bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What criteria do foster care workers take into account when recommending foster children's visiting arrangements with their birth parents
Authors: Van Holen Frank , Moens Jordy , Van Hove Lisa , Verheyden Camille , Vanderfaeillie Johan
Published: August 2023

Concept mapping was used to identify criteria foster care workers in Flanders use to regulate visiting arrangements for birth parents of foster children. A sample of 43 foster care workers were asked to answer in writing the question: ‘What criteria do you take into account when you have to regulate visiting arrangements?’ Fifty unique answers were identified by three researchers. In a second phase, 32 foster care workers individually grouped together the statements that according to them covered the same topic. Furthermore, they were asked to indicate the degree of importance and the difficulty to assess each response on a 7‐point scale. Multidimensional scaling and hierarchic cluster analyses identified five clusters of criteria: child related criteria, attitudes of birth parent(s), criteria related to placement conditions, interaction with birth parents and criteria related to foster parents. Although sometimes differently grouped or named, the criteria mentioned by foster care workers were almost entirely in line with findings from other research. Foster care workers considered most criteria rather easy to assess. However, the more important criteria were (child related criteria and attitudes of birth parent[s]), the more difficult they were considered to assess. Identification of these criteria can help to improve and systemize the decision‐making process.
Toward more equitable ecosystem investment programs—Adaptation and equity are central to the design and functioning of successful water funds
Authors: Bremer Leah L. , Brauman Kate A. , Echavarría Marta
Published: August 2023

Projects designed to incentivize ecosystem management for societal benefits are becoming increasingly popular and are often touted as win–win solutions for social and environmental challenges. Yet, there are important concerns about the equity and justice implications of these programs, and there is strong evidence that a lack of attention to justice can exacerbate or create inequities. We focus on water funds, a subset of watershed ecosystem investment programs that are being scaled globally. We specifically discuss how three long‐standing Andean programs have shifted through time toward a greater focus on equity and justice. We argue that these shifts, while imperfect, have been critical to their durability and that, more generally, continued alignment of nature‐based investment programs with broader equity and justice concerns is essential for long‐term durability and success.
Motor training for young children with cerebral palsy: A single‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Prosser Laura A. , Pierce Samuel R. , Skorup Julie A. , Paremski Athylia C. , Alcott Morgan , Bochnak Meghan , Ruwaih Noor , Jawad Abbas F.
Published: August 2023

Aim

To compare the effect of iMOVE (Intensive Mobility training with Variability and Error) therapy with dose‐matched conventional therapy on gross motor development and secondary outcomes in young children with cerebral palsy.

Method

This single‐blind, randomized controlled trial included repeated assessments of gross motor function (using the Gross Motor Function Measure) and secondary outcomes during a 12‐ to 24‐week intervention phase and at three follow‐up points after treatment. Treatment was delivered three times per week in both groups. Forty‐two children aged 12 to 36 months were stratified by age and motor function to ensure equivalence between groups at baseline.

Results

Thirty‐six children completed treatment and follow‐up phases. Treatment fidelity was high and adherence was equivalent between groups (77.3% conventional therapy, 76.2% iMOVE). There were no group differences on the primary (gross motor function after 12 weeks p = 0.18; after 24 weeks p = 0.94) or any secondary (postural control p = 0.88, caregiver satisfaction p = 0.52, child engagement p = 0.98) measure after treatment or at the follow‐up points. However, one‐third of total participants exceeded predicted change after 12 weeks and 77% exceeded predicted change after 24 weeks of treatment.

Interpretation

Our observations indicate a potential dose–response effect of rehabilitation therapy. We further demonstrated that individual therapeutic ingredients can be manipulated. When delivered consistently, both iMOVE and conventional therapy interventions might both be more effective than standard care.

What this paper adds

Those receiving iMOVE therapy demonstrated more independent practice time, error, and child‐initiation than those receiving the dose‐matched control.

iMOVE therapy was not superior to the control (conventional physical) therapy.

Most participants exceeded predicted change after 24 weeks of treatment.
The importance of glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor activation for the effects of tirzepatide
Authors: Gasbjerg Lærke S. , Rosenkilde Mette M. , Meier Juris J. , Holst Jens J. , Knop Filip K.
Published: August 2023

Tirzepatide is a unimolecular co‐agonist of the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptors recently approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes by the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicine Agency. Tirzepatide treatment results in an unprecedented improvement of glycaemic control and lowering of body weight, but the contribution of the GIP receptor‐activating component of tirzepatide to these effects is uncertain. In this review, we present the current knowledge about the physiological roles of the incretin hormones GLP‐1 and GIP, their receptors, and previous results of co‐targeting the two incretin hormone receptors in humans. We also analyse the molecular pharmacological, preclinical and clinical effects of tirzepatide to discuss the role of GIP receptor activation for the clinical effects of tirzepatide. Based on the available literature on the combination of GLP‐1 and GIP receptor activation, tirzepatide does not seem to have a classical co‐activating mode of action in humans. Rather, in vitro studies of the human GLP‐1 and GIP receptors reveal a biased GLP‐1 receptor activation profile and GIP receptor downregulation. Therefore, we propose three hypotheses for the mode of action of tirzepatide, which can be addressed in future, elaborate clinical trials.
Fungal pathogens associated with twig canker of shrub species in Tunisia: Considering the effect of the factors correlated
Authors: Hlaiem Sawssen , Yangui Islem , Ezzine Olfa , Della Rocca Gianni , Barberini Sara , Danti Roberto , Ben Jamâa Mohamed Lahbib
Published: August 2023

Decline phenomena of shrub species such as Quercus coccifera and Retama raetam have occurred throughout Tunisian forests since 2012. These evergreen shrubs have long been regarded for their medicinal and ecological interests. Therefore, their preservation as valuable forest resources is of great interest. However, information regarding aetiology of this disease is still scarce. Hence, the aim of this study was to identify and characterize the causal agents associated with disease symptoms in two Tunisian forests. Thirty‐eight isolates were obtained from symptomatic Q. coccifera and R. raetam twigs. Morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene cluster and partial sequence of the translation elongation factor 1‐alpha gene (tef1‐α) allowed the identification of three Diplodia species namely Diplodia africana, D. seriata and D. pseudoseriata. Our findings revealed that the incidence of Diplodia species was significantly correlated to the altitude, the temperature and the rainfall. Pathogenicity test showed that all Diplodia isolates are pathogenic. However, D. africana revealed to be the most aggressive species toward R. raetam. These findings were the first record of D. seriata as fungal pathogen associated with Q. coccifera dieback and D. pseudoseriata and D. africana on R. raetam in Tunisia.
Proposing a communication module to enhance dental students' attitudes towards people with dementia: Phase 1 of a curriculum revision study
Authors: Gurtmann Sonja , Schwahn Christian , Krüger Markus , Janowitz Deborah , Pilz Kristin , Biffar Reiner , Grabe Hans‐J. , Söhnel Andreas
Published: August 2023

Introduction

The number of mentally altered patients a dentist meets in practice is increasing and interaction with them can be very challenging. As a baseline for an interventional study, we want to assess the attitude of dental students and identify areas of improvement in patient communication. This work compares the attitude of dental students towards people suffering from dementia to the attitudes of trained medical caregivers and the general population. Our aim is to use the results to assess the need for training in communicating with mentally altered patients.

Materials and Methods

Fourth‐year dental students attended two lectures on dementia given by a psychiatrist as part of the geriatric dentistry lecture and were questioned afterwards using the Dementia Attitude Scale. In 2016 and 2017, 73 students at the University of Greifswald were interviewed. The response rate was 84%. Using a factor analysis, the Dementia Attitude Scale's validated questions were interpreted and compared with data from nursing staff from Switzerland and the USA.

Results

The factor analysis of the data showed the same two‐factor loadings as the comparative groups, and that dental students' attitude is more comparable to the general population than to medically trained nursing staff.

Conclusion

Given the results, we conclude that the implementation of a communication module can serve in improving the attitude of dental students towards patients with dementia.
Age‐related histopathological findings in temporal arteries
Authors: Kendziora Ryan W , Maleszewski Joseph J , Lin Peter T , Aubry Marie‐Christine , Weyand Cornelia M , Warrington Kenneth J , Jenkins Sarah M , Lo Ying‐Chun , Bois Melanie C
Published: August 2023

Aims

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a systemic vasculitis affecting medium and large arteries in patients aged over 50 years. Involvement of temporal arteries (TA) can lead to complications such as blindness and stroke. While the diagnostic gold standard is temporal artery biopsy (TAB), comorbidities and age‐related changes can make interpretation of such specimens difficult. This study aims to establish a baseline of TA changes in subjects without GCA to facilitate the interpretation of TAB.

Methods and results

Bilateral TA specimens were collected from 100 consecutive eligible postmortem examinations. Subjects were divided into four age groups and specimens semiquantitatively evaluated for eccentric intimal fibroplasia, disruption and calcification of the internal elastic lamina (IEL), medial attenuation and degree of lymphocytic inflammation of the peri‐adventitia, adventitia, media and intima. The individual scores of intimal fibroplasia, IEL disruption and medial attenuation were added to yield a ‘combined score (CS)’. Seventy‐eight 78 decedents were included in the final analysis following exclusion of 22 individuals for either lack of clinical information or inability to collect TA tissue. A total of 128 temporal artery specimens (50 bilateral from individual decedents, 28 unilateral) were available for examination. Intimal proliferation, IEL loss, IEL calcification and CS increased with age in a statistically significant fashion. Comparison of the oldest age group with the others showed statistically significant differences, although this was not uniformly preserved in comparison between the three youngest groups.

Conclusion

Senescent arterial changes and healed GCA exhibit histological similarity and such changes increase proportionally with age. The CS demonstrates significant association with age overall and represents a potential avenue for development to ‘normalise’ TA biopsies from older individuals.
Aqueous two‐phase anthocyanins partitioning from açai – laboratory scale‐up
Authors: de Abreu Siqueira Ana Cristina , Leite Kennedy Moreira , Braga Anna Rafaela Cavalcante , Ribeiro Paulo Riceli Vasconcelos , Julião Guilherme Zocollo , de Brito Edy Sousa , da Silva Ivanildo José , de Sant'Ana Hosiberto Batista
Published: August 2023

Açai, a fruit typical of Amazonia in Brazil, is consumed due to beneficial health effects. Aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPS) based on ethanol (28% w/w) and ammonium sulfate (17.5% w/w) were employed in the partitioning of anthocyanins from açai. Experiments, applying 50 mL equilibrium cells and a 1‐L glass vessel reactor, evaluated anthocyanin partition feasibility on a laboratory scale‐up. The anthocyanin preferentially moved to the top (ethanol‐rich phase) and sugars to the bottom (ammonium sulfate‐rich phase). Scale‐up effects were compared with the equilibrium cell experiments with anthocyanin extraction yielding more than 64% w/w, the yield of sugars in the bottom phase (>61% w/w) and removal of sugars (97%), showing the feasibility for the scale‐up process. The anthocyanin profile from açai, ATPS partition on the bench scale and laboratory scale‐up evaluated by UPLC‐QTOF‐MS identified cyanidin, peonidin and pelargonidin derivatives.
Antibacterial and anti‐biofilm properties of cinnamaldehyde‐loaded nanoliposomes against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enteritidis adhered to stainless steel
Authors: Hasanzadeh Baboli Narges , Hosseini Seyed Fakhreddin , Gharsallaoui Adem
Published: August 2023

This study aimed to investigate the effect of cinnamaldehyde (CIN)‐loaded nanoliposomes (CIN‐NLs) on pre‐established biofilms of L. monocytogenes and S. enteritidis. The MIC and MBC values of CIN were 1.25 and 5 μg mL−1 against L. monocytogenes, respectively; while for S. enteritidis, MIC of 0.625 and MBC of 2.5 μg mL−1 were obtained. The CIN‐NLs displayed particle size in the range of 130.5–414.2 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) values in the range of 0.28–0.59, and ζ‐potential values above −30 mV. The encapsulation efficiency of CIN in NLs ranged from 7.47% to 27.42%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) displayed smooth spherical particles, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) results showed the successful loading of the CIN into NLs. The anti‐biofilm assays confirmed that the CIN‐NLs more efficiently prevented the formation of biofilm and extends the action time than that of free CIN. Therefore, NLs could improve the stability and long‐lasting antibacterial effect of CIN.
Gaining acceptance, insight and ability to act: A process evaluation of a preventive stress intervention as part of a transition‐to‐practice programme for newly graduated nurses
Authors: Rudman Ann , Frögéli Elin , Skyvell Nilsson Maria
Published: August 2023

Aim

To investigate how NGNs perceived and applied an intervention for preventing stress‐related ill health embedded in a transition‐to‐practice programme when entering their professional life.

Design

A qualitative exploratory descriptive design was selected for this study to gain insights and perspectives on the adoption and utilization of the intervention.

Methods

In this qualitative methodology process evaluation, semi‐structured and audio‐recorded interviews were conducted with a sample of 49 nurses. Data were collected between December 2016 and July 2017, and were sorted in NVivo 12 Plus, followed by thematic analysis.

Results

The analysis resulted in three change processes stimulated by the intervention: (a) Building acceptance of being new; (b) Gaining insight into professional development and health and (c) Practical steps for skills development, healthy habits and better‐organized work. In addition to the three themes, barriers that hindered the progression of the processes were also described. Each process influenced the development of the others by stimulating a deeper understanding, motivation to change and courage to act. Several barriers were identified, including the use of cognitively demanding intervention tools, fatigue, high work demands, inconvenient work hours and a hostile social climate on the ward.

Conclusion

This process evaluation showed that newly graduated nurses used knowledge from the intervention and adopted new behaviours largely in accordance with how the intervention was intended to work.

Impact

When entering a new profession, it is crucial to receive a well‐thought‐out, structured and targeted introduction to the new professional role, tasks and work group. Nurses stated that the intervention increased their understanding of the role as new nurses and their insight into how to develop skills that promoted better functioning and recovery. The intervention also stimulated the development of new health behaviour and some new learning strategies.
The roles of adult siblings of individuals with a profound intellectual disability
Authors: Dorsman Naomi I. , Waninge Aly , van der Schans Cees P. , Luijkx Jorien , Van der Putten Annette A. J.
Published: August 2023

Background

Adult siblings are important in the lives of individuals with profound intellectual disabilities, especially as parents age. However, little is known about the roles they assume.

Method

We examined these roles among 58 participants from the Netherlands, who completed an online questionnaire.

Results

Most participants (89.7%) assumed multiple roles, and the majority were content with their roles. Between 7% and 58% indicated that they were the only individuals providing a certain role. Shared roles primarily involved healthcare professionals, other siblings, and parents. Almost half the participants (48.2%) assigned higher scores for the amount of support provided than for the experienced burden.

Conclusions

Adult siblings often assume multiple roles. The shared roles emphasise the importance of collaboration.
Rationale and design of a multicenter randomized study comparing the efficacy and safety of esaxerenone versus trichlormethiazide in patients with uncontrolled essential hypertension: EXCITE‐HT study
Authors: Kario Kazuomi , Ohishi Mitsuru , Katsuya Tomohiro , Taguchi Takashi , Tanabe Ayumi , Sugimoto Kotaro , Shimosawa Tatsuo
Published: August 2023

The next‐generation mineralocorticoid receptor blocker (MRB) esaxerenone has favorable antihypertensive effects in patients who do not respond to treatment with first‐line antihypertensive agents and may be beneficial as a second‐line treatment. However, MRBs are currently considered a fourth‐line treatment as there is no clinical evidence comparing the efficacy of esaxerenone with other classes of antihypertensive agents. The multicenter, randomized, open‐label, parallel‐group EXCITE‐HT study will evaluate the efficacy and safety of esaxerenone as a second‐line agent in the treatment of Japanese patients with uncontrolled essential hypertension. After a 4‐week run‐in period, patients will receive either esaxerenone or trichlormethiazide for 12 weeks per the package insert and the Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. At Weeks 4 and 8, the dose of esaxerenone or trichlormethiazide may be increased. Blood pressure (home [morning and bedtime] and office), serum biomarkers, and urinary biomarkers will be measured. The primary efficacy endpoint is the change from baseline in morning home systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure to the end of treatment. The EXCITE‐HT study is expected to validate the non‐inferiority of esaxerenone to trichlormethiazide and provide the first evidence for the early use of esaxerenone as a second‐line agent in the treatment of Japanese patients with uncontrolled essential hypertension instead of its current use as a fourth‐line agent.
The respiratory microbiota and its impact on health and disease in dogs and cats: A One Health perspective
Authors: Vientós‐Plotts Aida I. , Ericsson Aaron C. , Reinero Carol R.
Published: August 2023

Healthy lungs were long thought of as sterile, with presence of bacteria identified by culture representing contamination. Recent advances in metagenomics have refuted this belief by detecting rich, diverse, and complex microbial communities in the healthy lower airways of many species, albeit at low concentrations. Although research has only begun to investigate causality and potential mechanisms, alterations in these microbial communities (known as dysbiosis) have been described in association with inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic respiratory diseases in humans. Similar studies in dogs and cats are scarce. The microbial communities in the respiratory tract are linked to distant microbial communities such as in the gut (ie, the gut‐lung axis), allowing interplay of microbes and microbial products in health and disease. This review summarizes considerations for studying local microbial communities, key features of the respiratory microbiota and its role in the gut‐lung axis, current understanding of the healthy respiratory microbiota, and examples of dysbiosis in selected respiratory diseases of dogs and cats.
The mitigated carbon emissions of transitioning to virtual medical school and residency interviews: A survey‐based study
Authors: Hampshire Karly , Huang Lawrence , Shirley Hugh , Kahkejian Valerie , Yates Elizabeth , Weiser Sheri D. , Rosenbach Misha , Liang Kevin , Teherani Arianne
Published: August 2023

Purpose

Prior to COVID, thousands of medical school and residency applicants traversed their countries for in‐person interviews each year. However, data on the greenhouse gas emissions from in‐person interviews is limited. This study estimated greenhouse gas emissions associated with in‐person medical school and residency interviews and explored applicant interview structure preferences.

Methods

From March to June 2022, we developed and distributed a nine‐question, website‐based survey to collect information on applicant virtual interview schedule, demographics and preference for future interview format. We calculated theoretical emissions for all interviews requiring air travel and performed a content analysis of interview preference explanations.

Results

We received responses from 258 first‐year and 253 fourth‐year medical students at 26 allopathic US medical schools who interviewed virtually in 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, respectively. Residency applicants participating in the study were interviewed at a mean of 15.3 programs (SD 5.4) and had mean theoretical emissions of 4.31 tons CO2eq. Medical school applicants participating in the study were interviewed at a mean of 6.9 programs and had mean theoretical emissions of 2.19 tons CO2eq. Ninety percent of medical school applicants and 91% of residency applicants participating in the study expressed a preference for hybrid or virtual interviews going forward.

Conclusion

In‐person medical training interviews have significant greenhouse gas emissions. Virtual and hybrid alternatives have a high degree of acceptability among applicants.
Migraine and subsequent head and neck cancer: A nationwide population‐based cohort study
Authors: Wang Li‐Tzu , Chiang Ping‐Hao , Chung Chi‐Hsiang , Song Mingyang , Ashina Sait , Chien Wu‐Chien , Ma Kevin Sheng‐Kai
Published: August 2023

Objectives

The association of migraine with the risk of certain cancer has been reported. The aim of this pilot study was to examine the associations between migraine and the onset of head and neck cancers (HNC).

Materials and Methods

A total of 1755 individuals were identified through a nationwide population‐based cohort registry in Taiwan between 2000 and 2013. The primary end point variable was new‐onset head and neck cancers in patients with migraine versus non‐migraine controls. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to derive the risk of HNC. Subgroup analyses were performed to determine subpopulations at risk of migraine‐associated HNC. Sub‐outcome analyses were carried out to provide the subtypes of migraine‐associated HNC. Propensity score matching was utilized to validate the findings.

Results

A total of four patients out of 351 patients with migraine and seven out of 1404 non‐migraine controls developed HNC. The incidence of HNC was higher in patients with migraine than that in non‐migraine controls (108.93 vs. 48.77 per 100,000 person‐years) (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR = 2.908, 95% CI = 0.808–10.469; p = 0.102). The risk of HNC in patients with migraine with aura (aHR = 5.454, 95% CI = 0.948–26.875; p = 0.264) and without aura (aHR = 2.777, 95% CI = 0.755–8.473; p = 0.118) was revealed. The incidence of non‐nasopharyngeal HNC secondary to migraine (112.79 per 100,000 person‐years) was higher than that of nasopharyngeal cancer secondary to migraine (105.33 per 100,000 person‐years).

Conclusion

A higher incidence of HNC was observed in a small sample of patients with migraine, especially in those with migraine with aura. Migraine‐associated HNC included non‐nasopharyngeal HNC. Studies with a larger sample are needed to confirm the finding of the high risk of HNC in people with migraine.
Recanalization of portal vein thrombosis after pediatric liver transplantation: Efficacy and safety of the transsplenic access
Authors: Cavalcante Aline Cristine Barbosa Santos , Carnevale Francisco César , Zurstrassen Charles Edouard , Pugliese Renata Pereira Sustovich , Moreira Airton Mota , Assis André Moreira , Matushita Junior João Paulo Kawaoka , Danesi Vera Lucia Baggio , Benavides Marcel Albeiro Ruiz , Hirschfeld Adriana Porta M. , Borges Cristian B. V. , Miura Irene Kazue , Porta Gilda , Fonseca Eduardo Antunes , ChapChap Paulo , Neto João Seda
Published: August 2023

Background

Endovascular management of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is challenging. Transsplenic access (TSA) is growing as an access option to the portal system but with higher rates of bleeding complications. The aim of this article is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of transsplenic portal vein recanalization (PVR) using a metallic stent after pediatric liver transplantation.

Materials and Methods

This is a retrospective review of 15 patients with chronic PVT who underwent PVR via TSA between February 2016 and December 2020. Two children who had undergone catheterization of a mesenteric vein tributary by minilaparotomy were excluded from the patency analysis but included in the splenic access analysis. The technical and clinical success of PVR and complications related to the procedure via TSA were evaluated.

Results

Thirteen children with PVT were treated primarily using the TSA. The mean age was 4.1 years (range, 1.5–13.7 years), and the most common clinical presentation was hypersplenism (60%). Technically successful PVR was performed in 11/13 (84.6%) children, and clinical success was achieved in 9/11 (81.8%) children. No major complications were observed, and one child presented moderate pain in the TSA (from a total of 17 TSA). The median follow‐up was 48.2 months. The median primary patency was 9.9 months. Primary patency in the first 4 years was 75%, and primary assisted patency was 100% in the follow‐up period.

Conclusions

Transsplenic PVR is a safe and effective method for the treatment of PVT after pediatric liver transplantation.
Human leptospirosis: In search for a better vaccine
Authors: Azevedo Isabela Resende , Amamura Thais Akemi , Isaac Lourdes
Published: August 2023

Leptospirosis is a neglected disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira and is more prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries. This pathogen infects humans and other animals, responsible for the most widespread zoonosis in the world, estimated to be responsible for 60 000 deaths and 1 million cases per year. To date, commercial vaccines against human leptospirosis are available only in some countries such as Japan, China, Cuba and France. These vaccines prepared with inactivated Leptospira (bacterins) induce a short‐term and serovar‐specific immune response, with strong adverse side effects. To circumvent these limitations, several research groups are investigating new experimental vaccines in order to ensure that they are safe, efficient, and protect against several pathogenic Leptospira serovars, inducing sterilizing immunity. Most of these protocols use attenuated cultures, preparations after LPS removal, recombinant proteins or DNA from pathogenic Leptospira spp. The aim of this review was to highlight several promising vaccine candidates, considering their immunogenicity, presence in different pathogenic Leptospira serovars, their role in virulence or immune evasion and other factors.
Intergenerational mobility and racial inequality: The case for a more holistic approach
Authors: Easley Janeria A. , Baker Regina S.
Published: August 2023

Intergenerational social mobility studies have largely explored the relationship between one aspect of parent background (e.g., education, income, occupational status, wealth, or neighborhood context) and the corresponding aspect of that parent's child once they reach adulthood. Studies examining these various measures have provided differing conclusions about the extent that social origins constrain attainment in the U.S. In contrast, the persistence of racial inequality in intergenerational mobility is one consistent finding. For instance, across various measures, research demonstrates Black individuals are more likely than White individuals to experience downward mobility, and less likely to exceed the socioeconomic standings of their parents. In this article, we argue that a more holistic measure of both origin and destination, one that combines the above‐mentioned indicators, is necessary to advance our understanding of the extent that origin constrains future attainment. We summarize lessons gleaned from one‐dimensional estimates, and from other approaches that either combine some dimensions of socioeconomic background or attempt to capture a more holistic background in other ways. We then make a recommendation for methodological interventions to accomplish this more holistic approach and conclude with research and policy implications.
Mothering, Habitus and Habitat: The Role of Mothering as Moral Geography for the Inequality Impasse in Urban Education
Authors: Blokland Talja
Published: August 2023

Following Bourdieu, residential location as habitat may provide spatial profit when it matches with a habitus – but how? How can we conceptualize situations of mismatch between habitat and habitus, and what may they mean for urban inequalities? This article explores this topic through the lens of mothering practices in elementary schools. Qualitative interviews in two neighbourhoods in Berlin, Germany, suggest how moral geographies at intersections of class and race/ethnicity structure parents' opportunities to organize resources for children in their specific spatial contexts. It argues that mothering practices can help us see not just that, but how habitus and habitat are related. Empirically, it suggests that the moral geographies in which these schools are embedded reinforce the exclusionary consequences of their institutional practices. I theorize that the moral geographies of neighbourhoods as sites of mothering practices vis‐à‐vis the class‐based state logics in institutions may contribute to an urban impasse of educational inequality.
Gentrification and the Origin and Destination of Movers: A Systematic Review
Authors: Janssen Kyri Maaike Joey , Cottineau Clémentine , Kleinhans Reinout , van Bueren Ellen
Published: August 2023

Gentrification is a process whereby neighbourhoods and their socio‐economic composition upgrade through residential moves and social mobility. Relatively little attention has been paid to the spatial aspect of gentrification‐induced residential moves. This systematic literature review focuses on the origin and destination of moves to and from gentrifying neighbourhoods, by gentrifiers (movers in) and displacees (movers out). It identifies where, when, and how such research has been conducted and highlights gaps in the literature. Our results suggest that the destination of displaced households has been studied extensively, while an understanding of the spatial origins of gentrifiers is lacking. The few studies dedicated to gentrifiers' origins mostly focus on intra‐urban environments, overlooking potential mobility dynamics from outside the city‐region. We highlight that capturing both origins and destinations of movers at different spatial scales is necessary to demonstrate how residential mobility creates interactions and demographic interdependencies between neighbourhoods and cities.
An analysis of the wave forms of photoreceptor potentials in the retina of the chephalopod Sepiola atlantica.
Authors: Duncan G , Pynsent P B
Published: August 2023

1. Simultaneous intracellular (Vi) and extracellular (Ve) recordings have been made from photoreceptor cells in the retina of the cephalopod Sepiola atlantica. 2. The depolarization of the distal (rhodopsin containing) membrane (Vm) was derived from the Vi and Ve records. 3. All three potentials had very similar time courses in response to short flashes of low intensity but the Vi and Vm responses were much greater in amplitude. 4. At high intensities the amplitudes of Vi and Ve were similar but the wave forms were quite different and it was postulated that a voltage‐sensitive potassium conductance change in the proximal membranes of the cell was mainly reponsible for the observed differences. 5. The wave forms of the three responses following long (500 msec) flashes were quite different at all intensities tested. At high intensities there was a slow sag phase in the Vi response, that was mirrored by a slow rise phase in the Ve responses. The reconstructed Vm response was flat during this period of change in the other two responses. 6. The recoveries to the base line of all responses following both long and short flashes were similar in that at high intensities they consisted of at least two phases. The fast phase had a time constant less than 1 sec and the slow component had a time constant of greater than 10 sec. 7. The maximum rates of change of voltage (dV/dt) in both short and long flash responses were linear over a much wider range of intensity values than were the response amplitudes and the rates continued to increase after the peak response amplitude had saturated. 8. The characteristics of the cephalopod responses were compared with those from vertebrate rods and cones and several marked similarities were found.
The actions of excitatory amino acids on motoneurones in the feline spinal cord.
Authors: Engberg I , Flatman J A , Lambert J D
Published: August 2023

1. Combined recording or ionophoretic electrodes of the concentric type were used to investigate the depolarizing responses of DL‐homocysteate (DLH) and L‐glutamate in cat lumbar motoneurones. 2. Typically, DLH responses were slow both in onset and recovery, while glutamate responses were fast in onset and recovery and were frequently accompanied by a post‐response hyperpolarization. 3. DLH responses (smaller than those necessary to evoke firing) were accompanied by a stable decrease in GM. This decrease was usually more than could be accounted for by anomalous rectification of the membrane. 4. Small glutamate responses were accompanied by either a small decrease, no change or a small increase in GM. There was a biphasic change in GM during large responses: GM decreased during the rising phase and early part of the response plateau and thereafter increased as the depolarization was maintained. It is proposed that the high conductance state during glutamate application (but not the depolarization itself) is a manifestation of glutamate uptake. 5. Firing evoked by DLH was stable during very long applications of the drug. Firing evoked by glutamate was usually of short duration, despite the maintained depolarization. 6. No reversal potential for the DLH responses could be demonstrated, but the responses decreased in size both with hyperpolarization and depolarization of the membrane. A 'null point' of the response in the negative direction was found to be approximately ‐95 mV. 7. DLH resonses were insensitive to changes in the internal Cl concentration. When the external K concentration was increased by K+ ionophoresis, the DLH responses became smaller. It is concluded that the DLH response is probably mediated via a decrease in K+ conductance and that the availability of this conductance channel is potential dependent. 8. Changes in the sizes of evoked potentials (e.p.s.p.s, i.p.s.p.s and a.h.p.s) with DLH and glutamate responses were investigated. The size of each of these evoked potentials was inversely related to GM during the responses; thus they all showed stable increases during DLH responses. E.p.s.p.s recorded during DLH were of longer half‐width and time‐to‐peak than the control, but there was no change in the maximum slope (V.sec‐1). When e.p.s.p.s decreased in size with glutamate the time‐to‐peak remained constant. 9. Acidic amino acids have been implicated as natural excitatory transmitters. The consequence of our results for the mechanism of excitatory transmission is therefore discussed.
Chemical change and energy production during contraction of frog muscle: how are their time courses related?
Authors: Curtin N A , Woledge R C
Published: August 2023

1. The heat+work (h+w) and the changes in the levels of creatine, phosphocreatine and ATP were determined for 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 sec isometric tetani at 0 degrees C under aerobic conditions. The change in the sum of inorganic phosphate and glucose‐1‐phosphate and glucose‐6‐phosphate was measured also. The changes in the levels of all these chemicals and of lactate were measured in muscles stimulated for 15 sec under anaerobic conditions. 2. The lactate measurements and a comparison of the results for aerobic and anaerobic conditions showed that during a 15 sec tetanus there was a negligible amount of resynthesis of ATP from reactions other than the creatine kinase reaction. 3. For all durations of stimulation, except 1 sec, a significant part of the h+w could not be explained by the energy from ATP splitting and the creatine kinase reaction. The existence of an unexplained part of the h+w confirms earlier findings. 4. On the basis of its time course, the h+w was divided into the stable part and the labile part. The energy from the observed chemical reactions was always sufficient to account for the stable part of the h+w. 5. Early in the tetanus the unexplained energy is less than the labile part of the h+w. At the end of a 15 sec tetanus the total amounts of unexplained energy and labile h+w are equal. For this reason and others which are discussed it is probable that there is a close relationship between them.
The action of angiotensin II on the baroreflex response of the conscious ewe and the conscious fetus.
Authors: Ismay M J , Lumbers E R , Stevens A D
Published: August 2023

1. In conscious non‐pregnant and pregnant ewes and in chronic fetal lamb preparations, the beat by beat relationship between pulse interval and systolic pressure was studied during acute elevations in arterial pressure induced by phenylephrine. Baroreflex sensitivity, which was defined as the slope of the pressure‐pulse interval relationship when phenylephrine was used to raise pressure, was abolished by atropine and increased by propranolol. Baroreflex sensitivity was less in pregnant ewes and in foetal lambs compared with non‐pregnant ewes. 2. These findings suggest that the vagus nerve is responsible for the reflex bradycardia that occurs in the foetus and the ewe when arterial pressure is increased. 3. In both fetal and adult sheep, actue hypertension due to I.V. injection of angiotensin II was not associated with a consistent and progressive bradycardia, such as was seen with acute hypertension caused by phenylephrine. Angiotensin II has no direct chronotropic effect on heart rate in either the adult or the fetus. 4. No linear relationship between arterial pressure and pulse interval was seen when angiotensin II was used to raise pressure in sheep which were treated with propranolol. Therefore the lack of cardiac slowing with pressor doses of angiotensin II was not due to concomitant activation of the sympathoadrenal system. 5. It is concluded that in both fetal and adult sheep angiotensin II reduces the increase in vagal tone which is responsible for slowing of heart rate in response to acute rises in arterial pressure.
Actions of a carbocyanine dye on calcium‐dependent potassium transport in human red cell ghosts.
Authors: Simons T J
Published: August 2023

1. 3,3'‐Diethylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (diS‐C2‐(5)), a fluorescent dye widely used to estimate membrane potentials, inhibits the Ca‐dependent K transport system of human red cells and ghosts. It does not affect non‐specific cation leaks, net chloride movements or the Ca‐activated ATPase. 2. The nature of the inhibitory effect depends upon the conditions under which the dye is applied. When Ca‐containing ghosts with 100 mM internal K are suspended in a choline medium at 37 degrees C, 0.3 microM‐diS‐C2‐(5) causes virtually complete inhibition of K transport within 1 min (haematocrit 0.3%). Inhibition cannot be reversed by washing the ghosts to remove bound dye, although partial recovery occurs on subsequent incubation at 37 degrees C. 3. Inhibition is less marked when ghosts are suspended in solutions containing 100 mM‐K, and is largely reversed by washing. The degree of inhibition varies with the dye concentration: 50% inhibition occurs with a free diS‐C2‐(5) concentration of 0.7 microM, and about 5 x 10(6) dye molecules are bound per ghost. 4. Changes in internal and external K concentrations, keeping internal Ca constant, have no effect on the dye concentration required for 50% inhibition of K efflux. 5. When internal Ca is varied, keeping internal and external K constant, the dye concentration needed for 50% inhibition of K efflux varies inversely with the K efflux in the absence of dye. That is, diS‐C2‐(5) is most effective as an inhibitor when K efflux is at a maximum. This suggests that the dye reacts preferentially with the transport system in the Ca‐activated state. 6. The effects of several related molecules were examined, using Rb influx as a measure of K permeability. Inhibition is obtained in some cases, but is not directly related to the ability of the ghosts to bind the dyes. An anionic dye, diS‐C3SO3‐‐(5) inhibits Rb influx only when present inside the ghosts. 7. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Effects of permeant monovalent cations on end‐plate channels.
Authors: Gage P W , Van Helden D
Published: August 2023

1. The time constant of decay (tau D) and peak amplitude of miniature end‐plate currents (m.e.p.c.s) were recorded in voltage‐clamped toad sartorius fibres. The conductance (gamma) and average lifetime (tau N) of end‐plate channels activated by ionophoretically applied acetylcholine were calculated from records of current fluctuations and null potentials recorded in the same fibres. tau D was significantly greater than tau N measured at the same end‐plate. 2. Substitution for LiCl for NaCl increased tau D and tau N but decreased gamma and the peak amplitude of m.e.p.c.s. In contrast substitution of CsCl for NaCl decreased tau D and tau N but increased gamma and the peak amplitude of m.e.p.c.s. 3. In normal (Na) solution and in solutions in which Na had been replaced with Li, Cs and K, the ratios of average decay time constants of m.e.p.c.s and average channel lifetimes followed the sequence (tau(Li) greater than tau(Na) greater than tau(Cs) greater than tau(K)). 4. Substitution of Li, Cs or K for Na had little effect on the acetylcholine null potential. Average null potentials in Li, Na and Cs solutions were ‐6.1, ‐3.2 and 0.1 mV at 20 degrees C, and ‐7.3, ‐5.3 and ‐0.1 mV at 8 degrees C, respectively. The average null potential in K solution measured at 8 degrees C was ‐2.4 mV. 5. Peak conductance during an m.e.p.c. (Gp) followed the sequence (Gp(K) greater than or equal to Gp(Cs) greater than Gp(Na) greater than Gp(Li)). Single channel conductance followed a similar sequence of gamma(K) greater than or equal to gamma(Cs) greater than gamma(Na) greater than gamma(Li). 6. The voltage sensitivity of the rate of decay of m.e.p.c.s and of average channel lifetime was affected by substituting monovalent cations for Na, being greater in Li solution and less in Cs or K solutions. The total amount of charge moving across a single channel or across channels activated during an m.e.p.c. was largely unchanged in Li, Na, Cs and K solutions. 7. Single channel conductance and peak conductance during an m.e.p.c. varied with membrane potential in normal (Na) solution, decreasing with membrane hyperpolarization. This effect was more marked in Li solution but was less evident in Cs or K solutions.
Characterization of GaN structures for power electronics by secondary ion mass spectrometry and atomic force microscope approach
Authors: Spelta Tarek , Veillerot Marc , Martinez Eugénie , Chevalier Nicolas , Mariolle Denis , Templier Roselyne , Salem Bassem , Paes Pinto Rocha Pedro Fernandes , Vauche Laura , Boubenia Sarah , Hyot Bérangère
Published: August 2023

This scientific paper describes the chemical study of different Al2O3/GaN interfaces found in the new generation of high electron mobility transistors developed for power electronics applications. The stake for these interfaces is the limitation, ideally the absence of an oxidized gallium layer hampering the good electrical behavior of the semiconductor. These structures have been studied through time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), magnetic SIMS (M-SIMS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses. Two structures were considered: a bilayer Al2O3 10 nm–GaOx 2 nm on GaN and a Al2O3 10 nm single layer deposited on preliminary etched GaN. The first sample was used as a dedicated reference sample where an actual gallium oxide layer was grown, whereas the second one was a technologically relevant structure. Several experimental conditions were compared for the ToF- and M-SIMS analyses; in particular, three angles of incidence for the primary Cs+ sputter beam (65°, 61°, 45°) were used, leading to diverse depth resolutions and roughnesses, as revealed by surface topography analysis provided by AFM. Among the different incidence angles, it was found that the best experimental conditions were those obtained by ToF-SIMS analysis with an incidence angle of 45°, generating the least roughness.
The Effects of Instructional Self-Talk on Quiet-Eye Duration and Golf-Putting Performance
Authors: Sarig Yonatan , Ruiz Montse C. , Hatzigeorgiadis Antonis , Tenenbaum Gershon
Published: August 2023

While the impact of strategic self-talk on performance is well documented, examination of the attentional–perceptual mechanisms of self-talk is still at early stages. This study’s aim was to examine the effects of instructional self-talk on quiet-eye durations and putting performance. Thirty participants were recruited and randomly assigned to self-talk or control conditions. Participants performed a golf-putting task in a mixed between (self-talk vs. control) and within (pre- vs. postintervention) design. Two 2 × 2 mixed-design analyses of variance were conducted for performance and quiet-eye durations as dependent variables. A mediation analysis was conducted to examine the mediating effect of quiet-eye durations on performance. Results showed that self-talk use led to longer quiet-eye durations and better performance compared with controls. The mediation analysis indicated that performance was mediated by quiet-eye durations. Discussion centers on the role of quiet-eye in motor performance and how self-talk can assist in regulating quiet-eye.