bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Roteiro pedagógico: um instrumento para a aprendizagem de conceitos de física
Authors: Manzini Neiva Irma Jost
Published: November 2007

O objetivo desta investigação foi analisar as possibilidades e os limites de uma experiência de ensino-aprendizagem de conteúdos de física, realizada com alunos do curso de Licenciatura em Física e fundamentada na "epistemologia genética" de Jean Piaget. Como metodologia de ensino foi construído o roteiro pedagógico, que tem como objetivo identificar e promover a construção e reconstrução de processos cognitivos sob a perspectiva piagetiana, visando possibilitar a compreensão das grandezas físicas envolvidas nos fenômenos e das relações lógico-matemáticas entre elas. Contatou-se que essa atividade pedagógica auxilia os alunos na construção do conhecimento e na formação da equação matemática que expressa o fenômeno físico estudado.
O papel da natureza da ciência na educação para a cidadania
Authors: Praia João , Gil-Pérez Daniel , Vilches Amparo
Published: November 2007

O presente trabalho tem como propósito dar uma nova contribuição para o debate que se vem desenvolvendo, já faz algum tempo, em volta do papel da natureza da ciência na educação científica e, em particular, na formação de uma cidadania para a participação na tomada de decisões.
Temas político-sociais no ensino da Matemática
Authors: Ueno Renata , Moraes Mara Sueli Simão
Published: November 2007

Este trabalho teve como objetivo propiciar condições para a aprendizagem de conceitos matemáticos e verificar se o conteúdo Estatística, abordado por meio da análise de tabelas e gráficos, trabalhado em grupos cooperativos, por intermédio da resolução de Problemas Ampliados por Temas Transversais/Político-Sociais, pode contribuir para a transformação do ensino e aprendizagem desse conteúdo e para a formação de seres humanos comprometidos com os aspectos políticos, culturais, sociais e ambientais da sociedade em que vivem.
Olhar de bebês em desenvolvimento típico: correlações longitudinais encontradas
Authors: Belini Aline Elise Gerbelli , Fernandes Fernanda Dreux Miranda
Published: November 2007

OBJETIVO: Verificar quais as correlações existentes longitudinalmente entre o foco de olhar de bebês, em situação de interação materno-filial livre, ao longo dos primeiros meses de desenvolvimento. MÉTODOS: Dezessete bebês saudáveis foram filmados por 30 minutos, mensalmente, entre zero e quatro meses de vida, em situações cotidianas com suas mães. As filmagens foram analisadas em intervalos consecutivos de 30 segundos, sendo registrada a presença ou ausência de 11 categorias de observação do olhar (alvos do olhar dos bebês), enquanto estes estavam em estado de alerta. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas 21 correlações estatisticamente significantes entre as categorias de observação do olhar, sendo 16 positivas (76,2%) e cinco negativas (23,8%). O momento com maior número de correlações estatisticamente significantes foi na quarta filmagem, e o momento com menor número de correlações estatisticamente significantes foi na segunda filmagem. A correlação estatisticamente significante mais freqüente, encontrada em quatro dos cinco momentos de coleta (80%), foi entre as categorias " olhar para o rosto da mãe" e " olhar para os olhos da mãe" . CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados obtidos, à luz das informações existentes sobre o desenvolvimento inicial de jovens crianças, permitem imaginar relações entre suas competências sensoriais, cognitivas, sociais e afetivas e os alvos de seu olhar. O aprofundamento do tema, com investigações sobre indícios de atenção compartilhada nesta tenra fase, e reflexões sobre os objetos do olhar dos bebês e a saúde de seu desenvolvimento parecem contribuir para o diagnóstico e a prevenção de distúrbios do desenvolvimento.
Atendimento fonoaudiológico intensivo em pacientes operados de fissura labiopalatina: relato de casos
Authors: Lima Maria do Rosário Ferreira , Leal Fabiana Borges , Araújo Silvana Venâncio da Silva , Matos Emiliane Ferreira , Di Ninno Camila Queiroz de Moraes Silveira , Britto Ana Teresa Brandão de Oliveira e
Published: November 2007

Devido à carência de fonoaudiólogos para atendimento ao paciente com fissura labiopalatina em várias regiões do Brasil, novos programas de atendimento devem ser desenvolvidos para esses indivíduos. A terapia intensiva de fala tem sido relatada na literatura como uma modalidade alternativa. Este trabalho relata a experiência com alguns casos de atendimento fonoaudiológico intensivo, e compara o desempenho na produção da fala de quatro pacientes operados de fissura palatina, antes e após a terapia fonoaudiológica intensiva. Foram atendidos, no período de férias escolares, três adultos e um adolescente que apresentavam distúrbios articulatórios compensatórios. O atendimento teve duração de três horas diárias para cada paciente, durante dez dias, divididos em terapia individual e em grupo. No início e fim do período de terapia, os pacientes foram avaliados por uma fonoaudióloga que não participou dos atendimentos. Também foi gravada em vídeo uma amostra de fala espontânea, contagem de 1 a 20 e repetição de uma lista de palavras e frases com fonemas oclusivos orais e fricativos. Todos os pacientes mostraram evolução satisfatória na terapia intensiva, com adequação dos fonemas trabalhados na fala dirigida, necessitando ainda de acompanhamento fonoterápico para sua automatização. A terapia intensiva mostrou ser uma alternativa eficaz e viável nesses casos, podendo também ser uma estratégia durante o início do tratamento fonoaudiológico convencional.
Os resultados do implante coclear em crianças portadoras de Neuropatia Auditiva: revisão de literatura
Authors: Silva Rafaela Carolina Lopez , Araújo Samantha Gomes
Published: November 2007

A Neuropatia Auditiva é um distúrbio na condução do estímulo sonoro, provavelmente relacionado à alteração da mielinização das fibras do nervo auditivo. Os avanços tecnológicos têm levado ao aumento nos recursos de diagnóstico e intervenção nos casos de deficiência auditiva por etiologia de Neuropatia Auditiva. O objetivo do presente estudo foi pesquisar na literatura os resultados obtidos em crianças com Neuropatia Auditiva após implante coclear. Foi realizado um trabalho de revisão bibliográfica em livros, periódicos e internet dos últimos dez anos sobre crianças com Neuropatia Auditiva usuárias de implante coclear. As pesquisas sugerem que a estimulação elétrica é capaz de compensar a dessincronia do nervo e que o implante coclear é um recurso para a (re)habilitação da audição em crianças portadoras de Neuropatia Auditiva. O uso do implante coclear permite melhoria significativa nas habilidades da audição e da comunicação. No entanto, as habilidades adquiridas parecem sofrer influência de diversos fatores como: tempo de uso do dispositivo, existência de um processo terapêutico sistemático, época do diagnóstico e a idade da criança.
A modeling study of Patos lagoon (Brazil) flow response to idealized wind and river discharge: dynamical analysis
Authors: Castelao Renato M. , Moller Jr Osmar O.
Published: November 2007

A three-dimensional numerical model is used to investigate the Patos Lagoon flow response to idealized northeasterly winds and river inflow. North of Ponta da Feitoria, in the central lagoon, the main balance in the alongshore direction at steady state is between the surface stress and the pressure gradient, with a small contribution from the bottom stress. The alongshore variability in the pressure gradient is balanced by the Coriolis acceleration. In the cross-shore direction, the balance is nearly geostrophic, with deviations from that balance in the shallow regions, where the bottom stress term makes a significant contribution. Close to headlands, nonlinear terms are also important, leading to an additional increase in the cross-shore pressure gradient. Relaxation events were found to be important for seiche generation in the central lagoon. Close to the lagoon's mouth, nonlinear terms were found to be the major terms balancing the pressure gradient generated in response to the wind forcing. After the wind relaxation, the pressure gradient in the estuarine region is reversed, driving a landward flow. River inflow acts to dampen out the generation of seiches following wind relaxations. A river inflow Q = 2000 m³ s-1 was found to be sufficient to shut down the landward flow generated following relaxation events.
Ecotoxicological assessment of sediments from the Santos and São Vicente estuarine system- Brazil
Authors: Cesar Augusto , Pereira Camilo Dias Seabra , Santos Aldo Ramos , Abessa Denis Moledo de Sousa , Fernández Nuria , Choueri Rodrigo Brasil , DelValls Tomaz Angel
Published: November 2007

Sediments represent an important repository of pollutants and a source of contamination for the aquatic food web. Toxicity tests using amphipods as test-organisms have been employed in the assessment of marine and estuarine sediments, together with chemical analyses. The present work aimed to evaluate the quality of sediments from six stations situated in the Santos and São Vicente Estuarine and Harbour System (São Paulo - Brazil) using acute whole sediment toxicity tests with amphipods (Tiburonella viscana) and chemical analyses of metals, PCB's, and PAH's. Other sediment parameters, such as organic carbon and grain size distribution were also analysed. Higher contamination levels were observed in the internal portion of the estuary, where Santos harbour and the industrial zone are located. The toxicity tests showed significant adverse results for most of the samples tested, and the sediments from the internal portion of the estuary presented the highest toxicity. The principal component analyses (PCA) indicated a close relationship between sediment contamination and toxicity. Positive correlation of these factors in the samples studied was used to establish the ranges of the chemical concentrations associated with adverse effects. Such ranges allowed the estimation of preliminary effect threshold values for sediment contamination, by means of multivariate analysis. These suggested values are: Cu, 69.0; Pb, 17.4; Zn, 73.3 (mg.kg-1); PAHs, 0.5 (mg.kg-1) and PCBs, 0.1 (µg.kg-1).
Zooplankton community of the Vitória Bay estuarine system (Southeastern Brazil): Characterization during a three-year study
Authors: Sterza José Mauro , Fernandes Luiz Loureiro
Published: November 2007

In order to characterize the zooplankton community at the Vitória Bay estuarine system (Southeastern Brazil), samples were collected in 10 sampling stations during a three-year study (1998-2000), every three months. A total of 64 taxa were identified.Copepoda contributed with the highest species number (49) in the community, especially with Acartia lilljeborgi,Acartia tonsa,Paracalanus parvus,P. quasimodo,Parvocalanus crassirostris,Temora turbinata,Oithona hebes,Oithona oculata and Euterpina acutifrons. Highest abundances occurred in the summer of 2000. Diversity indexes were higher at the estuary mouth. Zooplankton composition was characterized by coastal and estuarine species, their distribution being influenced mainly by the salinity variation in this estuarine system.
Harmful algae and toxis in paranaguá bay , Brazil: bases for monitoring
Authors: Mafra Junior Luiz Laureno , Fernandes Luciano Felício , Proença Luís Antonio O.
Published: November 2007

The estuarine complex of Paranaguá - ECP (South Brazil, 25º30'S, 48º30'W) is a large subtropical system, where pristine mangrove forests are still present, and fishery and aquaculture are important economic activities. This work investigated the occurrence of harmful algae in Paranaguá Bay, as well as the presence of toxins in the filter feeding mussel Mytella guyanensis, a local fishery resource. Samples along the Paranaguá sub-system were collected almost monthly from August 2002 to October 2003. Besides physical and chemical variables, cell densities of harmful species and presence of toxins in the mussel by mouse bioassay (DSP, PSP) and HPLC (ASP) were performed. HAB species included Pseudo-nitzschia spp., Dinophysis acuminata,Prorocentrum minimum,Gymnodinium catenatum,Phaeocystis spp., Chattonella spp. and Heterosigma akashiwo.Trichodesmium erythraeum and Coscinodiscus wailesii were also included in this study due to their potential for harmful bloom formation. Toxin results showed the occurrence of DSP (December 2002) in shellfish related to the presence of D. acuminata (max. 4,566 cells.l-1). Additionally, cultivated strains produced paralytic and amnesic toxins in laboratory. Spring (October to December, Southern Hemisphere) and late summer (February to April) were the periods of higher abundance of harmful algae, mainly in euhaline and inner polyhaline sectors of the ECP.
Deep-sea shrimps (Decapoda: Aristeidae): new targets of the deep-water trawling fishery in Brazil
Authors: Pezzuto Paulo Ricardo , Perez José Angel Alvarez , Wahrlich Roberto
Published: November 2007

Following the recent expansion of the Brazilian fishery to slope fishing grounds, a new directed trawl fishery for aristeid shrimps emerged since mid 2002. Aristaeopsis edwardsiana has been the main component of the catches attaining 88.4% of total shrimp production. Aristaeomorpha foliacea and Aristeus antillensis have composed significantly smaller fractions of the landings (9.8 % and 1.8 % respectively). Two main grounds were located in the southeastern region (ca. 19º - 25ºS) and one in the northern border of the Brazilian EEZ (ca. 4º30' - 5ºN). Catches have been extremely concentrated between the 700 and 750 m isobaths. Mean catch rates of A. edwardsiana oscillated between 6.5 and 9.7 kg.h-1. The other species have been caught at considerably lower rates (0.1 - 0.6 kg.h-1 and 0.1 - 1.3 kg.h-1, respectively). A seasonal pattern in A. edwardsiana catches is suggested, with maximum values obtained between July and December. While largely directed to the shrimps, incidental catches of the royal crab (Chaceon ramosae) attained, on average, 22 % of the total landings.
Distribution of paracalanidae species (Copepoda, Crustacea) in the continental shelf off Sergipe and Alagoas States, Northeast Brazil
Authors: Araujo Hortência Maria Pereira
Published: November 2007

The spatial and seasonal distribution of the Paracalanidae species were studied in eighteen stations in the continental shelf off Sergipe and Alagoas States, northeast Brazil, in December, 2001 and 2003, and in June, 2002 and 2003. The Paracalanidae family was constituted by coastal and shelf species such as Parvocalanus crassirostris, Paracalanus quasimodo, P. indicus and P. aculeatus and oceanic species, Calocalanus pavo and Acrocalanus longicornis. Density values were higher in stations located at 10 m isobath with respect to those located at 20 and 30 m depths. Paracalanidae abundance presented differences between seasons with values higher in June (2002, 2003) than in December (2001, 2002). All species were more abundant in the rainy season except Parvocalanus crassirostris. Paracalanus quasimodo was the dominant species with average densities of 949, 740 and 41 ind.m-3 in December months and 4231, 2389 and 1185 ind.m-3 in June months, at stations with local depths of 10, 20 and 30 m, respectively. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that salinity and temperature were the environmental variables that presented significant correlation with the distribution of Paracalanidae species, probably because these variables are influenced by the estuarine waters and by the dynamic of oceanic water masses in the continental shelf.
Colony size-frequency distributions among different populations of the scleractinan coral Siderastrea stellata in Southwestern Atlantic: implications for life history patterns
Authors: Barros Monica Moraes Lins de , Pires Débora de Oliveira
Published: November 2007

Colony size-frequency distributions of reef corals may be used to infer growth potential and population responses upon environmental changes. The present paper compares the size structure of colonies of Siderastrea stellata Verrill, 1868,among 11 sites, six of them distributed along a gradient of sediment deposition in Abrolhos, Bahia, Brazil (18º S). Results indicated that the population structure is likely to be influenced by local conditions, rather than large scale factors, such as latitude. The 11 distributions, however, showed higher frequencies of small size classes. Class 1 (up to 2.5 cm diameter) was always present and the frequency of colonies from size class 3 (10 cm diameter) tended to decrease in all sites. Comparison among the six Abrolhos sites showed that S. stellata has advantages at sites with intermediate sedimentation, where colonies attain larger sizes, probably, reflecting a higher survivorship over time. The present study showed that, despite the influence of environmental conditions on parameters of the populations such as size of colony, the life history strategy of S. stellata reflects a local adaptation that allows its development and survivorship in shallow waters and horizontal substrates, sites characterized by high mortality rates.
Subtidal benthic marine algae of the Marine State Park of Laje de Santos (São Paulo, Brazil)
Authors: Amado Filho Gilberto M. , Horta Paulo A. , Brasileiro Poliana S. , Barros-Barreto Maria B. , Fujii Mutue T.
Published: November 2007

Laje de Santos Marine State Park has been pointed out as a site of high marine diversity. In spite of its importance to conservation of marine biota no results of investigations about its marine biodiversity have been published. The aim of this work was to characterize the subtidal seaweed flora of this Marine Park. Samplings were performed by scuba diving: a qualitative one that included the subtidal zone down to 26 m depth and other quantitative at two pre-determined depths, 10 and 20 m. Among the 129 taxa identified, 5 species were identified for the first time for the São Paulo State, 3 for the Brazilian coast and 1 for the South Atlantic Ocean. The most abundant algae were Sargassum vulgare and turf composed by geniculate coralline and filamentous groups. The frequency of occurrence of taxa revealed that most of species are restricted to frequencies less than 20 % in all samples. The analyses of the subtidal marine benthic algal flora indicate the Marine State Park of Laje de Santos as a site of elevated species richness and that its floristic composition is related to a benthic community structure dominated by turf-forming groups and population of S. vulgare.
Salinity tolerance of laboratory reared juveniles of the fat snook centropomus parallelus
Authors: Tsuzuki Mônica Yumi , Cerqueira Vinícius R. , Teles Andressa , Doneda Sara
Published: November 2007

The knowledge of salinity tolerance is essential for aquaculture production in different water sources, as well as for stocking enhancement programs. In the present experiment, salinity tolerance was investigated in laboratory reared juveniles of the fat snook Centropomus parallelus. Fish of 52 days (22.0 mm ± 0.4: mean total length ± SEM), 59 days (22.6 mm ± 0.5) and 73 days (25.8 mm ± 0.5) after hatching (DAH) were directly transferred from 35 to 0, 5, 15 and 35 ppt. Survival was checked every 24 h during a 96-h period. The experiment was carried out with fed (for all salinities) and unfed individuals (except for 5 ppt). Direct transfer resulted in less than 40% mortality in all treatments and ages tested. At the same salinity level, no difference in survival rates was found between fed and unfed juveniles, at the different ages and exposure time tested. Juveniles of 52 DAH presented lower tolerance to 0 ppt compared to other salinities. In older juveniles (59 and 73 DAH), mortality after 96 h was very low ( > 95% survival), regardless the salinity treatment or feeding condition. Therefore, the present study showed that juveniles of 52 DAH are less tolerant to abrupt transfer to freshwater, indicating that a salinity acclimation procedure prior to release in freshwater areas would be necessary, and that tolerance increased with increasing age.
Method for monitoring intertidal communities in a steep rocky shore: a combination of digital image technology and field operational strategy
Authors: Moysés Danuza Nogueira , Junqueira Andréa de Oliveira R. , Lavrado Helena Passeri , Silva Sérgio Henrique Gonçalves da
Published: November 2007

This paper introduces a method for temporal studies of steep rocky intertidal communities. It combines the use of digital image technology with field methodology, so that a wide area of the community can be sampled in a short time. Two current nondestructive percent cover estimation methods (visual estimation and point intersection) were compared in terms of cost, operational advantages and data quality, with a proposed method for a sucessional study . The proposed method used sequential photos to sample multiple fixed vertical transects over time. Reproduction of the mid-intertidal transect over time was possible by overlaying temporal transects in an image editing program. This method was similar to the point intersection quadrat method used to estimate percent cover. Benefits included reduced time on field work, economic advantages and other advantages of using digital photography, such as recording. Temporal photography of transects provided measurements of recruitment, mortality and population growth, and made it possible to manufacture an animation of sucessional stages. We suggest that this is the best method for providing information and understanding on the process of succession and for monitoring benthic invertebrate intertidal communities on steep rocky shores.
Are metals of antifouling paints transferred to marine biota?
Authors: Paradas Wladimir C. , Amado Filho Gilberto M.
Published: November 2007

Because of its high toxicity, TBT (trybutiltin) was banned since 2003, which resulted in a greater re-use of Cu as based-biocide in antifouling paints (AFP). The aim of this work is to determine if metals form of AFP are transferred to benthic organisms from Guanabara Bay (GB) (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Metal concentrations were measured in two main fouling algae species Ulva flexuosa and U. fasciata and one isopod species, Sphaeroma serratum, in two GB marinas areas from sites with artificial substrate covered by AFP and natural substrate.In addition, control samples were collected in an adjacent open ocean area. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined by Atomic Absortion Spectrophotometry. Higher concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn were detected in both algal species from GB in relation to control areas. Among samples of algae and isopod species from GB, populations collected over artificial surfaces covered by AFP presented significantly higher metal concentration than population of rocky natural substrate. Our data showed that the leaching of metals by antifouling paints present on decks and boats are being taken up by algae and isopods. These results indicate that antifouling coatings are the main source of heavy metal to biota of GB marina area.
Micro and mesozooplankton composition during winter in Ushuaia and Golondrina Bays (Beagle Channel, Argentina)
Authors: Biancalana Florencia , Barría de Cao María Sonia , Hoffmeyer Mónica Susana
Published: November 2007

The current paper analyses the micro and mesozooplankton in Ushuaia and Golondrina Bays, the first research on these plankton fractions of these areas in wintertime (August 2004). The number of microzooplankton and mesozooplankton taxa was higher in Ushuaia Bay than in Golondrina Bay. Aloricate ciliates predominated over tintinnids in microzooplankton and holoplankton over meroplankton in mesozooplankton in both bays. Ctenocalanus citer, Drepanopus forcipatus and Clausocalanus brevipes presented the highest frequency of occurrence. Among the meroplankton, Halicarcinus planatus and Munida gregaria were the most frequent decapod larvae in both bays. The distribution of the different sampling station groups of microzooplankton and mesozooplankton as determined by cluster analysis suggests the influence of natural conditions in each bay and anthropogenic environmental differences between the two bays.
Auto- and heterotrophic nanoplankton and filamentous bacteria of Guanabara Bay (RJ, Brazil): estimates of cell/filament numbers versus carbon content
Authors: Santos Viviane Severiano , Villac Maria Célia , Tenenbaum Denise Rivera , Paranhos Rodolfo
Published: November 2007

Variations of nanoplankton (2-20 µm) and filamentous bacteria (diameter: 0.5-2.0 µm) of Guanabara Bay (RJ, Brazil) are presented, considering cell density and carbon content of auto- and heterotrophs. Our goal is to contribute to future modeling of local trophic dynamics. Subsurface water samples were taken weekly during the year 2000 at two sites: Urca (close to the entrance, more saline, eutrophic) and Ramos (inner area, less saline, hypertrophic). Microscopic analysis was done by epifluorescence and cell density was converted to biomass through cell biovolume. Total nanoplankton was about 10(8) cells.l-1 in most samples (>57%), and total filamentous bacteria densities varied from 10(5) to 10(8) fil.l-1. Autotroph density was one order of magnitude higher at Ramos, both for nanoplankton (Md: 10(8)cells.l-1 at Ramos and 10(7)cells.l-1 at Urca) and for filamentous bacteria (Md: 10(6) fil.l-1 at Ramos and 10(5) fil.l-1 at Urca). The same was observed for autotrophic biomass (Md: 10³µgC.l-1 at Ramos and 10¹µgC.l-1 at Urca for nanoplankton; Md: 28µgC.l-1 at Ramos and 1.4µgC.l-1 at Urca for filamentous bacteria). The relative contribution of autotrophs increased after conversion to biomass. Seasonal variation was conspicuous for filamentous bacteria at both sites and for nanoplankton only at Ramos, with maximum autotrophic abundances during the rainy period (spring-summer).
Fouling organisms on Perna perna mussels: is it worth removing them?
Authors: Sá Fabrício S. de , Nalesso Rosebel C. , Paresque Karla
Published: November 2007

Perna perna mussel spat were suspended from ropes on a long-line cultivation, at Coqueiro´s Beach, Anchieta, South-eastern Brazil, in order to quantify the fouling community structure and its effects on growth and biomass of mussels. Half of the ropes had the fouling removed monthly, half had the foulingleft until the end of the experiment. Monthly samples of thirty mussels from each group were measured and their biomass determined. The fouling organisms were identified, quantified and their biomass evaluated on a monthly basis. After ten months, mussels on the cleaned treatment were significantly larger and heavier (ANOVA; P < 0.05; Bonferroni: unfouled > fouled), showing that fouling reduced mussel development. The most abundant epibiont organisms in terms of biomass were the algae Polysiphonia subtilissima (29%) and Ulva rigida (10.3%), followed by the bryozoans Bugula neritina (13.6%) and Perna perna spat (10.6%). Over 97 taxa and 42,646 individuals were identified, crustaceans being the most abundant group, predominantly one amphipod Cheiriphotis megacheles (12,980 ind.). Species abundance was positively correlated with algal biomass, revealing the influence of algae on vagile fauna, which provide both food and shelter. The benefits of fouling removal are discussed because the majority of species are important feeding items to fishes and yet, the costs of its fouling control added to the associated mussel spat loss make this fouling removal of questionable value.
Population structure, distribution and abundance patterns of the patagonian smoothhound Mustelus schmitti Springer, 1939 (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, Triakidae) in the rio de La Plata and inner continental shelf , sw Atlantic ocean (34º30'-39º30'S)
Authors: Oddone María Cristina , Paesch Laura , Norbis Walter , Velasco Gonzalo
Published: November 2007

A total number of 4824 Mustelus schmitti was sampled. Females ranged from 25 to 93 cm in spring and from 28 to 90 cm in summer. Males ranged from 34 to 82 and from 28 to 77 cm, respectively. Length composition of the population showed significant differences between spring and summer being females larger than males. Total length distribution did not show significant differences between cruises. Males density varied significantly between cruises while for the females no significant variation was observed. In the spring cruise, both sexes occurred at depths lower than 50 m. Females occurred in the whole area with adult occurrence only above 35°30'S. Mature males occurred throughout the area, immature males occurring in two trawls in Samborombón Bay. The summer cruise showed a discontinuous distribution of the species along the study area resulting in spatial segregation in two groups with immature females predominating in both of them.
Artisanal fisheries production in the coastal zone of Itaipu, Niterói , RJ, Brazil
Authors: Tubino Rafael de Almeida , Monteiro-Neto Cassiano , Moraes Luiz Eduardo de S. , Paes Eduardo Tavares
Published: November 2007

Artisanal fisheries in the coastal zone of Itaipu-RJ play an important role in the local market, but little is known about production and productivity of the fisheries. From April 2001 to March 2003, we monitored a total of 618 landings from the beach-seine (99), the gill nets ("corvineira" - 331, "linguadeira" - 40 and "rede alta" - 25), the hook and line (98), the squid jigging (17), and the spear fishing and trap fisheries (five and three, respectively). The total monitored production was 21866 kg and the catch per unit effort (CPUE) 35.4 kg.trip-1. Considering the number of effective fishing days and the average daily production per fishing gear, the annual production was estimated at 136687 kg (0.2% of the state's production in 2004). Predominant resources were: Micropogonias furnieri,Trichiurus lepturus, squids (Loligo spp.), clupeiform fishes (Sardinella brasiliensis, Cetengraulis edentulus, Pellona harrowerii and Harengula clupeola), Eucinostomus spp., Cynoscion spp., Menticirrhus spp., Caranx crysos and Selene setapinnis. The combined analysis using hierarchical and non-hierarchical classification methods, separated four fishing gears and five species groups, based on their similarity patterns, identifying gears that most effectively capture the different fish groups. The beach-seine was less selective and most productive fishery in the summer. The "corvineira" was the second most productive fishery with higher yields in the summer and fall. Catches of "linguadeira" included rays and Paralychthys spp., wherereas the "rede alta" caught primarily M. furnieri,Mugil spp. and sharks.
Rare data on a rocky shore fish reproductive biology: sex ratio, length of first maturation and spawning period of Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) with notes on Stegastes variabilis spawning period (Perciformes: Pomacentridae) in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Bessa Eduardo , Dias June Ferraz , Souza Ana Maria de
Published: November 2007

This study presents data on the reproduction of Abudefduf saxatilis, a rocky shore inhabitant at the northern coast of São Paulo State. A total of 73 individuals were collected using hooks and baits. They were measured, weighed and dissected, sex and maturation stage were analysed, first macroscopically, then part of the material was taken for microscopical confirmation. Visual censuses were also done for underwater observation of egg's presence. Results showed equivalence of males and females in the population, first maturation occurring between 101 and 115mm of total length, spawning period occurs from November to February for Abudefduf saxatilis and October to January for Stegastes variabilis. Reproductive period for A. saxatilis was positively related to air temperature and thermic amplitude, but the environmental clue most likely to influence this rhythm is photoperiod. Transects with visual census of males guarding eggs were also a reliable tool for finding reproductive period in these demersal, egg-guarder species.
Depressive Personality Styles and Social Anxiety in Young Adults
Authors: Shahar Golan , Gilboa-Shechtman Eva
Published: November 2007

We examined the role of three depression-related cognitive personality styles in young adults’ social anxiety: evaluation concerns, positive achievement striving, and dependency. Sixty-nine undergraduates were administered measures of the aforementioned personality variables, depressive symptoms, and social anxiety. Controlling for participants’ depressive symptoms, we found that evaluation concerns, particularly self-criticism, predicted elevated levels of social anxiety. Dependency also predicted elevated social anxiety, but this effect was small and marginally significant (p = .05). Finally, positive achievement striving predicted low levels of social anxiety but only in the presence of evaluation concerns. Findings are consistent with earlier theoretical conceptualizations of social anxiety as reflecting low self-worth.
Elucidation of Flow and Transport Processes in a Variably Saturated System of Interlayered Sediment and Fractured Rock Using Tracer Tests
Authors: Duke Catherine L. , Roback Robert C. , Reimus Paul W. , Bowman Robert S. , McLing Travis L. , Baker Kristine E. , Hull Larry C.
Published: November 2007

The objective of this work was to investigate flow and transport in a layered, variably saturated system consisting of both fractured rock and sedimentary material during focused infiltration from the surface. Two tracer tests were performed using the Vadose Zone Research Park (VZRP) at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The first test occurred under quasi‐steady‐state conditions and the second was initiated in a much drier system and thus provided information regarding flow and transport under transient conditions. A one‐dimensional analytical model was used to fit breakthrough curves resulting from the two tracer tests. The results of this modeling provide insight into the nature of flow in the fractured basalt, surficial alluvium, and sedimentary interbeds that comprise the vadose zone of the eastern Snake River Plain. Flow through the fractured basalt is focused and preferential in nature, and multiple flow paths arise due to numerous fractures functioning as transmissive pathways in addition to flow splitting along geologic contacts. Flow velocities were significantly higher during the test with the wetter flow domain, presumably due to increases in hydraulic conductivity associated with higher water contents of the geologic materials. Perching was observed above the alluvium–basalt contact and above the lower boundary of a locally continuous sedimentary interbed. The perching behavior between the two contacts was fundamentally different; the perched layer above the alluvium–basalt contact was neither laterally extensive nor temporally persistent in the absence of infiltration from the surface. In contrast, the perched layer along the interbed was significantly thicker and gave rise to lateral flow over distances on the order of hundreds of meters. Vertical transport is shown to occur predominantly through the main bulk of the sedimentary material of the interbed; lateral flow appears to occur primarily in the fractured basalt directly above the interbed.
Saturation‐Dependent Hydraulic Conductivity Anisotropy for Multifluid Systems in Porous Media
Authors: Zhang Z. F. , Oostrom M. , Ward A.L.
Published: November 2007

The hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated anisotropic soils has recently been described with a tensorial connectivity–tortuosity (TCT) concept. We extend this concept to unsaturated porous media with two or three immiscible fluids. Mathematical expressions to describe the conductivity of each fluid in anisotropic porous media under unsaturated condition are derived in the form of symmetric second order tensors. The theory is applicable to the generalized hydraulic conductivity model and compatible types of saturation–pressure formulation. The extended model shows that the anisotropic coefficient of any one of the fluids is independent of the saturation of other fluids. Synthetic Miller‐similar soils generated to be anisotropic were defined by allowing the saturated hydraulic conductivity to have different correlation ranges for different directions of flow. The extended TCT concept was tested using synthetic soils with four levels of heterogeneity and four levels of anisotropy. Numerical experiments of infiltration of two liquid phases, water and the nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) carbon tetrachloride, were performed to test the extended model. The results show that, similar to water in a two‐fluid (air–water) system, NAPL retention curves in a three‐fluid (air–NAPL–water) system were independent of flow direction but dependent on soil heterogeneity, whereas the connectivity–tortuosity coefficients are functions of both soil heterogeneity and anisotropy. The extended TCT model accurately describes unsaturated hydraulic functions of anisotropic soils and can be combined into commonly used relative permeability functions for use in multifluid flow and transport numerical simulations.
Carbon Tetrachloride Flow and Transport in the Subsurface of the 216‐Z‐9 Trench at the Hanford Site
Authors: Oostrom M. , Rockhold M. L. , Thorne P. D. , Truex M. J. , Last G. V. , Rohay V. J.
Published: November 2007

As a result of past practices, up to 580 m3 carbon tetrachloride (CT) was discharged to waste sites at the 200 West Area of the USDOE's Hanford Site near Richland, WA. Three‐dimensional modeling was conducted to enhance the current conceptual model of CT distribution beneath the major disposal site (216‐Z‐9). The simulations, using the STOMP code, focused on migration of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) consisting of CT and codisposed organics under scenarios with differing sediment properties, sediment distribution, waste properties, and waste disposal history. Simulation results support a conceptual model for CT distribution where CT in the DNAPL phase migrated primarily in a vertical direction below the disposal site and where some CT DNAPL likely migrated across the water table into the regional aquifer. Results also show that the lower permeability Cold Creek unit retained more CT DNAPL within the vadose zone than other hydrologic units during the infiltration and redistribution process. Due to the relatively high vapor pressure of the CT, the resulting vapor plumes are extensive and influenced by density‐driven advection. Any continued migration of CT from the vadose zone to the groundwater is likely through interaction of vapor phase CT with the groundwater and not through continued DNAPL migration. Additional simulations assessed the impacts of soil vapor extraction (SVE) as a remediation method. These simulations showed rapid CT removal associated with the assumed local equilibrium of CT between the phases. Additional efforts are needed to enhance the understanding of rate‐limited volatilization to improve simulation of the SVE process and to provide a basis for refining the design and operation of SVE systems.
Hanford Site Vadose Zone Studies: An Overview
Authors: Gee G. W. , Oostrom M. , Freshley M. D. , Rockhold M. L. , Zachara J. M.
Published: November 2007

Large quantities of radioactive and chemical wastes resulting from Pu production for nuclear weapons are located in the vadose zone at the USDOE's Hanford Site, north of Richland, WA. The vadose zone here is characterized by often highly stratified glacial‐fluvial sediments that give rise to complex subsurface‐flow paths that contribute to uncertainty of contaminant fate and transport. Research efforts have focused on answering questions of contaminant transport from the viewpoint of geologic, biologic, geochemical, and hydrologic controls. This special section highlights key research topics concerning vadose zone problems at the Hanford Site. Research indicates that some of the contaminant species (137Cs, 60Co, 90Sr) are retained by Hanford sediments as a result of geochemical reactions, rendering them effectively immobile except under extremely saline or acidic conditions, while other species (99Tc, 129I, 3H) are typically mobile and have moved deep into the vadose zone and subsequently into groundwater. In addition, large quantities of organics, including carbon tetrachloride, have moved in complex ways as both vapor and liquid in the subsurface. Observed transport of mobile species is linked to liquid discharges and to elevated recharge rates that occur primarily at waste sites where land surfaces are void of vegetation and where winter rains have subsequently penetrated the subsurface wastes. A series of papers in this issue documents progress to date in understanding transport rates at Hanford, why anisotropy strongly affects the distribution of subsurface contaminants, why organic contaminants are difficult to find in the deep vadose zone, and what the impacts of hypersaline fluids are on waste form degradation and subsequent transport.
Geochemical Processes Controlling Migration of Tank Wastes in Hanford's Vadose Zone
Authors: Zachara John M. , Serne Jeff , Freshley Mark , Mann Fred , Anderson Frank , Wood Marcus , Jones Tom , Myers Dave
Published: November 2007

Nuclear wastes from Hanford's processing for separation of plutonium are stored in massive, buried, single‐shell tanks in 18 tank farms. These so‐called tank wastes were initially thermally hot because of radioactive decay, and many exhibited extreme chemical character in terms of pH, salinity, and radionuclide concentration. At present, 67 of the 149 single shell tanks are suspected to have released over 1.9 million L of tank waste to the vadose zone, with most leak events occurring between 1950 and 1975. Boreholes have been placed through the largest vadose zone plumes to define the extent of contaminant migration and to develop conceptual models of processes governing the transformation, retardation, and overall transport of tank waste residuals. Laboratory studies with sediments so collected have shown that ion exchange, precipitation and dissolution, and surface complexation reactions have occurred between the tank wastes and subsurface sediments, moderating their chemical character and retarding the migration of select contaminants. Processes suspected to facilitate the far‐field migration of immobile radionuclides including stable aqueous complex formation and mobile colloids were found to be potentially operative but unlikely to occur in the field, with the exception of cyanide‐facilitated migration of 60Co. Certain fission product oxyanions (Mo, Ru, Se, Tc) and nitrates are the most mobile of tank waste constituents because their adsorption is suppressed by large concentrations of waste anions, the vadose zone clay fraction is negative in surface charge, and, unlike Cr, their reduced forms are unstable in oxidizing environments. Reaction/process‐based transport modeling is beginning to be used for predictions of future contaminant mobility and plume evolution.
Wastewater Irrigation: The State of Play
Authors: Hamilton Andrew J. , Stagnitti Frank , Xiong Xianzhe , Kreidl Simone L. , Benke Kurt K. , Maher Peta
Published: November 2007

As demand for fresh water intensifies, wastewater is frequently being seen as a valuable resource. Furthermore, wise reuse of wastewater alleviates concerns attendant with its discharge to the environment. Globally, around 20 million ha of land are irrigated with wastewater, and this is likely to increase markedly during the next few decades as water stress intensifies. In 1995, around 2.3 billion people lived in water‐stressed river basins and this could increase to 3.5 billion by 2025. We review the current status of wastewater irrigation by providing an overview of the extent of the practice throughout the world and through synthesizing the current understanding of factors influencing sustainable wastewater irrigation. A theme that emerges is that wastewater irrigation is not only more common in water‐stressed regions such as the Near East, but the rationale for the practice also tends to differ between the developing and developed worlds. In developing nations, the prime drivers are livelihood dependence and food security, whereas environmental agendas appear to hold greater sway in the developed world. The following were identified as areas requiring greater understanding for the long‐term sustainability of wastewater irrigation: (i) accumulation of bioavailable forms of heavy metals in soils, (ii) environmental fate of organics in wastewater‐irrigated soils, (iii) influence of reuse schemes on catchment hydrology, including transport of salt loads, (iv) risk models for helminth infections (pertinent to developing nations), (v) microbiological contamination risks for aquifers and surface waters, (vi) transfer efficiencies of chemical contaminants from soil to plants, (vii) health effects of chronic exposure to chemical contaminants, and (viii) strategies for engaging the public.
Multiscale Pedotransfer Functions for Soil Water Retention
Authors: Jana Raghavendra B. , Mohanty Binayak P. , Springer Everett P.
Published: November 2007

Parametric soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions are often used for predicting soil hydrologic behavior using hydrologic, hydroclimatic, and contaminant transport models. The prediction accuracy of any such model is critically dependent on the quality of the input parameters. Limited availability of (detailed) soil hydraulic data for large‐scale hydroclimatic models (with grids ranging from several kilometers to several hundred kilometers) is a major challenge. To address this need, pedotransfer functions (PTFs) have been used to estimate the required soil hydraulic parameters from other available or easily measurable soil properties. While most previous studies derive and adopt these parameters at matching spatial scales (1:1) of input and output data, we have developed a methodology to derive soil water retention functions at the point or local scale using the PTFs trained with coarser scale input data. This study was a novel application of an artificial neural network (ANN)‐based PTF scheme across two spatial support scales within the Rio Grande basin in New Mexico. The ANN was trained using soil texture and bulk density data from the SSURGO database (scale 1:24,000) and then used for predicting soil water contents at different pressure heads with point‐scale data (1:1) inputs. The resulting outputs were corrected for bias before constructing the soil water characteristic curve using the van Genuchten equation. A hierarchical approach with training data derived from multiple clustered subwatersheds (with varying spatial extent) was used to study the effect of the increase in spatial extent. The results show good agreement between the soil water retention curves constructed from the ANN‐based PTFs and field observations at the local scale near Las Cruces, NM. The robustness of the multiscale PTF methodology was further tested with a separate data set from the Little Washita watershed region in Oklahoma. Overall, ANN coupled with bias correction was found to be a suitable approach for deriving soil hydraulic parameters at a finer scale from soil physical properties at coarser scales and across different spatial extents. The approach could potentially be used for downscaling soil hydraulic properties.