bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transposition of Stanzas in Mediaeval Poetry, a Method of Analysis: Poems VII and X of Arnaut Daniel
Authors: Shore Lys Ann Taylor
Published: March 2021

Complicating the establishment of the text of many Old Provencal poems is the question of the stanza-order. Each different arrangement may constitute a distinctly different version of the poem, so that even after the text of the poem has been established, there still remains for the editor the problem of choosing an ordering of the edited text to print. Traditionally, the practice of editors of Old Provencal poetry has been to choose a "best" ordering by more or less subjective criteria, and to relegate mention of other versions to the critical notes.1 Until the present, however, there have been few grounds on which to base an objective judgement. First, since the survival or destruction of any manuscript is a random process, an editor cannot base his choice on the number of manuscripts in which a version of a poem survives. Also, the complex and confusing relationships of manuscripts containing Old Provencal poems make the relative dating of different versions of a poem difficult and the identification of the original version virtually impossible. Moreover, the possibility of author's revisions cannot be dismissed, and it can further be argued that all the versions of a poem, being of mediaeval origin, deserve consideration by mediaevalists. However, it is seldom feasible to include in an edition all the versions of each poem in full.
Henry of Lancaster and Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines
Authors: Labarge Margaret Wade
Published: March 2021

Henry of Lancaster — contemporary, companion, and cousin of Edward III — was regarded as one of the outstanding figures of a reign which abounded in colourful chivalric personalities. Created earl of Derby in 1337, Henry succeeded to his father's earldom of Lancaster in 1345. His work for King Edward as military leader, political adviser, and dip- lomat was so outstanding that the king in 1351 gave him the personal title of duke of Lancaster -- the first time that a duke had been named outside the immediate royal family. In many ways Henry appeared cut to Froissart's favourite pattern, for he was universally admired as a noble and courteous knight, good-looking, fond of hunting and jousting, proud of his armour and skill in dancing. More surprisingly, even other French and Scottish chroniclers recognized this enemy's abilities, praising him as one of the best warriors of his day, a man who was wise and brave, famous for largesse and honesty, generous in almsgiving and gifts to religious foundations.
Metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis: Two Canadian cases
Authors: Cenkowski Monica , Wudel Beverly , Baragar Ingrid , Poliquin Vanessa
Published: March 2021

Metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis is a health burden for patients, and limited access to susceptibility testing and treatment is a challenge for Canadian clinicians. These cases emphasize the burden of metronidazole resistance in our population. Herein we describe two cases of metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis. In one case, a patient underwent five courses of therapy to treat a persistent Trichomonas vaginalis infection. International culture and susceptibility testing revealed resistance to metronidazole and susceptibility to tinidazole. The patient was subsequently lost to follow-up. In another case, a patient was treated with six courses of therapy before their infection had cleared. International culture and susceptibility testing indicated resistance to metronidazole and intermediate resistance to tinidazole. In both cases, metronidazole treatment, either alone or in addition to another therapy, was attempted an average of 3.5 times in escalating dose regimens before switching to tinidazole. Tinidazole proved to be an effective second-line therapy when tolerated by the patient. Until susceptibility testing is available in Canada, clinicians should be aware of access to international susceptibility testing of T. vaginalis to appropriately identify metronidazole-resistant cases and make timely and informed decisions regarding treatment.
Contribuição da metodologia Lean manufacturing na estratégia de sustentabilidade das empresas
Authors:   , Ferreira Junior Antonio
Published: March 2021

Lean manufacturing has had a significant impact both in academia and in the industrial environment in recent decades showing the power of eliminating waste. In addition to this vision of resource optimization, sustainability has recently ceased to be seen only from the perspective of the environment and has also added concern with social and environmental aspects. Currently, there is increasing pressure on companies to manage their operations responsibly in relation to their environmental and social impacts, motivating companies and researchers to identify ways to implement sustainable operations. Studying the relationship between lean manufacturing and sustainability seems to be a tangible way to answer the question of how to integrate and, therefore, implement these two initiatives together. Starting from a systematic literature review on lean manufacturing methodology and triple bottom line sustainability concepts (TBL) in their social and environmental aspects, the objective of this research was to evaluate how the implementation of lean manufacturing methodology impacts the sustainability strategy of companies in the automobile sector in the state of São Paulo whose manufacture is based on rubber processing. For this purpose, multiple case studies were carried out. Thus, based on the analysis of the data obtained , it was possible to verify that there is a great contribution of the lean manufacturing methodology in the companies’ sustainability strategy , mainly in the economic and social aspects, however, the contribution within the environmental aspect was not unanimous
Aprendizado de máquina para classificação da desocupação de leitos pós-cirúrgicos: Aprendizado de máquina para classificação da desocupação de leitos pós-cirúrgicos
Authors:   , Teramachi A. G.
Published: March 2021

Congenital heart diseases are among the most common congenital anomalies and if they aren’t discovered and treated properly at na early stage, babies and children can have a poor quality of life and may die over time. In many cases, surgical intervention is necessary before the first year of life and when it occurs, it is importante to estimate the length of stay in post-surgical beds, both for capacity management, planning and optimization of resources by the hospital and to guide patients and their families. The present study aims to propose two models, through the use of Machine Learning algorithms, one to classify the length of stay in post-surgical ICU beds and the other to classify the length of stay in post-surgical ward beds, since research related to the length of stay in postsurgical ward beds is rare. The data used to train the algoritgms are regarding cardiac surgeries performed on congenital heart patients extracted from the ASSIST, private database of the Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InCor - FMUSP). The trained algorithms were: Random Forest, Extra Trees, Gradient Boosting, Adaboost, Support Vector Machine and the Multilayer Perceptron neural network trained with the Backpropagation algorithm. The model that presented the best performance to classify the length of stay in ICU beds was the Random Forest and to classify the length of stay of ward beds was the Gradient Boosting
Transparent information and access to citizen participation on municipal websites
Authors: Simelio-Solà Núria , Ferré-Pavia Carme , Herrero-Gutiérrez Francisco-Javier
Published: March 2021

This study analyses the information and tools for citizen participation on the institutional websites of local bodies to improve participation in the management of local resources in a context following the introduction of Spain’s Transparency Law. The method is based on applying 14 indicators to analyse the institutional websites of 605 municipalities that have over 10,000 residents, located in 9 autonomous communities of the Spanish state. The main results show how the institutional information offered on the websites of the councils analysed does not follow journalistic criteria in terms of accountability, meaning that citizens’ decisions regarding their local governments cannot be based on precise, reliable information. In this regard, in this study we have confirmed that council websites publish very little information on the activity of the opposition or on the plenary sessions, debates and agreements, but do publish information on the activity of the government. Furthermore, they do not make use of web resources for citizen participation, which impedes the transparent, collaborative management of political processes between leaders and citizens. Nonetheless, the results show how political and technical managers are not averse to change if they have access to guidance and incentives to improve the management of information and participation on municipal websites.
Corporate Social Responsibility of Business as a Marketing Tool in a Pandemic
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Dvulit Zoriana , Sokulskyi Nazarii ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University
Published: March 2021

Introduction. It is known that today corporate social responsibility is one of the most important and necessary prerequisites for the development of modern business. Every year, more and more domestic companies use corporate social responsibility in shaping their own business strategy, as it has long established itself in world business as an effective means of forming a sustainable image. It should be noted that the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic has significantly affected CSR activities, accelerated their development and increased commitment to it by many companies. Purpose. The purpose of article is to study the experience of corporate social responsibility during the period of deep uncertainty (pandemic COVID-19), preparation of dosage for its use as a marketing tool for doing business and development of recommendations for further use of CSR by domestic companies in the post-crisis period. Results. Based on the research, the experience of corporate social responsibility in a pandemic has been analyzed. In addition, various forecasts and statistical studies of global and domestic organizations, agencies and publications on CSR have been systematized. The expediency and effectiveness of the use of corporate social responsibility as an effective marketing tool in business in a period of deep uncertainty has been substantiated. Projects of such responsibility of well-known Ukrainian companies at the time of the pandemic have been described, and CSR activities aimed at caring for employees have been investigated. As a result, the main recommendations for the effective implementation of corporate social responsibility of business in the post-crisis period have been developed. Conclusions. Studies have shown that the impact of the pandemic on global and domestic business has significantly accelerated the development of corporate social responsibility and forced many companies to turn to it not only to help society but also to maintain their market position and improve image, thus becoming the main marketing strategy this year.
Methodological Bases for Assessing the Development Potential of Enterprises` Management Personnel
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Yemelyanov Olexandr
Published: March 2021

Introduction. The success of enterprises depends on many factors. One of the most important among them is the level of managers’ competencies. This level directly determines the quality of management decisions that are made and implemented at enterprises, and, accordingly, determines the efficiency of using their resources. Under such conditions, the assessment of the development potential of the managerial staff of enterprises based on the analysis of their competencies makes it possible to simultaneously establish reserves for improving the performance of these enterprises. Purpose. This study aims at developing and testing methodological principles for assessing the development potential of the enterprises` management personnel based on the analysis of management competencies. Results. Approaches to grouping the main competencies of employees of the enterprise management subsystem have been established. The necessity to determine the list of partial managerial competencies for each general managerial competence has been substantiated. It has been shown that for this purpose it is possible to apply the method of dividing the general administrative competence into separate stages of its realization. The sequence of diagnosing the level of competencies of the employees of the enterprise management subsystem has been offered. An indicator for assessing the managers’ level by the entire set of general competencies has been developed. Grading of separate characteristics of special competences of the employees of the enterprise management subsystem has been offered. Peculiarities of diagnosing managerial competencies concerning the substantiation of planned indicators of the enterprise activity have been determined. The obtained results have been tested on the example of a number of enterprises. Conclusions. Assessing the development potential of the enterprises` management personnel should include identifying opportunities to improve certain general and special competencies of managers of these enterprises. For this purpose, it is necessary to identify the main competencies, establish the relationship between them, and perform their quantification. To solve these problems, the methodological principles of assessing the development potential of the enterprises` management personnel, developed in this paper, can be used.
Influence of Organizational Management Structures on the Efficiency of Using Agile Methodologies in Technology Products Manufacturing
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Zaverbnyi Andrii
Published: March 2021

Introduction. The article considers the influence of organizational management structures on the effectiveness of flexible project management methodologies. At the end of the twentieth century, more and more companies began to use informal flexible management structures, which emerged with the development of adhocracy. Purpose. The purpose is to determine and highlight the level of effectiveness of organizational management structures when using flexible project management methodologies. Results. The search for smart alternatives to bureaucracy began several decades ago. The development of the Internet has led to the creation of networking organizations that have increasingly used the adaptive Agile model. The modern market increasingly dictates the conditions aimed at rapid adaptability and flexibility. Usually, the choice of optimal organizational management structure depends on the business environment where the company operates. The use of Agile, when working on projects, involves a preliminary assessment of the operating structure of the company, its level of culture. Understanding the importance of each team member in the organizational structure of management, cooperation between them contributes to the effectiveness of flexible project management methodologies. Many companies are starting to operate on the basis of flexible management, although this policy is not suitable for all types of structures. Very often, in order to implement the Agile principles, it is necessary to start with the company’s departments that innovate and work on various company development projects. The principles and values of flexible project management methodologies run counter to the usual bureaucratic hierarchy, which provides the unquestioning subordination and control, where corporate culture remains unchanged. Conclusions. Possibilities of changes and ensuring the effectiveness of the implementation of these methodologies are impossible without changes in the traditional corporate culture, which established principles that have been formed over the years. Often, changing the culture of the enterprise implies that everyone does everything, which is why such companies give birth to a friendly team, which in terms of efficiency and implementation of new ideas, is an ideal organizational form. However, it should be noted that before giving teams in the organization more autonomy, you need to make sure that all employees see opportunities for the development of the organization in one direction.
Penerapan Media Pembelajaran Kartu Permainan Sejarah dalam Meningkatkan Keaktifan Belajar Peserta Didik (Studi kasus pada Kelas X-TKJ SMK Wahdatul Jannah Majalengka)
Authors: Gemini Galun Eka
Published: March 2021

History is often addressed by most learners as boring subjects. It appears from the passive attitude of learners during the learning process takes place, such as the lack of activity to ask, respond and answer questions from the teacher. Therefore, learning is more on teacher centered patterns, centered on teachers. This is feared to cause misperception-what the teacher tells the learners, so that learners do not fully accept the material well. Such facts encouraged this research. Researchers are trying to improve the learning conditions in X-TKJ SWK Wahdatul Jannah class through the application of historical game card media. The main purpose of this study is to improve the learning activities of learners. Game card game history is packed through group discussions and class discussions. This research is a Class Action Research (PTK), consisting of three cycles. Selection of class X-TKJ SMK Wahdaul Jannah as the object of research dilatari because in the classroom learning process (history) less so interactive, the relationship between teachers with learners. As for the results obtained, the cycle 1 learning activeness of students showed increased learning activeness ranged 54%, cycle 2 learning activeness learners increased 70%, cycle 3 learning activeness learners increased 82%. Thus, the use of history card game media is said to be successful as an effort to improve the learning activities of learners.
Variabilitas Penggunaan Model Pembelajaran Pada Kegiatan Pembelajaran Sejarah Peminatan Kelas X IPS di Kota Depok
Authors: Prasetya Santosa Yusuf Budi , Hidayat Fahmi
Published: March 2021

The use of varied learning models by history teachers will facilitate teachers and students in implementing and following the learning process. This study aims to determine the learning process and the use of learning models used by history teachers. This study uses a qualitative methodology with an observation and interview approach conducted at two high schools, Dian Didaktika High School and SMA Negeri 2 Depok. From the results of the study it can be seen, that the history teacher at the two schools has carried out the learning process using a scientific approach. There is no difference in the selection of learning strategies, both of them use the contextual teaching learning model. The difference between the two is in the selection of learning methods, where the history teacher Dian Didaktika uses the method of learning project base learning and the history teacher of SMA Negeri 2 Depok uses a method of learning outside the classroom by visiting museums.
Perjuangan Ken Arok Menjadi Raja Kerajaan Singosari Tahun 1222-1227
Authors: Susilo Agus , Sarkowi Sarkowi
Published: March 2021

One who has blue blood is identical to being a ruler. The highest satisfaction is when his desire is achieved perfectly. This has influenced Ken Arok who felt his desire should be realized as a king in the land of Java. After living in the wrong path by becoming a villain, until finally his meeting with a Brahmin whose Lohgawe made his life brighter.In writing this scientific work, the writer uses historical research methods. In historical research methods, many researchers use reference sources in the form of relevant journals and book sources that support in writing these scientific articles. The result of this discussion is that after going through the hard struggle of being a villain, being a person who was driven out of his residence, but luck continued to follow Ken Arok. His mission to become king, began by killing Tunggul Ametung with Mpu Gandring's Keris and married Ken Dedes. Subsequently defeated the Kingdom of Kediri and founded the Singosari Kingdom with the title Sri Rajasa Bhatara Sang Amurwabumi.
Raden Mattaher sebagai Tonggak Sejarah Perjuangan Kemerdekaan Indonesia di Jambi
Authors: Yasin Nirwan II , Jannah Miftahul
Published: March 2021

The purpose of writing this article is to be able to find out the struggle of the Jambi hero during Indonesian independence, Raden Mataher. Raden Mattaher was a Jambi warlord who was very famous and feared by the Dutch. After the death of Sultan Thaha Saifuddin in 1904, the command of the resistance against the Dutch in Jambi was continued by Raden Mattaher. He has shown to be a knight, brave, smart, and clever at strategizing. The writing method used is to take historical writing steps. First, heuristics (data collection), namely by using the literature study method and the internet. Second, third verification, interpretation (analyzing data that has been verified). Fourth, historiography (writing data that has been analyzed). Interview method by obtaining information by asking history teachers. Raden Mattaher is one of the mighty heroes of Jambi. In expelling the Dutch he never wanted to give up. Good war tactics. He is also one of the warlords who are feared by the Dutch. Not only a warrior, he is also a diligent worshiper with a strong faith. As Indonesians, we should be proud of having a hero who is willing to sacrifice body and soul. We as young generations should have a high enthusiasm for learning to gain knowledge so that we can continue the struggle that was carried out by Raden Mattaher.
Role of topical insulin therapy as an adjunct in the management of pressure ulcer
Authors: Gang Shucheng
Published: March 2021

Pressure ulcer or pressure sore is one of the complications seen in bedridden patients. Management of these ulcers is often challenging. But there is no well-established method that accelerates the wound healing rate. Various adjunctive methods are used for wound bed preparation before definitive reconstruction plan is made. Here we describe our experience in the role of insulin therapy as an adjunct in the management of pressure sores.
The Concept of Causation and some common Epidemiological study Designs
Authors: Gupta Manvi
Published: March 2021

Epidemiology in its modern form is a relatively new discipline and uses quantitative methods to study diseases in human populations to inform prevention and control efforts [7]. Causation is an essential concept in epidemiology (Figure 1) [7] yet there is no single, clearly articulated definition for the discipline. Causal inference may be viewed as a special case of the more general process of scientific reasoning, about which there is substantial scholarly debate among scientists and philosophers.
Different Technologies for Obtaining Pneumococcal Immunogens
Authors: Gruber I. M. , Kukina O. M. , Egorova, N. B , Zhigunova O. V.
Published: March 2021

Relevance. The worldwide use of pneumococcal vaccines, in particular conjugated vaccines (PCV), has led to a significant reduction in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal diseases in both vaccinated children and unvaccinated people of all ages. However, "non-vaccine" serotypes and capsule-free (non-typed) strains have become the main causes of pneumococcal disease, as with carriage, with an increase in antibiotic resistance. This requires new approaches in the development of vaccines that can lead to serotype-independent protection, especially in children, the elderly and immunocompromised people. The pneumococcal vaccine should protect against a wide range of serotypes, induce mucosal and systemic immunity, and reduce primary nasal colonization, as well as invasive forms.

Aim. The review is devoted to the analysis of experimental development of innovative vaccines based on protective protein antigens (PPV), including in combination with capsular polysaccharides, using adjuvants or antigen delivery systems, as well as inactivated whole cell preparations (WCV) and live attenuated vaccines. Particular attention is paid to the methods of mucosal immunization, taking into account the tropism of pneumococcus in relation to the mucous membranes of the upper and lower respiratory tract.

Conclusion. At this stage, the most developed and promising are drugs based on bacterial lysates (PWCV) and protective protein antigens (PspA, dPly), as well as these antigens mixed with adjuvants, and, possibly, with some etiologically most significant capsular polysaccharides.
Activité antibactérienne d’un extrait hydroalcoolique des feuilles de Carapa procera (Méliacée) sur Staphylococcus aureus et Shigella sp.
Authors: Ouattara A. , Touré A. , Golly K.J. , Ahon G.M. , Coulibaly A. , Ouattara K.
Published: March 2021

Carapa procera (Meliaceae) est une plante très exploitée en médecine traditionnelle pour le traitement des pathologies infectieuses en Afrique occidentale. Le but de ce travail est d’évaluer l’activité antibactérienne de l’extrait hydroalcoolique des feuilles de cette plante sur la croissance in vitro de Staphylococcus aureus (204C12) et Shigella sp. (1177C10), deux germes multirésistants. Les paramètres antibactériens de Carapa procera ont été déterminés par les méthodes de diffusion en milieu solide et de dilution en milieu liquide respectivement pour les diamètres d’inhibition et les concentrations minimales inhibitrice et bactéricide (CMI et CMB). L’extrait de Carapa procera a montré une activité bactéricide effective avec des diamètres d’inhibition variant de 18 à 21 mm pour des CMB de 0,19 mg/ml et de 0,39 mg/ml respectivement contre Shigella sp. et Staphylococcus aureus. Le potentiel antibactérien de cet extrait pourrait être attribué aux alcaloïdes, aux tanins et aux flavonoïdes révélés par le screening phytochimique. Les résultats obtenus confirment l’utilisation traditionnelle de cette plante dans le traitement des différentes pathologies dans lesquelles les germes testés sont impliqués.
Activités antibactériennes des constituants de la fraction insaponifiable de l’huile d’olive
Authors: Metlef S. , Delmi-Bouras A. , Zidane A. , Benali M.
Published: March 2021

Le présent travail vise à déterminer les teneurs de quelques constituants de la fraction insaponifiable de 13 échantillons d’huile d’olive provenant de plusieurs régions d’Algérie, tout en évaluant leurs activités antibactériennes à l’égard de huit souches ATCC potentiellement pathogènes. La teneur en polyphénols totaux dans les échantillons a varié significativement (p < 0,05) d’un extrait à un autre, et les valeurs les plus importantes ont été enregistrées dans les extraits de Skikda et Tissemsilt (207,97 ± 1,75 mg d’acide gallique/kg et 202,97 ± 2,67 mg d’acide gallique/kg respectivement). La teneur en flavonoïdes totaux dans les différents extraits était variable. Les teneurs les plus élevées ont été enregistrées dans les extraits d’Ain-Defla et Blida, alors que l’extrait de Jijel a été le plus riche en flavonols, avec une valeur de 258,22 ± 13,00 mg/kg. Aucune corrélation n’a été établie entre la teneur en polyphénols totaux et les flavonoïdes totaux. Les souches bactériennes ont montré un comportement variable entre la sensibilité, l’extrême sensibilité et la résistance vis-à-vis des extraits phénoliques avec une corrélation négative entre la teneur en polyphénols totaux et l’activité antibactérienne, tandis que les concentrations minimales inhibitrices les plus faibles ont été enregistrées avec les extraits qui ont donné les diamètres des zones d’inhibition les plus élevées.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF BRIDGE-BUILDING IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Authors:   Institute of Asian and African Studies of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Zabolotskiy Alexander
Published: March 2021

China’s increasing global competitiveness in the transport sector is linked to the development of transport networks with wider coverage and higher speed. By 2035, the country is expected to have a comprehensive modern transport system consisting of three parts: high-speed railways and highways, as well as civil aviation, waterways and oil and gas pipelines. China’s strongest competencies are in bridge building. China has no equal in terms of building the highest bridges in the world today.
CIVILISATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PARTIES IN THE PROCESS OF THE ORGANIZING AND CONDUCTING THE OLYMPIC GAMES IN JAPAN
Authors:   Institute of Asian and African Studies of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Komarov Mikhail
Published: March 2021

The article considers the topical issue of the civilizational aspects of the interaction between parties in the process of the organizing and conducting the Olympic Games in Japan. This paper makes an attempt to consider these aspects from the perspective of two main concepts of civilization, while highlighting general civilizational trends and trends within the framework of local civilizations. The issue of deepening inter-civilization communication and understanding is analyzed. In addition, the place and potential impact of sport in resolving interstate political conflicts is considered. Specific examples of the influence of civilizational aspects on the global community within the framework of the Olympics are given. The topic of this article can be located at the interface of sociology and economics, therefore this paper may be relevant to researchers of various related scientific fields.
LOYA JIRGA IN THE SYSTEM OF POLITICAL INSTITUTE OF MODERN AFGHANISTAN
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), Sazhenov Nickolay
Published: March 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of Loya Jirga’s role and place in the political system of modern Afghanistan. General information about Jirgas in Afghanistan is provided because this institution replicates similar traditional tribal bodies on the national level. The author describes four possible types of Jirga in terms of participants and territorial coverage. Special attention is given to the analysis of constitutional rules which determine the powers of the Loya Jirga and its status in the political system of post-Taliban Afghanistan. Moreover, the author provides a brief characteristic of all the Loya Jirgas which have been organized since the overthrow of the Taliban regime. The article shows that in modern Afghanistan none of the convened Loya Jirgas have complied with the relevant constitutional rules. According to the Constitution of Afghanistan, the Loya Jirga must include “presidents of the provincial as well as district assemblies”. But this provision cannot be respected due to some difficulties in the conduct of elections in provinces and districts. That is why four Loya Jirgas, convened after the adoption of the Constitution in 2004, were called “consultative” or “traditional”. The issue of Loya Jirga’s legitimacy is also remaining relevant now. Apparently, Loya Jirga’s status in the political system of Afghanistan will remain the same in the short term. In conclusion, the author proposes two options for modern Afghanistan, when the Loya Jirga may be convened. The first one touches upon the issue of adoption of a hypothetical peace agreement with the Taliban and the second variant implies the convening of the Pashtun tribes jirga in the region of Afghan-Pakistani border to discuss vital issues.
JAPANESE TRANSPORT IN MODERN WORLD
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), Avdakov Igor
Published: March 2021

: Relying on the experience of the “lost decade”, Japan emerged from the world economic crisis of 2008–2009. faster compared to other developed countries. But full-scale national anti-crisis programs, the main of which in the real sector of the economy were transport infrastructure projects, inevitably put a heavy burden on the country’s budget. Since 2010, the economy has shown signs of recovery. However, the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 caused huge damage to the entire Japanese economy and transport in the Tohoku region. It entailed significant costs for the restoration of transport. Since 1990, the share of transport in GDP and the structure of goods transported by individual modes of transport have remained the same: road and sea coastal transport played a major role in domestic transportation, while maritime transport played a major role in international transport. The importance of rail transport in passenger transportation has been preserved and even increased. Transport fully met the needs of the economy and was one of the means of bringing the economy out of the crisis. The ocean of economic and natural shocks that befell Japan made the inhabitants of this country look in a new way at the prospects for the development of transport. The new strategy for innovative development provides not so much an increase in speed, but rather the reliability, safety and environmental friendliness of transport. Implementation of the achievements of the 4.0 revolution has become an urgent need. The entire economy of the country and its place in the world economy to a large extent depend on the pace of transition to a new model of transport.
REGULATION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN ISRAEL
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), Bizyaev Anton
Published: March 2021

At the end of the 20th century massive wave of transport reforms produced a large variety of transport organization forms. Evolution of the regulator has played a key role in these changes. This paper studies the structure of transport regulation in Israel. I describe the structure of the regulator, division of authority between national and regional levels, operators’ involvement in transport planning (STO model), and competition. Then I discuss potential problems highlighted in the literature on Israeli transport regulation. The paper shows that the structure of the regulator combines government authorities with private company providing the expertise to the government in the field of reforms. This is a result of liberal reforms in Israel at the end of the 20th which included among its goals solving the issue of regulatory capture in Israeli transport sector. However, the division of authority has not been changed. Regional authorities still play a minor role in transportation policy compared to national regulator which might hinder the ability of the government to adapt and quickly respond to changes in the transportation market. Lastly, STO model has shown that almost all decisions in transport planning are made by government and not by transport companies. This distinguishes Israel from European practic delegating the ability to make decisions on tactical (and sometimes even strategic) level to transit operators.
TRANSPORT SECTOR IN MONGOLIA
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), Grayvoronskiy Vladimir
Published: March 2021

A general review of the Mongolia’s transport sector’s development in 2000– 2019, including road, railway, civil air, water transport sub-sectors, main indicators of transport by types, new big projects are described. Mongolia’s transit transport facilities between Russia and China, as well as between East Asia and Europe are increasing. An economic corridor Russia- Mongolia- China is under construction. A Russian- Mongolian special purpose joint venture to be established for feasibility study of main gas pipeline from Russia to China across Mongolia.
ISRAELI BANKING SYSTEM: CURRENT STATE AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), Maryasis Dmitry
Published: March 2021

Being the foundation of the financial system of the state, the banking sector is key in a number of development areas. Since money is an extremely sensitive instrument, banks are generally fairly conservative institutions. However, the acceleration of the pace of scientific and technological progress, the expansion of its scope more and more affect the financial sector of the economy as a whole and banks as its central component. The article shows that in the first two decades of the XXI century Israel’s banking system has undergone a significant transformation. The main objective of the reforms was to reduce the level of concentration in this sector. It was also essential to improve the transparency of the functioning of the country’s banking system. In general, it should be noted that, despite the rather strong resistance from the leadership of the largest banks in Israel, by the beginning of the third decade of this century, the country’s banking system came up in much better “shape” than it was before the reforms began. Meanwhile, nevertheless, the level of concentration in it is still quite high. It seems that the processes of digital transformation, which, albeit slowly, but occur in the country’s banking system, will make it even more efficient and adequate to the requirements of the modern economy. Digital platforms are democratic and transparent by their very nature. Their introduction by Israeli banks will significantly increase the transparency and decentralization of the national banking system. At the time of this writing, digitalization processes in this area are only at the very beginning, so at this stage it is difficult to say how successful their results will be, despite, of course, the high transformational potential of digital technologies, which was mentioned earlier.
MARITIME TRANSPORT OF SINGAPORE
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), Osipova Maria
Published: March 2021

The article analyzes the development of Singapore’s Maritime transport from colonial times to the present day. Special attention is paid not only to the current trends in the development of the Singapore seaport, but also to the issues of its future modernization and structural adjustment in the coming decades. Maritime transport of the island state has a strong scientific and technical potential and continues to perform intermediary functions, ensuring the operation of six free economic zones located in the seaport. Further development and modernization of the port of Singapore will take place in accordance with the latest innovative technological developments and under strict state control.
SHANGHAI PORT: FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of science (MOSCOW), Semenova Nelli , Aristova Ludmila ,   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW)
Published: March 2021

For a decade, the Shanghai port has retained the world’s leading positions not only in terms of economic indicators, but also in terms of equipping the port facilities with the latest achievements of science and technology. Due to its advantageous geographical position since ancient times, it has been an important port for external transport and internal trade of China. Shanghai was historically destined to become the world’s largest transshipment base. But natural factors bear fruit only in the presence of a competent and planned economic policy. The economic success of the port in recent years has been preparing for many decades. Anthropogenic factors, namely the reform and restructuring of the economic system, attracting foreign capital, advanced foreign technologies and management methods, accelerated the development of the port. Technological progress, globalization and political will have made the port the world’s largest industrial port complex. This article is devoted to the analysis of modern achievements and the prospects for the further development of the port of Shanghai.
CURRENT STATE OF PAKISTAN’S ECONOMY
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of science (MOSCOW), Belokrenitsky Vyacheslav
Published: March 2021

The article analyzes the situation in Pakistan’s economy under the new government of the country, formed after the parliamentary elections in July 2018. It is observed that in 2018–2020 the rates of economic growth have slowed considerably. The government has faced problems of acute fiscal and current account deficits and was forced to agree to large doses of foreign financial assistance. The economic situation by the beginning of 2020 has somewhat improved, but the dependence of the economy on external factors remains, causing risks which do not allow to argue that the crisis and stagnation would be overcome in the nearest future.
Endangered Languages are not Low-Resourced!
Authors:   University of Helsinki, Hämäläinen Mika
Published: March 2021

The term low-resourced has been tossed around in the field of natural language processing to a degree that almost any language that is not English can be called "low-resourced"; sometimes even just for the sake of making a mundane or mediocre paper appear more interesting and insightful. In a field where English is a synonym for language and low-resourced is a synonym for anything not English, calling endangered languages low-resourced is a bit of an overstatement. In this paper, I inspect the relation of the endangered with the low-resourced from my own experiences.
Lexd: A Finite-State Lexicon Compiler for Non-Suffixational Morphologies
Authors: Swanson Daniel , Howell Nick
Published: March 2021

This paper presents lexd, a lexicon compiler for languages with non-suffixational morphology, which is intended to be faster and easier to use than existing solutions while also being compatible with other tools. We perform a case-study for Chukchi, comparing against a hand-optimised analyser written in lexc, and find that while lexd is easier to use, performance remains an obstacle to its use at production level. We also compare performance between lexd and hfst-lexc for three analysers still in the prototype phase, finding that lexd is at least as fast, sometimes faster, to compile; we conclude it is a reasonable choice for prototyping new analysers. Future work will explore how to move lexd performance toward production-grade.
Muutaman runon ja sävellyksen jäljillä – tekijöitä etsien
Authors: Kokkonen Paula
Published: March 2021

Artikkeli käsittelee Heimolasten laulukirjasta ja Sukukansain lauluja -vihkosesta löytyviä kominkielisiä runoja, niiden suomennoksia ja niihin tehtyjä sävellyksiä. Tutkimuksen kohteena on Mihail Lebedevin ja Ivan Kuratovin runot sekä V. I. Lytkinin käännökset J. H. Erkon runoista.
Time’s arrow reversed? The (a)symmetry of language change
Authors: Nevalainen Terttu
Published: March 2021

This paper analyses language users’ participation in real-time grammatical change. The question addressed is the extent to which individuals continue using both the incoming form and the recessive, outgoing form as opposed to using one of them categorically. Variable grammars are related to the sociolinguistic discussion of whether language change is a generational or a communal process. Ultimately, they also raise the question of the predictability of real-time language change
Suomalais-ugrilaiset kielet ja internet -projekti 2013-2019
Authors: Jauhiainen Tommi , Jauhiainen Heidi , Lindén Krister
Published: March 2021

Tässä artikkelissa esittelemme vuonna 2013 aloittaneen ja 2019 päättyneen Koneen säätiön rahoittaman Suomalais-ugrilaiset kielet ja internet projektin suunnittelua sekä toteutusta ja kokoamme yhteen saavutettuja tuloksia. Aikaisemmin julkaistujen valmiiden tulosten lisäksi esittelemme myös joitakin keskeneräisiksi jääneitä tuotoksia. Projektissa kerättiin verkkoharavoinnin ja automaattisen kielentunnistuksen avulla harvinaisilla uralilaisilla kielillä kirjoitettujen sivujen tekstiä avoimilta verkkosivuilta. Projektissa kehitetty Wanca-portaalisivusto toimii kokoelmana linkkejä haravoinnin yhteydessä löydetyille näitä kieliä käyttäen kirjoitetuille sivuille. Projektissa kehitettiin prosessi, jota käyttäen verkkoharavan avulla löydetyistä teksteistä muodostetaan virkekorpuksia halutuille kielille. Muodostetut virkekorpukset ovat avoimesti saatavilla FIN-CLARIN konsortion ylläpitämän Kielipankin Korp-palvelussa. Verkkoharavoinnin ja korpusten kokoamisen ohella projekti keskittyi erityisesti kielentunnistuksen menetelmien kehittämiseen, jossa saavutettiin kansainvälisesti erittäin merkittäviä tuloksia. Projektin tutkijat ovat osallistuneet kansainvälisiin tekstin kielentunnistukseen keskittyneisiin kilpailuihin ja voittaneet niistä useita.
The Development of a Comprehensive Data Set for Systematic Studies of Machine Translation
Authors: Tiedemann Jörg
Published: March 2021

This paper presents our on-going efforts to develop a comprehensive data set and benchmark for machine translation beyond high-resource languages. The current release includes 500GB of compressed parallel data for almost 3,000 language pairs covering over 500 languages and language variants. We present the structure of the data set and demonstrate its use for systematic studies based on baseline experiments with multilingual neural machine translation between Finno-Ugric languages and other language groups. Our initial results show the capabilities of training effective multilingual translation models with skewed training data but also stress the shortcomings with low-resource settings and the difficulties to obtain sufficient information through straightforward transfer from related languages.
Ульяновской Областень Новомалыклинской Райононь Эрзянь Велень Кортавкстнэсэ Азорксчинь Невтиця Суффикстнэнь Башка Ёнксост
Authors: Агафонова Нина А. , Рябов Иван Н.
Published: March 2021

Статьясонть тевс нолдавить материалтнэ, конат пурназь лингвистической экспедициянь шкасто Ульяновской областень Новомалыклинской райононь эрзянь велень кортавктнэстэ. Эрзянь литературной келенть марто карадо-каршо аравтомась невтизе, неть кортавкстнэсэ ванстовсь седе пешксе кезэрень азорксчинь суффиксэнь системась. Неть кортавкстнэнь касомаст-кепетемаст мольсь башка лия эрзянь кортавкстнэнь эйстэ. Те лездась неень шкас ванстомс азорксчинь суффиксэнь системасонть весе ниле сериятнень.
When Word Embeddings Become Endangered
Authors: Alnajjar Khalid
Published: March 2021

Big languages such as English and Finnish have many natural language processing (NLP) resources and models, but this is not the case for low-resourced and endangered languages as such resources are so scarce despite the great advantages they would provide for the language communities. The most common types of resources available for low-resourced and endangered languages are translation dictionaries and universal dependencies. In this paper, we present a method for constructing word embeddings for endangered languages using existing word embeddings of different resource-rich languages and the translation dictionaries of resource-poor languages. Thereafter, the embeddings are fine-tuned using the sentences in the universal dependencies and aligned to match the semantic spaces of the big languages; resulting in cross-lingual embeddings. The endangered languages we work with here are Erzya, Moksha, Komi-Zyrian and Skolt Sami. Furthermore, we build a universal sentiment analysis model for all the languages that are part of this study, whether endangered or not, by utilizing cross-lingual word embeddings. The evaluation conducted shows that our word embeddings for endangered languages are well-aligned with the resource-rich languages, and they are suitable for training task-specific models as demonstrated by our sentiment analysis models which achieved high accuracies. All our cross-lingual word embeddings and sentiment analysis models will be released openly via an easy-to-use Python library.