bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oral Cyclosporin Plus Topical Corticosteroid Therapy Diminishes Bone Mass in Children with Eczema
Authors: Pedreira Clarissa C. , King Emma , Jones Graeme , Moore Elizabeth , Zacharin Margaret , Varigos George , Cameron Fergus J.
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  Topical corticosteroids remain the most common treatment for eczema; however, it is uncertain whether long‐term use of these agents has any adverse effect on bone mass. Cyclosporin is very useful in patients with severe atopic dermatitis who have failed conventional therapy. It has been shown to induce bone loss. We compared 43 children with severe eczema who were using topical corticosteroids with 73 healthy children. Of the 43 patients, six were also taking cyclosporin. Bone mineral density was measured in the lumbar spine and in the femoral neck using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. In multivariate analysis, subjects with eczema had lower lumbar spine bone mineral density (−0.03 g/cm2; p = 0.015) and bone mineral apparent density (−0.01 g/cm3; p = 0.008) but higher FN BMAD (+0.02 g/cm3; p = 0.029) compared with controls. Patients with eczema on topical corticosteroids who had used cyclosporin had lower lumbar spine bone mineral apparent density (−0.01; p = 0.006) compared with those only on topical corticosteroids in both adjusted and unadjusted analysis. In conclusion, children with severe eczema have decreased lumbar spine bone mass, which is primarily mediated by cyclosporin use rather than by topical corticosteroid use. This effect is likely to lead to a modest increase in the risk of wrist and forearm fractures in children using this agent.
“Pediatric Blaschkitis”: Expanding the Spectrum of Childhood Acquired Blaschko‐linear Dermatoses
Authors: Keegan Brian R. , Kamino Hideko , Fangman William , Shin Helen T. , Orlow Seth J. , Schaffer Julie V.
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  We describe two young children who developed relapsing, pruritic, papulovesicular eruptions in multiple bands along Blaschko lines on the neck, trunk, and extremities. Skin specimens in both revealed spongiotic dermatitis. This represents the first report of “blaschkitis” in children, providing further evidence that lichen striatus and blaschkitis are related acquired Blaschko‐linear dermatoses that exist on a spectrum rather than as the childhood and adult form of a single disease entity. We highlight the features that differentiate blaschkitis from lichen striatus, review the potential roles of cutaneous mosaicism, environmental triggers, and background immunologic state in their pathogenesis, and discuss the spectrum of inflammatory dermatoses that can follow Blaschko lines.
Myokymia as a Presenting Sign of Congenital Smooth Muscle Hamartoma
Authors: Kienast A. , Maerker J. , Hoeger P. H.
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  We report a 4‐week‐old male infant with intermittent asymptomatic bouts of vermicular movements of the skin (myokymia). Myokymia started at the age of 4 days. Attacks occurred approximately every 30–60 minutes and could be elicited by gently stroking the skin. Macroscopically no abnormalities typical for smooth muscle hamartoma such as hypertrichosis or hyperpigmentation were observed. Histologic examination of a skin biopsy specimen showed bundles of hyperplastic smooth muscle tissue within the reticular dermis which were associated with hair follicles. Karyotyping did not reveal any structural or numeric chromosomal anomaly. The findings led to the diagnosis of congenital smooth muscle hamartoma. On follow‐up at the age of 24 months myokymia persisted, but with a marked reduction in the number of attacks per day. The phenomenon of myokymia results from neurally induced spontaneous contraction of dermal smooth muscles. It is also known as “pseudo‐Darier's sign.” While most of those affected previously reported had hypertrichosis or hyperpigmentation, this patient seems to be the first to present with myokymia alone.
Medallion‐Like Dermal Dendrocyte Hamartoma
Authors: Shah Kara N. , Anderson Elizabeth , Junkins‐Hopkins Jacqueline , James William D.
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  Medallion‐like dermal dendrocyte hamartomas are rare congenital cutaneous lesions, with only three occurrences reported in the English language literature. They present at birth as asymptomatic circular, oval, or triangular well‐circumscribed, atrophic patches. Typically, they have an erythematous or yellow‐brown hue and a characteristic pliable, wrinkled surface; subtle telangiectases may also be appreciated. They may be misdiagnosed as atrophoderma, cutis aplasia, or anetoderma. All reported patients have been female. Characteristic histologic findings include epidermal atrophy and the presence of a CD34‐positive spindle cell proliferation in the dermis. This spindle cell proliferation represents a population of dermal dendrocytes, which are bone marrow‐derived cells that are believed to function as antigen‐presenting cells that contribute to the function of the skin immune system. Little is known about the pathophysiology of medallion‐like dermal dendrocyte hamartomas. We present a patient with this entity and review similar presentations reported in the literature.
Eruptive Lichen Planus in a Child
Authors: Ott Hagen , Frank Jorge , Poblete‐Gutiérrez Pamela
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin and mucous membranes. Typically, skin lesions include violaceous, polygonal, flat papules and plaques. However, the clinical presentation of lichen planus can be heterogeneous and show divergent degrees of cutaneous and mucous manifestation. The disease usually affects adults and is only rarely encountered in children. Here, we present a 7‐year‐old boy who rapidly developed itching skin lesions on the extremities and trunk. He had no history of concomitant drug intake, infection or vaccination. Clinical examination of the skin found multiple white‐grayish papules and plaques whereas the scalp, mucous membranes and nails were not affected. Histologic examination showed typical findings of lichen planus. We initiated topical corticosteroid therapy, which resulted in healing of the skin lesions within 4 weeks.

To our knowledge this is the first instance of exanthematous lichen planus in childhood successfully treated with topical corticosteroid ointment alone. Thus, even generalized lichen planus lesions can be effectively cleared without systemic therapies, which can be potentially associated with serious side effects, especially in children.
Nasal Dermoid Sinus Cyst
Authors: Cambiaghi Stefano , Micheli Silvia , Talamonti Giuseppe , Maffeis Laura
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  Midline congenital abnormalities of the skin may be related to subjacent visceral developmental defects. We report on three unrelated children presenting a small midline pit on the bridge of the nose from which a small tuft of hair was emerging. This presentation is the hallmark of a nasal dermoid sinus cyst. In one of the patients the sinus tract was connected to the anterior cerebral fossa and required neurosurgical management. Although midline cutaneous abnormalities may look trivial, dermatologists should keep a high index of suspicion for possible association with more severe underlying defect. The diagnosis of nasal dermoid sinus cyst requires appropriate imaging studies to determine the extension of the sinus tract thus allowing proper management.
Neonatal Kawasaki Disease with Multiple Coronary Aneurysms and Thrombocytopenia
Authors: THAPA RAJOO , PRAMANIK SHANTO , DHAR SANDIPAN , KUNDU RITABRATA
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  We describe an occurrence of Kawasaki disease presenting in the neonatal period with multiple coronary aneurysms. Very few such presentations of this entity have been described in the literature and this is probably the youngest patient reported from India. We also highlight an atypical finding, thrombocytopenia during the second week of life and beyond.
Riga‐Fede Disease Associated with Postanoxic Encephalopathy and Trisomy 21: A Proposed Classification
Authors: DOMINGUES‐CRUZ JAVIER , HERRERA ALBERTO , FERNANDEZ‐CREHUET PABLO , GARCIA‐BRAVO BEGONA , CAMACHO FRANCISCI
Published: November 2007

Abstract:  We present a new instance of Riga‐Fede disease in a 2‐year‐old boy with Down syndrome and postanoxic encephalopathy. We propose a classification of the disease, as either “precocious,” associated with natal or neonatal teeth or “late‐onset,” associated with neurologic disease.
Agnathia and associated malformations in a male rhesus monkey
Authors: Goldschmidt B. , Lopes C.A. , Moura M. , Fasano D.M. , Andrade M.C.R. , Cysne L.B. , Gonçalves M.B. , Bravin J.S. , Kugelmeier T. , Viana C.F. , Silva F.A. , Marinho A.M.
Published: November 2007

Background  Agnathia is a rare malformation characterized by the absence of the mandible.

Methods  A male rhesus monkey with malformations was found dead and studied by internal examination, radiographs and histopathology.

Results  A case of a rare first branchial arch anomaly with agenesis of the mandible and tongue is presented. The animal also had visceral deformities. However, ears were normal in shape and only slightly low in position. The craniofacial malformations may reflect incomplete separation of the first branchial arch into its maxillary and mandibular processes.

Conclusions  The association between the craniofacial and other corporal anomalies is unclear.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: CD56+ Cells are Recruited to the Uterus in Two Waves: at Ovulation and During the First 2 Weeks after Missed Menses
Authors: Van Den Heuvel Marianne J. , Hatta Kota , Peralta Crystal G. , Han Victor K. , Clark David A.
Published: November 2007

Problem

Uterine natural killer (uNK) cells are enriched in the post‐ovulatory uterus and during pregnancy. Whether these cells arise from blood pre‐cursors or from stem cells in the uterus is undefined. To support a hypothesis that precursors of uNK cells are recruited from blood, adhesive function of blood CD56+ subsets were assessed during one cycle and during pregnancy.

Method of study

Fifteen women of proven fertility provided serial blood samples during one menstrual cycle and thirty women with a history of implantation failure or recurrent spontaneous abortion provided serial samples during infertility treatment.

Results

CD56bright cells, but not CD56dim cells or NKT cells, increased in ligand‐binding capacity during ovulation in fertile cycles only and during the first 2 weeks from date of missed menses.

Conclusion

Enhanced adhesive function at ovulation in CD56bright cells in fertile cycles and during early gestation supports a hypothesis of recruitment of pre‐uNK cells from the blood CD56bright subset.
Selected Stro‐1‐enriched bone marrow stromal cells display a major suppressive effect on lymphocyte proliferation
Authors: NASEF A. , ZHANG Y. Z. , MAZURIER C. , BOUCHET S. , BENSIDHOUM M. , FRANCOIS S. , GORIN N. C. , LOPEZ M. , THIERRY D. , FOUILLARD L. , CHAPEL A.
Published: November 2007

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have an immunosuppressive effect and can inhibit the proliferation of alloreactive T cells in vitro and in vivo. Cotransplantation of MSCs and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from HLA‐identical siblings has been shown to reduce the incidence of acute graft‐vs.‐host disease. MSCs are heterogeneous and data on the inhibitory effects of different MSC subsets are lacking. The antigen Stro1 is a marker for a pure primitive MSC subset. We investigated whether Stro‐1‐enriched induce a more significant suppressive effect on lymphocytes in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), and whether this action is related to a specific gene expression profile in Stro‐1‐enriched compared to other MSCs. We demonstrated that the Stro‐1‐enriched population elicits a significantly more profound dose‐dependent inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation in a MLR than MSCs. One thousand expanded Stro‐1‐enriched induced an inhibitory effect comparable to that of 10 times as many MSCs. Inhibition by Stro‐1‐enriched was more significant in contact‐dependent cultures than in noncontact‐dependant cultures at higher ratio. The Stro‐1‐enriched inhibitory effect in both culture types was linked to increased gene expression for soluble inhibitory factors such as interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), indoleamine oxidase (IDO), human leukocyte antigen‐G (HLA‐G), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM1). However, tumor growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β) and IL‐10 were only up‐regulated in contact‐dependant cultures. These results may support using a purified Stro‐1‐enriched population to augment the suppressive effect in allogeneic transplantation.
The presence of leukaemia‐associated phenotypes is an independent predictor of induction failure in acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: AL‐MAWALI A. , TO L. B. , GILLIS D. , HISSARIA P. , MUNDY J. , LEWIS I.
Published: November 2007

Immunophenotyping of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has controversial implications with regards to prognosis. The aims of the present study were to determine the frequency of leukaemia‐associated phenotypes (LAP) in AML and to correlate their presence with response to induction chemotherapy. We analysed bone marrow samples at diagnosis from 84 AML patients using triple staining flow cytometry with routine standard panel of monoclonal antibodies. The association of LAP and response to induction chemotherapy was evaluated retrospectively. LAP were observed in 54 (64%) patients: lineage infidelity in 19 (35%), asynchronous antigen expression in 28 (52%), and lack of expected lineage specific antigens in 19 (35%). Significant correlation was found between LAP and responses to induction chemotherapy. Response to induction chemotherapy was more frequent in the absence of LAP (P < 0.05, estimated risk ratio of 1.6, 95%CI, 1.0–2.6) in a multivariate analysis. In conclusion, our data show the presence of LAP in AML is an independent predictor for response to induction chemotherapy and risk of relapse and should be considered for counselling patients and planning therapy.
Immunoassay with cytomegalovirus early antigens from gene products p52 and CM2(UL44 and UL57) detects active infection in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Beqaj S H , Lerner A M , Fitzgerald J T
Published: November 2007

Aims:

To investigate whether the use of recombinant early antigens for detection of antibodies to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene products CM2(UL44, UL57) and p52 (UL44) is specific in the diagnosis and differentiation of active HCMV infection in a subset of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), a diagnosis which is often missed by the current ELISA assay that uses crude viral lysate antigen.

Methods:

At a single clinic from 1999 to 2001, a total of 4774 serological tests were performed in 1135 patients with patients using two immunoassays, Copalis and ELISA. The Copalis immunoassay utilised HCMV early gene products of UL44 and UL57 recombinant antigens for detection of HCMV IgM antibody, and viral capsid antigen for detection of HCMV IgG antibody. The ELISA immunoassay utilised viral crude lysate as antigen for detection of both HCMV IgG and IgM.

Results:

517 patients (45.6%) were positive for HCMV IgG by both assays. Of these, 12 (2.2%) were positive for HCMV(V) IgM serum antibody by HCMV ELISA assay, and 61 (11.8%) were positive for IgM HCMV serum antibody by Copalis assay. The Copalis assay that uses HCMV early recombinant gene products CM2(UL44, UL57) and p52 (UL44) in comparison with ELISA was 98% specific.

Conclusions:

Immunoassays that use early antigen recombinant HCMV CM2and p52 are five times more sensitive than HCMV ELISA assay using viral lysate, and are specific in the detection and differentiation of active HCMV infection in a subset of patients with CFS.
Multinucleate epithelial change in colorectal hyperplastic polyps: a review of 27 cases
Authors: Lambie D L J , Brown I S
Published: November 2007

Aim:

To document the histological features of multinucleated epithelial giant cells (MEGs) in colorectal hyperplastic polyps and determine a possible aetiological agent.

Methods:

Hyperplastic polyps were assessed for MEGs during the routine reporting at a private laboratory and public hospital laboratory. The histological features and clinical data were assessed, and immunohistochemical stains were performed to assess for viral infection (cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2) and to assist in the assessment of dysplasia (Ki-67, β-catenin and p53). Ultrastructural examination was performed in one case.

Results:

MEGs were identified in 27 polyps (24 patients). There was active inflammation in the polyps in nearly all cases (n = 24) and most showed changes in adjacent non-hyperplastic bowel mucosa such as focal basal cryptitis and apoptosis of crypt epithelium (16 patients). Immunohistochemistry for CMV, HSV and p53 was negative in all cases. The MEGs showed nuclear positivity for the proliferative marker Ki-67 and membranous positivity for β-catenin. Ultrastructural studies failed to reveal viral particles.

Conclusions:

All the polyps containing MEGs showed active inflammation and apoptosis, and in most there was also focal inflammation and apoptosis in the adjacent mucosa. Inflammation in conjunction with the increased epithelial proliferation characteristics of hyperplastic polyps could be the mechanism for the MEG formation. In this series, all the polyps were associated with sodium phosphate bowel preparation (NaP) and the pro-inflammatory properties of NaP may be a stimulus for the induction of giant cells.
Forkhead box A1 expression in breast cancer is associated with luminal subtype and good prognosis
Authors: Thorat M A , Marchio C , Morimiya A , Savage K , Nakshatri H , Reis-Filho J S , Badve S
Published: November 2007

Aims:

Forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) is a forkhead family transcription factor expressed in breast cancer cells. It is essential for optimal expression of ∼50% of oestrogen receptor (ER)-related genes. This study explored the FOXA1 relationship with luminal and basal breast cancer subtypes, proliferation markers, and survival in breast cancer patients who had received similar treatment.

Methods:

A tissue microarray comprising tumours from 245 invasive breast cancer patients with 67 months of median follow-up was analysed for FOXA1 expression by immunohistochemistry. Interpretable FOXA1 expression, obtained in 184 patients, was analysed along with other variables such as tumour grade, size, nodal status, ER, progesterone receptor, HER2/neu, proliferation and basal markers.

Results:

FOXA1 expression (score >3) was seen in 139 of 184 breast cancers. It correlated positively with ERα (p<0.0001), progesterone receptor (p<0.0001), and luminal subtype (p<0.0001); negatively with basal subtype (p<0.0001), proliferation markers and high histological grade (p = 0.0327). Univariate analysis showed nodal status, tumour grade, ER, progesterone receptor, FOXA1, basal markers and p53 as significant predictors of overall survival. Multivariate analysis showed that only nodal status (p = 0.0006) and ER (p = 0.0017) were significant predictors of OS. In luminal subtype patient subgroup, FOXA1 expression was associated with better survival (p = 0.0284) on univariate analysis.

Conclusion:

Based on this study in patients treated with surgery followed by adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy, FOXA1 expression is associated with good prognosis. It correlates with luminal subtype breast cancer, and could possibly serve as a clinical marker for luminal subtype A. Prognostic ability of FOXA1 in these low-risk breast cancers may prove to be useful in treatment decision making.
The Dutch Revolt and the Medieval Tradition of Urban Dissent
Authors: Boone Marc
Published: November 2007

The political culture which came to the forefront in the Dutch Revolt, ultimately leading to the abjuration of Philip II of Spain, drew on two distinct traditions. The first was a tradition of practical critical evaluation of the prince's politics by the representatives of the great cities of the county of Flanders and of the duchy of Brabant; the second a more theoretical tradition of important texts elaborated in previous moments of political crisis and thus imbued with a 'constitutional' meaning. This awareness of an important medieval legacy of rebelliousness has helped to elaborate a political culture in which historical consciousness and the practical defence of concrete urban interests and values through both political stance and urban rituals merged, and were finally passed on to the following generations of burghers. The power of the prince was thus balanced by a set of values and principles which finally led to the abjuration of King Philip as a 'logical' outcome of the Revolt.
Words at War: The Early Years of William of Orange's Propaganda
Authors: van Stipriaan René
Published: November 2007

The propaganda efforts in the early years of the Dutch Revolt left us countless pamphlets and dozens of songs and prints. Yet our understanding of the development, the operation, and the reach of particularly William of Orange's propaganda efforts remains limited. This article explores to what extent Orange consciously launched a public relations campaign through literary propaganda. Orange had good success in attracting literary talents to defend the cause of the Revolt and his own leadership. The authors who labored on Orange's behalf varied in social background and experience. Some were engaged in pamphlet writing and others in balladry, while a few gained a position as personal advisor to the prince. The anonymous hymn Wilhelmus van Nassouwe also hails from these early years, yet its origin is an unresolved mystery. A first reconstruction of Orange's propaganda network brings forth a new candidate for the authorship of this very influential song.
Princely Auctoritas or the Freedom of Europe: Justus Lipsius on a Netherlands Political Dilemma
Authors: Tracy James
Published: November 2007

Like not a few of his compatriots, Justus Lipsius changed his allegiance more than once during the long civil war between the Spanish crown and the Dutch rebels. What makes him unusual is that this noted classical scholar was also a voracious and critical consumer of reports about events of his own time and place; Lipsius' voluminous correspondence thus opens a rare window into what the Dutch Revot looked like to an anxious and well-informed citizen of the Low Countries. Unable to live under the tyranny of the duke of Alba, he accepted a post at the University of Leiden; from here he viewed the rebel provinces of the north as a bulwark against a Spanish hegemony that threatened to engulf Europe. Yet, as a devoted adherent of the monarchical principle of government, he found that he also could not live under a "polyarchy" of provicial parliaments, in which, as Lipsius saw things, wealthy burghers governed in their own interest. Hence he took a new position at the University of Louvain, in his native Brabant. It was not at first a fortunate choice, for just as Lipsius moved the military fortunes of the Dutch government changed for the better, while Philip II was distracted by plans to put a Spanish princess on the French throne. Only when Spain's ambitions in France were thwarted by the successes of Henry IV did Lipsius's hopes revive: in Albert and Isabella, 'natural' princes who intended to focus on the southern Netherlands, he seems to have found at last a government he could accept.
Judges and Religious Questions: Adjudicating Claims to Wear Religious Dress in Public Schools
Authors: Thio Li-ann
Published: November 2007

This article examines how judges in different countries treat "religious questions", as opposed to "legal questions", through the lens of one particular type of dispute: the expression of religious identity by wearing religious dress in public schools, contrary to state educational policy with secular democracies. Like the 'political questions' doctrine, issues of institutional competence and propriety arise in relation to the extent to which courts should engage with religious laws and reference these in developing public law norms. Much turns upon understandings of what the principle of secularity requires in a particular jurisdiction and the particular type of religious question implicated. It argues that while it is inappropriate for judges to address normative religious question which engages some form of theological inquiry, judges may have competence to address positive religious questions relating to the content of religious doctrine or the centrality of a practice to a religious community through reliance on expert evidence. Nevertheless, prudential considerations may still urge judicial self-restraint when address religious questions.
Protecting the Absence of Religious Belief ? The New Definition of Religion or Belief in Equality Legislation
Authors: Griffith Peter
Published: November 2007

The Equality Framework Directive requires member states to prohibit discrimination in employment on grounds of (inter alia) religion or belief. Defining the scope of the phrase 'religion or belief' is complicated and has given rise to debate in the United Kingdom, particularly with reference to belief which is not self-evidently 'religious'. The UK Regulations which implemented the Directive contained a definition referring to 'religion,… religious belief, and… similar philosophical belief'. This definition was subsequently changed, adding a specific reference to lack of belief, and removing the word 'similar'. This adds complexity to an already difficult area. This article considers the effect of these changes, identifies difficulties they cause and suggests a way of avoiding them.
Crosses, Veils and Other People: Faith as Identity and Manifestation
Authors: Ipgrave Michael
Published: November 2007

The wearing of veils and crosses both raise issues about the manifestation of religious identity in society. The arguments around these practices in recent UK debates are identified and discussed, and the theme of 'obligation' in Islam and Christianity is analysed. While the wearing of neither veil nor cross is an absolute and universal obligation for Muslims or Christians respectively, both are ways for believers to express with confidence their identity in relation to self, to others and to God, and as such are deserving of legal protection.
The Question of Freedom of Religion or Belief and Defamation
Authors: Rivers Julian
Published: November 2007

This note criticises the growing use of the term, 'defamation of religions' in human rights contexts on account of its quasi-legal character, its failure to identify the relevant positive state obligations under human rights instruments, and its tendency to eliminate disagreement about religious matters. Instead, it is suggested that the correct starting point for the engagement of human rights with religion is by way of freedom of religion or belief.
CD43 signals induce Type One lineage commitment of human CD4+ T cells
Authors: Ramírez-Pliego Oscar , Escobar-Zárate Diana L , Rivera-Martínez Gemma M , Cervantes-Badillo Mayte G , Esquivel-Guadarrama Fernando R , Rosas-Salgado Gabriela , Rosenstein Yvonne , Santana M Angélica
Published: November 2007

Background

The activation and effector phenotype of T cells depend on the strength of the interaction of the TcR with its cognate antigen and additional signals provided by cytokines and by co-receptors. Lymphocytes sense both the presence of an antigen and also clues from antigen-presenting cells, which dictate the requisite response. CD43 is one of the most abundant molecules on the surface of T cells; it mediates its own signalling events and cooperates with those mediated by the T cell receptor in T cell priming. We have examined the role of CD43 signals on the effector phenotype of adult CD4+ and CD8+ human T cells, both alone and in the presence of signals from the TcR.

Results

CD43 signals direct the expression of IFNγ in human T cells. In freshly isolated CD4+ T cells, CD43 signals potentiated expression of the IFNγ gene induced by TcR activation; this was not seen in CD8+ T cells. In effector cells, CD43 signals alone induced the expression of the IFNγ gene in CD4+ T cells and to a lesser extent in CD8+ cells. The combined signals from CD43 and the TcR increased the transcription of the T-bet gene in CD4+ T cells and inhibited the transcription of the GATA-3 gene in both populations of T cells, thus predisposing CD4+ T cells to commitment to the T1 lineage. In support of this, CD43 signals induced a transient membrane expression of the high-affinity chains of the receptors for IL-12 and IFNγ in CD4+ T cells. CD43 and TcR signals also cooperated with those of IL-12 in the induction of IFNγ expression. Moreover, CD43 signals induced the co-clustering of IFNγR and the TcR and cooperated with TcR and IL-12 signals, triggering a co-capping of both receptors in CD4+ populations, a phenomenon that has been associated with a T1 commitment.

Conclusion

Our results suggest a key role for CD43 signals in the differentiation of human CD4+ T cells into a T1 pattern.
Modulation of LPS stimulated NF-kappaB mediated Nitric Oxide production by PKCε and JAK2 in RAW macrophages
Authors: Jones Edward , Adcock Ian M , Ahmed Bushra Y , Punchard Neville A
Published: November 2007

Background

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) has been shown to play an important role in regulating the expression of many genes involved in cell survival, immunity and in the inflammatory processes. NF-κB activation upregulates inducible nitric oxide synthase leading to enhanced nitric oxide production during an inflammatory response. NF-κB activation is regulated by distinct kinase pathways independent of inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK). Here, we examine the role of protein kinase C isoforms and janus activated kinase 2 (JAK2) activation in NF-κB activation and LPS-stimulated NO production.

Methods

Murine RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and a combination of LPS and PMA in the presence or absence of various inhibitors of PKC isoforms and JAK2. Nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit, was assessed by Western blot analysis whilst NO levels were assessed by Greiss assay.

Results

LPS-stimulated NO production was attenuated by PMA whilst PMA alone did not affect NO release. These effects were associated with changes in p65 nuclear translocation. The PKCα, β, γ, δ and ζ inhibitor Gö 6983 (Go) had no effect on LPS-induced NO release. In contrast, Bisindolymalemide I (Bis), a PKC α, βI, βII, γ, δ and ε isoform inhibitors completely inhibited LPS-stimulated NO production without affecting p65 nuclear translocation. Furthermore, a partial inhibitory effect on LPS-induced NO release was seen with the JAK2 inhibitor AG-490 and the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB 203850.

Conclusion

The results further define the role of NF-κB in LPS stimulated NO production in RAW macrophages. The data support a function for PKCε, JAK2 and p38 MAPK in NF-κB activation following p65 nuclear import.
Correlates of patient satisfaction with physician visit: Differences between elderly and non-elderly survey respondents
Authors: Kong Meg C , Camacho Fabian T , Feldman Steven R , Anderson Roger T , Balkrishnan Rajesh
Published: November 2007

Background

Few studies document differences in patient satisfaction with physicians in the elderly (≥ 65 years) and compare it to non-elderly (<65 years) patients.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey study on a convenience sample of 20,901 patients rated their recent visit to a physician through a web-based survey. Survey included validated questions based on aspects of physician care practice such as "friendliness", wait times and time spent with doctor. These scales were then used to measure patient satisfaction with physician. Statistical analysis involved pair-matching of non-elderly patients with elderly patients (both cohorts, n = 507 each) using propensity scores.

Results

Even though elderly and non-elderly patients had similar waiting times, elderly patients gave higher physician satisfaction scores than non-elderly patients (all p < 0.05). When predictors of physician satisfaction ratings were examined, shorter waiting time was more significantly associated with better treatment satisfaction in non-elderly patients (partial rho = -0.25 in the non-elderly compared to partial rho = -0.11 in elderly, p < 0.05). Increased time spent with the physician was more significantly correlated with higher physician satisfaction ratings in the non-elderly patients (partial rho = 0.38 in the non-elderly compared to partial rho = 0.18, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Increased patient satisfaction ratings of the non-elderly were associated more strongly with shorter waiting times than in the elderly. However overall, elderly patients reported similar waiting times and better physician satisfaction scores. Similarly, higher physician satisfaction in non-elderly patients were more strongly associated with increased time spent with physician than in the elderly patients.
Immunological intervention in human diseases
Authors: Ueno Hideki , Hawrylowicz Catherine M , Banchereau Jacques
Published: November 2007

A recent Keystone Symposium Meeting on "Immunological Intervention in Human Disease" was held in Big Sky, Montana on January, 6–11, 2007, organized by Jacques Banchereau, Federica Sallusto and Robert Coffman. It brought together basic scientists and clinicians from both academia and the pharmaceutical industry to discuss how the immune system is involved in the development of human diseases, including cancer, allergy, autoimmunity, and infectious diseases. We highlight advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases and future approaches in the immune therapeutic interventions. Considerable progress in the development of model systems and methodologies to monitor human immune responses will help to develop and to evaluate new immune-based therapies at pre-clinical and clinical studies.
The dimerization domain of HIV-1 viral infectivity factor Vif is required to block virion incorporation of APOBEC3G
Authors: Miller James H , Presnyak Vlad , Smith Harold C
Published: November 2007

Background

The HIV-1 accessory protein known as viral infectivity factor or Vif binds to the host defence factor human APOBEC3G (hA3G) and prevents its assembly with viral particles and mediates its elimination through ubiquitination and degradation by the proteosomal pathway. In the absence of Vif, hA3G becomes incorporated within viral particles. During the post entry phase of infection, hA3G attenuates viral replication by binding to the viral RNA genome and deaminating deoxycytidines to form deoxyuridines within single stranded DNA regions of the replicated viral genome. Vif dimerization has been reported to be essential for viral infectivity but the mechanistic requirement for Vif multimerization is unknown.

Results

We demonstrate that a peptide antagonist of Vif dimerization fused to the cell transduction domain of HIV TAT suppresses live HIV-1 infectivity. We show rapid cellular uptake of the peptide and cytoplasmic distribution. Robust suppression of viral infectivity was dependent on the expression of Vif and hA3G. Disruption of Vif multimerization resulted in the production of virions with markedly increased hA3G content and reduced infectivity.

Conclusion

The role of Vif multimerization in viral infectivity of nonpermissive cells has been validated with an antagonist of Vif dimerization. An important part of the mechanism for this antiretroviral effect is that blocking Vif dimerization enables hA3G incorporation within virions. We propose that Vif multimers are required to interact with hA3G to exclude it from viral particles during their assembly. Blocking Vif dimerization is an effective means of sustaining hA3G antiretroviral activity in HIV-1 infected cells. Vif dimerization is therefore a validated target for therapeutic HIV-1/AIDS drug development.
An interdisciplinary guideline development process: the Clinic on Low-back pain in Interdisciplinary Practice (CLIP) low-back pain guidelines
Authors: Rossignol Michel , Poitras Stéphane , Dionne Clermont , Tousignant Michel , Truchon Manon , Arsenault Bertrand , Allard Pierre , Coté Manon , Neveu Alain
Published: November 2007

Background

Evaluation of low-back pain guidelines using Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE) criteria has shown weaknesses, particularly in stakeholder involvement and applicability of recommendations. The objectives of this project were to: 1) develop a primary care interdisciplinary clinical practice guideline aimed at preventing prolonged disability from low-back pain, using a community of practice approach, and 2) assess the participants' impressions with the process, and evaluate the relationship between participant characteristics and their participation.

Methods

Ten stakeholder representatives recruited 136 clinicians to participate in this community of practice. Clinicians were drawn from the following professions: physiotherapists (46%), occupational therapists (37%), and family physicians (17%). Using previously published guidelines, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, a first draft of the guidelines was presented to the community of practice. Four communication tools were provided for discussion and exchanges with experts: a web-based discussion forum, an anonymous comment form, meetings, and a symposium. Participants were prompted for comments on interpretation, clarity, and applicability of the recommendations. Clinical management recommendations were revised following these exchanges. At the end of the project, a questionnaire was sent to the participants to assess satisfaction towards the guidelines and the development process.

Results

Twelve clinical management recommendations on management of low-back pain and persistent disability were initially developed. These were discussed through 188 comments posted on the discussion forum and 103 commentary forms submitted. All recommendations were modified following input of the participants. A clinical algorithm summarizing the guidelines was also developed. A response rate of 75% was obtained for the satisfaction questionnaire. The majority of respondents appreciated the development process and agreed with the guideline content. Most participants thought recommendations improved between versions, and that participant comments contributed to this improvement. All stakeholders officially endorsed the guidelines.

Conclusion

The community of practice approach was a successful method to develop guidelines on low-back pain, with participants providing information to improve guideline recommendations. The information technology infrastructure that was developed remains for continuous interdisciplinary exchanges and updating of the guidelines.
Quantification of Faults in Rotating Machines
Authors: Sinha Jyoti K.
Published: November 2007

Over some decades, vibration based condition monitoring has become well accepted and widely used identifying faults in for rotating machines. However the quantification of faults may require a number of experiments to be carried out, which can be time consuming and exorbitant, if not impossible by experiments alone. Experience shows that the combined approach (Experiment and Analysis often Finite Element Analysis) is efficient in quantifying the fault in a much quicker and reliable manner. A few case studies are discussed here to bring out the usefulness of the combined approach.
Interlayer structure and dynamics of alkylammonium-intercalated smectites with and without water: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Liu Xiandong , Lu Xiancai , Wang Rucheng , Zhou Huiqun , Xu Shijin
Published: November 2007

The structure and dynamics of alkylammonium-intercalated smectites were simulated using molecular dynamics employing the clayff-CVFF force field, the reliability of which was firstly validated for these systems. The layering behaviors of alkyl chains confirm the scenarios of the monolayer, transition and bilayer configurations for short, medium-length and long carbon tails, respectively. In the systems without water, the alkylammonium groups are all anchored firmly above the surface six-member rings through H bonds between ammonium hydrogen and surface oxygen, and the alkyl tails are a little more mobile. With water involved, some ammoniums are dragged out of the potential barriers of the six-member rings by water molecules through the strong H bonds between water oxygen and ammonium hydrogen. The intercalated water scarcely affects the basal spacing, alkyl chain layering or alkylammonium dynamics. It is also found that the systems with alkyl chains of 11 to 14 exhibit the greatest density, resulting in the extremely limited mobility of the intercalated species.
Synthesis of kaolinite from micas and K-depleted micas
Authors: Cho Yunchul , Komarneni Sridhar
Published: November 2007

The weathering stages of K-depleted biotite, K-depleted phlogopite, and natural biotite were investigated using hydrothermal treatment with A1C13 solution at 200°C for 12 to 72 h. Although there were some differences in the degree of weathering of the two K-depleted micas, both first transformed to hydroxy-Al interlayered vermiculite (HIV), which then altered to kaolinite. In case of the natural biotite, the biotite first transformed to a K-depleted mica-like phase, which then altered to kaolinite. The natural biotite had resisted weathering to kaolinite more than did the K-depleted biotite, as expected. The K-depleted phlogopite had less resistance in weathering to kaolinite than the K-depleted biotite. The transformation process changed the color of the micas. The K-depleted biotite changed from greenish-black through yellow to pale gray whereas the natural biotite changed from greenish-black through beige to yellow. However, in the case of K-depleted phlogopite, there was no significant color change during the transformation process. The presence of the interlayer K+ ions and the structural Fe2+ ions in mica appear to have contributed to the differences in the degree of weathering to kaolinite among the micas investigated.
Synthesis of Ni-rich 1:1 phyllosilicates
Authors: Bentabol Maria , Ruiz Cruz Maria Dolores , Huertas F. Javier
Published: November 2007

Rapid dissolution of partly amorphized kaolinite in the systems kaolinite + NiCl2, kaolinite + Ni(OH)2, and kaolinite + NiCl2 + Ni(OH)2, at a temperature of 200°C and at pH between 5.3 and 7.4, leads to the precipitation of Ni-poor kaolinite, Ni-rich kaolinite and Al-Ni-serpentine. Identification of the phases was carried out using a combination of X-ray diffraction and transmission/analytical electron microscopy. Ni-bearing kaolinite shows variable morphologies in the systems studied: stacks of kaolinite with relatively small Ni contents and fine-grained curved particles of Ni-rich kaolinite dominate in the Cl-bearing system; spherical particles with a disordered structure and relatively uniform Ni contents (in the order of 0.15 atoms per formula unit (a.p.f.u.)) and platy particles of Al-Ni-serpentine characterize the products formed in the Ni(OH)2-richest systems. The presence of Ni(OH)2 in the systems (with and without Cl) favors the dissolution process as well as rapid precipitation of spherical particles, and the formation of serpentine. A difference from Mg systems studied previously is a well defined phase intermediate in composition between kaolinite and serpentine which originated in the Ni-bearing systems. Increasing Ni content is clearly reflected in the parallel increase in the b cell parameter of kaolinite. The average composition of the coexisting Al-Ni-serpentine is: (Al1.24Ti0.01Fe0.02Ni1.31) (Si1.58Al0.42)O5(OH,Cl)2.
Topotactic cation exchange in transformed micas under hydrothermal conditions
Authors: Cho Yunchul , Komarneni Sridhar
Published: November 2007

The formation of hydroxylated phases was investigated using K-depleted biotite (Na-biotite) and K-depleted muscovite (Na-muscovite) under hydrothermal treatment with alkali (Li+, K+, NH4+, Rb+ and Cs+), alkaline earth (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+), and aluminum (Al3+) cations at 200°C for 1 and/or 3 days. The K-depleted biotite treated with alkali cations produced anhydrous hydroxylated phases, while the K-depleted muscovite did not significantly exchange alkali cations but dehydrated to form Na-muscovite in all cases. The alkaline earth cations, however, produced hydrous hydroxylated phases with both K-depleted micas. The degree of hydration energy of cations and the charge density of micas were found to influence the formation of anhydrous and hydrous phases from the K-depleted micas. This type of topotactic cation exchange potentially could be used for fixation and immobilization of radioactive species such as Cs, Sr, Ra, etc. in the transformed micas. The K-depleted biotite and muscovite treated with Al3+ were transformed to hydroxy-Al interlayered vermiculites (HIV) because of hydrolysis and polymerization of Al3+. These HIV phases could also serve as useful adsorbents for soil and groundwater contaminants.
Adenine, adenosine, ribose and 5′-AMP adsorption to allophane
Authors: Hashizume Hideo , Theng Benny K. G.
Published: November 2007

We have investigated the adsorption of adenine, adenosine, ribose, and adenosine-5′-phosphate (5′-AMP) by allophane at pH 4, 6 and 8. Adenine, adenosine and ribose gave similar isotherms, i.e. adsorption increased regularly with solution concentration and decreased in the order: pH 8 > pH 6 > pH 4. Allophane had a greater affinity for 5′-AMP than for adenine, adenosine or ribose. Further, the extent of adsorption for 5′-AMP increased in the order: pH 8 ≪ pH 6 ≈ pH 4. The adsorption of 5′-AMP at pH 4 and pH 6 was about 60 times greater than at pH 8. The strong adsorption of 5′-AMP accords with the well known high phosphate-retention capacity of allophane and allophane-rich soils. The experimental data may be rationalized in terms of the pH-dependent charge characteristics of the organic solutes and allophane. The large propensity of allophane to retain 5′-AMP is ascribed to ligand exchange between the phosphate of 5′-AMP and the hydroxyl of (HO)Al(OH2) groups, exposed at perforations on the wall of allophane spherules, giving rise to a surface (chelation) complex. The high affinity of nucleotides for allophane has implications for the possible role of allophane in the abiotic formation of RNA-type polynucleotides although nucleotide ‘immobilization’ by surface complexation might hinder RNA oligomerization.
Crystallochemical characterization of the palygorskite and sepiolite from the Allou Kagne deposit, Senegal
Authors: García-Romero E. , Suárez M. , Santarén J. , Alvarez A.
Published: November 2007

The Allou Kagne (Senegal) deposit consists of different proportions of palygorskite and sepiolite, and these are associated with small quantities of quartz and X-ray amorphous silica as impurities. No pure palygorskite or sepiolite has been recognized by X-ray diffraction. Textural and microtextural features indicate that fibrous clay minerals of the Allou Kagne deposit were formed by direct precipitation from solution. Crystal-chemistry data obtained by analytical/transmission electron microscopy (AEM/TEM) analyses of isolated fibers show that the chemical composition of the particles varies over a wide range, from a composition corresponding to palygorskite to a composition intermediate between that of sepiolite and palygorskite, but particles with a composition corresponding to sepiolite have not been found. Taking into account the results from selected area electron diffraction and AEM-TEM, fibers of pure palygorskite and sepiolite have been found but it cannot be confirmed that all of the particles analyzed correspond to pure palygorskite or pure sepiolite because both minerals can occur together at the crystallite scale. In addition, the presence of Mg-rich palygorskite and very Al-rich sepiolite can be deduced.

It is infrequent in nature that palygorskite and sepiolite appear together because the conditions for simultaneous formation of the two minerals are very restricted. The chemical composition of the solution controls the formation of the Allou Kagne sepiolite and palygorskite. The wide compositional variation appears as a consequence of temporary variations of the chemical composition of the solution.