bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening of Brazilian plants for antimicrobial and dnadamaging activities: I. Atlantic rain forest . Ecological station juréia-itatins
Authors: Agripino Débora Gomes , Lima Marcos Enoque Leite , Silva Marcelo Rogério da , Meda Cristiane Infante , Bolzani Vanderlan da Silva , Cordeiro Inês , Young Maria Claudia Marx , Moreno Paulo Roberto H.
Published: June 2013

I. Atlantic Rain Forest . Ecological Station Juréia-Itatins) Crude extracts from 88 plant species occurring in São Paulo State (Brazil), collected in an Atlantic Forest region, have been screened for antimicrobial and DNA-damaging activities. Of the 114 extracts assayed for antibacterial activity, only the extracts from leaves and stems of Aspidosperma ramiflorum (Apocynaceae) showed a slight activity against Escherichia coli. In the antifungal assay with Candida albicans, no active extract was observed, while in the bioautography assay with Cladosporium sphaerospermum and C. cladosporioides 12% were active. However, only the extract of Psychotria mapoureoides (Rubiaceae) stems showed a strong inhibition of both fungi. The DNA-damaging assay with mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in 17.5 % of active extracts. The majority (55 %) of the active extracts showed selectivity for the DNA-repair mechanism of topoisomerase II and only 20 % showed a selective response for the mechanism of topoisomerase I.
The association of the goatfish mulloidichthys martinicus with the grunt haemulon chrysargyreum: an example of protective mimicry
Authors: Krajewski João Paulo , Bonaldo Roberta Martini , Sazima Cristina , Sazima Ivan
Published: June 2013

A presumed example of protective mimicry between the yellow goatfish, Mulloidichthys martinicus (Mullidae) and the smallmouth grunt, Haemulon chrysargyreum (Haemulidae) is described from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, NE Brazil. The goatfish and the grunt share a similar overall shape and colour pattern. We found that these two species regularly form mixed schools around reefs. Additionally, when chased small groups of yellow goatfish join schools of smallmouth grunts and behave like them. The colour and shape resemblances between the two species enable their mixed schooling, and enhance the protection against visually oriented predators for both of them. Thus, we suggest that the protective association herein reported for the goatfish and the grunt may be considered as a “social mimicry”, since neither species is venomous, poisonous or strongly armed. Furthermore, we suggest that additional instances of social mimicry may involve the yellow goatfish and other striped Haemulon species.
Records of chironomidae larvae living on other aquatic animals in Brazil
Authors: Roque Fabio de Oliveira , Trivinho-Strixino Susana , Jancso Mário , Fragoso Evelise N.
Published: June 2013

In this study, we report forty-nine cases of Chironomidae larvae living on other animals in Brazilian aquatic ecosystems, including a wide range of hosts, such as hydrozoans, snails, insects and fish. We also discuss some empirical difficulties to establish the ecological interactions between chironomids and their hosts.
On the Translation of Semantic Relations: an empirical study
Authors: Denver Louise
Published: June 2013

In this article, the transfer of semantic relations between propositions is discussed based on a pilot study carried out for didactic purposes at the Copenhagen Business School. The relations studied were unmarked in the source text (ST) and the research aimed at investigating to what extent the translation of textual cohesion is the object of mental processing by semi-professional opt for a strategy involving the explicitation in the target text (TT) of semantic relations which can be deduced from the ST by means of inferences.
Audiovisual translation research in Brazil and in Europe
Authors: Alvarenga Lina , Araújo Vera Lúcia Santiago , Franco Eliana Paes Cardoso
Published: June 2013

This article presents contributions from three translation scholars aimed at discussing the present situation of audiovisual translation research in Brazil and in Europe. The first contribution deals with issues concerning both contexts whereas the two others focus on local research issues.
A influência do ambiente audiovisual na legendação de filmes
Authors: Nobre Antonia Célia Ribeiro
Published: June 2013

Este artigo mostra como a legendação é influenciada por muitos fatores presentes dentro do ambiente audiovisual devido, sobretudo, à função comunicativa audiovisual, à composição semiótica, à mecânica da legendação, e às visões e ao comportamento das pessoas envolvidas na produção audiovisual, na tradução e na distribuição, na crítica e no público.
Adaptação cinematográfica de "Mrs. Dalloway" como tradução
Authors: Silva Carlos Augusto Viana da
Published: June 2013

Este artigo trata de questões relativas aos limites entre o cinema e a literatura e considera a adaptação fílmica como uma forma de tradução. Baseado em alguns princípios teóricos que procuram sistematizar uma nova perspectiva nos estudos da tradução, discute-se a tradução de "Mrs. Dalloway" para o cinema.
As modalidades de tradução no conto "Laços de Família" na tradução para o inglês "Family Ties"
Authors: Omena Maria Aparecida Munhoz de
Published: June 2013

Este artigo apresenta uma análise descritivo-comparativa desenvolvida a partir da tra dução de modalidades no conto "Laços de Família" de Clarice Lispector. Os resultados indicam até que ponto a tradução de certas modalidades mostram uma margem maior ou menor de literalidade ou individualidade.
O gênero Crepidotus no Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP, Brasil e descrição de duas novas espécies
Authors: Capelari Marina
Published: June 2013

O levantamento taxonómico do gênero Crepidotus no Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, resultou na ocorrência de C. catamarcae Singer, C. defibulatus Singer e C. palmarum Singer, bem como a presença de duas espécies novas aqui descritas como Crepidotus apodus Capelari, sp. nov. e C. candidus Capelari, sp. nov. Todas essas espécies são descritas, ilustradas e comparadas com táxons semelhantes. Uma compilação das espécies de Crepidotus que ocorrem no Brasil também é apresentada.
Briófitas da Ilha do Bom Abrigo, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Yano Olga , Peralta Denilson Fernandes
Published: June 2013

Foram identificadas 36 espécies de briófitas para a Ilha do Bom Abrigo, distribuídas em 27 gêneros e 17 famílias, sendo 15 musgos e 21 hepáticas. Destas, 34 são novos recordes para a Ilha. E ainda é apresentada a listagem de todos os táxons de briófita.
Flood disturbance and predator–prey effects on regional gradients in species diversity
Authors: Mori Terutaka , Saitoh Takashi
Published: June 2013

The effects of both abiotic factors and biotic interactions among guilds (i.e., inter‐guild effects) have been suggested to be important for understanding spatial variation in species diversity; however, compared to the abiotic effects, the processes by which the inter‐guild effects are mediated have been little described. Hence, we investigated stream invertebrate assemblages on Hokkaido Island, Japan, and assessed how the processes of determining regional patterns in species diversity differed among guilds (collector‐filterers, collector‐gatherers/shredders, scrapers, and predators) by taking both inter‐guild and abiotic effects into consideration using Bayesian networks. Collector‐gatherers/shredders, collector‐filterers, and predators exhibited significant regional gradients in taxonomic richness. Gradients in the former two guilds can be generated by variation in flood disturbance regardless of interactions with other guilds. The gradient in predator taxonomic richness was indirectly related to the disturbance and was directly generated by bottom‐up effects through their prey (collector‐gatherers/shredders and collector‐filterers). We found that not only environmental factors, but also inter‐guild effects may be essential for forming the regional gradient in predators, unlike those for collector‐gatherers/shredders and collector‐filterers. The processes underlying the regional variation in taxonomic richness of the three guilds are interpreted in terms of the “more individuals” hypothesis, facilitation, and predator–prey relationships.
Computational and experimental study on supersonic film cooling for liquid rocket nozzle applications
Authors: Vijayakumar Vishnu , Pisharady Jagadish , Balachandran P.
Published: June 2013

An experimental and computational investigation of supersonic film cooling
(SFC) was conducted on a subscale model of a rocket engine nozzle. A
computational model of a convergent-divergent nozzle was generated,
incorporating a secondary injection module for film cooling in the divergent
section. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations were run on the model
and different injection configurations were analyzed. The CFD simulations
also analyzed the parameters that influence film cooling effectiveness.
Subsequent to the CFD analysis and literature survey an angled injection
configuration was found to be more effective, therefore the hardware was
fabricated for the same. The fabricated nozzle was later fixed to an
Air-Kerosene combustor and numerous sets of experiments were conducted in
order to ascertain the effect on film cooling on the nozzle wall. The film
coolant employed was gaseous Nitrogen. The results showed substantial cooling
along the walls and a considerable reduction in heat transfer from the
combustion gas to the wall of the nozzle. Finally the computational model was
validated using the experimental results. There was fairly good agreement
between the predicted nozzle wall temperature and the value obtained through
experiments.
Childhood and Adult Secondhand Smoke and Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Authors: Lajous Martin , Tondeur Laura , Fagherazzi Guy , de Lauzon-Guillain Blandine , Boutron-Ruaualt Marie-Christine , Clavel-Chapelon Françoise
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between childhood and adult secondhand smoke and type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a prospective cohort study among 37,343 French women from the E3N-EPIC (Etude Epidémiologique auprès des femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale-European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) who never smoked and who were free of type 2 diabetes, cancer, or cardiovascular disease at baseline in 1992. Self-reported childhood secondhand smoke exposure was defined as having at least one parent who smoked. Adult secondhand smoke was defined as the sum of self-reported hours recorded at baseline of exposure to tobacco smoke from a spouse who smoked (or domestic close contact) and from outside the home.

RESULTS

Between 1992 and 2007, 795 cases of incident type 2 diabetes were identified and validated through a drug reimbursement dataset and a specific questionnaire. Women with at least one parent who smoked appeared to have an 18% higher rate of type 2 diabetes than women with parents who did not smoke (age-adjusted hazard ratio 1.18 [95% CI 1.02–1.36]). Adult secondhand smoke exposure (no exposure versus ≥4 h/day) was associated with an increased rate of type 2 diabetes (1.36 [1.05–1.77], P = 0.002 for trend) after adjusting for parental history of diabetes, education, body silhouette at age 8, childhood secondhand smoke exposure, physical activity, body mass index, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, menopausal status and hormone use, alcohol intake, and processed red meat and coffee consumption.

CONCLUSIONS

This prospective analysis suggests that secondhand smoke exposure in childhood and adulthood are associated with a higher rate of type 2 diabetes.
Maternal Lipids Are as Important as Glucose for Fetal Growth
Authors: Kulkarni Smita R. , Kumaran Kalyanaraman , Rao Shobha R. , Chougule Suresh D. , Deokar Tukaram M. , Bhalerao Ankush J. , Solat Vishnu A. , Bhat Dattatray S. , Fall Caroline H.D. , Yajnik Chittaranjan S.
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE

To study the relationship between maternal circulating fuels and neonatal size and compare the relative effects of glucose and lipids.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The Pune Maternal Nutrition Study (1993–1996) investigated the influence of maternal nutrition on fetal growth. We measured maternal body size and glucose and lipid concentrations during pregnancy and examined their relationship with birth size in full-term babies using correlation and regression techniques.

RESULTS

The mothers (n = 631) were young (mean age 21 years), short (mean height 151.9 cm), and thin (BMI 18.0 kg/m2) but were relatively more adipose (body fat 21.1%). Their diet was mostly vegetarian. Between 18 and 28 weeks’ gestation, fasting glucose concentrations remained stable, whereas total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations increased and HDL-cholesterol concentrations decreased. The mean birth weight of the offspring was 2666 g. Total cholesterol and triglycerides at both 18 and 28 weeks and plasma glucose only at 28 weeks were associated directly with birth size. One SD higher maternal fasting glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations at 28 weeks were associated with 37, 54, and 36 g higher birth weights, respectively (P < 0.05 for all). HDL-cholesterol concentrations were unrelated to newborn measurements. The results were similar if preterm deliveries also were included in the analysis (total n = 700).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest an influence of maternal lipids on neonatal size in addition to the well-established effect of glucose. Further research should be directed at defining the clinical relevance of these findings.
Reduced Hypoglycemia and Increased Time in Target Using Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery During Nights With or Without Antecedent Afternoon Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Sherr Jennifer L. , Cengiz Eda , Palerm Cesar C. , Clark Bud , Kurtz Natalie , Roy Anirban , Carria Lori , Cantwell Martin , Tamborlane William V. , Weinzimer Stuart A.
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE

Afternoon exercise increases the risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia (NH) in subjects with type 1 diabetes. We hypothesized that automated feedback-controlled closed-loop (CL) insulin delivery would be superior to open-loop (OL) control in preventing NH and maintaining a higher proportion of blood glucose levels within the target blood glucose range on nights with and without antecedent afternoon exercise.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Subjects completed two 48-h inpatient study periods in random order: usual OL control and CL control using a proportional-integrative-derivative plus insulin feedback algorithm. Each admission included a sedentary day and an exercise day, with a standardized protocol of 60 min of brisk treadmill walking to 65–70% maximum heart rate at 3:00 p.m.

RESULTS

Among 12 subjects (age 12–26 years, A1C 7.4 ± 0.6%), antecedent exercise increased the frequency of NH (reference blood glucose <60 mg/dL) during OL control from six to eight events. In contrast, there was only one NH event each on nights with and without antecedent exercise during CL control (P = 0.04 vs. OL nights). Overnight, the percentage of glucose values in target range was increased with CL control (P < 0.0001). Insulin delivery was lower between 10:00 p.m. and 2:00 a.m. on nights after exercise on CL versus OL, P = 0.008.

CONCLUSIONS

CL insulin delivery provides an effective means to reduce the risk of NH while increasing the percentage of time spent in target range, regardless of activity level in the mid-afternoon. These data suggest that CL control could be of benefit to patients with type 1 diabetes even if it is limited to the overnight period.
Design Issues in Constructing Chain Oriented Logical Topology for Wireless Sensor Networks and a Solution
Authors: Mamun Quazi
Published: June 2013

An optimised logical topology facilitates the sensors of a network to communicate with each other with little overheads, lower energy consumption, and reduced latency. It also lengthens the lifetime of the network, provides scalability, and increases reliability in communications. However, designing an optimal logical topology for wireless sensor networks requires considering numerous factors. In this paper, we elaborately discuss these design issues and challenges. We also present a chain oriented logical topology, which offers solutions to those design issues. The proposed logical topology provides not only a communication abstraction, but also node management and resource management. The performance of the proposed topology is compared with other topologies with respect to energy consumptions, latency, and lifetime of the network.
On Dealing with Destructive Emotions through the “Path of Self-Liberation”
Authors: Albini Costantino
Published: June 2013

In the majority of Buddhist systems and traditions, destructive emotions—hatred, craving and delusion—are considered as the main obstacle to enlightenment and dealt with as such through various methods of counteracting and neutralizing. In the supreme teaching of Dzogchen, however, they are but one of the infinite aspects of the primordially self-perfected dimension of the true nature of mind. Thus they are allowed to show their utterly harmless essence—non-ego, beyond-good-and-evil, empty and luminous—through the path of self-liberation.
Le mouvement Tea Party, une illusion ?
Authors: Huret Romain
Published: June 2013

Cet article présente dans un premier temps les analyses du mouvement Tea Party. Loin d’être un phénomène marginal aux mains de riches hommes d’affaires, le Tea Party est un mouvement social, au sens fort, profondément enraciné dans des espaces conservateurs. C’est l’écart entre l’importance du mouvement et ses maigres résultats qui constituent la seconde partie de cette contribution. Une comparaison avec des mouvements similaires apparus dans les années 1970 permet de mieux comprendre l’incapacité du Tea Party à élargir son audience au-delà des cercles militants traditionnels.
National Rifle Association : la toute-puissance en équilibre
Authors: Belin Célia
Published: June 2013

Chaque fusillade de masse aux États-Unis, telle que celle de Newtown, en décembre 2012, où vingt jeunes enfants ont péri, interpelle l’opinion publique et suscite chez les élus des déclarations de solidarité et d’affection exacerbées. Pourtant, la législation sur la maîtrise de la vente et de la possession des armes à feu n’a pas évolué depuis dix-neuf ans. Un tel statu quo sur une grave problématique de santé et de sécurité publiques s’explique par l’attachement culturel profond des Américains à leurs armes, conforté par une interprétation individualiste de la Constitution américaine, mais aussi par l’action de la National Rifle Association (NRA), grand lobby américain des armes à feu. La NRA est au sommet de sa puissance, avec un solide ancrage territorial et des techniques de lobbying rodées qui en font un acteur incontournable du processus de législation au Congrès. Mais cette toute-puissance pourrait être remise en question par des évolutions récentes : la part des Américains qui possèdent une arme est en diminution tandis que la rhétorique de la NRA se radicalise. En se positionnant de plus en plus sur une législation de niche, soutenue par les irréductibles, la NRA risque de perdre de son influence.
Une majorité républicaine permanente ?
Authors: Richomme Olivier
Published: June 2013

Le résultat des élections de mi-mandat de 2010 eut des conséquences retentissantes. Une des plus importantes fut d’offrir au Parti républicain une opportunité historique d’influencer par le découpage électoral les chances de réélection de ses élus au sein de la Chambre des représentants, et ce pour plusieurs cycles électoraux. Toutefois, une majorité en nombre ne garantit pas une assise politique plus robuste. Car, paradoxalement, cette tentative de créer une majorité permanente pourrait freiner l’émergence d’une nouvelle coalition conservatrice rendue pourtant urgente par l’évolution démographique du pays. L’impact du découpage électoral est donc très profond puisqu’il influence la nature même du rapport de forces entre les deux partis et, in fine , le rythme de leur évolution idéologique.
Les enjeux géopolitiques des interventions fédérales contre les saisies immobilières aux États-Unis
Authors: Lefebvre Hugo
Published: June 2013

La crise économique qui s’est déclenchée en 2007 résulte de la diffusion d’emprunts immobiliers de mauvaise qualité – les subprimes  – et s’est traduite aux États-Unis par une augmentation rapide du nombre de saisies immobilières. Du fait de l’ampleur de la crise, les interventions de l’État fédéral se sont rapidement révélées nécessaires. Elles ont porté sur la modification des emprunts, pour éviter que le nombre de saisies n’augmente, mais ont aussi apporté des fonds aux administrations locales les plus touchées par les saisies, avec les Neighborhood Stabilization Programs . En dépit de ces actions, la crise s’est aggravée, en particulier dans les banlieues résidentielles. L’inefficacité des interventions publiques s’explique pour partie par les rivalités entre des acteurs à l’échelle fédérale, mais est également la conséquence de leurs représentations à l’égard de la crise, qui ont masqué la gravité de la situation dans les banlieues résidentielles.
Décalage culturel « professionnels-usagers » et dérive instrumentale des services publics
Authors: Pinilla José
Published: June 2013

Les usagers du travail social qui cumulent les indices de vulnérabilité (jeunes en difficulté, pauvres, personnes à la marge de la société) se plaignent parfois de ces professionnels qui ne les comprennent pas, volontiers autoritaires et moralisateurs ou tout simplement désabusés. Cet article se propose d’analyser sous l’angle culturel et cognitif l’émergence du décalage. Cette approche plus « anthropologique » est complétée d’une analyse plus macro qui met en relation « décalage culturel » et dérive instrumentale des services publics. La conclusion nous conduit vers une connaissance pluridisciplinaire des usagers qui tourne résolument le dos au « psychologisme » ou à la surmédicalisation. Elle plaide pour des actions plus politiques, citoyennes et collectives. En profondeur de champ : un croisement des cultures de paix et de résistance.
Du mal-être des travailleurs sociaux à l'État social actif : quelles grilles d'analyse ?
Authors: Maes Renaud
Published: June 2013

Le mal-être au travail des assistants sociaux est fréquemment analysé à l’aune de l’imposition des techniques de la nouvelle gestion publique. Cependant, la spécificité du « métier » qu’est la relation d’aide aux personnes est généralement ignorée dans cette approche. Nous montrons que l’analyse des témoignages faisant état de ce mal-être au travail nécessite de prendre en compte l’impact des réformes politiques qui changent profondément la nature du travail social.
Question de la « pauvreté des enfants » en Europe. Nouvelles tendances dans les politiques publiques
Authors: Cazottes Ewelina
Published: June 2013

Jusqu’à présent en Europe, la pauvreté infantile a rarement fait l’objet d’analyses. Ce phénomène, dont le taux est pourtant plus élevé que le taux général de pauvreté de la population de l’Union européenne (19 % des enfants sont pauvres contre 16 % de l’ensemble de population), attire manifestement peu l’attention. Les politiques visant aujourd’hui à réduire la pauvreté des enfants semblent pour le moment inefficaces. L’exemple des politiques entreprises dans deux régions européennes (Île-de-France et région de Mazovie) à l’égard des enfants en situation de pauvreté démontre que trois éléments sont à prendre en compte : la formulation du problème politique, la mise en œuvre des politiques, ainsi que le niveau de coopération entre les différents acteurs.
Interference in Literary Folklore. A Sign of Creativity or Impotence?
Authors: Stanonik Marija
Published: June 2013

Obravnava sistematično odpira razpravo o zelo zanemarjenem področju slovenske glasbene in slovstvene folkloristike, o poustvarjanju slovenske slovstvene folklore. Literarna zgodovina se je do nedavna tega vprašanja dotikala s predsodki ob vprašanjih morale in znamenjih šibke pesniške moči. Prav tako sta slovstvena in glasbena folkloristika v skladu s pravili zapisovanja kot reprodukcije že načelno zavračali vsakršno poseganje v besedila, ne da bi se bili pripravljeni poglobiti v duhá in okoliščine časa, ki so vplivali na nekatere slovenske avtorje, da so se odločali za avtorsko predelavo narodnih / ljudskih / folklornih pesmi.
***
This article systematically opens a discussion on a very neglected area of Slovenian musical and literary folklore: the re-creation of Slovenian literary folklore. Until recently, literary history has addressed this issue with judgments of questions of morals and signs of weak poetic power. Likewise, in line with the principles of transcription as reproduction, literary and musical folklore have in principle rejected any kind of intervention in the text and have not been prepared to engage with the spirit and circumstances of a time that influenced certain Slovenian authors in their decision to reshape folk songs.
Distance and Closeness of the Popular in the Poetry of Alojz Gradnik
Authors: Pisk Marjeta
Published: June 2013

Razprava obravnava pomembne dejavnike oblikovanja odnosa do geosocialnega prostora domačega kraja, ki predstavlja pomemben konstituens poezije Alojza Gradnika, v procesu oblikovanja identitete v času primarne in sekundarne socializacije. Predstavljeni sta Gradnikova imaginacija rojstne Medane in briškega človeka ter raba elementov ljudskega pesništva v avtorskem korpusu.
***
The article examines the use of traditional folk song elements in the poetry of Alojz Gradnik. It focuses on the most prominent factors in the process of forming an identity, first as a child and later as an adult, and establishing a relation with one’s birthplace. These represent important components in the poetry of Alojz Gradnik. Discussed are Gradnik’s view of Medana, his home village, and of the local population, and the use of elements of folk poetry in his poems.
Information Systems and Software Development
Authors: Siddiqi Arshad
Published: June 2013

Information Systems are complex systems; the development of the Information Systems according to the business needs is a very tedious and time consuming task. These business applications, whether designed to be performed as a single task or intended to be used company-wide, integrated system, must be designed specifically for the company’s unique culture, needs, objectives, and goals. Thus, the developing team must be very clear about the users, user needs, corporation goals, time frame, and financial resources allocated to the to the development project. While the Information Systems are to be using the most advanced development tools and methodology, it must be simple for the users to understand, comprehend, and use they should be capable of performing all the functions necessary to perform a tasks efficiently. While the software should be comprehensive and state of the art, it should not be unduly cumbersome. Careful attention must be given during the development process that the software system should be both functional and efficient; one must remember that an Information System is actually a combination of various software systems which are self-contained top perform specific activities on one hand and to be able to interact and perform effectively with the other software systems. Combined, these software systems become the Information System.
SEMantic PATHways
Authors: Alexandrou Dimitrios Al. , Pardalis Konstantinos V.
Published: June 2013

One of the main challenges to be confronted by modern health care, so as to increase treatment quality, is the personalization of treatment. The treatment personalization has to be combined with a decrease in hospitalization costs. It requires continuous reconfiguration and adaptation of the selected treatment schemes since both the “current” circumstances in a health care organization change rapidly, and each patient constitutes a unique case. In this chapter, an innovative software infrastructure is presented, which provides an integrated IT environment concerning the totally dynamic composition of health care business processes (Clinical Pathways) during execution time. The software comprises a health care process execution engine, accompanied by a semantic infrastructure (ontology) for reconfiguring the Clinical Pathways. The SEMPATH (SEMantic PATHways) Ontology comprises three main parts: a) the Clinical Pathway part, b) the Business & Finance part, and c) the Quality Assurance part. During the execution of Clinical Pathways, the system reasons over a set of semantic rules and dynamically selects the next steps of the treatment. A graphical designer interface is implemented for the definition of the rule-set for the Clinical Pathways adaptation in a user-friendly way, alongside with a graphical user interface for the execution of the treatment schemes.
Impact of Electronic Word of Mouth Evaluation on Purchase Intention
Authors: Hamouda Manel , Tabbane Rym Srarfi
Published: June 2013

This paper examines the impact of exposure to Electronic Word of Mouth (EWOM) on consumer purchase intention. More specifically, the study focuses on the mediating role of attitude towards the product in the relationship between purchase intention and EWOM exposure. To this effect, the study was conducted over a number of 204 internet users who were exposed to online hotel comments. Three distinct linear correlations were used. First, the correlation between the intention to visit the hotel and EWOM evaluation, then a second correlation between attitude towards the hotel and EWOM evaluation and finally, a third multiple regression of purchase intention on both attitude towards the hotel and EWOM evaluation. The obtained results indicated that attitude towards the product is a full mediating variable between purchase intention and EWOM evaluation. The study concludes with managerial implications recommending the use of EWOM as an efficient communication tool.
Leadership Constraints
Authors: Tworoger Leslie C. , Ruppel Cynthia P. , Gong Baiyun , Pohlman Randolph A.
Published: June 2013

This research focused on the question: What leadership constraints contribute to the complexity of the working environment faced by global virtual team leaders and how do those leadership constraints impact the behavior of leaders when they are trying to meet team member expectations? This qualitative study of a high performing team within a multinational corporation (MNC) identified four constraints facing leaders: virtuality, globalization, the domestic workplace, and the matrix organizational structure. These constraints and their interactions contributed to the complexity that leaders faced when attempting to influence followers. While work/life roles have changed dramatically for leaders, team member expectations remain rooted in the past.
Die roeping van die kerk
Authors: Beyers Jaco
Published: June 2013

The calling of the church. The question as to the calling of the church is not a practical but a theological issue. The church can easily keep itself busy with activities that seem important. However, are these activities really the motivation behind God’s call to the church? This article investigates the calling of the church as perceived from various relationships: church and world, church and culture and church and church. Church and world addresses the age-old argument that the church is in the world but not of the world. The church does have an obligation in the world towards politics and ecology. Another factor addressed in the article is the way in which the church copes with the secularised society. Regarding culture, the premise is that the church has no obligation towards culture. Culture merely becomes a means to an end for the church. The church wants to exist in a ‘free culture’, as Barth suggests. When discussing the calling of the church, an ecclesiology of some sorts is in fact presented. This is reflected in the paragraph on church and church. The church is always seen in relationship with God’s intention with the community He assembles. This might be the true calling of the church: to be a community that calls others to community.
Creation and covenant in a via media position: The example of J.J.P. Valeton Jr
Authors: Becking Bob
Published: June 2013

The year 2012 marked the centenary of the death of the Utrecht Old Testament scholar J.J.P. Valeton Jr (1848–1912). He was a representative of the ‘via media’ approach of Dutch theology, which aimed at joining critical scholarship and piety, by avoiding the pitfalls of modernism as well as orthodoxy. Valeton accepted the critical analysis of Graf, Kuenen, and Wellhausen, but meanwhile remained a pious person. This article will discuss Valeton’s contributions to critical scholarship of Genesis 1–3 as well as his profound ideas on ‘covenant’ as an expression of ‘friendship’. Loader’s distinction between ‘knowledge open to faith’ and ‘knowledge open for scientific approach’ is very helpful in understanding the works and ideas of Valeton.
Aetiology of maternal mortality using verbal autopsy at Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria
Authors: Garba Jamila A. , Umar Sadiq
Published: June 2013

Background: Maternal mortality in developing countries is higher than that in developed countries. There are few published articles on the factors associated with maternal deaths in northern Nigeria.Objectives: The objective of this study was to identify the medical causes and factors associated with maternal mortality in Sokoto, northern Nigeria.Method: A verbal autopsy questionnaire was used to interview close relatives of women within the reproductive age group who had died of pregnancy-related complications in theSokoto metropolis during the preceding two years. A multistage sampling method using simple random sampling at each step was used to select areas of study within the Sokoto metropolis. Data analysis was carried out using a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS),version 19, and the Spearman correlation was used to test association. Significance level was set at 0.05.Results: The major causes of death were haemorrhage (48.3%), eclampsia (19%) and prolonged labour (13.8%). The association between maternal mortality and the absence of antenatal booking was significant (p < 0.001); the association between maternal mortality andthe ‘three delays’ was also significant (p = 0.013). The association between maternal mortality and educational status and occupation was, however, not significant (p = 0.687 and p = 0.427respectively).Conclusion: The medical causes of maternal mortality identified in this study were similar to those of the hospital-based studies in the area. In addition, an association between maternal deaths and the ‘three delays’ and the absence of antenatal booking was found. There is a need for public education efforts to address these factors in order to reduce maternal mortality in the study area.
‘They say we are crèche teachers’: Experiences of pre-service mathematics teachers taught through the medium of isiZulu
Authors: Van Laren Linda , Goba Busisiwe
Published: June 2013

Language of instruction, both in schools and higher education institutions (HEIs), is a contentious issue in South Africa. At our university in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa a language policy was approved in agreement with the Language Policy for Higher Education, recommending promotion of isiZulu as a medium of instruction for teaching and learning. In complying with this policy the School of Education of our university offered three education modules (Numeracy, Life Skills and Literacy) in the Foundation Phase (FP) Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) through the medium of isiZulu. Against this background we conducted a qualitative study with 16 FP PGCE pre-service teachers selected purposefully from the 2011 cohort who completed the FP numeracy education module in isiZulu. Participants were generally positive about their experiences of being taught in isiZulu, but highlighted challenges related to isiZulu as a medium of instruction for academic concept explanations, translation of teaching and learning materials, and the status of isiZulu as an instruction medium at a HEI.
Winter wheat susceptibilty to leaf rust and resistance sources to diseases
Authors: Chełkowski Jerzy , Stępień Łukasz , Strzembicka Anna
Published: June 2013

Winter wheat cultivars were significantly infected by Puccinia triticina causing leaf rust in seasons 2000-2002 in southern and also central regions of Poland. Resistance genes Lr9, Lr19 and Lr24 were found to be effective against dominating populations of the pathogen and typical isolates of P. triticina. Mentioned three resistance genes as well as genes Lr10 and Lr37 were identified using STS (Sequence Tagged Site) DNA - PCR markers in cultivars and resistance sources. Mentioned markers were found very useful in resistance breeding of wheat.
Colored Fluorescent Silk Made by Transgenic Silkworms
Authors: Iizuka Tetsuya , Sezutsu Hideki , Tatematsu Ken‐ichiro , Kobayashi Isao , Yonemura Naoyuki , Uchino Keiro , Nakajima Kenichi , Kojima Katsura , Takabayashi Chiyuki , Machii Hiroaki , Yamada Katsushige , Kurihara Hiroyuki , Asakura Tetsuo , Nakazawa Yasumoto , Miyawaki Atsushi , Karasawa Satoshi , Kobayashi Hatsumi , Yamaguchi Junji , Kuwabara Nobuo , Nakamura Takashi , Yoshii Kei , Tamura Toshiki
Published: June 2013

Silk is a protein fiber used to weave fabrics and as a biomaterial in medical applications. Recently, genetically modified silks have been produced from transgenic silkworms. In the present study, transgenic silkworms for the mass production of three colors of fluorescent silks, (green, red, and orange) are generated using a vector originating from the fibroin H chain gene and a classical breeding method. The suitability of the recombinant silks for making fabrics is investigated by harvesting large amounts of the cocoons, obtained from rearing over 20 thousand silkworms. The application of low temperature and a weakly alkaline solution for cooking and reeling enables the production of silk fiber without loss of color. The maximum strain tolerated and Young's modulus of the fluorescent silks are similar to those of ordinary silk, although the maximum stress value of the recombinant silk is slightly lower than that of the control. Fabrics with fluorescent color are demonstrated using the recombinant silk, with the color persisting for over two years. The results indicate that large amounts of genetically modified silk can be made by transgenic silkworms, and the silk is applicable as functional silk fiber for making fabrics and for use in medical applications.
Oxygen Reduction Reaction Performance of [MTBD][beti]‐Encapsulated Nanoporous NiPt Alloy Nanoparticles
Authors: Snyder Joshua , Livi Kenneth , Erlebacher Jonah
Published: June 2013

Recent advances in oxygen reduction reaction catalysis for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) include i) the use of electrochemical dealloying to produce high surface area and sometimes nanoporous catalysts with a Pt‐enriched outer surface, and ii) the observation that oxygen reduction in nanoporous materials can be potentially enhanced by confinement effects, particularly if the chemical environment within the pores can bias the reaction toward completion. Here, these advances are combined by incorporating a hydrophobic, protic ionic liquid, [MTBD][beti], into the pores of high surface‐area NiPt alloy nanoporous nanoparticles (np‐NiPt/C + [MTBD][beti]). The high O2 solubility of the [MTBD][beti], in conjunction with the confined environment within the pores, biases reactant O2 toward the catalytic surface, consistent with an increased residence time and enhanced attempt frequencies, resulting in improved reaction kinetics. Half‐cell measurements show the np‐NiPt/C+[MTBD][beti] encapsulated catalyst to be nearly an order of magnitude more active than commercial Pt/C, a result that is directly translated into operational PEMFCs.
Inkjet Printing of Back Electrodes for Inverted Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Angmo Dechan , Sweelssen Jorgen , Andriessen Ronn , Galagan Yulia , Krebs Frederik C.
Published: June 2013

Evaporation is the most commonly used deposition method in the processing of back electrodes in polymer solar cells used in scientific studies. However, vacuum‐based methods such as evaporation are uneconomical in the upscaling of polymer solar cells as they are throughput limiting steps in an otherwise fast roll‐to‐roll production line. In this paper, the applicability of inkjet printing in the ambient processing of back electrodes in inverted polymer solar cells with the structure ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/PEDOT:PSS/Ag is investigated. Furthermore, the limitation of screen printing, the commonly employed method in the ambient processing of back electrode, is demonstrated and discussed. Both inkjet printing and screen printing of back electrodes are studied for their impact on the photovoltaic properties of the polymer solar cells measured under 1000 Wm−2 AM1.5. Each ambient processing technique is compared with evaporation in the processing of back electrode. Laser beam induced current (LBIC) imaging is used to investigate the impact of the processing techniques on the current collection in the devices. We report that inkjet printing of back electrode delivers devices having photovoltaic performance comparable to devices with evaporated back electrodes. We further confirm that inkjet printing represent an efficient alternative to screen printing.
The Circadian Clock in Murine Chondrocytes Regulates Genes Controlling Key Aspects of Cartilage Homeostasis
Authors: Gossan Nicole , Zeef Leo , Hensman James , Hughes Alun , Bateman John F. , Rowley Lynn , Little Christopher B. , Piggins Hugh D. , Rattray Magnus , Boot‐Handford Raymond P. , Meng Qing‐Jun
Published: June 2013

Objective

To characterize the circadian clock in murine cartilage tissue and identify tissue‐specific clock target genes, and to investigate whether the circadian clock changes during aging or during cartilage degeneration using an experimental mouse model of osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Cartilage explants were obtained from aged and young adult mice after transduction with the circadian clock fusion protein reporter PER2::luc, and real‐time bioluminescence recordings were used to characterize the properties of the clock. Time‐series microarrays were performed on mouse cartilage tissue to identify genes expressed in a circadian manner. Rhythmic genes were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction using mouse tissue, primary chondrocytes, and a human chondrocyte cell line. Experimental OA was induced in mice by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM), and articular cartilage samples were microdissected and subjected to microarray analysis.

Results

Mouse cartilage tissue and a human chondrocyte cell line were found to contain intrinsic molecular circadian clocks. The cartilage clock could be reset by temperature signals, while the circadian period was temperature compensated. PER2::luc bioluminescence demonstrated that circadian oscillations were significantly lower in amplitude in cartilage from aged mice. Time‐series microarray analyses of the mouse tissue identified the first circadian transcriptome in cartilage, revealing that 615 genes (∼3.9% of the expressed genes) displayed a circadian pattern of expression. This included genes involved in cartilage homeostasis and survival, as well as genes with potential importance in the pathogenesis of OA. Several clock genes were disrupted in the early stages of cartilage degeneration in the DMM mouse model of OA.

Conclusion

These results reveal an autonomous circadian clock in chondrocytes that can be implicated in key aspects of cartilage biology and pathology. Consequently, circadian disruption (e.g., during aging) may compromise tissue homeostasis and increase susceptibility to joint damage or disease.
Patchwork Protein Chemistry: A Practitioner's Treatise on the Advances in Synthetic Peptide Stitchery
Authors: Verzele Dieter , Madder Annemieke
Published: June 2013

With the study of peptides and proteins at the heart of many scientific endeavors, the omics era heralded a multitude of opportunities for chemists and biologists alike. Across the interface with life sciences, peptide chemistry plays an indispensable role, and progress made over the past decades now allows proteins to be treated as molecular patchworks stitched together through synthetic tailoring. The continuous elaboration of sophisticated strategies notwithstanding, Merrifield's solid‐phase methodology remains a cornerstone of chemical protein design. Although the non‐practitioner might misjudge peptide synthesis as trivial, routine, or dull given its long history, we comment here on its many advances, obstacles, and prospects from a practitioner's point of view. While sharing our perspectives through thematic highlights across the literature, this treatise provides an interpretive overview as a guide to novices, and a recap for specialists.
Molecular pathogenesis of endometrial cancers in patients with Lynch syndrome
Authors: Huang Marilyn , Djordjevic Bojana , Yates Melinda S. , Urbauer Diana , Sun Charlotte , Burzawa Jennifer , Daniels Molly , Westin Shannon N. , Broaddus Russell , Lu Karen
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

The authors hypothesized that Lynch syndrome (LS)‐associated endometrial cancer (EC) develops from morphologically normal endometrium that accumulates enough molecular changes to progress through a continuum of hyperplasia to carcinoma, similar to sporadic EC. The primary objective of the current study was to determine whether LS‐associated EC involves progression through a preinvasive lesion. The secondary objective was to identify molecular changes that contribute to endometrial carcinogenesis in patients with LS.

METHODS

Women with a confirmed mismatch repair gene mutation for LS who were undergoing a prophylactic or therapeutic hysterectomy were eligible. Cases and controls were matched for EC and hyperplasia based preferentially on age and histology. Mutation status of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PIK3CA); KRAS; AKT; LKB1; catenin (cadherin‐associated protein), beta 1, 88kDa (CTNNB1); and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein loss was assessed.

RESULTS

Concurrent complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH) was found in EC in 11 cases of LS (39.3%) and 21 sporadic cases (46.6%). Loss of PTEN expression was common in both sporadic (69%) and LS‐associated EC (86.2%). There was no significant difference noted with regard to the frequency of KRAS mutations in cases of sporadic EC (10.3%) compared with LS‐associated EC (3.4%). AKT and LKB1 mutations were rarely observed. Mutations in PIK3CA and CTNNB1 occurred more frequently in cases of sporadic EC compared with LS‐associated EC.

CONCLUSIONS

Hyperplasia, particularly CAH, is part of the preinvasive spectrum of disease in LS‐associated EC, as indicated by the presence of complex hyperplasia and CAH in cases of LS. Although loss of PTEN is common in both LS and sporadic EC cases, there was a lack of additional mutations in LS‐associated EC cases. This suggests that in the context of the mismatch repair defects in LS, fewer additional molecular changes are required to progress from preinvasive lesions to cancer. Cancer 2013;119:3027—3033. © 2013 American Cancer Society.