bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Executive Compensation, Strategic Competition, and Relative Performance Evaluation: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Aggarwal Rajesh K. , Samwick Andrew A.
Published: March 2003

We examine compensation contracts for managers in imperfectly competitive product markets. We show that strategic interactions among firms can explain the lack of relative performance‐based incentives in which compensation decreases with rival firm performance. The need to soften product market competition generates an optimal compensation contract that places a positive weight on both own and rival performance. Firms in more competitive industries place greater weight on rival firm performance relative to own firm performance. We find empirical evidence of a positive sensitivity of compensation to rival firm performance that is increasing in the degree of competition in the industry.
A Unified Theory of Underreaction, Momentum Trading, and Overreaction in Asset Markets
Authors: Hong Harrison , Stein Jeremy C.
Published: March 2003

We model a market populated by two groups of boundedly rational agents: “newswatchers” and “momentum traders.” Each newswatcher observes some private information, but fails to extract other newswatchers' information from prices. If information diffuses gradually across the population, prices underreact in the short run. The underreaction means that the momentum traders can profit by trend‐chasing. However, if they can only implement simple (i.e., univariate) strategies, their attempts at arbitrage must inevitably lead to overreaction at long horizons. In addition to providing a unified account of under‐ and overreactions, the model generates several other distinctive implications.
Sorting Out Sorts
Authors: Berk Jonathan B.
Published: March 2003

In this paper we analyze the theoretical implications of sorting data into groups and then running asset pricing tests within each group. We show that the way this procedure is implemented introduces a bias in favor of rejecting the model under consideration. By simply picking enough groups to sort into, the true asset pricing model can be shown to have no explanatory power within each group.
How Does Information Quality Affect Stock Returns?
Authors: Veronesi Pietro
Published: March 2003

Using a simple dynamic asset pricing model, this paper investigates the relationship between the precision of public information about economic growth and stock market returns. After fully characterizing expected returns and conditional volatility, I show that (i) higher precision of signals tends to increase the risk premium, (ii) when signals are imprecise the equity premium is bounded above independently of investors' risk aversion, (iii) return volatility is U‐shaped with respect to investors' risk aversion, and (iv) the relationship between conditional expected returns and conditional variance is ambiguous.
Firm Size and Cyclical Variations in Stock Returns
Authors: Perez‐Quiros Gabriel , Timmermann Allan
Published: March 2003

Recent imperfect capital market theories predict the presence of asymmetries in the variation of small and large firms' risk over the economic cycle. Small firms with little collateral should be more strongly affected by tighter credit market conditions in a recession state than large, better collateralized ones. This paper adopts a flexible econometric model to analyze these mplications empirically. Consistent with theory, small firms display the highest degree of asymmetry in their risk across recession and expansion states, which translates into a higher sensitivity of their expected stock returns with respect to variables that measure credit market conditions.
Does Option Compensation Increase Managerial Risk Appetite?
Authors: Carpenter Jennifer N.
Published: March 2003

This paper solves the dynamic investment problem of a risk averse manager compensated with a call option on the assets he controls. Under the manager's optimal policy, the option ends up either deep in or deep out of the money. As the asset value goes to zero, volatility goes to infinity. However, the option compensation does not strictly lead to greater risk seeking. Sometimes, the manager's optimal volatility is less with the option than it would be if he were trading his own account. Furthermore, giving the manager more options causes him to reduce volatility.
The Dark Side of Internal Capital Markets: Divisional Rent‐Seeking and Inefficient Investment
Authors: Scharfstein David S. , Stein Jeremy C.
Published: March 2003

We develop a two‐tiered agency model that shows how rent‐seeking behavior on the part of division managers can subvert the workings of an internal capital market. By rent‐seeking, division managers can raise their bargaining power and extract greater overall compensation from the CEO. And because the CEO is herself an agent of outside investors, this extra compensation may take the form not of cash wages, but rather of preferential capital budgeting allocations. One interesting feature of our model is that it implies a kind of “socialism” in internal capital allocation, whereby weaker divisions get subsidized by stronger ones.
Depositary Receipts, Country Funds, and the Peso Crash: The Intraday Evidence
Authors: Bailey Warren , Chan Kalok , Chung Y. Peter
Published: March 2003

We study the intraday impact of exchange rate news on emerging market American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) and closed‐end country funds during the 1994 Mexican peso crisis. Peso exchange‐rate changes affect prices and trading volumes of Latin American equities, and some closed‐end fund behavior is consistent with “noise trader” theories of small investors. However, there is no evidence that peso depreciation triggers a significant sell‐off of non‐Mexican securities or that other non‐Mexican trading patterns change at times of high peso news flow. Thus, the “Tequila Effect” is largely confined to price changes.
Do Financial Institutions Matter?
Authors: Allen Franklin
Published: March 2003

In standard asset pricing theory, investors are assumed to invest directly in financial markets. The role of financial institutions is ignored. The focus in corporate finance is on agency problems. How do you ensure that managers act in shareholders' interests? There is an inconsistency in assuming that when you give your money to a financial institution there is no agency problem, but when you give it to a firm there is. It is argued that both areas need to take proper account of the role of financial institutions and markets. Appropriate concepts for analyzing particular situations should be used.
Massively Confused Investors Making Conspicuously Ignorant Choices (MCI–MCIC)
Authors: Rashes Michael S.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the comovement of stocks with similar ticker symbols. For one such pair of firms, there is a significant correlation between returns, volume, and volatility at short frequencies. Deviations from “fundamental value” tend to be reversed within several days, although there is some evidence that the return comovement persists for longer horizons. Arbitrageurs appear to be limited in their ability to eliminate these deviations from fundamentals. This anomaly allows the observation of noise traders and their effect on stock prices independent of changes in information and expectations.
Overreaction and Insider Trading: Evidence from Growth and Value Portfolios
Authors: Rozeff Michael S. , Zaman Mir A.
Published: March 2003

Insider transactions are not random across growth and value stocks. We find that insider buying climbs as stocks change from growth to value categories. Insider buying also is greater after low stock returns, and lower after high stock returns. These findings are consistent with a version of overreaction which says that prices of value stocks tend to lie below fundamental values, and prices of growth stocks tend to lie above fundamental values.
The Impact of Options Trading on the Market Quality of the Underlying Security: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Kumar Raman , Sarin Atulya , Shastri Kuldeep
Published: March 2003

We find that option listings are associated with a decrease in the variance of the pricing error, a decrease in the adverse selection component of the spread, and an increase in the relative weight placed by the specialist on public information in revising prices for the underlying stocks. We also find that there is a decrease in the spread and increases in quoted depth, trading volume, trading frequency, and transaction size after option listings. Overall, our results suggest that option listings improve the market quality of the underlying stocks.
Deutsche Mark–Dollar Volatility: Intraday Activity Patterns, Macroeconomic Announcements, and Longer Run Dependencies
Authors: Andersen Torben G. , Bollerslev Tim
Published: March 2003

This paper provides a detailed characterization of the volatility in the deutsche mark–dollar foreign exchange market using an annual sample of five‐minute returns. The approach captures the intraday activity patterns, the macroeconomic announcements, and the volatility persistence (ARCH) known from daily returns. The different features are separately quantified and shown to account for a substantial fraction of return variability, both at the intraday and daily level. The implications of the results for the interpretation of the fundamental “driving forces” behind the volatility process is also discussed.
Foreign Direct Investment and State Export Performance
Authors: Leichenko Robin M. , Erickson Rodney A.
Published: March 2003

Since the early 1980s, there has been widespread debate over the impacts of rising levels of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) on the U.S. economy. A frequently noted, but little studied, issue within the debate is the impact of FDI on U.S. foreign trade, and particularly, on the foreign trade of U.S. regions. This study assesses the effects of FDI on the manufacturing export performance of U.S. states during the period from 1980 to 1991. Results indicate that increased levels of FDI are positively related to future improvements in state manufacturing export performance.
Estimating Relative Standard of Living in the United States Using Cross‐Migration Data
Authors: Douglas Stratford
Published: March 2003

A new estimator links migration data to a random utility “voting with your feet” model to compare the relative living standards of pairs of regions. It is argued that this estimator has a firmer theoretical basis and uses migration information more efficiently than previous methods. An algorithm converts pairwise comparisons into rankings of the U.S. states for 1970, 1980, and 1990. The rankings indicate living standards were highest in the Northwest (1970, 1980) and the south Atlantic coast (1990). A nonparametric test suggests that the system was in disequilibrium in 1980 (probably due to energy price shocks), but near equilibrium in 1970 and 1990.
Labor Specialization, Transport Costs, and City Size
Authors: Duranton Gilles
Published: March 2003

This paper proposes a simple model of pre‐industrial urbanization. Agglomeration stems from increasing returns generated by the specialization of labor, whereas dispersion is provoked by the transport costs of the agricultural good. Considering the existence of some urban institutions (in particular guilds), the equilibrium size of cities is derived and it is efficient. Within this framework, the effects of urban domination (e.g., taxation of agriculture) and the emergence of primate cities are explored. Finally, the transition between early and modern urbanization is studied.
Commuting, Migration, and Rural‐Urban Population Dynamics
Authors: Renkow Mitch , Hoover Dale
Published: March 2003

Over the past 25 years social scientists attempting to explain the dramatic changes in the relative distribution of urban and rural population growth have gravitated toward two competing explanations. The regional restructuring hypothesis holds that changes in the spatial distribution of employment opportunities have been dominant whereas the deconcentration hypothesis attributes these changes to changes in residential preferences of workers and consumers. We develop an empirical test of these two explanations based on whether commuting and migration are positively or negatively related after controlling for other economic factors. Our econometric results support the deconcentration hypothesis.
Demand and Supply of Public School Quality in Metropolitan Areas: The Role of Private Schools
Authors: Brasington David M.
Published: March 2003

In this paper I investigate the role of private schools in the housing market and in the supply and demand for public schooling. I estimate public school‐quality supply simultaneously with demand, which provides greater confidence in calculated demand elasticities than in single‐equation studies. The price of public schools, private schools, and taxes all appear in the demand estimation and have elasticities of @ndash;0.19, 0.11, and –0.49, respectively. Public school–quality supply is responsive to private‐school competition but not to competition from other public schools. The percentage of school‐aged children attending private schools depresses house values holding public‐schooling outcomes constant.
A Note on Trip Benefits in Spatial Interaction Models
Authors: Martínez Francisco J. , Araya Claudio A.
Published: March 2003

We extend the well‐known transport users' benefits measure (TUB) for the doubly‐constrained spatial interaction model derived by Williams (1976). The original formula expresses the TUB as composed by two terms associated with the origin and the destination zones. First, the TUB is associated here with trips instead of zones, providing a natural interpretation as a rule‐of‐a‐half measure of benefit under inelastic demand (for the short‐run case). Second, a TUB formula for the long‐run case is derived, that is, when the total number of trips, trip origins, and trip destinations change. We then propose updated measures of accessibility for location behavior.
The Location Invariance Theorem in Weberian Space Under Uncertainty
Authors: Tan Lin‐Ti , Hsu Song‐Ken
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the validity of the location invariance theorem in Weberian space under various types of uncertainty. The main results are: Given that the firm's location is constrained to remain at a specified distance from the output market, the optimal location is invariant to any change in product demand if and only if the production function is homothetic for a firm facing demand price uncertainty, or if the production function is homothetic and both inputs are risk‐neutral for a firm facing technological uncertainty. Alternatively, given that the distance from the firm's location to the output market is a variable, location invariance occurs for a firm facing demand price uncertainty if the production function is linear homogeneous. In the presence of input price uncertainty the optimal location always varies with a change in product demand. The results can include those previously obtained for linear stochastic location models as special cases and some are new contributions to the literature.
Bilingual Education Programs: A Cross‐National Perspective
Authors: Genesee Fred , Gándara Patricia
Published: March 2003

We examine alternative forms of bilingual education that have significant implications for intergroup relationships and the reduction of prejudice in two different national settings: Canada and the United States. The Canadian programs are intended for English‐speaking students from the culturally dominant group, whereas the U.S. programs we discuss are intended for language minority and language majority students. Both aim to promote proficiency in English and another language. These programs provide many of the conditions that are argued to be essential for the reduction of prejudice and discrimination. They also provide students with the communication skills and cultural awareness that facilitates intergroup contact. The history and current structure of these programs along with salient educational practices are reviewed, and research relevant to changes in intergroup behavior and attitudes is discussed.
Reducing Prejudice: Lessons From Social‐Cognitive Factors Underlying Perceiver Differences in Prejudice
Authors: Levy Sheri R.
Published: March 2003

This article describes research findings on individual differences in stereotyping and shows how these findings have been and can be further applied to prejudice reduction efforts. A notable strength of this ‘new’ generation of individual difference work is its dynamic nature—that individual differences can be both stable and malleable. The first section of this article reviews work showing that both adults and children differ in social‐cognitive factors related to stereotyping, namely the way theyprocess social information and their endorsement of social ideologies. The second section describes intervention strategies that target these factors. In the final section, limitations and future directions of basic and applied research on individual differences and stereotyping arediscussed.
New Ways of Thinking about Environmentalism: Denial and the Process of Moral Exclusion in Environmental Conflict
Authors: Opotow Susan , Weiss Leah
Published: March 2003

Environmental issues present an urgent challenge throughout the world. Air, water, and land pollution continue at alarming rates and increasingly strain the Earth's capacity to sustain healthy ecosystems and human life. Although technological and behavioral aspects of environmental conflict are often salient, this article contributes to the literature on environmentalism by examining moral orientations that underlie and fuel environmental conflict. The centerpiece of this article describes three kinds of denial in environmental conflict: (1) outcome severity; (2) stakeholder inclusion; and (3) self‐involvement. Like intermeshed gears, these forms of denial actively advance the process of moral exclusion. The article concludes with implications of this analysis for theory and practice.
Human Capital, Physical Health, and Mental Health of Welfare Recipients: Co‐occurrence and Correlates
Authors: Danziger Sandra K. , Kalil Ariel , Anderson Nathaniel J.
Published: March 2003

Drawing on a large random sample of welfare recipients in the post–welfare reform era, this article examines the prevalence of mental health disorders, substance dependence, and physical health or disability, their co‐occurrence with human capital problems, and their relation to employment. Half of the participants have none of these potential barriers to employment. Mental health and human capital problems, when present, tend to occur in isolation about half the time. Women with co‐occurring human‐capital, mental‐health, and physical‐health problems have the poorest work outcomes. The findings suggest the need to design and implement more assessment, referrals, and service provision to support women in meeting the challenges in the transition from welfare to work.
Low‐Income Women Speak out About Housing: A High‐Stakes Game of Musical Chairs
Authors: Rollins Joan H. , Saris Renee N. , Johnston‐Robledo Ingrid
Published: March 2003

This review of the social science literature examines correlates of homelessness. The review is supplemented by the voices of 12 low‐income women who are temporarily housed or living in public housing. Homelessness for women is associated with teen pregnancy and parenting, domestic violence, working at minimum‐wage jobs, and waiting lists of several years for subsidized housing. We conclude with a summary of women’s experiences accessing government housing programs. Public policy recommendations regarding housing programs are made. Government housing programs are briefly described in an Appendix to the article.
Immigrant Success in the Knowledge Economy: Institutional Change and the Immigrant Experience in Canada, 1970–1995
Authors: Reitz Jeffrey G.
Published: March 2003

This research examines how institutional changes associated with the emergence of a “knowledge economy”—specifically the expansion of education and the changing labor market structure —shaped employment experiences of newly arriving immigrants to Canada over the period 1970–1995. Census data on successive cohorts of immigrant men and women (from microdata files for 1981, 1986, 1991, and 1996) show a progressive trend toward lower rates of labor force participation and lower levels of earnings relative to the native‐born population, both overall and for most specific origins groups. These trends are only partly attributable to business cycle fluctuations in labor demand. The present article examines the impact of selected educational and labor market changes on successive cohorts of immigrants, using intertemporal substitution methodology. The analysis finds that (1) increased native‐born education levels infringe upon the traditional immigrant education advantage, outpacing effects of increased immigrant skill selectivity; (2) increased returns to education among native‐born workers do not apply to immigrants; and (3) other institutional obstacles to immigrant success also exist. The declining relative value of immigrant education may be due to the location‐specific nature of credential validation processes. Directions for further research and policy analysis are suggested.
Role as Resource for Action in Public Service
Authors: Piliavin Jane Allyn , Grube Jean A. , Callero Peter L.
Published: March 2003

In this chapter we offer a conceptual framework for the understanding of public service that allows for the incorporation of sociological themes of organizational structure and institutional power. We build on sociological conceptualizations of the self found in role identity theory, using examples from research on health care workers to show how role identities and organizational structures can both limit and enhance the likelihood of principled dissent. Finally, we extend our theoretical framework to better understand how community service is employed to address the structural sources of social problems.
Orthographic and Cognitive Factors in the Concurrent Development of Basic ReadingSkills in English and Persian
Authors: Gholamain Mitra , Geva Esther
Published: March 2003

According to the “script dependent” hypothesis, accurate word recognition skills develop more slowly in languages with an irregular orthography, such as English, than in regular orthographies, such as Persian. According to the “central processing” hypothesis, basic reading skills in all languages are influenced primarily by underlying cognitive factors. These hypotheses were examined by studying the linguistic, cognitive, and basic reading skills of 70 children in Grades 1–5 learning to read concurrently in English (L1) and Persian (L2). Our findings supported both hypotheses. A consideration of these frameworks as complementary contributes to a crosslinguistic theory of reading skills development in bilingual children.
Global Foreign Accent and Voice Onset Time Among Japanese EFL Speakers
Authors: Riney Timothy J. , Takagi Naoyuki
Published: March 2003

This study follows R. C. Major (1987) and J. E. Flege and W. Eefting (1987a) in its investigation of the correlation between global foreign accent (GFA) and voice onset time (VOT). VOT values for /p/, /t/, and /k/ were measured at 2 times, separated by an interval of 42 months, produced by 11 Japanese speakers of English as a foreign language; 5 age‐matched native speakers of English served as the control group. The GFA scores of the same 16 speakers are taken from T. J. Riney and J. E. Flege (1998). One finding, that VOT generally did not change over time, is attributed to phonological similarity between Japanese and English diaphones. A second finding, that of a GFA‐VOT correlation, links global and discrete measures of accent and supports an earlier claim by R. C. Major (1987).
The Validation of Three Scales Measuring Anxiety at Different Stages of the Foreign Language Learning Process: The Input Anxiety Scale, the Processing Anxiety Scale, and the Output Anxiety Scale
Authors: Onwuegbuzie Anthony J. , Bailey Phillip , Daley Christine E.
Published: March 2003

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Input Anxiety Scale, the Processing Anxiety Scale, and the Output Anxiety Scale, which measure anxiety at the input, processing, and output stages of the foreign language learning process. These scales were administered to 258 university students. Evidence of structural validity was provided via 3 separate exploratory factor analyses. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the 3 scales didnot represent either a single unidimensional construct underlying foreign language anxiety or P. D. MacIntyre and R. C. Gardner's (1994b) 3‐stage model of anxiety. However, when some items were removed, the scales confirmed the 3‐stage model, suggesting that modifications to the scales are needed.
Schema Theory and Knowledge‐Based Processes in Second Language Reading Comprehension: A Need for Alternative Perspectives
Authors: Nassaji Hossein
Published: March 2003

Despite major theoretical developments in second language (L2) reading comprehension over the last two decades, many attempts at explaining the role of knowledge in comprehension are still made almost exclusively in the context of schema theory. I first review and critically analyze the major assumptions underlying schema theory. Then, I consider an alternative perspective, a construction‐integration model of text comprehension, and discuss how this perspective, when applied to L2 reading comprehension, offers a fundamentally different and more comprehensive account of the role of knowledge and knowledge‐based processes that L2 researchers had previously tried to explain within schema‐theoretic principles.
A Theory‐Based Approach to the Measurement of Foreign Language Learning Ability: The Canal‐F Theory and Test
Authors: Grigornko Elena L. , Sternberg Robert J. , Ehrman Madeline E.
Published: March 2003

This article presents a rationale, description, and partial construct validation of a new theory of foreign language aptitude: CANAL‐F—Cognitive Ability for Novelty in Acquisition of Language (Foreign). The theory was applied and implemented in a test of foreign language aptitude (CANAL‐FT). Three unique features differentiate the new test from many existing tests of FL aptitude. The CANAL‐FT is grounded in cognitive theory, dynamic rather than static, and simulation‐based. This article outlines the CANAL‐F theory and details of its instrumentation through the test (CANAL‐FT), discusses the psychometric properties of the CANAL‐FT, and presents the first construct‐validation data on the theory and test.
Progress in Language Classroom Research: Evidence from The Modern Language Journal, 1916‐2000
Authors: Chaudron Craig
Published: March 2003

This article reviews the topical and methodological trends in the past 85 years of research on language classrooms in The Modern Language Journal. The primary focus is on empirical investigations into oral classroom instruction in post‐secondary classes, which include comparisons of language teaching methodology, observational procedures in classrooms, examinations of teacher and learner talk, and some reports on the influence of specific factors such as tasks and learner attitudes on instructional interaction. Since the review is limited to studies published in the MLJ, a critical comparison of findings is not feasible, although some general trends are noted. The article documents a substantial broadening of scope and sophistication of the methodology adopted for research on instruction in language classrooms. Some critical improvements in methodology are suggested.
Reviewing the Reviews: A Modest History of Policies and Practices
Authors: Liskin‐Gasparro Judith E.
Published: March 2003

This essay traces the history of MLJ editorial policies and practices as seen in the reviews section, traced mainly through the voices of the MLJ editors. These editorial messages reveal the role of the editor in shaping the function of the reviews and also provide a window on the issues and events that each generation of editors deemed important enough to merit public exposure. As shown in graphic displays, the reviews section reflects the history of the foreign language teaching and learning field in the 20th century in the distribution of the reviews across languages and topics, as well as trends over time. The essay concludes by considering the current issues and challenges for the reviews section and also possible future directions for this part of the MLJ.
Testing the Quality of Word Knowledge in a Second Language by Means of Word Associations: Types of Distractors and Types of Associations
Authors: Greidanus Tine , Nienhuis Lydius
Published: March 2003

The quality of word knowledge in a second language (L2) and the assessment of it is a growing field of interest. Read (1993) presented a test format that assesses the quality of word knowledge by means of word associations. The present study examined the development of the word knowledge of 2 groups of advanced learners of French as a L2 by means of a slightly revised version of this test format. Three aspects in particular were studied. First, there was the type of distractor most suited to the participants: distractors semantically related to the stimulus word versus semantically nonrelated distractors. Second, the role of the 3 types of associations was distinguished: paradigmatic, syntagmatic, and analytic. Third, the study linked qualitative aspects of word knowledge to quantitative aspects, by distinguishing 5 frequency ranges. The semantically related distractors were found to be more appropriate to assess the quality of word knowledge of advanced learners than the semantically nonrelated distractors. The participants showed a preference for paradigmatic responses, as expected. There was a relation between frequency and quality of knowledge: The more frequent a word, the better the knowledge of the tested aspects.
A Non‐Iterative Algorithm for Determining All Essential Matrices Corresponding to Five Point Pairs
Authors: Philip J.
Published: March 2003

This paper describes how to calculate all the essential matrices corresponding to five matched point pairs. Statistics are presented from tests with synthetic data and an example is given which has six solutions. A linear method for six point pairs is also described; the resultant essential matrix is uniquely determined by the six point pairs because the method is linear. The author also reviews some results, that have applications to photogrammetry, from other researchers in this field.
Practical Automation In Commercial Digital Photogrammetry
Authors: Walker A. S.
Published: March 2003

The revolution promised by digital photogrammetry is dependent on extensive, successful automation at many stages of the production process. The progress of automation is uneven. Digital cameras are not in widespread use. Scanners are available which include roll film transports and automated orientation, but set up for optimum tonal transfer remains interactive. Extensive automation of several operations on digital photogrammetric workstations, such as generation of digital terrain models, orthophotographs, mosaics and perspective scenes, contrasts with feature extraction, where robust products lag behind success in research. Progress towards practical automation to assist, but not replace, the human operator is significant, however, and examples are given from the Leica‐Helava systems.
The Monitoring of Soil Surface Development Using Analytical Photogrammetry
Authors: Merel A. P. , Farres P. J.
Published: March 2003

The importance of soil surface microrelief has been identified in the literature of soil erosion. However, studies of soil microrelief have often ignored photogrammetry as a means of obtaining soil surface data. This paper recognizes the validity of analytical photogrammetry to quantify height changes at the experimental plot scale (≤1 m2). Additionally, however, analytical photogrammetry enables the recording of non‐morphological information (including soil aggregates and rock fragments) so that the impact of such features upon the evolution of soil surfaces may be considered. The two forms of information may then be integrated within a geographical information system to relate the effects of such features upon soil surface height changes.
Photogrammetric Capabilities of the Kodak DC40, DCS420 and DCS460 Digital Cameras
Authors: Ahmad A. , Chandler J. H.
Published: March 2003

The aim of this study is to assess the impact of sensor size and resolution of different digital camera sensors upon the accuracy and precision of three dimensional data derived by photogrammetry. Kodak DC40, DCS420 and DCS460 digital cameras were used to produce digital images of retroreflective targets in a 4 m three dimensional test field. The image locations of the targeted points were automatically measured using an off the shelf image processing software package. Two different sub‐pixel measurement approaches were examined: centre of gravity and weighted mean. From the automated sub‐pixel measurement of the targeted points, results indicate that the high resolution DCS460 camera produces optimum results using either the weighted mean or centre of gravity approaches. Although this was perhaps expected, the far lower resolution DC40 camera performed better than was originally anticipated, suggesting potential for the cheaper DC40 for many applications.
Rectification of Slant Range Imagery Through a Direct Image to Ground Relationship
Authors: Rantakokko H. , Rosenholm D.
Published: March 2003

A theoretical model for describing a direct image to ground relationship for slant range images extracted from synthetic aperture radar imaging satellites (for instance ERS‐1 and ERS‐2) is formulated. The rigorous orbital model is based on orbital parameters. Transformations and equations describing the relationship are derived.
Megapixels, Millimetres and Microsieverts: Packaging Digital Photogrammetry for Emerging Industrial Markets
Authors: Chapman D. P.
Published: March 2003

As the performance of megapixel digital imaging systems continues to improve, the rapid growth of high‐end consumer markets drives prices ever lower. When such cameras are married with emerging, desktop “photogrammetric” software packages, the close range photogrammetric community is faced with many new challenges and opportunities. The dramatic changes in the technological arena are matched by a rapidly changing business environment in which concepts such as “Partnering” and “Supply chain management” have become key themes. As organizations of all sizes seek to thrive within this new business landscape, there appears to be a willingness to think more flexibly about the client‐supplier relationship and the sharing of risks and rewards. This, in turn, has encouraged the development of highly customized measurement solutions across a wide range of market sectors. In each of these solutions the emphasis is not on a generic photogrammetric product, but on a highly tailored system tightly coupled to existing workflows, and focused on the specific needs of the client. Such systems pose particular challenges to their designers, since they are frequently operated by users with relatively little photogrammetric background and yet must always meet the challenging requirement of producing an output which is “fit for purpose”. Thus this paper hopes to show how novel megapixel imaging systems can be configured to deliver flexible measurement systems capable of millimetric level accuracy within the challenging engineering environments typical of the nuclear and process industries (hence the microsievert component of the title).
A Hierarchical Surface Measurement Strategy Using Non‐Repeating Patterns
Authors: Zhou M. , Fraser C. S.
Published: March 2003

Hierarchical approaches for automated photogrammetric surface measurement invariably employ image pyramids and image matching at multiple resolutions. Such an approach is also applicable in industrial photogrammetry where projected light patterns are used to provide texture on an otherwise texture‐free surface. This paper describes a novel strategy for hierarchical surface measurement in which projected non‐repeating target patterns are employed, rather than the lower‐resolution levels of an image pyramid. Thus, although the final derived digital surface model is obtained by image matching, preliminary surface models which support the matching are obtained using the non‐repeating patterns. These projected patterns allow a simplification of the triangulation phase since they offer the potential of a fast and unambiguous solution to the image point correspondence problem. Following an introduction to the non‐repeating pattern strategy, integration of the approach into a multi‐camera vision metrology system is described and some experimental measurements are summarized
Ralph's Pretty‐Good Grocery versus Ralph's Super Market: Separating Excellent Agencies from the Good Ones
Authors: Gill Jeff , Meier Kenneth J.
Published: March 2003

What makes a public agency perform at a high level? Some agencies are doing extremely well in their environment and it may be because they are lucky enough to have access to plentiful resources, excellent management, and a supportive public. Unfortunately, cases such as these provide little prescriptive evidence for public managers looking to improve their own agency's performance. We apply a new quantitative technique (SWAT) to educational outcome data for 534 school districts in Texas and identify those districts doing extremely well given their fixed and often limited inputs. This approach is useful because the truly superior agencies are those that do more with less, and public managers who lead their organizations to high performance levels despite limited resources provide potential solutions to others.
Budgetary Collective Action Problems: Convergence and Compliance under the Maastricht Treaty on European Union
Authors: Savage James D.
Published: March 2003

Budgetary agreements may be thought of as collective action problems in which the problem a hand is maintaining group cohesion by controlling free riders. The standard solution to the free rider problem includes monitoring group behavior and imposing sanctions. This article analyzes the collective action problem present in the budgetary provisions of the Maastricht Treaty, which created the Economic Monetary Union, by focusing on the four stages of budgetary compliance that are evident in all budgetary agreements and treaties.
School Bureaucracy and Student Performance at the Local Level
Authors: Bohte John
Published: March 2003

A major debate in American education centers on the role bureaucracy plays in shaping educational performance. Proponents of school choice argue hat large educational bureaucracies have contributed to dramatic performance shortfalls in America's public schools. Other scholars view educational bureaucracies as beneficial because they manage a wide range of problems and thus make it easier for teachers to focus on the core task of teaching. This study examines these competing claims about the impact of bureaucracy on student performance using district level data from Texas public schools. The findings from several regression models reveal negative relationships between bureaucracy (measured both at the central and campus administration levels)and student performance across several different grade levels.
Performance‐Comparison Projects in Local Government: Participants' Perspectives
Authors: Ammons David N. , Coe Charles , Lombardo Michael
Published: March 2003

How do officials of participating local governments assess the value of their involvement in performance‐comparison projects, including related costs and benefits? In this article, three prominent projects involving city and county governments are examined from the perspective of the participants themselves, revealing gaps between high expectations and subsequent results, but nevertheless suggesting an array of benefits for participants.
Big Questions for a Significant Public Administration
Authors: Kirlin John J.
Published: March 2003

During the 1999 “Building Bridges Tour” (see Stivers 2000), PAR readers encouraged the editors to focus more attention on the so‐called “Big Questions/Big Issues” of the field of public administration. In response to this suggestion, we created a new forum for scholarly discourse simply called “Big Questions/Big Issues.” This inaugural forum begins with a context setting essay by John Kirlin,a leading proponent of the Big Questions/Big Issues perspective. Kirlin' essay is immediately followed by Laurence E. Lynn Jr.'s thought provoking piece, “The Myth of the Bureaucratic Paradigm: What Traditional Public Administration Really Stood For.” Lynn' essay is important for it takes to task those who carelessly attack “traditional public administration.” We asked J. Patrick Dobel (University of Washington), David Rosenbloom (American University), Norma Riccucci (State University of New York at Albany), and James Svara (North Carolina State) to respond to Lynn' essay. We invite PAR readers to join the conversation using PAR' message board online at ASPA's Online Community (http://www.memberconnections.com/aspa/) or by writing directly to theauthors and/or editors.—LDT
Strategic Positioning and the Financing of Nonprofit Organizations: Is Efficiency Rewarded in the Contributions Marketplace?
Authors: Frumkin Peter , Kim Mark T.
Published: March 2003

This article addresses the question of whether operational efficiency is recognized and rewarded by the private funders that support nonprofit organizations in fields ranging from education to social service to arts and beyond. Looking at the administrative efficiency and fundraising results of a large sample of nonprofit organizations over an 11‐year period, we find that nonprofits that position themselves as cost efficient—reporting low administrative to total expense ratios—fared no better over time than less efficient appearing organizations in the market for individual, foundation, and corporate contributions. From this analysis, we suggest that economizing may not always be the best strategy in the nonprofit sector.
The Public Administration Review and Ongoing Struggles for Connectedness
Authors: Newland Chester A.
Published: March 2003

Facilitation of connectedness has been a fundamental role of the American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) and the Public Administration Review (PAR) throughout their six decades of professional service. Together, they have sought to link practitioners and academicians across subfields and varied levels of activities. As a foremost refereed journal, PAR has sought to encourage the linking of practice and theory through timely publication of methodologically disciplined research, informed analyses and commentaries, and constructive literature reviews and correspondence. These responsibilities have been persistently challenging. ASPA and PAR have served a dynamic field that has made some wrong turns and had others forced on it, resulting in failed autonomy, followed by increasing partisan politicization of governments and reduced reliance on professionally expert administration. For ASPA, it has created leadership and membership problems. For PAR, it has sometimes exacerbated difficulties in connecting practitioners and academicians, but it has also created more shared concerns as important subjects of inquiry. Challenges now are to serve both enduring and new spheres of the field that are afforded by international and domestic developments. Both ASPA and PAR are striving to do that. Globalization of public administration opens a world of opportunities today. Localization, as a fundamental of constitutional democracy, is a priority internationally, presenting an engaging paradox of global attention to both place and planet. That is linked in this commentary to the classic democracy‐bureaucracy quandary that has constructively challenged public administration. While arrays of other important subjects, old and new, need to command attention in PAR, these are linked in this analysis to today's theory and practice of interdependent facilitative states to assess how the journal serves its responsibilities.
The Terror that Failed: Public Opinion in the Aftermath of the Bombing in Oklahoma City
Authors: Lewis Carol W.
Published: March 2003

Did the bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma City affect the public's perception of terrorism as a political issue and their perceptions of individual risk and personal vulnerability? The author finds that the bombing in Oklahoma City altered neither the public's assessment of personal risk nor its reported behavior. Public opinion on terrorism and crime share three patterns: (1) perceived risk of victimization and the likely consequences affect public apprehension; (2) the voiced sense of personal security bears a direct relationship to the relative familiarity of the setting; and (3) the public shows resistance to the media's portrayal of risk. Opinion data indicate that domestic terrorism is likely to be seen as important in general and in the abstract, but with low personal risk, little impact on individuals' routine behavior, and, consequently, low political salience. In light of terrorism's purpose of inducing fear and the public's generally placid response on a personal level, the author concludes that the bombing failed as an act of domestic terrorism.
Examining Empirical Evidence on Diversity Effects: How Useful Is Diversity Research for Public‐Sector Managers?
Authors: Wise Lois Recascino , Tschirhart Mary
Published: March 2003

This article reviews the body of empirical research on work‐related consequences of human diversity and presents an agenda for future investigations. Ideally, a synthesis of research findings to inform managing‐for‐diversity efforts should enable managers to interpret events in their own administrative contexts. Our assessment of the diversity literature suggests that managers are using largely untested assumptions as a basis for diversity policies, strategies, and actions. We call for greater contribution from public administration scholars to the body of research focusing on how human diversity can best be managed to produce positive results for individuals and their work organizations.
A Twenty‐First‐Century Reception for Diversity in the Public Sector: A Case Study
Authors: Soni Vidu
Published: March 2003

In the past decade, most large public‐sector organizations have adopted a philosophy of valuing workforce diversity and have implemented a variety of initiatives for effectively utilizing and managing the current and projected workforce diversity. However, whether organizational members subscribe to the diversity value or support the employer‐sponsored diversity‐management initiatives still largely remains unanswered. This article discusses the influence of employee race/ethnicity and gender identity, associated stereotyping and prejudice, and the nature of interpersonal relations on acceptance of diversity and support for diversity‐management initiatives. The hypothesis that these three variables have a significant influence on receptivity to diversity in the workplace was empirically tested in a case study of diversity‐management practices of a federal agency, and the study findings are reported in this article.