bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blood blister-like aneurysms of the internal carotid artery
Authors: Soto Mildred Arteaga , Figueiredo Eberval Gadelha , Carvalho Viegas Maria Luana , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen
Published: January 2018

Blood blister-like aneurysms (BBA) originate at non-branching sites of the internal carotid artery (ICA), these vascular lesions are rare and constitute approximately 1% of all intracranial aneurysms. They are small, with extremely fragile walls and a poorly defined broad-based neck. BBA tend to have a precipitous clinical course, enlarging rapidly, these have been associated with significant morbidity and mortality including rebleeding, regrowth, and ischemic complications; therefore their diagnosis is essential for proper management and depends of its high suspicion and careful evaluation of computed tomography angiogram (CTA) and digital substraction angiography (DSA). Various surgical and endovascular strategies have been attempted for these lesions, but the definitive treatment is controversial even. This paper attempts to describe the clinicopathological features as well as elements important for diagnosis and treatment.
Tratamento cirúrgico da epilepsia refratária: análise de 34 casos atendidos no Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG
Authors: Custódio do Amaral Leandro , Portela Eduardo Jardel , Ribeiro de Oliveira Marcelo Magaldi , Lara Marilis Tissot , Roberto de Sousa-Pereira Sílvio , Souza Seabra Liz Custódio , Gomes de Almeida Marcelo , Miranda de Menezes Guilherme Marques
Published: January 2018

Objetivo: Apresentar dados estatísticos referentes a uma série de casos submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico da epilepsia refratária no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG), no período entre 23/11/2007 e 7/12/2010. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo com análise de prontuários de 34 pacientes e classificação do controle de crises pós-operatório utilizando a Escala de Engel. Resultados: Dos pacientes, 70,5% apresentaram início das crises antes dos 15 anos, sendo o tipo de crise mais comum as crises parciais complexas com generalização secundária, presente em 55% dos casos. Esclerose mesial temporal foi o diagnóstico de base em 79,4% dos pacientes. Houve complicações cirúrgicas em 23,5% dos casos, sendo as mais frequentes as alterações de campo visual (8,8% dos casos). Conclusão: O controle de crises foi compatível com Engel menor ou igual a III em 64,7% dos casos. O tratamento cirúrgico revelou-se eficiente para melhorar o controle de crises em pacientes portadores de epilepsia refratária ao tratamento medicamentoso.
Die Epidemiologie des Dekubitus in Deutschland: eine systematische Übersicht
Authors: Tomova-Simitchieva Tsenka , Akdeniz Merve , Blume- Peytavi Ulrike , Lahmann Nils , Kottner Jan
Published: January 2018

Ziel der Studie Die Entstehung von Dekubitus gilt als anerkannter Indikator zur Messung der Versorgungsqualität in allen Bereichen der Gesundheitsversorgung. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Erstellung einer systematischen Übersicht zur Dekubitusinzidenz- und Prävalenz in Deutschland von 2010 bis 2015.

Methoden Die Datenbanken PubMed, CINAHL, DIMDI, Web of Science, LIVIVO, sowie Google, Google Scholar, und die Verlage Springer und Thieme wurden bis Ende Februar 2016 durchsucht. Die Überprüfung der extrahierten Daten erfolgte durch 2 Reviewer. Das Risiko der Verzerrung wurde bewertet.

Ergebnisse Die Suche lieferte 219 epidemiologische Zahlen aus 67 Studien und Dokumenten. Die meisten Daten stammen aus dem stationären Krankenhausbereich. In der Langzeitpflege überwiegen die Zahlen aus Primärerhebungen. Werden die methodologisch höherwertigen Quellen in Betracht gezogen, zeigt sich für die deutsche Langzeitpflege eine Prävalenz von 2% bis 5% und in den Krankenhäusern von 2% bis 4% (ab Kategorie 2). Routineerhebungen liefern heterogene Daten aus dem Krankenhausbereich mit Prävalenzzahlen von 0,07% bis 4,37% ab Kategorie 1 bzw. 1,6% ab Kategorie 2. Vom ambulanten Bereich liegen keine Inzidenzzahlen und keine Daten aus Routineuntersuchungen vor. Die Dekubitusprävalenzen schwanken zwischen 2% und 4% (ab Kategorie 1).

Schlussfolgerung Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt, dass Dekubitus ein häufiges Phänomen in allen Settings der Gesundheitsversorgung in Deutschland ist. Ungeachtet sämtlicher methodologischer Limitierungen und mangelnder Vergleichbarkeiten beträgt die Prävalenz in der Langzeitpflege 2% bis 5%. Aufgrund der sehr heterogenen Datenlage ist diese Abschätzung für deutsche Krankenhauspatienten kaum möglich, doch eine Prävalenz von 2% und höher ist anzunehmen. Diese Anteile belegen, dass verfügbare dekubitusprophylaktische Maßnahmen in Deutschland nicht ausgeschöpft werden. Weitere Anstrengungen müssen erfolgen, um die Dekubitusprävention in Deutschland zu verbessern.
Prospective study of the feasibility of point-of-care testing strategy for carbapenem-resistant organism detection
Authors: Pannala Rahul , Baldwin Bruce , Aluru Vijay , Grys Thomas , Holmes Jordan , Miller Laurence , Harrison M. , Nguyen Cuong , Tenover Fred , Persing David , Faigel Douglas
Published: January 2018

Background/aims In an investigator-initiated, prospective study, we evaluated the feasibility of a five-gene sequence point-of-care (POC) testing strategy (Xpert CARBA-R Assay, Cepheid Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA), compared to reference laboratory PCR (48 – 72 hours turnaround time, two gene sequences), in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and in a hospital outbreak investigation.

Methods After informed consent, patients undergoing ERCP (September 2015 – April 2016, n = 191) at Mayo Clinic and potential hospital contacts (n = 9) of an index carbapenem-resistant organism (CRO)-positive inpatient were included. Two rectal swabs, one each for reference and POC assays were obtained. The Xpert CARBA-R Assay enables qualitative rapid detection of five beta-lactamase gene sequences associated with carbapenem-non-susceptibility in Gram-negative bacteria. Feasibility parameters (specimen processing and assay run time, ease of use) and percent agreement between the tests were calculated using JMP Pro11 (SAS Corp, Cary, NC, USA).

Results Mean age was 62 ± 15 years; 108 (54 %) were male. Both tests were successfully performed in all patients. The POC test was rated by endoscopy nurses as easy/very easy to conduct in 193 patients (97 %); median assay run time and median time for specimen collection and processing were 55 minutes (interquartile range IQR: 53 – 55 minutes) and 3 minutes (IQR: 3 – 6 minutes), respectively. In 200/201 (99.5 %) tests, there was agreement between the POC and reference PCR.

Conclusions The more comprehensive POC CRO testing of patients in the endoscopy suite is feasible and results are available in < 1 hour. This strategy may enable rapid risk stratification of duodenoscope exposure to CRO and potentially improve operational efficiency and decrease costs.
Almost global existence for the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation in the nonrelativistic limit
Authors: Pasquali S.
Published: January 2018

We study the one-dimensional nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation with a convolution potential, and we prove that solutions with small Hs norm remain small for long times. The result is uniform with respect to c ≥ 1, which however has to belong to a set of large measure.
Optimizing wind turbine parameters to enhance power generation
Authors: Carolin Mabel M. , Suja Darling D. , Jeraldin Auxilia D.
Published: January 2018

The fluctuation in wind speed causes deviations in the power coefficient and decreases the efficient operation of wind turbines. The efficiency improvement is obtained if the turbine rotor speed tracks its optimal value. As the wind turbine characteristics are non-linear, a robust non-linear control law based on the sliding mode approach is developed in this paper. The proposed regulation develops the control law for the electromagnetic torque and the aerodynamic torque, and the combined effort drives the turbine rotor speed to coincide with the optimal rotor speed. It is observed that the turbine shaft tracks the optimum speed with the mean square error of 1.6 × 10−3. In addition, the power coefficient of the turbine is maintained closer to its maximum value. The proposed methodology proves to be effective in adapting to the variations in wind speed.
Stock structure of Lethrinus laticaudis (Lethrinidae) across northern Australia determined using genetics, otolith microchemistry and parasite assemblage composition
Authors: Barton Diane P. , Taillebois Laura , Taylor Jonathan , Crook David A. , Saunders Thor , Hearnden Mark , Greig Alan , Welch David J. , Newman Stephen J. , Travers Michael J. , Saunders Richard J. , Errity Chris , Maher Safia , Dudgeon Christine , Ovenden Jennifer
Published: January 2018

The grass emperor Lethrinus laticaudis is a conspicuous element of the commercial and recreational catch from nearshore reef systems across northern Australia. The nearshore reef systems across northern Australia are exposed to increasing levels of fishing pressure from commercial and recreational fishers. To inform ongoing management of this species, the present study examined the stock structure of L. laticaudis across northern Australia using a combination of complementary techniques. In all, 342 L. laticaudis samples were collected from 13 locations in the coastal waters of northern Australia ranging from the Pilbara region of Western Australia to Moreton Bay in south-east Queensland. Population genetic analyses using microsatellite markers demonstrated that there were at least four genetically distinct populations across northern Australia with gene flow between management jurisdictions (with significantly more separation between Western Australian and Northern Territory locations than between Northern Territory and Queensland locations). An isolation by distance effect was evident (genetic differences increasing linearly with distance). Otolith microchemistry and parasitology analyses indicated some spatial structuring of populations within broader regions. These findings of restricted connectivity at small spatial scales suggest that L. laticaudis is vulnerable to localised depletion in areas where fishing effort is concentrated. This conclusion is consistent with recent observations of fishery declines in heavily fished locations.
Implications of body condition and seasonality on morphological and functional parameters of testes of Myotis nigricans (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
Authors: Ferreira Marcelo , Soldati Aline , Rodrigues Sirlene S. S. , Benjamin Laércio dos Anjos
Published: January 2018

The insectivorous bat Myotis nigricans is widely distributed throughout the Neotropics, including Brazil, and has a reproductive biology that is affected by climate and food availability. To evaluate the reproductive capacity of this species, morphofunctional parameters of the testes were correlated with environmental variables and the body condition of individuals captured. After bats had been killed, their testes were removed, fixed in Karnovsky’s fluid for 24 h and embedded in resin for evaluation by light microscopy. The mean annual tubulosomatic index (0.58%) and the percentage of seminiferous tubules in the testes (88.96%) were the highest ever recorded for the Order Chiroptera. The percentage of Leydig cells and volume of the cytoplasm of Leydig cells were higher in the rainy than dry season (80.62 ± 3.19% and 573.57 ± 166.95 μm, respectively; mean ± s.d.). Conversely, the percentage of nuclei of the Leydig cells in the dry season (26.17 ± 3.70%; mean ± s.d.) and the total number of Leydig cells (6.38 ± 1.84 × 109; mean ± s.d.) were higher in the dry season. The results of the present study could help in future conservation of these bats because they provide a better understanding of the bats’ reproductive strategies and how the species can adapt to changes.
Response of leaf traits of common plants in alpine meadow to plateau pika disturbance
Authors: Pang Xiao Pan , Guo Zheng Gang
Published: January 2018

Leaf traits have been proven to reflect the adaptation of individual plants to disturbance environments in a grassland ecosystem. A field survey was conducted to investigate the effects of the disturbance intensity of plateau pika on the leaf traits of a dominant (Kobresia pygmaea) and two common plants (Elymus nutans and Anemone rivularis var. flore-minore) in an alpine meadow. This study indicated that the plateau pika disturbance enables the individuals of three plants to exhibit respective plasticity because the three plants had different leaf indices (LI) as the disturbance intensity increased. K. pygmaea, E. nutans and A. rivularis var. flore-minore had high specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry mass content (LDMC), and leaf nitrogen content (LNC) at relatively low, moderate, and high disturbance intensities of plateau pika, respectively. K. pygmaea, E. nutans and A. rivularis var. flore-minore suffered low nutrient stress at low, moderate and high disturbance intensities due to high N : P at corresponding disturbance intensities. These results indicated that K. pygmaea, E. nutans and A. rivularis var. flore-minore grew well at relatively low, moderate, and high disturbance intensity conditions, respectively, which contributed to the improvement of alpine meadows with a higher proportion of E. nutans at a moderate disturbance intensity or the deterioration of alpine meadows with a higher proportion of A. rivularis var. flore-minore at a high disturbance intensity. Our findings suggest that leaf traits are effective tools to explain how small burrowing herbivore disturbances often lead to the improvement or deterioration of alpine meadows under different disturbance intensities.
Foreground gesture, background gesture
Authors: Cooperrider Kensy
Published: January 2018

Do speakers intend their gestures to communicate? Central as this question is to the study of gesture, researchers cannot seem to agree on the answer. According to one common framing, gestures are an “unwitting” window into the mind (McNeill, 1992); but, according to another common framing, they are designed along with speech to form “composite utterances” (Enfield, 2009). These two framings correspond to two cultures within gesture studies – the first cognitive and the second interactive in orientation – and they appear to make incompatible claims. In this article I attempt to bridge the cultures by developing a distinction between foreground gestures and background gestures. Foreground gestures are designed in their particulars to communicate a critical part of the speaker’s message; background gestures are not designed in this way. These are two fundamentally different kinds of gesture, not two different ways of framing the same monolithic behavior. Foreground gestures can often be identified by one or more of the following hallmarks: they are produced along with demonstratives; they are produced in the absence of speech; they are co-organized with speaker gaze; and they are produced with conspicuous effort. The distinction between foreground and background gestures helps dissolve the apparent tension between the two cultures: interactional researchers have focused on foreground gestures and elevated them to the status of a prototype, whereas cognitive researchers have done the same with background gestures. The distinction also generates a number of testable predictions about gesture production and understanding, and it opens up new lines of inquiry into gesture across child development and across cultures.
Embodied frames and scenes
Authors: Mittelberg Irene
Published: January 2018

This paper lays out the foundations of a frame-based account of gesture pragmatics through detailing how frames and metonymy interact not only in motivating gestural sign formation, but also in guiding crossmodal processes of pragmatic inferencing. It is argued that gestures recruiting frame structures tend to profile deeply embodied, routinized aspects ofscenes(in the Fillmorian sense of the term), that is, of the motivating context of frames. Two kinds of embodied frame structures situated at different levels of abstraction, schematicity, and entrechment are proposed: (A)Basic physical action and object framesunderstood as directly experientially grounded frames involving physical action and interaction with the material and social world; (B)Complex, highly abstract frame structuresthat are more detached from the motivating contexts of experience. It is further suggested that gestures exhibiting a comparably low degree of iconicity and/or indexicality are likely to assume pragmatic rather than referential functions. Finally, potential avenues for further research into the relation of scenes, frames, and (multimodal) constructions are outlined.
Chocó Spanish and the Missing Spanish Creole debate
Authors: Sessarego Sandro
Published: January 2018

This study offers a linguistic and sociohistorical analysis of Chocó Spanish (CS), an Afro-Hispanic variety spoken in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia by the descendants of the slaves taken to this region to work in gold mines during the colonial era. This research also tackles the many questions arising from the much-debated origins of the Afro-Hispanic Languages of the Americas (AHLAs) (McWhorter 2000;Lipski 2005). It provides an account of the evolution of CS that is rooted in the recently proposed Legal Hypothesis of Creole Genesis (Sessarego 2015,2017a). In so doing, this article tests to what extent such a hypothesis makes valid predictions for a variety like CS, which developed in a region described by many as ‘remote’ and ‘on the frontier’ (cf.Whitten 1974;Sharp 1976), thus far away from legal courts and where law was not likely to be properly enforced.
Identification of 2-phenylethanol with a rose-like odor from anal sac secretions of the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus)
Authors: Miyazaki Tamako , Nakata Katsushi , Nishimura Takashi , Abe Shintaro , Yamashita Tetsuro , Miyazaki Masao
Published: January 2018

The small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) is an invasive species in Okinawa and Amami-Oshima, Japan. Major strategies for their eradication have been the use of baited traps, which suffer from decreasing efficiency with declining populations and the bycatch of native animals. To address these concerns, mongoose-specific lures are required. In this study, we aimed to identify species- and/or sex-specific compounds from anal sac secretions of small Indian mongooses. Volatile compounds emitted from male and female mongoose anal sac secretions were analyzed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition to several fatty acids, 2-phenylethanol was identified as a minor compound, which is uncommon in mammalian secretions but a dominant odorant in roses. Female samples emitted higher levels of 2-phenylethanol than male samples did. These findings indicate that 2-phenylethanol is a female-specific volatile compound of anal sac secretions in small Indian mongooses, and it may be useful as an ingredient of mongoose-specific scent lures.
Short-Term Blood Pressure Responses to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposures at the Extremes of Global Air Pollution Concentrations
Authors: Huang Wei , Wang Lu , Li Jianping , Liu Mochuan , Xu Hongbing , Liu Shengcong , Chen Jie , Zhang Yi , Morishita Masako , Bard Robert L , Harkema Jack R , Rajagopalan Sanjay , Brook Robert D
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution is a leading cause of global cardiovascular mortality. A key mechanism may be PM2.5-induced blood pressure (BP) elevations. Whether consistent prohypertensive responses persist across the breadth of worldwide pollution concentrations has never been investigated.

METHODS

We evaluated the hemodynamic impact of short-term exposures to ambient PM2.5 in harmonized studies of healthy normotensive adults (4 BP measurements per participant) living in both a highly polluted (Beijing) and clean (Michigan) location.

RESULTS

Prior 7-day outdoor-ambient and 24-hour personal-level PM2.5 concentration averages were much higher in Beijing (86.7 ± 52.1 and 52.4 ± 79.2 µg/m3) compared to Michigan (9.1 ± 1.8 and 12.2 ± 17.0 µg/m3). In Beijing (n = 73), increased outdoor-ambient exposures (per 10 µg/m3) during the prior 1–7 days were associated with significant elevations in diastolic BP (0.15–0.17 mm Hg). In overweight adults (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2), significant increases in both systolic (0.34–0.44 mm Hg) and diastolic (0.22–0.66 mm Hg) BP levels were observed. Prior 24-hour personal-level exposures also significantly increased BP (0.41/0.61 mm Hg) in overweight participants. Conversely, low PM2.5 concentrations in Michigan (n = 50), on average within Air Quality Guidelines, were not associated with BP elevations.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate that short-term exposures to ambient PM2.5 in a highly polluted environment can promote elevations in BP even among healthy adults. The fact that no adverse hemodynamic responses were observed in a clean location supports the key public health importance of international efforts to improve air quality as part of the global battle against hypertension.
Electoral Systems in Context
Authors: Passarelli Gianluca
Published: January 2018

Italy stands out among advanced industrialized democracies because of its frequency of major electoral reforms. In the postwar period, Italy has experienced four major electoral systems: the proportional representation (PR) system of the First Republic (1948–1992), mixed-member majoritarian (MMM, 1993–2005), and two varieties of PR with majority bonus (2005–2015, 2015–). In addition, there have been many failed attempts at electoral reform through legislation or referendum. The frequency of electoral reform makes Italy an important case for investigating the causes and effects of electoral system change. However, the path to each change has been somewhat idiosyncratic: the major reform of 1993 came against the backdrop of revelations of massive corruption, while the 2005 reform can be understood as an attempt to engineer divided government by an incumbent coalition expecting losses in the next election. The effects of the electoral reforms have also not always been as expected.
Knowledge Transfer Barriers, Methods, and Timing of Methods
Authors: Szulanski Gabriel , Lee Sunkee
Published: January 2018

In this chapter, we review research on knowledge transfer and integrate it with the broader organizational learning literature. We begin by reviewing the barriers to knowledge transfer in terms of the characteristics of the knowledge transferred, those of the source, those of the recipient, and those of the context in which knowledge is transferred. Then we review methods to facilitate knowledge transfer across organizational units and organizations. Next, based on recent literature that highlights the importance of timing (Szulanski et al., 2016), we explain when and how to use certain knowledge transfer methods. In particular, we summarize a methodology for analyzing these methods based on each method’s affordance for tacit knowledge exchange, and we provide suggestions on how to time the administration of methods depending on the barriers in the knowledge transfer process. We conclude the chapter by discussing possible directions for future knowledge transfer research.
Levinas’s Humanism and Anthropocentrism
Authors: Atterton Peter
Published: January 2018

This article attempts to broaden the scope of Levinas’s ethics beyond the narrow anthropocentric limits that Levinas himself set for it. It adopts a highly naturalistic approach that relies essentially on the Darwinian view that there is no single, definitive line between humans and animals. It argues that the logic of Levinas’s own arguments concerning the absolute alterity of the Other should have led him to construe the requirements for moral consideration more broadly to include not just human beings but certain nonhuman animals. The argument is not intended to apply to all animals, but only to those that have the capacity to suffer and to express that suffering by way of what Levinas calls “the face.”
Levinas’s Accounts of Messianism
Authors: Kavka Martin
Published: January 2018

This essay outlines the trajectory of Levinas’s accounts of messianism and the Messiah, from his notebook writings while in captivity in the early 1940s through to two Talmudic readings of the mid-1980s. It argues that there is no stable account of messianism that lasts from the beginning to the end of Levinas’s career. There is an early phase, ending in the early 1960s, which is constituted by indecisiveness over whether it is my procreative acts or my ethical acts that put to rest my anxiety about whether the messianic age or the Messiah will ever enter history. The later phase fully detaches God from history, and it associates messianism with skeptical critique; on this account, messianism does not put an end to suffering. The essay concludes by arguing that a reader’s preference for one account of messianism over another has more to do with the temperament of the reader than with any objective properties of the account.
Levinas and Derrida
Authors: Baring Edward
Published: January 2018

This article argues that Jacques Derrida and Emmanuel Levinas’s intellectual relationship was marked by a complex and contradictory exchange. As has been long understood, Levinas’s 1974 Otherwise Than Being can be seen in part as a response to Derrida’s criticism in the 1964 essay “Violence and Metaphysics.” At the same time Derrida’s understanding of the “trace” was shaped by his reading of Levinas’s use of the same term in his 1963 essay, “The Trace of the Other.” This mutual reading, however, did not bring the two thinkers closer together. In particular, Derrida’s reading of Levinas’s trace led him to reformulate his arguments in ways that informed his later criticism of Levinas’s ideas. Instead of promoting an “ethical turn” in his work, as has often been asserted, this essay suggests that Derrida’s encounter with Levinas unsettled the ethical imperatives that had initially motivated his thinking.
Levinas on Temporality and the Other
Authors: Mensch James R.
Published: January 2018

Levinas’s account of time begins with the body’s role in temporalization. This role privatizes time, making the time between different embodied subjects diachronic or nonsynchronizable. From this, he speaks of the temporality of our relation to the Other as infinite, that is, as a function of our not being able to synchronize ourselves with the Other, of our not being able to catch up with the Other, to grasp her completely in our relations with her. This provides him with a basis to describe the temporality of our sexual relations to the Other and the children produced. The result is a description of the infinity of time in terms of the succession of generations. The culminating point of Levinas’s account is his treatment of the temporality of forgiveness. This is a forgiveness that, utilizing the generational renewal of embodied time, makes humanity capable of forgiving wrongs without forgetting them.
Levinas and the Critical Philosophy of Race
Authors: Sealey Kris
Published: January 2018

This essay accounts for the efficacy of Levinas’s conceptions of alterity, embodiment, and intersubjectivity for engaging the question of race. It traces the body of scholarship that explicitly deploys Levinas’s work toward this end, as well as existing scholarship on the question of race that might be made more radical by utilizing Levinas in this way. Ultimately, I position Levinas’s rethinking of identity, intersubjectivity, and embodiment as critical tools with which to think about the political experiences of the racialized body, and about the formation of political solidarities around racialized experience. I understand such questions to be, most fundamentally, questions about the meaning of alterity in the space of politics. To that end, the question of race has much to gain from Levinas, insofar as Levinas’s philosophy is, if anything at all, a philosophy of alterity.
The Question of Food and Philosophy in Levinas
Authors: Wurgaft Benjamin Aldes
Published: January 2018

This essay explores the role played by food and hunger in the philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas. By examining instances in which Levinas mentions food, eating, or hunger, over the course of his career, this essay argues that Levinas was not a “philosopher of food” but, instead, someone for whom food and the body had specific meanings within the tradition of philosophical phenomenology. By engaging with the work of historian of science Steven Shapin, this essay argues Levinas’s work offers an ideal corpus for a reexamination of philosophy’s traditional denigration of the body and its appetites. Furthermore, eating and hunger took on important dual roles in Levinas’s thought, being related both to the creation and maintenance of the self, and to our openness toward the alterity of other persons.
Archaeomorphological Mapping
Authors: Delannoy Jean-Jacques , David Bruno , Gunn Robert G. , Geneste Jean-Michel , Jaillet Stéphane
Published: January 2018

Understanding the rock art of a cave or rock shelter requires positioning the art in its landscape setting. This involves both spatial and temporal dimensions because a site’s layout changes through time, necessitating an examination of site formation processes. In this chapter, the authors present a new approach—archaeomorphology—that unites archaeological and geomorphological methods to explore the history of the objects and spaces that make up a site. Archaeomorphological mapping allows researchers to track through time the changing configuration of sites, including rock surfaces, the morphogenic forces at work, and, with this, the changing spatial contexts of the art on its surfaces. Archaeomorphology shifts attention away from the site as a ‘natural’ canvas upon which inscriptions were made to its social engagement as an actively constructed architectural and performative space.
Women and Migration
Authors: Antman Francisca M.
Published: January 2018

While scholars have long studied the economics of migration, increasing waves of international and regional migration around the world have placed greater focus on the varied impacts of migration in recent years. Critical to this line of research is an examination of the important role that women play in both sending and destination areas. This chapter addresses various aspects of the relationship between women and migration, including key ways in which nonmigrant women are affected by migration, as well as how female migrants affect families and labor markets in both source and destination communities. Selection factors and determinants of female migration, as well as the gendered impacts of migrant networks, are also discussed.
Sustainable Agriculture, Environmental Philosophy, and the Ethics of Food
Authors: Wolf Clark
Published: January 2018

The goal to make agriculture sustainable expresses an ideal to ensure that our present practices should not impose future disadvantages. “Sustainable agriculture” sometimes refers to agricultural practices that are believed to be “natural,” which do not employ modern technologies. Alternately, the term is sometimes used to refer to agricultural practices that avoid depleting resources or which can be expected to leave future generations as well off as the present generation or which will avoid diminishing future opportunities or the ability of later generations to satisfy their needs. This chapter considers several alternative conceptions of “sustainability” and different ways to understand and articulate the concept of “sustainable agriculture.” Then it considers several specific agricultural practices, evaluating what it would mean for them to be sustainable.
Genetically Modified Food
Authors: Ankeny Rachel A. , Bray Heather
Published: January 2018

Although humans have been manipulating plants and animals used in agriculture for thousands of years, there are differing views on whether it is morally or ethically acceptable to produce, use, or consume genetically modified (GM) organisms particularly in the context of food products. In this chapter, the development of GM foods is placed within the historical context of food manipulation and commercialization, along with a discussion of the key ethical debates associated with both GM foods and the broader food production system of which they are a part. The chapter concludes with a call for more deliberation and dialogue in the development of food policy.
Love and Knowledge
Authors: Chappell Sophie-Grace
Published: January 2018

This chapter is about the relations between love and knowledge. Those relations are likely to be complex, because both love and knowledge play key and central roles in our lives; also, there seems to be more than one variety of both. First the chapter surveys these varieties and the possible ways of understanding them. In the first three sections, the explicit and foreground question is “What kinds of love are there?” Behind this, there is a further question that one hopes will be audible in the background: “What kinds of knowledge do these kinds of love presuppose or require or imply?” This latter question comes into explicit focus in the final three sections, which develop the notion of knowledge of persons, explore the varieties of knowledge, and ask how knowledge of persons fits in with those varieties.
The Trinity
Authors: Durand Emmanuel
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces Catholic Trinitarian theology in dogmatic and historical perspective. The first section of the chapter concerns the principal patristic developments and the limitations of the relevant conciliar and dogmatic statements. The next section of the chapter considers and reasseses the speculative intent and decisive contribution of Thomas Aquinas’s Trinitarian theology, particularly with regard to the concept of the divine person. The chapter then offers a summary of the main themes of the contemporary renewal in the study of the Trinity. Finally, the chapter suggests new paths for a fruitful dialogue between Trinitarian doctrine and contemporary philosophy in the field of ethics.
Archaeology of the Métis
Authors: Supernant Kisha
Published: January 2018

This article reviews the history of Métis archaeological research in Canada. The Métis of Canada arose as a distinct Indigenous identity in the postcontact period and provide an interesting archaeological case study to explore how and why new cultures emerge. Previous research attempted to correlate patterns in material culture with Métis identity, particularly in terms of economy, use of space, and certain artifact types. New research has the potential to take a more nuanced approach to the process of identification among the Métis, to contribute to a broad understanding of ethnogenesis, and to do research that is relevant to the contemporary Métis community, as well as the discipline of historical archaeology.
Discovery of 6.4 keV line and soft X-ray emissions from G323.7−1.0 with Suzaku
Authors: Saji Shigetaka , Matsumoto Hironori , Nobukawa Masayoshi , Nobukawa Kumiko K , Uchiyama Hideki , Yamauchi Shigeo , Koyama Katsuji
Published: January 2018

In this paper, the Suzaku X-ray data of the Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) candidate G323.7−1.0 are analyzed to search for X-ray emissions. Spatially extended enhancements in the 6.4 keV line and in soft X-rays are found inside or on the radio shell. The soft X-ray enhancement would be the hottest part of the shell-like X-ray emission along the radio shell. The 6.4 keV line enhancement is detected at a significance level of 4.1 σ. The lower limit of the equivalent width (EW) is 1.2 keV. The energy centroid of the 6.4 keV line is 6.40 ± 0.04 keV, indicating that the iron is less ionized than the Ne-like state. If the 6.4 keV line originates from ionizing non-equilibrium thermal plasma, presence of iron-rich ejecta in a low-ionization state is required, which is disfavored by the relatively old age of the SNR. The 6.4 keV line enhancement would be due to K-shell ionization of iron atoms in a dense interstellar medium by high-energy particles. Since there is no irradiating X-ray source, the origin of the 6.4 keV line enhancement is not likely the photoionization. The large EW can only be explained by K-shell ionization due to cosmic-ray protons with an energy of ∼10 MeV, which might be generated by the shock acceleration in G323.7−1.0.
Root avulsion and para-root tear of the posterolateral meniscus: repair versus untreated
Authors: Keyhani Sohrab , Mardani-Kivi Mohsen , Sharafat Vaziri Arash
Published: January 2018

Background:

This study aimed to assess the outcomes of repairing posterolateral meniscal (PLM) root avulsion and para-root tear in association with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and compare with those whose PLM tear was left untreated.

Methods:

Patients with PLM root avulsion or para-root tear accompanying ACL tear were evaluated for eligibility. Group A was composed of patients whose ACL tears were reconstructed without any lateral meniscal repair (33 patients) from 2006-2009. From 2009-2012, patients had ACL reconstruction and additional PLM repair (group B: 40 patients). Both groups were evaluated for knee stability (Lachman test), return to previous level of sports activity, subjective International Knee Documentation Committee form (S-IKDC) and Lysholm knee scores (LKS).

Results:

Functional results (IKDS and LKS) at 12 and 24-month follow-up were similar between the two groups (all P>0.05). Eight patients (24%) in group A, and two patients (5%) in group B were unable to achieve the previous sports activity level (P=0.036). Return to previous sports activity level was significantly better in group B. Short-term (34.5 mo) and mid-term (73.5 mo) functional results of group A patients were compared, and it was demonstrated that IKDC (84.5±4) and LKS (87.7±3) scores were decreased significantly (P<0.0001).

Conclusions:

Functional outcomes of repairing PLM root avulsion and para-root tear with those whose PLM tear was left untreated are similar in short-term follow-up; however, as the time passes, the sports activity level and mid-term subjective outcomes may worsen in patients whose PLM tear was left untreated.
Computer-Based Training in Eating and Nutrition Facilitates Person-Centered Hospital Care
Authors: Westergren Albert , Edfors Ellinor , Norberg Erika , Stubbendorff Anna , Hedin Gita , Wetterstrand Martin , Rosas Scott R. , Hagell Peter
Published: January 2018

Studies have shown that computer-based training in eating and nutrition for hospital nursing staff increased the likelihood that patients at risk of undernutrition would receive nutritional interventions. This article seeks to provide understanding from the perspective of nursing staff of conceptually important areas for computer-based nutritional training, and their relative importance to nutritional care, following completion of the training. Group concept mapping, an integrated qualitative and quantitative methodology, was used to conceptualize important factors relating to the training experiences through four focus groups (n = 43), statement sorting (n = 38), and importance rating (n = 32), followed by multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. Sorting of 38 statements yielded four clusters. These clusters (number of statements) were as follows: personal competence and development (10), practice close care development (10), patient safety (9), and awareness about the nutrition care process (9). First and second clusters represented “the learning organization,” and third and fourth represented “quality improvement.” These findings provide a conceptual basis for understanding the importance of training in eating and nutrition, which contributes to a learning organization and quality improvement, and can be linked to and facilitates person-centered nutritional care and patient safety.
Anti-IL-10–mediated Enhancement of Antitumor Efficacy of a Dendritic Cell–targeting MIP3α-gp100 Vaccine in the B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Model Is Dependent on Type I Interferons
Authors: Gordy James T. , Luo Kun , Francica Brian , Drake Charles , Markham Richard B.
Published: January 2018

The chemokine MIP3α (CCL20) binds to CCR6 on immature dendritic cells. Vaccines fusing MIP3α to gp100 have been shown to be effective in therapeutically reducing melanoma tumor burden and prolonging survival in a mouse model. Other studies have provided evidence that interleukin-10 (IL-10) neutralizing antibodies (αIL-10) enhance immunologic melanoma therapies by modulating the tolerogenic tumor microenvironment. In the current study, we have utilized the B16F10 syngeneic mouse melanoma model to demonstrate for the first time that a therapy neutralizing IL-10 enhances the antitumor efficacy of a MIP3α-gp100 DNA vaccine, leading to significantly smaller tumors, slower growing tumors, and overall increases in mouse survival. The additive effects of αIL-10 were not shown to be correlated to vaccine-specific tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), total TILs, or regulatory T cells. However, we discovered an upregulation of IFNα-4 transcripts in tumors and a correlation of increased plasmacytoid dendritic cell numbers with reduced tumor burden in αIL-10–treated mice. Interferon α receptor knockout (IFNαR1
−/−) mice received no benefit from αIL-10 treatment, demonstrating that the additional therapeutic value of αIL-10 is primarily mediated by type I IFNs. Efficient targeting of antigen to immature dendritic cells with a chemokine-fusion vaccine provides an effective anticancer therapeutic. Combining this approach with an IL-10 neutralizing antibody therapy enhances the antitumor efficacy of the therapy in a manner dependent upon the activity of type I IFNs. This combination of a vaccine and immunomodulatory agent provides direction for future optimization of a novel cancer vaccine therapy.
Cutis Laxa Acquisita After Urticarial Vasculitis in SLE Patients
Authors: Golisch Kimberly B. , Gottesman Silvija P. , Ferrer Patricia , Culpepper Keliegh S.
Published: January 2018

Cutis laxa is a rare connective tissue disease involving damage to dermal elastic fibers creating a clinical appearance of loose, sagging skin. The condition can be either acquired or genetic. Autoimmune diseases, neoplasms, infections, and medications have been proposed as the cause of, or in association with, the acquired form. In nearly 50% of cases, erythematous plaques present before the onset of cutis laxa. Separately, urticarial vasculitis and systemic lupus erythematosus have been linked to cutis laxa acquisita. Our case is the first in the literature documenting a coexistence of cutis laxa acquisita, hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Slit-lamp Needling of the Anterior Capsule for Aqueous Misdirection After Hyaloido-zonulectomy and Iridectomy
Authors: Mardelli Pierre G. , Mardelli Marc E.
Published: January 2018

Introduction:

We present a case of persistent aqueous misdirection, after Ahmed glaucoma valve surgery, despite undergoing an anterior vitrectomy with hyaloido-zonulectomy and iridectomy.

Case Report:

A 73-year-old female patient, 4 months after phacotrabeculectomy, was referred with persistent high intraocular pressure (IOP). Postoperatively, she developed aqueous misdirection with a flat anterior chamber (AC) but with an IOP of 15 mm Hg. On presentation, her AC was shallow with peripheral iris-cornea touch, and her IOP was 39 mm Hg. Posterior Nd:Yag capsulotomy with disruption of anterior hyaloid face partially deepened the AC. With failure of the trabeculectomy and high IOP, an Ahmed valve was placed. On the first operative day the AC was deep with an IOP of 10 mm Hg. On day 6 the patient presented with pain, flat AC, and an IOP of 10 mm Hg. Fundus examination revealed no choroidal effusion. Despite repeated reformation with viscoelastic, the AC failed to deepen. An anterior vitrectomy with hyaloido-zonulectomy was performed. Initially, the AC was deep, but, a few days later, it was flat. Multiple reformations and vitreous tap failed to keep the AC deep. A 30-G needle was passed at the slit lamp across the temporal cornea, iris, and anterior capsule into the anterior vitreous cavity. The needle was then partially withdrawn and used to create a space between the intraocular lens and anterior capsule. This immediately deepened the AC and remained so for the duration of follow-up (4 mo).

Conclusion:

Slit-lamp needling of the anterior lens capsule can be successfully performed to help resolve a persistent case of aqueous misdirection after anterior vitrectomy.
Differences in Immunization Site Pain in Toddlers Vaccinated With Either the 10- or the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine
Authors: Trück Johannes , Kelly Sarah , Jawad Sena , Snape Matthew D. , Voysey Merryn , Pollard Andrew J.
Published: January 2018

Background:

Immunization site pain is a common and unpleasant experience for both children and adults. It is a source of anxiety and distress and may ultimately result in nonadherence to vaccination schedules. There is limited information on how different brands of vaccines affect the intensity of immediate pain at the time of vaccine injection.

Methods:

Children in the United Kingdom (n = 178) were randomized to receive a booster dose of either the 10- or the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-10 or PCV-13). Immediate immunization site pain was assessed using validated pain assessment tools and crying time to investigate factors that may interfere with parental compliance to vaccination.

Results:

Pain measurements were available for n ≥ 74 and n ≥ 78 PCV-10 and PCV-13 recipients, respectively. PCV-13 recipients had significantly higher scores on the observer-rated modified behavioral pain scale than did those receiving PCV-10. No significant differences in the induction of pain between the 2 vaccines were found when a parent-rated pain assessment tool or crying time was used.

Conclusions:

PCV-10 administration was associated with slightly less acute pain compared with the injection of PCV-13, but the size of the difference was small and is of unknown clinical significance.
A Physician’s Recommendation for Human Papillomavirus Vaccination
Authors: Cunningham-Erves Jennifer L. , Kelly-Taylor Kendria D. , Mayo-Gamble Tilicia L. , Deakings Jason A. , Talbott Laura L.
Published: January 2018

Background:

Improving human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among African–American (AA) female adolescents to reduce the cervical cancer burden is important and cost-effective. The study objective is to identify factors most influential to AA mothers’ likelihood to comply with a physician’s recommendation to get their daughters the HPV vaccine.

Methods:

We conducted a cross-sectional survey. Participants were recruited through online and community sites (ie, schools, community centers, etc.) in Alabama. A total of 280 AA mothers and their adolescent daughters completed the survey. A binary logistic regression was used to determine factors influencing mother’s likelihood to adhere with a physician’s recommendation to get their daughters the HPV vaccine.

Results:

The most significant factors influencing mother’s likelihood to comply with physician’s recommendation were culture: future-time orientation (P = 0.001), perceived barriers of HPV vaccination (P = 0.007), perceived susceptibility to HPV (P = 0.047) and perceived benefits of HPV vaccination (P = 0.002). Further exploration of perceived barriers and perceived benefits found mother’s perception that the HPV vaccine is a good way to protect my daughter’s health as the only significant benefit. No measures of perceived barriers were significant.

Conclusions:

A physician’s recommendation should advise AA mothers on the risk of HPV and the importance of HPV vaccination at an early age to reduce cervical cancer risk. It should further address mothers’ perceived disadvantages of HPV vaccination (eg, side effects). Incorporating this information in physician recommendation practices could increase HPV vaccination rates with implications in reducing the cervical cancer burden among this high-risk population.