bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associations between dust exposure and hospitalizations in a dust-prone city, Lubbock, TX, USA
Authors: Herrera-Molina Estrella , Gill Thomas E. , Ibarra-Mejia Gabriel , Jeon Soyoung , Ardon-Dryer Karin
Published: December 2023

Although it is a growing area of investigation in the Global Dust Belt, only a few population-level studies have evaluated the human health associations of windblown dust in North America. We investigated whether acute, short-term dust exposures (DE), in Lubbock, Texas (a medium-sized, dust-prone city in the southern Great Plains, USA) were associated with significant increases in hospitalizations on the day of the exposure and up to 7 days afterward. We used the distributed lag non-linear models in time series analysis to describe non-linear relationship between response outcomes and the delayed effects of exposure over time. We found that increased relative risks of hospitalizations for multiple conditions were associated with the two DE approaches that occurred between 2010 and 2014. Consistent with prior studies of dust health effects in other cities in North America, we identified increased hospitalization risks in Lubbock due to neurodegenerative, atherosclerosis, renal, respiratory, asthma, mental, stroke, neoplasms, ischemia, hematologic, musculoskeletal, and associated diseases (aggregation of all causes each associated with at least 5% of hospitalizations) at various dust exposure days. Associations were modified by age, gender, day of the week, and holiday effects. As climate change increases water stresses on dryland agriculture and long periods of drought, dust exposures are likely to increase for residents of dryland cities and with it the likelihood of adverse health effects on people with preexisting conditions. Additional investigations are needed for other dust-prone population centers worldwide to document the health effects of dust exposures and investigate their causes.
CTSB Nuclear Translocation Facilitates DNA Damage and Lysosomal Stress to Promote Retinoblastoma Cell Death
Authors: Li Cairui , Sun Shuguang , Zhuang Yanmei , Luo Zhaokui , Ji Guangquan , Liu Zhong
Published: December 2023

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a pernicious tumor originating from photoreceptor precursor cells that often endangers the lives of children. The purpose of our study was to further investigate the influence of cathepsin B (CTSB) nuclear translocation on RB cell death. Y79 cells were injected into the vitreous cavity of nude mice at a dose of 4 µL/mouse to establish an animal model of RB. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT–qPCR), Western blot analysis, a comet assay, a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry were used to measure the levels of the interrelated genes and proteins and to evaluate alterations in autophagy, apoptosis, proliferation, DNA damage and cell cycle arrest. CTSB was found to be expressed at low levels in RB animal model samples and RB cell lines. Functionally, CTSB nuclear translocation promoted DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, ferroptosis and autophagy in Y79 cells and inhibited their proliferation. Downstream mechanistic studies showed that nuclear translocation of CTSB facilitates DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in RB cells by inhibiting breast cancer 1 protein (BRCA1) expression and also activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1 (STAT3/STING1) pathway to induce lysosomal stress, leading to ferroptosis and autophagy in Y79 cells and alleviating RB. Nuclear translocation of CTSB facilitates DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in RB cells by inhibiting BRCA1 expression and activating the STAT3/STING1 pathway and induces lysosomal stress, which eventually leads to ferroptosis and autophagy and mitigates RB.
Natural Occurrence of Fungi and Aflatoxins Associated Sugarcane Plant and Sugarcane Juice and Their Control
Authors: Younos Marwa A. , Embaby E. M.
Published: December 2023

Sugarcane is one of the most important crops in the world. It is also considered the most popular fresh juice in Egypt. The sugar content of the sugarcane stem represents the main source of fungal growth. This study aimed to investigate the natural co-occurrence of fungi in sugarcane plants and juice, test of aflatoxins production by aflatoxigenic fungi, and improve the quality of sugarcane juice. The obtained results indicated a notable decrease in all physical parameters of the naturally infected sugarcane plants. Isolation of fungi from sugarcane plant and juice from three localities revealed that the highest mean fungal count was recorded in sugarcane rootlets (173.55 cfu/cm), followed by sugarcane stem (94.88 cfu/cm), while sugarcane juice had the least mean fungal count (24.33 cfu/mL). The frequency of the isolated fungi associated with sugarcane plant yielded 781 fungal isolates for rootlets, 427 fungal isolates for stems, and 219 fungal isolates for juice. Four isolates of Aspergillus parasiticus were aflatoxins producers. Higher aflatoxin quantity (1434.92 ng/mL) was produced by A. parasiticus (isolate No. 21) from sugarcane stem, while A. parasiticus (isolate No. 5) from sugarcane juice was less aflatoxins producer (276.95 ng/mL). On the other hand, lemon juice showed a significant reduction effect on the fungal count of peeled and non-peeled sugarcane juice. In which the highest reduction percent of the fungal count was recorded with 20% conc. of lemon on peeled sugarcane juice (36.04%).The obtained results concluded that lemon juice was found to decrease the fungal contaminants and improve the quality of sugarcane juice.
Sustainable gelatin bionanocomposite based on multifunctional TiO2/Ag-NPs for parchment preservation
Authors: Saada Nagah S. , Youssef Ahmed. M. , Helmi Fatma Mohamed , Wahba Wafika Noshy , Abdel-Aziz Mohamed S.
Published: December 2023

A significant factor affecting the mechanical, chemical, and visual characteristics of historical parchment is biodeterioration. In order to treat and shield parchment samples from microbial and UV light degradation, gelatin, a biodegradable polymer, loaded with titanium dioxide/silver (TiO2/Ag-NPs) nanocomposites was utilized as a protective coating. TEM and XRD were used to characterize the synthesized nanocomposite, and it was subjected to antimicrobial activity tests, via disc agar plate diffusion and colony-forming units (CFU) technique, against a variety of microbes, including Aspergillus fumigatus N1, Byssochlamys spectabilis N2, Cladosporium xanthochromaticum SPN, and Streptomyces albidoflavus SP11, which had been previously isolated from historical parchment manuscripts. Samples that were not treated served as the negative control, while samples that were separately treated with titanium dioxide and silver served as the positive control. The findings revealed that the TiO2/Ag-NPs/gelatin nanocomposite (NCG) demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial properties in contrast to TiO2NPs, which demonstrated only a minor antimicrobial activity. Investigations were also conducted into the treated parchment’s morphological, chemical, mechanical, and optical qualities. Without compromising any of its characteristics, the prepared film can shield the treated parchment from microbial attack and slow down its accelerated aging process.
Obesity and Leukemia: Biological Mechanisms, Perspectives, and Challenges
Authors: Tsilingiris Dimitrios , Vallianou Natalia G. , Spyrou Nikolaos , Kounatidis Dimitris , Christodoulatos Gerasimos Socrates , Karampela Irene , Dalamaga Maria
Published: December 2023

Purpose of Review

To examine the epidemiological data on obesity and leukemia; evaluate the effect of obesity on leukemia outcomes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors; assess the potential mechanisms through which obesity may increase the risk of leukemia; and provide the effects of obesity management on leukemia. Preventive (diet, physical exercise, obesity pharmacotherapy, bariatric surgery) measures, repurposing drugs, candidate therapeutic agents targeting oncogenic pathways of obesity and insulin resistance in leukemia as well as challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic are also discussed.

Recent Findings

Obesity has been implicated in the development of 13 cancers, such as breast, endometrial, colon, renal, esophageal cancers, and multiple myeloma. Leukemia is estimated to account for approximately 2.5% and 3.1% of all new cancer incidence and mortality, respectively, while it represents the most frequent cancer in children younger than 5 years. Current evidence indicates that obesity may have an impact on the risk of leukemia. Increased birthweight may be associated with the development of childhood leukemia. Obesity is also associated with worse outcomes and increased mortality in leukemic patients. However, there are several limitations and challenges in meta-analyses and epidemiological studies. In addition, weight gain may occur in a substantial number of childhood ALL survivors while the majority of studies have documented an increased risk of relapse and mortality among patients with childhood ALL and obesity. The main pathophysiological pathways linking obesity to leukemia include bone marrow adipose tissue; hormones such as insulin and the insulin-like growth factor system as well as sex hormones; pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α; adipocytokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin; dyslipidemia and lipid signaling; chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress; and other emerging mechanisms.

Obesity represents a risk factor for leukemia, being among the only known risk factors that could be prevented or modified through weight loss, healthy diet, and physical exercise. Pharmacological interventions, repurposing drugs used for cardiometabolic comorbidities, and bariatric surgery may be recommended for leukemia and obesity-related cancer prevention.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese subjects as related to increasing insulin resistance and deteriorating glucose control: Three years of follow-up from a longitudinal survey
Authors: Forst Thomas , Botz Isabel , Berse Matthias , Voswinkel Stephan , Strempler Mares-Elaine , Baumann Sybille , Marinez Maria
Published: December 2023

Purpose

This observational trial was performed to evaluate liver parameters in overweight or obese subjects in the context of insulin resistance and glucose control over time.

Subjects/Methods

Insulin resistance, glucose control and several parameters for liver integrity were monitored in 177 overweight (BMI > 28 kg/m2) subjects over a mean of 30 months. Volunteers were categorized according to insulin resistance (HOMAIR score) and glucose control in subjects with normal glucose control (NGT), impaired glucose control (IGT), or diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM). Liver fat and fibrosis were evaluated by sonographic elastography (FibroScan®) and clinical scores, such as the AST/ALT ratio, fatty liver index (FLI), and NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS).

Results

Liver fat fraction as estimated by the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), and the FLI were significantly higher in subjects with T2DM compared to IGT and NGT. While fasting insulin levels and the HOMAIR score continuously increased over time, no change in CAP or FLI occurred during follow up. CAP was correlated with FLI (r = 0.50; p < 0.0001) and the HOMAIR score (r = 0.32; p < 0.0001). An inverse correlation was observed between serum adiponectin levels and FLI (r = -0.37; p < 0.0001), the HOMAIR score (r = -0.19; p < 0.001, and CAP (r = -0.15; p < 0.01).

Conclusions

In subjects with a BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2, liver fat fraction is significantly elevated in those with T2DM compared to IGT or NGT. Liver fat fraction is associated with deteriorating insulin sensitivity and loss of glucose control. Despite a continuous increase in insulin resistance, no change in liver fat content or stiffness occurred over 30 months.
Evaluation of cryotherapy and meristem isolation from stolons to eliminate viruses in Fragaria germplasm
Authors: Wöhner Thomas , Höfer Monika
Published: December 2023

Viral infections pose significant threats to strawberry production. This study explored the efficacy of cryopreservation of shoot tips and meristem isolated from stolons to eradicate strawberry viruses, namely strawberry mottle virus (SMoV), strawberry mild yellow edge virus (SMYEV), strawberry crinkle virus (SCV), and strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV). The occurrence of viruses was verified by RT-PCR with specific primers. Results documented the elimination of SMoV and SCV but not of SMYEV and SVBV by cryotherapy and meristem isolation, showing that both methods can lead to the elimination, in a virus specific manner, of viruses in strawberry.
In Vitro Maturation, In Vitro Oogenesis, and Ovarian Longevity
Authors: Silber Sherman J. , Goldsmith Sierra , Castleman Leilani , Hayashi Katsuhiko
Published: December 2023

This paper will review a remarkable new approach to in vitro maturation “IVM” of oocytes from ovarian tissue, based on our results with in vitro oogenesis from somatic cells. As an aside benefit we also have derived a better understanding of ovarian longevity from ovary transplant. We have found that primordial follicle recruitment is triggered by tissue pressure gradients. Increased pressure holds the follicle in meiotic arrest and prevents recruitment. Therefore recruitment occurs first in the least dense inner tissue of the cortico-medullary junction. Many oocytes can be obtained from human ovarian tissue and mature to metaphase 2 in vitro with no need for ovarian stimulation. Ovarian stimulation may only be necessary for removing the oocyte from the ovary, but this can also be accomplished by simple dissection at the time of ovary tissue cryopreservation. By using surgical dissection of the removed ovary, rather than a needle stick, we can obtain many oocytes from very small follicles not visible with ultrasound. A clearer understanding of ovarian function has come from in vitro oogenesis experiments, and that explains why IVM has now become so simple and robust. Tissue pressure (and just a few “core genes” in the mouse) direct primordial follicle recruitment and development to mature oocyte, and therefore also control ovarian longevity. There are three distinct phases to oocyte development both in vitro and in vivo: in vitro differentiation “IVD” which is not gonadotropin sensitive (the longest phase), in vitro gonadotropin sensitivity “IVG” which is the phase of gonadotropin stimulation to prepare for meiotic competence, and IVM to metaphase II. On any given day 35% of GVs in ovarian tissue have already undergone “IVD” and “IVG” in vivo, and therefore are ready for IVM.
Hawaiian Volcanic Ash, an Airborne Fomite for Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Authors: Dawrs Stephanie N. , Virdi Ravleen , Norton Grant J. , Elias Tamar , Hasan Nabeeh A. , Robinson Schuyler , Matriz Jobel , Epperson L. Elaine , Glickman Cody M. , Beagle Sean , Crooks James L. , Nelson Stephen T. , Chan Edward D. , Damby David E. , Strong Michael , Honda Jennifer R.
Published: December 2023

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmentally acquired opportunistic pathogens that can cause chronic lung disease. Within the U.S., Hawai'i shows the highest prevalence rates of NTM lung infections. Here, we investigated a potential role for active volcanism at the Kīlauea Volcano located on Hawai'i Island in promoting NTM growth and diversity. We recovered NTM that are known to cause lung disease from plumbing biofilms and soils collected from the Kīlauea environment. We also discovered viable Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium abscessus, and Mycobacterium intracellulare subsp. chimaera on volcanic ash collected during the 2018 Kīlauea eruption. Analysis of soil samples showed that NTM prevalence is positively associated with bulk content of phosphorus, sulfur, and total organic carbon. In growth assays, we showed that phosphorus utilization is essential for proliferation of Kīlauea‐derived NTM, and demonstrate that NTM cultured with volcanic ash adhere to ash surfaces and remain viable. Ambient dust collected on O'ahu concurrent with the 2018 eruption contained abundant fresh volcanic glass, suggestive of inter‐island ash transport. Phylogenomic analyses using whole genome sequencing revealed that Kīlauea‐derived NTM are genetically similar to respiratory isolates identified on other Hawaiian Islands. Consequently, we posit that volcanic eruptions could redistribute environmental microorganisms over large scales. While additional studies are needed to confirm a direct role of ash in NTM dispersal, our results suggest that volcanic particulates harbor and can redistribute NTM and should therefore be studied as a fomite for these burgeoning, environmentally acquired respiratory infections.
The Impact of Bare Ice Duration and Geo‐Topographical Factors on the Darkening of the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Feng Shunan , Cook Joseph Mitchell , Naegeli Kathrin , Anesio Alexandre Magno , Benning Liane G. , Tranter Martyn
Published: December 2023

Dark (low albedo) surface ice on the Greenland Ice Sheet enhances melting and subsequent runoff, a major mass loss contributor during the ablation season. The accumulation of both biological (e.g., glacier ice algae) and abiotic (e.g., mineral dust) light‐absorbing particulates are important darkening factors, that are potentially influenced by the duration of snow‐free, bare ice (a phenological factor), and other geo‐topographical factors such as elevation, slope, aspect and the distance from the ice margin. Here, we present the first medium‐resolution (30 m) analysis of the phenological and geo‐topographical controls on the distribution of dark ice in SE and SW Greenland from statistical analysis of data derived from a harmonized satellite albedo product and ArcticDEM. The duration of bare ice primarily controls the distribution of dark surface ice, allowing for algae growth on inland ice surfaces in particular, whereas geo‐topographical factors are only secondary controls.
Buffering Effect of Atmosphere–Ocean Coupling on Intensity Changes of Tropical Cyclones Under a Changing Climate
Authors: Kanada S. , Aiki H.
Published: December 2023

The effect of atmosphere–ocean coupling on intensity changes of tropical cyclones (TCs) under global warming was examined using a regional high‐resolution three‐dimensional atmosphere–ocean coupled model. A storyline event attribution approach was applied to four historical intense TCs in the western North Pacific. The results indicate that atmosphere–ocean coupling buffers TC intensification as global warming progresses. This buffering effect increased as storms traveled northward. Moreover, the effect intensified as warming progressed, because reductions in sea surface temperature induced by the storm increased as the storm strengthened in future warmer climates. The magnitude of the buffering effect depended on the storm's size and translation speed; a large, slow‐moving storm had significant resilience against global warming, whereas a compact, fast‐moving storm was sensitive to global warming. A high‐resolution atmosphere–ocean coupled model is important for more reliable future projections of TC intensity under the changing climate.
Dynamic Mode Decomposition of the Core Surface Flow Inverted From Geomagnetic Field Models
Authors: Li Jinfeng , Lin Yufeng , Zhang Keke
Published: December 2023

Continuous satellite measurements of the Earth's magnetic field have advanced the characterization of spatial‐temporal variations of the main field over the past two decades. To comprehend the underlying mechanism responsible for the geomagnetic field variations, we develop a novel core surface flow inversion scheme based on physics‐informed neural networks. The inversion method can account for the secular variation contributed by the interaction between the core flow and undetectable small‐scale magnetic fields. Based on the novel inversion framework, we derive a time‐dependent core surface flow model between 2000 and 2022 from the CHAOS‐7 core field model. The inverted core flow is then analyzed using the dynamic mode decomposition to extract wave‐like fluid motions. By calculating the magnetic secular acceleration contributed by each dynamic mode, we identify that the dynamic modes with period of about 10 and 7 years are responsible for geomagnetic jerks in the Atlantic and Pacific equatorial regions.
Scalar Flux Profiles in the Unstable Atmospheric Surface Layer Under the Influence of Large Eddies: Implications for Eddy Covariance Flux Measurements and the Non‐Closure Problem
Authors: Liu Heping , Liu Cheng , Huang Jianping , Desai Ankur R. , Zhang Qianyu , Ghannam Khaled , Katul Gabriel G.
Published: December 2023

How convective boundary‐layer (CBL) processes modify fluxes of sensible (SH) and latent (LH) heat and CO2 (Fc) in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) remains a recalcitrant problem. Here, large eddy simulations for the CBL show that while SH in the ASL decreases linearly with height regardless of soil moisture conditions, LH and Fc decrease linearly with height over wet soils but increase with height over dry soils. This varying flux divergence/convergence is regulated by changes in asymmetric flux transport between top‐down and bottom‐up processes. Such flux divergence and convergence indicate that turbulent fluxes measured in the ASL underestimate and overestimate the “true” surface interfacial fluxes, respectively. While the non‐closure of the surface energy balance persists across all soil moisture states, it improves over drier soils due to overestimated LH. The non‐closure does not imply that Fc is always underestimated; Fc can be overestimated over dry soils despite the non‐closure issue.
A New Physical Mechanism of Rainfall Facilitation to New Particle Formation
Authors: Zhao Suping , Yu Ye , He Jianjun , Dong Longxiang , Qi Shaofeng
Published: December 2023

Newly formed particles and their growth contribute significantly to cloud condensation nuclei. However, the effect of rain on new particle formation (NPF) is poorly understood. Rainfall removes the pre‐existing large particles by below‐cloud scavenging to reduce condensation and coagulation sinks by 4.0 × 10−2 and 1.5 × 10−4 s−1. The scavenging effect largely depends on the amount and duration of rain and the surface area concentration of the raindrops. NPF events can be facilitated by a combination of fewer condensation sinks and favorable meteorological conditions, contributing 3%–47% of PM2.5 (particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm). The physical mechanism was confirmed by theoretical analysis. The results help elucidate the NPF process from a physical perspective, which can improve the prediction of the occurrence and duration of haze events. Until precursors are reduced, significant reductions in particulate matter (PM) may be difficult because NPF and its growth recharge the atmosphere with PM.
Differential Uplift Triggered Basin‐And‐Range System: Evidence From Low‐Temperature Thermochronology in Eastern NE Asia
Authors: Zhou Jianping , Li Sanzhong , Liu Yongjiang , Liu Boran , Li Weimin , Wang Guangzeng , Jiang Liwei , Zhou Tong , Li Zunting , Feng Zhiqiang
Published: December 2023

Since the Mesozoic, eastern NE Asia has experienced multiple tectonic events, resulting in a complex structure and forming one of the world's largest Meso‐Cenozoic lacustrine basin systems. Presently, basin evolution models require further elucidation regarding the simultaneous generation of diverse rift basins and the potential impact stemming from the closure of the Mudanjiang Ocean, whose oceanic closure demarcated the boundary between the Songliao Basin and the eastern basins, raises questions about its influence on the development of the basin‐and‐range system. To address these questions, we augment new low‐temperature thermochronological data on basement highs separating the eastern NE Asia basins to investigate the shallow‐deep coupling process of tectonic evolution since the Mesozoic. The new cooling age pattern shows non‐overlapping and spatial differences among major basement highs. Inverse thermal modeling revealed five‐stage cooling episodes among the basement highs, but with different onset and cooling rates of each episode, indicating a significant differential uplift mode. A major reburial stage was identified throughout eastern NE Asia during the mid‐Cretaceous. Compiling cooling age patterns and inverse thermal modeling, we note the existence of a proto‐basin covering an area much larger than the previously contemplated “Pan‐Sanjiang” Basin. In general, our study indicates the final closure of the Mudanjiang Ocean occurred at ca. 150–140 Ma. Since the Early Cretaceous, with changes in the subduction direction, two‐stage flat slab subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific plate and the consequent subduction of the Pacific plate co‐dominated the basements' differential uplift and the formation of the eastern NE Asia basin‐and‐range framework.
Molecular rotators anchored on a rod-like anionic coordination polymer adhered by charge-assisted hydrogen bonds
Authors: Xiao Hui , Hu Wei-Yu , Wang Qing , Zeng Cheng-Hui , Li Hao-Hong , Liu Haiming , Du Zi-Yi , He Chun-Ting
Published: December 2023

A new model of crystalline supramolecular rotor is reported here, with a conformationally flexible tertiary ammonium cation and a one-dimensional rod-like anionic coordination polymer being the rotator and stator, respectively.
The semi-quantitative analysis of hole defects in metal additive manufacturing components using LIBS
Authors: Lin Jingjun , Hao Zexin , Yang Jiangfei , Che Changjin , Lin Xiaomei
Published: December 2023

The method of segmented feature selection combined with spectral line intensity ratio was employed to improve the semi-quantitative analysis results of LIBS metal AM component hole defects.
Synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of hybrid copper(ii) complexes containing azole drugs and planar ligands against neglected diseases
Authors: de Azevedo-França José Aleixo , Feliciano dos Santos Ramos Victor , Messori Luigi , Santanni Fabio , Sorace Lorenzo , Pereira Borba-Santos Luana , Rozental Sonia , Cola Fernandes Rodrigues Juliany , Navarro Maribel
Published: December 2023

Motivated by the urgent need to find new medications for the treatment of neglected diseases, six copper(ii) hybrid containing azole drugs and planar ligand were developed and tested against leishmania parasites and fungi.
A disposable tartrazine sensor fabricated with a synchronously activated nanocomposite comprising gadolinium molybdate nanoflowers anchored on functionalized carbon nanofibers
Authors: Jayapaul Abishek , Sakthivel Rajalakshmi , Lin Yu-Chien , Dhawan Udesh , Liu Xinke , Wen Hsiao-Wei , Chung Ren-Jei
Published: December 2023

Preparation and fabrication of a Gd2MoO6/f-CNF nanocomposite for the electro-oxidation of TRZ in food samples.
Novel fabrication of flame-retardant melamine sponge for all-weather cleanup of viscous oil spills by Joule heat and photothermal effects
Authors: Wu Yucheng , Wen Xueli , Yuan Bihe
Published: December 2023

Herein, we prepared a flame-retardant absorbent with high oil absorption capacity and outstanding photo/electrothermal conversion performance. Under sunlight irradiation or voltage, the sponge can achieve all-weather recovery of crude oil.
Metal free regio – and stereoselective semireduction of CF3-substituted N-allenamides
Authors: Gommenginger Clément , Hourtoule Maxime , Menghini Marco , Miesch Laurence
Published: December 2023

A chemoselective metal-free 1,2-and 2,3-semireduction of CF3-substituted N-allenamides was developed. The enamide moiety could be reduced by Et3SiH/BF3·OEt2, while DBU promoted the stereoselective isomerization of the resulting allyl amides.
Interface-engineered urchin-like CoFe-layered double hydroxide for high-efficiency electrocatalytic oxygen evolution
Authors: Sun Xuxu , Wang Ruiqi , Wang Qi , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: December 2023

Interface engineering of urchin-like CoFe-layered double hydroxide introduced by ultrafine Ce(OH)3 nanoparticles enhanced the catalytic activity and stability of the oxygen evolution reaction.
Real‐time implementation for vulnerability of power components under switching attack based on sliding mode
Authors: Yadav Seema , Kishor Nand , Purwar Shubhi , Chakrabarti Saikat , Raussi Petra , Kumar Avinash
Published: December 2023

In recent years, cyber security‐related studies in the power grid have drawn wide attention, with much focus on its detection, mainly for data injection type of attacks. The vulnerability of power components as a result of attack and their impact on generator dynamics have been largely ignored so far. With the aim of addressing some of these issues, the authors propose a novel approach using real‐time sliding surface‐based switching attack (SA) construction. This approach targets the circuit breaker, excitation system, and governor system of the generator. The vulnerability of these power components to cyber‐physical attacks and assessment of their potential impact on the stability of generator are discussed. The study is presented to show the progression of cascading generator dynamics on account of single or multiple time instants of SA launched on these power components. The results are discussed according to criteria in terms of deviations in rotor speed of the generator and identify some of possible combinations of power components that are most critical to grid stability. The proposed study is implemented on standard IEEE 3‐machine, 9‐bus network in real‐time digital simulator via transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) communication network established as cyber‐physical system. The sliding surface‐based SA algorithm developed in MATLAB is launched from another computer.
A modified approach for efficient cogging torque suppression in a flux switching permanent magnet generator used in micro‐scale wind turbines
Authors: Darjazini Amir , Vahedi Abolfazl , Gharehseyed Saber , Nobahari Amin
Published: December 2023

In recent years, Flux Switching Permanent Magnet (FSPM) machines have attracted notable attention in direct drive, low speed, and high torque density applications such as wind turbines. However, their relatively high cogging torque has been identified as a significant challenge for such applications primarily because of its effects on both starting and running performance of the wind turbines. The authors, therefore, aim to present a modified approach that can improve the cogging torque issue and eliminate the weaknesses of the previously introduced designs. To reach this goal, first, an operating point is chosen for the studied machine regarding the available small‐scale turbines in the market. Then, the potential benefits of combining different cogging torque reduction schemes are investigated thorough the proposed method. This is intended to be done on the rotor teeth without imposing any complications or extra costs. The results show that a simultaneous improvement in the cogging torque and the energy conversion capability of the machine could be achieved through this cost‐effective approach. To end with, the sensitivity of the best cases to the expected manufacturing tolerances is investigated. All analyses are performed via two‐dimensional finite‐element (2D‐FE) models, the accuracy of which has been pre‐certified through experimental measurement.
Precision Alkynylation of 1,3-Bis(Boronates) by Utilizing Distinct Organometallic Reagents for Regioselective Synthesis
Authors: Chen Ang , Ji Chong-Lei , Gao De-Wei
Published: December 2023

The selective functionalization of 1,3-bis(boronic) esters holds the potential for creating diverse molecular structures, particularly through the late-stage functionalization of the remaining C–B bond. By employing distinct organometallic reagents, we have developed a method for regiodivergent alkynylation of 1,3-bis(boronic) esters, facilitated by unique chelation patterns. Notably, this methodology effectively overcomes limitations commonly encountered in radical chemistry, which generates only monoselective downstream targets. Furthermore, the compounds synthesized through this approach can serve as significant building blocks, contributing to the construction of molecular complexity.
Evaluation of Self-Perceived Confidence and Competence in Oral Surgery among Final Year Undergraduate Students in Greece
Authors: Panagiotidou Eliza , Lillis Theodoros , Fotopoulos Ioannis , Kalyvas Demos , Dabarakis Nikolaos
Published: December 2023

Objectives Oral surgery is an integral part of dentistry that deals with the diagnosis and management of pathology of the mouth and jaws that requires surgical intervention. The aim of undergraduate studies in oral surgery is, upon graduation, to be confident and competent to treat without assistance surgical cases in the spectrum of general dentistry. This study evaluates the senior Greek dental students' self-confidence and self-perceived competence to undertake cases within the scope of oral surgery. Evaluation of clinical experience gathered during training and self-perceived confidence and competence in generic oral surgery skills is included.

Materials and Methods The present study was a questionnaire survey conducted during the academic year 2018–2019. The questionnaire comprised three sections. Section 1 included demographic data and four closed-ended questions concerning numerical data about procedures that they had already performed or observed, section 2 included four questions concerning their self-perceived competence to perform basic surgical techniques, and section 3 included 10 clinical case scenarios.

Results One hundred and twenty-seven students participated in the study. Among the basic surgical skills, students were most confident with suturing, and they were least confident with bone removal. Students from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH) tend to show higher level of confidence compared with students from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA) in most questions.

Conclusion Greek graduate dental students report moderate levels of self-confidence in oral surgery. A realistic approach in increasing self-confidence and competence in oral surgery would be the focus on preclinical training in generic elementary surgical skills, in combination with increased observational sessions of oral surgery procedures or outreach training.
Shear Bond Strength of Simulated Single-Retainer Resin-Bonded Bridges Made of Four CAD/CAM Materials for Maxillary Lateral Incisor Agenesis Rehabilitation
Authors: Calheiros-Lobo Maria João , Calheiros-Lobo João Mário , Carbas Ricardo , da Silva Lucas F. M. , Pinho Teresa
Published: December 2023

Objectives Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis (MLIA), treated orthodontically by space opening, requires complimentary aesthetic rehabilitation. Resin-bonded bridges (RBBs) can be equated as interim rehabilitation until skeletal maturity is achieved to place an implant-supported crown or as definitive rehabilitation in case of financial restrictions or implant contraindications. Scientific evidence of the best material must be confirmed in specific clinical situations. Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials are promising versatile restorative options. This study aimed to identify a straightforward material to deliver interim or definitive RBBs for nonprepared tooth replacement in MLIA.

Materials and Methods Single-retainer RBB made from CAD/CAM ceramic blocks (Vita Enamic [ENA], Suprinity [SUP], and zirconia [Y-ZPT]) and a three-dimensional (3D) printed material (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene [ABS]) were evaluated by shear bond strength (SBS) and mode of failure, after adherence to an artificial tooth with RelyX Ultimate used in a three-step adhesive strategy.

Statistical Analysis The load to fracture (N) was recorded, and the mean shear stress (MPa) was calculated with standard deviations (SD) for each group and compared between materials using boxplot graphics. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey–Kramer post hoc test was used to compare the differences (α = 0.05). A meta-analysis focusing on CAD/CAM materials evaluated the magnitude of the difference between groups based on differences in means and effect sizes (α = 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]; Z-value = 1.96). Failure mode was determined by microscopic observation and correlated with the maximum load to fracture of the specimen.

Results The mean ± SD SBS values were ENA (24.24 ± 9.05 MPa) < ABS (24.01 ± 1.94 MPa) < SUP (29.17 ± 4.78 MPa) < Y-ZPT (37.43 ± 12.20 MPa). The failure modes were mainly adhesive for Y-ZPT, cohesive for SUP and ENA, and cohesive with plastic deformation for ABS.

Conclusion Vita Enamic, Suprinity, Y-ZPT zirconia, and 3D-printed ABS RBBs are optional materials for rehabilitating MLIA. The option for each material is conditioned to estimate the time of use and necessity of removal for orthodontic or surgical techniques.
Homeopathic Medicines in Third (Omicron) Wave of COVID-19: Prognostic Factor Research
Authors: Manchanda Raj Kumar , Miglani Anjali , Kalsi Amrit , Brahmachari Smita , Rama Kamsali Nadigadda , Goel Pawan , Kaushik Pallavi , Jethani Anju , Nagrath Cheshta , Pangtey Nirmal Yadav , Kannoth Jithesh Thavarayil , Sharma Kavita , Arora Shelly , Amitav B. , Roy Pradip Kumar , Kudiyarasu Ram Kumar , Rutten Lex
Published: December 2023

Background With the emergence of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, such as the Omicron variant, during the third wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there was a need to identify useful homeopathic medicines. This study aimed to identify such medicines and their indications using prognostic factor research (PFR).

Methods This was an open-label, multi-centred observational study conducted in January 2022, on confirmed COVID-19 cases. The data were collected from integrated COVID Care Centres in Delhi, India, where homeopathic medicines were prescribed along with conventional treatment. Only those cases that met a set of selection criteria were considered for analysis. The likelihood ratio (LR) was calculated for the frequently occurring symptoms of the frequently prescribed medicines. An LR of 1.3 or greater was considered meaningful.

Results Out of the 362 COVID-19 cases, 263 cases were selected for analysis after applying selection criteria. Common symptoms included fatigue, cough, sore throat, myalgia and headache. Twenty-one medicines were prescribed, of which nine medicines – Gelsemium sempervirens, Bryonia alba, Hepar sulphuris, Rhus toxicodendron, Pulsatilla nigricans, Arsenicum album, Belladonna, Nux vomica and Phosphorus – were frequently used. By calculating LRs, the study identified meaningful indications for these medicines.

Conclusion Homeopathic medicines have shown promising results in the third wave of COVID-19 as an adjunct therapy. The medicines that were used in the first and second waves were found useful in the third wave also, and their indications were analogous to those found in the earlier waves. Certain new indications of some medicines were elicited in this wave, which warrant further research. However, it is important not to restrict to these medicines only and to continue data collection on COVID-19 in future waves for the improvement of the COVID-19 mini-repertory.
Cognitive impairment in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: a scoping review
Authors: Cipolli Gabriela Cabett , Alonso Vanessa , Yasuda Clarissa Lin , Assumpção Daniela de , Cachioni Meire , Melo Ruth Caldeira de , Hinsliff-Smith Kathryn , Yassuda Mônica Sanches
Published: December 2023

Emerging studies indicate the persistence of symptoms beyond the acute phase of COVID-19. Cognitive impairment has been observed in certain individuals for months following infection. Currently, there is limited knowledge about the specific cognitive domains that undergo alterations during the post-acute COVID-19 syndrome and the potential impact of disease severity on cognition. The aim of this review is to examine studies that have reported cognitive impairment in post-acute COVID-19, categorizing them into subacute and chronic phases. The methodology proposed by JBI was followed in this study. The included studies were published between December 2019 and December 2022. The search was conducted in PubMed, PubMed PMC, BVS – BIREME, Embase, SCOPUS, Cochrane, Web of Science, Proquest, PsycInfo, and EBSCOHost. Data extraction included specific details about the population, concepts, context, and key findings or recommendations relevant to the review objectives. A total of 7,540 records were identified and examined, and 47 articles were included. The cognitive domains most frequently reported as altered 4 to 12 weeks after acute COVID-19 were language, episodic memory, and executive function, and after 12 weeks, the domains most affected were attention, episodic memory, and executive function. The results of this scoping review highlight that adults with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome may have impairment in specific cognitive domains.
Large Bowel Obstruction: Etiologies, Diagnosis, and Management
Authors: Chen Kevin A. , Kapadia Muneera R.
Published: December 2023

Large bowel obstructions (LBOs) often require urgent surgical intervention. Diagnosis relies on astute history and physical examination, as well as imaging with computed tomography (CT) scan for stable patients. Because of the high mortality associated with colonic perforation in patients with LBOs, decisive surgical decision-making is needed for optimal outcomes. This review seeks to provide an overview of the etiologies of LBO, diagnosis, and general management principles, as well as specific management for the most common etiologies, including colorectal cancer and strictures.
Management of Severe Colitis and Toxic Megacolon
Authors: Liggett Marjorie R. , Alam Hasan B.
Published: December 2023

Severe colitis is a well-defined condition encompassing several etiologies but is most often caused by severe ulcerative colitis or Clostridioides difficile infection. Severe colitis can evolve into toxic colitis, or toxic megacolon when associated with bowel dilation and systemic manifestations, resulting in a life-threatening scenario where multidisciplinary management is often required. Medical management continues to play an important role in the initial treatment of toxic megacolon. However, timely surgical intervention can be lifesaving.
The history and rationale of the development of new drugs for migraine treatment
Authors: Kowacs Pedro André , Sampaio Rocha-Filho Pedro Augusto , Peres Mário Fernando Prieto , Edvinsson Lars
Published: December 2023

Migraine is one of the most prevalent and disabling diseases in the world. Migraine attack treatments and prophylactic treatments of this disease are essential to lessen its individual, social, and economic impact. This is a narrative review of the main drugs used for treating migraine, as well as the experimental models and the theoretical frameworks that led to their development. Ergot derivatives, triptans, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, beta-blockers, flunarizine, valproic acid, topiramate, onabotulinumtoxin A, ditans, monoclonal antibodies against CGRP and its receptor, and gepants are discussed. Possible therapeutic targets for the development of new drugs that are under development are also addressed. Many of the drugs currently in use for treating migraine were developed for the treatment of other diseases, but have proven effective for the treatment of migraine, expanding knowledge about the disease. With a better understanding of the pathophysiology of migraine, new drugs have been and continue to be developed specifically for the treatment of this disease.
Treating myofascial pain with dry needling: a systematic review for the best evidence-based practices in low back pain
Authors: Dach Fabíola , Ferreira Karen S.
Published: December 2023

Background Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a common source of pain in primary care or pain clinics. There are many different ways to manage and treat MPS, such as physical exercise, trigger points massage, and dry needling.

Objective The objective of this overview is to highlight and discuss the evidence-based treatment of myofascial pain by dry needling in patients with low back pain.

Methods A systematic review was made based on meta-analysis (MA) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to dry needling treatment for myofascial pain in patients with lumbar pain, published from 2000 to 2023.

Results A total of 509 records were identified at first. Seventy were published before 2000, so they were excluded. From the remaining 439 studies, ninety-two were RCTs or MA, of which 86 additional studies were excluded for the following reasons: not related to dry needling treatment (n = 79), not published in English (n = 4), duplicated (n = 1), project protocol (n = 1), and not related to myofascial pain (n = 1). So, this review was based on 4 RCTs and two MA. These studies compared dry needling efficacy to other treatments, such as acupuncture, sham dry needling, laser therapy, physical therapy, local anesthetic injection, ischemic compression, and neuroscience education. Despite outcomes and follow-up period varied between them, they showed that dry needling can decrease post-intervention pain intensity and pain disability.

Conclusion Dry needling is an effective procedure for the treatment of myofascial pain in patients with acute and chronic low back pain. Further high-quality studies are needed to clarify the long-term outcomes.
Ethnic Differences in Thrombotic Profiles of Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients and Relationship to Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Comparison of East Asian and White subjects
Authors: Suh Jung-Won , Memtsas Vassilios , Gue Ying X , Cho Hyoung-Won , Lee Wonjae , Kang Si-Hyuck , Gorog Diana A.
Published: December 2023

Background East Asians (EAs), compared to white Caucasians (W), have a lower risk of ischemic heart disease and a higher risk of bleeding with antithrombotic medications. The underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood.

Objectives We sought to compare thrombotic profiles of EA and W patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and relate these to cardiovascular outcomes.

Methods In a prospective study in the United Kingdom and Korea, blood samples from patients (n = 515) with ST- or non-ST-elevation MI (STEMI and NSTEMI) were assessed using the Global Thrombosis Test, measuring thrombotic occlusion (OT) and endogenous fibrinolysis (lysis time [LT]). Patients were followed for 1 year for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and bleeding.

Results EA patients showed reduced OT (longer OT) compared to W (646 seconds [470–818] vs. 436 seconds [320–580], p < 0.001), with similar LT. In STEMI, OT (588 seconds [440–759] vs. 361 seconds [274–462], p < 0.001) and LT (1,854 seconds [1,389–2,729] vs. 1,338 seconds [1,104–1,788], p < 0.001) were longer in EA than W. In NSTEMI, OT was longer (OT: 734 seconds [541–866] vs. 580 seconds [474–712], p < 0.001) and LT shorter (1519 seconds [1,058–2,508] vs. 1,898 seconds [1,614–2,806], p = 0.004) in EA than W patients. MACE was more frequent in W than EA (6.3 vs. 1.9%, p = 0.014) and bleeding infrequent. While OT was unrelated, LT was a strong independent predictor of MACE event after adjustment for risk factors (hazard ratio: 3.70, 95% confidence interval: 1.43–9.57, p = 0.007), predominantly in W patients, and more so in STEMI than NSTEMI patients.

Conclusion EA patients exhibit different global thrombotic profiles to W, associated with a lower rate of cardiovascular events.