bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbiological testing of adults hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia: an international study
Authors: Carugati Manuela , Aliberti Stefano , Reyes Luis Felipe , Franco Sadud Ricardo , Irfan Muhammad , Prat Cristina , Soni Nilam J. , Faverio Paola , Gori Andrea , Blasi Francesco , Restrepo Marcos I.
Published: October 2018

This study aimed to describe real-life microbiological testing of adults hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and to assess concordance with the 2007 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)/American Thoracic Society (ATS) and 2011 European Respiratory Society (ERS) CAP guidelines.

This was a cohort study based on the Global Initiative for Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusPneumonia (GLIMP) database, which contains point-prevalence data on adults hospitalised with CAP across 54 countries during 2015.

In total, 3702 patients were included. Testing was performed in 3217 patients, and included blood culture (71.1%), sputum culture (61.8%),Legionellaurinary antigen test (30.1%), pneumococcal urinary antigen test (30.0%), viral testing (14.9%), acute-phase serology (8.8%), bronchoalveolar lavage culture (8.4%) and pleural fluid culture (3.2%). A pathogen was detected in 1173 (36.5%) patients. Testing attitudes varied significantly according to geography and disease severity. Testing was concordant with IDSA/ATS and ERS guidelines in 16.7% and 23.9% of patients, respectively. IDSA/ATS concordance was higher in Europe than in North America (21.5%versus9.8%; p<0.01), while ERS concordance was higher in North America than in Europe (33.5%versus19.5%; p<0.01).

Testing practices of adults hospitalised with CAP varied significantly by geography and disease severity. There was a wide discordance between real-life testing practices and IDSA/ATS/ERS guideline recommendations.
Strengthening information technology security through the failure modes and effects analysis approach
Authors: Asllani Arben , Lari Alireza , Lari Nasim
Published: October 2018

Proper protection of information systems is a major quality issue of organizational risk management. Risk management is a process whereby risk factors are identified and then virtually eliminated. Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is a risk management methodology for identifying system’s failure modes with their effects and causes. FMEA identifies potential weaknesses in the system. This approach allows companies to correct areas identified through the process before the system fails. In this paper, we identify several critical failure factors that may jeopardize the security of information systems. In doing this, we systematically identify, analyze, and document the possible failure modes and the possible effects of each failure on the system. The proposed cybersecurity FMEA (C-FMEA) process results in a detailed description of how failures influence the system’s performance and how they can be avoided. The applicability of the proposed C-FMEA is illustrated with an example from a regional airport.
The forgotten foundations: in core mental health services, no one can hear you scream
Authors: Moore Andrew
Published: October 2018

The Five Year Forward View for Mental Health (FYFVMH) was a welcome development in the emerging ‘Parity of Esteem’ agenda, but focused mainly on a select few specialist services; much more limited attention was given to ‘core’ general adult and older age mental health services, such as community mental health teams, crisis teams and in-patient units. This relative policy vacuum, when combined with prolonged financial pressures and limited informatics, has left core services vulnerable and struggling to meet growing demands, with little sense of hope, in contrast to some of the newer, ‘shiny’ specialist services growing around them. Policy makers need to recognise the growing crisis and take action, ensuring that any sequel to the FYFVMH redresses this imbalance by clearly prioritising core services as the vital foundations of the larger whole-system. The potential benefits are huge and wide-ranging, but the harms of a second missed opportunity are perhaps even greater.

Declaration of interest

A.M. works in a National Health Service general adult community mental health team and is an elected member of the Royal College of Psychiatrists General Adult Faculty Executive Committee.
Reducing the Number of Unnecessary Thyroid Biopsies While Improving Diagnostic Accuracy: Toward the “Right” TIRADS
Authors: Grani Giorgio , Lamartina Livia , Ascoli Valeria , Bosco Daniela , Biffoni Marco , Giacomelli Laura , Maranghi Marianna , Falcone Rosa , Ramundo Valeria , Cantisani Vito , Filetti Sebastiano , Durante Cosimo
Published: October 2018

Context

The prevalence of thyroid nodules in the general population is increasingly high, and at least half of those biopsied prove to be benign. Sonographic risk-stratification systems are being proposed as “rule-out” tests that can identify nodules that do not require fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology.

Objective

To comparatively assess the performances of five internationally endorsed sonographic classification systems [those of the American Thyroid Association, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American College of Radiology (ACR), the European Thyroid Association, and the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology] in identifying nodules whose FNAs can be safely deferred and to estimate their negative predictive values (NPVs).

Design

Prospective study of thyroid nodules referred for FNA.

Setting

Single academic referral center.

Patients

Four hundred seventy-seven patients (358 females, 75.2%); mean (SD) age, 55.9 (13.9) years.

Main Outcome Measures

Number of biopsies classified as unnecessary, false-negative rate (FNR), sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and diagnostic ORs for each system.

Results

Application of the systems’ FNA criteria would have reduced the number of biopsies performed by 17.1% to 53.4%. The ACR Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) allowed the largest reduction (268 of 502) with the lowest FNR (NPV, 97.8%; 95% CI, 95.2% to 99.2%). Except for the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology TIRADS, all other systems exhibited significant discriminatory performance but produced significantly smaller reductions in the number of procedures.

Conclusions

Internationally endorsed sonographic risk stratification systems vary widely in their ability to reduce the number of unnecessary thyroid nodule FNAs. The ACR TIRADS outperformed the others, classifying more than half the biopsies as unnecessary with a FNR of 2.2%.
Fantasy, the Final Frontier: Making Science Moral in Postwar North Korean Youth Culture
Authors: Zur Dafna
Published: October 2018

The atomic bombing marked an end to World War II and triggered the evacuation of the Japanese from the Korean peninsula. In its wake came parallel occupations by the USSR and the US, under which North and South Korea dedicated themselves to rebuilding from postwar destruction. Science and technology had a central role to play as the means through which to meet economic goals and achieve military, political, and social ideals. In North Korea, the investment in science and technology revealed itself in young reader magazines, where scientific content made banal the exceptional power of nuclear energy and made the natural world knowable through formulas and data. At the same time, science and fiction took an interest in the relationships between the self and the collective and between humans and nature and reconfigured these relationships in moral terms. This article argues that scientific knowledge had to be framed by, and injected with, strong moral guidance to assure accurate and appropriate applications of the technical and scientific. Moral restructuring was the ground zero of social and economic reform, and the narrative form was recognized as the best way to shape the most elusive frontier of all: the fantasy of the young.
Current status and future directions of Lévy walk research
Authors: Reynolds Andy M.
Published: October 2018

Lévy walks are a mathematical construction useful for describing random patterns of movement with bizarre fractal properties that seem to have no place in biology. Nonetheless, movement patterns resembling Lévy walks have been observed at scales ranging from the microscopic to the ecological. They have been seen in the molecular machinery operating within cells during intracellular trafficking, in the movement patterns of T cells within the brain, in DNA, in some molluscs, insects, fish, birds and mammals, in the airborne flights of spores and seeds, and in the collective movements of some animal groups. Lévy walks are also evident in trace fossils (ichnofossils) – the preserved form of tracks made by organisms that occupied ancient sea beds about 252-66 million years ago. And they are utilised by algae that originated around two billion years ago, and still exist today. In September of 2017, leading researchers from across the life sciences, along with mathematicians and physicists, got together at a Company of Biologists' Workshop to discuss the origins and biological significance of these movement patterns. In this Review the essence of the technical and sometimes heated discussions is distilled and made accessible for all. In just a few pages, the reader is taken from a gentle introduction to the frontiers of a very active field of scientific enquiry. What emerges is a fascinating story of a truly inter-disciplinary scientific endeavour that is seeking to better understand movement patterns occurring across all biological scales.
A severe atherosclerosis mouse model on the resistant NOD background
Authors: Wang Xugang , Huang Rong , Zhang Lichen , Li Saichao , Luo Jing , Gu Yanrong , Chen Zhijun , Zheng Qianqian , Chao Tianzhu , Zheng Wenping , Qi Xinhui , Wang Li , Wen Yinhang , Liang Yinming , Lu Liaoxun
Published: October 2018

Atherosclerosis is a complex disease affecting arterial blood vessels and blood flow that could result in a variety of life-threatening consequences. Disease models with diverged genomes are necessary for understanding the genetic architecture of this complex disease. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice are highly polymorphic and widely used for studies of type 1 diabetes and autoimmunity. Understanding atherosclerosis development in the NOD strain is of particular interest as human atherosclerosis on the diabetic and autoimmune background has not been successfully modeled. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to genetically disrupt apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression on the pure NOD background, and compared phenotype between single-gene-deleted mice and double-knockout mutants with reference to ApoE-deficient C57BL/6 mice. We found that genetic ablation of Ldlr or Apoe in NOD mice was not sufficient to establish an atherosclerosis model, in contrast to ApoE-deficient C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for over 12 weeks. We further obtained NOD mice deficient in both LDLR and ApoE, and assessed the severity of atherosclerosis and immune response to hyperlipidemia in comparison to ApoE-deficient C57BL/6 mice. Strikingly, the double-knockout NOD mice treated with a HFD developed severe atherosclerosis with aorta narrowed by over 60% by plaques, accompanied by destruction of pancreatic islets and an inflammatory response to hyperlipidemia. Therefore, we succeeded in obtaining a genetic model with severe atherosclerosis on the NOD background, which is highly resistant to the disease. This model is useful for the study of atherosclerosis in the setting of autoimmunity.
Do apes smell like humans? The role of skin bacteria and volatiles of primates in mosquito host selection
Authors: Verhulst Niels O. , Umanets Alexander , Weldegergis Berhane T. , Maas Jeroen P. A. , Visser Tessa M. , Dicke Marcel , Smidt Hauke , Takken Willem
Published: October 2018

Anthropophilic mosquitoes are effective vectors of human diseases because of their biting preference. To find their host, these mosquitoes are guided by human odours, primarily produced by human skin bacteria. By analysing the skin bacterial and skin volatile profiles of humans, bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, lemurs and cows, we investigated whether primates that are more closely related to humans have a skin bacterial community and odour profile that is similar to humans. We then investigated whether this affected discrimination between humans and closely related primates by anthropophilic and zoophilic mosquitoes that search for hosts. Humans had a lower skin bacterial diversity than the other animals and their skin bacterial composition was more similar to the other primates than to the skin bacterial composition of cows. Like the skin bacterial profiles, the volatile profiles of the animal groups were clearly different from each other. The cow and lemur volatile profiles were more closely related to the human profiles than expected. Human volatiles were indeed preferred above cow volatiles by anthropophilic mosquitoes and no preference was observed when tested against non-human primate odour, except for bonobo volatiles that were preferred over human volatiles. Unravelling the differences between mosquito hosts and their effect on host selection is important for a better understanding of cross-species transmission of vector-borne diseases.
Διδάσκοντας γεωγραφικές συντεταγμένες μέσα από το σκάκι. Εκπαιδευτικό σενάριο της πλατφόρμας e-lios. Teaching geographic coordinates through chess. Educational scenario under the E-Lios platform abilities.
Authors: Chiotelis Ioannis S , Πλώτα Δέσποινα , Πούλου Παρασκευή
Published: October 2018

Στη παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζουμε ένα εκπαιδευτικό σενάριο διδασκαλίας των γεωγραφικών συντεταγμένων μέσα από ένα παιχνίδι σκάκι. Για να το πετύχουμε αυτό ακολουθούμε τους βασικούς άξονες της Διερευνητικής Μάθησης, της ομαδοσυνεργατικότητας αλλά και της Μετασχηματίζουσας Μάθησης, ανακαλώντας προϋπάρχουσες γνώσεις των μαθητών και θέτοντάς τους νέες μαθησιακές προκλήσεις. Η πλατφόρμα E-lios παρέχει ένα δομημένο πλαίσιο όπου ένας εκπαιδευτικός μπορεί να ακολουθήσει κατάλληλα βήματα ενός οδηγού πλοήγησης και να δημιουργήσει ένα εκπαιδευτικό σενάριο ενσωματώνοντας ταυτόχρονα προσωπικές εμπειρίες μαθητών, καθηγητών, αλλά και κάθε ενδιαφερόμενου. αναπτύσσοντας έτσι σενάρια βασισμένα και στη μετασχηματίζουσα μάθηση. Ο Εκπαιδευτικός καλείται να συμπληρώσει τα αντίστοιχα «κελιά» που ακολουθούν τα βήματα της Διερευνητικής μάθησης, ενώ στο τέλος, το εκπαιδευτικό σενάριο εμφανίζεται ολοκληρωμένο, έτοιμο προς διδασκαλία. Προτείνουμε λοιπον τη διδασκαλία σε μαθητές Γυμνασίου των γεωγραφικών συντεταγμένων (γεωγραφικό μήκος και πλάτος) στηριζόμενοι στα βήματα που πραγματοποιούμε με τα πιόνια του σκάκι πάνω σε μια σκακιέρα. Το εκπαιδευτικό αυτό σενάριο ενσωματώνει προσωπικές εμπειρίες από παιχνίδι σκάκι, μαθηματικές έννοιες που σχετίζονται με τις συντεταγμένες στο επίπεδο και βιωματική μάθηση. Τέλος, αναδεικνύει τη σπουδαιότητα της μάθησης μέσα από το παιχνίδι, αλλά και την παιδαγωγική αξία μιας δομημένης αλληλουχίας βημάτων εκπαιδευτικού σεναρίου.
Η συμβολή των ψηφιακών εργαλείων στην υποστήριξη της μαθησιακής πορείας των φοιτητών/φοιτητριών της εξΑΕ: Μέρος Α: Χρήση ψηφιακών εργαλείων για τη δημιουργία ψηφιακού εκπαιδευτικού υλικού
Authors: Lionarakis Antonis , Papadimitriou Sofia Theodor , Hartofylaka Antonia , Aggeli Athanasia , Tzilou Georgia
Published: October 2018

Η παρούσα εργασία βασίζεται στην ευρύτερη επισκόπηση της βιβλιογραφίας που πραγματοποιήθηκε στο πλαίσιο του ερευνητικού έργου ΠΕΝΕΡ με τίτλο «Σύστημα Ακαδημαϊκής Υποστήριξης Φοιτητών Τριτοβάθμιας Ανοικτής και εξ Αποστάσεως Εκπαίδευσης», εστιάζοντας σε έναν από τους πολλούς άξονες της έρευνας, αυτόν της αξιοποίησης των σύγχρονων ψηφιακών εργαλείων για την υποστήριξη των φοιτητών/φοιτητριών στην εξΑΕ. [i]Σε αυτή την εργασία τα εργαλεία που αναδείχθηκαν μέσα από τη βιβλιογραφία κατηγοριοποιούνται με βάση τον ρόλο που επιτελούν. Από αυτή προκύπτουν έξι διακριτές κατηγορίες εργαλείων:Α. Ψηφιακά εργαλεία για την παρουσίαση του εκπαιδευτικού περιεχομένουΒ. Ψηφιακά εργαλεία για τη διαχείριση της ηλεκτρονικής τάξηςΓ. Ψηφιακά εργαλεία για τη διεξαγωγή Ομαδικής Συμβουλευτικής ΤηλεδιάσκεψηςΔ. Ψηφιακά εργαλεία για την επίτευξη της συνεργατικής μάθησηςΕ. Ψηφιακά εργαλεία αναζήτησης, εύρεσης και οργάνωσης αξιόπιστων και έγκυρων επιστημονικών πηγώνΣτ. Ψηφιακά εργαλεία για την επίτευξη της εξατομικευμένης μάθησηςΣτη συνέχεια αναλύεται διεξοδικά η 1η από τις 6 καταγεγραμμένες κατηγορίες, δηλαδή τα ψηφιακά εργαλεία για την παρουσίαση του εκπαιδευτικού περιεχομένου και συγκεκριμένα:τα εργαλεία για τη δημιουργία ψηφιακού περιεχομένου (authoring tools)το βίντεοοι βιντεοδιαλέξειςτα podcastsτα Συστήματα Διαχείρισης Μάθησης, μόνο ως προς τις δυνατότητες που παρέχουν για τη δημιουργία εκπαιδευτικού υλικούΠαράλληλα, για το καθένα από αυτά γίνεται αναφορά στο πώς έχουν αξιοποιηθεί έως τώρα από το ΕΑΠ και πώς προτείνεται να ενταχθούν πιο συστηματικά στο πλαίσιο λειτουργίας του με σκοπό πάντα την υποστήριξη των φοιτητών/φοιτητριών και την ενίσχυση της ποιότητας των σπουδών σε αυτό.
Differential methylation analysis of reduced representation bisulfite sequencing experiments using edgeR
Authors: Chen Yunshun , Pal Bhupinder , Visvader Jane E. , Smyth Gordon K.
Published: October 2018

Cytosine methylation is an important DNA epigenetic modification. In vertebrates, methylation occurs at CpG sites, which are dinucleotides where a cytosine is immediately followed by a guanine in the DNA sequence from 5' to 3'. When located in the promoter region of a gene, DNA methylation is often associated with transcriptional silencing of the gene. Aberrant DNA methylation is associated with the development of various diseases such as cancer. Bisulfite sequencing (BS-seq) is the current "gold-standard" technology for high-resolution profiling of DNA methylation. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) is an efficient form of BS-seq that targets CpG-rich DNA regions in order to save sequencing costs. A typical bioinformatics aim is to identify CpGs that are differentially methylated (DM) between experimental conditions. This workflow demonstrates that differential methylation analysis of RRBS data can be conducted using software and methodology originally developed for RNA-seq data. The RNA-seq pipeline is adapted to methylation by adding extra columns to the design matrix to account for read coverage at each CpG, after which the RRBS and RNA-seq pipelines are almost identical. This approach is statistically natural and gives analysts access to a rich collection of analysis tools including generalized linear models, gene set testing and pathway analysis. The article presents a complete start to finish case study analysis of RRBS profiles of different cell populations from the mouse mammary gland using the Bioconductor package edgeR. We show that lineage-committed cells are typically hyper-methylated compared to progenitor cells and this is true on all the autosomes but not the sex chromosomes. We demonstrate a strong negative correlation between methylation of promoter regions and gene expression as measured by RNA-seq for the same cell types, showing that methylation is a regulatory mechanism involved in epithelial linear commitment.
Temporal trends and survivorship of total hip arthroplasty in very young patients
Authors: Metcalfe D. , Peterson N. , Wilkinson J. M. , Perry D. C.
Published: October 2018

Aims

The aim of this study was to describe temporal trends and survivorship of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in very young patients, aged ≤ 20 years.

Patients and Methods

A descriptive observational study was undertaken using data from the National Joint Registry (NJR) for England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man between April 2003 and March 2017. All patients aged ≤ 20 years at the time of THA were included and the primary outcome was revision surgery. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data and Kaplan–Meier estimates calculated for the cumulative implant survival.

Results

A total of 769 THAs were performed in 703 patients. The median follow-up was 5.1 years (interquartile range (IQR) 2.6 to 7.8). Eight patients died and 35 THAs were revised. The use of metal-on-metal (MoM) bearings and resurfacing procedures declined after 2008. The most frequently recorded indications for revision were loosening (20%) and infection (20%), although the absolute risk of these events occurring was low (0.9%). Factors associated with lower implant survival were MoM and metal-on-polyethylene (MoP) bearings and resurfacing arthroplasty ( vs ceramic-on-polyethylene (CoP) and ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) bearings, p = 0.002), and operations performed by surgeons who undertook few THAs in this age group as recorded in the NJR ( vs those with five or more recorded operations, p = 0.030). Kaplan–Meier estimates showed 96% (95% confidence interval (CI) 94% to 98%) survivorship of implants at five years.

Conclusion

Within the NJR, the overall survival for very young patients undergoing THA exceeded 96% during the first five postoperative years. In the absence of studies that can better account for differences in the characteristics of the patients, surgeons should consider the association between early revision and the type of implant, the number of THAs performed in these patients, and the bearing surface when performing THA in very young patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1320–9.
A randomized prospective study comparing mobile-bearing against fixed-bearing PFC Sigma cruciate-retaining total knee arthroplasties with ten-year minimum follow-up
Authors: Powell A. J. , Crua E. , Chong B. C. , Gordon R. , McAuslan A. , Pitto R. P. , Clatworthy M. G.
Published: October 2018

Aims

This study compares the PFC total knee arthroplasty (TKA) system in a prospective randomized control trial (RCT) of the mobile-bearing rotating-platform (RP) TKA against the fixed-bearing (FB) TKA. This is the largest RCT with the longest follow-up where cruciate-retaining PFC total knee arthroplasties are compared in a non-bilateral TKA study.

Patients and Methods

A total of 167 patients (190 knees with 23 bilateral cases), were recruited prospectively and randomly assigned, with 91 knees receiving the RP and 99 knees receiving FB. The mean age was 65.5 years (48 to 82), the mean body mass index (BMI) was 29.7 kg/m2(20 to 52) and 73 patients were female. The Knee Society Score (KSS), Knee Society Functional Score (KSFS), Oxford Knee Score (OKS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), and 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey Physical and Mental Component Scores (SF-12 PCS, SF-12 MCS) were gathered and recorded preoperatively, at five-years’ follow-up, and at ten years’ follow-up. Additionally, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (KOOS) were collected at five- and ten-year follow-ups. The prevalence of radiolucent lines (RL) on radiographs and implant survival were recorded at five- and ten-year follow-ups.

Results

At the ten-year follow-up, the RP group (n = 39) had a statistically significant superior score in the OKS (p = 0.001), WOMAC (p = 0.023), SF-12 PCS (p = 0.019), KOOS Activities of Daily Living (ADL) (p = 0.010), and KOOS Sport and Recreation (Sport/Rec) (p = 0.006) compared with the FB group (n = 46). The OKS, SF-12 PCS, and KOOS Sport/Rec at ten years had mean scores above the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) threshold. There was no significant difference in prevalence of radiolucency between groups at five-years’ follow-up (p = 0.449), nor at ten-years’ follow-up (p = 0.08). Implant survival rate at 14 years postoperative was 95.2 (95% CI 90.7 to 99.8) and 94.7 (95% CI 86.8 to 100.0) for the RP and FB TKAs, respectively.

Conclusion

At ten-year follow-up, the mobile-bearing knee joint arthroplasty had statistically and clinically relevant superior OKS, SF-12 PCS, and KOOS (Sport/Rec) than the fixed-bearing platform. No difference was seen in prevalence of radiolucent lines. There was a greater than 94% implant survival rate for both cohorts at 14 years. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1336–44.
Results of universal ultrasound screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: Biedermann R. , Riccabona J. , Giesinger J. M. , Brunner A. , Liebensteiner M. , Wansch J. , Dammerer D. , Nogler M.
Published: October 2018

Aims

The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence of the different ultrasound phenotypes of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), and to determine their subsequent course.

Patients and Methods

A consecutive series of 28 092 neonates was screened and classified according to the Graf method as part of a nationwide surveillance programme, and then followed prospectively. Abnormal hips were followed until they became normal (Graf type I). Type IIb hips and higher grades were treated by abduction in a Tübinger orthosis until normal. Dislocated hips underwent closed or open reduction.

Results

Overall, 90.2% of hips were normal at birth. Type IIa hips (8.9%) became normal at a median of six weeks (interquartile range (IQR) 6 to 9). Type IIc and IId hips (0.67%) became normal after ten weeks (IQR 7 to 13). There were 19 type lll and eight type lV hips at baseline. There were 24 closed reductions and one open reduction. No late presentations of DDH were detected within the first five years of life.

Conclusion

The incidence of DDH was eight per 1000 live births. The treatment rate was 1% (n = 273). The rate of first operations on the newborn hip was 0.86, and rate of open surgery was 0.04. The cumulative rate of open surgery was 0.07. The authors take the view that early identification and treatment in abduction of all dysplastic hips in early childhood reduces the rate of open reduction and secondary DDH-related surgery later in life. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1399–1404.
Comparison of molecular diagnosis with serum markers and synovial fluid analysis in patients with prosthetic joint infection
Authors: Kuo F-C. , Lu Y-D. , Wu C-T. , You H-L. , Lee G-B. , Lee M. S.
Published: October 2018

Aims

The aim of this study was to compare the results of 16S/28S rRNA sequencing with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and synovial fluid analysis in the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection (PJI).

Patients and Methods

Between September 2015 and August 2016, 214 consecutive patients were enrolled. In the study population, there were 25 patients with a PJI and 189 controls. Of the PJI patients, 14 (56%) were women, and the mean age at the time of diagnosis was 65 years (38 to 83). The ESR and CRP levels were measured, and synovial fluid specimens were collected prospectively. Synovial fluid was subjected to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)/sequence analysis targeting the 16S/28S rRNA, and to conventional culture. Laboratory personnel who were blind to the clinical information performed all tests. The diagnosis of PJI was based on the criteria of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society.

Results

A total of 25 patients had a confirmed PJI. In 20 cases of monomicrobial PJI, the PCR products could be perfectly matched with the 16S/28S rRNA genes specific for different species of bacteria provided by sequence analysis. Of the five polymicrobial cases of PJI, 16S/28S rRNA PCR sequence analysis failed to identify the concordant bacteria species. In the 189 control patients, there was one false-positive RT-PCR result. The sensitivity and specificity of the molecular diagnosis method were 100% (95% confidence interval (CI) 85.7 to 100) and 99.5% (95% CI 97.1 to 99.9), respectively, whereas the positive and negative predictive values of PCR were 96.1% (95% CI 79.6 to 99.9) and 100% (95% CI 98.1 to 100), respectively. The PCR results were significantly better than serological diagnostic methods (p = 0.004 and p = 0.010 for ESR and CRP, respectively), the synovial fluid white blood cell (WBC) count (p = 0.036), and percentage of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN%) (p = 0.014).

Conclusion

Stepwise RT-PCR and sequence analysis of the 16S/28S rRNA carried out under stringent laboratory conditions achieved highly sensitive and specific results for the differentiation between aseptic and septic joints undergoing arthroplasty. Sequence analysis successfully identified bacterial strains in monomicrobial infections but failed to identify molecular targets in polymicrobial infections. Further refinement of the protocols to identify the bacteria in polymicrobial infections is needed. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1345–51.
Total ankle arthroplasty: what are the risks?
Authors: Clough T. M. , Alvi F. , Majeed H.
Published: October 2018

Aims

Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) surgery is complex and attracts a wide variety of complications. The literature lacks consistency in reporting adverse events and complications. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of each of these complications from a literature review, and to compare them with rates from our Unit, to aid clinicians with the process of informed consent.

Patients and Methods

A total of 278 consecutive total ankle arthroplasties (251 patients), performed by four surgeons over a six-year period in Wrightington Hospital (Wigan, United Kingdom) were prospectively reviewed. There were 143 men and 108 women with a mean age of 64 years (41 to 86). The data were recorded on each follow-up visit. Any complications either during initial hospital stay or subsequently reported on follow-ups were recorded, investigated, monitored, and treated as warranted. Literature search included the studies reporting the outcomes and complications of TAA implants.

Results

There were wound-healing problems in nine ankles (3.2%), superficial infection in 20 ankles (7.2%), and deep infection in six ankles (2.2%). Intraoperative fractures occurred in medial malleoli in 27 ankles (9.7%) and in lateral malleoli in four ankles (1.4%). Aseptic loosening and osteolysis were seen 16 ankles (5.8%). Fracture of the polyethylene component occurred in one ankle (0.4%) and edge-loading in seven ankles (2.5%). We observed medial gutter pain in 31 ankles (11.1%). The incidence of thromboembolism occurred in two ankles (0.7%). The results were found to be comparable to the previously reported complications of total ankle arthroplasty in the literature.

Conclusion

Total ankle arthroplasty continues to evolve and improve the ankle function. Despite high overall complication rates with TAA surgery, most complications appear to be minor and do not affect final clinical outcome. Our results and literature review will help in the consent process and provide detailed complication rates for an informed consent. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1352–8.
Szegedrõl Szegedre
Authors: Gergely András
Published: October 2018

This rewiev look forward to the relatively new publications of Department of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology (Szeged), focused mainly on jewish symbolical interpretation, traditional and contemporary notions, narratives, collective rites, linguistic and epistemologic visualisations to the recent religious movements, local communities, regional-ethnographical interferences into the local researches, and community subcultures, from the ethno-cartographical atleses to the trends of universal sacral community.
Iohannes Lucius és hagyatéka
Authors: Gál Judit
Published: October 2018

This study deals with Ivan Lucic-Lucius (Giovanni Lucio, Iohannes Lucius) (1604–1679), the father of the Croatian historiography and his manuscript heritage which contains more than 2000 mostly medieval documents. In 2015, a research group came into existence at Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest led by Tamás Körmendi to research the manuscripts, particularly the unpublished documents of the Árpádian and Angevin era and the author of this study is a member of the group. In this paper, I present Ivan Lucic-Lucius’s life, scholarship, research methodology and analyze his place in the Croatian historiography. The main subject of the paper is the manuscript heritage which is a collection of sources gathered together by Ivan Lucic-Lucius and his colleagues, friends, and family members from all around Dalmatia from the 1630s. Ivan Lucic-Lucius and his helpers researched in many secular, ecclesiastical and family archives, copied documents, and after a critical analysis, Lucic-Lucius arranged them by regions and put them in writing in chronological order. Many of the collected sources were published in his works, but hundreds of them are still kept in Ivan Lucic-Lucius’s heritage while the original documents, from which they were copied, are lost by now. The manuscripts are kept in the Archbishopric Archive of Split and a twentieth-century handwritten copy also exists in the Archive of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. The heritage of twelve books contains hundreds of unpublished medieval documents for example Hungarian royal and ducal privileges, documents of the urban administration and the burghers of many Dalmatian towns, charters that can be connected to the Hungarian administration in Dalmatia, and ecclesiastical documents.
Integrációs dilemmák a magyarországi NEET populációval kapcsolatban
Authors: Sánta Tamás
Published: October 2018

This paper focuses on a particularly vulnerable group of young people within the contemporary Hungarian society, so called: NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training). On those youngsters who are unemployed, and not taking part in any education or training system. In this work, the author tries to put into words his own integration dilemmas relating to the Hungarian NEET group. The thinking was basically guided by a study of KOVÁCH et al. (2016), The integration and stratification models of Hungarian society. Some stratification models were researched in that study and in this paper some of these will be com-pared with the Hungarian NEET, the work tries to identify their possible positions in the different models, and reflects on some dilemmas relating to the integration of the Hungarian NEET group. The present research focuses on three stratification models: occupational groups, status groups and latent classes, then on the integration/disintegration model. The study tries to place the Hungarian NEET group in the first three models, and reflects on their situation then, looking at the integration/disintegration model, draws conclusions on the integrability of the Hungarian NEET group.
Hands
Authors: Disherholt Amanda
Published: October 2018

Hands: What we do with them and why by Darian Leader (2016), London, Penguin, 128 pages.
The theoretical approach to population genetics
Authors: Al Ghafri Mataab K.
Published: October 2018

Understanding population genetics by Torbjörn Säll and Bengt O. Bengtsson (2017), Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.
Editorial
Authors: Hutchison Gary
Published: October 2018

Guest editorial for the inaugural issue of Ology.
Deteksi dan Identifikasi Nematoda Aphelenchoides besseyi dari Benih Padi
Authors: Rahman Rizky Mailani , Munif Abdul , Kurniawati Fitrianingrum
Published: October 2018

Detection and Identification of Aphelenchoides besseyi from Rice SeedsAphelenchoides besseyi is an important plant parasitic nematode on rice and causes yield loss up to 54%. The nematodes are able to survive for 8 months to 3 years after harvest and can be transmitted through seeds. The research was conducted to determine infestation of A. besseyi on seeds of five rice cultivars, namely Pak Tiwi 1, IR64, Ciherang, IPB 3S, and SL 8 SHS; and to identify A. besseyi by morphological and molecular techniques using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and nucleotide sequensing. The nematodes were extracted from 5 g seeds of each cultivar by modified Baermann funnel method. Morphological identification was done by observing semipermanent slide of adult nematodes. Molecular identification by PCR used universal primers to amplify ITS rDNA followed by nucleotide sequencing. The result showed that A. besseyi were found on 5 rice cultivars in varies numbers. A. besseyi has specific morphological character, i.e. it has 2–4 mucro (tail tip) arranged in a star shaped that can be distinguished from other species. DNA fragments with approximately 830 bp in length was successfully amplified.  Further nucleotide sequence analysis showed that A. besseyi Indonesia (isolate Pak Tiwi 1) had the higest homology level of 98.1% with A. besseyi isolat India Drr Ab 1 and Kolkata, 98.0% with India Hyderabad, 97.8% with China HB, 97.7% with Taiwan HW, and 97.5% with Cina AB11.
Penyakit Bercak Kuning Ubi Jalar di Bogor, Jawa Barat
Authors: Hondo Anastasya , Damaiyanti Kartika Catur , Hafizh Muhammad Fikri , Amanatillah Niky Elfa , Damayanti Tri Asmira
Published: October 2018

Yellow Spot Disease on Sweet Potato in Bogor, West JavaYellow spot symptom on sweet potato red cultivar was observed in Cikarawang and Leweung kolot area, Bogor regency. Symptomatic leaf samples gave positive reaction in serological detection by DIBA method using polyclonal antiserum for Potyvirus. DNA fragment of ± 700 bp in length was successfully amplified by RT-PCR using degenerate primer for cylindrical inclusion gene (CI) of Potyvirus.  Further nucleotide sequence analysis indicated high homology to Sweet potato feathery  mottle virus (SPFMV). The homology of SPFMV Cikarawang (Crkw) isolate ranging from 89–98% to several isolates from other countries with the highest homology to Japan and Spain isolates. SPFMV Crkw isolate was in the same cluster with the Japan and Spain isolates based on phylogenetic analysis of both nucleotide and amino acid sequences. This is the first report of SPFMV on sweet potato in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia.
POLITIK IDENTITAS DALAM PEMILIHAN GUBERNUR NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR 2013 DI KOTA KUPANG
Authors: Yoelvan Negong Yohanes
Published: October 2018

Identity politics is a concept and a political movement which the attention focus is difference as a major political category. In Indonesia the identity politics is more related to ethnicity, religion, ideology, and local interests that are generally represented by elites with their respective articulations, respectively. The direct local elections since 2005 have created an interesting phenomenon, when religious and ethnic-based politics are considered the strategic in attracting sympathy and support from the community. This research is aimed to find out the religion influence and ethnic on the voting behavior by Kupang society in the East Nusa Tenggara Governor and Vice Governor Election 2013. In this research is used Ethnic especially primordial theory by the instrumentalist approach, and religion especially religious and voting behavior approach in psychological and rational. The research method used is quantitative research method with multistage random sampling technique, with the primary data collection method using survey and document analyses as well as literature for secondary data. The results showed that religion and ethnic influence on the Kupang people voting behavior in the East Nusa Tenggara Governor and Vice Governor election 2013.
Editors’ Introduction. Futures: Imagining the World of Tomorrow
Authors: Tibaldeo Roberto Franzini , Rebuffo Cristina , Maggio Luisa
Published: October 2018

From 12 to 17 September 2016 in Cuneo (Italy) took place the 9th edition of the international Summer School organized by the Centro Studi sul Pensiero Contemporaneo (CeSPeC). The event revolved around the topic of the “future”, which was analysed from different interdisciplinary perspectives and gave rise to stimulating conversation. In this introduction we provide an overview of the topic and of the reflections stemming from that event.
Chinese Adolescents’ Moral Reasoning of Rights Attitudes and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Yang Shaogang , To Sharon , Helwig Charles T.
Published: October 2018

This study examined rural and urban Chinese adolescents’ (aged 13–19 years, N = 395) attitudes toward children’s self-determination and nurturance rights, and how these attitudes relate to various dimensions of socialization in their family and school environments, including perceptions of parental and teacher autonomy support and responsiveness and family and school democratic climate. Relations between these variables and psychological well-being also were examined. Perceived parent and teacher autonomy support and responsiveness and democratic climate differentially predicted attitudes toward each type of right and were positively correlated with adolescents’ psychological well-being. Our findings suggest that environments that are structured more democratically and that are responsive to children’s autonomy needs contribute to their psychological health and well-being in diverse cultural settings.
Costruire scenari per il futuro
Authors: Tagliagambe Silvano
Published: October 2018

In 2008 Chris Anderson wrote a provocative piece titled The End of Theory. The idea being that we no longer need to abstract and hypothesis; we simply need to let machines lead us to the patterns, trends, and relationships in social, economic, political, and environmental relationships. According to Anderson, the new availability of huge amounts of data offers a whole new way of understanding the world. Correlation supersedes causation, and science can advance even without coherent models and unified theories. But numbers, contrary to Anderson’s assertion, do not, in fact, speak for themselves. From the neuroscience’s standpoint, every choice we make is a reflection of an, often unstated, set of assumptions and hypotheses about what we want and expect from the data: no assertion, no prediction, no decision making is possible without an a priori opinion, without a project. Data-driven science essentially refers to the application of mathematics and technology on data to extract insights for problems, which are very clearly defined. In the real world, however, not all problems are such. To help solve them, one needs to understand and appreciate the context. The problem of landscape becomes, for this reason, critical and decisive. It requires an interdisciplinary approach consisting of several different competencies and skills.
Preface to the Issue Moral Competence & Subjectivity: Topical Issues
Authors: Dutka Joanna , Napiwodzka Karolina
Published: October 2018

Preface to the Issue Moral Competence & Subjectivity: Topical Issues.
Uwagi o odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej sędziów za rażącą i oczywistą obrazę prawa w polskim systemie prawnym
Authors: Mazur Paweł
Published: October 2018

The paper deals with the disciplinary responsibility of judges for obvious and flagrant legal misconduct. A model of the aforementioned responsibility in the Polish law has been presented. The problems deliberated upon include: the moral justification of punishing judges for mentioned disciplinary delicts and critical evaluation of Supreme Court view about this responsibility. A question is asked about reconsidering the interpretation of obvious and flagrant legal misconduct according to modern times and the complicated social and law reality.
Temporal Contingencies Determine Whether Adaptation Strengthens or Weakens Normalization
Authors: Aschner Amir , Solomon Samuel G. , Landy Michael S. , Heeger David J. , Kohn Adam
Published: October 2018

A fundamental and nearly ubiquitous feature of sensory encoding is that neuronal responses are strongly influenced by recent experience, or adaptation. Theoretical and computational studies have proposed that many adaptation effects may result in part from changes in the strength of normalization signals. Normalization is a “canonical” computation in which a neuron's response is modulated (normalized) by the pooled activity of other neurons. Here, we test whether adaptation can alter the strength of cross-orientation suppression, or masking, a paradigmatic form of normalization evident in primary visual cortex (V1). We made extracellular recordings of V1 neurons in anesthetized male macaques and measured responses to plaid stimuli composed of two overlapping, orthogonal gratings before and after prolonged exposure to two distinct adapters. The first adapter was a plaid consisting of orthogonal gratings and led to stronger masking. The second adapter presented the same orthogonal gratings in an interleaved manner and led to weaker masking. The strength of adaptation's effects on masking depended on the orientation of the test stimuli relative to the orientation of the adapters, but was independent of neuronal orientation preference. Changes in masking could not be explained by altered neuronal responsivity. Our results suggest that normalization signals can be strengthened or weakened by adaptation depending on the temporal contingencies of the adapting stimuli. Our findings reveal an interplay between two widespread computations in cortical circuits, adaptation and normalization, that enables flexible adjustments to the structure of the environment, including the temporal relationships among sensory stimuli.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTwo fundamental features of sensory responses are that they are influenced by adaptation and that they are modulated by the activity of other nearby neurons via normalization. Our findings reveal a strong interaction between these two aspects of cortical computation. Specifically, we show that cross-orientation masking, a form of normalization, can be strengthened or weakened by adaptation depending on the temporal contingencies between sensory inputs. Our findings support theoretical proposals that some adaptation effects may involve altered normalization and offer a network-based explanation for how cortex adjusts to current sensory demands.