bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk of Cardiovascular Changes in Hypothyroidism in North-west Punjab Population
Authors: Jagota Gagandeep , Ahi Rajinderjit Singh , Singh Rakendra , Singh Saranpal
Published: February 2021

Background:

This study was done with an objective to study the cardiovascular involvement associated with newly detected overt and subclinical hypothyroidism.

Methods:

A total number of 150 newly detected hypothyroid patients, diagnosed by the clinical evaluation, confirmed by thyroid hormone assay, were subjected to electrocardiograph and echocardiography. It was a cross-sectional study design based on the random sampling method, which was conducted for 2 years in the Central Laboratory of Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research and Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research, Adesh University.

Results:

Of 150 patients studied, 62 were overt hypothyroid and 88 were subclinical hypothyroid. Forty-one were male and 109 were female. Hypothyroidism was newly diagnosed more in females and maximum in the age group of 41–70 years (69.9%). Of 150 patients, 63.3% had symptoms <2-month duration. Cardiovascular symptoms were present in 68.0% of patients. Bradycardia was observed in 44.0% of patients. Stage 1 hypertension was noticed in 30.7% (systolic high blood pressure). Low-voltage complexes in electrocardiogram (ECG) were present in 34.0% study group. Pericardial effusion was present in 32.7% of patients. Diastolic dysfunction was noticed in 20.0% study group. Altered lipid profile was present in 74.0% (total cholesterol) and 65.3% (total triglycerides).

Conclusions:

Hypothyroidism is common in female, maximum between the age group of 17 and 47 years. Majority of the patients have cardiovascular changes such as ECG abnormalities, pericardial effusion, diastolic hypertension, and diastolic dysfunction. Systematic study was done to know the early effects of hypothyroidism on cardiovascular system. The identification of patients with hypothyroidism is an important individual as well as public health issue. Hence, early detection and initiation of hormone replacement therapy can minimize the associated cardiovascular changes.
Anesthesia Concerns in Patients with Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy Posted for Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: Kankal Payal A , Tandale Sushama R. , Naik Sanyogita V , Khade Sunita M
Published: February 2021

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic cardiovascular disorder, characterized by asymmetric hypertrophy of the interventricular septum that leads to intermittent obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). Clinical presentation ranges from the absence of symptoms to sudden death at any age. Anesthesia and surgical stress can lead to exacerbation of the LVOT obstruction and may complicate the perioperative course. We hereby describe the perioperative management of two patients with HCM posted for orthopedic surgery.
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Vegetation Cover and Its Response to Terrain and Climate Factors in Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Authors: Mzuri Rebar
Published: January 2021

The integration of remote sensing techniques and Geographic Information System has a wide use to quantify the spatial and temporal distribution of vegetation cover. Over the last decade, a remarkable change was noticed in both climate and vegetation cover in Duhok. The Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI2) was extracted from Landsat satellite images over the 20 years (2000 to 2019). For analyzing the vegetation changes, the terrain data including elevation, slope, and aspect and climate data temperature and precipitation are used. The result shows that from 2000–2019, the average mean MSAVI2 is 0.361 and the trend increased in 77.9% of the study area. The northern and northeastern areas of the study area revealed a significant increase in vegetation, while in the low land areas it is decreased. The amount of precipitation and temperature degree affect the spatiotemporal distribution of vegetation cover. The MSAVI2 showed a positive relationship with precipitation and temperature. At elevation less than 2000 m, with increasing elevation the MSAVI2 is increasing, but when the elevation reaches 2000 m, the MSAVI2 is decreasing and negatively related to elevation. The vegetation has a positive relation with slopes less than 45°, and at slopes higher than 45°, the MSAVI2 is decreased. The impact of aspect on the vegetation figured out that the largest MSAVI2 is detected in the shady slope due to relatively less evapotranspiration.
Theoretical Models of Slope Stability Analysis in The Maqlub Mountain Rock Cut Routes, North Iraq
Authors: Al-Jawadi Azealdeen
Published: January 2021

In many sections, the road leading up to the top of Maqlub Mountain is dangerous due to the fall of several rocks. There were six locations recognized for this dynamic geological process, rockfalls of varying sizes, with very large measurements up to 230 x 120 x 110 cm are falling on the road. The study suggested three theoretical models explain the causes of rockfall, through a ‎comprehensive study in the area. The first model showed that the cause of rockfall was the presence ‎of rocky slopes with a reverse slope. The second model has shown that the rockfall is caused by weak engineering properties of marl beds and it can be squeezed under thick and fractured ‎beds of hard and fractured limestone rocks. The third model determined the small area of the rock base at the rocky slope surface and its large height that reduced their stability. A field survey was performed to study an area that included measuring the height and inclination of the slope surface and measuring the attitude of all discontinuities and their engineering characteristics to classify the slope stability, as well as the technical parameters of the road that determine the risk and consequence factors. Two computer programs were designed to evaluate slope stability, one used to classify risk and consequence (Rockfall Hazard Rating System Program) and the other to classify slope stability based on its geotechnical properties (Slope Mass Rating System Program) in addition to the areas where a rock climb previously occurred, the study concluded that dangerous sites have been recognized along the road to Maqloub Mountain. ‎The size of the falling rock cuttings was classified between small and medium size. ‎The study indicated that this road requires support in hazardous locations to prevent accidents causing losses of property and humans.
التغيير السياسي لدى حركات الإسلام السياسي بين الفكر والممارسة (الإخوان المسلمين في مصر نموذجاً)
Authors: A Jumaa Fadi
Published: January 2021

يهدف البحث إلى دراسة مفهوم التغيير السياسي لدى جماعة الإخوان المسلمين، وسلط البحث الضوء على مراحل تطور العلاقة بين النظم الحاكمة في مصر وجماعة الإخوان المسلمين، وتناول البحث صعود الإخوان السياسي ووصولهم للسلطة ليمثل نقطة تحول مفصلية في التاريخ السياسي للجماعة في مصر، وأشار البحث إلى إخفاق الإخوان في الحكم،وأن التغيير الذي حدث لمصر لم يعالج الخلل والقصور والفجوات التي عانت منها مصر، واعتبر البحث تجربة الإخوان المسلمين في مصر مرجعية أساسية في فهم تطورات الحركات الإسلامية وتحولاتها في الوطن العربي، وتمثلت مشكلة البحث في الأسباب الرئيسة التي أدت لدى حركات الإسلام السياسي بين الفكر والممارسة.وتم الاعتماد على المنهج التاريخي والوصفي لتشخيص حالة الحركات الإسلام السياسي وللوقوف على أثر التجربة الإسلامية على الواقع السياسي العربي. وخلص البحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها: أن الإسلام السياسي مصطلح يطلق على الحركات الإسلامية التي تسعى إلى الوصول للسلطة لإقامة دولة دينية تطبق مبادئ الإسلام والشريعة الإسلامية عن طريق العملية الديمقراطية، وأن بروز الحركات الإسلامية السياسية لم يكن نتيجة قوتهم التنظيمية فقط، وإنما نتيجة ضعف خصومهم السياسيين، وأن التقدم الكبير الذي حققته التيارات السياسية الإسلامية، صاحبه تراجعات عميقة.
آثار سياسية لقرار مجلس الأمن رقم (1970) لسنة 2011م بشأن إحالة الوضع في ليبيا على المحكمة الجنائية الدولية" من الفترة 2011-2016 " دراسة تحليلية
Authors: Almabrouk Abdulgader Walid Meftah , Abdullahi Abdesalam El Fatih
Published: January 2021

إن إماطة اللثام عن الاعتبارات السياسية كظاهرة ودرجة انغماسها في القرار، يتجلى مدى تسييس عملية صدور القرار لصالح الدول صاحبة صنع القرار في أروقة مجلس الأمن وليس لمصلحة الدولة الليبية، لذا يعد من المواضيع الشائكة اليوم، وأحد أخطر القضايا، وتهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تسليط الضوء على القرار رقم (1970)/2011م منطلقين من فكرة مفادها أن الاعتبارات السياسية التي بني عليها القرار (بالفقرات المتعلقة بقرار الإحالة للمحكمة) قد ساهمت في تحويل القرار بعيدا عن مسار ميثاق الأمم المتحدة وساهمت فيما وصلت إليه الأزمة الليبية إلى المرحلة ما بعد صدور القرار، واعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي، لدراسة الظاهرة وتحليل الظروف المحيطة بها، من خلال القرار وآراء المهتمين والباحثين والمختصين السياسيين وفقهاء القانون الدولي، لقد استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي وذلك بهدف التوصل إلى أكبر تفاصيل ممكنة حول موضوع الدراسة، وذلك ليتسنى له معرفة كيف أثر ذلك القرار على الوضع الليبي، بالإضافة إلى الإشكالات التي تتعلق بتنفيذه. ومن أهم النتائج التي توصلت الدراسة إليها أن كل الفقرات المتعلقة بإحالة الوضع في ليبيا إلى المحكمة قد خضعت للمصالح السياسية وكان للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية دور كبير في ذلك.
The Implications of Matthew 15: 21-28 to Christian Teacher Multicultural Problems
Authors: Dewi Esther Yunita
Published: January 2021

The reality of the plurality of the Indonesian nation is the reason for the occurrence of multicultural problems in society, including in the educational environment, both occurring for teachers and students. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis method, research that tries to describe by interpreting the consequences that are happening. While the type of research used is qualitative by conducting literature studies, a study of biblical texts in Matthew 15: 21-28, and field studies. The results of the study are: first, the teacher needed to increase knowledge about multicultural and multicultural education. Second, developing creative attitudes in learning. Third, have an open attitude. Fourth, have an attitude of exemplary, and fifth have the attitude of seeing other people who are different from themselves as images of God.
Interpretasi Jemaat Gereja Baptis Indonesia Rosypinna tentang Ibadah Bernuansa Politis
Authors: Lobodally Altobeli , Candrasari Satya
Published: January 2021

Political contestation has attracted so many people. It is including president election that will be facing by the Indonesian at the 2019. That moment has been interpreted to by the congregation of Rosypinna Church Kelapa Gading, North Jakarta. Because heard the political message is also heard in the worship. So, this researchs aim to know how the Rosypinna Church Conggregation interpret the political worship. This research is using the encoding-decoding theory, with qualitative research and the audience analysis reception as the method. This research is using indepht interview to get the results. Researcher found that the third informan can be classified in the third different potition. The dominat-hegemonic, the opotition and the last one is negotiation. Three of them are using their frame of reference and their field of experience to interpretate the message.

Abstrak

Kontestasi politik senantiasa menghasilkan sejumlah respon dari khalyaknya. Tak terkecuali juga mengenai pemilihan presiden yang akan dihadapi Bangsa Indonesia pada tahun 2019 mendatang. Respon tersebut juga diinterpretasi secara aktif oleh publik termasuk oleh jemaat gereja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana interpretasi jemaat Gereja Baptis Indonesia Rosypinna Kelapa Gading Jakarta Utara. Jemaat tersebut dipilih, mengingat kealfaan seorang gembala sidang yang seharusnya dapat memberikan penjelasan yang tepat mengenai apa yang disampaikan pada mimbar agama. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori encoding-decoding, dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode analisis resepsi khalyak. Melalui penelitian ini, peneliti menemukan bahwa ketiga informan yang dipilih dapat dipetakan ke dalam tiga posisi khalayak yang berbeda. Informan pertama digolongkan ke dalam posisi negosiasi, kedua digolongkan kepada dominan-hegemoni, sedangkan informan terakhir ke dalam oposisi. Ketiganya menggunakan
Kajian terhadap Fenomena Dipenuhi Roh Kudus Berdasarkan Efesus 5:18-21
Authors: Timisela Jacob
Published: January 2021

This study aims to present biblical facts about the consequences when believers are filled with the Holy Spirit based on Ephesians 5: 18-21. Some people are taught that people who are filled with the Holy Spirit must be able to speak in tongues or what is called tongues. This research is qualitative research using the method of exegesis and inductive exposition approach to Ephesians 5: 18-21, so that its contents are expected to provide input in the form of the correct understanding of the consequences of being filled with the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers. As a result, being filled with the Holy Spirit results in believers having a right relationship with God, and having a relationship and communication spiritually and effectively with others, both in words and in attitudes of life, so that they are not limited to understanding that, filled with the Holy Spirit can result in someone having to be able to speak in tongues or in tongues.

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyajikan fakta alkitabiah tentang akibat apabila orang percaya dipenuhi dengan Roh Kudus berdasarkan Efesus 5:18-21. Sebagian umat diajarkan bahwa, orang-orang yang dipenuhi dengan Roh Kudus itu harus dapat berkata-kata dalam bahasa roh atau yang disebut sebagai bahasa lidah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan eksegesis dan eksposisi secara induktif terhadap Efesus 5:18-21, sehingga hasinya diharapkan dapat memberikan masukan berupa pemahaman yang benar tentang akibat dipenuhi dengan Roh Kudus dalam kehidupan orang percaya. Hasilnya, dipenuhi dengan Roh Kudus mengakibatkan orang percaya memiliki hubungan secara benar dengan Tuhan, dan memiliki hubungan dan komunikasi secara rohani dan efektif dengan yang sesamanya, baik dalam perkataan maupun dalam hal sikap hidup, sehingga tidak hanya dibatasi pada pemahaman bahwa, dipenuhi dengan Roh Kudus dapat mengakibatkan seseorang harus bisa berbahasa roh atau bahasa lidah.
Kredibilitas Penulis Injil Markus dalam Kajian Jurnalistik
Authors: Swastoko Sujud
Published: January 2021

Gospel preaching through mass media is the delivery of the truth of God's word that cannot be done carelessly. Writing must be based on truth and made by people who have good credibility. The purpose of writing this article is to explore the credibility of the writer of the Gospel of Mark from journalistic studies, so that it can be a guide for Christian writers who proclaim the Gospel through writing. By referring to journalistic studies, the news through the mass media can be accepted by the reader as writing that can be justified. This study emphasizes the credibility of the author, the source of writing, and the writing model that is in accordance with the Journalistic Code of Ethics. The research was conducted with qualitative methods that took research material from the literature. Based on the results of the study concluded that the writing in Mark's Gospel mostly uses a model of feature writing or narration and shows the author is a credible journalist.

Abstrak

Pemberitaan Injil melalui media massa merupakan penyampaian kebenaran firman Tuhan yang tidak bisa dilakukan secara sembarangan. Tulisan harus didasarkan pada kebenaran dan dibuat oleh orang yang memiliki kredibilitas baik. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk menggali kredibilitas penulis Injil Markus dari kajian jurnalistik, sehingga bisa menjadi pedoman bagi penulis Kristen yang mewartakan Injil melalui tulisan. Dengan mengacu pada kajian jurnalistik, maka pemberitaan melalui media massa bisa diterima oleh pembaca sebagai tulisan yang bisa dipertanggungjawabkan kebenarannya. Kajian ini lebih menekankan pada kredibilitas penulis, sumber tulisan, dan model penulisan yang sesuai dengan Kode Etik Jurnalistik. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode kualitatif yang mengambil bahan penelitian dari literatur. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa penulisan dalam Injil Markus sebagian besar menggunakan model penulisan feature atau narasi dan menunjukkan penulisnya seorang jurnalis yang kredibel.
Studi tentang Kepemimpinan dalam Perjanjian Lama
Authors: Samarenna Desti
Published: January 2021

Research aims to explain leadership in the Old Testament to find out ideally and pragmatically spiritual leadership has essential philosophical principles and in the pragmatic level the leadership is manifested in the light of philosophical principles with a theological ethical nuance. This attitude needs to be emphasized by noting that a Christian leader is an individual who has been redeemed by God, by whom he must be sure that he is called by God to assume the responsibility given. In writing this scientific paper, the writer uses the research method namely: The author obtains data through library research that is the writing books and lecture dictates. Based on the entire discussion, the following conclusions can be drawn: First, the Leader gives influence. This means that a church or organization without a leader will not produce an order of values and good results. Second, the leadership model. This means that there are several leadership models that can be applied in church leadership and leadership in non-Christian institutions.

Abstrak

Penelitian bertujuan untuk menjelaskan kepemimpinan dalam Perjanjian Lama untuk mengetahui secara idealis maupun pragmatis kepemimpinan rohani itu memiliki prinsip-prinsip filosofis yang esensial dan dalam tataran pragmatis kepemimpinan itu diwujudkan dalam terang prinsip-prinsip filosofis yang bernuansa etis teologis. Sikap ini perlu dipertegas dengan memperhatikan bahwa seorang pemimpin Kristen adalah seorang individu yang telah ditebus Allah, yang olehnya ia harus yakin bahwa ia terpanggil Allah untuk memangku tanggung jawab yang diberikan. Dalam penulisan karya ilmiah ini, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian yaitu: Penulis memperoleh data melalui penelitian kepustakaan yaitu buku-buku penulisan serta diktat-diktat perkuliahan. Berdasarkan seluruh pembahasan maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut: Pertama, Pemimpin itumemberikan pengaruh. Artinya gereja atau organisasi tanpa pemimpin tidak akan menghasilkan tatanan nilai dan hasil yang baik. Kedua, model kepemimpinan. Artinya ada beberapa model kepemimpinan yang bisa diterapkan dalam kepemimpinan gereja dan kepemimpinan pada lembaga-lembaga non-Kristen.
New Tendencies in the Development of Modern English
Authors: Alexandrova Olga
Published: January 2021

The 21st century is facing a new qualitative level of technological advances which have had a significant impact on human lifestyle and human language alike. Since language is a most important means of cognition, it plays an essential role in the development process of the world. In this regard, English, being the most widely used language in the international communication, is, perhaps, the most flexible one. Under the external factors and due to ever-changing human thinking, language undergoes significant changes both in oral and in written speech as well as in the overall language system.
On the Concept of Emphatic Rheme
Authors: Mkhitarian Yelena
Published: January 2021

Distinction is an efficient syntactic device which helps highlight the rhematic part of an utterance in a most expressive way separating it from the core of the sentence and presenting it either fully or partially. In certain cases, the distinction can be so influential that it can bring about semantic changes in the structure singled out.
Verbal and Non-verbal Representations of Conflict in Speech
Authors: Bekaryan Lilit
Published: January 2021

The choice of the language means by the interlocuters to express their disposition towards each other, the strategy they apply as well as the use of emotive-expressive and paralinguistic means are of immense importance in conflict interaction (CI).The article attempts to reveal the verbal and non-verbal means that help express conflict in the process of communication. Generalizing the findings of the research three degrees of intensity of conflict interaction have been distinguished – low, mid-level and high.
Egocentricity in the English Generic Pronouns: Semantics and Pragmatics
Authors: Tonyan Marika
Published: January 2021

The article analyses the self-centered semantic component of generic pronouns. The examination of the nature and content of this component in the present article is based on surveys with language bearers. The presence of the meaning described explains the pragmatic and stylistic applications of these pronouns, particularly their linguistic-demagogic function which aims to exert a direct impact on the listener.
Lexical Syntagms in Publicistic Prose
Authors: Muradyan Gayane
Published: January 2021

The connection between lexical syntagms and functional-stylistic orientation in the Publicistic Prose is more evident due to adjectives ending in -able which, in fact, realize the category of the probability of the action. The wide use of lexical syntagms in the Publicistic Prose leads to stylistic marking and endows these units with a distinctive stylistic feature.
The Functional Value of the Participle in a Patent Text
Authors: Gasparyan Naira
Published: January 2021

The use of the Participle in a patent text is highly specific and makes it easily recognizable. On the one hand, the Participle plays a leading role between the main sentence and the participial clause, on the other hand, appearing in the main articles of the closing passage of the patent text, it aims to introduce and discuss the new crucial features of the invention avoiding unimportant words. It is also a bearer of theme-rheme relations in the text of the patent.
Culture Studies: A Bridge from Native Cultural Content to Learners’ Intercultural Competence
Authors: Gasparyan Gayane
Published: January 2021

In recent decades the use of communicative methods of foreign language teaching has resulted in tangible changes and teaching has focused on the content of public culture and the further development of its intercultural approach. The traditional grammar-translation method with its linguistic restrictions has developed into a wider methodology of teaching based on the model of “language within culture”/ “culture within language”. The use of this model gives preference to the social environment of the given language in the context of its cultural history, norms and values.The idea of the creation of a “New World” forces the learner to feel more confident in different environments of interchangeable cultures and get acquainted with new cultural values. The university teaching course Culture Studies promotes the so-called “cultural competence” and the perception of a foreign language in the extralinguistic features of “the new world” attaching special importance to the development of intercultural knowledge.
Global English and New Sociocultural Concepts in Armenia
Authors: Yernjakyan Nvard
Published: January 2021

The political, economic and social changes in Armenia have their direct impact on linguistic realities and studies in the field of linguistics. The article views the official and popular equivalents of the English words and word combinations in the language of public management as an influence of the global English which predominantly is the result of the manifold activities of international organizations.
Communicative Approach to Foreign Language Teaching
Authors: Karapetyan Karo
Published: January 2021

The use of the Communicative Approach to foreign language teaching has been in the center of methodological discussions since the 1960s. This can be explained by the active development of myriad international relations (economic, political, scientific, etc.). Research suggests that the communicative approach of teaching can be ensured through the identification of sociolinguistic factors: The article provides various approaches of the use of the communicative method in teaching.
An Approach to Report Writing in the World of Work
Authors: Keedwell Andy
Published: January 2021

The British Council has elaborated certain materials aimed at developing the writing skills, especially report writing, of the students who have already reached upper-intermediate level of English competence. The article presents the process of the use of the abovementioned materials among Armenian junior diplomats and other people working in other fields. It further analyzes the methods that will help overcome linguistic difficulties that might arise while writing a report.
Metaphor in the Author's Comments
Authors: Matevosyan Armine
Published: January 2021

Metaphor is the most characteristic element of a literary text since it reflects the individual style of the author and provides the reader with some information about the secret part of his/her creativity.The article investigates the metaphors in D.H. Lawrence’s authorial comments in his stories. Authorial comments are one of the methods used in poetic speech to provide a more complete picture of the personalities of the characters involved and their speech characteristics.
Metaphor in the Bible
Authors: Gevorgyan Gourgen
Published: January 2021

Metaphor as a stylistic device is widely used in fiction. Writers can usually be easily identified due to the metaphors they use in their works. Metaphor is one of the basic devices of imagery. The Bible abounds in metaphors and the system of imagery in the Holy Book is heavily dependent on this device. Here, metaphors appear not only in the form of words, but of sentences, as well. Symbols, which are specific to the Bible, communicate a special meaning to the events and phenomena described.
Derivational Valency and Potential of Combining Forms in Present-Day English Word-Building
Authors: Alanakyan Aida
Published: January 2021

Linguistic units known as “combining forms” are of great interest in terms of the word-building efficiency. The research aims to specify the place and role of the combining forms in word-formation process of English. The investigation is conducted on the dictionary data of neologisms. The derivational, morphological, distributional, functional analyses of the material allow to identify the differences among combining forms and hence, the factors conditioning the degree of efficiency of certain units. The initial findings, though with some reservations, confirm the hypothesis that the percentage of compounding in the system of English word-formation is considerably increasing at the expense of non-patterned derivational methods.
Basic Assumptions of the Theory of Borrowing
Authors: Mańczak-Wohlfeld Elżbieta
Published: January 2021

The article highlights the three methods of vocabulary enlargement – the creation of neologisms, changes in the word meaning and borrowings. Borrowings or loan-words are, first of all, introduced by bilinguals and acquire an increasingly wider usage in the given language. Therefore, the author of the article concludes that borrowing is a dynamic process since the word becomes a constituent of the language system once it is used in speech.The article also addresses a number of issues related to the efficiency of borrowings, as well as their assimilation in the recipient language.
The Maxim of Truth in Political Interviews
Authors: Simonyan Armine
Published: January 2021

Language and politics have always been closely interconnected and this correlation has served an ample ground to reveal not only the essence of politics but also the systemic nature of the manifestations of the language units applied in that sphere. The study of the language of a politician on the basis of the theory of speech acts makes it possible to reveal the difference thought and its linguistic expression. The maxim of truth is revealed in political interviews as a combination of the expression of real, individual and social truth.
Reading Artistic Prose through Colour Terms
Authors: Maguidova Irina , Decheva Natalia
Published: January 2021

The article examines the possibility of creating color imagery in artistic prose. Special attention is paid to the role of the lexical, phraseological, linguocultural values of color terms from the perspective of philological reading. Research of the language of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel reveals that certain colors (red, white, pink, etc.) acquire a symbolic significance in the context.
Contrastive Linguo-Cultural Analysis of the Concept “Faith/Belief”
Authors: Harutiunian Narine
Published: January 2021

The cultural concept, which is a multi-graded semantic formation (with its conceptual, imaginative and evaluative components) is a linguocultural unit. Faith that is an indispensable element of human life and acts as the basis of all moral values is a broader and more global metaphysical concept. Faith is the value which allows a human to perceive the hierarchy of other values.The article offers a contrastive analysis of three languages (English, Armenian and Russian) in the cultural tradition.
“Metaphoric Displacement” – a Reliable Guide in Literary Translation
Authors: Gasparyan Seda
Published: January 2021

The article addresses the issues related to the translation of literary texts. The author places a special emphasis on the importance of the functional approach and suggests the principle of “metaphoric displacement” as the best way to achieve adequate literary translation. The article attaches special importance to the translation of lexical units especially to that of polyphonic words.
The Novel “Ararat”: the Way to Salvation
Authors: Toumanian Svetlana
Published: January 2021

The article aims at presenting the attempt of the translator of the novel Ararat by the American writer Elgin Groseclose to reproduce the interpretation of the key message of the novel. The author of the article tries to elucidate the answer to the question: what and who is saved when the world turns into Sodom and Gomorrah?
English Syllabics as Part of the British-American Voiceworks
Authors: Decheva Svetlana
Published: January 2021

The article examines English voiceworks and syllable-forming opportunities from functional-communicative perspective with special reference to the role of the syllable in encoding and decoding of speech.The observations made in the article acquire special significance in the context of the expansion of the “global English” phonetic environment.The analysis of the factual material reveals the role of the British-American syllable stereotypes in the interpretation of literary communication.
Some remarks on “A Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Sixteen European Languages”
Authors: Mańczak-Wohlfeld Elżbieta
Published: January 2021

The article attempts to reveal the influence of English on the lexical composition of 16 modern European languages. Being a co-author of the Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in European languages, the author points out that the 4000 anglicisms that have found their place in the dictionary do not constitute a large number in the vocabulary of the given languages. She goes on to conclude that the impact of English is not so huge as expected by some linguists and hence, there is no need to worry.
The Role of English in the Acquisition of Intercultural Competence by Russian Students
Authors: Golysheva Valentina
Published: January 2021

The article illustrates the interaction of the language and social behavior which has acquired special significance in the 21st century, conditioned by the development of various cultural links. Underlining the obstacles connected with the differences in the cultures and mentality of different nations in understanding the language, the author attaches importance to the investigation of the core values and ethics of the given nation. In case of England, the relevance of politeness in various forms of request and command becomes a priority.The article aims to introduce some of the mechanisms of polite command and request to Russian students of English. However, the focus of the investigation is on euphemism as an important element of polite speech.
Women’s Writing of The First World War
Authors: Kedzierska Aleksandra
Published: January 2021

The article aims to withdraw the works of women writers from years of oblivion and neglect. These are the writers who depicted the dire consequence of war and its impact on women. The article draws parallels between the dedication, commitment of female factory workers, their readiness to sacrifice their own health for the common sacred cause and the heroic deeds of the soldiers fighting in the battlefield. The article also includes a number of works by women writers together with their interpretations which come to confirm the creative skills of the latter.
Frederic Conybeare’s Translation of Hovhannes Yerets Khnusetsi’s “The Key of Truth”
Authors: Sahakyan Paruyr
Published: January 2021

The Key of Truth by the 18th century Armenian clergyman Hovhannes Yerets Khnusesti, which was written in the province of Taron, in 1782, is dedicated to the ritual order of the Paulikians’ religious-heretical movement of the Armenian Church. The original work was translated and published by Frederic Conybear. While working in Echmiadzin library in 1891, the latter had a chance to get acquainted with the work. He was quick to realize the importance of the work and soon published not only the original version of the work in Grabar but also its English translation. It was through this translation that the European Theology got introduced to the religious-heretical movement of the Paulikians
Male and Female Strategies of Communication in E-mail Discussion Groups
Authors: Dąbrowska Marta
Published: January 2021

The article discusses the trends of male and female communication strategies whose differences are studied based on the analysis of the unique ways of starting and finishing an SMS, as well as expressing positive and negative feelings. The use of the speech acts of praise, criticism and proposition by men and women is of special attention. The analysis indicates that while communicating via e-mail women praise their interlocuter and make suggestions more than men. Meanwhile, men and women demonstrate different preferences to express their feelings towards the addressee. Thus, for instance, men use a more neutral language preferring to express solidarity towards the interlocuter while women turn to more polite and emotional forms.
On Some Complex Constructions in English
Authors: Mkhitaryan Yelena , Sargissyan Sophia
Published: January 2021

The article highlights several syntactic constructions which seem identical on surface level. However, the analysis of deep structures reveals certain syntactic and semantic differences. The article suggests the grammatical notion of a new passive-causative structure.
On Intentionality and Figurative Language Comprehension
Authors: Harutyunyan Gohar
Published: January 2021

The communicative intent which is a linguo-philosophical notion is important from the perspective of pragmatic analysis. The article attempts to examine the complicated interconnection between the intention of communication and the perception of the figurative language. Special attention has been paid to metaphor and irony whose perception and interpretation heavily depend on the intention of communication.
A Revival of Life Writing Genres in Language Pedagogy Settings: The Case of Diary Writing
Authors: Xeni Elena
Published: January 2021

The article discusses a number of issues contributing to the efficient teaching of a foreign language. Studying Diary Writing as a unique literary genre (a text disclosing the self of the author) the author of the article believes it is very important that students should have diaries since such an assignment highly contributes to the improvement of a written language.
The Superconcept “Faith” (հավատ) in English and Armenian Linguocultures
Authors: Haroutyunyan Narine
Published: January 2021

The article addresses the concept “faith” and examines questions related to its linguo-cultural aspect. “Superconcepts” are the super-values that are etymologically transferred to the human consciousness and survive in the form of concepts, images, knowledge, sense perceptions and emotions. The article analyzes the most important concept “faith” from a linguo-cultural perspective. The words “faith” and “հավատ” undergo an etymological analysis.
Asoociation between “Book of Lamentations” by Grigor Narekatsi and Byzantine Mystic Literature
Authors: Dolukhanyan Aelita
Published: January 2021

There are striking similarities between the Book of Lamentations by Grigor Narekatsi, the ingenius poet of the 10th century and the hymns by the 11th century Byzantine mystic writer Symeon the New Theologian. The article points out the similarities and states that Grigor Narekatsi could not have used the ideas of Symeon the New Theologian. The two poets composed separately from each other presenting the highest level of Christian mystic thinking. The author of the article, based on the interpretation of the symbols preserved in Manuscript N 7703 of the Matenadaran comes up with a new interpretation of the last stanza of Grogor Narekatsi’s Canto to Vardavar.
Syntagmatics of Nominative Collocations in Modern English Essay
Authors: Muradyan Gayane
Published: January 2021

The study of syntagmatic collocations reveals that these linguostylistic units are based on some language prototypical syntagmatic patterns and their systemic application largely conditions the functional-stylistic orientation of this or that expression of speech. Syntagmiatcic collocations are distinguished with their wide usage, and like all the other functional varieties of the style of public writing the genre of contemporary essay is built on the juxtaposition of fact and fiction, the real and the imaginary.
Slang in Its Cultural Environment
Authors: Gevorgyan Gurgen
Published: January 2021

The non-standard vocabulary of the English language has always been an interesting area of research. The 20th century saw an increase in this interest. Non-standard words and phrases started finding their ways into dictionaries, linguistic journals and even daily newspapers. However, it is still difficult to draw a strict distinction between the standard and non-standard vocabulary, since, as is known, language undergoes constant development. As a result, the same word that used to be considered as non-standard about 20 years ago, can be viewed as quite standard nowadays. Slang is a non-standard form of English. It is a lexical novelty in a certain cultural environment. It is equally existent in all languages and cultures. Many Indo-European languages are rich in slang words and phrases.
The Factor of Politeness in Unfavorable Book Reviews
Authors: Vardanyan Irina
Published: January 2021

The article offers a thorough examination of the genre of book review and analysis of the means used by the critic to make unfavorable reviews with special reference to the factor of politeness.The author conducts a comparative analysis of the similarities among the unfavorable book reviews in English and Russian as well as their culture-bound differences.
The Linguostylistic and the Linguopoetic Study of Metaphor in D. H. Lawrence’s “Sons and Lovers”
Authors: Mkhitaryan Irina
Published: January 2021

The article highlights the unique nature of the metaphors in D. H. Lawrence’s works from linguostylistic and linguopoetic perspectives. The detailed analysis reveals the crucial role metaphors play in the portrayal of characters created by the writer.
The Picaresque in the 18th century English Novel
Authors: Shahmuradyan Anahit
Published: January 2021

The Picaresque novel was one of the first steps of the establishment of the Spanish realist novel in early Renaissance period. The Picaresque theme found its direct reflection in the 18th century English novel. Both Daniel Defoe in his Moll Flanders, Captain Singleton and other works, Jonathan Swift in his Gulliver’s Travels and Henry Fielding in his The history of Tom John, a Foundling wish to reveal the true picture of the values and morals of the time, the real strives and face of man, the social motives which often create inextricable situations for people and promote picaresque actions making them become a thief and picaroon.
The Theme of Death and Eternity in Emily Dickenson’s Poetry
Authors: Petrosyan Gayane
Published: January 2021

The poetry of the world-renowned poetess Emily Dickenson received general acclaim in the fifties of the previous century, 70 years after her death. This country-dwelling lady who had locked herself from the surrounding world, created one of the most precious examples of the 19th century American poetry and became one of the most celebrated poets of all time without leaving her own garden.Her soul was her universe and the mission of Dickenson’s sole was to open the universe to let the people see it. Interestingly, most of her poems lack a title, are short and symbolic. The poetess managed to disclose the dark side of the human brain which symbolizes death and eternity.
Stereotypical Statements as Social-Psycholinguistic Phenomenon
Authors: Matevosyan Lianna
Published: January 2021

The list of ready-made and fixed sentences is one of the layers of the linguistic consciousness of a man. The speaker makes the relevant choice from the existing vocabulary depending on the communicative situation. Otherwise stated, one of the components of human consciousness is the stereotypical speech behavior which is conditioned by the stereotypical situation. For instance, when meeting (stereotypical situation “meeting”) people greet (stereotype of behavior) each other with the following expressions – “hello, good afternoon”, etc. (stereotype of speech).The linguistic consciousness is multi-layered and one of its structural pillars is the stereotypical layer with a reflexive nature. Though stereotypical expressions exist in human vocabulary as ready-made sentences, it is only in certain situations that they appear in the depth of the memory and may not wake up in the consciousness of some people.The investigation of stereotypical expressions, their structural classification and distribution in accordance with communicative situations and themes is actual both in teaching and in theory.
Meaning and Association
Authors: Arakelyan Rouzanna
Published: January 2021

The study of associations from the perspective of psycholinguistics contributes to the comprehensive description of thinking and the types of its expression. This can be made possible through the classification of the word associations presented by the participants in the course of a psycholinguistic experiment and its analysis. As a result, it becomes clear that the type of word associations is directly linked with the perception of words and the individual nature of their application. The latter is determined by both linguistic and extralinguistic factors. Associations are the important links between ideas or between sensations that ensure the categorization of linguistic consciousness.
On Some Functional-Stylistic Peculiarities of the Language of Religion
Authors: Gasparyan Naira , Ajamoghlyan Arevik
Published: January 2021

Research on the functional-stylistic belonging of different religions has become quite actual. The article examines issues related to this sphere. An attempt has been made to determine important functional-stylistic characteristics of the language of religion through the research of the interrelation of various religions, common language symbols, similarities in the way of thinking of people having different religions, as well as the expressive language and other linguistic phenomena. This can shed light on certain phenomena in this sphere that have not been investigated yet.
On Refusal Strategies in Modern English
Authors: Karapetyan Sirarpi
Published: January 2021

The article examines refusal strategies in English, especially the ones which follow speech acts expressing a request. The investigation is carried out along the lines of the interaction of refusal and request in Modern English. Through a detailed study of the more frequent types of refusal strategies in the process of communication the author tries to reveal and analyze the complicated and interesting relation between refusal and request.
Verbal Art: From the Polyphony of the Word to Non-Verbality
Authors: Gasparyan Seda
Published: January 2021

The article examines the complicated issue of the perception and understanding of a literary text. The research has the poetic word in its core which demonstrates an explicit tendency to expand its semantic and stylistic opportunities in the context of the work taking on new emotive-expressive charge. The polyphonic realization of the word obtains a decisive importance in terms of the non-verbality of the literary text taking it beyond the level of the nominative function of the word and participating in the formation of the system of the aesthetic values of the piece of work.
Metaphor: an Element of Imagery in Gerald Durrell’s “My Family and Other Animals”
Authors: Matevosyan Armine , Nikoghosyan Narine
Published: January 2021

The article examines metaphor which is one of the key expressive means in belles-lettres and has its unique place in the creation of imagery. The system of images in Gerald Durrel’s works is quite broad and various, made up of micro/macro images where the “aesthetic, cognitive and metaphoric potential of each leads to the creation of another image”. The article aims not only to analyze the metaphoric structures in Gerald Durrell’s works but also to view them as a means of creating imagery.
Reported Speech as a Supraphrasal Unity
Authors: Kostanyan Zara
Published: January 2021

The analysis of supraphrasal indirect speech reveals that the paradigm of the given syntactic unit in the language system is formed in accordance with its structural-semantic characteristics which make it possible to distinguish it in the flow of speech. The lexical, grammatical, tense and stylistic factors prove to be important in the distinction of the supraphrasal indirect speech.
The Semantic Field of Phraseological Units Expressing Kindness and Malice in Armenian, Russian and English
Authors: Ghazaryan Hasmik
Published: January 2021

The present article analyses and compares the semantic fields of the phraseological units expressing kindness and malice in Armenian, Russian and English. Phraseological units containing body parts have also undergone extensive research.The examination of these linguistic units helps discover the similarities and differences of the language thinking of the speakers of this or that language.
The War and Peace of Languages and Cultures. The Teacher and the Student. 21st century Russia.
Authors: Ter-Minasova Svetlana
Published: January 2021

The article highlights the conflict between teachers and students as one of the most serious educational problems the world and particularly Russia currently faces. Despite the universality of the problem, Russia seems to be suffering from it more than any other country since the conflict is not confined to the generation gap only. Rather, it embodies the conflict between ideologies, cultures and ways of thinking since the Russian teacher and the Russian student have grown up in quite different environments with different values.
The Subjunctive Mood: a Linguo-Cultural Approach
Authors: Chubaryan Astghik , Karapetyan Ruzanna
Published: January 2021

The article analyses the subjunctive mood from the linguo-cultural point of view. The communicative functions and functional characteristics which are connected with the cultural make-up and language thinking of Italians are brought out. Parallels are drawn between the characteristics of the use of the subjunctive mood in Italian and English.
On the Cultural Peculiarities of Proverbs and Their Classification
Authors: Gevorgyan Kristine
Published: January 2021

Recent observations of the interrelation between language and culture guided scholars to the sphere of Paremiology. Making up a specific layer of the word stock, proverbs contain valuable information about national traditions and worldview.Proverbs can be found in all languages and they have been investigated from different perspectives.The present article attempts to illustrate the paremiological expressions and classify them in the system of the language and culture.