bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ultraviolet Pretreatment on Yield of Mutations by X-rays in Wheat
Authors: Swaminathan M. S. , Natarajan A. T.
Published: October 2006

A decrease in the yield of chromosomal aberrations in root meristems of wheat induced by four different doses of x-rays has been found to occur when the seeds are pretreated with ultraviolet radiation. However, in X
2
generation, the mutation rate for combined treatment is lower than for x-rays alone in lower dosages and higher than for x-rays alone in higher dosages.
Natural Selection and the Origin and Evolution of Weeping in Man
Authors: Montagu Ashley
Published: October 2006

Tearless crying in the young of early man, with an increased dependency period, would repeatedly have caused dehydration of the mucous membranes, and thus have rendered them vulnerable to the insults of the environment. Tears are bacteriostatic as well as moistening. The hypothesis is advanced that natural selection favored those infants who could produce tears, and that in this way the function became established in man.
Nonlogarithmic Linear Titration Curves
Authors: Hofstee B. H. J.
Published: October 2006

Titration curves can be based on linear nonlogarithmic forms of the equilibrium equation of a dissociation reaction. From such curves, in contrast to those based on logarithmic transformations, both the end point of the titration and the dissociation constant can be derived.
State of Dynamic Equilibrium in Protein of Mammalian Cells
Authors: King Donald W. , Bensch Klaus G. , Hill Rolla B.
Published: October 2006

Labeled strain L cells in suspension tissue culture showed no degradation of protein when maintained in logarithmic growth. Although the protein of these cells was not in dynamic equilibrium, the conclusions cannot be transferred to the intact mammalian organism.
Application of the Network Model to Gas Diffusion in Moist Porous Media
Authors: Fatt Irving
Published: October 2006

Millington's description of pore structure in porous media is compared with conclusions based on the network theory. Experimental gas-diffusion data for moist sand indicate that this porous material has a network structure in which each pore is connected to about 15 other pores.
Identity of a Rust on
Ephedra
Authors: Kern Frank D. , Keener Paul D.
Published: October 2006

The aecial stage of a rust on
Ephedra
has been called a
Peridermium
. Clues as to its telial stage have been lacking. It is here described as resembling more a form of
Roestelia
, and the reasons for its possible relation to
Gymnosporangium multiporum
Kern are presented: the two sets of hosts have similar distributions: the two rust stages have the same geographic range; they have been found in close proximity in the field.
Sensitive 4π Detector for Scanning Radiochromatograms
Authors: Salomon Lothar L.
Published: October 2006

In an effort to obtain improved sensitivity in scanning unidimensional radiochromatograms of compounds labeled with weak beta-emitters, a detecting system was devised which simultaneously scans the upper and lower surfaces of the chromatogram. The instrument embodies substantial improvements based on the operation of a prototype.
Effect of Lesions in the Septal Forebrain of the Rat on Sleeping Time under Barbiturate
Authors: Heller Alfred , Harvey John A. , Hunt Howard F. , Roth Lloyd J.
Published: October 2006

Rats with electrolytic lesions in the septal forebrain show increased sleeping times after injection with thiopental sodium or barbital, as compared with normal and other control rats and rats with lesions in the cerebral cortex or caudate nucleus.
Autonomy of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Grafted Scions of Tobacco
Authors: Sand Seaward A.
Published: October 2006

Negative results were obtained in experiments designed to detect graft transmission to progeny of cytoplasmic male sterility in tobacco, contrary to positive results reported by Frankel in petunia. Attempts to show graft transmission of male fertility also failed. Evidently transmission of cytoplasmic male sterility through a graft union with a fertile individual is not an easily repeatable or else is not a general phenomenon in plants.
Activation and Inhibition of Indoleacetic Acid Oxidase Activity from Peas
Authors: Sondheimer Ernest , Griffin David H.
Published: October 2006

The inhibition of indoleacetic acid oxidase activity by chlorogenic acid is markedly variable. Aqueous extracts of acetone precipitates from etiolated pea epicotyls contain heat-stable substances which decrease the inhibition produced by chlorogenic acid and also have a small activating effect. Low concentrations of
p
-coumaric acid (1 μ/ml) can stimulate this action. The possible role of activators and inhibitors in the in vivo regulation of indoleacetic acid oxidase activity is discussed.
Gold-198 Wires Used To Study Movements of Small Mammals
Authors: Kaye Stephen V.
Published: October 2006

Eastern harvest mice,
Reithrodontomys humulis humulis
(Audubon and Bachman), were tagged with subcutaneously inserted 20 gauge gold-198 wires 10 mm long and varying in activity from 0.7 to 4.5 mc. None of the tags inserted by this method were lost or had any apparent effect on the animals. The movements of the tagged mice were successfully traced with a portable Geiger counter.
The Sun Azimuth Compass: One Factor in the Orientation of Homing Pigeons
Authors: Schmidt-Koenig Klaus
Published: October 2006

In accordance with the theory of the sun azimuth compass (
1
), displaced homing pigeons are misled in a predictable way if their "internal clock" has been reset by exposure to a time-shifted sequence of day-night cycles.
Zinc-65 in Cyclotron Workers
Authors: Van Dilla M. A. , Engelke M. J.
Published: October 2006

Small but persistent body burdens of zinc-65 have been found in cyclotron workers. This radionuclide and others are produced by nuclear reactions with the construction materials of the cyclotron. Only zinc-65 has gained entry into the body, but in amounts of less than 1 percent of the maximum permissible amount.
Statistical Codes for Geometrical Figures
Authors: Nieder Philip
Published: October 2006

A point function may be defined on the "cells" of cellular approximations to plane figures which retains much of the information of the figures and whose distribution function is relatively invariant with respect to cell size; the function is useful in constructing a quantitative field theory in embryology and a nonaddressed system for pattern generalizing in neurophysiology.
Detection of an
Anaplasma marginale
Antibody Complex Formed in vivo
Authors: Ristic Miodrag , White F. H.
Published: October 2006

A naturally occurring anaplasma-antibody complex was detected by exposing erythrocytes of infected cattle to fluorescein-labeled bovine antiglobulin. This technique revealed not only the classical marginal bodies but also the initial
Anaplasma
bodies in the erythrocytes of acutely infected animals. Singly occurring initial bodies were observed in the erythrocytes of healthy carriers.
Permeability Measurements of Castor-Bean Seed Indicative of Cold-Test Performance
Authors: Thomas C. A.
Published: October 2006

The conductivity and reducing-sugar content of water extracts of seeds were found to be correlated with stands produced under conditions favoring pre-emergence damping-off. Conductivity proved to be a rapid method of predicting relative differences in cold-test stands from lots of seed of the same variety.
Numerical Comparison of Geomorphic Samples
Authors: Tanner William F.
Published: October 2006

The distribution of elevations representing a region can be shown as a cumulative frequency curve plotted on probability paper. Many elevation distributions are "zig-zag" curves which can be represented conveniently by measures of skewness and kurtosis. A plot of skewness versus kurtosis permits the recognition of six major, non-Gaussian forms, with countless gradations.
Distortion of the Pyramid of Numbers in a Grassland Insect Community
Authors: Evans F. C. , Lanham U. N.
Published: October 2006

An intermediate size class of the insect component of a natural community contained more individuals than did a small size class, altering the expected ecological pyramid of numbers. The anomaly resulted from the presence of an abundant immigrant species, and it is suggested that departures from the normal pyramid might, in general, imply external disturbance.
Applicability of Hodgkin-Huxley Model to Experimental Data from the Giant Axon of Lobster
Authors: Dalton J. C. , FitzHugh R.
Published: October 2006

This mathematical model of the squid giant axon has been modified to duplicate action potentials of lobster axons. An increase of the leakage potential (
V
L
) by 22.6 millivolts increases the amplitudes of the resting potential, action potential and subthreshold response, and eliminates the undershoot.
On the Presumed Sterile Induction of Plant Tumors
Authors: Klein Richard M. , Braun Armin C.
Published: October 2006

A cooperative reinvestigation of the possibility that filtrates of crown-gall bacterial cultures can induce autonomous tumors in plants has been conducted. The results indicate that the neoplasms formed after treatment do not fulfill the criteria for crown gall since they are not autonomous.
Strontium-90 in Ecuador
Authors: French Norman R.
Published: October 2006

Samples of bone and soil collected in 1958 show highest values for Sr
90
in the tropical region on the east side of the Andes. Lowest values are found in the high central valley, where samples used in estimating world-wide distribution of fallout were collected. If the major fallout deposition occurs in the interior of the South American continent, such estimates for these latitudes may be low by as much as a factor of ten. Although there has apparently been greater Sr
90
deposition in regions of greater rainfall, analysis of data from 16 locations fails to show a significant correlation between rainfall and fallout.
Behavior in the Cold after Acclimatization
Authors: Laties Victor G. , Weiss Bernard
Published: October 2006

Experimentally naive albino rats begin to press a lever for short bursts of radiant heat earlier in a 16-hour session at 2°C than rats that have been living at this temperature for about a month. This difference reflects the different rates at which body temperature in the cold falls in acclimatized and nonacclimatized animals.
Intercellular Communication and Cell-Cell Adhesio n
Authors: Singer S. Jonathan
Published: October 2006

In developmental biology, binary cell-cell interactions often determine the fate of one or both cell partners. The two cells must adhere to one another to allow chemical signals to be transmitted in one or both directions across the regions of cell-cell contact. The molecular mechanisms of cell-cell adhesion and intercellular communication, even if they are mediated by different cell surface components, may be functionally integrated in several different ways. Studies of helper T cells with antigen-presenting B cells in culture have illuminated such binary interactions. The possible application of similar mechanisms to other binary developmental systems is briefly explored.
Lithium-Sensitive Production of Inositol Phosphates During Amphibian Embryonic Mesoderm Induction
Authors: Maslanski John A. , Leshko LeeAnn , Busa William B.
Published: October 2006

Mesoderm induction and body axis determination in frog (
Xenopus
) embryos are thought to involve growth factor-mediated cell-cell signaling, but the signal transduction pathways are unknown. Li
+
, which inhibits the polyphosphoinositide (PI) cycle signal transduction pathway in many cells, also disrupts axis determination and mesoderm induction. Amounts of the PI cycle-derived second messenger, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, increased during mesoderm induction in normal embryos; addition of Li
+
inhibited the embryonic inositol monophosphatase and reversed this increase. Embryonic PI cycle activity thus shows characteristics that indicate it may function in mesoderm induction and axis determination.
Observations on the Behavior of the Porpoise
Delphinus delphis
Authors: Edwards Robert L. , Livingstone Robert
Published: October 2006

Common porpoises have been observed in January, in the area of the Hudson Canyon, feeding on fish that escaped an otter trawl. An echo-sounder also recorded, in one instance, a descent of a porpoise to a depth of 200 feet in less than 2 minutes.
Control of Vocal Responding in Chickens
Authors: Lane Harlan
Published: October 2006

Schedules of reinforcement were shown to control the rate of chirping by chickens in the same way as other motor responses in subhumans. Under a discrimination procedure, chickens responded selectively to the visual stimulus associated with food reinforcement for chirping. Control experiments demonstrated that food influenced the rate of responding because it was presented dependent on the chick's vocalizing and not because it had an innate eliciting or "emotionalizing" power.
Influence of Anabolic Steroids on Uptake of Alpha-Aminoisobutyric Acid by Levator Ani Muscle
Authors: Metcalf W. , Gross E.
Published: October 2006

Two representative anabolic steroids caused an increase in the uptake of α-aminoisobutyric acid-1-C
14
in the levator ani muscle of rats. The distribution ratio between that muscle and the plasma was increased fourfold by the administration of a synthetic anabolic steroid and twofold by administration of testosterone propionate. The determination of this increase may serve as an indicator for the myotrophic effect of anabolic steroids.
Reversible Inhibition of Beef Heart Cytochrome
c
Oxidase by Polyionic Macromolecules
Authors: Person Philip , Fine Albert
Published: October 2006

The basic proteins protamine (sulfate), histone, lysozyme, and ribonuclease were found to be potent inhibitors of mammalian heart muscle cytochrome
c
oxidase. Their inhibitions were completely reversed in the presence of a strongly anionic polyglucose sulfate. With fresh rat heart muscle homogenates, Keilin and Hartree type of beef heart muscle particulates, and deoxycholate-solubilized oxidase preparations, the reversible nature of the phenomenon was demonstrated with manometric and spectrophotometric assays for cytochrome
c
oxidase.
Trophic Substances in a Blind Cave Crayfish
Authors: Fingerman Milton , Mobberly William C.
Published: October 2006

The eyestalks, supraesophageal ganglia, and circumesophageal connectives of the blind cave crayfish
Orconectes pellucidus australis
contain a red pigment-concentrating substance and a distal retinal pigment light-adapting one. Assays were performed on the dwarf crayfish,
Cambarellus shufeldti
. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to endocrine regulation of pigmentary effectors in crayfishes.
Antiozonants To Protect Plants from Ozone Damage
Authors: Rich Saul , Taylor Gordon S.
Published: October 2006

Manganous 1,2-naphthoquinone-2-oxime protected tomato foliage in the field from damage apparently caused by excessive atmospheric ozone. The compound proved to be a very effective antiozonant. The similar cobaltous and manganous chelates of 8-quinolinol were also effective antiozonants. The materials were applied to cloth of the type used to make field tents for shade-grown tobacco. Tomato plants covered with cloth treated with cobaltous 8-quinolinolate were protected against otherwise damaging concentrations of ozone. These materials and methods may afford a useful way to reduce weather fleck of tobacco and other plant injuries caused by excessive atmospheric ozone.
Communicative Mandible-Snapping in Acrididae (Orthoptera)
Authors: Alexander Richard D.
Published: October 2006

Paratylotropidia brunneri
Scudder is the first insect known to possess a long-range mandibular sound signal. This signal probably evolved through a stage in which feeding noises were significant; it is believed to be a functional analog of other insect calling sounds.
Some Steroid Hormone-like Effects of Menthol
Authors: Elder T. David , Segal Stanton , Maxwell Elizabeth S. , Topper Yale J.
Published: October 2006

Menthol or menthone, or both, like progesterone, have been shown to have the following biological activities: (i) an inhibitory action on liver and kidney aldehyde dehydrogenase activity which, under certain circumstances, is reflected in an increased rate of oxidation of D-galactose, and (ii) a stimulatory effect on the oxidation of D-galactose by two prepubertal congenitally galactosemic subjects.
Two
c
-Type Cytochromes from Light- and Dark-Grown
Euglena
Authors: Gross J. A. , Wolken J. J.
Published: October 2006

A pigment-protein complex can be extracted, in aqueous 2-percent digitonin, from
Euglena
grown in the light. When further fractionated by acetone and ammonium sulfate this flagellate yields a
c
-type cytochrome. By similar extraction of dark-grown, nonphotosynthetic
Euglena
, another
c
-type cytochrome can be isolated. The cytochrome from the light-grown Euglena is like that of cytochrome c isolated from a photosynthetic bacterium. The cytochrome from the dark-grown
Euglena
is like cytochrome
f
found in the chloroplasts of higher plants.
Science Teachers and the Scientific Attitude: An Appraisal of an Academic Year Institute
Authors: Gruber Howard E.
Published: October 2006

In a training program for experienced high school science and mathematics teachers, trainees made good academic progress and eventually adjusted well to the return to university work. The program's main weakness was failure to transmit attitudes and information relevant to teaching science, not only as a body of knowledge, but as a way of thinking.
Culture of a Colonial Hydroid under Controlled Conditions
Authors: Fulton Chandler
Published: October 2006

A simple method has been developed for the cultivation of colonies of
Cordylophora lacustris
. The colonies, attached to microscope slides slanted in beakers, are grown in a culture solution containing five required ions.
Artemia
larvae are supplied as food. Increase in hydranth number is exponential with a doubling time of about 3 days.
Hormonal Induction of Vascular Tissue in Tobacco Pith in vitro
Authors: Clutter Mary E.
Published: October 2006

The direct addition of indole-3-acetic acid into sterile-cultured stem pith sections of
Nicotiana tabacum
through inserted glass pipettes has induced cell division and differentiation where such activity would not normally occur. This evidence lends support to the theory that indole-3-acetic acid is the hormone that limits xylogenesis.
Isotopic and Zoogeographic Paleotemperatures of Californian Pleistocene Mollusca
Authors: Valentine James W. , Meade Robert F.
Published: October 2006

Pleistocene paleotemperatures inferred from zoogeographic evidence are based on temperatures at species' range limits at present. Paleotemperatures inferred from isotopic evidence are based on average former shell-growth temperatures which commonly, but not exclusively, lie between present range-limiting temperatures. With allowance for these differences, the two lines of evidence suggest similar thermal patterns.
Impairment of Muscle Stretch Reflexes in Tick Paralysis
Authors: Esplin Don W. , Philip Cornelius B. , Hughes Lyndahl E.
Published: October 2006

Experiments with tick-paralyzed dogs and woodchucks have shown impairment of stretch reflexes in addition to partial paralysis at the neuromuscular junction. Stretch reflexes disappear very early during paralysis, whereas nociceptive reflexes do not appear to be directly affected. The early incoordination and the ascending nature of the paralysis may be related to impairment of stretch reflex pathways.
Expanding Shoals in Areas of Wave Refraction
Authors: Tanner William F.
Published: October 2006

Shoals and spits may grow seaward, despite powerful refracted wave attack, where the wave energy level is too low to handle the supply of sand introduced by the littoral drift. Spits and shoals of this type have distinctive shapes. They may support ripple marks which do not parallel the crests of the waves which form them.
A Difference between Biological Effects of Gamma Rays and Heavy Ions
Authors: Hutchinson Franklin , Easter Stephen S.
Published: October 2006

When irradiated with gamma rays,
Artemia
eggs show the typical sigmoidal survival curve of a multicellular organism, with little change at low doses and an abrupt decrease in survival above a threshold dose. On irradiation with 160-Mev oxygen ions, the threshold disappears and viability can be destroyed by passage of a single energetic ion.
Sexual Recombination in a Homothallic, Antibiotic Producing Fungus
Authors: Fantini Amedeo A. , Olive Lindsay S.
Published: October 2006

The presence of a perfect or sexual stage in the fungus
Emericellopsis salmosynnemata
has made possible an investigation of the effect of meiotic recombination on yields of antibiotic. While most of the fruiting bodies produced by this organism are the result of self-fertilization, conclusive evidence of cross-fertilization and recombination between two mutants was obtained. Cross-fertilization occurred rarely.
Some Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Translocation in Plants
Authors: Webb Kenneth L. , Hodgson Richard H.
Published: October 2006

Petioles and apical regions of
Phaseolus vulgaris
var. Black Valentine were subjected to ionizing radiation to study the effect on the translocation process. Petiole irradiation produced no discernible effect. Inhibition of translocation to the irradiated meristems was reversed by application of the auxin naphthaleneacetic acid.
In vitro Organization of Single Beating Rat Heart Cells into Beating Fibers
Authors: Harary Isaac , Farley Barbara
Published: October 2006

Single, separate rat-heart cells in culture beat at different rates. When they grow into physical contact the beating becomes synchronous. Increase in cell number leads to the formation of beating, fiber-like masses. It appears that direct physical contact is necessary for attainment of synchronous contractions.
Frequency of Mutations Induced by Radiations in Hexaploid Species of
Triticum
Authors: Swaminathan M. S. , Rao M. V. Prabhakara
Published: October 2006

The frequency of visible mutations induced by x-rays, phosphorus-32, and sulfur-35 was calculated in six hexaploid
Triticum
species. The species with spelted ears and winter habit showed a much lower mutation rate than the free-threshing, spring wheats.
Blue Halite
Authors: Howard Calhoun L. H. , Kerr Paul F.
Published: October 2006

Remarkable deep blue and occasionally purple forms of halite (rock salt) have long been known. These occur associated with potassium minerals in the Zechstein basin of northern Germany, elsewhere in Europe, and in North America. In recent laboratory studies, data have been developed which confirm the hypothesis that this coloration in natural salt may be attributed to gamma-ray bombardment by associated potassium-40 from sylvite, accompanied or followed by structural deformation.
Hemoglobin Types of the Caingang Indians of Brazil
Authors: Tondo Casemiro V. , Salzano Francisco M.
Published: October 2006

We studied the hemoglobin types of 440 individuals (306 unrelated) cytologically and by paper electrophoresis. These included 334 (252 unrelated) putative "full bloods." No abnormal types were found.
International Geophysical Calendar for 1961
Authors: Shapley A. H.
Published: October 2006

Coordination of certain types of geophysical observations and analyses throughout the world is accomplished by the advance selection of days and intervals for such work. A committee under the International Council of Scientific Unions has issued the calendar for 1961, together with a brief explanation and examples of how it may be used in planning geophysical programs.
The Role of GABA
B
Receptor Activation in Absence Seizures of Lethargic (
lh
/
lh
) Mice
Authors: Hosford David A. , Clark Suzanne , Cao Zhen , Wilson Wilkie A. , Lin Fu-hsiung , Morrisett Richard A. , Huin Alexandre
Published: October 2006

Lethargic (
lh
/
lh
) mice, which function as an animal model of absence seizures, have spontaneous seizures that have behavioral and electrographic features and anticonvulsant sensitivity similar to those of human absence seizures. Antagonists of the γ-aminobutyric acid
B
(GABA
B
) receptor suppressed these seizures in lethargic mice, whereas agonists of GABA
B
receptors exacerbated them. Furthermore, GABA
B
receptor binding and synaptically evoked GABA
B
receptor-mediated inhibition of
N
-methyl-D-aspartate responses were selectively increased in
lh
/
lh
mice. Therefore, enhanced GABA
B
receptor-mediated synaptic responses may underlie absence seizures in
lh
/
lh
mice, and GABA
B
receptor antagonists hold promise as anticonvulsants for absence seizures.
Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase by v-Raf in NIH 3T3 Cells and in Vitro
Authors: Dent Paul , Haser Wayne , Haystead Timothy A. J. , Vincent Leigh Ann , Roberts Thomas M. , Sturgill Thomas W.
Published: October 2006

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are 42- and 44-kD serine-threonine protein kinases that are activated by tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation in cells stimulated with mitogens and growth factors. MAP kinase and the protein kinase that activates it (MAP kinase kinase) were constitutively activated in NIH 3T3 cells infected with viruses containing either of two oncogenic forms (p35
EC12
, p37
22W
) of the c-Raf-1 protein kinase. The v-Raf proteins purified from cells infected with EC12 or 22W viruses activated MAP kinase kinase from skeletal muscle in vitro. Furthermore, a bacterially expressed v-Raf fusion protein (glutathione S-transferase-p37
22W
) also activated MAP kinase kinase in vitro. These findings suggest that one function of c-Raf-1 in mitogenic signaling is to phosphorylate and activate MAP kinase kinase.
Selective Localization of Tetracycline in Mitochondria of Living Cells
Authors: du Buy H. G. , Showacre J. L.
Published: October 2006

The property of tetracycline to induce fluorescence has been used to determine its localization in living cells. It was found that this antibiotic, as well as the related antibiotics oxytetracycline and chlorotetracycline, specifically combines with the mitochondria of living cells, either in tissue culture or in fresh preparations from various organs.
Intellectual Potential and Heredity
Authors: Allen Gordon
Published: October 2006

When infant developmental quotients are compared with children's intelligence quotients, it appears that most subnormality is manifested only at the later age. This phenomenon has been cited as evidence that environment chiefly determines intelligence, but the argument is circular. A helpful approach to the nature-nurture problem is afforded by the geneticists' concept of reaction norms or "reaction repertoires."
Calcite in
Lesquerella ovalifolia
Trichomes
Authors: Lanning F. C.
Published: October 2006

By chemical analysis, trichomes of
Lesquerella ovalifolia
Rydb. have been shown to contain a high percentage of calcium carbonate. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that it was in the form of calcite. The calcite was inside the trichomes, and its depositional pattern conformed to the shape of the trichomes. A small amount of opal was present in the trichomes.
Micromanipulation in Control and Handling of
Zygiella x-notata
as an Experimental Animal
Authors: Erskine C. A.
Published: October 2006

The spider
Zygiella x-notata
may be brought under direct control analogous to that of the common laboratory animals for an important group of experimental investigations on the nerve, muscle, or secretion of digestive glands. Without anesthetics, chilling, or damage the animal can be fixed for prolonged periods and microinstruments (which include feeding pipettes), positioned by a standard micromanipulator.
Diffusion-Precipitin Index to Antibody Avidity
Authors: Jennings Robert K. , Kaplan Morris A.
Published: October 2006

Antigen, diffusing into converging edges of an antibody depot, inhibits the precipitation unless the reaction is completed before an inhibiting antigen excess is established. Since the rate of the increase of antigen concentration depends on the size of the angle, relative avidities of similar preparations of antibody may be estimated from the angle just producing observable inhibition.
Effect of Electroconvulsive Shock on an Extinguished "Fear" Response
Authors: Geller Irving , Brady Joseph V.
Published: October 2006

To test Gellhorn's hypothesis that electroconvulsive shock reinstates extinguished responses, a conditioned "anxiety" response was established and then extinguished in rats. A series of treatments did not restore the extinguished "anxiety" response; in fact, control animals showed appreciable spontaneous recovery of the "anxiety" response while treated animals did not.
Formation of Free Radicals in Tritiated H
2
O and D
2
O Ice
Authors: Kroh Jerzy , Green Basil C. , Spinks John W. T.
Published: October 2006

By using tritium as an internal source of radiation, electron spin resonance spectra may be obtained for samples contained in glass without the usual disturbing effects due to irradiated glass. The production of OH and OD radicals in tritiated H
2
O and D
2
O ice may be readily demonstrated with this technique.
Ability of Some Black Sea Organisms To Accumulate Fission Products
Authors: Polikarpov G. G.
Published: October 2006

The coefficients of accumulation of strontium-90, cesium-137, and cerium-144 in seaweeds, eelgrass, actinia, mollusks, and crustaceans are presented. The discharge of strontium-90 into sea water from decomposing seaweed and the retention and additional absorption of cesium-137 and cerium-144 onto organic debris is discussed. Some observations are made about the ability of these elements to diffuse into sea water and about the relative hazard to man from strontium-90 and cerium-144 in marine life.
Slowing of Heart Rate after Septal Self-Stimulation in Rats
Authors: Malmo Robert B.
Published: October 2006

Heart rate, recorded continuously from rats trained to press a bar for intracranial electrical stimulation of their septal areas, fell consistently after brain stimulation. Interpretation of the rewarding effect of septal stimulation had previously been limited by the absence of any data on the autonomic effects of the stimulation. The results of this study suggest that the rewarding effect may possibly be produced by a parasympathetic (quieting) reaction of the autonomic nervous system to septal stimulation.
Keys to Cultural Understanding
Authors: Force Roland W. , Force Maryanne
Published: October 2006

Figures of speech are tangible manifestations of deeply rooted modes of perception and conceptualization. They represent categories or models for interpreting the universe—natural and supernatural, and material and non-material phenomena. These categories or models are reflected in all aspects of culture and are fundamentally determined by culture. They should not be considered universal but, rather, extremely relative and highly variable. Some students of language and culture, such as Whorf, would consider figures of speech not to be the most important organizing categories and would give precedence to grammatical constructions—that is, subject-predicate division or verb tenses. The use of figures of speech, however, is in some ways more easily investigated than grammatical categories, and their analysis can provide both unique and corroborative insights into various aspects of a culture, as has been demonstrated here with Palauan social organization.
Perceived Movement in Depth as Function of Object Luminance
Authors: Baker Charles A. , Steedman William C.
Published: October 2006

Thresholds for the binocular and monocular perception of movement in depth for a circular stimulus object decreased as target luminance was increased to 0.1 ft-lam. Above 0.1 ft-lam little change in threshold was observed. Superiority of binocular over monocular conditions decreased with higher luminances.
Density of the Lunar Atmosphere
Authors: Öpik E. J. , Singer S. F.
Published: October 2006

The consequences of a model are worked out in which the lunar atmosphere is formed by gravitational accretion of interplanetary gas. Our results differ from those of Firsoff and of Brandt, partly because of the inapplicability of the barometric equation to the case of an exosphere.
Queen Honey Bee Attractiveness as Related to Mandibular Gland Secretion
Authors: Gary Norman E.
Published: October 2006

The termination of mandibular gland secretion by gland removal in living mated queen honey bees (
Apis mellifera
L.) caused approximately 85 percent loss of queen attractiveness to worker bees. The secretion of attractants in virgin queens increased with age. Old virgins were as attractive as mated queens. A rapid assay for queen attractiveness is described.
Patterns of Corticosteroid and Pepsinogen Change Related to Emotional Stress in the Monkey
Authors: Mason John W. , Brady Joseph V. , Polish Edwin , Bauer Joan A. , Robinson James A. , Rose Robert M. , Taylor Elizabeth D.
Published: October 2006

In association with conditioned avoidance sessions of 72 hours' duration, monkeys showed a response pattern characterized by increased levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and decreased levels of pepsinogen during the stress period, with a marked and prolonged elevation of pepsinogen levels occurring during the recovery period.
Effect of Fire-Extinguishing Agents on Combustion of Sucrose
Authors: Broido A.
Published: October 2006

Although sucrose and cellulose are both carbohydrates of basically similar composition, the very materials which have been found to be most effective in preventing flaming combustion of cellulose are also effective in causing sugar cubes to support flame.
Suppression of Male Characteristics of Mosquitoes by Thermal Means
Authors: Horsfall William R. , Anderson John F.
Published: October 2006

Dimorphism in
Aedes stimulans
, a northern floodwater mosquito, may be decreased possibly to obliteration by exposing larvae for most of their lives to abnormally high temperature. Determiners for maleness fail to express themselves when larvae are exposed to a temperature of 29°C throughout their lives. Not only are male characteristics eliminated, but normal female ones such as ovaries, spermathecae, and cerci develop. The resultant adult is structurally a female. Forms showing characteristics of both sexes occur when the number of days of exposure to 29°C is lessened.
Vitamin B
12
Requirement of a Marine Blue-Green Alga
Authors: Van Baalen C.
Published: October 2006

A species of
Synechocystis
isolated from a marine mud has an absolute requirement for vitamin B
12
. Analogues of B
12
, including cobinamide and α-(adenyl) cobamide cyanide, satisfactorily substitute for vitamin B
12
. Methionine alone or in combination with other compounds supports only a low level of growth.
Quantal and Graded Analysis of Dosage-Effect Relations
Authors: Cronbach Lee J. , Gleser Goldine C.
Published: October 2006

Loewe's recommendations regarding treatment of stimulus-response relations are criticized. Conditions are described where quantal analysis is justified. Loewe's interpretation of his graded analysis must be modified in the light of the fact that response curves for individuals frequently cross. Superior lines of attack on the problem are suggested.
Electrophoretic Analysis of Immobilization Antigens of
Paramecium aurelia
Authors: Steers Edward
Published: October 2006

The isoelectric points of the immobilization antigens A, B, and D of strain 51 of
Paramecium aurelia
(variety 4) have been determined to be 4.0, 3.9, and 4.3, respectively.
Nondestructive Method for Estimating Chlorophyll Content of Leaves
Authors: Benedict H. M. , Swidler R.
Published: October 2006

A quantitative relationship is shown to exist between the chlorophyll content of soybean and Valencia orange leaves and their percentage reflectance of light of wavelength 625 mμ as measured by a colorimeter with reflectance attachment.
Space Travel Comes down to Earth
Authors: Irwin John B.
Published: October 2006

Shapley's book is the only one of the seven which will be of substantial assistance in the training of astronomy students at the graduate level. Although a number of excellent advanced monographs are now available or are in the making, textbooks on the junior, senior, and first-year graduate level are sorely needed.

The other volumes will be useful, in one way or another, to students and in informing the general public about astronomy. Both Schneider's and King's volumes will be helpful at the junior-high and high-school levels, and they will also be of interest to the general public. The volumes by Stokley and Inglis will probably find their greatest use at the beginning college level.
Music of the Spheres
is thoroughly enjoyable reading and should become a popular classic. Ronan's book, except for the shortcomings of the final chapter, gives a readable and well-balanced account of astronomical history.
Inactivation by Ultraviolet Light of an Acriflavine-Sensitive Gene Function in Phage T4D
Authors: Edgar R. S. , Epstein R. H.
Published: October 2006

Mutants of phage T4D can be isolated which multiply in the presence of concentrations of acriflavine inhibitory to the growth of wild-type phage. Bacteria mixedly infected with resistant and sensitive phage are unproductive in the presence of acriflavine. Irradiation of the sensitive phage with ultraviolet light results in inactivation of the function of the gene for acriflavine sensitivity, permitting the mixedly infected complexes to yield phage. This function is inactivated in an exponential manner and has a cross section comparable to cross sections of other gene functions in T4D.
Protection of Mice against Lethal
Staphylococcus
Infection by
Escherichia coli
O
86
Fractions
Authors: Springer Georg F. , Steers Edward , Dhanamitta Sakorn , Stinnett James , Gyorgy Paul
Published: October 2006

Small doses of protein-lipopolysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides from
Escherichia coli
O
86
prevent the death of mice infected intraperitoneally with a clinically virulent
Staphylococcus aureus
.
Histochemical Demonstration in Rat of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition by β-Phenyl-Isopropyl Hydrazine
Authors: Mustakallio K. K. , Levonen Eeva , Raekallio J.
Published: October 2006

A histochemical method for demonstration of monoamine oxidase activity was found to be almost as sensitive as a biochemical method when used for revealing total inhibition of monoamine oxidase in rat tissues after administration of β-phenyl-isopropyl hydrazine. The histochemical method is of special value in the study of monoamine oxidase inhibition in the complex structures of the brain.
Air Entrainment in Turbulent Liquids
Authors: Flack J. Ernest , Kveisengen Jan Inge , Nath John H.
Published: October 2006

An experimental technique has been developed for measuring the concentration and distribution of air entrained by turbulence in an agitated liquid. The air content was related to the viscosity, surface tension, and turbulence of the liquid by dimensional analysis.
Host Alternation of Spruce Broom Rust
Authors: Peterson R. S.
Published: October 2006

Repeated inoculations demonstrate that
Peridermium coloradense
A. & K. is the gametophytic stage of
Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli
Diet., previous reports notwithstanding. Thus
C. arctostaphyli
is eliminated as the only familiar exception to Transhel's law, which may apply universally to microcyclic rusts.
Arginine and Pyrimidine Biogenesis in
Neurospora
Authors: Fairley James L. , Adams A. Birk
Published: October 2006

The growth-promoting activity of propionic acid and related compounds for the pyrimidine-less strain,
Neurospora crassa
1298, is markedly inhibited by arginine. The data suggest that arginine exerts an inhibitory effect upon or represses the synthesis of an enzyme involved in pyrimidine formation.
Authigenic Dolomite in Modern Carbonate Sediments along the Southern Coast of Florida
Authors: Taft William H.
Published: October 2006

Crystalline authigenic dolomite in shallow-water marine sediments from the margins of the North American continent is described for the first time. Dolomite is probably forming at the water-sediment interface in Florida Bay because of an interaction between organic material and hypersaline sea water.
Calcification of the Permanent First Mandibular Molar in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Swindler Daris R.
Published: October 2006

Evidence suggests that in rhesus monkeys calcification in the mandibular permanent first molar commences much earlier than has been previously reported. This tooth is the first secondary dental element to calcify, as it is in man.
Localization Effects with Steady Thermal Noise in One Ear and Pulsed Thermal Noise in the Other
Authors: Thurlow W. R. , Elfner L. F.
Published: October 2006

When the duration or repetition rate of pulses in the left ear is increased, while steady, in-phase, thermal noise sounds in the right ear, the pulses are heard to move toward the median plane. At still longer durations (for a given repetition rate) the loudness of noise on the right diminishes, until finally all sound is localized at the median plane.
Transreplication and Crossing Over in
Sordaria fimicola
Authors: Kitani Yoshiaki , Olive Lindsay S. , E-Ani Arif S.
Published: October 2006

A study of the segregation of markers closely linked to the gray ascospore color locus in
Sordaria fimicola
reveals that there is a high incidence of crossing over very near the locus when it transreplicates, which is much more pronounced in 5:3 than in 6:2 asci. Also, a single 7:1 and several aberrant 4:4 asci are described. At a different spore color locus, transreplication yields only 6:2 ratios, while other spore color loci fail to transreplicate altogether.
Repression of Ornithine Transcarbamylase Protein Formation by Arginine
Authors: Rogers Palmer
Published: October 2006

Arginine-repressed cells of
Escherichia coli
W do not form a protein immunologically related to ornithine transcarbamylase. This was determined by lack of cross-reactivity of repressed cell extracts with rabbit antisera prepared against purified ornithine transcarbamylase. The results indicate that arginine acts by blocking the synthesis of the entire enzyme-protein.
Transmissible Agent Associated with Some Mouse Neoplasms
Authors: Mundy J. , Williams P. C.
Published: October 2006

The association between some forms of murine cancer and an agent that increases the lactic dehydrogenase activity in the plasma of normal mice is confirmed. This agent, however, is not associated with all mouse neoplasms.
Separation Rate and Neighbor Diffusivity
Authors: Verduin Jacob
Published: October 2006

Separation rates of neighboring pieces of orange peel floating on the sea were measured under fresh breeze conditions. When Stommel's equation for neighbor diffusivity (
F
) was applied to the data it became apparent that the
F
value increased by an order of magnitude whenever the time adrift increased by this amount. This is a result of the fact that the increase in spacing distance is squared while the time adrift is not. It is recommended that a standard time of 1 second be used whenever Stommel's equation is applied in neighbor diffusivity problems. Recomputation of data from the literature showed that neighbor diffusivity varied between 0.08 and 1 cm
2
/sec while time adrift varied between 10 and 10
8
seconds. Further study of separation rates, as parameters of surface turbulence, is recommended.
Conformal Transformations and Space Travel
Authors: Gupta Suraj N.
Published: October 2006

Conformal transformations are applied to the motion of a space ship experiencing a constant acceleration. The role of proper time is interpreted in terms of atomic periods, and the relationship between the conformal transformations and the general theory of relativity is clarified.
Latent Period of Relaxation
Authors: Kobayashi Makoto , Irisawa Hiroshi
Published: October 2006

The latent period of relaxation of molluscan myocardium due to anodal current is much longer than that of contraction. Although the rate and the grade of relaxation are intimately related to both the stimulus condition and the muscle tension, the latent period of relaxation remains constant, except when the temperature of the bathing fluid is changed.
Radar Observation of Venus
Authors: Maron Irving , Luchak George , Blitzstein William
Published: October 2006

Radar observations of Venus during the last close approach have resulted in a value of solar parallax of 8.79460 seconds of arc, corresponding to a value for the astronomical unit of 149,596,000 km. This is in satisfactory agreement with the determinations made, during the same close approach of Venus, at the Millstone Hill Radar Observatory and at Jodrell Bank, which are 149,597,700 km and 149,601,000 km, respectively. The size of the astronomical unit heretofore generally accepted as most authoritative is based upon a 1950 determination by Rabe, and is 149,532,200 km.
Effect of Verbalization on Reversal Shifts in Children
Authors: Kendler Howard H. , Kendler Tracy S.
Published: October 2006

Two questions were asked: (i) Would naming stimuli in a discrimination reversal influence the performance of 4- and 7-year-old children, and (ii) if so, would the influence be different for these two age groups? The results indicate a positive answer to the first question and an equivocal answer to the second.
Accumulation of Potassium Anaerobically by Renal Medullary Slices
Authors: Kean Edward L. , Adams Patricia H. , Winters Robert W. , Davies Robert E.
Published: October 2006

Potassium accumulation occurred in leached slices of the inner medulla of the dog kidney incubated under anaerobic conditions at 37°C with glucose as substrate, but was blocked by inhibitors of glycolysis. Aerobically, only slight accumulation occurred with succinate as substrate at 37°C, and this was blocked by dinitrophenol. These findings were in contrast to those obtained with kidney cortex slices under the same conditions.
Effects of Context on the Subjective Equation of Auditory and Visual Intensities
Authors: Smith Kendon , Hardy Ann Howell
Published: October 2006

Thirty-six subjects were instructed to equate the loudness of a pure tone with the brightness of an illuminated field. Eighteen of the subjects had been given brief preliminary experience with tones of low intensity; the remaining 18, with tones of high intensity. A significant and substantial effect upon equation was demonstrated.
Predictions of the Growth Model for Normal Chicken Growth
Authors: Kavanau J. Lee
Published: October 2006

The model of growth control advanced by Weiss and Kavanau has been further evaluated with an I.B.M. 7090 computer. Predictions for the concentration of growth-inhibiting substances and their quantitative distribution in the animal are in good agreement with known developmental changes. Results are being used to predict the course of compensatory organ growth in the immature animal.