bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flow cytometric analysis of canine colonic mucosal lymphocytes from endoscopically obtained biopsy specimens
Authors: Sonea Ioana M. , Harkins Kristi , Wannemuehler Michael J. , Jergens Albert E. , Merten Ellen A. , Sacco Randy E. , Cunnick Joan E.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To validate use of canine colonic biopsy specimens obtained via endoscopy as a source of mucosal lymphocytes (ML) for flow cytometric analysis.

Sample Population

Mucosal biopsy specimens from 10 adult dogs.

Procedure

Mucosal lymphocyte subsets obtained from excised colon were compared with ML subsets obtained from biopsy specimens obtained by use of an endoscopic forceps (6 dogs). Endoscopic colonic biopsy specimens from 4 other dogs were used to define whether obtained ML were predominantly of intraepithelial or lamina propria origin. Mucosal lymphocytes were isolated and labeled, using commercially available monoclonal antibodies directed against canine cell surface antigens. Lymphocyte subsets (cytotoxic or helper T cells; B cells) were determined by use of flow cytometric analysis.

Results

A large number of viable ML was obtained after dissociation of the colonic epithelium from excised colon (45.5 ± 21.5 × 106) and endoscopic (7.2 ± 3.4 × 106) biopsy specimens. Lymphocyte subsets obtained with both methods were identical for each dog and consisted predominantly of intraepithelial lymphocytes, with some lymphocytes from the lamina propria. Collagenase digestion of excised colon also yielded a large number of viable lymphocytes from the lamina propria (56.7 ± 20.4 × 106), but collagenase digestion of endoscopic biopsy specimens was less rewarding.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

A representative sample of viable intraepithelial ML is obtainable from endoscopic biopsy specimens. Flow cytometric analysis, a minimally invasive technique, can be used to study ML of client-owned animals. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:346-353).
New form of X-linked dominant hereditary nephritis in dogs
Authors: Lees George E. , Helman R. Gayman , Kashtan Clifford E. , Michael Alfred F. , Homco Linda D. , Millichamp Nicholas J. , Camacho Zenaido T. , Templeton Joe W. , Ninomiya Yoshifumi , Sado Yoshikazu , Naito Ichiro , Kim Youngki
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine features of a new form of hereditary nephritis (HN) in dogs.

Animals

Parents and 16 first-generation offspring (8 males, 8 females).

Procedure

Adolescent dogs that developed renal failure were euthanatized and necropsied. Unaffected dogs were monitored until they were at least 2 years old. Studies included light and electron microscopy of kidneys obtained from affected and unaffected dogs and immunolabeling for collagen-IV chains in renal and epidermal basement membranes (BM). The nucleotide sequence of a portion of exon 35 of the COL4A5 gene was determined in genomic DNA isolated from affected and unaffected males.

Results

7 of 8 male and 2 of 8 female offspring had proteinuria and juvenile-onset chronic renal failure, which progressed more rapidly in the males. Labeling for α3-α6(IV) chains was completely absent in renal BM of affected males and segmentally absent in affected females. Expression of α1-α2(IV) chains in glomerular BM (GBM) of affected dogs was increased. Labeling for α5-α6(IV) chains in epidermal BM was absent in affected males and segmental in affected females. Ultrastructural changes characteristic of HN were observed in GBM of affected dogs. The sequence of exon 35 of COL4A5 was normal in affected dogs.

Conclusions

This renal disease is an example of X-linked dominant HN, with typical abnormalities of GBM ultrastructure and α(IV) chain expression.

Clinical Relevance and Implications for Human Medicine

Dogs with this naturally acquired progressive renal disease can be used to investigate the pathogenesis and treatment of similar disorders in human beings and dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:373–383)
Failure of spectro-temporal mapping to detect ventricular late potentials in dogs
Authors: Calvert Clay A. , Jacobs Gilbert J. , Kraus Marc S.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether ventricular late potentials (LP) identified by time-domain analysis (TDA) of the signal-averaged ECG could be identified by three-dimensional frequency-domain analysis (FDA).

Animals

11 dogs (9 of which subsequently died suddenly) with ventricular tachyarrhythmias (10 with ventricular tachycardia) and abnormal TDA of the signal-averaged ECG.

Procedure

Signal-averaged ECG that were abnormal when analyzed in the time domain subsequently were processed further in the frequency domain. Correlation ratios were calculated, and spectro-temporal maps were plotted, which were then compared with control data.

Results

Three-dimensional FDA did not detect LP.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

LP may be detectable by TDA of the signal-averaged ECG and may be a specific marker for VT and sudden death in some dogs. However, FDA by use of the method applied in this study is invalid. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60: 396-401)
Colonic lymphocyte and plasma cell populations in dogs with lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis
Authors: Jergens Albert E. , Gamet Yvan , Moore Frances M. , Niyo Yosiya , Tsao Claire , Smith Becky
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To quantitate immunoglobulin-containing cells (IgA, IgG, and IgM) and CD3+ T cells in colonic biopsy specimens obtained from dogs with lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis (LPC), and to compare lymphocyte and plasma cell populations in dogs with LPC with those in healthy dogs.

Animals

10 healthy dogs and 11 dogs with LPC.

Procedure

Colonic mucosal specimens obtained from healthy dogs and dogs with LPC were stained specifically for IgA-, IgG-, and IgM-containing cells and CD3+ T cells by use of immunoperoxidase techniques. Morphometric analyses were done to quantitate lymphocytes and plasma cells in standardized areas of colonic mucosa. Data analyses allowed determination of mean cell numbers in each dog group, and comparison of mean numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells between dog groups.

Results

CD3+ T cells predominated in healthy dogs, whereas CD3+ T cells and IgA-containing cells were most numerous in dogs with LPC. In both dog groups, the IgG- and IgM-containing cells were considerably less numerous than the other 2 cell types. Comparison of cell populations between dog groups indicated that IgA- and IgG-containing cells and CD3+ T cells were significantly more numerous in the colonic mucosa of dogs with LPC.

Conclusions

Dogs with LPC have significantly increased numbers of IgA- and IgG-containing cells and CD3+ T cells. These lymphocyte and plasma cell distributions indicate similarities to and differences from such distributions in human beings with inflammatory bowel disease. Results provide a basis for future correlation between histologic stage of disease activity and immunologic findings in dogs with LPC. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:515-520)
Temporal changes in core body temperature in anesthetized adult horses
Authors: Tomasic Michael
Published: January 2024

Objective

To examine temporal patterns of core body temperatures in adult horses during general anesthesia and to determine the efficacy of forced-air warming blankets in attenuating decreases in core body temperatures.

Animals

5 clinically normal adult horses.

Procedure

Horses were assigned to each of 2 trials, warmer and no-warmer, in a randomized crossover design. Horses were instrumented with a thermistor-tipped pulmonary arterial catheter to measure core body temperature. Induction and maintenance of and recovery from general anesthesia were performed in an air-conditioned surgical suite where room temperature and relative humidity were maintained at approximately 21 C and 40%, respectively. Core body temperature measurements were recorded every 5 minutes during 2.5 hours of anesthesia and during recovery until horses could stand. Data were analyzed, using ANOVA for repeated measures.

Results

Without warming, mean core body temperature decreased steadily (0.37 ± 0.18 C/h). Forced-air warming significantly decreased that rate to 0.19 ± 0.09 C/h. In both trials, there was an additional, rapid, significant decrease in core body temperature when horses were moved to the recovery area, which was apparently the result of conductive heat loss to the cold floor. Recovery time and time required for core body temperature to return to baseline were unaffected by forced-air warming during anesthesia and recovery.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Core body temperature decreases steadily in adult horses anesthetized in a cool, dry environment. Forced-air warming devices can attenuate this decrease. Additional body heat can be lost rapidly when anesthetized horses are positioned on cold surfaces during recovery. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:556–562)
Serologic testing of horses for granulocytic ehrlichiosis, using indirect fluorescent antibody staining and immunoblot analysis
Authors: Magnarelli Louis A. , Van Andel Amy E. , Ijdo Jacob W. , Heimer Robert , Fikrig Erol
Published: January 2024

Objective

To diagnose granulocytic ehrlichiosis in horses, compare results of indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) staining procedures with those of immunoblot analysis, and compare serologic test findings with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results.

Animals

69 horses with high rectal temperatures (≥ 39 C) and lethargy, anorexia, or limb edema.

Procedure

43 convalescent serum samples obtained from 38 horses 2 to 18 weeks after onset of illness were analyzed by use of immunoblot procedures and IFA staining methods, using the NCH-1 or BDS ehrlichial strains. Blood samples from 69 acutely ill horses were tested by PCR to detect ehrlichial DNA.

Results

Antibodies to Erlichial equi were detected in serum samples obtained during all seasons; seropositivity rates ranged from 50 to 93%. In IFA assays using the BDS or NCH-1 strain, seropositivity rates were 70 and 79%, respectively, whereas in immunoblot analyses using the NCH-1 strain, a seropositivity value of 79% was recorded. By immunoblot analysis, all serum samples of all seropositive horses were reactive to a protein having molecular mass of about 44 kd. Blood samples from 29 of 69 (42%) acutely ill horses contained ehrlichial DNA.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Results of the various serologic testing procedures were in close agreement with each other. All serologic testing methods are suitable for laboratory diagnosis of equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis. (Am J Vet Res 1999; 60:631–635)
Comparison of biological activity and safety of recombinant canine erythropoietin with that of recombinant human erythropoietin in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Randolph John F. , Stokol Tracy , Scarlett Janet M. , MacLeod James N.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether recombinant canine erythropoietin (rcEPO) stimulates erythropoiesis in dogs without causing the immunogenicity problem (ie, erythroid hypoplasia) associated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO).

Animals

13 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure

Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups; 1 group (n = 6) received rhEPO, whereas the other group (7) received rcEPO. Both groups received SC injections of diluent for 4 weeks before initiating treatment with erythropoietin (100 U/kg of body weight, SC, 3 times/wk). Hematocrit and absolute reticulocyte count were monitored weekly, CBC were done monthly, and bone marrow aspirates for cytologic evaluation were obtained before and at 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks during treatment.

Results

Weekly mean Hct and absolute reticulocyte count increased in both groups of dogs during the first 2 weeks of treatment. For dogs receiving rhEPO, precipitous decreases in reticulocyte number and more gradual decreases in Hct were associated with development of erythroid hypoplasia. Dogs receiving rhEPO developed erythroid hypoplasia by week 4 (n = 4), 8 (1), or 16 (1). With cessation of rhEPO treatment after diagnosis of erythroid hypoplasia, RBC production recovered 5 to 11 weeks (median, 7 weeks) later. In contrast, rcEPO treatment caused sustained increases in Hct and reticulocytosis. None of the dogs receiving rcEPO developed erythroid hypoplasia.

Conclusions

rcEPO stimulated erythrocyte production in clinically normal dogs during a 24-week period without causing the erythroid hypoplasia encountered in rhEPO-treated dogs.

Clinical Relevance

Because rcEPO did not cause erythroid hypoplasia, rcEPO may represent an improved option, compared with rhEPO, for treatment of erythropoietin-dependent anemia in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:636–642)
Long-term immunity in cats vaccinated with an inactivated trivalent vaccine
Authors: Scott Fred W. , Geissinger Cordell M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate duration of immunity in cats vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline herpesvirus (FHV), and feline calicivirus (FCV).

Animals

17 cats.

Procedure

Immunity of 9 vaccinated and 8 unvaccinated cats (of an original 15 vaccinated and 17 unvaccinated cats) was challenged 7.5 years after vaccination. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) cats were vaccinated at 8 and 12 weeks old and housed in isolation facilities. Offspring of vaccinated cats served as unvaccinated contact control cats. Virus neutralization tests were used to determine antibody titers yearly. Clinical responses were recorded, and titers were determined weekly after viral challenge.

Results

Control cats remained free of antibodies against FPV, FHV, and FCV and did not have infection before viral challenge. Vaccinated cats had high FPV titers throughout the study and solid protection against virulent FPV 7.5 years after vaccination. Vaccinated cats were seropositive against FHV and FCV for 3 to 4 years after vaccination, with gradually declining titers. Vaccinated cats were protected partially against viral challenge with virulent FHV. Relative efficacy of the vaccine, on the basis of reduction of clinical signs of disease, was 52%. Results were similar after FCV challenge, with relative efficacy of 63%. Vaccination did not prevent local mild infection or shedding of FHV or FCV.

Conclusions

Duration of immunity after vaccination with an inactivated, adjuvanted vaccine was > 7 years. Protection against FPV was better than for FHV and FCV.

Clinical Implications

Persistence of antibody titers against all 3 viruses for > 3 years supports recommendations that cats may be revaccinated against FPV-FHV-FCV at 3-year intervals. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:652–658)
Efficacy of topically administered doramectin against eyeworms, lungworms, and gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle
Authors: Marley Sara E. , Illyes Elizabeth F. , Keller David S. , Meinert Todd R. , Logan Nigel B. , Hendrickx Marie-Odile , Conder George A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate efficacy of topically administered doramectin against eyeworms, lungworms, and gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle.

Animals

400 cattle (20 cattle in each of 20 trials).

Procedure

Trials were conducted in North America; natural and experimentally induced infections were used. In each trial, cattle were allocated randomly to control (placebo [saline {0.9% NaCl} solution at 1 ml/10 kg of body weight] or untreated; n = 10) or doramectin-treated (500 µg/kg of body weight; 10) groups. Treatments were applied in a single passage along the midline of the back, from the withers to the tailhead. Cattle were euthanatized ≥ 14 days after treatment, and worm burdens were determined by use of standard techniques.

Results

Efficacy of doramectin was ≥ 95.3% against adults of Thelazia gulosa, T skrjabini, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Haemonchus contortus, H placei, Ostertagia lyrata, O ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Capillaria spp, Cooperia oncophora, C pectinata, C punctata, C spatulata, C surnabada, Nematodirus spathiger, Strongyloides papillosus, T colubriformis, Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Trichuris spp. Efficacy was 95.1 % against fourth-stage larvae of D viviparus, H placei, O lyrata, O ostertagi, T axei, C oncophora, C punctata, C spatulata, C surnabada, N helvetianus, T colubriformis, O radiatum, and Trichuris spp. In addition, efficacy against inhibited fourth-stage larvae of O ostertagi and Ostertagia spp was ≥ 98.1 %.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

A single topical application of doramectin pour-on was efficacious against a broad range of nematode species in cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:665–668)
Scintigraphic, sonographic, and histologic evaluation of renal autotransplantation in cats
Authors: Newell Susan M. , Ellison Gary W. , Graham John P. , Ginn Pamela E. , Lanz Otto I. , Harrison Jay M. , Smith Jeffrey S. , Van Gilder James M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine scintigraphic, sonographic, and histologic changes associated with renal autotransplantation in cats.

Animals

7 adult specific-pathogen-free cats: 5 males, 2 females, 1 to 9 years old.

Procedure

Renal autotransplantation was performed by moving a kidney (5 left, 2 right) to the left iliac fossa. Before and at multiple times after surgery, for a total of 28 days, cats were evaluated by B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography, scintigraphy, and renal biopsy.

Results

By 24 hours after surgery, a significant decrease (42%) in mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and an increase in mean renal size (81% increase in cross-sectional area) were evident in the transplanted kidney, compared with preoperative values. By postsurgery day 28, reduction in GFR was 23%. Significant changes in renal blood flow velocity were identified in both kidneys. Consistent changes in resistive index or pulsatility index for either kidney could not be identified. When all postoperative histologic data were combined, the histologic score, indicating degree and numbers of abnormalities detected, for the transplanted kidney was significantly higher than that for the control kidney.

Conclusions

Significant changes in renal function, size, and histologic abnormalities develop secondary to acute tubular necrosis in cats after uncomplicated renal autotransplantation.

Clinical Relevance

Evaluation of renal size and function may be of benefit for clinical evaluation of feline renal transplant patients, whereas measurement of the resistive index may be of little clinical value. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:775–779)
Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by use of a nested-set reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Umthun Angela R. , Mengeling William L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To increase the timeliness and sensitivity of a procedure that uses viral nucleic acid amplification followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for identifying strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

Sample Population

24 strains of PRRSV.

Procedure

A nested-set reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was developed and compared with a nonnested-set RT-PCR for sensitivity in amplifying known quantities of infective PRRSV. Once reaction conditions were optimized, the nested-set RT-PCR was tested for effectiveness with 24 strains of PRRSV isolated from swine.

Results

The nested-set RT-PCR was 100- to 1,000- fold more sensitive than the nonnested-set RT-PCR, detecting as little as 1 infective unit of PRRSV/ml of sample. It also was generally as sensitive as the combination of steps, namely virus isolation or propagation and nonnested-set RT-PCR, currently used routinely for amplifying PRRSV prior to RFLP analysis, and it was effective for amplifying all of the 24 strains of PRRSV tested. Using this RT-PCR, all tests were completed within 1.5 days (including RFLP analysis), compared with the > 7 days often required for the currently used method involving virus isolation and propagation.

Conclusions

The nested-set RT-PCR was generally as sensitive as the combination of methods now used for PRRSV amplification prior to RFLP analysis, and it can markedly reduce the time required for testing.

Clinical Relevance

Presumptive identification of PRRSV strains can be provided in a more timely manner by use of a nested-set RT-PCR. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:802–806)
Development and usefulness of new polymerase chain reaction-based tests for detection of different alleles at codons 136 and 171 of the ovine prion protein gene
Authors: Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan Vilma , Krehbiel Janver D. , Cao Yueying , Venta Patrick J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To develop new and improved tests to detect alleles at codons 136 and 171 of the ovine prion protein locus and to evaluate the frequency of these alleles.

Animals

159 Suffolk sheep belonging to 3 flocks.

Procedure

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis that contained diagnostic restriction site variation for each allele were developed for the relevant gene regions. Alleles were determined by analyzing DNA isolated from buccal swab specimens or blood samples.

Results

At codon 136, frequencies of the alanine and valine alleles were found to be 97 and 3%, respectively. At codon 171, frequencies of the glutamine, arginine, and histidine alleles were found to be 57, 41, and 2%, respectively.

Conclusions

Little variation was detected in codon 136, whereas noteworthy variation was found in codon 171; > 40% of the alleles at this locus coded for glutamine. Because the glutamine allele at codon 171 confers susceptibility to scrapie, reduction of its frequency is of importance to management of sheep flocks.

Clinical Relevance

Genotyping of sheep, using the tests reported here, should facilitate selective breeding programs designed to decrease the risk of scrapie. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:884–887)
Detection of feline herpesvirus-specific antibodies and DNA in aqueous humor from cats with or without uveitis
Authors: Maggs David J. , Lappin Michael R. , Nasisse Mark P.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether uveitis in cats was associated with intraocular production of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1)-specific antibodies or with detection of FHV-1 DNA in aqueous humor (AH).

Animals

44 cats with idiopathic uveitis, 29 cats with uveitis attributed to Toxoplasma gondii infection, 13 FHV-1 seropositive cats without uveitis, and 9 FHV-1 seronegative cats without uveitis.

Procedure

ELISA were used to detect FHV-1-specific antibodies and total IgG antibodies in serum and AH, and the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient (C-value) for intraocular antibody production was calculated. A polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect FHV-1 dna in AH.

Results

FHV-1 seroprevalence among cats with uveitis was not significantly different from seroprevalence among cats without uveitis. Intraocular FHV-1 antibodies were never detected in cats without uveitis. Significantly more cats with idiopathic uveitis (22/44) or with toxoplasmic uveitis (11/29) had evidence of intraocular antibody production (C-value > 1) than did cats without uveitis. Only cats with idiopathic uveitis had FHV-1 C-values > 8. Among cats with evidence of intraocular antibody production, cats with idiopathic uveitis had a significantly higher median FHV-1 C-value (9.61) than did cats with toxoplasmic uveitis (2.56). Overall, FHV-1 DNA was detected in AH from 12 cats, 11 of which had uveitis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Results suggest that FHV-1 can infect intraocular tissues of cats and that intraocular FHV-1 infection may be associated with uveal inflammation in some cats. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:932–936)
Effect of feed rate and drill speed on temperatures in equine cortical bone
Authors: Toews Anne R. , Bailey Jeremy V. , Townsend Hugh G. G. , Barber Spencer M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To examine the amount of heat generated in equine cortical bone by a 6.2-mm drill, using low- and high-speed and controlled feed rate drilling.

Sample Population

10 metacarpal bones harvested from five 2-year-old draft-type horses.

Procedure

Drilling on metacarpal bones was done using a machine shop mill with which the feed rate and drill speed could be precisely controlled. Bones were drilled, using 6 combinations of feed rate (1, 2, and 3 mm advance/s) and drill speed (317 and 1,242 revolutions/min [rpm], with maximal temperatures recorded by thermocouples placed 1, 1.5, and 2 mm from the drill. Maximal temperatures were evaluated for the effect of feed rate, drill speed, cortical thickness, and distance from the drill, using linear regression analysis.

Results

Increasing feed rate from 1 to 2 and from 2 to 3 mm/s significantly decreased mean maximal temperature. Increasing drill speed from 317 to 1242 rpm significantly increased mean maximal temperature. Increasing cortical thickness significantly increased mean maximal temperature, and increasing the distance from the drill hole significantly decreased mean maximal temperatures.

Conclusions

On the basis of our results, we recommend using low drill speeds while applying sufficient axial force to advance the drill as rapidly as possible through the bone.

Clinical Relevance

Results of using this in vitro model suggest that temperatures at the drill-bone interface may be sufficiently high to result in significant thermal necrosis when drilling equine cortical bone. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:942–944)
Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after intravenous and transdermal administration in goats
Authors: Carroll Gwendolyn L. , Hooper R. Neil , Boothe Dawn M. , Hartsfield Sandee M. , Randoll Lynne A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate disposition of fentanyl in goats after IV and transdermal administration.

Animals

8 healthy 2-year-old goats weighing 31.8 to 53.6 kg (mean ± SD, 40.4 ± 7.5 kg).

Procedure

Each goat was given 2 treatments consisting of fentanyl administered IV (2.5 μg/kg of body weight) and via a transdermal patch (50 μg/h). There was a 2-month interval between treatments. Blood samples were collected at specified times and analyzed in duplicate to determine plasma fentanyl concentrations. Pharmacokinetic values were calculated, using a computerized modeling program.

Results

Administration of fentanyl was tolerated by all goats. Intravenous administration of fentanyl resulted in a transitory increase in rectal temperature that was not clinically important. Terminal elimination half-life after IV administration was 1.20 ± 0.78 h, volume of distribution at steady state was 1.51 ± 0.39 L/kg, and systemic clearance was 2.09 ± 0.62 L/kg/h. Transdermal administration of fentanyl resulted in variable plasma concentrations, with peak plasma concentrations ranging from 1.12 to 16.69 ng/ml (mean ± SD, 6.99 ± 6.03 ng/ml) and time to peak concentration ranging from 8 to 18 hours (mean ± SD, 13 ± 4.5 hours). After removal of the transdermal patch, mean ± SD terminal elimination half-life was 5.34 ± 5.34 hours.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Intravenous administration of fentanyl (2.5 μg/kg) in goats results in a relatively short half-life that will limit its use for management of pain. Transdermal administration of fentanyl (50 μg/h) in goats results in variable plasma concentrations that may exceed those anticipated on the basis of a theoretical delivery rate, but stable plasma concentrations of fentanyl may not be achieved. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:986–991)
Assessment of sodium status in large ruminants by measuring the sodium-to-potassium ratio in muzzle secretions
Authors: Singh S. P. , Rani Desi
Published: January 2024

Objective

To develop a simple diagnostic test to assess sodium status in large ruminants on the basis of the sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na:K) and to determine its relevance.

Animals

7 buffalo heifers and 21 lactating, pregnant, and nonpregnant dairy cows and heifers.

Procedure

Buffalo heifers were subjected in 2 experiments to variable dietary sodium intake or sodium depletion and changes in sodium and potassium concentrations; Na:K was simultaneously monitored in various body fluids to study its value for indicating sodium status. Validity of the muzzle secretion test was assessed.

Results

Muzzle secretion and urinary Na:K and sodium concentration, but not serum electrolyte concentrations, reflected the sodium status of buffalo heifers in response to the widely variable intake of sodium (0.03 to 0.16% of dry matter [DM]). Progressive sodium depletion during an 11-day period, using saliva deprivation caused reciprocal changes in sodium and potassium concentrations in saliva and muzzle secretion, but not in urine. Decreasing urine sodium concentration was associated with decreasing urine potassium concentration. Saliva, urine, and muzzle secretion Na:K closely reflected the degree of sodium deficit.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Buffaloes or dairy cows maintained on optimal sodium intake had muzzle secretion and urine Na:K > 0.30. Muzzle secretion or urine Na:K < 0.20 or < 0.10, respectively, was indicative of sodium deficiency. Analysis of muzzle secretion Na:K, and to a large extent urine Na:K, may be used as a convenient diagnostic tool to assess sodium status in large ruminants. It has accuracy similar to that of saliva Na:K. [Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1074-1081)
Cardiorespiratory effects of a combination of medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol in dogs
Authors: Pypendop Bruno , Verstegen John
Published: January 2024

Objective

To characterize cardiorespiratory effects for a combination of medetomidine, butorphanol, and midazolam and to compare magnitude of cardiorespiratory depression with that induced by a commonly used inhalation anesthetic regimen (acepromazine-butorphanol-thiopental-halothane).

Animals

10 clinically normal dogs (2 groups of 5).

Procedure

In treated dogs, medetomidine was administered (time, 0 minutes); midazolam and butorphanol were administered when effects of medetomidine were maximal (time, 20), and atipamezole was administered subsequently (time 60). In control dogs, drugs were administered after allowing effects of each agent to be achieved: acepromazine was given at time 0, butorphanol and thiopental were administered at time 35, and halothane was administered from time 45 until 110. Various cardiorespiratory and hematologic variables were measured or calculated.

Results

Respiratory rate, arterial and venous pH, venous oxygen content, oxygen consumption, and oxygen delivery decreased significantly below baseline values for treated dogs; end-tidal CO2, arterial and venous PCO2, and O2 extraction increased significantly above baseline values. Compared with data obtained after anesthesia, arterial HCO3− concentration, venous PO2 and SO2, cardiac output, oxygen extraction, and oxygen delivery appeared more modified in treated dogs. Oxygen consumption and physiologic shunt fraction were less modified in treated dogs than control dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Medetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam combination induced respiratory depression, comparable in magnitude to that induced by a widely used inhalation anesthetic regimen. Respiratory variables remained within acceptable limits during anesthesia; however, those associated with cardiovascular function were more severely affected. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1148–1154)
Analgesic effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in conscious African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh)
Authors: Paul-Murphy Joanne R. , Brunson David B. , Miletic Vjekoslav
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate effects of butorphanol tartrate and buprenorphine hydrochloride on withdrawal threshold to a noxious stimulus in conscious African grey parrots.

Animals

29 African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh).

Procedure

Birds were fitted with an electrode on the medial metatarsal region of the right leg, placed into a test box, and allowed to acclimate. An electrical stimulus (range, 0.0 to 1.46 mA) was delivered to each bird’s foot through an aluminum perch. A withdrawal response was recorded when the bird lifted its foot from the perch or vigorously flinched its wings. Baseline threshold to a noxious electrical stimulus was determined. Birds then were randomly assigned to receive an IM injection of saline (0.9% NaCI) solution, butorphanol (1.0 mg/kg of body weight), or buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg), and threshold values were determined again.

Results

Butorphanol significantly increased threshold value, but saline solution or buprenorphine did not significantly change threshold values.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Butorphanol had an analgesic effect, significantly increasing the threshold to electrical stimuli in African grey parrots. Buprenorphine at the dosage used did not change the threshold to electrical stimulus. Butorphanol provided an analgesic response in half of the birds tested. Butorphanol would be expected to provide analgesia to African grey parrots in a clinical setting. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1218–1221)
Isolation of bovine respiratory coronaviruses from feedlot cattle and comparison of their biological and antigenic properties with bovine enteric coronaviruses
Authors: Hasoksuz Mustafa , Lathrop Sarah L. , Gadfield Kathy L. , Saif Linda J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To isolate bovine coronaviruses from the respiratory tracts of feedlot cattle and compare antigenic and biological properties of these strains with bovine enteric coronaviruses.

Animals

5- to 8-month-old mixed-breed cattle at 4 feedlots.

Procedure

Samples were obtained from the nasal passages for testing. The 13 samples with the highest magnitude of positive values for bovine coronavirus (BCV) were cultured. Ten strains of bovine respiratory coronavirus (BRCV) were adapted successfully to serial passage. After observation of cytopathic effects (CPE) and confirmation of BRCV by immune electron microscopy and immunofluorescence testing, cell culture-adapted strains were cloned by limiting dilution. These isolates then were compared with a panel of bovine enteric coronaviruses (BECV), using hemagglutination (HA), receptor-destroying enzyme activity (RDE), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and virus neutralization (VN) assays. Antigenic relatedness values then were calculated.

Results

The BRCV were detected in 105 of 488 (21.5%) of the cattle tested. Of 13 strains tested, 10 were isolated in cell culture. Six of the BRCV strains were similar to 2 strains obtained from neonatal calves with diarrhea and 2 strains from adult cattle with winter dysentery. The other 4 BRCV isolates had high RDE activity against mouse erythrocytes but differed from other strains of BECV. Nine of 10 BRCV isolates had properties similar to the 2 BECV subtypes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

The BRCV can be isolated from nasal passages of cattle entering feedlots. Most BRCV were similar to BECV strains, although a few had unique properties. Vaccines developed to protect against enteric strains also may protect against respiratory tract strains. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1227–1233)
Analysis of surface antigen expression and host defense function in leukocytes from calves heterozygous or homozygous for bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Authors: Sipes Karen M. , Edens Heather A. , Kehrli Marcus E. , Miettinen Heini M. , Cutler Jim E. , Jutila Mark A. , Quinn Mark T.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To analyze surface antigen expression and functional responses of leukocytes from calves heterozygous and homozygous for bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD).

Animals

8 clinically normal calves, 4 calves heterozygous for BLAD, and 4 calves homozygous for BLAD.

Procedure

Surface antigen expression was examined by flow cytometric analysis of leukocytes stained with monoclonal antibodies. Neutrophil function analyses included phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans and measurement of respiratory burst activity using cytochrome c and dihydrorhodamine 123 assays. Differential leukocyte counts also were performed.

Results

Leukocytes from heterozygous calves were similar to those of clinically normal calves with respect to surface antigen expression, C albicans phagocytosis and killing, and respiratory burst activity. In contrast, neutrophils from calves homozygous for BLAD had significantly reduced phagocytic and yeast-killing capacity but had higher respiratory burst activity than cells from clinically normal or heterozygous calves. Homozygous calves also had extreme neutrophilia and significantly more immature neutrophils.

Conclusions

The heterozygous BLAD genotype does not cause detectable functional differences in leukocytes, compared with those of clinically normal calves. In contrast, leukocytes from homozygous calves seem to upregulate alternative host defense capabilities (eg, respiratory burst activity) to partially compensate for the lack of typical adherence-dependent host defense functions. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1255–1261)
Sequence of cardiovascular changes leading to pulmonary edema in swine fed culture material containing fumonisin
Authors: Smith Geoffrey W. , Constable Peter D. , Tumbleson Mike E. , Rottinghaus George E. , Haschek Wanda M.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To determine the sequence of cardiovascular and blood gas changes induced by ingestion of fumonisin-containing culture material in swine and to examine the temporal relationship of these changes to plasma sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations.

Animals

12 healthy castrated pigs (38 to 50 kg).

Procedure

Pigs were instrumented to permit cardiovascular monitoring and collection of blood samples. Baseline values were obtained, and pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Control pigs (n = 6) were fed a standard grower diet, whereas culture material that contained 20 mg of fumonisin B1/kg of body weight was added to the feed of treated pigs (n = 6) each day. Hemodynamic data, results of arterial and mixed venous blood gas analyses, and plasma sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations were recorded every 12 hours until treated pigs were euthanatized because of impending death from pulmonary edema.

Results

Sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations were increased in plasma of treated pigs within 24 hours of initial fumonisin exposure and continued to increase dramatically until euthanasia. Fumonisin-treated pigs had increased respiratory rate, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and pulmonary artery wedge pressure, along with decreased heart rate and cardiac output in the 12-hour period before euthanasia. Fumonisin-treated pigs also had systemic arterial hypotension, arterial and mixed venous hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, decreased oxygen delivery, and increased oxygen consumption immediately before euthanasia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Fumonisin-induced pulmonary edema in swine is probably caused by acute left-sided heart failure. Onset of hemodynamic changes was associated with plasma sphinganine concentration ≥ 2.2 μM/L and plasma sphingosine concentration ≥ 1 µM/L (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1292–1300)
Corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, and optical corneal diameter in Rocky Mountain Horses with cornea globosa or clinically normal corneas
Authors: Ramsey David T. , Hauptman Joe G. , Petersen-Jones Simon M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To compare corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, and optical corneal diameter in Rocky Mountain Horses with cornea globosa and those with clinically normal corneas.

Animals

129 Rocky Mountain Horses.

Procedure

Ultrasonic pachymetry was used to measure corneal thickness. Applanation tonometry was used to measure intraocular pressure. A Jameson caliper was used to measure optical corneal diameter.

Results

The central and temporal peripheral portions of the cornea were significantly thicker in horses with cornea globosa than in horses with clinically normal corneas, but corneal thicknesses in the dorsal, ventral, and medial peripheral portions of the cornea were not significantly different between groups. There were no differences in corneal thickness between male and female horses or between right and left eyes. However, there was a positive correlation between age and corneal thickness. Intraocular pressure was not significantly different between horses with cornea globosa and those with clinically normal corneas, or between right and left eyes, or male and female horses. Optical corneal diameter for horses with cornea globosa was not significantly different from diameter for horses with clinically normal corneas, but optical corneal diameter was positively correlated with age.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Cornea globosa in Rocky Mountain Horses is not associated with increased intraocular pressure. Corneal thickness and optical corneal diameter increase with age in Rocky Mountain Horses. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1317–1321)
Effect of experimentally induced type II bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on platelet function in calves
Authors: Walz Paul H. , Steficek Barbara A. , Baker John C. , Kaiser Lana , Bell Thomas G.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate platelet aggregation responses in calves experimentally infected with a thrombocytopenia-inducing type II bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolate (BVDV 890).

Animals

9 neonatal male Holstein calves.

Procedure

5 calves were inoculated with BVDV 890, and 4 were used as controls. Platelet aggregation studies and attempts to isolate BVDV from platelets were performed 2 days before, the day of, and every 2 days for 12 days after inoculation. Platelet function was assessed by means of optical aggregometry, using adenosine diphosphate and platelet-activating factor as agonists. Bovine viral diarrhea virus was isolated from purified platelet preparations by use of an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay.

Results

Maximum percentage aggregation and slope of the aggregation curve decreased over time in calves infected with BVDV. Bovine viral diarrhea virus was not isolated from platelets from control calves, but it was isolated from infected calves from 4 through 12 days after inoculation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Results suggest that platelet function may be depressed in calves infected with type II BVDV. Although the mechanism for altered platelet function was not determined, it likely involved an increase in the percentage of aged platelets in the circulation, a direct virus-platelet interaction, or an indirect virus-platelet interaction. Platelet dysfunction, in addition to thrombocytopenia, may contribute to the hemorrhagic syndrome associated with acute type II BVDV infection in calves. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1396–1401)
Effects of percutaneous liver biopsy in alpacas and llamas
Authors: Anderson David E. , Silveira Fernando
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine changes in results of selected serum biochemical tests after a single percutaneous liver biopsy and changes in results of hematologic and selected serum biochemical tests after multiple percutaneous liver biopsies in alpacas and llamas.

Animals

5 llamas and 10 alpacas.

Procedure

A single percutaneous liver biopsy was performed in 5 llamas and 6 alpacas. Blood samples were collected before and 1, 2, and 3 days after liver biopsy, and submitted for serum biochemical analysis. In the other 4 alpacas, liver biopsy was performed on day 0 and then weekly for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the time of each biopsy, and CBC and serum biochemical analyses were performed. Attitude and appetite of all animals were evaluated daily.

Results

None of the animals developed clinically apparent adverse effects. A mild decrease in sorbitol dehydrogenase activity was detected in animals that underwent a single liver biopsy, and mild decreases in plasma protein and albumin concentrations were detected in animals that underwent multiple biopsies. Other significant changes were not detected.

Conclusions

Results of this study suggest that liver biopsy is safe in healthy llamas and alpacas and that, if necessary, multiple weekly liver biopsies can be performed safely in healthy alpacas. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1423–1425)
Clinical, biochemical, and hygiene assessment of stabled horses provided continuous or intermittent access to drinking water
Authors: Freeman Douglas A. , Cymbaluk Nadia F. , Schott Harold C. , Hinchcliff Kenneth , McDonnell Sue M. , Kyle Beth
Published: January 2024

Objective

To compare health, hydration status, and management of stabled pregnant mares provided drinking water continuously or via 1 of 3 intermittent delivery systems.

Animals

22 Quarter Horse (QH) or QH-crossbred mares and 18 Belgian or Belgian-crossbred mares (study 1); 24 QH or QH-crossbred mares and 18 Belgian or Belgian-crossbred mares (study 2).

Procedure

Stabled horses were provided water continuously or via 1 of 3 intermittent water delivery systems in 2 study periods during a 2-year period. Body temperature, attitude, appetite, water intake, and urine output were recorded daily. Hygiene of each horse and the stable were assessed weekly. Clinical and biochemical measures of hydration were determined 3 times during each study. Clinical measures of hydration included skin turgor, gum moisture, capillary refill time, and fecal consistency. Biochemical measures of hydration included PCV, plasma total protein concentration, serum osmolality, plasma vasopressin concentration, urine specific gravity, and urine osmolality.

Results

All horses remained healthy. Stable hygiene was worse when horses had continuous access to water. Clinical and biochemical measures of hydration did not differ among water delivery systems.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Various continuous and intermittent water delivery systems provided adequate amounts of water to stabled horses to maintain health and hydration status. Providing intermittent access to water may be preferable on the basis of stable hygiene. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1445–1450)
Effects of intra-articular injections of bufexamac suspension on amphotericin B-induced aseptic arthritis in horses
Authors: Suominen Mikko M. , Tulamo Riitta-Mari , Puupponen Leena M. , Sankari Satu M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate effects of intra-articular (IA) injections of bufexamac on amphotericin B-induced aseptic arthritis in horses.

Animals

24 Standardbred horses.

Procedure

Aseptic arthritis was induced in the right intercarpal joint by IA injection of amphotericin B (20 mg). One week later (day 0), horses were randomly assigned to four 6-horse treatment groups and treated with IA injection of 10, 20, or 40 mg of bufexamac suspension (20 mg/ml) or 2.0 ml of sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control). The treatment was repeated once after 7 days. Clinical lameness examinations and synovial fluid (SF) analyses were done prior to induction and at weekly intervals for 5 weeks (days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28).

Results

Intra-articular injection of amphotericin B consistently resulted in aseptic arthritis with a lameness index (mean ± SEM; scale 0 to 5) of 2.7 ± 0.17 on day 0. Intra-articular injections of 20 and 40 mg of bufexamac significantly reduced the day-28 lameness index, compared with control values. Amphotericin B administration also resulted in a significant increase in SF β-glucuronidase (BGLUC) activity, and IA injections of bufexamac significantly reduced day-28 activity of this enzyme, compared with control values.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

2 IA injections of 20 or 40 mg of bufexamac, at weekly intervals, were effective in reducing clinical signs of lameness and SF activity of BGLUC associated with amphotericin B-induced carpal joint arthritis. Bufexamac possesses anti-inflammatory properties useful for IA treatment of lameness associated with aseptic arthritis in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1467–1473)