bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Order-dependent sampling control of uncertain fractional-order neural networks system
Authors: Zhang Qi , Ge Chao , Zhang Ruonan , Yang Li
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we address the asymptotic stability problem for the
fractional-order neural networks system with uncertainty based on
sampled-data control. First, considering the influence of uncertainty
and fractional-order on the system, a new sampled-data control scheme
with variable sampling period is designed. According to the input delay
approach, the dynamics of the considered fractional-order system is
modeled by a delay system. The main purpose of the problem addressed is
to design a sampled-data controller, such that the closed-loop
fractional-order system can guarantee the asymptotic stability. Then,
the fractional-order Razumishin theorem and linear matrix inequalities
(LMIs) are used to derive the stable conditions. The new delay-dependent
and order-dependent stability conditions are presented in the form of
LMIs. Furthermore, the sampling controller can be obtained to ensure the
stability and stabilization of fractional-order system. Finally, a
numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness and
advantages of the proposed method.
Spatial predictions of tree density and tree height across Mexico´s forests using ensemble learning and forest inventory data (2009-2014)
Authors: Barreras Aylin , Rosa José Alanís de la , Mayorga Rafael , Cuenca Rubi , Moreno-G César , Godinez Carlos , Delgado Carina , Soriano-Luna Maria de los Ángeles , George Stephanie , Leal Metzli Aldrete , Medina Sandra , Romero Johny , Villela Sergio , Lister Andrew , Sheridan Rachel , Flores Rafael , Crowther Tom , Guevara Mario
Published: October 2022

The National Forestry Commission of Mexico continuously monitors forest
structure within the country’s continental territory by the
implementation of the National Forest and Soils Inventory (INFyS). Due
to the challenges involved in collecting data exclusively from field
surveys, there are spatial information gaps for important forest
attributes. This can produce bias or increase uncertainty when
generating estimates required to support forest management decisions.
Our objective is to predict the spatial distribution of tree height and
tree density in all Mexican forests. We performed wall-to-wall spatial
predictions of both attributes in 1-km grids, using ensemble machine
learning across each forest type in Mexico. Predictor variables include
remote sensing imagery and other geospatial data (e.g., vegetation
indexes, surface temperature). Training data is from the 2009-2014 cycle
(n>26,000 sampling plots). Spatial cross validation
suggested that the model had a better performance when predicting tree
height r2=0.4 [0.15,0.55] (mean[min, max]) than for tree density
r2=0.2[0.10,0.31]. Maximum values of tree height were for coniferous
forests, coniferous-broadleaf forests and cloud mountain forest
(~36 m, 30 m and 21 m, respectively). Tropical forests
had maximum values of tree density (~1370 trees/ha),
followed by tropical dry forest (1006 trees/ha) and coniferous forest
(988 trees/ha). Although most forests had relatively low values of
uncertainty, e.g., values <40%, arid and semiarid ecosystems
had high uncertainty in both tree height and tree density predictions,
e.g., values >60%. The applied open science approach we
present is easily replicable and scalable, thus it is helpful to assist
in the decision-making and future of the National Forest and Soils
Inventory. This work highlights the need for technical capabilities
aimed to use and resignify all the effort done by the Mexican Forestry
Commission in implementing the INFyS.
Causal Associations Between Basal Metabolic Rate and COVID-19
Authors: Baranova Ancha , Song Yuqing , Cao Hongbao , Zhang Fuquan
Published: October 2022

Many coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risk factors, including obesity and diabetes, are associated with an abnormal basal metabolic rate (BMR). We aimed to evaluate whether BMR could impact the susceptibility to or severity of COVID-19. We performed genetic correlation and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to assess genetic correlations and potential causal associations between BMR (n = 448,348) and three COVID-19 outcomes: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, COVID-19 hospitalization, and critical COVID-19 (n = 1,086,211–2,597,856). A multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis was used to estimate the direct effect of BMR on COVID-19 independent of BMI and type 2 diabetes. BMR has positive genetic correlations with the COVID-19 outcomes (genetic correlations 0.213–0.266). The MR analyses indicated that genetic liability to BMR confers causal effects on SARS-CoV-2 infection (odds ratio 1.14, 95% CI 1.09–1.20, P = 1.65E−07), hospitalized COVID-19 (1.31, 1.18–1.46, P = 8.69E−07), and critical COVID-19 (1.04, 1.19–1.64, P = 4.89E−05). Sensitivity analysis of MR showed no evidence of directional pleiotropy or heterogeneity, indicating the robustness of its results. The MVMR analysis showed that the causal effects of BMR on hospitalized COVID-19 and critical COVID-19 were dependent on BMI and type 2 diabetes but that BMR may affect the SARS-CoV-2 infection risk independently of BMI and type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 1.09, 95% CI 1.03–1.15, P = 4.82E−03). Our study indicates that a higher BMR contributes to amplifying the susceptibility to and severity of COVID-19. The causal effect of BMR on the severity of COVID-19 may be mediated by BMI and type 2 diabetes.
Facilitators and Barriers to Smart Insulin Pen Use: A Mixed-Method Study of Multidisciplinary Stakeholders From Diabetes Teams in the United States
Authors: Ospelt Emma , Noor Nudrat , Sanchez Janine , Nelson Grace , Rioles Nicole , Malik Faisal S. , Basina Marina , Indyk Justin , Vendrame Francesco , Schmitt Jessica , Scott Mary L. , Ebekozien Osagie
Published: October 2022

  

This study sought to identify barriers and facilitators to successful smart insulin pen (SIP) use and gauge prescribing practices and integration into clinical practice by assessing provider and care team perspectives at participating endocrinology clinics within the T1D Exchange Quality Improvement Collaborative. The identified provider-related, patient-related, and clinic- and operational-level barriers and facilitators varied based on clinic knowledge, capacity, and resources. High-impact barriers included insurance coverage and prescribing processes; high-impact facilitators included improved diabetes clinic visit quality and use of SIPs as an alternative to insulin pump therapy. Findings indicated the need for provider and care team education and training on proper SIP features, use, and prescribing.
The role of social support networks in the dementia literacy of older adults in Wales
Authors:   , Maddock Carol
Published: October 2022

Dementia is a global and national priority although knowledge about it within the general public is low. Raising awareness of dementia has been established as an important area of public health policy. This thesis examined the relationship between general understandings of dementia and influences on attitudes towards risks and lifestyle behaviours, how views are shared, and how interactions with individuals are affected. These relationships are encapsulated within the concept of dementia literacy. Dementia literacy is a relatively new area of investigation, set within the overarching construct of health literacy. Health literacy concerns the capacities of people to meet the complex demands of health, including promoting health and preventing illness, and is important for individuals and communities. This study’s mixed methods approach examined levels of population health literacy and explored understandings of dementia literacy within the older Welsh population. A health literacy measure was imputed using data from the Cognitive Functioning and Ageing Study Wales, a nationally representative survey of older adults. The measure enabled relationships between health literacy and social factors to be determined. In depth interviews with a subset of participants were conducted to provide a picture of dementia literacy and how it was shared within networks. Data were analysed using a qualitative framework approach. Findings indicate that levels of health literacy differ by support network type and social participation. Interviews identified imbalanced, fragmentary and distorted dementia knowledge and an aversion to learning more. Negative attitudes towards dementia discouraged engagement in dementia literacy. Participant’s social contexts did not facilitate knowing more about dementia, due to a mix of fear, fatalism and stigmatising attitudes. Participants reported that support network members frequently deflected attempts to discuss personal worrisome symptoms. Effective DL strategies must incorporate strategies to address fear, fatalism and stigma. An enhanced definition and framework of dementia literacy is suggested.
REGISTER CATEGORIES (FIELD, TENOR, MODE) OF THE TEXT
Authors: Darong Hieronimus Canggung
Published: October 2022

This study is concerned with the employment of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theory in analyzing a speech text. The selected text was reconstructed into some clauses and sentences and subsequently was analyzed in terms of its field, tenor, and mode. The results of the analysis have shown that the register category of the field of the text is the action of America’s change. The tenor as the realization of the interpersonal meaning of the text was the establishment of an intimate relationship that enables the orator to gain support from the audience. Meanwhile, the mode of the texts is categorized as spoken mode because the texts make use of simple nominal groups. Further studies need to cope with other ways of examining field, tenor, and mode as proposed by SFL theory.
Conciencia histórica e interés en la historia de los estudiantes colombianos y españoles de educación secundaria
Authors: Ibagón Martín Nilson Javier , Miralles Martínez Pedro
Published: October 2022

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio comparativo orientado a identificar las concepciones sobre la importancia de cuatro tipos de contenidos formales de enseñanza de la historia (períodos históricos, temas transversales de la historia, historia de lugares y procesos históricos nacionales) de un grupo de estudiantes colombianos (N = 764) y españoles (N = 648) que cursaban el último grado de educación obligatoria en las ciudades de Bogotá y Murcia, respectivamente. Para ello, se empleó un método descriptivo sustentado en la aplicación de un cuestionario cerrado fundamentado en la categoría conciencia histórica, cuyos ítems debían ser valorados por medio de una escala Likert. Los resultados obtenidos permiten afirmar que el interés manifestado por los estudiantes en los contenidos formales propuestos es un indicador que sugiere una revisión crítica de la estructura y el sentido de organización curricular de la enseñanza de la historia en los dos contextos analizados.
Use-Wear and Experiment of the Stone Pendants from the Eneolithic Burials at the Mouth of the Kama River
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology named after A. Kh. Khalikov, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Golubeva Ekaterina N. , Galimova Madina Sh. ,   Institute of Archaeology named after A. Kh. Khalikov, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Bakhmatova Vera N. ,   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: October 2022

The paper presents the results of traceological experiments aimed at obtaining standards of traces that are formed on slate suspensions as a result of their wearing. Some results of an experiment on the use of denticulate slate stamps when applying an ornament to a clay vessel are also considered. These standards were necessary for the verification of previously obtained data on the use-wear research of slate pendants from the Eneolithic burials of the Murzikha II and Tenishevo burial grounds, which were studied in the Republic of Tatarstan, in the area of the Kama – Volga confluence in the second half of the 20th century. These burial grounds have been singled out to a special Ust’-Kama cultural type of the Eneolithic sites. As a result of the experiments, the authors identified two types of traces from wearing slate pendants, which became decisive for the functional identification of artefacts. The experiment also helped to verify the traces on denticulate pendants of the Murzikha II and confirm their use as stamps in the ornamentation of ceramics. However, the presence of linear traces on the teeth of artefact stamps has not yet been reflected on experimental stamps and additional experiments are needed.
Technological Study of Mesh Ceramics from Umilenye Settlement
Authors:   “Kostromskaia Arkheologicheskaia Ekspeditsia” Ltd, Novikov Alexander V. , Shvetsova Anastasia А. ,   The Nizhny Novgorod State Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve
Published: October 2022

Results of the technical and technological study of samples of mesh ceramics (with pockmarked and flamentous prints) from the excavations of V.I. Smirnov in 1927 are considered in the paper. The data obtained showed the similarity of the analyzed vessels in the technology of their manufacture at the preparatory stage of pottery production. Differences in the nature of the treatment of the external surfaces of the vessels did not reveal the presence of relationships with the recipes of the molding masses. Molding masses were mainly prepared on the basis of sanded clays with the addition of artifcial impurities in the form of wood and organic components. The soil was prepared by crushing granite-gneiss rocks of stone to a predominant particle size of 1-2 mm. An organic solution in the fractures of ceramics with pockmarked prints has been tentatively identifed as a squeeze from the manure of ruminants. Such a determination of an organic solution for ceramics with flamentous prints causes diffculties. The combination of mineral and organic inclusions in the composition of the molding mass of mesh ceramics from the Umilenye settlement, in all likelihood, dates back to the Bronze Age. The combination of mineral and organic impurities in the molding mass is observed even among the bearers of the Fatyanoid ceramic traditions. Under the inﬂuence of the Fatyanoid technological traditions, mesh ceramics could be formed in the area of lake.
Seasonality Estimation of Archaeological Sites Basing on Fish Bone Remains. The Case of Eneolithic Workshop Site Fofanovo XIII in Lake Onega
Authors:   The Institute of Problems in Ecology and Mineral Wealth, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Askeyev Igor V. , Tarasov Alexey Yu. ,   Institute of Linguistics, Literature and History, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Shaymuratova Dilyara N. ,   The Institute of Problems in Ecology and Mineral Wealth, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Askeyev Arthur O. ,   The Institute of Problems in Ecology and Mineral Wealth, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Monakhov Sergey P. ,   The Institute of Problems in Ecology and Mineral Wealth, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Askeyev Oleg V. ,   The Institute of Problems in Ecology and Mineral Wealth, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences
Published: October 2022

Excavations of the Eneolithic workshop site for making stone chopping tools the Fofanovo XIII on the western shore of Lake Onega (second half of the IV Millennium calBC) provided representative and faunistic assemblage consisting of relatively well preserved bones for the frst time in the Karelian archaeology. The assemblage makes it possible to study different aspects of the activity of the ancient population related to the exploitation of faunistic resources. The article presents the results of a seasonality estimation that is based on the analysis of the bone remains (vertebrae) of the absolutely prevailing in the assemblage specie – the zander. The authors’ analysis testifes that zander capturing was taking place during the snow-less season. This result confrms interpretation of the site as a specialized complex for seasonal specifc activities and for year-round habitation.
Contacts Between the Populations of Chirkovskya and Asbestos-Tempered Palayguba Ceramics
Authors:   Petrozavodsk State University, Zhul’nikov Aleksandr M.
Published: October 2022

In the end of the last quarter of the III millennium BC populations producing the Chirkovskaya (Fatyanovo-like) pottery combining the late Volosovo and Fatyanovo-Balanovo features migrated from the Upper and Middle Volga to the middle and northern taiga zone of Eastern Europe. On the southern and south-eastern coasts of Lake Onega migrating groups contacted with the aboriginal populations producing the Asbestos-tempered pottery of the Palayguba type. Contacts of the local and incoming groups, according to the results of the study, were restricted only to marriage and can be traced by the changes in the ceramic production. Differences in the spread of decoration motives, characteristic for local varieties of the Chirkovskaya pottery allow the author to suggest two main directions of the inﬂuence of migrating groups onto the aboriginal culture with the Palayguba ceramics. The frst vector of contacts starts in the Middle Volga region, continues to the Sukhona River basin and, through Lacha and Vozhe lakes, proceeds to the south-eastern coast of Onega Lake. The southern vector which is connected to the Upper Volga region, proceeds from the Beloye lake basin to the southern coast of Onega Lake.
Lithic Points in the Epipaleolithic of the North-Western Caucasus: forms and functions (preliminary results based on materials from Mezmaiskaya Cave)
Authors:   The Rostov regional museum of local lore, Revina Elena I. , Poplevko Galina N. ,   Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Golovanova Lyubov V. ,   ANO "Laboratory of Prehistory", Doronichev Vladimir B. ,   ANO "Laboratory of Prehistory"
Published: October 2022

The Epipaleolithic industries of the Caucasus, which have similar technical and typological characteristics, contain also a specific set of lithic points, which includes mainly symmetrically retouched points, the Gravette and microgravette points, and Vachons points, as well as more rare shouldered points and some other diverse forms. The majority of previous functional analyses of the Late Upper Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic lithic points did not involve the study of correlation between the point morphological type and its function. The authors focus on the correlation between the point types and their functions, taking into account a fractional typological division of the tools. The preliminary results of the functional (use-wear) analysis of lithic points from Layer 1–3 (17/16–12/11 ka) in the Mezmaiskaya Cave indicate that all the analyzed symmetrically retouched points can be identified as piercing weapons tips. Other point forms have more diverse functions, although more than half of the Gravette, microgravette and Vachons points were also used as piercing weapons tips.
Economic Specialization of Epipaleolithic Site in Layer 2 at Psytuaje Rockshelter in the Elbrus Region
Authors:   ANO ", Doronicheva Ekaterina V. ,   Laboratory of Prehistory", Golovanova Lyubov V. ,   ANO "Laboratory of Prehistory", Doronichev Vladimir B. ,   ANO "Laboratory of Prehistory", Nedomolkin Andrey G. ,   National Museum of the Adygh Republic, Poplevko Galina N. ,   Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Spasovsky Yuri N. ,   Caucasian State Nature Biosphere reserve named after H. G. Shaposhnikov, Tregub Tamara F. ,   Voronezh State University, Volkov Maksim A. ,   Voronezh State University
Published: October 2022

A comprehensive study of Paleolithic sites using methods from different disciplines makes it possible to reconstruct the time, climate and paleogeography of the area where sites are located, to make assumptions about the strategies of life support and mobility of human groups. The study of stone industries, involving not only the standard technical and typological analysis, but also traceology, provides new data on the function of tools and the occupations of Paleolithic people at the sites. The authors of the current paper used this integrated approach to reconstruct the economic activities of Homo sapiens at the Epipaleolithic site opened recently at Psytuaje Rockshelter in the Elbrus region (NorthCentral Caucasus, Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria). Lithic industry of Layer 2 corresponds to the Epipaleolithic age of this site. The studies carried out show that people here were not only engaged in the knapping of flint and obsidian and the manufacture of tools, but also actively used these tools for butchering hunting prey, possibly processing wood and skins. The study of raw materials and faunal strategies shows that human knew well the resources of the region and actively exploited them.
ARHITEKTONSKI KONCEPTI PRIMENE UNUTRAŠNJEG OSVETLJENJA U PROSTORIMA HOTELA "VOJVODINA" U HERCEG NOVOM
Authors: Matković Marko
Published: October 2022

Ovaj rad prikazuje koncepte i rešenja dizajna enterijera i svetlosti u enterijeru vertikalnih i horizontalnih komunikacija hotela.
ARHITEKTONSKI HIBRID – CENTAR GRADSKIH HITNIH SLUŽBI
Authors: Bajunović Petar
Published: October 2022

Arhitektonski hibrid – centar gradskih hitnih službi, proistekao je iz ideje, da se u Novom naselju (Novi Sad) formira programski hibrid koji će svojom formom i programima komunicirati sa stanovništvom ove lokalne zajednice i na pravi način odgovoriti na senzi­bilitet mesta. Da bi se postiglo navedeno, bilo je potrebno projektovati objekat, koji će preko sistema javnih otvo­renih prostora i sadržaja na nivou prizemlja ostvariti primarni kontakt sa korisnicima i okruženjem, a na os­novu čega se formira koncept vertikalnog razvijanja programa povezanih komunikacionim koridorima (hori­zontalnim i vertikalnim).
Traditional family values as a subject of legal thinking: a hermeneutic approach
Authors: Novikova Svetlana Valerievna , Postolyako Larisa Stanislavovna , Baleevskikh Fedor Valentinovich
Published: October 2022

The purpose of the study is to determine the compliance of the legislative interpretation of the concept of "traditional family values" with the cultural codes of legal consciousness that have developed to the current moment. In connection with this goal, the article examines the types of modern Russian family, taking into account the peculiarities of the mentality, cultural and religious traditions of the peoples of our country, analyzes the content of the norms of the Basic Law, as well as other legislative acts of the Russian Federation. The scientific novelty lies in the application of the methodological tools of legal hermeneutics to determine the content of the concept of "traditional family values" and substantiate the conclusion that the transfer of this concept from broad social contacts to the field of professional legal thinking occurs in accordance with the formed cultural code. As a result of the analysis, the duality of the corresponding cultural code of legal consciousness is revealed.
CIE S 015/E:2005 Lighting of outdoor work places
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

To enable people to perform visual tasks efficiently and accurately, especially during the night, adequate and appropriate lighting has to be provided. The degree of visibility and comfort required in a wide range of outdoor work places is governed by the type and duration of activity.-\n--\n-This standard specifies requirements for lighting of tasks in most outdoor work places and their associated areas in terms of quantity and quality of illumination. In addition recommendations are given for good lighting practice. All usual visual tasks are considered.-\n--\n-After the definitions of terms, the standard gives detailed information on lighting design criteria. Fifteen tables specify the lighting requirements for various areas, tasks and activities, and a short chapter recommends verification procedures. Following a bibliography, an extensive index of areas, tasks and activities facilitates consultation of the tables of the Standard. Keywords: colour appearance, colour rendering, glare, lighting design & specification, illuminance, exterior lighting
CIE 049-1981 Guide on the Emergency Lighting of Building Interior
Authors:   CIE TC 3
Published: October 2022

Superseded by Emergency Lighting-\n--\n-Joint ISO/CIE Standard-\n--\n-ISO 30061:2007(E)/S 020/E:2007-\n--\n-This Standard specifies the luminous requirements for emergency lighting systems installed in premises or locations where such systems are required. It is principally applicable to locations where the public or workers have access. The primary objective of emergency lighting is the provision of visual conditions that can alleviate panic and facilitate safer evacuation of buildings' occupants during the failure of normal power supply/lighting, in clear (non-smoke) and smoke filled conditions. The emergency lighting scheme design should be based on worst conditions (e.g. minimum light output, maximum glare limits) of the luminaires during operating life. The requirements given in this standard are a minimum for design purposes and are calculated for the full rated duration period and end of design life of the equipment. A special chapter for smoke is included. Safety signs may also fulfil further functions within maintained operation. Keywords: emergency lighting, escape lighting, industrial lighting, interior lighting, safety lighting, standby lighting
CIE 058-1983 Lighting for sports halls
Authors:   CIE TC 4.4
Published: October 2022

This report distinguishes between sports halls designed to use artificial lighting at all times and those where daylight provides the required illumination for significant periods of time. It specifies general lighting requirements for specific sports, or combinations of activities, with regard to illuminance, uniformity, glare control and color. It comments on the arrangement, mechanical protection, installation of lighting fixtures, and their maintenance. The wide variety of lighting design techniques employed in sports halls is dictated by the structure of the building. The designer must, in each case, devise his own unique solution to meet the performance requirements which are specified in this report. Keywords: lighting design & specifications, sports lighting
CIE 080-1989 Special metamerism index: Change in observer
Authors:   CIE TC 1-07
Published: October 2022

Two specimens having identical tristimulus values, for a given illuminant and reference observer, are metameric if their spectral radiance factors differ from each other within the visible spectral range. This metameric colour match is broken down either by a change of the reference illuminant or the observer. The degree of colour mismatch caused by substituting a test illuminant of different spectral composition for the reference illuminant is classified as the Special Metamerism Index: Change in Illuminant (illuminant metamerism). The method evaluating illuminant metamerism has already been formulated (see CIE 015.2-1986): the purpose of this report is to formulate a method of evaluating the degree of colour mismatch for metameric colour pairs (object colours or illuminant colours) caused by substituting a test observer with normal colour vision for the reference observer (CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer). This is classified as the Special Metamerism Index: Change in Observer (observer metamerism). Colour mismatch caused by observer metamerism is inevitable for real observers with normal colour vision. The evaluation of observer metamerism thus gives a sound basis for establishing colour difference tolerances for colour matching using various colour pairs. It also gives an indication of the degree of illuminant metamerism which can be considered allowable in our everyday lives. Keywords: colour, colour perception, metamerism, standard deviate observer
CIE 083-1989 Guide for the Lighting of Sports Events for Colour Television and Film Systems (2nd edition)
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

Superseded by Guide for the Lighting of Sports Events for Colour Television and Film Systems, 3rd Edition (CIE 083:2019)-\n--\n-The present Guide is an extended and revised edition of CIE 028-1975 The lighting of sports events for colour TV broadcasting.-\n--\n-The recording, transmission and reproduction of sporting action has expanded rapidly in recent years. The number of different sports covered has increased and indeed many sports have increased in popularity as a result of TV exposure. To a greater extent, also, television and film are operating under artificial lighting: outdoor sports are being played in the evenings under floodlights and more indoor sports are attracting the attention of television.-\n--\n-The electronic television camera and associated video recording is now the principal medium of the cameraman. This report therefore, concentrates on the lighting requirements for colour television, but indicates where these requirements will differ for film recordings. The aim of this report is to give a broad survey of the technical characteristics of the television and film reproduction process and explain why different lighting levels are needed for different sports and for different camera situations.-\n--\n-Detailed quantitative guidance is given on the quality aspects to be fulfilled for colour television and colour film coverage of a wide variety of sports events. The quality aspects dealt with are:-\n--\n- vertical illuminance level and uniformity,-\n- relation between horizontal and vertical illuminance,-\n- uniformity of horizontal illuminance,-\n- flicker,-\n- colour temperature and colour rendering of the lighting and finally-\n- light level on the surrounding spectators areas.-\n--\n--\n-As an addition to the present Guide, TC 5-11 is preparing a Technical Report giving a comprehensive guide to the lay-out of sports lighting installations that fulfill the quality requirements specified in the present Publication. Keywords: sports lighting, television lighting
CIE 086-1990 CIE 1988 2� spectral luminous efficiency function for photopic vision
Authors:   CIE TC 1-20
Published: October 2022

This document provides official CIE recognition of a spectral luminous efficiency function for photopic vision that has been used by vision researchers since the early 1950's. Vision researchers have referred to this function as Judd's modification of CIE V(?). This document proposes to call it the CIE 1988 Modified 2� Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function for Photopic Vision, which has the symbol VM(?). This modification is a supplement to, not a replacement of, the 1924 CIE V(?) function.-\n--\n-The difference between these two functions lies only below 460 nm. The 1924 CIE V(?) function is too insensitive with respect to colour normal observers. The 1988 VM(?) would be the preferred function in those conditions where luminance measurements of short wavelengths consistent with colour normal observers is desired.-\n--\n-A table presents the values of the CIE 1988 Modified 2� Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function for Photopic Vision between 380 nm and 780 nm in one nm steps to five significant digits. The table is also available on disk in the form of an ASCII file for IBM PC XT/AT or compatible computers. Keywords: flicker photometer, heterochromatic photometry, photometry, spectral luminous efficiency,
CIE 096-1992 Electric light sources state of the art - 1991
Authors:   CIE TC 7-07
Published: October 2022

CIE 77-1988 Electric Light Sources State of the Art - 1987 was published in 1988. The present report has been prepared by TC 7-07 and reflects the progress made in the period 1987-1991 in the field of light sources, radiation sources and their relevant electronic devices. Standardization is also included. Keywords: discharge lamps, fluorescent lamps, incandescent lamps, light source, mercury lamps, metal halide lamps, radiation sources
CIE 099-1992 Lighting education (1983-1989)
Authors:   CIE TC 7-05
Published: October 2022

The CIE has dealt several times with the subject of lighting education. The results of the work between 1983 and 1989 are summarized in this report.-\n--\n-It is based on the information obtained from 18 CIE Member Countries and makes an attempt to picture the situation on lighting education (for 3 countries revised in 1991 and 1992 respectively).-\n--\n-It can be concluded that the present education of architects and electrical engineers provides insufficient knowledge, even for traditional designing requirements (the design according to the various standards by means of calculation) but even less for compliance with the modern requirements of lighting design (the design based on both the traditional requirements and aesthetics together with ergonomics).-\n--\n-For lighting design to take account of these elements, an education of another character must be offered. It may be supposed that improvements in lighting design and the education of lighting designers can be achieved only gradually, but meanwhile it is necessary to improve the level of lighting teaching both for architects and electrical engineers, since, in the majority of countries, most lighting design will still be their responsibility for some considerable time to come.-\n--\n-It would be of great help if lighting teachers were supported by better publications on modern lighting design, containing not only information but illustrations of good lighting design. Therefore the CIE should concentrate on lighting information work in addition to the most important question which is lighting design.-\n--\n-Four proposals are made to improve the situation:-\n--\n- The awareness of the importance of good lighting must be increased;-\n- It is recommended to the National Committees to contact national Energy and Environmental boards to develop lighting education schemes (eventually sponsored by these boards) controlled and certified by the National Committees. These developments require train the trainer sessions;-\n- Where financial regulations make it possible, funds and scholarships for lighting research and education should be established and encouraged;-\n- National Committees should offer their expertise for postgraduate education. Keywords: education
CIE 124-1997 CIE Collection in Colour and Vision 1997
Authors:   CIE
Published: October 2022

This volume contains short Technical Reports, Research Notes and Meeting Reports prepared by various Technical Committees and Reporters within CIE Division 1.-\n--\n-124/1 TC 1-31 Report: Colour notations and colour order systems ISO/TC 187 requested the CIE to address some issues related to the question of international standardisation of a colour-order system and to report its conclusions.-\n-In response to that request, CIE TC1-31 Colour Notations and Colour-Order Systems was formed by Division 1 of the CIE. Main conclusions reached in the Technical Committee are: a) CIE started work on the definition of new terms pertaining to visual perception. b) There is no known way to establish congruence between colour-order systems based on different underlying principles. The essential differences among systems would be clarified by the adoption of appropriate terminology. c) The committee finds no theoretical or other basis for regarding one system as better than all others. The systems satisfy different artistic, intellectual, scientific, or practical needs. d) All of the major colour-order systems have been found useful, helpful, and broadly applicable in art and industry. e) The CIE does not at the present time support the international standardisation of a colour-order system. Keywords: colour order, disability glare, colorimetry
CIE 125-1997 Standard Erythema Dose, a Review
Authors:   CIE TC 6-40
Published: October 2022

The problem of dosimetry in skin photobiology lies in the fact that the ability of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to elicit erythema in human skin depends strongly on wavelength, encompassing a range of four orders of magnitude between 250 nm and 400 nm.-\n--\n-A CIE erythema action spectrum was proposed in 1987 but no erythemal quantity and radiometric equivalence was agreed till up to now.-\n--\n-The term minimal erythema dose (MED) has been used widely as a 'measure' of erythemal radiation. This is unreasonable because the MED is not a standard measure of anything but, on the contrary, encompasses the variable nature of individual sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. Variables which affect the MED include optical and radiometric characteristics of the source; determinants of the exposure such as dose increment and field size; nature of the skin such as pigmentation, previous light exposure, and anatomical site; and observational factors such as definition of the end point, time of reading after exposure, and ambient illumination.-\n--\n-To avoid further confusing misuse of the term MED, we propose that this term be reserved solely for observational studies in humans and other animals, and that a new term, the standard erythema dose (SED) be used as a standardised measure of erythemogenic UV radiation. The present report proposes also its numerical value: 1 SED is equivalent to an erythemal effective radiant exposure of 100 Jm-2. Keywords: actinic radiation effects, erythemal effect, photobiology
CIE 144:2001 Road surface and road marking reflection characteristics
Authors:   CIE TC 4-25
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this Technical Report is to provide the technical basis for the application of reflection characteristics of road surfaces and road markings in road lighting, daylight and vehicle headlamp illumination.-\n--\n-The Technical Report describes relevant conventions and the influence of measurement angles. For road lighting and daylight the technical report further details reflection tables, a description system, and the classification and luminance of road surfaces and road markings.-\n--\n-Recommendations are given for in situ measurement of characteristics relating to the lightness and the retroreflection of surfaces, some thoughts are provided for characteristics relating to the specularity of road surfaces and road markings. Keywords: luminance, motorized traffic, photometry, reflectance, reflection, road lighting, road markings, road surface
CIE 172:2006 UV protection and clothing
Authors:   CIE TC 6-29
Published: October 2022

Clothing can provide substantial protection against solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and quantifying the amount of protection can have useful applications to recreational, occupational and medical situations.-\n--\n-Various test methods for measurement of UVR transmittance through fabrics are discussed. The measured transmittances can be used to calculate the erythemally weighted UVR transmitted by the fabric and thus the amount of protection provided. Factors affecting the UVR transmission of fabrics are also detailed. Currently existing standard documents are discussed, and then the document outlines a recommended test method for the determination of the UVR transmitted by fabrics and details a rating scheme using Ultraviolet Protection Factors (UPFs) to quantify the protection. Areas where research and standardisation efforts are still needed are discussed.-\n--\n-The report is written in English, with a short summary in French and German. It consists of 52 pages with 8 figures and 10 tables. Keywords: actinic hazards, photobiology, transmittance, ultraviolet radiation
CIE 173:2006 Tubular Daylight Guidance Systems
Authors:   CIE TC 3-38
Published: October 2022

Superseded by Tubular Daylight Guidance Systems (Including Erratum 1), 2nd Edition-\n--\n-CIE 173:2012-\n--\n-Tubular daylight guidance systems are linear devices that channel daylight into the core of a building. They consist of a light transport section with, at the outer end, some device for collecting natural light and, at the inner end, a means of distribution of light within the interior. Collectors may be either mechanical devices that actively focus and direct daylight (usually sunlight), or be passive devices that accept sunlight and skylight from part or whole sky hemisphere. The transport element is usually a tube lined with highly reflective or prismatic material or may contain lenses or other devices to redirect the light. Light is distributed in an interior by output components, commonly diffusers made of opal or prismatic material. The major emphasis of this Report is on passive zenithal systems, the most commercially successful type of daylight guidance being installed in many parts of the world.-\n-The Report includes a contextual review of the technology of all generic types of daylight guidance system. The major part of the report is concerned with photometry of components and systems, design methods, maintenance issues in both design and use, energy aspects, cost and benefits, human factors and architectural issues in the context of passive zenithal systems. The report includes case studies showing good practice.-\n-This publication corrects and replaces CIE 173:2006 Tubular Daylight Guidance Systems .
CIE 180:2007 Road transport lighting for developing countries
Authors:   CIE TC 4-37
Published: October 2022

The great majority of the deaths from road accidents happen in the less-motorised developing regions of the world, particularly Asia - and the absolute numbers are growing. As in the highly motorised countries of the world, a significant proportion of accidents occur at night. This report deals with the part that better lighting and visibility can play in reducing the toll of death and injury; it is addressed to those involved in road safety work, not to lighting specialists. Its basic intentions are to guide, inform and encourage.-\n--\n-The report starts by explaining the basic language of light and defining the terms and quantities it uses. The night-time value of simple road markings and signs is then explained, stressing the importance of retroreflective materials. This leads to the role of vehicle lighting, with particular emphasis on the need for individual drivers to take responsibility for cleaning and aiming. A chapter on fixed roadway lighting deals with the basic design of simple installations and explains the many different factors that need to be considered. Because of its importance, maintenance is considered in a separate chapter. Finally, there is some general lighting-related material for use in road safety campaigns.-\n--\n-A consistent message of the report is that it is worth doing something rather than nothing, as long as it is done intelligently and with an understanding of the basic principles involved. Keywords: exterior lighting, street lighting
CIE 198-SP1:2011 Determination of Measurement Uncertainties in Photometry - Supplement 1: Modules and Examples for the Determination of Measurement Uncertainties (4 Parts)
Authors:   CIE TC 2-43
Published: October 2022

This report supplements Technical Report CIE 198:2011 Determination of Measurement Uncertainties in Photometry for the determination of measurement uncertainties associated with the values of selected quantities in photometry. It is organised in a 1st part (CIE 198-SP1.1:2011), which shows modules for the construction of measurement equations and three more parts with examples grouped with increasing complexity. The 2nd part (CIE 198-SP1.2:2011) deals with single output quantities determined from several different input quantities. The used Excel workbook and the Mathematica program for the detailed examples explained in this part are downloadable from the CIE webpage (address to be found in the document). In the 3rd part (CIE 198-SP1.3:2011) examples* for two and more output quantities are presented which are determined from the same set of input quantities. Examples* of quantities defined as integrals of distributions (spectral, angular, spatial) are presented in the 4th part (CIE 198-SP1.4:2011). Keywords: photometry, radiometry, measurement uncertainty, calibration
CIE 203:2012 (incl. Erratum) A Computerized Approach to Transmission and Absorption Characteristics of the Human Eye
Authors:   CIE TC 6-15
Published: October 2022

There has long been a need for a series of reference spectral transmission and absorption data for the human eye for applications in eye research and optical safety studies. TC 6-15 collected spectral data from the literature and determined from that literature the best form for the wavelength dependence of the transmission and absorption of the components of the human eye. After critical review, the data have been compiled in tabular form in comma-delimited computer-accessible data files. The tabulated data consist of the transmission and absorption data of the clear ocular media, including the cornea, the aqueous, the lens, and the vitreous of the young (< 10 years old) human eye and the rhesus eye for the wavelength range of 200 nm to 2500 nm. Transmittance data of the total clear ocular media in the human eye for the wavelength range 300 nm to 700 nm and for ages between 1 year and 100 years are also tabulated. These data can be downloaded by readers of this Technical Report from the CIE website.-\n-This publication corrects and replaces CIE 203:2012 A Computerized Approach to Transmission and Absorption Characteristics of the Human Eye . Keywords: spectral transmission of the eye, spectral absorption of the eye, aqueous, lens, vitreous, cornea
CIE 211:2014 Colour Appearance in Peripheral Vision
Authors:   CIE TC 1-42
Published: October 2022

This report describes colour zone maps, which are the contour maps showing unique hue components for the red, dark yellow, yellow, green and blue stimuli, over the entire visual expanse based on experimental results using hue and saturation judgements. Characteristics of colour-appearance change in the entire visual expanse show basically the same tendency as those in previous studies using a similar method. Estimation of a unique hue component in a peripheral position utilizing the colour zone map is described with an example. Keywords: perception of colour, colours of objects, colour vision, colour appearance
CIE 214:2014 Effect of Instrumental Bandpass Function and Measurement Interval on Spectral Quantities
Authors:   CIE TC 2-60
Published: October 2022

This report presents a detailed study of bandwidth correction applied to spectra encountered in radiometric, photometric and spectrophotometric measurements. The mechanism of broadening of data recorded by both scanning and array spectrometers, due to bandpass function effects, is discussed in detail, along with an historical study of methods currently applied. The report presents a bandwidth correction algorithm that can be used for any real bandpass function and provides both a step-by-step guide on how to apply that correction, and a discussion of the theoretical and experimental limits to its applicability.-\n-The effect of noise and measurement interval in measurement of both the spectrum and the bandpass function is discussed and methods for identifying the significance of noise effects in the corrected spectrum are presented. The reduced effect of noise when calculating spectrally integrated quantities (such as photometric or colorimetric values) is also examined. Practical guidelines are given for the application of bandwidth correction, both for the determination of the bandpass function and for estimating whether the correction may lead to an improvement in spectral accuracy. Keywords: photometry, radiometry, colorimetry, goniophotometry, measurement uncertanty