bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fiatgeld und Corona-Krise
Authors: van Scherpenberg Jens
Published: March 2021

Die Corona-Krise hat zu einer beispiellosen, sonst nur aus Kriegszeiten bekannten Zunahme der weltweiten Verschuldung von Staaten und Unternehmen geführt. Die großen Industriestaaten nehmen immer neue Billionenbeträge an Schulden auf, um ihre Wirtschaft zu stützen. Und ihre Zentralbanken fluten seit Beginn der Coronakrise die Wirtschaft mit Billionen neuen Geldes, indem sie immer größere Teile der neu emittierten Schulden aufkaufen. Alle bisherigen Warnmarken für Schuldenquote, Haushaltsdefizite und Geldmengenexpansion haben ihre Gültigkeit verloren. Viele fragen angesichts dieser riesigen Summen daher besorgt und verständnislos „können wir uns das leisten?“ Auch unter Wirtschaftswissenschaftlern wiederum besteht erstaunliche Unsicherheit darüber, wie diese Entwicklung zu beurteilen sei, stehen sich mahnende und abwiegelnde Stimmen gegenüber. Daher lohnt es sich, zu untersuchen, was die Billionen neuer Staatsverschuldung und Zentralbankgeldschöpfung über die Natur dessen, was wir heute unter „Geld“ verstehen, verraten und was über unser Wirtschaftssystem.
Die öffentliche Verwaltung im modernen Staat
Authors: Veit Sylvia
Published: March 2021

Kein Staat funktioniert ohne öffentliche Verwaltung. Dieser Artikel erläutert, wie sich das Verhältnis zwischen Politik und Verwaltung historisch entwickelt hat, welche Stellung die Verwaltung im heutigen Staatsgefüge hat und wie sie mit neuen Herausforderungen wie der Digitalisierung und dem Fachkräftemangel umgeht.
Wer ist antisemitisch? Meinungsfreiheit – unbegrenzt?
Authors: Budrich Edmund
Published: March 2021

Seit über einem Jahr wird in Deutschland eine Diskussion darüber geführt, ob der Beschluss des Deutschen Bundestages, der sich gegen die BDS-Bewegung wendet, die Meinungsfreiheit beeinträchtige. Die im folgenden (in notwendigerweise kurzen Ausschnitten) dokumentierten Positionen der streitenden Parteien zeigen, dass der Begriff "Antisemitismus" in unterschiedlichem Verständnis Streitgegenstand ist, und dass die Streitenden unterschiedliche Bereiche im Blick haben – den des kulturellen Austauschs (Meinungsfreiheit), den des politischen Geschehens im Nahen Osten (Existenzrecht Israels) und den der Wirkungen auf die deutsche Gesellschaft.
Künstliche Intelligenz und technologische Macht
Authors: Voß G. Günter
Published: March 2021

Der Text versteht sich vor diesem Hintergrund erklärtermaßen als politische Streitschrift angesichts tiefgreifender digitaltechnischer Umgestaltungen von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft und ihrer nach wie vor nicht überall verstandenen weitreichenden Folgen. Und jenseits eines für viele Leser*innen sicherlich hilfreichen technischen oder philosophischen Hintergrundwissens ist das Werk vor allem aufgrund seiner so kenntnisreich nur selten vorgestellten digitalpolitischen Anregungen gerade aktuell überaus wichtig.
Adeus à Bildung? A universidade e a formação pela ciência em Max Weber
Authors: Barbosa Ricardo
Published: March 2021

As reflexões de Max Weber sobre a universidade e a formação pela ciência, desenvolvidas especialmente em sua clássica conferência “A ciência como vocação” (1919), integram uma tradição cuja origem remonta à Aufklärung. Weber se confronta particularmente com o legado das experiências de Schiller, Fichte e Schelling em Jena, por sua vez assimilado por Wilhelm von Humboldt no projeto da Universidade de Berlim, fundada em 1810 sob o ideal da Bildung durch Wissenschaft. O presente artigo procura mostrar de que modo as reflexões de Weber podem ser entendidas como uma despedida desse ideal.
Em busca do tempo encontrado – a criação artística em Proust e Bergson
Authors: Bonadio Gilberto Bettini
Published: March 2021

O presente artigo parte da leitura crítica de Samuel Beckett acerca do romance de Proust, Em busca do tempo perdido, para investigar a questão da criação artística no pensamento filosófico de Henri Bergson. A análise de Beckett sobre a temática da memória, do hábito e do tempo em Proust possibilita o vislumbre de certas afinidades entre as ideias do romancista e a reflexão bergsoniana sobre a arte e o artista enquanto reveladores da realidade temporal da vida, a duração. Tal revelação conduz o artista à busca de uma forma por meio da qual ele consiga superar os usos comuns e as tendências naturais inscritas na linguagem para que a expressão e a comunicação de um conhecimento sobre o verdadeiro possam vir à luz, o que coloca a imaginação como instância crucial para o acesso à verdadeira natureza da realidade.
Ekstraksi Tanin dari Buah Balakka (Phyllanthus emblica L.) dengan Bantuan Microwave: Pengaruh Daya Microwave, Perbandingan Massa Kering Terhadap Jumlah Pelarut Etil Asetat
Authors: Iriany  , Angkasa Hendri , Namira Cut Annisa
Published: March 2021

Tannins are phenolic compounds with considerable abundance in nature. In this study, the extraction of Indian gooseberry fruit was performed using Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method with ethyl acetate as solvent. Two grams of Indian gooseberry fruit were extracted for 1 minute with variable microwave power operation (100, 180, 300, 450 and 600) W. The experiment is continued at the power that gave the highest yield of tannin with  variable ratio sample to solvent (1/10, 1/20, 1/30, 1/40 and 1/50) g/mL. Total tannins in the extract were analyzed using UV-Vis Spectroscopy method to find the yield of tannin. Functional groups that were contained in the extract were analyzed using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) method. The results of this study indicate that the extract contains tannins in qualitative tests with gelatin and FeCl3 as well as in FTIR analysis. The highest yield of tannin was 36.86 mg/g which was obtained under conditions of power 100 W and ratio sample with ethyl acetate 1/50 g/mL.
Exploration minière en Amazonie brésilienne: relations de travail et migration interne dans la municipalité de Pedra Branca do Amapari-AP
Authors: Souza Keulle Oliveira da , Trindade Gleice Tavares , Fecury Amanda Alves , Dias Cláudio Gellis de Mattos , Moreira Elisângela Claudia de Medeiros , Dendasck Carla Viana , Fernandes José Guilherme dos Santos , Pires Yomara Pinheiro , Pinto Manoel de Jesus de Souza , Oliveira Euzébio de
Published: March 2021

Cet article se compose d’une analyse des conséquences sociales et économiques que le nouveau cycle minier déclenché dans l’État d’Amapá a généré et génère pour la municipalité de Pedra Branca do Amapari (PBA). Plus précisément, le processus de migration et les nouvelles relations de travail établies dans la ville comme effets causés par l’activité du minerai minier dans pba. À cette fin, il était fondé sur le point d’analyse que l’exploration minérale dans pba fait partie du processus d’occupation et d’exploitation régionale de l’Amazonie et que, par conséquent, elle ne peut pas être analysée uniquement du point de vue du contexte historique, social et économique d’Amapa, mais dans le cadre du processus de colonisation historique de la région qui a suivi, au fil des siècles, différents modèles économiques et formes d’intervention.
GASTRONOMİ DESTİNASYONU OLARAK BOLU İLE İLGİLİ TURİST BAKIŞ AÇILARI İLE DAVRANIŞSAL NİYETLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
Authors: ÖZDEMİR Gözde , ÇELEBİ Yunus
Published: March 2021

Bolu ili ve aşçılık üzerine geçmişten günümüze yapılan tüm çalışmalar, ilin turizm potansiyeline dikkat çekmiş, bir gastrnomi merkezi olarak önemini vurgulamış mevcut duru-mun altını çizmek adına hâlihazırda Bolu’yu ziyaret eden yerli/yabancı turistlerin yorum ve değerlendirmelerini–beklentilerinin ne ölçüde karşılandığını analiz etmemiştir. Bu bağlamda araştırmanın özgün değeri, pozitif senaryolar kura-rak bu ili geçmişten günümüze gelen ünüyle değil reel bir bakış açısıyla en güncel değerlendirmelerle ele almaktır. Araş-tırmanın önemi, Bolu’da yeme–içme hizmeti sunan şehir mer-kezi ve civar restoran, otel, butik otel vb. işletmelerde yöresel ürünlerin ne denli sunulduğunu ve bunların turist beklentileri-ni ne ölçüde karşılayabildiğini anlamak konusunda da bir perspektif yaratmasıdır. Yapılan yüz yüze mülakatlar, telefon görüşmeleri ve anketlerden elde edilen bulguların bütüncül şekilde analizi, araştırmaya fark kazandırmış, sunulan yapıcı önerileri somut hale getirmiştir.
Análisis probabilísticos: un reto para la ingeniería geotécnica colombiana
Authors: Rivero Galvis Naty Vanesa
Published: March 2021

Durante décadas, los grandes autores de la literatura geotécnica han desarrollado grandes aportes a través del tiempo, proponiendo teorías y formulaciones relacionadas con análisis y diseños geotécnicos de estructuras de contención, cimentaciones, estabilidad de taludes y mecánica de suelos en general. Dichas formulaciones, tales como la de capacidad portante de una cimentación, que propuso Karl Von Terzaghi en el año 1943, hoy, casi ochenta años después, sigue vigente y es la utilizada en muchos de los estudios geotécnicos.
Nexus between foreign direct investment, foreign aid, foreign remittance and economic growth in Bangladesh: Analysis of association
Authors: Zobair Shah Asadullah Mohd. , Uddin Myne
Published: March 2021

This study aims at exploring time series data of economic growth indicator and foreign inflow of fund to Bangladesh to investigate the nature of impact of such fund inflows on economic growth. In this regard data has been collected from World Bank data base for a period ranging from 1976 to 2017. The analysis is conducted by using the ARDL approach. The study identified foreign direct investment as a crucial external factor for growth of Bangladeshi economy. But another two mentionable ways of fund inflow such as foreign aid and remittance are found to play negative role in this regard. Along with these findings, this study recommends that the competent authority of Bangladesh should focus on creating more investment friendly environment to attract and ensure continual of foreign investment. Additionally, the study also claims for proper action to ensure effective use of policy and rules to make the best use of foreign aid and ensure enhanced capital formation of the foreign remittance.

IIUC Studies Vol.16, December 2019: 77-98
Black empowerment and Afro-American values in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye
Authors: Karim Sajjadul , Idrus Mohd Muzhafar Bin
Published: March 2021

The Bluest Eye of Toni Morrison is extraordinarily significant, as it addresses the different sides of American literature, and the lives of the Afro-American people. Although the conventional theological aspects of white culture can negatively influence other characters of Morrison, it is Pecola whose life appears to be increasingly defenseless against the impulses of the individuals who have accepted the Western custom. In a democratic country, people generally have the same value, but there are still prejudices in the concepts of beauty and worthiness. The search for freedom, black identity, the nature of evil and the robust voices of African-Americans have become themes for African-American literature. Folklore covers the history of black and white interaction in the United States and also summarizes the feelings expressed in protest literature1. Morrison argues that the survival of the dark ladies in a white dominated society depends on loving their own way of life and dark race and rejecting the models of white culture or white excellence. This article attempts to examine The Bluest Eye from the perspective of empowerment of blacks and African American and their value system.

IIUC Studies Vol.16, December 2019: 111-121
Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination Status of Women of child bearing age in Rangamati Pourashava
Authors: Nazneen Nazia , Alam Mohammed Nurul , Akhter Most Dalia , Rahman Md Shamsur , Parveen Mukta , Begum Arifa
Published: March 2021

Tetanus Toxoid (TT) is a routine vaccination activity under Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in Bangladesh. This was a descriptive type of cross-sectional study with a sample size of 110, selected purposively by non-probability sampling technique. Data were collected through a pretested questionnaire. The aim of this study was to assess TT vaccination coverage among the women of child bearing age, Rangamati Pourashava. As per survey, among 110 respondents, 29 (26.4%) were of 15-25 years, 52 (47.3%) were of 26-35 years, 25(22.7%) were of 36-45 years & only 4(3.6%) were of >45years. In this study, the major group, 86(78.2%) were married, 17(15.4%) were unmarried & only 7 (6.4%) were widow. Most of the respondents considered vaccination as the way of disease prevention, so that the coverage being 92 (83.6%) in case of TT vaccination. It was found that 70% women received TT vaccine from Government EPI centers followed by 23.6% from NGO facilities and only6.4% from private clinics. Among the respondents, 56.3% respondents had completed their dose schedule of TT vaccine respectively. Most of the respondents had their vaccination card. The percentage was 70 for TT respectively. Among others, 20% failed to follow it because of forgetfulness of doses and 3.34% because of losing their card. So, TT vaccination coverage among the women of child bearing age was satisfactory but it also suggests that more awareness campaign for vaccination is sensational among the mass people of our country. This study TT vaccination status among women of child bearing age will help to get idea about the woman of our country regarding the situation.

Mediscope Vol. 8, No. 1: January 2021, Page 40-44
Bone Marrow Granuloma with Miliary Mottling presenting as Pancytopenia- A rare finding in Tuberculosis - A Case report
Authors: Momin Majed Abdul Basit , Singh Rahul Dev , C Ugandhar Bhattu , G Krishna Mohan Reddy
Published: March 2021

Bone marrow granuloma and miliary mottling presenting as pancytopenia together is a rare finding in disseminated form of tuberculosis. Here we report a case of a 52-year, old male patient presented with generalized weakness, loss of appetite, decreased physical activity for one month. Initial lab hematological investigations revealed pancytopenia and high Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Bone marrow biopsy was performed to determine the cause of pancytopenia which showed caseating granulomas with positive acid fast bacilli on Ziehl-Neelsen staining (Z-N). In chest X-ray miliary mottling and bone marrow biopsy findings together confirmed the case of disseminated tuberculosis. This unusual presentation highlights the considerable diagnostic challenge and importance of bone marrow biopsy for early diagnosis and initiation of treatment.

Mediscope Vol. 8, No. 1: January 2021, Page 63-66
Gestión administrativa y desempeño laboral en una entidad educativa de Arequipa en la coyuntura de COVID-19
Authors: Fernandez Sanchez Diego Gonzalo
Published: March 2021

El propósito de la presente investigación fue definir la relación existente entre las variables de gestión administrativa y el desempeño laboral en docentes de la Institución Educativa  “Andenes de Chilina”, Arequipa, 2020. Metodológicamente, es una investigación de tipo pura, también conocida como fundamental. El nivel de investigación fue correlacional, donde se determinó la relación entre las dos variables objeto de estudio. Se  trabajó bajo el método hipotético-deductivo con enfoque  cuantitativo y de corte transversal, debido a que se realizó la  medición una sola vez en el tiempo. Se contó con una población muestral de 28 docentes de ambos sexos, los cuales se encuentran dentro de los niveles educativos básicos (inicial, primaria y secundaria). En los resultados obtenidos, según la prueba estadística de correlación de Pearson aplicado a nuestras variables en estudio: gestión administrativa y desempeño  laboral, se consiguió un r = 0.834 (correlación positiva alta) con un nivel 0.000 de significancia, el cual fue menor que el valor esperado (p < 0.05). Fue por esta razón que se aceptó la hipótesis alterna, rechazando la hipótesis nula formulada. Se  concluyó que existe una relación positiva y significativa entre gestión administrativa y desempeño laboral docente en la Institución Educativa “Andenes de Chilina”,Arequipa, 2020.
Avaliação da toxicidade das tinturas de aroeira e de romã através do bioensaio com Artemia salina
Authors: Martins Ana Cristina Rodrigues , Costa Jane Kenya Nogueira da , Herbert Adyson , Farias Fabrício Rômulo Sampaio , Rezende Márcia , Kozlowski Junior Vitoldo Antonio , Geus Juliana Larocca de
Published: March 2021

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a toxicidade das tinturas de aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva) e de romã (Punica granatum) por meio do bioensaio com Artemia salina. Diferentes concentrações das tinturas (25, 50, 75, 150, 250, 500, 750 e 1000μg/mL) foram adicionadas aos náuplios e a concentração letal média (CL50) foi avaliada, utilizando a análise de Probit através do software StatPlus® (AnalystSoft, USA), obtendo-se os intervalos de confiança superior e inferior, após um período de exposição de 24 horas. Os extratos foram considerados ativos quando os valores foram < 1000 ug/mL. Curvas de sobrevivência e testes de LogRank foram realizados para todos os extratos na concentração de 250 μg/mL contra controle negativo (Salina) e controle positivo (Clorexidina), utilizando o software GraphPad® Prism (GraphPad Software, USA). Para a aroeira a CL50 foi de 607,87 ± 38,73, já para a romã, de 464,98 ± 28,72, sendo ambas as tinturas consideradas ativas. Quando comparadas à solução salina, houve diferença significativa nas curvas de sobrevivência (p = 0,0206), o mesmo ocorreu para as comparações com a clorexidina (p < 0,0001). Pode-se concluir que as tinturas de aroeira e de romã foram tóxicas contra a Artemia salina nas diferentes concentrações testadas.
Attitudes of faculty members towards using learning management system "desire2learn" in learning
Authors:   E-learning Deanship, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia., El-Sabagh Hassan , Yamani Hanaa ,   E-learning Deanship, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia.
Published: March 2021

This research aims to investigate faculty members' attitudes towards using learning management system "Desire2Learn" (D2L) at Umm Al-Qura University (UQU) in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In addition, it examines the impact of some personal and organizational variables on the faculty members' attitudes. The paper aims as well to identify the principal obstacles that limit their use of eLearning platform (Desire2Learn). To achieve these aims, a descriptive analysis methodology was used in this research, and the research sample consists of 160 participants that were selected randomly from various faculties at the university. The sample participants are asked to complete a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire to gather the required data. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were guaranteed. The research results revealed positive attitudes of the faculty members at UQU towards eLearning platform (D2L), although it has not activated enough yet. Results also indicated there are differences of statistical significance level (0.05) in the attitudes of faculty members towards using LMS "D2L" due to the colleges classification, whether they are humanities, scientific or medical colleges. However, there are significant statistically differences in faculty members' attitudes with respect to using D2L which are found in favor of males than females and the scientific colleges whose faculty members are more desire to use the learning management system than those in the humanities colleges. The results revealed that the most important obstacles are the administrative and academic obstacles which is ranked first, followed by the physical obstacles and the personal obstacles exist at the final. The research findings help stakeholders and decision makers at higher education to take into account the implication of designing more e-courses to fulfill the needs of faculty member and activate the LMS usage to increase the efficiency of eLearning. The contribution of this research is clarified to direct faculty members' practice in various learning activities environment that lead to a successful implementation of eLearning platform and afford the stakeholders better understanding to promote positive attitudes and effective use toward LMS.
The Contribution of Monitoring for Academic Education
Authors:   Dentist and Master's student in Interactive Processes of Organs and Systems, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil., Souza Cássia de Jesus , Alvarez Rossi Marcelle ,   Associate Professor, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil., de Araújo Danilo Barral ,   Associate Professor II. Institute of Health Sciences - Federal University of Bahia, Brazil.
Published: March 2021

Monitoring in universities and university centers aims to initiate students in teaching and contribute to the improvement of undergraduate education through the articulation of theoretical and practical content, thus favoring the production of knowledge under the guidance of the teacher responsible for a specific curricular component. Monitoring allows students to develop skills associated with teaching and deepening their knowledge; however, there are elements that can hinder this practice, such as the conciliation of monitoring activities with regular academic activities. The objective of this study is to analyze the contribution of monitoring to learning and academic training in the Dentistry Course at UFBA. The sample of this research was composed of 34 students of both sexes, all in the condition of student-monitors of the Faculty of Dentistry at the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. A quantitative questionnaire was applied to students in order to analyze various aspects on the monitoring practice. Students interviewed believed that monitoring is relevant for academic training and that this activity brings greater learning during its performance. Of all respondents, 94% believe that monitoring is relevant in initiating students in higher education teaching. Most interviewees reported that they have good relationship with the Advisor Teacher and with monitored students. Monitoring gives the student the opportunity to develop skills and competences associated with teaching, provides personal and professional growth and qualifies the curriculum of those who participate in this process.
Assessment of oral health behavior and knowledge among dental and medical undergraduates in Chongqing, China
Authors:   Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China., Jiang Lin , Li Yueheng ,   Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China., Zhang Ximu ,   Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China., Zhou Zhi ,   Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.
Published: March 2021

Dental and Medical students are professional health care providers in the future, and their self-awareness and behavior of oral health highly affects their oral health education attitude for the general population. The objectives of this study were to investigate oral health behavior and knowledge of dental and medical undergraduates. The oral health behavior and knowledge of 221 dental undergraduates and 325 medical undergraduates in China were investigated through a questionnaire. With grades increasing, the oral hygiene behaviors and knowledge of undergraduates were gradually improved. Dental undergraduates showed better improvement than medical ones. However, for the higher grade students of two majors, not everyone brushed their teeth twice a day for three minutes each time, or used fluoride toothpaste. Very few people used floss, some undergraduates smoked every day. The proportion of dental undergraduates in the three grades who answered all the oral health questions correctly was 7.69%, 65.08% and 78.75% respectively, and the proportion of medical ones was 8.96%, 12.39% and 33.33% respectively. The dental and medical undergraduates’ mastery of oral health knowledge and behavior was undesirable, especially the latter. It is necessary to carry out oral health education for medical undergraduates and even dental undergraduates in various ways from the beginning of freshmen.
Evaluation of Private Schools Implementation of International School Health Guidelines and the Impact on Childhood Obesity, in Dubai
Authors:   Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates., Dakhan Alia Abdulrahman , Warner Racquel ,   Mohammed Bin Rashid School of Government, United Arab Emirate.
Published: March 2021

Childhood obesity is a health concern globally and in the UAE. The prevalence of childhood obesity in the UAE reached 13.7% among 5-17 years old children. The research aimed to explore the implementation of international school health policies at Dubai private schools. The study followed a descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional method using an online questionnaire. The target population were private schools in Dubai and they account for the majority of schools in the city. The sample size was 40 schools that represent 19% of the population. The data was collected online using Google forms, then analyzed through Microsoft Excel and SPSS. The majority of school principal's (83%) agree on the importance of implementing health policies. The implementation of health policy components recommended by the CDC: 7-9 components: 32.5%, 4-6 components: 35%, and 1-3 components: 30%. The majority of principals (84.6%) are willing to ban sweetened drinks from their school. Also, 64% of principals are willing to increase physical education (PE) classes, only 13% disagree. The study showed that 65% of schools provide 90 minutes/week PE classes (2 classes/week) lower than the recommended 180 to 225 minutes/week by the CDC and other health organizations. The common challenges schools reported to have experienced when trying to implement the health policies were time limitation, finance, human resources, and facilities. In conclusion, schools are working toward supporting health policies and school principals had an overall positive attitude in implementing new health policies. Schools also need to address the challenges they identified since they hinder the implementation of health policies.
Return to education and labor market in Cambodia: evidence form labor force survey 2012 and CSES 2014
Authors:   National University of Battambang, Cambodia., Chanthol Hay
Published: March 2021

This paper mainly estimates the returns to education employing the standard Mincerian function using the latest Cambodian labor force survey 2012, where the dependent variable is the natural logarithm of earnings and independent variables include years of schooling or educational attainment and potential experience. The paper also examines the effect of foreign language skills on earnings. This paper is divided into three sections. The first section examines Cambodia’s labor markets. The second section explores the econometric model, in particular, Mincerian function to estimate returns to education using the latest labor force survey conducted in 2012. We find that for employed persons with an educational level lower than or equal to grade 12 it is about 3.3 percent; but it is higher for males. The annualized rate of return to education for undergraduate level was approximately 17 percent. Regarding language skill, we find that people who hold a bachelor degree and can speak English can earn more than those who can speak only Khmer language. There is also a significant wage gap between bachelor holders and high school certificate holders at a ratio of 1.9.
An Examination of the Clinical Learning Experience of Second Career Nursing Students in a Dedicated Education Unit: A Qualitative Study
Authors:   DNP, RNPMH-BC - Shantou University Medical College, P. R China., Su Irene
Published: March 2021

Controversy exists between academic leaders and nurse executives in the health care system regarding whether or not new graduates especially second-career nurses are fully prepared to provide safe and effective patient care. Nurse educators are exploring innovative methods explored to improve clinical learning outcome and to foster successful career development of these students. The purpose of the paper is to examine the experience and self-regulated learning capacities of second-career nursing students who have received clinical teaching in a Veterans Affair Hospital’s dedicated education unit in the United States. The study setting is a 20-bed cardiac telemetry unit where staff nurses are purposely assigned to clinical teaching. Kuiper’s self-regulated learning model (Kuiper, 2005), a middle-range theory derived from constructivist theory, is used as the theoretical framework of the study. 13 students were recruited from the hospital’s partnership with a second-career program. The participants were asked to answer 10 open-ended questions during two focus group sessions of 6 and 7 people respectively. The conversations were audio-taped and transcribed. The scripts were input into a qualitative research software NVivo10 for data analysis. The study provides a glimpse into the lived experience of the second-career students. It compares the findings with those of prior published studies. It concludes that the dedicated education unit has a positive impact on second-career students’ self-regulated learning experience.
The effectiveness of the educational qualification diploma program in raising self-confidence among the trained teachers at the College of Arts and Humanities at A’Sharqiyah University in the Sultanate of Oman
Authors:   Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Humanities, A’Sharqiyah University, Ibra, Sultanate of Oman., Al-Lawati Esam , Al Farsi Abdullah ,   Department of Education, College of Arts and Humanities, A’Sharqiyah University, Ibra, Sultanate of Oman.
Published: March 2021

The concept of self-confidence has been dealt with by many interested scientists, whether in the psychological, educational, economic, social, or other vital and different fields. Philosophers, writers, educators and of course psychologists all have emphasized the crucial role played by self-confidence in motivation, affect, and social interactions (Bénabou and Tirole, 2002). Self-confidence is the courage to know yourself, believe in yourself, and act on your beliefs. A definition of self-confidence is a positive feeling about oneself and the world that leads to courageous actions born out of a sense of self-respect (Anneli, 2014). The study investigated self-confidence with (70) postgraduate diploma education student-teachers. These trainee-teachers “students” joined the educational qualification diploma in the College of Arts and Humanities at A’Sharqiyah University in Oman after completing their university degree in various institutions. The researchers used the self-confidence scale prepared by Sidney Shrauger 1990 that was modified, revised, and translated into Arabic language by Dr. Adel Abdullah from the Faculty of Education at the University of Zagazig in the Arab Republic of Egypt and researchers themselves reviewed it according to the Omani environment. The results of the current study revealed that the level of self-confidence among trainee-teachers in the educational qualification diploma program was low. Therefore, those in charge of this program decided to conduct individual personal interviews with the trainees (students) to determine their level of self-confidence and to provide the necessary support to raise their self-confidence level.
What is the limit of sustained swimming in Atlantic salmon post smolts?
Authors: Hvas M , Folkedal O , Oppedal F
Published: March 2021

A trend in Atlantic salmon aquaculture is to establish new production sites that are susceptible to extreme weather conditions; however, strong and persistent water currents may compromise fish welfare. Defining acceptable current conditions necessitates an assessment of sustained swimming abilities that are fuelled solely by aerobic metabolism and do not result in fatigue. In this study, the limit of sustained swimming was quantified with regards to both speed and time in Atlantic salmon of ~700 g and ~39 cm at 12°C by testing fish in groups of 10 in a large swim tunnel respirometer. First, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) (107 cm s-1) and minimum cost of transport (66 cm s-1) were measured. Sustained swimming trials at constant speeds were then performed based on a percentage of the group mean Ucrit (80, 85, 90, 95, 100 or 105%). Fish were forced to swim until they fatigued or until 72 h had passed. Surprisingly, most fish were able to sustain 80 and 85% Ucrit for 72 consecutive hours. However, at the highest speeds, fatigue was reached within the first 2 h. By categorizing fatigue times of individual fish into <2, 2-72 or >72 h, significant differences in relative swimming speeds were found that corresponded to 2.7, 2.5 and 2.2 body lengths s-1, respectively. These results document impressive sustained swimming capacities in farmed Atlantic salmon and add important temporal insights about ambient current limits with regards to fish welfare at exposed aquaculture sites.
Diversity of picoeukaryotes in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean revealed by metabarcoding
Authors: Yuan C , Li Y , Zhang X , Ge M , Xin M , Liu L , Wang Z
Published: March 2021

We used 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding to investigate picoeukaryotic diversity and distribution at the surface and deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) of 4 stations in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO). The results showed that picoeukaryotic communities were dominated by 5 phyla: Dinoflagellata, Radiolaria, Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta and Ciliophora. The picoeukaryotic communities were classified into 3 groups matching their water mass origins and depth: (1) Group I was in the surface waters of the Bay of Bengal, which had low salinity, and was dominated by Radiolaria Group A, Spirotrichea and marine stramenopiles; (2) Group II was in the DCM within the intrusion of Arabian Sea high salinity water, in which Chloropicophyceae and Pelagophyceae were more abundant; and (3) Group III was located in the 0°-5°S surface water, which was enriched by Dinophyceae. In addition, Caecitellaceae paraparvulus was abundant at 4°S, where weak vertical mixing occurred. This study provides the first baseline of picoeukaryotic diversity in the EEIO.
PENDIDIKAN AGAMA KRISTEN DAN POLITIK DALAM KEHIDUPAN MASYARAKAT MAJEMUK DI INDONESIA
Authors: Rantung Djoys Anake
Published: March 2021

Pendidikan Agama Kristen (PAK) merupakan suatu proses pembelajaran mengenai koinonia, yaitu kehidupan persekutuan komunitas iman yang di dalamnya memiliki nilai-nilai kehidupan personal dan sosial di mana satu sama lain. Dalam konteks bangsa Indonesia sebagai bangsa yang memiliki tatanan masyarakat majemuk, PAK diharapkan mampu memberikan pencerahan agar manusia menghormati kehidupan personal dan sosial dalam seluruh aspek kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia yang majemuk.PAK dalam kehidupan masyarakat majemuk dalam negara kesatuan Republik Indonesia memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam mem-berikan pemahaman atas salah satu aktivitas masyarakat majemuk dalam menjalani kehidupan dalam berbangsa dan bernegara yaitu dalam hal aktivitas politik atau kegiatan proses berpolitik. Peran PAK dalam memberikan pengetahuan kepada komunitas orang percaya Kristus agar tidak anti politik dan mau ikut terlibat dalam proses berpolitik. Komunitas orang percaya Kristus dapat memberikan sumbangan pemikiran-pemikir-an yang berdasarkan iman Kristen pada proses berpolitik.Politik adalah bagian dari etika yang berurusan dengan manusia dalam kegiatan kelompok. Manusia adalah makhluk-makhluk polis (kota-negara), dan secara alamiah kecenderungan manusia adalah membentuk kelompok, bertindak dalam kelompok dan secara berkelompok. Dengan demikian, maksud dan tujuan politik adalah untuk menggapai kesejahteraan bagi seluruh manusia dan kelompoknya.Kemajemukan adalah ciri khas bangsa Indonesia yang beragam/berbeda terutama perbedaan suku, agama, adat istiadat sampai perbedaan kepentingan. Pendidikan Agama Kristen dan Politik di Indonesia menjadi hal yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan masyarakat majemuk. Esensi (PAK) dan politik adalah komunitas suatu masyarakat atau bangsa yang hidup bersama dalam suatu tempat tertentu atau pemerintahan tertentu.Hubungan esensi politik dan esensi koinonia tersebut adalah segala sesuatu yang didapatkan komunitas iman dalam pembelajaran dan pengalaman berjemaat dan bergereja dapat menjadi contoh maupun sumbangan bagi proses berpolitik di tengah kehidupan bermasyarakat atau berbangsa dalam suatu pemerintahan. Hal yang lebih berkembang dalam hubungan esensi politik dan koinonia adalah nilai-nilai kebersamaan komunitas iman di Indonesia di dalam bergereja menjadi misi gereja yang diwujudkan dalam persekutuan politik yang lebih luas di tengah masyarakat majemuk di Indonesia.Kata Kunci: Majemuk, Pendidikan Agama Kristen, Politik
TEOLOGI RELIGIONUM: DILEMATIKA PENDIDIKAN AGAMA KRISTEN DALAM MENENTUKAN SIKAP KEIMANAN
Authors: Jura Demsy
Published: March 2021

Manusia adalah satu-satunya mahluk hidup yang memiliki kemampuan untuk mengenal hal yang berifat religius; kenyataan ini membuat ia menjadi mahluk yang berkemampuan dalam memahami Tuhan dengan segala aspek-aspek ilahi yang ada didalamnya. Hal ketuhanan pada akhirnya memberikan inspirasi kepada manusia dalam menjalani kehidupan yang lebih bermartabat, melalui keyakinan keagamaan yang dimilikinya. Dengan demikian maka kemampuan dalam memahami agama, telah menempatkan manusia poda posisi yang lebih tinggi dari mahluk lainnya.Keyakinan keagaman menjadi bagian yang tak terpisahkan dalam kehidupan umat manusia; itulah sebbanya melalui hal keyakinan inilah maka seseorang perlu membangun hubungan yang harmonis diantara sesama. Upaya membangun hubungan yang harmonis diantara para pemeluk agama terus diupayakan ditengah-tengah gencarnya gerakan fundamentalisme dan fanatisme para pengikut atas agama yang dianutnya. Upaya dialog antar umat beragama merupakan salah satu cara untuk meredam kekisruan terebut.Teologi Religionum merupakan cabang ilmu teologi yang membahas bagaimana respons teologi kekristenan terhadap fakta pluralisme agama diluar agama Kristen. Tujuan dari teologi religionum ini adalah bagaimana kekristenan melihat dan memberikan penilaian teologis terhadap agama-agama lain. Masing-masing agama memiliki keunikannya tersendiri dan perlu dihargai eksistensinya; itulah sebabnya diperlukan suatu cara untuk hal yang dimaksud.Tipologi Tripolar merupakan sebuah istilah yang akrab dengan studi agama-agama, dan juga berkaitan dengan perkembangan teologi religionum. Tipologi Tripolar bermaksud memberikan penjelasan terperinci mengenai teologi religionum yang dimaksudkan tersebut. Tipologi yang dimaksudkan tersebut itu digunakan sebagai standar di dalam studi teologi agama-agama, dan hingga kini masih banyak dipakai dalam diskursus teologi agama-agama. Tipologi Tripolar digunakan untuk memetakan beragam pendekatan para teolog dan non-teolog Kristen mengenai relasi kekristenan dengan agama-agama lain. Pemetaan ini didasarkan pada kesamaan dan perbedaan cara pandang mereka terhadap agama-agama lain di luar Kristen. Alan Race mempopulerkan istilah Tipologi Tripolar yang menunjuk kepada tiga hal pokok dalam membahas teologi agama-agama yang dimaksud, yaitu: eksklusivisme, Inklusivisme dan Pluralisme.Berkaitan dengan Pendidikan Agama Kristen (PAK), maka kehadiran teologi religionum menjadi dilematika dalam pelaksanaan PAK; sebab PAK menuntut pengakuan mutlak bahwa Yesus Kristus adalah Tuhan dan Juruselamat umat manusia. Apapun alasan yang dipergunakan dalam membangun jembatan komunikasi dengan sesama pemeluk agama; PAK memberikan sikap yang jelas berkaitan dengan posisi keimanan orang percaya. Jadi hubungan dengan sesama pemeluk agama wajib dijaga dalam konteks fakta kemajemukan dalam masyarakat, namun keyakinan iman kepada Kristus tidak bisa diabaikan begitu saja.Kata Kunci: Dilematika, Keimanan, Pendidikan Agama Kristen, Teologi Religionum,
PEMBELAJARAN DENGAN PENDEKATAN STUDENT CENTERED LEARNING (SCL) PADA SEKOLAH MINGGU
Authors: Rini Wahju Astjarjo
Published: March 2021

Tulisan ini bermaksud menawarkan sebuah alternatif pembelajaran di Sekolah Minggu melalui pendekatan Student Centered Learning (SCL). Model pendekatan ini merupakan pendekatan pembelajaran yang memberdayakan peserta didik menjadi pusat (center) selama proses pembelajaran berlangsung. Sekolah Minggu merupakan salah satu media pembelajaran untuk mengenalkan anak kepada Tuhan dan beriman kepada-Nya. Masa anak-anak merupaka periode yang ideal bagi seorang anak untuk tetap beriman kepada Tuhan sampai dengan dewasa. Riset yang dilakukan oleh Barna Research Group (BRG) pada tahun 2001, 61 % memperlihatkan bahwa orang dewasa yang saat ini setia beribadah di gereja adalah mereka yang dahulu dengan setia mengikuti Sekolah Minggu. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam pengembangan artikel ini adalah metode studi pustaka, yaitu dengan membaca tulisan-tulisan dari berbagai sumber yang relevan. Hasil yang dapat diperoleh dari penulisan artikel ini adalah, ditengah-tengah perkembangan jaman modern ini, pendekatan SCL pada Sekolah Minggu dapat diterapkan, melalui pemahaman kerativitas guru terhadap setiap tahapan dari aspek kognitif, afektif dan psikomotorik. Ketiga aspek ini dapat disebut sebagai pendekatan yang berpusat pada murid untuk dapat mengenalkan ketaatan kepada Allah, memiliki iman intuitif-projektif, yang dengannya anak dapat memahami kasih, rasa aman, disiplin, sukacita dan penyembahan kepada Tuhan. Selanjutnya adalah iman, pada masa akhir kanak-kanak, ketika seorang anak biasanya memercayai sesuatu yang dipercayai orang tuanya, belajar secara aktif untuk membagikan pengalaman serta dialog, atau bermain peran dalam bentuk sandiwara bahkan menjadi reporter. Selanjutnya dari ranah kognitif, yakni seorang anak memasuki ranah analisis, ketika ia menerima informasi yang dibagikan oleh teman-temannya dalam bentuk cerita sederhana, dan sintesis, serta evaluatif. Secara afektif diarahkan ke sikap dimana murid siap menerima nilai-nilai yang diyakininya, serta murid mulai menyikapi karakterisasi nilai yang akan dijadikan bagian nilai-nilai dari pola hidupnya. Dari aspek psikomotorik, anak dapat diarahkan kepada gerakan presisi, yakni gerakan yang tepat atau akurat.Kata kunci: Student Centered Learning (SCL), kognitif, afektif, psikomotorik.
PLURALISME AGAMA MENURUT ABRAHAM KUYPER DAN KONTRIBUSINYA BAGI PENGEMBANGAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA KRISTEN
Authors: Sianipar Desi
Published: March 2021

Tulisan ini merupakan kajian terhadap konsep pluralisme agama menurut Abraham Kuyper (1837-1920), seorang Belanda yang memiliki keahlian dalam bidang agama, politik, dan pendidikan. Studinya yang mendalam mengenai ilmu-ilmu ini telah menghasilkan pemikirannya yang khas mengenai pluralisme agama. Keunikan pemikirannya terletak pada konsep kebebasan dan teologi Calvinis di Amerika. Tulisan ini merupakan tinjauan pustaka yang diharapkan dapat memberikan wawasan dan pengetahuan yang bermanfaat bagi pengembangan pendidikan agama Kristen. Beberapa kontribusi pemikiran Kuyper yang dapat dikembangkan dalam pendidikan agama Kristen adalah Tuhan adalah pencipta keberagaman; keberagaman agama harus menghasilkan kebaikan; mengakui keberagaman sama dengan mengakui manusia sebagai gambar Allah. Karena itu, keberagaman agama harus bisa didialogkan secara terbuka.Kata Kunci: pluralisme, Abraham Kuyper, pengembangan, pendidikan agama Kristen.
DESAIN KURIKULUM PAK ANAK USIA 9-12 TAHUN DI SINODE GEREJA KRISTEN PROTESTAN SIMALUNGUN (GKPS) DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN TEORI WYCKOFF
Authors: Purba Yenni Septiani , Rantung Djoys Anneke
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apa yang dimaksud dengan PAK Anak usia 9-12 tahun, bagaimana desain kurikulum PAK Anak di sinode GKPS selama ini, dan bagaimana mendesain kurikulum PAK Anak usia 9-12 tahun di sinode GKPS berdasarkan teori Wyckoff. Penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif melalui penelitian pustaka dan penelitian lapangan. Penelitian lapangan dilakukan dengan metode wawancara. Sampel ditetapkan menggunakan model sampel bertujuan (purposive sampling). Responden dalam penelitian ini berjumlah empat belas orang, yang terdiri dari delapan orang kepengurusan tingkat sinodal GKPS di Pematangsiantar dan enam orang kepengurusan yang berhubungan dengan Sekolah Minggu di jemaat GKPS Cengkareng, Jakarta. Data dari wawancara tersebut dianalisis dengan model deskripsi analisis.Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa pemahaman GKPS tentang PAK Anak sudah memadai namun pelaksanaan PAK Anak di jemaat masih terbatas. Ditemukan data bahwa peraturan pembagian kelas Sekolah Minggu di GKPS belum konsisten. GKPS juga belum memiliki kurikulum PAK Anak. Bahan pengajaran yang ada hanya Buku Pedoman Pembelajaran Aku Gereja, yang sebenarnya bukan kurikulum. Ada beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan masalah ini: pertama, GKPS terbentur dengan bahan atau teks pengajaran Sekolah Minggu yang sudah ditetapkan oleh gereja-gereja anggota Sekretariat Bersama UEM. Kedua, belum ada ahli PAK Anak yang bertugas secara penuh dalam kepengurusan sinodal GKPS, dan faktor-faktor lainnya. Berdasarkan penelitian, kurikulum merupakan hal yang penting dan sangat dibutuhkan dalam PAK Anak. Menurut Wyckoff, kurikulum disusun berdasarkan kaitan antara beberapa unsur dasar, yaitu konteks, ruang lingkup, tujuan, dan proses. Berdasarkan teori Wyckoff tersebut, dalam penelitian ini, peneliti mendesain kurikulum PAK Anak usia 9-12 tahun di sinode GKPS.Kata kunci: Pendidikan Agama Kristen, anak, desain, kurikulum, teori Wyckoff
PERAN ORANGTUA SEBAGAI PENDIDIK DAN PEMBENTUK KARAKTER SPIRITUALITAS REMAJA
Authors: Siahaan Christa , Rantung Djoys Anneke
Published: March 2021

Artikel ini berisi pembahasan tentang peran orangtua sebagai pendidik dan pembentuk karakter spiritualitas remaja dalam pandangan Alkitab dan secara psikologis. Pendidikan karakter spiritualitas remaja merupakan satu dari sekian banyak tujuan pembelajaran PAK. Guru yang berperan dalam pengajaran PAK tidak hanya yang ada dalam sekolah formal saja. Dalam sekolah informal ada guru yang paling dekat dengan naradidiknya bahkan tinggal dalam satu rumah yaitu orangtua. Sebagai guru PAK orangtua berperan dalam membentuk karakter spiritualitas remaja. Orangtua dikatakan sebagai guru pertama dan utama dalam mengajarkan firman Tuhan kepada remaja. Pengajaran yang diberikan hendaknya dapat membentuk suatu kepribadian yang khas dari remaja. Inilah yang disebut sebagai pembentukan karakter spiritualitas.Kata Kunci : Peran Orangtua, Pendidik, Karakter, Spiritualitas, Remaja
TEOLOGI SEBAGAI LANDASAN BAGI GEREJA DALAM MENGEMBANGKAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA KRISTEN
Authors: Ritonga Nova
Published: March 2021

AbstrakGereja adalah persekutuan orang kudus. Gereja memiliki tugas dan panggilan untuk melakukan pengajaran yang benar kepada orang percaya yang sesuai dengan ajaran Alkitab. Tugas pengajaran itu antara lain adalah Pendidikan Agama Kristen (PAK) gereja. Terkait dengan tugas tersebut, harus dilakukan secara terus-menerus agar dapat menjawab kebutuhan orang percaya. Agar relevan, gereja perlu melakukan pengembangan mengingat adanya pengaruh perkembangan zaman yang masuk ke dalam gereja. Selain itu, adanya perubahan perilaku dan gaya hidup yang ditunjukkan jemaat yang cenderung mengikuti perkembangan zaman. Di samping itu, gereja juga diperhadapkan dengan pengajaran-pengajaran yang menyimpang dari Alkitab dan dasar teologi yang benar. Dalam upaya melakukan pengembangan PAK, gereja tidak bisa dilepaskan dari teologi yang merupakan isi dari PAK itu sendiri. Pengajaran yang dilakukan di gereja berpusat pada Allah dan karya-karya-Nya. Untuk memahami itu, dibutuhkan teologi sebagai sarana untuk mempermudah menjelaskan apa yang menjadi kehendak Allah atas umat-Nya. Dengan menjadikan teologi sebagai landasan pengembangan PAK Alkitabiah, gereja akan bertumbuh menjadi gereja produktif yang menghasilkan jemaat yang dewasa dan mampu mengimplementasikan imannya di dalam kehidupannya sehari-hari. Artikel ini ditulis dengan metode kualitatif deskriptif melalui penelitian kepustkaan. Kesimpulan dari artikel ini adalah gereja perlu memahami bahwa PAK adalah tugas gereja yang sangat penting dan perlu terus dikembangkan. PAK adalah bagian dari upaya berteologi gereja, maka gereja harus mengembangkan PAK berdasarkan teologi dan teologi adalah landasan dalam pengembangan PAK di gereja.Kata Kunci: Pendidikan Agama Kristen, Teologi, Gereja