bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental Health Status and Diabetes among Whites and Native Americans: Is Race an Effect Modifier?
Authors: Sahmoun Abe E , Markland Mary J , Helgerson Steven D
Published: August 2007

Depressive symptoms are common among patients with diabetes and may have a significant impact on self-management and health outcomes. The prevalence of both depression and diabetes varies by race. We examined whether race is also an effect modifier in the association between mental health rated "not good" and diabetes using the national Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from 2002 to 2005. We found that the prevalence of diabetes among Native American respondents was almost double that among Whites. Respondents with at least two weeks of mental health rated "not good" are significantly higher among diabetic patients than among non-diabetic patients. Native Americans (NAs) with at least two weeks of mental health rated "not good" were more likely to have diabetes. This association is stronger in NAs than in Whites. Future research should focus on a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this plausible association between poor mental health and diabetes.
Increasing Access to Care for Cultural and Linguistic Minorities: Ethnicity-Specific Health Care Organizations and Infrastructure
Authors: Yang Joshua S , Kagawa-Singer Marjorie
Published: August 2007

Racial and ethnic disparities in health care have been attributed in part to cultural and linguistic dissonance between certain patient populations and the health care system. Yet in the long term, structural solutions for ameliorating health care disparities have not been forthcoming. One strategy for increasing access to care for cultural and linguistic minorities is ethnicity-specific subsystems of care. The historical experiences of the Chinese community in San Francisco are used to reconstruct the evolution of its ethnicity-specific health care infrastructure and to create an organizational development model for ethnicity-specific health care organizations and infrastructures. The four stages of the model include developing and recruiting a bicultural and bilingual health care workforce, structuring health care resources for maximum accessibility, expanding health care organizations, and integrating ethnicity-specific health care resources into the mainstream health care system. Policy recommendations to develop ethnicity-specific subsystems of care are presented.
The Democracy Barometers (Part I): Formal Versus Informal Institutions in Africa
Authors: Bratton Michael
Published: August 2007

Abstract: A decade and a half after the first African regime transitions and despite growing popular disillusionment with democracy in practice, the general idea of "rule by the people" remains an attractive prospect for solid majorities of citizens. But popular attachment to the specific institutions of a democratic regime—and how willing citizens feel to apply formal criteria of institutional development to the evaluation of regime performance—is a much more varied and tentative matter.
Exchange: Liberalism Versus State-Building
Authors: Fukuyama Francis
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Thomas Carothers' "The 'Sequencing Fallacy" is largely correct in its criticisms of the argument that democratic reforms ought to be delayed until after a liberal rule of law and economic growth have been achieved. However, Carothers does not take sufficiently into account the need to create a coherent nation as the beginning point of the state-building process, something that usually requires changing borders or moving populations and has seldom in human history been accomplished without violence. The norm prohibiting such changes in Africa has in effect prohibited the sequencing of state-building and both rule of law and democracy there, contributing in some measure to state weakness.
When Will the Chinese People Be Free?
Authors: Rowen Henry S
Published: August 2007

This article asks: "What will be the future character of China's political system?" According to Freedom House, all countries above a certain income level are rated at least Partly Free, so why not China? Assuming continued growth in education and the economy, the model result shows it edging into that category by 2015 and Free by 2025. Despite evident negatives, changes in personal liberties, legal system, media, village elections, and individual values support this prediction. An in-between stage might involve more open competition within the party. When achieved, a democratic China would be a positive factor for peace in Asia.
Communism’s Many Legacies in East-Central Europe
Authors: Seleny Anna
Published: August 2007

By focusing on the informal legacies that still shape the democracies of Central and Eastern Europe, we can attain a nuanced understanding of the region's postcommunist countries. In Poland, confrontational maximalism helps to generate governmental instability and poor policy continuity, while in Hungary there is now a question mark hanging over the future of the bounded flexibility that once reliably helped to center democratic politics. In the Czech Republic, instrumentalist attitudes and partisan-ideological differentiation jointly increase the chances of serious corruption and polarization, while in Slovakia the democratic system appears to lack an endogenous force capable of effectively confronting bigotry and discrimination.
"Indispensable in a Civilized Society": Manuel Payno's "Las bibliotecas de México"
Authors: Jones Phillip
Published: August 2007

This article combines history, biography, and the translation of a nineteenth-century primary source to consider the role of Manuel Payno, a Mexican government official and noted writer, in establishing his country's national library. Profiles of Mexican library history and of Manuel Payno provide context for the appended English translation of Payno's 1869 article, "Las bibliotecas de México: La gran biblioteca y la pequeña biblioteca de México," in which he requests continued government funding to complete the Biblioteca Nacional. Payno's own writing reveals the merit of his effort in the nearly half-century campaign to found this intellectual and cultural symbol of an emerging nation.
Clara M. Edmunds and the Library of the United States Information Service, 1934-1948
Authors: Lee Mordecai
Published: August 2007

As President Franklin Roosevelt was transforming the nature of the federal government in the 1930s, Clara M. Edmunds, the head librarian of the president's public information service, sought to keep pace by transforming the librarianship of government documents. She conceived, developed, and directed a library with a comprehensive collection of all relevant federal documents. It was updated hourly, if necessary, to keep pace with the latest developments on Capitol Hill and in the White House, the executive branch agencies, and the courts. Edmunds, a former New York City grade school principal, fought unsuccessfully to maintain the unique collection when the Republican Eightieth Congress, elected in 1946, was intent on undoing as much of the Roosevelt revolution as it could. This article recounts the history of this forgotten chapter in the librarianship of government information.
''The Penelope Work of Forgetting": Dreams, Memory, and the Recovery of Wholeness in Joy Kogawa's Obasan
Authors: Cook Rufus
Published: August 2007

The fragmented world that Naomi finds herself in at the beginning of Obasan can be explained not only in terms of the specific social and political situation depicted in the novel but also in more general terms as the result of her "entry into the symbolic order of language," her assumption of a phenomenal time-bound social identity. From this point of view, it is her longing for psychological unity that is the driving force in her narrative rather than the craving for social justice that Aunt Emily tries to instill in her. Naomi wants to "tunnel backwards" like Uncle Isamu till she reaches those undifferentiated, preconscious levels of experience at which she is still one with her mother and the rest of creation. In this journey, it is her dreams and "involuntary recollection" that play the leading role. At the level at which these occur, the distinctions of time, place, and logical identity on which phenomenal existence is based have not yet arisen. In surrendering to the memories that come flooding back into her mind as the novel progresses, therefore, Naomi is escaping from the isolation and alienation she has been condemned to since childhood. In repudiating her attachment to the phenomenal time-bound identity enforced by the "phallic authority" of the Grand Inquisitor, she regains the capacity to commune with her lost loved ones, to feel her mother's presence though she is not there.
Literary Text, Cinematic "Edition": Adaptation, Textual Authority, and the Filming of Tropic of Cancer
Authors: Decker James M.
Published: August 2007

While many viewers feel betrayed by screen adaptations of novels, one might account for generic differences by considering the lessons of contemporary textual scholarship. Anti-intentionalist approaches to textuality, which emphasize a text's socially negotiated nature, may offer viewers a way to consider adaptations as "editions" of their source novels. In applying textual theories to the 1970 film of Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer, one may argue that the decisions made by director Joseph Strick mirror those of other textual editors. Strick's choices, while inevitably unsatisfactory to many viewers, represent a concerted effort not to "betray" Miller's novel but to solve textual problems peculiar to film and to present a viable "reading text" to the public.
Modernism and the Marketplace: The Case of Conrad's Chance
Authors: Jones Susan
Published: August 2007

This essay addresses the issue of modernism's troubled but dependent relationship to periodical marketing. It extends current critical perspectives by emphasising the role of textual studies in recovering the important transformation of modernist fiction from serial to book versions of the text. Focussing on Joseph Conrad's first economically successful novel, Chance, which initially appeared in serial form in the women's pages of the New York Herald Sunday Magazine in 1912, the essay shows how Conrad's fundamental revisions from serial to book (1913) contributed to its status as modernist romance. The discussion illustrates Conrad's complex response to feminist politics in this novel, his ironisation of the reductive homogeneity of popular visual representations of women, and his questioning of the relationship between gender and genre. The essay argues that in the revisions for the book Conrad poised the finished text between marketable romance and a critique of the serial romance itself.
Texts, Revisions, History: Reading Historically in the Undergraduate Survey
Authors: Ulin Donald
Published: August 2007

As instructors rise to the challenge of historicizing the undergraduate curriculum, we struggle, not only to accommodate contextual materials in an already bulky syllabus, but to provide the theoretical articulation necessary to escape a naively mimetic model of texts and contexts. Furthermore, by making ourselves the source of so much material and apparatus, we risk diminishing our students' own "textual power" (Robert Scholes). Taking two of Wordsworth's poems as examples, I argue that working from multiple versions of a poem, a student more readily recognizes the historicity of the poem itself, not as the hermetic artifact of some seamless historical moment but as a site of conflict and ambivalence. Understanding the poem as a work always "in progress," the student naturally assumes a more active role, negotiating among competing impulses within and among the various versions. The aim is not to turn a survey course into a course in textual criticism, but to introduce genuinely historicist reading habits that will inform students' readings of subsequent texts with or without the poet's revisions.
On Ergativity and Accusativity in Proto-Polynesian and Proto-Central Pacific
Authors: Ball Douglas
Published: August 2007

This paper continues the debate begun over three decades ago about the nature of the case-marking system of Proto-Polynesian, whether it possessed an ergative or an accusative system. After consideration of extra-Polynesian comparative evidence, putative counterexamples in some Polynesian pronominal systems, and the history of the current accusative marking, it finds in favor of the accusative system view.
Papuan Malay Pronominals: Forms And Functions
Authors: Donohue Mark , Sawaki Yusuf
Published: August 2007

Papuan Malay, the easternmost variety of Malay/Indonesian, has received even less attention than other nonstandard varieties of Malay/Indonesian. Papuan Malay has innovative forms and functions for its pronominals that have not been described in detail for other varieties of Malay/Indonesian, though they are present over a wide area. We examine both the bound and the free pronominal forms, describing the status of the different members in each paradigm as they are used with different functions such as possessor, subject, and object. In addition to noting these different uses, we discuss a trivalent construction in the language with an exceptional use of pronominal forms, and propose an ongoing path of grammaticalization that can account for it.
Heads in Oceanic Indirect Possession
Authors: Palmer Bill , Brown Dunstan
Published: August 2007

In many Oceanic languages the "indirect" possessive construction, which is typically associated with alienable possession, uses special forms to host person and number agreement indexing the possessor. This can be contrasted with the "direct" possessive construction, typically associated with inalienable possession, where a lexical possessum noun itself carries possessor-indexing agreement. The host forms used in the indirect construction are often referred to as "classifiers." We argue that this term should not be applied to indirect possession marking in many Oceanic languages, and present evidence to show that indirect possessor-indexing hosts in such languages do not have the properties typically associated with classifiers. In contrast with this, we further argue that these indirect possessor-indexing hosts should be treated as the syntactic head of the noun phrase in which they occur, thereby allowing treatment of the syntax of NPs with indirect possession that is consistent with those with direct marking. In both instances, the person and number indexing morphology simply attaches to the syntactic head.
Methods for Innovation: The Varying Role of Industrial Research in DSM's Nitrogen Fertilizer Business, 1925-1970
Authors: Rooij Arjan van
Published: August 2007

In this article the varying methods firms use to innovate are central in an attempt to balance our understanding of innovation processes. Often, research-driven innovation attracts the most attention, obscuring the contributions of other company functions and of external technology. In this article, three key parameters are used to distinguish methods of innovation: scope (of the technological work undertaken), localization (who was involved in the firm) and source of technology (whether internal or external). Firms choose a particular method under the influence of its broader innovation strategy. This framework is used to analyze innovation processes in the fertilizer business of the Dutch chemical company DSM in the period between 1925 and 1970. The example of DSM shows that firms have used different methods of innovation simultaneously, even in high-tech and competitive industries, and well into the twentieth century. To focus only on R&D gives a one-sided view of innovation.
Expression of the Immunomodulator IL-10 in Type I Pneumocytes of the Rat: Alterations of IL-10 Expression in Radiation-induced Lung Damage
Authors: Haase Michael G. , Klawitter Anke , Geyer Peter , Baretton Gustavo B.
Published: August 2007

Fibrosing alveolitis is a disease with inflammatory, proliferative, and fibrotic components. In different models, it has been shown that the cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) plays a conflicting role in inflammation-associated fibrotic processes, inasmuch as it is an antiinflammatory cytokine but also a TH2 cytokine with inherent pro-fibrotic effects. IL-10 is produced primarily by inflammatory cells. In this report, we show in a rat model of radiation-induced fibrosing alveolitis that IL-10 is also produced by type I alveolar epithelial cells in both normal and fibrotic lungs. The total amount of IL-10 in the lung is increased after irradiation, but type I pneumoyctes contain less IL-10. The R3/1 permanent type I pneumocyte cell line also contains IL-10, which is reduced after irradiation. Whereas in the normal lung, the entire alveolar surface is covered by IL-10—producing pneumocytes, this continuity is interrupted in fibrotic lungs, because type I pneumocytes lack full differentiation and thus full spreading over the alveolar surface. The exposure of the IL-10—negative epithelial basal membrane may allow for an easier attachment of inflammatory cells such as alveolar macrophages. These cells have the potential to act in a pro-inflammatory way by tumor necrosis factor α and also in a pro-fibrotic way by activating TH2 cytokines.
Incommensurate modulations in a hollandite phase Ba
x
(Al, Fe)2x
Ti8–2x
O16 intended for the storage of radioactive wastes: a (3+1) dimension structure determination
Authors: Aubin-Chevaldonnet Virginie , Deniard Philippe , Evain Michel , Leinekugel-Le-Cocq-Errien Aude Ysoline , Jobic Stéphane , Caurant Daniel , Petricek Václav , Advocat Thierry
Published: August 2007

Intensive researches on specific treatments of radioactive cesium, occurring in high level nuclear wastes, are in progress in France. Nowadays, a cesium immobilization in host matrices with a high chemical durability seems to be the favourite option. In that perspective, titanium based upon hollandite is a good candidate as a host matrix because of its high cesium incorporation ability, its excellent chemical stability, and its capacity to support charge compensation during the Cs+ into Ba2+ transmutation process. In this study we report the preparation and crystal growth in a BaF2—B2O3 flux melt of the Ba
x
Cs
y
M
z
Ti8–z
O16 hollandite phase and its characterization by single crystal X-ray diffraction. An attention was focused on materials with M = Al or Al + Fe and with barium only since single crystals including cesium could not be obtained from the flux method. An incommensurate modulation of the Ba cation site occupancy, with I4/m(00γ)00 as a superspace group, was observed for all the single crystals under study.
Coupled Al/Si and O/N order/disorder in BaYb[Si4–x
Al
x
O
x
N7–x
]sialon: neutron powder diffraction and Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Vinograd Victor L. , Juarez-Arellano E. A. , Lieb Alexandra , Knorr Karsten , Schnick Wolfgang , Gale Julian D. , Winkler Björn
Published: August 2007

The fractions of aluminium, [Al]/[Al + Si], and oxygen, [O]/[O + N], in crystallographically distinct sites of BaYb[Si4–x
Al
x
O
x
N7–x
] oxonitridoaluminosilicate (space group P63
mc, No. 186) were refined based on the results of neutron powder diffraction for a synthetic sample with the composition of x = 2.2(2) and simulated as functions of temperature for the compositions x = 2 and x = 2.3 using a combination of static lattice energy calculations (SLEC) and Monte Carlo simulations. The SLEC calcu lations have been performed on a set of 800 structures differing in the distribution of Al/Si and O/N within the 2 × 2 × 2 supercell containing 36 formula units of BaYb[Si4–x
Al
x
O
x
N7–x
]. The SLEC were based on a transferable set of empirical interatomic potentials developed within the present study. The static lattice energies of these structures have been expanded in the basis set of pair-wise ordering energies and on-site chemical potentials. The ordering energies and the chemical potentials have been used to calculate the configuration energies of the oxonitridoaluminosilicates (so-called sialons) using a Monte Carlo algorithm. The simulations suggest that Al and O are distributed unevenly over two non-equivalent T(Si/Al) and three L(N/O) sites, respectively, and the distribution shows strong dependence both on the temperature and the composition. Both simulated samples exhibit order/disorder transitions in the temperature range 500–1000 K to phases with partial long-range order below these temperatures. Above the transition temperatures the Si/Al and N/O distributions are affected by short-range ordering. The predicted site occupancies are in a qualitative agreement with the neutron diffraction results.
Polymorphism of Ag3VO4
Authors: Dinnebier Robert E. , Kowalevsky Anton , Reichert Harald , Jansen Martin
Published: August 2007

The polymorphism of Ag3VO4 was investigated with temperature dependent synchrotron powder diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry in the temperature range 295 K ≤ T ≤ 893 K. Three crystal structures of Ag3VO4 were identified and determined from powder diffraction data: α-Ag3VO4 (T = 295 K, C2/c, a = 10.2672(2) Å, b = 4.9814(1) Å, c = 10.2240(2) Å, β = 116.0(1)°, V = 470.0(2) Å3), β-Ag3VO4 (T = 423 K, I-42m, a = 4.9968(1) Å, c = 9.6911(3) Å, V = 241.97(1) Å3), and γ-Ag3VO4 (T = 703 K, Fm-3m, a = 7.8386(1) Å, V = 481.62(1) Å3). The crystal structures of all three phases of Ag3VO4 can be described as cubic closed packed arrangements of [VO4]3– anions with the silver cations occupying all octahedral and tetrahedral voids.
Structure characterization of molecular complexes for non-linear optical materials. II. 1 : 1 complexes of 4-methyl-morpholine-N-oxide (1) and 3-picoline-N-oxide (2) with 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, studied by X-ray, AM1 and DFT calculations
Authors: Zukerman-Schpector Julio , Vega-Teijido Mauricio , Carvalho Cristina C. , Isolani Paulo C. , Caracelli Ignez
Published: August 2007

(1) C6H2N3O7
– · C5H12NO2
+, Mr = 346.26, P21/c, a = 7.2356(6), b = 10.5765(9), c = 19.593(2) Å, β = 95.101(6)°, V = 1493.5(2) Å3, Z = 4, R
1 = 0.0414; (2) C6H2N3O7
– · C6H8NO+, Mr = 338.24, P21/n, a = 7.8713(5), b = 6.1979(7), c = 28.697(3) Å, β = 90.028(7)°, V = 1400.0(2) Å3, Z = 4, R
1 = 0.0416. The packing units in both compounds consist of hydrogen bonded cation-anion pairs. The (hyper)polarizabilities have been calculated for the crystallographic and optimized molecules, by AM1 and at the DFT/B3LYP(6-31G**) level.
Crystal and molecular structure analysis of 4-o-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-2-methyl-N-(2-pyridal)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide-1,1-dioxide from laboratory X-ray powder data
Authors: Chakraborty Santu , Ghosh Soumen , Cheemala J. Manilla Sagar , Jayaselli Jagadeesan , Pal Sarbani , Mukherjee Alok Kamur
Published: August 2007

4-o-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-2-methyl-N-(2-pyridal)-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide-1,1-dioxide, C23H19N3O6S (I), a piroxicam derivative has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray powder structure analysis. The molecules of (I) are linked through pairs of intermolecular N–H···O and C–H···O hydrogen bonds forming centrosymmetric dimeric R
2
2(14)(M) and R
2
2(22)(N) rings which combine to form infinite one-dimensional MNMN… chain along the [2¯11] direction. The C–H···π (arene) hydrogen bonds interlink the parallel chains into two-dimensional sheets lying in the (102) plane. These sheets are further connected through intermolecular C–H···O and C–H···N bonds, so generating a three-dimensional framework structure in (I).
Critical Evidence: The Politics of Trauma in French Asylum Policies
Authors: Fassin Didier , d'Halluin Estelle
Published: August 2007

However obvious it might seem today that victims of persecutions suffer from psychological consequences of the violence inflicted on them, its political implications are a recent phenomenon. In the last decade, asylum seekers in France, as in other European countries, have been more and more often subject to demands of psychiatric expertise to prove the cogency of their claim to the status of refugee. This social innovation results from the convergence of two processes: on the one hand, the rapid decline in the legitimacy of asylum, leading to increasing expectations for evidence to establish the reality of persecutions; on the other hand, the emergence of trauma as a nosographical category legitimizing the traces of violence. At the crossroads of these two histories, a social field, mainly occupied by NGOs, has developed to answer this new need for proof from state institutions, with an increasing specialization on victims of torture and on psychic trauma, the two dimensions being partially independent. The final paradox is, however, that in a context of generalized suspicion toward refugees, the recognition of trauma at a collective level is counterbalanced by its limited impact on the evaluation of individual cases.
"Girl, You Are NotMorena. We Are Negras!": Questioning the Concept of "Race" in Southern Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Baran Michael D.
Published: August 2007

In 2003, teachers at the municipal high school in Belmonte, Brazil, began presenting students with a radically different ideology about racial categorization: an essentialized ideology that defines anyone not "purely" branco (white) as negro (black). This system of categorization conflicts with popular belief in a mixed‐race moreno identity based not only on ancestry but also on observable physical features. Through a combination of ethnographic and experimental methods, I examine this apparent clash of ideologies in Belmonte with respect to academic theories on the cognition of race and ethnicity. I show how children and adults integrate certain aspects of essentialism but not others in their constructions of identity and in the way they reason about hypothetical scenarios. These nuanced solutions to the challenges posed by explicit conflicts over supposedly natural categories lead to my own questioning of race in anthropological theory.
Self-Defense, Imminence, and the Battered Woman
Authors: Kaufman Whitley R.P.
Published: August 2007

A traditional element of self-defense doctrine is the imminence rule, restricting the use of force in self-defense to cases where the threatened harm is imminent, about to happen. In recent years, this rule has been subject to increasing criticism, especially in the context of cases involving battered women, and some commentators have even called for its elimination. This essay presents the case for the imminence rule as reflecting the requirement that in a civil society, the use of force be reserved to the state, with only one exception. This exception applies to cases where an individual is faced with an imminent threat. In such circumstances, the state would not be able to intervene in time to protect the person, and hence the individual is permitted to use force in her own defense.
The Moral Limits of Criminalizing Remote Harms
Authors: Baker Dennis J.
Published: August 2007

I draw on accessorial liability jurisprudence in an attempt to outline the moral limits of criminalizing people for merely influencing the criminal choices of others. A person's conduct is a "remote harm" when it is harmless "but for" the fact that it encourages another independent party to commit a harmful criminal act (a primary harm). For example, the "broken windows" thesis holds that minor incivilities (such as passive begging) are a precursor to more serious crime. Passive begging allegedly sends a signal to criminals that the broken windows area is unpoliced and is an easy target for crime. The beggars are criminalized to deter independent parties from committing crimes in the broken windows area. In this paper, I object to this kind of criminalization because it contravenes the requirements of fairness and individual responsibility, because it aims to punish people for the inadvertent consequences of their actions. I argue that a person should only be held responsible for another's criminal harm when she is normatively involved in it. What is needed are normative reasons for stating from an ex ante perspective that it will be fair to hold X morally responsible for S when it causes Y to do harm N. If this requirement is satisfied then there will be a prima facie case for criminalization. I argue that a person is normatively involved in another's crime when she knowingly assists or intentionally encourages that crime. In addition, a person can become normatively involved in another's criminal harm by underwriting it. I also assert that the fairness constraint should only be overridden as a matter of necessity to prevent harm of an extraordinarily grave kind and that the broken windows harm does not satisfy this requirement.
The Experience of Lawlessness
Authors: Weyrauch Walter O.
Published: August 2007

The concept of anomie, as originally developed by Emile Durkheim more than one hundred years ago, connotes a state of lawlessness. What happens in this state is of continued and increased concern, for example, if a government collapses, as in the case of Nazi Germany, or as a consequence of natural disasters, such as hurricane Katrina. Detached evaluation of recent events is impaired because it requires some lapse of time. The essence of lawlessness also prevents resort to traditional legal sources. Thus one is confined to empirical evidence and whatever norms can be derived from them. Essentially, unwritten law emerges in groups of people and in neighborhoods under circumstances of extreme emergencies and in the absence of any organized communal or state power. The evidence from the collapse of Nazi Germany in 1945 and taken from the cities of Frankfurt and Berlin indicates a spirit of excitement and raw energy, in other words, an upsurge of vitality that facilitates improvisation under conditions of severe threat to survival. Standards of morality and legal behavior are temporarily suspended in the interest of coping with immediate emergencies. Yet the more serious the state of anomie, the more reactive forces come into play that ultimately gravitate toward reestablishing traditional legal controls. The evaluation is rendered difficult because standards of analysis shift. What seemed to be plausible under circumstances of threat to life and health may appear at a later time to be questionable if not offensive. Throughout these processes traditional criminal law leads a shadowy existence in the minds of people who continue to adhere to core values regardless of the fate of government.
Effects of Progressive Clearcut Logging on Newfoundland Caribou
Authors: SCHAEFER JAMES A. , MAHONEY SHANE P.
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Logging has often been implicated in the decline of caribou (Rangifer tarandus), but its effects are incompletely understood. We used a distance‐based approach to assess the effects of progressive clearcut logging on the summer (28 May to 15 Sep) range of caribou in Newfoundland, Canada. We compared distances of random locations and of caribou, from 9 years of radiotelemetry, to landcover types across 3 spatial scales: population range, individual ranges, and radiolocations. We tested for incremental avoidance of cutovers and mature softwood forests, the preferred type for caribou and forest harvesting, while controlling for the confounding effects of each. At the individual range, females selected for hardwood and softwood forests, bogs, and barrens, and they avoided open water. Patterns for males were similar, although they avoided bogs and barrens at both scales. The sexes differed in their response to forest harvesting. Females progressively avoided cutovers, both pre‐ and postharvest, likely due to their spatial proximity. Females maintained an average of 9.2 km from active cutovers. Cutover avoidance was evident even if we controlled statistically for distances to other habitats, and it accounted for heightened disuse of softwood forests. Compared with females, males occurred in proximity, with no incremental response to clearcutting. These results imply deleterious effects of timber harvesting on female caribou. Long‐term investigations will enhance our capacity to evaluate such anthropogenic habitat changes.
Use of the Beaufort Sea by King Eiders Breeding on the North Slope of Alaska
Authors: PHILLIPS LAURA M. , POWELL ABBY N. , TAYLOR ERIC J. , REXSTAD ERIC A.
Published: August 2007

Abstract: We estimated areas used by king eiders (Somateria spectabilis) in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, how distributions of used areas varied, and characteristics that explained variation in the number of days spent at sea, to provide regulatory agencies with baseline data needed to minimize impacts of potential offshore oil development. We implanted sixty king eiders with satellite transmitters at nesting areas on the North Slope of Alaska, USA, in 2002‐2004. More than 80% of marked eiders spent >2 weeks staging offshore prior to beginning a postbreeding molt migration. During postbreeding staging and migration, male king eiders had much broader distributions in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea than female eiders, which were concentrated in Harrison and Smith Bays. Distribution did not vary by sex during spring migration in the year after marking. Shorter residence times of eiders and deeper water at locations used during spring migration suggest the Alaskan Beaufort Sea might not be as critical a staging area for king eiders during prebreeding as it is postbreeding. Residence time in the Beaufort Sea varied by sex, with female king eiders spending more days at sea than males in spring and during postbreeding. We conclude the Alaskan Beaufort Sea is an important staging area for king eiders during postbreeding, and eider distribution should be considered by managers when mitigating for future offshore development. We recommend future studies examine the importance of spring staging areas outside the Alaskan Beaufort Sea.
Mercury Concentrations in Tissues of Osprey From the Carolinas, USA
Authors: HOPKINS WILLIAM A. , HOPKINS LARALEA B. , UNRINE JASON M. , SNODGRASS JOEL , ELLIOT JAMES D.
Published: August 2007

Abstract:Mercury (Hg) contamination is believed to be one of the most significant pollution hazards to wildlife in the southeastern United States, yet comprehensive studies of Hg contamination of piscivorous raptors are rare in this region. We analyzed total Hg (THg) concentration in tissues of 39 osprey (Pandion haliaetus) primarily from coastal counties of South Carolina, USA, to describe tissue distribution of Hg and to determine whether age or sex influenced Hg accumulation. To determine whether Hg poses health risks to osprey breeding in this region, we also measured selenium in all tissues and the percentage of THg that was methylated in a subset of individuals. Osprey with adult plumage tended to have higher and more variable Hg concentrations in their tissues than younger birds. Whereas highest concentrations of Hg were found in liver and kidney of older birds, chicks had highest concentrations in keratinized tissues. Mercury concentrations were correlated between feathers and soft tissues, but talon concentrations of Hg were better correlated with organs than to feathers in most cases. Contrary to previous studies on birds, we found no relationship between Hg concentration in primary feathers and the sequence in which the feather was molted. We attribute this observation to the irregular and protracted molting pattern of osprey. Also contrary to other studies, feather concentrations of Hg were considerably lower than concentrations in liver and kidney. Osprey with high concentrations of Hg in their livers and kidneys accumulated as much as 99% of it as Hg(II), suggesting that demethylation and sequestration of Hg(II) may be even more critical to mitigating adverse effects than it is for other birds that eliminate most of their Hg burden in feathers. In addition, selenium was co‐sequestered with Hg in the liver and kidneys and may further mitigate any adverse effects. Based on these findings, we suggest that most osprey in this region are not currently at risk of Hg toxicosis, but recommend that additional ecotoxicological studies be performed to monitor risk to osprey in this coastal region facing heavy development. We also suggest that concentrations of Hg in talon and claw may serve as important indicators of previous exposure and provide useful information for natural resource managers seeking to assess health risks to birds.
Survival and Cause‐Specific Mortality of Red Foxes in Agricultural and Urban Areas of Illinois
Authors: GOSSELINK TODD E. , VAN DEELEN TIMOTHY R. , WARNER RICHARD E. , MANKIN PHIL C.
Published: August 2007

Abstract:Range expansion and population increase by coyotes (Canis latrans), reduced hunting and trapping, and intensified agricultural practices in the Midwest have altered red fox (Vulpes vulpes) mortality, although relative impacts of these factors are unknown. We examined mortality causes and survival of red foxes in urban and rural agricultural areas of Illinois, using radio telemetry data from 335 foxes (Nov 1996 to May 2002). We used Akaike's Information Criterion to evaluate six survival models for foxes reflecting 1) environmental effects, 2) intrinsic effects, 3) temporal effects, 4) behavioral effects, 5) social effects, and 6) a global model. Environmental and intrinsic models of survival were optimal for adult foxes. Adult foxes with low (0‐20%) and high (80‐100%) percentages of row crops in their home ranges had higher survival than adults with moderate percentages (40‐70%). Heavier adults at capture also survived better. A global model (all covariates) was optimal for juvenile foxes. Higher juvenile survival associated with larger litters, lower body fat, and reduced dispersal time. Yearly survival ranged from 0.18 for rural male juveniles to 0.44 for rural female adults. Adult survival rates (0.35) were 11% higher than juvenile survival rates (0.24). Yearly survival varied for urban foxes due to cyclic outbreaks of sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabei). Thus, summer survival (May‐Sep) of urban juveniles ranged from 0.10 (mange present) to 0.83 (no mange recorded). Mange was the most common (45% of all fatalities) source of mortality for urban foxes, followed by road kill (31%). We recorded only 4 mange fatalities (2%) for rural foxes. Rural foxes experienced low hunting mortality (7%) and equivalent road kill and coyote predation fatalities (40% each). Sources of mortality for midwestern foxes have dramatically changed since the 1970s when hunting was the major cause of mortality. Coyote predation has effectively replaced hunting mortality, and cyclic patterns of mange outbreaks in urban fox populations might indicate a dynamic source or sink relationship to surrounding rural fox populations. Absent mange, urban areas might provide refugia for red foxes where coyote populations persist at high densities in rural areas. Managers of sympatric urban and rural wildlife populations must understand survival dynamics influencing the population at the landscape level.
True Metabolizable Energy for Seeds of Common Moist‐Soil Plant Species
Authors: DUGGER BRUCE D. , MOORE MIKAL L. , FINGER RICH S. , PETRIE MARK J.
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Understanding the true metabolizable energy (TME) value of food is important for constructing bioenergetic models. We estimated gross energy, nutrient composition, and TME values for the seeds of 3 native and 1 invasive exotic wetland plant that occur in the diet of waterfowl. True metabolizable energy values were 0.50 ± 0.080 kcal/g for spike rush (Eleocharis palustris), 0.65 ± 0.080 kcal/g for alkali bulrush (Schoenoplectus maritimus), 1.31 ± 0.090 kcal/g for perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium), and 2.52 ± 0.080 kcal/g for lamb's quarters (Chenopodium album). The TME value for 3 of 4 species, including the invasive species, was low relative to the TME value of other seeds consumed by waterfowl.
Demographics of Black Vultures in North Carolina
Authors: BLACKWELL BRADLEY F. , AVERY MICHAEL L. , WATTS BRYAN D. , LOWNEY MARTIN S.
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Understanding the contributions of vital rates to species population growth is critical to developing new management protocols. We constructed a model population for black vultures (Coragyps atratus) in North Carolina, USA, based on demographic data from a 14‐year study. The model population was similar in stage structure to the reference population, and adult survival was the primary contributor to the annual rate of increase (10.6%). We suggest that the North Carolina black vulture population is experiencing high rates of survival and fertility, potentially breeding at an age younger than previously assumed, and growing rapidly.
Effects of Sarcoptic Mange on Coyotes at Wind Cave National Park
Authors: CHRONERT JAMIE M. , JENKS JONATHAN A. , RODDY DANIEL E. , WILD MARGARET A. , POWERS JENNYG.
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Home‐range size and population abundance indices of coyotes (Canis latrans) have not been documented in Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota, USA. In 2003 and 2004, we captured a total of 26 coyotes and radiocollared 22 adults (12 F, 10 M). In 2003 and 2004, 2 of 17 (12%) and 5 of 9 (56%) coyotes, respectively, were infected with sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) at the time of capture. Thus, objectives were modified to document effects of the mange epizootic on the coyote population. In 2003, home‐range (adaptive‐kernel) sizes for male coyotes with mange and those considered healthy were 8.26 ± 1.63 (SE) km2 and 9.67 ± 2.80 km2, respectively. In 2004, home‐range sizes for those male coyotes with and without mange were 22.69 ± 9.06 km2 and 12.51 ± 2.73 km2, respectively. Male home‐range size did not differ between years (P = 0.14) or by status (with or without mange; P = 0.84). Survival of collared coyotes was 60% at the end of 2003. Results from fecal line transects, an index of relative abundance, indicated that the coyote population decreased by 48% from 2003 to 2004. Continued monitoring of sarcoptic mange epizootics will enable managers to assess the effects of mange on coyote populations.
Effects of Recreation and Hunting on Flushing Distance of Capercaillie
Authors: THIEL DOMINIK , MÉNONI EMMANUEL , BRENOT JEAN‐FRANÇOIS , JENNI LUKAS
Published: August 2007

Abstract: The capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) in Central Europe is an endangered species of grouse that is thought to be highly susceptible to human disturbance, possibly causing local populations to decline. We investigated the behavioral response of capercaillie in the Black Forest, Germany, and the French Pyrenees to an off‐trail hiker by measuring flushing distances. Flushing distance varied with capercaillie sex, visibility of the hiker, intensity of winter tourism, and hunting pressure. Independent of the study area, males flushed at consistently longer distances than females, and lower visual blocking between bird and hiker resulted in longer flushing distances. Capercaillie flew at longer distances from an approaching hiker in areas with high intensity of winter tourism or hunting pressure than in undisturbed areas. We recommend the establishment of regulations requiring hikers to stay on trails and to close trails where intertrail distances fall below 100 m (90% of all flushing events appeared within 50 m). Furthermore, planting or preserving evergreen conifer trees in dense rows along critical parts of disturbance sources, reducing the degree of visibility between capercaillie and recreationists would increase habitat for capercaillie in forests with predictable recreation activities.
Evaluating Residual Tree Patches as Stepping Stones and Short‐Term Refugia for Red‐Legged Frogs
Authors: CHAN‐MCLEOD ANN C. ALLAYE , MOY ARNOLD
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Temperate pond‐breeding amphibians are vulnerable to forest fragmentation because they must access upland terrestrial sites during the nonbreeding season but are prone to desiccation in hot, dry environments without canopy cover. Harvesting techniques that retain live trees in the cut block are advocated for sustaining forest biodiversity, but the effects of these practices on amphibians are unknown. We studied red‐legged frogs (Rana aurora) in movement trials to assess: 1) how short‐term use of residual trees was affected by tree patch size, streams, and neighborhood features; 2) whether residual tree patches were used as stepping stones in negotiating cut blocks; 3) the effects of patch size and patch proximity in altering movement paths; and 4) the effects of retention level and patch size on interpatch distance. Residual tree patches were potentially valuable short‐term refugia but their value was size dependent. Virtually all frogs released at the base of single trees or inside small tree clusters left within 72 hours, but the proportion leaving decreased curvilinearly with increasing patch size. Frogs were less likely to leave tree patches with a running stream or where neighborhood stream density was high. Residual tree patches did not systematically alter movement paths. Frogs intercepted residual tree patches mostly at random and had to be within 5‐20 m of a tree patch before moving to it in greater proportions than expected by chance. However, amphibian movements were biased toward large (0.8 ha) patches and away from small (0.3 ha) patches 50 m away. Our results indicated that residual trees should not be retained singly but should be aggregated in groups between 0.8 ha and 1.5 ha, preferably in stream locations.
Fluctuating Asymmetry as an Indicator of Environmental Stress From Off‐Highway Vehicles
Authors: TULL JOHN C. , BRUSSARD PETER F.
Published: August 2007

Abstract:With human activities increasingly impacting natural resources in relatively remote locations, there is a need for simple and efficient methods to explore the ecological consequences of these activities. Little is understood about the influences of off‐highway vehicle (OHV) use on wildlife populations. We examined the effect of OHV activity on developmental instability in a phrynosomatid lizard (i.e., western fence lizard [Sceloporus occidentalis]) in the western Great Basin, USA. We measured fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of bilateral head‐scale patterns in populations of lizards at 3 OHV and 3 non‐OHV sites. Fluctuating asymmetry was higher at OHV sites relative to non‐OHV sites, supporting the idea that OHV activity can stress wildlife populations. We found FA to be a good tool for uncovering responses to stress in natural populations, and we recommend exploring FA as a means of uncovering developmental instability in other systems that merit conservation interest.