bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Floristic and Functional comparision of karst pastures and karst meadows from the North Adriatic Karst
Authors: Pipenbaher Nataša , Kaligarič Mitja , Škornik Sonja
Published: February 2016

In the present study, we compared the species richness and the floristic and functional composition of two types of extensively managed, species rich dry grasslands (class Festuco-Brometea) from the North Adriatic Karst: karst pastures (alliance Satureion subspicatae) and karst meadows (alliance Scorzonerion villose). Karst pastures are characterized by shallow rocky soils, high pH, and dry, warm conditions, whereas karst meadows have developed on deeper soil, with more humus and moisture and neutral to alkaline pH. The data set included a table with 100 phytosociological relevés of the studied grasslands and a matrix with 15 functional traits determined for 180 plant species. we found high species richness in these grasslands but no statistically significant differences in species richness between karst pastures and meadows. Differences in floristic composition were analysed with Detrended Correspondence Analysis, which supported a clear division between the two vegetation types and indicated that species composition could best be explained in terms of soil humidity and nutrient availability. We also detected several differences in plant functional traits between meadows and pastures. Some of the traits indicate greater resource availability on karst meadows (in particular, high SLA, low LDMC). In contrast, karst pastures have more slow-growing species with a combination of traits that can be interpreted as an avoidance strategy in relation to disturbance (e.g., grazing) in low productive habitats (e.g., low SLA, high LDMC, early flowering species and plants with rosette). A lower relative proportion of competitors (C) and ruderals (R), and a higher relative proportion of stress-tolerators (S) in karst pastures also suggested that these grasslands generally experience higher intensities of stress when compared to karst meadows, presumably owing to lower resource availability on stony, shallow soil. we could conclude that karst meadows and pastures differ significantly in both floristic composition and functional trait means, owing to their distinctive land-use (disturbance) and environmental conditions.
Ecological studies of an epikarst community in Snežna jama na planini Arto – an ice cave in north central Slovenia
Authors: Papi Federica , Pipan Tanja
Published: February 2016

Epikarst biodiversity in relation to environmental conditions was studied for the first time in an ice cave, Snežna jama na planini Arto on Mt. Raduha in north central Slovenia. In this alpine cave five sampling sites were monitored for fauna in percolation water in the period of one year. Temperature, conductivity, discharge, pH, total hardness and concentrations of various ions (calcium, chloride, nitrite, sulphate and phosphate) of water were measured. At the entrance of the cave ice is present all year round and the temperature inside the cave rises to a maximum of 4°C. These circumstances are reflected in the fauna found in percolating water. The first sampling site in the permanent ice was without fauna, as did the sampling site in an area with moonmilk. In the other three sampling sites, individuals of ten invertebrate taxa were found, Copepoda being the most abundant. Their abundance was positively correlated with discharge, pH and temperature of percolation water and additionally in the most abundant drip also with conductivity and total hardness. High proportion of immature copepods in drips shows that epikarst is their primary (i.e. source) habitat. Investigations of the alpine epikarst fauna can help to understand better the ecology of the epikarst fauna and its roles within the large range of different shallow subterranean habitats.
Cave morphology and controls on speleogenesis in quartzite: The example of the Itambé do Mato Dentro area in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Fabri Fabiana P. , Auler Augusto S. , Calux Allan S. , Cassimiro Roberto , Augustin Cristina H.R.R.
Published: February 2016

An area of 417 km2 in southeastern Brazil was mapped in detail regarding karst features in quartzite. Landforms typically assigned to carbonate karst terrains are largely absent, except for discrete occurrences of towers and collapse dolines. Caves are the most conspicuous landform, although occurring at a lower density than in most Brazilian carbonate areas. A total of 11 caves were mapped and studied in detail. Caves tend to develop at shallow depths parallel to the slope surface, controlled by lithological facies and the hydraulic gradient. Petrographical analyses suggest that mica (sericite) lenses within the quartzite and both sericite and iron around quartz grains may favour grain disaggregation and later erosional removal in a shallow phreatic environment. Quartzite caves represent a common feature in southeastern Brazil but tend to be isolated features rather than an integrated and areally extensive hydrological system typical of many carbonate settings.
Dez anos do informe brasileiro sobre espécies exóticas invasoras: avanços, lacunas e direções futuras
Authors: Zenni Rafael Dudeque , Dechoum Michele De Sá , Ziller Sílvia Renate
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2016v29n1p133Em 2004, o Ministério do Meio Ambiente contratou a elaboração do Informe Nacional sobre Espécies Exóticas Invasoras, cujos objetivos eram a coleta, a sistematização e a divulgação de informações no Brasil. Neste artigo, revisamos o que existia de conhecimento científico e normativas legais sobre invasões biológicas no Brasil antes do Informe, fazemos uma avaliação dos avanços e lacunas nos 10 anos pós-Informe e sugerimos direções futuras. Encontramos 143 artigos científicos e 65 marcos legais sobre espécies exóticas invasoras publicados entre 1999 e 2014. Os dados indicam que o Informe Nacional representa um divisor de águas para o tema no Brasil, a partir do qual aumentou a frequência da publicação de normas legais e pesquisas científicas. Identificamos avanços, ainda que aquém do necessário para considerar o tema consolidado no país. Os avanços obtidos se devem em parte à mobilização do terceiro setor e a grupos de pesquisa trabalhando separadamente. Para os próximos anos devem ser promovidos projetos de pesquisa, manejo e gestão mais ambiciosos e relevantes para fazer avançar o tema no país, contribuir para seu avanço em termos globais, embasar ações práticas de manejo e consolidar um arcabouço legal integrado que efetivamente permita-nos prevenir, manejar e controlar invasões biológicas.
Length-weight relationship of trahira Hoplias aff. malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) in a regulated stream of southern Brazil
Authors: Corrêa Fabiano , De Oliveira Edson Fontes , Pouey Juvêncio , Piedras Sérgio
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2016v29n1p169Este trabalho apresenta um estudo alométrico da relação peso-comprimento de Hoplias aff. malabaricus coletados no reservatório e no Arroio Chasqueiro, sul do Brasil. Foram coletados 112 espécimes com comprimento total entre 124 e 386 mm. Os parâmetros estimados do modelo comprimento-peso foram estatisticamente signiicativos e mostraram um crescimento alométrico positivo para a espécie.
Análise da diversidade da vegetação herbácea em reservatório no semiárido brasileiro (açude Itans – RN)
Authors: Costa Diógenes Félix da Silva , Sena Viviane Regina Rodrigues de , Oliveira Alisson Medeiros de , Rocha Renato De Medeiros
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2016v29n1p25As herbáceas representam uma parcela significativa da biodiversidade na Caatinga, distribuindo-se também entorno de reservatórios artificiais sob diferentes hábitos vegetais. O presente trabalho aborda a diversidade e a distribuição espacial da vegetação herbácea na zona de inundação do Açude Itans, reservatório de água localizado na cidade de Caicó (sob clima semiárido), no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Com o intuito de complementar a análise espacial destes resultados, os dados estatísticos foram armazenados e analisados em um Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG), onde foi possível gerar uma série de mapas temáticos sobre a área estudada. Por meio dos nove pontos amostrais dispostos na faixa do ecótono água/solo do reservatório, foram coletados 142 espécimes, identificando-se 44 espécies, com a marcante presença de espécies daninhas e/ou ruderais. A família mais expressiva foi Poaceae, com 37 indivíduos e sete espécies, seguida por Fabaceae, com 31 indivíduos e dez espécies. Cucurbitaceae, Plantaginaceae e Portulacaceae foram as famílias menos representativas. O local de amostragem menos diversificado foi a montante do reservatório, enquanto que próximo ao barramento foi o que apresentou a máxima diferença entre os organismos.
Temporal analysis of the weight/carapace width relationship and the condition factor in Uca mordax (Smith, 1870) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Ocypodidae) in the Igaraçu River, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
Authors: Alves dos Santos Filho Luiz Gonzaga , Alves Vieira dos Santos Sidely Gil , De Góes João Marcos , Fernandes-Góes Lissandra Corrêa
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2016v29n1p47Os caranguejos do gênero Uca Leach, 1814 são amplamente distribuídos na costa brasileira e desempenham importante papel ecológico no ecossistema estuarino na bioturbação do solo, ciclagem de nutrientes e servindo como fonte de alimento para outros organismos. Este estudo objetiva analisar a relação peso úmido/largura da carapaça e a dinâmica temporal do fator de condição do caranguejo Uca mordax (Smith, 1870). Os caranguejos foram coletados manualmente na margem do Rio Igaraçu (02°53’58”S; 41°46’49”W), de setembro de 2009 a junho de 2011, no período seco e chuvoso da região. Foram analisados 602 caranguejos (449 machos e 153 fêmeas). Determinou-se a largura da carapaça (LC) e o peso úmido (PU) de cada indivíduo. Os dados biométricos obtidos foram submetidos a uma regressão, por meio do software REGRANS, utilizando-se a equação do tipo potência (y = axb). A relação PU/LC para os machos foi expressa pela equação PU = 0,00011LC3,441, e para as fêmeas por PU = 0,00018LC3,211. O fator de condição foi determinado para cada mês de coleta, e comparado entre os sexos. As fêmeas apresentaram o grau de engorda cerca de 1,6 vezes maior que o dos machos. No período chuvoso as fêmeas apresentam um crescimento em peso do tipo isométrico, enquanto as demais relações (machos no período seco e chuvoso, e fêmeas no período seco) apresentaram crescimento alométrico positivo. Não houve diferença signiicativa entre o grau de engorda de machos e fêmeas.
Australoheros mattosi Ottoni, 2012 (Teleostei: Cichlidae): live coloration, population differences, and new data on adult external anatomy
Authors: Carmo Gilmar Ferreira , Triques Mauro Luis
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2016v29n1p55Espécimes recentemente coletados de Australoheros mattosi em cursos d’água próximos à localidade-tipo (drenagem do rio das Velhas, incluindo alto rio Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brasil) revelaram novos dados da coloração de adultos vivos (marcas iridescentes na base das nadadeiras dorsal e anal e coloração avermelhada a hialina-acinzentada na margem distal da nadadeira caudal), variações populacionais (peril dorsal da cabeça e coloração de fundo da cabeça) e ontogenéticas (variação na posição da narina, peril ventral da cabeça, escamas nas bochechas e nas nadadeiras anal e dorsal, mancha na margem posterior do opérculo e coloração de fundo em álcool) da morfologia externa e novos dados morfométricos(distância pélvico-peitoral, posição do olho em relação à horizontal ao nível da sínise e 5º ceratobranquial) de indivíduos adultos.
Feeding ecology of Rhinodoras dorbignyi (Kner, 1855) (Siluriformes: Doradidae) in the Paranapanema River, SP, Brazil
Authors: Lima Felipe Pontieri de , Nobile André Batista , Souza Diogo Freitas , Carvalho Edmir Daniel , Vidotto-Magnoni Ana Paula
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2016v29n1p67Estudos sobre caracterização da dieta de peixes representam um instrumento que permite determinar relações nas cadeias tróficas, definir hábitos alimentares e a ocupação de habitats e determinar os nichos tróficos das espécies. Para a caracterização da dieta de Rhinodoras dorbignyi, foram realizadas seis coletas bimestrais no alto rio Paranapanema, SP, durante o período de abril de 2010 a fevereiro de 2011. Dos 63 indivíduos capturados, 30 apresentaram algum conteúdo no estômago, sendo utilizados neste estudo. A dieta desta espécie foi determinada utilizando de dois métodos: (i) Índice Alimentar (%IAi); (ii) e a interpretação gráfica da estratégia alimentar. A partir dos resultados obtidos é possível inferir que R. dorbignyi é uma espécie insetívora, sendo que itens de origem autóctone apresentam grande contribuição em sua dieta.
Seasonal variations of ultra-fine and submicron aerosols in Taipei, Taiwan: implications for particle formation processes in a subtropical urban area
Authors: Cheung H. C. , Chou C. C.-K. , Chen M.-J. , Huang W.-R. , Huang S.-H. , Tsai C.-Y. , Lee C. S. L.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The aim of this study is to investigate the seasonal variations in the physicochemical properties of atmospheric ultra-fine particles (UFPs, d ≤ 100 nm) and submicron particles (PM1, d ≤ 1 µm) in an east Asian urban area, which are hypothesized to be affected by the interchange of summer and winter monsoons. An observation experiment was conducted at TARO (Taipei Aerosol and Radiation Observatory), an urban aerosol station in Taipei, Taiwan, from October 2012 to August 2013. The measurements included the mass concentration and chemical composition of UFPs and PM1, as well as the particle number concentration (PNC) and the particle number size distribution (PSD) with size range of 4–736 nm. The results indicated that the mass concentration of PM1 was elevated during cold seasons with a peak level of 18.5 µg m−3 in spring, whereas the highest concentration of UFPs was measured in summertime with a mean of 1.64 µg m−3. Moreover, chemical analysis revealed that the UFPs and PM1 were characterized by distinct composition; UFPs were composed mostly of organics, whereas ammonium and sulfate were the major constituents of PM1. The seasonal median of total PNCs ranged from 13.9  ×  103 cm−3 in autumn to 19.4  ×  103 cm−3 in spring. Median concentrations for respective size distribution modes peaked in different seasons. The nucleation-mode PNC (N4 − 25) peaked at 11.6  ×  103 cm−3 in winter, whereas the Aitken-mode (N25 − 100) and accumulation-mode (N100 − 736) PNC exhibited summer maxima at 6.0  ×  103 and 3.1  ×  103 cm−3, respectively. The change in PSD during summertime was attributed to the enhancement in the photochemical production of condensable organic matter that, in turn, contributed to the growth of aerosol particles in the atmosphere. In addition, clear photochemical production of particles was observed, mostly in the summer season, which was characterized by average particle growth and formation rates of 4.0 ± 1.1 nm h−1 and 1.4 ± 0.8 cm−3 s−1, respectively. The prevalence of new particle formation (NPF) in summer was suggested as a result of seasonally enhanced photochemical oxidation of SO2 that contributed to the production of H2SO4, and a low level of PM10 (d ≤ 10 µm) that served as the condensation sink. Regarding the sources of aerosol particles, correlation analysis of the PNCs against NOx revealed that the local vehicular exhaust was the dominant contributor of the UFPs throughout the year. Conversely, the Asian pollution outbreaks had significant influence in the PNC of accumulation-mode particles during the seasons of winter monsoons. The results of this study implied the significance of secondary organic aerosols in the seasonal variations of UFPs and the influences of continental pollution outbreaks in the downwind areas of Asian outflows.
New particle formation in the fresh flue gas plume increase the effective particle number emissions of a coal-fired power plant
Authors: Mylläri Fanni , Asmi Eija , Anttila Tatu , Saukko Erkka , Vakkari Ville , Pirjola Liisa , Hillamo Risto , Laurila Tuomas , Häyrinen Anna , Rautiainen Jani , Lihavainen Heikki , O'Connor Ewan , Niemelä Ville , Keskinen Jorma , Dal Maso Miikka , Rönkkö Topi
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Atmospheric emissions, including particle number and size distribution, of a 726 MWth coal-fired power plant were studied experimentally from power plant stack and from flue gas plume dispersing in the atmosphere. Experiments were conducted under two different flue gas cleaning conditions. The results were utilised in a plume dispersion and dilution modelling taking into account nucleation particle precursor (H2SO4 resulted from the oxidation of emitted SO2) formation and assessment related to nucleation rates. The experiments showed that the primary emissions of particles and SO2 were effectively reduced by flue gas desulphurization and fabric filters, especially the emissions of particles smaller than 200 nm in diameter. Primary pollutant concentrations reached background levels in 200–300 seconds. However, the atmospheric measurements indicated that new particles are formed in the flue gas plume, even in the very early phases of atmospheric ageing. The effective number emission of nucleated particles were several orders of magnitude higher than the primary particle emission. Modelling studies indicate that regardless of continuing dilution of the flue gas, nucleation precursor (H2SO4 from SO2 oxidation) concentrations remain relatively constant. In addition, flue gas nucleation is more efficient than natural atmospheric nucleation. Especially, the observation of the new particle formation with rather low flue gas SO2 concentrations changes the current understanding on the air quality effects of coal-combustion. The results can be used to evaluate the optimal ways to achieve better air quality particularly in polluted areas like India and China.
Reynolds-number dependence of turbulence enhancement on collision growth
Authors: Onishi Ryo , Seifert Axel
Published: February 2016

Abstract. This study investigates the Reynolds-number dependence of turbulence enhancement on the collision growth of cloud droplets. The Onishi turbulent coagulation kernel proposed in Onishi et al. (2015) is updated by using the direct numerical simulation (DNS) results for the Taylor-microscale-based Reynolds number (Reλ) up to 1,140. The DNS results for particles with a small Stokes number (St) show a consistent Reynolds-number dependence of the so-called clustering effect with the locality theory proposed by Onishi et al. (2015). It is confirmed that the present Onishi kernel is more robust for a wider St range and has better agreement with the Reynolds-number dependence shown by the DNS results. The present Onishi kernel is then compared with the Ayala-Wang kernel (Ayala et al. (2008a); Wang et al. (2008)). At low and moderate Reynolds numbers both kernels show similar values except for r2 ∼ r1, for which the Ayala-Wang kernel shows much larger values due to its large turbulence enhancement on collision efficiency. A large difference is observed for the Reynolds-number dependences between the two kernels. The Ayala-Wang kernel increases for the autoconversion region (r1, r2 < 40 μm) and for the accretion region (r1 < 40 μm and r2 > 40 μm; r1 > 40 μm and r2 < 40 μm) as Reλ increases. In contrast, the Onishi kernel decreases for the autoconversion region and increases for the rain-rain self-collection region (r1, r2 > 40 μm). Stochastic collision-coalescence equation (SCE) simulations are also conducted to investigate the turbulence enhancement on particle size evolutions. The SCE with the Ayala-Wang kernel (SCE-Ayala) and that with the present Onishi kernel (SCE-Onishi) are compared with results from the Lagrangian Cloud Simulator (LCS, Onishi et al. (2015)), which tracks individual particle motions and size evolutions in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The SCE-Ayala and SCE-Onishi kernels show consistent results with the LCS results for small Reλ. The two SCE simulations, however, show different Reynolds-number dependences, indicating possible large differences in atmospheric turbulent clouds with large Reλ.
Conditions for super-adiabatic droplet growth after entrainment mixing
Authors: Yang Fan , Shaw Raymond , Xue Huiwen
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Cloud droplet response to entrainment and mixing between a cloud and its environment is often considered by itself, without accounting for subsequent growth after the mixing event. Here we consider the change in cloud properties when the mixed parcel rises adiabatically after the mixing event. The vertical profile for liquid water mixing ratio after a mixing event is derived analytically, allowing the reduction due to mixing to be predicted from the mixing fraction and the cloud and environment temperature and humidity. It is derived for the limit of homogeneous mixing. The expression leads to a critical height above the mixing level: At the critical height the cloud droplet radius is the same for both mixed and unmixed parcels, and the critical height is independent of the updraft velocity and mixing fraction. Cloud droplets in a mixed parcel are larger than in an unmixed parcel above the critical height, which we refer to as the "super-adiabatic" growth region. Analytical results are confirmed by a bin microphysics cloud model. Using the model, we explore the effects of updraft velocity, aerosol source in the environmental air, and polydisperse cloud droplets. Results show that the mixing parcel is more likely to reach the super-adiabatic growth region when the environmental air is humid and clean. It is also confirmed that the analytical predictions are matched by the volume-mean cloud droplet radius under polydisperse conditions. The findings have implications for the origin of large cloud droplets that may contribute to onset of collision-coalescence in warm clouds.
Technical Note: A generic law-of-the-minimum flux limiter for simulating substrate limitation in biogeochemical models
Authors: Tang J. Y. , Riley W. J.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. We present a generic flux limiter to account for mass limitations from an arbitrary number of substrates in a biogeochemical reaction network. The flux limiter is based on the observation that substrate (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus) limitation in biogeochemical models can be represented as to ensure mass conservative and non-negative numerical solutions to the governing ordinary differential equations. Application of the flux limiter includes two steps: (1) formulation of the biogeochemical processes with a matrix of stoichiometric coefficients and (2) application of Liebig's law of the minimum using the dynamic stoichiometric relationship of the reactants. This approach contrasts with the ad hoc down-regulation approaches that are implemented in many existing models (such as CLM4.5 and the ACME (Accelerated Climate Modeling for Energy) Land Model (ALM)) of carbon and nutrient interactions, which are error prone when adding new processes, even for experienced modelers. Through an example implementation with a CENTURY-like decomposition model that includes carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, we show that our approach (1) produced almost identical results to that from the ad hoc down-regulation approaches under non-limiting nutrient conditions, (2) properly resolved the negative solutions under substrate-limited conditions where the simple clipping approach failed, (3) successfully avoided the potential conceptual ambiguities that are implied by those ad hoc down-regulation approaches. We expect our approach will make future biogeochemical models easier to improve and more robust.
Spatial impact and triggering conditions of the exceptional hydro-geomorphological event of December 1909 in Iberia
Authors: Pereira S. , Ramos A. M. , Zêzere J. L. , Trigo R. M. , Vaquero J. M.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. According to the DISASTER database the 20–28 December 1909 event was the hydro-geomorphologic event with the highest number of flood and landslide cases that occurred in Portugal in the period 1865–2010 (Zêzere et al., 2014). This event also caused important social impacts over the Spanish territory, especially in the Douro Basin, having triggered the highest floods in more than 100 years at the river's mouth in the city of Oporto. This work has a dual purpose: (i) to characterize the spatial distribution and social impacts of the December 1909 hydro-geomorphologic DISASTER event over Portugal and Spain; (ii) to analyse the meteorological conditions that triggered the event and the spatial distribution of the precipitation anomalies. Social impacts that occurred in Portugal were obtained from the Disaster database (Zêzere et al., 2014) whereas the data collection for Spain was supported by the systematic analysis of Spanish daily newspapers. In addition, the meteorological conditions that triggered the event are analysed using the 20th Century Reanalysis data set from NOAA and precipitation data from Iberian meteorological stations. The Iberian Peninsula was spatially affected during this event along the SW-NE direction spanning from Lisbon, Santarém, Oporto, and Guarda (in Portugal), to Salamanca, Valladolid, Zamora, Orense, León, and Palencia (in Spain). In Iberia, 134 DISASTER cases were recorded (130 flood cases; 4 landslides cases) having caused 89 casualties (57 due to floods and 32 due to landslides) and a further total of 3876 affected people, including fatalities, injured, missing, evacuated, and homeless people. This event was associated with outstanding precipitation registered at Guarda (Portugal) on 22 December 1909 and unusual meteorological conditions characterized by the presence of a deep low-pressure system located over the NW Iberian Peninsula with a stationary frontal system striking the western Iberian Peninsula. The presence of an upper-level jet (250 hPa) and low-level jet (900 hPa) located SW–NE oriented towards Iberia along with upper-level divergence and lower-level convergence favoured large-scale precipitation. Finally, associated with these features it is possible to state that this extreme event was clearly associated with the presence of an elongated Atmospheric River, crossing the entire northern Atlantic Basin and providing a continuous supply of moisture that contributed to enhance precipitation. This work contributes to a comprehensive and systematic synoptic evaluation of the second most deadly hydro-geomorphologic DISASTER event that has occurred in Portugal since 1865 and will help to better understand the meteorological system that was responsible for triggering the event.
Diagnostic and model dependent uncertainty of simulated Tibetan permafrost area
Authors: Wang W. , Rinke A. , Moore J. C. , Cui X. , Ji D. , Li Q. , Zhang N. , Wang C. , Zhang S. , Lawrence D. M. , McGuire A. D. , Zhang W. , Delire C. , Koven C. , Saito K. , MacDougall A. , Burke E. , Decharme B.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. We perform a land-surface model intercomparison to investigate how the simulation of permafrost area on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) varies among six modern stand-alone land-surface models (CLM4.5, CoLM, ISBA, JULES, LPJ-GUESS, UVic). We also examine the variability in simulated permafrost area and distribution introduced by five different methods of diagnosing permafrost (from modeled monthly ground temperature, mean annual ground and air temperatures, air and surface frost indexes). There is good agreement (99 to 135  ×  104 km2) between the two diagnostic methods based on air temperature which are also consistent with the observation-based estimate of actual permafrost area (101  × 104 km2). However the uncertainty (1 to 128  ×  104 km2) using the three methods that require simulation of ground temperature is much greater. Moreover simulated permafrost distribution on the TP is generally only fair to poor for these three methods (diagnosis of permafrost from monthly, and mean annual ground temperature, and surface frost index), while permafrost distribution using air-temperature-based methods is generally good. Model evaluation at field sites highlights specific problems in process simulations likely related to soil texture specification, vegetation types and snow cover. Models are particularly poor at simulating permafrost distribution using the definition that soil temperature remains at or below 0 °C for 24 consecutive months, which requires reliable simulation of both mean annual ground temperatures and seasonal cycle, and hence is relatively demanding. Although models can produce better permafrost maps using mean annual ground temperature and surface frost index, analysis of simulated soil temperature profiles reveals substantial biases. The current generation of land-surface models need to reduce biases in simulated soil temperature profiles before reliable contemporary permafrost maps and predictions of changes in future permafrost distribution can be made for the Tibetan Plateau.
Periodic stability analysis of wind turbines operating in turbulent wind conditions
Authors: Riva Riccardo , Cacciola Stefano , Bottasso Carlo Luigi
Published: February 2016

Abstract. In this work, a method for the stability analysis of wind turbines is described. A system identification technique, formulated for handling stochastic disturbances, is used to identify a periodic reduced order model from suitable recorded time histories of the system. Afterwards, such reduced model is analyzed according to Floquet theory. The formulation is model-independent, in the sense that it does not require knowledge of the equations of motion of the periodic system being analyzed, and it is applicable to an arbitrary number of blades and to any configuration of the machine. In addition, as wind turbulence can be viewed as a stochastic disturbance, the method is also applicable to real wind turbines operating in the field. The characteristics of the new method are verified first with a simplified analytical model, and then using a high-fidelity multibody model of a multi-MW wind turbine. Results are compared with those obtained by the well known operational modal analysis approach.
Full field assessment of wind turbine near wake deviation in relation to yaw misalignment
Authors: Trujillo Juan-José , Seifert Janna K. , Würth Ines , Schlipf David , Kühn Martin
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Presently there is a lack of data revealing the behaviour of the path followed by the near wake of full scale wind turbines and its dependence on yaw misalignment. Here we present an experimental analysis of the horizontal wake deviation of a 5 MW offshore wind turbine between 0.6 and 1.4 diameters downstream. The wake field has been scanned with a short range lidar and the wake path has been reconstructed by means of two-dimensional Gaussian tracking. We analysed the measurements for rotor yaw misalignments arising in normal operation and during partial load, representing high thrust coefficient conditions. We classified distinctive wake paths with reference to yaw misalignment, based on the nacelle wind vane, in steps of 3° in a range of ±10.5°. All paths observed in the nacelle frame of reference showed a consistent convergence towards 0.9 rotor diameters downstream suggesting a kind of wake deviation delay. This contrasts with published results from wind tunnels which in general report a convergence towards the rotor. The discrepancy is evidenced in particular in a comparison which we performed against published paths obtained by means of tip vortex tracking.
Sociological Research on Teachers’ Emotions: Four Approaches and the Shared Themes
Authors: Tsang Kwok Kuen
Published: February 2016

During the mid-1990s, teachers’ emotions emerged as an area of research in the sociology of education because many teachers all over the world were reported to be unhappy, dissatisfied, stressed, frustrated, and even alienated. This implies that teachers’ emotions, especially negative ones, go beyond individual factors and have become a social issue. Therefore, researchers use sociological perspectives and theories to deepen our understanding of the phenomenon. In order to advance our understanding of the social construction mechanism of teachers’ emotions, this article reviews four sociological approaches of teachers’ emotions: labor process of teaching in the context of education reforms, emotion management in teaching, social interaction in school settings, and teacher identity.
The Relationship between Quality of Working Life and Job Involvement of Employees in Chamran Hospital
Authors: Jahedi Zeinab Sirous , Reyshahri Ali Pouladi
Published: February 2016

The present study was conducted with the aim of representing the relationship between quality of work and work attachment of employees in Chamran hospital in Saveh in 2015. The research was practical in terms of objective and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection. The population consisted of 300 employees of Chamran hospital in Saveh among whom 169 individuals were chosen as a sample size using simple random sampling method and Morgan table. Data collection was carried out through standard questionnaire. Analysis of the obtained data was performed using SPSS 21 software in two parts of descriptive and inferential (Regression and Pearson Correlation). The results indicated that there is a significant and positive relationship between quality of working life and its dimensions including fair payment, safe and healthy working environment, providing opportunities for continuous growth and security, legalism, social solidarity and cohesion, and development of human capabilities with job involvement of employees in Chamran hospital in Saveh.
Stimulation Technologies: "New" Trends in "Old" Techniques
Authors: Siever Dave
Published: February 2016

Optimal functioning of the brain and mind is essential for good mental health and well-being. Unfortunately, disruptions in specific brain region function may arise for a variety of reasons, which include adverse genetic predispositions, poor nutrition, illness and cerebral accidents, developmental hormonal shifts, and negative life events resulting in overload and stress reactions. Fortunately, there are low-cost, easy-to-use, and effective electronic brain-stimulating technologies available today. These stimulation technologies include audiovisual entrainment (AVE) devices (e.g., light and sound machines), as well as electrostimulation technologies such as cranio-electro stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation. The instruments are all designed to aid individuals with modulating their own cortical arousal levels, whether to regain lost functionality or to enhance outcomes such as improved social interactions, athletic performance, mathematical problem-solving, or creating new art and music. This article reviews a range of current techniques used for stimulating and modulating brain regions for positive gain.
Provisioning an Urban Center under Foreign Occupation
Authors: Çakırlar Canan , Gourichon Lionel , Birch Suzanne Pilaar , Berthon Rémi , Akar Murat , Yener K. Aslıhan
Published: February 2016

The effects of foreign military interventions on production and distribution systems in occupied lands are commonly assessed through the study of textual sources and pottery typologies in Bronze Age archaeology and historiography. In this article, we explore the zooarchaeological record of the recently uncovered Late Bronze IIA deposits at Alalakh (Tell Atchana) to test whether the Hittite intrusion into Syria had any effect on the economic organization of local policies. The quantitative analysis of taxonomic compositions, mortality profiles, and body part distributions suggests that while slight modifications occurred in the distribution of provisions, the faunal economy of Alalakh did not go through drastic changes under Hittite rule.
Re-created Flatness: Hans Hofmann’s Concept of the Picture Plane as a Medium of Expression
Authors: Schreyach Michael
Published: February 2016

For Hans Hofmann and Clement Greenberg, flatness–more specifically, “re-created flatness,” a term Greenberg adopted after hearing it used in the painter’s important 1938– 39 lectures–became a key term in their accounts of pictorial meaning. In this paper, I articulate what is significant about that idea and draw out its implications for understanding what Hofmann meant by artistic expression. Ultimately, I suggest that the concept of re-created flatness, and its pictorial realization, implies or entails a certain view of expression: namely, that what is expressed by an artwork is the artist’s meaning (in contradistinction to the arbitrary meanings that may be imputed to her work by a viewer). This paper has three principle objectives. First, I overview Hofmann’s unpublished writings and lectures on aesthetics. So far, the critical analysis and evaluation of these materials have had little visibility in modernist studies. I aim not only to contribute a more specific account of Hofmann’s concepts as they were introduced through his program of aesthetic education but also to situate them in a wider intellectual and critical context. Second, I interpret the significance of those ideas for modernist criticism by focusing especially on the concept of re-created flatness as it appears in the writings of both Hofmann and Greenberg. Finally, I hope to demonstrate that Hofmann’s closely associated notions of flatness, depth, and the picture plane are deeply implicated in the issue of modernist painting’s autonomy, especially as formulated by Greenberg.
New Bi-modular Material Approach to Buckling Problem of Reinforced Concrete Columns
Authors: Salah Edeen Nassef Ahmad , A. Dahim Mohammed
Published: February 2016

This paper was investigating the buckling problem of reinforced concrete columns considering the reinforced concrete as bi – modular material. Governing differential equations was driven. The relation between the non-dimensional transverse deflection and non-dimensional distance between centroid axis and the neutral axis "eccentricity" was drawn to enable the solution of the governing differential equation. The new approach was verified with different experimental results and different codes of practice.
The Untapped Potential of Magnetic Survey in the Identification of Precontact Archaeological Sites in Wooded Areas
Authors: Hodgetts Lisa , Millaire Jean-Francois , Eastaugh Edward , Chapdelaine Claude
Published: February 2016

Evaluating the archaeological potential of wooded areas is often difficult because many of the techniques archaeologists commonly use to locate and map archaeological sites elsewhere are less effective in the trees. Ground cover hinders the visual identification of surface artifacts during pedestrian survey, and the tree canopy impedes many of the techniques used to map areas of interest, such as optical theodolites and DGPS. Shovel test pitting, which disturbs the integrity of sites and provides limited contextual information, is the most common method used to evaluate woodlots today. In light of increasing interest from Indigenous peoples in limiting the impact of archaeological work on their cultural heritage, we are testing less invasive methods to locate and map archaeological sites within wooded areas. Here, we present the results of a magnetic susceptibility survey on a wooded precontact site in southern Quebec, where the technique rapidly determined site limits and pinpointed the location of several longhouses and other features. Where geological conditions are suitable, this method could considerably reduce the cost and impact of archaeological assessment and investigation of wooded sites by both cultural resource management (CRM) and academic archaeologists.
Low-threshold and multi-wavelength Q-switched random erbium-doped fiber laser
Authors: Wang Simin , Lin Wei , Chen Weicheng , Li Can , Yang Changsheng , Qiao Tian , Yang Zhongmin
Published: February 2016

We demonstrate a low-threshold and multi-wavelength Q-switched random fiber laser with erbium-doped fiber as the gain medium and Rayleigh scattering as the randomly distributed feedback. Q-switched pulses are generated with threshold as low as 27 mW by combining random cavity resonances and the Q-value modulation effect induced by stimulated Brillouin scattering. The repetition rate is typically on the kilohertz scale with rms timing jitter of <5.5% and rms amplitude fluctuation of <30%. Raman Stokes emissions up to the third order are observed with an overall energy of nearly 42% of the pulse output, which may open an avenue for applications requiring multiple wavelengths.
Performance characteristics of a passively locked cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer with wideband-tunable multimode near-infrared light source
Authors: Someya Ryuta , Imamura Takeshi , Okamoto Tetsushi , Hatano Hiroshi , Toyoshima Naoko , Tei Kazuyoku , Yamaguchi Shigeru
Published: February 2016

A trace material detection system was developed on the basis of cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS) using a fiber-coupled passively locked external cavity diode laser (PLEC-DL) in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength region. The oscillation range of an antireflection-coated diode laser (AR-DL) coupled into an external cavity could be simply selected with a narrowband bandpass filter (1 nm), resulting in a stable wavelength oscillation in the wideband tunability between 1640 and 1680 nm. The external cavity acts as a trace material sensor that exhibits excellent flexibility because it is free from the DL source and is carefully designed with mirrors having reflectivities of ca. 99.995 and 99.99%. Trace-level detection was successfully demonstrated with the developed sensor having a minimum detectable absorption coefficient of 2.4 × 10−8 cm−1, which corresponds to 0.15 ppm for CH4 concentration without interference from H2O absorption lines under atmospheric pressure.
Controllability of self-aligned four-terminal planar embedded metal double-gate low-temperature polycrystalline-silicon thin-film transistors on a glass substrate
Authors: Ohsawa Hiroki , Sasaki Shun , Hara Akito
Published: February 2016

Self-aligned four-terminal n-channel (n-ch) and p-channel (p-ch) planar embedded metal double-gate polycrystalline-silicon (poly-Si) thin-film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated on a glass substrate at a low temperature of 550 °C. This device includes a metal top gate (TG) and a metal bottom gate (BG), which are used as the drive and control gates or vice versa. The BG was embedded in a glass substrate, and a poly-Si channel with large lateral grains was fabricated by continuous-wave laser lateral crystallization. The threshold voltage modulation factors under various control gate voltages (γ = ΔV
th/ΔV
CG) were nearly equal to the theoretical predictions in both the n- and p-ch TFTs. By exploiting this high controllability, an enhancement depletion (ED) inverter was fabricated, and successful operation at 2.0 V was confirmed.
The use and evaluation of self-regulation techniques can predict health goal attainment in adults: an explorative study
Authors: Plaete Jolien , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Verloigne Maite , Crombez Geert
Published: February 2016

Background.Self-regulation tools are not always used optimally, and implementation intention plans often lack quality. Therefore, this study explored participants’ use and evaluation of self-regulation techniques and their impact on goal attainment.

Methods.Data were obtained from 452 adults in a proof of concept (POC) intervention of ‘MyPlan’, an eHealth intervention using self-regulation techniques to promote three healthy behaviours (physical activity (PA), fruit intake, or vegetable intake). Participants applied self-regulation techniques to a self-selected health behaviour, and evaluated the self-regulation techniques. The quality of implementation intentions was rated by the authors as a function of instrumentality (instrumental and non-instrumental) and specificity (non-specific and medium to highly specific). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to predict goal attainment.

Results.Goal attainment was significantly predicted by the motivational value of the personal advice (OR:1.86), by the specificity of the implementation intentions (OR:3.5), by the motivational value of the action plan (OR:1.86), and by making a new action plan at follow-up (OR:4.10). Interaction-effects with behaviour showed that the specificity score of the implementation intention plans (OR:4.59), the motivational value of the personal advice (OR:2.38), selecting hindering factors and solutions(OR:2.00) and making a new action plan at follow-up (OR:7.54) were predictive of goal attainment only for fruit or vegetable intake. Also, when participants in the fruit and vegetable group made more than three plans, they were more likely to attain their goal (OR:1.73), whereas the reverse was the case in the PA group (OR:0.34).

Discussion.The chance that adults reach fruit and vegetable goals can be increased by including motivating personal advice, self-formulated action plans, and instructions/strategies to make specific implementation intentions into eHealth interventions. To increase the chance that adults reach short-term PA goals, it is suggested to keep eHealth PA interventions simple and focus only on developing a few implementation intentions. However, more research is needed to identify behaviour change techniques that can increase health goal attainment at long-term.
Running dry: The U.S. Southwest's drift into a drier climate state
Authors: Prein Andreas F. , Holland Gregory J. , Rasmussen Roy M. , Clark Martyn P. , Tye Mari R.
Published: February 2016

Changes in precipitation have far‐reaching consequences on human society and ecosystems as has been demonstrated by recent severe droughts in California and the Oklahoma region. Droughts are beside tropical cyclones the most costly weather and climate related extreme events in the U.S. We apply a weather type (WT) analysis to reanalysis data from 1979–2014 that characterize typical weather conditions over the contiguous United States. This enables us to assign precipitation trends within 1980–2010 to changes in WT frequencies and changes in precipitation intensities. We show that in the North Atlantic and Midwest region precipitation intensity changes are the major driver of increasing precipitation trends. In the U.S. Southwest, however, WT frequency changes lead to a significant precipitation decrease of up to −25% related to an increase in anticyclonic conditions in the North East Pacific. This trend is partly counteracted by increasing precipitation intensities.
The vertical propagation of disturbances triggered by seismic waves of the 11 March 2011 M9.0 Tohoku earthquake over Taiwan
Authors: Liu J. Y. , Chen C. H. , Sun Y. Y. , Chen C. H. , Tsai H. F. , Yen H. Y. , Chum J. , Lastovicka J. , Yang Q. S. , Chen W. S. , Wen S.
Published: February 2016

In this paper, concurrent/colocated measurements of seismometers, infrasonic systems, magnetometers, HF‐CW (high frequency‐continuous wave) Doppler sounding systems, and GPS receivers are employed to detect disturbances triggered by seismic waves of the 11 March 2011 M9.0 Tohoku earthquake. No time delay between colocated infrasonic (i.e., super long acoustic) waves and seismic waves indicates that the triggered acoustic and/or gravity waves in the atmosphere (or seismo‐traveling atmospheric disturbances, STADs) near the Earth's surface can be immediately activated by vertical ground motions. The circle method is used to find the origin and compute the observed horizontal traveling speed of the triggered infrasonic waves. The speed of about 3.3 km/s computed from the arrival time versus the epicentral distance suggests that the infrasonic waves (i.e., STADs) are mainly induced by the Rayleigh waves. The agreements in the travel time at various heights between the observation and theoretical calculation suggest that the STADs triggered by the vertical motion of ground surface caused by the Tohoku earthquake traveled vertically from the ground to the ionosphere with speed of the sound in the atmosphere over Taiwan.