bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of androgens in normal and pathological ovarian function
Authors: Walters K A
Published: December 2014

Androgens mediate their actions via the androgen receptor (AR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. AR-mediated androgen action is essential in male reproductive development and function; however, only in the last decade has the suspected but unproven role for AR-mediated actions in female reproduction been firmly established. Deciphering the specific roles and precise pathways by which AR-mediated actions regulate ovarian function has been hindered by confusion on how to interpret results from pharmacological studies using androgens that can be converted into oestrogens, which exert actions via the oestrogen receptors. The generation and analysis of global and cell-specific femaleArknockout mouse models have deduced a role for AR-mediated actions in regulating ovarian function, maintaining female fertility, and have begun to unravel the mechanisms by which AR-mediated androgen actions regulate follicle health, development and ovulation. Furthermore, observational findings from human studies and animal models provide substantial evidence to support a role for AR-mediated effects not only in normal ovarian function but also in the development of the frequent ovarian pathological disorder, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). This review focuses on combining the findings from observational studies in humans, pharmacological studies and animal models to reveal the roles of AR-mediated actions in normal and pathological ovarian function. Together these findings will enable us to begin understanding the important roles of AR actions in the regulation of female fertility and ovarian ageing, as well as providing insights into the role of AR actions in the androgen-associated reproductive disorder PCOS.
O ser enfermeiro num contexto transcultural
Authors: Nóbrega Maria de Magdala , Lopes Neto David , Dantas Herbert Figueiredo , Perez Vera Lúcia de Almeida Becerra
Published: December 2014

Estudo exploratório-descritivo, desenvolvido numa abordagem qualitativa, objetivando conhecer como os enfermeiros do sexo masculino percebem a questão do preconceito e do estigma da família, dos colegas de profissão e, ainda, a visão êmica destes sobre o referido problema. A pesquisa foi realizada com mestrandos do sexo masculino do Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem de Saúde Pública, da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. A população foi de seis enfermeiros, sendo a amostra constituída de quatro enfermeiros. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário com perguntas abertas, baseadas na Teoria Transcultural de Leininger. Os resultados foram gerados na forma de palavras e analisados em termos de grupos de respostas similares. A conclusão do estudo retrata o choque e a imposição cultural aos trabalhadores masculinos da enfermagem, os quais, ao longo dos anos, têm sofrido diferenciações preconceituosas e estigmatizantes de diferentes atores sociais.
O impacto do acordo da Basiléia sobre instituições financeiras brasileiras
Authors: Bertucci Luiz Alberto , Amaral Hudson Fernandes , Souza Flávio Henrique Ribeiro de
Published: December 2014

Dentre os problemas que se atribuem à regulamentação bancária, dois se destacam, tanto por sua importância intrínseca como pela freqüência com que são citados: o contingenciamento de crédito decorrente da redução na concessão de empréstimos e financiamentos e o crescimento excessivo da presença de títulos dos governos nos ativos dos bancos. Este estudo se baseou em dados dos cinco maiores bancos de varejo brasileiros e buscou investigar se ocorreram alterações nas estruturas de capitais e de ativos nos últimos anos, devido à regulamentação referente a exigências de capital no contexto do Acordo da Basiléia de 1988. Foram coletados dados dos demonstrativos contábeis dos bancos escolhidos no período de 1990 a 2002, e o estudo se deu pela análise das séries temporais obtidas e pela realização de regressões lineares. Os resultados analisados sugerem novas evidências sobre a influência efetiva das medidas reguladoras sobre as estruturas de capitais e de ativos dos bancos.
Gestão dos múltiplos vínculos contratuais nas grandes empresas brasileiras
Authors: Fernandes Maria Elizabeth Rezende , Carvalho Neto Antônio Moreira de
Published: December 2014

Este artigo analisa como os executivos das maiores empresas brasileiras estão lidando com a força de trabalho flexível, ao comparar a evolução do tratamento conferido aos trabalhadores do quadro efetivo das empresas com o tratamento conferido aos terceirizados. A pesquisa quantitativa realizada com 513 presidentes, diretores e altos executivos de 179 empresas sugere uma evolução das práticas de gestão de pessoas em geral e um aumento da distância no tratamento conferido aos terceirizados em relação aos empregados, em aspectos fundamentais da gestão de pessoas, como recompensa monetária por metas atingidas, comprometimento com os resultados, autonomia e compartilhamento do aprendizado. Também há evidências da tendência de ampliação da contratação de terceirizados. Conclui-se que as maiores empresas brasileiras se encontram ainda despreparadas para lidar com a complexidade advinda da proliferação da contratação de profissionais com múltiplos tipos de vínculos contratuais.
Antonio Banfi e le filosofie della Germania del novecento
Authors: Poggi Stefano
Published: December 2014

Tra le figure più importanti del dibattito filosofico italiano del Novecento, Antonio Banfi ha svolto nell'Italia del secondo dopoguerra anche un ruolo politico di rilievo come senatore del PCI. La sua interpretazione del marxismo ha presentato una forte accentuazione umanistica. Tra i suoi scolari filosofi e storici della filosofia come Giulio Preti, Enzo Paci, Remo Cantoni, Paolo Rossi. Il saggio prende in esame la prima fase della riflessione filosofica di Banfi, nella quale ha una importanza decisiva la conoscenza diretta del dibattito tedesco tra le due guerre mondiali, in primo luogo della fenomenologia di Husserl e della ontologia di N. Hartmann. I Principi di una teoria della ragione - libro apparso alla fine degli anni '20 - e poi una serie di incisivi saggi degli anni '30 documentano una conoscenza approfondita e critica di un dibattito di cui mostrerà di nutrirsi in misura decisiva l'interpretazione di Banfi non solo di Hegel, ma anche di Marx.
Using P-wave velocity logs with petrofabric effects to map natural and blast-induced fractures in hard rocks
Authors: Promma Kitchakarn
Published: December 2014

A challenging task in environmental geophysics is to locate fractures near a leaching stope in an underground mine. Existing methods for interpreting sonic logs do not incorporate petrofabric effects. The petrofabric effects are variations of P-wave velocities caused by textural variations in the lithology. This paper describes a new concept of using the petrofabric effects in the logs to determine anomalies of natural and blast-induced fractures in hard rocks. Full-waveform acoustic logs were acquired near an underground stope at the Colorado School of Mines Experimental Mine, Idaho Springs, Colorado. Data acquisition occurred once before the stope was blasted and twice after the blast event. Laboratory studies show that the petrofabric effects range from 4 to 15 percent. This variation depends on rock types. To interpret location of fractures, variation envelopes of petrofabric effects were placed in P-wave velocity logs. P-wave velocities that are lower than lower limits of the variation envelopes indicate natural and blast-induced fractures. Results show that the blasting broke the entire rock mass within 6 ft from the stope's perimeter. The use of petrofabric effect interpretation improves effectiveness of P-wave velocity logs in identifying fractures.
Exogenous thyrotoxicosis in dogs attributable to consumption of all-meat commercial dog food or treats containing excessive thyroid hormone: 14 cases (2008–2013)
Authors: Broome Michael R. , Peterson Mark E. , Kemppainen Robert J. , Parker Valerie J. , Richter Keith P.
Published: December 2014

Objective—To describe findings in dogs with exogenous thyrotoxicosis attributable to consumption of commercially available dog foods or treats containing high concentrations of thyroid hormone.

Design—Retrospective and prospective case series.

Animals—14 dogs.

Procedures—Medical records were retrospectively searched to identify dogs with exogenous thyrotoxicosis attributable to dietary intake. One case was found, and subsequent cases were identified prospectively. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations were evaluated before and after feeding meat-based products suspected to contain excessive thyroid hormone was discontinued. Scintigraphy was performed to evaluate thyroid tissue in 13 of 14 dogs before and 1 of 13 dogs after discontinuation of suspect foods or treats. Seven samples of 5 commercially available products fed to 6 affected dogs were analyzed for thyroxine concentration; results were subjectively compared with findings for 10 other commercial foods and 6 beef muscle or liver samples.

Results—Total serum thyroxine concentrations were high (median, 8.8 μg/dL; range, 4.65 to 17.4 μg/dL) in all dogs at initial evaluation; scintigraphy revealed subjectively decreased thyroid gland radionuclide in 13 of 13 dogs examined. At ≥ 4 weeks after feeding of suspect food or treats was discontinued, total thyroxine concentrations were within the reference range for all dogs and signs associated with thyrotoxicosis, if present, had resolved. Analysis of tested food or treat samples revealed a median thyroxine concentration for suspect products of 1.52 μg of thyroxine/g, whereas that of unrelated commercial foods was 0.38 μg of thyroxine/g.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that thyrotoxicosis can occur secondary to consumption of meat-based products presumably contaminated by thyroid tissue, and can be reversed by identification and elimination of suspect products from the diet.
Evolutionary preferences for physical formidability in leaders
Authors: Murray Gregg R.
Published: December 2014

This research uses evolutionary theory to evaluate followers' preferences for physically formidable leaders and to identify conditions that stimulate those preferences. It employs a population-based survey experiment (N≥ 760), which offers the advantages to internal validity of experiments and external validity of a highly heterogeneous sample drawn from a nationally representative subject pool. The theoretical argument proffered here is followers tend to prefer leaders with greater physical formidability because of evolutionary adaptations derived from humans' violent ancestral environment. In this environment, individuals who allied with and ultimately followed physically powerful partners were more likely to acquire and retain important resources necessary for survival and reproduction because the presence of the physically powerful partner cued opponents to avoid a challenge for the resources or risk a costly confrontation. This argument suggests and the results indicate that threatening (war) and nonthreatening (peace, cooperation, and control) stimuli differentially motivate preferences for physically formidable leaders. In particular, the findings suggest threatening conditions lead to preferences for leaders with more powerful physical attributes, both anthropometric (i.e., weight, height, and body mass index) and perceptual (i.e., attributes of being “physically imposing or intimidating” and “physically strong”). Overall, this research offers a theoretical framework from which to understand this otherwise seemingly irrational phenomenon. Further, it advances the emerging but long-neglected investigation of biological effects on political behavior and has implications for a fundamental process in democratic society, leader selection.
A Generic Spatial OLAP Model for Evaluating Natural Hazards in a Volunteered Geographic Information Context
Authors: Bimonte Sandro , Boucelma Omar , Machabert Olivier , Sellami Sana
Published: December 2014

Spatial data warehouses (SDW) and spatial OLAP (SOLAP) systems are well-known business intelligence technologies that aim to support a multidimensional and online analysis for a large volume of geo-referenced datasets. SOLAP systems are already used in the context of natural hazards for analyzing sensor data and experts' measurements. Recently, new data gathering tools coined as volunteered geographic information systems (VGI) have been adopted especially by non-expert users. Hence, (spatial) application development is facing a new challenge, which is the integration of expert-oriented data with citizen-provided data. In this paper, we propose a new generic spatio-multidimensional model based on the question/answer risk evaluation model that allows the integration of VGI data with classical SDW and SOLAP systems for the online analysis of natural hazards monitored by volunteers.
Temperature-dependent transmission of Candidatus phytoplasma asteris by the vector leafhopper Macrosteles quadripunctulatus Kirschbaum
Authors: Maggi F. , Galetto L. , Marzachì C. , Bosco D.
Published: December 2014

A set of experiments was carried out to characterize how temperature affects the spread of chrysanthemum yellows phytoplasma (CYP), a strain of Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris, in Chrysanthemum carinatum plants transmitted by the Macrosteles quadripunctulatus leafhopper. Experiments provided data on CYP latency period in insect and plant host, M. quadripunctulatus adult mortality rate, and epidemics progression in plants under controlled conditions inside climatic chambers. Experiments were conducted at temperatures ranging between 15 and 30°C. Empirical laws for temperature-dependent epidemiological parameters were next derived and used in a dynamical model of the epidemics progression. Experiments showed that CYP epidemics was faster at higher temperatures and the model could replicate these observations with relatively high accuracy (correlation >98.03% and residuals <14.5%). The epidemics spreading rate increased linearly from 0.2 plants infected per day at 15°C to about 0.7 plants per day at 30°C, possibly due to: i) faster CYP multiplication in the host plants and ii) higher frequency of feeding bouts of M. quadripunctulatus at higher temperatures.
Evaluating the correlation between chemical and sensory compounds in Blaufränkisch and Cabernet Franc wines
Authors: Balga Irina , Kiss Attila , Gál Lajos , Leskó Annamária , Kállay Miklós
Published: December 2014

The positive physiological effects of the bioactive compounds of red wines have been known for a long time. Besides that, the polyphenolic compounds of red wines represent one of the most important factors for oenology. With a special chemical analysis, we discover the relationship between chemical and sensory compounds. In this way, we explore which compounds influence sensory properties. The phenolic compounds are the quality attributes of the wine. The analysis of phenolic compounds was carried out in two red wines: Cabernet Franc and Blaufränkisch. The aim of this study was to analyse the chemical and organoleptic characteristics of these two wines and evaluate the connection between the two parameters. In addition, we also examined the influence of the polyphenolic content on sensory perception. The experiment was carried out in a cool climate wine region in Eger, Hungary, in vintage of 2008. We investigated the profile of phenolic contents in new and aged wines. Total polyphenolic content, anthocyanin, leucoanthocyanin and catechin were evaluated by spectrophotometer. Stilbenes were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography.
Assessment of the impact of family physicians in the district health system of the Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Swanepoel Meyer , Mash Bob , Naledi Tracey
Published: December 2014

Background: In 2007, South Africa made family medicine a new speciality. Family physicians that have trained for this new speciality have been employed in the district health system since 2011. The aim of the present study was to explore the perceptions of district managers on the impact of family physicians on clinical processes, health system performance and health outcomes in the district health system (DHS) of the Western Cape.Methods: Nine in-depth interviews were performed: seven with district managers and two with the chief directors of the metropolitan and rural DHS. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using the ATLAS-ti and the framework method.Results: There was a positive impact on clinical processes for HIV/AIDS, TB, trauma, noncommunicable chronic diseases, mental health, maternal and child health. Health system performance was positively impacted in terms of access, coordination, comprehensiveness and efficiency. An impact on health outcomes was anticipated. The impact was not uniform throughout the province due to different numbers of family physicians and different abilities to function optimally. There was also a perception that the positive impact attributed to family physicians was in the early stages of development. Unanticipated effects included concerns with their roles in management and training of students, as well as tensions with career medical officers.Conclusion: Early feedback from district managers suggests that where family physicians are employed and able to function optimally, they are making a significant impact on health system performance and the quality of clinical processes. In the longer term, this is likely to impact on health outcomes.
Coastal Fog, Climate Change, and the Environment
Authors: Torregrosa Alicia , O'Brien Travis A. , Faloona Ian C.
Published: December 2014

Coastal marine fog, a characteristic feature of climates generated at the eastern boundaries of ocean basins worldwide, evokes different feelings in those who experience it (see Figure 1). Authors and poets use fog to represent mystery, bleakness, and confusion. Film directors seek out fog to shroud scenes in eerie gloominess. Tourists visiting beaches bemoan the cool and damp conditions that create a striking contrast to the sunny warm conditions typically found less than a few kilometers inland. Airline passengers delayed by fog impatiently wait for the skies to clear. Residents get used to the Sun “rising” in midday after fog dissipates.
Effect of Solvent and Protonation/Deprotonation on Electrochemistry, Spectroelectrochemistry and Electron‐Transfer Mechanisms of N‐Confused Tetraarylporphyrins in Nonaqueous Media
Authors: Xue Songlin , Ou Zhongping , Ye Lina , Lu Guifen , Fang Yuanyuan , Jiang Xiaoqin , Kadish Karl M.
Published: December 2014

A series of N‐confused free‐base meso‐substituted tetraarylporphyrins was investigated by electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry in nonaqueous media containing 0.1 M tetra‐n‐butylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) and added acid or base. The investigated compounds are represented as (XPh)4NcpH2, in which “Ncp” is the N‐confused porphyrin macrocycle and X is a OCH3, CH3, H, or Cl substituent on the para position of each meso‐phenyl ring of the macrocycle. Two distinct types of UV/Vis spectra are initially observed depending upon solvent, one corresponding to an inner‐2H form and the other to an inner‐3H form of the porphyrin. Both forms have an inverted pyrrole with a carbon inside the cavity and a nitrogen on the periphery of the π‐system. Each porphyrin undergoes multiple irreversible reductions and oxidations. The first one‐electron addition and first one‐electron abstraction are located on the porphyrin π‐ring system to give π‐anion and π‐cation radicals with a potential separation of 1.52 to 1.65 V between the two processes, but both electrogenerated products are unstable and undergo a rapid chemical reaction to give new electroactive species, which were characterized in the present study. The effect of the solvent and protonation/deprotonation reactions on the UV/Vis spectra, redox potentials and reduction/oxidation mechanisms is discussed with comparisons made to data and mechanisms for the structurally related free‐base corroles and porphyrins.
Cooperative GeN Bond Activation in Aluminium‐Functionalised Aminogermanes and Spontaneous Imine Elimination via an Intermediate Germyl Cation
Authors: Uhl Werner , Tannert Jens , Honacker Christian , Layh Marcus , Qu Zheng‐Wang , Risthaus Tobias , Grimme Stefan
Published: December 2014

Hydrometallation of iPr2NGe(CMe3)(CCCMe3)2 with HM(CMe3)2 (M=Al, Ga) affords alkenyl–alkynylgermanes in which the Lewis‐acidic metal atoms are not coordinated by the amino N atoms but by the α‐C atoms of the ethynyl groups. These interactions result in a lengthening of the GeC bonds by approximately 10 pm and a comparably strong deviation of the GeCC angle from linearity (154.3(1)°). This unusual behaviour may be caused by steric shielding of the N atoms. Coordination of the metal atoms by the amino groups is observed upon hydrometallation of Et2NGe(C6H5)(CCCMe3)2, bearing a smaller NR2 group. Strong MN interactions lead to a lengthening of the GeN bonds by 10 to 15 pm and a strong deviation of the M atoms from the MC3 plane by 52 and 47 pm, for Al and Ga, respectively. Dual hydrometallation is achieved only with HAl(CMe3)2. In the product, there is a strong AlN bond with converging AlN and GeN distances (208 vs. 200 pm) and an interaction of the second Al atom to the phenyl group. Addition of chloride anions terminates the latter interaction while the activated GeN bond undergoes an unprecedented elimination of EtNC(H)Me at room temperature, leading to a germane with a GeH bond. State‐of‐the‐art DFT calculations reveal that the unique mechanism comprises the transfer of the amino group from Ge to Al to yield an intermediate germyl cation as a strong Lewis acid, which induces β‐hydride elimination, with chloride binding being crucial for providing the thermodynamic driving force.
Distributions of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 in the visual system of tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri)
Authors: Balaram P. , Isaamullah M. , Petry H.M. , Bickford M.E. , Kaas J.H.
Published: December 2014

Vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) proteins regulate the storage and release of glutamate from synapses of excitatory neurons. Two isoforms, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2, are found in most glutamatergic projections across the mammalian visual system, and appear to differentially identify subsets of excitatory projections between visual structures. To expand current knowledge on the distribution of VGLUT isoforms in highly visual mammals, we examined the mRNA and protein expression patterns of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), superior colliculus, pulvinar complex, and primary visual cortex (V1) in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri), which are closely related to primates but classified as a separate order (Scandentia). We found that VGLUT1 was distributed in intrinsic and corticothalamic connections, whereas VGLUT2 was predominantly distributed in subcortical and thalamocortical connections. VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 were coexpressed in the LGN and in the pulvinar complex, as well as in restricted layers of V1, suggesting a greater heterogeneity in the range of efferent glutamatergic projections from these structures. These findings provide further evidence that VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 identify distinct populations of excitatory neurons in visual brain structures across mammals. Observed variations in individual projections may highlight the evolution of these connections through the mammalian lineage. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1792–1808, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental Charge Density Evidence for Pnicogen Bonding in a Crystal of Ammonium Chloride
Authors: Nelyubina Yulia V. , Korlyukov Alexander A. , Lyssenko Konstantin A.
Published: December 2014

Chemical binding in crystalline ammonium chloride, a simple inorganic salt with an unexpectedly complex bonding pattern, was studied by using a topological analysis of electron density function derived from high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction. Supported by periodic quantum chemical calculations, it provided experimental evidence for weak σ‐hole bonds (1.5 kcal mol−1) that involve ammonium cations in a crystal. Our results show this type of supramolecular interaction to be more numerous than has been found to date by using gas‐phase calculations or statistical analysis of CSD.
CCRL1/ACKR4 is expressed in key thymic microenvironments but is dispensable for T lymphopoiesis at steady state in adult mice
Authors: Lucas Beth , White Andrea J. , Ulvmar Maria H. , Nibbs Robert J. B. , Sitnik Katarzyna M. , Agace William W. , Jenkinson William E. , Anderson Graham , Rot Antal
Published: December 2014

Thymus colonisation and thymocyte positioning are regulated by interactions between CCR7 and CCR9, and their respective ligands, CCL19/CCL21 and CCL25. The ligands of CCR7 and CCR9 also interact with the atypical receptor CCRL1 (also known as ACKR4), which is expressed in the thymus and has recently been reported to play an important role in normal αβT‐cell development. Here, we show that CCRL1 is expressed within the thymic cortex, predominantly by MHC‐IIlowCD40− cortical thymic epithelial cells and at the subcapsular zone by a population of podoplanin+ thymic epithelial cells in mice. Interestingly, CCRL1 is also expressed by stromal cells which surround the pericytes of vessels at the corticomedullary junction, the site for progenitor cell entry and mature thymocyte egress from the thymus. We show that CCRL1 suppresses thymocyte progenitor entry into the thymus, however, the thymus size and cellularity are the same in adult WT and CCRL1−/− mice. Moreover, CCRL1−/− mice have no major perturbations in T‐cell populations at different stages of thymic differentiation and development, and have a similar rate of thymocyte migration into the blood. Collectively, our findings argue against a major role for CCRL1 in normal thymus development and function.
Screening antiallergic components from Carthamus tinctorius using rat basophilic leukemia 2H3 cell membrane chromatography combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Han Shengli , Huang Jing , Cui Ronghua , Zhang Tao
Published: December 2014

Carthamus tinctorius, used in traditional Chinese medicine, has many pharmacological effects, such as anticoagulant effects, antioxidant effects, antiaging effects, regulation of gene expression, and antitumor effects. However, there is no report on the antiallergic effects of the components in C. tinctorius. In the present study, we investigated the antiallergic components of C. tinctorius and its mechanism of action. A rat basophilic leukemia 2H3/cell membrane chromatography coupled online with high‐performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to screen antiallergic components from C. tinctorius. The screening results showed that Hydroxysafflor yellow A, from C. tinctorius, was the targeted component that retained on the rat basophilic leukemia 2H3/cell membrane chromatography column. We measured the amount of β‐hexosaminidase and histamine released in mast cells and the key markers of degranulation. The release assays showed that Hydroxysafflor yellow A could attenuate the immunoglobulin E induced release of allergic cytokines without affecting cell viability from 1.0 to 50.0 μM. In conclusion, the established rat basophilic leukemia 2H3 cell membrane chromatography coupled with online high‐performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry method successfully screened and identified Hydroxysafflor yellow A from C. tinctorius as a potential antiallergic component. Pharmacological analysis elucidated that Hydroxysafflor yellow A is an effective natural component for inhibiting immunoglobulin E–antigen‐mediated degranulation.
Optofluidic droplet router
Authors: Esseling Michael , Zaltron Annamaria , Horn Wolfgang , Denz Cornelia
Published: December 2014

This contribution presents an optofluidic droplet router which is able to route and steer microdroplets using optically induced forces created solely by the bulk photovoltaic effect on a nonlinear substrate. The combination of microfluidic tools with the properties of a photorefractive crystal allows for the generation of dielectrophoretic forces that can be either repulsive, leading to virtual barriers, or attractive, creating virtual rails. The sign of these forces is solely determined by the electrical properties of the liquid medium under investigation. Moreover, the induced structures on the bottom of the microfluidic channel are optically reconfigurable, so that the same device can easily be adopted for different purposes. Appropriate droplet‐generating devices are fabricated by UV illumination of SU‐8 and polydimethylsiloxane replica molding of the master structures. The bottom of the channels is formed by an iron‐doped lithium niobate crystal, whose internal electric fields are induced by structured illumination patterns and exert dielectrophoretic forces on droplets in the microfluidic section.

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Functional organic single crystals for solid‐state laser applications
Authors: Fang Hong‐Hua , Yang Jie , Feng Jing , Yamao Takeshi , Hotta Shu , Sun Hong‐Bo
Published: December 2014

In the article by Hong‐Hua Fang et al. (doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201300222), published in Laser Photonics Rev. 8, 687–715 (2014), the names of two authors in references were wrongly spelt and citations in the text were missing. This erratum is published to correct this.
Transcranial direct current stimulation promotes the mobility of engrafted NSCs in the rat brain
Authors: Keuters Meike Hedwig , Aswendt Markus , Tennstaedt Annette , Wiedermann Dirk , Pikhovych Anton , Rotthues Steffen , Fink Gereon Rudolf , Schroeter Michael , Hoehn Mathias , Rueger Maria Adele
Published: December 2014

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is used in numerous clinical studies and considered an effective and versatile add‐on therapy in neurorehabilitation. To date, however, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain elusive. In a rat model of tDCS, we recently observed a polarity‐dependent accumulation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) in the stimulated cortex. Based upon these findings, we hypothesized that tDCS may exert a direct migratory effect on endogenous NSCs towards the stimulated cortex. Using noninvasive imaging, we here investigated whether tDCS may also cause a directed migration of engrafted NSCs.

Murine NSCs were labeled with superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (SPIOs) and implanted into rat striatum and corpus callosum. MRI was performed (i) immediately after implantation and (ii) after 10 tDCS sessions of anodal or cathodal polarity. Sham‐stimulated rats served as control. Imaging results were validated ex vivo using immunohistochemistry.

Overall migratory activity of NSCs almost doubled after anodal tDCS. However, no directed migration within the electric field (i.e. towards or away from the electrode) could be observed. Rather, an undirected outward migration from the center of the graft was detected. Xenograft transplantation induced a neuroinflammatory response that was significantly enhanced following cathodal tDCS. This inflammatory response did not impact negatively on the survival of implanted NSCs.

Data suggest that anodal tDCS increases the undirected migratory activity of implanted NSCs. Since the electric field did not guide implanted NSCs over large distances, previously observed polarity‐dependent accumulation of endogenous NSCs in the cortex might have originated from local proliferation. Results enhance our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying tDCS, and may thereby help to develop a targeted and sustainable application of tDCS in clinical practice. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of parenchymal extravascular R2* and tissue oxygen extraction fraction using multi‐echo vascular space occupancy MRI at 7 T
Authors: Cheng Ying , van Zijl Peter C. M. , Hua Jun
Published: December 2014

Parenchymal extravascular R2* is an important parameter for quantitative blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) studies. Total and intravascular R2* values and changes in R2* values during functional stimulations have been reported in a number of studies. The purpose of this study was to measure absolute extravascular R2* values in human visual cortex and to estimate the intra‐ and extravascular contributions to the BOLD effect at 7 T. Vascular space occupancy (VASO) MRI was employed to separate out the extravascular tissue signal. Multi‐echo VASO and BOLD functional MRI (fMRI) with visual stimulation were performed at 7 T for R2* measurement at a spatial resolution of 2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 mm3 in healthy volunteers (n = 6). The ratio of changes in extravascular and total R2* (ΔR2*) was used to estimate the extravascular fraction of the BOLD effect. Extravascular R2* values were found to be 44.66 ± 1.55 and 43.38 ± 1.51 s–1 (mean ± standard error of the mean, n = 6) at rest and activation, respectively, in human visual cortex at 7 T. The extravascular BOLD fraction was estimated to be 91 ± 3%. The parenchymal oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) during activation was estimated to be 0.24 ± 0.01 based on the R2* measurements, indicating an approximately 37% decrease compared with OEF at rest. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erbin interacts with c‐Cbl and promotes tumourigenesis and tumour growth in colorectal cancer by preventing c‐Cbl‐mediated ubiquitination and down‐regulation of EGFR
Authors: Yao Su , Zheng Ping , Wu Hua , Song Li‐Ming , Ying Xiao‐Fang , Xing Cheng , Li Ying , Xiao Zheng‐Quan , Zhou Xing‐Ni , Shen Tong , Chen Lin , Liu Yu‐Hong , Lai Mao‐De , Mei Lin , Gao Tian‐Ming , Li Jian‐Ming
Published: December 2014

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is implicated in many types of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC), and has become one of the most common candidates for targeted therapy. Here, we found that Erbin, a member of the leucine‐rich repeat and PDZ domain (LAP) family, plays a key role in EGFR signalling. Erbin inhibited EGFR ubiquitination and stabilized the EGFR protein by interacting with c‐Cbl. Moreover, the PDZ domain of Erbin was critical for the interaction between Erbin and c‐Cbl and EGFR ubiquitination. Interestingly, Erbin expression was elevated in tumour samples from CRC patients, increased in advanced clinical stage disease and correlated with EGFR expression. In vivo studies using mouse xenograft models of CRC showed that Erbin promotes tumour growth, and that the effects of Erbin on tumour growth are mainly related to the regulatory effects of Erbin on EGFR. The azoxymethane (AOM)‐induced colon carcinogenesis model in ErbinΔC/ΔC mice, with the PDZ domain of Erbin deleted, demonstrated that the PDZ domain of Erbin and its regulation of EGFR signalling are necessary for the tumourigenesis and tumour growth of CRC. We found that Erbin promotes tumourigenesis and tumour growth in CRC by stabilizing EGFR. Our study sheds light on developing Erbin, especially its PDZ domain, as a potential target for CRC treatment. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absolute instability of Lur'e systems and its application to oscillation analysis of uncertain genetic networks
Authors: Inoue Masaki , Imura Jun‐ichi , Kashima Kenji , Suzuki Masayasu , Aihara Kazuyuki
Published: December 2014

We derive instability criteria for Lur'e systems with sector‐bounded nonlinearities and uncertain external signals. First, we define absolute instability of an equilibrium and derive an absolute instability condition for a fixed equilibrium point in terms of a linear matrix inequality, which is analogous to the well‐known circle stability criterion. Then, the condition is extended to a parametric absolute instability condition, which is applicable to the instability test of a Lur'e system with an equilibrium point whose location is affected by uncertain nonlinearities and uncertain external signals. Finally, we show that the proposed analysis method is useful through the oscillation analysis of an uncertain genetic network model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On optimal treatment regimes selection for mean survival time
Authors: Geng Yuan , Zhang Hao Helen , Lu Wenbin
Published: December 2014

In clinical studies with time‐to‐event as a primary endpoint, one main interest is to find the best treatment strategy to maximize patients' mean survival time. Due to patient's heterogeneity in response to treatments, great efforts have been devoted to developing optimal treatment regimes by integrating individuals' clinical and genetic information. A main challenge arises in the selection of important variables that can help to build reliable and interpretable optimal treatment regimes as the dimension of predictors may be high. In this paper, we propose a robust loss‐based estimation framework that can be easily coupled with shrinkage penalties for both estimation of optimal treatment regimes and variable selection. The asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators are studied. Moreover, a model‐free estimator of restricted mean survival time under the derived optimal treatment regime is developed, and its asymptotic property is studied. Simulations are conducted to assess the empirical performance of the proposed method for parameter estimation, variable selection, and optimal treatment decision. An application to an AIDS clinical trial data set is given to illustrate the method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
European Foreign Fighters in Syria: Dynamics and Responses
Authors: Vidino Lorenzo
Published: December 2014

The number of European jihadists currently fighting in Syria surpasses that of any comparable past mobilisation. Authorities throughout the continent fear that some returnees from the conflict, having become further radicalised and having acquired technical skills, might carry out attacks in Europe. They sometimes hold up as an example the man alleged to have carried out the shooting at the Jewish Museum of Belgium in Brussels in May 2014. The profiles of European jihadists in Syria are extremely diverse. Some have long been involved in militant actions. Others converted to Islam or became radicalised only shortly before travelling to Syria. Some reach the country through recruitment networks, while others travel independently. European countries have reacted to the phenomenon with a mixture of hard and soft measures. They often find it difficult to file criminal charges against individuals seeking to travel to or having returned from Syria because of the problems involved in obtaining sufficient evidence. Various softer measures have been put in place to dissuade individuals from travelling and to rehabilitate returnees.
Adaptive B-spline volume representation of measured BRDF data for photorealistic rendering
Authors: Park Hyungjun , Lee Joo-Haeng
Published: December 2014

Measured bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) data have been used to represent complex interaction between lights and surface materials for photorealistic rendering. However, their massive size makes it hard to adopt them in practical rendering applications. In this paper, we propose an adaptive method for B-spline volume representation of measured BRDF data. It basically performs approximate B-spline volume lofting, which decomposes the problem into three sub-problems of multiple B-spline curve fitting along u-, v-, and w-parametric directions. Especially, it makes the efficient use of knots in the multiple B-spline curve fitting and thereby accomplishes adaptive knot placement along each parametric direction of a resulting B-spline volume. The proposed method is quite useful to realize efficient data reduction while smoothing out the noises and keeping the overall features of BRDF data well. By applying the B-spline volume models of real materials for rendering, we show that the B-spline volume models are effective in preserving the features of material appearance and are suitable for representing BRDF data.
Price Stability and Central Bank Independence: Discipline, Credibility, and Democratic Institutions
Authors: Bodea Cristina , Hicks Raymond
Published: December 2014

Despite mixed empirical evidence, in the past two decades central bank independence (CBI) has been on the rise under the assumption that it ensures price stability. Using an encompassing theoretical approach and new yearly data for de jure CBI (seventy-eight countries, 1973–2008), we reexamine this relationship, distinguishing the role of printing less money (discipline) from the public's beliefs about the central bank's likely actions (credibility). Democracies differ from dictatorships in the likelihood of political interference and changes to the law because of the presence of political opposition and the freedom to expose government actions. CBI in democracies should be directly reflected in lower money supply growth. Besides being more disciplinarian, it also ensures a more robust money demand by reducing inflation expectations and, therefore, inflation. Empirical results are robust and support a discipline effect conditioned by political institutions, as well as a credibility effect.
Oceanographic scenario and fish larval distribution off Guinea-Bissau (north-west Africa)
Authors: Jiménez M.P. , Sánchez-Leal R.F. , González C. , García-Isarch E. , García A.
Published: December 2014

This paper describes the hydrography and the larval fish assemblage of Guinea Bissau waters, and analyses the spatial distribution of the main families in relation to the oceanographic features of the area. Data were obtained during an oceanographic survey, undertaken between October and November 2008. In addition to 98 demersal fishing hauls, a total of 33 stations, located between 20 and 1000 m depth, were sampled for hydrography and ichthyoplankton. Data showed that Guinea-Bissauan surface waters are characterized by a strong thermohaline front that flows parallel to the bathymetry of the area. Warm surface waters (SST > 29°C) occupy the inner shelf, and colder (SST < 26°C), chlorophyll-a-rich waters take over the shelf break. Continental runoff seems responsible for the low salinity of the inner-shelf waters whereas the colder types bear thermohaline features typical of tropical Atlantic waters. These features define a scenario which favours the development of fish early life stages, reflected in the high abundance and diversity of fish larvae recorded. A total of 84 taxa of fish larvae were identified. Only the family Clupeidae accounted for 54.8% of the sampled larvae. Other important families were Carangidae (8.8%), Sparidae (8.4%) and Myctophidae (5.9%).
Atheism Considered as a Christian Sect
Authors: Clark Stephen R.L.
Published: December 2014

Atheists in general need share no particular political or metaphysical views, but atheists of the most modern, Western, militant sort, escaping from a merely nihilistic mind-set, are usually humanists of an especially triumphalist kind. In this paper I offer a critical analysis and partial history of their claims, suggesting that they are members of a distinctively Christian heretical sect, formed in reaction to equally heretical forms of monotheistic idolatry.
Lassen sich Leistungsunterschiede im Basketballfreiwurf durch die Regulatory Focus Theorie und die Handlungskontrolltheorie erklären?
Authors: Häger Janne , Schlapkohl Nele , Raab Markus
Published: December 2014

Nach der Regulatory Focus Theorie von Higgins (1997) kann ein Ziel mit einem Promotion-Fokus (Fokus liegt auf Hoffnung und Erfüllung) oder Prevention-Fokus (Fokus liegt auf Pflicht und Sicherheit) erreicht werden. Ein Leistungsvorteil ergibt sich, wenn der chronische Fokus mit der Situation übereinstimmt („Regulatory Fit“). Die Handlungskontrolltheorie von Kuhl (1983, 2001) erklärt Zielerreichungsprozesse mittels handlungsorientierten (zügige Umsetzung der Intention) und lageorientierten Personen (kognitive Auseinandersetzung führt zur Handlungsblockade). Diese Studie überprüft, ob die Konstrukte der Regulatory Focus- und der Handlungskontrolltheorie im Zusammenhang stehen. Zudem wird überprüft, ob der Regulatory Fit-Effekt sowie die Handlungsorientierung ähnliche Effekte bezüglich der Trefferleistung beim Freiwurf während einer Doppelaufgabe erklären können. Basketballspieler der Ober-/Landesliga stehen zur Verfügung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen Zusammenhang bezüglich der Skalen zur Erfassung der Handlungsorientierung und des regulatorischen Fokus. Leistungsstarke Basketballspieler profitieren signifikant von einer Prevention-Instruktion. Der Zusammenhang zwischen den Theorien sowie deren Vorhersage auf die sportliche Leistung wird diskutiert.
Activation of RidA chaperone function by N-chlorination
Authors: Müller Alexandra , Langklotz Sina , Lupilova Nataliya , Kuhlmann Katja , Bandow Julia Elisabeth , Leichert Lars Ingo Ole
Published: December 2014

Escherichia coli RidA is a member of a structurally conserved, yet functionally highly diverse protein family involved in translation inhibition (human), Hsp90-like chaperone activity (fruit fly) and enamine/imine deamination (Salmonella enterica). Here, we show that E. coli RidA modified with HOCl acts as a highly effective chaperone. Although activation of RidA is reversed by treatment with DTT, ascorbic acid, the thioredoxin system and glutathione, it is independent of cysteine modification. Instead, treatment with HOCl or chloramines decreases the amino group content of RidA by reversibly N-chlorinating positively charged residues. N-chlorination increases hydrophobicity of RidA and promotes binding to a wide spectrum of unfolded cytosolic proteins. Deletion of ridA results in an HOCl-sensitive phenotype. HOCl-mediated N-chlorination thus is a cysteine-independent post-translational modification that reversibly turns RidA into an effective chaperone holdase, which plays a crucial role in the protection of cytosolic proteins during oxidative stress.
Continuum Mechanics for Ultrasonic Particle Manipulation
Authors: Dual Jürg , Schwarz Thomas
Published: December 2014

Although ultrasonic particle manipulation is performed in fluids, the adjacent solid material and its modelling plays an important part in the design of such devices, as the impedance difference between liquids and solids is not very large. The modelling of the solid is done in the framework of linear elastodynamics, which is described by the displacement field, the strain field and the stress field. These quantities are related by kinematical relations, local momentum conservation and constitutive laws. Also material damping is important and can be modelled in the framework of linear viscoelasticity. Because of the finite size of the devices, resonant modes are important to analyse. In addition some of the elements behave as mechanical structures obeying specific equations that take into account the structural boundaries. A practical example is given, which shows the full complexity of device modelling, which is preferably done using the finite element method.
A new sample preparation method for the absolute quantitation of a target proteome using 18O labeling combined with multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Jiabin , Zhou Lianqi , Wang Huanhuan , Yan Hui , Li Nannan , Zhai Rui , Jiao Fenglong , Hao Feiran , Jin Zuyao , Tian Fang , Peng Bo , Zhang Yangjun , Qian Xiaohong
Published: December 2014

A new sample preparation method for target proteome absolute quantitation using 18O labeling-MRM MS.
Divergent pathways to furosesquiterpenes: first total syntheses of (+)-zedoarol and (Rac)-gweicurculactone
Authors: Anagnostaki Elissavet E. , Demertzidou Vera P. , Zografos Alexandros L.
Published: December 2014

Divergent transformation of a non-natural elemane to furo-guaiane and furo-cadinane cores.
An atom economical method for the direct synthesis of quinoline derivatives from substituted o-nitrotoluenes
Authors: Liu Guiyan , Yi Maocong , Liu Lu , Wang Jingjing , Wang Jianhui
Published: December 2014

A one-pot procedure for the preparation of substituted quinolines from substituted o-nitrotoluenes with electron-withdrawing groups and olefins (acrylic esters and acrylonitriles) using a cesium catalyst under mild reaction conditions is reported. The process involves a [2+4] cycloaddition mechanism.