bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attitudes, values and moral reasoning as predictors of delinquency
Authors: Tarry Hammond , Emler Nicholas
Published: June 2007

Attitudes to institutional authority, strength of support for moral values and maturity of socio‐moral reasoning have all been identified as potential predictors of adolescent delinquency. In a sample of 12–15‐year‐old boys (N = 789), after checking for effects of age, IQ, social background and ethnicity, self‐reported delinquency was significantly and independently predicted by attitudes to authority (r = −.47) and moral values (r = −.27), but not by a structural measure of moral reasoning level (r = −.04). The findings argue for closer attention to the developmental determinants of attitudes to institutional authority and strength of moral value commitments than these have received hitherto. On the other hand, lack of an association between moral reasoning level and delinquent conduct does leave unanswered questions about the consequences of this kind of moral competence.
Maternal depression and children's attachment representations during the preschool years
Authors: Trapolini T. , Ungerer J. A. , McMahon C. A.
Published: June 2007

This longitudinal study aimed to investigate the impact of chronic and transient maternal depression on children's attachment representations at 4 years of age measured with the Attachment Story Completion Task (Bretherton, Ridgeway, & Cassidy, 1990). The impact of concurrent maternal depressive symptoms was also considered. A secondary aim was to investigate the continuity of attachment classification at 15 months with child attachment representations at 4 years. Children of mothers who were concurrently depressed were more likely to have attachment representations characterized by uncontained physical aggression. In contrast, there were no significant relationships between exposure to prior chronic maternal depression and children's attachment representations at 4 years, nor were there any significant relationships between behavioural assessments of attachment during infancy and later representational assessments. Findings are discussed in the context of caregiving behaviours that may foster secure attachment relationships and influence a child's social‐emotional development, limitations of representational measures, as well as poor attachment stability.
Fetal habituation performance: Gestational age and sex effects
Authors: McCorry Noleen K. , Hepper Peter G.
Published: June 2007

Habituation is the decrement in response to repeated stimulation. Fetal habituation performance may reflect the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) prenatally. However, basic characteristics of the prenatal habituation phenomena remain unclear, such as the relationship with gestational age (GA) and fetal sex. The current study investigated the relationship between habituation performance and both fetal sex and advancing gestational age, by comparing habituation performance at 31 and 35 weeks GA within a sample of 74 singleton pregnancies, all with normal neonatal outcomes. A vibroacoustic stimulus was used to habituate the fetus and motor responses were monitored via ultrasound. The criterion for habituation was defined as no response to five consecutive stimulus presentations. Prenatal habituation performance was found to demonstrate a developmental trend, with an increased proportion of fetuses habituating with advancing gestational age and requiring fewer stimulus presentations to satisfy the habituation criterion. Fetal sex also appears to have a moderating influence on gestational changes in habituation performance. Hence, the ongoing maturation of the fetal CNS does appear to be reflected in fetal habituation performance, indicating the need to consider the composition of fetal samples in terms of both gestational age and sex. Variability in interfetal performance was found to be high and clinical applications remain speculative.
Does using a computer disturb the organization of children's writing?
Authors: Crook Charles , Bennett Lindsey
Published: June 2007

Children's speed and fluency of writing has elsewhere been shown to correlate with the quality of their composition. Here, we compared speed and fluency of text production when children aged between 6 and 11 used either a pen or a computer keyboard. Younger children were reliably slower and less fluent when writing at a keyboard. All children were slower when the text was more demanding. These impediments to smooth writing were shown to be associated with the different patterns of visual attention required by the two writing tools. It is argued that writing is usefully approached as a tool‐mediated activity whose coordination presents developmental challenges. Moreover, the results suggest grounds for investing more in helping children towards greater confidence in visual–manual control of the keyboard.
Book Reviews
Authors: Subrahmanyam Kaveri
Published: June 2007

Children's responses to the screen: A media psychological approach By Patti M. Valkenburg Mahwah, NJ, and London: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004, pp. 176, US $22.50, UK £13.95, ISBN: 0805847642
Blood gas and patient safety: considerations based on experience developed in accordance with the Risk Management perspective
Authors: Rambaldi Marco , Baranzoni MariaTeresa , Coppolecchia Pasquale , Moschello Jennifer N. , Novaco Francesca
Published: June 2007

It is the responsibility of health organizations to guarantee a high level of healthcare by using adequate methodologies and instruments, creating secure conditions for treatment, and preventing adverse events due to human or system errors. It is necessary to introduce Risk Management programs, and in particular to promote Clinical Risk Management, one of the constituent elements of Clinical Governance, to assure the delivery of high-quality performance and services. In the point-of-care testing (POCT) context, using an analysis of our experiences, we discuss the entire analytical process, including acquisition and usage, while focusing on blood gas analyzers. Our experience confirms that within a Clinical Governance framework, it is necessary to apply, even when choosing instruments, a systematic vision that is not limited to analytical validation, but also includes an in-depth analysis of the impact in a specific context. Assessment of the correlated risks, independent of the analytical methodology used, is indispensable in a clinical environment to identify the most suitable approach for such risks. A study of the latent factors can be proactively performed to identify (and stimulate) what the pre-organizational environment (producer companies) can offer in terms of product orientation to effectively reduce correlated risk during use. Among the different options for possible treatment of risk, one involves the transfer of the assumption of risk to third parties (e.g., maintenance and quality controls). Transferring the responsibility for control operations to the operator of the instrument, which follows the quality controls with total autonomy, is equivalent to transferring the correlated risk for the clinician (in the POCT case) to the producer, who becomes the guarantor. In practice this is equivalent to a specific assurance stipulation with zero cost.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:774–80.
Risk management in laboratory medicine: quality assurance programs and professional competence
Authors: Sciacovelli Laura , Secchiero Sandra , Zardo Lorena , D'Osualdo Alessandra , Plebani Mario
Published: June 2007

To guarantee excellent performance and service, the process of identifying and treating error risks must be integrated into the total testing process. Quality Assurance Programs (QAPs) represent an important tool that allows us to identify errors and pinpoint any need for further systematic investigations, and to rectify procedures to improve the inputs and processes by which the service is delivered. The models used by the laboratory to assure quality and manage the risk of errors have been modified in line with an approach in which the identification of quality goals and the redefinition of professionals duties and responsibilities are indispensable. Error risk is currently high in some areas of laboratory activity, and QAP is needed now more than ever.

The present paper provides some descriptive examples of an approach that can be followed to manage an External Quality Assessment Scheme (EQAS) and quality indicators (QIs), the main tools used by laboratories to assure the quality of their service, for the prevention of error risk. In particular, we describe the correct approach to choose EQAS, to use information from the EQAS report, to design a QI model, and to analyze any QI data. The examples highlight that any well-designed quality system can be ineffective if it is not managed by highly competent professionals with a deep sense of responsibility.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:756–65.
Does external evaluation of laboratories improve patient safety?
Authors: Noble Michael A.
Published: June 2007

Laboratory accreditation and External Quality Assessment (also called proficiency testing) are mainstays of laboratory quality assessment and performance. Both practices are associated with examples of improved laboratory performance. The relationship between laboratory performance and improved patient safety is more difficult to assess because of the many variables that are involved with patient outcome. Despite this difficulty, the argument to continue external evaluation of laboratories is too compelling to consider the alternative.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:753–5.
“Pre-pre” and “post-post” analytical error: high-incidence patient safety hazards involving the clinical laboratory
Authors: Laposata Michael , Dighe Anand
Published: June 2007

Data from recent studies suggest that the highest incidence of laboratory-related errors occurs in the pre-analytical phase of laboratory testing. However, few studies have examined the frequency of errors in laboratory test selection and interpretation. A survey of physicians who use our clinical laboratory demonstrated that the largest number of test ordering errors appear to involve physicians simply ordering the wrong test. Diagnostic algorithms providing guidance for test selection in specific disorders are also used as the basis for the establishment of reflex protocols in the clinical laboratory. The provision of an expert-driven interpretation by laboratory professionals resulted in improvements both in the time to and the accuracy of diagnosis. A survey of our physician staff has shown that in the absence of such an interpretation, for patients being assessed for a coagulation disorder, approximately 75% of the cases would have involved some level of test result misinterpretation.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:712–9.
Recommendations for detection and management of unsuitable samples in clinical laboratories
Authors: Lippi Giuseppe , Banfi Giuseppe , Buttarello Mauro , Ceriotti Ferruccio , Daves Massimo , Dolci Alberto , Caputo Marco , Giavarina Davide , Montagnana Martina , Miconi Valentino , Milanesi Bruno , Mosca Andrea , Morandini Margherita , Salvagno Gian Luca
Published: June 2007

A large body of evidence attests that quality programs developed around the analytical phase of the total testing process would only produce limited improvements, since the large majority of errors encountered in clinical laboratories still prevails within extra-analytical areas of testing, especially in manually intensive preanalytical processes. Most preanalytical errors result from system flaws and insufficient audit of the operators involved in specimen collection and handling responsibilities, leading to an unacceptable number of unsuitable specimens due to misidentification, in vitro hemolysis, clotting, inappropriate volume, wrong container or contamination from infusive routes. Detection and management of unsuitable samples are necessary to overcome this variability. The present document, issued by the Italian Inter-society SIBioC-SIMeL-CISMEL (Society of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology-Italian Society of Laboratory Medicine-Italian Committee for Standardization of Hematological and Laboratory Methods) Study Group on Extra-analytical Variability, reviews the major causes of unsuitable specimens in clinical laboratories, providing consensus recommendations for detection and management.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:728–36.
The role of in vitro diagnostic companies in reducing laboratory error
Authors: Stankovic Ana K. , Romeo Peter
Published: June 2007

Laboratory errors have a significant impact on patient safety. The manufacturers of in vitro diagnostic (IVD) products play an important role in the reduction of laboratory errors by ensuring the highest possible safety and efficacy of their products. In order to achieve this, the IVD industry has implemented rigorous product development and manufacturing processes. Many IVD companies apply Six Sigma principles in order to minimize variability within the whole product life cycle, starting with customer requirements, through product design and manufacture, as well as management of the potential issues that occur after the products have been released for use. A closer look into this process is presented here, using an evacuated blood collection tube as a model device.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:781–8.
Reduction of multi-dimensional laboratory data to a two-dimensional plot: a novel technique for the identification of laboratory error
Authors: Kazmierczak Steven C. , Leen Todd K. , Erdogmus Deniz , Carreira-Perpinan Miguel A.
Published: June 2007

Clin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:749–52.
Criteria for a Good Death
Authors: Shneidman Edwin
Published: June 2007

This brief paper advances the concept of a “good death,” outlines ten specific criteria for a good death, and proposes a simple golden rule for optimal dying.
Rebuilding the Tower of Babel: A Revised Nomenclature for the Study of Suicide and Suicidal Behaviors Part 1: Background, Rationale, and Methodology
Authors: Silverman Morton M. , Berman Alan L. , Sanddal Nels D. , O'Carroll Patrick W. , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: June 2007

Since the publication of theO'Carroll et al. (1996)nomenclature for suicidology, there have been a number of published letters and articles, as well as an active e‐mail dialogue, in response to, and elaborating upon, this effort to establish a standard nomenclature for suicidology. This new nomenclature has been presented on a number of occasions at both national and international meetings. In this paper we provide the background, rationale, and methodology involved in the process of revising the O'Carroll et al. nomenclature, based on the feedback and discussions that have ensued over the past 10 years.

Those who have written and studied the phenomenon of suicide have not defined the term so simply … how the word is defined has implications and large effects for statistics that are compiled on the official number of suicides, and for researchers, so that there is clear communication regarding what and who is being studied.

Among writers in the field of suicidology there is no single common accepted definition … the termsuiciderefers not to a single action but more broadly to a great many varied behaviors. For example, one can speak of suicidal thoughts, intentions, ideation, gestures, attempts, completions, equivalents.

Thus far, no single term, definition, or taxonomy has served to sufficiently represent the complex set of behaviors that have been suggested as suicidal. A standard set of terms and definitions are greatly needed to advance the science of suicidology and aid communication and understanding of the field.

McIntosh (1985, pp. 18–19)
Rebuilding the Tower of Babel: A Revised Nomenclature for the Study of Suicide and Suicidal Behaviors Part 2: Suicide‐Related Ideations, Communications, and Behaviors
Authors: Silverman Morton M. , Berman Alan L. , Sanddal Nels D. , O'Carroll Patrick W. , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: June 2007

A revised and refined version of theO'Carroll et al. (1996)nomenclature for suicidology is presented, with a focus on suicide‐related ideations, communications, and behaviors. The hope is that this refinement will result in the development of operational definitions and field testing of this nomenclature in clinical and research settings. This revision would not have been possible without the international collaboration and dialogue addressing the nomenclature of suicidology since the O'Carroll et al. nomenclature appeared in 1996.

Although it is doubtful that we will ever be able to construct universally unambiguous criteria to comprehensively characterize suicidal behaviors (and, overall, firmly establish the intention behind them), for scientific clarity it would be highly desirable that the set of definitions and the associated terminology be explicit and generalizable.

De Leo, Burgis, Bertolote, Kerkhof, & Bille‐Brahe, 2006, p. 5)
The Newsworthiness of Suicide
Authors: Pirkis Jane , Burgess Philip , Blood R. Warwick , Francis Catherine
Published: June 2007

There is a paucity of studies examining which suicides are considered newsworthy. By combining data on media reports of individuals' suicides with routinely collected suicide data, it was found that 1% of Australian suicides were reported over a 1‐year period. There was evidence of over‐reporting of suicides by older people and females, and those involving dramatic methods. Reported suicides fell into three groups: suicides reported in a broader context; suicides by celebrities; and suicides involving unusual circumstances/methods. The data suggest a need for media professionals and suicide experts to work together to balance newsworthiness against the risk of copycat behavior.
Comparing Models of Helper Behavior to Actual Practice in Telephone Crisis Intervention: A Silent Monitoring Study of Calls to the U.S. 1–800‐SUICIDE Network
Authors: Mishara Brian L. , Chagnon Fran¸ois , Daigle Marc , Balan Bogdan , Raymond Sylvaine , Marcoux Isabelle , Bardon Cécile , Campbell Julie K. , Berman Alan
Published: June 2007

Models of telephone crisis intervention in suicide prevention and best practices were developed from a literature review and surveys of crisis centers. We monitored 2,611 calls to 14 centers using reliable behavioral ratings to compare actual interventions with the models. Active listening and collaborative problem‐solving models describe help provided. Centers vary greatly in the nature of interventions and their quality according to predetermined criteria. Helpers do not systematically assess suicide risk. Some lives may have been saved but occasionally unacceptable responses occur. Recommendations include the need for quality assurance, development of standardized practices and research relating intervention processes to outcomes.
An Evaluation of Crisis Hotline Outcomes Part 1: Nonsuicidal Crisis Callers
Authors: Kalafat John , Gould Madelyn S. , Munfakh Jimmie Lou Harris , Kleinman Marjorie
Published: June 2007

The effectiveness of telephone crisis services/hotlines, examining proximal outcomes as measured by changes in callers' crisis state from the beginning to the end of their calls to eight centers in the U.S. and intermediate outcomes within 3 weeks of their calls, was evaluated. Between March 2003 and July 2004, 1,617 crisis callers were assessed during their calls and 801 (49.5%) participated in the follow‐up assessment. Significant decreases in callers' crisis states and hopelessness were found during the course of the telephone session, with continuing decreases in crisis states and hopelessness in the following weeks. A majority of callers were provided with referrals and/or plans of actions for their concerns and approximately one third of those provided with mental health referrals had followed up with the referral by the time of the follow‐up assessment. While crisis service staff coded these callers as nonsuicidal, at follow‐up nearly 12% of them reported having suicidal thoughts either during or since their call to the center. The need to conduct suicide risk assessments with crisis callers and to identify strategies to improve referral follow‐up is highlighted.
DICER-LIKE 1 and DICER-LIKE 3 Redundantly Act to Promote Flowering via Repression of FLOWERING LOCUS C in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Schmitz Robert J , Hong Lewis , Fitzpatrick Kathleen E , Amasino Richard M
Published: June 2007

In Arabidopsis thaliana, DICER-LIKE 1 and DICER-LIKE 3 are involved in the generation of small RNAs. Double mutants between dicer-like 1 and dicer-like 3 exhibit a delay in flowering that is caused by increased expression of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C. This delayed-flowering phenotype is similar to that of autonomous-pathway mutants, and the flowering delay can be overcome by vernalization.
A talaj-mikrobióta vizsgálata foszfolipidek alapján
Authors: Uzinger Nikolett , Halbritter András
Published: June 2007

A foszfolipidek
kémiai analízise történhet foszfolipid-foszfát, valamint foszfolipid-zsírsavak
(PLFA) vizsgálatával. A foszfolipid-zsírsavak analízisére általában
gázkromatográfot, illetve gázkromatográf-tömegspektrométert használnak. Ehhez a
minta-előkészítés történhet
egyszerű preparálással
, amivel csak az
észteresíthető zsírsa­vakat lehet meghatározni, és az összes foszfolipid
vizsgálatára szolgáló
meghosszabbí
­
tott preparálással
, mely
nagyobb biztonságú minőségi meghatározást tesz lehetővé.
A Rhodococcus erythropolis NI86/21 talajbaktérium mezőgazdasággal kapcsolatos kutatási eredményei 1986-tól napjainkig
Authors: Nagy István
Published: June 2007

A
Rhodococcus
fajok
változatos metabolikus képességeik, robosztus sejtfelépítésük, és hidegtűrésük
révén meghatarozó környezetvédelmi, ipari és biotechnológiai objektumokká
kezdenek válni. Kiemelkedő szerepük van az aromás szénhidrogének, klórozott
fenolok, szterolok, peszticidek, valamint a lignin, a kőszén, és a nyersolaj
atalakításában, lebontásában. E különleges szubsztrátok átalakításában az
oxigenáz (CYP450), dioxigenáz, dehidrogenáz, hidroxiláz, hidroláz, dehalogenáz
stb. enzimek nagy mennyiségben és variációban történő előfordulása játszik
lényegi szerepet, de nem elhanyagolható a rodokokkuszok rendkívüli
oldószer-toleranciája, és az egy sejten belül megsokszorozódott gének
ko-regulációjának, és néhány természetes emulgeátor szintezisének a képessége
sem. Jelen közleményben a
R. erythropolis
NI86/21 talajbaktérium
mezőgazdasági biotechnológia/mikrobiológia tárgyú kutatásainkat foglaltam
össze. Ezek közül három téma mutatkozik a gyakorlatban is hasznosíthatónak. A
bioantidótum és az ehhez rokon fitoremediációs eljárások a peszticidek és az
ipari szennyező anyagok által okozott környezeti terhelést csökkentik. A másik
igéretes terület a
R. erythropolis
NI86/21
thcF
génjével
transzformált
Arabidopsis thaliana
növényben termelt természetes fungicid
tanulmányozása, mely azt hivatott eldönteni, hogy e (máig azonosítatlan)
vegyületnek van-e létjogosultsága a mezőgazdasági gyakorlatban. A harmadik,
inkább ipari/bioremediációs jellegű kutatási irány a rodokokkuszok kapszulázása
és felhasználása olyan szennyezett talajok és felszini vizek tisztítására, ahol
a szennyező anyagok kis koncentrációban, de folyamatosan kerülnek a
környezetbe, és ennek megfelelően arra van szükség, hogy a rodokokkusz sejtek
állandóan jelen legyenek a biotópban.
A nehézfémek, a mikrobák és a magasabb rendű növények közötti kölcsönhatások értékelése és a „Gödöllői Mikrobiológiai Műhely” (Talaj- és környezeti mikrobiológiai ülés, Budapest, 2006. július 28.)
Authors: Biró Borbála
Published: June 2007

A nehézfémeknek a
talaj-növény rendszerek mikrobiológiai tulajdonságaira kifejtett néhány
fontosabb eredményét tekintettük át a Gödöllői Mikrobiológiai Tudományos
Műhelyben elkezdett tevékenységtől napjainkig. A mikroorganizmusok
nehézfém-érzékenységének a laboratóriumi,
in vitro
vizsgálatától
eljutottunk a szabadföldi körülményekig, ahol már a környezeti élő és élettelen
(biotikus és abiotikus) tényezők hatásaival és az egyedi tulajdonságok
különleges mintázatával is számolnunk kell. A kezdeti kutatásokat a Gödöllői
Mikrobiális Műhely szakmai munkája után a Szent István Egyetem „Környezeti
mikrobiológiai és biotechnológiai”doktori alprogramja folytatja tovább,
amelynek legújabb eredményeit is megismerhettük a címben jelzett mikrobiológiai
tudományos ülésen. Az ülésről és kutatásokról szóló rövid összefoglalót - a
hátteret kialakító és meghatározó - Kecskés Mihály 75. születésnapja
tiszteletére ajánlom.
A padkás erózió folyamata és mérése az Alföldön
Authors: Rakonczai János , Kovács Ferenc
Published: June 2007

A magyarországi gyakorlat az Alföldet a legutóbbi
időszakig nem számolta az erózió által veszélyeztetett területek közé. Ezt
mutatja, hogy sem a térképeken (Magyarország Nemzeti Atlasza, 1989), sem
statisztikákban (pl. KSH, 1986) nem szerepel erózió által veszélyeztetett
alföldi terület. Tény, hogy itt a talajerózió mértéke jelentősen elmarad a
dombsági területeken tapasztaltaktól, de a most bemutatandó kutatásaink is
ráirányítják a figyelmet arra, hogy annak mértékét nem szabad lebecsülni. Erre
a problémára jelent megoldást a padkás felszínek kutatása, mely értékelése
lehetőséget ad a síkvidéki erózió mértékének a meghatározásához. A szárazodási
folyamatokra érzékeny szikes talajoknál az utóbbi évtizedekben talaj- és
vegetációs változások is valószínűsíthetők, melyek befolyásolják a sajátos
formakincs fejlődését. A padkahátrálás mérésére három fő irányt jelöltünk ki,
amikor a GPS-szel és digitális mérőállomással végrehajtott terepi mérésekkel,
légifelvételek vizsgálatával, valamint a régi és mai képi-térképi adatokat
kezelő, elemző geo-informatikai módszerekkel foglalkoztunk. A Duna menti
szoloncsák szikes mintaterületünkön az 1882-2003 közötti időszak alapján
határoltuk le a nagy és a gyors talajerózióval jellemezhető helyszíneket. A
pusztuló padkák esetében átlagosan 10-15 cm/év (akár 0,75-1 m/év) mértékű
padkahátrálás állapítható meg. A területi lepusztulás a III. katonai
felméréshez viszonyítva az egyes padkákat nézve átlagosan 40%-os. A fokozódó
tájhasználat miatt felgyorsulhat a padkahátrálás, amit jól bizonyítanak az
úthálózat-sűrűségi számítások és az aktuális légifotók. Napjainkban újabb és
újabb helyeken erősödik az erózió. Méréseinkkel feltérképeztük a leggyorsabban
pusztuló szikformákat. Tiszántúli szolonyec
szikes mintaterületeinken a padkahátrálás mértéke kisebb: 0-15 cm/6 év, de 25
év terepi megfigyelései szerint a szárazodással együtt járó talaj- és a
vegetációs változások rendkívül előrehaladottak. Az éghajlati
változásokhoz kapcsolódó táji változások is szerepet kaphatnak az eróziós
formák átalakulásában. A 100 éves (hosszú), a 20 éves (rövidebb) és a 3 éves
(legrövidebb) időközökben elemzett és további pontosításra szoruló vizsgálatok
szerint a degradáció mértéke jelentősen nem változott. Tapasztalataink alapján
a padkás talajerózió értékelésénél a mérőállomással, sztereo-képpárokkal
3-évenként ismételt méréssorozatok adhatnak választ a felmérés jelenlegi
pontatlanságaira.
Nyersfoszfátok agronómiai hatékonyságának vizsgálata tenyészedény-kísérletben
Authors: Osztoics Erzsébet , Csathó Péter , Csillag Julianna , Radimszky László , Baczó Gáborné , Rajkainé Végh Krisztina , Takács Tünde , Magyar Marianna , Lukács András
Published: June 2007

Tenyészedény-kísérletben savanyú homoktalajon (Nyírlugos) és
savanyú agyagos vályogtalajon (Ragály) hat nyersfoszfát (algériai, floridai,
é-karolinai, szenegáli, marokkói nyersfoszfát és hyperfoszfát) hatását
vizsgáltuk a vörös here termésére, P-tartalmára és P-felvételére. Standard
P-forrásként szuperfoszfátot (SSP) alkal-maztunk. Külön kezelésben a
szuperfoszfát mellett adagolt kalcium-karbonát hatását is tanulmányoztuk.
A nyersfoszfát-féleségekés a P-adagok átlagában a
kolloidszegény savanyú homoktalaj vörös here termésének (7,04 g·edény-1)
kétszeresét takarítottuk be a nagyobb kolloidtartalmú savanyú agyagos vályog
talajon (14,26 g·edény-1).A P-felvétel viszont az agyagos
vályogtalajon a kísérlet átlagában csak 20%-kal volt nagyobb (36,0 mg P·edény-1),
mint a homoktalajon (28,8 mg P·edény-1).
A
nyersfoszfát-féleségek függvényében, mindkét talajon, a hatóanyag-azonosság
elvén beállított 0-100-400-1600 mg (összes) P
2
O
5
·kg
-1
adagok
eltérő P-hatásokat eredményeztek. A hozamtöbbletekben és P-felvételben megnyilvánuló
P-hatás különbségek szoros összefüggést mutattak az egyes nyersfoszfátok
P-oldékonyságában megnyilvánuló különbségekkel. Így mindkét talajon a kiváló
természetes oldékonyságú algériai és é-karolinai nyersfoszfáttal történő
kezelés eredményezte a legnagyobb terméstöbbleteket és P-felvételt. A másik
végletet a kis fajlagos felülettel, alacsony P-oldhatósággal, kis CaCO
3
-tartalommal
rendelkező szenegáli nyersfoszfáttal való kezelés jelentette. A nyersfoszfátok
P-oldhatóságában meglévő különbségeket számszerűen a relatív agronómiai
hatékonysággal (RAE) is kifejezhetjük, amikor a nyersfoszfát hatását a
termésre, ill. a P-felvételre egy vízoldható P-műtrágya - kísérletünkben
szuperfoszfát - hatásához víszonyítjuk. Mindkét talajon mindkét paraméter alapján
a legnagyobb relatív agromómiai hatékonyságú az algériai és az é-karolinai
nyersfoszfát, a legkisebb a szenegáli nyersfoszfát volt. A ragályi talajon a
nyersfoszfátok relatív agronómiai hatékonyságának sorrendje (akár a vörös here
tömege, akár P-felvétele alapján számítva) megegyezik a nyersfoszfátok semleges
ammónium-citrátban mért oldhatósági sorrendjével. A nyersfoszfát oldhatósága és
a vörös here termése, valamint P-felvétele közötti összefüggést vizsgálva
mindkét talajon a leglazább összefüggést akkor kaptuk, ha az adott P-adagokat
az összes-P-tartalom alapján adtuk meg, a legszorosabbat pedig a nyersfoszfátok
P-tartalmának semleges ammónium-citrátban történő oldhatóságának figyelembe
vételekor. Ez, valamint a nyersfoszfátok relatív agronómiai hatékonysági
sorrendje azt jelenti, hogy a semleges ammónium-citrát volt a legjobb
kivonószer a vizsgált nyersfoszfátok közötti P-oldhatósági sorrend
megállapítására. Az egyes nyersfoszfátok hatását külön-külön vizsgálva a vörös
here P-felvételére megá_l
Effect of pulseless ventricular tachycardia on sympathetic activity
Authors: Szili-Török Tamás , Földesi Csaba , Stegeman Berthold , Török Zsolt , Sitkei Éva , Farkas Tamás , Rudas László
Published: June 2007

A szimpatikus aktivitás kamrai ritmuszavarokat serkentő hatása jól ismert. Kevésbé tudott, hogy hemodinamikailag destabilizáló kamrai ritmuszavarok idején a szimpatikus aktivitásfokozódás vérnyomás-stabilizáló (protektív) szerepet játszik. Súlyos balkamra-elégtelenségben szenvedő 62 esztendős betegünk szív-elektrofiziológiai vizsgálata során a szimpatikus izom idegaktivitásának direkt mérésével demonstráltuk az arrhythmiára adott szimpatikus választ. Az eset bemutatásával a ritmuszavarok és az autonóm idegrendszer komplex kapcsolatára hívjuk fel a figyelmet.
Medical therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases: Ulcerative colitis
Authors: Lakatos László , Lakatos Péter László
Published: June 2007

A colitis ulcerosa kezelésében kevesebb a változás, mint a Crohn-betegségben. A betegek nagy többsége ma is a hagyományos gyógyszereket kapja. A kezelést meghatározó legfontosabb tényezők a betegség kiterjedése és súlyossága. Az enyhe és középsúlyos colitis ulcerosa kezelésének a legfontosabb szerei az aminoszalicilátok. Az új 5-aminoszalicilátok terápiás hatékonysága nem jobb, mint a sulfasalaziné, de kevesebb mellékhatásuk miatt előtérbe került az alkalmazásuk. Proctitisben és distalis colitisben a helyileg alkalmazott készítmények hatásosabbak, mint az orális szerek, de a kiterjedt colitis gyógyulását is javítja a kombinált lokális és orális kezelés. A súlyos, akut colitis ulcerosa kezelésében továbbra is meghatározóak a kortikoszteroidok, a nem reagáló esetekben a cyclosporin vagy az infliximab lehet a colectomia alternatívája. Colitis ulcerosában csaknem minden esetben indokolt a fenntartó kezelés. Valamennyi aminoszalicilát alkalmas a remisszió fenntartására. Továbbra sem tisztázott az optimális aminoszalicilát-dózis kérdése. A distalis colitis remisszióban tartásában leghatékonyabbak a lokális szerek, amennyiben a beteg ezt a kezelést elfogadja. Krónikusan aktív, szteroidra rezisztens vagy szteroidfüggő betegségben immunszuppresszív szerektől, elsősorban azathioprintól várhatunk eredményt. Az utóbbi évek felmérései szerint colitis ulcerosában az azathioprin legalább olyan hatékony, mint Crohn-betegségben. A fenntartó kezelésben fontos szempont a kemoprevenció. Mind több adat bizonyítja, hogy az aminoszalicilátok csökkentik a colitis ulcerosában fokozott colorectalis rák kialakulásának kockázatát. A legfontosabb változások a colitis ulcerosa kezelésében az utóbbi években a lokális aminoszalicilátok és az azathioprin előtérbe kerülése, az infliximab alkalmazása súlyos colitisben, valamint a karcinóma-kemoprevenció általánossá válása. Nagyobb figyelmet kell fordítani a beteg együttműködésének a megnyerésére, az előírások betartására.
WHIM syndrome
Authors: Erdős Melinda , Maródi László
Published: June 2007

A WHIM-szindróma ritka, autoszomális domináns öröklődésmenetű primer immunhiány-betegség, amelyre vírusos szemölcsök, hypogammaglobulinaemia, visszatérő fertőzések és myelokathexis jellemző. A közleményben a szerzők egy esetismertetés kapcsán mutatják be a betegség klinikumát, laboratóriumi eltéréseit, összefoglalják a kórkép molekuláris patomechanizmusával kapcsolatos ismereteket és kezelésének lehetőségeit. A szerzők szerint a betegség inkomplett megjelenése a késői felismerés és kezelés gyakori oka gyermekkorban.
Emotion in the Sounds of Pets' Names
Authors: Whissell Cynthia
Published: June 2007

Several thousand cats' and dogs' names were compared with each other and with several thousand men's and women's names in terms of their use of various sounds and the emotional associations of these sounds. Emotional associations were scored according to the system developed by Whissell in 2000. In general, cats' names stood in comparison to dogs' names as women's names stood in comparison to men's names. Names from the first group in each pairing included more pleasant and soft phonemes and fewer unpleasant and sad ones than those in the second group (one-way analyses of variance with post hoc LSD tests, p < .0001). As well, pets' names were longer and more easily pronounced by children than the human names (p < .0001).
Directional Uncertainty in Visually Guided Pointing
Authors: Kveraga Kestutis , Berryhill Marian , Hughes Howard C.
Published: June 2007

Studies of the relationship between stimulus-response uncertainty and reaction times indicate three qualitatively different functions: Hick's law, simple-choice step function, or flat curve (no effect at all). The extent of stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility appears to interact with the effects of uncertainty on response times. One possible hypothesis regarding these various S-R uncertainty functions is that uncertainty will have an effect whenever the stimuli and their associated responses are not within the same egocentric spatial coordinates. We tested this hypothesis in 5 undergraduate participants (2 men, M age 18.7 yr., range 18–20) by investigating the time-course of pointing to peripherally located visual targets under four different levels of uncertainty (1, 2, 4, or 8 possible locations). Surprisingly, the resulting response function does not match any of those previously reported. Visually guided pointing produced a quadratic reaction time function as S-R uncertainty increases in log2 steps from 1 to 8.
Multiple Microswitches for Persons with Multiple Disabilities: A Basic Procedure to Examine the Persons' Choice Behavior
Authors: Lancioni G. E. , O'Reilly M. F. , Singh N. N. , Oliva D. , Piazzolla G. , Gatto L. , Smaldone A.
Published: June 2007

This study examined a basic choice-analysis procedure to clarify choice between two responses and related stimuli by five persons with multiple disabilities ages 17.1 to 50.2 yr. The procedure was based on reversing the links between responses and stimuli to assess whether the stimuli accounted for differences in response levels. When this was not the case, the procedure added extra stimuli for the less preferred response to judge whether such an increase would compensate for the apparent disadvantage of that response, e.g., its higher physical cost. Analysis showed that the choice of three of the five participants seemed motivated by the stimuli following the responses. The choice of the other two persons seemed related to a preference for one of the responses which was partially or largely modified when extra stimuli were added.
Construct Validity of the Bender-Gestalt II: Comparison with Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–III
Authors: Decker Scott L. , Allen Ryan , Choca James P.
Published: June 2007

This study investigated the relationships of visuomotor constructs as measured by the Bender-Gestalt II with the subtests of the WISC–III. A factor analysis included the standardized Copy and Recall scores of the Bender-Gestalt II and subtest scores of the WISC–III. The Copy score was predicted to load on measures of visual and spatial thinking and the Recall score on a short-term memory factor. The results of a principal components analysis suggest a four-factor solution with the Bender-Gestalt II Copy score loading on a visual and spatial thinking factor primarily with WISC-III Perceptual Organization subtests. The Recall score loaded on a visual and spatial thinking factor as well as a short-term memory factor with the WISC-III Digit Span subtest. The results suggest the Bender-Gestalt II Copy subtest shared commonality with the visual and spatial tasks given the similarity in the visuomotor demands of each test and was less influenced by processing speed or cultural knowledge than other tests on the visual and spatial thinking factor. Also, results suggest Bender-Gestalt II Recall measures elements of both visual and spatial thinking as well as aspects of short-term memory and memory retrieval. Clinical guidelines for co-administration and underlying processing demands are discussed.
Evaluation of Some Tasks Used for Specifying Handedness and Footedness
Authors: Hebbal Gurusiddappa V. , Mysorekar Viswanath R.
Published: June 2007

Healthy men ( n = 42) and women ( n = 45) who were right-handed and men ( n = 21) and women ( n = 20) who were left-handed were studied. Men's mean age was 21.1 ±3.5 yr. and women's 20.7 ± 3.1 yr. These students in various faculties reported they were right- or left-handed. Then their hand and foot preferences (handedness and footedness) were ascertained by asking each of the subjects to perform 11 tasks for handedness and 9 tasks for footedness. A discriminate function analysis test showed that each of the 11 tasks used for assessing their self-reported handedness was significant, but, of the 9 tasks used for assessing self-reported footedness, only 7 were significant. Strength of the hand or foot played no role in reports of handedness or footedness. A combination of four tasks, such as pulling a door, pushing a door, holding an object, and hammering a nail, on which the maximum number of subjects performed with the right or left hand, depending upon their self-reported handedness, would be ideal for ascertaining handedness. A combination of three tasks, namely, kicking a football, pushing an object with the foot, and stamping on the ground, would be ideal for ascertaining footedness.
Perceptuomotor Functioning in Preschool Children with Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Yochman Aviva , Ornoy Asher , Parush Shula
Published: June 2007

Given limited research on perceptual-motor functioning of preschool children with symptoms of ADHD, the purpose of this study was to compare the fine motor, gross motor, visuomotor, and oral-motor functioning of 49 4- to 6-yr.-old children with symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and 48 typically developing children. Analysis showed scores of the ADHD group were significantly lower than those of the control group on all perceptuomotor measures. In addition, scores on all measures yielded significant correlations with scores on the Hyperactive-Inattentive scale of the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire. Regression analyses indicated that the scores of gross motor and visuomotor functioning were significant predictors of group classification (with and without ADHD). These findings extend the well documented findings of perceptuomotor deficits among school-age children with ADHD into the preschool period and emphasize the importance of early assessment and treatment of these deficits in young children with symptoms of ADHD
Transfer of Training for Two Ball-Throwing Tasks
Authors: Grassi Gian Piero , Turci Michela , Shirai Yuri F. , Sforza Chiarella
Published: June 2007

The effects of training overhand ball throws to enhance underhand ball-throwing accuracy were studied with 921 Italian high school pupils (575 girls, M age = 16.5 yr., SD =1.3; 346 boys, M = 16.5 yr., SD = 1.2) ages 14 to 18 years. A standardized test (10 underhand tennis-ball throws into the floor area delimited by an 80-cm radius wooden hoop lying on the floor 9 m from the standing pupil) was performed and scored. An Experimental group (435 girls, M age = 16.5 yr., SD = 1.3; 204 boys, M age = 16.5 yr., SD =1.2) was randomly selected to participate in 10 weekly training periods. The set included 10 overhand throws of a rubber bouncing ball (14.5 cm diameter, weight 240 g) into a basketball hoop from 5 standardized positions (in front of the basketball hoop; at 45°, 90° on the right and on the left of the basketball hoop) at a distance of 4.40 m. The underhand test was repeated for both groups. On the average, boys obtained higher test scores than girls of the same age. Older adolescents had higher mean scores than younger adolescents. After 10 weeks, boys and girls of all ages improved. Mean differences between sessions were significant for the Experimental group (Student t test, p <.01). In Session 2, consistent differences between Experimental and Control groups were also found (Student t test, p < .05).
Event-Related Potential as a Measure of Effects of Report Order and Training on Identification of Multidimensional Stimuli
Authors: Shen I-Hsuan , Shieh Kong-King , Ko Ya-Hsien
Published: June 2007

This experiment investigated effects of report order and training on multidimensional stimulus identification. Subjects were required to identify each two-dimensional symbol. There were two orders of reporting the two dimensions of a stimulus. Subjects performed the task for three practice sessions. Both behavioral data and event-related potentials were recorded. Analysis showed order of report had no significant effect on behavior data. But when participants responded in Order Shape/Part, they showed more N2 inhibition for Order Part/Shape. The P3 mean amplitude was marginally significantly greater for Order Part/Shape than Order Shape/Part. This indicated Order Part/Shape, according to natural language habits, was more appropriate and less cognitively demanding than Order Shape/Part. For the two report orders, along with reduction of reaction time, amplitude of N1 and N2 increased with practice. Amplitude of P2 decreased with practice, and no P3 habituation was found. ERP data indicated no habituation effect. Results suggested neural activity depended not only on perceptual mechanism but also on extent of learning.
Influence of Target Location on Coincident Timing Performance
Authors: Coker Cheryl A.
Published: June 2007

This study examined the influence of two stimulus-presentation methods on coincident timing performance. 50 participants performed a button press and striking task in coincidence with a target stimulus. Participants were randomly divided into either the Terminating Group, whose target light was the last in the series, or the Apparent Motion Group, whose target was not the final light in the series and allowed the apparent motion of the stimulus to continue. 20 trials at each of three velocities, 4, 8, and 12 mph, were randomly performed for each task. The analysis yielded no significant differences between groups, indicating that coincident timing performance was not dependent on the method of stimulus presentation.
Age and Education in Moral Judgment of Participants in Team Sports
Authors: Proios Miltiadis , Doganis George
Published: June 2007

The present aim was to investigate the effect of age and education on the moral reasoning of the same 535 individuals in sports for whom nature of sport experience was reported. All 535 participants ( M age = 24.9 yr., SD = 8.3) were involved in sports at the time of the study as athletes ( n = 342), referees (n = 145), or coaches (n = 48), and had a wide range of education. Analysis of variance of scores on the Defining Issues Test of Rest showed moral judgment in sports differs significantly amongst different age groups ( F5,510 = 5.37, p < .001) and amounts of education ( F4,511 = 6.24, p < .001). Generally, with more education, higher moral judgment can be expected. It is apparent that moral development in sport is related to age and education, as also holds for a wider social setting.
Three Feedback Methods in Acquisition and Retention of Badminton Skills
Authors: Tzetzis G. , Votsis E.
Published: June 2007

Comparison of three different feedback methods using information about the correct execution of the technique, errors of execution, and a combination of these on the acquisition and retention of two badminton skills of different difficulty were examined. Participants were 48 young male athletes, 10 to 14 years of age, with 2 to 4 years of training. They were divided into three equal groups and instructed on the long forehand serve, a more difficult serve than the short backhand. The first group received instructions for correct execution, the second group received instructional cues on errors of execution, and the third group received instructions on errors and how to correct them. The training program lasted 12 practice units. There was a pretest, a posttest after the end of the 10-wk. training program, and 2 wk. later, a retention test. A three-way (2 difficulty × 3 groups × 3 measures) analysis of variance with repeated measures on the last factor was applied to analyze scores with the three practice methods of corrective feedback for the two badminton skills. Analysis showed the group receiving correct technique information had increased scores on both skills. The group receiving information on errors increased their scores on the less difficult skill. The group receiving information on errors and correct technique increased their scores on the more difficult skill. Physical education teachers or coaches teaching skills to young participants should consider difficulty of skills and use appropriate corrective feedback for better acquisition and retention of sport skills.
Response to Taguchi and Noma on “Relationship between Directionality and Orientation in Drawings by Young Children and Adults”
Authors: Karev George B.
Published: June 2007

When assessing the relationship between direction and orientation in drawings by young children and adults, Taguchi and Noma used a fish-drawing task. However, the fish is not convenient enough as an object for such a task so it is highly preferable to use, instead of a single object, a set of several objects to assess directionality quantitatively. These authors' conclusions do not acknowledge alternative explanations.