bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of effects of radial load on vibration of bearing using time-Domain statistical parameters
Authors: Jain Prashant H. , Bhosle Santosh P.
Published: February 2021

Rolling element bearings are important parts of rotating machineries. Any defect in their elements causes vibration and damage. Many vibration signal analysis techniques are available for detection and diagnosis of defects in machineries. In time domain vibration analysis techniques, various statistical parameters such as RMS, crest factor, skewness, kurtosis etc. are used for defect detection in bearings. Bearing related parameters like defect type, defect size, shaft speed, radial load etc. affect the bearing vibrations. In this paper, the effects of change in bearing radial load on various time-domain statistical parameters are analyzed. New combination of indicators like Kurtosis × RMS, Kurtosis × Peak, RMS × Peak and new indicators developed by researchers TALAF and THIKAT are analyzed for change in radial load on bearing. Also the effect of outer race defect in bearing on statistical parameters is analyzed. In this paper, the bearing defect data sets with outer and inner race defects provided by Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology are used. The results show that these parameters can be used as condition indicators for early fault detection in bearings.
Prioritization of Lean Six Sigma Success Factors using Pareto Analysis
Authors: Patel Anand S , Patel Kaushik M
Published: February 2021

In the era of Globalization and technological intervention, organizations are forced to innovate the product and deliverer at a competitive price in the shortest possible time. Hence the organizations have to adopt drastic and quick changes to improve productivity at optimum resources by adopting emerging strategies. Lean Six Sigma (LSS) has grown as one of the continuous improvement strategies in the recent past, evolving from the merger of Lean philosophy and Six Sigma methodology. Lean aims to reduce waste, whereas Six Sigma mainly focuses to reduce the variation. However, the implementation of LSS and sustenance of it is a massive challenge for the organizations. Therefore, this paper aims to understand and to explore the factors responsible for successful implementation of LSS from the literature. The eleven success factors are prioritized as vital few through Pareto analysis. Top Management commitment and involvement, Training and Education, Cultural change, Project Management skills, and link LSS with the business strategy analyzed as the five most significant factors in implementing LSS. This study will help the academicians, researchers, and professionals explore the factors as a research domain and implement LSS more smoothly.
Mode choice analysis among motorcycle and Trans Koetaradja urban bus and its contributing factors using revealed preference (RP) data
Authors: Irza M , Sugiarto S , Saleh S M
Published: February 2021

The random utility maximization (RUM) is a widely used principle to study customer behaviors derived from econometric theory. The mode choice problem in transportation planning has been intensively studied to explore the choice behavior of travelers. In the demand analysis, market shares among transport modes are substantially used for public transport planning and operation. Therefore, this study is a preliminary analysis of the modeling complex mode choice behaviors among motorcycle and bus system so-called Trans Koetaradja by considering specific attributes of mode, households, and individual sociodemographic attributes. The developed model of mode choice is used to explore the effect of specific attributes of mode, households, and individual sociodemographic attributes on traveler’s mode choice behaviors and its contributing factors. Using the Revealed Preference (RP) data collected in Banda Aceh, we formulate Binary Logit (BL) to identify and evaluate the effects specific attributes of mode, households, and individual sociodemographic on mode choice. These results confirm that there is a substantial contribution of the specific mode attributes of the individual in determining selected mode choice. The specific attribute of motorcycle mode preference such as travel time (TT) and distance of destination (DD). Findings further confirm that individual sociodemographic variable including dummy young Age (DYA), dummy has elementary education background (DEB), dummy has low-medium income (DIN), dummy owned motorcycle (DOM) and dummy has driver license (DDL) have a statistically significant alert to the selecting mode choice of motorcycle.
Integration of public open space and pedestrian pathway to the Trans Koetaradja shelter in the Masjid Raya Baiturrahman area
Authors: Zulkarnaen C , Sugiarto S , Caisarina I
Published: February 2021

The area of Masjid Raya Baiturrahman is an area that is integrated with public space, pedestrian pathway, and public transportation infrastructure namely Halte Trans Koetaradja. This area is always crowded because of the Masjid Raya Baiturrahman besides as a center of Islamic worship also as a center of Islamic tourism in Banda Aceh. This area is always crowded by motorists and pedestrians who visit and perform activities in the area. Because the still mix of motor vehicles and pedestrians makes the area at certain times very dense so it is not safe and comfortable for pedestrians. This research aims to identify the existing conditions of the pedestrian street in the area of Masjid Raya Baiturrahman Grand and also identify the characteristics of pedestrian movements to determine the level of service from the pedestrian path. This study was conducted using a table based on the list of Ministerial Regulation of Public Works No. 03 the Year 2014 and also the Department of Transport (DOT) to identify the existing conditions of the pedestrian path in the area of Masjid Raya, then conducted a review of the characteristics of pedestrian movements using the formula of pedestrian speed, pedestrian flow and also pedestrian density. The results of this research appointment that the pedestrian pathway in the area of Masjid Raya Baiturrahman when reviewed from the existing service level, it is still a level of service A, but if the review of existing conditions then there is an improvement to the pedestrian pathway. This is because the supporting facilities have not been compactor to the pedestrian pathway by the standard guidelines.
Disaster mitigation in Indonesia: between plans and reality
Authors: Fuady M , Munadi R , Fuady M A K
Published: February 2021

Indonesia is one of the most vulnerable countries in the risk of natural disasters from the standpoint of geography, geology, climatology and demography. The geographical position of Indonesia is located at the confluence of 3 main tectonic plates and includes the Pacific Ring of Fire, and has more than 500 volcanoes, of which about 128 are still active. Some of the disasters that caused severe damage, large casualties and high losses included the earthquake and tsunami in Aceh (2004), the earthquake in Yogyakarta (2006), the earthquake in Padang (2009), the earthquake in Lombok (2018) and earthquake, tsunami and liquefaction disasters in Palu (2018). For this reason, it has become a necessity for the Indonesian people to learn from this disastrous experience of disaster by identifying all aspects related to risk and vulnerability to improve the ability of communities to cope with disasters. This study, which is based on the results of a study of a number of disaster studies, seeks to revisit several disaster events in Indonesia with a special review of the concept of disaster mitigation and its application to minimize disaster risk in urban areas. The results of the study show that the concept of disaster mitigation has been planned in several cities in Indonesia but there are still weaknesses in its application when a disaster occurs. This result is expected to be one of the references in improving the quality of urban disaster mitigation planning in Indonesia.
Testing circular weaving (roundabout) to improve traffic performance and level of service of the unsignalized intersection
Authors: Amir F , Saleh S M , Sugiarto S
Published: February 2021

Unsignalized intersection is the most operated traffic facility in Indonesia including several small-medium cities like Bireuen. The unsignalized intersection is mainly characterized by the complex maneuver mechanism by road users. The RSU Fauziah intersection is one of the most crowded intersections within the city center. This unsignalized intersection seems does not fit with current traffic demand. Indiscipline driver’s movement and the rejection gap by the driver leads to deteriorating the capacity and level of service (LOS) of the intersection. Therefore, this work proposes to investigate the deterioration of capacity and level of service of targeted unsignalized intersection considering current traffic facility (unsignalized) and tested roundabout type traffic operation. The study was conducted at RSU Fauziah unsignalized intersection which located at the city center of Bireuen, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Using peak hour traffic data recorded using a video camera, the capacity was evaluated using the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM, 1997) for the existing traffic performance and simulating using VISSIM for trial implementation of roundabout. While the level of services (LOS) was examined using the Ministry of Transportation Decree (2006). The result of analysis demonstrates that the capacity of unsignalized slightly increases by 24.5% while the delay and level of service are significantly reduced to 39.2%, and improved from E to C, for delay and LOS, respectively. It can be concluded that the improvement of the existing condition by implemented a roundabout could improve the capacity and LOS of an existing unsignalized intersection.
The unit price of building changes to different design of seismic importance factors
Authors: Mastura C A W S , Mubarak M , Abdullah A
Published: February 2021

The design of a building needs to accommodate the potential for earthquake risk. The function and utilization of buildings are closely related to the risks caused by earthquakes, especially for people using the building. In the design process, load changes due to utilization are accommodated through an index value called seismic importance factors (SIF). The application of the index will directly affect the structural dimensions of a building. Thus, the amount of building unit price (BUP) needed will also vary according to the function of the building. This research was conducted to analyze changes in BUP on some seismic importance factors in a building structure design. Changes in unit prices were explained by applying the price index approach in the form of the building unit price index (BUPI). This study was applied to a six-story building using reinforced concrete structures and following earthquake load conditions in four seismic zones in Aceh Province. The BUPI was analyzed based on comparing a building unit price (BUP) to the reference BUP that was set from the building designed with the lowest SIF index in the initial seismic zone. The analysis results show that the increase in the SIF indices will potentially increase the BUP to 6 % (IDR. 105,061.25) for SIF 1.00 to 1.25, while the increase in costs for SIF 1.25 to 1.50 was 4 % (IDR. 84,507.32). The BUPI values have clearly explained how the building unit price increases following the SIF indexes increase.
An experimental study on bond strength of abaca fiber as natural FRP material
Authors: Saidi T , Amalia Z , Hasan M , Hasanuddin I , Salvana W , Akram
Published: February 2021

The use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) has been implemented as an alternative for strengthening and repairing methods. Nowadays, the use of natural material for FRP has been developed in order to minimize the disadvantage effects to nature due to synthetic FRP material and economic reason. In this paper, an experimental study was carried out to evaluate the bond strength of abaca fiber as natural reinforced polymer (NFRP) material in reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The test specimen was a beam that had cross-section area of 100 × 100mm2and 300mm length. Single rebar was used in this study with 10mm diameter of rebar. Artificial crack was applied in order to consider the initial crack by using cardboard between the concrete. Two externally bonded strengthened beams with a different type of abaca fiber arrangement, bond length, and thickness were applied on the concrete surface. The test was conducted by applying a tension load on the beam until the specimen reach its failure. The results showed that the bond strength decrease as the bond length becomes longer because the maximum load was almost constant for different bond length. The maximum load was approximately around 4 tf for short and long bond length. The compatibility of abaca fiber and rebar was also monitored. Both abaca fiber and rebar able to stand the load compactly. Abaca fiber composite laminate had a similar trend with rebar at the same location where an artificial crack was made. Furthermore, the arrangement and thickness of the abaca fiber composite laminate affected the results.
Performance assessment of building structures due to Pidie Jaya earthquake using pushover analysis
Authors: Riswandi M , Hasan M , Afifuddin M , Putra R , Maulana M , Bilqaini G R
Published: February 2021

Pidie Jaya earthquake occurred on December 7, 2016 caused the damage of many building structures. Therefore, it is important to assess the performance of building structures in resisting the earthquake load. In this paper, the performance assessment of two building structures, which were the Multipurpose Hall Building that has been deformed permanently and Prosecutor’s Office Buildings that have been experienced some flexural and shear cracks was conducted. The study was started by performing site, design document, and as built drawing assessment. The building structures were modelled as space frames using ETABS software and the data obtained from the site was inputted. The design response spectrum recommended by SNI 1726:2019 was used as spectrum demand. The performance of building structures was assessed by conducting a non-linear push over analysis in two X and Y directions until the structures near to collapse and capacity curves were obtained. By comparing the capacity and demand spectrums in Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectrum (ADRS) format, then the performance points of the structures were obtained based on ATC-40. Based on the inter-story drift at the performance point, then the performance levels of the structures were determined. The assessment results showed that the performance level of the Multipurpose Hall Building structure is Life Safety, while the Prosecutor’s Office Building structure is Damage Control.
A proposed method for calculating dimension of irrigation channel section
Authors: Yulianur BC A , Fauzi A
Published: February 2021

In general, the cross section of irrigation channels in Indonesia is planned to be trapezoidal. The calculation of the dimensions of the trapezoidal section uses the quadratic equation when calculating the hydraulic depth in the channel. Calculations using quadratic equations can produce imaginary numbers if the discriminant value is negative, resulting in a failed calculation of channel dimension. This study proposes a method for calculating the dimensions of a trapezoidal cross-sectional irrigation channel, in which the discriminant value of quadratic equation is not negative. The analysis is carried out on all formulas that produce the independent variable for the discriminant value in the quadratic equation. The independent variable is the mean flow velocity in the channel or the channel base slope. This study produces a formula for calculating the mean flow velocity in a channel as well as a formula for calculating the channel base slope which results do not result in a negative discriminant value. Thus, the calculation of the hydraulic depth in the channel has not failed and the calculation of other channel dimensions can be continued.
The comparison between the method of Bina Marga and the pavement condition index (PCI) in road damage condition evaluation (case study: Prof. Ali Hasyimi Street, Banda Aceh)
Authors: Faisal R , Ahlan M , Mutiawati C , Rozi M , Zulherri
Published: February 2021

Monitoring in-service road surface conditions is a part of road pavement maintenance. The most effective maintenance type will save costs and time. Road damage usually occurs on roads that have reached the design age, but some roads have been damaged before reaching the design age. To assess road damage, several methods can be used. The most widely used method in Indonesia is the Bina Marga method and the PCI (Pavement Condition Index) method. This study aims to compare both methods, in terms of accuracy and workability, in monitoring the surface condition of Prof. Ali Hasyimi street, which is located in the city of Banda Aceh. The data required for these two methods is the primary data, which are geometric, visual road damage, and traffic volume. Based on this study’s results, the Bina Marga method is easier and faster to use, while the PCI method is more detailed to utilize. In terms of accuracy, both methods relatively have the same accuracy.
Analysis of the effect of land use on flood height in Balikpapan city (case study: Posindo sub-basin)
Authors: Kadaryanti R M , Dewanti A N , Ghozali A
Published: February 2021

One of the problems with infrastructure in the City of Balikpapan is the inadequate drainage system and is one of the causes of flooding in the City of Balikpapan. Drainage problems in the city of Balikpapan concentrated in the central area of the city, one of which system of drainage that is located in the city center is the Ampal/Klandasan Besar Basin. In that drainage system, there is one of the sub-basin where the majority of its land use is built-up area, namely the Posindo Sub-basin. This study aims to analyze the effect of land use on high floods that occurred in the Posindo Sub-basin. Flood discharge due to rain was analyzed using the HEC-HMS program. The results of the hydrological discharge of the HEC-HMS model are compared with the cross-sectional capacity of the channel so that the flood height above the channel is obtained. Based on the analysis of channel capacity and flood discharge, the results show that the drainage channel in the Posindo Sub-basin is unable to drain the hydrological discharge due to rain without overflow.
Lightweight concrete in cement-treated subbase construction
Authors: Suryani F M , Rizal S , Abdullah  , Isya M
Published: February 2021

Following the development of transportation technology, steady road infrastructure is needed. The choice of construction type is a crucial point for the expected quality. Road construction consists of flexible and rigid pavement construction. Rigid pavement has higher durability and is produced from concrete, a strong, flexible, and fire-resistant material. Lightweight concrete, containing high amounts of pores, can be produced by using lightweight aggregate or a mixture of lightweight-coarse aggregate fulfilling the requirements for compressive and flexural strength. This study evaluated the compressive and flexural strength of lightweight concrete without coarse aggregate as a rigid pavement material. This study used specimens from type I Portland cement for compressive and flexural strength test, in 0.5 water-cement ratios and the specific gravity of 1.0. The result revealed a compressive strength value of 38.91 kg/cm2 and a flexural strength value of 1.32 MPa. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that lightweight concrete material fulfilled the general specification criteria for the compressive strength requirements of the cement-treated subbase (CTSB).
Analysis of flood discharge using Snyder and Melchior methods at Krueng Meureubo watershed in Pasi Mesjid village
Authors: Safriani M , Salena I Y , Silvia C S
Published: February 2021

Pasi Mesjid villages in Meureubo district are vulnerable to floods in the rainy season. Every year, the village was flooded and submerges many houses, rice fields, and plantation land owned by residents. The phenomenon of annual flooding is a concern for the local community because it causes material losses. Research on the flood discharge in the Meureubo watershed, Pasi Mesjid Village, was carried out to determine the amount of flood discharge with various return periods. The flood discharge calculation methods are using Melchior and Snyder. The scope of this study includes frequency analysis, rainfall design, flood discharge design by the Melchior and Snyder methods with return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 years. The hydrological analysis results showed that the flood discharge values of the Snyder and Melchior methods were not much different, namely in the 2-year return period of 1607.77 m3/s. With the Melchior method, a 2-year return period obtained the plan flood discharge of 1813.286 m3/s, a 5-year return period of 2791.62 m3/s, a 10-year return period of 2938.14 m3/s, a 25-year return period of 3153.19 m3 / s, and a 50-year return period of 3336.5 m3/s. With the Snyder method, the 5 (five) year return period is 2374.710 m3/s, the 10 (ten) year return period is 2762.09 m3/s, the 25 year return period is 3284.96 m3/s, and for the 50 year return period, the value is 3699.18 m3/s. Based on this analysis results, the Snyder and Melchior methods can be used in analyzing the flood discharge in the Meureubo watershed area.
Pavement condition assessment using SDI and PCI method on Geumpang road – West Aceh boundary
Authors: Melyar M , Isya M , Saleh S M
Published: February 2021

Construction failure can occur in every project activity. This has been included in Law No.19 of 1990 concerning construction services which require that building failures be included in the contract in order to maintain the principle of justice. The factors causing this construction failure basically can occur due to various reasons depending on the aspects seen. It is necessary to pay attention to this so that there is no deterioration in road quality due to damage to the road surface so that it can affect safety, comfort, and smoothness of traffic. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the pavement functionally and compare the value of pavement damage conditions based on two methods, namely the Surface Distress Index (SDI) and Pavement Condition Index (PCI) methods which are used as the basis for determining the type of road maintenance. This research took place on the road Geumpang Road - West Aceh boundary. The results of the calculation obtained the type and level of damage to the road surface on the Guempang road - the boundary of West Aceh which became the object of research, there were several types of damage such as holes, 8.70%, cracks 4.10%, subsidence 3.16%, patches 0.83%, edge damage 3.33%, and 0.51% peeling off. Overall, the average IRI value obtained from the PUPR Office in 2019 is 3.45% in very good conditions, for the average SDI value is 15.02% in good conditions, while the average PCI value is 79,63% were in very good condition. The type of maintenance on the Geumpang Road - West Aceh boundary, Pidie Districts as a whole based on the Surface Distress Index (SDI) method and the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method is routine maintenance. The main factors causing road damage are standing water, running water, and landslides.
The combination of electroflotation-biocoagulation process using Aloe vera for river water treatment
Authors: Putra R S , Putri C I , Tyagustin N S
Published: February 2021

An evaluation of the combination of electroflotation-biocoagulation performance using Aloe vera as biocoagulant in the treatment of river water has been conducted. Titanium electrodes were used as anode and stainless as cathode in the electroflotation reactor, with a 20 V DC of constant voltage for 30 minutes. The parameter dose of Aloe vera was 1.0, 1.5, and 2 g/200 mL water. The effectiveness of the electroflotation-biocoagulation process was reflected by the measurement of turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), pH. The results showed that the electroflotation-biocoagulation process decreased the turbidity as much as 97%, TDS as much as 82.64%, and changes in the pH value to 6.6 from the initial concentration of water.
Filtration performance of polyethersulfone (PES) composite membrane incorporated with organic and inorganic additives
Authors: Fathurrahman A , Arisandi R , Fahrina A , Arahman N , Razi F
Published: February 2021

Membrane separation technology has been extensively applied in separation processes. Improving membrane hydrophilicity plays a significant role in mitigating fouling phenomena and maintain membrane filtration performance. Fouling is a pore blockage of the membrane due to the interaction between hydrophobic molecules and membrane surface that cause membrane flux declining, shorter membranedurability, and increasing energy consumption. Incorporating inorganic particles to enhance membrane hydrophilicity is very attractive nowadays. Inorganic particles have unique characters due to their small size, excellent mechanical properties, and hydrophilic nature. This research aims to improve PES membrane filtration performances by employing nanocarbon and Fe2O3 as an inorganic additive. The membrane manufacturing process was carried out using a phaseinversionmethod., especially non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS). The resulted membranes were analyzed by filtration soy protein solution to evaluate protein permeation flux and flux recovery ratio (FRR). The result experiments showed that PES/Nanocarbon could provide the highest FRR of up to 76.46%.
CaO from chicken eggshell supported on activated carbon and KOH (CaO/C/KOH) as catalyst for biodiesel production from off grade palm oil
Authors: Helwani Z , Zahrina I , Amraini S Z , Sianturi R I , Idroes G M , Muslem  , Idroes R
Published: February 2021

This study carried out the catalyst synthesis of calcium oxide (CaO) from chicken eggshells supported on activated carbon (C) and activated by KOH solution (CaO/C/KOH). The effects of variation of KOH concentration and the CaO:C mass ratio to catalyst performance were also investigated. The catalyst was used in the biodiesel production from off-grade palm oil. The catalyst with the highest catalytic activity was obtained at the CaO:C mass ratio of 12:6 and the KOH concentration of 25%. The transesterification that was performed under the conditions of the oil: methanol molar ratio of 1:10, the catalyst concentration of 1% -b oil, the reaction temperature of 65 °C, and reaction time of 3 hours produced a biodiesel yield of 85.74%. The catalyst characterization by using XRD, Hammet indicator, and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) showed the product was in the crystalline phase of CaO, K2CO3, K2O Ca(OH)2, and CaCO3, the base strength of H_> 12.2, and the specific surface area of 17.890 m2/g, respectively. The results showed that the KOH concentration in the catalyst activation process was directly proportional to the biodiesel yield. Several methyl esters such as methyl palmitate and methyl oleate were found in biodiesel through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.
Modification of polyetersulfone (PES) membrane by using jernang (daemonorops draco blume) as a natural additive on humic acid fouling
Authors: Ambarita A C , Mulyati S , Arahman N , Suhendrayatna  , Rosnelly C M
Published: February 2021

This paper reports on the effect of adding Jernang additives on the performance of PES membranes. The membrane was made by mixing PES 16.5%, Jernang 1%, and NMP 82.5%, using the Non-solvent Induced Phase Separation (NIPS) method. The chemical group of Jernang has been studied in this paper. The addition of Jernang additives has succeeded in improving the performance of PES membranes. Pure water flux increases to 18.77 LMH from the initial flux of 1.66 LMH. Humic acid removal showed reasonable results up to 77.52%. Moreover, this membrane has good antifouling properties, but less stable under strong acid and alkaline solution.
The effect of KOH concentration and calcination temperature on the cement clinker catalyst activity in the transesterification of off-grade palm oil into biodiesel
Authors: Helwani Z , Negara W S , Zahrina I , Amraini S Z , Idroes G M , Muslem  , Idroes R
Published: February 2021

Cement clinker has been researched and has shown good performance as a heterogeneous catalyst in the biodiesel production process. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and characterize a cement clinker/KOH catalyst, to determine the effect of KOH concentration and calcination temperature on biodiesel yield. The catalysts were prepared by impregnation-calcination in the various KOH concentrations of 5, 10 and 15% and the calcination temperature of 500, 600 and 700 °C. The transesterification process was carried out for 3 hours with a mole ratio of oil: methanol of 4:1, reaction temperature of 65 °C, catalyst concentration of 6% wt oil, and stirring of 400 rpm. The results showed that the catalyst with the KOH concentration of 15% and the calcination temperature of 700 °C had the best performance with a biodiesel yield of 88.82%. The catalyst has a surface area of 9.622 m2/g, basicity of H_> 12.2 and a crystalline phase of 3CaO.SiO2, K2CO3, Ca(OH)2, and K2O. From the research, it is known that calcination temperature and KOH concentration in the impregnation process are directly proportional to the biodiesel yield.
Influence of EDTA on thermal properties of magnetic chitosan as an adsorbent of methylene blue
Authors: Rahmi  , Lelifajri  , Aulia C P , Fathana H
Published: February 2021

Magnetic chitosan has been functionalized with EDTA in order to improve its adsorption capacity for the removal of methylene blue from water. The adsorbent was prepared using chitosan, PEGDE as a crosslinking agent, iron oxide prepared from local iron sand, and EDTA. The addition of EDTA on the adsorbent preparation was performed with different contents of EDTA. Adsorption experiments showed the EDTA addition improved the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent. The optimal content of EDTA in the adsorbent was 0.005 g. DSC and TGA analysis showed that the decomposition temperature of the adsorbent increased by increasing the EDTA content in the adsorbent.
Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis of patchouli essential oils based on different geographical area in Aceh
Authors: Sufriadi E , Meilina H , Munawar A A , Idroes R
Published: February 2021

Studies on the quality difference between oils in various provinces have been conducted with varied results, especially between Acehnese Patchouli and Javanese Patchouli. However, studies on quality differences of Acehnese Patchouli based on geographic differences have never been carried out, thus, still leaving a big mystery in determining whether geographical differences such as coordinates and height from sea level produce different quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of geographic location (coordinates and height of water MASL) of the patchouli cultivations on oil quality by conducting Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on the FTIR spectrum of patchouli oil from 3 different districts, namely South Aceh, Aceh Tamiang and South-West Aceh. The results indicate a water content difference as it is close to the O-H group wave number, which usually indicates the presence of Patchouli alcohol. The PCA analysis results show that there is a very significant difference between patchouli oil from South Aceh and Aceh Tamiang and South-West Aceh, caused by the height and patchouli variety difference. The PCA method validation is also quite reliable, which is proven by an explained variance plot.
Bedrock identification using resistivity method at campus II of Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
Authors: Syukri M , Taib A M , Fadhli Z
Published: February 2021

Research of resistivity method at campus II Universitas Syiah Kuala has been conducted with the SuperSting 68 instrument. There were three lines, each 330 meters long with a spacing of 6 meters. The purpose of the research was to determine the depth of the bedrock at campus II of Universitas Syiah Kuala. The results showed that there was a conductive and resistive coating with a resistivity value of between 2–1250 Ωm. The rock types were composed of water-saturated rocks, Tuffs sandstone, and andesite. The supposed bedrock rock is an andesite rock with a resistivity of 170-1250 Ωm with good density. In conclusion, the separation between the sediment and the bedrock was visible at a depth of up 10 meters across the measuring track.
Simulation of synchronization photovoltaic system and low voltage grid
Authors: Akbar M K , Syukriyadin S , Siregar R H , Syahrizal S
Published: February 2021

In this research, the synchronization between the PV system and grid designed with synchronization parameters are voltage, frequency, and phase angle difference. As a result, by using a synchronization system, the PV system and grid could be parallelized and supplying power into the load at the same time. The synchronization method used is zero-crossing detection because it is simple than the other method. The synchronization system consists of several components; voltage detector, frequency detector, phase angle detector, and switch controller which all of them are controlled using the Arduino board. The switch controller will be functioned based on input from the detector to do synchronization or parallelize the PV system and grid. Testing is done by simulating running in Proteus. Based on the result of the simulation, the system is successful to do synchronization between the PV system and grid, it can be observed from the grid and PV inverter voltage graph and current which is measured from load, grid, and inverter.
Soliton solution of stationary discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation with the cubic-quintic nonlinearity
Authors: Qausar H , Ramli M , Munzir S , Syafwan M , Fadhiliani D
Published: February 2021

This research discusses stationary discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation with cubic-quintic nonlinearity. This equation is interesting to study because it has a unique solution known as a soliton. This solution has a fixed profile and speed when propagating and in the context of applications in the optical field, soliton can also be engineered as a carrier of information that can propagate on media with very long distances without experiencing significant interference. This paper only focuses on on-site type soliton (soliton that peak in the middle on one site). The method of determining solution on stationary discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation with cubic-quintic nonlinearity is divided into two cases. The first case for the value of parameterCis zero and the soliton solution is determined analytically. In this case the soliton solution can be stated explicitly, therefore the soliton solution will be displayed and also the boundaries on the parameters that make the solution in the form of on-site soliton. The second case for the value of parameterCis not zero and the soliton solution is determined using a numerical approach namely Trust Region Dogleg Method. In this case the soliton solution cannot be stated explicitly, therefore only boundaries of the parameters that make the solution in the form of on-site soliton will be displayed.
Seawater modification of lignocellulosic fibers: comparison of rice husk and rice straw fibers
Authors: Jiang Liangpeng , Du Peng , Wang Hao
Published: February 2021

Scientific investigations on the non-chemical modification of lignocellulosic fibers are important for engineers when they design green wood-plastic composites. Two types of lignocellulosic fibers, namely rice husk and rice straw fibers, were studied. The physicochemical and thermal properties of the fibers with and without seawater modification were compared. The results suggested that seawater modification improved the physicochemical and thermal properties of the fibers, and that it specifically increased the surface roughness, crystallinity, and pyrolysis temperature at 5% weight loss, and decreased the silicon, hemicellulose, and lignin content of the fibers. Compared with rice husk fibers, rice straw fibers exhibited a high growth ratio of crystallinity and pyrolysis temperature at 5% weight loss, and a high loss ratio of silicon. Seawater modification of rice husk and rice straw fibers could improve fiber–polymer compatibility.
The International Telecommunication Union: Origin and Role
Authors: Lyall Francis
Published: February 2021

Integral to modern life, electrical telecommunications have to work within the constraints set by the unalterable laws of physics. Transborder systems require that technologies and protocols be harmonized if there is to be interconnectivity and interoperability. International agreements on wired services date back to the 1850s. Separate bodies set up to deal with international communications in east and west Europe, were brought together in 1865 in a single international body, the International Telegraph Union. Wireless communication—radio—presented the additional problem of broadcast signals interfering with each other. From 1906, it was regulated on the basis of principles that still undergird the modern arrangements, but no formal international body was established for the purpose. Instead, radio was dealt with by a sequence of plenipotentiary conferences. The separate regimes for wired and wireless services were united in 1932 when the International Telecommunication Union was established.

The 193-member union is the UN specialized agency that deals with all forms of telecommunication. It underwent a major reconstruction in 1992–1994 in order to cope with modern technologies and now works within a four-year cycle. Its institutions are its plenipotentiary conference, a council, a secretariat, and three sectors responsible, respectively, for development, standardization, and radio communication. Each of these last three has a bureau and holds international world and regional conferences, and is aided by a large number of specialized study groups. In radiocommunication, that sector supervises the operation of the Radio Regulations, in which a Table of Allocations prescribes which radio frequencies are used for what purpose and maintains a Master International Frequency Register, which records the active frequency assignments made by states to transmitting stations under their control. Its work has increased markedly with development of high-frequency systems and the proliferation of satellite systems serving various purposes.
Folly in the Fourth Estate: Editorial Cartoons and Conflicting Values in Global Media Culture
Authors: Gilbert Christopher J.
Published: February 2021

The editorial cartoon is a touchstone for matters of free expression in the journalistic tradition. Since their early inception in the politically charged engravings of 18th-century pictorial satirist William Hogarth to the present day, editorial cartoons have shone forth as signifiers of comic irreverence and mockery in the face of governmental authority and in the more generalized cultural politics of the times. In democratic nations they have been cast as a pillar of the fourth estate. Nevertheless, they—and the cartoonists, critics, commentators, and citizens who champion them—have also long stood out as relatively easy targets for concerns about where the lines of issues such libel, slander, defamation, and especially blasphemy should be drawn. This goes for Western-style democracies as well as authoritarian regimes. In other words, the editorial cartoon stands at a critical nexus of meaning and public judgment. At issue from one vantage is what it means to promote the disclosure of folly as the foolish conduct of public officials and the stupidity of institutions that are thereby worthy as objects of ridicule. From another vantage, there is the matter of what it is to deplore the comicality in journalistic opinion-making that goes too far.

To approach editorial cartoons from the standpoints of free expression and press freedoms is to verge on conflicting values of civil liberty in and around the so-called right to offend. This was true in the age of Hogarth. It was true in the days of famed French printmaker and caricaturist Honoré Daumier, who was imprisoned for six months from 1832 until 1833 after portraying Emperor Louis-Philippe in the L Caricature. It is also particularly true today in a global media age wherein editorial cartoons, whether or not they are syndicated by official newspapers, can traverse geographic and other boundaries with relative ease and efficiency. Furthermore, the 21st century has seen numerous cartoon controversies vis-à-vis what many commentators have referred to as “cartoon wars,” leading to everything from high-profile firings of cartoonists (including in the United States) through bans and imprisonments of artists in Middle Eastern countries to the 2015 shootings of cartoon artists at the headquarters of French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo. Indeed, if the threshold of the free press is the killed cartoon, the limit point of the freedom of expression is the killed cartoonist. Hence the importance of looking beyond any one editorial cartoon or cartoonist in order to contemplate the comic spirit in certain historical moments so as to discover the social, political, and cultural standards of judgment being applied to the carte blanche of journalism and the comic license of those using graphic caricatures to freely editorialize their takes on the world—or not.
Analog Models for Empirical-Statistical Downscaling
Authors: Bettolli María Laura
Published: February 2021

Global climate models (GCM) are fundamental tools for weather forecasting and climate predictions at different time scales, from intraseasonal prediction to climate change projections. Their design allows GCMs to simulate the global climate adequately, but they are not able to skillfully simulate local/regional climates. Consequently, downscaling and bias correction methods are increasingly needed and applied for generating useful local and regional climate information from the coarse GCM resolution.

Empirical-statistical downscaling (ESD) methods generate climate information at the local scale or with a greater resolution than that achieved by GCM by means of empirical or statistical relationships between large-scale atmospheric variables and the local observed climate. As a counterpart approach, dynamical downscaling is based on regional climate models that simulate regional climate processes with a greater spatial resolution, using GCM fields as initial or boundary conditions.

Various ESD methods can be classified according to different criteria, depending on their approach, implementation, and application. In general terms, ESD methods can be categorized into subgroups that include transfer functions or regression models (either linear or nonlinear), weather generators, and weather typing methods and analogs. Although these methods can be grouped into different categories, they can also be combined to generate more sophisticated downscaling methods. In the last group, weather typing and analogs, the methods relate the occurrence of particular weather classes to local and regional weather conditions. In particular, the analog method is based on finding atmospheric states in the historical record that are similar to the atmospheric state on a given target day. Then, the corresponding historical local weather conditions are used to estimate local weather conditions on the target day.

The analog method is a relatively simple technique that has been extensively used as a benchmark method in statistical downscaling applications. Of easy construction and applicability to any predictand variable, it has shown to perform as well as other more sophisticated methods. These attributes have inspired its application in diverse studies around the world that explore its ability to simulate different characteristics of regional climates.
Women in Public Administration in the United States: Leadership, Gender Stereotypes, and Bias
Authors: Calsy Sofia , D'Agostino Maria J.
Published: February 2021

In the public and private sectors, women continue to address multiple hurdles despite diversity and equity initiatives. Women have made tremendous strides in the workforce but are still a minority in leadership positions worldwide in multiple sectors, including nonprofit, corporate, government, medicine, education, military, and religion. In the United States women represent 60% of bachelor’s degrees earned at universities and outpace men in master’s and doctoral programs. However, a significant body of research illustrates that women’s upward mobility has been concentrated in middle management positions. Women hold 52% of all management and professional roles in the U.S. job market, including physicians and attorneys. Yet women fall behind in representation in senior level positions. In the legal profession, for example, women represent 45% of associates but only 22.7% are partners. In medicine, women represent 40% of all physicians and surgeons but only 16% are permanent medical school deans. In academia, women surpass men in doctorates but only 32% are full professors. Furthermore, only 5% of chief executive officers (CEOs) in Fortune 500 companies and 19% of the board members in companies included in Standard & Poor’s (S&P) Composite 1500 Index are women. Progress is even more elusive for women of color despite making up 38.3% of the female civilian labor force. Only two women of color are Fortune 500 CEOs and only 4.7% of women are executive or senior level official managers in S&P 1500 companies.

There are more women in leadership positions in the public sector than in the private sector. In 2014, 43.5% of women between the ages of 23 and 34 were managers at public companies, compared to 26% in similar positions in the private sector. In 2018, 127 women were elected to the U.S. Congress and 47 of those serving in 2018 were women of color. In addition, the first Native American woman, first Muslim woman, and Congress’s youngest woman were elected in that year. However, there is still progress to be made to close the gap, especially in senior-level positions. The significance of these statistics is staggering and confirms the need for attention. The percentage of women holding leadership positions in the public and private sectors, especially in business and education, has grown steadily in the past decade. However, subtle barriers like bias and stereotypes unfavorably encumber women’s career progression and are often used to explain the lack of women in leadership positions.
Public Opinion and Public Support in Crisis Management
Authors: Ang Zoe , Noble Benjamin S. , Reeves Andrew
Published: February 2021

In times of crisis, citizens look to their leaders for aid and assistance. In the democratic context, the focal figure is likely the chief executive accountable to the whole of the nation. With a specific focus on the American president and the incidences of natural hazards, public opinion and governmental response to these crises are analyzed. While one may expect such a universal actor to aid each according to their need, new scholarship finds that voter behavior and electoral institutions incentivize the president to support only a small slice of the electorate. Empowered by federal disaster relief legislation in the 1950s, the president targets electorally valuable voters when disbursing aid or allocating resources in response to disaster damage. Voters in those areas respond myopically and tend to vote for the incumbent for reasons ranging from economic to emotional. Thus, elites anticipate voter reactions and strategically respond to disasters to mitigate blame or punishment for the event and capitalize on an opportunity for electoral gains.