bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical characteristics of soil cultivated with vine and submitted to nitrogen and organic fertilization at the semiarid of the Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil
Authors: Lima Franciezer Vicente , Mendonça Vander , Alves Anderson Araújo , Pereira Eduardo Castro , Pereira Gustavo Alves , Farias Wagner César de
Published: May 2019

A probable reason for the scarce levels of N in the soils of the semi-arid regions would be the low levels of organic matter in these soils. In this way, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen and organic fertilization and their interaction on chemical properties of soils cultivated with ‘Isabel Precoce’ vines in the semiarid oh the Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-arid Region, in Mossoró, RN. The soil in the area is classified as a Distrofic Red Argisol with sandy texture. The research was carried out in two cycles of grape production. The experiment was accomplish in a randomized blocks design, with six repetitions, in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to 5 doses of nitrogen fertilization (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1), in the absence and presence of organic fertilization 0 and 20 m3 ha-1, bovine manure). Samples of the 0-20 cm layer were collected for the evaluation of macro and micronutrient contents, pH, electric condutivity, organic matter and sum of bases. The N and organic fertilization doses influenced the chemical atributes evaluated. The interaction between nitrogen and organic fertilizer resulted in an increase in nutrient, organic matter and sum of bases content. N doses were responsible for reducing pH levels, resulting in higher amounts of nutrients availability.
Feeding behavior of ram lambs in the feedlot receiving diets without roughage in different amounts
Authors: Santana Junior Hermogenes Almeida , Barbosa Júnior Mario Alves , Cardoso-Santana Elizângela Oliveira , Ferreira Antônio Hosmylton Carvalho , Silva Alex Lopes , Abreu Filho George
Published: May 2019

This study aimed to evaluate the feeding behavior of Santa Inês ram lambs in the feedlot receiving diets without roughage in different amounts. Ten castrated Santa Inês male sheep with an average body weight of 20 kg and an average age of four months were used in the experiment. The following treatments were tested: T1 - animals receiving a diet ad libitum (FS100); T2 - animals receiving 95% of the amount of feed supplied in T1 (FS95); T3 - animals receiving 90% of the amount supplied in T1 (FS90); T4 - animals receiving 85% of the amount supplied in T1 (FS85); and T5 - animals receiving 80% of the amount supplied in T1 (FS80). A Latin square (5 × 5) design was adopted, using two simultaneous squares. The times spent feeding, ruminating, performing other activities; the total chewing time; and the number of periods spent feeding and on other activities changed with the reduction in the amount of feed supplied (P<0.05). Number of rumination chews per cud, time per cud, chewing speed, and time per rumination chew did not differ with the reduction of feed supply (P>0.05). Reducing the amount of feed provided to ram lambs consuming diets without roughage changes their feeding behavior.
Interference of volunteer corn on soybean cultivars growth and yield
Authors: Caratti Fernanda Cassiane , Lamego Fabiane Pinto , Bianchi Mario Antonio , Farias Humberto , Da Silva Bruno Moncks , Cechin Joanei
Published: May 2019

Spontaneous corn plants in soybean crop are considered weeds because they compete for the same environmental resources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the competitive ability of soybean cultivars when in coexistence with spontaneous corn plants. A field experiment was conducted in CCGLTEC, Cruz Alta/RS, in 2014/15, in a split-plot design, with the main plot being composed of four different cultivars (CD 2694, BMX 7166, TEC 5718, TEC 6029) and the subplots of interference conditions (without the presence of corn volunteer plants, in the presence of corn until the V3, V6, V9 stages, or for the entire soybean cycle. Leaf area, shoot dry mass, plant height, chlorophyll index, and development stage were determined at 15, 30, and 49 DAE; we also determined apparent biological productivity, apparent harvest index, and components of productivity and grain yield. The cultivars showed losses in leaf area and shoot dry mass when in coexistence with corn (8 plants m-2) in the three periods evaluated. All cultivars showed losses in apparent biological productivity, apparent harvest index, and final grain yield when growing under competition throughout the cycle. Cultivars with a medium/long growth cycle, such as CD 2694 (maturity groups (GM): 6.9) and BMX 7166 (GM: 6.6), show a higher competitive ability up to V9 stage in contrast to cultivars with a short cycle, such as TEC 5718 (GM: 5.9) and TEC 6029 (GM: 5.7).
Chemical characterization and antioxidant capacity of ‘Cambui’ (Myrciaria tenella) products
Authors: Rybka Ana Cecília Poloni , Marques Aline Camarão Telles Biasoto , Araújo Ana Júlia , Nassur Rita de Cassia Mirela Resende
Published: May 2019

Very little information is found about the ‘Cambui’ products and the fruit is almost unexplored by the Brazilian agriculture or extractive activities. The present study aimed to characterize the physicochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of the juice, jam and fermented beverage obtained from ‘Cambuí’ fruits aiming to add value to the fruit and generate alternatives to Brazilian extractive population. These products were elaborated in small scale of production. The ‘Cambuí’ juice was prepared using the method of steam distillation and the jam was obtained from the residue of the juice with addition of sugar and citric acid. The ‘Cambuí’ fermented beverage was elaborated using procedures of winemaking. For the evaluation of the products quality, chemical analysis and evaluation of the antioxidant capacity were performed. All products presented high concentrations of the studied variables, when comparing to grape wines, fruit jams and grape juices. The ‘Cambui’ products can be considered sources of antocyanins and other phenolic compounds, with high antioxidant potential. The use of ‘Cambui’ has potential for the development of juice, jam and fermented beverage, and these products can be an alternative to add value to fruit and generate income for populations that work with which income depend on extractive activities.
Characterization, pathogenicity and anastomosis groups of Rhizoctonia solani from watermelon
Authors: Galvão Kecia Mayara De Araújo , Cunha Fábio Sanchez da , Ishikawa Francine Hiromi , Costa Antonio Elton da Silva , Capucho Alexandre Sandri
Published: May 2019

The objective of this study was to characterize the morphological and pathogenic variation of Rhizoctonia solani isolates as well as to determine mycelial compatibility and hyphal fusion. The R. solani isolates CMM1053, CMM2967, CMM1052, CMM2983, CMM2971 and CMM3890 from watermelon were used. The determination of aggressiveness was evaluated using the six isolates inoculated in the Crimson Sweet susceptible cultivar in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replicates, the sample unit consisting of one plant. The experiment of mycelial growth rate was installed in the factorial scheme, 6 isolates x 3 culture media, using the following culture media Nutrient Agar, PDA and PSA, and a total of 5 replicates. The color characterization and sclerotia formation was performed 15 days after the fungal inoculation in each culture medium. For the characterization of vegetative compatibility and occurrence of hyphal fusion, the experiments were performed in CDR with three and two replicates, respectively. CMM1053 and CMM1052 isolates were the most aggressive; however, they were statistically different only from CMM2967 isolate. The PSA medium was the most promising for the mycelial growth. It was possible to observe that there was variability in the colonies color, being higher in the Nutrient Agar medium. Based on evaluations of vegetative compatibility and hyphal fusion, the six isolates belong to the same anastomosis group.
REKONTEKSTUALISASI HASIL INTEGRASI NILAI BUDAYA DALAM PERENCANAAN KOTA YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Wardhana Dwi Sukma Bayu , Indradjati Petrus Natalivan
Published: May 2019

In 2015, UNESCO initiated the inclusion of local culture into sustainable urban planning and development. Yogyakarta has a great historical-cultural potential, where the city has been named as a special region established under Undang-Undang No. 13/2012. By referring to the UNESCO initiation and Undang-Undang No. 13/2012, Yogyakarta has the advantage to initiate the local culture into its sustainable urban planning and development. Though culture is intangible; but by taking the law enforcement and its historical-cultural potential into Yogyakarta is now eligible to develop a city planning on a cultural basis. This research is to explore the integration of Yogyakarta culture into city planning based on eight aspects of culture based spatial planning, in relation to planning guidance/regulation, empirical condition and 14 cultural values of Yogyakarta. The research has shown that 14 Yogyakarta cultural values, in accordance with 7 of the 8 principles of culture based spatial planning (except connectivity principle) and 5 out of 14 cultural values of Yogyakarta has cohesive relationship with 8 aspects of culture based spatial planning, but it is not manifested on the current planning and implementation. This research reinforces that socio-cultural basis of planning relief on three variables respectively cultural aspect, human resources, and nevertheless the cultural awareness
THE TOOLS OF QUALITATIVE APPROACH TO MEASURE RURAL TRANSFORMATION: THE CASE OF YOGYAKARTA RURAL VILLAGE
Authors: Pudianti Anna , Suprapti Atiek , Syahbana Joesron Ali
Published: May 2019

Yogyakarta is one of the rapidly growing Indonesian cities with its strong culture to construct a distinctive transformation, especially in the rural area. The process of transformation in rural areas is a continuous process as a form of the desire to grow. The agricultural based rural area diversify into activities other than agriculture, such as small craft industry and rural tourism. This study aims to explore tools to measure the level of transformation with a qualitative approach. The uniqueness of the transformation process in the rural area of Yogyakarta inspires the preparation of transformation measurement tools with a qualitative approach by using eight indicators to produce a depth of findings. The tools are developed by using a quadrant model of the combination of potential resources with the efforts made by the occupants. Since the case study research is being used to for the analysis, the quantitative approach could be also used to validate the result of the tools. The quantitative data is taken from secondary data of satellite imagery, government institution, and field survey. Furthermore, this research provides interesting findings by its comparative study between qualitative and quantitative approach. The qualitative approach can become a tool for explaining the dynamics of the transformation of rural area as a whole, complementing quantitative results.
PENGEMBANGAN KAWASAN INDUSTRI TELEMATIKA DALAM UPAYA MENDORONG DAYA SAING REGIONAL (KASUS KOTA CIMAHI)
Authors: Warlina Lia , Safariah Rifiati , Heryandi Andri
Published: May 2019

The ICT industry is developing greatly because human dependency of information technology increases rapidly. In order to drive ICT industry competitiveness, well planned development should be carried out based on its vision. One of ICT industry cluster in Indonesia is in Cimahi City. The research objectives were to identify general characteristics of the ICT industry and its core competence, and also to acquire internal and external factors of competitiveness; and also to identify key factors that could be developed to drive regional competitiveness of ICT industry in Cimahi City. Primary data survey conducted to obtain information regarding (1) ICT industry characteristics, (2) core competence of ICT industry and (3) internal factor of competitiveness. Meanwhile, secondary data survey was conducted to obtain information regarding external factors of competitiveness. A prospective analysis was conducted to build a scenario in developing ICT industry cluster in Cimahi City. Research result showed that the core competence of ICT industry was animation, film and information system. Key factors to drive regional competitiveness of ICT industry cluster were (1) telecommunication service quality; (2) skilled labor availability; (3) responsiveness on change and innovation; (4) business ethics and (5) ICT industry regulation.
Development of a metrology technique suitable for in situ measurement and corrective manufacturing of freeform optics
Authors: Burada Dali Ramu , Pant Kamal K. , Mishra Vinod , Bichra Mohamed , Khan Gufran Sayeed , Sinzinger Stefan , Shakher Chandra
Published: May 2019

The applications of freeform optical surfaces in modern optical systems are providing unique solutions over rotationally symmetric surfaces. These surfaces offer higher degrees of freedom to the designer to enhance the high-end performance of the optical system. The precise metrology of freeform optics is one of the major bottlenecks for its use in imaging applications. Modern optical fabrication methods (i.e. fast or slow tool servo configuration) are, in principle, capable to meet the challenges to generate complex freeform surfaces if supported by precise metrology feedback for error compensation. In the present work, we have developed a Shack-Hartmann sensor-based metrology technique that can be used for quantitative in situ measurement of freeform optics. The sensor head is used to measure freeform optics in the reflection mode by following the CNC tool path in the offline mode. The measurements are used as feedback for corrective machining. Quantitative analysis is also performed to estimate the error budget of the metrology system. Further, the proposed in situ metrology scheme is validated by measuring freeform surface using a coherence correlation interferometric optical profiler.
Analysis of Cost Efficiency of Indian Life Insurers: A comparison of Quantity vs Value based DEA Approach
Authors: Sen Subir
Published: May 2019

In the context of measuring economic performance, efficiency and productivity of Indian life insurance firms, there are studies using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology. In this paper, the difference between the quantity based approach and value based approach is highlighted and elaborated using data of Indian life insurers operational over the period 2005–06 to 2015–16. There are both advantages and disadvantages of using DEA, as highlighted in the theoretical literature. In particular, the efficiency estimates are heavily influenced by the selection of inputs and outputs. This study provides an insight on technical efficiency and innovates in terms of data use and is the first study on the Indian insurance industry to compute cost and allocative efficiencies. Four hypotheses were tested in the study. First, there were initially improvements in efficiency but in recent years, clearly there is stagnation. Second, the results support views of Tone and Sahoo (2005)  and Sen (2010), that the public life insurer, the Life Insurance Corporation of India is cost inefficient. The private life insurers need to reallocate resources to improve overall efficiency. LICI was found to be technically efficient but remained cost inefficient. Third, the traditional Farrell based cost efficiency estimates are significantly different from Tone (2002) alternative approach. Therefore, choice of estimation method is important. Fourth, non-discretionary factors such as age, premium growth and size of the insurers along with regulations pertaining to solvency affect cost efficiency. Key financial ratios such as expense ratio, commission ratio, conservation ratio and persistency ratio, and retention ratio are used to statistically establish their relationship with the different efficiency estimates. Results also show that entry of a new insurer may negatively affect cost efficiency of an existing insurer but foreign equity could positively improve cost efficiency.
Introduction: Contemporary African and Black Diasporic Spaces in Europe
Authors: Rastas Anna , Nikunen Kaarina
Published: May 2019

This special issue explores spaces where identifications with the African diaspora become articulated, (re)negotiated and, as demonstrated by many articles in this issue, established as a field of the collective agency with transformative power in European societies. The African diaspora communities and cultures in Europe are constructed not only by individuals’ engagements in Africa and its global diaspora but also through the collective agency, aiming at promoting change in European societies shadowed by the normative whiteness, nationalist discourses and policies, human rights violations and overt racism. In this introduction, we discuss the empirical studies presented in this special issue as examples of academic, political and artistic spaces of African and black diasporic agency. Together, the articles make visible the diversity of African and black diasporic spaces in Europe. They also challenge methodological nationalism as well as essentialising discourses of race and ethnicity by acknowledging the global circulation of African and black diaspora cultures and the meanings of the transnational connections for diaspora communities.
Black Women’s Transnational Activism and the World Council of Churches
Authors: Ohene-Nyako Pamela
Published: May 2019

This article considers the internationalisation and institutionalisation of the fight against European and global racism and sexism within the World Council of Churches in the 1980s and 1990s. It presents the ways in which the Women Under Racism sub-programme, the SISTERS network that emerged from it, as well as their respective coordinators—the Afro-American activist Jean-Sindab and the Afro- Brazilian activist Marilia Schüller –facilitated encounters between Black-European women. In turn, this paper analyses Black-European women’s agency within these institutional and transnational antiracist and gendered spaces. I argue that the WUR and the SISTERS network were used by Black-European female activists to meet each other and other women of colour, and to voice and share their experiences publicly. These international gatherings also stimulated a transnationalisation and a Europeanisation of their activism, while being spaces where they affirmed multiple and overlapping identifications.
African Nightclubs of Lisbon and Madrid as Spaces of Cultural Resistance
Authors: Sedano Livia Jiménez
Published: May 2019

The main objective of this article involves describing how African nightclubs of Lisbon have become spaces for cultural resistance against certain representations of African-ness, taking Madrid as a contrasting case. Since the 1970s, the so-called African nightclubs of Lisbon have constituted spaces for gathering and nurturing a sense of community for immigrants from Portuguese-speaking Africa. Commonly regarded suspiciously by most Portuguese citizens, commodification of the couple dance labelled kizomba during the 1990s helped changed their status. However, most African research participants do not recognise their beloved dance in the commodified version of kizomba. In this context, I analyse the commodification process as a form of symbolic violence that disguises postcolonial structural inequalities and unsolved conflicts through a discourse of neutral “approaching of cultures” on the dance floor. Moreover, from the point of view of a meritocratic symbolism, this discourse portrays the performances displayed at African discos as “basic” and unworthy. After exploring several ways of resistance to commodified kizomba displayed by African discos clientele, I conclude reflecting on the increasing symbolic power of global industries for naming social groups, structuring practices and exercising symbolic violence in late modernity.
Lived Afropolitanism: Beyond the Single Story
Authors: Ankobrey Gladys Akom
Published: May 2019

It has been several years since the term “Afropolitanism” was coined and instigated an intense debate in both the offline and online world. Although Afropolitanism is celebrated for highlighting positive depictions of Africa, it has also been criticised for its supposedly exclusive and elitist focus. Several scholars have distinguished Afropolitanism from Pan-Africanism by framing it as the latter’s apolitical younger version. Following the discussion around these perceived differences, this paper investigates how Afropolitanism negotiates the African diaspora discourse in relation to Pan-Africanism. Thus far, the study of Afropolitanism has remained mostly limited to the field of literary and cultural studies. In order to move the discussion on this term further, this paper explores the lived experiences of twelve black Londoners with Afropolitanism and Pan-Africanism. By using the notion of “performance,” I show that Afropolitanism and Pan-Africanism are constructed and deconstructed in both diverse and overlapping ways. The narratives emerging out of this dialogue question the centrality of the Middle Passage epistemology and the tendency to essentialize experiences in the African diaspora discourse.
Dancing an Open Africanity: Playing with “Tradition” and Identity in the Spreading of Sabar in Europe
Authors: Aterianus-Owanga Alice
Published: May 2019

This paper describes one of the constructions of African identity that occur through the spreading of sabar in European cities. Basing on a multi-sited fieldwork between Dakar, France and Switzerland, this paper traces the local roots and transnational routes of this Senegalese dance and music performance and presents the “transnational social field” (Levitt and Glick-Schiller) that sabar musicians and dancers have created in Europe. It analyses the representations of Africanity, Senegality and Blackness that are shared in Sabar dances classes, and describes how diasporic artists contribute to (re)invent “traditions” in migration. In this transnational dance world, “blackness” and Africanity are not homogenous and convertible categories of identification, on the contrary, they are made of many tensions and arrangements, which allow individuals to include or exclude otherness, depending on situations and contexts.
Too Dark to Support the Lions, But Light Enough for the Frontlines”: Negotiating Race, Place, and Nation in Afro-Finnish Hip Hop
Authors: Kelekay Jasmine Linnea
Published: May 2019

In this article, I examine cultural production as an avenue for mapping African diasporic identities and racialised experiences in Finland. Hip hop culture has long acted as a lingua franca for the African diaspora and has been central in the development of collective identities among second-generation European youth of colour. Prior to the 2010s, the landscape of Finnish hip hop was largely white with little engagement with race or hip hop’s roots as a Black American cultural form. This status quo was disrupted by the rise of Afro-Finnish rappers. Since gaining mainstream visibility, they have catapulted into the national consciousness with music that reclaims the language of racial and ethnic identities, interrogates assumptions about national belonging, and represents the lived experiences of first-generation Black/Afro-Finnish men. Approaching hip hop as a resource for resisting normative Whiteness and carving out space for Black/African diasporic collectivities in the Finnish cultural and political imaginary, I show how Afro-Finnish rappers articulate and navigate Blackness in relation to identity, racism, and national belonging in Finland. In doing so, I emphasise the tensions between racial, ethnic, and cultural hybridity, on the one hand, and the rigidity of Finnish Whiteness and national exclusion, on the other.
Structural change in the link between oil and the European stock market: implications for risk management
Authors: Ferreiro Javier Ojea
Published: May 2019

The relationship between the European stock market and the crude oil depends on the significance of the different industries in the European economy. The literature points to a structural change after the 2008 crisis without getting into details of which sectors lead this regime switch. The co-movement between oil prices and stock market is known to exhibit (1) non-linearity, (2) asymmetric tail dependence and (3) variation over time. I combine a copula approach with Switching Markov models to capture this complex linkage while the CoVaR measure translates the consequences of the tail dependence into potential losses. The results indicate a change in the lower tail dependence from negative to positive association between oil and Eurostoxx, meaning a shift in the exposure of our stock portfolio to commodity risk. There is a structural change in dependence after the 2008 financial crisis led by energy-intensive sector, e.g. basic materials and consumer goods. The economic cycle and its implications for profit margin and oil demand might explain this switch. Healthcare sector responds to oil shocks in an opposite way than Eurostoxx, displaying useful features to reduce the exposure of the stock portfolio to oil spillovers.
A fluorescent protein-readout for transcriptional activity reveals regulation of APP nuclear signaling by phosphorylation sites
Authors: Konietzko Uwe , Gersbacher Manuel T. , Streuli Jeremy , Krüger Maik , Thöni Sarina , Kins Stefan , Nitsch Roger M.
Published: May 2019

Signaling pathways that originate at the plasma membrane, including regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP), enable extracellular cues to control transcription. We modified the yeast Gal4 transcription system to study the nuclear translocation of transcriptionally active complexes using the fluorescent protein citrine (Cit) as a reporter. This enabled highly sensitive quantitative analysis of transcription in situ at the single cell level. The Gal4/UAS-Cit transcription assay displayed a sigmoidal response limited by the number of integrated reporter cassettes. We validated the assay by analyzing nuclear translocation of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain (AICD) and confirmed the requirement of Fe65 for nuclear translocation of AICD. In addition to the strong on-off effects on transcriptional activity, the results of this assay establish that phosphorylation modifies nuclear signaling. The Y682F mutation in APP showed the strongest increase in Cit expression, underscoring its role in regulating Fe65 binding. Together, we established a highly sensitive fluorescent protein-based assay that can monitor transcriptional activity at the single cell level and demonstrate that AICD phosphorylation affects Fe65 nuclear activity. This assay also introduces a platform for future single cell-based drug screening methods for nuclear translocation.
Identification of the molecular determinants for nuclear import of PRV EP0
Authors: Cai Mingsheng , Wang Ping , Wang Yuanfang , Chen Tao , Xu Zuo , Zou Xingmei , Ou Xiaowen , Li Yiwen , Chen Daixiong , Peng Tao , Li Meili
Published: May 2019

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) early protein EP0 is a homologue of the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) immediate-early protein ICP0, which is a multifunctional protein and important for HSV-1 infection. However, the definite function of EP0 during PRV infection is not clear. In this study, to determine if EP0 might localize to the nucleus, as it is shown for its homologue in HSV-1, the subcellular localization pattern and molecular determinants for the nuclear import of EP0 were investigated. EP0 was demonstrated to predominantly target the nucleus in both PRV infected- and plasmid-transfected cells. Furthermore, the nuclear import of EP0 was shown to be dependent on the Ran-, importin α1-, α3-, α7-, β1- and transportin-1-mediated multiple pathways. Taken together, these data will open up new horizons for portraying the biological roles of EP0 in the course of PRV lytic cycle.
A concise proof to the spectral and nuclear norm bounds through tensor partitions
Authors: Kong Xu
Published: May 2019

On estimations of the lower and upper bounds for the spectral and nuclear norm of a tensor, Li established neat bounds for the two norms based on regular tensor partitions, and proposed a conjecture for the same bounds to be hold based on general tensor partitions [Z. Li, Bounds on the spectral norm and the nuclear norm of a tensor based on tensor partition, SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl., 37 (2016), pp. 1440-1452]. Later, Chen and Li provided a solution to the conjecture [Chen B., Li Z., On the tensor spectral p-norm and its dual norm via partitions]. In this short paper, we present a concise and different proof for the validity of the conjecture, which also offers a new and simpler proof to the bounds of the spectral and nuclear norms established by Li for regular tensor partitions. Two numerical examples are provided to illustrate tightness of these bounds.
A categorical approach to abstract convex spaces and interval spaces
Authors: Wang Bing , Li Qing-Hua , Xiu Zhen-Yu
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we establish the axiomatic conditions of hull operators and introduce the category of interval spaces. We also investigate their relations with convex spaces from a categorical sense. It is shown that the category CS of convex spaces is isomorphic to the category HS of hull spaces, and they are all topological over Set. Also, it is proved that there is an adjunction between the category IS of interval spaces and the category CS of convex spaces. In particular, the category CS(2) of arity 2 convex spaces can be embedded in IS as a reflective subcategory.
A Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Interface Shear Behavior between Granular Material and Rough Surface
Authors: Zhao Cheng , Zhang Rui , Zhao Chunfeng , Wang Wendong , Wang Youbao
Published: May 2019

As one of the constitutive features of the interface, the surface geometry has a significant influence on the shear behavior. To investigate the influence of surface roughness on a granular material/structure interface, both the direct shear test under constant normal stress and simple numerical modeling were carried out. Sand with colored pillars were used to provide a three-dimensional observation method to record the thickness variation and spatial distribution of shear zone. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of the shear zone is not uniform, showing a tendency toward a thick center and thin ends in the shear direction; the thickness of the shear zone is between 8–14 times the average particle size. With the support of numerical modeling, it can be concluded that the development mechanism of the shear zone changes as the interface roughness increases. The mosaic effect dominates the shear deformation when the normalized roughness parameter (Rn) is 1.25, whereas it is the compact effect for much larger Rn.
Quantitative Non-Destructive Evaluation of FRP Laminate-Concrete Bond Strength Using Ultrasound Tomography
Authors: Riad Mina , Yazdani Nur , Gonzalez Enrique , Sapkota Kamal
Published: May 2019

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminate is one of the most popular and practical solutions for the strengthening and retrofitting of deteriorated or under-strengthened concrete structures, adding strength, ductility, and durability. The quality of the FRP–concrete bond is critical in stress transfer and composite action at the interface, and in situ evaluation of the bond strength is a challenging issue. To quantitatively evaluate the bond strength, nondestructive evaluation (NDE) with ultrasound tomography was utilized on 32 small-scale concrete beams strengthened with carbon FRP laminates. Various parameters that may affect the bond strength, such as surface roughness, surface voids, epoxy type and thickness, and FRP type, were considered. The associated bond capacities were found through a bending test and correlated through finite element modeling. Quantitative relationships involving the NDE output values and associated bond strengths, with parametric inputs, were developed. Simple numeric examples are provided, showing application of the developed equations, which will be very useful in estimating the in-service bond conditions of applied FRP laminates on concrete structures. This may lead to quantitative estimation of the expected strength contribution of the laminates to the overall flexural capacity of structural members.
Modified Formula for Settlement of Reinforced Ground with Floating Soil-Cement Columns
Authors: Yao Kai , Yao Zhanyong , Song Xiuguang , Jiang Hongguang
Published: May 2019

Low improvement ratio soil-cement columns adopted in ground improvement are cost-effective with less environmental impact. However, the settlement mechanism of the reinforced area has not been clearly established, and the traditional settlement estimation formula only treats the reinforced area as an elastic block. Settlement of the reinforced area for a soft foundation with low improvement ratio soil-cement columns was investigated by conducting a series of 1-g model tests. By reconsidering the effect of column length, the traditional formula was modified by adopting a stiffness ratio with the function of capturing the effect of skin friction between the column and surrounding soils.
Mixed Mode I/II Fracture Strength of Modified HMA Concretes Subjected to Different Temperature Conditions
Authors: Pirmohammad Sadjad , Shabani Hamid
Published: May 2019

In this article, the effects of fixed and variable temperature conditions on the fracture toughness of three different hot mix asphalt (HMA) concretes were investigated. The first HMA concrete contained a normal binder, the second one was modified with crumb rubber (CR), and the third mixture was modified with styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS). The pure mode I, pure mode II, and three different mixed mode I/II fracture toughness values were calculated by performing fracture experiments on the semicircular bend specimens made of the aforementioned HMA concretes. The results displayed that the variable temperature condition reduced fracture strength of the HMA concretes. Moreover, the addition of SBS and CR improved the fracture strength of HMA concretes significantly, such that the CR enhanced the fracture strength between 2 and 22 % depending on the loading mode and environmental conditions. These values were between 6 and 34 % for the HMAs modified by SBS. Therefore, the fracture strength of HMA was more improved by the SBS than the CR. Furthermore, the HMA concretes were subjected to a critical condition under mixed mode I/II loading rather than pure mode I.
Road to Resegregation
Authors: Schafran Alex
Published: May 2019

How could Northern California, the wealthiest and most politically progressive region in the United States, become one of the earliest epicenters of the foreclosure crisis? How could this region continuously reproduce racial poverty and reinvent segregation in old farm towns one hundred miles from the urban core? This is the story of the suburbanization of poverty, the failures of regional planning, urban sprawl, NIMBYism, and political fragmentation between middle-class white environmentalists and communities of color. As this book shows, the responsibility for this newly segregated geography lies in institutions from across the region, state, and political spectrum, even as the Bay Area has never managed to build common purpose around the making and remaking of its communities, cities, and towns. The book closes by presenting paths toward a new politics of planning and development that weave scattered fragments into a more equitable and functional whole.
Silicon San Francisco and the West Bay Wall
Authors: Schafran Alex
Published: May 2019

Silicon Valley as we know it emerged in part from encounters between the technology of the valley and the Bohemian culture of San Francisco. This San Francisco–Silicon Valley nexus would produce one of the most dynamic economic growth stories any region has ever seen. Over the course of the latter part of the twentieth century, this encounter eventually turned both San Francisco and Silicon Valley into massive jobs engines. This chapter examines the spaces where this engine was most powerful, the places that drove the economic cart which attracted so many new residents and so much investment. These are also the places that largely did either very little or not enough to house the people who held these jobs. They did even less for those who had suffered under the segregated conditions of the earlier era.
The Unrealized Coalition
Authors: Schafran Alex
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines why resegregation was never prevented by the state of California. It asks, why did California, the world's greatest urban project during the first three quarters of the twentieth century, decide that it no longer needed to collectively invest in its urban future? Why did it not develop a more functional system of urban and regional politics that could have dealt with the sins of the postwar era? Why could it not wean itself from an overreliance on certain forms of infrastructure without constructing an entirely new map of inequality? A common recent explanation for this inaction reaches beyond development politics to basic governance. A second set of reasons for inaction fits squarely within the focus on neoliberalism and Reaganite revanchism.
The Prophets of Justice
Authors: Laurent Sylvie
Published: May 2019

It illuminates how black Marxists, following in their wake, navigated racial and classist frameworks, from the early days of American Labor to the New Deal, grounding their critique of capitalism on its intrinsic racism and alienation of workers. Unheard calls for social and economic justice enticed hundreds of African-Americans to embrace Marxian-inspired ideologies from the 1920s to the 1940s, either in the Communist or the Socialist parties or in their affiliated organizations
The City and the Church
Authors: Laurent Sylvie
Published: May 2019

This chapter demonstrates how this social democratic undercurrent otherwise flowed to King through the history of his hometown, Atlanta, and through his education in the Social Gospel doctrine. The agitation of the radical Left in Atlanta when King was growing up not only exposed intraracial class tensions but saw an unprecedented attempt to unite the unemployed and to put the realities of economic injustice and poverty to the fore
Introduction
Authors: Vogan Travis
Published: May 2019

This introduction outlines the book’s topic, argument, methods, and layout. It overviews ABC Sports’ dominant place in network sports television and explains why the subsidiary is a significant object through which to consider sports media and popular culture in the United States.
The Real Wealth of the World
Authors: Isenberg Andrew C.
Published: May 2019

Beginning in 1848, the circum-Pacific world experienced dozens of gold rushes; they punctuated the histories of the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Although individual prospectors dominate the national narratives of gold rushes, by the mid-1850s, industrial mining technologies had largely replaced individual miners with their pans and shovels. Notable among these industrial technologies was hydraulic mining, which used high-pressure water hoses to flush large amounts of gold-bearing gravel into sluice boxes saturated with mercury. Industrial mining technologies were portable—engineers who perfected hydraulic mining in California exported the practice to Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Hydraulic mining exacted startling environmental costs: floods, deforestation, erosion, and toxic pollution. This chapter is by Andrew Isenberg.
Electrical Palestine
Authors: Meiton Fredrik
Published: May 2019

Like electricity, political power travels through physical materials whose properties govern its flow. Electrical Palestine charts the construction of Palestine’s electric grid in the interwar period and its implication in the area’s rapid and uneven development. It does so in an effort to rethink both the origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict and the interplay of politics, capital, and technology more broadly. The study follows the coevolution of the power system and Zionist state building efforts in Palestine on the conceptual and material level. Conceptually, the design and construction of the system shaped Palestine as a precisely bounded entity with a distinct political, social, and economic character. Materially, the borders of the mandate were mapped onto the power system and structured an ethno-national division of capital, land, and labor. In 1948, these coevolving forces ultimately carried over into Jewish statehood and Palestinian statelessness.
Introduction
Authors: Meiton Fredrik
Published: May 2019

Electrical Palestine tells a story of how a particular relationship between technology and politics was made in Palestine in the period of British rule, and then the book tracks its consequences. Through the story of Palestine’s electrification, it seeks to offer a new perspective on the making and substance of modern political power. The central argument of this book is that the uneven development of Palestine’s electric grid critically shaped the land and the ethno-national conflict that unfolded on it.
Conclusion
Authors: Meiton Fredrik
Published: May 2019

It is difficult to imagine present-day Palestine without the racial acrimony that has unfortunately been so prominent a feature of the public life of the country, but the skeptic might find some consolation in the fact that it would be equally difficult to imagine modern Palestine without those far-reaching works such as the one of the Palestine Electric Corporation, which will leave their impress forever on the development and future of the Holy Land....
Conclusion and Policy Implications
Authors: Soyer Michaela
Published: May 2019

Over the course of this book I have argued that the young men I interviewed were caught in a web of poverty and trauma that significantly shaped their pathways into criminal behavior. The kind of adversity they confronted made it almost impossible for them to develop reasonable assumptions about violence, drug use, and criminal behavior in general. While the data I have presented do not allow for simplistic causal arguments about the relationship between poverty and crime, the narratives that have unfolded over the past six chapters reveal that the young men’s criminal behavior has to be contextualized within the significant childhood adversity they lived through....
The Road to Prison
Authors: Fontes Anthony W.
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces Gato, a central gatekeeper during fieldwork, and details the process of getting to and entering a Guatemalan prison.
Make It a Global
Authors: Fontes Anthony W.
Published: May 2019

This chapter sets the scene of the crime for which Andy became a protected witness. Using Andy’s recorded testimony, it lays out the Mara Salvatrucha’s planning and execution of a quadruple decapitation in protest over the loss of prison privileges.
Devotional Strategies
Authors: Kendrick Robert L.
Published: May 2019

The pieces had the task of projecting both Passion commemoration and personal penance, in line with the dynasty’s totalizing engagement with piety during Holy Week, famed even to outsiders. In order to convey the Atonement, the texts also used the mercantilist vocabulary of court economic thought. Both abstract ideas and personalized traits were conveyed via allegorical characters, often of some complexity, figures whose music is not easily differentiated from that of the Biblical characters (the Virgin, Peter, Mary Magdalen) who populated the casts. These figures enacted lament, penance, and pedagogical explanation of Redemption, while issues of meditation and even ecstasy were apportioned to the more allegorical roles. Some of the characters and thematics were designed to function at specific political junctures in a given year, and worked together in subtle ways. The chapter concludes with a 1668 work that raises all these issues, Il Lutto dell’Universo, composed by Leopold himself in the midst of a series of disasters, including the death of the infant male heir to the throne.
The Power of the Cross
Authors: Kendrick Robert L.
Published: May 2019

One reuse of a sepolcro in the mid-twentieth century was Bruno Maderna and Luigi Nono’s rediscovery of a 1705 work, an adaptation performed in 1950. This was the last piece that Leopold I would have heard before his death in 1705. The book concludes by revisiting the sepolcro with which it had opened, the 1697 La Virtù della Croce, a piece that moves in the direction of an individual ars moriendi.
Introduction
Authors: Heo Angie
Published: May 2019

The introduction presents the book's argument that holy saints and their imaginaries are sites of Christian-Muslim mediation in post-1952 Egypt. "Christian-Muslim mediation" signals two different kinds of mediation: (1) Orthodox Christian traditions of divine intercession that have long brokered ties across various faiths and denominations; and (2) the Coptic Church and its state-authorized role as an arbiter of Christian-Muslim affairs. The introduction establishes the book's strategic focus on how Copts imagine their relations to Muslims and how the Coptic Church legislates and regulates their imaginings. It provides an abbreviated historical background of Copts and the Coptic Church in contemporary Egypt and elaborates on the book's theoretical approaches to the material aesthetics of sainthood and the national politics of religious difference. It closes with a brief account of fieldwork methodology and a chapter overview.
How a Tradition Travels
Authors: Ingram Brannon D.
Published: May 2019

Building off the fifth chapter, the sixth chapter reconstructs how Deoband became a global phenomenon, highlighting the reciprocal relationship between the rise of the Tablighi Jama`at in South Africa and the expansion of South African Deobandi scholarly networks. Scholars and students traveled between Deobandi seminaries in India and South Africa as early as the first decade of the twentieth century, but this chapter shows how the Deobandi brand did not emerge in South Africa in until the 1960s—a direct outcome of the growth of the Tablighi Jama`at in that decade. One of the ironies of the South African context is that the Tablighi Jama`at, which officially is supposed to avoid controversies, became embroiled in internecine polemics and counter-polemics over local Sufi devotions, principally the mawlud. The chapter concludes with a brief survey of these polemics.
Introduction
Authors: Vogt Wendy A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces the context of violence experienced by Central American migrants in Mexico and the significant theoretical contributions of the book. Through an ethnographic vignette it describes the research setting of fieldwork in a migrant shelter. It also situates and discusses the conceptual frameworks of violence, intimacy and the “anthropology of transit” that are developed throughout the manuscript.
Embodied Mobilities
Authors: Vogt Wendy A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the visible and less visible embodied realities of transit migration. It includes ethnographic stories and analysis of injury, illness and sexual violence and reproductive health. In doing so, the chapter explores meanings of deservingness as related to migrant health and well-being.
A Priestly Nation
Authors: Finkelstein Ari
Published: May 2019

chapter 5 demonstrates that Julian partially draws on Jews to model his highly innovative priestly program. Jewish priests exemplify the priestly life Julian lays out for his Hellenic priests in ep. 89b, and they execute laws laden with theurgic wisdom. Specifically, their observance of the dietary laws and consumption of consecrated food exemplify characteristics of the pagan holy man upon whom Julian models his priesthood. In the Letter to the Community of the Jews, Julian hints that he plans to restore Jewish priests to positions of leadership. The supreme standing of Jewish priests in a restored temple model Julian’s conception of ideal Hellenic leadership. Further, Jews offer Hellenes a model for the financing of priests, as Jewish priests receive the right shoulder of every sacrifice.