bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aggressive mimicry and other interspecific feeding associations among Red Sea coral reef predators
Authors: Ormond Rupert F. G.
Published: August 2009

A description is given of the range of interspecific feeding associations used by fish predators on a coral reef in the Sudanese Red Sea. The types of association observed are classified as (i) following and scavenging, (ii) hunting by “riding”, (iii) hunting by aggressive mimicry and (iv) joint hunting. In particular quantitative accounts are given for previously un‐described examples of the use of riding by Diploprion drachi and Cheilinus diagrammus, and of the use of aggressive mimicry by Cheilinus diagrammus and Epibulus insidiator. These two examples of aggressive mimicry involve colour change by the mimic which then associates with the species which it is mimicking. The frequency of the occurrence of joint hunting involving Gomphosus caeruleus and Parupeneus chryseredros or P. macronema is also described. In all, 24 species of predator were observed involved in one or more of these forms of feeding association. It is noted that some of these predators make use of these associations very frequently during feeding, and that they may associate with a selection of other species depending on their availability.
Ligament and lithodesma in the Pandoracea and the Poromyacea with a discussion on evolutionary history in the Anomalodesmata (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
Authors: Yonge C. M. , Morton Brian
Published: August 2009

Certain families in the subclass Anomalodesmata possess highly characteristic ligaments exhibited in simplest form in the Lyonsiidae (Pandoracea) and in the Verticordiidae (Poromyacea). A ventral ly displaced primary ligament consisting of inner (fibrous) and outer (lamellar) layers lies beneath a dorsal secondary ligament of fused periostracum. The latter, which occupies the pivotal axis, is responsible for alignment of the edentulous valves, the former for production of the opening thrust. A calcareous lithodesma which extends down the centre of the inner layer (and so also formed by the mantle isthmus) ensures the continued effectiveness of the widened ligament. Conditions in the laterally compressed Pandoridae and in Myadora (Myochamidae) resemble those in the Lyonsiidae with the addition of secondary teeth. Cementation by the right valve causes bilateral asymmetry in Myochama but to a far greater extent in the Cleidothaeridae where the added effect of a tangential component in shell growth causes separation of primary and secondary ligaments and a twisting of the lithodesma. In the Verticordiidae and Cuspidari‐idae (Poromyacea) ligamental structure is the same although modified in the latter. In the Poromyidae the primary ligament remains external and there is no lithodesma while fused periostracum forms anterior and posterior ligamental extensions.

Despite these resemblences in ligamental structure between Poromyacea (pre‐septi‐branchs and septibranchs) and Pandoracea, palaeontological evidence, as well as the modified ctenidia in the former, supports the continued separation of these superfamilies. On the other hand the Thraciidae, Periplomatidae and Laternulidae, hitherto included in the Pandoracea (but originating earlier, in the Mesozoic instead of the Cenozoic) should be removed from that superfamily. In them the primary ligament is not ventrally displaced and an anterior lithodesma is solely concerned with alignment of the edentulous valves to which it is closely attached.
Intraspecific variation in Tetrastemma laminariae (Nemertini): an examination of one of its possible causes
Authors: Sundberg Per
Published: August 2009

A sample of 54 specimens of Tetrastemma laminariae was divided into two groups on the basis of one external character. A multivariate analysis of variance, based on 14 quantitative characters, was then performed in order to test the two hypotheses: H(1); the variance is the same in the two groups, H(2); there is no difference in the location of the two group‐centroids. Neither of the two hypotheses could be rejected (P=0.002) and the possibility of the sample being impure, i.e. a mixture of at least two taxa, as suggested in an earlier paper on the high intraspecific variation exhibited by the species (Sundberg, P., 1979) is excluded. The variation found in T. laminariae appears to be due entirely to natural biological variability, although some apparent differences may be artifactual and caused, for example, by differential contraction or shrinkage during fixation. This emphasizes the necessity of basing taxonomical descriptions where possible, on many specimens so that an understanding of the degree of variation can be achieved. Additionally it is essential that careful fixation of material is carried out.
The diet of the feral mink (Mustela vison) in southwest Britain
Authors: Chanin P. R. F. , Linn Ian
Published: August 2009

Mink diet in three study areas in southwest Britain was studied by faeces (scat) analysis. In these areas mink ate a wide range of prey, mainly fish, birds and mammals. Proportions of prey in the diet were determined largely by availability, but were also affected by prey behaviour, the physical nature of the habitat and overall prey abundance. Seasonal variation in predation was recorded on moorhens and fish. Changes in rod and net fishing success on the river Teign could not be correlated with the arrival of the mink. Changes in fish populations in Slapton Ley appeared to have causes other than mink. It is concluded that, in the areas studied, domestic stock make up a very small proportion of the mink's diet, and that the wild prey species are not suffering any obvious population depletion.
A new fossil genus of South American cricetid rodents allied to Wiedomys, with an assessment of the Sigmodontinae
Authors: Reig Osvaldo A.
Published: August 2009

A new genus and species of sigmodontine cricetids, Cholomys pearsonl, from the Lower Pleistocene Vorohué Formation of south‐eastern Buenos Aires Province. Argentina, is described. Its closest relative among the extant and extinct cricetids proved to be the living Wiedomys pyrrhorhinus of Brazil. Wiedomys and Cholomys are included in a new tribe of the Sigmodontinae, Wiedomyini. The distinction between the North American and the South American cricetids is stressed, the two groups being postulated to pertain to different subfamilies. The names Neotominae and Sigmodontinae are chosen for these two taxa, respectively. A tribal classification of the Sigmodontinae is advanced. Oryzomyini, Akodontini, Scapteromyini, Phyllotini, Sigmodontini, lehthyomyini and Wiedomyini are recognized as natural tribes of the Sigmodontinae. This broad array of suprageneric groupings reflecting different adaptive types strongly supports the hypothesis that the differentiation of the Sigmodontinae took place in South America from a primitive cricetid immigrant stock which entered South America, probably from North America, not later than during Miocene times.
The quantity and quality of overwintered larvae in five species of Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Elmes G. W. , Wardlaw Judith C.
Published: August 2009

The numbers of queens, workers and larvae were recorded for a sample of hibernating colonies from five different species of Myrmica. The larvae were divided into three size classes. The frequencies and distribution of larvae within these size classes have been compared between species and between queened and queenless colonies. A sample of each larval class was reared to the pupal stage and the resulting castes were recorded. The Discussion compares all the species with Myrmica rubra and attempts to explain the differences observed for the different species.
Support and deformability in insect wings
Authors: Wootton Robin J.
Published: August 2009

Coupled investigations of insect wing movements and detailed wing morphology are in progress, and some functional principles underlying wing design are emerging. High speed cine and still photography and stroboscopy indicate that most wings undergo orderly deformation in flight. Common patterns are described and their significance discussed in the light of recent aerodynamic studies.

Many aspects of wing morphology–venational features, relief, thickened areas, flexionlines and vein fractures–may be related to the control of three‐dimensional shape while beating. It is usually possible to distinguish areas specialized for deformability, and for support and the limiting of deformation. Some structural adaptations for these roles are described and illustrated.
Associations of rotifers in Australian crater lakes
Authors: Green J.
Published: August 2009

Associations of rotifers in 12 Australian crater lakes have been compared by means of indices of similarity and diversity, and by two dimensional ordination. Four of the lakes lay on the Atherton Tableland in tropical Queensland, four were shallow saline lakes in Victoria and the remaining four were fresh lakes in the same general region as the saline lakes.

The total number of species identified was 67, but the maximum found in any one sample was 27. Salinity is an important factor reducing diversity, whilst the development of vegetation increases the diversity of the rotifer fauna. The index of diversity (a) ranged from less than one in the saline lakes to 13 in the richly vegetated Lake Euramoo.

Comparisons with the rotifers living in the open waters of crater lakes in Africa, Indonesia and Europe revealed no marked similarities between the fresh Australian lakes and these other regions, although strong similarities were found between Ausralian saline lakes and those of other regions. In general the rotiferan faunas of the Australian crater lakes resembled each other less than might be expected from the similarities found between crater lakes within other regions.
Organic acid concentrations and digesta movement in the gastrointestinal tract of the bushbaby (Galago crassicaudatus) and Vervet monkey (Cercopithecidae pygerythrus)
Authors: Clemens E. T. , Maloiy G. M. O.
Published: August 2009

Studies were conducted to compare digestive functions in two species of sub‐human primate, the bushbaby (Galago crassicaudatus) and the Vervet monkey (Cercopithecidae pygerythrus). Major differences were observed in the rate at which digesta markers moved through their respective gastrointestinal tracts, and in the concentration of lactic acid present in the gut. In both species, the caecum and colon were the principle sites of microbial activity and organic acid production.
Terrestrial feeding in the Mudskipper Periophthalmus (Pisces: Teleostei): A cineradiographic analysis
Authors: Sponder Debra L. , Lauder George V.
Published: August 2009

Mudskipping gobies (Periophthalminae) are among the most terrestrial of amphibious fishes. Specializations associated with terrestrial prey capture and deglutition have been studied in Periophthalmus koelreuteri by light and X‐ray cinematography which permits direct visualization of pharyngeal jaw movement during deglutition. Anatomical specializations of the pharyngeal jaws are described and include depressible teeth, a large ventral process on ceratobranchial five, and muscular modifications.

Multiple terrestrial feedings occur by Periophthalmus without a return to the water, and cineradiography reveals that the buccal cavity is often filled with air during terrestrial excursions in contrast to some previous hypotheses. Transport of the prey into the oesophagus occurs primarily by anteroposterior movement of the upper pharyngeal jaw. The lower pharyngeal jaw plays a limited role in food transport and may serve primarily to hold and position prey. The bite between upper and lower pharyngeal jaws occurs between the anterior teeth, and both jaws are protracted together during raking of food into the oesophagus. Functional specializations correlated with terrestrial feeding include obligatory use of pharyngeal jaws for swallowing even small prey items and positioning of the prey in the pharynx by pharyngeal jaw and hyoid movements alone.

This analysis of terrestrial feeding allows hypotheses of design constraints imposed by the aquatic medium on fishes to be raised and tested.
A species of North American triclad (Paludicola; Turbellaria) new to Britain found in Loch Ness, Scotland
Authors: Reynoldson T. B. , Smith Barbara. D. , Maitland P. S.
Published: August 2009

A North American species of triclad, Phagocata woodworthi, has been recorded for the first time outside the American Continent from Loch Ness in Scotland; it is unusual in being polypharyngeal. The species was probably introduced as cocoons attached to American equipment brought over in the search for the Loch Ness monster.
The ovaries and reproduction in Pontoporia blainvillei (Cetacea: Platanistidae)
Authors: Harrison R. J. , Bryden M. M. , McBrearty D. A. , Jr R. L. Brownell,
Published: August 2009

The ovaries of 113 Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) were examined and their characteristics related to season, body length of the animals and, in some individuals, foetal length. The following conclusions were drawn from the results: most females attain sexual maturity when they reach 136–146 cm body length; most conceptions occur in the period December to February, with a peak in the first half of January; usually only one ovulation occurs, and no animal ovulated more than twice, in a season; postpartum ovulation may occur, and evidence is presented that this is probably followed by conception and that animals may breed once a year but most females breed every other year; body length at birth is greater than 70 cm and less than 85 cm, and probably nearer the smaller figure; the gestation period is 10.5–12 months (depending on what is the actual figure for length at birth, but probably less than 11 months); lactation lasts at least nine months; the corpus luteum contains two morphologically distinct, but apparently functional cell types; there is no apparent morphological difference between corpora lutea which are not associated with pregnancy, and corpora lutea of pregnancy; corpora albicantia may persist for a maximum of four years before being reabsorbed completely.
The evolution of the mating system of the Carpenter bee Xylocopa varipuncta(Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)
Authors: Marshall Larry D. , Alcock John
Published: August 2009

The Carpenter bee, Xylocopa varipuncta, appears to have evolved a dispersed lek mating system. Males leave the natal nest in the late afternoon in March and April to hover for periods of up to two hours in the crowns of non‐flowering trees growing in desert washes. Females and other males occasionally visit a hovering male, probably drawn by a sex pheromone. Resident males repel intruders of the same sex and attempt to induce females to alight on foliage, where mating occurs. The hovering territories do not contain nests, or potential nest sites, or food resources for females. Lek territoriality may have evolved in this species because nests are difficult to locate and the food‐plants are evenly dispersed over a large area, making economical defence of patches of this resource unfeasible. Males are left with the option of demonstrating social dominance to potential mates through control of a superior landmark territory.
Delayed implantation in the Beech marten (Martes foina)
Authors: Canivenc R. , Mauget C. , Bonnin M. , Aitken R. J.
Published: August 2009

A detailed study of more than 100 Beech martens (Martes foina) captured in the Bordeaux region of France has revealed that this species exhibits a prolonged eight month period of delayed implantation which is initiated shortly after mating in July and is terminated in late February. Implantation is followed by a period of normal gestation lasting about 30 days. Birth of the young at the end of March/beginning of April is followed by a period of lactation which may last until mid‐May.

The Beech marten appears to conform to the pattern exhibited by other mustelids with delayed implantation in possessing inactive corpora lutea throughout the delay phase. The resumption of normal embryonic growth is preceded by a phase of luteal activation during which the corpora lutea increase in size and vascularity the luteal cells hypertrophy and the plasma concentration of progesterone increases significantly.
Gametogenesis in the cirratulid polychaetes Dodecaceria concharum and D. caulleryi
Authors: Gibson Peter H.
Published: August 2009

In Northumberland Dodecaceria concharum coexists in the same habitat as D. caulleryi. Morphologically both species are very similar but reproductively they are not. D. concharum is a parthenogenetic atoke while D. caulleryi has an asexual cycle that ends in an epitokous sexual phase. Histologically the gonad of both species had six cell types and the number of cells in each type were found during gametogenesis. In D. concharum the period over which gametogenesis occurs was followed from the increase in size of free coelomic oocytes and numbers of body segments. In D. caulleryi the period was followed by means of changes in the asexual cycle and metamorphosis into epitokes. In spite of the differences in the methods of reproduction of the two species gametogenesis of each was found to be almost identical. Only oogenesis could be compared since D. concharum does not have males. Prior to spawning in both species the production of oocytes by the ovary appeared to be inhibited. Possible hormonal mechanisms used to control atokous and epitokous spawning are discussed. From the histology of the gonads and oocytes D. concharum appeared to have half the number of chromosomes of D. caulleryi.
Ecological separation of three diurnal squirrels in tropical rainforest on Siberut Island, Indonesia
Authors: Whitten Jane E. J.
Published: August 2009

Reduced species diversity on islands is well documented. The present paper examines the ecological separation of diurnal squirrels on Siberut Island, Indonesia, and contrasts the results with those of studies on the neighbouring mainland.
Polyp mimicry in a new species of aeolid nudibranch mollusc
Authors: Rudman W. B.
Published: August 2009

A new species of aeolid mollusc of the genus Cuthona (Tergipedidae) is described from New South Wales, Australia. It feeds on the tubulariid hydroid Zyzzyzus spongicola, and its cerata have developed two circlets of epithelial “tentacles” making the cerata remarkable mimics of the hydroid polyp on which they feed.
NO‐flurbiprofen reduces amyloid‐β, is neuroprotective in cell culture, and enhances cognition in response to cholinergic blockade
Authors: Abdul‐Hay Samer O. , Luo Jia , Ashghodom Rezene T. , Thatcher Gregory R. J.
Published: August 2009

The non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug flurbiprofen is a selective amyloid lowering agent which has been studied clinically in Alzheimer’s disease. HCT‐1026 is an ester prodrug of flurbiprofen incorporating a nitrate carrier moiety that in vivo provides NO bioactivity and an improved safety profile. In vitro, HCT‐1026 retained the cyclooxygenase inhibitory and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug activity of flurbiprofen, but at concentrations at which levels of amyloid‐β 1–42 amino acid were lowered by flurbiprofen, amyloid‐β 1–42 amino acid levels were elevated 200% by HCT‐1026. Conversely, at lower concentrations, HCT‐1026 behaved as a selective amyloid lowering agent with greater potency than flurbiprofen. The difference in concentration–responses between flurbiprofen and HCT‐1026 in vitro suggests different cellular targets; and in no case did a combination of nitrate drug with flurbiprofen provide similar actions. In vivo, HCT‐1026 was observed to reverse cognitive deficits induced by scopolamine in two behavioral assays; activity that was also shown by a classical nitrate drug, but not by flurbiprofen. The ability to restore aversive memory and spatial working and reference memory after cholinergic blockade has been demonstrated by other agents that stimulate NO/cGMP signaling. These observations add positively to the preclinical profile of HCT‐1026 and NO chimeras in Alzheimer’s disease.
Selective modulation of amyloid‐β peptide degradation by flurbiprofen, fenofibrate, and related compounds regulates Aβ levels
Authors: Abdul‐Hay Samer O. , Edirisinghe Praneeth , Thatcher Gregory R. J.
Published: August 2009

Gamma‐secretase modulators (GSMs) include selected non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs such as flurbiprofen that selectively lowers the neurotoxic amyloid‐β peptide Aβ1–42. GSMs are attractive targets for Alzheimer’s disease, in contrast to ‘inverse GSMs,’ such as fenofibrate, which selectively increase the level of Aβ1–42. A methodology for screening of Aβ modulating drugs was developed utilizing an Aβ‐producing neuroblastoma cell line stably transfected with mutant human amyloid precursor protein, immunoprecipitation of Aβ peptides, and mass spectroscopic quantitation of Aβ1–37/Aβ1–38/Aβ1–40/Aβ1–42using an Aβ internal standard. The unexpected conclusion of this work was that in this system, drug effects are independent of γ‐secretase. The methodology recapitulated reported results for modulation of Aβ by GSMs. However, control experiments in which exogenous Aβ1–40/Aβ1–42was added (i) to drug‐treated wild‐type cells or (ii) to conditioned media from these wild‐type cells, gave comparable patterns of Aβ modulation. These results, suggesting that drugs modulate the ability of cell‐derived factors to degrade Aβ, was interrogated by adding protease inhibitors and performing molecular weight cut‐off fractionation. The results confirmed that modulation of Aβ1–40/Aβ1–42was mediated by selective proteolysis. Treatment of N2a cells with flurbiprofen or fenofibric acid selectively enhanced Aβ1–42clearance by extracellular proteolysis; treatment with HCT‐1026 or fenofibrate (esters of flurbiprofen and fenobric acid) inhibited clearance of Aβ1–40and Aβ1–42.
In vivoevidence that constitutive activity of serotonin2Creceptors in the medial prefrontal cortex participates in the control of dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens: differential effects of inverse agonist versus antagonist
Authors: Leggio Gian Marco , Cathala Adeline , Neny Maud , Rouge‐Pont Françoise , Drago Filippo , Piazza Pier Vincenzo , Spampinato Umberto
Published: August 2009

Control of the mesoaccumbens dopamine (DA) pathway by central serotonin2Creceptors (5‐HT2CRs) involves different 5‐HT2CR populations located within multiple brain areas. Here, usingin vivomicrodialysis in halothane‐anesthetized rats, we assessed the role of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) 5‐HT2CRs in the control of basal and activated accumbal DA outflow, to identify the modalities of their recruitment and the role of 5‐HT2CR constitutive activity. Intra‐mPFC injection of the 5‐HT2CR inverse agonist SB 206553 (0.5 μg/0.2 μL), without effect by itself, decreased accumbal DA outflow induced by morphine (2.5–10 mg/kg, s.c.), haloperidol (0.01 mg/kg, s.c.) or GBR 12909 (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.). Conversely, intra‐mPFC injection of the 5‐HT2CR antagonist SB 242084 (0.5 μg/0.2 μL), without effect by itself, decreased the effect of 10 mg/kg morphine, the only drug enhancing basal 5‐HT outflow in the mPFC. The inhibitory effect of SB 206553 on 2.5 mg/kg morphine‐stimulated DA outflow was suppressed by the concomitant intra‐mPFC injection of SB 242084. Finally, changes of basal DA outflow induced by the 5‐HT2CR agonist Ro 60‐0175 (3 mg/kg, i.p.) or SB 206553 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) were unaffected by intra‐mPFC injection of SB 242084. These results, showing that 5‐HT2CR antagonist and inverse agonist behave differentlyin vivo,demonstrate that mPFC 5‐HT2CRs facilitate activated accumbal DA outflow and that 5‐HT2CR constitutive activity participates in this interaction.
Statistical testing of the full‐range leadership theory in nursing
Authors: Kanste Outi , Kääriäinen Maria , Kyngäs Helvi
Published: August 2009

The aim of this study is to test statistically the structure of the full‐range leadership theory in nursing. The data were gathered by postal questionnaires from nurses and nurse leaders working in healthcare organizations in Finland. A follow‐up study was performed 1 year later. The sample consisted of 601 nurses and nurse leaders, and the follow‐up study had 78 respondents. Theory was tested through structural equation modelling, standard regression analysis and two‐way anova. Rewarding transformational leadership seems to promote and passive laissez‐faire leadership to reduce willingness to exert extra effort, perceptions of leader effectiveness and satisfaction with the leader. Active management‐by‐exception seems to reduce willingness to exert extra effort and perception of leader effectiveness. Rewarding transformational leadership remained as a strong explanatory factor of all outcome variables measured 1 year later. The data supported the main structure of the full‐range leadership theory, lending support to the universal nature of the theory.
Paroxetine inhibited the relaxations induced by EFS in mice corpus cavernosum: is it a NOS inhibition?
Authors: Kadioglu Mine , Muci Efnan , Ozyavuz Rasin , Yaris Ersin , Kesim Murat , Kalyoncu Nuri I.
Published: August 2009

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders but are associated with high incidence of sexual dysfunction such as ejaculation disorders by sertraline and fluoxetine, erection disorders by paroxetine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of paroxetine, sertraline and fluoxetine on relaxation of smooth muscle of corpus cavernosum on the basis of nitric oxide (NO). Male mice were killed by cervical dislocation and their penile tissues were immediately removed. The tissues were incubated in organ baths containing Krebs solution at 37°C and bubbled with 95% O2and 5% CO2. The corpus cavernosum strips were contracted with 10−5 mphenylephrine (PHE) and relaxed with either paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine (10−8–10−4 m) or electrical field stimulation (EFS). The effects of paroxetine, sertraline and fluoxetine were examined on EFS‐induced relaxations. While paroxetine did not show any effect on the corpus cavernosum strips precontracted with PHE, sertraline and fluoxetine caused a relaxation at concentrations of 3 × 10−5–10−4 m. The relaxations induced by sertraline and fluoxetine were completely abolished byl‐NAME, but notd‐NAME. The relaxations induced by EFS could be inhibited byl‐NAME but notd‐NAME. Paroxetine inhibited the relaxations at high concentrations.l‐Arginine potentiated the relaxations induced by EFS; however in the presence of paroxetine these relaxations were not observed. In contrast, sertraline (10−8–10−5 m) and fluoxetine (10−8–10−5m) increased the relaxations induced by EFS. Sertraline and fluoxetine seem to be releasing some relaxing factor(s) and this factor may be NO. Paroxetine probably has a NOS inhibitory activity either on nNOS or eNOS, in contrast to sertraline and fluoxetine.
Protective effect of quercetin, a polyphenolic compound, on mouse corpus cavernosum
Authors: Ertuğ Peyman U. , Olguner Anil A. , Öğülener Nuran , Şingirik Ergin
Published: August 2009

Flavonoids are plant‐based phenolic compounds, and quercetin is the most abundant dietary member of this family. One of the most important characteristics of quercetin is its antioxidant property. The aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant effects of quercetin on corpora cavernosa of mice. Corpora cavernosa were isolated in organ baths, precontracted with phenylephrine (0.5 μm) and relaxant responses were mediated by acetylcholine (0.1–1 μm), electrical field stimulation (EFS, 1–16 Hz, 0.5 ms, 30 V) or acidified sodium nitrite (a NaNO2, 0.5 mm). Superoxide anion generators; pyrogallol (50 μm), hydroquinone (100 μm), LY 83583 (6‐Anilinoquinolin‐5,8‐quinone, 10 μm) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor; diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DETCA, 8 mm) were used in order to expose corpus cavernosa to oxidant stress. Acetylcholine (0.1–1 μm) induced relaxant responses were significantly inhibited in LY 83583 (10 μm) and DETCA + LY 83583 applicated trials. EFS‐induced relaxant responses were significantly inhibited in DETCA (8 mm) and DETCA + LY 83583 administrated trials. On the other hand, acidified sodium nitrite‐induced responses were inhibited by all of the superoxide anion generators tested. Quercetin (10 μm) failed to improve the inhibitions on endothelium and electrically stimulated responses. Acidified sodium nitrite (0.5 mm) mediated relaxant responses were significantly restored by quercetin except the groups in which LY 83583 were used. The data suggest that quercetin acts as a protective agent in mouse corpus cavernosum, increasing the bioavailability of exogenous nitric oxide by protecting it from superoxide anion (O2–).
Unravelling the complex dissociation of [3H]‐rimonabant from plated CB1 cannabinoid receptor‐expressing cells
Authors: Wennerberg M. , Balendran A. , Clapham J.C. , Vauquelin Georges
Published: August 2009

The dissociation profile of the antagonist [3H]‐rimonabant from recombinant CB1 cannabinoid receptors expressed in plated HEK293 cells followed a complex pattern when measured in medium only. After a rapid decline, the specific binding levelled off at about 20% below the initial value. To unravel the responsible mechanism(s), we examined the relative contribution of binding to cells and walls of the culture wells respectively. Washout was also performed in the presence of an excess of unlabelled ligand and/or bovine serum albumin (BSA). The findings suggest that dissociated [3H]‐rimonabant molecules not only undergo rebinding to the same or neighbouring receptors but also partition in the cell membranes and fix to the walls. As these non‐receptor associations still occur in presence of unlabelled ligand, they can be erroneously regarded to represent ‘specific binding’. While the unlabelled ligand was most effective in preventing receptor rebinding, BSA was most effective in preventing non‐receptor associations. To measure receptor‐dissociation only, washout is best performed in presence of unlabelled ligand and BSA or any other protein that can pick‐up free radioligand molecules. Yet, washout in medium only could hint at mechanisms that affect the in vivo residence time of the drug in question.
Lactation stage‐dependent expression of transporters in rat whole mammary gland and primary mammary epithelial organoids
Authors: Gilchrist Samuel E. , Alcorn Jane
Published: August 2009

Since solute carrier (SLC) and ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters play pivotal roles in the transport of both nutrients and drugs into breast milk, drug–nutrient transport interactions at the lactating mammary gland are possible. Our purpose was to characterize lactation stage‐dependent changes in transporter expression in rat mammary gland and isolated mammary epithelial organoids (MEO) to provide additional insight for the safe use of maternal medications during breastfeeding. We used quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction to assess the temporal expression patterns of SLC and ABC transporters in rat mammary gland and isolated MEO at different stages of lactation. In whole mammary gland five distinct patterns of expression emerged relative to late gestation: (i) decreasing throughout lactation (Mdr1a, Mdr1b, Mrp1, Octn2, Ent2, Ent3, Ncbt2, Mtx1); (ii) prominent increase in early lactation, which may remain elevated or decline with advancing lactation (Octn1, Cnt2, Cnt3, Ent1, Pept1, Pept2); (iii) constant but decreasing later in lactation (Octn3, Dmt1); (iv) increasing until mid‐to‐late lactation (Oct1, Cnt1); and (v) prominent increase late in lactation (Ncbt1). In isolated MEO (an enriched source of mammary epithelial cells) major differences in expression patterns were noted for Octn3, Ncbt1, and Mtx1, but otherwise were reasonably similar with the whole mammary gland. In conclusion our study augments existing data on transporter expression in the lactating mammary gland. These data should facilitate investigations into lactation‐stage dependent changes in drug or nutrient milk‐to‐serum concentration ratios, the potential for drug– or disease–transporter interactions, and mechanistic studies of transporter function in the lactating mammary gland.
Cultural Issues in Child Assessment
Authors: Nikapota Anula
Published: August 2009

The focus of this review is the ways in which behaviour can be measured across cultures. Similarities and differences in behaviour and how these may be understood are discussed, with particular reference to recognition of problem behaviours. The review considers the evidence relating to the appropriateness of instruments currently used in cross cultural research to elicit information about behaviour. The review concludes with a discussion on future needs in this regard.
Neurocognitive effects of adjunctive levetiracetam in children with partial‐onset seizures: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, noninferiority trial
Authors: Levisohn Paul M. , Mintz Mark , Hunter Scott J. , Yang Haichen , Jones John ,   on behalf of the N01103 Levetiracetam Study Group
Published: August 2009

Purpose:  Evaluate potential neurocognitive effects of adjunctive levetiracetam in children with inadequately controlled partial‐onset seizures (POS).

Methods:  Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, noninferiority safety study. Children (4–16 years; IQ ≥65) with ≥1 POS during 4 weeks before screening despite taking 1–2 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were randomized (2:1) to levetiracetam (20–60 mg/kg/day) or placebo for 12 weeks.

Results:  Ninety‐nine patients were randomized with 98 (levetiracetam 64, placebo 34) in intent‐to‐treat (ITT) and 73 (levetiracetam 46, placebo 27) in per protocol (PP) populations. Primary cognitive assessment was the Leiter International Performance Scale–Revised Attention and Memory Battery with the memory screen composite score change from baseline as the primary endpoint. PP Least Square Mean [LSM (standard error)] were 5.36 (1.78) for levetiracetam; 5.17 (2.33) for placebo; difference [two‐sided 90% confidence interval (CI)] 0.19 (−4.69, 5.08). Levetiracetam was noninferior to placebo because the 90% CI lower bound was greater than the defined noninferiority margin (−9.0). There were no statistically significant differences between groups in Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning‐2 indexes and Leiter‐R Examiner’s Rating Scale scores. Median reductions from baseline in weekly POS frequency were 91.5% versus 26.5% for levetiracetam versus placebo; ≥50% responder rates: 62.5% versus 41.2%; seizure freedom rates: 46.9% versus 8.8% (ITT). Adverse events were reported by 89.1% levetiracetam‐treated and 85.3% placebo‐treated patients; those reported by ≥10% levetiracetam patients and more often with levetiracetam were headache, nasopharyngitis, fatigue, vomiting, somnolence, and aggression.

Discussion:  Neurocognitive effects were no different in pediatric patients with POS treated with adjunctive levetiracetam or placebo. Levetiracetam was effective and well tolerated.
NOVEL PROTEINS COMPRISING THE STRAMENOPILE TRIPARTITE MASTIGONEME IN OCHROMONAS DANICA (CHRYSOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Yamagishi Takahiro , Motomura Taizo , Nagasato Chikako , Kawai Hiroshi
Published: August 2009

Two‐dimensional (2‐D) protein analysis of the mastigoneme fraction of the chromophyte alga Ochromonas danica E. G. Pringsh. showed the presence of several component proteins of the tubular mastigoneme. Adding to the reported gene Ocm1, three new genes (Ocm2, Ocm3, and Ocm4) belonging to the Ocm gene family were isolated using degenerate primers designed from predicted Ocm1 amino acid sequences. The predicted polypeptides encoded by Ocm2, Ocm3, and Ocm4 were smaller in size than Ocm1. However, they shared four highly conserved, cysteine‐rich, epithelial growth factor (EGF)‐like motifs, potentially involved in protein–protein interaction. In addition, Ocm2, Ocm3, and Ocm4 showed homology to the SIG protein family in the centric diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (Grunow) Fryxell et Hasle, which is up‐regulated during early stages of sexual reproduction. Immunofluorescence analysis with a polyclonal antibody against the partial amino acid sequences of Ocm2, Ocm3, and Ocm4 showed that Ocm2 and Ocm3 were located in the basal segment region of mastigonemes attached on the surface of the anterior flagellum, and that Ocm4 was located within the tubular shaft portion similar to Ocm1.
Visual Field Loss and Risk of Fractures in Older Women
Authors: Coleman Anne L. , Cummings Steven R. , Ensrud Kristine E. , Yu Fei , Gutierrez Peter , Stone Katie L. , Cauley Jane A. , Pedula Kathryn L. , Hochberg Marc C. , Mangione Carol M. ,   for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the associations between visual field loss and nonspine fractures.

DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.

SETTING: Community.

PARTICIPANTS: Four thousand seven hundred seventy‐three community‐dwelling white and African‐American women aged 65 and older with no previous history of hip fracture at the time of recruitment.

MEASUREMENTS: Radiographically confirmed hip and nonspine, nonhip fractures identified from September 1997 to April 2008. Visual field loss was measured using a Humphrey Field Analyzer suprathreshold screening test of the peripheral and central vision of each eye and was classified into an ordinal rating of no, mild, moderate, or severe binocular visual field (BVF) loss.

RESULTS: For hip and nonspine, nonhip fractures and in unadjusted and covariate‐adjusted analyses, the highest incidence of fractures was seen in women with the most‐severe BVF loss. In covariate‐adjusted analysis, women with mild, moderate, and severe BVF loss had a 49% (hazard ratio (HR)=1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.18–1.88), 25% (HR=1.25, 95% CI=0.87–1.80), and 66% (HR=1.66, 95% CI=1.19–2.32) greater risk, respectively, for hip fractures than women without BVF loss. Similarly, women with mild visual field loss had a 12% (HR=0.88, 95% CI=0.75–1.04) lower risk for nonspine, nonhip fractures, whereas women with moderate and severe visual field loss had a 18% (HR=1.18, 95% CI=0.92–1.52) and 59% (HR=1.59, 95% CI=1.24–2.03) greater risk of nonspine, nonhip fractures than women without BVF loss.

CONCLUSION: BVF loss is independently associated with hip and nonspine, nonhip fractures in older female volunteers.
Curriculum for the Hospitalized Aging Medical Patient Review
Authors: Cumbler Ethan
Published: August 2009

Geriatricians, hospitalists, general medicine faculty, and PhD educators at the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine designed the Curriculum for the Hospitalized Aging Medical Patient (CHAMP) with support from the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation. It represents a comprehensive faculty development curriculum in hospital‐based geriatrics. The program comprises multiple educational modules including PowerPoint presentations, bedside teaching triggers, and workshops for faculty learners. The curriculum includes evaluation instruments, observed structured teaching exercises, and pocket teaching cards with pearls for ward‐based teaching.
Interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Ertam Ilgen , Itirli Gulcin , Onay Huseyin , Alper Sibel , Ozkinay Ferda
Published: August 2009

Background: It has been shown that the family of interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1 RA) and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNFα) genes are polymorphic and related to some inflammatory diseases. Allergic contact dermatitis is the classic presentation of delayed‐type hypersensitivity responses to exogenous agents. A number of genes playing role in inflammatory response may be associated with allergic contact dermatitis.

Objectives: To investigate whether there is an association between IL‐1RA and TNFα gene polymorphisms and allergic contact dermatitis in Turkish patients with allergic contact dermatitis.

Methods: This study was performed by the collaboration of Departments of Dermatology and Medical Genetics, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine. A total of 50 patients (31 females and 19 males) with allergic contact dermatitis, and 100 age‐ and sex‐matched controls (58 females and 42 males) were included in the study. IL‐1RA Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) polymorphism in intron 2 and TNFα‐308G‐A polymorphism were genotyped by using polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis.

Results: The frequency of IL‐1RA 1/2 (48%) genotype was significantly higher (P = 0.002) in patient group than that is found in control group (22%). The frequency of TNFα (TNF G‐308A) G/G genotype was significantly higher in patient group (68%) than that is found in control group (31%) (P = 0.008).

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that TNFα (G/G) gene polymorphism may play role in susceptibility to allergic contact dermatitis in Turkish patients.
Intraepidermal and dermal Merkel cell carcinoma with squamous cell carcinoma in situ: a case report with review of literature
Authors: Sirikanjanapong Sasis , Melamed Jonathan , Patel Rishi R
Published: August 2009

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare aggressive primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, occurs on sun‐damaged skin, especially in the elderly. Its unique co‐expression of cytokeratin 20 (CK20) and neuroendocrine markers, including neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), is diagnostic. Most MCCs are located in the dermis, rarely has an intraepidermal component been reported. We report a case of MCC with an intraepidermal component admixed with squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS). We were able to identify the differences in the immunohistochemical expression pattern between that of the intraepidermal and the dermal components. Most intraepidermal neoplastic cells of MCC in this case showed a less intense immunoreactivity to CK20 and NSE compared to that of dermal neoplastic cells. This case reports an unusual occurrence of combined SCC and MCC that shows both intraepidermal and dermal components.

Sirikanjanapong S, Melamed J, Patel R. Intraepidermal and dermal Merkel cell carcinoma with squamous cell carcinoma in situ: a case report and review of literature.
Multiple cutaneous monoclonal B‐cell proliferations as harbingers of systemic angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Bayerl Michael G. , Hennessy Jeannie , Ehmann William Christopher , Bagg Adam , Rosamilia Lorraine , Clarke Loren E.
Published: August 2009

We describe a 66‐year‐old man initially diagnosed with primary cutaneous marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma who developed four additional monoclonal/monotypic B‐cell lymphoid proliferations and a systemic angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma over the course of 19 months. Through retrospective analysis, we identified the evolution of a T‐cell clone within the background of clinically and pathologically dominant cutaneous B‐cell tumors. In terms of clinical practice, this case supports that patients diagnosed with multiple clonal B‐cell proliferation need thorough investigation and close clinical follow up to identify a coexistent or evolving systemic lymphoma, in particular, peripheral T‐cell lymphomas of follicular T‐helper cell type, such as angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma. Biologically, this case offers unique insight into the interactions between B‐cell and T‐cell lineages in lymphoid neoplasia.

Bayerl MG, Hennessy J, Ehmann WC, Bagg A, Rosamilia L, Clarke LE. Multiple cutaneous monoclonal B‐cell proliferations as harbingers of systemic angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma.
Human platelet alloantigens (HPA) 1, HPA2, HPA3, HPA4, and HPA5 polymorphisms in sickle cell anemia patients with vaso‐occlusive crisis
Authors: Al‐Subaie Abeer M. , Fawaz Naglaa A. , Mahdi Najat , Al‐Absi Iman K. , Al‐Ola Khadija , Ameen Ghada , Almawi Wassim Y.
Published: August 2009

Objectives:  Vaso‐occlusive crisis (VOC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in sickle cell anemia (SCA) patients. Insofar as polymorphism in human platelet alloantigen (HPA) exhibit a prothrombotic nature, we hypothesized that specific HPA polymorphic variants are associated with VOC. We investigated the distribution of HPA1, HPA2, HPA3, HPA4, and HPA5 alleles genotypes among VOC and non‐VOC control SCA patients.

Patients/methods:  This was a case–control study. Study subjects comprised SCA patients with (VOC group; n = 127) or without (Steady‐state group; n = 130) VOC events. HPA genotyping was done by PCR‐SSP.

Results:  Significantly higher frequencies of HPA‐2b, HPA‐3b, and HPA‐5b alleles, and marked enrichment of HPA‐3b/3b, HPA‐5a/5b, and HPA‐5b/5b genotypes, were seen in VOC than in control SCA patients. Taking homozygous wild‐type genotypes as reference, univariate analysis identified HPA‐3a/3b, HPA‐3b/3b, and HPA‐5b/5b to be associated with VOC. Multivariate analysis confirmed the independent association of only HPA‐3a/3b and HPA‐3b/3b genotypes with VOC. HPA‐3 genotypes were significantly correlated with VOC frequency, type, and medication, and requirement for hospitalization. While both HPA 3a/3b (P = 0.002; OR = 2.94; 95% CI = 1.49–5.77) and 3b/3b (P = 0.006; OR = 3.16; 95% CI = 1.40–7.17) genotypes were associated with need for hospitalization, only HPA‐3b/3b was associated with VOC frequency, type (localized vs. generalized), and medication (narcotics vs. NSAIDs).

Conclusion:  This confirms the association of HPA polymorphisms with SCA VOC, of which HPA‐3 appears to be independent genetic risk factors for SCA VOC.
Association of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 with adipocyte number, insulin resistance and liver function markers
Authors: Bose Tanushree , Alvarenga Juan Carlos Lopez , Tejero M. Elizabeth , Voruganti V. Saroja , Proffitt J. Michael , Freeland‐Graves Jeanne H. , Cole Shelley A. , Comuzzie Anthony G.
Published: August 2009

Background  Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) is an inflammatory chemokine known to induce adipocyte dedifferentiation and insulin resistance. Inflammation, insulin resistance, and obesity have been implicated in the pathogenesis of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Methods  Fasting plasma from 43 baboons were assayed for MCP‐1, insulin, glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Adipocyte number and volume were measured via biopsies of omental adipose tissue. The homeostatic model assessment method (HOMA) was used to estimate systemic insulin resistance.

Results  Sex and age adjusted correlations were significant for MCP‐1 with adipocyte number (r = −0.42; P = 0.01), adipocyte volume (r = 0.38; P = 0.02), HOMA (r = 0.45; P = 0.004), ALT (r = 0.46; P = 0.03) and AST (r = 0.45; P = 0.03).

Conclusions  These results suggest that MCP‐1 is related with adipocyte dedifferentiation and systemic insulin resistance, thereby potentially contributing to the development of NAFLD.