bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum Small Dense Low‐density Lipoprotein Concentrations are Elevated in Patients with Significant Coronary Artery Stenosis and are Related to Features of the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Yazdandoust Shima , Parizadeh Seyyed Mohammad Reza , Moohebati Mohsen , Yaghmaei Parichehreh , Rahsepar Amir Ali , Tavallaie Shima , Soukhtanloo Mohammad , Khojasteh Roshanak , Paydar Roghayeh , Fazlinezhad Afsoon , Falsoleiman Homa , Dehghani Mashalla , Ghayour‐Mobarhan Majid , Ferns Gordon A.
Published: August 2012

Serum small dense low‐density lipoprotein (sd‐LDL) concentrations were measured in patients with angiographically defined coronary artery disease (CAD) and compared to concentrations in healthy subjects. Five hundred and seventy patients with stable CAD were divided into CAD− and CAD+ based on angiography. Patients in whom stenosis was <50 % in diameter were classified as having a ‘normal’ angiogram (CAD−), otherwise the patients were allocated to the CAD+ group. The CAD+ group was further subcategorized into single‐, double‐ and triple‐vessel disease (VD). Serum sd‐LDL concentrations were significantly lower in controls compared with CAD+ and CAD− patients (P < 0.001). Moreover, CAD+ patients had higher concentrations of sd‐LDL than CAD− patients (P < 0.01). sd‐LDL levels were not significantly associated with severity of CAD defined by the number of stenosed coronary arteries (P = 0.245). All participants were also categorized into subgroups with or without metabolic syndrome. Subjects with metabolic syndrome had higher levels of sd‐LDL than subjects without metabolic syndrome (P < 0.01). Multiple linear regressions showed that in CAD patients, triacylglycerol, total‐cholesterol, body mass index, and waist circumferences were the most important determinants of serum sd‐LDL concentrations. We found that sd‐LDL levels were significantly higher in patients presenting with symptoms of CAD. Moreover, patients with significant stenosis of their coronary arteries (>50 % stenosis) had higher levels of sd‐LDL compared to patients without significant lesions.
Formation of Trans Fatty Acids Induced by Radicals in Irradiated Ground Beef and Liquid Egg
Authors: Li An , Wang Feng , Fan Bei , Li Weiming , Li Qingpeng , Zhou Hongjie , Ha Yiming
Published: August 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the possible formation of trans fatty acids due to gamma‐irradiation of ground beef and liquid egg via a radical path. The effects of irradiation on trans fatty acids in ground beef and liquid egg were evaluated by GC analysis. The control sample of ground beef had higher concentrations of total trans fatty acids than the liquid egg. C18:1‐11t was the major trans fatty acid detected in non‐irradiated ground beef. The results showed that irradiation led to a significant increase of total trans fatty acid content in both of the two food items with an absorbed dose range between 6.743 and 11.472 kGy (P < 0.05). The change in C18:1‐9t content was the most significant compared with other trans fatty acids. Additionally, gamma‐irradiation caused a higher rate of trans fatty acid formation in liquid egg compared with ground beef. However, a slight decrease in the total trans fatty acid amount was observed in ground beef with an absorbed dose at 21.113 kGy. The increase in trans fatty acid content was negligible in liquid egg under the same absorbed dose. This result may be due to the oxidation of unsaturated configurations of both cis and trans fatty acids.
Application of a Ternary Phase Diagram to the Phase Separation of Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions Using Isopropyl Alcohol
Authors: Jung Youngmee Tiffany , Diosady Levente L.
Published: August 2012

The oil‐in‐water emulsion formed during an aqueous extraction of yellow mustard seed flour was destabilized using isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in a four stage extraction process, with concurrent recovery of oil and water in separate phases. The emulsion was extracted using two different approaches: phase separation extraction (PSE) that used fresh IPA as the extraction solvent at each stage, and phase separation extraction with recycle (PSER) that reused the extracted water‐rich phase, containing IPA, as the extraction solvent. Extraction processes by both approaches were modeled by the ternary liquid phase diagram of IPA, canola oil and water to characterize the extraction progress. PSER resulted in improved oil–water separation and IPA usage efficiency than PSE, but achieved only 84.0 % oil recovery, compared to 92.3 % by PSE. The ternary diagram of IPA, canola oil and water offered good approximation of the oil and water separation behavior of PSE and PSER by closely predicting the compositions of the separated phases; however, the weight ratio of the separated phases were not as closely predicted.
Primary outcomes of the congenital vertical talus correction using the Dobbs method of serial casting and limited surgery
Authors: Aslani Hossein , Sadigi Ali , Tabrizi Ali , Bazavar Mohammadreza , Mousavi Mehdi
Published: August 2012

Introduction

The traditional treatment for congenital vertical talus, which involves serial casting and extensive soft-tissue releases, has been associated with severe stiffness and other complications in adolescents and adults. Our hypothesis is that favorable results will be obtained using the Dobbs method of serial manipulation, casting, and limited surgery for vertical talus correction, even in older children and syndromic cases. Therefore, the present study aimed at evaluating the Dobbs method in such cases.

Materials and methods

We treated 15 feet of 10 patients (aged from 1 month to 9 years) using manipulation and serial casting or the reverse Ponseti method followed by percutaneous Achilles tenotomy and limited open reduction of the talonavicular joint. All patients were evaluated both clinically and radiologically in a mean follow-up period of 2 years.

Results

After 2 years, all patients had plantigrade and flexible feet with good radiographic correction. The mean talocalcaneal angle before (70.5° ± 10.5) and after (31° ± 5.2) treatment and the talar axis metatarsal base angle before (60° ± 11.4) and after (15° ± 6.7) treatment were significantly improved ( P < 0.001).

Discussion

Recent research has shown that manipulation and serial casting followed by limited surgery (Dobbs method) was successful in treating idiopathic congenital vertical talus. Our results also showed that this method resulted in an excellent outcome in both idiopathic and syndromic congenital vertical talus, even in older children.
Impact of Road Traffic Deaths on Expected Years of Life Lost and Reduction in Life Expectancy in Brazil
Authors: Chandran Aruna , Kahn Geoffrey , Sousa Tanara , Pechansky Flavio , Bishai David M. , Hyder Adnan A.
Published: August 2012

The road traffic crash burden is significant in Brazil; calculating years of life lost and life expectancy reduction quantifies the burden of road traffic deaths to enable prioritization of this issue. Years of life lost and reduction in life expectancy were calculated using 2008 population/crash data from Brazil’s ministries of health and transport. The potential for reduction in crash mortality was calculated for hypothetical scenarios reducing death rates to those of the best-performing region and age category. In Brazil, road traffic deaths reduce the at-birth life expectancy by 0.8 years for males and by 0.2 years for females. Many years of life lost for men and woman could be averted—270,733 and 123,986, respectively—if all rates matched those of the lowest-risk region and age category. This study further characterizes the burden of motor vehicle deaths in Brazil and quantifies the potential health benefits of policies/interventions that reduce road traffic death rates to those of the best-performing subpopulations.
ZBRK1 represses HIV‐1 LTR‐mediated transcription
Authors: Nishitsuji Hironori , Abe Makoto , Sawada Reila , Takaku Hiroshi
Published: August 2012

ZBRK1
physically interacts with TRIM28
by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (View interaction).
KILLINGS AT SREBRENICA, EFFECTIVE CONTROL, AND THE POWER TO PREVENT UNLAWFUL CONDUCT
Authors: Dannenbaum Tom
Published: August 2012

This article analyses two nearly identical lawsuits regarding the actions of UN peacekeepers during the Srebrenica genocide. The decisions are of importance as a matter of international law for three reasons. First, the Court applied human rights obligations abroad, not by holding that the relevant treaties have extraterritorial effect, but by finding the ICCPR to have been incorporated into the domestic law of the host state (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and determining that the standards codified in the relevant provisions of the ICCPR and ECHR were rules of customary international law that were binding extraterritorially (whether or not the treaty obligations themselves would extend abroad). Second, in finding those obligations to have been breached, the Court relied on the Dutch battalion's eviction of the victims from its UN compound, not on any responsibility to protect those already outside the compound. Finally, on the issue of attribution, the Court of Appeal developed the doctrine of ‘effective control’ in several key respects. I argue that the Court was largely correct in its attribution analysis and that this may prove to be a landmark in the development of international law on attribution in such contexts. Most important among the issues addressed in the Court's discussion of attribution are its findings that: (i) the ‘effective control’ standard applies equally to the contributing state and the receiving international organization; (ii) ‘effective control’ includes not just giving orders, but also the capacity to prevent the wrongdoing; and (iii) troop-contributing states may sometimes hold that ‘power to prevent’ by virtue of their authority to discipline and criminally punish their troops for contravening UN orders.
THE RENAISSANCE OF NON-REFOULEMENT? THE OTHMAN (ABU QATADA) DECISION OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: Michaelsen Christopher
Published: August 2012

On 17 January 2012 the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) handed down its judgment in Othman (Abu Qatada) v United Kingdom.1 Abu Qatada, a radical Muslim cleric once described as ‘Osama bin Laden's right-hand man in Europe’, was convicted in absentia in Jordan for various terrorist offences.2 He alleges, however, that part of the evidence against him had been obtained under torture. In 1994 he was granted refugee status and permitted to remain in the United Kingdom (UK) temporarily. Qatada later applied for indefinite leave to stay. While his application was pending, he was arrested in October 2002 and detained without charge or trial under the now-repealed Part 4 of the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001. In March 2005 he was released from detention and put under a ‘control order’ under the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005. A few months later, the UK government sought to deport Qatada to his native Jordan, having first concluded a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Jordanian government that he would not be subjected to torture or ill-treatment contrary to Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The deportation order was challenged before English courts, but ultimately upheld by the House of Lords in RB (FC) and Another v Secretary of State for the Home Department and OO v Secretary of State for the Home Department in 2009.3 In contrast, the ECtHR ruled unanimously that the UK could not lawfully deport Qatada to Jordan. The decision was criticized by Home Secretary Theresa May as ‘unacceptable’ and predictably led to several Conservative backbenchers in the House of Commons calling on the government to withdraw from the ECHR.4
I. AFRICAN COURT ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS, AFRICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS V GREAT SOCIALIST PEOPLE'S LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA, ORDER FOR PROVISIONAL MEASURES 25 MARCH 2011
Authors: Polymenopoulou Eleni
Published: August 2012

Africa has been struggling for years to establish a mechanism of human rights protection comparable to other international and regional mechanisms. Illiteracy and the low standards of economic development and social welfare, especially in rural areas, as well as the absence of financial resources were certainly not the best grounds to build on. Moreover, as Nmehielle notes, the creation of a human rights mechanism in Africa was equally hinged on other questions, more controversial ones, such as the existence of the concept of ‘law’ and ‘rights’ in pre-colonial Africa.1 In this respect, a Western-style mechanism of human rights protection would be naturally perceived with suspicion, as a form of foreign intervention.
THE CONTINUING MYTH OF EURO-SCEPTICISM? THE GERMAN FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL COURT TWO YEARS AFTER LISBON
Authors: Zwingmann Beke
Published: August 2012

The German Federal Constitutional Court's 2009 decision on the Lisbon Treaty immediately provoked passionate criticisms and revived the Court's image of the Eurosceptic par excellence. However, if one uses the Court's general case law on the interaction between European law and German constitutional law—in particular the Mangold follow-up (Re Honeywell) and the EURO bailout decision—as a background for analysis, a high level of practical support becomes apparent, that is quite the opposite to the all-out war some commentators predicted. It also illustrates how the Lisbon principles can be used to exert a positive influence on the European integration process.
IS THERE A RIGHT TO DETAIN CIVILIANS BY FOREIGN ARMED FORCES DURING A NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT?
Authors: Rowe Peter
Published: August 2012

This article considers whether there is any lawful authority for foreign armed forces assisting a territorial State during a non-international armed conflict to arrest and detain civilians. Taking the backdrop of Iraq and Afghanistan it considers relevant UN Security Council resolutions including Resolution 1546 (2004) relating to Iraq which authorized the multi-national force (MNF) ‘to take all necessary measures’ and provided for the internment, for imperative reasons of security, of civilians. In respect of Afghanistan, a number of resolutions authorized the International Assistance Stabilisation Force (ISAF) to ‘take all necessary measures’. It challenges the notion that the positive rights under international humanitarian law applicable to an international armed conflict apply,mutatis mutandis, to a non-international armed conflict, where national law (including human rights law having extra-territorial effect) is of primary (although not of exclusive) significance. It also considers which body of national law, that of the sending or that of the receiving State, applies to determine the lawfulness of detention of foreign civilians. The article recognizes that the arrest and detention of civilians may be necessary during a non-international armed conflict but concludes that the lawful justification for doing so needs to be clearly established.
X-ray powder diffraction data for holmium nitrate pentahydrate
Authors: Maixner J. , Bartůněk V.
Published: August 2012

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for the holmium nitrate pentahydrate Ho(NO3)3•5H2O are reported [a = 6.642(8) Å,b = 9.55(2) Å,c = 10.56(2) Å,α = 63.672(1)°,β = 84.622(2)°,γ = 76.085(2)°, unit-cell volumeV = 582,74 Å3,Z = 2, space groupP-1]. Ho(NO3)3•5H2O is isostructural with ytrium nitrate pentahydrate (PDF 01-75-2104) (ICDD, 2011). All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with theP-1 space group. No detectable impurities were observed.
X-ray powder diffraction data for trimethylene carbonate
Authors: Pažout R. , Maixner J. , Mundil R. , Prokopová I.
Published: August 2012

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters and space group for trimethylene carbonate, C4H6O3, are reported [a = 6.145(1) Å, b = 11.328(3) Å, c = 6.900(2) Å, β = 99.067(4)°, unit-cell volume V = 474.33 Å3, Z = 4 and space group P21/n]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P21/n space group. No detectable impurity was observed.
Reification of galaxies: cognitive astrophysics and the multiwavelength inverse problem
Authors: Madore Barry F.
Published: August 2012

Lessons learned in the history and philosophy of science have generally had little immediate impact on how we as individual astronomers conduct our research. And yet we do share many common views on how we undertake basic research, and how we translate observations and theory into communicable knowledge. In this introductory talk I will illustrate how we as extragalactic astronomers have already violated some of the basic tenets of what constitutes “science” as seen from a philosophical point of view, and I will predict what the future of astronomy as a science may soon look like. Simple examples of how we are already “cognitively closed” to many immediate and tangible aspects of the Universe will be given and some solutions to this dilemma will be proposed. We may be at a point in time where more data is not necessarily the best solution to our problems. Discovering that familiar concepts and even certain objects may not exist in the traditional sense of the word could provide a motivation for broadening our way of conceptualizing the extragalactic Universe, more as a continuum of processes and phase transitions rather than an assembly of discrete objects. Once again the Universe may be “forcing us to think”.
Effects of Non-Solar Abundance Ratios on Star Spectra: Observations versus Models
Authors: Sansom Anne E. , de Castro Milone André , Vazdekis Alexandre , Sánchez-Blázquez Patricia
Published: August 2012

Element abundance ratios hold important clues to understanding the evolution of stellar populations, through the varying timescales of different nucleosynthetic contributors. Newly measured and compiled [Mg/Fe] ratios in the MILES stellar library are used to confront models of star spectra. Such models have been used in recent years to provide estimates of differential changes in spectral line strengths, due to enhancements in [α/Fe]. In this paper we test one widely used set of theoretical element response functions. Using magnesium as a proxy for all alpha elements we test the reliability of these theoretical response functions against empirical observations, and thus the reliability of current methods of measuring element abundance ratios in the stellar populations.
Spectral models of stellar populations resolved in chemical abundances
Authors: Prugniel Philippe , Koleva Mina
Published: August 2012

We present model spectra of stellar populations with variable chemical composition. We derived the [α/Fe] abundance ratio of the stars of the most important libraries (ELODIE, CFLIB and MILES) using full spectrum fitting and we generated PEGASE.HR models resolved in [α/Fe]. We used a semi-empirical approach that combines the observed spectra with synthetic stellar spectra. We tested the models using them to derive [α/Fe] in galaxies and star clusters using full spectrum fitting. The present models are available from http://ulyss.univ-lyon1.fr
The importance of nebular emission for SED modeling of distant star-forming galaxies
Authors: Schaerer Daniel , de Barros Stephane
Published: August 2012

We highlight and discuss the importance of accounting for nebular emission in the SEDs of high redshift galaxies, as lines and continuum emission can contribute significantly or subtly to broad-band photometry. Physical parameters such as the galaxy age, mass, star-formation rate, dust attenuation and others inferred from SED fits can be affected to different extent by the treatment of nebular emission.

We analyse a large sample of Lyman break galaxies from z ~ 3–6, and show some main results illustrating e.g. the importance of nebular emission for determinations of the mass–SFR relation, attenuation and age. We suggest that a fairly large scatter in such relations could be intrinsic. We find that the majority of objects (~ 60–70%) is better fit with SEDs accounting for nebular emission; the remaining galaxies are found to show relatively weak or no emission lines. Our modeling, and supporting empirical evidence, suggests the existence of two categories of galaxies, “starbursts” and “post-starbursts” (lower SFR and older galaxies) among the LBG population, and relatively short star-formation timescales.
Stellar population models in the UV: I. Characterisation of the New Generation Stellar Library
Authors: Koleva Mina , Vazdekis Alexander
Published: August 2012

We have fully characterized the NGSL stellar spectral library, which allows us to open the UV stellar spectral range for stellar population studies. We have performed the necessary steps to prepare this library for its implementation in models synthesizing SEDs of stellar cluster and galaxy spectra. We have determined and homogenized the atmospheric parameters of the stars of this library with the aid of a full spectrum-fitting algorithm, using the MILES spectral library as a template. We also have characterized the resolution of this library and corrected systematic effects in the optical spectral range to achieve a precision of 10% of the dispersion.
What can the UV SED tell us about primitive galaxies?
Authors: Heap Sara R.
Published: August 2012

We use the full SED of a well observed dwarf galaxy, I Zw 18, to evaluate what inferences can be made about very high-redshift galaxies from their UV SED's alone.
A detailed dust energy balance study of the Sombrero galaxy
Authors: De Looze Ilse , Baes Maarten , Fritz Jacopo , Gentile Gianfranco , Verstappen Joris
Published: August 2012

The Sombrero galaxy (M104) is an interesting object for a dust energy balance study due to its very symmetric dust lane, its proximity and its (nearly edge-on) inclination of 84°. From a panchromatic radiative transfer analysis, including scattering, absorption and thermal dust re-emission, we construct a standard model for M104 accounting for observations in the optical wave bands (stellar SED, images and extinction profiles in the V and RC band). This standard model underestimates the observed dust emission at infrared wavelengths by a factor of ~ 3, similar to the discrepancy found in other energy balance studies of edge-on spirals. Supplementing this standard model with a young stellar component of low star formation activity in both the inner disk (SFR ~ 0.21 M⊙ yr−1) and dust ring (SFR ~ 0.05 M⊙ yr−1), we are capable of solving the discrepancy in the dust energy budget of the Sombrero galaxy at wavelengths shortwards of 100 μm. To account for the remaining discrepancy at longer wavelengths, we propose a secondary dust component distributed in quiescent clumps. This model with a clumpy dust structure predicts three-quarters of the total dust content to reside in compact dust clouds with no associated embedded sources.
The dust distribution in late-type low surface brightness disks
Authors: MacLachlan John , Matthews Lynn , Wood Kenny , Gallagher Jay
Published: August 2012

Late-type low surface brightness (LSB) disk galaxies are common in the local universe and appear dynamically and chemically under evolved compared to their high surface brightness (HSB) counterparts. We have utilized multi-wavelength imaging and photometry of three edge-on, low-mass LSB disk galaxies to investigate the dust distribution in such systems. Through the use of Monte Carlo radiation transfer models to interpret the data, we find that the dust disk appears to have a vertical scale height similar to the stellar disk. This is in contrast to previous findings from HSB galaxies, where the dust is believed to be more concentrated in the galactic mid-plane. We believe the change in the relative scale heights of the dust and stellar disks is likely associated with the increased stability of the ISM against vertical collapse and the thin nature of the stellar disks.
The 3-dimensional structure of NGC 891 and M51
Authors: Schechtman-Rook Andrew , Bershady Matthew A. , Wood Kenneth , Robitaille Thomas P.
Published: August 2012

We investigate the three-dimensional structure of the nearby edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 891 using 3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer models, with realistic spiral structure and fractally clumped dust. Using the spiral and clumpiness parameters found from recently completed scattered light models we produce lower resolution SED models which reproduce the spatially-integrated UV-to-FIR SED of NGC 891. Our models contain a color gradient across the major axis of the galaxy - similar to what is seen in images of the NGC 891. With minor adjustment our SED models are able to match the SED of M51, a similar galaxy at a near face-on inclination.
Stellar and dust SED modelling of the Whirlpool interacting galaxy system
Authors: Mentuch Erin , Wilson Christine
Published: August 2012

Some 300-500 Myr ago, the Whirlpool galaxy (NGC 5194/M51a) and its nearby post-starburst galaxy neighbour, NGC 5195/M51b closely interacted, resulting in significant changes to their star formation activity. Both galaxies display colors indicative of enhanced star formation during closest passage, but since then, star formation has ceased in NGC 5195 yet remained ongoing in the spiral NGC 5194. With a wealth of multi-wavelength (0.2–500 μm for this study) observations available, this nearby (10 Mpc) system, whose star formation history is well constrained through optical colors of individual stars and its dynamical history, provides the optimal laboratory to test the relation between dust emission and stellar emission within the fundamental framework of today's stellar population synthesis and dust emission models.
Hot & cold dust in M31: the resolved SED of Andromeda
Authors: Groves Brent , Krause Oliver ,   the MPIA Herschel Andromeda Team
Published: August 2012

Due to its proximity, the Andromeda galaxy (M31, NGC 224) offers a unique insight into how the spectra of stars, dust, and gas combine to form the integrated Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) of galaxies. We introduce here Herschel Space Observatory PACS and SPIRE photometric observations of M31 which cover the far-infrared to sub-mm wavelengths (70-500 μm). These new observations reveal that the total IR luminosity of M31 is relatively weak, with LIR=109.65L⊙, only 10% of the total luminosity of M31. However, as seen in the previous studies of M31, the IR luminosity is dominated by a 10 kpc ring in all Herschel bands. This is distinct from the optical, where the bulge in the central 2kpc, dominates the luminosity, clearly demonstrating how different components at distinct positions in a galaxy contribute to make the integrated SED.
Resolved optical-infrared SEDs of galaxies: universal relations and their break-down on local scales
Authors: Zibetti Stefano , Groves Brent
Published: August 2012

A large body of evidence has demonstrated that the global rest-frame optical and IR colours of galaxies correlate well with each other, which can be readily interpreted as a sign of typically smooth star formation histories. However the processes that lead to the observed correlations are contrary: the stellar light that contributes to the optical is readily absorbed by dust which emits in the IR. Thus on small scales we expect these correlations to break down. In this contribution we present our recent results (Zibetti & Groves 2011) from a pixel-by-pixel multi-wavelength (u-band to 8μm) analysis of seven nearby galaxies ranging from early- to late-types. We show that such a break-down occurs already on scales on few 100 pc, as a result of the different physical conditions in spatially distinct regions inside the galaxy, as we demonstrate by means of a Principal Component Analysis. Despite the lack of internal correlation between optical and IR within individual galaxies, when the pixels of all galaxies are compared the well known optical-IR colour correlations return, demonstrating that the variance observed within galaxies is limited around a mean which follows the well-known trends. We also examine the extremely strong correlations between the mid IR (Spitzer-IRAC)-NIR colours which extend continuously across all galaxies. These correlations arise from the differing contribution of stellar light and dust to the IRAC bands, enabling us to determine pure stellar colours for these bands, but still demonstrating the need for dust (or stellar) corrections in these bands when being used as stellar (dust) tracers.
Detection of a large amount of diffuse extraplanar dust in NGC 891
Authors: Seon Kwang-Il , Witt Adolf N.
Published: August 2012

Significant discrepancies have been found between the dust masses derived from various tracers (optical/near-IR, far-IR/sub-millimeter observations, and the variation of dust attenuation with viewing angle). Here we report the first detection of the extended far-UV (FUV) and near-UV (NUV) haloes perpendicular to the galactic plane of NGC 891, which can be interpreted as scattered stellar light from the galactic plane. An additional “geometrically thick” dust disk, which contains about the same mass as the standard thin dust disk, is needed to reproduce the vertically extended UV profiles
On the nature of the peculiar superthin LSB galaxy UGC 12281
Authors: Günster Philip , Bomans Dominik J.
Published: August 2012

UGC 12281 has been classified as having a pure disk and being a low surface brightness galaxy (LSBG), thus being an obvious member of the so-called superthin galaxies. At the same time it represents an extremely untypical type of LSBG due to its remarkable amount of current star formation and evidence for extraplanar ionized gas. This makes it become a perfect tool to investigate the triggering of star formation in LSB galaxies, located in an alleged isolated area. By means of deep photometry and long-slit spectroscopy we analyse the Hα halo and verify the existence of a potential dwarf companion which we found on processed SDSS images.
Low Metallicity ISM: excess submillimetre emission and CO-free H2 gas
Authors: Madden Suzanne C. , Rémy Aurélie , Galliano Frédéric , Galametz Maud , Bendo George , Cormier Diane , Lebouteiller Vianney , Hony Sacha ,   the Herschel SAG 2 consortium
Published: August 2012

The low metallicity interstellar medium of dwarf galaxies gives a different picture in the far infrared(FIR)/submillimetre(submm)wavelengths than the more metal-rich galaxies. Excess emission is often found in the submm beginning at or beyond 500 μm. Even without taking this excess emission into account as a possible dust component, higher dust-to-gas mass ratios (DGR) are often observed compared to that expected from their metallicity for moderately metal-poor galaxies. The Spectral Energy Distributions (SEDs) of the lowest metallicity galaxies, however, give very low dust masses and excessively low values of DGR, inconsistent with the amount of metals expected to be captured into dust if we presume the usual linear relationship holding for all metallicities, including the more metal-rich galaxies. This transition seems to appear near metalllicities of 12 + log(O/H) 8.0 - 8.2. These results rely on accurately quantifying the total molecular gas reservoir, which is uncertain in low metallicity galaxies due to the difficulty in detecting CO(1-0) emission. Dwarf galaxies show an exceptionally high [CII] 158 μm/CO (1-0) ratio which may be indicative of a significant reservoir of ‘CO-free’ molecular gas residing in the photodissociated envelope, and not traced by the small CO cores.
Characterisation of the submillimeter excess in dwarf galaxies: Presentation of the Herschel Dwarf Galaxies Survey
Authors: Rémy Aurélie , Madden Suzanne C. , Galliano Frederic , Galametz Maud , Hony Sacha ,   the Herschel SAG2 Consortium
Published: August 2012

The Herschel Space Observatory is revolutionizing our view of dust in galaxies with high sensitivity observations in the far infrared(FIR)/submillimeter (submm) regime from 70 to 500 μm. Herschel is confirming the submm excess that has been noted previously in low metallicity dwarfs. We present here the Dwarf Galaxies Survey sample through a Herschel colour-colour diagram. We will then focus on two galaxies, Haro11 and NGC4449 presenting different interesting behaviours in the FIR as revealed by Herschel.
A Multi-wavelength MOCASSIN model of the Magellanic-type galaxy NGC 4449
Authors: Karczewski O. Ł. , Barlow M. J. , Page M. J. , Madden S. C.
Published: August 2012

We use the photoionisation and dust radiative transfer code MOCASSIN to create a model of the dwarf irregular galaxy NGC 4449. The best-matching model reproduces the global optical emission line fluxes and the observed spectral energy distribution (SED) spanning wavelengths from the UV to sub-mm, and requires the bolometric luminosity of 6.25 × 109L⊙ for the underlying stellar component, Mdust/Mgas of 1/680 and Mdust of 2.2 × 106M⊙.
Identification of Spitzer-IRS staring mode targets in the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Ruffle Paul M. E. , Woods Paul M. , Kemper Francisca
Published: August 2012

The SAGE-LMC, SAGE-SMC and HERITAGE surveys have mapped the Magellanic Clouds in the infrared using the Spitzer and Herschel Space Telescopes. Over 8.5 million point sources were detected and catalogued in the LMC alone. Staring mode observations using the InfraRed Spectrograph (IRS) on board Spitzer have been obtained for 1,000 positions in the LMC and ~250 in the SMC. From the infrared spectroscopy we have identified the nature of the sources for which spectroscopy is available. These IRS staring mode targets represent an important contribution to the SED of these dwarf galaxies. Here we report on our latest results.
The S4G view of stellar mass, mid-IR dust, and evolved, intermediate-age stars in nearby galaxies
Authors: Meidt Sharon E. ,   S4G team
Published: August 2012

With deep imaging at 3.6 and 4.5 μm where the light in nearby galaxies is dominated by old stars, the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Nearby Galaxies (S4G) promises to be the ultimate inventory of stellar mass and structure in the local universe. We present results from a novel technique that makes it possible to fully exploit the information contained in these images, pertaining not only to the stellar light (and, ultimately, mass distribution), but also the nature and distribution of the mid-IR dust and the properties of evolved, intermediate age stars (e.g. in AGB-dominated star clusters). We apply Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to the 3.6 and 4.5 μm bands to separate the light from the old stars from the secondary non-stellar (i.e. PAH and hot dust) sources of emission, which are identified via comparison to the non-stellar emission imaged at 8 μm. Then, within the context of age and mass estimation at high z, we extract optical-to-mid-IR SEDs for a sample of ICA-identified AGB-dominated clusters to constrain the typically uncertain fractional contribution of AGB light to the total stellar emission in (rest-frame) NIR bands.
The peculiar dust properties of the LMC and their implications on modelling SEDs of galaxies
Authors: Galliano Frédéric
Published: August 2012

In a recent study based on the modelling of spatially resolved Spitzer and Herschel observations of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), we have shown that the infrared (IR) to submillimetre (submm) grain opacities are systematically higher in the LMC than in our Galaxy. This discovery demonstrates an evolution of the dust properties with environment. Here, we discuss the consequences of this evolution on the modelling of SEDs of galaxies, emphasizing that the uncertainties on the grain properties can lead to erroneous interpretations of the structure of the interstellar medium (ISM) of galaxies, if no additional independent constraints are used.
Spikes in the SED and ripples in the outskirts of galaxies
Authors: Chakrabarti Sukanya
Published: August 2012

We describe a new method that allows us to quantitatively characterize galactic satellites from analysis of disturbances in outer gas disks, without requiring knowledge of their optical light. We have demonstrated the validity of this method, which we call Tidal Analysis, by applying it to local spirals with known optical companions, including M51 and NGC 1512. These galaxies span the range from having a low mass companion (~ one-hundredth the mass of the primary galaxy) to a fairly massive companion (~ one-third the mass of the primary galaxy). This approach has broad implications for many areas of astrophysics – for the indirect detection of dark matter (or dark matter-dominated dwarf galaxies), and for galaxy evolution in its use as a decipher of the dynamical impact of satellites on galactic disks. Here, we present some preliminary results on the emergent SEDs and images, calculated along the time sequence of these dynamical simulations using the 3-D self-consistent Monte Carlo radiative transfer code RADISHE. We explore star formation prescriptions and how they affect the emergent SEDs and images. Our goal is to identify SED colors that are primarily affected by the galaxy's interaction history, and are not significantly affected by the choice of star formation prescription. If successful, we may be able to utilize the emergent UV-IR SED of the primary galaxy to understand its recent interaction history.
TYPHOON observations of the Lindsay-Shapley Ring
Authors: Sturch Laura K. , Madore Barry F.
Published: August 2012

We present the first results of the TYPHOON program on the ring galaxy AM 0644-741. TYPHOON is a program for producing highly resolved spectrophotometric data cubes with wavelength coverage ranging from [OII] 3727A to 7000A. Using the first results of TYPHOON we will show its efficacy in producing images and from that we will create velocity maps, one of the many uses of TYPHOON results. From this program we will deduce the motion of gas in the ring structure of AM 0644-741 to better understand how the galaxy has evolved to its present state.
A new model for the infrared emission of IRAS F10214+4724
Authors: Efstathiou Andreas , Christopher Natalie , Verma Aprajita , Siebenmorgen Ralf
Published: August 2012

We present a new model for the infrared emission of the high redshift hyperluminous infrared galaxy IRAS F10214+4724 which takes into account recent photometric data from Spitzer and Herschel that sample the peak of its spectral energy distribution. We first demonstrate that the combination of the AGN tapered disc and starburst models of Efstathiou and coworkers, while able to give an excellent fit to the average spectrum of type 2 AGN measured by Spitzer, fails to match the spectral energy distribution of IRAS F10214+4724. This is mainly due to the fact that the ν Sν distribution of the galaxy falls very steeply with increasing frequency (a characteristic of heavy absorption by dust) but shows a silicate feature in emission. We propose a model that assumes two components of emission: clouds that are associated with the narrow-line region and a highly obscured starburst. The emission from the clouds must suffer significantly stronger gravitational lensing compared to the emission from the torus to explain the observed spectral energy distribution.
The SED of the nearby H i-massive LIRG HIZOA J0836–43: from the NIR to the radio domain
Authors: Kraan-Korteweg Renée C. , Cluver Michelle E.
Published: August 2012

HIZOA J0836–43 is one of the most H i-massive galaxies in the local (z < 0.1) Universe. Not only are such galaxies extremely rare, but this “coelacanth” galaxy exhibits characteristics – in particular its active, inside-out stellar disk-building – that appear more typical of past (z ~ 1) star formation, when large gas fractions were more common. Unlike most local giant H i galaxies, it is actively star forming. Moreover, the strong infrared emission is not induced by a merger event or AGN, as is commonly found in other local LIRGs. The galaxy is suggestive of a scaled-up version of local spiral galaxies; its extended star formation activity likely being fueled by its large gas reservoir and, as such, can aid our understanding of star formation in systems expected to dominate at higher redshifts. The multi-wavelength imaging and spectroscopic observations that have led to these deductions will be presented. These include NIR (JHK) and MIR (Spitzer; 3 – 24μm) imaging and photometry, MIR spectroscopy, ATCA H i-interferometry and Mopra CO line emission observations. But no optical data, as the galaxy is heavily obscured due to its location in Vela behind the Milky Way.
Spectral energy distributions of quasars selected in the mid-infrared
Authors: Lacy M. , Sajina A. , Petric A. O. , Ridgway S. E. , Nielsen D. M. , Urrutia T. , Farrah D. , Gates E. L.
Published: August 2012

We present preliminary results on fitting of SEDs to 142 z < 1 quasars selected in the mid-infrared. Our quasar selection finds objects ranging in extinction from highly obscured, type-2 quasars, through more lightly reddened type-1 quasars and normal type-1s. We find a weak tendency for the objects with the highest far-infrared emission to be obscured quasars, but no bulk systematic offset between the far-infrared properties of dusty and normal quasars as might be expected in the most naive evolutionary schemes. The hosts of the type-2 quasars have stellar masses comparable to those of radio galaxies at similar redshifts. Many of the type-1s, and possibly a one of the type-2s require a very hot dust component in addition to the normal torus emission.
Multiwavelength data for bright active galaxies
Authors: Mickaelian Areg M. , Abrahamyan Hayk V. , Paronyan Gurgen M. , Harutyunyan Gohar S.
Published: August 2012

The spectral energy distribution (SED) gives a complete picture of the radiation of space objects and may result in correct classifications compared to those based only on optical (or other local) spectra. This is especially crucial for active galaxies, both AGN and Starbursts (SB). For this, multiwavelength (MW) data are needed taken from available surveys and catalogs. We have cross-correlated the Catalogue of quasars and active galaxies with all-sky or large-area MW catalogues, such as X-ray ROSAT (BSC and FSC), UV GALEX (MIS and AIS), optical APM, MAPS, USNO-B1.0, GSC 2.3.2, and SDSS DR8, NIR 2MASS, MIR/FIR WISE, IRAS (PSC and FSC) and AKARI (IRC and FIS), radio GB6, NVSS, FIRST, and WENSS. We have established accurate positions and photometry for a few thousands of objects that appeared in the catalog with poor data, as well as achieved the best astrometric and photometric data for all objects. This allowed correct cross-correlations and establishing correct MW data for these objects. As a result, we obtained 34 photometric points from X-rays to radio and using VO tools built SEDs for some 10,000 bright objects. Some data from other surveys were also used, such as Chandra, XMM, Spitzer, etc. All objects were grouped into several forms of SED and were compared to the known optical classes given in the catalog (QSO, BLL, Sy1, Sy1.2–1.9, Sy2, LINER, SB, and HII). This allowed reveal obscured AGN, as well as find previously misclassified objects. A homogeneous classification for these objects was established. The first part of this project is presented; establishment of accurate positions and photometry and cross-correlations with MW catalogs.
Young stars in nearby early-type galaxies: SED fitting based on ultraviolet (UV) and optical imaging
Authors: Jeong Hyunjin , Yi Sukyoung K. , Bureau Martin , Davies Roger L.
Published: August 2012

Recent studies from the Galaxy Evolution Explore (GALEX) ultraviolet (UV) data have demonstrated that the recent star formation is more common in early-type galaxies (ETGs) than we used to believe. The UV is one order of magnitude more sensitive than the optical to the presence of young stellar populations. The near-ultraviolet (NUV) lights of ETGs, especially, are used to reveal their residual star formation history. Here we used the GALEX UV data of 34 nearby early-type galaxies from the SAURON sample, all of which have optical data from MDM Observatory. At least 15% of the galaxies in this sample show blue UV-optical colours suggesting recent star formation (Jeong et al. 2009). These NUV blue galaxies are generally low velocity dispersion systems and change the slopes of scaling relations (colour-magnitude relations and fundamental planes) and increase the scatters. To quantify the amount of recent star formation in our sample, we assume two bursts of star formation, allowing us to constrain the age and mass fraction of the young component pixel by pixel (Jeong et al. 2007). The pixel-by-pixel SED fitting based on UV and optical imaging reveals that the mass fraction of young (< 1 Gyr old) stars in ETGs varies between 1 and 3% in the nearby universe (Jeong et al. in prep.). We will compare our results with the prediction from the hierarchical merger paradigm to understand the mechanism of low-level recent star formation observed in early-type galaxies.
Dusty early-type galaxies and passive spirals
Authors: Rowlands Kate , Dunne Loretta , Maddox Steve ,   the Herschel-ATLAS and GAMA collaborations
Published: August 2012

Early-type galaxies (ETGs) are thought to be devoid of dust and star-formation, having formed most of their stars at early epochs. We present the detection of the dustiest ETGs in a large area blind submillimetre survey with Herschel (H-ATLAS, Eales et al. 2010), where the lack of pre-selection in other bands makes it the first unbiased survey for cold dust in ETGs. We compare to a control sample of optically selected ETGs to investigate how the two populations are different. We also highlight the properties of an interesting population of passive spirals detected by Herschel.
Using GAMA and H-ATLAS data to explore the cold dust properties of early-type galaxies
Authors: Agius Nicola K. , Sansom Anne E. , Popescu Cristina C.
Published: August 2012

Hierarchical galaxy formation models predict the development of elliptical galaxies through a combination of the mergers and interactions of smaller galaxies. We are carrying out a study of Early-Type Galaxies (ETGs) using GAMA multi-wavelength and Herschel-ATLAS sub-mm data to understand their intrinsic dust properties. The dust in some ETGs may be a relic of past interactions and mergers of galaxies, or may be produced within the galaxies themselves. With this large dataset we will probe the properties of the dust and its relation to host galaxy properties. This paper presents our criteria for selecting ETGs and explores the usefulness of proxies for their morphology, including optical colour, Sérsic index and Concentration index. We find that a combination of criteria including r band Concentration index, ellipticity and apparent sizes is needed to select a robust sample. Optical and sub-mm parameter diagnostics are examined for the selected ETG sample, and the sub-mm data are fitted with modified Planck functions giving initial estimates for the cold dust temperatures and masses.
Age-dating Stellar Populations of Luminous Red Galaxies
Authors: Ratsimbazafy Ando , Cress Catherine , Crawford Steve , Maraston Claudia , Nichol Robert , Thomas Daniel
Published: August 2012

We investigate the possibility of using Luminous Red Galaxies (LRGs) as “Cosmic chronometers” to measure the expansion rate of the universe to 3% over a redshift range 0.1 < z < 1.0. In this method, H(z) is directly measured by using the ages of passively evolving galaxies to determine dz/dt. We first present results from our study of LRGs in simulations Crawford et al. where we explore the impact of extended star formation histories on the measurements of the Hubble parameter. We then extract a carefully selected sample of LRGs taken from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Released Seven (DR7), stack spectra in redshift bins to increase the signal-to-noise, and use the Lick index modelling presented in Thomas et al. to age-date the sample. We discuss the implications for expansion rate measurements and outline a proposal to observe LRGs with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT).