bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing for the Better
Authors: Pantry Sheila , Griffiths Peter
Published: September 2004

Reviews the changes that have taken place in the library and information world in recent years, with particular reference to their influence on library and information professionals as they consider their professional self development and careers in the current job market. As many new opportunities have arisen since the late 1990s, so the range of library and information work available has changed considerably and continues to do so. These changes challenge the traditional styles of career management that have been quite satisfactory for librarian and information professionals in the past. A major change in the library/information profession is the decline in the concept of a ‘job for life’ and changes in employment patterns that reflect this situation. It has now become widely accepted that there is no such thing as a completely secure job in the long term and, since library staff no longer feel they should stay in one job with one employer throughout a career, managers should expect this to happen and plan accordingly. External factors, such as the impact of terrorism in the wake of 9/11 and global changes in economics, will impact jobs in all countries. Other variables that impact employment patterns include: jobs that disappear; changing customer expectations; the effect of official policies; the new focus in subject work; new areas of professional work; the rise in importance of reputation management; changing hours of work regulations and ageing workers; and the expanding global village.
Story as a Tool to Capitalize on Knowledge Assets
Authors: Colton Stephanie , Ward Victoria , Arnold Claudine , Corney Paul , Russell Carol
Published: September 2004

Discusses the concept of story as a way of studying shifting cultural patterns and knowledge exchange in organizations and gathers together the experience gained in using story/storytelling as a research approach to the study of organizational communication in 20-30 assignments, having an explicit story element, over six years. Highlights the aspects of story which seem to be directly related to the capitalization of experience and describes in some detail one intervention where story was explicitly used at an event to capitalize experiences happening at the edges of a development agency so that they would become useful assets for the wider organization. Reveals that large organizations frequently use narrative or story when they seek to create a culture of counterpoint, harmonizing the embodied knowledge and values of individuals with the abstracted knowledge and ethic of the organization. Concludes that working with stories is one of the best ways to: get people talking; help create connections between people and ideas; inspire the imagination and action; render abstract concepts meaningful; permit pause and slowness and allow multiple perspectives to emerge; create sense, coherence and meaning; develop valuable descriptions of the situations in which knowledge is applied and solutions are found; examine corporate values and culture; communicate complex messages in a simple meaningful way; operate effectively in networks; and inspire people towards change.
Economic Profiling at Local Area Level
Authors: Smith Stuart
Published: September 2004

Increasingly there are demands for economic data at local area level by local business and their representatives. This paper documents a number of useful web based resources offering Scottish local economic indicators.
Local Economic Development in the United States and Canada
Authors: Reese Laura A. , Rosenfeld Raymond A.
Published: September 2004

This article examines local economic development goals and policies in Canada and the United States during a 7year period. The analysis is based on surveys of cities with a population greater than 10,000 in the two countries conducted in 1994 and 2001, allowing for an assessment of the extent of change versus stability in overall approach toward economic development. Economic development priorities in both U.S. and Canadian cities have remained relatively stable, focusing most heavily on traditional economic development strategies. Cities in both countries are tightening their focus on a traditional package of policies and thus appear to be institutionalizing their approaches. Whereas U.S. cities manifest a more passive role for government, Canadian cities reflect a more active role through partnerships that require an active professional staff.
Moments of Coincidence
Authors: Khasnabish Alex
Published: September 2004

This article is an examination of what I have termed the ‘moment of coincidence’ between the Zapatista movement and elements of the independent labour movement in Mexico. While the indigenous guerrillas of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation have remained militarily confined to isolated areas of the Mexican state of Chiapas since their uprising in January of 1994, Zapatismo has extended far beyond the boundaries of the state. In this article, I consider the nature, extent and limits of the linkages which have emerged between the Zapatista movement and sectors of the independent labour movement. This work is a preliminary attempt to illuminate the capacity of diverse social movements, each with their own tactics, agendas and goals, to ‘coincide’ or intersect with one another without sacrificing their individual autonomy, and what such a moment might signify with respect to the search for alternative political formations and forms of struggle.
Bitter Harvest
Authors: Hoefle Scott William
Published: September 2004

Recent debates concerning the nature and extent of violence on the US frontier are evaluated with regard to the legacy for contemporary American violence and foreign policy. It is argued that the myth of a Minuteman-Gunfighter Nation has its roots in 20th-century politics and ideology, while the real legacy of the frontier was inter-ethnic violence and hatred as well as social inequality and class conflict, which were part and partial of a continuity of conquest before and after 1890. The resulting mixture of class warfare, gender roles, religious identity, political ideology and financial interests has made the United States the most socially polarized and violent of post-industrial countries.
Education for Credit
Authors: Lazar Sian
Published: September 2004

This article investigates economic aspects of citizenship in El Alto, Bolivia, through an exploration of micro-credit NGOs working with female Aymara rural-urban migrants. Such NGOs operate from a basis of transnational discourses of citizenship conceived in an individualized neoliberal framework. Their activities can be understood as a set of citizenship projects which attempt to modify the ways in which individuals act as economic agents and view themselves. In recent years, the domain of the informal economy has become one of the key fields in which differing conceptions of individuality and citizenship are worked on by local people, the state and international agencies. The micro-credit NGOs’ focus on entrepreneurial activity assumes a market-based economic rationality, and combines this with capacity-building in a ‘human development’ model. This combination reveals much about the kinds of female citizens that governments and development agencies seek to create in Bolivia: ‘empowered’ individual, entrepreneurial, active citizens, who will take responsibility for their own and their families’ welfare, and who are prepared for the market rather than the state to provide for their social rights. This article will argue that these attempts to extend Liberal citizenship through debt are undermined in two ways: first, because the women’s responses to the educational components are complex and not always accepting; and, second, because the NGOs themselves rely upon a collective, embedded economic rationality of kinship and social control to ensure the re-payment of loans.
Vietnamese Intellectuals in Revolutionary and Postcolonial Times
Authors: Bayly Susan
Published: September 2004

This article is concerned with cultural capital and its deployment in pre- and post-independence Vietnam. Its focus is transnational career and family life as experienced by multilingual women and men from Hanoi intelligentsia families who have negotiated a remarkable array of divergent socialist and post-colonial modernities over the past 40 to 50 years. The personal narratives explored here include recollections of francophone education during the 1946-54 Independence War, as well as work and training in the Soviet Union, and morally testing encounters with Western goods and entrepreneurial opportunities during employment as development experts in former French and Portuguese colonies in Africa. These accounts are seen as the reflective imaginings of people whose sense of a strong and active moral life has been constructed through and from both material and intellectual possessions and acquisitions.
Psychoanalysis and Trauma: September 11 Revisited
Authors: Fromm M. Gerard
Published: September 2004

One year later, a few miles from Ground Zero, at the invitation of two psychoanalytic colleagues from New York, I took up the role of discussant for a panel of three presentations reflecting on clinical work after September 11. I felt both honored and surprised by this request, since I work in a small psychiatric hospital (the Austen Riggs Center), three hours north of the city by car. After I read the presentations, I felt admiring, even in awe of the presenters’ work, but I also felt like those people, mentioned in the presentations, who had not come to work that day. I began my assignment feeling the shame and guilt of the survivor. From my insulated spot in the Berkshire mountains of Western Massachusetts, I hesitated to discuss this work. Not having been there, I felt inclined to de-authorize myself from speaking.
Interlude 1 My House in the Woods
Authors: Sinor Denis
Published: September 2004

What comes to my mind is my house in the woods with no neighbor in sight, a home I have to defend not against real burglars or imaginary terrorists but against deer that eat my flowers and raccoons that break into my porch and all that at a 15-minute drive from a superb library. I see the peaceful emptiness of the land. I see myself driving or riding my motorcycle on, say, Interstate 70, somewhere in Arizona or New Mexico perhaps along the legendary Santa Fe Railroad with barely a car on the magnificent highway. With some justification the USA is reproached for being the world's worst polluter yet it invented and maintains the most glorious National and State Parks. I recall the Natchez Trace running from Mississippi to Nashville Tennessee, a fine two-lane road with no buildings (not even a gas station) along its 443 miles (710 km), or the Appalachian Trail, a mountain footpath for hikers which extends over 2100 miles (3400 km). To those who equate America with New York it may sound surprising, but the overwhelming majority of the population of the United States leads a quiet, undisturbed life. One pays one's taxes - and is left alone in everything else. Years can pass without the need for any contact with the so-called ‘authorities’ to arise, and when it does - on city, state, or federal level - the contacts are usually pleasant. People elect their sheriffs, their judges, the employees of the court house, all of whom, to keep their jobs, try to be helpful. In the soup-kitchen where I have occasionally served, a good, appetizing meal is offered free of charge to anyone who comes in, with no questions asked about need or identity. Many who come could afford to buy themselves a meal.
The First Genocide: Carthage, 146 BC
Authors: Kiernan Ben
Published: September 2004

The Carthaginian delegates were accorded no right of reply. Rome soon began a three-year siege of the world's wealthiest city.4 Of a population of 2-400,000,5 at least 150,000 Carthaginians perished. Appian described one battle in which ‘70,000, including non-combatants’ were killed, probably an exaggeration. But Polybius, who participated in the campaign, confirmed that ‘the number of deaths was incredibly large’ and the Carthaginians ‘utterly exterminated’.6 In 146, Roman legions under Scipio Aemilianus, Cato's ally and brother-in-law of his son, razed the city, and dispersed into slavery the 55,000 survivors, including 25,000 women. Plutarch concluded: ‘The annihilation of Carthage … was primarily due to the advice and counsel of Cato’.7
Interlude 2 Diversity - Our Greatest Asset
Authors: McDougall Gay
Published: September 2004

When I think about America, I think about a great diversity of types of people, from different backgrounds, national origins, races, religions, classes and points of view. The US is made up of descendants of African slaves and recent African immigrants; mid-western farmers and Asian Americans whose families come from nearly every Asian nation; Jewish families from Eastern Europe and Native Americans who have owned our land for centuries before any others. These are only a few of the stories that make up the rich diversity of American society. Diversity is our greatest asset.
Going Beyond the National State in the USA: The Politics of Minoritized Groups in Global Cities
Authors: Sassen Saskia
Published: September 2004

Beneath the reinvigorated imperial logics that organize the political economy of the US today, emergent social dynamics are enabling disadvantaged and minoritized groups to develop various forms of claim-making. New types of political actors are taking shape, changing the relationship between the state and the individual. Some of this is not formalized, and might be thought of as pre-political, but I argue that it is better seen as informal or not-yet-formalized types of politics.
War, Words and Self-Perpetuating Force: Timely Reflections in the Light of Simone Weil
Authors: Doering Elizabeth Jane
Published: September 2004

Simone Weil, a French philosopher, militant activist and mystic, was born in Paris in 1909. The toll of World War One, visible throughout her young years, made an indelible impression on her. She spent all her prodigious intellectual energies delving into the causes of social oppression and evaluating those aspects of society that nurture freedom of thought and action for the individual. She had an abiding conviction that the inherent dignity of the person must always be fostered. Abusive force used against the individual is the highest crime. Weil died in 1943 in London in the midst of the full-blown devastation wrought by World War Two. Her approach to contemporary problems by seeing them through a lens of eternal themes can be a useful model to us in the attempt to understand the realities of today.
The State of the Hip-Hop Generation: How Hip-Hop’s Cultural Movement is Evolving into Political Power
Authors: Kitwana Bakari
Published: September 2004

The question of the role of Black art has long faced African American artists. It was addressed by Langston Hughes in his 1926 ‘The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain’. It was raised again during the Black Arts Movement of the late 1960s and many times in between, before and since. For young African Americans today, several important variables have helped raise this question anew, albeit in bold and curious ways.
Against France: An American Novelistic Fantasy
Authors: Mehlman Jeffrey
Published: September 2004

There is a geography of the American Jewish novel that takes one farther afield from New York City than might have been intuitively expected. Consider the two writers who will be the focus of these pages. From the time of The Ghost Writer (1979), Philip Roth has been pre-eminently a novelist of the western Massachusetts region known as the Berkshires. His most recent major work, The Human Stain, is set in an imaginary campus in the Berkshires, stages a memorable visit to the nearby summer home of the Boston Symphony at Tanglewood, and comes to something of a tragic climax in one of the area's principal towns, Pittsfield. Somewhat further north, Saul Bellow has never concealed his pleasure in repairing to ‘the good place’, Vermont. Ravelstein, Bellow's most recent novel, features a few scenes in neighboring New Hampshire, but the Bellow afficionado immediately recognizes in that venue a transposition of the author's cherished ‘good place’, where the ‘dew takes up every particle of light, Vermont. Our point of departure will be equidistant between the two, between the Berkshires and the Green Mountains, in the sleepy town just over the Massachusetts border into Vermont, Bennington. It is a writerly community: W. H. Auden taught at the local college; Robert Frost is buried there. Yet it is an improbable work of visual art, the allegorical sculpture standing before the local art museum, and more particularly the allegory unwittingly staged by its effort at allegory, along with its heuristic value for a reading of both The Human Stain and Ravelstein, that will be the focus of these comments.
Interlude 4 Telling and Listening to Stories
Authors: Barth John
Published: September 2004

Like most liberal Democrats in the USA, I am alarmed and embarrassed by my country's current presidential administration: its heavy-handed unilateralism; its rejection of such progressive international treaties as the Kyoto protocols to reduce global warming, the international criminal court, the anti-ABM and anti-landmine treaties, etc.; its inclination to curtail civil rights in the name of Security; its general tendency away from democracy toward oligarchy. Nevertheless, I love the USA much more than not, and I hope to be more proud of it in the future, as I've been in the past.
Driving While Different: A Potential Theoretical Explanation for Race-Based Policing
Authors: Withrow Brian L.
Published: September 2004

During the first 6 months of 2001, the Wichita (Kansas) Police Department collected information on 37,454 stops conducted by its employees. The initial analysis of these data indicates a substantial disparity between the proportions of Black residents (11.4%) and Black citizens stopped (20.7%). A subsequent analysis of the data, conducted at the patrol beat level, indicates that (a) moderate to high correlations exist between the race of individuals stopped and the predominant racial representation of the beat; (b) officer deployment is influenced by the crime rate and population of the beats; (c) the predominate race of the beat does not affect the level of officer deployment; (d) in beats predominately populated by non-Black residents, stops involving Black citizens are over represented (proportionally); and (e) in beats predominately populated by Black residents, stops involving non-Black citizens are over represented (proportionally). A potential theoretical explanation for race-based policing is offered.
Prosecutorial Discretion and Real-Offense Sentencing: An Analysis of Relevant Conduct under the Federal Sentencing Guidelines
Authors: Wilmot Keith A. , Spohn Cassia
Published: September 2004

The primary objective of the federal sentencing guidelines is to reduce judicial discretion and unwarranted disparity by prescribing like sentences for like defendants convicted of the same offense. The guidelines are based on real-offense sentencing, which links relevant conduct or actual offense behavior to the sentencing process. This study analyzes the indictment stage where the charging decisions by the federal prosecutor in conjunction with relevant conduct are first conceived. Our major finding is that the number of counts within the indictment has a statistically significant effect on the length of sentence, the magnitude of the discount for downward departures, and the ratio of the difference between the presumptive sentence and the sentence discount. The number of counts has no effect on the offender’s likelihood of receiving either a downward departure or a substantial assistance departure. This suggests that offenders convicted of the same crime do not necessarily receive the same sentence.
Revisiting Future Dangerousness Revisited: Response to DeLisi and Munoz
Authors: Cunningham Mark D. , Sorensen Jon R. , Reidy Thomas J.
Published: September 2004

In a recently published article in this journal titled “Future Dangerousness Revisited,” DeLisi and Munoz (2003) offered a number of findings regarding the major disciplinary and violent misconduct of inmates in the Arizona Department of Corrections (ADOC). Most prominently, they opined that their findings demonstrated that death row inmates are more dangerous than other inmate groups. The methodology and analysis of DeLisi and Munoz, however, suffered from such fundamental flaws and errors that their conclusions were without support. Our own comparison of rates of assault between death row and general prison population inmates in ADOC failed to reveal significant differences. Our analysis of the disciplinary records and current risk classifications of all inmates on the Arizona death row in 2003 revealed that although averaging 10 years at risk on death row, 82% had no serious violent misconduct and 87% were rated by ADOC at the lowest risk of institutional violence.
Beyond the Disneyesque
Authors: Mannion Greg , I’anson John
Published: September 2004

The article describes a case study of children and young people’s participation and the attendant effects on professional practice and child-adult relations. The authors consider the findings under four headings: professional learning, child-adult relations, childhood memories and the spatial dimensions of change. Evidence indicates that adults and children were finding new ways of working and relating and that these processes were inherent in efforts to reconfigure space. The analysis shows how adult and child identification, relations and associated constructions of childhood and adulthood were connected. We argue that changes occurred in and through the shaping of real and imagined places.
Family Habitus as the Cultural Context for Childhood
Authors: Tomanović Smiljka
Published: September 2004

The article is based on a longitudinal qualitative study carried out by the author on children and their families in two areas of Belgrade (Serbia) in 1993-4 and 2000. Its goal is to provide an insight into how everyday life is structured and constructed for children by their family habitus. There are significant distinctions in how families from different social strata use their resources and thereby provide different cultural contexts for children. The main conclusion is that family habitus has a strong influence on allocation, distribution and the use of family resources and thereby structures the everyday life of children. At the same time, it activates different kinds of capital for (and by) children and thereby constructs different childhood practices.
Relational Discourses
Authors: O’connor Pat , Haynes Amanda , Kane And Ciara
Published: September 2004

This article presents quantitative and qualitative accounts of relational discourses in a random sample of approximately 4100 texts written by Irish young people (aged 10-12 and 14-17 years). The existence of such discourses is indicated by references to family and friends. The article shows that although the majority refer to such ties in their texts, less than one-third mention best friends. It also shows that references to such relational discourses were affected by age and gender. A continuum of relatedness can be identified: with 10- to 12-year-old girls at one end of the continuum and 14- to 17-year-old boys at the other end. The implications of such trends are briefly discussed.
Children’s Domestic Work in Abidjan, Côte D’ivoire
Authors: Jacquemin Mélanie Y.
Published: September 2004

This article tries to analyse the evolution over the past 40 years of children’s domestic work and its representations in urban Côte d’Ivoire, and, particularly, how these practices evolved from family work linked to educational processes, into the kind of wage work that exists today. Listening to the children themselves, the aim is to find out how the petites bonnes (young maids) perceive their situation as workers, how they make it their own and how they see their future.
Towards a Critique of Rights Talk in New Democracies: The Case of Legal Aid in Malawi
Authors: Englund Harri
Published: September 2004

As an institutionalized form of human rights discourses, rights talk plays a prominent role in recently democratized countries. It also poses a challenge to critical analysts of language, because its contribution to maintaining inequalities is not apparent in its emancipatory rhetoric. This article examines rights talk at a non-governmental centre for free legal aid in Malawi. By deploying the notion of narrative inequality, the article shows how legal officers and their clients engage in a contest of contexts from unequal subject positions. While officers subscribe to an individualist concept of rights and seek piecemeal solutions to abuse, clients generally situate their complaints in complex moral narratives. The limited success of their claims leads to subtle forms of resistance against rights talk. The article shows that narrative inequality provides a perspective that both reaches beyond interlocutors’ own terms and asserts the value of rigorous empirical analysis in the critical study of language.
Beyond Advertising and Journalism: Hybrid Promotional News Discourse
Authors: Erjavec Karmen
Published: September 2004

The aim of this article is to show the usefulness of an expanded version of Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis approach, i.e. an approach that combines text analysis with an analysis of discourse processes in studying text production and interpretation, and also incorporates ethnographic methods, in this case, participant observation and interviews. This expanded approach was checked in the study of illegal promotional news discourse; the study was conducted chronologically in two stages. In the first stage, an analysis of interpractice—which identifies cases in which specific other practices of the process of text production and interpretation are overtly drawn upon within a practice—was used to identify promotional news reports and uncover elements of promotional practice which are drawn upon within journalism, such as having the advertiser, who realizes his/her commercial interest by paying for publishing or killing a certain story, as the key actor in the process of promotional news production. In the second stage, analysis of interdiscursivity revealed how promotional journalism through textual devices (genre, topics, perspective, choice of sources, lexical choice, over-lexicalization, coherence, choice of processes and participants) incorporates discursive elements of promotion which are drawn upon within the news report discourse, such as using representatives of the organization as almost the only participants, partiality, positive-only evaluation of the characteristics/activities of the subject discussed, which is in the interest of those discussed by the texts and not the readers.
‘Al Gore’s our Guy’: Linguistically Constructing a Family Political Identity
Authors: Gordon Cynthia
Published: September 2004

This article considers how one family, consisting of a mother, father, and son (aged 4 years 10 months), uses language to collaboratively create (and socialize one another into) one aspect of their shared family identity—as Democrats and supporters of Al Gore—through conversations they tape recorded during the week of the 2000 presidential election. I identify four ways in which this family constructs their political identity. Interlocutors (i) use referring terms for the candidates that create closeness to Gore and distance from Bush, (ii) repeatedly discuss Bush’s 1976 drunk-driving arrest, (iii) negatively assess Bush and those associated with him, and (iv) refer to family members as Democrats. Members of this family create alignments vis-àvis the political candidates and each other through their use of referring terms, repetition, laughter, storytelling, and constructed dialogue. This study illustrates how linguistic strategies create a group identity, how political socialization is multidirectional in the family context, and how all family members play a role in constructing the family identity.
Indoctrinating the Youth of Post-War Spain: A Discourse Analysis of a Fascist Civics Textbook
Authors: Pinto Derrin
Published: September 2004

During the period following the Spanish Civil War, the regime of Francisco Franco utilized an authoritative discourse rooted in Fascist ideology as a means for justifying absolute power and indoctrinating the masses. Perhaps the demographic group most heavily targeted by this aggressive campaign of propaganda was children, who in the eyes of Franco, had to be indoctrinated early before their noble feelings of youth were corrupted. This desire to reach out to the youth is evident in Así quiero ser: El niño del nuevo Estado, an elementary school textbook that imposes a rigid Fascist ideology. The totalitarian rhetoric of the text includes unyielding adoration of the Caudillo, a Utopian vision of reality, and covert strategies of persuasion and control that together comprise a powerful tool of manipulation. Taking into account both the sociopolitical context of the era and the genre of didactic literature, this critical discourse analysis of Así quiero ser incorporates the Bakhtinian notion of authoritative discourse with other approaches to analysing persuasive discourse, such as those employed by Kinneavy (1971), Harré (1985) and Menz (1989), among others.
Multitiered Cache Management and Acceleration for Database-Driven Websites
Authors: Li Wen-Syan , Hsiung Wang-Pin , Candan K. Selcuk
Published: September 2004

Response time is a key differentiation point among electronic commerce (e-commerce) applications. For many e-commerce applications, web pages are created dynamically based on the current state of a business stored in database systems. To improve the response time, many e-commerce websites deploy caching solutions for acceleration of content delivery. There are multiple tiers in the content delivery infrastructure where cache servers can be deployed, including (1) data caching (in data centers), (2) content page caching (in edge or front end caches), and (3) database query result set caching (between application servers and DBMS). The architecture of database-driven e-commerce websites is more complex than that of typical websites. It requires the integration of web servers, application servers, and back end database systems as well as dynamic content caching solutions. In this paper, the issues associated with the management of content page caching and database query result set caching tiers are studied. It is observed that caching management for these two tiers have their unique characteristics. It is because cached object types and information available for the caching management in the two tiers are different. Solutions are proposed for effective caching management for each tier and extensive evaluations are conducted. The experimental results show the usefulness of the technology in improving overall system performance.
Quorum-Based Multi-Invocation Model for Replicated Objects
Authors: Enokido Tomoya , Hori Kenichi , Raynal Michel , Takizawa Makoto
Published: September 2004

In distributed systems, resources like databases are abstracted to be objects in order to increase the interoperability. Objects are replicated to make a system more reliable and available. In object-based systems, methods are invoked in a nested manner, i.e. methods-named invokees are invoked in another method named invoker. How to invoke methods on multiple replicas in the nested manner is discussed here. In this paper, methods are invoked on a quorum number of replicas of objects. Suppose each instance of a method t on multiple replicas of an object x invokes a method u on replicas in a quorum of another object y. Here, the method u is redundantly invoked, i.e. the same method is invoked many times on some replicas of the object y. This is redundant invocation. If each instance of the invoker method t invokes a method u on replicas in its own quorum of the object y, more number of replicas are manipulated by the method u than the quorum number. This is quorum expansion. A quorum-based multi-invocation (QMI) protocol is discussed where each of the multiple invokers invokes a method on the multiple replicas, and each of the invokee methods sends a response to multiple invokers without redundant invocation and quorum expansion. In addition, responses of the method are also sent to a quorum number of invokers. Even if some numbers of invoker and invokee replicas are faulty, every method can be surely performed on at least one operational replica, every operational invokee replica can receive at least one method request, and every operational invoker replica can receive at least one response. The QMI protocol is evaluated on how many replicas are manipulated and requests are issued in the presence of replica faults compared with the traditional primary-secondary replication.
Performance of Networked XML-Driven Co-Operative Applications
Authors: Ghandeharizadeh Shahram , Papadopoulos Christos , Cai Min , Chintalapudi Krishna K.
Published: September 2004

Web services are an emerging software technology that employ XML, e.g., W3C’s SOAP [1], to share and exchange data. They are a building block of co-operative applications that communicate using a network. They may serve as wrappers for legacy data sources, integrate multiple remote data sources, filter information by processing queries (function shipping), etc. Web services are based on the concept of “software and data as a service.” With those that interact with an end user, a fast response time is the difference between the following two scenarios: (1) users issuing requests, retrieving their results, and visiting the service repeatedly, and (2) users issuing requests, waiting for response and walking away prior to retrieving their results, with a lower likelihood of issuing future requests for this web service. One may employ a middleware to enhance performance by minimizing the impact of transmission time. This is accomplished by compressing messages. This paper identifies factors that this middleware must consider in order to reduce response time. In particular, it must ensure the overhead of compression (increased CPU time) does not exceed its savings (lower transmission time).
Web Services Workflows—Composition, Co-Ordination, and Transactions in Service-Oriented Computing
Authors: Dustdar Schahram
Published: September 2004

Web services can be seen as a newly emerging research area for Service-oriented Computing and their implementation in Service-oriented Architectures. Web services are self-contained, self-describing modular applications or components providing services. Web services may be dynamically aggregated, composed, and enacted as Web services Workflows. This requires frameworks and interaction protocols for their co-ordination and transaction support. In a Service-oriented Computing setting, transactions are more complex, involve multiple parties (roles), span many organizations, and may be long-running, consisting of a highly decentralized service partner and performed by autonomous entities. A Service-oriented Transaction Model has to provide comprehensive support for long-running propositions including negotiations, conversations, commitments, contracts, tracking, payments, and exception handling. Current transaction models and mechanisms including their protocols and primitives do not sufficiently cater for quality-aware and long running transactions comprising loosely-coupled (federated) service partners and resources. Web services transactions require co-ordination behavior provided by a traditional transaction mechanism to control the operations and outcome of an application. Furthermore, Web services transactions require the capability to handle the co-ordination of processing outcomes or results from multiple services in a more flexible manner. This requires more relaxed forms of transactions—those that do not strictly have to abide by the ACID properties—such as loosely-coupled collaboration and workflows. Furthermore, there is a need to group Web services into applications that require some form of correlation, but do not necessarily require transactional behavior. The purpose of this paper is to provide a state-of-the-art review and overview of some proposed standards surrounding Web services composition, co-ordination, and transaction. In particular the Business Process Execution Language for Web services (BPEL4WS), its co-ordination, and transaction frameworks (WS-Co-ordination and WS-Transaction) are discussed.
An Electronic Cash Scheme and its Management
Authors: Wang Hua , Zhang Yanchun , Cao Jinli
Published: September 2004

A secure electronic cash scheme and its role-based access control (RBAC) management are proposed in this paper. The scheme uses electronic cash for payment transactions. In this protocol, from the viewpoint of banks, consumers can improve anonymity if they are worried about disclosure of their identities. A new role called anonymity provider agent (AP) provides a highly anonymous certificate for consumers during a payment processing. The role AP certifies re-encrypted data after verifying the validity of the content from consumers, but with no private information of the consumers required. Each consumer can get a required anonymity level through this new method, depending on the available time, computation and cost. Consumers can also use different banks (cross-payment) and anonymity provider agents (multiple APs) without double-spending problems.

Role-based access control is widely used in system management and products since its advantages such as reducing administration cost and complexity. However, conflicting problems may arise between roles when RBAC is applied for system management. For example, mutually exclusive roles may be granted to a user with RBAC and the user may have or derive a high level of authority. To solve these problems, we analyze the duty separation constraints of the roles and role hierarchies in the scheme, then discuss how to grant a role to a user.
Multimedia Over IP for Thin Clients: Building a Collaborative Resource-Sharing Prototype
Authors: Kuo Chia-Chen , Ting Ping , Teng Wei-Guang , Chen Peter M.C. , Chen Ming-Syan , Chen Jeng-Chun
Published: September 2004

This paper explores the issues and the techniques of enabling multimedia applications for the thin client computing. A prototype of a video communication system based on H.323 family of ITU-T recommendations is used to demonstrate the support of multimedia applications with a terminal server and thin clients such as Windows-based terminals. The studies on the network applications over thin clients are composed of two parts: (1) the collaborative client-server conference system and (2) the universal plug-in architecture. With the proposed architecture, an application of multi-user audio/video conference system is devised for illustrative purposes. The universal plug-in technique is devised to shift jobs from thin clients to a supporting server, thus reducing the computing overhead required by the clients. The processed result at the supporting server is transcoded to a pre-defined universal format and then sent back to the thin client. This plug-in architecture is implemented and empirically evaluated.
Construct Validity of the MMPI-2 College Maladjustment (Mt) Scale
Authors: Barthlow Deanna L. , Graham John R. , Ben-Porath Yossef S. , McNulty John L.
Published: September 2004

The construct validity of the MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2) College Maladjustment (Mt) Scale was examined using 376 student clients at a university psychological clinic. A principal components analysis and correlations of Mt scale scores with clients’ and therapists’ ratings of symptoms and functioning showed that the Mt scale identifies the presence of maladjustment as defined in terms of depressive and anxious symptoms. There is no evidence to show that the scale is specific to college students or that it is sensitive to severe psychological disturbance. The Mt scale does not inform the clinician as to why a person is distressed. In addition, there is no evidence from this study to suggest the superiority of the Mt scale over other MMPI-2 maladjustment measures. Therapists should use the entire MMPI-2 profile, not just the Mt scale, to gain the most comprehensive and specific understanding of clients.
Multiple Roles in Responding to Strategic Communications
Authors: Trifocals Wearing
Published: September 2004

Teaching communication to MBAs often involves focusing on corporate strategic discourse when student projects are intended to help companies move to a more advanced stage of development. This focus on corporate strategy—the language and concepts that concern the mission and direction that an organization should adopt—requires, in turn, that faculty enact several roles to assist students in developing their final assignments, strategic presentations, and reports. Faculty play the role of specialists in corporate strategy, communication specialists, and stand-ins for the primary audience(s) for these assignments. Working with students on these assignments underscores two important values in MBA education: providing students with the means to engage in discussion at the CEO level where decisions about the company’s strategic direction are made, and demonstrating to students that the strategic assignments they produce belong to a larger communication campaign for getting buy-in for corporate strategy. These teaching practices foster research projects as well.
From Venom to Pain Research: A Novel Use of a Scorpaenidae Venom
Authors: O’Connor Joan M. , Hahn Scott T. , Brooks Lyndon
Published: September 2004

The algesic properties of nocitoxin—a single monomeric, soluble protein responsible for significant algesia—were assessed through human bioassay to gauge nocitoxin’s potential for use as a clinical pain stimulus. The hypothesis guiding this study stated that subjects tested with crude bullrout venom or nocitoxin will report experience of pain consistent with chemically induced nociception. To test this hypothesis, sterile solutions of crude bullrout venom, nocitoxin, and pooled nonalgesic proteins were applied to the volar aspect of the forearm of human volunteers in a single-blind study. The resultant pain experiences were recorded using a visual analogue scale and a modified version of the McGill pain questionnaire. Data were assessed for significance using multivariate analysis. Pain responses to crude venom and nocitoxin were significantly greater than pain responses to negative controls (visual anologue scale (VAS), P = 0.001; McGill P = 0.01). Bullrout venom and nocitoxin elicit a similar quality and intensity of pain and represent sensitive, measurable, reproducible stimuli in the absence of observable tissue injury. Therefore, nocitoxin may serveas a suitable stimulus for clinical pain research.
A Comparison of the General Linear Mixed Model and Repeated Measures ANOVA Using a Dataset with Multiple Missing Data Points
Authors: Krueger Charlene , Tian Lili
Published: September 2004

Longitudinal methods are the methods of choice for researchers who view their phenomena of interest as dynamic. Although statistical methods have remained largely fixed in a linear view of biology and behavior, more recent methods, such as the general linear mixed model (mixed model), can be used to analyze dynamic phenomena that are often of interest to nurses. Two strengths of the mixed model are (1) the ability to accommodate missing data points often encountered in longitudinal datasets and (2) the ability to model nonlinear, individual characteristics. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the advantages of using the mixed model for analyzing nonlinear, longitudinal datasets with multiple missing data points by comparing the mixed model to the widely used repeated measures ANOVA using an experimental set of data. The decision-making steps in analyzing the data using both the mixed model and the repeated measures ANOVA are described.
Comparison of Behavioural and Natural Play Interventions for Young Children with Autism
Authors: Bernard-Opitz Vera , Ing Siow , Kong Tan Yew
Published: September 2004

The article reports the results of a pilot study comparing traditional behavioural approaches and natural play interventions for young children with autism over a 10 week period. Two matched groups of eight young children with autism participated. Using a crossover design, children in both groups showed positive gains in compliance, attending, play and communication with their therapists and parents. Improvements in attending and compliance were higher following the behavioural condition compared with the natural play condition. Seven participants had reduced autism scores after the intervention. The findings suggest that behavioural and play approaches affect behaviour in different ways and that autistic symptomatology of young children may be amenable to treatment. The discussion focuses on the active ingredients of treatments and the need to base efficacy research on well-planned treatment comparisons.
Advanced Mind-Reading in Adults with Asperger Syndrome
Authors: Ponnet Koen S. , Roeyers Herbert , Buysse Ann , De Clercq Armand , Van Der Heyden Eva
Published: September 2004

This study investigated the mind-reading abilities of 19 adults with Asperger syndrome and 19 typically developing adults. Two static mind-reading tests and a more naturalistic empathic accuracy task were used. In the empathic accuracy task, participants attempted to infer the thoughts and feelings of target persons, while viewing a videotape of the target persons in a naturally occurring conversation with another person. The results are consistent with earlier findings. The empathic accuracy task indicated significant between-group differences, whereas no such differences were found on the static mind-reading tasks. The most innovative finding of the present study is that the inference ability of adults with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and controls depends on the focus of the target’s thoughts and feelings, and that the empathic accuracy of adults with Asperger syndrome and control adults might be different in terms of quantity and quality.
Parent Management Training and Asperger Syndrome
Authors: Sofronoff Kate , Leslie Anthony , Brown Wendy
Published: September 2004

This controlled trial of a parent management intervention aimed to increase parental competence in management of problem behaviours associated with Asperger syndrome. The intervention compared two formats, a 1 day workshop and six individual sessions. Measures were taken on three occasions: pre-intervention, at 4 weeks, and at 3 month follow-up. Variables of interest were number and intensity of problem behaviours, and parent evaluation of social interaction skills. Results showed parents reporting fewer and lower intensity of problem behaviours and increased social interactions at 4 weeks and 3 months. Results held across formats and suggest that parent management training can provide an effective intervention for parents of a child with Asperger syndrome. Group differences on outcome measures and in the use of strategies are discussed along with limitations of the study.
Performance of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder on Advanced Theory of Mind Tasks
Authors: Brent Ella , Rios Patricia , Happé Francesca , Charman Tony
Published: September 2004

Although a number of advanced theory of mind tasks have been developed, there is sparse information on whether performance on different tasks is associated. The study examined the performance of 20 high-functioning 6- to 12-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder and 20 controls on three high-level theory of mind tasks: Strange Stories, Cartoons and the children’s version of the Eyes task. The pattern of findings suggests that the three tasks may share differing, non-specific, information-processing requirements in addition to tapping any putative mentalizing ability. They may also indicate a degree of dissociation between social-cognitive and social-perceptual or affective components of the mentalizing system.