bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gastric Necrosis and Perforation following Splenectomy for Massive Splenomegaly
Authors: Stallard S. , McPherson S. G.
Published: January 2017

Ischaemia of the greater curve of the stomach is a possible complication of splenectomy. We describe a case in which ischaemia resulted in necrosis and perforation of the stomach in a patient after splenectomy for massive splenomegaly. There are no previously reported cases in the literature.
John Knox Stuart, Accoucheur Extraordinaire
Authors: Dow Derek A.
Published: January 2017

John Knox Stuart of Glasgow epitomises the kind of 19th-century medical entrepreneur whose activities were intended to be curbed by the 1858 Medical Act. Druggist, obstetrician, builder, lecturer, poet and philanderer, his career was a chequered and eventful one.
Cardiac Arrhythmias Associated with Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Elderly Subjects
Authors: McAlpine J. K. , Martin B. J. , Devine B. L.
Published: January 2017

Continuous Holier monitoring was performed before, during and after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in 50 unselected, consecutive elderly patients (median age 80 years: range 68–89).

In contrast to other studies the patients received no atropine or opiate premedication and were monitored for a prolonged period usually 24 hours after endoscopy. Comparison of a control period when the patient was lying at rest before endoscopy with the period of endoscopy itself revealed an increased frequency of arrhythmias during endoscopy, Forty-eight per cent of patients developed a new arrhythmia or an increased frequency of existing arrythmia during endoscopy. All arrhythmias were short and self-terminating. Evidence of cardiac disease conferred a significantly increased risk of developing an arrhythmia during endoscopy.
Paracetamol Overdose in Children
Authors: Kumar A. , Goel K.M. , Rae M.D.
Published: January 2017

The severity of paracetamol poisoning varies but in general, children are considered less susceptible to its toxic effects compared to adults.1 In this report we describe the relatively benign ingestion of paracetamol in children and also highlight a case of intrauterine exposure to a potentially toxic dose of paracetamol.
Primary Retroperitoneal Choriocarcinoma with Pulmonary Metastases in an Elderly Man
Authors: Raina V. , Dunlop D.J. , Soukop M.
Published: January 2017

We describe a 56-year old male smoker who presented with bilateral gynecomastia and a large shadow in the upper zone of the right lung. Lobectomy revealed a haemorrhagic tumour at the apex of the right upper lobe. Histology revealed pure choriocarcinoma. Further investigations revealed normal testes and a retroperitoneal mass. Apart from histology, the other poor prognostic factors in this patient were the extragonodal site, gynecomastia and age. Complete remission was achieved with an aggressive 5-day chemotherapy regime. Primary retroperitoneal choriocarcinoma is extremely rare and is predominantly seen in the age group between 20–30 years.
Wilson's Disease Presenting as Acute Fulminant Hepatic Failure
Authors: O'Donnell J. G. , Watson I. D. , Fell G. S. , Allison M. E. M , Russell R. I. , Mills P. R.
Published: January 2017

A fatal case of fulminant hepatic failure in an adolescent is described. Post-mortem examination revealed the cause to be Wilson's Disease. This rare presentation is characterised by apparently atypical changes in copper metabolism. Wilson's Disease should be a differential diganosis of any adolescent presenting in liver failure.
A Short History of Medical Degrees in the University of Aberdeen
Authors: Rix K.J.B.
Published: January 2017

Aberdeen University was the first university in Great Britain to recognise the teaching of medicine by the creation of a teaching post, that of “mediciner.” It was first occupied by James Cumyne, the burgh medical officer. The first medical degree granted by the university was doctus in medicina — learned in medicine. The degree was first awarded in 1630. The first examination paper for the M.D. was set in 1787 at the time of proposal to unit King's and Marischal Colleges and following criticism of the sale of degrees in medicine and midwifery “for ready money.” The present degrees of M.B., ChB. were introduced in 1895.
Gastric and Colorectal Cancers in Scotland: A Study of the Geographical Distributions and Selected Associations
Authors: Williams F.L.R. , Lloyd O.L.I.
Published: January 2017

The geographical distributions of gastric and colorectal cancers in Scotland were investigated by analysing the data available for those diseases in the Annual Reports of the Registrar General for Scotland. For gastric cancer, the standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for the 234 traditional communities in 1969–73 and for the 56 districts in 1979–83 were calculated. For colorectal cancer, only the data for the latter period were available, and SMRs for that period were calculated similarly. Possible determinants on the resulting pattern of high and low SMRs were investigated.

Gastric cancer was generally associated with industrial and urban environments, particularly in west central Scotland, although mortality in Dundee was high in both periods; this cancer also showed significant negative correlations with social class II. By contrast, colorectal cancer showed no strong geographical pattern, no urban-rural gradient, and no social class associations. The cancers showed a weak association with each other.
Kawasaki Syndrome in 18 Children in the West of Scotland
Authors: Odaibo F.S. , Goel K.M.
Published: January 2017

Analysis of the case records of 18 children admitted to the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow between June 1981 and May 1990 satisfied the diagnostic criteria of Kawasaki syndrome as published by Japan's Kawasaki disease research comittee in September 1984. No aetiological agents were implicated. All children had cardiological work-ups including chest x-ray, ECG, 2-D echocardiography. Two children had gammaglobulin therapy and 16 had treatment with aspirin. All children except one recovered without sequelae. The child with right coronary artery aneurysm has since had successful coronary bypass surgery.
Two Coronary Artery Fistulae in a Patient with Temporal Arteritis and Chest Pain
Authors: Cross S.J. , Lee H.S. , Jennings K.P.
Published: January 2017

A 59-year-old woman with a history of cardiac sounding chest pain was investigated by coronary arteriography. Two unsuspected fistulae were found. The fistulae originated from the distal right coronary artery and the diagonal branch of the left coronary artery. Both drained into the left ventricle. She was also found to have temporal arteritis, treatment of which abolished the chest pain.
Caesarean Section: Historical Background
Authors: Hillan E M
Published: January 2017

Although caesarean section is probably one of the oldest operations in the history of medicine, its origins are rather obscure. Very few surgical procedures have been the subject of such bitter controversy, and, it is only in relatively recent times that its performance changed from a last minute attempt to save a child from an almost dead mother to a safe, of ten planned, operation.
Factors Affecting Asthma Mortality in Scotland
Authors: Mackay T.W. , Wathen C.G. , Sudlow M.F. , Elton R.A. , Caulton E.
Published: January 2017

Asthma mortality in the age group 5 — 44 years appeared to be stable in Scotland in both males and females at a rate of approximately 1.0 per 100,000 during the period 1970 — 1988 despite an increase in the hospital discharge rate for asthma of approximately 4% per annum during that period. Two-thirds of these deaths occurred outside hospital. There was evidence of a seasonal variation in asthma deaths with a peak mortality occurring in August, four to six weeks after the peak in total pollen counts. Monthly variation in atmospheric pollution did not appear to account for the variation in asthma mortality.

It is suggested that the seasonal variation in asthma mortality provides a basis for further studies to elucidate the factors contributing to these deaths.
Parathyroidectomy in Uraemic Hyperparathyroidism: A Clinical Study
Authors: Taylor J. , Gunn A. , Mactier R.A. , Henderson I.S. , Stewart W.K.
Published: January 2017

Osteodystrophy is a common and sometimes debilitating complication of renal failure. Hyperparathyroidism plays a crucial role in the development of this condition. Significant morbidity is also incurred by the effects of calcium deposition in other tissues. We report a series of 27 patients undergoing parathyroidectomy between May 1988 and November 1989. All had biochemical, radiological and clinical evidence of hyperparathyroidism. Surgery was well tolerated leading to an improved quality of life and avoidance of the need for aluminium containing phosphate binders.
Hogarth at St Bartholomew's Hospital
Authors: Haslam F
Published: January 2017

Hogarth's ‘Modern Moral History’ paintings, such as “The Harlot's Progress” had proved very popular and had provided him with some measure of financial security and fame, but his ambition was to be a ‘great art’ painter — That is, a recognised painter of grand themes of an historical, religious or classical nature considered worthy and acceptable by the art critics—helping to place artists on a level with moral philosophers and epic poets in stature. Part of his attempt to attain recognition as such, led to his production of the paintings on the staircase at St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1736–37, paintings which are still admired today.
Outcome after Thymectomy for Myasthenia Gravis: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Mathew P. , Cuschieri R.J. , Tankel H.I.
Published: January 2017

This is a retrospective study of 54 patients, who in the period November 1977 to November 1986 underwent thymectomy as treatment for myasthenia gravis. Patients in whom difficulty attempting complete excision of the gland was anticipated were selected for a transthoracic procedure. All others underwent an initial transcervical approach, proceeding to an upper sternal splitting incision if further access was required to remove adequately a large gland. The sample was split almost equally between the two surgical procedures. Patients in the transthoracic group were significantly older and experienced significantly greater peri-operative morbidity or mortality. There was no significant difference in outcome between the two groups, 52% achieving a good result (defined as remission or clinically significant improvement of symptoms) that was sustained over the five year follow-up period. In our opinion, complete removal of the thymus should be the goal of surgical treatment for myasthenia gravis.
Thrombolytic Therapy: Impact on Coronary Care in a District General Hospital
Authors: Lawrie D.M. , Halliday B. , Mageed S.
Published: January 2017

The introduction of routine thrombolytic therapy in the Cardiac Care Unit (CCU) of a District General Hospital has resulted in an increased demand for admission particularly in the 70+ age group. Complications and side effects of such treatment have been similar to thosereported in several large multicentre trials. The percentage of patients with myocardial infarction receiving thrombolysis has increased to 60% with the commonest reason for withholding of such treatment being the lack of ECG changes. Mortality rates have fallen and there has been an increased referral rate for urgent angiography. To maximise benefit CCU's should encourage early direct admission and ensure that, if not present on site, facilities for angiography can easily be arranged.
Persuasion, Coercion, Medical Paternalism or the Mental Health Act: The Dilemma of Detention in the General Hospital
Authors: Humphreys M S
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the cases of three patients where the question of the need for formal detention arose due to mental disorder, apparently primarily due to physical illness, which in each case required further investigation and treatment in a general hospital. It states some of the issues facing those caring for patients under these circumstances and offers advice on overcoming some of the problems.
‘Ecstasy’ and Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Authors: Harries D.P. , De Silva R.
Published: January 2017

Four cases of intracerebral haemorrhage related to the use of amphetamine or ‘Ecstasy’ (methylene dioxy methyl amphetamine) are presented.
Trends in Scottish Cigarette Smoking by Gender, Age and Occupational Status, 1984–1991
Authors: Uitenbroek D.G. , McQueen D.V.
Published: January 2017

Data from the General Household Survey (GHS)for the period 1984–1988 and data from the RUHBC-CATI (Research Unit in Health and Behavioural Change - Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) survey for the period 1988 to 1991 are pooled to study changes in the cigarette smoking prevalence in Scotland. It is concluded that the Scottish smoking prevalence shows a slight downward trend for males and a slight upward trend for females. There is some evidence for an earlier decrease in smoking prevalence related to a lower smoking uptake among younger generations, however, the current pattern of smoking among the youngest age group shows an increase. The reported difference in smoking prevalence between those in manual and non-manual occupations seems to be increasing among females and decreasing among males.
Experience of a Laboratory Service for Drug Screening in Urine
Authors: Simpson D , Greenwood J , Jarvie D.R. , Moore F.M.L.
Published: January 2017

The use of a drug screening service has been investigated over a nine month period during which 1500 urine samples from 765 patients were analysed. Preliminary drug screening of urine samples was performed by EMIT immunoassays adapted for use on the Cobas Bio analyser; further identification and confirmation were carried out by Ton-Lab thin-layer chromatography and capillary gas chromatography. A large number of positive results were obtained for benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, methadone and opiates (mainly dihydrocodeine). Only a limited number of urines gave positive results for amphetamine and related stimulants; cocaine metabolite was rarely detected in samples. The service proved to be of considerable value in the management of drug misusers, and for the identification of new substances taken by the local population.
Seasonality of Hip Fracture and Haemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn
Authors: Douglas A.S.
Published: January 2017

The objective is to examine and compare the seasonalities offractured neck of femur and haemorrhagic disease of the newborn. The data are from two sources. Admissions for fractured neck of femur in Scotland over five years (1983–87) are examined by age, sex, mortality, operative intervention and source of admission. Data from the United States (1927–36) are examined for infant death rates from suspected haemorrhagic disease of the newborn 3–14 days after birth. The sine curves are examined.

The rhythms, while not identical, have similarities. The peaks are in January-February and the troughs in July-August. Amongst hip fractures the peak is one month earlier and the seasonal excess around 20–25 per cent in both conditions. Rickets, haemorrhagic disease of the newborn and fractured neck of femur have comparable seasonal rhythms. Vitamin D regulates the systhesis of the vitamin K dependent bone protein osteocalcin, which is functionally abnormal in postmenopausal women. This may be a significant factor in the seasonal variation of hip fracture.
Cold Climate is an Important Factor in Explaining Regional Differences in Coronary Mortality Even if Serum Cholesterol and other Established Risk Factors are Taken into Account
Authors: Gyllerup S. , Lanke J , Lindholm L.H. , Schersten B
Published: January 2017

Earlier studies have shown a strong regional association between cold climate and coronary mortality in Sweden and that coronary mortality is more strongly associated with cold climate than with other explanatory factors such as drinking water hardness, socioeconomic factors, tobacco and sales of butter. To examine the joint impact of these factors and to investigate regional differences in serum cholesterol and their relation to cold climate and coronary mortality, regression analyses were performed with 259 municipalities in Sweden as units. Mortality from acute myocardial infarction in men aged 40–64 during 1975–1984 was used as the dependent variable. A cold index was calculated, this index and the above mentioned factors were used as explanatory variables. The main results were: Cold index was the strongest factor when introduced into a multiple regression model. Four other strong factors had to be used to obtain the same explanatory strength as cold index did alone, and even when introduced as the last factor, cold index increased the coefficient of determination substantially. In a subsample of 37 municipalities, serum cholesterol was not significantly associated with coronary mortality. However, there was a significant correlation between cold index and serum cholesterol.
Elementary Scots the Discovery of Strontium
Authors: Murray T
Published: January 2017

The element Strontium takes its name from the village of Strontian in Argyll. It was in ore samples taken from lead mines near the village that Strontium was first identified as a new element in 1790. A radioactive form of the element has reached medical prominence through its use in the palliation of pain in patients with painful skeletal metastases.
Heart Transplantation: Initial Results in Scotland
Authors: Richens D , Naik S.K. , Wheatley D. J.
Published: January 2017

Between 1st Jan 1992 and 1st Sept 1993 164 patients were referred as candidates for heart transplantation in Scotland. 79 were accepted for transplantation and 39 of these received orthotopic heart transplants. 30 day mortality was zero. Mean time on intensive care post operatively was 46.35 hrs and mean time to hospital discharge was 17.03 days. Cumulative actuarial survival (survival at 18 months post operatively) was 87%. There were three deaths, two from infection at six and 19 weeks and one from neoplasia at 37 weeks. Mean time to rejection was 38.54 days. Linear rejection rates at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9, 9–12, 12–15 and 15–18 months were 1.86, 0.94, 0.6, 0.04, 0 and 0 events per 100 pt-days respectively. Linear infection rates at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9, 9–12, 12–15 and 15–18 months were 1.81, 0.17, 0.1, 0, 0.05 and 0.18 events per 100 pt-days respectively. The heart transplant programme in Scotland has been successful in terms of operative mortality and short to medium term survival.
Impact of a Health Promotion Programme on Multiple Risk Factors for CHD: A Preliminary Evaluation
Authors: Murie J. , Tuohy A.P. , Carroll D.
Published: January 2017

Results are reported from a pilot study to evaluate an innovative health promotion programme (Lanark Health Club), in a community where the incidence of CHD is above average. The aim of the programme is to provide multiple risk factor screening and interventions — including an exercise programme — sited in the community and utilising existing resources within primary care and the voluntary sector. Data were returned by 54 respondents after six months' participation on the programme. Subjects' self-reported activity levels increased significantly over time, and there were concomitant significant reductions in weight, SBP and DBP. Reduced levels of self-reported stress were associated with reductions in alcohol intake, and were greater in male subjects. When other measures were controlled for, stress reduction was significantly more likely for those who also lost weight and exhibited a reduction in DBP. Finally, participation in the Health Club appeared to result in cholesterol reduction, particularly for those with relatively high initial cholesterol levels. While this could reflect regression effects, it is certainly worthy of more systematic examination.
Multiple Pancreatic Abscesses Due to Candida Albicans following ERCP
Authors: Jalan R , Jones H. Lewis , Walker R.J.
Published: January 2017

A report is presented of a patient who developed multiple abscesses of the pancreas due to Candida albicans following an Endoscopic retrograde chole-pancreatography (ERCP) for acute pancreatitis. He was not immunocompromised, debilitated and had not had recent surgery. There was complete radiological and clinical resolution of the abscess on prolonged treatment with amphotericin alone. Only a few cases of candidial abscess of the pancreas have been reported, none of them having occurred after an ERCP.
An Audit of Utilisation of Holter Tape Facilities at Glasgow Royal Infirmary
Authors: Sedgewick M.L. , Khalid I. , Cunningham M. , Cobbe S.M.
Published: January 2017

Holter tape analysis is widely used to both confirm and exclude the presence of significant arrhythmias. We have studied the utilisation of the Holter service at Glasgow Royal Infirmary over a period of 6 months. During this period 305 × 24 hour Holter tapes were recorded. Outpatient referrals generated 95% of these requests with only 5% of requests for in patient recordings. The median delay from request date to dispatch to the referring doctor was 14 days. No arrhythmia was detected in 77% and only 3% had a detectable symptomatic significant arrhythmia. The recording was felt to demonstrate the presence of a relevant arrhythmia in 17% of cases and to help exclude a possible arrhythmia in 61%. The capital cost per tape was £20.82. In conclusion Holter monitoring is an inexpensive way of analysing the heart rhythm over an extended period which is probably underused.
A Review of Injuries to Professional Footballers in a Premier Football Team (1990–93)
Authors: McGregor J C , Rae A
Published: January 2017

A prospective study of injuries sustained by first team professional foot-ballers either in training or in competition was undertaken over a 3 year period. These were injuries which resulted in loss of availability for playing. In a total of 27 players, 94 significant injuries occurred resulting in 364 weeks “out of action”. 79% of these injuries were sustained in matches. Midfield players suffered the most injuries (39%). A prospective study in Heart of Midlothian Football Club's first team players over a 3 year period 1990–3 revealed that significant injuries resulting in loss of availability for playing occurred in 27 players. The majority of injuries occurred in match play (79%) with the average time “out of action” per player being 13 weeks (overall total = 364 weeks). Midfield players suffered the most injuries (39%) and the most common anatomical site of injury was the thigh followed by the knee. Muscle and ligament injuries were the commonest soft tissue problem. 6% of injuries were skeletal. Players older than 26 years of age appeared to be more prone to injury. No good correlation could be found between the number of games played and increased likelihood of injuries.
Women's Experiences at Cervical Screening
Authors: Crombie I.K. , Orbell S. , Johnston G. , Robertson A.J. , Kenicer M.
Published: January 2017

Concerns about attendance for cervical screening has focussed on determining the reasons why some women never attend. Less attention has been paid to whether women continue to attend for further smears, although this is essential for further screening. This study investigated woemn's experiences of cervical screening and their views on subsequent attendance. Three hundred and thirty nine women aged 20–64 were identified from a computerised register of cervical smears as having had a smear test within the previous three years. They were interviewed at home about their most recent experience of screening.

Just over half of the women (53%) recalled being anxious before the test, and about one fifth reported embarrassment (19%) or pain (20%) during it. The frequencies of discomfort were higher amongst those who were anxious about the test, athough 24% of those who were embarrassed and 28% who had pain reported being unconcerned beforehand. The frequencies of pain and embarrassment were only slightly higher when the smear taker was male. Many women (22%) reported being concerned about the test result although only 10% of those who were concerned were recalled for further assessment. Although a number of women had unpleasant experiences, almost all (95%) who were under 60 years of age said they were likely to attend for a subsequent smear.

Taking cervical smears is often an unpleasant experience for women, although some of the distressing events could easily have been avoided. Attention to technique and to the concerns of individual patients, especially ensuring privacy, could reduce the extent of the problem. The uptake of subsequent smears should be monitored to ensure that women are not being discouraged from attendance.
The Value of a Travel History in Urology
Authors: Sultana S.R. , Byrne D.J. , McCullough J.B.
Published: January 2017

We report a case of a young British woman who contracted urinary schistosomiasis while on holiday in Africa, having swum in Lake Malawi. A travel history would have been helpful in reaching the diagnosis earlier. The diagnosis was made after biopsy of an unusual bladder mucosal lesion and effective treatment given but it could easily have been missed, with the disease's resulting sequelae.
Successful Excision of a Giant Acoustic Neuroma in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors: Thacker JGM , Wallace EM , Whittle IR , Colder AA
Published: January 2017

Intracranial neoplasms presenting during pregnancy are uncommon. We report the case of a woman with a giant acoustic neuroma, presenting with hyperemesis gravidarum, and detail the surgical excision of the tumour during the third trimester. The case illustrates the unusual presentation and that such surgery can be performed safely without detriment to mother or fetus.
Regional Survey on the Management of Oesophageal Variceal Haemorrhage
Authors: Stanley A.J. , Dillon J.F. , Hayes P.C.
Published: January 2017

A questionnaire was sent to 116 consultant gastroenterologists in Scotland and North-East England to assess their management of oesophageal variceal haemorrhage. Most respondents (58%) dealt with <10 variceal bleeds per year. Sclerotherapy, tamponade, vasoconstrictor therapy and oesophageal transection were available to 87.5–97.5% clinicians, compared with trans-jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (T1PSS) (39.5%) and band ligation (27%). To arrest bleeding, sclerotherapy, tamponade, octreotide/somatostatin and vasopressin/ glypressin were used by 75.5%, 44.5%, 37% and 32% respectively (many used >1 treatment) and if bleeding continued, transection, TIPSS and shunt surgery were considered by 44.5%, 27% and 6%. Sclerotherapy was used for primary and secondary prophylaxis by 11% and 75.5%, and beta-blockers by 17.5% and 49.5% respectively. A wide variation in the management of variceal haemorrhage therefore exists. Most clinicians do not attempt to prevent primary variceal bleeds, with only a minority using beta-blockers but a significant number using sclerotherapy in this situation.
Miliary Tuberculosis Presenting as Infection of a Pacemaker Pulse-Generator Pocket
Authors: Doherty J.G. , Rankin R. , Kerr F.
Published: January 2017

A seventy year old woman had a permanent VVI pacemaker inserted in 1983 for complete heart block and presented ten years later with purulent discharge from the generator pocket. During a prolonged pyrexia illness, she developed renal and respiratory failure and her illness was complicated by recurrent ventricular fibrillation. The patient died on her 31st hospital day. Subsequent histological and microbiological investigation revealed widespread miliary tuberculosis which included involvement of myocardial tissue, great vessels and the pacemaker pocket. To our knowledge, this is the first reported occurrence of miliary tuberculosis involving a permanent pacemaker system. Furthermore, the granulomatous myocarditis which occurred as part of the miliary picture is a rare occurrence and possibly explains the recurrent ventricular fibrillation.
Selective IgA Deficiency, Hypothyroidism and Congenital Lymphoedema
Authors: Jones A.L. , Webb D.J.
Published: January 2017

The occurrence of selective IgA deficiency and hypothyroidism with congenital Iymphoedema has never previously been documented, although the association of hypogammaglobulinaemia with congenital Iymphoedema has previously been reported and can result in recurrent respiratory infections. We report a 34 year old woman with congenital Iymphoedema who was found to have symptomatic autoimmune hypothyroidism and asymptomatic selective IgA deficiency.
Epidemic Disease in Glasgow during the 19th Century
Authors: Lees R. E. M.
Published: January 2017

19th century Glasgow was an overcrowded city containing some of the worst housing conditions in the UK. Conditions were ripe for epidemics of infectious diseases and they came in waves causing high mortality particularly among the young. Diagnostic difficulties and ineffective therapy meant that little impact was made on these diseases during the first half of the period. Smallpox was the exception — Vaccination of children reduced the incidence and mortality early in the century but subsequent public complacency caused it to return within a few years. Measles and whooping cough surpassed smallpox as the major causes of infectious disease mortality as early as 1810. Epidemics were less common after the three-quarter century mark due to improved living conditions for the poor but also as a result of the assiduous application of Public Health principles.
Professor Struthers and the Tay Whale
Authors: Williams M.J.
Published: January 2017

Sir John Struthers was Professor of Anatomy in Aberdeen from 1863–1889. Some of his contributions, both locally and nationally are outlined, with a brief account of his early career. His interest in the anatomy of whales is noted and the saga of the Tay Whale and his involvement described in detail. Some of his other contributions are also recorded
Colonic Stricture in Cystic Fybrosis Unmasked by Successful Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Stent Shunt (TIPSS)
Authors: Ong T.J. , Murray F.E. , Redhead D.N. , MacGilchrist A.J. , Anderson J.T. , Mehta A.
Published: January 2017

TIPSS was successfully performed in a 10-year-old female cystic fibrosis (CF) patient with bleeding gastric varices due to portal hypertension; precipitation of portosystemic encephalopathy later unveiled the presence of a latent colonic stricture associated with high potency pancreatic enzymes. The unusual sequence of events resulting from the co-existence of two CF pathologies are described, and the implications of treatment discussed.
The Dangers of Taking ‘T in the Park’
Authors: Kerr G. W. , Jackson A.P. , Parke T.R.J.
Published: January 2017

This paper describes how medical cover was provided for a large music festival attended by 70,000 people. The organisational structure of the team and the workload encountered are related. As well as illustrating the value of on-site medical cover in minimising the workload for local health services, some specific hazards of such events are discussed.
A Jaundiced Farmer
Authors: Richards J.M. , Boyter A.C. , Nathwani D.
Published: January 2017

A previously well farmer became deeply jaundiced after dipping sheep with organophosphate sheep dips. He had failed to wear adequate protective clothing and presumably absorbed toxic compounds through his skin. There is currently major interest in these compounds because of their protean clinical manifestations.
Treatment of Severe Acute Vascular Rejection in a Renal Allograft with Mycophenolate Mofetil and High Dose Steroids
Authors: Lqfferty M.E. , Lang S. , McGregor E. , Henderson I.S. , Jones M.C.
Published: January 2017

A case of a highly sensitised haemodialysis patient who developed severe vascular rejection in her third renal allograft is presented. This severe rejection episode responded to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and high dose steroids.
Therapeutic Potential of S-Nitrosothiols as Nitric Oxide Donor Drugs
Authors: Megson I.L. , Greig I.R. , Butler A.R. , Gray G.A. , Webb D.J.
Published: January 2017

Dr. Megson was awarded the Sir James Black young investigator award at the November 1996 meeting of the Scottish Society of Experimental Medicine. This manuscript is a brief review of the work presented at the meeting.
Seasonality and other Epidemiological Features of Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome and E. Coli

O

157 Isolates in Scotland
Authors: Douglas A. S. , Kurien A.
Published: January 2017

The main objective was to determine whether there was seasonality in presentation of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) in children and adults, and compare this with the reporting of E. coli O157. The data came from Scotland, examining admissions during 1980–95 and E. coli isolates 1984–95. Seasonality was sought by fitting a sine curve to monthly or four-weekly data throughout the year.

Seasonality was present for HUS and E. coli isolates in patients under 15 years of age but not in those above that age. The highest point of the sine curve was in July/August but there was a high plateau from June to September. The timing was similar to other diarrhoeal disease. This is an epidemiological study, the purpose being to clarify the seasonal features of HUS. E. coli infection is an important food hazard and a sound knowledge of the epidemiology, could lead to optimal control.

The Scottish geographic distribution is illustrated.
Possible Toxicity of Herbal Remedies
Authors: Bateman J. , Chapman R.D. , Simpson D.
Published: January 2017

Herbal remedies are rapidly gaining popularity throughout the world as a result of dissatisfaction with conventional medicines. It is a widely held belief that herbal preparations are “natural” and are therefore intrinsically harmless. However, their effects can be very powerful and potentially lethal if used incorrectly and their use as a substitute for conventional medicines may be ineffective. Toxic effects have been attributed to several factors including hepatotoxicity of main constituents, contamination of preparations by heavy metals or microorganisms, and adverse reactions due to age, and genetic and concomitant disease characteristics of the user.
Getting a Validated Guideline into Local Practice: Implementation and Audit of the Sign Guideline on the Prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis in a District General Hospital
Authors: McEleny P. , Bowie P. , Robins J.B. , Brown R.C.
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the implementation of a specific clinical guideline on venous thromboprophylaxis and outlines the audit design and methods used to achieve this objective. A member of the clinical staff was seconded to oversee this implementation and co-ordinate audit of current practice in the main clinical specialties within the trust. The Trust Clinical Audit Committee agreed to fund this low cost initiative (approximately £3,800) from clinical guideline monies. Findings from the initial audit revealed a total of 224 patients identified as ‘at risk’ of developing deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Of this number 72.8%, (n=163), were prescribed prophylaxis compared with the pre-set standard of 90.0%. Fifty four percent, (n=122), of all identified patients were prescribed the correct prophylaxis in accordance with SIGN guideline recommendations. As a result of the initial findings local prevention protocols were developed or upgraded as required in line with the national guideline. The repeat audit findings highlighted a significant increase in the number of ‘at risk‘ patients prescribed prophylaxis rising from 72.8% to 97.4% (P<0.001) and similarly from 54.5% to 95.9% for those prescribed the correct prophylaxis (P<0.001).
The Dangers of Taking ‘T in the Country’
Authors: Kerr W. G. , Parke R. J. T.
Published: January 2017

‘T in the Park’ is the largest annual music festival in Scotland. This paper reports on how an increased attendance and change of location for the 1997 event altered the workload. The influences that affected the pattern of patient presentations and the adaptations made in the medical service provided are discussed.
A Retrospective Epidemiological Analysis of Non-Accidental Head Injury in Children in Scotland over a 15 Year Period
Authors: Barlow K. M. , Milne S. , Aitken K. , Minns R. A.
Published: January 2017

A retrospective analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of non-accidental head injury (NAHI) in children in Scotland over the last fifteen years from 1981 until March 1996 was performed. The information was provided by the Information and Statistics Division of the Scottish Health Service. The average incidence of NAHI calculated over this period was 0.04 cases per year per 1000 children under 5 years. Fifty-five per cent of all cases occurred in those children who were less than a year old. 41% of cases were inflicted by a parent but in 47% the perpetrator could not be identified. The mortality rate was found to be 2%.

Non-accidental head injury cases identified using the ICD-9 coding classification system gives a surprisingly low incidence. This number is probably an underestimate and the reasons for this are discussed. A prospective epidemiological analysis of NAHI in children in Scotland is being undertaken to determine the true incidence.
A Melange of Meningiomata
Authors: Coull A. J. , Lenton R. J.
Published: January 2017

Eight case reports of elderly patients with meningiomata are presented. Their mode of presentation to a typical district general hospital in central Scotland and subsequent clinical management is described. The significance of these cases is discussed.
Buchu — South Africa's Amazing Herbal Remedy
Authors: Simpson D.
Published: January 2017

Buchu leaves and oil of buchu were used by the indigenous people of South Africa for hundreds of years. The medicinal use of buchu was taken up by the early Dutch settlers and later introduced into the pharmaceutical industry in the UK. Buchu preparations are now used as a diuretic and for a wide range of conditions including stomach aches, rheumatism, bladder and kidney infections and coughs and colds.
A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of the General Wool Fiber Stress-Strain Behavior with Particular Reference to Structural and Dimensional Nonuniformities
Authors: Collins J. D. , Chaikin M.
Published: January 2017

The general wool-type three-region behavior (i.e., Hookean, yield, and post-yield regions) is examined both theoretically and experimentally. In order to account for the influence of structural variation, the concept of effective area is introduced and it is shown that this effective area may differ according to the region in which the fiber is being extended. The general effects of effective-area variation on the regions of the stress-strain curve are derived and these are applied to a number of theoretical situations to demonstrate the stress-strain possibilities. It is shown that the relationship between the stress-strain curves for different sets of conditions can be quite complex since the nonuniformity relationships for the various regions of the curves and between curves may vary according to the conditions of testing. Two examples are given of the application of the theory in practice. The behavior of fibers in water and hydrochloric acid are compared and it is shown that there are variations in the effect of the acid within the fiber. The behavior of abraded fibers is examined and it is found that differences previously attributed by other workers to differences between the ortho and para components of the fibers are actually due to variable bond breakdown within the fiber material.
Structural Changes in Cotton: Effect of Premercerization Conditions on Subsequent Cross-Linking
Authors: Wade Ricardo H. , Vigo Tyrone L.
Published: January 2017

Structural changes due to tension applied to caustic-swollen yarns were studied. It was found that the cross-linking of yarns which had been mercerized slack, at normal length, or slack and then restretched to normal length produced differences in tenacity and X-ray orientation. It was concluded that this was due to structural rearrangements induced by the application of load to fiber systems. Differences in wet pickup of the cross-linking resin were shown to produce differences in the fiber fragmentation pattern but not in the layer-expansion pattern.

Only a fraction of the added cross-linking resin was considered to have contributed to the properties usually attributed to cross-linked yarns. The regions believed responsible for the effect of cross-linking are the less ordered lattices close to the crystalline structures. The strength retained after cross-linking was dependent on the tension and the method of its application.

Differences in the degree of conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II were noted in the slack-mercerized yarns treated with different alkali metal hydroxides. These differences, with the exception of lithium hydroxide, correlated with swelling effectiveness of the alkalis used.
A Delayed-Curing Cotton Fabric Based on an Internally Catalyzed Cotton Cellulose and Divinyl Sulfone
Authors: Rowland Stanley P. , Brannan Mary Ann F.
Published: January 2017

2-(Diethylamino)ethyl cotton celluloses in the form of print cloth and at three levels of nitrogen have been quaternized and converted to the strong bases. Studies were made of internally catalyzed reactions of these cotton cellulose quaternary ammonium hydroxides with divinyl sulfone at room temperature in a “wet-cure” and with bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfone in a “bake-cure.” Moderate levels of conditioned wrinkle-recovery angles and high levels of wet wrinkle-recovery angles result from the “wet-cure” reaction. The wrinkle-recovery angles of these modified cotton celluloses are compared to those of the corresponding cotton celluloses cross-linked by conventional external catalysis. The internally catalyzed fabrics from the “wet-cure” are particularly interesting among these compositions with regard to (a) the developed levels of wrinkle-recovery angle, (b) the capability of these compositions to develop high conditioned wrinkle-recovery angles as a result of recure in a “bake-cure” in the absence of external catalysis, and (c) the evidence of mobility of the cross links (i.e., reversibility of the cross-linking reaction followed by reformation of new or old cross linkages) at elevated temperature.
Some Low-Angle X-Ray Evidence on the Structural Changes in Thermally- and Plasma-Treated Wool
Authors: Lee Kay Sue
Published: January 2017

A series of events occurred when wool was heated in vacuum. At some stages structural changes in the thermally-treated wool were observed, as reflected in the low-angle x-ray diffraction patterns. An increase in the intensity of the 39 Å meridional reflection and the appearance of a 4-point diagram with azimuthal angle of 45° at about 46 Å spacing were observed when wool was heated near 170°C for 90 min. Similar results were found in samples heated at higher temperatures but for shorter time. The most heat-resistant meridional reflection is the 66 Å.

The low-angle x-ray diffraction patterns of plasma-treated wool showed only disappearance of the sharp lipid ring at 48 Å. No intensification of any reflection was observed. Prolonged treatment with plasma destroys the low-angle x-ray diffraction pattern of wool.
The Effect of Tension and Twist on the Structure and Dyeability of Textured Polyethylene Terephthalate Yarn
Authors: Gupta V. B. , Amirtharaj John
Published: January 2017

The changes in structure and dyeability characteristics of: a) polyethylene terephthalate (PET) yarn, textured at different tensions and various twist levels; and b) the textured samples after being relaxed in water at 80°C for 2 hours, are reported. The crystallinity of all textured samples was found to be higher than that of the untextured yarn, but in general, crystallite orientation, birefringence, and amorphous orientation decreased on texturing. The effect of tension and twist on these structural parameters is discussed in this paper. The textured samples, after being relaxed, show decrease in crystallinity, crystallite orientation, birefringence, and amorphous orientation. The dye uptake of the textured samples is considerably affected by tension in the crimping zone, and water treatment increases the dye uptake of the textured yarn. The structural dependence of dye-uptake data is analyzed.
A New Method of Relating Airflow Measurements of Fineness and Maturity to the Geometrical Properties of the Cotton Fiber
Authors: Stephens S. G.
Published: January 2017

A new method of estimating cotton fiber dimensions is developed, based on the geometrical properties of a loosely-coiled fiber. The theoretical principles are supported by experimental studies based on actual microscopic measurements of a wide range of cotton fiber types. The procedure involved cutting short segments ( ca. 2 mm) from the midregions of the fibers and mounting them in minimal amounts of a suitable clearing/mounting medium (3 parts 85% lactic acid: 1 part isopropyl alcohol). Fibers so prepared can be measured more accurately then dry fibers, although the mounting medium induces a slight swelling of the fiber walls.
Review of Fabric Filtration and Air-Pollution Control Applications
Authors: Frederick E. R.
Published: January 2017

Fabric filtration, the proven engineering process for recovering air-borne industrial particulates, is remarkably effective for controlling air pollution. Since 1969 the total filter market has doubled, an upsurge attributable largely to this application. Government regulations have profound influence on this added filter market, especially since other control processes have been severely strained to meet emission limits as effectively or as economically.

The successes attributable to baghouses in the air-management field are numerous and widespread. Nevertheless, significant limitations are evident, due mostly to restrictions in filtration know-how and in the properties of available media. Of greatest concern is the lack of an accurate understanding of basic engineering principles. Current research confirms that electrostatic effects play an important role in the collection process, making it possible for fabric filtration to evolve into a more predictable science.

The ability of fabric filters to control particulate matter—even the hazardous fine particles—the expansion of this practice into other air-pollution control applications—notably for flyash collection—and the tightening of regulations indicate that the filter fiber and media market will expand significantly, the growth rate being enhanced by increasing user confidence, improved consistency, and better applications of materials.
Analysis of the Dye Transfer Mechanism in Heat Transfer Printing
Authors: Gorondy Emery J.
Published: January 2017

Analysis of the dye transfer mechanism in heat transfer printing reveals the following sequence: sublimation, diffusion in the gas phase, supersaturation, condensation on the fiber surface, and diffusion in the fiber phase. A dye transfer model is presented with a detailed analysis of the “rate-controlling” mechanism and the effects of dwell time, transfer temperature, and pressure. Also, examples are given of the kinetic and thermodynamic analysis required in determining the suitability of dyes for heat transfer printing. This mechanism has certain implications as to the fibers suitable for heat transfer printing, and these are discussed in detail.