bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic and financial integration, capital controls, and risk sharing
Authors: Donadelli Michael , Gufler Ivan
Published: July 2024

We analyse economic (EI) and financial (FI) integration, and their effects on international consumption risk sharing (RS) across 40 countries, including 21 developed (DEV) and 19 emerging (EM) markets, from 1995 to 2019. Utilizing the metric for EI and FI of Akbari et al. (2020, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 55, 2270–303), and various RS proxies, we find that increasing EI reduces RS in EM, while FI enhances it. Conversely, there is no evidence that EI or FI influences RS in DEV, contradicting theoretical predictions from international business cycle models. These results remain robust when controlling for trade and financial openness and capital flow restrictions. Additionally, we investigate the direct influence of capital controls on market integration. Relaxing equity inflow controls significantly enhances market integration, specifically boosting EI in DEV, and FI in EM. In contrast, equity outflow restrictions and controls on other asset categories do not significantly impact market integration. Our findings challenge the idea that simply removing legal restrictions on international capital flows is sufficient or necessary to achieve greater market integration and improved RS. This underscores the perspective that adjustments in capital controls alone may not ensure macro‐financial stability.
Response of rubber tree clones to black crust
Authors: Antonio Gabriel Leonardi , Mattochek Túlio Augusto , Perfeito Dhonata Marcos , Junior Erivaldo José Scaloppi , Fischer Ivan Herman , Furtado Edson Luiz , Firmino Ana Carolina
Published: July 2024

The occurrence of black crust, a disease previously considered secondary, has become a cause for concern due to early leaf fall in rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). This study aimed to identify sources of resistance to black crust in 21 clones of rubber trees in a clonal garden. To achieve this, the disease severity was evaluated through eight assessments conducted over a 2‐year period. In each evaluation, 15 leaflets from three different parts of the plant (bottom, middle third and crown) were randomly collected, resulting in a total of 45 leaflets per plant. These leaflets were then taken to the laboratory, and the software Leaf Doctor was used to measure the percentage of leaf area exhibiting symptoms of black crust. The results were analysed using the Scott‐Knott test at a 5% probability level. The clones with the highest infected leaf area observed during the evaluations were IAC300, IAC418, IAC503, PB311 and RRIM600. Clone IAC511 did not show any symptoms of the disease in any of the evaluations. Clones IAC301, IAC411, IAC501, IAC507 and IRCA111 exhibited low percentages of affected leaf areas. Additionally, this study revealed the progression of the disease over the evaluation period. The infection initially starts on the youngest leaves (crown) in March and subsequently intensifies in the middle third of the plant, corresponding to the youngest leaf previously infected in the crown. Furthermore, environmental data collected in the experimental area over the 2‐year evaluation period indicated that the disease manifests with greater severity when the average temperatures fall below 25°C after periods of heavy rainfall, followed by dry periods with low relative humidity. The data presented in this study significantly contribute to the management of this disease in the field by identifying clones where the disease manifests with lower severity.
An open‐label, first‐in‐human, single agent, dose escalation study for the evaluation of safety and efficacy of SAR442085 in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Kapoor Prashant , Nathwani Nitya , Jelinek Tomas , Pour Ludek , Perrot Aurore , Dimopoulos Meletios‐Athanasios , Huang Shang‐Yi , Spicka Ivan , Chhabra Saurabh , Lichtman Eben , Mateos Maria‐Victoria , Kanagavel Dheepak , Zhao Liang , Guillemin‐Paveau Helene , Macé Sandrine , van de Velde Helgi , Richardson Paul G.
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) is a key target on multiple myeloma (MM) cells. This multi‐centre, Phase 1, single‐agent study (NCT04000282) investigated SAR442085, a novel fragment crystallisable (Fc)‐modified anti‐CD38 monoclonal antibody (mAb), with enhanced affinity towards Fc‐gamma receptor on effector cells in patients with relapsed and/or refractory (RR) MM.

Methods

This study comprised two parts: Part‐A (dose‐escalation involving anti‐CD38 mAb pre‐treated and naïve patients) and Part‐B (dose expansion). Primary endpoints were maximum tolerated dose and recommended Phase 2 dose (RP2D).

Results

Thirty‐seven heavily pre‐treated patients were treated in Part A. Part‐B (dose‐expansion) was not studied. Seven dose‐limiting toxicities were reported at DL3, DL5, DL6, and DL7. RP2D was determined to be 5–7·5 mg/kg. Most common treatment‐emergent adverse events were infusion‐related reactions in 70·3% (26/37) patients. Grade ≥3 thrombocytopenia was reported in 48·6% (18/37). Overall response rate was 70% in anti‐CD38 mAb naïve and 4% in anti‐CD38 pre‐treated patients, with a median progression‐free survival of 7·62 (95%CI: 2·858; not calculable) months and 2·79 (95%CI: 1·150; 4·172) months and, respectively.

Conclusions

The efficacy of SAR442085 was promising in anti‐CD38 mAb naïve patients but did not extend to the larger cohort of anti‐CD38 mAb pre‐treated patients. This observation, along with transient high‐grade thrombocytopenia, could potentially limit its clinical use.
Prediction of sustained remission after tyrosine kinase inhibitor discontinuation with BCR::ABL1 digital PCR in chronic myeloid leukemia patients
Authors: Kockerols Camille , Valk Peter J. M. , Janssen Jeroen J. W. M. , Hogenbirk Pauline , Cornelissen Jan J. , Saussele Susanne , Spiess Birgit , Perusini Maria Agustina , Kim Dennis , Westerweel Peter E.
Published: July 2024

Precise and reliable predictive parameters to accurately identify chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients who can successfully discontinue their tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment are lacking. One promising parameter is depth of molecular response measured by BCR::ABL1 digital PCR (dPCR). The aim of this study was to validate a previously described prediction cutoff of 0.0023%IS and to assess the value of dPCR for treatment‐free remission (TFR) prediction in relation to other clinical parameters. A droplet‐based dPCR assay assessed BCR::ABL1 %IS prior to TKI discontinuation. The primary endpoint was molecular recurrence (MolR) by 36 months. A total of 186 patients from Canada, Germany, and the Netherlands were included. In patients with a first TKI discontinuation attempt (n = 163), a BCR::ABL1 dPCR < and ≥0.0023%IS had a MolR probability of 33% and 70%, respectively. Patients treated less than 6 years with a BCR::ABL1 dPCR <0.0023%IS had a MolR probability of 31%. After correction for treatment duration, both high dPCR value and the use of imatinib (vs. second‐generation TKI) were significantly associated with a higher risk of MolR (HR of 3.66, 95%CI 2.06–6.51, p < .001; and 2.85, 95%CI 1.25–6.46, p = .013, respectively). BCR::ABL1 dPCR was not associated with TFR outcome after second TKI discontinuation, however, with the limitation of a small number of patients analyzed (n = 23). In conclusion, BCR::ABL1 digital PCR based on the cutoff of 0.0023%IS is a valuable predictive tool to identify CML patients with a high probability of TFR success after first TKI discontinuation, including patients treated for less than 6 years.
The impact of hematology electronic consultations on the management of iron deficiency
Authors: King Hannah L. , Benedetti Genevieve B. , Barisic Stefan , Tan Virginia , Piatski Marie E. , Berkowitz Jacob M. , Benson Ashley E. , Lo Jamie O. , Olson Sven R. , DeLoughery Thomas G. , Shatzel Joseph J. , Martens Kylee L.
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Delays in the evaluation and treatment of iron deficiency can lead to increased disease‐related morbidity and mortality. Electronic consultation (e‐consult) is a referral modality that allows providers quicker access to recommendations from a specialist based on electronic chart review. While the use of e‐consult is expanding in classical hematology, gaps exist in the understanding of patient outcomes related to its use for iron deficiency.

Methods

We randomly selected 200 e‐consults and 200 traditional referrals from 3,336 hematology referrals for iron deficiency at a single center. The primary outcomes of the retrospective analysis were: time to completion of the referral, and time to treatment with intravenous iron. Secondary outcomes included recurrence of iron deficiency, need for repeat e‐consult, conversion to in‐person evaluation, and assessment of whether the etiology of iron deficiency was addressed.

Results

E‐consults significantly reduced the time from referral to intravenous iron repletion (e‐consult, 33 days; traditional referral, 68 days; p < .05). Assessment of the underlying etiology occurred in 70.7% of the e‐consult encounters compared to 92.5% of traditional referrals (p < .05).

Conclusions

These findings highlight advantages of e‐consults in improving care delivery in iron deficiency, and identifying gaps that can be improved through practice standardization to ensure equitable, high‐value care.
A generative adversarial network‐based client‐level handwriting forgery attack in federated learning scenario
Authors: Shi Lei , Wu Han , Ding Xu , Xu Hao , Pan Sinan
Published: July 2024

Federated learning (FL), celebrated for its privacy‐preserving features, has been revealed by recent studies to harbour security vulnerabilities that jeopardize client privacy, particularly through data reconstruction attacks that enable adversaries to recover original client data. This study introduces a client‐level handwriting forgery attack method for FL based on generative adversarial networks (GANs), which reveals security vulnerabilities existing in FL systems. It should be stressed that this research is purely for academic purposes, aiming to raise concerns about privacy protection and data security, and does not encourage illegal activities. Our novel methodology assumes an adversarial scenario wherein adversaries intercept a fraction of parameter updates via victim clients’ wireless communication channels, then use this information to train GAN for data recovery. Finally, the purpose of handwriting imitation is achieved. To rigorously assess and validate our methodology, experiments were conducted using a bespoke Chinese digit dataset, facilitating in‐depth analysis and robust verification of results. Our experimental findings demonstrated enhanced data recovery effectiveness, a client‐level attack and greater versatility compared to prior art. Notably, our method maintained high attack performance even with a streamlined GAN design, yielding increased precision and significantly faster execution times compared to standard methods. Specifically, our experimental numerical results revealed a substantial boost in reconstruction accuracy by 16.7%, coupled with a 51.9% decrease in computational time compared to the latest similar techniques. Furthermore, tests on a simplified version of our GAN exhibited an average 10% enhancement in accuracy, alongside a remarkable 70% reduction in time consumption. By surmounting the limitations of previous work, this study fills crucial gaps and affirms the effectiveness of our approach in achieving high‐accuracy client‐level data reconstruction within the FL context, thereby stimulating further exploration into FL security measures.
Identifying a typology of helpful post‐divorce family assets: Implications for divorce education
Authors: Beckmeyer Jonathon J. , Russell Luke T.
Published: July 2024

Divorce education programs seek to provide parents with information about various aspects of the divorce process, its consequences, and strategies for successful adjustment. Within those broad content areas, however, there are myriad of potential promotive‐, protective‐, and risk‐factors that programs could address. Thus, divorce education programs could benefit from further guidance about the content areas divorcing parents may find the most helpful. In the present study we aimed to describe what divorced parents felt had helped their families throughout the divorce process. We did so to promote further alignment between divorce education program content and what parents have found helpful. Specifically, we identified a typology of helpful post‐divorce family assets. Our findings suggest that though a plurality of divorcing parents benefit from a wide range of legal/professional, former spouse, and personal assets, the majority rely predominately upon their own parenting skills and resources, or perceive few beneficial assets to draw on. We contend divorce educators should consider incorporating further information on developing personal parenting skills or resources, and skillfully navigating legal or therapeutic systems, to further complement existing curricula.
Influence of prosthodontic rehabilitation and dietary advice on glycaemic control, nutritional status and oral health‐related quality of life of older adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Brígido Jandenilson Alves , da Rosa Wellington Luiz de Oliveira , Lund Rafael Guerra
Published: July 2024

Objectives

This prospective clinical study aimed to determine the influence of oral prosthodontic rehabilitation with partial removable dentures and simplified dietary advice on glycaemic control, nutritional status and oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of older adults with type 2 diabetes.

Background

Individuals with tooth loss who did not wear complete or partial dentures are more likely to be at nutritional risk, suggesting that using dental prostheses would benefit the re‐establishment of an adequate nutritional status and potentially improve quality of life. Nutritional therapy is essential for diabetes prevention, treatment and management, favouring glycaemic control. The literature provides little evidence on the contribution of partial removable dentures to improving diabetes control, nutritional profile and satisfaction in older adults, especially those with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

Older individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, aged 60 years or older and needing oral rehabilitation with partial removable dentures were eligible for this prospective study. The primary outcome measure was glycaemic control, measured by glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) questionnaire and the Mini Nutritional Assessment short‐form (MNA‐SF) represented secondary outcome measures. These measures were assessed at baseline and 12 months of follow‐up after prosthesis delivery, combined with simple dietary advice in pamphlet form. The data were analysed using the Wilcoxon matched‐pairs test.

Results

Forty‐four patients who met the inclusion criteria and required treatment with removable partial dentures were selected for this study, which was carried out for a year. During this period, seven participants declined to participate because they moved to another city. Hence, a final sample of 37 participants (16 men and 21 women, average age of 65.8 years, ranging from 60 to 83 years) were included in the study. No laboratory parameter (HbA1c levels) changed significantly during the investigation. The number of older adults at risk of malnutrition was significantly lower at 12 months than at baseline. Furthermore, nutritional status significantly improved 12 months after prosthodontic treatment combined with dietary advice, and the effect sizes were large. OHRQoL significantly improved after prosthodontic therapy combined with dietary advice.

Conclusions

Prosthodontic treatment with partial dentures associated with simple dietary advice did not influence glycaemic control but improved the nutritional status and OHRQoL of older adults with type 2 diabetes.
The mediating role of psychological well‐being on the effect of fear of future violent events at work on nurses’ intention to migration
Authors: Güneş Deniz , Günaydin Nevin , Amarat Mustafa
Published: July 2024

Aim

To evaluate the effect of the fear of violence of nurses working in Turkey on their intention to migrate and to examine the mediating role of psychological well‐being on this effect.

Background

Many countries are concerned about nurses’ fear of violence and their intention to migrate. The fear of violence at work may influence nurses’ intention to migrate. Additionally, psychological well‐being may impact this process. However, the impact of the fear of violence at work on the intention to migrate, as well as the moderating effect of psychological well‐being in a nursing context, is not well understood.

Methods

We conducted this cross‐sectional study on a sample of 221 nurses from two public hospitals. We collected survey data between November 2022 and January 2023 using three scales. We analyzed the data using SPSS, AMOS, and HAYES. We followed the STROBE statement guidelines for cross‐sectional studies.

Results

Nurses reported a moderate intention to migrate and a moderate to high level of fear of violence and psychological well‐being. Fear of violence is positively associated with the intention to migrate. Mediation analyses indicated that the association between fear of violence and intention to migration was mediated by psychological well‐being.

Discussion and conclusion

The fear among nurses of being exposed to violence increases their intention to migrate. However, high psychological well‐being can reduce this intention.

Implications for nursing and health policy

Nursing managers, policymakers, and decision‐makers need to take serious precautions against the fear of violence in the future and make necessary improvements for nurses who witness violence. To achieve this, it can begin by paying attention to the high psychological well‐being of each nurse.
The work of palliative care from the perspectives of district nurses: A qualitative study
Authors: Robinson Jackie , Goodwin Hetty , Williams Lisa , Anderson Natalie , Parr Jenny , Irwin Rebekah , Gott Merryn
Published: July 2024

Aim

To explore the work of palliative care from the perspectives of district nurses with a focus on the strategies they use to achieve positive outcomes for patients.

Design

An exploratory descriptive qualitative study.

Methods

A combination of group and individual interviews using semi‐structured interviewing were used to explore district nurses' views of providing palliative care across two large urban community nursing services.

Results

Sixteen district nurse participants were interviewed. Three key themes were identified: “Getting what was needed” involved finding solutions, selling a story and establishing relationships. District nurses sought ways to “Stay involved” recognizing the benefit of delaying discharge for some patients. “Completing a nursing task” was a way of managing time constraints and a form of self‐protection from having difficult conversations.

Conclusion

This study highlights the importance of understanding the contextual nature of the practice setting in relation to the provision of palliative care. In doing so, it has revealed the strategies district nurses use to overcome the challenges associated with providing palliative care within a generalist workload.

Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care

District nurses experience a tension between managing high patient workloads and remaining patient centred in palliative care. Being task focused is a way of remaining safe while managing a high volume of work and is not always a negative factor in the care they provide. However, focusing on a task while at the same time addressing other unmet needs requires a set of skills that less experienced nurses may not have.

Impact

Palliative care education alone will not improve the quality of palliative care provided by generalist community district nurses. The practice context is an important factor to take into consideration when supporting the integration of palliative care in district nursing.

No Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution was made to this study.

Reporting Method

We have adhered to the relevant EQUATOR guidelines and used the COREQ reporting method.
Septal late enhancement by cardiac CT is associated with repeat ablation in nonischemic cardiomyopathy patients
Authors: John Leah A. , Divakaran Sanjay , Blankstein Ron , Batnyam Uyanga , Suranyi Pal , Gregoski Mathew , Cochet Hubert , Peyrat Jean‐Marc , Cedlink Nicolas , Kabongo Luis , Soré Bruno , Schoepf Joseph , Sauer William H. , Winterfield Jeffrey R. , Tedrow Usha B.
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Scar substrate in nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) patients is often difficult to identify. Advances in cardiac imaging, especially using late iodine‐enhanced computed tomography (LIE‐CT), allow better characterization of scars giving rise to ventricular tachycardia (VT). Currently, there are limited data on clinical correlates of CT‐derived scar substrates in NICM. We sought assess the relationship between scar location on LIE‐CT and outcomes after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) in NICM patients with VT.

Methods

From 2020 to 2022, consecutive patients with NICM undergoing VT RFCA with integration of cardiac CT scar modeling (inHeart, Pessac, France) were included at two US tertiary care centers. The CT protocol included both arterial‐enhanced imaging for anatomical modeling and LIE‐CT for scar assessment. The distribution of substrate on CT was analyzed in relation to patient outcomes, with primary endpoints being VT recurrence and the need for repeat ablation procedure.

Results

Sixty patients were included (age 64 ± 12 years, 90% men). Over a median follow‐up of 120 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 41–365), repeat ablation procedures were required in 32 (53%). VT recurrence occurred in 46 (77%), with a median time to recurrence of 40 days (IQR: 8–65). CT‐derived total scar volume positively correlated with intrinsic QRS duration (r = .34, p = 0.008). Septal scar was found on CT in 34 (57%), and lateral scar in 40 (7%). On univariate logistic regression, septal scar was associated with increased odds of repeat ablation (odds ratio [OR]: 2.9 [1.0–8.4]; p = 0.046), while lateral scar was not (OR: 0.9 [0.3–2.7]; p = 0.855). Septal scar better predicted VT recurrence when compared to lateral scar, but neither were statistically significant (septal scar OR: 3.0 [0.9–10.7]; p = 0.078; lateral scar OR: 1.7 [0.5–5.9]; p = 0.391).

Conclusion

In this tertiary care referral population, patients with NICM undergoing VT catheter ablation with septal LIE‐CT have nearly threefold increased risk of need for repeat ablation.
Stable isotopes reveal trophic ontogeny in Cisco (Coregonus artedi)
Authors: Martin Benjamin E. , Mrnak Joseph T.
Published: July 2024

Cisco (Coregonus artedi) are a widespread, cold‐water zooplanktivore native to North America. Although Cisco are generally referred to as an “obligate zooplanktivore,” there is some evidence that the species exhibits considerable variability in trophic niche. Here, we assessed how Cisco body size relates to trophic position, that is, trophic ontogeny. We analysed 13C and 15N isotopes from Cisco ranging from 127 to 271 mm in body length (n = 66) from Trout Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA. 15N isotopes showed smaller Cisco had a trophic position of ~3, which steadily increased to ~3.5 for larger Cisco. Further, 13C isotope signatures showed Cisco transitioned to be more pelagically reliant (lower 13C signatures). Using gillnet catch data, we found that larger Cisco were using deeper habitats than smaller Cisco. Our results support that Cisco have significant variability in trophic niche even though they are traditionally thought of as an obligate planktivore. Overall, we emphasize that researchers should be cautious when generalizing Cisco trophic function, particularly when considering the broader food web.
Skills and knowledge therapists need to work with foster youth and families: According to key stakeholders in child welfare
Authors: Linville Deanna , Ruff Saralyn , Morgan Kaycee , Zilberstein Karen
Published: July 2024

The current study relied on community‐based participatory action research and qualitative methodology to explore the necessary skills and knowledge psychotherapists need to work effectively with foster youth and their families. In this study, the research team conducted interviews and focus groups with stakeholders (n = 48) in child welfare to learn how to support therapeutic relationships with foster youth clients. Using qualitative content analysis, the research team identified eight categories for needed knowledge and/or skills, such as collaboration with and inclusion of others in a client's system; flexibility and open‐mindedness to individualize care follow the client's lead; and a solid understanding of trauma and attachment supported by therapist training and regular consultation specifically around foster care. These findings offer tangible suggestions for skills that psychotherapists can learn and practice in order to support beneficial mental health services for foster youth.
Cell type‐specific and subcellular expression of phospholipid phosphatase‐related proteins to modulate lyso‐phosphatidic acid synaptic signaling in the developing and adult CNS
Authors: Polyzou Alexandra , Fuchs Joachim , Kroon Cristina , Kotoula Androniki , Delis Foteini , Turko Paul , Antoniou Katerina , Eickholt Britta , Leondaritis George
Published: July 2024

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid that participates in critical processes in neural development and adult brain function and is implicated in various pathophysiological conditions. Along with its six well‐characterized receptors, atypical regulators of LPA signaling have also been suggested, including phospholipid phosphatase‐related proteins (PLPPRs). PLPPRs have been mostly studied in the developing brain where they control LPA‐dependent axon guidance, cortical network hyperexcitability, and glutamatergic neurotransmission. PLPPR4 and PLPPR3 represent two closely related proteins reported to localize predominantly in dendrites and axons, respectively, and differ in their developmental expression patterns. Herein, we have revised the expression patterns of PLPPRs in the cerebellum, dorsal and ventral hippocampus, prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens, and striatum during development and in the adult using quantitative PCR. Expression patterns of Plppr2,4 and 5 were consistent with previous studies, whereas Plppr3 and Plppr1 exhibited a unique expression profile in nucleus accumbens (NAc) and striatum in later developmental and adult stages, which we verified at the protein level for PLPPR3. To investigate neuron type‐specific expression at the single cell level, we developed a bioinformatic tool to analyze recent single‐cell RNA‐sequencing data in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of adult mice. Our analysis revealed a widespread but also selective adult neuron‐type expression with higher expression levels of Plppr3, Plppr1, and Plppr5 in GABAergic and Plppr4 and Plppr2 in glutamatergic neurons. PLPPR4 has been identified as a post‐synaptic modulator of LPA levels in glutamatergic synapses operating via an uptake mechanism, to control LPA‐dependent cortical network hyperexcitability. Using subcellular fractionation experiments, we found that both PLPPR4 and PLPPR3 are co‐expressed in adult synaptosomal membranes. Furthermore, flow cytometry experiments in HEK293 cells showed comparable LPA uptake by PLPPR4 and PLPPR3, whereas PLPRR3, but not PLPPR4, induced also uptake of monoacylglycerol, the dephosphorylation product of LPA. We propose that synaptic LPA may be subject to both pre‐synaptic and post‐synaptic mechanisms of regulation by PLPPRs in addition to LPARs in developing and adult synapses.

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Ontogeny of the masticatory muscles in the opossum Didelphis albiventris (Marsupialia, Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae)
Authors: Abreu Juann A. F. H. , Astúa Diego
Published: July 2024

Opossums (marsupials of the Didelphidae family) retain a generalized masticatory apparatus and tribosphenic molars, often used as models to understand the evolution of mastication in early therian mammals. Like all marsupials, their growth goes through a stage when pups complete their development while permanently attached to the mother's teats before weaning and starting feeding on their own. Yet, while the masticatory muscles of adults are known, as is the ontogeny of the cranium and mandible, the ontogenetic changes in the masticatory muscles remain unknown. Here we describe for the first time the changes in the masticatory muscles observed in lactating pups, and weaned juveniles, subadults, and adults in the White‐eared opossum, Didelphis albiventris, through dissection of 25 specimens and quantification of relative muscle masses, lines of actions and mechanical advantages whenever possible. We also assessed the scaling patterns of muscle masses and mechanical advantages through ontogeny. The main changes, as expected, were found between suckling and weaned specimens, although some changes still occurred from juveniles to adults. The adult adductor musculature is similar to the other Didelphis species already known, with a dominant m. temporalis that originates on the lateral wall of the skull, up to the sagittal and nuchal crests, and fills the zygomatic arch when inserting into the lateral and medial surfaces of the coronoid process, respectively through the pars superficialis and pars profunda. The m. masseter is also subdivided in superficial and deep bundles which originate posteriorly in the maxilla and zygomatic arch, and insert into the angular process and masseteric fossa in the mandible. The m. pterygoideus medialis originates from the palatine, the pterygoid bone and the alisphenoid, and it inserts on the angular process medially. Suckling pups showed muscles with more restricted attachments, reduced muscle lines of action, and less diversity in the fiber orientation. The absence of the postorbital constriction also resulted in a distinct morphology of the m. temporalis pars profunda, through two bundles, one anterior and one posterior, which insert more inferiorly into the mandible. These major changes can be related to the onset of mastication and to size‐related changes in growing weaned age classes. In general, all adductor muscles grew with positive allometry, and increased their fixation areas through, in part, the development of specific regions of the cranium and mandible. Their lines of action also increase and diversify along ontogeny. These changes can be related to the functional requirements for fixation during lactation, which shift to adduction and mastication movements after weaning.
How does failure normalization foster product innovativeness in new product development? The role of passion and learning
Authors: Tao Xiangming (Tommy) , Ucbasaran Deniz
Published: July 2024

Tolerating failure has gained recognition as a crucial catalyst for product innovation. However, there is a limited understanding of how and under what conditions project leaders' perceptions of failure normalization—the norms regarding failure in their work environment—can enhance product innovativeness in the context of new product development (NPD). Drawing upon sensemaking and motivation theories, we propose a moderated mediation model to address this research gap. Data were collected from 181 high‐tech ventures in China, with responses gathered at three different time points from matched respondents. Utilizing moderated path analysis and the Monte Carlo method, our findings reveal that failure normalization primarily fosters product innovativeness by facilitating learning from failure. Importantly, this positive effect is contingent upon the project leader's passion for inventing. A profound passion for inventing significantly enhances NPD leaders' motivation to learn from failures, thereby acting as a pivotal factor that determines whether failure normalization promotes or impedes product innovativeness. This research thus elucidates the previously inconclusive relationship between failure normalization and product innovativeness as presented in the literature. It underscores the dual importance of organizational culture (specifically, failure normalization) and individual motivation (specifically, the passion for inventing) in driving learning and innovation within the NPD process. The practical implications of these findings are significant for high‐tech ventures seeking to enhance their NPD outcomes. Specifically, cultivating an organizational culture that perceives failure as an opportunity for learning, coupled with recognizing and fostering the passion for inventing among NPD project leaders, can boost NPD product innovativeness.
Open innovation under authoritarianism: The case of the Soviet Union
Authors: Lebedenko Svitlana
Published: July 2024

The Soviet Union was a productive and technologically developed economy. It achieved a remarkable transformation from a feudalistic society to an advanced industrial society. How was it able to do this? This article argues that such rapid industrialisation was possible because the Soviets invested in legal institutions that created a special kind of open and highly coordinated innovation system confined to national borders. These legal institutions remain underappreciated in Western intellectual property scholarship. The article reassesses the Soviet legal institutions, by explaining their functions and effects on knowledge flows. It also conceptualises the Soviet reward system as having elements of an ‘economy of esteem’. The article is informative not only as a revisited historical account on the Soviet regulation of innovation, but also as one that teaches much about the modern models of innovation in market economies.
Hayek, Buchanan and the justification of the market
Authors: Sugden Robert
Published: July 2024

This paper discusses the work of two twentieth‐century liberal economists, Friedrich Hayek and James Buchanan, who have made lasting contributions to our understanding of the role of the market in a free society. I argue that they offer significantly different but complementary visions of the value of the market as a system of individual freedom. Hayek's vision is of the price system as a marvel of spontaneous order which solves a fundamental economic problem – that of making efficient use of a totality of knowledge that is divided between individuals. Buchanan's vision is of the market as a space in which individuals are free to make voluntary exchanges. In his words, ‘this is all that there is to it’: the market is not a solution to any collective problem. These visions have a common blind spot. Both writers recognise the need for programmes of social insurance and consider how they should structured so as to be as compatible as possible with the workings of a market economy and a liberal democracy. But, I argue, neither sees the full importance of social insurance in a justification of the market system.
Development of parenting difficulties in infectious disease pandemic inventory
Authors: Tsai Ching‐Shu , Hsiao Ray C. , Lin Chung‐Ying , Yen Cheng‐Fang
Published: July 2024

Background

The objective of this study was to develop the Parenting Difficulties in Infectious Disease Pandemic Inventory (PDIDPI) for the assessment of parenting difficulties during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic and to examine its psychometric properties.

Methods

The 31‐item PDIDPI was developed on the basis of the results of focus group interviews. An exploratory factor analysis using principal axis factoring was conducted to examine the PDIDPI factor structure. The internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach α values. The test–retest reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The concurrent validity was established by examining the correlations of the PDIDPI with Fear of COVID‐19 Scale and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) scores.

Results

We determined that the PDIDPI has seven factors: infection, school and learning, life change, care burden, daily living, health care, and emotion and behavior. The PDIDPI also had good internal consistency (α = 0.685–0.929) and acceptable test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.404–0.794). Regarding concurrent validity, the overall PDIDPI and its seven factors were all significantly associated with depression, determined by the CESD (r = 0.223–0.370), but not all factors were significantly associated with fear of COVID‐19 (r = 0.082–0.203).

Conclusions

Our findings support the psychometric properties of the PDIDPI, confirming its utility for evaluating the multifaceted challenges parents face in child management during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Lipid remodelling and the conversion of lipids into sugars associated with tolerance to cadmium toxicity during white clover seed germination
Authors: Lin Long , Lin Junnan , Zhou Min , Yuan Yan , Li Zhou
Published: July 2024

Cadmium (Cd) is a leading environmental issue worldwide. The current study was conducted to investigate Cd tolerance of 10 commercial white clover (Trifolium repens) cultivars during seed germination and to further explore differences in lipid remodelling, glycometabolism, and the conversion of lipids into sugars contributing to Cd tolerance in the early phase of seedling establishment as well as the accumulation of Cd in seedlings and mature plants. The results show that Cd stress significantly reduced seed germination of 10 cultivars. Compared to Cd‐sensitive Sulky, Cd‐tolerant Pixie accelerated amylolysis to produce more glucose, fructose, and sucrose by maintaining higher amylase and sucrase activities under Cd stress. Pixie maintained higher contents of various lipids, higher DGDG/MGDG ratio, and lower unsaturation levels of lipids, which could be beneficial to membrane stability and integrity as well as signal transduction in cells after being subjected to Cd stress. In addition, Pixie upregulated expression levels of key genes (TrACX1, TrACX4, TrSDP6, and TrPCK1) involved in the conversion of lipids into sugars for early seedling establishment under Cd stress. These findings indicate that lipid remodelling, enhanced glycometabolism, and accelerated conversion of lipids into sugars are important adaptive strategies for white clover seed germination and subsequent seedling establishment under Cd stress. In addition, Pixie not only accumulated more Cd in seedlings and mature plants than Sulky but also had significantly better growth and phytoremediation efficiency under Cd stress. Pixie could be used as a suitable and critical germplasm for the rehabilitation and re‐establishment of Cd‐contaminated areas.
Assessing transgenerational gene editing capacity for enhancing aquaculture productivity in decapod crustaceans
Authors: Black Nickolis , Banks Thomas M. , Ventura Tomer
Published: July 2024

In the wake of global population increases and stagnating capture fishery production, there exists a requirement for novel biotechnologies to increase aquaculture productivity to offset demand. Through recognition of limitations imposed by aquaculture—increased incidence of disease, stress, cannibalism, and mortality in captivity—researchers continue to investigate RNA interference (RNAi) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) technologies for their potential to alleviate these at a genetic level. In decapods, with the exception of generating desirable all‐male monosex populations in Macrobrachium rosenbergii, RNAi and CRISPR technologies have yet to provide a significant commercial use case. This literature review provides a comprehensive examination of RNAi and CRISPR in decapods, along with popular delivery methods (injection/microinjection; electroporation; receptor‐mediated ovary transduction of cargo [ReMOT]; and nanoparticles). It identifies a number of limitations including scalability bottlenecks imposed by RNAi delivery methods, and deferred gene editing progress as a result of CRISPR's infancy. Finally, it recognises gene editing induced gene silencing (GEiGS®) as a novel method for silencing gene expression, and suggests an interim examination of transgenerational gene silencing (TGS) (‘parental RNAi’) in decapods to enhance aquaculture productivity.
The long‐term effect on oral health and quality of life using a powered toothbrush in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. An intervention trial
Authors: Flyborg Johan , Renvert Stefan , Anderberg Peter , Sanmartin‐Berglund Johan
Published: July 2024

Background

The number of older individuals with mild cognitive impairment and neurocognitive diseases is increasing, which may rapidly deteriorate oral health and Quality of life. Therefore, removing dental biofilm is essential for maintaining good oral health. The present study aimed to investigate whether introducing a powered toothbrush reduces the presence of dental plaque, bleeding on probing, and periodontal pockets ≥4 mm, leading to maintained or improved oral health and improved Quality of life in a group of older individuals with mild cognitive impairment.

Methods

Two hundred and thirteen individuals aged 55 or older living without official home care with a Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE) score between 20 and 28 and a history of memory problems in the previous 6 months were recruited and screened for the study. The individuals received a powered toothbrush and thorough instructions on how to use it. Clinical oral examinations, Quality of life examinations, and MMSE tests were conducted at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months. The intervention group was compared to control groups at baseline and 24‐month examination. It was divided into an MMSE high group with a score of more than 26 and an MMSE low group with a score of 26 and lower or decreasing two steps or more for 12 months.

Results

PI, BOP, and PPD≥4 mm improved continuously in both MMSE groups during the 24 months of the study. The values for QoL‐AD deteriorated over time, while the oral health‐related Quality of life did not show any statistically significant changes.

Conclusions

Introducing a powered toothbrush improved PI, BOP, and PPD≥4 mm over 24 months, even among individuals with low or declining MMSE scores. Improved oral health is associated with a preserved OHR‐QoL.
World Englishes and sociolinguistic variation
Authors: Botha Werner , Bernaisch Tobias
Published: July 2024

This article discusses the connections between world Englishes and sociolinguistic variation. It begins with an overview of the field of sociolinguistic variation, and also highlighting contemporary approaches to world Englishes, with specific reference to the sociolinguistic realities (in the Kachruvian sense) of Outer Circle contexts. The article then proceeds to examine language variation studies with a focus on vernacular language practices and the growing use of corpus approaches. It then presents the contributions to this special issue on world Englishes and sociolinguistic variation, before considering possible future directions for research.
Lean Blow-Off Behaviour of Premixed Bluff-Body Stabilized Hydrocarbon-Air Flames and Ammonia/Hydrogen/Nitrogen-Air Flames
Authors: Su Tong , Xu Boyan , Bastiaans R. J. M. , Worth Nicholas A.
Published: July 2024

The lean blow-off (LBO) behavior of turbulent premixed bluff-body stabilized hydrocarbon flames and ammonia/hydrogen/nitrogen flame was investigated and compared both experimentally and numerically. Simultaneous high-speed PIV and OH-PLIF were employed to resolve temporal flame and flow field information, allowing the curvature and hydrodynamic strain rates along the flame surface to be calculated. OH* and NH2* chemiluminescence images were also used to examine flame structures at the same bulk flow velocity but at four equivalence ratios from far away from to near LBO. A NH3/H2/N2 (70%/22.5%/7.5%) flame is slightly more resilient to LBO compared with methane and propane flames at 20 m/s. The hydrocarbon flame structures change from “V-shape” to “M-shape” when approaching lean blow-off, resulting in incomplete reactions and finally trigger the LBO. However, the strong OH* intensity in the shear layer near flame root for the ammonia blend flames indicates a robust reaction which can increase flame stability. Widely-distributed positive curvature along the flame surface of the NH3/H2/N2 flames (Le < 1) may also enhance combustion. The smaller strain rates change along NH3/H2/N2 flame fronts due to less dramatic changes to the flame shape and position, which can extend the stability limits. Furthermore, the faster consumption rates of hydrogen near the flame root for the ammonia blend flames, and the lower temperature loss compared with the adiabatic temperature also contribute to the stabilization of ammonia blends near lean blow-off.
Characteristics of Premixed Ammonia/Methane/Air Blends as an Alternative Fuel in a Swirl-Stabilized Gas Turbine Combustor Under Varying Pilot Percentage
Authors: Chaudhury Meghna Das , Sahoo Abinash , Vinod Kaushik Nonavinakere , Fisher Wesley , Ekkad Srinath V. , Narayanaswamy Venkateswaran , Fang Tiegang
Published: July 2024

Alternative low carbon fuel blends are a promising way toward clean energy transition in the transportation and power generation sectors. In this work, the objective was to study the combustion characteristics of one such low carbon fuel blend (premixed Ammonia, Methane, and Air) in a swirl stabilized gas turbine can combustor under varying percentage of pilot fuel flow (=8–10% of the main fuel flowrate) under atmospheric pressure conditions. Pure Methane was used as the pilot flame which helped in the ignition and stabilization of the main flame and was kept on throughout the experiment. Different volume percentage of Ammonia and Methane blends was analyzed (starting from 10% to 50% Ammonia in the main fuel blend and the rest being Methane) at Reynolds number of the incoming air ∼50,000, and at equivalence ratio = 0.6 and 0.7. Characteristics such as combustor liner wall heat load and flame stability were studied using the Infrared Thermography technique and High-Speed flame imaging, respectively. In addition, both carbon and NOx emission trends were estimated for selected cases using the convergecfd software under steady-state conditions incorporating the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) re-normalization group (RNG) k–ϵ and SAGE modeling techniques. Among all cases, wall heat load was observed to be the least for the 50% Ammonia-50% Methane case, and for cases under reduced pilot percentage. Also, under reduced pilot percentage, flames were mostly unstable wherein the manifestation of instabilities at equivalence ratio = 0.6 and 0.7 was markedly different from one another.