bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Deadly Iteration”: Hawthorne’s Gothic Vision
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C
Published: November 2023

“What could be more absurd,” thinks young John Melmoth, “than to be alarmed or amazed at a resemblance between a living man and the portrait of a dead one!” (Maturin, Me/moth 20). But the self-admonition fails to reassure him, and the reader knows better than to accept it: all resemblances are amazing or alarming in Gothic romance. They belong to the wider network of repetitions that, often in startling quantity, characterize even the shortest Gothic tales and “fragments.” Rescued from Udolpho, for example, Emily St. Aubert arrives at another castle, scene of the sufferings of yet another persecuted lady, who strangely resembled her.
Boundaries of the Self as Romantic Theme: Emily Bronte
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C
Published: November 2023

Before she saw St. Peter’s, Hilda dreamed of it as a Gothic cathedral: “a structure of no definite outline, misty in its architecture, dim and gray and huge, stretching into an interminable perspective, and over-arched by a dome like the cloudy firmament. Beneath that vast breadth and height, as she had fancied them, the personal man might feel his littleness, and the soul triumph in its immensity” (Marble Faun 791). For some time after seeing the real thing, she continued to long for that dim, illimitable interior (791). Gothic romance also dreams of dim, illimitable interiors, focuses on them obsessively, and so contemplates again and again the finitude of mere “personal” man or woman.
Speaking “I” and the Gothic Nightmare: Boundaries of the Self as a Woman’s Theme
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C
Published: November 2023

At a crucial moment in Northanger Abbey it seems that Catherine’s friendship with the Tilneys and her prospects of living happily ever after are about to be destroyed. Her friends mistakenly think she has rebuffed them, and it is a heroine’s duty at such times to remain proudly silent, secure in her “conscious innocence,” willing to suffer the consequences of refusing to exonerate herself. Fortunately, such standards are inimical to Catherine’s personality, and she rushes impulsively to explain her behavior.
Reading Romantics
Authors: Manning Peter J
Published: November 2023

These thirteen essays, some previously published and others appearing here for the first time, are united by a continuing endeavour to join formalism with wider concerns. They seek to reconnect literature with the motives from which it springs and the social relations within which it exists. There is fusion of psychoanalytic insight, textual criticism, and historical scholarship. Amongst the writers discussed are Wordsworth and Byron.
Introduction
Authors: Manning Peter J
Published: November 2023

Reading Romantics: Texts and Contexts consists of thirteen essays, some previously published and some appearing for the first time. The published pieces range from 1976 to 1986; the talks from which the unpublished ones were developed were first given in 1985 ( that on The Solitary Reaper), 1986 (that on The White Doe of Rylstone), and 1987 (that on Beppo). Though the essays were written over more than a decade, they are united by a continuing endeavor to join formalism with wider concerns. They seek to reconnect literature with the motives from which it springs and the social relations within which it exists.
The Romance
Authors: Curran Stuart
Published: November 2023

Those we call the British Romantics would be surprised by, and perhaps quite uncomfortable with, our common distortion of their contemporary sense of Romanticism. We can trace a British comprehension of the distinction between classical and romantic temperaments and cultures directly to August Wilhelm Schlegel’s Course of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature, which after its translation into English in 1815 became at once influential and eventually a standard of definition for the age.
The Epic
Authors: Curran Stuart
Published: November 2023

The romance revival, by its intensity and by the popularity of the new poetry that accompanied it, has marked the period from 1790 to 1825 indelibly with its name. Yet, the truly amazing phenomenon during this time is the proliferation of epics in England, which is unique in the history of Western literature. If we are inclined to smile at the pretensions of a culture that anticipated several epics every year, we perhaps testify less to our taste than to our own shift in values and lowered expectations.
Form and Freedom in European Romantic Poetry
Authors: Curran Stuart
Published: November 2023

The composite orders of Wordsworth, Byron, and Shelley are the most daring and sophisticated formal experiments in British Romantic poetry. The poets’ knowledge of their literary heritage is brilliantly tempered to a determined conceptual purpose, and yet their individual ideologies, if clearly associated in a shared concern with the values of process and progress that dominate their culture, are as distinctive in constitution as they are in purpose. The generic inclusiveness of The Prelude, Don Juan, and Prometheus Unbound is of such complexity that each poem becomes the locus for an encompassing world view, and thus it is natural for us as readers, generally speaking, to refer the entire canon of the authors to these supreme embodiments of their genius.
A Season in Cambridge
Authors: Anesko Michael
Published: November 2023

Their earliest letters are probably unrecoverable, and so, too, were their memories of first meeting one another. Neither James nor Howells could speak with much precision about the beginnings of their friendship, but from what we do know, one conclusion seems inescapable: the personal and the professional were intermingled from the start. “We seem to have been presently always together,” Howells recalled, “and always talking of methods of fiction, whether we walked the streets by day or night, or we sat together reading our stuff to each other.”* What stayed in James’s mind, significantly, was the “beautiful thrill” of editorial acceptance. “You showed me the way and opened me the door,” he graciously acknowledged to Howells.
The Larger Success
Authors: Anesko Michael
Published: November 2023

While a Chance Acquaintance was running through the Atlantic, James remarked to his sister that he was relishing every installment. “But what a pity,” he added, “that with such pretty art, [Howells] can’t embrace a larger piece of the world.”1 By now James’s complaint was a familiar one. Suburban Sketches, Their Wedding Journey, A Chance Acquaintance: all had suffered from the same want of largeness and scope. An impoverished cultural landscape–which had been, as James viewed it, the debilitating curse of Hawthorne–continued to plague the American artist. And yet Howells had managed to publish three sizable books in as many years, and a fourth was on the way.2 (At this rate he was outproducing, if not outperforming, Hawthorne himself.) For all his copious magazine scribbling, James had not yet brought out a single volume, although his editor had generously encouraged him to gather some short stories together and promised to intercede with a publisher on behalf of the venture. The elder Henry James also volunteered to perform a similar office for his son. While he appreciated the sincerity of their offers, the ambitious younger James preferred to wait. He wanted, in particular, to grapple with the marketplace firsthand, to dispense with (even friendly) intermediaries, and to start himself, as he put it, “on a remunerative and perfectly practical literary basis.”3 James wanted to profit by the example of Howells’s early career as editor and author, at the same time that he intended to escape what he viewed as the inherent limitations of his friend’s literary situation.
Biographical Overview
Authors: Anesko Michael
Published: November 2023

As they reach their years of full maturity, Howells and James must readjust to a rapidly changing literary marketplace. After decades of reluctance, in 1891 the United States finally signs a copyright agreement with the United Kingdom, ending the wholesale piracy of British fiction in America that had kept many firms (including Harper Brothers) in the black. The nineties also witness a proliferation of truly mass-market magazines, greatly expanding the number of outlets available for manuscripts but also imposing new restraints upon them. The “popular” format, cheaply designed for easy reading and quick consumption, requires brevity and concision—qualities that James, especially, can seldom achieve. The “five thousand word tale” becomes his editorial nemesis. To help place stories and negotiate with white-collar professionals whom he now seldom knows firsthand, James engages a literary agent.
Biographical Overview
Authors: Anesko Michael
Published: November 2023

As they reach their years of full maturity, Howells and James must readjust to a rapidly changing literary marketplace. After decades of reluctance, in 1891 the United States finally signs a copyright agreement with the United Kingdom, ending the wholesale piracy of British fiction in America that had kept many firms (including Harper Sc Brothers) in the black. The nineties also witness a proliferation of truly mass-market magazines, greatly expanding the number of outlets available for manuscripts but also imposing new restraints upon them. The “popular” format, cheaply designed for easy reading and quick consumption, requires brevity and concision–qualities that James, especially, can seldom achieve. The “five thousand word tale” becomes his editorial nemesis. To help place stories and negotiate with white-collar professionals whom he now seldom knows firsthand, James engages a literary agent. By virtue of his long connection with Harper’s (renewed after the firm’s reorganization in 1900 following bankruptcy), Howells has more privileged access to their magazines; but even he is not immune from the new competitive pressures. With the exception of The Son of Royal Langbrith (1904), none of his later novels appears as a serial in Harper periodicals. Travel articles and briefer columns of literary and social commentary form the bulk of his magazine contributions for the rest of his life.
“Those Badly Assorted Siamese Twins”
Authors: Anesko Michael
Published: November 2023

In his holiday letter of 1880 James complained about the paucity of personal news and professional gossip that Howells had been providing. James would hardly have suspected that his friend’s reticence concealed a growing discontent with his comfortably prosperous literary situation; but by the end of that year, Howells had resolved to sever the primary bond that tied him to Boston. Resigning from the Atlantic granted Howells greater freedom; in these altered circumstances,the novelist recognized a profound need to break new ground. In some of his other letters dating from this time he spoke almost resentfully of the “international” subject that, by now, he seemed condemned to repeat. Praising another novel for its vivid depiction of New York (not, incidentally, Washington Square), Howells envied the author for having that field to himself. “No one can say that you are working up the tracts of those badly assorted Siamese twins, J. and H., who happened to treat inter-continental passion (or bi-continental passion) before you.”1 In writing A Modem Instance, Howells was attempting to defeat what had already become a customary classification and distance himself from a comparison in which he would always suffer. As The Portrait of a Lady sailed majestically through number after number of the magazine, Howells surely recognized that James was laying more exclusive claim to the trans-Atlantic novel of manners–if not, indeed, exhausting the genre
The Great Goethe, the Good Schiller
Authors: Anesko Michael
Published: November 2023

Having accumulated a quantity of material during his 1897 European sojourn, Howells planned to rework his recent travels into literary form, which would take the shape of Basil and Isabel March’s twenty-fifth-anniversary sequel to Their Wedding Journey. Provisionally entitled “The Discovery of Europe,” this work signaled Howells’s return to a field–the “international”–he had long since surrendered to James. With a salesman’s bravado, he told the editor of Harpers Magazine (while asking for more “elbow room”–and substantially more money), “I hope to make it so light, new, and gay, so unique in conception and execution, that it will be successful, and that you will wish to continue it as long as I shall.”1 The waters at Carlsbad may not have cured him of anything else, but Howells was soon disabused of this optimism. Returning to his “early method of mixing travel and story” proved hazardous, as he told James. Getting the right start was especially troublesome; once under way, however, the book became diffuse and unmanageable. Critics have justifiably ignored this novel (when they have not dismissed it), but an author’s failures still can speak to us if we ask the right questions of them. Why, contrary to all his expectations, should this book have been so difficult for Howells to write? Perhaps because, unlike any other, it betrays acute symptoms of the anxiety of influence.
Egyptian Mathematics
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

While Mesopotamia experienced many changes in its ruling peoples, with resulting new cultural influences, the Egyptian civilization developed unaffected by foreign influences. The origins of the civilization are unknown but it surely existed even before 4000 b.c. Egypt, as the Greek historian Hero-dotus says, is a gift of the Nile. Once a year this river, drawing its water from the south, floods the territory all along its banks and leaves behind rich soil. Most of the people did and still do make their living by tilling this soil. The rest of the country is desert.
The Alexandrian Greek Period: Geometry and Trigonometry
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

The course of mathematics has been very much dependent on the course of history. Conquests launched by the Macedonians, a Greek people living in the northern part of the mainland of Greece, led to the destruction of the classical Greek civilization and paved the way for another essentially Greek civilization of quite different character. The conquests were begun in 352 b.c. by Philip II of Macedonia. Athens was beaten in 338 b.c. In 336 b.c. Alexander the Great, son of Philip, took command and conquered Greece, Egypt, and the Near East as far east as India and as far south as the cataracts of the Nile. He constructed new cities everywhere, both as strongholds and as centers of commerce. The main one, Alexandria, centrally located in Alexander’s empire and intended as his capital, was founded in Egypt in 332 b.c. Alexander chose the site and drew up the plans for the buildings and for colonizing the city, but the work was not completed for many years thereafter.
The Renaissance
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

In the period from about 1400 to about 1600, which we shall adopt as the period of the Renaissance (though this term is used to describe different chronological periods by various writers), Europe was profoundly shaken by a number of events that ultimately altered drastically the intellectual outlook and stirred up mathematical activity of unprecedented scale and depth.
The Beginnings of Projective Geometry
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

The resurgence of significant creative activity in geometry lagged behind that in algebra. Apart from the creation of the mathematical system of perspective and the incidental geometrical work of the Renaissance artists (Chap. 12, sec. 2), very little of consequence was done in geometry from the time of Pappus to about 1600. Some interest was created by the appearance of numerous printed editions of Apollonius’ Conic Sections, especially the notable Latin translation by Federigo Commandino (1509-75) of Books I to IV in 1566. Books V to VII were made available by other translators, and a number of men, including Vieta, Willebrord Snell (1580-1626), and Ghetaldi, undertook to reconstruct the lost eighth book.
Ordinary Differential Equations in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

The mathematicians sought to use the calculus to solve more and more physical problems and soon found themselves obliged to handle a new class of problems. They wrought more than they had consciously sought. The simpler problems led to quadratures that could be evaluated in terms of the elementary functions. Somewhat more difficult ones led to quadratures which could not be so expressed, as was the case for elliptic integrals (Chap. 19, sec. 4). Both of these types fall within the purview of the calculus. However, solution of the still more complicated problems demanded specialized techniques; thus the subject of differential equations arose. Several classes of physical problems motivated the investigations in differential equations. Problems in the area now generally known as the theory of elasticity were one class. A body is elastic if it deforms under the action of a force and recovers its original shape when the force is removed. The most practical problems are concerned with the shapes assumed by beams, vertical and horizontal, when loads are applied. These problems, treated empirically by the builders of the great medieval cathedrals, were approached mathematically in the seventeenth century by men such as Galileo, Edme Mariotte (1620 ?-84), Robert Hooke ( I635–1703), and Wren.
Partial Differential Equations in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

The subject of partial differential equations, which had its beginnings in the eighteenth century, burgeoned in the nineteenth. As physical science expanded, in both the variety and depth of the phenomena investigated, the number of new types of differential equations increased; and even the types already known, the wave equation and the potential equation, were applied to new areas of physics. Partial differential equations became and remain the heart of mathematics. Their importance for physical science is only one of the reasons for assigning them this central place. From the standpoint of mathematics itself, the solution of partial differential equations created the need for mathematical developments in the theory of functions, the calculus of variations, series expansions, ordinary differential equations, algebra, and differential geometry. The subject has become so extensive that in this chapter we can give only a few of the major results. We are accustomed today to classifying partial differential equations according to types. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, so little was known about the subject that the idea of distinguishing the various types could not have occurred. The physical problems dictated which equations were to be pursued and the mathematicians passed freely from one type to another without recognizing some differences among them that we now consider fundamental. The physical world was and still is indifferent to the mathematicians’ classification.
Galois Theory
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

The basic problem of algebra, the solution of polynomial equations, continued to occupy the center of the stage in the algebra of the early nineteenth century. In this period, the broad question of which equations are solvable by algebraic operations was definitely and comprehensively answered by Galois. Moreover, he not only created the first significant coherent body of algebraic theory but he introduced new notions which were to be developed into still other broadly applicable theories of algebra. In particular the concepts of a group and a field emerged from his work and Abel’s.
Quaternions, Vectors, and Linear Associative Algebras
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

Galois’s work on equations solvable by algebraic processes closed a chapter of algebra and, though he introduced ideas such as group and domain of rationality (field) that would bear fruit, the fuller exploitation of these ideas had to await other developments. The next major algebraic creation, initiated by William R. Hamilton, opened up totally new domains while shattering age-old convictions as to how “numbers” must behave. To appreciate the originality of Hamilton’s work we must examine the logic of ordinary algebra as it was generally understood in the first half of the nineteenth century. By 1800 the mathematicians were using freely the various types of real numbers and even complex numbers, but the precise definitions of these various types of numbers were not available nor was there any logical justification of the operations with them. Expressions of dissatisfaction with this state of affairs were numerous but were submerged in the mass of new creations in algebra and analysis. The greatest uneasiness seemed to be caused by the fact that letters were manipulated as though they had the properties of the integers; yet the results of these operations were valid when any numbers were substituted for the letters.
Determinants and Matrices
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

Though determinants and matrices received a great deal of attention in the nineteenth century and thousands of papers were written on these subjects they do not constitute great innovations in mathematics. The concept of a vector, which from the mathematical standpoint is no more than a collection of ordered triples, nevertheless has a direct physical significance as a force or velocity, and with it one can write down at once mathematically what the physics states. The same applies with all the more cogency to gradient, divergence, and curl. Likewise though mathematically dy/dxis no more than a symbol for a lengthy expression involving the limit of Δy  Δx,the derivative is in itself a powerful concept that enables us to think directly and creatively about physical happenings. Thus though mathematics superficially regarded is no more than a language or a shorthand, its most vital concepts are those that supply keys to new realms of thought. By contrast, determinants and matrices are solely innovations in language. They are shorthand expressions for ideas which already exist in more expanded form. In themselves they say nothing directly that is not already said by equations or transformations albeit in lengthier fashion. Neither determinants nor matrices have influenced deeply the course of mathematics despite their utility as compact expressions and despite the suggestiveness of matrices as concrete groups for the discernment of general theorems of group theory. Nevertheless, both concepts have proved to be highly useful tools and are now part of the apparatus of mathematics.
The Foundations of Geometry
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

Criticism of Euclid’s definitions and axioms (Chap. 4, sec. 10) dates back to the earliest known commentators, Pappus and Proclus. When the Europeans were first introduced to Euclid during the Renaissance, they too noted flaws. Jacques Peletier (1517-82), in his In Euclidis Elementa Geometrica Demonstrationum (155 7), criticized Euclid’s use of superposition to prove theorems on congruence. Even the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer said in 1844 that he was surprised that mathematicians attacked Euclid’s parallel postulate rather than the axiom that figures which coincide are equal. He argued that coincident figures are automatically identical or equal and hence no axiom is needed, or coincidence is something entirely empirical, which belongs not to pure intuition (Anschauung) but to external sensuous experience. Moreover, the axiom presupposes the mobility of figures; but that which is movable in space is matter, and hence outside geometry.
The Theory of Functions of Real Variables
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

The theory of functions of one or more real variables grew out of the attempt to understand and clarify a number of strange discoveries that had been made in the nineteenth century. Continuous but non-differentiable functions, series of continuous functions whose sum is discontinuous, continuous functions that are not piecewise monotonic, functions possessing bounded derivatives that are not Riemann integrable, curves that are rectifiable but not according to the calculus definition of arc length, and nonintegrable functions that are limits of sequences of integrable functions-all seemed to contradict the expected behavior of functions, derivatives, and integrals. Another motivation for the further study of the behavior of functions came from the research on Fourier series. This theory, as built up by Dirichlet, Riemann, Cantor, Ulisse Dini (1845-1918), Jordan, and other mathematicians of the nineteenth century, was a quite satisfactory instrument for applied mathematics. But the properties of the series, as thus far developed, failed to give a theory that could satisfy the pure mathematicians. Unity, symmetry, and completeness of relation between function and series were still wanting.
Divergent Series
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

The serious consideration from the late nineteenth century onward of a subject such as divergent series indicates how radically mathematicians have revised their own conception of the nature of mathematics. Whereas in the first part of the nineteenth century they accepted the ban on divergent series on the ground that mathematics was restricted by some inner requirement or the dictates of nature to a fixed class of correct concepts, by the end of the century they recognized their freedom to entertain any ideas that seemed to offer any utility.
Tensor Analysis and Differential Geometry
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

Tensor analysis is often described as a totally new branch of mathematics, created ab initio either to meet some specific objective or just to delight mathematicians. It is actually no more than a variation on an old theme, namely, the study of differential invariants associated primarily with a Riemannian geometry. These invariants, we may recall (Chap. 37, sec. 5), are expressions that retain their form and value under any change in the coordinate system because they represent geometrical or physical properties.
The Emergence of Abstract Algebra
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

In abstract algebra, as in the case of most twentieth-century developments, the basic concepts and goals were fixed in the nineteenth century. The fact that algebra can deal with collections of objects that are not necessarily real or complex numbers was demonstrated in a dozen nineteenth-century creations. Vectors, quaternions, matrices, forms such as ax + bxy + cy , hyper-numbers of various sorts, transformations, and substitutions or permutations are examples of objects that were combined under operations and laws of operation peculiar to the respective collections. Even the work on algebraic numbers, though it dealt with classes of complex numbers, brought to the fore the variety of algebras because it demonstrated that only some properties are applicable to these classes as opposed to the entire complex number system.
The Beginnings of Tapology
Authors: Kline Morris
Published: November 2023

A number of developments of the nineteenth century crystallized in a new branch of geometry, now called topology but long known as analysis situs. To put it loosely for the moment, topology is concerned with those properties of geometric figures that remain invariant when the figures are bent, stretched, shrunk, or deformed in any way that does not create new points or fuse existing points. The transformation presupposes, in other words, that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the points of the original figure and the points of the transformed figure, and that the transformation carries nearby points into nearby points. This latter property is called continuity, and the requirement is that the transformation and its inverse both be continuous. Such a transformation is called a homeomorphism. Topology is often loosely described as rubber-sheet geometry, because if the figures were made of rubber, it would be possible to deform many figures into homeomorphic figures. Thus a rubber band can be deformed into and is topologically the same as a circle or a square, but it is not topologically the same as a figure eight, because this would require the fusion of two points of the band.
A Comparative Chronology
Authors: Huang Chichung
Published: November 2023

Death of Zoroaster in Persia Birth of Siddhartha Gautama in India Birth of Master Kong in Lu Death of Master Kong’s father Zi-chan appointed prime minister of Zheng Cyrus the Great of Persia conquers Babylon 535? Death of Master Kong’s mother
Introduction: Situating the Study, Mapping the Argument
Authors: Himley Margaret
Published: November 2023

The theories of Mikhail M. Bakhtin and Patricia F. Carini present a challenge to literacy teachers, theorists, and researchers. They both insist that we start our enterprise from the argument that all actual language use, from marginalia in a cookbook to a child’s first story to book-length scientific treatises or literary works, must be studied and understood as both/and: both social and psychological, personal and cultural, unique.
Thinking Seriously about Children Writing: Constructing an Object of Study
Authors: Himley Margaret
Published: November 2023

With Read’s results so tidily confirmed, I ventured enthusiastically into the new field of inquiry-early written language development-that had been legitimated by Donald Graves in his pioneering investigation into the composing processes of seven-year-old children. I eagerly read composing process studies (Graves, 1973, 1983); analyses of children’s evolving hypotheses about the relationship of talk to print (Clay, 1975; Ferreiro and Teberosky, 1982); ethnographic and case studies of individual writers and particular classrooms (Bissex, 1980; Calkins, 1983; Dyson, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985; Gundlach et al., 1985); semiotic and sociolinguistic accounts of early development (Kress, 1982; Harste, Woodward, and Burke, 1984)—and many others. The journey proved intriguing.
Promises of Coherence, Weak Content, and Strong Organization: An Analysis of the Students’ Texts
Authors: Kantz Margaret J
Published: November 2023

It is a fact of life that students interpret writing tasks in different ways. These task representations matter because they affect the written products. Differences in task representation lead to marked differences in papers that may, in turn, determine whether individual papers fulfill a teacher’s expectations and how they are evaluated. Sometimes, however, students appear to think about a task in one way but do it in another way, producing papers that send. conflicting textual signals that confuse the teachers who read them. In the study being reported in this chapter, teachers who operated on the basis of seemingly reasonable expectations for structure and coherence found themselves temporarily unable to agree about the differences in particular papers-and, hence, unable to agree on how the writers had interpreted the assignment.
The Cultural Imperatives Underlying Cognitive Acts
Authors: Mccormick Kathleen
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 7, we began to place reading and writing in a social context involving academic and nonacademic influences. We focused on how students’ first responses to the Time Management text were rooted in practices they had learned-and learned well-in school. This chapter explores some ways in which both those very educational practices that students say influenced them and their varied responses to the time management talk are symptomatic of broader ideological practices. By largely focusing on the "interstices" of students’ reading and writing-their class comments, interviews, and protocols, as well as some less easily studied aspects of their time management essays-this chapter investigates some of the cultural imperatives that may underlie the particular cognitive acts our students performed.
Introduction
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

This book is meant to be a particular kind of history of the Babylonian Talmud (the Bavli). It is, first, a literary history. It traces the development of the literary forms and conventions by which rabbinic sages in third-through sixth-century Sasanian Iran (which Jews still referred to as Babylonia) recorded their opinions and rulings. What motivates this examination is the assumption-spelled out at length in chapter 1-that literary conventions are reflections of ideological choices and that by tracing the history of literary developments we can say something of the history of ideas.
The Bavli Considered as a Whole
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

If reasons, justification, and argumentation were already a focus of attention for the amoraim, as demonstrated in chapter 3, then what was the innovation of the authors of the anonymous gemara (the stam)? (By “the authors of the anonymous gemara” I mean those who compiled the earlier amoraic traditions and created for them an extensive, unattributed literary context as well as those who arranged these texts to form the final product.
The Bavli on “Truth”
Authors: Kraemer David
Published: November 2023

As noted in chapter 5, the form of the Bavli has certain specific implications regarding the ideologies of its authors. These include a recognition that truth is indeterminable and that alternative views can encompass different aspects of the whole truth. Since, for this reason, final answers may be unavailable, the process by which answers are sought assumes far greater interest and acts of study and interpretation become, on their own terms, expressions of piety.
Romantic Medicine and John Keats
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

John Keats was a licensed apothecary and general practitioner of medicine. This book addresses the four fundamental intellectual issues of Romantic medicine—the physician’s task, the meaning of life, the constituents of health and prescriptions of disease, and evolution of matter and mind—as they find focus and expression in poetry and aesthetic theory. The book traces the genesis of these issues and shows the reason for their immediate relevance to the Romantic period as a whole. It identifies them as the primary philosophical counters of the artistic and scientific debates of the revolutionary period and discusses them and their ideologies in the context of the era’s belief in the art of healing as the foremost humanistic discipline.
The London Medical Circle
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

Contrary to the Victorian fantasy of Keats as a sensitive juvenile artist forcibly apprenticed to a craft of medicine, the poet was not only a willing and able student of Romantic medicine but a committed and enduring one. His decision to study medicine, made in 1810 in the months following his mother’s death and within the context of his recent experience nursing her through the last stages of consumption, formalized what had already become a compelling concern for the suffering and distress of those around him.
Physicians True and False
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

In its emphasis on visual knowledge and practical treatment, early-nineteenth-century medicine reveals its inspiration to be Hippocratic, not Galenic; with its emphasis on diagnostic insight and ethical duty in the individual practitioner, early-nineteenth-century medicine declared itself, consciously, to be Hippocratic and Romantic.
Reading the Faces of Pain
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

Faces, expressions bearing the full ranges from joy to sorrow, from innocence to knowledge, of human, natural, and mythic forms, dot the landscape of Keats’s poetry. Early lyrics invoke the “open face of heaven” and “the half -veil’d face of heaven” (“To one who has been long in city pent,” 3, “To Hope,” 45); Spenser is invoked as a “clear sun-rise” because his brows “are arched, open, kind,” and George Felton Mathew’s goodness mirrors “The placid features of a human face” (“Specimen,” 49, “To George F.
The Pharmakon
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

Apollo’s arrows, or snakes, or mists warrant further pursuit. When Apollo discharged his arrows into the Greek host besieging Troy, pestilence followed. But this pestilence, we are told by Homer, was occasioned by Agamemnon’s crime. The source of the pestilence remains uncertain. We are left to speculate whether Apollo’s arrows are poisoned, and come as an affliction to punish Agamemnon’s men for his sin; or whether the god’s arrows are dangerous simply because they are his, expressions of divine power that automatically reveal the internal corruption of the mortal Greeks (or their leader).
Specific Pharmaka
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

Friar Lawrence tells us of the great and powerful grace that lies in herbs, plants, and stones; Keats, especially in Endymion and the early poetry, shows himself to be poet and “sage of mickle lore” because he is a priest of the “world’s herbal” (Otho, III, ii, 123) who combines both a priestly knowledge of mythological pharmaceuticals with a nineteenth-century homeopathic belief in specific medicines; one who prescribes not only the mythical dittamy, grains of paradise, and cassia but also calomel, antimony and the “droop-headed flowers” of ipecacuanha.
The Freaks of Imagination
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

The creative perceptions of an immortal imagination, according to the Natur-philosophen, engender the mortal realizations of beauty in nature. Vision of these natural beauties by a creative mind. according to the Keats of 1818, will engender an evolution of imagination and comprehensive advance in parallel stages of perceptual intensity. The would-be poet’s projected tour of the North of England will be “a sort of Prologue to the Life I intend to pursue:” “I will clamber through the Clouds and exist.
Saturn’s Query of Force
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

“Who had power To make me desolate whence came the strength How was it nurtur’d to such bursting forth .” Saturn asks (Hyp., I, 102-4). He speaks as leader of the fallen Titans and first among the newly extinct creatures, and his question bears all the incomprehension of his physical and perceptual circumstance. Saturn cannot conceive how even as almighty “Fate seem’d strangled in lhisl nervous grasp” (105), power, elsewhere and seemingly nurtured in secret, rendered him and his tribe desolate.
The Imagination of Life
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

When Novalis described poetry as generation and resolved to call a collection of his thoughts on art Bliitenstaub1 or “pollen,” he expressed a belief common among Romantic poets and artists: that the creative consciousness is life generating and reflects the patterns of organic creation in its imagination of life and life forms. The Romantic concept of the generative power of poetry nevertheless holds a particularly poignant place in any understanding of Keats’s conception of art and, especially, his own art. Intense art for Keats, whether that of the immortal Apollo in Hyperion and the early poems or that of the mortal poet of The Fall of Hyperion and the later poetry, debilitates and exhausts itself in its creations.2 It is unable to cast a “cold eye” on life and death, in W. B. Yeats’s phrase, and, bound by its passionate identifications with life in all its fresh perfections and deathly dissolutions, necessarily shares in the finitude of the life force as first conceived by the Romantic evolutionists.
Reading Life
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

Keats’s last and perhaps most perfect ode, “To Autumn,” provides the pattern and the sign to the poet’s final, diagnostic reading of life.Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run; To bend with apples the moss’d cottage-trees, And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core; To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells With a sweet kernel; to set budding more, And still more, later flowers for the bees, Until they think warm days will never cease,For summer has o’er brimm’d their clammy cells.
Morbid Fevers
Authors: Almeida Hermione De
Published: November 2023

In the still and moony hour Of that calm entwining sleep, From the utmost tombs of earth The vision-land of death and birth, Came a black, malignant power, A spectre of the desert deep: And it is Plague, the spotted fiend, the drunkard of the tomb; Upon her mildewed temples the thunderbolts of doom, And blight-buds of hell’s red fire, like gory wounds in bloom, Are twisted for a wreath; And there’s a chalice in her hand, whence bloody flashes gleam, While struggling snakes with arrowy tongues twist o’er it for a stream, And its liquor is of Phlegethon, and Aetna’s wrathful stream, And icy dews of death.
Television and the Formation of Public Opinion
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: November 2023

Virtually from the beginning of the Gorbachev leadership, the Soviet public and the outside world perceived an elevation of the role of public opinion and a conscious and more knowledge able utilization of the mechanisms by which public opinion is formed in the modern world. This change is, in my view, to a great extent, a response to the dramatic spread of television in the Soviet Union and the enormous public it has attracted. Under Gorbachev, television has been accorded status as a powerful vehicle for the shaping of public opinion. If the Soviet system is to manage public opinion it must be able to gauge its dimensions, and this, in turn, would require a more rigorous and scientifically grounded understanding of the theory of how messages are assimilated and opinion formed.
The Impact of Television
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen
Published: November 2023

Television has become the pre-eminent medium of mass communication in the Soviet Union. It is the medium that has created the first mass public in Soviet history. No other medium has ever transmitted messages to such an enormous number of people. It is a public that embraces the barely literate and the academician, the hero mothers of Central Asia and the engineers of Sverdlovsk. It is a medium whose messages reach over nine tenths of the entire population of the country. The extension of the new
Television Under Siege
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn C
Published: November 2023

In January 1969, a press conference was held at the St. Regis Hotel in New York. Leaders of the newly formed National Citizens Committee for Broadcasting (NCCB) announced a plan to combat “airwave pollution.” The group called for a “stop to the broadcast-government liaison that in the name of free enterprise has exploited audiences-our nation’s people-and enriched a handful of their peers.” Proclaiming itself “a voice for the people, who have had no voice in how the public airwaves have been used,” NCCB threatened to challenge the licenses of stations around the country “at random.”
He Who Pays the Piper
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn C
Published: November 2023

Ira Davidson was shocked to hear the news. A veteran TV writer with a long, successful career in ‘the business, he had never experienced anything like this before. A TV movie he had written was under attack for causing the death of a twelve year-old boy. Web of Fire was about a deranged architect who set fire to his own building. It seems a young boy in Seattle had watched the movie and, in “copycat” fashion, had gone to his school, set it on fire, and died of smoke inhalation. Davidson, a responsible writer with a family of his own, was so disturbed to hear of the boy’s death that he decided to fly to Seattle and find out for himself what really happened.
The Hollywood Lobbyists
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn C
Published: November 2023

The guests had finished their catered buffet dinner of “nouvelle Chinese” cuisine, and had found their seats in the large, comfortable living room of this Spanish-style home in the exclusive Hancock Park district of Los Angeles. The atmosphere was friendly and informal, and most of the guests already knew each other. This “gathering” of about forty prominent Hollywood producers, writers, and directors was sponsored by a nonprofit organization called Microsecond. Microsecond’s director, Norman Fleishman, a soft-spoken man in his late forties, introduced the evening’s guest speaker, Michael Pertschuk, public interest advocate and former chairman of the Federal Trade Commission.
Negotiating “Realism” and Responsibility in Lawyer-Client Interactions
Authors: Sarat Austin , Felstiner William L F
Published: November 2023

In the world of no-fault divorce, the legal process formally has limied functions—dividing assets and future income, fixing custody and visitation, and, occasionally, protecting physical safety and property (Jacob, 1988: 5, 7–8; Weitzman, 1985: chap. 2). Nonetheless, if they are to provide effective representation on each of these issues, lawyers must understand their client’s goals, expectations, and objectives (McEwen et al., 1994: 169). But interpreting clients’ interests is a known quagmire (Kressel et al., 1978). Clients often do not appear to know what they want, or may not want what they “ought” to want. They seem to change their minds in unpredictable ways, or they may not change their minds when it is, from their lawyer’s point of view, strategically wise to do so. Moreover, they may find it difficult to distinguish betwee lawyers who are trying to impose their own vision and those who are trying to develop a shared set of goals, expectations, and objectives (Simon, 1984).
Introduction
Authors: Longfield Bradley J
Published: November 2023

The mainstream churches in America today face a serious crisis. For over two decades now mainline communions-such as the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), the United Methodist Church, the Episcopal Church, and the United Church of Christ-have faced staggering membership declines that threaten the continued vitality of these bodies. The Press bittering Church (U.S.A.), for example, Jost over 1.2 million members from 1966 to 1987, and the membership of the United Methodist Church declined from over 10.6 million in 1970 to under 9.2 million in 1986. Though the reasons for this haemorrhage in membership are many and complex, one contributor to the decline noted by analysts is the nebulous doctrinal identity of the churches. In a quest for inclusiveness and relevance to the increasingly secular American culture, the maim ream churches have adopted a policy of doctrinal pluralism, thereby blurring their theological identities. Thus Wade Clark Roof and William Mc Kinney recently argued: “A crucial challenge for liberal Protestantism is to recapture some sense of particularity as a community of memory and not merely as a custodian of generalized cultural values. This will
The Close of the Controversy The Entanglement of Religion and Culture
Authors: Longfield Bradley J
Published: November 2023

The 1934 General Assembly declared the Independent Board for Presbyterian Foreign Missions unconstitutional. This decision was based largely on a lengthy study of the Constitution of the Presbyterian Church, prepared for the assembly, which asserted that church members were obligated to “promote the officially authorized missionary program” of the church and that the operation of any missionary board independent of the General Assembly within the church was illegal. The assembly thus ordered the independent board to cease its solicitation of funds within the church and directed all Presbyterian clergy and laity to sever their connections with the board or face disciplinary action