bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defamation and Malicious Publication
Authors: Reid Elspeth Christie
Published: September 2022

This chapter surveys the new landscape for the law of defamation and malicious publication following the enactment of the Defamation and Malicious Publication (Scotland) Act 2021. It considers the various elements of liability following the scheme of the 2021 Act, including how allegedly defamatory statements are to be construed and the requirement that serious harm should be suffered thereby. The various defences, now in statutory form, are reviewed, including truth, publication on a matter of public interest, and honest opinion. The availability of privilege is different contexts is explained. The chapter also provides an account of the new delicts of malicious publication, with which the Act replaces the common law “verbal injury” delicts.
Breach of Confidence
Authors: Reid Elspeth Christie
Published: September 2022

This chapter traces the historical development of liability for breach of confidence, taking into account crossborder differences and similarities, and the role of equitable considerations in the Scottish context. It explores in detail the content of the obligation of confidentiality, and the concept of misappropriation of information. The question whether detriment must be established is also examined The relative impact of competing public interest factors is assessed, as is the availability and appropriateness of the various remedies.
Interference with Property Rights
Authors: Reid Elspeth Christie
Published: September 2022

This chapter deals with delictual remedies available for interference with property rights. The main categories are trespass to land, encroachment, interference with support, breach of maintenance obligations as between tenement proprietors, and problems relating to water supply and drainage. Particular attention is given in this chapter to discussing the difference between fault-based and strict liability and to identifying the specific types of wrong where the latter might apply.
Introduction
Authors: Hansen Adam
Published: September 2022

This chapter asks: when we speak of the ‘north’, what or where exactly do we mean? It goes on to suggest that as we enquire whether the north is airy nothingness or solid reality, we begin to both problematize and clarify a working definition of the ‘north’, and we realise that Shakespeare and the north are (constructed as) both mutually exclusive and mutually constitutive. This chapter therefore reflects critically on the state of play in understandings of early modern – and Shakespearean – northernness, and contemporary discourses about current northern regional identities and the ‘North-South divide’ to consider how when we talk about Shakespeare (whatever forms ‘he’ takes), or the north (wherever it is), we also talk about what culture can do for others and to us, and what we can do with it, however conflicted and diverse ‘we’ are. Even as we become used to critical orthodoxies regarding Global Shakespeares, Scottish Shakespeares, Irish Shakespeares, and Welsh Shakespeares, we also need to think beyond the borders such designations reinforce.
Shakespeare’s Northern Blood: Transfusing Gorboduc into Macbeth and Cymbeline
Authors: Frazer Paul
Published: September 2022

Paul Frazer considers Shakespeare’s recycling of Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton’s Gorboduc, a play whose response to a period of political strife would speak to Shakespeare’s sense of similar conditions decades later. Frazer therefore explores the ways in which an earlier play with a northern aspect seeped into two later Shakespearean dramas. Frazer develops and extends recent scholarship by adding Scotland to the Northern mix, together with Ireland and Wales, in ways that mark the earlier play as indelibly archipelagic.
Shakespeare, King James and the Northern Yorkists
Authors: Stacey Richard
Published: September 2022

Richard Stacey develops a focus on cross-border matters to explore the Yorkist iconography and ideology underpinning James VI and I’s complex claim to the throne of England, particularly in plays debating political authority such as Macbeth and King Lear. Stacey’s innovative study of a crucial regional powerbase offers an ambitious and original reading of Shakespeare’s Scottish play as Yorkist. In doing so he extends the reach of the North as examined in this collection in extremely productive ways. This fresh interpretation of a great tragedy situates it firmly within the preoccupations of the medieval history plays of the 1590s and vitally reminds readers of the richness and complexity of the Yorkist impact on Anglo-Scottish politics in the period. This is a new lead on Macbeth as a border-crossing drama in terms of genre and geography that others will want to follow.
North by Northwest: Shakespeare’s Shifting Frontier
Authors: Hopkins Lisa
Published: September 2022

Lisa Hopkins connects Shakespeare to Anthony Brewer’s The Lovesick King and Richard Brome’s The Queen’s Exchange to show two related things: first, that the north stands in a charged relationship with the west, and second that where England’s own north begins and ends is partially conditioned by the other countries which lie to the north of it. Hopkins therefore traces the slipperiness of the North in Shakespeare. She homes in on Macbeth as an exemplary engagement with the politics of the North as a site of instability, before moving on to two far less well-known plays by Anthony Brewer and Richard Brome that show the extent to which Shakespeare’s successors drew on his work in order to present their own vision of a North that was fractured, fragile and fluid.
The People’s Shakespeare: Place, Politics and Performance in a Northern Amateur Theatre
Authors: Hansen Adam
Published: September 2022

Drawing on extensive archival material, Adam Hansen evaluates the work of The People’s Theatre, Newcastle upon Tyne, founded in 1911 by local members of the British Socialist Party, to ask: what might such a theatre make of Shakespeare? His answer addresses the place of Shakespeare as political theatre in a region where ideas of art and culture can differ markedly from those found in London and Stratford. Hansen’s account, beginning with J. B. Priestley responding to a rehearsal of The Trojan Women in a Newcastle pub the 1930s by quoting Hamlet on Hecuba, is sensitive to questions of language and representation. This chapter is thus about how the North is seen and heard, as well as what Shakespeare is to the North, and the North to Shakespeare. It is also about Shakespeare and socialism, or more precisely about the North and rebellion, a familiar theme from the histories.
‘What is Shakespeare to Manchester’? Shakespearean Engagement in the North at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Smialkowska Monika
Published: September 2022

Scrutinizing previously neglected archives, Monika Smialkowska evinces how and why, in the early 1900s, Shakespeare was used in the England’s north west (in particular, Greater Manchester) to help build a sense of identity in local communities distinct from (though not necessarily oppositional to) nationhood and empire. Smialkowska’s essay achieves this by being a pioneering piece on the Derbyshire-born Rosa Grindon, a distance learning graduate of St Andrews University who became President of the Manchester Ladies’ Shakespeare Reading Club. Steeped in the North, she was immersed in Shakespeare, and can be viewed as a key figure in early twentieth-century Northern interpretations of his work.
Postscript: News from the North
Authors: Maley Willy
Published: September 2022

Willy Maley reflects on what has changed in our understandings of ‘Shakespeare in the North’ since his own hugely influential contributions to debates about Shakespeare’s relations to Englishness, Scottishness, and Britishness, and in response to the socio-political faultlines revealed by who and where we are now.
Surgery for the Novel: Medical Practitioners in Anglo-Indian Fiction
Authors: Goodman Sam
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the representation of medical men and women within post-Imperial fiction, their social significance and the literary engagement with Anglo-Indian practitioners. The chapter analyses the critical use of doctors as an embodiment of colonial medical authority within the post-imperial fiction and the way in which that authority is affirmed, subverted or resisted. The doctors present in Salman Rushdie and J. G. Farrell’s novels offer the chapter opportunity to explore the divides of race and class, and within the structures of colonial power. The chapter considers the way in which post-imperial fiction is sensitive to representing the internal division between British and Anglo-Indian medical practitioners both in terms of expertise and professional opinions. Further, this chapter explores the gendered divisions inherent to medical practice in the form of the nurse and the midwife and the extent to which nursing roles serve to emancipate women working in a colonial setting within Paul Scott and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala’s novels.
Know Your Place: Space, Environment and Medicine
Authors: Goodman Sam
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the importance of space, place and environment both within Anglo-Indian fiction and the medical history of colonial India. The chapter is divided into two main sections (exteriors and interiors), and considers a range of spaces in the course of its analysis. For example, as a means of examining the authority of the British presence in India, the chapter approaches the spatial emplacement of colonial and medical authority throughout post-Imperial fiction, considering the way in which Anglo-Indian writers represent colonial hospitals, clinics, medical schools, the home and the sick-room, and the division between the hills and plains of India within their narratives and the way in which these spaces are repeatedly pathologised. Drawing on the historiography of medical topography, as well as critical discourses of spatiality and health, as part of its analysis the chapter considers the relationship between space and the classificatory practices of Empire in terms of race and ethnicity, exploring contested spaces of European and Indian encounter.
Introduction
Authors: Lian Chaoqun
Published: September 2022

This chapter introduces linguistic sociopolitical as a genre of meta-linguistic discourse that contributes to the ideologisation of language in the Arabic-speaking world, before asking the central question that the book aims to answer: how and why does the genre of linguistics sociopolitical continuously ideologise language in the Arab(ic) setting? The chapter then defines the discourse of Arabic language academy (ALA discourse), a representative of the Arabic linguistic sociopolitical, as the objective of the research. It goes on to discuss three features of the ALA discourse - the divorce of meta-linguistic discourse from actual language practice, the association of language and the sociopolitical world through language symbolism, and discursive routinisation - that reveal the mechanism of language-ideology interface in Arab society. In inducing this mechanism from these features of discourse, the chapter sets up a research framework by critically reviewing and synthesising theories of LPLP, language symbolism, indexicality, proxification, habitus, nationalism, world-system and modernisation. Finally, it delineates the scope of data, discusses the analytic approach informed by perspectives of CDA and describes the structure of the book.
The Arabic Language Academy Phenomenon
Authors: Lian Chaoqun
Published: September 2022

This chapter gives a historical-cum-sociological analysis of Arabic language academies (ALAs) as institutional sites where the ALA discourse is produced. The chapter sees the spread of ALAs across Arab states as a phenomenon that reifies a social role of exercising language authority in the modern Arabic-speaking world. It shows how some enduring sociopolitical circumstances have framed the development of both the institutional structure of the ALAs and their orientations, nurturing a social role that internalises tensions between state and society, territorial states and the pan-Arab nation, and the self and the other concerning language, knowledge, culture and their relations with politics and society. This chapter then argues that this social role and the tensions it internalises structuralise and orient the ideological associations between the linguistic and the sociopolitical in the ALA discourse.
Arabic Diglossia and Arab Nationalisms
Authors: Lian Chaoqun
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the conception of Arabic diglossia as a linguistic-cum-sociopolitical problem in the ALA discourse and explores the reason behind the continuing reiteration of this conception therein. It identifies three discursive habiti viewing fuṣḥā and ʿāmmiyya as organisms, instruments and national symbols respectively. The first sees ʿāmmiyya as a set of imperfect, hybrid lineages of fuṣḥā but nonetheless still affirms the role of ʿāmmiyya in keeping Arabic alive; the split and the anticipated reunification of Arabic are correlated with the fragmentation and reunification of the Arab nation. The second understands fuṣḥā and ʿāmmiyya as tools of different qualities, values of utility and degrees of distribution in Arab society; the lack of integration between the two is believed to impede social cohesion and national solidarity. The third considers fuṣḥā a key element in uniting the Arab nation but is ambivalent towards the various ʿāmmiyyas as symbols of both the political fragmentation and the geographical and cultural diversity of the Arab nation. This chapter suggests that this discursive reiteration is due to a persistent feeling of instability and insecurity concerning state-cum-national identities among Arab intellectuals against the background of politically unrealised pan-Arabism and the rise and consolidation of modern Arab states.
Arabi(ci)sation and Counter-peripheralisation
Authors: Lian Chaoqun
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the ALA discourse on Arabi(ci)sation (taʿrīb). Arabi(ci)sation was formulated as a language-policy response to the spread of foreign languages in Arab society - a language situation that was thought to weaken the national and international status of Arabic and bring foreignness into the corpus of the language. Yet this linguistic ‘predicament’ was part of the overall peripheralisation of the Arabs in the modern world-system. In this context, what were considered to be foreign threats to Arabic became refractions of the ‘sufferings’ of the Arabs under the dominant Other in the world-system. The ALA discourse on Arabi(ci)sation, accordingly, needed to confront the peripherality of both the language and the people.
This chapter shows that the ALA discourse on Arabi(ci)sation served two symbolic functions. On the one hand, it offered a way for the symbolic resistance to the peripheralisation of both Arabic and the Arabs. On the other hand, it kept alive, in the context of continuing peripheralisation, the Arabs’ aspiration for self-empowerment and their vision of a more equilibrial and balanced international order than the order found at present, to counterbalance the powerful Other in the modern world-system.
Conclusion: The Ideologisation of Language via Language Symbolism
Authors: Lian Chaoqun
Published: September 2022

The entanglement among language, ideology and sociopolitical concerns in the ALA discourse illustrates how language symbolism acts as an important and marked mechanism of the language-ideology interface in the Arabic-speaking world. This concluding chapter gives a systematic description of this mechanism in and beyond the Arabic setting. The chapter first compares it with another, communication-based language-ideology mechanism to highlight some distinctive features of language symbolism. Next, the chapter discusses the effects of language symbolism on the sociopolitical realm as well as the consequences of de-symbolisation. Finally, the chapter brings up the notion of dual anxiety as a driving force behind language symbolism in ‘Oriental’ societies, with a comparison between the script Romanisation movements in the Arabic-speaking world and in China to demonstrate. It is hoped that the description of the above mechanism will be a step forward in understanding and theorising ‘the ideologisation of language via language symbolism’ – a widespread phenomenon in our sociolinguistic life.
Critical Affect
Authors: Barnwell Ashley
Published: September 2022

Critical Affect forges a path across the current impasse between critical and post-critical methods in social and cultural theory. It explores the emotional complexity of critique and maps out its enduring value for the turn to affect and ontology. Through a series of vivid close readings, Barnwell shows how suspicion and methods of decoding remain vital to both civic and academic spaces; where the question of how we verify the truth is one of the most polarising of our age. Situating current debates within enduring ethical discussions about how to represent lived experience from the ‘Two Cultures’ debate to the Science Wars, this book opens crucial questions about the ethics of practising theory and offers a new route into the critical study of affect.
Enduring Divisions
Authors: Barnwell Ashley
Published: September 2022

This chapter introduces recent critical debates about method and affect by illuminating their links to long-running, interdisciplinary discussions about the ethics of representation. The complex conflict between the truth-values of fact and fiction have been centre stage in both public and academic debates about how to represent social life, from rifts between positivist sociologists and social novelists in 19th century Paris, to controversies over New Journalism’s fictionalised reports in the 1970s, to the ‘crisis of representation’ about writing ethnographies in the 1980s, to scandals about the truth-value of embellished autobiographies in the 2000s. All of these cases reveal a provocative anxiety about how writers - of various genres - should represent experiences, memories, or events in a way that is both verified and resonant with subjective accounts. By mapping this field for the reader, chapter one shows how our efforts to answer this question have been challenged by the need to privilege fact over fiction, or vice versa, rather than opening up the question of genre. It presents a provocative chance to re-examine the terms of this ongoing conflict.
Contexts and Issues
Authors: Nash Geoffrey
Published: September 2022

The mahdi movements’ urge to achieve cultural reciprocity with the West is theorised. The development of the movements within Islamicate territories is explored within the context of western penetration of these lands. Ancillary to the dissemination of western power in the East, the impact of Christianity on the Baha’i and Ahmadi founders is seen to have influenced their introduction of modifications of key Islamic doctrines, such as abrogation of jihad, separation of religion and state, and inculcation of political quietism. These innovations are then discussed in the context of the mahdi movements’ espousal of modernism and reform. Baha’i support for twentieth-century anti-Islam, secularising campaigns found in Kemalism and Pahlavism was endorsed and to a certain extent spearheaded by the Guardian of the faith, Shoghi Effendi. However, in his summing up of secularisation trends in religion and society more generally he displayed anti-modern tendencies which raise questions about the Baha’i faith’s credentials as a Weberian model of a rational religion.
Edward Granville Browne and the Writing of Babi Narratives
Authors: Nash Geoffrey
Published: September 2022

One of the foremost experts of the early twentieth century on the religious faiths and politics of Iran, E.G. Browne cut his teeth as an orientalist by travelling through the country as a young man and reporting on its most recent religious manifestation, the Babi movement. This chapter explicates Browne’s enthusiasm for Babism and his involvement in its eventual schism. Considering this, and the effect his later advocacy of Persian nationalism against the policy of the British Government had on his subsequent career, Browne’s might be called a ‘peculiar’ type of orientalism. Under Azali influence Browne published material which would provide ammunition against the Baha’i faith for their Ahmadi competitors as well as hostile Christian missionaries. In spite of all this, through incorporating orientalist writing like Browne’s and eastern traveller George Nathaniel Curzon’s, orientalist features became deeply engraved into Baha’i literature. Nevertheless in the long run, in comparison with Ahmadism, interest in the Baha’i faith seems to have subsided.
‘England’s rubidg’: Mary Carleton and the Early Use of Transportation
Authors: Hudson Judith
Published: September 2022

Chapter Five asks how evolving literary modes (from pamphlet scandal to drama to the early novel) reflected and interacted with changing legal and cultural narratives regarding punishment. It considers a first step towards a new regime of sanction: the early use of transportation as a mechanism of conditional pardon. While the 1718 Transportation Act is often regarded as marking the inception of this practice, transportation to America was in fact current from the early seventeenth century on. This chapter examines that reality via an analysis of the scandalous career of Mary Carleton, the female adventurer, thief and polygamist. This discussion of Carleton examines what the texts that chronicle her exploits tell us about the use of transportation as a system of pardon and correction, marked by anxieties around verdicts and their consequences. It further explores how such texts (poetry, drama and fictional biography) performed an active role in shaping the direction of this system and how that influence was to continue, looking ahead to the novels and criminal biographies of the eighteenth century.
Terminal Decline: Physical Frailty and Moral Inheritance in George Eliot and Henry James
Authors: Gore Clare Walker
Published: September 2022

This chapter charts the decline of the redemptive disability plot in the work of George Eliot and Henry James, arguing that the shift in the plotting of disability over the course of the late nineteenth century illuminates the period’s shifting attitudes to realism. Examining inherited plots and plots of inheritance, both moral and material, this chapter traces the declining power of the invalid, and the increasing association of the redemptive disability plot with outmoded Victorian values. In The Mill on the Floss and Daniel Deronda, Eliot explores the idea that those who are best able morally to understand the novel’s action are least able practically to influence it, reflecting her growing misgivings about social Darwinism, and her diminishing readiness to provide narrative solutions to social and moral problems. In The Portrait of a Lady and The Wings of the Dove, James offers still more disturbing reworkings of the same motifs, drawing on mid-century tropes of angelic invalidism only to show that they are unfit for purpose in the modern world. Ultimately disabling the disability plot to tragic effect, James paves the way both for modernist departures from Victorian plotting conventions, and modernist treatments of disability.
Coda
Authors: Gore Clare Walker
Published: September 2022

This coda traces the development of Henry James’s post-Darwinian disability plots in the modernist novel, indicating the ways that disability is used as a sign of outmoded values and experiences in texts by Lucas Malet, E. M. Forster, and D. H. Lawrence. It concludes by considering the persistence of the tropes this book has plotted through the field of Victorian fiction, arguing for their longevity and ongoing relevance.
Impressionism and the Prose Poem: Rimbaud’s Artful Authenticity
Authors: Israel-Pelletier Aimée
Published: September 2022

The new artists, the Impressionists avant la lettre, saw themselves first and foremost as avant-garde revolutionaries battling against conventional aesthetics which promoted the finished effect, the tableau, and rules of perspective. In contrast, modernists sought to loosen rigid forms and break up smooth surfaces as a way of evoking the liveliness, multiplicity and edginess of modern life. Impressionists exhibited an acute distaste for old forms. The prose poem was not an obscure genre when Rimbaud was writing the poems of the Illunimations. The Illuminations were, however, the most radical experiments in poetic prose of their time. They ushered in a distinctly different look and feel for poetic experience. The Illuminations, more than anything Baudelaire or Mallarmé had written, took Parisian literary circles by storm because it had radically altered the look of poetry beyond effacing line breaks, edge rhymes and meter, as had been done previously. In a more dramatic way, the Illuminations produced unexpected effects of spontaneity, strikingness and flatness, the very hallmarks of Impressionist aesthetics. As with Impressionist art, the prose poems of the Illuminations looked radically different and required they be addressed differently.
Cubism and the Prose Poem
Authors: Caws Mary Ann
Published: September 2022

Cubism poses certain delightfully bizarre problems to the structure and reading of the prose poem, specifically. This chapter investigates one issue in regard to such Cubist poets (self-acknowledged and/or publicly acknowledged) as Max Jacob, Pierre Reverdy, and Guillaume Apollinaire. It concerns the interpretation of three lines—how we attach, in our reading, the beginning of the middle line to the line above or the one below. Seemingly innocuous this decision alters the entire poem’s interpretation. As well as the examples, from the three poets mentioned, there will be an attempt at the general, and therefore thorny, issue of interpreting cubist writings and visual works. A perhaps still thornier issue is the origin of the cubist prose poem, since there are several claimers to that title. A side issue having to do with the punctuation of the poem, has always piqued my curiosity, when Apollinaire removes all punctuation from his proofs of Alcools. When can a Long Poem, like Zone, be a prose poem in poetry? Are we thinking about length often, and how?
The Prose Poem, Flash Fiction, Lyrical Essays and Other Microgenres
Authors: Delville Michel
Published: September 2022

It has been argued that some readers may be attracted to the prose poem format, whether of the speculative or narrative variety, because they have no patience or time for longer forms. Despite the growing popularity of such generic neologisms as “sudden”, “flash” or “Twitter” fiction, the proximity of the prose poem to neighboring short narrative prose genres has been the focus of little critical attention. This chapter investigates the interplay between lyrico-poetic and narrative modes displayed in the “fabulist” prose poem, a sub-genre often associated with the neo-Surrealist poetics of the likes of Julio Cortázar, Miroslav Holub, Russell Edson, Charles Simic, and Lydia Davis. It will begin with a theoretical examination of the relationship between the narrative prose poem and short narrative genres (such as the fable and the parable). It proceeds to consider to what extent the metapoetic foregrounding of discourse and writing-as-process which characterizes many prose poems of the fabulist variety is linked with an understanding of poetic language as a deviant use of the language of rational logic and of a number of specific conventions underlying discursive or narrative genres.
The Prose Poem and the Antinovel: Unsettling Form in Nathalie Sarraute’s Tropismes
Authors: Monson Jane
Published: September 2022

Literary criticism of the prose poem has predominantly focused on the form in relation to poetry rather than prose, and where comparisons are drawn the focus is on short prose, from the six-word story to flash fiction. This essay is going to look at less common ground and explore the influence of the novel on prose poetry, specifically during the radical changes and experiments in French and British literature during the early to mid-twentieth century. Using Nathalie Sarraute as a key channel for these fundamental shifts away from the traditional novel’s objective treatment of plot, time, space and character, this essay explores how she arrived at the prose poem and simultaneously foreshadowed the French New Novel (Nouveau Roman), known more broadly as the anti-novel, through her first book, Tropisms (1939).
An Interruption of Boundaries: On Gender and the Prose Poem
Authors: Miller Alyson
Published: September 2022

Defined by its often-troubling polymorphism, the prose poem is undoubtedly “disturbing and elusive” (Delville 1998), yet in its occupation of both the center and the margins, it offers a unique and provocative engagement with the politics of identity. Nuanced and transformative, the ambiguous spaces of prose poetry have been utilized by a range of poets, including, among others, Nin Andrews, Susan Holbrook, and Hilary Clark, in order to challenge and subvert the boundaries of both genre and gender. As a mode, prose poetry evokes a complex dialectic that is inherently preoccupied with doubling, particularly via parody and mimicry, to create signifying gaps through which the constituting performances of subjectivity might be revealed. Indeed, the tension provoked between prose and poetry is frequently recognized for its ability to disrupt conventional forms and traditions, producing a destabilizing effect which is both cultural and literary, and thus well-suited to capturing the shifting dynamics of the gendered self. Examining how prose poetry interrupts the boundaries of narrative and identity, this chapter explores how the genre troubles the delineation of self and other, and provides a medium through which gender might be understood in terms that are plural, mutable, and resistant.
The Arabic Prose Poem in Iraq
Authors: Antoon Sinan
Published: September 2022

The emergence of the Arabic prose poem in its early embryonic forms in the early 20th century and in its mature phase in the 1960s was a radical break with an established poetic tradition going back to the 6th century C.E. There are two major “schools”: The Lebanese School and the Iraqi School. The most influential representative of the Lebanese school is the Syrian-Lebanese poet and critic Adunis (1928–). His poems and translations from French were very influential in expanding literary horizons and shaping the debate about the Arabic prose poem. The Iraqi School was more influenced by Anglophone, and particularly American poetry. Its most representative figure is Sargon Boulus (1940–2008). His early translations from English and American poetry which started in the 1960s and continued until his death were transformative in Iraq and elsewhere in the Arab world and influenced generations of poet. Both Boulus and the Iraqi School are grossly under-researched. The main focus of this essay is on the prose poem in Iraq paying particular attention to Boulus who is a pioneer poet and translator.
Introduction
Authors: Caws Mary Ann , Delville Michel
Published: September 2022

poem to the German Romantic fragments of Novalis and Friedrich Schlegel, James Macpherson’s Poems of Ossian, or Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essays, most consider Baudelaire’s Paris Spleen (begun in 1855 and first published in full in 1869) as the first instance of a consciously cultivated tradition of the genre. In his Preface to the collection, Baudelaire defines the prose poem as “the miracle of a poetic prose, musical though rhythmless and rhymeless, flexible yet rugged enough to identify with the lyrical impulses of the soul, the ebbs and flows of revery, the pangs of conscience”. Baudelaire’s collection was one of the first significant attempts by a major representative of the Western canon to question the then widely accepted formal and phonic premises of poetry, namely the presence of rhyme and meter. Since then, the prose poem has veered off in various directions as antipodal as Gertrude Stein’s Cubist vignettes in Tender Buttons, Francis Ponge’s object poems, Robert Bly’s “Deep Image” poems, and the postgeneric experiments of Language writing.
Introduction
Authors: Missero Dalila
Published: September 2022

The introduction outlines the chronological span and methodology of the book, particularly in relation to existent studies in Italian cinema, in New Cinema History and Feminist Film theory. It also looks at the specific challenges of studying women and feminist archives from a position of posterity, calling for an affective and situated approach, which addresses issues of fragmentation and invisibility in archival sources and historiography more broadly. The chapter also illustrates the articulation of the book in three main sections, respectively dedicated to film consumption, representation, and production. This choice provides a holistic approach to women’s presence in cinema history, as a collective, multifaceted historical subject.
Sexism and Women’s Work: Mara Blasetti, Production Manager
Authors: Missero Dalila
Published: September 2022

This chapter retraces the affective and material impact of sexism in the career trajectory of Mara Blasetti, production manager and daughter of the director Alessandro Blasetti. Drawing from the sources in Mara Blasetti’s professional archive at the Cineteca di Bologna, this section tackles with trans-historical issues of gender inequality and sexual harassment in the Italian film industry.
Yankee Yarns
Authors: Schäfer Stefanie
Published: September 2022

This book provides the first study of the Yankee’s many performances and bodies in 19th-century US literature and culture and uncovers his function as civilization machine. Yankee Doodle, Brother Jonathan, Uncle Sam, the Yankee Peddler and the Down Easter all share a knack for storytelling, ambiguity and fraudulence. Yankee Yarns shows his different roles, as allegory or theater type, as peddler or homespun New Englander, and omnipresence in US culture. He pops up in transatlantic, regional and sectional conflicts, in villages and cities, and across class boundaries. For nineteenth-century audiences at home and abroad, he becomes the hegemonic embodiment of America’s national character, its political and material culture, and the homespun agent of its imperial fantasies.
Introduction
Authors: Schäfer Stefanie
Published: September 2022

The introduction shows why the Yankee is so important for American character. It first traces his transatlantic and etymological history, his sectional and regional meanings, and his ambiguity and fraudulence. The introduction projects the book’s research findings about the Yankee’s performance of a storytelling economy in US transatlantic literature, drama, visual and material culture from the Early Republic through the Progressive Era: He orchestrates and stars in the formation of a national culture and its political institutions.
Theater of/for the Nation: The Stage Yankee as Metatheatric Sign
Authors: Schäfer Stefanie
Published: September 2022

This chapter analyses the stage Yankee’s performance and place in the nascent American theater industry from the Early Republic through the Reconstruction Era. It follows Yankee actors on national and transatlantic stages and analyses the figure’s many functions as protagonist, farcical commentator, comic relief and preserver of national memory in dramas such as Samuel Woodworth’s Forest Rose (1825), Tom Taylor’s Our American Cousin (1858), or James A. Herne’s Shore Acres (1892).
Music Makers of the Blue Ridge (aka ‘Bluegrass Roots,’ David Hoffman, USA, 1966)
Authors: Marcus Greil
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, music and cultural critic Greil Macus discusses bluegrass and the idea of folk music through David Hoffman’s documentary Music Makers of the Blue Ridge from 1966.
Punk City Symphony: The Clash and Rude Boy
Authors: Bell Celine
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, Celine Bell uses the film Rude Boy and the punk group The Clash to examine representations of British youth and punk music and their relationship to London as an urban metropolis in the 1970s.
Listening from the Empty Booth: Performing the Grateful Dead Community in Long Strange Trip
Authors: Jordan Randolph
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, Randolph Jordan analyses a rockumentary about the Grateful Dead in order to discuss the relationship between the band and the audience, but also how technological solutions and fan taping were used by the band to create community and family building.
Minimum and Maximum Rock ‘n’ Roll: Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Rockumentary Form
Authors: Kinik Anthony
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, Anthony Kinik explores Nick Cave’s shifting engagement with the rockumentary. Kinik also discusses two opposing trends or forces within the genre, anti-rockumentaries and meta-rockumentaries.
Harmonium in California : Musically Imagined Communities and the Rockumentary Form
Authors: Fillion Eric
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, Eric Fillion discusses how rock and the rockumentary can be used for purposes of nation building through the case of Quebecois politics and the progressive rock band Harmonium and the rockumentary Harmonium in California.
Stations of the Crass: Counter-Culture and the Anarcho-Punk Movement
Authors: Tiller Asbjørn
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, Asbjørn Tiller discusses the British anarcho-punk movement in the 1980s. Using the band The Crass as the main example, Tiller shows how both popular music and audio-visual representation worked as integral parts of the anarcho-punk movement.
Unknowable Dogs
Authors: Kibbins Gary
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, Gary Kibbins uses Laurie Anderson’s experimental film Heart of a Dog and the artist’s relationship to her dog in order to discuss questions of non-identity filmmaking. The radical strangeness of the film is highlighted through analysis of language, man-animal relations and the role of voice.
“ This is a F**King Business ”: The Concert Show and Tour In 1970s Hollywood Fiction Films
Authors: Wright Julie Lobalzo
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, Julie Lobalzo Wright discusses how live music, star culture, and concert tours were reflected in US fiction films in the 1970s. Focusing on Hollywood biopics, the chapter sees how fiction films in the 1970s document the expansion of the popular music business and the new role of rock concert tours in popular culture.
US Intelligence and Al Qaeda
Authors: de Werd Peter
Published: September 2022

The book provides insights on three levels. First, it examines how Al Qaeda and US narratives in the 1990s were of great importance to the formation of Al Qaeda as organisation, network and ideology. Second, it instructively details the analysis by contrasting narratives (ACN) methodology of identifying, analysing and contrasting relevant security-related macro and micro narratives. Third, it thereby fills a lacuna in intelligence studies by translating insights from discourse analysis, critical theory and security studies to enrich the practice of intelligence analysis and its study. In doing so it also contributes to ongoing debate on securitization in security studies. Rather than seeking to identify successful instances of securitization and their effects, securitization efforts in macro narratives are studied and adopted as conceptual lens. Critical micro narratives are added to highlight tensions and inconsistencies in macro narratives. This can lead to reconsider their consistency and hence the appropriateness of the level of analysis. How contested, divided or pragmatic was ‘Al Qaeda’? By comparing and contrasting narratives, engaging in reflexive ‘narrative net assessment’, the study of Al Qaeda and US narratives has revealed how defining an enemy and attempting to counter terrorist threats also contributed to the manifestation of the threat. In articulating other and self, and acting upon it, processes of identification among members and supporters of adversarial entities were strengthened.
Us Institutional Terrorism Narrative on Bin Laden and Al Qaeda
Authors: de Werd Peter
Published: September 2022

The US institutional terrorism narrative on Bin Laden and Al Qaeda has a distinctly different character than the previous narrative. The position, role, and power of the US president has been highly institutionalized through historic practices. In concert with military strikes and economic sanctions, the US terrorism narrative served to maintain existing domestic and international power relations through threat articulation and self-identification. Key events include the 1998 Embassy attacks and bombing of the USS Cole in 2000. President Clinton also securitized the Taliban for hosting Bin Laden, but economic sanctions against Afghanistan had a minimal effect and were possibly even counterproductive. Over time US identity became more articulated because of terrorism. Domestically, a diminishing factor in recontextualizing threat articulations was Clinton’s personal involvement with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. Bin Laden’s motivations or historic and religious references as expressed in his declarations in the mid-1990s were distant and less of a concern for Americans than the threat of international terrorism to US vital interests. After the attack on the USS Cole, Clinton was in his last days of office and there was no clear securitization effort.
Critical Terrorism Narrative
Authors: de Werd Peter
Published: September 2022

The critical terrorism
narrative manifested more at a micro level and with little influence on Al Qaeda or the US. For the research its function was to extract additional perspectives on the securitization efforts identified in the two macro narratives, with a focus on framing, processes of (self) identification, power relations, and social roles. This basic analytic narrative was rooted in the reporting of British Middle East correspondent for The Independent Robert Fisk and some others, such as American CNN reporter Peter Bergen. The critical reflections on US and Al Qaeda securitization efforts in this narrative highlighted discrepancies, paradoxes, and illogicalities. Internal dissent among Bin Laden followers, and shifts in his definition of the referent subject were discussed. The narrative further highlighted the (in)accuracy of framing Bin Laden as the most wanted public enemy by the US as well as its effect on Bin Laden’s position among divided Salafists. A number of US actions, mostly in response to the perceived threat, had a counterproductive effect by both intensifying the Al Qaeda narrative and increasing susceptibility to the narrative among Al Qaeda audiences and potential audiences. The critique regarding the effectiveness of US actions brings the term ‘securitization blowback’ to mind.
Conclusion
Authors: de Werd Peter
Published: September 2022

The last chapter serves three purposes. First, it summarizes the ACN methodology and reviews problems and limitations of the research. Second, it concludes the research on the case studies by contrasting and connecting developments of the Al Qaeda narrative with that of the ‘intelligence consumer’, the US institutional terrorism narrative, while taking into account the critical perspective of the micro narrative. A special focus lies on identifying the multi-consequentiality of securitization efforts within and across social domains. This focus links the development of the two macro narratives. Third, the contribution of the book to critical security studies and intelligence studies is discussed. For Al Qaeda, the research revises the nature, status, and role of audiences, a central topic of debate among securitization theorists. Furthermore, the book is positioned as a statement in the development of a critical intelligence studies. Interpretative analytic methods that integrally and in parallel consider the development of threats, an intelligence consumer’s strategic narrative and critical micro perspectives, are highly uncommon in intelligence. Such an approach also calls for cooperation and jointness among intelligence analysts, working-level policymakers and relevant trusted outside experts.
Positive Atheism
Authors: Devellennes Charles
Published: September 2022

Atheism is mostly portrayed as a negative doctrine, as a reaction against theism, the denial of the existence of God, or as a critique of religious doctrine. This book argues that in the Enlightenment there was a considerable movement towards portraying atheism as a positive doctrine, as a set of affirmative beliefs and claims about the world that go well beyond the negative definition. By exploring four authors from the late seventeenth to the late eighteenth century, the book shows that there is an ethical and political message in the French Enlightenment that carves a place for atheism beyond its reactionary phase. Through the historical critique of Bayle, the affirmation of atheism of Meslier, the systematic ontology of d’Holbach and the dialogical structure of Diderot, atheism is shown to be a complex and evolving philosophy. By the eve of the French revolution, it is a republican, materialist and utilitarian philosophy that has been shaped by these early thinkers of atheism, one that has had a profound impact on subsequent political thought.
Diderot the Metatheist
Authors: Devellennes Charles
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides an interpretation of Diderot as a metatheist, that is a thinker that went through atheism and attempted to move past his own atheism. Diderot, whose prose lends itself particularly well to the dialectic movement between various positions, embraced atheism as a young man, only to find it too limiting to summarise his own philosophical and religious position later in life. By a careful analysis of the various interpretations of Diderot in the current literature, the chapter shows that Diderot’s atheism is itself very unorthodox, not excluding very specific versions of divine existence – such as a purely materialist deity consubstantial with the universe, a position known as hylozoism. Diderot’s politics also follows this subtle distinction. It is both materialist and full of esprit (spirit), radical and engaging with the old régime with his visit to Catherine the Great’s Russia, revolutionary and attempting to preserve. His speculations of evolutionary theory, his fascination with technological change and advancement in the Encyclopaedia all testify to the great work of the philosopher.
For Real: Tanner ’ 88, Tanner on Tanner , and the Political Spectacle in the Post-Network Era
Authors: Tryon Chuck
Published: September 2022

The HBO miniseries Tanner ’88 (1988) was one of the most innovative projects of Robert Altman’s storied career—according even to Altman himself—one that used the mockumentary format to develop a profound critique of American political spectacle at what turned out to be a pivotal moment in the media’s coverage of politics. Collaborating with political cartoonist Garry Trudeau, Altman told the story of the reluctant presidential candidate Jack Tanner as he negotiates the elaborate primary process. This chapter argues that by calling attention to the ways in which candidate images are constructed, Tanner ’88 helped to diagnose the harmful effects of political media on our democracy. Sixteen years later, well into the era of cable news and internet-enabled political campaigning, Altman and Trudeau continued their critique of political media with Tanner on Tanner (2004), a mockumentary that updates the storylines of all of the original series’ major characters. In both cases, Altman directs his critical gaze towards the role of political media in failing consumers and citizens when it comes to enabling authentic dialogue around vital political issues.