bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesizing drivers of fish functional responses across species
Authors: Buba Yehezkel , DeLong John P , Belmaker Jonathan
Published: October 2021

Fishes are subject to numerous stressors, including climate change, fishing and impacts by alien species. One of the challenges in understanding species and community responses to these stressors is identifying how they modify predator–prey interactions, a key process shaping aquatic food webs. Here, we aim to synthesize how species traits, such as size, activity level and alien status, and environmental factors, such as water temperature, shape the functional response: the change in predator consumption rate in relation to changes in prey density. We compiled over 300 fish functional responses and examined sources of variation in two key parameters dictating its shape: handling times and space clearance rates. We found that compared to cold waters, warmer waters were characterized by decreased handling times and increased space clearance rates for smaller predators, but had an opposite effect for bigger predators, suggesting that, across species, altered predation rates may underlie the decrease in size at higher temperatures (the temperature‐size rule). We also found that the negative effect of increased temperature on the functional response of larger predators is more pronounced in active species. Finally, we found that known alien species do not exhibit different functional response parameters when examined on their native prey, suggesting that alien species are not primed for invasion via their high functional response. Together, these asymmetric changes imply that, across species, warmer waters may alter predator–prey relationships differentially according to predator size, prey size and activity levels.
Long‐term changes in temperate marine fish assemblages are driven by a small subset of species
Authors: Gotelli Nicholas J. , Moyes Faye , Antão Laura H. , Blowes Shane A. , Dornelas Maria , McGill Brian J. , Penny Amelia , Schipper Aafke M. , Shimadzu Hideyasu , Supp Sarah R. , Waldock Conor A. , Magurran Anne E.
Published: October 2021

The species composition of plant and animal assemblages across the globe has changed substantially over the past century. How do the dynamics of individual species cause this change? We classified species into seven unique categories of temporal dynamics based on the ordered sequence of presences and absences that each species contributes to an assemblage time series. We applied this framework to 14,434 species trajectories comprising 280 assemblages of temperate marine fishes surveyed annually for 20 or more years. Although 90% of the assemblages diverged in species composition from the baseline year, this compositional change was largely driven by only 8% of the species' trajectories. Quantifying the reorganization of assemblages based on species shared temporal dynamics should facilitate the task of monitoring and restoring biodiversity. We suggest ways in which our framework could provide informative measures of compositional change, as well as leverage future research on pattern and process in ecological systems.
Flood‐recession cropping in the mid‐Zambezi Valley: A neglected farming system with potential to improve household food security and income
Authors: Chimweta Moreblessing , Nyakudya Innocent Wadzanayi , Jimu Luke , Musemwa Lovemore , Mashingaidze Arnold Bray , Musara Joseph Persevearance , Kashe Keotshephile
Published: October 2021

Flood‐based farming systems can contribute significantly to smallholder farmers’ food security and household income. The objectives of this study were to assess socio‐economic importance of flood‐recession cropping (FRC); characterise maize agronomic practices; determine factors that affect selection of crop establishment method; and identify major crop production challenges in the mid‐Zambezi Valley. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 123 respondents, 11 focus group discussions and field observations. Factors affecting selection of crop establishment method were analysed using the binary logistic regression model and all other data were analysed using descriptive statistics in SPSS version 20.0. FRC was ranked highest among livelihood sources. Crops grown and allocated mean land areas (ha) were maize (0.56), sweet potato (0.25), sugar beans (0.16), okra (0.32), cowpea (0.21), tomato (0.14) and watermelon (0.19). Most farmers (69%) established crops by holing out planting stations in furrows. Maize plant spacing averaged 0.86 × 0.64 m and 75% of the farmers planted at least four seeds per station at 0.28 m mean depth. Only 8.9% of the farmers used inorganic fertilisers and 4.3% used certified seed. Furrow and holing out was more likely to be practised by farmers who resided in Muzarabani, had more household labour, perceived their fields as inadequate, owned more draught power animals, and cited high temperature as a challenge. The more years a farmer had practised FRC, the less likely they were to practise furrow and holing out. Major production challenges were pest damage, and inadequate labour and equipment. There are opportunities to (1) improve crop yields through using certified seed, selecting appropriate crop establishment methods, optimising plant spacing, and microdosing with inorganic fertilisers; (2) intensify high‐value crop cultivation to create employment; and (3) diversify food and income through post‐harvest processing and value addition. Research should address crop pest damage, and inadequate labour and equipment, and yield benefits of different crop establishment methods.
Generating a new mouse model for nuclear PTEN deficiency by a single K13R mutation
Authors: Kato Takashi , Igarashi Atsushi , Sesaki Hiromi , Iijima Miho
Published: October 2021

Many human diseases, including cancer and neurological abnormalities, are linked to deficiencies of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), a dual phosphatase that dephosphorylates both lipids and proteins. PTEN functions in multiple intracellular locations, including the plasma membrane and nucleus. Therefore, a critical challenge to understand the pathogenesis of PTEN‐associated diseases is to determine the specific role of PTEN at different locations. Toward this goal, the current study generated a mouse line in which lysine 13, which is critical for the nuclear localization of PTEN, is changed to arginine in the lipid‐binding domain using the CRISPR‐Ca9 gene‐editing system. We found that PTENK13R mice show a strong decrease in the localization of PTEN in the nucleus without affecting the protein stability, phosphatase activity, and phosphorylation in the C‐terminal tail region. PTENK13R mice are viable but produce smaller neurons and develop microcephaly. These data demonstrate that PTENK13R mice provide a useful animal model to study the role of PTEN in the nucleus in vivo.
Olive leaf‐derived PPAR agonist complex induces collagen IV synthesis in human skin models
Authors: Majewski George P. , Singh Smrita , Bojanowski Krzysztof
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) agonists are known to modulate the synthesis of dermal lipids and proteins including collagens. Olive (Olea europaea) leaves have been reported to contain PPAR‐binding ligands. Collagen IV, a major dermal‐epidermal junction (DEJ) protein, degrades with both age and disease. Here, we report the formulation of a novel multi‐ligand complex, Linefade, and its effects on collagen IV synthesis.

Methods

Linefade prepared from the leaves of Olea europaea contains 2% w/w plant extract solids dissolved in a mixture of glyceryl monoricinoleate and dimethyl isosorbide. In silico docking was performed with PPAR‐α (PDB ID: 2P54). Linefade was evaluated for PPAR‐α‐dependent transcription in a luciferase reporter assay system. Cell viability and collagen IV levels in human dermal fibroblast cultures were measured using the MTT method and ELISA assay, respectively. Transcriptome analysis was conducted on a full‐thickness reconstituted human skin (EpiDermFT) model. Ex vivo cell viability and collagen IV immunostaining were performed on human skin explants.

Results

In silico docking model of the major constituents (oleanolic acid and glyceryl monoricinoleate) produced a co‐binding affinity of −6.7 Kcal/mole. Linefade significantly increased PPAR‐α transcriptional activity in CHO cells and collagen IV synthesis in adult human dermal fibroblasts. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 1% Linefade modulated the expression of 280 genes with some related to epidermal differentiation, DEJ, PPAR, Nrf2 and retinoid pathways. An ex vivo human explant study showed that 1% Linefade, delivered via a triglycerides excipient, increased collagen IV levels along the dermal–epidermal junction by 52%.

Conclusion

In silico modelling and in vitro and ex vivo analyses confirmed Linefade‐mediated activation of PPAR‐α and stimulation of collagen IV synthesis.
Mechanical properties and oxidation behavior of SiCf/Ti3SiC2 composites prepared by hot isostatic pressing
Authors: Xiong Yi , Ye Zheng , Huang Jihua , Yang Jian
Published: October 2021

SiCf /Ti3SiC2 composites were fabricated by hot isostatic pressing using Ti3SiC2 powder and SiCf as starting materials at 1200°C for 2 h. A maximum flexural strength of 498 MPa and a fracture toughness of 6.76 MPa·m1/2 were achieved for a composite with 5 vol% SiCf and the microhardness reached 1068 HV1 with 25 vol% SiCf. SiC and Ti3SiC2 are thermodynamically stable according to the Ti–Si–C phase diagram. However, microstructure analysis showed that the SiCf was distributed uniformly in the Ti3SiC2 matrix with an interfacial layer that was composed of TiC and SiC. Elemental Al agglomeration in the Ti3SiC2 matrix occurred in this reaction layer, which was considered the inducing factor for the occurrence of the interfacial reaction. The interfacial reaction was intense with a low fiber content. Oxidation testing suggested that the oxidation rate increased with SiCf introduction. The oxidation mass gain curve plateaued after 15 h.
Recent developments in non‐thermal processing for seafood and seafood products: cold plasma, pulsed electric field and high hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Rathod Nikheel Bhojraj , Kulawik Piotr , Ozogul Yesim , Ozogul Fatih , Bekhit Alaa El‐Din A.
Published: October 2021

Seafood and seafood products (SSPs) are highly perishable foods due to their chemical composition (high moisture content and nutrients). They are regarded as highly sensitive to different processing technologies. SSPs are subjected to various processing conditions with intent to extend their shelf life, quality and minimal nutritional degradation. Recently developed non‐thermal technologies (NTTs) have proved their efficacy in inactivation of microorganisms and enzymatic activities, enhancing the shelf life while maintaining the nutritional quality. Considering the significant impacts of NTTs on shelf life extension and maintaining quality parameters, it has attracted considerable interest by scientific communities and commercial applications in some cases. Thus, this article focuses on recent developments in the application of NTTs namely, cold plasma, pulsed electric field and high hydrostatic pressure as well as advantages and limitations of NTTs. In addition, their impacts on microbiological, physicochemical, quality and safety of SSPs are elucidated.
Control of powdery contents and mass rates of the extract in the dry substance of barley malt by photoluminescent method
Authors: Belyakov Mikhail V. , Kulikova Marina. G. , Gerts Andrej. A.
Published: October 2021

In order to adapt the photoluminescent method for controlling the quality indicators of barley malt, experimental studies were carried out on its grains. The spectral characteristics of excitation and luminescence of products of various powdery contents and the mass rate of the extract in dry substance (extractivity) of the malt are qualitatively similar, though with an increase in submitted parameters, the curves shift upward. The dependences of powdery contents and extractivity on photoluminescence fluxes can be statistically reliably approximated by linear regression models. The developed technologies for photoluminescence control include sample preparation, excitation of luminescence at a wavelength of 424 nm, its registration in the range of 450–600 nm and amplification of the obtained electrical signal. Further, on the basis of previously established dependencies, powdery contents and extractivity of the malt are determined, after which a decision is made concerning further actions towards the products.
Potential applications and limitations of edible coatings for maintaining tomato quality and shelf life
Authors: Duguma Haile Tesfaye
Published: October 2021

Tomato is among the most commercialised fruits due to its high nutritional value and health‐promoting compounds. However, tomatoes have a short shelf life and plastic packaging materials are used to mitigate perishability. Nevertheless, the exhaustion of nonrenewable natural resources used to produce plastics and demand for eco‐friendly packaging entailed search for other alternatives. Edible coatings have emerged as an effective and environmentally friendly alternative to protect fruits from physical and chemical deterioration, and microbial spoilage. Edible coating can be produced from natural raw materials such as lipids, proteins and polysaccharides. The aim of this review was to assess the recent scientific literature regarding the application of edible coatings in maintaining quality and enhancing shelf life of tomatoes. This review has collected and analysed the most recent studies about the application of edible coatings of tomato. The available literature has indicated that different edible coatings have the potential to maintain physico‐chemical and sensory qualities and improve shelf life of tomatoes. Despite several benefits, edible coatings have poor barrier properties, and some of edible coatings impart undesirable flavour on produce. The review suggests that blending edible coatings with essential oil and active compounds using nanotechnologies could be used to overcome the limitations of edible coatings.
Obtaining of Chickpea Protein Isolate and its Application as Coating Enriched with Essential Oils from Satureja Hortensis and Satureja Mutica in Egg at Room Temperature
Authors: Farnejad Soudeh , Nouri Marjan , Safari Dolatabad Saeed
Published: October 2021

Eggs are one of the most nutritious products on a daily basis. The objective of present research is to investigate the impact of coatings on improving storage time and internal quality of eggs. Coating treatments included control (C), coated with chickpea protein isolate (CPI), coated with PI containing Satureja hortensis (CPISH), coated with PI containing Satureja mutica (CPISM). Internal quality was assessed by air cell depth, shell strength, weight loss, haugh unit, yolk and albumen pH, yolk index, microbial evaluation and scanning electron microscope. The weight loss increased during storage and its highest value was 6.12%. Edible coatings (CPI, CPISH, CPISM) preserved internal quality according to the haugh unit, yolk index and pH over 4 weeks (20 °C) compared with C. Haugh unit (5.04), yolk index (0.31), albumen (9.51) and yolk pH (7.04) were detected in C after 7 weeks. CPISH and CPISM protected shell is observed by scanning electron microscope and these coatings affected the internal quality and were appropriate alternatives to extend storage.
Experiences of current vital signs monitoring practices and views of wearable monitoring: A qualitative study in patients and nurses
Authors: Areia Carlos , King Elizabeth , Ede Jody , Young Louise , Tarassenko Lionel , Watkinson Peter , Vollam Sarah
Published: October 2021

Aims

To understand current experiences of vital signs monitoring of patients and clinical staff on a surgical ward, and views on the introduction of wearable ambulatory monitoring into the general ward environment.

Design

Qualitative study.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews using topic guides were conducted with 15 patients and 15 nurses on a surgical ward between July 2018 and August 2019. The concept of ambulatory wearable devices for clinical monitoring was introduced at the end of the interview.

Results

Three interconnected themes were identified. Vital sign data as evidence for escalation, examined nurses' use of data to support escalation of care and the implications for patients perceived to be deteriorating who have not reached the threshold for escalation. The second theme, Trustworthiness of vital sign data, described nurses’ practice of using manual measurements to recheck or confirm automated vital signs readings when concerned. The final theme, finding a balance between continuous and intermittent monitoring, both patients and nurses agreed that although continuous monitoring may improve safety and reassurance, these needed to be balanced with multiple limitations. Factors to be considered included noise pollution, comfort, and impact on patient mobility and independence. Introduction of the concept of ambulatory wearable devices was viewed positively by both groups as offering solutions to some of the issues identified with traditional monitoring. However, most agreed that this would not be suitable for all patients and should not replace direct nurse/patient contact.

Conclusion

Both patients and staff identified the benefits of continuous monitoring to improve patient safety but, due to limitations, use should be carefully considered and patient‐centred.

Impact

Feedback from nurses and patients suggests there is scope for ambulatory monitoring systems to be integrated into the hospital environment; however, both groups emphasized these should not add more noise to the ward nor replace direct nursing contact.
A novel walk‐in clinic treatment intervention for youth presenting with anxiety and depression
Authors: McGuinty Jazlyn , Carlson Alain , Li Angela , Nelson John
Published: October 2021

Topic

This article explores a novel, single‐session treatment intervention for anxiety and depression through an externalizing process, transforming of metaphoric imagery, and shifting of underlying maladaptive emotional schemas within the Walk‐in counseling setting.

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a novel, single‐session treatment protocol that is delineated through a six‐stage process (or mediators of change) for the clinical population of youth presenting with anxiety and/or depression, mild‐to‐moderate severity. These are two of the most common presenting concerns for this population and the proposed treatment intervention is from a very brief format. A case study is used to illustrate the treatment protocol which is presented in table format and within‐session description.

Sources used

A composite literature review was conducted with relevant works specific to single‐session consultation including Walk‐in clinic models to mental health treatment.

Conclusions

The interconnected theoretical constructs both map and manualize its key clinical processes, which reflects the mechanism of change in this brief model. This proposed line of clinical research may introduce a paradigm shift towards specific treatments for specific presenting concerns in the Walk‐in counseling modality for youth.
Perimitral atrial tachycardias dependent on residual nonligament of Marshall conduction
Authors: Sato Yoshikazu , Kusa Shigeki , Hachiya Hitoshi , Yamao Kazuya , Miwa Naoyuki , Hara Satoshi , Hirano Hidenori , Sasano Tetsuo
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Catheter ablation for perimitral atrial tachycardia (PMAT) that persists despite lateral mitral isthmus (LMI) ablation is challenging. The aim of this study was to identify the role of the ligament of Marshall (LOM) in PMATs that persist after LMI conduction block has been created, and evaluate the validity of ethanol infusion into the vein of Marshall (VOM) as treatment.

Methods and Results

Sixteen consecutive PMATs in 13 patients that persisted despite apparent LMI conduction block, which was confirmed by ultrahigh‐resolution mapping and entrainment pacing along the mitral annulus, were analyzed. PMATs were classified into two types based on the location of the endocardial breakthrough site: those utilizing the LOM (n = 13), which had a breakthrough site along with the LOM, and those not utilizing the LOM (n = 3), which had a breakthrough site at an anterior or posterior side of the LOM. Of the 16 PMATs, 5 PMATs (31%) were not suitable for ethanol infusion into the VOM because the LOM was not involved in the tachycardia circuit or because of the anatomy of the VOM. Fourteen PMATs (88%) were successfully terminated solely by breakthrough site ablation. At a mean follow‐up period of 12 ± 9 months, 10 (77%) patients have remained free from atrial tachyarrhythmias.

Conclusion

In cases of PMAT following LMI ablation, epicardial conduction over the LMI can occur independently of the LOM. Ethanol infusion into the VOM in such cases would not abolish residual epicardial conduction. The anatomy of the VOM can also preclude the use of this method.
A reliable fossa ovalis impedance mapping for safer transseptal puncture: A new vision beyond voltage
Authors: Pentimalli Francesco , Cornara Stefano , Astuti Matteo , Bacino Luca , Somaschini Alberto , Mazzucchi Paolo , Buscaglia Elisa , Cordone Stefano , Ghione Matteo , Errigo Daniele , Bellone Pietro
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Transseptal puncture (TSP) is widely used in clinical practice but is negatively affected by a nonneglectable rate of complications and X‐ray exposure. To address these problems, we investigated whether or not impedance mapping could correctly identify fossa ovalis (FO) and safely guide TSP.

Methods and Results

Electroanatomic mapping was performed with CARTO 3 system version 7 and a ThermoCool® SmartTouch® mapping catheter was employed. In each patient, an impedance map and a bipolar voltage map of the whole interatrial septum were collected, acquiring at least 150 points with a contact force ≥2 g and using the pattern matching filter.

Thirty‐five patients were enrolled. A low impedance area was clearly identified in 34 of them. In 30 patients (88%), the FO was located in the low impedance area. The map was obtained in sinus rhythm in 17 cases (50%); in 15 of these (88%), the TSP site, the patent foramen ovale, or the FO tenting area fell inside the low impedance area. The same numbers were observed when mapping during atrial fibrillation.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that provides the reliability and reproducibility of impedance mapping in identifying FO, an affordable and feasible tool that could be potentially introduced into clinical practice.
Bisphosphonate‐enoxacin inhibit osteoclast formation and function by abrogating RANKL‐induced JNK signalling pathways during osteoporosis treatment
Authors: Xu Qiang , Zhan Ping , Li Xiaofeng , Mo Fengbo , Xu Huaen , Liu Yuan , Lai Qi , Zhang Bin , Dai Min , Liu Xuqiang
Published: October 2021

Osteoporosis is an age‐related disease characterized by low mineral density, compromised bone strength and increased risk of fragility fracture. Most agents for treating osteoporosis focus primarily on anti‐resorption by inhibiting osteoclast activity. Bisphosphonate (BP) is a potent anti‐resorptive agent that has been used clinically for decades and is proven to be effective. However, BP has a variety of side effects and is far from being an ideal anti‐osteoporosis agent. BP selectively binds to calcium crystals, which are subsequently taken up or released by osteoclasts. Based on the action of BP, we previously demonstrated the inhibitory effect of a novel bone‐targeting BP derivative, bisphosphonate‐enoxacin (BE). In the current study, we used bone marrow‐derived osteoclast cultures to further assess the inhibitory effect of BE on osteoclastogenesis and employed reverse transcription PCR and real‐time PCR to examine expression of osteoclast‐specific genes. Additionally, we used bone resorption and F‐actin immunofluorescence assays to evaluate the effect of BE on osteoclast function and investigated the potential mechanisms affecting osteoclast differentiation and function in vitro. Furthermore, an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model was established to evaluate the therapeutic effects of BE on preventing bone loss. Results showed that BE exerted potent inhibitory effects on osteoclast formation and bone resorption by specifically abrogating RANKL‐induced JNK signalling, and that it preserved OVX rat bone mass in vivo without any notable side effects. Collectively, these results indicated that the BP derivative BE may have significant potential as a treatment for osteoporosis and other osteolytic diseases.
Effects of probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum G9‐1 on the gastrointestinal symptoms of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin: An open‐label, single‐arm, exploratory research trial
Authors: Hata Shinnosuke , Nakajima Hanako , Hashimoto Yoshitaka , Miyoshi Tomoki , Hosomi Yukako , Okamura Takuro , Majima Saori , Nakanishi Naoko , Senmaru Takafumi , Osaka Takafumi , Okada Hiroshi , Ushigome Emi , Hamaguchi Masahide , Asano Mai , Yamazaki Masahiro , Fukui Michiaki
Published: October 2021

Aims/Introduction

Metformin is associated with the risk of gastrointestinal complications, and probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum G9‐1 (BBG9‐1) can improve the symptoms of diarrhea. This study aimed to clarify the effects of probiotic BBG9‐1 on the gastrointestinal symptoms of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients using metformin.

Materials and methods

In this open‐label single‐arm exploratory study, 40 patients (mean age 64.0 ± 9.4 years) were given probiotic BBG9‐1 for 10 weeks. Changes in the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale total score, which was the primary end‐point, gastrointestinal symptom rating scale subscale scores, glycated hemoglobin levels and gut microbiota after the administration of probiotic BBG9‐1 were evaluated by the Student's t‐test.

Results

The gastrointestinal symptom rating scale total score significantly improved (from 2.02 ± 0.51 to 1.59 ± 0.43, change, −0.43 ± 0.49, P < 0.001). Furthermore, all gastrointestinal symptom rating scale subscale scores, including diarrhea (from 2.32 ± 1.14 to 1.89 ± 0.99, change, −0.42 ± 0.95, P = 0.007) and constipation (from 3.00 ± 1.16 to 2.20 ± 1.07, change, −0.80 ± 1.19, P < 0.001), scores also significantly improved. However, the glycated hemoglobin levels did not change (from 7.0 ± 0.7 to 7.0 ± 0.6%, change, 0.0 ± 0.4, P = 0.91). The relative abundance of the genus Sutterella decreased by the use of probiotic BBG9‐1 (from 0.011 ± 0.009 to 0.008 ± 0.006, change, −0.003 ± 0.006, P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated with metformin showed significant improvement in all gastrointestinal symptom rating scores after using probiotic BBG9‐1 without changing the glucose control. This study showed the potential usefulness of probiotic BBG9‐1 for improving gastrointestinal symptoms, including constipation and diarrhea, in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients treated with metformin.
Melanoma in children and adolescents: analysis of susceptibility genes in 123 Italian patients
Authors: Pellegrini C. , Raimondi S. , Di Nardo L. , Ghiorzo P. , Menin C. , Manganoni M.A. , Palmieri G. , Guida G. , Quaglino P. , Stanganelli I. , Massi D. , Pastorino L. , Elefanti L. , Tosti G. , Queirolo P. , Leva A. , Maurichi A. , Rodolfo M. , Fargnoli M.C. ,   the Italian Melanoma Intergroup (IMI)
Published: October 2021

Background

A polygenic inheritance involving high, medium and low penetrance genes has been suggested for melanoma susceptibility in adults, but genetic information is scarce for paediatric patients.

Objective

We aim to analyse the major high and intermediate melanoma risk genes, CDKN2A, CDK4, POT1, MITF and MC1R, in a large multicentre cohort of Italian children and adolescents in order to explore the genetic context of paediatric melanoma and to reveal potential differences in heritability between children and adolescents.

Methods

One‐hundred‐twenty‐three patients (<21 years) from nine Italian centres were analysed for the CDKN2A, CDK4, POT1, MITF, and MC1R melanoma predisposing genes. The rate of gene variants was compared between sporadic, familial and multiple melanoma patients and between children and adolescents, and their association with clinico‐pathological characteristics was evaluated.

Results

Most patients carried MC1R variants (67%), while CDKN2A pathogenic variants were found in 9% of the cases, the MITF E318K in 2% of patients and none carried CDK4 or the POT1 S270N pathogenic variant. Sporadic melanoma patients significantly differed from familial and multiple cases for the young age at diagnosis, infrequent red hair colour, low number of nevi, low frequency of CDKN2A pathogenic variants and of the MC1R R160W variant. Melanoma in children (≤12 years) had more frequently spitzoid histotype, were located on the head/neck and upper limbs and had higher Breslow thickness. The MC1R V92M variant was more common in children than in adolescents. CDKN2A common polymorphisms and MC1R variants were associated with a high number of nevi.

Conclusion

Our results confirm the scarce involvement of the major high‐risk susceptibility genes in paediatric melanoma and suggest the implication of MC1R gene variants especially in the children population.
Fracture strength of zirconia and lithium disilicate restorations following endodontic access
Authors: Lucas Thomas J. , Lawson Nathaniel C. , Englert Brandon , Goldstein Ken , Goldstein Ronald
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To compare the fracture load of zirconia and lithium disilicate crowns prepared with endodontic access with fine and coarse diamond instruments.

Materials and methods

0.8 mm (3Y zirconia) or 1 mm (lithium disilicate) crowns were luted to resin composite dies with resin‐modified glass ionomer (zirconia) or self‐adhesive resin (lithium disilicate) cement. A 2.5 mm endodontic access hole was placed in each crown with fine (8369DF.31.025FOOTBALL) or coarse (6379 DC.31.023FOOTBALL) diamond instruments and restored with composite. A control group was prepared without access holes. Crowns were thermocycled for 10,000 cycles (5–55°C) and tested in compression with a steel indenter until failure (n = 8/group). A one‐way ANOVA and Dunnett 2‐sided test (alpha = 0.05) compared differences in fracture load between groups.

Results

For zirconia, there was no statistical difference between the control group (2335 ± 160 N) and coarse diamond group (2345 ± 246 N); however, the fine diamond group (2077 ± 216 N) was significantly lower. For lithium disilicate, there was no statistical difference between the control group (2113 ± 183 N) and the fine (2049 ± 105 N) or coarse (2240 ± 118 N) groups.

Conclusions

3Y zirconia crowns became weaker when accessed with a fine diamond instrument. There was no negative effect of the endodontic access with bonded lithium disilicate crowns.

Clinical significance

Conservative endodontic access openings in high‐strength ceramic restorations do not have a negative effect on their static fracture load. The coarse zirconia‐cutting diamond rotary instrument is more efficient and has a less detrimental effect on the strength of the crowns than a fine diamond rotary instrument.
Mast cells and histamine are involved in the neuronal damage observed in a quinolinic acid‐induced model of Huntington's disease
Authors: Martínez‐Gopar Pablo Eliasib , Pérez‐Rodríguez Marian Jesabel , Rodríguez‐Manzo Gabriela , Garduño‐Gutierrez René , Tristán‐López Luis , Angeles‐López Quetzalli Denisse , González‐Espinosa Claudia , Pérez‐Severiano Francisca
Published: October 2021

Huntington´s disease (HD) is a pathological condition that can be studied in mice by the administration of quinolinic acid (QUIN), an agonist of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) that induces NMDAR‐mediated cytotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Mast cells (MCs) participate in numerous inflammatory processes through the release of important amounts of histamine (HA). In this study, we aimed to characterize the participation of MCs and HA in the establishment of neural and oxidative damage in the QUIN‐induced model of HD. C57BL6/J mice (WT), MC‐deficient c‐KitW‐sh/W‐sh (Wsh) mice and Wsh mice reconstituted by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of 5 × 105 bone marrow‐derived mast cells (BMMCs), or i.c.v. administered with HA (5 µg) were used. All groups of animals were intrastriatally injected with 1 µL QUIN (30 nmol/µL) and 3 days later, apomorphine‐induced circling behavior, striatal GABA levels and the number of Fluoro‐Jade positive cells, as indicators of neuronal damage, were determined. Also, lipid peroxidation (LP) and reactive oxygen species production (ROS), as markers of oxidative damage, were analyzed. Wsh mice showed less QUIN‐induced neuronal and oxidative damage than WT and Wsh‐MC reconstituted animals. Histamine administration restored the QUIN‐induced neuronal and oxidative damage in the non‐reconstituted Wsh mice to levels equivalent or superior to those observed in WT mice. Our results demonstrate that MCs and HA participate in the neuronal and oxidative damages observed in mice subjected to the QUIN ‐induced model of Huntington's disease.

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Professional profile and work conditions of nurses working in intensive care units: A multicentre study
Authors: Achury Saldaña Diana Marcela , Achury Beltrán Luisa Fernanda , Rodríguez Colmenares Sandra Mónica , Alvarado Romero Herly Ruth , Cavallo Edhit , Ulloa Ana Cristina , Merino Virginia , da Silva Barreto Mayckel , Andrade Fonseca David , Muñoz Acuña Doraly , Betancur Manrique Yanier , Rodríguez Marín Jorge Eliecer , González Gómez Ana Angelica , Herrera Corpas Katerine , Andrade Méndez Brayant , Vargas Toloza Ruby Elizabeth , Martínez Rojas Sandra Milena , De las Salas Martínez Roxana Patricia
Published: October 2021

Aim

To determine the professional profile and the work conditions of nurses working in intensive care units (ICU) in Colombia, Argentina, Peru and Brazil.

Background

ICUs require a differentiated professional profile to provide quality care, and appropriate working conditions, leading to a transformation of care and management practices.

Design

Descriptive multicentre cross‐sectional observational study.

Methods

An online survey was applied to identify both the characteristics of the professional profile and the working conditions. 1,427 ICU nursing professionals were included. RStudio statistical software was used for the analysis of the information. Descriptive statistics were used for the presentation of the results. The STROBE checklist for cross‐sectional studies was used in this study.

Results

Only 33.6% of the professionals had a specialisation degree in intensive care. The skills that were most frequently put into practice were communication (68.5%) and care management (78.5%). The most predominant nurse‐to‐patient ratios were 1:2, and greater than 1:6. 59.1% of the nurses had an indefinite term contract, 38.8% worked 48 hours per week and 49.8% had rotating shifts. Only 50.4% of them received incentives. The average salary ranged between 348 and 1,500 USD. 64.5% of the participants were satisfied with their job.

Conclusion

It is necessary to strengthen nurses’ professional profile by promoting both postgraduate education and the development of troubleshooting and teamwork skills. It is necessary to standardise the nurse‐to‐patient ratio, improve wages and increase incentives to achieve greater job satisfaction.

Relevance to practice

The knowledge and the improvement of both the professional profile and the work conditions of nurses working in intensive care units will improve the quality of the care given to critical patients and, therefore, the quality of health outcomes.
The effect of ultrasonographically measured fetal adipose tissue components on labor
Authors: Akselim Burak , Karaşin Süleyman Serkan , Altekin Yasin , Toksoy Karaşin Zeynep
Published: October 2021

Aim

To investigate whether increased fetal adiposity diagnosed ultrasonographical is associated with labor dystocia, and increased risk of operative delivery.

Method

This was a prospective study and included 400 pregnant women between 37 and 41 weeks of gestation. In addition to standard ultrasonographic measurements, we evaluated fetal soft tissue thickness before delivery. We also recorded data on delivery method, shoulder dystocia, fetal birthweight and labor duration. We considered the period between 6 and 10 cm cervical opening as the active phase, and the period from full dilation to birth as the second stage.

Results

While the vaginal delivery rate was 77.3%, a cesarean was performed in 22.7% of pregnant women. We found a positive correlation between fetal adipose tissue components and durations of the active phase and second‐stage labor and the baby's birthweight. Also, we examined and determined that cesarean section and labor dystocia increased as the fetus adipose tissue thickness increased. We investigated the effect of parameters on the study results with logistic regression analysis and possible threshold values with receiver operating characteristics analysis.

Conclusion

Our study evaluated the fetal adipose tissue complex during delivery was significant in terms of labor dystocia and operative delivery. We think it may be a guide for future studies in the literature.
LncRNA LINC00152 promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma growth via enhancing Upstream Transcription Factor 1 mediated Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L52 transcription
Authors: Zou Xiuhe , Hu Xiaokun , He Fenghui , Zhang Ming , Kong Xiangyu , Rui Shu , Liu Yang , Wang Liying , Zheng Xun , Liu Jiaye , Li Zhihui , Luo Han
Published: October 2021

Background

LINC00152 (long intergenic non‐protein coding RNA 152) was identified as an oncogenic lncRNA in multiple cancers. In the current study, we aimed to explore the transcriptional profile of LINC00152 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its regulations at the transcriptional level.

Methods

Bioinformatic analysis was performed by extracting the OSCC subset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)‐Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSC). LINC00152 subcellular localization and its interacting transcriptional factors (TFs) were explored. Dual‐luciferase assay and ChIP‐qPCR were applied to study transcriptional regulation. In vitro and in vivo tumor cell growth models were used for functional assays.

Results

NR_024206.2 was the dominant isoform that accounts for 80% of all transcripts of LINC00152. LINC00152 upregulation was associated with unfavorable survival of patients with OSCC. LINC00152 knockdown significantly impaired OSCC cell growth in vitro and in vivo. RNA FISH assay confirmed nuclear and cytoplasmic distribution of LINC00152. It physically interacted with Upstream Transcription Factor 1 (USF1), a common transcription factor in mammalian cells. USF1 could bind to the promoter region of MRPL52 (Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L52) and activate its transcription. LINC00152 could enhance the binding, thereby indirectly elevating MRPL52 expression. USF1 or MRPL52 knockdown slowed the proliferation of OSCC cells and partly canceled LINC00152‐mediated growth‐promoting effects.

Conclusion

This study revealed a novel LINC00152‐USF1/MRPL52 axis promoting OSCC tumor growth.
Incidence and detection of negative‐stranded RNA viruses infecting apple and pear trees in California
Authors: Diaz‐Lara Alfredo , Wunderlich Lynn , Nouri Mohamed T. , Golino Deborah , Al Rwahnih Maher
Published: October 2021

Novel negative‐stranded RNA (nsRNA) viruses have been recently identified in multiple agronomic crops, including pome fruit trees. Citrus concave gum‐associated virus (CCGaV), citrus virus A (CiVA) and apple rubbery wood viruses 1 and 2 (ARWV1 and 2) are examples of such viruses. Given the novelty and lack of information about these pathogens in Californian orchards, in this study, real‐time RT‐PCR assays for CCGaV, CiVA, ARWV1 and 2 were developed and employed in a field survey. Initially, the new assays were challenged against a comprehensive set of positive and negative samples, previously analysed by high‐throughput sequencing (HTS), to determine specificity. Aiming to investigate the presence of nsRNA viruses in California apple and pear orchards, 186 samples were collected from 21 different locations. As a result, 79 (42%) samples were found to be infected by these viruses in single or mixed infections. The incidence of each virus in relation to the total number of samples was 36%, 15%, 11% and 0% for ARWV2, CCGaV, ARWV1 and CiVA respectively. Overall, not considering the no detected CiVA, the other three nsRNA viruses were widely distributed among sampled orchards. To further validate the reliability of the new real‐time RT‐PCR assays, six samples tested positive during the survey were screened by previously described detection assays and HTS. This is the first detection of these nsRNA viruses in California, which may represent an issue in apple and pear production.
PdeA is required for the rod shape morphology of Brucella abortus
Authors: Reboul Angéline , Carlier Elodie , Stubbe François‐Xavier , Barbieux Emeline , Demars Aurore , Ong Phuong Thi Anh , Gerodez Antoine , Muraille Eric , De Bolle Xavier
Published: October 2021

Cyclic‐di‐GMP plays crucial role in the cell cycle regulation of the α‐Proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus. Here we investigated its role in the α‐Proteobacterium Brucella abortus, a zoonotic intracellular pathogen. Surprisingly, deletion of all predicted cyclic‐di‐GMP synthesizing or degrading enzymes did not drastically impair the growth of B. abortus, nor its ability to grow inside cell lines. As other Rhizobiales, B. abortus displays unipolar growth from the new cell pole generated by cell division. We found that the phosphodiesterase PdeA, the ortholog of the essential polar growth factor RgsP of the Rhizobiale Sinorhizobium meliloti, is required for rod shape integrity but is not essential for B. abortus growth. Indeed, the radius of the pole is increased by 31 ± 1.7% in a ΔpdeA mutant, generating a coccoid morphology. A mutation in the cyclic‐di‐GMP phosphodiesterase catalytic site of PdeA does not generate the coccoid morphology and the ΔpdeA mutant kept the ability to recruit markers of new and old poles. However, the presence of PdeA is required in an intra‐nasal mouse model of infection. In conclusion, we propose that PdeA contributes to bacterial morphology and virulence in B. abortus, but it is not crucial for polarity and asymmetric growth.
Spontaneous conus medullary infarction in the absence of cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Gummadi Bavica , Ahmed Jaffer , Rajagopalan Swarna
Published: October 2021

Spinal cord infarction (SCI) is a rare but devastating disease that occurs in association with trauma or predisposing cardiovascular risk factors. Since clinical presentation is variable, it remains a diagnostic challenge in patients without risk factors, often mistaken for other diseases. Delay in diagnosis of SCI can result in missed treatment opportunities and contributes to the high case fatality rate. This case report examines the case of a 42‐year‐old man with no significant past medical history who presented with clinical symptoms of spinal cord compression secondary to acute SCI in the setting of heavy lifting.
After‐hours connectivity management strategies in academic work
Authors: Aljabr Njod , Chamakiotis Petros , Petrakaki Dimitra , Newell Sue
Published: October 2021

Emerging literature has identified a range of strategies that professionals develop in order to manage after‐hours connectivity to work, but it has largely treated those strategies as being independent from each other. Existing research has not captured the dynamic nature of connectivity or how this may facilitate the redrawing of boundaries in practice. Here, we focus on academics as an occupational group that experiences connectivity to work, given their discretion to decide (to a degree) when to work outside their teaching duties. Drawing on two case studies, we first elicit three connectivity management strategies—segmentation, prioritisation and distancing—and illustrate the practices that support them and their intertwining relationship, as academics try to maintain their professional identity. Second, we argue that technology does not necessarily contribute to a blurring of boundaries between work and nonwork, but it can also be used as a ‘boundary object’ that separates the two domains.
The validity of point of care tear film osmometers in the diagnosis of dry eye
Authors: Tavakoli Azadeh , Markoulli Maria , Flanagan Judith , Papas Eric
Published: October 2021

Purpose

To determine the repeatability of TearLab and I‐PEN osmometers in vivo and their accuracy in vitro.

Design

Prospective, single‐visit study.

Methods

The tear osmolarity of 28 participants was evaluated with TearLab and I‐PEN on two occasions in random order, over a 2‐h period. Both eyes were measured in a randomised order. Coefficients of repeatability (CoR) were determined for each device, together with the bias and limits of agreement between them. For the in vitro experiment, the osmolarity was measured by both osmometers in five solutions (290, 297, 342, 338 and 383 mOsm/L) at two different temperatures (22 and 37°C) with a total of four consecutive measures.

Results

The CoRs for the TearLab and I‐PEN in the right and left eyes were 26.2, 21.3, 33.6 and 28.3 mOsm/L, respectively. Across the first and second repeats, TearLab showed consistency of diagnosis for 50% of participants with 29% as dry eye positive, while I‐PEN indicated 68% consistency of diagnosis with 57% dry eye positive. The instruments agreed on the diagnosis in 46.5% of cases. In vitro comparison showed that the average measurement errors for TearLab and I‐PEN were −10 ± 13 and 31 ± 39 mOsm/L at 22°C, and 4 ± 13 and 20 ± 51 mOsm/L at 37°C.

Conclusions

In vitro, both instruments showed reasonable accuracy and repeatability at mid‐range osmolarities, but repeatability generally declined at higher and lower levels. While TearLab accuracy remained consistent across the osmolarity range, measurement errors for I‐PEN noticeably increased outside the mid‐range. In vivo, both instruments displayed poor repeatability. This casts doubt on the value of utilising either instrument to establish osmolarity as a factor in the diagnosis of dry‐eye, according to currently recommended diagnostic guidelines (TFOS DEWS II), if only a single measurement is taken from each eye.
Accurate Placement of Cannulated Screws in Femoral Neck Fractures: Screw and Guide Wire Combined Technique
Authors: Chen Yu‐feng , Ren Dong , Yao Shuang‐quan , Geng Lin‐dan , Su Yun‐shan , Kang Bo‐yang , Wang Peng‐cheng
Published: October 2021

Cannulated screw fixation is widely used in the treatment of femoral neck fractures. During surgery, we often face the situation that a guide wire needs to be adjusted because of poor positioning in the femoral neck. It is difficult to adjust the direction of the guide wire in the neck of the femur due to its elasticity. This study developed a practical technique to adjust the guide wire to the correct position. When the direction of insertion of the guide wire has deviated, first, measure the length of the guide wire. Second, select the appropriate cannulated screw based on the measurement, and screw the cannulated screw in along the direction of the guide wire to Ward's triangle. Then return the guide wire to the front of the cannulated screw. At this time, the cannulated screw can be used as a built‐in guide, and a screwdriver can be used to fine‐tune the position of the screw to the optimal direction under the X‐ray guidance. Finally, the cannulated screw is screwed in in this direction until it passes through the Ward triangle area, and the guide wire is inserted. This technique can help doctors insert a guide wire more quickly and accurately, reducing intraoperative injury and the operation time.