bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arms Control: The Retreat From Disarmament The Record to Date and the Search for Alternatives
Authors: Thee Marek
Published: March 2007

The main thesis in this paper is that arms control as implemented in recent years and reflected in a number of multilateral and bilateral US-Soviet accords has not halted the arms race, but rather impelled its course. An effort must be made to change direction and initiate the process of real disarmament.

Arms control has meant a retreat from disarmament. It has come to symbolize a practice of building security not on less but on more arms. Deterrence has become the main theme of arms control, and has meant the establishment of a threat system which requires a constant augmentation of armaments, so as to enhance the retaliatory power of the adversary.

The paper analyses the flaws and drawbacks of arms control and reviews the achieve ments and failures of the arms control agreements. It then discusses the armaments dyna mics and prospects of disarmament. Two basic mainstays of armaments dynamics today lie in the domain of politics and technology. To undercut armaments dynamics the modus operandi in these two fields must be changed. In the political domain, a most important precondition for change is greater openness in questions of security. One promising strategy to follow would be unilateral reciprocated initiatives to gradually reduce arma ments. In the field of technology, military research and development must be brought under control.

Disarmament can only come through a radical departure from dominant arms control concepts. There is a need to return to the idea of general and complete disarmament.
Opportunity Costs of Defense: Some Cross-National Evidence
Authors: Dabelko David , McCormick James M.
Published: March 2007

This paper assesses the impact of changes in military spending on spending levels for public education and public health in a number of countries for selected years from 1950-1972. First, the opportunity costs argument is evaluated across all the nations selected and then two intervening variables — level of economic development and regime type — are introduced to specify the relationship. The major findings are: (1) opportunity costs do exist for education and health across all nations and all years, but they are weak in magnitude; (2) levels of economic development have little or no impact upon the opportunity costs for these policy areas; (3) personalist regimes tend to have higher opportunity costs of defence than do centrist and polyarchic regimes. With regard to the latter two regime types, an additional finding occurs: centrist regimes in recent years are lowering their opportunity costs of defense for education and health while polyarchic regimes have been increasing theirs. Implications of the findings for the opportunity costs notion are then summarized.
Exploring Exploitation
Authors: Elster Jon
Published: March 2007

Both Marxist and neo-classical theories of income distribution agree that the worker is exploited if he gets less than he produces. They differ over the imputation to the worker of 'his' product, Marxists using the average and neoclassical theorists the marginal product. In order to bring out the deeper reasons behind this difference, the following notions and theories are invoked: the fallacy of composition, permitting the capitalist to treat each worker as if he were the marginal worker; the alienation of the worker from the capital goods which are the product of past labour; the capital controversy and the doubts that have been raised about the notion of aggregate capital; and Robert Nozick's distinction between end-result principles and historical principles in ethical theory.

Pre-capitalist societies and advanced capitalist societies require a different conceptual frame work than the exploitation theory developed by Marx for classical capitalism. In these societies power relations and strategic interaction are more important than the anonymous exploitation through the market mechanism. Kelvin Lancaster's view of capitalism as a differential game between workers and capitalists provides an insight into modern capitalism that is more adequate than the Marxist model.
Non-linear Arms Race Models
Authors: Wallace Michael D. , Wilson Judy M.
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to improve upon the existing family of arms race models derived from the work of Richardson by introducing non-linear and discontinuous functions, and by expand ing the model to include more than two actors. With these improvements, good fits were obtained for the 1870-1914 period and the 1954—1974 periods of great power arms com petition. The best fits were obtained when it was assumed (a) that domestic pressures for arms spending increased with time, (b) that great powers' strategic ambitions grew over time, and (c) that great power military expenditures are influenced by shifting patterns of inter national alignment. It is concluded that the contemporary arms race will be exceedingly difficult to control if established patterns of great power behavior are not altered.
New Police Technologies: An Exploration of the Social Implications and Unforeseen Impacts of Some Recent Developments
Authors: Wright Steve
Published: March 2007

Whilst developments in military hardware receive critical attention almost as a matter of course, innovations in police technology are only rarely focused upon. In this article an attempt is made to rectify this anomaly by providing a detailed survey of some recent devel opments in police technologies, as well as directing concern towards the unanticipated consequences associated with their integration into systems of socio-political control.

The technology of socio-political control is by definition more or less repressive. Since it appears to offer a flexible solution to many of the problems of internal control, there is a grave danger of its becoming a technological panacea substituted for real political authority when this is absent. Politicians are increasingly prone to hand over their most problematic difficulties to the police or military for solution, only to get them back later in a more intractable form.

Consideration is given to the social implications of the vertical and horizontal proliferation of these technologies and their role in effecting the militarization of the society in which they are deployed. The article concludes that new police technologies facilitate the creation and maintenance of totalitarian societies. They pose a real threat to civil liberties and human rights, a threat likely to increase over time. The most repressive forms are currently being transferred to the Third World to service existing systems of cultural imperialism. By frustrating the struggles of the peoples in these countries to obtain a more just and equitable social order, the transfer of political control technology will escalate the processes leading to domestic arms races and thus increase the overall level of violence in the long term.

1. See for example Hewitt, P. 1977, & State Research, 1978.

2. Jonathan Rosenhead provides a contempo rary example of the politics which formed the decision to deploy riot control shields in the U.K. Rosenhead, J., 1977a & 1977b.

3. Figure assumed from Ballantyne, 1977a.

4. For an intriguing discussion of the bizarre double binds which are implicit in governmental approaches to secrecy, see Laurie, P., 1978.

5. See New Scientist, 5 February, 1976, 'Teargas in high doses is lethal', P. 267. Also Gonzales et al., 1954, Stein & Kirwan, 1964, & HMSO, C.m.n.d. 4775, 1971.

6. Figures taken from New Scientist, 29/273, p. 726, 'Anti-crowd weapons work by causing fits.' It should be noted that ways exist to beat the photic driver using a simple eye patch (see New Scientist 11/10/73).

7. They are: State Research, 9, Poland Street, London W1., U.K. CILIP c/o Berghofstiftung für Konfliktforschung, Winklerstrasse 4a, 1000 Berlin 33, West Germany.

Project on Militarism and Disarmament, Insti tute of Policy Studies, 1901 Que St., N.W. Wash ington D.C., 20009 USA.

8. These effects are described in more detail in New Scientist 9/11/71, p. 67: 'Interrogation Questioned'.

9. Report in The Sunday Times June 26, 1976. 'Why Britain Tortures its Own Soldiers'.
Toward a General Theory of Armaments
Authors: Köhler Gernot
Published: March 2007

Rising armaments are usually explained in terms of one of two basic paradigms — inter national action-reaction ('arms race') or domestic causation ('autism' and similar). The present investigation assumes that 'arms race' and 'autism' explanations are both generally valid, that they are related to each other as 'thesis' and 'antithesis', and that a 'synthesis' (i. e. an overarching general theory) can be found which subsumes the two perspectives. A mathematical model is presented which can serve as a 'meta-model' or nucleus of such a general theory. The model is stated in terms of two structural-dynamic equations: Mat = B at · Gat and Mat = (i ‡ e)at · Gat, which entail both a cross-national and a diachronic dimension. They link military growth and global military structure (M) to economic growth and global economic structure (G) and other factors. It is shown, for purposes of illustration, how the model subsumes a mathematical arms race model by Lambelet, a Marxist theorem by Baran and Sweezy, and the 'ratchet effect of war' (Russett). Several hypotheses are generated pertaining to military-economic linkages.
Attitudes of Israeli Youth Toward the Middle East Conflict
Authors: Dutter Lee E. , Seliktar Ofira
Published: March 2007

This article examines and analyzes the results of a 1976 survey of Israeli high school students. Special attention is given to their views on Middle East conflict issues and overall attitudes toward, beliefs about, and perceptions of that conflict. A number of relationships are found between respondents' conflict attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions and their socio- economic, contextual, and political characteristics. Several comparisons are drawn with other, related studies and research. Some implications for the present and future direction of the Middle East conflict and peace processes are discussed. Last, a few areas and topics for additional research and analysis are outlined.
Strategic Dependence and Oil in Mexican-American Relations
Authors: Saxe-Fernandez John
Published: March 2007

The concept of 'strategic dependence' is proposed as vital for analysis, description, and to some extent, explanation of Mexican-American relations, between 1979 to the year 2000. The main thesis is that we are not facing an energy crisis, but rather a crisis of the entire post-war order, based on the dynamics of what contemporary social science has called monopoly capitalism. Thus, within this crisis, the obvious dependence of the United States in relation to raw materials, and specifically Third World oil, serves as a catalytic agent in the restructuring of the global economic and diplo-military alliance system.
Revolt of the Incapacitated: Inter- and Intra-Organizational Consequences of the Polish Summer 1980
Authors: Kostecki Marian J.
Published: March 2007

The main thesis of the paper is that the big wave of strikes during July-September 1980 in Poland can be interpreted as an opposition of society against the etatist formula of the social life forced by the authorities.

A general picture of etatism is presented in the first part of the paper. Also main organizational pillars of this formula (the Party, central and local administration, business organizations, co-operatives, trade unions, youth organizations, and mass media) are analyzed. Emphasis is given to the acceleration of the processes of organizational concentration and monopolization in the 1970s.

The second part of the paper is devoted to the process of refusal of this formula by Polish society; from non-cooperation to active resistance.

The third part is concerned with changes in State-controlled and Party-controlled organizations and with the process of self-organization of the society. All the above-mentioned organizations are taken into account.
Verification in Arms Control: beyond NTM
Authors: Jackson William D.
Published: March 2007

Arms control risk calculations are not made in accordance with a rational actor model. Judgements about the verification risks entailed in participation in an arms control agreement are made within the framework of Cold War anxieties and influenced by political and bureaucratic considerations. In approaching the strategic and theater nuclear arms control agenda of the 1980s, it will be necessary to devise verification regimes which not only provide reliable security guarantees against 'strategic breakout', but which also promote confidence among arms control policy-influential groups and strengthen coalitions in favor of participation in the agreements. At the same time it will be necessary to avoid inordinately intrusive inspection and verification procedures which hinder progress in arms control. This study explores the utility of a broad range of verification regimes which may be appropriate for future SALT, TNF and MBFR agreements in terms of their technical efficiency, contribution to confidence-building and minimalization of the inspection regime's intrusiveness.
Self-Reliance under Socialism - The Case of Albania
Authors: Backer Berit
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the strategy of self-reliance found in Albania. Albania is known as one of the most extreme cases of self-reliance, and the author analyses information on the Albanian economic development in the post-war period in order to examine whether this reputation is a fact or a myth. The conclusion is that self-reliance in the full sense of the word has not been the road to develop ment in Albania due to aid and assistance from other socialist countries, especially China. Nevertheless, Albania today provides a unique example in achieving to a great extent its goal of self-reliance.
Détente: Models and Strategies
Authors: Schlotter Peter
Published: March 2007

Increasing tensions in NATO over détente demonstrate that the Harmel formula 'Defense and Détente' has become controversial. Europeans think about the 'Europeanization of Europe' and a strengthening of the 'European identity' vis-à-vis the superpowers.

Here a détente model is outlined which is based on European interests. Scientific conceptions of the fifties and sixties are recalled which have widely fallen into oblivion. The model consists of the following elements: (1) a pluralistic security system, defined by the compatibility of central values, the consideration of the interests of the other side, and the anticipation of the reactions of all the partners (based on K.W. Deutsch, whose model of a developing Atlantic Community is transferred to the European East-West conflict); (2) functionalism according to which cooperation in as many areas as possible plays a tension- reducing role; (3) consociational systems which settle conflicts in their internal relations with a minimum of force and are stable even though they are very fractionated culturahy, according to living standards, ethnic groups, and basic ideological positions or religion. Consociational systems normally have broad coalition governments, mutual vetoes of important interest, ethnic, or religious groups, the principle of proportional representation, and the autonomy and self-management of each group. The basic pattern of conflict resolution is 'package dealing'.

The model is illustrated by examples which demonstrate an embryonic European East-West security system. The article ends with — still abstract — recommendations for a new structure of détente policy, e.g. defensive policy, functionalist approach, multilateralization, dispersion of bi-polarism, and conflict resolution by package deals.
Review Essay: The Nuclear Arms Race and the Theory of Social Traps
Authors: Costanza Robert
Published: March 2007

Social traps are those all too common situations in which people behave contrary to their own self-interest while making what appear to them to be rational decisions. These situations may provide useful models for explaining (and analyzing possible escapes from) the nuclear arms race. The literature on social traps is reviewed, concentrating on three recent books: (1) Social Traps (1980) by J.G. Cross and M.J. Guyer, which provides a taxonomy of traps and escapes: (2) Too Much Invested to Quit (1980) by A.I. Teger, which is a detailed experimental study of the dollar auction game, an easily repeatable social trap designed to study conflict escalation; and (3) The War Trap (1981) by B. Bueno de Mesquita, which is only tangentially about social traps but provides supporting data and models on the history of international conflicts. Pos sible escapes from the nuclear arms trap are reviewed and the idea of a weapons tax to convert the trap into a trade-off is proposed and discussed.
Universalism vs. Particularism: On the Limits of Major Power Order
Authors: Wallensteen Peter
Published: March 2007

Relations between major powers can be described as shifting between universalism and particularism. In periods of universalism, major powers try to work out acceptable rules of behavior among one another, whereas in periods of particularism, they emphasize special interests of special powers. The way historians see shifts in major power relations since 1816 largely follows such a classification. By comparing the policies pursued during four periods of universalism and four periods of particularism, as well as analysing what ended or initiated such periods, the limits of major power universalism can be evaluated. Particularly, the short-comings of the recent period of detente are illuminated. Also some principles for a more enduring form of universalism are suggested.
Accidental Nuclear War: A Risk Assessment
Authors: Wallace Michael D. , Crissey Brian L. , Sennott Linn I.
Published: March 2007

Recent developments in strategic weaponry have led to increasing fears that the danger of war by acci dent or inadvertence is growing. In particular, the deployments of 'fast-attack' systems with short flight times, combined with the growing complexity and automation of strategic warning and command and control systems, has given rise to the belief that during a major international crisis there would be insuf ficient time to distinguish false alarms from an actual warning of an enemy attack. An examination of a mathematical model of the warning and launch sequence that would follow from a strategic alarm sug gests strongly that there would be almost no time to make such a decision unless a 'launch-on-warning' strategic posture were adopted. There is evidence to suggest that in fact both superpowers believe they would be forced to adopt such a policy in the event of a serious crisis. Given a 'launch-on-warning' pos ture, an examination of available data on false alarms provided by NORAD leads to the conclusion that a false alarm sufficiently severe to trigger a strategic attack would occur about 50% of the time during a lengthy crisis. This finding highlights the urgent need for the superpowers to undertake co-operative measures to reduce the risk of war by accident, including the dismantling of short flight time systems and undertaking major improvements in their ability to communicate and to co-ordinate their actions in time of crisis.
Review Essay : Social Psychological Factors in Military Technology and Strategy
Authors: Larsen Knud S.
Published: March 2007

An understanding of the compulsive armaments momentum is crucial to the survival of our species. Is weapon development a monster which acts independently of political decision making? Marek Thee in his new book makes a strong case for the armaments race being a function of dynamics internal to tech nology. An alternative explanation is offered which emphasizes social psychological factors (perceived threat, special profit interests, and career objectives), and perception determinants (need to impress ad versary and ally). The primary rationale for the armaments momentum is ritualized ideology, which moves rational discussion into the realm of moral absolutism. An open dialogue between systems would reveal complementary human values as well as unique cultural realities.
We Could Have Plenty of Good Teachers
Authors: Armstrong W. Earl
Published: March 2007

Mr. Armstrong, Chief for Teacher Edu cation, Office of Education, Federal Secu rity Agency, suggests a fresh approach to one of our rraost troublesome problems.
Consumer Education—Its Place in Teacher Education
Authors: Woolschlager Ruth B.
Published: March 2007

Life Adjustment Education, say high school leaders, can be made to appeal to many 14 to 18-year-olds not now inter ested in continuing their education. The curriculum, they say, must be redesigned in terms of everyday needs of these youngsters, the great majority of whom will not enter college. Miss Woolschlager, Supervisor of Student Teaching, New York State College for Teachers, Albany, sees consumer education as an essential element in a vitalized program. She would not only emphasize it as a spe cialized field, but she also insists that it be embedded in the general education of every intending teacher.
Fiscal Report
Authors: Young Garry
Published: March 2007

The public finances were transformed in the second half of the 1990s as the economy recovered from recession, a range of fiscal measures were implemented and there was unexpected buoyancy in revenues from existing taxes. The budget surplus that this produced looks set to continue for a number of years, provided that the economy does not suffer any major unfavourable shocks. Indeed, the underlying budgetary position is sufficiently strong that it would take a serious adverse macroeconomic shock to raise the deficit to threatening levels.
The Implications of the Comprehensive Spending Review for the Long-Run Growth Rate: a View From the Literature
Authors: Kneller Richard
Published: March 2007

In 1998 the Government set out its expenditure plans for the remainder of the current Parliament in the Comprehensive Spending Review. Announced within this were large increases in expenditure on education, health and capital spending with the objective of meeting the Government‘s manifesto pledges. Yet as the recent report by the Treasury on the UK's trend rate of growth states, the expenditure plans of the CSR may also help to raise the growth potential of the economy, although no quantitative assessment of this was made. Using evidence from the empirical growth literature, this article examines the possible effects of these policies on the long-run growth rate of the economy. In general the results from the empirical literature are non-robust, but by conducting a very different style of review we are able to identify several studies from which to determine what these effects might be. Using a stylised version of the CSR we estimate that it may raise the long-run growth rate by as much as 0.1 of a percentage point per annum, although there is some sensitivity to the underlying assumptions. This appears to confirm the likelihood of modest upside risk to the Treasury's estimate of trend growth.
Comparative Properties of Models of the UK Economy
Authors: Church Keith B. , Sault Joanne E. , Sgherri Silvia , Wallis Kenneth F.
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the properties of five leading macroeconometric models of the UK economy, as revealed in four simulation experiments. These are carried out in a common operating environment that reflects the broad objectives of current policy — sound public finances and low inflation — by using feedback rules for income tax and interest rates. Developments in the structure of the models as revealed by the series of such exercises carried out during the lifetime of the ESRC Macroeconomic Modelling Bureau (1983–99) are described. The development of the research methods through which models' properties were elucidated and analysed is also reviewed.
Job Creation and the I999 Reform of National Insurance
Authors: Hart Robert A. , Ruffell Robin J.
Published: March 2007

A radical reform of National Insurance was implemented in April 1999. One objective of the reform was to stimulate job creation. This note analyses the effect of the changes in employers' contributions on employment. We find that the reform could stimulate the creation of about 200,000 jobs in manufacturing industries.
The Economic Effects of North Sea Oil
Authors: Atkinson F.J. , Brooks S.J. , Hall S.G.F.
Published: March 2007

Much was written about the potential benefits and costs of North Sea oil when production had scarcely begun; for example, Hamilton (1978), Johnson (1978), Robinson and Morgan (1978) and Page (1977). In recent years, with concrete experience to draw on, there has been much argument as to the effects of oil on the British economy: in particular, whether, as argued by Forsyth and Kay (1980), a structural change was a necessary consequence, involving a relative decline in the manufacturing sector. This debate includes contributions from Richardson (1980), Worswick (1980), Barker (1980), Brooks (1981), Eastwood and Venables (1982) and Byatt et al. (1982).
On the Measurement of Employment and Unemployment
Authors: Metcalf David
Published: March 2007

In May 1984 unemployment was, officially, 3.1 million. Critics of the count put the true figure at between 1.7 million and 4.4 million, depending on their point of view. In Section 1 I examine what the statistics do and do not measure and highlight recent changes in coverage and counting. Estimates of the long-run rate of unemployment are given in Section 2. These estimates imply that injudicious macroeconomic policy accounts for a large fraction of current unemployment. In Section 3 Britain's unemployment is put into an OECD context. It is shown that our comparatively high level of unemployment is not due to problems with the labour supply or lack of adaptability on the part of the workforce. Finally, Section 4 addresses the question ‘where are the new jobs coming from?’ There is general agreement that manufacturing will not be a source of net new jobs, but private services are unlikely to generate jobs on the scale required to make a dent in unemployment.
The Exchange Rate and the Balance of Payments
Authors: Currie David , Hall Stephen
Published: March 2007

In designing an expansionary fiscal package, a key consideration is the exchange rate. This is because undue and possibly destabilising movements in the exchange rate in response to domestic expansion could trigger expectations that the policy will be reversed, and such expectations might indeed be fulfilled. An understanding of the consequences of domestic expansion for the exchange rate is therefore crucial.
Macroeconomic Policy in Italy and Britain
Authors: Britton Andrew , Eastwood Fiona , Major Robin
Published: March 2007

This is the third and last in a series of articles comparing macroeconomic policy in this country and in our largest European neighbours. A comparison with France was published in the Review in November 1984 and with Germany in November last year. The Italian economy is less well known in this country than that of either France or Germany. As a result its achievements may not be so widely appreciated. There have been no doubt, and remain, serious economic problems in Italy, but on balance it is the continued vitality of that country that needs to be better understood. In particular we are bound to ask how economic policy has contributed to economic development in Italy given the very difficult political environment in which it has had to operate for much of the past decade.
An Analysis of Post-War Growth Rates and an Illustrative Long-Term Projection
Authors: Savage David , Biswas Rajiv
Published: March 2007

Even with the contribution from North Sea oil, the British economy has on average since 1973 grown very slowly—barely half as fast as it did during the earlier post-war period. However the period since 1973 cannot be regarded in any sense as normal; for it incorporates two major recessions, and the recovery from these has clearly not been complete.
Chapter II. The World Economy
Authors: Barrell R.J. , Eastwood Fiona
Published: March 2007

Output figures for the second half of 1987 suggest that the world economy has been growing more rapidly than we were anticipating in November. We now expect that output growth in the major seven reached almost 3 per cent last year. This strength has been concentrated largely in the US and Japan, with growth in continental Europe only slightly above our previous forecast levels.
Comparative Properties of Models of the Uk Economy
Authors: Fisher P.G. , Tanna S.K. , Turner D.S. , Wallis K.F. , Whitley J.D.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the overall properties of six major macroeconomic models, through dynamic multiplier analysis of a number of standard simulation exercises. The models are those of the London Business School (LBS), the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR), HM Treasury (HMT), the Bank of England (BE), the City University Business School (CUBS) and the Liverpool University Research Group in Macroeconomics (LPL), as deposited with the ESRC Macroeconomic Modelling Bureau in late 1987. The simulations demonstrate the response of the models to changes in key policy instruments and to exogenous shocks; they are conducted, as far as possible, in a consistent manner across the models.
Encompassing
Authors: Hendry David F.
Published: March 2007

Rival theoretical explanations of events and phenomena are common in economics, of which the Keynesian versus the monetarist debate is perhaps the best known. The traditional empirical procedure in economics has been to formulate a model from each theoretical framework and test each model's restrictions against observed data, rejecting or corroborating the specific model accordingly as the evidence is adverse or favourable. Although such an approach seems objective and scientific, it has two serious drawbacks: in practice neither rejection nor corroboration are definitive.
British Coal
Authors: Ray George F.
Published: March 2007

In view of the abundant resources of coal in the United Kingdom, it was natural that at the time immediately following the first oil shock in 1973 certain hopes were pinned on coal: that coal usage would recover enabling the country to reduce its high reliance on oil. With the benefit of hindsight it is clear by now that whilst the importance of oil in our energy supplies has indeed been reduced, it was not primarily due to any resurgence of the demand for coal. The production and consumption of coal have continued to decline.
Protocol Conversion in Multimedia Networks: Simulation and Algorithm
Authors: Jeng Hou-Wa J. , Liu Ming T.
Published: March 2007

Out of recently proposed high speed networks such as DQDB, FDDI, ATM, etc., various issues have been examined to determine the most suitable type of backbone network for multimedia networks[1]. At this point in time, evaluations are still inconclusive. As a result, different high speed networks using different protocols will co exist in an integrated multimedia network in the near future. Like the traditional heterogeneous data networks, the inter-operability among the interconnected heterogeneous high speed networks will be the key to success for integrated multimedia networks. On the other hand, unlike the traditional heterogeneous data networks, a simulation study presented in this paper shows that, due to the special characteristics (e.g., high speed and high connectivity) of these integrated multimedia networks, the traditional protocol conversion model will introduce long transmission delays and render a network system useless. Thus, in addition to the simulation study, efforts are made in this paper to modify the previously proposed Synchronizing Transition Set (STS)[2] algorithm to accommodate the high speed and high connectivity of a multimedia network. For the modified algorithm, the protocol compensation model is used instead of the traditional intermediate converter model while all the desirable strengths of the original STS approach are retained.
Fast Simulation of Open Queueing Systems
Authors: Hunt Cortney S. , Foote Bobbie L.
Published: March 2007

We describe a technique developed by the authors for fast simulation of open queueing networks. The technique takes advantage of the recursive nature of departure times of customers in various parts of the system. The event calendar is circumvented using these recursive relationships whenever possible. A framework for identifying these recursive aspects of a network is presented. The technique involves identifying the servers in the system at which flows merge or diverge. Knowledge about the merge and diverge points defines the dependency relationships a specific customer has with other customers at each point in the system. The concept of a system level is based on these dependency relationships.

The technique is implemented in the object oriented language SmallTalk 80. The implementation utilizes Windows interfaces and allows graphical analysis of the simulation results. The implementation is shown to achieve significant reductions in execution time compared with the traditional discrete- event approach to simulation of such networks in most cases. Several different types of systems are explored in an attempt to characterize those systems on which the technique functions well.
Public Domain Tools for Modeling and Simulating Computer Networks
Authors: Hamilton John A. , Ratterree Gary R. , Brutch Paul C. , Pooch Udo W.
Published: March 2007

Simulation of computer networks is an area of growing interest. Network simulation is a multidisciplinary endeavor requiring expertise in computer networking, modeling and simulation, and software engineering. Network modeling and simulation tools in the research community provide important exemplar technology that has the potential for reuse. NetSim, developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is an excellent example of a network simulation infrastructure that can support a variety of modifications. In this paper we discuss NetSim and two additional tools: the Maryland Routing Simulator and the Texas A&M Asynchronous Transfer Mode Simulator, which are both modifications of NetSim. NetSim can serve as a simple but effective Ethernet or point-to-point network simulator. Additionally, NetSim can serve as a rapid prototyping tool for other network simulators.
Analog Computer Simulation Using Spreadsheets
Authors: Kabalan Karim Y. , El-Hajj Ali , Diab Hassan , Fakhreddine Souhier
Published: March 2007

In this paper, a spreadsheet simulation of an analog computer is presented. Each available module on the analog computer is simulated using the mathematical functions of the Excel spreadsheet. These modules are connected via a connecting method representing the interrelationship that exists among the various blocks of a system. This tool provides a simple way to compose the overall block diagram of a given system by connecting its blocks according to the signal flow. As a result, the performance of each component of the system can be observed and tested using the spreadsheet chart facilities. Examples are given for illustration, and comparison with other simulation tools is presented.
Evaluation of Missile Guidance and Control Systems on a Personal Computer
Authors: Rodriguez Armando A. , Sonne Mitchell L.
Published: March 2007

A Windows/C/C++ personal computer- based program is developed and used to evaluate the performance of missile guidance and control systems. The program simulates a high-performance missile in pursuit of an evading target. The simulation includes realistic missile and actuator dynamics, an autopilot, several missile guidance laws, a seeker/ navigation system model, various target models, and several integration methods. Missile-target intercepts are simulated and graphically displayed using the C/ C++ programming language. This represents a considerable improvement over previous research due to the object- oriented structure, speed, maintainability, and ease of debugging that C/C+ + offers. For modularity, the program is organized into three blocks: program-user interface, simulation, and graphics. Various simulations are presented to demonstrate the utility of the program in the evaluation of missile guidance and control systems.
Simulation: Strategic Technique for the Factory's Future
Authors: Gregor Milan , Kosturiak Jan
Published: March 2007

Many manufacturing systems must operate under resource constraints. Simulation can help to improve the operation of such manufacturing systems. This paper presents a practical approach to conducting a simulation project. A Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) was chosen for the simulation. The targets for FMS improvement are given and a set of measures proposed to meet the given targets. Design of Experiments (DoE) was used to minimize the number of simulation experiments. Various measures and control strategies were simulated and evaluated, and their influence on the FMS characteristics are presented. Rough cost analysis of each simulated variant was performed. Future research targets are presented.
Fuel Distribution and Consumption Simulation in the Republic of Armenia
Authors: Gevorgian Vahagn , Kaiser Mark
Published: March 2007

The energy and fuel situation in Armenia has remained extremely critical over the past few years. Transport routes for energy supplies have been blockaded due to the geopolitical situation, and industrial production has declined five times faster than has electricity production, creating a deteriorating economic situation. Although the situation improved when a unit of the Medzamor nuclear plant was re-connected to the network in 1996, the plant alone cannot satisfy expected fu ture demand, and the supply of fuel from outside sources remains very unreliable. Improving the generation and distribution of energy in all sectors is vital. In this paper, a simulation program is developed to facilitate short-term fuel distribution and consumption forecasting under an uncertain supply scenario. The simulation is used as a tool in decision making to select branches of industry to sustain at a desired level when communication and pipeline failures occur. Supply bases are clustered via their interactions. Fuel consump tion modes of consumers, along with their priorities, are some of the input parameters of the model. The system dynamics for the simulation study are illustrated with two model examples.
Simulation Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Multiple Access Protocols
Authors: Peyravi Hassan , Wieser Donald
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an object-oriented simulation model that can be used to evaluate the perfor mance of MAC (Multiple ACcess) protocols. It is intended for satellite communication networks in which the propagation delay plays a major role on the performance of the communication channel. The model has been used to evaluate the perfor mance of multiple access protocols for NASA's Mars Regional Network in the Martian environ ment with some specific requirements. These re quirements include protocol robustness, stringent use of power and buffer memory, channel stabil ity, and low complexity of the control algorithm. The simulation model can accommodate different classes of MAC protocols including fixed assign ments, demand assignments, random access, hy brid of random access, and adaptive protocols. While the simulation model has been developed to evaluate the MAC protocols for the Martian envi ronment, it is intended to accommodate other multiple access protocols with different require ments.
Simulation of Dynamic Resource Allocation Policies in Transfer Lines with Serial Duplicate Stations
Authors: Savsar Mehmet
Published: March 2007

In automated transfer lines, stations with long cycle times are sometimes duplicated to achieve the required production rate. A job is processed in only one of these duplicate stations. Ideally the duplicate stations should be laid out in pa rallel to double the capacity of a single station. However, such factors as material handling costs, part sequencing considerations, and space limitations often prohibit the parallel layout. Performance of a transfer line with serial du plicate stations is significantly affected by the duplicate station allocation policy utilized. However, determination of the best policy is a complex problem and difficult to solve analyti cally. In this study, several resource allocation policies and their effects on the performance of automated transfer production lines with serial duplicate stations are investigated by simulation.
Les variables qui affectent le rôle intégrateur de la religion
Authors: Houtart Fr.
Published: March 2007

There is a preliminary question that must be dealt with: is it true to say that religion has an integrating function? If by this we mean to indicate a consequence of religion—and not its finality—we can in fact say that it has a role to play in society The latter need not necessarily be an integrating role; it may equally be a disfunction. There exist also other social factors which are capable of fulfilling the social functions of religion (parties, ideologies) and which can be consi dered as being substitutes.

By the fact that it is among other things a social reality, religion does have an influence upon social structures, but it acts in the first place on the cultural system. Variables which may be either internal (doctrine, organisation. liturgy, etc.) or external (social groups, social or cultural changes) affect the role which religion actually plays.
Israel and the modern world
Authors: Goldschmidt Dietrich
Published: March 2007

L'Israël moderne est confronté avec des problèmes religieux découlant des circonstances exceptionnelles qui ont entouré la création d'un état juif à une époque caractérisée par la sécularisation et l'industrialisation. L'Etat, la communauté, la synagogue sont en interdé pendance étroite. Ce fondement religieux sur lequel s'appuient toutes les structures, constitue pour les jeu nes générations particulières une atteinte à la liberté. De là, le désir qui se manifeste de plus en plus de voir la nation juive considérée non comme « le peuple choisi » mais comme une nation parmi les autres. L'antinomie existant d'une part entre le renouveau d'Israël basé sur l'orthodoxie traditionnelle, et d'autrc part l'émancipation croissante et rapide à l'égard des entraves religieuses, pourrait-elle se résoudre dans une forme de sécularisation calquée sur le modèle des nations chrétiennes ? C'est la question que pose l'auteur et à laquelle on ne peut actuellement encore donner dc réponse.
Valeurs sociales transmises par I'enseignement secondaire des églises et de l'état en Colombie
Authors: Benoit A.
Published: March 2007

This investigation was carried out among the final-year classes of 12 educational institutions: 3 State schools, 3 Protestant schools and 6 Ca tholic schools. The research is subdivided in three parts. The first part includes a content analysis of the courses of philosophy, religion and one called 'Columbian institutions', as well as an opinion survey dealing with the subject matter of the courses and the way it is taught.

The second part sets out to determine which type of ideology attracts the pupils. The analysis was limited to a study of the pupils' attitudes with regard to certain dimensions of democratization and secularization, and their opinions on the social meaning of religion.

The third part tries to see how far the family reinforces (or does not reinforce) the communication of the values transmitted by the school environment; with this in mind the head of each family was asked to explain the motives which lead him to choose a particular school, and also to give his opinions on social change.

In general, it can be concluded that the values transmitted by education are socially traditional, even if it is possible to detect certain more liberal or democratic tendencies in some institutions.

On the other hand, the survey among the pupils shows that even at the level of secondary education, some of them already hold critical opinions with regard to the cultural content which is transmitted to them by the family and the school. These channels of cultural transmission are inevi tably, today, competing with others, as for example the mass media, whose development is increasingly generalizing an ideological pluralism.
The Protestant Clergyman in America the Problem in Analyzing His Career
Authors: Snook J.B.
Published: March 2007

L'analyse des institutions religieuses ne peut se faire de manière systéma tique qu'a la lumière des grandes questions fondamentales qui ne peuvent par principe être résolues par une simple institutionalisation de l'expé rience religieuse. De telles questions se retrouvent à tous les niveaux de l'analyse. En particulier, elles se posent à propos de la carrière ecclésias tique, révélées notamment par le fait que de nombreux ecclésiastiques auront tendance à mal interprêter les normes des rôles qu'ils assument vis-à-vis de leurs paroissiens.

Deux sortes d'informations sont essentielles pour analyser la situation du clergé: il faut identifier les points qui présentent le plus de diffi cultés, tant sur le plan structurel que dans le déroulement longitudinal de leur carrière, et essayer de déterminer les moyens institutionnels suscep tibles d'y remédier.

L'analyse sociologique peut s'avérer utile, particulièrement par la com paraison entre le rôle ecclésiastique et les autres. L'analogie avec le politicien a semblé la plus appropriée pour éclairer le problème du rôle du pasteur américain, qui s'oppose en fait à l'image traditionnelle de l'exercice d'une profession, Cette comparaison s'avère fructueuse pour clarifier la relation d'autorité qui dans l'institution religieuse est centrale et elle peut aider le pasteur à comprendre la signification symbolique de son statut social.
Socio-Religious Research in Europe
Authors: Holl Adolf
Published: March 2007

En janvier et février 1970, et à la demande de FERES, l'Auteur a visité onze Instituts de recherches socio-religieuses dans huit pays européens, dans le but d'acquerir une vision glo bale des problèmes qui se posent actuellement à ces Instituts. Sur un total de 41 personnes contactées, 23 ont été inter viewées (avec enregistrement de la conversation) en vue d'une étude de leur propre image-clé professionnelle en tant que so ciologues de la religion. Tous les Instituts visités sont en rap port, direct ou indirect, avec l'Eglise catholique romaine, et leurs activités répondent principalement à la demande du cler gé catholique et à ses besoins. Le rendement et les ressources des Instituts en question — 6 rapports par an en moyenne, un budget moyen de U.S. $ 55.000' en 1969 — montrent que les hésitations des organes de décision catholiques face aux re cherches sociologiques et statistiques restent considérables. Le niveau scientifique des Instituts s'est amélioré depuis la période de l'après-guerre. Néanmoins les contacts entre les Instituts eux-mêmes, ainsi que les contacts avec d'autres orga nismes semblables dans le même pays ou à l'étranger sont loin d'être satisfaisants. Par ailleurs, les Instituts ont à peu près tous une orientation nationale. En ce qui concerne l'image professionnelle du sociologue de la religion, on observe une nette différence entre ceux qui au début s'etaient orientés dans un sens théologique et ecclésiastique et ceux qui se sont tout de suite consacrés à la sociologie : le deuxième groupe semble ré pondre à une motivation plus scientifique, tandis que le premier est plus proche de l'action pratique.