bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fourth Edict in the West and the Date of the Council of Elvira
Authors: Croix G. E. M. De Ste. , Streeter Joseph
Published: September 2007

This chapter responds to criticisms by W.H.C. Frend of the conclusions of Chapter 1 by investigating whether Diocletian's so-called fourth edict against the Christian Church was ever promulgated in the western part of the Roman Empire. Of particular importance for the enforcement of persecution in the West is the evidence for martyrdoms from Numidia, and the various Canons of Elvira, a Church Council held in Spain at some point between the 290s and the mid 4th century. Ste. Croix demonstrates that all western evidence for persecution is compatible with enforcement under Diocletian's first edict, an argument which involves reconstructing the administrative history of the province of Numidia. Ste. Croix also dissects the Canons of Elvira in an attempt to establish the chronological parameters for the Council, an investigation which is perused further in an appendix which considers Elvira's significance as the earliest attested Church Council.
The Council of Chalcedon by Michael Whitby
Authors: Croix G. E. M. De Ste.
Published: September 2007

Ste. Croix continued his challenge to traditional views about the history of the early Church through an exhaustive study of the Council of Chalcedon, which Emperor Marcian summoned in 451 in an attempt to resolve disputes about how the divine and human elements combined in the single person of Christ. His investigation revealed that proceedings were kept under close imperial control, which was implemented through the presiding officer, the general Anatolius. Far from being a neutral referee, Anatolius emerges as a significant correspondent of Bishop Theodoret, one of the key individuals at Chalcedon where he was reinstated in spite of doubts about his doctrinal views. Church Councils are revealed to have been particularly unruly events, with the attending bishops repeatedly shouting down their opponents, the detailed records being subject to manipulation, and violence or intimidation never far away.
Early Christian Attitudes to Property and Slavery
Authors: Croix G. E. M. De Ste.
Published: September 2007

This chapter reprints a 1975 contribution to Studies in Church History, which had also appeared with minimal changes in Ste. Croix's Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World. Ste. Croix sets the early Church in the context of the dominant Greek culture of the eastern Mediterranean, with particular reference to the cities which constituted the dominant form of social organization. Although Jesus came from rural Galilee and never seemed to have visited a proper Greek city, the strongest groups among the early Christians emerged in the Greek cities of the eastern Roman Empire so that the early Church had to reach an accommodation with current attitudes to property, and especially the difficult question of human property. Ste. Croix analyses how almost all early Christian writers managed to find Biblical support for the maintenance of slavery while arguing away the apparently radical messages of the Gospels.
1 Introduction
Authors: Dik Helma
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter begins with an explanation of the purpose of the book, which is to study word order in tragic dialogue. This is followed by a discussion of pragmatics, what one does when accounting for word order; an illustrative example is also provided. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
Word Order in the Noun Phrase
Authors: Dik Helma
Published: September 2007

This chapter turns from the ordering of constituents in the clause to the internal ordering of constituents themselves. In particular, it discusses the position of some frequent adjectives and other modifiers vis-à-vis their nouns.
Beyond infixation
Authors: Yu Alan C. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores some of the ramifications of the phonological subcategorization approach to infixation. It examines the possibility of the so-called ‘genuine’ infixation. It then takes a brief foray into the realm of infixal ludlings and endoclisis. Finally, it explores further the ramifications of adopting a phonological subcategorization approach to infixation.
Words with Suffix ‐το‐
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the formation of words with -to-, comparative evidence for their accentuation, and descriptive accounts of their accentuation in Greek. An analysis of simplex words formed historically with -to- shows that the adjectives are all accented on the final syllable. Two groups of nouns are consistently recessive: those formed on an o-grade root (type phórtos ‘load’), and two with a laryngeal-final root in CVRV form (kámatos ‘toil’; thánatos ‘death’). The other nouns are predominantly accented on the final syllable, but some are recessive; those with -eto- show the same pattern. A prima facie correlation between accentuation and first attestation in or after Homer does not demonstrate a chronological shift, but word frequency and accentuation are correlated in the same non-linear fashion as for words with -ro-.
Words with Suffix ‐λο‐
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the formation of words with -lo-, comparative evidence for their accentuation, and descriptive accounts of their accentuation in Greek. Both adjectives and nouns are accented inconsistently, and may be accented not only on the final syllable or recessively but in the intermediate position (‘intermediate accentuation’). A new descriptive account shows that recessive accentuation is attested for words of most synchronic terminations, but intermediate and final accentuation are almost in complementary distribution. Ultimately as a result of Wheeler’s law, intermediate accentuation is confined to words with synchronic -ilo- and -ulo- (plus megáloi ‘big’, with an isolated history). Recessive words with -ilo-/-ulo- are usually nouns denoting inanimate objects. Other nouns with -lo- display a strong relationship between accentuation and frequency, but differently from nouns with -ro-, -to-, and -no-.
Complex Caland Formations
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the recessive accentuation of occasional adjectives with primary -ro- and -no-, and of all adjectives of material with -ino- and adjectives with -(s)uno-, -imo-, and -umo-. Recessive accentuation in adjectives with primary -ro- and -no-, in so far as it can be explained, is due to relatively idiosyncratic properties of the individual words. The consistent recessive accentuation of words with -ino- (the material suffix), -(s)uno-, -imo-, and -umo- obviously cannot be explained on this basis. It is argued that these four suffixes are originally complex Caland suffixes, while the -ino- forming finally accented spatial or temporal adjectives (type pukinós ‘compact’, earinós ‘of spring’) has a non-Caland -i. Root accentuation (becoming Greek recessive accentuation) is argued to be inherited in complex Caland formations, and perhaps other endocentric formations.
Introduction
Authors: Homes Catherine
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter gives a brief outline of the chronology and significance of the reign of Basil II to Byzantine political, diplomatic, and military history. It summarizes the territorial expansion of the Byzantine empire in the period, contrasting this success with the revolts that Basil faced in the early part of his reign from Bardas Skleros and Bardas Phokas. It shows how the emperor's wars and conquests contributed to his nickname, Bulgarslayer. The introduction goes on to explain the methodological problems associated with piecing together the history of Basil's reign. It outlines the way in which this particular study of Basil II will be underpinned by a very close examination of the Byzantine historiography of the 10th and 11th centuries.
The Revolts of Skleros and Phokas: Historiography and the Skleros Manifesto
Authors: Homes Catherine
Published: September 2007

This chapter broadens the book's discussion of the relevant medieval historiography of Basil II's reign by comparing the testimonies of historians writing in Greek with the Arabic historiographical tradition and an important Georgian hagiographical text. It focuses on the different ways in which this multiplicity of voices reports on the first thirteen years of the reign: that period which was dominated by the revolts of the generals Bardas Skleros and Bardas Phokas. It is argued that the Greek testimonies of John Skylitzes (the Synopsis Historion) and Michael Psellos make use of an apologetic manifesto produced by the general Bardas Skleros at the time of his capture by Basil II in 989. This source has never previously been identified.
1 The History
Authors: Meissner Torsten
Published: September 2007

Research into s-stem nouns and adjectives has a long and distinguished history and it is multi-faceted, and different approaches can be taken to achieve different ends. The first statements are owed to the ancient grammarians, and the most important observation is clearly that of Apollonius Dyscolus, who was puzzled by the fact that simple s-stem adjectives (type ψευδήζ ‘lying’) were almost completely absent from the language while compound adjectives like δυσμενήζ were abundant. Since simple adjectives in -ηζ were obviously irregular from his point of view, he explained them as secondarily formed after the compounds (type άψευδήζ ‘without deceit, truthful’). This is important and remarkable, as it shows a readiness to explain a simple word on the basis of a more complex one — a clearly unusual procedure. Greek data must be assessed in its historical, authorial, and stylistic context to ascertain its value before possibly using it for and testing it against new theories and hypotheses that have been developed in PIE and generative research in recent years.
Poet and Poesy
Authors: West M. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the poetic traditions of Indo-Europeans. Topics covered include concepts of poetry, poetry as recall, poesy as construction, poesy as weaving, poesy as carpentry, the ship of song, the chariot of song, Graeco-Aryan metre, alliteration, metrical terminology, poetic prose, verse in a prose setting, hymns and praise, narrative poetry, personation, and codifications.
Phrase and Figure
Authors: West M. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the characteristic features of Indo-European poetry. Poets who write in a tradition — having been trained in the style and techniques proper to that tradition — do not strive for novelty of manner. They take over vocabulary, formulaic phrases, and typical expressions from older poets, and their language in general tends to have a more archaic appearance than that of contemporary speech. Two further features characteristic of Indo-European poetry, both of them favoured by the nature of the ancient language, are modification of word order and the use of formal figures of speech of various kinds. Vocabulary and phraseology, narrative gambits, similes, and figures are discussed.
6 Storm and Stream
Authors: West M. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the Indo-European deities of rain and thunder, wind and fire, river and flood. These include the god of thunder, the water dragon, wind gods, fire gods, and the holy status of terrestrial (potable) waters.
The Function of Humour in Roman Verse Satire
Authors: Plaza Maria
Published: September 2007

Our image of Roman satire has developed from that of a static, moralizing genre to a deliberately complex form, but our approach to the humour intrinsic to satire has not developed accordingly. This book offers a comprehensive new analysis of humour in the writings of Horace, Persius, and Juvenal, with an excursus to Lucilius. The main thesis is that far from being an external means of sweetening the moral lesson, humour lies at the heart of Roman satire and shapes its paradoxical essence. The book argues that while the satirist needs humour for the aesthetic merit of his work, his ideological message inevitably suffers from the ambivalence that humour carries. By analyzing object-oriented humour, humour directed at the speaker (including self-irony), and humour directed at neither object nor subject, the book shows how the Roman satirists work round this double mission of morals and merriment. As a result, they present the reader with a much more sprawling and ‘open’ literary product than they promise in their programmatic self-presentations. The argument is rounded off by a contemplation of the end of Roman satire, and its descendants — not only modern satire but also the novel, in which satire’s humorous orchestration of epic questions was later taken up and richly elaborated.
Object-Oriented Humour
Authors: Plaza Maria
Published: September 2007

This chapter on object-oriented humour argues that a favourite device of Roman satire is to use the structure of ‘mockery from below’ for various attacks. It analyses how metaphors ‘heightening’ the target or ‘lowering’ the speaker are employed by Horace and Juvenal when the target is not actually someone or something in a high position; for Persius, this is achieved by metaphorical ‘swelling’/‘piercing’. In effect, the satiric persona often cheats the reader into sympathizing with his attack as righteous. In a discussion of the special case of Juvenal’s Satires 6 and 9, it is argued that the satirist’s heightening of his objects there — women and passive homosexuals — endows them with such vigour that they overpower the speaker himself.
Sir Thomas Elyot and The King's Great Matter
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter introduces the character, career, and religious opinions of Sir Thomas Elyot, setting him in the context of the conservative position articulated by John Heywood in the previous chapter. It charts his concern at the rise of evangelical reform in England and abroad, his friendship with Thomas Cromwell, and his hostility to English radicals in general and Thomas Cranmer in particular.
Tyranny and the Conscience of Man
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the trio of political dialogues published by Thomas Elyot in 1533-4: Pasquil the Plain, Of the Knowledge Which Maketh a Wise Man, and The Doctrinal of Princes, each of which is a direct commentary on the political events of those years. Each examines the responsibility of counsellors to speak truth plainly to power, and they each, through analogy and example, edge closer towards a dangerous discussion of the role of counsel in the court of a tyrant.
Sir Thomas Wyatt
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter charts the early career and court poetry of Sir Thomas Wyatt, his involvement in court politics, his possible relationship with Anne Boleyn, and his ‘exile’ to his father’s estate at Allington in Kent in 1536.
Tyranny Condemned
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks closely at the trio of anti-curial satires written by Wyatt, possibly during his exile at Allington in 1536: Mine Own John Poins, My Mother’s Maids, and A Spending Hand, demonstrating how they transform classical and continental humanist material into reflections on Henry VIII’s domestic English tyranny.
9 Friends Abroad: Food, Commerce, and the Economics of Benefaction
Authors: Oliver G. J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers how the Athenian polis was able to extract economic advantage from its relations with foreign individuals and communities. The chapter is divided into four sections. The first explains what aid overseas benefactors provided for the Athenian supply of grain and why such aid was provided when it was. The next three sections look at the commercial and institutional infrastructures of redistributing grain: prices, sources of grain, and the intervention of the polis in the commercial supply of grain from abroad through the institution of sitonia.
Victorian Women Writers and the Classics
Authors: Hurst Isobel
Published: September 2007

This book brings together two lines of enquiry in recent criticism: the reception of ancient Greece and Rome, and women as writers and readers in the 19th century. A classical education has been characterized as almost an exclusively male prerogative, but women writers had a greater imaginative engagement with classical literature than has previously been acknowledged. To offer a more accurate impression of the influence of the classics in Victorian women's literary culture, women's difficulties in gaining access to classical learning are explored through biographical and fictional representations of the development of women's education from solitary study at home to compulsory classics at university. The restrictions which applied to women's classical learning liberated them from the repressive and sometimes alienating effects of a traditional classical education, enabling women writers to produce distinctive literary responses to the classical tradition. Women readers focused on image, plot, and character rather than grammar, leading to imaginative and often subversive reworkings of classical texts. Elizabeth Barrett Browning and George Eliot have been granted an exceptional status as 19th-century female classicists. This book places them in a literary tradition in which revising classical narratives in forms such as the novel and the dramatic monologue offered women the opportunity to express controversial ideas. The reworking of classical texts serves a variety of purposes: to validate women's claims to authorship, to demand access to education, to highlight feminist issues through the heroines of ancient tragedy, and to repudiate the warrior ethos of ancient epic.
Conclusion
Authors: Hurst Isobel
Published: September 2007

Virginia Woolf's ironic attitude to the classics in On Not Knowing Greek is examined not as the bitterness of a woman who has been excluded from patriarchal culture, but as a fascinating and idiosyncratic response to Greek, which owes much to her female predecessors. Not knowing the Greeks is not seen as a gendered deprivation, but a limitation which can only be overcome by using the imagination: finding pleasure in the strangeness of a new language and creating contemporary forms of literature in response to ancient myth are crucial to the development of the woman writer.
6 Corporate Governance in Financial Distress: The New Role of Bankruptcy
Authors: Xu Peng
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents evidence on recent bankruptcy resolution and bankruptcy reform in Japan. Prior to bankruptcy, bank lenders are less likely to intervene than they did before bankruptcy. Most bankrupt firms experience abnormal president turnover around bankruptcy filings. Civil Rehabilitation firm expenditure in bankruptcy is substantially shorter than that in a Corporate Reorganization firm. Also, Corporate Reorganization firms have proven to emerge quicker after the 2000 bankruptcy reform. The main difference between rehabilitation duration and reorganization duration is that leverage only prolongs Civil Rehabilitation duration.
10 Employment Adjustment and Distributional Conflict in Japanese Firms
Authors: Jackson Gregory
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines employment practices and adjustment drawing on both survey data and case study materials. While over 80% of Japanese listed firms maintain a commitment to lifetime employment, many firms have abandoned seniority-based wages in favour of merit-based payment systems based on individual performance evaluations. Some corporate governance practices, such as stock options and equity-based performance measures, negatively impact the continued use of seniority-based pay. Meanwhile, the percentage of in-house board members has a negative impact on market employment patterns, which suggests that external market pressures may be less important than the style of insider governance in determining employment patterns. Despite this continued commitment to lifetime employment, the core of employees covered under such arrangements is shrinking through the active use of ‘benevolent’ methods of employment adjustment, such as early retirement schemes. These finds suggest that some elements of Japanese-style HRM may be compatible with changing corporate governance institutions.
12 The Performance Effects and Determinants of Corporate Governance Reform
Authors: Miyajima Hideaki
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses the introduction of the executive officer system as an alternative to the traditional insider board structure. As a result, since 1997 board sizes have decreased and a greater separation has been made between monitoring and management responsibilities. Some firms have also introduced outside directors and performance-related compensation schemes, such as stock options. The extent of these reforms among Japanese firms is examined using a survey-based Corporate Governance Score (CGS) for each corporation. Higher CGS scores are associated with better performance, a higher percentage of foreign shareholders, and a lower percentage of stable shareholders. However, among firms exposed to capital market pressures, the presence of strong employee participation also has a significant positive impact on the degree of reform and suggests a strong mutual reliance on capital markets and long-term employment among strongly performing Japanese firms.
15 Conclusion: Whither Japan's Corporate Governance?
Authors: Aoki Masahiko
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the cumulative effects of gradual changes taking place in Japan's corporate landscape in general, and corporate governance in particular, in the past decade or so. It regards corporate governance as an instance of institutional change which has not been completed yet. In order to substantiate this view, the chapter first documents the essential features of the changes and then interprets them using a game-theoretic framework of comparative corporate governance analysis. It identifies corporate governance institutions as multiple equilibria of a game played between investors, managers, and employees, and interprets the changes taking place in Japan as a transition from the model of Contingent Governance to that of stock market monitoring of complementary linkages between the managerial model and the specific human assets of the firm.
Networks, Noise, and Institutional Change
Authors: Whitford Josh
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines some of the social theoretical implications of the increasing decentralization of production, and establishes the core theoretical claim of the book: prominent sociological theories of economic coordination too quickly dismiss systematic contradictions and hedging behaviour by firms actively seeking to build collaborative network forms of organization. In so doing, these theories analytically obscure the need for, and possibilities of policymaking to help build and sustain normatively desirable collaborative production models.
Uncertainty and Contradiction in the New Old Economy
Authors: Whitford Josh
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that even when OEMs and suppliers in the American Upper Midwest have taken substantial steps to restructure their organizations in ways that force reliance on collaborative relationships, many of those relationships are plagued by disingenuous and failed collaboration that result from the systematic failures of firms to follow their own collaborative strategies, owing often to intrafirm factors, such as factional conflicts within and across OEM departments and the difficulty of realigning incentives to reward behaviours aimed at cementing long-term collaboration. These failures generate substantial organizational uncertainty that encourages both suppliers and OEMs to hedge against the unreliability of contracting partners, blocking the virtuous circle in which reliability begets competency begets reliability. The result is that reform efforts put forth by some in both OEMs and suppliers are themselves blocked, ensuring that the transition to a more collaborative new production paradigm in American manufacturing is unlikely to advance much further.
Defining Environmental Justice
Authors: Schlosberg David
Published: September 2007

The basic task of this book is to explore what, exactly, is meant by ‘justice’ in definitions of environmental and ecological justice. It examines how the term is used in both self-described environmental justice movements and in theories of environmental and ecological justice. The central argument is that a theory and practice of environmental justice necessarily includes distributive conceptions of justice, but must also embrace notions of justice based in recognition, capabilities, and participation. Throughout, the goal is the development of a broad, multi-faceted, yet integrated notion of justice that can be applied to both relations regarding environmental risks in human populations and relations between human communities and non-human nature.
4 Environmental Justice and Global Movements
Authors: Schlosberg David
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the use of the concept of environmental justice in various global movements, including the anti-globalization, food security, indigenous rights, and climate justice movements. In each of these movements' use of the discourse of environmental justice, there are elements of equity and distribution, individual and cultural recognition, political participation, and individual and community functioning.
6 Justice to Nature 2: Incorporating Recognition, Capabilities, and Participation
Authors: Schlosberg David
Published: September 2007

This chapter turns to the potential of developing a theory of ecological justice that moves beyond a sole concern with the distributive paradigm. The central focus is on bringing conceptions of recognition of nature, and of capabilities for the non-human world, into a broad and comprehensive understanding of ecological justice. The point is not to develop a singular universal theory of ecological justice, but rather to illustrate the potential of various discourses, concepts and frames as they can be extended to animals, communities, and natural systems.
8 Ecological Reflexivity, Engagement, and Institutions: Implementing Environmental and Ecological Justice
Authors: Schlosberg David
Published: September 2007

The focus of this final chapter is on how environmental and ecological justice can be applied in both state political practice and in the public realm. This conclusion explores practices of ecological reflexivity and political engagement, and suggestions for democratic and institutional transformations, which can help us implement a broad and pluralist notion of environmental and ecological justice.
1 Erōs and the Good Life
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee C. C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the relationship between Socrates and his devotees shown at the start of the dialogue. In exploring this relationship, it teases out some of the dialogue's central questions about the role that lovers can play in the moral education of the young, the sorts of values that they might advocate as central to the good life, and the way in which desires can be shaped towards certain ends. It goes on to examine a variety of answers to these questions in the first five speeches in the dialogue.
7 Shadow Lovers: The Symposiasts and Socrates
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee C. C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the relationship between Socrates and his predecessors, and gives a significant philosophical role to all the speeches of the dialogue. It argues that Socrates' speech is continuous with his predecessors, and completes and resolves some of the issues raised in the previous speeches. In this way, the previous speeches can be compared to Aristotelian endoxa. The contrast between Socrates and his predecessors also exemplifies the contrast between the two sorts of lovers described in the lower and higher mysteries of Socrates' speech. Reading the speeches in light of this contrast provides a further reason to think that the previous speeches are for the sake of our philosophical education, in much the same way as the lower mysteries were taught to Socrates for the sake of the higher. The philosophy of the Symposium, in other words, is extended throughout the dialogue and is not limited to Socrates'speech.
The Investigation of Heresy
Authors: Forrest Ian
Published: September 2007

This chapter sets out the basic structures within which heresy-detection took place, looking at the cooperation and conflicts between church and crown, and the conduct of investigations by bishops, inquisitors, royal justices, and other officers. The nature of the ius commune is outlined and the implications of the Stubbs-Maitland dispute drawn out. Encroachment on heresy jurisdiction by royal justices is discussed, as is the use of episcopal visitation against heresy and the question of whether there was a papal inquisition in England.
Statutes and the Circulation of Knowledge
Authors: Forrest Ian
Published: September 2007

This chapter deals with the creation of new procedures through the adaptation of older models, and describes how statutes and other legal instructions were circulated within the governing class, particularly via formularies and copying in bishops' registers. The roles of figures such as Philip Repingdon, Thomas Netter, Thomas Brouns, David Pryce, and William Lyndwood in communication and the transmission of knowledge are discussed.
1 The Need for a Theological Approach to Death
Authors: Albert Jones David
Published: September 2007

At least two well-developed bodies of literature have emerged on practical questions relating to death, one the concern of psychology, the other the concern of ethics. These flow from two basic questions: how can we live well in the face of death? and when, if ever, is it legitimate deliberately to bring human life to an end? The perspective of faith can help to assess and evaluate the many, sometimes conflicting, responses to these questions of different schools of psychology and of philosophy. The method adopted by this book is to consider the distinct theological approaches to death shown by four outstanding Christian thinkers: Ambrose of Milan, Augustine of Hippo, Thomas Aquinas, and Karl Rahner.
7 Final Reflections
Authors: Albert Jones David
Published: September 2007

An examination of the thought of Ambrose, Augustine, Thomas, and Rahner shows them to constitute a single extended argument on the theology of death. This can be set out in relation to the realities of grief, fear, and hope in the face of death; in relation to the practices of suicide and euthanasia; and in relation to the more complex issue of withdrawal of treatment. Christian hope affirms both the need and the difficulty of acknowledging one's own approaching death. Rahner is at his most profound in describing how the need to surrender oneself to God in death, the need to die like a martyr, is anticipated throughout life. If, by the grace of God, death can be freely endured — and this is no easy task — then the final surrender in death will be the end of death and the preamble to our true end: eternal happiness in which death will be no more.
Taiwanese Business Groups: Steady Growth in Institutional Transition
Authors: Chung Chi-Nien , Mahmood Ishtiaq P.
Published: September 2007

This chapter on Taiwanese business groups offers an interesting contrast to the Japanese and Korean cases. Taiwanese groups are loosely coupled networks of firms, positioned in between chaebols and keiretsu in terms of hierarchical control. Because the Taiwanese government uses tax incentives to favor new establishments, Taiwanese groups are more numerous and smaller than Korean chaebols. These groups have grown consistently, particularly since the country liberalized its economy in the 1980s. This liberalization opened key industries previously monopolized by state enterprises, such as banking, telecommunications, and electricity to the private sector, creating opportunities for business groups to expand. The Asian Crisis did not deter the growth of Taiwanese business groups. This chapter suggests that, at least in the short run, these groups will grow further and diversify more to exploit new business opportunities in the Taiwanese economy.
Singaporean Business Groups: The Role of the State and Capital in Singapore Inc.
Authors: Tsui-Auch Lai Si
Published: September 2007

This chapter on Singaporean business groups illustrates a fine example of a situation where business groups are run by the state. The government created large government-linked corporate groups to spearhead development in many sectors. Government-linked corporations have generally been managed effectively and run like private businesses, with a focus on financial performance. Private businesses run by the ethnic Chinese were left alone, and have competed with the government-linked corporations in many areas. When the Asian Crisis occurred, the government realized that it needed to restructure its financial sector and strengthen its corporate laws and accountancy practices. It pressured government-linked corporations and private banks to globalize, divest their non-core assets, and professionalize their governance. It also began monitoring banks’ performance more vigorously. Yet, the pace of divestment by both government-linked groups and banking groups has been thus far gradual.
Chinese Business Groups: Their Origins and Development
Authors: Hahn Donghoon , Lee Keun
Published: September 2007

The Chinese government attempted to industrialize the country in a short time by transforming traditional state-owned enterprises (SOEs) into modern joint-stock companies in the form of business groups, modeled after Korean chaebols. The government initially formed loose informal arrangements among companies, but quickly realized that more formal, equity-based arrangements were necessary for sharing resources among various companies. Various measures such as spin-offs, mergers, and acquisitions of shares, were used to create business groups. The state-holding companies were supervised by the State Property Management Committee to maintain control of state property. Despite a series of reforms, many business groups in China have been losing money. Their viability in China is now being heatedly debated.
Psychology and the Mid-Century Crisis
Authors: Thomson Mathew
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the way the world wars and the rise of political extremism, particularly Nazism, highlighted sadism and a potential for collective irrationality as inherent to human nature. In such a climate, psychology, particularly psychoanalysis, advanced itself as crucial to the health of the nation, attracting the attention of sociologists, politicians, and even government. The chapter explores this through case studies of the interest in psychology in relation to socialism and democracy of Labour’s Evan Durbin; the attempt to use psychology in the management of morale and the survey as a tool of democratic government in the Second World War; and its influence in the planning of domestic and international post-war reconstruction. Although the achievements of psychology in government were limited, the ideological crisis was significant in its accommodation with democratic values and its reorientation towards an interest in everyday life to connect with popular interests.
Towards the Permissive Society
Authors: Thomson Mathew
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers the relationship between psychological thinking and the emergence of what has been called the ‘permissive society’ in the post-war era. It suggests that counter-cultural groups regularly associated with a permissive shift were in fact attracted to psychology because, like many earlier in the century, they recognized it as a potential source of values and a new politics. In fact, the psychology that rejected values was that represented by Hans Eysenck and behaviourism. Nevertheless, through case studies of anti-psychiatry, humanist psychology and the growth movement, and consciousness-raising within feminism, the chapter traces a crisis of confidence in the 1970s in a politics of the personal and in psychology as a source of social rather than merely individual well-being. The great advance of a ‘therapy culture’ in Britain has largely been a subsequent phenomenon — in the excitement of the 1960s and 1970s, this was still on a relatively small scale.
Against Metaphysical Naturalism
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram
Published: September 2007

This chapter introduces, defends, and contrasts the meaning of methodological naturalism with the metaphysical naturalism (‘phyicalism’) that characterizes much contemporary philosophical thought, but perverts the early modern project of a natural philosophy. The essential continuity between Chomsky's contemporary rationalist project in the study of mind design and early modern ‘rationalism’ is analysed.
Phonological Approaches and Processes
Authors: Smith Jeremy J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter offers a categorization of sound-changes: splits, mergers, and shifts; combinations of these three categories; and realization and phonotactic developments with the potential for phonological ‘activation’. All of these developments are exemplified and discussed, and it is concluded that sound-change is an ‘emergent’, processual phenomenon. The chapter then discusses different approaches to phonology (taxonomic-phonemic, generative/lexical, and natural and evolutionary phonology), and shows how all these approaches can be harnessed for the purposes of this book. The chapter concludes with an extended illustrative example: Grimm's Law.
On the Historiography of Sound Change
Authors: Smith Jeremy J.
Published: September 2007

This concluding chapter returns to the issues of historical explanation with which the book began. It begins with a discussion of multiple explanation — events can have several causes — and links this notion to the study of the sound-changes discussed in the book. It then goes on to ask the question: how can we assess the success of such historical explanations?
The Voice of the Dancer: A New Theory of the Greek Accent
Authors: David A. P.
Published: September 2007

A fresh interpretation of ‘όξύς’ and ‘βαρύς’ underpins a new theory of the ancient Greek accent, applying W. Sidney Allen’s observation that there must have been in Greek a down-glide in pitch, cognate with the Vedic svarita, in addition to the rise whose vowel mora is marked by the received written system of signs devised by Aristophanes of Byzantium. The diachronic analysis is confirmed by Allen’s separate discovery of a pattern of stress in Greek, whose rules predict the same places of accentual prominence as the new theory; by modern synchronic descriptions of the Greek tonal phenomena; and by the fact that the contextual dominance of the svarita proposed for Greek also helps formulate a law that corresponds to the received rules for Latin prosody. Various loci antiqui, including disputed passages from Plato’s Timaeus, are seen in some cases to be inconsistent with received interpretations, but always consistent with the new theory.
‘A Taken Scandal not a Given’: Milton's Equitable Grounds of Toleration
Authors: Silver Victoria
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at the conceptual bases of Milton's tolerationist views, drawing on his theology as well as early modern English law, especially the equity jurisprudence of Chancery. It explores Satan's insistence in Paradise Lost ‘on the principle of heavenly equality’ to justify the angelic apostasy and revolt consequent upon the Son's exaltation. The chapter thereupon compares Satan's argument, elevating the satanic values of sameness and conformity, to Abdiel's emphasis upon the differentiating principle of equity, whose interpretive and juridical procedures he grounds upon the theological distinction between creator and creature, which allows for the exceptional instance and thus for dissent. The discussion then turns to A Treatise of Civil Power, and Milton's argument for religious toleration, which begins with the equitable enfranchisement of ‘conscience’ and the separation of religious from civil jurisdictions on that account. Finally, it takes issue with the thesis that both Milton's politics and his exegesis are ‘libertine’ or expedient in the bad sense, demonstrating what Selden regarded as an impossibility — a principled application of equity's assumptions and procedures to the Erastian argument for civil jurisdiction and its scriptural proofs.
Milton and Catholicism
Authors: Hadfield Andrew
Published: September 2007

Milton defines Catholicism in a fluid manner, as a cluster of problems and errors. This chapter offers an overview of the central intolerance in Milton's writings from In Quintum Novembris to the antiprelatical tracts, Areopagitica, The Treatise of Civil Power, Paradise Lost, and Of True Religion, while not simply suggesting that Milton was fiercely anti-Catholic and keen to banish Catholicism from a godly realm. Rather, it is argued that Milton was also aware that the relationship between the faithful and the heretical was often problematic and difficult to police, and that there was an uncomfortably close link between good and evil, confirming that Catholicism and its attendant forms of religious worship were impossible to extinguish, as the failure of the good old cause indicated. When arguments came to nothing, the godly might have to resort to revolutionary violence, a practice that was the mirror image of the worst excesses of their enemies. Both sides agreed that toleration could only go so far.
Being Biblical: Interpretive Practices
Authors: McClintock Fulkerson Mary
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines three kinds of Bible study at the Good Samaritan church. All are concerned with the power of the text to shape faithful lives, but they are distinguished by different approaches to the text and ways of thinking about its authority. Evaluating these activities as practices in relation to the goods of the community requires consideration of their distinctive characteristics.
Flips and Flops
Authors: Huybrechts D.
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a series of results that elucidate the relation between D-equivalence and K-equivalence. Derived categories are first studied. These results can then be used to show that the derived category does not change under the standard flop (Bondal and Orlov), one of the simplest birational correspondences. More recently, Bridgeland was able to show that the derived category is invariant under general three-dimensional flops. The situation is slightly more complicated for a Mukai flop, another classical birational correspondence. In this case, the birational correspondence itself does not define a derived equivalence, but Kawamata and Namikawa were able to prove that one can nevertheless find another Fourier-Mukai kernel that does.
Where to Go from Here
Authors: Huybrechts D.
Published: September 2007

This chapter gives pointers for more advanced topics, which require prerequisites that are beyond standard introductions to algebraic geometry. The Mckay correspondence relates the equivariant-derived category of a variety endowed with the action of a finite group and the derived category of a crepant resolution of the quotient. This chapter gives the results from Bridgeland, King, and Reid for a special crepant resolution provided by Hilbert schemes and of Bezrukavnikov and Kaledin for symplectic vector spaces. A brief discussion of Kontsevich's homological mirror symmetry is included, as well as a discussion of stability conditions on triangulated categories. Twisted sheaves and their derived categories can be dealt with in a similar way, and some of the results in particular for K3 surfaces are presented.
Modern Grammars of Case
Authors: Anderson John M.
Published: September 2007

This book is concerned with the treatment of case in modern linguistics, but from the perspective of the idea of case as it developed in preceding centuries. This idea was that case inflexions are only one means of expressing the semantic relations that arguments can bear to predicators; the latter can also be expressed analytically (by adpositions) or positionally. Such an idea was not adopted in most modern theorizing on case; case grammar has been an attempt to do so. The present book demonstrates the problems in not adopting this traditional view of case, particularly in the various developments of transformational grammar. It implements a localist case grammar, wherein semantic relations are differentiated in terms of spatial relationships and the different manifestations of semantic (or ‘case’) relations are associated with a single category. The latter part of the book shows that such a case grammar is part of a general notional grammar — a grammar whose categories and structures are notionally based, in the same way that phonology is phonically based (natural). Thus, distribution alone is not sufficient to establish syntactic categories: only the distribution of semantically prototypical members of a category (say, concrete nouns, dynamic verbs) is relevant. Various (interlocking) basic issues in modern linguistics are scrutinized from this viewpoint: autonomy, syntactic abstractness (including movement and category-change, empty categories, decomposition), universal grammar, innateness, and linguistic creativity.
The Identity of Semantic Relations
Authors: Anderson John M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter confronts what has been seen as the major problem with case grammars: the delimitation of the set of semantic relations. It argues that despite these, semantic relations cannot be eliminated from the syntax. It also looks at the extent to which Fillmore’s principles of contrast and complementary can be applied to semantic relations, concluding that a criterial approach is insufficient in the absence of a theory to explain why these criteria are criterial. It outlines one attempt dating from the 1970s to resolve these problems — the localist theory — propounded earlier in the 20th century by Hjelmslev. Localism assigns the domain of spatial relations to what is manifested by case: only distinctions that can be so interpreted are distinctions in semantic relation. An example is given of an ‘abstract’ semantic relation (‘experiencer’) that can and should be interpreted in spatial terms.
The Variety of Grammatical Relations
Authors: Anderson John M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on grammatical relations. The very doubtful status of various kinds of ‘objects’ is recognized. Moreover, subjecthood, as traditionally understood, is not universal. Subjecthood depends on a hierarchy manifested by the sharing of morphosyntax between non-locative sources (agents) on the one hand, and absolutives in non-locative-source sentences (Bill felled the tree/The tree fell) on the other. Some languages lack such a pairing. For instance, some (e.g., Tagalog) show a grammatical relation that is not selected on the basis of a hierarchy of semantic relations; in others (such as Dyirbal) the absolutive rather than the source tops the hierarchy. These grammatical relations are routinizations (‘grammaticalized’), with diminished basis in semantics/pragmatics. However, they have a functional role in the syntax, e.g., as a reconstructible ‘empty slot’. Languages are not restricted to one system of grammatical relation, one kind of principal.