bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Histone Deacetylase 3 by Metal Cations and 10-Hydroxy-2E-DecenoicAcid: Possible Molecular Epigenetic Mechanisms of Queen-Worker Bee Differentiation
Authors: Polsinelli Gregory A. , Yu Hongwei D.
Published: September 2018

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze the hydrolysis of ε-acetyl-lysine residues of histones. Removal of acetyl groups results in condensation of chromatin structure and repression of gene expression. Human class I, II, and IV HDACs are said to be zinc-dependent in that they require divalent zinc ions to catalyze the deacetylase reaction. HDACs are considered potential targets for the treatment of cancer due to their role in regulating transcription. They are also thought to play important roles in the development of organisms such as honey bees. The fatty acid, 10-hydroxy-2E-decenoic acid (10-HDA), which can account for up to 5% of royal jelly composition has been reported as an HDAC inhibitor. The crystal structure of the HDAC3:SMRT complex possesses two monovalent cations (MVCs) labeled as potassium with one MVC binding site near the active site Zn(II) and the second MVC binding site ≥20 Å from the active site Zn(II). We report here the inhibitory effects of excess Zn(II) on the catalytic activity of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) bound to the deacetylase activating domain of nuclear receptor corepressor 2 (NCOR2). We also report the effects of varying concentrations of potassium ions where [K+] up to 10 mM increase HDAC3 activity with a maximum kcat/KM of approximately 80,000 M-1s-1 while [K+] above 10 mM inhibit HDAC3 activity. The inhibition constant (Ki) of 10-HDA was determined to be 5.32 mM. The regulatory effects of zinc, potassium, and 10-HDA concentration on HDAC3 activity suggest a strong correlation between these chemical species and epigenetic control over Apis mellifera caste differentiation among other control mechanisms.
Characterization of the early response ofArabidopsis thalianatoDickeya dadantiiinfection using expression profiling
Authors: Gijsegem Frédérique Van , Bitton Frédérique , Laborie Anne-Laure , Kraepiel Yvan , Pédron Jacques
Published: September 2018

To draw a global view of plant responses to interactions with the phytopathogenic enterobacteraleDickeya dadantii, a causal agent of soft rot diseases on many plant species, we analysed the earlyArabidopsisresponses toD. dadantiiinfection. We performed a genome-wide analysis of theArabidopsis thalianatranscriptome duringD. dadantiiinfection and conducted a genetic study of identified responses.

A limited set of genes related to plant defence or interactions with the environment were induced at an early stage of infection, with an over-representation of genes involved in both the metabolism of indole glucosinolates (IGs) and the jasmonate (JA) defence pathway. Bacterial type I and type II secretion systems are required to trigger the induction of IG and JA-related genes while the type III secretion system appears to partially inhibit these defence pathways. UsingArabidopsismutants impaired in JA biosynthesis or perception, we showed that induction of some IG metabolism genes was COI1-dependent but, surprisingly, JA-independent. Moreover, characterisation ofD. dadantiidisease progression inArabidopsismutants impaired in JA or IG pathways showed that JA triggers an efficient plant defence response that does not involve IGs.

The induction of the IG pathway by bacterial pathogens has been reported several timesin vitro. This study shows for the first time, that this induction does indeed occurin planta, but also that this line of defence is ineffective againstD. dadantiiinfection, in contrast to its role to counteract herbivorous or fungal pathogen attacks.
NOJAH: Not Just Another Heatmap for Genome-Wide Cluster Analysis
Authors: Rupji Manali , Dwivedi Bhakti , Kowalski Jeanne
Published: September 2018

Since their inception, several tools have been developed for cluster analysis and heatmap construction. The application of such tools to the number and types of genome-wide data available from next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies requires the adaptation of statistical concepts, such as in defining a most variable gene set, and more intricate cluster analyses method to address multiple omic data types. Additionally, the growing number of publicly available datasets has created the desire to estimate the statistical significance of a gene signature derived from one dataset to similarly group samples based on another dataset. The currently available number of tools and their combined use for generating heatmaps, along with the several adaptations of statistical concepts for addressing the higher dimensionality of genome-wide NGS-derived data, has created a further challenge in the ability to replicate heatmap results. We introduce NOJAH (NOt Just Another Heatmap), an interactive tool that defines and implements a workflow for genome-wide cluster analysis and heatmap construction by creating and combining several tools into a single user interface. NOJAH includes several newly developed scripts for techniques that though frequently applied are not sufficiently documented to allow for replicability of results. These techniques include: defining a most variable gene set (a.k.a., ‘core genes’), estimating the statistical significance of a gene signature to separate samples into clusters, and performing a result merging integrated cluster analysis. With only a user uploaded dataset, NOJAH provides as output, among other things, the minimum documentation required for replicating heatmap results. Additionally, NOJAH contains five different existing R packages that are connected in the interface by their functionality as part of a defined workflow for genome-wide cluster analysis. The NOJAH application tool is available at http://bbisr.shinyapps.winship.emory.edu/NOJAH/ with corresponding source code available at https://github.com/bbisr-shinyapps/NOJAH/.
Multi-Omic Profiling Reveals Dynamics of the Phased Progression of Pluripotency
Authors: Yang Pengyi , Humphrey Sean J. , Cinghu Senthilkumar , Pathania Rajneesh , Oldfield Andrew J. , Kumar Dhirendra , Perera Dinuka , Yang Jean Y.H. , James David E. , Mann Matthias , Jothi Raja
Published: September 2018

Pluripotency is highly dynamic and progresses through a continuum of pluripotent stem-cell states. The two states that bookend the pluripotency continuum, naïve and primed, are well characterized, but our understanding of the intermediate states and transitions between them remain incomplete. Here, we dissect the dynamics of pluripotent state transitions underlying pre-to post-implantation epiblast differentiation. Through comprehensive mapping of the proteome, phosphoproteome, transcriptome, and epigenome of mouse embryonic stem cells transitioning from naïve to primed pluripotency, we find that rapid, acute, and widespread changes to the phosphoproteome precede ordered changes to the epigenome, transcriptome, and proteome. Reconstruction of kinase-substrate networks reveals signaling cascades, dynamics, and crosstalk. Distinct waves of global proteomic changes demarcate discrete phases of pluripotency, characterized by cell-state-specific surface marker expression. Our data provide new insights into the multi-layered control of the phased progression of pluripotency and a foundation for modeling mechanisms underlying pre-to post-implantation epiblast differentiation.

HIGHLIGHTS

Multi-ome maps of cells transitioning from naïve to primed pluripotency

Phosphoproteome dynamics precede changes to epigenome, transcriptome, and proteome

Kinase-substrate network reconstruction uncovers signaling dynamics and crosstalk

Proteins and cell surface markers that track pluripotent state transitions

Comparative analysis of mouse and human pluripotent states
Complete Genome Sequence of the Wolbachia wAlbB Endosymbiont of Aedes albopictus
Authors: Sinha Amit , Li Zhiru , Sun Luo , Carlow Clotilde K. S.
Published: September 2018

Wolbachia, an alpha-proteobacterium closely related to Rickettsia is a maternally transmitted, intracellular symbiont of arthropods and nematodes. Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are naturally infected with Wolbachia strains wAlbA and wAlbB. Cell line Aa23 established from Ae. albopictus embryos retains only wAlbB and is a key model to study host-endosymbiont interactions. We have assembled the complete circular genome of wAlbB from the Aa23 cell line using long-read PacBio sequencing at 500X median coverage. The assembled circular chromosome is 1.48 megabases in size, an increase of more than 300 kb over the published draft wAlbB genome. The annotation of the genome identified 1,205 protein coding genes, 34 tRNA, 3 rRNA, 1 tmRNA and 3 other ncRNA loci. The long reads enabled sequencing over complex repeat regions which are difficult to resolve with short-read sequencing. Thirteen percent of the genome is comprised of IS elements distributed throughout the genome, some of which cause pseudogenization. Prophage WO genes encoding some essential components of phage particle assembly are missing, while the remainder are scattered around the genome. Orthology analysis identified a core proteome of 536 orthogroups across all completed Wolbachia genomes. The majority of proteins could be annotated using Pfam and eggNOG analyses, including ankyrins and components of the T4SS. KEGG analysis revealed the absence of 5 genes in wAlbB which are present in other Wolbachia. The availability of a complete circular chromosome from wAlbB will enable further biochemical, molecular and genetic analyses on this strain and related Wolbachia.

Data deposition

Raw data from PacBio sequencing have been deposited in the NCBI SRA database under BioProject accession number PRJNA454708, as runs SRR7784284, SRR7784285, SRR7784286, SRR7784287. The paired-end reads from Illumina library used for indel correction are available from NCBI SRA database as accession SRR7623731. The assembled genome and annotations have been submitted to the NCBI GenBank database with accession number CP031221.
Methane-linked mechanisms of electron uptake from cathodes byMethanosarcina barkeri
Authors: Rowe Annette R. , Xu Shuai , Gardel Emily , Bose Arpita , Girguis Peter , Amend Jan P. , El-Naggar Mohamed Y.
Published: September 2018

TheMethanosarcinales, a lineage of cytochrome-containing methanogens, have recently been proposed to participate in direct extracellular electron transfer interactions within syntrophic communities. To shed light on this phenomenon, we applied electrochemical techniques to measure electron uptake from cathodes byMethanosarcina barkeri, which is an important model organism that is genetically tractable and utilizes a wide range of substrates for methanogenesis. Here we confirm the ability ofM. barkerito perform electron uptake from cathodes and show that this cathodic current is linked to quantitative increases in methane production. The underlying mechanisms we identified include, but are not limited to, a recently proposed association between cathodes and methanogen-derived extracellular enzymes (e.g. hydrogenases) that can facilitate current generation through the formation of reduced and diffusible methanogenic substrates (e.g. hydrogen). However, after minimizing the contributions of such extracellular enzymes and using a mutant lacking hydrogenases, we observe a lower potential hydrogen-independent pathway that facilitates cathodic activity coupled to methane production inM. barkeri. Our electrochemical measurements of wild-type and mutant strains point to a novel and extracellular-enzyme-free mode of electron uptake able to take up electrons at potentials lower than - 498 mV vs. SHE (over 100 mV more reduced than the observed hydrogenase midpoint potential under these conditions). These results suggest thatM. barkerican perform multiple modes (hydrogenase-mediated and free extracellular enzyme-independent) of electrode interactions on cathodes including a mechanism pointing to a direct interaction, which has significant applied and ecological implications.

Importance

Methanogenic Archaea are of fundamental applied and environmental relevance. This is largely due to their activities in a wide range of anaerobic environments, generating gaseous reduced carbon that can be utilized as a fuel source. While the bioenergetics of a wide variety of methanogens has been well studied with respect to soluble substrates, mechanistic understanding of their interaction with solid phase redox active compounds is limited. This work provides insight into solid phase redox interactions inMethanosarcinausing electrochemical methods. We highlight a previously undescribed mode of electron uptake from cathodes, that is potentially informative of direct interspecies electron transfer interactions in theMethanosarcinales.
A new approach to journal ranking: social structure in hospitality and tourism journals
Authors: Koseoglu Mehmet Ali
Published: September 2018

Purpose

This study introduces a new approach, called the social structure approach, for ranking academic journals by focusing on hospitality and tourism journals; and a hybrid metric, including the combination of the journal impact factor via citations and a social network metric, called the journal knowledge domain index (JKDI).

Design/methodology/approach

Twenty-five hospitality and tourism journals were selected to test this approach. Collaboration-based metrics, productivity-based metrics, and network-based metrics are considered components of the social structure approach. Additionally, a hybrid metric, including the combination of the journal impact factor via citations and a social network metric, JKDI, is developed.

Findings

The study’s findings show that top or leading journals have a weaker position in some social structure approach metrics compared to other (or follower) journals. However, according to the JKDI, leading journals have remained constant with the other ranking studies.

Practical implications

The ranking of academic journals is vital for the stakeholders of academia. Consequently, the findings of this study may help stakeholders to design an optimal ranking system and formulate and implement effective research strategies for knowledge creation and dissemination.

Originality/value

As one of the first in the journal-ranking literature, this study has significant implications, as it introduces a new ranking approach.
Extending the job embeddedness-life satisfaction relationship
Authors: Ampofo Emmanuel Twumasi , Coetzer Alan , Poisat Paul
Published: September 2018

Purpose

This exploratory study adopts a stakeholder perspective on organisational effectiveness. The purpose of this paper is to examine the job embeddedness (JE)–life satisfaction relationship, moderating roles of gender and community embeddedness and mediating role of innovative behaviour.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a snowballing approach, data were collected from 549 participants employed in organisations located in four major metropolitan centres in South Africa.

Findings

Analyses revealed a positive relationship between JE and life satisfaction. Gender moderated the JE–life satisfaction relationship, such that the relationship was stronger among females than males. Community embeddedness moderated the organisation embeddedness–life satisfaction relationship, such that the relationship was stronger when participants were highly embedded in their community. Finally, innovative behaviour mediated the relationship between organisation embeddedness and life satisfaction.

Practical implications

Managers could enhance employees’ life satisfaction through practices that increase on-the-job and off-the-job embeddedness. Furthermore, organisations could encourage employees’ innovative behaviours through workplace supervisors’ supportive responses to innovative employees.

Originality/value

JE researchers have yet to focus on the personal benefits of embeddedness for employees. Results of the study provide several contributions to this research direction. The study uses JE as a composite construct to confirm its relationship with life satisfaction. It also expands the JE–life satisfaction relationship by examining moderators of the relationship and a mediating variable in the relationship.
Alcohol Intake Interacts with CDKAL1, HHEX, and OAS3 Genetic Variants, Associated with the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes by Lowering Insulin Secretion in Korean Adults
Authors: Park Sunmin , Liu Meiling , Kang Suna
Published: September 2018

Background

Since alcohol intake increases the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in Koreans, we tested the hypothesis that the interactions of genetic variants involved in β‐cell function and mass with alcohol intake increase the T2DM risk.

Methods

The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected by genome‐wide association study for insulin secretion after adjusting for age, gender, area of residence, body mass index, and alcohol intake (p < 1 × 10−4) in 8,842 middle‐aged adults in the Ansan/Ansung cohort. Genetic risk scores (GRSs) were calculated by summing the risk alleles of 4 selected SNPs, CDKAL1 rs7754840 and rs9460546, HHEX rs5015480, and OAS3 rs2072134. The GRSs were categorized into 3 groups by tertiles, and the association between GRS and insulin secretion was measured using logistic regression after adjusting for confounding factors in the Ansan/Ansung cohort. The results were confirmed by the Rural cohort.

Results

HOMA‐IR was higher and HOMA‐B was much lower in the High‐GRS than the Low‐GRS in both cohorts. T2DM risk was higher by approximately 1.5‐fold in the High‐GRS than in the Low‐GRS in both cohorts. In the High‐GRS group, HOMA‐B decreased by 0.89‐ and 0.62‐fold in comparison with the Low‐GRS in the Ansan/Ansung cohort and Rural cohort. The GRS interacted with alcohol intake to increase the risk of developing T2DM in the Ansan/Ansung cohort (p = 0.036) and Rural cohort (p = 0.071). The risk of T2DM increased in the High‐GRS group with high alcohol intake and it was associated with decreased HOMA‐B. High alcohol intake decreased HOMA‐B regardless of GRS, and HOMA‐B was lower in the descending order of Medium‐GRS, Low‐GRS, and High‐GRS. However, HOMA‐IR was not altered by alcohol intake, but was elevated in the High‐GRS more than in the other groups.

Conclusions

Subjects with a High‐GRS had an elevated risk of T2DM even with moderate alcohol intakes due to lower HOMA‐B. High alcohol intake appears to be a risk factor for all Asians regardless of alcohol intake.
Oesophagectomy at a New Zealand regional centre: where to now?
Authors: Yuan Lance , Hider Phillip , Walsh Michael , Srinivasa Sanket , Rodgers Michael , Booth Michael , Grant Mark , Brown Anna , Koea Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Background

This study aims to define contemporary trends in characteristics, costs and management of patients diagnosed with oesophageal adenocarcinoma in New Zealand.

Methods

Clinical, pathological and management data of the 135 patients presenting with histologically proven adenocarcinoma to our institution over a 5‐year period (January 2010 to December 2014) was collected. Primary analysis reviewed patient demographics, co‐morbidities, treatment strategy and survival. Secondary analysis defined operative outcomes including complications, mortality rates and overall survival to December 2016.

Results

Thirty‐eight patients underwent oesophago‐gastrectomy (resection rate 28%) with curative intent following neoadjuvant chemotherapy with Clavien‐Dindo ≥3 complications in 17 patients (46%). Actuarial survivals from surgery at 1, 3 and 5 years were (79, 55 and 50%), with 19 patients (54%) alive and disease free at a median follow‐up of 26.5 months (range 1–82 months). Overall, this represented one sixth of the national volume of oesophagectomy. Ninety‐seven patients were managed non‐surgically due to metastatic or advanced local disease (n = 64), co‐morbid status (n = 27), patients choice (n = 2) and unknown (n = 4). Median survival from diagnosis in non‐resected patients was 9 months (range 1–40 months).

Conclusion

Oesophagectomy remains a challenging procedure for any institution, although good results can be achieved. Foci for referral are emerging in New Zealand for the surgical management of oesophageal cancer.
Review of epiglottitis in the post Haemophilus influenzae type‐b vaccine era
Authors: Baird Samantha M. , Marsh Philip A. , Padiglione Alex , Trubiano Jason , Lyons Bernard , Hays Andrew , Campbell Matthew C. , Phillips Damien
Published: September 2018

Background

This study reviewed the demographics, presentation, management, complications and outcomes of acute epiglottitis post Haemophilus influenzae type‐b vaccine introduction in Australia.

Methods

Retrospective review of acute epiglottitis at four Victorian tertiary centres from 2011 to 2016 was conducted. Patient characteristics, presentation, investigations, management, complications and outcomes were recorded. Subgroup analysis aiming to identify risk factors for patients requiring acute airway management was performed.

Results

Eighty‐seven adult and six paediatric cases were identified. The most frequent clinical findings in adults were sore throat (88.5%), dysphagia (71.3%), odynophagia (57.5%), dysphonia (56.3%) and fever (55.2%); 75.9% required intensive care unit admission. Airway compromise requiring intubation occurred in 27.6%, with 12.5% of these patients undergoing emergency surgical airways. Stridor, hypoxia, shortness of breath, odynophagia and lymphadenopathy were statistically more frequent amongst cases requiring airway intervention (P < 0.05). Cultures revealed mixed results with no aetiological pattern. H. influenzae type‐b was never cultured. Amongst paediatric cases, fever, tachycardia and stridor were frequently observed and all were admitted to intensive care unit. Two of six required intubation and one underwent surgical intervention. There were no deaths, but one patient suffered a hypoxic brain injury.

Conclusion

Modern epiglottitis is not the disease previously encountered by clinicians. With changing demographics and varying organisms, management is adapting to reflect this. Complications are rare, and symptomatology at presentation aids earlier recognition of patients who may require airway protection.
PHLDA1, another PHLDA family protein that inhibits Akt
Authors: Chen Yu , Takikawa Masahiro , Tsutsumi Shuichi , Yamaguchi Yoko , Okabe Atsushi , Shimada Mayuna , Kawase Tatsuya , Sada Akane , Ezawa Issei , Takano Yuhei , Nagata Kisaburo , Suzuki Yutaka , Semba Kentaro , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Ohki Rieko
Published: September 2018

The PHLDA family (pleckstrin homology‐like domain family) of genes consists of 3 members: PHLDA1, 2, and 3. Both PHLDA3 and PHLDA2 are phosphatidylinositol (PIP) binding proteins and function as repressors of Akt. They have tumor suppressive functions, mainly through Akt inhibition. Several reports suggest that PHLDA1 also has a tumor suppressive function; however, the precise molecular functions of PHLDA1 remain to be elucidated. Through a comprehensive screen for p53 target genes, we identified PHLDA1 as a novel p53 target, and we show that PHLDA1 has the ability to repress Akt in a manner similar to that of PHLDA3 and PHLDA2. PHLDA1 has a so‐called split PH domain in which the PH domain is divided into an N‐terminal (β sheets 1‐3) and a C‐terminal (β sheets 4‐7 and an α‐helix) portions. We show that the PH domain of PHLDA1 is responsible for its localization to the plasma membrane and binding to phosphatidylinositol. We also show that the function of the PH domain is essential for Akt repression. In addition, PHLDA1 expression analysis suggests that PHLDA1 has a tumor suppressive function in breast and ovarian cancers.
Computational design of transformables
Authors: Yuan Ye , Zheng Changxi , Coros Stelian
Published: September 2018

We present a computational approach to designing transformables, physical characters that can shape‐shift to take on vastly different forms. The design process begins with a morphological description of an input character and a target object that it should transform into. Guided by a set of objectives that model the core attributes of desirable transformable designs, optimized embeddings are interactively generated. Intuitively, embeddings represent tightly folded character configurations that fit within the target object. From any feasible embedding, skin meshes are then generated for each body part of the character. The process for generating these 3D models is based on a segmentation of the target object, which is achieved through a growth‐based model applied to a multiple level set representation of the transformable. A set of transformation‐aware post‐processing algorithms ensure the feasibility of the final designs. Building on this technical core, our computational design system provides many opportunities for users to inject their intuition and personal preferences into the process of creating transformables, while shielding them from tasks that are challenging and tedious. As a result, they can intuitively explore the vast space of design possibilities. We demonstrated the effectiveness of our computational approach by creating a variety of transformable designs, three of which we fabricate.
FTP‐SC: Fuzzy Topology Preserving Stroke Correspondence
Authors: Yang Wenwu , Seah Hock‐Soon , Chen Quan , Liew Hong‐Ze , Sýkora Daniel
Published: September 2018

Stroke correspondence construction is a precondition for vectorized 2D animation inbetweening and remains a challenging problem. This paper introduces the FTP‐SC, a fuzzy topology preserving stroke correspondence technique, which is accurate and provides the user more effective control on the correspondence result than previous matching approaches. The method employs a two‐stage scheme to progressively establish the stroke correspondence construction between the keyframes. In the first stage, the stroke correspondences with high confidence are constructed by enforcing the preservation of the so‐called “fuzzy topology” which encodes intrinsic connectivity among the neighboring strokes. Starting with the high‐confidence correspondences, the second stage performs a greedy matching algorithm to generate a full correspondence between the strokes. Experimental results show that the FTP‐SC outperforms the existing approaches and can establish the stroke correspondence with a reasonable amount of user interaction even for keyframes with large geometric and spatial variations between strokes.
877. ANDIRA ANTHELMIA
Authors: Pennington R. Toby , de Lima Haroldo C. , Watherston Neil , Inches Fiona
Published: September 2018

The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation requirements of the unusual legume tree Andira anthelmia (Vellozo) J.F. MacBride, are discussed; a full botanical description, pollination, colour illustration and dissection drawings are also provided.
879. PASSIFLORA EMARGINATA
Authors: Hilgenhof Rebecca , Aguirre Morales Adriana Carolina , Caetano Creucí Maria
Published: September 2018

Passiflora emarginataBonpl. (synonymsAstrophea emarginata(Bonpl.) M.Roem. andPassiflora caucaensisHolm‐Niels.), a medium‐sized tree from Colombia, is described and illustrated. Its history, taxonomy, conservation status, observations from the wild and cultivation including its propagation are discussed.
882. EUONYMUS MACROPTERUS
Authors: Rix Martyn
Published: September 2018

Euonymus macropterus Ruprecht is illustrated: its ecology, distribution and cultivation are discussed.
Political change and informality
Authors: Elsayed Ahmed , Wahba Jackline
Published: September 2018

This paper examines informality during the political and economic turmoil that accompanied the Arab Spring revolution in Egypt. The paper focuses on unprotected employment and the extent to which it changed by educational level immediately after the January Uprising of 2011. We find that over time and particularly after the revolution, informal employment has increased for both high‐ and low‐educated workers, albeit through different paths: high‐educated workers were more likely to be stuck in informality, while low‐educated formal workers were more likely to lose their contracts. The increase in informal employment in the wake of the Arab Spring is more pronounced for the high‐educated. The results suggest a high level of rigidity in the Egyptian labour market, even in the wake of the Arab Spring.
The folk metaphysics of love
Authors: Carlsson Ulrika
Published: September 2018

I argue against the intellectualist view of love according to which we (must) love for reasons so that love is rational. Engaging primarily with the quality appraisal view of love, I concede that qualities can cause love but insist that it is misguided to think of love as having reasons. A number of features of human psychology complicate the issue of how lover relates to beloved's qualities. (a) The lover may be attracted to a quality without appraising that quality reflectively. (b) Personal qualities are not perceived in isolation; rather, our assessment of one quality will affect how we perceive another. In fact, we tend to posit essences in persons, and these guide our interpretation of their other qualities. (c) We do not see persons as bundles of qualities but as unique wholes. This is due to our capacity to fetishize particulars, and it dispels the problem of fungibility. (d) We have a tendency to see meaning in things retrospectively—philosophers have mistaken this sense of meaning for rationality. The philosophical movement to incorporate love into rationality fails to recognize that there is a folk metaphysics built deep into our psyches that does not correspond to the worldview of contemporary philosophers.
Predicting the current and future suitable habitat distributions of the anchovy (Engraulis ringens) using the Maxent model in the coastal areas off central‐northern Chile
Authors: Silva Claudio , Leiva Francisco , Lastra José
Published: September 2018

An assessment of climate change impacts on the habitat suitability of fish species is an important tool to improve the understanding and decision‐making needed to reduce potential climate change effects based on the observed relationships of biological responses and environmental conditions. In this study, we use historical (2010–2015) environmental sea surface temperature (SST), upwelling index (UI), chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) and biological (i.e., anchovy adults acoustic presence) data (i.e., Maxent) to determine anchovy habitat suitability in the coastal areas off central‐northern (25°S–32°S) Chile. Using geographic information systems (GIS), the model was forced by changes in regionalized SST, UI and Chl‐a as projected by IPCC models under the RPC (i.e., RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5) emissions scenarios for the simulation period 2015–2050. The model simulates, for all RCP scenarios, negative responses in anchovy presence, reflecting the predicted changes in environmental variables, dominated by a future positive (warming) change in SST and UI, and a decrease in chlorophyll‐a (i.e., phytoplankton biomass). The model predicts negative changes in habitat suitability in coastal areas from north of Taltal (25°S) to south of Caldera (27°45′S) and in Coquimbo littoral zone (29°–30°12′S).

The habitat suitability models and climate change predictions identified in this study may provide a scientific basis for the development of management measures for anchovy fisheries in the coastal areas of the South American coast and other parts of the world.
Effect of urbanization on soil methane and nitrous oxide fluxes in subtropical Australia
Authors: van Delden Lona , Rowlings David W. , Scheer Clemens , De Rosa Daniele , Grace Peter R.
Published: September 2018

Increasing population densities and urban sprawl are causing rapid land use change from natural and agricultural ecosystems into smaller, urban residential properties. However, there is still great uncertainty about the effect that urbanization will have on biogeochemical C and N cycles and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) budgets. We aimed to evaluate how typical urbanization related land use change in subtropical Australia affects soil GHG exchange (N2O and CH4) and the associated global warming potential (GWP). Fluxes were measured from three land uses: native forest, a long‐term pasture, and a turf grass lawn continuously over two years using a high‐resolution automated chamber system. The fertilized turf grass had the highest N2O emissions, dominated by high fluxes >100 g N2O‐N day−1 immediately following establishment though decreased to just 0.6 kg N2O‐N ha−1 in the second year. Only minor fluxes occurred in the forest and pasture, with the high aeration of the sandy topsoil limiting N2O emissions while promoting substantial CH4 uptake. Native forest was consistently the strongest CH4 sink (−2.9 kg CH4‐C ha−1 year−1), while the pasture became a short‐term CH4 source after heavy rainfall when the soil reached saturation. On a two‐year average, land use change from native forest to turf grass increased the non‐CO2 GWP from a net annual GHG sink of −83 CO2‐e ha–1 year−1 to a source of 245 kg CO2‐e ha–1 year−1. This study highlights that urbanization can substantially alter soil GHG exchange by altering plant soil water use and by increasing bulk density and inorganic N availability. However, on well‐drained subtropical soils, the impact of urbanization on inter‐annual non‐CO2 GWP of turf grass was low compared to urbanized ecosystems in temperate climates.
Geo‐text data and data‐driven geospatial semantics
Authors: Hu Yingjie
Published: September 2018

Many datasets nowadays contain links between geographic locations and natural language texts. These links can be geotags, such as geotagged tweets or geotagged Wikipedia pages, in which location coordinates are explicitly attached to texts. These links can also be place mentions, such as those in news articles, travel blogs, or historical archives, in which texts are implicitly connected to the mentioned places. This kind of data is referred to as geo‐text data. The availability of large amounts of geo‐text data brings both challenges and opportunities. On the one hand, it is challenging to automatically process this kind of data due to the unstructured texts and the complex spatial footprints of some places. On the other hand, geo‐text data offers unique research opportunities through the rich information contained in texts and the special links between texts and geography. As a result, geo‐text data facilitates various studies especially those in data‐driven geospatial semantics. This paper discusses geo‐text data and related concepts. With a focus on data‐driven research, this paper systematically reviews a large number of studies that have discovered multiple types of knowledge from geo‐text data. Based on the literature review, a generalized workflow is extracted and key challenges for future work are discussed.
Inequality and regional development in resource economies of advanced capitalist economies
Authors: Martinus Kirsten
Published: September 2018

Regional development theories draw on forces of economic convergence or divergence to explain uneven core‐periphery spatial processes of community formation. But there continues to be limited understanding of how different capitalism types shape this, such as in resource economies in advanced capitalist economies where global competitiveness depends on the productivity increases of technological innovation and a specialized flexible workforce. This paper unpacks contemporary understandings of regional development processes, arguing that theories often underestimate the scale of labor commuting, as well as the level to which it is structurally transforming resource economies. It draws on evidence from Western Australia, examining how resource production has shaped the spatiality of economic activities between the Perth metropolitan region and its peripheries. Outlining factor inputs of two broad resource economy types, it offers four dimensions influencing spatial relations of resource economies in advanced capitalist nations which need deeper consideration in regional development models. It concludes that understanding the unique processes driving spatial (dis)advantage within such economies is critical to efficient policy formation, and that not doing so may unwittingly exacerbate spatial inequality.
Utility of a screening tool for haemostatic defects in a multicentre cohort of adolescents with heavy menstrual bleeding
Authors: Zia Ayesha , Stanek Joseph , Christian‐Rancy Myra , Ahuja Sanjay P. , Savelli Stephanie , O’Brien Sarah H.
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) may be expected for many adolescents after menarche. Accurate assessment of HMB, a key component in the diagnosis of a haemostatic defect (HD), is a well‐recognized challenge.

Aim

Our objective was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of an HMB‐specific screening tool for HDs in adolescents with HMB, presenting to a secondary care setting.

Methods

Adolescents with HMB were evaluated for a HD at 4 US centres. A screening tool, the Philipp Tool, developed and validated in adult women with HMB, was administered. We modified the tool by assigning a score based on the number of affirmative responses. Sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios (LRs) of a positive tool, modified tool, with a pictorial blood assessment chart (PBAC) score >185, and with serum ferritin ≤20 ng/mL were calculated for HDs.

Results

Among 248 adolescents with HMB, 29% were diagnosed with HDs. Sensitivity, specificity and LR of a positive screening tool for HDs were 95% (range 88‐99), 14% (9‐21) and 1.1 (1‐1.2), respectively. A score of ≥2, addition of a PBAC score >185 and ferritin ≤20 ng/mL changed the sensitivity, specificity and LR of the tool to 72% (61‐81), 94% (83‐99), 76% (65‐85); 60% (53‐68), 24% (16‐34) and 39% (31‐47) and 1.8 (1.4‐2.2), 1.2 (1.1‐1.4) and 1.2 (1‐1.4), respectively.

Conclusion

Although sensitive, the discriminative ability of the tool to identify adolescents with HDs from those without, who presented with HMB, was low. Further research is needed to optimize or develop an adolescent‐specific HMB tool for secondary care settings.
Histone deacetylase 2 is essential for LPS‐induced inflammatory responses in macrophages
Authors: Wu Chenming , Li Ang , Hu Jian , Kang Jiuhong
Published: September 2018

The role of specific histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins in regulating the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammatory response and its underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, HDAC2, a class I HDAC family protein, is essential for the LPS‐triggered inflammatory response in macrophages. LPS stimulation increases HDAC2 expression in macrophages. Knockdown of HDAC2 decreases the expression of proinflammatory genes, such as IL‐12, TNF‐α and iNOS following stimulation with LPS. The adoptive transfer of HDAC2 knockdown macrophages attenuates the LPS‐triggered innate inflammatory response in vivo, and these mice are less sensitive to endotoxin shock and Escherichia coli‐induced sepsis. Mechanistically, the c‐Jun protein is the main target of HDAC2‐mediated LPS‐induced production of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, HDAC2 knockdown increases the expression of c‐Jun, which directly binds the promoters of proinflammatory genes and forms nuclear receptor corepressor complexes to inhibit the transcription of proinflammatory genes in macrophages. These effects are rescued by c‐Jun expression. According to the chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, HDAC2 also selectively suppresses c‐Jun expression by directly binding to its promoter and modifying histone acetylation after LPS stimulation. Our findings define a new function and mechanism of the HDAC2/c‐Jun signaling network that regulates the LPS‐induced immune response in macrophages.
How Unpopular Policies are Made: Examples from South Africa, Singapore and Bangladesh
Authors: Palmary Ingrid , de Gruchy Thea , Ashraf ASM Ali , Koh Chiu Yee , Wee Kellynn , Goh Charmian , Yeoh Brenda S.A.
Published: September 2018

In this article we contribute to the emerging knowledge on migration policy‐making in two ways. Firstly, we address the relative lack of research on the gendered nature of migration policy‐making. Secondly we contribute to understanding migration policymaking in postcolonial contexts. Based on case studies from Bangladesh, South Africa, and Singapore, we trace the drivers of policy change in these contexts and how the gendered vulnerability of the intended beneficiaries impacted the policy process. We found that there were four main drivers of migration policy‐making in each of the countries. They were: the role‐players in the policy change process, the debates that shaped the policy change, the research involved, and the political context in which the policy change took place. While our research drew on existing policy frameworks, it also showed that policy development is shaped by complex socio‐political conditions.
Cryogenic grinding for better aroma retention and improved quality of Indian spices and herbs: A review
Authors: Saxena S. N. , Barnwal P. , Balasubramanian S. , Yadav D. N. , Lal G. , Singh K. K.
Published: September 2018

Spices are very well‐known for their characteristic aroma and peculiar taste from ancient time. Grinding of spices is an old practice using different grinding equipment suited as per prevailing conditions. In modern era, the popularity of quality processed products has increased in spices. Cryogenics has very important role to play in food sector. Liquid nitrogen is the preferred among all available cryogens to obtain desired low temperature in food grinding. Grinding of spices at very low temperature produced superior quality ground powder with better hygiene. In spite of a proven technology it is not being popular in developing countries including India due to high initial investment. Present review article brings together the original work done to realize physico‐mechanical, thermal and grinding characteristics, aroma profile, and medicinally important compounds of selected spices for developing design of low cost cryo‐grinder specifically for spices and its possible commercial application.

Practical applications

Cryogenic grinding of spices and herbs not only retain the volatiles with no loss as well as maintain the originality in flavor quality, thus has prospective commercial uses. Enhancement of pharmacological properties opens another important avenue for utilization of this technology for herbal grinding in Ayurveda and other traditional system of medicine. Particle size up to 50 μm may be achieved by cryogenic grinding which in turn will be more effective in medicinal or therapeutic use. Less quantity of herbal drugs will be required if ground cryogenically.
The effect of Guar and Tragacanth gums as edible coatings in Cheddar cheese during ripening
Authors: Pourmolaie Hediyeh , Khosrowshahi Asl Asghar , Ahmadi Mohammad , Zomorodi Shahin , Naghizadeh Raeisi Shahram
Published: September 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate a Guar/Tragacanth gum‐based edible coating used on Cheddar cheese during ripening for 90 days. Five samples of Cheddar cheese blocks were coated by different coating materials in triplicate as following: C, coated with polyvinyl acetate as control, GC, coated with 1% Guar gum and TG1, TG2, and TG3, coated with 0.75, 1, and 1.25% Tragacanth gum, respectively. All samples were kept at 8 ± 2 °C for 90 days. The results showed that total mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts were altered under the effect of edible coating materials (p < .01). The moisture and protein contents of the samples decreased and increased during ripening, respectively (p < .01). pH, acidity, fat in dry matter, tyrosine, and tryptophan contents of samples also significantly affected with edible coatings (p < .01). The free fatty acid composition of samples affected by all edible coatings. Trichloroacetic acid soluble nitrogen as a percent of total nitrogen, lipolysis, and sensory evaluation of samples were not significantly different (p > .01).

Practical applications

The coating of Cheddar cheese by edible coatings (Guar/Tragacanth gum) compared to commercial coating (polyvinyl acetate), in addition to easy use and reduction of environmental pollution, improved the qualitative characteristics of this type of cheese. Therefore, these edible coatings can be used as new coatings for packaging of Cheddar cheese.
Randomized trial of the efficacy of intravaginal ulinastatin administration for the prevention of preterm birth in women with a singleton pregnancy and both cervical shortening and inflammation of lower genital tract
Authors: Otsuki Katsufumi , Kawabata Ikuno , Matsuda Yoshio , Nakai Akihito , Shinozuka Norio , Makino Yasuo , Kamei Yoshimasa , Iwashita Mitsutoshi , Okai Takashi
Published: September 2018

Aim

To assess the preventive effect on preterm birth of intravaginal ulinastatin (urinary trypsin inhibitor; UTI) administration during the mid‐trimester in women with singleton pregnancy and both cervical shortening and lower genital infections.

Methods

Pregnant women with a short cervical length < 25 mm between 16 and 26 weeks of gestation and who had been diagnosed with a lower genital infection were randomly assigned for intravaginal UTI administration or placebo. All of the women were screened for infection or inflammation of the lower genital tract, and women with negative results were excluded.

Results

Of the 92 patients with a short cervical length who were assessed for eligibility for this study, 86 singleton patients were enrolled. All patients were randomized to one of two treatment groups: patients administered UTI (n = 35) and placebo (n = 35). There were no differences between the two groups in the incidence of preterm delivery before 28, 30, 32, 34 and 37 weeks of gestation and in perinatal outcomes.

Conclusion

For women diagnosed with a short cervical length < 25 mm) between 16 and 26 weeks of gestation and lower genital infection, who were at risk of preterm birth, administration of transvaginal UTI with vaginal irrigation showed no apparent benefit. Future research on the efficacy of UTI should evaluate modified modes of UTI application.
A behaviour change intervention with lipid‐based nutrient supplements had little impact on young child feeding indicators in rural Kenya
Authors: Byrd Kendra , Dentz Holly N. , Williams Anne , Kiprotich Marion , Pickering Amy J. , Omondi Ronald , Kwena Osborne , Rao Gouthami , Arnold Charles D. , Arnold Benjamin F. , Dewey Kathryn G. , Colford John M. , Null Clair , Stewart Christine P.
Published: September 2018

Poor infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices are associated with linear growth faltering. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of a nutrition and water and sanitation for health intervention on three IYCF indicators—minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD) in Kenyan children. Households were randomized into one of eight groups: (a) active control; (b) passive control; (c) water quality (W); (d) sanitation (S); (e) handwashing (H); (f) combined Water, Sanitation, and Handwashing; (g) nutrition (N); and (h) combined WSH + N. In the N and WSH + N arms, community‐based promoters counselled households on optimal IYCF practices, and small‐quantity lipid‐based nutrient supplements (SQ‐LNS) were provided to children 6–24 months of age. Twelve months (Year 1) and 24 months (Year 2) after interventions began, enumerators surveyed mothers to ascertain IYCF practices. We made pairwise comparisons of each intervention arm versus the active control arm using log binomial models. In total, 3,652 caretakers were surveyed at Year 1 and 4,987 caretakers at Year 2. Compared with the active control, there were no differences in any of the arms in MDD, MMF, or MAD, aside from an increase in MDD at Year 1 in the nutrition only arm but not in the combined WSH + N arm (N: 68%; WSH + N: 61%; C: 61%; N arm prevalence ratio: 1.13 95% CI [1.01, 1.25]). In this setting, a nutrition behaviour change communication intervention had little impact on IYCF indicators. The provision of SQ‐LNS was not detrimental to current IYCF indicators in the community.