bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Query Expansion based on Local Distributional Thesauri
Authors: Da Silva Fabiano Tavares , Maia José Everardo Bessa
Published: January 2019

This work proposes and evaluates an approach to query expansion in Information Retrieval based on Local Context Analysis using a Distributional Semantic Representation. In general, the approach performed better compared to that of query expansion using non-distributional, local or global techniques, running over datasets of different application domains.
Variation in the nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ)-denitrifying bacterial community in different primary succession stages in the Hailuogou Glacier retreat area, China
Authors: Bai Yan , Huang Xiying , Zhou Xiangrui , Xiang Quanju , Zhao Ke , Yu Xiumei , Chen Qiang , Jiang Hao , Tashi Nyima , Gao Xue , Gu Yunfu
Published: January 2019

Background: The Hailuogou Glacier in the Gongga Mountain region (SW China), on the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, is well known for its low-elevation modern glaciers. Since the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA), the Hailuogou Glacier has retreated continuously due to global warming, primary vegetation succession and soil chronosequence have developed in this retreat area. The retreated area of Hailuogou Glacier has not been strongly disturbed by human activities, thus it is an ideal models for exploring the biological colonization of nitrogen in the primary successional stages of ecosystem. The nosZ gene encodes the catalytic center of nitrous oxide reductase and is an ideal molecular marker in studying the variation in the denitrifying bacterial community.

Methods: Soil properties as well as abundance and composition of the denitrifying bacterial community were determined via chemical analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), respectively. The relationships between the nosZ denitrifying bacterial community and soil properties were determined using redundancy analysis (RDA). Soil properties, potential denitrify activity (PDA), and the nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ)-denitrifying bacterial communities significantly differed among successional stages.

Results: Soil properties, potential denitrify activity (PDA), and the nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ)-denitrifying bacterial communities significantly differed among successional stages. Soil pH in the topsoil decreased from 8.42 to 7.19 in the course of primary succession, while soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) gradually increased with primary succession. Available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK), as well as potential denitrify activity (PDA), increased gradually and peaked at the 40-year-old site. The abundance of the nosZ denitrifying bacterial community followed a similar trend. The variation in the denitrifying community composition was complex; Mesorhizobium dominated the soil in the early successional stages (0-20 years) and in the mature phase (60 years), with a relative abundance greater than 55%. Brachybacterium was increased in the 40-year-old site, with a relative abundance of 62.74%, while Azospirillum dominated the early successional stages (0-20 years). Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the nosZ denitrifying bacterial community correlated with soil available phosphorus and available potassium levels (P < 0.01).
An Unusual Case of a Fibular Sesamoid Phalangeal Ligament Tear Caused By Chronic Trauma
Authors: Levi Michael , Green Jacob I. , Kim Paul M. , Saxena Amol
Published: January 2019

Injuries involving the first metatarsophalangeal joint and its associated structures are common, especially in athletes. However, injuries to the hallucal sesamoid complex constituted only 3% of all podiatric sports medicine injuries reported by Agosta. This case study reports a female ballet dancer with an isolated fibular sesamoid retraction injury that presented with a history of chronic microtrauma secondary to overuse. When consulting epidemiologic studies of forefoot injuries involving the hallucal sesamoid complex, we were unable to find a single instance of an isolated retraction of the fibular sesamoid resulting from chronic use, demonstrating the unusual nature of this case.
Dynamics Across Borders in Literature, Theatre, and the Humanities
Authors: Kirss Tiina , Witalisz Wladyslaw , Laak Marin
Published: January 2019

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Transformational Utopian/Dystopian Projections in Turkish Literature: Teleandregenos Ütopyasında Evlilik Hayatı by Adam Şenel / Transformatsioonilised utoopia/düstoopia projektsioonid türgi kirjanduses: Adam Şeneli „Teleandregenos Ütopyasında Evlilik Haya
Authors: Atasoy Emrah
Published: January 2019

This article aims to inform international scholars about the existence of an utopian tradition in Turkish literature and explicates the increasing interest in utopian literature in Turkey. The first part of the article presents an insight into the literary and historical progress of the Turkish utopian tradition within the context of a tradition that is predominantly western. The second part engages in a critical and thematic analysis of Adam Şenel’s novella, Teleandregenos Ütopyasında Evlilik Hayatı, first published in 1968 by Bizim Publishing House. It can be translated as Marriage Life in Teleandregenos’s Utopia. In this article, the 2003 version is used and cited.

 

Utopistlik kirjandus köidab jätkuvalt laiu lugejate hulki paljudes kultuurides, sest see kujutab erisuguseid maailmakordi, millest mõned võivad muutuda tegelikkuseks selleks spetsiaalselt moodustatud kogukondades, teised aga jäävad väljamõeldiste valda, kuid pakuvad siiski vaateid tegeliku elu küsitavatele aspektidele ja toovad esile vastandlikke hääli, sarnasust, paljusust ja mitmekesisust. Kirjanikud kujutavad lootust reformidele ja parema, isegi ideaalse ühiskonna otsinguid nende enda vaatepunktist loodud kujutletavates maailmades. Mõned kirjanikud otsivad utoopilist lootust, teised autorid võivad utoopiliste ootuste realiseerumise võimatuse tõttu esitada luupainajalikke ühiskonnakordi düstoopiate abil, mida professor Sargent kirjeldab kui „mitte-eksisteerivat ühiskonda, mida kirjeldatakse märkimisväärse üksikasjalikkusega ja mis on tavaliselt asetatud aega ja ruumi, mida kaasaegne lugeja peaks, autori kavatsuse järgi, nägema tublisti hullema ühiskonnana kui see, kus ta parajasti elab.“ Nende tekstide kaudu näitavad kirjanikud, intellektuaalid ja filosoofid alternatiivseid süsteeme ja ideoloogilisi formatsioone kriitilisest perspektiivist ja/või vastandlikust seisukohast.

Need spekulatiivsed teosed käsitlevad selliseid probleeme nagu ühiskonna hierarhiline ülesehitus, võimukasutus, manipulatiivne epistemoloogia, sotsiaalne manipuleerimine, ajalugu ja rõhumine, mis panevad meid mõtlema ühiskondlik-poliitilise olustiku ja selle võimalike arutlusvigade üle. Ingliskeelsetel teostel on võimalik jõuda rahvusvahelise lugejani, samasugustel spekulatiivse kirjanduse teostel, mis pole inglise keeles kirjutatud, on aga juhul, kui neid ei tõlgita, ainult piiratud kohalik lugejaskond. Seetõttu püüab käesolev artikkel heita valgust utopistlikule mõttele türgi kirjanduses ja teadustöödes, mille põhjuseks on Türgis kasvav huvi utopismi ja kirjanduslike utoopiate/düstoopiate vastu. Artikkel tutvustab ka Adam Şeneli lühiromaani „Teleandregenos Ütopyasında Evlilik Hayatı“ („Abielu Teleandregenose Utoopias“).
The Director as Translator: The Case of Latvian Director Oļģerts Kroders / Lavastaja kui tõlkija: läti lavastaja Oļģerts Kroders
Authors: Lēvalde Vēsma
Published: January 2019

The article aims to tackle the creative work of the eminent Latvian stage director Oļģerts Kroders (1921–2012). Kroders, as a representative of the psychological theatre, was one of the first in Soviet Latvia who dared to break with the canon of socialist realism and portrayed the characters of literary classics on the stage without heroic overtones. The cornerstone of his creative work was a detailed approach to the literary source text, adapting it to the intended concept of the production. He even used to adjust the interpretation of the text to the potential of a particular actor in a particular role. The article deals with text interpretation in two productions of Alexander Ostrovsky’s play “Without a Dowry” translated by the director himself and adapted for two different productions. The article demonstrates that due to the director’s careful interpretation the spoken text is precisely integrated into the performance.

 

Artikkel käsitleb väljapaistva läti teatrilavastaja Oļģerts Krodersi (1921–2012) loomingut. Psühholoogilise teatri esindaja Kroders oli üks esimesi lavastajaid Nõukogude Lätis, kes julges eemalduda sotsialistliku realismi kaanonist ja kujutada kirjandusklassika teoste tegelasi laval ilma kangelasliku alatoonita. Kõik need lavastused on sarnastel teemadel: nad uurivad ebakõla moraali ja võimu vahel, lahkavad üksikisiku vaimse vabadusega seotud probleeme ja otsivad eksistentsiaalselt olulistes valikumomentides peituvat psühholoogilist tegevusmotivatsiooni. Krodersi lähenemine lavastajatööle kujutab endast pidevaid uue teatrikeele otsinguid ja katkematut uuenduslikkust. Kroders tunnistas kirjandusliku allika ja kõneldud sõna tähtsust lavastuses ja pööras üksikasjalikku tähelepanu teksti kvaliteedile. Krodersi meetod, mis seisnes kirjandusliku teksti tõlgendamise kohandamises konkreetse näitleja potentsiaalile ja tema võimele oma tegelast mõista, saavutab emotsionaalselt mõjuva psühholoogilise väljenduse, avardades tavapärast klassikute tõlgendamise stilistilist raamistikku. Artikkel vaatleb teksti tõlgendamist Aleksandr Ostrovski näidendi „Kaasavaratu“ kahes eri lavastuses. Näidendi teksti tõlkis lavastaja ise ja kohandas selle kahe lavastuse jaoks. Artikkel näitab, et tänu lavastaja hoolikale tõlgendamisele on kõneldud tekst väga täpselt lavastusse integreeritud. Artikkel näitab, et Krodersi lavakeelne mõtlemine ületab näidendi teksti piire, luues uusi tänapäevaseid kunstiteoseid, mis on üks tänapäeva läti teatri tähtsamaid suundumusi.
Reading Estonian Literature through a German Lens: How Ivar Ivask Became a World-renowned Literary Scholar / Lugedes eesti kirjandust läbi saksa kirjanduse prisma ehk kuidas Ivask Ivaskist sai tuntud kirjandusteadlane
Authors: Sakova Aija
Published: January 2019

Ivar Ivask (1927–1992) is a cosmopolitan man who edited a quarterly world literature magazine Books Abroad / World Literature Today for more than 20 years; initiated the Puterbaugh Conference series; created and curated the Neustadt or so-called small Nobel literature prize. His personal archive is since 2016 held at the Estonian Cultural History Archives at the Estonian Literary Museum. The current article explores the very first steps of Ivar Ivask becoming a literary scholar and critic.

 

aasta lõpus ja 2018. aasta alguses tähistati nii Eestis kui ka Lätis eesti-läti päritolu kirjandusteadlase ja luuletaja Ivar Ivaski (1927–1992) 90. sünniaastapäeva. Ivask oli kosmopoliitne mees, kes töötas üle kahekümne aasta oma elust maailmakirjandusalase ajakirja Books Abroad / World Literature Today peatoimetajana, mille juurde ta asutas Neustadti kirjandusauhinna, mida kutsuti hellitavalt ka väikseks Nobeliks.

Saanud hariduse Saksamaal Marburgi Ülikoolis saksa kirjanduse, võrdleva kirjandusteaduse ja kunstiajaloo alal, kujunes Ivaskist paradoksaalselt siiski ka eesti kirjanduse uurija ja mõtestaja. Ivaski magistritöö oli Saksa luuletajast Gottfried Bennist (1950) ja doktoritöö Austria kirjanikust ning kriitikust Hugo von Hofmannstahlist (1953). Kuna Ivaski esimesed kirjandusteaduslikud uurimused ilmusid 1951. aastal Bernard Kangro välja antud väliseesti ajakirjas Tulimuld, siis on loogiline järeldada, et Ivaski arusaam eesti kirjandusest ning kirjanduskriitika ülesannetest paguluses oli oluliselt mõjutatud saksa kirjanduse alastest õpingutest ja uurimistöödest.

Ivaski 1950. aastatel esimesel poolel ilmunud artiklid olid kuni 1954. aastani vaid eestikeelsed ja ilmusid väliseesti ajakirjades Tulimuld ning Vaba Eesti. Need käsitlesid võrdselt eesti kirjandust ja kirjanduskriitikat ning saksa, austria ja hispaania kirjandust. Ivaski eesti kirjandusele ning kirjanduskriitikale esitatud nõudmistes on näha paralleele tema uurimusega Hugo von Hofmannstahlist, milles Ivask rõhutab Hofmannsthali euroopalikku ehk mitte kitsalt ühele rahvuskirjandusele keskenduvat kirjanduskäsitlust. Ka eesti kirjanduskriitikalt ootab Ivask oma artiklites seda, et see vaatleks eesti autoreid maailmakirjanduse kontekstis, mitte ei jääks kinni kitsalt eesti kirjanduse sisestesse uurimustesse. Laiema, võrdleva kirjandusliku pildi vajalikkus on Ivaski hinnangul eesti kirjanduse ellujäämise eeltingimus.

Nii Ivaski kirjatöödes kui ka tema tegevuses kirjade kirjutaja ja kirjavahetuste algatajana on tunda tema ihalust eeskujude järele. Ivask ei karda võtta ühendust autoritega, kelle loomingut ta imetleb ja arvustab. Nii loob ta kirjanduslikke võrgustikke üle maailma. Kirjandusteadlane ja luuletaja Jüri Talvet on kirjeldanud Ivaskit kui sildade loojat. Kuid Ivask oli ka poeet-kriitik, nii nagu ta ise kirjeldab Hugo von Hofmannstahli.
CA10 and CA11 negatively regulate neuronal activity‐dependent growth of gliomas
Authors: Tao Bangbao , Ling Yiqun , Zhang Youyou , Li Shu , Zhou Ping , Wang Xiaoqiang , Li Bin , Jun Zhong , Zhang Wenchuan , Xu Chunyan , Shi Juanhong , Wang Lifeng , Zhang Wenhao , Li Shiting
Published: January 2019

Recent studies have revealed that neurons can promote glioma growth through activity‐dependent secretion of neurotrophins, especially neuroligin‐3. It has therefore been suggested that blocking neuron‐derived neurotrophins may serve as a therapeutic intervention for gliomas. Carbonic anhydrase‐related proteins 11 and 10 (CA11 and CA10) are secreted synaptic proteins which function as neurexin ligands, and the gene‐encoding CA11 is part of a gene signature associated with radiotherapy and prognosis in gliomas. We therefore hypothesized that CA11/CA10 might participate in the neuronal activity‐dependent regulation of glioma growth. In this study, we report that CA11 secreted by depolarized cultured neurons within conditioned medium (CM) inhibited the growth of glioma cell lines. CM from depolarized neurons inhibited CA11 expression in glioma cell lines via the Akt signaling pathway. Consistently, CA11 expression was also reduced in clinical glioma samples and negatively associated with high histological grade. Low CA11 expression of gliomas was associated with short survival in four independent datasets [repository of brain neoplasia data (REMBRANDT), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) lower grade glioma (LGG), GSE4271, and GSE42669]. CA11 knockdown promoted cell growth, clone formation, and migration; inhibited apoptosis; and increased tumor size in xenografted nude mice. Similarly, CA10 and CA10 secreted by depolarized cultured neurons also inhibited the growth of glioma cell lines. Low CA10 expression was associated with short survival in REMBRANDT, TCGA LGG, and GEO GSE4271 datasets. Our results suggest that CA11 and CA10 negatively regulate neuronal activity‐dependent glioma growth and inhibit glioma aggression. Thus, CA11/CA10 may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of gliomas.
Effects of Strain Rate on Low‐Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of Fe–22Mn–0.6C TWIP Steel
Authors: Ma Penghui , Shen Jie , Liu Shuai , Zhou Qian , Zhao Leijie , Qian Lihe
Published: January 2019

The influence of strain rate on low‐cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of Fe–22Mn–0.6C twinning‐induced plasticity (TWIP) steel is investigated by conducting LCF tests. The LCF tests are performed at a strain amplitude of 0–1.4% with strain rates of 8 × 10−4 s−1, 2 × 10−3 s−1, 8 × 10−3 s−1, and 2 × 10−2 s−1. The corresponding fatigue fracture morphologies and microstructure are also investigated. The results indicate that the TWIP steel shows initial cyclic hardening and cyclic saturation and then cyclic softening until final fracture at all strain rates. In addition, the fatigue life decreases with increasing strain rate due to enhanced dynamic strain aging (DSA). Moreover, the generation of persistent slip bands (PSBs) at high strain rates is also favorable for crack nucleation and fatigue crack growth, which is one of the primary reasons that lead to the premature failure of the fatigue specimens. At all given testing conditions, the fracture morphologies occur in a transgranular fracture mode.
Freeze‐Casting of Surface‐Magnetized Iron(II,III) Oxide Particles in a Uniform Static Magnetic Field Generated by a Helmholtz Coil
Authors: Nelson Isaac , Ogden Taylor A. , Al Khateeb Shadi , Graser Jake , Sparks Taylor D. , Abbott Jake J. , Naleway Steven E.
Published: January 2019

Research is conducted into freeze‐casting of surface‐magnetized Fe3O4 particles under uniform, low‐strength magnetic fields (5.2 mT) to mimic the mechanical characteristics of natural human bone. Freeze‐casting is a technique that fabricates porous materials by directionally freezing and sublimating an aqueous slurry. A novel, Helmholtz coil‐based freeze‐caster is developed and it is shown that, during freeze‐casting, the use of this Helmholtz coil generates a more uniform magnetic field than permanent magnets. This uniform magnetic field, applied in the direction of ice growth, keeps particles from agglomerating and results in an increase of 55% in both the ultimate compressive strength and the elastic modulus of porous surface‐magnetized Fe3O4 scaffolds. These increases can be linked to a reduction in the porosity that occurs due to magnetic interactions between particles in the presence of the field. These results offer a novel method for the fabrication of bone‐inspired biomaterials and structural materials.
Boron‐Catalyzed C−C Functionalization of Allyl Alcohols
Authors: Rao Santhosh , Kapanaiah Raja , Prabhu Kandikere Ramaiah
Published: January 2019

Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane‐catalyzed C−C bond functionalization of arylallyl alcohols using donor‐acceptor carbenes is presented. The allylic hydroxyl group is found to assist the product formation by neighboring group participation providing a clue towards mechanistic understanding. This method can also be employed to effect homologation of allyl alcohols to homoallyl alcohols. Overall, this metal‐free transformation presents a novel disconnection strategy towards carbon‐carbon bond scission and formation.

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Ethanol and cannabinoids interact to alter behavior in a zebrafish fetal alcohol spectrum disorder model
Authors: Boa‐Amponsem Oswald , Zhang Chengjin , Mukhopadhyay Somnath , Ardrey Iman , Cole Gregory J.
Published: January 2019

Background

Recent work suggests that endocannabinoids (eCBs) may signal through the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. We therefore hypothesized that combined ethanol and eCB exposure during defined stages of zebrafish embryogenesis will produce deficits comparable to human fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).

Methods

Zebrafish embryos were exposed to ethanol or cannabinoid agonists alone or in combination at defined developmental stages and assessed for changes in brain morphology or expression of marker genes such as pax6a. Juvenile fish were then assessed for risk‐taking/anxiety‐like behavior using the novel tank dive test.

Results

Either chronic or acute exposure to high doses of the CB1R agonist ACEA resulted in FASD phenotypes. However, acute subthreshold doses of CB1R agonist alone, or combined with 0.5% ethanol, did not induce morphological phenotypes, but did induce dysmorphogenesis when combined with acute 1% ethanol. Phenotypes were rescued using the CB1R antagonist SR141716A. In addition, JZL195, a dual inhibitor of FAAH and MAGL, two degradative enzymes for eCBs, induced FASD phenotypes in the presence of subthreshold ethanol, confirming the activation of common signaling pathways by ethanol and eCBs. We next analyzed the effects of ethanol and CB1R agonist on juvenile zebrafish behavior and show that ACEA or ethanol alone did not alter behavior, but combined ACEA and ethanol increased risk‐taking behavior.

Conclusions

These studies demonstrate that pathological and behavioral phenotypes associated with FASD are induced by exposure to CB1R agonists and suggest that combined exposure to lower levels of alcohol and marijuana may be capable of inducing FASD‐like morphological and behavioral impairments.
Epigenetic alterations in amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells derived from normal and fetus‐affected gestations: A focus on myogenic and neural differentiations
Authors: Gasiūnienė Monika , Zentelytė Aistė , Treigytė Gražina , Baronaitė Sandra , Savickienė Jūratė , Utkus Algirdas , Navakauskienė Rūta
Published: January 2019

Amniotic fluid‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (AF‐MSCs) are autologous to the fetus and represent a potential alternative source for the regenerative medicine and treatment of perinatal disorders. To date, AF‐MSCs differentiation capacity to non‐mesodermal lineages and epigenetic regulation are still poorly characterized. The present study investigated the differentiation potential of AF‐MSCs toward neural‐like cells in comparison to the mesodermal myogenic lineage and assessed epigenetic factors involved in tissue‐specific differentiation. Myogenic and neural differentiation assays were performed by the incubation with specific induction media. Typical MSCs markers were determined by flow cytometry, the expression of lineage‐specific genes, microRNAs and chromatin modifying proteins were examined by RT‐qPCR and Western blot, respectively. AF‐MSCs of normal and fetus‐affected gestations had similar stem cells characteristics and two‐lineage potential, as characterized by cell morphology and the expression of myogenic and neural markers. Two‐lineage differentiation process was associated with the down‐regulation of miR‐17 and miR‐21, the up‐regulation of miR‐34a, miR‐146a and DNMT3a/DNMT3b along with the gradual decrease in the levels of DNMT1, HDAC1, active marks of chromatin (H4hyperAc, H3K9ac, H3K4me3) and the repressive H3K9me3 mark. Differentiation was accompanied by the down‐regulation of PRC1/2 proteins (BMI1/SUZ12, EZH2) and the retention of the repressive H3K27me3 mark. We report that both AF‐MSCs of normal and fetus‐affected gestations possess differentiation capacity toward myogenic and neural lineages through rather similar epigenetic mechanisms that may provide potential applications for further investigation of the molecular basis of prenatal diseases and for the future autologous therapy.
Parallel‐process trajectories of exposure to violence and psychological distress among justice‐involved youth
Authors: Reid Joan A. , Loughran Thomas A.
Published: January 2019

Background

Researchers have raised awareness of high levels of violence exposure among justice‐involved adolescents and its association with psychological distress, yet the relationship between the violence and psychological distress has rarely been studied longitudinally.

Aim

This study aimed to gain understanding of the relationship between long‐term exposure to violence and the development of psychological distress among justice‐involved adolescents.

Methods

We examined exposure to violence and emergent psychological distress among adolescents using latent growth model analyses with a sample of 1,336 young people—male and female—who completed 10 follow‐up interviews over 7 years as part of the Pathways to Desistance study. We tested four models: (a) changes in exposure to violence over time, (b) changes in psychological distress over time, (c) the contemporaneous, parallel processes of changes in exposure to violence and psychological distress over time, and (d) differences in the evolution of violence exposure and psychological distress across sex and race/ethnicity.

Results

For the sample as a whole, exposure to violence decreased over time, as did psychological distress, but their relationship to each other was consistent. There were individual differences, however, and the subgroup of young African Americans did not experience the reduction in exposure to violence reported by the young Whites and Hispanics.

Conclusions and implications for practice

Trajectories of exposure to violence and related psychological distress did not escalate over time as expected. In light of these findings, more research is needed on the heterogeneity of violence exposure and its negative psychological impacts.
Observing Single Hollow Porous Carbon Catalyst Collisions for Oxygen Reduction at Gold Nanoband Electrode
Authors: Zhang Yue , Feng Taotao , Xu Muzhen , Tang Qiao , Zhang Meining
Published: January 2019

The evaluation of single carbon particle catalysts is critical to better understand the relationship between structure and properties. Here, we use an electrochemical collision method to study the electrocatalytic behaviour of single hollow porous carbon catalyst on gold nanoband electrodes (AuNBE). We observed the catalytic current of oxygen reduction of single carbon particle and quantified the contribution of the porous structure to the catalytic performance. We find that the meso/microporous and hollow structures contribute to the electrocatalytic current. Our research provides direct evidence that the hollow/porous structures improve the electrocatalytic performance.
Calcitonin Gene‐Related Peptide Antagonists in the Treatment of Episodic Migraine
Authors: Yuan Hsiangkuo , White Courtney S. , Silberstein Stephen D.
Published: January 2019

Migraine is a prevalent, disabling neurological disorder involving the trigeminovascular system. Previous treatments were either originally intended for other conditions and/or associated with intolerable adverse effects (AEs). Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is the most prevalent neuropeptide in the trigeminal afferent neurons and plays a significant role in pain sensitization central to migraine. TheCGRPantagonists (gepants and monoclonal antibodies) are the first treatments created specifically for migraine, modulating pain signaling pathways and alleviating migraine attacks and recurrences. With their efficacy in several clinical trials and relatively fewer AEs, theCGRPantagonists show great promise for use in episodic migraine.
Safety Issues of Pharmacological Acute Pain Treatment in Children
Authors: Rodieux Frédérique , Piguet Valérie , Desmeules Jules , Samer Caroline F.
Published: January 2019

Acute nociceptive pain management in children is a major public health concern. Effective and safe pain treatment is essential, but safety data cannot be simply extrapolated from adults to children due to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic specificities. In addition, the frequent absence of child‐specific data, the difficulty to assess drug tolerability, and the infants’ inability to communicate properly and voluntarily report adverse drug reactions make children more vulnerable to safety issues. Awareness of the possible toxicity of analgesics is important but should not lead to suboptimal dosing and underuse of analgesia. A better assessment and individualization of treatment should allow effective prescribing of analgesics in more secure conditions. This article aims to review the safety of acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, and opioids in children and the precautions that should be taken.
Revoking honorary degrees can raise practical issues, legal challenges
Authors: Porter Michael
Published: January 2019

After Bill Cosby was convicted for sexual assault, many of the 60 or more institutions that had conferred honorary degrees on Cosby revoked them. Some had already done so back when the allegations arose. From a public‐and‐community‐relations standpoint, revocation in this type of circumstance is an obvious and necessary act — institutions show that their commitment to eliminating sexual misconduct overrides an honorific provided to someone who never took a class, let alone graduated. And revocation of a degree to someone like Cosby comes with low risk: the likelihood that Cosby will bring a claim, especially after a conviction (not just allegations), is probably close to nothing.
Servant leadership generates faithful followers
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: January 2019

When I was hired as vice president for academic affairs, a faculty member came to see me. She was extremely nervous. Her son was graduating from basic training and she wanted to go to the ceremony in another state. She knew she “wasn't supposed to take off during the semester” — thus, her nervousness. I immediately said she could go to the graduation. Why wouldn't I? She cried. She was so used to this steadfast rule at the college that she was not prepared for my quick affirmative reply.
An investigation of indirect effects of personality features on anorexia nervosa severity through interoceptive dysfunction in individuals with lifetime anorexia nervosa diagnoses
Authors: Duffy Mary E. , Rogers Megan L. , Joiner Thomas E. , Bergen Andrew W. , Berrettini Wade , Bulik Cynthia M. , Brandt Harry , Crawford Steven , Crow Scott , Fichter Manfred , Halmi Katherine , Kaplan Allan S. , Klump Kelly L. , Lilenfeld Lisa , Magistretti Pierre J. , Mitchell James , Schork Nicholas J. , Strober Michael , Thornton Laura M. , Treasure Janet , Woodside Blake , Kaye Walter H. , Keel Pamela K.
Published: January 2019

Objective

This study examined a hypothesized pathway by which interoceptive dysfunction accounted for associations between personality features (harm avoidance, self‐directedness, and perfectionism) and anorexia nervosa (AN) severity (indicated by drive for thinness, eating disorder‐related preoccupations and rituals, and body mass index).

Method

The study sample (n = 270, mean age = 28.47, 95.2% female, 98% White/Caucasian) consisted of probands and biological relatives who met DSM‐IV criteria for lifetime diagnoses of AN (omitting criterion D, amenorrhea) drawn from the Price Foundation Anorexia Nervosa Affected Relative Pairs Study (AN‐ARP). Participants completed measures assessing personality, interoceptive dysfunction, and eating pathology.

Results

Associations between personality features of low self‐directedness and high perfectionism and indicators of AN severity (drive for thinness and eating disorder‐related preoccupations and rituals) were significant, as were the hypothesized indirect pathways through interoceptive dysfunction. Neither harm avoidance nor body mass index was significantly related to other study variables, and the proposed indirect pathways involving these variables were not significant.

Discussion

Findings suggest that certain personality features may relate to AN severity, in part, through their associations with interoceptive dysfunction. Future research should examine prospective associations and the value of interventions targeting interoceptive dysfunction for interrupting the link between personality and AN severity.
The evaluation and application of node influence in dynamic networks based on evolving communities
Authors: Huang Yongfeng , Xi Haixu , Shah Sayed Chhattan , Ye Feiyue
Published: January 2019

The network connectivity in dynamic networks depends on a small number of highly mobile nodes. Identifying the influential nodes is one of the most engaging challenges for mobile applications, such as data offloading or worm propagation control. Reachability is an important metric to uncover node influence. Both TRGs (temporal reachability graphs) and CJEGs (critical journey evolving graphs) provide approaches to calculate reachability. Nevertheless, these approaches are only for epidemic scenarios. In practice, due to node privacy or limited battery life, message transmission is, to a certain extent, a probabilistic dissemination. Accordingly, reachability is difficult to exactly determine. As a structure of tight‐knit nodes, a community is born of a coarse‐grained estimation of reachability under a probabilistic propagation scenario. Based on an existing overlapping community detection framework, ie, AFOCS (an unsupervised machine learning algorithm), we propose an evolving overlapping community detection algorithm, ie, EFOCS, and further developed a metric, ie, OR_CEN, to estimate the reachability under the probabilistic propagation scenario. A content delivery experiment showed that OR_CEN accurately reveals the influence of nodes in dynamic networks. Based on OR_CEN, we also propose several target set selection algorithms and discuss their application in mobile data offloading. Analysis and simulation experiments indicated that CBS_OR, the target set selection algorithm based on OR_CEN centrality, has more advantages in scalability and distributed computing than CBS_AFOCS (an algorithm based on an aggregated AFOCS community), TRG_GREEDY (a greedy algorithm based on TRGs) and RANDOM (an algorithm based on a random selection strategy). Moreover, CBS_OR exhibited a significant better offloading effect than the algorithms mentioned earlier.
Constrained instruments and their application to Mendelian randomization with pleiotropy
Authors: Jiang Lai , Oualkacha Karim , Didelez Vanessa , Ciampi Antonio , Rosa‐Neto Pedro , Benedet Andrea L. , Mathotaarachchi Sulantha , Richards John Brent , Greenwood Celia M. T. ,   and for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: January 2019

In Mendelian randomization (MR), inference about causal relationship between a phenotype of interest and a response or disease outcome can be obtained by constructing instrumental variables from genetic variants. However, MR inference requires three assumptions, one of which is that the genetic variants only influence the outcome through phenotype of interest. Pleiotropy, that is, the situation in which some genetic variants affect more than one phenotype, can invalidate these genetic variants for use as instrumental variables; thus a naive analysis will give biased estimates of the causal relation. Here, we present new methods (constrained instrumental variable [CIV] methods) to construct valid instrumental variables and perform adjusted causal effect estimation when pleiotropy exists and when the pleiotropic phenotypes are available. We demonstrate that a smoothed version of CIV performs approximate selection of genetic variants that are valid instruments, and provides unbiased estimates of the causal effects. We provide details on a number of existing methods, together with a comparison of their performance in a large series of simulations. CIV performs robustly across different pleiotropic violations of the MR assumptions. We also analyzed the data from the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuroimaging initiative (ADNI; Mueller et al., 2005. Alzheimer's Dementia, 11(1), 55–66) to disentangle causal relationships of several biomarkers with AD progression.
Process enhancement in aqueous ammonia PCC using a direct contact condenser
Authors: Milani Dia , Yu Hai , Cottrell Aaron , Yang Chien‐Ying , Maher Dan , Green Phil , Wardhaugh Leigh
Published: January 2019

Aqueous ammonia‐based post‐combustion carbon capture (PCC) is a well recognized and leading technology for the reduction of CO2 emissions from coal‐fired power stations. Despite its many techno‐economic advantages over its counterparts, there are still a few major challenges that could prevent its large‐scale adoption. This model‐based study addresses the most common problems of solid precipitation at the stripper overhead and ammonia slipping with the product CO2. We propose using a direct contact condenser (DCC) to replace the conventional gas / liquid heat exchanger (HX) at the stripper overhead. Three scenarios were proposed and assessed for DCC configuration: open, closed, and combined DCC circuits. It was found that combined‐circuit DCC could better enhance the CO2 product's purity, bringing its temperature to the nominal target, and producing less condensate, which is diluted and easier for downstream integration. Most important, this configuration can effectively eliminate ammonia slipping in the product line and solid precipitation at the stripper overhead. Validating these improvements at our current pilot plant would bring tremendous benefits for the commercialization of this technology. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative neuroimaging measures of myelin in the healthy brain and in multiple sclerosis
Authors: O'Muircheartaigh Jonathan , Vavasour Irene , Ljungberg Emil , Li David K. B. , Rauscher Alexander , Levesque Victoria , Garren Hideki , Clayton David , Tam Roger , Traboulsee Anthony , Kolind Shannon
Published: January 2019

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have been developed as imaging biomarkers, aiming to improve the specificity of MRI to underlying pathology compared to conventional weighted MRI. For assessing the integrity of white matter (WM), myelin, in particular, several techniques have been proposed and investigated individually. However, comparisons between these methods are lacking. In this study, we compared four established myelin‐sensitive MRI techniques in 56 patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and 38 healthy controls. We used T2‐relaxation with combined GRadient And Spin Echoes (GRASE) to measure myelin water fraction (MWF‐G), multi‐component driven equilibrium single pulse observation of T1 and T2 (mcDESPOT) to measure MWF‐D, magnetization‐transfer imaging to measure magnetization‐transfer ratio (MTR), and T1 relaxation to measure quantitative T1 (qT1). Using voxelwise Spearman correlations, we tested the correspondence of methods throughout the brain. All four methods showed associations that varied across tissue types; the highest correlations were found between MWF‐D and qT1 (median ρ across tissue classes 0.8) and MWF‐G and MWF‐D (median ρ = 0.59). In eight WM tracts, all measures showed differences (p < 0.05) between MS normal‐appearing WM and healthy control WM, with qT1 showing the highest number of different regions (8), followed by MWF‐D and MTR (6), and MWF‐G (n = 4). Comparing the methods in terms of their statistical sensitivity to MS lesions in WM, MWF‐D demonstrated the best accuracy (p < 0.05, after multiple comparison correction). To aid future power analysis, we provide the average and standard deviation volumes of the four techniques, estimated from the healthy control sample.
Characterization of brain network supporting episodic memory in the absence of one medial temporal lobe
Authors: Jeong Woorim , Lee Hyeongrae , Kim June Sic , Chung Chun Kee
Published: January 2019

How the brain supports normal episodic memory function without medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures has not been well characterized, which could provide clues for new therapeutic targets for people with MTL dysfunction‐related memory impairment. To characterize brain network supporting effective episodic memory function in the absence of unilateral MTL, we investigated the whole‐brain cortical interactions during functional magnetic resonance imaging memory encoding paradigms of words and figures in patients who showed a normal range of memory capacity following unilateral MTL resection and healthy controls (HC). Compared to the HC, the patients showed less activation in the left inferior frontal areas and right thalamus together with greater activation in the many cortical areas including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Task‐based functional connectivity (FC) analysis revealed that the mPFC showed stronger interactions with widespread brain areas in both patient groups, including the hippocampus contralateral to the resection. Moreover, the strength of the mPFC FC predicts the individual memory capacity of the patients. Our data suggest that hyperconnectivity of distributed brain areas, especially the mPFC, is a neural mechanism for memory function in the absence of one MTL.
International validation of the revised European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Head and Neck Cancer Module, the EORTC QLQ‐HN43: Phase IV
Authors: Singer Susanne , Amdal Cecilie Delphin , Hammerlid Eva , Tomaszewska Iwona M. , Castro Silva Joaquim , Mehanna Hisham , Santos Marcos , Inhestern Johanna , Brannan Christine , Yarom Noam , Fullerton Amy , Pinto Monica , Arraras Juan I. , Kiyota Naomi , Bonomo Pierluigi , Sherman Allen C. , Baumann Ingo , Galalae Razvan , Fernandez Gonzalez Loreto , Nicolatou‐Galitis Ourania , Abdel‐Hafeez Zeinab , Raber‐Durlacher Judith , Schmalz Claudia , Zotti Paola , Boehm Andreas , Hofmeister Dirk , Krejovic Trivic Sanja , Loo Suat , Chie Wei‐Chu , Bjordal Kristin , Brokstad Herlofson Bente , Grégoire Vincent , Licitra Lisa ,   on behalf of the EORTC Quality of Life and the EORTC Head and Neck Cancer Groups
Published: January 2019

Background

We validated the new European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Head and Neck Module (EORTC QLQ‐HN43).

Methods

We enrolled 812 patients with head and neck cancer from 18 countries. Group 1 completed the questionnaire before therapy, and 3 and 6 months later. In group 2 (survivors), we determined test–retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha, the scale structure with confirmatory factor analysis, and discriminant validity with known‐group comparisons.

Results

Cronbach's alpha was >0.70 in 10 of the 12 multi‐item scales. All standardized factor loadings exceeded 0.40. The ICC was >0.70 in all but two scales. Differences in scale scores between known‐groups were >10 points in 17 of the 19 scales. Sensitivity to change was found to be sufficient in 18 scales.

Conclusions

Evidence supports the reliability and validity of the EORTC QLQ‐HN43 as a measure of quality of life.
Thermal radiation and variable electrical conductivity effects on MHD peristaltic motion of Carreau nanofluids: Radiotherapy and thermotherapy of oncology treatment
Authors: Hasona W. M. , Almalki N. H. , ElShekhipy A. A. , Ibrahim M. G.
Published: January 2019

This study intends to investigate the influences of thermal radiation and variable electrical conductivity on the MHD peristaltic flow of Carreau nanofluids as the radiotherapy and thermotherapy are required for cancer treatment. Formulation of temperature‐dependent electrical conductivity is introduced for the first time in the peristaltic literature. The related equations of momentum, mass, and concentration are reformulated using lubrication approximations (ie, tiny or zero Reynolds number and long wavelength). These simplified equations are solved numerically with the aid of Parameteric‐NDSolve. Results for velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions are obtained in three‐dimensional analytical forms. The streamline graphs are offered in the terminus, which elucidate the trapping bolus phenomenon. A “special case” of our results offered to get the solutions over certain contours for the behaviors of velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration. It is found that the magnetic nanoparticles acquire more energy at high temperature, enabling them to destroy and damage tumors tissues (thermotherapy of oncology). Radiation is the reason for spreading the energy, that is, the energy of all the fluid nanoparticles does not continue with the same value. Therefore, in cancer treatment, doctors use high doses of radiation to cure cancer cells and prevent it from returning (radiotherapy of oncology).
Computational study of heat transfer in solar collectors with different radiative flux models
Authors: Kuharat Sireetorn , Anwar Bég O. , Kadir Ali , Shamshuddin MD.
Published: January 2019

Two‐dimensional steady incompressible laminar Newtonian viscous convection‐radiative heat transfer in a rectangular solar collector geometry is considered. The ANSYS FLUENT finite volume code (version 17.2) is used to simulate the thermo‐fluid characteristics. Extensive details of computational methodology are given to provide engineers with a framework for simulating radiative‐convection in enclosures. Mesh‐independence tests and validation are conducted. The influence of aspect ratio, Prandtl number (
Pr), Rayleigh number (
Ra) and radiative flux model on temperature, isotherms, velocity, and pressure is evaluated and visualized in colour plots. In addition, local convective heat flux is computed, and solutions are compared with the MAC solver for various buoyancy effects achieving excellent agreement. The P1 model is shown to better predict the actual influence of solar radiative flux on thermal fluid behaviour compared with the limited Rosseland model. With increasing Ra, the hot zone emanating from the base of the collector is found to penetrate deeper into the collector and rises symmetrically dividing into two vortex regions with very high buoyancy effect. With increasing Pr there is a progressive incursion of the hot zone at the solar collector base higher into the solar collector space and simultaneously a greater asymmetric behaviour of the dual isothermal zones.
Transplacental delivery of genome editing components causes mutations in embryonic cardiomyocytes of mid‐gestational murine fetuses
Authors: Nakamura Shingo , Ishihara Masayuki , Ando Naoko , Watanabe Satoshi , Sakurai Takayuki , Sato Masahiro
Published: January 2019

Genome editing, as exemplified by CRISPR/Cas9, is now recognized as a powerful tool for the engineering of endogenous target genes. It employs only two components, namely, Cas9 in the form of DNA, mRNA, or protein; and guide RNA (gRNA), which is specific to a target gene. When these components are transferred to cells, they create insertion/deletion mutations (indels) within a target gene. Therefore, when fetuses within the uteri of pregnant murine females are exposed to these reagents, fetal cells incorporating them should show mutations in the target gene. To examine a possible genome editing of fetal cells in vivo, we intravenously administered a solution containing plasmid DNA–FuGENE complex to pregnant wild‐type female mice [which had been successfully mated with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)‐expressing male transgenic mice] on day 12.5 of gestation. The plasmid DNA induces the expression of gRNA, which was targeted at the EGFP cDNA, and that of the Cas9 gene. All fetuses in the pregnant females should express EGFP systemically, since they are heterozygous (Tg/+) for the transgene. Thus, the delivery of CRISPR system targeted at EGFP in the fetuses will cause a reduced expression of EGFP as a result of the genome editing of EGFP genomic sequence. Of the 24 fetuses isolated from three pregnant females 2 days after gene delivery, 3 were found to have reduced fluorescence in their hearts. Genotyping of the dissected hearts revealed the presence of the transgene construct (Cas9 gene) in all the samples. Furthermore, all the three samples exhibited mutations at the target loci, although normal cells were also present. Thus, transplacental delivery of gene editing components may be a useful tool for developing animal models with heart disorder for heart‐related disease research, and gene therapy in congenital heart defects such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). © 2019 IUBMB Life, 9999(9999):1–10, 2019
Response latency as a measure of behavior in the assessment of elopement
Authors: Traub Michele R. , Vollmer Timothy R.
Published: January 2019

Elopement is a common form of problem behavior but is relatively underrepresented in the functional analysis literature. One barrier to assessing elopement experimentally is the need to retrieve the subject following an instance of elopement. This retrieval confounds programmed session contingencies when the goal is to obtain repeated measurement of free‐operant behavior. The current study evaluated latency to elopement as an alternative to free‐operant measurement. We first compared response latency to allocation in 5‐min sessions and then measured latency alone in a trial‐based format. The identified reinforcers matched across both data analysis modalities in the session‐based assessments, and the trial‐based functional analysis showed a significant time savings in identifying the function of behavior over a session‐based assessment. Results indicated that elopement serves idiosyncratic social functions in young children with intellectual and developmental disabilities, and that a latency‐based assessment saves time while yielding equally clear results.