bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The cost‐effectiveness of treating childhood cancer in 4 centers across sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Githang’a Jessie , Brown Biobele , Chitsike Inam , Schroeder Kristin , Chekwenda‐Makore Nester , Majahasi Flora , Ogundoyin Olakayode , Renner Lorna , Petricca Kadia , Denburg Avram E. , Horton Sue E. , Gupta Sumit
Published: October 2020

Background

The treatment of childhood cancer often is assumed to be costly in African settings, thereby limiting advocacy and policy efforts. The authors determined the cost and cost‐effectiveness of maintaining childhood cancer centers across 4 hospitals throughout sub‐Saharan Africa.

Methods

Within hospitals representing 4 countries (Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe), cost was determined either retrospectively or prospectively for all inputs related to operating a pediatric cancer unit (eg, laboratory costs, medications, and salaries). Cost‐effectiveness was calculated based on the annual number of newly diagnosed patients, survival rates, and life expectancy.

Results

Cost per new diagnosis ranged from $2400 to $31,000, attributable to variances with regard to center size, case mix, drug prices, admission practices, and the treatment abandonment rate, which also affected survival. The most expensive cost input was found to be associated with medication in Kenya, and medical personnel in the other 3 centers. The cost per disability‐adjusted life‐year averted ranged from 0.3 to 3.6 times the per capita gross national income. Childhood cancer treatment therefore was considered to be very cost‐effective by World Health Organization standards in 2 countries and cost‐effective in 1 additional country. In all centers, abandonment of treatment was common; modeling exercises suggested that public funding of treatment, additional psychosocial personnel, and modifications of inpatient policies would increase survival rates while maintaining or even improving cost‐effectiveness.

Conclusions

Across various African countries, childhood cancer treatment units represent cost‐effective interventions. Cost‐effectiveness can be increased through the control of drug prices, appropriate policy environments, and decreasing the rate of treatment abandonment. These results will inform national childhood cancer strategies across Africa.
Kinetics of Drug Release via Nicardipine Hydrochloride‐loaded Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Poly(D,L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) Nanocarriers Using a Contemporary Emulsion Process
Authors: Soomherun Nopparuj , Kreua‐ongarjnukool Narumol , Niyomthai Saowapa Thumsing , Chumnanvej Sorayouth
Published: October 2020

A contemporary synthesis of polymeric nanocarriers based on drug delivery systems was employed using a water in oil in water (W1/O/W2) double emulsion process to develop nicardipine hydrochloride‐loaded carboxymethyl cellulose/poly(D,L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (NCH‐CMC/PLGA) nanocarriers. The optimal synthesis of the nanocarriers was studied, including polymer amount, cross‐linker concentration, and emulsifier concentration. The synthesized nanocarriers were smaller than ∼169 nm and showed a drug encapsulation of more than 80% and a yield of 51% to 73%. The NCH‐CMC/PLGA nanocarriers presented good stability in aqueous dispersion for 10 days. Controlled drug release from the nanocarriers was slow and continuous for up to 16 days. The nanocarriers protected the drug against degradation and maintained therapeutic drug concentrations. In addition, the transport of drug release was studied via five conventional mathematical modelings such as Zero‐order model, First‐order model, Hixson‐Crowell model, Higuchi model, and Korsmeyer‐Peppas model. The Korsmeyer‐Peppas model was fitted to achieve mathematical modeling for the optimized formulation of nanocarriers. Moreover, significant cytocompatibility was observed at all tested doses of NCH‐CMC/PLGA nanocarriers. The NCH‐CMC/PLGA nanocarriers could be an effective drug delivery agent for calcium channel blockers.
Large‐Scale Analyticity and Unique Continuation for Periodic Elliptic Equations
Authors: Armstrong Scott , Kuusi Tuomo , Smart Charles
Published: October 2020

We prove that a solution of an elliptic operator with periodic coefficients behaves on large scales like an analytic function in the sense of approximation by polynomials with periodic corrections. Equivalently, the constants in the large‐scale Ck, 1 estimate scale exponentially in k, just as for the classical estimate for harmonic functions, and the minimal scale grows at most linearly in k. As a consequence, we characterize entire solutions of periodic, uniformly elliptic equations that exhibit growth like O(exp(δ| x| )) for small δ > 0. The large‐scale analyticity also implies quantitative unique continuation results, namely a three‐ball theorem with an optimal error term as well as a proof of the nonexistence of L2 eigenfunctions at the bottom of the spectrum. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
A High‐Order Integral Equation‐Based Solver for the Time‐Dependent Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Kaye Jason , Barnett Alex , Greengard Leslie
Published: October 2020

We introduce a numerical method for the solution of the time‐dependent Schrödinger equation with a smooth potential, based on its reformulation as a Volterra integral equation. We present versions of the method both for periodic boundary conditions, and for free space problems with compactly supported initial data and potential. A spatially uniform electric field may be included, making the solver applicable to simulations of light‐matter interaction.

The primary computational challenge in using the Volterra formulation is the application of a spacetime history dependent integral operator. This may be accomplished by projecting the solution onto a set of Fourier modes, and updating their coefficients from one time step to the next by a simple recurrence. In the periodic case, the modes are those of the usual Fourier series, and the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used to alternate between physical and frequency domain grids. In the free space case, the oscillatory behavior of the spectral Green's function leads us to use a set of complex‐frequency Fourier modes obtained by discretizing a contour deformation of the inverse Fourier transform, and we develop a corresponding fast transform based on the FFT.

Our approach is related to pseudospectral methods, but applied to an integral rather than the usual differential formulation. This has several advantages: it avoids the need for artificial boundary conditions, admits simple, inexpensive, high‐order implicit time marching schemes, and naturally includes time‐dependent potentials. We present examples in one and two dimensions showing spectral accuracy in space and eighth‐order accuracy in time for both periodic and free space problems. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
An Open‐Globe Porcine Injury Platform for Assessing Therapeutics and Characterizing Biological Effects
Authors: Snider Eric J. , Edsall Peter R. , Cornell Lauren E. , Gross Brandon M. , Butler Jacinque J. , Zawacki Molly , Boice Emily N.
Published: October 2020

Open‐globe injuries can result in permanent vision loss, partly due to extended delays between injury and medical intervention. Even with early intervention, the management of open‐globe injuries remains a challenge for ophthalmologists, mostly due to inadequate or suboptimal current therapies. To aid in the development of novel therapeutics and track toxicological and pathophysiological changes, this article details an open‐globe injury platform capable of inducing injuries in enucleated porcine eyes. The injury platform relies on a high‐speed solenoid device to mimic explosive injury scenarios, allowing for large, complex injury shapes and sizes that are often observed in casualties and are more difficult to treat. The system can be implemented with precise computer control of the injury mechanism to allow for more complex setups. Also, the system can make use of real‐time intraocular pressure measurement to track changes during injury induction and to assess therapeutic efficacy for restoring intraocular pressure and the integrity of the eye. These protocols will assist with implementation of the injury model in prospective laboratories seeking to develop therapeutics or studying biological changes that occur from this type of traumatic injury. Published 2020. U.S. Government.

Basic Protocol 1: Preparing gelatin molds and porcine eye tissue

Basic Protocol 2: Creating an open‐globe injury using a solenoid device

Alternate Protocol 1: Constructing a computer‐controlled system for open‐globe injury

Alternate Protocol 2: Constructing a pressure measurement system for tracking intraocular pressure

Support Protocol 1: Assessing ocular compliance in porcine eyes

Support Protocol 2: Assessing outflow rate from the anterior chamber

Support Protocol 3: Assessing burst pressure in porcine eyes
Highly Efficient and Selective CO2Electro‐Reduction to HCOOH on Sn Particle‐Decorated Polymeric Carbon Nitride
Authors: Tian Jianjian , Wang Min , Shen Meng , Ma Xia , Hua Zile , Zhang Lingxia , Shi Jianlin
Published: October 2020

Electrochemical conversion of CO2into liquid fuels by efficient and earth‐abundant catalysts is of broad interest but remains a great challenge in renewable energy production and environmental remediation. Herein, a Sn particle‐decorated polymeric carbon nitride (CN) electrocatalyst was successfully developed for efficient, durable, and highly selective CO2reduction to formic acid. High‐resolution X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that the metallic Sn particles and CN matrix are bound by strong chemical interaction, rendering the composite catalyst a stable structure. More notably, the electronic structure of Sn was well tuned to be highly electron‐rich due to the electron transfer from N atoms of CN to Sn atoms via metal‐support interactions, which favored the adsorption and activation of CO2molecules, promoted charge transport, and thus enhanced the electrochemical conversion of CO2. The composite electrocatalyst demonstrated an excellent Faradaic efficiency of formic acid (FEHCOOH) up to 96±2 % at the potential of −0.9 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, which remained at above 92 % during the electrochemical reaction of 10 h, indicating that the present Sn particle‐decorated polymeric carbon nitride electrocatalyst is among the best in comparison with reported Sn‐based electrocatalysts.
Bourdieu and position‐making in a changing field: Enactment of the national curriculum in Australia
Authors: Musofer Reshma Parveen , Lingard Bob
Published: October 2020

This paper draws on Bourdieu's theorising (particularly habitus and field) to think about position‐making of teachers in respect of the early enactment of the Australian Curriculum. Position‐making, a concept developed from the analysis proffered, can be contrasted with the more common practice of position‐taking endemic in a relatively stable field. Position‐making is an ongoing phenomenon in a changing field when the habitus is out of place, here the field of the new Australian Curriculum, creating the effect of what Bourdieu sees as hysteresis. This paper explores the positioning and re‐positioning of agents (teachers and school leaders) due to an external change (the Australian curriculum) in the schooling field. Data for this study were collected from a middle‐class state high school in Brisbane Australia, which was an early adopter of the new Australian Curriculum. The initial enactment phase of curriculum change was an unsettling one that (re)positioned agents—hence, the concept of position‐making, which is a contribution to Bourdieu's theoretical resources and which complements the idea of policy enactment as opposed to policy implementation. Both allow some agency in mediation of mandated changes in the specific contexts of schools and teacher/leader habitus.
Ranking buffel: Comparative risk and mitigation costs of key environmental and socio‐cultural threats in central Australia
Authors: Read John L. , Firn Jennifer , Grice Anthony C. , Murphy Rachel , Ryan‐Colton Ellen , Schlesinger Christine A.
Published: October 2020

Changed fire regimes and the introduction of rabbits, cats, foxes, and large exotic herbivores have driven widespread ecological catastrophe in Australian arid and semi‐arid zones, which encompass over two‐thirds of the continent. These threats have caused the highest global mammal extinction rates in the last 200 years, as well as significantly undermining social, economic, and cultural practices of Aboriginal peoples of this region. However, a new and potentially more serious threat is emerging. Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) is a globally significant invader now widespread across central Australia, but the threat this ecological transformer species poses to biodiversity, ecosystem function, and culture has received relatively little attention. Our analyses suggest threats from buffel grass in arid and semi‐arid areas of Australia are at least equivalent in magnitude to those posed by invasive animals and possibly higher, because unlike these more recognized threats, buffel has yet to occupy its potential distribution. Buffel infestation also increases the intensity and frequency of wildfires that affect biodiversity, cultural pursuits, and productivity. We compare the logistical and financial challenges of creating and maintaining areas free of buffel for the protection of biodiversity and cultural values, with the creation and maintenance of refuges from introduced mammals or from large‐scale fire in natural habitats. The scale and expense of projected buffel management costs highlight the urgent policy, research, and financing initiatives essential to safeguard threatened species, ecosystems, and cultural values of Aboriginal people in central Australia.
9‐cis Retinoic acid and 1.25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 drive differentiation into IgA+ secreting plasmablasts in human naïve B cells
Authors: Treptow Sandra , Grün Joachim , Scholz Josephine , Radbruch Andreas , Heine Guido , Worm Margitta
Published: October 2020

Calcitriol and 9‐cis retinoic acid (9cRA) play a fundamental role in shaping the adaptive immune response by altering the Ig profile and the differentiation of B cells, controlled by their corresponding nuclear receptors, VDR and RAR. Herein, after the establishment of a plasmablast differentiation culture, we investigated how both ligands modulate human naïve B cell differentiation and to which extent VDR/RXR and RAR/RXR signaling interferes.

Calcitriol and 9cRA mediated activation of purified naïve B cells resulted in a strong differentiation of CD27+ CD38+ plasmablasts and antibody secretion. The significant IgA response was preceded by a strong induction of α‐germline transcription (GLT). Induction of αGLT and consecutively IgA secretion driven by calcitriol is a novel observation and we show by magnetic chromatin IP that this was mediated by recruitment of the VDR to the TGF‐β promoter thus inducing TGF‐β expression. Finally, as revealed by transcriptomic profiling calcitriol and 9cRA modulate several signals required for differentiation and isotype switching in a noncompeting but rather additive manner. Calcitriol and 9cRA participate in the control of the IgA response in human activated naïve B cells. The balance between both ligands may be an important factor in channeling humoral immune responses toward a protective direction.
Novel method enabling a rapid vitality determination of cyanobacteria
Authors: Witthohn Marco , Schwarz Anna , Walther Jakob , Strieth Dorina , Ulber Roland , Muffler Kai
Published: October 2020

Cyanobacteria represent a large group of bacteria with underestimated scientific potential. Recent studies indicate them as a great reservoir of secondary metabolites with antifungal, antiviral or antibacterial activity. However, common, well established research techniques cannot be easily adapted to these organisms. Slow growth rates and irregular cell aggregates constitute challenges for researchers dealing with cyanobacteria. In this work, we present an innovative new method enabling a quick, easy and economical vitality determination of cyanobacterial strains, as, e.g. required for the finding of optimal cryopreservation conditions. We were able to measure the vitality of previously cryopreserved and defrosted Trichocoleus sociatus samples within 45 min by means of their O2‐production. For each run, a cell wet mass of only 0.5 g was required. By application of this method, we could find DMSO (5% v/v) and glycerin (15% v/v) to be the most promising cryoprotectants for the conservation of T. sociatus cells. DMSO and glycerin guaranteed a vitality rate of 80–90% and 60–70% after up to four weeks of cryopreservation, compared to fresh cell material.
Material choices for triboelectric nanogenerators: A critical review
Authors: Zhang Renyun , Olin Håkan
Published: October 2020

A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a novel technology with applications in many areas, including energy harvesting, self‐powered sensing, medication, and electronics. The materials used as triboelectric layers are diverse and include polymers, metals, and inorganic materials. The most commonly used materials are dielectric polymers such as PTFE, FEP, PDMS, and Kapton. Green materials, such as cellulose‐based materials, have recently gained increasing interest, and the performance of TENGs using cellulose materials has improved. The material choices are of great importance for TENGs since the triboelectric effects of the materials are fundamental for TENGs. To design a TENG for a particular application, several parameters need to be considered, such as power density, stability, flexibility, and sustainability. This critical review will summarize and evaluate the material choices for TENGs in different applications.

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Simplified Dynamic Model for Post‐tensioned Cross‐laminated Timber Rocking Walls
Authors: Pei S. , Huang D. , Berman J. W. , Wichman S. K.
Published: October 2020

This paper presents a computationally efficient numerical model for predicting seismic responses of post‐tensioned cross‐laminated timber (CLT) rocking wall systems. The rocking wall is modeled as a simple linear beam element with a nonlinear rotational spring at the base. The model is primarily intended for preliminary design and assessment of multistory buildings using this particular lateral system. A method was developed to determine the nonlinear rotational spring parameters by considering the dimension of the CLT wall panel and post‐tensioned steel rods and energy dissipating devices’ contributions. The proposed model was validated by comparing the simulated results with the responses from a series of shake table tests of a full‐scale two‐story building with CLT rocking walls. The numerical results show reasonable agreement with the shake table test results considering the simplicity of the model.
New insight on the open‐circuit voltage of perovskite solar cells: The role of defect‐density distribution and electric field in the active layer
Authors: Zarabinia Nazila , Rasuli Reza , Mohajerani Ezeddin
Published: October 2020

In this article, we study the J–V characteristic of a perovskite solar cell (PSC) prepared by the two‐step method. PSCs were fabricated by methylammonium lead iodide using the sequential deposition method. We describe J–V curves using a modified dynamic electrical model based on an asymmetric electric field. In addition, we simulated the PSCs by solar cell capacitance simulator package to investigate the role of trap‐density distribution in cell performance. The experimentally optimized device shows an enhancement in the open‐circuit voltage (VOC) from 1.08 to 1.21 V. Simulation results show that the increase in VOC up to 1.15 V is corresponding to a trap‐density of 2.38×1015 cm−3. However, these results predict that a decrease in the trap‐density can increases the VOC and FF up to 1.19 V and 79% while the modified dynamic electrical model gives the J–V characteristic as well as experimental results. Our results suggest that the increase in VOC can be attributed to the asymmetric electric field at the interface of the perovskite layer.
Enhanced electrochemical performance of lanthanum ferrite decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite electrodes prepared by in situ microwave irradiation for energy storage applications
Authors: Sivakumar Natarajan , Nagaraju Perumal , Alsalme Ali , Alghamdi Abdulaziz , Jayavel Ramasamy
Published: October 2020

Lanthanum ferrite decorated reduced graphene oxide (LaFeO3/rGO) nanocomposite is prepared by in‐situ microwave irradiation method. The X‐ray diffraction study reveals the single phase orthorhombic structure of LaFeO3 nanoparticles and LaFeO3/rGO nanocomposites. The FTIR study reveals various vibrational modes and the characteristic D and G bands of the Raman spectrum confirms the formation of reduced graphene oxide. The SEM and HR‐TEM images demonstrate that spherical LaFeO3 particles are decorated on 2D graphene sheets. From the HR‐TEM study, the average particle size of LaFeO3 is estimated to be 23 nm. The synergistic effect of 3D LaFeO3 nanoparticles and 2D graphene layers offers more active sites to achieve the enhanced electrochemical performance. The specific capacitance of LaFeO3/rGO composites is measured to be 170 Fg−1 at 10 mV s−1. The composite electrode has admirable cyclic stability, better Columbic efficiency and improved capacitance retention with great potential for supercapacitor applications.
Assessment of migration regularity of phthalates from food packaging materials
Authors: Liu Jing‐Min , Li Chun‐Yang , Yang Fei‐er , Zhao Ning , Lv Shi‐Wen , Liu Ji‐Chao , Chen Li‐Jun , He Ze , Zhang Yan , Wang Shuo
Published: October 2020

Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are one of the essential plastic additives which may lead to plenty of harmful effects, including reproductive toxicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity. Increasing attention has been paid to the migration of plasticizer. In this article, the disposable plastic lunch boxes were taken as the research object. The result showed that dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) have been mainly found, whose content was 1.5 mg/kg and 2.4 mg/kg, respectively. The LOD was 2 ng/g, and LOQ was 6.7 ng/g. We further investigated the migration of PAEs into the simulated liquid at different temperature conditions. Then, the linear fitting performing by first‐order kinetic migration model revealed that the lower the polarity of the simulated liquid, the larger the rate constant K1 and initial release rate V0. The higher the temperature, the bigger the K1 and V0.
Can sentiments on macroeconomic news explain stock returns? Evidence form social network data
Authors: Xu Yingying , Zhao Jichang
Published: October 2020

Macroeconomic factors and sentiments affect investors' decisions and thus stock returns. However, do sentiments on macro‐economic news explain stock returns? This article proposes a theoretical model to explain the relationship between stock returns and the market misperception which is driven by investors' sentiments. Then, microblogs regarding the macro‐economy posted on Sina Weibo, a mainstream Chinese Social Network Site, are extracted to measure investors' macroeconomic sentiments (IMSs) through machine learning approaches. A preliminary event study suggests that IMSs capture the development of influential macroeconomic events. Empirical results demonstrate that orthogonalized IMSs including anger, disgust, fear, joy and sadness exert heterogeneously significant effects on the Shanghai Composite Index (SHCI), and no reverse effect is found. Thus, the IMS contains additional information related to the macro‐economy; but cannot be explained by macroeconomic factors. IMSs improve the in‐ and out‐of‐sample predictabilities of SHCI returns. Thereby, investors' sentiment can be an important channel through which the macro‐economy affects the stock market.
Efficient task optimization algorithm for green computing in cloud
Authors: G Thanmayatejaswi , Ch Dileep Chakravarthy , Varma G. P. S. , Mekala M. S.
Published: October 2020

Cloud infrastructure assets are accessed by all hooked heterogeneous network servers and applications to maintain entail reliability towards global subscribers with high performance and low cost is a tedious challenging task. Most of the extant techniques are considered limited constraints like task deadline, which leads Service Level Agreement (SLA) violation. In this manuscript, we develop Hadoop based Task Scheduling (HTS) algorithm which considers a task deadline time, completion time, migration time and future resource availability of each virtual machine. The Intelligent System (IS) enabled with adaptive neural computation method to assess all above attributes. Specifically, the result of Prophecy Resource Availability (PRA) method has been used to assess the status of each Virtual Machine (VM), which helps to streamline the resource wastage and increases the response time with low SLA violation rate.
Exosomes derived from T regulatory cells relieve inflammatory bowel disease by transferring miR‐195a‐3p
Authors: Liao Fei , Lu Xiaohong , Dong Weiguo
Published: October 2020

Previous studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of regulatory T (Treg) cells on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the mechanism is not well‐understood. Exosomes have been proposed as a novel mechanism underlying the action of Tregs. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of exosomes secreted by Treg cells (Treg‐Exo) on IBD and to explore the underlying mechanism. Treg‐Exo was isolated from BALB/c mouse spleen mononuclear cells and then injected into a murine model of IBD induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) exposure. A co‐culture model of Treg‐Exo and colonic epithelial YAMC cells in the presence of TNF‐α was used to investigate the communication between Tregs and intestinal epithelial cells. in vitro results showed that Treg‐Exo could be transferred to YAMC cells where Treg‐Exo promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis. Animal experiments showed that Treg‐Exo administration alleviated the DSS‐induced IBD in mice. The therapeutic effects of Treg‐Exo both in vitro and in vivo were eliminated when miR‐195a‐3p expression was inhibited in Treg‐Exo. The pro‐apoptotic Caspase 12 was identified as a direct target of miR‐195a‐3p. In conclusion, Treg‐Exo alleviated the DSS‐induced IBD through transferring miR‐195a‐3p.
Effects of the MTOR and AKT1 genes polymorphisms on papillary thyroid cancer development
Authors: Maruei‐Milan Rostam , Saravani Mohsen , Heidari Zahra , Asadi‐Tarani Mina , Salimi Saeedeh
Published: October 2020

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common form of thyroid cancer, comprising 80% of all thyroid malignancies. The phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase–protein kinase B/Akt (PI3K‐PKB/Akt) pathway is a main pathway in control of cell growth. Activated mTOR and Akt are involved in the development and progression of the PTC. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of MTOR (rs2536 and rs2295080) and AKT1 (rs2494732, rs1130214, and rs1130233) polymorphisms on PTC susceptibility. This study was conducted on 131 PTC patients and 144 healthy subjects. Genotype analysis was done using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) methods. Our results showed no statistically significant association between MTOR rs2536, AKT1 rs2494732, and rs1130214 polymorphisms and PTC development. However, MTOR rs2295080 polymorphism was found to be associated with a decreased risk of PTC in dominant and allelic models. The TT genotype of AKT1 rs1130233 was significantly higher in the PTC group in comparison to the controls, with a 3.5‐fold increased risk for developing PTC. Furthermore, the allelic distribution also showed the T allele of rs1130233 as a risk factor for PTC occurrence. In conclusion, our results suggest the MTOR rs2295080 and AkT1 rs1130233 as the protective and risk factors for PTC development, respectively.
BALB/c female subjected to valproic acid during gestational period exhibited greater microglial and behavioral changes than male mice: A significant contra intuitive result
Authors: dos Santos Alinne Lorrany Gomes , de Leão Ellen Rose Leandro Ponce , de Almeida Miranda Diego , de Souza Dilza Nazaré Colares , Picanço Diniz Cristovam Wanderley , Diniz Daniel Guerreiro
Published: October 2020

Most animal model studies of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were performed in males. Thus, little is known about the mechanisms underlying disease progression in females. Here, we searched for potential influences of sex and environment on gestational valproic acid‐induced behavioral abnormalities using hippocampal‐dependent tasks, and on number and morphometry of microglia of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (Mol‐DG). We compared male and females BALB/c control mice with BALB/c mice gestationally exposed to VPA with regards to exploratory activity and risk assessment in novel environments. Pregnant females and males on gestational day 12.5 received VPA in saline (600 mg/kg body weight) or an equal volume of saline by gavage. After weaning, female and male offspring were housed separately either in standard laboratory cages (SE) or enriched cages (EE). At 5 months of age, these mice underwent behavioral testing and had their brains processed for microglia IBA1 immunolabeling. Compared with control mice, VPA‐exposed mice exhibited abnormal behavior in exploring novel environments and assessing risk, and these effects were significantly greater in females than in males and less intense among mice from enriched cages. Three‐way ANOVA revealed that environment, sex and valproic acid conditions interacted and altered the behavior results. Microglia number and volume of the Mol‐DG were significantly higher in VPA‐exposed groups raised in standard cages. The results of counting the intersects of microglia branching on Sholl's circles analyzed with permutational MANOVA, demonstrated that in comparison with males, there was a greater reduction in the number of intersections in females raised in standard cages. These findings suggest that the increased microglia and morphological changes might be associated with behavioral dysfunction in ASD. Moreover, the somatomotor and cognitive stimulation of environmental enrichment started at weaning may be beneficial for reducing behavioral abnormalities and reduction of microglia response in adulthood.
Atmospheric deposition of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc near an operating and an abandoned lead smelter
Authors: Xing Weiqin , Yang Hao , Ippolito James A. , Zhao Qiang , Zhang Yuqing , Scheckel Kirk G. , Li Liping
Published: October 2020

Atmospheric deposition samples were collected over 15 mo at several locations near an operating smelter and an abandoned Pb smelter to investigate the contribution of Pb smelting to depositional fluxes and potential local air quality degradation. Samples were analyzed for As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn and subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM)–energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Concentrations of Cd and Pb at both sites were greater than at the control site (p < .05), and significant correlations existed between Cd and Pb concentrations at both sites (p < .05). Monthly depositional flux variations at both sites were similar, with greater deposition during cold and dry periods. Heavy metal(loid)s deposition during these periods was correlated with wind speed. Greater Cd depositional flux differences were found between the smelter and control sites compared with other elements. The SEM images suggested that some particles at the operating smelter site were from Pb smelting material. However, most particles at both sites had no characteristics of smelting, suggesting reactions occurred between the smelter‐emitted particles and soil components. The EDS results indicated that atmospheric deposition from both sites had lower Pb concentrations than smelting material or ash. The main atmospheric deposition source at the operating and abandoned sites was likely from the resuspension of heavy metal(loid)‐enriched soil particles. Greater risk of air pollution from historical Pb smelting facilities exists years after closing down. Reducing soil wind erosional losses may help reduce heavy metal(loid)s dispersion across environments.
Fungemia in COVID‐19 ICU patients, a single medical center experience
Authors: Bishburg Eliahu , Okoh Alexis , Nagarakanti Sandhya R. , Lindner Marc , Migliore Christina , Patel Pratik
Published: October 2020

A known proportion of patients who are admitted for the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) requires intensive care unit (ICU) level of care. Prolonged ICU stay is a risk factor for the development of nosocomial candidemia. The current study aimed to investigate the incidence and risk factors associated with the development of nosocomial candidemia among patients admitted to the ICU for COVID‐19. Patients who developed nosocomial candidemia were identified, and their clinical course was reported. A 1:3 case control matching was used to identify non‐candidemia patients who served as controls. 89 patients were admitted to the ICU for COVID‐19 during the study period. The incidence of nosocomial candidemia was 8.9% (n = 8). Case‐control matching identified 24 patients with similar disease severity at the time of ICU admission. Median time to first isolation of yeast was 26 days. Candidemia patients reported longer median ICU stay than controls. (40 vs. 10 days, p = .004). In hospital death rates were comparable in both groups (38% vs. 54%, p = .548). Prolonged mechanical ventilation support was associated with the development of nosocomial candidemia.
Metallothionein levels in gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, and serum of smokers and non‐smokers with chronic periodontitis
Authors: Yadav Vikender S. , Mir Riyaz A. , Bhatia Anu , Yadav Rakhee , Shadang Mahaiwon , Chauhan Shyam S. , Dhingra Kunaal , Kharbanda Om P. , Yadav Renu , Garg Rahul
Published: October 2020

Background

Metallothionein (MT), a cysteine rich protein is involved as a radical scavenger in several pathological conditions associated with oxidative stress; however, its role in periodontal disease still remains elusive. The aim of this cross‐sectional study is to determine the serum, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of MT in smokers (S) and non‐smokers (NS) with chronic periodontitis (CP), and compare them with those of periodontally healthy (PH) individuals.

Methods

A total of 85 participants were enrolled: 45 patients with CP (23 S [CP+S] and 22 NS [CP+NS]) and 40 PH individuals (20 S [PH+S] and 20 NS [PH+NS]). In all the study participants, clinical periodontal parameters (plaque index, gingival index, sulcus bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level) were recorded and samples of serum, saliva and GCF were collected. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of MT in the samples.

Results

All periodontal clinical parameters were significantly higher in the CP groups as compared to PH groups (P < 0.05). MT levels in CP+S group were significantly raised in comparison to other three groups. There was no statistically significant difference in MT levels among CP+NS and PH+S groups (P > 0.05); however, relatively higher levels were observed in GCF and saliva in CP+NS group. When all the study groups were observed together, MT levels were positively correlated with clinical parameters.

Conclusions

Results of present study suggest that smoking and CP can induce the synthesis of MT owing to increased oxidative stress and heavy metals intoxication. Further longitudinal studies with large sample size and an interventional arm are needed to substantiate the role of MT as a potential biomarker in periodontitis.
Impact of mucosal phenotype on marginal bone levels around tissue level implants: A prospective controlled trial
Authors: Garaicoa‐Pazmino Carlos , Mendonça Gustavo , Ou Alice , Chan Hsun‐Liang , Mailoa James , Suárez‐López Del Amo Fernando , Wang Hom‐Lay
Published: October 2020

Background

The aim of this 1‐year prospective clinical trial was to compare clinical parameters and marginal bone levels (MBLs) around tissue level implants with a partially smooth collar between patients with thin (≤2 mm) and thick (>2 mm) vertical mucosal phenotypes.

Methods

Thirty patients needing a single dental implant were recruited and allocated to thin (n = 14) or thick (n = 16) phenotype groups. Post‐restoration, clinical (probing depth, recession, width of keratinized mucosa, bleeding on probing, suppuration, implant mobility, plaque index, and gingival index) and radiographic bone level measurements were recorded at different timepoints for 1 year.

Results

Twenty‐six patients (13 per group) completed the 1‐year examination. No implants were lost (100% survival rate). There were no significant differences (P >0.05) between thin and thick vertical mucosal phenotypes for any clinical parameter or for the radiographic MBL.

Conclusions

Tissue level implants at 1 year of function placed in thin vertical mucosa achieved similar clinical parameters and radiographic MBLs as those in thick tissue. The formation of the peri‐implant supracrestal tissue height plays a key role in MBL than mucosal thickness in tissue level implant.
The impact of ultraviolet laser excitation during Raman spectroscopy of hexagonal boron nitride thin films
Authors: Karim Marwa , J. Lopes Joao Marcelo , Ramsteiner Manfred
Published: October 2020

We utilized excitation in the ultraviolet (UV) spectral range for the study of hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) thin films on different substrates by Raman spectroscopy. Whereas UV excitation offers fundamental advantages for the investigation of h‐BN and heterostructures with graphene, the actual Raman spectra recorded under ambient conditions reveal a temporal decay of the signal intensity. The disappearance of the Raman signal is found to be induced by thermally activated chemical reactions with ambient molecules at the h‐BN surface. The chemical reactions could be strongly suppressed under vacuum conditions which, however, favor the formation of a carbonaceous surface contamination layer. For the improvement of the signal‐to‐noise ratio under ambient conditions, we propose a line‐scan method for the acquisition of UV Raman spectra in atomically thin h‐BN, a material which is expected to play a key role in future technologies based on 2D van der Waals heterostructures.
Rate coefficients for the reactions of OH with butanols from 298 K to temperatures relevant for low‐temperature combustion
Authors: Sime Samantha L. , Blitz Mark A. , Seakins Paul W.
Published: October 2020

Rate coefficients for the reactions of OH with n, s, and iso‐butanol have been measured over the temperature range 298 to ∼650 K. The rate coefficients display significant curvature over this temperature range and bridge the gap between previous low‐temperature measurements with a negative temperature dependence and higher temperature shock tube measurements that have a positive temperature dependence. In combination with literature data, the following parameterizations are recommended:

k1,OH + n‐butanol(T) = (3.8 ± 10.4) × 10−19T2.48 ± 0.37exp ((840 ± 161)/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1

k2,OH + s‐butanol(T) = (3.5 ± 3.0) × 10−20T2.76 ± 0.12exp ((1085 ± 55)/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1

k3,OH + i‐butanol(T) = (5.1 ± 5.3) × 10−20T2.72 ± 0.14exp ((1059 ± 66)/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1

k4,OH + t‐butanol(T) = (8.8 ± 10.4) × 10−22T3.24 ± 0.15exp ((711 ± 83)/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1

Comparison of the current data with the higher shock tube measurements suggests that at temperatures of ∼1000 K, the OH yields, primarily from decomposition of β‐hydroxyperoxy radicals, are ∼0.3 (n‐butanol), ∼0.3 (s‐butanol) and ∼0.2 (iso‐butanol) with β‐hydroxyperoxy decompositions generating OH, and a butene as the main products. The data suggest that decomposition of β‐hydroxyperoxy radicals predominantly occurs via OH elimination.
Novel Use of Ultrasonic Aspirator Device for Cricoid Chondroma Resection
Authors: Bhatt Neel K. , Gao William Z. , Reder Lindsay S. , O'Dell Karla
Published: October 2020

View Video S1 Laryngoscope, 131:2048–2050, 2021
Explaining Racial Disparities in Surgically Treated Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Jassal Japnam S. , Cramer John D.
Published: October 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

To assess the causative factors that contribute to racial disparities in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and establish the role of hospital factors in racial disparities.

Study Design

Retrospective database analysis.

Methods

Patients with surgically treated HNSCC were identified using the National Cancer Database (2004–2014). Logistic and proportional‐hazard regression models were used to characterize the factors that contribute to racial disparities. Differences in quality of care received were compared among black and white patients using previously validated metrics.

Results

We identified 69,186 eligible patients. Black patients had a 48% higher mortality than white patients (HR 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41–1.54). Black patients had a lower mean quality score (67.6%; 95% CI, 66.8%–69.4%) compared with white patients (71.2%: 95% CI, 71.0%–71.4%) for five quality metrics. After adjusting for differences in patient, oncologic, and hospital factors we were able to explain 60% of the excess mortality for black patients. Oncologic factors at presentation accounted for 57.7% of observed mortality differences, whereas hospital characteristics and quality of care accounted for 11.5%. After adjusting for these factors, black patients still had a 19% higher mortality (HR 1.19; 95% CI, 1.14–1.24).

Conclusions

Oncologic factors at presentation are a major contributor to racial disparities in outcomes for HNSCC. Hospital factors, such as quality, volume, and safety‐net status, constitute a minor factor in the mortality difference. Resolving existing disparities will require detecting head and neck cancer at an earlier stage and improving the quality of care for black patients.

Level of Evidence

3. Laryngoscope, 131:1053–1059, 2021
Single Layer Biomaterial Repair of Frontal Sinus Encephalocele in a Pediatric Patient
Authors: Su‐Velez Brooke M. , Hsu David W. , West Alisha N. , Suh Jeffrey D.
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Reconstruction of skull base defects are determined by size, location, and complexity of the defect.

Methods

Case report.

Case Discussion

An 11‐year old girl presented with a right frontoethmoidal encephalocele after an episode of meningitis. An endoscopic approach was performed with a Draf III to provide exposure. The skull base defect extended superolateral over the orbit, which limited the choice of reconstructive options. The defect was successfully repaired with a single layer onlay graft of bovine collagen matrix.

Conclusions

Single layer repairs using commercial biomaterials should be considered where multilayer closure or vascularized flaps may not be possible. Laryngoscope, 131:E1750–E1752, 2021
A probabilistic approach to a non‐local quadratic form and its connection to the Neumann boundary condition problem
Authors: Vondraček Zoran
Published: October 2020

In this paper we look at a probabilistic approach to a non‐local quadratic form that has lately attracted some interest. This form is related to a recently introduced non‐local normal derivative. The goal is to construct two Markov processes: one corresponding to that form and the other which is related to a probabilistic interpretation of the Neumann problem. We also study the Dirichlet‐to‐Neumann operator for non‐local operators.
Prodromal Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 Subjects Have Quantifiable Gait and Postural Sway Deficits
Authors: Velázquez‐Pérez Luis , Rodriguez‐Labrada Roberto , González‐Garcés Yasmani , Arrufat‐Pie Eduardo , Torres‐Vega Reidenis , Medrano‐Montero Jacqueline , Ramirez‐Bautista Beatriz , Vazquez‐Mojena Yaimeé , Auburger Georg , Horak Fay , Ziemann Ulf , Gomez Christopher M.
Published: October 2020

Background

The search for valid preclinical biomarkers of cerebellar dysfunction is a key research goal for the upcoming era of early interventional approaches in spinocerebellar ataxias. This study aims to describe novel preclinical biomarkers of subtle gait and postural sway abnormalities in prodromal spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (pre‐SCA2).

Methods

Thirty pre‐SCA2 patients and their matched healthy controls underwent quantitative assessments of gait and postural sway using a wearable sensor‐based system and semiquantitative evaluation of cerebellar features by SARA (Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia) score.

Results

Quantitative analysis of natural gait showed a significantly larger variability of the swing period, toe‐off angle and toe‐out angle in pre‐SCA2, and larger mean coronal and transverse ranges of motion of the trunk at the lumbar location and of the sagittal range of motion of the trunk at the sternum location compared to controls. During tandem gait, pre‐SCA2 subjects showed larger lumbar, trunk, and arm ranges of motion than controls. Postural sway analysis showed excessive body oscillation that was increased in tandem stance. Overall, these abnormalities were detected in pre‐SCA2 patients without clinical evidence of abnormalities in SARA. The toe‐off angle and swing time variability were significantly correlated with the time to ataxia onset, whereas the toe‐off angle and transverse range of motion at trunk position during tandem gait were significantly associated with the SARA score.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates early alteration of gait and postural sway control in prodromal SCA2 using a wearable sensor‐based system. This offers new pathophysiological hints into this early disease stage and provides novel potential biomarkers for future clinical trials. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Disease Progression in Patients with Parkin‐Related Parkinson's Disease in a Longitudinal Cohort
Authors: Sun Yi‐Min , Yu Hui‐Ling , Zhou Xin‐Yue , Xiong Wei‐Xi , Luo Su‐Shan , Chen Chen , Liu Feng‐Tao , Zhao Jue , Tang Yi‐Lin , Liang Xiao‐Niu , Yang Yu‐Jie , Shen Bo , Shen Yan , Yu Wen‐Bo , Ding Zheng‐Tong , An Yu , Wu Jian‐Jun , Wang Jian
Published: October 2020

Background

There was a paucity of follow‐up studies in the disease progression of early‐onset PD patients with Parkin mutations (Parkin‐EOPD). Here we conducted a longitudinal study to investigate the progression of motor and cognitive features of Parkin‐EOPD patients.

Methods

Genetic analysis was performed via target sequencing and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification. Thirty patients carrying homozygous or compound heterozygous Parkin mutations with at least 2 follow‐up revisions were investigated as the Parkin‐EOPD group. Fifty‐two patients with at least 2 follow‐up revisions, who did not have any known causative PD mutations, GBA or LRRK2 risk variants, a heterozygous Parkin mutation or 2 Parkin mutations without a segregation test, were defined as the genetically undefined EOPD (GU‐EOPD) group. A linear mixed‐effect model was implemented to evaluate longitudinal changes in motor symptoms and cognition.

Results

At baseline, the Parkin‐EOPD group had a lower Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale score (UPDRS‐III) (off‐medication) than the GU‐EOPD group, without significant differences in cognition. A longitudinal study showed the estimated progression rate per year (standard error) of the UPDRS‐III score (off‐medication) was lower in the Parkin‐EOPD group (0.203 [0.3162] points per year) than in the GU‐EOPD group (1.056 [0.3001] points per year). The difference in the UPDRS‐III score rate between the 2 groups was 0.853 (0.4183) (P = 0.042). The Parkin‐EOPD group showed better maintenance of spatial processing ability compared with the GU‐EOPD group (P = 0.027).

Conclusion

Parkin‐EOPD patients showed a slower deterioration of motor symptoms and a better spatial processing ability than GU‐EOPD patients, which suggests that subtyping according to genetic features can help predict PD progression. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society