bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Comparative Study on the Characterization of Guanidine Hydrochloride Soluble Collagen and Pepsin Soluble Collagen from the Body of Surf Clam Shell (Coelomactra antiquata)
Authors: Wu Jiulin , Guo Xiaoban , Liu Hui , Chen Li
Published: January 2019

The aim of this study was to characterize the collagens from the body of surf clam shell (Coelomactra antiquata). Guanidine hydrochloride and pepsin were used to extract collagens. Guanidine hydrochloride soluble collagen (GSC) and pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) were separately isolated from the body of surf clam shell. Results showed that the moisture, protein, carbohydrate, and ash contents of the body of surf clam shell were 82.46%, 11.56%, 3.05%, and 2.38%, respectively, but the fat content was only 0.55%. The yields were 0.59% for GSC and 3.78% for PSC. Both GSC and PSC were composed of α1 and α2 chains and a β chain, however, GSC and PSC showed distinct differences from each other and the type I collagen from grass carp muscle on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). GSC and PSC contained glycine as the major amino acid and had imino acid of 150 and 155 residues/1000 residues, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of GSC and PSC revealed the presence of a triple helix. The GSC appeared to have a dense sheet-like film linked by random-coiled filaments and PSC had fine globular filaments under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The maximum transition temperature (Tmax) of GSC and PSC was 33.05 °C and 31.33 °C, respectively. These results provide valuable scientific information for the texture study and development of surf clam shell or other bivalve mollusks.
Dementia in an Acute Hospital Setting: Health Service Research to Profile Patient Characteristics and Predictors of Adverse Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Singh Inderpal , Edwards Chris , Duric Daniel , Rasuly Aman , Musa Sabdat Oziohu , Anwar Anser
Published: January 2019

Introduction: Patients with dementia often have other associated medical co-morbidities resulting in adverse outcomes. The National Audit of Dementia (NAD) in the UK showed a wide variation in the quality and clinical care for acute dementia patients. This study aims to record the clinical profile and benchmark clinical outcomes of acute dementia patients admitted within Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Wales (UK). Methods: This was a retrospective observational study based on analysis of the existing data for all acute dementia patients. Ethical approval was not required for this service evaluation. Results: In 2016, a total of 1770 dementia patients had 2474 acute admissions. We studied 1167 acute admissions (953 dementia patients) from 1st January 2016–30th June 2016. The mean age was 84.5 ± 7.8 years (females = 63.5%). Mean Charlson comorbidity index and the number of drugs were 6.0 ± 1.5 and 5.1 ± 2.1. 15.4% (147/953) patients were on antipsychotics. Overall mean hospital stay was 19.4 ± 27.2 days. 30-days readmission rate was 17.2% (138/800) with a mean hospital stay of 14.6 ± 17.9 days. 3.4% (32/953) patients were excluded due to a coding error. 70.3% (n = 670/953) were previously living in their own homes and only 26.3% (n = 251/953) were admitted from care homes. 59.5% patients (n = 399/670) were discharged back to their homes and 21.6% (145/670) were discharged to a new care home, which represents an approximately 1.68 times higher rate of new care home occupancy than the patients being originally admitted from a care home. Overall inpatient was 16.0% (153/953). 30-days and one-year mortality were 22.3% (213/953) and 49.2% (469/953) respectively. The observed mortality rates between patients admitted from home or from a care home were highly significant for one-year mortality (p < 0.001). The inpatient falls rate was significantly higher (1.8 times) as compared to overall general medical inpatient falls rate. Conclusion: Acute patients with dementia have a higher risk of adverse outcomes and the impact of hospitalisation. Prompt comprehensive geriatric assessment and quality improvement initiatives are needed to improve clinical outcomes and to enhance the quality of care.
The Digital Griotte: Bessora’s Para/Textual Discourses on Identity Politics and Neocolonialism in Contemporary France
Authors: Mouflard Claire
Published: January 2019

This article examines Bessora’s literary and digital criticism of postcolonial France, particularly in her first novel, 53 cm, and on her website, Tendre peau de vache. Bessora’s use of digital media in particular allows her to chronicle unofficial discourses on immigration, migration, and identity politics in France as alternative textual productions to her printed novels. Since there is a gap in academic studies regarding author websites and their contents, this study aims to start a conversation on the discursive function of an author’s digital textual productions. Following Jean Baudrillard’s theory in The Spirit of Terrorism according to which a terrorist act is successful when it distances itself from the real and exalts itself in the realm of the symbolic, this article argues that Bessora’s digital discourses on the post-Charlie Hebdo terrorist attack effectively denounce the disappearance of the real in French culture in favor of ideals such as the #jesuischarlie movement. From the publication of 53 cm in 1999 to her commentaries on France’s alienation of the lowest socio-economic class in Le Testament de Nicolas (2016), the self-proclaimed griotte’s print and digital productions complement each other and bring the reader closer to an understanding of institutional neocolonialist practices in France.
Clinical Use of an Order Protocol for Distress in Pediatric Palliative Care
Authors: Marquis Marc-Antoine , Daoust Lysanne , Villeneuve Edith , Ducruet Thierry , Humbert Nago , Gauvin France
Published: January 2019

Several children receiving palliative care experience dyspnea and pain. An order protocol for distress (OPD) is available at Sainte-Justine Hospital, aimed at alleviating respiratory distress, pain and anxiety in pediatric palliative care patients. This study evaluates the clinical use of the OPD at Sainte-Justine Hospital, through a retrospective chart review of all patients for whom the OPD was prescribed between September 2009 and September 2012. Effectiveness of the OPD was assessed using chart documentation of the patient’s symptoms, or the modified Borg scale. Safety of the OPD was evaluated by measuring the time between administration of the first medication and the patient’s death, and clinical evolution of the patient as recorded in the chart. One hundred and four (104) patients were included in the study. The OPD was administered at least once to 78 (75%) patients. A total of 350 episodes of administration occurred, mainly for respiratory distress (89%). Relief was provided in 90% of cases. The interval between administration of the first protocol and death was 17 h; the interval was longer in children with cancer compared to other illnesses (p = 0.02). Data from this study support the effectiveness and safety of using an OPD for children receiving palliative care.
Gender Differences in the Prevalence and Correlates of Elder Abuse in a Community-Dwelling Older Population in Korea
Authors: Jeon Gyeong-Suk , Cho Sung-Il , Choi Kyungwon , Jang Kwang-Sim
Published: January 2019

Background: We examined gender differences in the prevalence estimates and correlates of elder abuse in a community-dwelling older population in Korea. Methods: We analyzed responses from the Living Profiles of Older People Survey (LPOPS), which comprises a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized Korean older adults living in the community. A total of 10,184 older persons (4179 men and 6005 women) were included in the analysis. Results: The overall rate of elder abuse was 9.9%, and emotional elder abuse was the most frequent type. Of the men and women subjects, 8.8 and 10.6%, respectively, had experienced elder abuse. We observed significant gender differences in the correlates of elder abuse. Educational attainment was significantly associated with elder abuse in men but not in women. Poor self-rated health was significantly associated with elder abuse in women but not in men. Household income and relationship with children were significantly associated with elder abuse in both men and women. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the factors that make elderly persons vulnerable to elder abuse may differ by gender. A better understanding of the risk factors for elder abuse across genders will facilitate the development of elder abuse prevention strategies, practices, and policies.
Does Europe Need an EU Product Safety Directive for Access Scaffolding?
Authors: Rubio-Romero Juan Carlos , Suárez-Cebador Manuel , Pardo-Ferreira María del Carmen , De la Varga-Salto José María , Carrillo-Castrillo Jesús Antonio
Published: January 2019

The main requirement established for the development of European Union product safety directives is to ensure a high level of safety for users. This research aims to analyze whether Europe needs a product safety directive for scaffolding and identify the main factors to be defined in public policies on the use of standardized scaffolding in the absence of such a directive. The principal types of scaffolding were reviewed, along with European regulations, and their risk levels. Finally, a qualitative study using a panel of experts was conducted to determine the differences between types of scaffolding and whether the enactment of such a directive would be justified. Key results were that the risk level associated with scaffolding positioned it third or fourth between material agents more hazardous in relation to falls from height. There is no existing product safety directive for scaffolding, despite the fact that there are directives for other products less dangerous than or as dangerous as scaffolding. However, there are noncompulsory standards EN 12810-1-2 and EN 12811-1-2-3-4 for scaffolding, which would form the basis of the essential requirements contained in a directive if it were created. The experts highlighted significant differences between “standardized” and “nonstandardized” scaffolding, with higher safety levels and productivity, and better maintenance, inspection, assembly, and dismantling associated with the former, and lower costs with the latter. Thus, they found that the enacting of an EU product safety directive for scaffolding would be justifiable, and in its absence supported the promotion of the use of standardized scaffolding.
Effectiveness of Interventions to Reduce Exposure to Parental Secondhand Smoke at Home among Children in China: A Systematic Review
Authors: Zhou Yan Hua , Mak Yim Wah , Ho Grace W. K.
Published: January 2019

There are health consequences to exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). About two-thirds of children in China live with at least one person, usually a parent, who smokes at home. However, none of the reviews of interventions for reducing SHS have targeted children in China. The purpose of this study was to review the effectiveness of interventions for reducing parental SHS exposure at home among children in China. We searched various electronic databases for English and Chinese publications appearing between 1997 and 2017. Thirteen relevant studies were identified. Common strategies used in intervention groups were non-pharmacological approaches such as counseling plus self-help materials, and attempting to persuade fathers to quit smoking. Family interactions and follow-up sessions providing counseling or using text messages could be helpful to successful quitting. Several encouraging results were observed, including lower cotinine levels in children (n = 2), reduced tobacco consumption (n = 5), and increased quit rates (n = 6) among parents. However, the positive effects were not sustained 3~6 months after the interventions. Self-reported quitting without bio-chemical validation was the most common outcome measure. A study design using biochemical validations, a longer follow-up period, and targeting all people living with children in the same household is recommended.
Waist Circumference and All-Cause Mortality among Older Adults in Rural Indonesia
Authors: Pujilestari Cahya Utamie , Nyström Lennarth , Norberg Margareta , Ng Nawi
Published: January 2019

Waist circumference, a measure of abdominal obesity, is associated with all-cause mortality in general adult population. However, the link between abdominal obesity with all-cause mortality in the studies of older adults is unclear. This study aims to determine the association between waist circumference and all-cause mortality in older adults in Indonesia. The association between waist circumference and all-cause mortality was examined in 10,997 men and women aged 50 years and older, in the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Network of field sites for continuous Demographic Evaluation of Populations and their Health in developing countries (INDEPTH) collaboration Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) in Purworejo District Central Java, Indonesia during 2007–2010. Multivariate Cox regression analysis with restricted cubic splines was used to assess the non-linear association between waist circumference and all-cause mortality. During the 3-year follow-up, a total of 511 men and 470 women died. The hazard ratio plot shows a pattern of U-shape relationship between waist circumference and all-cause mortality among rich women, though the result was significant only for women in the lower end of waist circumference distribution (p < 0.05). Poor men with a low waist circumference (5th percentile) have a two times higher mortality risk (HR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.3, 3.3) relative to those with a waist circumference of 90 cm. Poor women with a low waist circumference (25th percentile) have a 1.4 times higher mortality risk (HR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.1, 1.8) relative to those with a waist circumference of 80 cm. This study shows a significant association between low waist circumference measure and mortality, particularly among poor men and women. Though the association between large waist circumference and mortality was not significant, we observed a trend of higher mortality risk particularly among rich women with large waist circumference measure. Public health intervention should include efforts to improve nutritional status among older people and promoting healthy lifestyle behaviours including healthy food and active lifestyle.
Influence of Cationic meso-Substituted Porphyrins on the Antimicrobial Photodynamic Efficacy and Cell Membrane Interaction in Escherichia coli
Authors: Hurst Alexandra N. , Scarbrough Beth , Saleh Roa , Hovey Jessica , Ari Farideh , Goyal Shreya , Chi Richard J. , Troutman Jerry M. , Vivero-Escoto Juan L.
Published: January 2019

Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a non-antibiotic option for the treatment of infectious diseases. Although Gram-positive bacteria have been shown to be highly susceptible to PDI, the inactivation of Gram-negative bacteria has been more challenging due to the impermeability properties of the outer membrane. In the present study, a series of photosensitizers which contain one to four positive charges (1–4) were used to evaluate the charge influence on the PDI of a Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and their interaction with the cell membrane. The dose-response PDI results confirm the relevance of the number of positive charges on the porphyrin molecule in the PDI of E. coli. The difference between the Hill coefficients of cationic porphyrins with 1–3 positive charges and the tetra-cationic porphyrin (4) revealed potential variations in their mechanism of inactivation. Fluorescent live-cell microscopy studies showed that cationic porphyrins with 1–3 positive charges bind to the cell membrane of E. coli, but are not internalized. On the contrary, the tetra-cationic porphyrin (4) permeates through the membrane of the cells. The contrast in the interaction of cationic porphyrins with E. coli confirmed that they followed different mechanisms of inactivation. This work helps to have a better understanding of the structure-activity relationship in the efficiency of the PDI process of cationic porphyrins against Gram-negative bacteria.
Applications of In-Cell NMR in Structural Biology and Drug Discovery
Authors: Kang CongBao
Published: January 2019

In-cell nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a method to provide the structural information of a target at an atomic level under physiological conditions and a full view of the conformational changes of a protein caused by ligand binding, post-translational modifications or protein–protein interactions in living cells. Previous in-cell NMR studies have focused on proteins that were overexpressed in bacterial cells and isotopically labeled proteins injected into oocytes of Xenopus laevis or delivered into human cells. Applications of in-cell NMR in probing protein modifications, conformational changes and ligand bindings have been carried out in mammalian cells by monitoring isotopically labeled proteins overexpressed in living cells. The available protocols and successful examples encourage wide applications of this technique in different fields such as drug discovery. Despite the challenges in this method, progress has been made in recent years. In this review, applications of in-cell NMR are summarized. The successful applications of this method in mammalian and bacterial cells make it feasible to play important roles in drug discovery, especially in the step of target engagement.
SNF1-Related Protein Kinases SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10 Modulate ROS Homeostasis in Plant Response to Salt Stress
Authors: Szymańska Katarzyna Patrycja , Polkowska-Kowalczyk Lidia , Lichocka Małgorzata , Maszkowska Justyna , Dobrowolska Grażyna
Published: January 2019

In response to salinity and various other environmental stresses, plants accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS produced at very early stages of the stress response act as signaling molecules activating defense mechanisms, whereas those produced at later stages in an uncontrolled way are detrimental to plant cells by damaging lipids, DNA, and proteins. Multiple systems are involved in ROS generation and also in ROS scavenging. Their level and activity are tightly controlled to ensure ROS homeostasis and protect the plant against the negative effects of the environment. The signaling pathways responsible for maintaining ROS homeostasis in abiotic stress conditions remain largely unknown. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, two abscisic acid- (ABA)-non-activated SNF1-releted protein kinases 2 (SnRK2) kinases, SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10, are involved in the regulation of ROS homeostasis in response to salinity. They regulate the expression of several genes responsible for ROS generation at early stages of the stress response as well as those responsible for their removal. Moreover, the SnRK2.4 regulate catalase levels and its activity and the level of ascorbate in seedlings exposed to salt stress.
Vitamin D and Human Health
Authors: Zmijewski Michal A.
Published: January 2019

Vitamin D is currently one of the hottest topics in research and clinics, as well as in everyday life. Over the past decades, scientists gathered overwhelming evidence indicating that the observed global vitamin D deficiency not only has a negative impact on human skeletal system, but also facilitates development and progression of multiple disease of civilization, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, autoimmune disease, and cancer. This Special Issue, entitled “Vitamin D and Human Health”, summarizes recent advances in our understanding of pleiotropic activity of vitamin D in the form of eight comprehensive reviews. Furthermore, eight research papers provide new insight into vitamin D research and highlight new directions.
Impact of Self-Rated Health on Progression to a Metabolically Unhealthy Phenotype in Metabolically Healthy Obese and Non-Obese Individuals
Authors: Kim Mi-Hyun , Chang Yoosoo , Jung Hyun-Suk , Shin Hocheol , Ryu Seungho
Published: January 2019

We examined the association between self-rated health (SRH), a subjective measure of an individual’s health status, and the incidence of metabolic abnormalities, as well as the effect of obesity on this association in metabolically healthy individuals. The cohort study included 85,377 metabolically healthy men and women who were followed annually or biennially for a median of 3.0 years (interquartile range, 1.9–4.1 years). A parametric proportional hazard model was used to assess hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between SRH and the incidence of metabolic abnormalities. During 258,689.03 person-years, 40,858 participants developed metabolic abnormalities. Poorer SRH was significantly associated with increased risk of developing any metabolic abnormality including hypertriglyceridemia, high homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and fatty liver in a dose-dependent manner (p for trend <0.05). The association between SRH and progression to metabolically unhealthy status was much stronger in individuals with obesity than those without, especially in relation to any metabolic abnormality, fatty liver, and high C-reactive protein (all p for interaction by obesity <0.05). The multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) for any metabolic abnormality comparing the “poor or very poor” vs. the “very good” self-rated health category was 0.97 (0.90–1.05) among non-obese subjects, whereas the corresponding HR (95% CI) among obese subjects was 1.25 (1.02–1.52). Low SRH, as assessed by a single question, was independently associated with increased risk of progression to metabolically unhealthy status in metabolically healthy individuals, especially metabolically healthy individuals with obesity. SRH may help identify individuals at high risk for progression to metabolically unhealthy status.
Hyperspectral Imaging as Powerful Technique for Investigating the Stability of Painting Samples
Authors: Bonifazi Giuseppe , Capobianco Giuseppe , Pelosi Claudia , Serranti Silvia
Published: January 2019

The aim of this work is to present the utilization of Hyperspectral Imaging for studying the stability of painting samples to simulated solar radiation, in order to evaluate their use in the restoration field. In particular, ready-to-use commercial watercolours and powder pigments were tested, with these last ones being prepared for the experimental by gum Arabic in order to propose a possible substitute for traditional reintegration materials. Samples were investigated through Hyperspectral Imaging in the short wave infrared range before and after artificial ageing procedure performed in Solar Box chamber under controlled conditions. Data were treated and elaborated in order to evaluate the sensitivity of the Hyperspectral Imaging technique to identify the variations on paint layers, induced by photo-degradation, before they could be detected by eye. Furthermore, a supervised classification method for monitoring the painted surface changes, adopting a multivariate approach was successfully applied.
The Methacrylate Adhesive to Double-Lap Shear Joints Made of High-Strength Steel—Experimental Study
Authors: Kałuża Marta , Hulimka Jacek , Kubica Jan , Tekieli Marcin
Published: January 2019

In typical technical applications, steel components are usually connected by welding or with mechanical connectors. An alternative solution, typical in the aviation and automotive industry, but not widespread in engineering structures, is to join thin sheet metal using adhesives. The article presents an experimental study of adhesive joints used in overlap connections subjected to static tension. A methacrylate adhesive, selected experimentally from a range of adhesives, which combines the optimum strength and strain properties, was tested. The laboratory tests were carried out on double-lap specimens made of high-strength Domex 700 steel. On the basis of the experimental results, the behavior of the specimens and their failure mechanism, depending on the anchorage lengths used (200, 300 and 400 mm), are described. The tests confirmed the effectiveness of the selected methacrylate adhesive in a practical application. It was shown that with the appropriate anchorage length (adequate to the type of steel components and the joint geometry) between 300 and 400 mm, the capacity of the adhesive joint is higher than the capacity of a single steel component. Two types of specimen behavior were recognized: Quasi-brittle, which occurs at the anchorage length of 200 mm, and ductile, observed for 300 mm and 400 mm anchoring. In addition, thanks to the optical measurement method used, a detailed strain distribution on the specimen surface was determined. The data will be used for subsequent validation of an analytical and numerical model.
Sample Sizes Based on Weibull Distribution and Normal Distribution for FRP Tensile Coupon Test
Authors: Yang Yongxin , Li Weijie , Tang Wenshui , Li Biao , Zhang Dengfeng
Published: January 2019

Current guidelines stipulate a sample size of five for a tensile coupon test of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites based on the assumption of a normal distribution and a sample coefficient of variation (COV) of 0.058. Increasing studies have validated that a Weibull distribution is more appropriate in characterizing the tensile properties of FRP. However, few efforts have been devoted to sample size evaluation based on a Weibull distribution. It is not clear if the Weibull distribution will result in a more conservative sample size value. In addition, the COV of FRP’s properties can vary from 5% to 15% in practice. In this study, the sample size based on a two-parameter Weibull distribution is compared with that based on a normal distribution. It is revealed that the Weibull distribution results in almost the same sample size as the normal distribution, which means that the sample size based on a normal distribution is applicable. For coupons with COVs varying from 0.05 to 0.20, the sample sizes range from less than 10 to more than 60. The use of only five coupons will lead to a prediction error of material property between 6.2% and 24.8% for COVs varying from 0.05 to 0.20.
Rheological and Interaction Analysis of Asphalt Binder, Mastic and Mortar
Authors: Chen Meng , Javilla Barugahare , Hong Wei , Pan Changluan , Riara Martin , Mo Liantong , Guo Meng
Published: January 2019

This paper investigated the rheological properties of asphalt binder, asphalt mastic and asphalt mortar and the interaction between asphalt binder, mineral filler and fine aggregates. Asphalt binder, mastic and mortar can be regarded as the binding phase at different scales in asphalt concrete. Asphalt mastic is a blend of asphalt binder and mineral filler smaller than 0.075 mm while asphalt mortar consists of asphalt binder, mineral filler and fine aggregate smaller than 2.36 mm. The material compositions of mastic and mortar were determined from the commonly used asphalt mixtures. Dynamic shear rheometer was used to conduct rheological analysis on asphalt binder, mastic and mortar. The obtained test data on complex modulus and phase angle were used for the construction of rheological master curves and the investigation of asphalt-filler/aggregate interaction. Test results indicated a modulus increase of three- to five-fold with the addition of filler and a further increase of one to two orders of magnitude with cumulative addition of fine aggregates into asphalt binder. Fine aggregates resulted in a phase change for mortar at high temperatures and low frequencies. The filler had stronger physical interaction than fine aggregate with an interaction parameter of 1.8–2.8 and 1.15–1.35 respectively. Specific area could enhance asphalt-filler interaction. The mastic and mortar modulus can be well predicted based on asphalt binder modulus by using particle filling effect. Asphalt mortar had a significant modulus reinforcement and phase change and thus could be the closest subscale in terms of performance to that of asphalt mixtures. It could be a vital scale that bridges the gap between asphalt binder and asphalt mixtures in multiscale performance analysis.
Optimization of Micro and Nano Palm Oil Fuel Ash to Determine the Carbonation Resistance of the Concrete in Accelerated Condition
Authors: Tang Wei Le , Lee Han-Seung , Vimonsatit Vanissorn , Htut Trevor , Singh Jitendra Kumar , Wan Hassan Wan Nur Firdaus , Ismail Mohamed A. , Seikh Asiful H. , Alharthi Nabeel
Published: January 2019

The carbonation rate of reinforced concrete is influenced by three parameters, namely temperature, relative humidity, and concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the surroundings. As knowledge of the service lifespan of reinforced concrete is crucial in terms of corrosion, the carbonation process is important to study, and high-performance durable reinforced concretes can be produced to prolong the effects of corrosion. To examine carbonation resistance, accelerated carbonation testing was conducted in accordance with the standards of BS 1881-210:2013. In this study, 10–30% of micro palm oil fuel ash (mPOFA) and 0.5–1.5% of nano-POFA (nPOFA) were incorporated into concrete mixtures to determine the optimum amount for achieving the highest carbonation resistance after 28 days water curing and accelerated CO2 conditions up to 70 days of exposure. The effect of carbonation on concrete specimens with the inclusion of mPOFA and nPOFA was investigated. The carbonation depth was identified by phenolphthalein solution. The highest carbonation resistance of concrete was found after the inclusion of 10% mPOFA and 0.5% nPOFA, while the lowest carbonation resistance was found after the inclusion of 30% mPOFA and 1.5% nPOFA.
Visible Light Assisted Organosilane Assembly on Mesoporous Silicon Films and Particles
Authors: Rodriguez Chloé , Muñoz Noval Alvaro , Torres-Costa Vicente , Ceccone Giacomo , Manso Silván Miguel
Published: January 2019

Porous silicon (PSi) is a versatile matrix with tailorable surface reactivity, which allows the processing of a range of multifunctional films and particles. The biomedical applications of PSi often require a surface capping with organic functionalities. This work shows that visible light can be used to catalyze the assembly of organosilanes on the PSi, as demonstrated with two organosilanes: aminopropyl-triethoxy-silane and perfluorodecyl-triethoxy-silane. We studied the process related to PSi films (PSiFs), which were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) before and after a plasma patterning process. The analyses confirmed the surface oxidation and the anchorage of the organosilane backbone. We further highlighted the surface analytical potential of 13C, 19F and 29Si solid-state NMR (SS-NMR) as compared to Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the characterization of functionalized PSi particles (PSiPs). The reduced invasiveness of the organosilanization regarding the PSiPs morphology was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and FESEM. Relevantly, the results obtained on PSiPs complemented those obtained on PSiFs. SS-NMR suggests a number of siloxane bonds between the organosilane and the PSiPs, which does not reach levels of maximum heterogeneous condensation, while ToF-SIMS suggested a certain degree of organosilane polymerization. Additionally, differences among the carbons in the organic (non-hydrolyzable) functionalizing groups are identified, especially in the case of the perfluorodecyl group. The spectroscopic characterization was used to propose a mechanism for the visible light activation of the organosilane assembly, which is based on the initial photoactivated oxidation of the PSi matrix.
3D Arrays of Super-Hydrophobic Microtubes from Polypore Mushrooms as Naturally-Derived Systems for Oil Absorption
Authors: Balzamo Gianluca , Singh Naval , Wang Ningjing , Vladisavljević Goran T. , Bolognesi Guido , Mele Elisa
Published: January 2019

Porous materials derived from natural resources, such as Luffa sponges, pomelo peel and jute fibres, have recently emerged as oil adsorbents for water purification, due to their suitability, low environmental impact, biodegradability and low cost. Here we show, for the first time, that the porosity of the fruiting body of polypore mushrooms can be used to absorb oils and organic solvents while repelling water. We engineered the surface properties of Ganoderma applanatum fungi, of which the fruiting body consists of a regular array of long capillaries embedded in a fibrous matrix, with paraffin wax, octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) and trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane. Morphological and wettability analyses of the modified fungus revealed that the OTS treatment was effective in preserving the 3D porosity of the natural material, inducing super-hydrophobicity (water contact angle higher than 150°) and improving oil sorption capacity (1.8–3.1 g/g). The treated fungus was also inserted into fluidic networks as a filtration element, and its ability to separate water from chloroform was demonstrated.
Improving Performance of an Open Cell Aluminium Foam through Electro-Deposition of Nickel
Authors: Genna Silvio , Trovalusci Federica , Ucciardello Nadia , Tagliaferri Vincenzo
Published: January 2019

The aim of this work is to investigate the mechanical performances and corrosion resistance of open-cell aluminium foams with an electroplated nickel coating. The influence of two different electrolytic solutions on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance was studied: The Watts solution (nickel sulphate-based solution) and a nickel sulphamate solution (widely adopted). Scanning electron microscopy and stereoscopic analysis allowed for the estimation of the coating uniformity and adhesion to the substrate. In order to assess the improvement of performances, compression and corrosion tests were performed on coated and uncoated foams. In addition, annealing was investigated in relation to different operational parameters, related both to electro-deposition (electrolyte, deposition current and time) and to annealing (treatment temperature). From the results, the yield stress and the corrosion resistance improved. Moreover, the annealing at increasing temperature was found to reduce the yield stress, but Ni-coated foams showed higher values of stress for all the considered treatment temperatures.
Electrical, Structural, Optical, and Adhesive Characteristics of Aluminum-Doped Tin Oxide Thin Films for Transparent Flexible Thin-Film Transistor Applications
Authors: Lee Seung-Hun , Kwon Kihwan , Kim Kwanoh , Yoon Jae Sung , Choi Doo-Sun , Yoo Yeongeun , Kim Chunjoong , Kang Shinill , Kim Jeong Hwan
Published: January 2019

The properties of Al-doped SnOx films deposited via reactive co-sputtering were examined in terms of their potential applications for the fabrication of transparent and flexible electronic devices. Al 2.2-atom %-doped SnOx thin-film transistors (TFTs) exhibit improved semiconductor characteristics compared to non-doped films, with a lower sub-threshold swing of ~0.68 Vdec−1, increased on/off current ratio of ~8 × 107, threshold voltage (Vth) near 0 V, and markedly reduced (by 81%) Vth instability in air, attributable to the decrease in oxygen vacancy defects induced by the strong oxidizing potential of Al. Al-doped SnOx films maintain amorphous crystallinity, an optical transmittance of ~97%, and an adhesive strength (to a plastic substrate) of over 0.7 kgf/mm; such films are thus promising semiconductor candidates for fabrication of transparent flexible TFTs.
Nanostructure and Optical Property Investigations of SrTiO3 Films Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Xu Da , Yuan Yafei , Zhu Huanfeng , Cheng Ling , Liu Chunmin , Su Jing , Zhang Xintong , Zhang Hao , Zhang Xia , Li Jing
Published: January 2019

Strontium titanate thin films were deposited on a silicon substrate by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. The structural and optical properties of these films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry, respectively. After annealing at 600–800 °C, the as-deposited films changed from amorphous to polycrystalline. It was found that an amorphous interfacial layer appeared between the SrTiO3 layer and Si substrate in each as-deposited film, which grew thicker after annealing. The optical parameters of the SrTiO3 film samples were acquired from ellipsometry spectra by fitting with a Lorentz oscillator model. Moreover, we found that the band gap energy of the samples diminished after thermal treatment.
Nanoheterostructures (NHS) and Their Applications in Nanomedicine: Focusing on In Vivo Studies
Authors: Quarta Alessandra , Piccirillo Clara , Mandriota Giacomo , Di Corato Riccardo
Published: January 2019

Inorganic nanoparticles have great potential for application in many fields, including nanomedicine. Within this class of materials, inorganic nanoheterostructures (NHS) look particularly promising as they can be formulated as the combination of different domains; this can lead to nanosystems with different functional properties, which, therefore, can perform different functions at the same time. This review reports on the latest development in the synthesis of advanced NHS for biomedicine and on the tests of their functional properties in in vivo studies. The literature discussed here focuses on the diagnostic and therapeutic applications with special emphasis on cancer. Considering the diagnostics, a description of the NHS for cancer imaging and multimodal imaging is reported; more specifically, NHS for magnetic resonance, computed tomography and luminescence imaging are considered. As for the therapeutics, NHS employed in magnetic hyperthermia or photothermal therapies are reported. Examples of NHS for cancer theranostics are also presented, emphasizing their dual usability in vivo, as imaging and therapeutic tools. Overall, NHS show a great potential for biomedicine application; further studies, however, are necessary regarding the safety associated to their use.
Finite Element Analysis and In-Situ Measurement of Out-of-Plane Distortion in Thin Plate TIG Welding
Authors: Huang Hui , Yin Xianqing , Feng Zhili , Ma Ninshu
Published: January 2019

Transient distortion of thin plate in the welding process usually has a complicated mode and large magnitude. Quantitative measurement and prediction of full-field distortion are challenging and rarely reported up to now. In this study, the out-of-plane distortion of a thin plate during the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process was measured using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. A simulation model based on thermal elastic–plastic finite element method (FEM) and DIC measured geometric imperfection were developed for accurate prediction of the transient welding distortion. The numerical results and experimental data agreed very well in both out-of-plane deformation modes and magnitudes of the plate at different stages of welding. The maximum out-of-plane distortion was larger than 4 mm during welding which can cause instability of arc length and heat input. The distance change between welding torch and plate surface was investigated under different initial deflections of the plate before welding. The plate with flat geometry shows the minimum transient and final gap change. In addition, the relationship between heat input and welding distortion was clarified through a series of numerical analyses. Optimization of welding heat input can be performed based on numerical results to avoid excessive welding distortion.
Construction of Regular Developable Bézier Patches
Authors: Kusno
Published: January 2019

The modeling of developable surfaces is considered a very important application in plat-metal-based industries. Relating to the purpose, this discussion aims to obtain some formulas for constructing the regular developable Bézier patches, in which each boundary curve must be laid in two parallel planes. The results as follows: We find some formulas of the equation systems that are described by the constant, linear, and quadratic control parameters of the regular developable Bézier patches criteria. The new approach is numerically tested for constructing the regular developable Bézier patches, in which their boundary curves are defined, respectively, by the combination of four, five, and six degrees.
An Approach for Integrating Uncertainty When Selecting an Anti-Torpedo Decoy in Brand New Warships
Authors: Carreño Rafael M. , Martínez Javier , Bouza José Benito
Published: January 2019

The Spanish Navy has planned that the F-80 frigates will be replaced by the brand new F-110 frigates in 2022. The F-110 program is in the conceptual design phase and one of the objectives is to provide the new F-110 frigate with a salient anti-submarine capability. Therefore, it is necessary to choose what anti-torpedo decoy should be installed in the warship. The Joint Chiefs of Navy Staff (EMA) established some guidelines and, considering the Navy guidance’s, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was applied. After applying the AHP method, none of the decoys obtained a better score to the other one to make a decision. This paper addresses the problem of the selection of the best anti-torpedo decoy to be installed in the new frigates. This allowed implementing a new approach, the Graphic Method of Measurement of Uncertainty Beyond Objectivity (GMUBO). This approach considers different scenarios from the AHP, quantifies the uncertainty, and evaluates which is the best alternative. The method integrates the uncertainty in the AHP and allows measuring the robustness of the selected alternative, also providing a useful graphical tool. Furthermore, GMUBO has a great ease of use and it is helpful to make decisions under uncertainty conditions.
Characterization and Hypoglycemic Activity of a Rhamnan-Type Sulfated Polysaccharide Derivative
Authors: Cui Jie-Fen , Ye Han , Zhu Yu-Jie , Li Yin-Ping , Wang Jing-Feng , Wang Peng
Published: January 2019

Polysaccharide chromium (III) derivatives are gaining increasing attention in improving type 2 diabetes. In this study, the sulfated polysaccharide from Enteromorpha prolifera (SPE) with 4.8 kDa was prepared by specific enzymatic hydrolysis. The obtained SPE was used to prepare a rhamnan-type sulfated polysaccharide derivative (SPED). Results indicated that O-H, C=O, and S=O were effectively involved in the chelation of SPED (chromium content 20.26%). Acute (half lethal dose > 2.38 g/kg) and sub-acute toxicity showed that SPED had no damaging effects on mice. Anti-diabetic experiment demonstrated that SPED improved glucose metabolism. Moreover, SPED promoted the PI3K/PKB/GSK-3β signaling pathway by regulating mRNA expression of insulin receptors (IR), insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB), and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β). In conclusion, the SPED might represent a novel marine-derived candidate against hyperglycemia, which may undergo further pharmaceutical development as a hypoglycemic agent.
Preparation of Magnetic Fe3O4/MIL-88A Nanocomposite and Its Adsorption Properties for Bromophenol Blue Dye in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Liu Yi , Huang Yumin , Xiao Aiping , Qiu Huajiao , Liu Liangliang
Published: January 2019

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as good materials for the adsorption of many environmental pollutants. In this study, magnetic Fe3O4/MIL-88A composite was prepared by modification of MIL-88A with magnetic nanoparticles using the coprecipitation method. The structures and magnetic property of magnetic Fe3O4/MIL-88A composite were characterized and the adsorption behavior and mechanism for Bromophenol Blue (BPB) were evaluated. The results showed that magnetic Fe3O4/MIL-88A composite maintained a hexagonal rod-like structure and has good magnetic responsibility for magnetic separation (the maximum saturation magnetization was 49.8 emu/g). Moreover, the maximum adsorption amount of Fe3O4/MIL-88A composite for BPB was 167.2 mg/g and could maintain 94% of the initial adsorption amount after five cycles. The pseudo-second order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm models mostly fitted to the adsorption for BPB suggesting that chemisorption is the rate-limiting step for this monomolecular-layer adsorption. The adsorption capacity for another eight dyes (Bromocresol Green, Brilliant Green, Brilliant Crocein, Amaranth, Fuchsin Basic, Safranine T, Malachite Green and Methyl Red) were also conducted and the magnetic Fe3O4/MIL-88A composite showed good adsorption for dyes with sulfonyl groups. In conclusion, magnetic Fe3O4/MIL-88A composite could be a promising adsorbent and shows great potential for the removal of anionic dyes containing sulfonyl groups.
Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-analysis of the Dose-response Relationship between Folic Acid Intake and Changes in Blood Folate Concentrations
Authors: Crider Krista S. , Devine Owen , Qi Yan Ping , Yeung Lorraine F. , Sekkarie Ahlia , Zaganjor Ibrahim , Wong Eugene , Rose Charles E. , Berry Robert J.
Published: January 2019

The threshold for population-level optimal red blood cell (RBC) folate concentration among women of reproductive age for the prevention of neural tube defects has been estimated at 906 nmol/L; however, the dose-response relationship between folic acid intake and blood folate concentrations is uncharacterized. To estimate the magnitude of blood folate concentration increase in response to specific dosages of folic acid under steady-state conditions (as could be achieved with food fortification), a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis was conducted. Of the 14,002 records we identified, 533 were selected for full-text review, and data were extracted from 108 articles. The steady-state concentrations (homeostasis) of both serum/plasma and RBC folate concentrations were estimated using a Bayesian meta-analytic approach and one-compartment physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models. RBC folate concentrations increased 1.78 fold (95% credible interval (CI): 1.66, 1.93) from baseline to steady-state at 375–570 µg folic acid/day, and it took a median of 36 weeks of folic acid intake (95% CI: 27, 52) to achieve steady-state RBC folate concentrations. Based on regression analysis, we estimate that serum/plasma folate concentrations increased 11.6% (95% CI: 8.4, 14.9) for every 100 µg/day folic acid intake. These results will help programs plan and monitor folic acid fortification programs.
Elemental Metabolomics and Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: McKeating Daniel R. , Fisher Joshua J. , Perkins Anthony V.
Published: January 2019

Trace elements are important for human health and development. The body requires specific micronutrients to function, with aberrant changes associated with a variety of negative health outcomes. Despite this evidence, the status and function of micronutrients during pregnancy are relatively unknown and more information is required to ensure that women receive optimal intakes for foetal development. Changes in trace element status have been associated with pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), pre-eclampsia (PE), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and preterm birth. Measuring micronutrients with methodologies such as elemental metabolomics, which involves the simultaneous quantification and characterisation of multiple elements, could provide insight into gestational disorders. Identifying unique and subtle micronutrient changes may highlight associated proteins that are affected underpinning the pathophysiology of these complications, leading to new means of disease diagnosis. This review will provide a comprehensive summary of micronutrient status during pregnancy, and their associations with gestational disorders. Furthermore, it will also comment on the potential use of elemental metabolomics as a technique for disease characterisation and prediction.