bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of CO2 perturbation on phosphorus pool sizes and uptake in a mesocosm experiment during a low productive summer season in the northern Baltic Sea
Authors: Nausch M. , Bach L. , Czerny J. , Goldstein J. , Grossart H. P. , Hellemann D. , Hornick T. , Achterberg E. , Schulz K. , Riebesell U.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Studies investigating the effect of increasing CO2 levels on the phosphorus cycle in natural waters are lacking although phosphorus often controls phytoplankton development in aquatic systems. The aim of our study was to analyze effects of elevated CO2 levels on phosphorus pool sizes and uptake. Therefore, we conducted a CO2-manipulation mesocosm experiment in the Storfjärden (western Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea) in summer 2012. We compared the phosphorus dynamics in different mesocosm treatments but also studied them outside the mesocosms in the surrounding fjord water. In the mesocosms as well as in surface waters of Storfjärden, dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) concentrations of 0.26 ± 0.03 and 0.23 ± 0.04 μmol L−1, respectively, formed the main fraction of the total P-pool (TP), whereas phosphate (PO4) constituted the lowest fraction with mean concentration of 0.15 ± 0.02 μmol L−1 and 0.17 ± 0.07 μmol L−1 in the mesocosms and in the fjord, respectively. Uptake of PO4 ranged between 0.6 and 3.9 nmol L−1 h−1 of which ~ 86 % (mesocosms) and ~ 72 % (fjord) were realized by the size fraction < 3 μm. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) uptake revealed that additional P was supplied from organic compounds accounting for 25–27 % of P provided by PO4 only. CO2 additions did not cause significant changes in phosphorus (P) pool sizes, DOP composition, and uptake of PO4 and ATP when the whole study period was taken into account. About 18 % of PO4 was transformed into POP, whereby the major proportion (~ 82 %) was converted into DOP suggesting that the conversion of PO4 to DOP is the main pathway of the PO4 turnover. We observed that significant relationships (e.g., between POP and Chl a) in the untreated mesocosms vanished under increased fCO2 conditions. Consequently, it can be hypothesized that the relationship between POP formation and phytoplankton growth changed under elevated CO2 conditions. Significant short-term effects were observed for PO4 and particulate organic phosphorus (POP) pool sizes in CO2 treatments > 1000 μatm during periods when phytoplankton started to grow.
Editorial: The publication of geoscientific model developments v1.1
Authors:   GMD Executive Editors
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Version 1.0 of the editorial of the EGU (European Geosciences Union) journal, Geoscientific Model Development (GMD), was published in 2013. In that editorial an assessment was made of the progress the journal had made since it started, and some revisions to the editorial policy were introduced. After 2 years of experience with this revised editorial policy there are a few required updates, refinements and clarifications, so here we present version 1.1 of the editorial. The most significant amendments relate to the peer-review criteria as presented in the Framework for GMD manuscript types, which is published as an appendix to this paper and also available on the GMD manuscript types webpage. We also slightly refine and update the Publication guide and introduce a self-contained code and data policy. The changes are summarised as follows: – All manuscript types are now required to include code or data availability paragraphs, and model code must always be made available (in the case of copyright or other legal issues, to the editor at a minimum). – The role of evaluation in GMD papers is clarified, and a separate evaluation paper type is introduced. Model descriptions must already be published or in peer review when separate evaluation papers are submitted. – Observationally derived data should normally be published in a data journal rather than in GMD. Syntheses of data which were specifically designed for tasks such as model boundary conditions or direct evaluation of model output may, however, be published in GMD. – GMD publishes a broad range of different kinds of models, and this fact is now more explicitly acknowledged. – The main changes to the Publication guide are the addition of guidelines for editors when assessing papers at the initial review stage. Before sending papers for peer review, editors are required to make sure that papers comply with the Framework for GMD paper types and to carefully consider the topic of plagiarism. – A new appendix, the GMD code and data policy, is included. Version 1.1 of the manuscript types and Publication guide are included in the appendices with changed sentences marked in bold font.
Towards ecosystem accounting: a comprehensive approach to modelling multiple hydrological ecosystem services
Authors: Duku C. , Rathjens H. , Zwart S. J. , Hein L.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Ecosystem accounting is an emerging field that aims to provide a consistent approach to analysing environment–economy interactions. One of the specific features of ecosystem accounting is the distinction between the capacity and the flow of ecosystem services. Ecohydrological modelling to support ecosystem accounting requires considering among others physical and mathematical representation of ecohydrological processes, spatial heterogeneity of the ecosystem, temporal resolution, and required model accuracy. This study examines how a spatially explicit ecohydrological model can be used to analyse multiple hydrological ecosystem services in line with the ecosystem accounting framework. We use the Upper Ouémé watershed in Benin as a test case to demonstrate our approach. The Soil Water and Assessment Tool (SWAT), which has been configured with a grid-based landscape discretization and further enhanced to simulate water flow across the discretized landscape units, is used to simulate the ecohydrology of the Upper Ouémé watershed. Indicators consistent with the ecosystem accounting framework are used to map and quantify the capacities and the flows of multiple hydrological ecosystem services based on the model outputs. Biophysical ecosystem accounts are subsequently set up based on the spatial estimates of hydrological ecosystem services. In addition, we conduct trend analysis statistical tests on biophysical ecosystem accounts to identify trends in changes in the capacity of the watershed ecosystems to provide service flows. We show that the integration of hydrological ecosystem services into an ecosystem accounting framework provides relevant information on ecosystems and hydrological ecosystem services at appropriate scales suitable for decision-making.
Brittle grain size reduction of feldspar, phase mixing and strain localization in granitoids at mid-crustal conditions (Pernambuco shear zone, NE Brazil)
Authors: Viegas G. , Menegon L. , Archanjo C. J.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The Pernambuco shear zone (northeastern Brazil) is a large-scale strike-slip fault that, in its eastern segment, deforms granitoids at mid-crustal conditions. Initially coarse (> 50 μm) grained feldspar porphyroclasts are intensively fractured and reduced to an ultrafine-grained mixture consisting of plagioclase and K-feldspar grains (~ < 15 μm in size) localized in C' shear bands. Detailed microstructural observations and EBSD analysis do not show evidence of intracrystalline plasticity in feldspar porphyroclasts and/or fluid-assisted replacement reactions. Quartz occurs either as thick (~ 1–2 mm) monomineralic bands or as thin ribbons dispersed in the feldspathic mixture. The microstructure and c axis crystallographic preferred orientation are similar in the thick monomineralic band and in the thin ribbons, and suggest dominant subgrain rotation recrystallization and activity of prism ⟨a⟩ and rhomb ⟨a⟩ slip systems. However, the grain size in monophase recrystallized domains decreases when moving from the transposed veins to the thin ribbons embedded in the feldspathic C' bands (14 μm vs. 5 μm, respectively). The fine-grained feldspar mixture has a weak crystallographic preferred orientation interpreted as the result of oriented growth during diffusion creep, as well as the same composition as the fractured porphyroclasts, suggesting that it generated by mechanical fragmentation of rigid porphyroclasts with a negligible role of chemical disequilibrium. Assuming that the C' shear bands deformed under constant stress conditions, the polyphase feldspathic aggregate would have deformed at a strain rate one order of magnitude faster than the monophase quartz ribbons. Overall, our dataset indicates that feldspar underwent a brittle-viscous transition while quartz was deforming via crystal plasticity. The resulting rock microstructure consists of a two-phase rheological mixture (fine-grained feldspars and recrystallized quartz) in which the polyphase feldspathic material localized much of the strain. Extensive grain-size reduction and weakening of feldspars is attained in the East Pernambuco mylonites mainly via fracturing under relatively fluid-absent conditions which would trigger a switch to diffusion creep and further strain localization without a prominent role of metamorphic reactions.
Tooth malposition in patients with cleft lip and/or palate in a Brazilian population
Authors: Melo Filho Mario Rodrigues , Dias Verônica Oliveira , Martelli Daniella Reis , Paranaíba Lívia Ribeiro , Swerts Mário Sérgio Oliveira , De Barros Letízia Monteiro , Martelli Júnior Hercílio
Published: October 2015

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of teeth malposition (rotated) in Brazilian patients with oral clefts and to contribute to the definition of subphenotypes. This study included 317 patients with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Tooth malposition was assessed clinically, through radiographs, and medical history records for each individual. Only teeth malpositions outside the area of the clefts were included. Comparisons were assessed by cross-tabulation and standard chi-square test, and statistical significance was set at p≤0.05. Cleft lip and palate was more prevalent in males, while cleft palate was more common in females. Regarding the presence of tooth malposition, of the 317 patients, 92 (29.02%) had at least one tooth with the dental anomaly. Tooth malposition was more common in patients with cleft lip and palate (16.1%), followed by, respectively, cleft palate (6.9%) and cleft lip (6%) (p=0.112). The highest occurrence of tooth malposition was in the mandible and involved the canines (p<0.01). Few studies have investigated the prevalence of tooth malposition in individuals with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Our results confirmed the highest occurrence of dental anomalies, particularly tooth malposition, in patients with oral clefts. Our findings also highlight that there was a higher occurrence of this condition in the mandible and not the maxilla.
Identification of sweet chesnut pollen in bee pollen pellet using using molecular analysis.
Authors: Žiarovská Jana , Grygorieva Olga , Zeleňáková Lucia , Bežo Milan , Brindza Ján
Published: October 2015

Castanea sativa posses many characteristics that are used by human for different purposes, not only as a part of the food. One of them is the utilization of the sweet chesnut pollen for its pharmacological benefits. Actually, no information about the DNA based identification of the sweet chesnut exist. Here, an identification of Castanea sativa based on the specific DNA fragment amplification is described for the first time. Sweet chesnut identification was performed in the very complex sample of bee pollen pellets that were identified as to contain sweet chesnut pollen grains by morphological analysis. First, bioinformatic analysis was performed to find a Castanea sativa conservative part of galactol synthase gene. BLAST alignment of the CDS of GolS1 gene was performed by BLASTtn against plants nucleotide sequences in the NCBI database to ensure for the specifity or existing nucleotide differences. Then, specific primers were subsequently designed and PCR amplification was performed. All the PCRs have run in duplicates for pollen pellet sample and two independent samples of Castanea sativa pure pollen. Restriction cleavage of the PCR amplified fragment was performed to confirm the specifity of the obtained PCR product with the positive confirmation as the predicted three restriction fragments were obtained that fully correspond by the length to those from virtual clevage. Restriction endonuclease Hpy166II was used in restriction cleavage analysis. Castanea sativa pollen grains were confirmed reliable in multifloral pollen pellet by PCR and this approach has the potential to be used effectively for the authentication purposes of sweet chesnut.
Detection of honey adulteration using HPLC method
Authors: Cwiková Olga , Pavlí­ková Hana , Ansorgová Alena
Published: October 2015

This work deals with the determination of undeclared or illicitly added sugar content in honey samples evaluated using the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography or HPLC with refractive index detection. Labelling of samples was also evaluated in accordance with current legislation. In a total of 21 samples of honey purchased in the fall of 2013, 13 samples were obtained from the regular shopping network, 2 samples were purchase in Health Food stores and 6 samples came directly from local beekeepers and were purchased at the Christmas Markets in Brno.We have determined the contents of fructose, glucose, sucrose, and oligosaccharides using the HPLC method. We have calculated the basic statistics such as the mean and standard deviation for each sample. Samples have been evaluated according to the Council Directive 2001/110/EC, which lays down limit values for the parameters of honey.Only four out of 21 honey samples complied with the requirements of Council Directive 2001/110/EC. These were three samples obtained from the regular shopping network and one obtained directly from the local beekeeper. Six samples did not meet the requirements for the sum of fructose and glucose, two samples could not be determined due to the failure to specify the honey type, and fourteen samples failed the requirement of sucrose content.We have further assessed whether honey samples comply with legislative requirements relating to this product or consumer misleading practices take place. Our analysed samples often lacked indication whether it is a floral honey or honeydew honey; this information was missing in eight out of 21 samples. Samples 5 and 9 did not mention the name of manufacturer. Sample 10 did not mention the country of origin.
Study of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of grapevine seeds, grape and rosehip pressing
Authors: Jakubcová Zuzana , Horky Pavel , Dostalova Lenka , Sochor Jiri , Tomaskova Lenka , Baron Mojmir , Kalhotka Libor , Zeman Ladislav
Published: October 2015

In our experiment, we studied the antimicrobial and antioxidative effect of phytogenic additives. Three additives (grapevine seeds, grape and rosehip pressings) were selected to be monitored. The extracts about concentrations of 1:3 and 1:5 were prepared from them. The monitoring of antimicrobial properties was focused on the pathogenic bacteria Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli causing a serious disease in avian species. The bacteria were prepared in the dilutions of 102, 104 and 106. The antimicrobial effect was observed in the inhibition zones. The antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH method within the antioxidant analysis. Furthermore, the content of flavanols, hydroxycinnamic acids and the total content of polyphenolic compounds was also determined. In the monitoring of the antimicrobial effect of grapevine seeds, grape and rosehip pressings at E. coli, a reduced growth of KTJ (colony forming units) was observed in the disk area during the dilution of 106 and 104. Reduced growth of C. perfringens at a dilution of 106 was noticed using the extracts of grapevine seeds and grape pressings. Low reduced growth of C. perfringens at a dilution of 106 was found out using rosehip pressings. In a dilution of 102 and 104 in C. perfringens and 102 in E. Coli, a very low increase of KTJ was observed therefore the zones of inhibition were not possible to measure. In all monitored additives, the antimicrobial effect was proved. The additives reduced the growth of pathogenic E. coli and C. perfringens. Within the antioxidant analysis, the highest antioxidant activity was found out in grapevine seeds (7.021 g.L-1 GAE), which also contained the highest content of flavanols (3000 times higher than the rosehip pressings and 300 times higher than grapevine seeds pressings), hydroxycinnamic acids (1000 times higher than in grape pressings and 7600 times higher than in rosehip pressings) and the total content of polyphenolic compounds (580 times higher than grape pressings and 2000 times higher than the rosehip pressings) of the monitored additives.
Between Heroization and Martyrology: The Second World War in Selected Museums in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Wnuk Rafał , Majewski Piotr M.
Published: October 2015

This text describes eight selected museums in Central and Eastern Europe dealing with the memory of the Second World War. They represent different perspectives and tendencies. The Soviet or post- Soviet approach to the topic in Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine has been confronted with the new immersive narratives developed in Poland and Lithuania and with some Polish and Czech martyrological museums protecting sites of the Holocaust or other mass murders committed during the war. The authors compare results of their analysis with the concept of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk, Poland, a creation in which they are taking part.
Joseph Retinger’s Vision of United Europe after World War II: Central and Eastern European Question
Authors: Pieczewski Andrzej
Published: October 2015

The goal of this article is to highlight Joseph (in Polish Józef) Retinger’s ideas and concepts of a united Europe after World War II. Retinger was a Polish politician and advisor to Prime Minister Władysław Sikorski. After the war, he remained in exile and became one of the most significant builders of a united Europe. Though working in the West, he had not forgotten about Poland and other countries in Eastern Europe. He believed that Western Europe should not forget the countries behind the Iron Curtain and that they should be included in the trend toward integration as soon as they gained their freedom. Retinger maintained that Poland, just like the other countries in Central and Eastern Europe, could not remain independent other than within wider integrating structures. Thus he promoted the construction of European unity and created Central and Eastern European Commission of European Movement (1947–73). He fully realized that, without radical political changes in the East, the freedom of the countries as well as the prospect of the continent’s unity were far away. Still, he preferred to advocate closing the gap rather than isolation of the countries under Soviet domination. Wherever possible, the commission would take initiatives meant to develop economic and cultural cooperation, as this was, in its view, the way to transpose the ideas of freedom and unity to communist countries. Simultaneously, Western politicians and public opinion in the West were reminded of the true aspirations of the states behind the Iron Curtain. It was stressed that satellite countries, as soon as they regained their freedom, had to have an “open door” to integration with Western Europe. For over twenty years of its existence, the commission had many active and influential members and did a lot of valuable work in support of a united Europe. It operated and succeeded mostly thanks to its originator, Józef Retinger, and, after his death, to Jan Pomian
John Paul II’s Social and Political Doctrine: Lessons for Contemporary Poland
Authors: Spinello Richard A.
Published: October 2015

This paper considers the well- grounded social philosophy of Pope John Paul II and its implications for the problems facing modern Poland. The pope’s rights- centered personalism and moral realism, along with his confidence in personal freedom and his endorsement of entrepreneurial capitalism represent sound guiding principles for Poland’s economic and social policies. John Paul II never accepted the “inevitability” of communism and always remained confident that human beings create their own history. While arguing for an instrumental role for the state the pope nonetheless recognized its essential responsibility for curbing the excesses of the market. In addition, the paper explores John Paul II’s insistence on the linkage between justice and mercy, and it contends that mercy might help the Polish people to finally forget and forgive what cannot be reversed. By following the pope’s social doctrine Poland might be able to avoid the economic reductionism that plagues many capitalist societies, while also avoiding the inertia of socialism.
Relationship between Academic Optimism and Classroom Management Styles of Teachers—Case Study: Elementary School Teachers in Isfahan
Authors: Moghtadaie L. , Hoveida R.
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between classroom management styles of the teachers and their academic optimism. In this study, three types of classroom management styles (interventionist style, interactionist style, and non-interventionist style) have been considered. Research community is all public primary school teachers in the Isfahan province in academic year 2014-2015. The sample size was calculated using the formula of Cochran 384. It is a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Classroom management style has been calculated using standard questionnaires of classroom management style of Wolfgang and Glickman (1986). The academic optimism variable was evaluated using academic optimism questionnaire of A. Hoy, Tarter, and W. Hoy (2006) in a sample of 384 teachers. The results showed that there is a significant relation between classroom management style of the teachers and their academic optimism and the correlation coefficient equal to 39% was obtained and the correlation coefficient of 47% was obtained between the academic optimism and non-interventionist classroom management, and the correlation coefficient of 43% was obtained between the academic optimism and interactionist classroom management, and the correlation coefficient of 24% was obtained between the academic optimism and interventionist classroom management that is significant.
SoSTeM Model Development for Application of Soft Skills to Engineering Students at Malaysian Polytechnics
Authors: Esa Ahmad , Padil Suhaili , Selamat Asri , Idris Mohammad Talha Mohamed
Published: October 2015

Soft skills are some of the skills needed to ensure that graduates fulfill the needs of the job market. Until 2010, almost 30% of unemployed graduates in Malaysia are technical graduates and one third comes are graduates from polytechnic. Most engineering graduates are proficient in technical skills but lack in soft skills. The lack of relevant knowledge among lecturers in order to identify appropriate ways and methods in the process of teaching and learning is one of the causes of lack in soft skills application. This study aims to identify the suitable teaching methods for the application of soft skills in the engineering programs for engineering students in Malaysian polytechnics. 488 students and 332 lecturers in engineering courses at the polytechnic had been questioned using questionnaires and interviews. The results showed that there is a relationship between the level of application of soft skills element with the teaching & learning methods used by lecturers. Based on these relationships, researchers had produced SoSTeM model as the model of application of soft skills for engineering students. Researchers also discovered that the use of teaching & learning methods for applying soft skills in engineering programs vary according to the elements of soft skills.
Between Preschool and Primary Education—Reading and Writing from the Perspective of Preschool and Primary Teachers
Authors: Santos Ana Isabel
Published: October 2015

The transition between educational levels is a process characterized by the complexity and repercussions that it represents to the future of children’s education. Studies conducted in this field acknowledge the relevance of the approximation and continuity between the practices of preschool and primary teachers for children’s development and learning. However, they are also unanimous in stating that an optimized transition process is far from completion. There is a lack of studies that investigate the issue of continuity between educational levels in Portugal, especially in reading and writing. To address this problem, the objective of this study is to understand the way in which preschool and primary teachers work toward a coordinated and fluid transition, particularly in the field of written language. Interviews were conducted with preschool and primary teachers, and the results reveal the different positions among preschool and primary teachers in the manner in which they conceive the transition process between these two education levels.
The Integration of Teacher’s Pedagogical Content Knowledge Components in Teaching Linear Equation
Authors: Yusof Yusminah Mohd. , Zakaria Effandi
Published: October 2015

This qualitative research aimed to explore the integration of the components of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in teaching Linear Equation with one unknown. For the purpose of the study, a single local case study with multiple participants was used. The selection of the participants was made based on various criteria: having more than 5 years of experience teaching mathematics and possessing high and low level of knowledge in algebra and high general PCK in mathematics. Six teachers were selected to be the respondents in this research. The data were collected using i) stimulated recall interview, ii) observation, and iii) analysis of documents. Nvivo 8 software was used to help the researcher organize and analyze the data. Kohen Kappa reliability values obtained from three experts were very good, exceeding 0.8. The findings showed that the integration of content knowledge component of pedagogical implications (CàP) is the most frequently used component in the teaching of Linear Equations with one unknown. This indicates that teachers focus mostly on the components of content knowledge and knowledge about students. The teachers were least likely to integrate content knowledge with pedagogical knowledge, which has implications on the knowledge of the students (C&PàS). The study suggests the need to improve teacher’s knowledge through collaborative partnership with colleagues and through courses.
Developing the Mathematics Learning Management Model for Improving Creative Thinking In Thailand
Authors: Sriwongchai Arunee
Published: October 2015

The study purposes were : 1) To study current states and problems of relevant secondary students in developing mathematics learning management model for  improving creative thinking,  2) To evaluate the effectiveness of model about : a)  efficiency of learning process, b) comparisons of pretest and posttest on creative thinking and achievement of students, and c) comparison of creative thinking and achievement between experimental group and control group. The model was created and implemented with grade eight students of secondary schools, in Thailand, and compared  with control group, provided in traditional approach.

The research results were :

Most of relevant teachers didn’t concentrate in mathematics  learning for improving creative thinking, and lacked of using strategies  to engage divergent thinking. The model was designed through  methodology of R&D, which composed of : 1) principles and theoretical concepts, 2) learning objectives, 3) learning process, 4) social system, 5) principles of response, 6) the support system. Whereas, the activities in learning process consisted of 1) engagement and understanding prior knowledge,  2)  encounter  problem with thoughtful thinking, 3)  analyzing alternative and investigating solutions,  4)  modifying of thinking  pattern, 5) concluding and evaluating for creative thinking.
 The  findings indicated that effectiveness of model based on  achievement score was 76.25%, and based on creative thinking  was 61.67%. The average posttest in learning achievement and  creative thinking abilities of the experimental group were higher than pretest, and experimental group showed higher of  creative thinking than control group at the .01 level of  significance.
The Power of ROFO Principle Together with Companywide Training in Executing Lean Production Strategy
Authors: Goh Ah Bee , Chakpitak Nopasit , Sureephong Pradorn
Published: October 2015

This paper reports the findings of the case study conducted at Schaffner Thailand (ST) factory regarding the application of the ROFO principle coupled with companywide training on the execution of Lean Production (LP) strategy. The case study was motivated by 3 main objectives: 1) to examine the effectiveness of the ROFO principle and companywide training on the execution of LP strategy, 2)to study whether there were significant improvements in productivities between periods I and II, and 3) to assess whether ROFO principle had influenced significantly in changing the mindset of the staff. Companywide training was carried out on 3 modules: the ROFO principle, 5S and Lean Production (LP) concepts. The training of the 3 modules was implemented in period II (2008 to 2012) but not in period I (2003 to 2007). The methods used were survey, interview, and observations. The findings fully support the 3 objectives. The results were encouraging as productivities were not only improved in period II but also the willingness mindset of the staff. This is the power of the ROFO principle as each cycle of the ROFO principle resulted in a chain of corrective actions and learning.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Law Research, Vol. 4, No. 1
Authors: Sheng Vivian
Published: October 2015

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Law Research, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2015
Imputation of Missing Values in Daily Wind Speed Data Using Hybrid AR-ANN Method
Authors: Basheer Shukur Osamah , Hisyam Lee Muhammad
Published: October 2015

Wind speed data collection process faces several problems as failure of data observing devices. Therefore, windspeed data naturally contains missing values. Imputing these missing values using an effective method isimportant before performing time series analysis. The classical methods as linear, nearest neighbor, and statespace may not provide accurate imputations when the wind speed contains nonlinearity. In this study, the hybridartificial neural network (ANN) and autoregressive (AR) method is proposed for imputing the missing values.ANN is a nonlinear method that is capable of imputing the missing values in wind speed data with nonlinearcharacteristic. AR model is used for determining the structure of the input layer for the ANN. Listwise deletion isused before AR modeling to handle the missing values. A case study is carried out using daily Iraqi andMalaysian wind speed data. The proposed imputation method is compared with linear, nearest neighbor, andstate space methods. The comparison has shown that AR-ANN outperformed the classical methods. Inconclusion, the missing values in wind speed data with nonlinear characteristic can be imputed more accuratelyusing AR-ANN. Therefore, imputing the missing values using AR-ANN leads to more accurate performance oftime series modeling and analysis.
Examining School Grounds as a Place for Children’s Physical Activity Performance in Tehran
Authors: Marouf Noura , Johar Suhana , Irfan Che-Ani Adi , Mohd Tawil Norngainy
Published: October 2015

Children need to play outdoors to develop socially, emotionally, cognitively, and physically. Outdoor play opportunities have the potential to promote physical and mental health throughout the life of children. Outdoor play has been acknowledged as a primary right for children; therefore there is a need to create spaces, where children can go and play spontaneously every day. Regarding to where the outdoor play of children takes place is significant; school grounds, as a place for children to learn and promote their health, could be assumed as a key setting that enhances and contributes to outdoor play guidelines. It requires making awareness and evaluation of current school grounds referring to outdoor play requirements. Four school grounds were selected as case studies in Tehran to be evaluated by School Environmental Audit Tool (SEAT). The survey shows a lack of proper consideration in the design and maintenance in the current situation of these important sites for children. At the end, some recommendations were proposed in order to outdoor play provision in accordance to current school grounds of Tehran. 
Forecasting systematic risk by Least Angel Regression, AdaBoost and Kernel Ridge Regression
Authors: Salehi Mahdi , Moradi Mahdi , Molaei Samaneh
Published: October 2015

In according to importance of risk in financial decision and investment is one of issue that helps to investors is existing tools and appropriate models in order to predict systematic risk. Aim of this research was forecasting systematic risk of companies admitted at Tehran stock Exchange by Least Angel Regression (LARS), AdaBoost and Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR) and comparing ability of the algorithms in order to find the best methods of the test. In this study the financial data of (1159 observations) during 2005-2014. We used MATLAB software vision (R2013b). Results indicated that Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR) with 9.65% error (90.35% confidence) in comparison with Least Angel Regression (LARS) with 12.15% error (87.85% confidence) and AdaBoost with 28.91% error (71.09 confidence) has more ability for forecasting systematic risk. Moreover, ability of forecasting systematic risk in Least Angel Regression (LARS) is more than AdaBoost.
Research of the Robust Stability of Control Systems Using a New Approach to the Lyapunov Functions Construction
Authors: Uskenbayeva Gulzhan
Published: October 2015

We investigate a new approach to the construction of vector Lyapunov functions. An approach to the construction of Lyapunov functions as vector functions is developed based on a geometrical interpretation of the second method of Lyapunov. The negative of the gradient is determined from the components of the time derivative of the state vector (i.e., the right-hand side of the state equation). The region of stability of a closed-loop linear, stationary system with uncertain parameters is governed by inequalities in the matrix elements of the closed-loop system. This study developed a method for analysing the robust stability of SISO and MIMO linear systems in canonical forms.
Simulation of Crowd Movement in Spiral Pattern during Tawaf, in Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Nuhu Shuaibu Aliyu
Published: October 2015

Simulation of large crowd is of great interest in different areas of applications such as path planning, entertainment, psychology, sociology, civil engineering, computer vision etc. In recent years, crowd simulation models faces computationally intense problems such as poor crowd management, control, global navigation, they affect the performance of real-time simulation of thousands of pedestrians. The objectives of this study were to improve the performance of the pedestrians during the ritual of Tawaf and to determine the correlation among density as well as pedestrians speed during peak period. Microscopic crowd simulation model software SIMWALK was use for the implementation. The proposed model involves spiral patterns with inwards and outwards pedestrian movements during Tawaf ritual. We plotted the pedestrians’ distribution in terms of density, duration and walking speed, then used statistical test (t-test) to determine if there was a correlation. The simulation outcome of the spiral pattern implies lower density compared to the circular pattern, we obtained maximum density of 8persons/m2 for the circular movement pattern which falls within LoS-E and 4persons/m2 for the spiral path within LoS-C. This result lend support to the idea that flow rate determines how quickly the system reaches its dynamic state. Thus, high flow rate makes the system unstable, because of the effect of increases in density.
Multifractal Detrended ﬂuctuation Analysis in Examining Surface Properties of the Gas-Sensing Metal-Containing Polyacrylonitrile
Authors: Semenistaya Tatiana Valerjevna , Plugotarenko Nina Konstantinovna , Petrov Viktor Vladimirovich
Published: October 2015

A possibility of applying the multifractal detrended ﬂuctuation analysis (MF-DFA) to the investigation of the gas-sensitivity dependence on the thin-films surface morphology formed using different technological parameters of annealing has been studied. Methods of analyzing the dynamics of complex systems are modified so as to investigate the structure of the metal-containing polyacrylonitrile (PAN) thin films. The long-range power-law correlation in structure of the studied film surface has been studied. The analysis have showed that the time-temperature annealing modes increasing brings to the Hurst parameter value increasing that points to a long-range power-law correlation in structure of the studied film surface.
Optimization of Eugenol Extraction from Clove Oil using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Widayat Widayat , Hadiyanto Hadiyanto , Cahyono Bambang , Ngadiwiyana Ngadiwiyana
Published: October 2015

The objective of this research was to obtain optimum condition of eugenol production from clove oil using a central composite design method. The main process occured in the eugenol production was saphonification and neutralization processes. In order to optimize these processes, the ratio of NaOH/clove oil and temperature were studied as design variables i.e. ratio of NaOH/clove oil=1:2.5-1:3.5 while temperature was varied between 40 and 60oC. The yield of eugenol was considered as the main response in of this experiment. The result showed that the optimum condition was achieved when the temperature and the ratio of NaOH/clove oil were 50oC and 2.75:1, respectively and the yield was 39.17%.
Wake Effect and Power Production of Wind Turbine Arrays
Authors: Ismail Ismail , Kamal Samsul , Purnomo Purnomo , Sarjiya Sarjiya , Tampubolon Sulaiman
Published: October 2015

This study experimentally investigated the influence of wake effect and production of mechanical power in wind tunnel of wind turbine arrays. Wind turbine arrays consist of 2 rows with 3 columns for spacing wind turbines in rows apart in the windward direction 1.77 rotor diameters and apart in the crosswind direction 8.85 rotor diameters. The wake characteristics such as profiles of time averaged velocity, turbulence intensity, centerline velocity deficit and wake radius for far wake regions in position 1, 2, and 3 were measured and analysed. The vertical and lateral profiles of velocity and turbulence intensity were studied. Concerning the results from measured data, empirical relations for the centerline velocity deficit, turbulence intensity and wake radius were proposed. Based on the experimental results, the power loss is due to the wake flow of upwind turbine approximately 20% when the downwind distance 8.85 rotor diameters. This is different with numerical result study that 11% at downwind distance is 8.85 rotor diameters. This difference results from the influence of ambient turbulence on the production of mechanical power of the wind turbine.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Public Administration Research, Vol. 4, No. 2
Authors: Sheng Vivian
Published: October 2015

Reviewer acknowledgements for Public Administration Research, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2015.
The Role of High-Risk Human Papilloma Virus Testing in the Surveillance of Cervical Cancer After Treatment
Authors: Yu Miao Crystal , Austin R. Marshall , Lin Jeff , Beck Tiffany , Beriwal Sushil , Comerci John T. , Edwards Robert P. , Sukumvanich Paniti , Kelley Joseph , Olawaiye Alexander B.
Published: October 2015

Context

Cervical cancer affects 12 000 women in the United States annually. However, despite its prevalence, there remains no good methodology to detect its recurrence.

Objective

To identify the role of cervicovaginal high-risk human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) testing in predicting cervical cancer recurrence.

Design

This is a retrospective study of patients who underwent hr-HPV testing as part of their routine surveillance for cervical cancer. Standard statistical analyses, including χ2 test and multivariable logistic regression, were performed with IBM SPSS 19.0.

Results

A total of 133 patients were identified, of whom 107 (80%) had squamous cell carcinoma. Ninety patients (68%) had bulky disease and were treated primarily with chemoradiation and brachytherapy. Of patients whose disease recurred, 5 patients (42%) had tested positive for hr-HPV during their surveillance period, compared to 13 patients (11%) for whom disease did not recur (relative risk: 3.88, P = .002). On multivariate logistic regression, hr-HPV status remained significantly predictive of disease recurrence (odds ratio: 12.3, P = .02, 95% confidence interval: 1.5–99.6). Using 2 × 2 table analysis, we found that while cervicovaginal cytology has limited specificity (5.7%) in predicting recurrence, the combination of cytology with hr-HPV testing increases the specificity of testing to 89.3%.

Conclusions

Persistence of hr-HPV is a risk factor for disease recurrence. High-risk–HPV testing is not routinely used during surveillance for cervical cancer, but this study suggests that large, prospective trials investigating the role of hr-HPV testing in cervical cancer surveillance are needed.
Honeycomb Lung: Time for a Change
Authors: Kradin Richard L.
Published: October 2015

The recent introduction of new US Food and Drug Administration–approved medications for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/usual interstitial pneumonia raises important concerns about the accuracy of diagnosis. The term honeycomb lung, used widely by radiologists and pathologists in the diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonia, represents a late stage of the disease and conveys no biological information. A new conception of end-stage lung disease in usual interstitial pneumonia, based on the dying back of the pulmonary acinus, is proposed, which may improve the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis and provide an understanding of its pathogenesis.
Cumulative experience, age-class, sex and season affect the behavioural responses of European badgers (Meles meles) to handling and sedation
Authors: Sun Q , Stevens C , Newman C , Buesching CD , Macdonald DW
Published: October 2015

The restraint and sedation of wild animals has welfare implications, thus animal handling procedures should be well-informed and optimised to adhere to welfare standards. Furthermore, it is important that handling procedures should not cause future trap avoidance. This is of particular pertinence to European badgers (Meles meles), subject to extensive cage-trapping, relating to bovine tuberculosis epidemiology. We examined 4,288 capture/recapture events for 856 individual badgers, occurring between May 1999-September 2011, recording initial observed behaviour and reaction provoked by injection, on a scale ranging from still (0) to distressed/aggressive (3). Eighty-seven percent of adults and 76% of cubs were still (0) when approached initially and 75% of adults and 62% of cubs remained still when injected. Cubs exhibited significantly higher behavioural responses than adults, while female adults scored higher provoked scores than males. Importantly, the initial behaviour of an individual dictated its provoked response. Previous experience of capture was associated with lower subsequent behavioural response scores, while naïve badgers were most prone to score highly. Individuals first caught as cubs scored lower initial responses than those first caught as adults. Lower initial responses occurred in spring and summer and higher responses were associated with lice infestation. Behavioural criteria have potential to inform and optimise welfare in badger capture operations. This contributes to techniques allowing simple, non-invasive assessment of how wild animals in general respond to temporary restraint, where the psychological perception acts as the precursor to physiological stress.
Effects of catching and transportation versus pre-slaughter handling at the abattoir on the prevalence of wing fractures in broilers
Authors: Kittelsen KE , Granquist EG , Vasdal G , Tolo E , Moe RO
Published: October 2015

Fractures occurring in conscious broiler chickens are painful and severely compromise animal welfare. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pre-slaughter handling procedures on the frequency of wing fractures. Wings were examined for fractures in 11,609 broilers, from 12 different flocks, slaughtered in two abattoirs: one using bi-phasic CO2stunning (CS); and one using electric water-bath stunning (ES). The same broilers were examined: i) in lairage, representing fractures attributed to catching and transportation; ii) after evacuation of transport containers and shackling (only ES); and iii) post-stunning. The mean frequencies of wing fractures were: in the lairage; 0.8% (CS 0.73%, ES 0.88%); after shackling prior to stunning; 2.90% (only ES); and after stunning; 2.35% (CS 1.80%, ES 2.90%). Regardless of stunning method, significantly more fractures occurred during pre-slaughter handling at the abattoirs than during catching/transportation. The difference in prevalence between CS and ES was not significant. All fractures observed in the ES occurred in conscious animals, whereas in the CS it was not possible to distinguish between fractures occurring in conscious or stunned broilers. From a welfare perspective, fractures occurring on-farm/transport result in prolonged suffering and are thus considered more serious in risk assessments of broiler welfare, even though more fractures occur at the abattoir. Monitoring of wing fractures at abattoirs should be included as an indicator of broiler welfare.
Stakeholder views on treating pain due to dehorning dairy calves
Authors: Robbins JA , Weary DM , Schuppli CA , von Keyserlingk MAG
Published: October 2015

A common and painful management practice undertaken on most dairy farms is dehorning young calves (also called ‘disbudding’ when done on calves less than about two months of age). Despite much evidence the practice is painful, and effective means available to mitigate this pain, it is frequently performed without pain relief. The overall aim of this study was to describe different stakeholder views on the use of pain mitigation for disbudding and dehorning. Using an interactive, online platform, we asked participants whether or not they believed that calves should be disbudded and dehorned with pain relief and to provide reasons to support their choice. Participant composition was as follows: dairy producer or other farm worker (10%); veterinarian or other professional working with the dairy industry (7%); student, teacher or researcher (16%); animal advocate (9%); and no involvement with the dairy industry (57%). Of 354 participants, 90% thought pain relief should be provided when disbudding and dehorning. This support was consistent across all demographic categories suggesting the industry practice of disbudding and dehorning without pain control is not consistent with normative beliefs. The most common themes in participants’ comments were: pain intensity and duration, concerns about drug use, cost, ease and practicality and availability of alternatives. Some of the participants’ reasoning corresponded well with existing scientific evidence, but other reasons illustrated important misconceptions, indicating an urgent need for educational efforts targeted at dairy producers and dairy industry professionals advising these producers.