bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-distance relationships: do membrane nanotubes regulate cell–cell communication and disease progression?
Authors: Sherer Nathan M.
Published: April 2013

Metazoan cells rapidly exchange signals at tight cell–cell interfaces, including synapses and gap junctions. Advances in imaging recently exposed a third mode of intercellular cross-talk mediated by thin, actin-containing membrane extensions broadly known as “membrane” or “tunneling” nanotubes. An explosion of research suggests diverse functions for nanotubular superhighways, including cell–cell electrical coupling, calcium signaling, small-molecule exchange, and, remarkably, the transfer of bulky cargoes, including organelles or pathogenic agents. Despite great enthusiasm for all things nanotubular and their potential roles in cell signaling and pathogenesis, key questions remain regarding the mechanisms by which these structures regulate directional cell–cell exchange; how these linkages are formed and between which cells and, critically, whether nanotubes are as prevalent in vivo as they appear to be in the incubator.
Phosphatidic acid is required for the constitutive ruffling and macropinocytosis of phagocytes
Authors: Bohdanowicz Michal , Schlam Daniel , Hermansson Martin , Rizzuti David , Fairn Gregory D. , Ueyama Takehiko , Somerharju Pentti , Du Guangwei , Grinstein Sergio
Published: April 2013

Macrophages and dendritic cells continuously survey their environment in search of foreign particles and soluble antigens. Such surveillance involves the ongoing extension of actin-rich protrusions and the consequent formation of phagosomes and macropinosomes. The signals inducing this constitutive cytoskeletal remodeling have not been defined. We report that, unlike nonphagocytic cells, macrophages and immature dendritic cells have elevated levels of phosphatidic acid (PA) in their plasma membrane. The plasmalemmal PA is synthesized by phosphorylation of diacylglycerol, which is in turn generated by a G protein–stimulated phospholipase C. Inhibition of diacylglycerol kinase activity results in the detachment of T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis–inducing protein 1 (TIAM1)—a Rac guanine exchange factor—from the plasma membrane, thereby depressing Rac activity and abolishing the constitutive ruffling and macropinocytosis that characterize macrophages and immature dendritic cells. Accumulation of PA and binding of TIAM1 to the membrane require the activity of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase. Thus a distinctive, constitutive pathway of PA biosynthesis promotes the actin remodeling required for immune surveillance.
Serine 129 phosphorylation of membrane-associated α-synuclein modulates dopamine transporter function in a G protein–coupled receptor kinase–dependent manner
Authors: Hara Susumu , Arawaka Shigeki , Sato Hiroyasu , Machiya Youhei , Cui Can , Sasaki Asuka , Koyama Shingo , Kato Takeo
Published: April 2013

Most α-synuclein (α-syn) deposited in Lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson disease (PD), is phosphorylated at Ser-129. However, the physiological and pathological roles of this modification are unclear. Here we investigate the effects of Ser-129 phosphorylation on dopamine (DA) uptake in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells expressing α-syn. Subcellular fractionation of small interfering RNA (siRNA)–treated cells shows that G protein–coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3), GRK5, GRK6, and casein kinase 2 (CK2) contribute to Ser-129 phosphorylation of membrane-associated α-syn, whereas cytosolic α-syn is phosphorylated exclusively by CK2. Expression of wild-type α-syn increases DA uptake, and this effect is diminished by introducing the S129A mutation into α-syn. However, wild-type and S129A α-syn equally increase the cell surface expression of dopamine transporter (DAT) in SH-SY5Y cells and nonneuronal HEK293 cells. In addition, siRNA-mediated knockdown of GRK5 or GRK6 significantly attenuates DA uptake without altering DAT cell surface expression, whereas knockdown of CK2 has no effect on uptake. Taken together, our results demonstrate that membrane-associated α-syn enhances DA uptake capacity of DAT by GRKs-mediated Ser-129 phosphorylation, suggesting that α-syn modulates intracellular DA levels with no functional redundancy in Ser-129 phosphorylation between GRKs and CK2.
Rules with Discretion and Local Information*
Authors: Bowen T. Renee , Kreps David M. , Skrzypacz Andrzej
Published: April 2013

To ensure that individual actors take certain actions, community enforcement may be required. This can present a rules-versus-discretion dilemma: it can become impossible to employ discretion based on information that is not widely held, because the wider community is unable to verify how the information was used. Instead, actions may need to conform to simple and widely verifiable rules. We study when discretion in the form of exceptions to a simple rule can be implemented, if the information is shared by the action taker and a second party, who is able to verify for the larger group that an exception is warranted. In particular, we compare protocols where the second party excuses the action taker from taking the action ex ante with protocols where the second party instead forgives a rule-breaking actor ex post.
Preferential Delivery of Zinc to Developing Tissues in Rice Is Mediated by P-Type Heavy Metal ATPase OsHMA2
Authors: Yamaji Naoki , Xia Jixing , Mitani-Ueno Namiki , Yokosho Kengo , Feng Ma Jian
Published: April 2013

Developing tissues such as meristems and reproductive organs require high zinc, but the molecular mechanisms of how zinc taken up by the roots is preferentially delivered to these tissues with low transpiration are unknown. Here, we report that rice (Oryza sativa) heavy metal ATPase2 (OsHMA2), a member of P-type ATPases, is involved in preferential delivery of zinc to the developing tissues in rice. OsHMA2 was mainly expressed in the mature zone of the roots at the vegetative stage, but higher expression was also found in the nodes at the reproductive stage. The expression was unaffected by either zinc deficiency or zinc excess. OsHMA2 was localized at the pericycle of the roots and at the phloem of enlarged and diffuse vascular bundles in the nodes. Heterologous expression of OsHMA2 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) showed influx transport activity for zinc as well as cadmium. Two independent Tos17 insertion lines showed decreased zinc concentration in the crown root tips, decreased concentration of zinc and cadmium in the upper nodes and reproductive organs compared with wild-type rice. Furthermore, a short-term labeling experiment with 67Zn showed that the distribution of zinc to the panicle and uppermost node I was decreased, but that, to the lower nodes, was increased in the two mutants. Taken together, OsHMA2 in the nodes plays an important role in preferential distribution of zinc as well as cadmium through the phloem to the developing tissues.
Biphenyl- and phenylnaphthalenyl-substituted 1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile catalysts for the coupling reaction of nucleoside methyl phosphonamidites
Authors: Bats Jan W. , Schell Peter , Engels Joachim W.
Published: April 2013

Crystal structures are reported for three substituted 1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile compounds used as catalysts for the coupling reaction of nucleoside methyl phosphonamidites, namely 2-(3′,5′-dimethylbiphenyl-2-yl)-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile, C19H14N4, (I), 2-(2′,4′,6′-trimethylbiphenyl-2-yl)-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile, C20H16N4, (II), and 2-[8-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)naphthalen-1-yl]-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarbonitrile, C23H16N4, (III). The asymmetric unit of (I) contains two independent molecules with similar conformations. There is steric repulsion between the imidazole group and the terminal phenyl group in all three compounds, resulting in the nonplanarity of the molecules. The naphthalene group of (III) shows significant deviation from planarity. The C—N bond lengths in the imidazole rings range from 1.325 (2) to 1.377 (2) Å. The molecules are connected into zigzag chains by intermolecular N—H...Nimidazole[for (I)] or N—H...·Ncyano[for (II) and (III)] hydrogen bonds.
Corporate governance and different types of voluntary disclosure
Authors: Ho Poh‐Ling , Taylor Grantley
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of corporate governance on voluntary disclosure of different types of information in annual reports of Malaysian listed firms.

Design/methodology/approach

A linear regression model is used to test the association between the level of voluntary disclosure of five key information categories and corporate governance. The sample consists of 100 firms over three different socio‐economic periods: 1996, 2001 and 2006.

Findings

There are significant increases in all the key information categories with better communication most pronounced between 1996 and 2001, and a noticeably lower level of communication growth between 2001 and 2006. The strength of a firm's corporate governance structure clearly influences the voluntary disclosure of information relating to corporate and strategic directions, directors and senior management, financial and capital markets, forward‐looking projections and corporate social responsibility in 2001 and 2006.

Research limitations/implications

The use of a governance index to arrive at an overall corporate governance score has the potential to mask major underlying relationships of individual governance attributes. The use of the self‐constructed disclosure indices may also omit certain information items that are employed in other prior studies. Moreover, the different categories of disclosures are solely constructed on the information disclosed in the annual reports without considering the alternative avenues.

Practical implications

The results will assist regulators and policy‐makers to better understand the impact of corporate governance on the voluntary disclosure of different types of corporate information in Malaysia.

Originality/value

This study generates evidence of the changing scene of management voluntary disclosure practices embedded in the corporate governance framework in a developing country with an emerging capital market.
Does public services accounting belong in the curriculum?
Authors: Cordery Carolyn
Published: April 2013

Purpose

This paper aims to analyse the extent to which undergraduate courses in New Zealand contain content on issues from the public and not‐for‐profit sectors, in addition to a for‐profit business focus.

Design/methodology/approach

The research is based on the premise that contextually‐appropriate accounting is required within the public services sphere where transactions are complex and ambiguous, have a long‐term focus, and where the government often performs a regulatory role. It is informed by a survey of educators, document reviews and semi‐structured interviews.

Findings

This research finds that profit‐oriented financial accounting education in New Zealand crowds out the teaching of public services content, especially when the same accounting concepts can be applied to all sectors. The imposition of sector‐specific accounting standards offers an opportunity to highlight public services, but its inclusion in a crowded curriculum may require coercion from the profession.

Originality/value

This paper offers a contemporary analysis of the focus of teaching in New Zealand at a time when accounting standards and auditing regulation is on the brink of change.
Extending working lives: age management in SMEs
Authors: Fuertes Vanesa , Egdell Valerie , McQuaid Ronald
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a study of age management in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the UK.

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative data collection and exploratory research with six SMEs comprising of: initial interviews with representatives from the SMEs; action research activities designed to raise awareness of age management issues and age discrimination legislation; and follow‐up interviews to ascertain if awareness raising activities resulted in any changes, or planned changes, in policy, practice and attitudes towards older workers.

Findings

Good practice in age management can be found in SMEs, but was not found to be part of a systematic strategy. Negative practices and attitudes towards older workers are observed, with positive and negative age stereotypes coexisting. Negative stereotypes displayed can undermine the perceived economic value of older workers. There may be a gap between policy and practice, but awareness raising campaigns that reach employers can influence existing ways of working by showing the benefits of an age diverse workforce and helping reduce prejudices against older workers.

Research limitations/implications

The sample size is small and context specific. However, the study usefully illustrates different approaches to age management policies and practices in SMEs, and the potential benefits of age management awareness in influencing attitudes and practices towards older workers in SMEs.

Originality/value

The experience of age management in SMEs is under researched and examples of good practice in age management are often drawn from large organisations. The paper highlights that SMEs often lack the resources to seek advice regarding age management; therefore, those responsible for age management awareness raising activities may need to approach businesses directly.
Career progression in older managers
Authors: Bown‐Wilson Dianne , Parry Emma
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore what drives UK managers aged over 50 to continue progressing in their careers rather than retiring, and their perceptions of career progression at a time in life when opportunities for further promotion may have ceased. It examines subjectively significant personal and organizational influences on career progression and the extent to which older managers perceive that motivation for career progression changes over the career.

Design/methodology/approach

The research adopts a qualitative, inductive approach, comprising semi‐structured interviews with 27 male and 13 female managers, aged 50 and over, from two large, UK financial services organizations.

Findings

The findings show that motivation for career progression in managers aged over 50 is driven by individually diverse patterns of career drivers, personal and work‐related influences, and attitudes towards career opportunities. These can be classified into four different orientations towards future career progression, pre‐ and post‐retirement.

Originality/value

The study contributes to knowledge about subjective psychological mobility in late managerial careers and the balance which individuals maintain between organizational and personal aspects of their career. It demonstrates that motivational drivers of career progression are perceived to change over the career and that perceptions of what constitutes career progression are linked to an individual's past, current and predicted future career experiences, in some cases extending past the traditional retirement transition.
Immigrant welfare receipt across Europe
Authors: Barrett Alan , Maître Bertrand
Published: April 2013

Purpose

In this paper, the authors aim to assess whether immigrants are more likely to receive welfare payments relative to natives across a range of European countries. They also seek to examine relative rates of poverty across immigrants and natives.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions for 2007. They present descriptive statistics and results from probit regressions.

Findings

The authors find very little evidence that immigrants are more likely to receive welfare payments when all payments are considered together. This is true whether they use descriptive analysis or regression analysis in which they control for relevant characteristics such as age, gender and education. They do find evidence of higher rates of poverty among immigrants.

Research limitations/implications

As the data used do not give an indication of the length of time an immigrant has been in a destination country, the authors are unable to assess whether their observed patterns change with length of stay.

Social implications

The results run counter to what seems to be a popular perception, namely, that immigrants are intensive users of welfare. Hence, attitudes may be altered.

Originality/value

While other papers may have considered this issue, to the authors’ knowledge, none have linked the poverty and welfare analyses. The findings raise the possibility that welfare systems are failing to keep immigrants out of poverty and this is important in the context of the inclusion agenda.
Pitfalls of immigrant inclusion into the European welfare state
Authors: Kahanec Martin , Myung‐Hee Kim Anna , Zimmermann Klaus F.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

This paper's main purpose is to evaluate immigrants’ demand for social assistance and services and identify the key barriers to social and labor market inclusion of immigrants in the European Union.

Design/methodology/approach

An online primary survey of experts from NGOs and public organizations working on immigrant integration in the member states of the European Union was carried out. The data is analyzed using simple comparative statistical methods; the robustness of the results is tested by means of logit and ordered logit statistical models.

Findings

The authors find that the general public in Europe has rather negative attitudes towards immigrants. Although the business community views immigrants somewhat less negatively, barriers to immigrant labor market inclusion identified include language and human capital gaps, a lack of recognition of foreign qualifications, discrimination, non‐transparent labor markets and institutional barriers such as legal restrictions for foreign citizens. Exclusion from higher education, housing and the services of the financial sector aggravate these barriers. Changes in the areas of salaried employment, education, social insurance, mobility and attitudes are seen as desired by members of ethnic minorities. The current economic downturn is believed to have increased the importance of active inclusion policies, especially in the areas of employment and education. These results appear to be robust with respect to a number of characteristics of respondents and their organizations.

Research limitations/implications

The authors’ findings are not limited to the sample studied, which is supported by their robustness analysis. However an extended opinion survey of the ethnic minority population is required to more accurately examine the problems faced by diverse groups of immigrants across EU member states.

Practical implications

The findings of the study call for more effective diversity management and integration strategies to ensure non‐discrimination and better integration of ethnic minorities into the labor markets of member states.

Originality/value

There are few studies using primary survey data that have identified a wide range of barriers and challenges to economic integration faced by ethnic minorities in an enlarged European Union. The cross‐national opinion survey uniquely reflects views and suggestions of practitioners and immigrant minorities themselves.
Welfare use of migrants in The Netherlands
Authors: Zorlu Aslan
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine interethnic differences in the degree of participation in social assistance, disability, and unemployment benefits during the working‐age period.

Design/methodology/approach

Using individual register data of the entire immigrant population for 2005 from Statistics Netherlands, the paper employs standard probit models to estimate differences in welfare use between immigrant groups that are divided into the first and second generations.

Findings

The analysis shows that migrants from non‐western countries, both first and second generation, have a higher probability of participation in social assistance and disability‐benefit programs and to a lesser extent in unemployment‐benefit programs. A large part of migrants’ welfare dependence can be explained by their background characteristics and immigration history, but a significant unexplained residual is still left. Strikingly, the degree of dependence of second‐generation non‐western migrants on social assistance is similar to their parents’.

Practical implications

A higher welfare dependency of non‐western immigrants is probably related to the admittance policy. Most immigrants from developing countries are allowed to enter The Netherlands on humanitarian grounds, as family or asylum migrants.

Originality/value

This study is the first scholarly investigation of welfare use by immigrants and their descendants in The Netherlands. An additional novel feature is that the study covers three major social‐welfare benefits for those aged between 19 and 64 years.
Geographical pathways for SME internationalization: insights from an Italian sample
Authors: D'Angelo Alfredo , Majocchi Antonio , Zucchella Antonella , Buck Trevor
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of two distinct geographic pathways to internationalization for small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Regional and global pathways are juxtaposed to study the influence on export performance of selected key intangible resources, namely, innovation, human resource management, networking and the firm's experience.

Design/methodology/approach

Building upon a resource‐based view of the firm, Tobit regression models are used to test the hypotheses on a sample of 2,657 Italian manufacturing firms.

Findings

The paper provides empirical evidence that the determinants of SME export performance vary in line with the geographic scope of internationalization. While product innovation (innovation) positively impacts on SME export performance, irrespective of export destination, other factors do so selectively. For example, location in industrial districts (networking) and the deployment of external managers (human resource management) exclusively exert their positive impact respectively on regional and global export performance. The firm's age (experience) does not seem to guarantee success on regional or global export markets.

Practical implications

Investing in product innovation and hiring specialist non‐family executives are associated with success on global export markets. Industry clustering provides the resources that are useful for internationalization up to a point (export growth in regional markets), but it is not effective in the case of expansion on distant international markets.

Originality/value

Exporting beyond the regional market exposes firms to the liability of foreignness to a greater degree, thus requiring more dedicated and specialized resources and competences. This paper supports the hypothesis that export drivers differ between regional and global markets and calls for a definition of export performance that distinguishes between them.
Emerging market entry node pattern and experiential knowledge of small and medium‐sized enterprises
Authors: Sandberg Susanne
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize “entry node”, to describe the entry node pattern (i.e. the initial entry node and changes in it) of small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) entering emerging market business networks, and to determine how network nodes are associated with experiential knowledge.

Design/methodology/approach

Using data from an on‐site survey based on a standardized questionnaire, hypotheses were tested using ANOVA on 197 SMEs in southern Sweden that entered the emerging markets of the Baltic States, Poland, Russia, or China.

Findings

The entry node is the establishment point into a foreign market network. In total, four entry situations are defined – triad via home market; triad via host market; dyad from home market; and dyad at host market – each using different entry nodes. After initial entry, one third of the firms changed their nodes, primarily into a more committed node. Various nodes display significant differences in the level of accumulated societal, business network and customer‐specific experiential knowledge. A more committed node is associated with more experiential knowledge.

Research limitations/implications

Knowledge is complex to measure, since various factors influence the level of accumulated experiential knowledge. This study examines the association between types of nodes and experiential knowledge, but does not aim to explain knowledge accumulation. Perceptual measures are used and possible method biases involved are safeguarded through an on‐site survey method.

Originality/value

This paper conceptualizes the novel concept of entry node, provides insight into the SME node pattern in emerging markets and examines the association between nodes and experiential knowledge.
An exploratory study of business excellence implementation in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) public sector
Authors: McAdam Rodney , Keogh William , Ahmed El Tigani Adil , Gardiner Paul
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to explore the implementation issues of the Business Excellence Model and the process of self‐assessment, from both management and employee perspectives, in a large government organisation in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where the large Government organisation is indicative of the type of large indigenous organisation in the region. The organisation is part of the Dubai Government Excellence Programme (DGEP).

Design/methodology/approach

A multi‐level case study approach is used, involving repeated in‐depth interviews with managers (n=12) and a questionnaire with employees (n=96) to explore the implementation issues at all levels.

Findings

There was considerable variation in the implementation effectiveness across the different levels within the organisation. The top down approach had a resonance with the Middle East culture at management levels. However, insufficient participation and empowerment of lower level employees, especially amongst non‐indigenous employees, led to a lack of closure on corrective actions emerging from the self‐assessment process. Overall there was an acceptance of the business improvement side of total quality management (TQM) but there was a need for increased cultural acceptance of the people development aspects.

Originality/value

There is a paucity of multi‐level in‐depth studies relating to Business Excellence and self‐assessment in Middle Eastern organisations where a critical cultural perspective is adopted, even though there has been considerable resources expended by Government in initiatives such as the Dubai Government Excellence Programme (DGEP).
Political skill and the job performance of bullies
Authors: Treadway Darren C. , Shaughnessy Brooke A. , Breland Jacob W. , Yang Jun , Reeves Maiyuwai
Published: April 2013

Purpose

Recent studies suggest that 84 percent of employees are affected in some manner by workplace bullies. The current study aims to integrate theory from social information processing and political skill to explain how bullies can successfully navigate the social and political organizational environment and achieve higher ratings of performance.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire, archival performance data, and social networks methodology were employed in a health services organization in order to capture the individual differences and social perception of bullies in the workplace.

Findings

While victims are usually targeted due to their social incompetence, on some occasions bullies can possess high levels of social ability. Due to their social competence, they are able to strategically abuse coworkers and yet be evaluated positively by their supervisor.

Research limitations/implications

This study is the first attempt to measure the high performance of bullies who thrive in the workplace. Future research could investigate the ways in which bullies select their targets and the role of an abusive organizational climate in their subsequent effectiveness.

Practical implications

Companies and researchers should consider how organizational interventions could serve to balance bullying behavior in a manner that limits deviant behavior while rewarding high performers.

Originality/value

The current paper applies a social effectiveness framework (social information processing (SIP)) as a lens through which to explain bullies who maintain high levels of performance ratings. The application of this theory to bullying leads to a functional perspective of workplace deviance.
“Is this bullying?” Understanding target and witness reactions
Authors: Samnani Al‐Karim
Published: April 2013

Purpose

This paper seeks to theorize the interpretations and reactions of targets and witnesses to subtle forms of bullying.

Design/methodology/approach

A theoretical approach was used to understand target and witness interpretations and reactions. Learned helplessness theory and social influence theory are drawn upon.

Findings

This paper revealed that subtle forms of bullying behaviors will be more likely to induce confusion from both targets and witnesses. Targets will tend to be more confused in response to subtle bullying and attribute environmental factors for the behaviors. This will decrease their likelihood to react against the bullying. Witnesses will also experience greater confusion and will tend to side with the perpetrator, particularly when the perpetrator is an important organizational member (e.g. supervisor). Witnesses may internalize the behaviors, leading to greater permeability of the bullying through the organization.

Originality/value

This paper sheds light on two important and under‐researched aspects of workplace bullying, i.e. subtle bullying behaviors and witnesses of bullying. This paper counter‐intuitively suggests that subtle bullying behaviors may in fact be more harmful to targets than explicit bullying behaviors. Also, witnesses may represent a “dark side” of bullying in which they enable the bullying to be increasingly difficult to defend against. This contributes to our understanding of the intensification of bullying.
Effect of magnetic field on thermocapillary convection in a system of two immiscible liquid layers in a rectangular cavity
Authors: Saleem M. , Hossain A. , Gorla R.S.R.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to conduct a numerical study of the effect of magnetic field on thermocapillary convection of a two layered system of Newtonian fluids, confined in a rectangular cavity. The flow within the cavity is subject to the horizontal temperature gradient. Attention is focused on how the heat transfer and flow properties are affected subject to the applied magnetic field, particularly in the lower layer. For this purpose, the fluid combinations of di‐Boron Trioxide (B2O3) over Gallium Arsenide GaAs (III‐V), and Silicon oil 10 cSt over Fluorinert FC 70 are considered in the present study.

Design/methodology/approach

The non‐linear two‐dimensional vorticity transport equations along with the energy equations are solved for the two liquid layers using the Alternate Direct Implicit method, whereas the elliptic partial differential equations of the stream function are solved using the Successive Over Relaxation method.

Findings

It was found that despite the significant reduction of flow in the two layers, the number of cells in the lower layer increases with the increase in Hartmann number Ha. However, the flow intensity decreases with the increase in Hartmann number. This decrease is more pronounced in the lower layer, as compared to the upper layer. The numerical scheme employed for the solution is found to be in good agreement with the previous work.

Research limitations/implications

The analysis is made for two layer liquid system with undeformable interface and free surface. The detailed study of the effect of magnetic field on oscillatory Marangoni convection in two layer system with deformable interface is left for future work.

Practical implications

The approach is useful in optimizing the flow properties of the fluids in a two layer system, particularly the lower layer, to yield the results of potential practical interest.

Originality/value

The results of the study may be of some interest to researchers in the field of semiconductor technology, as the melt control is intensively investigated for the development in the manufacture of defect‐free semiconductors and crystals.
Solution of the heat equation in the cast‐mould heterogeneous domain using a weighted algorithm based on the homotopy perturbation method
Authors: Karimi Vanani S. , Yildirim A. , Soleymani F. , Khan M. , Tutkun S.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a weighted algorithm based on the homotopy perturbation method for solving the heat transfer equation in the cast‐mould heterogeneous domain.

Design/methodology/approach

A weighted algorithm based on the homotopy perturbation method is used to minimize the volume of computations. The authors show that this technique yields the analytical solution of the desired problem in the form of a rapidly convergent series with easily computable components.

Findings

The authors illustrate that the proposed method produces satisfactory results with respect to Adomian decomposition method and standard homotopy perturbation method. The reliability of the method and the reduction in the size of computational domain give this method a wider applicability.

Originality/value

This research presents, for the first time, a new modification of the proposed technique, for aforementioned problems and some interesting results are obtained.
Modelling of surface tension force for free surface flows in ISPH method
Authors: Aly Abdelraheem M. , Asai Mitsuteru , Sonda Yoshimi
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to show how a surface tension model and an eddy viscosity based on the Smagorinsky sub‐grid scale model, which belongs to the Large‐Eddy Simulation (LES) theory for turbulent flow, have been introduced into ISPH (Incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics) method. In addition, a small modification in the source term of pressure Poisson equation has been introduced as a stabilizer for robust simulations. This stabilization generates a smoothed pressure distribution and keeps the total volume of fluid, and it is analogous to the recent modification in MPS.

Design/methodology/approach

The surface tension force in free surface flow is evaluated without a direct modeling of surrounding air for decreasing computational costs. The proposed model was validated by calculating the surface tension force in the free surface interface for a cubic‐droplet under null‐gravity and the milk crown problem with different resolution models. Finally, effects of the eddy viscosity have been discussed with a fluid‐fluid interaction simulation.

Findings

From the numerical tests, the surface tension model can handle free surface tension problems including high curvature without special treatments. The eddy viscosity has clear effects in adjusting the splashes and reduces the deformation of free surface in the interaction. Finally, the proposed stabilization appeared in the source term of pressure Poisson equation has an important role in the simulation to keep the total volume of fluid.

Originality/value

An incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics is developed to simulate milk crown problem using a surface tension model and the eddy viscosity.
Application of variational iteration method to nonlinear heat transfer equations using He's polynomials
Authors: Matinfar M. , Ghasemi M.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to solve an unsteady nonlinear convective‐radiative equation and a nonlinear convective‐radiative‐conduction equation containing two small parameters of ε1 and ε2 by variational homotopy perturbation method.

Design/methodology/approach

The heat transfer equations are described. The variational homotopy perturbation method as a powerful method for solving linear and nonlinear equations is applied to find the solutions of our model equations.

Findings

The solutions of heat transfer equations are calculated in the form of convergent series with easily computable components. Two examples are solved as illustrations, using symbolic computation.

Originality/value

The results show that the suggested method is easy to implement and has high level of accuracy. The method introduces a reliable tool for solving many linear and nonlinear differential equations.
True and hollow forgiveness, forgiveness motives, and conflict resolution
Authors: Takada Naomi , Ohbuchi Ken‐ichi
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The main aim of this study is to explore the motivational process behind two types of forgiveness – i.e. true and hollow forgiveness. It is predicted that victims who engage in true forgiving behavior will have stronger relationship‐oriented motives than either those who engage in hollow forgiving behavior or those who do not engage in forgiving behavior. Furthermore, the authors seek to explore the relationship between true and hollow forgiveness and conflict resolution strategy.

Design/methodology/approach

In Study 1, participants were asked to recall personal experiences of being harmed, and they rated the events in terms of forgiveness, motives of forgiveness, resolutions strategies, and satisfaction with outcome. In Study 2, participants were presented with scenarios depicting individuals who were victimized, and were asked to read the scenarios, imagining themselves as the victim. Following this forgiveness, motives of forgiveness, resolution strategies, and satisfaction with outcome were measured.

Findings

Consistent with the predictions, participants classified as being true forgivers were motivated by relationship‐oriented motives. These individuals preferred a collaborative conflict resolution strategy, and tended to be satisfied with the outcome of the conflict. In contrast, participants classified as being hollow forgivers were motivated by self‐oriented reasons, and they preferred avoidance as a conflict resolution strategy. In addition, these individuals were less satisfied with the outcome of the conflict than were the true forgivers.

Originality/value

These findings suggest that perceptions of the conflict resolution process depend on the type of forgiveness.
Digital material fabrication using mask‐image‐projection‐based stereolithography
Authors: Zhou Chi , Chen Yong , Yang Zhigang , Khoshnevis Behrokh
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a mask‐image‐projection‐based stereolithography (MIP‐SL) process that can combine two base materials with various concentrations and structures to produce a solid object with desired material characteristics. Stereolithography is an additive manufacturing process in which liquid photopolymer resin is cross‐linked and converted to solid. The fabrication of digital material requires frequent resin changes during the building process. The process presented in this paper attempts to address the related challenges in achieving such fabrication capability.

Design/methodology/approach

A two‐channel system design is presented for the multi‐material MIP‐SL process. In such a design, a coated thick film and linear motions in two axes are used to reduce the separation force of a cured layer. The material cleaning approach to thoroughly remove resin residue on built surfaces is presented for the developed process. Based on a developed testbed, experimental studies were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the presented process on digital material fabrication.

Findings

The proposed two‐channel system can reduce the separation force of a cured layer by an order of magnitude in the bottom‐up projection system. The developed two‐stage cleaning approach can effectively remove resin residue on built surfaces. Several multi‐material designs have been fabricated to highlight the capability of the developed MIP‐SL process.

Research limitations/implications

A proof‐of‐concept testbed has been developed. Its building speed and accuracy can be further improved. The tests were limited to the same type of liquid resins. In addition, the removal of trapped air is a challenge in the presented process.

Originality/value

This paper presents a novel and a pioneering approach towards digital material fabrication based on the stereolithography process. This research contributes to the additive manufacturing development by significantly expanding the selection of base materials in fabricating solid objects with desired material characteristics.
Imperfect symmetry transform for orbital prosthesis modelling
Authors: Sun Jin , Xiong Yaoyang , Chen Xiaobo , Xi Juntong
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose an imperfect symmetry transform framework for orbital prosthesis modelling.

Design/methodology/approach

Current models of patients with orbital defects have imperfect symmetries. Commonly used methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) or iterative closest points algorithm (ICP), do not detect perfect symmetries and therefore produce poor results. The authors propose an improved ICP algorithm based on the M‐estimator, which can remove outliers from the optimization and detect incorrect symmetry. Using this algorithm, the mid‐facial plane of a patient's facial model can be precisely obtained despite perturbation of the facial shape due to the defect.

Findings

The results showed that the orbital prosthesis fitted well to the patient's appearance. Clinical applications confirmed that this framework is attractive and has the potential for use in creating desired orbital prostheses or other bilateral maxillofacial prostheses in daily clinical practice.

Practical implications

The method described in this report will improve the fabrication accuracy of orbital prostheses or other bilateral maxillofacial prostheses.

Originality/value

This imperfect symmetry transform framework has great potential for use in clinical applications because of its advantages over other existing methods in terms of accuracy.
Instability behaviours of a jet array in inkjet printing of molten caprolactam
Authors: Fathi Saeed , Dickens Phill , Hague Richard
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the findings on jet array instabilities of molten caprolactam. Initial investigations showed that although a suitable range of parameters was found for stable jetting, there were cases where instabilities occurred due to external sources such as contamination.

Design/methodology/approach

The inkjet system consisted of a melt supply unit, filtration unit and printhead with pneumatic and thermal control. A start‐up strategy was developed to initiate the jetting trials. A digital microscope camera monitored the printhead nozzle plate to record the jet array stability within the recommended range of parameters from earlier research. The trials with jet instabilities were studied to analyse the instability behaviour.

Findings

It was found that instabilities occurred in three forms which were jet trajectory error, single jet failure and jet array failure. Occasionally, the jet with incorrect trajectory remained stable. When a jet failed, bleeding of melt from the nozzle due to the actuations influenced the adjacent jets initiating an array of jets to fail similar to falling dominos.

Originality/value

The research concept is novel and investigating the jet array instability behaviours could give an understanding on jetting reliability issues.
Heterogeneity as heterodoxy in development policy
Authors: Chowdhury Khan Farida
Published: April 2013

Purpose

A fundamental premise of economic theory is that of a homogenous subject. This unified and intentional subject also implicitly defines the welfare function that forms the foundation of economic development theory and policy today. Unfortunately, such a concept of agency is representative of mostly urban and majority populations and does not include indigenous communities who are peripheral in most developing nations. The concept of development presumes an attachment to modernization and deracination, paying little heed to conservation of natural resources that are of sacral value to tribal communities. This paper aims to show how economics neglects cultural and group differences and yet asserts a powerful influence on development policy. Institutional economists and anthropologists have contested this hegemony but at the same time have also been co‐opted into development management in several ways that are discussed below.

Design/methodology/approach

The case of indigenous communities in Bangladesh is investigated and their exclusion from development elucidated by citing the conflicts that tribal groups have had with majority populations and the state. This is compared to the situation of tribal communities in the state of Kerala in India.

Findings

It is concluded that a heterogeneous imaginary at the level of the nation state allows possibilities for indigenous voices to be represented in development policy formation and that such heterogeneity itself opens the channel for an alternative construction of development.

Research limitations/implications

The case studies may not be widely applicable to every context.

Practical implications

The universality of policy suggestions should be questioned if such policy is not representative of minorities within the context of a nation.

Originality/value

The point that methodological individualism and the grounding in economics of development theory leads it to avoid community concerns has not been addressed before. The paper also looks at a historical development of the discourse of development in a new way. Finally, the case of Bangladesh has not been discussed in this manner or compared to Kerala.
The effect of sustainability on commercial occupiers' building choice
Authors: Levy Deborah , Peterson Gemma
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore how the availability of sustainable buildings may affect the decisions made by office occupiers in their building selection process.

Design/methodology/approach

The structure of the paper includes a review of both the sustainability literature and traditional location literature which serves to inform the study. A qualitative study comprising 13 in‐depth one‐to‐one interviews with decision makers of a variety of organisations who have chosen to locate in a “sustainable” building within the central business district in Auckland, New Zealand is undertaken.

Findings

The research suggests that selecting a building that is perceived to be sustainable by the market may not be the ultimate driving factor in the office location decision and that more emphasis is placed on micro location factors, attractiveness to staff, marketing and flexibility. The importance of each of these factors tends to be influenced by the size and type of organisation as well as the availability of suitable buildings in the market. The research reinforces the finding that organisations generally seek accommodation that can “add value” to their specific business.

Practical implications

The study provides a deeper understanding on the impact of the emergence of sustainable buildings in the decision‐making process of office tenants and how this may be affected by the size and type of the occupier organisation. These findings will be of practical application to property professionals involved in the development, sale and valuing of sustainable buildings.

Originality/value

This paper provides in‐depth insights into business location decisions from the perspective of a variety of tenants choosing to locate within a CBD.