bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF “TRANSITION” AREA IN THREE-LAYER STEEL/VANADIUM ALLOY/STEEL COMPOSITE AFTER THERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENT
Authors: Nechaikina T. A. , Nikulin S. A. , Rogachev S. O. , Turilina V. Yu. , Baranova A. P.
Published: July 2018

The creation of new structural materials for cladding tubes  of fast neutron reactors is an urgent task of modern nuclear power  engineering. A three-layer radiation-resistant and corrosion-resistant material based on vanadium alloy and stainless steel, intended  for work under extreme conditions (high temperatures, radiation  and aggressive environment) of operation of fast neutron reactor  cladding tubes has been developed in recent years. The most important aspect determining the operability of this material during  operation is the quality of the joining of different materials layers  among themselves, determined by the modes of thermomechanical treatment. The effect of the annealing on the chemical composition, structure, and fracture resistance of the “steel/vanadium  alloy” interface in the steel/vanadium alloy/steel three-layer tube,  obtained by hot co-extrusion of three-layer tube billet at 1100  °C  was studied. The 20Kh13 (AISI 420 type) steel for the outer layers and V – 4Ti – 4Cr vanadium alloy for the core were used as the  components of the tube. The structure and chemical composition  in the layer joining zone were studied using the optical microscopy and electron microscopy with X-ray microspectral analysis.  The fracture resistance of the “steel/vanadium alloy” interface was  evaluated by a compression test of a three-layer ring sample with  notch using an acoustic emission (AE) measurement. It is shown  that after co-extrusion a “transition” area of diffusion interaction  having a variable chemical composition with a width of 10–15 μm  is formed between vanadium alloy and steel, which represents the  continuous series of solid solutions, without precipitation of brittle  phases, providing a strong bonding between vanadium alloy and  steel in the three-layer material. No voids, delaminations or defects were detected at the “steel/vanadium alloy” interface. However, a  crack is formed in the steel layer during the compression tests of  the notched semi-ring three-layer samples after hot co-extrusion.  Annealing favorably influences the formation of the “transition”  area due to the increase in the width of the diffusion interaction  area. No cracks or delaminations at the boundary between steel and  vanadium layers were observed in the three-layer tube samples after annealing, and the three-layer material behaves like a monolith  material during testing.
REDISTRIBUTION OF CARBON ATOMS IN DIFFERENTIALLY CHARGED RAILS FOR LONG-TERM OPERATION
Authors: Gromov V. E. , Yur’ev A. A. , Ivanov Yu. F. , Grishunin V. A. , Konovalov S. V.
Published: July 2018

Using  transmission  electron  microscopy  methods  at  various  distances from the rolling surface along the central axis, changes in  structure, phase composition, and defective substructure of the head  of differentially hardened rails were studied after passed tonnage of  691.8  million tons of gross weight. It is confirmed that prolonged  operation of rails is accompanied by two simultaneous processes of  transformation of structure and phase composition of plate-pearlite  colonies: cutting of cementite plates and dissolution of cementite  plates. The first process is carried out by mechanism of cutting carbide  particles and removing their fragments, accompanied only by change  in their linear dimensions and morphology. The second process of  dest ruction of the cementite plates of perlite colonies is carried out by  leaving carbon atoms from crystalline lattice of cementite on dislocation, as a result of which phase transformation of rails metal is possible. This is due to a noticeable relaxation of mean energy of carbon  atom  s binding to dislocations (0.6  eV) and to iron atoms in cementite  lattice (0.4  eV). The stages of transformation of cementite plates are considered: enveloping the plates with sliding dislocations and then  splitting them into weakly oriented fragments; penetration of sliding  dislocations from ferrite lattice into lattice of cementite; dissolution of  cementite and formation of nanoscale particles. The presence of nanosized cementite particles in ferrite matrix is noted due to their removal  during dislocation slide. Using expressions of modern physical materials science and X-ray diffraction analysis, influence of content of  carbon atoms on structural elements of rail steel was estimated. It is  shown that prolonged operation of rails is accompanied by a significant  redistribution of carbon atoms in surface layer. In the initial state, the  main quantity of carbon atoms is concentrated in cementite particles,  and after a long operation of rails, along with cementite particles, carbon is located in defects of crystal structure of steel (dislocation, grain  boundaries and subgrains), and in the surface layer of steel atoms carbon is also found in crystal lattice based on α-iron.
EVALUATION OF QUALITY OF ROLLED STEEL FOR COLD VOLUME FORGING
Authors: Filippov A. A. , Pachurin G. V. , Kuz’min N. А. , Mat¬veev Yu. I. , Deev V. B.
Published: July 2018

Metal products obtained by cold heading from rolled metal are used in all branches of mechanical engineering. Its quality is estimated by the required chemical composition and plasticity, the absence of a dispersion of mechanical characteristics along the entire length, the absence of internal and surface defects. The competitive advantage of metalware is the result of optimization during all technological pro­cesses: from rolled metal smelting to heading of finished metalware. At the same time, to reduce costs and to achieve the required quality of metalware, an important condition is to ensure safety and to reduce the energy intensity and labor input of its manufacturing process. An important controlling role in this technological chain is the preparation of the material for its cold volume forging. High-strength fasteners, obtained in conditions of cold heading, are most often obtained from chromium steels. Recently, alternative boron-containing steels have been actively introduced. However, because of the possible formation of boron oxides and nitrides, which lead to a decrease in hardenability, they exhibit instability of thermal hardening during thermohardening of metal products. In addition, the rolled metal of chromium steels, as a rule, is cheaper by 12 – 16 %. And as the fact that foreign deliveries of such steels are associated with additional costs, the fasteners produced from boron-containing steel are obtained with even higher increase in value, which again shows the favor of chromium steels. The standard mechanical characteristics were obtained as well as the destruction cri­teria of 40Kh rolled steel, subjected to patenting in a nylon bath with different temperatures and subsequent drawing with different degrees of deformation during cobbing. The optimum mode of preparation of structure parameters and mechanical characteristics of rolled products before the operation of metalware cold volume forging was identified: patenting (temperature of salt bath of 400 °С) and drawing (deforma­tion degree in the range of 5 – 10 %). It was established that treatment under this mode ensures the obtaining of the required quality of rolled products and is more preferable than the one that operates in produc­tion.
Fen Bilimleri Öğretmenlerinin Teknolojik Pedagojik Alan Bilgisi Özgüven Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi
Authors: Akgündüz Devrim , Bağdiken Pelin
Published: July 2018

Bu çalışmanın amacı fen bilimleri öğretmenlerinin teknolojik
pedagojik alan bilgisi (TPAB) özgüven düzeylerinin incelenmesidir. Bu
çalışmada ayrıca eğitim teknolojileri ile ilgili eğitim alan öğretmenlerin,
haftalık eğitim teknolojilerini ortalama kullanma süresini farklılaştırıp
farklılaştırılmadığına bakılmıştır. Tarama modeli uygulanan bu çalışma
2015/2016 eğitim öğretim yılında Kocaeli ilinde görev yapan 218 fen bilimleri
öğretmenine uygulanmıştır. Veri toplama araçları olarak Graham ve diğerleri
(2009) tarafından geliştirilen Timur ve Taşar (2011) tarafından Türkçeye
uyarlanan "Teknolojik Pedagojik Alan Bilgisi Özgüven Ölçeği",
araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen "Kişisel Bilgi Formu" ve
"Görüş Formu" kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonunda elde edilen verilere
göre TPAB düzeylerinin "çokça" olduğu görülmüştür. Cinsiyet
değişkenine göre anlamlı bir fark bulunmazken; görev süresi değişkeni, eğitim
teknolojileri ile ilgili eğitim alma değişkeni, mezun olunan fakülte türü,
mezun olunan bölüm türü, haftalık eğitim teknolojilerini kullanma süresi
değişkeni ve sosyal medya kullanma durumu değişkenine göre anlamlı bir fark
bulunmuştur.
Öğretmen-Aile İletişiminde WhatsApp Uygulamasının Kullanımı
Authors: Balcı Aslı , Tezel Şahin Fatma
Published: July 2018

Bu araştırma okul öncesi eğitimde öğretmen-aile
iletişiminde WhatsApp gruplarının kullanılabilirliğini incelemek amacıyla
yapılmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak yapılan araştırmanın verileri
nitel veri toplama aracı olan ve araştırmacılar tarafından ilgili alan yazın taraması
ve uzman görüşleri alınarak hazırlanan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme protokolü
aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2016-2017
eğitim-öğretim yılında Erzurum ili merkezinde Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı’na bağlı
anasınıfı ve bağımsız anaokullarında görev yapan ve ailelerle iletişimde
WhatsApp gruplarını kullanan 29 okul öncesi öğretmeni oluşturmuştur. Yüz yüze
görüşme yöntemiyle elde edilen veriler öğretmenlerden ses kayıt cihazı
yardımıyla toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde ses kayıtlarının tamamı birebir
transkript edilmiş ve yazılı bir formata dönüştürülmüştür. Elde edilen veriler
betimsel analiz tekniğine göre çözümlenmiştir. 
Araştırma sonucuna göre okul öncesi eğitimde WhatsApp gruplarının
öğretmen-aile iletişiminde kullanılabilir bir araç olduğu, özellikle hızlı ve
kolay iletişim kurma ve aileleri topluca bilgilendirme noktasında öğretmenlere
kolaylıklar sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca görüşme yapılan öğretmenler,
ailelerle iletişiminde WhatsApp gruplarının birçok avantajının yanında çeşitli
dezavantajları olduğunu belirtmişlerdir.
Kan die leierskorps van 'n onderpresterende Suid-Afrikaanse primêre skool ten spyte van 'n uitdagende skoolkonteks die skip van rigting laat verander? 'n Gevallestudie
Authors: Steyn T , Heystek J
Published: July 2018

Hierdie artikel omskryf die bevindings van 'n gevallestudie wat ondersoek het hoe die leierskapskorps by 'n Suid-Afrikaanse primêre skool, teen die agtergrond van 'n uitdagende skoolkonteks, daarin kon slaag om 'n omkeer by die skool te bewerkstellig, onder leiding van dieselfde skoolhoof. 'n Kwalitatiewe benadering is gevolg om die belewenisse van die skoolhoof, die skoolbestuurspan en die onderwysers te ondersoek in hulle poging om die skool se akademiese prestasie te verbeter. Die outeurs beweer dat faktore wat nóú saamhang met veragtering in 'n gemeenskap nie noodwendig 'n leierskapskorps sal beweeg om op kreatiewe wyse strategieë te identifiseer wat probleme kan oplos nie. Die bevindings dui daarop dat sodanige onderneming 'n duidelike en gemeenskaplike visie, missie en oortuiginge verg; 'n sisteembenadering wat op die wanfunksionele skoolkultuur afgespits is; asook 'n kollektiewe benadering wat monitering en die aanvaarding van aanspreeklikheid insluit. Die artikel volstaan met die slotsom dat, alhoewel uitdagings binne die skoolkonteks steeds 'n beduidende rol speel, die leierskap en personeel 'n omkeer in 'n skool se prestasie kan bewerkstellig deur met kreatiewe en vernuwende gekontekstualiseerde pogings vorendag te kom.
SeDeM diagram expert system: powder characterization v1
Authors: Nofrerias Isaac , Nardi Anna , Suñé-Pou Marc , M. Suñé-Negre Josep , García-Montoya Encarna , Pérez-Lozano Pilar , R. Ticó Josep , Miñarro Montserrat
Published: July 2018

This protocol describes the methodology to determine the experimental values of the 12 SeDeM parameters.
The PIRASOA programme: design, structure, organisation and indicators of a comprehensive regional Institutional Programme for the Prevention and Control of Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimicrobial Stewardship for hospitals and primary care settin v2
Authors: Dolores Rojo-Martín María , Peñalva Germán , Pinto Carmen , Salcedo Inmaculada , Fernández-Urrusuno Rocío , Cabeza José , de Dios Alcántara Juan , Neth Olaf , Porras Paloma , Bautista Javier , Garnacho-Montero José , Sierra Rafael , Estella Ángel , Lupión Carmen , Hevia Elena , Irastorza Arantxa , Luis Márquez José , Luisa García-Gestoso María , Pascual Álvaro , Rodríguez-Baño Jesús , Valencia Raquel , Antonia Pérez-Moreno María , Miguel Cisneros José , behalf of the PIRASOA programme group on
Published: July 2018

Background Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes (ASPs) and Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) Programmes are recommended by scientific societies as a key intervention to fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR), but their implementation and sustainability are not easy to achieve. Spain is among the European countries with the highest antimicrobial consumption, as well as high AMR rates; despite this fact, development of ASPs is scarce. In this scenario, we designed and implemented a long-term comprehensive Institutional Programme for the Prevention and Control of Healthcare-associated Infections and Appropriate Use of Antimicrobials (PIRASOA) in both inpatient and outpatient care covering the whole Public Healthcare System of Andalusia, which is the most populated autonomous region in Spain with 8.4 million inhabitants. Methods/design This protocol describes the design, structure, organisation and indicators of the PIRASOA programme, as well as the methodology for its implementation development, data collection, assessment, feedback and continuity over time. This education-based multifaceted programme with institutional support is divided into two sub-programmes integrated into daily clinical practice: the HAIs sub-programme, aimed at hospitals, and the ASP sub-programme, applied to both hospitals and primary care. Conclusions The PIRASOA programme is the first institutional comprehensive education-based programme integrated into daily clinical practice to prevent and control HAIs and to optimise the use of antimicrobials implemented in the entire public healthcare system of an autonomous region in Spain, being among the first integral regional programmes in Europe. The assessment of antimicrobial consumption, clinical and microbiological indicators and reports are performed on a quarterly basis and are available for assessment and feedback in near real-time with only a three-month delay. The programme started on 1 January 2014, has been adequately implemented in all public centres of Andalusia and it is committed to be integrated into daily clinical practice. Data collection is ongoing. Long-term results will be analysed and published from 2018 onwards.
Effective early disease risk assessment with matrix factorization on a large-scale medical database v1
Authors: Chin Chu-Yu , Hsieh Sun-Yuan , S. Tseng Vincent
Published: July 2018

The early assessment of disease risk is an emerging topic in medical informatics. If diseases are detected at an early stage, prognosis can be improved and medical resources can be used more efficiently.A number of recent studies have considered risk factor analysis approaches, such as association rule mining, sequential rule mining, regression, and medical expert advice. In this study, for improving disease risk assessment, non-negative matrix factorization and support vector machine (SVM) were integrated to discover important and implicit risk factors. To make the method easy to follow, here we provide an experimental protocal.This experimental protocal comprises three main stages: data preprocessing, risk factor optimization, and early disease risk assessment. To discover the optimized risk factors, the NMF algorithm with parameter optimization was used for constructing the NMF-based matrix. In the assessment model learning and early disease risk assessment stages, the machine learning classifier SVM was used for disease modeling with the NMF-based matrix, yielding the final disease risk assessment, which serves as an excellent reference for physicians and patients.
The PIRASOA programme: design, structure, organisation and indicators of a comprehensive regional Institutional Programme for the Prevention and Control of Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimicrobial Stewardship for hospitals and primary care settin v1
Authors: Dolores Rojo-Martín María , Peñalva Germán , Pinto Carmen , Salcedo Inmaculada , Fernández-Urrusuno Rocío , Cabeza José , de Dios Alcántara Juan , Neth Olaf , Porras Paloma , Bautista Javier , Garnacho-Montero José , Sierra Rafael , Estella Ángel , Lupión Carmen , Hevia Elena , Irastorza Arantxa , Luis Márquez José , Luisa García-Gestoso María , Pascual Álvaro , Rodríguez-Baño Jesús , Valencia Raquel , Antonia Pérez-Moreno María , Miguel Cisneros José , behalf of the PIRASOA programme group on
Published: July 2018

Background Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes (ASPs) and Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs) Programmes are recommended by scientific societies as a key intervention to fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR), but their implementation and sustainability are not easy to achieve. Spain is among the European countries with the highest antimicrobial consumption, as well as high AMR rates; despite this fact, development of ASPs is scarce. In this scenario, we designed and implemented a long-term comprehensive Institutional Programme for the Prevention and Control of Healthcare-associated Infections and Appropriate Use of Antimicrobials (PIRASOA) in both inpatient and outpatient care covering the whole Public Healthcare System of Andalusia, which is the most populated autonomous region in Spain with 8.4 million inhabitants. Methods/design This protocol describes the design, structure, organisation and indicators of the PIRASOA programme, as well as the methodology for its implementation development, data collection, assessment, feedback and continuity over time. This education-based multifaceted programme with institutional support is divided into two sub-programmes integrated into daily clinical practice: the HAIs sub-programme, aimed at hospitals, and the ASP sub-programme, applied to both hospitals and primary care. Conclusions The PIRASOA programme is the first institutional comprehensive education-based programme integrated into daily clinical practice to prevent and control HAIs and to optimise the use of antimicrobials implemented in the entire public healthcare system of an autonomous region in Spain, being among the first integral regional programmes in Europe. The assessment of antimicrobial consumption, clinical and microbiological indicators and reports are performed on a quarterly basis and are available for assessment and feedback in near real-time with only a three-month delay. The programme started on 1 January 2014, has been adequately implemented in all public centres of Andalusia and it is committed to be integrated into daily clinical practice. Data collection is ongoing. Long-term results will be analysed and published from 2018 onwards.
Behaviour of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Materials in Technological Environments
Authors: Podhurska Viktoriya , Vasyliv Bogdan , Ivasyshyn Andrij , Ostash Orest , Vasylyev Oleksandr , Prikhna Tetyana , Sverdun Volodymyr , Brodnikovskyi Yehor
Published: July 2018

The YSZ–NiO ceramics for SOFC anodes and MAX-phases of Ti-Al-C systems for interconnects have been investigated. Based on the tests of YSZ–NiO specimens preconditioned by one-time reduction or by redox cycling at 600 or 800 °C, a certain mode of the material treatment was established which provides its improved physicomechanical properties. The oxidation behaviour of MAX-phases has been investigated at 600 °C in air. It was found that the intense initial oxidation of hot-pressed Ti3AlC2-based material can be eliminated by a certain mode of pre-oxidation. The oxidation resistance of the material can be significantly improved by niobium addition.
Study of Chemical Dissolution of Cu98Be Alloy in Solutions Based on FeCl3
Authors: Larin Vasylii , Egorova Lilya
Published: July 2018

Process of chemical dissolution of beryllium bronze in various electrolytes was studied. Taking into account complex formation processes during chemical etching in solutions based on FeCl3 the ionization rate and selectivity of dissolution of Cu98Be alloy components was determined. It was shown that uniform and high rated chemical dissolution of beryllium bronze is possible in acidic medium in presence of Fe3+ ion-oxidizer and chlorine ions. An optimal etching solution composition was proposed. The surface morphology of the beryllium bronze electrode after etching in the investigated solutions was studied. An absence of passivation on the alloy Cu98Be surface was shown and salt and oxide nature of the grains of compounds formed on the electrode surface after chemical etching was proved.
Experience of Various Types of Keratoplasty in Children
Authors: Tereshhenko A. V. , Trifanenkova I. G. , Demyanchenko S. K. , Erohina E. V. , Tereshhenkova M. S.
Published: July 2018

The purpose: to determine the features of different stages of active retinopathy prematurely according to fluorescent angiography data.

Patients and methods. In 2011–2017, 271 angiographic studies were performed in 207 premature infants born at 25–33 weeks of gestation with 710–1980 grams weight at birth, with different stages of active ROP in age of live 3–12 weeks (30-39 weeks of post-conceptual age). A voluntary informed consent to perform the examination was received from the legal representatives of all patients. FAG was performed using retinal pediatric digital video system “RetCam-3” with built-in angiographic unit under mask anesthesia, in the presence of anesthesiologist-resuscitator, under the monitor control of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems of the child.

Results. Unfavorable types of active ROP are characterized by the specific manifestations that are not defined by the standard ophthalmologic methods: early flat neovascularization, the presence of small tortuous peripheral vessels with signs of leakage, reperfusion areas with an apparent lack of capillaries and shunts. This opens up the opportunities for early detection of stages of the disease requiring therapeutic measures. The aggressive posterior ROP is distinguished by a variety of angiographic patterns, the most important feature is the massive loss of the retinal capillary bed in the vascularized retina. FAG data about latent neovascularization and ischemic zones of the retina represent the particular value in the prediction of active ROP course.

Conclusion. The obtained results could allow to make the most differentiated approach to the management of children with active ROP, timely and effectively predict the course of the disease and to performed adequate treatment based on objective indications.
Clinical Aspects of Phacovitrectomy Complications
Authors: Pronichkin D. V. , Fabrikantov O. L. , Misyurev D. M.
Published: July 2018

In recent years, the incidence of vitreoretinal pathology has increased both in elderly and young patients. Such types of vitreoretinal pathology as macular holes, epiretinal membranes and vitreous opacities of various genesis require surgical intervention (vitrectomy) that may lead to cataract in the early postoperative period. Moreover, in elderly patients vitreoretinal diseases and cataract frequently accompany each other. From this, the necessity arises to perform phacovitrectomy. This procedure takes more time and is more technically complicated however, it is well tolerated by patients. There are several benefits of phacovitrectomy when complex ocular pathology, e.g., optimized visualization of the posterior segment, decreased amount of total surgical procedures, faster visual rehabilitation, and reduced risks and costs associated with a second surgery. However, some complications may still occur. The most common complications are posterior capsule opacification, increased postoperative inflammation, early postoperative IOP rising, and refractive errors. Numerous studies have described a mismatch between the expected postoperative refraction according to preoperative calculations and the actually achieved refraction. Most studies report about a negative refractive error. Various explanations have been suggested, including the biometry for measuring the axial length, changes in the effective lens position, IOL type, the formula used to calculate IOL power, the use of gas tamponade, and the type of macular pathology.
Technique for Optimizing Morganian Cataract Phacoemulsification
Authors: Fabrikantov O. L. , Pirogova E. S. , Nikolashin S. I.
Published: July 2018

Purpose: to optimize the technique of hypermature Morganian cataract phacoemulsification.

Patients and methods. 18 patients (18 eyes) with hypermature Morganian cataract were examined. Group I included 8 patients who underwent surgical intervention according to the improved technology using the iridocapsular retractors. Group II included the retrospective results of phacoemulsification with IOL implantation performed according to a standard technique in 10 patients. The optimizing surgical technique in patients of group I consisted in the consecutive usage of four iridocapsular retractors: when creating a capsulorhexis — to stabilize the capsular bag during the circular rupture of the anterior capsule; during the nucleus phacoemulsification — to stabilize the complex: capsular bag, nucleus, capsular ring — in the sagittal plane and additional (together with the capsular ring) support of the capsular bag fornices.

Results. No complications were noted in patients of group I. In patients of group II there were two ruptures of the posterior capsule (20%), two cases of re-implantation of a capsular ring because of the stop of its edge into the fold of the capsular bag fornix, one rupture of the anterior capsulorhexis border without its transition to the posterior capsule. In group I there were no any complications in the postoperative period. In group II we noted two corneal oedemata, Descemet membrane folds, which were jugulated by the conservative treatment on the 4–5th days postoperatively.

Conclusion. The optimizing technique of hypermature Morganian cataract phacoemulsification with the use of four iridocapsular retractors and capsular ring allowed reducing the number of intraoperative complications in comparison with the standard technique and making the surgical intervention more effective and safe.
Comparative Analysis of the Efficiency, Safety, Predictability of Wavefront-Guided and Conventional FemtoLASIK Procedures in Low to Moderate Myopia
Authors: Doga A. V. , Mushkova I. A. , Karimova A. N. , Kechin E. V. , Guliev A. G. , Lee V. G.
Published: July 2018

Purpose: to evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and predictability of the wavefront-guided FemtoLASIK using the Platoscan computer program and data from the KR-1W aberrometer, in comparison with the conventional algorithm FemtoLASIK in patients with low to moderate myopia.

Patients and methods. There were 62 eyes of 62 patients with low to moderate myopia who had undergone FemtoLASIK procedure using an excimer laser ‘Microscan Visum” (Russia) and a femtosecond laser Femto LDV Z6 (Switzerland) in the study. In the “Wavefront” group which included 31 eyes with a mean spherical equivalent (SE) -=3,32 ± 1,23 D (M ± SD) was performed a wavefront-guided Femtosecond LASIK using aberrometer KR-1W (Japan) and a program for calculating the operation’s parameters “Platoscan” (Russia). “Standard” group included 31 eyes with an average SE –3.51 ± 1.21 D (M ± SD), who received the conventional FemtoLASIK. The “Wavefront” and “Standard” groups were comparable in terms of pre-operative data (age, sex, corneal curvature, central thickness of the cornea, sphere, cylinder, SE) (p > 0.05). All patients underwent complete ophthalmological examination before refractive laser surgery, and also patients were examined on the 1st day and 1 month after FemtoLASIK.

Results. One month postoperatively, in the “Wavefront” group the UDVA 1.0 or better (20/20 or better by Snellen) was achieved in 93.5%, in the “Standard” group — in 96,8% (p > 0.05). There wasn’t observed a loss of the CDVA lines in both groups. In the “Wavefront” group, gain of one or more lines of the CDVA was in 38.7%, in the “Standard” group — in 12.9% (p = 0.04, Fisher’s exact test). In the “Wavefront” group the predictability of targeted refraction within ±0.5 D was in 93.5%, within ±1.0 D — in 100%, in the “Standard” group — in 90,3 and 100%, respectively (p > 0.05). The efficiency index in the “Wavefront” group was 1.00 (1.00; 1.20) (Me (Q25; Q75)), in the “Standard” group — 1.00 (1.00; 1,00) (Me (Q25; Q75)) (p > 0.05). The safety index in the “Wavefront” group was 1.00 (1.00; 1.20) (Me (Q25; Q75)), in the “Standard” group — 1.00 (1.00; 1,00) (Me (Q25; Q75)) (p > 0.05).

Conclusions. The FemtoLASIK procedure, performed according to the conventional and wavefront-guided algorithms using the “Platoscan” computer program and data from the KR-1W aberrometer, is an effective, safe and predictable method for correcting low to moderate myopia, there is no statistically significant difference between two algorithms (p > 0.05).
Fluorescence Angiography to Determine the Features of Active Retinopathy of Prematurity Course
Authors: Trifanenkova I. G. , Tereshhenko A. V.
Published: July 2018

The purposeis to determine the features of different stages of active retinopathy prematurely according to fluorescent angiography data.

Patients and methods. In 2011–2017, 271 angiographic studies were performed in 207 premature infants born at 25– 33 weeks of gestation with 710–1980 grams weight at birth, with different stages of active ROP in age of live 3–12 weeks (30– 39 weeks of post-conceptual age). A voluntary informed consent to perform the examination was received from the legal representatives of all patients. FAG was performed using retinal pediatric digital video system «RetCam-3» with built-in angiographic unit under mask anesthesia, in the presence of anesthesiologist-resuscitator, under the monitor control of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems of the child.

Results. Unfavorable types of active ROP are characterized by the specific manifestations that are not defined by the standard ophthalmologic methods: early flat neovascularization, the presence of small tortuous peripheral vessels with signs of leakage, reperfusion areas with an apparent lack of capillaries and shunts. This opens up the opportunities for early detection of stages of the disease requiring therapeutic measures. The aggressive posterior ROP is distinguished by a variety of angiographic patterns, the most important feature is the massive loss of the retinal capillary bed in the vascularized retina. FAG data about latent neovascularization and ischemic zones of the retina represent the particular value in the prediction of active ROP course.

Conclusion. The obtained results could allow to make the most differentiated approach to the management of children with active ROP, timely and effectively predict the course of the disease and to performed adequate treatment based on objective indications.
Long-term Outcomes of Femtosecond Laser-assisted Laser in situ Keratomileusis for Anisometropic Amblyopia in Children with Hyperopia
Authors: Kulikova I. L. , Chapurin N. V.
Published: July 2018

Objective: analysis of remote clinical functional results of femtolaser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) in children with hyperopia and anisometropic amblyopia.

Patients and methods: 30 children aged 5–13 (7.9 ± 2.3) years were in the study. FS-LASIK refined technology surgery was rendered to all children under general anesthesia at amblyopic eye, previously they had no success of conservative treatment. Mean spherical equivalent of refraction (SE) of amblyopic eye was +5,08 ± 1.64 D in conditions of cycloplegia. Mean SE anisometropia was 3,42 ± 1.92 D, difference in refraction between eyes was statistically significant (pmu = p < 0,001) in all patients. There was 43.3% of severe amblyopia, 56.7% cases of moderate amblyopia. General period of control was 5 years.

Results: In 5 years after FS-LASIK SE of operated eye was +1.02 ± 0.28 D, predictability of refractive effect within ±0.5 D was 47%, ±1.0 D was 77% of cases. All patients gained 1–5 lines, UDVA was 0,5 and higher in 61% of cases. There were 6.7% of cases with moderate amblyopia, mild –80%, and amblyopia absence –13.3 % of cases. SE anisometropia decreased 2,37 ± 1.17 and was 0,18 ± 1.05 D, difference between operated and fellow eye was minor, but statistically significant (pmu = p < 0,05). Trend to myopisation of fellow eye was revealed.

Conclusion: remote clinical functional results of FS-LASIK in correction of hyperopic anisometropia in children show safety and efficacy of interference. Refractive surgery in children should be considered not as an independent method of treatment, but in complex with conservative methods of amblyopia treatment.
Relevance of the Problem of Myopia in School-age Children with Signs of Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Dysplasia
Authors: Li V. V. , Smoliakova G. P. , Egorov V. V. , Kashura O. I.
Published: July 2018

Purpose:to study the frequency and structure of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD) in school-age children with myopia, their relationship to choroidal thickness and course of myopia.

Patients and methods. The object of study was 120 children (240 eyes) aged 11–13 years with school axial myopia (axial length (AL) from 24.5 to 26.0 mm). Special ophthalmological examination included optical coherent tomography of macular zone (“RTVue 100” Optovue, USA) and “Cross Line” scan for measuring choroidal thickness in foveal area and 1000 μm from it in nasal and temporal regions.

Results.According to studies, the phenotypic signs of UCTD were diagnosed in 56 children (46.7%) with school myopia, the largest group included phenotypic signs of locomotor syndrome; 14 children (25%) had a weak degree of UCTD, 34 children (60.7%) — moderate degree and 8 children (14.3%) — pronounced degree. Comparative characteristic of changes in choroidal thickness detected a high degree of interrelation between the severity of clinical manifestations of UCTD and the level of decrease in blood-flow in the choroid. In children of the main group with signs of UCTD, the annual growth of AL exceeded the same parameters in children of the control group by more than 2.5 times (p < 0.05); due of accumulation of phenotypic signs of UCTD, a more noticeable tendency to decrease of choroidal thickness and the increase of AL was observed (p < 0.05). The statistical analysis confirmed the presence of significant negative correlation between the decrease in average thickness index in segment of the macular map and the degree of increase of AL (p < 0.05).

Conclusions. According to results of diagnostic screening, in 46.7% children with school myopia, we detected phenotypic signs of UCTD. The method of optical coherence tomography showed that with increasing severity of UCTD, indexes of choroidal thickness in the macular zone are significant decreased. In the catamnesis (duration 1 year), it was found that in children with myopia with moderate and pronounced degrees of UCTD, increase of AL is associated with degree of thinning choroidal thickness, which indicates violations of biomechanical status of sclera.
Differential Change in Retina Structure and Function in Children and Adolescents with Drusens of the Optic Nerve Disk
Authors: Shchuko A. G. , Samsonov D. Yu. , Zhukova S. I. , Iureva T. N. , Mikhalevich I. M. , Grigorieva A. V. , Samsonova Yu. S.
Published: July 2018

The first histological and clinical description of the optic nerve drusens was given in the 19th century. Then authors considered drusens as congenital pathologies, and a study of 1999 showed that drusen is not the primary pathology, but the dysplasia of the optic nerve disk and its circulation predisposes to the formation of drusen. Central vision in patients with drusens of the optic nerve disc is reduced rarely, and their diagnosis is reduced to ascertaining of the fact of having drusen without taking into account the structural and functional changes in the visual system.

Purpose of the work: to identify the pattern of changes in visual functions in children and adolescents with druses of the optic nerve disk, the development and addition of classification criteria.

Patients and methods. 45 children with drusens were examined, a comprehensive analysis of the visual system included a standard ophthalmological examination, a comprehensive study of visual system with ultrasound scanning, OCT and OCTA, standard automated and pulsarperimetry.

Based on the results of the cluster analysis, a graph of the distribution of patients into three groups (control group and two clinical groups) was constructed, and the structural and functional state of the visual system was analyzed. Drusens in children in the second group we marked as “peripheral”, and in the third — “central”. The carried out researches have shown, that the revealed disturbances are more expressed in the third clinical group. All this determines the need to complement the clinical classification of drusens and their separation depending on the location relative to the vessels of the optic nerve disk to the central and peripheral. The compression effect of drusen is accompanied with changes in the volume of the optic nerve disc, a violation of retinal hemodynamics, damage to the neuroglia and ganglion cells, which allows treating this pathology as a progressive neuroopticopathy, and the revealed dependence of changes on the localization of druses requires supplementing the existing classification.
Striving for Work-Life Balance at Entry Level Jobs: Challenges to Develop Professionalism in Bangladesh
Authors: Haque Afdalin Bin , Ahmed Aryana Anan
Published: July 2018

The rising issue regarding the decline in organizational commitment of employees is nowadays a primary concern of employers and also HR department of any organization. These issues are observedin the entry level jobsmore densely where the socialization process takes place and in such area the newcomers feel deprived of any kind and every kind of facility. A fresh graduate joining into the workforce faces new challenges every day and mostly the Work-Life balance issue which is related to his or her job satisfaction and ultimately commitment towards his organization. The aim of this study is to identify the factors, especially the thoughts of employees regarding their Work-Life balance in an entry level job. The study will also bridge the gap between the expectation and realities of employees’ Work-Life balance and prescribing some corrections to the work structure.
JEL Classification Code: J28; J29
Importance of Monitoring Mass Tourism for Sustainable Development in Bangladesh
Authors: Sarker Jashim Uddin
Published: July 2018

Tourism is a buzzword worldwide at present days. Bangladesh is also a beneficial country like many others in the world since this country is full of potentials with natural resources and tourism industry. Tourism often seems a blessing for the nation. However, mass tourism has both useful and harmful impacts on a country like Bangladesh. Sometimes the rate of negative consequences is higher than the positive ones. Mass tourism brings dangerous results to the local economy, community, culture and environment of a country. However, these dangers can be lessened through proper monitoring, investigation and appropriate interventions of the government as well as other private agencies. This paper explores both the good and bad effects of mass tourism. It also analyzes the significance of effectively monitoring mass tourism so that benefits outweigh the risks.
Socio-economic impact of CSR activities of an Islamic Banking: A Case of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited
Authors: Shahnewaz Syeda Tanjila
Published: July 2018

This paper examines the practices and driving philosophy of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by Islami Bank in Bangladesh and to evaluate the need to modify CSR program of the organization to enhance its effectiveness. The purpose of the paper is to study the underlying drivers of the CSR program undertaken by the Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited and to explore if the CSR activities are planned as a holistic approach to social development. This study covers a period of 5 years ranging from 2010 – 2014 using secondary data from annual reports of the bank, relevant articles, websites, Bangladesh Bank publications, newspaper, journal and magazines. This study found that the Islami Bank Bangladesh had linked its CSR program as core business strategy to grow business with shared prosperity with its surrounding community. However, it has the improvement opportunity to create a synergy by bundling all its CSR activities as a holistic program. If appropriately planned, such program will promote self-sufficiency, create new jobs and enable economic development under alternative livelihood program as suitable in the locality. 
JEL Classifications: M 14
Study of haematological abnormalities in HIV infected patients and its correlation with CD4 counts
Authors: Dhal Nirjharini , Panda Sridhar , Mohapatra Namita , Pattanayak Naresh C. , Pattanaik Rohan
Published: July 2018

Background: To study and correlate the haematological abnormalities with CD4 cell counts in HIV infected patients diagnosed on OPD basis in S.C.B Medical College, Cuttack, before they are initiated on Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy.Methods: A 100, ELISA positive, untreated HIV patients were included in the study while those patients with history of any haematological disease, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), Chronic Liver Disease (CLD), underlying malignancy or on chemotherapy were excluded. Following clinical evaluation, haemoglobin levels (Hb. %), Total Leucocyte Count (TLC), Differential Leucocyte Count (DLC), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), Platelet Count (PC), CD4 counts (by flow cytometry) and peripheral smear examination was done. They were staged as per WHO clinical staging guidelines given by NACO and statistical analysis was drawn by Fischer Exact Test and association between CD4 counts and haematological abnormalities were inferred.Results: The mean age of the patients was found to be 36.85±6.2 years with males (63%), married (80%) and rural population (78%) showing commonest mode of transmission of the virus as heterosexual route (94%). Most common clinical finding was found to be pallor (68%) with majority in stage III of AIDS. Mean TLC count was found to be 5872±2210 cells/mm 2.40% had leucopenia on TLC and 29% had neutropenia, 30% lymphocytopenia and 20% monocytopenia on DLC. Mean CD4 count was 89 cells per microliter and 79% were anaemic. CD4 counts did not statistically correlate either with WHO staging or cytopenias or haemoglobin levels. However, there was positive association between CD4 counts with anaemia, WHO stages of AIDS, lymphocytopenia and monocytopenia in this study.Conclusions: In this study we could ascertain that, majority were in WHO stage III of AIDS with CD4 counts <200 cells per microliter and blood findings of various cytopenias and anaemia. From our findings, we could correlate between WHO stage of AIDS, CD4 counts and haematological abnormalities thus, establishing the essence of our study.
Revestir el libro de significados: un análisis de las sobrecubiertas en la literatura infantil y juvenil
Authors: Ramos Ana Margarida , Mattos Margareth
Published: July 2018

Teniendo en cuenta la importancia creciente de los peritextos en los libros infantiles ilustrados, objeto de cada vez más esfuerzo creativo, se pretende en este estudio llevar a cabo el análisis de un peritexto – la sobrecubierta – que, aún no siendo muy común, cuando aparece tiene una particular relevancia en el proceso de lectura, al ultrapasar claramente su funcionalidad más tradicional, ligada a la protección y revestimiento del objeto libro. En su función de peritexto de elevada autonomía, la sobrecubierta no se limita a la repetición de información de la cubierta, sino que puede establecer con ella un productivo diálogo, por proceder a su encubrimiento/desvelamiento con finalidad lúdica, estética y/o narrativa, al comentario e incluso a la parodia. A partir de un corpus de libros ilustrados y álbumes originarios de diferentes contextos y ámbitos culturales y lingüísticos, se propone un análisis de las particularidades y de las implicaciones de estos peritextos en la lectura, contribuyendo así a una reflexión sobre el relieve de la materialidad del objeto libro.
Witchcraft or Spiritual Power among Bajju Christians
Authors: McKinney Carol
Published: July 2018

The Bajju in Northern Nigeria believe in an inherent inherited capacity for the use of spiritual power, also termed witchcraft, that results in illnesses, misfortune, evil, and death in the physical realm. This article explores this system, including indications that an individual is practicing witchcraft and the assumptions behind this conceptual system. It is a system that some Bajju Christians are seeking to Christianize by asserting that it is an evil spirit or evil spirits that can enter a person whose own spirit then leaves his or her body to meet with other spirits in the spiritual realm, resulting in dire consequences for someone in the physical realm. Thus, witchcraft is used to explain evil even among Christians. I suggest that a more biblical understanding of evil, rooted in a mother tongue translation of the Bible, is needed to prepare Christians to take responsibility for their own behavior and to properly attribute evil to Satan, the father of lies.
Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction of a Gaussian beam with several polarization singularities
Authors:   Image Processing Systems Institute оf RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, Kovalev A. ,   Samara National Research University, Kotlyar V. ,   Image Processing Systems Institute оf RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS,   Samara National Research University
Published: July 2018

Alongside phase singularities (optical vortices), there may be light fields with polarization singularities (PS), i.e. isolated intensity nulls with radial, azimuthal, or radial-azimuthal polarization around them. Here, we study Gaussian beams with several arbitrarily located PS. An analytic expression is obtained for their complex amplitude. A partial case is studied when the PS are at the vertices of a regular polygon. If the beam has one or two PS, then these are points with radial polarization. If there are four PS, then two of the points will have azimuthal polarization. It is shown that while propagating in free space, the PS can appear only in a discrete set of planes, in contrast to the phase singularities, which exist in any transverse plane. In the case of two PS, it is shown that their polarization transforms from radial in the initial plane to azimuthal in the far field.
Conversion of a conical wave with circular polarization into a vortex cylindrically polarized beam in a metal waveguide
Authors:   Image Processing Systems Institute оf RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, Kharitonov S. ,   Samara National Research University, Khonina S. ,   Image Processing Systems Institute оf RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS,   Samara National Research University
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we have developed a mathematical base for describing the propagation of waves in a metal waveguide in a cylindrical coordinate system. The transformation of a conical wave with circular polarization into a cylindrically polarized vortex beam is shown on the basis of the expansion of the field in vector cylindrical modes. The results of modeling, based on the expansion in plane waves, qualitatively agree with theoretical calculations.