bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary supplementation with ether‐linked lipids and tissue lipid composition
Authors: Blank Merle L. , Cress Edgar A. , Smith Zigrida L. , Snyder Fred
Published: January 2007

The goal of this investigation was to determine the effect of an alkylglycerol dietary supplement on the lipid composition of several major organs. Lipids from kidney, liver, and lung tissues of rats on a laboratory chow diet (controls) were compared to lipids from the same tissues of rats that had received oral supplements (300–600 mg/day) of 1‐O‐alkyl‐2,3‐diacetyl‐sn‐glycerol (alkyl groups were 65% 18∶1 and 17% 16∶1) for six days. Incorporation of the alkylglycerol into tissue lipids was indicated by both the presence of a neutral lipid in liver that had the same chromatographic migration as alkyldiacylglycerols and by a substantial increase (≈150% of controls) in the octadecenyl group of the alk‐1‐enyl‐ and alkyl‐glycerol side chains derived from total phospholipids of all three tissues. Compared to controls, there was a significant increase in the amount of alkylacylglycerophosphocholine in all three tissues of the alkylglycerol supplemented group. Total lipids, total phospholipid phosphorus, or the distribution of phospholipid classes (except for small differences in lung tissue) were not affected by the dietary supplement. The increase in ether lipids was offset by a corresponding decrease in the diacyl subclass in tissues from animals on the alkyldiacetylglycerol supplement. Our results indicate that the amount of ether‐linked glycerolipids in rat tissues can be easily increased with dietary supplements of alkylglycerols.
Regulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in tissue phospholipids of obese (fa/fa) and lean (fa/−) Zucker rats. 1. Effect of dietary lipids on cardiac tissue
Authors: Wahle Klaus W. J. , Milne Lesley , McIntosh Gwen
Published: January 2007

The present investigation addressed three questions: (i) Does the obese syndrome alter the fatty acid composition of cardiac tissue and membrane phospholipids in obese (fa/fa) rats? (ii) Are changes, if they occur, similar to those reported for tissues of the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse? (iii) Can cardiac tissue phospholipids and their component fatty acids be modified by dietary lipids and if so does this occur to the same extent in both fa/fa and lean (Fa/−) rats? Proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in cardiac total phospholipids of fa/fa rats differed significantly from those of Fa/− rats and from those reported for ob/ob mice. Increased 18∶2n−6 and decreased 20∶4n−6 and 22∶6n−3 in fa/fa rats indicated impaired PUFA metabolism, possibly reduced Δ6 and/or Δ5 desaturase activity, compared with Fa/− rats. No differences in hepatic Δ6 and Δ5 desaturase activity between fa/fa and Fa/− were found but enhanced activity of Δ9 desaturase activity in fa/fa as compared to Fa/− was evident. Inclusion of sunflower oil (SO) or triolein (TO) at 5% and 20% by weight in the diet elicited marked changes in the fatty acyl composition of cardiac phospholipids in both fa/fa and Fa/− rats when compared with animals fed the control Oxoid diet alone. Supplementation with triolein was most effective, reducing 18∶2n−6 and increasing 20∶4n−6 proportions in fa/fa rats so that they resembled those in Fa/− rats fed the control Oxoid diet. The type of fat rather than the amount of its dietary intake appears to be the main determinant of the observed changes in phospholipid composition. Pair feeding hyperphagic fa/fa rats to the lower intakes of Fa/− rats did not abolish the characteristic differences in the proportions of PUFA in cardiac phospholipids between the two phenotypes. The effect of triolein on cardiac phospholipid fatty acid composition in the present studies is intriguing and may be relevant in understanding the beneficial role of dietary olive oil in ameliorating cardiovascular disease in man.
Effects of oleic, arachidonic and 5,8,11,14‐nonadecatetraenoic acids on lipid secretion and ketogenesis in perfused rat liver
Authors: Ikeda Ikuo , Murakami Jun , Oka Takayuki , Sugano Michihiro , Yamada Hideaki , Shimizu Sakayu , Kawashima Hiroshi , Shinmen Yoshifumi , Amachi Teruo
Published: January 2007

The effects of perfused oleic (18∶1n−9), arachidonic (20∶4n−6) and 5,8,11,14‐nonadecatetraenoic (19∶4n−5) acids on triglyceride and cholesterol secretion and ketone body production were studied in isolated rat liver. As compared to oleic and 19∶4n−5 acids, both ketone body production and triglyceride secretion were significantly lowered when arachidonic acid was perfused. The concentration of triglyceride in the post‐perfused liver was lower upon perfusion with arachidonic acid than upon perfusion with oleic acid or 19∶4n−5 acid. Cholesterol secretion in the liver perfused with arachidonic acid or 19∶4n−5 acid was significantly higher than with oleic acid. The concentration of cholesterol in the post‐perfused liver was slightly but significantly higher with 19∶4n−5 acid than with the other fatty acids. The results suggest that 19∶4n−5 acid when compared with arachidonic acid affects lipid metabolism in liver differently.
Molecular species composition of phosphatidylinositol from the brain, retina, liver and muscle of cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Bell Michael V. , Dick James R.
Published: January 2007

The molecular species composition of phosphatidylinositol (PI) purified from four different tissues from cod was found to show large tissue‐specific differences. In brain 18∶0/20∶5 was the most abundant species (40.8%) followed by 18∶1/20∶5 (13.5%). In retina, 24–26% each of PI was the 16∶0/22∶6 and 18∶0/20∶4 species with 16–18% each of 18∶0/20∶5 and 18∶0/22∶6. In liver, almost half of the PI was 18∶0/20∶4 with 18% 18∶1/20∶4. In contrast, muscle contained almost 40% of 18∶0/22∶6 with 10–14% each of 18∶0/20∶4, 18∶0/20∶5 and 18∶1/22∶6.
Analysis of cholesterol and desmosterol in cultured cells without organic solvent extraction
Authors: Goh Edward H. , Krauth Debra K. , Colles Scott M.
Published: January 2007

Cultured cell sterols such as cholesterol and desmosterol are usually extracted into organic solvents before they are quantified with cholesterol esterase and oxidase. A method to quantify these cultured cell sterols using cholesterol enzymes without prior organic solvent extraction is described. In this method, a suspension or monolayer of cultured L‐M, U‐937, or PC‐12 cells is digested with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the digest treated with microbial cholesterol enzymes. The quantity of oxidized sterols produced by the reaction can be measured easily with high‐pressure liquid chromatography, when a mixture of sterols is present, or by the production of hydrogen peroxide when only one sterol is present. This method is easier and safer to use than solvent extraction and can greatly expedite the quantitation of cultured cell sterols. Preliminary data show that other lipids such as choline phospholipids, triglycerides, and fatty acids can also be directly quantified in SDS cell digest by using specific enzymes to transform these lipids into hydrogen peroxides.
Ascorbic acid, glutathione and synthetic antioxidants prevent the oxidation of vitamin E in platelets
Authors: Vatassery G. T. , Smith W. E. , Quach H. T.
Published: January 2007

An earlier report from this laboratory showed that tocopherol in human platelets is oxidized when the platelets are incubatedin vitro in Tyrode medium with arachidonate (or other oxidants). Arachidonate is a more potent oxidizing agent in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 with 0.1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) than in Tyrode medium. Forty to fifty percent of total platelet tocopherol was oxidized upon incubation with 40–50 μM arachidonate in the phosphate‐buffered medium. The tocopherol oxidation took place within 15 min after the addition of arachidonate. Preincubation of platelets with ascorbate blocked the oxidation of tocopherol. This is one of the first directin vitro demonstrations of the vitamin E‐sparing action of vitamin C in media containing biological cellular material. Other compounds which blocked the oxidation of platelet tocopherol were ascorbyl palmitate, propyl gallate, butylated hydroxytoluene, hydroquinone and glutathione. If ascorbate or glutathione was added after the tocopherol was oxidized to the quinone there was no reversal of the oxidation.
Kinetic rate constants determined by a digital computer
Authors: Butterfield R. O.
Published: January 2007

The difficulty of determining rate constants for complex reactions has been overcome with the development of a general digital computer program that can determine up to 10 rate constants in any reaction scheme which can contain as many as 10 components. A given reaction to which the experimental data are to be fit is described to the computer in a short one‐step integration subprogram, which solves the differential equations representing the scheme. Only this subprogram needs to be rewritten to change the reaction scheme. Special features of the program and length of calculations are discussed. A copper‐chromite hydrogenation of a mixture of linolenate and conjugated linoleate demonstrates what the program does and what is a typical output.
The fatty acid composition of purified fractions of cold‐pressed peanut oil
Authors: Senn Vincent J.
Published: January 2007

Cold‐pressed peanut oil was separated into chromatographically homogeneous fractions by column chromatography. The fatty acid composition of the major fractions was determined by gas chromatography. The phosphatides, and especially the cephalins, had a higher palmitate content than did the triglycerides. Palmitate was the dominant fatty acid in the phosphatidyl‐serines.
Characteristics of an immobilized lipase for the commercial synthesis of esters
Authors: Miller Carl , Austin Helen , Posorske Larry , Gonzlez Jesus
Published: January 2007

The lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of ester bonds has been well‐documented lately and is of much current commercial interest. Immobilization of a fungal lipase on a unique macroporous support allows not only the ability to operate in non‐aqueous media but to catalyze ester synthesis in quantitative yields, employing attractive commercial conditions. Catalyst dose and process configurations will be illustrated. The capability of the catalyst to operate efficiently in reverse under a variety of unnatural, hostile, solvent‐containing environments will be discussed. The range of substrates for this immobilized lipase, Lipzome, has been investigated. The enzyme will catalyze ester synthesis with saturated, unsaturated and a variety of branched carboxylic acids. The alcohol specificity for this enzyme also is equally broad. A wide variety of straight‐chain, branched and polar alcohols can be substrates. In addition, some examples of alcohol specificity for kinetic isomer resolution will be cited.
Cassia siamea seed oil: A minor source of vernolic and cyclopropenoid fatty acids
Authors: Daulatabad C. D. , Hosamani K. M. , Mirajkar A. M.
Published: January 2007

Cassia siamea oil contains plamitic (19.0%), stearic (7.6%), oleic (11.6%), linoleic (42.7%), malvalic (2.0%), sterculic (3.1%) and vernolic (14.0%) acids.
Carbon dioxide extraction of canola seed: Oil solubility and effect of seed treatment
Authors: Fattori M. , Bulley N. R. , Meisen A.
Published: January 2007

The extraction of oil from fixed beds of canola seed (Brassica napus) was studied using carbon dioxide at temperatures and pressures ranging from 25 to 90°C and 10 to 36 MPa, respectively. The oil solubility in CO2 was found to be strongly dependent on CO2 pressure and weakly dependent on the system temperature. The highest observed oil solubility was 11 mg/g CO2 and occurred at 36 MPa and 55°C. The manner in which different methods of seed pretreatment (flaking, cooking, pressure rupturing, chopping and crushing) affected the extraction process also was studied. The total amount of oil recovered from the seeds by CO2 extraction was found to be strongly dependent on the pretreatment. No measurable quantity of oil chould be recovered from whole, intact seeds. The amount of oil extractable from flaked and cooked seeds was comparable to that recoverable by conventional hexane extraction.
Activation analysis of trace elements in lipids with emphasis on marine oils
Authors: Lunde Gulbrand
Published: January 2007

A short introduction to the activation analyses is given where some of the main features of the method, especially when applied on biological material, are described. The following trace elements are analyzed in marine and vegetable oils: arsenic, bromine, sodium, copper, manganese, zinc, nickel and iron. Both arsenic and bromine are present as organic compounds. The arsenic is removed in the alkali refining process. The distribution of trace elements in oils has been studied by use of autoradiography and γ‐spectroscopy. The results indicate that this distribution is dependent on the phospholipid content in the oil. A high phospholipid content seems to give a more homogeneous distribution of inorganic trace elements.
Copper(I) and copper(II) complexes in solution and the crystalline state
Authors: Osterberg R. , Sjoberg B.
Published: January 2007

Model studies on the copper‐protein interaction that may catalyze lipid oxidation have been made by studying the copper complexes of glycyl‐L‐histidyl‐glycine and ε‐aminocaproic acid. The compositions of the complexes in solution were measured by emf methods. The structures of solid complexes were determined by x‐ray diffraction techniques. The results indicate that all the solid complexes have their counterparts by species formed in solution.
The occurrence of (+) gossypol inGossypium species
Authors: Dechary J. M. , Pradel Paul
Published: January 2007

(+) Gossypol, 2,2′‐bi[8‐formyl‐1,6,7‐trihydroxy‐5‐isopropyl‐3‐methylnaphthyl], has been isolated as the (+) dianilino derivative from cottonseed grown in widely different areas of the cottonbelt of the United States. The optically active derivative obtained had rotations varying from 43% to 54.7% of the value reported for the optically pure enantiomer. Attempts to resolve racemic gossypol by chemical means were not successful, but (+) gossypol was obtained by solvent fractionation (7.2%) and by chromatography on β‐lactose (2.2%).
Microemulsions, hydrotropic solutions and emulsions, a question of phase equilibria
Authors: Friberg S.
Published: January 2007

Investigations of phase equilibria in systems of water‐surface active substances‐organic compounds have related the properties of micellar liquid and liquid crystalline phases with the formation, existence and properties of microemulsions, hydrotropic solutions and emulsions.
Nutritional framework of oilseed proteins
Authors: Smith Keith J.
Published: January 2007

The nutrient composition of oilseeds is a variable property. The oilseed's genetics, growing environment, handling, storage and processing all present variables which may affect the nutrient composition and resultant nutritional value. How well an oilseed protein product achieves the desired use effect will depend on its inherent composition.
The kinetics and mechanism of metal‐catalyzed autoxidation
Authors: Waters W. A.
Published: January 2007

The autoxidation of organic compounds, RH, occurs by a radical‐catalyzed chain reaction to give hydroperoxides, RO2H, as primary products. The initial rate is ‐d[O2]/dt = kp[RH] {ki[Cat]/kt}1/2, or in the presence of an inhibitor, (In), kp[RH](ki[Cat]/kI[In]), where kp is the chain propagation rate; ki[Cat], the rate of radical catalysis; kt chain termination rate; kI[In] rate of inhibitor action. As oxidation proceeds the hydroperoxides break down to give further catalytically active radicals and eventually an autoxidation may reach a maximum rate of kp2[RH]2/fkt, independent of the concentration or nature of the catalyst. Photosensitization, by forming singlet oxygen, can catalyze autoxidation by forming peroxides. Compounds of many transition metals, e.g., Co, Mn, Fe, act as secondary catalysts by promoting the rapid formation of radicals from RO2H molecules by a one‐electron transfer reaction RO‐OH + M2+→RO· + M3+ + OH− and the M3+ ions are then reconverted to M2+ ions giving further radicals. The overall catalytic activity of a metallic ion is controlled by the slower step of the M2+⇌M3+ + e redox cycle and depends on the electronic structures of the two ions concerned and on the ligand groups attached to them. These effects are discussed in detail since ligand molecules for transition metal ions can be selected so as either to promote or inhibit autoxidation. Special reference is made to biological catalysts, such as the porphyrins, found in food products. Direct activation of oxygen by metallic complexes rarely seems to occur, but direct oxidation of substrates by metallic compounds is possible. This leads to another redox cycle which is utilized in copper‐containing enzymes.
The α,β‐distribution of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids in cruciferae seed triglycerides
Authors: Litchfield Carter
Published: January 2007

Correlation studies on lipolysis data from 24 species of Cruciferae seed triglycerides have revealed very regular positional distribution patterns for oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. When the ratio % 18:1 in β‐position/% 18:1 in total triglycerides for each species is plotted vs. the content of Category I acids (16:0, 18:0, plus all C20, C22 and C24 acids) in the total triglycerides, a smooth curve is obtained. Application of suitable statistical procedures yields a best‐fitting curve, from which an equation expressing the % 18:1 in the β‐position as a function of the fatty acid composition of the total triglycerides can be derived. The % 18:1 in the α‐position is then readily calculated by difference. Similar distinctive relationships have also been developed for linoleic and linolenic acids. Comparison of calculated and experimental results shows that the relationships developed here are considerably more accurate than the previous Gunstone‐Mattson and Evans hypotheses for estimating the α,β‐distributions of 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 in Cruciferae seed triglycerides.
Breeding for improved oilseeds
Authors: Howell R. W.
Published: January 2007

Breeding for improved oilseeds has traditionally emphasized improvement in yield, oil content and disease resistance. Improved protein has been sought by some breeders in recent years. The soybean varieties Provar and Protana were released in 1969 because they contain higher protein percentages than other varieties. Glandless cotton varieties are being bred by public and private breeders. Two glandless varieties have been released by commercial breeder‐seedsmen, but one has been withdrawn because of low yield. It probably will be several years before glandless varieties are of commercial significance. Safflower germplasm has been screened and a source of improved lysine has been identified. This lead may be pursued, but major problems of disease susceptibility and high fiber content also demand attention. Emphasis in sunflower programs will be on developing higher yielding lines and on exploiting the possibility of developing hybrids. Sunflower research personnel is so limited that there is not likely to be any major effort on quality factors for some time. Sesame research is very limited, major emphasis being on control of shattering.
Hydrogenation of soybean oil with commercial copper‐chromite and nickel catalysts: Winterization of low‐linolenate oils
Authors: Moulton K. J. , Beal R. E. , Griffin E. L.
Published: January 2007

Soybean oil hydrogenated in the presence of copper‐chromite catalysts to 3% linolenate and below requires winterization if it is to pass the cold test. Yields of winterized oil from soybean oil hydrogenated to several linolenate levels were therefore studied. Partially hydrogenated soybean oil was sampled and filtered at intervals during hydrogenation on a pilot plant scale with a commercial copper‐chromite catalyst. Samples were then vacuum bleached and filtered to remove dissolved copper, held at 7 C for 48 hr and filtered to remove stearines. The filtered winter oils passed the standard 5.5 hr cold test. For soybean oil in which linolenate was reduced to 0.1% with a commercial copper‐chromite catalyst or to 3.0% with a nickel catalyst yields of winter oil were about the same; 92% for a 5.5 hr cold test oil (winterized two days at 7 C) and 89% for a 20 hr cold test oil (winterized two days at 4 C).
Surface‐active properties of salts of alpha‐sulfonated acids and esters
Authors: Stirton A. J. , Weil J. K. , Bistline R. G.
Published: January 2007

In a comparison of the solubility, detergency, and surface‐active properties of the mono‐ and disodium salts ofa‐sulfonated lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids, it has been shown that the less solublea‐sulfopalmitates anda‐sulfostearates, and sodiuma‐sulfomyristic acid as well, are the best detergents. The easily soluble disodiuma‐sulfolaurate resembles a simple electrolyte with little evidence of surface‐active properties. Ammoniuma‐sulfopalmitic acid and triethanolammoniuma‐sulfopalmitic acid are more soluble surface‐active agents and detergents than the sodium salts. Triethanolammoniuma‐sulfopalmitic acid is exceedingly soluble in water at room temperature.

The sodium salts of alkyla‐sulfopalmitates anda‐sulfostearates are easily prepared from the isolated crude diacid. The esters of primary alcohols containing from one to six carbon atoms are readily soluble in water and quite stable to hydrolysis, especially in acid solution. Salts ofa‐sulfonated esters of secondary alcohols are stable both to acid and to alkaline hydrolysis. This behavior extends the range of possible application.
A method of destroying salmonella
Authors: Wilder O. H. M.
Published: January 2007

Salmonella in animal proteins or similar feed ingredients can be killed by putting the feedstuffs through a terminal heater whereby the materials in meal form are heated to a temperature of 99 C with a retention time of 2.5–3.0 min at that temperature, and with a moisture content of at least 10% in the materials entering the heater. Commercial heat exchangers are modified to serve as the terminal heaters. Partial cooling takes place as moisture flashes off on emergence from the heater or, if further cooling is desired, a smaller chilled heat exchanger may be attached to the equipment.
Antimicrobial activity and physical characteristics of some N,N‐Disubstituted decanamides
Authors: Novak Arthur F. , Solar James M. , Mod Robert R. , Magne Frank C. , Skau Evald L.
Published: January 2007

A number of N,N‐disubstituted decanamides have been prepared, characterized and screened for their antimicrobial activity against a number of pathogenic organisms including bacteria both gram positive and negative, yeasts and molds. Several of these compounds exhibited a broad spectrum and high level of activity against all or most of the test organisms. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds has been shown to correlate with their dispersibility and surface tension in an aqueous systems.
Fat oxidation at lwo oxygen pressure: II. Kinetic studies on linoleic acid oxidation in emulsions in the presence of antioxidants
Authors: Marcuse R. , Fredriksson P. ‐O.
Published: January 2007

Earlier reported kinetic studies on the dependence of lipid oxidation on oxygen pressure in emulsions were continued by studying this relationship in the presence of antioxidants. The substances tested represented two types of antioxidants, phenolic inhibitors (α‐tocopherol, BHA, PG) and amino acid‐retarders (glycine, alanine, histidine, tryptophane). The inhibiting effect of the first mentioned group, i.e., the formation of an induction period was, in general, not dependent on oxygen pressure, while the retardation caused by amino acids was stronger at low oxygen pressure than in air. The effect of lowering oxygen pressure was practically the same, when phenolic inhibitors were added as without such addition. It was, however, enhanced by the addition of amino acid‐retarders. When representatives of these two types of antioxidants were added in combination, their synergistic effect was considerably enhanced at low oxygen pressure.
The Conversion of 2,4‐Dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives of monocarbonyls to ethylenethioacetals and ethylenethioketals for analysis by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Metwally M. M. E. , Amundson C. H. , Richardson T.
Published: January 2007

A method was developed for the direct conversion of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones (2,4‐DNPHS) ofn‐al‐kanals and methylketones int ethylenethioacetals and ethylenethioketals for analysis by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). the method depended on heating the 2,4‐DNPHS and 1,2‐ethanedithiol with boron fluoride (BF3) ethyl ether at 125 C for 12 min or withp‐toluenesulfonic acid at 200 C for 15 min. The reaction was extracted with pentane, and after evaporation, the product was dissolved ono‐cylene and injected into the GLC. High yields of above 90% were obtained from long chain 2,4‐DNPHS and somewhat lower yields of about 80% were obtained from short chain 2,4‐DNPHS. Eight standard ethylenethioacetals and ethylenethioketals were synthesized; their elemental analysis, bp, mp, and retention times on FFAP and SE‐30 GLC columns were determined.
Determination of residual solvent in oilseed meals and flours: IV, acetone
Authors: Dupuy H. P. , Rayner E. T. , Fore S. P.
Published: January 2007

A simple volatilization procedure was developed for the determination of residual acetone in oilseed meals and flours. One gram of meal or flour and 0.2 g of water containing 0.4 mg of methanol are added into a 100 ml serum bottle, which is sealed and heated at 70 C for 5 hr in an oven. A 1 ml aliquot of the headspace gas is then analyzed by gas chromatography. The concentration of residual acetone is easily determined by comparing the ratio of the peak areas of acetone to methanol of the chromatogram with a calibration curve. Results are reproducible within ± 10%, and concentrations of a few ppm can be detected. This technique is much simpler and requires less operator time than other procedures available.
Statistical development of improved emulsification systems for bakers shortenings
Authors: Rusch D. T. , Truax H. M.
Published: January 2007

Statistical design methods were used to observe trends of surfactant functionality for specific cake and icing quality attributes. A two‐level factorial design was used in the initial screening activity. within the favorable region, a rotable central composite design was used to more accurately detect surfactant effectivenness. It was found that sorbitan monostearate improved cake volume and tenderness but reduced icing aeration. Polysorbate esters increased icing aeration but had relatively little effect on cake volume and tenderness. Based on the information obtained, individual blends of emulsifiers were developed to suit specific needs.
Studies on the wet dehulling of sesame seed to obtain superior grade protein concentrates
Authors: Shamanthaka Sastry M. C. , Subramanian N. , Rajagopalan R.
Published: January 2007

Easy removal of the fibrous colored skin of sesame seed was accomplished by contacting the seed with lye solution under optimal conditions. The decuticled seed was dried mechanically and a yield of 85% on the raw material was obtained. Screw pressed or pre‐press solvent extracted flour derived from the dehulled seed had an attractive white appearance, was free from bitterness and had a lower crude fibre and oxalic acid content. Both in the content of protein and its nutritional quality, the meal was found to be superior to commercial sesame cake. Heat treatment inherent to expeller operation was found to have beneficial effect on sesame protein.
Preparation and properties of sodium alkyl sulfoacetates
Authors: Hikota Takeshi , Meguro Kenjiro
Published: January 2007

The preparation and properties for a homologous series of sodium salts of alkyl sulfoacetates, containing 10, 12, 14 and 16 carbon atoms are described. The sodium salts of alkyl sulfoacetates were prepared from monochloroacetic acid, sodium sulfite and corresponding higher alcohol. The Krafft point, c.m.c. value, surface tension, solubilizing power, emulsifying power, foaming power, and calcium ion stability and resistance to acid hydrolysis were measured as the properties of these compounds. The c.m.c. values at 40 C obtained by electrical conductivity were related to the alkyl carbon number (N) of the compounds by log c.m.c.=4.852–0.301 N. Solubilizing power, emulsifying power and foaming power increased with the number of carbon atoms of alkyl chain in the surfactant. But the calcium ion stability and resistance to the acid hydrolysis decreased with an increase in the length of the hydrophobic portion.
Polarity index of surface‐active ethylene oxide adducts
Authors: Fineman I. G. A.
Published: January 2007

The polarity indexes of surface‐active ethylene oxide adducts with varying lipophilic parts and varying content of ethylene oxide have been studied. An interesting relationship has been found between the fraction of ether groups and polarity index, which gives a polarity index line for every type of ethylene oxide adduct. It permits the calculation of polarity indexes of all ethylene oxide adducts of known composition with known polarity index of the lipophilic part. It also gives valuable information for evaluating different lipophilic substances as raw materials for ethylene oxide adducts.
Characterization and evaluation of some rapeseed oils
Authors: Tremazi S. A. , Lovegren N. V. , Feuge R. O.
Published: January 2007

Rapeseed oil is used mostly in edible products. Four rapeseed oils, brown sarson and toria oils from West Pakistan, a Swedish oil and a Canadian oil, were characterized and examined relative to their suitability as edible oils. The various analytical data obtained are reported. The hydrogenated oils have consistency characteristics and plastic ranges which make them suitable for use as plastic fats.
Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of hydroxy fatty acids, as their trimethylsilyl ether derivatives
Authors: Wood R. D. , Raju P. K. , Reiser Raymond
Published: January 2007

A quantitative method is described for the rapid gas liquid chromatographic analysis of mono‐ and polyhydroxystearates as their trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives. The TMS derivatives of the hydroxy esters are formed rapidly and quantitatively at room temp. The retention times of ricinoleic acid as the methyl ester, acetylated derivative and the TMS derivative are compared. Purified diastereoisomers of di‐, triand tetrahydroxystearates and their mixtures were analyzed on three different columns. Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of methyl mono‐, di‐, tri‐ and tetrahydroxysteartes were shown to give quantitative results as TMS derivatives. Analyses were carried out on a diethylene glycol succinate polyester (DEGS) packed column and on large‐bore capillary columns of DEGS and Apiezon L. The elution order of the TMS derivatives of the hydroxy esters from the DEGS largebore capillary column was not the same as that obtained from the DEGS packed column. The unusual elution pattern of the large‐bore capillary column is discussed.
Fatty acid composition changes in meat lipids during low temperature storage
Authors: Huston C. K. , Sink J. D. , Miller R. C. , Shigley J. W.
Published: January 2007

The effect of low‐temp storage on the fatty acid composition of meat lipids was studied. Fat samples were taken from the perirenal and subcutaneous depots of 12 beef carcasses. The samples were divided and one‐half from each carcass were stored at 蜢37C for four months. The fat samples (before and after the low‐temp storage period) were then extracted, the glyceride fractions separated by low‐temp solvent crystallization, and subsequently analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatographic techniques. The data obtained in this study and the changes in fatty acid composition noted were not consistent with the pattern of oxidative deterioration but would appear to indicate that non‐oxidative mechanisms were responsible for the changes in fatty acid composition observed.
Practical feeding programs using soy protein as base
Authors: Crowley Paul R.
Published: January 2007

The U.S. has furnished billions of lb food commodities containing soy protein for use in feeding programs in the less developed countries. As a result of the low cost, excellent nutritional qualities and functional versatility of soy products, they have been used extensively as protein additives in a broad spectrum of foods for practical feeding programs. Soy flours are a major ingredient in blended foods, such as instant corn soy milk, corn soy blend, and wheat soy blend; and soy flours and grits have been used as protein fortificants in wheat, corn, sorghum, and oat products distributed overseas. Most recently, a new whey soy drink mix has been developed for use in preschool feeding programs and now is being introduced around the world. As more attention focuses on the nutritional requirements of feeding program beneficiaries and on the need for low cost sources of protein, it can be expected that uses for soy protein will expand and additional soy based foods will be added to the list of commodities used in practical feeding programs.
Lipid structures
Authors: Lutton E. S.
Published: January 2007

Much of the function of lipids, as in shortenings, confections, biological membranes, etc., depends on the structures they exhibit, i.e., their crystalline and mesomorphic states. Triglycerides may serve as a point of departure for considering the crystal state of lipids. The three principle cross‐sectional arrangements of long chains‐α, β′ and β‐in which there is kinship to hydrocarbons, offer a major basis for classification. Different crystal forms are rheologically different. Complications in the chain length direction lead to stepped configurations in the methyl planes and to double and triple chain length structures. A detailed consideration of the time‐honored melting point alternation of homologs sheds light on the lipid crystal picture. A startling feature is the catalysis of isomerization by the solid state of diglycerides, with a consequent shift in equilibrium far toward 100% 1,3‐diglyceride. Stepwise reversible transformations, as in hydrocarbons, are documented for high molecular weight 1‐monoglycerides. A common feature, the sharp drop with mixture of stable form melting points, to “expose” metastable forms as stable forms for intermediate compositions is strikingly exhibited by fatty alcohols. The two bases for mesomorphism, or liquid crystal formation, among lipids are discussed: (1) dichotomy between molecular moieties in degree of polarity, as in phospholipids; and (2) dichotomy in molecular geometry as in cholesteryl esters. The former type is associated with three main basic arrangements‐smectic or lamellar, middle or hexagonal (normal and reversed), and viscous isotropic or cubic (normal and reversed). The latter is associated with two main arrangements‐cholesteric (essentially limited to cholesteryl compounds) and smectic. The importance of mesomorphism in consideration of membranes and emulsions is emphasized. Developments in understanding the structures of interfacial lipid states (including monomolecular surface films) and the correspondence of interfacial with bulk states is a matter of great continuing interest.
The plant geneticist’s contribution toward changing lipid and amino acid composition of soybeans
Authors: Howell R. W. , Brim C. A. , Rinne R. W.
Published: January 2007

Interest in changing composition of soybeans focuses on linolenic acid in the oil. Available germ plasm includes no lines with less than about 3.5% linolenic acid in the oil. Some breeding lines have been obtained with iodine values of about 115, reflecting higher oleic acid and somewhat lower than normal linoleic and linolenic acid levels. Radiation and other mutagenic agents have been investigated to a limited extent for potential usefulness in inducing a mutation in the direction of low linolenic acid. No such mutant has yet been found, and the task of identifying one is formidable. There is no research known at this time with the objective of altering amino acid distribution in soybeans.
Improving soybean quality by plant breeding
Authors: Hammond E. G. , Fehr W. R. , Snyder H. E.
Published: January 2007

Treatment of soybean seeds with x‐rays has been successful in increasing the incidence of low‐linolenic‐acid soybean strains both in pure breeding lines and crosses of low‐linolenic‐acid lines. The incidence of strains high in oleic acid also is increased by x‐ray treatment. A procedure for measuring the lipoxygenase content of seed is described. There is a 2‐ to 3‐fold variation in the lipoxygenase activity of the soybean lines tested. The lipoxygenase activity of soybean seed is influenced by the genotype of the maternal parent.
Lanthanide shift reagents as an aid in the NMR analysis of the normal alcohols C6 to C11
Authors: Smentowski F. J. , Stipanovic R. D.
Published: January 2007

A method is described that substantially aids in the interpretation of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of a series of six fatty alcohols (C6 to C11). The lanthanide shift reagent tris (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylheptanedionate)praseodymium‐(III)[Pr(DPM)3] is employed, and produces large shifts in the resonances of the various methylene groups in the chain depending on their position with respect to the hydroxy group. This paramagnetic shift for the first seven methylenes of these six alcohols is found to to be directly proportional to the amount of Pr(DPM)3 added. Measurement of the coupling constants for the methylene groups in the chain are reported. The power of lanthanide shift reagents for both analytical and conformational information derived from their NMR spectra is demonstrated.
Modification of a procedure for analytical hydrogenation of edible oils
Authors: Tene Z. , Yaron Anina , Letan A.
Published: January 2007

Unsaturation, an important parameter in edible oils, can be determined by analytical hydrogenation. Recently Brown et al. (3–9) have proposed an “automatic” direct titration method for hydrogenation of various unsaturated organic compounds. Sodium borohydride, introduced through a pressure‐actuated mercury valve, was utilized as hydrogen producing reagent, and both the hydrogen and the platinum catalyst were generated in situ. Application of the above method to determination of unsaturation in various edible oils was the subject of the present study. Several shortcomings inherent in the original procedure and apparatus have been overcome by introducing suitable changes. Isopropanol was used as a solvent for the borohydride; the buret was used at the operational stage in the near horizontal position; the end point manometer was filled with Brodie’s solution; and the system was preliminarily flushed with hydrogen from an external source and was operated at a slight overpressure. As a result of those changes, the determined hydrogen iodine values were closer to the expected ones and the standard deviations were appreciably lowered. Gravimetric determinations have confirmed Brown’s observation that the precipitated powder produced by reduction of chloroplatinic acid consists only of pure platinum. Microscopic examinations revealed that a finer structure and better dispersion is obtained when platinum was precipitated on activated carbon as support. This can be conceived with the observed higher over‐all reaction rates achieved with the supported catalyst.
Methyl 9(10)‐carboxystearate by catalytic oxidation of hydroformylated oleate
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Frankel E. N. , Dufek E. J. , Cowan J. C.
Published: January 2007

Methyl 9(10)‐formylstearate from hydroformylated oleate is autoxidized effectively to the corresponding carboxystearate in the presence of metal naphthenates at 20 C. Up to 95% conversion is obtained by treatment with Ca naphthenate for 24 hr. Catalyst activity based on disappearance of formylstearate approximates the following order: Co>Pb>Mn>Ce>Fe>Zr>Ca. Decreasing yields of carboxyester obtained with different catalysts follow the approximate order: Ca>Pb≈Fe≈Zr≈Mn>Co>Ce. The active redox metal catalysts such as Co, Ce and Mn produce varying amounts of methyl stearate, epoxy‐, keto‐ and hydroxystearate as side products. Ca naphthenate minimizes free radical decarbonylation and other side reactions. Mechanisms are proposed for the formation of side products.
Grapefruit seed oil sterols
Authors: Barroso M. Angela T. , Moura Fe J. A. , Whiting F. M. , Brown W. H. , Stull J. W.
Published: January 2007

Grapefruit seed oil sterols separated from other lipids by Florisil column chromatography were characterized by gas liquid chromatography. The presence of stigmasterol, campesterol and β‐sitosterol is indicated. Expressed in terms of peak area, the three sterols are present in proportions of 2.5%, 7.4% and 90.1% of the total, respectively.
Identification and estimation of tocopherols by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Slover Hal T. , Shelley Lydia M. , Burks Teman L.
Published: January 2007

A gas chromatographic method is described for the identification and estimation of the individual tocopherols as their trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers. The TMS ethers are prepared by dissolving the sample in a mixture of hexamethyl‐disilazane, trimethylchlorosilane, and anhydrous pyridine (2:1:10), and allowing it to stand for at least 15 min. The separations described were made at 235C on 0.08 in. I.D. ȕ15 ft silanized glass columns packed with either 0.5% Apiezon L or 2% SE‐30 on 110/120 mesh Anakrom (acid and base washed, and silanized). Retention data, obtained either by chromatographing known compounds or by prediction using the Kovȥts Retention Indices, are presented for tocol, tocotrienol, and all 14 possible methylated tocols and tocotrienols. The quantitative results from the analyses of two standard mixtures are also presented. The application to naturally occurring tocopherols is illustrated by chromatograms of partially purified fractions from soy oil, wheat germ oil, whole wheat flour, and corn meal.
Temperature shifts in regulation of lipids accumulated byLipomyces starkeyi
Authors: Suutari M. , Priha P. , Laakso S.
Published: January 2007

The effect of temperature on the accumulating triglycerides ofLipomyces starkeyi was studied in 10‐L fermentation experiments. The temperature during the growth, lipid accumulation and postaccumulation phases was altered. The cellular lipid content, the glucose conversion efficiency and the specific lipid production rate were highest when the growth phase temperature was 28°C, instead of 16–18°C. The temperature of the accumulation phase had an influence on the lipid quality at the end of the accumulation. Oleic acid content increased from 52 to over 60% when the accumulation phase temperature was decreased from 28 to 15°C and, concomitantly, palmitic acid decreased from 33 to 26%. The degree of fatty acid unsaturation was the highest (0.75 Δmol−1) when the accumulation phase temperature was the lowest (15°C) andvice versa. The temperature shift after the lipid accumulation phase affected neither the composition nor the amount of the accumulated lipids. In conclusion, the temperature profile for the highest lipid yield with the most desired composition should be: (i) a growth phase temperature that gives the maximum growth rate and (ii) an accumulation phase temperature that produces the desired ratio of palmitic to oleic acid.
Factors in the decolorizing of tallow. I. Addition of water with the adsorbent
Authors: Rich A. D.
Published: January 2007

Data have been presented demonstrating a substantial improvement in atmospheric batch decolorizing of tallow when an activated adsorbent was used by supplementing it with added water. Negative results were obtained under similar conditions with a natural adsorbent.

Studies on other phases of tallow decolorizing will be reported in subsequent articles.
Comparative rates of formation of fatty acids in the soybean seed during its development
Authors: Simmons R. O. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: January 2007

Lincoln soybeans harvested at successive stages of maturity showed continuous increases in amounts present of each of the fatty acids: saturated, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic.

The iodine value and linolenic acid percentage of the oil decreased somewhat during the early stages of seed development. The linoleic acid and total oil percentage in the bean increased continuously until the 50th day then remained constant. Oleic and saturated acids fluctuated.

No evidence for dehydrogenation of saturated fatty acids was obtained either in the oil analyses or in tests of soybean tissues for dehydrogenase activity.
Film forming and foaming behavior of food proteins
Authors: German J. B. , O'Neill T. E. , Kinsella J. E.
Published: January 2007

The current state of understanding of protein structure as it relates to its function in foaming has proven to be of sufficient accuracy to predict the effects of particular modifications in soy proteins. Comparative whipping studies performed on egg white, casein, Bovine serum albumin and soy protein showed important differences both in the development and subsequent stability of foams produced from these proteins. Our understanding of the structures of soy proteins and the alterations induced by reductive modification and heating implied that similar modifications would have dramatic impact on the foaming properties specifically of the 11S protein. The foaming ability and stability of the 11S protein were enhanced dramatically by cleavage of intersubunit disulfide bridging. Computerized lamellar measurement techniques developed in this laboratory indicated that these modifications enhanced the ability of the protein to foam rapidly and then to stabilize surface films at the rate typically encountered in the whipping of foams.
Bat diversity in oligotrophic forests of southern Borneo
Authors: Struebig Matthew J. , Galdikas Birute M.F. , Suatma
Published: January 2007

Knowledge of the conservation status of Bornean bats is biased towards areas considered to support high diversity in the northern Malaysian states. Few surveys have been undertaken in Indonesian Borneo, despite it representing over two thirds of the island's land area. We present the first description of a bat assemblage in Borneo's nutrient poor, or oligotrophic, forests (heath and peat swamp), habitats that have been considered depauperate in wildlife. We surveyed two protected areas in Central Kalimantan using harp traps supplemented by mist nets. We recorded 27 species, 18 of which were captured exclusively by harp traps. The bat assemblage of both sites was dominated by vespertilionids of the subfamily Kerivoulinae. The most abundant species, Kerivoula intermedia, accounted for 45% of standardized captures in Tanjung Puting National Park. At this site 15 species were represented by <10 captures each. Hipposideros ridleyi, Kerivoula lenis, Murina aenea and Murina rozendaali, four rare and threatened species, were recorded for the first time in Indonesia, and Phoniscus atrox, Murina cyclotis and Hipposideros doriae were recorded for the first time in Kalimantan. Estimation of species richness indicated that this inventory was almost complete for understorey, narrow-space, insectivores susceptible to capture in harp traps. It is likely that further surveys targeting open spaces, rivers, forest edges and the canopy will record species of other foraging guilds. The inventory exceeds those from other sites in Kalimantan because previous surveys have not used harp traps. However, it is a depauperate subset of assemblages studied in north Borneo, most likely because these sites are better known and are nearer to caves. Despite this relatively low diversity, our study shows that protected areas in oligotrophic forests provide valuable habitat for some of this island's rarest bat species, and are likely to become more important for bat conservation in light of widespread forest disturbance in Borneo.