bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large-size ultrahigh strength Ni-based bulk metallic glassy matrix composites with enhanced ductility fabricated by spark plasma sintering
Authors: Xie Guoqiang , Louzguine-Luzgin Dmitri V. , Kimura Hisamichi , Inoue Akihisa , Wakai Fumihiro
Published: March 2008

Ni-based bulk glassy alloy composites (GACs) simultaneously with ultrahigh strength and enhanced ductility and satisfying large-size requirements were fabricated by spark plasma sintering of gas-atomized Ni52.5Nb10Zr15Ti15Pt7.5 glassy alloy powder blend with ceramic or metal powders. No crystallization of metallic glassy matrix and good bonding state between the particles are responsible for good mechanical properties of the fabricated bulk GACs. The improvement of plastic ductility of the fabricated bulk GACs originates from the structural inhomogeneity caused by the particles inclusion. The additional particulates act as a resisting media causing deviation, branching, and multiplication of shear bands.
Improvement in dye-sensitized solar cells with a ZnO-coated TiO2 electrode by rf magnetron sputtering
Authors: Wu Sujuan , Han Hongwei , Tai Qidong , Zhang Jing , Chen Bo Lei , Xu Sheng , Zhou Conghua , Yang Ying , Hu Hao , Zhao Xing-Zhong
Published: March 2008

A surface modification method was carried out by rf magnetron sputtering to fabricate ZnO-coated TiO2 electrodes (TiO2∕ZnO) for improving the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. The TiO2∕ZnO electrodes had been characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, UV-visible spectrophotometer, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The study results revealed that the TiO2 modification suppresses interfacial recombination. Sputtering ZnO for 3min on 5μm TiO2 greatly improves all cell parameters, resulting in increasing efficiency from 4.76% to 6.55%.
Finite element method calculations of ZnO nanowires for nanogenerators
Authors: Schubert M. A. , Senz S. , Alexe M. , Hesse D. , Gösele U.
Published: March 2008

The bending of a nonconducting piezoelectric ZnO nanowire is simulated by finite element method calculations. The top part is bent by a lateral force, which could be applied by an atomic force microscope tip. The generated electrical potential is ±0.3V. This relatively high signal is, however, difficult to measure due to the low capacitance of the ZnO nanowire (∼4×10−5pF) as compared to the capacitance of most preamplifiers (∼5pF). A further problem arises from the semiconducting properties of experimentally fabricated ZnO nanowires which causes the disappearance of the voltage signal within picoseconds.
Vitrification is essential for anhydrobiosis in an African chironomid,
Polypedilum vanderplanki
Authors: Sakurai Minoru , Furuki Takao , Akao Ken-ichi , Tanaka Daisuke , Nakahara Yuichi , Kikawada Takahiro , Watanabe Masahiko , Okuda Takashi
Published: March 2008

Anhydrobiosis is an extremely dehydrated state in which organisms show no detectable metabolism but retain the ability to revive after rehydration. Thus far, two hypotheses have been proposed to explain how cells are protected during dehydration: (
i
) water replacement by compatible solutes and (
ii
) vitrification. The present study provides direct physiological and physicochemical evidence for these hypotheses in an African chironomid,
Polypedilum vanderplanki
, which is the largest multicellular animal capable of anhydrobiosis. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analyses indicated that the anhydrobiotic larvae were in a glassy state up to as high as 65°C. Changing from the glassy to the rubbery state by either heating or allowing slight moisture uptake greatly decreased the survival rate of dehydrated larvae. In addition, FTIR spectra showed that sugars formed hydrogen bonds with phospholipids and that membranes remained in the liquid-crystalline state in the anhydrobiotic larvae. These results indicate that larvae of
P. vanderplanki
survive extreme dehydration by replacing the normal intracellular medium with a biological glass. When entering anhydrobiosis,
P. vanderplanki
accumulated nonreducing disaccharide trehalose that was uniformly distributed throughout the dehydrated body by FTIR microscopic mapping image. Therefore, we assume that trehalose plays important roles in water replacement and intracellular glass formation, although other compounds are surely involved in these phenomena.
MiR-15a and miR-16-1 cluster functions in human leukemia
Authors: Calin George A. , Cimmino Amelia , Fabbri Muller , Ferracin Manuela , Wojcik Sylwia E. , Shimizu Masayoshi , Taccioli Cristian , Zanesi Nicola , Garzon Ramiro , Aqeilan Rami I. , Alder Hansjuerg , Volinia Stefano , Rassenti Laura , Liu Xiuping , Liu Chang-gong , Kipps Thomas J. , Negrini Massimo , Croce Carlo M.
Published: March 2008

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs regulating gene expression that play roles in human diseases, including cancer. Each miRNA is predicted to regulate hundreds of transcripts, but only few have experimental validation. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common adult human leukemia,
miR-15a
and
miR-16-1
are lost or down-regulated in the majority of cases. After our previous work indicating a tumor suppressor function of
miR-15a/16-1
by targeting the
BCL2
oncogene, here, we produced a high-throughput profiling of genes modulated by
miR-15a/16-1
in a leukemic cell line model (MEG-01) and in primary CLL samples. By combining experimental and bioinformatics data, we identified a
miR-15a/16-1
-gene signature in leukemic cells. Among the components of the
miR-15a/16-1
signature, we observed a statistically significant enrichment in AU-rich elements (AREs). By examining the Gene Ontology (GO) database, a significant enrichment in cancer genes (such as
MCL1
,
BCL2
,
ETS1
, or
JUN
) that directly or indirectly affect apoptosis and cell cycle was found.
A global perspective of the richness and evenness of traditional crop-variety diversity maintained by farming communities
Authors: Jarvis Devra I. , Brown Anthony H. D. , Cuong Pham Hung , Collado-Panduro Luis , Latournerie-Moreno Luis , Gyawali Sanjaya , Tanto Tesema , Sawadogo Mahamadou , Mar Istvan , Sadiki Mohammed , Hue Nguyen Thi-Ngoc , Arias-Reyes Luis , Balma Didier , Bajracharya Jwala , Castillo Fernando , Rijal Deepak , Belqadi Loubna , Rana Ram , Saidi Seddik , Ouedraogo Jeremy , Zangre Roger , Rhrib Keltoum , Chavez Jose Luis , Schoen Daniel , Sthapit Bhuwon , De Santis Paola , Fadda Carlo , Hodgkin Toby
Published: March 2008

Varietal data from 27 crop species from five continents were drawn together to determine overall trends in crop varietal diversity on farm. Measurements of richness, evenness, and divergence showed that considerable crop genetic diversity continues to be maintained on farm, in the form of traditional crop varieties. Major staples had higher richness and evenness than nonstaples. Variety richness for clonal species was much higher than that of other breeding systems. A close linear relationship between traditional variety richness and evenness (both transformed), empirically derived from data spanning a wide range of crops and countries, was found both at household and community levels. Fitting a neutral “function” to traditional variety diversity relationships, comparable to a species abundance distribution of “neutral ecology,” provided a benchmark to assess the standing diversity on farm. In some cases, high dominance occurred, with much of the variety richness held at low frequencies. This suggested that diversity may be maintained as an insurance to meet future environmental changes or social and economic needs. In other cases, a more even frequency distribution of varieties was found, possibly implying that farmers are selecting varieties to service a diversity of current needs and purposes. Divergence estimates, measured as the proportion of community evenness displayed among farmers, underscore the importance of a large number of small farms adopting distinctly diverse varietal strategies as a major force that maintains crop genetic diversity on farm.
Activation of cellular death programs associated with immunosenescence-like phenotype in TPPII knockout mice
Authors: Huai Jisen , Firat Elke , Nil Ahmed , Million Daniele , Gaedicke Simone , Kanzler Benoit , Freudenberg Marina , van Endert Peter , Kohler Gabriele , Pahl Heike L. , Aichele Peter , Eichmann Klaus , Niedermann Gabriele
Published: March 2008

The giant cytosolic protease tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPPII) has been implicated in the regulation of proliferation and survival of malignant cells, particularly lymphoma cells. To address its functions in normal cellular and systemic physiology we have generated TPPII-deficient mice. TPPII deficiency activates cell type-specific death programs, including proliferative apoptosis in several T lineage subsets and premature cellular senescence in fibroblasts and CD8
+
T cells. This coincides with up-regulation of p53 and dysregulation of NF-κB. Prominent degenerative alterations at the organismic level were a decreased lifespan and symptoms characteristic of immunohematopoietic senescence. These symptoms include accelerated thymic involution, lymphopenia, impaired proliferative T cell responses, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and inflammation. Thus, TPPII is important for maintaining normal cellular and systemic physiology, which may be relevant for potential therapeutic applications of TPPII inhibitors.
Percutaneous microductectomy with a directional vacuum-assisted system guided by ultrasonography for the treatment of breast discharge: experience in 63 cases
Authors: Torres-Tabanera M. , Alonso-Bartolomé P. , Vega-Bolivar A. , Sánchez-Gómez S. M. , Lag-Asturiano E. , Sainz-Miranda M. , Garijo-Ayensa F.
Published: March 2008

Background: Vacuum-assisted devices are becoming a useful tool in the diagnosis and treatment of breast pathology. Recent publications show good results in percutaneous removal of benign lesions.

Purpose: To discuss our experience in percutaneous excision of ductal lesions with a vacuum-assisted, ultrasound-guided directional system.

Material and Methods: From January 2003 to July 2006, 63 patients with pathological nipple discharge and intraductal lesion identifiable on imaging were studied at two reference centers. Percutaneous excision with a vacuum-assisted device was offered as an alternative to surgery.

Results: A total of 71 lesions were diagnosed in 63 patients with a mean age of 52 years. All the patients presented nipple discharge. Mammography was normal in 65 cases (92%). Galactography showed an intraductal lesion in 67 cases (94%). Mean lesion size on ultrasonography was 7.4 mm (2–26 mm). Percutaneous excision was performed in 45 lesions (63%), while surgical excision was indicated in 26 lesions. The histopathological results in the 45 lesions biopsied demonstrated intraductal papilloma in 30 cases, dilated duct with papillomatous projections in 11, ductal ectasia with no papillary lesion in three, and a nonspecific benign result in one. Excision was considered complete in 41 lesions (91%). Clinical signs of discharge were resolved in 39 patients (95% of cases treated percutaneously). Mild complications occurred in four cases.

Conclusion: Percutaneous excision of ductal lesions with an ultrasound-guided, vacuum-assisted device is a safe procedure with high diagnostic and therapeutic value for the management of breast discharge.
Visual scoring of atherosclerosis in chest computed tomography: findings among male construction workers
Authors: Hiltunen A. , Kivisaari L. , Leino-Arjas P. , Vehmas T.
Published: March 2008

Background: Standard chest computed tomography (CT) examinations may contain valuable and underused information on atherosclerosis.

Purpose: To study the retrospective scoring of chest atherosclerosis in CT studies performed for reasons other than cardiovascular.

Material and Methods: Unenhanced CT images originally used for lung cancer screening of 505 male construction workers were retrospectively analyzed for chest atherosclerotic calcifications (coronary, aortic, and precervical artery origins). Findings were compared between those with a prediagnosed cardiovascular disease or diabetes ( n = 180) and disease-free subjects ( n = 325).

Results: Arterial calcifications (all) occurred among 96.6% of the subjects and coronary calcifications among 91.7%. The average total calcium score of the diseased subjects was 8.34 vs. 5.13 in the disease-free group ( P<0.001). All calcification scores increased with age. In multivariable analyses, systolic blood pressure, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and smoking were generally associated with high scores, while high stature and high diastolic blood pressure were mainly associated with low scores. Nonsignificant positive associations between asbestos exposure and coronary calcifications were found.

Conclusion: Our scoring method agreed well with preknown cardiovascular risk factors, indicating the method's usability. Chest CT examinations contain valuable information concerning atherosclerosis. This can be used epidemiologically or to reveal occult atherosclerotic disease.
Carbohydrate feeding during exercise
Authors: Jeukendrup Asker E.
Published: March 2008

Carbohydrate ingestion can improve endurance capacity and performance. Since the 1980s, research has focused on optimizing the delivery strategies of these carbohydrates. The optimal dose of carbohydrate is still subject to debate, but recent evidence suggests that there may be a dose–response effect as long as the carbohydrate ingested is also oxidized and does not result in gastrointestinal distress. Oxidation rates of a single type of carbohydrate do not exceed 60 g·h−1. However, when multiple transportable carbohydrates are ingested (i.e. glucose and fructose), these oxidation rates can be increased significantly (up to 105 g·h−1). To achieve these high oxidation rates, carbohydrate needs to be ingested at high rates and this has often been associated with poor fluid delivery as well as gastrointestinal distress. However, it has been suggested that using multiple transportable carbohydrates may enhance fluid delivery compared with a single carbohydrate and may cause relatively little gastrointestinal distress. More research is needed to investigate the practical applications of some of the recent findings discussed in this review.
Optimizing training adaptations by manipulating glycogen
Authors: Baar Keith , McGee Sean
Published: March 2008

For decades, glycogen has been recognized as a storage form of glucose within the liver and muscles. Only recently has a greater role for glycogen as a regulator of metabolic signalling been suggested. Glycogen either directly or indirectly regulates a number of signalling proteins, including the adenosine‐5′‐phosphate‐ (AMP‐) activated protein kinase (AMPK) and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK). AMPK and p38 MAPK play a significant role in controlling the expression and activity of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivators (PGCs), respectively. The PGCs can directly increase muscle mitochondrial mass and endurance exercise performance. As low muscle glycogen is generally associated with greater activation of these pathways, the concept of training with low glycogen to maximize the physiological adaptations to endurance exercise is gaining acceptance in the scientific community. In this review, we evaluate the scientific basis for this philosophy and propose some practical applications of this philosophy for the general population as well as elite endurance athletes.
Interaction of CD44 and hyaluronan is the dominant mechanism for neutrophil sequestration in inflamed liver sinusoids
Authors: McDonald Braedon , McAvoy Erin F. , Lam Florence , Gill Varinder , de la Motte Carol , Savani Rashmin C. , Kubes Paul
Published: March 2008

Adhesion molecules known to be important for neutrophil recruitment in many other organs are not involved in recruitment of neutrophils into the sinusoids of the liver. The prevailing view is that neutrophils become physically trapped in inflamed liver sinusoids. In this study, we used a biopanning approach to identify hyaluronan (HA) as disproportionately expressed in the liver versus other organs under both basal and inflammatory conditions. Spinning disk intravital microscopy revealed that constitutive HA expression was restricted to liver sinusoids. Blocking CD44–HA interactions reduced neutrophil adhesion in the sinusoids of endotoxemic mice, with no effect on rolling or adhesion in postsinusoidal venules. Neutrophil but not endothelial CD44 was required for adhesion in sinusoids, yet neutrophil CD44 avidity for HA did not increase significantly in endotoxemia. Instead, activation of CD44–HA engagement via qualitative modification of HA was demonstrated by a dramatic induction of serum-derived HA-associated protein in sinusoids in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS-induced hepatic injury was significantly reduced by blocking CD44–HA interactions. Administration of anti-CD44 antibody 4 hours after LPS rapidly detached adherent neutrophils in sinusoids and improved sinusoidal perfusion in endotoxemic mice, revealing CD44 as a potential therapeutic target in systemic inflammatory responses involving the liver.
Phospholipase C-γ2 and Vav cooperate within signaling microclusters to propagate B cell spreading in response to membrane-bound antigen
Authors: Weber Michele , Treanor Bebhinn , Depoil David , Shinohara Hisaaki , Harwood Naomi E. , Hikida Masaki , Kurosaki Tomohiro , Batista Facundo D.
Published: March 2008

B cell receptor (BCR) recognition of membrane-bound antigen initiates a spreading and contraction response, the extent of which is controlled through the formation of signaling-active BCR-antigen microclusters and ultimately affects the outcome of B cell activation. We followed a genetic approach to define the molecular requirements of BCR-induced spreading and microcluster formation. We identify a key role for phospholipase C-γ2 (PLCγ2), Vav, B cell linker, and Bruton's tyrosine kinase in the formation of highly coordinated “microsignalosomes,” the efficient assembly of which is absolutely dependent on Lyn and Syk. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we examine at high resolution the recruitment of PLCγ2 and Vav to microsignalosomes, establishing a novel synergistic relationship between the two. Thus, we demonstrate the importance of cooperation between components of the microsignalosome in the amplification of signaling and propagation of B cell spreading, which is critical for appropriate B cell activation.
A SYSTEM FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF INTEGRATED CONCENTRATIONS OF HORMONES IN THE BLOOD
Authors: DAGGETT PETER
Published: March 2008

The study of integrated concentrations of hormones in the blood can be used to assess accurately the activity of endocrine diseases. A system for making such measurements is described, based on a new pump and double lumen catheter. The properties of this system are discussed and previous systems from the literature are reviewed.
EFFECT OF A LARGE DOSE OF THYROTROPHIN RELEASING FACTOR ON PITUITARY AND THYROID FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH PARKINSONISM
Authors: NISULA BRUCE C. , GLAUBIGER GEORGE A. , LOUVET JEAN‐PIERRE , CHASE N.
Published: March 2008

Thyrotrophin releasing factor (TRF) was given intravenously in doses of 0.5 mg and 20 mg to six patients with Parkinsonism treated with l‐dopa. Plasma thyrotrophin (TSH), prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) were measured before and after TRF infusion. The observation that FSH and LH did not change in response to either dose of TRF confirmed specificity of the effects of TRF for certain anterior pituitary functions. The plasma TSH and prolactin levels achieved after 20 mg TRF were considerably greater and were maintained longer than those after 0.5 mgTRF. However, despite a seven fold increase in the overall TSH response, the T4 and T3 responses to 20 mg TRF were not significantly greater than those to 0.5 mg TRF. The explanation for this discrepancy between immunoreactive TSH levels and apparent biologic effect is unclear.
SUPPRESSION OF PLASMA GROWTH HORMONE LEVELS WITH GLUCOSE INFUSION IN PATIENTS WITH ACROMEGALY
Authors: NAKAGAWA KOJI , OBARA TAKAO
Published: March 2008

Intravenous glucose infusion which increased blood glucose levels over 27.8 mmol/1 suppressed plasma GH levels by 41–74% in five acromegalic patients with basal concentrations of less than 20 mu/1, but not in six patients with basal levels over 80 mu/1. Oral 100 g glucose loading had little suppressing effect in both groups. These results appear to indicate that the suppressibility with hyperglycaemia is partially retained or restored in some, if not all, patients of acromegaly with lower GH secreting activity.
Whole body elemental composition in patients with essential hypertension
Authors: WILLIAMS E. D. , BODDY K. , BROWN J. J. , CUMMING A. M. M. , DAVIES D. L. , HARVEY I. R. , HAYWOOD J. K. , LEVER A. F. , ROBERTSON J. I. S.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The whole body content of sodium, chlorine and potassium has been measured in 30 patients with essential hypertension, using the techniques of in vivo neutron activation analysis and whole body counting. Total exchangeable sodium and potassium were also measured, and found to be well correlated with the total body amounts of these elements. Comparable measurements on normotensive subjects could not be obtained, but results for both elements were similar to those expected on the basis of published values for healthy normal body composition. Similarly, no abnormality was found in the average body content of the other major elements (chlorine, calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen). We therefore have no evidence that essential hypertension is associated with any abnormality in the mean body content of these elements. However, there was some evidence of a relationship between body sodium and blood pressure in this study group.
Changes in splanchnic blood flow in portal hypertensive rats
Authors: BLANCHET LAURENCE , LEBREC DIDIER
Published: March 2008

Abstract. This study was undertaken to assess splanchnic blood flow in rats with portal hypertension induced by portal vein stenosis. Splanchnic blood flow, estimated by the microsphere method, was significantly higher in portal hypertensive rats than in sham‐operated rats: 26·5±3·9 (mean ±SD) and 17·5±3·3 ml/min, respectively (P<0·001). Hepatic blood flow, estimated by the clearance method, was significantly lower in portal hypertensive rats than in sham‐operated rats: 12·7±1·1 and 17·3±2·8 ml/min, respectively (P<0·001). It is concluded that splanchnic blood flow is increased in rats with portal hypertension and that hepatic blood flow is different from splanchnic blood flow in these portal hypertensive rats. It is hypothesized that splanchnic blood flow may also be increased in patients with portal hypertension.
Effect of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and growth hormone on cAMP content of growth cartilage in experimental uraemia
Authors: KREUSSER W. , WEINKAUFF R. , MEHLS O. , RITZ E.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The response of proximal tibial growth cartilage cAMP content to different hormonal stimuli, i.e. parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and somatotropic hormone was evaluated in rats with bilateral or subtotal nephrectomy. In uraemic rats, basal cAMP content of growth cartilage was unchanged. Administration of 1–34 PTH in vivo or incubation of growth cartilage with 1–34 PTH in vitro caused a significantly smaller increment of cAMP in uraemic rats (40 IU PTH in vivo: 11·4±1·01 pmol cAMP/mg protein; controls 24·0±2·55; P<0·001). This finding implies PTH resistance. Diminished cAMP response in uraemic animals was not changed by pretreatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 or parathyroidectomy. The increment of cAMP content of growth cartilage of uraemic animals was significantly (P<0·01) greater after in vivo administration of 10 IU calcitonin (46·1±4·89 pmol/mg protein; control: 29·0±3·99) or incubation of cartilage with calcitonin in vitro. This finding implies overresponsiveness to calcitonin. Neither in acute nor in chronic uraemia, STH caused a significant change of cartilage cAMP or cGMP content, but STH stimulated 3H‐thymidine incorporation into chondrocytes of rats with 5 days uraemia (solvent 2·98±0·51 times 103 cpm per cartilage; STH 5·08±0·34; P<0·05) and caused significant improvement of longitudinal growth of rats with 20 days uraemia.
The spectrum of the factor 8 (F8) defects in Taiwanese patients with haemophilia A
Authors: MA G.‐C. , CHANG S.‐P. , CHEN M. , KUO S.‐J. , CHANG C.‐S. , SHEN M.‐C.
Published: March 2008

Summary.  Haemophilia A (HA) is an X‐linked recessive bleeding disorder caused by various types of pathological defects in the factor VIII gene (F8), which encodes coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). To date, several studies on the spectra of F8 defects have been performed in Western populations, but similar studies in Asian races are scarce. Here, we report the distribution of the mutations within the F8 gene in 31 Taiwanese unrelated HA patients (19 severe and 10 moderate/mild males and two severe females). Of these, 12 (38.7%) and one (3.2%) severe males were genotyped with the recurrent IVS22 and IVS1 inversion, respectively, similar to that in general populations (IVS22: 40–50%; IVS1: 2–5%). The F8 defects in the remaining 18 inversion‐negative patients cover a wide spectrum, in which 17 different mutations were identified (10 missense and three nonsense mutations, and two small and two large deletions). Eleven of these mutations are novel: seven caused missense substitutions and four resulted in truncated proteins. To assess the putative pathogenetic impacts of the newly amino acid substitutions, computer analyses were performed based on molecular 3D modelling. The degree of conservation in cross‐species FVIIIs and the position in known functional FVIII regions were studied. The novel missense mutations found in our series all occurred at evolutionary conserved residues that may carry a functional importance in our analyses. The results of this study add the short list of Taiwanese/Chinese F8 mutations, and will enhance our understanding of the molecular basis of FVIII function and the mechanism underlying HA.
Effects of factor VIII inhibitor bypassing activity (FEIBA), recombinant factor VIIa or both on thrombin generation in normal and haemophilia A plasma
Authors: LIVNAT T. , MARTINOWITZ U. , ZIVELIN A. , SELIGSOHN U.
Published: March 2008

Summary.  Factor VIII inhibitor bypass activity (FEIBA) and recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) are the common bypassing agents for treating haemophilia A or haemophilia B patients who developed an inhibitor to factor VIII or IX, respectively. As these preparations differ in their composition and mode of action, combined therapy, either sequential or simultaneous has recently been used for achieving haemostasis during bleeding episodes in patients who became refractory to FEIBA or rFVIIa when each was given alone. In this in vitro study, we show by a sensitive assay of thrombin generation that phospholipids present in FEIBA and other procoagulants contribute to FEIBA’s activity and that exogenous phospholipids are essential for the activity of rFVIIa. We also demonstrate that the combination of FEIBA and rFVIIa has a marked synergistic effect on thrombin generation in plasma of a haemophilia A patient with a high titre of an inhibitor. It is conceivable that simultaneous administration of small doses of FEIBA and rFVIIa may be beneficial in treating haemophilia A patients, with an inhibitor to FVIII, who are resistant to conventional therapy.
Integrating database technology, rule‐based systems and temporal reasoning for effective information systems: the TEMPORA paradigm
Authors: Loucopoulos P. , McBrien P. , Schumacker F. , Theodoulidis B. , Kopanas V. , Wangler B.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Recent years have witnessed a growing realization that the development of large data‐intensive, transaction‐oriented information systems is becoming increasingly more difficult as user requirements become broader and more sophisticated. Contemporary approaches have been criticized for producing systems which are difficult to maintain and which provide little assistance in organizational developments. This paper introduces the TEMPORA paradigm, which is currently under development and which advocates a closer alignment between organizational policy and information system functionality. This viewpoint impacts on a number of critical issues related to the development process of information systems most notably in the nature of conceptual models, the discipline adopted for the development, the type of support provided by CASE tools and the run‐time environment. The paper introduces the philosophy and architecture of the TEMPORA paradigm and describes the conceptual models, tools and run‐time environment which render such an approach a feasible undertaking.
The strategic dimension of transactional information systems: some organizational implications
Authors: Andreu R , Ricart JE , Valor J
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Often information systems (IS) are classified in three groups: (a) transactional, used mainly for co‐ordination and resource allocation purposes at the operational level of a company; (b) tactical, often employed to support the resource procurement activities typical of middle management; and (c) information systems for strategic decision making, designed to help in the planning and strategy design processes which are the direct responsibility of top management. In general, the amount of care and management attention that companies give to these different types of systems is proportional to their position in this hierarchy: little attention is devoted to the mundane transaction‐pushing systems and exquisite care is put into developing the sophisticated decision making aid for the CEO and his/her staff.

The IS/IT literature has been reporting quite commonly cases in which companies have attained or lost great competitive advantages by way of their transactional information systems [for example, Emery Worldwide, Baxter Healthcare ASAP system, and Frontier Airlines]. The aim of this paper is to identify actions that companies can take to realize potential benefits of their IS, in particular from their low‐level, transactional IS.

Among other actions, we will conclude that companies would be better off if they: (a) have the IS department at the right place in the organization, staffed with people knowledgeable about the basic nature of the business in which the company is engaged; (b) are sensible to what can be called ‘strategic maintenance’ of systems, (c) set up a formal procedure for IS planning to ensure coherence between IS plans and business plans, derived, in turn, from business strategy, and (d) keep abreast of the relevant technology.

Several examples taken from European companies are used to illustrate these conclusions.
The organizational fit of information systems
Authors: Livari J.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. One can expect that the fit, match or congruence between an information system and its organizational context will be of increasing importance as information systems become more and more integral parts of organizations. Existing IS research has largely neglected the theoretical analysis of the concept ‘fit’, however, even though it has been widely used in a ‘pre‐theoretical’ sense. The analysis of the concept of ‘organizational fit of an information system’ put forward in this article is essentially based on the recent analysis of ‘fit’ in contingency theory, suggesting three interpretations for the concept: a selection approach, an interaction approach and a systems approach. A review of the IS literature on the organizational fit of information systems indicates a lack of any cumulative tradition in existing empirical contingency research into information systems and dominance of the selection approach. Because of the two limitations, this paper regards any definite assessment of the potential prospects of contingency research into information systems as overhasty and proposes a framework for future research into the situation dependence and organizational fit of information systems which integrates contingency research into information systems, contingency research into IS impacts and contingency research into the IS adoption (development/implementation) process.
Information systems teaching: a debate on the user‐system interface in end‐user computing
Authors: Smithson S. , Hirschheim R.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Advances in educational technology have had little impact on the lecturing process, a process on which university‐level information systems education depends. This paper argues for the use of ‘playlets’, in the form of scripted dialogues that present the material in a more interesting and easily interpreted fashion. An example of a playlet is given which argues for a broader perspective on the user‐system interface. Experience of using such playlets is discussed and appropriate lessons drawn.
An integrated programme for critical thinking in information systems research
Authors: Jackson MC
Published: March 2008

Abstract. This paper sets out to demonstrate that critical systems thinking can provide the necessary theoretical background for the development of an integrated approach to critical thinking in information systems research. Critical systems thinking is itself a relatively new development in management science. By about 1990, however, it had established itself on the basis of five commitments; to critical awareness, to social awareness, to complementarism at the level of methodology, to complementarism at the level of theory, and to human well‐being and emancipation. The paper discusses these critical systems commitments and shows that each of them has, at one time or another, received attention in the literature on information systems. Addressing them as a whole, as in critical systems thinking, can yield an integrated programme for critical thinking in information systems research.
Hybrid managers — what do we know about them?
Authors: Earls MJ , Skyrme DJ
Published: March 2008

Abstract. There is increasing interest in ‘hybrid managers’, a breed of managers who blend information management skills with general management skills. Such people are perceived as important in enabling organizations to exploit information systems effectively in today's competitive business environment.

Based on a literature survey this paper summarizes what we know about hybrid managers, as expressed by both ‘expert opinion’ and formal research studies. We conclude that little substantive research has been conducted into hybrid managers. Much has still to be learnt about their possible role, characteristics and competences; and how organizations should recruit and develop them. Because of the paucity of published material about ‘hybrids’ in the information systems context, we have drawn inferences from appropriate analogues in other functions — namely personnel, finance and R&D. Relevant studies in related areas of information systems, general management, careers and management development are also put into the ‘hybrid’ context.
Evaluating Information Technology investments: research findings and reappraisal
Authors: Willcocks L.
Published: March 2008

Abstract.Investments in Information Technology are large and rising, but frequently the subject of disappointed expectations. Some explanations can be found in how they are evaluated and controlled. The paper reports findings from case study work and a 50 organization research project carried out in 1990‐91. It first highlights 10 common problem areas that can be addressed. It then focuses on evaluation at the critical feasibility stage of projects and identifies from the research a number of ways in which evaluation practice can be improved. It finds a fall‐off in evaluation at subsequent project stages, little attempt to link evaluation across the lifetime of systems, and a fragmented approach to learning from the evaluation experience for future investments. A number of modern alternatives to traditional financially based investment appraisal techniques that dominate the sample are then critically assessed. Tailored to specific organizational circumstances and projects these offer ways forward. Broader thinking, in terms of Information Systems (IS) investments, and a deeper understanding of IS as human activity systems lead on to multiple effectiveness criteria and related measures. However, major improvements may lie in allying more appropriate techniques and measures to developing evaluation as an organizational and social process, with the deeper organizational learning about IT this would entail.
Should we be surprised at expert system success ?
Authors: Powell P.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Expert systems proliferate. They are now a usable and used tool in a variety of organizations. However, little research has been undertaken on the quantification of success or failure of expert system projects. By and large the only test carried out for expert system validation is one of comparison of the conclusions of the system with those of an expert or team of experts. While questioning the validity, this paper accepts that this method is being used and analyses whether or not the results obtained from this type of test should be a surprise. That is, what sort of results should be expected and to what extent do the reported ones live up to these expectations? Earlier research from the field of human information processing casts doubts on the success claims made for current expert systems. The implications of this research are then analysed in order to explore the possible redeeming features of expert systems which are not taken into account in such comparisons. The use of linear models as comparators for expert systems may prove beneficial.
Overcoming the disabling effects of executive information systems
Authors: Lilley S.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Computer support for the executive has always been controversial, although the recent expansion in the Executive Information Systems (EIS) market suggests that this picture may be changing. In this paper, the implications of the upward expansion of computer use in organizations are considered. At present, most EIS applications seem to be informed by the same objectivist orientations that earlier Management Information Systems (MIS) embodied. It is suggested that the use of such systems may disable executive creativity, and the paper concludes with the consideration of an alternative framework for executive computer support.
Reading the organization: metaphors and information management
Authors: Walsham G.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. The purpose of this paper is to examine the use of selected metaphors as a way of reading organizations, and to relate this to elements of the practice of information management A brief outline of the philosophical basis of the metaphorical approach is given. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the metaphors of organizations as cultures and political systems. These metaphors are then related to a specific issue in information management, namely the development and implementation of information systems strategy. Finally, some conclusions are drawn on the value of a metaphorical approach for information management.
Measures of success for lone‐user management support systems
Authors: Finlay P. N.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Management support sytems (MSS) are systems that involve the use of information technologies to support management lone‐user MSS are such systems used by managers acting alone, whether the systems have been developed for an individual's exclusive use or for more than one user. Information systems research has been hampered by the lack of widely agreed measures of success. There are two main reasons for this. First, there has been a lack of rigour in the presentation of research findings, particularly in the definition of the types of system that have been investigated. This is particularly the case with MSS. Second, there is often no direct way of determining the effect of an MSS on the goals of an organization in the midst of many other concurrent factors. A classification of lone‐user MSS is first given. The many, often indirect, measures of success that have been suggested are then charted. These are then incorporated into a hierarchical framework of organizational goals and intra‐MSS measures. Finally, appropriate measures of success to use with the two major classes of MSS are suggested.
Successful strategic information systems planning
Authors: O'Connor Anne D.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Strategic information systems planning (SISP) is the process of ensuring alignment between business plans and objectives and information systems plans and objectives and/or the process of identifying information systems which will provide the organization with a competitive edge. This paper distinguishes SISP from both tactical and operational information systems planning, discusses the reasons for management concern with SISP, summarizes problems which may be encountered with the planning process and resultant plant implementation and then focuses on the issue of SISP success. Specifically, success is considered not only in terms of how it may be achieved but also in terms of how it can be defined (i.e. what constitutes SISP success) and how SISP success can be measured. Specific research questions addressing the measurement of SISP success are identified.
Mental models, cognitive dissonance and executive information systems' effectiveness
Authors: Ramaprasad A. , Hill M. E. , Salach D. A.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Recently there has been interest in the interaction between executives' mental models and executive information systems (EIS). As stated by Rockart & De Long (1988), ‘the most significant effect of computer support for executives may be in the enhanced mental models of the systems’ users' (p. 130).

It is proposed that each interaction between the EIS and the executive will induce cognitive dissonance in the executive. The effect of the dissonance on the mental models will depend upon (a) whether the executive is in an exploratory mode or confirmatory mode and (b) whether the dissonance is below, within or above the threshold range.

Cognitive dissonance serves to instil an opportunity for the creation, confirmation, expansion or reconstruction of one's mental model (s). This increases the likelihood of the executive's effectiveness being enhanced by the EIS and thus would enable better decision making. On the other hand, it can also lead to the rejection of the EIS depending on the mode (exploratory or confirmatory) of the executives and the level of their conviction in their mental models.

An understanding of the cognitive dissonance threshold ranges of executives under different modes of operation is important to prevent rejection of the EIS at one extreme and unquestioning acceptance at the other extreme. Continuous learning engendered by cognitive dissonance within the threshold range, whether in the exploratory mode or the confirmatory mode, is essential tor sustaining the symbiotic relationship between the executive and the EIS. Controlling the level of dissonance within certain range limits would allow opportunities for the creation, confirmation, expansion or reconstruction of mental models and thus, through enhanced mental models, enable better decision making by the executive. This better decision making results in increased effectiveness.
Organizational information management strategies
Authors: Reponen T.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Information technology is a key factor in competitiveness. Business managers increasingly have to make decisions in this field. Their involvement in planning and decision making should be active and genuine. There are numerous methods to support information systems planning and implementation. This study focuses on the organizational approach to generating plans. An interactive framework for evolutionary information systems planning is presented together with the results of applying this framework in six organizations. The author has been working with these organizations very intensively, using an action research approach. The main emphasis is on the success of the organizational method of creating information management strategies. The main finding is that an interactive way of generating strategies is not enough. The role of internal ‘project champions’ in both planning and implementation is extremely important. Outside facilitators cannot replace their contribution.
Facilitating the implementation of customer‐based inter‐organizational systems: an empirical analysis of innovation and support factors
Authors: Grover V. , Teng T. C.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Inter‐organizational systems, which represent the majority of competitive information systems, have received increasing attention from researchers. This study focuses on the implementation of customer‐based inter‐organizational systems (CIOS). A model is constructed and tested, based on literature in IS implementation and organizational innovation. Data from 73 organizations who have implemented such systems are gathered through a questionnaire. Two classes of independent variables, innovation factors and support factors, are examined for their influence on CIOS implementation success. While no innovation factors emerge as important, support factors, such as customer training and top management support, are found to significantly facilitate successful implementation of such systems. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
‘Soft’ systems thinking and information systems: a framework for client‐led design
Authors: Stowell F. A. , West D.
Published: March 2008

Abstract. Since the mid‐1980s there has been a growing interest in the application of soft systems methodology (SSM) to the information systems design process. This interest has resulted from attempts to overcome the recognized deficiencies of conventional computer systems analysis methods and techniques. A particular problem which has received attention over the past 5 years is the epistemological and operational differences between the investigative process of the pre‐design stage and the technological specification. We suggest that this argument is somewhat unproductive and advocate a necessary rethinking about the nature of information systems and the use of technology to support their activities. A re‐evaluation of the way that we set about designing computer‐based information systems suggests that many of the problems of conventional systems analysis methods may be alleviated by an approach that allows the ‘client’, or ‘user’, to have a greater control over the identification, specification and development of their information system(s). The authors' belief in this course of action has led to the development of client‐led design as an underpinning philosophy for user participation in the design of computer‐based information systems. Client‐led design draws upon and develops concepts and tools from ‘interpretive’, or ‘soft’, systems thinking and, in particular, can be seen as providing a framework for the type of subjective inquiry that Checkland & Scholes (1990) referred to as ‘ideal‐type’ mode 2 SSM. This paper is related to the papers published in the Journal of Information Systems (Vol. 3, No. 3), which was a special edition to illustrate the influence of ‘soft’ systems thinking upon information systems design and development.