bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The evolution of habitable climates under the brightening Sun
Authors: Wolf E. T. , Toon O. B.
Published: June 2015

On water‐dominated planets, warming from increased solar insolation is strongly amplified by the water vapor greenhouse feedback. As the Sun brightens due to stellar evolution, Earth will become uninhabitable due to rising temperatures. Here we use a modified version of the Community Earth System Model from the National Center for Atmospheric Research to study Earth under intense solar radiation. For small (≤10%) increases in the solar constant (S0), Earth warms nearly linearly with climate sensitivities of ~1 K/(W m−2) and global mean surface temperatures below 310 K. However, an abrupt shift in climate is found as the solar constant is increased to +12.5% S0. Here climate sensitivity peaks at ~6.5 K/(W m−2), while global mean surface temperatures rise above 330 K. This climatic transition is associated with a fundamental change to the radiative‐convective state of the atmosphere. Hot, moist climates feature both strong solar absorption and inefficient radiative cooling in the low atmosphere, thus yielding net radiative heating of the near‐surface layers. This heating forms an inversion that effectively shuts off convection in the boundary layer. Beyond the transition, Earth continues to warm but with climate sensitivities again near unity. Conditions conducive to significant water loss to space are not found until +19% S0. Earth remains stable against a thermal runaway up to at least +21% S0, but at that point, global mean surface temperatures exceed 360 K, and water loss to space becomes rapid. Water loss of the oceans from a moist greenhouse may preclude a thermal runaway.
On the dynamics and kinematics of two‐fluid‐phase flow in porous media
Authors: Gray W. G. , Dye A. L. , McClure J. E. , Pyrak‐Nolte L. J. , Miller C. T.
Published: June 2015

A model formulated in terms of both conservation and kinematic equations for phases and interfaces in two‐fluid‐phase flow in a porous medium system is summarized. Macroscale kinematic equations are derived as extensions of averaging theorems and do not rely on conservation principles. Models based on both conservation and kinematic equations can describe multiphase flow with varying fidelity. When only phase‐based equations are considered, a model similar in form to the traditional model for two‐fluid‐phase flow results. When interface conservation and kinematic equations are also included, a novel formulation results that naturally includes evolution equations that express dynamic changes in fluid saturations, pressures, the capillary pressure, and the fluid‐fluid interfacial area density in a two‐fluid‐system. This dynamic equation set is unique to this work, and the importance of the modeled physics is shown through both microfluidic experiments and high‐resolution lattice Boltzmann simulations. The validation work shows that the relaxation of interface distribution and shape toward an equilibrium state is a slow process relative to the time scale typically allowed for a system to approach an apparent equilibrium state based upon observations of fluid saturations and external pressure measurements. Consequently, most pressure‐saturation data intended to denote an equilibrium state are likely a sampling from a dynamic system undergoing changes of interfacial curvatures that are not typically monitored. The results confirm the importance of kinematic analysis in combination with conservation equations for faithful modeling of system physics.
Using in situ vertical displacements to characterize changes in moisture load
Authors: Murdoch Lawrence C. , Freeman Clay E. , Germanovich Leonid N. , Thrash Colby , DeWolf Scott
Published: June 2015

Changes in soil moisture content alter the load on underlying material, and we have developed a technique for characterizing this effect by using an extensometer to measure the displacement caused by the load change. The extensometer is pushed into soil at depths of 5 m or more, and displacement between two anchors separated by ∼1.5 m is measured with a resolution of better than 0.01 μm (10−8 m). The instrument is sensitive to load changes at the ground surface within a radial distance that is roughly twice its depth, potentially providing a method for averaging changes in water content over hundreds of m2 or more. During a field trial at a site in South Carolina, compressive displacements in unsaturated saprolite were strongly correlated to rainfall with a calibration factor of 0.16 μm displacement per mm of rainfall ±0.002 μm/mm (R2 = 0.95). Estimates of the net change in water volume per unit area made using the calibration factor from rainfall were similar to independent estimates of evapotranspiration. The technique was affected by barometric pressure variations, but the sensitivity was less than expected and does not hinder meaningful application. A companion instrument demonstrated the displacement signal was repeatable.
Surrogacy
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: June 2015

Surrogacy is a practice whereby prospective (or commissioning) parents who cannot gestate children entrust another woman with that particular task. There are many reasons why those parents resort to a surrogate mother. Typically, the female partner in a heterosexual couple is unable to bear children, because (for example) she had to undergo a hysterectomy, or suffers from severe endometriosis. In other cases, gay males who do not wish to adopt a child have no choice but to use a surrogate mother. Contemporary discussions focus on gestational surrogacy, though they also differentiate betweenfull surrogacy(whereby the surrogate mother only provides her womb) andpartial surrogacy(whereby she provides both her womb and her egg, and is inseminated with the father's sperm). As this entry discusses, whether the surrogate mother provides full or partial surrogacy is sometimes thought to have implications for her rights over the fetus.
Social Contract
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: June 2015

Contrast the following two political communities: one is governed by rulers who have not at any point elicited their subjects’ consent to their rulership; the other is governed by rulers who would not be in power were it not for the consent of those who are subject to their laws. According to social contract theory, the former rulers are illegitimate, precisely insofar as they do not govern with the consent of the governed, whereas the latter are legitimate, precisely insofar as they govern with such consent. The thought that the consent of the governed is a necessary condition for political legitimacy is the defining feature of social contract theory. This article first gives a thematic overview of classical social contract theory as articulated in three seminal works: Hobbes’
Leviathan
, Locke's
Second Treatise of Government
, and Rousseau's
The Social Contract
. It then sketches out the tradition's legacy in contemporary political philosophy, notably in the works of John Rawls.
Biopolitics
Authors: Mills Catherine
Published: June 2015

The concept of biopolitics has emerged as one of the key terms of contemporary attempts to understand the present political condition. It is used to discuss phenomena as diverse as the way that biological knowledge has come to guide our sense of who we are, various aspects of global capital, governmental policies worldwide that intervene in different ways in the constitution of populations and their well‐being, as well as military interventions and modes of warfare. This essay focuses on two key attempts to theorize the term, by Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben. It also considers several responses to their work, including Roberto Esposito's account of the immunization paradigm, and the empirical approach of Nikolas Rose and Paul Rabinow. Finally, it considers the implications of theories of biopolitics for ethics, including bioethics.
Guyau, Jean‐Marie
Authors: Ansell‐Pearson Keith
Published: June 2015

Jean‐Marie Guyau is an unjustifiably forgotten philosophical figure. His ideas remain neglected and receive little or no discussion in the study of ethics today. His major work on ethics,
Esquisse d'une morale sans obligation, ni sanction
, was published in 1885. Prior to this, Guyau had published studies of ancient and modern ethics, being especially concerned with Epictetus and Epicurus with regard to the former and with Darwin, Herbert Spencer, and the utilitarians with regard to the latter. Although an unduly neglected figure today, Guyau was read as making an important contribution to ethics in his own day by the diverse likes of Friedrich Nietzsche, Peter Kropotkin, William James, and Josiah Royce. He is perhaps best seen as part of a tradition in French philosophy of an ethics of generosity that also includes important figures such as Henri Bergson and Gilles Deleuze. His essential point is to claim that the sentiment lying at the foundation of human morality is generosity. This essay first clarifies Guyau's conception of ethics and then goes on to discuss his critical reception of Kant and his critique of the doctrine of pleasure.
Informal Adult Learning and Emotion Work of Service Providers for Refugee Claimants
Authors: Brigham Susan M. , Baillie Abidi Catherine , Tastsoglou Evangelia , Lange Elizabeth
Published: June 2015

Like the immigrant clients they serve, service providers have been overlooked in adult education literature, yet their roles are crucial for addressing the serious concerns of refugees and refugee claimants who flee their home countries hoping to find safe refuge in another country.
Diaspora, Migration, and Globalization: Expanding the Discourse of Adult Education
Authors: Alfred Mary V.
Published: June 2015

This article explores how notions of diaspora, migration, and globalization intersect to inform identities and social realities of those who leave their homeland and resettle in other nations. It calls for expanding the discourse of adult education to incorporate critical studies of the diaspora to make visible the inequality and imbalance of power inherent in the process of migration and resettlement.
Dual‐Wavelength Irradiation and Dox Delivery for ­Cancer Cell Ablation with Photocatalytic Pr Doped TiO2/NGO ­Hybrid Nanocomposite
Authors: Jang Hongje , Choi Myung‐Ho , Yim Yeajee , Kim Young‐Kwan , Min Dal‐Hee
Published: June 2015

Herein, hybrid nanocomposite of praseodymium doped TiO2 nanocrystals and graphene oxide nanosheets are prepared by facile hydrothermal treatment. As‐synthesized Pr‐TiO2/NGO hybrid nanocomposite exhibits enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation by the intact graphene oxide and doped lanthanide mediated band gap narrowing compared to TiO2. Moreover, high payload and controlled release of doxorubicin by charge reversal of hybrid nanocomposite at endosomal pH and near‐infrared irradiation mediated efficient photothermal conversion provide highly favorable features in therapeutic applications. Through the combination of these three distinctive therapeutic modalities, highly efficient trimodal cancer cell ablation is demonstrated.
Nonmulberry Silk Fibroin Scaffold Shows Superior Osteoconductivity Than Mulberry Silk Fibroin in Calvarial Bone Regeneration
Authors: Sahu Neety , Baligar Prakash , Midha Swati , Kundu Banani , Bhattacharjee Maumita , Mukherjee Snehasish , Mukherjee Souhrid , Maushart Florian , Das Sanskrita , Loparic Marko , Kundu Subhas C. , Ghosh Sourabh , Mukhopadhyay Asok
Published: June 2015

Recent years have witnessed the advancement of silk biomaterials in bone tissue engineering, although clinical application of the same is still in its infancy. In this study, the potential of pure nonmulberry Antheraea mylitta (Am) fibroin scaffold, without preloading with bone precursor cells, to repair calvarial bone defect in a rat model is explored and compared with its mulberry counterpart Bombyx mori (Bm) silk fibroin. After 3 months of implantation, Am scaffold culminates in a completely ossified regeneration with a progressive increase in mineralization at the implanted site. On the other hand, the Bm scaffold fails to repair the damaged bone, presumably due to its low osteoconductivity and early degradation. The deposition of bone matrix on scaffolds is evaluated by scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. These results are corroborated by in vitro studies of enzymatic degradation, colony formation, and secondary conformational features of the scaffold materials. The greater biocompatibility and mineralization in pure nonmulberry fibroin scaffolds warrants the use of these scaffolds as an “ideal bone graft” biomaterial for effective repair of critical size defects.
Resist Materials for Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography: Toward Low‐Cost Single‐Digit‐Nanometer Patterning
Authors: Ashby Paul D. , Olynick Deirdre L. , Ogletree D. Frank , Naulleau Patrick P.
Published: June 2015

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is the leading technology for enabling miniaturization of computational components over the next decade. Next‐generation resists will need to meet demanding performance criteria of 10 nm critical dimension, 1.2 nm line‐edge roughness, and 20 mJ cm–2 exposure dose. Here, the current state of the development of EUV resist materials is reviewed. First, pattern formation in resist materials is described and the Hansen solubility sphere (HSS) is used as a framework for understanding the pattern‐development process. Then, recent progress in EUVL resist chemistry and characterization is discussed. Incremental advances are obtained by transferring chemically amplified resist materials developed for 193 nm lithography to EUV wavelengths. Significant advances will result from synthesizing high‐absorbance resist materials using heavier atoms. In the framework of the HSS model, these materials have significant room for improvement and thus offer great promise as high‐performance EUV resists for patterning of sub‐10 nm features.
Organocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation of α‐Fluoroalkyl Alcohols to Fluoroalkyl Ketones at Room Temperature
Authors: Kadoh Yoichi , Tashiro Masayuki , Oisaki Kounosuke , Kanai Motomu
Published: June 2015

The organocatalytic aerobic oxidation of electron‐deficient α‐fluoroalkyl alcohols at room temperature is described. The resulting fluoroalkyl ketones are versatile synthetic intermediates for a variety of fluorine‐containing molecules. This otherwise difficult transformation has now been accomplished by the reaction of α‐fluoroalkyl alcohols with N‐oxyl radicals, catalytically generated from 9‐azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐3‐one N‐oxyl/nitrogen oxide (keto‐ABNO/NOx) and oxygen in acetic acid (AcOH), affording the corresponding fluoroalkyl ketones in high yield. This operationally simple reaction can be performed under mild conditions, and was applied to a wide range of alcohols (20 examples), thus demonstrating a high functional group tolerance. Moreover, a modified one‐pot protocol based on this method was able to convert an aldehyde to a trifluoromethyl ketone on a gram scale.

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Boron Trifluoride‐Promoted Indium(III) Triflate‐Catalyzed Sequential One‐Pot Synthesis of (1,2‐Diaryl‐2‐oxoethyl)malonates from trans‐2‐Aryl‐3‐nitrocyclopropane‐1,1‐dicarboxylates and Activated Arenes
Authors: Selvi Thangavel , Srinivasan Kannupal
Published: June 2015

A sequential one‐pot synthesis of Michael adducts of aroylmethylidenemalonates with activated aromatics is described. The method involves treatment of trans‐2‐aryl‐3‐nitro‐cyclopropane‐1,1‐dicarboxylates with boron trifluoride etherate to form aroylmethylidenemalonates in situ and then addition of activated aromatics such as indoles, carbazole, pyrrole, thiophenes, methoxybenzenes and benzodioxole followed by a catalytic amount of indium(III) triflate to the same reaction vessel. To prove the synthetic potential of the resulting Michael adducts, one of the adducts was transformed into a pharmaceutically interesting dihydropyridazinone derivative.

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Synthesis of Benzofurans via Tandem Rhodium‐Catalyzed C(sp3)H Insertion and Copper‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenation
Authors: Li Lin , Xia Xiao‐Han , Wang Yong , Bora Pranjal P. , Kang Qiang
Published: June 2015

A sequentially catalyzed cascade approach for the synthesis of benzofuran derivatives (up to 88% yield) from 1‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles has been developed. The cascade reaction involves sequential rhodium‐catalyzed C(sp3)H insertion and copper‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation. The method was made more convenient towards the synthesis of benzofurans starting from terminal alkynes via a one‐pot sequential copper‐catalyzed alkyne‐azide cycloaddition (CuAAC)/CH insertion/dehydrogenation cascade reaction. Moreover, the utility of the cascade approach was demonstrated in the synthesis of the indole framework.

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Storage Capacity and Cycling Stability in Ge Anodes: Relationship of Anode Structure and Cycling Rate
Authors: Lim Linda Y. , Fan Shufen , Hng Huey Hoon , Toney Michael F.
Published: June 2015

Operando X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies of Ge anodes are carried out to understand the effect of cycling rate on Ge phase transformation during charge/discharge process and to relate that effect to capacity. It is discovered that the formation of crystalline Li15Ge4 (c‐Li15Ge4) during lithiation is suppressed beyond a certain cycling rate. A very stable and reversible high capacity of ≈1800 mAh g−1 can be attained up to 100 cycles at a slow C‐rate of C/21 when there is complete conversion of Ge anode into c‐Li15Ge4. When the C‐rate is increased to ≈C/10, the lithiation reaction is more heterogeneous and a relatively high capacity of ≈1000 mAh g−1 is achieved with poorer electrochemical reversibility. An increase in C‐rate to C/5 and higher reduces the capacity (≈500 mAh g−1) due to an impeded transformation from amorphous LixGe to c‐Li15Ge4, and yet improves the electrochemical reversibility. A proposed mechanism is presented to explain the C‐rate dependent phase transformations and the relationship of these to capacity fading. The operando XRD and XAS results provide new insights into the relationship between structural changes in Ge and battery capacity, which are important for guiding better design of high‐capacity anodes.
Targeted gene capture and massively parallel sequencing identify TMC1 as the causative gene in a six‐generation Chinese family with autosomal dominant hearing loss
Authors: Gao Xue , Huang Sha‐Sha , Yuan Yong‐Yi , Wang Guo‐Jian , Xu Jin‐Cao , Ji Yu‐Bin , Han Ming‐Yu , Yu Fei , Kang Dong‐Yang , Lin Xi , Dai Pu
Published: June 2015

Hereditary nonsyndromic hearing loss is extremely heterogeneous. Mutations in the transmembrane channel‐like gene1 (TMC1) are known to cause autosomal dominant and recessive forms of nonsyndromic hearing loss linked to the loci of DFNA36 and DFNB7/11, respectively. We characterized a six‐generation Chinese family (5315) with progressive, postlingual autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss (ADNSHL). By combining targeted capture of 82 known deafness genes, next‐generation sequencing and bioinformatic analysis, we identified TMC1 c.1714G>A (p. D572N) as the disease‐causing mutation. This mutation co‐segregated with hearing loss in other family members and was not detected in 308 normal controls. In order to determine the prevalence of TMC1 c.1714G>A in Chinese ADNSHL families, we used DNA samples from 67 ADNSHL families with sloping audiogram and identified two families carry this mutation. To determine whether it arose from a common ancestor, we analyzed nine STR markers. Our results indicated that TMC1 c.1714G>A (p.D572N) account for about 4.4% (3/68) of ADNSHL in the Chinese population. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genotypic and phenotypic variation in six patients with solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome
Authors: Poelmans Simon , Kawamoto Tatsuro , Cristofoli Francesca , Politis Constantinus , Vermeesch Joris , Bailleul‐Forestier Isabelle , Hens Greet , Devriendt Koenraad , Verdonck Anna , Carels Carine
Published: June 2015

Solitary Median Maxillary Central Incisor occurs in 1 of 50,000 live births. It is the mildest manifestation of the holoprosencephaly spectrum and is genetically heterogeneous. Here we report six patients with solitary median maxillary central incisor, and a range of other phenotypic anomalies with different degrees of severity, varying from mild signs of holoprosencephaly to associated intellectual disability, and with different genetic background. Using array comparative genomic hybridization, pathogenic copy number variants were found in three of the six patients. Two patients had a deletion at the 18p11 chromosomal region that includes TGIF1 while the other patient had a deletion at 7q36, including the SHH gene. In one patient, a mutation in SIX3 was detected with exome sequencing, while in the two remaining patients all known holoprosencephaly genes were excluded using multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification and sequencing, and remain unsolved. One of the two latter patients had isolated solitary median maxillary central incisor without other visible dentofacial anomalies, while the other had clinical features not part of the known holoprosencephaly spectrum. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Junctophilin 3 (JPH3) expansion mutations causing Huntington disease like 2 (HDL2) are common in South African patients with African ancestry and a Huntington disease phenotype
Authors: Krause Amanda , Mitchell Claire , Essop Fahmida , Tager Susan , Temlett James , Stevanin Giovanni , Ross Christopher , Rudnicki Dobrila , Margolis Russell
Published: June 2015

Huntington disease (HD) is a progressive autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by abnormal movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms, caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) gene on chromosome 4p. A CAG/CTG repeat expansion in the junctophilin‐3 (JPH3) gene on chromosome 16q24.2 causes a Huntington disease‐like phenotype (HDL2). All patients to date with HDL2 have some African ancestry. The present study aimed to characterize the genetic basis of the Huntington disease phenotype in South Africans and to investigate the possible origin of the JPH3 mutation. In a sample of unrelated South African individuals referred for diagnostic HD testing, 62% (106/171) of white patients compared to only 36% (47/130) of black patients had an expansion in HTT. However, 15% (20/130) of black South African patients and no white patients (0/171) had an expansion in JPH3, confirming the diagnosis of Huntington disease like 2 (HDL2). Individuals with HDL2 share many clinical features with individuals with HD and are clinically indistinguishable in many cases, although the average age of onset and diagnosis in HDL2 is 5 years later than HD and individual clinical features may be more prominent. HDL2 mutations contribute significantly to the HD phenotype in South Africans with African ancestry. JPH3 haplotype studies in 31 families, mainly from South Africa and North America, provide evidence for a founder mutation and support a common African origin for all HDL2 patients. Molecular testing in individuals with an HD phenotype and African ancestry should include testing routinely for JPH3 mutations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combining Electron‐Accepting Phthalocyanines and Nanorod‐like CuO Electrodes for p‐Type Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Langmar Oliver , Ganivet Carolina R. , Lennert Annkatrin , Costa Rubén D. , de la Torre Gema , Torres Tomás , Guldi Dirk M.
Published: June 2015

A route is reported for the synthesis of two electron‐accepting phthalocyanines featuring linkers with different lengths as sensitizers for p‐type dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Importantly, our devices based on novel nanorod‐like CuO photocathodes showed high efficiencies of up to 0.191 %: the highest value reported to date for CuO‐based DSSCs.
Regiodivergent and Stereoselective Hydrosilylation of 1,3‐Disubstituted Allenes
Authors: Miller Zachary D. , Dorel Ruth , Montgomery John
Published: June 2015

Methods for the highly stereoselective and regiodivergent hydrosilylation of 1,3‐disubstituted allenes have been developed. The synthesis of E allylsilanes is accomplished with palladium NHC catalysts, and trisubstituted Z alkenylsilanes are accessed with nickel NHC catalysts. Unsymmetrically substituted allenes are well tolerated with nickel catalysis and afford Z alkenylsilanes. Evidence for a plausible mechanism was obtained through an isotopic double‐labeling crossover study.
Mild functionalization of carbon nanotubes filled epoxy composites: Effect on electromagnetic interferences shielding effectiveness
Authors: Phan Chee Hong , Jaafar Mariatti , Koh Yin Hsian
Published: June 2015

The effect of nitric acid mild functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) of epoxy composites was examined. MWCNTs were oxidized by concentrated nitric acid under reflux conditions, with different reaction times. The dispersion of MWCNTs after functionalization was improved due to the presence of oxygen functional groups on the nanotubes surface. Functionalization at 2 h exhibits the highest EMI SE and electrical conductivity of MWCNTs filled epoxy composites. However, EMI shielding performance of MWCNTs filled epoxy composite declined when the functionalization reaction time was prolonged. This was due to extensive damage on the MWCNT structure, as verified by a Raman spectroscope. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42557.
Controlled‐release drug carriers based hierarchical silica microtubes templated from cellulose acetate nanofibers
Authors: Jia Chengying , Song Junlong , Jin Yongcan , Rojas Orlando J.
Published: June 2015

We report a facile method to synthesize hollow silica microtubes (SMTs) from electrospun cellulose acetate fiber precursors. Specific surface areas of up to 765 m2/g (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) were measured for the SMTs, which had a typical wall thickness of ∼100 nm and submicron inner diameters. An average pore size of 4.6 nm and pore volume of 0.41 cm3/g were derived from Barrett–Joyner–Halenda fitting, whereas Horvath–Kawazoe pore size distribution analysis revealed microporous median pore size and maximum pore volume of 0.7 nm and 0.18 cm3/g, respectively. The as‐prepared SMTs featuring micro‐ and mesoporous structures in the walls where amino‐functionalized to facilitate a very high drug loading (15% by weight). Drug release profile revealed sustained release rates (79% of acetylsalicylic acid was released after 6 h). It is concluded that the high drug loading and sustained release resulted from the advantageous integration of SMTs' hollow structure and wall mesoporosity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42562.
Towards an Understanding of Molecule Capture by the Antennae of Male Beetles Belonging to the Genus Rhipicera (Coleoptera, Rhipiceridae)
Authors: Ramsey Andrew , Houston Terry F. , Ball Alexander D. , Goral Tomasz , Barclay Maxwell V.L. , Cox Jonathan P.L.
Published: June 2015

Working on the hypothesis that an important function of the lamellate antennae of adult male beetles belonging to the genus Rhipicera is to detect scent associated with female conspecifics, and using field observations, anatomical models derived from X‐ray microcomputed tomography, and scanning electron microscopy, we have investigated the behavioral, morphological, and morphometric factors that may influence molecule capture by these antennae. We found that male beetles fly upwind in a zigzag manner, or face upwind when perching, behavior consistent with an animal that is tracking scent. Furthermore, the ultrastructure of the male and female antennae, like their gross morphology, is sexually dimorphic, with male antennae possessing many more of a particular type of receptor—the sensillum placodeum—than their female counterparts (approximately 30,000 vs. 100 per antenna, respectively). Based on this disparity, we assume that the sensilla placodea on the male antennae are responsible for detecting scent associated with female Rhipicera beetles. Molecule capture by male antennae in their alert, fanned states is likely to be favoured by: (a) male beetles adopting prominent, upright positions on high points when searching for scent; (b) the partitioning of antennae into many small segments; (c) antennal morphometry (height, width, outline area, total surface area, leakiness, and narrow channels); (d) the location of the sensilla placodea where they are most likely to encounter odorant molecules; and (e) well dispersed sensilla placodea. The molecule‐capturing ability of male Rhipicera antennae may be similar to that of the pectinate antennae of certain male moths. Anat Rec, 298:1519–1534, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
3D Reconstruction of Buried Structures from Magnetic, Electromagnetic and ERT Data: Example from the Archaeological Site of Phaistos (Crete, Greece)
Authors: Di Maio Rosa , La Manna Mauro , Piegari Ester
Published: June 2015

A multi‐methodological geophysical prospecting was performed in a survey area of the archaeological Phaistos site on the Greek island of Crete, as part of an international research project aimed at investigating the less excavated hills of Phaistos and the underlying plateau. The article provides an assessment of the resolution of the chosen techniques for non‐destructive testing of buried ancient structures in the geological landscape of Phaistos. The magnetic and electromagnetic surveys clearly detected anomalies related to human activity, some of which were subsequently defined in detail by resistivity tomography imaging. In particular, variations of the observed electrical and magnetic parameters perfectly correlate to a wall structure made of calcareous material, which has been brought to light by subsequent excavations that unearthed large sectors of a fortification in a double curtain wall, chronologically consistent with the historical sources about the destruction of Phaistos in 150 bc. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Discovery of an Ancient Greek Vineyard
Authors: Smekalova Tatiana N. , Bevan Bruce W. , Chudin Andrei V. , Garipov Alexander S.
Published: June 2015

Relatively few geophysical surveys have shown how buried traces of agricultural fields can be revealed. An ancient Greek vineyard on the Crimean peninsula was first suggested in a satellite photograph; however, it was discovered only with a magnetic survey. This survey found a 5.7‐ha field that is crossed by about 80 buried stone walls that are parallel and spaced by 2.6 m; this pattern is found only in the vineyard. Later excavations revealed underground walls in this vineyard.

The magnetic survey also detected simple magnetic anomalies at three of the four corners of the vineyard. Excavations found that these anomalies are caused by pits that were dug by the ancient Greeks into bedrock to a depth of 2.5 m; the purpose of these pits is not known.

The magnetic properties of soil and stone were measured in the excavations, and the magnetic anomalies of the features were calculated. These calculations agree with the measurements, and this means that the entire source of the anomalies was discovered. The interpretation of the magnetic map was adaptive, and it improved as excavations added more information.

The archaeological importance of the Ortli vineyard is described along with the efficient procedures that allowed its discovery and mapping. Using the same techniques that were applied at Ortli, another ancient Greek vineyard and farmhouse was later found 1.5 km away. This vineyard has dimensions that are 25% larger than those of the first vineyard. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fourth‐derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry and HPLC with fluorescence detection as two analytical techniques for the simultaneous determination of itopride and domperidone
Authors: Ibrahim Fawzia , Nasr Jenny Jeehan
Published: June 2015

Two simple, rapid and sensitive methods, namely, fourth‐derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry (method I) and HPLC with fluorescence detection (method II) were developed for the simultaneous analysis of a binary mixture of itopride HCl (ITP) and domperidone (DOM) without prior separation. The first method was based on measuring the fourth derivative of the synchronous fluorescence spectra of the two drugs at Δλ = 40 nm in methanol. The different experimental parameters affecting the synchronous fluorescence of the studied drugs were carefully optimized. Chromatographic separation was performed in < 6.0 min using a RP C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size) with fluorescence detection at 344 nm after excitation at 285 nm. A mobile phase composed of a mixture of 0.02 M phosphate buffer with acetonitrile in a ratio of 55 : 45, pH 4.5, was used at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Linearity ranges were found to be 0.1–2 µg/mL for ITP in both methods, whereas those for DOM were found to be 0.08–2 and 0.05–1.5 µg/mL in methods I and II, respectively. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the determination of the studied drugs in synthetic mixtures and laboratory‐prepared tablets. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous and sensitive detection of dual DNA targets via quantum dot‐assembled amplification labels
Authors: Cui Hongyan , Song Wenqing , Cao Zhijuan , Lu Jianzhong
Published: June 2015

We describe a signal amplification assay for the simultaneous detection of HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 via a quantum dot (QD) layer‐by‐layer assembled polystyrene microsphere (PS) composite in a homogeneous format. The crucial point of this composite is the core–shell system. PS is utilized as the core and QDs as the shell. Based on the high affinity of streptavidin and biotin, QDs are assembled layer‐by‐layer on the surface of the PS as amplification labels. Biotinylated reporter probe is combined with the PS–QDs conjugate and then hybridized with target DNA immobilized on the surface of a 96‐well plate. Using this approach, each target DNA corresponds to a large number of QDs and the fluorescence signal is greatly enhanced. Two QD colors (605 and 655 nm) are used to detect dual‐target DNAs simultaneously. Taking advantage of the enzyme‐free reaction and high sensitivity, this PS–QD‐based sensor can be used in simple ‘mix and detection’ assays. Our results show that this technology has potential application in rapid point‐of‐care testing, gene expression studies, high‐throughput screening and clinical diagnostics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical significance of glycoprotein nonmetastatic B and its association with HER2 in breast cancer
Authors: Kanematsu Masako , Futamura Manabu , Takata Masafumi , Gaowa Siqin , Yamada Atsuko , Morimitsu Kasumi , Morikawa Akemi , Mori Ryutaro , Hara Hideaki , Yoshida Kazuhiro
Published: June 2015

Glycoprotein nonmetastatic B (GPNMB) is a potential oncogene that is particularly expressed in melanoma and breast cancer (BC). To clarify its clinical significance in BC, we measured serum GPNMB in vivo and investigated its cross talk with human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2). GPNMB was expressed in four of six breast cell lines (SK‐BR‐3, BT‐474, MDA‐MD‐231, and MDA‐MD‐157), two of six colorectal cell lines, and two of four gastric cancer (GC) cell lines. We established a GPNMB quantification system using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for these cell lines. We measured serum GPNMB in vivo in 162 consecutive BC patients and in 88 controls (50 colorectal cancer [CC] and 38 GC patients). The GPNMB concentration in BC, CC and GC was 8.163, 5.751 and 6.55 ng/mL, respectively. The GPNMB level was significantly higher in BC patients than in CC patients (P = 0.021). The HER2‐rich subtype of BC patients had significantly higher GPNMB levels than other subtypes (vs. Luminal; P = 0.038; vs. DCIS; P = 0.0195). These high GPNMB levels decreased after treatment (surgery/chemotherapy). Next, we examined the relationship between GPNMB and HER2 in vitro using SK‐BR3 and BT‐474 (HER2‐positive/GPNMB‐positive) cells. GPNMB depletion by small interfering RNA (siRNA) increased both HER2 expression and phosphorylation. Trastuzumab (Tra) in combination with docetaxel promoted cell growth inhibition, and treatment with Tra or an Extracellular signal‐related kinase (ERK) inhibitor enhanced GPNMB expression. These results indicate that GPNMB might be a surrogate marker for BC and may cross talk with the HER2 signal pathway. GPNMB may therefore emerge as an important player in anti‐HER2 therapy.
Metabolomic Profile of the Genus Inula
Authors: Seca Ana M. L. , Pinto Diana C. G. A. , Silva Artur M. S.
Published: June 2015

Plants have a long history as therapeutics in the treatment of human diseases and have been used as source of medicines for ages. Searching for new biologically active natural products, many plants and herbs are screened for natural products with pharmacological activities. In this field, the genus Inula, which comprises more than 100 species, several of them being used in traditional medicine, is very important, especially due to the finding that several of the isolated pure secondary metabolites proved to possess important biological activities. Inula species have been reported as rich sources of sesquiterpene lactones, including eudesmanes, germacranes, guaianes, and dimeric structures, and since 2006 ca. 400 secondary metabolites, including more than 100 new natural products, some of them with relevant pharmacological activities, have been identified. Herein, we critically compile and update the information regarding the types of secondary metabolites found in the genus Inula and the progress in their isolation.
Free‐Radical‐Scavenging, Antityrosinase, and Cellular Melanogenesis Inhibitory Activities of Synthetic Isoflavones
Authors: Lu Tzy‐Ming , Ko Horng‐Huey , Ng Lean‐Teik , Hsieh Yen‐Pin
Published: June 2015

In this study, we examined the potential of synthetic isoflavones for application in cosmeceuticals. Twenty‐five isoflavones were synthesized and their capacities of free‐radical‐scavenging and mushroom tyrosinase inhibition, as well as their impact on cell viability of B16F10 murine melanoma cells and HaCaT human keratinocytes were evaluated. Isoflavones that showed significant mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activities were further studied on reduction of cellular melanin formation and antityrosinase activities in B16F10 melanocytes in vitro. Among the isoflavones tested, 6‐hydroxydaidzein (2) was the strongest scavenger of both ABTS.+ and DPPH. radicals with SC50 values of 11.3±0.3 and 9.4±0.1 μM, respectively. Texasin (20) exhibited the most potent inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase (IC50 14.9±4.5 μM), whereas retusin (17) showed the most efficient inhibition both of cellular melanin formation and antityrosinase activity in B16F10 melanocytes, respectively. In summary, both retusin (17) and texasin (20) exhibited potent free‐radical‐scavenging capacities as well as efficient inhibition of cellular melanogenesis, suggesting that they are valuable hit compounds with potential for advanced cosmeceutical development.
Structure of the Ergothioneine‐Biosynthesis Amidohydrolase EgtC
Authors: Vit Allegra , Mashabela Gabriel T. , Blankenfeldt Wulf , Seebeck Florian P.
Published: June 2015

The ubiquitous sulfur metabolite ergothioneine is biosynthesized by oxidative attachment of a sulfur atom to the imidazole ring of Nα‐trimethylhistidine. Most actinobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, use γ‐glutamyl cysteine as a sulfur donor. In subsequent steps the carbon scaffold of γ‐glutamyl cysteine is removed by the glutamine amidohydrolase EgtC and the β‐lyase EgtE. We determined the crystal structure of EgtC from Mycobacterium smegmatis in complex with its physiological substrate. The set of active site residues that define substrate specificity in EgtC are highly conserved, even in homologues that are not involved in ergothioneine production. This conservation is compounded by the phylogenetic distribution of EgtC‐like enzymes indicates that their last common ancestor might have emerged for a purpose other than ergothioneine production.
Visible‐Light‐Assisted Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nitric Oxide with Ammonia over Dye‐Modified Titania Photocatalysts
Authors: Yamamoto Akira , Teramura Kentaro , Hosokawa Saburo , Shishido Tetsuya , Tanaka Tsunehiro
Published: June 2015

The front cover artwork for Issue 12/2015 is provided by a group at Kyoto University. The image shows a high‐performance photocatalyst for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 under visible‐light irradiation (photo‐SCR). See the Full Paper itself at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201500207.
The Use of Accumulated Charge Density of a Bioanode to Estimate Maximum Current in a Bioelectrochemical System
Authors: Wu Baoguo , Yu Hui , Lin Chong , Feng Chunhua , Wei Chaohai
Published: June 2015

The maximum current density (jmax) is of importance to the modeling of current produced in a bioelectrochemical system (BES). This study explores an alternative to biomass and biofilm thickness, the accumulated charge density (τ) of electroactive bacteria on the bioanode, to estimate the jmax value. The τ values of five carbon‐based bioanodes are chronoamperometrically determined in a substrate‐depleted solution. The graphite felt bioanode acclimated for 1, 2, 4, and 6 batches exhibits τ values of 6.14, 11.80, 22.23, and 30.24 C m−2, respectively, and jmax values of 5.31, 6.69, 14.01, and 19.62 A m−2, respectively. A linear correlation between τ and jmax is achieved and can be expressed as jmax=0.64τ. The τ and jmax values of four other carbon‐based bioanodes also follow a linear relationship, with coefficients of approximately 0.64. These results imply that τ is a key parameter for estimating jmax in the BES without the need to determine biomass and biofilm thickness.
A phase 2 study of weekly temsirolimus and bortezomib for relapsed or refractory B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma: A Wisconsin Oncology Network study
Authors: Fenske Timothy S. , Shah Namrata M. , Kim Kyung Mann , Saha Sandeep , Zhang Chong , Baim Arielle E. , Farnen John P. , Onitilo Adedayo A. , Blank Jules H. , Ahuja Harish , Wassenaar Tim , Qamar Rubina , Mansky Patrick , Traynor Anne M. , Mattison Ryan J. , Kahl Brad S.
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

Proteasome inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors each have activity in various B‐cell malignancies and affect distinct cellular pathways. Their combination has demonstrated synergy in vitro and in mouse models.

METHODS

The authors conducted a single‐arm, phase 2 trial of combined temsirolimus and bortezomib in patients with relapsed and refractory B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) using a dosing scheme that was previously tested in multiple myeloma. The patients received bortezomib and temsirolimus weekly on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 of a 35‐day cycle.

RESULTS

Of 39 patients who received treatment, 3 achieved a complete response (7.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6%‐21%), and 9 had a partial response (PR) (23%; 95% CI, 11%‐39%). Thus, the overall response rate (12 of 39 patients) was 31% (95% CI, 17%‐48%), and the median progression‐free survival was 4.7 months (95% CI, 2.1‐7.8 months; 2 months for patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma [n = 18], 7.5 months for those with mantle cell lymphoma [n = 7], and 16.5 months for those with follicular lymphoma [n = 9]). Two extensively treated patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma achieved a complete response. There were no unexpected toxicities from the combination.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results demonstrate that the combination of a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor and a proteasome inhibitor is safe and has activity in patients with heavily pretreated B‐cell NHL. Further studies with this combination are warranted in specific subtypes of NHL. Cancer 2015;121:3435–43. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Band‐Gap Control of Zinc Sulfide: Towards an Efficient Visible‐Light‐Sensitive Photocatalyst
Authors: Kurnia Fran , Hart Judy N.
Published: June 2015

The electronic properties of transition‐metal‐doped zinc sulfide (ZnS) have been investigated by using first‐principles calculations. Transition‐metal doping can allow electronic transitions at energies corresponding to visible‐light wavelengths, thus potentially resulting in increased photocatalytic efficiency under sunlight. In particular, our calculations show that transition‐metal atoms that produce little lattice strain, such as Co, Ni, Mn, and Fe, can be readily incorporated in ZnS. Due to their low formation energies and appropriate band energies, we predict that Ni‐ and Co‐doped ZnS will be promising materials for photocatalytic hydrogen production.
Evidence of Self‐Aggregation of Cationic Surfactants in a Choline Chloride+Glycerol Deep Eutectic Solvent
Authors: Pal Mahi , Singh Ranjan K. , Pandey Siddharth
Published: June 2015

Based on fluorescence probe, electrical conductivity, surface tension, small‐angle X‐ray/dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy experiments, we present the first clear lines of evidence for self‐aggregation of cationic surfactants of the n‐alkyltrimethylammonium family within an archetypical deep eutectic solvent comprised of a 1:2 molar mixture of choline chloride and glycerol. Estimated thermodynamic parameters suggest this self‐aggregation process to be less entropically driven than that in water. These novel water‐free self‐assemblies might serve as dynamic soft templates to direct the growth of size‐ or shape‐tailored nanoparticles within water‐restricted media.
Association for Conflict Resolution Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordination: From Conflict to Collaboration toward the Care and Safety of Elders
Authors: Fieldstone Linda , Bronson Sue
Published: June 2015

The Association for Conflict Resolution endorsed the work of its Task Force on Eldercaring Coordination, composed of twenty‐one U.S. and Canadian organizations that developed a dispute resolution option specifically for high‐conflict cases involving the care and safety of elders. Currently there are no options for dispute resolution that differentiate between the unique needs of cases involving elders. Using parenting coordination as a model, Guidelines for Eldercaring Coordination contain an ethical framework for the practices of eldercaring coordinators. Training protocols, a court pilot project template, and project assessment tool complete the package so that this new application to a promising field can be applied responsibly and productively.
3D Networked Tin Oxide/Graphene Aerogel with a Hierarchically Porous Architecture for High‐Rate Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xie Xiuqiang , Chen Shuangqiang , Sun Bing , Wang Chengyin , Wang Guoxiu
Published: June 2015

Low‐cost and sustainable sodium‐ion batteries are regarded as a promising technology for large‐scale energy storage and conversion. The development of high‐rate anode materials is highly desirable for sodium‐ion batteries. The optimization of mass transport and electron transfer is crucial in the discovery of electrode materials with good high‐rate performances. Herein, we report the synthesis of 3 D interconnected SnO2/graphene aerogels with a hierarchically porous structure as anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries. The unique 3 D architecture was prepared by a facile in situ process, during which cross‐linked 3 D conductive graphene networks with macro‐/meso‐sized hierarchical pores were formed and SnO2 nanoparticles were dispersed uniformly on the graphene surface simultaneously. Such a 3 D functional architecture not only facilitates the electrode–electrolyte interaction but also provides an efficient electron pathway within the graphene networks. When applied as anode materials in sodium‐ion batteries, the as‐prepared SnO2/graphene aerogel exhibited high reversible capacity, improved cycling performance compared to SnO2, and promising high‐rate capability.