bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 50 kW PEMFC Pilot Plant Operated with Industry Grade Hydrogen – System Design and Site Integration
Authors: Keränen T. M. , Karimäki H. , Nikiforow K. , Kukkonen S. , Uusalo H. , Viitakangas J. , Ihonen J.
Published: March 2014

The chlor‐alkali industry produces high amounts of hydrogen as a by‐product of processes based on electrolytic cells. In order to improve the process' efficiency, plant operators seek ways to utilize this potential and fuel cells offer a sensible solution, producing electricity at high efficiency. PEMFC has already been demonstrated to be successful in this niche market application with a few commercial scale installations. In the DuraDemo project, a 50 kW stationary PEMFC pilot plant has been designed in a publicly funded national project involving partners from different parts of the value chain. The plant serves as an experimental platform for evaluation of BoP and power electronics components, as well as hydrogen quality studies. The system design is targeted to be commercially viable and a large amount of extra instrumentation and experimental monitoring equipment are utilized in the pilot plant to analyze its behavior. The pilot plant is fully automated and capable of independent operation with remote monitoring and data logging capability. The system design of the pilot plant is presented, including BoP component selection and characterization of the main components. Final assembly testing results, integration of the plant at its demonstration site and safety analysis work will be reported.
Molecular profiling in primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Segiet Oliwia Anna , Deska Mariusz , Michalski Marek , Gawrychowski Jacek , Wojnicz Romuald
Published: March 2014

Background

Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is one of the most common endocrine disorders, defined by hypersecretion of parathormone. Primary HPT can be caused by adenoma, hyperplasia, and carcinoma. A great amount of mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease, such as genetic predispositions because of the germline‐inactivating mutations in the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and HRPT2 tumor suppressor genes. Somatic mutations in these genes were found also in sporadic parathyroid neoplasias. Cell cycle regulators, growth factors, apoptosis‐inducing ligands, death receptors, and other transmitter substances have also been implicated in the etiology of primary HPT. Parathyroid carcinoma is often misdiagnosed as parathyroid adenoma and long‐term survival is conditioned by the extent of the primary surgical resection, therefore, of great interest is the discovery of definitive diagnostic markers for carcinoma. This article presents current state of knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of primary HPT. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2014 © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 299‐307, 2015
Altered Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Osteoclast Precursor Frequency in Cathepsin K Null Mice
Authors: Jacome‐Galarza Christian , Soung Do Yu , Adapala Naga Suresh , Pickarski Maureen , Sanjay Archana , Duong Le T. , Lorenzo Joseph A. , Drissi Hicham
Published: March 2014

Cathepsin K (CatK) is a lysosomal cysteine protease necessary for bone resorption by osteoclasts (OCs), which originate from myeloid hematopoietic precursors. CatK‐deficient (CatK−/−) mice show osteopetrosis due to defective resorption by OCs, which are increased in number in these mice. We investigated whether genetic ablation of CatK altered the number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and OC precursor cells (OCPs) using two mouse models: CatK−/− mice and a knock‐in mouse model in which the CatK gene (ctsk) is replaced by cre recombinase. We found that CatK deletion in mice significantly increased the number of HSCs in the spleen and decreased their number in bone marrow. In contrast, the number of early OCPs was unchanged in the bone marrow. However, the number of committed CD11b+ OCPs was increased in the bone marrow of CatK−/− compared to wild‐type (WT) mice. In addition, the percentage but not the number of OCPs was decreased in the spleen of CatK−/− mice relative to WT. To understand whether increased commitment to OC lineage in CatK−/− mice is influenced by the bone marrow microenvironment, CatKCre/+ or CatKCre/Cre red fluorescently labeled OCPs were injected into WT mice, which were also subjected to a mid‐diaphyseal femoral fracture. The number of OCs derived from the intravenously injected CatKCre/Cre OCPs was lower in the fracture callus compared to mice injected with CatK+/Cre OCPs. Hence, in addition to its other effects, the absence of CatK in OCP limits their ability to engraft in a repairing fracture callus compared to WT OCP. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 1449–1457, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Manganese‐enhanced MRI of minimally gadolinium‐enhancing breast tumors
Authors: Ganesh Tameshwar , Mokhtari Reza Bayat , Alhamami Mosa , Yeger Herman , Cheng Hai‐Ling Margaret
Published: March 2014

Purpose

To investigate the potential of manganese (Mn)‐enhanced MRI for sensitive detection and delineation of tumors that demonstrate little enhancement on Gd‐DTPA.

Materials and Methods

Eighteen nude rats bearing 1 to 2 cm in diameter orthotopic breast tumors (ZR75 and LM2) were imaged on a 3 Tesla (T) clinical scanner. Gd‐DTPA was administered intravenously and MnCl2 subcutaneously, both at 0.05 mmol/kg. T1‐weighted imaging and T1 measurements were performed precontrast, 10 min post‐Gd‐DTPA, and 24 h post‐MnCl2. Tumors were excised and histologically assessed using H&E (composition and necrosis) and CD34 (vascularity).

Results

Most tumors (78%) demonstrated little enhancement (< 20% change in R1) on Gd‐DTPA. MnCl2 administration achieved greater and more uniform enhancement throughout the tumor mass (i.e., not restricted to the tumor periphery), with R1 changing over 20% in 72% of tumors. MnCl2‐induced R1 changes compared with Gd‐induced changes were significantly greater in both ZR75 (P < 0.01) and LM2 tumors (P < 0.05). Histology confirmed very low vascularity in both tumor models, and necrotic areas were well delineated only on Mn‐enhanced MRI.

Conclusion

Mn‐enhanced MRI is a promising approach for detection of low‐Gd‐enhancing tumors. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;41:806–813. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fetal surgery in complicated monoamniotic pregnancies: case series and systematic review of the literature
Authors: Peeters Suzanne H. P. , Devlieger Roland , Middeldorp Johanna M. , DeKoninck Philip , Deprest Jan , Lopriore Enrico , Lewi Liesbeth , Klumper Frans J. , Kontopoulos Eftichia , Quintero Ruben , Oepkes Dick
Published: March 2014

Objective

This study aimed to analyze perinatal outcome in monoamniotic (MA) pregnancies that underwent antenatal surgical interventions for fetal complications.

Methods

Review of all MA pregnancies treated with antenatal surgical interventions in three fetal treatment centers between 2000 and 2013. Indications were twin–twin transfusion syndrome, twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence, discordant anomalies, or elective reduction. We analyzed associations between indication, type of intervention, perinatal survival, and gestational age (GA) at birth and compared our results with a systematic review of the literature.

Results

Fifty‐eight MA pregnancies were included. Median GA at treatment was 18.0 weeks (range: 13.1–33.0). Procedures included cord coagulation plus transection (n = 42), cord coagulation without transection (n = 7), laser coagulation of placental anastomoses (n = 7), and one case each with interstitial laser and radiofrequency ablation. Median GA at birth was 34 weeks (range 16.0–41.0), and 75% (53/71) of fetuses intended to survive indeed survived. Literature review included 20 articles, reporting on a total of 45 cases of surgically treated MA pregnancies, showing similar outcome results.

Conclusion

We present the largest series concerning surgical interventions in complicated MA pregnancies. Despite being rare in experienced hands, a 75% survival is achieved. Collaboration between centers, data sharing, and benchmarking may further improve outcome. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tiefe möglichst ohne Rausch
Authors: Mathelitsch Leopold , Thaller Sigrid
Published: March 2014

Luftmangel erlaubt unserem ans Landleben angepassten Körper nur kurze Tauchgänge. Nur trainierte Apnoetaucher können bis zu zehn Minuten ohne Atmen unter Wasser bleiben und mit Hilfsmitteln Tauchtiefen jenseits von 200 m erreichen. Grundsätzlich sorgt der mit der Tiefe linear zunehmende Wasserdruck für kritische Effekte im Körper. Bei Schnorcheln als Atemhilfe begrenzt die Druckdifferenz zum Lungeninnendruck die Tauchtiefe sehr stark. Das Gerätetauchen mit Pressluftflaschen sorgt für einen Druckausgleich zwischen Lunge und Umgebung und erlaubt daher viel größere Tauchtiefen. Der Wasserdruck kann verschiedene Taucherkrankheiten verursachen, deren Ursachen Druckdifferenzen oder die Partialdrücke der Gasbestandteile in der Atemluft sind.
Die Wetter‐Zeitmaschine
Authors: Brönnimann Stefan , Martius Olivia , Dierer Silke
Published: March 2014

Historische Wetterbeobachtungen vor 1950 liegen als reine Bodendaten der Wetterstationen vor. Neue numerische Verfahren erlauben trotzdem eine globale, dreidimensionale Wetterrekonstruktion viel weiter zurück in die Vergangenheit. Dies gelingt durch die Kombination von Messungen des Luftdrucks, dessen Verteilung am Boden ein Abbild der dreidimensionalen atmosphärischen Zirkulation liefert, mit einem numerischen Wettervorhersagemodell. Mit diesen Daten kann man beispielsweise Sturmschäden besser untersuchen und Veränderungen in den Sturmhäufigkeiten bestimmen.
Als die Erde ein Schneeball war
Authors: Losch Martin , Hanfland Claudia
Published: March 2014

Es gibt viele geologische Hinweise darauf, dass die Erde vor etwa 850 bis 635 Millionen Jahren phasenweise fast vollständig mit Eis bedeckt war. In einer solchen Klimaphase schirmte ein dicker Eispanzer den Ozean von den Einflüssen der Atmosphäre ab. Trotzdem konnte sich, angetrieben von Geothermie am Ozeanboden, eine ganz besondere Ozeanzirkulation entwickeln. Ihre Charakteristika unterscheiden sich deutlich von der heutigen Zirkulation. Sie könnte das Überleben von damaligen Mikroben‐ und Algenpopulationen in eisfreien Küstenoasen gewährleistet haben.
Physiker mit Braunstich
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: March 2014

Es ist unbestritten, dass er viele Verdienste um die Physik erworben hat. Dennoch sucht man vergebens physikalische Theorien oder Formeln, die seinen Namen tragen. Auch den Nobelpreis, für den er zweimal vorgeschlagen wird, erhält er nie. Als Quantenmechaniker und Quantenfeldtheoretiker steht er in der zweiten Reihe, und das, obwohl er beispielsweise maßgeblich daran beteiligt ist, Heisenbergs mathematische Erfindungen in der Quantenmechanik als Elemente der Matrix‐Algebra zu identifizieren – in einer Arbeit mit seinem Lehrer Max Born.
Hochauflösende Holografie
Authors: Zentgraf Thomas
Published: March 2014

Seit der Erfindung der Holografie durch Dennis Gabor im Jahr 1947 hat sich die Technik zur Erzeugung räumlicher Bilder deutlich weiterentwickelt. Jedoch existieren immer noch einige Beschränkungen in der räumlichen Auflösung und des möglichen Betrachtungswinkels. Durch den Einsatz moderner Nanotechnologie ist es unserer Gruppe für ultraschnelle Nanophotonik an der Universität Paderborn kürzlich gelungen, hochauflösende Hologramme zu realisieren.
Riesenatom im Bose‐Einstein‐Kondensat
Authors: Balewski Jonathan , Hofferberth Sebastian
Published: March 2014

Das Verständnis der Wechselwirkung von Elektronen mit Materie ist wesentlich für die Lösung fundamentaler Fragestellungen und technischer Probleme. Unsere Gruppe an der Universität Stuttgart untersuchte kürzlich ein einzelnes mikrometergroßes Rydberg‐Atom, das mehrere zehntausend normale Atome in seinem Elektronenorbital enthält. Damit realisierten wir erstmals ein Modellsystem im Labor, bei dem sich die Wechselwirkung eines einzelnen Elektrons mit vielen Atomen in seinem Orbital studieren lässt.
Influence of sintering temperature on core–shell structure evolution and reliability in Dy modified BaTiO3 dielectric ceramics
Authors: Gong Huiling , Wang Xiaohui , Zhang Shaopeng , Yang Xinye , Li Longtu
Published: March 2014

The formation of core–shell structure plays a very important role in temperature stable BaTiO3‐based dielectric ceramic for multilayer ceramic capacitors applications. In this work, the rare earth Dy modified BaTiO3 dielectric ceramics have been prepared by chemical coating method, which possess high dielectric constant and high insulation resistivity, satisfying the EIA X7R specification. The existence of core–shell structure was proven by transmission electron microscopy observation and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. Experimental results show that the sintering temperature has a strong effect on the core–shell structure evolution in Dy‐doped BaTiO3 ceramics. Thus, selecting an appropriate sintering temperature is conducive for improving the temperature stability for multilayer ceramic capacitors applications. Furthermore, impedance analysis and the highly accelerated lifetime test show that the core–shell structure evolution has a closely relationship with the reliability accompanied by the increasing of sintering temperatures.
Attribute Charts for Monitoring the Mean Vector of Bivariate Processes
Authors: Lee Ho Linda , Costa Antonio
Published: March 2014

This article proposes two Shewhart charts, denoted npxy and npw charts, which use attribute inspection to control the mean vector (μx; μy)′ of bivariate processes. The units of the sample are classified as first‐class, second‐class, or third‐class units, according to discriminate limits and the values of their two quality characteristics, X and Y. When the npxy chart is in use, the monitoring statistic is M = N1 + N2, where N1 and N2 are the number of sample units with a second‐class and third‐class classification, respectively. When the npw chart is in use, the monitoring statistic is  W = N1 + 2N2. We assume that the quality characteristics X and Y follow a bivariate normal distribution and that the assignable cause shifts the mean vector without changing the covariance matrix. In general, the synthetic npxy and npw charts require twice larger samples to outperform the T2 chart. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring Service Accessibility in Telephone Nurse Triage Services
Authors: Zeng Li , Peterson Ronnie
Published: March 2014

Telephone nurse triage (TNT) services are an important component of the health care delivery system. Thanks to the advancement of telephone/information technologies, abundant data on the daily operations of telephone triage centers are now readily available that can be used to assess their performance. However, the current way to use such data is very primitive, which mainly focuses on simple descriptive statistics of the data. This study provides an approach to mine information from count data from the TNT service, including the daily inbound and outbound call volumes. A class of overdispersed generalized linear models is proposed to model the outbound–inbound relationship, and Bayesian algorithms for model estimation and comparison are provided. The established model reveals the variation in the accessibility of the triage service and the effect of weekday/weekend, which will provide significant information for performance assessment and improvement in such services. In the case study, the proposed approach is applied to a dataset from a triage call center in Wisconsin to demonstrate its use in practice. A numerical study is also done to examine the properties of the proposed model and accuracy of parameter estimation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of finite dimensional robust H ∞  distributed consensus filters for dissipative PDE systems with sensor networks
Authors: Wang Hong‐Du , Wu Huai‐Ning
Published: March 2014

This paper presents a design method of finite dimensional robust H ∞  distributed consensus filters (DCFs) for a class of dissipative nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) systems with a sensor network, for which the eigenvalue spectrum of the spatial differential operator can be partitioned into a finite dimensional slow one and an infinite dimensional stable fast complement. Initially, the modal decomposition technique is applied to the PDE system to derive a finite dimensional ordinary differential equation system that accurately describes the dynamics of the dominant (slow) modes of the PDE system. Then, based on the slow subsystem, a set of finite dimensional robust H ∞  DCFs are developed to enforce the consensus of the slow mode estimates and state estimates of all local filters for all admissible nonlinear dynamics and observation spillover, while attenuating the effect of external disturbances. The Luenberger and consensus gains of the proposed DCFs can be obtained by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Furthermore, by the existing LMI optimization technique, a suboptimal design of robust H ∞  DCFs is proposed in the sense of minimizing the attenuation level. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed DCFs is demonstrated on the state estimation of one dimensional Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation system with a sensor network. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs) for Detoxification of Hazardous Organophorous Chemicals
Authors: Xu Pengcheng , Guo Shuanbao , Yu Haitao , Li Xinxin
Published: March 2014

The study reports the effect of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) on detoxification of toxic organophorous compounds. Based on gravimetric sensing experiment with resonant microcantilever, rapid adsorption of the organophorous simulant of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) onto MSNs is confirmed. The experimentally observed irreversible gravimetric‐signal implies that substitution‐reaction possibly occurs at the nanomaterial surface. By exploring a method of gravimetric detection at different temperatures to obtain two isotherms, high reaction‐heat of 97.1 kJ mol−1 is extracted that indicates strong chemical interaction. Characterizations with solid‐state NMR and FT‐IR to the MSNs are performed during the adsorption/interaction process, revealing that substitution‐reaction exactly occurs. GC‐MS analysis to the post‐reaction vapor exhaust indicates that one or two methyl groups in a DMMP molecule can be substituted by hydrogen atom(s) through substitution‐reaction with silanol group(s) of MSNs, thereby, destructing DMMP into two sorts of new molecules. With such comprehensive analyses, the destruction/detoxification mechanism is clearly identified. To evaluate the detoxification performance of the MSNs, real toxic of dichlorvos is experimentally examined, resulting in that organophosphate dichlorvos is detoxified into non‐toxic dimethylphosphate. The low‐cost and producible MSNs are promising for detoxification to organophorous compounds. Besides, the micro‐gravimetric analysis method can be expanding for extensive researches on various functional materials.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Two Novel Lead(II) Frameworks: From 1D Infinite Helical Pb–(O–C–O)–Pb Linkage to 3D Infinite Pb–X–Pb Network (X = O and Br)
Authors: Wang You You , Liu Yuan Yuan , Xu Yao Yao , Ding Bin , Wang Xiu Guang , Xia Jun
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Two aliphatic dicarboxy1ic acid ligands, iminodiacetic acid (H2L1) and 3,3‐thiodipropionic acid (H2L2), were used to construct two novel lead(II) frameworks, namely, [Pb(μ4‐L1)Br]n (1) and [Pb3(μ9‐L2)(μ2‐Br)2Br2]n (2), under hydrothermal conditions. It has to be noted that for 1 the central PbII ions are bridged by L2– ligands resulting in infinite right‐ and left‐handed helical Pb–(O–C–O)–Pb linkage. Compound 2 represents a novel 3D hybrid luminescent lead(II) framework with I3O0 type connectivity. For 2 infinite 2D Pb–O–Pb inorganic layers and trinuclear Pb3Br4 clusters are inter‐linked forming a 3D inorganic connectivity. In 1 the five‐coordinate central PbII ions adopt a hemi‐directed coordination arrangement, whereas in 2 six‐coordinate Pb1, six‐coordinate Pb2, and four‐coordinate Pb3 atoms adopt hemi‐directed coordination arrangements. The variable lead(II) coordination environment and flexible coordination modes of carboxy1ic acid ligands such as H2L1 and H2L2 also reveal great potential for constructing novel inorganic‐organic hybrid materials. Furthermore TGA, FT‐IR, PXRD, elemental analysis, and photo‐luminescent properties of 1 and 2 were investigated.
Contributions to the Chemistry of the Cyclopentadienyl Complex [Cp∧RuCl2]2 (“Cp‐roof” = η5‐1‐Methoxy‐2,4‐tert‐butyl‐3‐neopentylcyclopentadienyl)
Authors: Risse Julie , Dutta Barnali , Solari Euro , Scopelliti Rosario , Severin Kay
Published: March 2014

The dimeric ruthenium complex [Cp∧RuCl2]2 is easily accessible in a one‐pot reaction from RuCl3(solv)n and tert‐butylacetylene. It features sterically very demanding “Cp‐roof” ligands (Cp∧ = η5‐1‐methoxy‐2,4‐tert‐butyl‐3‐neopentylcyclopentadienyl), which impart a unique reactivity. Herein we describe the synthesis and the characterization of novel Cp∧Ru complexes bearing a bridging carbene ligand, a linear imido ligand, or an orthometalated phosphine ligand. Furthermore, the microwave‐assisted syntheses of the bimetallic complexes [Cp∧Ru(μ‐Cl)3Ru(p‐cymene)] and [Cp∧Ru(μ‐Cl)3RhCp*] are described.
Anomalous First Thoracic Rib as a Cause of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome with Upper Trunk Symptoms: A Case Report
Authors: Hidlay Douglas T. , Graham R. Scott , Isaacs Jonathan E.
Published: March 2014

Background

Thoracic outlet syndrome is an uncommon cause of upper extremity neuropathy resulting from either neurogenic or vascular compromise in the thoracic outlet. Congenital anomalies as the cause of this disease process represent a minority of cases, and the literature regarding their surgical management is still evolving.

Case Report

A 42-year-old female without any relevant history presented to a clinic for evaluation of worsening neuropathic symptoms in the upper left extremity. Initial physical exam was unremarkable, and MRI identified an anomalous first rib, but no abnormality of the brachial plexus. The patient was managed conservatively for almost 4 years before symptoms became debilitating. Physical exam at that time found atrophy and weakness in the muscles supplied by the upper trunk of the brachial plexus, and CT demonstrated anomalies of the bone and brachial plexus not apparent on previous MRI. Neurolysis with local resection of the abnormal bone led to successful resolution of the patient's symptoms.

Conclusion

Identification of a rare congenital anomaly allowed for a precise surgical treatment of the condition. The importance of careful selection of modality and review of imaging in diagnosis and operative planning is discussed.
Linoleic Acid Suppresses Cholesterol Efflux and ATP‐Binding Cassette Transporters in Murine Bone Marrow‐Derived Macrophages
Authors: Spartano Nicole L. , Lamon‐Fava Stefania , Matthan Nirupa R. , Obin Martin S. , Greenberg Andrew S. , Lichtenstein Alice H.
Published: March 2014

Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), possibly associated with elevated plasma free fatty acid concentrations. Paradoxically, evidence suggests that unsaturated, compared to saturated fatty acids, suppress macrophage cholesterol efflux, favoring cholesterol accumulation in the artery wall. Murine bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDM) were used to further explore the relationship between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and cholesterol efflux mediated by ATP‐binding cassette transporters (ABCA1 and ABCG1) through transcription factors liver‐x‐receptor‐alpha (LXR‐α) and sterol receptor element binding protein (SREBP)‐1. BMDM isolated from C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 100 μM linoleic acid (18:2) or palmitic acid (16:0) for 16 h, and 25 μg/mL oxidized low density lipoprotein for an additional 24 h. ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA expression was suppressed to a greater extent by 18:2 (60 % and 54 %, respectively) than 16:0 (30 % and 29 %, respectively) relative to the control (all p < 0.01). 18:2 decreased ABCA1 protein levels by 94 % and high density lipoprotein (HDL) mediated cholesterol efflux by 53 % (both p < 0.05), and had no significant effect on ABCG1, LXR‐α or SREBP‐1 protein levels. 16:0 had no effect on ABCA1, ABCG1, LXR‐α or SREBP‐1 protein expression or HDL‐mediated cholesterol efflux. These results suggest that 18:2, relative to 16:0, attenuated macrophage HDL‐mediated cholesterol efflux through down regulation of ABCA1 mRNA and protein levels but not through changes in LXR‐α or SREBP‐1 expression. The effect of 18:2 relative to 16:0 on macrophages cholesterol homeostasis may exacerbate the predisposition of individuals with T2DM to increased CVD risk.
Hip displacement in relation to age and gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Larnert Per , Risto Olof , Hägglund Gunnar , Wagner Philippe
Published: March 2014

Purpose

Hip dislocation in cerebral palsy (CP) is a serious complication. By radiographic screening and prophylactic surgery of children at risk most dislocations can be prevented. CPUP, the Swedish CP registry and follow-up program, includes annual radiographic examinations of children at Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels III–V. Data from CPUP were analysed to assess the risk of hip displacement in relation to GMFCS levels and age.

Methods

All children at GMFCS levels III–V ( N = 353) whose first radiographic screening occurred before 3 years of age were followed between the ages 2–7 years. Migration percentages (MPs) were recorded annually (1,664 pelvic radiographs) and analysed using discrete time survival analysis.

Results

The risk of hip displacement between 2 years and 7 years of age was significantly ( p < 0.05) higher for children at GMFCS level V during the entire study period. The risk was highest at 2–3 years of age and decreased significantly ( p < 0.001) with each year of age (OR = 0.71, 95 % CI 0.60–0.83). The cumulative risk at age 7 years for those at GMFCS V for MP ≥ 40 % was 47 % (95 % CI 37–58). The corresponding risk at GMFCS IV was 24 % (16–34) and at GMFCS III 23 % (12–42).

Conclusions

Children at GMFCS V have a significantly higher risk of hip displacement compared with children at GMFCS III–IV. The risk is highest at 2–3 years of age. The results support a surveillance program including radiographic hip examinations as soon as the diagnosis of severe CP is suspected.
Water entry without surface seal: extended cavity formation
Authors: Mansoor M. M. , Marston J. O. , Vakarelski I. U. , Thoroddsen S. T.
Published: March 2014

We report results from an experimental study of cavity formation during the impact of superhydrophobic spheres onto water. Using a simple splash-guard mechanism, we block the spray emerging during initial contact from closing thus eliminating the phenomenon known as ‘surface seal’, which typically occurs at Froude numbers $\mathit{Fr}= V_{0}^{2}/(gR_{0}) = O(100)$. As such, we are able to observe the evolution of a smooth cavity in a more extended parameter space than has been achieved in previous studies. Furthermore, by systematically varying the tank size and sphere diameter, we examine the influence of increasing wall effects on these guarded impact cavities and note the formation of surface undulations with wavelength $\lambda =O(10)~ \mathrm{cm}$ and acoustic waves $\lambda _{a}=O(D_{0})$ along the cavity interface, which produce multiple pinch-off points. Acoustic waves are initiated by pressure perturbations, which themselves are generated by the primary cavity pinch-off. Using high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques we study the bulk fluid flow for the most constrained geometry and show the larger undulations ($\lambda =O (10~ \mathrm{cm}$)) have a fixed nature with respect to the lab frame. We show that previously deduced scalings for the normalized (primary) pinch-off location (ratio of pinch-off depth to sphere depth at pinch-off time), $H_{p}/H = 1/2$, and pinch-off time, $\tau \propto (R_{0}/g)^{1/2}$, do not hold for these extended cavities in the presence of strong wall effects (sphere-to-tank diameter ratio), $\epsilon = D_{0}/D_{tank} \gtrsim 1/16$. Instead, we find multiple distinct regimes for values of $H_{p}/H$ as the observed undulations are induced above the first pinch-off point as the impact speed increases. We also report observations of ‘kinked’ pinch-off points and the suppression of downward facing jets in the presence of wall effects. Surprisingly, upward facing jets emanating from first cavity pinch-off points evolve into a ‘flat’ structure at high impact speeds, both in the presence and absence of wall effects.
Mixing and transport by ciliary carpets: a numerical study
Authors: Ding Yang , Nawroth Janna C. , McFall-Ngai Margaret J. , Kanso Eva
Published: March 2014

We use a three-dimensional computational model to study the fluid transport and mixing due to the beating of an infinite array of cilia. In accord with recent experiments, we observe two distinct regions: a fluid transport region above the cilia and a fluid mixing region below the cilia tip. The metachronal wave due to phase differences between neighbouring cilia is known to enhance the fluid transport above the ciliary tip. In this work, we show that the metachronal wave also enhances the mixing rates in the sub-ciliary region, often simultaneously with the flow rate enhancement. Our results suggest that this simultaneous enhancement in transport and mixing is due to an enhancement in shear flow. As the flow above the cilia increases, the shear rate in the fluid increases and this shear enhances stretching, which is an essential ingredient for mixing. Estimates of the mixing time scale indicate that, compared to diffusion, the mixing due to the cilia beat may be significant and sometimes dominates chemical diffusion.
Sharp transition between coalescence and non-coalescence of sessile drops
Authors: Karpitschka Stefan , Riegler Hans
Published: March 2014

Unexpectedly, under certain conditions, sessile drops from different but completely miscible liquids do not always coalesce instantaneously upon contact: the drop bodies remain separated in a temporary state of non-coalescence, connected through a thin liquid bridge. Here we investigate the transition between the states of instantaneous coalescence and temporary non-coalescence. Experiments reveal that it is barely influenced by viscosities and absolute surface tensions. The main system control parameters for the transition are the arithmetic means of the three-phase angles, $\overline{\Theta }_{a}$, and the surface tension differences $\Delta \gamma $ between the two liquids. These relevant parameters can be combined into a single system parameter, a specific Marangoni number $\widetilde{M}=3\Delta \gamma /(2\overline{\gamma }\overline{\Theta }_{a}^2)$. This $\widetilde{M}$ universally characterizes the coalescence transition behaviour as a function of both the physicochemical liquid properties and the shape of the liquid body in the contact region. The transition occurs at a certain threshold value $\widetilde{M}_t$ and is sharp within the experimental resolution. The experimentally observed threshold value of $\widetilde{M}_t\approx 2$ agrees quantitatively with values obtained by simulations assuming realistic material parameters. The simulations indicate that the absolute value of $\widetilde{M}_t$ very weakly depends on the molecular diffusivity.
La relation médecin-malade chez Georges Canguilhem
Authors: LEFÈVE CÉLINE
Published: March 2014

La philosophie de la vie de Georges Canguilhem, qui dévoile que le vivant est un sujet normatif, fonde son épistémologie de la médecine. Celle-ci est une technique ou un art visant à restaurer la normativité individuelle du patient. Elle ne peut être pratiquée qu’à partir de la connaissance et de la compréhension de ses normes de vie, de son expérience et de ses valeurs, autrement dit de sa subjectivité. C’est pourquoi la clinique et la thérapeutique nécessitent une relation personnelle entre le médecin et le malade.
Discussion of ‘Metamorphic P–T and retrograde path of high-pressure Barrovian metamorphic zones near Cairn Leuchan, Caledonian orogen, Scotland’
Authors: Viete D. R. , Oliver G. J. H. , Wilde S. A.
Published: March 2014

D. R. Viete, G. J. H. Oliver and S. A. Wilde comment: First, we would like to commend Aoki et al. (2013) on a careful study and thought-provoking manuscript. Their interpretation of the Barrovian metamorphism as a fundamentally retrograde feature offers a refreshing alternative to the more conventional ‘peak-metamorphic’ models.
WHAT TO DO WITH CAESARION
Authors: Gray-Fow Michael
Published: March 2014

This article is about a young man of whom we know almost nothing. He never said or did anything that was recorded, we do not know for certain what he looked like, and his personality is entirely lost to us. He was killed at the age of seventeen, but even that event is passed over in fleeting comment. However, the very mention of his demise tells us something: that despite our almost total ignorance about the youth himself he was not without some importance. He was at least in name a king, though it can hardly be said that he ever ruled. Yet his birth and death were equally planned, and from his birth onwards he was someone who figured in the plans and dreams of mighty people. Those plans and dreams shifted with the politics of the day, and he was always a pawn on the chessboard of life. What follows here examines how the personalities of the great people around him and their changing fortunes governed how he was seen, and the uses to which he was put.
EPEIUS IN THE KITCHEN: OR ANCIENT GREEK FOLK TALES VINDICATED
Authors: Davies Malcolm
Published: March 2014

Bertold Brecht's wonderful poemFragen eines lesenden Arbeiters(Questions from a Reading Workman) begins by posing (or making his ‘reading workman’ pose) a number of awkward questions:Wer baute das siebentorige Theben?In dem Büchern stehen die Namen von Königen.Haben die Könige die Felsbrocken herbeigeschleppt?Und das mehrmals zerstörte Babylon–Wer baute es so viele Mal auf?Who built seven-gated Thebes?In books one only finds the names of kings.Did the Kings haul the blocks of stone all the way up?And Babylon, the much-destroyed city –Who was it built it up again so many times?
Greek History
Authors: Vlassopoulos Kostas
Published: March 2014

The interaction between Greeks and non-Greeks is an increasingly popular subject among Greek historians, as shown by four important books reviewed here: their significance lies in the various challenges that they pose to the still dominant structuralist approach, which focuses on polarity and alterity and privileges certain discourses in literary texts over the diversity encountered when one examines the totality of the evidence. All four books put at the centre of their attention the significance and consequences of real-life encounters and interactions between people of different cultural and ethnic backgrounds.
Does the Location of Directors Matter? Information Acquisition and Board Decisions
Authors: Alam Zinat S. , Chen Mark A. , Ciccotello Conrad S. , Ryan Harley E.
Published: March 2014

Using data on over 4,000 individual residential addresses, we find that geographic distance between directors and corporate headquarters is related to information acquisition and board decisions. The fraction of a board’s unaffiliated directors who live near headquarters is higher when information-gathering needs are greater. When the fraction of unaffiliated directors living near headquarters is lower, nonroutine chief executive officer (CEO) turnover is more sensitive to stock performance. Also, the level, intensity, and sensitivity of CEO equity-based pay increase with board distance. Overall, our results suggest that geographic location is an important dimension of board structure that influences directors’ costs of gathering information.
Seeing Names on Pots
Authors: Kenrick Philip
Published: March 2014

It was with considerable hesitation that I acceded to the request from the
journal's Review Editor to review all nine volumes of this remarkable
corpus. This will necessarily be a partial and personal view, since I am not
competent to evaluate all of its aspects or the full extent of its impact. For
this reason, the review is written unashamedly in the first person. I can,
however, write from the very particular perspective of someone who has brought
to fruition a similar, if much more modest, project: a second edition of the
Corpus Vasorum Arretinorum (OCK). For
those who do not know it, this is a catalogue of names on Italian terra
sigillata, compiled by August Oxé between 1896 and 1943, finally
brought to publication by Howard Comfort in 1968 and revised, enlarged and
brought into the digital age by myself between 1992 and 2000.
Optimization-based dynamic 3D human running prediction: effects of foot location and orientation
Authors: Chung Hyun-Joon , Xiang Yujiang , Arora Jasbir S. , Abdel-Malek Karim
Published: March 2014

This paper presents optimization-based dynamic three-dimensional (3D) human running prediction. A predictive dynamics method is used to formulate the running problem, and normal running is formulated as a symmetric and cyclic motion. In addition, a slow jog along curved paths has been formulated. It is a non-symmetric running motion, so a stride formulation has been used. The dynamic effort and impulse are used as the performance measure, and the upper body yawing moment is also included in the performance measure. The joint angle profiles and joint torque profiles are calculated for the full-body human model, and the ground reaction force is determined. The effects of foot location and orientation on the running motion prediction are simulated and studied. Simulation results from this methodology show good correlation with experimental data obtained from human subjects.
COMMITMENT AS MOTIVATION: AMARTYA SEN’S THEORY OF AGENCY AND THE EXPLANATION OF BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Cudd Ann E.
Published: March 2014

This paper presents Sen's theory of agency, focusing on the role of commitment in this theory as both problematic and potentially illuminating. His account of some commitments as goal-displacing gives rise to a dilemma given the standard philosophical theory of agency.Eithercommitment-motivated actions are externally motivated, in which case they are not expressions of agency,orsuch actions are internally motivated, in which case the commitment is not goal-displacing. I resolve this dilemma and accommodate his view of commitment as motivation by developing a broader descriptive theory of agency, which recognizes both agent goal-directed and goal-displacing commitments. I propose a type of goal-displacing commitment, which I call ‘tacit commitment’, that can be seen to fit between the horns. Tacit commitments regulate behaviour without being made conscious and explicit. This resolution suggests a means of bridging the normative/descriptive gap in social-scientific explanation.
Sediment and solute discharge into the Tay Estuary from the river system
Authors: Al-Jabbari M. H. , McManus J. , Al-Ansari N. A.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The River Tay, which drains a dominantly metamorphic catchment, has the largest freshwater discharge of any British river. Direct methods of determining the solute, suspension and bed loads at six gauging stations have enabled the river transport to be assessed at 375,000 and 997,000 tonnes annually for dry and average wet years respectively. Added to estimates of loads from the Earn and Isla rivers the load entering the head of the Tay Estuary varies from 646,000 tonnes to 1,648,000 tonnes annually. This corresponds to total losses of 100 t/km2/year to 255 t/km2 year, which equates with an average lowering of the basin surface by 4–5 cm to 11.6 cm per thousand years of dry and average conditions respectively.
Enrichment, enumeration and characterisation of nitrate-reducing bacteria present in sediments of the River Tay Estuary
Authors: Dunn G. M. , Wardell J. N. , Herbert R. A. , Brown C. M.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Sediments from the River Tay contained higher concentrations of ammonia than nitrate throughout an 18 month sampling cycle. Sediments from Kingoodie Bay and from the North Sea off the Tay Estuary produced nitrite and ammonia when incubated in the presence of nitrate.

The nitrate-reducing bacteria present in Kingoodie Bay sediments were Aeromonasj Vibrio organisms with smaller numbers of enterobacteria and pseudomonads and even smaller numbers of acinetobacters. Continuous culture enrichments of sediments showed that in media containing no added NaCl, acinetobacters predominated anaerobically in the presence of nitrate and acetate while enterobacteria predominated in the presence of nitrate and glycerol. With 0.2M NaCl added to media enterobacteria were predominant, irrespective of carbon source, while with 0.4M NaCl addition pseudomonads predominated in acetate and enterobacteria in glycerol media.

These results indicate that, at the salinities observed in the Tay Estuary at Kingoodie Bay, fermentative bacteria are most likely to be active in nitrate reduction.
The history and spread of bracken in Britain
Authors: Page C. N.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Bracken, Pleridium aquilinum, has long been present in Britain as part of the native flora. Before the arrival of man, Britain was a wooded and forested country, and in this vegetation bracken was an open woodland and forest margin species, which played only a relatively minor vegetational role. Its biology is such, however, that this plant is able to spread rapidly in response to removal of the forest canopy, developing into colonies which are much more ecologically aggressive and dominating than was the original habit of the plant when undisturbed.

In open conditions, bracken also has a far greater spore output than in more shaded ones. It is able to establish anew from spores only in relatively virgin soil conditions, particularly those produced by burning of other vegetation. Burning also benefits established bracken by removal of its competitors, whilst heavy and selective grazing by sheep also slowly reduces the natural vegetation competition in favour of bracken's further spread.

The history of the spread of bracken in Britain from palynological and historical evidence is reviewed in the light of this biology and, in particular, its spread as man has progressively removed the forest canopy,introduced steady heavy grazing pressure, and has burned, and continues to burn, vegetation.
The carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic toxicity of bracken
Authors: Evans I. Antice , Prorok J. H. , Cole R. C. , Al-Salmani M. H. , Al-Samarrai A. M. H. , Patel M. C. , Smith R. M. M.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Information concerning the carcinogenicity of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) in different species and organs is reviewed. Various methods used in attempts to identify the plant components responsible are described and the results evaluated. Reference is made to recent and current research in this field (University College of North Wales, Bangor) and includes mutagenic and sterility studies, and the introduction of teratogenic screening by injection of Japanese quail eggs. The many problems still challenging bracken workers are indicated, and a final section deals with the potential hazard to human health in an attempt to link experimental work with epidemiological surveys of human cancer incidence. One important result of the study of bracken carcinogenicity is that active components, previously thought to be harmless, can be found in a wide variety of regular dietary items.
A historical review of marine fish disease studies with special reference to Scotland
Authors: Roberts Ronald J.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

The study of marine fish diseases has been directly related in its development to the significance of the fisheries or latterly aquaculture systems involved with epizootics. In this respect, Scotland has played a central role because of the importance of specific diseases of salmon which have been especially prevalent in Scotland, and the advanced state of its basic veterinary and medical expertise. This has been particularly important in the past, when very little information was available and extrapolation from higher animal studies was the only relevant approach.
Monoclonal antibodies in relation to viruses and their possible clinical application
Authors: Gardner P. S.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Current research into viral monoclonal antibodies is reviewed in the light of their use or potential use as diagnostic reagents. Special attention is paid to influenza, the adenovirus group, herpes virus hominis types 1 and 2, rota viruses, hepatitis and cytomegalovirus. Although monoclonal antibodies have many advantages, particularly as regards specificity, purity, reproducibility, homogeneity and availability in unlimited supplies, certain problems are inherent in their very nature. Their preciseness may in fact be a hindrance to their use in diagnosis necessitating their recombination in pools and the quality assessment of their reactions with their homologous 'wild" types presents large logistic problems. There is no doubt that a powerful new serological tool has become available but their large-scale diagnostic use may be a little premature.
Variation in, and reproductive capacity of, Betula pendula and B. pubescens
Authors: Pelham J. , Kinnaird J. W. , Gardiner A. S. , Last F. T.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

While B. pendula can be distingushed from B. pubescens by its diploid number of chromosomes, 28 compared with 56, separation by morphology depends upon a blend of variable characteristics, including leaf hairiness, occurrence of warts on branches, roughness of bark, pendulous habit and, most consistently, leaf shape.

Individuals of B. pendula, like those of B. pubescens, are mostly self-incompatible. The dates of flowering of individuals within a population of trees may differ markedly. However, female flowers usually mature sooner than male flowers on the same tree. The pollen of Betula spp. can be wind-dispersed considerable distances. Seed production varies greatly from year to year. Within a seedlot, the onset of germination may differ by as much as 7 days.

When side by side at latitude 56°N, trees from seed collected at southerly sites (lat. 50°N) in the natural ranges of B. pendula and B. pubescens grew taller than those from northerly (lat. 69°N) locations. However, when compared at latitude 69°N, the more northerly collections were the more vigorous. The seasonal onset of growth of different B. pubescens seedlings depended upon their origins. Seedlings from latitude 56°N commenced growth when days were 14h long; those from 63° and 70°N started when days were 16 and 20 h long respectively. Whereas northerly collections ceased growth when daytime temperatures dropped below 9°C, southerly collections continued to grow. The stem extension of B. pubescens seedlings grown from seeds collected at different altitudes (in the range of 200–1000m) was inversely related to the altitude of collection when compared at the same low altitude.

Within a population, some B. pubescens seedlings grew significantly more than others when supplied with small amounts of nutrients, the differences disappearing when amounts of nutrients were increased. In Britain, B. pendula was usually more severely attacked by the rust fungus, Melampsoridium betulinum, than B. pubescens whereas in southern Sweden, B. pubescens has been reported as the more severely attacked. At both locations, there were conspicuous within-species differences. More fruitbodies of sheathing mycorrhizal fungi were produced in association with southerly, than with northerly, collections of both B. pubescens and B. pendula—384 compared with nil fruitbodies per tree, 4 years after planting.
Betula nana L., a note on its status in the United Kingdom
Authors: Aston D.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Betula nana L., the dwarf birch, is shrub-like in habit. Today it has a relict distribution in the north of Britain. In the Early Post Glacial period, it was widespread throughout Britain. This paper reviews the present understanding of the species in our flora and describes aspects of its morphology, palaeoecology, current distribution, habitat and hybridizaton with the arborescent birches.