bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outsourcing Concepts
Authors: O’Madagain Cathal
Published: September 2018

It appears to be the case that some of our concepts have their content fixed by the minds of others. For example, we might have thoughts involving the concept QUARK, without knowing quite what quarks are. In such a case, we are likely to accept the authority of a physicist to tell us what exactly we are thinking about. This phenomenon, known as ‘social externalism’ about concepts, is puzzling both in terms of how such concepts are supposed to work, but also in terms of why we should have concepts whose content is fixed by the minds of others. In this chapter it is argued that if we think about social externalism in terms of extended mind reasoning we find a better account of how deferential concepts work, and why we have them, than has hitherto been available.
Representations and Robustly Collective Attitudes
Authors: Ridder Jeroen de
Published: September 2018

One argument against the existence of robustly collective cognitive states such as group belief and group knowledge is that there are no collective representations, i.e., representations held by groups rather than individuals. Since belief requires representation, so the argument goes, there can be no collective belief. This chapter replies to that argument. First, the chapter scrutinizes the assumption that belief requires representation and points out that it is in fact a substantive and controversial issue whether belief indeed requires representation and, if it does, how so. Secondly, the chapter argues that even if we grant the above assumption, the argument can be resisted, since there is a natural way to make sense of collective representations. By drawing on the ideas of the extended mind and distributed cognition hypotheses, this chapter outlines how we can conceive of collective representations and thereby undermine the argument against group cognitive states.
Consensus as an Epistemic Norm for Group Acceptance
Authors: Proust Joëlle
Published: September 2018

What are the propositional attitude(s) involved in collective epistemic agency? There are two opposing camps on this question: the ascribers have defended an extended notion of belief, while the rejectionists have claimed that groups form goal-sensitive acceptances. Addressing this question, however, requires providing responses to four preliminary queries. (1) Are group attitudes reducible to the participants’ attitudes? (2) Is epistemic evaluation sensitive to instrumental considerations? (3) Does accepting that p entail believing that p? (4) Is there a unity of epistemic rationality across levels? Both “believing” and “accepting as true”, as applied to plural subjects, fail to provide satisfactory answers to these four queries. An alternative analysis for epistemic group attitude called “accepting under consensus” is proposed. This attitude is shown to reflect actual group agency, and to offer consistent and independently justified answers to the queries. On this analysis, an individualist epistemology cannot simply be transferred to collective agents.
Socially Extended Moral Deliberation about Risks
Authors: Roeser Sabine
Published: September 2018

Current debates about risky technologies are frequently heated and end up in stalemates, due to the scientific and moral complexities of these risks. This chapter argues that emotions can make an important contribution to deliberation about ethical aspects of risk, because emotions can point out what morally matters. However, the chapter will also address the fact that emotions can be biased and that it can be hard to overcome such biases. The role that works of art can play in enticing moral emotions concerning responsible innovation of risky technologies will be examined. It is argued that works of art can contribute to emotional moral reflection on risky technologies by making abstract problems more concrete, letting us broaden narrow personal perspectives, exploring new scenarios, going beyond boundaries and challenging our imagination. In that sense, emotions as well as works of art can contribute to socially extended knowledge concerning ethical aspects of risk.
Solving the Frame Problem Socially
Authors: Halpin Harry
Published: September 2018

The question of how technology impacts the existing forms of epistemology and forms a new kind of socially extended epistemology deserves a thorough philosophical investigation. Traditionally, epistemology has been bound to a vision of knowledge as internal beliefs justified via logical inference. This view was externalized by artificial intelligence research into knowledge representation. Yet historically this form of research has failed, with knowledge representation being unable to cope with the Frame Problem: How to capture a changing and fluid world in a formal system that can be mechanized? Today, people use search engines, tagging, and social media to leave an enactive “social trail” through the vast amount of information, creating new kinds of distributed and extended knowledge that challenges traditional theories of epistemology. This shaping of the epistemic environment allows humans to socially solve the Frame Problem and extend the bounds of knowledge via technological means.
The New Historicism
Authors: Levinson Marjorie
Published: September 2018

Chapter 2 studies the relationship between historicism and Romanticism. It locates the two between Enlightenment materialism, on one side, and Marxian historical and dialectical materialism, on the other. In so doing, it isolates a paradox of materialism—namely, its production of the very concepts that undo it. These include the ideas of knowing as dissociated conceptual activity, and consciousness as absolute negativity. Romanticism and historicism, it is argued, represent solutions to a common problem—a claim defended through a reading of Wordsworth’s sonnet “The world is too much with us.” In considering how we position ourselves in relation to past literature, the chapter evaluates the choices between contemplation and empathy, knowledge and power, blame and defense. As such, it represents the first move in a self-critical turn on the new historicist method that had shaped the author’s—and part of the field’s—work in the previous decade.
Of Being Numerous
Authors: Levinson Marjorie
Published: September 2018

The chapter offers a reading of Wordsworth’s “I wandered lonely as a Cloud.” It reviews standard readings of this canonical poem, all built upon a premise of dialectical subject formation. In lieu of that approach, the interpretation developed here emphasizes the emergence of singularity out of multiplicity. It is governed by a structure of thought developed by Spinoza and present-day commentators, and by reference to an early nineteenth-century theory of cloud formation. The discussion of singularity and multiplicity is rooted in number theory. Key resources for this reading are, in addition to Spinoza, mathematician Georg Cantor, physicist David Bohm, and contemporary cultural theorists William Connolly, Luke Howard, Warren Montag, and Tim Morton.
Atonement
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2018

The doctrine that Christ has saved human beings from their sins, with all that that salvation entails, is the distinctive doctrine of Christianity. Over the course of many centuries of reflection on the doctrine, highly diverse understandings have been proposed, many of which have also raised strong positive or negative emotions in those who have reflected on them. In this book, in the context of this history of interpretation, Eleonore Stump considers this theological doctrine with philosophical care. The central question of the book is the nature of the atonement. That is, what is it that is accomplished by the passion and death of Christ (or the life, passion, and death, of Christ)? Whatever exactly it is, it is supposed to include a solution to the problem of the post-Fall human condition, with its guilt and shame. This volume canvasses major interpretations of the doctrine of the atonement that attempt to explain this solution, and it argues that all of them have serious shortcomings. In their place, Stump employs an extension of a Thomistic account of love and forgiveness to argue for a relatively novel interpretation of the doctrine, which she calls ‘the Marian interpretation.’ Stump argues that this Marian interpretation makes better sense of the doctrine of the atonement than other interpretations do, including Anselm’s well-known theory. In the process of constructing the Marian interpretation, she also discusses love, union, guilt, shame, forgiveness, retribution, punishment, shared attention, mind-reading, empathy, and various other issues in moral psychology and ethics.
Guilt, Shame, and Satisfaction
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2018

The project of this book requires the ethics and value theory presupposed in Christian theology, and for purposes of the book the author takes the ethics and value theory of Aquinas as exemplary. It is an ethics that accepts an objective goodness which is tied to the nature of God and which is founded on a correlation of being and goodness. In its normative ethics, it is built around the virtues; but it is a non-Aristotelian virtue ethics, and it privileges relationship and the second-personal among the things it values most. Its most central virtue is love, and all the rest of its normative ethical theory rests on this virtue. This chapter contains an account of love, and it explains guilt and shame in terms of that account of love. It also considers the remedies for guilt and shame, including forgiveness, satisfaction or penance, and the remaining stain on the soul.
The Anselmian Interpretation of the Atonement
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: September 2018

The Anselmian kind of interpretation of the doctrine of the atonement supposes that God is required to receive satisfaction or penalty to make up for human wrongdoing as a condition for forgiving sinful human beings and accepting reconciliation with them. On the Anselmian kind of interpretation, God forgives human beings and accepts reconciliation with them—but only because Christ makes amends to God for human sin. As some philosophers of law suppose that it can be morally impermissible for a victim to forgive someone who has wronged her without the wrongdoer’s having made amends to her, so the Anselmian kind of interpretation supposes that it is incompatible with God’s nature to forgive human beings unless amends have been made to God for human wrongdoing. This chapter argues that the Anselmian kind of interpretation of the doctrine of the atonement, in all its varieties, is irremediably flawed and cannot be salvaged.
The Future as Moral Imperative. Foundations of Futurism
Authors: Andersson Jenny
Published: September 2018

Chapter 3 traces the emergence of futurism to a range of writings by intellectuals such as Hannah Arendt, Ossip Flechtheim, and Lewis Mumford immediately after the Second World War. It explains the relevance of the idea, prevalent among key intellectuals after 1945, that the rise of totalitarianism, the invention of the atomic bomb, and the destruction of European Jewry had amounted to a severing of links between past and future that threatened all forms of human being. Humanity found itself in a state of profound moral and cultural crisis, a crisis explained as a complete loss of future. The chapter shows that futurists understood the future as squeezed by a new source of power over time, which they identified in new technologies of prediction and linked to totalitarian tendencies on a world scale.
The Future of the World. The World Futures Studies Federation and the Future as Counter Expertise
Authors: Andersson Jenny
Published: September 2018

Chapter 8 explores the making of futures studies as a counter reaction to futurology and protest against the Cold War world order. Taking as its focus the World Futures Studies Federation, created by the West German journalist and peace activist Robert Jungk and the philosopher and international relations theorist Johan Galtung, the chapter returns to futurism as an interrogation into the nature of humanity, and to the future as a fundamental utopian category. Futures studies were an example of a kind of neo-utopianism, which not only claimed that alternative worlds were possible but also tried to construct new ways of envisioning and realizing such worlds. Futures studies were constructed as a kind of militancy that straddled the boundaries of social science and politics, and mixed in religious and eschatological notions too. Crucial to this enterprise was the willingness to transcend the Cold War world order and create a united Mankind.
Types of Social Protection
Authors: Pestieau Pierre , Lefebvre Mathieu
Published: September 2018

There does not exist a single model forthe welfare state in Europe. Each country has its own model, which is the result of its political and social culture and of its economic evolution. There exist a number of taxonomies of welfare states. In this chapter we favour a taxonomy based on two characteristics: the generosity and the redistributiveness of programs. The main interest of distinguishing among different types of social protection programs is the different implications they have in terms of efficiency, equity, and political sustainability. We observe a trade-off between efficiency and political support on the one hand and equity on the other hand. Other distinguishing features of the welfare state are analysed: individualization, activation, and responsabilization.
Old Age Pensions
Authors: Pestieau Pierre , Lefebvre Mathieu
Published: September 2018

This chapter gives an overview of the type of pension system existing in Europe. Contributive and redistributive systems are opposed but the chapter shows that pension systems are more often a mix of both. The chapter shows how these systems have been more or less effective in tackling old age poverty in most countries and it points to the main challenges that these systems are facing, namely population ageing and low labour-force participation. The major reforms that have been implemented to ensure future sustainability of pension systems are presented but a number of additional changes that should be implemented are discussed. The chapter also presents projections for future outcomes and the link between demographic challenges and social security benefits is highlighted.
Dialogvs
Authors: Ingleheart Jennifer
Published: September 2018

This section contains the Latin text of Philip Gillespie Bainbrigge’s clandestinely published dialogue between two schoolboys, in which an older boy, Jocundus, introduces a younger friend, Robertus,to the pleasures of sex. The dialogue is a parody of Greek philosophical dialogues and erotic pedagogy; it is set at a contemporary public school and reflects on the role that the teaching of Latin played in the education of boys, as well as on the attempts of schoolmasters to police sexual desire. Bainbrigge’s schoolboys speak a hybrid Latin that combines allusions to classical authors as well as neo-Latin pornographic works, and that draws attention to the differences between modernity and antiquity. This section also contains an original English translation by the volume’s author.
In Decent Latin
Authors: Ingleheart Jennifer
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses Bainbrigge’s Latin dialogue between two schoolboys, in which an older boy introduces the younger to the pleasures of sex. It explores Bainbrigge’s treatment of sex in the light of much less sexually frank contemporary examples of clandestine homoerotic writing (including E. M. Forster’s Maurice), and argues that Latin was crucial in allowing Bainbrigge to discuss homoerotic desires and acts in a frank, yet still coded manner. It explores parallel examples of Latin’s use as a homoerotic language and interrogates how Bainbrigge’s sexual vocabulary draws on classical Latin as well as a longer tradition of neo-Latin pornographic works. The chapter’s conclusion explores the queer temporality of Bainbrigge’s hybrid classical/modern world and his parody of erotic pedagogy. It also analyses Bainbrigge’s comments on the censorship of sex in the classical schoolroom, and on classical education more broadly.
Sex, Latin, and Scholarship
Authors: Ingleheart Jennifer
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses A. E. Housman’s Praefanda, a parallel for Bainbrigge’s subversive, witty, and allusive Latin. Sexuality and scholarship cannot be separated; this chapter deconstructs the popular stereotype of the divided Housman, whose romantic poetry touched on homoerotic desires, but who focused his scholarly energies on austere topics. Housman’s Latin demonstrates complex intertextuality with classical literature and neo-Latin writings on sex, and it teases his readers about his knowledge of sex and sexuality, and how that knowledge was gained; like Bainbrigge, he suggests that sexual knowledge cannot be separated from the body, and focuses on a range of sexual pleasures, many of which have been overlooked in classical scholarship. Praefanda has much in common with Housman’s homoerotic verses, but its liberated Latin also contains Housman’s most outspoken comments about sexuality ancient and modern, and offers an important challenge to conventional sexual morality.
Achilles in Scyros
Authors: Ingleheart Jennifer
Published: September 2018

I print the text exactly as it appears in the Cayme Press edition, including the dedication, and various typographical errors and omissions, such as line numbers.

To

C. K. S-M. & F. W. H.

uncertain which did more to

beget it I dedicate this

monstrous birth...
Internationalized Armed Conflicts in International Law
Authors: Macak Kubo
Published: September 2018

This book examines and analyses the concept, the process, and the consequences of conflict internationalization from the perspective of international law. In a world defined by the twin forces of globalization and fragmentation, very few armed conflicts remain isolated from foreign involvement and confined to the territory of one state. Instead, many begin as internal conflicts that gradually acquire international characteristics of varying degree and nature. This holds true for nearly all major conflicts that have shaped the post-Cold War era: ex-Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Ukraine, Syria, Yemen, and so on. Accordingly, this book searches for the tipping points that convert non-international armed conflicts into international armed conflicts. On that basis, it argues for a specific conceptualization of ‘internationalized armed conflict’ in international law, understood to comprise prima facie non-international armed conflicts, whose legal nature has transformed, thus triggering the applicability of the law of international armed conflict to them. The book then puts forward a comprehensive catalogue of modalities of the process of internationalization that includes outside intervention, state dissolution, and recognition of belligerency. Turning to the consequences of internationalization, the book highlights that the intra-state origin of internationalized conflicts provides for an uneasy match with many of the precepts of the law of international armed conflict, which has historically evolved as a regulatory framework for inter-state wars. Of those, the regulation of combatancy and the law of belligerent occupation are where the principal legal questions lie and which are examined in depth in this book.
The Legal Personality of Individuals in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Kjeldgaard-Pedersen Astrid
Published: September 2018

Chapter 5 first assesses the extent to which the law of international armed conflict engages individuals directly and the impact of the different conceptions of international legal personality on the formation and application of the relevant treaty norms. Sections 5.1 and 5.2 study both provisions that do regulate the conduct of individuals directly, and provisions where such direct regulation was discussed but ultimately discarded in favour of an inter-State model. Turning to non-international armed conflict, Section 5.3 outlines the development of the doctrine of ‘recognition of belligerency’ between the late eighteenth century and the Second World War. Subsequently, Section 5.4 examines the role of the concept of international legal personality in the post-Second World War formation of treaty norms governing non-international armed conflicts. The chapter ends with a discussion of the diverging jurisprudential explanations in the current academic debate for the bindingness of international law on armed opposition groups.
Parallelizable Manifolds
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, absolute parallelism is formulated in an equivalent form in terms of a splitting, and the language necessary for this formulation is developed.
The Nonlinear Curvature
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, a nonlinear curvature is associated with the splitting defined in Chapter 1, and its properties are studied
Klein Geometries
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

Up to now, the discussion has been mainly concerned with Lie groups and their curved analogs, namely, parallelizable manifolds and their curvatures. The problem is to generalize this construction to arbitrary geometric structures. The first step is to study the flat case, and this is the subject of this chapter.
National Human Rights Action Planning
Authors: Chalabi Azadeh
Published: September 2018

This book deals with human rights action planning, as a largely under-researched area, from theoretical, doctrinal, empirical, and practical perspectives in order to put forward a new account of such planning. As such, the present work provides one of the most comprehensive studies of human rights planning to date. At the theoretical level, by advancing a novel general theory of human rights planning, it offers an alternative to the traditional state-centric model of planning. This new theory contains four sub-theories: contextual, substantive, procedural, and analytical ones. At the doctrinal level, a textual analysis of core human rights conventions is conducted in order to reveal the scope and nature of the obligation to adopt a national human rights action plan and to consider how to ensure that states are in compliance with this obligation. At the empirical level, a cross-case analysis of national human rights action plans of fifty-three countries is conducted exploring the major problems of these plans in different phases and uncovering the underlying causes. At the practical level, both national and supra-national human rights governance systems are examined. At the supra-national level, a networked model of global human rights governance is suggested as a practical response strategy against the extant global governance system which hardly works as an integrated system. At the national level, after suggesting the establishment of a nation-wide network for implementing human rights, the essential parts of human rights action planning are probed in four phases putting forward some methodological techniques for each phase.
Towards a General Theory of Human Rights Planning
Authors: Chalabi Azadeh
Published: September 2018

Part I, ‘Theoretical Perspectives’, which is structured in two chapters (Chapters 1 and 2), develops a new general theory of human rights planning. This theory contains four sub-theories:
1. Contextual sub-theory 2. Substantive sub-theory 3. Procedural sub-theory 4. Analytical sub-theory. Chapter 1 is dedicated to the first sub-theory. The central thrust of this chapter is to proceed with proposing a new contextual sub-theory of human rights planning through which the key characteristics of the four sub-systems of society—polity, economy, culture, and community—and their impacts on the effectiveness of human rights planning are explored.
Legal Status of NHRAPs in International Human Rights Law
Authors: Chalabi Azadeh
Published: September 2018

Part II, ‘Doctrinal Perspectives’, is structured in two chapters: Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. The main thrust of Chapter 3 is to unravel whether states are obliged, under international human rights law, to adopt a National Human Rights Action Plan (NHRAP), and if so, what is the nature and the scope of this obligation. To this end, a content analysis of all the nine core human rights conventions, General Comments, reports, and concluding observations is conducted. The findings of this content analysis show that each of these conventions places upon states parties an immediate obligation to adopt a NHRAP which must be geared towards realizing the rights embodied in the conventions.
Inventing the Printed Textbook
Authors: Oosterhoff Richard
Published: September 2018

Beatus Rhenanus encountered the printed textbook at the leading edge of experiment with the printed form. This chapter considers how these books were assembled and how the change from manuscript to print affected the content. It argues that students had a remarkably active role in making Lefèvre’s books, bringing their teachers’ manuscripts to print, and introducing their own interventions, commentary, and various paratexts. In particular, this chapter highlights the affinities between Renaissance attitudes to mathematical genres and these forms of collaborative authorship. Such interventions responded to the problem of copia outlined in the last chapter, and toyed with material notions of ‘method’ as cognitive habits facilitated by a printed object.
Introduction
Authors: Beninger Richard J.
Published: September 2018

The Introduction provides a brief overview of the book. The central theme is dopamine-mediated reward-related incentive learning—the acquisition by neutral stimuli of an increased ability to elicit approach and other responses. The brain has multiple memory systems defined as “declarative” and “non-declarative”; incentive learning produces one form of non-declarative memory. Once incentive learning is established it is gradually lost when the rewarding stimulus is no longer available or when dopamine function is reduced. Decreases in dopaminergic neurotransmission may produce inverse incentive learning—the loss by stimuli of their ability to elicit approach and other responses. Dopamine-related diseases including schizophrenia, Parkinson’s, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and drug abuse involve altered incentive learning. Incentive and inverse incentive learning may occur by the actions of dopamine, adenosine, and endocannabinoids at dendritic spines of striatal medium spiny neurons that have had recent glutamate input. Activity in dopaminergic neurons in humans appears to affect mental experience.
‘A vastly superior thing’
Authors: Jones Chris
Published: September 2018

In this chapter the case is made that while Hopkins studied Anglo-Saxon poetry too late for it to have a direct influence on his idiosyncratic prosody, nevertheless the poet learned much about the Anglo-Saxon language through the work of nineteenth-century philologists. In particular Hopkins’s knowledge of the writer George Marsh is investigated in detail, and applied to read several of his poems etymologically as the products of ‘fossil poetry’, including close studies of ‘The Starlight Night’ and ‘Harry Ploughman’. Hopkins’s word-compounding practice is re-examined, in view of his reading of Marsh, with particular reference to ‘The Loss of the Eurydice’, and this word-compounding practice is then brought to bear on a reconsideration of ‘sprung rhythm’.
An Organizational Approach to Public Governance
Authors: Egeberg Morten , Trondal Jarle
Published: September 2018

This chapter launches a general organizational approach to public governance. It outlines key theoretical dimensions that cut across governance structures and processes horizontally as well as vertically, thus paving the way for integrating separate empirical analyses into a coherent theoretical whole. Moreover, the organizational (independent) variables outlined represent classical dimensions in the organization literature that are generic in character. This allows for generalizations across time and space. The chapter also highlights the potential for organizational design that follows from our approach. By building systematic knowledge on how organizational factors shape governance processes on the one hand, and how organizational factors themselves might be deliberately changed on the other, the chapter offers a framework for developing a knowledge base for organizational design.
Agencification and Location
Authors: Egeberg Morten , Trondal Jarle
Published: September 2018

Chapter 7 offers a large-N study on whether the geographical location of government agencies affects public governance. Two decades of New Public Management have placed agencification high on the agenda of administrative policymakers. Moreover, agencies organized at arm’s length from ministerial departments have sometimes also been located outside of the capital or political centre. Although practitioners tend to assign weight to location as regards political-administrative behaviour, this relationship has been largely ignored by scholars in the field. This chapter shows that agency autonomy, agency influence, and inter-institutional coordination seem to be relatively unaffected by agency site. The chapter also specifies some conditions under which this finding is valid.
Meta-Governance
Authors: Egeberg Morten , Trondal Jarle
Published: September 2018

Chapter 8 draws attention to meta-governance and how the governing of reforms is affected by how reform processes are organized. The chapter asks how reformers can ensure support for large-scale reforms that are likely to attract profound resistance. The focal point of the chapter is a study of geographical decentralization of central government agencies. The chapter argues that successful meta-governance can be provided for by careful organization of the reform process. The empirical case studied is a large-scale relocation of government agencies in Norway during the early 2000s. In carrying out this reform, the government succeeded against the odds. Most importantly, research has revealed huge constraints on the instrumental control of large-scale reforms in general and of geographical relocation of organizations in particular. Yet, this chapter shows that large-scale reforms can be successfully achieved through careful crafting of the reform organization.
Introduction
Authors: Brewitt-Taylor Sam
Published: September 2018

This chapter critiques teleological accounts of Britain’s Sixties, arguing that the episode witnessed, not the arrival of ‘late modernity’ or ‘postmodernity’, but the sudden and contingent invention of an alternative modernity, triggered by profound anxieties about the Cold War. This alternative modernity was invented, largely unselfconsciously, by various cultural elites between 1955 and 1965, and was then enacted on a widespread scale from the late 1960s. Radical Anglican clergymen were ideally placed to play a pivotal role in the initial stages of this wider process of cultural invention, being simultaneously moral radicals and moral insiders, in a moral culture which during the 1950s had firmly identified itself as Christian. Radicals’ readings of Christian eschatology allowed them to play a crucial role in disseminating the idea that Britain’s future was necessarily ‘secular’, and significant contributory roles in the wider construction of British secularity as intrinsically global, anti-authoritarian, antinomian, and egalitarian.
Christian Radicalism and the Hope of Escaping Human Authority
Authors: Brewitt-Taylor Sam
Published: September 2018

This chapter surveys the radical Anglican contribution to the wider Sixties reframing of modernity as intrinsically anti-authoritarian. In the 1940s and 1950s, it had been widely assumed that authority-led cooperation was a necessary feature of advanced, ‘civilized’ societies: even in 1963 and 1964, Wilson’s successful ‘white heat’ election campaign presupposed the existence of an authoritative technocracy. From the late 1950s, however, Anglican radicals drew on their readings of Christian eschatology to suggest that the future would necessarily be anti-authoritarian. Variations on this eschatological logic also suggested that modernity was necessarily atheistic, and/or in desperate need of an anti-authoritarian spirituality. These various Anglican discourses made a significant contribution to the wider Sixties reframing of modernity as necessarily anti-authoritarian, which achieved cultural dominance in the mid-1960s, and which was an increasingly enacted feature of British social life in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.
The Reality of the Non-Existent Object of Thought
Authors: Benevich Fedor
Published: September 2018

One of the most widespread claims combining epistemology and metaphysics in post-Avicennian Islamic philosophy was that every object of thought is real. In Muʿtazilite reading, it was endorsed due to a theory of knowledge which states that knowledge is a connection or relation between the knower and the object known. Avicennists accepted it due to the rule that in a proposition “s is p” if p is something positive s has to be positive and real too. Hence, insofar as one can conceptually distinguish between two non-existent items, they have to be real. In this article, the author presents significant consequences of this theory: the acceptance and denial of non-existent yet real extramental objects; the concept of mental existence as an alternative solution; the conceivability of paraconsistent ideas and their reality or reducibility to some real objects.
Is Anything in the Intellect that Was Not First in Sense?
Authors: Cory Therese Scarpelli
Published: September 2018

In Aquinas, the senses are widely construed as “gatekeepers” restricting the possible content of our embodied intellectual thought. But if this is true, how can Aquinas justify his extensive theorizing about incorporeal substances, and how can he account for human experiential self-awareness? This paper argues that, for Aquinas, (1) the scope of our embodied experience is not limited to objects of sense, but extends to our intellects and everything ontologically “below” them; (2) we can and do conceptualize something incorporeal—the intellectual soul—as it is in itself and not merely by comparison to bodies; (3) this concept of ‘incorporeality’ is precisely a concept of ‘intellectuality.’ The restrictions embodied human intellects encounter in attempting to know entities “above” us arise less from their incorporeality than from a fundamental mismatch between our attempts to conceptualize them in terms of what they have in common with us, and their simplicity.
On Defining Poetry
Authors: Lutjeharms Rembert
Published: September 2018

Having studied Kavikarṇapūra’s poetics in great detail in Chapters 3 and 4, Chapter 5 will briefly study Kavikarṇapūra’s definition of poetry in the Alaṃkāra‐kaustubha. Kavikarṇapūra offers two definitions of poetry, and refutes the definitions of Mammaṭa, Viśvanātha, and Vāmana. In so doing herethinks the nature of language itself and the relative merit of the various constituents of poetry that form the focus of the Alaṃkāra‐kaustubha, but also develops a poetics that privileges the place of the poet‐cum‐critic who alone can determine what constitutes poetry and what does not.
By Happy Alchemy of Mind
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2018

The network theory of aesthetic value implies that aesthetic value is related only contingently to pleasure (or finally valuable experience). The chapter argues that this result fits the facts about how agents are motivated to act aesthetically: sometimes aesthetic agents act out of non-aesthetic desires. As a result, what makes someone an aesthetic expert is their reliable performance, not any specifically aesthetic desire. At the same time, the exercise of aesthetic competence typically brings pleasure, because the pleasure system is implicated in any kind of competence performance. Some art historians say as much when they describe the details of how aesthetic appreciation works in social context.
Lordship and Administration
Authors: Hardy Duncan
Published: September 2018

The Holy Roman Empire, and especially Upper Germany, was notoriously politically fragmented in the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. A common way to interpret this fragmentation has been to view late medieval lordships, particularly those ruled by princes, as incipient ‘territories’, or even ‘territorial states’. However, this over-simplifies and reifies structures of lordship and administration in this period, which consisted of shifting agglomerations of assets, revenues, and jurisdictions that were dispersed among and governed by interconnected networks of political actors. Seigneurial properties and rights had become separable, commoditized, and highly mobile by the later middle ages, and these included not only fiefs (Lehen) but also loan-based pledges (Pfandschaften) and offices, all of which could be sold, transferred, or even ruled or exercised by multiple parties at once, whether these were princes, nobles, or urban elites. This fostered intensive interaction between formally autonomous political actors, generating frictions and disputes.
The Functions of Alliances and Leagues
Authors: Hardy Duncan
Published: September 2018

The primary purpose of treaty-based associations, from leagues of mixed composition to knightly societies and urban coalitions, was to regulate relations between their members. In virtually all association treaties this regulatory framework touched on two spheres of activity of fundamental importance to political life: military assistance and judicial or quasi-judicial adjudication. Treaties regulated the first sphere by committing allies and associates to promises such as not harbouring each other’s feud-enemies and helping each other during conflicts. Surviving correspondence and records show that these commitments were taken seriously by Upper German powers, and sometimes led to much larger-scale mobilization of armed forces than would have been possible by any individual prince, nobleman, or city. In the ‘judicial’ sphere, members of associations agreed specific pathways and procedures for resolving disputes between them, and sometimes also between members and external parties, usually through arbitration at Tage within an association or through specified courts.
Eternal Today
Authors: Myllykoski Jenni , Rantakari Anniina
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on temporality in managerial strategy making. It adopts an ‘in-time’ view to examine strategy making as the fluidity of the present experience and draws on a longitudinal, real-time study in a small Finnish software company. It shows five manifestations of ‘in-time’ processuality in strategy making, and identifies a temporality paradox that arises from the engagement of managers with two contradictory times: constructed linear ‘over time’ and experienced, becoming ‘in time’. These findings lead to the re-evaluation of the nature of intention in strategy making, and the authors elaborate the constitutive relation between time as ‘the passage of nature’ and human agency. Consequently, they argue that temporality should not be treated merely as an objective background or a subjective managerial orientation, but as a fundamental characteristic of processuality that defines the dynamics of strategy making.
Is Globalization Killing Local Business?
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: September 2018

The fact that the influence of globalization has been driven by dramatic changes is not one of those “blinding flashes of the obvious” that seems to sneak up on us. It is very evident and even predictable. Advances in technology, markets, and environments were precursors to the big changes we are now talking about. Advances in technology have led to the current global grid driven by information. The primary mission of business is to provide solutions, and this technology explosion has provided opportunities and market applications for those solutions. Local businesses now have an opportunity to move beyond their restricted geography of the past into the global arena with the use of technology. A local store in a remote village in Kentucky has the same opportunity as a large store in London to access global customers. These could be exciting times for local businesses if they use technology to their advantage.
Lifeblood of Global Business: Oil and Gas
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: September 2018

Oil is both the lifeblood and poison of the global economy. Historically the control of resources confers power to governments and people. Geographic control of choke points on trade routes impacted the flow of commerce. Oil and gas are no different, providing power and influence to those that control it. Oil and gas are not just a resource that provides energy for the world. It is also the most important feedstock for manufactured components that are in demand the world over. Everything from cosmetics to containers, machine parts, fashion, and furniture are all by-products of petroleum. The pervasive nature and the uses of oil and gas comes from the desire for a certain standard of living. It has the potential to influence change in those regions that lack it, and it influences our ability to maintain security or defend against aggression.
Lifestyle Innovations Generating New Businesses
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: September 2018

Life-altering technology is not only improving our lifestyle but also creating new business models. Integration of technology into everyday life is a primary driver of changes in lifestyle. Whether visible or not, today’s technology is everywhere. Consumers come home from work to a smart house that greets them with music, emails them the foods the refrigerator needs, and through spatial phase imaging technology senses their mood. Without human intervention it changes its presentation based on data indicators embedded in everything. The house recognizes mood and compares it with past behaviors, facial reactions, timeline, and acts accordingly. All this happens through a standard security camera with pixelate three-dimensional technology. The same technology can identify the anti-social elements in a crowd, enhance security at any public event venue, and allow doctors to see under our skin without intrusion.
A New Approach to the Relational–Substantival Debate
Authors: North Jill
Published: September 2018

The debate over the existence of spacetime should be seen as one about the fundamentality of spatiotemporal structure to the physical world. This is a non-traditional conception of the debate, which captures the spirit of the traditional one. At the same time, it clarifies the point of contention between opposing views and offsets worries that the dispute is stagnant or non-substantive. It also unearths a novel argument for substantivalism, given current physics. Even so, that conclusion can be overridden by future physics. The chapter concludes that this debate is a substantive one, which the substantivalist is currently winning.
Against ‘Against “Against Vague Existence”’
Authors: Loss Roberto
Published: September 2018

Alessandro Torza argues that Ted Sider’s Lewisian argument against vague existence is insufficient to rule out the possibility of what he calls ‘super-vague existence’, that is, the idea that existence is higher-order vague, for all orders. In this chapter it is argued that the possibility of super-vague existence is ineffective against the conclusion of Sider’s argument since super-vague existence cannot be consistently claimed to be a kind of linguistic vagueness. Torza’s idea of super-vague existence seems to be better suited to model vague existence under the assumption that vague existence is instead a form of ontic indeterminacy, contra what Ted Sider and David Lewis assume
The End of the Beginning
Authors: Scott Charlotte
Published: September 2018

Developing Chapter 2’s interest in forms of obligation and authority, Chapter 3 extends its focus to the tragedies and the spaces that children occupy in relation to their parents. Providing new readings of Romeo and Juliet, Titus Andronicus, and King Lear, Chapter 3 explores the status of the child, not as a necessarily young subject, although many of Shakespeare’s children are, but in relation to early modern forms of obligation. Looking at contemporary parenting manuals, pedagogic texts, and household manuals, this chapter puts some of Shakespeare’s tragic children within the contexts of authority and supplication. Understanding the term ‘child’ as descriptive of the human’s relation to God, Chapter 3 explores the different forms that subjection takes in the tragic imagination. Attending to free will in Romeo and Juliet, infantilism in Titus, and supplication in Lear, this chapter shows the significance of the ties that bind one human to another.
Buddhism and Lamaism
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: September 2018

Following Hegel’s historical sequence, Chapter 4 examines his treatment of Buddhism and its special variant Tibetan Buddhism, which he refers to as “Lamaism” due to the fact that the Tibetans worship lamas as incarnate divinities. An account is given of the European interest in Buddhism during Hegel’s time. Some of his sources depicted Buddhism as a cult of nothingness or nihilism, and this was picked up on by some of Hegel’s contemporaries such as Schopenhauer. Hegel is critical of Buddhism since, he believes, the attempt to eliminate the self undermines the value of the individual and the development of subjective freedom.
Zoroastrianism
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: September 2018

Hegel treats three religions as transitional between the religions of nature and those of spirit. The first of the transitional religions that he explores is Zoroastrianism, the religion of ancient Persia. This religion was founded by the prophet and religious teacher Zoroaster, also called Zerdusht or Zarathustra, in a time of great antiquity, the exact date of which is still a matter of scholarly debate. Zoroaster is said to have written the hymns known as the Gathas, which constitute a part of the Avesta, the sacred text of this religion. Hegel portrays this religion as fundamentally dualistic with a god of good in opposition to a god of evil. He claims that this dualistic picture needs to be overcome with a third, speculative element that unites the two, but this conception only appears later.
Christianity
Authors: Stewart Jon
Published: September 2018

Hegel’s Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion ends with his account of Christianity. He finds in the doctrines of the Incarnation and the Trinity the key features that make Christianity, in his eyes, the true religion. The long story of the history of the world’s religions has featured different conceptions of human beings. In all of these views humans were never entirely free since they were subject to the forces of nature, or to fate, or to a tyrannical deity. Only when humans are fully free can this development be said to be complete. But for humans, as self-conscious agents, to be free, they must be recognized as free by their god. This was not the case in the previous religions, but in Christianity it happens for the first time that the absolute value of each individual is recognized. For this reason, Hegel claims, Christianity is the religion of freedom.
Interaction of Selection, Mutation, and Drift
Authors: Walsh Bruce , Lynch Michael
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the joint impact of selection, mutation, and drift on the allele frequencies at a locus. One key finding is that if the strength of selection is sufficiently weak relative to drift, alleles behave as if they are effectively neutral. Hence, as a population attempts to evolve toward some ideal (optimal) value, the beneficial increment from new mutations eventually becomes sufficiently weak (relative to drift) they are efficiently neutral, implying that perfect adaptation is never possible. This is the notion of the drift barrier. Another key ideal is Haldane's principle: the decline in mean population fitness generated by deleterious mutations is largely independent of their selective effects, but instead is simply a function of their mutation rate.