bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee,Bombus flavidus(Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story
Authors: Lhomme Patrick , Williams Sarah D , Ghisbain Guillaume , Martinet Baptiste , Gérard Maxence , Hines Heather M
Published: April 2021

Recent bumble bee declines have made it increasingly important to resolve the status of contentious species for conservation purposes. Some of the taxa found to be threatened are the often rare socially parasitic bumble bees. Among these, the socially parasitic bumble bee, Bombus flavidus Eversmann, has uncertain species status. Although multiple separate species allied with B. flavidus have been suggested, until recently, recognition of two species, a Nearctic Bombus fernaldae (Franklin) and Palearctic B. flavidus, was favored. Limited genetic data, however, suggested that even these could be a single widespread species. We addressed the species status of this lineage using an integrative taxonomic approach, combining cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and nuclear sequencing, wing morphometrics, and secretions used for mate attraction, and explored patterns of color polymorphism that have previously confounded taxonomy in this lineage. Our results support the conspecificity of fernaldae and flavidus; however, we revealed a distinct population within this broader species confined to eastern North America. This makes the distribution of the social parasite B. flavidus the broadest of any bumble bee, broader than the known distribution of any nonparasitic bumble bee species. Color polymorphisms are retained across the range of the species, but may be influenced by local mimicry complexes. Following these results, B. flavidusEversmann, 1852 is synonymized with Bombus fernaldae (Franklin, 1911) syn. nov. and a subspecific status, Bombus flavidus appalachiensisssp. nov., is assigned to the lineage ranging from the Appalachians to the eastern boreal regions of the United States and far southeastern Canada.
The Effect of an Adaptive Simulated Inner Voice on User’s Eye-gaze Behaviour, Ownership Perception and Plausibility Judgement in Virtual Reality
Authors: Ding Ding , Neerincx Mark A , Brinkman Willem-Paul
Published: April 2021

Virtual cognitions (VCs) are a stream of simulated thoughts people hear while emerged in a virtual environment, e.g. by hearing a simulated inner voice presented as a voice over. They can enhance people’s self-efficacy and knowledge about, for example, social interactions as previous studies have shown. Ownership and plausibility of these VCs are regarded as important for their effect, and enhancing both might, therefore, be beneficial. A potential strategy for achieving this is the synchronization of the VCs with people’s eye fixation using eye-tracking technology embedded in a head-mounted display. Hence, this paper tests this idea in the context of a pre-therapy for spider and snake phobia to examine the ability to guide people’s eye fixation. An experiment with 24 participants was conducted using a within-subjects design. Each participant was exposed to two conditions: one where the VCs were adapted to eye gaze of the participant and the other where they were not adapted, i.e. the control condition. The findings of a Bayesian analysis suggest that credibly more ownership was reported and more eye-gaze shift behaviour was observed in the eye-gaze-adapted condition than in the control condition. Compared to the alternative of no or negative mediation, the findings also give some more credibility to the hypothesis that ownership, at least partly, positively mediates the effect eye-gaze-adapted VCs have on eye-gaze shift behaviour. Only weak support was found for plausibility as a mediator. These findings help improve insight into how VCs affect people.
Induction of CCN1 in Growing Saccular Aneurysms: A Potential Marker Predicting Unstable Lesions
Authors: Shimizu Kampei , Imai Hirohiko , Kawashima Akitsugu , Okada Akihiro , Ono Isao , Miyamoto Susumu , Kataoka Hiroharu , Aoki Tomohiro
Published: April 2021

Growing evidence has suggested that inflammatory responses promote the progression of saccular intracranial aneurysms (IAs). However, a biomarker predicting the progression has yet to be established. This study aimed to identify novel molecules upregulated during the progression using a previously established rat aneurysm model. In this model, aneurysms are induced at the surgically created common carotid artery (CCA) bifurcation. Based on sequential morphological data, the observation periods after the surgical manipulations were defined as the growing phase (on the 10th day) or the stable phase (on the 30th day). Total cell lysates from the CCA with or without an aneurysm lesion were prepared to perform protein array analysis. The protein array analysis revealed that the matricellular protein cellular communication network factor 1 (CCN1) is induced in lesions during the growing phase. Immunohistochemistry corroborated the significant upregulation of CCN1 in the growing phase compared with the stable phase. Simultaneously with the induction of CCN1, significant increases in the number of CD68-positive macrophages, myeloperoxidase-positive cells, and proliferating smooth muscle cells in lesions were observed. Immunohistochemistry of human IA specimens reproduced the induction of CCN1 in some lesions. These findings imply a potential role of CCN1 as a marker predicting the progression of saccular aneurysms.
CladeOScope: functional interactions through the prism of clade-wise co-evolution
Authors: Tsaban Tomer , Stupp Doron , Sherill-Rofe Dana , Bloch Idit , Sharon Elad , Schueler-Furman Ora , Wiener Reuven , Tabach Yuval
Published: April 2021

Mapping co-evolved genes via phylogenetic profiling (PP) is a powerful approach to uncover functional interactions between genes and to associate them with pathways. Despite many successful endeavors, the understanding of co-evolutionary signals in eukaryotes remains partial. Our hypothesis is that ‘Clades’, branches of the tree of life (e.g. primates and mammals), encompass signals that cannot be detected by PP using all eukaryotes. As such, integrating information from different clades should reveal local co-evolution signals and improve function prediction. Accordingly, we analyzed 1028 genomes in 66 clades and demonstrated that the co-evolutionary signal was scattered across clades. We showed that functionally related genes are frequently co-evolved in only parts of the eukaryotic tree and that clades are complementary in detecting functional interactions within pathways. We examined the non-homologous end joining pathway and the UFM1 ubiquitin-like protein pathway and showed that both demonstrated distinguished co-evolution patterns in specific clades. Our research offers a different way to look at co-evolution across eukaryotes and points to the importance of modular co-evolution analysis. We developed the ‘CladeOScope’ PP method to integrate information from 16 clades across over 1000 eukaryotic genomes and is accessible via an easy to use web server at http://cladeoscope.cs.huji.ac.il.
Stories and Structures
Authors: Blevins Cameron
Published: April 2021

Chapter 2 follows the story of four siblings as they migrated westward and the role of the US Post in their lives. From the time they were orphaned as children in Ohio, the postal network connected Sarah, Jamie, Delia, and Benjamin Curtis across space. The Curtis siblings joined a migratory wave of people that washed across the western United States during the late 19th century. No matter where they moved, from a railway line on the central plains to a mill town in northern California to a backcountry ranch in Arizona, they could rely on the US Post’s expansive infrastructure to communicate with each other. Across dozens of surviving letters, the US Post’s structural power comes into focus, giving meaning to how its institutional arrangements and wider geography shaped everyday experiences and conditions in the 19th-century West.
Accessing and acquiring resources
Authors: Elfring Tom , Klyver Kim , van Burg Elco
Published: April 2021

Given the scarcity of resources in new ventures, a key challenge for entrepreneurs is the mobilization of external resources from their social networks to combine with already available internal resources in their attempts to develop and exploit opportunities. Prior research has been insightful in providing explanations on how mobilizing external resources through network ties predicts entrepreneurial success. However, conflicting and “murky” findings simultaneously indicated a need for further theorization. The authors suggest that a more thorough emphasis on networking agency, uncertainty, and the various steps in the resource process may help converge prior inconsistencies and provide a more realistic picture of entrepreneurs’ struggles to combine external and internal resources into valuable bundles. Specifically, by combining the social-interactive network and resource-based perspectives, we develop a “network-based resource model” to explain entrepreneurship in terms of building and exploiting networking relationships to develop new combinations. The model aims to explain how entrepreneurship as networking, with its social-interactive network agency, brings external resources into the uncertain and reiterative process of developing new combinations to capture value from acting on opportunities.
Moderns and Mandarins
Authors: Heinz Annelise
Published: April 2021

The mahjong fad, with its constant evocations of a mystical Chinese past, evidenced a larger reaction to change in the 1920s. Many Americans felt deeply ambivalent about the changes that came with increasing bureaucracy and urban anonymity, and they sought a connection to an ancient authenticity through mahjong. Marketers of the game shaped mahjong’s image and fought for turf over its authenticity. Chinese Americans asserted their own vision of Chinese authenticity. Some of these attempts were conscious, some were likely not, but all participated in creating what would become a dominant understanding of mahjong as an ancient Chinese game. Mahjong’s strengthening association with the ancient Chinese court had implications for how the game would be understood as either a gambling game or a respectable form of leisure. As in the larger history of authenticity, race and class were at the heart of these developments.
Inside and Outside Chinese America
Authors: Heinz Annelise
Published: April 2021

By the 1930s, mahjong stood in both China and abroad as “the national game of China.” Many Chinese Americans embraced mahjong for both its perceived Chineseness and its perceived Americanness. Chinese Americans interacted with mahjong in ways that in effect helped navigate tensions associated with Americanization. Chinatown residents participated in commodifying and marketing mahjong as an aspect of Chinese culture for outsiders, while also using it to create separate ethnic spaces for Chinese Americans to engage with each other. The presence of mahjong—through the noises of the tiles and the language of game-play, through its visual presence in public spaces and in private homes—helped mark geographic spaces of ethnic community. For Chinese Americans, playing mahjong was not about assimilation in contrast to cultural continuity or vice versa. Rather, it was a versatile pastime that helped create spaces for a shared Chinese American experience.
Suburban Migrations and Summer Bungalows
Authors: Heinz Annelise
Published: April 2021

Through mahjong, Jewish women effectively created a new cultural marker of a midcentury Jewish ethnicity—with a Chinese game played in an evolving residential and residentially segregated geography of increasingly suburban homes and summer vacationing landscapes. Straddling modernization and a received identity handed down over generations, Americanization took form in the development of an ethnic identity in the years when American ideas about race were changing alongside new concepts of ethnicity. By tapping into an American Orientalist tradition, Jewish women participated in mainstream white American culture, but through a marginal activity no longer engaged in by most Americans. In doing so, they exemplified the insider/outsider tension that their upward mobility into the privileges of white America provoked, and which mahjong culture (in unintentional ways) helped resolve. American mahjong resulted from the material, residential, and social elements that made up an increasingly coherent Jewish American culture—and helped create it.
Political Equality
Authors: Schemmel Christian
Published: April 2021

This chapter argues that liberal relational egalitarianism requires, for reasons of both non-domination and equal respect for persons’ sense of justice, a demandingly egalitarian conception of rights to political participation, and that this requirement has to enjoy a qualified priority over other requirements of justice. However, it must, in principle, be open to some restriction, should this be strictly necessary to fulfil such other requirements. The chapter goes on to identify the conditions governing the justification of such restrictions and shows that these are likely to permit special institutional practices such as constitutional review, while ruling out ground-level political inequality between citizens, because egalitarian strategies for improving the quality of citizen input will almost always be available. It concludes by showing how Ronald Dworkin’s account of political rights fails to do justice to the expressive value of political equality. This result strengthens the case against distributive egalitarian theories made earlier.
“We Have No End”
Authors: Young Elliott
Published: April 2021

In the spring and summer of 1980, 125,000 Cubans fled from the port of Mariel outside of Havana to Florida. By 1987, close to 2,400 Mariel Cubans were being held in prisons in Oakdale, Louisiana, and Atlanta, Georgia, because they had committed crimes in the United States and been ordered deported. Lacking the ability to carry out the deportation, the US government incarcerated the Cubans indefinitely. Upon learning in November 1987 that the Cuban government would accept some of these deportees, detainees in these two prisons rose up, seized 138 hostages, and set the prisons ablaze. After two weeks, the Cuban detainees surrendered once the US government agreed to individually review their asylum claims. The story of the longest prison uprising in US history reveals how law and order politics, emphasizing a heavy-handed policing of crime, merged with immigration restrictions in the 1980s to produce mass immigrant incarceration.
History in the Ylias and Alexandreis
Authors: Haynes Justin A.
Published: April 2021

This chapter argues that the Alexandreis and Ylias reflect the way that Virgil was believed, in the twelfth century, to have constructed history and myth in the Aeneid. The key witnesses to the twelfth-century perception of history in the Aeneid are the “Anselm” commentary on the Aeneid and Servius, which was ubiquitous in the period and determined the shape of most other available commentaries on the Aeneid. Servius’s understanding of history (historia) and myth (fabula), and especially anachronism, is discussed in detail. Servius reads the Aeneid as a historical text which, although often bending the historical truth, did so with intentional allusion to specific historical events or alternate historical possibilities. The Alexandreis’s and the Ylias’s special interest in historical truth (historia) accords well with the way in which the Aeneid was read in the twelfth century.
Policy Choices and Conclusions
Authors: Anand Anita Indira
Published: April 2021

This concluding chapter argues that the nexus-of-contract model continues to bear importance in analyses of the corporation but that this model only explains part of the story. While the corporation is certainly a hub of contractual relationships, it remains subject to the increasingly important phenomenon of shareholder-driven corporate governance (SCG). The chapter examines policy choices in a regime that allows and facilitates SCG. SCG is a trend to be observed, but it is also an ideal to be achieved. Achieving this ideal calls for greater shareholder participation in corporate governance, a weighty objective that can be reached by providing shareholders with the ability to nominate directors, imposing protections in dual-class share companies, and imposing restrictions on executive compensation, for example.
The Living Image of the People
Authors: Frank Jason
Published: April 2021

The transition from royal to popular sovereignty during the age of democratic revolutions entailed not only the reorganization of institutions of governance and norms of political legitimacy, but also a dramatic and less-examined transformation in the iconography of political power and rule. Drawing on a wide range of seventeenth- to nineteenth-century visual sources, this chapter examines the pressures of popular visualization that accompanied the victorious appearance of popular sovereignty at key moments of its emergence, and how competing strategies of imaging popular will were implicated in different conceptions of popular agency and power. The chapter is focused on the emergence of “the living image of the people,” the idea that collective assemblies, crowds, and mass protests were no longer understood as mere factious riots or seditious rebellions, but instead as living manifestations of the people’s authority, sublime expressions of the vitality and significance of popular will.
Counseling Persons with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh
Published: April 2021

Counseling Persons with Parkinson’s Disease offers a distinctive, practical, philosophically grounded, and person-centered approach to counseling those living with Parkinson’s disease and other chronic illnesses. As a seasoned teacher of professional counselors who also lives with Parkinson’s, the author demonstrates that chronic illness requires accepting and living with profound loss, but that this loss may lead to personal transformation and constructive ends, wherein one finds new hope, meaning, purpose, happiness, and passion for living. Equal parts memoir and professional resource, this book guides clinicians who give counsel, educators who teach counseling, and anyone wanting to know more about Parkinson’s disease and provide support for those who live with it.
Living with an Illness Called Parkinson’s
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh
Published: April 2021

This chapter considers three matters. First, it explains how a counselor best becomes familiar with the experiences and needs of persons with Parkinson’s (PwP) by using a phenomenological approach to counseling. Second, the chapter details the nature of living with Parkinson’s, including the condition’s wide-ranging effects on quality of life. Third, the chapter shows how counselors may work with PwP using a time-limited approach after understanding the fundamental nature of Parkinson’s and what it requires in the way of supportive care. The loss-based counseling (LBC) approach is introduced. Finally, perhaps most crucial for the book as a whole, the chapter presents an argument for why thinking in terms of a person having an illness, as opposed to a disease, is most helpful. Specifically, a focus on disease prioritizes the objective physiological state, whereas a focus on illness prioritizes a person’s subjective experience of living with the disease.
Reminded by the Instruments
Authors: Nakai You
Published: April 2021

David Tudor (1926–1996) is remembered today in two guises: as an extraordinary pianist of postwar avant-garde music who worked closely with composers like John Cage and Karlheinz Stockhausen, influencing the development of graphic notation and indeterminacy; and as a spirited pioneer of live-electronic music who realized idiosyncratic performances based on the interaction of homemade modular instruments, inspiring an entire generation of musicians. However, the fact that Tudor himself did not talk or write much about what he was doing, combined with the esoteric nature of electronic circuits and schematics (for musicologists), has prevented any comprehensive approach to the entirety of his output which actually began with the organ and ended in visual art. As a result, Tudor has remained a puzzle of sorts in spite of his profound influence—perhaps a pertinent status for a figure who was known for his deep love of puzzles. This book sets out to solve the puzzle of David Tudor as a puzzle that David Tudor made, applying Tudor’s own methods for approaching other people’s materials to the unusually large number of materials that he himself left behind. Patching together instruments, circuits, sketches, notes, diagrams, recordings, receipts, letters, custom declaration forms, testimonies, and recollections like modular pieces of a giant puzzle, the narrative skips over the misleading binary of performer/composer to present a lively portrait of Tudor as a multi-instrumentalist who always realized his music from the nature of specific instruments.
Making Better Choices
Authors: Phelps Charles E. , Madhavan Guru
Published: April 2021

Making Better Choices is about how we make decisions together and the tools we use to get to those decisions. We make joint decisions out of necessity because the choices we make affect each other. Each decision we take has a consequence. This book reinforces why we need better systems design and analyses given the consequences of our decisions. It is also about carefully thinking about the values of the choices we make, whether they occur in a small meeting of individuals in a local association or community or in a national election. It will illuminate the differences between sincere behavior and strategic behavior to defeat an opponent in voting, the latter being quite common. The book will also review different voting systems, what their original intents were, and what their deficits are. In trying to bring all these topics together and more, the authors realized that the book is in essence an outcome of the arranged marriage between social choice and systems engineering that they conducted. The more one begins to explore the aspects of social choice and systems engineering, the more one realizes how much they have in common, and how much more they can offer if they are unified.
Why Delegate?
Authors: Mitchell Neil J.
Published: April 2021

Why Delegate? investigates the incentives to delegate and the risks that one takes in doing so. From mundane interactions like choosing a plumber to weightier tasks like the running of a country, and from recreational enjoyments to the protection of human rights, the world turns on delegation. Where it is successful, delegation brings efficiency, shared responsibility, and even happiness. Where it is not, it brings conflict, corruption, and an absence of accountability. One may hear of Saudi hit squads loose in Istanbul, rogue software engineers creating pollution scandals at Volkswagen, and individuals at FIFA selling the rights to host the World Cup, but one may question whether these individuals were out of control. One wonders about the chronic indifference of the Catholic Church to child abusers, and why those in charge ignore the misbehavior of security officials and even the war crimes of their soldiers. Is it can’t control, or won’t control? An understanding of the structure of the delegation relationship, more or less as economists have described it, simplifies a myriad of important and seemingly disparate problems in private and public life. Yet in the collision of principal-agent theory with the practice of delegation, there are further important insights to be found where the principal behaves in ways that are unexpected and puzzling to a rational-choice eye. A broader, more descriptively useful logic of delegation offers a fresh take on a wide variety of issues, whether corruption in sports organizations, war crimes, or the church’s child abuse scandal.
Miscellaneous
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores Article XVIII of the Colorado Constitution, titled “Miscellaneous.” As the title indicates, it covers a broad variety of subjects. The article’s original eight sections forbade lotteries and required the general assembly to pass “liberal homestead and exemption laws,” provisions for arbitration of disputes, laws outlawing imports of fake or adulterated liquors, laws to preserve state forests, and measures for publishing laws adopted at each legislative session. Amendments and additions to the article allow and define the state lottery and limited gambling, impose term limits on state officials, try to promote term limits for federal offices, restrict methods of trapping wildlife, and legalize medical and recreational marijuana under complex rules.
The History of the Colorado Constitution
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2021

This chapter traces the history of the Colorado Constitution. After some misfires for Colorado Territory, the constitution was drafted in the 1875–76 convention, approved by voters and federal authorities, and became effective when statehood was proclaimed by the President on August 1, 1876. Amendments made it one of America's longest state charters. Unique provisions define water rights, impose broad tax restrictions, forbid underground nuclear detonations, and commit redistricting of congressional and legislative seats to special commissions. Crucial tests of the constitutional system arose over public school and state government funding, municipal home rule, direct democracy, labor unrest in the mines, the Great Depression, redistricting, and coping with the 1992 tax restrictions.
Crackup
Authors: Popkin Samuel L.
Published: April 2021

Crackup: The Republican Implosion and the Future of Presidential Politics explains how changes in campaign finance laws and the proliferation of mass media fractured the Republican Party into uncompromising groups with irreconcilable demands. The 2002 “McCain-Feingold” campaign finance reform bill aimed to weaken the power of big businesses and strengthen political parties by ending corporate donations to the parties. Instead, it weakened legislative leaders and made bipartisanship a four-letter word. Moving money outside the political parties fuelled the rise of “purity for profit” groups and Super PACs funded by billionaires with pet issues. This allowed self-promoting politicians to undermine intraparty colleagues with an unprecedented use of tactics once only used to disrupt the opposition.
The Last Republican President?
Authors: Popkin Samuel L.
Published: April 2021

The last (relatively) bloodless presidential primary for the GOP came in 2000, when George W. Bush won the nomination by quietly unifying religious conservatives, fiscal conservatives, and defense hawks. Yet the warning signs of the coming crackup would soon arrive. Soon after his inauguration, conflicts over tax cuts and demands to end stem cell research broke out. Trying to cut government programs, Bush quickly lost his Senate majority when Senator Jim Jeffords left the party to caucus with the Democrats. When 9/11 changed the country’s concerns from a weak domestic economy to national security, Bush passed a second tax cut and ignored his campaign promise to strengthen social security. Taking advantage of a rising wave of concern about the flow of large corporate donations into the two national parties, Senators John McCain and Russ Feingold crafted the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. The bill attempted to end the power of major donors to influence candidates and parties, and remove the advantage enjoyed by men like Bush and his deep-pocketed connections. However, driving money out of the parties gave big donors more influence, ambitious candidates more ways to make waves, and legislative leaders fewer ways to protect the Republican brand. It fueled the rise of uncompromising single-issue candidates, increased the power of lobbyists, and weakened party leaders in both the House and Senate. Changing campaign finance regulations pushed the party to the right and turned compromise and bipartisanship into four-letter words.
Augustus and the Economics of Adultery
Authors: Skinner Marilyn B.
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines Augustus’ legislation criminalizing adultery in the light of first-century bce social arrangements that allowed Roman noblewomen to manage property without interference from their husbands and sometimes with little input from natal kin. During and after the Second Punic War (218–201 bce), concentration of wealth in female hands had triggered major legal changes and produced a corresponding shift toward marriage sine manu (“free” marriage). By the end of the Republic, the phenomenon of legally independent (sui iuris) women controlling their finances, especially with purely nominal oversight from tutors, created apprehension among husbands without a say in their wives’ dealings and arguably contributed to widespread concern over female sexual license. Responding to such anxieties, Augustus’ adultery law imposed economic penalties upon convicted women that, in addition to serving as deterrents, probably facilitated the transfer of property out of irresponsible (female) hands into the hands of those more deserving.
The Woman in the Street
Authors: Richlin Amy
Published: April 2021

Although ignored in current treatments of Roman political culture, women were active in the streets of Rome and throughout Italy in the war-torn mid-Republic. Comedy is the best contemporary witness, developing as it did from the 270s bce onward. City sackings entailed rape, enslavement, loss of kin, and the movement of refugees across Italy, and the resulting issues inflect the content of comedy, emblematized in a slave-woman’s fake jewelry in the shape of the goddess Victoria. Comedy addresses women in the audience, while, onstage, women move through the city and participate in political actions and discourse, laying claim to rights. In Livy’s later accounts of the Punic Wars, women appear in religious worship and reacting to war news, demonstrating bereavement like the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo. They even join in the fighting, in ways seen in Vietnam and Northern Ireland, or as Cicero’s wife Terentia defended her own home.
Popular Song vs. Theatre Song
Authors: Church Joseph
Published: April 2021

Chapter 2 follows up on the material of earlier chapters with an extensive description and comparison of rock songs and theatre songs. First, the commonalities of all songs are reviewed, and a connection is made between song and human behavior. The notion of popular song and musical theatre as commercial enterprises is established. Following this is a detailed breakdown of the essential yet separate qualities of popular songs and theatre songs, both music and lyrics, and the connection between text and music. Each genre is examined through its definitive characteristics, then the two types of song are compared. Last is a discussion of the integration of popular songs and rock styles into theatre scores, divided into archetypal themes for songs of all kinds.
Musical Values in Rock Theatre Songs
Authors: Church Joseph
Published: April 2021

Here the nature of rock music is broken down into its components, with an emphasis on rhythm. In rock, the melody and the accompaniment are both rhythmic; this chapter contains an extensive discussion of how melody and accompaniment interact to create the essential rock element of groove. The notions of rhythmic accuracy and rhythmic freedom are discussed at length from both aesthetic and technical standpoints. Among the primary topics are meter, tempo, feel, improvisation, tension and resolution, and underlying rhythmic motors in rock. A singer’s approach to melody is examined by genre, including extensive examples: rock ’n’ roll, hard rock, pop and pop-rock, blues and gospel, soul and r&b, rap, and ballads.
The Hunger Strikes
Authors: Ó Dochartaigh Niall
Published: April 2021

This chapter analyses back-channel negotiations during the republican hunger strikes of 1980 and 1981. Although it has ancient precedents in Ireland, hunger-striking is a modern negotiating tactic. Time was crucial to the power exerted by the H-Block hunger strikers of 1980 and 1981 and it is a key focus of the analysis here of the negotiations to end their strikes. The central concerns are the negotiating dynamics at work in the hunger strikes and the intense struggle over time that they involved. The chapter analyses how and when the deadline set by the prospect of a hunger striker dying generated movement in negotiations and the temporal strategies deployed during the approach to this deadline, focusing on the nexus of information, biological processes, and communication. The hunger strikes distilled the wider conflict, concentrating it in time and space. It became the site of a massive concentration of forces by both the British government and the IRA, and both parties understood it as a location at which the outcome of the conflict that had begun in 1969 might finally be determined. The failure to negotiate a settlement illuminates some of the deep structural pressures working against a compromise that would end the wider conflict. But it also provides glimpses of some of the underlying forces that would bring both Britain and the IRA back to the back-channel in the 1990s.
One Man, One Vote
Authors: Crook Malcolm
Published: April 2021

All adults are entitled to vote today, yet this principle was not established until relatively recently. Even in the case of men, who were invariably enfranchised before women, the recognition of universal male suffrage was far more problematic than is often realized, though much has been written about it. In fact, the belief that the franchise should be awarded on the basis of certain criteria, such as property ownership or tax payment, as opposed to constituting a right of citizenship, was widely accepted during the nineteenth century, in France as elsewhere. Universal manhood suffrage was proclaimed in the French Constitution of 1793, but not implemented, and its later foundation in 1848 was unanticipated. There were also periods of reversal as well as progress, with moments of disenfranchisement, notably under the restored monarchy after 1814, but also during the First and Second Republics. Even in the early 1870s, the principle of one man, one vote was still being challenged by conservatives and its consolidation under the Third Republic was by no means preordained; it had taken nearly a century to achieve.
‘Handle with Care’ in StrasbourgThe Effective Access of Vulnerable Undocumented Migrants to Minimum Socio-economic Rights
Authors: Ippolito Francesca , González Carmen Pérez
Published: April 2021

This chapter aims to analyse how the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has developed the protection of certain socio-economic rights of irregular migrants contributing to the consolidation of a minimum standard in this field. In particular, this chapter focuses on Strasbourg case law developments regarding rights to adequate housing, health care, and education, along with protection against labour exploitation and trafficking with the purpose of labour exploitation. Relevant contributions from other human rights bodies, particularly the European Committee of Social Rights (ECSR), will be also considered in order to conclude whether we can affirm the existence of a minimum core protections in this regard. The chapter concludes that international courts and non-judicial mechanisms are contributing to the definition of a shared global understanding of the centrality of human dignity in the quest to protect fundamental rights.
Cultural Rights of MigrantsLiving Together in Dignity?
Authors: Gutan Bianca
Published: April 2021

The growing and multifarious challenges (political, legal, social, and economic) that global migration raises for contemporary states requires solutions related not only to constitutional identity, but also to a better protection of human rights. Although less visible in the ‘big picture’, cultural rights are an important category of human rights. An absent or a precarious protection of these rights might affect other rights. That is why a balance must be struck between society’s needs and the cultural rights of the individual. In this context, questions may be asked: could there be common points regarding the cultural rights of migrants and of minorities in Europe? Is ‘living together’ a concept that can ensure the full respect of the human dignity of migrants, especially as regards cultural rights? The chapter attempts to answer some of these questions, mainly through the prism of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR).
Collective Memory in International Relations
Authors: Bachleitner Kathrin
Published: April 2021

This book traces the influence of collective memory in international relations (IR). It inquires where a country’s memory first emerges and how it guides states through time in world politics. It locates the origins of national memory in political strategies within the international environment. The study then turns to the domestic landscape, where among a country’s public, it finds memory to be the carrier of national identity over time. From there, however, the analysis reverts to the international sphere: in the medium term, collective memory begins to channel international state behaviour, whereas, in the long run, it circumvents a country’s normative horizons. In this book, collective memory is thus assumed to become manifest in world politics in four varying forms: as a country’s political strategy, as its public identity, as underwriting its international state behaviour, and finally, as a source for its national values. All four theorized manifestations of memory are tested in a comparative study of (West) Germany and Austria and the impact their diverse post-war interpretations of the Nazi legacy had on their international policies over time. With the illustrative help of the empirical cases, the book not only explores whether collective memory has an influence on political outcomes but how and why it matters for IR.
Memory as State Behaviour
Authors: Bachleitner Kathrin
Published: April 2021

This chapter shows how collective memory channels a country’s international behaviour. To that end, it first lays out the nexus between memory and state behaviour put forward by the temporal security concept. It then goes on to distinguish it from international relations’ classical realist and ontological security approaches and their predictions on state behaviour. To keep their temporal security intact, countries are assumed to enter into an ‘in-between-time’ conversation with their ‘significant historical others’. Through the emotional trigger of shame, policymakers avoid potential disconnects with their country’s ‘narrated self in the past’, thus bringing their courses of action in line with collective memory. To illustrate this process, the empirical case study looks at the reaction of West Germany and Austria to two wars in the Middle East. It contrasts their support for either of the warring parties during the Six Day War of 1967 and the Yom Kippur War and international oil crisis of 1973. The qualitative analysis demonstrates that West Germany and Austria’s different collective memories of the Nazi legacy channelled their behaviour along diverse reasonings to support either the Israeli or the Arab side.
Memory as National Values
Authors: Bachleitner Kathrin
Published: April 2021

This chapter places collective memory at the source of a country’s values. In that regard, it enquires into the nature of normative obligations arising from memory. Based on moral-philosophical considerations, it finds normativity in the ‘processes surrounding memory’ described in the temporal security concept. Over time, the relationship between collective memory, identity, and behaviour generates a ‘duty to act’ for countries in the sense of ‘ought’. This last and most diffuse impact of collective memory unfolds and persists into the long run. Through it, collective memory, entirely outside the realm of conscious choice, channels behaviour towards one good course of action. To illustrate this, the empirical study picks up the case countries, Germany and Austria, at a late point in time. In 2015, large numbers of refugees arrived at their borders during what became known as the ‘European refugee crisis’. In this ‘critical situation’, both countries were required to react and thus position themselves vis-à-vis the highly normative issue of asylum. With the help of a content analysis of official speeches, the case study demonstrates how German and Austrian politicians came to identify different versions of what a good response entails based on their country’s diverse collective memories.
Protecting Genetic Privacy in Biobanking through Data Protection Law
Authors: Hallinan Dara
Published: April 2021

Biobanks are critical infrastructure for medical research. Biobanks, however, are also the subject of considerable ethical and legal uncertainty. Given that biobanks process large quantities of genomic data, questions have emerged as to how genetic privacy should be protected. What types of genetic privacy rights and rights holders should be protected and to what extent? Since 25 May 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has applied and now occupies a key position in the European legal framework for the regulation of biobanking. This book takes an in-depth look at the function, problems, and opportunities presented by European data protection law under the GDPR as a framework for the protection of genetic privacy in biobanking. It argues that the substantive framework presented by the GDPR already offers an admirable baseline level of protection for the range of genetic privacy rights engaged by biobanking. The book further contends that while numerous problems with this standard of protection are indeed identifiable, the GDPR offers the flexibility to accommodate solutions to these problems, as well as the procedural mechanisms to realise these solutions.
Introduction
Authors: Hallinan Dara
Published: April 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the protection of genetic privacy in biobanking. The fact that genomic research relies on the processing of large quantities of individuals' genomic data has raised new questions as to which forms of privacy right are engaged by research, and as to which privacy rights holders are engaged by research: questions of genetic privacy. Ordinarily, one might look to the law to provide some clue, or image, as to which genetic privacy rights are worthy of protection and as to what an effective and proportionate approach to their protection should look like. In this regard, a brief look at the legal landscape relevant to biobanking in Europe reveals a great quantity of legislation apparently relevant for the protection of genetic privacy in biobanking. This book then takes an in-depth look at the function, problems, and opportunities presented by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as a framework for the protection of genetic privacy in biobanking in Europe.
Testing the GDPR in Relation to Biobanking
Authors: Hallinan Dara
Published: April 2021

This chapter looks at when the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) applies, rationae materiae, to biobanking—only when the law applies to biobanking can it be expected to provide any protection for genetic privacy rights in biobanking at all. The GDPR's applicability criteria are outlined in Article 2; criteria concern both the types of processing activity covered by the GDPR and the mechanics of processing covered by the GDPR. In relation to the mechanics of biobank processing, the situation is complex. The key question which emerges is which types of biobanking substances can qualify as personal data? The concept of personal data can be usefully broken down into two aspects of any processing operation. First, the substance being processed: to qualify as personal data, a substance must be able to fulfil three criteria. A substance must be ‘information’, it must ‘relate to’ a specific person, and that person must be a ‘natural person’. In the biobanking context, health, lifestyle, and biographical information, sequenced genomic data, and individual research results certainly fulfil these criteria. Second, the link between the substance and a specific individual: to qualify as personal data, a substance must relate to an individual who is ‘identified or identifiable’. All biobanking substances processed in either linked or pseudonymised form will certainly qualify as ‘identified or identifiable’.
Testing the GDPR in Relation to Biobanking
Authors: Hallinan Dara
Published: April 2021

This chapter explains how the General Data Protection Regulation's (GDPR) substantive provisions apply to biobanking. It breaks provisions down into seven groups—oversight, legitimate processing, data subject rights, data controller obligations, international transfers, sanctions, and derogations—and provides a detailed analysis of the applicability of provisions in each group in turn. The protection offered by the substantive provisions of the GDPR, however, is liable, in relation to certain types of biobanking processing, to vary between European states. Although the GDPR is, in principle, intended to be directly applicable in all states in which it applies, the law does contain several derogation possibilities relevant for biobanking—for example in relation to data subject rights. European states have already taken advantage of these possibilities to pass national laws applicable to biobanking, outlining provisions which deviate from the default standard of protection.
A Brief History of Biomedical Products Regulation
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin
Published: April 2021

The history of biomedical product regulation is a history of hard-won progress. Often, only after tragedy, has regulatory statute caught up to drugs with horrid side effects or medical devices that offer no benefit but may do harm. Harmful or questionable products slip through cracks in regulatory statutes and are brought to market quickly and prolifically, while regulators play catch up and must demonstrate harms before being enabled to police or regulate them. A notable present-day example is e-cigarettes, a multi-billion-dollar industry with clearly questionable marketing practices, which arrived and grew quickly without any form of premarket regulatory obligation. Similarly, digital health tools are proliferating, and most are yet to be subject to premarket regulation. This chapter provides a brief history of biomedical-products regulation with a focus on benefit-risk determination and its impacts on regulatory policy.
Current State of Cyber Regulation
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin
Published: April 2021

The complex interrelationships among privacy, security, compliance, and quality create complementary opportunities to reinforce the objectives of cybersecurity regulation are explored. The risks that result from the involvement of a wide range of authorities with different objectives creates potential pitfalls, oversights, gaps, and delays in attaining these end states. The resulting gaps are threats that contribute to risks of adverse events in digital health. Given an environment where innovations in digital health are near constant, it is essential to keep security, privacy, compliance, and quality measures up to date. Federal guidelines from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) may be applied to help health information technology and digital health practices safe.