bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Los primeros recogimientos para doncellas mestizas en Lima y Cusco, 1550 - 1580
Authors: Van Deusen Nancy E.
Published: October 2020

A través del estudio del recogimiento, una institución para mujeres y niñas que aún se encuentran en los márgenes de la investigación histórica, se puede acceder a nuevas perspectivas sobre los mecanismos sociales y económicos del periodo colonial temprano. Uno de los primeros problemas que tuvieron que confrontar las autoridades españolas y ciudadanos eminentes fue el de la primera generación de mestizos, niños nacidos en el seno de uniones licitas o ilícitas, generalmente entre españoles y mujeres indígenas.
Seducción y conquista: Una lectura de Guamán Poma
Authors: Osorio Alejandra
Published: October 2020

La virginidad —y la pérdida de esta— por la mujer andina constituye uno de los temas centrales de la Carta que Guamán Poma dejó para el rey de España, Felipe III, titulada Nueva crónica y Buen Gobierno, por el año de 1615. Para Guamán Poma la virginidad encarnada en las acllacuna fue sinónimo de orden y grandeza, mientras que la violación de esta virginidad es presentada como el paradigma central de la catástrofe social —"el mundo al revés"— que trajo la conquista para los pueblos andinos.
Los textos del contacto y el discurso jurídico en los Andes (siglos XVI y XVII)
Authors: Garatea Grau Carlos
Published: October 2020

El propósito de este artículo es mostrar el complejo universo textual producido en el Perú durante el inicial contacto de lenguas y situarlo en la historia del español colonial. A partir de referencias y ejemplos se avanza sobre una compleja realidad, marcadamente heterogénea, que refleja la diversidad inherente al contacto durante los siglos XVI y XVII. Al mismo tiempo, se ofrecen testimonios sobre la importancia del discurso jurídico en el registro del español andino y se concluye enfatizando la notable capacidad verbal de Guamán Poma de Ayala.
Mito y milenarismo en los Andes: del Taki Onqoy a Inkarri
Authors: Curatola Marco
Published: October 2020

La estrecha conexión entre mitos y cultos de crisis, aceptada como principio por todos los estudios, ha sido hasta hoy examinada con el fin de averiguar las causas que favorecen el surgimiento de movimientos mesiánicos y milenaristas. Los cultos de crisis se inspiran en un mito de los orígenes que es proyectado hacia el futuro: "el mesianismo, escribe R. Bastide, es ante todo mitología historizada, en la cual el mito de la creación se transforma en mito de Apocalipsis y el del héroe civilizador se convierte en el del libertador" (1973: 272-3).
SUB-NATIONAL REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND DEGREEAWARDING TERTIARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA: DESCRIPTIVE, GEO-DEMOGRAPHIC AND GEO-SPATIAL ANALYSES
Authors: INGWE Richard , IKEJI Chibueze C.C. , UGWU Ude
Published: October 2020

Public and private investments in educational institutions as a means of catalysing economic growth has been recognized a veritable strategy for developing human capital, increasing productivity and competitiveness at various regional levels. Nigeria’s multiplicity of cultural groups whose political sensitivity to (in)equality in the sharing of nationally pooled resources has been a source of conflicts including the 1967-70 civil war, presents an ideal scenario for understanding the extent of balance or otherwise of tertiary educational opportunities across the national landscape. This has not been sufficiently addressed in the academic literature. This article reports findings of a study of the provision of degree-awarding tertiary educational institutions (TEIs) by governments and private entities in Nigeria’s sub-national regions. Geo-demographic-spatial and description analyses were used to analyze secondary data. We found among others that: the numbers of TEIs provided in the sub-national regions (geo-political zones and their constituent states) have not been determined by the population size of the sub-national regions (state/territory); highest concentration/localisation of TEIs were in Nigeria’s South-West geo-political zone. It is argued that the full government financing of education implemented in the former (South) Western Region about half a century ago (since the 1950s) laid the foundation for creating critically needed human capital mass that has continued to regenerate in multi-dimensional strategies for establishing more TEIs thereby promoting regional development in the present South-West Region thereby contrasting with Nigeria’s other geo-political regions.
URBAN SPRAWL PATTERN AND EFFECTIVE FACTORS ON THEM: THE CASE OF URMIA CITY, IRAN
Authors: MOHAMMADI Jamal , ZARABI Asghar , MOBARAK Omid
Published: October 2020

Urban sprawl has become a remarkable characteristic of urban development worldwide in the last decades. Urban sprawl refers to the extent of urbanization, which is a global phenomenon mainly driven by population growth and large scale migration. In developing countries like Iran, urban sprawl is taking its toll on the natural resources at an alarming pace. The purpose of this paper is to study urban growth and effective factors on them in the city of Urmia, Iran. We used quantitive data of the study area from the period between 1989 and 2007, and population censuses of Urmia. To measure the model of urban growth, Holderness and Shannon’s entropy were employed. The Urmia case is interesting for several reasons: first, it is a case of very fast urban growth even for a developing country; second, it illustrates how the fastest rates of urban sprawl may correspond to middle size cities rather than to large centers. Third, it portrays a land substitution process in which agricultural land is not the primary provider of urban land which is relatively rare in urban contexts, and fourth, it also illustrates how urban sprawl may also hide important internal land uses such as the presence of agricultural plots within urban boundaries.
SPATIAL ENTROPY. A SMALL TOWN PERSPECTIVE. CASE STUDY: THE TOWN OF MARGHITA
Authors: NEMEȘ Valentin , PETREA Rodica , FILIMON Mălina
Published: October 2020

The concept of "spatial entropy" developed by Michael Batty (1974) was primarily used to test different hypotheses concerning the distribution and density of population in great cities like New York, London, Los Angeles. Subsequently spatial entropy was adapted in urban and regional studies, where two types of research have been outlined: - "descriptive statistics" and "MaxEnt" method (Esmer 2005). Three characteristic elements related to the three components of sustainable development (society, economy and environment) have been considered to shape the degree of entropy for the urban system Marghita, namely: population, turnover and green spaces. The determination of the entropy degree for the Marghita urban system was achieved by applying statistical physics functions on open systems, related to the three pillars of sustainable development. The three domains are represented by a series of dynamic and complex elements characterized by input and output streams, influenced by endogenous factors characteristics of urban system and exogenous factors from the higher integrator urban system.
‘NORTH OF THE SOUTH’ OR ‘SOUTH OF THE NORTH’? REVISITING THE SPATIALLY-COMPLEX ECONOMIC DIVIDE IN ITALY
Authors: SALVATI Luca
Published: October 2020

The present study evaluates the economic dynamics of more than 600 local districts in two contrasting periods (mid-1990s and mid-2000s) of the recent development path of Italy in the light of territorial disparities between northern and southern regions. In order to produce a multidimensional concept of ‘economic development’ 16 variables (including share of agriculture and industry on total product, labour productivity by sector, per-capita and per-worker value added) have been considered together by using exploratory multidimensional statistics. This approach has been preferred to more traditional procedures centred on single-variable analyses (e.g. GDP level and its changes over time) or convergence analysis since it allowed us to debate on the increasingly complex geography of the economic development observed in Italy and the 'newly emerging' socioeconomic disparities among regions. Results indicate that the traditional north-south gap has not been significantly reduced along the last ten years. Coastal-inland and urban-rural gradients revealed as crucial especially in southern Italy, indicating the late transition from agriculture and state-driven industry towards services producing low value added. The persistence of the north-south divide allowed us to identify ‘changing’ and ‘structurally stable’ variables as a possible target for integrated developmental policies.
MATERIAL IMPACTS OF HIP-HOP ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN DAKAR: THE CASE OF EAUX SECOURS
Authors: HUNGERFORD Hilary
Published: October 2020

The creative city has emerged as a driving force in urban studies in both academic and urban planning realms. Increasingly, scholars are interrogating these ideas of the creative city and the creative class as to their political implications and applications to cities around the world. This paper focuses on the role of the artist in urban development through the case study of one hip-hop group from the Pikine neighborhood of Dakar. Pikine, a poor neighborhood on the outskirts of the city, is one of many neighborhoods prone to seasonal flooding. Where city government programs of flood alleviation failed to produce positive results, the hip-hop artists have succeeded to organize and work against flooding. The artists imagined a better urban future from the point of view of disadvantaged neighborhoods, and organized the community to make real, material impacts on the city.
Profil Tunarungu Penyandang Gelar Uni Duta Wisata Kota Padang Panjang Tahun 2018
Authors: Nafisah Nurul , Sopandi Asep Ahmad
Published: October 2020

Penelitian ini didasarkan pada hasil temuan lapangan berupa hadirnya seorang penyandang tunarungu pada ajang pemilihan uda uni duta wisata kota padang panjang yang dilaksanakan tahun 2018. Ia yang menjadi salah satu duta wisata terpilih dengan gelar penghargaan special achievment. berdasarkan temuan di lapangan, diperoleh fakta bahwasanya subjek merupakan penyandang disabilitas pertama se kota padang panjang, dan bahkan yang pertama se provinsi sumatera barat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetaahui seluk beluk perjalanan subjek dalam meraih gelar tersebut pada ajang pemilihan uda uni duta wisata kota padang panjang tahun 2018. Adapun penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif guna mengungkap secara mendalam profil dari duta wisata penyandang tunarungu . sedangkan metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu melalui observasi terusterang, observasi tersamar, dan observasi tidak terstruktur, study dokumentasi, dan wawancara dengan rekan-rekan terdekat subjek, rekan-rekan sesama duta wisata, juga pihak dinas terkait. Hasil penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan profil dari seorang tunarungu yang menyandang gelar sebagai duta wisata yaitu riwayat pendidikan, aspek 3B (brain, beauty, behavior) yang ada dalam diri tunarungu I, tahapan yang ia lalui dan kendala yang ia hadapi selama berkompetisi dalam ajang pemilihan Uda Uni Duta Wisata Kota Padang Panjang Tahun 2018 dan cara tunarungu I mengatasi kendala yang ia temui dalam kompetisi tersebut.
Manfaat Media Teknologi Dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Siswa Pada Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam
Authors: Masjudin Masjudin
Published: October 2020

“Perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi merupakan salah satu produk dari manusia yang terdidik, dan pada gilirannya manusia-manusia perlu lebih mendalami dan mampu mengambil manfaat dan bukan menjadi korban dari perkembangnan ilmu dan teknologi sendiri. Mendalami serta mengambil manfaat dari perkembangan ilmu dan teknologi tidak mungkin dilakukan oleh semua manusia dengan kadar dan waktu yang sama. Keterbatasan manusia dan waktu menuntut adanya spesialisasi yang semakin menajam. 

Teknologi telah menjadi bagian integral dari tiap kehidupan masyarakat sejak ribuan tahun yang lalu. Pada zaman batupun telah ada teknologi, seperti misalnya yang digunakan untuk membangun piramida, untuk membuat api, dan lain-lain. Makin maju suatu masyarakat, makin banyak dan makin canggih teknologi yang ditemukan dan digunakan. Bahkan ada diantara kita yang berpendapat bahwa teknologi telah merupakan “jawaban atas semua masalah”
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE TALKING STICK TERHADAP KETRAMPILAN BERBICARA DI KELAS V SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Molan Agustinus Suban , Ansel Maria Finsensia , Mbabho Finsensius
Published: October 2020

The purpose of the study gggggggg
A Study Of Machine Translation Theories And Methods
Authors: Ergasheva Guli I. , Haitqulov Zahriddin.X.
Published: October 2020

The demand for language translation has greatly increased in recent times due to increasing cross-regional communication and the need for information exchange. Most material needs to be translated, including scientific and technical documentation, instruction manuals, legal documents, textbooks, publicity leaflets, newspaper reports etc. Some of this work is challenging and difficult but mostly it is tedious and repetitive and requires consistency and accuracy. It is becoming difficult for professional translators to meet the increasing demands of translation. In such a situation the machine translation can be used as a substitute.  This paper intends to study methods and techniques of Machine Translation (MT). Through the following points: History of MT, Statistical MT, Types of MT, and evaluation of MT.
Savithri Scale for New Malay Gamelan
Authors: Chai Muhammad Al-Hafiz Bin Mohd Nur Helmi , Djaelani Yoesbar
Published: October 2020

An experimental research meant to explore Malaysian gamelan to another level. By implementing purposive sampling in methodology, researcher chose Savithri scale to apply in ethnomusicology studies and producing three sets of new Malay gamelan piece way different than the original pentatonic scale of traditional Malay gamelan
Vehicle Speed Information
Authors: Valsaraj Vani
Published: October 2020

Road accidents have been very common in the present world with prime cause being careless driving. It is very necessary to identify the careless driver. However, with the advancement in the technology, different governing bodies are demanding some sort of computerized technology to control the driving speed of drivers. At this scenario, we are proposing system to detect vehicle speed been driven the given maximum speed of vehicles the respective roads or highway limits.
Development of a Multimedia Program to Promote Environmental Education of Zoology
Authors: Valladares Fuente Fernando Emilio
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this study was to improve the approach of environmental education in a secondary school in Pinar del Río, Cuba. This material was created using a) literature on the theoretical−empirical background of environmental education focused on Zoology and b) a study of student perceptions of the environment using surveys and interviews. Deficiencies noted in the literature and student knowledge guided the design of a multimedia program to teach Zoology to high school students with a focus on an integrated environmental approach. The proposed program includes specialized videos and texts about both global and local fauna. The videos and activities were designed to familiarize students with the fauna and the measures that they should take to protect and help preserve the life of animals and their environments.
Antropogeninės taršos įtakos Nevėžio upės hidrochemijai tyrimai ir vertinimas
Authors: Jankauskas Gediminas , Šaulys Valentinas
Published: October 2020

Šiame straipsnyje yra analizuojamos Nevėžio upės dviejų paskutinių dešimtmečių (1998–2018 m.) nitratų azoto (NO3-N)
ir fosfatų fosforo (PO4-P) koncentracijos. Upės vandens kokybės hidrocheminiam vertinimui naudojami iš Aplinkos apsaugos agentūros gauti
1998–2018 m. laikotarpio nitratų ir fosfatų koncentracijų mėnesiniai duomenys (aukščiau ir žemiau Panevėžio bei Kėdainių ir aukščiau
Raudondvario) ir atitinkami vandens debitai. Statistinės analizės metodais, esant 95 % patikimumui buvo pagrįstos nitratų ir fosfatų
koncentracijų kaitos tendencijos. Taip pat 2019 m. buvo atliekami natūriniai nitratų azoto ir fosfatų fosforo koncentracijų tyrimai
Nevėžio upėje. Upės natūrinių tyrimų rezultatai buvo vertinami pagal fizikinius-cheminius kokybės elementus – nitratų azotą ir fosfatų
fosforą. Vidutinė nitratin-io azoto koncentracijų reikšmė 1998–2008 m. laikotarpiu aukščiau Raudondvario buvo 3,54 mg/l, o 2008–2018 m.
laikotarpiu – 3,77 mg/l. Vidutinė fosfatų fosforo koncentracijos rodiklių reikšmė 1998–2008 m. laikotarpiu aukščiau Raudondvario buvo
0,220 mg/l, o 2008–2018 m. laikotarpiu – 0,091 mg/l.
Nitratų koncentracijos vandenyje ir nuotekose mažinimas filtruojant per Purolite užpildą
Authors: Šarko Julita Šarko , Dabužinskaitė Ginta
Published: October 2020

Gruntiniame ir šachtinių šulinių vandenyje pasitaikančios nitratų koncentracijos peržengia 50 mg/l ribą,
todėl netenkina HN 24:2017 reikalavimų geriamajam vandeniui. Nepakankamai efektyviai išvalytose nuotekose esantys nitratai
patenka į paviršinio vandens telkinius ir sukelia jų eutrofikaciją. Nitratų koncentracijos vandenyje mažinimas yra aktuali
problema tiek ruošiant geriamąjį vandenį, tiek valant nuotekas. Šiame straipsnyje aprašomi nitratų koncentracijos vandenyje
ir nuotekose mažinimo, filtruojant per Purolite užpildą, tyrimai. Pasirinkta medžiaga Purolite A502PS, kuri naudojama cukraus
sirupo spalvingumui mažinti ir gali būti naudojama jonų mainų procese, taip pat kaip adsorbentas ir/ar katalizatorius.
Eksperimentiniai laboratoriniai tyrimai atlikti naudojant filtravimo kolonėlių stendą ir pasirenkant 10; 20; 30; 60; 120;
240 ml/min debitus. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė aukštą (>90 %) nitratų azoto šalinimo efektyvumą. Jonų mainų procese nitratų
jonai buvo keičiami chloro jonais, todėl filtratuose padidėjo chloro jonų koncentracija
The Difference of Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential Latency in Diabetic Patient with Good and Poor Glycemic Control
Authors: Samatra D. P. G. Purwa , Meliana Grace , Putra I. G. N. Purna , Widyadharma I Putu Eka
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder which may complicate other organs, including the nervous system. Literatures which discuss about DM complications in the peripheral nervous system are easy to find but not so many of the central nervous system. Central diabetic neuropathy is a new concept which could be detected by a simple and non-invasive method, called brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP).
AIM: The aim of the study was to find differences in BAEP latencies of a diabetic patient with good and poor glycemic control.
METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 80 patients who came for follow-up in diabetic center and neurology polyclinic at Sanglah Hospital, from April to July 2016. The subjects were divided into two groups, depending on their glycemic control, then having BAEP examination.
RESULTS: The unpaired t-test found prolonged BAEP latencies (either peak latency of wave III, V, IPL I-III, III-V, and I-V) in both ears at the poor glycemic control group, but the results were not differed significantly (p > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: BAEP wave latencies were found prolonged in DM patient with poor glycemic control but not statistically significant. Further evaluation of BAEP latencies in DM patients is needed with prolonged duration and their relation with other comorbid factors, especially smoking habit.
Analysis of the Relationship between Nutritional Influence with the Obesity Phenomenon among Primary School Students in Banda Aceh, Aceh Province, Indonesia
Authors: Al Rahmad Agus , Fitri Yulia , Suryana Suryana , Mulyani Nunung S. , Fajriansyah Fajriansyah , Abdul Hadi
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity in children has reached the limit of the pandemic number. Obesity has become a major public health problem in Indonesia due to increasing prevalence. Aceh Province has a prevalence of obesity in children 6–14 years at 5.9% in 2013 and increased to 9.5% in 2017.
AIM: Analyzing the effect of fiber intake, snack foods, breakfast, and sedentary on the incidence of obesity in elementary schoolchildren in the city of Banda Aceh.
METHODS: This research used case–control design. Determination of the sample was done by probability sampling with cluster sampling technique. Study sample was of 84 children. Data collection was done by interviewing the parents, observation using questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out bivariate and using Chi-square statistical tests.
RESULTS: School food intake from daily snacks (p = 0.001, odds ratio [OR] = 5) and fiber consumption (p = 0.017, OR = 3.3) was related to the incidence of obesity in elementary schoolchildren in Banda Aceh (p < 0.05). Sedentary behavior was associated with the incidence of obesity in primary schoolchildren (p = 0.002, OR = 4.6). Breakfast is not related to the occurrence of obesity in primary schoolchildren in the city of Banda Aceh.
CONCLUSION: There was a significant influence between intake from daily snack foods, fiber consumption, and sedentary on the incidence of obesity in primary schoolchildren in the Banda Aceh City area.
The Effect of Glutamine Supplementation on Ileum Histopathology of Rats with Acute and Chronic EPEC-Induced Diarrhea
Authors: Deddy Satriya Putra  , Fadil Oenzil  , Eryati Darwin  , Hafni Bachtiar  , Tofrizal Tofrizal
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid as the main fuel in the gastrointestinal mucosa. By its various gastrointestinal functions, glutamine is thought to increase the protection of the intestinal mucosa against local or systemic injury from diarrhea. 
AIM: This study aims to determine the relationship between glutamine supplementation and ileum histopathology in rats with acute and chronic diarrhea induced by EPEC.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research was conducted in an experimental laboratory with a randomized posttest-only control group design. A total of 30 Rattus novergicus strain Wistar were divided into 5 groups. The treatment group was induced to have diarrhea using EPEC at a dose of 108 CFU/ml, after each group diagnosed by acute and chronic diarrhea, followed by glutamine supplementation at a dose of 810 mg/200 g for 14 days. The intestinal histopathology of each group was assessed and their levels of inflammation classified based on the Barthel-Mandja inflammatory score.
RESULT: The result showed that significant differences in inflammation levels between the negative control group, acute diarrhea group, chronic diarrhea group, acute diarrhea group with glutamine, and  chronic diarrhea group with glutamine were found (p<0.05). The highest level of inflammation was found in the acute diarrhea group.
CONCLUSION: This study concluded that glutamine supplementation has an effect on the ileum histopathology of rats with acute and chronic diarrhea.
Keywords: Enteropathogenic E. Coli, Glutamine, gastrointestinal tract, pathology, ileum.
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status in Children Aged 6–24 months in Lamongan Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Hidayat Abdul Aziz Alimul , Marini Gita , Tyas Anaestasia Pangestu Mei
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: Family food security and parenting are factors affecting changes in nutritional status related to family care and food availability.
AIM: This study aims to analyze the factors affecting nutritional status in children aged 6–24 months in Lamongan Regency, Indonesia.
METHODS: The study used cross-sectional data with 191 children aged 6–24 months and their parents, selected by simple random sampling. The data were collected through observations and interviews and used to assess the physical endurance and nutritional status based on the questionnaires, food frequency, observations, weight scales, and World Health Organization/National Center for Health Statistics reference standards.
RESULTS: The results of the double linear regression test p = 0.000 indicated that the parenting coefficient had more influence on the nutritional status of children aged 6–24 months than the family food security coefficient on the nutritional status of children in Lamongan Regency, with Y = 1.565 + 0.062 X1 + 0.446 X2, Y being nutritional status, 1.565 as the coefficient value, X1 (0.062) being family food security, and X2 (0.446), parenting.
CONCLUSION: Better parenting improved the nutritional status of children aged 6–24 months compared to maintaining food security. Thus, parenting improvement programs could be prioritized through the Community Health Center.
The Effectiveness of School-based and Community-based Deworming Methods in Primary School Children with Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection
Authors: Sjafii Ridha Putri , Ramayani Oke Rina , Pasaribu Syahril , Pasaribu Ayodhia Pitaloka
Published: October 2020

OBJECTIVE: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection remains a public health problem, especially children. Preventive chemotherapy for school-aged children with STH infection in 2012 had only reached half of the World Health Organization target. Therefore, mass drug administration by community-based deworming (CBD) could be a solution to achieve the target.
METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was the sample test in STH-infected primary school children at Suka Village, Indonesia. It was conducted from December 2016 to April 2017. A single dose 400 mg albendazole was given in both study groups. Effectiveness was assessed by Kato-Katz stool examination at the 1st and 3rd months after treatment.
RESULTS: We enrolled 257 children and divided into school-based deworming (SBD) and CBD group. SBD consisted of 123 children while CBD was 134 children group which divided based on a school cluster system. The prevalence of STH infection is 55.6% with the most common infection that is ascariasis in both groups. The uninfected children are 72.5% of SBD and 59.5% of CBD group. Reinfection was found in 31.8% of SBD and 54.1% of CBD group. There are no significant differences of worm eggs intensity before and after deworming in both groups (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: SBD found to be more effective compared to CBD in primary school children with STH infection in Suka village, Indonesia.
“A Child is as important as Life”: Reflections on the Value of Children from Infertile Couples
Authors: Iwelumor Oluwakemi S. , Jamaludin Shariffah Suraya Syed , George Taye O. , Babatunde Seun K. , Olonade Olawale Y.
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: Most African societies have no tradition of idealized celibacy or voluntary childlessness. Although the norms on parenthood are changing, adults are customarily expected to marry and bear children.
AIM: This study examined the perceived value of children among infertile couples in Kwara South, Nigeria.
METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven infertile couples recruited through snowball sampling technique. Data were organized using ATLAS.ti 8 and analyzed by thematic analysis.
RESULTS: The study revealed that perceptions of the value of children are embedded in sociocultural norms and are strongly linked to religion, patriarchy, and the need for family/marriage sustainability. Childbearing was perceived as the fulfillment of divine injunction; as such, children were regarded as divine. While women believed children are sources of fulfillment and balanced life, most men saw them as life itself. Boys are collectively thought to ensure lineage security and confer honor and prestige on men. A child is believed to give women a permanent seat in marriage.
CONCLUSIONS: These insights on the values of children within the Nigerian cultural context can be inculcated in programs and services targeted at alleviating the effect of infertility on childless couples. Innovative cultural programs that will increase the worth of the girl child are also encouraged.
Anaphylactic Shock Due to Atracurium in a Patient Underwent General Anesthesia
Authors: Ryalino Christopher , Labobar Otniel Adrians , Wiryana Made , Sinardja I Ketut , Senapathi Tjokorda Gde Agung , Pradhana Adinda Putra
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: Anaphylaxis is a systemic hypersensitivity reaction marked by life-threatening, rapid onset of the airway, breathing, and circulation problems. Despite its rare incidence, without proper treatment, it may cause fatality.
CASE REPORT: In this report, we present a 19-year-old female with an infected ovarian cyst, who was scheduled for gynecologic laparotomy. In pre-operative assessment, she was classified as an American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) one patient without any history of drug or food allergy. Hemodynamic changes occurred on anesthesia induction after the administration ofatracurium, a muscle relaxant agent. Marked clinical signs were wheezed-bronchospasm, dyspnea, hypersalivation, desaturation, tachycardia, hypotension, and systemic erythema. She was diagnosed with anaphylactic shock. We provided 100% oxygenation, fluid resuscitation, epinephrine, and supportive therapy by anaphylaxis guidelines. Respiratory and cardiovascular functions stabilized 2 h post-resuscitation. The surgery was canceled, and she was observed in ICU for 24 h.
CONCLUSION: Timely diagnosis and early resuscitation are key factors determining the outcome of an anaphylactic reaction.
Phytochemical Screening, Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry Analysis, and Antidiabetic Effects of Corchorus olitorius Leaves in Rats
Authors: Abdallah Heba M. I. , Abdel Jaleel Gehad A. , Mohammed Hala Sh. , Mahmoud Sawsan S. , Yassin Nemat A. , Gamal el Din Amina , Shaffie Nermeen M. , Bassyouni Fatma A.
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: Therapies for diabetes mellitus are still meeting failure in most cases, especially in the developed stages of the disease due to incredible associating complications. Hence, there is a need for continuous development of curative therapies for that stubborn disease.
AIM: We aimed to investigate the antidiabetic effects of one of the most popular plants cultivated in Egypt, C. olitorius.
METHODS: Phytochemical screening of total alcoholic extract of Corchorus olitorius leaves and its aqueous and chloroform fractions revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates, tannins, coumarins, and alkaloids.
RESULTS: The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the presence of 12 and nine chemical compounds in aqueous and chloroform extracts, respectively. C. olitorius decreased serum glucose level and α-amylase activity. This effect was more pronounced in the total alcoholic extract and its chloroform fraction than the aqueous one. The extracts also adjusted the lipid profile, reduced liver injury parameters, and caused remarkable improvement and increase number, size, and density of functioning β-cells.
CONCLUSION: The findings suggest the antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effects of C. olitorius besides its beneficial effect on diabetic complications such as hyperlipidemia and liver injury. The presence of some phytochemicals such as theophylline, trans-2, 3-dimethoxycinnamic acid, 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin, apigenin 7-glucoside, and glycitein may contribute to such pharmacological effects.
Combining Mesenchymal Stem Cell from Stromal Vascular Fraction with Scaffold (in silico, Biocompatibility, and Attachment Study)
Authors: Sananta Panji , Imadudin Mohamad Ibnu , Mustaqim Warih Anggoro , Hidayat Rusendi , Putera Marvin Anthony , Andarini Sri , Kalsum Umi , Suryanto Dradjat Respati
Published: October 2020

AIM: The aim of this study is to evaluate the in silico, biocompatibility, and attachment of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) from stromal vascular fraction (SVF) combined with scaffolds.
METHODS: This research is true experimental study. In silico study using HEX version 8.0. Attachment of MSC from SVF to scaffolds was evaluated using electron microscope and measured. Biocompatibility was evaluated using viability and apoptosis of MSC from SVF after combined with MSC with scaffold.
RESULTS: From in silico study, the strongest bound to scaffold is between MSC from SVF to hydroxyapatite (HA) in both receptor which was integrin alpha V to HA which need a total energy of −89.24 (J/Mol) and integrin beta 2 to HA which need a total energy of −177.8 (J/Mol). MSC from SVF cells is capable to combine with three types of bone substitution material. At HA-calcium sulfate administration, SVF cells had apoptosis of 30.27%, and viable cells were 69.73%. At the administration of bovine bone cancellous, SVF cells had apoptosis of 22.20% and viable cells of 77.80%. From microscope electron study, the best result of attachment was obtained from MSC to HA-calcium phosphate with an average value of 12.66 cluster cells counting per 100 μm2 scaffold material.
CONCLUSION: From in silico study showed that MSC from SVF could attach to scaffold with stronger binding between integrin alpha V and integrin beta 2 to HA scaffold. Bovine bone cancellous has the best biocompatibility and attachment among other scaffold with the highest viability and lowest cell apoptosis. From microscope electron study, we can prove that MSC can make a cluster cell in those scaffolds with HA-calcium sulfate having the biggest cluster cell counting.
The Effect of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Epidermal Growth Factor and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression in Re-epithelialization Process in the Healing of Burns on Experimental Rats
Authors: Revilla Gusti , Mulyani Henny
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: Research on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) for burns healing has been known to increase the percentage of integrin expression of α2β1, type I collagen, transforming growth factor-β, and matrix metalloproteinases-9, but research on giving hBM-MSCs to growth factor expression in the process of re-epithelialization of burn healing has not been done.
AIM: This study aims to the effect of hBM-MSCs given on the expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and EGF receptor (EGFR) in the process re-epithelialization in the healing of burn experimental rat.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research is experimental with the post-test only control design, using 30 Wistar rats. Rats were divided into two groups, namely, control (phosphate-buffered saline), and the treatment was given hBM-MSCs, and stem cells were given subcutaneous doses of 2 × 106 cells/ml. Before being treated rats were anesthetized using xylazine and ketamine then the rats were burned in the dorsal (spine) with full-thickness. On the 3, 7, and 14 days, skin tissue was taken to see the expression of EGF and EGFR by immunohistochemical methods. This study was approved by the Ethics Commission of the Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang. The results of the study were analyzed by the t-test.
RESULTS: Immunohistochemical examination of EGF and EGFR expressions after hBM-MSCs administration has significantly increased epithelialization compared with controls. Increased EGF expression was found on days 3 and 7 with moderate positive internal revenue service (IRS) assessment and on day 14 strong positive EGF expression, as well as EGFR expression on days 3 and 7 with moderate positive IRS assessment and on day 14 robust positive EGFR expression.
CONCLUSION: This study concluded that giving of hBM-MSCs can increase the expression of EGF and EGFR which enhances the process of re-epithelialization thereby accelerating the healing of burns of experimental rats.
Expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Cytokeratin 18 and 19 in Placentas of Women with Severe Preeclampsia
Authors: Osman Sahar E. , Salih Magdi , Ahmed Ehab M. , Mohammed Ahmed A. , Adam Ishag
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: Although the exact mechanism leading to preeclampsia is not fully understood, abnormal trophoblast invasion contributes to its pathogenesis. Keratins and cadherin are known to play roles in the regulation of trophoblast proliferation. However, studies describing the association between keratins, cadherin, and preeclampsia are limited.
AIM: The current study was conducted to investigate the association of these proteins with severe preeclampsia in Sudanese women.
METHODS: A case–control study was conducted at Madani Maternity Hospital, Sudan. The cases included women with severe preeclampsia (n = 56) and healthy pregnant women as controls (n = 56). The assessment of keratin and cadherin was performed using immunohistochemical staining.
RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the two groups in their mean age or parity. We found no significant differences in the expression of the markers E-cadherin, N-cadherin, or cytokeratin 18 and 19 in the placentas from individuals with preeclampsia versus controls. The number of placentas with severe preeclampsia versus controls expressing the E-cadherin, N-cadherin, cytokeratin 18, and cytokeratin 19 markers was 46 (82.1%) versus 46 (82.1%) (p = 0.988), 54 (96.4%) versus 48 (85.7%) (p = 0.121), 4 (7.1%) versus 0 (0%) (p = 0.126), and 11 (19.6%) versus 11 (19.6%) (p = 0.532), respectively. There was also no significant difference in the intensity of staining of these four markers (Ecadherin, N-cadherin, and cytokeratin 18 and 19) between severe preeclampsia and control placentas.
CONCLUSION: Together, these results indicate that in this setting, the expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, CK18, and CK19 is not associated with severe preeclampsia.
Health Education Intervention on Increasing Early Detection of Depression Based on Family
Authors: Rosanti Elvi , Machmud Rizanda , Nurdin Adnil Edwin , Afrizal Afrizal
Published: October 2020

AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the health education intervention on increasing early detection of depression based on family.
METHODS: This study used a quasi-experimental design with one-group pretest-posttest design. The study sample was all family in Solok City, West Sumatera Province, Indonesia, with a sample size of 382 families. The sampling technique used a purposive sampling technique. Health education interventions have been carried out through family-based depression prevention modules that have been validated. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and paired sample t-test using the SPSS version 21.0 software.
RESULTS: This study showed a statistically significant increase in knowledge, attitude, behavior and early detection of depression after health educational intervention through family based (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: This study confirmed health education intervention on increasing early detection of depression based on family.
Microbiota Profile with Stunting Children in West Sumatera Province, Indonesia
Authors: Masrul Masrul , Izwardy Doddy , Sudji Ikhwan Resmala , Purnakarya Idral , Syahrial Syahrial , Nindrea Ricvan Dana
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: Microbiota profile plays an important role in the growth of children. Recently, a number of microbiota profile studies have illustrated association with child stunting.
AIM: Here, this study applied microbiota profile for stunting children in Indonesia to know a framework for future activities toward further characterization of microbiota profile contribution to stunting.
METHODS: In this case–control study, we collected 96 samples with 48 stunting children and 48 non-stunting children in Pasaman and West Pasaman district as stunting locus areas in West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. All study subjects met the inclusion criteria: Children ≤3 years of age and they did not suffer from gastrointestinal disorders. Samples collected were then carried out by intestinal bacterial DNA extraction. All sequences were obtained from the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, which was amplified from microbial DNA extracted from a child fecal sample. Bioinformatic analysis of microbiota DNA sequencing results compared with the intestinal microbiota profile of infants.
RESULTS: This study found in intestinal of stunting children identified 61 species of bacteria which were only found in the intestines of stunting children and not found in non-stunting children. The dominant bacteria in intestinal microbiota profile of Pasaman and West Pasaman district, West Sumatera Province, Indonesia, among stunting children were Firmicutes (47.52%), Proteobacteria (21.12%), and Bacteroidetes (16.15%). The high number of these microbiota associated with high amount of carbohydrate intake among stunting children than dietary protein.
CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the role of microbiota profile in the incidence of stunting children.
Association between Vitamin D Level, Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms, and Cathelicidin Level to Acute Lower Respiratory Infections, and the Picture of Exon 2-Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms in Children under 5 years old
Authors: Subanada Ida Bagus , Bakta I. Made , Suryawan I. Wayan Bikin , Astawa Putu , Satriyasa Bagus Komang
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) are infectious diseases with high morbidity and mortality in children under five. There are several factors associated with ALRIs (bronchiolitis or pneumonia) that have been established. In recent years, Vitamin D level, Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism, and cathelicidin level are also associated with ALRIs. Until now, there was no VDR gene other than Fok1 identified at the exon 2-VDR gene.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to establish whether Vitamin D deficiency, ff genotype-Fok1 VDR gene polymorphism, and low levels of cathelicidin are risk factors of ALRIs and to determine the pictures of exon 2-VDR genes polymorphisms in children under five.
METHODS: A matched case–control study was conducted in children under the age of five. There were 35 subjects who suffered from bronchiolitis or pneumonia and 35 healthy subjects as a control group. These groups were matched based on age and gender, and the children originated from the same neighborhood. Level of 25(OH) D, exon 2-VDR genes sequencing, and level of cathelicidin were investigated. Data were analyzed by the Chi-square test or Fisher exact test and logistic regression with a significant level of p < 0.05.
RESULTS: This study found that Vitamin D deficiency and low levels of cathelicidin were risk factors of ALRIs (odds ratio [OR] = 5.82 [95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.71–19.89], p = 0.005 and OR = 4.07 [95% CI = 1.10–15.12], p = 0.036, respectively), while ff genotype-Fok1 VDR gene polymorphism was not (OR = 1.12 [95% CI = 0.26–4.86], p = 1.000). Fok1 VDR gene polymorphism was the picture of exon 2-VDR gene polymorphisms.
CONCLUSION: It is concluded that Vitamin D deficiency and low levels of cathelicidin are risk factors, but ff genotype-Fok1 VDR gene polymorphism is not a risk factor of ALRIs. Fok1 VDR gene polymorphism is the picture of exon 2-VDR genes polymorphisms.
The Effect of Biscuits Made From Pumpkin Seeds Flour on Serum Zinc Levels and Weight in Malnutrition Wistar Rats
Authors: Syam Aminuddin , Burhan Fitrah Khaerani , Hadju Veni , Citrakesumasari C. , Akhmar Andi Muhammad
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: Serum zinc levels are found to be low in children of protein energy malnutrition globally. Pumpkin seed flour has a high zinc content of 6.88 mg/100 g, has been formulated biscuits made from pumpkin seed flour with a zinc content of 1.52 mg/100 g.
AIM: This study aims to determine the effect of giving biscuits made from pumpkin seed flour to serum zinc levels and body weight in malnutrition Wistar rats.
METHODS: This research is a true experiment with pre-post-test with control group design. Subjects were 28 male Wistar strain rats induced by fasting malnutrition for 3 days and then given biscuits with a zinc dose of 0.027 mg; 0.054 mg; and 0.081 mg/BW/day and in the control group without biscuits for 2 weeks. Serum zinc levels were examined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and one-way ANOVA test.
RESULTS: Paired t-test results on serum zinc levels obtained p > 0.05 and on body weight obtained p < 0.05. One-way ANOVA test results on serum zinc levels after the intervention obtained p > 0.05 and at body weight obtained p < 0.05 followed by post hoc least significant difference test found that there were significant differences between the control group and the P1 group, a dose of 0.027 mg (p = 0.015) and P2 groups, doses of 0.054 mg (p = 0.012). Greater weight gain was found in the P1 group with an increase of 38.85%.
CONCLUSION: The provision of biscuits made from pumpkin seed flour has an effect on increasing body weight of malnutrition Wistar rats and has no effect on serum zinc levels, so further research is expected to use different doses.
AdhO36 Liposomes from Salmonella Typhi in Combination With β-Glucan Immuno-adjuvant From Candida albicans Cell Wall as Oral Vaccine Against Typhoid Fever in Mice Model
Authors: Rachmawati Hidajah , Winarsih Sri , Prawiro Sumarno Reto , Barlianto Wisnu , Santoso Sanarto , Djunaedi Djoni , Endharti Agustina Tri , Sardjono Teguh Wahyu , Khotimah Husnul , Prihanti Gita Sekar , Nugraheni Raditya W. , Sumadi Firasti A. N. , Yusuf Helmy
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: The development of an oral typhoid fever vaccine need more effective and having high-efficacy in preventing typhoid fever. The use of liposomes as a vaccine vehicle can be formulated to target a specific location or trigger the release of antigens on its target. β-Glucan derived from Candida albicans cell wall as immunoadjuvant can strengthen the immune response and increases the protection against Salmonella Typhi bacterial invasion.
AIM: This study aimed to determine the immune response in typhoid fever mice by administering a combination of AdhO36 S. Typhi liposome vaccine with β-Glucan and determine the protectivity to inhibit bacterial colonization in typhoid fever.
METHODS: Mice were divided into five groups include negative and positive control also treatment group. IL-12 was evaluated after 4-h immunization while the other (was IL-12, IL-10, Th1 (IL-2), Th2 (IL-4), and the protective test against bacterial invasion) evaluated after 96-h.
RESULTS: IL-12 level in the combination of β-Glucan and AdhO36 groups showed significantly lower than infected groups (p = 0.034), whereas IL-10 level significantly increase (p = 0.0009). The percentage of Th-1 (IL-2) cells significantly lower than infected groups (p = 0.000), this also happened on the percentage of Th-2 (IL-4) cells that significantly lower than infected groups (p = 0.018). The protective test toward bacterial invasion showed no bacterial colonization in all tissues intestine, liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph node.
CONCLUSION: The administration of a combination of liposome containing β-Glucan from C. albicans and AdhO36 S. Typhi has a potential effect on cellular and humoral immune response.
Expression of “Connexin 43” in Colorectal Carcinomas: Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Ayad Essam , Eesa Ahmed Naeem , Radi Rabab , Abdel-Salam Lubna Omer El Farouk
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and leading cause of cancer related deaths. Connexins are integral membrane proteins that form channels between adjacent cells. Gap junction intercellular communication plays essential roles in tissue homoeostasis and regulation of cell growth and differentiation. Connexins can act as either tumor suppressors or tumor promoters. The human connexin protein family contains 21 members, of which the most widely studied is connexin 43 (Cx 43).
OBJECTIVES: Investigation of immunohistochemical expression of Cx 43 in cases of colorectal adenoma and carcinoma and correlation of this expression with the clinico-pathological aspects of the tumors.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy formalin fixed paraffin embedded BC tissue sections were randomly collected. All the available data were collected from the patients’ reports. The paraffin blocks were sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stains for histologic evaluation. Additional sections were immunostained with Cx 43.
RESULTS: Cx 43 expression was negative in all studied cases.
CONCLUSION: Cx 43 is a tumor suppressor that is lost early in colorectal carcinogenesis and can be considered as potential target for cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy aiming at restoration of normal connexin expression and functional gap junctions.