bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fetal Renal Maturation: Studies on urinary beta 2 microglobulin the the neonate
Authors: Takieddine Fayez , Tabbara May , Hall Philip , Sokol Robert J. , King Katherine C.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Beta2 microglobulin [B2m] and creatinine [Cr] concentrations were measure in the urine of 27 newborn infants. At birth, urinary [B2m] and [B2m]/[Cr] ratios were significantly lower in infants born beyond 36 weeks' gestation. Serial measurements, postnatally, showed a progressive decrease in the urine [B2m]/[Cr] ratio of infants born prematurely. These findings suggest an increase in tubular uptake of B2m with increasing gestational and postnatal age. The current findings tend to support the hypothesis that the decrease in [B2m] observed in amniotic fluid beginning at approximately 36 weeks' gestation reflects maturation of fetal proximal renal tubular function.
The Influence of Normotensive Pregnancy and Pre‐Eclampsia on Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme
Authors: Rasmussen A. B. , Pedersen E. B. , Rømer F. K. , Johannesen P. , Kristensen S. , Lauritsen J. G. , Wohlert M.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Serum angiotensin‐converting enzyme (SACE) levels were determined in normotensive pregnant subjects and patients with pre‐eclampsia in the third trimester of pregnancy and 5 days, 3 and 6 months after parturition, and also in the first and second trimester in the normotensive group. SACE levels were reduced during pregnancy and 5 days after delivery in the normotensive subjects compared with the levels 3 and 6 months after delivery and to the non‐pregnant control subjects. After correction for plasma volume expansion, SACE was reduced in first and second trimester only. In pre‐eclampsia both SACE and corrected SACE were significantly lower in third trimester and 5 days after parturition than 3 and 6 months after delivery and in non‐pregnant control subjects. The reason for the reduced level of SACE in first and second trimester during normal pregnancy is not known. The low SACE levels in pre‐eclampsia may be a secondary phenomenon due to a decreased placental synthesis without primary importance for the blood pressure regulation.
Albumin Infusion Does not Alter the Intervillous Blood Flow in Severe Pre‐Eclampsia
Authors: Jouppila Pentti , Jouppila Riitta , Koivula Antero
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Intervillous blood flow (IVBF) was measured by the 133Xe intravenous method before and after a 100 ml infusion of 20% human albumin in 13 cases of severe pre‐ec‐lampsia. In spite of the significant increase in serum albumin and colloid osmotic pressure values, no parallel direction of change in IVBF values could be seen to result from the immediate effects of volume expansion therapy. The results suggest that the use of albumin infusion is of no specific value in the treatment of severe pre‐eclampsia in terms of evaluation at the level of placental circulation. The observation of an increase in placental blood flow in cases of real hypoalbuminemia calls for a further elucidation.
Plasma Estriol in late Pregnancy in Relation to Fetal Outcome
Authors: Ström H. , Berg B. , Jacobson L.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The study is a retrospective report on the capacity of plasma (P‐) estriol (E3) determinations in late pregnancy to detect abnormal fetoplacental state at delivery. From the material of cases with P‐E3‐determinations, two extreme groups were chosen for comparison: those with absolutely normal fetoplacental status at parturition and those with severe disturbances of the fetoplacental status at delivery. The predictability of a single P‐E3 value was generally low, especially at the end of pregnancy. Consecutive (at least 3) high or low values, respectively, in the individual case, proved to have a predictable value that might complement other clinical methods for assessing fetoplacental function.
Fetal Heart rate Response to a Controlled Sound Stimulus as a Measure of Fetal Well‐Being
Authors: Jensen Odd Harald
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The fetal heart rate (FHR) response to a controlled sound stimulus of 80 dB was registered in 152 at‐risk pregnancies. Thirty‐four of the infants showed signs of an intra‐uterine pathological condition at birth, whereas 118 infants were clinically unaffected. The mean heart rate response was significantly weaker in the pathological group than in the normal group. A FHR response of less than 15 bpm was found to give a test sensitivity of 53%. The differences between the two groups revealed by the sound stimulation test corresponded to differences in birth weights and in Apgar score after 1 minute. The results indicate that the sound stimulation test is sensitive to minor changes in the condition of the fetus.
Immune Function in Patients with Ovarian Carcinoma Treated with Irradiation or with Cytostatics
Authors: Toivanen Auli , Grönroos Matti , Lassila Olli , Nordman Eeva
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The immunocompetence of 25 patients with ovarian cancer was followed up (luring and after radiation or chemotherapy, by using the number of lymphocytes, E‐rosette‐forming cells, and mitogen responses as parameters. In comparison with chemotherapy, the irradiation caused a profound and permanent immunosuppression. In patients treated with chemotherapy, the number of E‐rosette‐forming cells and the mitogen responses were fewer in the patients who developed recurrence or dissemination.
Pregnancy and Delivery in Bernard‐Soulier Syndrome
Authors: Michalas S. , Malamitsi‐Puchner A. , Tsevrenis H.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. This is the first reported case of a woman suffering from the Bernard‐Soulier syndrome who terminated pregnancy and gave birth normally to a healthy child. Although a great number of platelet and fresh blood units were transfused before and after delivery, a hysterectomy was performed the next day as the only solution to stop persisting gross hemorrhage.
Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis In Pregnancy
Authors: Zimmerman Joseph , Shotan Avraham
Published: December 2009

Abstract. A case of prosthetic valve endocarditis is described, caused by Streptorcoccus viridans in the third trimester of pregnancy. During her illness, the patient gave birth to a normal baby in an uncomplicated vaginal delivery. She had recurrent post‐partum vaginal bleeding. Aspects relevant to the management of the case are discussed.
Maternal‐Fetal Transfer of Aminophylline
Authors: Ron M. , Hochner‐Celnikier D. , Menczel J. , Palti Z. , Kidroni G.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Ten women with normal pregnancies who underwent an elective cesarean section received orally 200 mg of aminophylline every 6 hours for 24—36 hours prior to surgery. The levels of aminophylline and caffeine were measured in maternal and cord sera and in amniotic fluids. The mean level of aminophylline (± SD) in maternal serum was 10.4 ± 1.74 μg/ml, and in cord serum 11.2 ± 1.25 μg/ml. The mean aminophylline level in amniotic fluids was 8.2 ± 1.42 μg/ml. The serum aminophylline levels were within the therapeutic level range. Caffeine levels in those specimens ranged between traces to 6μg/ml which correspond to the normal dietary range.
Morphology of Live Seminal and Postcoital Cervical Spermatozoa and Its Bearing on Human Fertility
Authors: Fredricsson Bengt , Sennerstam Roland
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Various seminal variables were studied in two groups of infertile couples and in one fertile control group. Sperm morphology was emphasized. Patients with normal postcoital tests and sperm counts exceeding 5 mill/ml were selected and followed prospectively. The two clinical groups could then be identified

a. couples who were persistently infertile during the 3 years of observation and whose infertility was not explained by the clinical investigation, and;

b. couples where conception was achieved during the period of observation, either spontaneously or after treatment of the woman. In the latter group all the variables of semen analysis were identical with those of the control group. Differences between the two groups of infertile patients were noted only with respect to the morphology of live spermatozoa of the semen sample and of postcoital spermatozoa within the cervical secretion. It is concluded that these two variables of sperm evaluation are of prognostic significance with regard to future fertility.
Reference Values for Serum Components in Pregnant Women
Authors: Berg Bertel , Petersohn Lennart , Helm GÖRan , Tryding Nils
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Reference values have been collected for 11 chemical blood serum components during the three trimesters of pregnancy in 100 healthy pregnant women. The results used for reference intervals are presented as 2.5, 50 and 97.5 percentiles. Especially regarding S‐Albumin, S‐Alkaline phosphatase and S‐5′‐Nucleotidase the changes were most pronounced during the third trimester. S‐Gammaglutamyltransferase did not change significantly during pregnancy. For S‐Aspartate aminotransferase and S‐Alanine aminotransferase there were no significant changes in the mean values during the three different trimester periods. In the third trimester the frequency distribution of the enzymes became skewed to the right, i.e. in some women the enzyme activities increased noticeably more than in others. S‐Na showed a significant decrease even during the first trimester and this lowering was slightly more pronounced during the second and third trimesters. S‐Ca decreased in parallel with S‐Albumin concentration. The changes in S‐CaAlbumincorrected were distinctly smaller than those in S‐CaTotal. Throughout pregnancy, S‐K, S‐Bilirubin and S‐Thymol turbitidy test values did not deviate from nonpregnant levels.
Induced Abortion by the Suction Method
Authors: Nesheim BrittIngjerd
Published: December 2009

Abstract. 3036 induced abortions from the years 1977, 1978, 1979 and 1980 were analysed. They included all abortions performed with the suction method at Akershus Central Hospital, except for those done in combination with a sterilization procedure. The main determinants of complication rates were parity, period of gestation and, for minor complications, whether the patient was treated as an inpatient or an outpatient. Women who had not previously given birth had a higher complication rate than parous women. Complication rates were lowest during weeks 7‐10. Outpatients had fewer readmissions, repeat curettages, and infections, than inpatients. There was a tendency to cause a larger dilatation of the cervical canal than was technically necessary.
Ectopic Pregnancies Following Female Sterilization
Authors: Chi I‐Cheng , Feldblum Paul J. , Higgins James
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The present study compared 15 ectopic pregnancies occurring after female sterilization (EPs) with 30 non‐pregnant control patients who had also undergone female sterilization (NPCs) for a history of induced abortion, any pelvic surgery, abdominal surgery, or pelvic infection. EP cases and controls were individually matched for clinic, surgeon, surgical approach, tubal occlusion technique, and date of operation, as well as patients age and parity. The only significant difference was the greater proportion of EP patients, reporting a history of induced abortion (matched triplet odds ratio = 9.0, 95% confidence limits = 1.39, 58.26). Women with EPs were further compared with 78 women with post‐sterilization intra‐uterine pregnancies (unmatched). Results again show a significantly greater risk of conceiving an EP following previous induced abortion (odds ratio 5.8, 95% confidence limits =1.78, 18.60). Women with previous abdominal surgery also ran a significantly higher risk of post‐sterilization EP (odds ratio 10.0 95% confidence limits = 2.45, 40.83). Limitations of the data and clinical implications of the results are discussed.
Alpha‐Fetoprotein Screening in Obstetric Practice and the Use of Differential Action Limits
Authors: Schnittger Agneta , Kjessler Berndt
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The efficiency of a general AFP‐screening program is considerably affected by the action limit used for recommended diagnostic follow‐up procedures.

We have analyzed if this efficiency could be enforced by the use of differential action limits for different purposes.

A total of 18 037 pregnancies of known outcome were analyzed for their AFP‐levels in maternal serum (MS‐AFP) between the 15th and 17th gestational weeks. The individual AFP test results were expressed in multiples of the normal median value (MOM) for singleton pregnancies of the same gestational age. MS‐AFP levels ≤ 3 MOM were found in 22/28 pregnancies (78.6 per cent) affected by open neural tube‐ or abdominal wall defects, but only in 0.7 per cent of the 17 872 normal singleton pregnancies.

Obstetric risk pregnancies, e.g. multiple pregnancies, impending abortions, and pregnancies eventually ending with perinatal deaths and children with low birth weight, were found to be overrepresented above the MS‐AFP level 1.8 MOM (the 94th percentile). The employment of differential action limits, i.e. at 3 MOM for further diagnostic attempts to eventually detect open neural tube‐ or abdominal wall defects, at 1.8 MOM for identification of certain obstetric risk pregnancies requiring close monitoring and below 0.25 MOM to reveal nonviable pregnancies to be terminated is likely to improve the efficiency of an AFP‐screeningprogram.
Patient characteristics and age‐dependent sub‐populations in severe fibrocystic breast disease—the Hjørring project
Authors: Rasmussen Thorkild , Tobiassen Tobias
Published: December 2009

Abstract. This study aimed at providing a detailed anam‐nestic, clinical, and mammographical characterization of 109 patients with fibrocystic breast disease, who were selected on the basis of pronounced mastodynia, prominent palpable structure and mammographical confirmation of the clinical diagnosis. Since these patients were selected for subsequent therapy, and most of them also underwent various hormonal investigations, accurate differential diagnosis was considered essential. Therefore, X‐ray mammography was supplemented as required with adenography, galactography, and aspiration of cysts followed by aerography. Additionally, the results for most study variables were recorded by means of standardized scoring systems.

On the basis of this characterization, three diagnostic sub‐groups of fibrocystic disease could be distinguished: 20 patients with prominent glandular structure but no visible cysts (group A), 43 patients with prominent glandular structure as well as small (<1 cm) cysts (group B), and 46 patients with both small and large (≥ 1 cm) cysts. The three groups differ significantly in mean age (33.1±5.5 (SD), 39.2±4.9, and 43.7±4.6 years in groups A, B, and C, respectively). There was a significant trend towards increasing duration of breast complaints, and patients with a history of >5 years account for 45, 65, and 74% in groups A, B, and C, respectively. Moreover, most of the study variables, viz. mastodynia, palpable structure, amount of glandular tissue, non‐cystic nodularity, small cysts, duct ectasia, nipple discharge, and fibrosis, also tended to increase significantly in intensity and/or frequency from group A to B to C.

These findings strongly support the view that fibrocystic breast disease is a benign progressive process and that the three diagnostic sub‐groups represent different stages of this condition.
SUPRAPUBIC VERSUS TRANSURETHRAL BLADDER DRAINAGE AFTER COLPOSUSPENSION/VAGINAL REPAIR
Authors: Andersen J. T. , Heisterberg L. , Hebjørn S. , Petersen K. , Sørensen S. Stampe , Fischer‐Rasmussen W. , Pedersen L. Moisted , Nielsen N. C.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Ninety‐two patients with preoperative sterile urine undergoing colposuspension or vaginal repair operation for stress urinary incontinence and/or genital descensus were randomized to either suprapubic or transurethral postoperative catheter drainage. The prevalence of significant bac‐teriuria on the fifth postoperative day was statistically significantly lower when using suprapubic catheter (20.8%) than with transurethral catheter drainage (45.5%). This applied especially to colposuspension. The rate of postoperatively impaired bladder emptying also tended to be reduced when using suprapubic catheter. At follow‐up after one year, postoperative bacteriuria was closely correlated to increased rates of both clinical cystitis and asymptomatic significant bacteriuria. Thus it is recommended to use suprapubic bladder drainage not only after colposuspension but also after vaginal repair in an effort to avoid an increased risk of urinary infections.
SLING OPERATION FOR URINARY INCONTINENCE
Authors: Iosif C. S.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. 105 women with urinary stress incontinence were treated over an 8‐year period. The operations carried out were: 44 Zoedler slings using mersilene and 61 slings using lyodura. Follow‐up lasting from 3 to 11 years showed complete failure in 17 patients (16%). The plastic slings of the Zoedler type led to an increased risk of complications such as retropubic infections, rejection of the mersilene, and chronic urinary retention. The lyodura sling was considered good prosthetic material. Our experience shows that a sling operation, as a primary method, may be selected for patients with stress urinary incontinence and a large degree of descent of the anterior vaginal wall and/or uterus.
COLPOSCOPIC, CYTOLOGICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE CERVICAL STUMP 3 YEARS AFTER SUPRA VAGINAL UTERINE AMPUTATION
Authors: Kilkku P. , Grönroos M. , Taina E. , Söderström O.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Colposcopic, cytological and histological (endo‐cervical curettage) evaluation of the remaining cervical stump was done 3 years after 99 supravaginal uterine amputations performed for benign condition. Peroperative elec‐trocoagulation of the endocervical mucosa had been done in all the patients and postoperative ectocervical electrocoagu‐lation in 39 (39.4%) cases. No active inflammatory, premalignant or malignant changes were detected at the 3‐year examination of the cervix. Furthermore, normal adenomatous epithelium had been wholly or partly relaced by squamous epithelium in 89% of the cases.
SIDE AND SITE OF DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS IN WOMEN USING ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Authors: Kierkegaard AsbjöRn
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The anatomy of the thrombus in acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in women using oral contraceptives was studied in 277 reports on DVT received by the Swedish Adverse Drug Reaction Advisory Committee (SADRAC). The study revealed a similarity between the anatomy of DVT in women on oral contraceptives and that of DVT in pregnant women, suggesting a pharmacologic influence of the hormones in the pill on the pathogenesis of DVT in women on oral contraceptives. The anatomy of DVT in women on low‐estrogen pills was identical with that of DVT in women on high‐estrogen pills, suggesting an identical pharmacologic influence of the two types of pill on the pathogenesis of DVT in women on oral contraceptives.
THE EFFECTS OF VAGINAL REPAIR ON ANTERIOR BLADDER SUSPENSION DEFECTS
Authors: Meyhoff H. H. , de Nully M. B. , Olesen K. P. , Lindahl F.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. In 22 patients with anterior bladder suspension defect as judged by colpocysto‐urethrography (CCU) a vaginal repair was undertaken. In 14 patients urinary stress or urge and stress incontinence was the indication for operation, and in 8, genital prolapse. At follow‐up more than 6 months postoperatively the CCU was repeated and a clinical evaluation undertaken. A normalization of the CCU was obtained in only 6 patients and 10 showed a less severe suspension defect. Nine of 14 patients were cured of incontinence. Only 3 of these had a normal follow‐up CCU. Improvement of bladder suspension defect was not the sole responsible factor for postoperative continence. Urinary incontinence developed postoperatively in 2 of 8 patients operated on solely because of symptomatic genital prolapse. Very high cure rates for urinary incontinence have been reported following a colposuspension operation. A vaginal repair is not recommended as first‐choice operation in incontinent females with anterior bladder suspension defects, if a CCU may be undertaken and the colposuspension technique is mastered.
ON RESORPTION AND THE EFFECTS OF VAGINALLY ADMINISTERED TERBUTALINE IN WOMEN WITH PREMATURE LABOR
Authors: Kullander S. , Svanberg L.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. In a randomized, single‐blind study, of a pilot nature, the administration of terbutaline sulphate was found to cause significant inhibition of contractions in premature labor. This effect became evident within 30 min when the dosage was 0.1 mg in 1 ml cellulose gel, applied vaginally, and within 2 h when released from a 5‐g medicated vaginal polymer ring containing 10% terbutaline sulphate. No generalized effects of the terbutaline were noted (such as increased blood pressure or tachycardia) and the level of terbutaline in peripheral venous blood remained low. Vaginally administered terbutaline can obviously be quickly resorbed, giving a localized effect. Thus applied, terbutaline would appear to offer a number of advantages as regards treatment procedure.
X‐RAY PELVIMETRY AND TRIAL OF LABOR AFTER PREVIOUS CESAREAN SECTION
Authors: Nielsen Thorkild F. , Hökegård Klas‐Henry , Moldin Per G.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. the benefits of X‐ray pelvimetry and electronic monitoring of fetal heart rate and intra‐uterine pressure were studied prospectively in order to predict the likelihood of a successful vaginal birth after previous cesarean section (CS). in 1982, a total of 369 parturients (7% of all deliveries) who had previously undergone CS were studied. Trial of labor (TL) was allowed in 160 cases (43.4%) and planned repeat CS was performed in 209 patients (56.6%). Patients in the TL group were compared with a matched control group. One hundred and fifty patients (94%) in the TL group gave birth by the vaginal route. There were no differences in the duration of the first and second stage of labor, duration of ruptured membranes (ROM), maternal blood loss or the incidence of CS and vacuum extraction between the TL group and the control group. Rates of low Apgar score (<7) at 1 and 5 min were the same in both groups. Intensive fetal monitoring during the course of labor, together with X‐ray pelvimetry in selected cases, markedly reduced the incidence of acute repeat CS with no change in the overall rate of successful vaginal delivery compared with our previous results.
COLPO‐URETHROCYSTOPEXY—A SIMPLE METHOD FOR TREATMENT OF GENUINE PRIMARY STRESS INCONTINENCE
Authors: Iosif Constantin S.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Colpo‐urethrocystopexy was performed on 195 women. the patients had been observed for a period ranging from 1 to 7 years. One hundred and eighty‐seven of them are continent, while there were 8 relapses (5 patients a complete relapse and 3 patients partial relapse). the postoperative complications were minimal: incisional infections (4.1%), acute urinary tract infections (8.7%). the abdominal colpo‐urethrocystopexy was combined with other primary gynecologic operations in 44 patients. This operating technique is uncomplicated and successful in correcting stress urinary incontinence in women.
ELEVATED PROGESTERONE LEVELS IN SERUM AND OVARIAN VENOUS BLOOD IN PATIENTS WITH OVARIAN TUMORS
Authors: Heinonen Pentti K. , Koivula Timo , Pystynen Paavo
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Peripheral serum concentrations of progesterone were measured in 27 postmenopausal women with malignant, borderline, or benign ovarian tumor and in 10 women without ovarian neoplasm. The progesterone levels were significantly higher in all ovarian tumor groups as compared with the controls. There was no difference between malignant and benign tumors. Patients with a tumor volume over 1 000 ml had higher progesterone levels than patients with smaller tumors, in both peripheral and ovarian venous blood. Mucinous ovarian tumors were associated with the highest progesterone levels, compared with other histologic types of ovarian tumor. The results indicate that mucinous ovarian tumors are able to secrete progesterone and that the stage of malignancy has no effect on this hormonal activity.
HUMAN ENDOMETRIUM CONTAINS RELAXIN THAT IS PROGESTERONE‐DEPENDENT
Authors: Yki‐Järvinen H. , Wahlström T. , Seppälä M.
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The avidin—biotin immunoperoxidase method using two anti‐porcine relaxin antisera was employed to study the occurrence of relaxin in the endometrium of 102 pre‐ or postmenopausal women. Relaxin was not found in the endometrium in the following conditions: 1. normal proliferative phase (n = 27), 2. cystic glandular hyperplasia (n= 12), 3. early secretory endometrium during 1–3 post‐ovulatory days (n=12), 4. atrophic endometrium from postmenopausal women not taking hormones (n = 7), and 5. atrophic or proliferative endometrium of women undergoing estrogen replacement therapy (n = 5). Relaxin was invariably present 1. in the secretory endometrium from natural cycles after day 3 postovulation (n = 28), 2. in the secretory endometrium of previously unovulatory premeno‐pausal women taking progestogens (n = 6), and 3. in the secretory endometrium during the latter part of the cycle of postmenopausal women undergoing estrogen—progestogen replacement therapy (n = 5). Our results indicate that the occurrence of relaxin in the endometrium is progesterone‐dependent, but the corpus luteum is not required for relaxin synthesis to occur in non‐pregnant women. The timing of the appearance of relaxin in the endometrium during natural cycles coincides with implantation, thus suggesting a role for relaxin in the early events of human reproduction.
Ultrasonic Assessment of Cervix in Normal Pregnancy
Authors: Varma T. R. , Patel R. H. , Pillai U.
Published: December 2009

We studied 30 normal pregnant women from the first trimester to 36 weeks. This group of women had had no previous miscarriage, termination of pregnancy, operations on the cervix, or premature labor. Fifteen were primigravidae and the remainder were multigravidae. There was no significant difference in the length of the cervix from 10 to 36 weeks of gestation (p>0.05). The mean width of the cervix gradually increased from 10 to 36 weeks of gestation (p<0.01). The mean width of the cervical canal showed no significant change from 10 to 36 weeks of gestation (p>0.05).
Fetal Surveillance in Diabetic Pregnancy: I. Predictive value of the nonstress test
Authors: Olofsson Per , Sjöberg Nils‐Otto , Solum Thore
Published: December 2009

Ninety‐nine consecutive diabetic pregnancies (101 infants) were monitored with altogether 2672 nonstress tests (NSTs) from about 30 weeks of gestation until parturition. In 96% of the women the last NST was performed within 2 days of delivery. Fifty‐nine percent had normal NSTs throughout pregnancy. Only 3.7% of the 2672 tests were classified as pathological.

When performed within 2 days antepartum, a normal NST predicted the 1‐min Apgar score to be ≥7 in 92%, and at 5 and 10 min in 99%. When all NSTs ever performed were included, the predictive value improved to 100%. The baby's first cry within 1 min after birth was predicted in 96%. Furthermore, the predictive value of a normal NST regarding the absence of ominous intrapartum cardiotocographic (CTG) patterns, normal pulmonary function and normal metabolic balance, was about 80%. The perinatal mortality was 1%. The specificity was in general good (86–96%), whereas the predictive value of pathological tests and the sensitivity almost without exception were poor. It is concluded that the very low rate of pathological NSTs indicates that obstetric interventions were made soon after the occurence of the first sign of fetal jeopardy. Only then, and with meticulous care, is it possible to obtain good results. A normal NST is an excellent predictor of a normal Apgar score at 5 and 10 min, and also very good for a normal 1‐min Apgar and an early cry from the baby. The predictive value is quite acceptable concerning the intrapartum CTG and the neonatal course likewise regarding the pulmonary function and metabolic balance. This study indicates that in diabetic pregnancy the frequently performed NST is a good predictor of normality and thus highly reliable in fetal surveillance.
The Epidemiology of Climacteric Symptoms
Authors: Hagstad Anita , Janson Per Olof
Published: December 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate symptoms of estrogen deficiency, androgen excess and urinary incontinence in a representative sample of middle‐aged women. A sample consisting of 1 746 women aged 40–66 was randomly selected. Of those initially selected, 1413 (81%) were eventually investigated. Gynecological data were obtained by means of questionnaires. 53% of the menstruating and 79% of the naturally postmenopausal women reported one or more symptoms indicating estrogen deficiency. 40% of the postmenopausal women had experienced marked vasomotor symptoms. Symptoms of androgen excess were uncommon. The occurrence of urinary incontinence was 10%.
Double‐Lined Nomogram of Cervical Dilatation in Chinese Primigravidas
Authors: Chen H. F. , Chu K. K.
Published: December 2009

By studying normal labors in 500 Chinese primigravidae, a nomogram has been constructed to show the normal progression of cervical dilatation starting from cervical os of 3 cm dilatation. Paralleled “alert” lines and “action” lines were derived from this nomogram. Clinical evaluation of this double‐lined nomogram showed that poor progression of cervical dilatation resulting in an abnormal outcome can be predicted at earlier stages. the use of this nomogram together with the partogram greatly improved the management of labor in the individual patient and the guidance of the labor ward as a whole.
Survey update on implementation, indications, and technical performance of computed tomography colonography in sweden
Authors: Fisichella Valeria A. , Hellström Mikael
Published: December 2009

Background: Computed tomographic colonography (CTC) has gained increased acceptance in the last few years as a valid substitute for double-contrast barium enema (DCBE). However, implementation of new technologies is complex, since several factors may influence the process.

Purpose: To evaluate the current situation in Sweden concerning implementation of CTC, as compared to a previous national survey in 2005.

Material and Methods: In December 2008, a structured, self-assessed questionnaire regarding implementation and technical performance of CTC was mailed to all radiology departments in Sweden. In March 2009, departments who had not replied were contacted by e-mail or by telephone. All (100%, 119/119) departments answered the questionnaire.

Results: CTC is currently performed in 50/119 (42%) departments, i.e., 18 additional departments compared to 2005. Twenty-three out of 60 (38%) responding departments stated that they intend to start to perform CTC in the near future. DCBE is currently performed in 77/119 (65%) departments, 12 departments less compared to 2005. The most common reasons for non-implementation of CTC are non-availability of spiral CT scanner (41%, 26/64) and/or multidetector-row CT scanner (39%, 25/64), and lack of doctors’ time (34%, 22/64). Only 3% (2/64) of departments are “awaiting further scientific documentation” on CTC, a significant reduction compared to 2005 ( P=0.002). Until 2009, 59% (29/49) of CTC centers had performed more than 200 CTCs compared to 13% (4/32) of CTC centers in 2005. Intravenous contrast material is routinely administered in 86% (42/49), and carbon dioxide is used to distend the colon in 90% (44/49). Almost all radiology departments (93%, 93/100) currently believe that CTC will “absolutely” or “probably” replace barium enema in the future, while in 2005 only 56% (55/99) gave similar answers.

Conclusion: The survey reflects a further transition process from DCBE to CTC, with attitudes of radiologists increasingly in favor of CTC, although DCBE is still performed by the majority of radiology departments. DCBE should be replaced by colonoscopy and CTC, but the transition requires both human and economic resources.
Wonderful Wholesome Wetlands
Authors: Singh Harban
Published: December 2009

No abstract.DOI: 10.3126/jowe.v1i1.1563Journal of Wetlands Ecology Vol.1(1/2) 2008, p.2
Inter and Intra- Organizational Collaborative and Consultative Program of Society of Wetland Scientists Asia Chapter (SWS)
Authors: Savillo Isidro T
Published: December 2009

DOI: 10.3126/jowe.v1i1.1567No abstract. Journal of Wetlands Ecology Vol.1(1/2) 2008, p.15
Assessment of Vietnam Coastal Wetland Vulnerability for Sustainable Use (Case Study in Xuanthuy Ramsar Site, Vietnam)
Authors: Nhuan Mai Trong , Ngoc Nguyen Thi Minh , Huong Nghiem Quynh , Hue Nguyen Thi Hong , Tue Nguyen Tai , Ngoc Pham Bao
Published: December 2009

For sustainable use of coastal wetland ecosystems, vulnerability of the Xuan Thuy Ramsar site in the northern coast of Vietnam, an internationally important area for feeding and roosting of migratory water birds, is assessed. The assessment tools include 1) a geographical information system database, which describes physical, socio-economic, and environmental conditions; 2) spatial multi-criteria decision analysis, and 3) evaluating criteria by a pair-wise comparison method. Consequently, coastal vulnerability criteria were determined following three periods of a year with different density of migrating birds: the highest density period - from September to March of the following year; the average density period - April and from August to October; the lowest density period - the remain time in year. For each period, 5 levels of vulnerability (from 1-lowest to 5-highest level) were determined. High vulnerability level is concentrated in a great area, belonging to the ecological restored area and the south of communes Giao Thien, Giao Xuan; Low vulnerability level is distributed in communes of the buffer zone. Correspondingly to each vulnerability level, recommendations are given for the risk management, resource use, environment protection and human activities. Keywords: wetland, vulnerability, Ramsar site, hazard, sustainable useDOI: 10.3126/jowe.v2i1.1850Journal of Wetlands Ecology, (2009) vol. 2, pp 1-16
Seasonal Variations of Avifauna of Shallabug Wetland, Kashmir
Authors: Dar Imran A , Dar Mithas A
Published: December 2009

The main thrust in this research work has been given on the evaluation of current status of Avifauna associated with Shallabug wetland. The main objectives were to evaluate the bird population fluctuation, to determine various threats to waterbirds and their habitats, and to present the remedial measures based on the key issues identified. For the purpose of present investigation, the study area was divided systematically into three study units of 700 m² each. Visual census method was used for the estimation of bird population. Visual counting was made with the help of high power field binocular (SG- 9.2) from respective vantage points. The birds were observed on the monthly basis in 2008 and the fluctuation in bird population was determined in different seasons: summer, autumn and winter.  The observations were made from 5:00 am to 7:00 am (when they come out from their resting place) and 6:00 pm to 7:00 pm (when they approach towards their resting place). The analysis of the results showed that the Shallabug Wetland is particularly important for migratory bird species and marsh land breeding species. The wetland was also found important for long distance migrants as a stopper site for feeding and resting. The bird population showed fluctuation with site differences as well as with changing seasons. Key words: Wetland, Shallabug, Avifauna, Fluctuation, Wetland managementDOI: 10.3126/jowe.v2i1.1853 Journal of Wetlands Ecology, (2009) vol. 2, pp 20-34
Avifaunal Diversity of Khata Corridor Forest
Authors: Chaudhari Umesh Kumar , Kafle Gandhiv , Baral Hem Sagar
Published: December 2009

The study was made to assess the species diversity of avians, habitat type, their presence/absence in the different habitats and to produce a distribution map of globally threatened species in Khata Corridor forest of Bardia district. Species discovery curve and richness curve was produced through McKinnon list method in which each list contains 15-species. Habitat type was distinguished by modified DAFOR scale. Riverine sissoo-khair forest, Moist-mixed forest, and Riverine grassland were found to be prominent habitat type in the intensive study area. Distribution map of threatened species was assembled through Arc View 3.2a. Shannon's Index of Diversity (H = 3.114) and species evenness (0.629) indicates the high species diversity of avians in Khata corridor forest. Further study is essential to incorporate remaining part of the forest and to survey winter birds. Key words: Avifauna, corridor, species diversity, habitatDOI: 10.3126/jowe.v2i1.1857 Journal of Wetlands Ecology, (2009) vol. 2, pp 48-56
How to Build a Haunted Nation: The ‘Cheerful Ghosts’ of Robertson Davies'High Spirits
Authors: Johnson Brian
Published: December 2009

A focus on the ‘affectionate parodies’ of classic English ghost stories that Davies wrote and performed for the Massey College Gaudy Nights reveals the national subtext of ghosts and haunting in Robertson Davies' fiction. Complicating Frank Davey's critique of the notoriously Eurocentric ‘post-nationalism’ of Davies' satires of Canadian identity and culture, this paper sees Davies' annual production of Canadian ghosts as a cosmopolitan but still national project of imagining a Canadian identity that would be permanently and productively haunted by spectres of a ‘marvellous’ European past. The ‘cheerful ghosts’ that populate Davies' light-hearted parodies of English ghost stories are, moreover, important precursors to a tradition of homely (heimlich) gothic that has become central to debates over the politics of post-colonial gothic in Canadian literature and culture in recent years. Davies' ritual invention and recitation of these ghost stories set in Massey College, I argue, constitutes a liminal version of Canadian cultural nationalism that revealingly epitomizes the rhetorical strategies of an uncritical settler post-colonialism that imagines Canada as a nation reassuringly haunted by its ancestral ghosts.
Theatre of Image and Action: Robertson Davies and The Golden Age of Melodrama
Authors: Reid Sharon E.
Published: December 2009

Robertson Davies distinguished himself by his fervent commitment to artistic forms that would ‘change and enlarge us.’ Characterizing his life as ‘pickled in melodrama,’ he argued for melodrama as an observable daily phenomenon, worthy of scholarly attention and possessing a powerful reforming spirit capable of inspiring social change. When Davies' instructional video Lady Soul and the Devil's Burning Throne: The Golden Age of Melodrama (1979) – a rare assemblage of photographic stills and clips from early film melodramas – is examined in conjunction with his letters, lectures, and novels, we see his understanding of melodrama as an art form that stresses human potential, reflects a reality in which right triumphs over wrong, and depicts the common man not as he is but as he would be if only a few things were put right.
Interstitial impurities at grain boundaries in metals: insight from atomistic calculations
Authors: Janisch Rebecca , Elsässer Christian
Published: December 2009

The investigation of segregation and embrittlement at grain boundaries in metals is a research area with a long tradition. In recent times, the feasibility of computational studies on the atomic scale gave a new impetus to the community. In this feature article we summarize our contributions to the understanding of segregation of interstitial impurities and embrittlement at grain boundaries in the bcc transition metals against the background of research activities in the field. We mainly discuss the benefits and limitations of ab-initio electronic structure calculations.
Atomistic modelling of materials with bond-order potentials
Authors: Hammerschmidt Thomas , Drautz Ralf , Pettifor David G.
Published: December 2009

The atomistic modelling of materials with effective model potentials requires a reliable description of the breaking and making of interatomic bonds in different atomic environments. The bond-order potentials provide such a transferable description of atomic bonding while at the same time they are computationally efficient for application in large-scale atomistic simulations. We give an overview of the fundamentals of bond-order potentials and their derivation from the tight-binding electronic structure by linking the atomic structure to the electronic structure. We discuss the application of the structural energy difference theorem for studying trends in crystal phase stability and provide a brief summary of representative examples for modelling metals, hydrocarbons, and semiconductors with analytic and numerical bond-order potentials.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of NiAl–Cr(Mo)–Hf/Ho near-eutectic alloy prepared by suction casting
Authors: Sheng Liyuan , Guo Jianting , Zhang Wei , Zhou Lanzhang , Ye Hengqiang
Published: December 2009

The microstructure and mechanical properties of 0.15 at.% Hf and 0.2 at.% Ho doped Ni-33Al-28Cr-6Mo near-eutectic alloys prepared by conventional casting and suction casting were investigated. The results reveal that the addition of Hf and Ho results in the formation of Ni2AlHf and Ni2Al3Ho phases, respectively, along the NiAl and Cr(Mo) phase interface in intercellular regions. Compared with the conventional-cast alloy, the microstructure of suction-cast alloy is well optimized, characterized by the thin interlamellar spacing, high proportion of eutectic cell area and fine homogeneously distributed Ni2AlHf and Ni2Al3Ho phases. Furthermore, the room temperature mechanical properties of the suction-cast alloy improve significantly, which can be attributed to fine microstructure, uniform distribution of the Ni2AlHf and Ni2Al3Ho phases and solid solubility extension.
Ball milling as a possible means to produce zinc based coatings
Authors: Avettand-Fènoël M.-N. , Reumont G. , Perrot P.
Published: December 2009

Mechanical alloying of both steel strip and elemental Zn powder (with or without Fe powder) was performed in order to directly produce zinc based coatings on the surface of steel strip. Microstructures of coatings and milled powders were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Metastable phases, in particular Zn supersaturated with Fe were synthesized during ball milling. Iron supersaturation in FeZn alloy is almost twice as high (4.5 at.% Fe in Zn) on the milled steel strip as in the ball milled powder (2.8 at.%). The latter values remain lower than the maximum Fe solubility in Zn allowed by thermodynamics. Subsequent annealing at 300 °C forms a Γ1 monophased coating which is not usually synthesized during batch galvanizing.
Impact of Delays on Passenger Train Services
Authors: Preston John , Wall Graham , Batley Richard , Ibáñez J. Nicolás , Shires Jeremy
Published: December 2009

The impact of delays on passenger railways, with specific reference to the national rail network in Great Britain, is examined. A key distinction is made between punctuality (trains running late) and reliability (trains canceled). In Britain these have been combined into a public performance measure, which deteriorated markedly as a consequence of the Hatfield accident in 2000 but has since gradually improved. Causes of delay can be associated with train operators, infrastructure authorities, and external factors. In Great Britain, train operators apparently have been better able to manage delay than the infrastructure authority. Traditional means of valuing delay have used stated preference methods that incorporate a measure of mean lateness and have shown that a minute of late time is typically valued as equivalent to 3 min of timetabled journey time. This is referred to as the reliability multiplier. Studies have also focused on the value placed on the standard deviation of journey time and compare this valuation against that of mean journey time to produce the reliability ratio. The most recent work finds that the reliability ratio may be higher than previously thought, whereas the reliability multiplier may be lower than previously thought, especially for long journeys. In addition, recent work that has made use of revealed preference data to infer elasticities of demand with respect to delays indicates that most market segments are relatively insensitive to delays. In total, this recent work suggests that passengers in Britain may be becoming less sensitive to reliability, and reasons for this are examined.
Laboratory Characterization of Fouled Railroad Ballast Behavior
Authors: Huang Hai , Tutumluer Erol , Dombrow William
Published: December 2009

Fouling refers to the condition of railroad ballast when voids in this unbound aggregate layer are filled with relatively finer materials or fouling agents, which commonly come from breakdown of the ballast aggregate, outside contamination such as coal dust from coal trains, or subgrade soil intrusion. Effects of different fouling agents on ballast aggregate shear strength were studied at the University of Illinois. Through the use of a large direct shear (shear box) device, the strength properties of both clean and fouled ballast samples were determined when three types of fine materials–-coal dust, plastic clayey soil, and mineral filler–-were added to clean ballast samples at various percentages by weight of ballast under both dry and wet [mostly optimum moisture content (OMC)] conditions. Realistic sample preparation procedures were conducted to closely simulate field-fouling scenarios. Test results showed that when the coal dust fouling percentage increased, the ballast shear strength steadily decreased. Wet fouling was found to exacerbate this trend. Results of ballast samples fouled with clay and mineral filler also showed decreasing trends in strength properties; however, coal dust was by far the worst fouling agent for its impact on track substructure and roadbed. Approximately 15% coal dust fouling by weight of ballast was statistically significant to cause considerable strength reductions. In the case of ballast fully fouled with wet coal dust at 35% OMC, the friction angles obtained were as low as the friction angle of coal dust itself.