bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NON‐PHAGOCYTIC ADHERENT CELLS AS CONTAMINANTS IN PERITONEAL MACROPHAGE CULTURES FROM CONVENTIONALLY HOUSED MICE
Authors: Johne Berit , MøRland Berit
Published: August 2010

Non‐phagocytic adherent cells (NPAC) were found as contaminants in peritoneal macrophage cultures from mice kept in conventional animal houses. The cells were morphologically intermediates between macrophages and small lymphocytes. They showed a vigorous ameboid movement in vitro, and most of the cells detached during the first 24 h in culture. The cells were identified as B‐lymphocytes by demonstrating surface immunoglobulin with fluorescence labelled goat‐F(ab)2‐anti‐mouse IgG + IgM antibody, as non‐phagocytes by latex beads phagocytosis test, and as non‐T cells with an anti‐Thy 1 monoclonal antibody. Macrophages were identified with M1/70 monoclonal antibody against the Mac‐1 antigen. An increased number of NPAC was found in cultures harvested from the peritoneum of mice kept in conventional houses for one week or more, together with a rise in total peritoneal cell count. The keeping also resulted in increased functional activity of the macrophages, tested by morphology, lososomal enzyme activity and phagocytic functions. The rise in NPAC parallelled the activation of macrophages and may therefore serve as an indication of the functional state of the macrophage cultures.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF INTRAEPIDERMAL IN VIVO IgG DEPOSITS IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY SJÖGREN'S SYNDROME
Authors: OXHOLM PETER , OXHOLM ANNEMETTE , PRAUSE JAN ULRIK
Published: August 2010

68% of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome have previously been found to have intra‐epidermal in vivo IgG deposits in clinically unaffected skin. In this investigation, we examined immunohistologically skin biopsies from 5 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome and from 5 normal controls in order to characterize further the intra‐epidermal IgG deposits. Employing direct immunofluorescence and peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) techniques, IgG was localized to epidermal cell surfaces. Double‐labelling immunofluorescence experiments showed IgG to be bound to OKT6‐positive Langerhans cells, and to some degree also to keratinocytes. Only IgG1, IgG3 and in one patient IgA were deposited, whereas IgG2, IgG4, IgM, IgD, IgE, C1q, C3c, C3d, C4, β‐2 microglobulin, albumin, fibrinogen and C‐reactive protein were not found deposited in the intra‐epidermal area. The epidermal IgG deposits were reactive with anti‐Fc‐fragment antibodies and with staphylococcal protein‐A. These results are compatible with, although not definitive proofs of, the hypothesis that the in vivo deposited IgG is found in the form of IgG‐containing immune complexes.
THE EFFECT OF INTRACELLULAR CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI ON LYSOSOMAL ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN MOUSE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Mørland Berit , Byrne Gerald I. , Jones Thomas C.
Published: August 2010

Live or heat killed (30 min at 56°C) Chlamydia psittaci elementary bodies (EB) were phagocytosed by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Inoculation with killed Chlamydia caused rises in three lysosomal enzyme activities tested, especially in acid phosphatase activity. In contrast, after infection with live Chlamydia, only a negligable increase was seen in acid phosphatase activity, and no change in the activities of β‐glucuronidase and cathepsin D was observed. It was concluded that regulation of lysosomal enzyme synthesis in macrophages may be linked to signals mediated by phago‐lysosome fusions.
ANGIOSARCOMA OF THE BREAST A Report of Three Cases
Authors: GADALEANU VIRGIL , GALATAR NATALIA
Published: August 2010

The histopathologic and clinical features of 3 breast angiosarcomas were presented. The microscopic patterns were heterogeneous, comprising vascular structures in various degrees of differentiation and solid cellular proliferations, the proportion of which varied from tumor to tumor. All 3 tumors were classified in the third group of angiosarcomas. One widely‐excised tumor recurred and developed lung metastases 11 months after mastectomy and during a polychemotherapy. The other 2 patients were well and free from disease 9/11 months after the surgical and radiation therapy.
ASTROCYTES IN THE PRENATAL CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: RESKE‐NIELSEN EDITH , OSTER SOLVEIG , REINTOFT INGERMARIE
Published: August 2010

The CNS from 30 normal fetuses aged 5–28 weeks were studied in GFAP stained paraffin‐embedded material. The technique of preparation, autopsy and fixation is described in details. GFAP reacting glial cells developed first in the spinal cord at 7 weeks, and appeared in all regions of CNS during fetal life in a systematic way but with a temporal variation. The supporting and guiding properties of the fibrillary astrocytes are stressed.
The Role of Electronic Communication Technology in Adolescent Dating Violence
Authors: Draucker Claire Burke , Martsolf Donna S.
Published: August 2010

PROBLEM:  Adolescent dating violence and electronic aggression are significant public health problems. The purpose of this study was to (a) identify ways in which technology is used in dating violence and (b) present examples of dating violence in which electronic aggression played a salient role.

METHODS:  The data set included the transcribed narratives of 56 young adults who had described their adolescent dating violence experiences for an on going study.

FINDINGS:  Eight ways in which technology is used in dating violence were identified using qualitative descriptive methods.

CONCLUSIONS:  The findings indicate that electronic communication technology influences dating violence by redefining boundaries between dating partners.
The Concept of Patient Satisfaction in Adolescent Psychiatric Care: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Biering Páll , Jensen Valgerdur H.
Published: August 2010

PROBLEM:  Few studies have asked how adolescents perceive the quality of psychiatric care. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore adolescents' perception of quality of care and of satisfying treatment outcomes.

METHODS:  Fourteen adolescents participated in this hermeneutic study.

FINDINGS:  Several concepts describing adolescents' perspective of quality of care were found: secure place, tough love, peer solidarity, self‐expression, and person not patient. Concepts describing satisfying treatment outcomes fell into four categories: improved mental health, personal development, strengthening of the self, and improved family relations.

CONCLUSIONS:  By casting light on users' perspectives, the study offers guidance for improvement of quality of care and for the development of patient satisfaction instruments.
Fifty Years of Refugee Studies: From Theory to Policy
Authors: Black Richard
Published: August 2010

This article reviews the growth of the field of refugee studies, focusing on its links with, and impact on, refugee policy. The last fifty years, and especially the last two decades, have witnessed both a dramatic increase in academic work on refugees and significant institutional development in the field. It is argued that these institutions have developed strong links with policymakers, although this has often failed to translate into significant policy impacts. Areas in which future policy-orientated work might be developed are considered.
Change in Nuptiality Patterns among Cuban Americans: Evidence of Cultural and Structural Assimilation?
Authors: Arias Elizabeth
Published: August 2010

“Is assimilation dead?” (Glazer, 1993). One group of sociologists argues that the classical assimilation model no longer, if it ever did, serves to facilitate our understanding of immigrant incorporation into American society. Another group contends that it remains a powerful tool. In this paper I test these two alternatives through an analyses of changing patterns of Cuban American nuptiality behavior throughout the 1970–90 period. Based predominantly on PUMS of the 1970, 1980 and 1990 U.S. censuses, I find support for the conjecture that the classical assimilation model, with some modifications, continues to provide us with a viable tool to study contemporary immigrant incorporation in the United States.
Dominican-American Ethnic/ Racial Identities and United States Social Categories
Authors: Bailey Benjamin
Published: August 2010

The majority of Dominicans have sub-Saharan African ancestry,1 which would make them “black” by historical United States ‘one-drop' rules. Second generation Dominican high school students in Providence, Rhode Island do not identity their race in terms of black or white, but rather in terms of ethnolinguistic identity, as Dominican/Spanish/Hispanic. The distinctiveness of Dominican-American understandings of race is highlighted by comparing them with those of non-Hispanic, African descent second generation immigrants and with historical Dominican notions of social identity. Dominican second generation resistance to phenotype-racialization as black or white makes visible ethnic/racial formation processes that are often veiled, particularly in the construction of the category African-American. This resistance to black/white racialization suggests the transformative effects that post-1965 immigrants and their descendants are having on United States ethnic/racial categories.
Immigrant Incorporation and Political Participation in the United States
Authors: Ramakrishnan S. Karthick , Espenshade Thomas J.
Published: August 2010

This article examines several factors related to immigrant incorporation that have been ignored in previous studies of voting participation. We add various immigrant-related variables to a model that controls for individual resources, social incorporation, institutional barriers and contexts of political mobilization. We find little support for straight-line assimilationist theories of immigrant adaptation. We also find that coming from a repressive regime has no significant effect on voting and that living in areas with Spanish-language ballots does not increase the likelihood of voting among first generation Latinos. Our results also suggest that anti-immigrant legislation has a positive effect on participation among first and second generation immigrants. Overall, the immigrant-related variables introduced in our analysis add significantly to the existing theoretical knowledge on voting participation in the United States.
Immigrant Trip Duration: The Case of Immigrants from Western Mexico
Authors: Reyes Belinda I.
Published: August 2010

This article uses data from the Mexican Migration Project to determine the factors that affect how long Mexican immigrants stay in the United States. Based on the estimates of a discrete-time hazard model, the most important predictors of duration are the economic opportunities for immigrants in the United States, the household resources before migration, and the opportunities available at the immigrant's community of origin. The article also finds longer trip duration after the Immigration Reform and Control Act than in previous years and important differences between male and female migrants.
Transnational Migration: Bringing Gender In
Authors: Pessar Patricia R. , Mahler Sarah J.
Published: August 2010

This article aims to bring gender into an even tighter transnational migration focus by broadening and deepening our original framework of “gendered geographies of power,” linking it more directly to existing and emerging scholarship. We examine and highlight previously neglected areas such as the role of the state and the social imaginary in gendering transnational processes and experiences. We identify topics that remain under-appreciated, under-researched, and/or under-theorized. Finally, we initiate a discussion of how a gendered analysis of transnational migration can help bridge this particular research to other gendered transnational processes under study that do not privilege migration.
Fortune, Risk, and Remittances: An Application of Option Theory to Participation in Village-Based Migration Networks
Authors: Roberts Kenneth D. , Morris Michael D. S.
Published: August 2010

Fortune and Risk are contending conceptions of the role of chance in the universe. From Chance … there issues both “hazard” and “opportunity”… The conception of Fortune is founded on the possibility of exercising some measure of choice over the outcomes one will accept from Chance.

Paul A. David, 1974

Altruism, insurance, and investment are three potential motives for migrant remittances that have been explored in the literature. The model developed in this paper posits an additional motive – that remittances are necessary for the migrant to participate in the employment networks that are based in the village, and thus are partially a payment for the option to change jobs within this network. The model is tested with data on Mexican migrants to the United States and finds support in that network strength and diversity increase remittances, whereas the insurance motive predicts stronger networks will decrease remittances.
Nativity, Duration of Residence, and the Health of Hispanic Adults in the United States
Authors: Cho Youngtae , Frisbie W. Parker , Hummer Robert A. , Rogers Richard G.
Published: August 2010

This article examines subgroup differences in the health status of Hispanic adults in comparison to non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic lacks. We pay particular attention to the influences of nativity and duration of residence in the United States. Data are pooled from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for 1989–94. Puerto Ricans exhibited the worst health outcomes of any group (including whites and blacks) for each of the three health measures. Persons of Central/South American origin exhibited the most favorable outcomes for activity limitations and bed sick days, advantages that were eliminated when controlled for nativity/duration. For two of the three health status variables, Mexican Americans were very similar to non-Hispanic whites in baseline models and were more favorable than non-Hispanic whites once socioeconomic factors were controlled; this was not the case, however, for self-reported overall health. Immigration also helped to explain the relatively positive outcomes among Central/South American origin individuals, Cubans, and Mexican Americans. For most Hispanic groups (as well as non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks), immigrants reported better health than the U.S. born, which is consistent with a selectivity hypothesis of immigrant health. In addition, this advantage tended to be significantly smaller among immigrants with ten or more years’ duration in the United States. Although the latter finding is consistent with the negative acculturation hypothesis, alternative interpretations, including the generally more limited access of immigrants to the formal health care system, are suggested.
Labor Migration, Remittances and Household Income: A Comparison between Filipino and Filipina Overseas Workers
Authors: Semyonov Moshe , Gorodzeisky Anastasia
Published: August 2010

The major purpose of the research is to examine gender differences in patterns of labor market activity, economic behavior and economic outcomes among labor migrants. While focusing on Filipina and Filipino overseas workers, the article addresses the following questions: whether and to what extent earnings and remittances of overseas workers differ by gender; and whether and to what extent the gender of overseas workers differentially affects household income in the Philippines. Data for the analysis were obtained from the Survey of Households and Children of Overseas Workers (a representative sample of households drawn in 1999–2000 from four major “labor sending” areas in the Philippines). The analysis focuses on 1,128 households with overseas workers. The findings reveal that men and women are likely to take different jobs and to migrate to different destinations. The analysis also reveals that many more women were unemployed prior to migration and that the earnings of women are, on average, lower than those of men, even after controlling for variations in occupational distributions, country of destination, and sociodemographic attributes. Contrary to popular belief, men send more money back home than do women, even when taking into consideration earnings differentials between the genders. Further analysis demonstrates that income of households with men working overseas is significantly higher than income of households with women working overseas and that this difference can be fully attributed to the earnings disparities and to differences in amount of remittances sent home by overseas workers. The results suggest that gender inequality in the global economy has significant consequences for economic inequality among households in the local economy. The findings and their meaning are evaluated and discussed in light of the household theory of labor migration.
Land Ownership as a Determinant of International and Internal Migration in Mexico and Internal Migration in Thailand
Authors: VanWey Leah K.
Published: August 2010

This study focuses on the effect of land ownership on internal and international out-migration in Mexico and on internal out-migration in Thailand. Land can impact migration in four ways: as wealth; as employment; as an investment opportunity; and through inequality in ownership. Discrete time event history models of individual migration, using data from the Mexican Migration Project (covering Western Mexico) and data from the Nang Rong Project (covering one district in Northeast Thailand), show the effects of size of landholdings on internal out-migration of men. They also estimate the independent effects of relative deprivation in land ownership on migration. Results show that the size of landholdings has a negative effect on out-migration for smaller landholders (the majority of landholders). The size of landholdings has a positive effect on out-migration for larger landholders. Results suggest that the purchase and improvement of land are opportunities for investing the proceeds of migration.
Relationship between the Malan Loess and the Salawusu Formation in the Salawusu River Area, Ordos, and Their Geological Ages
Authors: Baosheng Li , Guangrong Dong , Shangyu Gao , Yajun Shao
Published: August 2010

Abstract In the middle and lower reaches of the Salawusu River, the Salawusu Formation regarded traditionally as fluvio‐lacustrine deposits actually includes a series of strata which mainly consist of eolian sandy deposits named as “Chengchuan Formation” by the authors. The eolian sand of the Chengchuan Formation and the Malan loess distributed in the upper reaches of the Salawusu River are deposits of sand and loess facies formed by wind action during the same period. The relationship of the Chengchuan Formation and the Malan Loess with the Salawusu Formation which is really of fluvio‐lacustrine deposits is that the former two superpose the latter. This can be demonstrated by the difference of the extinct species proportion of the faunas in different strata. In this area, the Salawusu formed during the early period of Late Pleistocene, while the Malan Loess and the Chengchuan Formation deposited during the late period of the Late Pleistocene.
Types and Metallogenic Models of Nickel Sulfide Deposits of China
Authors: Zhongli Tang , Duanjin Ren
Published: August 2010

Abstract Most of the sulfide nickel deposits in China occur on the margins of platforms and their outer mobile belts. The ore‐ bearing basic‐ ultrabasic rock bodies were formed in the Proterozoic and Variscan. The types of metallogenic rock bodies include ultrabasic‐ basic complexes related to volcanism in eugeosynclines and ultrabasic rock bodies, ultrabasic‐basic complexes and basic rock bodies related to deep fractures. On the basis of ore‐forming processes and modes, nickel sulfide deposits of China may be divided into two major types: in‐ situ magmatic liquid unmixing deposits and deep‐ seated magmatic liquid unmixing injection deposits. The latter may by subdivided into four types: single injection deposits, multiple injection deposits, and pulsatory injection depositis, and late injection deposits which may inject into either comagmatic rocks or other kinds of country rocks.

Two metallogenic models for nickel sulfide deposits are proposed in this paper.
Evolutionary Stages of the Earliest Skeletal Fauna and Division and Correlation of the Precambrian‐Cambrian Boundary Strata
Authors: Zhao Yue
Published: August 2010

Abstract Through an analysis of the earliest fossils in the Precambrian‐Cambrian boundary beds in various parts of the world, especially in the Yangtze and Siberia platforms, the author has found that the evolution of the earliest skeletal animals may be divided from older to younger into three stages. The first stage (the Anabarites‐Protohertzina fauna) is represented by the Anabarites‐Protohertzina zone of the Meishucunian Stage in the Yangtze platform and the A. trisulcatus and P. cristata zones of the Manykayn Stage in Siberia. The second stage (the earliest orthothecimorphid and mollusc fauna) is represented by the Paragloborilus‐Siphogonuchites zone of the Meishucunian Stage and the Aldanocyathus sunnaginicus zone of the Tommotian Stage. The third stage (the earliest hyolithimorphid and lapworthellid fauna) is represented by the Sinosachites zone of the Meishucunian Stage and the D.regularis and D.lenaicus zones of the Tommotian Stage. The three evolutionary stages can be used as a criterion for worldwide correlation.
Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Compositions of Sedimentary Clay in the Sea Region off the Western Antarctic Peninsula and Their Material Sources
Authors: Butai Xu , Shuitu Gao
Published: August 2010

Abstract In the geochemical study of sedimentation, hydrogen and oxygen isotope data are useful for a discussion on formation conditions and material sources of sediments. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope analyses were made on clays separated from the sea‐floor surface sediments at 9 stations in the western sea region of the Antarctic Peninsula. On the basis of these isotopic data and the clay mineral components and by use of statistical diagrams, it may be concluded that the clay fraction in this sea region is composed mainly of terrigenous detritus; i.e. it was formed by surface weathering or supergene alteration of the rocks from the terrigenous region in the peninsular in the presence of meteoric water. However, at least a part of montmorillonite is a marine authigenic mineral formed by alteration of submarine eruptive materials or terrigenous pyroclasts in the presence of sea water. The above result is consistent with the idea derived from the study of clay mineralogy.
New Advances in the Study of the Devonian ‐ Carboniferous Boundary Stratotype in Muhua, Changshun, Guizhou——An Introduction to the Daposhang Devonian‐Carboniferous Boundary Section
Authors: Qiang Ji , Jiayong Wei , Hongdi Wang , Ning Wang , Xiaosong Luo
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Daposhang section at Muhua, Changshun, Guizhou, is an excellent and attractive Devonian‐Carboniferous boundary section. The transitional beds between the Devonian and Carboniferous of the section are continuous and well exposed, belonging to the deep‐water basin facies. Abundant fossil groups have been discovered from this section: conodonts, ammonoids, trilobites, ostracods, vertebrate microfossils and so on. So far as known, it has the most continuous and complete conodont zonation for the Devonian‐Carboniferous boundary beds in the world. It is especially worth pointing out that both typical Siphonodella praesulcata and the transitional forms between S. praesulcata and S. sulcata have been found from the upper praesulcata Zone of the Daposhang section. Evidently, we can not only prove the actual existence of the evolutionary lineage from S. praesulcata to S. sulcata, but also exactly define the level of the Devonian‐Carboniferous boundary. In this paper, the development of the Devonian‐Carboniferous boundary beds at the Daposhang section is dealt with and the section is compared with the Muhua section and the Nanbiancun section which are the candidates for the Devonian‐Carboniferous boundary stratotype. In the authous' opinion the Daposhang section is obviously better than the Muhua and the Nanbiancun sections, hence it can be recommended as one of the candidates for the international Devonian‐Carboniferous boundary stratotype.
The Application of Computerized Pattern Recognition to the Prediction of Mineral Resources
Authors: Chi Xu , Nianyi Chen
Published: August 2010

Abstract The technique of mineral prediction by pattern recognition has been developed through the application of computerized pattern recognition to geological exploration. The principles and computing method of this technique as well as some characteristics of its application in geological exploration are expounded in this paper. Some of the study results gained by the authors in this aspect are also given, which include classification of oil‐field waters, evaluation of gossans of main ore deposits in China, prediction of ore resources in the Dachang Sn‐polymetallic field, and appraisal of Pb and Sn anomalies and prediction of mineral resources in southern Hunan. Some of the prediction results have been proved correct.
Middle and Late Carboniferous Tetracoral Assemblages and Biogeography of China
Authors: Zhiping Wang
Published: August 2010

Abstract China is rich in Middle and Carboniferous fossil corals. The coral faunas in different regions have varying characteristics and can be divided into distinct assemblages. The coral fauna in South China is dominated by the order Caninida and contains numerous endemic elements; that in North China has a lot of Middle Carboniferous corals which are monotonous in species, with Late Carboniferous solitary corals being predominant. The coral fauna in Junggar mainly contains large bi‐zoned solitary caninids, while that in southern Khingan is similar to that in South China due to the presence of abundant tri‐ zoned compound corals. In northern Tibet the coral fauna is also similar to that in South China, but in southern Tibet it is of a cold‐water type. Therefore, the Middle and Late Carboniferous coral geography of China can be divided into the Tethys, Boreal and Gondwana Realms.
The Magma‐dynamic Mechaism of Emplacement and Compositional Zonation of the Zhoukoudian Stock, Beijing 1
Authors: Changqian Ma
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Zhoukoudian stock in Beijing is a concentric zoned complex intrusive body formed by two successive intrusions. Quartz‐diorite formed by the first intrusion is scattered sparsely on the margins of the body, while granodiorite resulting from the second intrusion constitutes the main part of the intrusion. It exhibits three distinct petrographic zones macroscopically, and is chemically characterized by enrichment of high‐temperature components, such as Mg, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe and Co, on its border and merely slight enrichment of some low‐temperature components, such as Na and Si, in its central part. A series of structural features indicate that the deformation of the intrusion and thermo‐metamorphic rocks becomes weaker with an increase of distance from the contact, and that the intrusive body is a product of ballooning or inflating diapiric emplacement. Based on calculations of the density, viscosity and yield strength of magma and the reasonable diffusion constants and oxygen isotopic data, the mechanism of the compositional zonation of the major part of the stock is discussed. It is considered that the Soret effect, combined with double‐diffusive convection, can explain the compositional zonation of the intrusion. Calculation of the ascent rates of magma shows that successive upwel‐ling of magma got faster and faster with the progress of time.
The Experimental Results of Pb and Zn Partitioning between Fluid and Melt, and Their Application to the Research on Metallogeny
Authors: Shenglin Peng
Published: August 2010

Abstract Three logarithmic linear equations between DV/LMe and [ mNaCl], and the relationship of DV/LMe versus F / CI or K / Na mole ratios have been established by the experiments of the partitioning of Pb and Zn between granitic silicate melt and aqueous fluid. These results have been used to quantitatively study some essential problems, such as the possibility and degree of Pb‐Zn mineralization in the system of granitic magma and hydrothermal fluid, and the influence of the relative contents of alkali and volatiles on the Pb‐ Zn mineralization in the same system. Some new points have been put forward in this paper.
Engineering Geological Study of Regional Tectonic Stability in the Area of the Longyang Gorge Power Station on the Huanghe (Yellow) River
Authors: Shitian Wang , Yusheng Li , Daogang Su , Lunwu Wei
Published: August 2010

Abstract In the stability study of the regional structures in the area of the Longyang Gorge Hydroelectrical Power Station, a model of the current stress‐deformation field of the area was constructed based on analyses of available data of regional surveys and historical earthquakes and field investigations of active faults and ancient earthquakes. This model was examined and verified by physical and mathematical simulation experiments, and quantitative relations and data were obtained.
Cretaceous‐Early Eocene Tectonic Stress Field in China1
Authors: Tianfeng Wan , Hong Zhu
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Cretaceous‐early Eocene tectonic stress field in China was reconstructed using the data of 369 large‐and medium‐scale flexural folds and 157 joint sets. It was found that the maximum compressive principal stress axis in eastern China dips 32 ° NE (nearly horizontal), and strikes SW 212 °, whereas that in western China dips 15 ° NE (also nearly horizontal) and trends SW 195 °. The estimation of the dip angles of fold limbs and the palaeotectonic stress values indicates that there was a tendency of gradual weakening of tectonism from southwestern to northeastern China in the Cretaceous‐early Eocene. At the depth of 2‐3 km, the differential stress value changes from 183 MPa in Tibet to 100 MPa in North and East China.

The authors consider that the tectonic stress of this period was related to the north‐northeastward movement and push of the Indian‐Australian plate.
The Erupting‐Flow Model and Erupting‐Flow Types in Yangbajain Geothermal Field in China
Authors: Xunsen Hu , Zhuohua Zheng
Published: August 2010

Abstract Erupting‐flow types of geothermal wells in the Yangbajain geothermal field, China, are proposed based on internal energy of geothermal fluids and hydrogeologic‐dynamic conditions of wellbore. An erupting‐flow model, which is adaptable to the steaming and erupting of flow from wells in the field, has been verified by actual cases.
A Study on Palaeogeography and Metallogenic Conditions of Early Carboniferous Bauxite Deposits of Old Weathered Crust in Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan and Hubei Provinces1
Authors: Shifan Liao
Published: August 2010

Abstract There are four subtypes, namely, la, lb, 1c and Id of the Early Carboniferous bauxite deposits of the old weathered crust type in Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan and Hubei provinces. They are all distributed in the Upper Yangtze old land. As a result of the Hunan‐Guizhou palaeo‐faulting, the crust on the northern side of the fault was uplifted and became land, thus suffering denudation. The bauxitic substances left in the weathered crust evolved and were reworked into bauxite. On the other hand, the crust on the southern side of the fault sank and remained to be part of an ocean. The bauxite deposits of la and lb subtypes were formed by in‐situ enrichment of residual bauxitic substances in the weathered crust of the old land, but bauxite deposits of 1c and Id subtypes resulted from transportation, accumulation and sedimentation of allothogenous bauxitic substances on the weathered crust of the old land. The processes of transportation may be distinguished as dry transportation and wet transportation, both of which proceeded under atmospheric conditions.
The Characteristics of Migration of Ore Solutions in No.6 East Tin Deposit of the Songshujiao Orefield, Gejiu
Authors: Zhuwei Jiang , Dapeng Zhou
Published: August 2010

Abstract No. 6 East tin deposit in the Songshujiao orefield, Gejiu, is characterized by one‐stage hydrothermal activity and monotonous country rocks. The authors selected this deposit and used the multivariate statistical analysis to study the types of association of main ore‐forming elements at different temperatures and pressures and their distribution in the deposit. On that basis combined with the structural analysis of the deposit, the tecto‐geochemical features of No.6 East tin deposit have been revealed and the direction and channel of migration of the ore solutions in faults and the deposit have been deduced. This research can appropriately elucidate the control of faults on the migration of ore solutions and the sites where ore solutions are dispersed and accumulated, thus providing the theoretical basis for the prediction of hydrothermal deposits in question.
Boundary Element Analysis (Laplace Transform Solution) of Groundwater Unsteady Flow to a Multiple Well System in a Confined Aquifer1
Authors: Xueyu Zhu , Chunhong Xie , Zeyuan Zou
Published: August 2010

Abstract The calculations of unsteady flow to a multiple well system with the application of boundary element method (BEM) are discussed. The mathematical model of unsteady well flow is a boundary value problem of parabolic differential equation. It is changed into an elliptic one by Laplace transform to eliminate time variable. The image function of water head H can be solved by BEM. We derived the boundary integral equation of the transformed variable H and the discretization form of it, so that there is no need to discretize the boundaries of well walls and it becomes easier to solve the groundwater head H by numerical inversion.
The Minerogenetic Series of Nonmetallic Mineral Deposits of China
Authors: Weiping Tao
Published: August 2010

Abstract Owing to the internal relationship between material sources or mineralization ways and the difference of mineralization micro‐environments or the change of constraints, certain types of nonmetallic mineral deposits are regularly formed either simultaneously or in successive order under the control of certain association of mineralization processes in a certain geotectonic environment, thus forming a minerogenetic series of nonmetallic mineral deposits. The geological setting that controls the formation of minerogenetic series is most truly recorded in ore‐bearing formations, while the mineralization processes which are associated or surely successive are the indispensable prerequisite for the formation of the various mineral deposits of a minerogenetic series. Therefore, the minerogenetic series of nonmetallic mineral deposits can be classified according to mineral‐bearing formations and mineralization processes. Based on available data, 13 minerogenetic series are distinguished in China. The study of minerogenetic series may not only result in the enrichment of the theory of mineral deposits but also help direct mineral prospecting and give guidance in the integrated development and utillization of mineral resources.
REE Geochemistry in the Weathered Crust of Granites, Longnan Area, Jiangxi Province
Authors: Chengyu Wu , Dianhao Huang , Zhongxun Guo
Published: August 2010

Abstract Warm and humid climate and gentle hilly topography have provided favourable conditions for the development of the weathering crust of the granite intrusions in the Longnan area, Jiangxi Province. REE is mostly concentrated in an adsorption state in clay in the wholly weathered zone. The rare‐earth minerals enriched in the parent rocks provided the source material for the REE enrichment. Exchangeable REE accounts for 48‐86%. Extraction experiments and stable isotopic study of clay minerals suggest that the downward infiltration of meteoric water and increasing gradient of pH values have played an important role in the enrichment of REE during the progressive weathering. Slight fractionation of individual REE can not change their distribution patterns in the profiles, which are inherited from the parent rocks.
Classification and Source Materials of Continental Crust Transformation Series Granitoids in South China
Authors: Changshi Liu , Jinchu Zhu , Weizhou Shen , Shijin Xu
Published: August 2010

Abstract The granitoids of the continental crust transformation series in South China may be divided into three types: (1) synorogenic migmatic and magmatic type, (2) anorogenic continental crust anatexis type, and (3) syncollision type. Based on the results of Sr and Nd isotopic determinations, the source material composition of the three types of granitoids is calculated with crust‐mantle binary mixing simulation. The calculations indicate that the granitoids of the first type consist of 78.6‐89.7% upper crust endmember materials and 15.0‐10.3% depleted mantle endmember materials, the granitoids of the second type are composed of 63.7% upper crust endmember materials and 36.3% depleted mantle endmember materials, and those of the third type 100% upper crust endmember materials. Hence, the source material composition of the granitoids of all the three types is dominated by upper crust endmembers.
Palaeogeographic Position of the South China Plate During the Early‐Middle Devonian1
Authors: Zhiqiang Bai , Shunliang Bai
Published: August 2010

Abstract In Guangxi, the Lower‐ Middle Devonian boundary beds yield abundant corals, brachiopods, stromatoporoids and conodonts. The former three were common in tropical and subtropical zones, while the last occurred only round the equator. This reveals that the South China Plate in the Early‐Middle Devonian was at or near the equator, which was also supported by palaeomagnetic study giving the palaeolatitude of the Guangxi Region at the time to be 0 ° 36 ′N.
Palaeokarst‐Lateritic Origin of Bauxite in Northern Guizhou
Authors: Xunfeng Liu
Published: August 2010

Abstract The bauxite in northern Guizhou is shown by its unique palaeokarst forms and weathering textures and structures to be of palaeokarst‐weathering origin. On the basis of detailed studies of the sections of the bauxite deposits, the genetic types of minerals, the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopic composition of diaspore and compositions of parent materials, the writer has revealed that Early Carboniferous laterization was the main mineralizing stage of the bauxite, and the various mineralizing processes dominated by desilication and iron‐separation created an excellent time‐space environment for the formation of the bauxite.
A Study on the Kunyang Aulacogen
Authors: Renmin Hua
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Kunyang Aulacogen is a continental rift which initiated at the beginning of the Middle Proterozoic. It was generated on the rigid continental crust represented by the crystalline Kangding Complex, and is bounded by two N‐S‐trending deep faults?Anninghe‐Luzhijiang Fault and Xiaojiang Fault. Its early stage of rupture was characterized by alkaline mafic igneous activities in the Dahongshan Group and Hekou Group. During the later tensile‐ depression stage the aulacogen evolved into a graben where sedimentation of the Kunyang Group took place. The sedimentary sequence comprises terrestrial red beds, algal dolomite, marine black shale and carbonate rocks which are quite typical of rift sedimentary association, and contains stratabound copper deposits of the well‐known Dongchuan type.
The Carboniferous at the Northern Foot of the Dabie Mountains and Its Tectonic Implications
Authors: Wenpu Ma
Published: August 2010

Abstract In the Qinling orogenic belt, oceanic crust originated in the Early Palaeozoic, while the product of continental collision appeared as late as after the Triassic. The Late Palaeozoic records there are of major impor‐tance for understanding the tectonic regime at that time. The Carboniferous and even Permian sequences and the distribution of sedimentary facies in northern Huaiyang indicate that the rocks were formed in a large basin opening towards the south. Regional stratigraphic correlation shows that the interior of the Qinling orogenic belt was a sea trough lying between the Yangtze and North China plates in the middle part of the Late Palaeozoic. With subsequent northward migration of the South China Sea, the two seas were connected with each other. Both the mélanges and the Dabie block in the eastern sector of the Qinling belt were formed in the Mesozoic1.
The Discovery and Study of Mantle‐Derived Dunite Inclusions in Hornblende Diorite in the Handan Xingtai Area, Hebei
Authors: Wenliang Xu , Jingqian Lin
Published: August 2010

Abstract Phlogopite‐ and diopside‐ bearing dunite occurs as rounded inclusions in hornblende‐ diorite. The petrofabrics, mineral composition and abundances of the trace elements in the dunite indicate that the inclusions were derived from the upper mantle and are the residues of high‐ degree partial melting of mantle peirdotite. The study of trace elements in the inclusions and their host rocks shows that the magma was originated from the mantle which was enriched in incompatible elements by mantle metasomatism prior to the partial melting.
Characteristics of the Reservoir of the Rehai Geother‐mal Field in Tengchong, Yunnan Province, China1
Authors: Zhijie Liao , Minzi Shen , Guoying Guo
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Rehai geothermal field in Tengchong County, Yunnan Province is a significant high‐ temperature hydrothermal convective system. The geothermal reservoir is composed of granite. Various geothermometers are used to evaluate the reservoir temperature. The most likely temperature of the reservoir as represented by TNa‐K‐Ca is about 230 °C. The chemical and isotopic compositions of fluids before boiling within the reservoir are estimated. The mixing and dilution of cold and warm waters are discussed. The Rehai geothermal field is a high‐ temperature (hot) water system with the subsurface boiling zone close to the surface. The reservoir pressure at different depths is calculated. And finally the water‐rock equilibration is inferred.
Petrographic Features and Sedimentary Environments of the Middle‐Upper Ordovician at Shetai Town of Urad Front Banner, Inner Mongolia
Authors: Xiulian Zhang , Yinghua Wang , Rongsheng Pan
Published: August 2010

Abstract Most of the hinterland of the North China platform is devoid of Late Ordovician strata. The Baiyanhua Mountain section at Shetai Town is a standard section of the Upper Ordovician newly established in recent years at the northernmost margin of the platform. This establishment directly involved the determination of the north boundary of the platform and the understanding of its evolutionary history. The area is quite different from the hinterland of the platform in Middle Ordovician rock types and sedimentary environments, with the former characterized by frequent slope deposits and the latter consisting almost entirely of platform deposits. The present paper focuses on the petrographic features and sedimentary environments of the Middle‐Upper Ordovician strata in the area, providing further theoretical support to the establishment of the section and filling the gap in this respect.
Lower Boundary of the Marine Pleistocene in Northern Shelf of the South China Sea
Authors: Pinxian Wang , Lunyu Xia , Lujiang Wang , Xinrong Cheng
Published: August 2010

Abstract A marine stratigraphic sequence across the Pliocene / Pleistocene boundary has been found in the northern continental shelf of the South China Sea. The marine Quaternary deposits in the Yinggehai Basin may exceed 2,000 m in thickness, probably providing the best section for studying the lower boundary of the marine Pleistocene in South China. The vertical succession with planktonic foraminifers and nannofossils revealed in boreholes in the basin has been well correlated with that in the international stratotype section of the Pliocene / Pleistocene boundary at Vrica, Italy, resulting in the acquirement of a biostratigraphic boundary at 1,64 Ma. This boundary, however, does not coincide with any prominent lithological palaeoenvironmental changes in the study area and can hardly be used in geological practice. There are, in contrast, significant changes at the level of LAD of Globorotalia multicamerata sensu lato located below the above‐ mentioned boundary. The percentage of planktonic foraminifers in the total population and preservation of foraminiferal tests display great changes at this level corresponding to a clear onlap on the seismic profiles and indicating a depositional hiatus at ca. 2.0‐2.5 Ma. Since the level can be widely traced in the Pearl River Mouth Basin and the Beibu Gulf Basin and well corresponds with the marked depositional environmental changes recorded in the west Pacific and other regions, it is recommended that the Plio / Pleistocene boundary be drawn at the level of Gr. multicamerata sensu lato LAD, roughly concurrent with the Gauss / Matuyama turn.
Geochemical Conditions of Metallization of the Lijiagou Pb‐Zn Deposit, Gansu Province
Authors: Bing Lin
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Lijiagou Pb‐ Zn deposit in Gansu Province is a syngenetic hydrothermal‐ depositonal and metamorphosed hydrothermal weakly‐reworked stratabound ore deposit. The metallogenic physicochemical conditions of the deposit are thoroughly dealt with in this paper according to its different mineralization stages. Based on the systematic study of metallogenic material sources, it is considered that the ore‐forming metals, ore sulphur and water of mineralizing fluids are mainly derived from the basement, reduction sulphur of marine sulfate and infiltrating heated meteoric water and partially recharged sea water, respectively. Finally, the metallogenic model of this deposit is established.
Lead Isotope Studies of Massive Surphur‐Iron‐Gold Deposits in the Tongling Area, Anhui Province
Authors: Bin Huang
Published: August 2010

Abstract Pb isotope ratios and their variation have been measured and explained on ores of massive S‐Fe‐Au deposits hosted in the Middle‐ Upper Carboniferous, on feldspars from diorite bodies closely related to mineralization and on whole rocks from ore‐hosting strata (carbonate rocks) in the Tongling area, Anhui Province. Through a comparison of Pb isotope features of these geological bodies, it has been suggested that ore substances of the deposits were derived from ore‐hosting strata. In the meanwhile, the measurement of ore Pb isotopes of different mineralization types of the same deposit indicates that different mineralization types have distinct Pb isotope characteristics, showing the potentiality of the Pb isotopic method used in mineral exploration.
A New Scheme for Calculating Mineral End‐Members With Reference to Clinopyroxene And Garnet
Authors: Jianjun Yang
Published: August 2010

Abstract In order to eliminate the defect of successively separative calculations of different end‐members of a mineral and to establish a widely applicable new scheme for calculating mineral end‐members, the use of the linear programming technique is proposed to calculate simultaneously all end‐members in this paper. All calculations with the scheme under study can result in non‐ negative values. In the case of calculating end‐ members of clinopyroxene, the Eskola's molecule is introduced so as to reach stoichiometry. When certain minor elements in solid solutions are present in a remarkable amount, by adding to the equations the vectors of the corresponding end‐members and adjusting the component vectors it is possible to obtain calculation results, including those of such end‐members. The possibility of using the calculation scheme under study to estimate the Fe3+ / Fe2+ ratio of a mineral from electron microprobe analysis is also discussed in this paper.
A Different Opinion on the Geological Age of the Longzhaogou and Jixi Groups of Eastern Heilongjiang, China1
Authors: Jingeng Sha
Published: August 2010

Abstract The age of the Longzhaogou and Jixi Groups of coal measures in eastern Heilongjiang were previously considered to be Jurassic or mainly Jurassic. But there occur Middle Barremian‐ Early Albian Aucellina ( bivalvia) fossils in the Upper Yunshan Formation of the Longzhaogou Group and the Lower Chengzihe Formation of the Jixi Group, and the Qihulin Formation of the Longzhaogou Group yields Early Cretaceous bivalve and ammonite fossils. Consequently, the geological ages of the two groups are mainly, or even all, Early Cretaceous.