bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
All-cause mortality among recipients of electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Munk-Olsen Trine , Laursen Thomas Munk , Videbech Poul , Mortensen Preben Bo , Rosenberg Raben
Published: April 2007

Background

Studies investigating mortality secondary to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are few.

Aims

To assess the risk of mortality from natural and unnatural causes among ECT recipients compared with other psychiatric in-patients over a 25-year period.

Method

Register-based cohort study of all in-patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital from 1976 to 2000. Cause-specific mortality was analysed using log–linear Poisson regression.

Results

There were 783 deceased in-patients who had received ECT compared with 5781 who had not. Patients who had received ECT had a lower overall mortality rate from natural causes (RR=0.82,95% CI 0.74–0.90) but a slightly higher suicide rate (RR=1.20,95% CI 0.99–1.47), especially within the first 7 days after the last ECT treatment (RR=4.82,95% CI 2.12–10.95).

Conclusions

Further investigation of the effect of ECT on physical health and the observed increased suicide rate immediately following treatment are needed, although the last finding is likely to result from selection bias.
Serotonergic function in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Flory Janine D. , Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Miller Carlin , Harty Seth , Halperin Jeffrey M.
Published: April 2007

Background

Impulsive aggression in adulthood is associated with disturbances in serotonergic function. In contrast, research examining this association in childhood has yielded inconsistent results.

Aims

The current study examined the prospective relationship between serotonergic function measured in childhood and the later emergence of antisocial personality disorder.

Method

Hormonal response to fenfluramine, an index of serotonergic function, was assessed in 58 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder between 1990 and 1997 when they were aged 7–11 years. Approximately 9 years later these individuals were evaluated for antisocial personality disorder.

Results

Lower serotonergic responsivity assessed in childhood predicted the development of antisocial personality disorder (t (56)=2.25, P=0.028).

Conclusions

These results provide a critical link between the child and adult literature on the covariation of impulsive aggression and serotonergic function and suggest a potential explanation for inconsistencies in the childhood literature.
Increasing initial attendance at mental health out-patient clinics: opt-in systems and other interventions
Authors: Hawker David S. J.
Published: April 2007

Out-patient appointments which are missed without prior notice are a major contributor to wasted resources in planned mental healthcare services. It is not unusual that a quarter to a third of patients referred to a service will miss their first appointment (Hoareet al, 1996). Non-attendance rates for second and subsequent appointments are lower. Early non-attendance predicts attrition later in treatment (Goode, 1997; Aubreyet al, 2003), leading to further wasted resources, with most first-time non-attenders never attending subsequent appointments.
Simulated patients in undergraduate education in psychiatry
Authors: Eagles John M. , Calder Sheila A. , Wilson Sam , Murdoch Jane M. , Sclare Paul D.
Published: April 2007

This paper describes the use of simulated patients in medical education and how actors have been deployed with medical students in Aberdeen. The advantages and disadvantages of using actors for student education are summarised and we conclude with some possible future developments. At the outset, it may be helpful to outline some definitions, as in the review by Barrows (1993). A ‘standardised patient’ is an umbrella term for both an actual patient who is trained to present his or her own illness in a standardised way and also for a simulated patient who is a well person trained to portray an illness in a standardised way. This paper will use these terms but will relate mainly to the use of professional actors (not volunteers from the general public, who are often deployed by medical teachers) as simulated psychiatric patients.
Safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy
Authors: Donnelly Allison , Paton Carol
Published: April 2007

Aims and Method

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are recommended by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence as first-line drugs for the treatment of depression, but there is emerging evidence that they might not be entirely safe in pregnancy. We reviewed the literature in this area.

Results

Some data indicate an association between first-trimester SSRI exposure, particularly with paroxetine, and an increased risk of some major congenital malformations. Stronger evidence supports an association with small reductions in gestational age and neonatal withdrawal symptoms.

Clinical Implications

Risks and benefits of using SSRIs during pregnancy should be discussed with the patient, and a joint decision made between prescriber and patient regarding treatment. Limited data suggest that other SSRIs are safer than paroxetine in pregnancy.
Envelope–Receptor Interactions in Nipah Virus Pathobiology
Authors: LEE BENHUR
Published: April 2007

Abstract: Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses are members of the newly definedHenipavirusgenus of theParamyxoviridae.Nipah virus (NiV) is an emergent paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis in up to 70% of infected patients, and there is increasing evidence of human‐to‐human transmission. NiV is designated a priority pathogen in the NIAID Biodefense Research Agenda, and could be a devastating agent ofagrobioterrorism if used against the pig farming industry. Endothelial syncytium is a pathognomonic feature of NiV infections, and is mediated by the fusion (F) and attachment (G) envelope glycoproteins. This review summarizes what is known about the pathophysiology of NiV infections, and documents the identification of the NiV receptor. EphrinB2, the NiV and HeV receptor, is expressed on endothelial cells and neurons, consistent with the known cellular tropism for NiV. We discuss how the identification of the henipahvirus receptor sheds light on the pathobiology of NiV infection, and how it will spur the rational development of effective therapeutics. In addition, ephrinB3, a related protein, can serve as an alternative receptor, and we suggest that differential usage of ephrinB2 versus B3 may explain the variant pathogenic profiles observed between NiV and HeV. Thus, identifying the NiV receptors opens the door for a more comprehensive analysis of the envelope–receptor interactions in NiV pathobiology. Finally, we also describe how galectin‐1 (an innate immune defense lectin) can interact with specific N‐glycans on the Nipah envelope fusion protein, underscoring the potential role that innate immune defense mechanisms may play against emerging pathogens.
The Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Arthritis Due to Alphavirus Infections
Authors: RULLI NESTOR E. , MELTON JULIAN , WILMES ANJA , EWART GARY , MAHALINGAM SURESH
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  Alphaviruses such as the Sindbis‐group viruses, Scandinavian Ockelbo virus, the African Asian chikungunya virus, the African O'nyong‐nyong virus, the South American Mayaro virus, and the Australasian Barmah Forest and Ross River viruses, are commonly associated with outbreaks of acute and persistent arthritis and arthralgia in humans. The mechanisms by which these viruses cause arthritis/arthralgia are poorly understood. This chapter summarizes our current understanding of viral arthritides using our newly developed mouse model of Ross River virus‐induced joint and muscle inflammation.
Rapid Identification of Emerging Infectious Agents Using PCR and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: SAMPATH RANGARAJAN , HALL THOMAS A. , MASSIRE CHRISTIAN , LI FENG , BLYN LAWRENCE B. , ESHOO MARK W. , HOFSTADLER STEVEN A. , ECKER DAVID J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  Newly emergent infectious diseases are a global public health problem. The population dense regions of Southeast Asia are the epicenter of many emerging diseases, as evidenced by the outbreak of Nipah, SARS, avian influenza (H5N1), Dengue, and enterovirus 71 in this region in the past decade. Rapid identification, epidemiologic surveillance, and mitigation of transmission are major challenges in ensuring public health safety. Here we describe a powerful new approach for infectious disease surveillance that is based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify nucleic acid targets from large groupings of organisms, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) for accurate mass measurements of the PCR products, and base composition signature analysis to identify organisms in a sample. This approach is capable of automated analysis of more than 1,500 PCR reactions a day. It is applicable to the surveillance of bacterial, viral, fungal, or protozoal pathogens and will facilitate rapid characterization of known and emerging pathogens.
Phase I and Correlative Biology Study of Cilengitide in Patients With Recurrent Malignant Glioma
Authors: Nabors L. Burt , Mikkelsen Tom , Rosenfeld Steven S. , Hochberg Fred , Akella Narasimha S. , Fisher Joy D. , Cloud Gretchen A. , Zhang Yu , Carson Kathryn , Wittemer Sabine M. , Colevas A. Dimitrios , Grossman Stuart A.
Published: April 2007

Purpose

This multi-institutional phase I trial was designed to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of cilengitide (EMD 121974) and to evaluate the use of perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with recurrent malignant glioma.

Patients and Methods

Patients received cilengitide twice weekly on a continuous basis. A treatment cycle was defined as 4 weeks. Treatment-related dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was defined as any grade 3 or 4 nonhematologic toxicity or grade 4 hematologic toxicity of any duration.

Results

A total of 51 patients were enrolled in cohorts of six patients to doses of 120, 240, 360, 480, 600, 1,200, 1,800, and 2,400 mg/m2 administered as a twice weekly intravenous infusion. Three patients progressed early and were inevaluable for toxicity assessment. The DLTs observed were one thrombosis (120 mg/m2), one grade 4 joint and bone pain (480 mg/m2), one thrombocytopenia (600 mg/m2) and one anorexia, hypoglycemia, and hyponatremia (800 mg/m2). The MTD was not reached. Two patients demonstrated complete response, three patients had partial response, and four patients had stable disease. Perfusion MRI revealed a significant relationship between the change in tumor relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) from baseline and area under the plasma concentration versus time curve after 16 weeks of therapy.

Conclusion

Cilengitide is well tolerated to doses of 2,400 mg/m2, durable complete and partial responses were seen in this phase I study, and clinical response appears related to rCBF changes.
Sex Differences in Lung Cancer Survival: Do Tumors Behave Differently in Elderly Women?
Authors: Wisnivesky Juan P. , Halm Ethan A.
Published: April 2007

Purpose

Women with lung cancer appear to have better survival. Whether this results from better response to treatment, different tumor biology, or a longer life expectancy is not well understood. This study sought to assess sex differences in the natural history of lung cancer after controlling for unrelated causes of death and type of treatment.

Methods

This study included 18,967 elderly patients with stage I and II non–small-cell lung cancer diagnosed between 1991 and 1999 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry linked to Medicare records. Patients were grouped into three categories according to the treatment received: surgery, radiation or chemotherapy but no surgery, and untreated cases. We used stratified and multivariate analyses to evaluate sex differences in survival using three methods to control for competing risks: lung cancer–specific survival, overall survival adjusting for comorbidities, and relative survival. Sensitivity analysis was used to test whether potential differences in smoking could account for the observed association of sex with survival.

Results

Women in all treatment groups had better lung cancer–specific, overall, and relative survival than did men (P < .0001). Stratified and multivariate analyses showed that women had better survival than did men after controlling for confounders. Sensitivity analyses showed that potential sex differences in smoking did not explain our findings.

Conclusion

In this national, population-based sample, elderly women with early lung cancer had better risk-adjusted survival regardless of the type of treatment. That sex differences were observed among untreated patients suggests that lung cancer in women may have a different natural history.
Suffering With Advanced Cancer
Authors: Wilson Keith G. , Chochinov Harvey Max , McPherson Christine J. , LeMay Katerine , Allard Pierre , Chary Srini , Gagnon Pierre R. , Macmillan Karen , De Luca Marina , O'Shea Fiona , Kuhl David , Fainsinger Robin L.
Published: April 2007

Purpose

The alleviation of suffering is a central goal of palliative care, but little research has addressed the construct of suffering as a global experience of the whole person. We inquired into the sense of suffering among patients with advanced cancer to investigate its causes and correlates.

Patients and Methods

Semistructured interviews were administered to 381 patients. The interviews inquired about physical symptoms, social concerns, psychological problems, and existential issues. We also asked, “In an overall, general sense, do you feel that you are suffering?”

Results

Almost half (49.3%) of respondents did not consider themselves to be suffering, and 24.9% felt that they suffered only mildly. However, 98 participants (25.7%) were suffering at a moderate-to-extreme level. The latter participants were more likely to experience significant distress on 20 of the 21 items addressing symptoms and concerns; the highest correlations were with general malaise (rho [ρ]= 0.56), weakness (ρ = 0.42), pain (ρ = 0.40), and depression (ρ = .39). In regression analyses, physical symptoms, psychological distress, and existential concerns, but not social issues, contributed to the prediction of suffering. In qualitative narratives, physical problems accounted for approximately half (49.5%) of patient reports of suffering, with psychological, existential, and social concerns accounting for 14.0%, 17.7%, and 18.8%, respectively.

Conclusion

Many patients with advanced cancer do not consider themselves to be suffering. For those who do, suffering is a multidimensional experience related most strongly to physical symptoms, but with contributions from psychological distress, existential concerns, and social-relational worries.
Phase II Trial of Bevacizumab and Erlotinib in Carcinomas of Unknown Primary Site: The Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network
Authors: Hainsworth John D. , Spigel David R. , Farley Cindy , Thompson Dana S. , Shipley Dianna L. , Greco F. Anthony
Published: April 2007

Purpose

Treatment remains poor for many patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site (CUP), and no effective second-line treatment has been identified. Combination inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with bevacizumab and erlotinib has proved efficacious and well tolerated in other solid tumors. We therefore have evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of this combination in patients with CUP.

Patients and Methods

Patients with CUP who either had received previous chemotherapy or were previously untreated with poor-prognosis clinical features were eligible for this study. All patients received bevacizumab 10 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks, along with erlotinib 150 mg orally daily. Patients were re-evaluated after 8 weeks of treatment; those with objective response or stable disease continued treatment until disease progression.

Results

Forty-seven (92%) of 51 patients received at least 8 weeks of treatment. Five patients (10%) had partial responses, and 29 patients (61%) had stable disease as the best response. The median survival for the entire group was 7.4 months, with 33% of patients alive at 1 year. This regimen was well tolerated by most patients.

Conclusion

The combination of bevacizumab and erlotinib has substantial activity in the treatment of patients with CUP. The median survival is superior to survival previously reported with second-line chemotherapy, and is similar to the results of many first-line chemotherapy trials in this setting. This regimen merits further evaluation in patients with CUP.
Arabidopsishomologs of components of the SWR1 complex regulate flowering and plant development
Authors: Choi Kyuha , Park Chulmin , Lee Jungeun , Oh Mijin , Noh Bosl , Lee Ilha
Published: April 2007

The SWR1 complex (SWR1C) in yeast catalyzes the replacement of nucleosomal H2A with the H2AZ variant, which ensures full activation of underlying genes. We compared the phenotype of mutants in the homologs of SWR1C components in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutations in Arabidopsis SWC6(AtSWC6), SUPPRESSOR OF FRIGIDA 3 (SUF3) and PHOTOPERIOD-INDEPENDENT EARLY FLOWERING 1 (PIE1), homologs of SWC6, ARP6 and SWR1, respectively, caused similar developmental defects, including leaf serration, weak apical dominance,flowers with extra petals and early flowering by reduction in expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a strong floral repressor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that AtSWC6 and SUF3 bind to the proximal region of the FLC promoter, and protoplast transfection assays showed that AtSWC6 colocalizes with SUF3. Protein interaction analyses suggested the formation of a complex between PIE1, SUF3, AtSWC6 and AtSWC2. In addition, H2AZ, a substrate of SWR1C, interacts with both PIE1 and AtSWC2. Finally, knockdown of the H2AZ genes by RNA interference or artificial microRNA caused a phenotype similar to that of atswc6 or suf3. Our results strongly support the presence of an SWR1C-like complex in Arabidopsis that ensures proper development, including floral repression through full activation of FLC.
A Finite Element Analysis of Welding-Induced Distortion Control for Large Box Beam Structures
Authors: Xu Jun , Li Wei
Published: April 2007

Welding-induced distortion is a common problem in industry. Many methods have been proposed in recent years to minimize such distortion, among which transient thermal tensioning has been shown effective for simple structures such as fillet joints or T-joints. Owing to the complexity of the welding process, effective implementation of the transient thermal tensioning method requires determining appropriate process parameters. The current paper presents a study on controlling the welding-induced distortion of large box beam structures that are made by joining four side plates simultaneously with multiple arc welds. The transient thermal tensioning method is applied through differential preheating zones moving along with the welding torches. A finite element model is developed to examine the sensitivity of various preheating parameters, including the average preheating temperature, temperature differential, and the preheating location. It is found that the differential preheating control is effective in adjusting the welding-induced twist distortions. However, excessive temperature differential could generate other types of distortions such as the bow distortion. In order to maintain the overall dimensional accuracy of a large box beam structure, location differential with the same preheating temperature should be applied to control the twist errors. The findings in the present study have been validated with experimental results from a real production environment.
Numerical Analysis of the Flatness of Thin, Rolled Steel Strip on the Runout Table
Authors: Zhou Zhongqing , Lam YeeCheong , Thomson P F , Yuen D D W
Published: April 2007

A finite element analysis of the flatness of thin, rolled steel strip is presented. The occurrence of edge-wave and centre-buckle is predicted numerically by solving the eigenvalue problem. The form of buckles is calculated using a non-linear load-displacement analysis.

Buckling changes from the centre to the edge as the maximum difference in temperature between the edge and centre increases; correspondingly, the amplitude increases and the wavelength decreases. Because uniform applied tension then decreases the compressive stress at the edge and increases the stress in the centre, a centre-buckled strip is flattened by applied tension, but edge-buckling becomes more severe and applied tension may change the type of buckling from the centre to the edge.

Crowned strip resists buckling whereas a concave profile tends to promote it. The effects of the magnitude of the crown or concavity on centre-buckling of the strip are more significant than on edge-buckling.
Design of an Intelligent Supplier Knowledge Management System - An Integrative Approach
Authors: Choy K L , Tan K H , Chan F T S
Published: April 2007

The drive to cut costs continually and focus on core competencies has driven many companies to outsource some or all of their production. Unlike the past, companies can no longer concentrate only on their own internal business operations, but have to work with customers and suppliers effectively and efficiently. The integration of customer demand and supplier capability to facilitate supplier management using data mining and artificial intelligence technologies has become a promising solution for outsourced-type companies in outsourcing manufacturing operations to suitable suppliers. The result is to form a supply network on which they depend on the provision of products and services. In this paper, a supplier knowledge management system (SKMS) is introduced for such a purpose. By using its hybrid on-line analytical processing (OLAP)/artificial neural networks (ANNs)/case-based reasoning (GBR) approach in predicting future customer demands and allocating suitable suppliers during the order fulfilment process, it is found that the overall efficiency in the whole supply chain is greatly enhanced. A case study using the SKMS to integrate the order subcontracting system of Farnell Newark-InOne (Shanghai) Limited is presented. Through the use of the SKMS, the demand of customers is related to the supplier's capabilities both efficiently and effectively while, at the same time, valuable supplier knowledge is also accumulated by the company.
A Mathematical Model for Determination of Limiting Blank Holding Force and Cavity Pressure in Hydromechanical Deep Drawing
Authors: Deep K S , Reddy N Venkata , Agrawal A , Ramkumar J
Published: April 2007

A mathematical model for the prediction of a safe zone for die cavity pressure and blank holding force/pressure, to avoid tensile and compressive instabilities in hydromechanical deep drawing is presented in this paper. Tensile instability is predicted using the load maximization principle whereas a solution for the stability equations provided the critical condition for compressive instability. Predictions of the present work are compared with results available in the literature and are in good agreement. A comprehensive parametric study is carried out to study the effect of process variables on the safe zone.
An Improved Process Design for the Hot Backward Extrusion of Ti-6Al-4V Tubes Using a Finite Element Method and Continuum Instability Criterion
Authors: Yeom Jong Taek , Park Nho Kwang , Lee You Hwan , Shin Tae Jin , Hwang Sang-Mu , Hong Sung Suk , Shim In Ok , Lee Chong Soo
Published: April 2007

The hot backward extrusion process of Ti-6Al-4V tubes was designed by finite element (FE) simulation and experimental validations. In the hot backward extrusion of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, the main problems to emerge were surface cracks and sticking between the punch and the workpiece. The punch designs and back draft angles were investigated with a common hot backward extrusion condition. Then, based on a relatively good die design, the optimum process conditions were suggested. The design criteria were to achieve uniform distributions of strain and temperature and to produce a defect-free final product. As a model for predicting the forming defects, the continuum instability criterion developed by Ziegler was coupled to the internal variables generated from FEM simulation. Experimental observations were carried out on the extruded Ti-6Al-4V tubes to validate the model for predicting the forming defects. The die-chilling and friction greatly influenced the deformation mode of the tube and the formation of surface cracks. The formation of defects in the extruded tube was attributed to the non-uniform distribution of strain, strain rate, and temperature in the extruded tubes at the given experiment conditions.
On Planing Machine Engineering Characteristics and Machined Timber Surface Quality
Authors: Jackson M. R. , Hynek P , Parkin R. M.
Published: April 2007

Rotary machined timber surfaces exhibit small waves orthogonal to the timber feed direction resulting from the intermittent engagement of the cutting tool with the timber. These surface waves are typically less than five micrometres in height and when regularly spaced at 1 mm width characterize a good quality machined surface. Variations in the regularity of these surface waves are considered as surface defects. Machined timber surfaces produced by planing and moulding machines are a typical case. These surfaces will often exhibit waviness defects caused by inaccurate contact between the tool tip and the timber being cut. There are a number of different vibration sources on these machines. The primary cause of surface waviness defects has been found to be forced vibration, although inaccurate cutter servicing and relocation are also factors. The work presented in this paper concentrates on phenomena caused primarily by forced structural vibration. Systematic engineering and wood machining investigations are applied to a special purpose instrumented test rig so that correlation between vibration data and observed waviness defects can be established. The surface assessment of machined timber is carried out using a special purpose contact based surface tracing instrument. The engineering design and manufacturing influences that lead to unacceptable surface waviness variation effects are discussed.
A Review of Fluid-Driven Pipeline Pigs and their Applications
Authors: Quarini J , Shire S
Published: April 2007

Pigs are devices that, propelled by fluid flow, travel through pipelines in order to remove deposits, displace product, and inspect or maintain the line. Although first developed for use in the hydrocarbon industries, pigs have been adopted by many fluid handling and process industries. The growing desire for shorter batch runs and increased flexibility of plant as well as demands for greater efficiency and reduced waste have renewed interest in pigging systems within these industries. This paper provides some background to pigs and explains why pigging systems are used as well as why they are not. A review is made of the different types of pigs, their functions, and features. The most common types of pigs are considered as well as some of the specialist pigs that have been designed for specific tasks. Also, the more recent development of non-solid pigs is covered; these include gel pigs for use in the hydrocarbon industries and ice pigs for use in the fluid products and process industries.
Protection of Underground Gas Pipelines from Third Party Damage by On-Line Monitoring Using Piezoelectric Accelerometers
Authors: Cao C-F , Baik S , Choi J-B , Kim Y-J
Published: April 2007

While it is difficult to detect target signals, online monitoring remains the most reliable method for the protection of underground pipelines from third party damage. In this paper, an acoustic wave propagation model based on data communication by local area network is generated along the gas pipelines to detect any damage and its location along the pipelines. In modelling the wave propagation, auto power spectral density and cross power spectral density processing methods are applied to distinguish damage signals from noises and the number of sensors in accordance with the attenuation coefficient.
Innovative Design to Enhance Solids Discharge from Conical Ion-Exchange Columns. Part 2
Authors: Daas M , Srivastava R
Published: April 2007

An experimental investigation was carried out to study the impact of two retrofitting techniques on the flow pattern and rate of discharging solids from a conical screen hopper at the bottom of an ion-exchange column. The two retrofits were a double-pyramid insert and a throttling vertical tube attached to the outlet orifice. Part 1 [1] discussed the impact of the double-pyramid insert on converting the flow pattern in the conical screen hopper from funnel to mass flow. Part 2 shows that developing severe and sudden constriction at the outlet orifice, by utilizing throttling vertical tube, will raise the shear rate and magnify the interstitial drag effects. This will induce the solid particles to dilate in order to accommodate the shear thereby causing transition from packed bed to suspension flow regime. The dynamics of the flow transition may include a sudden collapse of the interface between the two flow regimes resulting in a significant increase in the mass flowrate. Cavitation is believed to occur under these circumstances resulting in an intensified transition. Furthermore, experimental results support the hypothesis that as the constriction increases, the flow switches to a regime with density waves (plugs) of constant velocity down the throttling vertical tube.
Development of an Attitude Guidance and Control System for the Thunderstar Suborbital Spacecraft
Authors: Greenland S C , Crowther W J
Published: April 2007

This paper outlines a method of developing a quaternion attitude guidance and control system for a rigid body suborbital spacecraft using cold gas thrusters over a short-duration mission. It has been specifically developed for integration aboard the Thunderstar spacecraft of Starchaser Industries, a three-man capsule designed for space tourism. The system described consists of three principal components: an autoflight computer that generates incidence and roll rate demands from analysis of the predicted flight path trajectory, a quaternion controller that produces a demand torque, and a pulse-width pulse-frequency modulator that determines the necessary thruster fire signals. The spacecraft attitude and flight path dynamics are defined within the upper to middle Earth atmosphere together with the cold gas thruster dynamics. The effect of disturbances on spacecraft attitude has been investigated and the most significant found to be due to crew motion and aerodynamics. The system concept has been evaluated through modelling in SIMULINK and has been found to meet the requirements laid out for a typical Thunderstar mission.
Aircraft Design Education at Linköpings University
Authors: Jouannet C , Berry P , Krus P
Published: April 2007

Aircraft design is a complex multi-disciplinary task and teaching can easily tend to be too theoretical, not providing the students the tools they need to successfully participate in industrial projects. The approach chosen at Linköping University is intended to create the right balance between theory and practice, and to place the student in the centre of the problem, in order to achieve an overall perspective of the aircraft design process. This article presents in brief layout of the courses, and in more detail, the aircraft design project course given in the last year of the aeronautical masters program, where flying hardware is designed and build, in response to a design challenge.
The Teaching of Aerospace Vehicle Design at Cranfield University with Particular Reference to the Group Design Project
Authors: Stocking P J
Published: April 2007

Over the years, the aircraft design course at Cranfield has evolved into the postgraduate master's programme in aerospace vehicle design that we have today. One of the unique features of the course is the extensive group design project, which has played a fundamental part in aircraft design education right from 1948 up to the current day. The success of the course, and the student experience, depends on the success of the group design project. The philosophy of the role of the group design project in the teaching of aircraft design is discussed in detail in this paper. Examples are presented of recent subject aircraft along with some novel features of these designs.
Variable Structure Output Feedback Control of a Spacecraft Under Input Dead-Zone Non-Linearity
Authors: Hu Q
Published: April 2007

This paper proposes a robust control algorithm for stabilization of a three-axis stabilized flexible spacecraft in the presence of parametric uncertainty, external disturbance, and input dead-zone non-linearity. This control algorithm is based on the variable structure output feedback control (VSOFC) design technique, and explicitly accounts for control input dead-zone non-linearity in the stability analysis. Asymptotically and exponentially stable design methods are investigated for constructing the controller to stabilize the uncertain system. Furthermore, the developed controller is achieved through adaptive VSOFC (AVSOFC) without the limitation of knowing the bounds of uncertainties and perturbations in advance. The AVSOFC law results in substantially simpler stability analysis and improves the overall response. In addition, a modified adaptation control law is presented for the upper bound on the perturbation to improve the adaptive performances such that a new controller is designed that can guarantee the bound of the estimated gains. Numerical simulations show that precise attitude control and vibration suppression can be accomplished using the derived controller for both cases with and without adaptive control.
Intelligence in Nature: An Inquiry into Knowledge
Authors: Webb Hillary S.
Published: April 2007

Intelligence in Nature: An Inquiry into Knowledge. Jeremy Narby. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin, 2005. 288 pp. ISBN 1565423998, $23.95 (cloth).
Consciousness Studies: The Emerging Military‐Industrial‐Spiritual‐Scientific Complex
Authors: Gray Chris Hables
Published: April 2007

Consciousness studies is not just an academic field, it is an industry as well with active research programs in medicine, business, and the military. As advancements in technology offer more access to the brain, attempts to instrumentalize the resulting knowledge will shift the very definitions of consciousness. Consciousness of this process is a necessary first condition toward keeping consciousness studies from becoming merely a form of social and individual control. Understanding consciousness studies and such important guiding metaphors as information, and dynamics such as power, is an essential part of this process.
Doing Consciousness Studies at Goddard College
Authors: Charet Francis X.
Published: April 2007

In the first part of this article we briefly describe the design and development of a Consciousness Studies concentration at Goddard College, a student centered, progressive educational institution in the northeastern United States. We emphasize the tensions we experienced between different orientations in Consciousness Studies and especially the one related to the scientific and transpersonal ends of the spectrum of consciousness. In the second part, we relate the scientific‐transpersonal issue that we experienced at Goddard to the broader theory and practice of Consciousness Studies. We also link the latter to the so‐called explanatory gap between third and first person forms of consciousness and the call for first person methods of exploring consciousness. Our conclusion is that the scientific approach has the edge and is at risk of assimilating other approaches to the detriment of Consciousness Studies. In our view, the future development of Consciousness Studies, both in theory and practice, requires several different approaches from the scientific to the transpersonal and privileging one is to narrow the field of possibilities and to risk falling prey to one‐sidedness.
Meditations on Anthropology without an Object: Boulder Hopping in Streams of Consciousness
Authors: Williams Sarah
Published: April 2007

These meditations, which begin with Stephan Schwartz and Mark Schroll's contested and contesting histories of the lineage and founding of the Society for the Anthropology of Consciousness (below), contribute to the imagining of what Bethe Hagens calls "the relatively new interdisciplinary field of anthropology of consciousness.” Ethnographic vignettes from fieldwork of anthropologists, as well as fieldwork of students studying that fieldwork, highlight the paradox of anthropology's secularism and invite the reader, through the reading and writing of the text itself, to participate in the practices of consciousness described. Using Schwartz's metaphor of "boulders in the stream,” these practices, and the modes of consciousness they invoke, serve as boulders that readers must swim around, or hop from, secularist anthropology through cyborg anthropology to an anthropology of consciousness itself.
Book Reviews
Authors: ZIMMER‐TAMAKOSHI LAURA
Published: April 2007

The Meaning of Whitemen: Race and Modernity in the Orokaiva Cultural World. Ira Bashkow. Chicao: University of Chicago Press, 2006. xix + 329 pp., photographs, illustrations, notes, references, index.
Book Reviews
Authors: SCHNEIDER DOROTHEE
Published: April 2007

Targeting Immigrants: Government, Technology and Ethics. Jonathan Xavier Inda. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. vii + 216 pp. notes, references, index.
Book Reviews
Authors: HEFNER ROBERT W.
Published: April 2007

Mutual Life, Limited: Islamic Banking, Alternative Currencies, Lateral Reason. Bill Maurer. Princeto: Princeton University Press, 1998. xxii + 217 pp., references, index.
Book Reviews
Authors: GOLDSTEIN‐GIDONI OFRA
Published: April 2007

Beauty Up: Exploring Contemporary Japanese Body Aesthetics. Laura Miller. Berkele: University of California Press, 2006. xiv + 256 pp., illustrations, tables, notes, bibliography, index.
Book Reviews
Authors: PARISH STEVEN M.
Published: April 2007

Fierce Gods: Inequalify, Ritual, and the Politics of Dignity in a South Indian Village. Diane P. Mines. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005. 247 pp., illustrations, maps, bibliography, index.
Book Reviews
Authors: EMMETT AYALA
Published: April 2007

Palestine, Israel, and the Politics of Popular Culture. Rebecca L. Stein and Ted Swedenburg, eds. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005. 413 pp., bibliography, contributors, index.
Genomics, divination, “racecraft”
Authors: PALMIÉ STEPHAN
Published: April 2007

The new genomics has begun to play an increasing role in the arbitration of social identities. By facilitating the transcription of older notions that heritable substances determine identity and relatedness into a novel biotic idiom supposedly beyond social maneuver, this molecular–biological knowledge stakes out claims in the domain of the historical. Arguing from the highly publicized case of the genomic “resolution” of the question of Thomas Jefferson's paternity of his slave Sally Hemings's children and from the emergence of commercial personal genomic history services targeting African American consumers, I seek to expose the epistemological and methodological problems inherent in biotechnologically driven “ancestry projects” (however oppositional and empowering they may be in certain cases). I also aim to show how the divinatory logic of applications of genomic technologies of knowledge production to the validation of modes of social identification replicates racial essentialisms such as U.S. ideologies of hypodescent in a manner oddly reminiscent of the “invisible essences” that, according to classic ethnographic descriptions, underlie systems of witchcraft detection.
Book Reviews
Authors: BIERSACK ALETTA
Published: April 2007

Wayward Women: Sexuality and Agency in a New Guinea Society. Holly Wardlow. Berkele: University of California Press, 2006. xi + 284 pp., illustrations, maps.
Grounding displacement: Uncivil urban spaces in postreform South China
Authors: SIU HELEN F.
Published: April 2007

This historical–ethnographic study of village enclaves in Guangzhou explores the intensified entrenchment of villagers in a Maoist past when they faced market fluidities of a postreform present. It underscores a rural–urban spatiality and a cultural divide between villagers, migrants, and urbanites that are simultaneously transgressed and reinforced. It highlights discursive categories and institutional practices that incarcerate the residents, who juggle lingering socialist parameters with compelling market forces and state development priorities. Connectivity and exclusion, agency and victimization, groundedness and dislocation as lived experience are captured by the historically thick social ethos in the enclaves. This article rethinks issues of emplacement and displacement, dichotomy, and process.
Mourning becomes eclectic: Death of communal practice in a Greek cemetery
Authors: O'ROURKE DIANE
Published: April 2007

Using a case of disagreement over disinterment in one Greek cemetery, I consider how the intersection of public and personal processes gives form and meanings to death practices and, thus, contributes to understandings of identity, community, and death itself. The dominant factor in shaping mourning has been tension between two potential uses of its powerful symbolism to represent identity and relationships: enactment of community or of family. I argue that by giving too much explanatory power to death and belief systems built on the existential fact of death, scholars miss the mutability of death as people experience it and the ways that experience is constructed through everyday contests over secular interests.
Biliteracy and Schooling in an Extended‐Family Nicaraguan Immigrant Household: The Sociohistorical Construction of Parental Involvement
Authors: Menard‐Warwick Julia
Published: April 2007

Situating parental involvement in education within a sociohistorical context, this case study of a Nicaraguan immigrant household in California contrasts the perspectives of two sisters‐inlaw who shared a home and whose daughters attended the same urban elementary school. Although the two women were involved in their daughters' schooling in different ways, the article illustrates how both women drew on a variety of personal, family, and community resources to support the girls' academic success.
Students Serving Christ: Understanding the Role of Student Subcultures on a College Campus
Authors: Magolda Peter
Published: April 2007

This article uses the Students Serving Christ student organization to examine the role of student subcultures in higher education. Using subculture theories, this article examines the origins of student subcultures, explores how subcultures are formed and sustained, reveals what counts as normal within and among student subcultures, investigates forms of student resistance, and examines subculture tensions and paradoxes. Recommendations target higher education and anthropology scholars.
Working‐Poor Mothers and Middle‐Class Others: Psychosocial Considerations in Home‐School Relations and Research
Authors: Jones Stephanie
Published: April 2007

This article draws from a three‐year ethnographic study of girls and their mothers in a high‐poverty, predominantly white community. Informed by critical and feminist theories of social class, I present four cases that highlight psychosocial tensions within the mother‐daughterteacher‐researcher triangle and argue that white, middle‐class female teachers and ethnographers need to be particularly reflexive when working with children across the social class divide.
Framing Indigenous Languages as Secondary to Matrix Languages
Authors: Meek Barbra A.
Published: April 2007

Reversing language shift has proven to be difficult for many reasons. Although much of the literature has focused on educational practices, little research has attended to the visual presentation of language used in educational texts aimed at reversing shift. In this article, we compare language materials developed for two different language situations, finding that for both situations the minority languages continue to be framed by the matrix languages such that practices meant to interrupt matrix‐language dominance continue to reinforce current hierarchies.
“Specialized” Production in Archaeological Contexts: Rethinking Specialization, the Social Value of Products, and the Practice of Production
Authors: Flad Rowan K. , Hruby Zachary X.
Published: April 2007

The contributions to this volume are introduced via a critical review of terms and concepts used in craft production studies today. Recent detailed contextual and technological analyses of artifacts from all aspects of complex societies have revealed interesting patterns that are difficult to conceptualize using a purely economic framework. Furthermore, interest in practice theory, and sociocultural theory in general, has shifted some foci of archaeological investigation toward the social aspects of production and specialization. New data, methods, and theories require a rethinking of what is meant by specialized production, and this chapter represents an introduction to this endeavor.
Rethinking the Context of Production through an Archaeological Study of Ancient Salt Production in the Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Flad Rowan K.
Published: April 2007

Excavations at a salt‐production site named Zhongba in the Three Gorges region of China document a complex system of intersecting activities that changed gradually over a long period of time. As the salt production became much larger in scale during the Bronze Age, the context of this production shifted from one for which there is no archaeological evidence for attachment between producers and those who control the products to a situation in which the exchange of salt to other regions seems to have been controlled, or at least directed, by an emergent elite whose authority was based in part on divinatory ability and the control of ritual knowledge. This study examines the concept of context in relation to the organization of salt production at this site and argues that multiple lines of evidence must be considered if we are to avoid simplified assumptions concerning the nature of products and the production processes through which they are made.
Thinking about Production: Phenomenological Classification and Lexical Semantics
Authors: Costin Cathy Lynne
Published: April 2007

Evaluating and rethinking central disciplinary ideas is an essential part of the process of developing knowledge and understanding. Part of the process is the consideration of how we define and classify the phenomena we study. Many of the chapters in this book explore the continuing salience of entrenched ideas about production and offer up either reworked definitions or new categories of objects and behaviors related to production. Careful reflection on these essays reveals why it is equally important to consider how we identify these phenomena in archaeological contexts.
In Craft Specialization's Penumbra: Things, Persons, Action, Value, and Surplus
Authors: Clark John E.
Published: April 2007

Objective approaches to craft specialization founded in systems theory are obsolete and should be replaced by more fine‐grained approaches capable of dealing with human agents, social practice, and meaning. All craft production, not just specialized production, is equally interesting and important for understanding the operation and change of past societies. Agents made, exchanged, and used a variety of objects in daily practice, and these had different meanings and values that affected social relationships, personhood, and social reproduction. This chapter reconsiders the role of things in the unfolding of everyday experience and in the production of meaning and being.