bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pharma-biotech Complex and Interconnected Regional Innovation Arenas
Authors: Zeller Christian
Published: November 2010

Large pharmaceutical firms, biotechnology firms, publicly funded research organisations and financial organisations which are inseparably connected and located in a few key regions have built a hierarchical pharma-biotech complex. It is argued that large corporations establish networks to access regionally concentrated knowledge bases. These networks consist of money flows, knowledge and personnel. By establishing such networks, large firms considerably shape and interconnect the development dynamics in the regions in which they have strategic assets. The paper reveals how the economic development trajectories of the urban regions of Basel, New Jersey and Boston are connected by large pharmaceutical firms and the industrial dynamics of the combined pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Such strong corporate networks result in the globally combined and interdependent development of urban regions.
Non-exercise Physical Activity in Agricultural and Urban People
Authors: Levine James A. , McCrady Shelly K. , Boyne Sandra , Smith Joanne , Cargill Kathryn , Forrester Terrence
Published: November 2010

With evidence that urbanisation is associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, this article compares daily physical activity between rural and urban dwellers. Specifically, it examines habitual daily activity levels, non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) and energy expenditure in agricultural and urban Jamaicans and urban North Americans. Ambulation was 60 per cent greater in rural Jamaicans than in the urban dwellers (4675 ± 2261 versus 2940 ± 1120 ambulation-attributed arbitrary units (AU)/day; P = 0.001). Levels of ambulation in lean urban Jamaicans were similar to those in lean urban North Americans, whereas obese urban dwellers walked less than their lean urban counterparts (2198 ± 516 versus 2793 ± 774 AU/day; P = 0.01). The data with respect to daily sitting mirrored the walking data; obese Americans sat for almost four hours more each day than rural Jamaicans (562 ± 78 versus 336 ± 68 minutes/day; P < 0.001). Urbanisation is associated with low levels of daily activity and NEAT.
Feminine Figures and the “Fatherhood”: Rhetoric and Reason in Locke’s First Treatise of Government
Authors: Shanks Torrey
Published: November 2010

Traditionally neglected, Locke’s First Treatise of Government has taken on new significance with feminist interpretations that recognize the importance of its sustained engagement with patriarchal power. Yet feminist interpreters, both critics and admirers alike, read Locke as a champion of the “man of reason,” a figure seemingly immune to the influences of passions, imagination, and rhetoric. These interpreters wrongly overlook Locke’s extended engagement with the power of rhetoric in the First Treatise, an engagement that troubles the clear opposition of masculine reason and its feminine exclusions. Taking Locke’s rhetoric seriously, I argue, makes the First Treatise newly important for what it shows us about Locke’s practice of political critique. In following the varied and novel effects of Locke’s feminine figures, we find a practice of political critique that depends on a mutually constitutive relation between rhetoric and reason.
Context effects on young children’s language use: The influence of conversational setting and partner
Authors: Hoff Erika
Published: November 2010

This article reports on two studies investigating the effect of contextual variables on young children’s language use in conversation. In Study 1, 20 children between age 1;5 and 2;2 were recorded in conversation with their mothers in three settings: mealtime, toy play, and book reading. In Study 2, 16 children between age 1;9 and 3;0 were recorded in dyadic toy play interaction with three different conversational partners: a 5-year-old older sibling, an 8-year-old older sibling, and their mother. Both studies found effects of the contextual variable on children’s vocabulary use and discourse cohesion.The children used a richer vocabulary and produced more topic-continuing contributions in book reading than in other contexts, and they used a richer vocabulary and produced more responses to questions in conversation with their mothers than in conversation with their older siblings. Despite mean effects of context, there was cross-context stability in the individual differences among children.
Maternal repair initiation at MLU Stage I: The developmental power of ‘hm?’
Authors: Corrin Juliette
Published: November 2010

This study documents one typically developing child’s experience of, and response to, neutral repair initiation by the mother (e.g., hm?) during playtime conversation over a 2-month period spanning MLU Stage I. Weekly video recordings were analysed using the method of conversation analysis to examine turns and turn sequences in detail. Distinct results separated Early from Late MLU Stage I data. Overall, the child’s trouble-source turns were sequence-initiating and linked to topic movement. Repair response turns were relevant for early grammatical development in ways governed by the local sequential context of conversation. The findings are compared to other types of maternal repair initiation in the same data corpus.
Explanations in naturally occurring peer talk: Conversational emergence and function, thematic scope, and contribution to the development of discursive skills
Authors: Blum-Kulka Shoshana , Hamo Michal , Habib Talia
Published: November 2010

This study examines explanations in children’s natural peer talk, as they emerge in collaborative interaction among children, in two cohorts: preschoolers (aged 4—5) and preadolescents (aged 9—10). The study examined 322 explanations for the diversity of their content-components, their modes of emergence, and social functions. Quantitative analysis revealed a wide range of explanation topics in both cohorts, with a shift with age from the immediate to the more distant. Discourse analysis of explanatory sequences demonstrated a high sensitivity to conversational notions of expectedness and an effective use of explanations for a rich array of pragmatic and social functions, as well as the affordances of peer talk explanations as a potential site for learning and developing the discursive skills of decontextualized discourse.
A comparison of bilingual and monolingual children’s conversational repairs
Authors: Comeau Liane , Genesee Fred , Mendelson Morton
Published: November 2010

This study examined the conversational repair skills of 2- and 3-year-old French— English bilingual children and monolingual French-speaking children. While the ability to respond to requests for clarification has been well researched in monolingual children, it has not been investigated among bilingual children except to examine their ability to repair breakdowns due to the use of a language not spoken by their interlocutor. The present study provides a direct comparison of bilingual and monolingual children’s repairs of the types of breakdowns in conversations that are experienced by both populations, e.g., breakdowns due to ambiguity, choice of words, mispronunciations, inaudible utterances, and so on. A methodology of stacked requests for clarification was used to examine the range of response strategies and the overall response patterns of the children.The results reveal no differences between the bilingual and the monolingual children’s conversational repair skills. The present findings contribute to the growing body of evidence that bilingualism does not interfere with the language development of simultaneous bilinguals. As well, they extend our understanding of their ability to repair conversational breakdowns of the type that are experienced by all children.
Mother-initiated repair sequences in interactions of 3-year-old children
Authors: Laakso Minna , Soininen Mirve
Published: November 2010

Repair initiated by parents provides their children with corrective feedback of the children’s developing talk.To investigate how the interactive repair process is constructed, this study looked at five mother—child pairs during play interaction, focusing on mother-initiated repair sequences ( N = 163). The mothers used many types of repair initiators from the general ‘What?’ to the more specific interrogatives. They also offered candidate understandings, and made other-corrections. Repair sequences usually comprised of three parts: the child’s turn, the mother’s repair initiation in the next turn, and the child’s response in the third turn. In more than 90% of the cases the children responded to their mothers’ repair initiations. Thus, after mother-initiation the 3-year-old children could already locate the trouble and repair it.
Preparation and Analysis of the Peripheral Nervous System
Authors: Jortner Bernard S.
Published: November 2010

This article is from a presentation at the 2010 STP/IFSTP Symposium on Neuropathology. The organization and basic structure of the peripheral nervous system is reviewed. Examples of toxicant-induced peripheral nerve injury such as neuronopathy, axonopathy, and myelinapathy are discussed, as are contemporary methods for examination of these tissues.
The Adaptation Challenges and Strategies of Adolescent Aboriginal Athletes Competing Off Reserve
Authors: Schinke Robert J. , Blodgett Amy T. , Yungblut Hope E. , Eys Mark A. , Battochio Randy C. , Wabano Mary Jo , Peltier Duke , Ritchie Stephen , Pickard Patricia , Recollet-Saikonnen Danielle
Published: November 2010

Within the motivation literature, it has been indicated that athletes respond more effectively to sport’s contextual challenges through effective adaptation skills. Fiske identified five core motives as facilitators of the adaptation process across cultures: belonging, understanding, controlling, self-enhancement, and trusting. Through a cultural sport psychology approach, the adaptation challenges and strategies of Canadian Aboriginal adolescent athletes from one community (Wikwemikong) are described as they traveled off reserve to compete in mainstream sporting events. Concurrently, Fiske’s core motives are considered in relation to youth sport participants from the aforementioned Aboriginal community. Culture sensitive research methods among the Wikwemikong, including community meetings, talking circles (TCs), indigenous coding, and coauthoring, were employed in this article. Data are reflected in three themes: (a) challenges pursuing sport outside of the Aboriginal community in advance of bicultural encounters, (b) challenging bicultural encounters in Canadian mainstream sport contexts, and (c) specific responses to racism and discrimination.
Online Survey of Nursing Journal Peer Reviewers: Indicators of Quality in Manuscripts
Authors: Dougherty Molly C. , Freda Margaret C. , Kearney Margaret H. , Baggs Judith Gedney , Broome Marion
Published: November 2010

Nursing journal peer reviewers ( N = 1,675) completed a 69-item online survey that assessed their views on manuscripts’ contributions to nursing, priorities in writing reviews, use of journal impact factor, and other areas related to indicators of quality. They reported using contribution to knowledge or research evidence, topic of current interest, and newly emerging area as indicators of a manuscript’s contribution to nursing. In writing their reviews, research rigor and clinical relevance of the manuscript were high priorities. Those familiar with the concept of impact factor were significantly more often not nurses; not United States residents; involved in research; and most often reviewed for journals that published only research or a scholarly mix of research, reviews, policy, and theory. When judging a paper’s contribution, nursing journal peer reviewers weigh both research and clinical interests. Most reviewers do not use impact factors and place clinical considerations ahead of impact factors.
Specters of Finance: Limits of Knowledge and the Politics of Crisis
Authors: Martin Randy
Published: November 2010

The recent financial crisis has shaken not only trading markets, but the conviction that the rule of experts reigns in a knowledge society. Instead, the class that was based on a social compact of autonomous control over specialized domains of expertise—the professional managerial class, has seen that capacity come undone. Finance has unleashed an extensive managerialism that has compromised professional autonomy as it has associated professionals under the sign of it’s chief innovative force, the derivative. The derivative logic applies as much to labor as to capital, as much to countermobilization as to dominance, as much to generative interdependence as to expropriating enclosure, how might we begin to recognize and revalue what is otherwise most typically described as a baleful situation for a politics of the social? While arbitrage may seem the apotheosis of anomie, of monadic self-interest, the actions of hedging have manifestly deepened the extent to which what some are able to do is contingent upon what others have done. If knowledge is increasingly required, but unable to master its environment, what might be managed on behalf of one another? The limits to knowledge in this key, pose a challenge to the politics of scarcity that rubrics of performance, profitability, productivity, mastery, and excellence impose.
Speculating on Everyday Life: The Cultural Economy of the Quotidian
Authors: Allon Fiona
Published: November 2010

The economic crisis has generally been understood in terms of financial excess, speculation and fraud. This article suggests that there is a need to decenter this focus on financialization and instead reflect on the crisis as a cultural as much as an economic event. It addresses the normalisation of practices of calculation and investment within everyday life, especially in the figure of the ‘citizen-speculator’ who is now required to view housing as a site of accumulation and object of speculation, not only for debt-fuelled consumption in the present but also as a source of asset-based welfare in the future.
Cohort differences in having and retaining friends in personal networks in later life
Authors: Stevens Nan L. , Van Tilburg Theo G.
Published: November 2010

Friendship has increased in importance during the last few decades. The study examines whether friendship has become more prevalent in personal networks of older adults. Three cohorts of older persons have been followed since 1992 for 17 years in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. The younger cohort had friends more often and retained friends longer than two older cohorts. The differences are related to personal choice, relational competence and greater structural opportunities for making and keeping friends that were available to the younger cohort. Women retained same-sex friends longer than men. The oldest women lost cross-sex friends more often than did men. This is related to different gender-specific survival rates and to women’s tendency to retain friendships longer.
Correlation between cerebral tissue and central venous oxygen saturation during off-pump coronary bypass graft surgery
Authors: Harilall Yakeen , Adam Jamila K , Biccard Bruce M , Reddi Anu
Published: November 2010

We compared simultaneous regional cerebral oxygen saturation and central venous oxygen saturation at different time periods in 20 adult patients (median age, 57.9; range, 35 to 76 years) undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) graft surgery (n= 20). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PcvCO2), heart rate, haematocrit (Hct), lactate and patient oxygen saturation (SpO2) were also recorded as a secondary analysis to determine independent predictors of cerebral desaturation and interactions between predictors.

The cross-sectional analysis performed at each time point showed several significant moderate to strong positive correlations between central venous oxygen saturation and both right and left cerebral oxygen saturations; however, right cerebral saturations correlated better with central venous saturations than left cerebral saturation. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PcvCO2) was identified as a major predictor of cerebral saturation 0.59 ( p < 0.001). Central venous saturation can be used as a surrogate measure of cerebral oxygen saturation during OPCAB surgery.
The immediate effects of diacutaneous fibrolysis on pain and mobility in patients suffering from painful shoulder: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study
Authors: Barra ME , López C , Fernández G , Murillo E , Villar E , Raya L
Published: November 2010

Objectives: To describe the immediate effects of diacutaneous fibrolysis on pain and mobility in patients suffering from painful shoulder, and to assess the ability of the placebo technique to blind participants to group allocation.

Design: A double-blind before–after randomized placebo-controlled pilot study.

Setting: Two public centres of Primary Health Care of the Spanish National Health System.

Participants: Fifty patients (29 women, 21 men) with a diagnosis of painful shoulder of subacromial origin were included.

Intervention: Participants were randomly allocated to one of two groups. The intervention group ( N = 25) was actually treated with diacutaneous fibrolysis, while the placebo group ( N = 25) was treated with placebo diacutaneous fibrolysis.

Measurements: Active range of motion (flexion, abduction, extension, external and internal rotation) and pain intensity in the hand-behind-back position were measured. Participants were also asked about their perception in terms of comfort of the technique and results obtained.

Results: Between-groups differences were significant in flexion (mean 11.4 degrees; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.7–17.1), abduction (mean 7.2 degrees; 95% CI 2.0–12.5) and internal rotation movements (mean 3.1 cm; 95% CI 0.1–6.1). There were no significant differences between groups in pain intensity, extension or external rotation movements. The placebo technique showed its ability to blind participants to group allocation. None of the participants suffered any adverse effects from diacutaneous fibrolysis.

Conclusion: Diacutaneous fibrolysis may be an effective and safe therapeutic option to improve active range of motion in patients suffering from painful shoulder.
A pragmatic randomized controlled study of the effectiveness and cost consequences of exercise therapy in hip osteoarthritis
Authors: Juhakoski Riikka , Tenhonen Seppo , Malmivaara Antti , Kiviniemi Vesa , Anttonen Tapio , Arokoski Jari PA
Published: November 2010

Objective: To evaluate the short- and long-term effectiveness of exercise training in relation to pain, function and direct costs to health care systems attributable to hip osteoarthritis.

Design: Prospective, two-year randomized controlled trial.

Setting: An outpatient primary health care setting.

Subjects: One hundred and twenty men and women aged from 55 to 80, with radiologically diagnosed hip osteoarthritis with associated clinical symptoms.

Interventions: The combined exercise and general practitioner (GP) care group received 12 supervised (once per week) exercise sessions at the baseline and four additional booster sessions one year later. Both groups received standard GP care.

Main measures: The WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index, physical functioning score of RAND-36 (SF-36), the use and health care system costs of doctor visits and physiotherapy associated with hip osteoarthritis, number of total hip replacements, the use of analgesic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), performance-based outcome scores and body mass index (BMI).

Results: There were no differences between the groups with respect to WOMAC hip pain, physical functioning score of RAND-36, performance-based outcome scores or BMI. The effect of the exercise intervention on WOMAC function was statistically significant at 6 months (mean = −7.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) −13.9 to −1.0; P = 0.02) and 18 months (mean = −7.9; 95% CI −15.3 to −0.4; P = 0.04). There were no statistically significant differences in the total health care system costs between the groups.

Conclusion: The mostly home-based exercise training programme provided in this study did not result in reduced hip pain over the two-year follow-up period.
An Association Between Bullying Behaviors and Alcohol Use Among Middle School Students
Authors: Peleg-Oren Neta , Cardenas Gabriel A. , Comerford Mary , Galea Sandro
Published: November 2010

Although a high prevalence of bullying behaviors among adolescents has been documented, little is known about the association between bullying behaviors and alcohol use among perpetrators or victims. This study used data from a representative two-stage cluster random sample of 44, 532 middle school adolescents in Florida. We found a high prevalence of bullying behaviors (30% physical, 52% verbal, 12% cyber). A higher proportion of students (21%) who were involved in any type of bullying behavior used alcohol than students who were not involved (13%). Students involved in bullying behaviors as perpetrators or victims were significantly more likely to have used alcohol in the past-30-days than students who were not involved in bullying. Results suggest that bullying behaviors may be associated with alcohol use and that early evaluation of bullying behavior may be important as part of alcohol-use prevention programs among young adolescents.
Canine Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumor
Authors: Thompson J. J. , Pearl D. L. , Yager J. A. , Best S. J. , Coomber B. L. , Foster R. A.
Published: November 2010

Histologic grading schemes for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) were not developed for subcutaneous MCTs. Despite this, subcutaneous MCTs are currently categorized by many as grade II or higher. The aim of this investigation was to assess the pathology and clinical outcome for subcutaneous MCTs to provide a more accurate prognosis. Information on clinical outcome for 306 dogs was obtained from veterinarians and correlated with histologic features. Mean and median follow-up was 842 and 891 days, respectively (range, 3–2,305 days). Only 27 (9%) were confirmed as mast cell–related deaths. Metastasis occurred in 13 (4%), and 24 (8%) had local reoccurrence, even though 171 (56%) cases had incomplete surgical margins. Median survival time was not reached, and the estimated 6-month, 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival probabilities were 95%, 93%, 92%, and 86%, respectively. Dogs were euthanized or died as a result of local tumor reoccurrence, additional MCT development distant to the surgical site, or metastasis. Decreased survival time was linked to mitotic index (number of mitotic figures per 10 high-power fields), infiltrative growth pattern, and presence of multinucleation. Both univariable and multivariable analysis showed mitotic index to be strongly predictive of survival, local reoccurrence, and metastasis. The results of the study indicate that the majority of subcutaneous MCTs have a favorable prognosis, with extended survival times and low rates of reoccurrence and metastasis.
Protective effects of pentoxifylline on cigarette smoking-induced renal tissue damage in rats
Authors: Ozkurkcugil Cuneyd , Yilmaz Melda Yardimoglu , Ozkan Levend , Kokturk Sibel , Isken Tonguc
Published: November 2010

In this study, we investigated the protective effect of pentoxifilline (PTX) on smoking-induced damage in rat kidney tissues. Twenty-seven male Wistar rats were used in the study. Animals were divided into three equal groups as follows: Group 1: control group with only normal saline (NS; 0.9% NaCl) injection for 8 weeks; Group 2: cigarette smoking and NS injection for 8 weeks; and Group 3: cigarette smoking and PTX injection for 8 weeks. The rats were sacrificed after 8 weeks and their kidneys were excised for histopathological analysis. Serial paraffin sections (5 µm) of the kidneys were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method was used to assess apoptosis. Glomerular diameters, glomerular cell number and proximal tubule cell numbers were compared between the groups. Our results showed that PTX treatment prevented negative effects of smoking in rat kidneys. There was a statistically significant difference in all assessed parameters between Group 2 and other groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our study shows that PTX treatment is effective in preventing the negative effects of cigarette smoking on kidneys by inhibiting cell damage with its antioxidant properties.
Vitamin C protective role for alcoholic liver disease in mice through regulating iron metabolism
Authors: Guo Xiaoqiang  , Li Wenjie  , Xin Qiliang  , Ding Hui  , Zhang Caiyun  , Chang Yanzhong  , Duan Xianglin
Published: November 2010

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major medical complication of drinking alcohol, and commonly accompanied with hepatic iron overload and liver injuries. Oxidative stress plays an important role in pathogenesis of ALD and also leads to iron-metabolic disorders. In this study, the effects of vitamin C (Vc) on iron metabolism-related genes expression and liver protection from drinking in mice were investigated. Twenty-four male kunming mice were divided into four groups (six mice per group): control (water drinking); alcohol group (20% alcohol drinking), alcohol + low Vc group (adding 50 mg/kg Vc daily) and alcohol + high Vc group (adding 100 mg/kg Vc daily). All these mice were sacrificed after 7 days. Vc can ameliorate the increase of sera alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and hepatic iron overload of drinking alcohol in mice. Vc increases the expression of the iron-regulated hormone hepcidin and decreases transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) expression in liver. Vc also down-regulates the expression of ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) in the intestine and decreases the iron release to blood. In conclusion, Vc ameliorated the alcoholic liver injuries through regulating the iron metabolism-related genes expression.
Organizational Form, Parental Involvement, and Quality of Care in Child Day Care Centers
Authors: Leviten-Reid Catherine
Published: November 2010

This research compares cooperative child day care centers to for-profit and independent nonprofit centers in terms of parental involvement in operations (such as fundraising and classroom participation), parental involvement in governance (specifically, serving on the board and attending the annual meeting), and quality of care. It also tests whether parent control of the board is associated with quality. Findings show that cooperative centers feature greater parental involvement in operational aspects, including fundraising and care of the center or grounds compared to for-profits and independent nonprofits. Cooperatives are also more likely to have parents on their boards and feature boards with parent majorities compared to independent nonprofits, although more than half of these nonprofit centers also have parent-controlled boards. Results also show that while the cooperative form, tested as a distinct organizational type, is not a predictor of quality, parent control of the board is a positive predictor of this outcome.
Revisiting the ‘Governance Narrative’
Authors: Grix Jonathan , Phillpots Lesley
Published: November 2010

This article offers an empirical counter-example to the tenets of the increasingly popular conceptualisation of British Politics and policy as having shifted from ‘big’ Government to governance by networks and partnerships. We point to the paradox in many policy sectors: an outward appearance of ‘new’ multi-agency governance that would appear to confirm the ‘governance narrative’. However, the underlying hierarchical power structures at work in sectors such as sport policy (discussed here) and education suggest such cases are deviant and do not fit the ‘governance narrative’ ideal-type. Further, we put forward the notion of ‘asymmetrical network governance’ to highlight the modified forms of governance which still rest on asymmetrical power relations and largely unchanged patterns of resource dependency operating in the sports policy sector at both elite and mass participation levels. We argue for a more differentiated analysis of policy sectors, as the implications of applying broad-brush understandings of structural change to all areas of policy can be misleading and can fail to take into account the continuing high degree of central control over policy design and outcomes.
The Thesis of Incongruent Implementation: Revisiting Pressman and Wildavsky
Authors: Hupe Peter L.
Published: November 2010

The more links can be observed in the vertical line between intentions and results as embodied by a policy process, the smaller the chance will be of a congruent implementation of the public policy concerned. Pressman and Wildavsky (1973) expressed this view on implementation in one of the longest and most famous subtitles in the study of public administration. In this article this view is addressed as the thesis of incongruent implementation. Although still common with policy makers, since Bowen’s (1982) critique it hardly has been investigated further. At the same time, however, scholars across different research communities have started to explore the effects of intermediary variables between government intentions and governmental performance. The objective in this article is to look at what is known about the impact of such variables currently and to explore the implications for the study of implementation.
Interpreting Facts, Verifying Interpretations: Public Policy, Truth and Evidence
Authors: Kisby Ben
Published: November 2010

This article reflects on the relationship between evidence and interpretation in policy-making and policy analysis. It proceeds by critically analysing both David Blunkett’s understanding (as articulated when holding office in the UK Labour government) of the concept of ‘evidence-based policy-making’ and three noteworthy, alternative approaches to understanding the links between facts, evidence, values and interpretive framework — Keith Dowding’s rational choice approach, Alan Finlayson’s rhetorical political analysis and Mark Bevir and Rod Rhodes’s narrative-based form of interpretivism. It argues that all four approaches are underpinned by generalised, fixed claims about the nature of these relationships, when in fact no such generalisable claims are possible. In so doing, it develops an alternative, distinctive understanding of these relationships as changeable and context-specific, bringing into focus more clearly the contested nature of the theoretical assumptions underpinning particular policy-related claims and to the continuous need for political argument — on the basis of facts, evidence, values and interpretation — by both policy makers and analysts.
Leaving Jekyll and Hyde: Emotion work in the context of intimate partner violence
Authors: Enander Viveka
Published: November 2010

The aim of this qualitative study was to investigate battered women’s emotion work in the context of male-to-female intimate partner violence and, more specifically, in the context of leaving violent men. A total of 22 informants were interviewed and the material consists of 47 interviews. The results suggest a process in which victims initially conceptualize abusers as good, but subjection to violence leads to a cognitive-emotive dissonance that is responded to by emotion work. Over time, conceptualizations of the abuser shift from good to bad and efforts are made to change emotions from warm to cold. Connections between this process and previously described leaving processes are discussed.
Antilipidemic activity of organic solvent extract from Sorghum bicolor on rats with diet-induced obesity
Authors: Chung Ill-Min , Yeo Min-A , Kim Sun-Jin , Kim Myong-Jo , Park Dong-Sik , Moon Hyung-In
Published: November 2010

The present study evaluated the antiobesity and lipid-lowering effects from dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of Hwanggeumchal Sorghum varieties on Sorghum bicolor. The Hwanggeumchal Sorghum ethyl acetate extracts significantly reduced the plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels significantly when given orally at a dose of 50 and 300 mg/kg/day to the high-fat diet-induced obese rats for 2 weeks. These findings demonstrate the excellent pharmacological potential of Hwanggeumchal Sorghum varieties to prevent obesity.
Inhibition effects of the classical pathway complement of isolated compounds from Quercus glauca
Authors: Chung Ill-Min , Kim Eun-Hye , Kim Jong-Jin , Moon Hyung-In
Published: November 2010

Species of the Quercus species is an evergreen broadleaf tree found not only in Korea but also in China, Taiwan, and Japan. Quercus species is the most commonly occurring plant among the 50 native species of the family Fagaceae in Korea, China, and Taiwan. Quercus species have been used for diarrhea, dysentery, dermatitis, and hemorrhagia in Korean folk medicine. The present study evaluated the anticomplement effect of constituents from Quercus species (Fagaceae) in classical pathway complement system. We have evaluated leaves of five species of the Quercus genus with regard to its anticomplement activity and have identified its active principles following activity-guided isolation. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the 80% methanol extracts of the stem barks of Quercus glauca Thunberg has led to the isolation of galloyl derivatives, displaying high anticomplement activity. Four galloyl derivatives isolated from the leaves of Q. glauca, namely 6′- O-galloyl salidroside (1), methyl gallate (2), 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose (3), and 1,2,6-trigalloylglucose (4). 1, 2, 3 and 4 showed inhibitory activity against complement system with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) values of 224 μM, 362.4 μM, 32.3 μM, and 138.3 μM. Among the compounds tested, 3 showed the most potent anticomplement activity (IC50, 32.3 μM). This is the first report of the isolation and anticomplement activity from Q. glauca.
Relationship between cardiac symptoms, myocardial perfusion defects and coronary angiography findings in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Nikpour M , Urowitz MB , Ibañez D , Gladman DD
Published: November 2010

Coronary angiography is generally regarded as the ‘gold standard’ test for diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD). We sought to determine the relationship between cardiac symptoms and findings of coronary angiography and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Medical records of all SLE patients who underwent coronary angiography while attending our clinic over 24 years were reviewed, noting the indication for the test and its findings. Among patients who had MPS within 6 months prior to coronary angiography, a contingency table was used to rate the agreement between the two tests. Among the 35 patients who underwent coronary angiography, 31 had the test to investigate cardiac symptoms. Among the symptomatic patients, 17 (55%) had an abnormal angiogram with one or more plaques, while 14 (45%) had normal angiograms. All four asymptomatic patients had normal angiograms. Compared to those with normal angiograms, patients with abnormal angiograms had a higher mean number of cardiovascular risk factors per patient (1.6 ± 1.4 vs. 0.6 ± 1.0, p = 0.02). Twenty-four patients had both angiography and MPS. Overall, the agreement between angiography and MPS was poor ( κ = 0, p = 0.0008), with 14 (58.3%) patients having perfusion defects and normal angiograms. A proportion of SLE patients with cardiac symptoms do not have plaques on coronary angiography. Overall there is poor agreement between the findings of coronary angiography and MPS in SLE, suggesting mechanisms of ischemia other than plaques.
Collapsing glomerulopathy associated with proliferative lupus nephritis: reversible acute kidney injury
Authors: Melo NCV , Malheiros DMAC , Barros RT , Woronik V
Published: November 2010

Collapsing glomerulopathy is a rare form of glomerular injury, characterized by segmental or global collapse of the glomerular capillaries, wrinkling and retraction of the glomerular basement membrane, and marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia of podocytes. Prognosis is usually poor, with most cases developing end-stage renal disease, in spite of treatment. The association of collapsing glomerulopathy and systemic lupus erythematosus is very unusual. In this report, we describe the first case of a simultaneous diagnosis of collapsing glomerulopathy and diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. The case presented with acute kidney injury and nephrotic syndrome and evolved with partial remission of nephrotic syndrome and recovery of renal function after aggressive treatment with intravenous cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone.
Common mental disorders and psychological distress in systemic lupus erythematosus are not associated with disease activity
Authors: Jarpa E , Babul M , Calderón J , González M , Martínez ME , Bravo-Zehnder M , Henríquez C , Jacobelli S , González A , Massardo L
Published: November 2010

Psychiatric diagnosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is controversial: variations have been reported in frequency, diagnostic assays, associations with disease activity, autoantibodies, and contributing social factors. Eighty-three consecutive non-selected Chilean patients with SLE were evaluated for: (i) 26 common mental disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-plus); (ii) psychological suffering measured by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); (iii) ACR 1999 neuropsychiatric (NP)SLE criteria; (iv) SLE disease activity (SLEDAI-2K); (v) cumulative damage (SLICC/ACR); and (vi) anti-ribosomal P antibodies by enzyme-linked immunoassay and immunoblot. Psychiatric diagnoses occurred in 44.6% of patients; the most frequent (21.7%) was major depressive episode (MDE). No association with lupus activity was observed in patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis or MDE or psychological suffering. ACR 1999 NPSLE criteria were present in 42.2% of patients, the majority corresponding to mood (28.9%) or anxiety disorders (15.6%). Suicidal risk was present in 9.6% of patients. Anti-ribosomal P antibodies (13.3%) were not associated with DSM-IV diagnosis. Severe psychiatric disorders in SLE are common and not associated with disease activity.
Differential expression of factors involved in the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Midgley A , Mayer K , Edwards SW , Beresford MW
Published: November 2010

Dysregulated neutrophil apoptosis may result in the development of autoimmune disease by contributing to nuclear autoantigen exposure, leading to autoantibody generation and a breakdown in immune tolerance. It has previously been shown that neutrophil apoptosis is increased in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE). This study aims to investigate the pathways involved in JSLE serum-induced apoptosis. Caspases 3, 7–9, IAP1/2, XIAP and FADD mRNA levels and TRAIL R2, BID/tBID, caspase 8 and 9 protein expression were measured in neutrophils from JSLE patients ( n = 14) and controls ( n = 10). The mRNA levels of caspases 7–9 were significantly higher in JSLE neutrophils than in controls, whereas the mRNA levels of IAP1, IAP2 and XIAP were decreased ( p < 0.05). A decrease in neutrophil apoptosis induced by JSLE serum was observed in the presence of caspase 8 and 9 inhibitors ( p < 0.05), and the activity of caspases 8 and 9 increased over time. tBID protein expression increased following incubation with JSLE serum. These data focus specifically on the expression and activity of the main caspases in the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Increased expression of factors involved in the downstream signalling of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway indicates a prominent involvement of this pathway in JSLE serum-induced apoptosis.
The Rise of Postmortem Retribution in China and the West
Authors: Bernstein Alan E. , Katz Paul R.
Published: November 2010

Building on a distinction between three conceptions of death and the relationship between the living and the dead (porous, neutral and moral death), the authors examine trends that shaped the development of religion and the law in China and the West. Both cultures experienced a critical transformation involving the rise of moral death, in which the living imagine postmortem judgement and retribution, with the dead being segregated into one class that is rewarded and another that is punished. Among the chief qualifications to this generalisation is that in China the dead are judged by legal and in the West by moral standards. Further differences include a more profound connection of religion to family and less autonomy or purity in the concept of neutral death in China than in the West. Still, family ties affect Western religion in the Roman cult of the manes and in the suffrages descendants devote to their deceased parents. Although the advent of beliefs in postmortem retribution appears to have occurred earlier in the West than in China, in both cultures it was clearly present by the time the Han and Roman imperial states had consolidated their rule.
A Study on Social Exclusion in Urban Nepal
Authors: Tanaka Masako
Published: November 2010

An increase of inmigrants has changed compositions of the dwelling patterns of Kathmandu. Its old city core was originally dominated by an ethnic group called Newar—indigenous people of Kathmandu valley. ‘Cultural diversity accommodating people from all over Nepal’ is often naively appreciated as positive character of Kathmandu without closely examining whether the non-Newar tenants really participate in the activities of their host communities with their cultural identities not being denied but respected. This article examines relationships between non-Newar tenants and their host communities. It presents how development agencies should apply the concept of social exclusion in carrying out their activities effectively in urban communities. The present scenario—development by/for Newar owners are not sustainable due to increasing out-migration of Newar. Therefore, it is high time to start inclusive development for all including non-Newar tenants.
A ‘Simple’ Solution Proposal for Riverbank Settlement Problems in Surabaya
Authors: Soemarno Ispurwono
Published: November 2010

In most large cities of developing countries, rapid urbanization has created many problems concerning the uncontrolled development of informal settlements. Some urban migrants select riverbanks for their settlements because these areas are accessible with very low costs and are strategically located to areas that can support their economic activities. The rapid development of these settlements is supported by the weak control of local authorities.

This kind of development has implications for the safety and security of the environment. The uncontrolled development of riverbank settlements could narrow the river and increase the chance of flooding. Riverbank settlements could reduce the river water velocity, resulting in flood control distur-bance. They could also cause disruption in river maintenance such as difficulty in deepening the river due to limited available space.

In Surabaya, the local government has been making an effort to formulate appropriate policies to deal with riverbank settlements. The local government commissioned a study on riverbank settlements in 2002. The aim of the study was to understand how riverbank settlements developed, the social economic profile of riverbank residents, the residents’ perception on land tenure, relocation, and so on. The research was done through field observations, respondent identification, interviews with the respondents and aerial photograph support. The research findings and recommendations provided the local government with basic inputs for their policies on riverbank settlements. Reaching an understanding with the riverbank residents was crucial for the successful implementation of the policy.
Understanding the Context of Providing HIV Prevention and Treatment in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Clark Geoffrey , Chapman Ysanne , Francis Karen
Published: November 2010

The HIV epidemic in Papua New Guinea is now described as a generalized epidemic; that is, more than 1% of people aged 15 to 49 years are infected with HIV. The individual behavior of people is not the single most important factor that places them at risk of infection and drives the spread of the epidemic. Rather, a diverse range of factors—biological, sociocultural, and political—makes people vulnerable to infection and dictates their access to care and treatment services. This article examines these biological, sociocultural, and political influences on the HIV epidemic and on prevention and treatment strategies in Papua New Guinea.
Investigating the Reliability and Validity of the Waterlow Risk Assessment Scale: A Literature Review
Authors: Walsh Breda , Dempsey Laura
Published: November 2010

The aim of this review was to examine health literature on the reliability and validity of the Waterlow pressure sore assessment scale. A systematic review of published studies relating to the topic was conducted and literature was examined for its relevancy to the topic under investigation. Findings suggest that despite the availability of over 40 assessment tools, the Waterlow assessment scale is the most frequently used by health care staff. Research suggests that the Waterlow Scale is an unreliable method of assessing individuals at risk of pressure sore development with all studies indicating a poor interrater reliability status. Its validity has also been criticized because of its high-sensitivity but low-specificity levels.
Robots that have emotions
Authors: Parisi Domenico , Petrosino Giancarlo
Published: November 2010

Animals have many different motivations and they must decide which of their different motivations they should try at any given time to satisfy with their behavior. Emotions are states of an individual’s body and brain that allow the motivational decision mechanism of the individual to function more properly, that is, in ways that increase the individual’s survival and reproductive chances. The article describes five different simulated robots which, unlike current ‘‘emotional’’ robots, can be said to have emotions. The robots may need to eat and drink, eat and fly away from a predator, eat and find a mating partner, eat and take care of their offspring, or eat and rest in order to heal from physical damage. We show that adding a special emotional circuit to the neural network controlling the robots’ behavior leads to better motivational decisions, and therefore to higher fitness, and we describe how in many circumstances the robots endowed with an emotional circuit behave differently than those lacking the circuit. We conclude by indicating various directions of future research.
Coagulation Activity in Elderly Patients With Hip Fracture Measured by Prothrombin Fragment 1 + 2 in Urine
Authors: Thorninger Rikke , Borris Lars Carl , Brink Ole
Published: November 2010

Objective: The purpose of this study was to document the uF1 + 2 excretion in elderly patients during and after a hip fracture (HF). Methods: The study was a prospective pilot study. Spot urine samples were collected immediately after admission and every morning until surgery. After surgery, urine samples were collected on days 1, 5, 7, 14, and at follow-up on day 90 (±10). Results: A total of 24 women and 7 men with HF completed the study. The median uF1 + 2 level was significantly increased on the day of admission relative to the median level at follow-up. Maximum levels were seen on day 1 with a decreasing tendency until follow-up. Patients treated with a hemiarthroplasty had higher median uF1 + 2 levels on all days compared with patients treated with osteosynthesis. Conclusion: A substantial coagulation activity, indicated by high median levels of uF1 + 2, was seen at admission and during the first week after HF.