A guanidine-based coronavirus replication inhibitor which targets the nsp15 endoribonuclease and selects for interferon-susceptible mutant viruses
Authors: Van Loy Benjamin , Pujol Eugènia , Kamata Kenichi , Lee Xiao Yin , Bakirtzoglou Nikolai , Van Berwaer Ria , Vandeput Julie , Mestdagh Cato , Persoons Leentje , De Wijngaert Brent , Goovaerts Quinten , Noppen Sam , Jacquemyn Maarten , Ahmadzadeh Kourosh , Bernaerts Eline , Martín-López Juan , Escriche Celia , Vanmechelen Bert , Krasniqi Besir , Singh Abhimanyu K. , Daelemans Dirk , Maes Piet , Matthys Patrick , Dehaen Wim , Rozenski Jef , Das Kalyan , Voet Arnout , Vázquez Santiago , Naesens Lieve , Stevaert Annelies 
Published: September 2024

The approval of COVID-19 vaccines and antiviral drugs has been crucial to end the global health crisis caused by SARS-CoV-2. However, to prepare for future outbreaks from drug-resistant variants and novel zoonotic coronaviruses (CoVs), additional therapeutics with a distinct antiviral mechanism are needed. Here, we report a novel guanidine-substituted diphenylurea compound that suppresses CoV replication by interfering with the uridine-specific endoribonuclease (EndoU) activity of the viral non-structural protein-15 (nsp15). This compound, designated EPB-113, exhibits strong and selective cell culture activity against human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and also suppresses the replication of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses, selected under EPB-113 pressure, carried resistance sites at or near the catalytic His250 residue of the nsp15-EndoU domain. Although the best-known function of EndoU is to avoid induction of type I interferon (IFN-I) by lowering the levels of viral dsRNA, EPB-113 was found to mainly act via an IFN-independent mechanism, situated during viral RNA synthesis. Using a combination of biophysical and enzymatic assays with the recombinant nsp15 proteins from HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2, we discovered that EPB-113 enhances the EndoU cleavage activity of hexameric nsp15, while reducing its thermal stability. This mechanism explains why the virus escapes EPB-113 by acquiring catalytic site mutations which impair compound binding to nsp15 and abolish the EndoU activity. Since the EPB-113-resistant mutant viruses induce high levels of IFN-I and its effectors, they proved unable to replicate in human macrophages and were readily outcompeted by the wild-type virus upon co-infection of human fibroblast cells. Our findings suggest that antiviral targeting of nsp15 can be achieved with a molecule that induces a conformational change in this protein, resulting in higher EndoU activity and impairment of viral RNA synthesis. Based on the appealing mechanism and resistance profile of EPB-113, we conclude that nsp15 is a challenging but highly relevant drug target.

Author summary

Despite major achievements in ending the global COVID-19 crisis through vaccines and antiviral drugs, SARS-CoV-2 infection remains a serious health threat for vulnerable individuals, such as elderly and immunocompromised patients. These populations could benefit from innovative treatments that target the virus from multiple angles. In this study, we focus on the nsp15 endoribonuclease (EndoU), a poorly understood coronavirus protein that aids in viral evasion from the host innate immune response and is also assumed to regulate viral RNA synthesis. Our research centers around a newly identified, first-in-class inhibitor of coronavirus nsp15, designated EPB-113. Although nsp15 is best-known for its function in interferon evasion, EPB-113 mainly acts via an interferon-independent mechanism that is situated during viral RNA synthesis. When incubated with nsp15 protein, EPB-113 induces a structural change and enhances its EndoU enzyme activity. EPB-113 selects for escape mutants that carry substitutions in the core of EndoU, leading to a severe replication defect. Hence, our study introduces a novel drug concept to disturb the multifunctional nsp15 protein and suppress coronavirus replication on multiple fronts.