bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of the processivity and intracellular localization of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
dynein by dynactin
Authors: Kardon Julia R. , Reck-Peterson Samara L. , Vale Ronald D.
Published: March 2009

Dynactin, a large multisubunit complex, is required for intracellular transport by dynein; however, its cellular functions and mechanism of action are not clear. Prior studies suggested that dynactin increases dynein processivity by tethering the motor to the microtubule through its own microtubule binding domains. However, this hypothesis could not be tested without a recombinant source of dynactin. Here, we have produced recombinant dynactin and dynein in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, and examined the effect of dynactin on dynein in single-molecule motility assays. We show that dynactin increases the run length of single dynein motors, but does not alter the directionality of dynein movement. Enhancement of dynein processivity by dynactin does not require the microtubule (MT) binding domains of Nip100 (the yeast p150
Glued
homolog). Dynactin lacking these MT binding domains also supports the proper localization and function of dynein during nuclear segregation in vivo. Instead, a segment of the coiled-coil of Nip100 is required for these activities. Our results directly demonstrate that dynactin increases the processivity of dynein through a mechanism independent of microtubule tethering.
A Study on the Bandwidth Characteristics of Pleated Pneumatic Artificial Muscles
Authors: Versluys Rino , Deckers Kristel , Van Damme Michaël , Van Ham Ronald , Steenackers Gunther , Guillaume Patrick , Lefeber Dirk
Published: March 2009

Pleated pneumatic artificial muscles have interesting properties that can be of considerable significance in robotics and automation. With a view to the potential use of pleated pneumatic artificial muscles as actuators for a fatigue test bench (high forces and small displacements), the bandwidth characteristics of a muscle‐valve system were investigated. Bandwidth is commonly used for linear systems, as the Bode plot is independent of the amplitude of the input signal. However, due to the non‐linear behaviour of pleated pneumatic artificial muscles, the system′s gain becomes dependent on the amplitude of the input sine wave. As a result, only one Bode plot is insufficient to clearly describe or identify a non‐linear system. In this study, the bandwidth of a muscle‐valve system was assessed from two perspectives: a varying amplitude and a varying offset of the input sine wave. A brief introduction to pneumatic artificial muscles is given. The concept of pleated pneumatic artificial muscles is explained. Furthermore, the different test methods and experimental results are presented.
2 Semantic alignment systems: what's what, and what's not
Authors: Donohue Mark
Published: March 2009

Semantic alignment involves a split in the coding of Ss according to the verb's lexical semantics, and is related to the fact that most languages have more than one way to code the arguments of bivalent predicates. Contrasts that rely on syntactic categories are not considered to represent semantic alignment.
3 Split intransitives, experiencer objects, and ‘transimpersonal’ constructions: (re‐)establishing the connection
Authors: Malchukov Andrej
Published: March 2009

This chapter shows that a number of split intransitive languages have developed from re-analysis of transimpersonal experiencer object constructions. More generally, it is argued that split intransitive systems emerge through the interaction of universal functional pressures with language particular structural conditions.
7 Intransitive split in Tundra Nenets, or how much semantics can hide behind syntactic alignment
Authors: Khanina Olesya
Published: March 2009

This chapter investigates whether Basque's case-marking pattern is ergative or semantically-based. While Eastern and Central dialects can be considered to have a loose ergative alignment, Western dialects have a semantic alignment based on the contrast patient/non-patient. Historical data suggest that Modern Eastern Basque best conserves the original system.
8 From ergative case marking to semantic case marking: the case of historical Basque
Authors: Aldai Gontzal
Published: March 2009

Tundra Nenets intransitive verbs are divided into three classes: A-verbs, B-verbs and A&B-verbs, according to their compatibility with one of the two intransitive paradigms. This chapter investigates the Aktionsart principles that govern (1) a verb's placement in one of the classes; and (2) the choice between the two paradigms for A&B-verbs.
The rise and fall of semantic alignment in North Halmahera, Indonesia
Authors: Holton Gary
Published: March 2009

This chapter compares alignment patterns across the North Halmaheran (West Papuan) languages, concluding that formal patterns of alignment are inherently unstable. Semantically aligned systems are shown to have arisen from originally syntactically aligned system through the loss of pleonastic actor pronouns.
11 Verb classification in Amis
Authors: Tsukida Naomi
Published: March 2009

This chapter presents the verb classification system of Amis and explains it in terms of semantic features. The notions stativity and affectedness are employed in order to explain the system. It is shown that there are interesting analogies between the Amis system and ‘ordinary’ semantic alignment, although they look quite different at first sight.
13 Argument dereferentialization in Lakota
Authors: Pustet Regina , Rood David S.
Published: March 2009

Lakota has been claimed to lack structural devices by means of which arguments can be foregrounded, such as with passives. However, recent field data show that in addition to various backgrounding constructions, Lakota has a construction which functions very much like an English passive in which the agent is present.
14 The emergence of active∕stative alignment in Otomi
Authors: Palancar Enrique L.
Published: March 2009

Otomi is an Otomanguean, Mesoamerican language whose intransitive verbs display two types of semantic alignment patterns: agent-patient and active-stative. This uncommon feature makes Otomi an interesting language typologically. This chapter advances a proposal about how the active-stative alignment emerged diachronically in the grammar of Otomi.
17 Affectedness and viewpoint in Pilagá (Guaykuruan): a semantically aligned case‐marking system
Authors: Vidal Alejandra
Published: March 2009

This chapter describes the semantic alignment in the Guaykuruan language Pilagá (Chaco region, Argentina) and situates it in a typological context. Pilagá exhibits an extensive fluid marking which involves distinctions of caused vs. spontaneous events, high vs. low intentionality, non-reflexive vs. reflexive acts, and, interestingly, movement to/from a vantage point.
Integration of Complementary and Alternative Medicine into Family Practices in Germany: Results of a National Survey
Authors: Joos Stefanie , Musselmann Berthold , Szecsenyi Joachim
Published: March 2009

More than two‐thirds of patients in Germany use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) provided either by physicians or non‐medical practitioners (“Heilpraktiker”). There is little information about the number of family physicians (FPs) providing CAM. Given the widespread public interest in the use of CAM, this study aimed to ascertain the use of and attitude toward CAM among FPs in Germany. A postal questionnaire developed based on qualitatively derived data was sent to 3000 randomly selected FPs in Germany. A reminder letter including a postcard (containing a single question about CAM use in practice and reasons for non‐particpation in the survey) was sent to all FPs who had not returned the questionnaire. Of the 3000 FPs, 1027 (34%) returned the questionnaire and 444 (15%) returned the postcard. Altogether, 886 of the 1471 responding FPs (60%) reported using CAM in their practice. A positive attitude toward CAM was indicated by 503 FPs (55%), a rather negative attitude by 127 FPs (14%). Chirotherapy, relaxation and neural therapy were rated as most beneficial CAM therapies by FPs, whereas neural therapy, phytotherapy and acupuncture were the most commonly used therapies in German family practices. This survey clearly demonstrates that CAM is highly valued by many FPs and is already making a substantial contribution to first‐contact primary care in Germany. Therefore, education and research about CAM should be increased. Furthermore, with the provision of CAM by FPs, the role of non‐medical CAM practitioners within the German healthcare system is to be questioned.
Modelling three-dimensional directivity of sound scattering by Antarctic krill: progress towards biomass estimation using multibeam sonar
Authors: Cutter George R. , Renfree Josiah S. , Cox Martin J. , Brierley Andrew S. , Demer David A.
Published: March 2009

Cutter, G. R., Renfree, J. S., Cox, M. J., Brierley, A. S., and Demer, D. A. 2009. Modelling three-dimensional directivity of sound scattering by Antarctic krill: progress towards biomass estimation using multibeam sonar. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1245–1251. Target strength (TS) estimation is a principal source of uncertainty in acoustic surveys of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). Although TS is strongly dependent on krill orientation, there is a paucity of information in this regard. This paper considers the potential for narrow-bandwidth, multibeam-echosounder (MBE) data to be used for estimating the orientations of krill beneath survey vessels. First, software was developed to predict MBE measurements of the directivity patterns of acoustic scattering from individual or aggregated krill in any orientation. Based on the distorted-wave, Born approximation model (DWBA), scattering intensities are predicted vs. MBE angles for specified distributions of krill orientations (pitch, roll, and yaw angles) and swarm densities. Results indicate that certain distributions of orientations, perhaps indicative of particular behaviour, should be apparent from the sonar data. The model results are compared with measurements on krill made using a 200-kHz MBE deployed from a small craft off Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island, Antarctica, in summer 2006. The stochastic DWBA model is then invoked to explain disparities between the model predictions and MBE measurements.
Influence of Sodium Chloride on Color Development of Cereal Model Systems Through Changes in Glass Transition Temperature and Water Retention
Authors: Moreau Lydie , Bindzus Wolfgang , Hill Sandra
Published: March 2009

Research efforts aim to enhance fundamental understanding about the role of salt in cereal products. Such knowledge may open new strategies for salt reduction in respective product categories. A model system, containing pregelatinized starch, glucose, and amino acids heated at 230°C for up to 10 min demonstrated that NaCl leads to darker products compared with the same model heated without NaCl (P < 0.05). The same trend was observed in wheat breakfast cereal flakes toasted at 230°C. The present study investigated two hypotheses how salt may influence color formation through Maillard Reaction: 1) hygroscopic behavior of salt may change the retention of water during heating and encourage Maillard reactions by improving mobility of reactants; 2) salt has a plasticizing effect and the presence of salt might keep the product in a rubbery state longer while heating, hence improving mobility and Maillard reactions of reactants. The same models (pregelatinized starch, glucose, and amino acids) mixed with several types of plasticizers (NaCl, KCl, or trehalose) and a blank without plasticizer were made and heat‐treated under controlled conditions. The presence of plasticizers always led to darker products but no correlation was found between color formation, the hygroscopic behavior of the system, and its glass transition temperature as measured by phase transition analyzer.
Theoretical and Empirical Relationships Between Oat Test Weight and Groat Proportion
Authors: Doehlert Douglas C. , Ohm Jae‐Bom , McMullen Michael S. , Riveland Neil R.
Published: March 2009

Test weight and groat proportion are two very important quality characteristics of oat grain. In this study, we pose the hypothesis that these two characteristics are related through characteristics of grain density. Test weight is defined as the product of kernel density and packing proportion. Groat proportion, in theory, is the ratio of the groat mass to the kernel mass. We present two theoretical constructions expressing test weight in terms of groat proportion, packing proportion and kernel density components. To test these, we have applied measurements of test weight, groat proportion, kernel density components, and packing proportion of 18 oat cultivars grown at six environments. Whereas the groat proportion alone accounted for only 34% of the variation in test weight, our theoretical constructions that included groat proportion could account for ≤82% of variation in test weight. Also, we present previously undescribed variation in oat kernel density components across genotypes and environments. Although the kernel density alone could account for most of the variation in test weight across genotypes, packing proportion appeared to be more important in describing variation in test weight of a genotype across different environments. We observed significant variation in both groat and hull density which, together with groat proportion, described most of the variation in kernel density.
The Gene Controlling theIndole Glucosinolate Modifier1Quantitative Trait Locus Alters Indole Glucosinolate Structures and Aphid Resistance inArabidopsis
Authors: Pfalz Marina , Vogel Heiko , Kroymann Juergen
Published: March 2009

Glucosinolates are defensive secondary compounds that display large structural diversity in Arabidopsis thaliana and related plants. Much attention has been paid to variation in the biosynthesis of Met-derived aliphatic glucosinolates and its ecological consequences, but little is known about the genes that cause qualitative and quantitative differences in Trp-derived indole glucosinolates. We use a combination of quantitative trait locus (QTL) fine-mapping and microarray-based transcript profiling to identify CYP81F2 (At5g57220), encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, as the gene underlying Indole Glucosinolate Modifier1 (IGM1), a metabolic QTL for the accumulation of two modified indole glucosinolates, 4-hydroxy-indole-3-yl-methyl and 4-methoxy-indole-3-yl-methyl glucosinolate. We verify CYP81F2 function with two SALK T-DNA insertion lines and show that CYP81F2 catalyzes the conversion of indole-3-yl-methyl to 4-hydroxy-indole-3-yl-methyl glucosinolate. We further show that the IGM1 QTL is largely caused by differences in CYP81F2 expression, which results from a combination of cis- and trans-acting expression QTL different from known regulators of indole glucosinolate biosynthesis. Finally, we elucidate a potential function of CYP81F2 in plant–insect interactions and find that CYP81F2 contributes to defense against the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) but not to resistance against herbivory by larvae from four lepidopteran species.
Polymorphism of the pig acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase α gene is associated with fatty acid composition in a Duroc commercial line
Authors: Gallardo D. , Quintanilla R. , Varona L. , Díaz I. , Ramírez O. , Pena R. N. , Amills M.
Published: March 2009

Acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase α (ACACA) catalyses the first committed step in the biosynthesis of long‐chain fatty acids (FA) by converting acetyl‐CoA into malonyl‐CoA. In pigs, the ACACA gene maps to a chromosome 12 QTL with important effects on FA composition. In the present study, we have sequenced the coding region of the pig ACACA gene in 15 pigs, identifying 21 polymorphic sites that were either synonymous or non‐coding. Ten of these SNPs segregated in a Duroc commercial population (n = 350) for which lipid metabolism and meat and carcass quality trait records were available. Significant associations were found between two linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (c.4899G>A and c.5196T>C) and percentages of carcass lean, intramuscular fat, monounsaturated, saturated (myristic, palmitic and stearic) and polyunsaturated (linoleic) FAs in the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle, along with serum HDL‐cholesterol concentration. The most important allele substitution effects were observed for the polyunsaturated/saturated FA ratio (13–21% of the phenotypic mean) as well as for the percentages of ω‐6 and polyunsaturated FAs, especially linoleic acid (7–16% of the phenotypic mean). These results suggest the existence of a causal mutation, mapping to the chromosomal region containing the pig ACACA gene, with marked effects on FA composition of meat.
Effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms of CAPN1 and CAST genes on meat traits in Nellore beef cattle (Bos indicus) and in their crosses with Bos taurus
Authors: Curi R. A. , Chardulo L. A. L. , Mason M. C. , Arrigoni M. D. B. , Silveira A. C. , De Oliveira H. N.
Published: March 2009

The objectives of this work were to study the segregation of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the calpain 1, large subunit (CAPN1) and calpastatin (CAST) genes in Nellore (Bos indicus) and Nellore ×Bos taurus beef cattle, as well as to evaluate their effects on meat traits. For this, 300 animals, including 114 Nellore, 67 Angus × Nellore, 44 Rubia Gallega × Nellore, 41 Canchim, 19 Brangus three‐way crosses and 15 Braunvieh three‐way crosses, were genotyped for the CAPN4751 [AF_248054.2:g.6545C>T (GenBank accession AF248054.2)] and CAST/DdeI [AF_159246.1:g.2959A>G (GenBank accession AF159246.1)] polymorphisms and phenotyped for Ribeye Area, Backfat Thickness, Intramuscular Fat, Shear Force (SF) and Myofibrillar Fragmentation Index (MFI). In relation to the CAPN4751 polymorphism, a frequency of 10.5% was observed for the C allele in the Nellore breed. In the total sample of studied animals, a significant association was found between genotypes and meat tenderness, assessed by SF (P = 0.005) and MFI (P = 0.008), with genotype CT being more favourable than TT. For the CAST/DdeI polymorphism, a frequency of 55.7% was found for the A allele in the Nellore breed. In the total sample, a significant association was observed between genotypes and meat tenderness – SF (P = 0.004) and MFI (P = 0.006), with genotype AA being more favourable than AG. The relationship between genotypes and aged meat tenderness in confluence with the distribution of favourable alleles shows great potential for application of the CAPN4751 and CAST/DdeI polymorphisms in the genetic improvement of the Nellore breed, whilst contributing to the validation, in this breed and in its crosses with B. taurus, of the association results previously described in the literature.
Characterization of cerebral malaria in the outbred Swiss Webster mouse infected byPlasmodium bergheiANKA
Authors: Martins Yuri Chaves , Smith Mary Jane , Pelajo‐Machado Marcelo , Werneck Guilherme Loureiro , Lenzi Henrique Leonel , Daniel‐Ribeiro Claudio Tadeu , Carvalho Leonardo José de Moura
Published: March 2009

Plasmodium bergheiANKA (PbA) infection in susceptible inbred mouse strains is the most commonly used experimental model to study pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (CM). Indeed, many concepts on mechanisms related to this complication have arisen from works using this model. Although inbred strains present several advantages and are indicated for most studies, the use of outbred models can show unique usefulness in a number of approaches such as fine post‐quantitative trait loci mapping and discovery of genes relevant to CM susceptibility or resistance, as well as pharmacological and vaccine studies. Here we describe the features of PbA infection and CM incidence, and characterize the associated multiorgan pathology in the outbred Swiss Webster mouse. This model showed a sizeable (62.7%) and reproducible incidence of CM demonstrated by clinical signs and histopathological changes in brain (microhaemorrhages, oedema and vessel plugging by mononuclear cells). Major pathological changes were also observed in lungs, liver, thymus and spleen, analogous to those observed in inbred strains. Parasitaemia levels were associated with the risk of CM development, the risk being significantly higher in mice showing higher values of parasitaemia on days 6–7 of infection. This outbred CM model is then suitable for genetic, vaccine and drug studies targeting this malaria complication.
Establishment of lethal inhalational infection with Francisella tularensis (tularaemia) in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Nelson Michelle , Lever Mark S. , Savage Victoria L. , Salguero Francisco Javier , Pearce Peter C. , Stevens Daniel J. , Simpson Andrew J. H.
Published: March 2009

Susceptibility and lethality studies of inhalational tularaemia were undertaken using the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) to determine its suitability as a non‐human primate model. Pairs of marmosets were exposed to varying challenge doses of Francisella tularensis by the airborne route and monitored for up to 14 days postchallenge (p.c.). Lethal infection was achieved following a retained dose of less than 10 bacterial colony‐forming units (CFU). However, precise LD50 determination was not possible. The model was characterized using a target challenge dose of approximately 100 CFU. Increased core body temperature was the first indicator of disease, at approximately 2.5 days p.c. Overt clinical signs were first observed 12–18 h after the temperature increase. Significantly decreased activity was observed after approximately 3 days. All animals succumbed to infection between 4.5 and 7 days p.c. At postmortem examination, gross pathology was evident in the liver, spleen and lungs of all animals and high bacterial numbers were detected in all the organs assessed. Bacteraemia was demonstrated in all animals postmortem. Histopathological observations included severe suppurative bronchopneumonia, severe multifocal pyogranulomatous hepatitis, splenitis and lymphadenitis. Tularaemia disease progression in the common marmoset therefore appears to be consistent with the disease seen in humans and other animal models. The common marmoset may therefore be considered a suitable model for further studies of inhalational tularaemia.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of the genusBifidobacteriumon macrophages by modification of phospho‐IκB and SOCS gene expression
Authors: Okada Yoshikiyo , Tsuzuki Yoshikazu , Hokari Ryota , Komoto Shunsuke , Kurihara Chie , Kawaguchi Atsushi , Nagao Shigeaki , Miura Soichiro
Published: March 2009

Although beneficial roles of probiotics for inflammatory bowel diseases have been reported, their direct action on immune cells has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated how three species ofBifidobacteriumandEnterococcus faecalisdifferentially modulate production of cytokines from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated macrophagesin vitrousing RAW264.7 cells. The mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines were remarkably increased after exposure to LPS,E. faecalisalone and LPS combined withE. faecalis. In contrast, IL‐10 mRNA levels were significantly decreased after exposure toE. faecaliscompared with exposure toBifidobacteriumspecies. When cells were exposed toBifidobacteriumspecies combined with LPS, mRNA levels of IL12p40 were decreased by co‐culture withB. breveandB. longum, IL‐1β mRNA levels were decreased byB. breveandB. adorescentisand TNF‐α mRNA levels were decreased byB. adolescentiscompared with LPS alone. The three species ofBifidobacteriumsignificantly inhibited phosphorylation of IκB‐α induced by LPS. The mRNA levels of SOCS1 and SOCS3 were increased by exposure to LPS alone; however, the mRNA levels of SOCS1 or SOCS3 were increased more by exposure toBifidobacteriumspecies combined with LPS. Conversely,E. faecaliscombined with LPS induced significantly lower levels of SOCS mRNA than those induced byBifidobacteriumspecies combined with LPS. These results indicated that certain species of genusBifidobacteriumcould negatively modulate mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines produced from LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells, which is possibly related to inhibition of IκB‐α phosphorylation and stimulation of SOCS signalling.
Evaluation of a magnetic resonance biomarker of osteoarthritis disease progression: doxycycline slows tibial cartilage loss in the Dunkin Hartley guinea pig
Authors: Bowyer Jonathan , Heapy Chris G. , Flannelly Joanne K. , Waterton John C. , Maciewicz Rose A.
Published: March 2009

The objective was to assess the effect of doxycycline treatment on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarker of cartilage volume loss, and on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in a guinea pig osteoarthritis model. Guinea pigs (9 months old) were dosed with vehicle or doxycycline, 0.6, 3.0 mg/kg/day for 66 days. Fat‐suppressed 3D gradient‐echo MRI of the left knee was acquired pre‐ and post dosing. Change in medial tibial plateau (MTP) cartilage volume (MT.VC) was determined using image analysis. At termination, MTP cartilage was removed from knees and proteolytic MMP activity determined using a fluorescent peptide substrate assay. Vehicle‐treated animals lost 20.5% (95% CI mean 25.6–15.1) MT.VC. The doxycycline (0.6 mg/kg/day) group lost 8.6% (P < 0.05, 95% CI 20.6 to −5.3) whilst the 3.0 mg/kg/day group lost 10.0% (P < 0.05, 95% CI 13.9–6.0%). Endogenous levels of active MMPs were below limits of detection in all samples. However, doxycycline treatment ablated amino phenyl mercuric acid activated MMP‐13 and MMP‐8 levels, reduced MMP‐9 levels by 65% and MMP‐1 levels by 24%. Doxycycline treatment resulted in partial protection from MT.VC loss and was associated with complete reduction in MMP‐13 and MMP‐8, and partial reduction in MMP‐9 activity. These data imply a role of MMPs in cartilage degeneration but incomplete protection suggests that additional doxycycline insensitive mechanisms are important in this model. The protective effect of doxycycline correlates with the clinical finding of lessened joint space narrowing, strengthens the utility of this animal model in identifying disease‐modifying osteoarthritic drugs and supports the use of MRI biomarkers of cartilage loss.
Back to basics – how the evolution of the extracellular matrix underpinned vertebrate evolution
Authors: Huxley‐Jones Julie , Pinney John W. , Archer John , Robertson David L. , Boot‐Handford Raymond P.
Published: March 2009

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex substrate that is involved in and influences a spectrum of behaviours such as growth and differentiation and is the basis for the structure of tissues. Although a characteristic of all metazoans, the ECM has elaborated into a variety of tissues unique to vertebrates, such as bone, tendon and cartilage. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the molecular evolution of the ECM. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ECM genes represent a pivotal family of proteins the evolution of which appears to have played an important role in the evolution of vertebrates.
Neuropathic pain resulting from implant placement: case report and diagnostic conclusions
Authors: LECKEL M. , KRESS B. , SCHMITTER M.
Published: March 2009

Summary  Temporary or persisting dysesthesia of the nervus alveolaris inferior has often been described as a complication of implant surgery of the lower mandible. In most cases, lesion of the nerve results in anaesthesia of the innervated region, a symptom clearly indicative of correct diagnosis. In our case report, however, a minor perforation of the roof of the mandibular canal during implant placement apparently provoked discrete irritation of the nerve, resulting in persistent neuropathic pain without concomitant hypesthesia or dysesthesia. Because the canal could not be detected in conventional dental radiographs, this uncharacteristic situation made correct diagnosis difficult and led to unnecessary surgical procedures including extraction of adjacent teeth. Medical imaging [computed tomography (CT)] finally revealed the close proximity of the apex of the implant and the bony structure of the mandibular canal. The effect on the nervus alveolaris inferior was also demonstrated using an innovative high‐resolution dental magnetic‐resonance‐imaging technique reflecting vascular reactions of the neurovascular bundle after potentially damaging surgical intervention. After removal of the causative implant, the pain gradually faded over a period of a year.
CCR3, CCR2A and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α, monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) in the mouse hippocampus during and after pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus (PISE)
Authors: Xu J. H. , Long L. , Tang Y. C. , Zhang J. T. , Hu H. T. , Tang F. R.
Published: March 2009

Aims: To investigate protein and gene expressions of chemokine subtypes CCR3, CCR2A and their respective ligands macrophage inflammatory protein 1‐alpha (MIP‐1α), monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) in the normal mouse central nervous system (CNS) and in the hippocampus at different time points during and after pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus (PISE). Methods: CCR3 and MIP‐1α protein expressions were mapped in the mouse CNS. The protein and gene expressions of CCR3 and CCR2A and their respective ligands MIP‐1α, MCP‐1 in the hippocampus were studies by immunocytochemical and quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR during and after PISE. Results: CCR3 and MIP‐1α gene expression and immunopositive neurones were broadly distributed in the CNS. CCR3 and CCA2A gene and their protein expression were downregulated in the hippocampus at 1 h during PISE. The protein expression of MIP‐1α, MCP‐1 decreased but gene expression increased at 2 h during PISE. In the hilus of the dentate gyrus, significant reduction of the numbers of CCR3, CCR2A, MCP‐1 immunopositive neurones occurred from 1 h during to 2 months after PISE, but the number of MIP‐1α neurones reduced from 2 h during to 2 months after PISE. Induced expression of CCR3 at 1 week, CCR2A, MCP‐1 or MIP‐1α at 1 week and 2 months after PISE was found in reactive astrocytes. MCP‐1 was also demonstrated in the blood vessels of the hippocampus at 2 months after PISE. Conclusions: CCR3 and MIP‐1α may play important functional roles in the mouse brain. The downregulation of CCR3, CCR2A, MIP‐1α and MCP‐1 in the hippocampal neurones at the acute stage during and after PISE may weaken the neuroprotective mechanisms. However, induced expression of MCP‐1 in hippocampal blood vessel may be related to changes in permeability of the blood–brain barrier during epileptogenesis.
Food deprivation effects on carbohydrate levels and their relation to feeding responses of western cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis indifferens to spinosad bait
Authors: YEE WEE L. , CHAPMAN PETER S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract The nutritional state of tephritid fruit flies affects various behaviours. The present study aims to determine food deprivation effects on carbohydrate levels and their relation to feeding responses to spinosad bait (GF‐120® Naturalyte® Fruit Fly Bait; Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, Indiana), as measured indirectly by mortality, in western cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae). Sugar levels in 1–2‐day‐old flies exposed to sugar for 1 h and then deprived of sugar for 10–24 h decrease but, in flies with access to continuous sugar and no sugar, they increase and do not change, respectively. Sugar levels in 14–15‐day‐old flies that have had free access to yeast extract and sugar and are then deprived of it for 0 and 10 h do not differ but they are lower at 24 and 30 h. Mortalities of 1–2‐day‐old flies exposed to sugar for 1 h and then deprived of it for 0–24 h progressively increase but they do not increase in flies given no sugar because the mortalities in this treatment are equally high at all times. By contrast, mortalities of 14–15‐day‐old flies deprived of food increase from 0 to 10–30 h but there are no differences from 10 to 30 h. Mortalities of 14–15‐day‐old flies deprived of food for 3 and 6 h also do not differ. Food deprivation effects on glycogen are similar, although glycogen occurs at lower levels than sugar. The results obtained suggest that R. indifferens flies need to feed multiple times on carbohydrate foods during the day to maintain their carbohydrate levels, that their responses to spinosad bait will increase if they do not, and that there may be age‐related effects on carbohydrate levels and responses to spinosad bait.
An open‐label, randomized, 64‐week study repeating 10‐ and 20‐U doses of botulinum toxin type A for treatment of glabellar lines in Japanese subjects
Authors: Kawashima Makoto , Harii Kiyonori
Published: March 2009

Background  Repeated botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) treatment typifies clinical practice. The long‐term safety and efficacy should be demonstrated in diverse populations.

Objective  To evaluate the long‐term efficacy and safety of repeated BoNTA treatments of glabellar lines in Japanese subjects.

Methods  This randomized, multicenter, 64‐week, open‐label study of 363 subjects compared 10‐U and 20‐U of BoNTA for up to five treatments. The endpoints were the physician ratings of line severity and duration of efficacy, and subject ratings of line improvement and satisfaction. Safety assessments included adverse events, laboratory tests, and vital signs. Tests for neutralizing antibodies were conducted.

Results  Peak response rates (> 90%, maximal contraction) were observed at week 1 (treatment 1) and week 4 (treatments 2–5). The duration did not change with repeated treatments and was longer in the 20‐U than in the 10‐U group (17.1 ± 6.58 weeks vs. 14.8 ± 5.38 weeks; P < 0.001). Subject‐assessed improvement ratings, 4 weeks’ post‐treatment, were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in the 20‐U group. Overall satisfaction ratings were significantly higher in the 20‐U group (P < 0.001). No serious adverse events occurred. Neutralizing antibodies were not detected.

Conclusion  Repeated treatments of glabellar lines with 10 or 20 U of BoNTA provided long‐term safety and efficacy in Japanese subjects. The 20‐U dose provided longer duration, greater subject satisfaction, and greater subject‐rated improvement. The 20‐U dose was identified as optimal for improving glabellar lines in Japanese subjects. These results apply only to the formulation of BoNTA used in this study.
The Effects of Temperature and Soil Moisture on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotype Sensitivity to Isoxaflutole
Authors: Datta A. , Sindel B. M. , Kristiansen P. , Jessop R. S. , Felton W. L.
Published: March 2009

Isoxaflutole at 75 g ai ha−1 is registered in Australia for the control of several broadleaf weeds in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Although isoxaflutole provides satisfactory control of problematic weeds, under certain conditions crop injury can occur. Higher air temperature and moisture content of soil are reported to affect the metabolism of soil applied herbicide. Controlled environment experiments were used to determine the tolerance of chickpea to isoxaflutole under a range of temperature and soil moisture levels. For the soil moisture study, the variables examined were two desi chickpea genotypes (Kyabra as a tolerant cultivar and Yorker as a sensitive cultivar), three soil moisture levels [50 % field capacity (FC), 75 % FC and FC] with three herbicide rates [0, 75 (recommended rate) and 300 g ai ha−1]. For the temperature by soil moisture study, the variables examined were two other desi chickpea genotypes (97039‐1275 as a tolerant line and 91025‐3021 as a sensitive line), three temperature regimes (20/5, 30/15 and 35/25 °C), two soil moisture conditions (50 % FC and FC) with the same three herbicide rates. The results demonstrated that the chickpea genotypes exhibited differential tolerance to isoxaflutole, but that differences in response were affected by rate, temperature and soil moisture. Increasing temperature and soil moisture content made the susceptible chickpea genotype more vulnerable to isoxaflutole damage. Injury to the susceptible genotype in terms of increased leaf chlorosis and reduction in shoot height and dry matter production increased as soil moisture increased from 50 % FC to FC and temperature increased from 20/5 to 35/25 °C. Overall damage of the sensitive genotype from increasing rates of isoxaflutole also increased when soil moisture content increased from 50 % FC to FC within the fixed temperature regime of 30/15 °C. The sensitivity of chickpea to isoxaflutole depends on existing temperature and moisture content and the chances of crop damage were enhanced with increasing temperature and moisture levels.
Radiosensitivity of two strains of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) originating from different elevations in Armenia
Authors: Azizyan A. A. , Ter‐Hovhannesyan A. R.
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyse the radiosensitivity of codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) strains from different elevations, 850 and 2000 m above the sea level. The level of sterility of parental males and inherited sterility of F1 males in the strain from the higher elevation at all radiation doses (80, 100 and 150 Gy) was significantly lower, than in the strain from the lower elevation. The frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the F1 generation in the strain from the higher elevation was significantly lower at 80 and 150 Gy than that in strain from the lower elevation. The average number of eupyrene sperm in the F1 males descended from irradiated males was higher in the strain from the higher elevation than in the strain from the lower elevation. Inheritance of the resistance/susceptible to ionizing radiation were examined by standard genetic cross‐breeding analysis confirming the polygenic nature of the differences in radiosensitivity. The implications of these findings for the implementation of area‐wide integrated pest management programmes that integrate the use of sterile insects are discussed.
Identification of Coffee Genes Expressed During Systemic Acquired Resistance and Incompatible Interaction withHemileia vastatrix
Authors: Guzzo Sylvia Dias , Harakava Ricardo , Tsai Siu Mui
Published: March 2009

Coffee genes associated with systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and incompatible reaction against coffee leaf rust inoculation were identified by suppression subtractive hybridization. Analysis of 384 clones of each of the subtracted cDNA libraries identified genes involved in oxidative burst/apoptosis/hypersensitive response, synthesis of antimicrobial proteins, synthesis and transport of antimicrobial metabolites, signal perception and transduction, metabolism of lipids, regulated protein degradation and cell maintenance and development. Induction of distinct sets of genes in the two resistance responses was observed. A wide range of genes involved in defence responses described in other plant species was also found in coffee plants. Semi‐quantitative and quantitative RT‐PCR analysis of seven selected genes showed differences in their expression profile within 72 h after treatment. Full‐length cDNA sequences of two β‐1,3‐glucanases, one induced during SAR and the other in the incompatible reaction, were obtained by 5′ and 3′ RACE and the sequence data suggest different properties and cellular localization of the encoded proteins.
Regional‐Scale Excess Ar wave in a Barrovian type metamorphic belt, eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Itaya Tetsumaru , Hyodo Hironobu , Tsujimori Tatsuki , Wallis Simon , Aoya Mutsuki , Kawakami Tetsuo , Gouzu Chitaro
Published: March 2009

Laser step heating40Ar/39Ar analysis of biotite and muscovite single crystals from a Barrovian type metamorphic belt in the eastern Tibetan plateau yielded consistent cooling ages of ca. 40 Ma in the sillimanite zone with peak metamorphic temperatures higher than 600°C and discordant ages from 46 to 197 Ma in the zones with lower peak temperatures. Chemical Th‐U‐Total Pb Isochron Method (CHIME) monazite (65 Ma) and sensitive high mass‐resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) apatite (67 Ma) dating give the age of peak metamorphism in the sillimanite zone. Moderate amounts of excess Ar shown by biotite grains with ages of 46 to 94 Ma at metamorphic grades up to the high‐grade part of the kyanite zone probably represent incomplete degassing during metamorphism. In contrast, the high‐grade part of the kyanite zone yields biotite ages of 130 to 197 Ma. The spatial distribution of these older ages in the kyanite zone along the sillimanite zone boundary suggests they reflect trapped excess argon that migrated from higher‐grade regions. The most likely source is muscovite that decomposed to form sillimanite. The zone with extreme amounts of excess argon preserves trapped remnants of an ‘excess argon wave’. We suggest this corresponds to the area where biotite cooled below its closure temperature in the presence of an elevated Ar wave. Extreme excess Ar is not recognized in muscovite suggesting that the entrapment of the argon wave by biotite took place when the rocks had cooled down to temperatures lower than the closure temperature of muscovite. The breakdown of phengite during ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphism may be a key factor in accounting for the very old apparent ages seen in many UHP metamorphic regions. This is the first documentation of a regional Ar‐wave spatially associated with regional metamorphism. This study also implies that resetting of the Ar isotopic systems in micas can require temperatures up to 600°C; much higher than generally thought.
Effect of different application depths of mitomycin‐C in deep sclerectomy with collagen implant: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mansouri Kaweh , Ravinet Emilie
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Purpose:  To evaluate effects of mitomycin‐C (MMC) in deep sclerectomy with collagen implant applied under the superficial scleral flap or under the deep scleral flap.

Methods:  Twenty‐five patients with primary or secondary open‐angle glaucoma and at high risk for postoperative cicatrization underwent deep sclerectomy and were randomly distributed to the two treatment arms. In the superficial MMC group (S‐MMC), MMC was applied under the superficial scleral flap using a soaked sponge for 60 s; in the deep MMC group (D‐MMC), MMC was applied under the deep scleral flap for 60 s before entering the Schlemm's canal. In both groups, remaining MMC was irrigated with 40 mL balanced salt solution. Patients were followed up for up to 2 years. The volume of filtering blebs was studied with ultrasound biomicroscopy at the last follow‐up visit.

Results:  Mean preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) was 20.5 ± 8.9 mmHg for D‐MMC and 21.6 ± 6.6 mmHg for S‐MMC eyes (P = 0.67). The mean postoperative IOP was 5.3 ± 3.3 mmHg (D‐MMC) and 6.9 ± 4.8 mmHg (S‐MMC) at day 1 (P = 0.22) and 11.4 ± 6.3 mmHg (D‐MMC) versus 11.3 ± 4.6 mmHg (S‐MMC) at last follow up (P = 0.54). The mean number of medications per patient was reduced from 2.5 ± 0.5 to 0.4 ± 0.5 (D‐MMC) (P < 0.001) and from 2.5 ± 0.9 to 0.3 ± 0.4 (S‐MMC) (P < 0.001). Ultrasound biomicroscopy at 24 months showed mean intrascleral space volume of 1.97 ± 0.35 mm3 (D‐MMC) and 5.68 ± 0.42 mm3 (S‐MMC) (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  No significant difference in efficacy and safety was found between the two groups at a mean of 19.2 months of follow up. Deep scleral application of MMC, however, seems to produce significantly smaller intrascleral blebs.
Risk factors for urothelial carcinoma of the prostate in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer
Authors: Patel Sanjay G. , Cookson Michael S. , Barocas Daniel A. , Clark Peter E. , Smith Joseph A. , Chang Sam S.
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE

To examine the risk factors for urothelial carcinoma (UC) involvement of the prostate in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy (RCP) for bladder cancer, as such involvement has both prognostic and therapeutic implications.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We examined 308 consecutive men from 1998 to 2005 who had RCP for UC of the bladder, with whole‐mount processing of their prostate. Prostatic involvement was categorized by site of origin (the bladder or the prostatic urethra) and, in the case of prostatic urethral origin, by depth of invasion, i.e. dysplasia/carcinoma in situ (CIS), involving the prostatic urethra, prostatic ductal invasion or prostatic stromal invasion. The impact of pathological characteristics was evaluated.

RESULTS

In all, 121 (39.3%) patients had some form of urothelial involvement of the prostate, of whom 59 (48.8%) had dysplasia/CIS of the prostatic urethra, 20 (16.5%) had ductal involvement and 32 (26.4%) had stromal involvement. Multivariate analysis showed that bladder CIS (odds ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval, 1.2–3.6, P = 0.012) and trigonal involvement of bladder tumours (2.0, 1.1–3.7, P = 0.028) were independent risk factors for urothelial involvement of the prostate.

CONCLUSION

There was prostatic involvement with UC in nearly 40% of patients undergoing RCP. In this study CIS and trigonal involvement were independent predictors of risk, but were not adequate enough to accurately identify most patients who have UC within their prostate; further prospective studies are needed to more accurately predict risk factors and depth of invasion.
The optimal extraction of water along an arbitrarily configured river system
Authors: Coram Alex , Noakes Lyle
Published: March 2009

The fundamental problem for any scheme of water management that tries to maximise welfare across a river system is that of determining the optimal allocation at every point. The problem cannot, in general, be avoided by trading water rights because the price will not account for the effect of extraction at any one point on all other points. This article interprets the problem in terms of the indeterminacy that results from missing information on the value of water at internal junctions between rivers. It is then solved in an optimal control theory framework.
Evaluating combined land conservation benefits from perennial pasture: lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) for management of dryland salinity and herbicide resistance in Western Australia*
Authors: Doole Graeme J. , Pannell David J.
Published: March 2009

The inclusion of perennial pasture phases in cropping rotations has been widely promoted throughout Australia for reducing the incidence of dryland salinity. To a lesser extent, they have also been promoted to enhance the management of herbicide‐resistant weeds. No previous economic analysis of perennial pasture has considered both of these benefits. This study combines a dynamic linear programming model to estimate the magnitude of salinity‐related benefits and a complex simulation model to assess the economics of herbicide‐resistance management. We present a case study of the perennial pasture lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in the Wheatbelt of Western Australia, where the weed annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) is resistant to multiple herbicide groups. Sequences incorporating lucerne are the most profitable land use at the standard set of parameter values if (i) annual ryegrass is resistant to all selective herbicides, (ii) the water table is so shallow (approximately < 3.5 m deep) that frequent rotation with perennials is required to avert soil salinisation, (iii) sheep production is highly profitable, or (iv) there is a combination of less extreme cases. The value of perennial pasture is sufficient under these circumstances to overcome its high establishment cost and the displacement of multiple years of crop. Consideration of dryland salinity and herbicide resistance are about equally important in evaluating the economics of lucerne; neither should be neglected.