bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le traducteur et ses cibles : lectures analytique et empathique en adaptation publicitaire
Authors: Vandal-Sirois Hugo
Published: August 2015

Pour toucher un public et parvenir à modifier son comportement, le traducteur publicitaire doit démontrer une excellente connaissance de la rédaction publicitaire, d’autant plus que le public cible et le contexte communicationnel de la traduction peuvent différer de façon significative de ceux de la publicité source. En tant qu’agent culturel de l’annonceur, le traducteur publicitaire repère les éléments textuels et paratextuels qui nuiront à l’efficacité du message et apporte les ajustements nécessaires. Dans ce but, il effectuera une double lecture de la publicité originale pour saisir l’ensemble des enjeux communicationnels et orienter sa démarche traductive. D’abord, la lecture analytique correspond à un premier travail de décodage rationnel, influencé par les connaissances et les aptitudes du traducteur en rédaction publicitaire, ainsi que par son environnement de travail, les ressources à sa portée et le contexte communicationnel. Ensuite, la lecture empathique permet de comprendre comment fonctionne le message à traduire du point de vue émotionnel pour ensuite recréer l’effet voulu, en considérant l’identité du public cible ainsi que les aspects culturels et l’objectif de la communication. Cet article montre que ces deux lectures, respectivement raisonnée et émotive, s’avèrent essentielles pour l’opération à la fois rationnelle et créative qu’est l’adaptation publicitaire.
Simultaneous Conference Interpreting and a Supernorm That Governs It All
Authors: Zwischenberger Cornelia
Published: August 2015

The integration of the concept of “social norm” into research on conference interpreting dates back to the late 1980s (Shlesinger 1989). This paper will show that conference interpreting is governed by role-related normative expectations which ultimately can all be traced back to the metaphoric concept of interpreters as conduits. This metaphoric concept that can be found in so many of the extratextual (re)sources on conference interpreting (Toury 1995) is extremely binding for conference interpreters and can therefore be regarded as an omnipotent norm – a supernorm that governs it all. Not only professional bodies such as the International Association of Conference Interpreters (AIIC), probably the most influential and powerful norm-setting authority in the field, but also individual authoritative personalities play a key role in promoting this supernorm. It is only in recent years that this supernorm, which demands that interpreters passively channel a message from one side or party to the other and thus tries to prevent an interpreter’s agency, has been challenged by empirical research (Angelelli 2004; Diriker 2004; Zwischenberger 2013). The discussion on norms in simultaneous conference interpreting will be enhanced by some selected findings of a web-based survey which was conducted among AIIC members. The survey’s main objective was to find out whether and to what degree professional conference interpreters adhere to the supernorm so strongly advocated by their professional body.
Developing a Blueprint for a Technology-mediated Approach to Translation Studies
Authors: Alonso Elisa , Calvo Elisa
Published: August 2015

As Austermühl (2001) put it over a decade ago, the use of information and communication technologies is afait accompliin the lives of today’s translators. Translation Studies (TS) have traditionally contemplated technologies only as supporting tools for translation practice, and translators’ tools have not enjoyed consideration as decisive actors in TS. Hence, their impact has been somehow underrepresented in the discipline. In the light of well-established translation paradigms (linguistic, functional, cognitive, sociological), we analyze the role played by technology. Most TS approaches are artifactual, this meaning that a rather simplistic and outdated distinction is made between translator minds and the tools they use. This paper proposes an instrumental approach to technologies within TS. In this, cohesive and mutual merging between translators and their technologies, both field-specific and generic tools lead us towards a concept that goes beyond purely linguistic or anthropocentric translation notions. A trans-human translation theoretical modeling is proposed to revisit TS paradigms in the context of the Information Society era. The trans-human translation closes the loop initiated by the fragmentation and dehumanization of first translation technologies, and envisages a stimulating future for translators, where they will use technological and social extensions in a creative and critical way.
Étude des nouveaux concepts, des sigles et des emprunts dans la terminologie de la circulation routière et de leur ancrage dans la réglementation routière belge
Authors: Dewolf Linda
Published: August 2015

La terminologie de la circulation routière se situe dans un environnement particulier lié au caractère varié et évolutif du langage technique, à de nouvelles pratiques policières, à de nouvelles règles en matière de circulation routière et à la place importante que tient le contexte juridique international. Tous ces facteurs contribuent à l’émergence de nouveaux termes posant des problèmes corollaires relatifs à la recherche d’équivalents et à l’absence d’harmonisation. Partant de ce constat, dans cette étude nous nous sommes fixé comme objectif d’exposer les mécanismes d’emprunts, de néologie et de siglaison. Les définitions des nouveaux concepts sont situées dans le cadre législatif belge du code de la route, de la loi de base et des arrêtés royaux d’exécution.

L’analyse de tout ce processus d’enrichissement terminologique aboutit à une procédure de validation interne décrite dans la méthodologie, qui vise à garantir la compatibilité du concept dans son environnement juridique et souligne l’importance d’impliquer les experts pour préciser les concepts techniques. Elle corrobore enfin l’hypothèse qui visait à établir une cote de fiabilité dépendant du degré d’ancrage de ces termes dans l’usage, le jargon policier et la législation belge.
Intertextualité dans la traduction des albums de type « double lectorat »
Authors: Lee Sungyup
Published: August 2015

Cet article traite de la question de l’intertextualité dans la traduction des albums destinés à un double lectorat. Le lecteur enfant et le lecteur adulte, qui constituent le double lectorat, ont deux compétences encyclopédiques différentes relativement à l’actualisation textuelle. L’intertextualité est une stratégie textuelle qui laisse apercevoir une corrélation entre la double réception et l’étendue du bagage du lecteur. Le rapport intertextuel entraîne une relation d’inclusion ou d’exclusion quant au double lectorat, selon qu’il fait partie de la culture de l’adulte ou de celle de l’enfant. Ainsi, le transfert du réseau intertextuel consiste à appréhender l’écart encyclopédique entre les deux lecteurs de la culture d’origine et à faire passer cette distance dans la culture de réception, en vue de reconstruire un texte assurant à son tour le double niveau de réception.
La pensée nationaliste de Denis-Benjamin Viger (1809-1837)
Authors: Lavallée Martin
Published: August 2015

Denis-Benjamin Viger (1774-1861) est l’un des principaux chefs de file du mouvement patriote bas-canadien jusqu’à la rébellion de 1837. Très actif politiquement, Viger est également l’auteur d’importants ouvrages politiques qui s’inscrivent dans la foulée des revendications canadiennes à l’égard des autorités coloniales britanniques. Pourtant, malgré la présence de ces sources importantes qui en disent long sur ses motivations et sur ses idées et malgré le rôle prépondérant qu’il a joué au cours de cette période mouvementée du Bas-Canada, les historiens ont peu étudié le personnage et sa pensée particulière, sur lesquels la lumière reste à faire. Ainsi, cet article analyse le discours et les actions politiques de Viger de 1809 jusqu’à la veille de la rébellion de 1837. L’examen de ses principaux écrits nous amène à saisir la logique de la pensée de ce chef patriote. Nous mettons ainsi en relief sa pensée nationaliste, pensée qui constitue le moteur de ses actions et revendications durant toute la période à l’étude. Par le fait même, nous contribuons à remettre à l’avant-plan cette dimension nationale dans l’historiographie intellectuelle des rébellions au Bas-Canada.
Le réalisme inactuel d’André Major
Authors: Biron Michel
Published: August 2015

De tous les écrivains québécois contemporains, André Major est sans doute celui qui se réclame le plus directement d’un certain réalisme, notamment dans sa trilogie Histoires de déserteurs (1974-1976). Ce réalisme est mal reçu à l’époque, jugé trop conventionnel, trop « bourgeois ». Inspiré d’écrivains devenus classiques, comme Tchékhov ou Simenon, André Major s’inscrit naturellement contre une modernité fascinée par la virtuosité formelle et les thèmes à la mode. Le réalisme prend chez lui une valeur polémique paradoxale : ce qui situe son texte dans un certain canon littéraire est aussi ce qui reçoit une valeur contestatrice. De même, la prose discrète, précise et lisse que pratique Major dans ses romans comme dans ses carnets s’oppose aux jeux de mots et au style baroque qu’affectionnent tant d’écrivains au Québec. Dans cet article, l’auteur étudie ce curieux renversement de valeurs qui fait du réalisme le plus discret une forme « nouvelle » de contestation.
La médiation intertextuelle
Authors: Lamontagne André
Published: August 2015

La vie provisoire et À quoi ça rime ? ont en commun un parcours
diégétique qui s’ouvre sur une scène extraterritoriale (respectivement la République
dominicaine et le Portugal), retourne à Montréal et se déplace dans les Laurentides, lieu de
retraite et d’ermitage littéraire. Dans chacun des deux romans, le personnage central fait
une multitude de deuils (oncle, épouse, ami, relations amoureuses, vie antérieure) et aspire
au détachement, à devenir autre. Cette découverte de l’autre en soi prend une dimension
hautement intertextuelle : le protagoniste de La vie provisoire lit et relit les
auteurs russes dans son refuge et invente un conte sur le modèle des Mille et une
nuits, tandis que le narrateur d’À quoi ça rime ? suit les traces de Fernando
Pessoa (lui-même connu pour ses hétéronymes) dans Lisbonne et cherche des vecteurs
identitaires dans la littérature. Cet article se propose d’étudier la représentation de la
lecture dans les deux derniers romans d’André Major : ses modalités et ses dispositifs
intertextuels, ses incidences diégétiques et son potentiel d’altérité. Comme le montre
l’auteur, l’acte de lire prolonge l’axe thématique des oeuvres antérieures de l’écrivain,
ainsi l’idée de désertion, et reprend certaines questions récurrentes de la littérature
québécoise, notamment les oppositions vie-écriture (Réjean Ducharme, Jacques Godbout) et
nature-culture (Louis Hamelin).
L’autofiction contestée
Authors: Bélanger David
Published: August 2015

La publication et la réception massive de l’autofiction, de Serge Doubrovsky
jusqu’à Nelly Arcan, a modifié de façon importante, en France d’abord, mais au Québec
également, une approche médiatique de la littérature. Une nouvelle convention de réalité a
alors vu le jour. Ce nouveau réalisme engage une suite de conséquences idéologiques que des
romans québécois des années 2000 contestent à l’aide, notamment, de la figure du romancier
fictif. En utilisant deux exemples, La blonde de Patrick Nicol, de Patrick Nicol,
et Matamore no 29, d’Alain Farah, cette étude entend analyser
le réel autofictif et sa contestation dans la littérature québécoise
contemporaine.
III. Verwicklungen und Entflechtungen
Authors: Jansen Nils
Published: August 2015

Entanglements and disentanglements. Differentiating and dedifferentiating law and religion, statute and legal reason in early modern natural law debates. The article reconstructs the connections between modern (17th and 18th century) natural law and the 15th and 16th century catholic natural law discourse. It is shown that the modern natural law was based on the work of catholic theologians who treated questions of conscience as legal issues. The natural law was then cut out of theology by Grotius and by later natural lawyers, who reformulated within the law what they perceived as the universal elements of catholic natural law. In those debates the natural lawyers established the - since then evident - differences between positive law and natural law on the one hand and between legal and religous natural law on the other. Yet, those debates did not concern a ‘secularization’ of natural law. Much more specifically, the natural lawyers disentangled the universal logic of law and those religious elements that could, in the confessional age, no longer be regarded as universal.
IX. Von der Genossenschaft zur Volksgemeinschaft: Juristische Germanistik als Rechtsgeschichte während des Nationalsozialismus
Authors: Schäfer Frank L.
Published: August 2015

From Cooperative Society to Ethnic Community: German Legal Studies in Legal History during National Socialism. The history of Germanist legal historians during the era of National Socialism is a history of a declining scholarship. The old hierarchy amongst Germanists from the Weimar Republic had vanished, but even the pressure of the NS-state and its organizations did not lead to a new firm order. Although the Germanists adapted their scholarship to the Nazi ideology and although some of them were deeply involved in injustice, they had no really significant influence in the new regime. German legal history was confined to deliver the keywords for decisions of lawmakers and practitioners. Germanist scholarship survived, but at the cost of merely being a subordinate element in a dictatorship.
Avctoritas Apostolica St. Martin in Trier AD 385/386
Authors: Hattenhauer Hans
Published: August 2015

Avctoritas Apostolica - St. Martin in Trier AD 385/386. The transformation of the Christian church into the Roman Empire’s state-church in the 4th century gave rise to the question of how the relation between church and secular governments should to be ordered. It was partly answered AD 385/386 at Trier in the trial of the heretic bishop Priscilian before Emperor Maximus Magnus. Whereas Bishop Saint Martin maintained that the church should regulate its inner-ecclesiastical conflicts by its own sanctions only, the majority of bishops requested the emperor’s help in their fight against heresy. Martin’s protest was in vain. Maximus Magnus condemned and executed Priscilian. This case was the first Christian heresy trial by a secular-government in European history.
V. La custodia di merci dell’horrearius: a proposito di CIL VI 33747
Authors: Marini Roberta
Published: August 2015

The ‘custodia’ of goods by the horrearius: CIL VI 33747. The inscription recorded as CIL VI 33747 regarding the locatio of a horrea Caesaris is not complete, nonetheless, it is one of the most relevant sources that we have with regard to the problem of the characteristics of the praestare of the horrearius. A clause of the mentioned lex horreorum is in fact regulating the characteristics of the praestare of the horrearius by excluding his custodiam praestare. A possible clarification of the meaning of such a clause can actually also descend from D. 19,2,60,6 and D. 19,2,60,9 where we can see how the horrearius and his activities, due to their socio-economic relevance, are regulated by certain specific rules.
VII. Collectio Gaudenziana und Textkritik des Codex Iustinianus
Authors: Kaiser Wolfgang
Published: August 2015

Collectio Gaudenziana and textual criticism of the Codex Iustinianus. This article uses the tradition of ten constitutions in the Collectio Gaudenziana, which Paul Krüger did not have at his disposal, for textual criticism of the Codex Iustinianus. The constitutions are C. 1,2,14; 1,3,7; 1,3,8; 1,3,10; 1,3,19; 1,3,20; 1,3,33; 8,4,7; 11,48,7 and 11,48,12. The particularities of their respective tradition are presented, and improved readings are suggested for C. 1,2,14; 1,3,7; 1,3,33; 11,48,7, and 11,48,12. The article also proposes improved readings for Theodor Mommsen’s edition of the Codex Theodosianus, namely C.Th. 11,39,8 and 11, and C.Th. 7,8,13.
Market Economy in the Middle Republic
Authors: Perelló Carlos Amunátegui
Published: August 2015

Market Economy in the Middle Republic. Ownership is one of the key legal institutions for market relations. This paper analyses the relation between the formation of a market economy in Rome and the emergence of ownership as a legal institution.
Contribution of anthropogenic warming to California drought during 2012–2014
Authors: Williams A. Park , Seager Richard , Abatzoglou John T. , Cook Benjamin I. , Smerdon Jason E. , Cook Edward R.
Published: August 2015

A suite of climate data sets and multiple representations of atmospheric moisture demand are used to calculate many estimates of the self‐calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index, a proxy for near‐surface soil moisture, across California from 1901 to 2014 at high spatial resolution. Based on the ensemble of calculations, California drought conditions were record breaking in 2014, but probably not record breaking in 2012–2014, contrary to prior findings. Regionally, the 2012–2014 drought was record breaking in the agriculturally important southern Central Valley and highly populated coastal areas. Contributions of individual climate variables to recent drought are also examined, including the temperature component associated with anthropogenic warming. Precipitation is the primary driver of drought variability but anthropogenic warming is estimated to have accounted for 8–27% of the observed drought anomaly in 2012–2014 and 5–18% in 2014. Although natural variability dominates, anthropogenic warming has substantially increased the overall likelihood of extreme California droughts.
Minimal model for double diffusion and its application to Kivu, Nyos, and Powell Lake
Authors: Toffolon Marco , Wüest Alfred , Sommer Tobias
Published: August 2015

Double diffusion originates from the markedly different molecular diffusion rates of heat and salt in water, producing staircase structures under favorable conditions. The phenomenon essentially consists of two processes: molecular diffusion across sharp interfaces and convective transport in the gravitationally unstable layers. In this paper, we propose a model that is based on the one‐dimensional description of these two processes only, and—by self‐organization—is able to reproduce both the large‐scale dynamics and the structure of individual layers, while accounting for different boundary conditions. Two parameters characterize the model, describing the time scale for the formation of unstable water parcels and the optimal spatial resolution. Theoretical relationships allow for the identification of the influence of these parameters on the layer structure and on the mass and heat fluxes. The performances of the model are tested for three different lakes (Powell, Kivu, and Nyos), showing a remarkable agreement with actual microstructure measurements.
Combining satellite observations and reanalysis energy transports to estimate global net surface energy fluxes 1985–2012
Authors: Liu Chunlei , Allan Richard P. , Berrisford Paul , Mayer Michael , Hyder Patrick , Loeb Norman , Smith Doug , Vidale Pier‐Luigi , Edwards John M.
Published: August 2015

Two methods are developed to estimate net surface energy fluxes based upon satellite‐derived reconstructions of radiative fluxes at the top of atmosphere and the atmospheric energy tendencies and transports from the ERA‐Interim reanalysis. Method 1 applies the mass‐adjusted energy divergence from ERA‐Interim, while method 2 estimates energy divergence based upon the net energy difference at the top of atmosphere and the surface from ERA‐Interim. To optimize the surface flux and its variability over ocean, the divergences over land are constrained to match the monthly area mean surface net energy flux variability derived from a simple relationship between the surface net energy flux and the surface temperature change. The energy divergences over the oceans are then adjusted to remove an unphysical residual global mean atmospheric energy divergence. The estimated net surface energy fluxes are compared with other data sets from reanalysis and atmospheric model simulations. The spatial correlation coefficients of multiannual means between the estimations made here and other data sets are all around 0.9. There are good agreements in area mean anomaly variability over the global ocean, but discrepancies in the trend over the eastern Pacific are apparent.
Mixed‐phase cloud physics and Southern Ocean cloud feedback in climate models
Authors: McCoy Daniel T. , Hartmann Dennis L. , Zelinka Mark D. , Ceppi Paulo , Grosvenor Daniel P.
Published: August 2015

Increasing optical depth poleward of 45° is a robust response to warming in global climate models. Much of this cloud optical depth increase has been hypothesized to be due to transitions from ice‐dominated to liquid‐dominated mixed‐phase cloud. In this study, the importance of liquid‐ice partitioning for the optical depth feedback is quantified for 19 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models. All models show a monotonic partitioning of ice and liquid as a function of temperature, but the temperature at which ice and liquid are equally mixed (the glaciation temperature) varies by as much as 40 K across models. Models that have a higher glaciation temperature are found to have a smaller climatological liquid water path (LWP) and condensed water path and experience a larger increase in LWP as the climate warms. The ice‐liquid partitioning curve of each model may be used to calculate the response of LWP to warming. It is found that the repartitioning between ice and liquid in a warming climate contributes at least 20% to 80% of the increase in LWP as the climate warms, depending on model. Intermodel differences in the climatological partitioning between ice and liquid are estimated to contribute at least 20% to the intermodel spread in the high‐latitude LWP response in the mixed‐phase region poleward of 45°S. It is hypothesized that a more thorough evaluation and constraint of global climate model mixed‐phase cloud parameterizations and validation of the total condensate and ice‐liquid apportionment against observations will yield a substantial reduction in model uncertainty in the high‐latitude cloud response to warming.
Hydraulic modeling of the tributary and the outlet of a Martian paleolake located in the Memnonia quadrangle
Authors: Baratti E. , Pajola M. , Rossato S. , Mangili C. , Coradini M. , Montanari A. , McBride K.
Published: August 2015

We present a steady state hydraulic model of the tributary and the outlet of a Martian paleolake located in the Memnonia quadrangle between 167°0'0''W and 167°30'0''W longitude and between 9°25'0''S and 9°45'0''S latitude. The Mars Express High‐resolution stereo camera (HRSC) digital elevation model, H31850000DA4, with a spatial resolution of 75 m is used to describe the geometrical features of the hydraulic system. A steady state hydraulic model, through a Monte Carlo procedure, is adopted to investigate the assumption that the tributary‐lake‐outlet hydraulic system was acting simultaneously during its last water‐related evolutionary phase. Through our analysis, we infer the roughness coefficient and the discharge of both the tributary and the outlet channels. Geomorphic evidence, such as river terraces, were used to constrain the water discharge and the Manning's roughness coefficient, thereby obtaining estimates of the water level in the lake, during the last evolutionary phase of the system. Our analysis of the outlet reveals a median paleodischarge of 7135 m3 s−1 and a median Manning's roughness coefficient of 0.067 m−1/3 s. Tributary analysis provides a median flow and a median roughness coefficient of 6405 m3 s −1 and 0.123 m−1/3 s, respectively. Moreover, the hydraulic analysis suggests that the paleolake water surface level was −1397 m (median value, HRSC elevation), which is consistent with the observed paleoshoreline. The results imply that the tributary, the lake, and the outlet were hydraulically synchronized, therefore confirming the presence of a connected water system. This study demonstrates that hydraulic analysis can provide valuable information regarding ancient Martian water fluxes.
Thermal structure of Svalbard glaciers and implications for thermal switch models of glacier surging
Authors: Sevestre Heïdi , Benn Douglas I. , Hulton Nicholas R. J. , Bælum Karoline
Published: August 2015

Switches between cold‐ and warm‐based conditions have long been invoked to explain surges of High Arctic glaciers. Here we compile existing and new data on the thermal regime of six glaciers in Svalbard to test the applicability of thermal switch models. Two of the large glaciers of our sample are water terminating while one is land terminating. All three have a well‐known surge history. They have a thick basal layer of temperate ice, superimposed by cold ice. A cold terminus forms during quiescence but is mechanically removed by calving on tidewater glaciers. The other three glaciers are relatively small and are either entirely cold or have a diminishing warm core. All three bear evidence of former warm‐based thermal regimes and, in two cases, surge‐like behavior during the Little Ice Age. In Svalbard, therefore, three types of glaciers have switched from slow to fast flow: (1) small glaciers that underwent thermal cycles during and following the Little Ice Age (switches between cold‐ and warm‐based conditions), (2) large terrestrial glaciers which remain warm based throughout the entire surge cycle but develop cold termini during quiescence, and (3) large tidewater glaciers that remain warm based throughout the surge cycle. Our results demonstrate that thermal switching cannot explain the surges of large glaciers in Svalbard. We apply the concept of enthalpy cycling to the spectrum of surge and surge‐like behavior displayed by these glaciers and demonstrate that all Svalbard surge‐type glaciers can be understood within a single conceptual framework.
Edaphobacter
Authors: Thrash J. Cameron , Coates John D.
Published: August 2015

E.da'pho.bac'ter. Gr. neut. n.
edaphos
soil; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
a short rod; N.L. masc. n.
Edaphobacter
rod of the soil.

Acidobacteria / Acidobacteriia / Acidobacteriales / Acidobacteriaceae / Edaphobacter

Rod‐shaped cells
, 1.0–2.1 µm × 0.5–0.9 µm. Gram‐stain‐negative. Nonsporeforming.
Cells occur singly or in clumps
. Do not form capsule.
Aerobic
, having an obligately aerobic metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
Acidophilic
. Growth at pH 4.0–7.0, with a pH optimum of 5.5. Catalase‐positive. Chemoorganotrophic. Growth on a variety of sugars, some amino acids, yeast extract, and peptone as the sole carbon source. Growth between 15 and 37°C, with a temperature optimum of 30°C. May be motile or nonmotile. Major fatty acids include C
16:1
ω7
c
/C
15:0
iso 2‐OH and C
17:1
ω8
c
. Isolated from mollisol on Jochberg in southern Germany and leptosol in a forest near Würzburg, Germany.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 55.8–56.9.

Type species
:
Edaphobacter modestus
Koch, Gich, Dunfield and Overmann 2008, 1121
VP
.
Actinomyces
Authors: Schaal Klaus P. , Yassin Atteyet A.
Published: August 2015

Ac.ti.no.my'ces. Gr. fem. n.aktis, aktinosray; Gr. masc. n.mukêsfungus; N.L. masc. n.Actinomycesray fungus referring to the radial arrangement of filaments inActinomyces bovissulfur granules.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Actinomycetales / Actinomycetaceae / Actinomyces

Straight or slightly curved rods, 0.2–1.0 µm in diameter, which vary considerably in shape and size, andslender filaments, 1 µm or less in width and 10–50 µm or more in length,with true branching. Short rods(0.5–5.0 µm in length)with or without clubbed endsare frequently seen andmay occur singly, in pairs with diphtheroidal arrangements(Y, V, T forms and palisades),in short chains or in small clusters.Longer (5.0–10.0 µm in length) branched rods are also common. Several members of the genus appear chiefly or exclusively ascoccobacillary or even coccoid elements. Filamentswhich may predominate in certain speciesare either straight or wavy, show varying degrees ofbranchingand may haveswollen, clubbed, or clavate ends. Gram‐stain‐positive, but irregular staining giving rise to a beaded or barred appearance frequently occurs, and two species may be Gram‐stain‐variable.Non‐acid‐fast, nonmotile, and non‐endospore‐forming.Conidia are not produced.

DNA G+C content (mol%): 55–71 (Tm, HPLC).

Type species:Actinomyces bovisHarz 1877, 133AL.
Bifidobacterium
Authors: Biavati Bruno , Mattarelli Paola
Published: August 2015

Bi.fi.do.bac.te'ri.um. L. adj.
bifidus
cleft, divided; L. neut. n.
bacterium
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Bifidobacterium
a cleft rodlet.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Bifidobacteriales / Bifidobacteriaceae / Bifidobacterium

Rods of various shapes: short, regular, thin cells with pointed ends, coccoidal regular cells, or long cells with slight bends or protuberances or with a large variety of branching; pointed, with slightly bifurcated
club‐shaped or spatulated extremities
; may occur singly or in chains of many elements; may occur in star‐like aggregates or in “V” or “palisade” arrangements. Colonies are smooth, convex with entire edges, cream to white, glistening, and of soft consistency.
Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast, nonsporeforming, and nonmotile. Cells often stain irregularly with methylene blue. Anaerobic
; some species can tolerate O
2
, but only in the presence of CO
2
and the more recently described species, such as
Bifidobacterium psychraerophilum
,
Bifidobacterium scardovii
, and
Bifidobacterium tsurumiense
, can grow under aerobic conditions (Okamoto et al., 2008). Optimum growth temperature is 37–41°C, except for
Bifidobacterium mongoliense
, which exhibits an optimal growth temperature of 30°C; minimum growth temperature is 25–28°C, with the exception of
Bifidobacterium mongoliense
and
Bifidobacterium psychraerophilum
, which can grow at 15°C and 8°C, respectively; maximum growth temperature is 43–45°C, with the exception of
Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum
, which exhibits a maximal growth temperature of 49.5°C. Growth at 45°C seems to discriminate between animal and human strains, since most of the animal but not the human strains are able to grow at this temperature (Gavini et al., 1991). Optimum pH for initial growth is 6.5–7.0; does not grow at pH 4.5–5.0 (except for
Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum
, which can grow at pH 4.5) or pH 8.0–8.5.

DNA G+C content (mol%)
: 47–67 (Bd or
T
m
).

Type species
:
Bifidobacterium bifidum
(Tissier 1900) OrlaJensen 1924, 472
AL
(
Bacillus bifidus
Tissier 1900, 86).
Geodermatophilus
Authors: Normand Philippe , Benson David R.
Published: August 2015

Ge.o.der.ma.to.phi'lus. Gr. n.
ge
earth; Gr. n.
derma
,
atos
skin; Gr. adj.
philos
loving; N.L. masc. n.
Geodermatophilus
a group of microorganisms that live in the soil, yet that love the skin, by analogy to the genus
Dermatophilus
, the actinobacterial genus causing a skin disease, that has similar morphological features.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Frankiales / Geodermatophilaceae / Geodermatophilus

Morphology is similar to that of
Dermatophilus
, a group of actinobacteria that have
rudimentary hyphae
(Figure 1) that eventually develop into
complex sporangia
(Figure 2).
Geodermatophilus
strains have been isolated from relatively extreme environments such as desert or high altitude soils. They also appear to resist gamma irradiation and have been recovered from desert soils after exposure to 30 kGy, along with strains of
Deinococcus
that are more noted for radiation resistance (Rainey et al., 2005). They have been recovered during programs aimed at isolating bacteria, in particular motile ones (Hayakawa et al., 2000), that have atypical metabolic features such as
manganese‐oxidizing ability
, and are frequently associated with “varnish” formation, the black to brown coatings found on rocks in a diverse range of environments (Hungate et al., 1987) and, more surprisingly, in biofilm formation (Singh et al., 2003). Despite several trials, pathogenic lesions have not been produced by inoculation of
Geodermatophilus
isolates into rabbits (Gordon and Perrin, 1971). These trials had been attempted given the morphological and ontogenetic similarities with
Dermatophilus
. It is now known these morphological similarities constitute a case of convergent evolution of a few remarkable features rather than phylogenetic similarity.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72.9–74.6.

Type species
:
Geodermatophilus obscurus
Luedemann 1968, 1857
AL
.
Glycomyces
Authors: Labeda David P.
Published: August 2015

Gly.co.my'ces. Gr. adj.glukussweet to the taste or smell; Gr. masc. n.mukêsa mushroom; N.L. masc. n.Glycomycesa sweet (glycolipid‐containing) mushroom.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Glycomycetales / Glycomycetaceae / Glycomyces

Vegetative mycelia are branching (diameter approximately 0.35–0.40 µm); aerial mycelium may be produced on certain growth media. Oval, spherical, or rod‐like spores may be formed on the vegetative hyphae in some species; chains of square‐ended conidia may be produced on aerial hyphae. Gram‐stain‐positive. Lysozyme‐sensitive. Catalase‐positive and aerobic.Type II cell‐wall composition (meso‐diaminopimelic acid and glycine) and whole‐cell sugar pattern consisting of galactose, mannose, ribose, and xylose. Phospholipid pattern consists of significant amounts of phosphatidylinositol mannosides and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphoglycolipids of unknown composition. The menaquinones predominantly contain 10, 11, and/or 12 isoprene units, but the degree of unsaturation varies within each species.

DNA G+C content (mol%):71–73.

Type species:Glycomyces harbinensisLabeda, Testa, Lechevalier and Lechevalier 1985, 420VP.
Pasteurella
Authors: Mutters Reinier , Christensen Henrik , Bisgaard Magne
Published: August 2015

Pas.teu.rel' la. M.L. dim. fem. n.Pasteurellanamed after Louis Pasteur.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / Pasteurella

Coccobacilli or rods, generally, 0.3–1.0 × 1.0–2.0 µm. Depending on the growth stage, cells occur singly, in pairs, or less frequently in short chains. Sometimes threads or filaments are formed resulting in marked pleomorphism. Pleomorphism occurs mainly in old cultures.Gram negative, althoughbipolar staining often can be observed. In tissues,P. multocidaoften shows bipolar staining with Giemsa or Wright's stain. Not acid fast.Endospores are not formed. Nonmotile. Aerobic to microaerophilic or facultatively anaerobic. Chemoorganotrophic with both oxidative and fermentative types of metabolism. Electron transport system is cytochrome‐based with oxygen, nitrate, or fumarate as the terminal electron acceptor.Nitrate reductase is produced. Oxidase positive, alkaline phosphatase positive, and almost alwayscatalase positive. Most species are V‐factor and X‐factor independent, but V‐factor‐requiring strains do occur. Even after specific growth factors have been provided,complex media may be required to obtain better growth. Optimum growth temperature 35–37°C. Arginine dihydrolase and lysine decarboxylase negative. Gelatin is not liquefied within 48 h. No growth occurs in Simmons citrate medium. Acid is produced fromD‐glucose,D‐galactose,D‐fructose,D‐mannose, and sucrose. Acid is not produced fromL‐sorbose,L‐rhamnose,m‐inositol, and adonitol. Parasitic in vertebrates, particularly mammals and birds. Genome molecular weights range from 1.4 × 109to 1.9 × 109.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 37.7–45.9.

Type species:Pasteurella multocida(Lehmann and Neumann 1899) Rosenbusch and Merchant 1939, 85 (Bacterium multocidum multocidum(sic) Lehmann and Neumann 1899, 196;Pasteurella gallicida(Burrill 1883) Buchanan 1925, 414.)
Cellvibrio
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Cell.vib' ri.o
. M.L. n.
cell
abbreviation of M.L. n.
cellulosum
cellulose, which is degraded by the organism; M.L. masc. n.
Vibrio
a generic name; M.L. masc. n.
Cellvibrio
cellulose (degrading) vibrio.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pseudomonadales / Pseudomonadaceae / Cellvibrio

Aerobic Gram‐negative
slender curved rods
(0.2–0.5 × 1.0–1.3 µm). Motile with
mixed flagellation. Oxidize glucose and hydrolyze cellulose. Produce curdlan polysaccharide from glucose
. Catalase and oxidase positive. Do not utilize organic acids. No growth factors required.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 46.1–54.1.

Type species
:
Cellvibrio mixtus
Blackall, Hayward and Sly 1986, 354 (Effective publication: Blackall, Hayward and Sly 1985, 95.)
Rhizobacter
Authors: Goto Masao
Published: August 2015

Rhi.zo.bac' ter
. Gr. n.
rhiza
a root; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
masc. equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
bacterion
rod, staff; M.L. masc. n.
Rhizobacter
root rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pseudomonadales / Pseudomonadaceae / Rhizobacter

Straight to slightly curved, nonsporeforming, encapsulated rods
0.9–1.3 × 2.1–2.5 µm.
Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules are formed
. Cells stain Gram negative.
Motile by polar flagella or lateral flagella or both
but motile cells are rare in the populations.
Aerobic
with respirator) metabolism of glucose. Good growth is obtained at 28–30°C; no growth at 35°C. Growth occurs at pH between 5.0 and 9.0. Utilizes d‐glucose as a sole source of carbon and energy.
White or yellowish white, plicated, tough, or viscid colonies on agar plates
; if yellow, the pigment differs from xanthomonadines.
Floccular growth consisting of globular units in liquid media; fingerlike projections never occur. Oxidase and catalase positive. The following are positive
: H
2
S from cysteine and auxin, reduction of nitrate to nitrite,
o
‐nitrophenyl‐β‐
D
‐galactopyranoside (ONPG) test, and growth inhibition by KCN. Negative for denitrification, methyl red, and production of arginine dihydrolase, nitrogenase, fluorescent pigment, indole, and acetoin formation. Susceptible to 10 µg of vibriostatic agent O/129 phosphate.
Hydrolyzes starch, dextrin, and glycogen
. Cannot utilize benzene derivatives as carbon sources. Does not require NaCl or growth factors. Contains ubiquinone Q8. The type species occurs in soil and is a plant pathogen, causing galls on carrot roots in nature.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 67–71.

Type species
:
Rhizobacter dauci
corrig
. Goto and Kuwata 1988, 238 (
Rhizobacter daucus
(sic) Goto and Kuwata 1988, 238.)
Serpens
Authors: Hespell Robert B.
Published: August 2015

Ser' pens
. L. fem. n.
serpens
snake, serpent.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pseudomonadales / Pseudomonadaceae / Serpens

Rod‐shaped
cells, 0.3–0.4 µm wide by 8–12 µm long. Occur singly in pairs. Cysts or coccoid bodies not formed, but cells in the stationary phase of growth are longer (16–25 µm) and often possess blebs or spherical protuberances. Gram negative.
Extremely flexible and capable of serpentine‐like motility in agar gels. Possess bipolar tufts of 4–10 flagella and also a few lateral flagella
. Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate or other internal granules not formed. Have a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the sole electron acceptor.
Grow aerobically but prefer oxygen concentrations less than that of an air atmosphere. Catalase and oxidase positive
. Chemoorganotrophic.
Lactate is the only effective carbon and energy source
, although very slight growth occurs with acetate or α‐ketoglutarate. Carbohydrates, fatty acids, and sugar alcohols are not catabolized. Casein hydrolysate, peptone, yeast extract, and, for most strains, ammonium chloride can serve as nitrogen sources; nitrates and nitrites are not used. Vitamins are stimulatory but not required. Optimum temperature, 28–30°C. On media containing 1.8–2.0% agar, colonies are cream colored, round, 3–6 mm in diameter, and have a filamentous edge.
On media with less than 1.5
%
agar, only subsurface spreading colonies occur
. Found in the sediments of eutrophic freshwater ponds.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66.

Type species
:
Serpens flexibilis
Hespell 1977, 381.
Enhydrobacter
Authors: Staley James T. , Brenner Don J.
Published: August 2015

En.hy
'
dro.bac.ter
. Gr. adj.
enhydros
aquatic Gr. neut. n.
bacter
masc. form of Gr. neut. n.
bacterion
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Enhydrobacter
aquatic rod.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pseudomonadales / incertae Sedis ‐ Family III / Enhydrobacter

Coccobacillary to rod‐shaped cells, 0.5–0.7 × 1.0–5.0 µm.
Unicellular; pairs and short chains occur
. No resting stages known.
Gram negative. Facultative aerobic
. Chemoheterotrophic.
Oligotrophic. Grow very slowly
. Sugars are fermented anaerobically, and organic acids are used aerobically. Growth occurs on mineral medium with
D
‐glucose as the sole carbon source and inorganic ammonium compounds as the sole nitrogen sources. No growth on nutrient agar, Clark‐Lubs medium or EMB agar. Vitamins are required by the type strain when grown on defined media. Oxidase and catalase positive. Type strain isolated from the oxygen‐depleted zone of a eutrophic lake.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66.

Type species
:
Enhydrobacter aerosaccus
Staley, Irgens and Brenner 1987, 290.
Francisella
Authors: Sjöstedt Anders B.
Published: August 2015

Fran.ci.sel' la
. M.L. dim. ending ‐
ella
; M.L. fem. n.
Francisella
named after Edward Francis, American bacteriologist, who extensively studied the etiologic agent and pathogenesis of tularemia and is credited with naming the disease.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Francisellaceae / Francisella

Short, rod‐shaped
or
coccoid
cells, 0.2–0.7 × 0.2 µm (
Francisella tularensis
subsp.
tularensis, F. tularensis
subsp.
holarctica
, and
F. tularensis
subsp.
mediasiatica
) or 0.7 × 1.7 µm (
F. philomiragia
and
F. tularensis
subsp.
novicida
) when examined during active growth, pleomorphism occurs thereafter. Gram negative, faintly staining. Endospores are not produced.
Nonmotile. Aerobic
, growth enhanced under microaerophilic conditions. Colonies are distinct, convex, pale white, and reach maximum size in 3–4 days.

Cysteine (or cystine) is required for growth (
F. tularensis
subsp

.
tularensis
,

F. tularensis
subsp

.
holarctica
,

and
F. tularensis
subsp

.
mediasiatica
)

or enhances growth (
F. philomiragia
and
F. tularensis
subsp

.
novicida
). Weakly catalase positive.
F. tularensis
is oxidase negative and
F. philomiragia
oxidase positive (Kovacs modification).

H
2
S is produced

in cysteine‐supplemented medium. Strains from both species, with the exception of
F. tularensis
subsp.
mediasiatica
, produce acid but no gas from
D
‐glucose and maltose. Urease negative and no reduction of nitrate.
Strains are characterized by a unique fatty acid composition
; long‐chain saturated and monosaturated C
18
to C
26
acids, relatively large amounts of saturated even‐chain acids (C
10:0
, C
14:0
, and C
16:0
), and two long‐chain hydroxy acids (C
16:0 3OH
and C
18:0 3OH
).

Type species
:
Francisella tularensis
(McCoy and Chapin 1912) Dorofe'ev 1947, 176 (
Bacterium tularense
McCoy and Chapin 1912, 61.)
Cycloclasticus
Authors: Geiselbrecht Allison D.
Published: August 2015

Cy.clo.clas' ti.cus
. Gr. n.
kyklos
circle or rings; Gr. adj.
klastos
broken; M.L. masc. n.
cycloclasticus
ring‐breaker.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Piscirickettsiaceae / Cycloclasticus

Unicellular, rod‐shaped
bacterium, 0.5 × 1.0–2.0 µm.
Gram negative
. Motile by means of a single polar flagellum.
Obligately aerobic
, nonfermentative,
heterotrophic. Grows poorly on complex bacteriological media containing no aromatic compounds
. Requires at least
1
% salinity for growth. Aromatic compounds, including biphenyl, naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and toluene, used as sole or principal carbon sources for growth. In addition, strains use selected fatty acids and amino acids, including acetate, propionate, and glutamate.
Oxidase
and
catalase
positive.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 37.

Type species
:
Cycloclasticus pugetii
Dyksterhouse, Gray, Herwig, Lara and Staley 1995, 120.
Hydrogenovibrio
Authors: Nishihara Hirofumi
Published: August 2015

Hy.dro.ge.no.vib' ri.o
. Gr. n.
hydro
water; Gr. n.
genus
offspring; M.L. masc. n.
hydrogenium
hydrogen, that which produces water; M.L. masc. n.
vibrio
that which vibrates; M.L. masc. n.
Hydrogenovibrio
hydrogen vibrio.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Piscirickettsiaceae / Hydrogenovibrio

Cells are
comma‐shaped rods
(0.2–0.5 × 1–2 µm) that occur singly (Figure 1).
Gram negative
. Motile by means of a polar flagellum. No resting stages are known.

Aerobic. Chemolithoautotrophic, using H
2
or reduced inorganic sulfur compounds

, such as S
0
, thiosulfate, and tetrathionate, as the electron donor

and CO
2

as the carbon source. CO
2
is fixed via the
Calvin‐Benson cycle
. Chemoorganotrophic growth has not been observed. The optimum temperature for growth is ~37°C. The optimum pH for growth is ~6.5. NaCl is required for growth with an optimum concentration of 0.5 M.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 44.1.

Type species
:
Hydrogenovibrio marinus
Nishihara, Igarashi and Kodama 1991b, 132.
Methylophaga
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: August 2015

Me.thyl.o' pha.ga
. Fr. n.
methyl
methyl radical; Gr. v.
phagein
to eat; M.L. n.
Methylophaga
methyl eating.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Piscirickettsiaceae / Methylophaga

Rod‐shaped cells 0.2 × 0.9–1.0 μm
, occurring singly or in pairs.
Motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Gram negative
. Spores and other resting stages are not formed.
Chemoheterotrophic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Restricted methylotroph
, able to utilize only a limited range of substrates, mostly C
1
substrates including methanol, methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine. The only C
2+
compounds used for growth are
D
‐fructose and sucrose. The
ribulose monophosphate pathway
is used for assimilation of C
1
compounds. One species can utilize dimethylsulfide and grow mixotrophically by oxidizing H
2
S to thiosulfate. Catalase and oxidase positive.

Na
+
and Mg

2
+

are required for optimum growth
. Requires vitamin B
12
for growth. Major fatty acids are C
16:0
and C
16:1 ω7c
. The major coenzyme Q is ubiquinone‐8 (Q‐8). Belongs to the
Gammaproteobacteria
. Isolated from seawater, brackish waters and marine benthic mats.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 42–45.

Type species
:
Methylophaga marina
Janvier, Frehel, Grimont and Gasser 1985, 138.
Piscirickettsia
Authors: Fryer John L. , Lannan Catharine N.
Published: August 2015

Pis' ci.ric.kett' si.a
. L. n.
piscis
fish; generic name
Rickettsia
; N.L. fem. n.
Piscirickettsia
rickettisia‐like organism affecting fish.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Thiotrichales / Piscirickettsiaceae / Piscirickettsia

Pleomorphic, but predominantly coccoid organisms
, ~
0.5–1.5 μm in diameter
. Gram negative, Gimenez negative, and stain dark blue with Giemsa's stain. Nonmotile. Aerobic. Characteristically replicate within cytoplasmic vacuoles in susceptible fish host cells. Cultivable in fish cell cultures but not on any known host‐cell‐free medium. Direct host‐to‐host transmission occurs in the aquatic environment without the requirement of a vector. The 16S rRNA gene sequence conforms to the secondary structural models for the
Gammaproteobacteria
. No signature sequence has been identified.
The etiological agent of the disease piscirickettsiosis in fishes
.

Type species
:
Piscirickettsia salmonis
Fryer, Lannan, Giovannoni and Wood 1992, 123.