bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Characterization of Purified Bile Salt Stimulated Human Milk Lipase
Authors: O'Connor Charmian J. , Cleverly Douglas R. , Butler Paul A.G. , Walde Peter
Published: March 2007

A method has been developed for the isolation and purification of bile-salt-stimulated human milk lipase. This method yields up to six times more enzyme than other reported methods and the specific activity is compara ble. The concentration of BSSL recovered from the whole milk was 0.65 percent of the original protein content. The molecular weight of the isolated protein was 120 kDa. During the course of the purification, both protein content and specific activity were monitored and the esterase and lipase activities of the isolated product were characterized in the presence of sodium taurocholate. Five separate isolations were carried out with the introduction of minor varia tions in the procedure, but the catalytic properties of the product remain unchanged.
Effective Fluorescent and -Iodine Labelling of Proteins with a New Labelling Reagent
Authors: Suda Yasuo , Kusumoto Shoichi , Ottenbrite Raphael M. , Sobel Michael
Published: March 2007

A new fluorescent labelling reagent, which was previously devel oped for the labelling of polysaccharides, was also applied to the labelling of non-glycosilated proteins, aspartate aminotransferase and tumor necrosis factor-α. Both proteins were labelled over a range of fluorescent substitutions (0.2 to 1.6 fluorescent moieties per protein molecule) without loss of biological activity. The fluorescent reagent can also be initially labelled with 125-iodine. The specific radioactivity and biologic activity of labelled tumor necrosis factor-α were equivalent to that prepared by a conventional technique for radio iodination. It is demonstrated that this new derivative chemistry may be ap plicable to the non-destructive labelling of a wide range of proteins in addition to polysaccharides.
Prevalence and Correlates of Physical Aggression During Courtship
Authors: ARIAS ILEANA , SAMIOS MARY , O'LEARY K. DANIEL
Published: March 2007

A total of 95 males and 175 females provided information about whether they had engaged in or been victims of physical aggression in past and/or current dating relationships. Some 30% of the men and 32% of the women reported engaging in some form of physical aggression against a current steady dating partner. Additionally, 49% of the men and 26% of the women reported being the victims of their current dating partner's physical aggression. Length of the dating relationship was associated with men's physical aggression and their victimization was associated with decreased liking for their partners. Women's experiences with physical aggression in a dating relationship as both victims and aggressors were related to the length of the relationship, less liking for the partner, and less positive affect for the partner.
A Brief Measure for the Assessment of Anger and Aggression
Authors: MAIURO ROLAND D. , VITALIANO PETER P. , CAHN TIMOTHY S.
Published: March 2007

A brief, six-item measure was developed for the rapid screening and identification of anger and aggression levels in violence-prone men. Four studies were conducted to examine the reliability and validity of the measure using a clinical data base of 401 men. Analyses indicated a satisfactory degree of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and a significant relationship between the brief measure and Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory total scores. Significantly higher scores were observed for three types of assault samples, including a group of domestic batterers, a group of generally assaultive men, and a mixed assault group, when compared to nonviolent controls. A cutting score for violent versus nonviolent group classification was determined via discriminant analysis. Significant differences observed at post-test between an anger management treatment group and waiting-list control subjects further illustrated the measure's sensitivity to changes in psychological status and provided additional support for its clinical validity and utility.
Rape Victims' Self-Esteem
Authors: MURPHY SHANE M. , AMICK-McMULLAN ANGELYNNE E. , KILPATRICK DEAN G. , HASKETT MARY E. , VERONEN LOIS J. , BEST CONNIE L. , SAUNDERS BENJAMIN E.
Published: March 2007

A study of 204 recent rape victims and a matched comparison group of 173 women was conducted in order to determine the short- and long-term effects of rape on victims' self-esteem. Research participants were assessed at 6-21 days, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 18 months, and 2 years postassault. Findings suggest that victims experience short- and long-term problems in self-esteem, relationships with significant others, work satisfaction, relationships with authority, hope for the future and happiness with life, and relating to parents. Compared with nonvictims, victims reported impaired relationships with significant others at 1-year postassault, significantly lower self-esteem at 18-months postassault, and lower satisfaction in relations with their parents at the 2-year postassault assessment.
Child Abuse Reporting and Failure to Report among Mandated Reporters
Authors: ZELLMAN GAIL L.
Published: March 2007

Laws in every state require specified groups of professionals who work with children (e.g., physicians, psychologists, school staff) to report suspected child abuse to child protective agencies. These child abuse reporting laws were designed to provide child protective services (CPS) agencies with high quality information about possible abuse for their investigation. But these laws are frequently violated. This article presents data from a national survey of mandated reporters about their reporting behavior. Reasons for failure to report were factor analyzed and formed three clusters. Most commonly, respondents chose reasons from the “not reportable” cluster, (e.g., lacked sufficient evidence). A substantial number failed to report because of perceived problems with CPS. These latter reasons have potentially important implications for child protection.
Multiple Correlates of Physical Aggression in Dating Couples
Authors: RIGGS DAVID S. , O'LEARY K. DANIEL , BRESLIN F. CURTIS
Published: March 2007

Participants in a study of the correlates of courtship aggression included 408 college students (125 males, 283 females) who were involved in a dating relationship of two months or longer. Subjects completed self-report measures of courtship aggression, family aggression, personality, dating problems, problem solving, life change, and personal history of aggression. The pattern of significant correlations differed for men and women. The variables significantly discriminated between aggressive and nonaggressive individuals, for both men and women. The contribution of the individual variables to the discriminant function was also determined. The variables measuring relationship problems, problem-solving ability, and a history of fighting contributed to the discrimination of aggressive and nonaggressive men. For the women, the number of relationship problems and an aggressive personality made significant individual contributions.
The Touch Discrimination Component of Sexual Abuse Prevention Training
Authors: BLUMBERG ELAINE J. , CHADWICK MICHELE W. , FOGARTY LINDA A. , SPETH TIMOTHY W. , CHADWICK DAVID L.
Published: March 2007

The potential negative impact of sexual abuse prevention programs on children remains a central concern in the field of sexual abuse prevention. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of two prevention programs in improving children's abilities to discriminate between appropriate and inappropriate types of touching. Two hundred sixty-four kindergarten through third-grade children from three public schools in San Diego were randomly assigned by classroom to one of three treatments: (1) a role-play-based sexual abuse prevention program, (2) a multimedia child abuse prevention program, or (3) a control group receiving fire prevention training. The results indicated greater pre- to posttest improvement for the role-play group than for the control group on total correct touch discriminations. Although there is concern that sexual abuse prevention programs may make children suspicious of appropriate touch, the present study found children in the role-play group better able to discriminate appropriate touch after training than before. The results are discussed in light of current findings in the child sexual abuse prevention literature.
Identification of Patterns of Wife Abuse
Authors: FOLLINGSTAD DIANE R. , LAUGHLIN JAMES E. , POLEK DARLENE S. , RUTLEDGE LARRY L. , HAUSE ELIZABETH S.
Published: March 2007

Typologies of 234 battered women were identified through cluster analysis to determine if a broader sample would appear similar to Snyder and Fruchtman's (1981) cluster analysis of battered women at a shelter. In addition, other variables related to wife abuse were included and new clusters were identified. Data was collected via a structured interview. Similarities with Snyder and Fruchtman's typologies suggested that certain factors may affect all battered women and are more important for investigation than the source by which the women are identified. However, the new clusters revealed a more complex picture with implications for treatment and identification.
Reported History of Physical and Sexual Abuse in Relation to Dissociation and Other Symptomatology in Women Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: SWETT CHESTER , HALPERT MARGARET
Published: March 2007

Among 88 women patients in an adult inpatient setting, 81% reported a history of sexual abuse physical abuse, or both. The scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and on the anxiety, hostility, and psychoticism scales of the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL 90-R) early in hospitalization were significantly higher among those who reported a history of abuse than among those who reported no such history. Also, those with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of a dissociative disorder had significantly higher scores on the DES. Reported abuse also was associated with higher scores on the borderline, antisocial, schizoid, and self-defeating personality disorder scales of the Personality Disorder Questionnaire (PDQ-R).
The Effects of Exposure to Filmed Sexual Violence on Attitudes Toward Rape
Authors: WEISZ MONICA G. , EARLS CHRISTOPHER M.
Published: March 2007

This research investigated the effects of sexual violence presented in feature-length films. One hundred ninety-three university students (87 males and 106 females) were randomly assigned to view one of four films: (a) sexual aggression against a male (Deliverance); (b) sexual aggression against a female (Straw Dogs); (c) physical aggression (Die Hard 2); or (d) a neutral film containing no explicit scenes of physical or sexual aggression (Days of Thunder). After viewing the film, all subjects were asked to complete a 252-item questionnaire consisting of one of four randomly ordered presentations of the following measures: the Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence Scale, the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale, the Attraction to Sexual Aggression Scale, the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, the Mehrabian-Epstein Empathy Scale, and a movie rating questionnaire. Participants then viewed a reenactment of a rape trial and completed a 23-item rape trial questionnaire. Results showed large and consistent differences between males and females; that is, males were more accepting of interpersonal violence and rape myths, more attracted to sexual aggression, less sympathetic toward the rape trial victim, and less likely to judge the defendant as guilty of rape. Of particular interest was the finding that males were equally affected by a film depicting sexual violence regardless of victim gender. On the other hand, females were not affected by film type.
The "Up-Front" Carat
Authors: Annas John W.
Published: March 2007

More and more companies are deciding that lump-sum, up-front merit and incentive bonus payments are effective motivators.
Managing Pay in Emerging Companies
Authors: Anderson P. Thomas
Published: March 2007

The emerging company must make its stock available to its management people. Its stock can be the most efficient element of compensation the company has to offer- and the only one zvith values worth the risks the employee is undertaking.
Taxation of U.S. Expatriates Under the Tax Reform Act of 1976
Authors: Shagam Jerome I.
Published: March 2007

The changes in the tax laws introduced by the Tax Reform Act of 1976 will have a serious effect on the practices of U.S. companies vis-à-vis their expatriate personnel. But there are workable approaches companies can adopt to mitigate the effects of these changes.
Determinants of Organizational Pay Policy
Authors: Foster Kenneth E. , Kanin-Lovers Jill
Published: March 2007

Management pay varies positively with the level of positions reported (position importance), staffing ratios (scope of super vision), size of the organization, profitability, and job function (supply-demand relationships).
CODAs: Better Than IRAs?
Authors: Sontag Howard V.
Published: March 2007

It's up to each compensation specialist to weigh the unique circumstances in his or her own company before deciding on the question of ...
Comparable Worth: Implications for Compensation Managers
Authors: Hills Frederick S.
Published: March 2007

If comparable worth is impiemented as national policy, it may send labor markets into disequilibrium by ignonng such factors as supply and demand, human capital, and productivity.
Costing Out a Wage and Benefit Package
Authors: Allen Robert E. , Keaveny Timothy J.
Published: March 2007

Labor costs represent the largest single cost of operations for most organizations. That's why everyone involved in setting compensation rates should be able to identify the cost of changes in wages and employee benefits.
A Case for Considering Performance Shares if Your Compensation Strategy Calls for Stock Grants
Authors: Gordon Gary J. , Orens Rose Marie
Published: March 2007

The authors provide case examples of six different kinds of companies in demonstrating ...
The Retirement Equity Act: Meeting Women's Pension Needs
Authors: Schechter Jack H.
Published: March 2007

REACT amends federal pension law to meet changing social needs, particularly the retirement needs of women in the work force and those who are married to working men—or divorced from them.
Taxing Employee Benefits: The Impact on Employers and Employees
Authors: Beadle Carson E.
Published: March 2007

Now is the time for management to understand the implications for their companies or proposed legislative and administrative changes concerning benefits, and for them to make their views known to Congress and the Administration.
The Outlook for 1986: Issues That Affect Compensation Planning
Authors: Neubauer Robert J.
Published: March 2007

The author reviews a variety of external social and economic conditions that affect compensation planning this year.
Coping with COBRA
Authors: Baderian Steven D. , Stempel Ivy B.
Published: March 2007

Although they are meant to be cost-neutral for employers, COBRA's health-care continuation provisions contain hidden costs, draconian penalties, and legal traps that every employer should be aware of.
Linking Criminal Sanctions, Drug Testing, And Drug Abuse Treatment: A Crime Control Strategy For The 1990s
Authors: Visher Christy A.
Published: March 2007

The President's National Drug Control Strategy repeatedly discusses the need for drug testing and drug treatment programs for offenders who are also drug abusers, yet there is little attention to how these programs might be linked to criminal sanctions. This paper provides an overview of current drug testing and drug treatment in the criminal justice system and reviews several programs that show some promise in reducing criminal activity and drug use among drug-involved offenders. Recent research on critical issues in the treatment of drug-involved offenders is limited, however, and some suggestions for future research are proposed. The available research suggests that strengthening ties between the drug treatment and criminal justice systems may well be a significant crime control strategy during the 1990s.
The Unknown Human Infant
Authors: Odent Michel
Published: March 2007

What is physiological? It is often difficult to answer this kind of question in the field of human reproduction. That is why we propose to take, as a reference, a population of one hundred infants whose lifestyle is, in many respects, different from the standard Western norm. They were born at home without any drugs, share the mother's bed, were breastfed for more than a year, and so on.

This study raises questions such as:

- Is the neonatal loss of weight physiological? - What are the physiological sleep-wake patterns of the human infant? - Are the transitional phenomena normal stages of human development? - Why are some infants ill when their mother loses weight?
Breastfeeding Studies: Culture, Biomedicine, and Methodology
Authors: Beasley Annette
Published: March 2007

The research and literature focusing on aspects of human lactation and infant feeding are dominated by a biomedical orientation. This paper posits that such a manner of delimiting the data to be acquired and analysed represents a peculiarly Western mode of thought. An overview and classification of the types of cultural studies on human lactation and infant feeding confirms the domination of a biomedical approach to the subject and allows the identification of areas which have received little attention. Thus many English language cultural studies of breastfeeding by employing this same methodology against different cultural backdrops offer little or no fresh knowledge or insight into that culture's view of breastfeeding.
Treatment of Inverted Nipples a Using Disposable Syringe
Authors: Kesaree Nirmala , Banapurmath C. R. , Banapurmath Shobha , Shamanur Kallinath
Published: March 2007

Seven mothers who had inverted nipples were helped to breastfeed their infants with the assistance of a simple device made from a 10ml disposable syringe. These women were able to successfully breastfeed within one week. On follow-up, these mothers were able to sustain adequate breastfeeding.
The Prevalence of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in a Nursing Home Population
Authors: Chandler James D. , Chandler Julie E.
Published: March 2007

The prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders and other medical illnesses was investigated in 65 nursing home residents. The authors found neuropsychiatric disorders to be present in 94% of the sample. The neuropathologic causes of these syn dromes were found to be more diverse than in previous studies. The most frequent causes were degenerative, vascular, and toxic. The most common psychiatric syndromes that resulted from these neuropathologic disorders were dementia syndrome (72%), organic personality syndrome (14%), and organic psychotic disorders (12%). The most common behavioral prob lems, agitation and aggression, most likely reflected the high prevalence of frontal lobe damage and affected 48% of the sample. Other non-neuropsychiatric medical problems were significantly less common. While only 4% of the sample had no neuropsychiatric diagnosis, 39% had no other non-neuropsychiatric diagnosis. These results suggest that the nursing home is not used as a referral source for chronic medical conditions in general but almost exclusively for the care of chronic neuropsychiatric disorders. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:71-76).
Visual Manifestations of Occipital Lobe Infarction in Three Patients on a Geriatric Psychiatry Unit
Authors: La Mancusa Joseph C. , Cole Alan R.
Published: March 2007

The authors present three cases of hospitalized patients on a geriatric psychiatry floor who were found to have previously undiagnosed occipital lobe infarctions associated with visual manifestations. The manifestations discussed are visual field defects, visual hallucinations, and color anomia.

The incidence of undiagnosed occipital lobe infarctions and the contribution of these infarctions to visual perception changes in this patient population are unknown. The authors suggest that for patients who present with visual perception changes, a high index of suspicion for occipital lobe infarction should be maintained. Careful visual field testing is an essential part of the admitting work-up for hospitalized geriatric patients. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:231-234).
Effects of Surgery on the Mental Status of Older Persons. A Meta-analytic Review
Authors: Cryns Arthur G. , Gorey Kevin M. , Goldstein Marion Z.
Published: March 2007

The data bases of 18 empirical studies were combined into one comprehensive data set and subjected to meta-analysis. The following trends were observed: (1) surgery has a significantly decompensating impact on the mental status of older persons, and the average effect size observed is modest (r = .37); (2) for all mental status measures included in the review (cognition, delirium and affect), effect size appears to be significantly moderated by patient age; (3) patient sex may be predictive of the kind of mental impairment that is most likely to occur within an older surgery population, with women manifesting a greater affinity for delirious and men for cognitive decompensation; (4) most existing research within this domain of study is either purely descriptive or anecdotal: of 46 studies reviewed, only 18, or 39.1% of the total published output, were of sufficient methodologic rigor to allow for scientifically valid effect-size computations. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990;3:184-191).
Association between Premorbid History of Depression and Current Depression in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Harwood Dylan G. , Barker Warren W. , Ownby Raymond L. , Duara Ranjan
Published: March 2007

The relationship between a premorbid history of depression and the depressive syndrome in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains equivocal. In the current study, we compared the prevalence of depression among patients with and without a history of mood disturbance prior to the onset of dementia. The sample comprised 243 AD outpatients evaluated consecutively at a university-affiliated memory disorders center. The results indicated that a positive history of depression was more common among patients with current depression compared to those without cur rent depression (23% vs 11%, Fisher's Exact Test, P = .03). This relationship remained significant after controlling for the effects of age, education, gender, ethnicity, and level of cognitive impairment (odds ratio = 2.6, 95% confi dence interval = 1.01-6.61, P = .04). Neither gender nor the interaction of gender and history of depression was shown to confer risk for current depressive symptoms. The present investigation suggests that premorbid depres sion may alter the risk for mood disturbance in AD. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:72-75).
The Supply of Volunteer Work: The Case of Canada
Authors: Vaillancourt François , Payette Micheline
Published: March 2007

This paper examines how the benefits and costs of doing volunteer work, as they are represented by individual characteristics such as age, education, marital status and occupation, explain the choice to engage or not in volunteer work. The predictions of the analytical framework are confronted with and supported by empirical results obtained by using data from a 1980 national survey of volunteer work. The results indicate that individuals whose family or career are likely to benefit from volunteer work do more of it than others.
Socialization and Volunteer Work: The Role of Parents and College Volunteering
Authors: Fitzsimmons Vicki R.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the role of socialization in volunteer work participation following college graduation. The sample consisted of 424 baccalaureate graduates of a large midwestern university. The dependent variable was whether the respond ent had participated in volunteer work during the past year. Multiple regression results showed that socialization for volunteer work occurs both in the family and in volunteer work itself Parents' volunteering is "two-edged" with the father's par ticipation a positive influence on respondent's volunteer work participation and the mother's participation a negative influence. Implications for changing sex roles in volunteer work are discussed.
Coproduction and Privatization: Exploring the Relationship and its Implications
Authors: Brudney Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2007

The use of privatization and coproduction are among the most frequently proposed methods of responding to fiscal stress in local government as well as to dissatisfac tion with the performance of the public sector. Conservatives offer reduction in the role of government and more reliance on the private sector as a means of increasing efficiency and an ideological end in itself. Liberals look to the use of citizens as coproducers of public goods and services to gain greater flexibility and innovation, responsiveness and cost reductions in government. This article identifies three models of privatization, examines their relationship to coproduction, and considers the implications of increased use of privatization for coproduction and public policy more generally.
A Cooperative Approach to the Logic of Collective Action: Voluntary Organizations and the Prisoners’ Dilemma
Authors: Rich Richard C.
Published: March 2007

A reexamination of certain tenets of Olson's logic of collective action suggests that it fails to explain some types of behavior found in voluntary organizations, especially mutual assistance groups. Specifically, Olson fails to account for non-coercive and non-individualistic factors and gives insufficient attention to the social context of voluntary organization life. A fresh applications of the prisoners’ dilemma and the introduction of the concept of community expand our understanding of behaviors heretofore unexplained. Implications are discussed for the design and management of voluntary organizations under certain conditions.
Models for bringing up children. A literary approach to the differences between Chinese and Western thinking: an essay
Authors: Shijun S.
Published: March 2007

Certain Chinese cultural characteristics influence Chinese methods of bringing up children. Through the use of anecdotes and excerpts from poems and other literary works, striking differences between Chinese and Western approaches to learning are mapped out. The stress on "repeated effort" is typical in Chinese approaches to read ing and writing. Unity and collectivism are cultural truisms in China, while indepen dence and individualism define the modern Western background. Respect for the el derly and close family ties are other core concepts defining Chinese culture. Methods of upbringing should always be seen against the backdrop of cultural traditions.
The Interactions of Mathematics Education with Culture
Authors: Bishop A.J.
Published: March 2007

Many developments in education are fuelled by perceived problems in society, and mathematics education is no different. There is an increasing concern in many countries, including the UK, about the education of children whose family culture does not resonate with that of the school. In some countries pressure has mounted to reflect in the school curriculum the multi-cultural nature of their societies, and there has been widespread recognition of the need to re-evaluate the total school experience in the face of the educational failure of many children from ethnic minority communities In countries like Papua New Guinea, Mozambique and Iran, there is a concern to re-examine the 'colonial' or 'western' educational experience, and to try to create instead an education which is in tune with the 'home' culture of the society. The same concern emerges in other debates about the formal education of Aborigines, of Amerindians, of the Laps and of Eskimos. In all of these cases, a culture-conflict situation is recognised and curricula are being re-examined One particular version of this problem relates to the school Mathematics curriculum and its relationship with the home culture of the child.
On Natural Experiments in Social Evolution: the Case of Oceania
Authors: Antweiler Christoph
Published: March 2007

This paper reexamines M. Mead's suggestion that Oceania is peculiarly suitable for natural experiments in cultural evolution. It is concluded that Oceania, especially Polynesia, provides a paradigmatic case for several factors in social evolution. The conditions that make the region suitable for experiments are discussed, and a number of hypotheses are suggested that are apt for examination in this context.
Cultural Pluralism and Citizenship
Authors: De Ruijter Arie
Published: March 2007

Several scientists and politicians state that society will disintegrate if its members are not strung more or less like beads on a string of common motives, cognitions and values. They uphold the view that a plural society can only function adequately if there is a consensus about fundamental common standards and values between the various groups in society. In this article this 'integrative' view is rejected. Instead the coordinative view is presented as an alternative. This latter does not deal with commonality, but with compatibility of views and practices. The consequences of this conception for the discussion on citizenship are discussed, in particular with regard to the legal domain. The key question here is whether one is prepared to accept legal pluralism—to what extent, under what conditions and in which subsectors of society?
Defining Scarce Resources: Real Estate or Intellect ?
Authors: Neusner Jacob
Published: March 2007

The Mishnah, a philosophical law code of ca. 200 AD, stands at the foundation of the Talmud and forms the first document of Judaism beyond the Hebrew Scriptures and presents a full-scale theory of the social order, encompassing an economics, politics and philosophical method. The system, viewed as a whole, makes a statement of hierarchical classification showing that all things derive from one thing and one thing encompasses all things— that is, a philosophy of Judaism akin to the philosophy of Plotinus. This essay spells out the economics of the Mishnah and shows how the various laws bear within themselves a portion of the systemic statement as a whole.
I. Austrian Methodology
Authors: Engelhard Peter , Fehl Ulrich , Geue Heiko
Published: March 2007

The search for a foundation of true and valid theory implies the use of logical deduction. This method, however, only ensures the transfer of the 'truth-value' (Wahrheitswert) already present in the premises, but not the 'truth-value' of the premises themselves. The point is how to ensure the truth of the initial premises.

This paper analyses the methodology of Menger and Mises who both try to solve the problem in a particular way.

Menger establishes a methodological dualism in theory by combining inductive and deductive reasoning. However he provides no clear-cut criterion for securing the validity of the theory as a whole. Thus, his dualistic theory is not fully satisfactory. It is Mises's conception of praxeology which tries to escape this problem.

In order to establish his system of praxeology Mises starts with the fundamental axiom of human action as a real a priori category. The ultimate truth of this basic axiom is ensured by reflexive introspection. All synthetical propositions have to be derived from this axiom.

With the term 'quasi-formal' science the intention is to grasp two properties of human action: as the notion 'quasi-formal' suggests, praxeology allows a strict derivation of propositions, i.e. theorems, as in the formal sciences but contrary to that the validity of the propositions extends not only to the formal procedure but also to fundamental aspects of reality. This information is introspectively true and real because the category of human action is part of man's mental structure, as it was formed in the course of evolution. Thus, the implications of praxeology are independent of personal experience—i.e. ontogenetically a priori. Nevertheless they are coined by reality over aeons in a historical process. In other words, they are phylogenetically a posteriori.
Mises on Government-Sponsored Easy-Credit as a Cause of Cycles
Authors: Gootzeit Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Mises gave a great deal of attention in both Human Action and The Theory of Money and Credit to the problem of the trade cycle. He showed that early 20th-century credit-expansion cycles were not symmetric. The expansion was characterized by inflation and relative price changes, but by no increase in aggregate real output; it was 'artificial'. But, the contraction showed aggregate output to fall. The complete cycle, therefore, was contractionary. Mises also attempted to give a prescription for an aggregate real expansion to occur. It would be slower than the artificial version and in order to be successful, it would have to be exempt from government attempts to support inflation such as deficit spending, easy credit, frequent devaluations and foreign exchange control.
A Reply to My Critics
Authors: Lambek Michael
Published: March 2007

It is an enormous privilege to be able to engage in public conversation with such thoughtful interlocutors whose own work I admire. I am greatly indebted to Willem Derde for establishing this forum as well as to each of my respondents for their careful reading and generous remarks. In some respects they represent Knowledge and Practice in Mayotte better than I did! Indeed, I have myself learned something about what the book is about through them. In my response, however, I will focus on the places where we appear to differ, though in all cases the differences appear relatively small. In so doing I hope to clarify my argument.
Feminism in India and the West
Authors: John Mary E.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the established forms in which the westernness of feminism has been a problem in the Indian context, and suggests some alternate routes for addressing it. The colonial legacy and the identification of women with national culture have made for a selective identification of feminism with an inauthentic westernization. The paper goes on to discuss some of the divergences in the conceptual legacies of western and Indian feminism, and the problems of using analogous arguments from western contexts in India. It focuses especially on the misleading role that critiques of essentialism are currently playing in Indian feminist debates, and concludes by calling for a more careful appraisal of the effects of growing disparities on patriarchal structures.
Blade Runner Capitalism, the Transnational Corporation, and Commodification
Authors: Jones Marc T.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the relationship between global capitalism, commodification, and cultural integrity from multiple levels of analysis ranging from the macro to the micro. The macro approach questions the salience of the globalization thesis and argues that the future articulation of what I call Blade Runner capitalism will be less integrative than the Fordist-Keynesian capitalism of the past, thereby increasing the space for cultural integrity in many regions. The micro approach examines the nature of the commodity form through the diverse theoretical lenses of Marx, Weber, Veblen, and Baudrillard. I point out weaknesses in the formulations of both Marx and Weber, and turn to Veblen and Baudrillard for a fuller interpretation of commodity form. From this positionality, I argue that spaces for resistance to the hegemony of economic rationality may exist within the commodification process and the commodity form rather than apart from them. I conclude that globalization is not the all-encompassing threat to cultural integrity that many observers argue; nor does commodity status rule out effective resistance to cultural hegemony.
High Temperature Transfer Molding Resins: Laminate Properties of PETI-298 and PETI-330
Authors: Connell John W. , Smith Joseph G. , Hergenrother Paul M. , Criss Jim M.
Published: March 2007

Two phenylethynyl terminated oligomers designated PETI-298 and PETI-330 were developed at the NASA Langley Research Center and have emerged as leading candidates for composite applications requiring high temperature performance (i.e. ≥ 288 °C for 1000 hours) combined with the ability to be readily processed into composites without the use of an autoclave or complex or lengthy cure or postcure cycles. These high performance/high temperature composites are potentially useful on advanced aerospace vehicles in structural applications and as aircraft engine components such as inlet frames and compressor vanes. The number designation (i.e. 298, 330) refers to the glass transition temperature in degrees Centigrade as determined on neat resin cured for 1 hour at 371 °C. The resins are processable by non-autoclave techniques such as resin transfer molding (RTM), vacuum assisted RTM (VARTM) and resin infusion (RI). Both resins exhibit low complex melt viscosities (0.1-10 poise) at 280 °C and are stable for ≥ 2 hours at this temperature. Typically, the resins are melted, de-gassed and infused or injected at 280 °C and subsequently cured at 371 °C for 1-2 hours. Virtually no volatiles are evolved during the cure process. The resin synthesis is straightforward and has been scaled-up to 25 kg batches. The chemistry of PETI-298 and PETI-330 and the RTM AS-4 and T-650 carbon fabric laminate properties, and those of BMI-5270 for comparison, are presented.
We are the true outsiders of journalism
Authors: Rowson Martin
Published: March 2007

Victor Weisz — known to the world as "VICKY" - was one of the outstanding political cartoonists of the last century. He was a remarkable artist in every sense of that word. It is now nearly 35 years since he died and below we publish an exceptionally sensitive insight into the mind and skills of Vicky by one of our finest contemporary political cartoonists...
A whisker away from full-scale censorship
Authors: Hill Peter
Published: March 2007

The argument about press licence has been running for some time. Newspapers are accused of going too far, of intrusiveness, of damaging British interests at home and abroad. Legislation is still threatened, even if its implementation is delayed. Over 50 years ago a similar argument raged; and it was only with difficulty that the Prime Minister was persuaded by his fellow-Ministers to preserve press freedom.
The Bath Idiot and Imbecile Institution
Authors: Carpenter Peter K.
Published: March 2007

The Bath Institution for Idiot Children and those of Weak Intellect was founded in 1846 by Miss Charlotte White, and opened in April 1846 in two rooms with a resident matron and three pupils. It was unique amongst the Idiot Asylums in being managed by women. In time it became similar to any small private idiot home but the Commissioners in Lunacy forced its reform, without registering it as an idiot asylum. It was taken over by the Bath Municipal Charity Trustees. It eventually became an endowed school, licensed by the Board of Control. This paper describes its history and its eventual control by the Lunacy Commission.
Mental disorder among the Incas in ancient Peru
Authors: Elferink Jan G.R.
Published: March 2007

The work of the chroniclers served as a source of information about the occurrence of mental diseases among the Incas. From this source it appears that melancholy was by far the most important disease among mental disorders. The disease did not only affect the common Incas: melancholy was rather frequent among the family of the Inca emperor. Like other diseases, mental diseases were treated by the Incas with a mixture of magic and empirical medicinal products. The latter were mainly of botanical nature, but also some minerals were applied to treat depressive disorders. Some typical syndromes of contemporary folk medicine, such as susto and related ailments, were not mentioned by the chroniclers.
Prestwich Hospital in the twentieth century: a case study of slow and uneven progress in the development of psychiatric care
Authors: Hopton John
Published: March 2007

In 1921 Montagu Lomax published his book The Experiences of An Asylum Doctor, in which he used his experiences as a locum at Prestwich Hospital to criticize standards of mental health care in Britain. Lomax's criticisms of Prestwich Hospital led to a Royal Commission and the 1930 Mental Treatment Act. However, many of the circumstances described by Lomax could still be observed at Prestwich in the 1960s and 1970s. The oral testimony of nurses who worked at Prestwich between 1922 and 1975 and documentary sources are considered in an attempt to explain how a hospital which had been the centre of debates about psychiatric reform in the nineteen-twenties failed to emerge as one of the country's more progressive psychiatric hospitals.
City and country in German psychiatry in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries — the example of Freiburg1
Authors: Prüll Cay-Rüdiger
Published: March 2007

The situation (geography, topography) of asylums played an important role in German psychiatry during the last two centuries. In the first half of the nineteenth century asylums were built in the countryside. Although their establishment was partly driven by a bourgeois effort towards reform it was also still underpinned by the old autocratic ideas in respect to social ranking and by patriarchal medical concepts. Yet university psychiatry along the lines of Wilhelm Griesinger (1817-1868) was city-oriented. University psychiatry seemed to satisfy the needs of a modern industrialized state more effectively, but asylum psychiatry in Bismarckian and Wilhelmine times on the other hand corresponded strongly to the needs of the hierarchical state. The history of the psychiatric hospital of the University of Freiburg illustrates how critical the dualism of country-oriented versus city-oriented psychiatry was for twentieth- century German psychiatry.
Social Security Reform in Central Europe: Issues and Strategies
Authors: Rys Vladimir
Published: March 2007

In replying to the question as to why three years after the fall of communism in Central Europe no global reform of social security has taken place, the article underlines the import ance of a thorough analysis of the previous system for the understanding of the reform process. An explanation of the mechanism for turning pre-war social insurance schemes into comprehensive social security systems of a totalitarian state is followed by a brief over view of principal qualitative changes which gradually transformed a social protection insti tution into an instrument of work incentives and rewards for services rendered to the politi cal regime. An outline of past institutional arrangements for each social risk completes this review.
Destruction, Adjustment and Innovation: Social Policy Transformation in Eastern and Central Europe
Authors: Getting Ulrike
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the problems that occur when post-communist societies rebuild their welfare systems. The first section reconstructs the academic and political discourse on how to balance cost considerations and demands for `socral justice' in eastern and central Europe. It outlrnes four different polrcy options political actors have, to replace the old firm-based, state-budget financed, autboritarian social policy systems. Secondly, the unfavourable political preconditrons of social policy making are taken into account. Post-communist governments have great difficulties in finding sufficiently competent and powerful actors to perform social polrcy tasks in lieu of the party state, be it labour market organizations, pro fessional interest groups, local governments, or non-profit organizations. The third section attempts to explain the specific paths of social policy transformation chosen in four east and cerrtral European countries, namely Bulgaria, the Czech and Slovak Republics, and Hungary. In this section, agam, emphasis is laid on ana lytical issues rather than on presenting empiri cal findings. The aim is to sketch a preliminary framework for comparison that may be easily enriched with empirical data and further elab orated in future work. The concluding section briefly deals with the prospects of welfare state consolidation in the countrres surveyed.
Social Protection and Economic Union
Authors: Begg Iain , Nectoux François
Published: March 2007

As Europe moves towards economic and monetary union, the shortcomings in the de velopment of European social policy will be come more apparent. Thus, although there have been plenty of initiatives affecting work ing conditions and the Social Fund is clearly an important instrument of Commission policy, few policy developments at the European level could be said to have had much effect on redis tribution. This article assesses the scope for a more explicit involvement in social policy, es pecially social protection, by the European tier and considers the consequences of a failure to address this issue. Despite the likely opposition to any proposals to confer some responsibility for social protection on the supranational tier, the need for changes in current arrangements is demonstrated. This article reviews proposals for E U level social protection and discusses obstacles to their implementation, notably the lack of cross-border solidarity. It is argued that the manner in which social protection is dealt with will be an important pointer to the future character of the E U and that this issue needs to be given greater prominence on the political agenda.
Euralille
Authors: Newman Peter , Thornley Andy
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with how far largely US- based literature about pro-growth politics can be applied in European circumstances. It does this by examining the political context for the development of the Euralille project. Changing transport networks have given Lille a new centrality in Europe. Local elites have sought to capitalize on new transport investment by promoting a large commercial property development around the new TGV inter change at the heart of the conurbation. The project has sought and gained an international reputation.

A range of US literature attempts to explain 'civic boosterism' and property development-led urban policy. Recently some attempts have been made to translate the experience of US cities to the different circumstances of Europe. The article builds on this literature and explores issues in the Europeanization of the theory of urban regimes. The Euralille case does not reveal a 'growth coalition' according to the US model but a public sector-organized project, managed by a semi-autonomous public-private devel opment agency. Integrated political leadership and the powerful role of technical elites in the project con firm a common interpretation of French local politics. However, the project has also to be understood as a product of specific local political circumstances. The strong political and technical leadership of the project and its institutional form contribute to its success in attracting development resources and international prestige. Political change and the property recession, however, raise some doubts about the future of this model of urban governance.
Living Organizations and Dead Bureaucracies
Authors: Ivergaard Toni B.K.
Published: March 2007

This paper covers a few preliminary notes about analysis and design of organizations related to some of the basic Buddhist concepts and meditation. The paper is an unofficial spin-off from the studies I carried out, as part of a Swedish Bits/SIPU project, combined with my own studies and practice of meditation and Buddhism. The object of the Bits/SIPU project was to develop a macro manpower plan for the Thai Civil Service for the year 2004.

In this paper I draw parallels between, on the one hand, Buddhism and its method for self- improvement, i.e., meditation and, on the other, modern organizations and their methods for improving their functions such as the concepts of learning organizations and Total Quality Manage ment.1 This is not a formal scientific examination of the parallels, but a subjective comparison of similarities.