bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiscale design of nonlinear materials using a Eulerian shape optimization scheme
Authors: Najafi Ahmad R. , Safdari Masoud , Tortorelli Daniel A. , Geubelle Philippe H.
Published: February 2021

Motivated by recent advances in manufacturing, the design of materials is the focal point of interest in the material research community. One of the critical challenges in this field is finding optimal material microstructure for a desired macroscopic response. This work presents a computational method for the mesoscale‐level design of particulate composites for an optimal macroscale‐level response. The method relies on a custom shape optimization scheme to find the extrema of a nonlinear cost function subject to a set of constraints. Three key “modules” constitute the method: multiscale modeling, sensitivity analysis, and optimization. Multiscale modeling relies on a classical homogenization method and a nonlinear NURBS‐based generalized finite element scheme to efficiently and accurately compute the structural response of particulate composites using a nonconformal discretization. A three‐parameter isotropic damage law is used to model microstructure‐level failure. An analytical sensitivity method is developed to compute the derivatives of the cost/constraint functions with respect to the design variables that control the microstructure's geometry. The derivation uncovers subtle but essential new terms contributing to the sensitivity of finite element shape functions and their spatial derivatives. Several structural problems are solved to demonstrate the applicability, performance, and accuracy of the method for the design of particulate composites with a desired macroscopic nonlinear stress‐strain response.
Liraglutide Does Not Adversely Impact Fat‐Free Mass Loss
Authors: Grannell Andrew , Martin William P. , Dehestani Babak , Al‐Najim Werd , Murphy John C. , le Roux Carel W.
Published: February 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to examine fat‐free mass (FFM) loss between successful responders to lifestyle intervention alone compared with lifestyle intervention plus liraglutide 3.0 mg. An additional objective was to examine the effects of varying resistance training frequencies (days per week) on FFM retention.

Methods

This prospective study examined patients with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 receiving treatment in a tertiary care obesity clinic. Body composition (dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry) was captured at baseline and after 16 weeks of treatment. Exercise‐related data (aerobic minutes per week and resistance training frequency) were captured at week 16. A total of 78 individuals were examined in two groups, the first with lifestyle intervention alone (n = 19) and the second with lifestyle intervention plus liraglutide 3.0 mg (n = 59). Linear mixed‐effects models were used to examine between‐group differences.

Results

Compared with lifestyle intervention alone, participants on liraglutide lost more weight (−12.2 kg vs. −9.7 kg, P = 0.048) and FFM (−2.3 kg vs. −1.5 kg, P = 0.06). After controlling for weight loss, there was no difference in FFM loss between groups (0.14 kg/wk vs. −0.09 kg/wk, P = 0.12). Absolute weight loss (kilograms) was associated with FFM loss (kilograms) (ρ = 0.58, P < 0.0001). Exercise did not increase weight loss, and resistance training frequency (days per week) did not attenuate FFM loss.

Conclusions

Liraglutide does not have effects on FFM beyond what can be expected from total weight loss. Resistance training did not attenuate FFM loss in the liraglutide or lifestyle‐alone groups. To ameliorate FFM loss after liraglutide, a new strategy may be needed that may combine exercise with specific nutritional interventions.
Association of Usual Sodium Intake with Obesity Among US Children and Adolescents, NHANES 2009‐2016
Authors: Zhao Lixia , Ogden Cynthia L. , Yang Quanhe , Jackson Sandra L. , Loria Catherine M. , Galuska Deborah A. , Wiltz Jennifer L. , Merritt Robert , Cogswell Mary E.
Published: February 2021

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of sodium intake with obesity in US children and adolescents.

Methods

Cross‐sectional data were analyzed for 9,026 children and adolescents in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009‐2016. Usual sodium intake was estimated from 24‐hour dietary recalls using a measurement error model. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of sodium intake with overweight/obesity, obesity, and central obesity (waist to height ratio [WtHR] ≥ 0.5; waist circumferences (WC) ≥ age‐ and sex‐specific 90th percentile).

Results

Mean (SE) sodium intake was 3,010  (9) and 3,404  (20) mg/d for children and adolescents, respectively. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) comparing Q4 versus Q1 (87.5th vs. 12.5th percentile of sodium intake) among children was 1.98 (95% CI: 1.19‐3.28) for overweight/obesity, 2.20 (1.30‐3.73) for obesity, 2.10 (1.12‐3.95) for WC ≥ 90th percentile, and 1.68 (0.95‐2.97) for WtHR ≥ 0.5, adjusting for demographics, energy, and sugar‐sweetened beverage intake. Among adolescents, AOR was 1.81 (0.98‐3.37) for overweight/obesity, 1.71 (0.82‐3.56) for obesity, 1.62 (0.71‐3.66) for WC ≥ 90th percentile, and 1.73 (0.85‐3.50) for WtHR ≥ 0.5.

Conclusions

Sodium intake was positively associated with overweight/obesity, obesity, and central obesity among US children independent of energy and SSB intake, but the association did not reach significance among adolescents.
Fostering Innovation in Prevention and Treatment of Obesity in Youth: Digitally Mediated Physical Play as an Exemplar
Authors: Kalarchian Melissa A. , Hammer Jessica , Kapuścińska Adela
Published: February 2021

Novel approaches to obesity prevention among youth are needed. Accordingly, the Office of Women’s Health, Department of Health and Human Services, sponsored a challenge to create an interactive video game for obesity prevention. Our team took a theory‐based, evidence‐informed approach to increasing physical activity in girls. Our approach—digitally mediated physical play—allowed us to include computing‐based strategies that promote activity without keeping players in front of a screen. Our prize‐winning prototype app, Frolic, helps girls choose the perfect game to play in any context, engaging parents for support. The app is used to highlight some opportunities and challenges for interdisciplinary collaboration. However, much work remains to be done to deploy innovative digital obesity interventions and fully capture the contributions of these tools. In order to accelerate advances, funding is needed for projects that combine engineering design principles with traditional obesity research paradigms.
A BSDE approach to stochastic linear quadratic control problem
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhang Liangquan
Published: February 2021

In this article, we study a kind of linear quadratic optimal control problem driven by forward–backward stochastic differential equations (FBSDEs in short) with deterministic coefficients. The cost functional is defined by the solution of FBSDEs. By means of the Girsanov transformation, the original issue is turned equivalently into the classical LQ problem. By functional analysis approach, some necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of optimal controls have been obtained. Moreover, we investigate the relationship between two groups of first‐order and second‐order adjoint equations. A new stochastic Riccati equation is derived, which leads to the state feedback form of optimal control. By introducing a new Hamiltonian function with an exponential factor, we establish the stochastic maximum principle to deal with the stochastic linear quadratic problem for forward–backward stochastic system with nonconvex control domain using first‐order adjoint equation. An illustrative example is given as well.
Cluster Salts [Nb6Cl12(HIm)6]An (with HIm=1H‐imidazole and A=Mineral Acid Anion, n=1 or 2) Made in and with Brønsted‐basic Ionic Liquids and Liquid Mixtures
Authors: Sperlich Eric , Köckerling Martin
Published: February 2021

Four new hexanuclear niobium cluster compounds of the general formula [Nb6Cl12(HIm)6](A)n ⋅ x(solvent molecule) (HIm=1H‐imidazole, A=mineral acid anion, Cl− (n=2) (1), (SO4)2− (n=1) (2), (CrO4)2− (n=1) (3), and (HAsO4)2− (n=1) (4)) were prepared. Their synthesis can be done in basic ionic liquids, which form on the addition of a mineral acid, which also delivers the counter anion for the final cluster compound, to an excess of the 1H‐imidazole. Some addition of an auxiliary solvent, like methanol, improves the speed of crystallisation. The cluster unit comprises a hexanuclear Nb6 unit of octahedral shape with the edges bridged by Cl atoms and the exo sites being occupied by N‐bonded 1H‐imidazole ligands. The cluster cation carries sixteen cluster‐based electrons. Between the NH groups of the ligands of the cluster unit, the anions and the co‐crystallised water (1), or 1H‐imidazole and methanol molecules (2, 3, and 4) a network of hydrogen bonds exists.
Covid‐19 pandemic: Current scenario and public risk perception in Pakistan
Authors: Gul Azeem
Published: February 2021

Covid‐19 is a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), which has exposed the issue of public risk perception among people in Pakistan. Previous research about public risk perception among people in Pakistan has been a neglected area till the writing of the current paper. The study aims to determine the level of public risk perception among people in Pakistan about the Covid‐19 pandemic. Why and how public risk perception among health professionals and literate is more than the illiterate people in Pakistan? Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews of populations sampling from five districts through visits in KPK and other provinces via phone calls and online through internet. Theory of Health Belief Model (HBM) was utilized to explain public health risk perception in Pakistan. The lack of public health risk perception has more in illiterate people than literate among people in Pakistan, which has caused the Coronavirus to multiply rapidly in Pakistan. The findings have indicated that both health professionals and other literate people have different health behaviors than those who are illiterate in Pakistan about the Covid‐19 pandemic.
Demand smoothing response by street‐level bureaucrats (SLB) in delivering public services during COVID‐19 scenario: A system dynamics modeling study
Authors: Prusty Santosh Kumar , Mahapatra Diptiranjan
Published: February 2021

During such unprecedented time as COVID‐19, despite stretched to its limit, public service delivery remains crucial to societies' well‐being. Street‐level bureaucrats (SLBs), specifically, become the most visible outreach of public policies to citizen. However, as the literature suggests, unintended outcomes of SLBs–citizen interfacing have been discretion, inefficiency and accountability, an issue lies at the heart of the standard public governance. No scholarly attempt has been made in the past to address this shortcoming. This research by proposing a conceptual model using system dynamics captures the complexity, and in so doing posits testable hypotheses that instigate an alternative visualization of public affairs, thereby closing the gap in the SLB scholarship.
Urban versus rural? The effects of residential status on species identification skills and connection to nature
Authors: Bashan Danielle , Colléony Agathe , Shwartz Assaf
Published: February 2021

Urbanization and urban lifestyles increasingly disconnect people from nature in a process that was termed the ‘extinction of experience’. This loss of human–nature interactions can undermine both cognitive (ecological knowledge) and affective (emotional connection to nature) relations to nature, further impacting capabilities to experience, care for, benefit from and act to protect nature. Yet, the extent to which the urban life influences both cognitive and affective relations to nature, remains poorly understood and research is confined to a few countries and cultures.

We explored how cognitive and affective relations to nature can be related to people's childhood and current place of residency. We expected that urban dwellers, who have less opportunities to experience nature than their rural counterparts, will be less connected to nature and will demonstrate lower ecological knowledge than their rural counterparts.

We conducted four surveys in Israel, in urban and rural settings between 2015 and 2018 (N = 1706) to measure and compare (urban vs. rural) the following variables: (a) species identification skills (correctly identified); (b) familiarity (recognized), as two measures of cognitive relation with nature and (c) nature relatedness, as a measure of emotional connection to nature.

The ability to identify common plant, bird and butterfly species was poor in general (Av. = 3.83 out of 12), and lower for urban dwellers (Av. = 2.48) compared to their rural counterparts (Av. = 6.56). Differences in correct species identifications between urban and rural dwellers varied with taxa and peaked for butterflies (only 26 respondents managed to identify one species or more). We also identified an important gap between familiarity and species identification skills, especially for urban residents. Finally, people who currently live or used to live in rural areas during their childhood had higher scores of nature relatedness than their urban counterparts.

Our results highlight that decreased opportunity to interact with nature reduces cognitive and affective relations to nature. Such reductions can affect the overall preferences for human–nature relationships and exacerbate a pervasive negative cycle that modifies relational values such as, care for nature, sense of belonging, place and identity that influence both humans well‐being and environmental stewardship.

A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Trends in fall‐related mortality and fall risk increasing drugs among older individuals in the United States,1999–2017
Authors: Shaver Amy L. , Clark Collin M. , Hejna Mary , Feuerstein Steven , Wahler Robert G. , Jacobs David M.
Published: February 2021

Background

Previous studies have demonstrated increasing mortality due to falls among older adults. The objective of this study was to determine whether there was an increase in fall risk increasing drug prescribing and if this is concurrent with an increase in fall‐related mortality in persons 65 years and older in the United States.

Methods

The study is a serial cross‐sectional analysis utilizing data from both the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) and the medical expenditure panel survey (MEPS) for years 1999–2017. Adults aged 65 years and older were evaluated for death due to falls from the NVSS and for prescription fills of fall risk increasing drugs per the Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries‐Rx (STEADI‐Rx) fall checklist from the MEPS.

Results

The analysis included 374 972 fall‐related mortalities and 7 858 177 122 fills of fall risk increasing drugs. 563 037 964 persons age 65 and older received at least one fall risk increasing drug. Age‐adjusted mortality due to falls increased from 29.40 per 100 000 in 1999 to 63.27 per 100 000 in 2017. The percent of persons who received at least one prescription for a fall risk increasing drug increased from 57% in 1999 to 94% in 2017 (p for trend <.0001).

Conclusions and relevance

Both use of fall risk increasing drugs and mortality due to falls are on the rise. Fall risk increasing drugs may partially explain the increase in mortality due to falls; this cannot be firmly concluded from the current study. Future research examining the potential relationship between fall risk increasing drugs and fall‐related mortality utilizing nationally representative person‐level data are needed.
There's Demand For Recyclate, But Little Supply
Authors: Woodring Doug , Hyde Trish , McLennan Jameson
Published: February 2021

When the price of crude oil plunged to $37.63 a barrel early in 2020, it was viewed as another blow to the fledgling recycled plastics market. After all, when used correctly, virgin and recycled plastics deliver the same standards in quality, so why should one pay more? (The price of West Texas Intermediate crude was $55.35/bbl on Jan. 20.)
Comparative effectiveness and safety of high‐dose rivaroxaban and apixaban for atrial fibrillation: A propensity score‐matched cohort study
Authors: Perreault Sylvie , Dragomir Alice , Côté Robert , Lenglet Aurélie , White‐Guay Brian , de Denus Simon , Schnitzer Mireille E. , Dubé Marie‐Pierre , Brophy James M. , Dorais Marc , Tardif Jean‐Claude
Published: February 2021

Study Objective

Observational studies assessing direct oral anticoagulant (DOACs) dosage in atrial fibrillation (AF) reported that a lower proportion of patients received high‐dose DOACs compared to those in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Effectiveness and safety of high‐dose DOACs relative to apixaban in a real‐world AF population need to be addressed. The aim is to assess comparative effectiveness and safety of high‐dose rivaroxaban relative to apixaban.

Design

We conducted a cohort study.

Setting

We built a cohort of patients hospitalized and discharged in community with a primary or secondary AF diagnosis from 2011‐2017 using Quebec administrative databases (Med‐Echo and RAMQ).

Patients

Cohort entry was defined as the first OAC claim in new users of high‐dose rivaroxaban and apixaban, with no OAC claims in the prior year.

Intervention

To compare effectiveness and safety of high‐dose rivaroxaban to apixaban.

Measurement

We ascertained patient demographics, comorbidities, CHA2DS2‐VASc and HASBLED scores and Charlson score within 3 years prior to cohort entry. Primary effectiveness and safety were a composite of ischemic stroke/systemic thrombosis, death, myocardial infarction, and of intracranial bleeding (ICH), extracranial major bleeding, in the first year following drug initiation. We conducted propensity score matching and estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for outcomes using Cox proportional hazard models. All the analyses were conducted to account for competing risks.

Main results

The cohort consisted of 4,632 and 6,771 patients received high‐dose rivaroxaban and apixaban, respectively. High‐dose rivaroxaban users were younger with a mean age of 73.2 years, presented less associated comorbidities and had lower CHA2DS2‐VASc scores compared to apixaban. High‐dose rivaroxaban at the intention to treat was associated with a higher risk of stroke/SE/death (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.04‐1.40) and worse composite effectiveness (HR 1.21: 1.05‐1.40); under treatment exposure, those values were at HR (1.66: 1.21‐2.29) and HR (1.58:1.19‐2.10), respectively. And, rivaroxaban presented a less favorable safety profile relative to apixaban.

Conclusion

In this study, composite effectiveness and safety varied between rivaroxaban and apixaban. High‐dose apixaban was observed to have a better effectiveness and safety.
Registration of ‘KS Silverado’ hard white winter wheat
Authors: Zhang Guorong , Martin Terry J. , Fritz Allan K. , Bowden Robert L. , Li Yonghui , Bai Guihua , Chen Ming‐Shun , Jin Yue , Chen Xianming , Kolmer James A. , Seabourn Bradford W. , Chen Richard Y. , Marshall David S.
Published: February 2021

‘KS Silverado’ (Reg. no. CV‐1175, PI 693936) hard white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed at the Agricultural Research Center–Hays, Kansas State University, and released by the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station in 2019. KS Silverado was selected from a three‐way cross KS05HW122‐5‐2//KS05HW15‐2‐2/KS06HW46‐3 made in 2008 at Hays, KS. The objective of this cross was to develop a hard white winter wheat cultivar that is adapted to Kansas. KS Silverado was selected as an F6–derived line using a modified bulk method and tested in yield trials across Kansas for five years. KS Silverado is medium‐early and medium‐short and has good straw strength, above average grain volume weight, and very competitive grain yield in western and central Kansas. KS Silverado is tolerant to preharvest sprouting and has a good resistance package to diseases and insects, including Wheat streak mosaic virus, leaf rust, Soilborne wheat mosaic virus, and Hessian fly. It also has good milling and bread‐making qualities.
Experiences of veterans with spinal cord injury related to annual urine screening and antibiotic use for urinary tract infections
Authors: Hines‐Munson Casey , May Sarah , Poon Ivy , Holmes S. Ann , Martin Lindsey , Trautner Barbara W. , Skelton Felicia
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Antimicrobial‐resistant bacterial infections are an increasing public health threat and people with spinal cord injury (SCI) are disproportionally at higher risk. National guidelines concerning urine testing after SCI are conflicting. Unnecessary urine testing in the SCI population (with high asymptomatic bacteriuria prevalence) leads to unnecessary antimicrobial use, propagating resistant infections, especially urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Objectives

(a) Describe UTI antimicrobial adherence in patients with SCI. (b) Explore SCI patient knowledge and attitudes toward current urine testing and treatment practices.

Design

Mixed methods.

Setting

Veterans Health Administration (VHA) patients with SCI.

Participants

Veterans identified as having SCI seen at a VHA facility nationwide.

Interventions

N/A.

Main Outcome Measures

Self‐reported medication adherence, patient beliefs and behaviors toward UTIs and antimicrobial use.

Results

A total of 105 Morisky Medication Adherence Scale‐8 (MMAS‐8) surveys were completed out of 369 distributed surveys (28% response rate). Overall, patients reported high medication adherence (mean score of 7.2/8, with 8 being a perfect adherence score). Ten qualitative interviews were completed. Themes identified include generally high adherence to prescribed antimicrobial courses and high levels of patient satisfaction with current outpatient VHA SCI bladder care. The quantitative findings converge with these themes observed in the qualitative interviews; patients were satisfied with current urine testing and treatment practices.

Conclusions

Veterans with SCI are generally satisfied with their current UTI management and self‐report taking antimicrobials for UTIs as prescribed. Veterans with SCI typically report high trust in their SCI providers and value their advice on bladder care management. Therefore, it is imperative for clinicians to provide evidence‐based education to patients, as well as ensure that each prescribed course of antibiotics for UTI is clinically necessary. Information from this study will guide an intervention promoting appropriate urine testing and antimicrobial prescription practices by SCI providers.
A retrospective analysis of a commercially available platelet‐rich plasma kit during clinical use
Authors: Prysak Meredith H. , Kyriakides Christopher P. , Zukofsky Tyler A. , Reutter Stefan E. , Cheng Jennifer , Lutz Gregory E.
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Point‐of‐care analyses of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) are not routine in the orthopedic regenerative medicine field. Therefore, many physicians rely on the manufacturer's reported content for commercial preparation kits. This contributes to a knowledge gap between injectate content and patient outcome.

Objective

To assess whether the EmCyte PurePRP II 60‐mL preparation kit returns PRP content that meets the manufacturer's expectations when used during routine clinical care for a heterogenous patient population, and to determine whether a change in PRP yield volume affects injectate content. Protocol A (exclusion of granulocytes and low hematocrit) and Protocol B (inclusion of granulocytes and higher hematocrit) were evaluated.

Design

Retrospective review.

Setting

Private practice.

Participants

One hundred five patients (118 preparations) treated for orthopedic conditions over an 8‐month period via PRP injection. Thirteen patients had two independently made preparations on different treatment days that qualified for analysis.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measures

Complete blood count (absolute counts and calculated fold enrichment from baseline of platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes; and hematocrit levels). Confounding variables included age, gender, and preparation yield volume.

Results

During routine clinical use, the cellular content of both Protocols A and B met or exceeded the manufacturer's expectations of platelet enrichment and granulocyte inclusion or exclusion. Hematocrit values were slightly higher than anticipated from Protocol A preparations. The modification of yield volume from 7 to 4 mL led to a significant difference in platelet enrichment without affecting absolute cell counts (2.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1, 4.76; P = .003). Both gender and age moderately affected the level of platelet enrichment from baseline but did not significantly affect absolute platelet counts.

Conclusion

In the absence of widespread characterization, confirming the variation in commercial PRP kits during clinical use is crucial.
Adsorption of methylene blue onto sugarcane bagasse‐based adsorbent materials
Authors: Al‐Mokhalelati Kamal , Al‐Bakri Iman , Al Shibeh Al Wattar Nesrin
Published: February 2021

Sugarcane bagasse (SB) before and after alkaline treatment has been investigated for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The results showed that the adsorption was chemical in nature and the OH, C=O, and C–O groups were particularly responsible for MB dye adsorption. The optimum concentration of MB solution was fixed at 0.1 gr/50 mL in both treated and untreated SB. Batch adsorption studies are used to derive the optimum adsorption conditions. A contact time of 90 min, a pH range from 5 to 9, a dose of 0.1 g, and an initial concentration of the MB of 100 ppm were chosen. The amount of adsorbed MB dye on the surface of the SB was temperature dependent, and the adsorption increases with increasing temperature. The values of ΔH°, ΔG°, and ΔS° indicated endothermic but spontaneous process. The overall results indicated that SB was a promising candidate for dye removals.
Prevalence of cognitive impairment and change in patients with breast cancer: A systematic review of longitudinal studies
Authors: Dijkshoorn Aicha B. C. , van Stralen Haike E. , Sloots Maurits , Schagen Sanne B. , Visser‐Meily Johanna M. A. , Schepers Vera P. M.
Published: February 2021

Objective

Patients with breast cancer face cognitive impairment that affects their quality of life; partially attributable to treatment. Our aim was to detail the prevalence and change of cognitive impairment during the course of treatment. We also investigated the effect of therapy (chemotherapy [CT]) vs. radiotherapy and/or endocrine therapy vs. healthy controls).

Methods

This article reviews longitudinal cohort studies published to date in Medline and Embase that (i) assess cognition before and after therapy, (ii) report prevalence cognitive impairment or change, and (iii) use standardized and valid neuropsychological tests. We used the original authors' criteria for cognitive impairment.

Results

The title and abstract of 891 articles were screened, resulting in the identification of 90 potentially relevant articles while applying the eligibility criteria. After full‐text examination, 17 studies were included. Prevalence of cognitive impairment range from 25% before therapy, through 24% after therapy to 21% at maximal 1‐year follow‐up (FU). Compared to their pretreatment cognitive functioning, 24% of patients decline after treatment and 24% at 1‐year FU. Some studies also reported cognitive improvement showing that 15% and 31% of patients improve, respectively. In general, patients undergoing CT have a higher chance of cognitive impairment and decline than no‐CT patients and healthy controls.

Conclusions

This study shows that one out of four breast cancer patients shows cognitive impairment prior to treatment administration CT and a significant number of patients decline during the course of disease, suggesting that cognitive impairment is not exclusively related to CT and/or no‐CT therapies. This study shows that assessment of cognitive functioning, ideally over time, is crucial and may help the implementation of personalized rehabilitation pathways.
Stronger therapeutic alliance is associated with better quality of life among patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Thomas Teresa , Althouse Andrew , Sigler Lauren , Arnold Robert , Chu Edward , White Douglas B. , Rosenzweig Margaret , Smith Kenneth , Smith Thomas J. , Schenker Yael
Published: February 2021

Objective

Patient–oncologist therapeutic alliance is a foundation of quality cancer care, although there is limited research demonstrating its relationship with patient outcomes. We investigated the relationship between therapeutic alliance and patient quality of life with a secondary goal of determining whether the association varied by patients' baseline level of psychological distress.

Methods

Cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data from a randomized clinical trial of 672 patients with advanced cancer participating in a primary palliative care intervention trial. Patients completed baseline self‐reported measures of therapeutic alliance (The Human Connection Scale, range: 16–64), overall quality of life (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Palliative Care, range: 0–184), and psychological distress (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, range: 0–42). First, we determined the relationship between therapeutic alliance and quality of life using multivariable regression adjusting for confounders. We then examined if psychological distress was an effect modifier in this relationship by adding interaction effects of depression and anxiety symptoms on therapeutic alliance into the regression model.

Results

Patients reported high levels of therapeutic alliance (56.4 ± 7.4) and moderate quality of life (130.3 ± 25.5). Stronger therapeutic alliance was associated with better quality of life after adjusting for other confounding factors (β = 3.7, 95% confidence interval = 2.1, 5.3, p < 0.01). The relationship between therapeutic alliance and quality of life was generally consistent regardless of psychological distress.

Conclusions

Collaborative, trusting relationships between patients with advanced cancer and their oncologists are associated with better patient quality of life. Future research should investigate the causal, longitudinal nature of these relationships.
The unmet needs of carers of patients diagnosed with sarcoma: A qualitative study
Authors: Weaver Rhys , O'Connor Moira , Halkett Georgia KB. , Carey Smith Richard
Published: February 2021

Objective

Sarcoma is a rare cancer that may result in reduced mobility, social isolation, poorer mental health, and ongoing medical issues for patients. Family carers play a crucial role in supporting patients throughout their sarcoma journey. Despite the aggressive and debilitating nature of the disease, the unmet needs of these carers are yet to be explored. The aim of this study was to explore the unmet needs of carers of patients diagnosed with sarcoma.

Methods

An exploratory qualitative research design with a social constructionist epistemology was used. Participants were carers of patients diagnosed with a sarcoma (n = 33). Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with carers of patients who completed treatment for sarcoma and also bereaved carers (BC). Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings

Four overarching themes were identified: support with medical aspects of caregiving, support for self, needing information about the patient, and financial support. Participants recognised that they needed psychosocial support, however, many were reluctant to access support as they perceived this to be prioritising their own needs instead of the patients'. They also needed more information about the patients' disease and how to navigate the health system.

Conclusions

Family carers for patients with sarcoma have onerous responsibilities that affect their ability to access care for themselves and their family. Providing more holistic patient care and carer‐specific information and training could reduce carer burden. Establishing support groups specific to carers and BC of patients diagnosed with sarcoma could provide opportunities for social interaction and psychosocial support.
Prioritizing the worries of AML patients: Quantifying patient experience using best–worst scaling
Authors: Richardson Daniel R. , Oakes Allison H. , Crossnohere Norah L. , Rathsmill Gary , Reinhart Crystal , O’Donoghue Bernadette , Bridges John F. P.
Published: February 2021

Context

Although patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) experience significant toxicities and poor outcomes, few studies have quantified patients' experience.

Methods

A community‐centered approach was used to develop an AML‐specific best–worst scaling (BWS) instrument involving 13 items in four domains (psychological, physical, decision‐making, and treatment delivery) to quantify patient worry. A survey of patients and caregivers was conducted using the instrument. Data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression.

Results

The survey was completed by 832 patients and 237 caregivers. Patients were predominantly white (88%), married/partnered (72%), and in remission (95%). The median age was 55 years (range: 19–87). Median time since diagnosis was 8 years (range: 1–40). Patients worried most about “the possibility of dying from AML” (BWS score = 15.5, confidence interval [CI] [14.2–16.7]) and “long‐term side effects of treatments” (14.0, CI [12.9–15.2]). Patients found these items more than twice as worrisome as all items within the domains of care delivery and decision‐making. Patients were least worried about “communicating openly with doctors” (2.50, CI [1.97–3.04]) and “having access to the best medical care” (3.90, CI [3.28–4.61]). Caregiver reports were highly correlated to patients' (Spearman's ρ = 0.89) though noted significantly more worry about the possibility of dying and spending time in the hospital.

Conclusion

This large convenience sample demonstrates that AML patients have two principal worries: dying from their disease and suffering long‐term side effects from treatment. To better foster patient‐centered care, therapeutic decision‐making and drug development should reflect the importance of both potential outcomes. Further work should explore interventions to address these worries.
1‐Amino‐5‐methyltetrazole in Energetic 3 d Transition Metal Complexes – Ligand Design for Future Primary Explosives
Authors: Wurzenberger Maximilian H. H. , Gruhne Michael S. , Lommel Marcus , Stierstorfer Jörg
Published: February 2021

New lead‐free primary explosives are needed for safe future ignition and initiation applications. Especially, ignition by low‐energy laser irradiation has been demonstrated to be a valuable method. For this technology, primary explosives with safer sensitivities are needed. In order to adjust the desired properties of the neat primary explosives, we follow the concept of “energetic coordination compounds” (ECC) in which the ligand significantly alters the final properties. As the result of a study where 1‐amino‐5H‐tetrazole (1‐AT) was used as one of the most endothermic ligands, yielding materials with outstanding performance but very high sensitivities, in this work its 5‐methyl analogue 1‐amino‐5‐methyltetrazole (1‐AMT, 1) was synthesized and applied as ligand. For a short evaluation, metal perchlorate complexes [M(1‐AMT)6](ClO4)2 of manganese(II), iron(II), and zinc(II) as well as [Cu(1‐AMT)4(H2O)](ClO4)2 were prepared. All compounds were intensively characterized e. g., by XRD, IR, EA, TGA, DTA as well as sensitivity measurements (impact, friction, BDIS, and ESD). The obtained materials show reduced performance but they are safer to handle than the corresponding 1‐AT derivatives. Moreover, the satisfactory performances of ECC 3 and 4 were impressively demonstrated by PETN initiation and laser ignition experiments.
Storage Lifetime Prediction of Composite Solid Propellant based on Šesták‐Berggren Model
Authors: Pan Zhengqiang , Liu Tianyu
Published: February 2021

The physical and chemical properties of composite solid propellant during storage period are greatly affected by environmental factors, and the aging mechanism is complicated. In view of the insufficient utilization of test data in the current research and the low accuracy of storage lifetime evaluation model, this paper takes composite solid propellant as the object and makes use of the destructive accelerated storage test data at different temperature levels to carry out storage lifetime prediction research from the perspective of thermal analysis kinetics. Taking the key mechanical performance parameter‐tensile strength as an example, a performance degradation model based on Šesták‐Berggren model (SB(m,n)) is established, and the optimal mechanism index (m,n) is determined according to the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Furthermore, the evaluation methods of storage reliability, storage reliable lifetimes and their lower confidence limits are given. Finally, take a certain type of composite solid propellant as an example to verify the model and method of the paper. The results show that the storage lifetime prediction method based on the SB(m,n) model is more accurate and the prediction results are more reliable. A good idea is provided to assess the storage lifetime of composite solid propellant, and it also provides reference for other propellant and explosive storage lifetime prediction.
Prediction of Cylinder Wall Velocity Profiles for ANFO Explosives Combining Thermochemical Calculation, Gurney Model, and Hydro‐Code
Authors: Suceska Muhamed , Serene Chan Hay Yee , Qingling Zhang , Dobrilovic Mario , Stimac Barbara
Published: February 2021

Theoretical prediction of performance indicators of explosives plays an important role in the development of new explosives and explosive formulations. Of particular interest is the possibility to estimate the velocity of metal liner driven by an explosive charge. We present a theoretical model for estimation of metal cylinder wall velocity profiles of non‐ideal ANFO explosives. The model is based on thermochemical calculations using EXPLO5 code, expressing the Gurney energy in terms of JWL equation of state, and using hydro‐code simulation. The Wood‐Kirkwood detonation theory, incorporated in EXPLO5, is applied for calculation of detonation parameters of non‐ideal ANFO explosives. It was found that this approach enables prediction of cylinder wall velocity for ANFO explosives, with the error at V/V0=7 expansion ratio not exceeding 100 m/s.
Characterization of Aluminum Powders: IV. Effect of Nanometals on the Combustion of Aluminized Ammonium Nitrate‐Based Solid Propellants
Authors: Gromov Alexander A. , Popenko Elena M. , Sergienko Alexey V. , Slyusarsky Konstantin V. , Nalivaiko Anton Yu. , Ozherelkov Dmitriy Yu. , Larionov Kirill B. , Dzidziguri Ella L.
Published: February 2021

This study is devoted to the investigation of the energetic properties of two types of aluminized solid propellants with inert and active binders modified by additives of six different metal nanopowders. The substitution of an inert binder for the active one resulted in significant improvement of energetic properties. However, burning rate regulation become more complicated because the pressure exponent in burning rate law was increased as well. The DSC analysis revealed that the most significant catalytic effects were observed while using Zn, Cu, and Mo powders. Combustion of compositions based on an inert combustible binder and ammonium nitrate was studied in the pressure range 0.1–10.0 MPa. Due to the low combustion rate, no dispersion of burning aluminum particles was observed. During combustion, a single agglomerate of aluminum particles was formed, the mass of which was about 96 % of the initial aluminum mass in the formulation. A comparative analysis of nanosized metal additive effect on the propellant's combustion process was performed. It had been found that the activity of the metal nanopowders depends on the propellant formulation. It had been shown that Al and Zn did not affect the combustion rate of propellant with inert binder but they were effective in compositions with an active binder. Cu and Ni were found to be a good catalyst for the ammonium nitrate and active binder decomposition.
Oxatriazoles: Potential Frameworks for Energetic Compounds?
Authors: Politzer Peter , Murray Jane S.
Published: February 2021

Fourteen oxatriazoles have been investigated computationally as potential energetic compounds. They include the two isomeric parent compounds, their amino and nitro derivatives, four N‐oxides and four amino‐N‐oxides. Densities and solid state heats of formation were calculated for all of these compounds, and used to determine their detonation velocities and detonation pressures by means of the Kamlet‐Jacobs equations. Four of the compounds, all N‐oxides, surpass or essentially equal Klapötke's criteria for detonation velocity and detonation pressure. Three other N‐oxides meet just the detonation velocity criterion. Impact sensitivity was addressed in terms of three factors that are known to affect it: the free space per molecule in the crystal lattice, the electrostatic potential on the molecular surface, and the detonation heat release of the compound. Three of the N‐oxides with the highest detonation velocities and detonation pressures have undesirably large heats of detonation, a warning of possible impact sensitivity. However 5‐amino‐1,2,3,4‐oxatriazole‐3‐oxide combines good detonation properties with a moderate heat release; its free space per molecule in the crystal lattice and molecular surface electrostatic potential are also consistent with low sensitivity. Overall, we believe that the results of this work should encourage further investigation of oxatriazole derivatives as energetic compounds.
The Effect of Inert Salts on Explosive Emulsion Thermal Degradation
Authors: Yu Pengcheng , Ling Nicholas N. A. , Fridjonsson Einar O. , Johns Michael L.
Published: February 2021

Ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) explosive emulsions are comparatively safe, effective and low‐cost products for mining operations. They consist of a supersaturated ammonium nitrate solution dispersed as droplets in a continuous fuel phase. Here we apply a previously developed bench‐top Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Pulsed Field Gradient (PFG) technique to monitor the emulsion droplet size distribution in ANFO explosive emulsions as a function of time stored at an elevated temperature of 50 °C; we thus investigate the subtle effect of adverse storage conditions on emulsion stability. Storage at 50 °C for 12 weeks lead to a ∼60 % increase in mean droplet size, whereas a sample stored at 21 °C experienced no change in mean droplet size. The addition of inert salts (calcium nitrate or sodium nitrate) to the ammonium nitrate solution was also considered in terms of their ability to enable stable storage of the emulsions at 50 °C. An addition of 5 wt% calcium nitrate to the aqueous phase was required to suppress any thermal degradation of the explosive emulsions whilst a much lower dosage of only 1 wt% sodium nitrate was required to realise the same stabilizing effect.
The stories of four process safety legends
Authors: Willey Ronald J. , Baulch Arthur
Published: February 2021

In May of 2020, the editorial board of Process Safety Progress recommended that an article in the journal be dedicated to process safety legends as inspiration to others working in the field. This first article summaries the process safety career of four people: Daniel A. Crowl, Hans Pasman, Pete Lodal, and John Murphy. Combined they represent 180 years of process safety practice.
Discovery of behaviorally active semiochemicals in Aenasius bambawalei using a reverse chemical ecology approach
Authors: Xu Chong , Yang Fuxiang , Duan Shuanggang , Li Dongzhen , Li Lei , Wang Manqun , Zhou Aiming
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND

The invasive mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis, has caused serious damage to cotton crops throughout the world. Aenasius bambawalei is a dominant endoparasitoid of P. solenopsis. Exploration of behaviorally active semiochemicals may promote the efficacy of parasitoids used in biological control. Reverse chemical ecology, based on the physiological function of odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs), provides an effective approach to screen behaviorally active compounds to target insect pests. Determination of the binding mechanisms and specificity towards different odorants in A. bambawalei may facilitate the development of more‐efficient biological control strategies.

RESULTS

We characterized the expression profile and analyzed the binding affinity of OBP28 in A. bambawalei. AbamOBP28 showed high expression in the wings and antennae of both male and female A. bambawalei. A fluorescence competitive binding assay indicated that AbamOBP28 displayed strong binding affinity to most candidate ligands. Circular dichroism spectra demonstrated that 1‐octen‐3‐one, myrcene, dodecane, 2,4,4‐trimethyl‐2‐pentene, nonanal, and limonene elicited conformational changes in AbamOBP28. Electrophysiological and behavioral bioassays revealed that diethyl sebacate, 2,4,4‐trimethyl‐2‐pentene, and 1‐octen‐3‐one evoked significant electroantennography responses and functioned as attractants in A. bambawalei at specific concentrations. Furthermore, three‐dimensional structure modeling and molecular docking showed that hydrogen bonds were formed by Glu1 and Ser75 of AbamOBP28 with diethyl sebacate, respectively.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrate that AbamOBP28 is involved in the chemoreception of A. bambawalei. The identified protein provides a potential target for efficient enemy utilization and pest control, and the overall results may help develop protocols for more effective screening of behaviorally active semiochemicals.

© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Review: Holistic pest management against early blight disease towards sustainable agriculture
Authors: Jindo Keiji , Evenhuis Albartus , Kempenaar Corné , Pombo Sudré Cláudia , Zhan Xiaoxiu , Goitom Teklu Misghina , Kessel Geert
Published: February 2021

Alternaria species are well‐known aggressive pathogens that are widespread globally and warmer temperatures caused by climate change might increase their abundance more drastically. Early blight (EB) disease, caused mainly by Alternaria solani, and brown spot, caused by Alternaria alternata, are major concerns in potato, tomato and eggplant production. The development of EB is strongly linked to varieties, crop development stages, environmental factors, cultivation and field management. Several forecasting models for pesticide application to control EB were created in the last century and more recent scientific advances have included modern breeding technology to detect resistant genes and precision agriculture with hyperspectral sensors to pinpoint damage locations on plants. This paper presents an overview of the EB disease and provides an evaluation of recent scientific advances to control the disease. First of all, we describe the outline of this disease, encompassing biological cycles of the Alternaria genus, favorite climate and soil conditions as well as resistant plant species. Second, versatile management practices to minimize the effect of this pathogen at field level are discussed, covering their limitations and pitfalls. A better understanding of the underlying factors of this disease and the potential of novel research can contribute to implementing integrated pest management systems for an ecofriendly farming system. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.