bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Germination temperature response of two ecotypes of winterfat [Kraschenninikovia lanata (Pursh) Guldenstaedt]
Authors: Schellenberg M. P.
Published: April 2011

Winterfat [Kraschenninikovia lanata (Pursh) Guldenstaedt], a drought-resistant native shrub that retains high nutritional value into the fall, has been documented to have a high degree of ecotypic variation. The objective of this study was to determine if ecotypic germination temperature differences occurred between readily available seed lots from New Mexico and the newly developed Saskatchewan Ducks Unlimited winterfat ecovar™. A two-factor factorial experiment was conducted with the two seed sources as one factor and eight germination temperatures ranging from 0 to 35°C as the second. Observations made were time to reach maximum number of germinants (D), and total number of germinants (G). The germination index (GI) and coefficient of velocity (CV) were developed using the data generated. Both seed sources had the greatest number of germinants between 10 to 20°C. The germination and germination indices profiles are distinct for each ecotype. The Saskatchewan ecotype germinated at higher levels below and above 10 to 20°C, a characteristic that should be of use for establishing winterfat in the highly variable environments of the Northern Great Plains. Key words: Kraschenninikovia lanata, winterfat, germination, germination index, coefficient of velocity, ecotype
Response of bean to applications of hydrophobic mineral particles
Authors: Tworkoski Thomas J. , Michael Glenn D. , Puterka Gary J.
Published: April 2011

Foliar applications of hydrophobic mineral particles can protect plants from some insects, but plant response to particle applications is not known. Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants were grown for 8 wk in a greenhouse and the shoots were sprayed weekly with small-diameter hydrophobic mineral particles. Photosynthesis was similar in particle-treated and control bean plants over a photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) range from 0 to 1548 µmol m–2 s–1. The shoot-to-root dry weight ratio was 56% greater and pod weight was 20% lower in particle-treated plants than control plants, suggesting that particle films may alter dry weight partitioning of plants. In bean, particle residues of 2.71 mg cm–2 leaf area altered plant development without affecting photosynthesis. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, crop protection, photosynthesis, dry weight distribution, kaolin
Seasonal-accumulated growth and forage quality of range grasses for fall and winter grazing
Authors: Jensen Kevin B. , Johnson Douglas A. , Asay Kay H. , Olson Kenneth C.
Published: April 2011

The production and subsequent feeding of forage during winter is a major expense for livestock producers. Fourteen perennial range forage grasses including crested wheatgrass (WG) [Agropyron cristatum and A. desertorum] , intermediate WG [Thinopyrum intermedium], tall WG [T. ponticum], quackgrass [Elytrigia repens] × bluebunch WG [Pseudoroegneria spicata] RS hybrids, Altai [Leymus angustus] wildrye (WR), basin [L. cinereus] WR, smooth bromegrass [Bromus inermis], and orchardgrass [Dactylis glomerata] were evaluated from 1992 to 1994 for total dry matter (DM) production (November harvest only), crude protein (CP), neutral (NDF), and acid (ADF) detergent fiber from November through March in northern Utah. Mean species DM production rankings (P < 0.01) combined across years were: RS hybrids > smooth bromegrass > basin WR > Altai WR > intermediate WG > orchardgrass > tall WG > crested WG. Mean species CP rankings (P < 0.01) combined across years and harvests were tall WG > intermediate WG > orchardgrass > RS hybrids > crested WG > Altai WR > basin WR > smooth bromegrass. Levels of CP remained constant from November through March for all species and entries. Trends in NDF and ADF remained constant from November through January, but NDF increased slightly in March. Crude protein of the dormant grasses was below the level necessary to maintain ruminal function so protein supplementation would be necessary. Key words: Range grasses, winter forage quality, yield, extending the grazing season
Short-lived intercrop forages affect long-term yields of alfalfa and wildrye grass mixtures
Authors: Leyshon A. J. , Jefferson P. G. , Waddington J.
Published: April 2011

Widely seeded rows (>60 cm) of perennial grasses have exhibited greater long-term yield stability, but allow weed invasion in the first years after establishment. A 9-yr study was conducted at a semiarid site at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada, to determine the effects of intercropping oats (Avena sativa L.) and slender wheatgrass [Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners] between rows of Russian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski], and Altai wildrye [Leymus angustus (Trin) Pilger] seeded in 90-cm spacings either alone or in alternate rows with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Two rows of oats depressed grass forage production in the year following establishment. Slender wheatgrass intercrops reduced grass forage yield and alfalfa forage yield. However, slender wheatgrass contributed to increased total forage yields while it persisted in the mixture. By the fifth year, it had disappeared from the Russian wildrye plots but persisted 2 more years when intercropped with Altai wildrye. Interseeded companion crops, either annual or short-lived perennials, for forage will give short-term yield gains, but long-lived perennial forages may not recover from the competition in the long-term. Key words: Avena sativa, Elymus trachycaulus, Psathyrostachys juncea, Leymus angustus, Medicago sativa, forage yield
Nitrogen fertilizer placement for fall and spring seeded Brassica napus canola
Authors: Johnston A. M. , Johnson E. N. , Kirkland K. J. , Stevenson F. C.
Published: April 2011

Brassica napus L. canola seeded in the fall (dormant) just prior to freeze-up, or in the early spring as soon as fields are passable, can improve productivity in semiarid regions on the Canadian prairies. The objective of this study was to assess N fertilizer placement options for alternative canola seeding dates. Herbicide-tolerant B. napus canola (cv. Quest) seedling density, phenological development, seed yield, seed weight, oil concentration, and protein concentration were assessed for four N (urea) placement options [banded prior to fall seeding date (only Melfort), broadcast in early-spring, side banded, and seed placed] and three seeding dates (late October, mid- to late April, and mid-May) at Scott and Melfort, SK, Canada. Nitrogen fertilizer placed with the seed often reduced seedling density. At Melfort, seed placed N fertilizer reduced the seed yield (10%), seed oil concentration (4%) and increased protein concentration (5%) of fall and mid-May seeded canola. The other N fertilizer placement options consistently maintained the highest level of canola production for all seeding dates. At Scott, seeding canola in fall or April generally maintained adequate plant stands, and often increased seed yield (43%), seed weight (18%), and oil concentration (5%) , when compared with the mid-May seeding date. Our results indicate that N fertilizer placement considerations used for the more traditional mid-May seeding date should be similar for canola dormant or April seeded. Current N fertilizer placement options, such as side banding, pre-plant banding or early-spring broadcasting, are options that resulted in equivalent crop yield responses. Given the variability in crop yield response measured with seed placement of N, we recommend that this practice should be a voided. Key words: Seeding date, dormant, direct seeding, alternative cropping practice, N fertilizer management
Preferences of Canadian consumers for apple fruit size
Authors: Hampson C. R. , Sanford K. , Cline J.
Published: April 2011

Apple fruit size preferences are known to vary among consumer populations. Characteristic commercial fruit size varies among apple-growing regions within Canada for a given cultivar. Canadian consumer preferences for apple size are not well documented, nor is it known whether preferences vary among regions. In this study, 586 consumers from British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia were asked to rate a series of apple sizes using the affective “Just Right” scale. Ideal fruit size was similar regardless of province or consumer gender. Age groups differed slightly in fruit size preference. The Just Right score was a linear function of fruit diameter for all groups. The fruit diameter considered ideal for dessert use ranged from 7.4 to 7.6 cm among the age groups. Key words: Malus × domestica Borkh., sensory evaluation, consumer preference
ACS-C7 summer turnip rape
Authors: Falk K. C. , Gugel R. K. , Hutcheson D. S.
Published: April 2011

ACS-C7 summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a canola-quality, two-parent population-synthetic (Syn1) cultivar adapted to the short- and mid-season growing areas of western Canada. It has very good resistance to white rust [Albugo candida (Pers. ex Lev.) Ktze.], fair resistance to blackleg [Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not.], and high seed oil and meal protein contents. Key words: Turnip rape (summer), synthetic, cultivar description
CDC Handel field pea
Authors: Vandenberg Albert , Slinkard Al
Published: April 2011

CDC Handel is a semi-leafless yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar with powdery mildew resistance and good seed yield. CDC Handel was developed by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. It has medium-sized round seeds and is acceptable in the yellow pea market. CDC Handel was issued registration No. 4999 on 8 October 1999, by the Variety Section, Plant Health and Plant Products Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum L., cultivar description, powdery mildew resistance
Do applications of sulfur or sulfate influence infestations of root maggots (Delia spp.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in canola?
Authors: Dosdall L. M. , Yang R. -C. , Conway P. M.
Published: April 2011

While the importance of sulfur nutrition for the development of healthy stands of canola is well documented, the role of sulfur in the management of insect pest infestations has not previously been investigated in this crop. Field experiments were conducted at three sites in central Alberta in 1997 and 1998 to determine the influence of sulfur and sulfate applications on infestations of root maggots (Delia spp.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in canola (Brassica rapa L.). Different formulations (granules, powder, prills, and sprays), application methods (either drilled in with the seed or top-dressed on the soil surface), and application rates were evaluated. To assess the degree of root maggot infestation, oviposition throughout the season and damage to taproots at the end of the season were monitored. Sulfur contents were analyzed from leaf samples collected mid-season and seed yields were measured from all treatment plots. Root maggot responses to the different sulfur treatments and application methods varied among years and sites, indicating that environmental factors have great importance in determining infestation levels by these pests, and the oxidation rate of elemental sulfur in soil. Sulfur formulation and application rate had significant effects on root maggot egg deposition and root damage for some sites and years, but even at high rates of application (112 kg ha-1) reductions in infestation levels were not substantial relative to the controls. While sulfur additions alone will not greatly reduce root maggot infestation levels in canola, growers should employ adequate sulfur nutrition for optimum crop health to enable plants to better compensate for damage by these pests. Key words: Brassica rapa, Delia radicum, Delia floralis, elemental sulfur, sulfate, canola
Residues of glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA in field pea, barley and flax seed following preharvest applications
Authors: Cessna A. J. , Darwent A. L. , Townley-Smith L. , Harker K. N. , Kirkland K.
Published: April 2011

Maximum residue levels have been established by Health Canada for seed of several crops treated with preharvest applications of glyphosate, a common practice on the Canadian prairies. Residues of glyphosate and its major metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) were determined at crop maturity in flax seed at one site in western Canada and in the seed and straw of field pea and barley at another site following preharvest applications of the herbicide. Glyphosate was applied at rates of 0.45, 0.9 and 1.7 kg ha-1 to each crop in early August to mid-September at four stages of crop development. In all crops, mean residues of glyphosate and AMPA increased with increasing application rate of glyphosate and decreased when the herbicide was applied at later stages of crop development. Key words: Glyphosate residues, AMPA residues, barley, field pea, flax, preharvest treatment
Fall and early spring seeding of canola (Brassica napus L.) using different methods of seeding and phosphorus placement
Authors: Karamanos R. E. , Harapiak J. , Flore N. A.
Published: April 2011

Fall seeding of canola has been suggested as an alternative to spring seeding in order to avoid environmental stress, foster early maturity, produce larger seed and possibly realise yield and oil content benefits. Further, the practice of broadcast-seeding canola has been introduced to save time and allow fertilizer application while seeding in fields that are wet in the spring. This study was designed to assess methods of phosphorus placement under these alternative seeding dates and methods. Canola was broadcast or seed-row placed either in the fall (14 to 28 October) or spring (26 April to 3 May) of each crop year. We assessed phosphorus fertilization for these options by either broadcasting or banding and seed-placing or side-banding 0, 20, and 40 kg P2O5 ha–1 for broadcast and row seeding, respectively. Fall seeding of canola did result in earlier maturity (7 to 10 d) and larger seed in all experiments. Spring-seeded canola provided a yield advantage (average 14% over all six experiments), especially in the three experiments carried out in the Black Soil Zone (average yield increase of 24.8%). There was a response to phosphate fertilization in three of the six sites, which were considered to be phosphorus deficient. The effectiveness of phosphate application was associated with the method of seeding and thus phosphate placement, because row-seeded canola yielded higher at the phosphorus-deficient sites. Generally, there was no interaction between the time of seeding and phosphate fertilization. The results on the impact of seeding time on oil content were inconclusive as oil content increased at one site, decreased at another and remained unchanged at the rest. Key words: Seeding date, broadcast seeding, row seeding, oil content, crop maturity
The biology of Canadian weeds. 118. Artemisia vulgaris L.
Authors: Barney J. N. , DiTommaso A.
Published: April 2011

Artemisia vulgaris L. (mugwort) is an introduced rhizomatous perennial found primarily along roadsides, in waste areas, and in non-containerized nursery crops in eastern regions of Canada and the United States. Artemisia vulgaris is rapidly spreading throughout the Northern Hemisphere, and is currently found in nine Canadian provinces, as well as half of the states in the United States. Historically, A. vulgaris has been used as an herbal remedy and for flavouring beer, but recently has been identified as a primary pest of nurseries and urban landscapes, largely because of its ability to propagate easily from small rhizome fragments, and because of ineffective control strategies. The recent expansion of the nursery/landscape sector has accelerated the spread of A. vulgaris into turfgrass and landscape settings throughout the Northern Hemisphere, but especially westward towards the Pacific Coast. With few effective strategies for control, this aggressive weed has rapidly colonized new areas, often forming dense monospecific stands. Not surprisingly, species diversity of native flora in these habitats has declined following A. vulgaris colonization. The mechanisms of interference (e.g., allelopathy and competition) and current strategies for the control of A. vulgaris are discussed. Key words: Mugwort, ARTVU, Artemisia vulgaris, Asteraceae, Compositae, weed biology
Leaf and stem dry matter digestibility and ruminal undegradable proteins of alfalfa cultivars
Authors: Tremblay G. F. , Bélanger G. , McRae K. B. , Michaud R.
Published: April 2011

Increased dry matter digestibility and ruminal undegradable protein (RUP) concentration are traits highly ranked to improve the nutritive value of forage legumes. Whole-plant, leaf, and stem samples of 27 alfalfa cultivars grown in eastern Canada were analysed for total nitrogen (TN), in vitro RUP, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The objectives were to determine if significant variation exists among these cultivars, and to establish the relationship between nutritive value parameters of leaves and stems, and those of whole plants. Cultivars were seeded in triplicate on 2 consecutive years and evaluated during the 2 subsequent production years with two harvests per year. There were significant differences among cultivars in IVDMD of stems and plants in spring growth and summer regrowth. Cultivar differences in leaf IVDMD were significant only in spring growth, but this variation was negligible in practical terms. Cultivars with high forage IVDMD also had high stem IVDMD and this relationship was stronger in summer regrowth. Alfalfa plant IVDMD is a function of stem digestibility and the leaf weight ratio (LWR). Cultivar differences were significant for plant TN in spring growth and summer regrowth, and for stem TN in spring growth only. Leaf (270 to 306 g kg-1 TN) and stem (242 to 287 g kg-1 TN) RUP concentrations varied among cultivars in spring growth. Cultivars with high stem RUP also had high leaf RUP concentration but differences in plant RUP were not always attributed to leaf and stem RUP. The RUP concentration was on average 10% higher in leaves than in stems in spring growth, and this difference reached 15% in summer regrowth. The LWR varied among cultivars in spring growth and summer regrowth, and it was positively related to plant RUP in spring growth. Improved whole-plant RUP concentration is unlikely to be achieved by simply selecting for high RUP in leaves or stems; LWR has a principal role in determining alfalfa plant RUP concentration. Key words: Dry matter digestibility, ruminal undegradable proteins, alfalfa, genetic variation, stems, leaves
Residue management increases seed yield of three turfgrass species on the Canadian prairies
Authors: Gossen B. D. , Soroka J. J. , Najda H. G.
Published: April 2011

Little information is available on the management of turfgrass species for seed production in the Canadian prairies. The objective of these studies was to assess the impact of residue management and row spacing on seed yield under irrigation. A factorial experiment was seeded at Saskatoon, SK, in 1993 to assess the impact of burning or scalping (very close mowing with residue removal) vs. mowing, and 20- vs. 40-cm row spacing on seed yield of Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) (Poa pratensis), creeping red fescue (CRF) (Festuca rubra subsp. rubra) and creeping bentgrass (CBG) (Agrostis palustris). Also, a residue management trial on KBG was seeded at Brooks, AB, in 1993. At Saskatoon, yield was higher at 20-cm spacing across all three species in 1994, but spacing had no impact on winter survival, stand density, tiller growth or yield in subsequent years. Burning and scalping consistently resulted in earlier spring green-up, a higher proportion of fertile tillers, and higher seed yield than mowing. Even with residue management, yield declined after one harvest in CBG and CRF, and after two harvests in KBG. At Brooks, residue management had a similar impact on yield of KBG. A second trial at Brooks examined the impact of row spacing (20, 40, 60 cm) and seeding rate (0.5 to 6 kg seed ha-1) on KBG. Seed yield was highest at 40-cm spacings in 1994, at 60 cm in 1995, and at 40 to 60 cm in 1996. Seeding rate did not have a consistent effect on yield. We conclude that a combination of residue management and 20- to 40-cm spacings provide the highest, most consistent seed yields for these turfgrass species in this region. Key words: Burning, clipping, turfgrass, seed production, row spacing, Poa, Festuca, Agrostis
Kelsey summer rape
Authors: Stringam G. R. , Degenhardt D. F. , Thiagarajah M. R. , Bansal V. K. , Hawkins G. P.
Published: April 2011

Kelsey is a Roundup Ready® canola-quality B. napus cultivar adapted to the canola-growing areas in western Canada. It has high oil content, early maturity, good lodging resistance, and moderate resistance to blackleg disease. Kelsey is superior in all of these traits, except for lodging, to the 3 check cultivars, AC Excel, Defender, and Legacy. Key words: Rape (summer), cultivar description, blackleg resistant, oil content, Roundup Ready®, early maturity
CT144 flue-cured tobacco
Authors: Haji H. M. , Mishra S. , DeVos M.
Published: April 2011

CT144 is a flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar with superior yield and quality. Grade index value is significantly higher and percent alkaloids is lower than the check cultivars. Key words: Nicotiana tabacum L., tobacco, cultivar description
The biology of Canadian weeds. 9. Thlaspi arvense L. (updated)
Authors: Warwick S. I. , Francis A. , Susko D. J.
Published: April 2011

An updated review of biological information is provided for Thlaspi arvense. Native to Eurasia, the species is naturalized and widely spread in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, including all of Canada's provinces and territories, and has recently spread to temperate regions in the southern hemisphere. It is an annual pioneer of disturbed soils and is an important weed of grain, oilseed, and forage crops in Canada, particularly in the prairies. High levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates can contaminate canola. When present in hay or other fodder, its seeds or leaves can be toxic to animals, as well as contaminate milk and meat with unpleasant flavors. It can serve as a host for insect, nematode, fungal and viral pests of canola and mustard crops. A persistent seed bank, high fecundity, and the growth habit of a hardy winter annual with early- (EF) and late-flowering (LF) strains, all contribute to its ability to compete with crops. Effective herbicides include the sulfonylureas, chlorsulfuron and ethametsulphuron, MCPA, tribenuronmethyl, phenocyacetic acid, flurtamone, 2,4-D, 2,4-D + dicamba, and 2,4-D + picloram. A resistant biotype to Group 2 herbicides, which inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS), has been found at two to five sites in Alberta in 2001. The potential of T. arvense as an industrial oilseed crop is being investigated. Key words: Stinkweed, Thlaspi arvense, weed biology, field pennycress, fanweed, oilseed potential
Murphy Oat
Authors: V. Baron Solomon Kibite, , McCartney D. , Fairey N. , Clayton G.
Published: April 2011

Murphy is a high-yielding forage oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar developed by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, AB, and released in 2000. It is a late-maturing cultivar with high biomass yield and good lodging resistance. It was developed from a cross of Waldern/IH-1863-515. Murphy is well adapted to Alberta and the rust-free areas of Saskatchewan. Key words: Avena sativa, forage oat (spring), cultivar description
Differential susceptibility of agricultural weeds to ultraviolet-B radiation
Authors: Furness N. H. , Upadhyaya M. K.
Published: April 2011

Differential morphological sensitivity of weed species to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation (290–320 nm) may alter competitive relationships among weeds and associated crop species as the level of this radiation changes. In order to determine relative sensitivity of common chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Vill.], green foxtail (Setaria viridis L.), lady's-thumb (Polygonum persicaria L.), lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris L.) to this radiation, seedlings were grown under 0, 7, and 11 kJ m-2 d-1 of biologically effective UV-B radiation in a greenhouse for 6 wk. The influence of UV-B radiation on seedling growth and morphology was investigated. UV-B radiation reduced shoot height in green foxtail (by up to 41%), lamb's-quarters, and redroot pigweed, and increased tillering in green foxtail seedlings. Leaf area and leaf biomass in common chickweed, green foxtail, lamb's-quarters, and shepherd's-purse, and stalk biomass in common chickweed, green foxtail, lamb's-quarters, redroot pigweed and shepherd's-purse declined in response to UV-B radiation. In common chickweed, leaf area was reduced by 74% at 11 kJ m-2 d-1. Root biomass was reduced by UV-B radiation in all species (up to 68% at 11 kJ m-2 d-1 in common chickweed) except lady's-thumb. Specific leaf weight increased and leaf area ratio declined in response to UV-B radiation in common chickweed and shepherd's-purse. Exposure to UV-B radiation increased the leaf weight ratio in common chickweed. Shoot:root ratios increased in response to UV-B radiation in common chickweed and redroot pigweed. Scanning electron microscopy revealed collapsed epidermal cells in occasional necrotic regions on adaxial leaf surfaces of redroot pigweed grown under 11 kJ m-2 d-1 UV-B radiation. Morphology and growth of lady's-thumb were not affected by UV-B radiation. This study suggests that common agricultural weeds have differential morphological and growth responses to UV-B-enhanced environments. Sensitivity to UV-B radiation was greatest for common chickweed and least for lady's-thumb and redroot pigweed. Key words: ultraviolet-B, Amaranthus retroflexus, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Chenopodium album, Polygonum persicaria, Setaria viridis, Stellaria media
Effect of shallow, rotary cultivation with vertical tines and nitrogen fertilization on the seed productivity of creeping red fescue
Authors: Fairey N. A. , Lefkovitch L. P.
Published: April 2011

A field study in the Peace River region of north-western Canada evaluated the effect of shallow rotary cultivation with vertical tines on the seed production of stands of creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L. var. rubra). At four sites, rotary cultivation treatments (None, Low, Medium and High tine rotor speed) were applied after the harvest of the first and second seed crops, in factorial combination with the time of application of 68 kg ha-1 N fertilizer (Early fall, Late fall, and Split 1:1 early:late fall). In harvest years 2 and 3, the effect of site on seed yield per unit land area was modified by both N and rotary cultivation. In harvest year 2, seed yield at Site 1 was increased greatly by rotary cultivation, regardless of the tine rotor speed, but there was little difference among the four cultivation treatments at the other three sites. In harvest year 3, seed yield was increased with Low, Medium and High rotary cultivation to 6- to 11-fold that without rotary cultivation at Sites 1 and 2 but only to 1.4- to 2-fold at Sites 3 and 4. Seed yield response to rotary cultivation was dependent on site and year, a reflection of the physiological status of the fescue plants at each specific site. Rotary cultivation treatments may have been too detrimental to tiller growth and development for sustaining and enhancing seed yield, particularly at Sites 3 and 4 prior to harvest year 2. There was no consistent pattern of response in seed yield among the four sites to the three N treatments in either harvest year 2 or 3. Although there was a significant (P < 0.001) N × rotary cultivation interaction for seed yield in harvest year 3, the pattern among cultivation treatments was generally similar for each N treatment; compared to no cultivation, the three cultivation treatments more than doubled seed yield to 255–322 kg ha-1 with Early and Split N and increased it 4- to 6-fold to 203–288 kg ha-1 with Late N. There is some potential for rotary cultivation, but the selected treatments were generally too aggressive in suppressing tillers. Key words: Rejuvenation of creeping red fescue, mechanical rejuvenation, rotary cultivation, power-harrowing, grass seed production
Field pea seeding management
Authors: Johnston A. M. , Clayton G. W. , Lafond G. P. , Harker K. N. , Hogg T. J. , Johnson E. N. , May W. E. , McConnell J. T.
Published: April 2011

The impact of seed placement and seeding rate on crop yield is not clearly understood for field pea (Pisum sativum L.). A field experiment was conducted at Melfort, SK, and Lacombe, AB, in 1998 and 1999, to evaluate the effect of three seed placements (distinct row: 23 cm and 30 cm with a hoe opener; and spread band: a 20-cm spread using a 28-cm sweep on a 23-cm row spacing) and three seeding rates (50, 100, and, 150 seeds m-2) on pea seedling density, seed yield and seed weight of a leafy prostrate and semi-leafless upright cultivar. A follow-up experiment was conducted at seven sites across Saskatchewan in 2001 to further examine the influence of a wider range of seeding rates (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, and 120 target plants m-2). Pea productivity for both cultivars was not affected by the different seed placements, despite a 4 mg greater seed weight for distinct row seed placements compared with spread band placement across all 1998–1999 sites. Moreover, the absence of a seed placement by seeding rate interaction indicated that greater spacing between plants was not associated with improved pea yield when seeding rate was increased, regardless of the cultivar. Yield component compensation occurred where increased plant density from higher seeding rates reduced seed weight. In the 2001 study, seed yield benefits were small at seeding rates greater than 50 target plants m-2. There was a tendency for lower yields with seeding rates less than 50, especially at sites with higher yield potential. Yields of field peas grown under relatively weed-free conditions should be optimized with a seeding rate of 50 to 75 seeds m-2. Key words: Pea (Pisum sativum L.), plant arrangement, row spacing, opener type, seeding rate
Optimum plant population density for chickpea and dry pea in a semiarid environment
Authors: Gan Y. T. , Miller P. R. , McConkey B. G. , Zentner R. P. , Liu P. H. , McDonald C. L.
Published: April 2011

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an annual grain legume, is being broadly included in cereal-based cropping systems throughout the semiarid Canadian prairies, but information on optimum plant population density (PPD) has not been developed for this region. This study, which was conducted from 1998 to 2000 in southwestern Saskatchewan, determined the effect of PPD on field emergence, seed yield and quality, and harvestability of kabuli and desi chickpea compared with dry pea (Pisum sativum L.). Seed yields of all legumes increased with increasing PPD when the crops were grown on conventional summerfallow. The PPD that produced the highest seed yields ranged from 40 to 45 plants m-2 for kabuli chickpea, from 45 to 50 plants m-2 for desi chickpea, and from 75 to 80 plants m-2 for dry pea. When the legumes were grown on wheat stubble, the PPD that gained optimum seed yield ranged from 35 to 40 plants m-2 for kabuli chickpea, from 40 to 45 plants m-2 for desi chickpea, and from 65 to 70 plants m-2 for dry pea. The proportion of large-sized (>9-mm diameter) seed in the harvested seed was >70% when the kabuli chickpea was grown on summerfallow regardless of PPD, whereas the large-seed proportion decreased with increasing PPD when the crop was grown on wheat stubble. Increases in PPD advanced plant maturity by 1.5 to 3.0 d and increased the height of the lowest pods from the soil surface by 1.4 to 2.0 cm (or 5 to 10%), with desi chickpea receiving the greatest benefits from increased PPD. The percentage of plants established from viable seeds per unit area decreased substantially as PPD increased, with kabuli chickpea emergence decreasing from 90% at PPD = 20 plants m-2 to 72% at PPD = 50 plants m-2, from 81 to 69% for desi type, and from 83 to 59% for dry pea . The reason for the low field emergence with increased PPD is unknown, but methods which lead to improved field emergence represent a great opportunity to increase seed yield and reduce production costs for both chickpea and dry pea in this semiarid region. Key words: seed size, Cicer arietinum, Pisum sativum, seeding rate, summerfallow
Ronald oat
Authors: Mitchell Fetch J. W. , Brown P. D. , Duguid S. D. , Chong J. , Haber S. M. , Menzies J. G. , Ames N. , Fetch T. G.
Published: April 2011

Ronald is a high-yielding, white-hulled, tall semidwarf oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar with greatly improved panicle emergence compared with previously tested semidwarf lines. Ronald is postulated to carry the crown rust resistance combination Pc38, Pc39 and Pc68, which is highly effective against most of the present crown rust races on the Canadian prairies. It has very good resistance to loose and covered smut and good resistance to most of the prevalent races of stem rust, due to the likely presence of Pg2, Pg9 and Pg13, and moderate tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus. Ronald has good kernel characteristics, such as high test weight, kernel weight and percent plump kernels. The grain characteristics exhibited by Ronald including hull-to-groat ratio, protein content and oil content should make it suitable for milling. It has excellent resistance to lodging. Ronald is well adapted for the oat growing areas of western Canada and in particular the Black Soil Zone of Manitoba and Saskatchewan where oat crown rust is prevalent. Key words: Oat, Avena sativa L., cultivar description, semidwarf oat, disease resistance, milling oat
The impact of underseeding forage mixtures on barley grain production in northern North America
Authors: Spaner D. , Todd A. G.
Published: April 2011

Livestock farmers in Newfoundland grow most of their required forage, yet must import most feed grain. Growing barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the year of forage establishment may allow for the incorporation of grain production into local cropping schemes. We examined the effect of barley grain production over an establishing timothy (Phleum pratense L.)-clover (Trifolium pratense L.; T. hybridum L.) forage sward in a 4-yr study near St. John’s. The experiment compared two barley varieties (differing in plant height), three barley seeding rates and the effect of a forage under-story on grain production in the establishment year, and forage production in the subsequent year. Increasing barley seeding rate from 125 to 375 plants m-2 resulted in a linear increase in spikes m-2, which led to a linear increase in barley yield. Pure-stand grain yields did not differ from those undersown to forage mixtures. The production of barley grain in the establishment year did not alter forage yield in the subsequent year (at any barley seeding rate or cultivar archetype). The barley crop did alter forage species composition in that higher seeding rates resulted in 15% less timothy in the forage production year. Barley undersown at a rate of 375 seeds m-2 with a timothy-clover mixture can be produced successfully in Newfoundland. Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., alsike clover, red clover, underseeding, companion planting, Newfoundland
Sowing date affects yield components of canarygrass seed
Authors: Bodega J. L. , De Dios M. A. , Pereyra Iraola M. M.
Published: April 2011

Canarygrass (Phalaris canariensis L.) crops are sown from June to mid-September in the southeastern area of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Sowing dates in this range result in different growing temperatures and photoperiods that affect the duration of developmental stages, biomass production, and seed yield and its components. For Argentina, there are no reported studies that address these effects. This study on the effects of sowing date was conducted during four growing seasons (1996–1999) at the Instituto Nacional de Tecnologí a Agropecuaria (INTA) Experimental Station at Balcarce, Argentina, using a population provided by Dr. Jaime Lloveras, University of Leyda, Spain. Different seeding dates were chosen from June to mid-September. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four blocks. When the sowing date was delayed, total dry matter (DM) decreased. For early sowing dates seed yield was constant, but after 10 August it was reduced by 1.5% for each day of delay. Earlier sowing increased the duration of pre-anthesis development with greater uniformity in panicle size and the number of seeds. Seed yield was related lin early to the number of seeds and plant dry matter yield (DMY). The rate of progress from emergence to anthesis (1/days from emergence to anthesis) was proportional to the mean photoperiod. Under the environmental conditions in Balcarce, the accumulated required thermal units for anthesis was reduced when sowing was delayed from June to September. This reduction was related to the photoperiod and was estimated as –189.3 growing degree-days per hour of photoperiod increment. Key words: Canarygrass, seed yield, sowing date, yield components
Linola™ 2047 low linolenic flax
Authors: Dribnenki J. C. P. , McEachern S. F. , Chen Y. , Green A. G. , Rashid K. Y.
Published: April 2011

Linola™ 2047 was developed by Agricore United. Linola 2047 has significantly higher oil content, meal protein content and linoleic acid content than all previously registered Canadian solin varieties. In the Longer Growing Season of Black Soil zones of western Canada, the yield of 2047 is similar to the other solin varieties. In the Brown and Dark Brown Soil zones, 2047 is significantly lower yielding than previous solin varieties. It is immune to North American races of rust and is moderately resistant to Fusarium wilt. The 2047 Linola is a yellow seeded cultivar like 1084, 989 and 947 solin cultivars. Key words: Fax, low linolenic acid, cultivar description, solin
Relationships between soil cations and plant characteristics based on spatial variability in a forage field
Authors: Gagnon B. , Bélanger G. , Nolin M. C. , Simard R. R.
Published: April 2011

Spatial variability within a forage field can be used to assess how soil properties relate to forage characteristics of yield, mineral composition, and nutritive value. The relationship between the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) of the forage and soil cations is of particular interest to dairy farmers because of problems related to hypocalcemia. An experiment was conducted on a dairy farm in southern Québec (Canada) to determine the variability in soil cations (K, Mg, Ca) and forage characteristics (yield, mineral composition, and nutritive value) and to establish relationships between them, primarily with respect to DCAD. A 10-ha field with a tile-drained silty loam soil was seeded in 1998 with a mixture of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Soil samples were collected on a systematic grid in spring (n = 151) and fall (n = 38) 1999. Forage samples were collected at these sampling points at the first harvest in June 1999 and 2000. Soil K and K-related properties (K/CEC, Mg/K, Ca/K) displayed the largest variability among selected soil cation properties in both samplings, with coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 35 to 58%. Dry matter (DM) yield, plant mineral composition, and forage nutritive value had low to moderate variabilities (8 < CV < 38%). Dry matter yield was not closely related to soil cations. High correlation coefficients were found between plant K and soil K (0.62 < r < 0.67), and between DCAD and soil K (0.67 < r < 0.72). Other plant mineral composition (P, Mg, Ca, S, Cl, and Na), CP, K/(Ca + Mg) and relative feed value showed low correlations and inconsistent trends with soil cations. Considering the importance of DCAD in predisposing dry cows to milk fever, the spatial variability of soil K should be considered to reduce the incidence of this metabolic disorder. Key words: Dietary cation-anion difference, forage, milk fever, spatial variability, soil K
The impact of lime and organic fertilization on the growth of wild-simulated American ginseng
Authors: Nadeau I. , Simard R. R. , Olivier A.
Published: April 2011

A 5-yr experiment was undertaken in a red maple forest to evaluate the effects of lime and organic fertilizer application on the growth parameters of wild-simulated American ginseng growing on a very acidi c soil. The application of lime had a positive impact on ginseng emergence and survival rate; it also significantly increased soil Ca, as compared to no application (control). During the last years of the experiment, adding lime also increased leaf area, a s well as shoot and root mass of ginseng. Adding lime and organic fertilizer together positively affected ginseng survival rate and root mass, as compared to adding lime alone. These results indicate that liming can improve the growth and survival of Amer ican ginseng during the first 5 yr of its development in this very acidic maple forest soil. The improvement could be due, at least partly, to increased Ca content in the soil. Addition of organic fertilizer would be beneficial as long as sufficient Ca2+is provided to alleviate the Al toxicity of this soil. Thus, using such cultural practices, wild-cultivation of American ginseng, even in red maple forests, could constitute a valuable alternative to field-cultivation. Key words:
Reactions of field pea cultivars to four races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi
Authors: Neumann and A. G. Xue S.
Published: April 2011

Reactions of the 117 field pea cultivars available in Canada were evaluated to the four common races (1, 2, 5, and 6) of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. pisi (van Hall) Sny. and Hans, the causal agent of fusarium wilt, in growth chambers. Based on the visual assessment of foliar wilt symptoms, 49 cultivars were resistant to at least one of the four races, and the remaining 68 cultivars were susceptible to all four races. Of these resistant cultivars, Ascona and 44 other cultivars were resistant to race 1; Impala to race 2; Aladin to races 1 and 2; and Radley and Princess to races 2, 5, and 6. In an effort to standardize the methodology for screening field pea for resistance to the pathogen, other quantitative parameters including shoot length, vascular discoloration, and shoot and root dry weights were evaluated on selected cultivars. Correlation analysis revealed that foliar wilt symptoms and the reduction in shoot length were highly correlated (r = -0.90, P < 0.01). The result suggests that the reduction in shoot length could be used to supplement the visual severity rating for fusarium wilt in field pea. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum, fusarium wilt, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi, resistance
Hanley Flax
Authors: Duguid S. D. , Kenaschuk E. O. , Rashid K. Y.
Published: April 2011

Hanley, a medium maturing oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was released in 2001 by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research Station, Morden, Manitoba. This cultivar has medium oil content, very high oil quality, medium seed size, very good lodging resistance, and high yield when seeded in all soil zones of the prairies. It is immune to North American races of rust caused by Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Desmaz, and resistant to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini Schlecht. f. sp. lini (Bolley) Snyder & Hansen. Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., cultivar description
Assessing eight grass species for pasture by measuring etiolated spring regrowth
Authors: Lardner H. A. , Wright S. B. M. , Cohen R. D. H.
Published: April 2011

Grazing by herbivores can affect root carbohydrate reserves of grass species. A grazing study was conducted on an irrigated pasture near Outlook, Saskatchewan, Canada, during the summers of 1991 and 1992 t o determine etiolated regrowth after grazing of reed canarygrass ( Phalaris arundinacea L.), slender wheatgrass ( Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould ex Shinners subsp . trachycaulus), intermediate wheatgrass [ Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkw. & D.R. Dewey subsp . intermedium], orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L.), meadow bromegrass ( Bromus biebersteinii Roem. & Schult.), smooth bromegrass ( Bromus inermis Leyss.), tall fescue [ Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) Wimm.] and timothy ( Phleum pratense L.) in order to eva luate the suitability of these species for grazing. All eight species were mob-grazed by sheep at a stocking rate of 30 animals ha-1. Carbohydrate reserves were estimated by determination of etiolated regrowth. Meadow bromegrass produced the greatest etiol ated regrowth and timothy the least. Based on production of etiolated regrowth the grasses were ranked into three groups - meadow bromegrass and intermediate wheatgrass ranked highest, smooth bromegrass, reed canarygrass, slender wheatgrass and orchardgra ss ranked intermediate and timothy and tall fescue ranked lowest. Key words:
CO441 corn inbred line
Authors: Reid L. M. , McDiarmid G. , Parker A. J. , Woldemariam T.
Published: April 2011

CO441 is a short-season corn inbred line with improved resistance to silk infection by Fusarium graminearum. Resistance to infection via wounded kernels is also high in CO441. This inbred exhibits excellent combining ability and average to superior lodging resistance in hybrids. Key words: Corn, maize, Zea mays, cultivar description, ear rot, Fusarium
Évaluation de l’endurcissement au froid et de la reprise de la croissance de quatre cultivars de rosiers de la Série ExplorateurMC
Authors: Lamy M. -P. , Rioux J. -A. , Richer C.
Published: April 2011

Des tests de congélation en conditions contrôlées ont été réalisés au cours des automnes 1999 et 2000 sur des plants entiers de Rosa ‘Captain Samuel Holland’, de R ‘Champlain’, de R. ‘John Davis’et de R. ‘William Baffin’afin de déterminer la température la plus froide à laquelle ils peuvent survivre. En général, les différentes parties des plants se sont endurcies au froid entre la première série de tests (octobre), la deuxième série (novembre) et/ou la troisième série (décembre). Les TL50 associées à la survie des plants se rapprochent des T50 se rapportant aux dommages les plus sévères survenus sur les racines et des TL50 se rapportant aux dommages observés à la base de la partie aérienne des plants. Les plants qui ont survécu aux températures se situant immédiatement au-dessus des TL50 de la reprise accusent une diminution de croissance souvent très importante. La TL50 de la reprise des plants du cultivar ‘Champlain’é tait de l’ordre de -14,5 °C lors de la troisième série de tests alors que celles des autres cultivars variaient de -19,5 à -23,0 °C. Key words:
Response of winter wheat to nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer placement and time of application
Authors: Karamanos R. E. , Stonehouse T. A. , Flore N. A.
Published: April 2011

The expansion of direct seeding of crops and the ability to side-band fertilizer has created a number of opportunities, including applying all fertilizer needs of winter wheat at seeding time. The objective of this study was to explore the opportunities for winter wheat grown in the Dark Brown and Black Soil Zones of southern Alberta. In two sets of experiments we compared the effect of fall side-band placement of urea-N to that of spring broadcast of ammonium nitrate-N at rates of 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg N ha-1, and of fall side-banded 80 kg ha-1 urea-N to that of ammonium nitrate, or liquid urea-ammonium nitrate N on the yield and protein content of winter wheat. We also compared side-banded to seed-placed application of phosphate fertilizer (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1). There was a strong response of winter wheat grain yield to N application rate that was directly related to the NO3-N level of the soil in the 0–60 cm depth. Fall banded urea resulted in the same or higher yields than all spring treatments. Nitrogen fertilizer lacement had no effect on grain protein levels. Seed-placement and side-banding of P fertilizer rates resulted in equal grain yield increases. Key words: Side banding, seed-placement, urea, ammonium nitrate