bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Does the Mining Industry Rate? A Look at Innovation and Productivity Advance
Authors: Bartos Paul J.
Published: August 2021

The fundamental nature of the mining industry with respect to innovation is often questioned. Is it the conservative, stodgy industry commonly depicted by its critics or is it instead a sophisticated, high-tech industry as championed by many of its proponents? One way to address this question is to estimate the rate of revolutionary technological advances within mining and compare this rate to that of other industries. The number of revolutionary technologies developed in various sectors of the worldwide mining industry over the last century equate to a rate of one to three per century, a rate comparable to other “mature” industries such as cement- and glass-making. In contrast, the microcomputing sector has had a revolutionary technology development rate roughly four times this. With respect to revolutionary innovation rates, mining appears to have far more in common with mature manufacturing industries than it does with the high-tech sector.

Another way to address the question is by using productivity statistics to proxy for innovation. The productivity rate of U.S. metal mining companies grossly compares (albeit at a slightly lower level) with the rates associated with general manufacturing. This relationship has held true for the last 50 years. In contrast, the high-tech sector has for the last two decades had productivity increases which greatly exceeded that of general manufacturing and metal mining rates. The data suggest that general (nonhigh-tech) manufacturing has had average productivity advances roughly 10% better than metal mining over the last two decades. In contrast, high-tech manufacturing has had annual productivity rates in excess of four times that for metal mining. Note that, for the most recent years for which data is available (2004–2006), U.S. metal mining actually had negative productivity advances.

There are several factors inherent to the high-tech sector that appear to account for its large rates of innovation and technological diffusion. These are (1) the large profıts readily available to the creators and implementers of new technology, (2) the rapid rate at which new technologies in this sector can be developed and commercialized, (3) the easy entry conditions owing to low capital requirements and lack of large economy of scale, (4) the market focus on new products, (5) liberal licensing, and (6) the extreme mobility of professionals and tacit knowledge. These factors are not those typically shared by the mining industry. It would thus appear unlikely that the mining industry will ever approach the productivity rates of the high-tech sector on a sustained, long-term basis.

This is not to say that mining is not innovative. It clearly is. But then, this is true of other industries as well. How then, does the mining industry rate? All told, not too badly when compared to other manufacturing industries, but it pales when compared to the high-tech sector.
Gold Discovery Trends
Authors: McKeith T. D. , Schodde R. C. , Baltis E. J.
Published: August 2021

Editor’s note: This paper does not necessarily reflect the views of the Society of Economic Geologists.
DETERMINAN PEMBIAYAAN YANG DIBERIKAN (STUDI PADA BANK UMUM SYARIAH DI INDONESIA PERIODE 2018-2020)
Authors: Herawati Khotmi  , Muhammad Wahyullah  , Fachrozi
Published: August 2021

This study aims to analyze the effect of Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), Non Performing Financing (NPF), Third Party Funds (TPF), Asset Growth on Financing Provided (PYD).  The update in this study is the Asset Growth variable which is thought to have a close relationship with PYD. This study is a quantitative research with SPSS statistical test.The sample of this study are the Islamic banks in Indonesia, which were taken based on the number of provinces in Indonesia which is 33 (thirty three) provinces throughout 2018-2020. The source of data used in this study is from the secondary data taken from the website www.ojk.go.id. The data analysis used in this study is from conducting the classical assumptions test then followed by multiple regression which are the determination test  and T test. While the results of the t test showed that TPF had a positive and significant effect on PYD, while FDR had no effect on PYD. The same as Asset Growth no effect on PYD. Also NPF had a negative and significant effect on PYD. The coefficient of determination test results show the Adjusted R Square value of 0.173, this indicates that only 17.3% of the PYD financing variables are influenced by NPF, PYD, and FDR while the remaining 82.7% is influenced by other factors
Keywords: NPF; TPF; FDR; PYD; Asset Growth;
ABSTRAK
Tujuan penelitian  untuk menguji pengaruh Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), Dana Pihak Ketiga (DPK), Non Performing Financing (NPF), Pertumbuhan Aset terhadap Pembiayaan Yang Diberikan (PYD). Perbaharuan dalam penelitian ini yaitu variabel Pertumbuhan Aset yang diduga memiliki kaitan yang erat terhadap PYD. Jenis penelitian kuantitatif dengan uji statistik SPSS. Sampel penelitian  yaitu bank syariah yang ada di Indonesia diambil berdasarkan jumlah provinsi sebanyak 33 (tiga puluh tiga) provinsi periode 2018 - 2020. Data yang digunakan bersumber dari data sekunder yang diperoleh dari situs www.ojk.go.id. Analisis data yang digunakan yaitu dengan melakukan uji asumsi klasik kemudian dilanjutkan dengan regresi berganda yaitu uji determinasi dan Uji t.  Sedangkan hasil uji t menunjukkan DPK berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PYD, FDR tidak berpengaruh terhadap PYD, Pertumbuhan asset tidak berpengaruh terhadap PYD dan NPF berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap PYD. Hasil uji koefisien determinasi menunjukkan nilai Adjusted R Square 0,173,  hal ini menunjukkan bahwa hanya 17,3% variabel pembiayaan PYD  dipengaruhi oleh NPF, DPK, dan FDR sedangkan sisanya 82,7% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain.
Kata kunci : NPF; DPK; FDR; PYD; Pertumbuhan Aset;
Effective and Efficient Synchronization in Harmonization of Regulations Indonesia
Authors: Syahlan Syahlan
Published: August 2021

Synchronization and Harmonization of Legislation in Indonesia are carried out by the National Legal Development Agency and the Directorate General of Legislation. The National Legal Development Agency will synchronize and harmonize laws and regulations at the planning stage and drafting the concept of laws and regulations. Meanwhile, the Directorate General of Legislation carries out synchronization and harmonization efforts at the stage of forming the draft legislation. The absence of a definite mechanism regarding the stages of synchronization and harmonization, as well as the separation of the process into two institutions, resulted in the efforts of synchronization and harmonization being not optimal because efforts of synchronization and harmonization are stages that must be carried out in a systemic and integrated manner. This impacts the quality of the laws and regulations produced, which is the goal of synchronization and harmonization.Â Keywords: Synchronization; Harmonization; Legislation.
Frequency of pathogens in routine bacteriological diagnosis in fish and their antimicrobial resistance
Authors:   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Costa Arthur Roberto da , Chideroli Roberta Torres ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Chicoski Larissa Melo ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Abreu Diego Candido de ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Favero Leonardo Mantovani ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Ferrari Natália Amoroso ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Mainardi Raffaella Menegheti ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Silva Vanessa Gomes da ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Pereira Ulisses Padua ,   Universidade Estadual de Londrina
Published: August 2021

Aquaculture is one of the sectors of animal husbandry with the fastest growth rate. However, the increase in the sector’s production chain without proper management can result in factors that favor the development of diseases, especially infectious diseases caused by bacteria. Many factors, such as agriculture or industry resides, improper use of antibiotics in animals or humans, have contributed to increased environmental pressure and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, while residues from these drugs can remain in the carcasses and in water a risk to public and environmental health. From that, we identified the bacterial genus/species and their bacterial resistance to antibiotics from samples received from fish disease outbreaks for bacteriosis diagnosis between January 2017 and October 2020. Isolated bacteria were subjected to the Kirby and Bauer sensitivity test for five classes of antibiotics (penicillins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, amphenicols, and tetracyclines). Of the 181 analyzed outbreaks, 232 bacteria were isolated, including Streptococcus spp., Aeromonas spp., Edwardsiella spp., Plesiomonas shigelloides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chromobacterium violaceum, Flavobacterium spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Vibrio spp., Enterobacter spp., Chryseobacterium meningosepticum. Of the 232 bacteria, 40 strains were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR), with Plesiomonas shigelloides, Aeromonas spp., and Edwardsiella spp. representing more than half of this number (22/total). With several bacteria demonstrating resistance to Brazilian aquaculture-legalized drugs (tetracycline and florfenicol), it is mandatory to research, not only for alternatives to the use of antibiotics, but also for other drugs effective against the main circulating bacterial pathogens. In addition, vigilance over the occurrence of resistant bacteria is necessary, considering the appearance of zoonotic bacteria with multi-resistant characteristics, becoming a public health concern.
Bilirubin monitoring – future prospects
Authors: Berska Joanna , Bugajska Jolanta , Sztefko Krystyna
Published: August 2021

Monitoring of bilirubin concentration is essential during early neonatal life. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Practice Guideline, the total serum bilirubin or transcutaneous bilirubin level should be measured in each infant in the first 24 hours of life. The concentration of bilirubin has been measured for 150 years. During that time the analytical methods for its determination have been significantly improved, the nomenclature of bilirubin has been also unified, but it is still unknown what concentration of bilirubin cause a life-threatening encephalopathy in the newborn. Under the current recommendations, clinical decisions to introduce phototherapy in the treatment of newborns’ hyperbilirubinemia are based on total bilirubin concentration, which is determined on biochemical analyzers and point of care testing systems. However, it is not always possible to predict encephalopathy based on the total bilirubin level. Probably in the future, as the availability of routine methods for the determination of unconjugated, free bilirubin becomes more available, measurement of “free” bilirubin will improve risk assessment for bilirubin neurotoxicity.
Application of beeswax as a hydrophobic agent in MDF technology
Authors: Kryński Krzysztof , Kowaluk Grzegorz
Published: August 2021

Application of beeswax as a hydrophobic agent in MDF technology. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using beeswax as a hydrophobic agent in MDF board technology. In scope of the work, dry-formed fibreboards in four variants of wax content were produced under laboratory conditions: 0; 0.5; 1 and 5%, and boards with 1% of industrial hydrophobic agent. Produced boards were tested for selected physical and mechanical properties. Obtained results proved that beeswax can be used as a sterling hydrophobic agent. Furthermore, the tests confirmed an improvement in mechanical properties after the application of beeswax.
Conjunctival Melanocytic Lesions
Authors: Bresler Scott C. , Simon Caroline , Shields Carol L. , McHugh Jonathan B. , Stagner Anna M. , Patel Rajiv M.
Published: August 2021

Context.—

Conjunctival melanocytic lesions consist of a variety of neoplastic and nonneoplastic conditions. These include benign processes such as primary intraepithelial hypermelanosis and melanocytic hyperplasia, secondary forms of intraepithelial hypermelanosis and melanocytic hyperplasia, melanocytic nevi, melanocytic proliferations with malignant potential, and melanoma.

Objective.—

To provide a concise yet comprehensive resource regarding the histopathologic diagnosis of conjunctival melanocytic lesions. We aim to detail and clarify the numerous classification schemes that exist for junctional melanocytic proliferations of the conjunctiva (known as primary acquired melanosis or PAM; also termed conjunctival melanocytic intraepithelial neoplasia or C-MIN). Although not uniformly adopted, C-MIN is classified by using a numeric system based on a defined set of criteria. A less complex scheme (conjunctival melanocytic intraepithelial lesion or CMIL) has recently been proposed by the World Health Organization. Additionally, we aim to update the reader regarding molecular features and prognostic indicators.

Data Sources.—

Peer-reviewed literature and archived cases for illustration.

Conclusions.—

Accurate histologic classification is essential, as PAM/C-MIN/CMILs that have a significant potential to progress to invasive melanoma may be clinically indistinguishable from low-risk lesions. Conjunctival melanoma (CM) more closely resembles cutaneous melanoma in terms of its pathogenesis and molecular features, compared to melanoma arising at other mucosal sites or to uveal melanoma. Depth of invasion and ulceration status, among other factors, have emerged as important prognostic indicators in CM. Sentinel lymph node biopsy may provide further prognostic information. Lastly, integration of pathologic and clinical findings is essential at this anatomically sensitive location to determine appropriate clinical management.
A study on the positive psychological capital of adolescents: Focusing on parent-adolescent conversation time and open communication
Authors: Choi Ara
Published: August 2021

This study examined the influences of demographic variables, parent-adolescent conversation time, and open communication on the positive psychological capital of adolescents. The data were collected from 243 middle school students living in Gwangju from December 23, 2019, to January 3, 2020. Data were analyzed using correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis. The results can be summarized as follows. First, with economic condition, academic achievement, parent-adolescent conversation time, and open communication, positive psychological capital showed significant difference statistically. Second, father-adolescent open communication best explained positive psychological capital, followed by academic achievement, and motheradolescent open communication. The results highlight the important roles played by parent-adolescent open communication and academic achievement in improving adolescents’positive psychological capital. The study contributes to the literature by providing fundamental insights into adolescents’positive psychological capital.
The Effects of Parental Control Perceived by College Students on Career Maturity: Focusing on Multiple Mediating Effects of Self-Determination and Self-Efficacy
Authors: Jeong Eunhye , Lim Jiyoung
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine that multiple mediating effects of self-determination and selfefficacy in the relationship between the parental control and career maturity. In the study, 747 university students in Daegu, Busan and Seoul area were surveyed on their perceived level of parental control, career maturity, self-determination and self-efficacy. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation analysis with SPSS 25.0 program, Hayes’Process Macro program and bootstrapping. The major results of this study were as follows; First, there were significant differences in college student’s career maturity by grade, major, experience in career-related services and part-time job experience period. Second, there were significant correlations between parental control(behavioral control and psychological control), career maturity, self-determination and self-efficacy.Third, self-determination and Self-efficacy had multiple mediating effects in the relationship between parental control and career maturity. In conclusion, this study found multiple mediating effects of self-determination and self-efficacy in the relationship between parental control(behavioral control and psychological control) and career maturity. It was also found that parental behavioral control had a positive effect on career maturity by increasing self-determination and self-efficacy while parental psychological control had a negative effect on career maturity by decreasing self-determination and self-efficacy.
Observational case studies of treatment of skin disorders with natural phages in Ganga water
Authors: Jhunjhunwala Bharat , Bhatnagar Rakesh Kumar , Shukla Ashutosh , Kumar Sanjay , Patel Amit , Khattri Jyotsana , Kundu Amit , Sanwelka Madhvi
Published: August 2021

Background: Skin conditions have multiple causes. Natural phages in the Ganga River have bactericidal qualities against a number of bacterial infections, which help resolve skin conditions. Materials and Methods: We collected water from upper reaches of the Ganga River where the number of isolates of phages was more than 200 according to a study of the National Environmental Engineering Institute, Nagpur. The water was collected in May 2020 before the onset of monsoons and stored with sediments so that the phages adsorbed in the sediments cleaned up the overlaying column of water of all coliforms. We supplied the water by post to a number of volunteers who took the water through oral, topical or nasal route as per their convenience. Thirty-nine of the 52 volunteers provided data by telephone on their skin conditions on which this study is based. Results: The results show that an improvement of 1.7 on Likert Scale of 1-10 is obtained on skin conditions as per assessment of the volunteers after a treatment of 100 days. Further improvement of 1.0 on Likert Scale was reported after 85 days of stoppage of treatment. Conclusions: Natural phages of Ganga river could provide an inexpensive treatment not only for skin conditions but other comorbidities as well because skin conditions have multiple causes and phages of Ganga water may work at multiple levels.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT PURITY OF NATURAL ALFALFA SEEDS ON THE PROCESSING EFFICIENCY
Authors: ĐOKIĆ Dragoslav , STANISAVLJEVIĆ Rade , TERZIĆ Dragan , MILENKOVIĆ Jasmina , JEVTIĆ Goran , ŠTRBANOVIĆ Ratibor , KOPRIVICA Ranko
Published: August 2021

This paper presents the results of the seed processing of ten lots of natural alfalfa seed with different purity (from 68.0% to 86.5%). The test was carried out at the seed processing center of the Institute for forage crops Kruševac-Serbia. Seed losses, processing output, seed yield and quality of the processed seed were investigated. It is important that the difference between the amounts of pure seed from laboratory assessment and the actual amount after processing, are low. The purity of natural alfalfa seed depends on the crop condition and the harvest process. In the seed processing of small-grained leguminous plants, the processing output of seed is directly dependent on the percentage of weed species and other species in the natural seed. Seeds of quarantine weeds of dodder and curly dock are a particularly big problem in alfalfa seeds. In the case of high-purity seeds with low quarantine weeds share, processing output are high. By the legal procedure on the seed quality, the content of pure seed, inert materials, weeds and other species in the processed seeds is defined. The efficiency of the alfalfa seed processing depends on the initial purity of the seed, as well as the applied technical and technological process of seed processing. Based on the obtained results, it is possible to optimally adjust and select the appropriate equipment for the processing of alfalfa seed, depending on the quantity and type of weeds and other ingredients in the natural alfalfa seeds.
ALTERNATIVE SUBSTRATE USE IN SAGE TRANSPLANTS PRODUCTION (SALVIA OFFICINALIS L.)
Authors: ZELJKOVIĆ Svjetlana , PARAĐIKOVIĆ Nada , TODOROVIĆ Vida , DAVIDOVIĆ GIDAS Jelena , DUMANOVIĆ Dragana
Published: August 2021

Mushroom production has become more popular in our environment. The most common cultivated mushroom is Agaricus bisporus. After mushrooms are harvested a large amount of used compost remains. This compost is a good material and producers used it as alternative substrate in plant production. The benefits of this compost are numerous like high content of organic matter and the rich mineral composition. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of spent mushroom compost (as alternative substrate) on growth and development of roots and above-ground parts of sage transplants (Salvia officinalis L.). Measurements of morphological parameters of plants (plant height, number of leaves, number of branches and plant diameter) were performed, as well as determination of fresh and dry weight of roots and above-ground parts of transplants. Application of spent mushroom substrate in the production of sage Salvia officinalis L. positively influenced growth and development as well as fresh and dry weight of roots and above-ground parts of treated plants compared to nontreated plants during transplanting growing stage. Plant height (+104%), number of leaves (+65%), number of branches (+143%), plant diameter (89%), were significantly increased by the spent mushroom compost application compared to the control - commercial substrate.
First report of leopard fossils from a limestone cave in Kenting area, southern Taiwan
Authors: Chi Tzu-Chin , Gan Yi , Yang Tzu-Ruei , Chang Chun-Hsiang
Published: August 2021

Longshia-dong Cave, a limestone cave located in the Kenting area within the Kenting National Park of southern Taiwan, yields numerous terrestrial mammalian fossils. Many of them were not reported in historical literature and are neither present in Taiwan. For instance, no historical literature mentioned leopards inhabited in Taiwan, and thus their existence remained unknown. This study describes three fossil leopard (Panthera pardus) teeth uncovered from Longshia-dong Cave. Two isolated lower premolars and one lower molar, respectively p3, p4 and m1, were discovered in a very small area (11 × 6 cm) and show a series of progressive increase in size. Thus, the three teeth should have been belonging to the same individual from the subfamily of Pantherinae. Traditional linear measurements and two-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis for the occlusal surface outlines were conducted on the fossil teeth and extant pantherines inhabited in Asia such as clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa), leopards (Panthera pardus), and tigers (Panthera tigiris). Results show that the fossil teeth are similar both in size and morphology to the teeth of extant leopards, suggesting the assignment of the fossil teeth to leopards. This study, for the first time, reported the presence of leopards in the Late Pleistocene of Taiwan. In addition, the smaller size of the fossil teeth in comparison with Chinese fossil leopards is putatively attributed to insular dwarfism or individual size variability, yet more studies are required.
Restructuring of an evidence-based practice curriculum and assessment with structural mapping by course outcome verb
Authors: Murdock Mark E. , Brennan Teresa , Murphy Edward , Sherrier William
Published: August 2021

Objective

An evidence-based clinical practice (EBCP) subcurriculum within a chiropractic curriculum was restructured to distribute EBCP topics to courses throughout the curriculum. We posited that this would enhance student learning through early exposure, repetition, and the use of progressively more difficult levels of learning. In this paper we describe how we determined if Bloom's verb level trended upward from the beginning of the curriculum to the end and if there were any gaps in presentation of topics periodically in the curriculum. We describe how we determined if the restructured subcurriculum provided adequate integration of topics.

Methods

EBCP committee chairs created templates of the new structure, solicited feedback from the faculty, and faculty members volunteered to assimilate topics into courses. Support for the faculty included comprehensive PowerPoint production and in-service training. Assessment for trends and gaps was performed of the resultant learning outcomes by mapping 13 quarters against 6 Bloom's verb levels for 19 topics.

Results

Fourteen of the topics had increasing linear model trends indicating verb progression. Decreased attention to EBCP topics was identified in some quarters.

Conclusion

The graphical mapping process seemed useful to find EBCP topics that did not show progression of Bloom's verb difficulty and gaps in topics in the restructured subcurriculum.
Using Logistic Regression of Machine Learning Method to Evaluate American Options
Authors: Lee Yung Hsin
Published: August 2021

Aims: The main purpose of this study is to understand whether Logistic regression has certain benefits in the evaluation of American options. As far as the Monte Carlo method is concerned, the least square method is traditionally used to evaluate American options, but in fact, Logistic regression is generally quite good in classification performance. Therefore, this study wants to know if Logistic regression can improve the accuracy of evaluation in American options.

Study Design: The selection of options parameters required in the simulation process mainly considers the average level of actual market conditions in the past few years in terms of dividend yield and risk-free interest rate. The part of the stock price and the strike price mainly considers three different situations: in-the-money, out-of-the-money and at the money.

Methodology: This study applied the Logistic regression in Monte Carlo method for the pricing of American. Uses the ability of logistic regression to help determine whether the American option should be exercised early for each stock price path. The validity of the proposed method is supported by some vanilla put cases testing. The parameters used in all cases tested are considered the current state of the market.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach using numerical examples, revealing signiﬁcant improvements in numerical efﬁciency and accuracy. Several test cases showed that the relative error of all tests are below 1%.
Investigating the Impact of Firm Specific Determinants of Non-Pension Fund on Property Investment Decisions: An Evidence from Zanzibar Social Security Fund in Tanzania
Authors: Fadhil Daud Mkali
Published: August 2021

The aim of this study was to look at the impact of firm specific determinants of non-pension fund on property investment decisions, a case study of Zanzibar Social Security Fund (ZSSF) in Tanzania. The unit root test, co-integration, and vector error correction model (VECM) were used for estimation in the linear econometric model equation, which looked at the impact of three firm specific determinants of non-pension fund on property investment decisions: urbanization (URB), inflation rate (INF) and interest rate (IR). The estimated result showed that, there was presence of long-run relationship at equilibrium between property investment decisions (PID) in ZSSF and all tested determinants of property investment decisions. The results revealed that urbanization (URB) had positive significant long run relationship with property investment decisions in ZSSF. But it was further revealed that the inflation rate (INF) and interest rate (IR) had negative relationship with PID at ZSSF, though they were statistically significant. The results also revealed unidirectional causality relationship whereby PID causes IR. Furthermore, the results revealed unidirectional causal relationship from URB to PID at 5% level of significant. However, the result revealed that PID and INF were not granger cause each other in a short run. The study then recommends among others, that management of ZSSF has to consider these determinants when they make property investment decisions, this including, the need for management of Zanzibar Social Security Fund to work together with financial institutions like banks to develop a working formula on how they can facilitate mortgage facility at reasonable rate for residential and commercial properties, this will help to increase demand for real estate to society.
The Influence of Leadership Style and Employee Competence with Organizational Climate as an Intervening Variable on Employee Performance in Educational Institutions
Authors: Yusuf Muhammad , Arifin Zainal , Firdausi Iqbal
Published: August 2021

Aims: Let's find out and analyze the influence of leadership style and employee competence with organizational climate as an intervening variable

Study design:descriptive analysis method with correlational type

Place and Duration of Study: at an Educational Institution in Banjarmasin Indonesia, between June 2020 and July 2021.

Methodology: using descriptive analysis method with correlational type. The sample of this study were 53 educators and teaching staff in educational institutions as respondents. With the sampling technique using the Probability Sampling technique. This research is analyzed with Multiple Linear Regression using SPSS for Windows program.

Results: 1) leadership style has a positive influence on organizational climate, 2) employee competence has a positive influence on organizational climate, 3) leadership style has a positive influence on employee performance, 4) employee competence has a positive influence on employee performance, 5) Organizational climate has a positive influence on employee performance, 6) leadership style has a positive influence on employee performance through organizational climate as an intervening variable and 7) employee competence has a positive influence on employee performance through organizational climate as an intervening variable.

Conclusion: Leadership style and employee competence have an effect on employee performance, but the influence is higher if the organizational climate is created well.
Prevalence of Smoking among High School Students in Thimphu, Bhutan
Authors: Namgay Pema , Dendup Tashi , Choden Kezang
Published: August 2021

Smoking is common among youths due to the increasing pace of modernization. It is also a major public health problem worldwide, causing preventable deaths and giving socio-economic burdens to society. Despite strict surveillance and the Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan, Bhutanese youths are increasingly found smoking. However, Bhutan has limited studies on smoking, particularly focusing on high school students. Thus, this study determined the prevalence of smoking among high school students of Thimphu, Bhutan. The self-structured questionnaires were distributed to a sample of 357 students determined using the Yamane formula. The result showed that the overall prevalence of smoking was 48.5%. More male students (63.6%) were found smoking than female students (28.3%). Students smoked different forms of tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars, hookah, and bidis, but commonly used tobacco product was cigarettes (63.4%). The most cited reasons for smoking were addiction, followed by peer pressure and outlook fashion. The risks of tobacco use are highest among those who start early and continue its use for a long period. Therefore, the early age of smoking initiation underscores the urgent need to intervene and protect high school students from falling prey to smoking addiction.
Familial Hypercholesterolaemia as a Model for Evaluating the Ethics of Population Testing and Screening for Genetic Disease
Authors: Allen‐Tice Carly J , Tryon Rebecca K , Zierhut Heather A
Published: August 2021

Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a common genetic form of high cholesterol that has serious impacts on cardiovascular health when untreated. Despite the potential benefits of early identification, FH is underdiagnosed in most countries. Widespread population screening utilising universal and cascade models has the potential to increase FH diagnoses and improve disease outcomes. Investigation of various methodologies and ethical considerations for implementing these models in practice has highlighted the promise and existing challenges in addressing this public health issue. Defining the ethics framework for FH screening will inform methodology and delineate how individual rights will be respected. Use of a social justice lens in the gathering of evidence and the creation of the screening process will better ensure that FH screening reduces rather than further entrenches existing health inequities. Further evidence is needed to demonstrate the benefit, utility and engagement across diverse communities.

Key Concepts

Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a common genetic cause of high cholesterol that remains widely underdiagnosed despite its serious implications for cardiovascular health when untreated.

FH can be diagnosed using lipid levels, clinical criteria and/or genetic testing, but the best way to regularly use these tools has been debated.

Various population screening models have been considered and investigated for improving the identification of FH, including universal and cascade screening.

Strategies to implement screening models in practice are being explored and range from patient databases and diagnostic algorithms to educational efforts for providers and the general public.

Both logistical and ethical barriers to implementing these models have been identified and must be addressed in order to create robust screening programmes.

Defining the ethics framework for FH screening will inform the methodology and delineate how individual rights will be respected.

Use of a social justice lens in the gathering of evidence and the creation of the screening process will better ensure that FH screening reduces rather than further entrenches existing health inequities.
Methadone van details outlined at AATOD webinar
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: August 2021

An Aug. 11 webinar hosted by the American Association for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence (AATOD) featured speakers from the opioid treatment program (OTP) community who have been operating methadone vans for years, as well as the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Both agencies just announced the approval of methadone vans, providing such vans are part of brick‐and‐mortar OTPs (see ‘Mobile methadone now approved for licensed OTPs,’ ADAW July 4; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adaw.33120).
SAMHSA says SAPT BG can be used to procure methadone vans
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: August 2021

Things are moving quickly with the mobile methadone units, approved by the federal government as of July 28 On Aug. 4, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Director Miriam E. Delphin‐Rittmon, Ph.D., wrote to all state substance abuse directors (the single state authorities who run the Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment [SAPT] block grants) that mobile methadone units of opioid treatment programs (OTPs) are not only sanctioned but wholeheartedly supported.
Design of Aligned Porous Carbon Films with Single‐Atom Co–N–C Sites for High‐Current‐Density Hydrogen Generation
Authors: Liu Rui , Gong Zhichao , Liu Jianbin , Dong Juncai , Liao Jiangwen , Liu Huan , Huang Haikang , Liu Jingjing , Yan Minmin , Huang Kang , Gong Haisheng , Zhu Jian , Cui Chunyu , Ye Gonglan , Fei Huilong
Published: August 2021

Metal‐ and nitrogen‐doped carbon (M–N–C) materials as a unique class of single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have increasingly attracted attention as the replacement of platinum for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER); however, their employment as HER electrodes at high current densities of industrial level remains a grand challenge. Herein, an aligned porous carbon film embedded with single‐atom Co–N–C sites of exceptional activity and stability at high current densities is designed. Within the film, the atomic CoNx moieties exhibit high intrinsic activity, while the multiscale porosity of the carbon frameworks with vertically aligned microchannels afford facilitated mass transfer under the conditions of high production rate and ultrathick electrodes. Moreover, the superwetting properties of the film promote electrolyte wetting and ensure the timely removal of the evolving H2 gas bubbles. The as‐designed film can work as an efficient HER electrode to deliver 500 and 1000 mA cm−2 in acid at overpotentials of 272 and 343 mV, respectively, and can operate uninterruptedly and stably at 1000 mA cm−2 for at least 32 h under static conditions. These findings pave the road toward the rational design of SACs with improved activity and stability at high current densities in gas‐evolving electrocatalytic processes.
Sub‐Monolayer YOx/MoOx on Ultrathin Pt Nanowires Boosts Alcohol Oxidation Electrocatalysis
Authors: Li Menggang , Zhao Zhonglong , Zhang Weiyu , Luo Mingchuan , Tao Lu , Sun Yingjun , Xia Zhonghong , Chao Yuguang , Yin Kun , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin , Yang Weiwei , Yu Yongsheng , Lu Gang , Guo Shaojun
Published: August 2021

A crucial issue restricting the application of direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs) is the low activity of Pt‐based electrocatalysts for alcohol oxidation reaction caused by the reaction intermediate (CO*) poisoning. Herein, a new strategy is demonstrated for making a class of sub‐monolayer YOx/MoOx‐surface co‐decorated ultrathin platinum nanowires (YOx/MoOx–Pt NWs) to effectively eliminate the CO poisoning for enhancing methanol oxidation electrocatalysis. By adjusting the amounts of YOx and MoOx decorated on the surface of ultrathin Pt NWs, the optimized 22% YOx/MoOx–Pt NWs achieve a high specific activity of 3.35 mA cm−2 and a mass activity of 2.10 A mgPt−1, as well as the enhanced stability. In situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and CO stripping studies confirm the contribution of YOx and MoOx to anti‐CO poisoning ability of the NWs. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal that the surface Y and Mo atoms with oxidation states allow COOH* to bind the surface through both the carbon and oxygen atoms, which can lower the free energy barriers for the oxidation of CO* into COOH*. The optimal NWs also show the superior activities toward the electro‐oxidation of ethanol, ethylene glycol, and glycerol.
Optical Fiber Waveguiding Soft Photoactuators Exhibiting Giant Reversible Shape Change
Authors: He Yongcheng , Liang Haohua , Chen Meihua , Jiang Licheng , Zhang Zhishen , Heng Xiaobo , Yang Lin , Hao Yanpeng , Gan Jiulin , Yang Zhongmin
Published: August 2021

Soft actuators, an emerging field in robotics, have great potential for wide‐ranging applications in biology, medicine, engineering, and oceanography. Photoactuators that are stimulated by light to produce reversible mechanical deformation have attracted significant interest in recent years owing to their advantages of high resolution, fast switching, flexible controllability, and electromagnetic interference immunity. Conventional photoactuators rely on free‐space illumination, which limits the control in light‐obstructed surroundings. A low loss optical fiber waveguide‐based soft photoactuator composed of photothermally responsive material hinges and high‐transparency elastomer fiber arms is proposed. When light travels in the elastomer fiber arms, the hinges exhibit a very large shape change so that the arms bend by themselves, with a maximum repeatable bending angle of approximately 145°. The angle is determined by the injected optical power. A fiber photoactuator with dual hinges is designed that is capable of reversible complex deformation. Moreover, in a narrow silicone tube, the fiber photoactuator can still be stimulated with considerable deformation by the light injected along the fiber. A fiber photoactuator‐constructed microhook is demonstrated for grabbing object in water.
Functionalizing Collagen with Vessel‐Penetrating Two‐Photon Phosphorescence Probes: A New In Vivo Strategy to Map Oxygen Concentration in Tumor Microenvironment and Tissue Ischemia
Authors: Wu Cheng‐Ham , Kisel Kristina S. , Thangavel Muthu Kumar , Chen Yi‐Ting , Chang Kai‐Hsin , Tsai Ming‐Rung , Chu Chia‐Yu , Shen Yu‐Fang , Wu Pei‐Chun , Zhang Zhiming , Liu Tzu‐Ming , Jänis Janne , Grachova Elena V. , Shakirova Julia R. , Tunik Sergey P. , Koshevoy Igor O. , Chou Pi‐Tai
Published: August 2021

The encapsulation and/or surface modification can stabilize and protect the phosphorescence bio‐probes but impede their intravenous delivery across biological barriers. Here, a new class of biocompatible rhenium (ReI) diimine carbonyl complexes is developed, which can efficaciously permeate normal vessel walls and then functionalize the extravascular collagen matrixes as in situ oxygen sensor. Without protective agents, ReI‐diimine complex already exhibits excellent emission yield (34%, λem  = 583 nm) and large two‐photon absorption cross‐sections (σ2  = 300 GM @ 800 nm) in water (pH 7.4). After extravasation, remarkably, the collagen‐bound probes further enhanced their excitation efficiency by increasing the deoxygenated lifetime from 4.0 to 7.5 µs, paving a way to visualize tumor hypoxia and tissue ischemia in vivo. The post‐extravasation functionalization of extracellular matrixes demonstrates a new methodology for biomaterial‐empowered phosphorescence sensing and imaging.
Agronomic and efficacy evaluations of oxathiapiprolin as a soybean seed treatment
Authors: Hegstad Jeffrey M. , Gaspar Adam P. , Feng Lizhi , Lackermann Karen , Hudson Ashley , Howieson Mark
Published: August 2021

Phytophthora root and stem rot is a devastating disease of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] that occurs annually in North America. Plant death and severe yield loss can transpire when conditions are favorable for pathogen development. The first objective was to determine the efficacy of oxathiapiprolin as a soybean seed treatment using laboratory inoculum layer assays with different races of Phytophthora sojae. The second objective was to evaluate oxathiapiprolin seed treatments in wide area agronomic field testing using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) image‐to‐data analysis to quantify emergence, vigor, and greenness traits. The final objective was to examine the yield potential of seed treatments with oxathiapiprolin. Using inoculum layer efficacy testing in a growth chamber with P. sojae races 4, 7, or 31, seed treated with oxathiapiprolin had significantly higher visual root growth scores compared to non‐treated seed. Across 115 field locations from 2018 to 2020, UAV remote sensing image analysis at the V2 growth stage indicated oxathiapiprolin in combination with other fungicides had significantly better emergence, more vigor, and more intense greenness compared to non‐treated controls. Entries treated with oxathiapiprolin in combination with other fungicides had an average +161 kg ha–1 yield difference compared to non‐treated entries from 2018 to 2020. Oxathiapiprolin as a seed treatment is an effective management tool for soybean producers, providing efficacy against P. sojae, and improving emergence, vigor, greenness, and final yield.
Group and group‐interaction contribution method for estimating the melting temperatures of deep eutectic solvents
Authors: Hou Xiao‐Jing , Yu Liu‐Ying , He Chao‐Hong , Wu Ke‐Jun
Published: August 2021

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are mixtures of two or more components that have lower melting temperatures compared to their constituting components. DESs possess many advantages, for example, low volatility, low flammability, and low toxicity, which make them promising alternatives to traditional organic solvents. The melting temperature, one of the important physical properties, is of essential importance for industrial applications. In this work, a group and group‐interaction contribution method was proposed to estimate the melting temperatures of DESs using an extensive database (1528 DESs, 1541 data points). The average absolute relative deviation (%AARD) between the estimated and experimental values of the melting temperature was 5.67% for binary DESs. Subsequently, this method was also extended to estimate the melting temperature of ternary DESs, with the AARD of 6.13%. The results indicate the high accuracy and broad applicability of the method and pave the way for the rational design of task‐specific DESs.
Severe thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in pregnancy: A guide for the consulting hematologist
Authors: Perez Botero Juliana , Reese Jessica A. , George James N. , McIntosh Jennifer J.
Published: August 2021

A hematologist receives a call from a maternal‐fetal medicine (MFM) physician about a previously healthy patient who became ill at 25 weeks' gestation. Her mental status is deteriorating. There are signs of fetal distress. Platelet count and hemoglobin are falling. The MFM physician is considering the hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome. For the hematologist, everything seems unfamiliar. Our goal is to provide hematologists with the fundamental knowledge required for understanding and managing these patients who become suddenly and seriously ill during pregnancy and in whom thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia are part of their presentation.
Carfilzomib and dexamethasone induction with lenalidomide, clarithromycin and dexamethasone consolidation and lenalidomide maintenance for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma
Authors: Forsberg Peter A. , Rossi Adriana C. , Boyer Angelique , Pearse Roger N. , Pekle Karen A. , Jayabalan David , Lakritz Stephanie , Flicker Kari , Ribadeneyra Drew , Liotta Brielle , Ely Scott , Boussi Leora , Allan John N. , Coleman Morton , Niesvizky Ruben , Mark Tomer M.
Published: August 2021

Combination treatment regimens including a proteasome inhibitor (PI), an immunomodulatory agent (IMiD) and a corticosteroid are standards of care for initial treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). We aimed to evaluate if a sequential treatment program using PI induction followed by IMiD based consolidation and maintenance could achieve similar outcomes with reduced toxicities. This phase 2 study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of the Car‐BiRd regimen: carfilzomib and dexamethasone (Kd) induction until maximum response, followed by lenalidomide, clarithromycin and dexamethasone (BiRd) consolidation until next maximum response, then lenalidomide maintenance in patients with newly diagnosed MM. Seventy‐two patients, including both transplant eligible and ineligible patients, were enrolled and evaluated for response. The overall response rate to the Car‐BiRd regimen was 94% with 83% of patients achieving a ≥ VGPR and 35% achieving a CR/sCR. The rate of CR/sCR increased from 7% with Kd induction to 21% with BiRd consolidation and 35% with lenalidomide maintenance. These results did not meet the study's target endpoint of a CR rate of 55%. The median PFS using this deferred transplant approach was 37.3 months (95% CI 27.9, 52.7) and median OS was not reached with a median follow‐up of 60 months. Toxicities were primarily low grade and manageable. Hematologic toxicities were lower than those expected with a combination PI/IMiD protocol. The sequential Car‐BiRd regimen is an effective and safe approach for the upfront treatment of MM including patients unfit for transplant.