bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-throughput powder diffraction. III. The application of full-profile pattern matching and multivariate statistical analysis to round-robin-type data sets
Authors: Barr Gordon , Dong Wei , Gilmore Christopher , Faber John
Published: July 2004

Powder pattern matching techniques, using all the experimentally measured data points, coupled with cluster analysis, fuzzy clustering and multivariate statistical methods are used, with appropriate visualization tools, to analyse a set of 27 powder diffraction patterns of alumina collected at seven different laboratories on different instruments as part of an International Center for Diffraction Data Grant-in-Aid program. In their original form, the data factor into six distinct clusters. However, when a non-linear shift of the form \Delta \left({2\theta } \right)\, = \,a_0 \, + \,a_1 \sin \theta (wherea0anda1are refinable constants) is applied to optimize the correlations between patterns, clustering produces a large 25-pattern set with two outliers. The first outlier is a synchrotron data set at a different wavelength from the other data, and the second is distinguished by the absence ofKα2lines,i.e.it uses Ge-monochromated incident X-rays. Fuzzy clustering, in which samples may belong to more than one cluster, is introduced as a complementary method of pinpointing problematic diffraction patterns. In contrast to the usual methodology associated with the analysis of round-robin data, this process is carried out in a routine way, with minimal user interaction or supervision, using thePolySNAPsoftware.
Comments onNeutron diffraction studies of collagen in human cancellous boneby Skakle & Aspden (2002)
Authors: Lees Sidney
Published: July 2004

Comments are made on a paper by Skakle & Aspden [J. Appl. Cryst.(2002),35, 506–508] regarding the lateral spacing of collagen in human bone.
High‐resolution MRI Enhances Identification of Lesions Amenable to Surgical Therapy in Children with Intractable Epilepsy
Authors: Goyal Monisha , Bangert Barbara A. , Lewin Jonathan S. , Cohen Mark L. , Robinson Shenandoah
Published: July 2004

Summary:  Purpose: Many children with refractory epilepsy can achieve better seizure control with surgical therapy. An abnormality on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), along with corroborating localization by other modalities, markedly increases chances of successful surgical outcome. We studied the impact of high‐resolution MRI on the surgical outcome of intractable epilepsy.

Methods: High‐resolution MRI using four‐coil phased surface array was obtained as part of the comprehensive presurgical protocol for children with focal onset intractable seizures evaluated by our epilepsy center during the first half of 2002.

Results: Thirteen consecutive children, ages 5 to 18 years, entered this prospective study. For four patients with a lesion on a recent MRI examination with a standard head coil, management did not change with high‐resolution MRI. Standard MRI in the other nine patients did not identify a lesion. However, high‐resolution MRI with the phased‐array surface coil found previously undiagnosed focal abnormalities in five of nine patients. These abnormalities included hippocampal dysplasia, hippocampal atrophy, and dual pathology with frontal cortical dysplasia. In four of nine patients, no identifiable lesion was identified on the high‐resolution MRI. All patients underwent invasive monitoring. In three of five patients, newly diagnosed lesions correlated with EEG abnormalities, and resection was performed.

Conclusions: In our center, high‐resolution MRI identified lesions not detected by standard MRI in more than half the children (56%). Technical advances such as four‐coil phased surface array MRI can help identify and better delineate lesions, improving the diagnosis of patients who are candidates for surgical treatment of refractory epilepsy.
Subtle Microscopic Abnormalities in Hippocampal Sclerosis Do Not Predict Clinical Features of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Kalnins Renate M. , McIntosh Anne , Saling Michael M. , Berkovic Samuel F. , Jackson Graeme D. , Briellmann Regula S.
Published: July 2004

Summary:  Purpose: Subtle microdysplastic features are found in some patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. The significance of these findings is unknown. We investigated their frequency, relation to the pattern of HS, and clinical associations.

Methods: One‐hundred forty patients with histologically confirmed HS (mean age at operation, 35 years; 85 women) were analyzed. The presence of HS and subtle structural abnormalities (SSAs) in the mesial temporal lobe and in the lateral neocortical tissue was assessed in detail. Antecedents, seizure characteristics, two verbal memory tests, and outcome in HS patients with and without SSAs were determined.

Results: SSAs were found in 60 (43%) of the 140 HS patients, being mesial only in 32 of the 60 cases, and lateral only in nine cases; the remaining 19 cases had both mesial and lateral abnormalities. The frequency of SSA was not related to the pattern of HS or other tested variables. Prolonged febrile convulsions were present in 26 (44%) patients with SSAs, and in 26 (34%) patients (not significant) without SSAs. The outcome after surgery did not differ between patients with SSAs (incidence rate ratio for seizure recurrence, 0.9; 95% confidence interval, 0.5–1.6) compared with patients without SSAs (reference ratio, 1).

Conclusions: Forty‐three percent of HS patients have SSAs in their lobectomy specimens. The presence of SSAs does not predict clinical characteristics, such as presence of prolonged febrile convulsions, postsurgical outcome, or neuropsychological performance, nor does it correlate with the histologic pattern of HS.
Increased Prevalence of Epilepsy Associated with Severe Falciparum Malaria in Children
Authors: Carter Julie A. , Neville Brian G. R. , White Steven , Ross Amanda J. , Otieno Godfrey , Mturi Neema , Musumba Cris , Newton Charles R. J. C.
Published: July 2004

Summary:  Purpose: Multiple, prolonged, generalized, or focal seizures are common in children with severe malaria, with or without coma. In other contexts, such seizures have been associated with the development of epilepsy. The relation between falciparum malaria and epilepsy is undetermined; thus we measured the prevalence and characteristics of epilepsy in children with a history of severe malaria.

Methods: We took a detailed epilepsy history from the parents of 487 children (aged 6–9 years) to compare the prevalence of epilepsy between three exposure groups: children with a history of cerebral malaria (CM), malaria and complicated seizures (M/S), or those unexposed to either complication. Each child had an EEG and was classified as having active, inactive, or no epilepsy.

Results: An increased prevalence of epilepsy was seen in children previously admitted with CM [9.2%; OR, 4.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4–13.7] or M/S (11.5%; OR, 6.1; 95% CI, 2.0–18.3) compared with the unexposed group (2.2%). The most commonly reported seizure types were tonic–clonic (42%), focal becoming secondarily generalized (16%), and both (21%). Twenty‐six percent of the active epilepsy group initially had EEG abnormalities.

Conclusions: These results suggest that children exposed to CM or M/S have an increased propensity for epilepsy relative to children unexposed to these complications. The prevalence of epilepsy associated with CM is similar to that reported after other severe encephalopathies. The prevalence associated with M/S is more than twice that reported after complicated febrile seizures.
Accommodating health and social care needs: routine resource allocation in stroke rehabilitation
Authors: Allen Davina , Griffiths Lesley , Lyne Patricia
Published: July 2004

Abstract  This paper explores routine resource allocation processes in health and social care. While there has been a small body of work which has drawn on Lipsky's (1980) insights into street level bureaucracy, few have taken seriously the opportunity offered by ethnography to explore in detail the work of front‐line staff as a way of observing policy processes in action. Utilising ethnographic data from research into the continuing care of adults who had suffered a first acute stroke, we analyse how staff accommodated patient need and consider the implications that this had for the quality, equality and equity of service provision.
Contextualising experiences of depression in women from South Asian communities: a discursive approach
Authors: Burr Jennifer , Chapman Tom
Published: July 2004

Abstract  The aim of this paper is to present an interpretation of the accounts of depression provided by women from South Asian communities. The paper presents the findings from a qualitative study, conducted in the UK, which explored women from South Asian communities and their experiences of depression. It is argued here, through examples of women's accounts of their experiences, that depression is ‘embodied’, that is, grounded in the materiality of the body which is also immersed in subjective experiences and in the social context of women's lives.

 Qualitative data were collected from four focus groups and ten individual interviews with women. The analysis involved a discursive approach.

 Analysis revealed how women made strategic choices in how they presented their symptoms as legitimate and for gaining access to what they perceived to be appropriate healthcare. This is not to argue that this is a culturally specific phenomenon but one which is a feature of all healthcare negotiations.
Studies of light scattering from ethnic hair fibers
Authors: Keis K. , Ramaprasad K. R. , Kamath Y. K.
Published: July 2004

One of the most desirable hair attributes to consumers, irrespective of ethnic background, is hair shine. The light reflected from a fiber has two components, specular and diffuse. The specular fraction of reflected light from the front surface of the fiber is generally recognized as a contributor to high luster. The distinction between specular and diffuse reflection is, however, not always clearly defined. In this study an attempt has been made to differentiate between specular and diffuse reflectance by analyzing mathematically goniophotometric curves of light reflected from unaltered single hair fibers from European, African, and Asian ethnic groups. The effect of macroscopic characteristics of the hair fibers, such as fiber diameter, cross‐sectional shape, and curvature on luster is demonstrated. Results indicate that broadening of the specular peak reduces luster values, and is related to these characteristics. Thus, specular peak broadening is one of the important features to take into account when evaluating luster. Therefore, a new method for luster evaluation from goniophotometric curves is proposed. Additionally, we present the general model for light scattering, showing how scattering by surface roughness of different origin and magnitudes, and the scattering and absorption processes by the hair's interior, affect the position of the specular reflectance peak and its broadening.
Australian ant research: fabulous fauna, functional groups, pharmaceuticals, and the Fatherhood
Authors: Majer Jonathan D , Shattuck Steve O , Andersen Alan N , Beattie Andrew J
Published: July 2004

Abstract Apart from flies, ants are Australia's most noticeable and studied insects. In addition to their sheer abundance and ubiquity in most terrestrial ecosystems, they are also exceptionally diverse. Here, we outline the history of describing the Australian ant fauna and document the resources that are available for identifying and researching them. Unusual patterns in chromosome numbers in individual species are discussed, and the rediscovery of an ancient ant is described. A framework for understanding the dynamics of Australian ant communities is outlined, and the functional groups that fall within this framework are documented. The predictability of responses of ant communities to stress and disturbance has enabled a protocol for using ants as bioindicators of environmental health and integrity to be developed. This has been exported and adapted to other regions of the world. Australian ant research has also lead to promising sources of biopharmaceuticals. As well as describing these two practical applications of Australian ant research, this review looks at some of the future directions that studies on Australian ants might take.
Australian Entomology: isolated, or in touch with the rest of the world?
Authors: Ferrar Paul
Published: July 2004

Abstract  Australia is isolated from the rest of the world geographically but not scientifically: Australian entomology has a long and distinguished record of collaboration with a diversity of other countries. Much of the focus relates to keeping new pests out of Australia (biosecurity and quarantine) and managing those that do get in (biological control and insect pest management). Many projects have cooperated with neighbouring countries, to assist them to control pests and thereby reduce threats to Australia. Biological control projects have also had two‐way benefits, and examples are given of various collaborations in these fields.
Insects ‘Down Under’– Diversity, endemism and evolution of the Australian insect fauna: examples from select orders
Authors: Austin Andrew D , Yeates David K , Cassis Gerasimos , Fletcher Murray J , La Salle John , Lawrence John F , McQuillan Peter B , Mound Laurence A , J Bickel Dan , Gullan Penny J , Hales Dinah F , Taylor Gary S
Published: July 2004

Abstract The Australian insect fauna is highly endemic and characterised by numerous unique higher‐level taxa. In addition, a number of groups are noticeably absent or depauperate on the continent. Many groups found in Australia show characteristic Gondwanan distribution patterns on the southern continents. There are extensive radiations on the plant families Myrtaceae and Mimosaceae, a specialised arid/semiarid fauna, and diverse taxa associated with rainforests and seasonally wet tropical regions. The fauna is also poorly studied, particularly when compared with the flora and vertebrate groups. However, studies in the last two decades have provided a more comprehensive picture of the size of the fauna, relationships, levels of endemism, origins and its evolution. Here we provide an overview of these and other aspects of Australian insect diversity, focusing on six groups, the Thysanoptera and the five megadiverse orders Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera.
Entomology and the Australian Entomological Society
Authors: Ridsdill‐Smith T James
Published: July 2004

Abstract  The Australian Entomological Society was founded in 1965 and provides a journal of world‐class and annual scientific meetings for members. The world‐wide impact of entomology publications is growing faster than that of the Australian Journal of Entomology, and membership of the society is declining slowly. In a recent survey members were generally happy with the society, but much of the exciting research involving insects is probably being published in specialist journals. Challenges identified for the future include building membership through greater connection with amateur entomologists and with students interested in ecology and insects. The growth area for entomology is seen to be in the application of insect biodiversity to the sustainable management of Australia's ecosystems. This special issue of the journal includes 10 papers illustrating the breadth and depth of entomology in the society.
A novel instrument‐independent no‐scalpel vasectomy – a comparative study against the standard instrument‐dependent no‐scalpel vasectomy
Authors: Chen Kuan‐Chou
Published: July 2004

An instrument‐independent no‐scalpel vasectomy (IINSV) technique is reported. This technique does not use the standard specific instruments, but comparatively retains the advantages of minimally invasive instrument‐dependent no‐scalpel vasectomy (IDNSV). Between July 1999 and June 2002, 449 men were prospectively randomized to be vasectomized at two hospitals in Taipei. Of those who accepted, 215 underwent IDNSV at one hospital and the remaining 234 underwent IINSV at the other. The intra‐operative conditions of each group were recorded. The postoperative pain and life conditions were self‐reported through a questionnaire that had been carefully designed prior to the operations, in which the pain level was assessed using a 10‐cm visual analogue scale under varying situations. Men vasectomized using the IINSV method experienced less operation time and postoperative complications (haematomas, infections and granulomas) (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to incision length, postoperative pain, pain at coitus, time of return to work, time of resuming intercourse, self‐reported satisfaction in sexual life, postoperative psychological status, postoperative body weight change and vasectomy failure as evidenced by sperm analysis (p > 0.05 for all items). Thus, the IINSV technique can offer an alternative option for vasectomists whenever the specific instruments of standard no‐scalpel vasectomy are unavailable. The IINSV technique shortens the operation time and reduces the incidence of operative complications when compared with the IDNSV technique, while still retaining the advantages of minimally invasive vasectomy.
Disrupted expression of intermediate filaments in the testis of rhesus monkey after experimental cryptorchidism
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Hong , Hu Zhao‐Yuan , Song Xin‐Xin , Xiao Li‐Juan , Zou Ru‐Jin , Han Chun‐Sheng , Liu Yi‐Xun
Published: July 2004

Cytoskeletons in Sertoli cell play an important role in process of spermatogenesis. The expression and distribution of the intermediate filaments, vimentin, keratin and desmin, were studied in the Sertoli cells of the cryptorchid testis of rhesus monkey. Vimentin was localized in the perinuclear region of Sertoli cells of the normal testis. An intense increase in vimentin immunoreactivity was observed with appearance of disorganized staining in the Sertoli cells of the cryptorchid testes. Cytokeratin 18, a marker of immature Sertoli cells, re‐expressed in the cells of the adult cryptorchid testes. Desmin was also observed in the Sertoli cells in addition to the peritubular myoid cells on 30 days after the cryptorchid operation. These data suggest that Sertoli cells in primate can be affected by the heat stress. The altered changes in intermediate filaments could be possible to induce the Sertoli cell functional changes that would partially contribute to the germ cell apoptosis leading to azoospermia or oligozoospermia.
The A‐type cyclins and the meiotic cell cycle in mammalian male germ cells
Authors: Wolgemuth Debra J. , Lele Karen M. , Jobanputra Vaidehi , Salazar Glicella
Published: July 2004

There are two mammalian A‐type cyclins, cyclin Al and A2. While cyclin A1 is limited to male germ cells, cyclin A2 is widely expressed. Cyclin A2 promotes both Gl/S and G2/M transitions in somatic cells and cyclin A2‐deficient mice are early embryonic lethal. We have shown that cyclin Al is essential for passage of spermatocytes into meiosis I (MI) by generating mice null for the cyclin A1 gene Ccna1. Both Ccna1−/− males and females were healthy but the males were sterile because of a cell cycle arrest before MI. This arrest was associated with desynapsis abnormalities, low M‐phase promoting factor activity, and apoptosis. We have now determined that human cyclin A1 is expressed in similar stages of spermatogenesis and are exploring its role in human male infertility and whether it may be a novel target for new approaches for male contraception.
Chronic Changes in Peripheral Growth Hormone Levels Do Not Affect Ghrelin Stomach mRNA Expression and Serum Ghrelin Levels in Three Transgenic Mouse Models
Authors: Nass R. , Liu J. , Hellmann P. , Coschigano K. T. , Gaylinn B. , Berryman D. E. , Kopchick J. J. , Thorner M. O.
Published: July 2004

Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor. Ghrelin is involved in feeding behaviour and is a potent stimulator of GH release. Chronically increased GH concentrations are known to negatively regulate the pituitary GHS receptor. This study tested whether chronic changes in peripheral GH levels/action affect ghrelin mRNA expression and circulating concentrations of ghrelin. Stomach ghrelin mRNA expression and serum concentrations of ghrelin were measured in three groups of transgenic mice and the respective control animals: group 1, GH‐receptor gene disrupted mice (GHR/KO); group 2, mice expressing bovine GH (bGH); and group 3, mice expressing GH‐antagonist (GHA). Ghrelin mRNA expression in the stomach, pituitary and hypothalamus of young adult male rats were measured using reverse‐transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Ghrelin mRNA expression levels were approximately 3000‐fold higher in rat stomach than in rat pituitary. Ghrelin mRNA expression in rat hypothalamus was below the detection limits of our assay. Stomach ghrelin mRNA expression, as well as serum concentrations of ghrelin, did not change significantly in any of the three mouse groups compared to the respective control group.These data support previous observations that the stomach is the main source of circulating ghrelin, and also indicate that stomach ghrelin mRNA expression and serum concentrations of ghrelin are not affected by chronic changes in peripheral GH/insulin‐like growth factor‐I levels/action.
The Skeleton Eroding Band Disease on Coral Reefs of Aqaba, Red Sea
Authors: Winkler Robert , Antonius Arnfried , Abigail Renegar D.
Published: July 2004

Abstract.  The occurrence and distribution of the coral disease Skeleton Eroding Band (SEB) has been studied at the Jordanian coast in the Gulf of Aqaba, the northernmost extension of the Red Sea. The SEB syndrome is caused by the colonial, heterotrich ciliate Halofolliculina corallasia: an advancing front of these protists destroys polyps, coenosarc, and surface of the coenosteum. In recent years SEB was registered in reefs of Australia, Mauritius, and the Red Sea. Along the Jordanian coast, disease frequency at four study sites was investigated and afflicted coral genera and species were documented. The study sites were MSS (Marine Science Station)‐north, MSS‐south, the tourist area near the middle of the coast, and the industrial area adjacent to the Saudi Arabian border. Corals and infections were counted inside randomly placed 1 m2 frames in reef flats and in 5, 10, and 15 m depths. In order of increasing affectedness of sample sites, MSS‐south was the healthiest (12%, 4%, 4%, 16% of infected corals from shallow to deep), followed by MSS‐north (19%, 28%, 24%, 24%), the tourist area (51%, 23%, 16%, 41%), and the industrial area (14%, 30%, 39%, 31%). By far the most frequently encountered coral species were Acropora spp. and Stylophora sp., while relative infection‐rates were highest among Seriatopora sp. (75%), as well as Stylophora sp., Hydnophora sp., and Galaxea sp. (50% each). This was followed in steadily decreasing order from 44% to 5% by Pocillopora, Mycedium, Montipora, Echinopora, Acropora, Lobophyllia, Goniastrea, Millepora, Platygyra, Fungia, Favia, Porites, Goniopora, Favites, and Pavona. SEB was found to a depth of 30 m, but may occur even deeper.
Coral Recruitment and Regeneration on a Maldivian Reef Four Years after the Coral Bleaching Event of 1998. Part 2: 2001–2002
Authors: Loch Karen , Loch Wolfgang , Schuhmacher Helmut , See Wolf R.
Published: July 2004

Abstract.  This paper is the follow‐up study to a quantitative inventory of stony corals on a Maldivian reef after the bleaching event of 1998 [Loch, K., W. Loch, H. Schuhmacher & W. R. See, 2002; P.S.Z.N.: Marine Ecology, 23(3): 219–236] covering the years 2001 and 2002, thereby extending the observation period from 1999 to 2002. Data collection was performed as previously in transects on the reef flat, Acropora tables at the reef rim, Porites lobata blocks and one Diploastrea heliopora colony. While between 2000 and 2001 the transects showed a noticeable increase of living scleractinian colonies of 6.1 per m2 of reef surface per year, this had slowed to 0.7 per m2 per year by 2002. Likewise, the colonisation of dead Acropora tables had changed from a yearly increase of 14.4 colonies per m2 of table surface between 2000 and 2001 to a decrease of 9.4 between 2001 and 2002. The main constituent of the regeneration in transects as well as on Acropora tables was Pavona (Agariciidae), whereas Pocilloporidae and Acroporidae were almost completely missing. A new immigrant was Tubastraea micranthus. Continuous growth of regenerates on Porites presented a columnar form, and the growth rate of D. heliopora was reduced between 2001 and 2002. The influence on reef ecology in terms of coral substrate, species differentiation, growth rate changes, interaction with other organisms and the overall prospect of the reef development on a longer timescale is outlined.
Diversity and Distribution of the Bryozoa along Underwater Cliffs in the Adriatic Sea with Special Reference to Thermal Regime
Authors: Novosel Maja , Požar‐Domac Antonieta , Pasarić Mira
Published: July 2004

Abstract.  The diversity and distribution of bryozoans have been surveyed at two localities, Cape Struga on Lastovo Island (South Adriatic) and Cape Šilo on Prvić Island near Senj (North Adriatic), with similar characteristics of topography and exposure but markedly different sea temperature conditions. Continuous measurements over one year have shown that temperature conditions differ in two aspects. First, the annual range of temperature is much larger in the North. Second, in the South during summer, marine life within the thermocline layer is exposed to large high‐frequency temperature oscillations, partly due to an internal diurnal tide, a phenomenon recorded for the first time in the Adriatic. Altogether, 78 species have been recorded, 57 in Lastovo and 50 in Prvić, and 29 in both localities. The comparison of mean zooid lengths of 14 bryozoan species occurring at both localities indicates no consistent difference in zooid size between northern and southern sites. Seventeen bryozoan species have been recorded in the Eastern Adriatic Sea for the first time.
Signal transduction and functional changes in neutrophils with aging
Authors: Fulop Tamas , Larbi Anis , Douziech Nadine , Fortin Carl , Guérard Kal‐Philippe , Lesur Olivier , Khalil Abdelouahed , Dupuis Gilles
Published: July 2004

It is well known that the immune response decreases during aging, leading to a higher susceptibility to infections, cancers and autoimmune disorders. Most widely studied have been alterations in the adaptive immune response. Recently, the role of the innate immune response as a first‐line defence against bacterial invasion and as a modulator of the adaptive immune response has become more widely recognized. One of the most important cell components of the innate response is neutrophils and it is therefore important to elucidate their function during aging. With aging there is an alteration of the receptor‐driven functions of human neutrophils, such as superoxide anion production, chemotaxis and apoptosis. One of the alterations underlying these functional changes is a decrease in signalling elicited by specific receptors. Alterations were also found in the neutrophil membrane lipid rafts. These alterations in neutrophil functions and signal transduction that occur during aging might contribute to the significant increase in infections in old age.
THE FAMA‐FRENCH MODEL, LEVERAGE, AND THE MODIGLIANI‐MILLER PROPOSITIONS
Authors: Lally Martin
Published: July 2004

For a cost‐of‐equity model to conform to the Modigliani‐Miller cost‐of‐capital propositions, any sensitivity coefficients in the model must be related to the firm's leverage. In this paper I apply these principles to the Fama‐French model for the cost of equity and develop the relation between its sensitivity coefficients and firm leverage. I then examine an empirical process developed by Fama and French (1997) to model the evolution through time of their sensitivity coefficients and show that this empirical process is inconsistent with the Modigliani‐Miller propositions. Separable functions are proposed for these sensitivity coefficients that are consistent with the Modigliani‐Miller propositions.
WARRANT PRICING USING OBSERVABLE VARIABLES
Authors: Ukhov Andrey D.
Published: July 2004

The classical warrant pricing formula requires knowledge of the firm value and of the firm‐value process variance. When warrants are outstanding, the firm value itself is a function of the warrant price. Firm value and firm‐value variance are then unobservable variables. I develop an algorithm for pricing warrants using stock prices, an observable variable, and stock return variance. The method also enables estimation of firm‐value variance. A proof of existence of the solution is provided.
A method for specifying structured programs
Authors: Marca David
Published: July 2004

This paper briefly describes the "Structured Programming Design Method" (SPDM). A synopsis of structured flowcharts is given together with enhancements that make the language more practical. The concept of an author-reader review cycle is introduced and combined with structured flowcharts to form the method. Benefits and shortcomings are discussed, and comparisons are made with other kinds of design documentation.
Safety and power
Authors: Macrakis Stavros M.
Published: July 2004

Although the "question of safety vs. power in programming languages" is most interesting, Glass's letter [SEN 6:5 (Oct 81)] addresses only a peripheral issue, namely some (seemingly arbitrary) areas in which certain programming languages have required unsafe solutions.In order to focus discussion, let me propose a definition of safety: a practice is "safe" if it relies only on the language's semantics. Clearly, unsafe practices are in general not portable between compilers or machines. There appear to be two primary motivations for unsafe practices: efficiency and extra-linguistic operations.
Netmailmanhandled
Authors: Reid Brian
Published: July 2004

[This is a transcript of a computer-mail message sent by Brian Reid of Stanford to various interested parties about an annoying problem with ARPAnet mail. The nature of the problem was that whenever mail was sent to certain people, the other recipients of that message would keep getting copies of the message, at intervals, until some system programmer manually intervened. Brain's message was originally sent to various people who had complained about the mail looping, and to other interested parties. PGN]
A characterization of software design tools
Authors: Rajaraman M. K.
Published: July 2004

Software tools have been proposed and are available for a number of major activities involved in an information system development. Tools exist that help the designer in systems analysis, requirements specification, program design, coding, testing and implementation. However, there is very little standardization of tool characteristics, terminology, applicability, and classification. This paper identifies the global environment in which software design tools exist and proposes a hierarchy of characteristics that are required or desirable for tools to serve their intended purpose. Once formally established and accepted, such characteristics and properties will not only help tool developers, but also be useful in selection and use of tools in the system development environment.
How to pick a winner
Authors: Parikh Girish
Published: July 2004

Selecting the "right" software methodology may save you a fortune in the long run. Consider these figures: Several studies indicate that maintenance consumes 67% of the software life cycle: the remaining 33% is development. Once a software system becomes operational. It may be used for five to 20 years (some IBM 1401 programs are still around).Consider the result if a methodology helps you save at least 10% in total life-cycle costs. This savings may result in different ways. For example, depending on the methodology, you may spend more on the front-end development cycle (in the design stage) and save 20% on the subsequent maintenance, including repairs and enhancements.Keep an open mind when choosing a methodology. Be willing to learn and discover no matter what your position---president or programmer. Remember that a highly promoted or well-known methodology is not necessarily the best.Professionals should learn more than one methodology, since one may not be suitable for every application. To save on training costs and to standardize, organizations may select one major methodology and use another when an application demands. When possible, methodologies may be judiciously combined. Large companies may have methodology specialists, while small companies might use outside consultants specializing in the appropriate methodology.Most methodologies can be divided into two major groups: functional and data-structured. With the first type, data flow analyses (for instance.
Interactive debug requirements
Authors: Seidner Rich , Tindall Nick
Published: July 2004

This is a market requirements statement for Interactive Debugging. It is the result of a collaboration between the GUIDE/SHARE Language Futures Task Force (LFTF) and IBM.

The LFTF was formed at meetings of SHARE and GUIDE in 1979. The objective of the task force was to provide IBM with the views of the user community on the future of the application development environment. The Task force chose to limit its discussions primarily to "enhancements to the procedural languages and the environments in which they operate."
Requirements/design debugging
Authors: Bates Peter
Published: July 2004

This session was essentially a continuation of the earlier session on Knowledge-Based systems. The discussion proceeded along two dimensions. One is the paradigm used to, in some sense, debug high-level specifications. This is further broken into the 'current' and the 'operational specifications' paradigms. The other dimension is one of techniques for implementing these views. This dimension also has only two aspects, current techniques and knowledge-based techniques.

The plan for the session was to introduce the technologies that may or may not exist to support these capabilities followed by a debate on these methods. There are four areas to be discussed in terms of technology---symbolic evaluation, fault analysis, behavior expectations and natural language explanations.
Generalized path expressions
Authors: Bruegge Bernd , Hibbard Peter
Published: July 2004

This paper introduces a modified version of path expressions called
Path Rules
which can be used as a debugging mechanism to monitor the dynamic behaviour of a computation. Path rules have been implemented in a remote symbolic debugger running on the Three Rivers Computer Corporation PERQ computer under the Accent operating system.
An approach to testing specifications
Authors: Jard C. , Bochmann G. v.
Published: July 2004

An approach to testing the consistency of specifications is explored, which is applicable to the design validation of communication protocols and other cases of step-wise refinement. In this approach, a testing module compares a trace of interactions obtained from an execution of the refined specification (e. g. the protocol specification) with the reference specification (e. g. the communication service specification).

Non-determinism in reference specifications presents certain problems. Using an extended finite state transition model for the specifications, a strategy for limiting the amount of non-determinacy is presented.

An automated method for constructing a testing module for a given reference specification is discussed. Experience with the application of this testing approach to the design of a Transport protocol and a distributed mutual exclusion algorithm is described.
An experimental debugger in a limited programming environment
Authors: Kishimoto Zen
Published: July 2004

This paper describes a debugger feature of a system that supports a limited programming environment for program validation, revalidation and debugging. The debugger in this system is tightly coupled with other tools through a database which is used as a central repository. The execution by this system is based on the hardware independent intermediate codes and, thus, the system has the potential to be multilingual. The debugger supports backward execution, provides both normal and symbolic execution results, and allows source-level debugging.
A database model of debugging
Authors: Powell Michael L. , Linton Mark A.
Published: July 2004

Debugging a program can be viewed as performing queries and updates on a database that contains both program source and execution state information. This model of debugging simplifies a "debugger" to a database interface for runtime information and allows the debugger to be easily integrated into a programming environment.

We are currently designing a programming environment in which all program information is stored in a relational database system. This system will include debugging capabilities to provide the programmer a simple yet powerful mechanism for describing debugging requests
An integrated Lisp programming environment
Authors: Wertz Harald
Published: July 2004

We are currently implementing a system to help experienced programmers during the development, implementation and debugging of their programs. This system, built on top of a screen oriented structural editor, offers possibilities to attach descriptors to every portion of the program and to maintain - simultaneously - different versions of the program being written, including tentative hypothetical versions. It comprises a mecanism to maintain minimal consistency between modified parts of code, the non-modified parts of code and the attached descriptors, as well as an evaluation module functioning in different modes:
normal evaluation, symbolic evaluation
and
checking evaluation
.

The standard programming aids, such as indexors, pretty printers, trace packages, undo- and history-facilities are generalized to handle the descriptors and unfinished programs as well
Distributed debugging
Authors: Gross Thomas
Published: July 2004

Both sessions on Tuesday morning (March 22, 1983) were devoted to the discussion of Distributed Debugging. Three papers were presented during the first part; then there was a lively panel discussion on Multiprocess and Distributed Debugging. Both session were chaired by John R. White (Xerox PARC).
Development of a debugger for a concurrent language
Authors: Baiardi F. , De Francesco N. , Matteoli E. , Stefanini S. , Vaglini G.
Published: July 2004

This work discusses some issues in the debugging of concurrent programs. A set of desirable characteristics of a debugger for concurrent languages is deduced from an examination of the differences between the debugging of concurrent programs and that of sequential ones. A debugger for a concurrent language, derived from CSP, is then presented. It is based upon a semantic model of the supported language. The debugger enables to compare a description of the program behaviour to the actual behaviour as well as to valuate assertions on the process state. The description of the behaviuor is given by a formalism whose semantics is also specified. The formalism can specify program behaviuors at various abstraction levels. Lastly some guidelines for the implementation of the debugger are shown and a detailed example of program description is analyzed.
Implementation issues
Authors: Weber Janice Cynthia
Published: July 2004

This session consisted of six speakers, presenting the significant ideas from their papers. A few questions were asked, but major discussions were postponed until the second 'Implementation' session.
A systematic approach to advanced debugging
Authors: Fritzson Peter
Published: July 2004

This paper presents two topics: Implementation of a debugger through use of an incremental compiler, and techniques for fine-grained incremental compilation. Both the debugger and the compiler are components of the highly Integrated programming environment DICE (Distributed Incremental Compiling Environment) which alms at providing programmer support in the case where the programming environment resides in a host computer and the program. Is running on a target computer that is connected to the host.
Static analysis of programs as an aid to debugging
Authors: Tischler Ron , Schaufler Robin , Payne Charlotte
Published: July 2004

This paper describes how MAP, a tool for understanding software, combines static analysis, some dynamic features, and an interactive presentation to aid programmers in debugging. Static analysis of the sort produced in optimizing compilers could provide programmers with useful information that they cannot get from dynamic debuggers. The challenge for designers of static analysis tools is to present the information in a useful form.
Multilingual debugging with the SWAT high-level debugger
Authors: Cardell James R.
Published: July 2004

The SWAT (TM) debugger, Data General Corporation's Source Language Debugger, is an interactive, high-level, symbolic debugging tool. It offers its users a full complement of standard high-level debugging features with a simple command format modeled after that of Data General's AOS and AOS/VS operating system Command Line Interpreter. Multilingual capability was a primary design goal and this has resulted in the benefits of both wide user acceptance and product extensibility.

This paper presents a summary of SWAT functionality and relates some of the experience of adding support for Data General Information Systems Division's recently announced AOS/VS Pascal and AOS/VS C languages.
DYMOS
Authors: Cook Robert P. , Lee Insup
Published: July 2004

Programs are frequently modified during their lifetime. Furthermore, modifications to some systems have to be made on the fly; that is, without stopping their execution. For example, changes to airline reservation systems, telephone switching systems, and on-line banking systems have to performed dynamically. Other continuously running systems, such as operating systems, may be modified on the fly to increase their availability.

DYMOS is a programming system that supports a programmer modifying a StarMod program dynamically. StarMod [2] is an extension of Modula [3]. To modify procedures dynamically, the programmer modifies and recompiles the source code of the procedures to be replaced and then requests the system to change the current core image to incorporate new code and data.
DELTA
Authors: Walter Carol K.
Published: July 2004

DELTA is the Universal Debugger for CP-6. CP-6, a general purpose communications-oriented operating system, is made up of two environments: host and communications. These two environments each have their own operating system and run on different CPUs. DELTA allows the user to symbolically debug programs written in any language or combination of languages in either environment. DELTA also allows symbolic debugging of the host operating system, the communications operating system, and the language and utility processors for each environment. In addition, DELTA allows symbolic patching of both operating systems and the language and utility processors providing a timely field support for CP-6.
Using symbolic execution to characterize behavior
Authors: Cohen Donald , Swartout William , Balzer Robert
Published: July 2004

Prototypes are built for a variety of reasons. This paper offers an alternative to the use of a prototype as a means of testing a specification (i.e. someone who "knows" what he wants compares his intuitive understanding with the behavior of the prototype on particular test cases). The alternative is symbolic execution of a formal specification, i.e. the specification is the prototype and its behavior is determined by symbolic execution rather than the traditional "concrete" execution. This is an extension of the approach to rapid prototyping based on operational specification [Balzer 82] and an alternative to testing prototypes whether manually constructed or developed mechanically from such an operational specification [Feather 82]. One advantage of this approach is that the prototype need not be built at all. Of course, the formal specification must be written, but this is often necessary anyway, especially if the specifier and implementor are different people. A more important advantage arising from symbolic execution is that a large subset of the possible behaviors can be examined at once.
Rapid prototyping by means of abstract module specifications written as trace axioms
Authors: Dixon John K. , McLean John , Parnas David L.
Published: July 2004

In this paper we discuss the use of a form of abstract specifications for software modules called trace axioms or trace assertions. Specifications written in this form precisely describe the external behavior of the module and can be automatically tested for consistancy and completeness. Errors revealed by the testing process can be rapidly corrected by a man-machine interactive process. These specifications could then be interpreted or compiled to form a rapid prototype of the final system.
A prototyping language for text-processing applications
Authors: Dodd W. P. , Ramsay P. , Axford T. H. , Parkyn D. G.
Published: July 2004

This paper descibes briefly the facilities required of prototyping languages with particular reference to text-processing applications. A brief overview is given of the language ATOL, and a comparision is made of the facilities offered by ATOL and those required of prototyping languages for text-processing.
Prototyping in ADA
Authors: Duncan Arthur G.
Published: July 2004

Prototypes provide a means for obtaining rapid feedback concerning the design of a system. Ideally, a prototype system should be easy to implement and modify; moreover, it should implement enough of the system's functionality to allow an evaluation of the design.The Ada programming language, with emphasis on modularity and well-defined module interfaces, appears suitable for implementing prototype systems. This paper describes how one could develop a prototype in Ada for a small real-time control program and then successively enhance the prototype to produce the final production version.
Implementation prototypes in the development of programming language features
Authors: Ford Ray , Marlin Chris
Published: July 2004

This paper describes the experiences of the authors in the application of prototyping techniques to the development of programming languages with "advanced" features such as coroutines and abstract data types. The essence of the approach described here is the careful extension of a suitable base language (Pascal was used in all the experiments described here) by one new facility at a time and the production of a prototype implementation of the new language by modifying an existing implementation of the base language. Criteria for choosing a base language, the central role of formal semantic models in the approach and alternative strategies for producing a new prototype implementation from an existing one are all discussed in some detail.
Experience from computer supported prototyping for information flow in hospitals
Authors: Gill Hans , Lindvall Roland , Rosin Olle , Sandewall Erik , Sörensen Henrik , Wigertz Ove
Published: July 2004

Special-purpose languages have several advantages for rapid prototyping purposes: they allow very fast development of applications; facilitate the dialogue with end users in the specification work; and simplify the work of updating the prototype iteratively. We have been working with a modelling language based on the concept of information flow in organizations, and a number of software tools which support this language. Previous papers from the project have described the first generation of tools; the present paper describes the experience from using the system in a large scale development effort, as well as the second generation of support tools.