bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Groundwater age rejuvenation caused by excessive urban pumping in Jakarta area, Indonesia
Authors: Kagabu Makoto , Shimada Jun , Delinom Robert , Nakamura Toshio , Taniguchi Makoto
Published: May 2012

Rapid urbanization in the Jakarta area has become a severe subsurface environmental issue as it entails groundwater level decline and land subsidence caused by excessive groundwater pumping. In this study, apparent groundwater age rejuvenation in the deep aquifer under DKI Jakarta was found by comparing 14C activities between 1985 and 2008. We discussed the use of a numerical groundwater flow model to evaluate the rejuvenation process in this urbanized area. When considering the deep aquifer in the DKI Jakarta area, we can assume six direction fluxes toward the aquifer: two vertical fluxes (downward and upward flux) and four horizontal fluxes (northern, southern, western, and eastern flux). Results of model calculations show that the greatest groundwater flux among six flux directions became ‘vertical downward flux’, which means that shallower groundwater intrudes into the deep one because of excessive groundwater pumping from the mid‐1980s. This flux grows about 50% during the 2000s. This result is consistent with the detection of CFC‐12 and SF6, which functions as an indicator of young groundwater even in the deep groundwater. The rejuvenation ratio ‘R’ was determined using 14C activity in the groundwater; R increases with the CFC‐12 concentration and both show good correlation. Furthermore, we estimated the ‘vertical downward flux’ at each well's screen depth using model estimation. Results show that this flux is greater in the urban groundwater depression area and especially at shallower parts of the deep aquifer, and that it affects the magnitude of the shallow groundwater intrusion. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies of in situ‐forming hydrogels by blending PLA‐PEG‐PLA copolymer with silk fibroin solution
Authors: Zhong Tianyi , Deng Chunmin , Gao Yanfei , Chen Mei , Zuo Baoqi
Published: May 2012

Hydrogels had been prepared by blending PLA‐PEG‐PLA copolymer with Bombyx mori silk fibroin (SF) solution. Copolymers were synthesized by ring opening polymerization of L‐lactide in the presence of dihydroxyl PEG with molar mass of 400 and 1000, and characterized by using 1H NMR and DSC. Hydrogels formed leaf‐like lamellar structures with many nanoglobules which may reserve drugs or growth factors more effectively. Rheological measurements indicated that the adding of copolymer significantly accelerated the hydrogelation of silk fibroin solution which leads to orders‐of‐magnitude increase in the complex shear modulus to form rigid hydrogel. Hydrogelation kinetics could be controlled easily by changing the concentration ratio, kinds of copolymer and hydrogelation temperature, suggesting the hydrogels could be formed in situ under physiological conditions with suitable mechanical properties. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, and differential thermal analysis were employed to study the structure of hydrogels. The copolymer and SF in blend hydrogels were phase separation. There was an increase of β‐sheet content and formation of silk II structure during hydrogelation. These results may indicate that copolymer/SF hydrogels could be a valuable candidate scaffold as in situ‐forming hydrogels for drug/growth factor release in tissue engineering. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Olfactory sensilla on antennae and maxillary palps of Fannia hirticeps (Stein, 1892) (Diptera: Fanniidae)
Authors: Wang Qi‐Ke , Zhang Ming , Li Kai , Zhang Dong
Published: May 2012

The Fanniidae is one of four families in the superfamily Muscoidea (Diptera), including some important medical and hygienic flies. There is a paucity of reports on the ultrastructure of olfactory sensilla for the fanniid species. To provide more information on the morphology of the antennal and palpal sensilla of fanniid fly, Fannia hirticeps (Stein, 1892) has been studied using scanning electron microscopy. The first two antennal segments, scape and pedicel, are covered by microtrichiae and several chaetic sensilla. Six distinct morphological types of sensilla are recorded on the antennal funiculus, including one trichoid, two basiconic, two coeloconic sensilla, and one clavate sensilla. The measurement and density of each sensilla type are also provided. The trichoid sensilla tend to be longer and denser toward the apex of antennal funiculus. Basiconic sensilla spread all over the funicular surface. F. hirticeps bears two types of coeloconic sensilla, type 2 coeloconic sensilla distributed on the distal part of the anterior surface, whereas type 1 distributed on the rest of the funiculus. Clavate sensilla are found on the base of antennal funiculus. Only one large sensory pit is located on the posterior surface. Maxillary palps bear one type of basiconic sensilla. These results are compared with eight other muscid flies. Our findings provide a morphological basis for future investigations on olfactory‐mediated behavior of this group. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Data assimilation of Island climate observations with large‐scale re‐analysis data to high‐resolution grids
Authors: Lin Shu‐Hua , Liu Chung‐Ming
Published: May 2012

Data assimilation is important for the spatial analysis of small regions with complex terrain and diverse climates and for interpolation among observations. A data assimilation method incorporating observations, coarse‐grid re‐analysis data and physiographical features is demonstrated to generate high‐resolution temperature data for small islands such as Taiwan. The method is also able to weigh physiographic and anthropogenic factors. Among the spatial factors, the orographic effect is the dominating factor and the lapse rate varies seasonally. Population density is significantly related to temperature, which may correspond to the urban heat‐island (UHI) effect. It is also shown that an anthropogenic factor could be used with this interpolation method to explain the details of the temperature variation. The data assimilation model provides an opportunity to assess the extent to which simple statistical regression equations, calibrated from natural variability, can reproduce climate changes driven by land effects without considering a complex climate model. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Impact of cycling temperatures on Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium graminearum growth and mycotoxins production in soybean
Authors: Garcia Daiana , Barros Germán , Chulze Sofía , Ramos Antonio J. , Sanchis Vicente , Marín Sonia
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND: Fusarium graminearum and F. verticillioides are two very important mycotoxigenic species as they cause diverse diseases in crops. The effects of constant and cycling temperatures on growth and mycotoxin production of these species were studied on soybean based medium and on irradiated soya beans.

RESULTS: F. graminearum grew better when was incubated at 15, 20 and 15–20 °C (isothermal or cycling temperature) during 21 days of incubation. Maximum levels of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol (39.25 and 1040.4 µg g−1, respectively) were detected on soya beans after 15 days of incubation and the optimal temperature for mycotoxin production was 15 °C for zearalenone and 20 °C for deoxynivalenol. F. verticillioides grew better at 25 °C in culture medium and at 15/20 °C and 15/25 °C on soybean seeds. Fumonisin B1 was produced only in culture medium, and the maximum level (7.38 µg g−1) was found at 15 °C after 7 days of incubation.

CONCLUSION: When growth and mycotoxin production under cycling temperatures were predicted from the results under constant conditions, observed values were different from calculated for both species and substrate medium. Therefore, care should be taken if data at constant temperature conditions are to be extrapolated to real field conditions. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Bipolar radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors: Technical experience and interval follow‐up in 22 patients with 33 ablations
Authors: Baldwin Keith , Katz Steven C. , Rubin Abigail , Somasundar Ponnandai
Published: May 2012

Introduction

Bipolar radiofrequency ablation (BRFA) of hepatic tumors has short ablation times and may avoid convective heat loss from high‐flow vessels. We evaluated the technical feasibility of and local recurrence following BRFA.

Methods

Twenty‐two patients undergoing 33 laparoscopic BRFA were identified from September 2007 to April 2009. Lesion size, ablation times, morbidity, and pathologic presence of tumor after resection were evaluated. The ablation site recurrence rate is reported with median follow‐up time of 24 months (range, 7–42).

Results

Ablation was performed for colorectal cancer hepatic metastases (CRCHM, n = 17), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, n = 2), gallbladder carcinoma (n = 2), or hepatic adenoma (n = 1). Mean lesion size was 3.6 ± 1.3 cm. Mean ablation time was 6.6 min, ±2 min, and there was no significant difference in ablation time for lesions <3 cm (5.5 ± 1.7 min) and those >3 cm (7 ± 2.9 min), P = 0.13. In each of five CRCHM patients who underwent staged hepatic resection, there was no histologic evidence of tumor in ablated areas. One ablation site recurrence occurred in the CRCHM group.

Conclusion

BRFA achieves efficient ablation times using line of sight energy delivery. The short ablation times and the pathologic absence of viable tumor in post‐BRFA resected specimens support further study of BRFA as a hepatic ablation method. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:905–910. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Continuous analogs of Schur extension problems and bitangential generalizations
Authors: Arov Damir Z. , Dym Harry
Published: May 2012

The classical Schur extension problem is to describe the set of contractive holomorphic functions s(ζ) in the open unit disk of the form

It is well‐known that this set is nonempty if and only if the (n + 1) × (n + 1) lower triangular Toeplitz matrix A with entries aij = ai − j is contractive, i.e., if and only if In + 1 − AA* ≥ 0; see e.g., p. 79 of 5. In this paper the analogue of this problem for mvf's (matrix valued functions) that are holomorphic and contractive in the open upper half plane and bitangential generalizations thereof are studied.
Consumer Behavior in Later Life: Current Knowledge, Issues, and New Directions for Research
Authors: Moschis George P.
Published: May 2012

The aging of the Earth's populations has been creating increasing interest in older consumers among researchers, marketers, and policymakers. Yet previous research efforts have produced little knowledge to help explain consumer behavior in later life. The main reason for this limited knowledge may be a lack of theoretical and methodological bases for studying the consumption patterns of older generations. This article advocates the value of emergent paradigms and methods that are becoming increasingly popular in behavioral sciences and hold promise for studying the consumer behavior of older adults. It particularly recommends approaches that emphasize the importance of examining consumers in the context of the time and life circumstances in which they are embedded, and it builds a research agenda to help address contemporary research issues and guide further research.
Adolescent Evaluations of Brand Extensions: The Influence of Reference Group
Authors: Liu Xin , Hu Jing
Published: May 2012

This study examines the reference group effect on adolescent evaluations of brand extension. Three factors are important to this process: the product fit between parent and extension category (similar vs. dissimilar), the consumption type of the extension product (public vs. private), and the parent brand image (prestige‐oriented vs. functional‐oriented). An experiment with 217 teenagers generally supports the hypotheses. Results suggest that adolescents are willing to pay a higher price premium to publicly consumed brand extension product than a privately consumed. In addition, the level of category similarity enhances the consumption type effect. Managerial implications on brand extension strategy in adolescent's market are discussed.
Indications and complications of transfusions in sickle cell disease
Authors: Smith‐Whitley Kim , Thompson Alexis A.
Published: May 2012

Red cell transfusion remains an important part of the management of acute and chronic complications in SCD. The ongoing and emerging uses of transfusions in SCD may have significant benefits; however, the potential complications of transfusions also deserve careful consideration. In this report we review current indications for transfusions, transfusion complications, modifications of transfusion practices to mitigate risk, and potential considerations to improve transfusion outcomes. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:358–364. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In situ polymerization of polyamide 66 nanocomposites utilizing interfacial polycondensation. III. Co‐synthesis of silica nanocomposites via sol–gel chemistry
Authors: Kalkan‐Sevinc Z.S. , Goettler L.A.
Published: May 2012

In situ co‐synthesis of nylon 66 (PA66)‐silica nanocomposites can be accomplished through sol–gel chemistry conducted simultaneously with the nylon polymerization. Unfunctionalized silica nanocomposites and bonded silica nanocomposites wherein the inorganic silica phase chemically couples to the nylon polymer through a functionalized silane are generated via the simultaneous initiation of synthesis reactions in the inorganic and organic species. The effects of agitation and water‐to‐silane molar ratio on the courses of the inorganic and organic reactions and the generated silica morphology in the resulting nanocomposites are investigated using the tools of Brookfield Viscometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Dynamic mechanical analysis confirms the mechanical reinforcement of the various nanocomposites in relation to their silica content and network morphology. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Ink formulation and low‐temperature incorporation of sodium to yield 12% efficient Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells from sulfide nanocrystal inks
Authors: Guo Qijie , Ford Grayson M. , Agrawal Rakesh , Hillhouse Hugh W.
Published: May 2012

Solution phase deposition methods offer great potential for low‐cost photovoltaic device fabrication. We have previously developed a method for copper indium gallium disulfoselenide (CIGSSe) device fabrication based on drop‐casting copper indium gallium disulfide (CIGS) nanocrystals in a toluene or hexane‐based ink followed by chalcogen exchange in elemental selenium vapor at 500 °C. By starting with the chalcopyrite or sphaelerite phase of CIGS nanocrystals with controlled stoichiometry, superior composition uniformity can be achieved inherently. Here, we present a dramatic improvement in ink formulation using alkanethiol as the solvent, which enables the ability to create uniform nanocrystal coatings over large areas using a simple knife coating technique. In addition, we show a major improvement in device performance by a simple and low‐temperature method of incorporating sodium into the CIGSSe film based on soaking the films in aqueous NaCl solution. The addition of sodium plays an important role in improving the structural properties of the resulting CIGSSe films, where large and densely packed grain can be obtained. The improved film morphology significantly reduces recombination losses in the resulting device leading to a dramatically enhanced device performance. With the use of standard glass/Mo/CIGSSe/CdS/i‐ZnO/ITO device structure, photovoltaic devices yield total area power conversion efficiency as high as 12.0% under AM1.5 illumination without an anti‐reflection coating. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
18O distributions in porous anodic alumina by plasma profiling time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and nuclear reaction analysis
Authors: Baron Wiecheć A. , Tempez A. , Skeldon P. , Chapon P. , Thompson G. E.
Published: May 2012

A comparison is made between plasma profiling time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (PP‐TOFMS) and nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) for depth profiling of 18O tracer in porous anodic oxide films on aluminum. The films were formed galvanostatically, for a range of times, using phosphoric acid electrolytes that were either enriched in 18O or of the natural isotopic concentration. The morphologies of the films were determined by electron microscopy. The findings from PP‐TOFMS and NRA reveal a partitioning of the tracer between the surface regions and buried layers of the films. However, a relatively high background of 16O in PP‐TOFMS prevents a reliable quantification of the concentration of 18O. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic wind turbine output power reduction under varying wind speed conditions due to inertia
Authors: Tang Chun , Soong Wen L. , Freere Peter , Pathmanathan Mehanathan , Ertugrul Nesimi
Published: May 2012

The inertia of wind turbines causes a reduction in their output power due to their inability to operate at the turbine maximum co‐efficient of performance point under dynamic wind conditions. In this paper, this dynamic power reduction is studied analytically and using simulations, assuming that a steady‐state optimal torque control strategy is used.

The concepts of the natural and actual turbine time‐constant are introduced, and typical values for these parameters are examined. It is shown that for the typical turbine co‐efficient of performance curve used, the average turbine speed can be assumed to be determined by the average wind speed. With this assumption, analytical expressions for the power reduction with infinite and then finite turbine inertia are determined for sine‐wave wind speed variations. The results are then generalized for arbitrary wind speed profiles.

A numerical wind turbine system simulation model is used to validate the analytical results for step and sine‐wave wind speed variations. Finally, it is used with real wind speed data to compare with the analytical predictions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute Appendicitis in a Developing Country
Authors: Kong Victor Y. , Bulajic Bojana , Allorto Nikki L. , Handley Jonathan , Clarke Damian L.
Published: May 2012

Background

This prospective audit of appendicitis at a busy regional hospital reviews the spectrum and outcome of acute appendicitis in rural and peri‐urban South Africa.

Method

We conducted a prospective audit from September 2010 to September 2011 at Edendale Hospital in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.

Results

Over the year under review, a total of 200 patients with a provisional diagnosis of acute appendicitis were operated on at Edendale Hospital. There were 128 males (64 %) in this cohort. The mean duration of illness prior to seeking medical attention was 3.7 days. Surgical access was by a midline laparotomy in 62.5 % and by a Lanz incision in 35.5 %. Two percent of patients underwent a laparoscopic appendicectomy. The operative findings were as follows: macroscopic inflammation of the appendix without perforation in 35.5 % (71/200) and perforation of the appendix in 57 % (114/200). Of the perforated appendices, 44 % (51/114) were associated with localised intra‐abdominal contamination and 55 % (63/114) had generalised four‐quadrant soiling. Thirty percent (60/200) required temporary abdominal closure (TAC) with planned repeat operation. Major complications included hospital‐acquired pneumonia in 12.5 % (25/200), wound dehiscence in 7 % (14/200), and renal failure in 3 % (6/200). Postoperatively 89.5 % (179/200) were admitted directly to the general wards, while 11 % (21/200) required admission to the intensive care unit. The overall mortality rate was 2 % (4/200).

Conclusions

The incidence of acute appendicitis amongst African patients seems to be increasing. Although it is still lower than the reported incidence amongst patients in the developed world, it is a common emergency that places a significant burden on the South African health service. The disease presents late and is associated with a high incidence of perforation which translates into significant morbidity and even mortality.
Gallstones Are Associated with Colonic Adenoma: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Chiong Corinna , Cox Michael R. , Eslick Guy D.
Published: May 2012

Background

Increased levels of secondary bile acids after gallstone disease and cholecystectomy are believed to increase the risk of colorectal cancer. It remains unclear whether there is a similar risk of developing adenomas. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to determine the risk of developing colonic adenomas following gallstone disease or cholecystectomy.

Methods

The study was based on a systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Current Contents (1950–2012). Selection criteria were developed to sort for studies exploring the relationship between cholelithiasis, cholecystectomy, and colonic adenoma in an adult population. A random‐effects model was used to generate pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Publication bias and heterogeneity were assessed.

Results

Of the 1,276 studies identified, 14 were suitable for final analysis. There were 253,059 subjects in total, 42,543 of whom were diagnosed with colonic adenoma, and 28,281 of whom had gallstones or underwent cholecystectomy. There was a significant risk of developing colonic adenoma if gallstones were present (OR = 2.26; 95 % CI = 1.83–2.81). A risk was also seen with cholecystectomy (OR = 1.15; 95 % CI = 1.04–1.26), but this risk was negated when only adjusted odds were selected (OR = 1.01; 95 % CI = 0.91–1.12). No publication bias and only low levels of heterogeneity existed.

Conclusions

Gallstones increase the risk of colonic adenoma. No association exists with cholecystectomy.
Effect of Organic Additives on the Phase Separation Phenomenon of Amphiphilic Drug Solutions
Authors: Rub Malik Abdul , Asiri Abdullah M. , Kumar Dileep , Khan Anish , Khan Aftab Aslam Parwaz , Azum Naved , Kabir‐ud‐Din
Published: May 2012

The effect of various organic additives, viz. sugars, ureas, alcohols, hydrotropes and bile salts on the clouding (phase separation) phenomenon of the amphiphilic antidepressant drug amitriptyline hydrochloride was investigated in the present study. All sugars lowered the cloud point (CP) due to their water structure‐making property. Urea and alkylureas were found to lower the CP. In contrast, thioureas increased the CP slightly, but the presence of methyl group(s) had a similar effect in alkylureas. Short chain alcohols affected the CP insignificantly while higher ones decreased it, and medium chain alcohols showed peak behavior. Addition of hydrotropes and bile salts increased the CP at lower concentrations, while a decrease was observed at higher concentrations (like the medium chain alcohols). In addition, thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated but only for those additives which formed mixed micelles with the drug.
Maser Sources in Astrophysics
Authors: Gray Malcolm
Published: May 2012

Masers are observed at a range of scales - from comets, through star-forming clouds, to galactic nuclei - and have many astrophysical applications, for example measuring cosmological distances. Written for postgraduate students and professional researchers in molecular astrophysics, this volume is an up-to-date survey of the theory and observations of astrophysical maser sources and their use as astronomical tools. The book summarizes the history of the discovery of various maser molecules and lines, and discusses maser observations on various scales. The theory is discussed in detail, including the quantum-mechanical response of the molecules, before being linked to more general radiation transfer. A discussion of spectral-line radio astronomy techniques shows how maser observations can be applied more generally to radio astronomy. The book introduces new and projected instruments, including ALMA and SKA. Additional topics address the radiation statistics of astrophysical masers, and numerical methods of analysis.
Agreements
Authors: Black Oliver
Published: May 2012

Combining rigorous philosophical analysis with a deep knowledge of law, this study of agreements illuminates legal doctrine by philosophical theory and vice versa. Against the prevailing philosophical view of agreements, the book argues that they are to be understood in terms not of promises but of offer and acceptance. Topics covered include the obligations associated with agreements; the practical reasoning that leads parties to make and perform agreements; the relation between agreement and intention; and the reasons the State has to intervene in agreements. There are also separate chapters devoted to doctrines of agreement in the laws of contract, competition and conspiracy.
Staying Roman
Authors: Conant Jonathan
Published: May 2012

What did it mean to be Roman once the Roman Empire had collapsed in the West? Staying Roman examines Roman identities in the region of modern Tunisia and Algeria between the fifth-century Vandal conquest and the seventh-century Islamic invasions. Using historical, archaeological and epigraphic evidence, this study argues that the fracturing of the empire's political unity also led to a fracturing of Roman identity along political, cultural and religious lines, as individuals who continued to feel 'Roman' but who were no longer living under imperial rule sought to redefine what it was that connected them to their fellow Romans elsewhere. The resulting definitions of Romanness could overlap, but were not always mutually reinforcing. Significantly, in late antiquity Romanness had a practical value, and could be used in remarkably flexible ways to foster a sense of similarity or difference over space, time and ethnicity, in a wide variety of circumstances.
Iron and Steel
Authors: Hosford William F.
Published: May 2012

This book is intended both as a resource for engineers and as an introduction to the layman about our most important metal system. After an introduction that deals with the history and refining of iron and steel, the rest of the book examines their physical properties and metallurgy. To elaborate on the importance of iron and steel, we can refer to the fact that modern civilization as we know it would not be possible without it. Steel is essential in the machinery necessary for manufacturing that meets our needs. Even the words themselves have come to suggest strength. Phrases such as 'iron willed', 'iron fisted', 'iron clad', 'iron curtain' and 'pumping iron' imply strength. A 'steely glance' is a stern look. 'A heart of steel' refers to a very hard demeanor. The Russian dictator, Stalin (which means steel in Russian), chose the name to invoke fear in those under him.
Memoirs of the Life and Philanthropic Labours of Andrew Reed, D.D.
Authors: Reed Andrew
Published: May 2012

Andrew Reed (1787–1862) was a Congregational minister, an energetic philanthropist and a highly successful fundraiser. He began to study theology at Hackney Academy in 1807 and was ordained minister in 1811, serving in this role until 1861. He helped to found numerous charitable institutions, most notably the London Orphan Asylum, the Asylum for Fatherless Children, the Asylum for Idiots, the Infant Orphan Asylum, and the Hospital for Incurables. In addition to his charitable work, he found time to write. He compiled a hymn book, and published sermons, devotional books and an account of his visit to America in 1834, when he received a Doctorate of Divinity from Yale. This biography of Reed, compiled by two of his sons, was first published in 1863. It describes his many achievements, using selections from Reed's own journals, and includes a list of his publications.
The Constitutional History of England, in its Origin and Development
Authors: Stubbs William
Published: May 2012

William Stubbs (1825–1901), one of the leading historians of his generation, pursued his academic research alongside his work as a clergyman. He was elected Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford in 1866 and appointed a bishop in 1884. Stubbs was a foundational figure in medieval English history, with a special interest in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The three-volume study reissued here, originally published between 1874 and 1878, was one of his most influential works. Nine editions appeared during his lifetime and it was prescribed reading for generations of students. It traces the evolution of English political institutions from the early Anglo-Saxon invasions of Britain to 1485, relying mainly on primary sources. Volume 3, published in 1878, examines the developing role of Parliament during the Hundred Years' War, as well as considering the changing relationship between church and state towards the end of the Middle Ages.
History of Civilization in England
Authors: Buckle Henry Thomas
Published: May 2012

English historian Henry Thomas Buckle (1821–62) was born into the family of a wealthy London merchant. A child of delicate health, and tutored privately at home, he never attended university. Nevertheless, it was clear that he was meant for intellectual pursuits and by the age of twenty he was a formidable chess player. With his love of books and reading, he set out on an ambitious plan to write a fourteen-volume history of civilisation, and at the same time to put historical research on a more scientific basis. The work would have included a greater number of countries, but due to his early death, only two volumes exist. Published in 1857, this is the first of two volumes that make up Buckle's unfinished history of civilisation. It focuses on England and France, and their intellectual, political, religious and social histories.
History of the United Netherlands
Authors: Motley John Lothrop
Published: May 2012

American historian John Lothrop Motley (1814–77) graduated from Harvard in 1831. During 1832 and 1833 he studied in Göttingen before returning to the United States. Already the author of two novels and numerous essays, he began to plan a history of the Netherlands, but, unable to find all the source material he needed in America, he returned to Europe in 1851, this time with his family. His first book on the subject was the widely acclaimed Rise of the Dutch Republic, which covered events up to 1584. Motley published this more ambitious four-volume sequel, covering events in the period 1584–1609, between 1860 and 1867. Volume 4 discusses the implications for the Dutch of the death of England's Elizabeth I, and describes the Treaty of Antwerp (1609), which imposed a truce of twelve years between Spain and the Netherlands. This final volume includes a cumulative index.
The Criminal Prisons of London
Authors: Mayhew Henry , Binny John
Published: May 2012

Henry Mayhew (1812–87), social reformer and journalist, is well known for his classic work of research on the London poor (also reissued in this series) and as one of the co-founders of Punch magazine in 1841. While working as the metropolitan correspondent for the London Morning Chronicle, Mayhew initiated several investigations into London's poor and the state of the city's prisons. Sourcing his information from guards and from prisoners themselves, Mayhew's monumental study of London criminal life (co-written with John Binny and published in 1862) includes analyses of crime areas, crime classifications and the state of the different prisons connected to them, observations on juvenile delinquents, and methods of discipline and control of prisoners. The book also provides detailed police and criminal statistics. His survey ultimately concluded that all of London's prisons were lacking in basic human necessities and were greatly in need of reform.
The State of Prisons of England, Scotland and Wales
Authors: Neild James
Published: May 2012

James Neild (1744–1814), penal reformer and philanthropist, first became interested in the welfare of prisoners after visiting a friend jailed for debt. He went on to investigate prisons across Britain, France, Flanders, and Germany, fundraising to release those incarcerated for petty debt. In 1772 he helped establish the Society for the Relief and Discharge of Persons Imprisoned for Small Debts (the Thatched House Society), which succeeded in freeing over 16,000 debtors. Published in 1812, this work records the findings of Neild's thorough survey of debtors' prisons in Britain, and also discusses those imprisoned for other minor criminal offences. Neild exposes the harsh sentences assigned to debtors and petty criminals, using this evidence to support his campaign to improve the conditions of the prisoners and to stop imprisonment for debt. His efforts to improve the conditions of prisoners eventually influenced parliamentary reforms of the penal system.
The Wild Garden
Authors: Robinson William
Published: May 2012

An Irish-born gardener and writer, William Robinson (1838–1935) travelled widely to study gardens and gardening in Europe and America. He founded a weekly illustrated periodical, The Garden, in 1871, which he owned until 1919, and published numerous books on different aspects of horticulture. His most famous book, The English Flower Garden (also reprinted in this series), was published in 1883, and fifteen editions were issued in his lifetime. The Wild Garden, published in 1870, attacks contemporary fashions in public parks and private gardens, which involved showy masses of colour in labour-intensive summer bedding, using mostly subtropical and exotic species. He calls for a return to native species, found in traditional English gardens, pointing out that these are more economical than short-lived annuals, and that there is much greater variety available to the garden designer. He suggests plants more suitable for the English climate, and exotics more capable of naturalisation.
Infant nutrition in relation to eating behaviour and fruit and vegetable intake at age 5 years
Authors: Möller Lisanne M. , de Hoog Marieke L. A. , van Eijsden Manon , Gemke Reinoud J. B. J. , Vrijkotte Tanja G. M.
Published: May 2012

Infant nutrition may influence eating behaviour and food preferences in later life. The present study explores whether exclusive breast-feeding duration and age at introduction of solid foods are associated with children's eating behaviour and fruit and vegetable intake at age 5 years. Data were derived from the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study, a prospective birth cohort in the Netherlands, and included 3624 children. During infancy, data on infant nutrition were collected. Child eating behaviour (satiety responsiveness, enjoyment of food, slowness in eating and food responsiveness) was assessed with the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire; and fruit and vegetable intake was calculated from a validated child FFQ. Both questionnaires were filled in by the mothers after their child turned 5 years. Exclusive breast-feeding duration was not associated with later eating behaviour, although longer exclusive breast-feeding was significantly associated with a higher vegetable intake at age 5 years. Compared with the introduction of solid foods at age 6 months, introduction before the age of 4 months was associated with less satiety responsiveness at age 5 years (β − 0·09; 95 % CI − 0·16, − 0·02). Introducing solid foods after 6 months was associated with less enjoyment of food (β − 0·07; 95 % CI − 0·12, − 0·01) and food responsiveness (β − 0·04; 95 % CI − 0·07, − 0·01). Introducing solid foods before the age of 4 months was associated with a higher fruit intake compared with introduction at 6 months. These findings suggest that prolonged breast-feeding and introduction of solid foods between 4 and 6 months may lead to healthier eating behaviour and food preferences at age 5 years.
Development of bioelectrical impedance analysis-based equations for estimation of body composition in postpartum rural Bangladeshi women
Authors: Shaikh Saijuddin , Schulze Kerry J. , Kurpad Anura , Ali Hasmot , Shamim Abu Ahmed , Mehra Sucheta , Wu Lee S.-F. , Rashid Mahbubar , Labrique Alain B. , Christian Parul , West Keith P.
Published: May 2012

Equations for predicting body composition from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) parameters are age-, sex- and population-specific. Currently there are no equations applicable to women of reproductive age in rural South Asia. Hence, we developed equations for estimating total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass in rural Bangladeshi women using BIA, with 2H2O dilution as the criterion method. Women of reproductive age, participating in a community-based placebo-controlled trial of vitamin A or β-carotene supplementation, were enrolled at 19·7 (sd 9·3) weeks postpartum in a study to measure body composition by 2H2O dilution and impedance at 50 kHz using multi-frequency BIA (n 147), and resistance at 50 kHz using single-frequency BIA (n 82). TBW (kg) by 2H2O dilution was used to derive prediction equations for body composition from BIA measures. The prediction equation was applied to resistance measures obtained at 13 weeks postpartum in a larger population of postpartum women (n 1020). TBW, FFM and fat were 22·6 (sd 2·7), 30·9 (sd 3·7) and 10·2 (sd 3·8) kg by 2H2O dilution. Height2/impedance or height2/resistance and weight provided the best estimate of TBW, with adjusted R2 0·78 and 0·76, and with paired absolute differences in TBW of 0·02 (sd 1·33) and 0·00 (sd 1·28) kg, respectively, between BIA and 2H2O. In the larger sample, values for TBW, FFM and fat were 23·8, 32·5 and 10·3 kg, respectively. BIA can be an important tool for assessing body composition in women of reproductive age in rural South Asia where poor maternal nutrition is common.
Complementarity of the Mini-Nutritional Assessment and Activities of Daily Living for predicting follow-up mortality risk in elderly Taiwanese
Authors: Tsai Alan C. , Lee Li-Chin , Wang Jiun-Yi
Published: May 2012

Physical functional ability and nutritional status are two major indicators for predicting the risk of mortality in older adults. The present study examined the complementarity of the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and the Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA) for predicting follow-up 4-year all-cause mortality risk in elderly Taiwanese. We analysed data of the ‘Survey of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan’, a population-based longitudinal cohort study which involved 2872 men and women of ≥ 65 years old at baseline (1999). We rated their functional dependency with the ADL scale and nutritional status with the MNA (both the long form, LF and the short form, SF) at baseline, and analysed the complementarity of the two scales in predicting follow-up 4-year all-cause mortality with Cox regression analysis and the net reclassification improvement (NRI) to quantify the improvement. The results showed that both ADL and MNA offered improvement in predicting follow-up mortality risk beyond that predicted by either one alone according to the Akaike information criterion and the NRI. The MNA-SF was nearly as effective as the MNA-LF in improving the predictive ability of the ADL. The present study suggests that the MNA (especially the SF because of its simplicity and time-saving feature) together with the ADL scale might be of value for predicting the mortality risk of frail elderly living in various settings.
The effects of prebiotics on the digestive enzymes and gut histomorphology of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops× M. saxatilis)
Authors: Anguiano Maritza , Pohlenz Camilo , Buentello Alejandro , Gatlin Delbert M.
Published: May 2012

The effects of four prebiotics (fructo-oligosaccharide, Bio-MOS®, transgalacto-oligosaccharide and GroBiotic®-A) on digestive enzymes and intestinal morphology were studied in juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis) and red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) using two separate 8-week feeding trials. Red drum were fed experimental diets with the four prebiotics each individually supplemented at 1 % and hybrid striped bass were fed diets supplemented with GroBiotic®-A at 1 and 2 %. Both trials were conducted with each diet fed to apparent satiation twice per d to three replicate groups of fifteen juvenile fish. For histomorphological analysis, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) samples from three randomly selected fish per tank were taken at 4 and 8 weeks for hybrid striped bass and at 8 weeks for red drum. For both trials, GIT samples from two randomly selected fish per tank were taken at 4 and 8 weeks and analysed for pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, aminopeptidase, α-amylase, lipase, and both acid and alkaline phosphatase activities. The results of the histological evaluation indicated that the inclusion of prebiotics was adequate to elicit structural changes in the GIT of both species. On the other hand, no significant changes in the enzyme activities were detected at week 8 in both species. However, there was a transient effect of Bio-MOS® supplementation on the activities of aminopeptidase, α-amylase and alkaline phosphatase at week 4 in red drum only. Thus, previously observed improvements in nutrient digestibility by these fish in response to prebiotic supplementation appear to be mostly related to changes in GIT structure as opposed to the enhancement of digestive enzyme activity.
POTS, PIRACY AND AEGILA: HELLENISTIC CERAMICS FROM AN INTENSIVE SURVEY OF ANTIKYTHERA, GREECE
Authors: Johnston Alan , Quercia Alessandro , Tsaravopoulos Aris , Bevan Andrew , Conolly James
Published: May 2012

The small Greek island of Antikythera has a long history of human exploitation, of which one of the most interesting episodes is represented by a fortified settlement on the north coast of the island that can be plausibly identified as a centre of Hellenistic piratical activity. Hellenistic ‘Aegila’ has left both impressive standing remains and a range of portable finds that have attracted academic interest over much of the last two centuries. This paper examines the pottery assemblage from this period recovered during a recent intensive survey over the island's entire extent. We consider the spatial and typological character of this material as well as the implications it has for the Hellenistic community's wider social, economic and political connections.
Getting a Directed Hamilton Cycle Two Times Faster
Authors: LEE CHOONGBUM , SUDAKOV BENNY , VILENCHIK DAN
Published: May 2012

Consider the random graph process where we start with an empty graph on n vertices and, at time t, are given an edge et chosen uniformly at random among the edges which have not appeared so far. A classical result in random graph theory asserts that w.h.p. the graph becomes Hamiltonian at time (1/2+o(1))n log n. On the contrary, if all the edges were directed randomly, then the graph would have a directed Hamilton cycle w.h.p. only at time (1+o(1))n log n. In this paper we further study the directed case, and ask whether it is essential to have twice as many edges compared to the undirected case. More precisely, we ask if, at time t, instead of a random direction one is allowed to choose the orientation of et, then whether or not it is possible to make the resulting directed graph Hamiltonian at time earlier than n log n. The main result of our paper answers this question in the strongest possible way, by asserting that one can orient the edges on-line so that w.h.p. the resulting graph has a directed Hamilton cycle exactly at the time at which the underlying graph is Hamiltonian.
Recent advances in methods of lexical semantic relatedness – a survey
Authors: ZHANG ZIQI , GENTILE ANNA LISA , CIRAVEGNA FABIO
Published: May 2012

Measuring lexical semantic relatedness is an important task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). It is often a prerequisite to many complex NLP tasks. Despite an extensive amount of work dedicated to this area of research, there is a lack of an up-to-date survey in the field. This paper aims to address this issue with a study that is focused on four perspectives: (i) a comparative analysis of background information resources that are essential for measuring lexical semantic relatedness; (ii) a review of the literature with a focus on recent methods that are not covered in previous surveys; (iii) discussion of the studies in the biomedical domain where novel methods have been introduced but inadequately communicated across the domain boundaries; and (iv) an evaluation of lexical semantic relatedness methods and a discussion of useful lessons for the development and application of such methods. In addition, we discuss a number of issues in this field and suggest future research directions. It is believed that this work will be a valuable reference to researchers of lexical semantic relatedness and substantially support the research activities in this field.
A Proper, Fitting Explanation?
Authors: Chapple Alison , Ziebland Sue , Hawton Keith
Published: May 2012

Background: As in several other countries, inquiries after a suspected suicide in England and Wales now routinely seek to include both medico-legal and family perspectives on the character and motivations of the person who died. Little research attention, however, has been paid to the reactions of the bereaved to the coroner’s verdict. Aims: To explore people’s accounts of their acceptance or resistance to the verdict and the resources they draw upon in explaining their perspectives, especially when these contraindicate the coroner’s verdict. Methods: Indepth interviews with 40 people who had been bereaved by suicide, followed by qualitative analysis, combining thematic analysis with constant comparison. Results: Bereaved relatives who saw the suicide verdict as a correct reflection of events drew on the conventional constructions of suicide used by coroners, and (thus) the media. Relatives who resisted a suicide verdict referred to their privileged knowledge and beliefs about the person who had died, producing claims about their character, relationships, and motivations which often contradicted the conventional cues, such as a diagnosis of mental illness, previous attempts at suicide, method used, and suicide notes. For some relatives an open verdict was acceptable, even desirable, while for others it left too much uncertainty. Conclusions: The findings have implications for coroner’s practice, understanding varied responses of people bereaved by suicide, and for future research.
Beyond Intelligence Testing
Authors: Nicolas Serge , Levine Zachary
Published: May 2012

Though Alfred Binet was a prolific writer, many of his 1893–1903 works are not well known. This is partly due to a lack of English translations of the many important papers and books that he and his collaborators created during this period. Binet’s insights into intelligence testing are widely celebrated, but the centennial of his death provides an occasion to reexamine his other psychological examinations. His studies included many diverse aspects of mental life, including memory research and the science of testimony. Indeed, Binet was a pioneer of psychology and produced important research on cognitive and experimental psychology, developmental psychology, social psychology, and applied psychology. This paper seeks to elucidate these aspects of his work.