bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Dynamic Model for Classroom Discipline
Authors: Stefanich Gregory P. , Bell Louise C.
Published: March 2007

The classroom discipline model described on the following pages is designed to allow the teacher to adapt it to his or her classroom situation and teaching style.
Teacher Evaluation—How Important for Effective Schools? Eight Messages From Research
Authors: Huddle Gene
Published: March 2007

Effective schools research is important, especially for admin istrators wanting to provide leadership in their schools and com munities. This is the second in a series of articles by Gene Huddle to keep Bulletin readers current on what the research is saying.
Guidelines for Substitute Teachers in Secondary Schools
Authors: Wilson Kara Gae
Published: March 2007

The following advice is directed to substitute teachers. Adminis trators may wish to adapt it or incorporate it directly into their own substitute teacher packets.
The Teacher as a Coach in The ESL Classroom
Authors: Ebel Carolyn W.
Published: March 2007

Non-native students may learn the English language more easily through a project-oriented approach where students take respon sibility for one another's actions and the teacher serves as a resource person, or coach. That's the opinion of this writer, who explains the concept on the following pages.
Increasing Global Understanding Through Telecommunications
Authors: Southworth John H. , Klemm E. Barbara
Published: March 2007

Telecommunications can provide opportunities for improving international understanding in the years to come, say these writ ers, who describe some creative applications of instructional technology in use by students in Hawaii.
Mainstreaming in Secondary Schools: How Successful Are Plans To Implement the Concept?
Authors: Post Linda , Roy Will
Published: March 2007

In a study of teachers in Wisconsin, three researchers wanted to learn why implementing the concept of "least restrictive envi ronment" is difficult in secondary schools and to identify the problems that hinder the process. They explain here what they discovered.
Adapting to Diversit— Future Trends in Curriculum
Authors: Fantini Mario D.
Published: March 2007

How will schools change to meet future needs? This writer sees a curriculum expanded into a series of learning environments throughout the community.
The Pedagogical and Andragogical Principal—The Consummate Teacher
Authors: McPherson R. Bruce , Lorenz John A.
Published: March 2007

Too many principals have abandoned their teaching role, and few have learned how to teach adults effectively. Consequently, it is unlikely that they will be effective instructional leaders, according to these writers.
Reshaping Our Nation's Schools: A Mandate for Leadership
Authors: Lagana Joseph F.
Published: March 2007

Public and official support, including financial assistance, is currently directed at education. Now is the time for educators to move, says this writer, who offers some suggestions for action.
Articulation: The Bridge to The High School
Authors: Vansciver Jym
Published: March 2007

Immediate steps must be taken to construct a plan to help middle level students make the transition to the high school, says this writer, who provides a process model for doing so.
Providing Options for Superior Students in Secondary Schools
Authors: Daniel Neil , Cox June
Published: March 2007

Many options are available to gifted students, say these writers, who urge administrators to review what they already have before expanding their school's gifted curriculum. That way, they say, a complementary pattern of options can be developed.
The Secondary Level Enrichment Triad Model: Excellence Without Elitism
Authors: Reis Sally M. , Renzulli Joseph S.
Published: March 2007

A model that provides varied opportunities for a greater number of gifted students, but yet operates within the traditional class schedule, is described in this article.
The Talent Search Model: Implications for Secondary School Reform
Authors: Vantassel-Baska Joyce
Published: March 2007

The Midwest Talent Search Project is an effort to identify and provide appropriate programming for gifted youngsters in the midwest. Many aspects of the project are discussed here, includ ing testing, programming, and benefits.
Problems and Prospects for Programming in the Visual Arts
Authors: Dorn Charles M.
Published: March 2007

The education of the artistically gifted student is in transition, according to this educator, who shares his views of the problems inherent in establishing a solid arts curriculum, and provides some insight into future changes.
In Support of Teachers: The Making of a Profession
Authors: Shanker Albert
Published: March 2007

This article is adapted from a speech before the Representative Assembly of the New York State United Teachers, AFT, AFL- CIO, in April 1985. The author outlines the importance of pro fessionalism both to teachers and to education. He also describes the steps that must be taken to achieve professionalism.
Administrative Uses of Microcomputers, Part IV: Determination Of Hardware
Authors: Crawford Chase W.
Published: March 2007

In this, the fourth and final article in a series, the writer provides a list of criteria for use in evaluating computer hardware.
Secondary School Reform: What Does the Public Say?
Authors: Freeman Donald J. , Cusick Philip A. , Houang Richard T.
Published: March 2007

Principals know what the studies have recommended to improve secondary schools, but do they know with any accuracy what their publics are saying about the recommendations? This article will help principals to know more exactly what their publics are thinking about the reform movement and at what level they are willing to support the recommendations.
Philosophy: how Does It Affect School Management? How Can We Ensure a "Good" Philosophy?
Authors: Wynne Edward A.
Published: March 2007

School administrators are inescapably philosophers, says this educator, who suggests that the really interesting question is whether their philosophies are "good." He outlines the charac teristics of good philosophy derived from research on schools.
Motivating Students to Improve Their Math Preparations
Authors: Tomhave William K.
Published: March 2007

Educators in one state went to the source to combat the problem of college freshmen who are not prepared for college-level math ematics. They established a speakers bureau and sent professors into the schools to discuss the importance of a solid foundation in mathematics directly with the students.
Challenge to the Chargers: A Junior High School Self- Improvement Study
Authors: Hunter Janice K. , Kline Jean D.
Published: March 2007

The problems associated with middle and secondary schools are neither new nor unique. Through a two-year pilot program, one junior high school made a significant step toward improving academics, morale, and student/parent involvement—a step that earned the school national recognition.
Student Teaching—A Principal's Perspective
Authors: Quimby Donald E.
Published: March 2007

One of the key ways of determining one's suitability for teaching is through the experience of student teaching. For many prospec tive teachers, however, too much of their training is aimed at the "what," not the "how" of teaching. This writer called on his 23 years in education in formulating the following advice for teacher trainers and teachers to be.
The Role of Technology in Education: High Schools of The Future
Authors: Decker Robert , Krajewski Robert J.
Published: March 2007

Administrators must make use of the most current technology to help teachers reach their maximum effectiveness. That's the view of these writers, who identify six areas of technology that will be important to schools of the future.
Two-Way Television in Rural Curriculum Development
Authors: Lundgren Richard W.
Published: March 2007

The technology is available for educators to use interactive in structional television to ensure that students in small, rural dis tricts receive the necessary educational opportunities to compete successfully in today's world. Students are brought together via television, and the class is then taught in the normal manner, complete with teacher/student interaction.
Microcomputers in the English Classroom
Authors: Dees Sherwood C.
Published: March 2007

How can teachers use today's technology to improve student writing skills? One school's approach to that question is outlined here.
What Motivates Students To Learn: Identifying the Key Factors
Authors: Hutslar Sally , Litcher John H. , Knight J. Pat
Published: March 2007

Student achievement is clearly linked to motivation. These writ ers urge educators to identify motivating factors and to develop strategies to help underachievers increase their learning readi ness.
Seasons , Day of Week May Affect Behavior
Authors: Rodriguez J. Richard
Published: March 2007

After reading several articles about biometeorology, this assis tant principal became interested in the relationship between seasons of the year and student discipline. Reported here are data he gathered during a three-year study in his school.
Missing the Mark in In-School Suspension: An Explanation and Proposal
Authors: Short Paula M. , Noblit George W.
Published: March 2007

Are in-school suspension programs accomplishing what they should? No, say the authors, who conducted a study of 10 "successful" ISS programs.
School Counseling—What Does the Future Hold?
Authors: Carroll Marguerite R.
Published: March 2007

The outlook for school counseling today is not a bright one, says this writer, who offers some suggestions for improvement for administrators as well as counselors.
High Tech and Educational Reform: Counselors Can Help Principals Serve Needs Of All Students
Authors: Aubrey Roger F.
Published: March 2007

High technology and the educational reform movement hold much promise for the school curriculum. But the benefits must be kept in perspective with the realities of tomorrow's work place, warns this writer.
Six Steps Toward Counseling Program Accountability
Authors: Wiggins James D.
Published: March 2007

Administrators need solid data if they are to support counselors and counseling programs. Here is an accountability-based pro cess that can help.
Administrative Uses of Computers: What Is the Ideal System? What Are the Trends?
Authors: Pogrow Stanley
Published: March 2007

Last month, this writer covered the instructional uses of comput ers. In this follow-up piece, he explores how principals and schools can improve the handling of information for the purposes of school management.
The American Constitutional System: Balancing Energetic Government with Individual Rights
Authors: Cannon Mark W.
Published: March 2007

Although our constitutional system may seem complicated, it has worked well in assuring that the government represents the will of the people, says this writer, who—on the eve of its 200th anniversary—reviews its system of checks and balances.
Evaluative Criteria for Secondary Schools: How Well Does the System Work?
Authors: Novak Benjamin J.
Published: March 2007

It is evident that the evaluative processes need new insights and the involvement of a broader cross-section of secondary edu cators, says this writer, who suggests that some changes to the regional association evaluative process might be in order.
Improving Principal-Teacher Relationships by Understanding the Concept Of Power
Authors: Herlihy Barbara , Herlihy Dennis
Published: March 2007

The authoritarian approach may be an efficient way to get the job done, but ultimately that approach is self-defeating. The authors recommend that principals have power with, not power over, their teachers.
The Effects of Coaching for Scholastic Aptitude
Authors: Dyer Henry.S
Published: March 2007

Does coaching improve student performance on the SAT? That's a question with no simple answer, according to this writer.
Indonesian Educators Compare Schools, Education In U.S. and Indonesia
Authors: Eulie Joseph
Published: March 2007

Four Indonesian educators, studying in the United States, gath ered recently to reflect on education in the United States as compared to that in Indonesia. Their comments provide an inter esting insight into the Third World attitude toward, and approach to, educating its youth.
Putting Parents in Their Place in Public Schools
Authors: Sandfort James a.
Published: March 2007

As parents call on schools to take greater responsibility for the nation's young people, schools must demand more participation from parents. Their place in the school goes beyond volun teerism.
Technology and Curriculum: Will the Promised Revolution Take Place?
Authors: Mojkowski Charles
Published: March 2007

The new technology will be of no good use to education unless it is integrated into the curriculum effectively. Without serious integration, technology may bring change without improvement.
Studies Show Curricular Efficiency Can Be Attained
Authors: Walberg Herbert J.
Published: March 2007

Educators must guard against teaching subjects rather than stu dents, says this writer, who urges educators to look to the re search for proven, productive instructional approaches.
The Over-Regulated Curriculum and the Press for Teacher Professionalism
Authors: Darling-Hammond Linda
Published: March 2007

If effective teaching cannot be prescribed through mandate, then we must ensure that teachers have the knowledge, skills, and training to choose and apply the tools appropriate to their tasks, according to this writer, who calls for more rigorous and com prehensive teacher education.
Improving the Curriculum— Guidelines for Principals
Authors: Tanner Daniel
Published: March 2007

To be effective, the principal must be committed to sound educa tional principles, says this writer, who offers some research and practice-based guidelines for improving the curriculum.
For Educational Excellence Academic Leaders Need a Purpose
Authors: Levine Merle P.
Published: March 2007

The best hope for growth and learning, for the opportunity to develop talent, and for the freedom of exploration and expres sion lies in democratic values. The democratization of schools should be one of the purposes of education leaders.
Meeting the Challenge: The Rewards of Instructional Leadership for Principals
Authors: Jacobson William C.
Published: March 2007

Effective instructional leadership brings with it many rewards, including better teachers and better students. The administrator's education strategy should include several tactics to reap those rewards.
Homeroom/Advisement Program Brings Middle Level Adolescents, Teachers Closer
Authors: Jespersen David , Fjell Mick , Kronholm Kay
Published: March 2007

A sense of belonging—an important factor in the lives of adolescents—was the goal of the homeroom/advisement pro gram in two Omaha, Nebr., schools. But the program accom plished much more.
Administrative Evaluation of Teachers: Resistance and Rationale
Authors: Andrews Hans A. , Knight John H.
Published: March 2007

The recent national reports on the quality of education in the United States have noted the need for effective methods of evaluating teaching performance and such evaluations are best done by administrators, say these writers, who review the pros and cons of various approaches to evaluation.
A Faculty-Based Needs Assessment Process for School Administrators
Authors: Thomas William C.
Published: March 2007

This writer describes a method for measuring those areas in which faculty members feel the principal needs improvement, as well as how important each of those areas are to the facul ty.
Teacher Empowerment: What Research Says To the Principal
Authors: Erlandson David A. , Bifano Sandra Lee
Published: March 2007

The term "teacher empowerment" has recently made its appearance in the literature of education. This article exam ines the research that supports the term and some of the impli cations that this term has for principals.
Motivatin Your Staff to Excellence: Some Considerations
Authors: Mills Helene
Published: March 2007

The traditional theory of motivation that equates motivation with certain incentives is too simplistic. One must take into account the people and situations involved. The plan described here includes five contingency factors that must be recognized.
Teachers and Coaches— Alike and Different
Authors: Burris Sharon , Smith Don
Published: March 2007

Although on the surface their goals are often different, teach ers and athletic coaches use the same approach to meet those goals. They can learn much from each other as they strive to bring out the best in students.
Making the Most of the Post- Observation Conference
Authors: Dunkleberger Gary E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose and value of teacher observation is diminished if the post-observation conference is not well-planned and pro ductive. The observer must take into account the setting, the tone, and the messages conveyed.
Focus on Communication Strengths
Authors: Hogue June
Published: March 2007

Effective communication is the key to holding successful administrator-teacher conferences. To improve the communi cation process and make conferences more effective, adminis trators must recognize teacher strengths and capitalize on them.
Principals' Liability for Negative Letters of Recommendation
Authors: Tidwell James A.
Published: March 2007

Should principals be dishonest when writing letters of recom mendation to protect themselves from libel suits? Principals should be honest, but should follow a few simple rules.
Exemplary Principals and Stress—How Do They Cope?
Authors: Bailey William J. , Fillos Rita , Kelly Barbara
Published: March 2007

Do an exemplary principal's skills in instructional leadership carry over to skills in coping with stress? The authors identi fied several exemplary principals and questioned them about their coping mechanisms.
Public Attitudes Toward Public Schools: Local vs. National
Authors: Boschee Floyd
Published: March 2007

The annual Gallup Poll reveals what the public thinks about national education issues. But should these results be used to set local policy? Perhaps a local survey is the answer. The author describes how he did this in 1986.
Museum-School Partnerships—A Resource For Principals
Authors: Linder Bertram L.
Published: March 2007

School trips to museums do not have to be boring lecture- tours if educators and museum personnel work together to make the visits exciting learning experiences. The plan is simple—planning, follow-up, and cooperation.
Managing for Productive Schools: the Principal's Role in Contemporary Education
Authors: Stronge James H.
Published: March 2007

Educational reform efforts hroughout the last decade have called for a revision of the princi pal's role, with an increased focus on instructional leadership. Rather than viewing the princi pal's role in school improvement as one of management versus Instructional leadership, says this writer, the focus should be on managing for productive schools.
Effective Leadership Development: Key Components
Authors: Lewellen James R.
Published: March 2007

Leadership development requires an action-oriented, training- developmental approach, according to this writer. Such a focus should embrace and emphasize components central to effective leadership, he says.
Improving in-School Communications: a Technique for Principals
Authors: Tewel Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

Surveys are a good way to gather the information necessary to assess the morale of school staff, says this writer, who provides an overview of such techniques.
Eugenic Opportunity Structures
Authors: Glenna Leland L. , Gollnick Margaret A. , Jones Stephen S.
Published: March 2007

The eugenics movement during the first half of the 20th century has been described as a transnational social movement because of the way it flourished on different continents between World Wars I and II. Political opportunity structure is a term used to explain the social rules and resources that enable such a movement to emerge seemingly simultaneously in diverse settings. One opportunity structure in the eugenics movement that requires further exploration is the university. Since US agricultural scientists were so prominent in the transnational eugenics movement, it is especially relevant to document the initiation and persistence of eugenics courses in the US Land-Grant University (LGU) system. By examining course-offerings at LGUs through the 20th century, we demonstrate that eugenics courses were available at prominent US research institutions not only prior to World War I, but also after the end of World War II, when eugenics was considered bad and inappropriate science.
Integration of the Social System: An Approach to the Study of Economic Growth
Authors: Friedmann John
Published: March 2007

The usual practice in contemporary literature is to treat of economic growth by way of an analysis of the several factors whose joint operation is thought to issue in an expansion of the productive powers of society. There are, for instance, the factors of saving and investment; investment leads to an increase in the social product and, if sufficiently large, to a rise in per capita income. Around this central mechanism of growth, many authors group a variety of contributing factors which perform a more or less decisive role in raising a country from poverty to riches. Those usually discussed include population, entrepreneurship, technology, resources, and a somewhat loosely defined category of social and institutional factors.
Two Thousand Years of Poetics
Authors: Tatarkiewicz Ladislas
Published: March 2007

Who is not familiar with Aristotle's Poetics? Who is not familiar with modern poetics, if only Boileau's Art poétique? But apart from specialists, who is familiar with the poetics of the entire period between classical antiquity and modern times, between Aristotle and the Pléiade or Boileau? Yet, this period extended over two thousand years. Furthermore, it possessed its own poetics, governed by the strictest principles, worked out to the last detail. It may be divided into two great epochs: the end of Hellenic-Roman antiquity, on the one hand, and the entire Middle Ages, on the other. The poetics of these two epochs were very similar, since the second depended in great part on the first. Nevertheless, they present differences which oblige us to study them separately.
The Autumn of Ideas
Authors: Poggioli Renato
Published: March 2007

The idea of decadence presents many variants of which two alone have a truly decisive importance. One is the biological, physiological and psychological variant; the other, the literary, esthetic and spiritual variant. The latter is so much more significant than the former that it often incarnates the very constant of the idea of decadence. This constant is eminently historical: everyone knows that when decadence, and nothing else, is being spoken about, it is not so much the degeneration of the species or of an individual that is under consideration, as the decline of a social and political organism or, more generally, of a society or a civilization. All modern speculation with regard to the notion of decadence derives from this principle.
Generalized Esthetics
Authors: Caillois Roger
Published: March 2007

Forms are produced, it seems to me, by chance, by growth, by design or by imprint. The curves of a pebble, the elusive architecture of clouds, flames, cascades, the cracks in dried-out soil are the result of a variety of causes, or if you like, a variety of interacting accidents, compromises between concurrent forces, balances, wear, or varying degrees of inertia. These, though perhaps calculable, are hardly worth calculating. For we know ahead of time that the final outcome must be arbitrary, depending as it does on thousands of successive and transitory rivalries. No significant phenomenon can result from such a series. Forms generated in this way are the outcome of an infinity of varied accidents, which are conjoined, composed or cancelled out in an unpredictable manner. They are like dream images, and sometimes, just as ravishing. No law presides at their formation, which obeys too many laws at once, and, what is more, laws unaccustomed to one another and brought together by accident. The origin of this kind of form is properly assigned to chance, though I am well aware that such forms owe their appearance to a welter of determining causes, each of them tyrannical in their separate domain. But the welter, though in the end determinant, is itself accidental.
The Principle of Thrift
Authors: Crahay Franz
Published: March 2007

The standpoint of this article is, first and foremost, a historical one, giving an introductory outline of a general theory of thrift. More specifically, it aims at comparing the principle (or: principles) of economy of thought and the principle of “natural economy” to coin a short term.

By way of a prologue, a historical and interpretative summary of events shows the consequences of a cultural fact which hallmarks the 14th century and, in itself, restores the first frank expression of a principle of thrift, at once theoretical and practical, to its essential context, thus countering the in flation of abstract entities. Nevertheless, it would not appear, three centuries later, that the nosology of the Diafoirus, at which Moliere poked so much fun, had already adopted this precious standard for itself.
Metamorphoses of Hell
Authors: Caillois Roger
Published: March 2007

Learned and voluminous works, of course, have brought together and compared the representations men have fashioned for themselves of the Beyond—in other words, of the kind of life in store for them after death. Sometimes the authors of such compilations have tried to classify these imaginary worlds and discover by what secret laws the after-universes where the dead live were designed, and in what spaces, both near and irremediably separate, they were located. It is not always easy to reach them, even if it is inevitable. As for returning, it is impossible, aside from a few legendary exceptions: a goddess, Ishtar; a fabled hero, Orpheus; a man who was raised from the dead but of whom nothing further is known, Lazarus.
Drugs and Mysticism: The Bwiti Cult of the Fang
Authors: Binet Jacques
Published: March 2007

The Fang, a conquering people, overran the southern Cameroons and northern Gabon during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Their conquest followed a rather curious pattern: without a deliberated tribal organization, one family after another picked up and descended to the sea. Their conquering past has deeply influenced the Fang; they do not hesitate to appropriate new techniques and ideas, confident that they are strong enough to assimilate almost anything into their culture. Eager for innovations and change, the Fang are convinced that progress never rests, and they are not hindered by nostalgia which they feel is sterile and unjustified. It was natural for them to seek out Western civilization and try to assimilate it. As a result there was a massive conversion to Christianity among the Fang.
African Man and Two Classical Miths
Authors: Rash Yeoshoua
Published: March 2007

The debate prompted by Meyer Fortes in his account Oedipus and Job in West-African Religions is valuable for its insight into the peoples of the Black Continent. In fact, if the basic motivations behind the two cited mythical stories can be discerned to any extent among the Tallensi of Ghana, and also, as the author suggests, within many other ethnic groups, it will be easier to establish characteristics common to all mankind, the elements of similarity being of a more primordial and significant nature than the differentiating factors. On the other hand, if the evidence is not convincing, or if the examples selected by the researcher are disputed by the outsider—who might for instance contest their long-term validity or universality—this might imply that the differences are predominant without their invalidating the overall possibility of there being a good number of common features.
Structuralism and Beyond: A Critique of Presuppositions
Authors: Merrell Floyd
Published: March 2007

Structuralism, Robert Scholes tells us, embodies “a ‘scientific’ view of the world as both real in itself and intelligible to man.” In order to achieve objectivity and descriptive adequacy in the human sciences, structuralists have generally adopted the linguistic model of Ferdinand de Saussure via Prague school structural linguistics. The common assumption has it that structural linguistics, given its method of abstracting language into an autonomous object for empirical analysis, now constitutes itself as a true science, worthy of emulation by other disciplines in the social sciences and in the humanities. However, there has been sparse inquiry into the validity of the general “scientific” foundations upon which the structuralist methodology rests. In response to this critical deficiency the present commentary will aim: (1) to subject the underlying presuppositions of structuralism to close scrutiny in the light of past and present scientific paradigms, and (2) to suggest, as a consequence of the first objective, that structuralism is based on premises which are not consistent with current scientific and epistemological lines of reasoning.
Recent Developments in European Communications Theory
Authors: Nordenstreng Kaarle
Published: March 2007

Communications research and theory has its origins in the development of the media of communication, particularly mass media. In the beginning, starting around the turn of the century, studies of mass communication were occasional exercises carried out from the traditional bases of history, law, etc. But as the social importance of mass communication increased with mass-circulated commercial press and particularly after the introduction of radio broadcasting in the twenties, this field of social communications research began to grow and take shape. First it was usually associated with particular media, like German Zeitungswissenschaft (‘Newspaper science’) or American ‘radio research.’ The latter was strongly stimulated by the market needs of rapidly expanding commercial broadcasting which in this form of audience research at the same time served as the main force to develop general public opinion surveys. Gradually, however, media-bound approaches were replaced by a more general view of the mass media; in the German area this development led between the wars to the emergence of Publizistik (‘Science of public communication’) while the concept of ‘communication research’ broke through in the American arena towards the end of the forties (significantly enough, Paul Lazarsfeld and his colleagues even changed the title of their series ‘Radio Research’ into ‘Communication Research’).
The American “New Economists”
Authors: Lepage Henri
Published: March 2007

Parallel to the New Left, whose influence on French public opinion is so pronounced today, a new academic movement has grown up in the United States in the last fifteen years. Its ideas are the portents of an intellectual and scientific revolution whose importance for the economic and political future of western society should be almost as great as the Keynesian revolution of the ‘30s.
Scythian Gold and the Gold-Standard : Soviet Attitudes To Gold and the International Monetary System
Authors: Lavigne Marie
Published: March 2007

The train has stopped in the night. It is the end of winter, 1920; it is very cold, about 25 degress below zero, some hundred kilometers west of Irkutsk. Along the train soldiers mount guard; ahead, a party of the detachment is clearing the track. Many of the soldiers have makeshift bandages around their wrists and feet: the Siberian frost has taken its toll. There is no question, however, of withdrawing the guard or stopping the work. This train is the most precious treasure of the Soviet. Republic, transporting the greater part of the State gold reserves: 355 m. tons. Previously housed in the vaults of the Kazan Bank in Tartary by the Tsarist government, it was removed in 1918 by admiral Kolchak; the greatest coup in history! Not that it brought the admiral any good luck: in Siberia, at the height of the civil war, the richest man in the world was only able to get a few shipments of gold through to Vladivostok, to pay his debts to the Americans and buy arms from them. And then Kolchak died: he was shot on February 7th, the gold now returning to Kazan.
Aesthetic Paradigms for an Urban Ecology
Authors: Berleant Arnold
Published: March 2007

Environmental aesthetics has become a matter of concern to many different groups in recent years—to conservationists, to legislators, reluctantly to industrialists, and indeed to the public at large. This interest seems to have a clear purpose. It is regarded as an effort, belated and desperate, to save the resources and beauties of our natural world from the possibility of complete and irrecoverable exploitation, and from the disfigurement and loss that must follow. It is an attempt to change the atmosphere from a toxic medium that is often impossible to escape back to one that is fresh and invigorating. It is a proposal to rebuild our cities before they become unredeemable wastelands of physical and social decay.
The Food Prospect
Authors: Brown Lester R.
Published: March 2007

The world food economy has undergone a basic transformation during the seventies. Not only did the world have surplus stocks and excess production capacity at the beginning of the decade, but it also appeared that both would be around for a long time to come. Suddenly in 1972 and 1973, they disappeared and the whole world was trying to make it from one harvest to the next. During the mid-seventies global food insecurity was greater than at any time since the war-torn years immediately following World War II.
Nihilistic Naturalism in the East
Authors: Sueki Takehiro
Published: March 2007

There are two cultural principles operative in contemporary Japan; one is a relatively new principle derived from the West, and the other a traditional Eastern principle.

These two principles are, at least in contemporary Japan, contradictory to one another: the Western principle is considered to be an anti-naturalistic one stressing technique, while the traditional Eastern principle is essentially one founded on naturalism.
Three of Galileo's Discoveries
Authors: LaLumia Joseph
Published: March 2007

The logician interested in an account of science that is faithful to the actual practice of science has a number of problems, not the least of which are the following: first, the problem of avoiding psychologism, and second, the problem of having historical sources that are illuminating about the logical turns characterizing a piece of research that ended in discovery.
Theory of Subecumenics: Originality of Eastern Cultures
Authors: Pomerantz Grigori S.
Published: March 2007

Our thinking is still the captive of the dichotomy “national/ international.” The reaction to nationalism takes the form of an abstract internationalism, and reaction to internationalism leads to the rebirth of nationalism. However, this dichotomy was only true (and that relatively) in 19th century Europe, or at the latest, at the beginning of the twentieth century, when subnational cultures seemed on the way to disappearing, and everything European was considered “universal” (two hypotheses that the facts prove to be untrue). As H. Frey observes, “Today, the decline or decadence of the West is part of the contemporary view of the world, like the electron or the dinosaur.” The linear outline of progress, with Europe at the head, did not withstand the test of the First World War. The year 1918 marked the beginning of the end of Europeanism. Since then, we have begun to speak of “areas of civilization” (Splengler), “civilizations” (Toynbee), “cultural coalitions” (Lévi-Strauss). The existence of “areas of civilization” (regions) is commonly admitted today; it has entered journalistic language and even the structure of regional commissions and agencies of the United Nations (Europe, Near East, Southern Asia, South-east Asia, and the Far East). New communities have inserted themselves between nations and humanity. What do they represent? Are they something unique, or are they divided into a certain number of types in opposition to each other because of some characteristic? And in what way have they modified our view of universal history?
Nourishment and the Biosphere
Authors: Pokrovski Alexei A.
Published: March 2007

“The world of life which is comprised of the lithosphere, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere”: this definition of the biosphere is not complete since it does not express the determining influence of living organisms on its composition, on its structure and on the processes of its continuing evolution. The part of living matter in the biosphere is relatively small (about 0.25%), but this part has a considerable influence on its structure.

The biosphere should be considered as the universal source of all food products without exception. Mankind's ability to feed itself depends on the productivity of this biosphere in the first place. Moreover, its condition determines not only the quantity but also the quality of nourishment. The problem is a critical one today because of the increasing pollution of the biosphere by products poured into it by various human activities.
Biology, Power and Responsibility
Authors: de Rosnay Joël
Published: March 2007

Science is at present passing through a credibility crisis*. One could almost say a moral crisis. As a matter of fact we are standing at a turning point in the relationship between science and society, a turning point marked by the change from a social evolution characterized by high productivity and growth, into an evolution which might lead humanity to a new balance between individuality and collectivity.

At the beginning of the 20th century and during its second half the scientific world had suffered the impact of two significant revolutions: first of physics and then of biology. The basic discoveries in the field of physics led to applications in realms of energy, transportation, communication, electricity, electronics, and data processing.
Neuwied-Am-Rhein: Town Growth and Religious Toleration
Authors: Grossmann Walter
Published: March 2007

The very founding of the town Neuwied-am-Rhein was closely linked to policies and practices of religious toleration. It was the hope and intent of Count Friedrich of Wied (1618-1698) that a town, well planned and advantageously located, would bring economic relief and eventually prosperity to his small land, which had suffered particularly in the last years of the Thirty Years’ War. From the outset he saw that the best means of attracting residents would be to guarantee as large a degree of religious freedom as possible.

The Treaty of Westphalia provided a viable legal framework within which Protestants, adherents to the Augsburg Confession be they Lutherans or Reformed, and Roman Catholics could exercise their religion within the German Empire. The treaty basically defined three types of religious practice: the exercitium religionis publicum, which gave the members of the minority religion in any territorial unit full freedom to worship openly; the exercitium privatum, restricting the worship of the congregation to specific places; and finally the devotio domestica, which allowed the “individual exercise of religion by the common subject, practiced by him alone, without further ecclesiastical ceremony, ... within the walls of his own living quarters.” The treaty further offered the beneficium emigrandi, and specified the conditions under which forced or voluntary emigration was to take place.
The Importance of Maritime Traffic to Cultural Contacts in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Mollat Michel
Published: March 2007

The conclusions and recommendations resulting from a number of meetings held in Port Louis, Mauritius (1974); Colombo, Sri Lanka (December, 1978); and Perth, Australia (August, 1979) could serve as authority for the present work. Running through them was a continuity and logic that is stimulating for research, and from them emerged an appeal for the coordination of efforts. From all the evidence, the idea that inspired the meetings was that the countries of the Indian Ocean make up an entity. The consideration of this entity, moreover, had been the guideline for the work of a number of international conferences, among which were the colloquies held in 1962, 1966 and 1972 by the International Commission of Maritime History of the Indian Ocean. The first studied the commercial societies and companies in the Orient and in the Ocean; the second, the joint role of the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean in maritime relations; and the third, the movement of populations in the Indian Ocean.
Chinese Activities in the Indian Ocean before the Coming of the Portuguese
Authors: Yamamoto Tatsuro
Published: March 2007

The earliest Chinese record of the maritime relations between India and China can be found in the “History of the Former Han Dynasty” (Chien Han-shu) which covers the period from B.C. 206 to A.D. 23. In its chapter (28b) on geography it is stated that ever since the time of the Emperor Wu (Wu Ti, B.C. 14087) the country called Huang-chih has sent tribute to the Chinese court, which in turn dispatched envoys to this remote country. Huang-chih has been identified by many scholars with Kāñcī (Conjeeveram) on the east coast of South India. It is recorded that there were chief interpreters belonging to the Yellow Gate (the office of eunuchs serving in the palace) who went to sea to buy bright pearls, opaque glasses and other rare articles, taking with them from China gold and various kinds of silk for exchange.
Studies on the South Arabian Diaspora: Some Critical Remarks
Authors: Talib Yusof A.
Published: March 2007

It is only of late that some attention is paid to the importance of studies on the South Arabian Diaspora in the Horn of Africa, the African side of the Red Sea, the East African littoral, the Indian subcontinent, the Indian Ocean island groups and Southeast Asia, in throwing new light on (i) the process of Islamization, (ii) the origins of local dynasties, (iii) the problem of trade-routes, and (iv) navigational and maritime techniques and a host of other related problems.
Racial Problems: The Brazilian Persona
Authors: De Meira Penna J.O.
Published: March 2007

In the present essay I intend to approach the racial problems of today's world, or more particularly the problem of the Negro and of his integration in multiracial societies, from the point of view of the Jungian concept of Persona.

I will, of necessity, limit iny study to one national case only, that of Brazil. The use of Brazil as a particular instance for study can be easily justified. Brazil is probably the most complex multiracial society in the world and one that boasts the least tensions among communities of different stock, religion or cultural background. In 8.5 million sq. km., over one hundred and twenty million people are living who speak the same language, both in the literal and the figurative sense. We believe we have been somehow more successful than the Americans in emphasizing the element of fraternity that is so fundamental to the democratic way of life. My thesis is that we have achieved such a result thanks to a very peculiar working of the archetype of the Persona. This article will try to adumbrate the construction of what one may call a collective Persona, a fa¸ade, a pattern of national behaviour which tries to overcome the problem by simply overlooking the fact that genetic differences of colour, shape and mind exist.
Some Observations by an Architect
Authors: Novikov Felix
Published: March 2007

In the past few decades world architecture has seen radical changes as the result of industrialization, standardization and mass production. For Soviet architecture this half century of scientific and technical revolution along with the growth of economic potential has been the most fruitful in its history. If we return to the past and try to form a judgment on the urbanism of our day we will no doubt see that what is offered us by new cities, modern residential zones and social amenities corresponds to our dreams of the cities of the future. From the point of view of the past, we have only to look at the zones of Yassenevo, Tropariovo, the Olympic village or the civic centers of Tashkent or Navoi.
The Magic Words
Authors: Cioranescu Alexandre
Published: March 2007

We must begin from the principle that all language is necessarily limited. The art of speaking is a common heritage, even if it is wasted. It has so lost its mystery (more precisely; we are so calm in its possession) that we consider it almost as a gift of nature. Nevertheless, it must be learned; it is, in fact, a product of education, even for those who might believe that they have never received any. Like all acquired disciplines, then, it is the fruit of a long process of restraint. Manuals exist which teach Latin without tears. Learning the first language seems to take place without recourse to handbooks and hickory sticks, but this is because a vast program is available, full time, along with dedicated teachers who do not keep an eye on the clock, and fresh intellects who never think their knowledge is sufficient. Instruction is difficult, in spite of all this, for the task is more challenging than adults imagine it to be.
Is Our Consciousness Linguistic?
Authors: Radar Edmond
Published: March 2007

“Given the fact that the consciousness of man is a linguistic consciousness, all models superimposed on consciousness, including art, can be understood as secondary modeling systems, “ wrote Yuri Lotman in Introduction à la structure du texte artistique.
Reflections On Laughing
Authors: Fourastié Jean
Published: March 2007

The general theme of this reflection on laughing is that the place of laughter in everyday life has been reduced a great deal in Western societies since the beginning of the century and that this fact could have major consequences for the mental equilibrium of individuals and for the future of our civilizations. Moreover, philosophy and human sciences seem to have a certain responsibility for this disenchantment of our contemporaries with laughing.
Freewill, Determinism and the Sciences
Authors: Franklin R.L.
Published: March 2007

Philosophers and others have often debated whether we have freewill: i.e. whether (in a sense I shall try to elucidate) our power to choose between X and Y is radically undetermined, so that if we choose X we yet might have chosen Y, and vice versa. My concern is not with that question but with a hypothetical one which arises from it: if we had such freewill, what implications, if any, would, that fact have for the sciences. My argument concentrates on the social sciences, since the phenomena with which they deal inevitably involves human choice.
Informational Artefact or Enslaved Communication
Authors: Lohisse Jean
Published: March 2007

Since 1973 the experts of O.C.D.E. have been presenting the development of systems born of computer science and telecommunication as a “ second industrial revolution.” A year earlier the Japan Computer Usage Development Institute announced for the year 2000 the advent of a “society of information.”
Nation and Liberty: the Byzantine Example
Authors: Ahrweiler Hélène
Published: March 2007

Nation and liberty: two ideas that in spite of the innumerable works that have been devoted to them are still open to new approaches, indeed, to new definitions. They pose a problem whose essence is to remain without a definitive answer, to be always actual, because it concerns man of all times, all countries and all conditions. This apparently-simple remark raises a question: is it possible to put nation and liberty on the same level? It is permissible to consider liberty and nation as a pair forming a new concept, or do we simply have a relationship located in a precise time at a given place?