The Weigth (Mass) of Light
Authors: Vegt Wim 
Published: April 2023

Albert Einstein has introduced a new understanding of light by introducing the concept of the “photon”. This concept originated (1905) in Albert Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect, in which he proposed the existence of discrete energy packets during the transmission of light. Because photons propagate with the speed of light, it is a necessary requirement that the rest-mass of photons equals zero. Recently experiments have resulted in the observation that the rest mass of a photon does not equal zero. [10]. Einstein’s solution to explain the interaction between gravity and light (particles with rest-mass zero, photons) was a curved space-time continuum. A Space-Time continuum curved due to a gravitational field. The assumption of the zero-mass of photons had been based on Maxwell’s assumption that electromagnetic waves do not carry mass and do not generate a gravitational field.This article describes electromagnetic fields which do carry mass (inertia) ([12] and equation (92)) and do generate a gravitational field, expressed in the terms B-1 (inertia) and B-6 (Gravity) in equation 23. In this way Newton’s Classical Dynamics will be unified with Maxwell’s Electrodynamics and Einstein’s General Relativity. Extending Newton’s 3-dimensional Equilibrium in Classical Mechanics into a model of confined electromagnetic energy within a 4-dimensional Equilibrium will unify Classical Mechanics with Relativistic Quantum Physics (Dirac Equation).The research has been focussed to unify the four fundamental theories in physics. Isaac Newton’s Classical Mechanics, James Clerk Maxwell’s Electrodynamics, Quantum Physics (Niels Bohr, Paul Dirac, Werner Heisenberg) and Albert Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity. These four fundamental theories also mark the different periods when they have been created and a fundamentally different way of thinking at those times. To unify these four principles of Physics, it is necessary to link electromagnetism and gravitation. Here it is proposed that the 2-dimensional confinement of electromagnetic radiation (a beam of light) creates its own gravitational field, and that field will interact with other gravitational fields. To illustrate the utility of this theory, an example has been discussed with regard to the measured gravitational redshift associated with Earth’s gravity. This Theory has been called “Quantum Light Theory”. Theories which unify Quantum Physics and General Relativity, like “String Theory”, predict the non-constancy of natural constants. Accurate observations of the NASA Messenger [11] observe in time a value for the gravitational constant “G” which constrains until ( /G to be &lt; 4 × 10-14 per year) . One of the characteristics of the New Theory is the “Constant Value” in time for the Gravitational Constant “G”. A second experiment to test the New Theory is the effect of “Gravitational RedShift” [2].The “Gravitational RedShift” between an observatory on Earth (Radius = 6 106 [m]) and a Satellite in a Galileo Orbit (Radius = 23222 103 [m]) according “General Relativity”: The “Gravitational RedShift” between an observatory on Earth (Radius = 6 106 [m]) and a Satellite in a Galileo Orbit (Radius = 23222 103 [m]) according “The Proposed Theory”: