bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Alleged Stagnation of Capitalism
Authors: Jefferies William
Published: April 2015

The assumption that capitalist globalization has been a period of overall stagnation is the dominant consensus opinion within Marxist political economy. This paper criticizes this opinion and shows that it rests on a mis-measure of the transition of the centrally planned economics of the ex-USSR, Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), and China developed by the official statistical agencies during the Cold War. This mis-measure has the effect of underestimating both the collapse of physical output in the ex-USSR and CEE during the transition and underestimating the growth of genuine national income after the creation of market economies where previously there had been none. This paper develops some alternative, much higher, estimates of the real growth of national income during the transition period.
Studies on novel tri-phthalonitrile phenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and the phthalonitrile–epoxy blends
Authors: Kaliavaradhan Kumudha , Muthusamy Sarojadevi
Published: April 2015

A novel tri-phthalonitrile phenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (TPnPh-POSS) was synthesized from trisilanol phenyl POSS and 4-nitrophthalonitrile. The structure of the TPnPh-POSS monomer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The phthalonitrile monomer was thermally polymerized with various concentrations (3, 4, and 5 wt%) of 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) as the curing agent. The curing behavior of the monomer was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The influence of the content of the curing additive on the polymer properties was studied. Blends of TPnPh-POSS and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (epoxy resin) were successfully prepared. The thermal and mechanical properties of these blends with DDS as curing agent were evaluated and compared with the neat epoxy resin. The thermal stability of the cured polymers and epoxy/TPnPh-POSS blends was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. Dynamic mechanical analysis and dielectric studies indicate the influence of TPnPh-POSS content on the relaxation behavior of the prepared blends. The blends exhibit high glass transition temperatures, high storage modulus, and increased thermal stability compared with the commercially available neat epoxy resin. Noncrystalline nature of the cured polymer (with 5 wt% of DDS) was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The cured polymer shows high flame retardancy, which improved with increase in the amount of the curing additive.
8-Month-Old Infants Spontaneously Learn and Generalize Hierarchical Rules
Authors: Werchan Denise M. , Collins Anne G. E. , Frank Michael J. , Amso Dima
Published: April 2015

The ability to extract hierarchically organized rule structures from noisy environments is critical to human cognitive, social, and emotional intelligence. Adults spontaneously create hierarchical rule structures of this sort. In the present research, we conducted two experiments to examine the previously unknown developmental origins of this hallmark skill. In Experiment 1, we exploited a visual paradigm previously shown to elicit incidental hierarchical rule learning in adults. In Experiment 2, we used the same learning structure to examine whether these hierarchical-rule-learning mechanisms are domain general and can help infants learn spoken object-label mappings across different speaker contexts. In both experiments, we found that 8-month-olds created and generalized hierarchical rules during learning. Eyeblink rate, an exploratory indicator of striatal dopamine activity, mirrored behavioral-learning patterns. Our results provide direct evidence that the human brain is predisposed to extract knowledge from noisy environments, and they add a fundamental learning mechanism to what is currently known about the neurocognitive toolbox available to infants.
Activation of p53 in Human and Murine Cells by DNA-Damaging Agents Differentially Regulates Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Levels
Authors: Panchanathan Ravichandran , Liu Hongzhu , Choubey Divaker
Published: April 2015

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates multiple cellular processes. The anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) can activate AhR-mediated transcription of target genes. Because DOX in cells activates a DNA damage response involving ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)-mediated activation of p53, we investigated whether the activation of the p53 in cells by DNA-damaging agents such as DOX or bleomycin could regulate the AhR levels. Here we report that activation of p53 by DNA-damaging agents in human cells increased levels of AhR through a posttranscriptional mechanism. Accordingly, fibroblasts from ATM patients, which are defective in p53 activation, expressed reduced constitutive levels of AhR and treatment of cells with bleomycin did not appreciably increase the AhR levels. Further, activation of p53 in cells stimulated the expression of AhR target genes. In murine cells, activation of p53 reduced the levels of AhR messenger RNA and protein and reduced the expression of AhR target genes. Our observations revealed that activation of p53 in human and murine cells differentially regulates AhR levels.
The price of prevention: The preventative turn in crime policy and its consequences for the role of the state
Authors: Peeters Rik
Published: April 2015

Over the past decades, the much-debated ‘punitive turn’ has substantially transformed the field of crime policy. However, a simultaneous ‘preventative turn’ has changed the role of the state at least as fundamentally. A case study of Dutch crime policy shows how prevention both complements and contradicts the classic judicial approach under the rule of law. Not the judge and judicial apparatus, but the executive power is pivotal in the approach to crime. Not the legal order, but the public order is the central concern. And not the delinquent, but society as a whole and especially the potential delinquent are the objects of intervention. Prevention may be a logical answer to the crime and security issues of late-modern societies, but it also comes at a price. We are developing towards a ‘guided society’, in which citizens have nothing to fear as long as they have nothing to hide – that is, as long as they do not pose an increased risk.
Why should criminology care about literary fiction? Literature, life narratives and telling untellable stories
Authors: Colvin Sarah
Published: April 2015

There is still-growing interest in narrative in the context of offender rehabilitation. Recent moves towards a ‘narrative criminology’ have referenced literary theory and the tools of literary criticism, and have demanded exchange with other disciplines. This article responds with an examination of how a humanities-informed literary critical analysis might complement and extend social science’s understanding of narrative work with offenders. The article analyses how and to what effect literary fiction is used in prisons and probation. Against the broader background of findings from prison literature programmes, it offers an in-depth analysis of the work of the Berlin prison theatre company aufBruch, from a literary critical as well as a narrative criminological perspective. With reference to Maruna’s notion of the ‘redemption script’ and more recent narrative criminology, as well as to literary and cognitive theory and experimental psychology, it is suggested that an understanding of how literary fiction ‘works’ may enhance the theory and practice of narrative work with offenders.
What’s violence got to do with it? Inequality, punishment, and state failure in US politics
Authors: Miller Lisa L
Published: April 2015

This paper offers a reframing of the dynamics of crime and punishment in the United States by exploring lethal violence and situating both violence and punishment within the larger capacity of the US political system to shield citizens from a range of social risks. I argue that security from violence is an important state obligation and then illustrate the exceptionally high rates of lethal violence in the US, relative to other rich democracies, and their clustering with a range of other racialized social risks, including poverty and imprisonment. I then provide a framework for understanding the exceptional status of the US by exploring the fragmented, racialized and legalistic institutions of American politics and the role they play in producing a range of socio-economic insecurities. I argue that both violence and punishment in the US can be seen as limited forms of state failure, particularly with respect to African-Americans.
Crime, justice and the legitimacy of military power in the international sphere
Authors: Degenhardt Teresa
Published: April 2015

This article examines how a discourse of crime and justice is beginning to play a significant role in justifying international military operations. It suggests that although the coupling of war with crime and justice is not a new phenomenon, its present manifestations invite careful consideration of the connection between crime and political theory. It starts by reviewing the notion of sovereignty to look then at the history of the criminalisation of war and the emergence of new norms to constrain sovereign states. In this context, it examines the three ways in which military force has recently been authorised: in Iraq, in Libya and through drones in Yemen, Pakistan and Somalia. It argues the contemporary coupling of military technology with notions of crime and justice allows the reiteration of the perpetration of crimes by the powerful and the representation of violence as pertaining to specific dangerous populations in the space of the international. It further suggests that this authorises new architectures of authority, fundamentally based on military power as a source of social power.
Study on the sliding wear behaviour of hybrid aluminium matrix composites using Taguchi design and neural network
Authors: Ekka Kiran Kumar , Chauhan SR , Varun
Published: April 2015

This paper investigates the sliding wear behaviour of three different hybrid composites. Each hybrid composite consisted of two fillers. In the present study, combination of Cenosphere along with SiC and Al2O3 has been undertaken. Other factors such as applied normal load and sliding speed are also considered. Taguchi design of experimental technique is employed for the investigation of the effects of factors and their interactions on wear rate and coefficient of friction. It is observed that combination of SiC and Cenosphere hybrid composite showed better wear resistance than other hybrid composites. Regression and artificial neural network are used to develop a model to predict the wear rate and coefficient of friction. It is also observed that artificial neural network is more efficient in predicting the wear rate than regression.
The two faces of domination in republican political theory
Authors: Thompson Michael J
Published: April 2015

I propose a theory of domination derived from republican political theory that is in contrast to the neo-republican theory of domination as arbitrary interference and domination as dependence. I suggest that, drawing on of the writings of Machiavelli and Rousseau, we can see two faces of domination that come together to inform social relations. One type of domination is extractive dominance where agents are able to derive surplus benefit from another individual, group, or collective resource, natural or human. Another is what I call constitutive domination where the norms, institutions, and values of the community shape the rationality of subjects to accept forms of power and social relations and collective goals as legitimate forms of authority. Each of these make up two faces of a broader theory of social domination that is more concrete and politically compelling than that put forth by contemporary neo-republican theory. I argue that this understanding of domination should be seen as a kind of ‘radical republicanism’ where the centrality of asymmetrical power relations are placed at the centre of all political concerns. I end by considering the relevance of the common interest as a central means by which to judge the existence of these kinds of domination as well as establish a convincing evaluative criteria for critical judgment.
The globalization of higher education as a societal and cultural security problem
Authors: Samier Eugenie A.
Published: April 2015

In this article, I propose a theory of the globalization of higher education as societal and cultural security problems for many regions of the world. The first section examines the field of security studies for theoretical frameworks appropriate to critiquing globalized higher education, including critical human, societal and cultural security critiques of the Copenhagen, Aberystwyth and Paris schools, and their relationship to the educational sector, with a focus on the university’s role in the security studies field. The second section examines the effect of globalization on education as societal and cultural security problems related to neoliberalism, colonization, internationalization of curriculum and cross-cultural management studies.
The Positive Effect of the Mere Presence of a Religious Symbol on Compliance With an Organ Donation Request
Authors: Guéguen Nicolas , Bougeard-Delfosse Christine , Jacob Céline
Published: April 2015

Identifying low-cost, effective methods to influence behavior is of keen interest to social marketers and others striving to bring about social change. Research on material primes (an object or a word present in the individual’s environment) has received little interest from scientists. This field study conducted in France examined whether the presence of a religious symbol could influence the number of individuals who accepted an organ donation card. The study, conducted with 200 males and 200 females, examined the effect of the presence versus the absence of a Christian cross worn by a solicitor on participant’s compliance to an organ donation request. The findings showed that participants exposed to a Christian cross worn by a solicitor complied more favorably with the request addressed by the solicitor. This effect was found among both male and female participants. The presence of the Christian cross could have acted as a prime that led in turn to the activation of further concepts associated with religion such as compassion, support or solidarity, which in turn led participants to accept the organ donation solicitation more favorably.
Recruiting and Surveying Catholic Parishes for Cancer Control Initiatives
Authors: Allen Jennifer D. , Tom Laura S. , Leyva Bryan , Rustan Sarah , Ospino Hosffman , Negron Rosalyn , Torres Maria Idalí , Galeas Ana V.
Published: April 2015

Background. We describe activities undertaken to conduct organizational surveys among faith-based organizations in Massachusetts as part of a larger study designed to promote parish-based cancer control programs for Latinos. Method. Catholic parishes located in Massachusetts that provided Spanish-language mass were eligible for study participation. Parishes were identified through diocesan records and online directories. Prior to parish recruitment, we implemented a variety of activities to gain support from Catholic leaders at the diocesan level. We then recruited individual parishes to complete a four-part organizational survey, which assessed (A) parish leadership, (B) financial resources, (C) involvement in Hispanic Ministry, and (D) health and social service offerings. Our goal was to administer each survey component to a parish representatives who could best provide an organizational perspective on the content of each component (e.g., A = pastors, B = business managers, C = Hispanic Ministry leaders, and D = parish nurse or health ministry leader). Here, we present descriptive statistics on recruitment and survey administration processes. Results. Seventy-five percent of eligible parishes responded to the survey and of these, 92% completed all four components. Completed four-part surveys required an average of 16.6 contact attempts. There were an average of 2.1 respondents per site. Pastoral staff were the most frequent respondents (79%), but they also required the most contact attempts (M = 9.3, range = 1-27). While most interviews were completed by phone (71%), one quarter were completed during in-person site visits. Conclusions. We achieved a high survey completion rate among organizational representatives. Our lessons learned may inform efforts to engage and survey faith-based organizations for public health efforts.
Motor Cortex and Motor Cortical Interhemispheric Communication in Walking After Stroke
Authors: Charalambous Charalambos C. , Bowden Mark G. , Adkins DeAnna L.
Published: April 2015

Despite the plethora of human neurophysiological research, the bilateral involvement of the leg motor cortical areas and their interhemispheric interaction during both normal and impaired human walking is poorly understood. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we have expanded our understanding of the role upper-extremity motor cortical areas play in normal movements and how stroke alters this role, and probed the efficacy of interventions to improve post-stroke arm function. However, similar investigations of the legs have lagged behind, in part, due to the anatomical difficulty in using TMS to stimulate the leg motor cortical areas. Additionally, leg movements are predominately bilaterally controlled and require interlimb coordination that may involve both hemispheres. The sensitive, but invasive, tools used in animal models of locomotion hold great potential for increasing our understanding of the bihemispheric motor cortical control of walking. In this review, we discuss 3 themes associated with the bihemispheric motor cortical control of walking after stroke: ( a) what is known about the role of the bihemispheric motor cortical control in healthy and poststroke leg movements, ( b) how the neural remodeling of the contralesional hemisphere can affect walking recovery after a stroke, and ( c) what is the effect of behavioral rehabilitation training of walking on the neural remodeling of the motor cortical areas bilaterally. For each theme, we discuss how rodent models can enhance the present knowledge on human walking by testing hypotheses that cannot be investigated in humans, and how these findings can then be back-translated into the neurorehabilitation of poststroke walking.
The Relationship between Parameters of Long-Latency Evoked Potentials in a Multisensory Design
Authors: Hernández Oscar H. , García-Martínez Rolando , Monteón Victor
Published: April 2015

In previous papers, we have shown that parameters of the omitted stimulus potential (OSP), which occurs at the end of a train of sensory stimuli, strongly depend on the modality. A train of stimuli also produces long-latency evoked potentials (LLEP) at the beginning of the train. This study is an extension of the OSP research, and it tested the relationship between parameters (ie, rate of rise, amplitude, and peak latency) of the P2 waves when trains of auditory, visual, or somatosensory stimuli were applied. The dynamics of the first 3 potentials in the train, related to habituation, were also studied. Twenty healthy young college volunteers participated in the study. As in the OSP, the P2 was faster and higher for auditory than for visual or somatosensory stimuli. The first P2 was swifter and higher than the second and the third potentials. The strength of habituation depends on the sensory modality and the parameter used. All these findings support the view that many long-latency brain potentials could share neural mechanisms related to wave generation.
Eastern Equine Encephalitis Treated With Intravenous Immunoglobulins
Authors: Mukerji Shibani S. , Lam Alice D. , Wilson Michael R.
Published: April 2015

We report the case of a 68-year-old man from southeastern Massachusetts presenting with encephalitis due to eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus. Despite the high morbidity and mortality rate of EEE, the patient made a near complete recovery in the setting of receiving early intravenous immunoglobulins.
Female College Student Awareness of Exposures to Environmental Toxins in Personal Care Products and Their Effect on Preconception Health
Authors: Chan Lisa M. , Chalupka Stephanie M. , Barrett Roseann
Published: April 2015

This research study investigated college women’s usage of personal care products and their views on health effects from exposures during the preconception period. Many personal care products and cosmetics contain chemical ingredients that have been known to disrupt human endocrine and neurological systems, and contribute to infertility and adverse birth outcomes. Seventy-two female college students from a single, medium-sized university campus completed a researcher-developed questionnaire. Findings provide insight into the daily exposures young women experience during their reproductive years. Results can inform occupational and environmental health nurses about the personal daily exposures of young women when conducting risk assessments in the workplace or at a school, and can aid in developing interventions that support the environmental health of employees or future employees.
Reliable synthesis of self-running Ga droplets on GaAs (001) in MBE using RHEED patterns
Authors: Trisna Beni Adi , Nakareseisoon Nitas , Eiwwongcharoen Win , Panyakeow Somsak , Kanjanachuchai Songphol
Published: April 2015

Self-running Ga droplets on GaAs (001) surfaces are repeatedly and reliably formed in a molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) chamber despite the lack of real-time imaging capability of a low-energy electron microscope (LEEM) which has so far dominated the syntheses and studies of the running droplets phenomenon. Key to repeatability is the observation and registration of an appropriate reference point upon which subsequent sublimation conditions are based. The reference point is established using reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), not the noncongruent temperature used in LEEM where temperature discrepancies up to 25°C against MBE is measured. Our approach removes instrumental barriers to the observation and control of this complex dynamical system and may extend the usefulness of many droplet-related processes.
Adipose cells promote resistance of breast cancer cells to trastuzumab-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Authors: Duong Minh Ngoc , Cleret Aurore , Matera Eva-Laure , Chettab Kamel , Mathé Doriane , Valsesia-Wittmann Sandrine , Clémenceau Béatrice , Dumontet Charles
Published: April 2015

Introduction

Trastuzumab has been used in the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-expressing breast cancer, but its efficacy is limited by de novo or acquired resistance. Although many mechanisms have been proposed to explain resistance to trastuzumab, little is known concerning the role of the tumor microenvironment. Given the importance of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in the antitumor effect of trastuzumab and the abundance of adipose tissue in the breast, we investigated the impact of adipocytes on ADCC.

Methods

We set up a coculture system to study the effect of adipocytes on ADCC in vitro. The results were validated in vivo in a mouse xenograft model.

Results

We found that adipocytes, as well as preadipocytes, inhibited trastuzumab-mediated ADCC in HER2-expressing breast cancer cells via the secretion of soluble factors. The inhibition of ADCC was not due to titration or degradation of the antibody. We found that adipose cells decreased the secretion of interferon-γ by natural killer cells, but did not alter natural killer cells’ cytotoxicity. Preincubation of breast cancer cells with the conditioned medium derived from adipocytes reduced the sensitivity of cancer cells to ADCC. Using a transcriptomic approach, we found that cancer cells undergo major modifications when exposed to adipocyte-conditioned medium. Importantly, breast tumors grafted next to lipomas displayed resistance to trastuzumab in mouse xenograft models.

Conclusions

Collectively, our findings underline the importance of adipose tissue in the resistance to trastuzumab and suggest that approaches targeting the adipocyte–cancer cell crosstalk may help sensitize cancer cells to trastuzumab-based therapy.
Identifying the value co-creation behavior of virtual customer environments using a hybrid expert-based DANP model in the bicycle industry
Authors: Chuang Huan-Ming , Chen You-Shyang
Published: April 2015

Since 2008, soaring international oil prices and environmental awareness have pushed bicycle to be a green transport vehicle to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as a significant global trend. Consequently, Taiwan’s bicycle industry earned the “bicycle kingdom” has entered a new peak period of demand under popular social trends of bicycling for health conscious and a healthy exercise tool; thus, to co-create value with customers to retain the reputation is important for Taiwan’s bicycle industry. In Internet age, plus the prevailing of service-dominant logic, virtual customer environments (VCEs) can be greatly leveraged to promote customers’ active engagement in the value co-creation activities. After an extensive literature review, this study organizes a hybrid expert-based DANP model based on the applications of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) tools, such as decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL)-based analytical network process (ANP), for investigating the iterative and dynamic nature of customer’s engagement and value co-creation behavior in the key bicycle industry in Taiwan. In the empirical study of analysis, the use and gratification framework of prior studies is validated on concerning the dynamic value co-creation behavior in bicycling VCEs and yields the following empirical results: (1) Tribal behavior drives the pursuit of realized benefits through VCE engagement and affects the related participation and citizenship behaviors in turn; (2) recognize the importance of social influences toward personal commitment and engagement of bicycling activities and related VCEs; and (3) four broad types of interaction-based benefits derived from engagement in VCEs include cognitive, social integrative, personal integrative, and hedonic benefits. The major research findings on theoretical implications and managerial implications provide helpful insights on marketing of Taiwan’s bicycle industry.
VIP boosts regulatory T cell induction by trophoblast cells in an in vitro model of trophoblast–maternal leukocyte interaction
Authors: Fraccaroli Laura , Grasso Esteban , Hauk Vanesa , Paparini Daniel , Soczewski Elizabeth , Mor Gil , Pérez Leirós Claudia , Ramhorst Rosanna
Published: April 2015

Inducible regulatory T cells (Tregs) exert a timely and efficient immunosuppressive action at the critical peri-implantation stage essential for maternal tolerance to the conceptus. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) promotes anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic profiles through binding to VIP receptors on immune cells. We evaluated whether VIP produced by trophoblast cells induces Tregs during the early interaction of maternal leukocytes with trophoblast cells, thus contributing to maternal tolerance. We used an in vitro model of maternal leukocyte–trophoblast cell interaction represented by cocultures of fertile women’s PBMCs with a human trophoblast cell line (Swan-71) and evaluated the effect of VIP added exogenously and of the endogenous polypeptide. VIP increased the frequency of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells after coculture, and these cells were able to suppress the maternal alloresponse. VIP also increased the frequency of CD4+IL10+ and CD4+TGFβ+ cells, but it did not modulate IFN-γ or IL-17 production. Swan-71 secreted VIP, and their coculture with maternal PBMCs significantly increased the frequency of Tregs. This effect was even more pronounced if the trophoblast cells had been pretreated with VIP. In both situations, the VIP antagonist prevented the increase in the frequency of CD4+Foxp3+ cells, reflecting a specific effect of the polypeptide after the interaction with Swan-71 cells. Finally, the increase in CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ frequency was prevented by an anti–TGF-β Ab and a VIP antagonist. These results suggest that VIP could have an active role in the immunoregulatory processes operating in the maternal–placental interface by contributing to the induction of Tregs through a mechanism involving TGF-β1.
TLR8, but not TLR7, induces the priming of the NADPH oxidase activation in human neutrophils
Authors: Makni-Maalej Karama , Marzaioli Viviana , Boussetta Tarek , Belambri Sahra Amel , Gougerot-Pocidalo Marie-Anne , Hurtado-Nedelec Margarita , Dang Pham My-Chan , El-Benna Jamel
Published: April 2015

Neutrophils play a key role in host defense against invading pathogens by releasing toxic agents, such as ROS and antimicrobial peptides. Human neutrophils express several TLRs that recognize a variety of microbial motifs. The interaction between TLR and their agonists is believed to help neutrophils to recognize and to kill pathogens efficiently by increasing their activation, a process called priming. However, excessive activation can induce tissue injury and thereby, contribute to inflammatory disorders. Agonists that activate TLR7 and TLR8 induce priming of neutrophil ROS production; however, which receptor is involved in this process has not been elucidated. In this study, we show that the selective TLR8 agonist, CL075 (3M002), induced a dramatic increase of fMLF-stimulated NOX2 activation, whereas the selective TLR7 agonist, loxoribine, failed to induce any priming effect. Interestingly, CL075, but not loxoribine, induced the phosphorylation of the NOX2 cytosolic component p47phox on several serines and the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and ERK1/2. The inhibitor of p38MAPK completely blocked CL075-induced phosphorylation of p47phox Ser345. Moreover, CL075, but not loxoribine, induced the activation of the proline isomerase Pin1, and juglone, a Pin1 inhibitor, prevented CL075-mediated priming of fMLF-induced superoxide production. These results indicate that TLR8, but not TLR7, is involved in priming of human neutrophil ROS production by inducing the phosphorylation of p47phox and p38MAPK and that Pin1 is also involved in this process.
Excessive Sugar Consumption May Be a Difficult Habit to Break: A View From the Brain and Body
Authors: Tryon Matthew S. , Stanhope Kimber L. , Epel Elissa S. , Mason Ashley E. , Brown Rashida , Medici Valentina , Havel Peter J. , Laugero Kevin D.
Published: April 2015

Context:

Sugar overconsumption and chronic stress are growing health concerns because they both may increase the risk for obesity and its related diseases. Rodent studies suggest that sugar consumption may activate a glucocorticoid-metabolic-brain-negative feedback pathway, which may turn off the stress response and thereby reinforce habitual sugar overconsumption.

Objective:

The objective of the study was to test our hypothesized glucocorticoid-metabolic-brain model in women consuming beverages sweetened with either aspartame of sucrose.

Design:

This was a parallel-arm, double-masked diet intervention study.

Setting:

The study was conducted at the University of California, Davis, Clinical and Translational Science Center's Clinical Research Center and the University of California, Davis, Medical Center Imaging Research Center.

Participants:

Nineteen women (age range 18–40 y) with a body mass index (range 20–34 kg/m2) who were a subgroup from a National Institutes of Health-funded investigation of 188 participants assigned to eight experimental groups.

Intervention:

The intervention consisted of sucrose- or aspartame-sweetened beverage consumption three times per day for 2 weeks.

Main Outcome Measures:

Salivary cortisol and regional brain responses to the Montreal Imaging Stress Task were measured.

Results:

Compared with aspartame, sucrose consumption was associated with significantly higher activity in the left hippocampus (P = .001). Sucrose, but not aspartame, consumption associated with reduced (P = .024) stress-induced cortisol. The sucrose group also had a lower reactivity to naltrexone, significantly (P = .041) lower nausea, and a trend (P = .080) toward lower cortisol.

Conclusion:

These experimental findings support a metabolic-brain-negative feedback pathway that is affected by sugar and may make some people under stress more hooked on sugar and possibly more vulnerable to obesity and its related conditions.
Ultrafast Dynamics of Photoexcited Gold Nanostructures on Mica Substrates Probed by Transient Absorption Spectroscopy and Time-resolved X-ray Diffraction
Authors: Sotome Hikaru , Azuma Yosuke , Asami Sho , Matsushima Shin-ichi , Kajimoto Shinji , Fukumura Hiroshi
Published: April 2015

Gold nanostructures deposited on mica were excited with 400-nm sub-ps light pulses. Sub-ps transient absorption spectroscopy showed that excited hot electrons in the gold nanostructures decayed with a time constant of 13 ps through electron–phonon coupling in the nanostructures. Sub-ps time-resolved X-ray diffraction revealed that the (0010) mica lattice constant in a 1.7 µm thick surface layer expanded with a time constant of 6 ps.
Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Gold Nanorods Distributed in Tumor Tissues
Authors: Niidome Takuro , Fujii Masanori , Nakashima Naotoshi , Katayama Yoshiki , Niidome Yasuro
Published: April 2015

Gold nanorods were intravenously injected into tumor-bearing mice. The distribution of gold in tumor-tissue sections was mapped by imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) using a MALDI mass spectrometer. The IMS images of tumor-tissue sections indicated that the gold nanorods were not distributed throughout tumor tissues but were localized in vasculature-rich areas.
The intellectual foundations of Asia minor studies: The R.W. Dawkins-Melpo Merlier correspondence
Authors: Kitromilides Paschalis M.
Published: April 2015

Ή έπιστημονική μελέτη τής Μικράς ’Ασίας υπήρξε παράγωγο δύο έκ-
δηλώσεων τής ευρύτερης εύρωπαϊκής παιδείας τού δέκατου όγδοου αίώνα,
πού έφεραν τήν εύρωπαϊκή σκέψη σε άμεση επαφή μέ τήν ιστορική
προσωπικότητα τού Μικρασιατικού κόσμου. Ή μία έκδήλωση ήταν ή
περιηγητική φιλολογία καί ή δεύτερη οί ερασιτεχνικές άρχαιολογικές
αποστολές τών μελών καί έκπροσώπων τής Εταιρείας τών Dilettanti τού
Λονδίνου. Οί έξελίξεις τού δέκατου ένατου αίώνα εύνόησαν τή μελέτη
τής τοπογραφίας καί τής ιστορικής γεωγραφίας τής Μικρασιατικής χερσονήσου
καί άνοιξαν στήν έρευνα τό εύρύτατο πεδίο τής έλληνικής καί
ρωμαϊκής αρχαιολογίας τής περιοχής. Ή ένασχόληση μέ τό ιστορικό
παρελθόν έστρεψε σταδιακά τό ένδιαφέρον καί προς τίς μεταγενέστερες
επιβιώσεις τών αρχαίων πολιτισμών τής Μικράς ’Ασίας, καί μάλιστα
προς τή ζωντανή συνέχεια τής πολιτισμικής αύτής παράδοσης, πού αντιπροσώπευαν
τά γλωσσικά ιδιώματα καί ό συλλογικός βίος τού έλληνορ-
θόδοξου πληθυσμού τής χερσονήσου. Κατεξοχήν έκπρόσωπος τού προσανατολισμού
αυτού υπήρξε ό ’Αγγλος έλληνιστής Richard Μ. Dawkins
(1871 - 1955), πού έγκατέλειψε τά αρχαιολογικά του ένδιαφέροντα γιά νά
αφιερώσει τή ζωή του στήν έρευνα τών έλληνικών ιδιωμάτων καί τής λαογραφίας
τής Καππαδοκίας καί τής Λυκαονίας.
Τό ένδιαφέρον αύτό έφερε τόν Dawkins σέ έπαφή μέ τήν προσπάθεια
τής Μέλπως Μερλιέ νά διασώσει τά στοιχεία τού πολιτισμού τών Ελλήνων
τής Μικράς ’Ασίας μετά τήν έξοδο. Ή κοινή φροντίδα τού Dawkins
καί τής Μέλπως Μερλιέ πήγαζε άπό μιά αντίληψη τού έλληνικοΰ πολιτισμού
πού ξεπερνοΰσε τά όρια τού ελληνικού κράτους. Ή αντίληψη αύτή
διαπνέει τήν έπικοινωνία τών δύο κορυφαίων σκαπανέων τής έρευνας τού
Μικρασιατικού έλληνισμοΰ. Άπό τήν άλληλογραφία Dawkins - Μερλιέ,
πού καλύπτει τήν περίοδο 1933- 1955, έπιβίωσαν στό ’Αρχείο Μερλιέ τού
Κέντρου Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών πέντε γράμματα τού Dawkins καί ένα
τής Μέλπως Μερλιέ. Τά έξι αύτά γράμματα δημοσιεύονται καί σχολιάζονται.
Άπό τήν άλληλογραφία προκύπτει ότι πολλά έρευνητικά προγράμματα
πού πραγματοποίησε τό Κέντρο Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών είχαν
τήν άφετηρΐα τους σέ ίδέες καί εισηγήσεις τού Dawkins προς τήν Μέλπω 

Μερλιέ. Μέ τον τρόπο αυτό ή ερευνά τοΰ Κέντρου Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών
συνδέθηκε μέ τήν μακρά παράδοση τής ευρωπαϊκής μικρασιολογικής
έπιστήμης.
Le fonds Dawkins revisite: Contribution a l'inventaire des sources concernant l'hellenisme sovietique de l'Ukraine et du Caucase
Authors: Drettas Georges
Published: April 2015

Ό καθηγητής τής μεσαιωνικής καί νεοελληνικής φιλολογίας στήν
’Οξφόρδη R. Μ. DAWKINS (1871 - 1955) είχε καταρτίσει μια ενδιαφέρουσα
συλλογή από βιβλία καί διάφορα δημοσιεύματα πού έκδόθηκαν,
ανάμεσα στά 1931 καί 1935 περίπου, στήν ΕΣΣΔ γιά τον εκεί έλληνικό
πληθυσμό. Τά δημοσιεύματα τής συλλογής αυτής τού DAWKINS ανήκουν
όλα στήν περίοδο διαμόρφωσης επισήμων (γραπτών) γλωσσών τών
διαφόρων εθνοτήτων πού άπαρτίζουν τή Σοβιετική Ένωση, καί είναι
γραμμένα στή δημοτική γλώσσα, ή στή διάλεκτο τής Μαριουπόλεως, ή
στήν ποντιακή διάλεκτο. Πρέπει νά τονιστεί τό γεγονός ότι τά περισσότερα
άπό τά κείμενα τής συλλογής γράφτηκαν στά ποντιακά.
Στό άρθρο παρατίθενται κατ’ αρχήν διάφορα στοιχεία σχετικά μέ τόν
έλληνικό πληθυσμό τής ΕΣΣΔ καί τή γλώσσα του. Στή συνέχεια καταρτίζεται
ένα αναλυτικό ευρετήριο τής συλλογής μέ επίκεντρο τά ποντιακά
δημοσιεύματα. 'Υπογραμμίζεται ή σε ελάχιστο χρονικό διάστημα έξέλιξη
μιας προφορικής διαλέκτου (τής ποντιακής) σέ γραπτή γλώσσα. Τό άρθρο
συμπληρώνεται μέ μιά έπιλογή άπό αποσπάσματα τών ποντιακών κειμένων
τής συλλογής, πού μπορούν έτσι νά γίνουν γνωστά καί νά έκτιμηθεϊ
ή άξια τους, καί κλείνει μέ μιά σύντομη βιβλιογραφία.
On the formation of the Smyrna chamber of commerce and industry: 1921-1922
Authors: Macrakis Michael S.
Published: April 2015

Ή μελέτη αύτή άναφέρεται σέ μιά πτυχή τών προσπαθειών τής Ελληνικής
Διοίκησης στή Σμύρνη, μεταξύ τών έτών 1919 καί 1922, γιά τή δημιουργία
συνθηκών καί κλίματος πού θά ευνοούσαν τήν έμπορική καί βιομηχανική
ανάπτυξη τής περιοχής. Βασίζεται είδικά σέ ένα μνημόνιο γιά
τήν άνάγκη ίδρύσεως νέου Εμπορικού Επιμελητηρίου, στό όποιο αναλύεται
ή έπικρατούσα ύπό τό ’Οθωμανικό ’Εμπορικό ’Επιμελητήριο κατάσταση
(αρνητική στάση τών τουρκικών κυβερνήσεων καί τών ξένων έμπορων,
διομολογήσεις, έλλειψη ύποδομής κλπ.) καί διερευνώνται οί λόγοι
γιά τήν άνάγκη ένός νέου νομικού πλαισίου προσαρμοσμένου στή σύγχρονη
έλληνική καί ιταλική πρακτική.

Tò μνημόνιο οδηγεί σέ ένα νέο σχέδιο νόμου μέ άρθρα πού διέπουν τή
λειτουργία τού Επιμελητηρίου μέσα στό πλαίσιο πού επιτρέπει τό νομικό
καθεστώς τής 'Αρμοστείας καί ή ιδιορρυθμία τής πολιτικής καταστάσεως.
Μεταξύ άλλων, τό σχέδιο νόμου προβλέπει καί τήν περιοδική έκδοση
ένός Δελτίου του ’Εμπορικού καί Βιομηχανικού ’Επιμελητηρίου Σμύρνης. Τό
πρώτο, καί τελευταίο, τεύχος τού Δελτίου ('Ιανουάριος - Απρίλιος 1922)
είναι άλλωστε καί τό μόνο επίτευγμα τού Επιμελητηρίου, πού έχει διασωθεί
καί περιέχει στοιχεία γιά τήν κίνηση τού λιμένος τής Σμύρνης καθώς
καί άλλα ενημερωτικά στοιχεία γιά τό έμπόριο τής περιοχής. Ή
προσπάθεια αύτή δίνει μιά ζωντανή εΙκόνα ορισμένων οικονομικών καί
πολιτικών προβλημάτων κατά τήν έποχή τής 'Αρμοστείας· ειδικότερα
φωτίζει τήν πολιτική τής ελληνικής κυβερνήσεως έναντι τών τουρκικών
πληθυσμών.
Σέ παραρτήματα παρατίθεται, αύτούσιο ή σέ περίληψη, αρχειακό ύλικό
στό όποιο βασίστηκε ή μελέτη αύτή.
Public secrets: Crypto-Christianity in the Pontos
Authors: Tzedopoulos Yorgos
Published: April 2015

Θέμα του άρθρου είναι ή γένεση καί ή εξέλιξη του κρυπτοχριστιανικού ζητήματος στον Πόντο από τά μέσα του 19ου αιώνα ώς την Ανταλλαγή των πληθυσμών μεταξύ Ελλάδας καί Τουρκίας. Ή μελέτη περνά άπό την κριτική παρουσίαση του ιστοριογραφικού κρυπτοχριστιανικού ≪αφηγήματος≫ στην εξέταση τών ιδιαίτερων ιστορικών συνθηκών υπό τις όποιες συγκροτήθηκαν οί πολλαπλές κοινωνικές ταυτότητες τών Κρωμλήδων του Πόντου καί τών συγκυριών που οδήγησαν στην ανάληψη συλλογικής δράσης με αίτημα την άναγνώρισή τους ώς Χριστιανών. Ακολούθως παρουσιάζεται ή πορεία του ζητήματος όπως διαμορφώθηκε άπό τή δράση τών ίδιων των Κρωμλήδων, την άντίδραση τής Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας καί τήν ανάμιξη τών ευρωπαϊκών Δυνάμεων. Στη συνέχεια ή ανάλυση έπικεντρώνεται στήν έξέταση τών ιδεολογικών, κοινωνικών καί πολιτικών παραγόντων πού καθόρισαν τον δημόσιο λόγο γιά τό κρυπτοχριστιανικό ζήτημα. Σέ αύτό το πλαίσιο καταδεικνύονται οί διαφορετικές άφετηρίες καί στόχοι, τά Επιχειρήματα καί οί σιωπές, οι αλληλεπιδράσεις καί οί άντιπαραθέσεις τών εκάστοτε Ιστορικών ύποκειμένων': τών λογίων τής Τραπεζούντας, τών Μικρασιατών του συλλόγου ≪Ανατολή≫ τής Αθήνας, τών Εύρωπαίων περιηγητών, του Πατριαρχείου τής Κωνσταντινούπολης, τών τοπικών λογιών από τις περιοχές τών Κρωμλήδων, καί τέλος τών έθνικιστών διανοουμένων της Αθήνας. Από τήν άνάλυση προκύπτει ενα πλήθος διαφορετικών, συχνά άντιφατικών θεωρήσεων του κρυπτοχριστιανισμού πού έξαρτώνται άπό τή διαφορετική στόχευση τών ≪ομιλητών≫ καί τις έκάστοτε ιστορικές συνθήκες. Οί θεωρήσεις αύτές βρίσκονται σέ συνεχή άντιπαράθεση καί διάλογο μεταξύ τους, μέχρι τή στιγμή πού ή συγκυρία τής μικρασιατικής έκστρατείας οδηγεί στήν παγίωση τού κρυπτοχριστιανικοϋ ≪άφηγήματος≫ γιά τούς Ελληνορθόδοξους τής Μικράς Ασίας καί στήν ένταξή του στό ιδεολογικό οπλοστάσιο του έλληνικού έθνικισμού.
Apercu sur les relations entre Millets a Smyrne, a la fin de l'empire ottoman, d'apres les sources diplomatiques
Authors: Georgelin Herve
Published: April 2015

Αντικείμενο τοΰ άρθρου άποτελοΰν κάποιες σκέψεις γύρω άπό τις σχέσεις
των εθνικών καί θρησκευτικών κοινοτήτων τής οθωμανικής Σμύρνης άπο
το 1890 έως το Σεπτέμβριο τοΰ 1922. Ή προσέγγιση βασίζεται στη χρήση
πηγών, κατ’ εξοχήν διπλωματικών, τών τότε Μεγάλων Δυνάμεων: τής
Γαλλίας, τής Μεγάλης Βρετανίας, τής Γερμανίας, τής Αύστροουγγαρίας
καί, επίσης, τών άρχειακών τεκμηρίων του Βασιλείου τής Ελλάδος.
Οί δεσμοί πού συγκροτούν τις κοινότητες εξετάζονται μέ βάση τρεις
διαφορετικές οπτικές: α) ώς προς τις σχέσεις τους μέ την οθωμανική καί,
έν συνεχεία, τήν έλληνική διοίκηση, β) ώς προς τις σχέσεις τών
κοινοτήτων μεταξύ τους, δηλαδή σέ ποιο βαθμό οί ίδιες έχουν συνείδηση
τής ταυτότητάς τους καί άντιλαμβάνονται τη θέση τους μέσα σέ έναν
περίγυρο άποτελούμενο άπό άνταγωνιστικές κοινότητες καί τέλος, τις
σχέσεις τής Δύσης μέ τό, σέ διαρκή κινητικότητα, μωσαϊκό τών
σμυρναϊκών ομάδων. Στήν περίπτωση αύτή, ό ρόλος τής Δύσης δέν
προσδιορίζεται μόνο άπό τα οικονομικά της συμφέροντα καί τούς όψιμα
εκπατρισμένους πού συρρέουν έκεϊ, άλλά, έπιπλέον, άπό τις
προϋπάρχουσες οίονεί αύτόχθονες λεβαντίνικες κοινότητες.
Ή προβληματική μας καθορίζεται άπό τήν υιοθέτηση τής πρώτης
οπτικής - τις σχέσεις τών κοινοτήτων μέ τήν οθωμανική καί, έν συνεχεία,
μέ τήν έλληνική διοίκηση. Τό άρθρο έπιχειρεΐ να προσεγγίσει τις
πρόσφατες εργασίες πού άναλύουν τήν έπικοινωνιακή δυναμική, ή οποία
έκφράζεται στό πλαίσιο του οθωμανικού κόσμου καί νά μελετήσει τήν
ιστορία τών διακοινοτικών σχέσεων στή Σμύρνη τή στιγμή κατά τήν
οποία ό οθωμανικός τρόπος ζωής βρίσκεται σέ άποσύνθεση: άποσύνθεση
στό βαθμό πού οί έσωτερικές ομάδες άμφισβητοΰν τήν νομιμότητα τής
διοίκησης συνολικά, στό βαθμό πού ή κεντρική εξουσία προκαλεϊ φθορά
τοΰ κοινωνικού ιστού στή δυτική παράλια ζώνη καί ενόσω ή Δύση, πού
συνιστά ένα συναρπαστικό πολιτισμικό πρότυπο, άναμιγνύεται στήν περιοχή μέ καθόλου διακριτικό τρόπο.
Memory and migration: The turkish experience of the compulsory population exchange
Authors: Tansug Feryal
Published: April 2015

Ένας από τους όρους της Συνθήκης της Λωζάννης ήταν και η υποχρεωτική ανταλλαγή του Ορθόδοξου πληθυσμού της Τουρκίας με τον μουσουλμανικό πληθυσμό της Ελλάδας. Και ενώ πολλές ανθρωπολογικές, κοινωνιολογικές και ιστορικές μελέτες ασχολήθηκαν με τη ζωή των Ρωμιών ανταλλαγέντων της Μικράς Ασίας, ελάχιστες από αυτές ασχολήθηκαν με την πρώτη γενιά των ανταλλαγέντων μουσουλμάνων της Ελλάδας. Αυτό το άρθρο εξετάζει, μέσα από την προφορική ιστορική έρευνα, την εμπειρία αυτών των ανθρώπων από την εγκατάστασή τους στη νέα τους πατρίδα, πώς βίωσαν την υποχρεωτική μετακίνησή τους στο πλαίσιο της ανταλλαγής των πληθυσμών άλλα και πώς αντιλήφθηκαν τη διαδικασία της δημιουργίας της Τουρκικής Δημοκρατίας. Η νέα αναπαράσταση της ιστορίας είναι ανεξάρτητη από κοινωνικές μνήμες. Όμως μπορεί να ενισχυθεί από την κοινοτική μνήμη, δηλαδή από τις προφορικές μαρτυρίες αυτών των ομάδων σε σχέση με τα γεγονότα που βίωσαν. Στόχος της εργασίας αυτής είναι να νοηματοδοτήσει τις ιδεολογικοπολιτικές επιδράσεις πού ασκήθηκαν στους ανταλλαγέντες μουσουλμάνους και να ερμηνεύσει την πρόσληψή τους από αυτούς λαμβάνοντας υπόψη αντίστοιχα κριτήρια.
The Smyrna 'rebellion' of 1797: Some documents from the british archives
Authors: Clogg Richard
Published: April 2015

Ή ιστορία των πόλεων τής οθωμανικής αυτοκρατορίας στά χρόνια τής
παρακμής της έχει μελετηθεί μόνο περιορισμένα, παρά τήν (αντίστοιχη άνάπτυξη
τής μελέτης των πολιτικών θεσμών τής αυτοκρατορίας στο σύνολό της. Ό
μαρασμός τής κεντρικής οθωμανικής εξουσίας καί ό σφετερισμός τής ισχύος
στίς επαρχίες κατά τον 18ο αιώνα από τούς άγιάνηδες καί τούς ντερεμπέηδες
συνοδεύτηκε άπύ τήν αποδιοργάνωση του κεντρικού έλέγχου στίς σημαντικότερες
πόλεις τής αύτοκρατορίας. Άπύ τά τέλη τού 18ου αιώνα το γενιτσαρικύ
σώμα εκφυλίστηκε καί άπύ διαλεκτός στρατιωτικός σχηματισμός έξέπεσε σέ
κληρονομικά άναπαραγόμενη κάστα πού άποσκοποΰσε στην διατήρηση τών
προνομίων της καί αντιμετώπιζε μέ σκληρότητα τίς μεταρρυθμίσεις καί τούς
έκσυγχρονισμούς. 'Υπάρχουν έπαρκεΐς μαρτυρίες γιά την πολιτική ισχύ πού
άσκήθηκε στην πρωτεύουσα άπό τά γενιτσαρικά τάγματα, άλλά καί σέ πολλές
άπό τίς επαρχιακές πόλεις τής αύτοκρατορίας ή δύναμή τους υπήρξε υπολογίσιμη.
"Ενα άπό τά γνωστότερα παραδείγματα τών έπιπτώσεων τής άπειθαρ-
χίας τών γενιτσάρων καί τής σκιώδους δύναμης τής κεντρικής έξουσίας είναι
οί ταραχές τού Μαρτίου 1797, γνωστές ώς «τό ρεμπελιό τής Σμύρνης», πού
στρεφόταν έναντίον τών χριστιανών καί τών ξένων. Τουλάχιστον 1500 "Ελληνες
σφάχτηκαν ένώ οί ιδιοκτησίες καταστράφηκαν μαζικά’ τό ’ίδιο κι εκείνες
τής παροικίας τών ξένων έμπορων. 'Ο όλεθρος προκάλεσε κύματα άντιδρά-
σεων πού είχαν άντίκτυπο σ’ ολόκληρο τόν έλληνικό κόσμο. Λόγου χάρη, ή
«Έφημερίς» τών Μαρκίδων - Πουλιών πού έβγαινε στη Βιέννη, στό φύλλο
τής 17 ’Απριλίου 1797 άναφέρει ότι «ή ζημία είναι τόσον μεγάλη, οπού ένας
ολόκληρος αιώνας δέν θέλει σταθεί ικανός νά μεταφέρει τήν Σμύρνην εις τήν
πρώτην της στάσιν».
Καταστροφή τέτοιου μεγέθους καταγράφτηκε άναπόφευκτα στή λαϊκή μνήμη
τών Ελλήνων κατοίκων τής πόλης καί οί μεταγενέστεροι ιστορικοί άσχο- 

λήθηκαν μ’ αύτήν.' ’Έμεινε παρόλ’ αύτά άνεκμετάλλευτη άπό τούς ιστορικούς
μιά άπό τίς πλουσιότερες καί λεπτομερέστερες πηγές γιά το ρεμπελιό: είναι
τά έγγραφα πού έστελνε ό Francis Werry, πρόξενος της Levant Company
στη Σμύρνη, στούς προϊσταμένους του διοικητές τής Levant Company στο
Λονδίνο, μαζί μέ ένα έκτεταμένο τμήμα προξενικού ύλικοΰ. Παρόλο πού το
πρωταρχικό μέλημα του Werry είναι ή άπαρίθμηση των τεράστιων άπωλειών
πού ύπέστη ή Βρεττανική παροικία των εμπόρων καί οί ανταπαντήσεις για
τις ζημίες πού προκλήθηκαν άπό τίς οθωμανικές άρχές, αύτή ή επιλογή άπό
τά έγγραφα του προξένου Werry άφορά σέ μιά έξαιρετικά λεπτομερειακή καταγραφή
των άφετηριών καί τής εξέλιξης των ταραχών καί καταδεικνύει μέ
ποιο τρόπο ένα περιορισμένο περιστατικό μπόρεσε να μεταβληθεΐ ταχύτατα
σέ ένα ευρύτατο ξέσπασμα έναντίον των χριστιανών καί τών ξένων.