bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biorrefinaria a partir do tratamento de efluentes de curtume: uma análise preliminar
Authors: Bracher Gustavo Holz , Possa Thais Magalhães , Flores Rubia , Hoss Louise , Manetti Adriana Gonçalves da Silva
Published: August 2019

O processamento do couro gera grandes quantidades de efluentes que possuem elevadas concentrações de matéria orgânica, nutrientes e produtos químicos tóxicos. Diante da possibilidade de utilizar águas residuárias como um meio de cultivo de baixo custo de cianobactérias para a obtenção de bioprodutos em biorrefinarias, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial de cultivo da cianobactéria Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli em efluentes de curtume para produção de biomassa, bem como sua aplicabilidade no tratamento destes efluentes. Para isso, cultivos da cianobactéria foram conduzidos nos efluentes de um curtume, em um biorreator heterotrófico sob as condições de concentração celular inicial de 200 mg L-1, pH inicial 7,6, temperatura de 25 ºC, aeração contínua e ausência de luminosidade. Durante os estudos, foram realizadas análises da cinética de crescimento da cianobactéria no efluente e dos percentuais de remoção de demanda química de oxigênio, fósforo total e nitrogênio total Kjeldahl do efluente, após o cultivo. Os resultados obtidos indicaram a viabilidade do emprego da cianobactéria, em biorreator heterotrófico, para o tratamento de efluentes de curtume aliado à produção de biomassa, sendo registradas produtividade de 42,67 mg L-1 h-1 de biomassa e eficiências de remoção de 72,3% de demanda química de oxigênio, 94,7% de fósforo total e 51,9% de nitrogênio total Kjeldahl, após 36 h de cultivo.
Viabilidade econômica da aplicação de lodo de esgoto em plantio de eucalipto
Authors: Pires Isabela Cristina Gomes , Moraes Lúcia Pittol Firme de , Ferrão Gregori da Encarnação , Faria Luiz Carlos de , Abreu Júnior Cássio Hamilton
Published: August 2019

O lodo de esgoto (LE) aplicado em solos de florestas plantadas, com base no critério do nitrogênio, pode aumentar a produção de madeira sem causar danos ao ambiente florestal. Entretanto, ainda é necessário analisar a viabilidade econômica dessa prática que pode ser um fator limitante para a reciclagem deste resíduo. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi realizar a avaliação econômica do uso de LE (0; 7,7; 15,4 e 23,1 Mg ha-1) sem e com complementação de fertilizante mineral nitrogenado e fosfatado em comparação a adubação convencional de um povoamento de Eucalyptus grandis aos 7,9 anos após o seu plantio através do método de VPLA (Valor Presente Líquido Anualizado), TIR (Taxa Interna de Retorno) e IBC (Índice Benefício/Custo). Foram consideradas taxas de desconto de 6 e 12% a.a. e três cenários nos quais o produtor florestal assume por 100, 50 e 0% dos custos de transporte do lodo. Verificou-se maior produção de madeira no tratamento com 15,4 Mg ha-1 de LE, o qual obteve 338 m3 ha-1. Porém, a adubação mineral convencional representou a opção com melhor viabilidade econômica em todas as situações analisadas, exceto para o cenário no qual o produtor florestal estaria isento do transporte do LE. Notou-se que a variação nas taxas de juros propostas proporcionou maiores acréscimos de VPLA que a alteração de cenários (redução do custo de transporte). Portanto, conclui-se que este produtor florestal apenas se motivaria em aplicar o lodo de esgoto em relação à prática já usual se o custo de transporte deste resíduo não fosse arcado por ele. É importante considerar também que o fator de risco associado ao mercado de LE para aplicação agrícola, o qual não é estruturado e coordenado, pode interferir na tomada de decisão deste produtor.
Divergência genética de Castanheira-do-Brasil por meio de caracteres biométricos de frutos e sementes
Authors: Roelis Bruno Vindilino , Rossi Ana Aparecida Bandini , Baldoni Aisy Botega , Tiago Auana Vicente , Tonini Helio
Published: August 2019

A Castanheira-do-brasil é considera uma das espécies mais importantes da Floresta Amazônica, por contribuir para a subsistência de muitas comunidades locais. Objetivou-se determinar a divergência em Castanheira-do-Brasil, com propósito de subsidiar trabalhos de seleção de matrizes para coleta de sementes, programas de conservação e melhoramento genético da espécie. Foram avaliados 210 frutos e 2100 sementes coletados em 21 matrizes em Itaúba (MT) na safra 2016/2017. Os caracteres: massa total do fruto (MTF, g), diâmetro longitudinal do fruto (DLF, mm), diâmetro transversal do fruto (DTF, mm), espessura da casca do fruto (ECF, mm), número de sementes por fruto (NSF), massa fresca das sementes (MFS, g), massa seca das sementes (MSS, g), massa unitária da semente (MUS, g), maior eixo da semente (MAS, mm), eixo médio da semente (EMS, mm), menor eixo da semente (MES, mm) e massa unitária da amêndoa (MUA, g) foram avaliados. Análises multivariadas foram realizadas para a obtenção das estimativas de divergência genética por meio do método da distância Euclidiana Média Padronizada. Com base na matriz de distância gerada foi realizado o agrupamento das matrizes. As distâncias entre os pares de matrizes variaram de 0,11 a 0,84, com média de 0,32. A maior divergência dii’ = 0,84 foi encontrada entre as matrizes ITA19 e ITA5. Os caracteres de maior contribuição para discriminação das matrizes foi massa fresca das sementes, massa seca das sementes, massa unitária da semente e maior eixo da semente. Há divergência genética entre as árvores matrizes de Castanheira-do-Brasil, podendo ser utilizadas para a produção de mudas via coleta de sementes ou seleção de gemas para bancos de germoplasma e para produtores que desejam reflorestar áreas degradas ou realizar plantios comerciais.
Farmakogenetski označevalci v terapiji akutne limfoblastne levkemije pri otrocih
Authors: Šmid Alenka , Jazbec Janez , Mlinarič-Raščan Irena
Published: August 2019

Posamezniku prilagojeno zdravljenje predstavlja sodoben koncept v medicinski praksi, ki temelji na spoznanju, da se posamezniki različno odzivajo na določeno terapijo. Osrednji element prilagojenega zdravljenja predstavljajo biološki označevalci, med katere uvrščamo tudi genetske. Med najuspešnejše primere uvajanja farmakogenetskih označevalcev v klinično prakso z namenom prilagajati odmerjanje zdravil posamezniku sodi zdravljenje akutne limfoblastne levkemije (ALL). Ta predstavlja približno 80 % vseh oblik levkemije, ki se pojavijo pri otrocih, mlajših od 15 let, kar jo uvršča na prvo mesto po pogostosti raka v otroštvu. V zadnjih desetletjih smo bili priča izjemnemu napredku na področju zdravljenja ALL, kljub temu pa je le-to še vedno neuspešno pri nekaterih bolnikih bodisi zaradi toksičnih stranskih učinkov, bodisi zaradi neučinkovitosti uporabljenih zdravil, kar vodi v ponovitev bolezni. Dodaten problem predstavljajo še dolgoročni toksični učinki kemoterapije, ki se lahko pojavijo tudi več let po zaključenem zdravljenju. Prav iz teh razlogov se je v zadnjih letih veliko študij posvetilo odkrivanju bioloških označevalcev, na podlagi katerih bi lahko zdravljenje prilagodili posamezniku in s tem izboljšali njegovo učinkovitost in varnost.

Najbolje proučeni so genetski dejavniki, povezani s toksičnostjo 6-merkaptopurina (6-MP), ki predstavlja temelj vzdrževalnega zdravljenja ALL. Encim tiopurin-S-metiltransferaza (TPMT) igra poglavitno vlogo pri deaktiviranju tiopurinov in v veliki meri vpliva na razlike v odzivu posameznikov na zdravljenje. Znano je, da so za znižane encimske aktivnosti v največji meri odgovorni polimorfizmi v genu za TPMT, vendar je ujemanje med genotipom in encimsko aktivnostjo nepopolno. V zadnjem desetletju so identificirali nove farmakogenetske označevalce, povezane s toksičnostjo 6-MP in drugih zdravil, ki se uporabljajo za zdravljenje otroške ALL, vendar se še ne uporabljajo v klinični praksi.
Investigation of human aneuploidy and polyploidy in subcidiary reproductive technology programs
Authors: Gontar Y. V. , Verlinsky O. Y. , Ilyin I. E. , Fedota O. M.
Published: August 2019

Aim. To evaluate the frequency of aneuploidy and polyploidy among sperm, preimplantation embryos, the embryos stopped in development, developing fetuses and adults studied in the framework of subsidiary reproductive technologies. Methods. To determine the chromosomes of cells from samples of different biological material cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic methods were used. Results. The highest frequency of aneuploidy is observed among the preimplantation embryos (69.1 %) and the embryos stopped in development (60.9 %). Aneuploid/euploid chromosome set ratio is similar for both genders in all research objects except embryos stopped in development: for females it was 1:1, for males – 1.8:1. Among the spermatozoa most frequent is aneuploidy along the 18th (27 %) and sex (30.3 %) chromosomes, among preimplantation embryos – along the 13th chromosome (31.1 %), among abortuses along the 18th chromosome (40 6 %), fetuses – along the 21st chromosome (72.2 %). Sex ratio among polyploid preimplantation embryos – 1:1, among the embryos stopped in development – 2.5:1 in favor of males. Conclusions. The high frequency of aneuploidy among the early embryos is a leading cause of implantation failure, spontaneous abortion at different timing or the presence of multiple fetal malformations. Preimplantation genetic screening is essential for reducing the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities and increase in the effectiveness of subsidiary reproductive technologies.Keywords: chromosomal abnormalities, aneuploidy, polyploidy, karyotype, preimplantation genetic screening.
Effect of medium gelatinized component on the effectiveness of androgenesis in vitro Oryza sativa L.
Authors: Zambriborshch I. S. , Shestopal O. L. , Shpak D. V. , Dobrova A. O. , Ignatova S. O.
Published: August 2019

Aims. To study the effect of chemically modified starch D–5aM in the culture medium on the efficiency of androgenesis in vitro in anther culture of rice. Methods. Obtaining of rice double haploid lines by anther culture in vitro. The statistical methods. Results The influence different variants of gellatyne source in culture medium on the processes of induction and regeneration in anther culture of rice were studied. The 119 green plants-regenerants were received. Conclusions. The negative effect on the formation of green regenerants using a gel-forming components of the chemically modified starch D–5aM was shown.
Keywords: rice, anther culture in vitro, callus, regeneration, chemically modified starch.
Genetic transformation of Populus nigra X P. deltoides (black poplar, clone Gradizka)
Authors: Kutsokon N. K. , Rudas V. A. , Shinkaruk M. V. , Lakhneko O. R. , Morgun B. V. , Rashydov N. M. , Grodzynsky D. M.
Published: August 2019

Aim. To carry out genetic transformation of poplar Populus nigra x P. deltoides clone Gradizka with the model gene construct pCB002 carrying selective gene of kanamycin resistance and marker gene of β-glucuronidase. Methods. Genetic transformation was performed with the using leaf, stem and petiole poplar explants. Transformants were selected on the medium with kanamycin, and transgene was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and histochemical GUS assay. Results. Successful transformants selected on kanamycin media were confirmed by the presence of PCR-product for the gene nptII with the length 700 bp, and gus gene expression was also observed. Conclusions. Protocol for genetic transformation of P. nigra x P. deltoides clone Gradizka established here will be used for poplar genetic modification to create new clones with commercially important traits.
Keywords: genetic transformation, Populus sp., microclonal propagation.
Le développement de la réflexivité éthique chez des enseignants du collégial : éléments déclencheurs et transformations
Authors: Gohier Christiane , Jutras France , Desautels Luc
Published: August 2019

La capacité réflexive des enseignants est la principale aptitude requise dans le développement de la compétence éthique. Afin de documenter le processus de développement de la réflexivité éthique, deux groupes d’enseignants de l’ordre collégial ont participé à une recherche collaborative dans laquelle les participants ont privilégié l’étude de cas de problèmes d’ordre éthique. Dans le cadre de cet article, nous nous pencherons sur l’analyse des données provenant de 11 entretiens individuels portant sur le développement de la réflexivité chez ces participants sous quatre angles : les éléments déclencheurs de la réflexivité et les transformations qu’elle a suscitées dans leur conception de l’éthique ainsi que ses retombées sur le développement de compétences et sur la construction de l’identité professionnelle.
L’apprentissage de l’orthographe par la lecture-écriture : combien d’occurrences pour favoriser l’acquisition?
Authors: Chaves Nathalie
Published: August 2019

Il se dégage un consensus dans la littérature scientifique sur l’importance du décodage dans l’acquisition des connaissances orthographiques. Ainsi, l’hypothèse de l’autoapprentissage par la lecture postule qu’un bon décodage permet de mémoriser la forme orthographique. D’autres études mesurent l’impact du traitement visuel et de la graphomotricité dans l’apprentissage de l’orthographe lexicale. Que ce soit pour l’un ou l’autre de ces facteurs le nombre de présentations ne fait pas l’unanimité. L’objectif de notre recherche est de mesurer l’effet de dix lectures-écritures sur un apprentissage de l’orthographe lexicale chez des enfants de 2e à la 5e année de primaire. Les résultats révèlent qu’à partir de la cinquième lecture-écriture, le bénéfice apporté par chacune des lectures-écritures supplémentaires reste stable.
Simmel and his Lectures on Education in the Context of German Progressive Education
Authors: Gonon Philipp
Published: August 2019

Georg Simmel is not really known for his pedagogical writing. Indeed, it did not represent his main focus, which was located in philosophy and sociology. The formation of a specific pedagogical science on a university level with its status of being an independent discipline happened only in the beginning of the 20th century: exactly at the same time when Georg Simmel was giving his lectures on Schulpädagogik (Lectures on Pedagogy for Schools) for teachers at the University of Strasbourg. It was also the time when progressive education became an international movement, aiming at activity, creativity, child-centeredness and youth activities in communities and nature. This article sketches Simmel’s approach towards pedagogy in terms of disciplinary thinking as well as his understanding of how teachers should behave in schools. A further aspect is the potential of his thinking for a theory of education (Bildung).
Une approche ergonomique des langages microtonaux au violoncelle : perspective d’interprète-compositrice, exemples du répertoire et pistes d’analyse
Authors: Girard-Charest Émilie
Published: August 2019

Cet article aborde la question de l’ergonomie dans l’écriture des répertoires microtonaux au violoncelle, à travers le prisme de l’expérience de l’auteure en tant que violoncelliste et compositrice. Des pistes de réflexion y sont proposées afin d’aborder cet aspect à partir de différents éléments d’analyse perceptive mettant en relation le son et la physicalité de l’instrumentiste.
Spectacles de variétés et arrivée de la télévision à Saint-Hyacinthe, 1950-1968
Authors: Gaudreau Guy
Published: August 2019

Basé sur un dépouillement des publicités des deux hebdomadaires de Saint-Hyacinthe, Le Clairon et Le Courrier de Saint-Hyacinthe, l’article aborde l’évolution, entre 1950 et 1968, des spectacles de variétés maskoutains, autant ceux qui se déroulent dans les hôtels sous la forme de cabaret que ceux présentés dans les salles de cinéma. Cet examen parallèle permet de bien cerner l’éventail et la nature de ces spectacles. Si les rares travaux s’intéressant à ce sujet se sont surtout penchés sur la situation des spectacles de variétés à Montréal, nos résultats montrent que ceux-ci n’ont pas connu la même évolution que ceux qui étaient présentés à l’extérieur de la métropole et que la télévision, au début des années 1960 – avec le lancement de Télé-Métropole en 1961 et un changement d’orientation à Radio-Canada –, a joué un rôle marquant dans leur déclin, tant dans les cabarets que dans les salles de cinéma.
A Review on the Flavonoids – A Dye Source
Authors: DEVEOĞLU Ozan , KARADAĞ Recep
Published: August 2019

In
this study, the short information was given about flavonoids giving yellow
colour to plants present in nature. In addition to these, flavones, flavonols,
flavanones and isoflavonoids as subgroups were also reviewed. Among these
subgroups, flavones and flavonols are one of the most important classes of
phenolic compounds. The information about the most important dye plants
including flavonoids was also given in this study. The investigated plants are
weld (Reseda luteola L.), onion
(Allium cepa L.), young fustic (Cotinus
coggygria SCOP), Anatolian
buckthorn (Rhamnus petiolaris Boiss),
dyer’s greenwood (Genista tinctoria L.) and Spanish broom (Spartium
junceum L.). The most important yellow dyestuff  and the oldest European dye among these dye
sources is known as the luteolin dye. The dye plants were used for yellow color dyeing in
ancient and historical textile. Nowadays,
flavonoids are reused for sustainable, non-toxic, green textile and environment
friendly textile dyeing. In the same time, flavonoids have been used for natural
lake organic pigment, cosmetic, pharmaceuitical industries. In recent years, it
has been suggested to use flavones in textile dyeing, cosmetic, pharmaceutical,
etc. industries by the World Health
Organization (WHO). Therefore, we
have aimed to contribute to similar studies theoretical and experimental in
natural dyeing studies.
Kenevir Dokuma Kumaşa Enzimatik Ön İşlemlerin Etkisi
Authors: YILMAZ ŞAHİNBAŞKAN Burcu
Published: August 2019

Kenevir lifi tarih boyunca tekstil materyallerinde doğal
elyaf olarak kullanılmış, zaman içinde önemini kaybetmiştir. Ancak son yıllarda,
tekstilde biyobozunurluğun ve sürdürülebilirliğin önem kazanması ile alternatif
doğal liflerin önemi de oldukça artmıştır. Kenevir bitkisinin kontrollü
ekiminin serbest bırakılması ile bu lifin 
tekstilde kullanım olanakları yeniden araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada,
kenevir dokuma kumaşın enzimlerle ön işlem olanakları araştırılmıştır. NaOH, H2O2
ve α-amilaz, pektinaz, lakkaz enzimleri uygulanarak üç farklı yönteme göre ön
terbiye sonrası kumaş performans özellikleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Yöntem 1’de amilaz
ile haşılı sökülen kumaş, NaOH ile hidrofilleştirilip ardından H2O2
ile ağartılmıştır. Yöntem 2’de haşılı sökülen kumaş, pektinazla
hidrofilleştirilip ardından H2O2 ile ağartılmıştır.
Yöntem 3’de kumaş, Yöntem 2’ye göre hidrofilleştirilip ardından lakkazla işleme
tabi tutulmuştur. Kumaşların hidrofiliteleri, renk koordinatları, sarılık
indeksleri, mukavemetleri, uzamaları ve buruşmazlık açıları
değerlendirilmiştir. En iyi hidrofilite (1,46 s) Yöntem 2 sonrası elde
edilmiştir. Enzimatik işlemler sonrası, renklendirme öncesi uygun kumaş zemin renginin
elde edilebilmesi için optimizasyon gerekliliği ortaya çıkmıştır. İşlemler
kumaşların kopma mukavemetinde ve uzamasında önemli bir değişim meydana
getirmemiştir. Yöntem 1’e göre işlem gören
kumaşların en yüksek buruşmazlık açısına (78°) sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak kenevir elyafın yakın
gelecekte öneminin tekrar artacağı ve endüstriyel tekstil uygulamalarında
kullanım potansiyelinin olduğu söylenebilir.
The detection of trans gene fragments of hEPO in gene doping model mice by Taqman qPCR assay
Authors: Aoki Kai , Sugasawa Takehito , Yanazawa Kouki , Watanabe Koichi , Takemasa Tohru , Takeuchi Yoshinori , Aita Yuichi , Yahagi Naoya , Yoshida Yasuko , Kuji Tomoaki , Sekine Nanami , Takeuchi Kaoru , Ueda Haruna , Kawakami Yasushi , Takekoshi Kazuhiro
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND. With the rapid progress of genetic engineering and gene therapy methods, the World Anti-Doping Agency has raised concerns regarding gene doping, which is prohibited in sports. However, there is no standard method available for detecting transgenes delivered by injection of naked plasmids. Here, we developed a detection method for detecting transgenes delivered by injection of naked plasmids in a mouse model that mimics gene doping. METHODS. Whole blood from the tail tip and one piece of stool were used as pre-samples of injection. Next, a plasmid vector containing the human erythropoietin (hEPO) gene was injected into mice through intravenous (IV), intraperitoneal (IP), or local muscular (IM) injection. At 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after injection, approximately 50 μL whole blood was collected from the tail tip. One piece of stool was collected at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. From each sample, total DNA was extracted and transgene fragments were analyzed by Taqman quantitative PCR (qPCR) and SYBR green qPCR. RESULTS. In whole blood DNA samples evaluated by Taqman qPCR, the transgene fragments were detected at all time points in the IP sample and at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 h in the IV and IM samples. In the stool-DNA samples, the transgene fragments were detected at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h in the IV and IM samples by Taqman qPCR. In the analysis by SYBR green qPCR, the transgene fragments were detected at some time point in both specimens; however, many non-specific amplicons were detected. CONCLUSIONS. These results indicate that transgene fragments evaluated after each injection method of naked plasmids were detected in whole-blood and stool DNA samples. These findings may facilitate the development of methods for detecting gene doping.
Initial observation of human-bird vocal interactions in a zoological setting
Authors: Kleinberger Rébecca , Baker Janet , Miller Gabriel
Published: August 2019

Vocal interactions between humans and non-human animals are pervasive, but studies are often limited to communication within species. Here, we conducted a pilot exploration of vocal interactions between visitors to the San Diego Zoo Safari Park and Sampson, an 18-year-old male Hyacinth Macaw residing near the entrance. Over the course of one hour, 82 vocal and behavioral events were recorded, and various relationships between human and bird behavior were noted. Analyses of this type, applied to large datasets with assistance from artificial intelligence, could be used to better understand the impacts, positive or negative, of human visitors on animals in managed care.
Assessment of Viral and Atypical Bacterial Agents Using Polymerase Chain Reaction in Patients Presenting with Signs of Acute Respiratory Tract Infection
Authors: Ünver E , Karakeçili F , Çıkman A
Published: August 2019

Objective: To assess viral and atypical bacterial agents using polymerase chain reaction in patients presenting with signs of acute respiratory tract infection (RTI) to Erzincan Mengucek Gazi Education and Research Hospital, Turkey. Methods: Viral and atypical bacterial agents were explored in patients presenting with RTI between February 1 and June 1, 2017. Genomic isolation was performed using a SolMag®12 fully-automated nucleic acid isolation system and SolMag® Virus Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit.
Amplifications were performed using a SmartCycler-II thermocycler (Cepheid) device in
accordance with the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Results: Of the 120 patients, 44 (36.6%) were found to have at least one agent. Polymerase chain reaction detected influenza viruses in 28 patients, respiratory syncytial virus in seven, cytomegalovirus (CMV) in six, Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) in two, Chlamydophila pneumonia in two, Human Herpesvirus 6 in one, and Herpes simplex virus 2 in one. Also, coexistent HSV1 and CMV positivity was found in two cases. One patient had positivity in both influenza A and CMV. Among atypical bacterial agents, only two patients were found to have Chlamydophila pneumonia. There was at least one comorbid condition in 48 patients (40%). Of these subjects in whom an agent could be identified, 21 were found to have co-morbidity, while 23 were free of comorbid conditions. Antibiotherapy had been started in 109 (90.8%) of the patients after initial assessment. Sixty-four patients were admitted, and two patients died. Conclusion: Polymerase chain reaction allowed rapid detection of agents responsible for acute RTIs. We believe that this technique may contribute to appropriate use of antibiotics
in patients diagnosed with atypical bacterial infection and may prevent unnecessary antibiotherapy in infections caused by viral agents.
Velocity and transportation ability of vulnerable people during a community tsunami evacuation drill: Outdoor evacuation using a rollator, transport chair, wheelchair, and cart in Shinyo Bokomi, Kobe, Japan
Authors: Ohtsu Nobuhito , Hokugo Akihiko
Published: August 2019

In this study, a method is established for planning the practical evacuations of residential areas. The emergency workers and caregivers in a community may use various instruments to transport vulnerable people while evacuating during a tsunami to minimize the number of fatalities. An evacuation drill was conducted in Shinyo Bokomi, Kobe, Japan, by simulating the occurrence of a tsunami. During this drill, the evacuation volunteers evacuated vulnerable persons to a safe destination using rollators, transport chairs, wheelchairs, or carts. Furthermore, all evacuation trials were completed before the estimated tsunami impact time. This study quantitatively analyzed the capacity and quantity of the evacuation transportation. The average evacuation transportation capacities of the rollators, transport chairs, wheelchairs, and carts were 3.7 persons/km/h, 5.1 persons/km/h, 5.4 persons/km/h, and 4.6 persons/km/h, respectively. The debriefing meetings following the drills suggested that the written rescue instructions worked effectively in the drill. We recommend that communities incorporate the usage of such instruments into their evacuation plans and implement the same in their tsunami response.
Patient‐derived in vitro skin models for investigation of small fiber pathology
Authors: Karl Franziska , Wußmann Maximiliane , Kreß Luisa , Malzacher Tobias , Fey Phillip , Groeber‐Becker Florian , Üçeyler Nurcan
Published: August 2019

Objective

To establish individually expandable primary fibroblast and keratinocyte cultures from 3‐mm skin punch biopsies for patient‐derived in vitro skin models to investigate of small fiber pathology.

Methods

We obtained 6‐mm skin punch biopsies from the calf of two patients with small fiber neuropathy (SFN) and two healthy controls. One half (3 mm) was used for diagnostic intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD). From the second half, we isolated and cultured fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Cells were used to generate patient‐derived full‐thickness three‐dimensional (3D) skin models containing a dermal and epidermal component. Cells and skin models were characterized morphologically, immunocyto‐ and ‐histochemically (vimentin, cytokeratin (CK)‐10, CK 14, ki67, collagen1, and procollagen), and by electrical impedance.

Results

Distal IENFD was reduced in the SFN patients (2 fibers/mm each), while IENFD was normal in the controls (8 fibers/mm, 7 fibers/mm). Two‐dimensional (2D) cultured skin cells showed normal morphology, adequate viability, and proliferation, and expressed cell‐specific markers without relevant difference between SFN patient and healthy control. Using 2D cultured fibroblasts and keratinocytes, we obtained subject‐derived 3D skin models. Morphology of the 3D model was analogous to the respective skin biopsy specimens. Both, the dermal and the epidermal layer carried cell‐specific markers and showed a homogenous expression of extracellular matrix proteins.

Interpretation

Our protocol allows the generation of disease‐specific 2D and 3D skin models, which can be used to investigate the cross‐talk between skin cells and sensory neurons in small fiber pathology.
Therapeutic strategies for glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome
Authors: Tang Maoxue , Park Sarah H. , De Vivo Darryl C. , Monani Umrao R.
Published: August 2019

Proper development and function of the mammalian brain is critically dependent on a steady supply of its chief energy source, glucose. Such supply is mediated by the glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) protein. Paucity of the protein stemming from mutations in the associated SLC2A1 gene deprives the brain of glucose and triggers the infantile‐onset neurodevelopmental disorder, Glut1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1 DS). Considering the monogenic nature of Glut1 DS, the disease is relatively straightforward to model and thus study. Accordingly, Glut1 DS serves as a convenient paradigm to investigate the more general cellular and molecular consequences of brain energy failure. Here, we review how Glut1 DS models have informed the biology of a prototypical brain energy failure syndrome, how these models are facilitating the development of promising new treatments for the human disease, and how important insights might emerge from the study of Glut1 DS to illuminate the myriad conditions involving the Glut1 protein.
Rising Mesopores to Realize Direct Electrochemistry of Glucose Oxidase toward Highly Sensitive Detection of Glucose
Authors: Liang Taotao , Zou Long , Guo Xiaogang , Ma Xiaoqing , Zhang Chenke , Zou Zhuo , Zhang Yuhuan , Hu Fangxin , Lu Zhisong , Tang Kanglai , Li Chang Ming
Published: August 2019

Direct electrochemistry, a direct electron transfer process between enzymes and electrode possesses, has important fundamental significance in bioelectrochemistry while offering very efficient electrocatalysis for enzyme‐based sensors. Herein, the pore structure of bacterial cellulose porous carbon nanofibers (BPCNFs) is tailored by controlled thermal carbonization. It is discovered that rising mesopores can realize a fast direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase (GOx) for highly sensitive detection of glucose, achieving a sensitivity of 123.28 µA mmol L−1 cm−2 and a detection limit of 0.023 µmol L−1. The enhancement mechanism for the mesopores is ascribed to the most adequate mesopores of BPCNF900, which offer size‐matched “nests” to trap GOx for intimate contacts with the conductive carbon nanofiber enabling fast direct electrochemistry. In addition, with the BPCNF900 sensing platform, the mechanisms for GOx‐direct‐electrochemistry‐catalyzed glucose oxidation and oxygen reduction are systematically investigated to further clarify the confusions of glucose sensing in air and N2‐saturated solutions. This work demonstrates fundamental insights for the direct electrochemistry enabled by rationally designing a pore structure matching the target proteins, thus possessing universal significance in protein‐based electrochemical devices while offering a facile route to fabricate a highly sensitive glucose sensor for practical clinic diagnosis.
Quantum Yield‐Engineered Biocompatible Probes Illuminate Lung Tumor Based on Viscosity Confinement‐Mediated Antiaggregation
Authors: Zhang Kun , Li Hong‐Yan , Lang Jin‐Yi , Li Xiao‐Tong , Yue Wen‐Wen , Yin Yi‐Fei , Du Dou , Fang Yan , Wu Hong , Zhao Yong‐Xiang , Xu Chuan
Published: August 2019

Low quantum yield and aggregation‐mediated quenching are two concerns for fluorescence imaging. However, there are not yet general means available for addressing these issues. Herein, a viscosity confinement‐mediated antiaggregation strategy is established to enable the improved fluorescence properties of entrapped fluorophores in dye‐encapsulation nanotechnology including quantum yield, fluorescence lifetime, and photostability. To instantiate this strategy, solid DL‐menthol (DLM) is introduced to disperse entrapped indocyanine green (ICG) fluorophores when coencapsulating DLM and ICG molecules in organic poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) carriers. Depending on the robust ability of highly viscous DLM to augment the migration barrier and diminish diffusion coefficient, ICG aggregation and aggregation‐mediated quenching are demonstrated to be theoretically and experimentally inhibited, resulting in prolonged fluorescence lifetime, increased quantum yield, and facilitated radiative process. Consequently, the fluorescence imaging ability and photostability are significantly improved, enabling the in vitro, cellular‐level, and in vivo fluorescence imaging. More significantly, this solid DLM‐mediated antiaggregation strategy can act as a general method to extend to the intermolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) process and improve FRET efficiency via inhibiting the aggregation‐mediated quenching.
An Ultraflexible and Stretchable Aptameric Graphene Nanosensor for Biomarker Detection and Monitoring
Authors: Wang Ziran , Hao Zhuang , Yu Shifeng , De Moraes Carlos Gustavo , Suh Leejee H. , Zhao Xuezeng , Lin Qiao
Published: August 2019

An ultraflexible and stretchable field‐effect transistor nanosensor is presented that uses aptamer‐functionalized monolayer graphene as the conducting channel. Specific binding of the aptamer with the target biomarker induces a change in the carrier concentration of the graphene, which is measured to determine the biomarker concentration. Based on a Mylar substrate that is only 2.5‐µm thick, the nanosensor is capable of conforming to underlying surfaces (e.g., those of human tissue or skin) that undergo large bending, twisting, and stretching deformations. In experimental testing, the device is rolled on cylindrical surfaces with radii down to 40 µm, twisted by angles ranging from −180° to 180°, or stretched by extensions up to 125%. With these large deformations applied either cyclically or non‐recurrently, the device is shown to incur no visible mechanical damage, maintain consistent electrical properties, and allow detection of TNF‐α, an inflammatory cytokine biomarker, with consistently high selectivity and low limit of detection (down to 5 × 10−12 m). The nanosensor can thus potentially enable consistent and reliable detection of liquid‐borne biomarkers on human skin or tissue surfaces that undergo large mechanical deformations.
A Review: Electrospun Nanofiber Materials for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Liu Min , Deng Nanping , Ju Jingge , Fan Lanlan , Wang Liyuan , Li Zongjie , Zhao Huijuan , Yang Guang , Kang Weimin , Yan Jing , Cheng Bowen
Published: August 2019

Lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries are in the spotlight because their outstanding theoretical specific energy is much higher than those of the commercial lithium ion (Li‐ion) batteries. Li‐S batteries are tough competitors for future‐developing energy storage in the fields of portable electronics and electric vehicles. However, the severe “shuttle effect” of the polysulfides and the serious damage of lithium dendrites are main factors blocking commercial production of Li‐S batteries. Owing to their superior nanostructure, electrospun nanofiber materials commonly show some unique characteristics that can simultaneously resolve these issues. So far, various novel cathodes, separators, and interlayers of electrospun nanofiber materials which are applied to resolve these challenges are researched. This review presents the fundamental research and technological development of multifarious electrospun nanofiber materials for Li‐S cells, including their processing methods, structures, morphology engineering, and electrochemical performance. Not only does the review article contain a summary of electrospun nanofiber materials in Li‐S batteries but also a proposal for designing electrospun nanofiber materials for Li‐S cells. These systematic discussions and proposed directions can enlighten thoughts and offer ways in the reasonable design of electrospun nanofiber materials for excellent Li‐S batteries in the near future.
Ferroelectric‐Polymer‐Enabled Contactless Electric Power Generation in Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Kim Hyun Soo , Kim Dong Yeong , Kim Jae‐Eun , Kim Jong Hun , Kong Dae Sol , Murillo Gonzalo , Lee Gwan‐Hyoung , Park Jeong Young , Jung Jong Hoon
Published: August 2019

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are considered as one of the most important renewable power sources for mobile electronic devices and various sensors in the Internet of Things era. However, their performance should inherently be degraded by the wearing of contact surfaces after long‐term use. Here, a ferroelectric polymer is shown to enable TENGs to generate considerable electricity without contact. Ferroelectric‐polymer‐embedded TENG (FE‐TENG) consists of indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer, and a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer. In contrast to down‐ and non‐polarization, up‐polarized PVDF causes significantly large triboelectric charge, rapidly saturated voltage/current, and considerable remaining charge due to the modulated surface potential and increased capacitance. The remained triboelectric charges flow by just approaching/receding the ITO electrode to/from the PDMS without contact, which is sufficient to power light‐emitting diodes and liquid crystal displays. Additionally, the FE‐TENG can charge an Li‐battery with a significantly reduced number of contact cycles. Furthermore, an arch‐shaped FE‐TENG is demonstrated to operate a wireless temperature sensor network by scavenging the irregular and random vibrations of water waves. This work provides an innovative and simple method to increase conversion efficiency and lifetime of TENGs; which widens the applications of TENG to inaccessible areas like the ocean.
Constrained Nanoparticles Deliver siRNA and sgRNA to T Cells In Vivo without Targeting Ligands
Authors: Lokugamage Melissa P. , Sago Cory D. , Gan Zubao , Krupczak Brandon R. , Dahlman James E.
Published: August 2019

T cells help regulate immunity, which makes them an important target for RNA therapies. While nanoparticles carrying RNA have been directed to T cells in vivo using protein‐ and aptamer‐based targeting ligands, systemic delivery to T cells without targeting ligands remains challenging. Given that T cells endocytose lipoprotein particles and enveloped viruses, two natural systems with structures that can be similar to lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), it is hypothesized that LNPs devoid of targeting ligands can deliver RNA to T cells in vivo. To test this hypothesis, the delivery of siRNA to 9 cell types in vivo by 168 nanoparticles using a novel siGFP‐based barcoding system and bioinformatics is quantified. It is found that nanomaterials containing conformationally constrained lipids form stable LNPs, herein named constrained lipid nanoparticles (cLNPs). cLNPs deliver siRNA and sgRNA to T cells at doses as low as 0.5 mg kg−1 and, unlike previously reported LNPs, do not preferentially target hepatocytes. Delivery occurs via a chemical composition‐dependent, size‐independent mechanism. These data suggest that the degree to which lipids are constrained alters nanoparticle targeting, and also suggest that natural lipid trafficking pathways can promote T cell delivery, offering an alternative to active targeting approaches.
Highly Efficient Sodium Storage in Iron Oxide Nanotube Arrays Enabled by Built‐In Electric Field
Authors: Ni Jiangfeng , Sun Menglei , Li Liang
Published: August 2019

High‐power sodium–ion batteries capable of charging and discharging rapidly and durably are eagerly demanded to replace current lithium–ion batteries. However, poor activity and instable cycling of common sodium anode materials represent a huge barrier for practical deployment. A smart design of ordered nanotube arrays of iron oxide (Fe2O3) is presented as efficient sodium anode, simply enabled by surface sulfurization. The resulted heterostructure of oxide and sulfide spontaneously develops a built‐in electric field, which reduces the activation energy and accelerates charge transport significantly. Benefiting from the synergy of ordered architecture and built‐in electric field, such arrays exhibit a large reversible capacity, a superior rate capability, and a high retention of 91% up to 200 cycles at a high rate of 5 A g−1, outperforming most reported iron oxide electrodes. Furthermore, full cells based on the Fe2O3 array anode and the Na0.67(Mn0.67Ni0.23Mg0.1)O2 cathode deliver a specific energy of 142 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 330 W kg−1 (based on both active electrodes), demonstrating a great potential in practical application. This material design may open a new door in engineering efficient anode based on earth‐abundant materials.
Synthesis of Magnetic Bimetallic Hydroxide Nanosheets for the Clean‐Up of Oily Wastewater
Authors: Mubarak Mahfuza , Jeon Hyokyung , Jin Yejin , Islam Md. Shahinul , Cho Jiung , Bae Jong‐Seong , Park Kyung Ho , Lee Ha‐Jin
Published: August 2019

Mg/Fe‐based magnetic bimetallic hydroxide nanosheets (MHNs) are synthesized by a simple molten salt method (MSM) in 1 min. The surface of the MHNs readily became hydrophobic following octadecyltrimethoxysilane treatment; the hydrophobic MHNs (HMHNs) are then coated onto a Cu mesh and a melamine (MF) sponge by the dip‐coating method for use in oil/water separation. The separation efficiencies of both the HMHN‐coated Cu mesh and MF sponge are greater than 99% for all types of oils, and these samples has significant fluxes and absorption capacities. The HMHN‐coated Cu mesh show outstanding reusability and chemical durability in harsh environments, such as acidic, alkaline and saline solutions, and exhibit excellent oil separation efficiencies for water‐in‐oil emulsions. Moreover, the HMHN powder itself quickly absorb highly viscous oil spills floating on the surfaces of both water and oil stabilized in water, and it can be easily recovered with an external magnet. Due to the economical synthetic process and the variety of techniques applicable to selective oil separation, these MHNs show great potential in the field of oily wastewater treatment.
Pulsed Laser Deposition Assisted van der Waals Epitaxial Large Area Quasi‐2D ZnO Single‐Crystal Plates on Fluorophlogopite Mica
Authors: Li Borui , Ding Longwei , Gui Pengbin , Liu Nishuang , Yue Yang , Chen Zhao , Song Zengcai , Wen Jian , Lei Hongwei , Zhu Ziqiang , Wang Xiao , Su Meng , Liao Lei , Gao Yihua , Zhang Dong , Fang Guojia
Published: August 2019

There are still challenges in growth of transferable large area orientated ultrathin high‐melting‐point metal oxide single crystals with conventional methods. Herein, a new pathway to produce high quality single‐crystal ZnO nanoplates with more than 400 µm crystal size is revealed by using the van der Waals epitaxy (vdWE) combined with pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method on fluorophlogopite mica. The quasi‐2D ZnO plates as thin as 5 nm on fluorophlogopite mica without transition layer are achieved, showing an excellent thickness and orientation control while maintaining the excellent crystalline. ZnO nanoplates grown on conducting graphite and insulating hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) 2D substrates are also obtained through PLD assisted vdWE. The transfer of 15 nm thick quasi‐2D ZnO plates with 8 mm × 8 mm area onto a SiO2/Si substrate is successfully demonstrated. Based on the ZnO nanoplates, semitransparent self‐powered ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors and light‐emitting diodes centered at 400 nm UV region are demonstrated. This research highlights that the PLD assisted vdWE method is a fascinating way to fabricate high coverage ultrathin 2D ZnO plates with precisely thickness control for optoelectronic applications and may have enormous inspiration for other 2D nanomaterials growth.
Recent Efforts in Understanding and Improving the Nonideal Behaviors of Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Un Hio‐Ieng , Wang Jie‐Yu , Pei Jian
Published: August 2019

Over the past three decades, the mobility of organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) has been improved from 10−5 up to over 10 cm2 V−1 s−1, which reaches or has already satisfied the requirements of demanding applications. However, pronounced nonideal behaviors in current–voltage characteristics are commonly observed, which indicates that the reported mobilities may not truly reflect the device properties. Herein, a comprehensive understanding of the origins of several observed nonidealities (downward, upward, double‐slope, superlinear, and humped transfer characteristics) is summarized, and how to extract comparatively reliable mobilities from nonideal behaviors in OFETs is discussed. Combining an overview of the ideal and state‐of‐the‐art OFETs, considerable possible approaches are also provided for future OFETs.
Chemical looping oxidation of CH4 with 99.5% CO selectivity over V2O3‐based redox materials using CO2 for regeneration
Authors: Ge Yuanzheng , He Tao , Wang Zhiqi , Han Dezhi , Li Jianqing , Wu Jingli , Wu Jinhu
Published: August 2019

The main challenge of chemical looping dry reforming of methane (CLDRM) is the development of a high‐performance redox material. In this study, V2O3 was proved to be a unique redox material possessing high oxygen storage capacity (421.6 mg/g‐V2O3, CH4 consumption base) and strong carbon‐deposition suppressing capability. It can be reduced to carbide by CH4, and the carbide can be reoxidized to V2O3 with CO2. Based on this redox cycle, CH4 conversion with 99.5% CO selectivity coupled with efficient CO2 splitting to CO was realized successively. However, the CH4 conversion over pristine V2O3 is low (<50%) and not stable, therefore catalytic activation of C‐H bonds combined with structural modification of V2O3 was carried out to accelerate the stoichiometric reactions and improve the redox stability. Finally, a maximum CH4 conversion of 81.7% with stable performance during cycles was reached, and further investigation confirmed the series reaction mechanism and identified the rate‐controlling step.
Simultaneously enhancing interfacial adhesion and pervaporation separation performance of PDMS/ceramic composite membrane via a facile substrate surface grafting approach
Authors: Chen Guining , Zhu Haipeng , Hang Yingting , Liu Quan , Liu Gongping , Jin Wanqin
Published: August 2019

A facile substrate surface silane‐grafting approach was demonstrated to enhance both interfacial adhesion and pervaporation separation performance of PDMS composite membrane. With C16 grafted ceramic substrate, the PDMS/ceramic composite membrane exhibited up to 1.7 times stronger interfacial adhesion force between separation layer and substrate layer, meanwhile 1.5 times larger butanol/water separation factor that is higher than state‐of‐the‐art membranes. This novel approach paves a new avenue to developing composite membranes with high and stable separation performance.
Compatibility in biobased poly(L‐lactide)/polyamide binary blends: From melt‐state interfacial tensions to (thermo)mechanical properties
Authors: Raj Amulya , Prashantha Kalappa , Samuel Cédric
Published: August 2019

The melt compatibility between poly(L‐lactide) (PLA) and polyamides (PAs) with related thermomechanical properties is addressed. A particular attention is paid to four commercial PAs with extrusion processing temperatures close to PLA (PA10‐10 to PA12). PLA/PA blend morphologies without a compatibilizer are first revealed by scanning electron microscopy. PA12 displays the best droplet dispersion into PLA (Dn 700 nm), whereas a poor interfacial adhesion is attested for PLA/PA10‐10 blends. Interfacial tensions corroborate the PLA/PA10‐10 incompatibility (γ12 9 mN/m, 240 °C) with decreasing γ12 in the order PLA/PA10‐10 > PLA/PA11 > PLA/PA12 (γ12 2 mN/m). Surface tensions confirm the highest compatibility between PLA and PA12. Ductilities, toughnesses, and thermal resistances of PLA/PA blends are evaluated up to 40‐wt % PA. Brittle‐to‐ductile transitions are observed for PA content higher than 30‐wt % with the highest ductility for PLA/PA12, in accordance with their enhanced compatibility. Impact strengths display similar trends with a twofold increase for PLA/PA12. An outstanding synergy between PLA and PA is highlighted by dynamic mechanical analyses with heat deflection up to 130 °C for PLA/PA blends. The synergy arises from a peculiar crystallization of PLA in the presence of PA. PLA/PA morphologies/interfaces can be consequently tuned by an appropriate PA choice with interesting improvements of thermomechanical properties for high‐performance/durable applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48440.