bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Linearization Procedure for the Determination of the Radical Reactivity Ratios in Restricted Penultimate Copolymerization Systems
Authors: Hinkelmann Franz , Olaj Oskar Friedrich , Schnöll‐Bitai Irene
Published: May 2007

A newly developed method for the determination of the radical reactivity ratios is presented. Two main equations are used and the parameters can be calculated from the ordinate and the slope of the linearization plots. Both equations yield identical values when applied to synthetic data which conforms to the ideal situation of no error in the input data. As experimental data are always subject to some kind of error, a sensitivity analysis was carried out which took into account a relatively pronounced error in the monomer reactivity ratios. It turned out that the new linearization method may even be indicative of the quality of the input data under favorable conditions.

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Multilayer Shell Walls with Versatile Electron Transfer Properties
Authors: Wang Chaoyang , Liu Shanshan , Liu Xinxing , Tong Zhen
Published: May 2007

Core‐shell microparticles with functional multilayer shell walls consisting layers of naphthalene‐labeled polyanion ANp10 and polyviologen (PV) were fabricated through layer‐by‐layer (LbL) self‐assembly. Fluorescence emission from the naphthyl group in the ANp10 layer was found to be quenched by the viologen group in the PV layer regardless in inner or outer layer. This quenching was attributed to electron transfer from the excited naphthyl donor to the viologen acceptor. The quenching efficiency was simply tuned by changing numbers of the ALG/CHI bilayer spacer and PV layer. The resulting core‐shell microparticles will be served as a novel light‐harvesting antenna system.

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Stokes' first problem for a Newtonian fluid in a non‐Darcian porous half‐space using a Laguerre–Galerkin method
Authors: Akyildiz F. Talay
Published: May 2007

A Laguerre–Galerkin method is proposed and analysed for the Stokes' first problem of a Newtonian fluid in a non‐Darcian porous half‐space on a semi‐infinite interval. It is well known that Stokes' first problem has a jump discontinuity on boundary which is the main obstacle in numerical methods. By reformulating this equation with suitable functional transforms, it is shown that the Laguerre–Galerkin approximations are convergent on a semi‐infinite interval with spectral accuracy. An efficient and accurate algorithm based on the Laguerre–Galerkin approximations of the transformed equations is developed and implemented. Numerical results indicating the high accuracy and effectiveness of this algorithm are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Pareto model for classical systems
Authors: Nadarajah Saralees
Published: May 2007

A new Pareto distribution is introduced for pooling knowledge about classical systems. It takes the form of the product of two Pareto probability density functions (pdfs). Various structural properties of this distribution are derived, including its cumulative distribution function (cdf), moments, mean deviation about the mean, mean deviation about the median, entropy, asymptotic distribution of the extreme order statistics, maximum likelihood estimates and the Fisher information matrix. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
State‐local tax systems: Proposals and objectives
Authors: Shannon John
Published: May 2007

“One man's views” of a high‐quality state‐local revenue system, spelling out in some detail the proper mix of components that should go into an “ideal” system.
The ombudsman concept is expanding in the U. S.
Authors: Frank Bernard
Published: May 2007

The Ombudsman has “arrived.” Report on the nature of the office, current legislation pending in U.S. Congress, examples at national, state and local levels.
Substate regional government: Designing a new procedure
Authors: Zimmerman Joseph F.
Published: May 2007

The state legislature should assume a leadership role in solving regional problems by creating a commission with authority to redistribute political power and form an upper‐tier government subject to legislative veto—without a popular referendum.
Ethics in government: The problems in perspective
Authors: Bernstein Marver H.
Published: May 2007

Rundown of current problems for state and local government personnel and some steps which might be taken by those governments to produce guidelines to alert officials and employees to potential and actual ethical issues.
Urban revival that works
Authors: Dygert James H.
Published: May 2007

Detroit's Project Rehab, backed by new state program, combines with private investors and business to rejuvenate slum housing, conquer decay and blight, and revitalize the inner city.
Competent state governments: The growth of concern
Authors: Detchmendy Judith Ann
Published: May 2007

There has been a steady buildup of interest in competence in state governments in the twentieth century, heightened since the report of the Kestnbaum Commission in 1955. Concern has mounted in direct proportion to the increased complexity of government. But there have been expressions of such concern from our earliest history.
Those charter‐tinkers in New York
Authors: Childs Richard S.
Published: May 2007

New York is in the midst of a curious episode: a group of “charter‐tinkers,” well‐intentioned, otherwise brilliant citizens, is proposing to add hundreds of new public offices to the voting machines in the city and turn the already difficult metropolitan democratic election process into a hopelessly undemocratic morass.
Urban‐rural cooperation in the 1990s
Authors: White Jesse L
Published: May 2007

In this adaptation of his plenary remarks to the 94th National Conference on Government, Jesse L. White, Jr., executive director of the Southern Growth Policies Board, identifies the unique economic development challenges of the South, projects the social, demographic and economic trends that will impact on that region's work force during the next decade, and calls for an urban agenda that will also address the needs of the rural, small town South into the next century.
Regional civic organizations
Authors: Gates Christopher T.
Published: May 2007

The 94th National Conference on Government, held last November in Charlotte, North Carolina, included a workshop on regional civic organizations and citizen associations. Such a meeting seemed particularly appropriate in view of the League's longtime commitment to 1) enhancing citizen knowledge of and involvement in their local institutions and 2) promoting cross‐sector, collaborative approaches to problem solving. The proliferation and growth of these regional civic organizations (RCOs) parallels the rise of the strategic, regional partnerships examined in this issue.

It was clear from discussions at the Conference that the League should take formal steps to “get the word out” on these RCOs and the impact they are having across the country. In partnership with other nonprofits, the League will begin to generate profiles on the many organizations and associations that have arrived on the civic scene in recent years, track their progress, and make available profiles on their activities and programs. In keeping with the notion that organizations around the nation are well served through the sharing and exchange of information, this Regional Civic Organizations department has been established to report on the efforts of these creative and responsive groups.

We launch this new department with an essay by Curtis Johnson, executive director of the Citizens League of Minneapolis/ St. Paul, which documents the rebirth of RCOs as a robust, independent and resourceful force in intercommunity problem solving. As this essay and others to fill this space in the future will show, the new RCOs are conscious of their interjurisdictional role, conscientious about their need for inclusiveness with independence, and aware of the potential of their networks of information, people, and resources to make a tangible difference.
Regional civic organizations
Authors: Gates Christopher T.
Published: May 2007

This is the first of a two‐part series on successful civic organizations as models for orienting citizen action. This first installment analyzes and compares successful organizations around the nation; the second installment (to be carried in the July‐August issue of the REVIEW) will discuss the formation of regional civic organizations, offering the Citizens League of Minneapolis as a model.
Regional governance issues in california: Citizen and policy implications
Authors: Ward Doris M.
Published: May 2007

In addition to the maintenance of their traditional database‐development and technical assistance roles, redesigned sub‐state regional entities must have formalized interjurisdictional coordination and mediation functions, with respect to both local governments and state and federal agencies. Any transition from strictly advisory to administrative roles for regional agencies must be sensitive to the needs and concerns of affected local governments. However, with authority comes accountability: Regional decision making and problem solving must be accompanied by formal review processes and provide for direct citizen participation.
Inter‐rural administrative cooperation: Issues and opportunities
Authors: Seroka Jim
Published: May 2007

The scarcity of administrative capacity is a major problem in rural areas. The political impotence and economic weaknesses of America's countryside combine to prevent the adequate provision of public services to rural communities. The prevailing centralized/specialized models for the delivery of services in rural areas must be replaced with institutional arrangements that directly benefit and serve the citizens of rural communities.
Make no small plans: New jersey municipalities attempt to become achieving organizations
Authors: Cutchin Deborah A. , Epstein Paul D.
Published: May 2007

The Achieving Organization Model incorporates 1) a set of behaviors required to create the momentum of achievement within an organization; 2) an ongoing process that can be taught, monitored, evaluated, and modified in a dynamic environment; and 3) a philosophy that long‐term, high‐level, measurable results can be accomplished through actions that focus on people as the key component for achievement.
The three rs of citizen involvement in education reform
Authors: Peirce Neal R.
Published: May 2007

The education reform movement is sweeping across the country as parents, teachers and business search for solutions to the crisis in the classroom.
Grass roots school governance in chicago
Authors: Reed Joe
Published: May 2007

An aggressive business and grass roots parent and community coalition led to The Illinois School Reform Act of 1988.
Emerging leadership needs in education
Authors: Usdan Michael
Published: May 2007

School systems across the country are crying out for leadership. Meanwhile, low‐quality education and an increasing number of “at‐risk” children demand a new response to educating our youth.
The states must withdraw the exclusive franchise
Authors: Kolderie Ted
Published: May 2007

The states can drive the improvement of public education first by opening enrollment — creating choice — and then by establishing choices, in the form of viable, recognized alternatives.
Building coalitions for the future in charlotte‐mecklenburg
Authors: McCoy William J.
Published: May 2007

In mid‐1988 the Charlotte‐Mecklenburg Citizens Forum elected to launch an ambitious self‐evaluation/strategic planning process using the ten components of the Civic Index to orient the effort. For one year a diverse 60‐member Stakeholders Committee met at three‐ to four‐week intervals to build coalitions, evaluate local governance practices, and identify priority community projects.
Rural administrative capacity and intergovernmental political effectiveness: Making a case
Authors: Seroka Jim
Published: May 2007

Rural local governments cannot afford to be ignored or to allow policies formulated for urban communities to be forced upon them.
Six and tweleve: The case for serious term limits
Authors: Crane Edward H.
Published: May 2007

The Framers of the American system of government had confidence in the judgment of the average citizen, and the concept of a citizen legislature — many would argue — is something they would have taken for granted. Under current conditions, legislators in Congress and the state houses can expect to spend 10 to 20 years in office before exercising meaningful influence. Are individuals capable of playing this waiting game patiently the kind of policy makers we need in a period of domestic and international crisis?
Electronic democracy in the 21st century
Authors: Kirschner Bruce H.
Published: May 2007

The advent and wide availability and use of low‐cost, user friendly personal computer technology now offers a link between government and citizens that could revolutionize the nature of civic participation in the coming century. During the present decade, readily accessible public information utilities are likely to become major contributors to the resucitation and maintenance of civic infrastructure in U.S. communities.
Beyond turf battles
Authors: Liner Blaine
Published: May 2007

While the federal government has retained overall regulatory and enforcement authority, the responsibility for implementation of environmental policy has fallen primarily to the states and localities. During the past decade, moreover, the responsibility to pay for a cleaner environment has also fallen to the junior federal partners.
The politics of environmental equity
Authors: Lampe David
Published: May 2007

The media have recently focused on the demographic characteristics of communities in which environmentally‐sensitive facilities and land uses are sited. Does the placement of these generally unwelcome facilities reflect active discrimination against traditionally disempowered populations, uneven enforcement patterns, or a breakdown of democratic process?
Fractured decision making: Sunshine laws and the colliding groles of media and government
Authors: O'Looney John
Published: May 2007

The advent of open meetings laws combined with changes in the style and nature of political news reporting have transformed elected officials and the media into open antagonists in the policy‐making process, particularly during times of controversy or conflict. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) techniques, involving policy makers, disputants and representatives of the press hold some promise for improving government‐media relations.
Fight back! insure the children: Recognizing and addressing substance abuse among youth
Authors: Sarver Frankie
Published: May 2007

The City of Little Rock, in concert with other community partners, has launched a cost‐effective, single‐payer insurance plan to assure access to substance abuse treatment for its entire public school population.
Healthright: Filling the gap in a high‐access state
Authors: Moore Christine D.
Published: May 2007

Minnesota has adopted a timely health care reform plan that addresses the paradox of restricted access to service in the most technically advanced health care system in the world.
The term limitations movement in U.S. cities
Authors: Thomas John Clayton
Published: May 2007

The municipal term‐limits phenomenon, while a permutation of the state and federal movements, exhibits certain unique characteristics. With its momentum showing no signs of slowing, however, the experience of communities that have recently adopted limits holds lessons for elected officials in cities considering similar initiatives.
The paradox of diversity: Social difference amid common regions
Authors: Savitch H. V. , Collins David
Published: May 2007

Without the means to reach “mainstream” America, diversity has no meaning — no place in the larger tapestry of society in which it can be recognized. Contrary to popular belief, there are economic as well as moral inducements to reduce inner‐city/suburban income desparities and isolation.
Tug hill, New York progress through cooperation in a rural region
Authors: Coe Benjamin P.
Published: May 2007

The key to progress in rural regions is cooperation between local and state government, and resource pooling amoung local governments, to raise indigenous problem‐solving capacity.
Building new arenas for civic renewal: Smaller American cities
Authors: Morse Suzanne W.
Published: May 2007

Home to some 40 million Americans, smaller and medium‐size cities contribute an important dimension to the economic, social and cultural life of the nation and its regions. Sharing many characteristics with large cities — including the range of urban ills — smaller cities may possess some unique civic capacities to hasten their renewal. Moreover, their experiences may hold lessons for our largest urban centers.
Governance and the civic infrastructure of metropolitan regions
Authors: Wallis Allan D.
Published: May 2007

Renewed interest in regional governance is evident around the nation as metropolitan areas attempt to address the challenges of a globalizing economy, environmental quality and social equity.
National renewal
Authors: Gardner John W.
Published: May 2007

The possibility of social, economic, political, and institional reform on a nationwide scale is ever present, and in fact realized sporadically, with occasional releases of civic energy. But national renewal can not occur in uncoordinated fits and starts. Our collective problems are serious enough to justify a large‐scale mobilization of our strength and spirit as a people.
Needs assessment update. Establishing a tradition of integrated evaluation and awarness
Authors: Okerlund Vicki Wallock , Parsons Robert J. , Hulterstrom William E.
Published: May 2007

Elected officials and human service providers, in developing policies and allocating limited resources, can not presume to know the needs of their communities and client populations in the absence of accurate, current information.
Searching for civil society
Authors: Barber Benjamin R.
Published: May 2007

Civil society in a democracy is the domain of citizens, where responsibility for social outcomes is surrendered neither to government nor the private sector entirely.
Tenuous interpretation. Sections 2 and 5 of the voting rights act
Authors: Davis Olethia
Published: May 2007

The Supreme Court has vacillated in its interpretation of the key enforcement provisions of the Voting Rights Act, suggesting that there never has been any clear consensus on the extension of voting rights.
Cumulative voting as an alternative to districting. An exit survey of sixteen texas communities
Authors: Brischetto Robert
Published: May 2007

Citizens participating in cumulative voting elections generally agree the system is fair, permitting all groups an opportunity to elect representatives of their choice. No electoral reform, however, can take the place of effective voter education and mobilization.
Correlates of mother–premature infant interactions
Authors: Holditch‐Davis Diane , Schwartz Todd , Black Beth , Scher Mark
Published: May 2007

This study's purpose was to examine whether child characteristics, child illness severity, maternal characteristics, maternal psychological well‐being, and paternal support influenced interactions between 108 premature infants and their mothers. Mothers with singletons or more infant illness stress showed more positive involvement. Mothers with less infant illness stress, less education, or less participation in caregiving by fathers showed more negative control. First‐time mothers and mothers of singletons provided more developmental stimulation. Children of younger and White mothers showed more social behaviors. Less maternal education and shorter period of mechanical ventilation were associated with greater developmental maturity. Greater maternal worry was related to more child irritability. These findings are consistent with the developmental science view that the mother–premature relationship is a complex, reciprocal process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 30: 333–346, 2007
Taking the long view: The prenatal environment and early adolescent overweight
Authors: Salsberry Pamela J. , Reagan Patricia B.
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the independent effects of the prenatal environment and cumulated social risks on the likelihood of being overweight at age 12/13 years. Maternal prepregnancy weight and smoking during pregnancy were the measures of prenatal exposures. Average lifetime per capita income and mother's lifetime marital status were the measures of cumulative social risks. Analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's Child–Mother file indicated that exposures to tobacco smoke in utero, maternal prepregnancy overweight/obesity, and maternal unmarried status were significant risks for adolescent overweight. The risk for overweight was reduced by breastfeeding if the mother was overweight/obese prepregnancy. Prenatal and early life factors were related to adolescent overweight, providing an important window for intervention. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 30: 297–307, 2007
Pediatric thyroid cancer arising after treatment for pleuropulmonary blastoma
Authors: Oue Takaharu , Inoue Masami , Kubota Akio , Kuwae Yuko , Kawa Keisei
Published: May 2007

A 3‐year‐old female presented with a large tumor occupying the right thoracic space. Open biopsy revealed the pathological diagnosis of pleuropulmonary blastoma. After the first‐line chemotherapy, the patient underwent surgical resection, then two courses of high‐dose chemotherapy. Three years later, follicular carcinoma of the right thyroid lobe was found, so a right hemithyroidectomy was performed. Five months later, the thyroid tumor recurred. The remaining thyroid lobe was completely excised and radioiodine therapy was administered. The patient has remained tumor‐free for 3 years. The etiology and treatment of the uncommon combination of pleuropulmonary blastoma and thyroid carcinoma is discussed. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:901–902. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Action change in New Zealand mental health nursing: One team's perspective
Authors: O'Shea Moira , Reddy Luren
Published: May 2007

This paper describes an attempt at effecting change with specific relevance to the discharge planning of clients from a New Zealand inpatient mental health unit to a community setting. It explores how a team of community mental health nurses, practising in an urban/rural area, used the concepts of practice development to endeavour to bring about change while still retaining a client‐centred focus. However, in their enthusiasm, they embarked on the road to practice change without undertaking some of the essential ground work. Nevertheless, although they did not achieve all they set out to achieve, they learned much in the process. In this paper, the authors outline their key learning points concerning the importance of engagement, communication, consistency and cooperation to the process and outcomes of practice change. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study on cost and life‐cycle analysis for 100 MW very large‐scale PV (VLS‐PV) systems in deserts using m‐Si, a‐Si, CdTe, and CIS modules
Authors: Ito Masakazu , Kato Kazuhiko , Komoto Keiichi , Kichimi Tetsuo , Kurokawa Kosuke
Published: May 2007

This paper is a study of comparisons between five types of 100 MW Very Large‐Scale Photovoltaic Power Generation (VLS‐PV) Systems, from economic and environmental viewpoints. The authors designed VLS‐PV systems using typical PV modules of multi‐crystalline silicon (12·8% efficiency), high efficiency multi‐crystalline silicon (15·8%), amorphous silicon (6·9%), cadmium tellurium (9·0%), and copper indium selenium (11·0%), and evaluated them by Life‐Cycle Analysis (LCA). Cost, energy requirement, and CO2emissions were calculated. In addition, the authors evaluated generation cost, energy payback time (EPT), and CO2emission rates. As a result, it was found that the EPT is 1·5–2·5 years and the CO2emission rate is 9–16 g‐C/kWh. The generation cost was 11–12 US Cent/kWh on using 2 USD/W PV modules, and 19–20 US Cent/kWh on using 4 USD/W PV module price. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A further proteomic study on the effect of iron in the human pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis
Authors: De Jesus Jose Batista , Cuervo Patrícia , Junqueira Magno , Britto Constança , Costa e Silva‐Filho Fernando , Soares Maurílio Jose , Cupolillo Elisa , Fernandes Octavio , Domont Gilberto Barbosa
Published: May 2007

Iron is an essential element to support the growth and survival of Trichomonas vaginalis. It plays a critical role in the host–parasite interaction, and modulates the expression of virulence factors in this protozoan. In this work, parasites grown in iron‐rich and iron‐depleted media were analyzed by (i) light and scanning electron microscopy and (ii) 2‐DE and MS. Withdrawal of iron from the culture medium resulted in dramatic changes in both the morphology and in the proteome pattern of T. vaginalis. Trophozoites underwent transformation from ellipsoid or amoeboid forms to rounded cells, whose flagella and axostyle were internalized. Forty‐five proteins differentially expressed in parasites cultivated in the absence of iron were identified. In iron‐depleted parasites, enzymes involved in energetic metabolism, proteolysis and hydrogenosomal iron‐sulfur (Fe‐S) proteins were down‐regulated or even suppressed. Among up‐regulated proteins, six isoforms of actin were detected. In addition, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, putative lactate dehydrogenase, and putative adenosine triphosphatase were also up‐regulated or were exclusively observed in gels related to iron‐depleted parasites. Our data demonstrate that iron has a pivotal role in the regulation of the morphological transformation of T. vaginalis and modulates the expression of both Fe‐S and non‐Fe‐S proteins in the parasite.
Over 55 A, 800 V high power AlGaN/GaN HFETs for power switching application
Authors: Ikeda Nariaki , Kato Kazuo , Kondoh Kazuo , Kambayashi Hiroshi , Li Jiang , Yoshida Seikoh
Published: May 2007

We developed new ohmic electrodes combined with an Al‐silicide and a molybdenum for AlGaN/GaN HFETs to realize a high power switching application. As a result, the maximum drain current of the HFET was over 55 A and the breakdown voltage was about 800 V. The specific on‐state resistance of the HFET was smaller than that of a Si Cool MOSFET. Furthermore, we examined the dynamic characteristics. The turn‐off and turn‐on delay time were 14.8 nsec. and 8.4 nsec. at the condition of 100 V, respectively. These values were considerbly smaller compared with those of Si Cool MOSFETs. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimized technique for the calculation of carbon nanotube dispersion relationships
Authors: Marconcini Paolo , Macucci Massimo
Published: May 2007

The computation of the dispersion relations of carbon nanotubes can be optimized applying the zone‐folding technique only close to the graphene degeneration points. In order to achieve such an improvement, we propose a method that, using properly chosen unit vectors, allows to easily obtain the coordinates of the degeneration points inside the rectangular regions of the reciprocal space where the graphene dispersion relations are commonly cross‐sectioned. Finally, we show the results of the application of such a technique to the computation of the carbon nanotube energy bands. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mg@C74 isomers: Calculated relative concentrations and comparison with Ca@C74
Authors: Uhlík Filip , Slanina Zdeněk , Nagase Shigeru
Published: May 2007

Computations for two C74‐based endohedrals, Mg@C74 and Ca@C74, are presented. A set of four different C74 cages is considered, namely one isomer with isolated pentagons and three with pentagon–pentagon junctions. However, the endohedral based on the cage with isolated pentagons is the most important species in both systems. Special interest is paid to the Gibbs‐energy based evaluations of the production abundances for different metallofullerenes including saturated metal pressures into consideration. The predicted amount of Mg@C74 is about 5 orders of magnitude smaller than that of Ca@C74 for temperatures 1500–2000 K. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
STM imaging of carbon nanotube point defects
Authors: Osváth Z. , Tapasztó L. , Vértesy G. , Koós A. A. , Horváth Z. E. , Gyulai J. , Biró L. P.
Published: May 2007

In this work the STM investigation of nanotube point defects created by ion irradiation (e.g. vacancies) is presented. The defects appeared as hillock‐like features on the STM images. These defects were compared with similar features observed on the STM images of as‐grown coiled carbon nanotubes. In this case the observed hillock‐like features were attributed to the non‐hexagonal carbon rings, which are responsible for the growth of bent and coiled nanotube structures. For irradiation, multi‐walled carbon nanotubes produced by the arc‐discharge method were dispersed on highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) surface and irradiated with Ar+ ions of 30 keV, using a low dose of D = 5 × 1011 ions/cm2. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transmission and localization in cavities of nanotubes
Authors: Jódar E. , Pérez‐Garrido A.
Published: May 2007

We investigate electronic transport properties of carbon nanotubes sandwiched between other two carbon nanotubes. We call this kind of structure a cavity. We show that it may behave as a resonant box with quasi‐bound states. This is a consequence of the differences between the band structures for the central carbon nanotube and both ends. We also study these properties for multiple cavities, where we find that the number of oscillations in the transmission function increases with the number of cavities of our system. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nano‐modification of surface morphology of Teflon AF with VUV laser light
Authors: Sarantopoulou E.
Published: May 2007

Processing of Teflon AF surface was made with laser light at 157 nm with nano‐resolution control. Thin films of Teflon AF layers, 0.58 and 2.4 nm thick on the average, were removed following surface etching in nitrogen and vacuum respectively at 1 mJ/cm2. AFM imaging and mass spectroscopy, reveals functionalization and smoothing of exposed to light surfaces. Contrary to previous results with different fluoropolymers such as poly(2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate), PTFEMA, the surface roughness of Teflon AF was reduced to 4 nm on the average, allowing modification of flow and binding of bio‐materials on Teflon AF. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Visible and infrared photoluminescence from erbium‐doped silicon nanocrystals produced by rf sputtering
Authors: Cerqueira M. F. , Losurdo M. , Monteiro T. , Stepikova M. , Soares M. J. , Peres M. , Alpuim P.
Published: May 2007

Erbium‐doped low‐dimensional Si films with different microstructures were deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering on glass substrates by varying the hydrogen flow rate during deposition. Amorphous, micro‐ and nanocrystalline samples, consisting of Si nanocrystalls embedded in silicon‐based matrices with different structures, were achieved with optical properties in the visible and IR depending on nanocrystalline fraction and matrix structure and chemical composition. Structural characterization was performed by X‐ray diffraction in the grazing incidence geometry and Raman spectroscopy. The chemical composition was studied using RBS/ERD techniques. Spectroscopic ellipsometry was combined with the previous techniques to further resolve the film microstructure and composition. In particular, the distribution along the film thickness of the volume fractions of nanocrystalline/amorphous silicon and SiOx phases has been obtained.

In this contribution we discuss visible and infrared photoluminescence as a function of sample microstructure and of the oxygen/hydrogen concentration ratio present in the matrix. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Size does matter: further studies in hand–pack interaction using computer simulation
Authors: Yoxall A. , Luxmoore J. , Rowson J. , Langley J. , Janson R.
Published: May 2007

This study expands on a previous work by the authors where it was shown through the use of ethnography and finite element models that a link exists between the choice of grip and joint stresses. Further finite element models are created to investigate the relationship between joint stresses and hand dimensions. This is an important area of research for inclusive design, since some of the most vulnerable members of society, such as elderly women, often exhibit extremes of physical dimensions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of package light transmittance on vitamin content of milk. Part 2: UHT whole milk
Authors: Saffert Alexander , Pieper Gabriele , Jetten Jan
Published: May 2007

This work is the second part of a milk study evaluating the effect of package light transmittance on the vitamin content of milk, in this case on UHT whole milk. The milk was stored at three different light intensities in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles with varying light transmittance as described by Saffert et al. (2006). Changes in the vitamin A, B2 and D3 content were monitored over a storage period of 12 weeks at 23°C. Losses in vitamins A and B2 were most pronounced in completely transparent PET bottles exposed to the highest light intensity. In these bottles, a reduction of the light intensity reduced the vitamin A loss from 88 to 66%, while in the case of vitamin B2 the complete decomposition was just delayed from 4 to 8 weeks storage. The vitamin D3 losses in clear PET bottles were almost independent of the light intensity. For pigmented PET bottles, the impact of package light transmittance and light intensity differed for each vitamin. An increase in package light transmittance and light intensity was found to be most decisive for vitamin B2 stability. In the case of vitamin D3, only the increase in light intensity was found to be of relevance, whereas for vitamin A stability the influence of increased package light transmittance and light intensity could not be clearly observed. In dark‐stored ‘control’ samples, the analysed vitamins were almost stable. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methodology for the optimal component selection of electronic devices under reliability and cost constraints
Authors: Zafiropoulos E. P. , Dialynas E. N.
Published: May 2007

The objective of this paper is to present an efficient computational methodology for the reliability optimization of electronic devices under cost constraints. The system modeling for calculating the reliability indices of the electronic devices is based on Bayesian networks using the fault tree approach, in order to overcome the limitations of the series–parallel topology of the reliability block diagrams. Furthermore, the Bayesian network modeling for the reliability analysis provides greater flexibility for representing multiple failure modes and dependent failure events, and simplifies fault diagnosis and reliability allocation. The optimal selection of components is obtained using the simulated annealing algorithm, which has proved to be highly efficient in complex optimization problems where gradient‐based methods can not be applied. The reliability modeling and optimization methodology was implemented into a computer program in Matlab using a Bayesian network toolbox. The methodology was applied for the optimal selection of components for an electrical switch of power installations under reliability and cost constraints. The full enumeration of the solution space was calculated in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed optimization algorithm. The results obtained are excellent since a near optimum solution was found in a small fraction of the time needed for the complete enumeration (3%). All the optimum solutions found during consecutive runs of the optimization algorithm lay in the top 0.3% of the solutions that satisfy the reliability and cost constraints. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimum step‐stress for temperature accelerated life testing
Authors: Gouno Evans
Published: May 2007

Step‐stress accelerated life testing is a design strategy where the stress is modified several times during the test. In this work we address the problem of designing such a test. We focus on temperature accelerated life testing and we address the problems of setting the step duration and the stress levels. Assuming an Arrhenius model, maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters are computed. Relying on the properties of these estimators we compare different criteria for assessing the optimality of the plans produced. Some tables are presented to illustrate the method. For a fixed number of steps and a set of temperatures, a table of optimal length steps can be computed. For fixed step lengths, sets of temperatures leading to optimal plans are also available. Thus, this work provides useful tools to help engineers make decisions in testing strategy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta‐analysis of individual‐ and aggregate‐level data
Authors: Sutton A. J. , Kendrick D. , Coupland C. A. C.
Published: May 2007

The methodology described here was developed for a systematic review and individual participant‐level meta‐analysis of home safety education and the provision of safety equipment for the prevention of childhood accidents. This review had a particular emphasis on exploring whether effectiveness was related to socio‐demographic characteristics previously shown to be associated with injury risk. Individual participant data were only made available to us for a proportion of the included studies. This resulted in the need for developing a new methodology to combine the available data most efficiently.

Our objective was to develop a (random effects) meta‐analysis model that could synthesize both individual‐level and aggregate‐level binary outcome data while exploring the effects of binary covariates also available in a combination of individual participant and aggregate level data. To add further complication, the studies to be combined were a mixture of cluster and
individual participant‐allocated designs.

A Bayesian model using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to estimate parameters is described which efficiently synthesizes the data by allowing different models to be fitted to the different study design and data format combinations available. Initially we describe a model to estimate mean effects ignoring the influence of the covariates, and then extend it to include a binary covariate. The application of the method is illustrated by application to one outcome from the motivating home safety meta‐analysis for illustration. Using the same general approach, it would be possible to develop further ‘tailor made’ evidence synthesis models to synthesize all available evidence most effectively. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Streamlined variance calculations for semiparametric mixed models
Authors: Smith Andrew D. A. C. , Wand M. P.
Published: May 2007

Semiparametric mixed model analysis benefits from variability estimates such as standard errors of effect estimates and variability bars to accompany curve estimates. We show how the underlying variance calculations can be done extremely efficiently compared with the direct naïve approach. These streamlined calculations are linear in the number of subjects, representing a two orders of magnitude improvement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximum utility principle access control for beyond 3G mobile system
Authors: Xu Xiaodong , Wu Chunli , Tao Xiaofeng , Wang Ying , Zhang Ping
Published: May 2007

With current research focusing on beyond 3G (B3G)/4G mobile systems, many advanced techniques are investigated by world‐wide research institutes and standard organization, such as multi input multi output (MIMO), orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM), and multi‐antenna distributed cellular network architecture. Based on these novel techniques, the radio resource management (RRM) strategies, such as access control, also need to be developed. This paper proposes the maximum utility principle access control (MUPAC) basing on Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm for multi‐antenna cellular network architectures. In the accessing process of the proposed algorithm, the shortest path in Dijkstra's Algorithm is replaced by the cost of accessing process, which is represented by utility function. Taking Generalized Distributed Cellular Architecture—Group Cell as an example, MUPAC is described in details with the utility function, maximum utility principle, flow chart of accessing process. Performance evaluation and analyses verify the merits of MUPAC algorithm in improving system capacity, accessing success probability, and efficiency of system resources usage. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delay/disruption tolerant mobilead hocnetworks: latest developments
Authors: Zhang Zhensheng , Zhang Qian
Published: May 2007

There is much research activity in the emerging area of delay/disruption tolerant networks (DTN) in the past few years. DTNs pose many new challenges, and protocols designed for wired Internet or wireless mobilead hocnetworks do not work properly in DTNs. Routing is one of the key components in DTNs and the message ferry (MF) approach has been drawn a lot of attention to support routing in DTNs. Besides the underlying routing protocols, issues in transport layer are also very important and need to be addressed for DTNs. Recently, many new routing protocols, including unicast using the MF approach, inter‐region routing and multicast, have appeared in the literature. There are also a few works addressing issues in the transport layer. This paper provides an overview on recent developments including message ferrying, multicast support, inter‐region routing, and transport layer issues. It also points out some open research issues and intends to motivate new research and development in this area. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Storage routing for DTN congestion control
Authors: Seligman Matthew , Fall Kevin , Mundur Padma
Published: May 2007

The Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) architecture approaches the problem of reliable message delivery in intermittent networks using a store‐and‐forward approach where messages may remain stored for relatively long periods of time in persistent storage at DTN routers. Forwarded messages are removed from persistent storage only when transfer acknowledgment to another router or final recipient is received. Congestion in such networks takes the form of persistent storage exhaustion. Several solutions exist including slowing sources, using alternative routes, discarding traffic, or migrating messages to alternative storage locations. We propose storage routing (SR), a congestion management solution of the last form. SR employs nearby nodes with available storage to store data that would otherwise be lost given uncontrollable data sources (such as sensors). SR determines a collection of messages and neighbors to migrate them to using a set of locally scoped distributed algorithms, possibly incorporating loops that are known to be optimal for some DTN routing scenarios and decouples storage management from global DTN route selection. Simulations show up to a 500 per cent performance improvement using SR as compared with a comparable scenario lacking SR. Furthermore, we show a desirable parameter insensitivity to node storage capacity, neighborhood search radius, and message lifetime. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the Hertz's Theory of Impact to the Longitudinal Vibration of a Bar excited by the Impact of an Elastic Load
Authors: Ghosh M.
Published: May 2007

Die Theorie von Boussinesq über die Longitudinalschwingungen eines Stabes, der von einem harten Körper getroffen wird, wird auf den allgemeineren Fall eines elastischen Angriffs im Sinne der Hertzschen Stoßtheorie ausgedehnt. Es wird vorausgesetzt, daß zu Beginn und Ende der Berührung das Hertzsche Kompressionsgesetz, dazwischen das Hookesche Gesetz Geltung hat. Es ergibt sich, daß die Dauer des Vorgangs von der Geschwindigkeit des Stoßes wie von der Welle, die in dem Stabe hervorgerufen wird, abhängt. Dies erklärt das Fortschreiten des Druckes Während der Berührung, wie es von Tschudi im Lichtbild festgestellt wurde.
Berechnung des Wärmeüberganges an laminar umströmten Körpern mit konstanter und ortsveränderlicher Wandtemperatur
Authors: Dienemann W.
Published: May 2007

Für die Berechnung des ebenen Problems der thermischen Grenzschicht an einem laminar umströmten Körper bei inkompressibler Strömung wird ein neues Näherungsverfahren angegeben, das in der rechnerischen Durchführung wesentlich bequemer ist als die bisherigen Verfahren. Außer dem Fall des geheizten Körpers mit konstanter Wandtemperatur kann damit auch der Wärmeübergang an einem Körper mit ortsveränderlicher Wandtemperatur behandelt werden. Gleichzeitig ergibt sich auch ein vereinfachtes Berechnungsverfahren für die dreidimensionale Strömungsgrenzschicht an einem schräg angeblasenen Zylinder (schiebender Tragflügel).
Elasto‐plastische Reflexion eines Stabes
Authors: Richter Hans
Published: May 2007

Es wird der elasto‐plastische Reflexionsvorgang und der nach der Reflexion verbleibende Schwingungszustand für einen Stab endlicher Länge untersucht, der mit genügend hoher Geschwindigkeit gegen eine feste Wand stößt und dessen Material keine Verfestigung, jedoch Relaxation besitzt. Die Abhängigkeiten des Restitutionskoeffizienten und der Reflexionsdauer von Stablänge und Geschwindigkeit werden berechnet.
Zur Interpolationstheorie der reellen Funktionen
Authors: Quade W.
Published: May 2007

Nach Erörterung der beiden bekannten Defekte der Lagrange schen Interpolationsformel wird ein von diesen Defekten freies Interpolationsverfahren beschrieben. Zur Interpolation werden dabei ganze Funktionen benutzt, die sich additiv aus einem Polynom und einer endlichen trigonometrischen Summe zusammensetzen. Der Unterschied zwischen Funktion und Interpolationsausdruck wird abgeschätzt. Die sich aus diesem Verfahren ergebenden Quadraturformeln werden untersucht.
Überschallströmung um unter kleinem Anstellwinkel angeblasene Drehkörper mit anliegender Kopfwelle
Authors: Samelson Klaus
Published: May 2007

Die strengen Differentialgleichungen der Gasdynamik werden zur Berechnung der Überschallströmung um Drehkörper mit kleinem Anstellwinkel durch Störungsrechnung auf Systeme in zwei unabhängigen Veränderlichen reduziert, die auf charakteristische Form gebracht werden. Für die Störströmung erster Ordnung werden angenäherte Randbedingungen und Übergangsbedingungen auf der Stoßfront der achsensymmetrischen Grundströmung angegeben. Aus dieser werden Bedingungen für die Bestimmung der änderung der Stoßfront gegenüber dem achsensymmetrischen Fall abgeleitet.
Über die Bildung der Koeffizienten bei der Entwicklung einer Funktion nach einem vorgeschriebenen Funktionensystem
Authors: Fuchssteiner W.
Published: May 2007

In einer früheren Arbeit konnte Verf. zeigen, daß die Bestimmung der Biegeflächenfunktion w einer beliebig konturierten Platte durch die Entwicklung von w nach einem Funktionensystem geschieht, das zwangsläufig jeder Kontur zugeordnet ist. Die Entwicklungskoeffizienten Können dabei einheitlich durch lineare Operatoren gewonnen werden. Wie die linearen Operatoren gestaltet sind, zeigt der Verf. nunmehr.

Anwendungen auf die Systeme \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ (x - a)^n,\cos nx,\prod \limits_{v = 0}^n {(x - v)} $\end{document} und auf die orthogonalen Systeme.
Verallgemeinerte Föpplsche Kurven im Zusammenhang mit der Wirbelwiderstandsbestimmung
Authors: Dolaptschiew Bl.
Published: May 2007

Dem Lösungsschema für angenäherte Wirbelwiderstandsbestimmung eines Kreiszylinders wird ein geometrisches Bild gegeben. Diesem Bild entsprechen die sogenannten „verallgemeinerten Föpplschen Kurven”︁. Es werden diejenigen von ihnen untersucht, von deren Punkten die Wirbelpaare sich so abreißen, daß sie eine symmetrische Wirbelstraße bilden, deren Breite gleich dem Zylinderdurchmesser ist. Weiter ist noch das Zirkulationsbestimmen möglich und infolgedessen die Kármánsche Widerstandsformel rein theoretisch verwendbar.