bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Perspective of World Trade Law on IP Rights
Authors: Grosse Ruse-Khan Henning
Published: August 2017

This chapter takes the perspective of international trade law, as embodied in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and examines how the rules on trade in goods address intellectual property (IP) protection and enforcement measures. It first looks at IP protection and enforcement as a potential barrier to and facilitator of global trade. Next, early GATT cases are discussed as examples for how national IP rights fared under multilateral trade rules in a pre-Trade Related Aspects of International Property Rights (TRIPS) era. The chapter then scrutinizes whether the same holds true in a post-TRIPS environment that is commonly characterized by TRIPS-plus protection and enforcement measures. Hereafter, certain provisions from the GATT are discussed as the central conflict norm in the trade–IP relationship. Finally, the chapter returns to the role of TRIPS in assessing IP protection and enforcement measures as potential breaches of GATT.
General Principles for Integration
Authors: Grosse Ruse-Khan Henning
Published: August 2017

This chapter reviews the broader principles in the international intellectual property (IP) system that fulfil an indirect integration or conflict resolution function, with a focus on those emanating from and applicable to the Trade Related Aspects of International Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. In focusing on Articles 7 and 8 of TRIPS, the chapter builds on prior analysis about the role of these provisions in establishing an agreed, common object and purpose of the principal global IP treaty with relevance beyond TRIPS. In light of the origins and negotiation history of Articles 7 and 8 TRIPS, the chapter shows how these provisions can be applied to integrate ‘external’ objectives and interests via interpretation and implementation. Next, this chapter reviews their very poor record of application in the first twenty years of World Trade Organisation (WTO) dispute settlement. It concludes with suggestions for an appropriate recognition of external norms, objectives, and interests via Articles 7 and 8.
Making Amulets Christian
Authors: de Bruyn Theodore
Published: August 2017

This book examines Greek amulets with Christian elements from late antique Egypt in order to discern the processes whereby a customary practice—the writing of incantations on amulets—changed in an increasingly Christian context. It addresses three questions. First, how did the formulation of incantations and amulets change as the Christian church became the prevailing religious institution in Egypt in the last centuries of the Roman Empire? Second, what can we learn from incantations and amulets containing Christian elements about the cultural and social location of the people who wrote them? Finally, how were incantations and amulets indebted to the rituals or ritualizing behaviour of Christians? The book analyses amulets according to types of amulets and the ways in which they incorporate Christian elements. By comparing the formulation and writing of individual amulets that are similar to one another, one can observe differences in the culture of the scribes of these materials. The book argues for ‘conditioned individuality’ in the production of amulets. On the one hand, amulets manifest qualities that reflect the training and culture of the individual writer. On the other hand, amulets reveal that individual writers were shaped, whether consciously or inadvertently, by the resources they drew upon—by what is called ‘tradition’ in the field of religious studies.
Normative Christian Discourse
Authors: de Bruyn Theodore
Published: August 2017

This chapter surveys the normative stance of Christian authorities against the use of incantations and amulets, conveyed in treatises, sermons, saints’ lives, and ecclesiastical canons. In condemning or critiquing the use of incantations and amulets, Christian writers and bishops sought to differentiate what they considered to be ‘true’ Christians from ‘false’ or ‘lax’ Christians, pagans, and Jews. Nevertheless, the scenarios they created in their discourse reveal a slippage between what authorities urged and what Christians did. By studying amulets that have survived from Late Antiquity, one can arrive at a more nuanced understanding of how the production of amulets in an increasingly Christian context both continued and altered pre-existing practices.
Materials, Format, and Writing
Authors: de Bruyn Theodore
Published: August 2017

This chapter describes qualities of amulets used throughout the book when examining individual artefacts: the materials on which amulets were written (mainly papyrus and parchment); the format of the written text; the various types of handwriting; lectional signs, spelling, and syntax; acoustic and visual devices used in incantations (vowels, nomina barbara, voces mysticae, charaktêres, word-shapes, figures); and abbreviations or signs used by Christian scribes (nomina sacra, crosses, staurograms, christograms, and other markers). The way in which an amulet is written, the extent to which it draws on customary phrasing and devices, and the manner in which it incorporates Christian elements are all relevant when one is assessing the culture of an amulet’s scribe and the nature of an amulet’s ‘christianization’.
Christian Ritual Contexts
Authors: de Bruyn Theodore
Published: August 2017

This chapter investigates how Christian rituals or ritualizing behaviour supplied resources used by scribes in formulating incantations. On the one hand, elements derived from Christian rituals demonstrate the importance and efficacy of those rituals in generating resources for writers of amulets. On the other hand, variations in how elements derived from Christian rituals are incorporated into amulets reveal that, consciously or not, scribes drew on these resources with some freedom. The chapter discusses connections between acclamations used in Christian worship and in amulets; between the services of morning and evening prayer and the selection of psalms in amulets; between christological acclamations used in rites of exorcism and in amulets; and between the cult of saints and appeals to their intercessions in amulets. The chapter also observes that the traditions on which incantations drew were more diverse than those preserved in the authorized liturgies of the Egyptian church.
From No People to No Languages
Authors: Armour-Garb Bradley , Unger Peter , Armour-Garb Bradley
Published: August 2017

This chapter shows that the method that Peter Unger (1979, 1980) has developed for dealing with the sorites paradox can, and perhaps should, be extended and applied to the semantic paradoxes—specifically, to Grelling’s paradox and to the liar paradox. After carefully explicating Unger’s earlier method for treating the sorites, the chapter expands on a very brief, compact argument in which he (1979) contends that, in light of certain putatively paradoxical semantic expressions, which are not obviously soritical, there are no expressions and, hence, no languages. The concluding section of the chapter identifies some important similarities between the liar paradox and the sorites.
Truth and Transcendence
Authors: Sher Gila , Armour-Garb Bradley
Published: August 2017

This chapter turns the tables on the standard conception of the relation between the liar paradox and theories of truth. We should not look to the liar paradox as constraining the development of a materially adequate theory of truth; rather, we should see the development of a materially adequate theory of truth as sufficient to block the Liar. This evident reversal has important consequences for a number of issues that are widely discussed in the literature. The chapter advocates a substantivist theory of truth and conceives of such a theory as a cluster of interconnected principles of truth. In particular, according to the chapter, there is some material principle of truth, which is arrived at by investigating the nature of truth itself. This material principle, which the chapter calls ‘IMMANENCE’, has three subprinciples, ‘immanence’, ‘transcendence’, and ‘normativity’. Given the combination of the first two subprinciples, the chapter argues that the liar paradox does not arise.
Cooperation in the Finitely Repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma*
Authors: Embrey Matthew , Fréchette Guillaume R , Yuksel Sevgi
Published: August 2017

More than half a century after the first experiment on the finitely repeated prisoner’s dilemma, evidence on whether cooperation decreases with experience—as suggested by backward induction—remains inconclusive. This article provides a meta-analysis of prior experimental research and reports the results of a new experiment to elucidate how cooperation varies with the environment in this canonical game. We describe forces that affect initial play (formation of cooperation) and unraveling (breakdown of cooperation). First, contrary to the backward induction prediction, the parameters of the repeated game have a significant effect on initial cooperation. We identify how these parameters impact the value of cooperation—as captured by the size of the basin of attraction of always defect—to account for an important part of this effect. Second, despite these initial differences, the evolution of behavior is consistent with the unraveling logic of backward induction for all parameter combinations. Importantly, despite the seemingly contradictory results across studies, this article establishes a systematic pattern of behavior: subjects converge to use threshold strategies that conditionally cooperate until a threshold round; conditional on establishing cooperation, the first defection round moves earlier with experience. Simulation results generated from a learning model estimated at the subject level provide insights into the long-term dynamics and the forces that slow down the unraveling of cooperation.
Macrophage Activation and the Tumor Necrosis Factor Cascade in Hepatitis C Disease Progression Among HIV-Infected Women Participating in the Women's Interagency HIV Study
Authors: French Audrey L. , Martin Jonathan W. , Evans Charlesnika T. , Peters Marion , Kessaye Seble G. , Nowicki Marek , Kuniholm Mark , Golub Elizabeth , Augenbraun Michael , Desai Seema N. ,   for the WIHS
Published: August 2017

Background:

HIV/hepatitis C–coinfected persons experience more rapid liver disease progression than hepatitis C virus (HCV) monoinfected persons, even in the setting of potent antiretroviral therapy.

Methods:

We sought to articulate the role of macrophage activation and inflammation in liver disease progression by measuring serial soluble markers in HIV/HCV-coinfected women. We compared markers measured during retrospectively defined periods of rapid liver disease progression to periods where little or no liver disease progression occurred. Liver disease progression was defined by liver biopsy, liver-related death or the serum markers AST-to-platelet ratio index and FIB-4. Soluble CD14, sCD163, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor II, interleukin-6, and chemokine ligand 2 (CCL 2) were measured at 3 time points over 5 years.

Results:

One hundred six time intervals were included in the analysis: including 31 from liver disease progressors and 75 from nonprogressors. LPS, sCD14, interleukin-6, and CCL2 levels did not differ in slope or quantity over time between rapid liver disease progressors and nonprogressors. TNFRII and sCD163 were significantly higher in liver disease progressors at (P = 0.002 and <0.0001 respectively) and preceding (P = 0.01 and 0.003 respectively) the liver fibrosis outcome in unadjusted models, with similar values when adjusted for HIV RNA and CD4 count.

Conclusions:

In women with HIV/HCV coinfection, higher sCD163 levels, a marker of macrophage activation, and TNFRII levels, implying activation of the TNF-α system, were associated with liver disease progression. Our results provide an addition to the growing body of evidence regarding the relationship between macrophage activation, inflammation, and liver disease progression in HIV/HCV coinfection.
Setting Targets for HIV: An Evaluation of Indicator Quality and Target Achievement in National Strategic Plans
Authors: Sharp Alana , O'Hagan Richael , Honermann Brian , Millett Gregorio
Published: August 2017

Background:

National Strategic Plans (NSPs) for HIV have become foundational documents that frame responses to HIV. Both Global Fund and PEPFAR require coordination with NSPs as a component of their operations. Despite the role of NSPs in country planning, no rigorous assessment of NSP targets and performance outcomes exists. We performed a quantitative analysis of the quality of NSP indicators and targets and assessed whether historical NSP targets had been achieved.

Methods:

All targets and indicators from publicly available NSPs from 35 countries are coded as structural, input, output, or impact indicators. Targets were evaluated for specificity, measurability, achievability, relevance, and being time-bound. In addition, progress toward achieving targets was evaluated using historical NSPs from 4 countries.

Results:

NSPs emphasized output indicators, but inclusion of structural, input, or impact indicators was highly variable. Most targets lack specificity in target population, numeric baselines or targets, and a data source for monitoring. Targets were, on average, 205% increases or decreases relative to baselines. Alignment with international indicators was variable. Metrics of indicator quality were not associated with NSP funding needs. Monitoring of historical NSP targets was limited by a lack of defined targets and available data.

Conclusions:

Country NSPs are limited by a lack of specific, measurable, and achievable targets. The low achievement of targets in historical NSPs corroborates that targets are often poorly defined and aspirational, and not linked to available data sources. NSP quality may be improved through better use of programmatic data and greater inclusion of targets for process measures.
Predicting Adverse Neonatal Outcome Especially When Gestational Age Is Uncertain
Authors: Wu Lei , Richardson Michael L. , Dubinsky Theodore
Published: August 2017

Early and accurate prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine growth restriction is important. Commonly used biometric parameters have limited specificity and require accurate dating. Fetal abdominal wall thickness (AWT) could be a useful supplemental parameter. We performed a retrospective study of 100 third trimester ultrasound exams and compared the sensitivity and specificity of AWT to those of weight percentile (WP) in predicting adverse perinatal outcome.

There is a statistically significant difference between the AWT of patients with normal perinatal outcome and that of patients with adverse outcome (P < 0.01). When compared with WP across the entire range of the receiver operating characteristics curve, AWT [area under the curve (AUC), 0.76] has an efficacy similar to that of WP (AUC, 0.72; P = 0.30). However, AWT has superior performance over WP (AUC, 0.72 vs AUC, 0.61, respectively, P = 0.04) in the high specificity range (70%–100%) of the receiver operating characteristics curve, where the consequences of a false negative greatly outweigh those of a false positive. In our study population, with a cutoff value of 4 mm, AWT was a useful and more specific predictor of adverse perinatal outcome than WP. Abdominal wall thickness may be more useful in situations when dating is uncertain.
Line Laser as an Assistance for Facial and Dental Midlines Evaluation in Single-Splint Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Yu Chung-Chih , Chen Yu-Ray , Lin James Cheng-Yi
Published: August 2017

Coincidence of facial and dental midlines is one of the important goals in orthognathic-orthodontic treatment to achieve optimum facial aesthetics and good occlusal functions. Tools assisting diagnosis of facial midline are usually ruler or dental floss. These tools are usually hand held and hinder the global sight required in facial evaluation. Line laser device projects a steady narrow laser line and is commonly used in construction and carpentry to replace traditional chalk line tool. The authors take the advantages of line laser and incorporate it into facial evaluation in the authors’ practice of single-splint orthognathic surgery.

During June 2013 to May 2015, the authors used line laser device to evaluate facial and dental midlines in 28 patients of facial asymmetry requiring orthognathic surgery during consultation in office and intraoperative evaluation. The details of integrating this device to practice are described. All the patients showed improved facial symmetry and coincidence of facial and dental midlines after operation. Postoperative orthodontics were finished smoothly.

Line laser is available from general utility stores and is safe to use according to laser safety regulation. From the authors’ experiences, it is burden free to apply in facial and dental midlines evaluation and improves the practice.
The New Anatomical Classification System for Orbital Exenteration Defect
Authors: Cinar Can , Arslan Hakan , Bingol Ugur Anil , Aydin Yagmur , Cetinkale Oguz
Published: August 2017

Background:

The unique anatomy of the orbita and the different behavior of each malignant tumor cause us to perform the various types of orbital exenteration that yields to varying defect each of which has own specific demands in terms of the reconstruction. Current classification of orbital exenteration defects seems not to be adequate to provide detailed description. This study reviews 50 exenteration defects to offer a more effective anatomical classification system.

Methods:

Over a 15 years period, 50 orbital exenteration defects in 47 patients were reconstructed. Defects were categorized according to the resected orbital wall, dura, and ethmoid resection. If the maxillectomy was performed, A or B was added to define the type of maxillectomy as partial (intact palate) or total maxillectomy, respectively. According to these criteria, 4 types of defect patterns were determined including Type 0 (n = 5) with intact orbital wall, Type I (n = 9) with sino-orbital fistula, Type II (n = 4) with crania-orbital fistula with intact dura, Type III (n = 6) with crania-orbital fistula associated with dura defect, and Type IV (n = 8) with cranio-nasal-orbital fistula. There were 12 partial (A) and 6 total maxillectomy (B) defects along with the orbital exenteration.

Results:

There was no major complication except one. The minor wound-healing problems occurred in 7 patients. Nine patients (19%) used prosthesis. Twenty-two (46.8%) patients chose a patch to cover the area. The remaining 16 patients were not able to use any type of prosthesis because of the reconstruction methods.

Conclusion:

The authors believe that the authors’ anatomical classification system provides more precise description of the defect which eventually enhances the success rate of both reconstruction and resection.
An Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Duzer Sertac , Akyigit Abdulvahap , Arslan Solmaz Ozgen , Sakallioglu Oner , Kilicarslan Ahmet , Polat Cahit
Published: August 2017

An epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a rare vascular tumor of the head and neck region, which carries a risk of recurrence and metastasis. Its etiology is still unclear. It frequently involves the lungs, liver, and bones. Rarely, it may manifest in other parts of the body. Pathologic immunohistochemical investigations are essential to make the definite diagnosis. As it is uncommon, there is no standardized protocol for the treatment of EHE. Herein, the authors report a rare patient with of an EHE localized in the head and neck region.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Midfacial Soft Tissue Changes After Maxillary Posterior Impaction and Intraoral Vertical Ramus Osteotomy for Mandibular Setback in Class III Patients
Authors: Seo Seung-Won , Jung Young-Soo , Baik Hyoung-Seon
Published: August 2017

This study investigated the correlation between the 3-dimensional changes in midfacial soft tissues, including the parasagittal area and maxilla–mandible complex, after Le Fort I maxillary posterior impaction and bilateral intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (B-IVRO), using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). This retrospective study included 22 skeletal Class III patients (6 men and 16 women; mean age 21.6 years) who underwent orthognathic surgery. Three-dimensional CBCT images taken before and 1 year after surgery were superimposed based on the cranial base. Midfacial soft tissues, including those in the parasagittal area (paranasal area, anterior cheek area, lateral cheek area) and midsagittal areas of the face, were evaluated using reconstructed CBCT images. Correlations and the ratios between soft tissue and hard tissue movement were calculated. After surgery, both paranasal areas showed significant forward movement (about 2.0 mm) and the largest upward movement (about 0.15 mm) among the 3 areas. The paranasal areas moved forward with a ratio of 0.5, according to vertical movement of B. Orthognathic surgery using Le Fort I maxillary posterior impaction with B-IVRO mandibular setback results in forward movement of midfacial soft tissues, even though sagittal movement of the maxilla is limited because facial muscles and retaining ligaments pull the redundant soft tissues, which are caused by vertical movement of the maxilla–mandible. This midfacial soft tissue change with maxillary posterior impaction could be advantageous to patients who have paranasal depression and protrusion of the upper lip owing to proclined upper incisors, which are prevalent among Asian Class III patients.
On the effective stress law for rock-on-rock frictional sliding, and fault slip triggered by means of fluid injection
Authors: Rutter Ernest , Hackston Abigail
Published: August 2017

Fluid injection into rocks is increasingly used for energy extraction and for fluid wastes disposal, and can trigger/induce small- to medium-scale seismicity. Fluctuations in pore fluid pressure may also be associated with natural seismicity. The energy release in anthropogenically induced seismicity is sensitive to amount and pressure of fluid injected, through the way that seismic moment release is related to slipped area, and is strongly affected by the hydraulic conductance of the faulted rock mass. Bearing in mind the scaling issues that apply, fluid injection-driven fault motion can be studied on laboratory-sized samples. Here, we investigate both stable and unstable induced fault slip on pre-cut planar surfaces in Darley Dale and Pennant sandstones, with or without granular gouge. They display contrasting permeabilities, differing by a factor of 10
5
, but mineralogies are broadly comparable. In permeable Darley Dale sandstone, fluid can access the fault plane through the rock matrix and the effective stress law is followed closely. Pore pressure change shifts the whole Mohr circle laterally. In tight Pennant sandstone, fluid only injects into the fault plane itself; stress state in the rock matrix is unaffected. Sudden access by overpressured fluid to the fault plane via hydrofracture causes seismogenic fault slips.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Faulting, friction and weakening: from slow to fast motion’.
Experimental constraints on dynamic fragmentation as a dissipative process during seismic slip
Authors: Barber Troy , Griffith W. Ashley
Published: August 2017

Various fault damage fabrics, from gouge in the principal slip zone to fragmented and pulverized rocks in the fault damage zone, have been attributed to brittle deformation at high strain rates during earthquake rupture. Past experimental work has shown that there exists a critical threshold in stress–strain rate space through which rock failure transitions from failure along a few discrete fracture planes to intense fragmentation. We present new experimental results on Arkansas Novaculite (AN) and Westerly Granite (WG) in which we quantify fracture surface area produced by dynamic fragmentation under uniaxial compressive loading and examine the controls of pre-existing mineral anisotropy on dissipative processes at the microscale. Tests on AN produced substantially greater new fracture surface area (approx. 6.0 m
2
 g
−1
) than those on WG (0.07 m
2
 g
−1
). Estimates of the portion of energy dissipated into brittle fracture were significant for WG (approx. 5%), but appeared substantial in AN (10% to as much as 40%). The results have important implications for the partitioning of dissipated energy under extreme loading conditions expected during earthquakes and the scaling of high-speed laboratory rock mechanics experiments to natural fault zones.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Faulting, friction and weakening: from slow to fast motion’.
Earthquake sequence simulations with measured properties for JFAST core samples
Authors: Noda Hiroyuki , Sawai Michiyo , Shibazaki Bunichiro
Published: August 2017

Since the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, multi-disciplinary observational studies have promoted our understanding of both the coseismic and long-term behaviour of the Japan Trench subduction zone. We also have suggestions for mechanical properties of the fault from the experimental side. In the present study, numerical models of earthquake sequences are presented, accounting for the experimental outcomes and being consistent with observations of both long-term and coseismic fault behaviour and thermal measurements. Among the constraints, a previous study of friction experiments for samples collected in the Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project (JFAST) showed complex rate dependences:
a
and
a
−
b
values change with the slip rate. In order to express such complexity, we generalize a rate- and state-dependent friction law to a quadratic form in terms of the logarithmic slip rate. The constraints from experiments reduced the degrees of freedom of the model significantly, and we managed to find a plausible model by changing only a few parameters. Although potential scale effects between lab experiments and natural faults are important problems, experimental data may be useful as a guide in exploring the huge model parameter space.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Faulting, friction and weakening: from slow to fast motion’.
Phase-transformation-induced lubrication of earthquake sliding
Authors: Green Harry W.
Published: August 2017

Frictional failure is not possible at depth in Earth, hence earthquakes deeper than 30–50 km cannot initiate by overcoming dry friction. Moreover, the frequency distribution of earthquakes with depth is bimodal, suggesting another change of mechanism at about 350 km. Here I suggest that the change at 30–50 km is from overcoming dry friction to reduction of effective stress by dehydration embrittlement and that the change at 350 km is due to desiccation of slabs and initiation by phase-transformation-induced faulting. High-speed friction experiments at low pressure indicate that exceeding dry friction provokes shear heating that leads to endothermic reactions and pronounced weakening. Higher-pressure studies show nanocrystalline gouge accompanying dehydration and the highest pressure experiments initiate by exothermic polymorphic phase transformation. Here I discuss the characteristic nanostructures of experiments on high-speed friction and high-pressure faulting and show that all simulated earthquake systems yield very weak transformation-induced lubrication, most commonly nanometric gouge or melt. I also show that phase-transformation-induced faulting of olivine to spinel can propagate into material previously transformed to spinel, apparently by triggering melting analogous to high-speed friction studies at low pressure. These experiments taken as a whole suggest that earthquakes at all depths slide at low frictional resistance by a self-healing pulse mechanism with rapid strength recovery.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Faulting, friction and weakening: from slow to fast motion’.
Limited role of differential fractionation in genome content variation and function in maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines
Authors: Brohammer Alex B. , Kono Thomas JY. , Springer Nathan M. , McGaugh Suzanne E. , Hirsch Candice N.
Published: August 2017

Maize is a diverse paleotetraploid species with widespread presence/absence variation and copy number variation. One mechanism through which presence/absence variation can arise is differential fractionation. Fractionation refers to the loss of duplicate gene pairs from one of the maize subgenomes during diploidization and differential fractionation refers to non-shared gene loss events between individuals. We investigated the prevalence of presence/absence variation resulting from differential fractionation in the syntenic portion of the genome using two whole genome de novo assemblies of the inbred lines B73 and PH207. Between these two genomes, syntenic genes were highly conserved with less than 1% of syntenic genes being subject to differential fractionation. The few variable syntenic genes that were identified are unlikely to contribute to functional phenotypic variation, as there is a significant depletion of these genes in annotated gene sets. In further comparisons of 60 diverse inbred lines, non-syntenic genes were six times more likely to be variable compared to syntenic genes, suggesting that comparisons among additional genome assemblies are not likely to result in the discovery of large-scale presence/absence variation among syntenic genes.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT

There is a large amount of presence/absence variation for gene content in maize. One mechanism that has been hypothesized to contribute to this variation is differential fractionation between individuals following the maize whole genome duplication event. Using comparative genomics, with sorghum and rice representing the ancestral state, we observed little evidence of differential fractionation among elite inbred lines and the few differentially fractionated genes identified did not appear to confer functional significance.
The importance and adaptive value of life history evolution for metapopulation dynamics
Authors: Bonte Dries , Bafort Quinten
Published: August 2017

1. The spatial configuration and size of patches influence metapopulation dynamics by altering colonisation-extinction dynamics and local density-dependency. This spatial forcing as determined by the metapopulation typology then imposes strong selection pressures on life history traits, which will in turn feedback on the ecological metapopulation dynamics. Given the relevance of metapopulation persistence for biological conservation, and the potential rescuing role of evolution, a firm understanding of the relevance of these eco-evolutionary processes is essential. 2. We here follow a systems modelling approach to quantify the importance of spatial forcing and experimentally observed life history evolution for metapopulation demography as quantified by (meta)population size and variability. We therefore developed an individual based model matching an earlier experimental evolution with spider mites to perform virtual translocation and invasion experiments that would have been otherwise impossible to conduct. 3. We show that (1) metapopulation demography is more affected by spatial forcing than by life history evolution, but that life history evolution contributes substantially to changes in local and especially metapopulation-level population sizes, (2) extinction rates are minimised by evolution in classical metapopulations, and (3) evolution is optimising individual performance in metapopulations when considering the importance of more cryptic stress resistance evolution. 4. Ecological systems modelling opens up a promising avenue to quantify the importance of eco-evolutionary feedbacks for larger-scale population dynamics. Metapopulation sizes are especially impacted by evolution but its variability is mainly determined by the spatial forcing. 5. Eco-evolutionary dynamics can increase the persistence of classical metapopulations. The maintenance of evolutionary dynamics in spatially structured populations is thus not only essential in the face of environmental change; it also generates feedbacks that impact metapopulation persistence.
(μ2-Adipato-κ4O,O′:O′′,O′′′)bis[aqua(benzene-1,2-diamine-κ2N,N′)chloridocadmium]: crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis
Authors: Rahman Wannur Sofiasalamah Khairiah A. , Ahmad J. , Halim Siti Nadiah Abdul , Jotani Mukesh M. , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: August 2017

The full molecule of the binuclear title compound, [Cd2Cl2(C6H8O4)(C6H8N2)2(H2O)2], is generated by the application of a centre of inversion located at the middle of the central CH2—CH2bond of the adipate dianion; the latter chelates a CdIIatom at each end. Along with two carboxylate-O atoms, the CdIIion is coordinated by the two N atoms of the chelating benzene-1,2-diamine ligand, a Cl−anion and an aqua ligand to define a distorted octahedral CdClN2O3coordination geometry with the monodentate ligands being mutuallycis. The disparity in the Cd—N bond lengths is related to the relativetranseffect exerted by the Cd—O bonds formed by the carboxylate-O and aqua-O atoms. The packing features water-O—H...O(carboxylate) and benzene-1,2-diamine-N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, leading to layers that stack along thea-axis direction. The lack of directional interactions between the layers is confirmed by a Hirshfeld surface analysis.
Crystal structures of hibiscus acid and hibiscus acid dimethyl ester isolated fromHibiscus sabdariffa(Malvaceae)
Authors: Zheoat Ahmed M. , Gray Alexander I. , Igoli John O. , Kennedy Alan R. , Ferro Valerie A.
Published: August 2017

The biologically active title compounds have been isolated fromHibiscus sabdariffaplants, hibiscus acid as a dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate [systematic name: (2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrofuran-2,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate], C6H6O7·C2H6OS, (I), and hibiscus acid dimethyl ester [systematic name: dimethyl (2S,3R)-3-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrofuran-2,3-dicarboxylate], C8H10O7, (II). Compound (I) forms a layered structure with alternating layers of lactone and solvent molecules, that include a two-dimensional hydrogen-bonding construct. Compound (II) has two crystallographically independent and conformationally similar molecules per asymmetric unit and forms a one-dimensional hydrogen-bonding construct. The known absolute configuration for both compounds has been confirmed.
Managers’ and employees’ contradictory argumentations of spatial change
Authors: Näsänen Jaana , Vanharanta Outi
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a qualitative study concerning managers’ and employees’ rhetorical evaluations of a spatial organizational change.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach of rhetorical social psychology is applied to study how the actors of an organization speak about a transformation from a single-room office setting to an open, multi-space office. The material consists of 36 interviews.

Findings

It was found that the responsible managers and employees used contradictory argumentation of what “real work” is like and what the change will result in as rhetorical resources when supporting and contesting the transformation. Although their set of arguments and counter-arguments drew from the same beliefs and values, they were used for opposite purposes.

Practical implications

The results of this research advance awareness of the multidimensional and contradictory nature of change rhetoric and this understanding can be utilized in supporting more effective change programs. For example, instead of constructing unnecessary polarizations between those who resist change and its supporters, the study facilitates to identify the ambiguity of argumentation related to change and the differing symbolic meanings subscribed to.

Originality/value

The study contributes to the organizational change literature by showing the ambiguity of change rhetoric and the contradictory nature of argumentation, both within the talk of specific employee groups and between groups.
Development of antimicrobial textiles using zinc pyrithione
Authors: Jain Anil Kumar , Tesema Addisu Ferede
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to establish a suitable procedure for producing antimicrobial 100 per cent cotton textiles using zinc pyrithione. Zinc pyrithione being bacteriostatic in nature is eco-friendly and safe, both for manufacturer to apply and consumer to use.

Design/methodology/approach

After conducting laboratory trials, bulk trial has also been conducted, and efficacy of zinc pyrithione as bacteriostatic has been quantitatively determined. The durability of antimicrobial finish was also checked before and after repeated domestic laundry.

Findings

The findings indicated that it is possible to produce durable antimicrobial 100 per cent cotton textiles in bulk using zinc pyrithione.

Research limitations/implications

Any exporting textile processing mill can directly use the findings of this work and can produce antimicrobial textiles in their factory.

Practical implications

Any exporting textile mill can increase their export earnings by producing antimicrobial textiles. The antimicrobial textiles are in great demand in Asia-Pacific region and have already touched exports of US$497.4m in 2015 and is projected to reach US$1,076.1m by 2026.

Social implications

The textile user can get protection against pathogenic or odour-causing microorganisms using this hygiene finish in different end uses.

Originality/value

The work is original. Very few references are available on zinc pyrithione. First, laboratory studies were done, and bacteriostatic properties of zinc pyrithione were determined quantitatively followed by bulk trial.
Emergence of Leuconostoc mesenteroides as a causative agent of oozing in carrots stored under non‐ventilated conditions
Authors: Lampert Yael , Dror Barak , Sela Noa , Teper‐Bamnolker Paula , Daus Avinoam , Sela (Saldinger) Shlomo , Eshel Dani
Published: August 2017

Long‐term storage and transport of post‐harvest carrots (Daucus carota L.) require a low‐temperature, high‐relative‐humidity environment, usually with low ventilation. Following long‐term storage, a slimy exudate (oozing) often appears on the carrots, leading to severe spoilage. We characterized the environmental conditions leading to these symptoms and identified the causative agent. Simulation of non‐ventilated storage conditions revealed accumulation of CO2 (to 80%) and ethanol (to 1000 ppm); then, a transparent exudate appeared on the carrot surface which, upon ventilation, developed into tissue browning and soft rot. Peels from oozing carrots contained over 10‐fold the total bacterial counts of healthy carrots. The total peel microbiome was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing. During oozing stage, the surface of carrots incubated in a CO2‐rich (98%) environment harboured a bacterial population dominated by Lactobacillales and Enterobacteriales, differing markedly from those incubated in air. Three prevalent bacterial isolates from the oozing carrots were identified as Pantoea agglomerans, Rahnella aquatilis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Inoculation of carrot discs with L. mesenteroides, but not the others, induced oozing under high CO2, suggesting that this bacterium is responsible for oozing of stored carrots. These findings should enable development of approaches to preventing carrot spoilage during long‐term storage.
Microbial biotechnology as a tool to restore degraded drylands
Authors: Maestre Fernando T. , Solé Ricard , Singh Brajesh K.
Published: August 2017

We briefly review how microbial biotechnology can contribute to improve activities aiming to restore degraded drylands and to combat their desertification, which are an integral part of the Sustainable Development Goal 15 of the 2030 Agenda. Microbial biotechnology offers notable promise to improve restoration actions based on the use of biocrust‐forming engineered cyanobacteria, which play key roles in maintaining ecosystem structure and functioning in drylands worldwide. Advances in our understanding of microbiome associated to biocrusts and of the signalling involved in the communication among their constituents can also potentially enhance the outcome of restoration activities in drylands.
End‐tidal control vs. manually controlled minimal‐flow anesthesia: a prospective comparative trial
Authors: Wetz A. J. , Mueller M. M. , Walliser K. , Foest C. , Wand S. , Brandes I. F. , Waeschle R. M. , Bauer M.
Published: August 2017

Background

To ensure safe general anesthesia, manually controlled anesthesia requires constant monitoring and numerous manual adjustments of the gas dosage, especially for low‐ and minimal‐flow anesthesia. Oxygen flow‐rate and administration of volatile anesthetics can also be controlled automatically by anesthesia machines using the end‐tidal control technique, which ensures constant end‐tidal concentrations of oxygen and anesthetic gas via feedback and continuous adjustment mechanisms. We investigated the hypothesis that end‐tidal control is superior to manually controlled minimal‐flow anesthesia (0.5 l/min).

Methods

In this prospective trial, we included 64 patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia. We analyzed the precision of maintenance of the sevoflurane concentration (1.2–1.4%) and expiratory oxygen (35–40%) and the number of necessary adjustments.

Results

Target‐concentrations of sevoflurane and oxygen were maintained at more stable levels with the use of end‐tidal control (during the first 15 min 28% vs. 51% and from 15 to 60 min 1% vs. 19% deviation from sevoflurane target, P < 0.0001; 45% vs. 86% and 5% vs. 15% deviation from O2 target, P < 0.01, respectively), while manual controlled minimal‐flow anesthesia required more interventions to maintain the defined target ranges of sevoflurane (8, IQR 6–12) and end‐tidal oxygen (5, IQR 3–6). The target‐concentrations were reached earlier with the use of end‐tidal compared with manual controlled minimal‐flow anesthesia but required slightly greater use of anesthetic agents (6.9 vs. 6.0 ml/h).

Conclusions

End‐tidal control is a superior technique for setting and maintaining oxygen and anesthetic gas concentrations in a stable and rapid manner compared with manual control. Consequently, end‐tidal control can effectively support the anesthetist.
Mothers' Physiological and Affective Responding to Infant Distress: Unique Antecedents of Avoidant and Resistant Attachments
Authors: Groh Ashley M. , Propper Cathi , Mills‐Koonce Roger , Moore Ginger A. , Calkins Susan , Cox Martha
Published: August 2017

In a sample of 127 mother–infant dyads, this study examined the predictive significance of mothers' physiological and observed emotional responding within distressing and nondistressing caregiving contexts at 6 months for infant attachment assessed with Fraley and Spieker's (2003) dimensional approach and the categorical approach at 12 months. Findings revealed that a lesser degree of maternal respiratory sinus arrhythmia withdrawal and higher levels of maternal neutral (vs. positive) affect within distressing (vs. nondistressing) caregiving contexts were distinctive antecedents of avoidance versus resistance assessed dimensionally (but not categorically), independent of maternal sensitivity. Discussion focuses on the usefulness of examining mothers' physiological and affective responding, considering the caregiving context, and employing the dimensional approach to attachment in identifying unique antecedents of patterns of attachment insecurity.
RNAi‐mediated ephrin‐B2 silencing attenuates astroglial‐fibrotic scar formation and improves spinal cord axon growth
Authors: Li Yi , Chen Ying , Tan Ling , Pan Jing‐Ying , Lin Wei‐Wei , Wu Jian , Hu Wen , Chen Xue , Wang Xiao‐Dong
Published: August 2017

Aims

Astroglial‐fibrotic scar formation following central nervous system injury can help repair blood‐brain barrier and seal the lesion, whereas it also represents a strong barrier for axonal regeneration. Intensive preclinical efforts have been made to eliminate/reduce the inhibitory part and, in the meantime, preserve the beneficial role of astroglial‐fibrotic scar.

Methods

In this study, we established an in vitro system, in which coculture of astrocytes and meningeal fibroblasts was treated with exogenous transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) to form astroglial‐fibrotic scar‐like cell clusters, and thereby evaluated the efficacy of RNAi targeting ephrin‐B2 in preventing scar formation from the very beginning. We further tested the effect of RNAi‐based mitigation of astroglial‐fibrotic scar on spinal axon outgrowth on a custom‐made microfluidic platform.

Results

We found that siRNA targeting ephrin‐B2 significantly reduced both the number and the diameter of cell clusters induced by TGF‐β1 and diminished the expression of aggrecan and versican in the coculture, and allowed for significantly longer extension of outgrowing spinal cord axons into astroglial‐fibrotic scar as assessed on the microfluidic platform.

Conclusions

These results suggest that astroglial‐fibrotic scar formation and particularly the expression of aggrecan and versican could be mitigated by ephrin‐B2 specific siRNA, thus improving the microenvironment for spinal axon regeneration.
Grey matter volume in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and associated eating disorder symptoms
Authors: Martin Monzon Beatriz , Henderson Luke A. , Madden Sloane , Macefield Vaughan G. , Touyz Stephen , Kohn Michael R. , Clarke Simon , Foroughi Nasim , Hay Phillipa
Published: August 2017

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a mental health disorder of complex aetiology. Previous neuroimaging studies have found consistent global reductions in global grey matter volume of underweight girls with AN; however, differences in regional grey matter volumes are less consistent. The aims of this study were to investigate grey matter regional volumes of adolescent girls with AN before and after weight recovery and the relationship of any changes with clinical characteristics. We collected high‐resolution T1‐weighted images from 26 underweight girls with AN before weight gain and 20 healthy control volunteers. Clinical features were assessed using the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. AN subjects displayed reduced grey matter volumes in the insula, amygdala, prefrontal, hippocampal and cingulate cortices and the precuneus, relative to healthy controls. In a subset of 10 AN subjects who were followed after weight recovery, grey matter volumes increased to near‐control levels in the orbito‐ and medial prefrontal, insular, left hippocampal and mid‐ and posterior cingulate cortices and precuneus. The recovery of the right anterior thalamus and the left orbitofrontal cortex was correlated with improvements in eating concerns and shape concerns, respectively. However, large parts of the anterior cingulate cortex, caudate nuclei and right hippocampus did not display any grey matter recovery following a short‐term of treatment. These results show that in adolescents with AN, some brain regions display marked recovery in grey matter volume following weight recovery, whereas others do not, considering grey mater recovery possibly linked to symptom improvement.