bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Intercropping Mulberry (Morus alba L.) with Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), on the Soil Rhizosphere Microbial Community
Authors: Li Muzi , Wei Yawei , Yin You , Ding Hui , Zhu Wenxu , Zhou Yongbin
Published: October 2022

China is a country dominated by agriculture, but due to its geographical reasons, the western Liaoning region has caused sandstorms, and the desertified soil has reduced crop yields and suppressed the agricultural economy. Therefore, the concept of ecological agriculture and the agroforestry system received extensive attention. Arachis hypogaea are the main crop in the north of China. At present, the research on peanuts mainly focuses on grain crop intercropping, and there is limited research on the agroforestry of peanuts. In addition, Morus alba is a restorative plant emerging in China in recent years, which takes into account both ecological and economic benefits. Based on the above problems, we intercropped mulberry and peanut to explore their effects on farmland soil characteristics and rhizosphere soil bacterial and fungal communities. Our study showed that intercropping did not improve soil nutrients, but significantly reduced soil C:N, and reduced soil C:P and N:P to some extent. Intercropping improves the diversity and richness of soil microorganisms in farmland. The abundance of dominant bacterial and fungal phyla and genera increased in the soil. Actinobacteria were significantly negatively correlated with N:P, Proteobacteria was negatively correlated with TP and positively correlated with N:P., Ascomycota was positively correlated with soil nutrients and C:N, while Basidiomycota and Mortierellomycota were negatively correlated; Mycobacterium and RB41 were significantly correlated with phosphorus in soil, and Talaromyces were significantly positively correlated with soil nutrients and C:N. In conclusion, mulberry and peanut intercropping promoted soil humus, increased soil-available phosphorus content, and provided a good environment for microbial growth. These results provide new ideas for peanut agroforestry production and theoretical support for the construction of mulberry and peanut composite systems in Northeast China.
Variation Pattern and Genome-Wide Association Study of Leaf Phenotypic Traits among Ancient Ginkgo biloba L. Populations
Authors: Zhou Qi , Shen Xin , Li Yingang
Published: October 2022

Ginkgo biloba L., as one of the oldest tree species, is a very important medicinal plant due to the metabolites in its leaves. To explore the variations and genetic regulation of leaf phenotypic traits, 321 samples from 12 ancient populations in the major distribution areas in China were collected for the leaf morphometric analysis, and 126 samples from 9 ancient populations were used for the genome-wide association study (GWAS) of leaf traits. The results showed that the leaf weight (fresh weight and dry weight) and size (areas) varied greatly, while the length:width ratio (LWR) was stable. There were significant differences in leaf traits among different ancient populations (p < 0.01), and population ZJ from eastern China—with a greater leaf weight and size—was ideal for leaf production. Leaf thickness (LT) showed correlations with altitude, longitude and frost-free period, while LWR had a correlation with altitude (p < 0.05). However, the correlations between environmental factors and leaf traits were weak, which may be related to the origin of populations and human activities. A GWAS revealed that 29 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci and 112 candidate genes related to leaf traits, and Gb_04106, which is related to auxin, may be involved in the genetic regulation of LT. It is speculated that environmental factors may induce leaf morphology of G. biloba by affecting the accumulation of secondary metabolites. The results of this study may provide a theoretical basis for studying the variation pattern and genetic regulation of leaf phenotypes.
Identification of Risk Factors Using ANFIS-Based Security Risk Assessment Model for SDLC Phases
Authors: Jimoh Rasheed Gbenga , Olusanya Olayinka Olufunmilayo , Awotunde Joseph Bamidele , Imoize Agbotiname Lucky , Lee Cheng-Chi
Published: October 2022

In the field of software development, the efficient prioritizing of software risks was essential and play significant roles. However, finding a viable solution to this issue is a difficult challenge. The software developers have to adhere strictly to risk management practice because each phase of SDLC is faced with its individual type of risk rather than considering it as a general risk. Therefore, this study proposes an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for selection of appropriate risk factors in each stages of software development process. Existing studies viewed the SDLC’s Security risk assessment (SRA) as a single integrated process that did not offer a thorough SRA at each stage of the SDLC process, which resulted in unsecure software development. Hence, this study identify and validate the risk factors needed for assessing security risk at each phase of SDLC. For each phase, an SRA model based on an ANFIS was suggested, using the identified risk factors as inputs. For the logical representation of the fuzzification as an input and output variables of the SRA risk factors for the ANFIS-based model employing the triangular membership functions. The proposed model utilized two triangular membership functions to represent each risk factor’s label, while four membership functions were used to represent the labels of the target SRA value. Software developers chose the SRA risk factors that were pertinent in their situation from the proposed taxonomy for each level of the SDLC process as revealed by the results. As revealed from the study’s findings, knowledge of the identified risk factors may be valuable for evaluating the security risk throughout the SDLC process.
The Curse of Conservation: Empirical Evidence Demonstrating That Changes in Land-Use Legislation Drove Catastrophic Bushfires in Southeast Australia
Authors: Laming Alice , Fletcher Michael-Shawn , Romano Anthony , Mullett Russell , Connor Simon , Mariani Michela , Maezumi S. Yoshi , Gadd Patricia S.
Published: October 2022

Protecting “wilderness” and removing human involvement in “nature” was a core pillar of the modern conservation movement through the 20th century. Conservation approaches and legislation informed by this narrative fail to recognise that Aboriginal people have long valued, used, and shaped most landscapes on Earth. Aboriginal people curated open and fire-safe Country for millennia with fire in what are now forested and fire-prone regions. Settler land holders recognised the importance of this and mimicked these practices. The Land Conservation Act of 1970 in Victoria, Australia, prohibited burning by settler land holders in an effort to protect natural landscapes. We present a 120-year record of vegetation and fire regime change from Gunaikurnai Country, southeast Australia. Our data demonstrate that catastrophic bushfires first impacted the local area immediately following the prohibition of settler burning in 1970, which allowed a rapid increase in flammable eucalypts that resulted in the onset of catastrophic bushfires. Our data corroborate local narratives on the root causes of the current bushfire crisis. Perpetuation of the wilderness myth in conservation may worsen this crisis, and it is time to listen to and learn from Indigenous and local people, and to empower these communities to drive research and management agendas.
Differential Study of Microbiota in the Gill and Intestine of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) from the Algae-Dominated and Hydrophyte-Dominated Areas of Taihu Lake, China
Authors: Zhou Dan , Zhang Ting , Ren Long , Fang Di-An , Xu Dong-Po
Published: October 2022

Both fish gills and guts can support lots of microbiota that play important roles in the health and growth of hosts. Although the microbiota of silver carp has been widely studied, the data on microbial variation according to fish tissues and local habitats are lacking. In this study, the microbes in the guts and gills of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) from the hydrophyte-dominated region (zone H) and the algae-dominated region (zone A) of Taihu Lake in autumn were analyzed. Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Firmicutes were the dominant bacteria in silver carp. The microbial diversity was higher in the gills than that in the intestines, and higher in fish from zone H than that from zone A. Beta diversity analysis revealed significant differences in microbial community structures between gill and guts, and between fish from the two habitats. Gills had a higher abundance of phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Deinococcus-Thermus, and a lower abundance of verrucomicrobia than the intestine. Both tissues possessed indicator taxa, while many indicator taxa in the gill were conditional pathogens. Compared to fish from zone H, fish from zone A had more abundant Cyanobacteria, and less abundant Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. PICRUSt2 analysis revealed that fish microbial functions were mainly associated with metabolism, replication, repair, folding, sorting, and degradation. These results showed that the microbial community of silver carp from Taihu Lake varied according to tissues and habitats.
Otolith Microchemistry Reveals Life History and Habitat Use of Coilia nasus from the Dayang River of China
Authors: Hu Yuhai , Jiang Tao , Liu Hongbo , Chen Xiubao , Yang Jian
Published: October 2022

The estuarine tapertail anchovy Coilia nasus is distributed throughout the Dayang River. However, the life history and habitat use of this fish remain unknown. Here, the microchemistry patterns of Sr and Ca in 23 otoliths collected from the lower reaches of the Dayang River were analyzed using an X-ray electron probe microanalyzer. The anchovies were divided into two patterns: (1) with low Sr/Ca ratios (<3.0) and a single bluish Sr concentration map, indicating that it only experienced a freshwater habitat during its whole life, and (2) with Sr/Ca ratios fluctuating between low and high (>3.0) phases and Sr concentration maps showing various colors, including blue, green, yellow, and red, from the core to the edge of otoliths, whose larvae hatched in freshwater and spent their first winter in brackish or sea waters. The juveniles then stayed in estuarine water areas for further growth and feeding until sexual maturity, when the mature adults returned to the spawning grounds in the river. The co-existence of freshwater residents and anadromous C. nasus in the Dayang River has been studied for the first time, and its possible spawning ground was discovered. These findings provide essential information to effectively protect this species and guide its rational, sustainable utilization.
Use of Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria for the Fermentation of Legume-Based Water Extracts
Authors: Demarinis Chiara , Verni Michela , Pinto Loris , Rizzello Carlo Giuseppe , Baruzzi Federico
Published: October 2022

In this study, the effect of selected Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356, Limosilactobacillus fermentum DSM 20052, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei DSM 20312 strains on the sensory characteristics, and protein and amino acid content of fermented water extracts derived from lupin, pea, and bean grains is reported. Even though all strains were able to grow over 7 log cfu mL−1 and to decrease pH in the range of −0.52 to −1.25 within 24 h, the release of an unpleasant ferric-sulfurous off-odor from the fermented bean water extract prohibited further characterization. Lupin and pea grain-based beverages underwent an in-depth sensory evaluation using a simplified check-all-that-apply (CATA) method, finding new and appreciable sensory notes such as cooked ham, almonds, and sandalwood. Fermented lupin water extract showed higher total protein content (on average, 0.93 mg mL−1) in comparison to that of pea grains (on average, 0.08 mg mL−1), and a free amino acid content (on average, 3.9 mg mL−1) close to that of cow milk. The concentrations of these nutrients decreased during refrigerated storage, when the lactic acid bacteria load was always higher than 7 log cfu mL−1. The results of this study indicated that lactic fermentation improves the sensory characteristics of these innovative legume-based beverages, which sustained high loads of viable lactobacilli up to the end of cold storage.
Artificial Neural Network Assisted Multiobjective Optimization of Postharvest Blanching and Drying of Blueberries
Authors: Zhang Weipeng , Wang Ke , Chen Chang
Published: October 2022

This study aimed to optimize the postharvest blanching and drying process of blueberries using high-humidity air impingement (HHAIB) and hot-air-assisted infrared (HAIR) heating. A novel pilot-scale hot-air-assisted carbon-fiber infrared (IR) blanching/drying system was developed. Fresh blueberries with an average diameter of 10~15 mm were first blanched with high-humidity air at 110 °C and 12 m/s velocity for different durations (30, 60, 90, and 120 s); subsequently, the preblanched blueberries were dried at different IR heating temperatures (50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 °C) and air velocities (0.01, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 m/s), following a factorial design. The drying time (DT), specific energy consumption (SEC), ascorbic acid content (VC), and rehydration capacity (RC) were determined as response variables. A three-layer feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) model with a backpropagation algorithm was constructed to simulate the influence of blanching time, IR heating temperature, and air velocity on the four response variables by training on the experimental data. Objective functions for DT, SEC, VC, and RC that were developed by the ANN model were used for the simultaneous minimization of DT and SEC and maximization of VC and RC using a nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA II) to find the Pareto-optimal solutions. The optimal conditions were found to be 93 s of blanching, 89 °C IR heating, and a 1.2 m/s air velocity, which resulted in a drying time of 366.7 min, an SEC of 1.43 MJ/kg, a VC of 4.19 mg/100g, and an RC of 3.35. The predicted values from the ANN model agreed well with the experimental data under optimized conditions, with a low relative deviation value of 1.43–3.08%. The findings from this study provide guidance to improve the processing efficiency, product quality, and sustainability of blueberry postharvest processes. The ANN-assisted optimization approach developed in this study also sets a foundation for the smart control of processing systems of blueberries and similar commodities.
Evaluation of the Bioactive Compounds, and Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Gluten-Free Muffins Enriched with Persimmon ‘Rojo Brillante’ Flour
Authors: Hosseininejad Sepideh , Larrea Virginia , Moraga Gemma , Hernando Isabel
Published: October 2022

Because of the nutritional need of patients with celiac disease, producing quality gluten-free diet food is important. This study evaluated the use of persimmon flour on the properties of muffins. Persimmon flour obtained from the astringent variety ‘Rojo Brillante’, which is often discarded due to its characteristic astringency, was added to muffins replacing corn flour (10%, 20%, and 30%). Despite the height differences between the control muffin and the muffins with persimmon flour, similar mechanical parameters were obtained. As the percentage of persimmon flour increased, the muffin color was darker, turning toward a more reddish hue, mainly because of the intensification of nonenzymatic browning reactions. The sensory results showed high scores for taste attributes, the texture attributes were similar to the control, and astringency was hardly detected when persimmon flour was used. The content of tannins and carotenoids and their antioxidant activity increased significantly with an increasing amount of persimmon flour. After in vitro digestion, high recovery index values of soluble tannins and carotenoids were obtained in muffins with added persimmon flour. This study shows that the use of persimmon flour as a functional ingredient offers an opportunity to develop quality gluten-free muffins that reduce agricultural losses. Astringent varieties can be used, without applying a de-astringency treatment, as the astringency is removed during muffin baking due to tannins’ insolubilization.
Effect of Pasteurization by Moderate Intensity Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) Treatment Compared to Thermal Treatment on Quality Attributes of Fresh Orange Juice
Authors: Timmermans Rian A. H. , Roland Wibke S. U. , van Kekem Kees , Matser Ariette M. , van Boekel Martinus A. J. S.
Published: October 2022

Novel pulsed electric field (PEF) process conditions at moderate electric field strength and long pulse duration have recently been established to obtain microbial inactivation. In this study, the effect of these PEF conditions (E = 0.9 and 2.7 kV/cm, with pulse duration 1000 µs) at variable maximum temperatures was evaluated on quality attributes of freshly squeezed orange juice. Results were compared to orange juice that received no treatment or a mild or severe thermal pasteurization treatment. No differences for pH and soluble solids were found after application of any treatment, and only small differences were observed for color and vitamin C content (ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid) after processing, mainly for conditions applied at higher temperature. Variations in the maximum temperatures of the PEF and thermal processes led to differences in flavor compounds and the remaining activity of pectinmethylesterase (PME). At PEF conditions with a maximum temperature of 78 °C or higher, PME activity levels were below a critical value, meaning that the cloud is stable. At this temperature volatiles associated with fresh juice (such as octanal and nonanal) are statistically identical to untreated juice, while they are statistically distinguishable from thermal treated. This papers demonstrates the potential of using moderate intensity PEF as an adequate alternative to thermal pasteurization of orange juice with a better retention of the fresh flavor.
Organic Honey from the Middle Atlas of Morocco: Physicochemical Parameters, Antioxidant Properties, Pollen Spectra, and Sugar Profiles
Authors: Bouddine Toufik , Laaroussi Hassan , Bakour Meryem , Guirrou Ibtissame , Khallouki Farid , Mazouz Hamid , Hajjaj Hassan , Hajji Lhoussain
Published: October 2022

This work aimed to characterize and compare the physicochemical, ascorbic acid, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds, as well as the antioxidant properties, pollen spectra, and sugar profiles of twenty-three organic honeys produced in the Middle Atlas of Morocco. As results, the pollen analysis showed 22 taxa and revealed the dominance of Ziziphus lotus pollens for all monofloral honeys. The moisture content ranged from 15.9 to 19.0%, pH values werebetween 3.9 and 4.8, electrical conductivity varied from 100 to 581 µs/cm, ash content varied from 0.1 to 2.4%, and the invertase activity ranged from 3.5 to 36 U/kg. Moreover, hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) varied from 1.2 to 13.5 mg/kg, which confirmed the freshness of our honey samples. For the sugar profiles, there were no significant differences between the examined groups of honeys (p > 0.05) for both fructose and glucose. Additionally, our study showed good antioxidant properties (total antioxidant activity ranged from 34.18 to 131.20 mg AAE/g; DPPH IC50 values ranged from 8.14 to 45.20 mg/mL; ABTS IC50 values ranged from 8.19 to 32.76 mg/mL) and high amounts of phenolic compounds ranging between 20.92 ± 0.03 and 155.89 ± 0.03 mg GAE/100 g, respectively; flavonoid compounds ranged from 5.52 to 20.69 mg QE/100 g, and ascorbic acid ranged from 8.01 to 23.26 mg/100 g. Overall, the proximate composition and the general characterization of organic monofloral and polyfloral honeys as sustainable and health-promising functional products may increase their commercial values, promote their marketability, and might have a significant impact on the basic circular/sustainable economy as a solid lever for solidarity economic development, especially in the rural/poor Moroccan communities. The investigated features may allow and support the incorporation of Moroccan organic honeys and their biovaluable ingredients in the nutraceutical and food industries for multiple purposes.
Oil Penetration of Batter-Breaded Fish Nuggets during Deep-Fat Frying: Effect of Frying Oils
Authors: Cui Lulu , Chen Jiwang , Zhai Jinling , Peng Lijuan , Hayes Douglas
Published: October 2022

Four frying oils (rapeseed, soybean, rice bran, and palm oils) were employed either as received (fresh) or after preheating at 180 °C for 10 h, and measured for their fatty acid composition, viscosity, and dielectric constant. Batter-breaded fish nuggets (BBFNs) were fried at 180 °C (60 s), and the effect of the oils’ quality on the oil penetration of fried BBFNs were investigated via the analysis of the absorption and the distribution of fat. Preheating increased the viscosity and dielectric constant of the oils. The total fat content using fresh oils was the greatest for palm oil (14.2%), followed by rice bran oil (12.2%), rapeseed oil (12.1%), and soybean oil (11.3%), a trend that was nearly consistent with the penetrated surface oil, except that the penetrated oil for soybean oil (6.8%) was higher than rapeseed oil (6.3%). The BBFNs which were fried using fresh oils possessed a more compact crust and smaller pores for the core and underwent a lower oil penetration compared to the preheated oils. The results suggested that the oils’ quality significantly affected the oil penetration of fried BBFNs.
Fractal Clustering as Spatial Variability of Magnetic Anomalies Measurements for Impending Earthquakes and the Thermodynamic Fractal Dimension
Authors: Venegas-Aravena Patricio , Cordaro Enrique , Laroze David
Published: October 2022

Several studies focusing on the anomalies of one specific parameter (such as magnetic, ionospheric, radon release, temperature, geodetic, etc.) before impending earthquakes are constantly challenged because their results can be regarded as noise, false positives or are not related to earthquakes at all. This rise concerns the viability of studying isolated physical phenomena before earthquakes. Nevertheless, it has recently been shown that all of the complexity of these pre-earthquake anomalies rises because they could share the same origin. Particularly, the evolution and concentration of uniaxial stresses within rock samples have shown the generation of fractal crack clustering before the macroscopic failure. As there are studies which considered that the magnetic anomalies are created by lithospheric cracks in the seismo-electromagnetic theory, it is expected that the crack clustering is a spatial feature of magnetic and non-magnetic anomalies measurements in ground, atmospheric and ionospheric environments. This could imply that the rise of multiparametric anomalies at specific locations and times, increases the reliability of impending earthquake detections. That is why this work develops a general theory of fractal-localization of different anomalies within the lithosphere in the framework of the seismo-electromagnetic theory. In addition, a general description of the fractal dimension in terms of scaling entropy change is obtained. This model could be regarded as the basis of future early warning systems for catastrophic earthquakes.
Approximation Theorems Associated with Multidimensional Fractional Fourier Transform and Applications in Laplace and Heat Equations
Authors: Yang Yinuo , Wu Qingyan , Jhang Seong Tae , Kang Qianqian
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we establish two approximation theorems for the multidimensional fractional Fourier transform via appropriate convolutions. As applications, we study the boundary and initial problems of the Laplace and heat equations with chirp functions. Furthermore, we obtain the general Heisenberg inequality with respect to the multidimensional fractional Fourier transform.
Development of Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Bilosomes In-Situ Gel for Ocular Delivery: Optimization, In-Vitro Characterization, Ex-Vivo Permeation, and Antimicrobial Study
Authors: Alsaidan Omar Awad , Zafar Ameeduzzafar , Yasir Mohd , Alzarea Sami I. , Alqinyah Mohammed , Khalid Mohammad
Published: October 2022

Conventional eye drops are most commonly employed topically in the eye for the management of bacterial conjunctivitis. Eye drops have a low corneal residence time and 90–95% of the administered dose is eliminated from the eye by blinking and the nasolacrimal drainage system. This problem can be minimized by formulating a mucoadhesive ocular in-situ gel system that undergoes sol-gel transition upon stimulation by temperature, pH, and ions. The goal of this study was to develop ciprofloxacin (CIP) loaded bilosomes (BLO) in-situ gel for the improvement of therapeutic efficacy. The BLO was prepared by the thin-film hydration method and optimized by the Box–Behnken design. Cholesterol (CHO), surfactant (Span 60), and bile salt (sodium deoxycholate/SDC) were used as formulation factors. The vesicle size (nm) and entrapment efficiency (%) were selected as responses (dependent factors). The optimized CIP-BLO (CIP-BLO-opt) formulation displayed a vesicle size of 182.4 ± 9.2 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.274, a zeta potential of −34,461.51 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 90.14 ± 1.24%. Both x-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry spectra did not exhibit extensive peaks of CIP in CIP-BLO-opt, revealing that CIP is encapsulated in the BLO matrix. The CIP-BLO-opt formulation was successfully incorporated into an in-situ gel system using a gelling agent, i.e., Carbopol 934P and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K100 M). CIP-BLO-opt in-situ gel formulation (CIP-BLO-opt-IG3) was evaluated for gelling capacity, clarity, pH, viscosity, in-vitro CIP release, bio-adhesive, ex-vivo permeation, toxicity, and antimicrobial study. The CIP-BLO-opt-IG3 exhibited satisfactory gelling properties with a viscosity of 145.85 ± 9.48 cP in the gelling state. CIP-BLO-opt-IG3 displayed sustained CIP release (83.87 ± 5.24%) with Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic as a best-fitted model (R2 = 0.9667). CIP-BLO-opt-IG3 exhibited a 1.16-fold than CIP-IG and a 2.08-fold higher permeability than pure CIP. CIP-BLO-opt-IG3 displayed a significantly greater bio-adhesion property (924.52 ± 12.37 dyne/cm2) than tear film. Further, CIP-BLO-opt-IG3 does not display any toxicity as confirmed by corneal hydration (76.15%), histology, and the HET-CAM test (zero scores). CIP-BLO-opt-IG3 shows significantly higher (p < 0.05) antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus than pure CIP. From all these findings, it could be concluded that CIP-BLO-opt-IG3 might be an effective strategy for the increment of corneal residence time and therapeutic activity of CIP.
Organic Bio-Based Aerogel from Food Waste: Preparation and Hydrophobization
Authors: Gaggero Giulia , Subrahmanyam Raman P. , Schroeter Baldur , Gurikov Pavel , Delucchi Marina
Published: October 2022

In this work, organic aerogels from spent ground coffee and apple pomace were prepared and characterized for the first time. Apple aerogel was found to be much lighter than that from coffee (0.19 vs. 0.016 g/cm3, whereas the specific surface areas are comparable (229 vs. 208 m2/g). Being intrinsically hydrophilic, these aerogels were silanized, both in liquid and gas phase, to increase stability in aqueous media. The latter modification method allowed chemical grafting of the silane to the aerogel surface (evidenced by FTIR and TGA) and resulted in certain hydrophobicity, as was evidenced via contact angle measurements: both aerogels possess a contact angle of ca. 100° after the gas hydrophobization, while for the pristine aerogels it was 50°. Furthermore, it was observed that the gas-phase silanization process is more applicable to apple aerogels.
Design, Optimization and Validation of the ARMS PCR Protocol for the Rapid Diagnosis of Wilson’s Disease Using a Panel of 14 Common Mutations for the European Population
Authors: Garbuz Mikhail , Ovchinnikova Anna , Kumeiko Vadim
Published: October 2022

Background: Wilson’s disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of copper metabolism resulting from various mutations in the ATP7B gene. Despite good knowledge and successful treatment options, WD is a severe disease that leads to disability, destructively affecting the quality of life of patients. Currently, none of the available laboratory tests can be considered universal and specific for the diagnosis of WD. Therefore, the introduction of genetic diagnostic methods that allow for the identification of the root cause at any stage over the course of the disease gave hope for an earlier solution of diagnostic issues in patients with WD. Methods: A method for the genetic diagnosis of WD based on ARMS PCR, DreamTaq Green PCR Master Mix and modified primers has been developed. This method is able to detect 14 mutant alleles: p.His1069Gln, p.Glu1064Lys, p.Met769HisfsTer26, p.Gly710Ser, p.Ser744Pro, p.Ala1135GlnfsTer13, p.Arg778Leu, p.Arg1041Trp, p.Arg616Gln, p.Arg778Gly, p.Trp779*, p.Val834Asp, p.Gly943Ser and p.3222_3243+21del43. Results: The primers for all mutations were highly specific with an absence of wild-type amplification. All the results were validated by direct DNA Sanger sequencing. Conclusions: This fast and economical method provides coverage for the identified common mutations, thereby making ARMS PCR analysis using DreamTaq Green PCR Master Mix and modified primers feasible and attractive for large-scale routine use.
Origin, Evolution, and Research Development of Donkeys
Authors: Wang Yonghui , Hua Xiaopeng , Shi Xiaoyuan , Wang Changfa
Published: October 2022

Lack of archaeological and whole-genome diversity data has restricted current knowledge of the evolutionary history of donkeys. With the advancement of science and technology, the discovery of archaeological evidence, the development of molecular genetics, and the improvement of whole-genome sequencing technology, the in-depth understanding of the origin and domestication of donkeys has been enhanced, however. Given the lack of systematic research, the present study carefully screened and collected multiple academic papers and books, journals, and literature on donkeys over the past 15 years. The origin and domestication of donkeys are reviewed in this paper from the aspects of basic information, cultural origin, bioarcheology, mitochondrial and chromosomal microsatellite sequences, and whole-genome sequence comparison. It also highlights and reviews genome assembly technology, by assembling the genome of an individual organism and comparing it with related sample genomes, which can be used to produce more accurate results through big data statistics, analysis, and computational correlation models. Background: The donkey industry in the world and especially in China is developing rapidly, and donkey farming is transforming gradually from the family farming model to large-scale, intensive, and integrated industrial operations, which could ensure the stability of product quality and quantity. However, theoretical research on donkey breeding and its technical development lags far behind that of other livestock, thereby limiting its industrial development. This review provides holistic information for the donkey industry and researchers, that could promote theoretical research, genomic selection (GS), and reproductive management of the donkey population.
Biallelic PMS2 Mutations in a Family with Uncommon Clinical and Molecular Features
Authors: Pedroni Monica , Ponz de Leon Maurizio , Reggiani Bonetti Luca , Rossi Giuseppina , Viel Alessandra , Urso Emanuele Damiano Luca , Roncucci Luca
Published: October 2022

We describe a patient with constitutional mismatch repair-deficiency (CMMR-D) in whom the syndrome started at age 10 with the development of multiple adenomas in the large bowel. In the successive 25 years, four malignancies developed in different organs (rectum, ileum, duodenum, and lymphoid tissue). The patient had biallelic constitutional pathogenic variants in the PMS2 gene. We speculate that besides the PMS2 genotype, alterations of other genes might have contributed to the development of the complex phenotype. In the nuclear family, both parents carried different PMS2 germline mutations. They appeared in good clinical condition and did not develop polyps or cancer. The index case had a brother who died at age three of lymphoblastic leukemia, and a sister who was affected by sarcoidosis. Tumor tissue showed diffuse DNA microsatellite instability. A complete absence of immunoreactivity was observed for the PMS2 protein both in the tumors and normal tissues. Next-generation sequencing and multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification analyses revealed biallelic PMS2 germline pathogenic variants in the proband (genotype c.[137G>T];[(2174+1_2175-1)_(*160_?)del]), and one of the two variants was present in both parents—c.137G>T in the father and c.(2174+1-2175-1)_(*160_?)del in the mother—as well as c.137G>T in the sister. Moreover, Class 3 variants of MSH2 (c.1787A>G), APC (c.1589T>C), and CHEK2 (c.331G>T) genes were also detected in the proband. In conclusion, the recognition of CMMR-D may sometimes be difficult; however, the possible role of constitutional alterations of other genes in the development of the full-blown phenotype should be investigated in more detail.
The Response of the Rivers of NW Greece to Late Quaternary Neotectonics, as Interpreted from Detrital Petrology
Authors: Piper David J. W. , Pe-Piper Georgia
Published: October 2022

The modern drainage systems of the fold and thrust belt of the external Hellenide orogen of NW Greece are principally orogen-parallel. Late Quaternary changes in river courses have resulted from neotectonic deformation associated with the Katouna–Stamna fault and with footwall uplift in developing transverse grabens. This study assesses the impact of neotectonic deformation on river patterns and basin deposition. River sands show differences in modal abundance and varietal geochemistry of heavy minerals and fine sand lithic clasts, determined by scanning electron microscope, that allow identification of past river supply to raised fluvial terrace and beach deposits. In the past 200 ka, footwall uplift south of developing grabens at Lake Trichonis and the Amvrakikos Gulf promoted orogen-transverse flow, diverting the Arachthos-Louros rivers to the west, causing reversal of drainage to the north in the lower reach of the Acheloos River. A raised terrace gravel south of Preveza records the southwestward flow of a large paleo-Arachthos river, confirmed by sand petrology in beaches farther south on the Echinadon Sea coast. The use of varietal heavy minerals and lithic clasts is a rapid and powerful tool for tracking tectonically-induced changes in river patterns.
On Two Formulations of Polar Motion and Identification of Its Sources
Authors: Lopes Fernando , Courtillot Vincent , Gibert Dominique , Mouël Jean-Louis Le
Published: October 2022

Differences in formulation of the equations of celestial mechanics may result in differences in interpretation. This paper focuses on the Liouville-Euler system of differential equations as first discussed by Laplace. In the “modern” textbook presentation of the equations, variations in polar motion and in length of day are decoupled. Their source terms are assumed to result from redistribution of masses and torques linked to Earth elasticity, large earthquakes, or external forcing by the fluid envelopes. In the “classical” presentation, polar motion is governed by the inclination of Earth’s rotation pole and the derivative of its declination (close to length of day, lod). The duration and modulation of oscillatory components such as the Chandler wobble is accounted for by variations in polar inclination. The “classical” approach also implies that there should be a strong link between the rotations and the torques exerted by the planets of the solar system. Indeed there is, such as the remarkable agreement between the sum of forces exerted by the four Jovian planets and components of Earth’s polar motion. Singular Spectral Analysis of lod (using more than 50 years of data) finds nine components, all with physical sense: first comes a “trend”, then oscillations with periods of ∼80 yrs (Gleissberg cycle), 18.6 yrs, 11 yrs (Schwabe), 1 year and 0.5 yr (Earth revolution and first harmonic), 27.54 days, 13.66 days, 13.63 days and 9.13 days (Moon synodic period and harmonics). Components with luni-solar periods account for 95% of the total variance of the lod. We believe there is value in following Laplace’s approach: it leads to the suggestion that all the oscillatory components with extraterrestrial periods (whose origin could be found in the planetary and solar torques), should be present in the series of sunspots and indeed, they are.
Exploring Psychosocial Dynamics Underpinning Driver Identity in an Older Adult Sample
Authors: Lee Andrew K. , Scott Theresa L.
Published: October 2022

Many older adults consider driving a crucial aspect of their daily routine and the prospect of driving cessation to be disruptive to their current lifestyle. Driving cessation is associated with multiple adverse consequences, including poorer health trajectories, and increased depressive symptoms. Research suggests that driving cessation may be disruptive to identity. This study aimed to explore the characteristics that are associated with driver identity and whether identity impacted people’s readiness for mobility changes. Of interest was whether stopping driving was perceived as either a positive or negative event. Participants, (N = 410) older adults recruited via Prolific survey panel between July and November 2021, responded to questions about transport and travel behaviors, driver identity, and perceptions of mobility changes. Driving cessation was generally perceived as a negative change. However, individuals with self-reported low readiness for mobility change also had higher overall scores for Identity, and for the subscales, Centrality and Ingroup Affect. These findings suggest that people with more concerns for mobility transition may think about and have more of an emotional investment regarding driving. The findings provide novel insight into the psychosocial dynamics of driving and the factors that influence driver identity, however further research, co-designed with older drivers and retired drivers is required.
First-Line Treatment of Waldenström’s Macroglobulinaemia: Considerations Based on the Dutch National Guideline
Authors: Amaador Karima , Kersten Marie José , Visser Hein P. J. , Nieuwenhuizen Laurens , Schop Roelandt F. J. , Chamuleau Martine E. D. , Velders Gerjo A. , Minnema Monique C. , Vos Josephine Mathilde Iris
Published: October 2022

Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. There are only few prospective randomized clinical trials to guide treatment recommendations and there is no international consensus on a preferred first line treatment approach. In the recently revised Dutch guideline for WM, we describe recommendations for practice based as much as possible on the known data. Here, we summarize the considerations for first-line treatment based on these Dutch guidelines. Available evidence is summarized, including efficacy and toxicity data. Combinations of Rituximab with chemotherapy, proteasome inhibition or BTK-inhibition are all valid first line treatment options. The Dutch WM working group considers Dexamethasone/Rituximab/Cylofosfamide (DRC) a suitable first-line treatment for many WM patients, given the efficacy, the relatively mild toxicity profile and the extensive experience with this regimen. However, the long-term toxicities of DRC are unclear and need further clarification. Other regimens such as R-bendamustine, R-Bortezomib-dexamethason are also effective options, however with specific toxicities. BTK-inhibitors are not a preferred option in first line for most patients in the Dutch WM guidelines because of the need for longterm treatment and toxicities. Based on patient preferences research, future clinical trials should focus on effective fixed-duration regimens with non-cytotoxic therapies that have a favorable toxicity profile. Further development of (combinations with) BCL-2 inhibititors, novel proteasome inhibitors and BTK-inhibition could be interesting. In addition T-cell-directed treatments including bispecific antibodies as a monotherapy or combined with other novel agents deserve further study in WM.
The History of Fieldwork
Authors: Vetter Jeremy
Published: October 2022

Since the history of fieldwork emerged as a self-conscious area of study within the history of science, especially during the last quarter century, it has expanded its focus on place and practice into an ever wider range of disciplines, social and environmental settings, scales, analytical frameworks, and connections with adjacent disciplines and sub-disciplines. After reviewing some of the foundational scholarly works on the history of scientific fieldwork, this essay identifies and discusses some important recent patterns in scholarship. Historians of fieldwork have increasingly attempted to connect their work to other disciplines such as geography, and to other historical subfields such as environmental history, agricultural history, and the history of capitalism, with increasing success at cross-fertilization despite ongoing tensions arising from significant methodological differences. At the same time, scholars have not only linked their work to a wider variety of social and environmental places, including colonial and postcolonial settings, as well as extreme environments, but have also striven more deliberately to understand the emergence of knowledge through fieldwork at larger scales beyond the local, such as regional, continental, oceanic, and global environments. Scholars have also sought to understand more about the intersection of fieldwork with indigenous, folk, vernacular, and experiential knowledge.
Methods and Factors Influencing In Vitro Propagation Efficiency of Ornamental Tuberose (Polianthes Species): A Systematic Review of Recent Developments and Future Prospects
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Sirohi Ujjwal , Malik Sunil , Kumar Satendra , Ahirwar Gaurav Kumar , Chaudhary Veena , Yadav Manoj Kumar , Singh Jitender , Kumar Arvind , Pal Virendra , Prakash Satya
Published: October 2022

In vitro propagation greatly boosts the propagation rate and allows for the development of disease-free plants. In the near future, new in vitro propagation methods could make it easier to produce plants true to type on a wide scale and to use genetic engineering to improve genotypes. Various factors, such as genotype, explant type, size of explants, position of explants on the medium, plant growth regulators and certain additives, incubation conditions, and sub-culturing time, all have a significant impact on the in vitro generation of plantlets and bulblets. However, numerous studies on in vitro propagation have been published, but there is very little information on the parameters that affect the in vitro efficiency of tuberose. The efficiency of bulblet production in ornamental tuberose as well as different physical, nutritional, and hormonal aspects are discussed in this manuscript along with several in vitro propagation strategies (direct, indirect, and somatic embryogenesis). Future research opportunities and the use of creative ways to improve ornamental tuberose are also highlighted. As a whole, this review provides an insight toward a complete protocol for in vitro propagation in tuberose, highlighting the factors influencing the in vitro efficiency and future strategies for improving in vitro plantlets and bulblets in ornamental tuberose.
The Impact of Submicroscopic Parasitemia on Malaria Rapid Diagnosis in Northeastern Tanzania, an Area with Diverse Transmission Patterns
Authors: Kaaya Robert Diotrephes , Matowo Johnson , Kajeguka Debora , Tenu Filemoni , Shirima Boniface , Mosha Franklin , Kavishe Reginald
Published: October 2022

Global malaria epidemiology has changed in the last decade with a substantial increase in cases and deaths being recorded. Tanzania accounts for about 4% of all cases and deaths reported in recent years. Several factors contribute to the resurgence of malaria, parasite resistance to antimalarials and mosquito resistance to insecticides being at the top of the list. The presence of sub-microscopic infections poses a significant challenge to malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDT). Our cross-sectional surveys in Handeni and Moshi, Tanzania assessed the effect of low parasite density on mRDT. Handeni had higher malaria prevalence by mRDT (39.6%), light microscopy (LM) (16.9%) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (18.5%), compared to Moshi with prevalence of 0.2%, 1.3% and 2.3%, respectively. A significant difference (p ˂ 0.001) in malaria prevalence by mRDT, LM and nested PCR was found among age groups. In comparison to all other groups, school-age children (5–15 years) had the highest prevalence of malaria. Our results show that mRDT may miss up to 6% of cases of malaria mainly due to low-density parasitemia when compared to LM and PCR. Routinely used mRDT will likely miss the sub-microscopic parasitemia which will ultimately contribute to the spread of malaria and hinder efforts of elimination.
Structural Determinants of Child Health in Rural China: The Challenge of Creating Health Equity
Authors: Chen Yunwei , Sylvia Sean , Dill Sarah-Eve , Rozelle Scott
Published: October 2022

Over the past two decades, the literature has shown a clear gradient between child health and wealth. The same health–wealth gradient is also observed among children in China, with a large gap in health between rural and urban children. However, there are still unanswered questions about the main causes of China’s rural–urban child health inequality. This paper aims to review the major factors that have led to the relatively poor levels of health among China’s rural children. In addition to the direct income effect on children’s health, children in rural areas face disadvantages compared with their urban counterparts from the beginning of life: Prenatal care and infant health outcomes are worse in rural areas; rural caregivers have poor health outcomes and lack knowledge and support to provide adequate nurturing care to young children; there are large disparities in access to quality health care between rural and urban areas; and rural families are more likely to lack access to clean water and sanitation. In order to inform policies that improve health outcomes for the poor, there is a critical need for research that identifies the causal drivers of health outcomes among children. Strengthening the pediatric training and workforce in rural areas is essential to delivering quality health care for rural children. Other potential interventions include addressing the health needs of mothers and grandparent caregivers, improving parenting knowledge and nurturing care, improving access to clean water and sanitation for remote families, and most importantly, targeting poverty itself.