bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communicative and educational factors impeding the development of international scientific and scientific-technological collaboration between the countries of Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Authors: Anichkin Yevgeniy , Serebriakov Andrei
Published: June 2020

One of the important vectors in development of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) became the international scientific and scientific-technological collaboration. However, this vector is not fully developed due to not only legal, organizational or financial issues, but also factors affecting communication between the subjects of cooperation in scientific or scientific-technological spheres, as well as defining accessibility and mobility of the knowledge market. In this case, it refers to the language of scientific communication used in international scientific and scientific-technological collaboration (communicative factors), and the development of education and academic mobility (educational factors) in SCO member-states. The conclusion is made that the effectiveness of international scientific and scientific-technological collaboration between the countries of Shanghai Cooperation Organization drops due to controversial policy and normative legal regulation with regards to the language used in scientific and scientific-technological communication, as well as with regards to development of higher education and academic mobility between the SCO countries. The author underline the need for further unification of national legislation of SCO member-states pertaining to the use of one or another language as the means of international scientific communication, requirements to preparation of academic staff, creation of relevant programs of students’ academic mobility, and development of generally accepted educational standards.
Postmodernism: between the subject and absolutely external
Authors: Minnullina Elina Borisovna
Published: June 2020

The subject of this research is the contours of philosophical reasoning on the authenticity of human existence from the perspective of postmodernism. Comparison is conducted on interpretations of subjectivity in different philosophical discourses. The article examines the postmodern stage as an inversion of values and traditions of modernism and postmodernism in the context of new realities of the digital virtualized society. The author reviews the postmodern inter-worldliness of a subject and externalized selfness of a human, who on the one hand seeks self-identification, and om the other – avoids it, falling under the sway of symbolic identity, determined by the social institutions, norms and standards. Research methodology is based on the historical-philosophical approach, phenomenology of social, existential analytics and object-oriented ontology. A conclusion is made that the situation of s postmodern human is reflected in transition from the idea of diluting metanarrative to ethical universalism, from the regression of the philosophy of identity to object-oriented ontology, from skepticism to sincerity, from ironic sensibility of postmodernism to aesthetic experiencing of the tragic, from the power of text to metaphoric access to reality.
Tuning of feedforward control enables stable muscle force-length dynamics after loss of autogenic proprioceptive feedback
Authors: Gordon Joanne C , Holt Natalie C , Biewener Andrew , Daley Monica A
Published: June 2020

Animals must integrate feedforward, feedback and intrinsic mechanical control mechanisms to maintain stable locomotion. Recent studies of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) revealed that the distal leg muscles rapidly modulate force and work output to minimize perturbations in uneven terrain. Here we probe the role of reflexes in the rapid perturbation responses of muscle by studying the effects of proprioceptive loss. We induced bilateral loss of autogenic proprioception in the lateral gastrocnemius muscle (LG) using self-reinnervation. We compared in vivo muscle dynamics and ankle kinematics in birds with reinnervated and intact LG. Reinnervated and intact LG exhibit similar steady state mechanical function and similar work modulation in response to obstacle encounters. Reinnervated LG exhibits 23ms earlier steady-state activation, consistent with feedforward tuning of activation phase to compensate for lost proprioception. Modulation of activity duration is impaired in rLG, confirming the role of reflex feedback in regulating force duration in intact muscle.
A new genetic strategy for targeting microglia in development and disease
Authors: McKinsey Gabriel L , Lizama Carlos O , Keown-Lang Amber E , Niu Abraham , Santander Nicolas , Larpthaveesarp Amara , Chee Elin , Gonzalez Fernando F , Arnold Thomas D
Published: June 2020

As the resident macrophages of the brain and spinal cord, microglia are crucial for the phagocytosis of infectious agents, apoptotic cells and synapses. During brain injury or infection, bone-marrow derived macrophages invade neural tissue, making it difficult to distinguish between invading macrophages and resident microglia. In addition to circulation-derived monocytes, other non-microglial central nervous system (CNS) macrophage subtypes include border-associated meningeal, perivascular and choroid plexus macrophages. Using immunofluorescent labeling, flow cytometry and Cre-dependent ribosomal immunoprecipitations, we describe P2ry12-CreER, a new tool for the genetic targeting of microglia. We use this new tool to track microglia during embryonic development and in the context of ischemic injury and neuroinflammation. Because of the specificity and robustness of microglial recombination with P2ry12-CreER, we believe that this new mouse line will be particularly useful for future studies of microglial function in development and disease.
A community-maintained standard library of population genetic models
Authors: Adrion Jeffrey R , Cole Christopher B , Dukler Noah , Galloway Jared G , Gladstein Ariella L , Gower Graham , Kyriazis Christopher C , Ragsdale Aaron P , Tsambos Georgia , Baumdicker Franz , Carlson Jedidiah , Cartwright Reed A , Durvasula Arun , Gronau Ilan , Kim Bernard Y , McKenzie Patrick , Messer Philipp W , Noskova Ekaterina , Ortega-Del Vecchyo Diego , Racimo Fernando , Struck Travis J , Gravel Simon , Gutenkunst Ryan N , Lohmueller Kirk E , Ralph Peter L , Schrider Daniel R , Siepel Adam , Kelleher Jerome , Kern Andrew D
Published: June 2020

The explosion in population genomic data demands ever more complex modes of analysis, and increasingly, these analyses depend on sophisticated simulations. Recent advances in population genetic simulation have made it possible to simulate large and complex models, but specifying such models for a particular simulation engine remains a difficult and error-prone task. Computational genetics researchers currently re-implement simulation models independently, leading to inconsistency and duplication of effort. This situation presents a major barrier to empirical researchers seeking to use simulations for power analyses of upcoming studies or sanity checks on existing genomic data. Population genetics, as a field, also lacks standard benchmarks by which new tools for inference might be measured. Here, we describe a new resource, stdpopsim, that attempts to rectify this situation. Stdpopsim is a community-driven open source project, which provides easy access to a growing catalog of published simulation models from a range of organisms and supports multiple simulation engine backends. This resource is available as a well-documented python library with a simple command-line interface. We share some examples demonstrating how stdpopsim can be used to systematically compare demographic inference methods, and we encourage a broader community of developers to contribute to this growing resource.
Osteopathic Physician Mortality in the Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1920
Authors: Watson Ashley , Watson Tyler , Ching Leslie
Published: June 2020

The influenza outbreak that occurred during 1918-1920 was a defining moment in the history of the world and osteopathic medicine. Despite the tremendous loss of human life, osteopathic physicians also observed greater success in the treatment of patients with the disease, in contrast with their allopathic counterparts. Osteopathic physicians also succumbed to the deadly influenza effects while treating patients. A list of osteopathic physicians who died of influenza or related complications during the pandemic, obtained from osteopathic journals from that time, is provided, along with the historical context of the pandemic.
Modelling of climate change impact on flow conditions in the lowland anastomosing river
Authors: Marcinkowski Paweł , Mirosław-Świątek Dorota
Published: June 2020

The progressive degradation of freshwater ecosystems worldwide requires action to be taken for their conservation. Nowadays, protection strategies need to step beyond the traditional approach of managing protected areas as they have to deal with the protection or recovery of natural flow regimes disrupted by the effects of future climate conditions. Climate change affects the hydrosphere at catchment scale altering hydrological processes which in turn impact hydrodynamics at the river reach scale. Therefore, conservation strategies should consider mathematical models, which allow for an improved understanding of ecosystem functions and their interactions across different spatial and temporal scales. This study focuses on an anastomosing river system in north-eastern Poland, where in recent decades a significant loss of the anabranches has been observed. The objective was to assess the impact of projected climate change on average flow conditions in the anastomosing section of the Narew River. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT software) for the Narew catchment was coupled with the HEC-RAS one-dimensional unsteady flow model. The study looked into projected changes for two future time horizons 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 under the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 using an ensemble of nine EURO-CORDEX model scenarios. Results show that low flow conditions in the anastomosing section of the Narew National Park will remain relatively stable in 2021–2050 compared to current conditions and will slightly increase in 2071–2100. Duration of low flows, although projected to decrease on an annual basis, will increase for August–October, when the loss on anastomoses was found to be the most intense. Hydraulic modeling indicated extremely low flow velocities in the anastomosing arm (<0.1 m/s) nowadays and under future projections which is preferable for in-stream vegetation development and their gradual sedimentation and closure.
Marsupial and monotreme milk—a review of its nutrient and immune properties
Authors: Stannard Hayley J. , Miller Robert D. , Old Julie M.
Published: June 2020

All mammals are characterized by the ability of females to produce milk. Marsupial (metatherian) and monotreme (prototherian) young are born in a highly altricial state and rely on their mother’s milk for the first part of their life. Here we review the role and importance of milk in marsupial and monotreme development. Milk is the primary source of sustenance for young marsupials and monotremes and its composition varies at different stages of development. We applied nutritional geometry techniques to a limited number of species with values available to analyze changes in macronutrient composition of milk at different stages. Macronutrient energy composition of marsupial milk varies between species and changes concentration during the course of lactation. As well as nourishment, marsupial and monotreme milk supplies growth and immune factors. Neonates are unable to mount a specific immune response shortly after birth and therefore rely on immunoglobulins, immunological cells and other immunologically important molecules transferred through milk. Milk is also essential to the development of the maternal-young bond and is achieved through feedback systems and odor preferences in eutherian mammals. However, we have much to learn about the role of milk in marsupial and monotreme mother-young bonding. Further research is warranted in gaining a better understanding of the role of milk as a source of nutrition, developmental factors and immunity, in a broader range of marsupial species, and monotremes.
Heat shock protein 90 enhances the electron transfer between the FMN and heme cofactors in neuronal nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Zheng Huayu , Li Jinghui , Feng Changjian
Published: June 2020

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a key regulator of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in vivo. Despite its functional importance, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism. Here, purified dimeric human Hsp90α was used to investigate whether (and if so, how) Hsp90 affects the FMN–heme interdomain electron transfer (IET) step in NOS. Hsp90α increases the IET rate for rat neuronal NOS (nNOS) in a dose‐saturable manner, and a single charge‐neutralization mutation at conserved Hsp90 K585 abolishes the effect. The kinetic results with added Ficoll 70, a crowder, further indicate that Hsp90 enhances the FMN–heme IET through specific association with nNOS. The Hsp90‐nNOS docking models provide hints on the putative role of Hsp90 in constraining the available conformational space for the FMN domain motions.
Structural and Ecofriendly Holocellulose Materials from Wood: Microscale Fibers and Nanoscale Fibrils
Authors: Yang Xuan , Berglund Lars A.
Published: June 2020

Mildly delignified wood holocellulose fibers show well‐preserved cellulose nanofibril (CNF) structure in the fiber cell wall. Fibers, paper, biocomposites, and compression‐molded fiber materials demonstrate excellent mechanical properties. Here, wood holocellulose fibers and corresponding CNFs are discussed with respect to nanostructure, mechanical performance, and advanced materials potential. Functionalization routes are discussed, as well as materials selection, nanoscience of recycling, and the embodied energy in cellulosic candidates for multifunctional structural materials.
Lithium Manganese Spinel Cathodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Huang Yimeng , Dong Yanhao , Li Sa , Lee Jinhyuk , Wang Chao , Zhu Zhi , Xue Weijiang , Li Yao , Li Ju
Published: June 2020

Spinel LiMn2O4, whose electrochemical activity was first reported by Prof. John B. Goodenough's group at Oxford in 1983, is an important cathode material for lithium‐ion batteries that has attracted continuous academic and industrial interest. It is cheap and environmentally friendly, and has excellent rate performance with 3D Li+ diffusion channels. However, it suffers from severe degradation, especially under extreme voltages and during high‐temperature operation. Here, the current understanding and future trends of the spinel cathode and its derivatives with cubic lattice symmetry (LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 that shows high‐voltage stability, and Li‐rich spinels that show reversible hybrid anion‐ and cation‐redox activities) are discussed. Special attention is given to the degradation mechanisms and further development of spinel cathodes, as well as concepts of utilizing the cubic spinel structure to stabilize high‐capacity layered cathodes and as robust framework for high‐rate electrodes. “Good spinel” surface phases like LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 are distinguished from “bad spinel” surface phases like Mn3O4.
Regulatory Changes Affecting the Production and Use of Fats and Oils: Focus on Partially Hydrogenated Oils
Authors: Bhandari Sneh D. , Delmonte Pierluigi , Honigfort Mical , Yan William , Dionisi Fabiola , Fleith Mathilde , Iassonova Diliara , Bergeson Lynn L.
Published: June 2020

Partially hydrogenated oils (PHO), the products of incomplete catalytic hydrogenation of food oils, have been widely employed by the food industry for more than a century. Their exceptional stability and technologic characteristics made them the preferred choice for the production of several food products including margarines, bakery goods, and frying oils. Some of these highly prized characteristics were provided by the high content in trans fatty acids (TFA), defined as fatty acids with one or more isolated double bond in trans configuration. The discovery of negative health effects associated with dietary intake of TFA triggered world‐wide a wave of regulatory actions aimed to curb their consumption. PHO became the main target of most campaigns aimed to reduce consumption of TFA, and their fortune in the food industry progressively faded. At the 2017, AOCS Annual Meeting in Orlando, a group of experts from regulatory agencies and industry from North America and Europe met to discuss the current status of government regulations and industry adaptations regarding the productions and use of PHO. The discussion was enriched by including the impact on fats and oils production of the 2016 amendment of the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (TSCA). The present publication may not include all regulatory changes that took place after this symposium, in 2017.
Carbon emissions and the cost of debt in the eurozone: The role of public policies, climate‐related disclosure and corporate governance
Authors: Palea Vera , Drogo Federico
Published: June 2020

Over time, investors have become increasingly aware of the risks associated with a transition to a low‐carbon economy. This study investigates the association between carbon emissions and the cost of debt financing for a sample of firms from the eurozone in the period 2010–2018. The results provide evidence that the risk premium required by lenders increases with carbon emissions. However, although the most polluting sectors were already charged before the Paris Agreement, and not further penalised in the subsequent period, our results indicate that the less polluting sectors started being charged a higher spread for their emissions only in the period after the Agreement. The Paris Agreement appears to be a turning point around which lenders have become aware of the strong commitment taken by policymakers in fighting climate change. Our findings also suggest that increased levels of disclosure on climate‐related issues can mitigate corporate carbon risk. On the other hand, the results are not compelling when we consider the effect of control mechanisms, such as external verification for emissions, board oversight of carbon risk and the presence of emission reduction targets, on the cost of debt. Taken as a whole, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of public policies in driving lenders' allocation decisions as well as the role of climate‐related disclosure in mitigating the corporate cost of capital. As such, our findings have important implications for both policymaking in environmental regulation and managerial strategies.
Childhood risk factors for criminal career duration: Comparisons with prevalence, onset, frequency and recidivism
Authors: Farrington David P.
Published: June 2020

It has been argued that the predictors of all criminal career features are the same, and that childhood risk factors do not predict life‐course‐persistent offenders. Little is known about childhood predictors of the duration of criminal careers. The aim is to investigate childhood (aged 8–10 years) risk factors for criminal career duration, in comparison with childhood risk factors for other criminal career features. The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development is a prospective longitudinal survey of 411 South London males from age 8, with conviction records up to age 61. Life‐course‐persistent (LCP) offenders were defined as those with a criminal career lasting at least 20 years. The strongest predictors of LCP offenders were harsh discipline, poor parental supervision, a convicted father and parental conflict. Childhood risk factors for LCP offenders and criminal career duration were different from childhood risk factors for the prevalence of offending (convicted versus unconvicted males). These results should be taken into account in developmental and life‐course criminology theories, risk assessment instruments and risk‐focused interventions.
A rare case of MGRS with immunotactoid glomerulopathy responding to bortezomib, dexamethasone, and rituximab
Authors: Kuang Chaoyuan , Quann Kevin , Liman Agnes K. , Frye Roy , Alshoubaki Nawras , Ramkumar Mohan , Liman Andrew D.
Published: June 2020

Patients with monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance should be treated with clone‐directed therapy against sources of monoclonal proteins in order to prevent progression to more advanced monoclonal gammopathies and renal failure.
Naltrexone‐induced drug eruption
Authors: Heck Johannes , Burda Katharina , Hillemacher Thomas , Bleich Stefan , Stichtenoth Dirk O. , Groh Adrian
Published: June 2020

Treatment of alcohol dependence with oral naltrexone may elicit an urticarial rash and angioedema. Acute spontaneous urticaria and an allergic reaction to an excipient represent important differential diagnoses.
Metal and Co‐Catalyst Free CO2 Conversion with a Bifunctional Covalent Organic Framework (COF)
Authors: He Hongming , Zhu Qian‐Qian , Zhang Wen‐Wen , Zhang Han‐Wen , Chen Jing , Li Cheng‐Peng , Du Miao
Published: June 2020

The excessive growth of CO2 brings about the global warming and subsequent climate change, which is an increased public concern issue. Currently, the chemical fixation of CO2 is identified as one of the most effective approaches to reduce and utilize CO2. Thus, it is a great challenge to rationally design and construct high‐efficient catalysts for CO2 conversion and utilization. Here, a unique metal‐free bifunctional COF heterogeneous catalyst was successfully achieved via the post‐modified strategy, which simultaneously bears −COOH as Brønsted acidic center and Br− ion as nucleophilic active site. By virtue of abundant porosity, excellent stability, favorable CO2 adsorption, and dual catalytic sites, this material can efficiently facilitate the coupling reaction of CO2 with epoxide to form cyclic carbonate without co‐catalyst under mild conditions. Moreover, it has excellent reusability, without significant reduction of the catalytic activity after at least five cycles.
Correlation structure between agroclimatic big data and EVOO fatty acid profile determined by GC and NMR spectra
Authors: Sánchez‐Rodríguez María Isabel , Sánchez‐López Elena M. , Marinas Alberto , Caridad José M. , Urbano Francisco J.
Published: June 2020

Fatty acids are the major compounds in olive oils, and the determination of their profile is very useful in order for the authentication of the high quality of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and the evaluation of its purity and traceability. This work considers the estimations of saturated (SAFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids obtained by gas chromatography (GC), 13C (carbonyl, C‐16, and aliphatic carbons regions), and 1H NMR spectra. The aim of this paper is to analyze the correlation structure being between the abovementioned fatty acids estimations and some long‐run agroclimatic measurements (temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, radiation, precipitation, and evapotranspiration), which were downloaded from the official website of the Andalusian Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs). The versatile graphical possibilities of the free software R‐project allow the design of computational programs providing interesting conclusions about the described correlations as a function of month, variety of olive, and protected designation of origin (PDO). The statistically significant correlations could determine relevant agroclimatic information to be included, in a further research, among the explanatory variables in regression models in order to improve the estimation of fatty acid profile of EVOOs, considered as a quality parameter in their authentication.
Amino Acid Modified RNA Bases as Building Blocks of an Early Earth RNA‐Peptide World
Authors: Nainytė Milda , Müller Felix , Ganazzoli Giacomo , Chan Chun‐Yin , Crisp Antony , Globisch Daniel , Carell Thomas
Published: June 2020

Fossils of extinct species allow us to reconstruct the process of Darwinian evolution that led to the species diversity we see on Earth today. The origin of the first functional molecules able to undergo molecular evolution and thus eventually able to create life, are largely unknown. The most prominent idea in the field posits that biology was preceded by an era of molecular evolution, in which RNA molecules encoded information and catalysed their own replication. This RNA world concept stands against other hypotheses, that argue for example that life may have begun with catalytic peptides and primitive metabolic cycles. The question whether RNA or peptides were first is addressed by the RNA‐peptide world concept, which postulates a parallel existence of both molecular species. A plausible experimental model of how such an RNA‐peptide world may have looked like, however, is absent. Here we report the synthesis and physicochemical evaluation of amino acid containing adenosine bases, which are closely related to molecules that are found today in the anticodon stem‐loop of tRNAs from all three kingdoms of life. We show that these adenosines lose their base pairing properties, which allow them to equip RNA with amino acids independent of the sequence context. As such we may consider them to be living molecular fossils of an extinct molecular RNA‐peptide world.
Survival in older women with early stage breast cancer receiving low‐dose bisphosphonates or denosumab
Authors: Suarez‐Almazor Maria E. , Herrera Raul , Lei Xiudong , Chavez‐MacGregor Mariana , Zhao Hui , Giordano Sharon H.
Published: June 2020

Background

Bisphosphonates and denosumab, as adjuvant therapy in breast cancer, have been associated in some studies with improved cancer outcomes. The potential benefits of these drugs used at the lower doses commonly given for osteoporosis have not been established. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between therapy with bone‐modifying agents (BMAs) and survival in older women with early breast cancer.

Methods

The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study of women aged ≥66 years with breast cancer who were included in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results and Texas Cancer Registry Medicare‐linked databases. Associations were examined between the receipt of BMAs at dosages indicated for osteoporosis within 2 years after diagnosis and overall and breast cancer‐specific survival. Cox proportional hazards models and propensity score adjustment and matching were used for the analyses.

Results

Of the 37,724 women included, 7925 (21%) received at least 6 months of a BMA within the first 2 years of breast cancer diagnosis, including bisphosphonates only in 6898 women (80.7%), denosumab only in 1204 (15.2%), and both classes of BMAs in 323 (4.1%). The median follow‐up was 64 months. The receipt of a bisphosphonate was associated with improved overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.82‐0.93) and breast cancer‐specific survival (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.64‐0.92) after multivariable adjustment. Benefits were primarily seen for patients who had stage II and III disease. No benefits were observed with denosumab (stage II: HR, 1.05 [95% CI, 0.90‐1.22]; stage III: HR, 1.09 [95% CI, 0.66‐1.82]).

Conclusions

Bisphosphonates at the doses recommended for osteoporosis are associated with improved survival in older postmenopausal women with early breast cancer.
Numerical considerations for advection‐diffusion problems in cardiovascular hemodynamics
Authors: Lynch Sabrina R. , Nama Nitesh , Xu Zelu , Arthurs Christopher J. , Sahni Onkar , Figueroa C. Alberto
Published: June 2020

Numerical simulations of cardiovascular mass transport pose significant challenges due to the wide range of Péclet numbers and backflow at Neumann boundaries. In this paper we present and discuss several numerical tools to address these challenges in the context of a stabilized finite element computational framework. To overcome numerical instabilities when backflow occurs at Neumann boundaries, we propose an approach based on the prescription of the total flux. In addition, we introduce a “consistent flux” outflow boundary condition and demonstrate its superior performance over the traditional zero diffusive flux boundary condition. Lastly, we discuss discontinuity capturing (DC) stabilization techniques to address the well‐known oscillatory behavior of the solution near the concentration front in advection‐dominated flows. We present numerical examples in both idealized and patient‐specific geometries to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed procedures. The three contributions discussed in this paper successfully address commonly found challenges when simulating mass transport processes in cardiovascular flows.
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of High‐Dose TAS‐303 in Healthy Japanese Volunteers: A Single‐Center, Single‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled, Parallel‐Group, Multiple‐Ascending‐Dose Study
Authors: Hanada Ryuzo
Published: June 2020

Preclinical data of TAS‐303 (4‐piperidinyl 2,2‐diphenyl‐2‐[propoxy‐1,1,2,2,3,3,3‐d7] acetate hydrochloride), a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, show that it increases urethral contraction in rats and may therefore benefit stress urinary incontinence patients. In this single‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group, multiple‐ascending‐dose phase 1 study, we evaluated the safety and tolerability of once‐daily TAS‐303 8, 10, 12, 15, or 18 mg administered for 16 days in healthy subjects. In addition, we investigated the pharmacokinetics and inhibitory effect of TAS‐303 on hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A activity. Rates of adverse events, adverse drug reactions, and pharmacokinetic parameters of TAS‐303 were evaluated. Fifty subjects were randomized: 7 subjects each were assigned to receive TAS‐303 8‐18 mg, and 3 subjects each were assigned to receive placebo at each dose. The overall incidences of adverse events and adverse drug reactions in all subjects administered TAS‐303 (n = 35) was 25.7% and 2.9%, respectively, and those for the placebo groups (n = 15) were 46.7% and 0%, respectively. No deaths or serious adverse events occurred. TAS‐303 displayed a dose‐proportional pharmacokinetic profile across doses of 8‐18 mg over the 16‐day multiple administration period, and TAS‐303 might inhibit hepatic CYP3A activity within this dose range. TAS‐303 at a dose of 8‐18 mg was confirmed to be safe and tolerable.
Helical Nanostructures with Circularly Polarized Luminescence from the Multicomponent Assembly of π‐Conjugated N‐terminal Amino Acids
Authors: Zhao Jianjian , Xing Pengyao
Published: June 2020

Self‐assembled structures with circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) have attracted great attention in recent years. π‐conjugated N‐terminal amino acids with chiral amino acid residues and luminophores are capable of forming self‐assembled structures at hierarchical levels, whereby chirality can be transferred to the macroscopic scale with easily modulated CPL properties. Due to the presence of multiple noncovalent binding sites, including hydrogen bonding and aromatic interactions, π‐conjugated N‐terminal amino acids are emerging core candidates for incorporation into multicomponent self‐assembled architectures, accomplishing rational control over supramolecular chirality as well as showing rich chiroptical properties. In this Minireview, we provide a brief summary of multiple‐component coassembled systems comprising π‐conjugated N‐terminal amino acids, small organic species and metal ions. The synthesis of helical structures and manipulation of supramolecular chirality by controlling the self‐assembled species is introduced, and the CPL properties of multiple‐component π‐conjugated N‐terminal amino acids are also briefly summarized.
PK/PD Mediated Dose Optimization of Emactuzumab, a CSF1R Inhibitor, in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors and Diffuse‐Type Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor
Authors: Smart Kevin , Bröske Ann‐Marie , Rüttinger Dominik , Mueller Claudia , Phipps Alex , Walz Antje‐Christine , Ries Carola , Baehner Monika , Cannarile Michael , Meneses‐Lorente Georgina
Published: June 2020

Targeted biological therapies may achieve maximal therapeutic efficacy at doses below the maximum tolerated dose (MTD); therefore, the search for the MTD in clinical studies may not be ideal for these agents. Emactuzumab is an investigational monoclonal antibody that binds to and inhibits the activation of the cell surface colony‐stimulating factor‐1 receptor. Here, we show how modeling target‐mediated drug disposition coupled with pharmacodynamic end points was used to optimize the dose of emactuzumab without defining an MTD. The model could be used to recommend doses across different disease indications. The approach recommended an optimal biological dose of emactuzumab for dosing every 2 weeks (q2w) ≥ 900 mg, approximately three‐fold lower than the highest dose tested clinically. The model predicted that emactuzumab doses ≥ 900 mg q2w would achieve target saturation in excess of 90% over the entire dosing cycle. Subsequently, a dose of 1,000 mg q2w was used in the extension phase of a phase I study of emactuzumab in patients with advanced solid tumors or diffuse‐type tenosynovial giant cell tumor. Clinical data from this study were consistent with model predictions. The model was also used to predict the optimum dose of emactuzumab for use with dosing every 3 weeks, enabling dosing flexibility with respect to comedications. In summary, this work demonstrates the value of quantitative clinical pharmacology approaches to dose selection in oncology as opposed to traditional MTD methods.
A comparative scanning electron microscopy study between the effect of an ultrasonic scaler, reciprocating handpiece, and combined approach on the root surface topography in subgingival debridement
Authors: Dassatti Leonardo , Manicone Paolo Francesco , Lauricella Selenia , Pastorino Roberta , Filetici Pierfrancesco , Nicoletti Fabrizio , D'Addona Antonio
Published: June 2020

Objective

This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of root‐shape inserts mounted on a reciprocating handpiece during the procedure of root surface debridement (RSD) on extracted teeth. Three different approaches were compared: ultrasonic scaling, employment of root‐shape inserts mounted on a reciprocating handpiece, and a combination of both.

Materials and Methods

A total of 51 extracted teeth were divided into three groups. The first group was instrumented with an ultrasonic scaler, the second group with flexible root‐shape inserts mounted on a reciprocating handpiece (grain size 40, 15, and 4 μm), whereas the final group underwent a combination of both approaches. The time required for the instrumentation was taken. The specimens were subjected to optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the photographs were evaluated by three examiners who were blinded to the study. The parameters included were: SEM roughness index (SRI) for the roughness calculation, remaining calculus Index (RCI) to evaluate the residual calculus deposits, and loss of tooth substance index (LTSI) to evaluate the loss of tooth substance caused by instrumentation.

Result

The results revealed that the time taken for the instrumentation was on average longer when the root‐shape inserts were employed alone, meanwhile the combined approach did not show significant difference in comparison with the ultrasonic scaling. The lower average RCI was obtained with a combined approach. The use of root‐shape inserts seems to cause a moderate increase in LTSI, especially in a combined approach, whereas it resulted in a better average SRI.

Conclusion

The employment of root‐shape inserts seems to be effective in the RSD for its ability to obtain a smooth and calculus‐free instrumented surface, especially when used in combination with an ultrasonic scaler, and their use can so represent a valid approach to be tested in further in vivo studies.
Effects of environmental corporate social responsibility on environmental well‐being perception and the mediation role of community resilience
Authors: Rela Iskandar Zainuddin , Awang Abd Hair , Ramli Zaimah , Md Sum Sarmila , Meisanti Meisanti
Published: June 2020

Environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR) is corporate business sustainability for the future and a noble ethical that fosters social, economic and environmental well‐being (EWB) of the community. Based on environmental protection and management, the Indonesian mining company is obliged to mitigate and conserve the surrounding environmental ecosystem. The mining company invested IDR17.35 billion on ECSR since 2006. This study examines the effects of ECSR on EWB of the community by mediating community resilience. The subjects were family household leaders in 12 villages who were direct and indirect recipients of ECSR. Partial least squares‐based structural equation modelling analysis was used to determine the effects of ECSR on the community EWB. In addition, were analysed mediated effects by community resilience (CR). The findings of this study confirmed that ECSR practices had positive and significant effects on CR and EWB. As a mediator, CR significantly contributed to the sustainable EWB of the community.
Visualizing the triple bottom line: A large‐scale automated visual content analysis of European corporations' website and social media images
Authors: Lock Irina , Araujo Theo
Published: June 2020

With the “visual turn” online, images have become increasingly important for companies to attract stakeholders to their online CSR communication. To investigate in how far businesses' visual sustainability language reflects a balanced triple bottom line, this study compared the most profitable European corporations' websites images (N = 21,841) and visual Twitter posts (N = 3,637) through automated content analysis using computer vision algorithms. The findings of this big data‐analysis reveal that European companies overemphasize the financial bottom line on both owned and shared media. The channel matters as firms are more likely to communicate people‐, planet‐, and profit‐related images via social media than their website. Corporations from environmentally sensitive industries tend to highlight the social dimension, though this is where they impact less, and do so more often through their website. Thus, this study confirms the criticism that the business case is dominant in CSR strategies also for visual communication.
Mo3Nb14O44: A New Li+ Container for High‐Performance Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Li Renjie , Liang Guisheng , Zhu Xiangzhen , Fu Qingfeng , Chen Yongjun , Luo Lijie , Lin Chunfu
Published: June 2020

Intercalating Nb‐based oxides are promising anode compounds for lithium‐ion batteries since they have both good safety and large capacities. However, the research in this field is still limited. Here, Mo3Nb14O44 with a large theoretical capacity of 398 mAh g–1 (Mo6+↔Mo4+ and Nb5+↔Nb3+) is exploited as a new Nb‐based oxide anode compound, and Mo3Nb14O44 micron‐sized particles (Mo3Nb14O44‐M) and Mo3Nb14O44 nanowires (Mo3Nb14O44‐N) are demonstrated. Mo3Nb14O44 owns a tetragonal shear ReO3 crystal structure (high‐symmetric space group) constructed by 4 × 4×∞ (Mo,Nb)O6 octahedron blocks linked by MoO4 tetrahedra, forming an A–B–A layered structure with a large interlayer spacing. This interesting structure allows fast Li+ storage within the interlayers and significant intercalation‐pseudocapacitive behavior, leading to the high rate performance of Mo3Nb14O44‐M/Mo3Nb14O44‐N with a large 10C versus 0.1C capacity retention percentage of 38.1/54.2%. Mo3Nb14O44‐M/Mo3Nb14O44‐N further exhibits a safe operating potential of 1.72/1.68 V, large reversible capacity of 323/321 mAh g–1 at 0.1C, high initial coulombic efficiency of 92.2/90.0%, and good cycling stability with 71.8/75.8% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 10C. Additionally, a LiMn2O4/Mo3Nb14O44‐N full cell also performs well. Therefore, Mo3Nb14O44 holds great promise as a fast‐charging, safe, large‐capacity, high‐efficient, and long‐life Li+ anode container.
A Generalized Bioavailability Model (gBAM) for Predicting Chronic Copper Toxicity to Freshwater Fish
Authors: Nys Charlotte , Vlaeminck Karel , Van Sprang Patrick , De Schamphelaere Karel A.C.
Published: June 2020

The generalized bioavailability model (gBAM) has been proposed as an alternative to the biotic ligand model (BLM) for modeling bioavailability and chronic toxicity of copper (Cu). The gBAM combines a log-linear effect of pH on free Cu2+ ion toxicity with BLM-type parameters for describing the protective effects of major cations (calcium [Ca]2+, magnesium [Mg]2+, and sodium [Na]+). In the present study, a Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM) VII-based gBAM for fish was parametrized based on an existing chronic (30-d) dataset of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The model, with defined parameters (pH slope parameter [SpH] = 0.4449 and biotic ligand competition constants [log KCaBL = 4.0, log KMgBL = 3.4, and log KNaBL = 3.0]), was shown to accurately predict the effects of pH, dissolved organic carbon, Ca, and Mg on chronic Cu toxicity to juvenile rainbow trout at the effect levels relevant for environmental risk assessment (i.e., median prediction error of 1.3-fold for 10 and 20% lethal concentrations). The gBAM predicted the effect of pH more accurately than a previously published Cu BLM for juvenile rainbow trout, especially at pH > 8. We also evaluated the cross-species and cross-life stage applicability of the newly developed juvenile rainbow trout gBAM using existing chronic Cu toxicity data with early life stages of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and rainbow trout. We did this because using a single bioavailability model for all fish species and life stages is practical from a regulatory point of view. Although the early life stage datasets exhibit considerable uncertainties, 91% of the considered toxicity values at the effect levels most relevant in European environmental regulations (10% effect on survival or growth) were predicted within a 2-fold error. Overall, the chronic Cu gBAM we developed is a valuable alternative for the existing chronic Cu BLM for rainbow trout and performs sufficiently well to be used in risk assessment according to currently accepted standards of bioavailability model performance (from the current European regulatory point of view). However, our analysis also suggests that bioavailability relations differ between different fish life stages and between endpoints (e.g., mortality vs growth), which is currently not accounted for in environmental risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2424–2436. © 2020 SETAC
Underutilized African indigenous fruit trees and food–nutrition security: Opportunities, challenges, and prospects
Authors: Omotayo Abiodun Olusola , Aremu Adeyemi Oladapo
Published: June 2020

The diverse range of indigenous fruit trees in Africa is a source of untapped potential for food and nutrition security. Here, we review information on 10 indigenous fruit trees that are considered to be underutilized and explore their occurrence, distribution, nutritional components, phytochemicals, and medicinal potentials, as well as their associated challenges and prospects. The indigenous fruit trees, which occur across different ecological zones in Africa, are rich sources of vitamins, minerals, protein, and valuable phytochemicals. They also have recognized medicinal value and used as diverse therapeutic remedies by many ethnic groups in Africa. The key challenges to fruit tree sustainability include indiscriminate and illegal logging, low accessibility, and low acceptability, as well as inadequate research on their cultivation. We proposed a scheme to increase the value chain of underutilized fruit trees, which can contribute to the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and other stakeholders mainly through income generation. In addition to the concerted efforts of multidisciplinary research teams encompassing plant breeders, botanists, molecular biologists, food scientists, and horticulturists, there is an urgent need for governments and other international stakeholders to provide incentives and encourage the domestication, commercialization, and agro‐processing of underutilized fruit trees for future economic prosperity of Africa.
Environmental Implications of Discarding Fish in Northern Spanish Coastal Bottom Otter Trawl Fisheries
Authors: García-Santiago Xela , Franco-Uría Amaya , Antelo Luis T , Moreira M Teresa , Feijoo Gumersindo , Pérez-Martín Ricardo I
Published: June 2020

Overfishing contributes to the depletion of fish stocks. Among fishing practices, discarding fish is a waste of valuable resources and results in lost income that is associated with its effects on future stock growth. This practice depends on several factors, although trawl fisheries account for the highest quantity of discards. In this work, the effects of a specific section of the Galician (Northwestern Spain) bottom trawl fishery were evaluated by using the ecological footprint, focusing on the contribution of the rate of discards. We selected fishing grounds and carbon footprints as the categories for the analysis. The results showed that 11.6 global hectares (gha) per metric ton of catch were required for an average fishing trip, ranging between 2.2 and 27.1 gha per metric ton. Discards represented 55% of this value, while the carbon footprint only represented 11%. Therefore, measures are needed to reduce the significant effects of discards, especially in these fisheries. The findings indicate that the discard ban promoted by the Common Fisheries Policy could reduce the ecological footprint of these fisheries by 3.4 gha per metric ton of catch landed on average.
Preparation and quality evaluation of potato steamed bread with wheat gluten
Authors: Zhao Beibei , Deng Jiawen , Li Mingyue , Li Hua , Zhang Yan , Gong Haodi , Chen Zhicheng
Published: June 2020

The present study aimed to study the preparation and quality evaluation of potato steamed bread by using potato flour, wheat flour, and gluten at the presence of yeast and inorganic additives. As the rheological properties of the potato–wheat formulated flour negatively related to the potato flour, the potato–wheat formulated flour with 35% potato flour was set as the basic flour (100%). The effects of wheat gluten on the rheological properties of the dough were also evaluated, and gluten addition amount was set at 6.5%. The effects of yeast, sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and monocalcium phosphate addition on steamed bread properties have been studied and optimized by orthogonal test. The obtained potato steamed bread formula was 100% basic flour (potato/wheat mass ratio of 35:65), 6.5% wheat gluten, 1.1% yeast, 1.4% NaHCO3, 0.75% citric acid, and 0.50% Ca(H2PO4)2. The prepared potato steamed bread has good sensory and texture properties, with natural potato flavor.