bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface wettability of water and blood on diversified nanocone‐shaped ZnO films modified with n‐dodecyl mercaptan
Authors: Yu Xingxing , Hong Zhen , Jiang Hanwen , Xue Mingshan , Luo Yidan , Yin Zuozhu , Peng Sibo , Xie Chan , Li Tonghong
Published: August 2022

How to understand the effect of the surface microstructures and chemical compositions on the anticoagulant properties is the key to develop novel anticoagulant materials. In view of the special surface microstructures and low surface free energy of superhydrophobic materials, it is expected that excellent anticoagulant properties can be obtained from superhydrophobic materials. Here, various nanocone‐shaped ZnO films were prepared by electrochemical deposition method followed by hydrothermal method and modified with n‐dodecyl mercaptan. Ordered nanocone‐shaped ZnO arrays are easier to obtain under suitable preparation conditions and can exhibit superhydrophobicity. The surface wettability is related to the ratio of the diameter and spacing (d/l) of ZnO nanocones. When the d/l value is 0.25–0.55, the contact angle (CA) is consistent with the Cassie mode; when the d/l value is 0.55–0.65, it corresponds to the Wenzel mode. Although the d/l value of the nanocones cannot directly determine the value of the surface free energy, which is strongly associated with the contact mode of the droplets on the film surface. Furthermore, the relationship among surface morphology, CA, and surface free energy is established, and the influence of surface morphology and surface free energy on blood contacting with foreign bodies is explored. It is found that the surface wettability of blood contacting with foreign bodies has some characteristics similar to that of general fluids. For example, under the same contact mode, although the CA of blood on the surface of ZnO nanofilms is about 20° smaller than that of water on the whole, the variation of CA with surface roughness is the same as that of general fluids. However, it also has some unique characteristics, such as the surface of ZnO nanofilms modified with hydrophobic material, the CA becomes larger. These characteristics are of special significance for the development of blood compatibility of superhydrophobic nanomaterials.
The Global Atlas for Siting Parameters project: Extreme wind, turbulence, and turbine classes
Authors: Larsén Xiaoli Guo , Davis Neil , Hannesdóttir Ásta , Kelly Mark , Svenningsen Lasse , Slot René , Imberger Marc , Olsen Bjarke Tobias , Floors Rogier
Published: August 2022

The Global Atlas for Siting Parameters project compiles a suite of models into a complex modeling system, uses up‐to‐date global datasets, and creates global atlases of siting parameters at a spatial resolution of 275 m. These parameters include the 50‐year wind, turbulence, and turbine class recommendations based on relevant generic turbines. The suite of models includes the microscale Linear Computational Model (LINCOM), a statistical, spectral correction method here revised for strong convective areas and tropical cyclone affected areas, two turbulence models with four setups, and load models. To this complexity, an uncertainty model was developed to classify the various sources of uncertainties for both the extreme wind and the turbulence calculations, and accordingly, atlases of uncertainty classification were created. Preliminary validation of the global calculations of the 50‐year wind and turbulence is done through comparisons with measurements, and the results are promising. This is the first time the siting parameters are obtained with such a high spatial resolution and shared on open data portal. It is expected to benefit the global wind energy planning and development.
Ladoga as a Gateway on the Road from the Varangians to the Greeks: Icelandic Sagas on Security Measures, Eleventh–Thirteenth Centuries
Authors: Jackson Tatjana N.
Published: August 2022

Hospitality in the Middle Ages was inseparable from security measures. A welcomed guest was the one who was not feared. A settlement in the lower reaches of the Volkhov River named Ladoga (Old Ladoga) used to serve as a gateway on the water route from Scandinavia (via the Baltic Sea) to Old Rus’ and back (the so-called route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”). In this chapter, using the material of the Old Norse-Icelandic literature (sagas, chronicles, and law-codes) and Russian chronicles, as well as archaeological data, I am going to discuss the role of Ladoga as an intermediate station on the way from Scandinavia to Novgorod and back. It will be demonstrated that travelers to Old Rus’ were forced to make a halt in Ladoga to send their messengers to the central authorities based in Novgorod in order to conclude a temporary truce and receive a certain guarantee of safety on the way to Novgorod and back for all those who had arrived. Trade and control functions of the Ladoga region are clearly traced during the period of the Novgorod-Hanseatic trade. But scholars believe they were inherited from much earlier times. Perhaps in the sagas we find confirmation of this assumption.
Overview of HPCAT and capabilities for studying minerals and various other materials at high-pressure conditions
Authors: Bommannavar Arunkumar , Chow Paul , Ferry Rich , Hrubiak Rostislav , Humble Freda , Kenney-Benson Curtis , Lv Mingda , Meng Yue , Park Changyong , Popov Dmitry , Rod Eric , Somayazulu Maddury , Shen Guoyin , Smith Dean , Smith Jesse , Xiao Yuming , Velisavljevic Nenad
Published: August 2022

High-Pressure Collaborative Access Team (HPCAT) is a synchrotron-based facility located at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). With four online experimental stations and various offline capabilities, HPCAT is focused on providing synchrotron x-ray capabilities for high pressure and temperature research and supporting a broad user community. Overall, the array of online/offline capabilities is described, including some of the recent developments for remote user support and the concomitant impact of the current pandemic. General overview of work done at HPCAT and with a focus on some of the minerals relevant work and supporting capabilities is also discussed. With the impending APS-Upgrade (APS-U), there is a considerable effort within HPCAT to improve and add capabilities. These are summarized briefly for each of the end-stations.
Numerical Investigation on Anisotropy and Shape Effect of Mechanical Properties of Columnar Jointed Basalts Containing Transverse Joints
Authors: Wang Yongyi , Gong Bin , Tang Chun’an
Published: August 2022

We studied the non-linear mechanical response and failure mechanism of columnar jointed basalts (CJBs) with transverse joints by modeling meso-mechanics, statistical damage theory and continuum mechanics. The anisotropy and shape effect of CJBs with transverse joints were captured under different lateral pressures. The digital images were transformed into heterogeneous element meshes, and the gradual fracturing process and various failure modes of CJBs were reproduced. The compressive strength (CS) and equivalent deformation modulus (EDM) of CJBs parallel and perpendicular to the column axis were studied. The results show that the U-shaped CS curve of CJB appears as the column dip angle increases, and the CS is obviously improved as the lateral pressure increases when the column dip angle is 0°–90°. When the shape of CJB changes from 6 m × 3 m, 3 m × 3 m to 1.5 m × 3 m, the CS continues to increase. Meanwhile, the transverse joints are proven to be critical for determining the mechanical properties of CJBs at the certain dip angles of columns. However, the high lateral pressure can reduce the CS difference between the CJBs with and without the transverse joints. Besides, as the elastic modulus of joints rises, the CS will grow up, and the EDM will increase first and then almost remain at the same level. The coefficient of rock residual strength has a great influence on the CS at the certain dip angles of columns. Additionally, the model boundary significantly affects the anisotropy and shape effect of mechanical properties of CJBs under compression. These conclusions will improve our knowledge of the failure mechanisms and failure patterns of CJBs containing transverse joints.
Unterrichtsplanungskompetenz von (angehenden) Deutschlehrkräften der Sekundarstufe: Testkonstruktion und Validierung
Authors: König Johannes , Cammann Franca , Bremerich-Vos Albert , Buchholtz Christiane
Published: August 2022

Vorgestellt wird ein neu entwickelter Test zur Erfassung von situationsspezifischen Fähigkeiten der Unterrichtsplanung im Fach Deutsch bei (angehenden) Lehrkräften der Sekundarstufe. Drei komplexe Textvignetten zur Kontextualisierung von typischen Planungssituationen sowie anschließende Testfragen beziehen sich auf kognitive Anforderungen der Unterrichtsplanung: Fachwissenschaftliche Aufbereitung, Zielklarheit, Strukturierung, Didaktische Adaptivität. Anhand von vier Untersuchungsstichproben (Bachelor- und Masterstudierende, Referendar*innen, Junglehrkräfte) werden Fragestellungen zur Reliabilität und Validität bearbeitet. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen eine reliable eindimensionale Messung, auch die vier unterschiedenen kognitiven Anforderungen können über Subskalen reliabel gemessen werden. Mit zunehmender Unterrichtserfahrung schneiden die vier Untersuchungsstichproben im Test besser ab, die Gruppenmittelwerte sind jedoch nur zwischen Referendar*innen und Junglehrkräften einerseits und Bachelor- sowie Masterstudierenden andererseits signifikant. Das (über einen zusätzlichen Test erfasste) deutschdidaktische Wissen hat auch über die vorhandene Unterrichtserfahrung hinausgehend einen statistischen Einfluss auf die Planungskompetenz. Implikationen der erzielten Befunde werden mit Blick auf zukünftige Forschung diskutiert.
Sozio-emotionales Erleben von Schule bei Grundschülerinnen und -schülern: Zusammenhänge mit intellektueller Begabung und Schulleistung
Authors: Gnas Jessica , Mack Elena , Matthes Julia , Breit Moritz , Preckel Franzis
Published: August 2022

Leistungsstarke Schülerinnen und Schüler erleben Schule zumeist positiver als leistungsschwächere, während für Schülerinnen und Schüler mit unterschiedlicher intellektueller Begabung die Befundlage nicht eindeutig ist. In dieser Studie wurde das sozio-emotionale Erleben von Schule über die vier Dimensionen Klassenklima, Schuleinstellung, soziale Integration und Gefühl des Angenommen Seins durch die Lehrperson betrachtet. Es wurde untersucht, ob sich 1411 Grundschulkinder der dritten und vierten Klasse in Abhängigkeit von ihrer intellektuellen Begabung (Intelligenz) und ihrer Schulleistung (Durchschnittsnoten) in ihrem sozio-emotionalen Erleben von Schule unterscheiden. Ergebnisse einer Strukturgleichungsmodellierung zeigten, dass unterschiedlich begabte Kinder Schule im Hinblick auf die untersuchten Dimensionen vergleichbar erleben, während leistungsstärkere Kinder Schule sozio-emotional positiver erleben als weniger leistungsstarke Kinder – und zwar unabhängig von ihrer Begabung oder ihrem Geschlecht. Interaktionsanalysen zeigten darüber hinaus, dass für intellektuell überdurchschnittlich begabte Kinder das sozio-emotionale Erleben von Schule nochmals abhängiger von ihrer Schulleistung ist als für intellektuell durchschnittlich oder unterdurchschnittlich begabte Kinder. Implikationen für die Unterrichtspraxis werden diskutiert.
Snow Depth Estimation by using its Drop Size Moment in South Korea Regions
Authors: Choi Jiwon , Chang Ki-Ho , Kim Kyung-Eak , Jeong Jin-Yim , Kim Baek-Jo
Published: August 2022

This study proposes a new method of estimating snow depth by using a moment ($${M}_{n}$$

M
n

) of snow particle size distribution ($$SPSD$$

SPSD

). We assumed that estimated snow depth ($$ESD$$

ESD

) is given by a simple relationship: $$ESD$$

ESD

(cm) = $$A$$
A
×$${M}_{n}$$

M
n

, where the parameters, $$A$$
A
and $$n$$
n
are a proportional coefficient and an exponent in the moment formula, respectively. They were determined by a regression analysis between the observed snow depths (OSD) by laser snow depth meter, and the values of $${M}_{n}$$

M
n

from $$SPSD$$

SPSD

observed by Parsivel, installed at three observation sites: Cloud and Physics Observation Site (CPOS), Yongpyeong (YP) and Mokpo (MP) in South Korea. Snow observations were made from November to April: CPOS (2012 to 2015), YP (2015 to 2017) and MP (2005 to 2015). The analysis results indicate that the optimized value of A ranges from 2.16 × 10–5 to 2.28 × 10–5, and the optimized range of n is 2.21 to 2.68. The average values of A and n are 2.47 × 10–5 and 2.21, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2) between $$OSD$$

OSD

and $$\overline{ESD}$$

ESD

¯

(obtained by using average values of $$A$$
A
and $$n$$
n
) was 0.81, indicating a fairly good correlation between them. This indicates that $$\overline{ESD}$$

ESD

¯

does appear to have potential for estimating operationally, timely information on snow depth. This study suggests that $$SPSD$$

SPSD

observed by disdrometer (Parsivel or 2DVD) can be also used as an alternative of the typical snow measuring instruments such as snow stake and ultra-sonic snow depth meter.
Antithrombotic and antiplatelet effects of plant-derived compounds: a great utility potential for primary, secondary, and tertiary care in the framework of 3P medicine
Authors: Kubatka Peter , Mazurakova Alena , Koklesova Lenka , Samec Marek , Sokol Juraj , Samuel Samson Mathews , Kudela Erik , Biringer Kamil , Bugos Ondrej , Pec Martin , Link Barbara , Adamkov Marian , Smejkal Karel , Büsselberg Dietrich , Golubnitschaja Olga
Published: August 2022

Thromboembolism is the third leading vascular disease, with a high annual incidence of 1 to 2 cases per 1000 individuals within the general population. The broader term venous thromboembolism generally refers to deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and/or a combination of both. Therefore, thromboembolism can affect both – the central and peripheral veins. Arterial thromboembolism causes systemic ischemia by disturbing blood flow and oxygen supply to organs, tissues, and cells causing, therefore, apoptosis and/or necrosis in the affected tissues. Currently applied antithrombotic drugs used, e.g. to protect affected individuals against ischemic stroke, demonstrate significant limitations. For example, platelet inhibitors possess only moderate efficacy. On the other hand, thrombolytics and anticoagulants significantly increase hemorrhage. Contextually, new approaches are extensively under consideration to develop next-generation antithrombotics with improved efficacy and more personalized and targeted application. To this end, phytochemicals show potent antithrombotic efficacy demonstrated in numerous in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models as well as in clinical evaluations conducted on healthy individuals and persons at high risk of thrombotic events, such as pregnant women (primary care), cancer, and COVID-19-affected patients (secondary and tertiary care). Here, we hypothesized that specific antithrombotic and antiplatelet effects of plant-derived compounds might be of great clinical utility in primary, secondary, and tertiary care. To increase the efficacy, precise patient stratification based on predictive diagnostics is essential for targeted protection and treatments tailored to the person in the framework of 3P medicine. Contextually, this paper aims at critical review toward the involvement of specific classes of phytochemicals in antiplatelet and anticoagulation adapted to clinical needs. The paper exemplifies selected plant-derived drugs, plant extracts, and whole plant foods/herbs demonstrating their specific antithrombotic, antiplatelet, and fibrinolytic activities relevant for primary, secondary, and tertiary care. One of the examples considered is antithrombotic and antiplatelet protection specifically relevant for COVID-19-affected patient groups.
Analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of direct rainfall in Lake Tana, Ethiopia
Authors: Eshete Getasew Derso , Asitatikie Asmamaw N. , Almnewu Habtamu Nega , Belew Amanuel Zewdu
Published: August 2022

The Blue Nile’s source, Lake Tana, is the biggest lake in Ethiopia and offers multiple services to local, regional, and international communities. The first step to effectively, efficiently, and sustainably utilizing the services that the lake may provide is to understand its water balance using accurate estimations of its water balance parameters, including direct rainfall. Direct rainfall to Lake Tana is one of the most important water balance terms of the Lake that needs a precise estimate. This study tries to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of direct rainfall to the Lake and estimate the mean annual and mean monthly direct rainfall amount to the lake using sufficient data and appropriate methodologies. 30 years (1986–2015) monthly and mean annual data from 13 meteorological stations were collected and used to analyses the spatial and temporal variability. Spatial and statistical tools were used for data processing, analysis, and presentation. Five interpolation techniques:- Thiessen polygon, spline, isohyetal, inverse distance weighting, and Kriging were considered and their performances were assessed and compared using evaluation criteria. The results indicate that the Isohytal method is slightly better than the other four methods and it is also easy to implement in a geographic information system (GIS) with Geostatic Analysis in ArcGIS. Further, the analysis has shown that the mean annual direct rainfall to Lake Tana is 1313.43 mm with a standard deviation of 259.01. Besides, it has been seen that there is a significant spatial and temporal variability of direct rainfall on Lake Tana. In terms of spatial variability, the Lake gets maximum direct rainfall in its southeastern part with an annual mean value of 1720 mm and a minimum value in its northwest parts with an annual mean value of 860 mm. In terms of Temporal variability, maximum direct rainfall is estimated in July as 374.11 mm in the Summer season and the minimum is less than 12.3 mm depth in December, January, February, and March in Winter.
Role of transcranial Doppler in assessment of cerebral blood flow in full term neonates with extreme unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: Kamel Sara Mahmoud , Badr-Eldin Reem Mahmoud , Arafat Mahmoud Mostafa , Hashem Rania H.
Published: August 2022

Purpose

To evaluate the difference in cerebral blood flow in neonates with and without extreme unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.

Methods

Transcranial Doppler parameters of 26 full term newborns with extreme unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (UCH) were compared to 13 postnatal age and sex matched normal healthy neonates serving as controls. Resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI) and peak systolic velocity (PSV) were measured in the middle cerebral, internal carotid and posterior cerebral arteries on both sides by transcranial color Doppler ultrasound.

Results

An increase in cerebral blood flow (decreased RI, PI and increased PSV) was observed in the extreme unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (UCH) group. There was positive correlation between total serum bilirubin level and peak systolic velocity and vice versa with resistivity and pulsatility indices. Eight neonates developed clinical features of acute bilirubin encephalopathy and showed significantly increased peak systolic velocity in the right middle cerebral artery compared to those with normal outcome. Resistivity index and pulsatility index were lower in patients managed by exchange transfusion compared to those managed with phototherapy.

Conclusion

An increase in cerebral blood flow was observed in neonates with UCH compared to those without hyperbilirubinemia. By assessing the cerebral blood flow velocity, resistivity index (RI), and pulsatility index (PI) of particular intracranial arteries, the transcranial Doppler can identify the at-risk neonates, for development of neurological affliction in extreme unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.
Bullying experiences and mothers’ responses to bullying of children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Saigh Budor H. , Bagadood Nizar H.
Published: August 2022

Despite the fact that children with disabilities generally have been shown to be at a greater risk of bullying, which include physical attacks and threats, being picked on and teased and verbal abuse, there is still a need to understand bullying of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the strategies used by parents to support them in tackling this issue. This study aims to investigate the type and level of occurrence of bullying and parental support for children aged five with ASD who suffer from bullying. This study used both quantitative and qualitative analysis; a questionnaire, distributed to mothers of children with ASD, adopted from the Bullying for ASD Survey developed by Chen and Schwartz (Focus Autism Other Dev Disabil 27(4):200–212, 2012) measured types and frequency of bullying and parental support. An open-ended question was added to the survey to enable parents to write about the ways in which their child was bullied and the ways in which they supported their child. The results showed that while children suffered from all types of bullying, especially being picked on, being excluded and called names. Parental support showed a higher prevalence of involving peers and teachers for the prevention of bullying as well as avoiding strategies which included avoiding bullies and none of the mothers encouraged their children to stand up to bullies.
The Development of a Modern Cellulose Industry in South America
Authors: Klein Herbert S. , Luna Francisco Vidal
Published: August 2022

Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay today account for well over a third of world exports of cellulose, yet this industry only came into existence in the late twentieth century. The evolution of this industry across the three countries is the object of this study. This nascent industry required direct government support in all three countries to be successful. Forestry laws and government investments in research, education, and factory construction were all needed to encourage local and foreign capital. There were differences among these countries in their linkages to other economic sectors as well as their export mix. But in all three countries, the forestry industry was part of a general modernization of agriculture that allowed for successful competition in world markets.
Weak, Despotic, or Inclusive? How State Type Emerges from State versus Civil Society Competition
Authors: ACEMOGLU DARON , ROBINSON JAMES A.
Published: August 2022

We develop a theory of the accumulation of state capacity as the outcome of a political competition between elites and (civil) society. State capacity is accumulated by elites, and it is productive as well as useful in controlling society. However, society can fight back and accumulate its own capacity, facilitating collective action. The theory leads to three distinct equilibria depending on initial conditions. One type, a weak state, emerges when society is strong relative to the elite. Another, a despotic state, originates where the elite is initially relatively powerful. A third type, an inclusive state, emerges when the elite and society are more evenly matched. The theory has several important implications; first, variation in state capacity does not require large structural differences; second, inclusive states have the highest levels of state capacity in the long run; third, the effects of shocks or external threats like wars are conditional on the balance of power between elites and society.
Short-Sale Constraints and Corporate Investment
Authors: Deng Xiaohu , Gupta Vishal K. , Lipson Marc L. , Mortal Sandra
Published: August 2022

In a sample of non-U.S. regulatory regime shifts, we find that expanded short selling is associated with stock price declines, reductions in capital expenditure, and lower asset growth. In a reversal of results found for U.S. stocks in a study of Regulation SHO by Grullon, Michenaud, and Weston (2015), our results are stronger for large firms than for small firms. We also show that this investment effect is stronger for firms that previously relied on outside financing. Our results suggest that short-sale policies affect corporate investment and that this effect is not driven by capital constraints.
Is there a clinical difference in paediatric congenital cholesteatoma according to age?
Authors: Shin C H , Kang W S , Park H J , Chung J W , Ahn J H
Published: August 2022

Objective

This study aimed to analyse surgical outcomes of paediatric patients with congenital cholesteatoma according to age.

Method

This was a retrospective study reviewing the records of 186 children (136 boys and 50 girls) from August 1993 to January 2016. Patients were divided into three age groups (equal to or less than 3 years, over 3 and less than 7 years, and 7 to 15 years).

Results

There were significant differences in chief complaints, location of cholesteatoma in the middle ear, computed tomography findings, operation methods, ossicular erosion and type of cholesteatoma sac among the three groups. In addition, older age, open type cholesteatoma, ossicular erosion and mastoid invasion of cholesteatoma increased the recurrence rate after surgery. However, despite higher pre-operative air–bone gap in older children, hearing can be improved enough after proper surgery with ossicular reconstruction.

Conclusion

Delayed detection of paediatric cholesteatoma can lead to extensive disease and the need for an aggressive operation, which can result in worse hearing outcomes and an increased recurrence risk.
Climate Change Mitigation in the Aviation Sector: A Critical Overview of National and International Initiatives
Authors: Mayer Benoit , Ding Zhuoqi
Published: August 2022

Climate change mitigation calls for the limitation and reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across all sectors. However, limiting GHG emissions from aviation has proven to be problematic for technical reasons (e.g., lack of low-carbon alternatives) as well as legal reasons (e.g., international aviation does not readily fall within any one state's jurisdiction). Relevant initiatives have followed two streams. At the international level, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has adopted technical standards and, more recently, a market-based mechanism to limit emissions from international civil aviation. In parallel, states have adopted their own policies and measures to regulate emissions from both domestic and international aviation, ranging from tax and technical standards to traffic management and infrastructural development. While much of the literature on climate change mitigation in the aviation sector has focused on international efforts, this article reveals the importance of understanding the tensions and complementarities of the two streams.
Multivariable Integrated Evaluation of Hydrodynamic Modeling: A Comparison of Performance Considering Different Baseline Topography Data
Authors: Modi Prakat , Revel Menaka , Yamazaki Dai
Published: August 2022

Continental‐scale river hydrodynamic modeling helps to understand the global hydrological cycle, and model evaluation is essential for calibration and performance assessment. Although many models have been evaluated using several variables separately, methods for the integrated multivariable assessment have yet to be established. We proposed an integrated multivariable evaluation method and an overall basin skill score (OSK) metric, which integrates the sub‐basin skill score, calculated by combining multiple variables' normalized Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency values. The sub‐basin approach and OSK assess the model performance at the sub‐basin and basin scales and overcome the observation‐related limitations of different spatial dimensions. Evaluation of the CaMa‐Flood global river model for the Amazon Basin considering three variables (discharge, water surface elevation, and flooded area) and two baseline topography data (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Multi‐Error‐Removed Improved‐Terrain (MERIT) digital elevation models (DEMs)), shows that the proposed methodology can overcome the limitation of single‐variable evaluation in identifying multiple best parameter sets due to low sensitivity. CaMa‐Flood considering MERIT DEM achieves a single optimal parameter set with a maximum OSK of 0.57 compared with 0.52 for the SRTM DEM, and it shows the importance of accuracy of topography data for improvement in the performance of river hydrodynamic modeling. The proposed multivariable integrated evaluation with better topography data proved to help reduce equifinality and estimate the best parameter by maintaining the physical relationships among variables.
Energetic Proton Distributions in the Inner and Middle Magnetosphere of Jupiter Using Juno Observations
Authors: Shen Xiao‐Chen , Li Wen , Ma Qianli , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Daly Alec , Kollmann Peter , Mauk Barry , Clark George , Bolton Scott
Published: August 2022

Jupiter is known to have a complex magnetosphere containing energetic (above 10s of keV) electrons, protons, and heavy ions. However, a global distribution of these energetic particles is not fully understood before the era of the polar‐orbiting Juno mission. In this study, we focus on the energetic proton distribution at M < 50 by taking advantage of Juno's measurement covering various magnetic latitudes and M‐shells, and find that energetic proton fluxes are higher off‐equator than that near the equator at M > ∼20, and become comparable or lower at high latitudes than those near the equator at low M‐shells. Pitch angle distributions of energetic protons are field‐aligned, isotropic, and weak pancake‐like from high to low M‐shells. Proton phase space density shows a weak M‐shell dependence at M > 30 and a large positive slope at M < 30, suggesting their potential source and loss processes.
Integrated Modeling of Dynamic Marsh Feedbacks and Evolution Under Sea‐Level Rise in a Mesotidal Estuary (Plum Island, MA, USA)
Authors: Alizad Karim , Morris James T. , Bilskie Matthew V. , Passeri Davina L. , Hagen Scott C.
Published: August 2022

Around the world, wetland vulnerability to sea‐level rise (SLR) depends on different factors including tidal regimes, topography, creeks and estuary geometry, sediment availability, vegetation type, etc. The Plum Island estuary (PIE) is a mesotidal wetland system on the east coast of the United States. This research applied a newly updated Hydro‐MEM (integrated hydrodynamic‐marsh) model to assess the impacts of intermediate‐low (50 cm), intermediate (1 m), and intermediate‐high (1.5 m) SLR on marsh evolution by the year 2100. Model advancements include capturing vegetation change, inorganic and below and aboveground organic matter portion of marsh platform accretion, and mudflat creation. Although the results indicate a low vulnerability marsh at the PIE, the vegetation changes from high to low marsh under all SLR scenarios (2%–22%), with the higher bounds belonging to higher rise scenarios. Lower SLR produces more productive marsh (13% gain in high productivity regions), whereas the highest SLR scenario causes increased tidal inundation, which leads to loss in productivity (12% change from high to low productivity regions), generation of mudflats (17% of the domain land), and marsh migration to higher lands. Sensitive nonlinear tidal flow changes, which may be increased or decreased with SLR as a result of mudflat creation, marsh migration, and bottom friction change, emphasize the importance of integrated modeling approaches that include dynamic marsh feedbacks in hydrodynamic modeling and varying hydrodynamic effects on the marsh system.
Gray and white matter abnormality in patients with T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction: a systemic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ma Teng , Li Ze-Yang , Yu Ying , Hu Bo , Han Yu , Ni Min-Hua , Huang Yu-Xiang , Chen Hao-Han , Wang Wen , Yan Lin-Feng , Cui Guang-Bin
Published: August 2022

Aims/hypothesis

Brain structure abnormality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-related cognitive dysfunction (T2DM-CD) has been reported for decades in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. However, the reliable results were still unclear. This study aimed to make a systemic review and meta-analysis to find the significant and consistent gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) alterations in patients with T2DM-CD by comparing with the healthy controls (HCs).

Methods

Published studies were systemically searched from PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases updated to November 14, 2021. Studies reporting abnormal GM or WM between patients with T2DM-CD and HCs were selected, and their significant peak coordinates (x, y, z) and effect sizes (z-score or t-value) were extracted to perform a voxel-based meta-analysis by anisotropic effect size-signed differential mapping (AES-SDM) 5.15 software.

Results

Total 15 studies and 16 datasets (1550 participants) from 7531 results were involved in this study. Compared to HCs, patients with T2DM-CD showed significant and consistent decreased GM in right superior frontal gyrus, medial orbital (PFCventmed. R, BA 11), left superior temporal gyrus (STG. L, BA 48), and right calcarine fissure / surrounding cortex (CAL. R, BA 17), as well as decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) in right inferior network, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF. R), right inferior network, longitudinal fasciculus (ILF. R), and undefined area (32, −60, −42) of cerebellum. Meta-regression showed the positive relationship between decreased GM in PFCventmed.R and MoCA score, the positive relationship between decreased GM in STG.L and BMI, as well as the positive relationship between the decreased FA in IFOF.R and age or BMI.

Conclusions/interpretation

T2DM impairs the cognitive function by affecting the specific brain structures. GM atrophy in PFCventmed. R (BA 11), STG. L (BA 48), and CAL. R (BA 17), as well as WM injury in IFOF. R, ILF. R, and undefined area (32, −60, −42) of cerebellum. And those brain regions may be valuable targets for future researches. Age, BMI, and MoCA score have a potential influence on the altered GM or WM in T2DM-CD.
Exploratory analysis of eating- and physical activity-related outcomes from a randomized controlled trial for weight loss maintenance with exercise and liraglutide single or combination treatment
Authors: Jensen Simon Birk Kjær , Janus Charlotte , Lundgren Julie Rehné , Juhl Christian Rimer , Sandsdal Rasmus Michael , Olsen Lisa Møller , Andresen Anne , Borg Signe Amalie , Jacobsen Ida Christine , Finlayson Graham , Stallknecht Bente Merete , Holst Jens Juul , Madsbad Sten , Torekov Signe Sørensen
Published: August 2022

Weight regain after weight loss remains a major challenge in obesity treatment and may involve alteration of eating and sedentary behavior after weight loss. In this randomized, controlled, double-blind trial, adults with obesity were randomized, in a 1:1:1:1 ratio stratified by sex and age group (<40 years and ≥40 years), to one-year weight loss maintenance with exercise, the GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide, or the combination, as compared with placebo, after low-calorie diet-induced weight loss. Primary outcome was change in body weight, which has been published. Here, we investigated the effects of weight loss maintenance with exercise, liraglutide, or the combination on weight loss-induced changes in the pre-specified explorative outcomes, eating and sedentary behavior in 130 participants who completed the trial according to the study protocol (exercise (n = 26), liraglutide (n = 36), combination (n = 29), and placebo (n = 39)). One year after weight loss, the placebo group had decreased postprandial appetite suppression score by 14%, and increased sedentary time by 31 min/day and regained weight. Liraglutide prevented the decrease in postprandial appetite suppression score compared with placebo (0% vs. −14%; P = 0.023) and maintained weight loss. Exercise after weight loss did not increase appetite or sedentary behavior compared with placebo, despite increased exercise energy expenditure and maintained weight loss. The combination of exercise and liraglutide increased cognitive restraint score (13% vs. −9%; P = 0.042), reflecting a conscious restriction of food intake, and decreased sedentary time by 41 min/day (−10 vs. 31 min/day; 95%CI, −82.3 to −0.2; P = 0.049) compared with placebo, which may have facilitated the additional weight loss. Targeting both eating and sedentary behavior could be the most effective for preventing weight regain.

Trial registration: EudraCT number, 2015-005585-32; clinicaltrials.gov number, NCT04122716.
Circular EZH2-encoded EZH2-92aa mediates immune evasion in glioblastoma via inhibition of surface NKG2D ligands
Authors: Zhong Jian , Yang Xuesong , Chen Junju , He Kejun , Gao Xinya , Wu Xujia , Zhang Maolei , Zhou Huangkai , Xiao Feizhe , An Lele , Wang Xiuxing , Shi Yu , Zhang Nu
Published: August 2022

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive primary brain tumour and is resistant to nearly all available treatments, including natural killer (NK) cell immunotherapy. However, the factors mediating NK cell evasion in GBM remain largely unclear. Here, we report that EZH2-92aa, a protein encoded by circular EZH2, is overexpressed in GBM and induces the immune evasion of GBM stem cells (GSCs) from NK cells. Positively regulated by DEAD-box helicase 3 (DDX3), EZH2-92aa directly binds the major histocompatibility complex class I polypeptide-related sequence A/B (MICA/B) promoters and represses their transcription; it also indirectly represses UL16-binding protein (ULBP) transcription by stabilizing EZH2. The downregulation of NK group 2D ligands (NKG2DLs, including MICA/B and ULBPs) in GSCs mediates NK cell resistance. Moreover, stable EZH2-92aa knockdown enhances NK cell-mediated GSC eradication in vitro and in vivo and synergizes with anti-PD1 therapy. Our results highlight the immunosuppressive function of EZH2-92aa in inhibiting the NK cell response in GBM and the clinical potential of targeting EZH2-92aa for NK-cell-directed immune therapy.
Structural basis of transcriptional regulation by a nascent RNA element, HK022 putRNA
Authors: Hwang Seungha , Olinares Paul Dominic B. , Lee Jimin , Kim Jinwoo , Chait Brian T. , King Rodney A. , Kang Jin Young
Published: August 2022

Transcription, in which RNA polymerases (RNAPs) produce RNA from DNA, is the first step of gene expression. As such, it is highly regulated either by trans-elements like protein factors and/or by cis-elements like specific sequences on the DNA. Lambdoid phage HK022 contains a cis-element, put, which suppresses pausing and termination during transcription of the early phage genes. The putRNA transcript solely performs the anti-pausing/termination activities by interacting directly with the E.coli RNAP elongation complex (EC) by an unknown structural mechanism. In this study, we reconstituted putRNA-associated ECs and determined the structures using cryo-electron microscopy. The determined structures of putRNA-associated EC, putRNA-absent EC, and σ70-bound EC suggest that the putRNA interaction with the EC counteracts swiveling, a conformational change previously identified to promote pausing and σ70 might modulate putRNA folding via σ70-dependent pausing during elongation.
Chimeric GPCRs mimic distinct signaling pathways and modulate microglia responses
Authors: Schulz Rouven , Korkut-Demirbaş Medina , Venturino Alessandro , Colombo Gloria , Siegert Sandra
Published: August 2022

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate processes ranging from immune responses to neuronal signaling. However, ligands for many GPCRs remain unknown, suffer from off-target effects or have poor bioavailability. Additionally, dissecting cell type-specific responses is challenging when the same GPCR is expressed on different cells within a tissue. Here, we overcome these limitations by engineering DREADD-based GPCR chimeras that bind clozapine-N-oxide and mimic a GPCR-of-interest. We show that chimeric DREADD-β2AR triggers responses comparable to β2AR on second messenger and kinase activity, post-translational modifications, and protein-protein interactions. Moreover, we successfully recapitulate β2AR-mediated filopodia formation in microglia, an immune cell capable of driving central nervous system inflammation. When dissecting microglial inflammation, we included two additional DREADD-based chimeras mimicking microglia-enriched GPR65 and GPR109A. DREADD-β2AR and DREADD-GPR65 modulate the inflammatory response with high similarity to endogenous β2AR, while DREADD-GPR109A shows no impact. Our DREADD-based approach allows investigation of cell type-dependent pathways without known endogenous ligands.
Sirt2 promotes white matter oligodendrogenesis during development and in models of neonatal hypoxia
Authors: Jablonska Beata , Adams Katrina L. , Kratimenos Panagiotis , Li Zhen , Strickland Emma , Haydar Tarik F. , Kusch Katharina , Nave Klaus-Armin , Gallo Vittorio
Published: August 2022

Delayed oligodendrocyte (OL) maturation caused by hypoxia (Hx)-induced neonatal brain injury results in hypomyelination and leads to neurological disabilities. Previously, we characterized Sirt1 as a crucial regulator of OL progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation in response to Hx. We now identify Sirt2 as a critical promoter of OL differentiation during both normal white matter development and in a mouse model of Hx. Importantly, we find that Hx reduces Sirt2 expression in mature OLs and that Sirt2 overexpression in OPCs restores mature OL populations. Reduced numbers of Sirt2+ OLs were also observed in the white matter of preterm human infants. We show that Sirt2 interacts with p27Kip1/FoxO1, p21Cip1/Cdk4, and Cdk5 pathways, and that these interactions are altered by Hx. Furthermore, Hx induces nuclear translocation of Sirt2 in OPCs where it binds several genomic targets. Overall, these results indicate that a balance of Sirt1 and Sirt2 activity is required for developmental oligodendrogenesis, and that these proteins represent potential targets for promoting repair following white matter injury.
Effects of different concentrations of intraluminal sodium chloride solution on intracavitary ECG used for arm infusion port implantation
Authors: Dong Lei , Guan Chen-yang , Zhang Ying , Wang Ai-xia , Liu Ming-hua , Guo Chen , Hao Xiao-li , Zhang Qi
Published: August 2022

At present, there are few clinical studies on the application of high-concentration sodium chloride solutions in intracavitary ECG-guided catheter tip localization during the arm infusion port implantation. This study observed the effects of sodium chloride solutions with different concentrations on intracavitary ECG-guided arm infusion port implantation in the patients with cancer. The 657 patients receiving arm infusion port implantation in our hospital between January 2020 and August 2021 were randomly divided into 0.9% sodium chloride solution conduction group (group A), 5.45% sodium chloride solution conduction group (group B) and 10% sodium chloride solution conduction group (group C). The derived rate of stable intracavitary ECG, the occurrence rate of characteristic P wave, the time used for catheter tip localization and the optimal position rate of catheter tip were compared between the three groups. The derived rate of stable intracavitary ECG was significantly higher in the group B (97.78%) and group C (98.63%) than in the group A (93.90%) (all P < 0.05). The occurrence rate of characteristic P wave was also significantly higher in the group B (96.89%) and group C (97.72%) than in the group A (88.73%) (all P < 0.001). The time used for catheter tip localization was significantly shorter in the group B [(49.73 ± 8.15) s] and group C [(48.27 ± 8.61) s] than in the group A [(69.37 ± 19.99) s] (all P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the optimal position rate of catheter tip among the three groups (P > 0.05). The 5.45% and 10% sodium chloride solutions are significantly superior comparing with 0.9% sodium chloride solution in the derived rate of stable intracavitary ECG, occurrence rate of characteristic P wave and time used for catheter tip localization, but there were no significant differences between 5.45 and 10% sodium chloride solutions. Moreover, the 5.45% sodium chloride solution is closer to physiological state comparing with 10% sodium chloride solution, so the 5.45% sodium chloride solution may be recommended for the intracavitary ECG-guided arm infusion port implantation.
Characterization of presence and activity of microRNAs in the rumen of cattle hints at possible host-microbiota cross-talk mechanism
Authors: Ricci Sara , Petri Renée M. , Pacífico Cátia , Castillo-Lopez Ezequias , Rivera-Chacon Raul , Sener-Aydemir Arife , Reisinger Nicole , Zebeli Qendrim , Kreuzer-Redmer Susanne
Published: August 2022

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as important post-transcriptional regulators, are ubiquitous in various tissues. The aim of this exploratory study was to determine the presence of miRNAs in rumen fluid, and to investigate the possibility of miRNA-mediated cross-talk within the ruminal ecosystem. Rumen fluid samples from four cannulated Holstein cows were collected during two feeding regimes (forage and high-grain diet) and DNA and RNA were extracted for amplicon and small RNA sequencing. Epithelial biopsies were simultaneously collected to investigate the co-expression of miRNAs in papillae and rumen fluid. We identified 377 miRNAs in rumen fluid and 638 in rumen papillae, of which 373 were shared. Analysis of microbiota revealed 20 genera to be differentially abundant between the two feeding regimes, whereas no difference in miRNAs expression was detected. Correlations with at least one genus were found for 170 miRNAs, of which, 39 were highly significant (r > |0.7| and P < 0.01). Both hierarchical clustering of the correlation matrix and WGCNA analysis identified two main miRNA groups. Putative target and functional prediction analysis for the two groups revealed shared pathways with the predicted metabolic activities of the microbiota. Hence, our study supports the hypothesis of a cross-talk within the rumen at least partly mediated by miRNAs.
Changes in lipids metabolism indices as a result of different form of selenium supplementation in chickens
Authors: Bień Damian , Michalczuk Monika , Szkopek Dominika , Kinsner Misza , Konieczka Paweł
Published: August 2022

Selenium is an essential element that is important for many metabolic processes. Feed components used in chicken nutrition, especially cereals, may be deficient in selenium, hence selenium supplementation is necessary. Taking into account the progress in breeding, and thus the higher demand of birds for this element, it seems obvious to investigate an increased selenium dose in the diet of chickens. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of feed enriched with different forms of selenium at an increased dose of 0.5 mg/kg feed on the profile and metabolism of fatty acids in the breast muscle and liver of chickens. The study was conducted on 300 Ross 308 chickens reared for 42 days under standard conditions. The control group received feed supplemented with sodium selenite at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg feed. The research groups received different forms of selenium (sodium selenate, selenised yeast, nano-selenium) at an increased dose of 0.5 mg/kg feed. The study showed that the administration of different forms of selenium in the feed affected its concentration in the breast muscle and liver (p ≤ 0.01). Nano-selenium was found to have a high bioavailability, but also a lower risk of toxicity compared to other forms of selenium. Using different forms of selenium (p ≤ 0.01) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg feed can significantly modify the fatty acid profile, lipid and enzymatic indices of fatty acid metabolism in breast muscle and liver.
Perfluoroalkylated Biomolecules for Medicinal Chemistry and Biological Studies
Authors: Brigaud T. , Crousse B. , Lequeux T.
Published: August 2022

For many years, it has been well established that the presence of a fluorine atom and/or a fluorinated group in molecules leads to active and selective drugs for certain diseases. With developments in this field, polyfluoroalkylated compounds for nuclear magnetic resonance (19F NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) have been intensively studied in chemical biological investigations, imaging and diagnostics.