an African soldier serving in the German army named Mbadamassi. Upon his capture Mbadamassi demanded to be released and claimed that he was a British national from Nigeria. In addition, he stated that he had served in the West African Frontier Force, and that he had been shanghaied into German military service in Cameroon. Furthermore, whilst serving in the German army in Cameroon, Mbadamassi claimed that he had participated in a mutiny, and that, as a consequence, he had been deported to GSWA. The article covers the remarkable military career of the African soldier, Mbadamassi, who between 1903 and 1917 served both the King of the British Empire as well as the Kaiser of the German Empire. In so doing, the article sheds light on the career of an individual African soldier serving in three colonial armies; the West African Frontier Force, the Schutztruppe in Cameroon, and the Schutztruppe in GSWA. The article argues that beyond the fact that colonial armies were institutions of repression, they also provided opportunity for those willing or condemned to serve within their ranks. Furthermore the article provides some indication as to the extent of communication that existed between colonial subjects in the separate colonies of Africa at the time. En 1915, les troupes de l'Union de l'Afrique du Sud ont envahi l'Afrique du Sud-Ouest allemande, l'actuelle Namibie. Dans le Nord du territoire, les forces sud-africaines ont capturé un soldat africain servant dans l'armée allemande nommé Mbadamassi. Celui-ci exigea d'être libéré et revendiqua être un Britannique du Nigeria. De plus, il déclara avoir servi dans la West African Frontier Force et avoir été enrôlé de force dans l'armée allemande au Cameroun. En outre, pendant qu'il servait dans l'armée allemande au Cameroun, Mbadamassi a prétendu avoir pris part à une mutinerie, ce qui avait conduit à sa déportation vers l'Afrique du Sud-Ouest allemande. Cet article couvre la remarquable carrière militaire du soldat africain Mbadamassi, qui, entre 1903 et 1917, a servi à la fois le roi de l'empire britannique et le Kaiser de l'empire allemand. Ainsi, l'article éclaire sur la carrière individuelle d'un soldat africain servant dans trois armées coloniales; la West African Frontier Force, le Schutztruppe au Cameroun et le Schutztruppe en Afrique du Sud-Ouest allemande. L'article soutient qu'au-delà du fait que les armées coloniales étaient des institutions de répression, elles ont aussi offert la possibilité à ceux qui le voulaient ou ceux qui y étaient condamnés de servir dans leurs rangs. En outre, l'article fournit une indication sur l'étendue de la communication qui a existé entre les sujets coloniaux dans les colonies d'Afrique séparées de l'époque.
Dynamics of Internet Use: Saudi Youth, Religious Minorities and Tribal Communities
Authors: Samin Nadav
Published: July 2010

Internet bulletin boards provide an important window into public discourse in relatively restrictive societies like Saudi Arabia. Examining the discourse on two Saudi Internet bulletin boards, one representing a Najdi tribe, the other a Shi'ite community in eastern Saudi Arabia, it is possible to observe the complex and often competing ends toward which new media in the Middle East are used. The bulletin board of the Najdi and Qahtan tribe reveals a community engaged in intensive debates over issues such as intermarriage between tribal and non-tribal Saudis and the participation of women on tribal Internet forums. The discussions on the Qahtan board represent an attempt to defend the largely state-supported prerogatives of tribal exclusivism and gender segregation against encroachment by women and non-tribal minorities, whose voices can be increasingly heard through the cracks of the Internet. The discussions on the Al-Ahsa Cultural Board show other important dynamics within the Saudi state. Here, young Saudi Shi'ites congregate to discuss cultural and political concerns from (in the context of Saudi society) what might be termed a countercultural perspective. A review of Internet bulletin board use among disparate social groups within Saudi society reveals the way in which discussion forums can allow for more freedom in the exchange of religious and political ideas, while at the same time enabling the reinforcement and entrenchment of traditional values and norms within a contemporary context.
Arab State Broadcasting Systems in Transition The Promise of the Public Service Broadcasting Model
Authors: Ayish Muhammad
Published: July 2010

In an Arab region entangled in global political, economic, social, and technological transformations, it seems natural to see traditionally paternalistic state broadcasting systems going through transitions. It has been noted that in Arab countries where social and political reforms are highly visible, radio and television services have been most cognizant of the need to adapt to surrounding change. Yet, in the long run, if government broadcasters are perceived to evolve along a path most compatible with envisioned democratization trends, it is public service rather than commercial broadcasting that holds the promise for that democratic vision. State broadcasters share significant features with their public service counterparts when it comes to service universality, funding, social and cultural empowerment, and public interest orientations. It is true that state broad casters in Arab countries with a progressive democratic history have demonstrated a propensity to be more inclusive and pluralistic in addressing national political and cultural issues. But all in all, their institutional affiliation with the state has been highly inhibitive for the pursuit of independence in news and current affairs, documentaries, and religious and cultural content. To bring themselves into closer alignment with the PSB model, state broadcasters need to harness ongoing social and political reforms to address four central issues arising out of their relation ship with government: editorial independence, institutional autonomy, non-state broadcast competition, and program enhancement. The writer notes that those issues have been occasionally addressed in the contexts of new audio-visual laws, broadcast restructurings, state-commercial broadcasting co-existence, and professional and technological development. The writer concludes that only an institution of genuine democratic political, social, and economic reforms in the region would secure state broadcasters' transition into the PSB model.
Aiming at Liberation: Al-Manar Media Campaigns against the Israeli Occupation of Southern Lebanon (1998–2000)
Authors: Harb Zahera
Published: July 2010

On May 25, 2000 Israeli forces withdrew from southern Lebanon after 22 years of occupation. The role Hezbollah's media played in achieving liberation has been regarded as significant. Media campaigns were conducted to unite the Lebanese people against their foreign occupier (the Israeli military forces) and in support of the Lebanese resistance in southern Lebanon, mainly Hezbollah's Islamic resistance. This article will look into Hezbollah's media plan and the role Al-Manar TV, affiliated to Hezbollah, played in implementing this media strategy. The article argues that Hezbollah decided to use the media systematically, as one of the tools to achieve liberation of southern Lebanon from Israeli occupation. To illustrate this proposition, the article analyzes Al-Manar journalists' performance during the period starting from 1998 and leading up to May 25, 2000, the day of Liberation. The performance of Al-Manar journalists will be presented and examined in relation to propaganda principles and techniques. This article argues that particular kinds of journalism realize a distinct form of propaganda in the particular context of occupation and resistance – liberation propaganda.
Cultural Difference or Cultural Hegemony? Contextualizing the Danish Cartoon Controversy within Migration Spaces
Authors: Hanafi Sari
Published: July 2010

This article will argue that the growing polarization between what is perceived as Western society and Muslim 'communities' can neither be analyzed as a clash between identities nor as a reflection of cultural differences. This polarization operates in a context of cultural hegemony, a sort of cultural logic of late capitalism, through which power and global capital are allied and where the migrants are either invisible or hyper-visible. I will take the example of the Danish cartoon episode as a controversy that reflects the cultural hegemony and power structure deployed against undesirable groups such as migrants living in Europe. Yet, to recall Antonio Gramsci, it is in this moment of crisis where migrants' agency will be in position to destabilize the hegemonic forces because migrants are not merely victims – they hold a responsibility toward their situation. After contextualizing this controversy within the migration space, I will argue that the controversy does not concern censorship and freedom of expression. It is a question of how one can define universalism. This has implications for how multiculturalism is perceived; this article argues that issues of multiculturalism and geopolitics cannot be detached from one another.
Valley of the Wolves—Iraq: Anti-Geopolitics Alla Turca
Authors: Yanık Lerna
Published: July 2010

This article discusses the Turkish movie Valley of the Wolves—Iraq (Kurtlar Vadisi—Irak), a blockbuster in Turkey in 2006. The movie has made an important mark on the history of Turkish popular culture, not through any artistic achievement, but because of the movie's 'reversed' representations/imaginations. The movie contains favorable views of 'Pax Turca' and 'Pax Islamica' as well as a critique, which is quite anti-American, of the American occupation of Iraq. These images and thus the movie itself give powerful insights into the geopolitical self/other representations of Turks in the current global (dis)order. In addition to these 'reversed' geopolitical representations, the movie reverses (or to be more correct, 'steals') and uses one of the most important soft power tools that Westerners have: cinema and, hence, makes Valley of the Wolves—Iraq a case of double 'anti-geopolitics'.
Papyrus CtYBR 2885 rt.—Reste einer demotischen Königsliste auf Papyrus?
Authors: Quack Joachim Friedrich
Published: July 2010

Publication of the demotic papyrus CtYBR 2885 rt. (Fig. 1). The text can be interpreted as scanty remains of a demotic king-list covering the later Saïte period. It is possible that it testifies to a self-proclaimed continuity between the 24th and the 26th dynasty.
From Twice Helix to Double Helix: A Comprehensive Model for Egyptian Calendar History
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: July 2010

The design of this paper is to consolidate a comprehensive model pertaining to the evolution of Egyptian calendars over three millennia of Pharaonic history, as an extension of this writer's earlier work on calendars. This model is a variation on the model advanced by Ludwig Borchardt and Richard Parker. While hardly immune from criticism, the Borchardt-Parker model has been prevalent in the second half of the twentieth century. According to this model, there were three calendars in ancient Egypt, two lunar and one non-lunar called civil. According to the variant model, there are only two calendars at any one time, the dominant civil calendar and a marginal lunar calendar of religious purport and of incomplete articulation. After the creation of the two calendars in prehistory and early history, only one truly significant event took place in all of Egyptian calendar history, around the fourteenth century B.C.E. Before the event, the lunar year began around the rising of Sirius in July. After the event, it began around the first new moon following civil New Year's Day. Owing to the backward wandering of the civil year, civil new year came to coincide with the rising of Sirius in the later fourteenth century B.C.E. The lunar calendar was unhooked from the rising, as it were, and attached and subordinated to the civil calendar. A double calendar, spiraling forward in time like a double helix, was the result. If the earlier and later beginnings of the lunar year are counted as two different calendars, there were three calendars, one civil and two lunar. However, it seems preferable to count just one lunar calendar, one that changed in regard to just one feature, its year's beginning.
Viceroys, Viziers & The Amun Precinct: The Power of Heredity and Strategic Marriage in the Early 18th Dynasty
Authors: Shirley JJ
Published: July 2010

The early 18th Dynasty was a time of military and political reorganization and consolidation in which significant administrative changes were enacted that were likely designed to support a “powerful and pervasive royal authority”1 Certainly the offices of viceroy of Kush and vizier were a central feature of this, and the rise of Amun and his priesthood ‐ with newly created positions ‐ was another area which King Ahmose and his successors sought to promote. While initially the kings may have chosen men to fill the positions of viceroy and vizier, and likely several high posts within the Amun precinct, some office-holders were quickly able to establish family dynasties that would last for several generations. This paper reviews the connections, both political and familial, between the viceroys, viziers and various officials of the Amun domain. It seeks to demonstrate the considerable role that one elite family, utilizing heredity, marriage and nepotism, was able to play in controlling a wide range of positions within the burgeoning 18th Dynasty government.
Looking at History through the Prism of Mythology: can the Osirian Myth Shed any Light on Ancient Egyptian Royal Succession Patterns?
Authors: Revez Jean
Published: July 2010

The Osirian Myth is testimony to the importance Egyptians put on royal succession. In this paper, we wish to show how the distinction between Myth and History can sometimes be blurred. We will examine two case studies in which the traditional focus on the orderly transmission of royal power from Osiris to his son Horus is altered in order to fit in extraordinary political circumstances or unusual cultural features. We will first look at the Great Abydene Stela of Ramesses IV to examine how the tumultuous succession of Ramesses III changed the angle from which the Osirian Myth is alluded to. We will then deal with the Stela of Taharqa on the High Nile in Year 6 to see how the myth is reshaped in order to encompass the new reality of an Egyptian dynasty of Nubian origin, where the king’s mother played a major role in the royal investiture.
A Portion of Life Solidified: Understanding Ancient Egypt Through the Integration of Archaeology and History
Authors: Smith Stuart Tyson
Published: July 2010

Archaeological evidence is often perceived as either illustrating the historical record or where independent, dealing mainly with small things of little larger importance, like the domestic economy. The search for individual action in the archaeological record seems futile compared to the richness of the historical record at places like Deir el Medina. The founder of modern Egyptian archaeology, W.M. Flinders Petrie, realized the potential for archaeology to reveal not just cultural generalities, but insights into the lives of individuals, most of whom left no written record behind. Both archaeological and historical evidence have unique limitations and challenges in interpretation, but at the same time truly integrating text and archaeology has the potential to yield greater insights into the nature and dynamics of Egyptian society than each source alone could produce.
Infantilizing Bābā Dārā: The Cultural Memory of Dārā Shekuh and the Mughal Public Sphere
Authors: Kinra Rajeev
Published: July 2010

The modernist image of the eclectic Mughal prince and patron, Dārā Shekuh (d. 1659 CE), has been almost universally positive, routinely singling him out as an exceptionally tolerant, but ultimately “ill-fated” figure. His defeat and execution by his younger, more conventionally pious brother, Awrangzib 'Alamgīr (r. 1658-1707), is in turn lamented as a civilizational tipping point away from the Mughals' cosmopolitan ethos of “peace with all” toward a more narrowly sectarian vision of empire—one which undermined not only the Mughals themselves, but also the entire Indo-Persian ecumene and, ultimately, the Indian nation. The early modern response to Dārā's character and cultural legacy was, however, far more complex than this caricature of “good Muslim” tolerance versus “bad Muslim” fanaticism would suggest. This article grapples with that complexity by examining the oblique critical discourse surrounding three of Dārā's most well-known interlocutors: Bābā Lāl Dayāl, Chandar Bhān “Brahman,” and Hakīm Sarmad.
Literary Connections: Bahār's Sabkshenāsi and the Bāzgasht-e Adabi
Authors: Smith Matthew
Published: July 2010

The bāzgasht-e adabi (literary return) school is generally portrayed in modern historical studies as a reaction to the so-called sabk-e Hendi (Indian style) of poetry, which is said to have dominated Persian letters during the reign of the Safavids. Much of the terminology we use to discuss this movement— sabk, for instance—as well as the qualitative arguments are taken directly from scholars of the early twentieth century, and from Malek al-Sho'arā' Mohammad Taqi Bahār (d. 1951), who coined the phrase bāzgasht-e adabi, in particular. Despite the pivotal role with which the bāzgasht poets are credited, their work is little studied and the influence of twentieth century nationalism on our conception of these poets and their place in literary history is not clearly understood. By exploring the complex social ties among the earliest representatives of the school, we gain a deeper understanding of the motivations and methods of transmission among the poets beyond the framework which a nationalistic approach provides.
Iranian Language Reform in the Twentieth Century:Did the First Farhangestān (1935-40) Succeed?
Authors: Paul Ludwig
Published: July 2010

In the period 1935-1940, the Iranian Language Academy (Farhangestān) proposed over 1,600 indigenous terms to replace words of Arabic or European origin. Seventy years later, an assessment of the effects or “success” of this activity may be attempted. The Farhangestān’s success cannot be measured easily, by counting the successful words. A study of it requires a strict definition of the term “success” and a detailed analysis of the origin, semantics, usage, stylistics, etc. of each word. The analysis proposed here, using sixty terms, yields a scale of increasing success along which the coined terms may be arranged. The article aims to show that any exact numbers indicating the Farhangestān’s word-replacing success are of limited value; and that it is more interesting to ask how the new terms have been established and how they have systematically changed, and often enriched, the vocabulary of Persian.
A Survey of the Discipline of Political Science in Iran
Authors: Rutner Maryam
Published: July 2010

This survey examines the content and purpose of the political science discipline in respect to seven prominent universities in Iran and its significance for the Iranian society. It is based on quantitative and qualitative data including personal interviews and survey results, as well as theses conducted by political science students, academic articles written by scholars in the field, and university curricula. The survey suggests that Iranian political science after the 1979 revolution addresses contemporary political problems and challenges related to Iran only to a limited extent, and is predominantly theoretical and “borrowed” in nature, despite the goal during the Cultural Revolution to indigenize and Islamicize the social sciences.
Gynandromorphs and intersexes: potential to understand the mechanism of sex determination in arthropods
Authors: Pereira Rodrigo , Narita Satoko , Kageyama Daisuke , Kjellberg Finn
Published: July 2010

Arthropods are sexually dimorphic. An arthropod individual usually differentiates into a male or a female. With very low frequencies, however, individuals with both male and female morphological characters have repeatedly been found in natural and laboratory populations of arthropods. Gynandromorphs (i.e., sexual mosaics) are genetically chimeric individuals consisting of male and female tissues. On the other hand, intersexes are genetically uniform (i.e., complete male, complete female or intermediate in every tissue) but all or some parts of their tissues have either a sexual phenotype opposite to their genetic sex or an intermediate sexual phenotype. Possible developmental processes (e.g., double fertilization of a binucleate egg, loss of a sex chromosome or upregulation/downregulation of sex-determining genes) and causal factors (e.g., mutations, genetic incompatibilities, temperatures or endosymbionts) for the generation of gynandromorphs and intersexes are reviewed and discussed.
Afrustningskon Ferencens Forberedelse
Authors: Brüel Erik
Published: July 2010

Til foranstaaende Artikel af Minister Politis om Afrustningskonferencens Grundlag i videre Forstand skal der her føjes et Par Bemxrkninger om Konferencens Forhistorie og dens Grundlag i snævrere Forstand: Det af den forberedende Afrustningskommission udarbejdede Konventionsudkast.
Rwanda and Darfur: A Comparative Approach to Two Peacekeeping Failures
Authors: Prunier Gérard
Published: July 2010

The author compares the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the crimes against humanity and possible genocide in Darfur (since 2003). He finds one main common point: the basic incapacity to turn the Responsibility to Protect from a virtuous doctrine into a practical reality. On the basis of his wide experience as a scholar of African politics, the author gives his answer to the question why. His conclusion is that in both cases there was either no ‘peace’ to keep for the ‘peacekeepers’, or several of the actors had no intention of respecting the peace agreement. He then sums up seven commonly held illusions about peacekeeping: a) Parties stop fighting because they recognize the inanity of conflict; b) “Give war a chance” is wrong c) A bad peace is better than a good war; d) A peacekeeping military force on the ground changes the reality; e) A pro-forma stabilization of peace is enough to start a peacekeeping operation; f ) ‘Conflict’ is an operational concept; and g) We deal with the present, the past belongs to historians. He concludes that in many ways the failed peacekeeping operations in Rwanda and Darfur are exemplary, not because of what peacekeeping advocates hope are technical mistakes, but because the basic concepts of why the operations were undertaken at all. He argues there are no quick-fix solutions, because the basic concepts are wrong, or at the very least wrongly applied, and that if we cannot do something properly, we should not do it at all.
Beyond "Activism-Lite"?: Issues in Japanese Participation in Peace Operations
Authors: Aoi Chiyuki
Published: July 2010

This article discusses legal, political, and institutional issues arising out of Japan's past involvement in international peace and stability missions. Seeking to identify potential strengths and limitations, it focuses on the experience and features of the international missions of the Japan Self-Defense Forces. Although the JSDF has proved successful in conducting its assignments on a tactical level, some of the limitations inherent in the JSDF modus operandi—to a large extent imposed by domestic legal system—are nonetheless serious in light of changing operational environments. These limitations are due to lack of consensus in the Japanese political debate on what constitutes the strategic priorities of Japanese security, as well as the indeterminate public attitudes towards these issues. It should be noted, however, that the resulting "activism lite" approach is increasingly untenable if Japan is to remain a credible ally and partner in the international community.
Marching for a More Open, Confident and Responsible Great Power: Explaining China's Involvement in UN Peacekeeping Operations
Authors: Tiewa Liu
Published: July 2010

This article briefly reviews and explains China's expanding involvement in UN Peace Keeping Operations, especially after the end of the Cold War. The reader will see the political issues arising from the peacekeeping operations of China, including perceptions, guidelines, principles and main concerns. China's evolving posture and capacity prepares it for future participation in UN peacekeeping operations and highlights China's reaction to the demands of its increased integration into the international community. China's involvement in UN PKO is examined from the perspective of mainstream IR theories. The article concludes by asserting that in the new century China will function as a more open, confident and responsible permanent member of the Security Council through its contributions to UN Peace Keeping Operations.
The Evolution of Peace Operations in Africa: Trajectories and Trends
Authors: Cedric de Coning
Published: July 2010

The scale of contemporary United Nations (UN) and African Union (AU) peace operations in Africa represent a significant shift in the political will of the international community to invest in UN and African peace operations. A macro-pattern has developed where most European and American peace and stability operations are deployed in NATO or European Union (EU) operations in Europe and the Middle-East, whilst most UN peace operations troops are contributed by the developing world and deployed in Africa. However, there is a new willingness in Europe to consider deploying some of its peacekeepers to Africa in EU or UN peace operations. From a UN and African perspective, the USA and Europe have a major political and financial influence on, and stake in, the future of peace operations in Africa. The AU and regional entities like ECOWAS, IGAD and SADC have significantly increased their capacity to undertake and manage peace operations over the last decade. The AU has deployed its first three peace operations, AMIB in Burundi, AMIS in Darfur and AMISOM in Somalia. However, the single most important factor when considering the future of peace operations in Africa is how they are financed, as that determines the size, scope and duration of the missions, and therefore has a direct bearing on their impact. The lack of clear and predictable financial arrangements is now the most important factor hindering the further expansion of African peacekeeping.
Peacekeeping and the Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Hassler Sabine
Published: July 2010

This article examines the debate surrounding the responsibility to protect [R2P] with particular reference to the use of peacekeeping forces in that regard. Post-Cold War, human protection had expanded into a matter of international concern. Yet, where formerly humanitarian intervention was the mot du jour, a change in conceptual vocabulary led to the introduction of R2P and to a redefinition of sovereignty. Accordingly, the primary responsibility to protect its citizens rests with the sovereign state but, owing to international solidarity, the residual responsibility rests with the international community. Contextually, R2P is embedded in a continuum of responsibilities: prevent, react and rebuild. Proponents of the concept already see a norm in development. Still, divisions and confusion remain concerning the concept’s legal basis, its scope and its parameters. This is particularly relevant in view of peacekeeping forces, which have been increasingly deployed for humanitarian purposes. Because of ill-defined mandates and an overextension of resources, however, traditional peacekeeping is no longer suitable, lacking the resources, the personnel and the necessary expertise. To be able to fulfil the goals of R2P, peacekeeping will have to be redefined and the forces equipped with more robust mandates or fail.
The ASEAN Charter and the Promotion of R2P in Southeast Asia: Challenges and Constraints
Authors: Morada Noel
Published: July 2010

This article examines the ASEAN Charter's provisions that relate to the promotion of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principles in Southeast Asia. It argues that the Charter essentially upholds the state-centered norms and traditions of ASEAN more than it provides for the transformation of the Association into a more people-centered regional organization. It also looks into the specific challenges and constraints faced by advocates of promoting human rights protection and R2P principles in the region, notwithstanding the limitations of the ASEAN Charter. Specifically, the article points to the importance of constituency-building at the national and regional levels, even as it also underscores the need to continue engaging in meaningful dialogue ASEAN bureaucrats on a range of people-centered security concerns.
The Burma Cyclone and the Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Cohen Roberta
Published: July 2010

International consensus has developed that R2P should not have been applied to Burma when it denied access to the victims of Cyclone Nargis. The author argues that Burma could well have been an R2P case under whose umbrella political and humanitarian action could have been mobilized. Needed are effective criteria for deciding in which situations the Security Council should act and performance standards for measuring government responses to natural disasters so that populations can be better protected.
R2P and the Role of Regional Organisations in Ethnic Conflict Management, Prevention and Resolution: The Unfinished Agenda
Authors: Carment David , Fischer Martin
Published: July 2010

The Responsibility to Protect (hereafter R2P) agendas have established a fairly high threshold for engagement by third parties in ethnic conflict when seen through the lens of direct intervention by means of force or coercion in order to mitigate overt forms of ethnic conflict such as ethnic cleansing and genocide. The absence of regional organisation activity in this area is understandable given the enormous political and financial costs associated with intervention. Yet the R2P agenda also carries with it a preventive component, and in this regard there is reason to be a little more optimistic. Ten years ago on the advice of the Brahimi Report, investments were made by most regional organisations to strengthen capacity for preventive action. In this article, we return to the question of whether and how regional organisations can or do conduct themselves in a manner consistent with the R2P's preventive component. The article unfolds in four sections. In the first part, we assess the role of regional organisations in implementing the R2P agendas. We begin with an identification of each regional organisation that either implicitly or explicitly references the R2P framework in their mandates, charters and doctrine. These organisations include the OSCE, the AU, the OAS, SAARC, ECOWAS, and ASEAN among others. Second, we provide a comparative framework that specifies the ways in which R2P is reflected in the activities of each regional organisation, with reference to capacity building, charter development, preventive diplomacy, direct engagement, and conflict management. This evaluative framework allows us to determine if there has been any shift in the way in which these organisations conduct themselves with respect to R2P principles. In the third part of the article we assess the Darfur case to illustrate our evaluative framework. The question we ask is: are the actions of the organisations involved in these conflicts consistent with R2P in its preventive as well as its interventionist interpretations? In the fourth and final section we conclude with implications for theory and policy and make some recommendations for future research.
Reconciling R2P with IDP Protection
Authors: Cohen Roberta
Published: July 2010

Although R2P developed in large measure from efforts to design an international system to protect internally displaced persons (IDPs), its application may not always work to the benefit of displaced persons. Challenges have arisen, most notably R2P's limited application, the narrowness of its scope, the exclusion of disaster IDPs, the sidelining of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, the tensions between human rights and humanitarian goals, R2P's equation with military action and the limits of coercive intervention. To ensure that IDPs gain from this landmark concept, special strategies will be needed to reconcile R2P with IDP protection.