bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Management of Cholestatic Liver Diseases: Current Therapies and Emerging New Possibilities
Authors: Mazzetti Marta , Marconi Giulia , Mancinelli Martina , Benedetti Antonio , Marzioni Marco , Maroni Luca
Published: April 2021

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are two chronic cholestatic liver diseases affecting bile ducts that may progress to biliary cirrhosis. In the past few years, the increasing knowledge in the pathogenesis of both diseases led to a growing number of clinical trials and possible new targets for therapy. In this review, we provide an update on the treatments in clinical use and summarize the new drugs in trials for PBC and PSC patients. Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) agonists and Pan-Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) agonists are the most promising agents and have shown promising results in both PBC and PSC. Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 (FGF19) analogues also showed good results, especially in PBC, while, although PBC and PSC are autoimmune diseases, immunosuppressive drugs had disappointing effects. Since the gut microbiome could have a potential role in the pathogenesis of PSC, recent research focused on molecules that could change the microbiome, with good results. The near future of the medical management of these diseases may include new treatments or a combination of multiple drugs targeting different signaling pathways at different stages of the diseases.
Coronary Stent Strut Fractures: Classification, Prevalence and Clinical Associations
Authors: Schochlow Katharina , Weissner Melissa , Blachutzik Florian , Boeder Niklas F. , Tröbs Monique , Lorenz Liv , Dijkstra Jouke , Münzel Thomas , Achenbach Stephan , Nef Holger , Gori Tommaso
Published: April 2021

Introduction. The frequency, characteristics and clinical implications of Strut fractures (SFs) remain incompletely understood. Methods and results. A total of 185 (160 patients) newer-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) were imaged. SFs were found in 21 DES (11.4%) and were classified in four patterns: one single stacked strut (41%); two or more stacked struts (23%); deformation without gap (27%); transection (9%). In multivariable analysis, calcific and bifurcation lesions were associated with SF in DES (OR: 3.5 [1.1–11] and 4.0 [2.2–7.2], p < 0.05). Device eccentricity and asymmetry as well as optical coherence tomography (OCT) features of impaired strut healing were also associated with SF. The prevalence of fractures was similar in a set of 289 bioresorbable scaffolds (BRS). In a separate series of 20 device thromboses and 36 device restenoses, the prevalence of SF was higher (61.2% of DES and 66.7% of BRS, p < 0.001 for both), with a higher frequency of complex SF patterns (p < 0.0001). In logistic regression analysis, fractures were a correlate of device complications (p < 0.0001, OR = 24.9 [5.6–111] for DES and OR = 6.0 [1.8–20] for BRS). Discussion. The prevalence of OCT-diagnosed SF was unexpectedly high in the setting of elective controls and it increased by about three-fold in the setting of device failure. Fractures were associated with increased lesion complexity and device asymmetry/eccentricity and were more frequent in the setting of device failure such as restenosis and thrombosis.
αvβ3 Integrin Expression and Mitogenic Effects by Thyroid Hormones in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Abadi Uri , Weisz Avivit , Kidron Dvora , Katzav Aviva , Hercbergs Aleck , Davis Paul , Ellis Martin , Ashur-Fabian Osnat
Published: April 2021

Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia. The thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, bind the αvβ3 integrin and activate phosphorylates ERK (pERK). These tumor-promoting actions were reported in a number of malignancies, but not in CLL. Methods: Primary cells from 22 CLL patients were verified for disease markers (CD5/CD19/CD23) and analyzed for αvβ3 by flow cytometry (FC), ImageStream, Western blots (WB), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in archival bone marrow (BM, n = 6) and lymph node (LN, n = 5) tissues. Selected samples (n = 8) were incubated with T3 (1–100 nM) or T4 (0.1–10 µM) for 30 min, and the expression levels of αvβ3, pERK and PCNA (cell proliferation marker) were determined (WB). Results: αvβ3 was detected on the membrane of circulating CLL cells and in the BM but not in the LN. T3 and T4 enhanced αvβ3 protein levels in primary CLL cells. Similarly, pERK and PCNA were rapidly induced in response to T3 and T4 exposure. Conclusions: αvβ3 integrin is expressed on primary CLL cells and is induced by thyroid hormones. We further suggest that the hormones are mitogenic in these cells, presumably via αvβ3-mediated signaling.
Aggregation Susceptibility of Low-Density Lipoproteins—A Novel Modifiable Biomarker of Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Öörni Katariina , Kovanen Petri T.
Published: April 2021

Circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles enter the arterial intima where they bind to the extracellular matrix and become modified by lipases, proteases, and oxidizing enzymes and agents. The modified LDL particles aggregate and fuse into larger matrix-bound lipid droplets and, upon generation of unesterified cholesterol, cholesterol crystals are also formed. Uptake of the aggregated/fused particles and cholesterol crystals by macrophages and smooth muscle cells induces their inflammatory activation and conversion into foam cells. In this review, we summarize the causes and consequences of LDL aggregation and describe the development and applications of an assay capable of determining the susceptibility of isolated LDL particles to aggregate when exposed to human recombinant sphingomyelinase enzyme ex vivo. Significant person-to-person differences in the aggregation susceptibility of LDL particles were observed, and such individual differences largely depended on particle lipid composition. The presence of aggregation-prone LDL in the circulation predicted future cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We also discuss means capable of reducing LDL particles’ aggregation susceptibility that could potentially inhibit LDL aggregation in the arterial wall. Whether reductions in LDL aggregation susceptibility are associated with attenuated atherogenesis and a reduced risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases remains to be studied.
New Rehabilitation Concept for Maxillary Edentulism: A Clinical Retrospective Study of Implant Crown Retained Removable Partial Dentures
Authors: Yoo Soo-Yeon , Kim Seong-Kyun , Heo Seong-Joo , Koak Jai-Young , Jeon Hye-Rin
Published: April 2021

There have been no studies of implant-crown-retained removable partial dentures (IC-RPD) for the treatment of maxillary edentulism. The purpose of this study was to perform clinical and radiographic evaluations of implants in IC-RPD compared to implant overdentures (IOD) in maxillary edentulous patients. Twenty IC-RPDs with 74 splinted implant crowns and 18 IODs with 71 implants retained with magnet attachments were observed in 38 patients. We statistically analyzed survival rates and marginal bone loss (MBL) of implants based on multiple variables including first year pathologic condition, location of placed implant, age, and sex in both treatments. Patient reported oral measurements (PROMs) regarding functional/esthetic improvement after IC-RPD or IOD treatments and prosthetic complications were also statistically analyzed. After a median observation period of 47.1 months (up to 147 months), we observed 97.3% implant survival rates for IC-RPD and 70.4% for IOD (p < 0.001). Among variables, first year pathologic condition (p < 0.001) and sex (p = 0.027) influenced implant survival rates. The MBL of implants for IC-RPD and IOD groups at the final check-up were 1.12 ± 1.19 mm and 3.31 ± 1.71 mm, respectively (p < 0.001). In both groups, patients with peri-implantitis (p < 0.001) and patients older than 65 years (p = 0.029) showed significantly higher implant MBL regardless of treatment modality. Functional and esthetic satisfaction were significantly improved (p < 0.001) after both treatments. The IOD group showed more frequent prosthetic complications compared to the IC-RPD group. Within the limitations of a retrospective study, we concluded that RPD with few splinted implant crowns is a feasible alternative treatment modality for maxillary edentulous patients with anatomical limitations.
Antibodies to Citrullinated Proteins (ACPA) Associate with Markers of Osteoclast Activation and Bone Destruction in the Bone Marrow of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kurowska Weronika , Slowinska Iwona , Krogulec Zbigniew , Syrowka Piotr , Maslinski Wlodzimierz
Published: April 2021

Normalizing bone metabolism is a challenge in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Studies in mice suggest that anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) can trigger osteoclast activation and bone resorption in the bone marrow. However, data on the presence and role of ACPAs in human bone marrow are scarce. We investigated whether ACPAs can contribute to osteoclast activation and bone erosion in RA bone marrow. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP Abs), osteoclast activation indicators–the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAP5b) and cathepsin K, and bone degradation marker–C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) were measured in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of RA patients using ELISAs. We found that ACPAs present in RA bone marrow was associated with increased amounts of TRAP5b, cathepsin K and CTX-I in this location. Levels of IL-8, the key mediator of anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-induced bone resorption, were also elevated in bone marrow containing anti-CCP Abs and positively correlated with TRAP5b and cathepsin K concentrations. Higher levels of TRAP5b, cathepsin K, CTX-I and IL-8 in bone marrow compared to peripheral blood indicate local generation of these molecules. Our results complement data from animal studies and highlight the relevance of ACPAs and bone marrow in bone resorption in RA.
Recent Advances in Geopolymer Technology. A Potential Eco-Friendly Solution in the Construction Materials Industry: A Review
Authors: Sambucci Matteo , Sibai Abbas , Valente Marco
Published: April 2021

In the last ten years, the Portland cement industry has received wide criticism due to its related high embodied energy and carbon dioxide footprint. Recently, numerous “clean” strategies and solutions were developed. Among these, geopolymer technology is gaining growing interest as a functional way to design more eco-friendly construction materials and for waste management issues suffered by various industries. Previous research has highlighted the attractive engineering properties of geopolymeric materials, especially in terms of mechanical properties and durability, resulting in even higher performance than ordinary concrete. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current state-of-the-art and implementations on geopolymer concrete materials, investigating how the key process factors (such as raw materials, synthesis regime, alkali concentration, water dosage, and reinforcement fillers) affect the rheological, microstructural, durability, and mechanical properties. Finally, the paper elucidates some noteworthy aspects for future research development: innovative geopolymer-based formulations (including alkali-activated blends for additive manufacturing and thermo-acoustic insulating cellular compounds), concrete applications successfully scaled in the civil-architectural fields, and the perspective directions of geopolymer technology in terms of commercialization and large-scale diffusion.
Optimization of Process Conditions for Continuous Growth of CNTs on the Surface of Carbon Fibers
Authors: Wang Chengjuan , Wang Yanxiang , Su Shunsheng
Published: April 2021

Grafting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is one of the most commonly used methods for modifying carbon fiber surface, during which complex device is usually needed and the growth of CNTs is difficult to control. Herein, we provide an implementable and continuous chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, by which the novel multiscale reinforcement of carbon nanotube (CNT)-grafted carbon fiber is prepared. After exploring the effects of the moving speed and growth atmosphere on the morphology and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes/carbon fiber (CNTs/CF) reinforcement, the optimal CVD process conditions are determined. The results show that low moving speeds of carbon fibers passing through the reactor can prolong the growth time of CNTs, increasing the thickness and density of the CNTs layer. When the moving speed is 3 cm/min or 4 cm/min, the surface graphitization degree and tensile strength of CNTs/CF almost simultaneously reach the highest value. It is also found that H2 in the growth atmosphere can inhibit the cracking of C2H2 and has a certain effect on prolonging the life of the catalyst. Meanwhile, the graphitization degree is promoted gradually with the increase in H2 flow rate from 0 to 0.9 L/min, which is beneficial to CNTs/CF tensile properties.
Effect of Defects Part II: Multiscale Effect of Microvoids, Orientation of Rivet Holes on the Damage Propagation, and Ultimate Failure Strength of Composites
Authors: Tavaf Vahid , Saadatzi Mohammadsadegh , Banerjee Sourav
Published: April 2021

Material properties at the vicinity of the cut-outs in composites are not entirely defect-free. The nteraction of multiple cutouts like rivet holes, the repercussion of their configuration on crack propagation, and ultimate strength were predicted using Peridynamic method and the results are reported in this article. The effect of microscale defects at the vicinity of the cutouts on macroscale damage propagation were shown to have quantifiable manifestation. This study focused on two to four holes in unidirectional composite plates with 0°, 45°, and 90° fiber directions, while the vicinity of a hole was considered degraded. Numerical results were validated using quantitative ultrasonic image correlation (QUIC) and the tensile test. Both the experimental and numerical results confirmed that the strength of the horizontal configuration is higher than the vertical in the plates with two holes. Furthermore, the square configuration was found to be stronger than the diamond configuration with four holes. When the effect of microscale defects was considered, the prediction of ultimate strength was better compared to the experimental results. The predictive model could be reliably used for progressive damage analysis.
Development of Ultra-Lightweight and High Strength Engineered Cementitious Composites
Authors: Chen Zhitao , Li Junxia , Yang En-Hua
Published: April 2021

In this study, ultra-lightweight and high strength Engineered Cementitious Composites (ULHS-ECCs) are developed via lightweight filler incorporation and matrix composition tailoring. The mechanical, physical, and micromechanical properties of the resulting ULHS-ECCs are investigated and discussed. ULHS-ECCs with a density below 1300 kg/m3, a compressive strength beyond 60 MPa, a tensile strain capacity above 1%, and a thermal conductivity below 0.5 w/mK are developed. The inclusion of lightweight fillers and the variation in proportioning of the ternary binder can lead to a change in micromechanical properties, including the matrix fracture toughness and the fiber/matrix interface properties. As a result, the tensile strain-hardening performance of the ULHS-ECCs can be altered.
Impacts of Plastic-Made Packaging on Marine Key Species: Effects Following Water Acidification and Ecological Implications
Authors: Piccardo Manuela , Provenza Francesca , Grazioli Eleonora , Anselmi Serena , Terlizzi Antonio , Renzi Monia
Published: April 2021

This study evaluates the impacts of 16 different leachates of plastic-made packaging on marine species of different trophic levels (bacteria, algae, echinoderms). Standard ecotoxicological endpoints (inhibition of bioluminescence, inhibition of growth, embryo-toxicity) and alterations of ecologically significant parameters (i.e., echinoderms’ body-size) were measured following exposure under different pH water conditions: marine standard (pH 8.1) and two increasingly acidic conditions (pH 7.8 and 7.5) in order to evaluate possible variations induced by ocean acidification. The results obtained in this study evidence that the tested doses are not able to significantly affect bacteria (Vibrio fischeri) and algae (Phaeodactylum tricornutum). On the contrary, Paracentrotus lividus larvae were significantly affected by several packaging types (13 out of 16) with meaningless differences between pH conditions.
Effects of Sound from Seismic Surveys on Fish Reproduction, the Management Case from Norway
Authors: Sivle Lise Doksæter , Vereide Emilie Hernes , de Jong Karen , Forland Tonje Nesse , Dalen John , Wehde Henning
Published: April 2021

Anthropogenic noise has been recognized as a source of concern since the beginning of the 1940s and is receiving increasingly more attention. While international focus has been on the effects of noise on marine mammals, Norway has managed seismic surveys based on the potential impact on fish stocks and fisheries since the late 1980s. Norway is, therefore, one of very few countries that took fish into account at this early stage. Until 1996, spawning grounds and spawning migration, as well as areas with drifting eggs and larvae were recommended as closed for seismic surveys. Later results showed that the effects of seismic surveys on early fish development stages were negligible at the population level, resulting in the opening of areas with drifting eggs and larvae for seismic surveys. Spawning grounds, as well as concentrated migration towards these, are still closed to seismic surveys, but the refinement of areas and periods have improved over the years. Since 2018, marine mammals have been included in the advice to management. The Norwegian case provides a clear example of evidence-based management. Here, we examine how scientific advancements informed the development of Norwegian management and how management questions were incorporated into new research projects in Norway.
Operational Analysis of Container Ships by Using Maritime Big Data
Authors: Oh Min-Jae , Roh Myung-Il , Park Sung-Woo , Chun Do-Hyun , Son Myeong-Jo , Lee Jeong-Youl
Published: April 2021

The shipping company or the operator determines the mode of operation of a ship. In the case of container ships, there may be various operating patterns employed to arrive at the destination within the stipulated time. In addition, depending on the influence of the ocean’s environmental conditions, the speed and the route can be changed. As the ship’s fuel oil consumption is closely related to its operational pattern, it is possible to identify the most economical operations by analyzing the operational patterns of the ships. The operational records of each shipping company are not usually disclosed, so it is necessary to estimate the operational characteristics from publicly available data such as the automatic identification system (AIS) data and ocean environment data. In this study, we developed a visualization program to analyze the AIS data and ocean environmental conditions together and propose two categories of applications for the operational analysis of container ships using maritime big data. The first category applications are the past operation analysis by tracking previous trajectories, and the second category applications are the speed pattern analysis by shipping companies and shipyards under harsh environmental conditions. Thus, the operational characteristics of container ships were evaluated using maritime big data.
Particle-Swarm-Optimization-Enhanced Radial-Basis-Function-Kernel-Based Adaptive Filtering Applied to Maritime Data
Authors: Lopac Nikola , Jurdana Irena , Lerga Jonatan , Wakabayashi Nobukazu
Published: April 2021

The real-life signals captured by different measurement systems (such as modern maritime transport characterized by challenging and varying operating conditions) are often subject to various types of noise and other external factors in the data collection and transmission processes. Therefore, the filtering algorithms are required to reduce the noise level in measured signals, thus enabling more efficient extraction of useful information. This paper proposes a locally-adaptive filtering algorithm based on the radial basis function (RBF) kernel smoother with variable width. The kernel width is calculated using the asymmetrical combined-window relative intersection of confidence intervals (RICI) algorithm, whose parameters are adjusted by applying the particle swarm optimization (PSO) based procedure. The proposed RBF-RICI algorithm’s filtering performances are analyzed on several simulated, synthetic noisy signals, showing its efficiency in noise suppression and filtering error reduction. Moreover, compared to the competing filtering algorithms, the proposed algorithm provides better or competitive filtering performance in most considered test cases. Finally, the proposed algorithm is applied to the noisy measured maritime data, proving to be a possible solution for a successful practical application in data filtering in maritime transport and other sectors.
Research on Hypergeometric-Gaussian Vortex Beam Propagating under Oceanic Turbulence by Theoretical Derivation and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Wang Xinguang , Wang Le , Zhao Shengmei
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we use two methods to research the propagation characteristics of a Hypergeometric-Gaussian (HyGG) vortex beam under oceanic turbulence. One is numerical calculation based on the Rytov approximation theory, where the theoretical detection probability equation of the HyGG vortex beam propagating through oceanic turbulence is derived. The other is numerical simulation based on random phase screens model of oceanic turbulence, where the influences generated by oceanic turbulence on the phase and intensity of the propagation beam as well as the propagation of the beam through several independent phase screens, kept at the same distance, have the same effect. The effects of oceanic turbulence parameters and initial beam parameters on the detection probability of the HyGG vortex beam at the receiver are discussed. The results of theoretical derivation are well in agreement with those of numerical simulation, which demonstrated that the numerical simulation method could effectively simulate the complex theoretical derivation. Both results show that with higher dissipation rate of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid, smaller dissipation rate of mean-squared temperature and lower temperature-salinity contribution ratio comes the better detection probability. Meanwhile, a HyGG vortex beam with smaller topological charge and longer wavelength has a superior turbulent resistance property. It provides a promising way to estimate the propagation characteristics of the optical beams in an underwater environment.
Response of Benthic Diatom Assemblages to Contamination by Metals in a Marine Environment
Authors: Martínez Yuriko Jocselin , Siqueiros-Beltrones David Alfaro , Marmolejo-Rodríguez Ana Judith
Published: April 2021

Studies on marine benthic diatoms in environments contaminated by metals are scarce. The typical structure of benthic diatom assemblages (species richness, diversity, dominance, dominant taxa) from undisturbed environments may be used as reference for contrasting with contaminated environments in order to observe how said assemblages respond to such disturbance. Thus, the Ho that the structure of benthic diatom associations and morphology of their frustules under contamination by metals would be normal, as in unpolluted environments was tested. To do this, concentrations of 24 metals were surveyed in a coastal zone impacted by mining residues, and the structure of benthic local diatom assemblages was described. Metal concentrations measurements for 15 metals surpassed the normal values of the upper earth cortex, seven were under the low range effect, and three (Cd, Cu, Zn) surpassed the medium range effect values. At a control site no element concentration was above the reference values for low range effect (LRE) or medium range effect (MRE) standards. There, diatom species richness (S) was high, particularly on seaweeds; where, 397 diatom taxa were recorded. In contrast, at the contaminated area 217 diatom taxa were recorded, but diversity (H’) ranged from 2.4 to 4.3. Relative high frequencies of deformed diatom valves mainly of Achnanthes spp. were recorded in contaminated sediments. In general, diatom taxocenoses presented a typical structure for non-contaminated environments. However, scarceness of specimens, lower S, and frequency of deformed valves suggest responses to metal contamination. For marine environments, the latter values corresponding to A. longipes may be considered a reliable reference to the response of benthic diatoms to metal contamination.
Severity Scoring of Behavioral Responses of Sperm Whales (Physeter macrocephalus) to Novel Continuous versus Conventional Pulsed Active Sonar
Authors: Curé Charlotte , Isojunno Saana , Siemensma Marije L. , Wensveen Paul J. , Buisson Célia , Sivle Lise D. , Benti Benjamin , Roland Rune , Kvadsheim Petter H. , Lam Frans-Peter A. , Miller Patrick J. O.
Published: April 2021

Controlled exposure experiments (CEEs) have demonstrated that naval pulsed active sonar (PAS) can induce costly behavioral responses in cetaceans similar to antipredator responses. New generation continuous active sonars (CAS) emit lower amplitude levels but more continuous signals. We conducted CEEs with PAS, CAS and no-sonar control on free-ranging sperm whales in Norway. Two panels blind to experimental conditions concurrently inspected acoustic-and-movement-tag data and visual observations of tagged whales and used an established severity scale (0–9) to assign scores to putative responses. Only half of the exposures elicited a response, indicating overall low responsiveness in sperm whales. Responding whales (10 of 12) showed more, and more severe responses to sonar compared to no-sonar. Moreover, the probability of response increased when whales were previously exposed to presence of predatory and/or competing killer or long-finned pilot whales. Various behavioral change types occurred over a broad range of severities (1–6) during CAS and PAS. When combining all behavioral types, the proportion of responses to CAS was significantly higher than no-sonar but not different from PAS. Responses potentially impacting vital rates i.e., with severity ≥4, were initiated at received cumulative sound exposure levels (dB re 1 μPa2 s) of 137–177 during CAS and 143–181 during PAS.
Bioprospecting of Rhizosphere-Resident Fungi: Their Role and Importance in Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Murali Mahadevamurthy , Naziya Banu , Ansari Mohammad Azam , Alomary Mohammad N. , AlYahya Sami , Almatroudi Ahmad , Thriveni M. C. , Gowtham Hittanahallikoppal Gajendramurthy , Singh Sudarshana Brijesh , Aiyaz Mohammed , Kalegowda Nataraj , Lakshmidevi Nanjaiah , Amruthesh Kestur Nagaraj
Published: April 2021

Rhizosphere-resident fungi that are helpful to plants are generally termed as ‘plant growth promoting fungi’ (PGPF). These fungi are one of the chief sources of the biotic inducers known to give their host plants numerous advantages, and they play a vital role in sustainable agriculture. Today’s biggest challenge is to satisfy the rising demand for crop protection and crop yield without harming the natural ecosystem. Nowadays, PGPF has become an eco-friendly way to improve crop yield by enhancing seed germination, shoot and root growth, chlorophyll production, and fruit yield, etc., either directly or indirectly. The mode of action of these PGPF includes the solubilization and mineralization of the essential micro- and macronutrients needed by plants to regulate the balance for various plant processes. PGPF produce defense-related enzymes, defensive/volatile compounds, and phytohormones that control pathogenic microbes’ growth, thereby assisting the plants in facing various biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, this review presents a holistic view of PGPF as efficient natural biofertilizers to improve crop plants’ growth and resistance.
Investigating Host Preference of Root Endophytes of Three European Tree Species, with a Focus on Members of the Phialocephala fortinii—Acephala applanata Species Complex (PAC)
Authors: Stroheker Sophie , Dubach Vivanne , Vögtli Irina , Sieber Thomas N.
Published: April 2021

Host preference of root endophytes of the three European tree species of Norway spruce (Picea abies), common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), and sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) were investigated in two forest stands near Zurich, Switzerland. The focus was placed on members of the Phialocephala fortinii s.l. (sensu lato)—Acephala applanata species complex (PAC), as well as other dark septate endopyhtes (DSE). PAC species were identified based on 13 microsatellite loci. Eleven PAC species were found, with Phialocephala helvetica, P. europaea being the most frequent. All but cryptic species 12 (CSP12) preferred Norway spruce as a host. Though very rare in general, CSP12 was most frequently isolated from maple roots. Regarding the abundant PAC species, P. helvetica and P. europaea, the preference of spruce as a host was least pronounced in P. europaea, as it was also often isolated from ash and maple. It is the first record of PAC found on common ash (Fraxinus excelsior). Cadophora orchidicola, a close relative of PAC, has frequently been isolated from ash. Various species of the Nectriaceae (Cylindrocarpon spp.) have often been isolated, particularly from maple roots. By comparison, Pezicula spp. (Cryptosporiopsis spp.) was found to be abundant on all three hosts. Phomopsis phaseoli exhibits a clear preference for spruce.
Innovative Work Behavior—A Key Factor in Business Performance? The Role of Team Cognitive Diversity and Teamwork Climate in This Relationship
Authors: Jankelová Nadežda , Joniaková Zuzana , Mišún Juraj
Published: April 2021

The aim of our paper is to examine whether the support of innovative work behavior by management is positively related to business performance and at the same time, whether this relationship is mediated by the teamwork climate and cognitive diversity of teams. Cognitive diversity is defined as differences in knowledge and perspective, which arise from professional diversity and account for its positive effects. A teamwork climate represents staff perceptions of collaboration between personnel. Business performance is defined by the level of sales. Our sample consisted of 211 managers of companies operating in Slovakia, and data collection took place in the form of a questionnaire. The main tool for examining the mechanism of operation of the investigated relationships is mediation using regression analysis and the Sobel test to determine the significance of the indirect effect of mediation variables. The findings point to a significant direct relationship between the innovative work behavior of company employees and business performance. The intensity of this relationship can be partly influenced by promoting cognitive diversity, especially in the area of knowledge and ways of thinking. The significant role of a teamwork climate was not demonstrated in the examined model.
How Does Mobile Page Speed Shape in-between Touchpoints in the Customer Journey? A Research Regarding the Most Trusted Retailers in Romania
Authors: Nichifor Eliza , Lixăndroiu Radu Constantin , Chițu Ioana Bianca , Brătucu Gabriel , Trifan Adrian
Published: April 2021

In the digital age, retailers face umpteen challenges, finding it increasingly difficult to fulfil the customer requirements. Studying the most trusted online stores in Romania, the authors aimed to identify the opportunities and the challenges for retailers in the connected consumer’ journey, analyzing the page load speed of the in-between touchpoints in the pre-check-out phase on smartphones. In this regard, comparative analysis and content analysis were performed, taking into consideration eight performance indicators, namely, first content paint, first input delay, largest contentful paint, cumulative layout shift, performance score, speed index, time to interactive, and total blocking time. Three platforms were used to run the tests, the generated data allowing the identification of the necessary enhancements to ensure a continuous consumer journey. The study revealed that the selected in-between touchpoints need major improvements to provide a satisfying consumer experience on a smartphone. The scientific contribution of this article consists of presenting 14 opportunities designed for retailers. By implementing them, for every 0.1 s saved, the conversion rate can increase by 8% due to emotional mitigation with technological performance improvements. The page speed shapes the customer journey, the retailers gaining the users’ trust by avoiding a long waiting time between the touchpoints.
Evidence of Similarities in Ecosystem Service Flow across the Rural-Urban Spectrum
Authors: Welivita Indunee , Willcock Simon , Lewis Amy , Bundhoo Dilshaad , Brewer Tim , Cooper Sarah , Lynch Kenneth , Mekala Sneha , Mishra Prajna Paramita , Venkatesh Kongala , Rey Vicario Dolores , Hutchings Paul
Published: April 2021

In 2006, the world’s population passed the threshold of being equally split between rural and urban areas. Since this point, urbanisation has continued, and the majority of the global population are now urban inhabitants. With this ongoing change, it is likely that the way people receive benefits from nature (ecosystem services; ES) has also evolved. Environmental theory suggests that rural residents depend directly on their local environment (conceptualised as green-loop systems), whereas urban residents have relatively indirect relationships with distant ecosystems (conceptualised as red-loop systems). Here, we evaluate this theory using survey data from >3000 households in and around Hyderabad, India. Controlling for other confounding socioeconomic variables, we investigate how flows of 10 ES vary across rural, peri-urban and urban areas. For most of the ES we investigated, we found no statistical differences in the levels of direct or indirect use of an ecosystem, the distance to the ecosystem, nor the quantities of ES used between rural and urban residents (p > 0.05). However, our results do show that urban people themselves often travel shorter distances than rural people to access most ES, likely because improved infrastructure in urban areas allows for the transport of ES from wider ecosystems to the locality of the beneficiaries’ place of residence. Thus, while we find some evidence to support red-loop–green-loop theory, we conclude that ES flows across the rural-urban spectrum may show more similarities than might be expected. As such, the impact of future urbanisation on ES flows may be limited, because many flows in both rural and urban areas have already undergone globalisation.
Estimating Forest Canopy Cover by Multiscale Remote Sensing in Northeast Jiangxi, China
Authors: Huang Xiaolan , Wu Weicheng , Shen Tingting , Xie Lifeng , Qin Yaozu , Peng Shanling , Zhou Xiaoting , Fu Xiao , Li Jie , Zhang Zhenjiang , Zhang Ming , Liu Yixuan , Jiang Jingheng , Ou Penghui , Huangfu Wenchao , Zhang Yang
Published: April 2021

This research was focused on estimation of tree canopy cover (CC) by multiscale remote sensing in south China. The key aim is to establish the relationship between CC and woody NDVI (NDVIW) or to build a CC-NDVIW model taking northeast Jiangxi as an example. Based on field CC measurements, this research used Google Earth as a complementary source to measure CC. In total, 63 sample plots of CC were created, among which 45 were applied for modeling and the remaining 18 were employed for verification. In order to ascertain the ratio R of NDVIW to the satellite observed NDVI, a 20-year time-series MODIS NDVI dataset was utilized for decomposition to obtain the NDVIW component, and then the ratio R was calculated with the equation R = (NDVIW/NDVI) *100%, respectively, for forest (CC > 60%), medium woodland (CC = 25–60%) and sparse woodland (CC 1–25%). Landsat TM and OLI images that had been orthorectified by the provider USGS were atmospherically corrected using the COST model and used to derive NDVIL. R was multiplied for the NDVIL image to extract the woody NDVI (NDVIWL) from Landsat data for each of these plots. The 45 plots of CC data were linearly fitted to the NDVIWL, and a model with CC = 103.843 NDVIW + 6.157 (R2 = 0.881) was obtained. This equation was applied to predict CC at the 18 verification plots and a good agreement was found (R2 = 0.897). This validated CC-NDVIW model was further applied to the woody NDVI of forest, medium woodland and sparse woodland derived from Landsat data for regional CC estimation. An independent group of 24 measured plots was utilized for validation of the results, and an accuracy of 83.0% was obtained. Thence, the developed model has high predictivity and is suitable for large-scale estimation of CC using high-resolution data.
Organization of the Respiratory Supercomplexes in Cells with Defective Complex III: Structural Features and Metabolic Consequences
Authors: Rugolo Michela , Zanna Claudia , Ghelli Anna Maria
Published: April 2021

The mitochondrial respiratory chain encompasses four oligomeric enzymatic complexes (complex I, II, III and IV) which, together with the redox carrier ubiquinone and cytochrome c, catalyze electron transport coupled to proton extrusion from the inner membrane. The protonmotive force is utilized by complex V for ATP synthesis in the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Respiratory complexes are known to coexist in the membrane as single functional entities and as supramolecular aggregates or supercomplexes (SCs). Understanding the assembly features of SCs has relevant biomedical implications because defects in a single protein can derange the overall SC organization and compromise the energetic function, causing severe mitochondrial disorders. Here we describe in detail the main types of SCs, all characterized by the presence of complex III. We show that the genetic alterations that hinder the assembly of Complex III, not just the activity, cause a rearrangement of the architecture of the SC that can help to preserve a minimal energetic function. Finally, the major metabolic disturbances associated with severe SCs perturbation due to defective complex III are discussed along with interventions that may circumvent these deficiencies.
The Impact of Epigallocatechin Gallate and Coconut Oil Treatment on Cortisol Activity and Depression in Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Authors: Platero Jose Luis , Cuerda-Ballester María , Sancho-Cantus David , Benlloch María , Ceron Jose Joaquin , Peres Rubio Camila , García-Pardo María Pilar , López-Rodríguez María Mar , de la Rubia Ortí Jose Enrique
Published: April 2021

(1) Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is pathogenically characterized by high oxidative stress and symptomatically by progressive muscle loss and increased body fat associated with the presence of depression. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (particularly present in green tea) and ketone bodies (in particular beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)), whose main source is coconut oil, have shown emotional benefits and body fat loss. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of EGCG and coconut oil on cortisol activity related to fat loss and depression in MS patients. (2) Methods: The study involved 51 MS patients who were randomly divided into an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group received 800 mg of EGCG and 60 mL of coconut oil, which were included in their daily diet for four months. The control group received placebo and all patients followed an isocaloric diet. A blood sample was collected before and after the four-month period, and levels of cortisol, albumin and BHB were measured in serum. In addition, immediately before and after the intervention, anthropometric variables were measured: waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body fat mass percentage, fat weight, total weight, and muscle mass percentage. Depression was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). (3) Results: No significant changes were obtained in cortisol levels in any of the groups, and there was a significant increase in albumin in the blood of the intervention group only that could lead to a decrease in serum free cortisol. In addition, it was observed a significant decrease in levels of depression and abdominal fat. (4) Conclusions: EGCG combined with coconut oil increase the concentration of albumin in blood and produce less depression in MS patients.
The Three Pillars of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Therapy
Authors: Franchini Massimo , Liumbruno Giancarlo Maria , Piacentini Giorgio , Glingani Claudia , Zaffanello Marco
Published: April 2021

The new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has spread rapidly around the world in the last year causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which still is a severe threat for public health. The therapeutic management of COVID-19 is challenging as, up until now, no specific and efficient pharmacological therapy has been validated. Translating the experience from previous viral epidemics, passive immunotherapy by means of plasma from individuals recovered from COVID-19 has been intensively investigated since the beginning of the pandemic. In this narrative review, we critically analyze the three factors, named “pillars”, that play a key role in determining the clinical effectiveness of this biologic therapy: the convalescent plasma, the disease (COVID-19), and the patients.
Long-Term Results of the Modular Physiological Wrist Prosthesis (MPW®) in Patients with Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: Biehl Christoph , Stoll Martin , Heinrich Martin , Biehl Lotta , Jung Jochen , Heiss Christian , Szalay Gabor
Published: April 2021

The wrist is among the predilection sites of over 90% of cases of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In advanced cases, total wrist arthroplasty (TWA) is an alternative to arthrodesis. The aim of this study is to present the long-term results of the modular physiological wrist prosthesis (MPW®) and to match them in context with the results of a standard population survey. In a retrospective study with follow-up, patients with an MPW® endoprosthesis were evaluated concerning the clinical and radiological outcome, complications were reviewed (incidence and type), and conversion to wrist fusion was assessed. Patient function measurements included the Mayo wrist score, the patient-specific wrist test, and therefore the DASH score (arm, shoulder, and hand). Thirty-four MPW® wrist prostheses were implanted in 32 patients, including thirty primary implantations and four changes of the type of the endoprosthesis. Sixteen patients (18 prostheses) underwent clinical and radiological follow-up. The average follow-up time was 8.5 years (1 to 16). Poor results of the MPW prosthesis are caused by the issues of balancing with luxation and increased PE wear. Salvage procedures included revision of the TWA or fusion. In successful cases, the flexion and extension movement averaged 40 degrees. The grip force was around 2.5 kg. The common DASH score was 79 points, with limited and problematic joints of the upper extremity. The MPW wrist prosthesis offered good pain relief and functional movement in over 80% of cases. The issues of dislocation and increased PE wear prevent better long-term results, as do the joints affected. A follow-up study with fittings under a contemporary anti-rheumatic therapy with biologicals suggests increasing score results. Type of study/level of evidence: Case series, IV.
Natural Product Gene Clusters in the Filamentous Nostocales Cyanobacterium HT-58-2
Authors: Jin Xiaohe , Miller Eric S. , Lindsey Jonathan S.
Published: April 2021

Cyanobacteria are known as rich repositories of natural products. One cyanobacterial-microbial consortium (isolate HT-58-2) is known to produce two fundamentally new classes of natural products: the tetrapyrrole pigments tolyporphins A–R, and the diterpenoid compounds tolypodiol, 6-deoxytolypodiol, and 11-hydroxytolypodiol. The genome (7.85 Mbp) of the Nostocales cyanobacterium HT-58-2 was annotated previously for tetrapyrrole biosynthesis genes, which led to the identification of a putative biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) for tolyporphins. Here, bioinformatics tools have been employed to annotate the genome more broadly in an effort to identify pathways for the biosynthesis of tolypodiols as well as other natural products. A putative BGC (15 genes) for tolypodiols has been identified. Four BGCs have been identified for the biosynthesis of other natural products. Two BGCs related to nitrogen fixation may be relevant, given the association of nitrogen stress with production of tolyporphins. The results point to the rich biosynthetic capacity of the HT-58-2 cyanobacterium beyond the production of tolyporphins and tolypodiols.
Determinants of Processing Speed Trajectories among Middle Aged or Older Adults, and Their Association with Chronic Illnesses: The English Longitudinal Study of Aging
Authors: Gkotzamanis Viktor , Koliopanos Giorgos , Sanchez-Niubo Albert , Olaya Beatriz , Caballero Francisco , Ayuso-Mateos José , Chatterji Somnath , Haro Josep , Panagiotakos Demosthenes
Published: April 2021

The aim of this study was to identify latent groups of similar trajectories in processing speed through aging, as well as factors that are associated with these trajectories. In the context of the Ageing Trajectories of Health: Longitudinal Opportunities and Synergies (ATHLOS) project, data from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA) (n = 12099) were analyzed. Latent groups of similar trajectories in the processing scores as well as their predictors and covariates were investigated, using group-based trajectory models (GBTM). The coefficient estimates for potential group predictors correspond to parameters of multinomial logit functions that are integrated in the model. Potential predictors included sex, level of education, marital status, level of household wealth, level of physical activity, and history of smoking, while time-varying covariates included incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus, depressive symptoms, and sleep disturbances. Four trajectories were identified and named after their baseline scores and shapes: High (4.4%), Middle/Stable (31.5%), Low/Stable (44.5%), and Low Decline (19.6%). Female sex, higher levels of education, mild level of physical activity, having been married, and higher level of wealth were associated with a higher probability of belonging to any of the higher groups compared to the Low/Decline that was set as reference, while presence of CVD, diabetes mellitus, and depressive symptoms were associated with lower processing speed scores within most trajectories. All the aforementioned factors might be valid targets for interventions to reduce the burden of age-related cognitive impairment.
Effect of Design Modification on the Distortion Behavior of a Complex Counter Gear
Authors: Kagathara Jwalant , Lübben Thomas , Steinbacher Matthias
Published: April 2021

A change in component design could help achieve objectives in lightweight construction. However, lightweight component design can incur serious distortion problems after the final heat treatment due to reduced stiffness or asymmetries in the mass distribution. The analysis of design modification through geometrical variations and their consequences on the distortion behavior through experiments can be costly and time consuming. In this paper, using 3D simulation models, different modified lightweight geometries are simulated. Using these simulation results, the authors try to understand the complex distortion behavior and correlate it with the effects of design modification.