bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jóvenes y adultos, ciudadanía y democracia: implicancias para el trabajo social
Authors: Aquín Nora , Acevedo Mariana Patricia , B. Nucci Nelly
Published: July 2011

Las reflexiones expresadas en este artículo¹ son producto de una línea de investigación sobre la Vigencia de valores de ciudadanía en la sociedad cordobesa, realizada entre los años 1998 y 2003, por docentes-investigadores de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. El artículo se refiere en primer lugar a la relación existente entre el Trabajo Social y la ciudadanía. Retoma estudios acerca de los jóvenes, entendiendo que el proceso de constitución de ciudadanía se desarrolla fundamentalmente en la adolescencia y primera juventud. Ante la relevancia de los acontecimientos ocurridos en Argentina en diciembre del 2001, incorpora un análisis comparativo entre las prácticas y representaciones de jóvenes y adultos acerca de la democracia y las expresiones de acción colectiva que caracterizan ese contexto. Se reseñan aspectos metodológicos y se exponen algunos resultados en torno a las tensiones entre ciudadanía y democracia, para luego analizar las implicancias para el Trabajo Social.
Compromisso governamental e orçamento participativo: estudo comparativo das experiências em Blumenau e Chapecó, Santa Catarina
Authors: Moura Reidy Rolim de
Published: July 2011

Aborda-se neste artigo a necessidade do compromisso governamental para com experiências de orçamento participativo, a partir da comparação dos municípios: Blumenau e Chapecó, Santa Catarina. Para tanto, destaca-se a discussão da construção de espaços públicos democráticos no Brasil, para em seguida enfatizar a variável compromisso governamental, considerada importante como elemento a ser observado quando se pretende estudar e aplicar o orçamento participativo. Destacam-se também as principais diferenças no processo de desenvolvimento do OP de Blumenau e Chapecó, focando-se o olhar na referida variável e nas formas como as forças políticas respeitaram e atenderam as deliberações deste processo participativo. Como método aplicado, utilizou-se principalmente a pesquisa documental e a de campo, com utilização entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Quanto a resultados, mostra-se que em Chapecó houve um maior compromisso do governo para com o OP e chama-se a atenção de como esta variável pode potencializar o sucesso desta experiência.
Democracia e participação no Brasil: descentralização e cidadania face ao capitalismo contemporâneo
Authors: Fonseca Francisco
Published: July 2011

Este artigo analisa duas tradições opostas quanto aos conceitos de 'descentralização' e de 'poder local' (o pensamento social brasileiro e a matriz advinda de Tocqueville) em razão do papel concedido a tais conceitos pela Constituição de 1988, pois tidos como capazes de viabilizar a participação democrática após o fim da ditadura militar. Em contraste, analisa-se como o arranjo brasileiro pró-democracia e participação vem sendo reconfigurado pela terceira revolução industrial, que flexibiliza e precariza as relações econômicas e sociais em prol do capital. Especificamente, examina-se a resposta política (em sentido amplo) do Estado brasileiro via políticas públicas de saúde, notadamente o SUS - a esse choque de forças contrárias. Observa-se também como aspectos federativos relacionados ao SUS permitem compreender a dinâmica da democracia, da participação e da cidadania (em várias dimensões) no Brasil.
La crueldad y otras dimensiones de excepcionalidad en discursos sobre hechos de violencia
Authors: Perelman Marcela
Published: July 2011

Este trabajo presenta una indagación sobre los conceptos presupuestos sobre la violencia en discursos en circulación, a partir del análisis de discursos sobre el homicidio de una joven embarazada por parte de un funcionario policial en un barrio popular de Buenos Aires, Argentina¹. Se analizan marcas textuales que permiten acceder a sentidos expuestos y supuestos en torno del concepto de violencia, con especial atención a los aspectos que aparecen como indicaciones de una violencia del más alto grado. Poner luz sobre aquello que es señalado como exceso, como excepción, puede aportar a la comprensión de lo que es considerado normalmente como violencia.
La responsabilidad del niño que delinque
Authors: Marcón Osvaldo Agustín
Published: July 2011

La discusión acerca de cómo el niño judicializado debe responder por los hechos delictivos cometidos genera dos posiciones dominantes. Desde una se exige una especial 'penalización' mientras que desde la otra se solicita 'responsabilización social y psicológica'. Este artículo discute ambas posturas en busca de una síntesis que tome lo mejor de ambas corrientes de pensamiento. Así, propone garantizar juicios justos coartando la tradicional discrecionalidad judicial en este campo pero, a la par, rechaza todo sistema de penas especiales como vía para la construcción de responsabilidad social y subjetiva. Inscribe esta alternativa en el campo de la Justicia Restaurativa a diferencia de los Sistemas de Responsabilidad Penal Juvenil. Propugna la noción de 'sanción co-responsabilizante' antes que la de 'sanción responsabilizante', y la de 'garantismo integral' antes que la de 'garantismo penal'.
A construção do conceito de criminoso na sociedade capitalista: um debate para o Serviço Social
Authors: Xavier Arnaldo
Published: July 2011

A violência, de alguma forma, sempre esteve presente na história da humanidade, assumindo características diferentes nos diversos contextos sociais e econômicos. Ela é o foco do assunto discutido neste artigo¹, sobretudo, em sua vertente urbana na sociedade capitalista contemporânea. Analisa-se, com base na história do direito penal, a centralidade que o conceito de criminoso alcançou no decorrer da história da sociedade moderna. A partir dos dados observados, busca-se refletir sobre a irrupção da violência individual em detrimento das demais formas de violência, presentes na ordem societária capitalista. Examina-se, no segmento, como os processos de criminalização e de controle social, empregados pelo aparato estatal elegem um inimigo comum a ser combatido: o delinqüente. Com o aporte teórico da criminologia crítica, discutem-se as contribuições que essas idéias trazem para o Serviço Social e como o assistente social pode apropriar-se delas em seu processo de formação e exercício profissional.
Educação infantil e mundo político
Authors: Nunes Deise Gonçalves
Published: July 2011

Neste estudo¹, analisa-se a forma como a organização de saberes e práticas no campo da Educação Infantil reflete e condiciona a internalização da ideia de mundo político, tanto na dimensão do conformismo e da reiteração da ordem quanto da resistência e construção de uma nova sociedade. Na primeira parte focaliza-se a educação infantil como produto histórico, demonstrando como as práticas inscritas no seu interior veem sendo tecidas a partir de uma determinada concepção de assistência social dominante no campo das políticas sociais. Na segunda, aborda-se o educador infantil como um ser social que tem parte de sua subjetividade formada a partir das determinações materiais de sua prática profissional. Por fim, apresenta-se, a título de conclusão, uma breve reflexão sobre a educação infantil como um acontecimento político que é socialmente determinado e que nos fala de relações e poderes que podem definir sociabilidades mais ou menos afeitas à ordem social dominante.
A participação autogestora e o cancelamento da subsunção real do trabalho ao capital
Authors: Simão Vilma Margarete
Published: July 2011

O artigo aborda as influências das trajetórias ocupacionais na formação de grupos de associados e na gestão do trabalho cooperado, a partir de três experiências de cooperativas de produção, localizadas em cidades industrializadas do estado de Santa Catarina. Para a análise, utiliza-se da categoria de participação autogestora e da leitura marxiana acerca da categoria de superpopulação relativa, trabalhador coletivo e subsunção real do trabalho. A análise longitudinal mostra que, nas trajetórias ocupacionais, é presente o evento de desemprego e de não inserção no mercado de trabalho, e que, motivados por eventos externos, os trabalhadores mudam da condição de integrantes da superpopulação relativa para associados de cooperativas de produção. Quanto à organização do trabalho, há tendência para a reprodução da experiência já vivida na empresa empregadora.
Juventude e restaurantes fast food: a dura face do trabalho flexível
Authors: Arend Sílvia Maria Fávero , Reis Antero Maximiliano Dias dos
Published: July 2011

Neste estudo analisa-se como se operam as relações de trabalho no mundo juvenil a partir das experiências relatadas por trabalhadores e trabalhadoras da rede de restaurantes fast food McDonald's na cidade de Florianópolis, no período entre 2000 e 2007. Constatou-se que o sistema de produção e serviço vigente nesse setor é regido por estratégias idealizadas tanto no fordismo quanto no toyotismo. Este sistema fast food procura forjar um determinado tipo de trabalhador, entendido como "multifuncional", "intercambiável" e "descartável" na medida em que, sob o eufemismo da flexibilização, utiliza-o na quantidade, no lugar e pelo tempo desejado. Para tanto, desenvolve um treinamento específico em que a alta rotatividade destes atendentes não inviabiliza o negócio de restaurantes de comidas rápidas.
A interdisciplinaridade na sua interface com o mundo do trabalho
Authors: Mangini Fernanda Nunes da Rosa , Mioto Regina Célia Tamaso
Published: July 2011

Verifica-se que as pesquisas formais sobre interdisciplinaridade, no contexto sócio-histórico de sua evolução, envolveram, além de intelectuais, o investimento do setor econômico. A presente proposta1 procura identificar o momento histórico em que a interdisciplinaridade e o mundo do trabalho se aproximam, sinalizando para as possíveis implicações desse encontro. Nessa perspectiva, este artigo focaliza a interface da interdisciplinaridade com o mundo do trabalho e a importância que a referida categoria passa a adquirir nesse espaço. Para tanto, apresenta-se, inicialmente, um breve panorama teórico e histórico da construção e da difusão do conceito de interdisciplinaridade. Após esse percurso, procura-se evidenciar os mecanismos de construção e difusão desse conceito no mundo da produção. O recurso metodológico empreendido foi a pesquisa teórica.
La normalidad del trabajo, empleos normales y vidas de trabajo: razones para trabajar
Authors: Grassi Estela
Published: July 2011

¿Cómo se trabaja y se vive hoy y qué razones nos motivan para hacerlo? El artículo presenta hipótesis al respecto, teniendo como referencia el empleo formalmente instituido, contemplado por la legislación laboral, modalidad que no agota el hecho de que la mayoría de las personas "vive de su trabajo", cualquiera sea la consideración que sus capacidades reciban.Se detiene en la idea de normalidad, distinguiendo entre el nivel de los principios estructurales (el trabajo como amalgama de la sociedad), de aquel que corresponde a la legalidad, que a su vez es desbordado por las normalidades de las vidas de trabajo. Retoma luego las "razones razonables" que esgrimimos las personas cuando tomamos decisiones respecto de nuestras vidas y trabajos concretos, como parte de las reconfiguraciones recientes en la esfera del trabajo, en la que destacan la mayor incertidumbre y la exigencia de mayor disponibilidad. En esa conjunción, los intereses-necesidades del sujeto, y las exigencias de aquella esfera se presentan como tensiones que las personas y familias deben resolver como "asuntos privados".
Trabalho, classe operária e proteção social: reflexões e inquietações
Authors: Mendes Jussara Maria Rosa , Wünsch Dolores Sanches
Published: July 2011

O presente artigo aborda o trabalho, a classe operária e as inquietações que recaem sobre a proteção social, na atualidade, explicitando de forma reflexiva os processos sociais que a reconfiguram. Evidencia que as contradições no desenvolvimento das forças produtivas estão presentes nas relações sociais e suas formas de reprodução contemporânea, as quais têm forte impacto na sociabilidade da classe operária. Aponta a fratura entre trabalho e proteção social, contextualizada no âmbito de novos processos societários resultantes da valoração predatória do capital.
Género y trabajo: una intersección en construcción. Análisis de dos empresas recuperadas
Authors: Dicapua María de los Ángeles , Perbellini Melina , Tifni Evangelina
Published: July 2011

El presente artículo presenta las conclusiones de una investigación realizada en dos empresas recuperadas del área del Gran Rosario (Provincia de Santa Fe - Argentina). El objetivo fue comparar el proceso de lucha para recuperar las fuentes de trabajo que llevaron adelante un grupo de mujeres trabajadoras o esposas de trabajadores de cada empresa estudiada, constituyendo nuevos modelos de funcionamiento técnico y organizacional. La hipótesis de trabajo fue que para cada caso estudiado predominó una "lógica particular de funcionamiento" que derivó en procesos de cambio en las identidades laborales y de género de los actores. La metodología utilizada fue de carácter cualitativo, a partir de la triangulación de datos en el proceso de análisis. Se efectuaron entrevistas en profundidad y se realizaron observaciones no participantes dentro de las fábricas.
Uma experiência de supervisão na área psicossocial: desafios teórico-práticos
Authors: Faleiros Vicente de Paula
Published: July 2011

Este artigo trata da relação de supervisão de profissionais do setor psicossocial no âmbito da Justiça. Dois paradigmas são referenciados para análise da questão da atuação psicossocial: o da disputa e o do conflito, a partir dos quais focalizou-se a relação teoria/prática no processo de supervisão como autoformação e troca de saberes na perspectiva da correlação de forças. Com esse referencial foi efetuada e analisada a supervisão do setor psicossocial na Central Judicial do Idoso1, evidenciando contradições na defesa de direitos, na judicialização dos conflitos sociais e a falibilidade das políticas públicas relativas à pessoa idosa, bem como a carga simbólica de onipotência/impotência do trabalho social no Judiciário.
Mercantilização do ensino superior, educação a distância e Serviço Social
Authors: Pereira Larissa Dahmer
Published: July 2011

Este trabalho objetiva analisar o significado do processo de mercantilização do ensino superior, sua expansão entre os anos 1980 e 1990 e, particularmente, a modalidade de educação a distância. Inicialmente, analisa a transformação da educação de direito em serviço comercial, a partir dos anos 1970, inserida em um contexto mundial de crise de acumulação capitalista. Posteriormente, discorre sobre o aprofundamento da mercantilização da educação superior no Brasil, a partir dos anos 1990, e a consequente expansão da modalidade, como parte do reordenamento das funções do Estado, inserida em um contexto de contrarreforma. Em seguida, apresenta o surgimento dos cursos de Serviço Social em EaD, problematizando como esta nova modalidade de ensino pode impactar o perfil profissional defendido pelas Diretrizes Curriculares da Associação Brasileira de Ensino e Pesquisa em Serviço Social (ABEPSS). Com este texto, pretende-se apontar algumas questões e novos desafios para a formação profissional em Serviço Social.
Política de cotas no Brasil: política social?
Authors: Leite Janete Luzia
Published: July 2011

Este artigo discute as políticas de ação afirmativas - notadamente a política de cotas - como mais uma estratégia do capitalismo em seu estágio atual para passivizar a classe trabalhadora na luta pela ampliação de direitos sociais. Parte da hipótese de que segmentos historicamente explorados têm a sua não integração na sociedade como resultante da "questão social", e não de determinações particularistas. Para tanto, utiliza a teoria social crítica para analisar a emersão e o evolver das políticas sociais no Brasil e de que forma estas se metamorfoseiam sob a égide do governo Luís Inácio Lula da Silva. O sistema de cotas étnico-raciais para o ingresso no ensino superior público é aqui contrastado com a defesa de políticas públicas de caráter universal. Conclui que a assistencialização das políticas sociais é mais um instrumento para eliminar a luta política dos trabalhadores e escamotear as expressões da questão social.
Pediatric Craniofacial Surgery: A Review for the Multidisciplinary Team
Authors: Taub Peter J. , Lampert Joshua A.
Published: July 2011

Pediatric craniofacial surgery is a specialty that grew dramatically in the 20th century and continues to evolve today. Out of the efforts to correct facial deformities encountered during World War II, the techniques of modern craniofacial surgery developed. An analysis of the relevant literature allowed the authors to explore this historical progression.

Current advances in technology, tissue engineering, and molecular biology have further refined pediatric craniofacial surgery. The development of distraction osteogenesis and the progressive study of craniosynostosis provide remarkable examples of this momentum. The growing study of genetics, biotechnology, the influence of growth factors, and stem cell research provide additional avenues of innovation for the future. The following article is intended to reveal a greater understanding of pediatric craniofacial surgery by examining the past, present, and possible future direction. It is intended both for the surgeon, as well as for the nonsurgical individual specialists vital to the multidisciplinary craniofacial team.
Maternal Perspectives: Qualitative Responses about Perceived Barriers to Care among Children with Orofacial Clefts in North Carolina
Authors: Cassell Cynthia H. , Mendez Dara D. , Strauss Ronald P.
Published: July 2011

Objective

To examine maternal perceptions of barriers to care of children with orofacial clefts (OFC) in a population-based survey that solicited open-ended qualitative responses.

Design and Setting

In 2006, a combination mail/phone survey was sent to all mothers of children with OFC. The questionnaire included 76 items. A final open-ended question was included for additional information about cleft-related care. The analysis included responses to the open-ended question and sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents. Qualitative responses were transcribed and entered into a qualitative software package for analysis, and common themes were elucidated.

Participants/Patients

The North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program was used to identify all resident infants born with OFC from 2001 to 2004. Of 478 eligible mothers, 52.9% (n = 248) responded to the survey, and 39.5% (n = 98) responded to the final open-ended question.

Main Outcome Measures

Percentage reporting problems accessing care, frequency of positive and negative comments, and indicators of financial, personal, and structural barriers to care.

Results

Of the 98 respondents, the majority (n = 95, 96.99%) were the biological mother. Almost 40% of mothers indicated that accessing primary craniofacial care was a problem. Of those citing perceived barriers to care, the major issues cited were financial, structural, and personal barriers.

Conclusions

Collaborative efforts between craniofacial centers and teams, health care systems, and birth defects registries are warranted to reduce perceived barriers to care among families of children with OFC. Further exploration of the themes and factors associated with barriers to care and services is needed.
Dental Anomalies in Children Born with Clefts: A Case-Control Study
Authors: De Lima Pedro Rafael , Daniel Brito Faria Marcelo , De Castro Costa Marcelo , Vieira Alexandre Rezende
Published: July 2011

Objective

To determine the presence of specific patterns of dental defects in a group of individuals born with clefts.

Design

Case-control.

Setting

Nossa Senhora do Loreto Municipal Hospital and Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Pediatric Dentistry Clinics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Patients

642 radiographic and clinical records were evaluated for 321 cases and 321 controls.

Results

Individuals born with clefts presented considerably more dental anomalies in comparison with controls ( p = .0001). The most frequent was tooth agenesis (n = 53; p = .001), followed by supernumerary teeth (n = 14; p = .11) and tooth malposition (n = 11; p = .33). Regarding tooth agenesis, the upper lateral incisors were more frequently absent in the cleft group (31/86), and control individuals presented more agenesis of the mandibular second premolars (19/45).

Conclusions

The higher prevalence of dental anomalies, especially number anomalies, opposite the cleft area, in individuals born with cleft lip and/or palate is the most common associated dental anomaly outside the cleft area.
Incidence of Residual Oronasal Fistulas: A 20-Year Experience
Authors: Eberlinc Andreja , Koželj Vesna
Published: July 2011

Objective

To determine the incidence and most frequent anatomical locations of residual oronasal fistulas in children with different types of clefts who were treated at the University Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery in Ljubljana.

Design

Retrospective analysis of 857 consecutive patients with cleft born between 1984 and 2003.

Results

After primary surgical repair, 33 out of 857 (3.9%) children had residual oronasal fistulas. The incidence of clinically significant fistulas that required surgical repair was 17 of 857 (2.0%). In children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), or isolated cleft palate (CP), the incidence of palatal fistulas was 23 of 644 (3.6%). Of these palatal fistulas, 12 (1.9%) were clinically significant. Oronasal fistulas were most frequently found in children with BCLP (9 of 88, 10.2%), followed by UCLP (12 of 215, 5.6%) and CP (12 of 341, 3.5%). No fistulas were found in children with unilateral cleft lip and alveolar ridge. In 10 cases (30.3%), the oronasal fistula remained in the alveolar ridge, in 11 cases (33.3%) in the anterior part of the hard palate, and in 11 cases (33.3%) at the junction of the hard and soft palates. In one case (3%), the records were lost.

Conclusion

The low incidence of oronasal fistulas is the result of a surgical technique and tensionless suturing, followed by a two-layer closure, two-stage palate repair in BCLP and UCLP patients, and preoperative orthopedics in UCLP cases.
Voice Low Tone to High Tone Ratio, Nasalance, and Nasality Ratings in Connected Speech of Native Mandarin Speakers: A Pilot Study
Authors: Tsai Yun-Jeng , Wang Ching-Ping , Lee Guo-She
Published: July 2011

Objective

Voice low tone to high tone ratio (VLHR) is defined as the power ratio of a voice spectrum with a specific cut-off frequency. Previous studies have shown that there are significant correlations between VLHR and nasalance and hypernasality ratings in vowels. The correlation was investigated in this study using connected speech material.

Design

The Zoo Passage, the Rainbow Passage, the English Nasal Sentences, the Mandarin Nonnasal Sentences, and the Mandarin Nasal Sentences were used to acquire VLHRs, nasalance scores, and perceptual judgments of nasality. Each passage was recorded twice for averaging, and the cut-off frequencies from 200 Hz to 1200 Hz were used to survey for the presence of optimal correlations with VLHR.

Participants

Ten native Mandarin speakers with an English learning history of over 8 years were enrolled.

Main outcome measures

VLHRs, nasalance scores, and hypernasality ratings.

Results

The correlations of VLHR with nasalance (rho = .76, p < .001, Spearman rank correlation) and nasality ratings (rho = .81, p < .001) were significant using a cut-off frequency of 300 Hz for the English passages. For the Mandarin Sentences, the optimal correlations of VLHR with nasalance (rho = .83, p < .001) and nasality ratings (rho = .79, p < .001) were identified using a cut-off frequency of 500-Hz.

Conclusion

The significant correlations of VLHR with nasalance and perceptual ratings of nasality using connected speech show that these approaches have a potential value in terms of basic and clinical application.
Alveolar Bone Morphology in Patients with Bilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate in the Mixed Dentition: Cone Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation
Authors: Garib Daniela Gamba , Yatabe Marília Sayako , Ozawa Terumi Okada , da Silva Filho Omar Gabriel
Published: July 2011

Objectives

To verify the thickness and level of alveolar bone around the teeth adjacent to the cleft by means of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate prior to bone graft surgery and orthodontic intervention.

Method

The sample comprised 10 patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (five boys and five girls) in the mixed dentition. The mean age was 9.5 years, and all subjects showed a G3 interarch relationship according to the Bauru index. The thickness of alveolar bone surrounding the maxillary incisors and the maxillary canines was measured in CBCT axial section using the software iCAT Xoran System. The distance between the alveolar bone crest and the cement-enamel junction (CEJ) was measured in cross sections.

Results

The tomography images showed a thin alveolar bone plate around teeth adjacent to clefts. No bone dehiscence was observed in teeth adjacent to clefts during the mixed dentition. A slight increase in the distance between the alveolar bone crest and the CEJ was observed in the mesial and lingual aspects of canines adjacent to cleft.

Conclusion

In patients with BCLP in the mixed dentition, teeth adjacent to the alveolar cleft are covered by a thin alveolar bone plate. However, the level of alveolar bone crest around these teeth seems to be normal, and no bone dehiscence was identified at this age.
Relaxin Does Not Rescue Coronal Suture Fusion in Craniosynostotic Rabbits
Authors: Cray James J. , Burrows Anne M. , Vecchione Lisa , Kinsella Christopher R. , Losee Joseph E. , Moursi Amr M. , Siegel Michael I. , Cooper Gregory M. , Mooney Mark P.
Published: July 2011

Objectives

Craniosynostosis affects 1 in 2000 to 3000 live births and may result in craniofacial and neural growth disturbances. Histological data have shown that thick collagenous bundles are present in the sutural ligament, which may tether the osteogenic fronts, resulting in premature fusion. The hormone relaxin has been shown to disrupt collagen fiber organization, possibly preventing craniosynostosis by relaxing the sutural ligament and allowing osteogenic fronts to separate normally and stay patent. This study tested this hypothesis with a rabbit model of delayed-onset coronal suture synostosis.

Methods

A total of 18 New Zealand White rabbits with craniosynostosis were randomly assigned to one of three groups: sham control, protein control (BSA), relaxin treatment. After initial diagnosis, sham surgery, BSA, or relaxin was delivered to the fusing coronal suture in a slow-release (56-day) collagen vehicle. Longitudinal radiographs and body weights were collected at 10, 25, 42, and 84 days of age, and sutures were harvested for histology.

Results

Relaxin-treated animals had more disorganized intrasuture content than control groups. These specimens also appeared to have relatively wider sutures ectocranially. There were no significant differences in relaxin-treated animals for all craniofacial growth measures, or suture separation compared with controls.

Conclusions

These data do not support our initial hypothesis that the use of relaxin may rescue sutures destined to undergo premature suture fusion. These findings suggest that collagen fiber arrangement may not be important for suture fusion. This protein therapy would not be clinically useful for craniosynostosis.
Cardiovascular Complications of Breast Cancer Therapy in Older Adults
Authors: Shenoy Chetan , Klem Igor , Crowley Anna Lisa , Patel Manesh R. , Winchester Mark A. , Owusu Cynthia , Kimmick Gretchen G.
Published: July 2011

Older adults frequently have pre-existing and cancer-related risk factors for cardiovascular toxicity from cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the risk factors and strategies for prevention and management of cardiovascular complications in older women with breast cancer.
Determinants of Tobacco Control Funding: Evidence from U.S. States
Authors: Gallet Craig A
Published: July 2011

The literature on tobacco control funding has focused on its impact on the demand for tobacco products. This paper turns the issue around by utilizing state-level panel data to address the determinants of per capita tobacco control funding. Tobacco control funding is found to be increasing with per capita income, cigarette consumption, and cigarette taxes, but decreasing with population density and neighbor-state tobacco control funding. Political affiliation, cancer and heart attack mortalities, as well as the extent of smoke-free air laws, have little impact on tobacco control funding. Results are robust to addressing the endogeneity of cigarette consumption and cigarette taxes.
Relative Performance of the MDRD and CKD-EPI Equations for Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate among Patients with Varied Clinical Presentations
Authors: Murata Kazunori , Baumann Nikola A. , Saenger Amy K. , Larson Timothy S. , Rule Andrew D. , Lieske John C.
Published: July 2011

Background

The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation was developed using both CKD and non-CKD patients to potentially replace the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation that was derived with only CKD patients. The objective of our study was to compare the accuracy of the MDRD and CKD-EPI equations for estimating GFR in a large group of patients having GFR measurements for diverse clinical indications.

Design, setting, participants, and measurements

A cross-sectional study was conducted of patients who underwent renal function assessment for clinical purposes by simultaneous measurements of serum creatinine and estimation of GFR using the MDRD and CKD-EPI equations and renal clearance of iothalamate (n = 5238).

Results

Bias compared with measured GFR (mGFR) varied for each equation depending on clinical presentation. The CKD-EPI equation demonstrated less bias than the MDRD equation in potential kidney donors (−8% versus −18%) and postnephrectomy donors (−7% versus −15%). However, the CKD-EPI equation was slightly more biased than the MDRD equation in native CKD patients (6% versus 3%), kidney recipients (8% versus 1%), and other organ recipients (9% versus 3%). Among potential kidney donors, the CKD-EPI equation had higher specificity than the MDRD equation for detecting an mGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (98% versus 94%) but lower sensitivity (50% versus 70%).

Conclusions

Clinical presentation influences the estimation of GFR from serum creatinine, and neither the CKD-EPI nor MDRD equation account for this. Use of the CKD-EPI equation misclassifies fewer low-risk patients as having reduced mGFR, although it is also less sensitive for detecting mGFR below specific threshold values used to define CKD stages.
Toward a Definition of Masked Hypertension and White-Coat Hypertension among Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Agarwal Rajiv , Sinha Arjun D. , Light Robert P.
Published: July 2011

Background and objectives

Among people with essential hypertension, ambulatory BP measurement is superior to BP obtained in the clinic in predicting cardiovascular outcomes. In part, this is because it can detect white-coat hypertension and masked hypertension. Whether the same is true for hemodialysis patients is not known.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Using a threshold of 140/80 mmHg for median midweek dialysis-unit BP and 135/85 mmHg for 44-hour ambulatory BP, we defined four categories of BP: sustained normotension (SN), white-coat hypertension (WCH), masked hypertension (MHTN), and sustained hypertension (SHTN).

Results

Among 355 long-term hemodialysis patients, the prevalence of SN was 35%, WCH 15%, MHTN 15%, and SHTN 35%. Over a mean follow-up of 29.6 (SD 21.7) months, 102 patients died (29%), yielding a crude mortality rate of 121/1000 patient-years. Unadjusted and multivariate-adjusted analyses showed increasing all-cause mortality with increasing severity of hypertension (unadjusted hazard ratios from SN, WCH, MHTN, SHTN: 1, 1.12, 1.70, 1.80, respectively [P for trend < 0.01]; adjusted hazard ratios: 1, 1.30, 1.36, 1.87, respectively [P for trend 0.02]). When a predialysis BP threshold of 140/90 mmHg was used to classify patients into BP categories, the prevalence of SN was 24%, WCH 26%, MHTN 4%, and SHTN 47%. Hazard ratios for mortality were similar when compared with median midweek dialysis-unit BP.

Conclusions

As in the essential hypertension population, MHTN and WCH have prognostic significance. The prognostic value of BP obtained in the dialysis unit can be refined with ambulatory BP monitoring.
An Update on the Changing Epidemiology and Metabolic Risk Factors in Pediatric Kidney Stone Disease
Authors: Sas David J.
Published: July 2011

Nephrolithiasis in children is a painful and costly disease that may also have detrimental long-term effects on kidney function. Recent data provide evidence that the incidence of nephrolithiasis in children is rising. Children who are white, female, and adolescent seem to have the highest risk for forming symptomatic kidney stones. Although the reasons for the rising incidence and demographic discrepancies in pediatric nephrolithiasis are not yet clear, recent investigations into urine chemistry provide clues regarding predisposing metabolic risk factors. As more data emerge regarding epidemiologic and metabolic characteristics of pediatric kidney stone formers, we hope to gain a better understanding of the causes of kidney stone disease and, ultimately, provide better strategies for stone prevention in children.
Defining Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Children on Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Borzych Dagmara , Bakkaloglu Sevcan A. , Zaritsky Joshua , Suarez Angela , Wong William , Ranchin Bruno , Qi Cao , Szabo Attila J. , Coccia Paula A. , Harambat Jérôme , Mitu Florin , Warady Bradley A. , Schaefer Franz
Published: July 2011

Background and objectives

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an important end point of dialysis-associated cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different pediatric reference systems on the estimated prevalence of LVH in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD).

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Echocardiographic studies in 507 pediatric CPD patients from neonatal age to 19 years were collected in 55 pediatric dialysis units around the globe. We compared the prevalence of LVH on the basis of the traditional cutoff of left ventricular mass (LVM) index (>38.5 g/m2.7) with three novel definitions of LVH that were recently established in healthy pediatric cohorts.

Results

Application of the new reference systems eliminated the apparently increased prevalence of LVH in young children obtained by the traditional fixed LVM index cutoff currently still recommended by consensus guidelines. However, substantial differences of LVM distribution between the new reference charts resulted in a marked discrepancy in estimated LVH prevalence ranging between 27.4% and 51.7%.

Conclusions

Although our understanding of the anthropometric determinants of heart size during childhood is improving, more consistent normative echocardiographic data from large populations of healthy children are required for cardiovascular diagnostics and research.
Universities and the Discipline of Education: Understanding the Impact of the United Kingdom's Research Assessment Exercise
Authors: Furlong John
Published: July 2011

Research is typically experienced as a highly personal affair and the assessment of research quality has a significant impact on individual and institutional identities. As the ranking of institutional research quality has direct and indirect funding consequences, such research assessment exercises, shaped by the forces of globalisation and new public management, lead to considerable institutional pressure being exerted upon individual researchers. In the United Kingdom, the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) has become entrenched in the marketisation of higher education. Yet if it has become wrapped up with increased levels of accountability and differentiation, it has also drawn more institutions into ‘the research game’ and enabled them to recognise that research is something that can help the achievement of their institutional missions. Assessment exercises therefore impact upon what it means to be an academic. However, although institutions encourage their researchers to consider journal rankings when seeking publication, and whilst they continue to shade perceptions of research quality, the RAE for education explicitly did not rank journals and so offered a formal alternative to the perceived power of these rankings. Whilst focusing on the United Kingdom, the arguments put forward here have significance for all academics working in the field of education.
Painting the Police Station Blue: The Almost Impossible Argument for Poetry in the Elite Educational Research Journals
Authors: Perselli Victoria
Published: July 2011

In this article, the author takes up the gauntlet regarding what seems like an almost impossible argument: the publication of poetry for its own sake in the elite educational research journals. The author concentrates specifically on a defence of poetry because poetry is. Poetry is and has been since humankind began to talk, but the uses of poetry, and especially exposure to it ‘in the raw’, are generally rather restricted in modernity, publication in the education literatures being no exception. In so doing, the author also attempts to illustrate a range of ways that the publication of poetry – and thus wider engagement with it – might help us to come to understand relationally the significance of the arts to education when considered from an ethic of art for art's sake.
Effect of C-factor on Microtensile Bond Strengths of Low-Shrinkage Composites
Authors: El-Sahn NA , El-Kassas DW , El-Damanhoury HM , Fahmy OM , Gomaa H , Platt JA
Published: July 2011

This study evaluated the microtensile bond strength (μ-TBS) of low-shrinkage composites with their corresponding adhesive systems, Filtek Silorane/Silorane adhesive (SIL, 3M ESPE AG, Seefeld, Germany) and Aelite LS/One-Step Plus (AL, BISCO Inc, Schaumburg, IL, USA) in cavities with different C-factors. Filtek Z250/Adper Single Bond Plus (Z, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA) was used as a control.

Method

Standardized Class I cavities were prepared in extracted human molars after removing occlusal enamel. Cavities were assigned into six different C-factors by applying nail polish to four walls, three walls, two walls adjacent to each other, two walls opposite to each other, one wall, or no walls. Resin composites with their corresponding adhesive systems were applied according to manufacturer instructions. Specimens were sectioned to obtain four rectangular beams from the center of the restorations and μ-TBS was measured. Data were analyzed by Weibull survival analysis. Shrinkage stresses of the resin composites were determined after 30 minutes from the start of light-curing using a tensometer testing machine. Flexure elastic modulus was determined using standard procedures, in accordance with ISO 4049. Data for shrinkage stress and elastic modulus were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by a Tukey multiple-comparisons test (p<0.05).

Results

μ-TBS of both SIL and AL were not affected by different C-factors; however, the bond strength of Z decreased significantly when the C-factor increased. Shrinkage stress results were 0.94±0.1, 1.79±0.18, and 2.14±0.23 MPa for SIL, AL, and Z, respectively. The flexural modulus of both the SIL and the AL was significantly lower than that of Z.

Conclusions

Increasing C-factor did not negatively affect the bond strength of low-shrinkage composites.
Creating Tight Proximal Contacts for MOD Resin Composite Restorations
Authors: Saber MH , El-Badrawy W , Loomans BAC , Ahmed DR , Dörfer CE , El Zohairy A
Published: July 2011

Objective

The purpose of this study was to compare proximal contact tightness (PCT) of MOD resin composite restorations placed with different matricing protocols.

Methods

Forty-five ivorine lower right first molars with standardized MOD cavities were equally divided into three groups according to the restoration protocol. Group 1: Sectional matrix (Standard matrix, Palodent, Dentsply) secured with a wedge (Premier Dental Products Co.) and separation ring (BiTine I, Palodent, Dentsply, York, PA, USA) was used to restore the mesial surface first and then removed and repeated for the distal surface. Group 2: Identical to group 1, but separation rings were placed at both the mesial and distal sides (BiTine I+II, Palodent) prior to restoration. Mesial surface was restored followed by distal. Group 3: Walser matrix (O-form, Dr. Walser Dental GmbH) was used. Following composite resin restoration, PCT was measured using the tooth pressure meter. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and a Tukey post hoc test (p<0.05).

Results

PCT values for mesial contacts were 2.99 ± 0.47N for group 1, 4.57 ± 0.36N for group 2, and 3.03 ± 0.79N for group 3. For the distal contacts, the values were 4.46 ± 0.44N for group 1, 5.12 ± 0.13N for group 2, and 0.76 ± 0.77N for group 3. Significantly tighter contacts were obtained for mesial and distal contacts for group 2 compared to groups 1 and 3 (p<0.05). For groups 1 and 3, mesial contacts were not significantly different (p=0.993), while distal contacts for group 1 were significantly tighter (p<0.001).

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this study, tighter contacts can be obtained when sectional matrices and separation rings are applied to both proximal surfaces prior to placement of the resin composite in MOD cavities.
Microleakage and Marginal Gap of Adhesive Cements for Noble Alloy Full Cast Crowns
Authors: Hooshmand T , Mohajerfar M , Keshvad A , Motahhary P
Published: July 2011

Very limited comparative information about the microleakage in noble alloy full cast crowns luted with different types of adhesive resin cements is available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage and marginal gap of two self-adhesive resin cements with that of other types of adhesive luting cements for noble alloy full cast crowns. Fifty noncarious human premolars and molars were prepared in a standardized manner for full cast crown restorations. Crowns were made from a noble alloy using a standardized technique and randomly cemented with five cementing agents as follows: 1) GC Fuji Plus resin-modified glass ionomer cement, 2) Panavia F 2.0 resin cement, 3) Multilink Sprint self-adhesive resin cement, 4), Rely X Unicem self-adhesive resin cement with pretreatment, and 5) Rely X Unicem with no pretreatment. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for two weeks and then subjected to thermocycling. They were then placed in a silver nitrate solution, vertically cut in a mesiodistal direction and evaluated for microleakage and marginal gap using a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn multiple range test at a p<0.05 level of significance. The Rely X Unicem (with or with no pretreatment) exhibited the smallest degree of microleakage at both tooth-cement and cement-crown interfaces. The greatest amount of microleakage was found for Panavia F 2.0 resin cement followed by GC Fuji Plus at both interfaces. No statistically significant difference in the marginal gap values was found between the cementing agents evaluated (p>0.05). The self-adhesive resin cements provided a much better marginal seal for the noble alloy full cast crowns compared with the resin-modified glass ionomer or dual-cured resin-based cements.
Effect of Light Activation on Tooth Sensitivity After In-Office Bleaching
Authors: Kossatz S , Dalanhol AP , Cunha T , Loguercio A , Reis A
Published: July 2011

This clinical study evaluated the effects of light-emitting diode (LED)/laser activation on bleaching effectiveness (BE) and tooth sensitivity (TS) during in-office bleaching. Thirty caries-free patients were divided into two groups: light-activated (LA) and non-activated (NA) groups. A 35% hydrogen peroxide gel (Whiteness HP Maxx, FGM Dental Products, Joinville SC, Brazil) was used in three 15-minute applications for both groups. For the LA group, LED/laser energy (Whitening Lase Light Plus, DMC Odontológica, São Carlos SP, Brazil) was used, in accordance with the manufacturer's directions. Two sessions of bleaching were performed at one-week intervals. Color was registered at baseline and after the first and second bleaching sessions using a Vita shade guide. Patients recorded TS on a 0 to 4 scale during bleaching and within the next 24 and 48 hours of each session. BE at recall each week and intensity of TS were evaluated by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests (α=0.05). Tooth sensitivity was compared using the Friedman repeated measures analysis of variance by rank and the Wilcoxon sign-ranked test. Faster bleaching was observed for the LA group than for the NA group after the first session (4.8 and 3.8 shade guide units [SGUs]; p=0.0001). However, both techniques were capable of bleaching the same number of SGUs after the second bleaching session (p=0.52). Most of the LA group (53.3%) had sensitivity even 24 hours after each bleaching session, but only 26.6% from the NA group reported TS. The intensity of TS was similar for both groups immediately after bleaching but significantly higher for the LA group 24 hours after each bleaching session (p=0.001). After two bleaching sessions, the use of LED/laser light activation did not improve bleaching speed. Persistent tooth sensitivity and higher tooth sensitivity after 24 hours of bleaching were observed when light activation was used.
Effects of Different Surface Conditioning Methods on the Bond Strength of Composite Resin to Amalgam
Authors: Özcan M , Koolman C , Aladag A , Dündar M
Published: July 2011

Repairing amalgam restorations with composite resins using surface conditioning methods is a conservative treatment approach. This study investigated the effects of different conditioning methods that could be used for repair of amalgam fractures. Amalgam (N=96) was condensed into cavities within autopolymerizing polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and the exposed surface of each specimen (diameter, 6 mm; thickness, 2 mm) was ground finished. The specimens were randomly divided into nine experimental groups (n=12 per group), depending on the conditioning method used. The control group had natural central incisors with amalgam (n=12). The combination of the following conditioning methods was tested: silicacoating (Sc), sandblasting (Sb), metal primers, coupling agents, fiber (Fb) application, and opaquers (O). Five types of silanes, metal primers, or adhesives (Visiobond [V], Porcelain Photobond [PP], Alloy Primer [AP], Unibond sealer [Us], ESPE-Sil [ES]), and four opaquers, namely, Clearfil St Opaquer (CstO), Sinfony (S), Miris (M), and an experimental Opaquer (EO-Cavex), were used. The groups were as follows: group 1, Sc+ES+S+V; group 2, Sc+ES+CstO+V; group 3, Sc+ES+M+V; group 4, Sc+ES+EO+V; group 5, Sb+AP+S; group 6, Sb+AP+PP+CstO; group 7, Sc+ES+S+Fb+V+Fb; group 8-control, SC+ES+V; and group 9, Etch+Sc+ES+S+Us. One repair composite was used for all groups (Clearfil Photo Bond Posterior, Kuraray, Tokyo, Japan). Shear bond strengths (SBSs) (MPa ± SD) were evaluated after 5 weeks of water storage (analysis of variance [ANOVA], Tukey honestly significant differences [HSD], α=0.05). Group 1 exhibited significantly higher values (35.5 ± 4.1) than were seen in group 4 (19.4 ± 8.9), group 6 (19.1 ± 7.8), and group 8 (20.1 ± 4.1) (p<0.05). Group 9 exhibited significantly lower values (8.3 ± 3.4) than were noted in groups 1 to 3 (35.5 ± 4.1; 27 ± 12.5; 24.4 ± 5.1, respectively) (p<0.05). Group 7 (16.4 ± 5.9) showed significantly lower values than were observed in group 1 (35.5 ± 4.1) (p<0.05). Surface conditioning techniques affected the bond strengths of composite adhesion to amalgam. Experimental opaquer exhibited lower values. Leaving a small border of enamel around the restoration decreased the bond strength.