bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fast optimization of binary clusters using a novel dynamic lattice searching method
Authors: Wu Xia , Cheng Wen
Published: September 2014

Global optimization of binary clusters has been a difficult task despite of much effort and many efficient methods. Directing toward two types of elements (i.e., homotop problem) in binary clusters, two classes of virtual dynamic lattices are constructed and a modified dynamic lattice searching (DLS) method, i.e., binary DLS (BDLS) method, is developed. However, it was found that the BDLS can only be utilized for the optimization of binary clusters with small sizes because homotop problem is hard to be solved without atomic exchange operation. Therefore, the iterated local search (ILS) method is adopted to solve homotop problem and an efficient method based on the BDLS method and ILS, named as BDLS-ILS, is presented for global optimization of binary clusters. In order to assess the efficiency of the proposed method, binary Lennard-Jones clusters with up to 100 atoms are investigated. Results show that the method is proved to be efficient. Furthermore, the BDLS-ILS method is also adopted to study the geometrical structures of (AuPd)79 clusters with DFT-fit parameters of Gupta potential.
Derivation of general analytic gradient expressions for density-fitted post-Hartree-Fock methods: An efficient implementation for the density-fitted second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory
Authors: Bozkaya Uğur
Published: September 2014

General analytic gradient expressions (with the frozen-core approximation) are presented for density-fitted post-HF methods. An efficient implementation of frozen-core analytic gradients for the second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) with the density-fitting (DF) approximation (applying to both reference and correlation energies), which is denoted as DF-MP2, is reported. The DF-MP2 method is applied to a set of alkanes, conjugated dienes, and noncovalent interaction complexes to compare the computational cost of single point analytic gradients with MP2 with the resolution of the identity approach (RI-MP2) [F. Weigend and M. Häser, Theor. Chem. Acc. 97, 331 (1997); R. A. Distasio, R. P. Steele, Y. M. Rhee, Y. Shao, and M. Head-Gordon, J. Comput. Chem. 28, 839 (2007)]. In the RI-MP2 method, the DF approach is used only for the correlation energy. Our results demonstrate that the DF-MP2 method substantially accelerate the RI-MP2 method for analytic gradient computations due to the reduced input/output (I/O) time. Because in the DF-MP2 method the DF approach is used for both reference and correlation energies, the storage of 4-index electron repulsion integrals (ERIs) are avoided, 3-index ERI tensors are employed instead. Further, as in case of integrals, our gradient equation is completely avoid construction or storage of the 4-index two-particle density matrix (TPDM), instead we use 2- and 3-index TPDMs. Hence, the I/O bottleneck of a gradient computation is significantly overcome. Therefore, the cost of the generalized-Fock matrix (GFM), TPDM, solution of Z-vector equations, the back transformation of TPDM, and integral derivatives are substantially reduced when the DF approach is used for the entire energy expression. Further application results show that the DF approach introduce negligible errors for closed-shell reaction energies and equilibrium bond lengths.
Note: A novel normalization scheme for laser-based plasma x-ray sources
Authors: Zhang B. B. , Sun S. S. , Sun D. R. , Tao Y.
Published: September 2014

A kHz repetition rate laser pump-X-ray probe system for ultrafast X-ray diffraction is set up based on a laser-driven plasma X-ray source. A simple and reliable normalization approach has been developed to minimize the impact of large X-ray pulse intensity fluctuation on data quality. It utilizes one single X-ray area detector to record both sample and reference signals simultaneously. Performance of this novel normalization method is demonstrated in reflectivity oscillation measurement of a superlattice sample at sub-ps resolution.
Light trapping for emission from a photovoltaic cell under normally incident monochromatic illumination
Authors: Takeda Yasuhiko , Iizuka Hideo , Mizuno Shintaro , Hasegawa Kazuo , Ichikawa Tadashi , Ito Hiroshi , Kajino Tsutomu , Ichiki Akihisa , Motohiro Tomoyoshi
Published: September 2014

We have theoretically demonstrated a new light-trapping mechanism to reduce emission from a photovoltaic (PV) cell used for a monochromatic light source, which improves limiting conversion efficiency determined by the detailed balance. A multilayered bandpass filter formed on the surface of a PV cell has been found to prevent the light generated inside by radiative recombination from escaping the cell, resulting in a remarkable decrease of the effective solid angle for the emission. We have clarified a guide to design a suitable configuration of the bandpass filter and achieved significant reduction of the emission. The resultant gain in monochromatic conversion efficiency in the radiative limit due to the optimally designed 18-layerd bandpass filters is as high as 6% under normally incident 1064 nm illumination of 10 mW/cm2 ∼ 1 kW/cm2, compared with the efficiency for the perfect anti-reflection treatment to the surface of a conventional solar cell.
Angle-dependent modulated spectral peaks of proton beams generated in ultrashort intense laser-solid interactions
Authors: Su L. N. , Hu Z. D. , Zheng Y. , Liu M. , Li Y. T. , Wang W. M. , Sheng Z. M. , Yuan X. H. , Xu M. H. , Shen Z. W. , Fan H. T. , Chen L. M. , Lu X. , Ma J. L. , Wang X. , Wang Z. H. , Wei Z. Y. , Zhang J.
Published: September 2014

Proton acceleration from 4 μm thick aluminum foils irradiated by 30-TW Ti:sapphire laser pulses is investigated using an angle-resolved proton energy spectrometer. We find that a modulated spectral peak at ∼0.82 MeV is presented at 2.5° off the target normal direction. The divergence angle of the modulated zone is 3.8°. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations reveal that self-generated toroidal magnetic field at the rear surface of the target foil is responsible for the modulated spectral feature. The field deflects the low energy protons, resulting in the modulated energy spectrum with certain peaks.
Saturation of the leading spike growth in backward Raman amplifiers
Authors: Malkin V. M. , Toroker Z. , Fisch N. J.
Published: September 2014

Backward Raman amplification of laser pulses in plasmas can produce nearly relativistic unfocused output intensities and multi-exawatt powers in compact devices. The largest achievable intensity depends on which of major competitive processes set this limit. It is shown here that the relativistic electron nonlinearity can cause saturation of the leading amplified spike intensity before filamentation instabilities develop. A simple analytical model for the saturation, which supports numerical simulations, is suggested. The upper limit for the leading output spike unfocused intensity is calculated.
Note: An online testing method for lifetime projection of high power light-emitting diode under accelerated reliability test
Authors: Chen Qi , Chen Quan , Luo Xiaobing
Published: September 2014

In recent years, due to the fast development of high power light-emitting diode (LED), its lifetime prediction and assessment have become a crucial issue. Although the in situ measurement has been widely used for reliability testing in laser diode community, it has not been applied commonly in LED community. In this paper, an online testing method for LED life projection under accelerated reliability test was proposed and the prototype was built. The optical parametric data were collected. The systematic error and the measuring uncertainty were calculated to be within 0.2% and within 2%, respectively. With this online testing method, experimental data can be acquired continuously and sufficient amount of data can be gathered. Thus, the projection fitting accuracy can be improved (r2 = 0.954) and testing duration can be shortened.
Silver nanoparticles enhanced luminescence properties of Er3+ doped tellurite glasses: Effect of heat treatment
Authors: Fares Hssen , Elhouichet Habib , Gelloz Bernard , Férid Mokhtar
Published: September 2014

Tellurite glasses doped Er3+ ions and containing Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are prepared using melt quenching technique. The nucleation and growth of Ag NPs were controlled by a thermal annealing process. The X-ray diffraction pattern shows no sharp peak indicating an amorphous nature of the glasses. The presence of Ag NPs is confirmed from transmission electron microscopy micrograph. Absorption spectra show typical surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band of Ag NPs within the 510–550 nm range in addition to the distinctive absorption peaks of Er3+ ions. The Judd-Ofelt (J-O) intensity parameters, oscillator strengths, spontaneous transition probabilities, branching ratios, and radiative lifetimes were successfully calculated based on the experimental absorption spectrum and the J-O theory. It was found that the presence of silver NPs nucleated and grown during the heat annealing process improves both of the photoluminescence (PL) intensity and the PL lifetime relative to the 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition. Optimum PL enhancement was obtained after 10 h of heat-treatment. Such enhancements are mainly attributed to the strong local electric field induced by SPR of silver NPs and also to energy transfer from the surface of silver NPs to Er3+ ions, whereas the quenching is ascribed to the energy transfer from Er3+ ions to silver NPs. Using the Mc Cumber method, absorption cross-section, calculated emission cross-section, and gain cross-section for the 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition were determined and compared for the doped and co-doped glasses. The present results indicate that the glass heat-treated for 10 h has good prospect as a gain medium applied for 1.53 μm band broad and high-gain erbium-doped fiber amplifiers.
Formation of the dopant-oxygen vacancy complexes and its influence on the photoluminescence emissions in Gd-doped HfO2
Authors: Wang L. G. , Tu H. L. , Xiong Y. H. , Xiao W. , Du J. , Wang J. W. , Huang G. J.
Published: September 2014

Rare earth doping is widely used to improve the desired properties of high-k dielectric oxides. However, whether rare earth doping can suppress the formation of oxygen vacancies is still debated. By using the first-principles calculations with the generalized gradient approximation and more advanced hybrid functional, we have investigated the structural and electronic properties of the dopant-oxygen vacancy complexes in Gd-doped HfO2. Our calculations indicate that the Gd dopants interacting with oxygen vacancies can substantially shift up the VO energy states towards the conduction band edge. This together with other effects, such as capturing the localized electrons at the oxygen vacancy by Gd dopants and suppressing the randomicity of oxygen vacancy formation, improves the reliability of the devices made from Gd-doped HfO2. Based on our calculated results, we have presented an explanation for the experimentally observed decrease of the VO-related photoluminescence intensities upon Gd doping in HfO2.
Distinguishing magnetic particle size of iron oxide nanoparticles with first-order reversal curves
Authors: Kumari Monika , Widdrat Marc , Tompa Éva , Uebe Rene , Schüler Dirk , Pósfai Mihály , Faivre Damien , Hirt Ann M.
Published: September 2014

Magnetic nanoparticles encompass a wide range of scientific study and technological applications. The success of using the nanoparticles in various applications demands control over size, dispersibility, and magnetics. Hence, the nanoparticles are often characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction, and magnetic hysteresis loops. TEM analysis requires a thin layer of dispersed particles on the grid, which may often lead to particle aggregation thus making size analysis difficult. Magnetic hysteresis loops on the other hand provide information on the bulk property of the material without discriminating size, composition, and interaction effects. First order reversal curves (FORCs), described as an assembly of partial hysteresis loops originating from the major loop are efficient in identifying the domain size, composition, and interaction in a magnetic system. This study presents FORC diagrams on a variety of well-characterized biogenic and synthetic magnetite nanoparticles. It also introduces deconvoluted reversible and irreversible components from FORC as an important method for obtaining a semi-quantitative measure of the effective magnetic particle size. This is particularly important in a system with aggregation and interaction among the particles that often leads to either the differences between physical size and effective magnetic size. We also emphasize the extraction of secondary components by masking dominant coercivity fraction on FORC diagram to explore more detailed characterization of nanoparticle systems.
Extremely scaled high-k/In0.53Ga0.47As gate stacks with low leakage and low interface trap densities
Authors: Chobpattana Varistha , Mikheev Evgeny , Zhang Jack Y. , Mates Thomas E. , Stemmer Susanne
Published: September 2014

Highly scaled gate dielectric stacks with low leakage and low interface trap densities are required for complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology with III-V semiconductor channels. Here, we show that a novel pre-deposition technique, consisting of alternating cycles of nitrogen plasma and tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium, allows for HfO2 and ZrO2 gate stacks with extremely high accumulation capacitance densities of more than 5 μF/cm2 at 1 MHz, low leakage current, low frequency dispersion, and low midgap interface trap densities (1012 cm−2 eV−1 range). Using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we show that the interface contains TiO2 and small quantities of In2O3, but no detectable Ga- or As-oxides, or As-As bonding. The results allow for insights into the microscopic mechanisms that control leakage and frequency dispersion in high-k/III-V gate stacks.
Enhancement of energy storage capacity of Mg functionalized silicene and silicane under external strain
Authors: Hussain Tanveer , Chakraborty Sudip , De Sarkar Abir , Johansson Börje , Ahuja Rajeev
Published: September 2014

The electronic structure, stability, and hydrogen storage capacity of strain induced Mg functionalized silicene (SiMg) and silicane (SiHMg) monolayers have been studied by means of van der Waals induced first principles calculations. A drastic increase in the binding energy of Mg adatoms on both the monolayers under the biaxial symmetric strain of 10% ensures the uniform distribution of dopants over the substrates. A significant positive charge on each Mg accumulates a maximum of six H2 molecules with H2 storage capacity of 8.10% and 7.95% in case of SiMg and SiHMg, respectively. The average adsorption energy for H2 molecules has been found ideal for practical H2 storage materials.
Dynamics of electronic transitions and frequency dependence of negative capacitance in semiconductor diodes under high forward bias
Authors: Bansal Kanika , Henini Mohamed , Alshammari Marzook S. , Datta Shouvik
Published: September 2014

We observed qualitatively dissimilar frequency dependence of negative capacitance under high charge injection in two sets of functionally different junction diodes: III-V based light emitting and Si-based non-light emitting diodes. Using an advanced approach based on bias activated differential capacitance, we developed a generalized understanding of negative capacitance phenomenon which can be extended to any diode based device structure. We explained the observations as the mutual competition of fast and slow electronic transition rates which are different in different devices. This study can be useful in understanding the interfacial effects in semiconductor heterostructures and may lead to superior device functionality.
The effect of polar nanoregions on electromechanical properties of relaxor-PbTiO3 crystals: Extracting from electric-field-induced polarization and strain behaviors
Authors: Li Fei , Xu Zhuo , Zhang Shujun
Published: September 2014

The electric-field-induced polarization and strain of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN) and Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.27PbTiO3 (PMN-0.27PT) crystals were investigated at temperatures above their respective maximum permittivity temperatures Tm, where the macro-polarizations vanish while polar nanoregions (PNRs) still persist. The local structure of PNRs was proved to be of rhombohedral phase in PMN, while the local phase was unstable for PMN-0.27PT, leading to the isotropic spontaneous polarization of PNRs and strong anisotropic electric-field-induced strain. The electrostrictive coefficient Q33 was determined as functions of temperature and E-field, with 50% increment over temperature range of 20 ∼120 °C for PMN, being attributed to the decrease of spontaneous polarization of PNRs with increasing temperature. The results presented in this paper indicate that the local structure and spontaneous polarization of PNRs play important roles on electromechanical properties of relaxor ferroelectrics.
Plasma induced DNA damage: Comparison with the effects of ionizing radiation
Authors: Lazović S. , Maletić D. , Leskovac A. , Filipović J. , Puač N. , Malović G. , Joksić G. , Petrović Z. Lj.
Published: September 2014

We use human primary fibroblasts for comparing plasma and gamma rays induced DNA damage. In both cases, DNA strand breaks occur, but of fundamentally different nature. Unlike gamma exposure, contact with plasma predominantly leads to single strand breaks and base-damages, while double strand breaks are mainly consequence of the cell repair mechanisms. Different cell signaling mechanisms are detected confirming this (ataxia telangiectasia mutated - ATM and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related - ATR, respectively). The effective plasma doses can be tuned to match the typical therapeutic doses of 2 Gy. Tailoring the effective dose through plasma power and duration of the treatment enables safety precautions mainly by inducing apoptosis and consequently reduced frequency of micronuclei.
Charge collection in bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices: An impedance spectroscopy study
Authors: Xu Liang , Lee Yun-Ju , Hsu Julia W. P.
Published: September 2014

Through thickness and applied bias variation, charge collection in poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices was investigated with impedance spectroscopy. An equivalent circuit model incorporating chemical capacitance (Cμ), recombination resistance (R2), and transport resistance (R1) was used to analyze the results. Insufficient carrier extraction, exhibiting diffusion transport characteristics at high frequencies, was found in devices with a thick active layer. These devices also display a higher chemical capacitance, indicating greater carrier accumulation, and a lower recombination resistance, signaling increased bimolecular recombination. Increasing internal field with negative applied bias enhances carrier collection by reducing carrier accumulation and recombination. Moreover, we showed explicitly that charge collection can be quantified by (R2/R1)1/2, which is proportional to device fill factor. These results demonstrate that impedance spectroscopy is an effective tool for investigating charge collection in OPV devices.
Between Interests and Worldviews: The Narrow Path of the Mekong River Commission
Authors: Suhardiman Diana , Giordano Mark , Molle François
Published: September 2014

Hydropower development is occurring at a rapid, though controversial, pace in the Mekong. We highlight the role of scientific assessment in shaping the Mekong hydropower debate, taking the strategic environmental assessment of the twelve planned mainstream dams as a case study. While environmental impact assessments are designed as science-based decision-making tools, they have often been criticized in practice as a political means to justify already made development decisions. In this case we demonstrate how the Mekong River Commission, operating in a constrained political environment, has instead used environmental impact assessment as a way of providing political space and opening the discussion on dams to a wider public. The main argument of this paper is that scientific assessment can be politically maneuvered to shape governance alliances at both national and transboundary levels, and to a certain extent democratize decision-making processes.
Deciphering and predicting spatial and temporal concentrations of arsenic within the Mekong Delta aquifer
Authors: Kocar Benjamin D. , Benner Shawn G. , Fendorf Scott
Published: September 2014

Environmental context
Himalayan derived arsenic contaminates groundwater across Asia, ranging from the deltas of Ganges-Brahmaputra of Bangladesh to the interior basins of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers in China, where more than one hundred million people are drinking water with hazardous levels of the toxin. Our ability to predict the distribution and changes in arsenic concentration in aquifers of affected regions has been limited. Here we provide a dynamic model that captures arsenic migration and can be used to forecast changes in groundwater arsenic concentrations.

Abstract
Unravelling the complex, coupled processes responsible for the spatial distribution of arsenic within groundwaters of South and South-East Asia remains challenging, limiting the ability to predict the subsurface spatial distribution of arsenic. Previous work illustrates that Himalayan-derived, near-surface (0 to 12m) sediments contribute a substantial quantity of arsenic to groundwater, and that desorption from the soils and sediments is driven by the reduction of AsV and arsenic-bearing iron (hydr)oxides. However, the complexities of groundwater flow will ultimately dictate the distribution of arsenic within the aquifer, and these patterns will be influenced by inherent physical heterogeneity along with human alterations of the aquifer system. Accordingly, we present a unified biogeochemical and hydrologic description of arsenic release to the subsurface environment of an arsenic-afflicted aquifer in the Mekong Delta, Kandal Province, Cambodia, constructed from measured geochemical profiles and hydrologic parameters. Based on these measurements, we developed a simple yet dynamic reactive transport model to simulate one- and two-dimensional geochemical profiles of the near surface and aquifer environment to examine the effects of subsurface physical variation on the distribution of arsenic. Our results show that near-surface release (0–12m) contributes enough arsenic to the aquifer to account for observed field values and that the spatial distribution of arsenic within the aquifer is strongly affected by variations in biogeochemical and physical parameters. Furthermore, infiltrating dissolved organic carbon and ample buried particulate organic carbon ensures arsenic release from iron (hydr)oxides will occur for hundreds to thousands of years.
Factors affecting arsenic and uranium removal with zero-valent iron: laboratory tests with Kanchan-type iron nail filter columns with different groundwaters
Authors: Wenk Christine B. , Kaegi Ralf , Hug Stephan J.
Published: September 2014

Environmental context Tens of millions of people worldwide depend on groundwater with naturally high arsenic concentrations for drinking and cooking. We studied simple filters built with locally available and inexpensive iron nails, which can oxidise and bind arsenic in forming iron oxides and rust layers. Filters containing iron are being successfully applied in several regions, but efficiencies depend on the type of groundwater, and sufficiently large iron surfaces and contact times with water are needed for good arsenic removal. Abstract Zero-valent iron (ZVI)-based filters are able to remove arsenic and other pollutants from drinking water, but their performance depends on the form of ZVI, filter design, water composition and operating conditions. Kanchan filters use an upper bucket with ZVI in the form of commercial iron nails, followed by a sand filter, to remove arsenic and pathogens. We evaluated factors that influence the removal of arsenic and uranium with laboratory columns containing iron nails with six different synthetic groundwaters with 500μgL–1AsIII, 50μgL–1 U, 2mgL–1 B, and with 0 and 2mgL–1 P (added as o-phosphate), 0.25 and 2.5mM Ca, 3.2 and 8.3mM HCO3–, at pH 7.0 and 8.4 over 30 days. During the first 10 days, As removal was 65–95% and strongly depended on the water composition. As removal at pH 7.0 was better than at pH 8.4 and high P combined with low Ca decreased As removal. From 10–30 days, As removal decreased to 45–60% with all columns. Phosphate, in combination with low Ca concentrations lowered As removal, but had a slightly positive effect in combination with high Ca concentrations. U removal was only 10–70%, but showed similar trends. The drop in performance over time can be explained by decreasing release of iron to solution due to formation of layers of FeIII phases and calcite covering the iron surface. Mobile corrosion products contained ferrihydrite, Si-containing hydrous ferric oxides, and amorphous Fe–Si–P phases. Comparisons with another type of ZVI filter (SONO-filter) were used to evaluate filter design parameters. Higher ZVI surface areas and longer contact times should lead to satisfactory As removal with Kanchan-type filters.
Chapter 3. Derivational paradigms in diachrony  and comparison
Authors: Nichols Johanna
Published: September 2014

Wordlists used for subgrouping and long-range comparison under-utilize the verbal lexicon, and comparative work of all kinds makes more use of lexical roots and inflectional morphology than word formation. This chapter is a first attempt to utilize derivational morphology of verbs, in particular typologies of derivational processes and derivational bases, in subgrouping and external comparison of several language families of Eurasia. The basic method has four steps: set up a closed list of well-defined lexemes; set up a derivational type or paradigm or space and situate each word in that paradigm; determine which, if any, of the words or word forms in the paradigm is basic; and utilize what can be known about how the base determines the evolution of the whole set. It turns out that properties of the base plus the structure of the paradigm, together with some minimal information about the cognacy and/or segmental structure of the root, can yield a surprisingly good subgrouping from a small wordlist. Addition of this approach to the usual set of comparative procedures could increase the rigor of external comparison.
Chapter 10. A Yakut copy of a Tungusic viewpoint  aspect paradigm
Authors: Johanson Lars
Published: September 2014

The North Siberian Turkic language Yakut has two imperfect paradigms. One is “analytic”, composed of a so-called aorist and the past tense of a copula inflected for person, e.g. Min bar-ar ä-ti-m [I go-aor be-pret-agr.poss.1sg] ‘I was going away’. The other is a “synthetic” imperfect based on the aorist and with person markers of the so-called possessive type, e.g. Min bar-ar-ïm [I go-aor-agr.poss.1sg] ‘I was going away’. The basic element, the aorist, is a formal verbal category which seems to be common to the Transeurasian (Altaic) languages. In both cases studied here, the aorist has an intraterminal viewpoint aspect meaning. The “synthetic” paradigm lacks a past marker, which is highly remarkable for a Turkic language. It cannot have emerged through contraction of the “analytic” one. The paper discusses possible explanations of this phenomenon and suggests that the “synthetic” paradigm has been selectively copied in its entirety from a Tungusic language, probably Even. The paradigm would thus be the result of copying a Tungusic combinational pattern consisting of an aorist + possessive suffixes, which is a viewpoint aspect construction unparalleled in other Turkic languages. This would be an example of “carry-over influence”, which means that speakers of Tungusic have copied the paradigm into their own variety of the superstrate language Yakut. The paper also raises the question why the pattern was copied at all, given the possibility to express the imperfect meaning “analytically”.
Chapter 13. Paradigm copying in Tungusic
Authors: Pakendorf Brigitte
Published: September 2014

While it is generally acknowledged that shared correspondences in inflectional morphology provide solid evidence for a genealogical relationship between languages, inflectional paradigms are not immune to copying: two cases of verbal paradigms copied from the Turkic language Sakha (Yakut) into North Tungusic lects are known. In this paper I survey over 20 dialect descriptions of the North Tungusic languages Evenki and Ėven in order to elucidate the factors that play a role in paradigm copying. I show that both intimate contact (intermarriage) and structural congruence are necessary, but not sufficient, prerequisites for such copying and argue that the decisive factor in the known cases of paradigms copied from Sakha is the specific structure of Sakha TAM morphology.
East Syrian Bishops, Elite Households, and Iranian Law after the Muslim Conquest
Authors: Payne Richard
Published: September 2014

This article is an exploration of the interconnected legal ties between Christians and Zoroastrians in the early Islamic era. Drawing from the writings of the Christian authors Ishobokt, Simeon, and Henanisho, Payne describes how East Syrian bishops appropriated laws of marriage, inheritance, and property from Iranian jurisprudential traditions as a means of transferring wealth intergenerationally and extending their judicial authority. Payne thus explores the ways in which the Christians of Iran were influenced by the Iranian legal system and culture and in the seventh century CE.
Reid on the moral sense
Authors: Copenhaver Rebecca
Published: September 2014

Some interpret Reid's notion of a moral sense as merely analogical. Others understand it as a species of acquired perception. To understand Reid's account of the moral sense, we must draw from his theory of perception and his theory of aesthetic experience, each of which illuminate the nature and operation of the moral faculty. I argue that, on Reid's view, the moral faculty is neither affective nor rational, but representational. It is a discrete, basic, capacity for representing the real moral properties of humans and human conduct.
Reid's response to Hume's perceptual relativity argument
Authors: Falkenstein Lorne
Published: September 2014

Reid declared Hume's appeal to variation in the magnitude of a table with distance to be the best argument that had ever been offered for the ‘ideal hypothesis’ that we experience nothing but our own mental states. Reid's principal objection to this argument fails to apply to minimally visible points. He did establish that we have reason to take our perceptions to be caused by external objects. But his case that we directly perceive external objects is undermined by what Hume had to say about the role played by color in our perception of the primary qualities of bodies.
Disagreement, design, and Thomas Reid
Authors: van Woudenberg René
Published: September 2014

This paper argues that Reid's first principle of design can be more widely accepted then one might suppose, due to the fact that it specifies no marks of design. Also it is explicated that the relation of the principle, on the one hand, and properly basic design beliefs on the other, is a relation of presupposition. It is furthermore suggested that Reid's discussion of what can be done in case of disagreement about first principles points to a position that is relevant to the current debates in the Epistemology of Disagreement literature and that merits further elaboration.
Institutional stickiness and coordination issues in an idiosyncratic environment: the grape and wine industry in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Wilder Matt , Hira Andy
Published: September 2014

This article explores the foundations of an industry whose rate of growth is surprising to most observers. Starting from an historical institutional (HI) perspective, we demonstrate that moderately adaptive institutions have been instrumental to the success of the Ontario wine industry up to this point. An analysis of coordination using a Triple Helix framework reveals, however, that the particularities of the institutional design have more recently served to reinforce a suboptimal policy trajectory that has consequently frustrated attempts to forge a coherent industrial strategy. Exploration of the role played by institutional venues as fora that encourage cross-coalition learning provides for a deeper understanding of an idiosyncratic sector and raises important theoretical issues concerning path dependency and the role of the state that can be overlooked easily in superficial applications of Triple Helix theory. The findings of this study suggest important lessons for sub-national innovation systems and innovation networks in high value-added, small market and low export industries.
Institutional design matters: institutional causes of the Brazilian wine industry’s poor performance
Authors: Guedes Daniel D. , Hira Andy
Published: September 2014

Triple Helix theory prescribes coordinated actions among government, research institutions and industry to achieve growth. However, the Brazilian wine industry case shows that simply having the institutions is not enough – the institutional framework matters. This paper shows three problems in the Brazilian institutional design that hamper wine quality improvements and impede the development of an effective, fully-fledged Triple Helix model in the Brazilian wine industry. They are: overlapping jurisdictions between the federal and state governments; dissociation between the policy-making locus and the industry; and over-institutionalization. The latter cause is not well developed in the Triple Helix literature as yet. These three factors create coordination problems that appear to be almost insoluble in the present state, and underscore the need for designing institutions carefully before this impasse is reached.
The South African wine industry: bifurcation undermines success
Authors: Hira Andy
Published: September 2014

Examining the South African wine industry reveals an impressive level of success, but one whose long-term prospects are undermined by bifurcation within the industry. The Triple Helix institutions work well in one side of the industry, but are weak or missing in the other. We thus have two industries, one highly successful at reaching world markets with quality wine, and the other focused on local or bulk wine markets. The challenges to cooperation undermine the efforts to build a national brand.
Vitamin B1 deficiency inhibits the increased conversion of tryptophan to nicotinamide in severe food-restricted rats
Authors: Shibata Katsumi , Kobayashi Ryoko , Fukuwatari Tsutomu
Published: September 2014

The conversion of tryptophan (Trp) → nicotinamide (Nam) is an important pathway for supplying vitamin niacin. We reported the following two phenomena: (1) severe food restriction led to an increase in the Trp → Nam conversion compared with free-access control group; (2) the conversion of Trp → Nam is also increased by vitamin B1 deficiency compared with free-access control group. The present study was done to clarify whether or not a true reason about an increase in the Trp → Nam conversion is a vitamin B1 deficiency or severe food restriction. The present results showed that vitamin B1 deficiency suppressed the increased conversion of Trp → Nam induced by severe food restriction, probably by suppressing 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid 3,4-dioxygenase protein synthesis in liver.
A Rhetoric of Epistemic Privilege: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Harriot Stanton Blatch, and the Educated Vote
Authors: Stillion Southard Belinda A.
Published: September 2014

Recently, scholars have explored the empowering potential of epistemic privilege, a concept that refers to knowledge acquired through oppression as a privilege. Advancing these conversations, this article considers epistemic privilege as a rhetorical strategy. To explore the strategy’s potential and limits, this article turns to public letters exchanged between suffragists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Harriot Stanton Blatch, in which the mother–daughter pair deliberated over the voting rights of the immigrant and working classes. Through this case study, this article finds that a rhetoric of epistemic privilege can work to empower multiple oppressed groups and yet reify power relationships.
Natural Scene Recognition with Increasing Time-On-Task: The Role of Typicality and Global Image Properties
Authors: Csathó Á. , van der Linden D. , Gács B.
Published: September 2014

Human observers can recognize natural images very effectively. Yet, in the literature there is a debate about the extent to which the recognition of natural images requires controlled attentional processing. In the present study we address this topic by testing whether natural scene recognition is affected by mental fatigue. Mental fatigue is known to particularly compromise high-level, controlled attentional processing of local features. Effortless, automatic processing of more global features of an image stays relatively intact, however. We conducted a natural image categorization experiment ( N = 20) in which mental fatigue was induced by time-on-task (ToT). Stimuli were images from 5 natural scene categories. Semantic typicality (high or low) and the magnitude of 7 global image properties were determined for each image in separate rating experiments. Significant performance effects of typicality and global properties on scene recognition were found, but, despite a general decline in performance, these effects remained unchanged with increasing ToT. The findings support the importance of the global property processing in natural scene recognition and suggest that this process is insensitive to mental fatigue.
Data and scholarly publishing: the transforming landscape
Authors: MURPHY Fiona
Published: September 2014

This article sets the scene for the special issue on research data and publishing. Research data – that material commonly accepted by the scholarly community as required evidence for hypotheses and insights, for verification and/or reproducibility of experiments – has become an increasingly critical issue for publishers given recent developments in funders' mandates, technological advances, policymakers' interests, and so forth. I outline some of the recent initiatives that are responding to policy directives, particularly Project ODE, and consider how publishers are working with data and integrating their practices with other collaborative efforts. A summary of the new policies, products, and partnerships demonstrates that the onus is now with scholarly publishers to gain an understanding of these developments and how they are affecting fellow key stakeholders within the research communications ecosystem.
An agent-based model for mRNA export through the nuclear pore complex
Authors: Azimi Mohammad , Bulat Evgeny , Weis Karsten , Mofrad Mohammad R. K.
Published: September 2014

mRNA export from the nucleus is an essential step in the expression of every protein- coding gene in eukaryotes, but many aspects of this process remain poorly understood. The density of export receptors that must bind an mRNA to ensure export, as well as how receptor distribution affects transport dynamics, is not known. It is also unclear whether the rate-limiting step for transport occurs at the nuclear basket, in the central channel, or on the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear pore complex. Using previously published biophysical and biochemical parameters of mRNA export, we implemented a three-dimensional, coarse-grained, agent-based model of mRNA export in the nanosecond regime to gain insight into these issues. On running the model, we observed that mRNA export is sensitive to the number and distribution of transport receptors coating the mRNA and that there is a rate-limiting step in the nuclear basket that is potentially associated with the mRNA reconfiguring itself to thread into the central channel. Of note, our results also suggest that using a single location-monitoring mRNA label may be insufficient to correctly capture the time regime of mRNA threading through the pore and subsequent transport. This has implications for future experimental design to study mRNA transport dynamics.
Latency of transcription factor Stp1 depends on a modular regulatory motif that functions as cytoplasmic retention determinant and nuclear degron
Authors: Omnus Deike J. , Ljungdahl Per O.
Published: September 2014

The Ssy1-Ptr3-Ssy5 (SPS)–sensing pathway enables yeast to respond to extracellular amino acids. Stp1, the effector transcription factor, is synthesized as a latent cytoplasmic precursor with an N-terminal regulatory domain that restricts its nuclear accumulation. The negative regulatory mechanisms impinging on the N-terminal domain are poorly understood. However, Stp1 latency depends on three inner nuclear membrane proteins, Asi1, Asi2, and Asi3. We report that the N-terminal domain of Stp1 contains a small motif, designated RI, that fully accounts for latency. RI is modular, mediates interactions with the plasma membrane, and can retain histone Htb2 in the cytoplasm. A novel class of STP1 mutations affecting RI were isolated that are less efficiently retained in the cytoplasm but remain under tight negative control by the Asi proteins. Intriguingly, these mutant proteins exhibit enhanced stability in strains lacking ASI1. Our results indicate that RI mediates latency by two distinct activities: it functions as a cytoplasmic retention determinant and an Asi-dependent degron. These findings provide novel insights into the SPS-sensing pathway and demonstrate for the first time that the inner nuclear membrane Asi proteins function in a degradation pathway in the nucleus.
Minus end–directed motor KIFC3 suppresses E-cadherin degradation by recruiting USP47 to adherens junctions
Authors: Sako-Kubota Kyoko , Tanaka Nobutoshi , Nagae Shigenori , Meng Wenxiang , Takeichi Masatoshi
Published: September 2014

The adherens junction (AJ) plays a crucial role in maintaining cell–cell adhesion in epithelial tissues. Previous studies show that KIFC3, a minus end–directed kinesin motor, moves into AJs via microtubules that grow from clusters of CAMSAP3 (also known as Nezha), a protein that binds microtubule minus ends. The function of junction-associated KIFC3, however, remains to be elucidated. Here we find that KIFC3 binds the ubiquitin-specific protease USP47, a protease that removes ubiquitin chains from substrates and hence inhibits proteasome-mediated proteolysis, and recruits it to AJs. Depletion of KIFC3 or USP47 promotes cleavage of E-cadherin at a juxtamembrane region of the cytoplasmic domain, resulting in the production of a 90-kDa fragment and the internalization of E-cadherin. This cleavage depends on the E3 ubiquitin protein ligase Hakai and is inhibited by proteasome inhibitors. E-cadherin ubiquitination consistently increases after depletion of KIFC3 or USP47. These findings suggest that KIFC3 suppresses the ubiquitination and resultant degradation of E-cadherin by recruiting USP47 to AJs, a process that may be involved in maintaining stable cell–cell adhesion in epithelial sheets.
Paediatric dentistry
Authors: Mitchell David A. , Mitchell Laura , McCaul Lorna
Published: September 2014

Contents. Principal sources and further reading. The child patient. Treatment planning for children. The anxious child. The child with toothache. Abnormalities of tooth eruption and exfoliation. Abnormalities of tooth number. Abnormalities of tooth structure. Abnormalities of tooth form. Abnormalities of tooth colour. Anatomy of primary teeth (& relevance to cavity design). Extraction versus restoration of primary teeth. Local analgesia for children. Restoration of carious primary teeth. Plastic restoration in primary molars. Stainless steel crowns. Class III, IV, and V in primary teeth. Severe early childhood caries. Primary molar pulp therapy. Pulp therapy techniques. Dental trauma. Safeguarding children. Injuries to primary teeth. Injuries to permanent teeth—crown fractures. Root fractures. Luxation, subluxation, intrusion, and extrusion. Splinting. Management of the avulsed tooth. Pulpal sequelae following trauma. Management of missing incisors. Common childhood ailments affecting the mouth. Sugar-free medications.
Restorative dentistry 1: periodontology
Authors: Mitchell David A. , Mitchell Laura , McCaul Lorna
Published: September 2014

Contents. Classification. Epidemiology of periodontal disease. Oral microbiology. Aetiology of periodontal disease. Plaque biofilm. Calculus. Progression and risk factors. Pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis. Clinical features of gingivitis and periodontitis. Diagnosis and monitoring. Aggressive periodontitis. Necrotizing periodontal diseases. Periodontal abscess. Periodontitis associated with endodontic lesions. Principles of treatment. Non-surgical treatment—plaque control. Non-surgical periodontal therapy—scaling and root surface debridement. Treatment with antimicrobials. Periodontal surgery—principles. Periodontal surgery—types of surgery. Periodontal surgery—regenerative techniques. Periodontal surgery—mucogingival surgery. Furcation involvement. Occlusion and splinting. Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Supportive periodontal therapy.
Restorative dentistry 3: replacing teeth
Authors: Mitchell David A. , Mitchell Laura , McCaul Lorna
Published: September 2014

Contents. Treatment planning for patients with missing teeth. Bridges. Bridges—design. Bridges—practical stages. Bridge failures. Resin-bonded bridges. Removable partial dentures—principles. Removable partial dentures—components. Removable partial dentures—design. Removable partial dentures—clinical stages. Immediate complete dentures. Complete dentures—principles. Complete dentures—impressions. Complete dentures—recording the occlusion. Complete dentures—trial insertion. Complete dentures—fitting. Denture maintenance. Cleaning dentures. Denture problems and complaints. Candida and dentures. Denture copying. Overdentures. Implantology. Dentistry and the older patient. Age changes. Dental care for the elderly.
Dental materials
Authors: Mitchell David A. , Mitchell Laura , McCaul Lorna
Published: September 2014

Contents. Properties of dental materials. Amalgam. Composite resins—constituents and properties. Composite resins—practical points. Enamel and dentine bonding. Dentine-adhesive systems (dentine bonding agents). Glass ionomers. Other glass ionomer/composite-based products. Cements. Impression materials. Impression techniques. Casting alloys. Wrought alloys. Dental ceramics. CAD/CAM. Denture materials—acrylic resins. Denture materials—rebasing. Safety of dental materials.
On the unfounded enthusiasm for soft selective sweeps
Authors: Jensen Jeffrey D.
Published: September 2014

Underlying any understanding of the mode, tempo, and relative importance of the adaptive process in the evolution of natural populations is the notion of whether adaptation is mutation-limited. Two very different population genetic models have recently been proposed in which the rate of adaptation is not strongly limited by the rate at which newly arising beneficial mutations enter the population. This review discusses the theoretical underpinnings and requirements of these models, as well as the experimental insights on the parameters of relevance. Importantly, empirical and experimental evidence to date challenges the recent enthusiasm for invoking these models to explain observed patterns of variation in humans andDrosophila.