bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Multiple Sclerosis Disability: A Prospective Study
Authors: Vacaras Vitalie , Paraschiv Andreea-Cristina , Iluț Silvina , Vacaras Cristiana , Nistor Cristina , Marin Gheorghe-Eduard , Schiopu Andra Maria , Nistor Dorian-Traian , Vesa Ștefan Cristian , Mureșanu Dafin Fior
Published: March 2024

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating central nervous system disease that leads to neurological disability. Brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNFs) are neurotrophins involved in neurodegenerative disorders. This study analysed the relationship between serum BDNF, neurological disability and different MS treatments. We included 63 people with MS (PwMS), with relapsing-remitting MS or clinically isolated syndrome, and 16 healthy controls (HCs). We analysed the serum levels of BDNF and MS specific disability tests (Expanded Disability Status Scale, timed 25-foot walk test, nine-hole peg test), at baseline (V0) and after one year of interferon beta1a or teriflunomide treatment (V1). Baseline BDNF values were not different between the PwMS and HCs (p = 0.85). The BDNF levels were higher in PwMS vs. HCs after treatment (p = 0.003). BDNF was not related to last-year relapses or by the disease duration (all p > 0.05). The overall values for the PwMS decreased after one year (p < 0.001). Both treatments implied a similar reduction. BDNF was not related to neurological disability (p > 0.05). BDNF values were not influenced by the lesion burden, active lesions, or new lesions on MRI (p > 0.05). In our cohort, the PwMS had higher BDNF levels compared to the HCs after one year of treatment. BDNF was not related to clinical or paraclinical disease severity signs.
Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of Cured Sludge by Alkaline Excitation of Phosphogypsum
Authors: Wen Fu , Fan Ying , Wu Jingrong , Yao Wenjie
Published: March 2024

Engineering slag is a green building material that meets the requirements of contemporary sustainable development, and the solidification technology of residue is particularly important in the practical engineering of resource utilization and environmental protection. In order to reuse the waste soil and industrial waste and reduce the construction cost, the stabilization effect of adding different contents of calcium oxide, blast furnace slag and phosphogypsum to the waste soil of a township road reconstruction project was studied. The unconfined compressive strength test of calcium oxide further clarified the solidification mechanism of residual soil and helped us to obtain the optimal curing ratio. The dry and wet cycle test simulated the influence of temperature and humidity changes on the appearance, quality, strength and water resistance in actual engineering. The experimental results show that the unconfined compressive strength of the sample reaches 1.273 MPa after 7 days of curing when the mixture of 4% calcium oxide (ratio to 100% plain soil) and 16% blast furnace slag (ratio to 100% plain soil) is mixed. When the three materials were mixed, the unconfined compressive strength of 4% calcium oxide (the ratio of 35% phosphogypsum and 65% plain soil) and 16% blast furnace slag (the ratio of 35% phosphogypsum and 65% plain soil) reached 1.670 MPa and 3.107 MPa at 7 and 28 days, respectively. The curing age has a significant promoting effect on the stability of loess. The dry and wet cycle test results conclude that the specimens have good durability and stability. The results of microstructure analysis shows that a large number of ettringite and C-S-H gel were formed in the gelling system, which not only makes the original soil more stable, but also acts as a part of filling pores, and the two work together to support the soil and improve the strength.
Achieving Higher Levels of Crack Simulation with the Improved Adaptive Static Condensation Method
Authors: Mezher Ali , Jason Ludovic , Folzan Gauthier , Davenne Luc
Published: March 2024

Accurately simulating concrete cracking in large-dimensional structures is a challenging task. To address this issue, an adaptive static condensation (ASC) method has been developed that has demonstrated effectiveness in localized nonlinearities. The ASC method aims to concentrate computational efforts solely on the damaged area, which may evolve due to crack initiation or propagation. However, the efficiency of the ASC method may be limited as it is based on a non-evolving mesh. To overcome this limitation, a novel approach is proposed in this study, which utilizes an evolutionary mesh with mesh refinement. The proposed approach employs a fine mesh solely in the activated and evolving domain of interest. The ASC method with mesh refinement is demonstrated on a notched bending beam, indicating that the accuracy of the ASC is maintained while providing an additional gain in computational time. Furthermore, a reinforced concrete vessel subjected to internal pressure is considered, and it is shown that this new approach results in a significant improvement in computational time, with a 14-fold improvement compared to a 5-fold improvement without mesh refinement. This study demonstrates that the proposed improvement on the ASC method allows for finer discretization in the zones of interest that were previously inaccessible with the nominal ASC method or a direct numerical simulation strategy.
Interfacial Behavior of Slag, Fly Ash, and Red Mud-Based Geopolymer Mortar with Concrete Substrate: Mechanical Properties and Microstructure
Authors: Long Qinghui , Zhao Yufei , Zhang Benben , Yang Huichen , Luo Zhengdong , Li Zhengyang , Zhang Genbao , Liu Kun
Published: March 2024

Geopolymer, as a new type of solid waste-based inorganic cementitious material, exhibits outstanding behavior in terms of physical and chemical performance, macromechanical properties, long-lasting stability, and features potential application development tendency in the field of repair and reinforcement of existing concrete structures. This paper investigated the interfacial behavior of geopolymer mortar with OPC concrete substrate under different slag, fly ash and red mud mixing proportions, while cement mortar was used as a control group for the research. The interfacial bonding properties of the geopolymer mortar to the OPC concrete substrate were elaborated by carrying out split tensile test, double-sided shear test, and three-point bending test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to further analyze the microstructural characteristics and physical phase components of the interfacial transition zone between the geopolymer mortar and the OPC concrete substrate. The results indicated that the compressive strength of slag-fly ash-red mud-based geopolymer mortar under different mixing ratio conditions was consistently superior to that of cement mortar, where the optimum mixing ratio for the geopolymer mortar was S33F33R33. Overall, the interfacial bonding properties of the geopolymer mortar to the OPC concrete substrate gradually increased with the increment of the slag content, however, an evolutionary trend of minor enhancement followed by a gradual reduction was observed with the growth of the fly ash and red mud content.
Resilience of Personalized Ventilation in Maintaining Acceptable Breathable Air Quality When Combined with Mixing Ventilation Subject to External Shocks
Authors: Karam Jennifer , Ghali Kamel , Ghaddar Nesreen
Published: March 2024

This work evaluates the ventilation resilience of the combined personalized ventilation (PV)-mixing ventilation (MV) system when implemented in a typical office space. This resilience is first evaluated by monitoring the ability of the PV devices when designed at different supply flow rates to maintain acceptable levels of CO2 at the occupant’s breathing zone when the MV system is subjected to a shock. The shock considers a malfunction of the MV system for periods of 3 h and 6 h, and at shutoff percentages of MV fan flow of 100% and 50%. This is followed by evaluating the resilience of the MV system when the PV air handling unit is shutoff for short periods. The following three aspects of resilience were calculated: the absorptivity, the recovery, and the resilience effectiveness. To monitor the CO2 temporal variation at the breathing zone, a computational fluid dynamic model was developed and validated experimentally. It was found that the resilience effectiveness varied between 0.61 (100% MV shutoff for 6 h and PV at 4 L/s) and 1 (50% MV shutoff for 3 h and PV at 13 L/s). Additionally, CO2 build-up and recovery took minutes during MV malfunctions and seconds during PV malfunctions.
Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Compressed Earth Blocks with Stabilising Additives for Self-Build of Sustainable Housing
Authors: López-Rebollo Jorge , Cárdenas-Haro Xavier , Parra-Vargas Juan Pablo , Narváez-Berrezueta Kevin , Pino Julver
Published: March 2024

Earth building technologies are increasingly being used to promote a natural and sustainable construction model and to empower self-building in resource-limited areas. This work focuses on investigating the use of different types of stabilising additives in compressed earth blocks (CEBs). To this end, empirical studies and laboratory analyses of earth samples taken from different sites in Ecuador were combined. Once the most suitable earth for use as a building material was determined, four types of CEBs were produced using equipment designed ad hoc to encourage self-building: earth-based, fibre additives, cementitious additives, and additives of other origin. The panels were characterised by means of compression tests to analyse their mechanical behaviour, obtaining the most promising results for the additivated samples with the highest percentage of cement and for the sample containing ground reeds, with a compressive strength of 3.3 MPa and 0.7 MPa, respectively. These samples were then subjected to more extensive tests using digital image correlation to analyse their full field strains and cracks, where the samples stabilised with cement showed a more homogeneous and consistent behaviour. Finally, an economic and comparative study with conventional construction systems was carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of using the proposed earth materials for cleaner and more economical buildings, mainly due to cost savings and lower pollution in terms of transport when using local resources.
Multiple Myeloma Derived Extracellular Vesicle Uptake by Monocyte Cells Stimulates IL-6 and MMP-9 Secretion and Promotes Cancer Cell Migration and Proliferation
Authors: Sheridan Rebecca , Brennan Kieran , Bazou Despina , O’Gorman Peter , Matallanas David , Mc Gee Margaret M.
Published: March 2024

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is an incurable haematological malignancy caused by uncontrolled growth of plasma cells. MM pathogenesis is attributed to crosstalk between plasma cells and the bone marrow microenvironment, where extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role. In this study, EVs secreted from a panel of MM cell lines were isolated from conditioned media by ultracentrifugation and fluorescently stained EVs were co-cultured with THP-1 monocyte cells. MM EVs from three cell lines displayed a differential yet dose-dependent uptake by THP-1 cells, with H929 EVs displaying the greatest EV uptake compared to MM.1s and U266 EVs suggesting that uptake efficiency is dependent on the cell line of origin. Furthermore, MM EVs increased the secretion of MMP-9 and IL-6 from monocytes, with H929 EVs inducing the greatest effect, consistent with the greatest uptake efficiency. Moreover, monocyte-conditioned media collected following H929 EV uptake significantly increased the migration and proliferation of MM cells. Finally, EV proteome analysis revealed differential cargo enrichment that correlates with disease progression including a significant enrichment of spliceosome-related proteins in H929 EVs compared to the U266 and MM.1s EVs. Overall, this study demonstrates that MM-derived EVs modulate monocyte function to promote tumour growth and metastasis and reveals possible molecular mechanisms involved.
The ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1) Contributes to the Warburg Effect and Is Regulated by Its Phosphorylation in S39 by a Protein Kinase A-like Activity
Authors: Cuezva José M. , Domínguez-Zorita Sonia
Published: March 2024

The relevant role played by the ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1) as a physiological in vivo inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthase in cancer and non-cancer cells, and in the mitochondria of different mouse tissues, as assessed in different genetic loss- and gain-of-function models of IF1 has been extensively documented. In this review we summarize our findings and those of others that favor the implication of IF1 in metabolic reprogramming to an enhanced glycolytic phenotype, which is mediated by its binding and inhibition of the ATP synthase. Moreover, we emphasize that IF1 is phosphorylated in vivo in its S39 by the c-AMP-dependent PKA activity of mitochondria to render an inactive inhibitor that is unable to interact with the enzyme, thus triggering the activation of ATP synthase. Overall, we discuss and challenge the results that argue against the role of IF1 as in vivo inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthase and stress that IF1 cannot be regarded solely as a pro-oncogenic protein because in some prevalent carcinomas, it prevents metastatic disease.
Risk Factors and Innovations in Risk Assessment for Melanoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Wunderlich K. , Suppa M. , Gandini S. , Lipski J. , White J. M. , Del Marmol V.
Published: March 2024

Skin cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer globally and is preventable. Various risk factors contribute to different types of skin cancer, including melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. These risk factors encompass both extrinsic, such as UV exposure and behavioral components, and intrinsic factors, especially involving genetic predisposition. However, the specific risk factors vary among the skin cancer types, highlighting the importance of precise knowledge to facilitate appropriate early diagnosis and treatment for at-risk individuals. Better understanding of the individual risk factors has led to the development of risk scores, allowing the identification of individuals at particularly high risk. These advances contribute to improved prevention strategies, emphasizing the commitment to mitigating the impact of skin cancer.
The PAX Genes: Roles in Development, Cancer, and Other Diseases
Authors: Shaw Taryn , Barr Frederic G. , Üren Aykut
Published: March 2024

Since their 1986 discovery in Drosophila, Paired box (PAX) genes have been shown to play major roles in the early development of the eye, muscle, skeleton, kidney, and other organs. Consistent with their roles as master regulators of tissue formation, the PAX family members are evolutionarily conserved, regulate large transcriptional networks, and in turn can be regulated by a variety of mechanisms. Losses or mutations in these genes can result in developmental disorders or cancers. The precise mechanisms by which PAX genes control disease pathogenesis are well understood in some cases, but much remains to be explored. A deeper understanding of the biology of these genes, therefore, has the potential to aid in the improvement of disease diagnosis and the development of new treatments.
Correction: Wu et al. Expression of MALAT1 Promotes Trastuzumab Resistance in HER2 Overexpressing Breast Cancers. Cancers 2020, 12, 1918
Authors: Wu Yanyuan , Sarkissyan Marianna , Ogah Ochanya , Kim Juri , Vadgama Jaydutt V.
Published: March 2024

In the original publication, there was a mistake in Figure 4B as published [...]
Firing Alterations of Neurons in Alzheimer’s Disease: Are They Merely a Consequence of Pathogenesis or a Pivotal Component of Disease Progression?
Authors: Tzavellas Nikolaos P. , Tsamis Konstantinos I. , Katsenos Andreas P. , Davri Athena S. , Simos Yannis V. , Nikas Ilias P. , Bellos Stefanos , Lekkas Panagiotis , Kanellos Foivos S. , Konitsiotis Spyridon , Labrakakis Charalampos , Vezyraki Patra , Peschos Dimitrios
Published: March 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, yet its underlying causes remain elusive. The conventional perspective on disease pathogenesis attributes alterations in neuronal excitability to molecular changes resulting in synaptic dysfunction. Early hyperexcitability is succeeded by a progressive cessation of electrical activity in neurons, with amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers and tau protein hyperphosphorylation identified as the initial events leading to hyperactivity. In addition to these key proteins, voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels play a decisive role in the altered electrical properties of neurons in AD. Impaired synaptic function and reduced neuronal plasticity contribute to a vicious cycle, resulting in a reduction in the number of synapses and synaptic proteins, impacting their transportation inside the neuron. An understanding of these neurophysiological alterations, combined with abnormalities in the morphology of brain cells, emerges as a crucial avenue for new treatment investigations. This review aims to delve into the detailed exploration of electrical neuronal alterations observed in different AD models affecting single neurons and neuronal networks.
GLA Mutations Suppress Autophagy and Stimulate Lysosome Generation in Fabry Disease
Authors: Li Ping , Xi Yuqian , Zhang Yanping , Samad Abdus , Lan Wenli , Wu Ya , Zhao Jiayu , Chen Guangxin , Wu Changxin , Xiong Qiuhong
Published: March 2024

Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked recessive inheritance lysosomal storage disorder caused by pathogenic mutations in the GLA gene leading to a deficiency of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (α-Gal A). Multiple organ systems are implicated in FD, most notably the kidney, heart, and central nervous system. In our previous study, we identified four GLA mutations from four independent Fabry disease families with kidney disease or neuropathic pain: c.119C>A (p.P40H), c.280T>C (C94R), c.680G>C (p.R227P) and c.801+1G>A (p.L268fsX3). To reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the predisposition to Fabry disease caused by GLA mutations, we analyzed the effects of these four GLA mutations on the protein structure of α-galactosidase A using bioinformatics methods. The results showed that these mutations have a significant impact on the internal dynamics and structures of GLA, and all these altered amino acids are close to the enzyme activity center and lead to significantly reduced enzyme activity. Furthermore, these mutations led to the accumulation of autophagosomes and impairment of autophagy in the cells, which may in turn negatively regulate autophagy by slightly increasing the phosphorylation of mTOR. Moreover, the overexpression of these GLA mutants promoted the expression of lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2), resulting in an increased number of lysosomes. Our study reveals the pathogenesis of these four GLA mutations in FD and provides a scientific foundation for accurate diagnosis and precise medical intervention for FD.
Access to Human Health Benefits of Forests in Rural Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Literature Review and Conceptual Framework
Authors: Rasolofoson Ranaivo
Published: March 2024

Forests are increasingly recognized for their beneficial roles in human health. However, there is a debate on how forest health benefits can be accessed equitably, particularly by vulnerable forest-dependent rural communities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Access to forest health benefits is determined by a range of interconnected means, including property rights, as well as natural, physical, human, social, and financial capital. This paper presents a literature review of the roles of means of access in shaping human health effects of forests. Evidence suggests that variations in these means of access are associated with varying ability to access forest health benefits. However, existing evidence is thin, mixed, and weak. A conceptual model is then developed to provide a framework for understanding how means of access moderate the effects of forests on health in rural LMICs to guide the generation of strong evidence. The multiple interconnected factors moderating the health effects of forests at the core of the conceptual framework promote the multisectoral and transdisciplinary approaches needed to enhance equitable access to forest health benefits.
Trends in Physical Activity and Motor Development in Young People—Decline or Improvement? A Review
Authors: D’Anna Cristiana , Forte Pasqualina , Pugliese Elisa
Published: March 2024

This paper aims to analyse studies and research conducted in EU and non-EU member states to identify and compare trends in physical activity and motor skills. Thus, a comparative overview of the state of the art in the two pre-pandemic decades that can facilitate an understanding of the different territorial realities and training needs to be conducted, considering the different cultural situations. A scoping review was conducted by analysing a series of studies published between 1990 and 2022, including only those studies that collected data in the pre-pandemic period. The search was carried out on databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The following keywords were used for the acquisition of relevant studies: children, decline, motor skills, physical activity, and young people. From the literature review emerged clearly in all the longitudinal surveys a negative trend of body mass index (BMI), which was increasing in all the countries analysed, and cardiorespiratory fitness, which, in close relation to the increase in overweight levels, was in decline. If an unambiguous trend could be declared for the variables just mentioned, it was not possible to declare the same trend for the other variables analysed, which showed discordant results between the different countries.
Effect of Photoanode Process Sequence on Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Tian-Chiuan , Huang Wei-Ming , Tsai Jenn-Kai , Chang Cheng-En , Meen Teen-Hang
Published: March 2024

Owing to its contribution to carbon emission reduction, green energy has received widespread attention. Among green energy sources, solar energy is regarded as the most important. In solar energy production, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been favored owing to their characteristics of simple manufacturing and high efficiency as a third-generation solar cell technology. DSSCs are prospective candidates for powering indoor Internet of Things (IoT) devices. In this study, to find a method to enhance DSSCs’ efficiency, the advantages and disadvantages of the screen printing method and the mechanical pressing and annealing method were analyzed. Using an improved method, a TiO2 photoanode was processed and annealed, and the DSSCs with the photoanode showed an efficiency increase from 1.10 to 4.78%.
Characterization of the Airflow Distribution near a Circuit Breaker’s Cu-Ag-Alloy Electrode Surface during and after Breakdown
Authors: Sun Jixing , Shao Chenxi , Zhang Kun , Liu Jiyong , Yan Shengchun , Liu Yang , Zhang Yan
Published: March 2024

Circuit breakers, affected by multiple lightning strikes after the breaker has been tripped, can break down again, which will reduce the life of the circuit breaker and threaten the stable operation of the power system. Aiming at this problem, this research obtained the temperature diffusion process of the inrush current process of the circuit breaker’s opening and breaking, using the Schlieren technique combined with existing image recognition technology to obtain the temperature characteristics of the airflow in the air gap of the contact, as well as the characteristics of the flow of air itself. The results of the study show that the circuit breaker breakdown process generates a shock wave with a velocity approximately equal to the speed of sound under the same conditions. The maximum velocity of the airflow boundary diffusion is about one-quarter of the speed of sound under the same condition, and it decays very fast, reducing to the airflow drift velocity within 10 ms after breakdown. The maximum temperature of the thermals is concentrated between 6000 K and 8000 K, and the temperature change is approximately inversely proportional to the square of the time. This research provides the basis for the design of a circuit breaker’s contact structure, opening speed optimization method, interrupter chamber, and insulation design optimization.
Analysis of Causes and Protective Measures against Corrosion Perforation in the Shell-Side Outlet Flange of a Sour Water Steam Heater
Authors: Liang Haiming , Duan Zhihong , Li Weiming
Published: March 2024

Heat exchangers, as essential devices for facilitating heat transfer, have found a variety applications in various industries. However, the occurrence of corrosion-related failures in real-world scenarios remains a prevalent problem that can lead to catastrophic incidents. This paper investigates the problem of corrosion perforation on the outlet flange of a heat exchanger in a sour steam stripper from a petrochemical company. Failure analysis was performed using physical testing and chemical analysis, metallographic examination, microscopic observation, and energy spectrum analysis. Intergranular corrosion experiments and flow calculations were performed to verify the analysis. The results indicate that the main cause of the flange corrosion perforation was the formation of a highly concentrated NH4HS aqueous solution during the cooling process of the NH3, H2S, and water vapor in the fluid passing through the heat exchanger, and the velocity was too high, which triggered alkali-sour water washout corrosion. To prevent the recurrence of similar corrosion perforations, recommendations for material and process optimization are proposed to effectively reduce the safety production risks in refinery units and provide valuable information for the safe long-term operation of a sour steam stripper.
Evaluation of Teneligliptin and Retagliptin on the Clearance of Melanosome by Melanophagy in B16F1 Cells
Authors: Kim Seong Hyun , Bae Ji-Eun , Park Na Yeon , Kim Joon Bum , Kim Yong Hwan , Kim So Hyun , Oh Gyeong Seok , Wang Hee Won , Chang Jeong Ho , Cho Dong-Hyung
Published: March 2024

A specialized membrane-bound organelle, named the melanosome, is central to the storage and transport of melanin as well as melanin synthesis in melanocytes. Although previous studies have linked melanosomal degradation to autophagy, the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Autophagy, a complex catabolic process involving autophagosomes and lysosomes, plays a vital role in cellular constituent degradation. In this study, the role of autophagy in melanosomal degradation was explored, employing a cell-based screening system designed to unveil key pathway regulators. We identified specific dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, such as teneligliptin hydrobromide and retagliptin phosphate, as novel agents inducing melanophagy through a comprehensive screening of a ubiquitination-related chemical library. We found that treatment with teneligliptin hydrobromide or retagliptin phosphate not only diminishes melanin content elevated by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) but also triggers autophagy activation within B16F1 cells. In addition, the targeted inhibition of unc-51-like kinase (ULK1) significantly attenuated both the anti-pigmentation effects and autophagy induced by teneligliptin hydrobromide and retagliptin phosphate in α-MSH-treated cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate a new frontier in understanding melanosomal degradation, identifying teneligliptin hydrobromide and retagliptin phosphate as promising inducers of melanophagy via autophagy activation. This study contributes essential insights into cellular degradation mechanisms and offers potential therapeutic avenues in the regulation of pigmentation.
Comparison of the Nutritional Composition of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Inflorescences, Green Leaves, and Grains
Authors: Pathan Safiullah , Ndunguru Grato , Ayele Addissu G.
Published: March 2024

The nutritional composition of different parts of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), such as sprouts, green leaves, and grains, have previously been studied in detail. This study aimed to compare the nutritional values of quinoa inflorescences against those of quinoa leaves and grains. The assessment of nutritional composition includes crude protein, crude fat, fiber, ash, carbohydrates, essential amino acids, and minerals. The proximate analysis showed that on a dry weight (DW) basis, quinoa inflorescences contain higher amounts of protein, fiber, all essential amino acids, and minerals when compared to quinoa grains. However, quinoa green leaves have higher protein and fat contents than quinoa inflorescences, while retaining all essential amino acids and minerals. Inflorescences possess a higher fiber content and a lower fat content than green leaves and grains do. In this study, nutritional assessments of inflorescences typically ranked in the middle when compared to those of green leaves and grains. These findings emphasize the nutritional potential of quinoa inflorescences as prospective ingredients to develop healthy foods and supplements that provide health benefits beyond basic nutritional functions. Nevertheless, additional research is essential to confirm and substantiate these results.
Crystalline Microstructure, Microsegregations, and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 Alloy Samples Processed in Electromagnetic Levitation Facility
Authors: Fang Yindong , Yu Chu , Kropotin Nikolai , Seyring Martin , Freiberg Katharina , Kolbe Matthias , Lippmann Stephanie , Galenko Peter K.
Published: March 2024

The solidification of Inconel 718 alloy (IN718) from undercooled liquid is studied. The solidification kinetics is evaluated in melted and undercooled droplets processed using the electromagnetic levitation (EML) technique by the temperature–time profiles and solid/liquid (S/L) interface movement during recalescence. The kinetics is monitored in real time by special pyrometrical measurements and high-speed digital camera. It is shown that the growth velocity of γ-phase (the primary phase in IN718), the final crystalline microstructure (dendritic and grained), and the mechanical properties (microhardness) are strongly dependent on the initial undercooling ΔT at which the samples started to solidify with the originating γ-phase. Particularly, with the increase in undercooling, the secondary dendrite arm spacing decreases from 28 μm to 5 μm. At small and intermediate ranges of undercooling, the solidified droplets have a dendritic crystalline microstructure. At higher undercooling values reached in the experiment, ΔT>160 K (namely, for samples solidified with ΔT=170 K and ΔT=263 K), fine crystalline grains are observed instead of the dendritic structure of solidified drops. Such change in the crystalline morphology is qualitatively consistent with the behavior of crystal growth kinetics which exhibits the change from the power law to linear law at ΔT≈160 K in the velocity–undercooling relationship (measured by the advancement of the recalescence front in solidifying droplets). Study of the local mechanical properties shows that the microhardness increases with the increase in the γ″-phase within interdendritic spacing. The obtained data are the basis for testing the theoretical and computational of multicomponent alloy samples.
Demersal Fish Community in the Near-Shelf Zone of the Cosmonaut Sea, Southern Ocean
Authors: Wang Rui , Zhang Ran , Miao Xing , Li Hai , Song Puqing , Li Yuan , Lin Longshan
Published: March 2024

Studies on the demersal fish composition of the East Antarctic nearshore region are very scarce due to the harsh physical geography of the East Antarctic region, which is covered in ice and snow year round, leading to a scarcity of scientific surveys. Based on the data from the bottom trawl survey conducted by the 37–38th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) program in the Cosmonaut Sea, East Antarctica, the species of demersal fishes were identified, and the demersal fish composition and the characteristics of depth distribution were examined and analyzed. The basic biological information of highly abundant species was analyzed. The results from 97 individuals sampled within 30–60° E, south of −65° S, indicate that the fishes belong to 5 orders, 11 families, 19 genera, and 23 species. Most of the species are found in Myctophidae and Bathydraconidae, and the most common species is Macrourus whitsoni (Macrouridae). Macrourus whitsoni and Prionodraco evansii have a high abundance in the survey. Macrourus whitsoni has body lengths of 144–662 mm and body weights of 17.3–1425.1 g, and Prionodraco evansii has body lengths of 90.18–134.33 mm and body weights of 4.9–20.7 g. The length–weight relationships for Macrourus whitsoni and Prionodraco evansii are y=0.00002x2.748 and y=0.000006x3.353, respectively. All the Macrourus whitsoni samples were found in waters deeper than 1000 m, with the highest number of individuals captured at depths of 1500–2000 m. Prionodraco evansii was found only at stations less than 250 m deep. These results complement the demersal fish composition and distribution data of the Cosmonaut Sea, East Antarctica. These data can provide valuable basic information for characterizing regional assemblages and delineating zoogeographic boundaries.
Nucleic-Acid-Based Molecular Fungal Diagnostics: A Way to a Better Future
Authors: Gudisa Rajendra , Harchand Ritika , Rudramurthy Shivaprakash M.
Published: March 2024

The world has seen a tremendous increase in the number of fungal infections during the past two decades. Recently, the World Health Organisation released the pathogen priority list for fungal infections, signifying the importance of these infections in the fields of research and public health. Microbiology laboratories demand an upgrade in the diagnostic system to keep up with the increased burden of these infections. Diagnosis of fungal infections using conventional techniques has always faced limitations in terms of specificity, sensitivity, and turnaround time. Although these methods are the core pillars of the diagnosis, there is an increased need for molecular approaches. Molecular techniques have revolutionised the field of fungal diagnostics. The diverse array of molecular techniques, including techniques like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), have emerged as a cornerstone in fungal diagnostics. Molecular techniques have transformed fungal diagnostics, providing powerful tools for the rapid and accurate identification of pathogens. As these technologies continue to evolve, their integration into routine clinical practice holds the promise of improving patient outcomes through timely and targeted antifungal interventions. This review will cover the molecular approaches involved in fungal diagnostics, moving from the basic techniques to the advanced-level nucleic-acid-based molecular approaches providing a high throughput and decreased turnaround time for the diagnosis of serious fungal infections.
A Comparative Evaluation of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Micro-Ultrasound for the Detection of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer in Patients with Prior Negative Biopsies
Authors: Beatrici Edoardo , Frego Nicola , Chiarelli Giuseppe , Sordelli Federica , Mancon Stefano , Saitta Cesare , De Carne Fabio , Garofano Giuseppe , Arena Paola , Avolio Pier Paolo , Gobbo Andrea , Uleri Alessandro , Contieri Roberto , Paciotti Marco , Lazzeri Massimo , Hurle Rodolfo , Casale Paolo , Buffi Nicolò Maria , Lughezzani Giovanni
Published: March 2024

Background: The diagnostic process for prostate cancer after a negative biopsy is challenging. This study compares the diagnostic accuracy of micro-ultrasound (mUS) with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for such cases. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed, targeting men with previous negative biopsies and using mUS and mpMRI to detect prostate cancer and clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa). Results: In our cohort of 1397 men, 304 had a history of negative biopsies. mUS was more sensitive than mpMRI, with better predictive value for negative results. Importantly, mUS was significantly associated with csPCa detection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 6.58; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15–37.8; p = 0.035). Conclusions: mUS may be preferable for diagnosing prostate cancer in previously biopsy-negative patients. However, the retrospective design of this study at a single institution suggests that further research across multiple centers is warranted.
Pediatric Chest Pain: A Review of Diagnostic Tools in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Huang Szu-Wei , Liu Ying-Kuo
Published: March 2024

Pediatric chest pain is a common chief complaint in the emergency department. Not surprisingly, children with chest pain are usually brought to the emergency department by their parents out of fear of heart disease. However, chest pain in the pediatric population is generally a benign disease. In this review, we have identified musculoskeletal pain as the most prevalent etiology of chest pain in the pediatric population, accounting for 38.7–86.3% of cases, followed by pulmonary (1.8–12.8%), gastrointestinal (0.3–9.3%), psychogenic (5.1–83.6%), and cardiac chest pain (0.3–8.0%). Various diagnostic procedures are commonly used in the emergency department for cardiac chest pain, including electrocardiogram (ECG), chest radiography, cardiac troponin examination, and echocardiography. However, these examinations demonstrate limited sensitivity in identifying cardiac etiologies, with sensitivities ranging from 0 to 17.8% for ECG and 11.0 to 17.2% for chest radiography. To avoid the overuse of these diagnostic tools, a well-designed standardized algorithm for pediatric chest pain could decrease unnecessary examination without missing severe diseases.
Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer: A Literature Review
Authors: Uchikov Petar , Khalid Usman , Kraev Krasimir , Hristov Bozhidar , Kraeva Maria , Tenchev Tihomir , Chakarov Dzhevdet , Sandeva Milena , Dragusheva Snezhanka , Taneva Daniela , Batashki Atanas
Published: March 2024

Background: The aim of this review is to explore the role of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, how it impacts CRC morbidity and mortality, and why its role in clinical medicine is limited. Methods: A targeted, non-systematic review of the published literature relating to colorectal cancer diagnosis was performed with PubMed databases that were scouted to help provide a more defined understanding of the recent advances regarding artificial intelligence and their impact on colorectal-related morbidity and mortality. Articles were included if deemed relevant and including information associated with the keywords. Results: The advancements in artificial intelligence have been significant in facilitating an earlier diagnosis of CRC. In this review, we focused on evaluating genomic biomarkers, the integration of instruments with artificial intelligence, MR and hyperspectral imaging, and the architecture of neural networks. We found that these neural networks seem practical and yield positive results in initial testing. Furthermore, we explored the use of deep-learning-based majority voting methods, such as bag of words and PAHLI, in improving diagnostic accuracy in colorectal cancer detection. Alongside this, the autonomous and expansive learning ability of artificial intelligence, coupled with its ability to extract increasingly complex features from images or videos without human reliance, highlight its impact in the diagnostic sector. Despite this, as most of the research involves a small sample of patients, a diversification of patient data is needed to enhance cohort stratification for a more sensitive and specific neural model. We also examined the successful application of artificial intelligence in predicting microsatellite instability, showcasing its potential in stratifying patients for targeted therapies. Conclusions: Since its commencement in colorectal cancer, artificial intelligence has revealed a multitude of functionalities and augmentations in the diagnostic sector of CRC. Given its early implementation, its clinical application remains a fair way away, but with steady research dedicated to improving neural architecture and expanding its applicational range, there is hope that these advanced neural software could directly impact the early diagnosis of CRC. The true promise of artificial intelligence, extending beyond the medical sector, lies in its potential to significantly influence the future landscape of CRC’s morbidity and mortality.
Whole-Exome Sequencing and Analysis of the T Cell Receptor β and γ Repertoires in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Cho Jooyoung , Kim Juwon , Song Ju Sun , Uh Young , Lee Jong-Han , Lee Hyang Sun
Published: March 2024

This study investigated the potential genetic variants of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using whole-exome sequencing (WES) and evaluated the disease course using T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire analysis. Fourteen patients with RA and five healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. For the RA patient group, only treatment-naïve patients were recruited, and data were collected at baseline as well as at 6 and 12 months following the initiation of the disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) treatment. Laboratory data and disease parameters were also collected. Genetic variants were detected using WES, and the diversity of the TCR repertoire was assessed using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index. While some variants were detected by WES, their clinical significance should be confirmed by further studies. The diversity of the TCR repertoire in the RA group was lower than that in the HCs; however, after DMARD treatment, it increased significantly. The diversity was negatively correlated with the laboratory findings and disease measures with statistical significance. Variants with a potential for RA pathogenesis were identified, and the clinical significance of the TCR repertoire was evaluated in Korean patients with RA. Further studies are required to confirm the findings of the present study.
Advancements in Glaucoma Diagnosis: The Role of AI in Medical Imaging
Authors: Bragança Clerimar Paulo , Torres José Manuel , Macedo Luciano Oliveira , Soares Christophe Pinto de Almeida
Published: March 2024

The progress of artificial intelligence algorithms in digital image processing and automatic diagnosis studies of the eye disease glaucoma has been growing and presenting essential advances to guarantee better clinical care for the population. Given the context, this article describes the main types of glaucoma, traditional forms of diagnosis, and presents the global epidemiology of the disease. Furthermore, it explores how studies using artificial intelligence algorithms have been investigated as possible tools to aid in the early diagnosis of this pathology through population screening. Therefore, the related work section presents the main studies and methodologies used in the automatic classification of glaucoma from digital fundus images and artificial intelligence algorithms, as well as the main databases containing images labeled for glaucoma and publicly available for the training of machine learning algorithms.
A Systematic Review of the Use of Intraoral Scanning for Human Identification Based on Palatal Morphology
Authors: Santhosh Kumar Sanjana , Chacko Rachel , Kaur Amritpreet , Ibrahim Gasser , Ye Dongxia
Published: March 2024

A common application for intraoral scanners is the digitization of the morphology of teeth and palatal rugae. Palatal scans are most commonly required to fabricate complete dentures and immediate transitional dentures and serve as a reference point for assessing orthodontic results. However, they are also frequently included by accident, even though the main purpose of intraoral scanning is to reconstruct dentition using computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). The literature shows that the identification of disaster victims has frequently involved palatal rugae impressions. As the skull provides sound insulation, the rugae are resistant to heat, chemicals, and stress. Antemortem data might be difficult to find during a forensic inquiry, particularly in disaster victim identification cases. In contrast with DNA and fingerprints, there is a greater likelihood of having a dental record that contains palatal scans. With specialized software, the scans can be exported as open stereolithography (STL) files. Considering that a full case consumes up to about 100 MB of hard drive space, long-term storage should not be an issue compared to a plaster model. Additionally, dentists widely use online databases to exchange data for smile design, implant registration, and orthodontic purposes. This will produce a digital database that grows quickly and is readily usable for forensic investigations. The uniqueness of forensic features is frequently challenged; however, palatal morphology’s unique trait could make it possible as it is characteristic of individuals as well as the most distinguishing factor. This review will highlight how rugae, palatal morphology, mirroring, superimposition, and geometrics can serve in forensic identification.
Collision Avoidance Capabilities in High-Density Airspace Using the Universal Access Transceiver ADS-B Messages
Authors: Karch Coulton , Barrett Jonathan , Ellingson Jaron , Peterson Cameron K. , Contarino V. Michael
Published: March 2024

The safe integration of a large number of unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) into the National Airspace System (NAS) is essential for advanced air mobility. This requires reliable air-to-air transmission systems and robust collision avoidance algorithms. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) is a potential solution for a dependable air-to-air messaging system, but its reliability when stressed with hundreds to thousands of vehicles operating simultaneously is in question. This paper presents an ADS-B model and analyzes the capabilities of the Universal Access Transceiver (UAT), which operates at a frequency of 978 MHz. We use a probabilistic collision avoidance algorithm to examine the impact of varying parameters, including the number of vehicles and the transmission power of the UAT, on the overall safety of the vehicles. Additionally, we investigate the root causes of co-channel interference, proposing enhancements for safe operations in environments with a high density of UAS. Simulation results show message success and collision rates. With our proposed enhancements, UAT ADS-B can provide a decentralized air traffic system that operates safely in high-density situations.