bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors and acute kidney injury in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Mitsuboshi Satoru , Morizumi Makoto , Kotake Kazumasa , Kaseda Ryohei , Narita Ichiei
Published: May 2024

This network meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials aimed to determine whether any individual dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors increase the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). The Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online via PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched to identify relevant studies. The primary outcome was AKI. A frequentist network meta‐analysis was performed using a random‐effects model to account for heterogeneity. Twenty‐nine studies involving 56 117 participants were included. There were 918 cases of AKI (1.63%). The risk of bias was generally considered to be low. The only DPP‐4 inhibitor that significantly increased the frequency of AKI when compared with placebo was sitagliptin (risk ratio 1.65, 95% confidence interval 1.22–2.23). However, because one study showed significant outliers in the funnel plot, in a highly heterogeneous population composed solely of patients undergoing surgery for coronary artery bypass graft, we conducted a post‐hoc sensitivity analysis to exclude this study. The results showed no statistically significant difference in the risk of AKI between sitagliptin and placebo. Individual DPP‐4 inhibitors do not appear to increase the risk of AKI. However, sitagliptin may be associated with AKI in patients with underlying severe cardiovascular disease.
Stable neural underpinnings of emotional cognition subgroups in patients newly diagnosed with bipolar disorder: A prospective fMRI study
Authors: Kjærstad Hanne Lie , de Siqueira Rotenberg Luisa , Macoveanu Julian , Coello Klara , Faurholt‐Jepsen Maria , Bjertrup Anne Juul , Knudsen Gitte M. , Fisher Patrick M. , Vinberg Maj , Kessing Lars Vedel , Lafer Beny , Miskowiak Kamilla Woznica
Published: May 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the neural underpinnings of emotional cognition subgroups in recently diagnosed patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and change over time over a 15‐month follow‐up period.

Methods

Patients and healthy controls (HC) underwent emotional and nonemotional cognitive assessments and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at the baseline (BD n = 87; HC n = 65) and at 15‐month follow‐up (BD n = 44; HC n = 38). Neural activity during emotion reactivity and regulation in response to aversive pictures was assessed during fMRI. Patients were clustered into subgroups based on their emotional cognition and, with HC, were compared longitudinally on cognition and neural activity during emotion reactivity and regulation.

Results

Patients were optimally clustered into two subgroups: Subgroup 1 (n = 40, 46%) was characterized by heightened emotional reactivity in negative social scenarios, which persisted over time, but were otherwise cognitively intact. This subgroup exhibited stable left amygdala hyper‐activity over time during emotion reactivity compared to subgroup 2. Subgroup 2 (n = 47, 54%) was characterized by global emotional cognitive impairments, including stable difficulties with emotion regulation over time. During emotion regulation across both time points, this group exhibited hypo‐activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Additionally, patients in subgroup 2 had poorer nonemotional cognition, had more psychiatric hospital admissions and history of psychotic episodes than those in subgroup 1.

Conclusions

Broad impairments in emotional cognition in approximately half of BD patients and associated nonemotional cognitive deficits may originate from insufficient recruitment of prefrontal resources, contributing to poorer clinical outcomes.
Primary school teachers' classroom‐based e‐assessment practices: Insights from the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Zhan Ying , Sun Daner , Kong Ho Man , Zeng Ye
Published: May 2024

There is a global trend in the increased adoption of e‐assessment in school classrooms to enhance learning. Teachers, as classroom‐based assessment designers and implementers, play a vital role in such assessment change. However, little is known about school teachers' classroom‐based e‐assessment practices and the underlying reasons. To address this research gap, this study identified the factors influencing Hong Kong primary school teachers' e‐assessment practices underpinned by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). A large‐scale survey was issued to 878 teachers via Qualtrics. Structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis shows that primary school teachers' intentions of using e‐assessment and perceived behavioural control of it were the two strongest factors predicting their e‐assessment practices in a general way. Specifically, teachers' intentions outweighed perceived behavioural control in determining their use of alternative e‐assessment tasks and e‐feedback, but this reversed for e‐tests/exercises. The impact of perceived behavioural control was consistent across the three types of e‐assessment practices. Furthermore, teachers' attitudes significantly influenced their intentions to use alternative e‐assessment tasks, while subject norms primarily predicted their intentions to use e‐feedback. The findings have implications for primary schools to take countermeasures to facilitate the successful implementation of e‐assessment at the classroom level.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

E‐assessment has the potential to influence learning.

E‐assessment has often been used in a controlled environment with a relatively small sample size.

The past 3 years have seen a surge in discussions and research around using e‐assessment in classroom settings, mostly in higher education.

What this paper adds

Primary school teachers used more e‐tests or exercises than alternative e‐assessment tasks and e‐feedback in their daily teaching.

Teachers' intentions outweighed perceived behavioural control in determining their use of alternative e‐assessment tasks and e‐feedback, but this reversed for e‐tests/exercises.

Teachers' attitudes significantly influenced their intentions to use alternative e‐assessment tasks, while subject norms primarily predicted their intentions to use e‐feedback.

Implications for practice and/or policy

Teachers' intentions of using alternative e‐assessment and e‐feedback should be increased to enhance their usage in the classroom.

Teachers' e‐assessment literacy should be developed to enable them to integrate e‐assessment into their daily instruction.
New findings and new methods on macrophages in primary immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Ji Lili , Zhan Yanxia , Cheng Yunfeng
Published: May 2024

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune disease with multiple immune cells take part in the pathogenesis. Macrophages play multiple roles in both innate and adaptive immune system. The report by Jiani Mo and colleagues identified new biomarkers and explore the role of mitophagy and ferroptosis in ITP pathogenesis.

Commentary on: Mo et al. Comprehensive analysis and prediction model of mitophagy and ferroptosis in primary immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2024;204:2429‐2442.
Evaluating Graph Layout Algorithms: A Systematic Review of Methods and Best Practices
Authors: Di Bartolomeo Sara , Crnovrsanin Tarik , Saffo David , Puerta Eduardo , Wilson Connor , Dunne Cody
Published: May 2024

Evaluations—encompassing computational evaluations, benchmarks and user studies—are essential tools for validating the performance and applicability of graph and network layout algorithms (also known as graph drawing). These evaluations not only offer significant insights into an algorithm's performance and capabilities, but also assist the reader in determining if the algorithm is suitable for a specific purpose, such as handling graphs with a high volume of nodes or dense graphs. Unfortunately, there is no standard approach for evaluating layout algorithms. Prior work holds a ‘Wild West’ of diverse benchmark datasets and data characteristics, as well as varied evaluation metrics and ways to report results. It is often difficult to compare layout algorithms without first implementing them and then running your own evaluation. In this systematic review, we delve into the myriad of methodologies employed to conduct evaluations—the utilized techniques, reported outcomes and the pros and cons of choosing one approach over another. Our examination extends beyond computational evaluations, encompassing user‐centric evaluations, thus presenting a comprehensive understanding of algorithm validation. This systematic review—and its accompanying website—guides readers through evaluation types, the types of results reported, and the available benchmark datasets and their data characteristics. Our objective is to provide a valuable resource for readers to understand and effectively apply various evaluation methods for graph layout algorithms. A free copy of this paper and all supplemental material is available at osf.io, and the categorized papers are accessible on our website at https://visdunneright.github.io/gd‐comp‐eval/.
The changing of α5‐GABAA receptors expression and distribution participate in sevoflurane‐induced learning and memory impairment in young mice
Authors: Wang Shengran , Wang Sixuan , Wang Zhun , Dong Jinpeng , Zhang Mengxue , Wang Yongan , Wang Jianyu , Jia Beichen , Luo Yuan , Yin Yiqing
Published: May 2024

Background

Sevoflurane is a superior agent for maintaining anesthesia during surgical procedures. However, the neurotoxic mechanisms of clinical concentration remain poorly understood. Sevoflurane can interfere with the normal function of neurons and synapses and impair cognitive function by acting on α5‐GABAAR.

Methods

Using MWM test, we evaluated cognitive abilities in mice following 1 h of anesthesia with 2.7%–3% sevoflurane. Based on hippocampal transcriptome analysis, we analyzed the differential genes and IL‐6 24 h post‐anesthesia. Western blot and RT‐PCR were performed to measure the levels of α5‐GABAAR, Radixin, P‐ERM, P‐Radixin, Gephyrin, IL‐6, and ROCK. The spatial distribution and expression of α5‐GABAAR on neuronal somata were analyzed using histological and three‐dimensional imaging techniques.

Results

MWM test indicated that partial long‐term learning and memory impairment. Combining molecular biology and histological analysis, our studies have demonstrated that sevoflurane induces immunosuppression, characterized by reduced IL‐6 expression levels, and that enhanced Radixin dephosphorylation undermines the microstructural stability of α5‐GABAAR, leading to its dissociation from synaptic exterior and resulting in a disordered distribution in α5‐GABAAR expression within neuronal cell bodies. On the synaptic cleft, the expression level of α5‐GABAAR remained unchanged, the spatial distribution became more compact, with an increased fluorescence intensity per voxel. On the extra‐synaptic space, the expression level of α5‐GABAAR decreased within unchanged spatial distribution, accompanied by an increased fluorescence intensity per voxel.

Conclusion

Dysregulated α5‐GABAAR expression and distribution contributes to sevoflurane‐induced partial long‐term learning and memory impairment, which lays the foundation for elucidating the underlying mechanisms in future studies.
Solving Bongard Problems With a Visual Language and Pragmatic Constraints
Authors: Depeweg Stefan , Rothkopf Contantin A. , Jäkel Frank
Published: May 2024

More than 50 years ago, Bongard introduced 100 visual concept learning problems as a challenge for artificial vision systems. These problems are now known as Bongard problems. Although they are well known in cognitive science and artificial intelligence, only very little progress has been made toward building systems that can solve a substantial subset of them. In the system presented here, visual features are extracted through image processing and then translated into a symbolic visual vocabulary. We introduce a formal language that allows representing compositional visual concepts based on this vocabulary. Using this language and Bayesian inference, concepts can be induced from the examples that are provided in each problem. We find a reasonable agreement between the concepts with high posterior probability and the solutions formulated by Bongard himself for a subset of 35 problems. While this approach is far from solving Bongard problems like humans, it does considerably better than previous approaches. We discuss the issues we encountered while developing this system and their continuing relevance for understanding visual cognition. For instance, contrary to other concept learning problems, the examples are not random in Bongard problems; instead they are carefully chosen to ensure that the concept can be induced, and we found it helpful to take the resulting pragmatic constraints into account.
Genomic conservation of Mongolian horses promoted by preservation of the intangible cultural heritage of Naadam in Mongolia
Authors: Mongke Togtokh , Budsuren Undarmaa , Tiemuqier Aertengqimike , Bozlak Elif , Wallner Barbara , Dulamsuren Samdanjamts , Daidiikhuu Dorjsuren , Amgalan Saruuljargal , An Tana , Mongkejargal Baoyindeligeer , Li Wenbo , Borjgin Sarula , Dugarjaviin Manglai , Han Haige
Published: May 2024

Uncontrolled crossbreeding is a major challenge to the conservation of landrace horses in East Asia. Understanding the factors driving this trend is crucial for effective conservation efforts. Here, we investigate the genomic makeup of 40 Mongolian Naadam racehorses and 21 Asian landrace horse breeds through analyzing whole‐genome resequencing and Y chromosome data. Our results show that crossbreeding practices are linked to horse‐racing traditions. Regions characterized by strong horse‐racing traditions and a lack of crossbreeding regulations exhibit significant levels of exotic genetic introgression, as observed in populations from Inner Mongolia and Central Asia. However, in Mongolia, despite having strong horse‐racing traditions, the implementation of policies aimed at preserving traditional horse‐racing culture effectively reduces exotic introgression. These results suggest that horse‐racing traditions are the main driver of crossbreeding practices. Our research highlights that the preservation of traditional values in landrace horses, achieved through carefully managed horse‐racing activities, can lead to successful conservation outcomes.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the impacts of germline pharmacogenomics on severe toxicity and symptom burden in adult patients with cancer
Authors: Lingaratnam Senthil , Shah Mahek , Nicolazzo Joseph , Michael Michael , Seymour John F. , James Paul , Lazarakis Smaro , Loi Sherene , Kirkpatrick Carl M. J.
Published: May 2024

The clinical application of Pharmacogenomics (PGx) has improved patient safety. However, comprehensive PGx testing has not been widely adopted in clinical practice, and significant opportunities exist to further optimize PGx in cancer care. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aim to evaluate the safety outcomes of reported PGx‐guided strategies (Analysis 1) and identify well‐studied emerging pharmacogenomic variants that predict severe toxicity and symptom burden (Analysis 2) in patients with cancer. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, clinicaltrials.gov, and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from inception to January 2023 for clinical trials or comparative studies evaluating PGx strategies or unconfirmed pharmacogenomic variants. The primary outcomes were severe adverse events (SAE; ≥ grade 3) or symptom burden with pain and vomiting as defined by trial protocols and assessed by trial investigators. We calculated pooled overall relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) using random effects models. PROSPERO, registration number CRD42023421277. Of 6811 records screened, six studies were included for Analysis 1, 55 studies for Analysis 2. Meta‐analysis 1 (five trials, 1892 participants) showed a lower absolute incidence of SAEs with PGx‐guided strategies compared to usual therapy, 16.1% versus 34.0% (RR = 0.72, 95%CI 0.57–0.91, p = 0.006, I2 = 34%). Meta‐analyses 2 identified nine medicine(class)‐variant pairs of interest across the TYMS, ABCB1, UGT1A1, HLA‐DRB1, and OPRM1 genes. Application of PGx significantly reduced rates of SAEs in patients with cancer. Emergent medicine‐variant pairs herald further research into the expansion and optimization of PGx to improve systemic anti‐cancer and supportive care medicine safety and efficacy.
St. John's wort extract with a high hyperforin content does not induce P‐glycoprotein activity at the human blood–brain barrier
Authors: El Biali Myriam , Wölfl‐Duchek Michael , Jackwerth Matthias , Mairinger Severin , Weber Maria , Bamminger Karsten , Poschner Stefan , Rausch Ivo , Schindler Natalie , Lozano Irene Hernández , Jäger Walter , Nics Lukas , Tournier Nicolas , Hacker Marcus , Zeitlinger Markus , Bauer Martin , Langer Oliver
Published: May 2024

St. John's wort (SJW) extract, a herbal medicine with antidepressant effects, is a potent inducer of intestinal and/or hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), which can cause clinically relevant drug interactions. It is currently not known whether SJW can also induce P‐gp activity at the human blood–brain barrier (BBB), which may potentially lead to decreased brain exposure and efficacy of certain central nervous system (CNS)‐targeted P‐gp substrate drugs. In this study, we used a combination of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and cocktail phenotyping to gain a comprehensive picture on the effect of SJW on central and peripheral P‐gp and CYP activities. Before and after treatment of healthy volunteers (n = 10) with SJW extract with a high hyperforin content (3–6%) for 12–19 days (1800 mg/day), the activity of P‐gp at the BBB was assessed by means of PET imaging with the P‐gp substrate [11C]metoclopramide and the activity of peripheral P‐gp and CYPs was assessed by administering a low‐dose phenotyping cocktail (caffeine, omeprazole, dextromethorphan, and midazolam or fexofenadine). SJW significantly increased peripheral P‐gp, CYP3A, and CYP2C19 activity. Conversely, no significant changes in the peripheral metabolism, brain distribution, and P‐gp‐mediated efflux of [11C]metoclopramide across the BBB were observed following the treatment with SJW extract. Our data suggest that SJW does not lead to significant P‐gp induction at the human BBB despite its ability to induce peripheral P‐gp and CYPs. Simultaneous intake of SJW with CNS‐targeted P‐gp substrate drugs is not expected to lead to P‐gp‐mediated drug interactions at the BBB.
Acute pharmacodynamic responses to sitagliptin: Drug‐induced increase in early insulin secretion in oral glucose tolerance test
Authors: Beitelshees Amber L. , Streeten Elizabeth A. , Shahidzadeh Yazdi Zhinous , Whitlatch Hilary B. , Mitchell Braxton D. , Shuldiner Alan R. , Montasser May E. , Taylor Simeon I.
Published: May 2024

DPP4 inhibitors are widely prescribed as treatments for type 2 diabetes. Because drug responses vary among individuals, we initiated investigations to identify genetic variants associated with the magnitude of drug responses. Sitagliptin (100 mg) was administered to 47 healthy volunteers. Several endpoints were measured to assess clinically relevant responses – including the effect of sitagliptin on glucose and insulin levels during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). This pilot study confirmed that sitagliptin (100 mg) decreased the area under the curve for glucose during an OGTT (p = 0.0003). Furthermore, sitagliptin promoted insulin secretion during the early portion of the OGTT as reflected by an increase in the ratio of plasma insulin at 30 min divided by plasma insulin at 60 min (T30:T60) from mean ± SEM 0.87 ± 0.05 to 1.62 ± 0.36 mU/L (p = 0.04). The magnitude of sitagliptin's effect on insulin secretion (as judged by the increase in the T30:T60 ratio for insulin) was correlated with the magnitude of sitagliptin‐induced increase in the area under the curve for intact plasma GLP1 levels during the first hour of the OGTT. This study confirmed previously reported sex differences in glucose and insulin levels during an OGTT. Specifically, females exhibited higher levels of glucose and insulin at the 90–180 min time points. However, we did not detect significant sex‐associated differences in the magnitude of sitagliptin‐induced changes in T30:T60 ratios for either glucose or insulin. In conclusion, T30:T60 ratios for insulin and glucose during an OGTT provide useful indices to assess pharmacodynamic responses to DPP4 inhibitors.
The unfinished promise of infrastructure in post‐apartheid South Africa
Authors: Roper Katherine
Published: May 2024

This article explores aspects of the “unfinished” using notions of human‐centered design in African public infrastructure and the importance of involving the “users” and “beneficiaries” in infrastructure development and delivery. Infrastructure, both conceptually as an idea and in its constructed material reality, has a huge impact on society, socially and economically, and has been promised as one of the most effective drivers of economic growth in South Africa. Increasingly in South Africa, facilities are falling into disrepair. Infrastructure is being adapted and used in unintended ways that often do not provide the socio‐economic benefits intended. In considering medical infrastructure across three sites in post‐apartheid South Africa, my argument asks how factors such as statecraft, governance and funding models, design considerations, project implementation methodologies, operational and maintenance policies affect the promise of infrastructural change in contemporary South Africa?
The sclerotic component of metabolic syndrome: Fibroblast activities may be the central common denominator driving organ function loss and death
Authors: Reese‐Petersen Alexander Lynge , Holm Nielsen Signe , Bülow Sand Jannie Marie , Schattenberg Jörn M. , Bugianesi Elisabetta , Karsdal Morten A.
Published: May 2024

Fibrosis is a common feature of more than 50 different diseases and the cause of more than 35% of deaths worldwide, of which liver, kidney, skin, heart and, recently, lungs are receiving the most attention. Tissue changes, resulting in loss of organ function, are both a cause and consequence of disease and outcome. Fibrosis is caused by an excess deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, which over time results in impaired organ function and organ failure, and the pathways leading to increased fibroblast activation are many. This narrative review investigated the common denominator of fibrosis, fibroblasts, and the activation of fibroblasts, in response to excess energy consumption in liver, kidney, heart, skin and lung fibrosis. Fibroblasts are the main drivers of organ function loss in lung, liver, skin, heart and kidney disease. Fibroblast activation in response to excess energy consumption results in the overproduction of a range of collagens, of which types I, III and VI seem to be the essential drivers of disease progression. Fibroblast activation may be quantified in serum, enabling profiling and selection of patients. Activation of fibroblasts results in the overproduction of collagens, which deteriorates organ function. Patient profiling of fibroblast activities in serum, quantified as collagen production, may identify an organ death trajectory, better enabling identification of the right treatment for use in different metabolic interventions. As metabolically activated patients have highly elevated risk of kidney, liver and heart failure, it is essential to identify which organ to treat first and monitor organ status to correct treatment regimes. In direct alignment with this, it is essential to identify the right patients with the right organ deterioration trajectory for enrolment in clinical studies.
Conditions for extrapolating differences in consumption to differences in welfare
Authors: Zhao Wei , Kaplan David M.
Published: May 2024

We characterize conditions under which a better consumption distribution implies higher welfare. Specifically, here “better consumption” means first‐order stochastic dominance, and “higher welfare” means higher expected utility for every subpopulation of individuals with the same utility function. Although this implication seems natural, we first provide a counterexample wherein better consumption risk allocation outweighs lower consumption. We then show that higher expected utility results from higher consumption in different settings, including fixed dependence (fixed copula) between consumption and individual risk preferences, or alternatively using the rank invariance assumption from the treatment effects literature. These are discussed in several real‐world examples.
Improving distribution models of sparsely documented disease vectors by incorporating information on related species via joint modeling
Authors: Mowry Stacy , Moore Sean , Achee Nicole L. , Fustec Benedicte , Perkins T. Alex
Published: May 2024

A necessary component of understanding vector‐borne disease risk is accurate characterization of the distributions of their vectors. Species distribution models have been successfully applied to data‐rich species but may produce inaccurate results for sparsely documented vectors. In light of global change, vectors that are currently not well‐documented could become increasingly important, requiring tools to predict their distributions. One way to achieve this could be to leverage data on related species to inform the distribution of a sparsely documented vector based on the assumption that the environmental niches of related species are not independent. Relatedly, there is a natural dependence of the spatial distribution of a disease on the spatial dependence of its vector. Here, we propose to exploit these correlations by fitting a hierarchical model jointly to data on multiple vector species and their associated human diseases to improve distribution models of sparsely documented species. To demonstrate this approach, we evaluated the ability of twelve models – which differed in their pooling of data from multiple vector species and inclusion of disease data – to improve distribution estimates of sparsely documented vectors. We assessed our models on two simulated datasets, which allowed us to generalize our results and examine their mechanisms. We found that when the focal species is sparsely documented, incorporating data on related vector species reduces uncertainty and improves accuracy by reducing overfitting. When data on vector species are already incorporated, disease data only marginally improve model performance. However, when data on other vectors are not available, disease data can improve model accuracy and reduce overfitting and uncertainty. We then assessed the approach on empirical data on ticks and tick‐borne diseases in Florida and found that incorporating data on other vector species improved model performance. This study illustrates the value in exploiting correlated data via joint modeling to improve distribution models of data‐limited species.
A comparative study of the alternative life history of iteroparous salmonids
Authors: Lennox Robert J. , Nilsen Cecilie I. , Dahlmo Lotte S. , Berhe Saron , Barlaup Bjorn T. , Normann Erik Straume , Landro Yngve , Birnie‐Gauvin Kim , Cooke Steven J. , Vollset Knut Wiik
Published: May 2024

The kelt phase of anadromous iteroparous salmonid life history remains mysterious, particularly aspects of their habitat use and factors influencing survival. Atlantic salmon and sea‐run brown trout were captured in the estuary during their return migration to the Vosso River, Norway, tagged with acoustic transmitters, and tracked in the watershed and estuary in three different years (2020–2023). We found a relatively narrow window of river exit timing among trout that survived overwinter, whereas salmon tended to leave during a more protracted period. Trout preferred overwintering in lakes within the river system, which provided for lower locomotor activity than fish that overwintered in pools in the river according to data from tri‐axial accelerometer transmitters. In contrast, Atlantic salmon tended to spend surprisingly little time in lakes even though the energy expenditure in this habitat is was seemingly lower for salmon that did overwinter in the lake. Our results demonstrate different use of habitat during overwintering and could suggest that measures to protect iteroparous life history strategies of salmonids will differently impact these two iteroparous salmonids.
The role of cognitive disengagement syndrome in non‐suicidal self‐injury among adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Ergül Beyza , Ersöz Alan Burcu
Published: May 2024

Aims

We aimed to investigate the relationship between Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) and non‐suicidal self injury (NSSI) in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods

A semi‐structured psychiatric interview and an NSSI screening questionnaire were conducted. Questionnaires assessing CDS (with daydreamer, sleepy, and slow subdimensions), depression, anxiety, self‐esteem, emotion regulation, coping strategies, and loneliness were administered.

Results

Among 104 participants (n: 63, 60.6% girls), the combined type of ADHD was the most common (66.3%), and 35 adolescents (27 girls) were in the NSSI+ group. Although only depression and ADHD were found to be predictors of NSSI in ADHD, CDS was associated with many risk factors of NSSI in ADHD: depression, anxiety, emotion dysregulation, low self‐esteem, and emotion‐oriented coping ways. After controlling for the effects of cognitive problems/inattentiveness, depression, and anxiety, CDS still correlated with low self‐esteem and emotion dysregulation. The daydreamer and slow sub‐dimensions of CSD differed between NSSI+ and NSSI‐ groups, while sleepy did not.

Conclusions

CDS is associated with several relevant factors, indirectly relating it to self‐harm in ADHD. CDS increases the vulnerability to mental health changes that could lead to NSSI in adolescence with ADHD.
Effect of high irradiance and short exposure times on the depth of cure of six bulk‐fill resin composites
Authors: dos Santos Daniela Bandeira , Romano Beatriz de Cássia , Pecorari Vanessa Gallego Arias , Price Richard Bengt , Giannini Marcelo
Published: May 2024

This study examined the effect of high irradiance and short exposure times on the depth of cure of six resin‐based composites (RBCs). Bluephase PowerCure and the Valo X light‐curing units (LCUs) were used to photocure bulk‐fill RBCs for their recommended exposure times: Admira Fusion x‐tra (AFX/20s), Aura Bulk Fill (ABF/20s), Filtek One Bulk Fill (FOB/20s), Opus Bulk Fill APS (OBF/30s), Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (TEC/10s) and Tetric PowerFill (TPF/10s). In addition, all bulk‐fill RBCs were tested for depth of cure with one short 3 s exposure time from the Bluephase PowerCure or the Valo X in the Xtra Power mode. The RBCs (n = 10 per RBC) were inserted into a 4 mm diameter metal mold and covered by a polyester strip before being photocured. After 24 h of storage, uncured RBC was scraped away to determine the depth of cure of the RBCs. None of the RBCs achieved a 4 mm depth of cure. The depth of cure of TEC and TPF was unaffected by the exposure times (recommended or short) when using the Valo X. The depth of cure of AFX/20s, AFX/Xtra Power, ABF/Xtra Power, FOB/Xtra Power, and OBF/30s RBCs was greater when using Valo X compared to the Bluephase PowerCure. It was concluded that short exposure times can reduce depth of cure and should only be used for some RBCs.
Do customers matter in currency hedging policies? Evidence from product warranties
Authors: Huang Pinghsun , Zhang Yan
Published: May 2024

Using a data set of US manufacturing firms with sales from foreign operations, we find that firms' currency hedging activities vary with their warranty obligations. The positive link of warranty obligations to currency hedging policies prevails in financially more constrained firms, companies facing fiercer product market competition and corporations producing more unique products. Our results suggest that firms are likely to incorporate their contractual commitments to customers into their currency hedging activities, especially when their failures to honor these commitments are more likely or costly.
Family and consumer science students' technical skill attainment and postsecondary success
Authors: Gremaud Krystle , Pantleo Michael , Conrad Michelle
Published: May 2024

This study's purpose was to determine if passing the technical skill attainment test predicted Missouri Family and Consumer Sciences students' postsecondary placement. Using quantitative data obtained from the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education from 2015 to 2019, data from 8622 students enrolled in at least one Family and Consumer Sciences class were analyzed. Results indicate Family and Consumer Sciences completers who pass their technical skill attainment have a statistically significant relationship with postsecondary placement in either a related career field, higher education with a related major, or the military. Findings also reveal some inequities among race and ability status.
Ecological impact of a generalist invader in the aquatic food web is mediated by environmental context
Authors: Charette Cristina , Derry Alison M.
Published: May 2024

Freshwater ecosystems are threatened by the introduction of invasive species. Generalist invaders often compete with native species for shared resources, resulting in possible native species niche displacement. However, environmental heterogeneity may modulate the level of individual specialisation in invasive species, altering the outcome of interspecific competition between invasive and native species. The objectives of our study were to (1) evaluate the environmental context of dietary specialisation and trophic position of an invasive species according to the Environmental Matching Hypothesis (EMH), and (2) consider how the environmental context of invasive species dietary resource use may influence the dietary niche of native species competing for similar resources.

Resource use, trophic position and dietary niche were determined using gut content and stable isotope analyses for the invasive round goby (Negobius melanostomus) and the native yellow perch (Perca flavescens), along environmental gradients in an invaded fluvial ecosystem.

Our results were in support of EMH for the invader diet and resource specialisation, but not trophic position. Under environmental conditions of high water‐conductivity, round gobies were generalists feeding mostly on pelagic prey. Under more challenging environmental conditions of low water‐conductivity, the invader specialised on preferred high‐quality benthic prey. The ecological impact of the round goby was greatest at low water‐conductivity sites where the invader was a benthic specialist; there was a greater relative dietary niche overlap between the invader and the native species.

Our study uniquely illustrates how invasive species’ resource specialisation can be modulated by spatial environmental heterogeneity within ecosystems, and how this can subsequently alter the ecological impact of the invader on native species in aquatic food webs.
Deep‐water first occurrences of Ediacara biota prior to the Shuram carbon isotope excursion in the Wernecke Mountains, Yukon, Canada
Authors: Boag Thomas H. , Busch James F. , Gooley Jared T. , Strauss Justin V. , Sperling Erik A.
Published: May 2024

Ediacara‐type macrofossils appear as early as ~575 Ma in deep‐water facies of the Drook Formation of the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, and the Nadaleen Formation of Yukon and Northwest Territories, Canada. Our ability to assess whether a deep‐water origination of the Ediacara biota is a genuine reflection of evolutionary succession, an artifact of an incomplete stratigraphic record, or a bathymetrically controlled biotope is limited by a lack of geochronological constraints and detailed shelf‐to‐slope transects of Ediacaran continental margins. The Ediacaran Rackla Group of the Wernecke Mountains, NW Canada, represents an ideal shelf‐to‐slope depositional system to understand the spatiotemporal and environmental context of Ediacara‐type organisms' stratigraphic occurrence. New sedimentological and paleontological data presented herein from the Wernecke Mountains establish a stratigraphic framework relating shelfal strata in the Goz/Corn Creek area to lower slope deposits in the Nadaleen River area. We report new discoveries of numerous Aspidella hold‐fast discs, indicative of frondose Ediacara organisms, from deep‐water slope deposits of the Nadaleen Formation stratigraphically below the Shuram carbon isotope excursion (CIE) in the Nadaleen River area. Such fossils are notably absent in coeval shallow‐water strata in the Goz/Corn Creek region despite appropriate facies for potential preservation. The presence of pre‐Shuram CIE Ediacara‐type fossils occurring only in deep‐water facies within a basin that has equivalent well‐preserved shallow‐water facies provides the first stratigraphic paleobiological support for a deep‐water origination of the Ediacara biota. In contrast, new occurrences of Ediacara‐type fossils (including juvenile fronds, Beltanelliformis, Aspidella, annulated tubes, and multiple ichnotaxa) are found above the Shuram CIE in both deep‐ and shallow‐water deposits of the Blueflower Formation. Given existing age constraints on the Shuram CIE, it appears that Ediacaran organisms may have originated in the deeper ocean and lived there for up to ~15 million years before migrating into shelfal environments in the terminal Ediacaran. This indicates unique ecophysiological constraints likely shaped the initial habitat preference and later environmental expansion of the Ediacara biota.
Enviro‐economic and feasibility analysis of industrial hemp value chain: A systematic literature review
Authors: Budhathoki Rajan , Maraseni Tek , Apan Armando
Published: May 2024

A recent renaissance of industrial hemp has been driven by a plethora of ecologically amicable products and their profitability. To identify its environment and economic fate across the value chain (VC), this study conducts a systematic review of 98 studies published in ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Scopus‐indexed journals. The thematic content of the articles is categorized using three deductively derived classification categories: lifecycle analysis (n = 40), VC analysis (n = 30), and feasibility analysis (n = 28). Bibliometric analysis indicates that the majority (>90%) of the studies were conducted in selected regions of Europe or North America, with further findings around regionally prioritized industrial hemp products, such as hempcrete in Southwest Europe, solid biofuel in North European states, and textile fiber and bio‐composites in East Europe and North America. Lifecycle analysis studies highlight nitrogenous fertilizer use during industrial hemp cultivation as a major ecological hotspot, which is taking a toll on the climate change index. However, hemp‐based products are generally climate‐friendly solutions when contrasted against their fossil fuel counterparts, with hempcrete in particular a highly touted carbon‐negative (−4.28 to −36.08 kg CO2 eq/m2) product. The review also identifies key issues within the hemp VC and presents innovative solutions alongside the recognition of value‐adding opportunities. Furthermore, feasibility analysis indicates unprofitability in using hemp for bioenergy production and there is a relative cost worthiness of hemp bio‐composites and hempcrete at the upstream level. Positive returns are observed under co‐production schemes. In contemplating the literature findings, we discussed and identified gap in existing literature for future exploration, including more studies to provide insights from the Global South, and the production of industrial hemp under a biophysically constrained landscape.
A rare case of lupus cerebritis presenting as ictal epileptic headache: A case report
Authors: Zandieh Ali , Seeger Susanne K. , Tunnell Evelyn C. , Wheeler Shawna K.
Published: May 2024

Ictal epileptic headache, characterized by headache as the sole symptom of a seizure attack, is a rare condition. In this case report, we present a 52‐year‐old female with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus who sought medical attention at the headache clinic due to a new type of headache. The headache was described as an intense painful wave followed by a dull headache, without autonomic symptoms or migrainous features. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an enhancing lesion in the left hippocampus in addition to two other lesions in the corpus callosum and left parieto‐occipital lobe. Electroencephalography during the headache episodes showed epileptic discharges originating from the left fronto‐temporal region. The patient was initiated on levetiracetam, which resulted in the resolution of both the epileptic discharges and the headaches. This case underscores the significance of considering ictal epileptic headache as a potential secondary cause for headaches, particularly in patients with underlying conditions that may predispose them to epilepsy, such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
Examining elevation and thermoregulatory trait differences of endemic tropical swallowtail butterflies to assess their vulnerability to climate change
Authors: Ki Tiffany L. T. , Beale Colin M. , Huertas Blanca , Hill Jane K.
Published: May 2024

Tropical montane insects are vulnerable to climate change if up‐hill range retractions reduce range sizes and increase extinction risk. Endemic species will be particularly at risk if they disproportionately occur at higher elevations, although threats may be ameliorated if they have morphological traits associated with improved thermoregulatory ability. We examine the vulnerability of endemic swallowtail butterflies on Sulawesi (Indonesia) to climate change by quantifying inter‐specific variation in traits associated with thermoregulation (body size and melanism) and whether species' traits are associated with the elevation of species' ranges.

We collected data on size, melanism and elevation of 29 swallowtail butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) from 754 specimens at the Natural History Museum (United Kingdom) and the Zoologische Staatssammlung München (Germany).

Endemic butterflies were less melanised (15 endemic species, mean = 81% melanised; 14 non‐endemic species = 89% melanised) but similar to non‐endemics in size (endemic, mean = 56 mm; non‐endemic = 53 mm) and elevation (endemic, mean = 352 m.a.s.l.; non‐endemic: 289 m). There was no evidence that species size or melanism patterns were related to elevation in either group.

Few differences in elevation of endemic and non‐endemic species imply that endemic swallowtail butterflies are not disproportionately more threatened by climate‐driven mountaintop extirpation than non‐endemic species. Further work is needed to examine whether paler wings alter the ability of endemic species to thermoregulate and adapt to changing climates. In the absence of reductions in anthropogenic global greenhouse gas emissions, on‐going climate warming will continue to threaten tropical montane species.
Examining the efficacy of inoculation and value‐affirmation interventions in improving precandidate reactions among prospective military recruits
Authors: Feeney Justin R. , Sylvester Ben , Gooch Steve
Published: May 2024

This study engaged 4848 first‐time, English‐speaking prospective Canadian Armed Forces applicants to evaluate pre‐application interventions' efficacy on the Practice Canadian Forces Aptitude Test (PCFAT). Using a five‐level between‐subjects design, participants were randomly assigned to one of the following intervention conditions: inoculation message, value‐affirmation message, a combination of both, placebo writing intervention, or a no‐intervention control group. The interventions were anchored in inoculation theory and value‐affirmation theory and aimed to reduce math anxiety and close the gender gap in test performance. Contrary to expectations, the interventions did not significantly reduce math anxiety or improve problem‐solving performance. Consistent with the literature, a negative relationship was found between levels of math anxiety and problem‐solving scores, and men outscored women in problem‐solving across all conditions. Despite these outcomes, the study lays a foundation for future research on enhancing pre‐applicant experiences in an increasingly competitive labor market. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Systemic antibiotics in the surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis: A randomized placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Riben Grundström Caroline , Lund Bodil , Kämpe Johan , Belibasakis Georgios N. , Hultin Margareta
Published: May 2024

Aim

To study the clinical, radiographic and microbiological outcomes after surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis, with or without adjunctive systemic antibiotics.

Materials and Methods

Eighty‐four patients (113 implants) with peri‐implantitis were randomized into three groups (A, amoxicillin and metronidazole; B, phenoxymethylpenicillin and metronidazole; or C, placebo). Treatment included resective surgery and implant surface decontamination with adjunctive antibiotics or placebo. Primary outcomes were probing pocket depth (PPD) reduction and marginal bone level (MBL) stability. Secondary outcomes were treatment success (defined as PPD ≤ 5 mm, bleeding on probing [BOP] ≤ 1site, absence of suppuration on probing [SOP] and absence of progressive bone loss of >0.5 mm), changes in BOP/SOP, mucosal recession (REC), clinical attachment level (CAL), bacterial levels and adverse events. Outcomes were evaluated for up to 12 months. The impact of potential prognostic indicators on treatment success was evaluated using multilevel logistic regression analysis.

Results

A total of 76 patients (104 implants) completed the study. All groups showed clinical and radiological improvements over time. Statistically significant differences were observed between groups for MBL stability (A = 97%, B = 89%, C = 76%), treatment success (A = 68%, B = 66%, C = 28%) and bacterial levels of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Tannerella forsythia, favouring antibiotics compared to placebo. Multiple regression identified antibiotic use as potential prognostic indicator for treatment success. Gastrointestinal disorders were the most reported adverse events in the antibiotic groups.

Conclusions

Adjunctive systemic antibiotics resulted in additional improvements in MBL stability. However, the potential clinical benefits of antibiotics need to be carefully balanced against the risk of adverse events and possible antibiotic resistance.