bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Service Professional or Market Expert?
Authors: Sandall Jane , Benoit Cecilia , Wrede Sirpa , Murray Susan F. , van Teijlingen Edwin R. , Westfall Rachel
Published: June 2009

Recent developments in the organization and practice of healthcare, driven by the introduction of (quasi-) markets and privatization, are altering traditional forms of professionalism found in high- and middle-income countries. Yet there remains debate about whether these neoliberal trends are universal or country specific, and whether they have any effect (positive or negative) on health service delivery. This article develops a comparative analysis that focuses on changes in maternity service systems in four countries in Northern Europe and the Americas with primarily publicly financed healthcare systems: the UK, Finland, Chile and Canada. The article begins with a discussion of the continuum of professional forms found in the post-Second World War period and their relationship to different kinds of welfare states. It then focuses on the impact of recent neoliberal reforms on the ideological projects of the medical and allied health professions in the four case examples. The results show that variation across time and place is mainly the result of structural/economic factors and that various forms of professional discourses are the result of the public/private ways that healthcare systems are organized. The article concludes with suggestions for further comparative sociological research.
Prediction of Recidivism Using the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised and the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles Within a Forensic Sample
Authors: Gonsalves Valerie M. , Scalora Mario J. , Huss Matthew T.
Published: June 2009

The Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL-R) has been well established as a predictor of recidivism in the literature. However, the research generally points to Factor 2 (antisocial behavior) as a stronger predictor of recidivism than Factor 1 (interpersonal/affective). Because recent research has examined the importance of cognition in offending, it was hypothesized that inclusion of a measure of criminal cognition would augment the PCL-R in predicting recidivism. The various factors, scales, total scores, and interaction terms were entered into a series of regression analyses to examine if recidivism prediction improved. Results provide preliminary support for the utilization of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) in conjunction with the PCL-R, as the proactive factor and the Superoptimism scale of the PICTS combined with Factor 2 of the PCL-R produced significant results.
Contributions of Personal and Situational Factors to Bystanders' Reactions to School Bullying
Authors: Oh Insoo , Hazler Richard J.
Published: June 2009

The intent of this study was to explore bystanders' personal and situational variables predicting their behavioural reactions to school bullying by investigating a sample of 298 college students who had witnessed bullying during middle or high school. Results indicated that the bystander personal variables, gender and past experience as a bully or bully-victim, significantly predicted their reactions to bullying. All three types of bullying (physical, verbal and social), plus bystander relationship with bully or victim were identified as significant situational predictors of bystander behaviour.
Ease of Counterfactual Thought Generation Moderates the Relationship Between Need for Cognition and Punitive Responses to Crime
Authors: Petrocelli John V. , Dowd Keith
Published: June 2009

Punitive responses to crime have been linked to a relatively low need for cognition (NFC). Sargent's (2004) findings suggest that this relationship is due to a relatively complex attributional system, employed by high-NFC individuals, which permits them to recognize potential external or situational causes of crime. However, high-NFC individuals may also be more likely to engage in counterfactual thinking, which has been linked to greater judgments of blame and responsibility. Three studies examine the relationship between trait and state NFC and punitiveness in light of counterfactual thinking. Results suggest that the ease of generating upward counterfactuals in response to an unfortunate crime moderates the NFC-punitiveness relationship, such that high-NFC individuals are less punitive than low-NFC individuals only when counterfactual thoughts are relatively difficult to generate. These findings are discussed in light of punishment theory and their possible implications with regard to the legal system.
Policies for Mixed Communities
Authors: Cheshire Paul
Published: June 2009

The belief that it is fairer if communities are ``mixed'' can be traced at least to the late nineteenth century and the founders of the Garden City Movement. The idea is now firmly established in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and national policies. This article reviews the evidence and argues that this is essentially a faith-based policy because there is scant real evidence that making communities more mixed makes the life chances of the poor any better. There is overwhelming evidence that the attributes that make neighborhoods attractive are capitalized into house prices/rents. The result is that poor people cannot afford to buy into nicer neighborhoods, which anyway have amenities of no value to them. Moreover, ``specialized neighborhoods'' are an important element in agglomeration economies and seem to be welfare enhancing. Thus, policies for mixed neighborhoods treat the symptoms rather than the causes of poverty. Efforts to improve social equity would be more effectively directed toward people themselves rather than moving people around to mix neighborhoods.
Why Some Rural Places Prosper and Others Do Not
Authors: Isserman Andrew M. , Feser Edward , Warren Drake E.
Published: June 2009

More than 300 rural counties are more prosperous than the nation. Each has lower unemployment rates, lower poverty rates, lower school dropout rates, and better housing conditions than the nation. Prosperous counties tend to have more educated populations, more diverse economies, more private non-farm jobs, more farmers and government farm payments, more creative class occupations, and more equal income distributions. They have fewer African-American, American Indian, or Hispanic residents and fewer recent immigrants. Some findings support what many rural people believe to be true: civically engaged religious groups and other identities that bind people together can really matter. Other results contradict conventional wisdom. For instance, climate and distances to cities and major airports, are relatively unimportant. Focusing on prosperity, instead of growth or competitiveness, provides new insights into rural conditions and prospects.
Mission Effort in the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa
Authors: Clark Mathew
Published: June 2009

The Apostolic Faith Mission of SA (AFM) is the largest indigenous Pentecostal denomination in Southern Africa. The AFM followed the nationalist emphasis on apartness and by the end of the 1950s consisted of four separate churches: a White (mother) church, and three daughter churches — a Black, a Coloured and an Indian. This article attempts to outline events, persons, institutions and values that might be grouped under the heading `mission effort', along with insights and comments from personal experience.
Eschatology and Mission: Living the 'Last Days' Today
Authors: Ma Julie
Published: June 2009

This study focuses on the importance of eschatological life for Christian living and mission. This renewed call for eschatological life among Christians is set in the context of modern materialism and secularism. The study reflects on eschatological perspectives based on the New Testament teachings, their implications for mission as applied both to proclamation and social engagement.
The End of All Things
Authors: Gouverneur Joseph
Published: June 2009

The sudden collapse of the Communist states in Eastern Europe during the autumn of 1989 is now history. The transformation of the world in 1989 has been reported and commented on through analyses of the political, economic, and social state of affairs that led to one of the most surprising events of the 20th century. However, in many ways this story has been only partially told. This is because of a lack of attention paid to the vital role that the Christian churches played in that transformation. This article seeks to remedy that omission through a brief history of the period. The author utilizes an array of secondary and primary sources in the writing of this history. He was also an observer of most of the revolutions of Eastern Europe and interviewed a number of participants in the dramatic events of 1989.
Postsurgical Glenohumeral Arthritis in Young Adults
Authors: McNickle Allison G. , L'Heureux Daniel R. , Provencher Matthew T. , Romeo Anthony A. , Cole Brian J.
Published: June 2009

Background

Chondrolysis has been reported as a sequela of arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Although the causes have yet to be fully elucidated, basic science and clinical evidence suggest a multifactorial origin. Surgical treatment in young patients with glenohumeral chondrolysis is particularly challenging, with little outcome data.

Hypothesis

Glenohumeral chondrolysis has several causes and patterns of presentation. Biological resurfacing is a viable treatment option for symptomatic glenohumeral arthritis.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Twenty patients (mean age, 19.7 years; range, 13.1-33.8) were referred for management of extensive glenohumeral arthritis after arthroscopy glenohumeral surgery (mean time postoperatively, 26 months; range, 3-73). Sixteen patients had an intra-articular pain pump placed for 2 to 3 days; 2 patients demonstrated prominent implants; and 2 had thermal treatment. Patients underwent revision surgery, including 7 biological resurfacings of the glenoid and humeral head, 4 biological resurfacings of the humeral head alone, and 7 other procedures. Eight patients having biological resurfacing were assessed just before the revision surgery, at a mean time of 3.1 years after revision (range, 1.9-6.5), with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon scale and Simple Shoulder Test, Short Form 12 (physical and mental components), and visual analog scale score for pain.

Results

Patient outcomes scores improved from 51 to 71 (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon scale, P < .01), 7 to 10 (Simple Shoulder Test, P < .02), and 5 to 3 (visual analog scale, P < .01). Preoperative range of motion demonstrated modest improvements from 119° to 132° of flexion, 42° to 41° of external rotation, and internal rotation from L2 to T12 level. Two patients required an additional surgery: 1 total shoulder arthroplasty and 1 capsular release with debridement.

Conclusion

Severe glenohumeral arthritis is a devastating postoperative complication of glenohumeral arthroscopy. Although not a universal finding, the use of glenohumeral pain pumps is a concern, as well as suboptimal anchor placement. Biological resurfacing permits modest functional improvement in a challenging shoulder condition.
Changing Sidestep Cutting Technique Reduces Knee Valgus Loading
Authors: Dempsey Alasdair R. , Lloyd David G. , Elliott Bruce C. , Steele Julie R. , Munro Bridget J.
Published: June 2009

Background

Common lower limb postures have been found when noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur during sidestep cutting tasks. These same postures have been linked to knee loadings known to stress the ACL.

Hypothesis

Whole body technique modification would reduce knee loading.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Experienced team sport athletes were recruited for whole body sidestep cutting technique modification. Before and after a 6-week technique modification training, participants performed sidestep cutting tasks while ground-reaction force and motion data were collected. A kinematic and inverse dynamics model was used to calculate 3-dimensional knee loading during sidestep cutting.

Results

At initial foot contact, the participants placed their stance foot closer to the body’s midline and held their torso more upright, in line with the aims of the technique modification training. This was accompanied by significantly lower peak valgus moments in the weight acceptance phase of stance. Both postural changes were correlated with the change in peak valgus moment.

Conclusion

Whole body sidestep cutting technique modification resulted in reduced knee loading.

Clinical Relevance

Implementation of whole body technique modification may produce effective ACL injury prevention programs in sports involving sidestep cutting.
Disclosure of Information and Informed Consent: Ethical and Practical Considerations
Authors: Steinberg Avraham
Published: June 2009

Disclosure of information and informed consent are relatively new concepts in the patient—physician relationship. They are based primarily on the principle of autonomy and they have many favorable practical advantages. However, the practical implementation of these requirements is fraught with difficulties, some of which can cause harm to the patient or be obstacles in fulfilling the moral obligation of beneficence. This is particularly true when disclosure of information and informed consent are done by physicians in a defensive way for fear of malpractice suits. The most ethically defensible approach is to tailor and navigate the information according to the needs and desires of each individual patient in a sensitive and empathic manner. The informed consent should be a process of mutually shared responsibility by the patient and the physician, ensuring adequate and relevant information that is well comprehended by the individual patient, and is used correctly for his or her decision making.
Personal Contextual Characteristics and Cognitions
Authors: Rodriguez Christina M.
Published: June 2009

According to Social Information Processing theory, parents’ cognitive processes influence their decisions to engage in physical maltreatment, although cognitions occur in the context of other aspects of the parents’ life. The present study investigated whether cognitive processes (external locus of control, inappropriate developmental expectations) predicted child abuse potential and overreactive disciplinary style beyond personal contextual factors characteristic of the parent (hostility, stress, and coping). 363 parents were recruited online. Results highlight the relative importance of the contextual characteristics (particularly stress, avoidant coping, and irritability) relative to cognitive processes in predicting abuse potential and overreactive discipline strategies, although an external locus of control also significantly contributed. Findings do not support that parents’ developmental expectations uniquely predict elevated abuse risk. Results indicate stressed parents who utilize avoidance coping strategies are more likely to use overreactive discipline and report increased abuse potential. Findings are discussed with regard to implications for prevention/intervention efforts.
Civilization and civilized in post-9/11 US presidential speeches
Authors: Collet Tanja
Published: June 2009

The aim of this article is to show, by means of an analysis of the occurrences of civilization and civilized in a corpus of US presidential speeches that spans three years (2001—4), that despite claims to the contrary, the New World Order discourse contains a `clash of civilizations' frame, at least since the terrorist attacks of 2001. We have analysed the occurrences of civilization and civilized using a three-fold approach: (a) a Narrative Conceptualization Analysis of civilization; (b) a Membership Categorization Analysis of the collocation civilized world; and, to a lesser extent, (c) an analysis of the rhetorical strategies in which civilization and civilized participate.
Will Emerging Markets Remain Resilient to Global Stress?
Authors: Dattels Peter , Miyajima Ken
Published: June 2009

Emerging markets have shown considerable resilience to the credit turmoil that engulfed mature markets. However, sentiment remains fragile and financial strains from the global credit crisis continue to weigh on global economic prospects. External finance has become both more costly and restricted as credit risks have repriced, global banks’ lending capacity has shrunk, and, as a consequence, global investors have reduced leverage. Global growth is moderating, led by a slowdown in the United States. At the same time, global inflation risks have intensified amid sharply rising commodity prices, including record oil prices. Risks that higher inflation could become more entrenched have risen appreciably. Against this backdrop, emerging markets are subject to increased global stress. Economies with current account deficits financed by private debt or portfolio flows, where domestic credit and inflation have grown rapidly, are most at risk. Rising inflation increases macroeconomic risks and may induce financial instability in local financial markets in some emerging economies, especially where central bank inflation fighting credentials are less well established.
The Coming of Age of Sovereign Wealth Funds
Authors: Arreaza Adriana , Castilla Luis Miguel , Fernández Cristina
Published: June 2009

Government-owned investment vehicles or Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) are emerging as relevant players in global financial markets. Their rapid increase in size and asset range has captured considerable attention as capital flows now shift from emerging to developed economies. The goal of this article is to provide insights for a better understanding of these investment vehicles and to extract some policy lessons from emblematic cases. We start by presenting some stylised facts about the fast-paced reserve accumulation over the last decade in emerging economies and how that has contributed to the emergence and coming of age of SWFs. We then explore the rationale for SWFs, considering the different purposes they are meant to accomplish in originating countries—foreign asset diversification, stabilisation and/or saving vehicles. Next, we examine the concerns that SWFs have raised in developed countries, which centre on their management and potential effects on global financial stability. Finally, we delve into some of the desirable characteristics for the management of these funds that have recently been discussed in the literature. We believe that it is important for SWFs to follow sound corporate governance policies that generate an equal amount of confidence in countries of origin as well as in recipient countries, dispelling fears that may lead to undue financial protectionism. This will guarantee that these funds attain the goals they were created for and allow recipient nations to benefit from this new source of funding.
Cross-border Trade and Investment among Emerging Economies
Authors: Loser Claudio M.
Published: June 2009

Over the last quarter century or so, the volume of world trade grew at an average rate of 6 per cent. This increase in trade has not been homogenous among regions. Asia has been engaged in a major and admirable transformation. Latin America has pursued integration efforts for long, but with poorer results, and together with Africa it continues to rely on its resource base for growth in trade. The structure of trade in emerging market economies is analysed by examining the geographic and commodity structure of trade as well as trade integration efforts. Increases in trade can be attributed to several reasons: increased formal integration, better use of comparative advantage in relation to the advanced economies, and more complementarily among developing countries. The integration of trade in Asia is attributed largely to market forces but less so in other areas, particularly Latin America. The article also reviews the rise in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), particularly the role of emerging countries as destinations and origins of capital flows. The flows to Asia and Latin America are equivalent to almost one-fourth of the total FDI. Within the total flows, there is a growing role of investments originating in and directed to emerging economies (EEs), particularly within Asia. FDI flows from emerging markets (EMs) are strong in mining, but the areas of investment are being diversified at a rapid pace.
Regional Integration of Capital Markets in ASEAN
Authors: Ahmed Jaseem , Sundararajan V.
Published: June 2009

Efforts to promote regional economic cooperation and integration in South-East Asia and particularly in the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries, have received greatly increased emphasis in official circles since the Asian crisis of 1997–98. South-East Asian financial integration with the world is well advanced by various measures; but they appear to have become more integrated with countries outside the region than within the region. Regional integration of private capital markets have shown limited progress. This was caused by several factors, including: (i) the large differences in the levels of market development; (ii) the lack of convergence of regulations and rules governing markets; (iii) differences in the extent to which the measures, to enable and benefit from greater regional integration, are incorporated into their national development plans; (iv) prevalence of exchange restrictions and intra-regional exchange stability considerations that hinder integration; and finally (v) the missing markets, in derivatives or in key regionally-focused products, hinder both domestic market development and regional integration. These considerations call for a comprehensive strategy which includes liberalising capital account and portfolio restrictions, implementing a process of mutual recognition of various cross-border transactions in products and services, supported by harmonisation of relevant rules and regulations. This also includes strengthening and coordinating exchange governance and market surveillance arrangements, initiating work on an ‘ASEAN Equity Network’ to link equity markets. This facilitates implementation of the ongoing bond market integration initiatives, promoting new products and intermediaries to develop ASEAN as an asset class. It refines plans for domestic capital markets development to incorporate regional integration objectives and establishes stronger coordination arrangements at the ASEAN level to support the initiatives in the above areas.
The India-US Rapprochement
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe
Published: June 2009

The rapprochement between India and the US, under the government of Manmohan Singh, has translated into many collaborations and strategic deals—including the 123 agreement. It may be based on some quid pro quo though. While Washington would like to transform India into a long-term ally to defend the American interests and values, New Delhi seems to be willing to partner with the US so long as this relationship serves its interests in economic and strategic terms, regarding Islamist groups and their Pakistani protectors especially. New Delhi, for instance, may not join hands with the US in the World Trade Organization at all and may also resist American attempts to instrumentalise her against China and Iran.

But the economic and societal links that have been built between India and the US, because of massive investments and the growing role of the Indian diaspora in the US, may make it difficult for the Indian government to backtrack, even if it wishes. What may well be at stake is nothing more than the autonomy of the state vis-à-vis non-state interests, ranging from the corporate sector to the new Indian middle-class, which—during the Bush years—appeared to be more pro-American than any other public opinion.
The Anatomy of Military Interventions in Asia
Authors: Ghoshal Baladas
Published: June 2009

This article looks at the recent military intervention in the politics of Bangladesh—within the broader framework of the military's role in the politics of Asian countries, as it evolved in different stages and patterns over the years—identifies its main characteristics and prognosticates their implications on the future political developments in the country. The main hypothesis is that a new pattern of military involvement in politics is emerging in countries such as Pakistan and Bangladesh, which we will call ‘power without responsibility’, a trend that bodes ill for democratic developments in both the countries. In the current situation in Bangladesh, the military intervened, no doubt, to correct the mess, to use army language, not directly but indirectly by propping up their cohorts in the form of a caretaker government, where the policy directions and actions of the new government were determined essentially by the armed forces. Bangladesh military is fast imitating the Pakistani model, albeit in a different form, to place itself as an arbiter in each and every aspect of social, political and economic life of the country. Like in Pakistan, the Bangladesh army does not necessarily have to come directly into power. It can wield effective power and influence even while remaining in the background and, yet, constantly destabilize politics and deprive the democratic forces the necessary political space. The caretaker government remained in power by courtesy of the military and ruled at its bidding. If at all the current experiment of social and political engineering by the Bangladesh military succeeds, though doubtful, it can always take the credit for cleaning up the mess in the politics of the country and filling in the democracy deficit that the country is facing today. The responsibility for the failure can always be passed on to the caretaker government whose civilian façade has been kept deliberately to confuse and hoodwink the domestic constituency and the international community. So, a new model of military intervention in politics—rule without responsibility and accountability—has emerged in Pakistan and Bangladesh, which obviously has both long- and short-term implications for political developments in Third World countries and, thus, requires closer scrutiny and analysis.
Assessing Students’ Language Proficiency
Authors: Jinghui Liu Jack
Published: June 2009

This article describes a model that integrates an at-home preparation intensive summer program with a short-term, study abroad summer program to increase students’ Chinese-language proficiency, cultural awareness, and personal career development. The results indicate that the at-home preparation program can build students’ self-esteem and confidence and subsequently allows them to benefit from interacting with native speakers during their study in China. This model program also assesses students’ multiskills language proficiency, including listening, oral, reading, writing, cultural competences as well as their personal development by combining measurement instruments of the SAT Chinese scores, the ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI), and portfolio writing. The results demonstrate a positive relationship between the scores of the SAT Chinese and the level of the OPI test. The cutoff scores for participants’ selection for designing study abroad programs are also suggested.
Complicating the Organization: A New Prescription for the Learning Organization?
Authors: Holmqvist Mikael
Published: June 2009

As a result of their learning techniques, organizations tend to generate dominant behavior of either exploitation or exploration making a balanced attention to them hard to achieve. But how can the process through which this undesirable phenomenon develops be made more complicated? Largely this problem remains a neglected one in organizational learning theory. It is important to better understand how organizations can take measures to reduce the pathological effects that learning breeds. In this article I explore the idea of `complicating the organization' in order to constrain organizations from becoming swiftly locked in learning behavior of excessive exploitation or exploration. I suggest that contemporary organizations should complicate their learning through various interorganizational collaborations. In interorganizational learning activities, organizations have the potential to learn slowly because of being poorly focused in their attention to their experiences. Hence, they may remain open to reflect upon their current operations. They will be learning, but not in a too simpleminded and myopic way by reducing the speed through which competency traps of exploitation and exploration develop.
An Evaluation of a Solution Focused Computer Game in Adolescent Interventions
Authors: Coyle David , Doherty Gavin , Sharry John
Published: June 2009

Many adolescents experience difficulties with traditional face-to-face mental health care approaches. Personal Investigator (PI) is a 3D computer game specifically designed for use in adolescent interventions. The game implements a model of Solution Focused Therapy. It aims to assist in easing the difficulties experienced by adolescents with direct face-to-face approaches. In sessions a therapist and adolescent sit together at a computer and play PI. Issues raised in the game serve as a context for more detailed discussions between the therapist and client. This article describes a study in which PI was used with 22 adolescent clients, attending mental health care services due to a variety of difficulties. Whilst further trials are required, results indicate positive benefits of using PI. PI can help in building an effective client—therapist relationship, can assist in structuring sessions, and can assist in improving client engagement in the therapeutic process.
The Community Parent Education Program (COPE): Treatment Effects in a Clinical and a Community-based Sample
Authors: Thorell Lisa B.
Published: June 2009

The present study is the first European evaluation of the Canadian parent training programme called Community Parent Education Program (COPE). In addition, it is the first to examine the effects of the COPE programme in different types of clinical and nonclinical samples. The main findings were that COPE was found to be effective in reducing conduct problems, hyperactivity/impulsivity, daily problem behaviours, parental stress, and lack of perceived parental control. However, the programme was not effective in reducing inattention, social competence deficits, or peer problems. Interestingly, the significant group effects were a result of significant differences between the two nonclinical intervention groups and the waiting-list control group, whereas the clinical intervention group did not differ significantly from the control group with regard to either child or parental variables. This points to the importance of evaluating parent training programmes in groups with different levels of severity so that parents are offered the type of training programme most suitable for their child's needs.
Questioning `Black Humour': Racial Exploitation, Media and Health
Authors: Hodgetts Darrin , Stolte Ottilie
Published: June 2009

This commentary explores the relevance of media racism to health psychology. While supporting Dr Estacio's call for health psychologists to get involved in promoting social justice via the media, we propose that health psychologists should not overstate the negative influence of the media on racism in society. Media content is complex and contradictory. It contains both racist and anti-racist representations. Challenging racism requires a conceptualization of links between the representational spaces provided by the media and the everyday geographic places within which inter-personal interactions and exploitation occur.
Health in the Inter-land
Authors: Maclachlan Malcolm
Published: June 2009

Estacio presents the exploitation of migrant workers, particularly those from low income countries, as a challenge for critical health psychology. This resonates with calls for an understanding of health that reflects its social determinants, the influence of power relationships and the need for social justice to promote people's welfare and rights. Recent developments in international health policy now call for an approach to health that is inter-disciplinary, intersectoral and inter-ministerial. This presents critical health psychology with an opportunity and an obligation to address health in this complex `inter-land'. The concept of `research for health', the recommendations of the Commission on the Social Determinants of Health and the Bamako Call for Action on Research for Health, are outlined in relation to this challenge.
Harry, Paul and the Filipino Maid: Racial and Sexual Abuse in Local Contexts
Authors: McVittie Chris , Goodall Karen
Published: June 2009

Estacio argues for critical health psychology to take action to address three issues raised (unintentionally) in the `Harry and Paul' sketch broadcast on British television. It is suggested that, although attempting humour, the sketch offensively reflected and reproduced patterns of social injustice that are far from funny. We argue here that micro-level analysis of the interactional elements of the sketch provides an understanding of how in everyday contexts Filipino workers are constructed in socially unjust terms and of how abuse can be justified. Such an understanding can allow critical health psychology to make a distinctive contribution to these topics.
A Self-management Concept for Men at the Community Level: The `Waist' Disposal Challenge
Authors: Aoun S. , Osseiran-Moisson R. , Collins F. , Newton R. , Newton M.
Published: June 2009

The Waist Disposal Challenge consisted of a health intervention at the community level to bring about a reduction in body mass index (BMI) and is delivered at three levels: educational presentations on nutrition and exercise; monthly monitoring of BMI competition; telephone lifestyle coaching with follow-ups. Twenty-three Rotary Clubs participated in Western Australia in 2007—08 (750 Rotarians). The significant to moderate decreases in BMI are an encouraging indication that such community based-projects for men at-risk of developing chronic disease may influence the way health services reorient their community programmes to suit the health psychology of middle-aged to older men.
Healthy-eater Identity and Self-efficacy Predict Healthy Eating Behavior: A Prospective View
Authors: Strachan Shaelyn M. , Brawley Lawrence R.
Published: June 2009

Identity and Self-efficacy Theories were used to examine the relationship between healthy-eater identity, self-efficacy for healthy eating and healthy eating. Measures of healthy-eater identity, perception of healthy eating, nutrition knowledge, self-efficacy for both intake of fruits and vegetables and foods of low nutritional value were completed by 101 university students and staff. Two weeks later, participants recalled recent consumption of (a) fruits and vegetables and (b) foods of low nutritional value. For both eating outcomes, healthy-eater identity was a significant predictor after controlling for nutrition knowledge. The addition of self-efficacy improved prediction in the case of both eating outcomes.
Airborne Fungi in Wood and Wood Based Board Factories
Authors: Sivrikaya Hüseyin , Kara Ömer
Published: June 2009

This study was a comparative investigation of the isolation and identification of airborne fungi between wood processing and melamine coated board processing factories. Isolation of airborne fungi was performed in four small sized enterprises engaged in wood processing and melamine coated board processing, located in the West Black Sea region of Turkey. Petri dishes containing Rose-Bengal streptomycin agar were exposed to air in the plants for 15 minutes. The highest fungal colony counts were observed in plant D, where the average value was 72 cfu per plate. Penicillium was the most widespread species identified in all the plants. Aspergillus fumigatus, which has major importance among the airborne fungi because it can cause health problems for workers, was only isolated in plant A.
Ventilation Control of Indoor Transmission of Airborne Diseases in an Urban Community
Authors: Xiaolei Gao  , Yuguo Li  , Leung Gabriel M.
Published: June 2009

Following the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemics and worldwide concern about the next pandemic, whether influenza or multiple drug resistant tuberculosis, has underlined the importance of effective interventions into airborne disease transmission in indoor environments in a community. The engineering control measures available include ventilation dilution, use of high-efficiency particulate air filters in a room or in the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, and use of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation devices in ceiling area of a room or in the HVAC system. These methods are known to be effective in controlling or delaying airborne disease transmission in a single enclosure in both healthcare facilities and the community. However, there have been no studies of their relative effectiveness at the community level. This paper presents mathematical modeling of some engineering control strategies with a focus on ventilation and corresponding analysis of their relative effectiveness compared with other public health interventions in disease control in indoor environments at the community level. The results should help us to determine the most effective intervention strategies. We conclude that the engineering intervention methods such as building ventilation can be as effective as public health interventions and the ventilation rates specified in the existing standards such as ASHRAE 62 may be too low for the purpose of preventing or controlling airborne infectious diseases in indoor environments.
Improving the Composability of DoD Models and Simulations
Authors: Davis Paul K. , Anderson Robert H.
Published: June 2009

This paper discusses ideas for improving the composability of future models and simulations developed or used by the U.S. Department of Defense. It is largely based on a much longer report requested by the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office (DMSO) as independent advice in developing a program to pursue composability issues. This paper presents many suggestions on both policies and investments that would enhance prospects for composability.
Combining the Model/View/Control Design Pattern with the DEVS Formalism to Achieve Rigor and Reusability in Distributed Simulation
Authors: Nutaro James , Hammonds Phil
Published: June 2009

Defense-related simulation efforts are increasingly focused on component-based simulation development. This focus is reflected in efforts to design new simulation software in terms of interacting components that can be understood and reused in isolation or collectively and to modify legacy simulators to incorporate new component-based simulation technology. A strong, new capability to modify simulation software is necessary to make component-based simulation development a reality. Such a capability can only be realized by incorporating sound modeling and simulation principles and a clear separation of concerns between models, simulators, and distributed computing. This paper presents a design pattern that supports the construction of adaptable simulation software via an extension of the Model/View/Control design pattern. The resulting Model/Simulator/View/Control pattern incorporates key concepts from the DEVS modeling and simulation methodology in order to promote a separation of modeling, simulation, and distributed computing issues. The advantage of this approach to simulation software design is considered in the context of other documented attempts to promote component based simulation development. The new design pattern is demonstrated through its application in a simulation based test signal generator used to support the Single Integrated Air Picture (SIAP) systems engineering effort.
The Future of Mixed Reality: Issues in Illumination and Shadows
Authors: Konttinen Jaakko , Hughes Charles E. , Pattanaik Sumanta N.
Published: June 2009

Military training, concept design, and pre-acquisition studies often are carried out in virtual settings in which one can experience that which is, in the real world, too dangerous, too costly, or even beyond current technology. Purely virtual environments, however, have limitations in that they remove the participant from the physical world with its visual, auditory, and tactile complexities. In contrast, mixed reality (MR) seeks to blend the real and synthetic. How well that blending works is critical to the effectiveness of a user's experience within an MR scenario. The focus of this paper is on the visual aspects of this blending or more specifically on the interactions between the real and virtual in the contexts of proper inter-occlusion, illumination, and inter-shadowing. This means that the virtual objects must react properly to changes in real lighting and that the real must react properly to the insertion of virtual lights (e.g., a virtual flashlight or a simulated change in the time of day). Even more challenging, virtual objects must cast shadows on real objects and vice versa. The proper casting of shadows is critical to military training, in that shadows often provide clues of others' movements, and of our own to others, long before visual contact is made. Realistic shadows can improve training greatly; their omission or the insertion of physically incorrect shadowing can lead to negative training. To be effective, visual realism requires all such interactions occur at interactive rates (30+ frames per second). Our research focuses on algorithmic development and implementation of these procedures on programmable graphics units (GPUs) found commonly on today's commodity graphics cards. The algorithms we develop are tailored to take advantage of the parallel pipeline architecture of GPUs. Our primary application is training of dismounted infantry for the complexities of military operations in urban terrain (MOUT).
Decision Support System for Logistics Systems Analysis Using Image Theory and Work Domain Analysis
Authors: Kustra Todd W. , Ganapathy Subhashini , Muller Amanda C. , Narayanan S.
Published: June 2009

In this study, image theory and work domain analysis were used to develop an interactive decision support system for sortie generation tasks in an Air Force aircraft maintenance unit. Aircraft maintenance personnel were charged with creating a short list of aircraft for deployment using either maintenance information alone or maintenance information with the interactive decision support system. Results were compared with a deployment list developed by expert aircraft maintenance superintendents. The deployment lists generated with the interactive decision support system more closely resembled the experts' list and took less time to create than those generated using maintenance information alone. These results show the viability of the methodology outlined in this study for creating decision support systems in complex logistics planning.
Real-Time Distributed Simulation Environment for Air Defense System Using A Software Framework
Authors: Cho Byunggyu , Kim Dae Young , Kim Sae Hwan , Youn Cheong
Published: June 2009

To solve the limitations of the test scope, test period, and budget, we have been adapting Modeling and Simulation (M&S) techniques for Test and Evaluation (T&E) of the state-of-the-art weapon systems. This paper describes the Real-time Distributed Simulation Environment (RDSE) for the Korea's medium-range surface-to-air missile system (Chelmae-II). The RDSE will be used to support the test bed and performance analysis tools for the Chelmae-II system. To develop the RDSE, this paper proposes the Air Defense Simulation Framework (ADSF) which supports the High Level Architecture (HLA) and the TCP/IP as well as a real-time simulation engine. An ADSF was successfully applied to the RDSE, and a satisfied test result was acquired through the Global Positioning System (GPS) timer.
A Comparative Study of Data Distribution Management Algorithms
Authors: Gupta Pankaj , Guha Ratan K.
Published: June 2009

In large-scale distributed defense modeling and simulation, Data Distribution Management (DDM) controls and limits the data exchanged reducing the processing requirements of federates. In this paper, we present a comparative study of a recently proposed DDM algorithm, called P-Pruning algorithm, with three other known techniques: region-matching, fixed-grid, and dynamic-grid DDM algorithms. By populating the multicast group, first only on the basis of X-axis information of routing space, and pruning the non-overlapping subscriber regions within multicast groups in successive steps, the P-Pruning algorithm avoids the computational overheads of other algorithms. From the simulation study, we found that the P-Pruning algorithm is faster than the other three DDM algorithms. The performance evaluation results also show that the P-Pruning DDM algorithm uses memory at run-time more efficiently and requires less number of multicast groups as compared to the three algorithms. We also present the design and implementation of a memory-efficient, scalable enhancement to the P-Pruning algorithm.
A Formal Description Specification for Multi-Resolution Modeling Based on DEVS Formalism and its Applications
Authors: Baohong Liu
Published: June 2009

Multi-Resolution Modeling (MRM) is a relatively new research area. With the development of distributed interactive simulation, especially as the emergence of HLA (High Level Architecture), multi-resolution modeling becomes one of the key technologies for advanced modeling and simulation. But there is little research in the area of the theory of multi-resolution modeling, especially the formal description of MRM. In this paper, a new concept for the description of multi-resolution modeling, named Multi-resolution model Family (MF) is presented. A multi-resolution model family is defined as the set of different resolution models of the same entity. The description of MF includes two parts: models of different resolution and their relations. Based on this new concept and DEVS (Discrete Event Specification) formalism, a new multi-resolution model system specification, named MRMS (Multi-Resolution Model system Specification) is proposed. Some important properties of MRMS, especially the closure of MRMS under coupling operation are given and proved. MRMS provides a foundation and a powerful description tool for the research of MRM. An example to illustrate how to describe a multi-resolution model using our specification is given. Using this description, the theory and implementation of MRM can be further studied.
Helicopter Flight Training Through Serious Aviation Gaming
Authors: Proctor Michael D. , Bauer Maria , Lucario Thomas
Published: June 2009

The notion of Serious Games dates to at least 1970. More recently leaders also identified gaming technology as a possible disruptive technology. If off-the-shelf PC-based aviation games and the vast library of related civilian developed databases and models can be leveraged for serious training use, then existing flight training paradigms from familiarization training to mission rehearsal might be disrupted and provide the military financial, safety, quality, and time benefits for even less cost. This research investigates the contribution that an off-the-shelf, PC-based, aviation game makes to learning using three inexpensive interface configurations. The simulator performance improvement methodology is used to measure the contribution. The research considers interface usability, model fidelity, and simulation sufficiency for task learning. The research also investigates the difference in performance of pilots with and without turbulence with increased load in these configurations. The specific task chosen for research was combat search and rescue with turbulent weather conditions. All forty-five participants in the research were in training to become licensed helicopter pilots. Results of their subjective assessments are also included.