bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Permit To Work Systems in the Offshore Industry
Authors: Kyle S. R.
Published: December 2007

A Permit to Work System is used to control and co-ordinate overall work activity in high risk working environments. It is part of an overall safe system of work in determining how potentially dangerous jobs can be carried out safely. Regulations were introduced in the UK Offshore Oil and GasIndustry In 1976(1) requiring the implementation of Permit to Work Systems for certain specified activities. These set down some basic requirements. Over the years individual operators have builton these requirements and developed their own systems. These vary from very simple to sophisticated systems depending on a number of factors i.e. culture and size of company, amount and type of work activity on the installation and perceived risk levels.

Lord Cullen's report (2) into the Piper Alpha

Disaster highlighted a number of deficiencies in the operation of the Permit to Work System.

This paper will discuss the key elements which should be contained in a comprehensive Permit toWork System. In addition the paper will address the Permit to Work deficiencies highlighted in theCullen Report and the steps taken by the UK Petroleum Industry to address these issues.
Assessing and Improving Safety Management Systems
Authors: Hale A. R. , Gerlings P. Oortman , Swuste P. , Heimplaetzer P.
Published: December 2007

This paper describes a research project into the assessment and improvement of the safety management at a steel company.First, a framework for safety management is proposed based upon three levels of activity: execution, policy and assessment and five types of resources.At each level a cyclic problem solving process is expected.

Secondly, three hypotheses underlying the project and four measuring techniques are described. Then a number of possible directions for improvements are given, based upon the misallocation of resources in the problem solving structure. Initial results are given and briefly discussed.
Individual Development Programme (I.D.P)
Authors: Fischer J. , Madeo H. , Rochet B.
Published: December 2007

This paper describes a screening programme generated by TOTAL which has already been put to use in several operating companies.The programme ensures that operational personnel are able to meet the requirements of their employment in a safe and efficient manner.Depending upon the screening result the candidates are either: "qualified" for their positionenrolled in a complementary training programmereorientated towards alternative activities.
Effective Safety Training Program Design
Authors: Chilton D. A. , Lombardo G. J. , Pater R. F.
Published: December 2007

Changes in the oil industry require new strategies to reduce costs and retain valuable employees. Training is a potentially powerful tool for changing the culture of an organization, resulting in improved safety awareness, lower-risk behaviors and ultimately, statistical improvements. Too often, safety training falters, especially when applied to pervasive, long-standing problems.

Stepping, Handling & Lifting injuries ("SHL")-more commonly known as back injuries and slips, trips and falls - have plagued mankind throughout the ages. They are also a major problem throughout the petroleum industry. Although not as widely publicized as other immediately-fatal accidents, injuries from stepping, materials handling, and lifting are among the leading causes of employee suffering, lost time and diminished productivity throughout the industry. Traditional approaches have not turned the tide of these widespread injuries.

A systematic safety training program, developed by Anadrill Schlumberger with the input of new training technology, has the potential to simultaneously reduce costs, preserve employee safety, and increase morale.

This paper: Reviews the components of an example safety training program,andIllustrates how a systematic approach to safety training can make a positive impact on Stepping, Handling & Lifting injuries.
Safety Management in Operations
Authors: Careil J-C. R.
Published: December 2007

This paper describes the safety management experience gained in Petroleum Development Oman's (PDO) operations, through working with its Contractors in fine tuning proven safety management techniques such as Enhanced Safety Management (ESM) and Unsafe Act Auditing (UAA).

To launch the cultural changes, ESM Workshops were run for Company and Contractor personnel. Joint safety ventures developed, leading to an improved working atmosphere at the workplaces and yielding encouraging results in accident prevention.

The remaining challenges are to keep the momentum and to ensure that other safety management techniques such as UAA and TRIPOD are used in combination with the well established ESM principles.
Enhancing Safety in Drilling: Implementing TRIPOD in a Desert Drilling Operation
Authors: Hudson P. T. W. , Wagenaar W. A. , Reason J. T. , Groeneweg J. , van der Meeren R. J. W. , Visser J. P.
Published: December 2007

TRIPOD is an approach to safety aimed at the underlying problems which lead to accidents, in order to identify areas for remedial measures a Failure State Profile instrument was developed using indicators for the 11 different General Failure Types identified in TRIPOD. This study reports on an implementation in a desert drilling environment. Different checklists based upon indicator items gave reliable profiles which also allowed discrimination between rigs, respecting expected differences between those rigs. The process of collecting indicators and the use of the checklists was easy to perform and provided encouragement that a usable and useful diagnostic instrument could be developed for a wide range of Exploration and Production settings.
Implementation of Corporate Environmental and Safety Policy in a Developing Country: More Than Just Compliance
Authors: Fraizer W. K. , Brennan M. R.
Published: December 2007

This paper describes the challenges of implementing a corporate environmental and safety policy in a developing country where comprehensive regulatory guidelines do not exisL The Kutubu Petroleum Development Project, currently underway in Papua New Guinea, illustrates the development of an environment and safety program in such a location. Policy and regulatory requirements, combined with project-specific management issues, are addressed through development of a detailed environmental pian. Project design features and the various environmental and safety management plans derived through this process are described. Specific measures include facility design features to prevent oil spills and minimize rain foiest impaets, an overall project-wide safety program, an Environmental Management & Monitoring Program, Waste and Hazardous Substance Management Plans, comprehensive Spili Prevention and Oil Spili Contingency Plans, and programs to preserve sensitive areas.
Contractor Safety on Ekofisk Since 1980: Special Challenges in 1987
Authors: Lode T.
Published: December 2007

Contractor accident frequency on the Greater Ekofisk Platform were reduced by about 40% between 1981 and 1984. A further 50% reduction was attained during the period 1989-91. During 1987, the hours worked increased from the level of five million to over eleven million hours, without increase in contractor accident frequency. The paper discusses some of the programs which made possible the above accomplishments.
Selecting and Training Offshore Installation Managers
Authors: Flin R. H. , Slaven G. M.
Published: December 2007

The Mineral Workings (Offshore Installations) Act 1971 requires the appointment of an offshore installation manager (OIM) for UKCS installations. The regulations give the OIM general responsibility for safety, health and welfare and for maintaining discipline and order on the installation. At the present level of offshore activity (July, 1991), it is estimated that 400 - 500 OIMs are currently working on UKCS installations. There has been little if any formal research into the selection and training of OIMs or into the day to day demands of this managerial position. This paper presents preliminary data from a survey of the OIMs on the UKCS, which was designed to collect details of experience, training, work schedules, job responsibilities and perceptions of job satisfactions and hassles.
Staff Development in Health, Safety, and Environment: An Approach to Management
Authors: Bentley P. D. , Clarke C. , Visser J.
Published: December 2007

Senior management in the Royal Dutch/Shell Group of companies recognise that the management of Health, Safety and Environment is an essential factor for long-term success.

While there has always been a recognition of the responsibility to manage the hazards of the business, Shell companies saw a need in the early 1980s to raise the level of effort given to the important task of safety management. To this end, the exploration and production function of Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij (SIPM-EP) actively sought advice from a number of sources, particularly Du Pont in developing and then implementing a programme of "Enhanced Safety Management" (ESM).

Underpinning the ESM programme was a clear management policy, which may broadly be paraphrased as follows: - Safety and productivity have the same priority within Shell, and should be managed in the same manner. To quote John Jennings, the Group managing director who in 1990 was responsible for E&P, " … safety performance of companies is an absolutely reliable manifestation of good management." This belief resulted from inter company comparisons of both safety and business performance which tended to show that the most efficient companies had the best safety performances and vice versa.

In order to encourage and promote the implementation of ESM, an approach was developed to assist management of operating companies world-wide in their endeavours to implement ESM in the work-place.

It has become apparent, as we have progressed in the development of the SIPM safety culture, that the same management techniques used in ESM are equally applicable to the areas of environmental matters and occupational health. The more focussed task of managing the current HSE issues and those that arise as the industry progresses into the twenty-first century require that the staff charged with this responsibility should have a sound technical background and broad experience credentials.

The development of staff to meet the above-stated needs is the subject of this paper. The approach of seconding senior, high-potential line staff to HSE assignments is addressed and the importance of this broadening, both to the individual and to SIPM, is explained. The development and role of HSE professionals is identified in relation to line seconded staff. At the conclusion of the paper there is a future outlook for the HSE professional and for the line professional attached to the HSE department.
Nonradioactive Densitometer for Continuous Monitoring of Cement Mixing Process
Authors: Benabdelkarim M. , Galiana C.
Published: December 2007

In the cement mixing process, the key parameter to be controlled is density. This measurement is currently provided by a radioactive densitometer due to its ease of installation and non intrusiveness This paper covers the application of a Coriolis mass flowmeter which provides an excellent density measurement of cement slurry, thus avoiding safety and environmental problems linked to the use of radioactive material.
Opportunities To Reduce Risks Associated With Nuclear Logging Techniques
Authors: Wraight P. D. , Robinson E. , de Fleurieu R.
Published: December 2007

Nuclear logging provides petroleum exploration and production companies with data that are critical to their decisions and operations. Because this type data is so important, environmentally conscious well-logging and service companies areconstantly reviewingthe risks to people and environment associated with nuclear sources with the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle in mind. Opportunities to additionally reduce risks, which can be accomplished only with the active involvement of oil companies, are proposed in this paper.
Radiation Safety and Environment for Measurement-While-Drilling: A Different Approach
Authors: Kurkoski P. L. , Holenka J. M. , Evans M. L.
Published: December 2007

A new approach, loading a logging source down through the center of a measurement-while-drilling (MWD) collar, offers features that address both radiation safety and environmental issues. This technique reduces crew exposure, allows for safe and timely procedures on the rig floor, and enables fishing of the sources should the bottomhole assembly (BHA) have to be abandoned. After the sources are fished, actions to recover the BHA, abandon the BHA or sidetrack the well are not restricted by the presence of these logging sources.

The new source handling approach includes: - A fishable dual source assembly.The gamma ray source and the neutron source are mechanically linked together. This permits them to be simultaneously loaded, unloaded or fished if the BHA becomes stuck.- An integrated collar/shield design.The dual source assembly is loaded directly through its transport shield into the drill collar. At no time is the source unshielded on the rig floor. This reduces the total source loading time and minimizes crew exposure, resulting in a safe and timely operation.- Auxiliary safety equipment.In the event that a source cannot be unloaded after the job is finished, collar shields are clamped into place for safe handling and transport of the collar.- Source security and integrity.The risk of erosion due to mud flow against the source receptacle is quantified. Tests conducted show no erosion problems at rated flow rates with up to 3% fracture sand by volume in the mud.

The system has been tested extensively in the laboratory and in the field for both fishability and erosion resistance, and has proven to an efficient and reliable approach.
Life Cycle Design Safety
Authors: Waterfall K. W. , Stockley J. D. , Bentley P. D.
Published: December 2007

In the Royal Dutch/Shell Group of companies safety management is seen to be a primary business objective having equal priority with production, in the decision making process. This position is however the result of a changing cultural approach over the last decade or so which has received an increase in prominence following major incidents in the exploration and production (E&P) industry. It is company policy that management ensures that work does not start before essential safety systems are in place and that operations must be suspended when safety cannot be ensured.

Well structured systems and controls for decision making of financial and production aspects of the business have been in existence for many years. Industry has however, only had crude tools for measurement of safety performance and its tools for hazard assessment, though detailed, have often lacked a coherent framework to relate them to each other and to an overall management control of safety both in design and operation.

In safety techniques, the focus of attention has increasingly been placed on the human causes of accidents, as incident analyses continue to reveal the predominance of organisational deficiencies over equipment defects.
Behavioral Economics and Safety
Authors: Battmann W. , Klumb P.
Published: December 2007

The paper argues that a major part of violations can be explained by the disregard of three propositions of behavioral economics by system designers and managers (1) unclear or conflicting constraints, (2) delayed or missing feedback, and (3) conflicts between high-level and low-level safety commitments.
Safety Strategies: Areas of Weakness
Authors: Cane R. J.
Published: December 2007

Safety strategies are put in place to prevent accidents, minimise their impact and remedy consequences. Reviewing both hardware and software strategies, the areas where E and P is weakest are judged to be related to human behaviour. The problem is traced to the psychology of concept formation. Solutions are demonstrably achievable and are largely embodied in the Enhanced Safety Management programme. Some gaps nevertheless exit and, in Shell Todd Oil Services Ltd (STOS), these are being identified in the programme for Safety Pathogen Auditing, Containment and Elimination (SPACE). The outcome of this programme is argued to be improvement in the quality of safety management, thereby achieving improved performance without additional time or resources.
Critical Human and Organizational Factors: Considerations for Design and Operation of Petrochemical Plants
Authors: Meshkati N.
Published: December 2007

Causes of accidents at petrochemical plants in developed and developing countries are reviewed. In several studies, many serious accidents have primarily been attributed to operator error. However, further investigations have revealed that a majority of these incidents were caused by a combination of many factors, most notably the lack of human and organizational factors considerations. It is concluded that system accidents are the result of the way the system parts — engineered and human — fit together and interact On many occasions, the error and the resultant failures are both the attribute and the effect of a multitude of factors such as bad workstation and workplace designs, complicated operational processes, unbalanced workload, unsafe conditions, faulty maintenance, disproportionate attention to production, ineffective training, lack of motivation and experiential knowledge, non-responsive managerial systems, poor planning, non-adaptive organizational structures, rigid job-based pay systems, haphazard response systems, and sudden environmental disturbances. Recommendations for improving safety at the design and operating stages of petrochemical plants in developed and (additional recommendations for) developing countries are provided.
Application of Hazop Techniques for Maintenance Safety on Offshore Installations
Authors: Raman J. R. , Gargett A. , Warner D. C.
Published: December 2007

The Hazard and Operability (Hazop) technique has been well developed and applied in process flowsystems for identifying potential deviations from design intent and developing both hardware and procedural solutions to counter such deviations. Hazop studies are now routinely carried out on topside designs.

An examination of incidents on offshore oil and gas platforms indicates that a breakdown in operating or maintenance procedures caused by human error, inadequate procedures, or changed conditionson deck has been a significant contributor in several incidents. Preventive actions have traditionally focused on tightening up procedures and reinforcement of training.

If the philosophy of Hazop were applied to maintenance procedures, it would be possible to anticipate specific potential deviations, procedural failures and human errors that could result in serious incidents. New procedures could be developed, existing procedures modified, and where necessary,work practices could be changed, or hardware modifications could be effected to eliminate certain work practices. Such an approach becomes all the more important with the spate of new technologies introduced in each new platform design.

This paper provides a framework for applying Hazop techniques to maintenance procedures on offshore oil and gas platforms. A combination of human error analysis and Hazop prompt words would assist in the identification of non-recoverable errors in implementing the work permit system, preparation for maintenance, maintenance activities themselves, handover and restart The elimination or mitigation against non-recoverable errors would significantly help in improving maintenance safety.
The Use of Helicopters in the Evacuation of Offshore Platforms in the North Sea
Authors: Ginn M. C.
Published: December 2007

While paradoxically rarely mentioned in legislation, helicopters represent the preferred and safest method of platform evacuation, provided they are available In the North Sea, both commercial and official helicopters are used, and they would only be ineffective due to weather on less than 3% of occasions. The evacuation of 6 typical North Sea platforms was simulated by computer, and in the worst cases the platforms saw offshore based machines in action within one hour, joined by shore based helicopters in the second hour, with evacuation complete inside 3 hours. Recent precautionary evacuations where helicopters were used support the simulation results. These methods can be used by platform operators in evaluating evacuation as part of formal safety assessments.
Health, Safety, and Environmental Auditing in the E&P Industry
Authors: Sexton K. , Visser K.
Published: December 2007

This paper gives an overview of the development of auditing within the field of Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) management in the E&P industry. Auditing of these aspects of the business is relatively recent, and the adoption of formal audit programmes is increasingly regarded as an essential element of the HSE management programme. Auditing provides assurance that internal controls are working effectively, and provides vital information for system improvement. An overview will be given of the transitional phases that the HSE auditing process has been through; the factors that have influenced those developments; and some views on potential future developments.
The Use of Safety Audits: A UK Sector Operator's Experience
Authors: Waldram I. M.
Published: December 2007

It is now widely recognised that implementation of an effective safety policy must include arrangements for auditing and feedback to the policy maker. In the E&P industry safety audits should cover the whole range of activities, from exploration to production, and including the specialist contractors widely employed. Audit schemes can be developed internally, or purchased as a "package". The development of a comprehensive audit policy is described, and a range of audit techniques are reviewed. The use of these techniques is described with special reference to drilling, diving and offshore construction in the UK sector of the North Sea.
The Assessment of Design Fire Cases on Offshore Installations Using Process Analysis Method
Authors: Dalzell G. A. , Melville G. S. , Valand R. , Forrest M. W.
Published: December 2007

The Inquiry into the Piper Alpha disaster chaired by Lord Cullen, highlighted the short-comings of a prescriptive approach to safety and in particular, those of fire protection.

This paper describes a method of critically analysing the process sections and areas to determine the worst fire conditions which could occur following a hydrocarbon release. The results of the analyses would be used as the basis for fire protection design on a new platform or for assessing the adequacy of the protection on an existing installation thus allowing designers to adopt the "goal setting" approach advocated in the Inquiry, ie. designing systems to suit the fire hazards rather than to suit the regulations. It will also enable process engineers to appreciate the scale of fire hazards which might arise from poor design.

The method is developed along the following lines: Assumptions are made about damage to plant, emergency shutdown valves and possible loss of depressurisation.The potential fires are examined as a function of inventories.The size of largest fire and duration of smallest significant fire are determined.Locations, release rates and fire types are identified.Fire characteristics from external burning are also reviewed.

Examples of potential applications of the analysis are demonstrated.
Worldwide Auditing of Aircraft Charter Operators
Authors: Browne R. W. H.
Published: December 2007

This paper is to introduce the subject of Aircraft Operator audits to those for whom this may be a new topic - and for those of you who are familiar with the concept hopefully this will put a little more flesh on the bones of your knowledge.

First of all it is important to define some of the terms and simultaneously the scope of this brief presentation. You will notice the title refers to worldwide auditing and I think we can say that my Company activity is truly worldwide, visiting very many countries and supporting the activities of companies all over our International Group.

The definition of audit is always good for a healthy debate but let me explain that we refer to a process of acquiring information by close research, question, examination and observation on all aspects of an aircraft operator business and comparing those findings to standards which are required for our operations.
Charter and Corporate Aviation Safety
Authors: Ashford R.
Published: December 2007

The paper illustrates the continual improvements in aviation safety and analyses the generic causes of fatal accidents. It argues that further improvements are needed in the safety of commuter aeroplanes, small twin-engined aeroplanes and helicopters and discusses areas where it is proposed that steps can be taken.

The development and role of the European Joint Aviation Authorities are described together with the influence of the European Community. The situation in Europe post-1992 is discussed, outlining the advantages to industry, progress towards a "level playing field" and some of the remaining problems to be resolved.
Characteristics and Possibilities of Some Techniques for De-Oiling of Production Water
Authors: van den Broek W. M. G. T. , Plat R.
Published: December 2007

This paper discusses briefly a number of separation techniques for the treatment of water produced during oil production and gives some advantages and drawbacks. Plate separation and centrifugation are subject to investigation in our laboratory; these techniques are treated in more detail. The characteristic parameters "critical oil droplet diameter" and "separator capacity" are defined, and for both plate separation and centrifugation an example of a calculation with these parameters is given. Furthermore some results of laboratory experiments are presented. Finally, ideas for improving both the plate separation technique and the centrifugation technique are discussed. It is expected that critical oil droplet diameters of about 10 μm (plate separation) and less than 1 μm (centrifugation) are achievable.
Environmental Performance Management: The Next Step
Authors: Kwant J. W. H. , Grant R. O. H.
Published: December 2007

This paper describes the environmental programme developed by Shell U.K. Exploration and Production (EXPR0) aiming at a continuous improvement of its environmental performance. The company operates a total of 33 platforms in the North Sea and has 3 land based gas treatment plants. The paper, therefore, relates mainly to the offshore environment.

The programme is driven by adopting a goal setting policy. The plan was initiated mid 1990 when an inventory was made of all gaseous emissions, liquid effluents and solid waste discharges of EXPR0, soperations during 1989. This baseline was used to identify the largest waste streams and to set priorities for the subsequent improvement programme. Areas for improvement are: atmospheric emissions from venting, flaring and the use of Freons and Halons, the use of Oil Based Mud (0BM), producedwater and the disposal of industrial waste. The programme has gained momentum and targets have been set.
Onshore Water Disposal in the Netherlands: Environmental and Legal Developments
Authors: Marquenie J. M. , Kamminga G. , Koop H. , Elferink T. O.
Published: December 2007

This paper describes the development of legal and environmental aspects concerning water disposal from onshore mining activities in the Netherlands. The study is based on an existing complex situation consisting of a producing oil field and several sweet and sour gas fields. Production water is injected into the main water drive area under the oil reservoir and into a depleted gas reservoir.

Developments in legislation formed the framework for this study. An Environmental Impact Assessment was required as part of the process of permit application. The most difficult aspect was the continuous changes in legislation in relation to an on-going technical development.

The existing mode of operation, which was injection of production water, turned out to cause the least environmental impact.
Monitoring of Fugitive Hydrocarbon Emissions Using Open-Path Infra-Red Sensors
Authors: Skippon S. M. , Roberts I. R.
Published: December 2007

To enable accurate assessments to be made of the environmental impact of exploration and production operations, it is necessary to be able to accurately monitor the emission of various contaminants from operational installations. Monitoring of atmospheric emissions has proved difficult with conventional technology. A new measurement system is described which makes use of an array of open-path infra-red absorption sensors to measure the distribution of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere on and around an installation. The system has been developed from earlier work on flammable gas detection, but much higher sensitivities are achieved by using a novel signal-processing scheme. The measurement system is described and results of trials at an operational installation are presented.
The Use of Environmental Assessments in the Brae Field Development
Authors: Grogan W. C.
Published: December 2007

This paper reviews the principle environmental aspects associated with North Sea offshore oil and gas development and through the case history of Marathon Oil UK's Brae Field Development illustrates the scope and function of environmental assessments as applied to offshore developments. Details of the approach taken are described including the chronological evolution of the scope and aims of individual assessments. Examples of discharge inventory preparation, effluent and receiving environment monitoring programmes, audits and inspections and procedures are described. The role of these components in the development of environmental management systems is discussed.
Quality Assurance when Documenting Chemical Hazards to Health and Environment
Authors: Guttormsen R. , Modahl S. I. , Tufto P. A. , Buset H.
Published: December 2007

In a joint project between The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD), The State Pollution Control Agency (SFT) and. Conoco Norway Inc (CNI) we have evaluated the use of quality assurance principles in connection with development and distribution of information about chemicals.

Assuring quality of the documentation is first of all depending on: -the work in international organizations;-the content of national and international guidelines and criteria documents;-the use of product registers;-activities in manufacturers’ organizations;-the role of importers and agents.

These are aspects which have been evaluated.

Recommendations are given concerning: -definition of responsibilities in regulations, standards and guidelines;-feedback of experience and coordination through international work;-application of quality assurance principles in the use of information technology in international organizations and in manufacturers’s organizations;-use of quality assurance principles in validation of data.

The project has in particular been given input from the following organizations: WHO through the IPCS program, DuPont, Dyno, IRPTC, ILO through the CIS organization, and Norwegian and Danish product registers.
The Effects of the Lodgepole Sour Gas Well Blowout on Coniferous Tree Growth: Damage and Recovery
Authors: Baker K. A.
Published: December 2007

A dendrochronological study was used to evaluate growth impacts on White Spruce (Picea glauca (Moench)) resulting from the 1982 Lodgepole sour gas well blowout. Stem analysis was evaluated from four ecologically similar monitoring sites located on a 10 kilometre downwind gradient and compared to a control site. Incremental volume was calculated, standardized using running mean filters and analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Pre and post-blowout growth trends were analyzed between sites and were also evaluated over a height profile in order to assess growth impact variability within individual trees.

Growth reductions at the two sites closest the wellhead were statistically significant for five post-blowout years. Growth at these condensate impacted sites was reduced to 9.8 % and 38.1 % in 1983. Differences in growth reductions reflect a gradient of effects and a dose-response relationship. Recovery of surviving trees was been rapid but is leveling off at approximately 80 % of pre-blowout growth. Growth reductions were greater and recovery rates slower than those previously predicted by other authors.

Statistically significant differences in height profile growth responses were limited to the upper portions of the trees. Growth rates over a tree height profile ranged from 10 % less to 50 % more than growth rates observed at a 1.3 metres. Analytical methodologies detected and described growth differences over a height profile but a larger sample size was desirable.

As is always the case in catastrophic events, obtaining pre-event baseline data is often difficult. Dendro-chronological methods described herein offer techniques for determining pre-blowout growth and monitoring impacts and recovery in forested areas.
Process for Catalytic Flue Gas Denoxing
Authors: Woldhuis A. , Goudriaan F. , Groeneveld M. , Samson R.
Published: December 2007

With the increasing concern for the environment, stringency of legislation and industry'sawareness of its own environmental responsibility, the demand for the reduction of emission levels of nitrogen oxides is becoming increasingly urgent.

Shell has developed a low temperature catalytic deNOx system for deep removal of nitrogen oxides, which includes a low-pressure-drop reactor. This process is able to achieve over 90% removal of nitrogen oxides and therefore can be expected to meet legislation requirements for the coming years.

The development of a low-temperature catalyst makes it possible to operate at temperatures as low as 120°C, compared to 300-400°C for the conventional honeycomb and plate-type catalysts. This allows an add-on construction, which is most often a more economical solution than the retrofits in the hot section required with conventional deNOx catalysts.

The Lateral Flow Reactor (LFR), which is used for dust-free flue gas applications, and the Parallel Passage Reactor (PPR) for dust-containing flue gas applications, have been developed to work with pressure drops below 10 mbar.
An Approach to Activities in Tropical Rainforests: Highlighted With Experiences in Gabon
Authors: van Oudenhoven J. A. C. M.
Published: December 2007

The environmental approach towards new projects is briefly described. It is based on early execution of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The Rabi Field development in Gabon was the first large scale Shell project in a tropical rainforest where this approach was applied. The area is of considerable biological interest. Lessons learnt in the field are applied to further reduce the future impact on the environment.

Experience discussed relates to: -Protection of nature and cost saving;-Civil engineering practice in view of magnitude of work and rehabilitation;-Influence of design and mode of operation;-Gas flaring and reinjection;-Good housekeeping and waste management;-A seismic campaign where environmental considerations led to a safer, faster and cheaper survey.

It is concluded that base line study and EIA are necessary and effective tools to achieve minimal impact on the environment at optimal cost.

Much can be learnt from experiences in Rabi. Damage done during exploration and production activities in a tropical rainforest can be greatly reduced by innovative practices, by a change of mentality and a practical respect for nature.
Environmentally Sustainable Economic Development: E&P Planning in the 1990's
Authors: Jones M. G. , Woodruffe J. D.
Published: December 2007

Shell Canada adopted Sustainable Development in 1990 as the approach to managing the environment. The corporation's president, representing the energy industry on the National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy, provided key direction on the development of the process. The national concepts of Sustainable Development principles were utilized as a starting point, but quickly a Shell specific policy was approved, followed by Corporate Principles and Targets and Undertakings. These are being further developed in both the upstream and downstream with leadership from the Resources (E&P) Department. Cascading of Targets and Undertakings has occurred to E&P followed by operating complexes, the drilling sites and the seismic lines. Steps were carefully programmed to learn from specific application before expanding to all areas. All plans are expected to be in place by mid 1992. Plans contain short and long term targets but focus on a rolling 2 year identification of actions to meet those targets. The plans permit an annual appraisal of accomplishments as well as budgeting for successive years. The move to Sustainable Development planning is a significant shift in industry attitude and approach but demonstrates the ability for the coexistence of environmental and economic demands.
Successful Environmental Action on the Gullfaks Field Also Reduced the Drilling Operation Costs
Authors: Sunde E. , Melberg B. H. , Jøsok R.
Published: December 2007

Production drilling on the Gullfaks platforms was planned using oil based mud for the whole well path. However, in light of the growing environmental concerns about the discharges of oily cuttings, potential health hazards and in some situations reduced safety margins connected to the use of oil based drilling fluids, it was decided in 1988 to drill as much as possible of the hole volumes in the remaining wells on the Gullfaks field with water based mud. It was also a goal to use water based drilling fluids consisting of readily biodegradable and non toxic chemicals.

This paper discusses the reduction in discharged oil on drill cuttings from the three Gullfaks platforms. This reduction is approximately 95 % per well drilled with water based mud compared to the discharge from the first nine wells on Gullfaks A drilled with oil based mud. The time/depth curves for the drilling operation, from drilling out of the conductor shoe to start drilling the reservoir section on Gullfaks A, are also presented and analyzed, showing an increased drilling rate of 38 % with water based mud compared to oil based mud. The water based mud system used is described.
Environment and Petroleum Exploration in Madagascar
Authors: Ratsimandresy R. , Raveloson E. A. , Lalaharisaina J. V.
Published: December 2007

This paper deals with the environmental problems related to Petroleum Exploration Programs (P E, P) in Madagascar and measures taken, in short terms, to minimize environment degradation resulting from these.

PEP concerns the three main western sedimentary basins (Ambilobe Basin - Majunga Basin - Morondava basin) -Fig.2- of which 12% of the surface are classified as "protected area" (forests, parks, reserves) in respect of the richness and rareness of wildlife species.

PEP's operations (seismic survey and drilling wells), when conducted in these zones, affect the system (access road, people migration), leading to the degradation of the wildlife.

For petroleum companies working in those zones, some appropriate measures (adequacy of equipment, engagement to restore damages, environment study) were required before concerned administration could grant the agreement.

One example of specific environment damages caused by Petroleum Exploration Operations is mentionned in this paper.
An Endangered Species Program: The Link Between Compliance and Conservation
Authors: O'Brien P. Y.
Published: December 2007

Listing as threatened, or endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 confers significant protective measures on species of plants and animals so designated. The Benefits result from required management measures, administrative procedures, and restrictions on Both public and private sector actions.

This paper describes the most important provisions of the Endangered Species Act affecting private sector interests. It also discusses an endangered species program that Chevron has developed to aid its operations in the San Joaquin Valley of California to comply with applicable requirements while promoting conservation values. A prominent element of the program is the habitat conservation planning approach, which is emerging as an important tool in resolving conflicts between private natural resource developers and the survival and recovery needs of protected species. Although it is structured to meet United States requirements, the program contains elements which could be useful for operations wherever they must confront sensitive wildlife habitat issues.
System for Modelling and Monitoring of Offshore Discharge Water
Authors: van Dongen F. A. , Mathisen J. P. , Smits J. , Schobben H.
Published: December 2007

This paper presents the results of a feasibility and definition study of the EUREKA project Modelling and Monitoring of Discharges from Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms (M&M).

The study, executed between October 1990 and June 1991, concluded that the development of a system to predict the behaviour and effect of discharges from offshore oil and gas platforms is feasible.

Such a M&M system could be accomplished by adapting existing software and hardware modules and developing the necessary interfaces.
Methods for Assessing Pipeline Corrosion Prevention Chemicals on the Basis of Antimicrobial Performance and Acute Toxicity to Marine Organisms
Authors: Whale G. F. , Whitham T. S.
Published: December 2007

Anticorrosion packages consisting of a biocide and oxygen scavenger may be added to linefill waters during hydrostatic testing to prevent microbially enhanced and oxygen induced corrosion. For offshore applications there are clear advantages in using anticorrosion packages which are acceptable for discharge to sea without treatment. This paper outlines an approach used to assess the antimicrobial performance and toxicity to environmentally relevant marine organisms of 7 anticorrosion packages and their components.

Antimicrobial performance was assessed by long term inhibition tests with both marine general heterotrophic (GH) and sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB). These results have been compared with those obtained from 15 minute Microtox* tests with the marine luminescent bacterium (Photobacterium phosphoreum).

The toxicity of the candidate packages and their components were determined in acute tests with the brown shrimp (Crangon crangon), a calanoid copepod (Acartia tonsa) and embryos of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas).

When tested singly, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for all but one biocide varied between 20 and 400 mg 1-1. However, only four biocides performed adequately (MIC < 500 mg l-1) for both GH and SRB when tested as mixtures with the oxygen scavenger. Similar trends were found when P. phosphoreum was used to assess antimicrobial performance.

The acute toxicity of the most toxic chemicals to the most sensitive species and the least toxic chemicals to the least sensitive species varied by a factor of 10 000. However, the rank order of toxicity of the chemicals was similar for each of the three species and there was no apparent correlation between the toxicity of the chemicals to the marine species and their antimicrobial performance.

These results enabled an effective anticorrosion package with low toxicity to relevant marine species to be identified from the candidate packages.
An Integrated Approach to Waste Minimization
Authors: Page W. B. , Chilton D. J.
Published: December 2007

Waste minimization is fast gaining recognition as a means of contending with the world’s waste problems and associated environmental pollution. Many countries have, or are now enacting, environmental legislation that will almost certainly include waste-minimization provisions. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency requires generators of hazardous wastes to report on efforts made to minimize waste volume and/or toxicity. These reporting requirements have been the catalyst for the initiation of many innovative and successful approaches to waste minimization.

There are many incentives for implementing waste-minimization programs, aside from the regulatory/compliance issue. Waste-disposal costs have risen dramatically over the last few years and this trend is expected to continue. Improvements in environmental conditions improve morale and image, both in the workplace and local communities.

Perhaps because of the compliance hysteria, waste-minimization efforts have typically focused on the physical removal of hazardous chemicals from the waste stream only, an end-of-pipe approach. Intricate systems have been developed to remove such compounds from the environment, with great success. This approach, however, is compliance driven and does not address the key to environmental fidelity-attitude.

This paper discusses the efforts of one oilfield service company, located in the United States, that initiated an integrated approach to the minimization of waste, including: –Removal of hazardous chemicals from washwater streams.–Recycling of commonly used chemicals, particularly solvents.–Substitution of commonly used hazardous chemicals with less hazardous compounds.–Recycling of office wastes.–Education and awareness programs.
The Deposition of Drill Cuttings on the Seabed
Authors: McFarlane K. , Nguyen V. T.
Published: December 2007

The sea-bed is an important component of the biosphere, and safeguarding it is an integral part of waste management responsibility when offshore activities may result in its contamination. A study is in progress to assess the distribution of waste on the sea-bed resulting from the underwater discharge of mud-contaminated cuttings during offshore drilling. The study involves the development of a numerical model of particle dispersion and deposition complemented by measurements of their agglomeration and settlement characteristics. This activity is, in part, directed to the improving of environmental impact assessment methodology.

This paper outlines the development of the numerical model and the accompanying experimental measurements. Application of the results to date show that up to 95% of the mass of the cuttings drilled with oil-based mud discharged from a platform can be ac-counted for in the calculations. Comparisons between the simulation results and field data obtained from a three-dimensional sonar survey of the cuttings mound under the Fulmar "A" platform show encouraging agreement. Certain processes, such as granular material slippage, have been identified as significant features that need to be incorporated in the model to improve the agreement between simulation and field data. Nevertheless, the model, in its present state, has been shown to be an effective tool for assessing the impact of drilling operations on the sea-bed.