bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VI.—On Changes of Climate during the Glacial Epoch
Authors: Geikie James
Published: May 2009

In a former paper I referred very briefly to the succession of glacial deposits in Switzerland. It was stated that no interglacial beds like those of Scotland and America occur in the Swiss grundmoräne. But, as every geologist is aware, Professor Heer and others have shown that the lignite-beds of the Cantons of Zurich and St. Gall are really of interglacial age, since they not only rest upon but are covered by glacial deposits. There can be but one opinion as to the position in the series occupied by these lignite-beds; they are clearly intermediate in date between the accumulation of the old grundmoräne and the deposition of that “moraine rubbish” which marked the new advance of the glaciers. ‘This being the case, they cannot represent the beds that occur in the “till” of Scotland, but must belong to a later stage. If this correlation be correct, it seems to me that the Swiss beds will serve partly to fill up a great blank in our record, and help us to realize the condition of our country in the long ages that elapsed between the disappearance of the great confluent glaciers and the subsequent period of submergence, which gave rise to the “kames” and “esker-drift.” This will appear probable, as I hope to show, after we have taken a glance at the glacial deposits in the north of Italy.
VII.—Middle Gravels (?), Ireland
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

In a paper on a comparison of the drift of Ireland with that of Lancashire, the author Prof. Hull states, that he recognized the equivalents of the English beds in the drift cliffs at Killiney, Co. Dublin, and in the Geol. Mag. for March, 1872, Mr. J. Geikie has quoted Prof. Hull: I therefore request leave to say a few words about the gravels of Ireland, more especially as Mr. Geikie seems to have mistaken my notes on the Irish drift, making it appear that I believe the “Esker Gravels” contain similar marine fossils to those characterizing the “Manure Gravel” of the Co. Wexford. Such a statement, however, would not bear investigation.
X.—Supplementary Note on Phaneropleuron (Huxley), and Uronemus (Agass.)
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

Since the publication of my paper, entitled “Notes on the Genus Phaneropleuron, with a Description of a New Species from the Carboniferous Formation,” in the Geological Magazine for December, 1871, pp. 529–535, Sir Philip Egerton has kindly sent me for comparison a specimen in his collection of the Burdiehouse fish, named by Agassiz Uronemus lobatus, at the same time directing my attention to the resemblance which it bore to the fish which in the paper referred to I had described and figured as Phaneropleuron elegans. I am also indebted to the Earl of Enniskillen for an opportunity of examining another specimen of the same fish.
II.—On the Continuity and Breaks Between the Various Divisions of the Silurian Strata in the Lake District
Authors: Aveline W. Talbot
Published: May 2009

In a former communication I stated that the line of division between the Skiddaw Slates and the overlying Volcanic series (Green Slates and Porphyries), in the neighbourhood of Keswick, was a faulted one, and not an unconformity, as supposed by Mr. Dakyns. I added that the evidence of an unconformity (if there was one), between these two series of beds, must be sought for elsewhere than in the district described by Mr. Dakyns. Since then I have examined many miles of boundary between these formations, and have as yet only seen one unfaulted junction, and this is near Bootle, in the Black Combe district, Cumberland; but this section at once sets at rest the question of unconformity or conformity. Not only do the Volcanic series lie at the same inclination with the Skiddaw Slates below them, but beds of the latter alternate with beds of the former, showing a perfect sequence and conformity. When the whole of the boundaries between the Skiddaw Slates and Volcanic series are traced, there may be found other spots also showing conformity and passage.
V.—Glacial Drift of the Central Part of the Lake District, up to 2800 feet above the Sea
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: May 2009

During five and a half weeks' examination and study of the glaciated rock-surfaces and drifts of the south-central part of the Lake District, in June and July last, I was fortunate in meeting with many fresh and clear sections in diggings for house sites, drains, gravel-pits, tracks of unusually large rain-torrents, etc., which enabled me on some points to arrive at a more satisfactory classification of the drifts of the country than I had previously succeeded in devising.
IV.—On the Carboniferous Deposit of the Brown Clee Hill and its Relation to Contiguous Coal-fields
Authors: Jones D.
Published: May 2009

The Coal-measures of the Brown Clee are of themselves extremely insignificant and unimportant. The total area is limited, and the thickness of the coals would not have entitled them to be considered of commercial value, if it were not for the fact, that from its elevated position it is placed well above the reach of water, and hence the great difficulties which beset early mining operations in freeing the mines from water did not affect the coal-mines of the Brown Clee; consequently, in those times they were worked to advantage, but there is very little coal remaining to be won. They have, however, a value to the geologist, as indicative of the much wider range of the Coalbrookdale Coal-measures than is shown by its present boundary, for there is an unmistakable analogy between both deposits, to which, we shall presently refer.
I.—History of the Names Cambrian and Silurian in Geology
Authors: Hunt T. Sterry
Published: May 2009

It is proposed in the following pages to give a concise account of the progress of investigation of the lower Palæozoic rocks during the last forty years. The subject may naturally be divided into three parts: 1. The history of Silurian and Upper Cambrian in Great Britain from 1831 to 1854; 2. That of the still more ancient Palæozoic rocks in Scandinavia, Bohemia, and Great Britain up to the present time, including the recognition by Barrande of the so-called primordial Palæozoic; fauna; 3. The history of the lower Palæozoic rocks of North America.
III.—A Brief Memoir on the Geology of Dorset
Authors: Mansel-Pleydell J. C.
Published: May 2009

The Geology of Dorset presents an almost consecutive series of formations from the Liassic to the Quaternary. The Rhætic beds which have so large a development in the neighbouring counties of Somerset and Gloucester, just touch the confines of the county near Lyme Regis, and were described by Mr. H.W. Bristow, F.R.S., Director of the Government Geological Survey, at the Bath Meeting of the British Association in 1864, as everywhere underlying the true Liassic strata.
V.—On Fossil Flowering or Phanerogamous Plants
Authors: Gardner J. S.
Published: May 2009

Our attention has been devoted exclusively this year to the fossil flowering or phanerogamous plants. The results of our researches point to the conclusion that while that section known as Gymnospermous, to which the Coniferæ belong, is of the highest antiquity, being almost coeval with the first definite remains of plants in the Palæozoic age, there are no Angiospermous plants in British rocks of greater antiquity than the Secondary period, if we except the problematic plant known as Spirangium. Even down to so late as the Lias we have been unable to ascertain that any indisputable Angiosperm has been discovered within our area, for we are led to the conclusion that the supposed Monocotyledons from the Rhætics, near Bristol, hitherto referred to the family of Pond-weeds under the name Najadita, are really cryptogamic plants of the moss tribe, closely allied to the river moss Fontinalis. This group had not previously been found fossil, and, so far as it goes, would indicate rather a temperate climate. It is important to notice that these conclusions are shared by such high authorities on fossil plants as Prof. Williamson, Mr. Carruthers, and by all botanists who have examined them, as well as Mr. Brodie, the possessor of the specimens. The Lilia, Bensonia, and other supposed Monocotyledons of similar age are very imperfectly preserved and, doubtless referable to Cycads, a family which abounded then.
V.—The Boulder-clay of Caithness a Product of Land-ice
Authors: Croll James
Published: May 2009

A Considerable amount of difficulty has been felt by geologists in accounting for the origin of the Boulder-clay of Caithness. It is an unstratified clay, of a deep grey or slaty colour, resembling much that of the Caithness flags on which it rests.
III.—On the Occurrence of the Genus Endoceras in Britain
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: May 2009

The genus Endoceras was proposed by Hall (Pal. N. York, vol. i., p. 58) for a group of Orihocerata; having “a large siphunele, mostly lateral or excentric, marked or ridged on the outer surface by the septa, which, from their oblique direction, give it the appearance of a tube with spiral lines. Within this siphunele are one or more very elongated eonical tubes, often one within the other to the number of four or five.” The leading point, then, in the definition of Endoceras is the possession of a multiple siphunele, composed of two or more concentric tubes placed one within the other, each tube having the form of an elongated cone.
VII.—Notes on Eley's Foraminifera from the English Chalk
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Parker W. K
Published: May 2009

The Foraminifera of the Chalk were treated of in Nos. 89 and 90 of the Geol. Mag., November and December, 1871, with the view of aiding collectors and authors in their arrangement of these numerous and puzzling microzoa in their catalogues and cabinets. We shall be rendering further service to students, if we refer them to the Rev. Henry Eley's clear and useful, though somewhat hard, drawings of the Foraminifera usually found in the English Chalk and Flint. These were published ia his “Geology in the Garden; or, the Fossils in. the Flint Pebbles.” 8vo. London, 1859.
III.—Notes on the Geology of Prince Edward Island, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
Authors: Dawson J. W.
Published: May 2009

The writer had the opportunity last summer, with Dr. B. J. Harrington as assistant, to re-examine the rock formations of Prince Edward Island, of which a notice was given in the second edition of his “Acadian Geology.” The report of our reconnaissance, which has been published by the local government, with a map, sections, and figures of fossils, may be referred to for details; but I propose in this paper to notice a few points of general scientific interest not dwelt on in the report.
V.—On Changes of Climate during the Glacial Epoch
Authors: Geikie James
Published: May 2009

It has already been sufficiently insisted that no warm or genial climate has intervened since the close of the Glacial epoch. The climate of Britain is milder now than at any other period subsequent to the re-elevation of our country after the last great submergence; our winters have been gradually growing less intense; Britain has slowly passed from an Arctic to a temperate condition of things. Mr. Dawkins accounts for the absence of the mammal-bearing drifts in Scotland and the upland districts of England by supposing that in post-glacial times all these regions were covered with snow and ice. This, however, is a rather exaggerated picture of post-glacial Britain. It is quite true that after the emergence of our country from the last great subsidence, a few local glaciers continued to linger on among our mountain valleys.
II.—Note on the Silicified Woods of California
Authors: Phillips J. Arthur
Published: May 2009

The deep placers of California are often covered by a thick capping of lava; in other places, the eruptive matter overlying the auriferous gravels occurs in the form of columnar basalt, beneath which is found the auriferous strata of sand, clay, and gravel. These deposits often contain immense numbers of large tree-trunks, which, with those portions of their branches which remain, are either silicified, or are converted into a lignite, often containing a considerable amount of iron pyrites.
IV.—Notes on the Genus Rostellaria (or Aporrhais?) of the Gault
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

Having read Mr. Price's note and description of Rostellaria maxima in last month's Number (p. 97, Pl. VI.), I venture to express my regret that so doubtful a species should be published with the apparent authority of the GeologicalMagazine to confirm it; especially as Mr. Wiltshire (than whom there is no one better acquainted with English Cretaceous Mollusca) is of opinion that it is only a giant form of Rostellaria carinata. The description given by Mr. Price would equally apply to the ordinary form of R. carinata which occurs in the same bed, and, save in size, exactly resembles it. The most distinctive portion of the shell, the wing, is unfortunately not preserved. The examples of Rostellaria carinata found in this bed, I may remark, always differ slightly in form, being broader and more obtuse (they are also usually more crushed and imperfect) than those from the lower beds. I am fully; convinced that, if size alone is sufficient ground to justify the formation of new species, we shall speedily find the present confusion of names in the Gault fauna more hopelessly involved and more impossible to unravel than ever. What, for instance, would be the result of the adoption of such a basis of nomenclature for the Cephalopoda from the same formation ?
I.—Geologists’ Association, University College, London. Address at the opening of the Session, November 7th, 1873
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Time with slow and measured tread moving over the buried records of the past—Time, upon whose ample store the geologist is wont to draw with an unsparing hand, seems to have accelerated his pace in this nineteenth century, and hurries onward as if his few remaining sands were well-nigh run.
II.—On a New Genus of Fossil Fish of the Order Dipnoi
Authors: Traquair Ramsay H.
Published: May 2009

Agassiz, after describing the intermaxillary bone of Megalichthys, makes the following brief statement regarding the fossil which is the subject of the present paper: “M. König possède une pièce detachée qui parait etre le même os.”
IV.—On the Glacial and Post-Glacial Deposits in the Neighbourhood of Llandudno
Authors: Hall Hugh F.
Published: May 2009

I Have been led to think that a description of the drift-beds in the neighbourhood of Llandudno might be interesting to the Section, on account of the discussion which took place on Mr. Morton's paper, as to the description of pebbles contained in the “Boulder-clay.”
VI.—Altered Clay-bed and Sections in Tideswell Dale, Derbyshire
Authors: Wilson Edward
Published: May 2009

Sir,—The Geological Magazine for August, p. 394, contains a report of a paper communicated by the Rev. J. M. Mello to the Geological Society, on the 22nd June, 1870, on the above subject. On the 7th September, 1869, I had the honour to read a paper on the same subject to the Natural Science Section of the Nottingham Literary and Philosophical Society. Hence I beg to claim priority in publication on behalf of the above Society. Apart from this, I, of course, do not complain that Mr. Mello should happen to select a very interesting section like that in Tideswell Dale, no doubt being quite unaware that I had already published an account of the same. The sole, though rather dubious, deduction that the author is reported to have made, is “that the columnar clay-bed may perhaps be a local development of that which forms partings in the limestone near Litton Tunnel.”
VI.—The Boulder-clay of Caithness a Product of Land-ice
Authors: Croll James
Published: May 2009

We must consider that the ice from Scotland and England was but a fraction of that which entered the North Sea. The greater part of the ice of Scandinavia must have gone into this sea, and if the ice of our island could not find water sufficiently deep in which to float, far less would the much thicker ice of Scandinavia do so. The Scandinavian ice, before it could break up, would thus, like the Scottish ice, have to cross the bed of the North Sea and pass into the Atlantic. It could not pass to the north, nor to the north-west, for the ocean in these directions would be blocked up by the Polar ice.
Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Sedgwick Adam
Published: May 2009

In every branch of Natural Science there are earnest zealous workers, whose life-long devotion, to; its cause entitles them to be warmly remembered and even beloved, especially when their labours have been protracted over more than half a century; so long indeed, that to many of the scientific youth of the present day they are only known by name.
IV.—On some Points connected with the Drift of Derbyshire and Yorkshire
Authors: Dakyns J. R.
Published: May 2009

In a paper of mine on. “The Glacial Phenomena of the Yorkshire Uplands,” read before the Geological Society of London in the spring of 1872, compared the valley of the Wye in Derbyshire to those of the Aire and Calder in Yorkshire. This was a mistake: the Wye rises on the west side of the geological axis and crosses the anticlinal; but its valley does not cross the physical axis, which is nowhere broken through, as in the cases of the Aire and Calder. The lowest part of the watershed at the head of the Wye basin is at Doveholes, near Chapel-en-le-Frith. I made some observations by aneroid to ascertain the height of this point. The watershed south of Doveholes was by aneroid 1300 feet above the sea, and that north of Doveholes 1250 feet; but as the glass was falling on the day of my visit, these heights are too great by somewhat less than 75 feet, the total amount of the fall. This will make them between 1225 and 1300, and between 1175 and 1250 feet respectively. On another occasion I estimated the height of the watershed north of Doveholes at 1200 feet, and that on the Peak Forest Railway at 1175 feet. A couple of miles to the N.N.E. I found Sparrow Pit to be 1350 feet above the sea, and Perrydale 1200; the plateau above Perrydale 1350; the watershed under Mam Tor 1500; and the lowest point of Rushup Edge 1525 feet above the sea.
V.—On the Occurrence of Lead, Zinc, and Iron Ores, in some Rocks of Carboniferous Age in the North-West of England
Authors: Rance Charles E. De
Published: May 2009

In former papers I have described central Lancashire as capable of division into three plains of different elevations. The lowest being often beneath high-water mark, and always below the 25-foot Ordnance contour; the second ranging from 25 and 50 feet to 500 feet above the sea, terminating at the foot of the steep escarpment at the western edge of the Lancashire and Yorkshire moorlands forming the Pendle portion of the Pennine chain, with an average elevation of 1200 feet. Both the lower plains are much covered with drift, and the rock-surface at the sea-coast is often 50 feet below low-water mark, steadily rising in one gradual inclined plain, eastwards, or towards the Fells.
III.—The Ancient Stone Implements of Great Br
Authors: H. W.
Published: May 2009

Fifteen years ago scarcely any attention had been paid to the subject of the earliest evidences of human antiquity in Western Europe.
II. On Traces of Glacial Drift in the Shetland Islands
Authors: Peach Charles W.
Published: May 2009

Having last summer accepted the kind invitation of Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys to be his guest on a dredging expedition to these Northern Isles, I was induced, by a request from Sir R. I. Murchison, to look out for any trace of glacial action that I might meet with there. The result of my observations I have thought right to lay before the British Association, apologizing for the meagre story I have to tell. This poverty arises partly from my resolve to devote all time possible to the zoological work, and partly from having seen so small a portion of these islands.
III. A Walk over the ‘Ash-bed’ and ‘Bala Limestones’ near Oswestry
Authors: Davies D. C.
Published: May 2009

It was a dull December morning (but my companion and myself are no mere ‘parlour-geologists’) when we were bound for the Limestones and ‘Trap-rocks’ which lie about the valley of the Ceiriog, distant some eight or nine miles from Oswestry. After an early breakfast, we strapped on the munitions of war and looked well to the ‘commissariat’ and, determined to make the most of the short day-light, we turned our backs upon the good old town of Oswestry.
I. The Cambrian Rocks of the British Islands, with especial reference to the occurrence of this Formation and its Fossils in Ireland
Authors: Baily Wm. Hellier
Published: May 2009

The term Cambrian (from Cambria, the ancient name of Wales) was originally employed by the Rev. Professor Sedgwick to include a great series of fossiliferous and other rocks occurring below the Bala Limestone in North Wales. Sir Charles Lyell adopts to a certain extent this classification, dividing it into Upper and Lower Cambrian.
Language and Signs: An Interview with Ojibwe Novelist David Treuer
Authors: KIRWAN PADRAIG
Published: May 2009

The publication of David Treuer's (Ojibwe) Native American Fiction: A User's Manual (2006) initiated something of a controversy within Native American Literary Studies. Interpreted as an assault on the political and cultural meaning of tribal fiction, the collection has been critiqued by those who argue that indigenous specificity is reflected by a distinct, and specific, Native American literary aesthetic. In this interview Treuer clarifies his position, explains his dual concern for Ojibwe traditions and tribal fiction, and discusses the genesis of his novels Little (1995), The Hiawatha (1999), and The Translation of Dr Apelles (2007).
Reading the Historical Novel: Reworking the Past and the Relation of Blackfeet History in James Welch's Fools Crow
Authors: MARTIN SARAH
Published: May 2009

The article considers the political impact of the historical novel by examining an example of the genre by Native American novelist James Welch. It discusses how the novel Fools Crow represents nineteenth-century Blackfeet experience, emphasizing how (retelling) the past can act in the present. To do this it engages with psychoanalytic readings of historical novels and the work of Foucault and Benjamin on memory and history. The article concludes by using Bhabha's notion of the “projective past” to understand the political strength of the novel's retelling of the story of a massacre of Native Americans.
McGuffey's Oxford (Ohio) Shakespeare
Authors: CHRISTENSEN PHILIP H.
Published: May 2009

James Fenimore Cooper regarded Shakespeare as “the great author of America.” For most frontier readers, this distinctly American Shakespeare was disseminated within the pages of the ubiquitous McGuffey Rhetorical Readers, and Hamlin Garland speaks for several generations across the Ohio frontier when he writes, “I got my first taste of Shakespeare from the selected scenes which I read in these books.” This Oxford (Ohio) canon draws generously from the Roman and English history plays, including scenes from the surprisingly popular King John and Henry VIII, and students were encouraged to memorize, and read aloud, classic orations such as “Antony's Oration over Dead Caesar's Body” and “Henry V. to His Troops.” The tragedies were most frequently represented by “The Hamlet Soliloquy,” and the more problematic comedies were virtually ignored, with the exception of brief appearances by a much sanitized John Falstaff. By the close of the century, the McGuffey canon had contributed to an American belief in Shakespeare's authority as second only to the Bible's, a point of view reflected in Emerson's judgment that Shakespeare is “inconceivably wise.”
Exposure of internal waves on the sea surface
Authors: HWUNG HWUNG-HWENG , YANG RAY-YENG , SHUGAN IGOR V.
Published: May 2009

We theoretically analyse the impact of subsurface currents induced by internal waves on nonlinear Stokes surface waves. We present analytical and numerical solutions of the modulation equations under conditions that are close to group velocity resonance. Our results show that smoothing of the downcurrent surface waves is accompanied by a relatively high-frequency modulation, while the profile of the opposing current is reproduced by the surface wave's envelope. We confirm the possibility of generating an internal wave forerunner that is a modulated surface wave packet. Long surface waves can create such a wave modulation forerunner ahead of the internal wave, while other relatively short surface waves comprise the trace of the internal wave itself. Modulation of surface waves by a periodic internal wavetrain may exhibit a characteristic period that is less than the internal wave period. This period can be non-uniform while the wave crosses the current zone. Our results confirm that surface wave excitation by means of internal waves, as observed at their group resonance frequencies, is efficient only in the context of opposing currents.
Evolution of flat-plate wakes in sink flow
Authors: PARSHEH MEHRAN , DAHLKILD ANDERS A.
Published: May 2009

Evolution of flat-plate wakes in sink flow has been studied both analytically and experimentally. For such wakes, a similarity solution is derived which considers simultaneous presence of both laminar and turbulent stresses inside the wake. This solution utilizes an additional Reynolds-stress term which represents the fluctuations similar to those in wall-bounded flows, accounting for the fluctuations originating from the plate boundary layer. In this solution, it is shown that the total stress, the sum of laminar and Reynolds shear stresses, becomes self-similar. To investigate the accuracy of the analytical results, the wake of a flat plate located at the centreline of a planar contraction is studied using hot-wire anemometry. Wakes of both tapered and blunt edges are considered. The length of the plates and the flow acceleration number K = 6.25 × 10−6 are chosen such that the boundary-layer profiles at the plate edge approach the self-similar laminar solution of Pohlhausen (Z. Angew. Math. Mech., vol. 1, 1921, p. 252). A short plate in which the boundary layer at the edge does not fully relaminarize is also considered. The development of the turbulent diffusivity used in the analysis is determined empirically for each experimental case. We have shown that the obtained similarity solutions, accounting also for the initial conditions in each case, generally agree well with the experimental results even in the near field. The results also show that the mean velocity of the transitional wake behind a tapered edge becomes self-similar almost immediately downstream of the edge.
Exact vortex solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations with axisymmetric strain and suction or injection
Authors: CRAIK ALEX D. D.
Published: May 2009

New solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations are presented for axisymmetric vortex flows subject to strain and to suction or injection. Those expressible in simple separable or similarity form are emphasized. These exhibit the competing roles of diffusion, advection and vortex stretching.
Experimental and numerical investigation of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability under re-shock conditions
Authors: LEINOV E. , MALAMUD G. , ELBAZ Y. , LEVIN L. A. , BEN-DOR G. , SHVARTS D. , SADOT O.
Published: May 2009

An experimental and numerical systematic study of the growth of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability-induced mixing following a re-shock is made, where the initial shock moves from the light fluid to the heavy one, over an incident Mach number range of 1.15–1.45. The evolution of the mixing zone following the re-shock is found to be independent of its amplitude at the time of the re-shock and to depend directly on the strength of the re-shock. A linear growth of the mixing zone with time following the passage of the re-shock and before the arrival of the reflected rarefaction wave is found. Moreover, when the mixing zone width is plotted as a function of the distance travelled, the growth slope is found to be independent of the re-shock strength. A comparison of the experimental results with direct numerical simulation calculations reveals that the linear growth rate of the mixing zone is the result of a bubble competition process.
Wave power extraction from an oscillating water column at the tip of a breakwater
Authors: MARTINS-RIVAS HERVÉ , MEI CHIANG C.
Published: May 2009

To reduce the costs of construction, operation, maintenance, energy storage and grid connection, some devices for extracting energy from sea waves are likely to be installed on the coast. We study theoretically a single oscillating water column (OWC) installed at the tip of a long and thin breakwater. The linearized problems of radiation and scattering for a hollow cylinder with an open bottom are then solved by the usual method of eigenfunction expansions and integral equations. Since a thin breakwater is the limit of a wedge, an exact solution for the diffraction by a solid cylinder at the tip of a wedge is derived to facilitate the analysis. Following Sarmento & Falcão (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 150, 1985, pp. 467–485), power takeoff by Wells turbines is modelled by including air compressibility in the chamber above the water surface. The effects of air compressibility on the extraction efficiency is studied. It is shown that for this simple geometry the angle of incidence affects the waves outside the structure but not the extracted power.
Numerical study of electric field effects on the deformation of two-dimensional liquid drops in simple shear flow at arbitrary Reynolds number
Authors: MÄHLMANN STEFAN , PAPAGEORGIOU DEMETRIOS T.
Published: May 2009

The effect of an electric field on a periodic array of two-dimensional liquid drops suspended in simple shear flow is studied numerically. The shear is produced by moving the parallel walls of the channel containing the fluids at equal speeds but in opposite directions and an electric field is generated by imposing a constant voltage difference across the channel walls. The level set method is adapted to electrohydrodynamics problems that include a background flow in order to compute the effects of permittivity and conductivity differences between the two phases on the dynamics and drop configurations. The electric field introduces additional interfacial stresses at the drop interface and we perform extensive computations to assess the combined effects of electric fields, surface tension and inertia. Our computations for perfect dielectric systems indicate that the electric field increases the drop deformation to generate elongated drops at steady state, and at the same time alters the drop orientation by increasing alignment with the vertical, which is the direction of the underlying electric field. These phenomena are observed for a range of values of Reynolds and capillary numbers. Computations using the leaky dielectric model also indicate that for certain combinations of electric properties the drop can undergo enhanced alignment with the vertical or the horizontal, as compared to perfect dielectric systems. For cases of enhanced elongation and alignment with the vertical, the flow positions the droplets closer to the channel walls where they cause larger wall shear stresses. We also establish that a sufficiently strong electric field can be used to destabilize the flow in the sense that steady-state droplets that can exist in its absence for a set of physical parameters, become increasingly and indefinitely elongated until additional mechanisms can lead to rupture. It is suggested that electric fields can be used to enhance such phenomena.
PREFERENCE SATISFACTION AND WELFARE ECONOMICS
Authors: Hausman Daniel M. , McPherson Michael S.
Published: May 2009

The tenuous claims of cost-benefit analysis to guide policy so as to promote welfare turn on measuring welfare by preference satisfaction and taking willingness-to-pay to indicate preferences. Yet it is obvious that people's preferences are not always self-interested and that false beliefs may lead people to prefer what is worse for them even when people are self-interested. So welfare is not preference satisfaction, and hence it appears that cost-benefit analysis and welfare economics in general rely on a mistaken theory of well-being. This essay explores the difficulties, criticizes standard defences of welfare economics, and then offers a new partial defence that maintains that welfare economics is independent of any philosophical theory of well-being. Welfare economics requires nothing more than anevidentialconnection between preference and welfare: in circumstances in which people are concerned with their own interests and reasonably good judges of what will serve their interests, their preferences will be reliable indicators of what is good for them.
COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION
Authors: Brock Dan W.
Published: May 2009

It is widely recognized that prioritizing health care resources by their relative cost-effectiveness can result in lower priority for the treatment of disabled persons than otherwise similar non-disabled persons. I distinguish six different ways in which this discrimination against the disabled can occur. I then spell out and evaluate the following moral objections to this discrimination, most of which capture an aspect of its unethical character: it implies that disabled persons' lives are of lesser value than those of non-disabled persons; it constitutes “double jeopardy” or violates Frances Kamm's non-linkage principle; it conflicts with equality of opportunity; it conflicts with fairness, which requires ignoring (some/most) differential impacts of treatment; it wrongly gives lower priority to disabled persons for equally effective treatment; it conflicts with giving all persons an equal chance to reach their full potential; and, it is in conflict with giving priority to the worse off.
Role of the lens in controlling water uptake in seeds of twoFabaceae(Papilionoideae) species treated with sulphuric acid and hot water
Authors: Hu Xiao Wen , Wang Yan Rong , Wu Yan Pei , Baskin Carol C.
Published: May 2009

Although many studies have been conducted on seeds with a water-impermeable seed or fruit coat (physical dormancy), the primary site of water entry into these seeds after dormancy-breaking treatments is still controversial. Thus, the role of lens, hilum, micropyle and extrahilar regions in water uptake of seeds treated to break physical dormancy was examined inVigna oblongifoliaandSesbania sesban(Fabaceae) following pretreatment with sulphuric acid and hot water. Morphology of seed surfaces in treated versus non-treated seeds of both species was examined with scanning electron microscopy. Most seeds ofV. oblongifoliafirst cracked in the hilum when pretreated with sulphuric acid, but they cracked in both the hilum and extrahilar regions when pretreated with hot water. However, inS. sesbanseeds, a crack formed only in the lens following either acid scarification or hot-water treatments, and the seeds imbibed water only through the lens. These results indicate that the primary site of water entry into seeds following physical dormancy break can vary with species and treatments. Slow, early imbibitionviathe hilum, and subsequent rapid imbibitionviathe lens, may not be detected unless seeds are monitored for several days. Time allowed for imbibition studies may, at least in part, explain various interpretations about the role of the lens in physical dormancy reported in the literature.
Brassica rapa L. seed development in hypergravity
Authors: Musgrave M.E. , Kuang A. , Allen J. , Blasiak J. , van Loon J.J.W.A.
Published: May 2009

Previous experiments had shown that microgravity adversely affected seed development in Brassica rapa L. We tested the hypothesis that gravity controls seed development via modulation of gases around the developing seeds, by studying how hypergravity affects the silique microenvironment and seed development. Using an in vitro silique maturation system, we sampled internal silique gases for 16 d late in the seed maturation sequence at 4 g or 1 g. The carbon dioxide level was significantly higher inside the 4-g siliques, and the immature seeds became heavier than those maturing at 1 g. Pollination and early embryo development were also studied by growing whole plants at 2 g or 4 g for 16 d inside chambers mounted on a large-diameter centrifuge. Each day the rotor was briefly stopped to permit manual pollination of flowers, thereby producing cohorts of same-aged siliques for comparison with stationary control material. The loss of starch and soluble carbohydrates during seed development was accelerated in hypergravity, with seeds developing at 4 g more advanced by 2 d than those at 1 g. Seeds produced at 4 g contained more lipid than those at 1 g. Taken together, these results indicate that hypergravity enhances gas availability to the developing embryos. Gravity's role in seed development is of importance to the space programme because of the plan to use plants for food production and habitat regeneration in extraterrestrial settings. These results are significant because they underscore the tight co-regulation of Brassica seed development and the atmosphere maintained inside the siliques.
Household food insecurity is a risk factor for iron-deficiency anaemia in a multi-ethnic, low-income sample of infants and toddlers
Authors: Park Kyong , Kersey Margaret , Geppert Joni , Story Mary , Cutts Diana , Himes John H
Published: May 2009

Objective

The present study examines the relationships of household food security status with Fe deficiency (ID) and Fe-deficiency anaemia (IDA) among children less than 3 years of age, and associated factors that contribute to ID and IDA.

Design

Cross-sectional study and chart review. The US Food Security Survey Module was administered to adult caregivers as part of the Children’s Sentinel Nutrition Assessment Project (C-SNAP). Haematological data were obtained from medical records.

Setting

A large metropolitan medical centre in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.

Subjects

A multi-ethnic sample of 2853 low-income children aged <36 months who received care at the medical centre.

Results

Among the caregivers, 23·3 % reported low household food security and 11·6 % reported very low household food security (VLFS). After controlling for background factors, children from households with VLFS were almost twice as likely to have IDA than were children from households with high or marginal food security (OR = 1·98, 95 % CI 1·11, 3·53); the corresponding associations for ID were not statistically significant.

Conclusions

The prevalence of IDA in early childhood is significantly larger in low-income infants and toddlers living in VLFS households. Asian, Hispanic and African-American children have elevated prevalences of ID and IDA. Breast-feeding may be associated with elevated ID and IDA, while participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) may be protective for ID.
Evidence for Indonesian Throughflow slowdown during Heinrich events 3–5
Authors: Zuraida Rina , Holbourn Ann , Nürnberg Dirk , Kuhnt Wolfgang , Dürkop Anke , Erichsen A.
Published: May 2009

We present sea surface and upper thermocline temperature records (60–100 year temporal resolution) spanning marine isotope stage 3 (∼24–62 ka B.P.) from International Marine Global Change Study core MD01‐2378 (121°47.27′E and 13°04.95′S; 1783 m water depth) located in the outflow area of the Indonesian Throughflow within the Timor Sea. Stable isotopes and Mg/Ca of the near‐surface‐dwelling planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber (white) and the upper thermocline–dwelling Pulleniatina obliquiloculata reveal rapid changes in the thermal structure of the upper ocean during Heinrich events. Thermocline warming and increased δ18Oseawater (P. obliquiloculata record) during Heinrich events 3, 4, and 5 reflect weakening of the relatively cool and fresh thermocline flow and reduced export of less saline water from the North Pacific and Indonesian Seas to the tropical Indian Ocean. Three main factors influenced Indonesian Throughflow variability during marine isotope stage 3: (1) global slowdown in thermohaline circulation during Heinrich events triggered by Northern Hemisphere cooling, (2) increased freshwater export from the Java Sea into the Indonesian Throughflow controlled by rising sea level from ∼60 to 47 ka, and (3) insolation‐related changes in the Australasian monsoon with associated migration of hydrological fronts between Indian Ocean– and Indonesian Throughflow–derived water masses at ∼46–40 ka.
Evidence for tropical SST influence on Antarctic polar atmospheric dynamics
Authors: Grassi Barbara , Redaelli Gianluca , Visconti Guido
Published: May 2009

A Singular Value Decomposition analysis is applied to climatological data to determine the modes of variability of monthly mean Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the tropics coupled with the southern hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex intensity for the 1958 to 2006 period and to identify the tropical region strongly influencing the high latitude stratospheric dynamics. Two subsets of data have been considered by explicitly taking into account the phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The study evidences a shift of the tropical region affecting the polar vortex from the Western Pacific to the Indo‐Pacific Ocean, driven by the modulation of the SST pattern, due to the phase of the PDO. The analysis shows in both cases (years with positive/negative PDO phases) a high degree of correlation between an SST related index, calculated from NOAA/ERSST and HadISST datasets, and an index of the polar vortex intensity based on ECMWF data.
MAPL is a new mitochondrial SUMO E3 ligase that regulates mitochondrial fission
Authors: Braschi Emélie , Zunino Rodolfo , McBride Heidi M
Published: May 2009

The modification of proteins by the small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) is known to regulate an increasing array of cellular processes. SUMOylation of the mitochondrial fission GTPase dynamin‐related protein 1 (DRP1) stimulates mitochondrial fission, suggesting that SUMOylation has an important function in mitochondrial dynamics. The conjugation of SUMO to its substrates requires a regulatory SUMO E3 ligase; however, so far, none has been functionally associated with the mitochondria. By using biochemical assays, overexpression and RNA interference experiments, we characterized the mitochondrial‐anchored protein ligase (MAPL) as the first mitochondrial‐anchored SUMO E3 ligase. Furthermore, we show that DRP1 is a substrate for MAPL, providing a direct link between MAPL and the fission machinery. Importantly, the large number of unidentified mitochondrial SUMO targets suggests a global role for SUMOylation in mitochondrial function, placing MAPL as a crucial component in the regulation of multiple conjugation events.
Effects of Robust Vocabulary Instruction and Multicultural Text on the Development of Word Knowledge Among African American Children
Authors: Lovelace Sherri , Stewart Sharon R.
Published: May 2009

Purpose

To examine the effect of a systematic vocabulary instructional technique in African American 2nd-grade children with below average vocabulary skills. An additional goal was to examine the role of book type in the retention of novel vocabulary words.

Method

Using an adapted alternating treatments design, storybooks were used as a source for contextualizing vocabulary words in the context of robust vocabulary training. Five children’s productive definitions were used to assess developing word knowledge using a 4-stage continuum ranging from no knowledge to full concept knowledge.

Results

Superior word learning for instruction words in comparison with control words replicated across children provided evidence of behavior change that was attributable to robust vocabulary instruction. Gains in word learning were maintained 2 weeks following conclusion of the study. Use of storybooks that displayed sociocultural images and experiences that were similar to versus different from their own did not have a reliable effect on word learning among these African American children.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrate the potential impact of robust vocabulary instruction for facilitating vocabulary development in children with below average vocabulary skills. Analysis of the results indicates that the use of the African American book was not a potent influence in facilitating retention of words.
Fundamental Frequency Variation With an Electrolarynx Improves Speech Understanding: A Case Study
Authors: Watson Peter J. , Schlauch Robert S.
Published: May 2009

Purpose

This study examined the effect of fundamental frequency (F0) variation on the intelligibility of speech in an alaryngeal talker who used an electrolarynx (EL).

Method

One experienced alaryngeal talker produced variable F0 and a constant F0 with his EL as he read sentences aloud. As a control, a group of sentences with variable F0 was flattened at a constant F0. Twenty listeners heard these sentences in background noise and wrote down what they heard.

Results

Speech understanding was on average 14% better with variable F0 controlled by the talker than the sentences produced with a constant F0 and the control sentences resynthesized with flattened F0.

Conclusions

Variable F0 contributes to speech understanding in noise. Because speech produced by an EL is considered to have poorer intelligibility in relation to other alaryngeal methods, training alaryngeal talkers to use variable F0 may prove to be of significant benefit for communication for those who use electrolarynges.
Tumor– und Metastasenchirurgie an der Wirbelsäule
Authors: Josten Christoph , Franck Alexander
Published: May 2009

Patienten mit Tumorerkrankungen entwickeln in 70 % der Fälle eine Tumorabsiedelung in Form von Metastasen. Dabei hat sich gezeigt, dass die Wirbelsäule mit bis zu 40 % der Ort der häufigsten Absiedlung in den Knochen ist. Weitaus seltener sind primäre Wirbelsäulentumoren. Hat sich eine Metastase im Wirbelkörper manifestiert, führt sie im Verlauf durch Veränderung der knöchernen Struktur zu einer zunehmenden Instabilität, die einerseits verantwortlich ist für die Schmerzen der Tumorpatienten und andererseits eine potenzielle Gefährdung des Rückenmarks mit drohendem Querschnitt darstellt. Diese Probleme lassen sich durch konservative Maßnahmen häufig nicht ausreichend behandeln bzw. verhindern. Die operative Stabilisierung mit das Rückenmark entlastender Laminektomie ist deshalb bei schweren, konservativ nicht zu beherrschenden instabilitätsbedingten Schmerzen, zunehmender Einengung des Spinalkanals durch rasches Tumorwachstum oder neurologische Ausfälle die Therapie der Wahl.
Magnetic stabilization and vorticity in submillimeter paramagnetic liquid tubes
Authors: Coey J. Michael D. , Aogaki Ryoichi , Byrne Fiona , Stamenov Plamen
Published: May 2009

It is possible to suppress convection and dispersion of a paramagnetic liquid by means of a magnetic field. A tube of paramagnetic liquid can be stabilized in water along a ferromagnetic track in a vertical magnetic field, but not in a horizontal field. Conversely, an “antitube” of water can be stabilized in a paramagnetic liquid along the same track in a transverse horizontal field, but not in a vertical field. The stability arises from the interaction of the induced moment in the solution with the magnetic field gradient in the vicinity of the track. The magnetic force causes the tube of paramagnetic liquid to behave as if it were encased by an elastic membrane whose cross-section is modified by gravitational forces and Maxwell stress. Convection from the tube to its surroundings is inhibited, but not diffusion. Liquid motion within the paramagnetic tube, however, exhibits vorticity in tubes of diameter 1 mm or less—conditions where classical pipe flow would be perfectly streamline, and mixing extremely slow. The liquid tube is found to slide along the track almost without friction. Paramagnetic liquid tubes and antitubes offer appealing new prospects for mass transport, microfluidics, and electrodeposition.