bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Normed Space of Equivalence Classes of Fuzzy Numbers
Authors: Qiu Dong , Lu Chongxia , Zhang Wei
Published: August 2013

We study the norm induced by the supremum metric on the space of fuzzy numbers. And then we propose a method for constructing a norm on the quotient space of fuzzy numbers. This norm is very natural and works well with the induced metric on the quotient space.
Primary Prevention Programme for Burnout-Endangered Teachers: Follow-Up Effectiveness of a Combined Group and Individual Intervention of AFA Breathing Therapy
Authors: Goetz Katja , Loew Thomas , Hornung Regina , Cojocaru Laura , Lahmann Claas , Tritt Karin
Published: August 2013

Background. Early retirement of teachers due to burnout is frequent in Germany. In this study short- and medium-term effects of AFA breathing therapy were evaluated.Methods. This study was designed as a longitudinal controlled intervention design with four points of measurements: before assessment (T1), after intervention (T2), three months (follow up 1) (T3) after intervention, and six months (follow up 2) after intervention (T4). The intervention lasted a total of 11 weeks (weekly group therapy for eight weeks and three weeks of individual breathing session). The effects of intervention were measured with the questionnaire “work-related behaviour and experience Patterns” (AVEM) at four times.Results. In the intervention group 64 teachers and in the self-selected control group 27 teachers were included. The AVEM scales “subjective significance of work” and “professional ambition” changed over time and within both groups (interaction effect). Significant improvements over the four measurements were observed in the intervention group in two AVEM scales: “emotional distancing” (F=6.3;P<0.01) and “balance and mental stability” (F=4.4;P<0.02).Conclusions. AFA breathing therapy showed short- and medium-term effects in the intervention group over four points of measurements. It may be assumed that breath therapy supports teachers in resisting occupational demand.
Neuroprotective Effect of Ginseng against Alteration of Calcium Binding Proteins Immunoreactivity in the Mice Hippocampus after Radiofrequency Exposure
Authors: Maskey Dhiraj , Lee Jin-Koo , Kim Hak Rim , Kim Hyung-Gun
Published: August 2013

Calcium binding proteins (CaBPs) such as calbindin D28-k, parvalbumin, and calretinin are able to bind Ca2+with high affinity. Changes in Ca2+concentrations via CaBPs can disturb Ca2+homeostasis. Brain damage can be induced by the prolonged electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure with loss of interacellular Ca2+balance. The present study investigated the radioprotective effect of ginseng in regard to CaBPs immunoreactivity (IR) in the hippocampus through immunohistochemistry after one-month exposure at 1.6 SAR value by comparing sham control with exposed and ginseng-treated exposed groups separately. Loss of dendritic arborization was noted with the CaBPs in the Cornu Ammonis areas as well as a decrease of staining intensity of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus after exposure while no loss was observed in the ginseng-treated group. A significant difference in the relative mean density was noted between control and exposed groups but was nonsignificant in the ginseng-treated group. Decrease in CaBP IR with changes in the neuronal staining as observed in the exposed group would affect the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit by alteration of the Ca2+concentration which could be prevented by ginseng. Hence, ginseng could contribute as a radioprotective agent against EMF exposure, contributing to the maintenance of Ca2+homeostasis by preventing impairment of intracellular Ca2+levels in the hippocampus.
HIV Infection and Acute Stroke: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Assallum Hussein , Alkayem Mohammad , Shabarek Nehad
Published: August 2013

Background. In the United States, ischemic stroke in HIV-infected patients has increased by 60%. However, unexpected cardiovascular events in relatively young patients have been observed.Clinical Vignette.A 31-year-old male who presented with a 5-hour history of sudden onset slurred speech and left hemiplegia. He has medical history of HIV infection for 2 years taking ARTs. On exam, a significant left hemiparesis was noticed. Brain MRI showed right anterior corona radiata and basal ganglia acute infarction.Discussion.Several mechanisms have been proposed for the relationship between HIV infection and cardiovascular risk. (i) HIV-associated dyslipidemia: HIV-infected patients tend to develop decrease in HDL-c and LDL-c levels. ART was associated with an increase in LDL-c but little change in HDL-c. (ii) Endothelial dysfunction: certain antiretroviral agents may independently contribute to endothelial damage. (iii) Hypertension: systolic blood pressure is higher in those using ART for greater than five years. (iv) Insulin resistance and diabetes have been noticed with ART. (v) Chronic inflammation. (vi) Hypercoagulability: decrease in proteins C and S was associated with HIV infection.Conclusion.Poorly controlled HIV infection and/or the introduction of ATR might be risk factors for cardiovascular events. More studies needed to address this medical dilemma.
Structural Changes in Individual Retinal Layers in Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Murakami Tomoaki , Yoshimura Nagahisa
Published: August 2013

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has enabled objective measurement of the total retinal thickness in diabetic macular edema (DME). The central retinal thickness is correlated modestly with visual impairment and changes paradoxically after treatments compared to the visual acuity. This suggests the clinical relevance of the central retinal thickness in DME and the presence of other factors that affect visual disturbance. Recent advances in spectral-domain (SD) OCT have provided better delineation of the structural changes and fine lesions in the individual retinal layers. Cystoid spaces in the inner nuclear layer and outer plexiform layer are related to quantitative and qualitative parameters in fluorescein angiography. OCT often shows vitreoretinal interface abnormalities in eyes with sponge-like retinal swelling. Serous retinal detachment is sometimes accompanied by hyperreflective foci in the subretinal fluid, which exacerbates the pathogenesis at the interface of the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium. Photoreceptor damage at the fovea is thought to be represented by disruption of the external limiting membrane or the junction between the inner and outer segment lines and is correlated with visual impairment. Hyperreflective foci in the outer retinal layers on SD-OCT images, another marker of visual disturbance, are associated with foveal photoreceptor damage.
A User-Oriented Design Knowledge Reuse Model
Authors: Hao Jia , Yan Yan , Wang Guoxin , Gong Lin , Lin Jianjun
Published: August 2013

To promote the level of reusing the accumulated design knowledge in the company, we intend to develop a knowledge reuse model in this paper. First, the design knowledge is discussed, and a unified design knowledge model is proposed. Following that, we identify three design knowledge reuse patterns which contribute to the understanding of how designers reuse knowledge during the design process. Based on that, we propose a design knowledge reuse model. This model can provide design knowledge according to the design knowledge reuse patterns. The model also provides the ability to update itself according to the captured actions of the knowledge users. At last, the method is validated with a research cooperator on the hydropneumatic spring component.
Effect of 60 kHz and 150 kHz Femtosecond Lasers on Corneal Stromal Bed Surfaces: A Comparative Study
Authors: Monterosso Cristina , Galan Alessandro , Böhm Elisabetta , Zampini Alfonso , Parekh Mohit , Caretti Luigi
Published: August 2013

Purpose. To compare the effect of 60 kHz and 150 kHz femtosecond (FS) laser on the corneal stromal bed surfaces (SBS).Methods. Sixteen human donor corneal tissues unsuitable for transplantation were used. Anterior and posterior lamella was obtained using 60 kHz and 150 kHz FS laser. A standard depth of 400 μm was set for anterior lamellar keratoplasty (ALK) and endothelial lamellar keratoplasty (ELK). The quality and smoothness of the SBS post-FS laser dissection were graded for statistics.Results. No intraoperative complications were found. The side cuts were straight, and the SBS appeared smoother in cuts obtained using 150 kHz. The average values of the SBS quality of the anterior lamellar cut were found to be 2.25 (±0.28) for 60 kHz and 3.125 (±0.25) for 150 kHz (P=0.0039). Whereas, 2 (±0.4) for 60 kHz and 2.75 (±0.28) for 150 kHz (P=0.0273) was the quality observed in endothelial cuts. No significant difference was found between anterior and posterior cuts performed using the same FS laser (60 kHz or 150 kHz) (P>0.05).Conclusions. The 60 kHz and 150 kHz FS lasers are equally effective in performing lamellar dissection for ALK and ELK. 150 kHz FS laser allows a tighter spot and layer separation which creates a slightly smoother SBS.
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Neoadjuvant Study of the Tissue Effects of POMx Pills in Men with Prostate Cancer Before Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Freedland Stephen J. , Carducci Michael , Kroeger Nils , Partin Alan , Rao Jian-yu , Jin Yusheng , Kerkoutian Susan , Wu Hong , Li Yunfeng , Creel Patricia , Mundy Kelly , Gurganus Robin , Fedor Helen , King Serina A. , Zhang Yanjun , Heber David , Pantuck Allan J.
Published: August 2013

Pomegranates slow prostate cancer xenograft growth and prolong prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling times in single-arm human studies. Pomegranates' effects on human prostate tissue are understudied. We hypothesized that orally administered pomegranate extract (POMx; Pom Wonderful) would lower tissue 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an oxidative stress biomarker. Seventy men were randomized to two tablets, POMx or placebo, daily up to four weeks before radical prostatectomy. Tissue was analyzed for intraprostatic urolithin A, a pomegranate metabolite, benign and malignant 8-OHdG, and cancer pS6 kinase, NF-κB, and Ki67. Primary endpoint was differences in 8-OHdG, and the study was powered to detect 35% reduction. POMx was associated with 16% lower benign tissue 8-OHdG (P = 0.095), which was not statistically significant. POMx was well tolerated with no treatment-related withdrawals. There were no differences in baseline clinicopathological features between arms. Urolithin A was detected in 21 of the 33 patients in the POMx group versus 12 of the 35 in the placebo group (P = 0.031). Cancer pS6 kinase, NF-κB, Ki67, and serum PSA changes were similar between arms. POMx before surgery results in pomegranate metabolite accumulation in prostate tissues. Our primary endpoint in this modest-sized short-term trial was negative. Future larger longer studies are needed to more definitively test whether POMx reduces prostate oxidative stress, as well as further animal testing to better understand the multiple mechanisms through which POMx may alter prostate cancer biology. Cancer Prev Res; 6(10); 1120–7. ©2013 AACR.
Nano-Architectural Alterations in Mucus Layer Fecal Colonocytes in Field Carcinogenesis: Potential for Screening
Authors: Roy Hemant K. , Damania Dhwanil P. , DelaCruz Mart , Kunte Dhananjay P. , Subramanian Hariharan , Crawford Susan E. , Tiwari Ashish K. , Wali Ramesh K. , Backman Vadim
Published: August 2013

Current fecal tests (occult blood, methylation, DNA mutations) target minute amounts of tumor products among a large amount of fecal material and thus have suboptimal performance. Our group has focused on exploiting field carcinogenesis as a modality to amplify the neoplastic signal. Specifically, we have shown that endoscopically normal rectal brushings have striking nano-architectural alterations which are detectable using a novel optical technique, partial wave spectroscopic microscopy (PWS). We therefore wished to translate this approach to a fecal assay. We examined mucus layer fecal colonocytes (MLFC) at preneoplastic and neoplastic time points (confirmed with rat colonoscopy) in the azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rat model and conducted PWS analysis to derive the nano-architectural parameter, disorder strength (Ld). We confirmed these results with studies in a genetic model (the Pirc rat). We showed that MLFC appeared microscopically normal, consistent with field carcinogenesis. Ld was elevated at an early time point (5 weeks post-AOM injection, effect size = 0.40, P = 0.024) and plateaued before adenoma formation (10 weeks post-AOM, effect size = 0.66, P = 0.001), with no dramatic increase once tumors developed. We replicated these data in the preneoplastic Pirc rat with an effect size in the MLFC that replicated the rectal brushings (increase vs. age-matched controls of 62% vs. 74%, respectively). We provide the first demonstration of a biophotonics approach to fecal assay. Furthermore, targeting the nano-architectural changes of field carcinogenesis rather than the detection of tumor products may provide a novel paradigm for colorectal cancer screening. Cancer Prev Res; 6(10); 1111–9. ©2013 AACR.
Elevated Removal of Middle Molecules without Significant Albumin Loss with Mixed-Dilution Hemodiafiltration for Patients Unable to Provide Sufficient Blood Flow Rates
Authors: Potier Jacky , Le Roy Frank , Faucon Jean Paul , Besselièvre Thibault , Renaudineau Eric , Farquet Christian , Soihan Pascale , Touzard Dominique , Djema Asia , Ilinca Toma
Published: August 2013

Background: We examined the hypothesis that mixed-dilution online hemodiafiltration (MIXED) rather than predilution online hemodiafiltration (PRE) could enable patients with low blood flow rate (Qb) to benefit from advantages of convective therapies. Methods: Thirty-eight patients were included in a prospective, randomized, crossover and multicenter study conducted with a view to comparing the equilibrated Kt/V, reduction ratio (RR) of phosphates, β2-microglobulin (β2-M) and myoglobin (myo) between PRE and MIXED, each at two Qb values of 250 and 300 ml/min during 4 h sessions with a FX1000HDF dialyzer. Albumin losses (Alb) were also measured in 12 patients. Results: MIXED was always found to be more efficient compared to PRE notably for middle molecules (MM). RRβ2-M: MIX250: 81.3 ± 3.6 vs. PRE250: 75.2 ± 5.9; MIX300: 82.7 ± 3.6 vs. PRE300: 78.1 ± 5.4; RRmyo: MIX250: 70.2 ± 3.6 vs. PRE250: 42.6 ± 2.6; MIX300: 70.6 ± 3.6 vs. PRE300: 45.7 ± 3.6 and with Alb <3.0 g/session. Conclusion: MIXED allows patients unable to provide sufficiently high Qb to achieve high levels of MM removal.
Two-Year Caries Clinical Study of the Efficacy of Novel Dentifrices Containing 1.5% Arginine, an Insoluble Calcium Compound and 1,450 ppm Fluoride
Authors: Kraivaphan P. , Amornchat C. , Triratana T. , Mateo L.R. , Ellwood R. , Cummins D. , DeVizio W. , Zhang Y.-P.
Published: August 2013

A 2-year double-blind randomized three-treatment controlled parallel-group clinical study compared the anti-caries efficacy of two dentifrices containing 1.5% arginine, an insoluble calcium compound (di-calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate) and 1,450 ppm fluoride (F), as sodium monofluorophosphate, to a control dentifrice containing 1,450 ppm F, as sodium fluoride, in a silica base. The 6,000 participants were from Bangkok, Thailand and aged 6-12 years initially. They were instructed to brush twice daily, in the morning and evening, with their randomly assigned dentifrice. Three trained and calibrated dentists examined the children at baseline and after 1 and 2 years using the National Institute of Dental Research Diagnostic Procedures and Criteria. The number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) and surfaces (DMFS) for the three study groups were very similar at baseline, with no statistically significant differences among groups. After 1 year, there were no statistically significant differences in caries increments among the three groups. After 2 years, the two groups using the dentifrices containing 1.5% arginine, an insoluble calcium compound and 1,450 ppm F had statistically significantly (p < 0.02) lower DMFT increments (21.0 and 17.7% reductions, respectively) and DMFS increments (16.5 and 16.5%) compared to the control dentifrice. The differences between the two groups using the new dentifrices were not statistically significant. The results of this pivotal clinical study support the conclusion that dentifrices containing 1.5% arginine, an insoluble calcium compound and 1,450 ppm F provide significantly greater protection against caries lesion cavitation, in a low to moderate caries risk population, than dentifrices containing 1,450 ppm F alone.
Cognitive Stimulation in Patients with Dementia: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mapelli Daniela , Di Rosa Elisa , Nocita Rosaria , Sava Donatella
Published: August 2013

Background/Aims: This study explores the effective outcomes of a structured cognitive stimulation treatment to improve cognition and behavioral symptoms in people with dementia (PWDs), using a randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods: Thirty PWDs were divided into three groups: experimental (treated with cognitive stimulation), placebo (treated with occupational therapy), and control (continuing with the usual activities of the nursing home). Assessment, at baseline and after a period of 8 weeks, was performed using the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, activities of daily living, Mini-Mental State Examination, Esame Neuropsicologico Breve 2, Geriatric Depression Scale and Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Scale. Results: Only the experimental group improved its performance in cognitive tests (p < 0.05) and showed a significant decrease in behavioral symptoms (p < 0.01) after the treatment. Conclusions: The results suggest that a cognitive stimulation treatment for PWDs would improve not only their cognition, but also behavioral symptoms.
Treatment of Disseminated Granuloma Annulare with Oral Vitamin E: ‘Primum Nil Nocere'
Authors: Poppe Heiko , Poppe Lidia M. , Goebeler Matthias , Trautmann Axel
Published: August 2013

Background: Disseminated granuloma annulare (DGA) is a benign and usually asymptomatic skin disease. However, many patients feel aesthetically disfigured and ask for treatment. Until today, no standard therapy is recommended. Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral vitamin E treatment compared to the natural course of DGA. Methods: This single-centre observational cohort study included 38 consecutive patients with histologically confirmed DGA. 21 patients underwent treatment with oral vitamin E, whereas 17 patients preferred a wait-and-see approach. Results: Complete healing (40%) and improvement (30%) were frequently seen under oral vitamin E therapy. However, DGA also spontaneously disappeared in 31% and improved in 25% of untreated control patients. Vitamin E therapy was very well tolerated. Conclusions: Oral vitamin E treatment is a safe and probably effective therapy for DGA. As the natural course of DGA leads to complete healing or significant improvement in many cases, ‘primum nil nocere' should be the maxim.
The Anopheles Innate Immune System in the Defense against Malaria Infection
Authors: Clayton April M. , Dong Yuemei , Dimopoulos George
Published: August 2013

The multifaceted innate immune system of insects is capable of fighting infection by a variety of pathogens including those causing human malaria. Malaria transmission by the Anopheles mosquito depends on the Plasmodium parasite's successful completion of its lifecycle in the insect vector, a process that involves interactions with several tissues and cell types as well as with the mosquito's innate immune system. This review will discuss our current understanding of the Anopheles mosquito's innate immune responses against the malaria parasite Plasmodium and the influence of the insect's intestinal microbiota on parasite infection.
Dilation of the Internal Carotid Artery at the Entrance to the Carotid Canal following Carotid Artery Stenting Predicts Postprocedural Hyperperfusion
Authors: Shimamura Norihito , Kikkawa Tomoshige , Hatanaka Mitsuaki , Naraoka Masato , Munakata Akira , Ohkuma Hiroki
Published: August 2013

Objective: Ischemic stroke and hyperperfusion (HP) are the most frequent and important complications in carotid artery stenosis surgery. Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has replaced carotid endarterectomy in high medical risk patients. Prior to CAS, initial angiographic findings disclose a small caliber internal carotid artery (IC) due to stenosis, but after the stenosis is relieved, the diameter of the IC becomes enlarged. We investigated whether a change in the IC diameter was related to ischemic complication and HP using cerebral blood flow single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Methods: From February 2008 to December 2009 we consecutively performed 39 CAS on 35 patients. We retrospectively analyzed the relationship between changes at the level before the entry to the petrous bone canal of the IC and stenosis of the etiological artery, improvement in stenosis, HP and postintervention diffusion-weighted image high-intensity lesions. Statistical analyses comprised Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis analysis, analysis of variance and a multivariate logistic analysis. Results: A total of 9 cases showed HP in SPECT. Severity of IC stenosis and change in the IC at the level before the entry to the petrous bone canal were related with statistical significance to HP. Other factors did not correlate with HP. Conclusion: Procedure-related dilation of the IC at the level before the entry to the petrous bone canal occurred due to release of the etiological stenosis. This finding can also support the prediction of HP.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Size: Platelets, γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, and Alkaline Phosphatase
Authors: Carr Brian I. , Guerra Vito
Published: August 2013

Background: Thrombocytopenia is a cirrhosis surrogate which is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Aims: To compare the clinical characteristics of HCC in the presence and absence of thrombocytopenia. Methods: The baseline clinical data of a large cohort of randomly presenting, biopsy-proven HCC patients was examined for phenotypic patterns, after organizing the data by tumor size and subdivision into tumor size terciles. Results: Small tumor size tercile I patients had the lowest platelet counts. Patients with higher platelets within each size tercile had the lowest bilirubin and prothrombin time and higher γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) levels. When patients with similar platelet and bilirubin levels were compared, α-fetoprotein, GGTP, and ALKP were significantly increased in patients with larger tumors and in the presence of portal vein thrombus. Large tumor size tercile III patients without thrombocytopenia had larger tumors, higher GGTP and ALKP, and lower bilirubin levels than did patients with thrombocytopenia. Conclusions: Thrombocytopenia occurred in 40.7% of patients with smaller tumors but only in 11.3% of patients with larger tumors. Patients without thrombocytopenia had elevated GGTP and ALKP and lower bilirubin levels, regardless of tumor size, but they also had larger tumors within the large tumor tercile.
Characteristics of Intramural Scar in Patients With Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy and Relation to Intramural Ventricular Arrhythmias
Authors: Desjardins Benoit , Yokokawa Miki , Good Eric , Crawford Thomas , Latchamsetty Rakesh , Jongnarangsin Krit , Ghanbari Hamid , Oral Hakan , Pelosi Frank , Chugh Aman , Morady Fred , Bogun Frank
Published: August 2013

Background—

Ventricular arrhythmias have been described to originate from intramural locations. Intramural scar can be assessed by delayed-enhanced MRI, but MRIs cannot be performed on every patient. The objective of this study was to assess the value of voltage mapping to detect MRI-defined intramural scar and to correlate the scar with ventricular arrhythmias.

Methods and Results—

In 15 consecutive patients (3 women; age 55±16 years; ejection fraction, 49±13%) with structural heart disease, intramural scar was detected by delayed-enhanced MRI. All patients underwent endocardial unipolar and bipolar voltage mapping guided by the registered intramural scar. Scar volume by MRI was 11.7±8 cm
3
with a scar thickness of 4.6±0.7 mm and a preserved endocardial/epicardial rim of 3.3±1.6 and 4.8±2.6 mm, respectively. Endocardial bipolar voltage was 1.6±1.73 mV at the scar, 2.12±2.15 mV in a 1 cm perimeter around the scar, and 2.83±3.39 mV in remote myocardium without scar. The corresponding unipolar voltage was 4.94±3.25, 6.59±3.81, and 8.32±3.39 mV, respectively (
P
<0.0001). Using receiver–operator characteristic curves, a unipolar cut-off value of 6.78 mV (area under the curve, 0.78) and a bipolar cut-off value of 1.55 mV (area under the curve, 0.69) best separated endocardial measurements overlying scar as compared with areas not overlying a scar. At least 1 intramural ventricular arrhythmia was eliminated in all but 2 patients in this series.

Conclusions—

Intramural scar can be detected by unipolar and bipolar voltage, unipolar voltage being more useful. Mapping and ablation of intramural arrhythmias originating from an intramural focus can be accomplished.
Theses on Theory
Authors: Gresham Jacqueline
Published: August 2013

Abstract

These thesis statements address the ghettoization of theory in the academic study of religion, noting not only the creation of specialized venues for the practice of theory (e.g., the conference section that the theses were originally written to directly address) as a symptomatic response, but also the further isolating effects engendered by the emergence of such discursive spaces. In response to these problems of marginalization, the theses go on to propose practical methods for tactical dissolution in hopes to contribute to the further integration of theory into the wider discipline.
Forging an External EU Migration Policy: From Externalisation of Border Management to a Comprehensive Policy?
Authors: Papagianni Georgia
Published: August 2013

Abstract

This article presents a critical analysis of the new developments in the formation of an external dimension of EU migration policy. It seeks to offer comprehensive answers to why, how and who build(s) external migration policy. The author analyses the current institutional framework emphasising, first, the changes introduced by the Lisbon Treaty, second, the variety of actors involved and the relations between them, and third, the innovative character of certain recent instruments. Next, the comprehensive and balanced character of the new policy is questioned. Its fundamental principles and objectives, as those are described in particular in the new Global Approach on Migration and Mobility, the so-called GAMM, are presented and examined in depth. Readmission agreements, visa facilitation agreements and mobility partnerships are used as case studies that provide a thorough review of the policy-making process and an assessment of the respective policy outcomes.
EU Migration Governance in Central Asia: Everybody’s Business – Nobody’s Business?
Authors: Korneev Oleg
Published: August 2013

Abstract

The EU has been involved in various migration governance initiatives in Central Asia with ambiguous impact. Among the reasons given to account for EU external governance failures in Central Asia figure poor EU local expertise , “awkwardness” of states in the region, low level of regional cooperation and high conflict potential among Central Asian states. This article identifies previously neglected challenges for EU migration governance in Central Asia due to the nature of international governors present in the field and to the character of relationships between them: strategic – the lack of donors’ coordination, and operational – limited coordination and often open competition between implementing partners. The article concludes by arguing that current EU actions in this field form a set of disparate initiatives that do not amount to a comprehensive policy seeking to impact migration in Central Asia but rather strive to broaden and strengthen EU presence in the region.
Stephanodiscus Ehr. species from Holocene sediments in the Faiyum Depression (Middle Egypt)
Authors: FLOWER R.J. , KEATINGS K. , HAMDAN M.A. , HASSAN F.A.
Published: August 2013

Lake Qarun in the Egyptian Faiyum Depression is the shrunken remnant of a much larger lake. To investigate the sedimentary history of the former lake, several continuous lacustrine sediment cores were collected from now terrestrial locations within the basin. The suitability of these sediments for reconstructing past environmental changes was first assessed by describing the gross stratigraphies of three core sequences and secondly by evaluating taxonomic issues concerning sedimentary diatom species within the genus, Stephanodiscus Ehr. The stratigraphic descriptions show basal sections comprised of either coarse sand or weathered Ecocene limestone overlain by lacustrine sediments. Lower sections of the lacustrine sediments are diatom marls, and, in the two lakeside cores, these are laminated. These sections indicate that the lake initially formed by rapid in filling to a considerable depth with freshwater and the diatom-rich marls containing abundant Stephanodiscus and Aulacoseira Thwaites species. A new species and variety of Stephanodiscus, S. neoaegypticus and S. neoaegypticus var. fekrii, are described from the marl section in one core. Another species, S. galileenis Håkansson & Erhlich, was also present and is re-evaluated with reference to the published description.  The importance of establishing a sound taxonomic foundation for palaeolimnological studies of Lake Qarun is stressed.
Why is Synedra berolinensis so hard to classify? More on monotypic taxa
Authors: WILLIAMS DAVID M.
Published: August 2013

The diatom species Synedra berolinensis has been placed in the genus Synedra, Fragilaria, Staurosira, Staurosirella as well as its own monotypic genus, Belanostrum. It is recently returned to Staurosirella. This prompts a pertinent question: Why is Synedra berolinensis so hard to classify? One answer may be the inappropriateness of the evidence (data). Another may be the approach to classifying the organism, especially the use of monotypic taxa for problematic groups. I will address both aspects, concentrating more on the latter: How do we classify?
Water Quality and Wet Season Diatom Assemblage Characteristics from the Tamiami Trail Pilot Swales Sites (Everglades National Park, Florida, USA)
Authors: BRAMBURGER ANDREW J. , MUNYON JAY W. , GAISER EVELYN E.
Published: August 2013

A pivotal component of hydrological restoration of the Florida Everglades is the improvement of water conveyance to Everglades National Park by the degradation of the current network of canals, roadways and levees. The Tamiami Trail (L29) road/canal complex represents a major barrier to natural water flows into the park and a variety of modification options for flow improvement are currently being explored, including the installation of spreader swales immediately downstream of culverts conveying water under Tamiami Trail from the L29 canal into Everglades National Park. In this study, we evaluated water column chemistry and wet-season diatom community structure to provide baseline information for use in future monitoring activities related to the proposed Tamiami Trail modifications. Water chemistry showed pronounced fluctuations in response to precipitation and anthropogenically mediated hydrological events. Differences in water quality variables among sites were dampened during periods of inundation, and became more pronounced during periods of low canal stage, suggesting the importance of small-scale mechanisms related to isolation of habitat patches. Diatom assemblages were unexpectedly speciose (127 taxa in 40 samples) compared to typical Everglades assemblages, and spatially heterogeneous in sites associated with concentric areas of dense vegetation immediately downstream of culverts. We also observed significant compositional dissimilarities among transects, indicating that culvert pool and north transect assemblages were substantially influenced by propagule input from the canal and areas to the north, while south transect sites were compositionally similar to typical sawgrass prairie diatom communities. Central transect sites were compositionally intermediate to their north and south counterparts. We propose that the position and spatial extent of this “transitional assemblage” is a sensitive indicator of subtle environmental change related to Tamiami Trail modifications.
Three new Psammothidium species from lakes of Olympic and Cascade Mountains in Washington State, USA
Authors: ENACHE MIHAELA D. , POTAPOVA MARINA , SHEIBLEY RICH , MORAN PATRICK
Published: August 2013

Populations of several Psammothidium species were found in core sediments from nine remote, high elevation, ultraoligotrophic and oligotrophic, Olympic and Cascade Mountain lakes. Three of these species, P. lacustre, P. alpinum, and P. nivale, are described here as new. The morphology of the silica frustules of these species was documented using light and scanning electron microscopy. We discuss the similarities and differences with previously described Psammothidium species.
Description of two new species of Walkerella (Pteromalidae, Otitesellinae) from China with a key to species of the genus
Authors: MA YUN-CUI , PENG YAN-QIONG , YANG DA-RONG
Published: August 2013

Walkerella is an Old World genus of non-pollinating fig wasps in the subfamily Otitesellinae (Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae). It is the most widely distributed genus of the subfamily, though there has been only six known world species. This paper describes two new species associated with the host Ficus subsection Conosycea of section Urostigma, subgenus Urostigma in Xishuangbanna, China. The two new species, Walkerella nigrabdomina Ma & Yang sp. nov. and W. curtipedis Ma & Yang sp. nov., are described from specimens reared from Ficus pisocarpa and Ficus curtipes, respectively. A key to all described species of Walkerella found is provided.
First record of the genus Zaglyptus Förster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) from Vietnam, with description of one new species
Authors: PHAM NHI THI
Published: August 2013

The ichneumonid wasp genus Zaglyptus Förster, 1868 is reported for the first time from Vietnam, with three species found in the country. One new species, Zaglyptus guptai sp. nov., is described based on material collected in Chu Yang Sin NP, Dak Lak Province. Two other species, Z. glaber Gupta and Z. nigrolineatus, Gupta are recorded as new for the country. In addition, the subspecies Z. glaber singaporensis Gupta is synonymised with the nominate subspecies.
MLS and CALIOP Cloud Ice Measurements in the Upper Troposphere: A Constraint from Microwave on Cloud Microphysics
Authors: Wu Dong L. , Lambert Alyn , Read William G. , Eriksson Patrick , Gong Jie
Published: August 2013

This study examines the consistency and microphysics assumptions among satellite ice water content (IWC) retrievals in the upper troposphere with collocated A-Train radiances from Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and lidar backscatters from Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP). For the cases in which IWC values are small (<10 mg m−3), the cloud ice retrievals are constrained by both MLS 240- and 640-GHz radiances and CALIOP 532-nm backscatter β532. From the observed relationships between MLS cloud-induced radiance Tcir and the CALIOP backscatter integrated γ532 along the MLS line of sight, an empirical linear relation between cloud ice and the lidar backscatter is found: IWC/β532 = 0.58 ± 0.11. This lidar cloud ice relation is required to satisfy the cloud ice emission signals simultaneously observed at microwave frequencies, in which ice permittivity is relatively well known. This empirical relationship also produces IWC values that agree well with the CALIOP, version 3.0, retrieval at values <10 mg m−3. Because the microphysics assumption is critical in satellite cloud ice retrievals, the agreement found in the IWC–β532 relationships increase fidelity of the assumptions used by the lidar and microwave techniques for upper-tropospheric clouds.
Snow Temperature Changes within a Seasonal Snowpack and Their Relationship to Turbulent Fluxes of Sensible and Latent Heat
Authors: Burns Sean P. , Molotch Noah P. , Williams Mark W. , Knowles John F. , Seok Brian , Monson Russell K. , Turnipseed Andrew A. , Blanken Peter D.
Published: August 2013

Snowpack temperatures from a subalpine forest below Niwot Ridge, Colorado, are examined with respect to atmospheric conditions and the 30-min above-canopy and subcanopy eddy covariance fluxes of sensible Qh and latent Qe heat. In the lower snowpack, daily snow temperature changes greater than 1°C day−1 occurred about 1–2 times in late winter and early spring, which resulted in transitions to and from an isothermal snowpack. Though air temperature was a primary control on snowpack temperature, rapid snowpack warm-up events were sometimes preceded by strong downslope winds that kept the nighttime air (and canopy) temperature above freezing, thus increasing sensible heat and longwave radiative transfer from the canopy to the snowpack. There was an indication that water vapor condensation on the snow surface intensified the snowpack warm-up.

In late winter, subcanopy Qh was typically between −10 and 10 W m−2 and rarely had a magnitude larger than 20 W m−2. The direction of subcanopy Qh was closely related to the canopy temperature and only weakly dependent on the time of day. The daytime subcanopy Qh monthly frequency distribution was near normal, whereas the nighttime distribution was more peaked near zero with a large positive skewness. In contrast, above-canopy Qh was larger in magnitude (100–400 W m−2) and primarily warmed the forest–surface at night and cooled it during the day. Around midday, decoupling of subcanopy and above-canopy air led to an apparent cooling of the snow surface by sensible heat. Sources of uncertainty in the subcanopy eddy covariance flux measurements are suggested. Implications of the observed snowpack temperature changes for future climates are discussed.
Interpreting Energy and Tracer Spectra of Upper-Ocean Turbulence in the Submesoscale Range (1–200 km)
Authors: Callies Jörn , Ferrari Raffaele
Published: August 2013

Submesoscale (1–200 km) wavenumber spectra of kinetic and potential energy and tracer variance are obtained from in situ observations in the Gulf Stream region and in the eastern subtropical North Pacific. In the Gulf Stream region, steep kinetic energy spectra at scales between 200 and 20 km are consistent with predictions of interior quasigeostrophic–turbulence theory, both in the mixed layer and in the thermocline. At scales below 20 km, the spectra flatten out, consistent with a growing contribution of internal-wave energy at small scales. In the subtropical North Pacific, the energy spectra are flatter and inconsistent with predictions of interior quasigeostrophic–turbulence theory. The observed spectra and their dependence on depth are also inconsistent with predictions of surface quasigeostrophic–turbulence theory for the observed ocean stratification. It appears that unbalanced motions, most likely internal tides at large scales and the internal-wave continuum at small scales, dominate the energy spectrum throughout the submesoscale range. Spectra of temperature variance along density surfaces, which are not affected by internal tides, are also inconsistent with predictions of geostrophic-turbulence theories. Reasons for this inconsistency could be the injection of energy in the submesoscale range by small-scale baroclinic instabilities or modifications of the spectra by coupling between surface and interior dynamics or by ageostrophic frontal effects.
Do Micro Enterprises Benefit from the ‘Doing Business’ Reforms? The Case of Street-Vending in Tanzania
Authors: Lyons Michal , Brown Alison , Msoka Colman
Published: August 2013

The World Bank’s ‘Doing Business’ reforms were originally expected to help the growth and formalisation of SMEs and micro enterprises. The expectations that reforms would support the growth and development of SMEs were challenged by scholars, but the reforms’ impact on the micro enterprises of the poor has received little scholarly attention. Drawing on a desk study and on field studies of street-vendors carried out in Tanzania in 2007 and 2011, this paper argues that the growth and formalisation of micro-businesses are badly served by the ‘Doing Business’ reforms.
Does One Size Fit All?
Authors: Wilson Holly A. , Gutierrez Leticia
Published: August 2013

The application of common risk assessment measures, such as the Level of Service Inventories (LSI), to Aboriginal offenders has been a criticized practice. The belief that Aboriginal offenders have distinct needs has informed the argument that existing risk-need assessments cannot adequately capture their risk. To explore this, the present meta-analysis reviewed 16 samples to test the extent to which LSI scores predict recidivism for Aboriginal compared with non-Aboriginal offenders. In addition, one large sample was used to examine the similarities in recidivism rates per LSI score for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal offenders. Results indicated that the LSI predicts recidivism for Aboriginal offenders; however, for five of eight subscales, it predicts with less accuracy compared with non-Aboriginal offenders. In addition, the LSI underclassifies low-scoring Aboriginal offenders, but accurately estimates recidivism rates for higher scoring offenders. Implications for research into culturally-specific risk factors and the application of current risk factors to Aboriginal offenders are explored.
Temporary contracts and manufacturing firms’ outcomes in Spain: A curvilinear examination
Authors: Roca-Puig Vicente , Beltrán-Martín Inmaculada , Segarra-Ciprés Mercedes
Published: August 2013

This work contributes to research on temporary employment, specifically through an analysis of its effect on firm efficacy. The authors analyze the potential curvilinear (nonlinear) relationship between temporary contracts and organizational outcomes and examine how the proportion of indirect temporary workers – hired through Temporary Help Agencies (THAs) – influences this relationship in a sample of 1597 Spanish manufacturing firms. The analysis finds a negative linear relationship between temporary contracts and labor productivity and a predominantly positive concave downward curve between temporary contracts and gross operating margin. This curvilinear relationship is especially stronger when the proportion of indirect temporary contracts is low, and it is found that the use of temporary contracts has a positive effect on gross operating margin, but this effect becomes negative with overuse. This empirical evidence partially questions the dominant linear view that has been established over the past few decades in the labor flexibility literature at an organizational level.
The Probability of Exceedance as a Nonparametric Person-Fit Statistic for Tests of Moderate Length
Authors: Tendeiro Jorge N. , Meijer Rob R.
Published: August 2013

To classify an item score pattern as not fitting a nonparametric item response theory (NIRT) model, the probability of exceedance (PE) of an observed response vector x can be determined as the sum of the probabilities of all response vectors that are, at most, as likely as x, conditional on the test’s total score. Vector x is to be considered not fitting when its PE is smaller than a prespecified level. Although this concept is not new, it is hardly if ever applied in practice. In the present paper, the authors show how the PE of a response vector x can be computed in a NIRT context and how misfitting response patterns are detected using the exact distribution of PE. Results from two empirical applications are discussed. A simulation study is conducted to investigate the robustness of the PE against violation of the invariant item ordering condition. Finally, considerations over possible asymptotic distributions of PE are discussed.
Mind the gap: Do proportional electoral systems foster a more equal representation of women and men, poor and rich?
Authors: Bernauer Julian , Giger Nathalie , Rosset Jan
Published: August 2013

Female gender and low income are two markers for groups that have been historically disadvantaged within most societies. The study explores two research questions related to their political representation: (1) ‘Are parties biased towards the ideological preferences of male and rich citizens?’; and (2) ‘Does the proportionality of the electoral system moderate the degree of under-representation of women and poor citizens in the party system?’ A multilevel analysis of survey data from 24 parliamentary democracies indicates that there is some bias against those with low income and, at a much smaller rate, women. This has systemic consequences for the quality of representation, as the preferences of the complementary groups differ. The proportionality of the electoral system influences the degree of under-representation: specifically, larger district magnitudes help in closing the considerable gap between rich and poor.
How Do Physicians Provide Statistical Information about Antidepressants to Hypothetical Patients?
Authors: Gaissmaier Wolfgang , Anderson Britta L. , Schulkin Jay
Published: August 2013

Background. Little is known about how physicians provide statistical information to patients, which is important for informed consent. Methods. In a survey, obstetricians and gynecologists ( N = 142) received statistical information about the benefit and side effects of an antidepressant. They received information in various formats, including event rates (antidepressant v. placebo), absolute risks, and relative risks. Participants had to imagine 2 hypothetical patients, 1 for whom they believed the drug to be safe and effective and 1 for whom they did not, and select the information they would give those patients. We assessed whether the information they selected for each patient was complete, transparent, interpretable, or persuasive (i.e., to nudge patients toward a particular option) and compared physicians who gave both patients the same information with those who gave both patients different information. Results. A similar proportion of physicians (roughly 25% each) selected information that was 1) complete and transparent, 2) complete but not transparent, 3) not interpretable for the patient because necessary comparative information was missing, or 4) suited for nudging. Physicians who gave both patients the same information (61% of physicians) more often selected at least complete information, even if it was often not transparent. Physicians who gave both patients different information (39% of physicians), in contrast, more often selected information that was suited for nudging in line with the belief they were asked to imagine. A limitation is that scenarios were hypothetical. Conclusions. Most physicians did not provide complete and transparent information. Clinicians who presented consistent information to different patients tended to present complete information, whereas those who varied what information they chose to present appeared more prone to nudging.
Robust feedback control of ZMP-based gait for the humanoid robot Nao
Authors: Alcaraz-Jiménez J.J. , Herrero-Pérez D. , Martínez-Barberá H.
Published: August 2013

Numerous approaches have been proposed to generate well-balanced gaits in biped robots that show excellent performance in simulated environments. However, in general, the dynamic balance of the robots decreases dramatically when these methods are tested in physical platforms. Since humanoid robots are intended to collaborate with humans and operate in everyday environments, it is of paramount importance to test such approaches both in physical platforms and under severe conditions. In this work, the special characteristics of the Nao humanoid platform are analyzed and a control system that allows robust walking and disturbance rejection is proposed. This approach combines the zero moment point (ZMP) stability criterion with angular momentum suppression and step timing control. The proposed method is especially suitable for platforms with limited computational resources and sensory and sensory-motor capabilities.