bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Daughter
Authors: Hallett Judith P.
Published: December 2012

Literary texts and material objects from classical antiquity indicate that the value accorded to female children, and the behavioral possibilities for daughters, within and beyond their own family circles, varied according to social class, time, and locale.
Demography, historical (ancient Mediterranean)
Authors: Hin Saskia
Published: December 2012

Populations are the object of study of demography. The discipline aims to understand the size, the distribution, the composition (structure), and the development of populations. Historical demography, in focusing on populations of the past, is tightly intertwined with the discipline of history. Asking truly transdisciplinary questions, demography often finds answers in knowledge provided by neighboring disciplines: anthropology, sociology, biology, climatology, geography, archaeology, and economy are of particular importance in this. Many questions asked by demographers ultimately pertain to the three main demographic parameters that determine macro‐demographic developments: mortality, fertility, and migration.
Deportation
Authors: Ellart Carlos Sánchez‐Moreno
Published: December 2012

According to the traditional theory (Mommsen 1899: 974), deportation (
deportatio
) was a penalty introduced by Tiberius in 23
CE
, which implied both the consequences of outlawry (or
aquae et igni interdictio
) and the duty of establishing a compulsory residence (Cass. Dio 57.22).
Diet, peasants
Authors: Touwaide Alain , Brown Madeline
Published: December 2012

Pre‐cereal diet in the Greek countryside was made of fruits and wild plants on a seasonal basis, and meat, fish, and birds from hunting.
Eunuchs, Greece and Rome
Authors: Kuefler Mathew
Published: December 2012

Castration is known from earliest recorded history, but before the Common Era it seems to have been practiced mostly in the easternmost Mediterranean (see castration,human). Accordingly, ancient Greek texts generally discussed castration as the experience of other peoples, although there are some references to castration in Greek myths, such as Hesiod's account of the birth of Aphrodite from the severed genitals of Ouranos.
Exercise, physical
Authors: Poliakoff Michael B.
Published: December 2012

Athletic trainers and physicians in Greece and Rome wrote extensively about regimens for building strength and health.
Generational conflict
Authors: Timmer Jan
Published: December 2012

The term “generation gap” generally signifies a contrast between members of different age cohorts which may arise as a result of the different values held by the two groups.
Gestures
Authors: Corbeill Anthony
Published: December 2012

Modern studies of gesture cover a range of spontaneous or intentional movements and postures, from headshakes to facial expressions to stance.
Hair, hairstyling, Greece and Rome
Authors: Blume Clarissa
Published: December 2012

Like clothing, the hair of a person says a lot about him or her.
Horoscope
Authors: Jones Alexander
Published: December 2012

A horoscope is a list of apparent positions of heavenly bodies and other astronomical and astrological data pertaining to a specific date and time, normally the birth date of an individual, compiled as the basis for astrological predictions.
Ahhiyawa
Authors: Beckman Gary
Published: December 2012

The name Ahhiyawa denotes a Late Bronze Age kingdom located in mainland Greece and on the Aegean islands, whose people are known to scholars today as Mycenaeans. The nativelinear brecords provide little information on political organization, but archaeological considerations make it highly likely that the cityMycenaewas the capital of this realm. Tanayu (Tny) of 18th Dynasty Egyptian inscriptions probably refers to the same polity. Despite minor phonological difficulties, the name Ahhiyawa (earlier form Ahhiya), found only in Hittite cuneiform documents, must be equated with the ethnicon Achaian attested in the Homeric poems (seehomer,achaians). Nonetheless, efforts to identify particular Ahhiyawans and western Anatolians mentioned in Hittite sources with characters in theIliadorOdysseyare questionable.
Gipar
Authors: Battini Laura
Published: December 2012

The Gipar was an imposing temple in the city of Ur, which was built under the Ur iii dynasty for the high priestess (en) of Sin.
Kudurru
Authors: Paulus Susanne
Published: December 2012

The term kudurru, a word probably of Elamite origin that means “boundary marker” but also “son,” was used to designate a special type of Babylonian stela, measuring between 15 and 90 cm in height, usually of stone, which was inscribed and adorned with divine symbols.
Larsa, and Larsa Dynasty
Authors: van Koppen Frans
Published: December 2012

The ruins nowadays known as Tell as‐Senkereh, in southern Iraq, are those of the city of Larsa, one of the key political centers of southern Mesopotamia during the early centuries of the second millenniumBCE.
Lullubi
Authors: Schrakamp Ingo
Published: December 2012

The name Lullubi or Lullu (and variants), attested in mid‐third to first millennium
BCE
Mesopotamian sources, designates both a geographic region in the area of Suleimaniyah in the Zagros mountains and a heterogeneous population inhabiting that region. The ethnolinguistic affiliation of the people called Lullu(bi) is uncertain (on their onomasticon in the first millennium, see Zadok 2002).
Ningirsu
Authors: Lafont Bertrand
Published: December 2012

The god Ningirsu, whose name means “Lord of Girsu,” was the tutelary deity of the Sumerian city‐state of Lagash, in southern Iraq (
see
Girsu (Telloh)).
Ur‐Nanshe and the First Dynasty of Lagash
Authors: Schrakamp Ingo
Published: December 2012

The dynasty of Ur‐Nanshe, or so‐called First Dynasty of Lagash, is conventionally dated to ca. 2500–2350BCE, a period termed Early Dynastic IIIb.
Structure‐function studies with G protein‐coupled receptors as a paradigm for improving drug discovery and development of therapeutics
Authors: McNeely Patrick M. , Naranjo Andrea N. , Robinson Anne S.
Published: December 2012

There are a great variety of human membrane proteins, and these currently form the largest group of targets for marketed drugs. Despite the advances in drug design, however, promiscuity between drug molecules and targets often leads to undesired signaling effects, which result in unintended side effects. In this review, one family of membrane proteins – the G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) – is used as a model to review experimental techniques that may be used to examine the activity of membrane proteins. As these receptors are highly relevant to healthy human physiology and represent the largest family of drug targets, they represent an excellent model for membrane proteins in general. We also review experimental evidence that suggests there may be multiple ways to target a GPCR – and by extension, membrane proteins – to more effectively target unhealthy phenotypes while reducing the occurrence and severity of side effects.
Chiral analytical method development and application to pre‐clinical pharmacokinetics of pinocembrin
Authors: Sayre Casey L. , Takemoto Jody K. , Martinez Stephanie E. , Davies Neal M.
Published: December 2012

An analytical method enabling the detection and quantification of the individual enantiomers of racemic (±) pinocembrin is required to fully characterize its pharmacokinetic disposition. Direct resolution of the enantiomers of pinocembrin was achieved using a novel and simple reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography method with electrospray ionization and detection by mass spectrometry in rat serum. A Chiralcel® AD‐RH column was employed to perform baseline separation with electrospray positive‐mode ionization with selected ion monitoring detection. The standard curves were linear from 0.5 to 100 µg/mL for each enantiomer. The limit of quantification was 0.5 µg/mL. The assay was applied successfully to stereoselective serum disposition of pinocembrin enantiomers in rats. Pinocembrin enantiomers were detected in serum. Both enantiomers had a serum half‐life of ~15 min in rats. Similar values of volume of distribution between the enantiomers were also observed: 1.76 L/kg for S‐pinocembrin and 1.79 L/kg for R‐pinocembrin. Total clearance was 5.527 L//h/kg for S‐pinocembrin and 5.535 L/h/kg for R‐pinocembrin, and the area under the curve was 1.821 µg h/mL for S‐pinocembrin and 1.876 µg h/mL for R‐pinocembrin. The large volume of distribution coupled with the short serum half‐life suggests extensive distribution of pinocembrin into the tissues. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of tumor markers in cytological fluid obtained from computed tomography–guided needle aspiration biopsies for the diagnosis of ground‐glass opacity pulmonary lesions
Authors: Kim Ga Ram , Hur Jin , Lee Hye‐Jeong , Nam Ji Eun , Kim Young Jin , Hong Yoo Jin , Shim Hyo Sup , Kim Hee Yeong , Lee Ji Won , Choi Byoung Wook
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUND:

The purpose of this study was to assess whether analyses of tumor markers in cytological fluid can improve the performance of computed tomography (CT)‐guided needle aspiration biopsy (NAB) for the diagnosis of ground‐glass opacity (GGO) pulmonary lesions.

METHODS:

Forty‐two patients were prospectively enrolled for CT‐guided NAB. Levels of cytokeratin 19 fragments (CYFRA 21‐1) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) from serum and cytological fluid were measured. The cutoff values of 3.3 ng/mL for CYFRA 21‐1 and 5.0 ng/mL for CEA (threshold A) or thresholds by adding 2 standard deviations to the mean levels of markers found in patients without malignancy (threshold B) were used to identify malignancy. The sensitivity and area under the curve (AUC) of NAB alone were compared with those of NAB combined with serum or cytological tumor markers.

RESULTS:

Among the 42 patients, 30 (71.4%) had malignant and 12 (28.6%) had benign lesions. For NAB alone, the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC for diagnosing GGO were 70.0%, 100%, and 0.850, respectively. The sensitivity and AUC increased significantly for NAB with cytological CYFRA 21‐1 compared with NAB alone, using both thresholds (threshold A: 86.7%, P = .026 and .933, P = .016; threshold B: 93.3%, P = .008 and .925, P = .046).

CONCLUSIONS:

Cytological fluid measurements of CYFRA 21‐1 can improve the diagnostic performance of CT‐guided NAB for GGO pulmonary lesions. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:214–222. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
The cytological features of mammary analogue secretory carcinoma
Authors: Griffith Christopher C. , Stelow Edward B. , Saqi Anjali , Khalbuss Walid E. , Schneider Frank , Chiosea Simion I. , Seethala Raja R.
Published: December 2012

BACKGROUND

Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) of the salivary glands is a newly described tumor entity associated with the t(12;15)(p13;q25) ETV6‐NTRK3 translocation. Early studies have shown this tumor to be a distinct entity with histologic, biologic, and clinical differences from acinic cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified. Because this tumor was described only recently, it remains relatively unknown outside of head and neck specialty pathology centers.

METHODS

In the current study, 6 cases of fine‐needle aspiration cytology from histologically and/or molecularly confirmed cases of MASC are presented.

RESULTS

Using cytomorphology, MASC primarily raises the differential diagnosis of an oncocytic salivary gland tumor but there are some features that can suggest the specific diagnosis of MASC. The 6 cases presented in the current study all demonstrated at least focal cytoplasmic vacuolization and papillary formations on smears. MASC can be differentiated from acinic cell carcinoma by a lack of periodic acid‐Schiff diastase–positive zymogen granules and S‐100 protein positivity.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study the ability of ETV6 break‐apart fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect gene rearrangement on cell block material. This is the first report of a case of MASC prospectively diagnosed on a cytology specimen. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:234–41. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Mapping the Way Forward: Education for Sustainability in Architecture and Urban Design
Authors: Altomonte Sergio , Rutherford Peter , Wilson Robin
Published: December 2012

Given the growing relevance of the sustainability agenda to the professions of the built environment, one way to ensure that its mandates are effectively integrated in architecture and urban design is to revisit the role that education, particularly at university level, can play. It is well understood that this requires a significant paradigm shift in the underlying pedagogies involved in educating for sustainability. It could be argued therefore that one of the main challenges is to address the dichotomy between effectively integrating creative expression with rigorous technical exploration, this being a core demand of high‐quality sustainable design. As such, advances in curriculum development must seek to promote this integration more effectively, and, in so doing, facilitate knowledge transfer between both the creative and the scientific disciplines that are core to a sustainable architecture and urban design process. In response, this paper explores the outcomes of a European project, EDUCATE (Environmental Design in University Curricula and Architectural Training in Europe), seeking to look critically at the barriers and opportunities afforded by implementing sustainability in pre‐ and post‐professional education in architecture and urban design, and exploring some of the strategies required to promote such integration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Time to live of identifier‐to‐locator mappings: with‐reset or no‐reset
Authors: Li Xiaoqian , Zukerman Moshe , Zhou Huachun , Luo Hongbin , Qiu Feng , Zhang Hongke
Published: December 2012

In networks with identifier/locator separation, border routers often cache recently used identifier‐to‐locator mappings of remote hosts and set a time to live (TTL) for each mapping. We consider two options to update the TTL of a mapping, designated as no‐reset (NR) and with‐reset (WR) modes. In the NR mode, once a mapping is cached, its TTL is set to a default value called cache timeout, and the mapping is removed when the TTL expires. By contrast, in the WR mode, whenever the mapping is queried, its TTL is reset to the cache timeout. Although it is not difficult to intuitively observe that the WR mode performs better than the NR mode in terms of cache hit rate, it is still of interest to evaluate what is the benefit gained by using the WR mode rather than the NR mode and what is the cost incurred to achieve this gain. Another equivalent question is what is the additional cost incurred in terms of resources for the NR mode to perform similarly to the WR mode. We model the cache hit rate and compare the performance of the WR and NR modes for flat and aggregatable identifiers by analysis and simulation, and estimate how much more cache size the NR mode requires to achieve similar cache hit rate and communication interruptions to the WR mode. The comparison results provide rational to use the WR mode, rather than the NR mode, for identifier‐to‐locator mapping caches. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Syntheses, Crystal Structure, and Exceptional Chemical Stability of Three Multinuclear PbII Complexes
Authors: Jia Yanyuan , Li Huijun , Zhao Bei , Guo Qianqian , Hou Hongwei , Fan Yaoting
Published: December 2012

Three multinuclear PbII complexes―[Pb2(ptptp)2(H2O)2] (1), [Pb2(p‐PDA)(Hptptp)2] (2), and [Pb4(o‐PDA)2(ptptp)2]·2H2O (3) [H2ptptp = 2‐(5‐{6‐[5‐(pyrazin‐2‐yl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl]pyridin‐2‐yl}‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)pyrazine, H2PDA = phenylenediacetic acid]―have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Complexes 1, 2, and 3 show di‐, di‐, and tetranuclear structures, respectively. The study of the chemical stability of the three complexes demonstrates their remarkable chemical resistance to boiling water and organic solvents. More importantly, complex 1 shows remarkable acid and alkali resistance, which is outstanding among metal–organic solids. The thermogravimetric analysis curve shows that complex 1 possesses high thermal stability (up to 491 °C). Furthermore, the fluorescence of complexes 1, 2, and 3 has also been investigated.
M2Cd3B16O28 (M = Rb, Cs): Two Isostructural Alkali Cadmium Borates with a New Type of Borate Layer
Authors: Dong Xiaoyu , Shi Yunjing , Zhou Zhongxiang , Pan Shilie , Yang Zhihua , Zhang Bingbing , Yang Yun , Chen Zhaohui , Huang Zhenjun
Published: December 2012

Two new isostructural compounds, M2Cd3B16O28 (M = Rb, Cs), have been synthesized by a high‐temperature solid‐state reaction for the first time. M2Cd3B16O28 (M = Rb, Cs) crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/c, with a = 21.4856(10) Å, b = 7.6852(4) Å, c = 13.3694(8) Å, β = 91.705(3)°, Z = 4 for Rb2Cd3B16O28 and a = 21.621(3) Å, b = 7.6820(11) Å, c = 13.4170(18) Å, β = 91.068(8)°, Z = 4 for Cs2Cd3B16O28. The compounds crystallize with (B16O34)∞ double layers bridged by Cd2+ cations to form three dimensional (3D) structures. The M+ (M = Rb, Cs) cations reside in the tunnels of the (B16O34)∞ double layers. First‐principle electronic structure calculations show that the calculated band gaps of M2Cd3B16O28 (M = Rb, Cs) are 4.67 and 4.71 eV, respectively, which are in good agreement with the experimental values estimated from UV/Vis/NIR absorption spectroscopy by using the Kubelka–Munk equation, and the observed absorption peak is assigned as a charge transfer from the O 2p state to the Cd 5s state.
Synthesis of Ar‐BINMOL Ligands by [1,2]‐Wittig Rearrangement to Probe Their Catalytic Activity in 1,2‐Addition Reactions of Aldehydes with Grignard Reagents
Authors: Zheng Long‐Sheng , Jiang Ke‐Zhi , Deng Yuan , Bai Xing‐Feng , Gao Guang , Gu Feng‐Lei , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: December 2012

We have demonstrated a highly diastereoselective synthesis of optically pure Ar‐BINMOL‐derived diols and their analogues. The present study demonstrates a unique cascade chirality transfer in a [1,2]‐Wittig rearrangement that leads to chiral diols with three stereogenic centers, which include a chiral sp3 center at the alcohol and C2‐axial chirality. Screening these ligands in the arylation of aromatic aldehydes with Grignard reagents shows that the naphthyl‐substituted BINMOL promotes the aryl transfer reaction in good yields (70–92 %) and moderate‐to‐good enantioselectivities (up to 72 % ee), and a series of control experiments substantiates that the axial chirality and the chiral sp3 center at the alcohol of the Ar‐BINMOLs are the pivotal enantioselectivity‐controlling structure elements. In addition, this study demonstrated the importance of the chiral sp3 center at the alcohol on Ar‐BINMOL for the aryl transfer reaction. Finally, we found that the chiral Ar‐BINMOL ligand 2h mediated the titanium‐promoted 1,2‐addition of MeMgBr to aldehydes to give the desired products in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 92 % ee).
Dithizone Modified Gold Nanoparticles Films as Solid Contact for Cu2+ Ion‐Selective Electrodes
Authors: Woźnica Emilia , Wójcik Michał M. , Mieczkowski Józef , Maksymiuk Krzysztof , Michalska Agata
Published: December 2012

Gold nanoparticles surface modified with dithizone were applied as dedicated transducer in ion‐selective electrodes. The presence of a dithizone modified gold nanoparticle layer beneath the ion‐selective membrane enables tailoring of copper ion fluxes in all‐solid‐state copper selective potentiometric electrodes. Thus, depending on the pretreatment of the modified gold nanoparticle layer, different potentiometric responses can be obtained: from typical for systems with lowered activity of primary ions at the back side of the membrane (with super‐Nernstian slope region), through low detection limit to classical ones.
Development of a Bienzymatic Amperometric Glucose Biosensor Using Mesoporous Silica (MCM‐41) for Enzyme Immobilization and Its Application on Liquid Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Caro‐Jara Noemi , Mundaca‐Uribe Rodolfo , Zaror‐Zaror Claudio , Carpinelli‐Pavisic Jorge , Aranda‐Bustos Mario , Peña‐Farfal Carlos
Published: December 2012

This paper describes the development and optimization of an amperometric bienzymatic biosensor for glucose, based on glucose oxidase (GOX) and peroxidase (HRP), immobilized on mesoporous silica with hexagonal symmetry (MCM‐41). The mesoporous material was immobilized by Nafion assisted adsorption on a glassy carbon electrode, which was used as working electrode. Measurements were performed in a conventional three electrode cell using a Ag/AgCl reference electrode and platinum wire as counter electrode. Operating parameters such as GOX/HRP enzyme ratio, mediator (catechol) concentration, applied potential and pH were optimized. The proposed biosensor showed excellent analytical performance with detection and quantification limits of 8.6×10−6 M and 2.5×10−5 M, respectively; analytical sensitivity of 4.67×10−4 AM−1, repeatability <5 % RSD and a long‐term stability of 10 days (5 daily measurements). Also, five possible interferences were studied and only ascorbic acid showed an amperometric signal, which can be removed with 5 % iodine pretreatment. The biosensor was successfully tested for glucose determination in pharmaceutical formulations, and compared well with an established commercial photometric enzymatic kit (Megazyme).
Long-term entecavir treatment reduces hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in patients with hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Hosaka Tetsuya , Suzuki Fumitaka , Kobayashi Masahiro , Seko Yuya , Kawamura Yusuke , Sezaki Hitomi , Akuta Norio , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Saitoh Satoshi , Arase Yasuji , Ikeda Kenji , Kobayashi Mariko , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: December 2012

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection leads to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Antiviral agents are thought to reduce HCC development, but agents such as lamivudine (LAM) have a high rate of drug resistance. We compared the incidence of HCC in 472 entecavir (ETV)-treated patients and 1,143 nontreated HBV patients (control group). Propensity score matching eliminated the baseline differences, resulting in a sample size of 316 patients per cohort. The drug mutation resistance was 0.8% (4/472) in the ETV group. The cumulative HCC incidence rates at 5 years were 3.7% and 13.7% for the ETV and control groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, adjusted for a number of known HCC risk factors, showed that patients in the ETV group were less likely to develop HCC than those in the control group (hazard ratio: 0.37; 95% confidence interval: 0.15-0.91; P = 0.030). Both cohorts were applied in three previously reported risk scales and risk scores were generated based on age, gender, cirrhosis status, levels of alanine aminotransferase, hepatitis B e antigen, baseline HBV DNA, albumin, and bilirubin. The greatest HCC risk reduction occurred in high-risk patients who scored higher on respective risk scales. In sub analyses, we compared treatment effect between nucleos(t)ide analogs, which included matched LAM-treated patients without rescue therapy (n = 182). We found HCC suppression effect greater in ETV-treated (P < 0.001) than nonrescued LAM-treated (P = 0.019) cirrhosis patients when they were compared with the control group. Conclusion: Long-term ETV treatment may reduce the incidence of HCC in HBV-infected patients. The treatment effect was greater in patients at higher risk of HCC. (HEPATOLOGY 2013)
Clinical availability of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as an early predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus in korean men: 5-year prospective cohort study
Authors: Park Sung Keun , Seo Mi Hae , Shin Ho Cheol , Ryoo Jae-Hong
Published: December 2012

There have been several reports about the clinical association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, most of the studies were about the unilateral effects of type 2 DM on NAFLD, and studies on the reverse relation are rare. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the effect of NAFLD on type 2 DM. We conducted a prospective cohort study on 25,232 Korean men without type 2 DM for 5 years. We serially checked the various metabolic factors including fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and monitored the development of type 2 DM. The incidence rate of type 2 DM was compared according to the degree of NAFLD (normal, mild, and moderate to severe), and a Cox proportional hazards model was used to measure the hazard ratios (HRs) of NAFLD on type 2 DM. The incidence rate of type 2 DM increased according to the degree of NAFLD (normal: 7.0%, mild: 9.8%, moderate to severe: 17.8%,

P

< 0.001). Even after adjusting for other multiple covariates, the HRs (95% confidence interval [CI]) for type 2 DM development was higher in the mild group (1.09; 0.81-1.48) and moderate to severe group (1.73; 1.00-3.01) compared to the normal group, respectively (

P

for trend <0.001).

Conclusion

: The development of type 2 DM is potentially more associated with more progressive NAFLD than a normal or milder state. In addition, NAFLD was an independent risk factor for the future development of type 2 DM. These results suggest the potential availability of NAFLD as an early predictor of type 2 DM.
Characterization of the inhibition of hepatitis C virus entry by In vitro –generated and patient-derived oxidized low-density lipoprotein
Authors: Westhaus Sandra , Bankwitz Dorothea , Ernst Stefanie , Rohrmann Katrin , Wappler Ilka , Agné Clemens , Luchtefeld Maren , Schieffer Bernhard , Sarrazin Christoph , Manns Michael P. , Pietschmann Thomas , Ciesek Sandra , von Hahn Thomas
Published: December 2012

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) has been reported as an inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) cell entry, making it the only known component of human lipid metabolism with an antiviral effect on HCV. However, several questions remain open, including its effect on full-length cell-culture–grown HCV (HCVcc) of different genotypes or on other steps of the viral replication cycle, its mechanism of action, and whether endogenous oxLDL shares the anti-HCV properties of

in vitro

–generated oxLDL. We combined molecular virology tools with oxLDL serum measurements in different patient cohorts to address these questions. We found that oxLDL inhibits HCVcc at least as potently as HCV pseudoparticles. There was moderate variation between genotypes, with genotype 4 appearing the most oxLDL sensitive. Intracellular RNA replication and assembly and release of new particles were unaffected. HCV particles entering target cells lost oxLDL sensitivity with time kinetics parallel to anti-SR-BI (scavenger receptor class B type I), but significantly earlier than anti-CD81, suggesting that oxLDL acts by perturbing interaction between HCV and SR-BI. Finally, in chronically HCV-infected individuals, endogenous serum oxLDL levels did not correlate with viral load, but in HCV-negative sera, high endogenous oxLDL had a negative effect on HCV infectivity

in vitro

.

Conclusion :

oxLDL is a potent pangenotype HCV entry inhibitor that maintains its activity in the context of human serum and targets an early step of HCV entry.
Cytocompatibility and osteogenic activity of a novel calcium phosphate silicate bioceramic: Silicocarnotite
Authors: Duan Wei , Ning Congqin , Tang Tingting
Published: December 2012

In the present study, the effect of a novel bioceramic, silicon‐containing calcium phosphate ceramic (silicocarnotite, Ca5(PO4)2SiO4, CPS) on attachment, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSC) has been investigated in comparison to hydroxyapatite (HA). The CPS showed a similar cell attachment behavior to HA, while the proliferation of rBMSC on CPS was significantly higher than that on HA, which indicated that CPS had a good cytocompatibility. Moreover, the expression of alkaline phosphatase activity and osteogenic‐related genes, including Runx‐2, osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteocalcin (OC), demonstrated that CPS enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSC and accelerated the differentiation process. The results suggest that CPS ceramic exhibits a good cytocompatibility and osteogenic activity, which might be used as a potential candidate material for bone tissue engineering. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Photocrosslinked alginate with hyaluronic acid hydrogels as vehicles for mesenchymal stem cell encapsulation and chondrogenesis
Authors: Coates Emily E. , Riggin Corinne N. , Fisher John P.
Published: December 2012

Ionic crosslinking of alginate via divalent cations allows for high viability of an encapsulated cell population, and is an effective biomaterial for supporting a spherical chondrocyte morphology. However, such crosslinking chemistry does not allow for injectable and stable hydrogels which are more appropriate for clinical applications. In this study, the addition of methacrylate groups to the alginate polymer chains was utilized so as to allow the free radical polymerization initiated by a photoinitiator during UV light exposure. This approach establishes covalent crosslinks between methacrylate groups instead of the ionic crosslinks formed by the calcium in unmodified alginate. Although this approach has been well described in the literature, there are currently no reports of stem cell differentiation and subsequent chondrocyte gene expression profiles in photocrosslinked alginate. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of photocrosslinked alginate hydrogels containing interpenetrating hyaluronic acid chains to support stem cell chondrogenesis. We report high cell viability and no statistical difference in metabolic activity between mesenchymal stem cells cultured in calcium crosslinked alginate and photocrosslinked alginate for up to 10 days of culture. Furthermore, chondrogenic gene markers are expressed throughout the study, and indicate robust differentiation up to the day 14 time point. At early time points, days 1 and 7, the addition of hyaluronic acid to the photocrosslinked scaffolds upregulates gene markers for both the chondrocyte and the superficial zone chondrocyte phenotype. Taken together, we show that photocrosslinked, injectable alginate shows significant potential as a delivery mechanism for cell‐based cartilage repair therapies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Parameterization of a geometric flow implicit solvation model
Authors: Thomas Dennis G. , Chun Jaehun , Chen Zhan , Wei Guowei , Baker Nathan A.
Published: December 2012

Implicit solvent models are popular for their high computational efficiency and simplicity over explicit solvent models and are extensively used for computing molecular solvation properties. The accuracy of implicit solvent models depends on the geometric description of the solute‐solvent interface and the solvent dielectric profile that is defined near the surface of the solute molecule. Typically, it is assumed that the dielectric profile is spatially homogeneous in the bulk solvent medium and varies sharply across the solute‐solvent interface. However, the specific form of this profile is often described by ad hoc geometric models rather than physical solute‐solvent interactions. Hence, it is of significant interest to improve the accuracy of these implicit solvent models by more realistically defining the solute‐solvent boundary within a continuum setting. Recently, a differential geometry‐based geometric flow solvation model was developed, in which the polar and nonpolar free energies are coupled through a characteristic function that describes a smooth dielectric interface profile across the solvent–solute boundary in a thermodynamically self‐consistent fashion. The main parameters of the model are the solute/solvent dielectric coefficients, solvent pressure on the solute, microscopic surface tension, solvent density, and molecular force‐field parameters. In this work, we investigate how changes in the pressure, surface tension, solute dielectric coefficient, and choice of different force‐field charge and radii parameters affect the prediction accuracy for hydration free energies of 17 small organic molecules based on the geometric flow solvation model. The results of our study provide insights on the parameterization, accuracy, and predictive power of this new implicit solvent model. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimising therapy for schizophrenia and depression: old and new solutions
Authors: Titmarsh Steve
Published: December 2012

Schizophrenia and depression were in the spotlight at the Latest Advances in Psychiatry Symposium XI held in London in March 2012. Greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying these diseases are helping clinicians develop strategies that offer hope, particularly to patients who are treatment‐resistant. Steve Titmarsh provides a summary of three of the main lectures at the meeting.
Synthesis of two dihydropyrroloindoledione‐based copolymers for organic electronics
Authors: Rumer Joseph W. , Dai Sheng‐Yao , Levick Matthew , Biniek Laure , Procter David J. , McCulloch Iain
Published: December 2012

Two novel dihydropyrroloindoledione (DPID)‐based copolymers have been synthesized in a two directional approach and characterized (gel permeation chromatography (GPC), ultraviolet‐visible (UV–vis), cyclic voltammetry, and computational models). These planar, broad absorption copolymers show promise for use in organic electronics, with deep energy levels and low bandgaps. The two‐directional Knoevenagel condensation used demonstrates the versatility of DPID as a useful yet underexploited conjugated unit. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Aluminum salen and salan complexes in the ring‐opening polymerization of cyclic esters: Controlled immortal and copolymerization of rac‐β‐butyrolactone and rac‐lactide
Authors: Cross Edward D. , Allan Laura E. N. , Decken Andreas , Shaver Michael P.
Published: December 2012

Aluminum‐based salen and salan complexes mediate the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of rac‐β‐butyrolactone (β‐BL), rac‐lactide, and ε‐caprolactone. Al‐salen and Al‐salan complexes exhibit excellent control over the ROP of rac‐β‐butyrolactone, yielding atactic poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with narrow PDIs of <1.15 for Al‐salen and <1.05 for Al‐salan. Kinetic studies reveal pseudo‐first‐order polymerization kinetics and a linear relationship between molecular weight and percent conversion. These complexes also mediate the immortal ROP of rac‐β‐BL and rac‐lactide, through the addition of excess benzyl alcohol of up to 50 mol eq., with excellent control observed. A novel methyl/adamantyl‐substituted Al‐salen system further improves control over the ROP of rac‐lactide and rac‐β‐BL, yielding atactic PHB and highly isotactic poly(lactic acid) (Pm = 0.88). Control over the copolymerization of rac‐lactide and rac‐β‐BL was also achieved, yielding poly(lactic acid)‐co‐poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) with narrow PDIs of <1.10. 1H NMR spectra of the copolymers indicate a strong bias for the insertion of rac‐lactide over rac‐β‐BL. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Thermal stability studies on atomically clean and sulphur passivated InGaAs surfaces
Authors: Chauhan Lalit , Hughes Greg
Published: December 2012

High resolution synchrotron radiation core level photoemission measurements have been used to study the high temperature stability of sulphur passivated InGaAs surfaces and comparisons made with atomically clean surfaces subjected to the same annealing temperatures. Sulphur passivation of clean InGaAs surfaces prepared by the thermal removal of an arsenic capping layer was carried out using an in situ molecular sulphur treatment in ultra high vacuum. The elemental composition of the surfaces of these materials was measured at a series of annealing temperatures up to 530 °C. Following a 480 °C anneal In:Ga ratio was found to have dropped by 33% on sulphur passivated surface indicating a significant loss of indium, while no drop in indium signal was recorded at this temperature on the atomically InGaAs surface. No significant change in the As surface concentration was measured at this temperature. These results reflect the reduced thermal stability of the sulphur passivated InGaAs compared to the atomically clean surface which has implications for device fabrication.
Mechanism of Si outdiffusion in plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy of GaN on Si
Authors: Adikimenakis A. , Aretouli K. E. , Tsagaraki K. , Kayambaki M. , Georgakilas A.
Published: December 2012

The mechanism of Si outdiffusion related to the formation of Si‐rich GaN clusters during the growth of GaN‐on‐Si by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) has been identified. GaN thin films were grown, on high resistivity Si (111) substrates at Ga‐rich conditions to favour the 2D step‐flow growth mode. Hall‐effect measurements revealed very high electron background concentrations, ranging from 2 x 1018 cm‐3 to 3 x 1019 cm‐3, with degraded carrier mobility in the range of 5‐30 cm2/Vs. SEM examination of surfaces and cross‐sections of the samples revealed the presence of hollow GaN clusters on the film surface and voids at the Si/III‐nitride interface. EDX spot analysis revealed dissolution of Si material in the GaN clusters. Growth of GaN on Si under stoichiometric conditions resulted in films without GaN clusters, which exhibited a serious reduction in carrier concentration, down to 1.4 x 1016 cm‐3, with a simultaneous increase of the carrier mobility to 137 cm2/Vs. C‐V carrier profile measurements were consistent with Hall‐effect measurements and revealed a uniform electron concentration in the GaN film, down to the AlN nucleation layer (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X‐ray imaging and diffraction study of strain relaxation in MBE grown SiGe/Si layers
Authors: Burle N. , Escoubas S. , Kasper E. , Werner J. , Oehme M. , Lyutovich K.
Published: December 2012

Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) grown, 50‐800 nm thick SiGe layers on Si are studied by two X‐ray complementary techniques: imaging (X‐ray topography) and High Resolution X‐Ray Diffraction. The measured relaxation rates are spreding from as low as 0.01% to over 70%. These results are examined through the main models for critical thickness tc calculation, the Matthews and Blakeslee approach concerning misfit dislocations (MD) development from existing dislocations and the People and Bean model for homogeneous MD nucleation.

The beginning step of the relaxation is found to fit exactly with the People and Bean model, otherwise larger relaxation is reached after an intermediate weak relaxation stage. This leads to a refined approach of the critical thickness: a critical band [t, t] Comparison between observed t and calculated tc indicates that the lower limit of this band can be predicted by equilibrium models, the upper one being linked with multiplication stages (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transmission electron microscopy analysis of extended defects in multicrystalline silicon using in‐situ EBIC/FIB sample preparation
Authors: Falkenberg M. A. , Seibt M.
Published: December 2012

This paper reports results of microstructural investigations of block cast multicrystalline silicon materials deliberately contaminated with iron and copper impurities from the melt. Electron microscopy techniques have been used to study interactions of grain boundaries, light element impurities such as nitrogen and oxygen, and metal impurities. The key to get access to extended defects typically present in a small density is the recently developed in‐situ EBIC/FIB approach to sample preparation.

Special attention is drawn to oxygen and nitrogen containing precipitates at grain boundaries and resulting secondary defects. Strong accumulation of copper impurities is observed which is related to reduced excess carrier lifetimes in these regions. It is shown that copper silicide precipitation mainly accounts for local dislocation networks with a high recombination activity. These observations provide evidence that decoration of grain boundaries with light element contaminants leads to efficient nucleation of metal impurity precipitates. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Non‐born–oppenheimer nuclear and electronic densities for a hooke‐coulomb model for a four‐particle system
Authors: Becerra Marcos , Posligua Víctor , Ludeña Eduardo V.
Published: December 2012

Based on the exact solutions for a non‐Born–Oppenheimer (nBO) Hooke‐Coulomb model for a four‐particle system (J. Chem. Phys. 2005, 123, 024102), we present here nBO nuclear and electron one‐particle densities for this system. We examine the effect on the topology of the one‐particle densities that arises from the selection of different reference points for the densities. In addition, we analyze the behavior of these densities as a function of the mass ratio between light and heavy particles. We conclude from these results that molecular structure is not univocally related to the topology of the one‐particle densities in a nBO regime. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Networking Ability and the Financial Performance of New Ventures: A Mediation Analysis among Younger and More Mature Firms
Authors: Semrau Thorsten , Sigmund Stefan
Published: December 2012

We hypothesize that entrepreneurs' networking ability—an individual‐level skill widely studied in career research—positively influences new ventures' financial performance. Additionally, we propose that this impact is mediated by new ventures' network characteristics and moderated by venture age. When testing our hypotheses based on a sample of 146 German entrepreneurs, we find them largely confirmed. Our results show a significant relationship between entrepreneurs' networking ability and their new ventures' financial performance, which is mediated by new ventures' network size and the strength of network relationships. Additionally, the relationships observed are salient for younger but not for more mature firms. Copyright © 2012 Strategic Management Society.
Network‐based regularization for matched case‐control analysis of high‐dimensional DNA methylation data
Authors: Sun Hokeun , Wang Shuang
Published: December 2012

The matched case‐control designs are commonly used to control for potential confounding factors in genetic epidemiology studies especially epigenetic studies with DNA methylation. Compared with unmatched case‐control studies with high‐dimensional genomic or epigenetic data, there have been few variable selection methods for matched sets. In an earlier paper, we proposed the penalized logistic regression model for the analysis of unmatched DNA methylation data using a network‐based penalty. However, for popularly applied matched designs in epigenetic studies that compare DNA methylation between tumor and adjacent non‐tumor tissues or between pre‐treatment and post‐treatment conditions, applying ordinary logistic regression ignoring matching is known to bring serious bias in estimation. In this paper, we developed a penalized conditional logistic model using the network‐based penalty that encourages a grouping effect of (1) linked Cytosine‐phosphate‐Guanine (CpG) sites within a gene or (2) linked genes within a genetic pathway for analysis of matched DNA methylation data. In our simulation studies, we demonstrated the superiority of using conditional logistic model over unconditional logistic model in high‐dimensional variable selection problems for matched case‐control data. We further investigated the benefits of utilizing biological group or graph information for matched case‐control data. We applied the proposed method to a genome‐wide DNA methylation study on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) where we investigated the DNA methylation levels of tumor and adjacent non‐tumor tissues from HCC patients by using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation27 Beadchip. Several new CpG sites and genes known to be related to HCC were identified but were missed by the standard method in the original paper. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the Critical Strains for the Initiation of Dynamic Transformation and Dynamic Recrystallization in Four Steels of Increasing Carbon Contents
Authors: Ghosh Chiradeep , Basabe Vladimir V. , Jonas John J.
Published: December 2012

Hot torsion tests are carried on three plain carbon steels and a Nb microalloyed steel of increasing C concentrations. The tests are performed at strain rates up to 4 s−1 and over the temperature range 743–917°C. The onsets of dynamic transformation (DT) and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) are detected using the double‐differentiation method. Both mechanisms are initiated under all testing conditions but one. The critical strain for DT increases with temperature while the reverse dependency is exhibited by the critical strain for DRX.
What is known about the influence of dentine hypersensitivity on oral health-related quality of life?
Authors: Bekes Katrin , Hirsch Christian
Published: December 2012

Objectives

Oral health-related quality of life is a relatively new but rapidly growing concept in dentistry. It is an aspect of dental health addressing the patient’s perception of whether his/her current oral health status has an impact upon his/her actual quality of life. Dentine hypersensitivity (DHS), which is a common condition of transient tooth pain associated with a variety of exogenous stimuli, may disturb the patient during eating, drinking, toothbrushing and sometimes even breathing. The resulting restrictions on everyday activities can have an important effect on the patient’s quality of life. The aims of this paper were to consider the concept of oral health-related quality of life and to review and discuss the literature on oral health-related quality of life and DHS.

Material and methods

A PubMed literature research was conducted using the terms (“dentin sensitivity” [MeSH Terms] OR (“dentin” [All Fields] AND “sensitivity” [All Fields]) OR “dentin sensitivity” [All Fields]) AND ((“oral health” [MeSH Terms] OR (“oral” [All Fields] AND “health” [All Fields]) OR “oral health” [All Fields]) AND related [All Fields] AND (“quality of life” [MeSH Terms] OR (“quality” [All Fields] AND “life” [All Fields]) OR “quality of life” [All Fields])). Furthermore, a manual search was carried out. Any relevant work published presenting pertinent information about the described issue was considered for inclusion in the review.

Results

The combination of the search terms resulted in a list of only three titles. The few published studies convincingly demonstrated that oral health-related quality of life is negatively affected in patients suffering from DHS.

Conclusions

Patients with sensitive teeth report substantial oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) impairment. Nevertheless, knowledge about the influence of DHS on oral health-related quality of life is incomplete and, therefore, needs further research.

Clinical relevance

Oral diseases can lead to physical, psychological and social disability. This paper shows that DHS can have a negative impact on the patients’ OHRQoL.
Managing Human Resources in China
Authors: Zheng Yu
Published: December 2012

China is undergoing a dramatic transition from the old to the new as the country integrates into global product and labour markets. Managing Human Resources in China examines the emergence of new and hybrid forms of employment practices within Chinese Multinational Corporations (MNCs) from the perspective of local stakeholders. These include managers, workers and government officials, who take part in strategic planning and policy implementation whilst coping with the pressure of an ever-changing environment. Working in and observing four foreign-invested manufacturing plants located in one of China's new industrial clusters, Yu Zheng offers a fresh perspective on the management of MNCs. The voices of employees have not been heard before, yet they are the critical actors in China's transformation through foreign direct investment. This book explores the pains and gains, achievements and setbacks of managing the Chinese workforce, which is ever pragmatic, increasingly assertive and constantly evolving.