bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Commentaire épistémologique à propos d’une approche interdisciplinaire du corps amputé appareillé
Authors: Marcellini Anne
Published: January 2020

Ce commentaire de la note de recherche de Valentine Gourinat “Du corps reconstitué au corps reconfiguré. Pour une compréhension éthique de la prothèse à l’ère du techno-enchantement,” traite des enjeux propres aux recherches interdisciplinaires, en particulier dans le domaine du handicap. Il s’agira d’interroger les liens entre espace académique des savoirs et rapport du chercheur à “son” objet dans les recherches sur le handicap.
Does Stigma Toward Anal Sexuality Impede HIV Prevention Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States? A Structural Equation Modeling Assessment
Authors: Kutner Bryan A. , Simoni Jane M. , King Kevin M. , Goodreau Steven M. , Norcini Pala Andrea , Creegan Emma , Aunon Frances M. , Baral Stefan D. , Rosser B.R. Simon
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are suboptimally engaged in efficacious HIV interventions, due in part to stigma.

Aim

We sought to validate the Anal Health Stigma Model, developed based on theory and prior qualitative data, by testing the magnitude of associations between measures of anal sex stigma and engagement in HIV prevention practices, while adjusting for covariates.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional online survey of 1,263 cisgender MSM living in the United States and analyzed data with structural equation modeling. We tested a direct path from Anal Sex Stigma to Engagement in HIV Prevention alongside 2 indirect paths, 1 through Anal Sex Concerns and another through Comfort Discussing Anal Sexuality with Health Workers. The model adjusted for Social Support, Everyday Discrimination, and Sociodemographics.

Main Outcome Measure

Engagement in HIV Prevention comprised an ad hoc measure of (i) lifetime exposure to a behavioral intervention, (ii) current adherence to biomedical intervention, and (iii) consistent use of a prevention strategy during recent penile-anal intercourse.

Results

In the final model, anal sex stigma was associated with less engagement (β = −0.22, P < .001), mediated by participants' comfort talking about anal sex practices with health workers (β = −0.52; β = 0.44; both P < .001), adjusting for covariates (R2 = 67%; χ2/df = 2.98, root mean square error of approximation = 0.040, comparative fit index = 0.99 and Tucker-Lewis index = 0.99). Sex-related concerns partially mediated the association between stigma and comfort (β = 0.55; β = 0.14, both P < .001). Modification indices also supported total effects of social support on increased comfort discussing anal sex (β = 0.35, P < .001) and, to a lesser degree, on decreased sex-related concerns (β = −0.10; P < .001).

Clinical Implications

Higher stigma toward anal sexuality is associated with less engagement in HIV prevention, largely due to discomfort discussing anal sex practices with health workers.

Strength & Limitations

Adjustment for mediation in a cross-sectional design cannot establish temporal causality. Self-report is vulnerable to social desirability and recall bias. Online samples may not represent cisgender MSM in general. However, findings place HIV- and health-related behaviors within a social and relational context and may suggest points for intervention in health-care settings.

Conclusion

Providers' willingness to engage in discussion about anal sexuality, for example, by responding to questions related to sexual well-being, may function as social support and thereby bolster comfort and improve engagement in HIV prevention.
Expert Deference about the Epistemic and Its Metaepistemological Significance
Authors: Palmira Michele
Published: January 2020

This paper focuses on the phenomenon of forming one’s judgement about epistemic matters, such as whether one has some reason not to believe false propositions, on the basis of the opinion of somebody one takes to be an expert about them. The paper pursues three aims. First, it argues that some cases of expert deference about epistemic matters are suspicious. Secondly, it provides an explanation of such a suspiciousness. Thirdly, it draws the metaepistemological implications of the proposed explanation.
Molecular Classification of Diffuse Gliomas
Authors: Kalidindi Navya , Or Rosemarylin , Babak Sam , Mason Warren
Published: January 2020

Technological advances in the field of molecular genetics have improved the ability to classify brain tumors into subgroups with distinct clinical features and important therapeutic implications. The World Health Organization’s newest update on classification of gliomas (2016) incorporated isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations, ATRX loss, 1p/19q codeletion status, and TP53 mutations to allow for improved classification of glioblastomas, low-grade and anaplastic gliomas. This paper reviews current advances in the understanding of diffuse glioma classification and the impact of molecular markers and DNA methylation studies on survival of patients with these tumors. We also discuss whether the classification and grading of diffuse gliomas should be based on histological findings, molecular markers, or DNA methylation subgroups in future iterations of the classification system.
How are US institutions implementing the new key information requirement?
Authors: Mozersky Jessica , Wroblewski Matthew P. , Solomon Erin D. , DuBois James M.
Published: January 2020

Recent revisions to the Federal Policy for the Protections of Human Subjects require that informed consent documents begin with a “concise and focused presentation” of the key information a participant requires. Key information “must be organized and presented in a way that facilitates comprehension.” The regulations do not specify what information be included, nor how it must be presented to facilitate comprehension. It is unknown how institutions and Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are interpreting the current regulations. We conducted a review of randomly sampled available key information templates at 46 US medical institutions to determine how they are implementing the new regulations.
Building capacity for dissemination and implementation to maximize research impact in a CTSA: The University of Wisconsin story
Authors: Quanbeck Andrew , Mahoney Jane , Kies Kim , Judge Kate , Smith Maureen
Published: January 2020

We report results of an 8-year process of stakeholder engagement aimed at building capacity in Dissemination and Implementation (D&I) research at the University of Wisconsin as part of the National Institutes of Health’s Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA). Starting in 2008, annual individual interviews were held with leaders of the Wisconsin CTSA’s community engagement core for strategic planning purposes. Interviews were followed by annual planning meetings that employed a facilitated group decision-making process aimed at identifying and prioritizing gaps in the translational research spectrum. In 2011, the stakeholder engagement process identified D&I as a primary gap limiting overall impact of the institution’s research across the translational spectrum. Since that time, our CTSA has created an array of D&I resources falling into four broad categories: (1) relationship building with D&I partners, (2) D&I skill building, (3) translational research resources, and (4) resources to support D&I activities. Our systematic process of stakeholder engagement has increased the impact of research by providing D&I resources to meet investigator and community needs. CTSAs could engage with leaders of their community engagement cores, which are common to all CTSAs, to adapt or adopt these resources to build D&I capacity.
Shadowing and structural stability for operators
Authors: BERNARDES NILSON C. , MESSAOUDI ALI
Published: January 2020

A well-known result in the area of dynamical systems asserts that any invertible hyperbolic operator on any Banach space is structurally stable. This result was originally obtained by Hartman in 1960 for operators on finite-dimensional spaces. The general case was independently obtained by Palis and Pugh around 1968. We will exhibit a class of examples of structurally stable operators that are not hyperbolic, thereby showing that the converse of the above-mentioned result is false in general. We will also prove that an invertible operator on a Banach space is hyperbolic if and only if it is expansive and has the shadowing property. Moreover, we will show that if a structurally stable operator is expansive, then it must be uniformly expansive. Finally, we will characterize the weighted shifts on the spaces $c_{0}(\mathbb{Z})$ and $\ell _{p}(\mathbb{Z})$ ($1\leq p<\infty$) that satisfy the shadowing property.
On the fixed points of the Ruelle operator
Authors: CABRERA CARLOS , MAKIENKO PETER
Published: January 2020

We discuss the relation between the existence of fixed points of the Ruelle operator acting on different Banach spaces, and Sullivan’s conjecture in holomorphic dynamics.
How frequently should sink drains be disinfected?
Authors: Ramos-Castaneda Jorge A. , Faron Matthew L. , Hyke Joshua , Bell-Key Dominique , Buchan Blake W. , Nanchal Rahul , Pintar Paula , Graham Mary Beth , Huerta Susan , Munoz-Price L. Silvia
Published: January 2020

Previously, we showed that disinfection of sink drains is effective at decreasing bacterial loads. Here, we report our evaluation of the ideal frequency of sink-drain disinfection and our comparison of 2 different hydrogen peroxide disinfectants.
Surveillance of external ventricular drainage-associated meningitis and ventriculitis in German intensive care units
Authors: Bischoff Peter , Schröder Christin , Gastmeier Petra , Geffers Christine
Published: January 2020

Objective:

In light of the infection risk associated with external ventricular drainage (EVD), we decided to establish the surveillance of EVD-associated meningitis/ventriculitis in German intensive care units (ICUs) in the framework of the German national nosocomial infection surveillance system (KISS). Here, we present the current reference data and subsequent risk-factor analysis for EVD-associated meningitis/ventriculitis rates.

Methods:

The surveillance method corresponds with the surveillance methods for device-associated infections recommended by the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). All ICUs participating for at least 1 month from 2008 to 2016 in the module ICU-KISS were included in the reference dataset and the multivariate analysis.

Results:

Current reference data (2008–2016) are based on input from 157 ICUs. The mean EVD-associated meningitis/ventriculitis rate per 1,000 EVD days was 3.96, with little variation between neurosurgical, surgical, interdisciplinary (hospitals with >400 beds), and neurological ICUs. In total, 893 EVD-associated meningitis/ventriculitis cases and 225,351 EVD days were included in the risk-factor analysis. After multivariate analysis, 2 factors remained significant: (1) stay in an ICU labeled other than neurosurgical, surgical, interdisciplinary (>400 beds), and neurological as a protective factor and (2) EVD utilization rate above the 75th quantile as a risk factor for acquisition of EVD-associated meningitis/ventriculitis.

Conclusions:

EVD-associated meningitis and ventriculitis are frequent complications of care in intensive care patients at risk. A long hospital stay and/or the presence of the EVD puts the patient at high risk for pathogen acquisition with subsequent infection.
Ofrendas para los difuntos: Rescatando los ritos culinarios desde el interior de los ceramios de Quilicura 1, un sitio del periodo Tardío de Chile central
Authors: Belmar Carolina A. , Quiroz Luciana D. , Carrasco Carolina , Pavlovic Daniel
Published: January 2020

El estudio del registro arqueobotánico asociado a un individuo femenino del sitio de Quilicura 1 permitió acercarnos a entender cómo los contextos funerarios del periodo Tardío (1400-1536 dC) contribuyen a la comprensión de los procesos sociopolíticos asociados a la presencia inka en la zona central de Chile. A través de los carporrestos y microrrestos de los residuos de uso de piezas cerámicas ofrendadas, se logró determinar el uso de plantas silvestres y domesticadas en la preparación de alimentos para los difuntos. Estas comidas y preparaciones tipo chicha, además de la presencia de un conjunto de artefactos vinculados a su preparación y consumo, habrían sido la esencia de la hospitalidad, una actividad fundamental en la integración eficiente de las poblaciones locales y, por ende, del funcionamiento del Tawantinsuyu.
Religion, Modernity, and Democracy in Central Europe: Toward a Gendered History of Twentieth-Century Catholicism
Authors: O'Sullivan Michael E.
Published: January 2020

Numerous past review articles by scholars of German history share ideas produced by the religious turn in historiography since the 1970s and 1980s. Although highlighting a still growing groundswell of work focused on the German Catholic minority, these essays typically express discomfort with the relation of their subspecialty to the rest of the discipline. Bemoaning the marginalization of Catholic history and the self-inflicted ghettoization of research narrowly focused on regional traditions, past reviewers have worried about the integration of Catholicism within a larger framework. These past articles summarize phases of research on German Catholicism that produced much scholarship and multiple conceptual frameworks through which to understand the enduring impact of the church. Scholars of the 1970s and 1980s pushed against the grain of Hans-Ulrich Wehler's Bielefeld School to prove that Catholicism contributed more to the liberal democratic development of Germany than had been previously assumed, and by the 1990s German Catholic research focused primarily on the social history of Catholicism. The field of German Catholic history underwent a period of uncertain change during the early 2000s. Many of the German-language monographs on the topic remained wedded to the milieu model, but some younger scholars responded to critiques of German Catholic history by studying women's history or deploying poststructuralist analysis.
Between Solidarity and Complicity: The Politics of Representation inBhimayana
Authors: Sankar Nandini Ramesh , Changmai Deepsikha
Published: January 2020

The solidarity between socially marginalized groups in India is often compromised, directly or indirectly, by their own internecine complicity with structures and histories of systematic social violence. We look at this problem through a close analysis of the graphic novelBhimayana, which brings together key events from the life of B. R. Ambedkar—the architect of the Indian Constitution who was born into the “untouchable” Mahar caste—and the artwork of the Gond tribal artists Durgabai and Subhash Vyam. While there is considerable affinity in terms of socioeconomic disadvantages between the tribes and the lower castes of India, these affinities are strained by contradictions that problematize the principle of solidarity. We argue that the intrusion of complicity and guilt into performances of solidarity finally serves to strengthen the political empowerment of these groups by making it possible to acknowledge their implication in the history of social harm.
Researching secret spaces: A reflexive account on negotiating risk and academic integrity
Authors: Burgis-Kasthala Michelle
Published: January 2020

This article uses the case study of the Commission for International Justice and Accountability (CIJA) and its work on Syria as a way to reflect on the challenges international lawyers face in conducting research in relation to secret, highly constrained spaces. In particular, the article engages with debates within anthropology on the nature of para-ethnographic research as a way to think about research relationships between international legal scholars and practitioners as conducive of collaboration, (inter)dependency and dialogue. Yet this type of research, especially without the grounding of legal texts, raises questions about the legal researcher’s integrity and author(ity). Thus, the article’s core concern is to explore the inter-relationship between a variety of risks that can occur for both scholars and research subjects operating in secret spaces.
Large-scale Lassa fever outbreaks in Nigeria: quantifying the association between disease reproduction number and local rainfall
Authors: Zhao Shi , Musa Salihu S. , Fu Hao , He Daihai , Qin Jing
Published: January 2020

Lassa fever (LF) is increasingly recognised as an important rodent-borne viral haemorrhagic fever presenting a severe public health threat to sub-Saharan West Africa. In 2017–18, LF caused an unprecedented epidemic in Nigeria and the situation was worsening in 2018–19. This work aims to study the epidemiological features of epidemics in different Nigerian regions and quantify the association between reproduction number (R) and state rainfall. We quantify the infectivity of LF by the reproduction numbers estimated from four different growth models: the Richards, three-parameter logistic, Gompertz and Weibull growth models. LF surveillance data are used to fit the growth models and estimate the Rs and epidemic turning points (τ) in different regions at different time periods. Cochran's Q test is further applied to test the spatial heterogeneity of the LF epidemics. A linear random-effect regression model is adopted to quantify the association between R and state rainfall with various lag terms. Our estimated Rs for 2017–18 (1.33 with 95% CI 1.29–1.37) was significantly higher than those for 2016–17 (1.23 with 95% CI: (1.22, 1.24)) and 2018–19 (ranged from 1.08 to 1.36). We report spatial heterogeneity in the Rs for epidemics in different Nigerian regions. We find that a one-unit (mm) increase in average monthly rainfall over the past 7 months could cause a 0.62% (95% CI 0.20%–1.05%)) rise in R. There is significant spatial heterogeneity in the LF epidemics in different Nigerian regions. We report clear evidence of rainfall impacts on LF epidemics in Nigeria and quantify the impact.
Jail diversion: a practical primer
Authors: Scott Charles L.
Published: January 2020

The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world. With a substantial number of inmates diagnosed with mental illness, substance use, or both, various diversion strategies have been developed to help decrease and avoid criminalization of individuals with mental illness. This article focuses primarily on the first three Sequential Intercept Model intercept points as related to jail diversion and reviews types of diversion programs, research outcomes for diversion programs, and important components that contribute to successful diversion.
More frequent cooking at home is associated with higher Healthy Eating Index-2015 score
Authors: Wolfson Julia A , Leung Cindy W , Richardson Caroline R
Published: January 2020

Objective:

To examine the association between cooking frequency and Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015, overall and by income, among US adults.

Design:

Cross-sectional analysis using multivariable linear regression models to examine the association between cooking frequency and total HEI-2015 score adjusted for sociodemographic variables, overall and stratified by income.

Setting:

Nationally representative survey data from the USA.

Participants:

Adults aged ≥20 years (with 2 d of 24 h dietary recall data) obtained from the 2007 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n 8668).

Results:

Compared with cooking dinner 0–2 times/week, greater cooking frequency was associated with higher HEI-2015 score overall (≥7 times/week: +3·57 points, P < 0·001), among lower-income adults (≥7 times/week: +2·55 points, P = 0·001) and among higher-income adults (≥7 times/week: +5·07 points, P < 0·001). Overall, total HEI-2015 score was higher among adults living in households where dinner was cooked ≥7 times/week (54·54 points) compared with adults living in households where dinner was cooked 0–2 times/week (50·57 points). In households in which dinner was cooked ≥7 times/week, total HEI-2015 score differed significantly based on income status (lower-income: 52·51 points; higher-income: 57·35 points; P = 0·003). Cooking frequency was associated with significant differences in HEI-2015 component scores, but associations varied by income.

Conclusions:

More frequent cooking at home is associated with better diet quality overall and among lower- and higher-income adults, although the association between cooking and better diet quality is stronger among high-income adults. Strategies are needed to help lower-income Americans consume a healthy diet regardless of how frequently they cook at home.
Characterization of seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in recombinant inbred lines derived from wheat landrace PI388222 × Avocet cross
Authors: Aman Yesrab , Khalid Fatima , Shaukat Muzaffar , Mahmood Tariq , Hasan Syed Wasim , Mirza Javed Iqbal
Published: January 2020

Stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a devastating fungal disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The best economical technique for disease control is breeding for genetic resistance to stripe rust. To find resistance genes in landrace PI388222 from Pakistan, a segregating population was developed by a cross between PI388222 and susceptible Australian spring wheat line Avocet ‘S’. The F2:4 seeds were harvested and seeds were planted in the greenhouse of Washington State University Pullman, to grow F4:5 recombinant inbred lines (RIL). A variable set of seedling reactions were noted when a set of 136 F5 and parental lines were screened with four Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici races (PSTv-37, PSTv-40, PSTv-4 and PSTv-51). The great proportion of RILs showed resistant reaction displayed by the RILs was against PSTv-40, for which 85% of the RILs showed resistant reaction, while less resistance to the race PSTv-37 was detected against which the resistance was for only 49% of the RILs. The RIL population was further evaluated at two locations; Palouse Conservation Field Station (PCFS) and Mount Vernon (MV). In MV field, 76% of RILs displayed resistant reaction while 15% of RILs exhibited moderate reaction. About 53% of RILs exhibited resistant reaction to four P. tritici races that were used in glasshouse screening and they were also resistant in field environments at PCFS and MV. This study demonstrates that landrace comprises partial resistance in the range of resistant to moderately resistant lines.
Representation, Bicameralism, Political Equality, and Sortition: Reconstituting the Second Chamber as a Randomly Selected Assembly
Authors: Abizadeh Arash
Published: January 2020

The two traditional justifications for bicameralism are that a second legislative chamber serves a legislative-review function (enhancing the quality of legislation) and a balancing function (checking concentrated power and protecting minorities). I furnish here a third justification for bicameralism, with one elected chamber and the second selected by lot, as an institutional compromise between contradictory imperatives facing representative democracy: elections are a mechanism of people’s political agency and of accountability, but run counter to political equality and impartiality, and are insufficient for satisfactory responsiveness; sortition is a mechanism for equality and impartiality, and of enhancing responsiveness, but not of people’s political agency or of holding representatives accountable. Whereas the two traditional justifications initially grew out of anti-egalitarian premises (about the need for elite wisdom and to protect the elite few against the many), the justification advanced here is grounded in egalitarian premises about the need to protect state institutions from capture by the powerful few and to treat all subjects as political equals. Reflecting the “political” turn in political theory, I embed this general argument within the institutional context of Canadian parliamentary federalism, arguing that Canada’s Senate ought to be reconstituted as a randomly selected citizen assembly.
Time to (measure) change: Treatment trajectories of cognitive behavioural intervention effects in adults with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Lauth-Lebens Morena , Lauth Gerhard W.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Rationale: ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder of self-regulation that can persist into adulthood. Carefully designed longitudinal and even meta-analytical studies now inform about its developmental pathways and the underlying neurobiological substrates. Considerably less research efforts have been undertaken to examine the developmental course of changing symptomatic and functional impairments during the intervention period. Despite mainstream interest in the “active ingredients” of cognitive-behavioural interventions, their underlying processes have rarely been addressed until now. Insights into the treatment trajectories are needed and warranted and therefore subject of the present time-series analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is currently the first time-series analysis of interventional change processes in adult ADHD. Methods: Five patients received a clinical diagnosis of adult ADHD and underwent individual cognitive-behavioural treatment. Treatment provision has been defined as the independent variable and subjected to systematic variations by applying an A-B-A single case design. Symptomatic and functional improvements together with goal attainment and patient satisfaction are the dependent variables. They have been continuously assessed with established measures over a five-week baseline (A) and the entire intervention period (B) as well as during two follow-up measures (A). Visual inspections of treatment trajectories have been undertaken and complemented by the so-called percentage of nonoverlapping data (PND): Nonoverlapping data basically signify discriminative results under treatment compared to baseline conditions and therefore serve as a descriptive effect size measure. Results: All patients except one have attained clinically significant improvements in at least one dependent variable under treatment conditions. Differential outcomes can be discerned from the domain-specific and individual manifestation and magnitude of clinically significant effect sizes: Two clinically significant changes and one promising trend can be observed in symptom severity and goal attainment ratings. Executive relative to psychosocial functioning changes result in slightly higher effect sizes of one clinically significant improvement and two positive trends. Lowest effect sizes have been obtained for improvements in global functioning that seems least responsive to treatment. Discussion: Stepped intervention effects that range from symptom reduction and goal attainment to executive and psychosocial as well as global functioning can be detected. Positive trends tend to follow the module concerned with executive functioning training that qualifies as an “active ingredient.”
Suicide-Related Training, Self-Efficacy, and Mental Health Care Providers' Reactions Toward Suicidal Individuals
Authors: Mitchell Sean M. , Taylor Nathanael J. , Jahn Danielle R. , Roush Jared F. , Brown Sarah L. , Ries Richard , Quinnett Paul
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Background: Mental health care providers commonly encounter suicide ideation and suicidal behaviors among their patients despite a frequent lack of adequate knowledge and competence regarding suicide risk management. Aims: This study examined the associations among self-perceived sufficiency of training, self-efficacy, anxiety, and attitudes related to working with suicidal individuals. Method: Participants were 289 mental health care providers who completed a self-report survey. Results: Path analysis results indicated that perceived sufficiency of training was indirectly associated with negative attitudes (i.e., avoidance and discomfort) and cognitive and somatic anxiety about working with suicidal individuals through assessment self-efficacy. Limitations: The current study utilized cross-sectional data, and there were occupational heterogeneity and geographical homogeneity among the mental health care providers sampled. Conclusion: These findings suggest that sufficient suicide-related training focused on risk assessment may decrease mental health professionals' negative and anxious reactions toward suicidal individuals and enhance confidence in suicide risk management.
Experimental proof of Joule heating-induced switched-back regions in OLEDs
Authors: Kirch Anton , Fischer Axel , Liero Matthias , Fuhrmann Jürgen , Glitzky Annegret , Reineke Sebastian
Published: January 2020

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have become a major pixel technology in the display sector, with products spanning the entire range of current panel sizes. The ability to freely scale the active area to large and random surfaces paired with flexible substrates provides additional application scenarios for OLEDs in the general lighting, automotive, and signage sectors. These applications require higher brightness and, thus, current density operation compared to the specifications needed for general displays. As extended transparent electrodes pose a significant ohmic resistance, OLEDs suffering from Joule self-heating exhibit spatial inhomogeneities in electrical potential, current density, and hence luminance. In this article, we provide experimental proof of the theoretical prediction that OLEDs will display regions of decreasing luminance with increasing driving current. With a two-dimensional OLED model, we can conclude that these regions are switched back locally in voltage as well as current due to insufficient lateral thermal coupling. Experimentally, we demonstrate this effect in lab-scale devices and derive that it becomes more severe with increasing pixel size, which implies its significance for large-area, high-brightness use cases of OLEDs. Equally, these non-linear switching effects cannot be ignored with respect to the long-term operation and stability of OLEDs; in particular, they might be important for the understanding of sudden-death scenarios.
Electret formation in transition metal oxides by electrochemical amorphization
Authors: Kim Yong-Jin , Yang Chan-Ho
Published: January 2020

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) are an important class of materials that show a wide range of functionalities involving spin, charge, and lattice degrees of freedom. The strong correlation between electrons in d-orbitals and the multivalence nature give rise to a variety of exotic electronic states ranging from insulator to superconductor and cause intriguing phase competition phenomena. Despite a burst of research on the multifarious functionalities in TMOs, little attention has been paid to the formation and integration of an electret—a type of quasi-permanent electric field generator useful for nanoscale functional devices as an electric counterpart to permanent magnets. Here, we find that an electret can be created in LaMnO3 thin films by tip-induced electric fields, with a considerable surface height change, via solid-state electrochemical amorphization. The surface charge density of the formed electret area reaches ~400 nC cm−2 and persists without significant charge reduction for more than a year. The temporal evolution of the surface height, charge density, and electric potential are systematically examined by scanning probe microscopy. The underlying mechanism is theoretically analyzed based on a drift-diffusion-reaction model, suggesting that positively charged particles, which are likely protons produced by the dissociation of water, play crucial roles as trapped charges and a catalysis to trigger amorphization. Our finding opens a new horizon for multifunctional TMOs.
Normal-to-topological insulator martensitic phase transition in group-IV monochalcogenides driven by light
Authors: Zhou Jian , Zhang Shunhong , Li Ju
Published: January 2020

A material potentially exhibiting multiple crystalline phases with distinct optoelectronic properties can serve as a phase-change memory material. The sensitivity and kinetics can be enhanced when the two competing phases have large electronic structure contrast and the phase change process is diffusionless and martensitic. In this work, we theoretically and computationally illustrate that such a phase transition could occur in the group-IV monochalcogenide SnSe compound, which can exist in the quantum topologically trivial Pnma-SnSe and nontrivial $$Fm\bar 3m$$

F
m

3

¯

m

-SnSe phases. Furthermore, owing to the electronic band structure differences of these phases, a large contrast in the optical responses in the THz region is revealed. According to the thermodynamic theory for a driven dielectric medium, optomechanical control to trigger a topological phase transition using a linearly polarized laser with selected frequency, power and pulse duration is proposed. We further estimate the critical optical electric field to drive a barrierless transition that can occur on the picosecond timescale. This light actuation strategy does not require fabrication of mechanical contacts or electrical leads and only requires transparency. We predict that an optically driven phase transition accompanied by a large entropy difference can be used in an “optocaloric” cooling device.
Surface enhanced Raman scattering artificial nose for high dimensionality fingerprinting
Authors: Kim Nayoung , Thomas Michael R. , Bergholt Mads S. , Pence Isaac J. , Seong Hyejeong , Charchar Patrick , Todorova Nevena , Nagelkerke Anika , Belessiotis-Richards Alexis , Payne David J. , Gelmi Amy , Yarovsky Irene , Stevens Molly M.
Published: January 2020

Label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can interrogate systems by directly fingerprinting their components’ unique physicochemical properties. In complex biological systems however, this can yield highly overlapping spectra that hinder sample identification. Here, we present an artificial-nose inspired SERS fingerprinting approach where spectral data is obtained as a function of sensor surface chemical functionality. Supported by molecular dynamics modeling, we show that mildly selective self-assembled monolayers can influence the strength and configuration in which analytes interact with plasmonic surfaces, diversifying the resulting SERS fingerprints. Since each sensor generates a modulated signature, the implicit value of increasing the dimensionality of datasets is shown using cell lysates for all possible combinations of up to 9 fingerprints. Reliable improvements in mean discriminatory accuracy towards 100% are achieved with each additional surface functionality. This arrayed label-free platform illustrates the wide-ranging potential of high-dimensionality artificial-nose based sensing systems for more reliable assessment of complex biological matrices.
Directional Goldstone waves in polariton condensates close to equilibrium
Authors: Ballarini Dario , Caputo Davide , Dagvadorj Galbadrakh , Juggins Richard , Giorgi Milena De , Dominici Lorenzo , West Kenneth , Pfeiffer Loren N. , Gigli Giuseppe , Szymańska Marzena H. , Sanvitto Daniele
Published: January 2020

Quantum fluids of light are realized in semiconductor microcavities using exciton-polaritons, solid-state quasi-particles with a light mass and sizeable interactions. Here, we use the microscopic analogue of oceanographic techniques to measure the excitation spectrum of a thermalised polariton condensate. Increasing the fluid density, we demonstrate the transition from a free-particle parabolic dispersion to a linear, sound-like Goldstone mode characteristic of superfluids at equilibrium. Notably, we reveal the effect of an asymmetric pumping by showing that collective excitations are created with a definite direction with respect to the condensate. Furthermore, we measure the critical sound speed for polariton superfluids close to equilibrium.
Physical and virtual carbon metabolism of global cities
Authors: Chen Shaoqing , Chen Bin , Feng Kuishuang , Liu Zhu , Fromer Neil , Tan Xianchun , Alsaedi Ahmed , Hayat Tasawar , Weisz Helga , Schellnhuber Hans Joachim , Hubacek Klaus
Published: January 2020

Urban activities have profound and lasting effects on the global carbon balance. Here we develop a consistent metabolic approach that combines two complementary carbon accounts, the physical carbon balance and the fossil fuel-derived gaseous carbon footprint, to track carbon coming into, being added to urban stocks, and eventually leaving the city. We find that over 88% of the physical carbon in 16 global cities is imported from outside their urban boundaries, and this outsourcing of carbon is notably amplified by virtual emissions from upstream activities that contribute 33–68% to their total carbon inflows. While 13–33% of the carbon appropriated by cities is immediately combusted and released as CO2, between 8 and 24% is stored in durable household goods or becomes part of other urban stocks. Inventorying carbon consumed and stored for urban metabolism should be given more credit for the role it can play in stabilizing future global climate.
Clonal kinetics and single-cell transcriptional profiling of CAR-T cells in patients undergoing CD19 CAR-T immunotherapy
Authors: Sheih Alyssa , Voillet Valentin , Hanafi Laïla-Aïcha , DeBerg Hannah A. , Yajima Masanao , Hawkins Reed , Gersuk Vivian , Riddell Stanley R. , Maloney David G. , Wohlfahrt Martin E. , Pande Dnyanada , Enstrom Mark R. , Kiem Hans-Peter , Adair Jennifer E. , Gottardo Raphaël , Linsley Peter S. , Turtle Cameron J.
Published: January 2020

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has produced remarkable anti-tumor responses in patients with B-cell malignancies. However, clonal kinetics and transcriptional programs that regulate the fate of CAR-T cells after infusion remain poorly understood. Here we perform TCRB sequencing, integration site analysis, and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile CD8+ CAR-T cells from infusion products (IPs) and blood of patients undergoing CD19 CAR-T immunotherapy. TCRB sequencing shows that clonal diversity of CAR-T cells is highest in the IPs and declines following infusion. We observe clones that display distinct patterns of clonal kinetics, making variable contributions to the CAR-T cell pool after infusion. Although integration site does not appear to be a key driver of clonal kinetics, scRNA-seq demonstrates that clones that expand after infusion mainly originate from infused clusters with higher expression of cytotoxicity and proliferation genes. Thus, we uncover transcriptional programs associated with CAR-T cell behavior after infusion.
Discovery of bilaterian-type through-guts in cloudinomorphs from the terminal Ediacaran Period
Authors: Schiffbauer James D. , Selly Tara , Jacquet Sarah M. , Merz Rachel A. , Nelson Lyle L. , Strange Michael A. , Cai Yaoping , Smith Emily F.
Published: January 2020

The fossil record of the terminal Ediacaran Period is typified by the iconic index fossil Cloudina and its relatives. These tube-dwellers are presumed to be primitive metazoans, but resolving their phylogenetic identity has remained a point of contention. The root of the problem is a lack of diagnostic features; that is, phylogenetic interpretations have largely centered on the only available source of information—their external tubes. Here, using tomographic analyses of fossils from the Wood Canyon Formation (Nevada, USA), we report evidence of recognizable soft tissues within their external tubes. Although alternative interpretations are plausible, these internal cylindrical structures may be most appropriately interpreted as digestive tracts, which would be, to date, the earliest-known occurrence of such features in the fossil record. If this interpretation is correct, their nature as one-way through-guts not only provides evidence for establishing these fossils as definitive bilaterians but also has implications for the long-debated phylogenetic position of the broader cloudinomorphs.
PHD1 controls muscle mTORC1 in a hydroxylation-independent manner by stabilizing leucyl tRNA synthetase
Authors: D’Hulst Gommaar , Soro-Arnaiz Inés , Masschelein Evi , Veys Koen , Fitzgerald Gillian , Smeuninx Benoit , Kim Sunghoon , Deldicque Louise , Blaauw Bert , Carmeliet Peter , Breen Leigh , Koivunen Peppi , Zhao Shi-Min , De Bock Katrien
Published: January 2020

mTORC1 is an important regulator of muscle mass but how it is modulated by oxygen and nutrients is not completely understood. We show that loss of the prolyl hydroxylase domain isoform 1 oxygen sensor in mice (PHD1KO) reduces muscle mass. PHD1KO muscles show impaired mTORC1 activation in response to leucine whereas mTORC1 activation by growth factors or eccentric contractions was preserved. The ability of PHD1 to promote mTORC1 activity is independent of its hydroxylation activity but is caused by decreased protein content of the leucyl tRNA synthetase (LRS) leucine sensor. Mechanistically, PHD1 interacts with and stabilizes LRS. This interaction is promoted during oxygen and amino acid depletion and protects LRS from degradation. Finally, elderly subjects have lower PHD1 levels and LRS activity in muscle from aged versus young human subjects. In conclusion, PHD1 ensures an optimal mTORC1 response to leucine after episodes of metabolic scarcity.
Highly efficient all-inorganic perovskite solar cells with suppressed non-radiative recombination by a Lewis base
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhang Jie , Zhou Yingzhi , Liu Hongbin , Xue Qifan , Li Xiaosong , Chueh Chu-Chen , Yip Hin-Lap , Zhu Zonglong , Jen Alex K. Y.
Published: January 2020

All-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) have drawn increasing attention because of their outstanding thermal stability. However, their performance is still inferior than the typical organic-inorganic counterparts, especially for the devices with p-i-n configuration. Herein, we successfully employ a Lewis base small molecule to passivate the inorganic perovskite film, and its derived PVSCs achieved a champion efficiency of 16.1% and a certificated efficiency of 15.6% with improved photostability, representing the most efficient inverted all-inorganic PVSCs to date. Our studies reveal that the nitrile (C-N) groups on the small molecule effectively reduce the trap density of the perovskite film and thus significantly suppresses the non-radiative recombination in the derived PVSC by passivating the Pb-exposed surface, resulting in an improved open-circuit voltage from 1.10 V to 1.16 V after passivation. This work provides an insight in the design of functional interlayers for improving efficiencies and stability of all-inorganic PVSCs.
O-GlcNAc transferase inhibits visceral fat lipolysis and promotes diet-induced obesity
Authors: Yang Yunfan , Fu Minnie , Li Min-Dian , Zhang Kaisi , Zhang Bichen , Wang Simeng , Liu Yuyang , Ni Weiming , Ong Qunxiang , Mi Jia , Yang Xiaoyong
Published: January 2020

Excessive visceral fat accumulation is a primary risk factor for metabolically unhealthy obesity and related diseases. The visceral fat is highly susceptible to the availability of external nutrients. Nutrient flux into the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway leads to protein posttranslational modification byO-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties.O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is responsible for the addition of GlcNAc moieties to target proteins. Here, we report that inducible deletion of adipose OGT causes a rapid visceral fat loss by specifically promoting lipolysis in visceral fat. Mechanistically, visceral fat maintains a high level ofO-GlcNAcylation during fasting. Loss of OGT decreasesO-GlcNAcylation of lipid droplet-associated perilipin 1 (PLIN1), which leads to elevated PLIN1 phosphorylation and enhanced lipolysis. Moreover, adipose OGT overexpression inhibits lipolysis and promotes diet-induced obesity. These findings establish an essential role for OGT in adipose tissue homeostasis and indicate a unique potential for targetingO-GlcNAc signaling in the treatment of obesity.
A transcriptome-wide Mendelian randomization study to uncover tissue-dependent regulatory mechanisms across the human phenome
Authors: Richardson Tom G. , Hemani Gibran , Gaunt Tom R. , Relton Caroline L. , Davey Smith George
Published: January 2020

Developing insight into tissue-specific transcriptional mechanisms can help improve our understanding of how genetic variants exert their effects on complex traits and disease. In this study, we apply the principles of Mendelian randomization to systematically evaluate transcriptome-wide associations between gene expression (across 48 different tissue types) and 395 complex traits. Our findings indicate that variants which influence gene expression levels in multiple tissues are more likely to influence multiple complex traits. Moreover, detailed investigations of our results highlight tissue-specific associations, drug validation opportunities, insight into the likely causal pathways for trait-associated variants and also implicate putative associations at loci yet to be implicated in disease susceptibility. Similar evaluations can be conducted at http://mrcieu.mrsoftware.org/Tissue_MR_atlas/.
Edge stabilization in reduced-dimensional perovskites
Authors: Na Quan Li , Ma Dongxin , Zhao Yongbiao , Voznyy Oleksandr , Yuan Haifeng , Bladt Eva , Pan Jun , García de Arquer F. Pelayo , Sabatini Randy , Piontkowski Zachary , Emwas Abdul-Hamid , Todorović Petar , Quintero-Bermudez Rafael , Walters Grant , Fan James Z. , Liu Mengxia , Tan Hairen , Saidaminov Makhsud I. , Gao Liang , Li Yiying , Anjum Dalaver H. , Wei Nini , Tang Jiang , McCamant David W. , Roeffaers Maarten B. J. , Bals Sara , Hofkens Johan , Bakr Osman M. , Lu Zheng-Hong , Sargent Edward H.
Published: January 2020

Reduced-dimensional perovskites are attractive light-emitting materials due to their efficient luminescence, color purity, tunable bandgap, and structural diversity. A major limitation in perovskite light-emitting diodes is their limited operational stability. Here we demonstrate that rapid photodegradation arises from edge-initiated photooxidation, wherein oxidative attack is powered by photogenerated and electrically-injected carriers that diffuse to the nanoplatelet edges and produce superoxide. We report an edge-stabilization strategy wherein phosphine oxides passivate unsaturated lead sites during perovskite crystallization. With this approach, we synthesize reduced-dimensional perovskites that exhibit 97 ± 3% photoluminescence quantum yields and stabilities that exceed 300 h upon continuous illumination in an air ambient. We achieve green-emitting devices with a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 14% at 1000 cd m−2; their maximum luminance is 4.5 × 104 cd m−2 (corresponding to an EQE of 5%); and, at 4000 cd m−2, they achieve an operational half-lifetime of 3.5 h.
Structural basis of liprin-α-promoted LAR-RPTP clustering for modulation of phosphatase activity
Authors: Xie Xingqiao , Luo Ling , Liang Mingfu , Zhang Wenchao , Zhang Ting , Yu Cong , Wei Zhiyi
Published: January 2020

Leukocyte common antigen-related receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (LAR-RPTPs) are cell adhesion molecules involved in mediating neuronal development. The binding of LAR-RPTPs to extracellular ligands induces local clustering of LAR-RPTPs to regulate axon growth and synaptogenesis. LAR-RPTPs interact with synaptic liprin-α proteins via the two cytoplasmic phosphatase domains, D1 and D2. Here we solve the crystal structure of LAR_D1D2 in complex with the SAM repeats of liprin-α3, uncovering a conserved two-site binding mode. Cellular analysis shows that liprin-αs robustly promote clustering of LAR in cells by both the liprin-α/LAR interaction and the oligomerization of liprin-α. Structural analysis reveals a unique homophilic interaction of LAR via the catalytically active D1 domains. Disruption of the D1/D1 interaction diminishes the liprin-α-promoted LAR clustering and increases tyrosine dephosphorylation, demonstrating that the phosphatase activity of LAR is negatively regulated by forming clusters. Additionally, we find that the binding of LAR to liprin-α allosterically regulates the liprin-α/liprin-β interaction.