bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women and the Making of Miami’s Heterosexual Culture
Authors: Capó Julio
Published: May 2018

This chapter unearths the queer origins of what became normative heterosexuality by locating fairyland’s distinct promotion of transgressive, white, and predominantly middle-class women’s bodies in the 1920s and 1930s. Urban promoters aggressively marketed a fairyland that touted the arrival of a new modern woman who was simultaneously white, moneyed, attractive, and available. The modern and scantily clad “Miami mermaid” became a commodity that permitted urban boosters to continue promoting the area as a fairyland for gender and sexual renegades. While sexual liberation became normative through processes that emphasized women’s ultimate submission to a man and their collective whiteness, the chapter makes clear that these women laid claims to their own bodies and sexualities in significant and extraordinarily queer ways that abandoned the feminine propriety of the past. Middle-class men responded to these changes with a recharged hetero-masculine sense of self undergirded by an articulation of white superiority. Indeed, the marketing of Miami as a site for heterosexual romance and tourism also depended on the city’s proximity to the Caribbean, particularly Cuba.
The Lay of the Land
Authors: Gillick Muriel R.
Published: May 2018

Medical practices differ in size, ownership, reimbursement, and structure. While the multispecialty group practices comes closest to achieving the geriatric ideal, the various models are more similar than different. They are all shaped by the same influences: the pharmaceutical industry, the medical device industry, the hospital system, government regulators, and Medicare.
The Hospital through Other Eyes
Authors: Gillick Muriel R.
Published: May 2018

The patient’s experience of hospitalization is affected by device manufacturers, the pharmaceutical industry, government regulators, and Medicare as well as by physicians and hospital administrators. For example, the hospital is the largest consumer of medical devices and the site for intensive lobbying to purchase the newest, most sophisticated equipment; medications taken by patients in the hospital are likely to be continued after discharge, resulting in drug company pressure to influence the hospital formulary.
Singing of Death—and Life
Authors: Hayes John
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores New South folk songs of personified Death, with special focus on the Lloyd Chandler composition “Conversation with Death”—its geographic scope, probable spread over time, and broad community of appropriators. The roots of “Conversation with Death” are traced to the late medieval Dance of Death, and the song is interpreted as articulating a medieval/modernist vision. Folk songs of Death are shown to be strikingly different from the songs of death in the dominant religious culture, where death is a release and the focus is on life after death as one’s true home. In contrast, folk songs of death evoke the terror of death to affirm the value of this life in this world—an affirmation that had special meaning for the poor, who faced denigration and devaluation from the dominant culture.
The Unraveling of the Folk Christian World
Authors: Hayes John
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter sketches the various forces that, beginning around 1940, began to unmake the milieu in which folk Christianity had been crafted: sweeping economic transformation, huge population shifts, changing class dynamics, and the spread of a national pop culture. The chapter then reflects on the complicated intersections of religion, class, and race in Southern history. It reiterates the book’s thesis, that in a distinct moment of regional life—the New South—poor blacks and poor whites listened, learned, and borrowed from each other to craft a distinct folk Christianity.
Building Black Atlanta and the Dialectics of the Black Mecca
Authors: Hobson Maurice J.
Published: May 2018

This chapter starts with a brief and concise history of Atlanta after the Civil War and the events that influenced the development of post-1965 black Atlanta. A focus on black education is necessary to better understand black life in Atlanta and how the black Mecca image came to be. Through education we see how black political kingmakers emerging out of Atlanta’s black upper class began to take shape. Chapter one concludes by examining the Kerner Report, a report commissioned by President Lyndon B. Johnson and overseen by Illinois Governor Otto Kerner that concluded that America was segregated into two societies: one black; one white; moving in opposite directions. However, this chapter challenges that by observing Atlanta and noting that there were numerous black American communities within Atlanta’s black society: those that bolstered the image of a Mecca; and those that did not.
Empires and Immigrants
Authors: Lim Julian
Published: May 2018

This chapter frames the nineteenth century borderlands as a theater of movement that had long been marked by imperial contestations and diverse migrations. Native American, colonial, Mexican, and American migrations shaped the region, keeping territorial boundaries porous, and racial and national identities blurred. Following the transformation of the indigenous borderlands to a capitalist borderlands, the chapter traces the seismic demographic shift that drove the region’s rapid industrialization; as the borderlands connected into national, transnational, and global circuits of migration, and oceanic lines fed back into railway connections, white, black, Mexican, and Chinese immigrants descended on the border from all directions. Focusing on the multiple boundaries that intersected at the El Paso-Ciudad Juárez border – namely, the international boundary as well as the limits of Jim Crow that ended where Texas met New Mexico – this chapter shows how and why the late 19th century borderlands looked so promising for these diverse groups. It begins to develop a transborder framework for understanding immigration, emphasizing how the narrowing of economic opportunities, political rights, and social freedoms in both the United States and Mexico contributed to such diverse men and women coming together in the borderlands.
A Promiscuous Crowd
Authors: Lim Julian
Published: May 2018

Focusing on the El Paso-Ciudad Juárez border, this chapter demonstrates how Chinese, Mexicans, and African Americans blurred color lines to create dynamic social environments as well as new legal dilemmas in the borderlands. Drawing upon local newspapers, legal documents, city records, maps, and census materials, the chapter illuminates the various freedoms that non-white people struggled to realize together – particularly in work, public spaces, homes, and marriages. But the chapter also shows how the realities of multiracial life in the borderlands encountered the pressures of an escalating ideology of racial purity and segregation in the United States, culminating in the migration of black-Mexican families across the border into Mexico. Such de-facto expulsions would be a preview of the massive legal expulsions that were yet to come.
Heirs of Calhoun
Authors: Malavasic Alice Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

This chapter begins with biographical sketches of David Rice Atchison of Missouri and Andrew Pickens Butler of South Carolina. The chapter also discusses the elections of Atchison, Butler, Hunter and Mason to the United States Senate, their political allegiance to Calhoun and advocacy of slavery’s expansion westward. It concludes with Calhoun’s opposition to the Compromise package of 1850 and his death one month before its passage.
We Must Settle This Question
Authors: Malavasic Alice Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the continued political consequences of the Kansas-Nebraska Act as the disintegration of the F Street Mess becomes a metaphor for the disintegration of the country. In 1860 Abraham Lincoln is elected president and the Democrats lose control of the senate, the last bastion of the slave power. Secession quickly follows and on July 7, 1861 Hunter and Mason, the two remaining members of the F Street Mess, are expelled from the senate for conspiracy against the Union.
Helping America’s Orphans of War
Authors: Rymph Catherine E.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the impact of World War II, which increased the need for foster care, decreased the supply of foster parents, and exacerbated tensions over women’s roles as workers, mothers, and caregivers. In an effort to meet wartime needs for foster parents, child welfare professionals turned to the rhetoric of war service to recruit foster families, celebrating foster mothers’ caregiving as part of the war effort. As was also the case for other women working in war industries, however, champions celebrated foster mothers’ motivations in traditionally feminine terms while often downplaying the very real economic considerations at play. The chapter examines the role of a program to temporarily place British children in American homes (administered by the US Committee for the Care of European Children) in further developing the American child welfare infrastructure. It also explores child welfare professionals’ opposition to institutional day care.
Revolutionary Women in the New Society, 1930–1954
Authors: Smith Stephanie J.
Published: May 2018

Chapter Four analyzes the roles of women to locate their contributions squarely within Mexico’s vibrant cultural and radical political scenes during the 1930s and 1940s. To insert the crucial work of women artists into Mexico’s history of radical politics, and to understand better how women practiced their art while participating in revolutionary change throughout the post-revolutionary era, this chapter focuses on Frida Kahlo, Francis Toor, Aurora Reyes, Anita Brenner, among others. This chapter also explores the manners in which women artists and intellectuals moved beyond traditional gendered stereotypes to assume positions within the vanguard of radical politics and revolutionary change, especially throughout the 1930s and 1940s. And lastly, chapter 4 further analyzes women and the PCM from the late 1930s through the 1940s.
Introduction
Authors: Ziparo Jessica
Published: May 2018

The introduction explains how and why the Civil War era female federal workforce was an important, though often overlooked, cadre of labor feminists in the struggle for women’s rights in America. Labor feminism as used in the book is defined.
Teapots in the Treasury of the Nation
Authors: Ziparo Jessica
Published: May 2018

Chapter 3 addresses the types of work that women performed during the Civil War for the federal government and how they were received and regulated as employees by male coworkers and supervisors. Women’s labor in the federal government is examined over three broad categories: the types of jobs women performed (including manual and clerical), how supervisors regulated and viewed female employees, and women’s relationships with their coworkers and workspaces. Because supervisors enjoyed great autonomy and because clerical work in the 1860s was largely undifferentiated, supervisors, male coworkers, and female clerks had choices to make as to how to incorporate women into the federal bureaucracy. While some women were able to secure positions that were worthy of their abilities, traditional conceptions of gender ultimately hamstrung female clerks’ efforts to achieve the respect and advancement potential available to men.
A comparison of the momentum budget in reanalysis datasets during sudden stratospheric warming events
Authors: Martineau Patrick , Son Seok-Woo , Taguchi Masakazu , Butler Amy H.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The agreement between reanalysis datasets, in
terms of the zonal-mean momentum budget, is evaluated during sudden
stratospheric warming (SSW) events. It is revealed that there is a good
agreement among datasets in the lower stratosphere and troposphere concerning
zonal-mean zonal wind, but less so in the upper stratosphere. Forcing terms
of the momentum equation are also relatively similar in the lower atmosphere,
but their uncertainties are typically larger than uncertainties of the zonal-wind tendency. Similar to zonal-wind tendency, the agreement among forcing
terms is degraded in the upper stratosphere. Discrepancies among reanalyses
increase during the onset of SSW events, a period characterized by unusually
large fluxes of planetary-scale waves from the troposphere to the
stratosphere, and decrease substantially after the onset. While the largest
uncertainties in the resolved terms of the momentum budget are found in the
Coriolis torque, momentum flux convergence also presents a non-negligible
spread among the reanalyses. Such a spread is reduced in the latest
reanalysis products, decreasing the uncertainty of the momentum budget. It is
also found that the uncertainties in the Coriolis torque depend on the
strength of SSW events: the SSW events that exhibit the most intense deceleration
of zonal-mean zonal wind are subject to larger discrepancies among
reanalyses. These uncertainties in stratospheric circulation, however, are
not communicated to the troposphere.
Vertical profiles of aerosol mass concentration derived by unmanned airborne in situ and remote sensing instruments during dust events
Authors: Mamali Dimitra , Marinou Eleni , Sciare Jean , Pikridas Michael , Kokkalis Panagiotis , Kottas Michael , Binietoglou Ioannis , Tsekeri Alexandra , Keleshis Christos , Engelmann Ronny , Baars Holger , Ansmann Albert , Amiridis Vassilis , Russchenberg Herman , Biskos George
Published: May 2018

Abstract. In situ measurements using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and
remote sensing observations can independently provide dense
vertically resolved measurements of atmospheric aerosols, information which
is strongly required in climate models. In both cases, inverting the recorded
signals to useful information requires assumptions and constraints, and this
can make the comparison of the results difficult. Here we compare, for the
first time, vertical profiles of the aerosol mass concentration derived from
light detection and ranging (lidar) observations and in situ measurements
using an optical particle counter on board a UAV during moderate and
weak Saharan dust episodes. Agreement between the two measurement methods was
within experimental uncertainty for the coarse mode (i.e. particles having
radii >0.5 µm), where the properties of dust particles can be assumed
with good accuracy. This result proves that the two techniques can be used
interchangeably for determining the vertical profiles of aerosol
concentrations, bringing them a step closer towards their systematic
exploitation in climate models.
Contrasting dynamics of electrons and protons in the near-Earth plasma sheet during dipolarization
Authors: Malykhin Andrey Y. , Grigorenko Elena E. , Kronberg Elena A. , Koleva Rositza , Ganushkina Natalia Y. , Kozak Ludmila , Daly Patrick W.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The fortunate location of Cluster and the THEMIS P3 probe in the near-Earth plasma
sheet (PS) (at X ∼ −7–−9 RE) allowed for the multipoint
analysis of properties and spectra of electron and proton injections. The
injections were observed during dipolarization and substorm current wedge
formation associated with braking of multiple bursty bulk flows (BBFs). In the
course of dipolarization, a gradual growth of the BZ magnetic field
lasted ∼ 13 min and it was comprised of several
BZ pulses or dipolarization fronts
(DFs) with duration ≤ 1 min. Multipoint observations have shown that the
beginning of the increase in suprathermal (> 50 keV) electron fluxes –
the injection boundary – was observed in the PS simultaneously with the
dipolarization onset and it propagated dawnward along with the onset-related
DF. The subsequent dynamics of the energetic electron flux was similar to the
dynamics of the magnetic field during the dipolarization. Namely, a gradual
linear growth of the electron flux occurred simultaneously with the gradual
growth of the BZ field, and it was comprised of multiple short (∼
few minutes) electron injections associated with the BZ pulses. This
behavior can be explained by the combined action of local betatron
acceleration at the BZ pulses and subsequent gradient drifts of
electrons in the flux pile up region through the numerous braking and
diverting DFs. The nonadiabatic features occasionally observed in the
electron spectra during the injections can be due to the electron
interactions with high-frequency electromagnetic or electrostatic
fluctuations transiently observed in the course of dipolarization. On the contrary, proton injections were detected only in the vicinity of the strongest BZ pulses. The front thickness of these pulses was less than a
gyroradius of thermal protons that ensured the nonadiabatic acceleration of
protons. Indeed, during the injections in the energy spectra of protons the
pronounced bulge was clearly observed in a finite energy range
∼ 70–90 keV. This feature can be explained by the
nonadiabatic resonant acceleration of protons by the bursts of the dawn–dusk
electric field associated with the BZ pulses. Keywords. Magnetospheric physics (Magnetotail; plasma sheet) – Space plasma physics (Transport processes)
N and P as ultimate and proximate limiting nutrients in the northern Gulf of Mexico: implications for hypoxia reduction strategies
Authors: Fennel Katja , Laurent Arnaud
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The occurrence of hypoxia in coastal oceans is a long-standing and growing problem worldwide and is clearly linked to anthropogenic nutrient inputs. While the need for reducing anthropogenic nutrient loads is generally accepted, it is costly and thus requires scientifically sound nutrient-reduction strategies. Issues under debate include the relative importance of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) as well as the magnitude of the reduction requirements. The largest anthropogenically induced hypoxic area in North American coastal waters (of 15 000 ± 5000 km2) forms every summer in the northern Gulf of Mexico where the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers deliver large amounts of freshwater and nutrients to the shelf. A 2001 plan for reducing this hypoxic area by nutrient management in the watershed called for a reduction of N loads. Since then evidence of P limitation during the time of hypoxia formation has arisen, and a dual nutrient-reduction strategy for this system has been endorsed. Here we report the first systematic analysis of the effects of single and dual nutrient load reductions from a spatially explicit physical–biogeochemical model for the northern Gulf of Mexico. The model has been shown previously to skillfully represent the processes important for hypoxic formation. Our analysis of an ensemble of simulations with stepwise reductions in N, P, and N and P loads provides insight into the effects of both nutrients on primary production and hypoxia, and it allows us to estimate what nutrient reductions would be required for single and dual nutrient-reduction strategies to reach the hypoxia target. Our results show that, despite temporary P limitation, N is the ultimate limiting nutrient for primary production in this system. Nevertheless, a reduction in P load would reduce hypoxia because primary production is P limited in the region where density stratification is conducive to hypoxia development, but reductions in N load have a bigger effect. Our simulations show that, at present loads, the system is almost saturated with N, in the sense that the sensitivity of primary production and hypoxia to N load is much lower than it would be at lower N loads. We estimate that reductions of 63±18 % in total N load or 48±21 % in total N and P load are necessary to reach a hypoxic area of 5000 km2, which is consistent with previous estimates from statistical regression models and highly simplified mechanistic models.
Analytically tractable climate–carbon cycle feedbacks under 21st century anthropogenic forcing
Authors: Lade Steven J. , Donges Jonathan F. , Fetzer Ingo , Anderies John M. , Beer Christian , Cornell Sarah E. , Gasser Thomas , Norberg Jon , Richardson Katherine , Rockström Johan , Steffen Will
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Changes to climate–carbon cycle feedbacks may significantly affect the Earth system's response to greenhouse gas emissions. These feedbacks are usually analysed from numerical output of complex and arguably opaque Earth system models. Here, we construct a stylised global climate–carbon cycle model, test its output against comprehensive Earth system models, and investigate the strengths of its climate–carbon cycle feedbacks analytically. The analytical expressions we obtain aid understanding of carbon cycle feedbacks and the operation of the carbon cycle. Specific results include that different feedback formalisms measure fundamentally the same climate–carbon cycle processes; temperature dependence of the solubility pump, biological pump, and CO2 solubility all contribute approximately equally to the ocean climate–carbon feedback; and concentration–carbon feedbacks may be more sensitive to future climate change than climate–carbon feedbacks. Simple models such as that developed here also provide workbenches for simple but mechanistically based explorations of Earth system processes, such as interactions and feedbacks between the planetary boundaries, that are currently too uncertain to be included in comprehensive Earth system models.
Dynamics of avalanche-generated impulse waves: three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations and sensitivity analysis
Authors: Chisolm Rachel E. , McKinney Daene C.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. This paper studies the lake dynamics for avalanche-triggered
glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in the Cordillera Blanca mountain range
in Ancash, Peru. As new glacial lakes emerge and existing lakes continue to
grow, they pose an increasing threat of GLOFs that can be catastrophic to the
communities living downstream. In this work, the dynamics of displacement
waves produced from avalanches are studied through three-dimensional
hydrodynamic simulations of Lake Palcacocha, Peru, with an emphasis on the
sensitivity of the lake model to input parameters and boundary conditions.
This type of avalanche-generated wave is an important link in the GLOF
process chain because there is a high potential for overtopping and erosion
of the lake-damming moraine. The lake model was evaluated for sensitivity to
turbulence model and grid resolution, and the uncertainty due to these model
parameters is significantly less than that due to avalanche boundary
condition characteristics. Wave generation from avalanche impact was
simulated using two different boundary condition methods. Representation of
an avalanche as water flowing into the lake generally resulted in higher peak
flows and overtopping volumes than simulating the avalanche impact as
mass–momentum inflow at the lake boundary. Three different scenarios of
avalanche size were simulated for the current lake conditions, and all
resulted in significant overtopping of the lake-damming moraine. Although the
lake model introduces significant uncertainty, the avalanche portion of the
GLOF process chain is likely to be the greatest source of uncertainty. To aid
in evaluation of hazard mitigation alternatives, two scenarios of lake
lowering were investigated. While large avalanches produced significant
overtopping waves for all lake-lowering scenarios, simulations suggest that
it may be possible to contain waves generated from smaller avalanches if the
surface of the lake is lowered.
How does turbulence change approaching a rotor?
Authors: Mann Jakob , Peña Alfredo , Troldborg Niels , Andersen Søren J.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. For load calculations on wind turbines it is usually assumed that the
turbulence approaching the rotor does not change its statistics as it goes
through the induction zone. We investigate this assumption using a
nacelle-mounted forward-looking pulsed lidar that measures low-frequency wind
fluctuations simultaneously at distances between 0.5 and 3 rotor diameters
upstream. The measurements show that below rated wind speed the low-frequency
wind variance is reduced by up to 10 % at 0.5 rotor diameters upstream and
above rated enhanced by up to 20 %. A quasi-steady model that takes into
account the change in thrust coefficient with wind speed explains these
variations partly. Large eddy simulations of turbulence approaching an
actuator disk model of a rotor support the finding that the slope of the
thrust curve influences the low-frequency fluctuations.
Renal Amyloidosis: A Synopsis of its Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Zakharova Elena V.
Published: May 2018

Amyloidosis is a heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired diseases in which normally soluble plasma proteins are deposited in the extracellular and/or intracellular space in abnormal, insoluble, fibrillar form. Renal damage is one of the most common features of systemic amyloidosis, and the presentation is most commonly due to the consequences of renal involvement, with proteinuria and progressive renal decline. Progression to end-stage renal failure is common. Early diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis is difficult. Renal amyloidosis typically presents with nephrotic syndrome and/or renal failure.

Treatment of AL amyloidosis aims to reduce production of the monoclonal immunoglobulin precursorvia chemotherapy. Current options for treatment include melphalan+dexamethasone or cyclophosphamide-bortezomib-dexamethasone regimens, or in selected patients, high-dose melphalan with autologous stem cell transplantation. The focus of current research is on pharmacological therapy to solubilize amyloid fibrils and increase tissue catabolism of amyloid deposits.
Late Diagnosis of Primary Hyperoxaluria by Crystals in the Bone Marrow!
Authors: Hameed Mohammed , Eqbal Kashif , Nair Beena , Woywodt Alexander , Ahmed Aimun
Published: May 2018

Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is a rare, inherited, autosomal recessive, metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of peroxisomal alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT). We describe here a case of a 57-year-old man with End Stage Renal Disease, where the late age of presentation of PH T1 due to marked heterogeneity of disease expression caused a delay in diagnosis, and we discuss the causes of the poor outcome typical of this condition
Averting the Legacy of Kidney Disease—Focus on Childhood
Authors: Ingelfinger Julie R. , Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar , Schaefer Franz ,   on behalf of the World Kidney Day Steering Committee, Day World Kidney
Published: May 2018

World Kidney Day 2016 focuses on kidney disease in childhood and the antecedents of adult kidney disease that can begin in earliest childhood. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in childhood differs from that in adults, as the largest diagnostic group among children includes congenital anomalies and inherited disorders, with glomerulopathies and kidney disease in the setting of diabetes being relatively uncommon. In addition, many children with acute kidney injury will ultimately develop sequelae that may lead to hypertension and CKD in later childhood or in adult life. Children born early or who are small-for date newborns have relatively increased risk for the development of CKD later in life. Persons with a high-risk birth and early childhood history should be watched closely in order to help detect early signs of kidney disease in time to provide effective prevention or treatment. Successful therapy is feasible for advanced CKD in childhood; there is evidence that children fare better than adults, if they receive kidney replacement therapy including dialysis and transplantation, while only a minority of children may require this ultimate intervention Because there are disparities in access to care, effort is needed so that those children with kidney disease, wherever they live, may be treated effectively, irrespective of their geographic or economic circumstances. Our hope is that World Kidney Day will inform the general public, policy makers and caregivers about the needs and possibilities surrounding kidney disease in childhood.
Management of Congestion and Diuretic Resistance in Heart Failure
Authors: Regolisti Giuseppe , Antoniotti Riccardo , Pastorini Guido , Fani Filippo , Fiaccadori Enrico
Published: May 2018

We present the case of a patient with heart failure and severe congestion who was responding poorly to diuretic therapy. We discuss the key problems concerning the pathophysiology and bedside therapeutic approach to congestion and fluid overload in this clinical setting, and we give practical suggestions to overcome congestion, especially in the setting of diuretic resistance and worsening renal function. We conclude that the application of key pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles of diuretic therapy, along with in-depth knowledge of the pathophysiology of heart failure, still represent the cornerstones for a correct approach to decongestive therapy in these patients.
Retarding Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Progression: A Practical Nutritional Approach for Non-Dialysis CKD
Authors: Bellizzi Vincenzo , Carrera Juan Jesus , Chauveau Philippe , Cozzolino Mario , Cupisti Adamasco , D'Alessandro Claudia , De Nicola Luca , Fiaccadori Enrico , Johansson Lina , Minutolo Roberto , Molina Pablo , Sezer Siren , Ter Wee Pieter , Teta Daniel , Wanner Christoph , Calella Patrizia , Fouque Denis ,   European Renal Nutrition Working Group of the European Renal Association-European Dialysis Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA)
Published: May 2018

This is a case report on a patient with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) in whom several nutritional issues are briefly discussed from a practical point of view. The article is accompanied by an editorial published in this Journal in relation to the 2nd International Conference of the European Renal Nutrition working group at ERA-EDTA—“Retarding CKD progression: readily available through comprehensive nutritional management?”— and focuses on several practical topics associated with the nutritional approach for the conservative treatment of non-dialysis CKD. The article is divided into 3 sections—basic nutritional assessment, nutritional targets, and nutritional follow-up in non-dialysis CKD—linked to 3 consecutive steps of the clinical follow-up of the patient and the related nutritional concerns and intervention.

First visit: Baseline nutritional assessment and basic nutritional considerations in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) • What nutritional assessment/monitoring for protein-energy wasting (PEW) should be employed? • Is a body mass index (BMI) of 21 kg/m2 adequate? • What phosphate target should be pursued? • What are the nutritional habits in patients with incident CKD? • What protein needs and amount of dietary protein should be pursued? • Does the quality of protein matter? • What amount of dietary salt should be employed? How should this be obtained? • How should normal serum phosphate be achieved? • What diet should be recommended? Is a vegetarian diet an option?

Second visit: Major nutritional targets in non-dialysis CKD • Consequences of unintentional weight loss • What is the role of the renal dietitian in helping the patient adhere to a renal diet?

Intermediate visits: Nutritional follow-up in non-dialysis CKD • What treatment for calcium/parathyroid hormone (PTH) will affect CKD progression? Final visits: • Would a dietary recall/intensive dietary education improve adherence with the diet? • Would a very-low-protein diet (VLPD)/ketodiet be indicated for this patient?
This is personal: Impersonal middles as disposition ascriptions
Authors: Lekakou Marika , Pitteroff Marcel
Published: May 2018

We develop an analysis of impersonal middles which capitalizes on the observed similarities between personal and impersonal middles, and on Lekakou’s (2004; 2005a) treatment of the former as disposition ascriptions. The following questions are addressed: (i) What is the disposition ascribed to in impersonal middles? (ii) What is the function of the obligatory subject pronoun? (iii) Why is a modifier needed, in addition to the manner/evaluative adverbial? By having a closer look at what types of additional modifiers are acceptable in impersonal middles, it is argued that the disposition in impersonal middles is ascribed to an event(uality), rather than an event participant. This is done via the non-omissible it-type pronoun that functions as the syntactic subject of the clause. We argue that this pronoun in impersonal middles is also the semantic subject, and that it indirectly refers to the event denoted by the verbal predicate, via an association relation with the vP. Impersonal middles, then, are not truly impersonal: they, too, feature a referential subject. The only difference between personal and impersonal middles relates to what the dispositional subject is: an event participant, or the event proper. We also show that the additional modifier is required for pragmatic reasons, namely in order to restrict the generalization made by the generic operator present in impersonal middles.
*NEG NEG
Authors: Collins Chris
Published: May 2018

I argue that there is a grammatical (non-semantic) constraint in English that prohibits double negation, dubbed *NEG NEG. I adduce a range of structures to illustrate this constraint, and show that apparent counter-examples are not double negation.
BRICS e o Meio Ambiente | BRICS and the Environment
Authors: Miranda Luiz Ricardo de , Bittencourt Neto Olavo De Oliveira
Published: May 2018

BRICS e o Meio Ambiente

Resumo: Este trabalho situa-se na encruzilhada em que temas pertencentes a áreas aparentemente distintas e incomunicáveis que passaram a se amalgamar de tal sorte que não se pode mais pensar de forma isolada em cada uma delas sem se considerar as repercussões nas demais: meio ambiente e desenvolvimento econômico. Neste estudo, objetiva-se abordar o comportamento de um grupo específico de países, o BRICS (Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul), frente às questões ambientais, sobretudo a difícil conciliação entre seu desejo de alcançar um novo patamar na economia internacional e o respeito às limitações materiais para realizar esse propósito. A fim de analisar a inserção da temática ambiental no âmbito desses países, parte-se da identificação dos principais elementos que envolvem a questão ambiental nos dias atuais para então analisar o comportamento do BRICS frente ao tema, destacando, afinal, a peculiar posição do Brasil.

Palavras-chave: BRICS. Desenvolvimento. Meio ambiente. Proteção ambiental.
______

BRICS and the Environment

Abstract: This work is situated exactly in the crossroad where subjects apparently belonging to different and incommunicable areas start to blend in such a way that one can no longer think in isolation about each of them without considering the repercussions in the other: environment and economic development. This article has as objective to address the behavior of a specific group of countries, BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa0, when confronted to environmental issues, especially the difficult conciliation between their desire to reach a new level in the international economy and the respect of the material limitations to accomplish it. To analyze the insertion of the environmental issue in these countries, we start with the identification of the main elements surrounding the environmental issue today and then analyze the behavior of BRICS regarding the subject, highlighting, after all, the peculiar position of Brazil.

Keywords: BRICS. Development. Environment. Environmental protection.
Jurisdição constitucional e a renovação dogmática do direito à informação no Estado Democrático de Direito | Constitutional jurisdiction and the dogmatic renewal of the right to information in the Democratic State of Law
Authors: Sacchetto Thiago
Published: May 2018

Jurisdição constitucional e a renovação dogmática do direito à informação no Estado Democrático de Direito

Resumo: O hodierno conteúdo normativo do direito à informação, delineado em princípios e regras de direito internacional, abrange não somente o direito fundamental de informar, mas também, os direitos de se informar e ser informado. Os Estados, para tutelarem otimizadamente as liberdades tridimensionais da comunicação dos seus cidadãos jurisdicionados, devem concretizar o princípio da transparência sobre as informações produzidas por seus órgãos de jurisdição. A publicização nos meios de comunicação em massa das sessões de fiscalização de constitucionalidade de atos normativos realizadas pelas cortes constitucionais, inexoravelmente, contribui para aproximar a estrutura dos órgãos de cúpula da jurisdição dos ideários democrático-republicanos sobre os quais se fundamentam o Estado Democrático de Direito.

Palavras-chave: Jurisdição constitucional; Direito à informação; Cortes constitucionais; Transparência; Sociedade da Informação.

______

Constitutional jurisdiction and the dogmatic renewal of the right to information in the Democratic State of Law

Abstract: The current normative content of the right to information, outlined in principles and rules of international law, encompasses not only the fundamental right to inform, but also the right to look for information and be informed. The States, to optimally protect the three-dimensional freedom of communication of their jurisdictional citizens, must give effect to the principle of transparency regarding the information produced by their jurisdiction bodies. The publicity in the mass media of the judicial review acts carried out by the constitutional courts, inexorably, contributes to approximate the structure of these top bodies of jurisdiction to the republican-democratic ideas on which the Democratic State of Right is based.
Keywords: Constitutional Jurisdiction; Right to information; Constitutional Courts; Transparency; Information Society.
Expectativas y desafíos de la instauración del modelo de control difuso de constitucionalidad en México | Expectations and challenges of the establishment of the diffuse constitutionality control model in Mexico
Authors: Leal Espinoza José Luis
Published: May 2018

Expectativas y desafíos de la instauración del modelo de control difuso de constitucionalidad en México

Resumen: El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las expectativas y desafíos de la instauración del modelo de control difuso de constitucionalidad en México. Inicialmente se examina el control difuso de constitucionalidad, seguido por el control concentrado de constitucionalidad. Se aborda con atención el modelo concentrado como sistema imperante en México a partir de la interpretación realizada por la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación del artículo 133 constitucional. Posteriormente, se trata de la instauración del modelo de control difuso a partir de la reforma constitucional en materia de derechos humanos y el expediente varios 912/2010. Al final, se evalúan las expectativas y desafíos de un sistema de control mixto en el Estado mexicano.

Palabras-clave: Control difuso de constitucionalidad. Control concentrado de constitucionalidad. Control mixto de constitucionalidad. México. Reforma Constitucional. Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación.

_____

Expectations and challenges of the establishment of the diffuse constitutionality control model in Mexico

Abstract: The objective of this article is to analyze the expectations and challenges of the establishment of the diffuse constitutional control model in Mexico. Initially, the diffuse control of constitutionality is examined, followed by the concentrated control of constitutionality. The concentrated model is addressed with attention as the prevailing system in Mexico based on the interpretation made by the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation of article 133 of the Constitution. Subsequently, it deals with the establishment of the diffuse control model based on the constitutional reform on human rights and the file number 912/2010. In the end, the expectations and challenges of a mixed control system in the Mexican state are evaluated.

Keywords: Diffuse control of constitutionality. Concentrated control of constitutionality. Mixed control of constitutionality. Mexico. Constitutional reform. Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation.
Elecciones y lecciones... ¿Qué paso en marzo de 1994?
Authors: Lazo M. José Francisco
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 43, 1995: 109-190
El desarrollo de la microempresa en El Salvador: bancos comunales, cambio de valores y educación informal
Authors: LoBiondo Gasper F. , Pleitez Rafael Antonio
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 44, 1995: 259-289
Modernidad y postmodernidad: reflexiones desde América Latina
Authors: González Luis Armando
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 44, 1995: 385-395
Formación inicial de maestros de educación básica de El Salvador. Propuesta de política
Authors: Guzmán José Luis
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 45, 1995: 463-491
La remesa familiar del exterior: dependencia o desarrollo para El Salvador
Authors: Ulloa Roxana Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 50, 1996: 213-240
El bienio perdido
Authors: Editor El
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 51, 1996: 363-368
Economía y organización político-social en la repoblación de Copapayo: un todo difícil a dividir
Authors: Fogaroli Serena
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 51, 1996: 447-491
La necesidad de reorientar la política económica
Authors: Editor El
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 52, 1996: 509-511
Mundialización y estados-naciones: un acercamiento conceptual
Authors: Tenorio Maria
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 53, 1996: 639-650
Actitudes hacia la integración económica: datos de El Salvador y Costa Rica en 1994
Authors: Coleman Kenneth M. , Coleman Jonathan D. , Cruz José Miguel
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 53, 1996: 659-672
Sistemas electorales en El Salvador: el caso de las elecciones de diputados y de concejos municipales
Authors: Artiga-González Alvaro
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 54, 1996: 765-787
Historia y género
Authors: Ortega Margarita
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 54, 1996: 817-824
Memoria de una biblioteca, evocación de un padre
Authors: López Italo Eduardo
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 54, 1996: 825-835
¿Socialismo o neoliberalismo?
Authors: Mandel Ernest , Guido Béjar Rafael
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 55, 1997: 27-37
La nación: una aproximación a la problemática
Authors: Olmos Guevara Ricardo
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 56, 1997: 113-126
La economía imposible
Authors: Ibisate Francisco Javier
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 58, 1997: 313-332
Efectos de los sistemas electorales en El Salvador
Authors: Artiga-González Alvaro
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 58, 1997: 333-346
El problema de la alteridad en Ortega
Authors: González Antonio
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 58, 1997: 373-394
Ética, comunicación del poder y modelos organizacionales
Authors: Molina Velásquez Carlos
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 58, 1997: 395-404
Os desafios da opinião consultiva enquanto mecanismo de cooperação jurisdicional no Mercosul
Authors: Moura Aline Beltrame de
Published: May 2018

Harmonizar a interpretação e a aplicação do direito decorrente de um fenômeno de integração regional é o fim último dos mecanismos de cooperação jurisdicional. Neste contexto, a opinião consultiva criada pelo sistema normativo do Mercosul tem a função precípua de conferir segurança jurídica e favorecer a cooperação e o diálogo entre as esferas jurisdicionais nacionais e regional, além de possibilitar o acesso, mesmo que indireto, dos indivíduos ao Tribunal Permanente de Revisão. Ocorre que o caráter intergovernamental do bloco também se reflete na estrutura jurisdicional, prejudicando o ideal de uniformização da interpretação e da aplicação do direito mercosulino ao não prever o caráter vinculante das opiniões consultivas e ao criar mecanismos nacionais demasiadamente burocráticos e complexos para o envio de solicitações por parte dos juízes nacionais. Portanto, as dificuldades de cunho pragmático a fim de conferir plena efetividade à opinião consultiva prevista no Protocolo de Olivos têm sido um dos grandes desafios para a sua plena implementação.
Amicus curiae sobre a solicitação de opinião consultiva relativa à figura do juízo político ou impeachment apresentada pela Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos
Authors: Roa Roa Jorge Ernesto , Chueiri Vera Karam de , Puchta Ananda Hadah Rodrigues , Araújo André Carias de , Oliveira Caroline Godoi de Castro , Barboza Estefânia Maria de Queiroz , Francisco Guilherme Ozório Santander , Câmara Heloisa Fernandes , Macedo José Arthur Castillo de , Strapasson Kamila Maria , Cabral Leonardo , Cavassin Lucas Carli , Fortes Luiz Henrique Krassuski , Bonatto Marina , Fachin Melina Girardi , Godoy Miguel Gualano de , Leite Rafael Soares , Kanayama Rodrigo
Published: May 2018

O presente trabalho diz respeito à solicitação de Opinião Consultiva feita pela Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (CIDH) acerca dos julgamentos políticos e impeachment, de modo a fomentar e ampliar o debate sobre o tema. Nesse sentido, o Núcleo Constitucionalismo e Democracia, que integra o Centro de Estudos da Constituição (CCONS), do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), e o Departamento de Direito Constitucional da Universidade Externado da Colômbia, ingressaram, em conjunto, como amicus curiae, e apresentaram esta opinião diante da Comissão Interamericana com o propósito de colaborar, teórica e praticamente, com o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos (SIDH). Na primeira parte do trabalho faz-se uma série de observações sobre a consulta formulada pela CIDH, inclusive quanto às próprias regras e estrutura do procedimento da função consultiva. Na segunda parte, faz-se referência ao papel e legitimidade dos tribunais internacionais e, concretamente, da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (Corte IDH), na proteção da democracia e dos direitos políticos. Na terceira parte, responde-se ao objeto central da consulta, sobre as garantias judiciais e a legalidade nos processos de impeachment e julgamentos políticos contra presidentes democraticamente eleitos. Finalmente, na quarta parte, alerta-se a Corte IDH sobre a importância de se especificar o alcance do artigo 23 da Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos (CADH) em relação aos diferentes fenômenos que ocorrem nos Estados Partes da CADH. O objetivo do trabalho é oferecer à Corte IDH uma visão completa do conteúdo e de problemas concretos que surgem da solicitação de uma opinião consultiva tal como essa, formulada pela CIDH, como também um pronunciamento sobre o contexto jurídico e fático que rodeia este procedimento.