bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
At Home in Our Sounds
Authors: Gillett Rachel Anne
Published: February 2021

This book shows how and why music became part of the social changes Europe faced in the aftermath of World War I. It focuses on the story of Black music in Paris and the people who created it, enjoyed it, criticized it, and felt at home when they heard it. African Americans, French Antilleans, and French West Africans wrote, danced, sang, and acted politically in response to the heightened visibility of racial difference in Paris during this era. They were consumed with questions that continue to resonate today. Could one be Black and French? Was Black solidarity more important than national and colonial identity? How could French culture include the experiences and contributions of Africans and Antilleans? From highly educated women, such as the Nardal sisters of Martinique, to the working Black musicians performing in crowded nightclubs at all hours, the book gives a fully rounded view of Black reactions to jazz in interwar Paris. It places that phenomenon in its historic and political context, and in doing so, it shows how music and music making formed a vital terrain of cultural politics. It shows how music making brought people together around pianos, on the dance floor, and through reading and gossip, but it did not erase the political, regional, and national differences among them. The book shows that many found a home in Paris but did not always feel at home. This book reveals these dimensions of music making, race, and cultural politics in interwar Paris.
Performing Racial Difference at the Colonial Exposition of 1931
Authors: Gillett Rachel Anne
Published: February 2021

This chapter analyzes the unabashed moment of imperial pride that was the Paris Colonial Exposition of 1931. It explains how music making at the Exposition performed ideas about race. The Exposition presented challenges and possibilities for colonial subjects trying to work out where they belonged, how they belonged, and whether they wanted to belong in the French Empire. The chapter examines both the official, state-sanctioned representation of race and ethnicity at the Exposition and some critiques of it generated by anti-colonial groups. The Exposition demonstrated hierarchies of race through displays of music and dance. It asserted the value of France’s “civilizing” influence based on those representations. French colonial subjects exposed some of those representations as false and promoted their own “authentic” music and dance performances both at the Exposition and at an anti-Exposition organized by surrealist, communist, and anti-colonial activists. The chapter argues that the Colonial Exposition had such a high profile that it galvanized French men and women of color to resist misrepresentations of their cultures. It may, therefore, have had a longer-lasting effect on them than on the white metropolitan French population targeted by the Exposition.
Clouds Gather, and the Band Plays On
Authors: Gillett Rachel Anne
Published: February 2021

This chapter focuses on the way cultural production was mobilized to fight fascism and racism in the early 1930s. Yet it simultaneously illustrates how different constituencies in “Black Paris” related to colonialism very differently. The two events that anchor this exploration are the celebration of the tercentenary of France’s colonization of the Antilles and the campaign against Mussolini’s invasion of Ethiopia. Various coalitions used music and performance to celebrate the tercentenary. Others made music to generate solidarity and financial support for Haile Selassie and Ethiopia in the face of the Italian invasion. In both cases music and performance became a way of gathering people together and raising money for political causes. The strong support for the pan-African campaign on behalf of Ethiopia was present at the same time as the divided responses to the tercentenary. The conjunction illustrates Paul Gilroy’s characterization of Black identities in the Atlantic region as showing both solidarity and difference.
Adventures in “Wisdom-Land”
Authors: Partridge Christopher
Published: February 2021

This chapter analyzes the early Theosophical Society through the lens of postcolonial analysis and argues that although the Theosophical Society represents an affirmative Romantic form of Orientalism as it promoted Indian religion and culture and opposed colonial rule and the Christian missions, the Theosophical Society is in fact also rooted in classical Orientalist discourses of power. Analyzing early Theosophical conceptualizations of wisdom, masters, and locations, the chapter argues that the Theosophical Society subdued the East to its own preconceived notions based in Western culture and esotericism. The wisdom found in the East was the esoteric wisdom of Theosophy. This chapter thereby brings attention to the many nuances of Orientalism and the often-overlooked facets of Theosophical approaches to the East.
Orientalist vs. Theosophist
Authors: Lopez Jr. Donald S.
Published: February 2021

This chapter shows how Orientalists imagined the original Buddha to be a humane, non-secretive, and almost modern religious thinker, whereas Theosophists, contrary to this, argued that the Buddha imagined profound secret wisdom to exist in the myths surrounding him. The chapter follows the interesting debates between the two camps, beginning in 1888 in Oxford with the meeting of Henry Steel Olcott and Max Müller. Here the tension between approaches was concentrated on the correct placement of a Buddha statue in Müller’s study. Should it be placed according to Greek tradition, as was satisfactory to Müller, or according to Buddhist traditions, as Olcott contended? The chapter next traces the spirited debate between Müller and Alfred Percy Sinnett, which began in the pages of the British literary journal The Nineteenth Century, concerning Helena Blavatsky and the correct understanding and presentation of Buddhism, and which highlights the two different approaches to the East.
Allan Octavian Hume, Madame Blavatsky, and the Foundation of the Indian National Congress
Authors: Lubelsky Isaac
Published: February 2021

This chapter demonstrates how the Theosophical Society deeply influenced the early days of Indian nationalism and was crucially responsible for the birth of the Indian nationalist movement. Allan Octavian Hume, one of Helena Blavatsky’s closest disciples during the early 1880s, was for example the person behind the foundation of the Indian National Congress in 1885. This chapter tells in depth the story of Hume’s Theosophical period and analyzes Hume’s writing from that period, followed by a thorough description of his efforts to erect the Indian National Congress, based on his Theosophical beliefs. It shows how Theosophy had a direct influence on the birth of the nationalist movement of the world’s largest democracy.
Is Russia Resurrected?
Authors: Stoner Kathryn E.
Published: February 2021

Russia has developed outsized influence in international politics in the twenty-first century, although on paper it does not have the traditional means of power that the United States or China does, for example. Yet, if we look beyond traditional realist measures of power in international relations of human capital, size of the military, and economic means, to also include the relative scope and weight of Russian influence in key policy areas, as well as assessing its geographic domain of influence under Vladimir Putin, Russia is not as weak relative to other great powers as it might at first appear. Under Putin’s autocracy, his regime has also become more willing to project power abroad in order to maintain domestic stability.
Where Does Russia Matter?
Authors: Stoner Kathryn E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter surveys how and in what policy areas Russia under Vladimir Putin exercises influence over the politics, economies, and societies of other post-Soviet states. It explicitly compares Russian power resources in each of the fourteen other former Soviet republics, and surveys the ways in which his autocratic regime has employed its varied power resources to change policies in the near abroad. It concludes that Russian influence has been used differently in the more Western-leaning, liberalized former republics, like Ukraine, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Moldova, as opposed to the autocracies of Central Asia, and Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Belarus.
Where (Else) in the World Is Russia?
Authors: Stoner Kathryn E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter looks at geographic regions and policy areas where Putin’s Russia has become increasingly influential. It examines in depth the three policy areas of special importance to Russian grand strategy—energy, particularly oil and gas; non-energy trade; and national and political security. It provides overviews of Russian power projection in the Middle East, including Syria, Libya, Egypt, Iran, and Israel; Eastern and Western Europe; Latin America, including Venezuela; and sub-Saharan African countries. The chapter concludes that Russian power resources are varied and that Russian influence has increased globally since the mid-2000s in particular.
Russian Hard Power
Authors: Stoner Kathryn E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines Russia’s renewed defensive and offensive capabilities. It defines hard power as conventional and nuclear forces. The chapter compares Russian military power to that of the United States and China. The material in this chapter demonstrates that Russia has rebuilt and modernized its hard power resources considerably since the 2008 military reform. In some areas, by 2020, Russia was capable of seriously challenging NATO’s combined capabilities. The chapter covers the New Look military reforms that began in 2008 in Russia. It looks also at Russian spending on the military in dollar and ruble terms in order to get a more complete understanding of how much Russia actually spends compared to the United States and China. It provides a detailed overview of Russia’s existing conventional capabilities in land, sea, and air, as well as comparative nuclear upgrades.
Laws of War and Peace
Authors: Ablavsky Gregory
Published: February 2021

Alongside individual murders and crimes, the federal government also confronted in the territories a long-standing borderlands law governing organized violence. Both Natives and whites there conducted larger-scale, often brutal expeditions against each other, often with little or no formal authorization from their ostensible governments. The federal government sought to replace this seemingly pathological culture of violence by imposing a definition of war drawn from the newly adopted U.S. Constitution that made the federal government, and particularly Congress, the sole arbiter and source of legitimate violence against Native nations. The effects of this federal assertion of supremacy differed in the two territories. In the Northwest Territory, the conflict known as the Northwest Indian War expanded earlier practices of borderlands violence under federal auspices. Citizens of the Southwest Territory demanded the same, and nearly got it, in what this chapter terms the war-that-nearly-was. What actually followed in the Southwest Territory instead was an intense, polyvocal legal contest between territorial citizens and officials, Congress, the Washington administration, and the Creek, Cherokee, and Chickasaw Nations over the meaning of the categories of war and peace. Yet again, federal officials failed to establish federal supremacy, but they did succeed in insinuating federal law into territorial life and Indian country, including disputes between Native nations.
Conclusions
Authors: Williams Nick
Published: February 2021

Chapter 9 closes the book with a comparative analysis of the key theoretical frameworks employed in the book in order to illuminate the contribution of returnee entrepreneurs to post-conflict economies. As global migration continues to grow, the role of returnees are becoming an ever more important aspect of entrepreneurship research. The chapter articulates the specific components of isolation and assimilation, detailing that while individuals are returning to complex homelands, their contribution is not currently being maximised. They are not assimilated within the economy, often avoiding policy actions designed to engage with them. This will have a lasting impact on the potential of returnees to contribute to their homeland, especially given that the emotional ties of the first generation are stronger than subsequent generations and thus interest in homeland return may diminish over time.
Many-electron Systems and the Pauli Principle
Authors: Autschbach Jochen
Published: February 2021

It is shown how the quantum Hamiltonian for a general molecule is set up, using the ‘quantum recipe’ of chapter 3. In the most restrictive Born Oppenheimer approximation, the nuclei are held fixed and the Schrodinger equation (SE) is set up for the electrons only. The wavefunction depends on the positions and spin projections of all electrons. The electron spin projection is introduced heuristically as another two-valued electron degree of freedom. The electronic SE cannot be solved exactly, and (spin-) orbitals are introduced to construct an approximate wavefunction. The Pauli principle demands that a many-electron wavefunction is antisymmetric upon the exchange of electron labels, which leads to the construction of the approximate orbital-model wavefunction as a Slater determinant rather than a simple Hartree product. The orbital model wavefunction does not describe the Coulomb electron correlation, but it incorporates the (Fermi) correlation leading to the Pauli exclusion.
Recap: Molecular Orbitals and Common Misconceptions
Authors: Autschbach Jochen
Published: February 2021

This chapter recapitulates the series of approximations that lead to the commonly used description of the electronic structure of molecules in terms of molecular orbitals (MOs), which in turn are usually expressed as linear combination of atomic orbital-like basis functions. Next, a number of common misconceptions about orbitals are discussed, such that the reader is aware of not only what electron orbitals are but also what they are not.
Quantized Vibrational Motion
Authors: Autschbach Jochen
Published: February 2021

The harmonic oscillator of chapter 2 is visited again, now in its quantum theoretical version. The solution of the Schrodinger equation (SE) is shown step-by step, as it features steps that are very similar to those used in solving the equations for the angular momentum and hydrogen-like orbitals in later chapters. The Morse oscillator has a potential function that is much more representative of the vibrations of atoms in molecules as the harmonic potential. The solutions of the harmonic and Morse oscillator are compared. It is then shown how nuclear vibrations in poly-atomic molecules are treated at the harmonic level. This requires the separation of internal degrees of freedom from the overall translation and rotation of a molecule, leading to the normal modes. The chapter also discusses basic aspects of vibrational spectroscopy and the selection rules of infrared and Raman vibrational spectroscopy.
From Schrödinger to Einstein and Dirac: Relativistic Effects
Authors: Autschbach Jochen
Published: February 2021

The implications of Einstein’s special relativity in chemistry are discussed. It is shown that relativistic effects on the electronic structure of an atom or molecule scales in leading order as Z2, where Z is the charge number of the heaviest nucleus in the system. Well-known heavy atom effects in chemistry are discussed: The color of gold, the liquid state of mercury, the inert pair effect of heavy p-block elements, and more. Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is also a relativistic effect and plays a big role in spectroscopy and chemistry. The Dirac equation (DE) replaces the electronic Schrodinger equation in relativistic quantum chemistry. The Dirac wavefunctions have 4 components. It is shown how an ‘exact 2-component’ (X2C) Hamiltonian can be constructed. X2C based all-electron calculations are becoming increasingly popular in quantum chemical applications. Molecular properties may undergo a picture-change effect when going from a 4-component to a 2-component framework.
Practical Magic: Welcome to Silicon Bali
Authors: Woldoff Rachael A. , Litchfield Robert C.
Published: February 2021

Bali is known as an exotic paradise, full of novel influences that Westerners are eager to experience. This chapter describes the pull factors that attract digital nomads to Bali. It uses the lens of place branding to break down the social and cultural construction of Bali as a remote working mecca, and it introduces the concept of work tourism, a new niche market of place branding aimed at consumers who want to reimagine their work and work identities in the context of a leisure travel experience. The chapter also describes digital nomads and explains how their sense of magic and practicality influenced them to move to Bali, transforming Bali into one of the world’s foremost digital nomad destinations. It also notes the drawbacks of Bali as a nomad site and draws attention to some of the more general negative aspects of tourism’s impact on the island.
Corruption and the Social Contract of the Welfare State
Authors: Rothstein Bo
Published: February 2021

New research shows that issues related to various forms of malpractice in the implementation of social policies have a huge impact on the possibility of gaining citizens’ support for social policies. While the extension of social policies in different countries can be explained by referring to variation in political mobilization, there is also an argument for understanding this from a social contract approach. Even if a majority of citizens understand that they stand to gain from a more universal and encompassing system for social protection, a lack of trust may prevent them from transforming the demand to actual political support for such a system. Lastly, a universal and encompassing system is likely to have a positive effect on the general level of social trust and creates a sense of loyalty towards the state, which in turn is likely to lower the inclination to take part in corrupt exchanges.
Introduction
Authors: Van Nieuwenhove Rik
Published: February 2021

This chapter sketches the nature of contemplation. In the strict sense contemplation refers to the moment of insight after speculative reasoning. In the broad sense of the word, however, it refers to a receptivity to God that all Christians should cultivate. It is important to distinguish between these different meanings and the corresponding varied notions of wisdom (theoretical wisdom; as cognitive virtue; and as gift of the Holy Spirit) if we want to avoid attributing inconsistencies to Aquinas (who in ST I, q. 6, a. 6, ad 3 argues that the gifts are not necessary for contemplation but elsewhere (ST II-II, q. 45, a. 3) emphasizes their necessity for contemplation (in the broad sense)). Against the current of today’s scholarship the chapter also argues that Christian contemplation is included in Aquinas’s notion of ‘imperfect happiness’ on earth. The chapter concludes with an outline of the book.
Metaphysics
Authors: Van Nieuwenhove Rik
Published: February 2021

This chapter considers the metaphysical foundations of contemplation. Aquinas generally describes contemplation as ‘the consideration of truth’. Hence, in this chapter we consider the nature of truth, which Aquinas understands in terms of a convergence of mind and reality, thereby pre-empting some of the modern philosophical problems of dualism and solipsism. Other transcendentals, which can be defined as fundamental properties that accompany being as such (and not just a limited class of things), such as oneness, being itself (which is what the intellect first grasps), and goodness, are also discussed. Aquinas’s approach is contrasted with the trinitarian metaphysics of the Summa Halensis and Bonaventure’s illuminist account.
Introduction
Authors: Golemon Larry Abbott
Published: February 2021

The first century of educating clergy in the United States is rightly understood as classical professional education—that is, as formation into an identity and calling to serve the wider public through specialized knowledge and skills. This book argues that pastors, priests, and rabbis were best formed into capacities of culture building through the construction of narratives, symbols, and practices that served their religious communities and the wider public. This kind of education was closely aligned with liberal arts pedagogies of studying classical texts, languages, and rhetoric in order to form habits of inquiry, interpretation, and oratory in students. The theory of culture here is indebted to Clifford Geertz and Jerome Bruner’s social-semiotic view, which identifies culture as the social construction of narrative, symbols, and practices that shape the identity and meaning-making of certain communities. The theological framework of analysis is indebted to George Lindbeck’s cultural-linguistic view, which emphasizes the role of doctrine as grammatical rules that govern narratives, doctrinal grammars, and social practices for distinct religious communities. This framework is pushed toward the renewal and reconstruction of religious frameworks by the postmodern work of Sheila Devaney and Kathryn Tanner. The book also employs several other concepts from social theory, borrowed from Jurgen Habermas, Max Weber, Pierre Bourdieu, Michael Young, and Bernard Anderson.
Leavening Public Life
Authors: Golemon Larry Abbott
Published: February 2021

From the beginning of theological education in the United States, pastors, priests, and rabbis have been educated as leaders in public life by being producers of culture. This chapter describes how theological schools prepared clergy for leadership in five social arenas: families, congregations, schools, voluntary societies, and published media. Families were the seedbeds of religious identity and character, congregations became charismatic communities of piety and action, schools developed cultural capital and moral practices, voluntary societies mobilized resources and mass movements to reshape society, and popular media built national communities of religious identity and reform. These five social arenas also operated in harmony for clergy and religious communities to influence public morality and social discourse. Through their leadership in family life, educating youth, writing and publishing, and leading voluntary associations, the clergy mobilized aspects of their religious traditions to shape public narratives, symbols, and practices. In turn, this wider social engagement helped expand and renew the religious traditions they represented.
Muslim Kurds
Authors: Türkmen Gülay
Published: February 2021

Chapter 3 introduces “religio-ethnic” identity via a focus on Civil Friday Prayers. It provides an overview of how the institutional and policy changes introduced during the AKP rule made possible the employment of Islam as a tool of resistance in the hands of Civil Friday Prayer imams. Building on interviews with these imams as well as observations from Friday prayers, it draws attention to imams as autonomous agents of contestation who have turned religion from a tool of assimilation into a tool of nonviolent resistance. Though acknowledging Islam’s capacity to unite, these imams are quite suspicious of the Muslim unity discourse. By quoting Qur’anic verses and hadiths that highlight ethnicity as a religious, God-given (fıtrî) identity, they claim that rejecting one’s Kurdish identity and assimilating into Turkish culture means going against God’s will. Hence, rather than the ethno-religious approach, these imams promote a “religio-ethnic” identity, which traces the origins of ethno-national identity back to religious identity.
The Great Stinks
Authors: Kirchman David L.
Published: February 2021

This chapter discusses one of the first dead zones, the River Thames near London in the 19th century. London used the river as a sewer to dispose of untreated human waste and garbage, causing oxygen to disappear and gut-wrenching odors to well up, shutting down the city in the summer of 1858, aka the Great Stink. The sewage also carried pathogens that contaminated drinking water. The chapter also points out that dead zones were common in other rivers near large cities, including the Delaware River south of Philadelphia. Wastewater treatment solved the problem, and oxygen has returned to the River Thames, the Delaware River, and many other urban rivers in rich countries. Also discussed is the fact that fish and other aquatic life have also returned, but not completely. Adequate dissolved oxygen is essential, but more is needed to make a habitat livable and to ensure the complete recovery of aquatic life.
Dead Zones Discovered in Coastal Waters
Authors: Kirchman David L.
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes the discovery of coastal dead zones, such as the Gulf of Mexico and Chesapeake Bay in North America and the Baltic and Black Seas in Europe. Gene Turner sailed out of Pascagoula, Mississippi, in the spring of 1975, on the first of seven cruises that led to the discovery of the Gulf of Mexico dead zone. In the Chesapeake Bay, an unlikely environmentalist, Charles Officer, sounded the alarm in 1984. The biggest dead zone, however, is the Baltic Sea. Even as early as 1969, ecologists feared hypoxia was turning the Baltic into a “biological desert.” The northwest shelf of the Black Sea turned hypoxic in the 1970s, which killed bottom-dwelling fish like goby and flounder. Many coastal regions around the world have low oxygen waters that devastate marine life and habitats. The early studies emphasized one or two of three ingredients—sewage, fresh water, and plant nutrients—thought to be essential in creating a dead zone. This chapter and Chapter 3 discuss these ingredients before revealing which is most important.
Coastal Dead Zones in the Past
Authors: Kirchman David L.
Published: February 2021

This chapter discusses the dead zones of coastal areas: specifically the Gulf of Mexico and Europe’s Adriatic and Baltic Seas. Scientists were able to eliminate sewage from the list of ingredients that make a dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico and other coastal regions, but there was still the possibility that the loss of oxygen was natural. It wasn’t clear when the dead zone rose in the Gulf and the Baltic Sea. Systematic monitoring of dissolved oxygen in the Gulf, led by Nancy Rabalais, once called “Queen of the Dead Zone,” started only in 1986, so scientists have had to use indirect ways to deduce oxygen levels in the past. Studies using foraminifera (“forams”) and other oxygen-sensitive indices found that the proliferation of the Gulf dead zone and others started around 1950. Both the Gulf and the Baltic experienced low oxygen levels in the 19th century or earlier, but hypoxia became more common and more extensive in the middle of the 20th century.
Music, Loops, Coding, OH MY! (Beginner)
Authors: Allen Meredith
Published: February 2021

The lesson detailed in this chapter can be used by a music teacher looking to introduce loops or DAWs to their students. It could also be used for participating in an Hour of Code school-wide event, or the computer technology teacher could use this lesson in conjunction with their Code.org or similar curriculum. This lesson could be adapted to all ages but is designed predominately for elementary and middle school. Students will learn the importance of loops in reference to computer programming by manipulating loops within Soundtrap to compose their own piece of music. One could also use this activity with colleagues for professional development if the goal is familiarizing and educating oneself with a DAW.
Ableton Overture (Intermediate)
Authors: Armstrong Alison
Published: February 2021

In this music technology-meets-classical composition activity, students will learn how to combine tried and tested compositional techniques (sequence, inversion, augmentation, diminution, and imitation) with many possibilities in Ableton Live’s session view. This composition task was designed for students ages 12 to 16 who are new to composing. The aims of the activity include: 1) inputting melodic and rhythmic information into a DAW and exploring composition devices; 2) reviewing melodic and rhythmic compositional devices, exploring simple accompaniment patterns, and combining a theme with an accompaniment pattern; 3) exploring sounds, octave ranges, and tempi in Ableton Live; 4) exploring combinations of themes with other students through sharing MIDI loops, making an arrangement, and justifying choices; and 5) presenting an arrangement to a fictional client.
More than Words
Authors: James O’Leary Emmett
Published: February 2021

This activity challenges middle school students to determine what is expressed through lyrics. Through annotation, students analyze and interpret lyrics to uncover the expressive meaning of a song as well as the specific tools lyricists and songwriters use to express their ideas. To begin, students are tasked with selecting and studying a song that they deem has interesting lyrics and labeling its form (verse, chorus, etc.). Following, students engage a three-step analysis process. First, they sift through the lyrics word-by-word to identify unfamiliar terms so that they can better contextualize the intended meanings of the song. Second, they identify and annotate expressive meanings in the lyrics. Finally, they annotate examples of songwriting craft, which might include literary or poetic devices.
Understanding Envelopes in Synthesis (Intermediate)
Authors: Jones Simpson Misty
Published: February 2021

Understanding how synthesizers generate sounds is an important aspect of learning how to produce electronic music. In this game-based activity designed for undergraduate students, I outline how to use analogies to help students understand how ADSR (attack, decay, sustain, release) envelopes work as they relate to synthesis. Starting with a piece of paper and a letter envelope, learners start by understanding the concept visually with physical objects. Following, learners are provided opportunities to apply these analogies when working with envelope modules on synthesizers. By applying this knowledge, students can use envelope parameters more effectively to achieve the sound they wish to create.
Vicarious Identity
Authors: Browning Christopher S. , Joenniemi Pertti , Steele Brent J.
Published: February 2021

Departing from established social psychological understandings the chapter provides a re-theorization of vicarious identity that identifies it as a form of ontological security seeking that can best be captured through drawing on Lacanian understandings of subjectivity. The chapter explores vicarious identity as an everyday phenomenon and practice, focusing on why vicarious relationships are tempting for subjects, but it also considers the norms that circumscribe the legitimate limits of vicarious identification in different contexts, which can make it both highly controversial and politicized. A methodological discussion further considers how vicarious identification can be recognized by considering the strategies that subjects adopt when vicariously identifying with others.
Vicarious Identification as Foreign Policy Strategy
Authors: Browning Christopher S. , Joenniemi Pertti , Steele Brent J.
Published: February 2021

The chapter reinterprets the United Kingdom-US special relationship through the lens of vicarious identification. It demonstrates how historical proclamations of the special relationship have responded to recurrent British anxieties related to its postwar, post-imperial, and now, following Brexit, its (impending) post-(EU)ropean decline. Vicarious identification with the United States is seen to offer the chance to reaffirm core narratives of self-identity central to British ontological security and which when successful enable the country to avoid serious reflection on its current situation. The chapter highlights the historical continuities of this move but also shows how vicarious identity promotion operates as a foreign policy strategy designed, not only to legitimize the special relationship, but also to entice the United States and its citizens to reciprocate in kind. Beyond exploring the temptations of vicarious identification as a form of foreign policy strategy, the chapter also explores its vulnerabilities, vulnerabilities crystallized during the course of the Trump presidency.
A Line of Blood and Dirt
Authors: Hoy Benjamin
Published: February 2021

This book examines the creation and enforcement of the border between Canada and the United States from 1775 until 1939. Built with Indigenous labor and on top of Indigenous land, the border was born in conflict. Federal administrators used deprivation, starvation, and coercion to displace Indigenous communities and undermine their conceptions of territory and sovereignty. European, African American, Chinese, Cree, Assiniboine, Dakota, Lakota, Nimiipuu, Coast Salish, Ojibwe, and Haudenosaunee communities faced a diversity of border closure experiences and timelines. Unevenness and variation served as hallmarks of the border as federal officials in each country committed to a kind of border power that was diffuse and far-reaching. Utilizing historical GIS, this book showcases how regional conflicts, political reorganization, and social upheaval created the Canada–US border and remade the communities who lived in its shadows.
Higher Than Sight Can Reach
Authors: Hoy Benjamin
Published: February 2021

Chapter 9 follows the Canada–US border’s development from 1900 until the 1930s. It surveys the Alaska Boundary Survey, World War I, Prohibition, the Great Depression, and Indigenous resistance to new immigration laws. In the 1920s, the Indian Citizenship Act and National Origins Act extended federal immigration law over Indigenous people, resulting in resistance. Deskaheh (Levi General) gave speeches in Europe to garner support for the Haudenosaunee rights to self-governance. Clinton Rickard helped found the Indian Defense League of America to increase pan-Indigenous resistance to federal policy. Paul Diabo’s legal challenge to the Immigration Service’s interpretation of the Jay Treaty helped entrench Indigenous mobility as a fundamental part of the Canada–US border. As battles over citizenship and prohibition attested, increases in federal personnel did not give either country the ability to ignore popular resistance.
The Borders of Everyday Life
Authors: Hoy Benjamin
Published: February 2021

In the 1930s Canada and the United States struggled to prevent people from crossing the border at its physical location, but had succeeded in developing border policies that projected fear and uncertainty into the interior of each country. The stories of Letitia B. Caldwell (Ojibwe), George First Rider (Kainah), Max Ireland (Haudenosaunee), Joe Louis (Matsqui), and Gratia A. Countryman (American) provide an overview of the effectiveness of this approach. Federal administrators measured their power along the border in terms of personnel, confiscations, treaties, deportations, and tribunals. Everyday people measured the border in picnics, medicine bundles, marriages, insults, and headaches. In that context, the Canada–US border continued to have a far less certain legacy than the reams of administrators who guarded its length would suggest.
Epilogue
Authors: Hoy Benjamin
Published: February 2021

The epilogue compares Donald Trump’s attempt to build a border wall with Mexico and an earlier attempt by Montana Congressman Joseph M. Dixon in 1903 to build a barbed wire fence along much of Canada’s border with the United States. Stepping back, the epilogue provides an overview of the impacts of 9/11, the development of new technologies, and the ways contemporary problems in art, politics, and business often have historic roots. The epilogue returns to the ways Indigenous people conceptualize land, territory, and belonging and how this has shifted over time. It argues that if the border today is a more prominent impediment to movement than it was even twenty years earlier, it has not succeeded in shaking its past. It remains one border among many: a border built on Indigenous lands with all the ambiguity and complexity that such a venture creates.
The Transformation of Religion
Authors: Hedstrom Matthew S.
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines religious disaffiliation as itself a potentially religious act. It argues that “nothing in particular,” a religious option commonly presented to respondents on social scientific surveys, often entails an affirmation of religious cosmopolitanism rather than simple secularization or the rejection of religion altogether. This kind of religious cosmopolitanism—this preference for religion “in general” rather than “in particular”—has a long history in the United States, which this chapter tracks across the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It attends especially to liberal Protestantism and other forms of religious liberalism as the source of modern religious cosmopolitanism and argues that the development of religious cosmopolitanism made religious disaffiliation easier for many Americans and even necessary for some. Understanding the religious nature of some religious disaffiliation is essential to understanding the broader phenomenon of religious disaffiliation in the twenty-first century.
Iraq
Authors: Gent Stephen E. , Crescenzi Mark J. C.
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines how the motivation to establish market power in the oil export market influenced Saddam Hussein’s decision to invade Kuwait in 1990. In the wake of the costly Iran-Iraq war, Hussein desperately needed access to new resources. By controlling Kuwait’s oil production, Iraq could both augment its own oil resources and prevent Kuwait from overproducing and putting downward pressure on the price of oil. Relatively unconstrained by low levels of economic dependence and a lack of acceptable institutional solutions, Hussein turned to violence to pursue his market power goals. A subsequent invasion of Saudi Arabia would have given Iraq a sufficient market share to be able to control the global output and price of oil. To prevent such a shift in market power, a coalition of forces led by the United States intervened militarily and drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait.
Conclusion
Authors: Gent Stephen E. , Crescenzi Mark J. C.
Published: February 2021

This concluding chapter addresses some additional aspects of market power politics and outlines several implications of this study for scholars and policymakers. First, to complement the previous case studies of violence and strategic delay, it provides a brief discussion of Russia’s decision to abandon a delay strategy and agree to a settlement of the long-running dispute over the Caspian Sea. It then outlines a set of questions for future research on market power politics. Next, the chapter reflects upon how the research in the book informs an understanding of international relations. It highlights some important lessons concerning the effects of market structure on conflict behavior and the limitations of international institutions. It then contemplates the future role of gray zone tactics by countries like Russia and China. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some of the policy implications that follow from this research.
The Frontlines of Peace
Authors: Autesserre Séverine , Gbowee Leymah
Published: February 2021

The Frontlines of Peace tells the stories of the ordinary yet extraordinary individuals and communities that have found effective ways to confront violence. Drawing on twenty years of work in peacebuilding, including in-depth research in twelve conflict zones around the world as well as comparisons with social initiatives in North America and Europe, it shows that peace can grow in the most unlikely circumstances, with the help of the most unlikely heroes. The book opens our eyes to the well-intentioned but systematically flawed peace industry, shedding light on how typical aid interventions have been getting it wrong, and—more importantly—how a few of them have been getting it right. Contrary to what most politicians preach, resolving conflicts doesn’t require billions of dollars in aid or massive international involvement. Real, lasting peace requires giving the power over to ordinary citizens. There have been many successful examples of peacebuilding in the past few years, all involving innovative grassroots initiatives led by local people and at times supported by foreigners, often using methods shunned by the international elite. So, rather than focusing on handshakes between presidents, abstract peace agreements, and endless negotiations between governments and rebel leaders, The Frontlines of Peace details the concrete, everyday actions that make a difference on the ground. The implications are clear: We must radically change our approach if we hope to end violence from war, address conflicts in our communities, and build lasting peace around us—whether we live in Congo, the United States, or elsewhere.
Island of Peace
Authors: Autesserre Séverine
Published: February 2021

Chapter One explains how the island of Idjwi has avoided the devastating violence in the rest of eastern Congo. For more than twenty years, Idjwi has remained a “haven of peace” even though civil and international wars raged around it and more than five million people died. This is all the more surprising because the island possesses all of the same preconditions for conflict that have fueled fighting in other parts of Congo, such as land scarcity, ethnic tensions, and aggressive neighboring countries. The chapter explains that the island is peaceful not because of the army, state, or police, or because of foreign peacebuilders, but because of the everyday involvement of all of its residents, including the poorest and least powerful ones. The story of Idjwi shows us that grassroots efforts, bottom-up conflict resolution, and local community resources can build lasting, resilient peace even in a country where traditional outside interventions have failed.
The Home Front
Authors: Autesserre Séverine
Published: February 2021

Chapter Seven shows how the successful initiatives described throughout the book provide a blueprint for residents of ostensibly peaceful countries to address conflicts at home. It analyzes efforts that have effectively decreased gun violence, gang fighting, and inner-city conflicts in the United States, tackled extremism and hate crimes in Europe and North America, and reduced other kinds of racial, ethnic, religious, and political tensions throughout the Western and non-Western world. In doing so, this chapter demonstrates that putting insiders in the driver’s seat and acting from both the bottom-up and the top-down is the best way to resolve violent conflicts—whether they be private or public, local or global. It also explains how the other lessons from the book apply beyond war-torn places. Throughout, this concluding chapter discusses what readers who are moved by the analysis can personally do to improve the situations in their own communities.
Introduction
Authors: Moyar Dean
Published: February 2021

The Introduction situates Hegel’s theory of justice in relation to the political moralism of ideal theory and the critical realism of those who hold that theories of morality and politics should be sharply separated. The Introduction argues that the unification of morality and right in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right depends on an overlooked theory of value. The various forms of value in Hegel are listed and it is shown that they can be conceived as unified through his conception of purposiveness. Spelling out the rationality in the account as a version of inferentialism, the Introduction distinguishes Hegel’s teleological inferentialism from pragmatist inferentialism. It is shown how inferential rationality in the practical domain can underwrite a theory of justice through Hegel’s conception of the rationality of life. Finally, a Basic Argument is given as the template for the development of the content of right.
“The Nation’s Hoop is Broken and Scattered”
Authors: Smith John Howard
Published: February 2021

The bulk of American Indian resistance to Euro-American colonialism and territorial cessions took two primary forms: offensive military action and unsuccessful political maneuvers in the form of petitions to state and federal authorities. Religion was sometimes enlisted to make a case against displacement from tribal homelands or against the pressures to assimilate to an alien way of life, but the appeals were to Christian senses of charity and decency—not apocalypticism. For many of the Indians who surrendered to inevitable defeat and submitted to living on “reservations” in the West, traditional religions provided a means to cope, but they slowly gave way to Christianity. The idea of pan-Indian unity proved too compelling to fade away entirely, and in the 1870s there emerged two would-be messiahs who each predicted not just the restoration of ancient Indian landholdings and power, but the apocalyptic wiping of the white race from all Indian lands, past and present.
The Geo-Energy Trilemma and Its Mismanagement
Authors: Drahos Peter
Published: February 2021

States, motivated by military concerns, have mismanaged the geo-energy trilemma with the result that they face a much deeper climate emergency than they otherwise might. The geo-energy trilemma consists of climate mitigation, energy security, and economic/military development. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has been central to the creation of a data path that prioritizes fossil fuels over the development of renewable energy. The International Energy Agency sent states down the track of more coal development even though carbon capture storage was never a realistic prospect. The IEA failed to build trust among states on energy and climate change issues. The creation of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an important step forward globally for the renewable energy industries.
City Pathways to the Bio-Digital Energy Paradigm
Authors: Drahos Peter
Published: February 2021

New cities might be the levers of change that China can pull to switch from an industrializing carbon economy at destructive odds with nature to a postcircular economy in which the sustainability and resilience of the economy rests on the management of ecological networks. Cities such as Shenzhen contributed to China’s export model of growth. China is now building cities that will ground an innovation model of growth. Its experimental cities include eco-cities, forest cities, hydrogen cities, smart cities, and sponge cities. China’s city networks are being deepened and extended through the Belt and Road Initiative. They could function as networks of demand for innovative solutions to problems of drought, air and water pollution, wet bulb temperatures, transport congestion, as well as networks of rapid diffusion for climate and energy technologies. The size of China’s city networks means that multinationals cannot stay out of China.