bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prison Officers' Experience as a Predictor of Risk of Attack: An Analysis within the British Prison System
Authors: Davies W. , Burgess P. W.
Published: January 2017

Reports of inmate-officer assaults from a prison population of 1,000 males and covering an 18-month period were analysed in order to test the hypothesis that staff who either have little prison work experience or are relatively young might be more likely to be the victims of assault. No significant difference was found between the ages of assaulted and non-assaulted officers, but the difference between the two groups in number of months' prison work experience proved statistically significant. In addition, no correlation was found between the age of the inmate and age of the officer he assaulted, or between the age of the inmate and the experience of the victim officer. The implications and possible reasons for the finding that more experienced officers are less likely to be assaulted are discussed.
Effect on Traffic Safety of Introducing a 0.05% Blood Alcohol Level in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Smith D. I.
Published: January 2017

A 0.08% maximum legal blood alcohol level (BAL) for drivers in Queensland was replaced by a 0.05% BAL. As alcohol is especially likely to be a factor in night-time accidents, the evaluation focused on the extent to which night-time accidents decreased in comparison to daytime accidents. It appeared that most, if not all, of the significant 8.2% reduction in night-time hospitalization and 5.5% reduction in property damage accidents in the first year after the legislative change could be attributed to the lower BAL. The evaluation showed that the 0.05% BAL had an accident-reducing effectiveness beyond its first year of operation, although some of the accident reductions in the second and third years may have been partly the result of increased enforcement.
Fatal Reaction by Parenteral Lariago? – A Case Report
Authors: Tripathy Anil Kumar , Kumar Bishnu
Published: January 2017

A case of fatal reaction due to injection of 5 ml of Lariago, intramuscularly (an IPCA pharmaceutical company product containing chloroquine phosphate 40 mg/ml) is presented. Though there is ample documentary and material proof regarding the above and signs on postmortem examination of anaphylactic shock, the chemical examination failed to find it.
Inner Urban and National Suicide Rates, a Simple Comparative Study
Authors: Chambers Douglas R. , Harvey John G.
Published: January 2017

The authors have calculated the suicide rate per million for individual causes of death in the Inner North London Coroner's jurisdiction and also a composite rate for all methods of self-destruction. These have been compared with the rates for England and Wales in the years 1979–1985 inclusive. Also calculated has been a total ‘non-accidental’ death rate comprising all deaths by self-destructive behaviour. For certain causes the two rates are similar but for the remainder there are wide differences. The effect of the law relating to suicide verdicts has been described and its effects discussed.
Pathology of Volatile Substance Abuse: A Case Report and a Literature Review
Authors: Al-Alousi L M.
Published: January 2017

The medicolegal importance of volatile substance abuse, as an example of toxicological deaths, is reviewed. A case of a 13-year-old boy who died after inhalation of volatile substances from a deodorant spray tin is presented. Another similar case has been summarized in the discussion.

Different aspects of volatile substance abuse are considered with special emphasis on those facets which are relevant to forensic pathology practice. The most important pathological alterations associated with the acute and chronic abuse of volatile substances are discussed and some histological features of these conditions are illustrated with photographs. These include some microscopic changes of the central nervous system, respiratory system and the kidneys.

The roles of the pathologist and the toxicologist in the investigations of the fatalities resulting from the volatile substance abuse are reviewed and practical points are explained. Lastly, some relevant legal points are discussed.
The Relationship between Blood and Urine Alcohol Concentrations at Autopsy
Authors: Heatley M. K. , Crane J.
Published: January 2017

The relationship between the blood alcohol concentration and the urine alcohol concentration was studied in 109 routine coroner's autopsies. Although the average ratio for urine alcohol concentration to blood alcohol concentration lay close to the ratio of 4:3 quoted in the literature, the actual ratios determined were widely scattered around this value. Thus the use of this simple ratio to estimate the blood alcohol concentration from the urine alcohol concentration at post-mortem was unreliable. An equation determined by employing linear regression analysis was similarly unhelpful in enabling one to derive a precise value for the blood alcohol concentration from a given urine alcohol concentration.

It was concluded that the main value in determining the urine alcohol concentration at autopsy was to exclude the possibility of the alcohol present in the blood sample having been generated during the post-mortem interval.
Pharmaceutical Production in Space? The Case of the USA
Authors: Goodrich Jonathan N. , Beasley Linda J. , Goodrich Grace E.
Published: January 2017

Globally, over $100 billion are spent annually on space goods and services. These include space shuttles, space stations (‘factories’), transportation into space and materials processing in space (MPS). Many countries are involved, such as the USA, USSR, Japan and China. A current, fascinating area of space commerce — albeit in its infancy — is the production in space of vital pharmaceuticals such as urokinase, interferon and Factor VIII. This article discusses space-based pharmaceutical production, marketing-related obstacles and other concerns in the USA.
Rapid Isolation with Sep-Pak C18 Cartridges and Wide-Bore Capillary Gas Chromatography of Some Barbiturates
Authors: Suzuki O. , Kumazawa T. , Seno H. , Hattori H.
Published: January 2017

A simple and rapid method for isolation of nine barbiturates with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges from human urine, plasma and whole blood, is presented; the detection of drugs was made by wide-bore capillary gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization. The drug-containing samples, after mixing with dilute acid solution, were directly applied to the cartridges and eluted with either chloroform/methanol (9:1) or acetonitrile. Separation of the nine drugs was satisfactory with use of an intermediately polar HP-17 capillary column. Recoveries of most compounds were excellent for both chloroform/methanol and acetonitrile as elution solvents. However, backgrounds were cleaner and evaporation time was much shorter for the chloroform/methanol system. The present isolation method with use of Sep-Pak C18 cartridges and wide-bore capillary GC seem very useful in the fields of forensic chemistry, clinical toxicology and clinical pharmacology.
Recording by the Police of Violent Offences; An Accident and Emergency Department Perspective
Authors: Shepherd Jonathan , Shapland Margaret , Scully Crispian
Published: January 2017

The British Crime Surveys have demonstrated that police-derived crime statistics are an unreliable indicator of the true number of violent offences in society. We therefore investigated police recording of consecutive victims of violence who sought treatment in a large Accident and Emergency (A & E) Department. Of victims assaulted within the boundaries of the inner-city Police Division, only one quarter were recorded by the police, though half claimed police awareness of the incident. Proportionately fewer assaults which occurred in the street, in discoteques or on Saturdays were recorded, in comparison to assaults which occurred in other locations and on other days. Proportionately more female victims were recorded, compared to males.

A & E data provide a useful insight into the efficiency and effectiveness of inner-city policing. Victims Support Schemes should liaise with A & E Departments as well as with the police.
Colonic Perforation following Ingestion of Plastic Sheeting
Authors: Fernando Gyan C. A.
Published: January 2017

A case report of fatal faecal peritonitis, in a mentally retarded patient, resulting from perforation of the colon caused by ingested plastic sheeting is presented. Foreign body perforation of the intestines is discussed.
The Certification and Disposal of the Dead in Major Disasters
Authors: Busuttil A , Jones J S P
Published: January 2017

When a major disaster occurs in which there are a large number of fatalities, many tasks have to be undertaken in a very short time and under great pressure. By considering in advance the potential difficulties which may be encountered it is possible to plan ways of overcoming, or at least minimizing, some of these problems.

In this paper we have ventilated some of the problems concerning the certification and disposal of the victims of a major disaster, as seen from the pathologist's point of view.
Acute Pancreatitis: A Comparison of the Severity of Illness in Cases First Diagnosed before and after Death, Using a Modified Prognostic Index
Authors: Heatley M K
Published: January 2017

The severity of disease in a series of patients in whom acute pancreatitis was diagnosed at autopsy was assessed by the retrospective application of a standard prognostic index modified for post-mortem use. The results were compared with cases dying of acute pancreatitis which was recognized during life and appropriately treated. No difference in disease severity could be identified between the two groups. This suggests that patients dying of acute pancreatitis unrecognized during life have a severe form of the disease and do not die because a mild attack is treated inappropriately. The condition appears to be unrecognized in such patients because it presents with atypical features.
1. Suicidal Strangulation
Authors: Gaur J R , Verma Ramesh K , Thakur G C
Published: January 2017

Self-strangulation for committing suicide by the use of ligature is admittedly rare. A suicidal strangulation case from Haryana State, India is discussed in the light of scene of occurrence, investigations of the ligature and its knot. Initially the case was suspected by the police to be a murder, but proved to be of suicidal strangulation.
2. An Unusual Case of Comingled Remains
Authors: Opeskin Kenneth
Published: January 2017

Two motor cyclists were involved in a head-on collision. One of the motor cyclists sustained a stab wound to the chest by a portion of long bone derived from the other motor cyclist.
4. Tuberous Sclerosis Presenting as a Suspicious Sudden Death — A Case Report and Review of Sudden Deaths in Epilepsy
Authors: Denmark Lloyd N
Published: January 2017

A case of a suspicious sudden death in a 19-year-old Caucasian female epileptic is presented The brain showed characteristic lesions of tuberous sclerosis. In most sudden deaths in idiopathic epilepsy no causative lesion is found in the brain

A review of the past five years' cases attributed to sudden deaths in epilepsy from our department is presented, with particular reference to findings which might be construed as suspicious, e.g., signs of asphyxia and bruising in neck muscles, and to findings which support the diagnosis, e.g. biting of the tongue, voiding of urine, low levels of medication.
6. An Unusual Case of Accidental Smothering
Authors: Suzuki T , Ikeda N , Harada A , Umetsu K
Published: January 2017

A rare accidental death case is presented in which four pieces of packing tape adhered tightly over the nose and mouth. The notes for his experimental report, left in his room, suggested that the accident happened during his trial to prove his theory on respiration to improve physical exercise.
Trends in Suicide (1983–1987)
Authors: Martinez A P , Cameron J M
Published: January 2017

From over 20,000 autopsies performed by the Department of Forensic Medicine of The London Hospital Medical College over a period of 5 years from 1983 to 1987, 7.4 per cent were classified as unnatural deaths, and from these 659 (3.2 per cent) were suicides.

The object of this paper is to study the different methods of self-destruction, the incidence of these methods by sex and age, and evidence left by the deceased.
Guardianship Orders: A Review of Their Use under the 1983 Mental Health Act
Authors: Grant W
Published: January 2017

This article reviews what has been reported in literature about the use of Guardianship Orders under the Mental Health Act 1983. Guardianship Orders were used infrequently in comparison with Sections 2, 3 and 4 of the Mental Health Act although the number of guardianship cases has increased threefold since 1982. Elderly female patients with organic brain disease were the group on whom guardianship was most used either to support them in the community or to facilitate admission to residential care. Guardianship was rarely used to prevent hospitalization. Despite its many drawbacks, for a selected group of patients guardianship did appear to have advantages and was found to be worthy of consideration for practising clinicians and approved social workers.
Psychopathic Disordered, Mentally Ill, and Mentally Handicapped Sex Offenders: A Comparative Study
Authors: Murrey G J , Briggs D , Davis C
Published: January 2017

Although there currently exists a large amount of research on the characteristics and treatment of psychopathic disordered (PD) sex offenders, little if any empirical studies have addressed the mentally ill (MI) and mentally handicapped (MH) offender populations. A total of 106 PD, MI, and MH sex offender records from Rampton (Special) Hospital were reviewed for the study. Offender categories were compared by age of first documented sex offence, IQ at the time of admission, sex offence type, frequency of each offence type, history of violence during sex offences, age and gender of sex offence victims and number of victims for age and gender. Results revealed that 88 per cent of PD, 98 per cent of MI, and only 56 per cent of MH offenders' victims were female. Further analysis revealed that PD and MI offenders' victims were primarily female, with the largest proportion being pubescent and adult females. MH offender victims were primarily males and females under the age of 16. IQ correlated positively with history of violence during sexual assault and mean IQs were higher for ‘violent’ than ‘non-violent’ offenders in each offender category. A discussion of these and other significant findings, as well as implications for clinical treatment, is presented.
Facial Injuries Due to Criminal Violence: A Retrospective Study of Hospital Attenders
Authors: Ström C , Johanson G , Nordenram Å
Published: January 2017

The material comprised 222 assault victims whose injuries required attention at the Departments of Oral Surgery and Ear, Nose, and Throat diseases, the Central Hospital in Falun or corresponding departments at the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm or the University Hospital in Huddinge. Information was obtained from patient records.

One hundred and thirty-eight patients had fractures and the remainder had flesh-wounds, haematomas or swellings. The most frequent fracture site was the nasal bone followed by the jaws.

Forty-one per cent of the patients in Falun and 28 per cent in Stockholm reported the assaults to the police: in Falun the proportion of women victims who reported the assault was significantly higher than those who did not. The willingness to notify the police of the violence was not influenced by the use of drugs or the seriousness of the injuries.

The study showed that violence in suburban Stockholm was aggravated: one-third of the patients in the study required hospitalization compared to a quarter in a rural area.
Seclusion Theory Reviewed— A Benevolent or Malevolent Intervention?
Authors: Mason T.
Published: January 2017

The Special Hospital Service Authority for England and Wales undertook an extensive international literature review on seclusion as a basis for a proposed extended research project on seclusion in the Special Hospital system. The review highlighted the theoretical foundations of seclusion to be based on therapy, containment or punishment; however, there appeared little work carried out in examining the underlying attitude to these central themes. It was suggested that a further level of analysis, by measuring these attitudes along a benevolent-malevolent scale, may prove helpful in advancing our conceptual understanding of the role seclusion plays as a psychiatric intervention.
Evaluating the Variability of Duplicate Breath Alcohol Analyses as a Function of Subject Age
Authors: Gullberg R G
Published: January 2017

The influence of the person's age upon reproducibility in duplicate breath alcohol analyses is investigated. A total of n = 30,324 duplicate results (with both ≥0.01 g/210L) were selected and divided into eight age groups from 10–19, 20–29, and up through 80+. Two duplicate agreement criteria, +/- 10% of the mean and +/- 0.02 g/210L, were evaluated according to age. A X2trend analysis was employed and resulted in: +/- 10% of mean criteria, P < 0.001 and +/- 0.02 g/210L criteria, P > 0.05. The proportions of duplicates not conforming to the two agreement standards along with 95% confidence intervals were: +/- 10% of mean, 0.026 (0.024 to 0.028) and +/- 0.02 g/210 L, 0.052 (0.050 to 0.054). Depending on the agreement criteria selected there will be proportional differences, but neither appears to be importantly influenced by the subject's age. The breath sampling criteria employed in the instrument studied does not appear to inhibit acceptable agreement, even in elderly subjects where the risk of respiratory disfunction increases.
A Study of 133 Suicides among Canadian Federal Prisoners
Authors: Green C , Kendall K , Andre G , Looman T , Polvi N
Published: January 2017

This paper reviews the literature on prison suicide. The characteristics of suicide within the Canadian Federal Penetentiary Service are compared with previous data. In the population examined, prison suicide was found to be a predominently male phenomenon, not associated with age, offence type, previous convictions or length of sentence. It was most commonly committed by hanging, frequently occurring in the period shortly after sentencing. Suicide was associated with single marital status, earlier suicide attempts, a history of drug or alcohol abuse, and a previous history of psychiatric illness.
Suicide among Forensic Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Johnson C , Smith J , Crowe C , Donovan M
Published: January 2017

This paper examines the problem of suicide among patients discharged from a Regional Secure Unit. The stereotype that emerges is a young man with anti-social personality traits, suffering from an affective psychosis, with a history of substance abuse and impulsive violence directed both towards himself and others, who is alienated from care staff and social supports because of his provocative and uncooperative behaviour. In contrast with the general population, forensic patients are more likely to commit suicide using a violent method and are more likely to have a suicide verdict recorded by the coroner. The implications of these findings for treatment and preventive interventions are discussed.
1. Homicide Followed by Suicide (Dyadic Death) in Yorkshire and Humberside
Authors: Milroy C. M.
Published: January 2017

In England and Wales 5–10 per cent of homicides are followed by the suicide of the assailant. Fifty-two episodes of homicide-suicide occurring in Yorkshire and Humberside have been studied. Forty-nine of the assailants were male with a mean age of 49 years. There were 65 victims, who were usually the spouse and/or children of the killer. Shooting was the most frequent method of killing and subsequent suicide. The results are compared with other homicide statistics and previously published studies of homicide-suicide.
Police May Underuse Section 136
Authors: Mokhtar A S E , Hogbin P
Published: January 2017

A one-year prospective study comparing Section 136 patients (39) and the severe Section 2 or 4 patients (29) of the Mental Health Act 1983 in a hospital with inner London catchment areas. The assessments were clinical, nurses' ratings and socio-demographic.

The results showed that clinical and nursing ratings did not differentiate the two groups. Most social/demographic data showed similar trends with both groups being disadvantaged but Section 136 patients slightly more so. The differences were smaller than anticipated, suggesting a recent shift of patients admitted under Section 2 or 4 towards a more socially disadvantaged position.

In conclusion, police did not overuse Section 136. Our comparison suggests: (a) police may underuse Section 136, and (b) Section 136 acts as a valuable ‘back-up’ for those patients who would otherwise fail to benefit from the Mental Health Act.
Cellular Changes and Time since Death
Authors: Babapulle C J , Jayasundera N P K
Published: January 2017

Based on a hypothesis that post-mortem cellular (chiefly nuclear) changes in the white blood cells could reliably be correlated with the time interval since death, (ti), serial observations were made on the counts (total, differential) and light-microscopically observable ‘degenerations’ of white blood cells obtained from 30 non-refrigerated cadavers (experimental group) and similar cells obtained from 200 hospital patients (control group).

While neutrophils degenerated rapidly, lymphocytes did so slowly; the eosinophils and monocytes degenerated at rates between these extremes. In cadaveric blood total counts of identifiable leucocytes on average dropped to zero by 84 hours, identifiable eosinophils and monocytes were first to ‘disappear’ (by 60 hours), followed by neutrophils (by 66 hours), and finally lymphocytes: identifiable lymphocytes disappeared completely at or around 84 hours from the time of death. This ‘differential degeneration’ was surprising but useful.

Based on the use of all four characteristics — total and differential white cell counts, differential degeneration and morphology of cells — a method for a reasonably exact estimation of ti is presented. The method is appropriate for ti up to 84 hrs (31/2 days). Zero white cell counts (total, differential) and bizarre morphology (unidentifiable white blood cells) indicate a ti > 84 hrs.

Avenues for further research are indicated.
Eating Disorders and Shoplifting — A Study in Two Settings
Authors: Brener N
Published: January 2017

Two groups of female shoplifters drawn from a specialist out-patient service (52) and a Magistrates' Court (50) are compared for their level of eating disorder. Only one person knew of a previous diagnosis of eating disorder. Their levels of eating disorder and general psychopathology are high in both settings but particularly those referred for psychiatric assessment. Those with an eating disorder had significantly higher levels of psychiatric disturbance, depressive illness and hoarding behaviour.
Season, Climate and Suicide in Singapore
Authors: Kok L P , Tsoi W F
Published: January 2017

In Singapore, an island city state in the tropics, climatic variables like sunlight, windspeed, temperature, rainfall and humidity are significantly correlated with subgroups of suicidal subjects such as Malays, young adults and youths. In the young age group (0–19 years) the relationship between meteorological factors and suicide appear to be greater than in the other two groups.
Glue Sniffing Deaths in Singapore — Volatile Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Post-Mortem Blood by Headspace Gas Chromatography
Authors: Chao Tzee Cheng , Lo Danny S T , Koh J , Ting T C , Quek L M , Koh T H , Koh-Tan C Y , Zubaidah A
Published: January 2017

Over a period from 1983 to 1991, of a total of 19,000 post-mortems, 33 were found to have at least one aromatic hydrocarbon (benzene, toluene or xylenes) in the blood. Of the 33 deceased, 22 had a history of toluene or petrol abuse while most of the remaining 11 were suspected to be glue sniffers through evidence found at the scene. This number, which represented 0.17 per cent of all the unnatural deaths, is considered small for a nation having a glue sniffing epidemic. The low death rate, as compared to 2.1 per cent through drug and chemical poisoning during the same period, is attributed to the timely intervention by the Government who outlawed glue sniffing and the effectiveness of compulsory rehabilitation.

The male gender predominates (81.8 per cent) among the 33 deceased with a mean age of 20.1 years (range 15 to 33). The mean age for the female gender is 17.7 years (range 16 to 20). The blood toluene levels were found to be in the range 0.2 to 92μg per ml blood. The causes of death are: 63.6 per cent due to falling or suicide by jumping; 18.2 per cent drowning; 6.1 per cent hanging; 6.1 per cent homicide; and 6.1 per cent acute toluene poisoning. The high proportion of traumatic deaths are discussed.

Headspace gas chromatography with a suitable GC column was used for the analysis. Calibration blood standards were prepared in situ or in bulk stabilized by 10 per cent (v/v) methanol to overcome the hydrophobic and volatile nature of the aromatic hydrocarbons. Both methods of calibration gave analogous calibration factors, (slope for toluene: 0.092 to 0.095; slope for m-xylene: 0.070 to 0.071; and slope for o-xylene: 0.064 to 0.065), correlation coefficients of 0.9997 or better and standard deviation of 3.1 per cent or less. The consequences of different ways of blood standards preparations are discussed.
1. Impaling-Type Head Injury in a Road Traffic Incident
Authors: Ahmad N , Busuttil A
Published: January 2017

A fatal impaling-type head injury is described in a young man, sustained when he crashed his car while intoxicated, his head being transfixed by a broken wooden fence post. This shattered the facial bones and damaged the brain stem. Other published instances of impaling head injuries are discussed.
3. Ring Fracture of the Base of the Skull and Atlanto-Occipital Avulsion Due to Anteroflexion on Motorcycle Riders in a Head-On Collision Accident
Authors: Maeda H , Higuchi T , Imura M , Noguchi K , Yokota M
Published: January 2017

This report concerns a head-on collision accident of a motorcycle at a very high speed (c. 80–100 Km/h) against a bonnet-type automobile, in which both the motorcyclist and pillion rider were injured at the base of the skull by violent anteroflexion of the head due to the force of inertia. A difference in their injuries was: the motorcyclist sustained a ‘ring’ fracture and the pillion rider an atlanto-occipital avulsion; dural tear. Anteroflexion without impact on the occiput such as described above seems to be a rare causal mechanism of the ‘ring’ fracture. In addition, the mode of action of the accelerating forces to the heads of the victims along with their physiques may explain the mechanism which caused the different injuries in this accident.
The Medical Expert Witness: Time to Regulate Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Donaldson Liam , Kaplan Carole , Leung Wai-Ching
Published: January 2017

Doctors are often asked to provide expert evidence for the courts. Whilst there is a considerable body of work in the legal literature, there is relatively little discussion and guidance in general medical literature. This is important as more doctors are drawn into the legal arena, and their ability to assist the court is a matter of consequence. The potential adverse effects in terms of the human, psychological and financial costs to the litigant parties, and the speed of access to justice, are considerable if the work is not done properly. Possible solutions to the present system are discussed and a set of guiding principles for acting as an expert witness is proposed.
Does Psychiatric Disorder Affect the Likelihood of Violent Offending? A Critique of the Major Findings
Authors: Mitchell Edward W
Published: January 2017

This paper reviews major studies that have examined a possible relationship between mental disorder and violent offending. Such studies have either examined (a) the prevalence of violence in the mentally disordered or (b) the prevalence of mental disorder among the violent. Indices of violence used include (a) arrest rate, (b) conviction rate and (c) prevalence of violent behaviour in psychiatric inpatients, representative community samples and birth cohorts. It is concluded that although the mentally disordered do face an elevated risk of violent behaviour/offending, this risk is largely confined to those suffering from severe or long-term psychotic symptoms or psychopathic disorders.
A Follow-Up Study of Mentally Disordered Offenders after a Court Diversion Scheme: Six-Month and One-Year Comparison
Authors: Chung Man Cheung , Cumella Stuart , Wensley James , Easthope Yvette
Published: January 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate offenders' living patterns, quality of life, types of aftercare received and psychological well-being, following their diversion from one court diversion scheme in England. Sixty-five offenders were followed up after six months, 22 of whom were also followed up after one year. Their transient living patterns throughout these two periods were described. Their quality of life was found to be poor in that most did not have an occupation, nor did they receive education, and the life experiences during both periods were lower than that of standardized urban samples. There were no significant changes in their poor life experiences over the two periods. Over 55% of the 22 offenders still contacted their GPs regularly but there was a significant drop in those consulting hospital doctors. Only a small number of offenders had contact with the social services in these two periods and no significant differences were found between them. Their GHQ total scores went above cutoff point and the level of psychiatric conditions was similar in both periods.
A Controlled Evaluation of Assessments by Doctors and Nurses in a Magistrates' Court Mental Health Assessment and Diversion Scheme
Authors: Chambers Clare , Rix Keith J B
Published: January 2017

In this study, assessments of prisoners by doctors and nurses were compared in a provincial magistrates' court mental health assessment and diversion scheme, and outcomes were compared with the outcomes of those for whom no assessments were available during a control period. Substance misuse was relatively common and psychosis uncommon in the prisoners referred. Assessment by doctors enabled magistrates to reduce remands in custody of persons suspected of suffering from mental disorder and to grant bail in more cases. Only a small proportion of prisoners were admitted to hospital and although doctors and nurses recommended outpatient treatment in many cases, the attendance rate was low. Doctors were more likely than nurses to identify prisoners with medical needs that needed to be brought to the attention of the prison health care service, and to recommend out-patient psychiatric treatment and identify relevant medicolegal issues. Prisoners assessed by nurses were less likely than those assessed by doctors to attend alcohol or drug treatment services if recommended to do so. Prisoners who were admitted to hospital after a remand in custody spent longer on remand if assessed by nurses compared with those assessed by doctors.
Trivial Injuries, Associated Congenital Anomaly and Medicolegal Interpretation of Death
Authors: Badkur D S , Arora Arneet
Published: January 2017

Congenital hypoplasia of the odontoid process is a relatively rare phenomenon. A case is presented of a 12-year-old girl who was admitted to hospital with a history of having sustained trivial external injuries when falling after an alleged push. Later, she developed signs of compression of the spinal cord in the cervical region, resulting in quadriplegia and muscle wasting. A laminectomy was performed to relieve the symptoms but the child died 2 1/2 months later. Autopsy revealed a congenital anomaly of the atlas and axis vertebrae in the form of hypoplasia of the dens. The case being associated with a criminal assault, the post-mortem analysis and autopsy were significant in resolving medicolegal issues pertaining to the assailant, the operating surgeon and the law-enforcement agencies.
Vitreous Humor as an Alternative Sample to Blood for the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Morphine and 6-Monoacetylmorphine
Authors: Scott Karen S , Oliver John S
Published: January 2017

The use of vitreous humor as an alternative sample to blood was investigated for the detection of heroin abuse by quantifying levels of morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) in post-mortem samples. The levels achieved in each of the two toxicological specimens were compared on a case-to-case basis to determine if a correlation existed. A total of 20 positive morphine cases were examined. In general, the levels of morphine in blood were higher than in the corresponding vitreous humor samples, with some correlation existing. 6-MAM was found in 15 blood samples and 17 vitreous humor samples. Although no correlation was found between the levels of 6-MAM in blood and vitreous humor, the latter may still be used for verification of heroin abuse.
Attempted Child-Stealing: Post-Ictal Psychosis and Psychological Distress
Authors: McNulty Craig , Cahil Kamil , Tomé De La Granja MaríA B
Published: January 2017

Baby-stealing is probably one of the more taboo crimes in our society. Its connection with psychological distress, while generally acknowledged, is not always well understood. In this paper we present an unusual and complex case of a woman who attempted to steal young babies while in a state of extreme psychological distress following epileptic seizures. While the post-epileptic state was characterized as ‘psychotic’ there were clear psychological antecedents to explain the form in which the post-ictal psychosis was expressed. Treatment strategies included modification of medication regime and use of cognitive therapy to ameliorate the impact of post-ictal confusion.
The Management of Opiate Addicts in Police Custody
Authors: Davison Sophie E , Gossop Michael
Published: January 2017

Many suspects detained at police stations for questioning are under the influence of illicit drugs. This presents a problem, as the reliability of confessions made under the influence of drugs or whilst experiencing withdrawal symptoms may be adversely affected. This paper reviews the current management of opiate addicts in police custody and relevant legislation in the UK to highlight some of the difficulties that arise. It concentrates in particular on the specific problem of defining and assessing fitness for interview in this group and reviews the current evidence of the effect of opiates and opiate withdrawal symptoms on the reliability of testimony. It concludes that any framework for the assessment of fitness for interview must address the question of reliability. More needs to be known about the effects of opiates and opiate withdrawal symptoms on the reliability of testimony in the police interview situation.
Crowding and Violent Behaviour: The Influence of Patient Density on Violent and Self-Harming Behaviour at a Medium Secure Unit
Authors: Hardie T J
Published: January 2017

This study examines the influence of patient density (crowding) and number of potential perpetrators on the number of incidents of violence and self-harm at a medium secure unit. Of 2,053 incidents examined over a period of 974 days, 73% were perpetrated by 20% of the patients, the majority by patients identified as potential perpetrators. Increased patient density was not associated with increased risk of violence or self-harm. There was no evidence to suggest that the presence of those identified as potentially violent or self-harming increased the risk of others engaging in such behaviour.
Increasing World Food Supplies Through Greater Crop Production
Authors: Richardson H. L.
Published: January 2017

By the intelligent and widespread use of fertilizers along with other improvements in farming methods, food production in the underdeveloped countries could be expanded for a long time to come at a faster rate than that at which populations are likely to rise. No new discoveries are required, but governments must be prepared to spend much money and effort on development work, particularly in the provision of adequate advisory services.
The Contribution of Crop Protection to Increased World Food Supplies
Authors: Holmes E.
Published: January 2017

In the course of the past two decades great advances have been made in the field of crop protection. Not only have efficient pesticides been developed and machines for their application, but various national and international bodies have been set up to provide technical and financial aid in the conduct of control operations, making it easier for peasant communities to take action in reducing crop losses and increasing food supplies.
The Conservation of Soil Fertility in Tropical Plantations
Authors: Eden T.
Published: January 2017

In plantation cropping in the tropics much use has been made of shade trees and cover crops in the hope of mitigating some of the harsher effects of the climate on crop and soil. Recently, however, it has been suggested that these practices can be dispensed with so long as manuring is liberal, and the issue will not be settled until long-term work expands our knowledge of the factors involved in this complex ecological problem.
Pollination of Field Beans
Authors: Scriven W. A. , Cooper B. A. , Allen H.
Published: January 2017

Observations on bee behaviour and experiments by the authors show that, contrary to common belief, honey and wild bees are of great importance in pollinating field beans. Whether in a good year for bees and beans or a bad one, yields of cross-pollinated crops can be double those of self-pollinated crops. The decline in beekeeping accounts for the low yields now obtained; the remedy is to place hives near crops at flowering time.
Avoidance of Drift from Airborne Sprayers
Authors: Courshee R. J.
Published: January 2017

One of the major problems of crop protection today is that of reducing or eliminating the hazard to crops and wild life caused by spray drift. At present there is no way of stopping a fine spray from drifting when it is applied from the air; but, where a coarse one can be used, it is possible to avoid the risk of damage by taking certain precautions. The method is, however, applicable mainly to low growing crops and has other limitations.
Facial Eczema of Sheep and Cattle in New Zealand
Authors: McMeekan C. P.
Published: January 2017

After twenty years’ preoccupation with the idea that the toxin responsible for this disease was produced by a pasture plant, the discovery in 1958 of its origin in a specific fungus has changed the whole face of research. Events since then have moved rapidly. The toxin has been isolated and identified, and work is being concentrated chiefly on its biochemical relationships to the animal and on new possibilities of control.
Nutritional Relationships Between Crops and the Soil
Authors: Russell R. Scott , Barber D. A. , Newbould P.
Published: January 2017

A greater insight regarding the physico-chemical relationships of nutrient elements in the soil, and a better understanding of plant physiology, help to explain many problems that could not be resolved by pioneer agricultural research workers. The way in which nutrients enter plant roots, and the rate-governing processes, are becoming clear, but the seasonal fertilizer responses of crops still remain difficult to forecast with accuracy.
Foliar Application of Major Nutrients to Fruit and Plantation Crops
Authors: Halliday D. J.
Published: January 2017

Possible advantages of foliar application of nutrients–in efficiency, speed, cheapness, and effect on crop quality–-have attracted attention for many years. Progress has been most rapid for fruit and plantation crops, especially in the last decade; but the promise of foliar application of nutrients and the risk of injury to the foliage may be appraised only by the study of individual crops, as is done in the present review.
Aphids and Aphicides
Authors: Jones D. Price
Published: January 2017

Aphids of bewildering diversity cause severe losses in a wide range of crops, partly through mechanical damage but mainly through virus transmission. Fortunately, many aphicides presenting a choice of suitable properties are now available and can be applied to the aerial parts of the crop, to the seed before planting or directly to the soil. Their selection demands attention to ecological as well as economic factors.
Control of Worms in Ruminants by Chemotherapy
Authors: Harrow W. T.
Published: January 2017

Many chemicals were tried for worm control in domestic animals during the nineteenth century, but a major advance was made in 1938 by the introduction of phenothiazine. The use of this material in preparations for sheep and cattle now reaches hundreds of millions of doses a year. A new chemical, methyridine, is active against many genera of worms throughout their development stages and thus approaches the ideal in anthelmintics.
Hypomagnesaemia and Grass Tetany in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Rook J. A. F. , Rowland S. J.
Published: January 2017

Although hypomagnesaemic tetany has been studied as a clinical disease since 1929 and much work is in progress, knowledge is meagre concerning the physiological role of magnesium in the dairy cow and the tetanic syndrome. Nevertheless, since the trouble is basically nutritional, enlightened fertilizer practice and animal management can together largely reduce the risk of loss in the commercial dairy herd.
Trace Elements in Sheep Nutrition
Authors: Wilson A. L.
Published: January 2017

It is stimulating to note the progress that has been made in the nutrition of domestic animals–-as in that of man–-in recent years. The part played by a number of trace elements in enzymic catalysis and other roles of direct or indirect benefit is being elucidated. By dosing the animal and by treating pastures, disabilities can now be dramatically removed, or avoided, with immediate improvement in animal health and productivity.
Intensive Production of Milk from Grass
Authors: Collier J. A.
Published: January 2017

Young grass is the ideal food for the dairy cow. It is rich in essential nutrients and cheaper to produce than alternative feeds. The chief aims of the intensive dairy farmer must be to get enough young grass for grazing for as long a period as possible, and enough silage and hay to underpin winter feeding–-all from the smallest acreage. By these means milk has been competitively produced for less than 2s. a gallon.
Progeny Testing as an AID to Pig Improvement
Authors: Harrington G.
Published: January 2017

In a changing industry, with new marketing outlets alongside traditional ones, genetic improvement of the pig, especially with a view to carcass improvement, has become economically desirable. Methods of performance testing and progeny testing are described and critically discussed. To secure rapid progress, integration of production stages by co-operative groups is necessary, and is in fact beginning to appear.
The Demand for Poultry Meat and Future Prospects for Broiler-Chicken
Authors: Jones W. Dyfri
Published: January 2017

The 1960s have been prophetically described as the decade of the economist rather than that of the politician or producer; certainly in the affluent, well-fed societies of the West much more attention must be given to the interaction of supply and demand in situations in which one foodstuff can be substituted for another. The position is well illustrated in the development of the broiler-chicken industry in recent years in the U.S.A. and in Great Britain.
Meadow Hay Yields
Authors: Smith L. P.
Published: January 2017

“The harvest depends more on the year than on the field” is an old Danish proverb that reflects the part played by weather in governing crop yields. Hitherto little success has attended efforts to establish a firm link between these variable quantities. The approach described in the present paper is promising; it takes into account the period of crop growth, the fertilizer level and the meteorological factors: rainfall and transpiration.
The Snowy Mountains Scheme and Animal Health
Authors: Gordon Hugh Mcl.
Published: January 2017

Ecological changes resulting from expansion of irrigation in Australia will be profound, and not always helpful to the farmer. Insect and snail vectors of disease organisms will be multiplied; stock will tend to be denser on the ground; there will be greater risk of infection spread. The battle for animal health must be fought with new knowledge and remedies; timely survey studies and research are necessary to ensure optimum use of resources.
Simplification of Farming Systems
Authors: Sturrock F. G.
Published: January 2017

In very few industries has output per man made such strides as informing in Britain. Many factors are responsible and are not less closely interdependent than those that led to the classical Norfolk four-course rotation, when farms were largely self-contained. The key concepts today are simplification and specialization directed towards optimum use of all resources of land, labour and materials. Farm planning along these lines pays dividends.
Bitter Pit of Apples
Authors: Baxter P.
Published: January 2017

The history of the discovery of the factors responsible for this disorder in apples unrolls like that of a detective story. Over a long period little progress was made in understanding the trouble. Some early clues were not followed up and several false ones delayed progress; but success came in the end, and may well provide a lead for the correction in other crops of many similar imperfections possibly caused by mineral imbalance.
The Control of Fascioliasis–-The Need for a Planned Approach
Authors: Ollerenshaw C. B.
Published: January 2017

Liver fluke disease of sheep still takes a heavy toll in Great Britain despite the fact dial various means of gaining a measure of relief have long been available. Draining and grazing management should be supplemented by the use of molluscicides for pasture treatment and chemicals for dosing stock. With die aid of forecasts of expected incidence, based on weather reports, these steps could ensure substantial progress towards control.
Egg and Broiler-Chicken Production in Israel
Authors: Ben-Adam Z.
Published: January 2017

Many countries in which average diets are short of protein, especially animal protein, could learn much from the way in which Israel has successfully mastered the same problem by rapidly expanding and rationalizing her poultry industry. She has not been alone in this advance. With domestic demand satisfied, Israel must now give attention to the competitive disposal of surpluses, which will demand close scrutiny of production costs.
Roles of Perceived Motivational Climates Created by Coach, Peer, and Parent on Dispositional Flow in Young Athletes
Authors: Çağlar Emine , Aşçi F. Hülya , Uygurtaş Murat
Published: January 2017

We investigated the contribution of perceived motivational climates created by coach, peer, and parent on the dispositional flow experience of young athletes. Eighty-six female ( Mage = 14.24, SD = 1.38 years) and 134 male ( Mage = 16.28, SD = 1.17 years) athletes completed questionnaires of perceived motivational climates created by coach, peer, and parent and the Dispositional Flow Scale-2. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that perceived task-involving coach (β = .40, p < .001) and peer (β = .28, p < .002) motivational climates were the only significant predictors of dispositional flow. These findings suggest that task-involving motivational climates should be strengthened to increase experience of flow.