bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression profiling of mouse subplate reveals a dynamic gene network and disease association with autism and schizophrenia
Authors: Hoerder-Suabedissen Anna , Oeschger Franziska M. , Krishnan Michelle L. , Belgard T. Grant , Wang Wei Zhi , Lee Sheena , Webber Caleb , Petretto Enrico , Edwards A. David , Molnár Zoltán
Published: February 2013

The subplate zone is a highly dynamic transient sector of the developing cerebral cortex that contains some of the earliest generated neurons and the first functional synapses of the cerebral cortex. Subplate cells have important functions in early establishment and maturation of thalamocortical connections, as well as in the development of inhibitory cortical circuits in sensory areas. So far no role has been identified for cells in the subplate in the mature brain and disease association of the subplate-specific genes has not been analyzed systematically. Here we present gene expression evidence for distinct roles of the mouse subplate across development as well as unique molecular markers to extend the repertoire of subplate labels. Performing systematic comparisons between different ages (embryonic days 15 and 18, postnatal day 8, and adult), we reveal the dynamic and constant features of the markers labeling subplate cells during embryonic and early postnatal development and in the adult. This can be visualized using the online database of subplate gene expression at
https://molnar.dpag.ox.ac.uk/subplate/
. We also identify embryonic similarities in gene expression between the ventricular zones, intermediate zone, and subplate, and distinct postnatal similarities between subplate, layer 5, and layers 2/3. The genes expressed in a subplate-specific manner at some point during development show a statistically significant enrichment for association with autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. Our report emphasizes the importance of the study of transient features of the developing brain to better understand neurodevelopmental disorders.
Cholinergic signaling in the hippocampus regulates social stress resilience and anxiety- and depression-like behavior
Authors: Mineur Yann S. , Obayemi Adetokunbo , Wigestrand Mattis B. , Fote Gianna M. , Calarco Cali A. , Li Alice M. , Picciotto Marina R.
Published: February 2013

Symptoms of depression can be induced in humans through blockade of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) whereas antidepressant-like effects can be produced in animal models and some clinical trials by limiting activity of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors. Thus, ACh signaling could contribute to the etiology of mood regulation. To test this hypothesis, we administered the AChE inhibitor physostigmine to mice and demonstrated an increase in anxiety- and depression-like behaviors that was reversed by administration of nicotinic or muscarinic antagonists. The behavioral effects of physostigmine were also reversed by administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Administration of fluoxetine also increased AChE activity throughout the brain, with the greatest change in the hippocampus. To determine whether cholinergic signaling in the hippocampus could contribute to the systemic effects of cholinergic drugs, we infused physostigmine or virally delivered shRNAs targeting AChE into the hippocampus. Both pharmacological and molecular genetic decreases in hippocampal AChE activity increased anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and decreased resilience to repeated stress in a social defeat paradigm. The behavioral changes due to shRNA-mediated knockdown of AChE were rescued by coinfusion of an shRNA-resistant AChE transgene into the hippocampus and reversed by systemic administration of fluoxetine. These data demonstrate that ACh signaling in the hippocampus promotes behaviors related to anxiety and depression. The sensitivity of these effects to fluoxetine suggests that shRNA-mediated knockdown of hippocampal AChE represents a model for anxiety- and depression-like phenotypes. Furthermore, abnormalities in the cholinergic system may be critical for the etiology of mood disorders and could represent an endophenotype of depression.
Peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesia depends on the COX increase in the dorsal root ganglion
Authors: Araldi Dionéia , Ferrari Luiz Fernando , Lotufo Celina Monteiro , Vieira André Schwambach , Athié Maria Carolina Pedro , Figueiredo Jozi Godoy , Duarte Djane Braz , Tambeli Claudia Herrera , Ferreira Sérgio Henrique , Parada Carlos Amilcar
Published: February 2013

It is well established that dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells synthesize prostaglandin. However, the role that prostaglandin plays in the inflammatory hyperalgesia of peripheral tissue has not been established. Recently, we have successfully established a technique to inject drugs (3 μL) directly into the L5-DRG of rats, allowing in vivo identification of the role that DRG cell-derived COX-1 and COX-2 play in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia of peripheral tissue. IL-1β (0.5 pg) or carrageenan (100 ng) was administered in the L5-peripheral field of rat hindpaw and mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated after 3 h. Administration of a nonselective COX inhibitor (indomethacin), selective COX-1 (valeryl salicylate), or selective COX-2 (SC-236) inhibitors into the L5-DRG prevented the hyperalgesia induced by IL-1β. Similarly, oligodeoxynucleotide-antisense against COX-1 or COX-2, but not oligodeoxynucleotide-mismatch, decreased their respective expressions in the L5-DRG and prevented the hyperalgesia induced by IL-1β in the hindpaw. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that the amount of COX-1 and COX-2, constitutively expressed in TRPV-1+cells of the DRG, significantly increased after carrageenan or IL-1β administration. In addition, indomethacin administered into the L5-DRG prevented the increase of PKCε expression in DRG membrane cells induced by carrageenan. Finally, the administration of EP1/EP2 (7.5 ng) or EP4 (10 µg) receptor antagonists into L5-DRG prevented the hyperalgesia induced by IL-1β in the hindpaw. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the inflammatory hyperalgesia in peripheral tissue depends on activation of COX-1 and COX-2 in C-fibers, which contribute to the induction and maintenance of sensitization of primary sensory neurons.
Tapasin-related protein TAPBPR is an additional component of the MHC class I presentation pathway
Authors: Boyle Louise H. , Hermann Clemens , Boname Jessica M. , Porter Keith M. , Patel Peysh A. , Burr Marian L. , Duncan Lidia M. , Harbour Michael E. , Rhodes David A. , Skjødt Karsten , Lehner Paul J. , Trowsdale John
Published: February 2013

Tapasin is an integral component of the peptide-loading complex (PLC) important for efficient peptide loading onto MHC class I molecules. We investigated the function of the tapasin-related protein, TAPBPR. Like tapasin, TAPBPR is widely expressed, IFN-γ–inducible, and binds to MHC class I coupled with β2-microglobulin in the endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast to tapasin, TAPBPR does not bind ERp57 or calreticulin and is not an integral component of the PLC. β2-microglobulin is essential for the association between TAPBPR and MHC class I. However, the association between TAPBPR and MHC class I occurs in the absence of a functional PLC, suggesting peptide is not required. Expression of TAPBPR decreases the rate of MHC class I maturation through the secretory pathway and prolongs the association of MHC class I on the PLC. The TAPBPR:MHC class I complex trafficks through the Golgi apparatus, demonstrating a function of TAPBPR beyond the endoplasmic reticulum/cis-Golgi. The identification of TAPBPR as an additional component of the MHC class I antigen-presentation pathway demonstrates that mechanisms controlling MHC class I expression remain incompletely understood.
Coupling mutagenesis and parallel deep sequencing to probe essential residues in a genome or gene
Authors: Robins William P. , Faruque Shah M. , Mekalanos John J.
Published: February 2013

Significance

In this work we present a technique called Mut-seq. We show that a very large population of genomes or genes can be mutagenized, selected for growth, and then sequenced to determine which genes or residues are probably essential. Here we have applied this method to T7 bacteriophage and T7-like virus JSF7 of
Vibrio cholerae
. All essential T7 genes have been previously identified and several DNA replication and transcription proteins have solved structures and are well studied, making this a good model. We use this information to correlate mutability at protein residues with known essentiality, conservation, and predicted structural importance.
Targeting estrogen receptor β in microglia and T cells to treat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Wu Wan-fu , Tan Xin-jie , Dai Yu-bing , Krishnan Venkatesh , Warner Margaret , Gustafsson Jan-Åke
Published: February 2013

A therapeutic goal in the treatment of certain CNS diseases, including multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson disease, is to down-regulate inflammatory pathways. Inflammatory molecules produced by microglia are responsible for removal of damaged neurons, but can cause collateral damage to normal neurons located close to defective neurons. Although estrogen can inactivate microglia and inhibit the recruitment of T cells and macrophages into the CNS, there is controversy regarding which of the two estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα or ERβ, mediates the beneficial effects in microglia. In this study, we found that ERβ, but not ERα, is expressed in microglia. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in SJL/J mice, we evaluated the benefit of an ERβ agonist as a modulator of neuroinflammation. Treatment of EAE mice with LY3201, a selective ERβ agonist provided by Eli Lilly, resulted in marked reduction of activated microglia in the spinal cord. LY3201 down-regulated the nuclear transcription factor NF
-
κB, as well as the NF-κB–induced gene inducible nitric oxide synthase in microglia and CD3
+
T cells. In addition, LY3201 inhibited T-cell reactivity through regulation of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase. In the EAE model, treatment with LY3201 decreased mortality in the first 2 wk after disease onset, and also reduced the severity of symptoms in mice surviving for 4 wk. Our data show that ERβ-selective agonists, by modulating the immune system in both microglia and T cells, offer promise as a useful class of drugs for treating degenerative diseases of the CNS.
Interaction phenomena in graphene seen through quantum capacitance
Authors: Yu G. L. , Jalil R. , Belle Branson , Mayorov Alexander S. , Blake Peter , Schedin Frederick , Morozov Sergey V. , Ponomarenko Leonid A. , Chiappini F. , Wiedmann S. , Zeitler Uli , Katsnelson Mikhail I. , Geim A. K. , Novoselov Kostya S. , Elias Daniel C.
Published: February 2013

Capacitance measurements provide a powerful means of probing the density of states. The technique has proved particularly successful in studying 2D electron systems, revealing a number of interesting many-body effects. Here, we use large-area high-quality graphene capacitors to study behavior of the density of states in this material in zero and high magnetic fields. Clear renormalization of the linear spectrum due to electron–electron interactions is observed in zero field. Quantizing fields lead to splitting of the spin- and valley-degenerate Landau levels into quartets separated by interaction-enhanced energy gaps. These many-body states exhibit negative compressibility but the compressibility returns to positive in ultrahigh B. The reentrant behavior is attributed to a competition between field-enhanced interactions and nascent fractional states.
Severity of cardiomyopathy associated with adenine nucleotide translocator-1 deficiency correlates with mtDNA haplogroup
Authors: Strauss Kevin A. , DuBiner Lauren , Simon Mariella , Zaragoza Michael , Sengupta Partho P. , Li Peng , Narula Navneet , Dreike Sandra , Platt Julia , Procaccio Vincent , Ortiz-González Xilma R. , Puffenberger Erik G. , Kelley Richard I. , Morton D. Holmes , Narula Jagat , Wallace Douglas C.
Published: February 2013

Mutations of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)–encoded mitochondrial proteins can cause cardiomyopathy associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Hence, the cardiac phenotype of nuclear DNA mitochondrial mutations might be modulated by mtDNA variation. We studied a 13-generation Mennonite pedigree with autosomal recessive myopathy and cardiomyopathy due to an
SLC25A4
frameshift null mutation (c.523delC, p.Q175RfsX38), which codes for the heart-muscle isoform of the adenine nucleotide translocator–1. Ten homozygous null (adenine nucleotide translocator–1
−/−
) patients monitored over a median of 6 years had a phenotype of progressive myocardial thickening, hyperalaninemia, lactic acidosis, exercise intolerance, and persistent adrenergic activation. Electrocardiography and echocardiography with velocity vector imaging revealed abnormal contractile mechanics, myocardial repolarization abnormalities, and impaired left ventricular relaxation. End-stage heart disease was characterized by massive, symmetric, concentric cardiac hypertrophy; widespread cardiomyocyte degeneration; overabundant and structurally abnormal mitochondria; extensive subendocardial interstitial fibrosis; and marked hypertrophy of arteriolar smooth muscle. Substantial variability in the progression and severity of heart disease segregated with maternal lineage, and sequencing of mtDNA from five maternal lineages revealed two major European haplogroups, U and H. Patients with the haplogroup U mtDNAs had more rapid and severe cardiomyopathy than those with haplogroup H.
Rudeness and Revilement: Russian–Iranian Relations in the Mid-Seventeenth Century
Authors: Matthee Rudi
Published: February 2013

This article examines the nature of Iranian–Russian diplomatic relations in the half century after the death of Shah ᶜAbbas I in 1629, probing the conflicts and mutual interests that prompted the two states to exchange envoys in this period of diminishing high-level contact. In particular, it seeks to reconstruct the Russian mission that visited the court of Shah ᶜAbbas II in 1664. By all accounts, this mission was treated in a most humiliating way in Isfahan, seemingly in accordance with what outsiders describe the contempt the Iranians felt for Russians. A careful examination of the available sources shows that the poor treatment of its members was due as much to concrete geopolitical concerns and anxieties as to the sense of civilizational superiority the Iranians may have felt vis-à-vis Russians.
Endocytosis puts exocytosis in pole position
Authors: Leslie Mitch
Published: February 2013

Researchers find that endocytosis confines exocytosis to narrow zone during cell polarization.
Microtubule-organizing center formation at telomeres induces meiotic telomere clustering
Authors: Yoshida Masashi , Katsuyama Satoshi , Tateho Kazuki , Nakamura Hiroto , Miyoshi Junpei , Ohba Tatsunori , Matsuhara Hirotada , Miki Futaba , Okazaki Koei , Haraguchi Tokuko , Niwa Osami , Hiraoka Yasushi , Yamamoto Ayumu
Published: February 2013

During meiosis, telomeres cluster and promote homologous chromosome pairing. Telomere clustering requires the interaction of telomeres with the nuclear membrane proteins SUN (Sad1/UNC-84) and KASH (Klarsicht/ANC-1/Syne homology). The mechanism by which telomeres gather remains elusive. In this paper, we show that telomere clustering in fission yeast depends on microtubules and the microtubule motors, cytoplasmic dynein, and kinesins. Furthermore, the γ-tubulin complex (γ-TuC) is recruited to SUN- and KASH-localized telomeres to form a novel microtubule-organizing center that we termed the “telocentrosome.” Telocentrosome formation depends on the γ-TuC regulator Mto1 and on the KASH protein Kms1, and depletion of either Mto1 or Kms1 caused severe telomere clustering defects. In addition, the dynein light chain (DLC) contributes to telocentrosome formation, and simultaneous depletion of DLC and dynein also caused severe clustering defects. Thus, the telocentrosome is essential for telomere clustering. We propose that telomere-localized SUN and KASH induce telocentrosome formation and that subsequent microtubule motor-dependent aggregation of telocentrosomes via the telocentrosome-nucleated microtubules causes telomere clustering.
The ladder-shaped polyether toxin gambierol anchors the gating machinery of Kv3.1 channels in the resting state
Authors: Kopljar Ivan , Labro Alain J. , de Block Tessa , Rainier Jon D. , Tytgat Jan , Snyders Dirk J.
Published: February 2013

Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) and sodium (Nav) channels are key determinants of cellular excitability and serve as targets of neurotoxins. Most marine ciguatoxins potentiate Nav channels and cause ciguatera seafood poisoning. Several ciguatoxins have also been shown to affect Kv channels, and we showed previously that the ladder-shaped polyether toxin gambierol is a potent Kv channel inhibitor. Most likely, gambierol acts via a lipid-exposed binding site, located outside the K+ permeation pathway. However, the mechanism by which gambierol inhibits Kv channels remained unknown. Using gating and ionic current analysis to investigate how gambierol affected S6 gate opening and voltage-sensing domain (VSD) movements, we show that the resting (closed) channel conformation forms the high-affinity state for gambierol. The voltage dependence of activation was shifted by >120 mV in the depolarizing direction, precluding channel opening in the physiological voltage range. The (early) transitions between the resting and the open state were monitored with gating currents, and provided evidence that strong depolarizations allowed VSD movement up to the activated-not-open state. However, for transition to the fully open (ion-conducting) state, the toxin first needed to dissociate. These dissociation kinetics were markedly accelerated in the activated-not-open state, presumably because this state displayed a much lower affinity for gambierol. A tetrameric concatemer with only one high-affinity binding site still displayed high toxin sensitivity, suggesting that interaction with a single binding site prevented the concerted step required for channel opening. We propose a mechanism whereby gambierol anchors the channel’s gating machinery in the resting state, requiring more work from the VSD to open the channel. This mechanism is quite different from the action of classical gating modifier peptides (e.g., hanatoxin). Therefore, polyether toxins open new opportunities in structure–function relationship studies in Kv channels and in drug design to modulate channel function.
Intersection theory in differential algebraic geometry: Generic intersections and the differential Chow form
Authors: Gao Xiao-Shan , Li Wei , Yuan Chun-Ming
Published: February 2013

In this paper, an intersection theory for generic differential polynomials is presented. The intersection of an irreducible differential variety of dimension

d
d

and order

h
h

with a generic differential hypersurface of order

s
s

is shown to be an irreducible variety of dimension

d
−
1

d-1

and order

h
+
s

h+s

. As a consequence, the dimension conjecture for generic differential polynomials is proved. Based on intersection theory, the Chow form for an irreducible differential variety is defined and most of the properties of the Chow form in the algebraic case are established for its differential counterpart. Furthermore, the generalized differential Chow form is defined and its properties are proved. As an application of the generalized differential Chow form, the differential resultant of

n
+
1

n+1

generic differential polynomials in

n
n

variables is defined and properties similar to that of the Macaulay resultant for multivariate polynomials are proved.
Association of Little cherry virus 1 (LChV1) with the Shirofugen Stunt Disease and Characterization of the Genome of a Divergent LChV1 Isolate
Authors: Candresse Thierry , Marais Armelle , Faure Chantal , Gentit Pascal
Published: February 2013

Double-stranded RNAs purified from the V2356 (‘Successa’) sour cherry source of the Shirofugen stunt disease (SSD) were sequenced using a 454 pyrosequencing multiplex approach. The 15,646 reads obtained were assembled into 279 contigs, 5 of which, totaling almost 16.9 kbp and 5,332 reads (34% of sample reads), showed high Blast scores and homology to Little cherry virus 1 (LChV1). The five contigs were further assembled manually into three supercontigs spanning the full LChV1 genome with only two small gaps (17 and 55 bases). Completion of the sequencing of the viral genome was performed using targeted polymerase chain reaction and primers designed from the contigs. No evidence for the presence of other viral agents in the V2356 source could be obtained in the remaining contigs or singletons. The V2356 LChV1 isolate is only ≈76% identical with the reference complete LChV1 sequences and, in particular, with the ITMAR isolate associated with the Kwanzan stunting syndrome. However, it is highly homologous (97 to 100% identity) in two short genome regions with divergent LChV1 from North America, providing the first complete sequence for such divergent isolates. Although not providing a definite proof, the failure to detect any other viral agent in the V2356 SSD source and the identification of LChV1 in a second, independent, source of the disease suggests that LChV1 isolates could be responsible for the SSD syndrome.
The Benzodiazepine Diazepam Potentiates Responses of α1β2γ2L γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors Activated by either γ-Aminobutyric Acid or Allosteric Agonists
Authors: Li Ping , Eaton Megan M. , Steinbach Joe Henry , Akk Gustav
Published: February 2013

Background:

The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor is a target for several anesthetics, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, and sedatives. Neurosteroids, barbiturates, and etomidate both potentiate responses to GABA and allosterically activate the receptor. We examined the ability of a benzodiazepine, diazepam, to potentiate responses to allosteric agonists.

Methods:

The GABA type A receptors were expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and studied using whole-cell and single-channel patch clamp. The receptors were activated by the orthosteric agonist GABA and allosteric agonists pentobarbital, etomidate, and alfaxalone.

Results:

Diazepam is equally potent at enhancing responses to orthosteric and allosteric agonists. Diazepam EC50s were 25 ± 4, 26 ± 6, 33 ± 6, and 26 ± 3 nm for receptors activated by GABA, pentobarbital, etomidate, and alfaxalone, respectively (mean ± SD, 5–6 cells at each condition). Mutations to the benzodiazepine-binding site (α1(H101C), γ2(R144C), γ2(R197C)) reduced or removed potentiation for all agonists, and an inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine site reduced responses to all agonists. Single-channel data elicited by GABA demonstrate that in the presence of 1 μm diazepam the prevalence of the longest open-time component is increased from 13 ± 7 (mean ± SD, n = 5 patches) to 27 ± 8% (n = 3 patches) and the rate of channel closing is decreased from 129 ± 28 s−1 to 47 ± 6 s−1 (mean±SD)

Conclusions:

We conclude that benzodiazepines do not act by enhancing affinity of the orthosteric site for GABA but rather by increasing channel gating efficacy. The results also demonstrate the presence of interactions between allosteric activators and potentiators, raising a possibility of effects on dosage requirements or changes in side effects.
Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease
Authors: Zhang Bingnan , Porto Anthony F.
Published: February 2013

Objective:

LIPA gene mutations result in deficiency of lysosomal acid lipase and present phenotypically as Wolman disease or cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) depending on the level of deficiency. Patients with CESD may often be misdiagnosed because symptoms may be nonspecific. Symptoms may present in infancy if there is complete loss of lysosomal acid lipase or in early childhood or adulthood when there is partial loss. The purpose of the present study is to review the literature for pediatric cases of CESD to better understand the phenotype of CESD.

Methods:

A PubMed search of all English‐language publications from 1966 through June 2012 for pediatric CESD case reports using the following key words CESD, fatty liver, and NAFLD was performed. All of the cases were reviewed and information regarding age, sex, presenting symptoms, and pertinent laboratory tests were recorded.

Results:

Seventy‐one cases were culled from 39 published case reports. Nearly two‐thirds of these patients presented with their first symptoms when they were younger than 5 years. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were common features. Serum transaminases and lipids were often elevated. Gastrointestinal symptoms were noted in approximately one‐third of cases. Two‐thirds of patients had liver fibrosis.

Conclusions:

CESD has an estimated incidence as high as 1 in 40,000, which means that it is presently underdiagnosed. Education about common symptoms of CESD as well as a higher level of suspicion for screening for CESD will lead to earlier diagnosis. New treatments for CESD including possible enzyme replacement therapy make early diagnosis especially important.
Serum Lipase as an Early Predictor of Severity in Pediatric Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Coffey Michael J. , Nightingale Scott , Ooi Chee Y.
Published: February 2013

Objectives:

Pediatric pancreatitis remains poorly understood despite increasing incidence and risk of morbidity and mortality. Present predictive scores for severe pediatric acute pancreatitis (AP) are either extrapolated from adults or difficult to use in practice. We aimed to identify laboratory parameters for early prediction of severity of the course of pediatric AP.

Methods:

A retrospective review of children with AP (January 2000–July 2011) was performed at 2 pediatric hospitals. Predictors of severe AP using laboratory parameters measured within 24 hours of presentation were derived in the cohort from one institution and validated in the other.

Results:

A total of 131 pancreatitis episodes, 73 (34% severe) and 58 (24% severe) in the derivation and validation cohorts respectively, were reviewed. In the derivation cohort, serum lipase was significantly higher in severe versus mild AP (median [interquartile range] 18.1 [9.2–39.1] vs 4.9 (3.2–13.3) × upper limit of normal [ULN]; P = 0.002). Logistic regression analysis in the derivation cohort showed serum lipase ≥7 × ULN to be predictive of severe AP. This finding was confirmed in the validation cohort. Based on the combined derivation and validation data, serum lipase ≥7 × ULN was associated with an odds ratio of 7.1 (95% confidence interval 2.5–20.5; P < 0.001) for developing severe AP. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were 85%, 56%, 46%, 89%, 1.939, and 0.27, respectively.

Conclusions:

Serum lipase ≥7 × ULN within 24 hours of presentation may be a simple clinical predictor of severe AP in children. Lipase levels below this threshold are strongly associated with a milder course.
Cytokinins as key regulators in plant–microbe–insect interactions: connecting plant growth and defence
Authors: Giron David , Frago Enric , Glevarec Gaëlle , Pieterse Corné M. J. , Dicke Marcel
Published: February 2013

Plant hormones play important roles in regulating plant growth and defence by mediating developmental processes and signalling networks involved in plant responses to a wide range of parasitic and mutualistic biotic interactions.

Plants are known to rapidly respond to pathogen and herbivore attack by reconfiguring their metabolism to reduce pathogen/herbivore food acquisition. This involves the production of defensive plant secondary compounds, but also an alteration of the plant primary metabolism to fuel the energetic requirements of the direct defence.

Cytokinins are plant hormones that play a key role in plant morphology, plant defence, leaf senescence and source–sink relationships. They are involved in numerous plant–biotic interactions.

These phytohormones may have been the target of arthropods and pathogens over the course of the evolutionary arms race between plants and their biotic partners to hijack the plant metabolism, control its physiology and/or morphology and successfully invade the plant. In the case of arthropods, cytokinin‐induced phenotypes can be mediated by their bacterial symbionts, giving rise to intricate plant–microbe–insect interactions.

Cytokinin‐mediated effects strongly impact not only plant growth and defence but also the whole community of insect and pathogen species sharing the same plant by facilitating or preventing plant invasion. This suggests that cytokinins (CKs) are key regulators of the plant growth‐defence trade‐off and highlights the complexity of the finely balanced responses that plants use while facing both invaders and mutualists.
Explaining adherence to self‐care behaviours amongst adolescents with food allergy: A comparison of the health belief model and the common sense self‐regulation model
Authors: Jones Christina J. , Smith Helen E. , Frew Anthony J. , Toit George Du , Mukhopadhyay Somnath , Llewellyn Carrie D.
Published: February 2013

Objectives

To identify explanations for adherence to self‐care behaviours amongst adolescents with food allergy–induced anaphylaxis using two social cognition models: the health belief model (HBM) and the common sense self‐regulation model (CS‐SRM).

Design

Cross‐sectional self‐completion questionnaire study to gain initial evidence of the two models' feasibility/effectiveness in explaining adherence in an adolescent food‐allergic population.

Methods

Participants aged 13–19 years with a diagnosis of severe food allergy and a prescription of an adrenaline auto‐injector were recruited from hospital outpatients. Adherence to self‐care behaviours was measured in addition to constructs from the HBM and CS‐SRM.

Results

One hundred and eighty‐eight food‐allergic adolescents completed the questionnaire. The HBM, specifically the constructs perceived severity and barriers, accounted for 21% of the explained variance in adherence behaviours. CS‐SRM constructs, illness identity, timeline cyclical beliefs and emotional representations explained 25% of the variance.

Conclusions

Both models performed similarly in explaining adherence to self‐care behaviours in adolescents with food allergy. Interventions designed to elicit personal barriers to adherence and to address perceptions of severity and the unpredictable nature of symptoms may be more effective in improving adherence to self‐care behaviours than current interventions.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject? Patients' poor management of food allergy induced anaphylaxis is commonly attributed to lack of knowledge and ability in using the adrenaline auto‐injector. Adherence to recommended preventive self‐care behaviours, like allergen avoidance and carrying emergency medication, are rarely assessed. Social Cognition Models (SCMs) have been successfully applied to a number of adherence‐related studies in disease conditions such as asthma and diabetes, but have not yet been applied to food allergy induced anaphylaxis.

What does this study add?

This is the first large‐scale quantitative study of adherence behaviours in adolescents with food allergy.

This is the first study to apply theoretical models to explain adherence in the adolescent food allergic population.

This is the first application of both models to food allergy, and the first to compare the two models' measurement instruments.
Implicit Theories of Personality and Attributions of Hostile Intent: A Meta‐Analysis, an Experiment, and a Longitudinal Intervention
Authors: Yeager David S. , Miu Adriana S. , Powers Joseph , Dweck Carol S.
Published: February 2013

Past research has shown that hostile schemas and adverse experiences predict the hostile attributional bias. This research proposes that seemingly nonhostile beliefs (implicit theories about the malleability of personality) may also play a role in shaping it. Study 1 meta‐analytically summarized 11 original tests of this hypothesis (N = 1,659), and showed that among diverse adolescents aged 13–16 a fixed or entity theory about personality traits predicted greater hostile attributional biases, which mediated an effect on aggressive desires. Study 2 experimentally changed adolescents' implicit theories toward a malleable or incremental view and showed a reduction in hostile intent attributions. Study 3 delivered an incremental theory intervention that reduced hostile intent attributions and aggressive desires over an 8‐month period.
Options and outcome for reconstruction after extended left hemicolectomy
Authors: Dumont F. , Da Re C. , Goéré D. , Honoré C. , Elias D.
Published: February 2013

Aim

A tension‐free anastomosis is required to minimize anastomotic leakage after an extended left colectomy when the residual transverse colon is too short to spontaneously reach the pelvis. To resolve this problem, colonic rotation with a right colonic transposition (RCT) or even with a complete intestinal derotation (CID) is mandatory. This study compared these two techniques.

Method

Between January 2001 and December 2011, 39 patients had undergone right colonic transposition (n = 29) or complete intestinal derotation (n = 10) after an extended left colectomy. All anastomotic complications had been recorded during the follow up.

Results

No differences were found between right colonic transposition and complete intestinal derotation in terms of patient characteristics, surgical indications, therapeutic features and risk factors for anastomotic leakage (sex, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) score, diabetes, bevacizumab use, colorectal anastomotic level or protective stoma use). Ligature of the middle colic artery was significantly more frequent with right colonic transposition than with complete intestinal derotation (82.7% vs 50%; P = 0.04). An additional colonic resection tended to be required more often in the right colonic transposition group than in the complete intestinal derotation group (55.1% vs 20%; P = 0.054). The anastomotic complication rate was 10.2% and was not significantly different between right colonic transposition and complete intestinal derotation (6.9% vs 20%, P = 0.24).

Conclusion

Both colonic rotation techniques are feasible and safe. The right colonic transposition and complete intestinal derotation techniques yielded similar results in terms of colorectal anastomotic complications, but right colonic transposition required ligature of the middle colic artery and additional colonic resection tended to be required more frequently.
Gender, labour and the law: the nexus of domestic work, human trafficking and the informal economy in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: MAHDAVI PARDIS
Published: February 2013

Based on ethnographic fieldwork with female migrants in the United Arab Emirates, the focus of this article is on the confluence of human trafficking discourses, gendered migration, domestic work and sex work in the UAE. I explore three main findings. First, domestic work and sex work are not mutually exclusive. Second, women choose to enter sex work in preference to domestic work because of poor working conditions in the latter. Third, global policies on human trafficking that seek to restrict female migration have inspired female migrants in the Gulf in search of higher wages and increased autonomy to look for employment in the informal economy. Employing a theoretical lens that emphasizes structural violence, the article chronicles the individual and macro social factors structuring the transition of female migrants from the formal economy of domestic and care work into the informal economy of sex work.
Internships: An Established Mechanism for Increasing Employability
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L. , Stone Nancy J. , Kottke Janet L.
Published: February 2013

In their lead article, Hogan, Chamorro-Premuzic, and Kaiser (2013) suggested that the topic of employability has been below the radar of most, if not all, industrial–organizational (I–O) psychologists' research activities. Although we agree that research addressing employability is scarce in the mainstream I–O journals, we argue that I–O psychologists involved in the training of future I–O psychologists have addressed the employability of their graduates as a sustainability factor for I–O graduate programs (Munson, Phillips, Clark, & Mueller-Hanson, 2004). In addition, those who teach undergraduates, including undergraduates with an interest in the I–O area, also establish internships to enhance the employability of their graduates (e.g., Bott, Stuhlmacher, & Powaser, 2006; Carducci et al., 1987).
Gone Fishing: I–O Psychologists' Missed Opportunities to Understand Marginalized Employees' Experiences With Discrimination
Authors: Ruggs Enrica N. , Hebl Michelle R. , Law Charlie , Cox Cody B. , Roehling Mark V. , Wiener Richard L.
Published: February 2013

This article focuses attention on research examining workplace discrimination against employees from marginalized groups. We particularly consider the experiences of seven different groups of marginalized individuals, some of which have legal protection and some of which do not but all of whom we feel have been overlooked by the field of industrial–organizational (I–O) psychology. We briefly describe the importance of studying each group and then delineate the brief amount of research that has been conducted. Finally, we make recommendations for I–O psychologists in terms of research and advocacy. Overall, we argue that I–O psychologists are missing an opportunity to be at the forefront of understanding and instigating changes that would result in maximizing the fairness and optimization of these often forgotten employees and their experiences in the workplace.
Yes, We're Fishing—In Rough Waters for Hard-to-Find Fish
Authors: Thompson Rebecca , Bergman Mindy , Culbertson Satoris S. , Huffman Ann H.
Published: February 2013

In their focal article, Ruggs et al. (2013) outline the missed opportunities for researchers within industrial–organizational (I–O) psychology in examining marginalized employees. The authors identify seven groups as having been overlooked by I–O psychologists and thus deserving greater attention in the future. They conclude their focal article by noting that, “Instead of being on the front line serving as scientists and allies for those who are marginalized and treated poorly, we have let these individuals take a backseat while we have gone fishing.” We disagree with this assertion. It is not that we have gone fishing and ignored marginalized employees. Rather, we have gone fishing, in rough waters, to locate hard-to-find fish. We are not purposefully ignoring marginalized employees. On the contrary, we are conducting research while battling numerical representation issues and ethical and administration issues. The focus of our commentary is to highlight these challenges and offer suggestions for addressing them in an effort to assist researchers in actually doing what the authors of the focal article are calling for them to do—to successfully engage in more focused research on these under-represented members of the workforce.
Casting a Wider Net: Recommendations for the Study of Broad Discrimination Experiences
Authors: Joseph Dana L. , Rousis Gregory J.
Published: February 2013

In the end, antiblack, antifemale, and all forms of discrimination are equivalent to the same thing—antihumanism.

–Shirley Chisholm (The first African American woman elected to Congress)

Ruggs et al. (2013) have provided an indispensable wake-up call to the organizational sciences as they argue that the field's previous research on employee discrimination experiences has failed to capture the full spectrum of discriminatory behaviors in the workplace. They posit that industrial and organizational psychologists have “gone fishing” in the field of discrimination research, a reference to our scholarly ignorance of the discrimination experienced by seven groups of marginalized employees (i.e., non-Black racial minorities, LGBT individuals, older workers, disabled individuals, overweight employees, religious minorities, and workers at risk of marital status discrimination). In doing so, Ruggs et al. have taken what we believe is a critical first step in advancing the field by assembling a discussion of (arguably) all discrimination experiences into a consolidated treatise on discrimination research.
Age Discrimination Research Is Alive and Well, Even If It Doesn't Live Where You'd Expect
Authors: Finkelstein Lisa , Truxillo Donald
Published: February 2013

We agree with Ruggs and colleagues (2013) that age discrimination has been studied less in industrial and organizational (I–O) psychology in comparison to gender and race. We can, in fact, recall a number of articles on either age discrimination or age diversity that state that very fact in their introductory paragraphs. Age was for many years relegated to demographic control variable status. However, there has been an increase in research attention in I–O to age discrimination and diversity issues in the last couple of decades, even if it doesn't happen to appear with much regularity in the specific selection of reputable journals highlighted in this focal piece.
Immigrants: A Forgotten Minority
Authors: Binggeli Steve , Dietz Joerg , Krings Franciska
Published: February 2013

Employment discrimination against immigrants—the unfair behavioral biases against residents of a country who were born abroad, do not possess the local citizenship, and yet live there permanently—remains a vastly understudied topic in industrial and organizational (I–O) psychology, despite several calls over the past 30 years for such research (Bell, Kwesiga, & Berry, 2010; Dietz, 2010; Hirschman, 1982; Pettigrew, 1998). A search for articles published in the same seven top journals selected by Ruggs et al. (2013) in their timely article did not yield a single article that focused on discrimination against immigrants. Recent reviews of employment discrimination (Dipboye & Colella, 2005; Goldman, Gutek, Stein, & Lewis, 2006) also did not mention immigrants and neither did Ruggs et al.
Application of Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) MRI for Endogenous Contrast at 7 Tesla
Authors: Dula Adrienne N. , Smith Seth A. , Gore John C.
Published: February 2013

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indirectly images exchangeable solute protons resonating at frequencies different than bulk water. These solute protons are selectively saturated using low bandwidth RF irradiation and saturation is transferred to bulk water protons via chemical exchange, resulting in an attenuation of the measured water proton signal. CEST MRI is an advanced MRI technique with wide application potential due to the ability to examine complex molecular contributions. CEST MRI at high field (7 Tesla [7 T]) will improve the overall results due to increase in signal, T1 relaxation time, and chemical shift dispersion. Increased field strength translates to enhanced quantification of the metabolite of interest, allowing more fundamental studies on underlying pathophysiology. CEST contrast is affected by several tissue properties, such as the concentrations of exchange partners and their rate of proton exchange, whose effects have been examined and explored in this review. We have highlighted the background of CEST MRI, typical implementation strategy, and complications at 7 T.
Very High Volume Fly Ash Cements. Early Age Hydration Study Using Na2SO4 as an Activator
Authors: Donatello Shane , Fernández‐Jimenez Ana , Palomo Angel
Published: February 2013

The early age ambient temperature hydration of a hybrid cement formulation containing very high volumes of coal fly ash (~80% by dry mass) and activated by Na2SO4 is presented. The Na2SO4 salt acts as a safe and convenient in situ source of alkali to activate fly ash glassy phases without undesirable effects on cement clinker hydration. Comparison to a reference paste with gypsum instead of sodium sulfate revealed that Na2SO4 reduced setting times, shortened the induction period, and increased early alite hydration and compressive strength development, but also restricted ettringite formation. When replacing the active fly ash component for milled sand of a similar particle size, the Na2SO4‐activated pastes set even quicker, no ettringite was observed, and early strengths were considerably reduced. Possible reaction mechanisms in the hybrid pastes are discussed.
Crystallization Atmosphere and Substrate Effects on the Phase and Texture of Chemical Solution Deposited Strontium Niobate Thin Films
Authors: Campion Michael J. , Brown‐Shaklee Harlan J. , Rodriguez Mark A. , Richardson Jacob J. , Clem Paul G. , Ihlefeld Jon F.
Published: February 2013

Strontium niobate (Sr:Nb = 1:1) thin films were prepared via chemical solution deposition on (001)‐oriented SrTiO3, (001)p‐oriented LaAlO3, (0001)‐oriented sapphire, and polycrystalline alumina substrates. Crystallization in oxygen at 1000°C yielded Sr2Nb2O7 films on all substrates with strong (010) orientation. Films on LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 single‐crystal substrates possessed a small amount of preferred in‐plane orientation, whereas films prepared on sapphire and polycrystalline alumina substrates were fiber textured. Films crystallized at 900°C in a low oxygen atmosphere (~10−21 atm pO2) formed a randomly oriented polycrystalline perovskite, SrNbO3−δ on all substrates. A similar set of films crystallized at 900°C at a slightly higher oxygen partial pressure (~10−15 atm pO2) was comprised of Sr2Nb2O7 and SrNbO3−δ phases, exposing the dependence of phase formation on oxygen partial pressure. When subjected to a high‐temperature anneal in oxygen, the SrNbO3−δ phase is shown to transform into Sr2Nb2O7, however, Sr2Nb2O7 did not significantly reverse transform into SrNbO3−δ after annealing in low oxygen partial pressure atmospheres.
Micromolding of Calcium Carbonate Using a Bio‐Inspired, Coacervation‐Mediated Process
Authors: Kaempfe Paulina , Lauth Victor R. , Halfer Torben , Treccani Laura , Maas Michael , Rezwan Kurosch
Published: February 2013

Based on a novel approach that takes into account the coacervation of calcium and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), we were able to biomimetically produce molded micropatterned parts from amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) particles. We studied the time‐ and concentration‐dependent growth of Ca2+/PAA coacervate droplets using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and turbidity measurements. Applying these results for the generation of high amounts of unstable ACC particles, we were able to produce slurries that could be molded into micropatterned casts. The obtained slurries contained both micrometer sized ACC particles and smaller nano‐sized particles. When both types of particles were used for molding, materials with a high surface roughness could be produced, while the micropatterns of the molds could not be reproduced properly. However, by removing the bigger particles from the slurry using only the smaller, unstable, ACC particles, good reproduction of the micropatterns could be achieved, yielding smooth surfaces with a high surface area. The processing route represents a versatile platform for the bottom‐up preparation of micropatterned ceramics on the basis of calcium carbonate.