bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Patterns in CO2 Emissions among 208 Countries: K-Means Clustering Combined with PCA and Non-Linear t-SNE Visualization
Authors: Jiménez-Preciado Ana Lorena , Cruz-Aké Salvador , Venegas-Martínez Francisco
Published: August 2024

This paper identifies patterns in total and per capita CO2 emissions among 208 countries considering different emission sources, such as cement, flaring, gas, oil, and coal. This research uses linear and non-linear dimensional reduction techniques, combining K-means clustering with principal component analysis (PCA) and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), which allows the identification of distinct emission profiles among nations. This approach allows effective clustering of heterogeneous countries despite the highly dimensional nature of emissions data. The optimal number of clusters is determined using Calinski–Harabasz and Davies–Bouldin scores, of five and six clusters for total and per capita CO2 emissions, respectively. The findings reveal that for total emissions, t-SNE brings together the world’s largest economies and emitters, i.e., China, USA, India, and Russia, into a single cluster, while PCA provides clusters with a single country for China, USA, and Russia. Regarding per capita emissions, PCA generates a cluster with only one country, Qatar, due to its significant flaring emissions, as byproduct of the oil industry, and its low population. This study concludes that international collaboration and coherent global policies are crucial for effectively addressing CO2 emissions and developing targeted climate change mitigation strategies.
Hirota Bilinear Approach to Multi-Component Nonlocal Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations
Authors: Bai Yu-Shan , Zheng Li-Na , Ma Wen-Xiu , Yun Yin-Shan
Published: August 2024

Nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equations are among the important models of nonlocal integrable systems. This paper aims to present a general formula for arbitrary-order breather solutions to multi-component nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equations by using the Hirota bilinear method. In particular, abundant wave solutions of two- and three-component nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equations, including periodic and mixed-wave solutions, are obtained by taking appropriate values for the involved parameters in the general solution formula. Moreover, diverse wave structures of the resulting breather and periodic wave solutions with different parameters are discussed in detail.
Approximation of Bivariate Functions by Generalized Wendland Radial Basis Functions
Authors: Kouibia Abdelouahed , González Pedro , Pasadas Miguel , Mustafa Bassim , Yakhlef Hossain Oulad , Omri Loubna
Published: August 2024

In this work, we deal with two approximation problems in a finite-dimensional generalized Wendland space of compactly supported radial basis functions. Namely, we present an interpolation method and a smoothing variational method in this space. Next, the theory of the presented method is justified by proving the corresponding convergence result. Likewise, to illustrate this method, some graphical and numerical examples are presented in R2, and a comparison with another work is analyzed.
A Path-Conservative ADER Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Non-Conservative Hyperbolic Systems: Applications to Shallow Water Equations
Authors: Zhao Xiaoxu , Wang Baining , Li Gang , Qian Shouguo
Published: August 2024

In this article, we propose a new path-conservative discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method to solve non-conservative hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs). In particular, the method here applies the one-stage ADER (Arbitrary DERivatives in space and time) approach to fulfill the temporal discretization. In addition, this method uses the differential transformation (DT) procedure rather than the traditional Cauchy–Kowalewski (CK) procedure to achieve the local temporal evolution. Compared with the classical ADER methods, the current method is free of solving generalized Riemann problems at inter-cells. In comparison with the Runge–Kutta DG (RKDG) methods, the proposed method needs less computer storage, thanks to the absence of intermediate stages. In brief, this current method is one-step, one-stage, and fully-discrete. Moreover, this method can easily obtain arbitrary high-order accuracy both in space and in time. Numerical results for one- and two-dimensional shallow water equations (SWEs) show that the method enjoys high-order accuracy and keeps good resolution for discontinuous solutions.
Fabrication of Medium Mn Advanced High-Strength Steel with Excellent Mechanical Properties by Friction Stir Processing
Authors: Yang Yonggang , Zuo Wangnan , Liu Yu , Ge Yunzong , Yang Zhiqiang , Han Jiansheng , Mi Zhenli
Published: August 2024

Friction stir processing (FSP) manufacturing technology was used to fabricate medium Mn advanced high-strength steel in this study. The mechanical properties and microstructure of the steel fabricated using FSP were investigated. The steel obtained a total elongation of 35.1% and a tensile strength of 1034.6 MPa, which is about 59% higher than that of the steel without FSP. After FSP, a gradient structure occurs along the thickness direction. Specifically, across the thickness direction from the base material zone to the transition zone and finally to the stirring zone, both the grain size and austenite fraction decrease while the dislocation density increases, which results from the simultaneous effect of severe plastic deformation and recrystallization during FSP. Due to the gradient structure, an obvious difference in the strain across the thickness direction of the steel occurs during the deformation process, resulting in significant hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) strengthening. The deformation mechanism analysis reveals that HDI strengthening and dislocation strengthening are the main factors in the improvement in the strength–ductility balance. The obtained knowledge sheds light on the process of fabricating medium Mn steels with excellent properties using FSP manufacturing technology.
Online Handwriting Recognition Method with a Non-Inertial Reference Frame Based on the Measurement of Linear Accelerations and Differential Geometry: An Alternative to Quaternions
Authors: Abarca Jiménez Griselda Stephany , Muñoz Garnica Carmen Caritina , Reyes Barranca Mario Alfredo , Mares Carreño Jesús , Vega Blanco Manuel Vladimir , Gutiérrez Galicia Francisco
Published: August 2024

This work describes a mathematical model for handwriting devices without a specific reference surface (SRS). The research was carried out on two hypotheses: the first considers possible circular segments that could be made during execution for the reconstruction of the trace, and the second is the combination of lines and circles. The proposed system has no flat reference surface, since the sensor is inside the pencil that describes the trace, not on the surface as in tablets or cell phones. An inertial sensor was used for the measurements, in this case, a commercial Micro-Electro Mechanical sensor of linear acceleration. The tracking device is an IMU sensor and a processing card that allows inertial measurements of the pen during on-the-fly tracing. It is essential to highlight that the system has a non-inertial reference frame. Comparing the two proposed models shows that it is possible to construct shapes from curved lines and that the patterns obtained are similar to what is recognized; this method provides an alternative to quaternion calculus for poorly specified orientation problems.
Enhancing Magnetic Micro- and Nanoparticle Separation with a Cost-Effective Microfluidic Device Fabricated by Laser Ablation of PMMA
Authors: Rodríguez Cristian F. , Guzmán-Sastoque Paula , Muñoz-Camargo Carolina , Reyes Luis H. , Osma Johann F. , Cruz Juan C.
Published: August 2024

Superparamagnetic iron oxide micro- and nanoparticles have significant applications in biomedical and chemical engineering. This study presents the development and evaluation of a novel low-cost microfluidic device for the purification and hyperconcentration of these magnetic particles. The device, fabricated using laser ablation of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), leverages precise control over fluid dynamics to efficiently separate magnetic particles from non-magnetic ones. We assessed the device’s performance through Multiphysics simulations and empirical tests, focusing on the separation of magnetite nanoparticles from blue carbon dots and magnetite microparticles from polystyrene microparticles at various total flow rates (TFRs). For nanoparticle separation, the device achieved a recall of up to 93.3 ± 4% and a precision of 95.9 ± 1.2% at an optimal TFR of 2 mL/h, significantly outperforming previous models, which only achieved a 50% recall. Microparticle separation demonstrated an accuracy of 98.1 ± 1% at a TFR of 2 mL/h in both simulations and experimental conditions. The Lagrangian model effectively captured the dynamics of magnetite microparticle separation from polystyrene microparticles, with close agreement between simulated and experimental results. Our findings underscore the device’s robust capability in distinguishing between magnetic and non-magnetic particles at both micro- and nanoscales. This study highlights the potential of low-cost, non-cleanroom manufacturing techniques to produce high-performance microfluidic devices, thereby expanding their accessibility and applicability in various industrial and research settings. The integration of a continuous magnet, as opposed to segmented magnets in previous designs, was identified as a key factor in enhancing magnetic separation efficiency.
Deep Learning-Assisted Smartphone-Based Electrochemiluminescence Visual Monitoring Biosensor: A Fully Integrated Portable Platform
Authors: Bhaiyya Manish , Rewatkar Prakash , Pimpalkar Amit , Jain Dravyansh , Srivastava Sanjeet Kumar , Zalke Jitendra , Kalambe Jayu , Balpande Suresh , Kale Pawan , Kalantri Yogesh , Kulkarni Madhusudan B.
Published: August 2024

A novel, portable deep learning-assisted smartphone-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) cost-effective (~10$) sensing platform was developed and used for selective detection of lactate. Low-cost, fast prototyping screen printing and wax printing methods with paper-based substrate were used to fabricate miniaturized single-pair electrode ECL platforms. The lab-made 3D-printed portable black box served as a reaction chamber. This portable platform was integrated with a smartphone and a buck-boost converter, eliminating the need for expensive CCD cameras, photomultiplier tubes, and bulky power supplies. This advancement makes this platform ideal for point-of-care testing applications. Foremost, the integration of a deep learning approach served to enhance not just the accuracy of the ECL sensors, but also to expedite the diagnostic procedure. The deep learning models were trained (3600 ECL images) and tested (900 ECL images) using ECL images obtained from experimentation. Herein, for user convenience, an Android application with a graphical user interface was developed. This app performs several tasks, which include capturing real-time images, cropping them, and predicting the concentration of required bioanalytes through deep learning. The device’s capability to work in a real environment was tested by performing lactate sensing. The fabricated ECL device shows a good liner range (from 50 µM to 2000 µM) with an acceptable limit of detection value of 5.14 µM. Finally, various rigorous analyses, including stability, reproducibility, and unknown sample analysis, were conducted to check device durability and stability. Therefore, the developed platform becomes versatile and applicable across various domains by harnessing deep learning as a cutting-edge technology and integrating it with a smartphone.
Theoretical Investigation of the Pyridinium-Inspired Catalytic Dehydration of Heptafluoro-Iso-Butyramide for the Synthesis of Environmentally Friendly Insulating Gas Heptafluoro-Iso-Butyronitrile
Authors: Xiong Jiageng , Hou Hua , Wang Baoshan
Published: August 2024

Heptafluoro-iso-butyronitrile (i-C3F7CN) represents a feasible eco-friendly replacement gas for the most potent greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride in various high-voltage power transmission equipment. The reaction mechanisms for the in situ synthesis of i-C3F7CN from heptafluoro-iso-butyramide [i-C3F7C(O)NH2] in the presence of trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) and pyridine (Py) in dimethylformamide solution have been studied within density functional theory with M06-2X exchange–correlation functional with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set and the high-level ab initio complete basis set quadratic CBS-QB3 method. It is revealed that the unimolecular dehydration of i-C3F7C(O)NH2 can be catalyzed efficiently by TFAA in terms of both kinetic and thermodynamic aspects, producing i-C3F7CN and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Furthermore, Py is capable of reducing the energy barrier of the rate-determining step through hydrogen abstraction to form pyridinium hydrogen. The synergic effect of the TFAA/Py co-catalyst plays a pivotal role in the production of i-C3F7CN as the Gibbs free energy barrier can be lowered by more than 40 kcal/mol with the ratio of TFAA:2Py, in accordance with the experimental observation. The present theoretical work provides new insights into the rational design on the novel catalysts for large-scale synthesis of the perfluorinated nitriles.
Modeling and Optimization of Ellagic Acid from Chebulae Fructus Using Response Surface Methodology Coupled with Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Wu Junkai , Yang Fan , Guo Liyang , Sheng Zunlai
Published: August 2024

The dried ripe fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. is a common Chinese materia medica, and ellagic acid (EA), isolated from the plant, is an important bioactive component for medicinal purposes. This study aimed to delineate the optimal extraction parameters for extracting the EA content from Chebulae Fructus (CF), focusing on the variables of ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, liquid–solid ratio, and extraction time. Utilizing a combination of the response surface methodology (RSM) and an artificial neural network (ANN), we systematically investigated these parameters to maximize the EA extraction efficiency. The extraction yields for EA obtained under the predicted optimal conditions validated the efficacy of both the RSM and ANN models. Analysis using the ANN-predicted data showed a higher coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.9970 and a relative error of 0.79, compared to the RSM’s 2.85. The optimal conditions using the ANN are an ethanol concentration of 61.00%, an extraction temperature of 77 °C, a liquid–solid ratio of 26 mL g−1 and an extraction time of 103 min. These findings significantly enhance our understanding of the industrial-scale optimization process for EA extraction from CF.
Current Treatments, Emerging Therapeutics, and Natural Remedies for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Yeshi Karma , Jamtsho Tenzin , Wangchuk Phurpa
Published: August 2024

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, lifelong disorder characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The exact etiology of IBD remains incompletely understood due to its multifaceted nature, which includes genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and host immune response dysfunction. Currently, there is no cure for IBD. This review discusses the available treatment options and the challenges they present. Importantly, we examine emerging therapeutics, such as biologics and immunomodulators, that offer targeted treatment strategies for IBD. While many IBD patients do not respond adequately to most biologics, recent clinical trials combining biologics with small-molecule drugs (SMDs) have provided new insights into improving the IBD treatment landscape. Furthermore, numerous novel and specific therapeutic targets have been identified. The high cost of IBD drugs poses a significant barrier to treatment, but this challenge may be alleviated with the development of more affordable biosimilars. Additionally, emerging point-of-care protein biomarkers from serum and plasma are showing potential for enhancing the precision of IBD diagnosis and prognosis. Several natural products (NPs), including crude extracts, small molecules, and peptides, have demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory activity in high-throughput screening (HTS) systems and advanced artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted platforms, such as molecular docking and ADMET prediction. These platforms are advancing the search for alternative IBD therapies derived from natural sources, potentially leading to more affordable and safer treatment options with fewer side effects.
Exclusive Solvent-Controlled Regioselective Catalytic Synthesis of Potentially Bioactive Imidazolidineiminodithiones: NMR Analysis, Computational Studies and X-ray Crystal Structures
Authors: Moussa Ziad , Saada Sara , Paz Alejandro Perez , Alzamly Ahmed , Judeh Zaher M. A. , Alshehhi Aaesha R. , Khudhair Aisha , Almheiri Salama A. , Al-Masri Harbi Tomah , Ahmed Saleh A.
Published: August 2024

Herein, we describe the first consistent regiospecific reaction of isothiocyanates with a variety of substituted N-arylcyanothioformamides in a 1:1 molar ratio to generate a series of imidazolidineiminodithiones decorated with a multitude of functional groups on both aromatic rings. The reaction is carried out at room temperature using a 20 mol% catalytic amount of triethylamine with DMF as the solvent to selectively form the mentioned products with exclusive regioselectivity. The methodology features wide substrate scope, no requirement for chromatography, and good to high reaction yields. The products were isolated by simple ether/brine extraction and the structures were verified by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and high accuracy mass measurements. The first conclusive molecular structure elucidation of the observed regioisomer was established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Likewise, the tautomer of the N-arylcyanothioformamide reactant was proven by X-ray diffraction analysis. Density functional theory computations at the B3LYP-D4/def2-TZVP level in implicit DMF solvent were conducted to support the noted regiochemical outcome and proposed mechanism.
The Chemical Residues in Secondary Beekeeping Products of Environmental Origin
Authors: Wojtacka Joanna
Published: August 2024

Natural products of bee origin, despite their complex composition and difficulties in standardization, have been of high interest among scientists representing various disciplines from basic sciences to industrial and practical implementation. As long as their use is monitored and they do not impact human health, they can be considered valuable sources of many chemical compounds and are potentially useful in medicine, food processing, nutrition, etc. However, apart from honey, the general turnover of bee products lacks precise and detailed legal requirements ensuring their quality. The different residues in these products constitute a problem, which has been reported in numerous studies. All products derived from beekeeping are made by bees, but they are also influenced by the environment. Such a dual pathway requires detailed surveillance of hazards stemming from outside and inside the apiary. This should be ensured via harmonized requirements arising from the binding legal acts, especially in international and intercontinental trade zones.
Comparison between Electropolymers of 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid and 2′,6′-Dihydroxyacetophenone in Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Their Analytical Performance towards Selected Analytes with the Role of the Washing Liquid
Authors: Kiss László , Li Heng , Yan Hui , Kunsági-Máté Sándor
Published: August 2024

In the first part of this study, the electrochemical polymerization of two compounds, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 2′,6′-dihydroxyacetophenone, was compared in dimethyl sulfoxide solvent on platinum and glassy carbon electrodes. The voltammograms obtained showed remarkable differences between the two monomers and between the two electrode materials. The acetophenone derivative formed electropolymer remnants at the electrodes, while in the case of the benzoic acid derivative, practically no passivation occurred, and the scanning electron microscopic results reinforced this. A few stackings adsorbed only after electropolymerization from a highly concentrated solution of dihydroxybenzoic acid. As a modifying layer on the platinum and glassy carbon electrodes, the prepared films from 2′,6′-dihydroxyacetophenone were tested for tributylamine in acetonitrile and in an aqueous solution of a redox-active compound, hydroquinone, during the stirring of the solution. More stable amperometric current signals could be reached with modified platinum than with glassy carbon, and the significant influence of the organic washing liquid after deposition was established via the study of noise level. In this respect, acetone was the best choice. The amperometric signals with the modified platinum obtained upon the addition of aliquots of the stock solution resulted in a 3.29 μM detection limit.
Functionalization of Polypropylene by TiO2 Photocatalytic Nanoparticles: On the Importance of the Surface Oxygen Plasma Treatment
Authors: Zajac Karolina , Macyk Joanna , Szajna Konrad , Krok Franciszek , Macyk Wojciech , Kotarba Andrzej
Published: August 2024

A new two-step method for developing a nanocomposite of polypropylene (PP) decorated with photocatalytically active TiO2 nanoparticles (nTiO2) is proposed. This method involves the low-temperature plasma functionalization of polypropylene followed by the ultrasound-assisted anchoring of nTiO2. The nanoparticles, polymeric substrate, and resultant nanocomposite were thoroughly characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), microscopic observations (SEM, TEM, and EDX), spectroscopic investigations (XPS and FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTA), and water contact angle (WCA) measurements. The photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposites was evaluated through the degradation of methyl orange. The individual TiO2 nanoparticles ranged from 2 to 6 nm in size. The oxygen plasma treatment of PP generated surface functional groups (mainly -OH and -C=O), transforming the surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, which facilitated the efficient deposition of nTiO2. Optimized plasma treatment and sonochemical deposition parameters resulted in an active photocatalytic nTiO2/PP system, degrading 80% of the methyl orange under UVA irradiation in 200 min. The proposed approach is considered versatile for the functionalization of polymeric materials with photoactive nanoparticles and, in a broader perspective, can be utilized for the fabrication of self-cleaning surfaces.
Population Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Analysis of a Reserpine-Induced Myalgia Model in Rats
Authors: Alfosea-Cuadrado Gloria M. , Zarzoso-Foj Javier , Adell Albert , Valverde-Navarro Alfonso A. , González-Soler Eva M. , Mangas-Sanjuán Víctor , Blasco-Serra Arantxa
Published: August 2024

(1) Background: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic pain condition with widespread pain and multiple comorbidities, for which conventional therapies offer limited benefits. The reserpine-induced myalgia (RIM) model is an efficient animal model of FMS in rodents. This study aimed to develop a pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) model of reserpine in rats, linking to its impact on monoamines (MAs). (2) Methods: Reserpine was administered daily for three consecutive days at dose levels of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg. A total of 120 rats were included, and 120 PK and 828 PD observations were collected from 48 to 96 h after the first dose of reserpine. Non-linear mixed-effect data analysis was applied for structural PK–PD model definition, variability characterization, and covariate analysis. (3) Results: A one-compartment model best described reserpine in rats (V = 1.3 mL/kg and CL = 4.5 × 10−1 mL/h/kg). A precursor-pool PK–PD model (kin = 6.1 × 10−3 mg/h, kp = 8.6 × 10−4 h−1 and kout = 2.7 × 10−2 h−1) with a parallel transit chain (k0 = 1.9 × 10−1 h−1) characterized the longitudinal levels of MA in the prefrontal cortex, spinal cord, and amygdala in rats. Reserpine stimulates the degradation of MA from the pool compartment (Slope1 = 1.1 × 10−1 h) and the elimination of MA (Slope2 = 1.25 h) through the transit chain. Regarding the reference dose (1 mg/kg) of the RIM model, the administration of 4 mg/kg would lead to a mean reduction of 65% (Cmax), 80% (Cmin), and 70% (AUC) of MA across the brain regions tested. (4) Conclusions: Regional brain variations in neurotransmitter depletion were identified, particularly in the amygdala, offering insights for therapeutic strategies and biomarker identification in FMS research.
Investigations of the Laser Ablation Mechanism of PMMA Microchannels Using Single-Pass and Multi-Pass Laser Scans
Authors: Li Xiao , Tang Rujun , Li Ding , Li Fengping , Chen Leiqing , Zhu Dehua , Feng Guang , Zhang Kunpeng , Han Bing
Published: August 2024

CO2 laser machining is a cost effective and time saving solution for fabricating microchannels on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Due to the lack of research on the incubation effect and ablation behavior of PMMA under high-power laser irradiation, predictions of the microchannel profile are limited. In this study, the ablation process and mechanism of a continuous CO2 laser machining process on microchannel production in PMMA in single-pass and multi-pass laser scan modes are investigated. It is found that a higher laser energy density of a single pass causes a lower ablation threshold. The ablated surface can be divided into three regions: the ablation zone, the incubation zone, and the virgin zone. The PMMA ablation process is mainly attributed to the thermal decomposition reactions and the splashing of molten polymer. The depth, width, aspect ratio, volume ablation rate, and mass ablation rate of the channel increase as the laser scanning speed decreases and the number of laser scans increases. The differences in ablation results obtained under the same total laser energy density using different scan modes are attributed to the incubation effect, which is caused by the thermal deposition of laser energy in the polymer. Finally, an optimized simulation model that is used to solve the problem of a channel width greater than spot diameter is proposed. The error percentage between the experimental and simulation results varies from 0.44% to 5.9%.
Influence of Cross-Linkers on the Wash Resistance of Chitosan-Functionalized Polyester Fabrics
Authors: Pušić Tanja , Bušac Tea , Volmajer Valh Julija
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the wash resistance of polyester fabrics functionalized with chitosan, a biopolymer known for its biocompatibility, non-toxicity, biodegradability and environmentally friendly properties. The interaction of chitosan with synthetic polymers, such as polyester, often requires surface treatment due to the weak natural affinity between the two materials. To improve the interaction and stability of chitosan on polyester, alkaline hydrolysis of the polyester fabric was used as a surface treatment method. The effectiveness of using cross-linking agents 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in combination with ammonium persulphate (APS) to improve the stability of chitosan on polyester during washing was investigated. The wash resistance of polyester fabrics functionalized with chitosan was tested after 1, 5 and 10 washes with a standard ECE detergent. Staining tests were carried out to evaluate the retention of chitosan on the fabric. The results showed that polyester fabrics functionalized with chitosan without cross-linkers exhibited better wash resistance than the fabrics treated with crosslinkers.
Development of Interpolyelectrolyte Complex Based on Chitosan and Carboxymethylcellulose for Stabilizing Sandy Soil and Stimulating Vegetation of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
Authors: Berikbol Nazira , Klivenko Alexey , Markin Vadim , Orazzhanova Lazzyat , Yelemessova Gulnur , Kassymova Zhanar
Published: August 2024

The issue of water and wind erosion of soil remains critically important. Polymeric materials offer a promising solution to this problem. In this study, we prepared and applied an interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) composed of the biopolymers chitosan and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) for the structuring of forest sandy soils and the enhancement of the pre-sowing treatment of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seeds. A nonstoichiometric IPEC [Chitosan]:[Na-CMC] = [3:7] was synthesized, and its composition was determined using gravimetry, turbidimetry, and rheoviscosimetry methods. Soil surface treatment with IPEC involved the sequential application of a chitosan polycation (0.006% w/w) and Na-CMC polyanion (0.02% w/w) relative to the air-dry soil weight. The prepared IPEC increased soil moisture by 77%, extended water retention time by sixfold, doubled the content of agronomically valuable soil fractions > 0.25 mm, enhanced soil resistance to water erosion by 64% and wind erosion by 81%, and improved the mechanical strength of the soil-polymer crust by 17.5 times. Additionally, IPEC application resulted in slight increases in the content of humus, mobile potassium, mobile phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, and mineral salts in the soil while maintaining soil solution pH stability and significantly increasing nitrate nitrogen levels. The novel application technologies of biopolymers and IPEC led to a 16–25% improvement in Scots pine seed germination and seedling growth metrics.
Fracture Analysis of Highly Flexible Adhesives: Cohesive Zone Modelling across a Wide Spectrum of Temperatures and Strain Rates
Authors: Nunes Tomas , Ribas Maria J. P. , Akhavan-Safar Alireza , Carbas Ricardo J. C. , Marques Eduardo A. S. , Wenig Sabine , da Silva Lucas F. M.
Published: August 2024

This study focuses on the prediction of the fracture mechanics behaviour of a highly flexible adhesive (with a tensile elongation of 90%), since this type of adhesive is becoming widely used in automotive structures due to their high elongation at break and damping capacity. Despite their extensive applications, the understanding of their fracture mechanics behaviour under varying loading rates and temperatures remains limited in the literature. In addition, current prediction models are also unable to accurately predict their behaviour due to the complex failure mechanism that such bonded joints have. This study aims to determine whether a simple triangular cohesive zone model (CZM), which predefines the crack path, can reproduce the load–displacement curves of adhesives under various temperatures and strain rates. To achieve this, a calibrated CZM is used, adapting the model for reference joints and then validating it with independent test results conducted in a wide range of loading and environmental conditions. The tests were performed at speeds between 0.2 and 6000 mm/min and at three different temperatures ranging from −30 °C to 60 °C. Mode I fracture toughness was measured using the DCB (double cantilever beam) specimens. Using a simple triangular CZM may not be optimal for predicting the mechanical response of highly flexible adhesives with complex failure mechanisms and multiple crack paths. However, by correctly adjusting the cohesive zone properties for a limited set of reference conditions, it is possible to accurately predict the mechanical response of these joints across various test speeds and temperatures, significantly reducing costs and effort.
A Study on the Influence of Oxy-Hydrogen Gas Flame on the Combustion Stability of Coal Powder and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
Authors: Xiao Wenke , Cui Jie , Pan Honggang , Zhao Honglei , Yang Shuo , Xue Zhijia , Fu Yudong , Xu Youning
Published: August 2024

Co-firing zero-carbon fuels as an effective emission reduction strategy in coal combustion processes has garnered widespread attention. This paper proposes utilizing the combustion performance of oxy-hydrogen gas derived from zero-carbon fuels to address issues related to low-concentration coal powder combustion and nitrogen oxide emissions. A test apparatus for coal powder combustion initiated by oxy-hydrogen gas flames was constructed, and experimental and simulation methods were employed to study the impact of oxy-hydrogen gas flame initiation on the temperature inside the combustion chamber, coal powder gasification combustion reactions, and nitrogen oxide emissions. The results indicate that with an excess air coefficient of 0.8, as the oxy-hydrogen gas flow rate increased from 0.022 kg/h to 0.789 kg/h, the average temperature inside the combustion chamber increased from 801 K to 1459 K. The volatile matter release rate and its combustion reaction rate increased, leading to a decrease in volatile matter content. The peak concentration of volatiles was shifted from a position of 68 mm to 7 mm, and the proportion of Cchar–H2O reaction increased from 5% to 34%. NO emissions decreased from 132 ppm to 68 ppm, and the rate of reduction in NO emissions decreased from 15.38% to 5.49%.
A Multi-Year Study of Mycotoxin Co-Occurrence in Wheat and Corn Grown in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Kelman Megan J. , Miller J. David , Renaud Justin B. , Baskova Daria , Sumarah Mark W.
Published: August 2024

Mycotoxin emergence and co-occurrence trends in Canadian grains are dynamic and evolving in response to changing weather patterns within each growing season. The mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone are the dominant mycotoxins detected in grains grown in Eastern Canada. Two potential emerging mycotoxins of concern are sterigmatocystin, produced by Aspergillus versicolor, and diacetoxyscirpenol, a type A trichothecene produced by a number of Fusarium species. In response to a call from the 83rd Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants, we conducted a comprehensive survey of samples from cereal production areas in Ontario, Canada. Some 159 wheat and 160 corn samples were collected from farms over a three-year period. Samples were extracted and analyzed by LC-MS/MS for 33 mycotoxins and secondary metabolites. Ergosterol was analyzed as an estimate of the overall fungal biomass in the samples. In wheat, the ratio of DON to its glucoside, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G), exhibited high variability, likely attributable to differences among cultivars. In corn, the ratio was more consistent across the samples. Sterigmatocystin was detected in some wheat that had higher concentrations of ergosterol. Diacetoxyscirpenol was not detected in either corn or wheat over the three years, demonstrating a low risk to Ontario grain. Overall, there was some change to the mycotoxin profiles over the three years for wheat and corn. Ongoing surveys are required to reassess trends and ensure the safety of the food value chain, especially for emerging mycotoxins.
Remote Sensing-Based Analysis of Precipitation Events: Spatiotemporal Characterization across China
Authors: Zhu Zhihua , Peng Chutong , Li Xue , Zhang Ruihao , Dai Xuejun , Jiang Baolin , Chen Jinxing
Published: August 2024

Precipitation occurs in individual events, but the event characteristics of precipitation are often neglected. This work seeks to identify the precipitation events on both spatial and temporal scales, explore the event characteristics of precipitation, and reveal the relationships between the different characteristics of precipitation events. To do this, we combined the Forward-in-Time (FiT) algorithm with the gridded hourly precipitation product to detect precipitation events in time and space over China. The identified precipitation events were analyzed to determine their characteristics. The results indicate that precipitation events can be detected and identified in time and space scales based on the FiT algorithm and the gridded hourly precipitation product. The precipitation total, duration, and intensity of these events decrease gradually from the southern (eastern) coastal regions to northern (western) inland areas of China. The event precipitation totals are strongly correlated with event duration and event maximum intensity; the totals are more strongly correlated with event maximum intensity and event intensity in the regions with lower precipitation than the regions with higher precipitation. More than 90% of precipitation events are shorter than 6 h, and events with long duration normally occur in temperate monsoon (TM) and subtropical/tropical monsoon (ST) climate zones. Heavy precipitation events with a duration longer than 7 h generally occur more than seven times per year in TM and ST climate zones. Our results suggest that precipitation analyses should sufficiently consider the characteristics of events across different regions.
Impact of an Integral Management System with Constructed Wetlands in Pig Slurry Traceability and GHG/NH3 Emissions
Authors: Gómez-Garrido Melisa , Terrero Turbí Martire Angélica , El bied Oumaima , Cano Ángel Faz
Published: August 2024

The sustainable management of pig slurry (PS) in intensive farms is essential to reduce adverse environmental impacts and reduce the ecological footprint. If not managed properly, PS can release GHG/NH3 gases into the atmosphere and contaminate waters. This study evaluates the impact of an integral management system with physical and biological stages to mitigate the impact of PS. The system resulted in effective PS traceability, studying its physicochemical properties. The synergism in the whole system allowed a decrease in the most analyzed parameters during the autumn, spring, and summer. The pretreatment contributed significantly to obtaining an appreciable percentage of reduction in the constructed wetlands of SS (99–100%), COD (56–87%), TN (50–57%), and PO43− (88–100%). The emission values (g/m2/day) were 0–2.14 (CH4), 0–473.76 (CO2), 0–179.77 (H2O), 0–0.265 (N2O), and 0–0.195 (NH3), highlighting the raw, separated and manure fractions with the highest values. It is concluded that the system proves to be a practical, low-cost, and efficient technique for the treatment of PS. It significantly reduces the concentration of nutrients, and the intercepted byproducts can be valuable for application to the soil. In addition, the system effectively reduces GHG/NH3 emissions in decanted, purified, and wetland PS fractions.
Mediación pedagógica en la prevención del embarazo en la adolescencia
Authors: Tabory Villarreal Lourdes del Rosario , Sanchez-Pimentel Janett Isabel
Published: August 2024

El enfoque constructivista ha transformado significativamente el rol del docente, de transmisor de conocimientos a mediador en el proceso de aprendizaje del estudiante. En este contexto, la mediación pedagógica se destaca como un elemento clave para la formación integral de los jóvenes. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la efectividad de la mediación pedagógica como metodología para la prevención del embarazo en la adolescencia en instituciones educativas. La investigación adopta un enfoque cualitativo con un diseño fenomenológico y hermenéutico. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó la técnica de entrevista, empleando un guion no estructurado dirigido a profesionales multidisciplinarios que trabajan con adolescentes. Los resultados revelaron que esta metodología promueve en los estudiantes una ciudadanía crítica, analítica y capaz de transformar su realidad, con el docente actuando como facilitador en talleres participativos y vivenciales, donde las experiencias fueron valoradas positivamente. En conclusión, la mediación pedagógica se presenta como una estrategia efectiva para la prevención del embarazo en la adolescencia.
Studi Literatur Potensi Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) dalam Pengobatan Luka
Authors: Nasution Jamilah , Ramadhani Citra Suci , Marianti Marianti
Published: August 2024

Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) is a medicinal plant that has long been used in traditional medicine to heal wounds and various other health conditions. This study aims to review the therapeutic benefits of Binahong in wound healing through an analysis of recent scientific literature. The method used in this research is a literature review, where data were collected from various scientific journals discussing the bioactive components and pharmacological effects of Binahong. The analysis results show that Binahong contains flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids that have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and analgesic activities. Flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, while saponins enhance collagen production and tissue regeneration. Alkaloids provide analgesic effects that reduce pain in wounds. Clinical studies also indicate that topical application of Binahong extract accelerates wound healing and reduces the risk of infection.
Keanekaragaman Jenis dan Potensi Pemanfaatan Tanaman Obat di Pekarangan Rumah Kalibata Pulo, Jakarta Selatan
Authors: Muliyah Evi , Huda Nuril , Putri Nurhaliza Alya
Published: August 2024

This study aims to explore the diversity and potential utilization of medicinal plants in home gardens in Kalibata Pulo. Medicinal plants in the yard can be used immediately when needed. The method used was a field survey in twelve residents' yards and interviews. The survey results identified fourteen types of medicinal plants used, including salam (Syzygium polyanthum), binahong (Anredera cordifolia), kelor (Moringa oleifera), aloe vera (Aloe vera), pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius), suji (Dracaena angustifolia), tapak dara (Vinca rosea), insulin (Smallanthus sonchifolius), red betel (Piper ornatum), green betel (Piper betle), noni (Morinda citrifolia), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn), and kencur (Kaempferia galanga). These plants have various benefits, such as treating coughs, external wounds, diabetes, rheumatism, and fever. The parts commonly used are leaves, but some also use roots, flowers, fruits, and rhizomes. The utilization can be in the form of beverages or direct application, such as aloe vera gel.
Estimated Number Needed to Treat to Avoid a First Hospitalization by Maintaining Instead of Reducing Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitor (RAASi) Therapy after Hyperkalemia
Authors: Svensson Maria K. , Fischereder Michael , Kalra Paul R. , Sánchez Lázaro Ignacio José , Lesén Eva , Franzén Stefan , Allum Alaster , Cars Thomas , Kossack Nils , Breitbart Philipp , Arroyo David
Published: August 2024

Key Points

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor (RAASi) therapy is frequently downtitrated or discontinued after a hyperkalemia episode.

Reducing RAASi therapy after a hyperkalemia episode is associated with increased risk of hospitalization compared with maintaining RAASi.

Our data suggest that a hospitalization within 6 months could be avoided if 25 patients maintained instead of reduced their RAASi therapy.

Background

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor (RAASi) therapy provides cardiorenal protection but is often downtitrated or discontinued after a hyperkalemia episode. This observational study describes the extent of hyperkalemia-related RAASi reduction in patients with CKD and/or heart failure (HF) and estimates the number needed to treat (NNT) to avoid a first hospitalization if RAASi had been maintained at the prior dose.

Methods

Health care registers and claims data from Germany, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom were used to identify nondialysis patients with CKD and/or HF who had a hyperkalemia episode while on RAASi. Patients whose RAASi therapy was reduced (downtitrated/discontinued) after the hyperkalemia episode were propensity score matched to those with maintained RAASi, and their risks of a hospitalization within 6 months were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. On the basis of the absolute difference in this 6-month risk, the NNT framework was applied to estimate the number of patients who needed to have maintained instead of reduced their RAASi to avoid a first hospitalization during this period.

Results

Overall, 40,059 patients from Germany, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom were included. Presence of CKD at baseline was similar across countries (72%–92%), while HF was less common in Spain (18%) versus other countries (32%–71%). After the hyperkalemia episode, RAASi was reduced in 25%–57% of patients. After propensity score matching, the 6-month risk of hospitalization was consistently higher in those with reduced versus maintained RAASi; the absolute risk difference ranged from 2.7% to 7.3%. Applying the NNT framework, these data suggest that a first hospitalization within 6 months could potentially have been avoided if 25 patients had maintained instead of reduced their RAASi.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest a potential for avoiding a first hospitalization, even within a short time frame, by increasing adherence to guidelines to maintain instead of reduce RAASi after a hyperkalemia episode.
Bir Münâcât Örneği Olarak Kul Deli Münâcâtı
Authors: Ay Orhan
Published: August 2024

Allah’a yalvarmak, yakarmak, istek ve niyâzda bulunmak anlamlarına gelen münâcât, Türk edebiyatının ilk dönemlerinden beri kullanılan bir türdür. Manzum ve mensur şeklinde yazılan münâcâtlar İslâmiyet’ten sonra ilk olarak Arap edebiyatında ortaya çıkmış, oradan Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarına geçmiştir. Klasik Türk edebiyatında ilk örneği Ahmed Fâkih tarafından yazılan münâcât, bu edebiyatın son devri olan XIX. yüzyıla kadar etkisini artırarak devam etmiştir. Müstakil münâcâtlar olduğu gibi mürettep dîvânlarda, mesnevi ve değişik manzum eserlerde münâcât kısımlarına rastlamak mümkündür. Münâcâtlar günahlardan nedamet edip pişmanlıkla Allah’a tövbe ve istiğfar niyetiyle yazıldığından edebi kaygılardan uzak, içten ve samimi bir üslup; sade ve anlaşılır bir dille yazılmışlardır. Türk edebiyatında genel olarak aruzun kısa kalıpları kullanılmakla beraber çalışmamızın konusunu teşkil eden Kul Deli Münâcâtı’nda olduğu gibi bestelenmek amacıyla 8’li hece ölçüsüyle yazılan ve nakaratlar ihtivâ ettiğinden belirli bir ezgiyle söylenen münâcâtlar da mevcuttur. Bu çalışmayla kaynaklarda hayatı hakkında herhangi bir bilgiye rastlanmayan Şair Kul Deli’ye ait Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yazma Eserler Kütüphanesi Dewey 810 23 numarada kayıtlı yazmanın 57a-59a varakları arasında yer alan münâcâtın transkripsiyonu ve tahlili yapılmıştır.
A Case Report: The Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy and Amniotic Fluid Gel on a Severe Diabetic Foot Ulcer
Authors: Motamedi Nasab Elahe , DiDuro Joe , Bayat Mohammad , Zare Fatemeh , Derakhshan Roya , Rahmannia Maryam , Arab Yaqoubi Ladan , Fredoni Mohammad Javad , Ahmadi Houssein , Heidari Mohammad Hossein , Sabet Babak
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Diabetic patients frequently experience a serious complication known as impaired wound healing, which increases the likelihood of foot infection and limb amputation. Investigators have been looking for novel methods to treat diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) recently. Case Report: A 75-year-old woman with type one diabetes mellitus (DM) has been accepted. There was a sizable (40 cm2 full-thickness cutaneous wound) in the plantar part of her right foot (Wagner Ulcer Grade Classification System: grade 3) which had not been treated by the usual treatment for DFUs. In this present case, we used amniotic fluid gel (AF gel) and photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) (400 mW/cm2 ; 810 nm, once a week for 16 weeks) to treat and speed up the healing of a harsh DFU. The size of the ulcer area significantly decreased as combination therapy progressed, and within 16 weeks, the wound was healed and the pain was reduced. Conclusion: This revealed contextual analysis demonstrated the useful effect of the mix of PBMT and AF gel on a serious DFU. To confirm the findings, we recommend conducting additional clinical trials in a clinical setting. In addition, it is recommended that additional research using preclinical models uncover the mechanism of action of the combination therapy.