bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translating with an Injured Brain: Neurolinguistic Aspects of Translation as Revealed by Bilinguals with Cerebral Lesions
Authors: García Adolfo M.
Published: August 2015

Despite significant progress in the psycholinguistic study of translation, research on its neurological underpinnings has been limited and sparse. Translation scholars have recently taken an interest in relevant neuroscientific evidence, focusing on imaging studies. This paper addresses the issue by considering an equally important body of data: clinical evidence. Specifically, a hypothesis-driven analysis is offered of 21 cases of brain-lesioned bilinguals exhibiting translation disorders. Three neurofunctional and three neuroanatomical hypotheses are derived from the Revised Hierarchical Model and the Declarative/Procedural Model, respectively. Consistent with relevant predictions, the evidence suggests that there are neurofunctionally independent routes for translation, as opposed to monolingual speech production; backward, as opposed to forward, translation; and form-based, as opposed to conceptually mediated, translation. Available data further indicates that word and sentence translation are critically subserved by posterior brain areas implicated in declarative memory, and by frontobasal areas implicated in procedural memory, respectively. In addition, translation routes appear to be entirely left-lateralized.
I. Der Stellvertreter
Authors: Signori Gabriela
Published: August 2015

The Proxy, or: How Does a Face to Face Society Deal With Absence. In contemporary terminology of the late medieval social world, characterized by high spatial mobility as well as by legal pluralism, the proxy or agent represented a central legal instrument that allowed building bridges between both present and absent persons of different legal status. Agency was indispensable, because mobility often scattered the families - and in consequence the heritage - in all directions, and because for most merchants and artisans their affairs did not end at the town walls. This applied to nearly all branches of urban trade, not only to merchants, grocers, skippers or butchers engaged in livestock trade. Agency allowed to direct the circulation of money, goods and inheritance in legally secured paths beyond the town walls. This paper will focus on 340 proxy authorizations recorded in the Basel Liber judicij (1425-1437), an exceptional testimony, which lets the social profile of late medieval agencybe sharpened for the first time.
Gastbeitrag: A Letter from America
Authors: Whitman James Q.
Published: August 2015

This contribution describes the life and work of an American law professor who writes about European legal history. It is a sad truth that American interest in European scholarship has been in steady decline for some decades. The author remains a believer in the fundamental importance of European legal history despite that; the contribution describes his quarter century of research in the United States, and his efforts, not always successful, to convince his colleagues that Europe matters. After beginning his career working on the German history of Roman law, the author was drawn into topics that spoke more directly to the dilemmas and oddities of American life. Many of those topics involved the comparative legal history of dignity; more recently they have included work on criminal procedure and the law of war.
Ergänzungen zu „Deutsche Rechtsbücher des Mittelalters und ihre Handschriften“
Authors: Oppitz Ulrich-Dieter
Published: August 2015

Addendum to “German Law Books of the Middle Ages and their Manuscripts”. The article describes variations to the manuscripts and single leaves listed in U.-D. Oppitz’s “Deutsche Rechtsbücher des Mittelalters”, vol. II, Cologne 1990. It presents recently discovered manuscripts and single leaves of German-language customary law books. Special attention should be paid to No. 1214a, which contains sketches from a Zodiac manuscript on four leaves.
VI. Law, Custom, and Medieval Judges
Authors: Henderson Duane
Published: August 2015

The paper studies the practice of judging marital separation cases in the ecclesiastical court of Freising in the second half of the fifteenth century. The first chapter outlines the legal position for separating marriages from bed and board as practiced in the later Middle Ages, locating the practice between canon law, the communis opinio of legal scholars and regional traditions. Using the extensive documentation of the act books of the court in Freising, the paper then systematically analyses separation processes and judgement patterns under two judges. The results reveal a number of similarities, but also distinct differences between the way the two judges treated separation cases, indicating the importance of the role of the individual judge as a variable between the ius commune and regional legal traditions.
I. Maior pars – Mehrheitsdenken in der römischen Rechtskultur
Authors: Ernst Wolfgang
Published: August 2015

Maior pars - The concept of majority in Roman legal culture. The term maior pars is a cornerstone of majority-concepts in the western legal tradition. Relying on D. 50,17,160 (Ulp. 76 ed.) and D. 50,1,19 (Scaev. 1 quaest.), medieval writers, and in fact scholarship ever since, has ‘explained’ the Roman majority rule as the working of a fictio iuris: the will of the majority is taken to be the will of all. A full survey of the Roman sources dealing with maior pars challenges this view. For the Romans, being in a majority as such did not come with any power over the minority. Rather, controlling powers like the praetor’s imperium were exercised by giving preference to the views of the majority over that of the minority. There are no traces of attempts to legitimize this kind of ‘majority preference’ (as distinguished from ‘majority rule’). Further philosophical legitimization is not in fact warranted, since the only alternative would be to give preference to the views of the minority over those of the minority. Neither D. 50,17,160 nor D. 50,1,19 or any of the innumerable uses of maior pars supports the notion of a fictio iuris equating the will of the majority with the will of all. An idea of representation, however, can be traced back to the 3rd ct. communal curiae, albeit with a different emphasis: A sufficient number of decuriones assembled to make up the quorum were acknowledged to validly act as the curia.
II. ὅσα τις εἶχεν – ταῦτα ἔχειν: Eine rechtsvergleichende Studie zur Proklamation des Athener archon (eponymos)
Authors: Scheibelreiter Philipp
Published: August 2015

ὅσα τις εἶχεν - ταῦτα ἔχειν: A comparative legal study of the proclamation of the Athenian archon (eponymos): According to Athenaion Politeia 56, 2, one of the first official acts of the archon (eponymos) was his proclamation that „whatever any one possessed before he entered into office, that he shall possess and hold (ἔχειν καὶ κρατεῖν) until the end of his term“. By comparing the wording of this kerygma with that of the uti possidetis-clause used in international treaties of the 5th/4th century BC, but also the wording of the Roman interdictum uti possidetis, it is this study’s intention to shown that the kerygma can be interpreted as the archon’s proclamation of protection of possession.
III. Ad legem Glitiam
Authors: Buongiorno Pierangelo
Published: August 2015

Ad legem Glitiam. An enigmatic lex publica, the fasti of the years 21 and 22 AD and the form of the cognitory querela inofficiosi testamenti in the 1st century AD. The research investigates the contents of the enigmatic lex Glitia, whose comment Gaius discussed in a liber singularis of which only a fragment survives (in D. 5,2,4). In this regard, after the examination of this Gaian text and of its placement in the title 5,2 of the Digest, the author discusses: the prosopography of the gens Glitia of Falerii Novi, the consular fasti of the first Tiberian age (and therefore the date of the lex Glitia), and finally the elusive evidence relating to judicial bodies dealing out justice extra ordinem with regard to testamenta inofficiosa (eg. the septemviral college). It is concluded that the lex Glitia (21 or 22 AD) would probably have given an initial regulation to the cognitory querela with a structure which, however, is not known in detail.
IX. Die actio in duplum (ἡτοῦ διπλοῦ ἀπαίτησις) bei Sachbeschädigung – Ein Mysterium im byzantinischen Recht
Authors: Jong Hylkje de
Published: August 2015

Ἡ τοῦ διπλοῦ ἀπαίτησις (the actio in duplum) for wrongful damage - A mystery in Byzantine law. In addition to the actio legis Aquiliae utilis and the actio in factum from classical and justinianic law, for cases of indirectly caused damages, Byzantine law also grants an actio in duplum. In this actio in duplum, unlike the two remedies first mentioned, the fine increases to the twofold. Curiously enough, this doubling does not depend on whether or not the defendant denies the damage. In the Basilica we can find for cases of damage to property, when direct causation is lacking, two different remedies for claiming the double, the actio legis Aquiliae with litiscrescence and the actio in duplum. These remedies originate more or less from two different periods. The first remedy we mainly find in jurists from the sixth century. It was only applied in cases of direct caused damages, in which the defendant denied. The jurists do not yet mention the actio in duplum and substantively follow justinianic law. The second remedy we particularly find in late Byzantine law. In the period between the early and late Byzantine law Basilica remarks of jurists can be found who display a move from the actio legis Aquiliae with litiscrescense unto an independent actio in duplum. Because of contradictions, mistakes and differences of opinions no clear explanation for the development of the actio legis Aquiliae (utilis) and the actio in factum to an actio in duplum can be discovered.
Bemerkungen zu den leges libitinariae
Authors: Nörr Dieter
Published: August 2015

Remarks on the leges libitinariae. The article deals with several juridical aspects of the socalled leges libitinariae both from Puteoli and Cumae. It includes only minor hints to problems of criminal law. The focus is on the concepts of (munus) publicum and multa, characteristics of societas publicanorum as to small enterprises, personal responsibility of manceps (redemptor, conductor), jurisdiction in municipalities (recuperatores and iudex unus), appropriate formula (condictio incerti ex lege?), the legal nature of the leges (leges locationis - leges coloniae (municipii)?). To many of our questions, there is more than one possible answer, or even none. This originates not only in the fragmentary state of the leges’ transmission, but first of all, in our lack of knowledge of the historical and juridical background.
Die staatsrechtliche Situation beim Tod des Augustus
Authors: Castritius Helmut
Published: August 2015

The death of Augustus concerning public law. The author suggests a new explanation for the hesitation of Tiberius to take possession of the full power after the death of Augustus. It was not an attitude of deception or an insidious game, but rather the missing of an official competence at this moment.
Der „Schlag des Schusters“ (D. 19,2,13,4 u. D. 9,2,5,3) aus (rechts-)medizinischer und philologischer Sicht: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Contrecoup-Fraktur
Authors: Witt Mathias
Published: August 2015

The Cobbler’s Beat (D. 19.2.13.4 and D. 9.2.5.3) From a Forensic and Philological View: A Contribution to the History of the Contrecoup-Fracture. In the Digests, the case of a cobbler is mentioned; as a punishment he hits a clumsy apprentice so hard on the neck with a last that the boy is blinded on one eye. In the following the case is examined from a philological and medical point of view, in which a new explanation of the seemingly quaint mechanism of injury will be suggested.
Wie der weise Accursius für einen Narren gehalten wurde: Die Geschichte eines missverstandenen Scherzes
Authors: Maragno Giorgia
Published: August 2015

How the wise Accursius was taken for a fool: the story of a misunderstood jest. Against the backdrop of the alleged ‚legal transfer‘ from the Greeks to the Romans during the process of drafting the XII Tables, at which Pomponius hints in D. 1,2,2,4, Accursius reports (Gl. constitui) the well-known dialogue in gestures between a wise Greek and a Roman fool. In this story he also seems to make a paradoxical reference to the dogma of Trinity. This passage has been subjected during the centuries to three different approaches: 1) it is a fabula, which Accursius believes to be historia, revealing his total ignorance of ancient history; 2) it is historia not only in Accursius’ opinion, but also for some later scholars, who follow his authority on the matter; 3) Accursius knows it is a fabula, a iocus, a nuga, and he wittingly tells it as such. An accurate analysis of the gloss shows that the third interpretation is the soundest: Accursius was acquainted with the ancient tradition about the embassy to Athens and considered it to be no more than a fabula. He tells this ‚dialogue of mutes‘ with the purpose of stressing the pre-eminence of Roman law over Greek law.
Experimental characterization of vegetation uprooting by flow
Authors: Edmaier K. , Crouzy B. , Perona P.
Published: August 2015

We investigate vegetation uprooting by flow for Avena sativa seedlings with stem‐to‐sediment size ratio close to unity and vanishing obstacle‐induced scouring. By inducing parallel riverbed erosion within an experimental flume, we measure the time‐to‐uprooting in relation to root anchoring and flow drag forces. We link the erosion rate to the uprooting timescales for seedlings with varying mean root length. We show that the process of continuous erosion leading to uprooting resembles that of mechanical fatigue where system collapsing occurs after a given exposure time. By this analogy, we also highlight the nonlinear role of the residual root anchoring versus the flow drag acting on the canopy when uprooting occurs. As a generalization, we propose a framework to extend our results to time‐dependent erosion rates, which typically occur for real river hydrographs. Finally, we discuss how the characteristic timescale of plant uprooting by flow erosion suggests that vegetation survival is conditioned by multiple erosion events and their interarrival time.
Long‐range transport across the Atlantic in summertime does not enhance the hygroscopicity of African mineral dust
Authors: Denjean C. , Caquineau S. , Desboeufs K. , Laurent B. , Maille M. , Quiñones Rosado M. , Vallejo P. , Mayol‐Bracero O. L. , Formenti P.
Published: August 2015

We present the first direct evidence that the hygroscopic properties of super micron (>1 µm) African dust particles did not change despite undergoing long‐range transport across the Atlantic toward the Caribbean. Concurrent measurements of chemical composition show that most of mineral dust was chemically unprocessed and externally mixed. A minor portion of mineral dust was internally mixed with sulfate and chloride (~13–24% by number) or aggregated with sea‐salt particles (~3–6%). Only dust particles aggregated with sea salt showed significant hygroscopic growth above 75% relative humidity (RH), resulting in a decrease in extinction mass efficiency by up to a factor 2.2. All other dust particles did not take up significant amounts of water when exposed to up to 94% RH. These results demonstrate that the direct radiative effect of African dust in this region remained independent of RH and an external mixing state could be considered for evaluating the climate effects of dust.
Grounding line retreat of Totten Glacier, East Antarctica, 1996 to 2013
Authors: Li Xin , Rignot Eric , Morlighem Mathieu , Mouginot Jeremie , Scheuchl Bernd
Published: August 2015

Totten Glacier, East Antarctica, a glacier that holds a 3.9 m sea level change equivalent, has thinned and lost mass for decades. We map its grounding line positions in 1996 and 2013 using differential radar interferometry (InSAR) data and develop precise, high‐resolution topographies of its ice surface and ice draft using NASA Operation IceBridge data, InSAR data, and a mass conservation method. We detect a 1 to 3 km retreat of the grounding line in 17 years. The retreat is asymmetrical along a two‐lobe pattern, where ice is only grounded a few 10 m above sea level, or ice plain, which may unground further with only modest amounts of ice thinning. The pattern of retreat indicates ice thinning of 12 m in 17 years or 0.7±0.1 m/yr at the grounding line on average. Sustained thinning will cause further grounding line retreat but may not be conducive to a marine instability.
On the contribution of plasma sheet bubbles to the storm time ring current
Authors: Yang Jian , Toffoletto Frank R. , Wolf Richard A. , Sazykin Stanislav
Published: August 2015

Particle injections occur frequently inside 10 Re during geomagnetic storms. They are commonly associated with bursty bulk flows or plasma sheet bubbles transported from the tail to the inner magnetosphere. Although observations and theoretical arguments have suggested that they may have an important role in storm time dynamics, this assertion has not been addressed quantitatively. In this paper, we investigate which process is dominant for the storm time ring current buildup: large‐scale enhanced convection or localized bubble injections. We use the Rice Convection Model‐Equilibrium (RCM‐E) to model a series of idealized storm main phases. The boundary conditions at 14–15 Re on the nightside are adjusted to randomly inject bubbles to a degree roughly consistent with observed statistical properties. A test particle tracing technique is then used to identify the source of the ring current plasma. We find that the contribution of plasma sheet bubbles to the ring current energy increases from ~20% for weak storms to ~50% for moderate storms and levels off at ~61% for intense storms, while the contribution of trapped particles decreases from ~60% for weak storms to ~30% for moderate and ~21% for intense storms. The contribution of nonbubble plasma sheet flux tubes remains ~20% on average regardless of the storm intensity. Consistent with previous RCM and RCM‐E simulations, our results show that the mechanisms for plasma sheet bubbles enhancing the ring current energy are (1) the deep penetration of bubbles and (2) the bulk plasma pushed ahead of bubbles. Both the bubbles and the plasma pushed ahead typically contain larger distribution functions than those in the inner magnetosphere at quiet times. An integrated effect of those individual bubble injections is the gradual enhancement of the storm time ring current. We also make two predictions testable against observations. First, fluctuations over a time scale of 5–20 min in the plasma distributions and electric field can be seen in the central ring current region for the storm main phase. We find that the plasma pressure and the electric field EY there vary over about 10%–30% and 50%–300% of the background values, respectively. Second, the maximum plasma pressure and magnetic field depression in the central ring current region during the main phase are well correlated with the Dst index.
Scoria cones on Mars: Detailed investigation of morphometry based on high‐resolution digital elevation models
Authors: Brož Petr , Čadek Ondřej , Hauber Ernst , Rossi Angelo Pio
Published: August 2015

We analyze the shapes of 28 hypothesized scoria cones in three regions on Mars, i.e., Ulysses and Hydraotes Colles and Coprates Chasma. Using available High‐Resolution Imaging Science Experiment and Context Camera (CTX) digital elevation models, we determine the basic morphometric characteristics of the cones and estimate from ballistic modeling the physical parameters of volcanic eruptions that could have formed them. When compared to terrestrial scoria cones, most of the studied cones show larger volumes (up to 4.2 × 109 m3), larger heights (up to 573 m), and smaller average slopes. The average slopes of the Ulysses, Hydraotes, and Coprates cones range between 7° and 25°, and the maximum slopes only rarely exceed 30°, which suggests only a minor role of scoria redistribution by avalanching. Ballistic analysis indicates that all cones were formed in a similar way, and their shapes are consistent with an ejection velocity about 2 times larger and a particle size about 20 times smaller than on Earth. Our results support the hypothesis that the investigated edifices were formed by low‐energy Strombolian volcanic eruptions and hence are equivalent to terrestrial scoria cones. The cones in Hydraotes Colles and Coprates Chasma are on average smaller and steeper than the cones in Ulysses Colles, which is likely due to the difference in topographic elevation and the associated difference in atmospheric pressure. This study provides the expected morphometric characteristics of Martian scoria cones, which can be used to identify landforms consistent with this type of activity elsewhere on Mars and distinguish them from other conical edifices.
Spatial and temporal variation of dissolved organic matter in the Changjiang: Fluvial transport and flux estimation
Authors: Bao Hongyan , Wu Ying , Zhang Jing
Published: August 2015

The Changjiang is the most important source of freshwater and dissolved organic matter (DOM) for the East China Sea. However, knowledge regarding the sources, seasonal fluxes, and fluvial transport of terrigenous DOM (tDOM) in the Changjiang is lacking. To fill this knowledge gap, we measured dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved lignin in water samples collected in the middle and lower Changjiang under different hydrological conditions. Additional samples were collected biweekly in the lower Changjiang. Through comparisons with other rivers, we found that the DOC in the Changjiang is mainly from soil organic matter and has a higher fraction of tDOM during flood. Mass balance model results indicate that approximately 33% of the dissolved lignin discharged into the middle and lower Changjiang is removed during its transport to the lower reach during both low‐discharge and flood periods. Based on a comparison of the removal rates under these two contrasting hydrological conditions and considering the lower organic carbon content and fine grain size of the Changjiang's suspended particles, we speculate that the major process for the removal of dissolved lignin is sorption, and potentially flocculation by suspended particles. Changjiang discharges 1.4 ± 0.10 Tg yr−1 and 8.6 ± 0.30 Gg yr−1 DOC and dissolved lignin to the estuary during the period of July 2010 to June 2011, respectively. Seasonal distributions of DOC and dissolved lignin fluxes are controlled by water discharge, which will be affected by future climate change and the Three Gorges Dam.
One‐Pot Fabrication of Dendritic NiO@carbon–nitrogen Dot Electrodes for Screening Blood Glucose Level in Diabetes
Authors: Akhtar Naeem , El‐Safty Sherif A. , Abdelsalam Mamdouh E. , Kawarada Hiroshi
Published: August 2015

Selective and sensitive glucose sensors with fast response for screening diabetic blood level are demanded. In this paper, the one‐pot nanoarchitecture of dendritic NiO@carbon–nitrogen (C–N) dots (designated as NCD) sphere‐wrapping Ni foam electrodes are reported as an effective and sensitive glucose sensor in blood samples. In this construction design, the NCD sphere electrode with excessive surface defects, large fractions of catalytic active sites, high surface area, and mobility of electron transfer through the actively surface NCD sphere can massively enhance the electrocatalytic activity for nonenzymatic glucose detection in diabetic blood. This portable sensor enables highly sensitive recognition of glucose detection (≈0.01 × 10−6m) over a wider linear range (≈0.005–12 × 10−3m) with rapid response time of a few seconds. The key result is that the engineered NCD sphere electrodes function as simple, easy‐to‐use electrochemical sensing assays of glucose levels in diabetic blood patients with a wide range of precision or linearity, recyclability, and excellent selectivity, even in the presence of potentially interfering organic (ascorbic acid, uric acid, dopamine, lactose, maltose, and sucrose) and inorganic (NaCl, Na2SO4, KCl, and K2SO4) species. The results demonstrate the potential for the electrochemical sensors to be used in preventing serious health problems associated with diabetes mismanagement.
Interface Adhesion between 2D Materials and Elastomers Measured by Buckle Delaminations
Authors: Brennan Christopher J. , Nguyen Jessica , Yu Edward T. , Lu Nanshu
Published: August 2015

2D systems have great promise as next generation electronic materials but require intimate knowledge of their interactions with their neighbors for device fabrication and mechanical manipulation. Although adhesion between 2D materials and stiff substrates such as silicon and copper has been measured, adhesion between 2D materials and soft polymer substrates remains difficult to characterize due to the large deformability of the polymer substrates. In this work, a buckling‐based metrology for measuring the adhesion energy between few layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and soft elastomeric substrates is proposed and demonstrated. Due to large elastic mismatch, few layer MoS2 flakes can form spontaneous wrinkles and buckle‐delaminations on elastomer substrates during exfoliation. MoS2‐elastomer interface toughness can therefore be calculated from the buckle delamination profile measured by atomic force microscopy. The thickness of the MoS2 flake is obtained by analyzing coexisting wrinkles on the same flake. Using this approach, adhesion of few layer MoS2 to 10:1 Sylgard 184 polydimethylsiloxane is measured to be 18 ± 2 mJ m−2, which is about an order of magnitude below graphene‐to‐stiff‐substrate adhesion. Finally, this simple methodology can be generalized to obtain adhesion energies between various combinations of 2D materials and deformable substrates.
On the Li Intercalation Kinetics in Tree‐like WO3 Electrodes and Their Implementation in Fast Switchable Electrochromic Devices
Authors: Giannuzzi Roberto , Balandeh Mehrdad , Mezzetti Alessandro , Meda Laura , Pattathil Praveen , Gigli Giuseppe , Di Fonzo Fabio , Manca Michele
Published: August 2015

Fast switchable electrochromic devices can be realized through the implementation of engineered quasi‐1D WO3 nanostructures. Three different batches of WO3 working electrodes have been fabricated by controlling the self‐assembly process of the evaporating WO3 clusters to build up a forest of high aspect‐ratio tree‐like nanostructures that conjugate the peculiar features of 1D nanoarchitectures (which are characterized by relatively fast electron transport) and those ones of isotropic mesoporous films (which are characterized by relatively high surface area). Their unique morphological prerogatives have been favorably exploited to achieve good coloration efficiency (65 cm2 C−1 at 660 nm) and exceptionally short coloration time (<1 s at an applied voltage of 1.3 V). Both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic intermittent titration analyses have been carried out to elucidate the impact of their nanoscale architecture on the Li insertion kinetics. Crystalline and amorphous building blocks have been tested while keeping the same nanoarchitecture, which exhibited two different electrochromic behaviors.
Myelodysplastic syndromes: 2015 Update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification and management
Authors: Garcia‐Manero Guillermo
Published: August 2015

Disease overview: The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a very heterogeneous group of myeloid disorders characterized by peripheral blood cytopenias and increased risk of transformation to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). MDS occurs more frequently in older males and in individuals with prior exposure to cytotoxic therapy.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis of MDS is based on morphological evidence of dysplasia upon visual examination of a bone marrow aspirate and biopsy. Information obtained from additional studies such as karyotype, flow cytometry, or molecular genetics is complementary but not diagnostic.

Risk‐stratification: Prognosis of patients with MDS can be calculated using a number of scoring systems. In general, all these scoring systems include analysis of peripheral cytopenias, percentage of blasts in the bone marrow, and cytogenetic characteristics. The most commonly used system still is probably the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS). IPSS is being replaced by the new revised score IPSS‐R.

Risk‐adapted therapy: Therapy is selected based on risk, transfusion needs, percent of bone marrow blasts, and more recently cytogenetic and mutational profiles. Goals of therapy are different in lower risk patients than in higher risk. In lower risk, the goal is to decrease transfusion needs and transformation to higher risk disease or AML, as well as to improve survival. In higher risk, the goal is to prolong survival. Current available therapies include growth factor support, lenalidomide, hypomethylating agents, intensive chemotherapy, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The use of lenalidomide has significant clinical activity in patients with lower risk disease, anemia, and a chromosome 5 alteration. 5‐Azacitidine and decitabine have activity in higher risk MDS. 5‐Azacitidine has been shown to improve survival in higher risk MDS. A number of new molecular lesions have been described in MDS that may serve as new therapeutic targets or aid in the selection of currently available agents. Additional supportive care measures may include the use of prophylactic antibiotics and iron chelation.

Management of progressive or refractory disease: At the present time there are no approved interventions for patients with progressive or refractory disease particularly after hypomethylating based therapy. Options include participation in a clinical trial or cytarabine based therapy and stem cell transplantation. Am. J. Hematol. 90:832–841, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polo‐like kinase and its inhibitors: Ready for the match to start?
Authors: Palmisiano Neil D. , Kasner Margaret T.
Published: August 2015

Polo‐like kinases (Plks) plays a central role in the normal cell cycle and their upregulation has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple human cancers. Preclinical work demonstrates that targeting Plk has a significant impact on the treatment of both solid and hematologic malignancies in vitro and in vivo. We review here the basic science and clinical work to date with the Plks as well as future directions with this novel class of mitotic inhibitors. Am. J. Hematol. 90:1071–1076, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stimuli‐Responsive DNA‐Functionalized Nano‐/Microcontainers for Switchable and Controlled Release
Authors: Lu Chun‐Hua , Willner Itamar
Published: August 2015

Stimuli‐responsive DNA‐functionalized nano‐ and microcontainers composed of mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticles (MP SiO2 NPs), microcapsules, or micelles/vesicles act as carriers for the transport and release of drugs. The information encoded in the DNA sequences provides instructive information for the gating of drug‐loaded pores of MP SiO2 NPs, for the assembly and degradation of microcapsules or lipid–DNA micelles/vesicles, and for the targeting of nano‐/microcontainers to cancer cells. Different triggers are applied to release the drugs loaded in the nano‐/microcontainers by unlocking the pores of the MP SiO2 NPs or by degradation of the containers. These include the use of switchable DNA nanostructures (nucleic acid hairpins, i‐motif, G‐quadruplexes) and the implementation of chemical, thermal, or photonic stimuli. Also, catalytic processes stimulated by DNAzymes or enzymes are used to release drugs from the nano‐/microcontainers.
Aging of polyamide 11. Part 3: Multiscale model predicting the mechanical properties after hydrolytic degradation
Authors: Mazan Tobiasz , Jørgensen Jens Kjær , Echtermeyer Andreas
Published: August 2015

A holistic general multiscale model of polymer degradation has been applied to predict the mechanical properties of polyamide 11 after the hydrolytic ageing. Results for elastic modulus, tensile strength, and embrittlement threshold have been compared with experimental aging in deoxygenated water at 120°C. For all studied properties the modeled trend is close to the experimental test results confirming hydrolysis induced chain scission and chemicrystalization as the two main mechanisms of property change. This suggests that the multiscale modeling methodology can provide a valuable alternative to accelerated aging tests. The model also indicated that the crystalline phase does play a role in the plastic deformation. Moreover, the mechanical equilibrium between effects of macromolecule degradation and an increased degree of crystallinity has been described. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42792.
Synthesis and Screening of Human Monoamine Oxidase‐A Inhibitor Effect of New 2‐Pyrazoline and Hydrazone Derivatives
Authors: Evranos‐Aksöz Begüm , Baysal İpek , Yabanoğlu‐Çiftçi Samiye , Djikic Teodora , Yelekçi Kemal , Uçar Gülberk , Ertan Rahmiye
Published: August 2015

A group of 3,5‐diaryl‐2‐pyrazoline and hydrazone derivatives was prepared via the reaction of various chalcones with hydrazide compounds in ethanol. Twenty original compounds were synthesized. Ten of these original compounds have a pyrazoline structure, nine of these original compounds have a hydrazone structure, and one of these original compounds has a chalcone structure. Structural elucidation of the compounds was performed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectral data, and elemental analyses. These compounds were tested for their inhibitory activities toward the A and B isoforms of human monoamine oxidase (MAO). Except for 3k and 6c, all compounds were found to be competitive, reversible, and selective inhibitors for either one of the isoforms (hMAO‐A or MAO‐B). Compounds 3k and 6c were found to be competitive, reversible, but non‐selective MAO inhibitors. Compound 6h showed hMAO‐B inhibitory activity whereas the others potently inhibited hMAO‐A. Compound 5c showed higher selectivity than the standard drug moclobemide. According to the experimental Ki values, compounds 6i, 6d, and 6a exhibited the highest inhibitory activity toward hMAO‐A. The AutoDock 4.2 program was employed to perform automated molecular docking. The calculated results obtained computationally were in good agreement with the experimental values.
A Ratiometric Luminescent Thermometer Co‐doped with Lanthanide and Transition Metals
Authors: Li Zhiqiang , Hou Zhaohui , Ha Denghui , Li Huanrong
Published: August 2015

Herein, we report the fabrication of a sensitive ratiometric and colorimetric luminescent thermometer with a wide operating‐temperature range, from cryogenic temperatures up to high temperatures, through the combination of lanthanide and transition metal complexes. Benefiting from the transition metal complex as a self‐reference, the lanthanide content in the mixed‐coordination complex, Eu0.05(Mebip‐mim bromine)0.15Zn0.95(Mebip‐mim bromine)1.9, was lowered to 5 %.
Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model to identify mechanisms contributing to entacapone low bioavailability
Authors: Alqahtani Saeed , Kaddoumi Amal
Published: August 2015

Entacapone is an inhibitor of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) and is being used to extend the therapeutic effect of levodopa in patients with advanced and fluctuating Parkinson's disease. Entacapone has low and variable oral bioavailability and the underlying mechanism(s) for this behavior have not been studied. To explain such behavior and to characterize the dynamic changes in the metabolism of entacapone, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model was developed integrating in silico, in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic data. The model was developed and verified in healthy volunteers and subsequently expanded to predict the pharmacokinetic parameters of entacapone phosphate, a prodrug of entacapone, and to assess the impact of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of entacapone. Low and inter‐individual variability in bioavailability could be attributed to the extensive first‐pass metabolism by UGTs in the liver and, to a lesser extent, the small intestine. The predictive performance of this model was acceptable with predicted Cmax, AUC and PD parameters lying within 20% of the observed data. The model indicates that the low bioavailability could be attributed to the extensive first‐pass effect of entacapone. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Religion‐Related Child Maltreatment: A Profile of Cases Encountered by Legal and Social Service Agencies
Authors: Bottoms Bette L. , Goodman Gail S. , Tolou‐Shams Marina , Diviak Kathleen R. , Shaver Phillip R.
Published: August 2015

Religion can foster, facilitate, and be used to justify child maltreatment. Yet religion‐related child abuse and neglect have received little attention from social scientists. We examined 249 cases of religion‐related child maltreatment reported to social service agencies, police departments, and prosecutors’ offices nationwide. We focused on cases involving maltreatment perpetrated by persons with religious authority, such as ministers and priests; the withholding of medical care for religious reasons; and abusive attempts to rid a child of supposed evil. By providing a descriptive statistical profile of the major features of these cases, we illustrate how these varieties of religion‐related child maltreatment occur, who the victims and perpetrators are, and how religion‐related child abuse and neglect are reported and processed by the social service and criminal justice systems. We end with a call for greater research attention to these important offenses against children. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Family of 12‐Azametallacrown‐4 Structural Motif with Heterometallic MnIII‐Ln‐MnIII‐Ln (Ln=Dy, Er, Yb, Tb, Y) Alternate Arrangement and Single‐Molecule Magnet Behavior
Authors: Yang Hua , Cao Fan , Li Dacheng , Zeng Suyuan , Song You , Dou Jianmin
Published: August 2015

Mixed 3d–4f 12‐azametallacrown‐4 complexes, [Mn2Ln2(OH)2(hppt)4(OAc)2(DMF)2]⋅2 DMF⋅H2O [Ln=Dy (1), Er (2), Yb (3), Tb (4) and Y (5), H2hppt=3‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐5‐(pyrazin‐2‐yl)‐1,2,4‐triazole)], were synthesized by reactions of H2hppt with Mn(OAc)2⋅4 H2O and Ln(NO3)3⋅6 H2O. This is the first 3d–4f azametallacrown family to incorporate Ln ions into the ring sets. These isostructural complexes exhibit alternating arrangements of two Mn and two Ln ions in the rings with each pair of metal centers bound by an NN group and μ2‐O bridging. Magnetic measurements revealed dominant antiferromagnetic interactions between metal centers, and frequency‐dependent out‐of‐phase (${\chi {^\prime}{^\prime}_{\rm{M}} }$) signals below 4 K suggest slow relaxation of magnetization.
Di‐tert‐Butyl Peroxide‐Mediated Atom‐Transfer Radical Addition of 2‐Chlorodithiane to Aryl Alkynes under Mild Conditions
Authors: Lai Junshan , Tian Lixia , Liang Yongping , Zhang Yuan , Xie Xingang , Fang Bowen , Tang Shouchu
Published: August 2015

Atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) of 2‐chlorodithiane onto aryl alkynes through the use of di‐tert‐butyl peroxide as an oxidant at room temperature directly affords a variety of synthetically valuable β‐chloro‐(Z)‐vinyl dithianes in good yields with high regioselectivities and without the assistance of any transition metals. It provides an operationally simple pathway to access vinyl dithianes with controlled formation of a new C(sp2)C bond and a C(sp2)Cl bond.
HF‐free synthesis of MIL‐101(Cr) and its hydrogen adsorption studies
Authors: Rallapalli Phani B. S. , Raj Manoj C. , Senthilkumar S. , Somani Rajesh S. , Bajaj Hari C.
Published: August 2015

The present study focused on the hydrofluoric acid (HF) free synthesis of chromium based metal organic framework, MIL‐101(Cr) and its application for hydrogen storage. MIL‐101(Cr) has been synthesized hydrothermally using HF, acetic acid, perfluorobenzoic acid, and without acid. The characterization of the synthesized materials were carried out using powder X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and surface area (BET) by nitrogen adsorption isotherm at 77 K. The results demonstrated that acetic acid mediated synthesized MIL‐101(Cr) exhibited higher surface area and pore volume than those synthesized with other organic acids. This may be due to the enhanced dissolution of terephthalic acid in the presence of acetic acid which facilitates the formation of MIL‐101(Cr) nuclei during the synthesis. A comparison of conventional and HF free‐synthesized MIL‐101(Cr) for hydrogen adsorption capacity determined at 77 K up to 4500 kPa revealed that MIL‐101(Cr) synthesized using acetic acid exhibited higher hydrogen adsorption capacity (5.6 wt %) than the MIL‐101(Cr) synthesized with perfluorobenzoic acid (3.7 wt %) and without acid (4.8%). However, it is slightly less than the H2 adsorption capacity of MIL‐101(Cr) synthesized using HF (6.1 wt %). The higher H2 adsorption capacity of MIL‐101(Cr) synthesized using acetic acid can be attributed to the better terephthalate–chromium interaction which facilitates the formation of more crystalline product thereby creating more unsaturated metal centers in MIL‐101(Cr). The present study suggested that acetic acid may be a suitable alternative for highly corrosive and hazardous HF which led to easier preparation of MIL‐101(Cr) for the large‐scale production and applications. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 461–468, 2016
Population vulnerability to storm surge flooding in coastal Virginia, USA
Authors: Liu Hua , Behr Joshua G , Diaz Rafael
Published: August 2015

This study aims to assess the vulnerability of populations to storm surge flooding in 12 coastal localities of Virginia, USA. Population vulnerability is assessed by way of 3 physical factors (elevation, slope, and storm surge category), 3 built-up components (road availability, access to hospitals, and access to shelters), and 3 household conditions (storm preparedness, financial constraints to recovering from severe weather events, and health fragility). Fuzzy analysis is used to generate maps illustrating variation in several types of population vulnerability across the region. When considering physical factors and household conditions, the most vulnerable neighborhoods to sea level rise and storm surge flooding are largely found in urban areas. However, when considering access to critical infrastructure, we find rural residents to be more vulnerable than nonrural residents. These detailed assessments can inform both local and state governments in catastrophic planning. In addition, the methodology may be generalized to assess vulnerability in other coastal corridors and communities. The originality is highlighted by evaluating socioeconomic conditions at refined scale, incorporating a broader range of human perceptions and predispositions, and employing a geoinformatics approach combining physical, built-up, and socioeconomic conditions for population vulnerability assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:500–509. © 2015 SETAC

Key Points

The most vulnerable neighborhoods to storm surge flooding are largely found in urban areas when considering physical factors and household resilience conditions. It is found that rural residents relative to nonrural residents to be more vulnerable when considering access to critical infrastructure. The methodology may be generalized to assess vulnerability in other coastal corridors and communities, where the assessments can inform both local and state governments in catastrophic planning. This population vulnerability assessment presents a unique approach by evaluating socioeconomic conditions at a refined scale, incorporating a broad range of human perceptions and predispositions, and employing a geoinformatics approach combining physical, built-up, and socioeconomic conditions.
Antimicrobial effect and biocompatibility of novel metallic nanocrystalline implant coatings
Authors: Gosau Martin , Haupt Michael , Thude Sibylle , Strowitzki Martin , Schminke Boris , Buergers Ralf
Published: August 2015

Aim

The present in vitro study was designed to evaluate the surface characteristics, biocompatibilities and antimicrobial effects of experimental titanium implant surfaces, coated by nanocrystalline silver, copper, and bismuth. Biocompatible and antimicrobial implant modifications could result in reduced biofilm formation on implant surfaces and therefore in less periimplant inflammation.

Findings

Titanium discs (thickness 1 mm and 12 mm in diameter) were coated by pulsed magnetron‐sputtering of nanocrystalline metals (bismuth, copper, and silver). Bismuth coatings revealed higher surface roughness values in comparison to silver and copper coatings via atomic force microscopy. Ion release after 168 h in culture medium was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry and showed significant different amounts of released copper (>120 000 µg/L), silver (550 µg/L) or bismuth (80 µg/L). No cytotoxic effect on HaCaT cell proliferation was detected on the uncoated Ti/TiO2 reference surfaces, the bismuth coatings and silver coatings. In contrast, copper‐coated discs showed a strong cytotoxic effect. All three coatings exhibited antimicrobial effects by trend in the fluorometric Resazurin testing and significant localized antibacterial effects in live/dead microscopy after incubation of the specimens for 150 min in bacterial solution of S. epidermidis.

Conclusions

The tested metallic implant coatings (silver and bismuth) allowed surface modifications that may improve therapeutic approaches to biofilm prevention on dental implants. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1571–1579, 2016.
Production of acidic xylooligosaccharides from methylglucuronoarabinoxylans by Bacillus subtilis strain MR44
Authors: Wei Lusha , Rhee Mun Su , Preston James F , Chen Hui
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND

Bacillus subtilis 168 secretes endoxylanases Xyn11A and Xyn30C and arabinofuranohydrolase Axh43 that process xylans in hemicellulose fractions. Engineered strain MR44 with a deletion in the xynA gene encoding Xyn11A, converts hardwood methylglucuronoxylans (MeGXn) of dicots to defined acidic xylooligosaccharides (U‐XOS) with a single methylglucuronate linked to xylooligosaccharides with an average ratio of one methylglucuronate to 6–7 xyloses as value‐added products. The MR44 strain also secretes Axh43 that catalyses release of arabinose from methylglucuronoarabinoxylans (MeGAXn) of monocots.

RESULTS

MR44 strain efficiently processes sorghum MeGAXn with 493 mg g−1 yields of purified U‐XOS. 1H‐NMR analysis of U‐XOS purified by anion exchange chromatography structurally defined the U‐XOS with an average degree of polymerization of xylose units (DP) of 11–12 and a single 4‐O‐methyl‐glucuronic acid α‐1,2‐linked on average to one of 11–12 xylose residues each penultimate to the reducing terminal xylose.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates the ability of Bacillus subtilis strains to process MeGAXn for production of U‐XOS from monocots, including energy crops and agricultural residues. The U‐XOS with an average DP of 11–12 from sweet sorghum MeGAXn compared with 6–7 from sweetgum MeGXn extends their applications as biologicals and for production of pentosan polysulfates with applications in human and veterinary medicine. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry