bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tutankhamun’s Shoe Closet
Authors: Brier Bob
Published: November 2022

Tutankhamun was buried with approximately thirty-five pairs and more than a dozen singletons of footwear, and this chapter presents the research done on this collection by Dr. André Veldmeijer. Tutankhamun’s footwear was of several kinds. Most common were sewn sandals, made of papyrus strips stitched together, which were probably for daily use. On the other end of the spectrum were the boy-king’s solid gold sandals, which were never worn in life, but were intended for eternity. They adorned his feet as he lay in the solid gold coffin. Perhaps most interesting are his leather sandals, cut like a mosaic with Syrian and Nubian prisoners on the soles, so Tutankhamun could step on the traditional enemies of Egypt wherever he walked. It is important to note that none of Tutankhamun’s footwear showed asymmetrical wear, which suggests that he was not lame, as had previously been claimed. This chapter also discusses the pharaoh’s walking sticks and canes, some of which also featured Egypt’s enemies, this time in the palm of the boy-king’s hand.
It Came from Outer Space
Authors: Brier Bob
Published: November 2022

During Tutankhamun’s era, the Egyptians did not have iron; their hardest metal was bronze. There were no significant iron deposits in Egypt, and besides, working iron was extremely difficult. Thus it was surprising that four iron objects were discovered in Tutankhamun’s tomb: an Eye of Horus amulet, a dagger, a headrest amulet, and a set of chisels. This chapter discusses the history of iron in Egypt and then discusses the use and possible origins of the iron objects found in the tomb. It concludes that the iron is meteoritic, and this is supported by the ancient Egyptian phrase for iron, “metal from the sky.” A recent expedition into the remote southeastern corner of Egypt to discover the source of the meteoritic iron is described. The chapter also discusses another object with an outer space connection, a scarab carved from a piece of desert glass. Another expedition is described that found the source of Libyan desert glass (LDG).
What Is Writing?
Authors: Demattè Paola
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores recently proposed theories of writing and assesses the nature of this phenomenon in a global perspective to show that writing did not originate for the purpose of language recording and is not a straightforward representation of speech. Having demonstrated that writing is a conglomeration of diverse visual sign systems (picture writing, tallying, etc.) that over time have coalesced into a linguistic structure generating a new recording system, this section sets the foundation for the discussion of the material evidence presented in Part II of the book.
Studying Technology and Faith
Authors: Dyer John
Published: November 2022

This chapter lays out an approach to studying technology and faith that draws from both religious studies and the study of technology. It traces the development of the disciplines of media ecology, social shaping of technology (SST), and digital religion, showing how each contributes to understanding the interplay between religion and technology. This chapter shows why the remainder of the work employs a social construction of technology (SCOT) approach to studying Bible software developers and Bible software users. It also offers a rational for the selection of churches in which to study readers and the selection of YouVersion, Bible Gateway, and Logos Bible Software as representative Bible software companies.
Literature of Uplift
Authors: James David
Published: November 2022

Literary uplift has tended to be associated with the sentimental view of literature as a resource of amelioration, consolation, or introspective repair. But contemporary writers are facilitating a somewhat different critical story about emotional stakes, formal variety, and political implications of literature that both conjures and contests uplift. Moving from fiction to memoir, from “Up Lit” to pathography, this chapter examines a range of twenty-first-century genres that repurpose the representation of ameliorative structures of feeling and that compel in turn a reconsideration of how professional criticism might accommodate affirmative affects. However, what would it mean to read for uplift in a literary work that is itself dark, a work that’s more ostensibly concerned with irremediable catastrophe than exemplary care, and whose devastating traumas would appear not only to solicit but to ratify negativity as criticism’s most condonable focus, thereby confirming D. J. Moores’s suspicion that “the concern for well-being manifests” in literary scholarship invariably “as a preoccupation with its absence”? Opting for something of a limit-case for this metacritical deliberation, the chapter considers Rebecca Loncraine’s Skybound, a posthumous 2018 memoir about her attempt to navigate the aftermath of breast cancer through an impulsive desire to learn how to fly gliders. What Loncraine shares with the otherwise distinct writers in this chapter is a concern with an aesthetic ecology of fraught amelioration, one that produces episodes of sentimental recess that refuse to slot into the parameters of what criticism typically finds politically useful when operating within the remits of eagle-eyed inquisition.
Literary Study, the Hermeneutics of Disability, and the Eudaimonic Turn
Authors: Lyon Janet
Published: November 2022

Eudaimonia—a keyword in the field of positive psychology—is also a central concept for disability activists and scholars working in the field of disability studies, though for rather different reasons. For disabled people, the prospect of flourishing is both a desideratum and a corrective to centuries of disqualification, stigmatization, and abuse. Thus, the conditions of possibility for flourishing are dialectically bound up with critiques of ableism, eugenics, proscriptive ideologies of embodiment and mindedness, and economic systems that generate debility and disability in tandem. If humanities literary scholars—especially those working in disability studies—are to consider the eudaimonic focus on affirmation and self-improvement promoted by positive psychology, two questions must be asked. First, can the methods associated with the eudemonic turn fully accommodate critique? And second, can those methods refrain from conflating “well-being” with normative models of health and embodiment? Literary analysis offers an interesting test case for these questions. To that end, this chapter offers an introduction to disability poetics via three different readings of the role of intellectual disability in literary texts by William Carlos Williams, Susan Nussbaum, and Jesse Ball. The aim is twofold: first, to demonstrate the stakes involved when critique and affirmation are held in different degrees of balance around the hermeneutical forces of disability; second, to insert disability into the current literary debates around surface/deep reading and critique/postcritique.
Wise Old Fools
Authors: Herring Scott
Published: November 2022

This chapter imagines a peaceable kingdom for the subfields of literary gerontology and positive geropsychology. For all of its attention to the mind, positive psychology remains equally preoccupied with the body, and the aging body at that. Chary of age norms upon which its research often relies, the chapter asks what literary gerontology brings to the table as a critique of—and a compeer to—what historian Darrin McMahon references as “wisdom traditions.” Initiating this conversation, it asks: What does positive psychology’s emphasis on aging-as-expertise oversimplify? What does its focus on wisdom as late-life flourishing foreclose that literary studies of aging might reinstall? To answer these queries I detail how literary aging invites creative forms of ignorance and nonmastery often shelved as negative aging or mere foolishness. With wisdom cast as optimized flourishing, such traits may deter normative aging, but floundering can also sponsor startling forms of resilience. Confirming this last claim the chapter first reviews positive psychology advocates (George Vaillant, Paul Baltes, Christopher Peterson) who promote wisdom as the gold standard for a long life and downgrade other character traits. It next turns to literary age critics (Kathleen Woodward, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Linda Hutcheon and Michael Hutcheon) who advance models of geriatric flourishing that champion blunder alongside sagacity. I conclude with a brief reading of poet A. R. Ammons’s posthumous writings that confirm theories in literary gerontology. Far from optimal, this septuagenarian managed to age just well enough as “wisdom and catatonia appear to / exchange places occasionally.”
Therapeutic Redescription
Authors: Blum Beth
Published: November 2022

Critical thinking and individual well-being are not always seen as compatible, yet they converge in the practice of therapeutic redescription. A spiritual exercise originating with the Stoics, therapeutic redescription is meant to emancipate the individual from obsessive ideas, such as the desire for wealth, love, fame, art, or immortality. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has appropriated this Stoical technique, which is essentially a concession to the tremendous power of language and rhetoric to define our experience of the world. With its emphasis on “cognitive reappraisal,” CBT encourages individuals to become more aware of their “attributional style” (the valences of their internal rhetoric) and asks them to learn to reformulate fears or obsessions in less emotive or irrational terms. This chapter looks to the modern literary prevalence of this practice of therapeutic redescription, from Marcel Proust to Doris Lessing to Sheila Heti. In particular, it examines Sheila Heti’s Motherhood (2018) as an exercise in using therapeutic redescription to transcend inherited cultural scripts about womanhood and maternity. It then asks whether the Stoical exercise provides a useful precedent for assessing what Heather Love has called the “descriptive turn” in literary studies, from Rita Felski’s ambition “to redescribe critique rather than explain it,” to Love, Sharon Marcus, and Stephen Best’s project of “Building a Better Description,” to Dora Zhang’s attention to the “heterogeneity of descriptive practices.” I maintain that the revival of therapeutic redescription participates in the mistrust of charisma that informs our disciplinary and cultural present.
Introduction
Authors: Stein Michael D.
Published: November 2022

People’s fears about health have always been cleaved: Each person worries about themself (the Me perspective of medical health) and about others (the Us perspective of public health). And yet, what is best for the individual may not be feasible for the group, and vice versa. Medical care and public health thus represent distinct dispositions and attitudes—competing views of health. Medical care concerns itself with identifiable persons, whereas public health takes up statistical or anonymized lives. The explanation, or rather the eight explanations, for why public health has continually “lost” the perspectival conflict to health care is the subject of this book. The restoration of the proper status of public health depends on understanding why its value has been underestimated.
Public Health Frames Its Successes Incorrectly
Authors: Stein Michael D.
Published: November 2022

Social impact bonds typically take up prevention issues, promising savings for some outcome (a reincarceration, a traffic accident) in some imagined far-off time, which people like to believe may never happen to any member of a population (prisoners, drivers). Public health has a future-focused perspective. Because the outcome is far off, such public health interventions do not address an imminent threat that requires an immediate fix, the kind of outcome often deemed medical. Medicine has a present-focused perspective. Why, as a society, are we willing to pay for cure (the medical perspective) and not for prevention (the public health perspective)?
Some Other Stars
Authors: Goudie Andrew S. , Brunsden Denys
Published: November 2022

A rather diverse group of both amateurs and professionals, geologists and non-geologists, medics and clergymen was characterised by a great range of accomplishments and interests. They included Eleanor Coade, who made artificial rocks; Peter Orlando Hutchinson, the polymath from Sidmouth; John Clavell Mansel-Pleydell, a soldier; John Coode, an engineer; Vaughan Cornish, who helped to establish National Parks; John Green, from the colonial service; Ernest Burton, an artist; Marie Stopes, famed for her work on birth control but also a paleobiologist of note; and Alan Carr, who worked for the Nature Conservancy and became the foremost authority on the geomorphology of Chesil Beach.
How Annuities Can Mitigate Uncertainty and Improve Retirement
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H.
Published: November 2022

A more secure retirement involves managing retirement risks. Perhaps the most prevalent risk involves uncertainty around the length of life. People do not know how long they will live and risk running out of money. Annuity products can help address that risk. These products are complex and can resemble either an insurance product or a financial investment. A simple annuity more closely resembles an insurance product, as the purchaser trades some percentage of their retirement assets for a steady stream of income for life. To economists, that seems like an attractive option to reduce risk, but few people buy annuities. The chapter explores the reasons why the annuity market is so thin and what might be done to revive it, including looking at a new and promising product, a deferred annuity—essentially an insurance policy designed to protect against the financial concern of living beyond one’s life expectancy.
A Eunuch in a Harem
Authors: Glinsky Albert
Published: November 2022

The Abominatron was an unexpected hit at the 1964 Audio Engineering Society (AES) convention, attracting the attention of luminaries and musical heavy-hitters such as Alwin Nikolais, Eric Siday, Lejaren Hiller, and people from the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center. Bob found himself taking orders for modules, something he’d never anticipated. Nikolais and Siday become his first customers. But in the meantime, he needed to roll out the high-end amp (dubbed the PMS-15) because the business had lost $28,000. Tooling up to produce 100, he ended up selling three—a catastrophic end to a two-year project. But success at AES gave him hope and he threw himself into hawking the new equipment, taking an ad in a 1965 AES journal, and attending the Music Teacher’s National Association (MTNA) convention. No sales were secured at the convention, but Bob met George Kelischek, an instrument builder who would become very influential in his life.
The Plastic Cow Goes Moooooog
Authors: Glinsky Albert
Published: November 2022

Chapter 14 starts to document Bob’s best year: 1969. The instrument had a cameo role in the first moon landing, with a Mort Garson score played on CBS-TV to accompany space flight images. The Beatles incorporated it in their Abbey Road album (“Maxwell’s Silver Hammer,” “Here Comes the Sun,” “Because,” and “I Want You”). Mick Jagger’s personal Moog synth was seen in the film Performance, and Jagger wrote a short lick on it for the Kenneth Anger film, Invocation of My Demon Brother (though the sound he used was patched in by Jon Weiss). A spate of recordings made with the Moog—and incorporating the name in the title—sold well but upset Bob, not only because he saw no royalties from them, but because he hated their commercial quality. Chris Swansen was hired as composer-in-residence at the Trumansburg factory. Musicians’ unions were increasingly nervous about Moogs replacing musicians.
A Palace Revolution
Authors: Glinsky Albert
Published: November 2022

“The beast” still held an influential position in recordings; it was even the signature of a new genre, “krautrock.” But all signs pointed to its displacement by a portable instrument. Bob saw this at the MENC Convention, where a new competitor’s synth, the VCS3 (produced by Peter Zinovieff) was shown. Zinovieff, along with Suzanne Ciani and Joel Chadabe, pioneered automated electronic music. Bob got the message. He and the staff scrambled to ready the Minimoog C for an unveiling at the Fall AES meeting. But there was a swarm of competitors at AES, too: EML, the VCS3, and another newcomer, Alan R. Pearlman’s ARP. To save the company, Moog engineers disobeyed Bob’s orders and put the Minimoog into production. The “Minimoog D” was essentially the same as the Mini C, but with modulation wheels, a design that would set the standard for most portable electronic keyboards in the future.
Genius for Hire
Authors: Glinsky Albert
Published: November 2022

At Kurzweil, Bob pushed the K250 keyboard, but was deeply unhappy and quietly continued his MTS work on the side. He received Hollywood’s RockWalk award. At Moog, Memorymoogs weren’t selling and Dave Van Koevering brokered a deal to hawk them to churches as the Sanctuary Synthesizer. Three years into Bob’s stint at Kurzweil, Aunt Florence died and the Moogs’ inheritance allowed them to return to North Carolina. Running out of money, Bob took a teaching position at UNC Asheville but soon quit. He produced the Big Briar Series 91 theremins. John Eaton premiered the MTS keyboard. Dave Luce sold the Moog Company and by 1993 it was completely out of business. Bob was offered the chance to buy the remaining inventory and the Moog trademark, but passed—a decision he would later regret. Michelle and Laura Moog married in 1993 as Bob and Shirleigh’s marriage began to crumble.
Support the Troops
Authors: Millar Katharine M.
Published: November 2022

This work examines support the troops discourses in the US and UK during the war on terror (2001–2010). These practices are important in their own right and a window into a broader transformation in liberal military-society relations. Few people now serve in the armed forces but gendered and sexualized cultural narratives of warfare continue to reproduce a strong connection between military service, citizenship, and normative heteromasculinity—the liberal military contract. It argues that supporting the troops reflects a gendered civilian anxiety arising from non-service in wartime, wherein normative citizenship and normative masculinity are apparently inaccessible to a large number of citizens. The book works through the ways that support the troops discourses attempt to address and resolve this anxiety by recasting support for the military as itself the hallmark of citizenship and masculinity. On that basis, supporting the troops is not really about the military at all, or even the legitimacy of war, but rather society’s maintenance of appropriate civil-military relations. Support is also increasingly transnationalized, as a seemingly apolitical vector for racialized, colonial hierarchy. Military support is the new military service—with a number of negative implications for democratic dissent. War opposition is sharply constrained, as martial obligation makes it possible to contest one war, on behalf of the troops, but not the practice of war itself. Overall, the book demonstrates the importance of gendered solidarism and loyalty, rather than solely dynamics of enmity and antagonism, in producing political community, the transnational liberal order and liberal wars.
The Mongols
Authors: Fettweis Christopher J.
Published: November 2022

Mongol strategy is the subject of Chapter 3. Never before or since has a state risen so rapidly out of obscurity to conquer such a large portion of the Earth. Perhaps the only thing more amazing than their defeat of so many powerful neighbors was their ability to maintain their status and keep the empire together. Their rule was as unlikely as their rise. The Mongol approach to governance was unique in history: unlike so many other imperial powers, Genghis and his successors did not seek to remake the societies they overran. They had no interest in “civilizing” other people, or uplifting or Mongolizing. Instead, they followed the opposite path, remaking themselves in order to maintain power. This did not sit well with the more conservative elements among them, and the empire eventually tore itself apart.
The Ottoman Empire
Authors: Fettweis Christopher J.
Published: November 2022

Though its fortunes rose and fell over time, the Ottoman Empire dominated its region for centuries and bridged the medieval and early modern worlds. For hundreds of years after they breached the walls of Constantinople, the Ottomans ruled over the most valuable and turbulent part of the world. Theirs is a story of restrained ambition: Ottoman grand strategists consciously avoided overextension by concentrating on limits, both at home and abroad. How they managed to rule a very troubled region and hang on to their polyglot empire for so many centuries is the subject of the fourth case.
Imperial Spain
Authors: Fettweis Christopher J.
Published: November 2022

The grand strategy of Imperial Spain is essentially a story of five Habsburg emperors, two Charleses, and three Philips. These men oversaw the meteoric rise and gradual decline of an empire forged by both conquest and royal marriage, and a dynasty that was easily the most powerful state in early-modern Europe. That dominance was short-lived, however. The fate of the Habsburgs is a direct outcome of a failed, obdurate grand strategy, one that did not allow for any meaningful evolution in the face of changing external circumstances. Spain’s decline had its upsides, though, since by all reasonable measures its people were better off after jettisoning the expense and pretense of empire. The Spanish won by losing.
Conclusion
Authors: Fettweis Christopher J.
Published: November 2022

The book's final case study examines the most consequential of the great European empires. The dominance of the British did not last as long as that of some of the others in this volume, but it had greater long-term implications for the rest of the world. British leaders were able to adapt their strategic thinking in important ways, as they grappled with the apparent contradiction of being simultaneously liberal and imperial, and as governing and economic philosophies underwent substantial evolution. In the end, unlike the Spanish emperors, British leaders managed decline with aplomb and wisdom. Like Spain, however, the loss of empire did not prove catastrophic for the British people. Retrenchment, if sensibly handled, need not result in social or geopolitical disaster.
Introduction
Authors: Lynne Viola , Marc Junge
Published: November 2022

The introduction provides an overview of the historiography and chronology of Stalin’s Great Terror, exploring in particular the “purge of the purgers” or the “Beria Purge.” This purge began at the end of 1938 and targeted select NKVD operatives for arrest and trial, continuing into the war years. Stalin scapegoated these NKVD operatives for the “excesses,” or atrocities, of the Great Terror, a policy that he himself had created. The introduction explores the reasons behind this purge and the new sources available for its study in the security archives of the SBU, Ukraine’s former KGB archive.
“The Party Will Demand a Full Reckoning”
Authors: Vasylyev Valeriy , Podkur Roman , Belokowsky Simon
Published: November 2022

In Chapter 1, Vasylyev and Podkur explore the activities of the Vinnitsa Oblast NKVD during mass operations. The focus of their attention is on Uspenskii-appointed Ivan Mikhailovich Korablev, who led the Vinnitsa UNKVD from May 1938 until his attempted suicide in January 1939, as well as his assistants. Following their arrests, the main characters of this story are first sentenced to death, followed by a commutation of their sentences to ten years in the Gulag. None of them served their term; instead, they were mobilized to the front in 1942, like many other incarcerated NKVD operatives, and lived fairly normal lives after the war. Vasylyev and Podkur also present information on the second wave of arrests of perpetrators in the 1950s after Stalin’s death in 1953. In that phase, the case against the Vinnitsa NKVD perpetrators was reopened, but ultimately dismissed, showing the limited effectiveness of the “purge of the purgers.”
“A Sacrificial Offering”
Authors: Junge Marc , Hale-Dorrell Aaron , Cormier Caroline
Published: November 2022

Junge’s focus of attention in Chapter 3 is on Nikolaev Oblast, where there were six trials of NKVD operatives for the violation of socialist legality. Junge explores what arguably was the most important of these trials, the trial of P. V. Karamyshev, the head of the Nikolaev UNKVD, along with three of his associates. The story centers on a fire in one of Nikolaev’s sensitive defense-related shipbuilding factories, which were under intense scrutiny in 1938, and the two trials that followed Karamyshev’s arrest. Junge examines the Nikolaev defendants’ defensive tactics at their trials, their self-image as “good Stalinists,” the role of witnesses, and, ultimately, the death penalty served on Karamyshev.
“This Is How You Interrogate and Secure Testimony”
Authors: Rossman Jeffrey J.
Published: November 2022

In Chapter 7, Rossman focuses on the investigation and trial of Georgii Kocherginskii, who served as the head of the Transportation Department (DTO) of the Northern Donetsk Railway NKVD. This study of a little-known, but important, agency within the NKVD argues that situational factors served as a primary context for the activities and motivations of Kocherginskii and his colleagues. Fear of punishment and the habit of “following orders” combined with ambition and the desire to please superiors to explain the motivations of these NKVD operatives. Additionally, Kocherginskii clearly believed that class enemies permeated the Soviet Union, making him a typical example of a “true believer” in Stalin’s Soviet Union.
The COVID Stress Test
Authors: Kirp David , Wechsler Marjorie , Gardner Madelyn , Tinubu Ali Titilayo
Published: November 2022

COVID-19 posed unprecedented challenges for public schools nationwide. It was a stress test, requiring districts to implement new policies—notably, shifting to a virtual format—on the run. Union City, Union, and Roanoke each developed effective responses. Union City enlisted a cache of coaches to prepare a new curriculum appropriate for online education and held professional development sessions nearly constantly. It supported students by distributing laptops and delivering meals. Union built on its already-existing virtual learning program and worked hard to supply all students with technology and online access. It provided teachers with professional development in distance learning. And when students were able to return to the classroom, the district ensured their safety by requiring masks in the teeth of a hostile political environment. Roanoke was initially unprepared but school resumed in fall 2020 with a hybrid schedule, enabling students to learn part-time in person, masked, and part-time virtually.
Conclusion
Authors: Coates D. Justin
Published: November 2022

This chapter briefly sums up the main themes of the book: first that unificationist accounts of agency lack argumentative support, and second, that because well-functioning agency requires normative competence, regular openness to ambivalence should be familiar to each of us. The chapter (and the book) concludes by briefly exploring how the account of well-functioning agency offered in In Praise of Ambivalence might lead us to feel, if not happy in the face of ambivalence-meriting conflicts, less distressed and better prepared to resolve those conflicts successfully. Regular experiences of ambivalence thus become expected and manageable element of the well-functioning agent’s life.
The Shadow of Childhood Harm Behind Prison Walls
Authors: Wolff Nancy
Published: November 2022

Prison. Just the word alone conjures up images of harshness and negativity. While the word criminal summons feelings of fear, disgust, anger, aggression, and revenge. These near-universal feelings about criminals are the foundation of prisons as places where harm, through neglect, indifference, and disregard, festers and replicates like a virus. For this reason, any conversation about prison and its potential for anything other than harm must start with the people who live there. In The Shadow of Childhood Harm Behind Prison Walls, the author, Nancy Wolff, uses a balance of compassion and evidence to take readers through the lives of people who end up inside prison. Guided by the words of those who have lived the experience of harm, she weaves an expansive body of research that lays bare the harm that began in childhood (the curse) and its subsequent shadow that later, during adolescence and adulthood, manifested as harm to self and others, eventually culminating in crime that resulted in incarceration, where harm, once again, repeated like a bad dream. With authority and rigor, Wolff employs ethics, law, science, and compassion to call out the anti-humanism roots underpinning the (un)intelligent design of the current correctional system and rings in a new way of intelligently designing and maintaining a just, fair, and person-centered system of asylum, of and for humanity.
A Community-Engagement Strategy for Harm Recovery in Correctional Settings
Authors: Wolff Nancy
Published: November 2022

Correctional settings are analogous to neighborhoods. Neighborhood conditions are improved through community-development (capacity-expanding) efforts. The community-engagement approach offered in Chapter 8 aims to change the mix of healing and harm inside prison. The approach described is resident-centric and works with residents to create and sustain a neighborhood where residents and staff work together to reduce harm and to increase healing. Two case studies describe how community engagement could be used to transform the social environment of prisons and create a service delivery system with best value. Growing harm-informed and sensitive environments to support harm-recovery programs is feasible inside prisons if the environment is imbued with values, partnerships, and resources that socialize and support healing, recovery, and rehabilitation. Community empowerment is a way to build the capacity of prison communities to change their conditions and cultures toward healing and away from harm.
Good and Mad
Authors: Bendroth Margaret
Published: November 2022

Good and Mad tells the story of women in liberal Protestant churches, the so-called mainline, during a complex era, after the suffrage amendment and before the advent of second wave feminism. These socially progressive churchwomen, predominantly white but also African American, coastal urbanites as well as salt-of-the-earth Southerners and Midwesterners, campaigned for human rights and global peace, worked for interracial cooperation, and opened the path to women’s ordination—and chose to do so within churches that denied them equality. Historian Margaret Bendroth explores the paradoxes and conflicting loyalties of churchwomen in this “between time,” interweaving a larger story with vignettes of individual women who knew both the value of compromise and the cost of anger. This lively historical account, told with women at the center rather than the periphery, incorporates the efforts of churchwomen from the rural South to the halls of the World Council of Churches in Geneva, Switzerland. It explains not just how feminism finally took root in American mainline churches but also why change was so long in coming.
Philosophy Inside Out
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2022

This chapter begins with a fable, depicting a culture in which the exercises through which professional musicians are trained are given pride of place through competitive events, while the classics of the repertoire are left to “the second-raters.” The fable serves as background to a review of the contemporary state of Anglophone philosophy. What is taken as “core philosophy” is often of negligible value, while supposedly peripheral work in “applied philosophy” answers to genuine cultural needs. Philosophers have, for example, contributed to improved understandings of race and gender, helped to develop methods of causal analysis, illuminated central economic concepts, and developed important themes from literary works. Philosophy would be healthier if it were turned inside out.
Letter to Some Young Philosophers
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: November 2022

This chapter takes the form of a letter, addressed to young philosophers. It responds to a frequently asked question posed by people sympathetic to the reforms envisaged in this book: How can someone starting out on a philosophical career afford to rebel against the standards of the profession? Four models are envisaged and their pluses and minuses are reviewed. The first three are not entirely satisfactory, and the fourth is likely to be available only under special conditions. The chapter concludes with some suggestions about how a reform movement might make the renewal of philosophy less threatening to the young philosophers who identify with it.
No Professor's Lectures Can Save Us
Authors: Stuhr John J.
Published: November 2022

The book draws critically on the full range of the writings of William James—his psychology, theory of belief and truth, radical empiricism, pluralism, and accounts of religion, ethics, politics, and society—to develop a powerful case for an original pragmatic worldview and temperament resonant with James’s philosophy. In a manner that avoids the “vicious intellectualism” James criticized, the book engages more than a century of scholarship on James, and places him in conversation with both his contemporaries and more recent writers. The author moves both with James and at times against James to address and illuminate central issues about the nature of the self, freedom, morality, community, truth, reality, and possibility. The chapters take up James’s views on faith and freedom; habit, attention, and flourishing; inclusive and ethical lives; democratic politics; the temperament of pragmatism; a radically empirical ontology of relations; and a pluralistic and unfinished universe. The focus throughout is practical, aiming to show the differences in concrete lives that it makes to take up a broadly Jamesian pragmatic, radically empirical, and pluralistic personal perspective across the fallible and “ever not quite” endeavors of our finite lives. “From this unsparing practical ordeal,” James noted, “no professor’s lectures and no array of books can save us.” In this spirit, this book does not pretend to provide, by itself, salvation. Instead, it effectively develops insights in the writings of William James that continue to constitute invaluable resources for new problems, new possibilities, and new forms of personal and social life.
Inclusive fitness as driver of cooperation for mutual benefit
Authors: Boomsma Jacobus J.
Published: November 2022

Mutual aid cannot evolve unless it offers compensating direct benefits for an actor or indirect benefits for her relatives. This phrase is a gene’s eye version of Darwin’s statement that no adaptation can arise for the exclusive good of another species. Such thinking has inspired studies that explored how Hamilton’s rule can explain adaptation in symbiotic mutualisms. When studies tracked genetics, they converged on the conclusion that interspecific “altruism” is always driven by clonal or family altruism within the partner species, which confirmed Darwin’s insight and earlier conclusions that “altruism between species” is a misnomer. I review the dynamics of cooperation and conflict in symbioses where unicellular partners associate with a multicellular host either by voluntarily horizontal acquisition or in a coerced setting of vertical transmission. I then consider symmetry and redundancy of partnerships and their degree of genetic closure, showing that hosts either maintain societies of symbionts or have a lifetime non-redundant partnerships with a single symbiont. This suggests that the egalitarian MTE origin of LECA can be understood by the same non-redundant closure principle that I used in Chapter 4 to explain the recurrent MTEs towards organismal multicellularity and colonial superorganismality. This explanation includes the origin of meiotic sex and can likely be extended to the origin of the first prokaryote cell. In general, the arguments in this and the previous chapter imply the conjectures that (1) higher grades of organismality did not emerge, they were naturally selected adaptive syndromes (2) their ancestral properties had nothing to do with being relatively big or complex; and (3) non-redundant partnership was essential to suppress conflict over resource acquisition, while reproductive allocation conflicts appear to have been unimportant at MTE origins.
Establishing the existence of a contract to make a will
Authors: Braun Alexandra
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines contracts to make a will and the protection contract law offers to promisees. It outlines the factual and legal requirements that a promisee must meet to establish a claim and considers the nature of the available forms of relief. It shows that it is usually difficult for promisees to establish a contractual relationship because the threshold that they must meet is high. It further illustrates that even if the parties are willing to formalize their agreement, and a contract can be proven, contract law does not necessarily offer the best framework for this particular social practice. While in principle it may be useful for parties to be able to negotiate their testamentary agreement, casting the relationship in contractual terms can be difficult, not least because the length of the relationship is uncertain. Finally, the power-differential between the promisor and the promisee is such that it is unlikely that the promisee can dictate the conditions of the agreement.
Establishing a claim under the New Zealand Law Reform (Testamentary Promises) Act 1949
Authors: Braun Alexandra
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines the protection offered to promisees by the New Zealand Law Reform (Testamentary Promises) Act 1949, the only legislation directly dealing with the protection of the interests of promisees of informal testamentary promises. It examines what promisees must prove to succeed, before turning to the question of how New Zealand courts quantify an award under the 1949 Act, with a view to establishing the extent to which it is capable of protecting the interests of promisees in an adequate manner. It argues that the 1949 Act is tailored to the context in which testamentary promises are made and thus minimizes many of the difficulties that promisees have otherwise to overcome when seeking redress. At the same time, the analysis also reveals that promisees hardly ever obtain the promised property, that their claim only arises on death of the promisor, and that they are not usually treated as creditors, so that their protection vis-à-vis third parties is somewhat limited. As a consequence, some promisees may wish to seek redress through other means.
Supportive Supervision for Community Health Workers
Authors: Coyle Camille , Travers Áine , Creaner Mary , Haile-Mariam Damen , Vallières Frédérique
Published: November 2022

Supportive supervision plays a key role in ensuring high quality service delivery in community health worker (CHW) programs. It emphasizes regular and consistent interactions between CHWs and supervisors, constructive feedback, and joint problem-solving. Moreover, it is associated with increased motivation, better work engagement, higher levels of job satisfaction, and improved performance among CHWs. In this chapter, we analyze supportive supervision through the lens of systems thinking. This chapter uses the WHO’s health system building blocks—health workforce; health information; service delivery; medical products, vaccines, and technologies; health system financing; and leadership and governance—as a framework to identify key factors that interact with supportive supervision. This chapter aims to demonstrate that (i) supportive supervision in primary healthcare programs exemplifies key aspects of systems thinking and (ii) the implementation of supportive supervision, in turn, benefits from a systems-thinking approach.
Responding to Health Needs in War and Armed Conflict
Authors: Birch Marion , Kett Maria , Rowson Mike
Published: November 2022

This chapter covers aspects of systems thinking that could be useful to humanitarian workers responding to health needs in conflict situations. It provides an overview of theories underpinning systems thinking, their use in situations of complexity, and their relevance for conflict and war. It considers how some systems-thinking methods and tools relate to existing best practice for responding to health needs during conflict, and what added benefits these could provide. It includes an analysis of case studies using systems thinking-theories, methods, and practice. Guidelines and principles and codes of best practice have been developed to improve the quality of healthcare and public health provided as part of humanitarian assistance in conflict. However, complex and often rapidly changing circumstances, and the diversity of disciplines and experience needed to respond effectively still present challenges. A greater awareness of systems thinking, and a shared understanding of its potential, could make a valuable contribution to best practice.
Governance in Conflict-affected Fragile States
Authors: Elmusharaf Khalifa , Byrne Elaine , O’Donovan Diarmuid
Published: November 2022

Health system actors lack understanding of challenges faced by mothers to access maternal care. One of the reasons is the lack of a platform where actors and community members can meet, exchange knowledge, and debate to make mutually beneficial decisions. Even if there are such forums, the capacity of community members to participate in them is often assumed. Additionally, the capacity of decision-makers to make informed decisions is also equally assumed. So, there are three main areas that need to be developed: 1. The capacity for communities to participate in research and action. 2. The capacity of decision-makers to utilize information to which they have access. 3. Mechanisms where both parties can meet and fruitfully exchange knowledge and trust for action to occur. This chapter addresses these three areas through a systems-thinking approach based on a research done in South Sudan in the period from 2008 to 2014.
The Utility of Systems Thinking in the Context of Infectious Disease Surveillance in India
Authors: James Rosemary , Jammu Anish , Taks Annabel , Adhikary Tapashi , Nazaryan Hasmik , Abraham Sreya , Gaba Upasna , Roohi Zeenath , Humpert Alexandra , Foster Isabel
Published: November 2022

This chapter demonstrates the utility of systems thinking in practice by providing an overview of the infectious disease surveillance system in India using general systems theory. System mapping and systems dynamics modelling, in the form of a causal loop diagram, are used to visualize the key policies, actors, and institutions involved. Focus is placed on all six of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Health System Strengthening building blocks, with an emphasis on service delivery and information. Systems maps of tuberculosis and measles surveillance, which are covered under two separate surveillance systems, provide a deeper analysis of the different and complex reporting processes involved in disease surveillance. Case detection, reporting, analysis, and response are vital steps involved in any surveillance system. Using information gathered from India’s infectious disease surveillance portal, literature, and key informant interviews, systems thinking is applied to analyze and reflect on gaps and opportunities to pave the way for future reforms.
Reasons
Authors: McHugh Conor , Way Jonathan
Published: November 2022

This chapter introduces and makes an initial case for a constitutive account of normative reasons as premises of good reasoning. It proposes five desiderata for a constitutive account of reasons, and argues that some prominent accounts of reasons struggle to accommodate them. The chapter outlines the account of reasons as premises of good reasoning and argues that it is well placed to meet the desiderata. It is then shown how the account might be developed to allow for the possibility of epistemic and conative conditions on reasons, and a distinction between objective and subjective reasons. The chapter ends by considering some challenges the account faces, including the objection that good reasoning should be understood in terms of reasons.
Good Reasoning
Authors: McHugh Conor , Way Jonathan
Published: November 2022

This chapter presents and defends an account of good reasoning as, roughly, reasoning which preserves fittingness other things equal. The account is shown to have important attractions, and is developed and refined in response to objections. The development includes a proposal that ‘other things equal’ be understood in terms of normality, and that good reasoning must exemplify a pattern that the reasoner can competently follow in acquiring a new attitude. The chapter then shows how to combine this account of good reasoning with the account of reasons as premises of good reasoning, and addresses some objections and issues that this combined account raises. Two appendices show how a version of the account can be modelled using quantification over possible worlds and how the account delivers plausible results about structural features of reasons.
Style and Necessity in Thucydides
Authors: Joho Tobias
Published: November 2022

Ancient literary critics were struck by what they described as Thucydides’ ‘nominal style’, a term that refers to Thucydides’ fondness for abstract nominal phrases. As this book shows, Thucydides frequently uses theses phrases instead of approximately synonymous verbal and personal constructions. These stylistic choices tend to de-emphasize human agency: people find themselves in a passive role, exposed to incidents happening to them rather than being actively in charge of events. Thus, the analysis of the abstract style raises the question of necessity in Thucydides. On numerous occasions, Thucydides and his speakers use impersonal and passive language to stress the subjection of human beings to transpersonal forces that manifest themselves in collective passions and an inherent dynamic of events. These factors are constitutive of the human condition and become a substitute for the notion of divine fatalism prevalent in earlier Greek thought. Yet Thucydidean necessity is not absolute. It stands in the tradition of a type of fatalism that one finds in Homer and Herodotus. In these authors, the gods or fate tend to settle the outcome of the most significant events, but they leave leeway for the specific way in which these pivotal events come to pass. Thus, the Greeks endorsed a malleable variant of necessity, so that considerable scope for human choice persists within the framework fixed by necessity. Pericles turns out to be Thucydides’ prime example of an individual who uses the leeway left by necessity for prudent interventions into the course of events.
Thucydides’ Abstract Nominal Style
Authors: Joho Tobias
Published: November 2022

Thucydides draws on four methods to give his style an abstract nominal character: (1) abstract phrases in place of circumstantial participles and subordinate clauses, (2) abstract phrases instead of personal nouns, (3) frequent use of nominal periphrasis, and (4) employment of impersonal passives. These tendencies, however, do not prevail in equal measure in all parts of Thucydides’ work. In his account of stasis at Corcyra, Thucydides juxtaposes two discrete sections that encapsulate the two basic modes of his style: the chronicle of events (3.70–81) is marked by a plain, commonplace idiom, whereas the following excursus on stasis (3.82–3) features a high-water mark of abstract language. In general, the excursus displays a plethora of abstract subjects and of abstract nouns modified by further abstract nouns, while the narrative contains almost no examples of these constructions.