bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Racial Differences in Caregiving: Variation by Relationship Type and Dementia Care Status
Authors: Badana Adrian N. S. , Marino Victoria , Haley William E.
Published: November 2017

Objective: To examine differences between White and African American caregivers in strain, health, and service use in a population-based sample of informal caregivers for older adults. We also assessed whether relationship type (parent, other family, friend) and dementia care status (yes or no) were moderators of any racial differences. Method: We examined 887 informal caregivers via covariate-adjusted 3 × 2 × 2 factorial ANOVAs. Results: After covariate adjustment, there were few significant racial differences in caregiving strain, health, and service use. Dementia caregivers reported greater strain, and there were three-way interactions among relationship type, dementia care status, and race for physical strain and emotional stress. Discussion: Previous findings suggesting substantial racial differences in caregiver strain, which have primarily come from convenience samples that combined care relationship types, were not replicated. Racial and ethnic differences in caregiving may be context-specific. Historical changes in caregiving should be examined in future research.
Synthesis of aromatic, soluble, and thermally stable polyamides derived from new diamine containing unsymmetrical phenolphthalein and imidazole pendent group
Authors: Barghamadi Mohammad
Published: November 2017

A novel diamine monomer containing unsymmetrical phenolphthalein and triaryl imidazole pendant group, 3,3-bis(4-(4-amino-2-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenoxy)phenyl)isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one (BADPPI), was successfully prepared in three steps. The novel diamine monomer BADPPI was directly polymerized with commercially available diacids, such as terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, and adipic acid, to obtain corresponding polyamides (PAs). The resulting novel aromatic PAs were obtained in high yields and moderate inherent viscosities in the range of 0.52–0.57 dL g−1 and exhibited excellent solubility in aprotic polar solvents, such as N,N-dimethylacetamide , N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, meta cresol, and pyridine. PAs showed high glass-transition temperatures between 191°C and 277°C. Thermogravimetric analysis of the PAs indicated a 10% weight loss ( T10%) in the temperature range of 382–473°C and char yields at 600°C under nitrogen atmosphere in the range of 56–70% depending on the diacids monomer used for the PAs preparation.
Force and segment wear in various granites cutting by diamond frame saw
Authors: Sun Qin , Zhang Jinsheng , Zhang Heng , Dong Peiyu
Published: November 2017

Influences of cutting parameters (feed rate, cutting length, and flywheel rotation speed) and stone properties (such as quartz content, uniaxial compression strength, and bending strength) on forces in various granites cutting by diamond frame saw (diamond gang saw) were studied. Feed rate ranks first in governing cutting force compared with flywheel rotation speed and cutting length. Uniaxial compression strength affects cutting forces most compared with other stone properties. The mathematical models can predict cutting forces for manufacturers and users, as well as provide a theoretical basis for improvement and optimization of stone sawing machines. Matrix tail can form during half-cycle sawing mode, which can improve the holding force of the bond to diamonds. Segments have better sawing conditions, and the main wear mode of diamond grits are whole and microfractured crystal. Slab productivity represents a 13–21 % increase, while geometrical deviation of the slab is less than 1.5 mm/m, thus reducing subsequent processing cost, such as polishing stage.
A continuous adjoint-based aeroacoustic shape optimization for multi-mode duct acoustics
Authors: Qiu Sheng
Published: November 2017

A multi-mode adjoint-based optimization method is proposed for the noise reduction optimization in multi-mode duct acoustics problems. The objective is to minimize the amplitude of sound from an inlet duct on the wall and integral line while maintaining the aerodynamic performance. The complete detailed derivation of the adjoint equations and their corresponding adjoint boundary conditions are presented firstly based on the multi-mode linear Euler equations. With the solved adjoint variables, the final expression of the cost function gradient with respect to the design variables is formulated. The sensitivity derivative computed by the continuous adjoint method is validated by comparing with that obtained using finite difference method. Up to 50 design variables are involved in the adjoint optimization to ensurely provide an adequate design space. And a quasi-Newton Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno algorithm is utilized to determine an improved intake duct geometry based on the objective function gradient provided by the adjoint solution. Finally, two multi-mode optimization of a typical inlet duct confirms the flexibility of the multi-mode adjoint-based framework and the efficiency of the multi-mode adjoint-based technique.
A correlation-based algebraic transition model
Authors: Cakmakcioglu Samet Caka , Bas Onur , Kaynak Unver
Published: November 2017

A correlation-based algebraic transition model that relies on local flow information is proposed. The model is qualified as an algebraic model, or a zero-equation model since it includes an intermittency function in place of an intermittency equation that is found in one- or two-equation models. The basic idea behind the model is that, instead of deriving new equations for intermittency transport, existing transport terms of the Spalart–Allmaras (S-A) turbulence model can be used. To this end, the production term of the S-A model is multiplied with the proposed intermittency function γBC; thereby the turbulence production is damped until it satisfies some turbulence onset requirements. The proposed formulation also depends on local information that uses empirical correlations to detect the transition onset using less equations and less calibration constants than other higher order models. The model is first validated against some widely-used zero and variable pressure gradient flat plate test cases with quite successful results. Second, the model is employed for some low Reynolds number airfoil cases with very promising results. Third, the model is applied for a turbine cascade case with success. Finally, two different three-dimensional wing flow cases were calculated under transonic and low subsonic flow conditions. To this end, the DLR-F5 wing subject to a transonic Mach number of 0.82 and the low-speed NREL wind turbine flow case are simulated and good agreement with experiments are observed. The results indicate that the proposed model may become an alternative for other models as it uses less computational resources with equivalent or higher accuracy characteristics that is quite advantageous for the computational fluid dynamics design in industry.
Experimental study of dynamic strain for gear tooth using fiber Bragg gratings and piezoelectric strain sensors
Authors: Qu Yongzhi , Hong Liu , Jiang Xixin , He Miao , He David , Tan Yuegang , Zhou Zude
Published: November 2017

It has always been a critical task to understand gear dynamics for gear design and condition monitoring. Many gear models have been proposed to simulate gear meshing dynamics. However, most of the theoretical models are based on simplified gear structure and may contain approximation errors. Direct measuring of gear strain is important for gear design validation, load analysis, reliability assessment, gear condition monitoring, etc. Most of the existing studies of tooth strain measurements are performed under static load condition. In this paper, we investigate new measuring techniques using fiber Bragg grating sensor and piezoelectric strain for gear dynamic strain measurement. We conduct gear dynamic strain measurement under both normal and pitted conditions to evaluate the strain transition process and pitting effect. The experiments are performed on an industrial gearbox with relatively small module gears. Multiple combinations of speed and load conditions are tested and the results are discussed and analyzed. We analyze multiple factors that affect the tooth root stress, including speed, load, extended tooth meshing, etc. It is found that under low operation speed range, the tooth root strain is mainly determined by the torque, while in the medium to high speed range, the tooth root strain is jointly affected by speed and torque. Extended tooth contact is shown in the measurement results with strong evidence. It conforms to earlier founding that the transmission error and dynamic load factor are overestimated for spur gear under heavy load. We also evaluate the change in dynamic strain caused by pitted tooth surface. It is shown that pitting faults lead to decreased bending strain on the tooth, especially in single-tooth contact zone, which represents a loss in torque and possibly reduced mesh stiffness. Numerical simulations are also provided to make comparisons and help to interpret the experimental results.
Faculty awareness, use and attitudes towards scholarly open access: A Pakistani perspective
Authors: Sheikh Arslan
Published: November 2017

Open access is a new scholarly publishing model that aims to provide free access to scholarly information to all members of society. This study analyzes the awareness, use and attitudes of Pakistani faculty members towards scholarly open access. A structured questionnaire was designed to collect data from the respondents by using an online survey tool, Google Forms. The population of the study was the faculty members of 21 universities and higher education institutions located in Islamabad. A sample of 3000 faculty members were invited, through email, to participate in the study; of which 616 completed the survey, with a response ratio of 20.53%. Descriptive statistics and (SPSS) version 21.0 were used for data analysis. The findings of the study reveal that, although majority of the Pakistani faculty members (71.5%) were aware of the scholarly open access before this survey, their awareness level about open access-related resources and initiatives was very low. The Pakistani faculty members used open access venues more frequently to access scholarly contents rather than to publish their own research works. A lack of awareness to publish in open access venues, and publication fees of open access journals were the key challenges faced by the Pakistani faculty members. The attitudes of faculty members towards open access were very positive in all contexts. Large readership, impact factor, free access to readers and no publication fee were the key motivational factors for the faculty members to publish in open access journals.
Choice of career in library and information science and past work experience
Authors: Dukic Zvjezdana
Published: November 2017

The study explores how different occupational backgrounds of Master’s students in LIS shape their motivation to choose a career in the library profession. The research is conducted on full-time employed Master’s students from Hong Kong. The research method applied is survey, and data were collected with an online questionnaire. The study reveals that students with library jobs significantly differ from students employed elsewhere with respect to motivation to pursue a career in LIS. While library-employed students place more value on extrinsic motivating factors, students employed in other fields value intrinsic factors as well. Regarding the future developments in the LIS profession, students from both groups agree that the application of information technologies, service orientation, academic research, marketing activities and teaching are all important.
Factors Associated With Meat Safety Knowledge and Practices Among Butchers of Ratnanagar Municipality, Chitwan, Nepal: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Khanal Gayatri , Poudel Sunita
Published: November 2017

Butchers have a huge role in prevention of meat-borne diseases and illness. Hence, this study was conducted to ascertain factors associated with meat hygiene among the butchers. A cross-sectional study was conducted among goat and poultry butchers. None of the butchers fall into “adequate” knowledge and “good” practice category. Butchers who had no side job other than butchering (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.04, CI = 1.11-8.33), had secondary or higher education (aOR = 3.17, CI = 2.60-14.72), greater workload (aOR = 5.45, CI = 1.01-29.57), and whose shop were closed shop (aOR = 3.33, CI = 1.10-10.38) were more likely to have fair knowledge. Butchers whose shop were temporarily constructed close shop (aOR = 3.07, CI = 1.04-9.06), permanently constructed close shop (aOR = 23.56, CI = 1.91-291.11), and whose ethnicity was Brahmin/Chhetri (aOR = 3.39, CI = 1.10-10.46) were more likely to have satisfactory practices. Despite regular handling of meat, butchers had lack of knowledge and practice on meat hygiene.
A framework for studying teachers’ hand gestures in instrumental and vocal music contexts
Authors: Simones Lilian Lima
Published: November 2017

A framework for studying teachers’ hand gestures in instrumental music pedagogy is proposed, focusing on teachers’ teaching behaviours as a context-dependent basis for understanding the meaning and functionality of their gestures. The application of the Teacher Behaviour and Gesture framework across instrumental music pedagogical settings (one-to-one, small and large teaching groups and across singing, woodwind, brass, strings, and other pedagogical contexts) will bring understandings on the role of teachers’ gestures in their pedagogical interactions with students, with implications for student learning and instrumental music teachers’ teaching and education.
‘A divine attraction between your soul and mine’: George Whitefield and same-sex affection in 18th-century Methodism
Authors: O'Brien Glen
Published: November 2017

This article considers the blurred lines between male friendship and homoeroticism in 18th-century Methodism. It considers possible cases of transgressive male sexual acts among Methodist preachers, evaluates contemporary claims made about the sexual proclivities of leading Methodists, and considers the social location of 18th-century Methodism as a dangerous underworld of deviant religiosity whose centres of activity were often perched on the edge of sites of social exclusion. The ‘effeminacy’ of George Whitefield and the lack of heterosexual passion in his life are offered as a mode of examining the homosociality that existed within the heteronormative world of 18th-century Methodism.
Reclaiming place: An eco-theological response to the ‘miasma of temporocentrism’
Authors: Guess Deborah
Published: November 2017

In contrast to the way that Christian and Western thought have tended to prioritize time and history over place and geography, an ecological sensibility requires a counter-balancing geographical emphasis. Using a contemporary definition of place as a meeting between the global and the local, two eco-theological claims can be made: that the tradition is more strongly rooted in place than has always been acknowledged; and the idea that, through the event of the Incarnation, place can be seen as reconstituted yet concretized. This means that the previously neglected category of place achieves greater significance in relation both to the life and ministry of Jesus Christ and implicitly to the lives of all Christians at all times and places. This focus on place contributes to a theology which is amenable to the radical challenges of today’s ecological context.
An ordinary gift: The work of art as theological conversation
Authors: Mallaby Anne , Byrne Libby
Published: November 2017

This case study considers the nature of making, seeing and being with art in a dialogue about the experience of Libby Byrne’s exhibition, ‘An Ordinary Gift’ in Melbourne, 2016. The article explores the nature of making, seeing and being with art as a methodological framework for theological inquiry. Bringing to bear their experiences as artist and curator, two researchers examine recorded viewers’ responses to the exhibition, as a means of understanding the nature of theological engagement and insight that was possible in the process of making, being with and seeing this public exhibition. The article acknowledges that the work of art offers an ordinary gift of containment for the ineffable qualities of our lived experience with God. A faith-ful framework of communal engagement can therefore offer an external reference point that guides and shapes the making, the seeing and even the ways in which we are able to be with art. As we transform the way we engage with theological questions and concerns we are in turn transformed by the ordinary gift of making, seeing and being with art.
Occupational Stress Among Home Healthcare Workers: Integrating Worker and Agency-Level Factors
Authors: Zoeckler Jeanette M.
Published: November 2017

Home healthcare work is physically and emotionally exhausting. In addition, home healthcare workers frequently work under precarious work arrangements for low wages and in poor work conditions. Little is known about how sources of job strain for home healthcare workers might be reduced. This research examines the occupational stressors among paid home care workers by analyzing home healthcare agency characteristics and individual home healthcare workers’ experiences in upstate New York agencies (n = 9). The study augments existing theoretical models and describes new sources of stress arising from the nature of agency-based caregiving. Results feature the analysis of both agency executives’ (n = 20) and home healthcare workers’ narratives (n = 25) to make the agency's inner workings more transparent. Agency structures and culture are implicated in the lack of progress to address home care workers’ health problems. Policy change should focus on compensation, healthier work conditions, and training requirements.
The Vulnerability of Occupational Health and Safety to Deregulation: The Weakening of Information Regulations during the Economic Crisis in Korea
Authors: Jhang Won Gi
Published: November 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the causes and consequences of the vulnerability of occupational health and safety (OHS) regulations to deregulation during a period of economic crisis in the Republic of Korea. Analysis of Korea’s national regulation database revealed that the vulnerability of OHS regulations to deregulation was related to the fact that OHS policy included many regulations without direct deregulatory impacts on workers. The most affected victim of this characteristic was information regulation that provided a legal basis for government’s monitoring and inspection of OHS activities. The massive relaxation of information regulation has the potential to weaken government oversight and to tempt businesses to hide industrial accidents. Since changes in regulations without direct deregulatory impacts are not easily identifiable by workers, careful monitoring of deregulation is necessary to prevent policy impacts harmful to workers’ health and safety.
Qualitative Analysis of Faith Community Nurse–Led Cognitive-Behavioral and Spiritual Counseling for Dementia Caregivers
Authors: Kazmer Michelle M. , Glueckauf Robert L. , Schettini Gabriel , Ma Jinxuan , Silva Michelle
Published: November 2017

This article presents themes emerging from semistructured interviews with dementia family caregivers in rural communities who participated in an integrative, cognitive-behavioral and spiritual counseling intervention, and with faith community nurses (FCNs) who delivered the intervention. The primary objectives of the counseling intervention were to ameliorate dementia caregivers’ depressive affect and the severity of their self-identified caregiving and self-care problems. The qualitative portion of the study was intended to elicit caregivers’ and FCNs’ perceptions of the benefits and drawbacks of the intervention. We conducted interviews with seven FCN/caregiver pairs 4 times during the 6-month counseling process, totaling 56 interviews. Themes emerging from the interviews included caregivers’ perception of burden and care partners’ problem behavior; formation of therapeutic alliance between FCNs and caregivers; problem-solving skills, tools, and resources; caregivers’ use of problem-solving strategies; spirituality in caregiving and counseling processes; FCNs’ prior professional experience; and caregiver and FCN time constraints.
Quality of Life and Compassion Satisfaction in Clinicians: A Pilot Intervention Study for Reducing Compassion Fatigue
Authors: Klein Colleen J. , Riggenbach-Hays Jami J. , Sollenberger Laura M. , Harney Diane M. , McGarvey Jeremy S.
Published: November 2017

Background:

Compassion fatigue (CF) is prevalent in healthcare professionals, particularly in those caring for chronic, acutely ill, and/or those patients who might be moving toward comfort care. Over time, CF can lead to burnout (BO) and secondary traumatic stress and an overall decrease in professional quality of life. In this pilot study, participants completed a resiliency program focused on education about CF and self-awareness of its individualized impact and were expected to develop ongoing self-care practices to prevent/address the untoward effects.

Methods:

Healthcare professionals ( N = 15) participated in a formalized educational program consisting of three 90-minute educational sessions held 2 weeks apart. Preassessment and postintervention data were collected electronically in survey format. A postprogram evaluation was also offered.

Results:

Upon completion of the program, participants noted an increase in compassion satisfaction (CS) and a small reduction in BO. Secondary traumatic stress remained unchanged. Feedback about the program was positive, and participants reported the impact on their clinical practice and life to be moderately high. At 6 months, over half of the participants continued to report positive impact on their personal/professional lives.

Conclusion:

While the small sample size of this pilot study limits the generalizability of the findings, there were positive effects for CS and BO in participants over time, indicating possible benefits of providing self-care education to healthcare providers. Additional research with a larger sample size is needed to address how healthcare providers might further benefit from resiliency education and interventions to improve professional quality of life.
Palliative Care Consultation for Goals of Care and Future Acute Care Costs: A Propensity-Matched Study
Authors: O’Connor Nina R. , Junker Paul , Appel Scott M. , Stetson Robert L. , Rohrbach Jeffrey , Meghani Salimah H.
Published: November 2017

Background:

Hospitals are under increasing pressure to manage costs across multiple episodes of care. Most studies of the financial impact of palliative care have focused on costs during a single hospitalization.

Objective:

To compare future acute health-care costs and utilization between patients who received inpatient palliative care consultation for goals of care (Palliative Care Service [PCS]) and a propensity-matched cohort of patients who did not receive palliative care consultation (non-PCS) in a single academic medical center.

Methods:

Data were extracted from the hospital’s electronic records for admissions and discharges between July 2014 and October 2016. A stratified propensity score matching was used to account for nonrandom assignment and potential inherent differences between PCS and non-PCS groups using variables of theoretical interest: age, gender, race, diagnosis, risk of mortality, and prior acute care costs.

Results:

The analytical sample for this study included 41 363 patients (PCS = 1853; non-PCS = 39 510). Future acute care costs were significantly higher in the non-PCS group after propensity score matching (highest tier = US$15 654 vs US$8831; second highest tier = US$12 200 vs US$5496; P = .0001). The non-PCS group also had significantly higher future acute care utilization across all propensity tiers and outcomes including 30-day readmission ( P = .0001), number of future hospital days ( P = .0001), and number of future intensive care unit days ( P = .0001).

Conclusion:

Palliative care consultations for goals of care may decrease future health-care utilization with cost savings that persist into future hospitalizations.
Using Culturally Relevant Experiential Education to Enhance Urban Children’s Knowledge and Engagement in Science
Authors: Djonko-Moore Cara M. , Leonard Jacqueline , Holifield Quintaniay , Bailey Elsa B. , Almughyirah Sultan M.
Published: November 2017

Background: Children living in urban areas often have limited opportunities to experience informal science environments. As a result, some do not have a deep understanding of the environment, natural resources, ecosystems, and the ways human activities affect nature. Purpose: This article examines how experiential science education supported urban children’s science knowledge and engagement through cultural relevance and eco-justice during a 1-week summer camp. Methodology/Approach: Third- through sixth-grade children from African American and Latinx urban communities in Colorado participated in a weeklong program using experiential learning opportunities including environmental and climate change lessons, activities at a local community-based site, and field trips to nature- and science-themed sites. Pre- and posttests, focus group interviews, journals, and student work samples were analyzed. Findings/Conclusions: Children’s science content knowledge as well as their engagement in science lessons and field trips were positively influenced during the study. Implications: This study provides a template for establishing culturally relevant experiential learning opportunities to engage underrepresented children in science.
Iatrogenic Kaposi’s Sarcoma in an HIV-Negative Young Male With Crohn’s Disease and IgA Nephropathy: A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature
Authors: Windon Annika L. , Shroff Stuti G.
Published: November 2017

Background. Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a vascular tumor arising in association with human herpesvirus–8 (HHV-8) infection, and different variants show different clinical presentations. Isolated intestinal KS in the background of Crohn’s disease (CD) is exceedingly rare with only 3 cases reported in the English literature (from 1966 to 2016). Case Presentation. Herein, we report a case of intestinal KS in a 21-year-old HIV-negative Ethiopian male with a long-standing history of steroid therapy for his underlying IgA nephropathy. Recent gastrointestinal biopsies confirmed an additional diagnosis of CD. Despite the addition of Infliximab to his therapy, his CD remained refractory, and a laparoscopic-assisted ileocolectomy was performed to alleviate a partial small bowel obstruction. Examination of his terminal ileum demonstrated a polypoid mass with adjacent incidental ileal submucosal nodules. These nodules were composed of plump spindle cells with scattered mitoses and vascular channels with extravasated red blood cells. Intratumoral hyaline globules were also noted. Immunohistochemistry revealed HHV-8 positivity, confirming the histologic impression of KS. Conclusions. Here we report the fourth case of KS in CD in an HIV-negative patient and only the third case of isolated intestinal KS in the setting of CD. A review of the literature suggests that attenuation of immunosuppressive therapy may be adequate management of iatrogenic KS in the absence of a systemic HHV-8 infection.
Weightbearing Computed Tomography of the Foot and Ankle: Emerging Technology Topical Review
Authors: Barg Alexej , Bailey Travis , Richter Martinus , de Cesar Netto Cesar , Lintz François , Burssens Arne , Phisitkul Phinit , Hanrahan Christopher J. , Saltzman Charles L.
Published: November 2017

In the last decade, cone-beam computed tomography technology with improved designs allowing flexible gantry movements has allowed both supine and standing weight-bearing imaging of the lower extremity. There is an increasing amount of literature describing the use of weightbearing computed tomography in patients with foot and ankle disorders. To date, there is no review article summarizing this imaging modality in the foot and ankle. Therefore, we performed a systematic literature review of relevant clinical studies targeting the use of weightbearing computed tomography in diagnosis of patients with foot and ankle disorders. Furthermore, this review aims to offer insight to those with interest in considering possible future research opportunities with use of this technology.

Level of Evidence: Level V, expert opinion.
Playing the post 9/11 on game service platforms: Premediation in The Division via Twitch.tv and Steam
Authors: Gandolfi Enrico
Published: November 2017

This article focuses on the relation between post 9/11 imaginary and digital entertainment’s audiences. Its aim is to enlighten potential players’ perception of such an influence by exploring game service platforms – that is, online spaces with peculiar functions that are getting a foothold in the sector. By following the leading concepts of ‘premediation’ (Grusin, 2010) and ‘platform’ (Gillespie, 2010), an empirical investigation was directed about the game The Division, which glaringly exploits references to 9/11, in relation with Twitch.tv (live streaming) and Steam (multi-hub with several features, from user-generated content upload to discussion) environments. For the first 20 days from the release, multiple data were gathered daily (e.g. streaming chats, threads and artworks) and framed with a discourse/visual analysis (e.g. Gee, 2010). Results show that connections to 9/11 were perceived in experiencing game mechanics (e.g. multiplayer mode) rather than in discussing setting or plot. A preventive attitude against other players emerged as winning strategy and potential bridge to an ‘interactive premediation’ in media consumption.
Social protection of non-removable rejected asylum-seekers in the EU
Authors: Schoukens Paul , Buttiens Siemen
Published: November 2017

Asylum-seekers whose application for international protection in the European Union (EU) is rejected receive a return decision. However, the enforcement of this decision may be temporarily impossible due to legal or practical barriers, or policy choices. An assessment of the provisions in the Returns Directive offering social protection to non-removable rejected asylum-seekers shows that only limited standards of protection are guaranteed. Consequently, the EU Member States are left plenty of room to manoeuvre. This article raises the question of what social protection this particular group is legally entitled to in a sample of 17 EU Member States. For the purpose of this article, ‘social protection’ is defined as access to the labour market, health care and social benefits. This study finds that Member States’ approaches differ markedly with respect to each of these three issues. Furthermore, it questions the added value of the current legal framework at the level of the EU. Finally, some suggestions for improving the level of social protection of non-removable rejected asylum seekers are put forward.
The Development of Conformity Among Chinese Children Aged 9–15 Years in a Public Choice Task
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zhang Yibin , Mu Zhaoran , Liu Xiangping
Published: November 2017

Both children and adults exhibit moderate conformity behaviors when facing group pressure. While some studies purport that children conform more with age, others have shown the opposite. The publicity of decision-making might be a major factor influencing the development of children’s conformity behavior. In this study, we recruited 295 Chinese children aged 9–15 years. We observed no significant correlation between children’s age and conformity behaviors when their answers were kept confidential. However, older children showed stronger conformity behaviors when their answers were made public. According to cultural evolutionary theory, with age, children find group acceptance and social recognition increasingly more important, which explains why older children are more likely to conform—namely, doing so has adaptive value. Further research should explore the cross-cultural coherence of this phenomenon and the genuine motivation behind children’s conformity behaviors. Meanwhile, designing a more reliable and valid experiment would also be a fruitful direction.
Interpreting and implementing the IB Learner Profile in an internationalised school in China: a shift of focus from the ‘Profile as text’ to the ‘lived Profile’
Authors: Poole Adam
Published: November 2017

This article presents findings from a case study that explored the way Sophie, an expatriate International Baccalaureate Diploma art teacher in an internationalised school in Shanghai, China, interpreted and implemented the International Baccalaureate Learner Profile. The findings challenge the view that the Profile exerts a regulatory force on teachers’ behaviour by showing that Sophie not only reshaped the Profile according to her beliefs about teaching and learning, but also resisted what she perceived to be underlying patriarchal and westernising discourses. Findings suggest that the notion of a regulatory discourse should focus on both the Profile as text and also what could be called the lived Profile. Finally, this article offers tentative recommendations for professional development that incorporate both the Profile as text and the lived Profile.
Appraising the intention of other people: Ecological validity and procedures for investigating effects of lighting for pedestrians
Authors: Fotios S , Johansson M
Published: November 2017

One of the aims of outdoor lighting in public spaces, such as pathways and subsidiary roads, is to help pedestrians to evaluate the intentions of other people. This paper discusses how a pedestrians' appraisal of another persons' intentions in artificially lit outdoor environments can be studied. We review the visual cues that might be used, and the experimental design with which effects of changes in lighting could be investigated to best resemble the pedestrian experience in artificially lit urban environments. Proposals are made to establish appropriate operationalisation of the identified visual cues, choice of methods and measurements representing critical situations. It is concluded that the intentions of other people should be evaluated using facial emotion recognition; eye-tracking data suggest a tendency to make these observations at an interpersonal distance of 15 m and for a duration of 500 ms. Photographs are considered suitable for evaluating the effect of changes in light level and spectral power distribution. To support investigation of changes in spatial distribution, further investigation is needed with three-dimensional targets. Further data are also required to examine the influence of glare.
Colour difference evaluation using display colours
Authors: Liang J , Georgoula M , Zou N , Cui G , Luo M Ronnier
Published: November 2017

Two separate but similar experiments were carried out at Leeds University (UK) and Zhejiang University (China), respectively. Both experiments were conducted to assess colour differences using Eizo displays using the ratio method. Eleven of the MacAdam centres within the colour gamut of the display were studied. Each centre included 21 samples assessed against a grey and a black background. The reason for using these different backgrounds was to simulate viewing a surface colour (surface mode) and a light source in the dark (illuminant mode), respectively. The results revealed that there were parametric effects for different backgrounds and luminances. The data were better fitted by CIELAB and CIELUV for the illuminant mode while CAM02-UCS performed best for the surface mode. The patterns of the ellipses between the data collected in these experiments and the original MacAdam data, show systematic discrepancies.
Clinical effects of cognitive impairment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Yazar Esra Ertan , Aydin Senay , Gunluoglu Gulsah , Kamat Sadettin , Gungen Adil Can , Yildiz Pinar
Published: November 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effects of cognitive impairment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A total of 91 patients with stable moderate to very severe COPD were included in this study. Cognitive functions of the patients were evaluated using the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) tool and clock-drawing test. The Brody’s Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Questionnaire; COPD assessment test (CAT); body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity (BODE); and Charlson comorbidity index were assessed. The patients were divided into two groups as those who were diagnosed with cognitive impairment (group 1, n = 16) and those with normal cognitive functions (group 2, n = 75). Group 1 had a lower arterial partial pressure of oxygen , shorter 6-min walking distance, and higher arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) than group 2 ( p = 0.01, p = 0.024, p = 0.018, respectively). In group 1, the IADL score was lower, and CAT and BODE scores were higher than group 2 ( p = 0.002, p = 0.037, p = 0.012, respectively). When we considered all the patients, there was an independent correlation between the IADL score and MMSE score ( p = 0.03). This study revealed that COPD patients with cognitive impairment may have more hypoxemia and limited activities of daily living.
Partisan Dynamics in Presidential Primaries and Campaign Divisiveness
Authors: Ryan Josh M.
Published: November 2017

Observers have noted that the Republican and Democratic primaries differ substantially, with Republicans typically having an easier time selecting their nominee. Previous research has suggested that this may be attributable to Republican Party homogeneity and delegate allocation rules that winnow candidates faster, but there is little empirical evidence on how these factors influence the primary process. Rather than predicting overall vote share or the nominee, I examine the temporal dynamics of each party’s primary campaigns. I show that Republican candidates are over-rewarded for winning elections, while Democrats are rewarded for performing well overall. The result is that late in the campaign, Republicans are much more likely to exit as compared with Democrats, and there is little evidence that these dynamics have changed over time. I conclude that the Republican Party produces systematically shorter and less divisive primaries as a result of its faster and more efficient winnowing process.
Featured article: Structure moderation of gut microbiota in liraglutide-treated diabetic male rats
Authors: Zhang Qian , Xiao Xinhua , Zheng Jia , Li Ming , Yu Miao , Ping Fan , Wang Tong , Wang Xiaojing
Published: November 2017

The change of gut microbiome is associated with a serious of metabolic disorders, such as diabetes. As a glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue, liraglutide is a potent antidiabetic drug in clinical practice. However, the effect of liraglutide on the community of gut microbiota is still unknown. We aimed to determine the influence of liraglutide on fecal microbiota in diabetic male rats. Five-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a control diet or a high-fat diet for four weeks. By injecting streptozotocin, the diabetic rat model was performed. Diabetic male rats were injected subcutaneously with a low dose of liraglutide (liraglutide 0.2 mg/kg/day), a high dose of liraglutide (liraglutide 0.4 mg/kg/day), or normal saline for 12 weeks. Our data showed that liraglutide effectively prevented the development of diabetes in male rats. Pyrosequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA genes manifested a remarkable transfer of gut microbiota construction in liraglutide-treated male rats compared with that of the diabetic male rats. Further analysis identified 879 liraglutide-treated specific operational taxonomic units. Some short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, including Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae, and probiotic bacteria, Bifidobacterium, were selectively enhanced in liraglutide-treated diabetic male rats. Lactobacillus was negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose. To sum up, our findings propose that the prevention of diabetes by liraglutide in the diabetic male rats may be associated with the structural change of the gut microbiota, inflammation alleviation, and abundantly elevated SCFA-producing bacteria in the intestine.

Impact statement

Our findings suggest that significant changes in gut microbiota are associated with liraglutide treatment on the diabetic male rats, including enrichment of short-chain fatty acid producers and probiotic bacteria. This may help alleviate systemic inflammation and contribute to the beneficial effects of liraglutide against diabetes.
Preclinical biomarker qualification
Authors: Sauer John-Michael , Porter Amy C ,   for the Biomarker Programs, Predictive Safety Testing Consortium
Published: November 2017

Biomarkers are ubiquitously used within drug development programs in both nonclinical species and in humans to assess safety and efficacy of novel compounds. To routinely apply such novel biomarkers with certainty, a well-defined data package is necessary for review and endorsement by regulatory agencies including the US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, and Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. This type of endorsement is known as regulatory qualification. Novel approaches are being applied to speed the process, lower the resource intensity, and increase the accessibility of biomarker qualification data and it is likely that consortia will continue to play a fundamental role in the qualification process by bringing together like-minded stakeholders focused on specific tools to accelerate drug development. This article will focus on learnings from the previous three nonclinical biomarker qualification projects, as well as discuss the progression of preclinical biomarker projects into the clinical qualification space and the current strategy for the use of nonclinical biomarker data in the translational qualification of clinical biomarkers; much like nonclinical information is used in the approval of drug development candidates.

Impact statement

This minireview provides an overview of the history of preclinical biomarker qualification by summarizing the three examples of this type of qualification with US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, and Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. In addition, an overview of the biomarker qualification process is included to educate key stakeholders with links to relevant white papers that provide information on current evidentiary considerations. The manuscript also provides new information on the evolution of the role that preclinical qualification plays in clinical qualification of biomarkers and the novel approaches that are being utilized to improve the process.
Molecular Imaging of IGF-1R in Cancer
Authors: Sun Yingying , Sun Xilin , Shen Baozhong
Published: November 2017

The important role of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) in malignant tumors has been well established. Increased IGF-1R activity promotes cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and is associated with tumor metastasis, treatment resistance, poor prognosis, and shortened survival in patients with cancer. However, while IGF-1R has become a promising target for cancer therapy, IGF-1R-targeted therapy is ineffective in unselected patients. It is therefore essential to evaluate IGF-1R expression before treatment in order to identify responsive patients, monitor therapy efficacy, and estimate prognosis. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor molecular imaging is an optimal method for assessing the expression of IGF-1R in vivo accurately and noninvasively. In this review, we will summarize the current status of IGF-1R molecular imaging in cancer, in which 5 major classes of ligands that have been developed for noninvasive IGF-1R molecular imaging will be discussed: natural ligands, monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, affibodies, and small molecules. For decades, IGF-1R molecular imaging is studied in full swing and more effort is needed in the future.
Concurrent validity of the Partners in Health scale against general self-rated health in chronic conditions: A short report
Authors: Smith David , Lawn Sharon , Harvey Peter , Battersby Malcolm
Published: November 2017

The Partners in Health scale is a structurally valid measure of chronic condition self-management behaviours. This report describes a study that further evaluated construct validity of Partners in Health scale by assessing its relationship with a single-item measure of general self-rated health. The concurrent validity of the scale was demonstrated by a statistically significant association with general self-rated health in a population representative sample of people with chronic conditions.
Understandings of participation in daily activity services among people with intellectual disabilities: A pedagogical sociocultural perspective
Authors: Svanelöv Eric , Enarsson Per , Flygare Wallén Eva , Stier Jonas
Published: November 2017

This study sought to explore different understandings of participation in daily activity services among people with intellectual disabilities. Using a pedagogical sociocultural perspective, the research focused on individuals’ perspectives and understandings as well as their account of social interaction, working and learning. In all, 17 people working in daily activity services were interviewed once, and, of these, 14 were interviewed a second time. Using qualitative content analysis, two themes and three categories were singled out. The results show that participation can be understood in two major ways: social interaction and performing work tasks.
Canadian stroke best practice recommendations: Secondary prevention of stroke, sixth edition practice guidelines, update 2017
Authors: Wein Theodore , Lindsay M Patrice , Côté Robert , Foley Norine , Berlingieri Joseph , Bhogal Sanjit , Bourgoin Aline , Buck Brian H , Cox Jafna , Davidson Dion , Dowlatshahi Dar , Douketis Jim , Falconer John , Field Thalia , Gioia Laura , Gubitz Gord , Habert Jeffrey , Jaspers Sharon , Lum Cheemun , McNamara Morse Dana , Pageau Paul , Rafay Mubeen , Rodgerson Amanda , Semchuk Bill , Sharma Mukul , Shoamanesh Ashkan , Tamayo Arturo , Smitko Elisabeth , Gladstone David J
Published: November 2017

The 2017 update of The Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations for the Secondary Prevention of Stroke is a collection of current evidence-based recommendations intended for use by clinicians across a wide range of settings. The goal is to provide guidance for the prevention of ischemic stroke recurrence through the identification and management of modifiable vascular risk factors. Recommendations include those related to diagnostic testing, diet and lifestyle, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies, carotid artery disease, atrial fibrillation, and other cardiac conditions. Notable changes in this sixth edition include the development of core elements for delivering secondary stroke prevention services, the addition of a section on cervical artery dissection, new recommendations regarding the management of patent foramen ovale, and the removal of the recommendations on management of sleep apnea. The Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations include a range of supporting materials such as implementation resources to facilitate the adoption of evidence to practice, and related performance measures to enable monitoring of uptake and effectiveness of the recommendations. The guidelines further emphasize the need for a systems approach to stroke care, involving an interprofessional team, with access to specialists regardless of patient location, and the need to overcome geographic barriers to ensure equity in access within a universal health care system.