bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Opinion on Teaching
Authors: Hanan Joe J.
Published: September 2022

Paul Read, ASHS Education Division Vice President, encouraged a number of us to share our thoughts on the teaching process for the edification of others. Among the courses I have taught over the last 20 years, a course on greenhouse management, including graduate level plant environmental measurements, has engaged my principal effort for the past decade. I have no pedagogical credentials to do so (i.e., teaching certificate), and certainly an educationist of today would consider me hopelessly old-fashioned and unqualified. However, I take solace in the face that Plato, Diogenes, and Confucius—to mention a few—did not have teacher training, computer grading, slide projectors, or television to “improve” information transfer. This probably represents the height of hubris to call upon the shades of some of the greatest teachers in history.
Citrus Mycorrhizae: Potential Benefits and Interactions with Pathogens
Authors: Graham James H.
Published: September 2022

The capability of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, symbiotically associated with roots of citrus and most other woody perennial crops, to dramatically enhance plant growth has attracted widespread interest among horticulturists. Unfortunately, too often scientists engaging in mycorrhizal research have become overly enthusiastic with growth responses that were created under artificial experimental conditions. Mycorrhizae are the “normal” condition of roots on citrus trees and most other horticultural plants in the field (44). The nonmycorrhizal condition is “abnormal” and often the consequence of “normal” horticultural practices, such as overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, soil sterilization, and plant production in sterile soilless media. These technical advances have led to rapid production of pathogen-free plants, but VAM fungi have been sacrificed in the process. The potential impact of mycorrhizal deficiency on the “quality” of citrus and other woody crops for transplant has not been fully evaluated. With the realization that VAM fungi are essential for the growth of citrus in field soils, the question of how to reintroduce and gain maximum benefit from mycorrhizae in greenhouse production of citrus and other woody plants needs to be assessed.
Cellular Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance
Authors: Hasegawa Paul M. , Bressan Ray A. , Handa Avtar K.
Published: September 2022

Salinity is a significant limiting factor to agricultural productivity, impacting about 9 × 108 ha of the land surface on the earth, an area about 3 times greater than all of the land that is presently irrigated (17, 18). Reduced productivity occurs as a result of decreased yields on land that is presently cultivated [about one-third of all irrigated land is considered to be affected by salt (18, 45)], as well as due to the restriction of significant agricultural expansion into areas that presently are not cultivated. In the United States, salinity is a major limiting factor to agricultural productivity, and as the quality of irrigation water continues to decline this problem will become more acute (1, 56). About 1.8 million ha of land are salt-affected in California (56), the major agricultural state in the nation. Annual losses to crop production in the salt-affected areas, including the Imperial, Coachella, and San Joaquin valleys, are substantial and are increasing at a significant rate each year (56).
Freezing Injury in Horticultural Crops—Research Opportunities
Authors: Ashworth Edward N.
Published: September 2022

Freezing injury is a major limiting factor in the production of horticultural crops. The effects of low temperatures vary and are noted as freezes to the Florida citrus crop; midwinter damage to deciduous fruit crops; frost damage to flowers, vegetables, and developing fruit; and limits to the range of perennial species. It is not the purpose of this paper to review the literature on freezing injury. Several recent books and review articles on the subject already exist (16, 17, 32–35, 50, 65). Instead, the purpose of this paper is to identify basic research areas and opportunities for horticulturists.
Physical Relationships Between Berries and Seeds of Potato
Authors: Pallais Noël , Kalazich Julio , Santos-Rojas Jose
Published: September 2022

Berry weight was correlated with the total weight of true potato seed (TPS) per berry and with the number of TPS per berry. 100-TPS weight was weakly correlated with berry weight and with TPS weight per berry. A negative correlation was found between 100-TPS weight and the number of TPS/berry. The degree of negative association between 100-TPS weight and TPS number per berry increased substantially as berry weight decreased in four of the five progenies investigated. Mean 100-TPS weights from large and from small berries were not significantly different for all progenies. Since seed weight is considered the measure of TPS sowing value, it is suggested that culling small berries is not an appropriate method to improve the quality of a given TPS lot.
Attraction of Phytophthora cinnamomi Zoospores to Blueberry Roots
Authors: Erb W. A. , Moore J. N. , Sterne R. E.
Published: September 2022

The attraction of zoospores of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands to roots of three cultivars of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade), two species hybrid cultivars of highbush blueberry, and one tetraploid species hybrid selection (US 109) was compared. Zoospores were attracted to the roots of all plants tested. Roots of highbush cultivars ‘Bluetta’ and ‘Patriot’ attracted more zoospores than the rabbiteye cultivars. The number of zoospores attracted to roots of US 109 was greater than the number attracted to the three rabbiteye cultivars, but less than the highbush cultivars. Increased zoospore attraction appeared to be related to root rot susceptibility in blueberries.
Microsprinkler Irrigation and Microclimate of Young Orange Trees During Freeze Conditions
Authors: Rieger Mark , Davies Frederick S. , Jackson Larry K.
Published: September 2022

Two-year-old ‘Hamlin’ orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.],on Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. rootstock were used to study the effects of various microsprinkler irrigation rates and spray patterns on trunk temperatures and microclimate during freeze conditions. Irrigation treatments consisted of a factorial combination of two spray patterns (90° and 360°) × three application rates (38, 57, and 87 liters hr−1), plus an unirrigated control. All trunks were wrapped with fiberglass insulation. Trunk temperatures were 1° to 5°C higher for irrigated than unirrigated trees, regardless of spray pattern or application rate and were 1° to 2°C higher with the 90° than 360° spray pattern. The 57 and 87 liter·hr−1 rates produced the highest trunk temperatures, although 38 liter·hr−1 maintained trunk temperatures above −2.5°C with air temperatures as low as − 12°C. Outgoing radiation was higher for irrigated than unirrigated treatments during advective freeze conditions only, but air temperature and vapor pressure were unaffected by microsprinker irrigation.
Effect of BA on Growth and Yield of ‘Redchief Strawberry
Authors: Archbold Douglas D. , Strang John G.
Published: September 2022

The effect of BA on ‘Redchief strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) growth and yield was evaluated. During the summer of row establishment (1982), matted row plots were sprayed to drip with BA at 0, 50, 125, or 250 ppm on 1 July, 1 Aug., or 1 Sept. In 1983 and 1984, subplots were treated with BA at 0, 200, 250, or 300 ppm on 15 Sept., 1 Oct., or 15 Oct., or on all three dates at 250 ppm. Treatments applied in 1982 had no effect on crowns/m2, side branches/crown, total yield/plot, or mean fruit weight. However, increasing BA concentration significantly reduced mean crown dry weight. BA applied in Fall 1983 had no effect on total yield/plot though harvest distribution was altered. BA application on 1 Oct. significantly reduced early yields compared to the other dates of application. Although both single and multiple BA application reduced early yields compared to the control, three applications caused the largest reduction. Multiple application in 1984 significantly reduced mean fruit weight on early harvest dates. Visual observation and rating of plots indicated BA did increase flower number, but the extra flowers exhibited poor fruit set and did not significantly increase yield. Chemical names used: N-(phenymethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Increasing Basal Shoot Production in a Nonbranching Dieffenbachia Hybrid with BA
Authors: Henny R. J.
Published: September 2022

Foliar sprays of BA were successfully used to increase basal shoot production on a nonbranching Dieffenbachia hybrid. Three foliar sprays at 250 mg·liter−1 stimulated significantly more shoot development than one or two sprays. Treatment at 500 or 750 mg·liter−1 BA yielded more shoots than 250 mg·liter−1. New shoots were visible four weeks after treatment and developed normally. Chemical names used: N- (phenyhnethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Influence of Soil pH and Pisolithus tinctorius Ectomycorrhizae on Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Pecan Seedlings
Authors: Sharpe R. R. , Marx D. H.
Published: September 2022

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of soil pH and Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch (Pt) ectomycorrhizae on pecan seedlings [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch]. Seedlings inoculated with Pt had increased plant dry weights and mineral content when compared to noninoculated seedlings. P. tinctorius ectomycorrhizae increased shoot concentrations of N, P, and Cu and root concentrations of N and Cu. Inoculated seedlings also had greater total plant uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, and Mn than noninoculated seedlings. P. tinctorius ectomycorrhizal development was sensitive to soil pH with greater Pt development at pH 5.5 than at 6.5. The percentage of roots infected by Pt increased from 22% to 44% as soil pH decreased from 6.5 to 5.5. Plant dry weight and N and K content also increased with decreasing pH, but there were no significant interaction affects due to Pt and soil pH. There was a three-way interaction between soil pH, Pt, and Zn fertilization for tissue Zn levels. Total plant Zn was not affected by Pt infection under conditions of high available soil Zn, but Pt did increase plant Zn under low soil Zn availability.
Centipedegrass Tolerance to Postemergence Grass Herbicides
Authors: McCarty L. B. , Higgins J. M. , Miller L. C. , Whitwell T.
Published: September 2022

The phytotoxicity of single and sequential treatments of sethoxydim and fluazifop at 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 kg·ha−1; haloxyfop, xylafop, fenoxaprop, and SC-1084 at 0.07, 0.15, and 0.30 kg·ha−1, on centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro.) Hack.] was determined. Turf color generally was unaffected by sethoxydim application except for a slight discoloration at 14 days after treatment (DAT) with the high rate. Recovery was evident from all rates of sethoxydim by 28 DAT. Turf density was similar to untreated control at 42 DAT. Single applications of fenoxaprop and SC 1084 at 0.07 kg·ha−1 initially caused severe discoloration; however, recovery was evident by 42 DAT. Density also was unaffected at this time. Unacceptable turf color and density were observed with single and sequential applications of fluazifop, haloxyfop, xylafop, and with sequential application of SC 1084 and fenoxaprop. Chemical names used: (2-[l-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-l-one (sethoxydim); (±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxyl]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop); 2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]-phenoxyl]propanoic acid (haloxyfop); (2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)-oxy]phenoxyl]propanoic acid (xylafop); (±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fenoxaprop); and methyl-3-hydroxy-4-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]-pentanoate (SC-1084).
The Effect of Leaf Water Variables on Ice Nucleating Pseudomonas syringae in Beans
Authors: Cary J. W. , Lindow S. E.
Published: September 2022

Pinto bean seedlings ‘UI 114’ (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were subjected to temperatures between − 2° and − 5°C for periods ranging from 0.5 to 12 hr. The plants that were not sprayed with a suspension of the nucleating Pseudomonas syringae bacteria and those that were water-stressed to near wilting were most resistant to ice nucleation. Plants with dry leaf surfaces were much more apt to supercool than those with distilled water droplets on their leaves, whether inoculated with the bacteria or not. Spraying the freeze-dried bacteria suspended in distilled water on the leaves increased wettability and dew formation on the leaf surfaces. Tests with an oxytetracycline preparation, which also increased wetting, suggested that a hydrophobic leaf surface helps delay ice formation. Use of wetting agents in leaf sprays may be counterproductive so far as supercooling stability is concerned. It is obvious that leaf water relations interact with bacterial ice nucleation.
Effects of 6-BA Application on Growth and Development in ‘Tristar’, a Strong Day-neutral Strawberry
Authors: Pritts Marvin P. , Posner Gerald S. , Worden Kathleen A.
Published: September 2022

Effects of 6-BA on development in the ‘Tristar’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananas sa Duch.) were evaluated. Runnering was promoted within 16 days of an initial application of an aqueous solution containing 6-BA. The promotive effect was proportional to the concentration of 6-BA in solution; however, repeated 6-BA application suppressed runnering. Flower bud development was not strongly influenced by 6-BA, but relationships among yield components were altered. A compensatory relationship between berry number and weight diminished, and the concentration of mineral elements in leaves increased, suggesting an effect of 6-BA on nutrient mobility. A dual role for cytokinin during growth and development in strawberry is suggested. Cytokinin appears to promote runnering early in development, but prolonged, elevated cytokinin levels inhibit runnering. Chemical names used: 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA).
The Quantitative Effect of Solar Radiation on ‘Redhaven’ Peach Fruit Skin Color
Authors: Erez A. , Flore J. A.
Published: September 2022

‘Redhaven’ peach fruits were exposed to various durations of radiation at the end of stage II of fruit development. Exposure of only 3 days (totals about 6280 J·em−2) markedly stimulated anthocyanin development. Color development as a function of solar radiation followed a power curve with nearly maximal level obtained after 8 days of exposure (18,003 J·em−2). A similar response was obtained with shade screen (40% and 10% of full sun); the greater the shade the less red color developed. Shading fruit with aluminum foil resulted in softer fruit with a lower level of soluble solids as compared to control fruit. Fruit exposure to solar radiation therefore may have a direct effect on fruit sink activity.
In Vitro Propagation of Easter Lily from Pedicels
Authors: Liu L. , Burger D. W.
Published: September 2022

Pedicel sections from the flowers of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) were cultured on a modified Murashige-Skoog medium containing various concentrations of cytokinins and auxins. A combination of BAP (5 μM) and NAA (2 μM) resulted in the greatest number of adventitious buds on pedicel sections. A gradient in the formation of buds in the pedicel was observed, with the section nearest the receptacle forming the greatest number, especially when the section was placed upside-down on the culture medium. IAA (10 μM) and IBA (10 μM) were most effective in stimulating adventitious roots in vitro-derived shoots. This vegetative propagation technique provides a way of amplifying floral mutants of Easter lily. Chemical names used: benzylamipropurine (BAP); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); and 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
Improving Germination of Papaya Seed by Density Separation, Potassium Nitrate, and Gibberellic Acid
Authors: Nagao Mike A. , Furutani Sheldon C.
Published: September 2022

Poor germination in Carica papaya L. was partly due to the absence of embryos in about 20% of the seeds. Final germination and the rate of seedling emergence were improved by seed separation with 1.097 g·em−3 sucrose solution and soaking with 1.0 M potassium nitrate (KNO3) or 600 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3). Final germination was 87.8% for the KNO3 treatment and 80.5% for GA3. Seedlings from KNO3 treatments were normal, whereas GA3 caused excessive elongation of stems.
A Rapid and Nondestructive Method to Determine Chlorophyll in Intact Leaves
Authors: Yadava Umedi L.
Published: September 2022

The important role that chlorophyll (CHL) plays in plants necessitates its estimation in various types of studies. Singh and Anantrao (6) realized the need for a reasonably simple, rapid, and accurate method of CHL determination capable of accommodating small quantities of leaf tissue and a large number of quantitative estimates in a short time, and thus, in 1937, they developed a photoconductive photometer for quantifying CHL in 80% methanol. Since then, CHL determination techniques have improved considerably, but complete extraction of CHL is laborious, slow, and inconvenient in some plant species (3). Conventional methods used for isolating and measuring chlorophyll in aqueous acetone or similar organic solvents are sometimes cumbersome and slow, and always destructive to leaf tissue (1, 4, 7). Furthermore, steps involved in sample preparation, pigment extraction, and dilution result in pigment loss and contribute to variability. Moran (5) developed an efficient method for extracting small quantities of CHL from intact cotyledons with N,N-dimethyl-formamide (DMF). Inskeep and Bloom (3) further improved this technique by using extinction coefficients of chlorophyll a and b extracted in DMF. Evans (2) extracted CHL in 80% acetone and adapted Amon's modification of the method of McKinney (5), who provided equations (μmol CHL/1 = 22.22 D645 + 9.057 D663) to evaluate the molar concentrations of total chlorophyll (CHL a and b) in the tissue extracts. Nevertheless, these procedures are still time consuming since they require tissue extraction and spectrophotometric measurement. The objective of this investigation was to determine area concentrations of total chlorophyll (CHL a + b) using a portable chlorophyll meter (SPAD-501) and to compare and correlate these data with area concentrations of total CHL obtained by conventional methods.
Yield Potential of Peach Trees Dwarfed by the dw Gene
Authors: Hansche P. E. , Beres W. , Darnell R.
Published: September 2022

A study was initiated in 1976 to establish the productivity of peach trees dwarfed by the recessive dw gene. This mutant gene limits plant stature (to about one-third that of standard peach cultivars) by markedly reducing shoot intemode length (2). Yield data obtained during the 2nd and 3rd year of the study indicated that trees dwarfed by the dw gene are more precocious than standard trees as they are usually grown (2, 3). These data also suggested that the productivity per unit area of mature dwarf trees should exceed that obtainable from standard trees.
Wine Grape Vine Radiation Balance and Temperature Modification with Fine-mist Nozzles
Authors: Matthias A. D. , Coates W. E.
Published: September 2022

Wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyards in much of the desert Southwest are frequently exposed to intense solar radiation, high vapor pressure deficits, and high air temperatures. Although wine grape production in this region has increased during recent years, the harsh environment often results in growth conditions that may be suboptimal for photosynthesis and other plant processes, ultimately affecting fruit yield, wine color, and acidity.
The Use of Isozyme Analysis for Differentiation Between Loquat Cultivars
Authors: Degani Chemda , Blumenfeld Amos
Published: September 2022

Cultivars of fruit trees are vegetatively propagated in order to ensure a uniform crop with fruit of consistent quality. Unequivocal identification of the propagation material is essential for assuring the desired quality.
‘Naragansett’ Crabapple
Authors: Egolf Donald R.
Published: September 2022

Malus × ‘Naragansett’ combines multiple disease resistance and superior ornamental characteristics for reduced landscape maintenance. Crabapples are of utmost significance to the nursery industry, landscape architects, and gardeners alike as they are the most versatile and widely cultivated small landscape tree throughout the northern United States and southern Canada. ‘Naragansett’ is a noteworthy addition to the long list of crab-apple cultivars, as very few combine disease resistance and superior landscape characteristics. In the recent survey by Nichols (2), only three of the 48 recommended cultivars, species, and varieties of the more than 700 surveyed were disease free, while the other 45 displayed varying degrees of resistance or tolerance. ‘Naragansett's’ growth habit is in scale with many landscape situations, and the plant requires low maintenance due to its open branch structure and disease resistance.
‘Parbhani Kranti’, a Yellow Vein Mosaic-resistant Okra
Authors: Jambhale Narayan D. , Nerkar Yogendra S.
Published: September 2022

‘Parbhani Kranti’ (PBNO 57) is an okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] resistant to yellow vein mosaic (YVM) disease. YVM is the most serious disease of okra in India, and the causative virus is transmitted by the white fly (Bemisia tabaci Gen.). The disease not only reduces yield substantially (10% to 93%) but also affects marketability of the fruits. There is no source of resistance in the cultivated species (2, 7). Some related species are resistant to the YVM disease (1, 8). YVM resistance of A. manihot (L.) Medic., a related wild species, is controlled by a single dominant gene (3).
Basic vs. Applied: A Controversy Revisited1
Authors: Carew John
Published: September 2022

One of the less productive pastimes of plant scientists in the early 1960’s was discussing basic vs. applied research. Administrators, growers and students joined in either to praise the increased support of knowledge for knowledge’s sake–or to point with alarm at declining efforts to solve current practical problems.
Clonal Multiplication of Gerbera through Tissue Culture1
Authors: Murashige Toshio , Serpa Maria , Jones Jeanne B.
Published: September 2022

A tissue culture method for rapid clonal multiplication of Gerbera jamesonii Bolus is described. Shoot tips are used as initial explants, but the multiplication is accomplished by repeatedly separating and reculturing the miniature divisions which arise from shoot tips. The procedure requires two principle steps in vitro: increase of divisions and preparation of divisions for transfer to soil.
Influence of SADH on Response of ‘McIntosh’ Apples to Chemical Thinning Sprays1
Authors: Leuty S. J.
Published: September 2022

Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) applied one 01 two consecutive seasons for preharvest drop control did not significantly reduce response of ‘McIntosh’ apples to chemical thinning treatments the following year, and increased dosage of thinning chemicals was not warranted. Pronounced reductions in size of mature fruit the following season induced as a carryover effect of SADH, emphasized the need for chemical thinning. Combinations of carbaryl (Sevin) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) generally enhanced size of SADH inhibited fruit, whereas high levels of NAA failed.
Association of Prionus Root Borers with Nutrition, Growth and Yield of Pecan, Carya illinoensis Koch1
Authors: Sparks Darrell , Payne Jerry A. , Jones Laurence S.
Published: September 2022

Leaflet weight, shoot length, and yield were less while alternate bearing and Prionus beetle emergence were greater from declining than normal trees. Potassium and Ca concentration in leaflets from declining trees was less than in those from normal trees. However, Prionus infestation of declining trees was not a secondary effect of currently existing nutrient shortages or excesses.
Soil Temperature and Iron Uptake in Young Citrus Plants1
Authors: Wallihan E. F. , Garber M. J. , Sharpless R. G.
Published: September 2022

Established seedlings of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis [Linn.] Osbeck) and sour orange (C aurantium L.) in acid (pH 6.2) or limed (pH 7.8) soil were subjected to soil temperatures of 16, 19, and 22°C for a period of 10 weeks. Shoot growth, total Fe content of the new shoot, and leaf Fe concn increased linearly with temperature. Chlorosis occurred only in sweet orange grown in limed soil at 16°C, which coincides with the lowest leaf Fe concn.
Fragaria chiloensis Clones Resistant to the Strawberry Aphid1
Authors: Shanks Carl H. , Barritt Bruce H.
Published: September 2022

The ‘Del Norte’ and ‘Yaquina’ clones of Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duchesne exhibited a high degree of resistance to the strawberry aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell), but a third clone, ‘OR-US 3162’, was very susceptible. Resistance of ‘Del Norte’ was transmitted to progeny when crossed with commercial strawberry cultivars, Fragaria × ananassa Duch. None of 30 commercial strawberry cultivars and advanced selections tested showed resistance to this aphid.
Can American Universities Provide Appropriate Graduate Education in Horticulture for Students from the Less-Affluent Countries?
Authors: Chandler Robert F.
Published: September 2022

Although I left the field of horticulture in 1934 and returned to it (as an administrator at that) only in 1972, I have been involved during the past two decades to some degree with graduate education and other training programs for foreign students. I shall rely here on whatever I have gained from that experience, which should contain a few common denominators applicable to the problems of training horticulturists.
Scholarships for Development
Authors: Richardson Ralph W.
Published: September 2022

In promoting the advancement of knowledge and its application to human needs, scholarships have proven to be highly effective instruments. The concern of the ASHS for advanced training of foreign scholars in horticulture as a means of increasing food production and enhancing the quality of life in developing nations is clearly reflected in the convening of this symposium.
An Inexpensive Method for the Study of Root Growth in Containers of Solid Media1
Authors: Murdoch C. L. , Criley R. A. , Fukuda S. K.
Published: September 2022

A method was developed for observing root growth utilizing polyvinyl chloride pipe with a removable observation window. The simplicity of the equipment and its ability to permit application of soil compactive forces made it ideal for studies on the effects of soil compaction on root growth. It has also proven to be a valuable teaching aid in horticulture laboratory demonstrations.
Relationship Between Top/Root Ratio and Thiocyanate Content in Roots of Radishes and Turnips1
Authors: Chong Calvin , Bible B.
Published: September 2022

A high correlation was found between top/root ratio and thiocyanate content in marketable roots of 12 cultivars of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and 4 cultivars of turnip (Brassica rapa L.). This relationship offers a simple and rapidly determined index of relative toxicity of these species.
Improving the Survival of Aseptically-cultured Asparagus Plants in Transplanting1
Authors: Yang Hsu-Jen , Clore W. J.
Published: September 2022

Survival of Asparagus officinalis L. transplants in soil was significantly improved with a minimum of labor when they were first transplanted into the Jiffy 7 peat pots from aseptic culture and grown under intermittent mist for 5 to 8 days.
Boron Nutrition and Acid-soluble Phosphorus Compounds in Bean Roots1
Authors: Teare I. D.
Published: September 2022

Seedling roots of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Top Crop) grown in boron-deficient, B-toxic, or complete hydroponk nutrient solutions (control), were measured and analyzed for acid-soluble phosphorous compounds. Phosphate esters, separated on ion exchange columns, were identified by cochromatography and chemical analysis. B deficient roots contained approximately half the P per g dry weight as the control. The principal reduction was in the inorganic P fraction. Storage forms of P (ATP, inositol di-P, inositol tri-P, and inositol hexa-P) and hexose-P also were reduced in deficient treatments. B toxicity resulted in fewer metabolic changes.
Performance of Woody Ornamentals in Municipal Compost Medium under Nine Fertilizer Regimes1
Authors: Sanderson Kenneth C. , Martin Willis C.
Published: September 2022

Dry weight and total plant height of Hex cornuta IindL cv. Burfordii and Thuja occidentalis L. were greater in municipal compost-amended medium than in sphagnum peat moss-amended medium. Viburnum burkwoodii Burkwood did not show any differences in the two media. Generally, constant and biweekly liquid fertilizer regimes produced more growth than other regimes.
‘Comanche’ Blackberry1
Authors: Moore J. N. , Brown Elvin , Sistrunk W. A.
Published: September 2022

As the availability of harvest labor has decreased, fresh blackberries have become scarce in retail outlets. This scarcity has resulted in the development of highly successful ‘pick-your-own” fruit operations in recent years. The most successful of such operations utilizes cultivars that are of good quality and produce large, attractive fruits. ‘Comanche’ has the characteristics needed for a fresh market blackberry. In addition, it can be mechanically harvested for processing.
‘Noble’ Muscadine Grape1
Authors: Nesbitt W. B. , Carroll D. E. , Underwood V. H.
Published: September 2022

‘Noble’ is a black-fruited Vitis rotundifolia Michx., cultivar released by the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. It is perfect-flowered, self-fruitful, high yielding, winter hardy, vigorous and resistant to berry shattering. Fruits of ‘Noble’ can be made into good to excellent red muscadine wine, unfermented juice and jelly, and are of good table quality.
A Model for Estimating the Completion of Rest for ‘Redhaven’ and ‘Elberta’ Peach Trees1
Authors: Arlo Richardson E. , Seeley Schuyler D. , Walker David R.
Published: September 2022

A mathematical model relating environmental temperatures to rest completion of 2 peach cultivars has been developed. The model equates temperatures to effective chill-units, such that, one can predict when rest will or has been completed with a high degree of accuracy.
Control of Peach Disease with Benomyl in Full and Modified Schedules1
Authors: Chandler W. A.
Published: September 2022

In fungicide tests using recommended rates of fungicide on peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], benomyl in a full season schedule was significantly better than captan against scab and brown rot in 3 out of 4 tests. A 6 application schedule, omitting several cover sprays, was never significantly better than the full captan schedule in the same tests. Bloom sprays did not result in improved brown rot control in 5 tests.
Fruit Set as Related to Girdling, Early Cluster Thinning and Pruning of ‘Anjou’ and ‘Comice’ Pear1
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Bjornstad H. O.
Published: September 2022

Tests with pear on P. communis L. and ‘E. M. Quince C’ (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) rootstocks showed that early fruit thinning to 1 fruit per cluster increased ultimate % fruit set of ‘Comice’; thinning to 2 fruits per cluster did not increase ultimate set Limb girdling 3 weeks after bloom did not effectively increase set, but when used in combination with cluster thinning, increased ‘Anjou’ set beyond either treatment alone. Heading-back pruning of ‘Comice’ on ‘Quince C’ in a high density plot increased both fruit set and ultimate yield relative to thinning-out pruning.
Cold Storage and Handling of Red Raspberry Planting Stock1
Authors: Barritt Bruce H. , Torre Louis C.
Published: September 2022

Plant mortality from early April or later plantings of dormant ‘Willamette’ red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) stock dug from propagation field in February and placed in cold storage (-1.1° and 1.7°C) was never higher than 3.1% as compared to as high as 24% from heeled in and freshly dug plants. Cold-stored plants produced comparable growth to heeled in and freshly dug plants. Pre- and postharvest dips with N-[(trichloromethyl)thio]-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide (captan) and methyl 1-(butyl carbamoyl) 2-benzimidazolecarbainate (benomyl) did not influence mortality or plant growth, nor did the addition of sawdust, peat moss or vermiculite as moist packing materials in cold storage. Planting stock with cane diameters greater than 6.4 mm had lower mortality and produced more growth than stock with canes less than 6.4 mm in diameter. Plant growth from propagation stocks was negatively correlated with planting date.
Selective Thinning of Black Barrenberry Fruit in Lowbush Blueberry Fields with Ethephon1
Authors: Ismail Amr A.
Published: September 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied at 1.12, 2.24 and 4.48 kg/ha to mixed black barrenberry (Aronia melanocarpa Willd. — syn. chokepear and black chokeberry, Pyrus melanocarpa Willd.) and native lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait) stands at early stages of fruit set and development, effectively thinned black barrenberry fruit without adversely affecting the lowbush blueberry fruit yield or quality.
Response of Woody Ornamentals to a Fatty Acid Pinching Agent1
Authors: Williams David J. , Moser Bruno C.
Published: September 2022

Sprays of 4% Off-Shoot-O (45% methyl esters of fatty acids, 4% C6, 56% C8, 38% C10, 2% C12) to container-grown Cotoneaster divaricata Rehd. & Wils., Pyracantha coccinea Roem. cv. Lalandi and Rhododendron carolinianum Rehd. at the beginning of each of 2 growing seasons increased shoots over unpruned plants but reduced fruit clusters of pyracantha. Sprays maintained hedge height of cotoneaster but not Forsythia X intermedia Zobel or privet (Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk).
Sprouting of Sweet Potatoes from Root Pieces as Influenced by Gibberellic Acid or Ethephon1
Authors: Tompkins D. R. , Horton R. D.
Published: September 2022

In field plantings, root pieces of ‘Centennial’, ‘Julian’, and ‘Jewel’ sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) treated with (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) sprouted earlier than controls. Ethephon treatments increased the number of sprouts on ‘Centennial’ root pieces. In some tests, ethephon treated root pieces had increased yields of storage roots. Gibberellic acid (GA) increased the number of sprouts per root piece but did not influence the percentage of sprouted root pieces. GA promoted the growth of enlarged root pieces with few storage roots.
Severity of Race 2 of Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht.)Poll. on Muskmelon Introductions Reported Resistant to Powdery Mildew1
Authors: Sowell Grover , Corley W. L.
Published: September 2022

About a quarter of the plant introductions of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) reported resistant to powdery mildew were as resistant to Sphaerotheca fuliginea race 2 as ‘PMR6’ and ‘Georgia 47’; about half were intermediate in resistance and the other quarter were susceptible. PI 234607, ‘Georgia 47’, and ‘PMR6’ were considered the most useful because of high resistance to race 2 and good quality.
Response of Okra to Plant Density and Fertilization1
Authors: Albregts E. E. , Howard C. M.
Published: September 2022

Plant density of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L. cv. Clemson Spineless) was varied from 16, 32, to 64 plants/m2 using 1 or 2 rows/bed and 2.5 or 5 cm in the row spacing. Yield per unit area increased linearly with plant density on a double logarithmic scale. Plant density and pod size were inversely related while the percent marketable pods were unaffected by treatments. The fertility rate did not affect yield responses, but the higher rate increased soil soluble salts, K, and NO3.
The Hard Side of Cider
Authors: Lombard P. B. , Williams R. R.
Published: September 2022

Cider is a fermented drink from cider apples which are characterized by a bitter tart flavor and coarse texture. Cider is the cheapest alcoholic drink found in the English pub or markets, priced as low as 34 cents for a 38 ounce bottle. The drink, which is generally dry with a roughness uncommon to our apple juice, can be purchased as sweet or dry and as “still” or carbonated cider of 3 to 8% alcoholic content.
Influence of Mulch on Residue Accumulation and on Injury to ‘Richhaven’ Peach trees from 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile (Dichlobenil)1
Authors: Lord W. J. , Damon R. A.
Published: September 2022

Hay mulch applied only the year of planting under ‘Richhaven’ peach trees reduced foliar injury following annual applications of dichlobenil. Dichlobenil residues were greater than those of its breakdown product, 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM), in mulch and at 0-15 cm soil depth under mulch. Mulch did not reduce amount of dichlobenil in soil. Only dichlobenil at 13.44 kg/ha, twice the rate labeled for usage under fruit trees, applied on mulch residue partially prevented an influx of annual weeds.
Temperature and Photoperiod Effects on Cold Hardiness of Peach Scion-Rootstock Combinations1
Authors: Ormrod D. P. , Layne R. E. C.
Published: September 2022

Eleven peach scion-rootstock combinations were evaluated for cold hardiness by controlled freezing after acclimation in controlled environments at temperatures of 20/14 or 10/4°C day/night and photoperiods of 9, 12 or 15 hours. Temperature and scion cultivar had much greater effects on cold hardiness of buds and bark than did photoperiod or rootstock. Trees held at 10/4° were more cold hardy than those held at 20/14°. ‘Siberian C’ scions were more cold hardy than ‘Harrow Blood’ or ‘Elberta’ scions. Short days increased cold acclimation of fruit buds at 20/14° but not at 10/4°. Rootstock influence on scion acclimation was small but some cultivar differences were apparent.
Scholander Pressure Bomb Technique to Assess the Relative Leaf Water Stress of ‘Orlando’ Tangelo Scion as Influenced by Various Citrus Rootstocks1
Authors: Crocker T. E. , Bell W. D. , Bartholic J. F.
Published: September 2022

A modified Scholander pressure bomb was sensitive enough to detect significant differences in relative leaf water stress among ‘Orlando’ tangelo (Citrus reticulata Blanco × C. paradisi Mact) on several rootstocks. Leaf water potential for the rootstocks ranged from -7.9 bars for rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) to -13.7 bars for those on trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.). There was a diurnal pattern in leaf water stress. Modifications and procedures for the pressure bomb measurements are described.
Peanut Plants from Single De-embryonated Cotyledons or Cotyledonary Fragments1
Authors: Illingworth John E.
Published: September 2022

A method has been developed to produce normal peanut plants from de-embryonated peanut cotyledons and cotyledonary fragments without the use of liquid nitrogen.
Floral Anatomy of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cvs. Gallatin 50 and Oregon 581
Authors: Wivutvongvana M. , Mack H. J.
Published: September 2022

Anatomical and morphological studies were made on ‘Gallatin 50’ and ‘Oregon 58’ bush snap beans. The first leaf primordium was observed 3 to 4 days after planting. Four or 5 leaf primordia were formed in spiral phyllotaxy with plastochrons lasting 1 day or less. The first floral primordium occurred in the axil of the uppermost leaf 7 to 9 days after planting. Floral parts became discernible 5 days later.
Inheritance of Light Yellow Corolla and Leafy Tendrils in Gourd (Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera Alef)1
Authors: Scarchuk John
Published: September 2022

Two independent monogenic recessives in Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera are described: light yellow corolla (ly) and leafy tendril (lt).
Response of Cucumber to Soil and Foliar Application of Ethephon1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J. , Phatak Sharad C.
Published: September 2022

In field experiments with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) on both sandy and clay loam soils (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 125 or 250 ppm applied twice to the foliage was more effective in promoting pistillate flowers and yield on ‘Wisconsin SMR 58’, a monoecious cultivar, than granular ethephon applied at various rates as a sidedress at planting, placed directly on the seed at planting, or applied as a sidedress in the first true-leaf stage. Foliar sprays on ‘Pioneer’ were effective in reducing the number of staminate and increasing the number of pistillate flowers. However, ethephon applied by any method did not increase yields in ‘Pioneer’, a predominantly pistillate cultivar.
Lettuce: Evolution of a Weedy Cinderella Presidential Address
Authors: Whitaker Thomas W.
Published: September 2022

Thomas Wallace Whitaker was born August 13, 1905 at Monrovia, California. He married Mary Summerville (now deceased) of White Post, Virginia in 1931. He has a son, Thomas Jr., who works in insurance investments; a daughter, Beverly Rodgers, who teaches English and Spanish literature; and 5 grandchildren.
Postharvest Responses of Vegetables to Preharvest Field Temperature1
Authors: Kader A. A. , Lyons J. M. , Morris L. L.
Published: September 2022

Preharvest field temperatures can influence composition and quality of vegetables at harvest as well as their postharvest responses. Temperatures which injure or weaken the tissues prior to harvest will reduce storage life and increase susceptibility to decay.

Freezing temperatures in the field can greatly reduce storage life. In addition, many vegetables suffer injury when exposed for certain periods of time to temperatures above freezing but below about 10°C. This injury, termed chilling injury, is most often associated with vegetables of tropical and subtropical origin; however, some temperate-zone vegetables can be injured by low, but non-freezing, temperatures.

High field temperatures can result in physiological disorders and increased deterioration. High field temperatures can induce injury visible at harvest, such as sunburn or sunscald; however, serious problems can also occur during storage and handling following injury which was not visible at harvest.
Careers in Horticulture
Authors: Kessler George M.
Published: September 2022

Horticulture is both an art as old as the Garden of Eden and a science as new as tomorrow. It is a hobby to some, and a profession to others. But, in any case, horticulture deals with the development, growth, distribution, and utilization of fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. Horticulture enriches our lives with nutritious, flavorsome foods and the beauty and utility of decorative plants.

It is possible to obtain horticultural training in high schools and vocational schools, in arboreta and public gardens, in junior colleges, and state universities where a student may earn not only a Bachelor of Science (BS), but also a Master's (MS) or Doctorate (PhD) degree. Early horticulture work experience will assist in making the decision whether this career is the one to pursue and at what educational level.

The following job descriptions are provided to illustrate the kinds of positions for which college graduates in horticulture can qualify and what these jobs involve. Although a number of the jobs described do not necessarily require a college degree, they are included because college graduates often take them as stepping stones to higher positions. These descriptions are divided into two categories: 1) specific category jobs which require a more specialized background in horticulture such as knowledge pertaining to fruits, vegetables, floriculture (greenhouse-grown flowers and potted plants), and horticulture therapy; 2) general category jobs which either require a broad background in horticulture, or are similar in nature within all horticultural areas.
Minimum Number of Short Days for Production of High Quality Standard Chrysanthemums1
Authors: Kofranek A. M. , Halevy A. H.
Published: September 2022

Natural daylengths in summer at 38°N latitude are partially inductive for Chrysanthemum morifolium, Ramat. cvs. Albatross and Escapade. This is indicated by the number of nodes to the terminal bud in natural daylength compared to a night break treatment. One week of short days (SD) is enough to fully satisfy induction of the terminal bud as expressed by the number of nodes to flower. Three to four weeks SD are ample for the development of high quality flowers equal to those grown under continuous SD; there was no significant delay in flowering.
Response of Container-grown Azalea and Ivy to Four Preemergence Herbicides in Three Planting Media1
Authors: Monaco T. J.
Published: September 2022

S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC), a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitroN,N-dipro-pyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) and 2-chloro-2’,6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (alachlor) at 4.5 and 9 kg/ha provided control of goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Geartn), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus (L.)) and common lambsqualters (Chenopodium album (L.)) in three different planting media of container-grown English ivy (Hedera helix L. cv. Shamrock) and azalea (Rhododendron obtusum Planck, cv. Hino Crimson). 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) provided control of all the previously mentioned weeds as well as common cockle bur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) and tall morningglory (Ipomea purpurea (L.) Roth). The three planting media utilized in the study varied in ratios of peat, sand and soil. EPTC resulted in equal injury to azaleas in all three soil mixes. Dichlobenil at 9 kg/ha injured English ivy in all three soil mixes with the greatest degree of injury being recorded in the planting medium containing the least amount of peat.
Vegetative Propagation of Cucumber1
Authors: Shehata M. A. , Davis D. W. , Read P. E.
Published: September 2022

Shoot tip cuttings of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) taken at various times, ages, and condition were subjected to several pre- and post-selection techniques known to influence rooting in other species. Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) applied 1 week before shoot tip harvest increased the rooting of cuttings. Neither time of day cuttings were prepared (7 AM or 1 PM) nor fruit load influenced rooting. Sand culture under mist, at 27°C (day), 21° (night), in the greenhouse was superior to other rooting methods tested. Cultivars varied in rooting. Cuttings from early planting rooted better than those from late plantings.
Promotion of Fruit Set and Reduction of Seed Number in Pollinated Fruit of Cucumber by Chlorflurenol1
Authors: Cantliffe Daniel J.
Published: September 2022

Fruit development from pollinated flowers of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) on early nodes inhibited fruit set on later nodes. Application of chlorflurenol (methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-(9)-caroxylate) overcame this inhibition and increased the number of fruit which developed from both pollinated and nonpollinated ovaries. In nonpollinated flowers, chlorflurenol promoted fruit set through parthenocarpy. In chlorflurenol treated plants, approximately 80% of the fruit from pollinated flowers produced seed, while the remaining 20% were parthenocarpic. However, chlorflurenol reduced the quantity of seed in the nonparthenocarpic fruit by 30%. This included fruit set from flowers that had been pollinated up to 5 days before chlorflurenol application. Pollination tended to improve the effectiveness of chlorflurenol to increase fruit set.
Mist Depollination of Lettuce Flowers1
Authors: Ryder Edward J. , Johnson Albert S.
Published: September 2022

Intermittent mist spraying of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) flowers during the period of anther dehiscence permits continuous removal of pollen with little effort Pollination following pollen removal by this method produced 94% hybrids compared to 50% or less usually obtained by the conventional washing method.
Characterization of Polyphenol Oxidase in Peaches Grown in the Southeast1
Authors: Jen Joseph J. , Kahler Kristi R.
Published: September 2022

A crude polyphenol oxidase (PPO) preparation extracted from ‘Redhaven’ peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) showed only catecholase but not cresolase enzyme activity. The PPO activity increased sharply near the end of maturation. A shift from a single pH optimum at 6.2 to dual optima at pH 6.0 and 6.5 during maturation possibly indicates synthesis of new isozymes. The temperature optimum for peach PPO was near 37°C and the Michaelis constant was 2.9 × l0-2M when catechol was used as substrate. The peach PPO remained very active even at 3°.