bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
METACOGNITION OF YEAR 12 PACKAGE C LEARNERS ON PERMUTATION
Authors: Puadah Peni Fauziah , Suhendra Suhendra , Hidayat Angga
Published: December 2023

One of the levels in the thinking process that students can use to solve problems is metacognition. Metacognition encourages students to realize and control their thinking process. Metacognition skills are needed to support students' independent learning process, one of which is in the learning process carried out in the Equivalency Education program. This study aims to describe the metacognition skills of Year 12 students on permutation and combination. This descriptive qualitative research was conducted at a Community Learning Center in Bandung, involving 12 subjects. The instruments used in this study were metacognition tests, questionnaires, and interviews. The results showed that students with high Mathematics Initial Ability had metacognition knowledge with reflective use and strategic use levels. Learning citizens with medium initial mathematical ability have metacognition knowledge with strategic use level, and learning citizens with low initial mathematical ability are at the aware use metacognition knowledge level. In the indicator of metacognition skills, learning citizens with high initial mathematics abilities are at the strategic use level, learning citizens with moderate initial mathematical ability categories are at the strategic use level, and aware use, learning citizens with low initial mathematical ability categories are at the tacit use level. In general, the metacognitive abilities of learning citizens in the high, medium, and low initial mathematical categories are at the strategic use, aware use.
Seasonal Activity of Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) and Ceratitis capitata in a Navel Orange Orchard in Dakahlia, Egypt
Authors:   Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, H. El-Afify Ahmed , Shreef R.M. ,   Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt., Hendawy M.A. ,   Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt, Ghanim Nabil ,   Plant Protection Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Published: December 2023

El-Afify, A.H., R.M. Shreef, M.A. Hendawy and N.M. Ghanim. 2023. Seasonal Activity of Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) and Ceratitis capitata in a Navel Orange Orchard in Dakahlia, Egypt. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(2): 98-104. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-041.2.098104 The peach fruit fly (PFF), Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) and the Mediterranean fruit fly (MFF), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) are of the most major pests infesting citrus orchards in Egypt as well as several countries of the world. The present study was carried out to study the seasonal activity of PFF and MFF in navel orange orchards located in Dakahlia governorate, Egypt during two successive fruiting seasons of 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 by using sex attractants and fruit samples. The results obtained showed that, by using sex attractants, PFF males had two peaks each season, whereas MFF showed one to two peaks. By monitoring fruit samples, PFF exhibited one to two peaks of activity seasonally in the non-fallen and fallen fruits; whereas MFF exhibited two to three peaks on the non-fallen and fallen fruits. Both PFF and MFF were more abundant in the fallen fruits than in the non-fallen fruits. The relationships between flies trapped per day (FTD) of PFF and MFF males in Jackson traps and infestation rate of these pests showed that these traps can be used to predict infestation rates of PFF and MFF in their host fruits. Keywords: Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata, navel orange, Jackson traps, sex attractants
Some Significant Threats to Lychee Production and their Management Options in Bangladesh
Authors:   Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh., Abu Taher Muhammad , Rahman Md. Mahbubur ,   epartment of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh., Shariful Islam Khandakar ,   epartment of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh., Mahir Uddin Mohammad ,   Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
Published: December 2023

Taher, M.A., M.M. Rahman, K.S. Islam and M.M. Uddin. 2023. Some Significant Threats to Lychee Production and their Management Options in Bangladesh. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(2): 114-118. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-041.2.114118 Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) production is severely hampered by pest infestations in Bangladesh. To help in management of three major lychee pests, namely, lychee fruit borer (Conopomorpha sinensis), lychee mite (Aceria litchi) and lychee leaf roller (Platypeplus aprobola), the efficacy of seven different insecticides were assessed in a commercial lychee orchard at Gopalpur, Tangail, Bangladesh, in two consecutive fruiting seasons. Lychee fruit infestations by the lychee fruit borers (>50%) reached a peak in early to late May and in late April by the lychee mites (>42%). Leaves and inflorescences infestations by the lychee mites (>14%) and lychee leaf rollers (10-33%) were high from February to March. Among the treatments, the mixture of imidacloprid and abamectin resulted in a maximum reduction of infestation over the control trees (98.08% by lychee fruit borer, 87.10% by lychee mite and 92.12% by lychee leaf roller). The highest cost-benefit ratio was achieved by applying Novastar 56 EC (bifenthrin + abamectin) (1:10.36) and ranked second in reducing infestations. Solo application of systemic insecticide and combination of systemic and contact insecticide were effective. The combination imidacloprid + abamectin was the most efficient in reducing the damage by the pests, and the mixture of bifenthrin and abamectin was the most cost-effective to control the selected pests. Keywords: Lychee fruit borer, lychee mite, lychee leaf roller, chemical controls, seasonal abundance
Effect of Some Surfactants on the Expired Bioformulation Belthirul® and Evaluation of its Efficacy Against Fig Moth Larvae, Ephestia cautella (Walker
Authors:   Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Iraq, Zakaria Baker Safaa , Ismail Salih Mohammed ,   Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Iraq, Saeed Khaldoon Fares ,   Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Iraq
Published: December 2023

Baker, S.Z., S.M. Ismail and K.F. Saeed. 2023. Effect of Some Surfactants on the Expired Bioformulation Belthirul® and Evaluation of its Efficacy Against Fig Moth Larvae, Ephestia cautella (Walker). Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(2): 119-126. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-041.2.119126 A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two surfactants Neutrafol-pH and Inex-A compared to the expired Belthirul® formulation (Bacillus. thuringiensis var kurstaki) on the larvae of the fig moth Ephestia cautella (Walker). Tests were conducted to determine the time required for wetting, stability of the suspension under normal conditions and compatibility between the entomopathogen and surfactants. Expired formulation, fresh formulation and treated expired formulation were bio-assayed on third instar larvae of the fig moth E. cautella to evaluate its efficacy. The results obtained showed that the two surfactants Neutrafol-PH and Inex-A were highly efficient in reforming the expired bioformulation Beltirul®, improved its physical specifications and increased its biological activity on fig moth larvae, and Neutrafol-PH was more effective in increasing the activity and vitality of B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki in the expired bioformulation. The number of bacterial colonies was 17.3×1010 CFU/g, whereas it was 8.0×1010 colonies/g in the expired bioformulation treated with Inex-A surfactant, compared with non-treated expired bioformulation which reached 3.9×1010 CFU/g. The treated expired bioformulation with Neutrafol-PH and Inex-A increased its efficacy by increasing mortality rate 82.08 and 74.38%, respectively, on the third instar larvae of the fig moth at the concentration of 1 g/L. Keywords: Efficacy, Belthirul®, surfactants, fig moth, Ephestia cautella.
The Role of Spray Pattern and Operating Pressure and their Interactions on the Control of Tetranychus urticae Koch. in Eggplant Plants Under Greenhouse Conditions
Authors:   Department of Agricultural Machinery, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq., Ibraheem Sajad Nazim , Alheidary Majed Hazem ,   Department of Agricultural Machinery, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq.
Published: December 2023

Ibraheem, S.N. and M.H. Alheidary. 2023. The Role of Spray Pattern and Operating Pressure and their Interactions on the Control of Tetranychus urticae Koch. in Eggplant Plants Under Greenhouse Conditions. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(2): 105-113. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.2.105113 The mite Tetranychus urticae Koch is one of the most dangerous pests that attack the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Several attempts were carried out for controlling this pest to avoid crop losses through the extensive use of chemical products. The present study aimed to shed light on the effect of spraying pattern used coupled with selecting the appropriate operating pressure to obtain a suitable droplet size and density deposited on the leaves to get optimal effect for the control of mites which attack eggplant under greenhouse conditions. Six types of spray patterns (from top, side, bottom, top and side together, bottom and side together, and combination spray mode) toward plant canopy and two different operating pressures (2 and 5 bar) were tested. The factorial experiment was applied in split-plot arrangement in a complete random design. The significant differences between the parameters studied were tested by calculating the least significant difference (L.S.D.) at P=0.05. The findings showed a clear significant influence in the control efficiency by both spraying patterns and operating pressures. Significant mortality efficiency was observed using the bottom spray pattern from the plant canopy especially at 5 bar constant pressure in comparison with the other spray patterns at the same operating pressure. It was also observed that spraying with two-nozzle spray pattern from the bottom led to an increase in the efficiency of killing mites not only on the bottom part of the plant but also those present in the upper part of the plant, with a morality rate of 22.67% compared to the control treatment. The results also illustrated that the use of bottom spray pattern reduced the amount of pesticide applied by more than 46% in comparison to the other treatments. Keywords: sprayer, nozzle, pesticide, spray process characteristics, pest control, morality efficiency
Biochemical Evaluation of Acremonium sp. as Biological Control Agent Against the Spiny Bollworm, Earias insulana by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors:   Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, Sabry Hend M. , El-Medany Warda A.Z. ,   Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, El-Tahawe Hend S. ,   Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, Abd-ElAzeem Eman M. ,   Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Published: December 2023

Sabry, H., W.A.Z. El-Medany, H.S. El-Tahawe and E.M. Abd El-Azeem. 2023. Biochemical Evaluation of Acremonium sp. as Biological Control Agent Against the Spiny Bollworm, Earias insulana by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(2): 140-145. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.2.140145 Ultrastructure and physiological effects of the biological control agent Acremonium sp. on larvae of the spiny bollworm (SBW) Earias insulana (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were investigated. The isolate of Acremonium sp., EZ1 (MN25101) was applied on the 4 th instar larvae and pupae of the spiny bollworm E. insulana, with two ml spore suspension of different concentrations of 6x106 , 6x107 and 6x108 spores/ml mixed with four gm of artificial diet. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate sporulation potential and the extent of damage to the growth rate of Acremonium sp. on the exoskeleton of E. insulana larvae and pupae five days after inoculation, as compared to the untreated control. Treated larvae showed varied level of cuticle damage. Surface of infected pupae showed varied stages of mycelial growth. The biochemical parameters investigated were: carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes activity (trehalas, invertase, and amylase), the total soluble protein, acetyl choline esterase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. High significant reduction in amylase, trehalase and ALT activities in treated larvae was observed. On the other hand, high significant gradual increase in the amount of total soluble protein and the acetyl choline esterase activity were observed. At the same time AST activity was slightly increased, whereas invertase activity was not significantly different from the control. Scanning electron microscopy clearly showed the ability of Acremonium sp. fungus to damage the cuticle of both larvae and pupae of E. insulana by spore's germination. In addition, it disturbed the activity of many important enzymes, thus it can play a vital role in the control of the target pest in a safe manner without polluting the environment. Keywords: Earias insulana, Acremonium sp., scanning electron microscopy, AST, ALT.
Resistance of Third and Fifth Instars of Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) to the Insecticide Deltamethrin in As-Suwayda Governorate, Syria
Authors:   As-Suwayda Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria, Bou Hamdan Rami , Kassis Wajih ,   Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Damascus University, Syria., Bou Faour Mazen ,   As-Suwayda Research Center, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research (GCSAR), Damascus, Syria
Published: December 2023

Bou Hamdan, R., W. Kassis and M. Bufaur. 2023. Resistance of Third and Fifth Instars of Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) to the Insecticide Deltamethrin in As-Suwayda Governorate, Syria. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(2): 183-189. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.2.183189 Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) is a key pest of global importance that affects apple fruit production and its populations have developed resistance to insecticides in many apple production areas. Third-instar larvae of Cydia pomonella has developed a vigor tolerance to deltamethrin in the fields of As-Suwayda Governorate, Syria. The resistance rate (RR) was (5, 5.6, 6.79) after (24, 48, 72) hours after treatment with deltamethrin, respectively, while ultra-vigor tolerance was observed in the non-diapausing fifth-instar larvae of codling moth (males and females), the resistance rate (RR) was (6.42, 7.75, 9.67) for males and (8.49, 9.84, 10.26) for females after (24, 48, 72) hours, 188 مجلة وقاية النبات العربية، مجلد ،41 عدد 2 ) 2023( respectively, It was noted that females of the non-diapausing fifth-instar larvae was more resistant than males. Based on the results, it is recommended to exclude deltamethrin for a while, using it with other insecticides, not re-using it many times or mixing it with one of the synergists. Keywords: Cydia pomonella (L.), non-diapausing larvae, insecticide resistance, resistance rate, deltamethrin
Isolation of the Pectinase Enzyme Produced by the Fungus Penicillium spp. that Causes Citrus Fruit Rot Disease and Evaluation of the Inhibitors Efficacy for its Control
Authors:   Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Iraq, Al Jboory Awf Abdel Rahman , Mohamd Khalaf Atiah ,   Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Iraq, Ismaeel Saleh Mohamad ,   Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Iraq
Published: December 2023

Al-Jbory, A.A.A., K.A. Mohammed and S.M. Ismaeel. 2023. Isolation of the Pectinase Enzyme Produced by the Fungus Penicillium spp. that Causes Citrus Fruit Rot Disease and Evaluation of the Inhibitors Efficacy for its Control. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(2): 190-196. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.2.190196 This study was conducted during the period 2021-2022 to evaluate the effect of some chemicals in inhibiting the pectinase enzyme produced by the fungus Penecillium spp. When enzyme preparation concentration of 2.5% was used, the enzymatic activity was 0.01 units/ml compared to 0.2 units/ml in the crude enzyme preparation. When chemical inhibitors were used singly, the calcium chloride treatment was superior at the 5% concentration, which gave an enzymatic activity of 0.03 units/ml. Results obtained showed that the lowest residual enzymatic activity was in the treatment that included the use of all enzyme-inhibiting substances at 2.5% concentration, where the residual effect was 5% compared to 100% in the crude enzyme treatment. This indicates a loss of 95% of the enzyme’s activity. The treatment with calcium chloride was superior when used at a concentration of 5% and gave a residual activity of 15%, which is an indication that the enzyme lost 85% of its enzymatic activity. This treatment was superior to all other treatments by achieving the lowest diagonal growth of the pathogenic fungus, which was 0 cm compared to 9 cm in the control treatment. In addition, the calcium chloride treatment achieved an infection rate and disease index of 30 and 59%, respectively, in the scratched fruits treatment, whereas these two parameters were reduced to 10 and 22% in the case of non-scratched fruits treatment. The severity of infection when using all inhibitors combined at 2.5% concentration infection rate and disease index were reduced to 20 and 26.6% in the scratched fruits treatment, and to 0 and 0 in the non-scratched fruits treatment, respectively. Keywords: Penecillium spp., citrus fruit rot, pectinase enzyme, citrus.
KAJIAN SIFAT FISIKA DAN MORFOLOGI KARET ALAM SELULAR PADA VARIASI TIPE BAHAN PENGEMBANG DAN BOBOT KOMPON
Authors: Hanifarianty Sherly , Fathurrohman Mohammad Irfan
Published: December 2023

Busa karet alam yang memiliki struktur mikro-seluler (karet selular) merupakan bahan berbasis biopolimer yang menarik untuk dikembangkan. Beberapa keunggulan karet selular diantaranya ringan, ergonomis karena bersifat berpori, dan ekonomis sehingga cocok digunakan sebagai produk barang jadi karet untuk berbagai keperluan mulai dari teknik hingga rumah tangga. Pada penelitian ini dibuat karet selular dengan menggunakan Azodikarbonamida (ADC) sebagai bahan pengembang (blowing agent). ADC yang digunakan divariasikan menjadi tipe A dan C. Lebih lanjut, bobot kompon karet yang akan dicetak menjadi karet selular divariasikan sebesar 8; 12; 13,5; 15; dan 17 gram. Pembuatan karet selular mengacu pada metode umum pembuatan kompon karet dilanjutkan dengan pencetakan. Evaluasi mutu karet selular dilakukan melalui pengujian visualisasi struktur morfologi, densitas, dan rasio ekspansi. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian diperoleh bahwa bobot kompon terbaik adalah sebesar 13,5 gram karena menghasilkan karet seluler dengan struktur morfologi seragam. Sementara tipe bahan pengembang dipilih tipe A karena menghasilkan karet seluler dengan densitas rendah namun rasio ekspansi tinggi.
PENELITIAN PENDAHULUAN SINTESIS EMULSI BIOFUEL-AIR UNTUK BAHAN BAKAR PENGERINGAN KARET REMAH
Authors: Handayani Hani , Maspanger Dadi Rusadi , Andriani Woro
Published: December 2023

Pengeringan merupakan salah satu tahapan proses di dalam industri pengolahan karet remah yang cukup kritis dan sangat menentukan mutu akhir karet remah, serta menjadi komponen biaya terbesar karena membutuhkan konsumsi energi yang cukup banyak. Kebutuhan bahan bakar solar di pabrik karet remah cukup besar dengan total tidak kurang dari 90 juta liter/tahun. Bahan bakar yang selama ini digunakan adalah solar industri (Industrial Diesel Oil, IDO) yang merupakan bahan bakar fosil dan ketersediaannya semakin menipis sehingga perlu dicari alternatif energi terbarukan (EBT) bersumber dari biomassa yang ketersediaannya di alam cukup melimpah. Salah satu alternatif bahan bakar yang dapat digunakan adalah emulsi biofuel-air yang lebih murah dan ramah lingkungan namun energi pembakarannya diharapkan sama dengan solar sehingga dapat digunakan secara langsung agar transfer panas dapat lebih efisien. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pembuatan emulsi biofuel-air yang homogen dan stabil (minimal 24 jam) sebagai alternatif energi pengeringan di industri karet remah serta mengkaji pengaruhnya terhadap mutu karet remah yang dihasilkan. Tiga jenis bahan bakar digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu solar, biosolar, dan FAME. Ketiga jenis bahan bakar tersebut diemulsikan dengan air pada perbandingan 90:10 (bahan bakar:air) dengan tiga variasi dosis bahan pengemulsi (5%; 7,5%; dan 10%). Campuran diaduk dengan menggunakan mesin pencampur berkecepatan tinggi hingga 23.000 rpm selama 1-2 menit dan diamati kestabilannya selama beberapa hari. Emulsi yang paling stabil selanjutnya digunakan untuk uji coba pengeringan karet remah. Karet kering yang dihasilkan kemudian diuji mutunya sesuai SNI 1903:2017 dan sebagai pembanding digunakan karet remah yang dikeringkan dengan solar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan bahan pengemulsi Span 80 dan Tween 80 (90:10) sebanyak 5% volume bahan bakar emulsi dapat menghasilkan emulsi yang stabil untuk campuran emulsi solar-air dan biosolar-air sedangkan untuk emulsi FAME-air masih belum stabil. Sementara itu pengeringan dengan emulsi solar-air dan biosolar-air menunjukkan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap mutu karet yang dihasilkan, hampir semua parameter telah memenuhi persyaratan di dalam SNI 1903:2017 kecuali untuk parameter kadar zat menguap.
Long-term climate impact of large stratospheric water vapor perturbations
Authors: Jucker Martin , Lucas Chris , Dutta Deepashree
Published: December 2023

The amount of water vapor injected into the stratosphere after the
eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) was unprecedented, and it
is therefore unclear what it might mean for surface climate. We use
chemistry climate model simulations to assess the long-term surface
impacts of stratospheric water vapor (SWV) anomalies similar to those
caused by HTHH, but neglect the relatively minor aerosol loading from
the eruption. The simulations show that the SWV anomalies lead to strong
and persistent warming of Northern Hemisphere landmasses in boreal
winter, and austral winter cooling over Australia, years after eruption,
demonstrating that large SWV forcing  can have surface impacts on a
decadal timescale. We also emphasize that the surface response to SWV
anomalies is more complex than simple warming due to greenhouse forcing
and is influenced by factors such as regional circulation patterns and
cloud feedbacks. Further research is needed to fully understand the
multi-year effects of SWV anomalies and their relationship with climate
phenomena like El Niño Southern Oscillation.
Determining the Relative Contributions of Runoff and Coastal Processes to Flood Exposure across the Carolinas during Hurricane Florence
Authors: Grimley Lauren E , Sebastian Antonia , leijnse tim , Eilander Dirk , Ratcliff John , Luettich Richard A
Published: December 2023

Estimates of flood inundation from tropical cyclones (TCs) are needed to
better understand how exposure varies inland and at the coast. While
reduced-complexity flood inundation models have been previously shown to
efficiently simulate the drivers of TC flooding across large regions, a
lack of detailed validation studies of these models, which are being
applied globally, has led to uncertainty about the quality of the
predictions of inundation depth and extent and how this translates to
exposure. In this study, we complete a comprehensive validation of a
reduced-complexity hydrodynamic model (SFINCS) for simulating pluvial,
fluvial, and coastal flooding. We hindcast Hurricane Florence (2018)
flooding in North and South Carolina, USA using high-resolution
meteorologic data and coastal water level output from an ocean
recirculation model (ADCIRC). We compare modeled water levels to
traditional validation datasets (e.g., water level gages, high-water
marks) as well as property-level records of insured damage to draw
conclusions about the model’s performance. We demonstrate that SFINCS
can accurately simulate coastal and runoff drivers of TC flooding at
large scales with minimal computational requirements and limited
calibration. We use the validated model to attribute flood extent and
building exposure to the individual and compound flood drivers during
Hurricane Florence. The results highlight the critical role runoff
processes have in TC flood exposure and support the need for broader
implementation of models that are capable of realistically representing
the compound effects resulting from coastal and runoff processes.
On the 3D structure of Anticyclonic Eddies from In situ Data
Authors: Barabinot Yan , Speich Sabrina , Carton Xavier J.
Published: December 2023

Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous in the global ocean. Most of them are
materially coherent: they advect a different water mass in their core
than in the surrounding water, according to studies based on in situ
observations and Lagrangian techniques. In parallel, laboratory
experiments have shown that eddies have the ability to locally modify
the stratification according to the thermal wind balance, without
necessarily contain heterogeneous water. These two types of density
anomalies associated with mesoscale eddies are often erroneously
confused in the literature. Here we propose a new theoretical
decomposition of the potential density field in the core of eddies to
assess their respective amplitude and dynamical effect. This allows the
modelling of their 3D shape and the estimation of the importance of each
term. This decomposition is applied to 6 anticyclonic eddies sampled
during the EUREC4A-OA, METEOR 124 and PHYSINDIEN 2011 in situ
experiments. We show that the anomaly corresponding to the slope of the
isopycnals is the largest contributor to the total density anomaly. Its
vertical shape is nearly Gaussian, but also depends on the local
background stratification. The horizontal density gradient associated
with the trapped water mass adds a second order term to the total
anomaly and can be neglected for the study of eddy dynamics. The
horizontal structures of the eddies studied are consistent with previous
studies and show an exponential-alpha shape.
Does Tree Crown Architecture Differ by Tree Species? A test with NEON data
Authors: Fan Yiting , Cade Ethan R , Channels Conner W , Fisher G Burch , Guinn Steven M , Hughes Christopher , Nicolai Lydia R , Elmore Andrew J , Mcneil Brenden E
Published: December 2023

Tree crown architecture, which we define as the 3-D arrangement and
orientation of leaves within a tree crown, influences the rates of
photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, and spectral reflectance that affect
tree and forest responses to climate change. As part of their adaptive
and acclimation strategies for responding to environmental variability,
trees are likely to differ in their tree crown architectures, but these
differences remain poorly described. We use measurements from 11
deciduous forest locations within the National Ecological Observatory
Network (NEON) to quantify traits that can define key dimensions of
variability in crown architecture. Specifically, we: (1) measure
seasonal trends in mean leaf angle (MLA) from tower-based time-lapse
photography, (2) quantify traits describing the density and distribution
of leaves in tree crowns from NEON Airborne Observation Platform (AOP)
LiDAR data, and (3) infer crown functioning from multi-scale data on
near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv), as obtained from
phenocams, the NEON AOP imaging spectrometer, and Harmonized Landsat
Sentinel-2 (HLS). From these data, we test for trait covariations (e.g.,
among MLA, the vertical distribution of plant area index, and the
seasonal peak of NIRv) that can suggest fundamental tradeoffs governing
how each species arranges and orients leaves in their crowns. In
describing how these crown architectural traits covary across the
diverse tree species and wide environmental gradients within 11 NEON
sites, we highlight implications for tree ecophysiology and remote
sensing-based studies on the interactions of trees, forests and climate
change.
Data assimilation for fault slip monitoring and short-term prediction of slow slip events: an application to the 2010 long-term slow slip event in the Bungo Channel
Authors: Kano Masayuki , Tanaka Yusuke , Sato Daisuke , Iinuma Takeshi , Hori Takane
Published: December 2023

Monitoring and predicting fault slip behaviors in subduction zones are
essential for understanding earthquake cycles and assessing future
earthquake potential. We developed a data assimilation (DA) method for
fault slip monitoring and short-term prediction of slow slip events
(SSEs), which was applied to the 2010 Bungo Channel SSE in southwest
Japan. The observed geodetic data were quantitatively explained using a
physics-based model with DA. We investigated short-term predictability
by assimilating observation data with limited periods. Without prior
constraint on fault slip style, observations solely during slip
acceleration predicted the occurrence of a fast slip; however, the
inclusion of slip deceleration data successfully predicted a slow
transient slip. With prior constraint to exclude unstable slip, the
assimilation of data after the SSE occurrence predicted a slow transient
slip. This study provided a tool using DA for fault slip monitoring and
prediction based on real observation data.
Seismic and Potential Field Constraints on Upper Crustal Architecture of Inner Bering Shelf, Offshore Southwestern Alaska
Authors: Vayavur Rajesh , Calvert Andrew John
Published: December 2023

Southwestern Alaska encompasses a group of fault-bounded
tectonostratigraphic terranes that were accreted to North America during
the Mesozoic and Paleogene. To characterize the offshore extension of
these terranes and several significant faults identified onshore, we
reprocessed three intersecting multichannel deep seismic reflection
profiles totaling ~750 line-km that were shot by the R/V
Ewing across part of the inner Bering continental shelf in 1994. Since
the uppermost seismic section is often contaminated by high amplitude
water layer multiples from the hard and shallow seafloor, the migrated
reflection images are supplemented with high-resolution P wave velocity
models derived by traveltime tomography of the recorded first-arrivals
to depths of up to 2000 m. Additionally, other geophysical datasets such
as well logs, ship-board gravity, ship-board magnetics,
satellite-altimetry gravity and air-borne magnetics are also
incorporated into an integrated regional interpretation. We delineate
the offshore extension of the major mapped geological elements,
including the Togiak-Tikchik fault, East Kulukak fault, Chilchitna
fault, Lake Clarke fault, Togiak terrane, Goodnews terrane, Peninsular
terrane, Northern and Southern Kahiltna flysch deposits, and the
Regional Suture Zone. We interpret the offshore Togiak-Tikichik fault to
be a terrane bounding fault separating the Togiak terrane and Goodnews
terrane. We also locate the offshore boundaries of the Regional Suture
Zone using satellite gravity anomaly and air-borne magnetic data.
Furthermore, we suggest that the sedimentary fill in the graben-like
features offshore, as identified by seismic tomographic velocity models,
is constituted by the deposits of Northern and Southern Kahiltna flysch.
Mechanical properties of the rocky interiors of icy moons
Authors: Seltzer Cassandra , Ghaffari Hamed O , Peč Matěj
Published: December 2023

Icy moons in the outer Solar System contain rocky, chondritic interiors,
but this material is rarely studied under confining pressure. The
contribution of rocky interiors to deformation and heat generation is
therefore poorly constrained. We deformed LL6 chondrites at confining
pressures ≤ 100 MPa and quasistatic strain rates, and recorded acoustic
emissions (AEs) using ultrasound probes. We defined a failure envelope,
measured ultrasonic velocities, and retrieved elastic moduli for the
experimental conditions. Chondritic material stiffened with increasing
confining pressure, and reached its peak strength at 50 MPa confining
pressure. Microcracking events occurred at low stresses, during
nominally “elastic” deformation, indicating that dissipative processes
are possible in rocky interiors. These events were most energetic at
lower differential stresses, and occurred more frequently at lower
confining pressures. We suggest that chondritic interiors of icy moons
are therefore stronger, less compliant, and less dissipative with
increasing pressure and size.
Factors Driving Past Trends in Arctic Precipitation and Their Future Changes
Authors: Yukimoto Seiji , Oshima Naga , Kawai Hideaki , Deushi Makoto , Aizawa Takuro
Published: December 2023

The Arctic is notable as a region where the greatest rate of increase in
precipitation associated with global warming is anticipated. The Arctic
precipitation simulated by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
phase 6 multimodels showed a strong increasing trend in the recent past
since the 1980s as a result of the continued strengthening of greenhouse
gas forcing. Meanwhile, the suppression by aerosol forcing, which
dominated in earlier periods, has been leveled off. From an energetic
perspective, the constraining factors of increased atmospheric radiative
cooling and reduced heat transport from lower latitudes contributed
equally to the recent increase in Arctic precipitation. Future Arctic
precipitation will change in proportion to the temperature change, but
the fractional contributions of the constraining factors will remain
stable across various scenarios. The implications for the doubling of
the Arctic amplification factor of precipitation changes relative to
that of temperature changes are also discussed.
Constraints on Southern Ocean Shortwave Cloud Feedback from the Hydrological Cycle
Authors: Tan Chuyan , McCoy Daniel Thompson , Elsaesser Gregory
Published: December 2023

Shifts in Southern Ocean (SO, $40 - 85^{o}S$) shortwave cloud
feedback ($SW_{FB}$) toward more positive values are the dominant
contributor to higher effective climate sensitivity (ECS) in Coupled
Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) models. To provide an
observational constraint on the SO $SW_{FB}$, we use a simplified
physical model to connect SO $SW_{FB}$ with the response of
column-integrated liquid water mass (LWP) to warming and the
susceptibility of albedo to LWP in 50 CMIP5 and CMIP6 GCMs. In turn, we
predict the responses of SO LWP using a cloud-controlling factor (CCF)
model. The combination of the CCF model and radiative susceptibility
explains about $50$\% of the variance in the
GCM-simulated $SW_{FB}$ in the SO. Observations of SW radiation
fluxes, LWP, and CCFs from reanalysis are used to constrain the SO
$SW_{FB}$. The response of SO LWP to warming is constrained to
$2.76\ -\ 4.19$ $g\
m^{-2}\ K^{-1}$, relative to a GCM prior of
$0.64\ -\ 9.33$ $g\
m^{-2}\ K^{-1}$. The susceptibility of albedo
to LWP is constrained to be $0.43\ -\
0.90$ $ (kg\ m^{-2})^{-1}$, relative to
$0.30\ -\ 3.91$ $(kg\
m^{-2})^{-1}$. The overall constraint on the contribution of
SO to global mean $SW_{FB}$ is $-0.168\
-\ 0.051$ $W\
m^{-2}\ K^{-1}$, relative to
$-0.277\ -\ 0.270$ $ W m^{-2}
K^{-1}$. In summary, observations suggest SO $SW_{FB}$ is
less likely to be as extremely positive as predicted by some CMIP6 GCMs,
but more likely to range from moderate negative to weakly positive.
Shortwave radiative flux variability through the lens of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation
Authors: Chtirkova Boriana , Folini Doris , Correa Lucas Ferreira , Wild Martin
Published: December 2023

The variability of the shortwave radiative fluxes at the surface and top
of atmosphere (TOA) is examined in a pre-industrial modelling setup
using the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) as a possible pacemaker of
atmospheric decadal-scale variability. Within models from the Coupled
Model Intercomparison Project – Phase 6, downwelling shortwave
radiation at the surface, the net shortwave fluxes at the surface and
TOA, as well as cloud radiative effects show remarkably similar patterns
associated with the PDO. Through ensemble simulations designed with a
pure PDO pattern in the North Pacific only, we show that the PDO relates
to about 20-40% of the unforced year-to-year variability of these
shortwave fluxes over the Northern Hemispheric continents. The SST
imprint on shortwave-flux variability over land is larger for spatially
aggregated time series as compared to smaller areas, due to the blurring
effect of small-scale atmospheric noise. The surface and TOA radiative
flux anomalies associated with the PDO index range of [-1.64; 1.64]
are estimated to reach up to ±6Wm-2 for North America, ∓ 3Wm-2 for India
and±2Wm-2 for Europe. We hypothesise that the redistribution of clouds
in response to a North Pacific PDO anomaly can impact the South Pacific
and North Atlantic SSTs.
Impact of the sea surface temperature in the north-eastern tropical Atlantic on precipitation over Senegal
Authors: Thiam Mamadou , Oruba Ludivine , Coetlogon Gaelle De , Wade Malick , Diop Bouya , Farota Abdou Karim
Published: December 2023

This study examines 40 years of monthly precipitation data in Senegal
(1979-2018) using CRU observations and ERA5 reanalyses, aiming to
understand the influence of oceanic and atmospheric factors on Senegal’s
precipitation in July, August and September (JAS). Comparing Senegal’s
precipitation variability with the broader Sahel region, it emerges that
Senegal’s precipitation is more closely associated with the Northeastern
Tropical Atlantic (NETA) Sea Surface Temperature (SST). The increased
Senegal’s precipitation is linked to the northward shift of the
InterTropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), consistent with numerous previous
studies. Over the continent, this shift corresponds to a northward shift
of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) and, consequently, the Mesoscale
Convective Systems responsible for most precipitation. It seems
primarily driven by the northward shift of the Heat Low.Over the ocean
west of Senegal, there is a comparable shift of the AEJ, accompanied by
increased low-level moisture transport convergence within the West
African Westerly Jet (WAWJ). This phenomenon is triggered by a negative
pressure anomaly in the NETA, located above a positive SST anomaly: we
suggest that the latter is the origin of the former, forming a feedback
mechanism that potentially significantly influences Senegal’s
precipitation. The mechanism involves a geostrophic adjustment of the
WAWJ to the southern gradients of the SST anomaly. To validate the NETA
SST feedback’s role in Senegal’s precipitation, further investigations
using daily data or regional atmospheric models are recommended. The
findings hold potential for enhancing seasonal forecasting capabilities.
Viability of the early JUICE flyby trajectories to confirm ocean existence at Ganymede
Authors: Sharan Shivangi , Dougherty Michele K , Masters Adam , Jones Ciaran , Acevski Matthew
Published: December 2023

Ganymede is the largest moon in our Solar System, and unique in
producing its own magnetic field, as well as possibly possessing a
subsurface ocean. The measurements from the only spacecraft that visited
the moon, Galileo, provided two models for the internal field- a dipole
and quadrupole model or a dipole and induction model. The focus of the
initial 3 close flybys of the JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) mission
is to differentiate between the two signals and confirm the existence of
an ocean. We begin with an analysis of the JUICE and Galileo
trajectories in different reference frames and predict the induction
signal using the time-varying field of Jupiter. A comparison between the
induction and quadrupole signatures for Galileo flybys shows that the
former seems more likely. Finally, we present and discuss the importance
of the 3 JUICE flybys to observe the induction field and hence confirm
the ocean.
Downstream control on the stability of river bifurcations
Authors: Durante Lorenzo , Pittaluga Michele Bolla , Porcile Gaetano , Tambroni Nicoletta
Published: December 2023

River bifurcations are prevalent features in both gravel-bed and
sand-bed fluvial systems, including braiding networks, anabranches and
deltas. Therefore, gaining insight into their morphological evolution is
important to understand the impact they have on the adjoining
environment. While previous investigations have primarily focused on the
influence on bifurcation morphodynamics by upstream channels, recent
research has highlighted the importance of downstream controls, like
branches length or tidal forcing. In particular, in the case of rivers,
current linear stability analyses for a simple bifurcation are unable to
capture the stabilizing effect of branches length unless a confluence is
added downstream.In this work, we introduce a novel theoretical model that effectively
accounts for the effects of downstream branch length in a single
bifurcation. To substantiate our findings, a series of fully 2D
numerical simulations are carried out to test different branches lengths
and other potential sources of asymmetries at the node, such as
different widths of the downstream channels. Results from linear
stability analysis show that bifurcation stability increases as the
branches length decreases. These results are confirmed by the numerical
simulations, which also show that, as the branch length tends to vanish,
bifurcations are invariably stable. Finally, our results interestingly
show that, while in general, when a source of asymmetry is present at
the node, the hydraulically favoured branch dominates, there are
scenarios in which the less-favoured side becomes dominant.
Lagrangian Eddy Trapping Fosters Chlorophyll Hot Spots in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Jones-Kellett Alexandra Elizabeth , Follows Michael J.
Published: December 2023

Vertical motions associated with mesoscale ocean eddies modulate the
light and nutrient environment, stimulating anomalies in phytoplankton
biomass and chlorophyll. Phytoplankton populations can be subsequently
trapped by the horizontal circulation or laterally diluted. In a
time-varying flow, Lagrangian methods can be used to quantify eddy
trapping, also known as Lagrangian coherency. From two decades of remote
sensing observations in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, we compared
coincident Eulerian and Lagrangian eddy atlases to assess the impact of
eddy trapping on chlorophyll concentration. We found higher chlorophyll
within Lagrangian coherent boundaries than in Eulerianeddies and
outside-eddy waters. Yet, there are differences regionally and
seasonally. For example, chlorophyll is most enriched within coherent
boundaries of the Hawaiian Lee eddies and to the south of 23N in fall
and winter. Our results suggest that by not accounting for lateral
dilution, Eulerian analyses may underestimate the role of mesoscale
eddies in enhancing chlorophyll.
Intense chorus waves mitigate the loss of outer radiation belt relativistic electrons during storm main phase
Authors: Chakraborty Suman , Watt Clare E. J. , Rae I. Jonathan , Mann Ian , Olifer Leonid , Smith Andrew W , Ripoll Jean-Francois , Rodger Craig J.
Published: December 2023

We investigate the effects of intense chorus waves (wave power
> 10-4 nT2) on relativistic electrons (E > 0.5
MeV) in the heart of the outer radiation belt (L* = 4 - 6) using
superposed epoch approach. Combining electron flux and electromagnetic
wave measurements from 70 geomagnetic storms during the Van Allen Probes
mission, we show the relationship between integrated chorus wave power
(0.1 - 0.8 equatorial electron gyrofrequency) and changes in
relativistic electron flux on two hour timescales. During the
loss-dominated storm main phase (Superposed Epoch -0.5 to 0 days),
intense chorus waves mitigate the net loss of relativistic electrons.
Conversely, in the early recovery phase (Superposed epoch 0 to 0.5
days), flux increases across a range of relativistic energies regardless
of chorus wave power. The amount of electron flux at keV energies
appears to have an influence on the consequences of chorus wave activity
during geomagnetic storms.
Interactive Effects of Salinity, Redox State, Soil Type, and Colloidal Size Fractionation on Greenhouse Gas Production in Coastal Wetland Soils
Authors: Ward Nicholas D , Bowe Madison , Muller Katherine A , Chen Xingyuan , Zhao Qian , Chu Rosalie , Cheng Zezhen , Wietsma Thomas W. , Kukkadapu Ravi K
Published: December 2023

This study examines how greenhouse gas (GHG) production and organic
matter (OM) transformations in coastal wetland soils vary with the
availability of oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors. We also
evaluated how OM and redox-sensitive species varied across different
size fractions: particulates (0.45-1μm), fine colloids (0.1-0.45μm), and
nano particulates plus truly soluble (<0.1μm; NP+S) during
21-day aerobic and anaerobic slurry incubations. Soils were collected
from the center of a freshwater coastal wetland (FW-C) in Lake Erie, the
upland-wetland edge of the same wetland (FW-E), and the center of a
saline coastal wetland (SW-C) in Washington state. Anaerobic methane
production for FW-E soils were 47 and 27,537 times greater than FW-C and
SW-C soils, respectively. High particulate Fe2+ and dissolved sulfate
concentrations in FW-C and SW-C soils suggest that iron and/or sulfate
reduction inhibited methanogenesis. Aerobic CO2 production was highest
for both freshwater soils, which had a higher proportion of OM in the
NP+S fraction (64±28% and 70±10% for FW-C and FW-E, respectively) and
C:N ratios reflective of microbial detritus (1.7±0.2 and 1.4±0.3 for
FW-E and FW-C, respectively) compared to SW-C, which had a higher
fraction of particulate (58±9%) and fine colloidal (19±7%) OM and C:N
ratios reflective of vegetation detritus (11.2 ± 0.5). The variability
in GHG production and shifts in OM size fractionation and composition
observed across freshwater and saline soils collected within individual
and across different sites reinforce the high spatial variability in the
processes controlling OM stability, mobility, and bioavailability in
coastal wetland soils.
Enhanced Aerosol Mass in the Tropical Tropopause Layer Linked to Ozone Abundance
Authors: Liu Shang , Thornberry Troy Dean , Yu Pengfei , Woods Sarah , Rosenlof Karen H. , Gao Ru-Shan
Published: December 2023

Aerosol particles play a critical role in the tropical tropopause layer
(TTL) through cloud formation and heterogeneous chemistry, influencing
the radiative and chemical balance of the stratosphere. However, aerosol
measurements in the TTL are sparse, resulting in poor knowledge of
aerosol abundance and distribution in this important region. Here, we
present in situ aircraft measurements over the western tropical Pacific,
revealing a persistent and altitude-dependent enhancement of aerosol
mass in the TTL compared to the convectively influenced troposphere
below. Notably, our data demonstrate a striking positive correlation
between aerosol mass and ozone. Model simulations suggest that organic
materials constitute a substantial fraction of the total aerosol mass
within the TTL. We further derived an empirical parameterization of TTL
aerosol mass as a function of ozone. Given the relative ease of ozone
measurements and modeling, the parameterization provides a promising
framework for estimating TTL aerosol abundance and its effects on
climate.