bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SIMULTANEOUS CONTAINMENT OF SEVERAL POLYGONS: ANALYSIS OF THE CONTACT CONFIGURATIONS
Authors: DEVILLERS OLIVIER
Published: November 2004

The main concern of this paper is the detection of double contact configurations for some polygons moving in translation in a polygonal environment. We first establish some general properties about such configurations and give conditions of existence of double contacts for two or three objects.

For three convex polygons moving in a polygonal environment or three simple polygons moving in a rectangle there always exists a double contact. Two examples without possibility of double contacts are given, one with three polygons (not convex) moving in a polygonal environment, and one with four convex polygons moving in a rectangle. We deduce an algorithm detecting a double contact position in time O(n2) (resp. O(n3)) for two (resp. three) convex polygons of constant sizes moving in a non-convex polygon of size n.
THE EFFECT OF THE NUMBER OF SUCCESSFUL PATHS IN A BÜCHI TREE AUTOMATON
Authors: BEAUQUIER D. , NIVAT M. , NIWIŃSKI D.
Published: November 2004

We modify an acceptance condition of Büchi automaton on infinite trees: rather than to require that each computation path is successful, we impose various restrictions on the number of successful paths in a run of the automaton on a tree. All these modifications alter the recognizing power of Büchi automata. We examine the classes induced by the acceptance conditions that require ≤α, ≥α, =α successful paths, where α is a cardinal number. It turns out that, except for some trivial cases, the “≤” classes are incomparable with the class Bü of Büchi acceptable tree languages, while the classes “≥” are strictly included in Bü.
A GEOMETRIC PROOF OF THE ENUMERATION FORMULA FOR STURMIAN WORDS
Authors: BERSTEL JEAN , POCCHIOLA MICHEL
Published: November 2004

The number of factors of length m of Sturmian words is known to be [Formula: see text]. We give a geometric proof of this formula, based on duality and on Euler’s relation for planar graphs.
ENERGY SCALING OF PHASE-CONJUGATE LASERS AND BRILLOUIN CONJUGATORS
Authors: ROCKWELL D.A. , MANGIR M.S. , OTTUSCH J.J.
Published: November 2004

Phase conjugation offers a practical, realistic approach for scaling solid-state lasers to high energies and high peak powers with a minimum increase in complexity. The specific approach reviewed in this article involves coherently combining the outputs of multiple parallel amplifiers in a single phase-conjugate oscillator-amplifier configuration. In this configuration, the use of phase conjugation eliminates the phase distortions that would otherwise result from individual amplifiers having different optical lengths. Using this approach, the laser output energy can be scaled well beyond the limits imposed by traditional volume constraints of crystalline laser media. Since an increase in output energy also implies an increase in the energy incident on the phase-conjugate mirror (PCM), the energy scalability of PCMs based on stimulated Brillouin scattering has been actively investigated over the past decade. Practical single-cell PCMS offer somewhat limited energy scaling potential. However, the investigations reviewed in this article show that a series combination of two Brillouin cells can accommodate energies of several tens of joules. Finally, we suggest how future development efforts involving diode-pumped solid-state lasers will also benefit from application of phase conjugation when medium energies or high pulse repetition frequencies are required.
TEST OF ORGANIC SBS LIQUIDS IN THE IR AND UV
Authors: EICHLER H.J. , KÖNIG R. , MENZEL R. , SANDER R. , SCHWARTZ J. , PÄTZOLD H.J.
Published: November 2004

Several organic liquids were tested for their SBS reflectivity in the IR and the UV. Especially, the influence of impurities was investigated for both spectral ranges. Chemically specified impurities may decrease the SBS efficiency, particularly in the UV region. In addition undissolved particles spoil the SBS-reflectivity. These particles are detected by light scattering and can be removed using a vacuum distillation procedure. Thus, the reflectivity of e.g. acetone could be increased by a factor of two.
POLARIZED PHASE CONJUGATION AND SOME PRINCIPLES OF PARALLEL INFORMATION TRANSMISSION BY A FIBER/CRYSTAL SYSTEM
Authors: KUKHTAREV N.V. , VOLYAR A.V. , GNATOVSKY A.V.
Published: November 2004

The paper theoretically and experimentally describes the polarized phase conjugation mechanism on a photorefractive crystal in multibeam mixing. The conditions for the complete phase conjugation for the crystals LiNbO 3 with Fe and Cu were obtained. Basing on the obtained results the principles of parallel information transmission by the self-consistent fiber/crystal system were proposed. The stable transmission methods were considered in such system with different states of light polarization. We present experimental results for parallel image (transparencies) transmission with the use of an additional holographic filtering of the light flux after the fiber/crystal system.
PHASE CONJUGATION OF CO2 LASER RADIATION
Authors: SHERSTOBITOV V.E.
Published: November 2004

A review of the various techniques of using phase conjugation mirrors to improve the quality of high power CO 2 lasers is presented. Emphasis will be on the problem of energy and power scaling of phase conjugation mirrors. Experimental results obtained by various groups are discussed and possible future directions are pointed out.
FACTORED ARC CONSISTENCY FOR RETE MATCH
Authors: PERLIN MARK W.
Published: November 2004

RETE match for production systems and Arc Consistency (AC) filtering are two efficient AI algorithms that are designed for particular constraint satisfaction problems (CSP). Interestingly, it is possible to integrate the two within a common framework, and provide RETE with the lookahead advantages of AC. Unfortunately, the resulting quadratic dependence of AC on working memory (WM) size precludes the application of AC to RETE, since RETE responds to incremental changes in WM. Recent results in AC graph factorization, however, reduce the quadratic dependence to just linear for certain classes of problems, including RETE.

In this paper, we present RETE and AC within the unified framework of Call-Graph Caching (CGC) evaluation. We describe factored arc consistency (FAC) and its use in an integrated FAC/RETE algorithm that provides RETE match with AC lookahead. We discuss our implementations, promising initial empirical results, and explore FAC/RETE’s applicability conditions and extensions. We conclude that incorporating factored AC into RETE match is an interesting and potentially useful application of arc consistency methods to the RETE CSP.
THE MACHINE LEARNING TOOLBOX CONSULTANT
Authors: GRANER NICOLAS , SHARMA SUNIL , SLEEMAN D. , RISSAKIS MICHALIS , CRAW SUSAN , MOORE CHRIS
Published: November 2004

The Machine Learning Toolbox contains a set of ten Machine Learning algorithms, integrated with a common interface and common knowledge representation language. An essential component of the Toolbox is the Consultant, a knowledge-based system that advises novice users about which algorithm they could use for a particular application.

We show how the Consultant’s architecture evolved, through its successive implementations, from a rigid rule-based expert system to a flexible information browsing system supporting user experimentation. In particular, we show how a task description can be elicited from the user in three different modes and exploited by several functions to provide advice and explanations at various levels of detail.

The system’s output also increased in sophistication: initially limited to the recommendation of a suitable algorithm, it now includes detailed information about the algorithm and its usage, and will be extended to help the user interpret and improve the results of learning.
A LOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR CONCEPT LEARNING WITH BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
Authors: KOUNALIS EMMANUEL , RUSINOWITCH MICHAEL
Published: November 2004

A central process in many kinds of learning is the process of generalization or concept learning from a set of training instances (a set of examples and counterexamples) in the presence of some Background Knowledge. Given a set of examples and counterexamples of a concept, the learner induces a general concept that describes all of the positive examples and none of the counterexamples, and is consistent with the Background Knowledge.

We present here a logical framework to induce concept descriptions from a given set of examples and counterexamples in the presence of Background Knowledge described by a set of Horn clauses. In particular, we provide:

1) a definition of what is meant by “a learnable concept” from examples and counterexamples in the presence of Background Knowledge described by a set H of Horn clauses”. Broadly speaking, in our framework, a learnable concept C is an atom which is true (valid) in the least Herbrand model of H but false in some other models of H and,

2) a methodology to induce general concept descriptions from concept examples and counterexamples in Horn theories. We give an automatic method, based on a well-founded ordering on the elements of H, which is the basis for checking validity in the least Herbrand model of H.

This work generalizes, unifies, and provides a logical framework of previous studies on the concept-learning-from-examples paradigm.
PERFORMANCE STUDY ON SUPPORTING OBJECTS IN O-RAID DISTRIBUTED DATABASE SYSTEM
Authors: SRINIVASAN JAGANNATHAN , JIANG YIN-HE , ZHANG YONGGUANG , BHARGAVA BHARAT
Published: November 2004

O-Raid [1, 2] uses a layered approach to provide support for objects on top of a distributed relational database system called RAID [3], It reuses the replication controller of RAID to allow replication of simple objects as well as replication of composite objects. In this paper, we first describe the experiments conducted on O-Raid that measure the overheads incurred in supporting objects through a layered implementation, and the overheads involved in replicating objects. The overheads are low (e.g. 4ms for an insert query involving objects). We present experiments that evaluate three replication strategies for composite objects, namely, full replication, selective replication and no replication in a two-site and a four-site O-Raid system. For composite object experiments, the selective replication strategy demonstrated the flexibility of tuning replication of member objects based on the patterns of access. The experimentation is performed in different networking environments (LANs and WANs) to further evaluate the replication schemes. The results indicate that selective replication scheme has greater benefits in WAN than in LAN.
APPLICATION MODELLING IN HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS USING AN OBJECT SPECIFICATION LANGUAGE
Authors: SAAKE GUNTER , JUNGCLAUS RALF , HARTMANN THORSTEN
Published: November 2004

We propose an object-oriented logical formalism to conceptionally model applications in an interoperable environment. Such an environment consists of heterogeneous and autonomous local (database) systems. Applications in such an environment use several resources and services. Their conceptual modelling involves re-specification of existing systems in terms of homogeneous views, modelling of behavior and system dynamics, modelling of logically distributed components in an open environment and the modelling of communication relationships and dependencies between components. We introduce a formal object-oriented language capable of dealing with these requirements and illustrate its use to model applications in an interoperable environment.
RENORMALIZATION GROUP AND WORMHOLES
Authors: ODINTSOV S.D. , PEREZ-MERCADER J.
Published: November 2004

We incorporate the curved spacetime renormalization group into Coleman’s analysis of cosmological constant vanishing in the framework of wormholes. It is shown that for asymptotically free or finite GUT’s in curved space, Coleman’s mechanism can be realized.
DECOHERENCE FUNCTIONAL AND INHOMOGENEITIES IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE
Authors: LAFLAMME R. , MATACZ A.
Published: November 2004

We investigate the quantum to classical transition of small inhomogeneous fluctuations in the early Universe using the decoherence functional of Gell-Mann and Hartle. We study two types of coarse graining; one due to coarse graining the value of the scalar field and the other due to summing over an environment. We compare the results with a previous study using an environment and the off-diagonal rule proposed by Zurek. We show that the two methods give different results.
GAMMA RAYS FROM SMALL SCALE STRUCTURES ON LONG COSMIC STRINGS
Authors: MOHAZZAB M. , BRANDENBERGER R.
Published: November 2004

The formation of cusps on long cosmic strings is discussed and the probability of cusp formation is estimated. The energy distribution of the gamma-ray background due to cusp annihilation on long strings is calculated and compared to observations. Under optimistic assumptions about the cusp formation rate, we find that strings with a mass per unit length μ less than Gμ=10−14 will have an observable effect. However, it is shown that the gamma-ray bursters cannot be attributed to long ordinary strings (or loops).
ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR OF THE BIANCHI IX COSMOLOGICAL MODELS IN THE R2 THEORY OF GRAVITY
Authors: SPINDEL PH. , ZINQUE M.
Published: November 2004

The asymptotic method of Belinskii, Khalatnikov and Lifshitz is applied to the study of the behavior near singularities of generic Bianchi IX cosmological models in the framework of the R2 theory of gravity. Three main kinds of asymptotic forms for the metric are obtained: a de Sitter geometry, a monotonic fall on a curvature singularity after a finite number of oscillations, an infinite sequence of regular oscillations. No chaos appears.
ON THE SIGNATURE OF EXTRA DIMENSIONS: THE CLASSICAL CASE
Authors: BAPTISTA JOSÉ PLÍNIO , BATISTA ANTÔNIO BRASIL , FABRIS JÚLIO CÉSAR
Published: November 2004

We consider multidimensional theories where the extra dimensions are permitted to be time-like. The study is carried out entirely on the classical level. The inexistence of any effect due to the changing of signature of internal dimensions is shown in the case of a pure geometric theory with a flat internal space; when the internal manifold has an intrinsic curvature or when an external field is coupled to gravity, some solutions that are unphysical with a space-like internal manifold become physical with a time-like one. The case where gravity is coupled to a Maxwell-type field in five dimensions is studied in detail. In the spherically symmetric space-time, we find a naked singularity solution. There is also a class of cosmological solutions with an initial singularity which are stable.
THE ADLER-WEISBERGER SUM RULE AND gA IN THE LARGE-N EXPANSION
Authors: SOLDATE M.
Published: November 2004

The consistency of the Adler-Weisberger sum rule in the large-N expansion is examined. It is shown that the Δ saturates the sum rule in the nonrelativistic quark model to all orders in [Formula: see text] and in the Skyrme model to leading order in [Formula: see text]. Phenomenologically, it is evident that either gA or the integral over the difference of πp total cross sections appearing in the sum rule is poorly behaved as an expansion in [Formula: see text]. In the Skyrme model, based on the calculation of the Δ contribution to the sum rule, it appears that it is gA itself which has large higher-order corrections. It seems likely that in a direct calculation of gA, it it is necessary to include the first two subleading orders before an accurate result for gA can be obtained.
REFLECTION ASYMMETRY IN THE TRANSITIONAL ODD-ODD NUCLEUS 220Fr
Authors: LIANG C. F. , PARIS P. , SHELINE R. K.
Published: November 2004

Using a selective fluorination method, mass separated sources of 224 Ac (separated as [Formula: see text]) were used to study the level structure of 220 Fr following alpha decay. Parity doublet bands with K = 1± were observed and three other bands with K = 2± and K = 0− were proposed. All five bands can be explained in terms of low lying n − p configurations predicted in reflection asymmetric models. Evidence is presented that 220 Fr is a transitional nucleus with spectroscopy intermediate between shell model and octupole-quadrupole spectroscopies.
THEORETICAL STUDY BY MEANS OF COMPUTER SIMULATION OF CONDITIONS IN WHICH EXTRASYSTOLES CAN TRIGGER VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION. VALIDATION BY EPICARDIAL MAPPINGS
Authors: BARDOU ALAIN L. , AUGER PIERRE M. , CARDINAL RENÉ , DUMÉE PHILIPPE , BIRKUI PIERRE J. , EUW DOMINIQUE VON , GOVAERE MARIE-CLAUDE
Published: November 2004

A cellular automata model of ventricular activation wave propagation has been developed in order to study the mechanisms of ventricular fibrillation induction. A 256X256 matrix is used to simulate a muscle layer in the ventricular wall. Huyghens’ construction method is used in order to compute the wave front position instant by instant.

In this work, this model is specifically applied to the study of relationships between extrasystoles and sudden cardiac death. This theoretical study shows that if a ventricular extrasystole is initiated in contiguity of transitory block zone, it immediately initiates a rotating wave invading the entire myocardium, this rotating wave being self-sustained and not spontaneously reversible. Experimental validation derived from cardiac mapping experiments performed in canine preparations of myocardial infarction showed that an extrasystole induced by electrical stimulation in the neighbourhood of zone of temporary block induced by lidocaine is able to trigger a reentry phenomenon similar to that obtained with the computer model. These results provide evidence that transient fluctuations in refractoriness is a major risk factor when combined with ventricular extrasystole. Furthermore, it appears that this risk factor may be amplified under ischemic conditions and pharmacologic interventions aimed at suppressing ventricular extrasystoles (e.g., lidocaine).
CHARACTERISTICS OF NESTED LIVING SYSTEMS
Authors: GÜNTHER F. , FOLKE C.
Published: November 2004

Living systems are nested and consist of basic materials, cells, organisms, ecosystems, and their environments, continuously interacting in time and space. Life is an integrated process of nested living systems. We synthesize and discuss exergy capturing and accumulation of organizational exergy; the structuring of the system towards maximum entropy production and export of high entropy products; autopoiesis; emergent attractors or optimum operating points; characteristics of nested systems and holarcic levels; and the role of working and latent information. It is concluded that it is only possible to describe the livingness of a system in a continuous way and that living matter should be defined by the processes of which it is a part. Hence, from the perspective of self-organizing and nested living systems it is difficult to draw boundaries between living and non-living as well as human and non-human systems. Implications of this worldview is discussed in relation to environmental management.
SELF-EVALUATION & EFFECTIVENESS REVIEW FOR ENTREPRENEURIAL LEARNING AND DECISION MAKING
Authors: Murphy Jim
Published: November 2004

Entrepreneurial organizations experience continuous pressures for change. Remaining competitive requires improving group effectiveness. Entrepreneurs can monitor these changes and improve their firm by using a learning metaphor. The ’Self Evaluation and Effectiveness Review’ (SEER) model is a process which offers decision makers a systematic and focused review format in which all members participate to enhance learning.
HOW DOES BUSINESS CULTURE AFFECT PERFORMANCE IN THE US-JAPAN BILATERAL AUTO TRADE?: WILL A REVENUE-MAXIMIZER BE THE WINNER?
Authors: TABETA NAOKI , WANG RUIFANG
Published: November 2004

This paper attempts to provide a new explanation of the huge trade deficit of US against Japan based on an analysis of different strategic behaviours between US firms and Japanese firms. More specifically, we intend to answer the following questions: (1) How do business culture and institutional arrangements affect a firm's strategic behaviour? (2) Who will be the winner when a profit-maximizer meets a revenue-maximizer under a simple duopolistic competition framework? (3) What are the policy implications of this analytical framework for the US-Japan bilateral trade? Why does the trade friction cyclically occur between two countries? Using a simple Cournot (quantity adjustment) model for a duopolistic market, we show that a revenue-maximizer will be the winner when it meets a profit-maximizer; that is, it will obtain a larger market share and a higher profit [i.e., in our terminology, the revenue-maximizer dominance hypothesis].
Gender Identity Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Zucker Kenneth J.
Published: November 2004

Gender identity disorder entered the psychiatric nomenclature in the DSM-III in 1980. This article reviews three domains of empirical research on gender identity disorder in children and adolescents: diagnosis and assessment, associated psychopathology, and developmental trajectories.
EphA2: expression in the renal medulla and regulation by hypertonicity and urea stress in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Xu Hongshi , Tian Wei , Lindsley Jessie N. , Oyama Terry T. , Capasso Juan M. , Rivard Christopher J. , Cohen Herbert T. , Bagnasco Serena M. , Anderson Sharon , Cohen David M.
Published: November 2004

EphA2, a member of the large family of Eph receptor tyrosine kinases, is highly expressed in epithelial tissue and has been implicated in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, as well as cell growth and survival. Expression of EphA2 mRNA and protein was markedly upregulated by both hypertonic stress and by elevated urea concentrations in cells derived from the murine inner medullary collecting duct. This upregulation likely required transactivation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor tyrosine kinase and metalloproteinase-dependent ectodomain cleavage of an EGF receptor ligand, based on pharmacological inhibitor studies. A human EphA2 promoter fragment spanning nucleotides −4030 to +21 relative to the putative EphA2 transcriptional start site was responsive to tonicity but insensitive to urea. A promoter fragment spanning −1890 to +128 recapitulated both tonicity- and urea-dependent upregulation of expression, consistent with transcriptional activation. Neither the bona fide p53 response element at approximately −1.5 kb nor a pair of putative TonE elements at approximately −3 kb conferred the tonicity responsiveness. EphA2 mRNA and protein were expressed at low levels in rat renal cortex but at high levels in the collecting ducts of the renal medulla and papilla. Water deprivation in rats increased EphA2 expression in renal papilla, whereas dietary supplementation with 20% urea increased EphA2 expression in outer medulla. These data indicate that transcription and expression of the EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase are regulated by tonicity and urea in vitro and suggest that this phenomenon is also operative in vivo. Renal medullary EphA2 expression may represent an adaptive response to medullary hypertonicity or urea exposure.
Spotty Calcification Typifies the Culprit Plaque in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Ehara Shoichi , Kobayashi Yoshiki , Yoshiyama Minoru , Shimada Kenei , Shimada Yoshihisa , Fukuda Daiju , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Yamashita Hajime , Yamagishi Hiroyuki , Takeuchi Kazuhide , Naruko Takahiko , Haze Kazuo , Becker Anton E. , Yoshikawa Junichi , Ueda Makiko
Published: November 2004

Background—

Calcification is a common finding in human coronary arteries; however, the relationship between calcification patterns, plaque morphology, and patterns of remodeling of culprit lesions in a comparison of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and those with stable conditions has not been documented.

Methods and Results—

Preinterventional intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images of 178 patients were studied, 61 with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 70 with unstable angina pectoris (UAP), and 47 with stable angina pectoris (SAP). The frequency of calcium deposits within an arc of less than 90° for all calcium deposits was significantly different in culprit lesions of patients with AMI, UAP, and SAP (
P
<0.0001). Moreover, the average number of calcium deposits within an arc of <90° per patient was significantly higher in AMI than in SAP (
P
<0.0005; mean±SD, AMI 1.4±1.3, SAP 0.5±0.8). Conversely, calcium deposits were significantly longer in SAP patients (
P
<0.0001; mean±SD, AMI 2.2±1.6, UAP 1.9±1.8, and SAP 4.3±3.2 mm). In AMI patients, the typical pattern was spotty calcification, associated with a fibrofatty plaque and positive remodeling. In ACS patients showing negative remodeling, no calcification was the most frequent observation. Conversely, SAP patients had the highest frequency of extensive calcification.

Conclusions—

Our observations show that IVUS allows the identification of vulnerable plaques in coronary arteries, not only by identifying a fibrofatty plaque and positive remodeling, but also by identifying a spotty pattern of calcification.
Emerging Approaches to the Sufi Traditions of South Asia: Between Texts, Territories and the Transcendent
Authors: Green Nile
Published: November 2004

This article examines Sufism as a textual world composed of several overlapping genres of writing, arguing that the crucial interface between different kinds of writing, the world and the individual Muslim presents a major challenge for the study of Sufism. The co-existence of the embodied realities of powerful Sufi practitioners of South Asia’s past and present with the alternative textual reality of the literary world of Sufi writings from the region is explored in depth. The article presents an overview of the Sufi traditions of South Asia, emphasizing some emerging research angles on the problematic convergences between texts, territories and the transcendent elements in Sufism in four major sections.
ŚrīDharmeśvara of Vārānasīand the Cult of Dharma Thākur of Bengal: Some Analogies and Discrepancies
Authors: Ferrari Fabrizio
Published: November 2004

This article is the result of a small research project running parallel to my major endeavour: a doctoral thesis on the Dharma [UNKNOWN]Thākur cult of Bengal. This includes the analysis and translation of its most ancient liturgical text, the 'Sūnya Purā[UNKNOWN]naof Rāmāi Pa[UNKNOWN]n[UNKNOWN]dit, and a study of the development of the cult in different religious and anthropological environments. In particular, I aim to portray the original non-Aryan traits of Dharmaism and their reaction to the massive penetration of the great tradition in Bengal. This article explores to what extent Bengali Dharma-pūjādiffers in some aspects to the more formal Dharmeśvara worship in Vārā[UNKNOWN]nas[UNKNOWN]. The basic differences between the two cults are summarized with reference to the social status of the priests, the ritual killing of sacrificial victims, the liturgical language and the presence of the feminine element.
‘Skeletons of History’: Fact and Fiction in Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay’s Sasanka
Authors: Chakravorty Mayurika
Published: November 2004

Through an analysis of Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay’s first historical novel Sasankaand his other historical writings, this article examines some interesting shifts in the process of narrativization of history in early 20th-century Bengal. Exploring why an archaeologist and historian felt the need to write historical novels at such a significant juncture of Indian history, the paper considers the issues of authenticity, realism and claims of historical truth in the making of a historical novel. It also examines the role of history and the ‘hunger’for it in colonial Bengal at a time of emerging national consciousness. Finally, it is demonstrated how narrativizing history and historicizing narratives were simultaneous processes in the making of a nascent ‘national’identity. Thus the article raises questions of generic differences (factual history and historical fiction in this case) in the construction of valid paradigms of knowledge, through a study of the potent and significant relationship between story and history in Sasanka.
Book Reviews
Authors: Mooney James
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Bibliothek auserwählten serbischer Meisterwerke, mit literarhistorischen Einleitungen. Herausgegeben von Dr Friedrich S. Krauss.

Band V —Die Blume von Cannosa.— Mater Dolorosa: Zwei Novellen von Vid Vuletiĉ Vukasoviĉ, Band VI —Liebe und Leben im Her‐zogland—Zwölf Erzählungen von SvetozarĈoroviĉ.
Book Reviews
Authors: Lowie Robert H.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

METHODS AND PRINCIPLES: Kin, Kinship.

METHODS AND PRINCIPLES: Marriage, Introductory and Primitive.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Kroeber A. L.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

SOUTH AMERICA: Los Principios de la Civilizacion en la Sierra Peruana. Max Uhle.

SOUTH AMERICA: Origines Centroamericanos. Max Uhle. (Ibid

SOUTH AMERICA: Influencias Mayas en el Alto Ecuador. Max Uhle. (Ibid

SOUTH AMERICA: Los Principios de las Antiguas Civilizaciones Peruanas. Max Uhle.

SOUTH AMERICA: Fundamentos Etnicos y Arqueología de Arica y Tacna. Max Uhle.

Civilizaciones Mayoides de la Costa Pacifica de Sudamérica. Max Uhle. (Ibid.
Book Reviews
Authors: Tozzer Alfred M.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA: Excavations at Zacatenco. George C. Vaillant.

MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA: Excavations at Ticoman. George C. Vaillant. (Same series, Vol. 32, Part 2, 1931.)

MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA: Excavations at Gualupita. Suzannah B. and George C. Vaillant. (Same series, Vol. 35, Part 1, 1934.)

MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA: Excavations at El Arbolillo. George C. Vaillant. (Same series, Vol. 35, Part 2, 1935.)

MEXICO, CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA: Early Cultures in the Valley of Mexico: Results of the Stratigraphical Project of the American Museum of Natural History in the Valley of Mexico, 1928–1933. George C. Vaillant. (Same series, Vol. 35, Part 3, 1935.)
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Roberts Frank H. H.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

NORTH AMERICA: Archaeological Investigations in Nine Mile Canyon, Utah. (During 1936). John Gillin.

NORTH AMERICA: Archeological Notes on Texas Canyon, Arizona. William Shirley Fulton.
THE DEFINITION AND PROHIBITION OF INCEST
Authors: WHITE LESLIE A.
Published: November 2004

“Again and again in the world's history, savage tribes must have had plainly before their minds the simple practical alternative between marrying‐out and being killed out.”—E. B. Tylor*
Book Reviews
Authors: Bluhm Elaine A.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ARCHEOLOGY: Montezuma Castle Archeology: Part 1, Excavations. Earl Jackson and Sallie Pierce Van Valkenburgh

ARCHEOLOGY: Montezuma Castle Archeology: Part 2, Textiles. Kate Peck Kent
ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
Authors: Spencer Robert F.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Probleme der Vor‐Völker‐Forschung: Grundzüge Einer Ethnologischen Urgeschichte. Fritz Haensell

Theorie der kulturellen Ähnlichkeit. Wilhelm Milke
Book Reviews
Authors: Tappen N. C.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Natural Selection in Man. J. N. Spuhler (Ed.)

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: Principles of Genetics. (Fifth Edition.) Edmund W. Sinnott, L. C. Dunn, and Theodosius Dobzhansky
Book Reviews
Authors: Saul Frank P.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY.: Introduction to Physical Anthropology: Laboratory Manual. Jack Kelso and George Ewing.

Graphic Teaching Aids in Basic Anthropometry. R. F. G. Spier, D. R. Henning and J. R. Vincent.
Book Reviews
Authors: Coe Sophie D. , Coe Michael D.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

LINGUISTICS: Pis'mennost‘ (Writing of the Maya Indians). . V. Knorosov.
Treponematosis and Man's Social Evolution
Authors: HUDSON E. H.
Published: November 2004

Treponematosis is a disease of four syndromes, caused by Treponema pallidum, constituting a biological gradient in which endemic syphilis is firmly established between venereal syphilis and yaws. Medical history offers many instances of gradual conversion of one syndrome into another under the influence of changes in the environment. Many of these transitions were reversible.

The thesis here advanced suggests that treponemal infection of man originated in Equatorial Africa as yaws in Paleolithic times, that it accompanied the hunter‐gatherers in their migrations, and that it changed to endemic syphilis in cooler and dryer areas. Endemic syphilis found an exceptionally favorable environment in the village, a social invention of Mesolithic/Neolithic time which spread over the world, the New as well as the Old. When urban civilization evolved in the Middle East, conditions were favorable for the parallel evolution of venereal syphilis. It is suggested that this transition from endemic to venereal syphilis has occurred in many places where village life has been exchanged for city life. Treponematosis is a flexible disease which has changed to conform with man's social history. In this view environmental factors, including climate and man's social habits, have produced the four syndromes.

This contrasts with the conventional view which regards each syndrome as a distinct disease, caused by a different parasite and originating at some historical time by a process of mutation. An outgrowth of this commonly held view is the dispute about the place where the putative mutation into venereal syphilis took place, in the New or Old World, and whether the crews of Columbus and other explorers were involved. Reference is made to treponemal lesions in ancient bones. The distribution of this archeological material over the world simply indicates the age and ubiquity of the disease.

Finally, the present status of venereal syphilis in Russia is compared with that in the United States. The comparison demonstrates how social factors are paramount in determining the character of treponematosis in each country.
Book Reviews
Authors: Dark Philip J. C.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

ETHNOLOGY AND GENERAL: Bibliography of Torres Straits Art. Douglas Fraser. (Primitive Art Bibliographies, No. I.)

ETHNOLOGY AND GENERAL: Bibliography for Olmec Sculpture. Julie Jones. (Primitive Art Bibliographies No. II.)

ETHNOLOGY AND GENERAL: Bibliography of Yoruba Sculpture. Herbert M. Cole and Robert Farris Thompson. (Primitive Art Bibliographies, No. III.)
Book Reviews
Authors: HALE AUSTIN
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

LINGUISTICS: Introductory Linguistics. ROBERT A. HALL, Jr.

LINGUISTICS: General Linguistics: An Introductory Survey. R. H. ROBINS.
Context and Variation in Koya Kinship Terminology1
Authors: TYLER STEPHEN A.
Published: November 2004

The analysis of kinship terminologies has traditionally operated only with the genealogical denotata of the nominal stems of kin terms, with little reference to the social and linguistic contexts in which kin terms are used. Such analysis has usually resulted in the delineation of a single, unitary structure. Problems of variation are seldom systematically accounted for; one reason for this failure is that an explanation of it requires information on the social and linguistic environments as well. Focusing on variation indicates that there is no single, unitary structure of kin terms defined solely on the basis of genealogical components. This implies that typological analysis or formal analysis based on genealogical criteria alone is apt to obscure important data. It also indicates that the traditional “genealogical method” is an inadequate field method—if the ethnographic aim is to predict “who will be called what.”
Visual Categories: An Approach to the Study of Representational Systems1
Authors: MUNN NANCY D.
Published: November 2004

The graphic representations of the central Australian Walbiri and supplementary comparative data are used to explore the general thesis that categorical analysis can be applied to representational systems. Certain features of the meaning ranges of typical Walbiri elements are examined and compared with those of pictorial elements from other systems. It is suggested that Walbiri tolemic designs, consisting of combinations of these elements, can function to classify tolemic species by dissecting and reassembling them in a manner similar to that described by Lévi‐Strauss for other cultural systems.
The Fate of Utopia: Adaptive Tactics in Four Japanese Groups
Authors: PLATH DAVID W.
Published: November 2004

Utopian groups, like other kinds of revitalization movements, work to create a new “cultural end‐state.” This implies, at the very least, a mild rejection of some of the present norms and institutions of the ambient society. To be allowed to continue its work, a utopian community must adopt to the demands of its cultural milieu, but at the same time it must do so in ways consonant with the group self‐image. This essay reports on the adaptive tactics used by four Japanese utopian groups in dealing with present‐day state institutions and with the public at large. It argues that in the study of utopian groups—and by extension revitalizations and revolutions—we must examine adaptive tactics as carefully as group goals if we hope to understand the fate of purposeful action in complex civilizations.
Buddhism and Economic Action in Burma1
Authors: SPIRO MELFORD E.
Published: November 2004

The Buddhist world view, and especially its notions of rebirth and karma, provide a cognitive orientation within which religious spending is a much sounder and much more profitable investment than economic saving (in the usual sense of “saving“). This, at least, is the case in Burma, from which the materials for this paper are taken. Contrary, then, to the usual claims concerning Burmese improvidence, their consumption behavior, given this world view, is both provident and rational.
“The Image of Limited Good”: Comments on an Exercise in Description and Interpretation
Authors: PIKER STEVEN
Published: November 2004

Thai peasants exhibit most of the behavioral characteristics that George Foster describes for peasants generally. But the Thai peasant's society is open, and there are things he values as important “goods” that he perceives as unlimited. Such observations make unclear to whom Foster's model of the Limited Good is to apply, and open to question the psychological premises on which his interpretation rests.
“Peasant Society and the Image of Limited Good”: A Critique1
Authors: KENNEDY JOHN G.
Published: November 2004

In a recent article in the AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, George Foster proposed that a principle accounting for much of the behavior of people in peasant societies is a cognitive orientation that “Good” is limited and unexpandable. The present paper is concerned with showing that the assumptions of this model are untenable and that interpretations deriving from it are therefore erroneous. The debate points up some of the difficulties in generalizing about peasant societies and some of the theoretical problems needing attention by anthropologists.
The Significance of the “Hole” Community in Anthropological Studies1
Authors: Richardson Miles
Published: November 2004

Communities of complex cultures are residential expressions of national institutions and of total socio‐cultural organization. The small, rural community of a complex culture is a complement to the large city. Unlike Indian and traditional peasant communities, the “hole” community is closely embedded in the larger society; its customs and ceremonies are those found in the city, but they are thinned out and made unimpressive by poverty. The presence of unimpressive urban patterns makes the community into what is called in American slang a “hole.”
Book Reviews
Authors: Kimball Solon T.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

A North Wales Village: A Social Anthropological Study. Isabel Emmett.

The Shearers and the Shorn: A Study of Life in a Devon Community. E. W. Martin.
Marriage Systems and Algebraic Group Theory: A Critique of White's An Anatomy of Kinship1
Authors: REID RUSSELL M.
Published: November 2004

Algebraic models that deal with kinship and marriage systems by reducing a population to sets of persons are found to be inappropriate both for the Purum and for some levels of abstraction in certain Australian cases. In the latter cases the distinctions within sections are based on relative age rather than genealogical generation, so that the partitioning of the population according to kin categories may be unique for each individual rather than universal to the system. The Purum must be dealt with as an asymmetrical alliance system in which the marriage rules are proscriptive rather than prescriptive in nature. An alternative algebraic model based on set theory is proposed for such systems.
Mushahara: A Nubian Concept of Supernatural Danger and the Theory of Taboo1
Authors: KENNEDY JOHN G.
Published: November 2004

The religous system of the Egyptian Nubians is a syncretistic complex of orthodox and popular Islam and “pagan” elements. Mushahara is a “pagan” concept referring to supernatural harm caused to individuals in vulnerable states by other persons' violation of taboos. Analysis of mushahara behavior reveals that it is oriented around life‐cycle crises and the fear of spirit‐beings. Functional anthropological and Freudian approaches appear to have some applicability in explaining the customs and changes in customs, but they leave major theoretical and methodological problems unsolved. In conclusion, an attempt is made to describe the nature of taboo.
Religious Aspects of the Social Organization of a Castilian Village
Authors: FREEMAN SUSAN TAX
Published: November 2004

The functional context of local religious practices within the structure of formal Catholicism in Spain has received little attention. Close examination of the ceremonial life of a Castilian village, and of the attitudes accompanying ceremonial and nonceremonial events, points to the existence of a complex of political and economic activities that are the chief objects of ritual sanctification and the arena in which religious sanctions function to maintain social control in the community. A survey of the ethnographic literature indicates that religious ceremonial may function in similar contexts in extended areas of the Iberian peninsula. The Castilian case and the available comparative data point to the crucial role of local religious traditions in strengthening territorial ties and in helping to define and integrate some of the fundamental units of the social structure.
On the Evolution of Tool‐Using Behavior1
Authors: LANCASTER JANE B.
Published: November 2004

New archeological discoveries from the Lower Pleistocene in Africa, the advent of radiometric dating techniques, and recent observations on the behavior of free‐ranging nonhuman primates can be combined to provide a fresh perspective on the evolution of tool‐using behavior. The Lower Pleistocene in which relatively simple Oldowan tools are associated with small‐brained forms lasted over two million years and represents over 80 percent of human history. These discoveries suggest that tool‐making and tool‐using are behavior patterns that emerged much more slowly in the course of human evolution than was previously thought.
Divorce among the Yoruba
Authors: LLOYD PETER C.
Published: November 2004

Divorce rates among the northern Yoruba are not only higher than one might expect in patrilineal societies, but little different from those of the southern Yoruba, with cognatic descent groups. This initial observation challenges the hypothesis that divorce rates are directly correlated with the line of descent. Data on over 300 divorces were collected in four Yoruba towns—two with agnatic and two with cognatic descent groups. The divorces were classed by the length of the terminated marriage and its fertility, and the distribution of the types of divorce were then compared in the four towns. The results suggest that the rate of divorce is primarily correlated with the degree to which a woman is alienated by marriage from her own descent group. But a number of secondary factors seem to be important, and these may cumulatively raise or reduce the divorce rate to a marked degree.
Sequencing in Conversational Openings1
Authors: SCHEGLOFF EMANUEL A.
Published: November 2004

An attempt is made to ascertain rules for the sequencing of a limited part of natural conversation and to determine some properties and empirical consequences of the operation of those rules. Two formulations of conversational openings are suggested and the properties “nonterminality” and “conditional relevance” are developed to explicate the operation of one of them and to suggest some of its interactional consequences. Some discussion is offered of the fit between the sequencing structure and the tasks of conversational openings.
Notes on the History and Adaptation of the Apache Tribes
Authors: TWEEDIE M. JEAN
Published: November 2004

Sometime between A.D. 1100 and 1600 a group of Athapaskan‐speaking tribes migrated from northwestern North America into the southwestern United States, where most eventually came to be referred to as Apaches. Compared with the majority of Amerindian tribes, relatively little is known about this group, specially about their life prior to the arrival of Europeans in the seventeenth century. This paper is an attempt to gather together widely scattered information about their prehistoric movements, their economy, and their general style of adaptation to the Southwest.
Wabanaki “Family Hunting Territories”1
Authors: SNOW DEAN R.
Published: November 2004

It is now generally concluded that hunting and trapping territories developed among the Northern and Eastern Algonquian Indians largely as a result of the fur trade and other factors directly connected with European colonization. Although this appears to be a valid conclusion, this article argues that both prior and subsequent conditions were unique in the case of the Eastern Algonquian in general and the Wabanaki in particular. Evidence for a riverine orientation and the regular exploitation of the beaver in aboriginal time indicates that Wabanaki territoriality was quite different from that described for the Northern Algonquian, and that its development did not require an abrupt shift away from previous patterns.
Strategies of Adaptive Mobility in the Colombian‐Ecuadorian Littoral1
Authors: WHITTEN NORMAN E.
Published: November 2004

A stratification model groups families in a hierarchal arrangement according to a set of variables. Such a model is convenient but is generally not productive in providing explanations of variations in social organization within the lower stratum of a complex socioeconomic system. A model of a successful social mobility sequence supplements a stratification model by allowing investigators to focus on complementary groupings at the local level. In the Pacific lowlands of Colombia and Ecuador, peasants, proletariat, and local middle‐class entrepreneurs are bound by the strategies people adopt in a four‐phase sequence of successful mobility. The sequence, viewed as a developmental cycle, is part of a structure in which peasant organization transforms to proletariat organization and successful proletariat organization evolves into the activities of the local entrepreneurs. The four‐phase sequence itself is part of a larger sociopolitical system manipulated by the local elite who make up a dispersed ambilineal ramage linked to community economics and politics through series of affinal and attenuated affinal bonds.