bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LITERARY ARTS IN ARABIC LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE AS WELL AS THE CASES IN QUR'AN (FUSSILET - AMONG THE SURAHS OF AL-HADID
Authors: ERTUĞ Atilla
Published: September 2021

The Arabic language has been one of the oldest and richest languages in the world for centuries. Arabs have long been recognized in history for their virtues in disciplines such as language, literature, and poetry. Following Islam, the Arabic language has become the common language of Muslims, and individuals with many languages and from various cultures congregated under its roof. These individuals, who were blessed with Islam, placed a high value on the Arabic language and literature to better comprehend the Qur'an and the Prophet (pbuh)'s hadiths. The science of rhetoric including the subdisciplines of maani, bayan, and badi addresses the methods and principles of correctly and appropriately speaking. The science of badi teaching us that the word should be reasonable in terms of phrasing and meaning, appropriate for the place and time it is in, and how to make the word more beautiful is divided into two parts: literary and spiritual arts. The article demonstrates the cases from the Fussilet-al-Hadid surahs and evaluates the literary arts in the Arabic language and literature. The aim of the study is to contribute to the literary comprehension of the Holy Qur'an containing various cases of eloquence and fesahat (fluency).
LITERATURE IN EXILE: NAMIK KEMAL AS A PERMANENT EXILE AND STRUGGLE FOR SELF-EXPRESSION
Authors: AYDOĞDU Yusuf
Published: September 2021

Namık Kemal is one of the symbolic figures in the Westernization process of Turkish literary history and in addition to his productive identity in the field of literature, he is a versatile artist who has an important place in our social and political history with his political attitude and his attitude of rebellion against injustice. He is an exceptional person who has devoted his whole life to the solution of fundamental values and issues such as homeland, nation, freedom, and constitutionalism and risked all kinds of oppression and exile for this cause. Namık Kemal is undoubtedly the first name that comes to mind when exile is mentioned in Turkish literature. The artist, who lived a significant part of his forty-seven-year life in exile, escaped from compulsory civil service in his youth and at that time his exile started in Paris and London, and then continued as compulsory exile and civil service in places such as Gelibolu, Magosa, Midilli, Rodos, Sakız. Although Namık Kemal was an artist and believer who spent most of his life in exile, he succeeded in turning the exile into an opportunity rather than turning it into a tragic one, struggled for existence, overcame the conditions he was in and made significant contributions to Turkish literature with the works he wrote in exile. This study focuses on the artist's exile life and his literary production in the mentioned exile stops.
HYBRID REFLECTIONS IN POST-MODERN GRAPHIC DESIGN POSTERS
Authors: TOKGÖZ GÜN Fatıma , ÖZKARTAL Mehmet
Published: September 2021

Hybrid works in art have many examples from past to present. Hybridization in poster art has been in question since the first years when posters started to appear. Hybridization in designs can occur in terms of both method and technique. In present study, it is mentioned how graphic design has removed the boundaries between itself and many disciplines since the use of technology in the field of art and how it allows hybrid studies. As it is known, the main purpose of graphic design is to convey an existing idea to the other party in the simplest way. For this reason, graphic design, which updates itself over time, has added motion and sound to its work area and shows itself with effective designs. While technically designs consist of two-dimensional studies for years, they can also be designed in three-dimensional or even four-dimensional forms with hybrid methods. While poster designs are prepared as flat and static, they update themselves with kinetic typography and motion images. Moreover, with hybrid presentations such as augmented reality and virtual reality in current works, designs interact more with people. It is seen that the artists who can think from a hybrid point of view attract more attention and interaction with the hybridity reflected in their designs, and they also reach the intended result in a catchy manner.
CRISIS AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATIONS, THE IMPORTANCE OF CRISIS AND CRISIS LEADERSHIP, THE EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC CRISIS PROCESS ON THE TURKISH ECONOMY
Authors: AĞIN Kaya
Published: September 2021

Crisis (crisis) are difficult situations that threaten the high-level goals and business methods of an organization, or put the organization's existence in a dangerous situation, require quick decisions, and neutralize problem prevention systems. In other words, crisis can be defined as an unexpected situation or events that have an unexpected outcome (Sikich, 2002). Crises are a turning point for businesses by enabling organizations to gain new experiences and acquire new knowledge, and to turn this situation into an opportunity (Demirtaş, 2000). The ability of organizations to achieve their goals and to maintain their existence depends on their ability to adapt to their environment and to regulate their business skills depending on the expectations of the environment. The constantly changing environment creates major problems for businesses that cannot adapt to these changes and cannot balance. The success of organizations depends to a large extent on their ability to recognize and assess these dangers beforehand. Organizations can face many threats that can come from within the business or from the business environment. Because of its negative effects, organization managers' ability to cope with these threats is of great importance for businesses (Can, 2002). Organization managers' leadership, experience, knowledge and skills are most needed in times of crisis. Because the most important responsibility of a leader manager is to successfully prevent the crisis that occurs in the organization. Managers exist to manage unexpected conditions and solve problems in organizations. For this reason, administratorship is the problem management process in organizations. The manager is the person who prevents this problem. Therefore, leading managers appear and show themselves especially in times of crisis (Peker & Ayturk, 2000). In this study, the characteristics of the crisis in organizations, the reasons for the emergence of the crisis and the crisis management processes in organizations are mentioned. Crisis management processes of organizations in potential crisis situations are examined.
The Polish problem in Russian conservative political thought in mid-19th century
Authors: Zemskyi Yurii , Trygub Oleksandr
Published: September 2021

Liberal reforms of Tsar Alexander II after Russia’s defeat in the Crimean War gave the Poles great hopes for satisfying their state-building aspirations. Russians also demanded reformation of all spheres of life of the empire. But from the middle of 1862, the Russian press succeeded to rouse pro-imperial sentiments among the Russian public, using anti-Polish rhetoric. This so-called “Polish threat” became a means of mobilizing Russians to defend their «motherland», which was identical in their understanding to the concept of empire. Reputable Russian publicists stated the conviction that allowing the Poles to create a state is equivalent to provoking a collapse of the Russian state. Thus, the Poles should be left in the Russian Empire, but at the same time, they should become Slavs again, that is, to “awake” in them the specific Slavic culture they had lost, becoming Catholics and cultivating their gentry noble values. Polish peasantry was considered being the basis of the «re-education» of Polish society, and, according to the Russians, preserved a specific Slavic identity, therefore had allegedly “pro-Russian” sentiments that only need to be supported with the correct reforms.
Changes in the life of Germans in St. Petersburg in the late 19th – early 20th century
Authors: Sinko Galina , Sidnenko Tatyana , Erokhina Ol’ga
Published: September 2021

The subject of this paper is an overview of changes in the material and spiritual life of Germans living in St. Petersburg in the late 19th – early 20th century. The overview of various facets of life of German population of St. Petersburg makes it possible to comprehensively address the problem of transformation of the State nationalities policy toward the largest ethnic diaspora in the Imperial Capital. The research work of Russian and foreign scholars became the theoretical framework for the article that enabled to ensure continuity of historical analysis. This study used a problematic and chronological approach to review the dynamics of state legislative initiatives related to in relation to the German community of St. Petersburg. The legislative acts issued in the Russian Empire during the period under study to toughen up the legal regulations governing the life of Russian Germans served as the factual basis of the overview. The conclusions drawn in the paper give a better idea of general trends in the nationalities policy of the Russian state in the midst of the most important domestic and international events of the late 19th and early 20th century.
Udział polskich ziemian z Mińszczyzny w pracach rady nadzwyczajnej do spraw związanych z potrzebami gospodarki rolnej w Rosji w latach 1902-1903
Authors: Jurkowski Roman
Published: September 2021

The article presents an unknown period from the history of the Polish gentry from the Taken Lands at the beginning of the 20th century. It shows the participation of Polish landowners in the work of the Extraordinary Council for matters connected with the needs of agriculture in the Minsk guberniya in 1902-1903, the purpose of which was to describe the state of agriculture in Russia and to indicate ways of its modernization. The Polish landowners, gathered in the Minsk Agricultural Society, were the most active element among all members of the 9 discrits committees in the Minsk guberniya. For the first time since the fall of the January Uprising, they had the opportunity to show their organizational skills and substantive preparation for the discussion on the situation of agriculture in the Minsk guberniya.
Sprawy honorowe z udziałem polskich deputowanych do Dumy Państwowej Imperium Rosyjskiego w 1906 i 1913 roku (na materiale prasy rosyjskiej)
Authors: Ivanov Andrei
Published: September 2021

The article is concerned with the dueling incidents with participation of Polish deputies of Imperial Duma which took place in 1906 and 1913. The author reconstructs the causes, further things happening and results of these clashes as well as evidences their coverage from Russian news media and perception by Russian public. Special attention is put to the conflict of deputies belonging to the Polish group in Imperial Duma with the future Prime Minister of the Provisional Government A.F. Kerensky. The author proves that although on a moral level the injured party was Polish deputies, their chosen modus operandi was unsuccessful, and in the minds of the liberal democratic part of the Russian society Kerensky came out victor.
Uwarunkowania rozwoju gospodarczego i handlu zagranicznego krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej w okresie międzywojennym (1918-1939)
Authors: Klimiuk Zbigniew
Published: September 2021

The economic development of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the interwar period did not remove essential structural defects in foreign trade, such as: regionalism, compliance of export and import directions, too much concentration on several markets, low assortment diversity and typically raw material and agricultural export structure. Mutual exchange took place on a small scale and was often unilateral, and its size did not generally exceed 10% of the total turnover of this zone. In addition, it was also characterized by a significant degree of concentration and occurred mainly between neighboring countries and in a narrow range. One of the fundamental reasons explaining the low level of mutual trade was the far-reaching mutual competitiveness of the economies of these countries. The high similarity of export structures and assortments as well as the identity of import needs at a weak level, with a similar export expansion rate, have created significant elements of competition between the economies of the region. In the interwar period, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe were not strongly involved in foreign trade, with the exception of Czechoslovakia. They were generally poorly developed raw material and agricultural countries, exporting mainly raw materials and food to developed countries of Western Europe, and in particular to Germany. Their total share in world trade was at the level of approx. 3% at that time. The low level of involvement of these countries in world trade was indicated in particular by small export volumes per one inhabitant.
Mechanisms of Effective Governance and Cooperation: Comparative Analysis of the European States
Authors: Hurnyak Ihor , Kordonska Aleksandra
Published: September 2021

The research performs an attempt to adapt accumulated approaches of the Institutional Economics to the application of the Coase theorem in public administration. Governance is mainly analyzed in the field of political science, while transactional costs definitely serve to the economic surveys. Solving the problem of social costs, Coase theorem revealed a conception of property rights as the outcome of mere contracting in independent exchanges. This conception is applicable for analyzing a wide range of issues, including externalities related to the use of assets and public goods. The article contains a brief characteristic of the self-governance in European states. The results of comparative analysis of the local governance in European region became a basis for proposing a series of transformation tools for Ukraine and neighboring states in this field. Obtained results of statistical modeling and payoff matrix of Nash equilibrium clearly confirm the validity of the Coase theorem for interpretation of the interaction between local self-governance and government institutions.
Polityka zagraniczna i bezpieczeństwo w programach wyborczych partii politycznych podczas kampanii parlamentarnej 2019 r. w Ukrainie
Authors: Pietnoczka Paweł
Published: September 2021

The aim of the article is to present programme priorities concerning the foreign and security policy as proclaimed by political parties during the parliamentary campaign in 2019 in Ukraine. It shows how the parties intended to ensure state security, bring peace to Donbass, restore territorial integrity, and which countries and international organisations they saw as the main allies of Ukraine on the way to achieving these objectives. The election programs of individual political parties were analysed, with the focus on the postulates of those parties which received at least three percent of the support in the election, i.e. Servant of the People, Opposition Platform – For Life, Fatherland, European Solidarity, Voice, Radical Party of Oleh Lyashko, Strength and Honor and Opposition Bloc.
Organizacja obrony narodowej w wybranych państwach. Analiza porównawcza Estonii, Finlandii i Rosji
Authors: Staśkiewicz Urszula
Published: September 2021

This publication is the result of research into the organization of national defence in selected European countries. The main research problem was to find the answer to the question how the national defence is organized in countries with different geopolitical possibilities, as well as various financial, human and natural resources. The aim of the investigations was to present the defence policy of selected European countries and generate a better understanding of the issues of national defence, including the issue of defence preparations. In order to achieve the goal and solve the research problem, three non-reactive test methods were used: content analysis, existing data analysis and comparative analysis. We decided to select Estonia, Finland and Russia as units of our analysis.
Znaczenie odstraszania strategicznego dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego
Authors: Banasik Mirosław
Published: September 2021

The aim of the article was to clarify the essence of the strategic deterrence and to characterize the deterrent mechanisms used to shape international security. The article explains the nature of the deterrent and mechanisms to guarantee international security. It presents the genesis of deterrence and characterizes its evolution. It also indicates the need for changes in the theory and practice of deterrence. As a result of the studies, it has been established that, nowadays, thanks to the complementary use of hard and soft power, strategic deterrence has a multi-faceted character and its importance for international relations is increasing. It is closely linked to diplomacy and constitutes a mechanism, by means of which the foreign political interests of states are realized and the international security order is shaped.
Ruch graniczny z Polski do Obwodu Kaliningradzkiego na tle pozostałych odcinków zewnętrznej granicy Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Rosik Piotr , Wiśniewski Rafał
Published: September 2021

The purpose of the paper is to present the cross-border mobility of Poles in a broader context of social, economic changes and formal and political conditions. The mobility of Poles is presented on the example of border traffic on the Polish-Russian border. We compare the situation on the border with Kaliningrad oblast with other sections of the eastern border. We focus on number of crossings and the movement of passenger and heavy good vehicles based on the data of the Border Guard. The conclusions are as follows: the intensity of border traffic was conditioned by both formal and legal changes as well as the economic situation on both sides of the state border. In the period from 1990, intensive travels of Poles to the Kaliningrad oblast were carried out: (1) from the mid-1990s until Poland's accession to the European Union; (2) during the operation of local border traffic, i.e. in the years 2012-2016.
The measurement, structure, and cross-cultural equivalence of political party perception. Evidence from Poland, Lithuania, and Ukraine
Authors: Gorbaniuk Oleg , Wilczewski Michał , Ivanova Ana , Bevz Halyna , Gorbaniuk Julia
Published: September 2021

This paper examines the cross-cultural universality of the structural model of (voter) perception of political parties (PPP) in three ex-communist countries with party-centered systems, but with different economic and cultural backgrounds, and different levels of democracy development. We conducted a confirmatory study of a five-dimensional structure of PPP, which had been established through lexical research, using data from voters in Poland, Lithuania, and Ukraine. The structure involved personality-related dimensions (Strength, Disagreeableness, and Integrity) and non-personality dimensions, such as worldview (Left Wing vs. Right Wing) and evaluation (Backwardness vs. Modernity). The study revealed the configural and metric invariance of the structure of PPP. Its dimensions explain political preferences in each country at the individual level, but also differentiate between PPPs at the between-country level, both in the group of supporters and opponents of political parties. We linked voter perceptions with political preferences by presenting a five-factor model of PPP established on a valid and reliable psychometric inventory.
Główne podejścia teoretyczne do analizy „kolorowych rewolucji” na obszarze postradzieckim
Authors: Hurska-Kowalczyk Liana
Published: September 2021

The objective of this article is an overview and analysis of three theoretical approaches applied to ‘colour revolutions’ (wide anti-government protests in the area of the former ZSSR, which led to changes in governments), considered as 1) a way to re-activate the process of democratization in post-Soviet countries, based on Samuel P. Huntington’s concept of the waves of democracy  (Valerie Bunce, Sharon Wolchik, Thomas Carothers, Mark Beissinger, Michael  McFaul, Taras Kuzio); 2) the effect of the impact of structural factors (Lucan Way, Steven Levitsky, Katya Kalandadze, Mitchell Orenstein); 3) a method to transform “post-soviet neopatrimonial regimes”, founded on the paradigms of patronal politics (Henry Hale, Rałał Czachor, Vladimir Gel’man, Ołeksandr Fisun).
Ugrofinizmy w języku staropruskim
Authors: Witczak Krzysztof Tomasz
Published: September 2021

The paper discusses 9 Old Prussian words suspected of being borrowed from a Finno-Ugric source. The following words are verified as Finno-Ugricisms: OPrus. jūrī ‘sea’ (← FV. *järwä ‘lake, sea’); OPrus. kadegis ‘juniper’ (← BF. *kataŋa ‘id.’ ← Ur. *kača ‘resin’); OPrus. kaywe ‘mare’ (← BF. *keewe ‘female horse or reindeer’ < Ur. *kewe ‘female animal’); OPrus. kērdan ‘time’ (← FV. *kerta ‘succession, order, time’); OPrus. *palwe in toponymy (← FU. *palγɜ ‘village’); OPrus. *salavō ‘island’ (← FU. *sala-wɜ ‘island; dry place in the swamp’ < Ur. *sala); OPrus. sylecke ‘Baltic herring’ (← BF. *silakka ‘id.’ ← Ur. śilä ‘fat’); OPrus. wargien ‘copper’ (← FU. *würγɜnɜ ‘id.’).
Problemy wspierania międzypokoleniowej transmisji języka mniejszości w społecznościach mniejszościowych. Na przykładzie staroobrzędowców mieszkających w Polsce
Authors: Głuszkowski Michał
Published: September 2021

Since Poland is an ethnically and linguistically homogeneous country, the lack of knowledge of the mother tongue in minority communities occurs much often than of the Polish language. The intergenerational transmission of language in a small community (ca. 1000 people) of the Old Believers in North-Eastern Poland differs from bigger minorities, such as Germans, Lithuanians or Belarussians, who have the possibility to teach their mother tongue as a school subject. Young Old Believers are more proficient in the Polish language, and the traditional dialect fulfills the function of the 2nd language, and in some aspects can be even treated as a foreign language. Due to the structural and lexical differences, resulting from the influence of the Polish language, the Old Believers’ dialect significantly differs from the literary variety of Russian which is taught as a school subject in Poland. Despite of the demographic and administrative problems (there is no possibility to establish a school teaching of the Russian dialect in Poland), the Old Believers have elaborated some mechanisms of teaching their traditional language, which will be characterized in the article, as well as their effects and future perspectives for the self-made language education system in the minority community.
Language creativity of the protest discourses in Belarus after the 2020 presidential election
Authors: Kiklewicz Aleksander , Pociechina Helena
Published: September 2021

The subject of the article is the use of language and linguistic aspects of social behavior within the protest discourses that took place after the results of the presidential elections in Belarus were falsified in August 2020. The author considers the concept of protest discourse, referring to scientific literature and comparing its interpretation by various researchers. The analysis of around 500 posters, chosen from the corpus of a first month of Belarusian numerous and various protesting activities, is focused on both rhetoric and language means of protesting communicative actions, namely on lexical nomination and code switching, wordplay and structural modifications, neologisms, paronomasia, irony, graphic operations and others, which, in the format of peaceful demonstrations (on behand of the demonstrators) actualizes the features of carnivalization and the acratic type of discourse.
Modern onomastic terminology: Ukrainian and Russian scientific discourse as to the formation of the Internet onomasticon
Authors: Kosmeda Tetyana , Janik Katarzyna , Janczura Dominika
Published: September 2021

Nowadays, more than 1 billiard of “computer names” have been registered, that is why it is vital to outline the Internet-onomastics into a separate branch of onomastics. The article reflects upon discussions in the Ukrainian and Russian linguistics related to the interpretation of the new terms of proper names that function in the Internet. Though the Internet communication has been constantly developing, linguists have not developed a unified system of proper names for the Internet-communication. Some terms that have been proposed are not always consistent with main word-formation requirements: relevance, eloquence and analogy. Moreover, they do not reflect Slavic onomastic naming tradition. There is an urgent need to create a unified system of the Internet-onomastic; in particular, by minimalizing a range of synonymic terms and by actualizing their transparent motivation. Researchers give some propositions as to the aptness of usage and active introduction of some terms, justifying some motives for the nomination.
Kody kulturowe wykorzystywane w ukraińskiej sztuce zaangażowanej (na przykładzie prac A. Jermołenki i O. Komjachowa)
Authors: Jakubowska-Krawczyk Katarzyna , Romaniuk Svitlana
Published: September 2021

The socio-political experiences of recent years have contributed to the development of new trends in patriotic and engaged art in Ukraine. The aim of the article is to analyze selected works of two popular Ukrainian graphic artists: Andriy Yermolenko and Oleksandr Komjakhov. The reproductions we use come from Mystets’kyy Barbakan. Trykutnyk 92. Antolohiya (Мистецький Барбакан. Трикутник 92. Антологія), pub-lished in 2015 in Kiev, as well as from the social media, in which the artists are very active. The presented analy-sis combines cultural and literary aspects. We show the interactions between the national symbols used and ref-erences to texts of culture important for Ukrainians, and at the same time the attempts to modernize them and a combine in a way that forces verification of the current way of thinking and reworking certain forms of cul-ture anew.
Media discourse of national identity: Russia and Germany
Authors: Kaminskaya Tatyana
Published: September 2021

The media discourse of both Russia and European countries today seems to be a representative and relevant object for the study of national identity. The discourse of national identity in the media is presented as media texts directly related to the topic, and included in it through the comments of the recipients. The leading sub-discourses or thematic dominants in this case are major sports competitions, international competitions and commemorative practices of the past. The vast majority of assessments of national characteristics in the comments of the recipients of journalistic publications are negative, due to the criticality and self-criticism of commentators.
Esthetical heteronomy as creation principle of a fictional narrative: on the esthetical function of intertextuality
Authors: Kotin Michaił L.
Published: September 2021

The relations between the “main” narrative parts of a belletristic text and its (cross)references to other works of literature and/or music, painting etc. play an important part in the structure and functioning of a literary work. The phenomenon of intertextuality belongs at present to the favourite subjects of the research of texts, among others, of fictional texts. However, some relevant functions of implementation of external esthetical works, both literary texts and other art forms, into a fictional narration have not been investigated yet. This paper presents an analyses of two works of narrative fiction written by Tolstoy and T. Mann, with a special attention to the esthetical function of intertextuality by implementation of cross-references to the works of the composer Beethoven (in the case of Th. Mann also of the poet Goethe). The claim is that intertextuality in the esthetical sphere induces a double esthetical function and determines the phenomenon which I will call “esthetical heteronomy”. Its main feature is a very specific influence of external esthetical sources on the internal esthetical values of the primary text.
Transformacja systemu radiofonii w Polsce w kontekście zmian w Europie Wschodniej. Analiza pierwszego procesu koncesyjnego
Authors: Doliwa Urszula
Published: September 2021

This article analyses the first licensing process carried out after the adoption of the Broadcasting Act in Poland in 1992. Great excitement surrounded the award of the first television licenses – especially nationwide licenses. However, this article focuses on an analysis of this process in the case of radio broadcasting. It is based on documents gathered in the Archives of the National Broadcasting Council, particularly on reports of meetings with the candidates for radio broadcasting. The analysis also includes articles published in newspapers. A personal interview with the Vice-Chair of the National Broadcasting Council was also used. The study aimed to determine the shape of the Polish radio market desired by the National Broadcasting Council and the focus of this institution during the first licensing process. The author noted that the Council concentrated on the financial aspects of the submitted applications. This thesis corresponds well with the trend observed by media experts in the transformation of media systems in Eastern Europe in the early 1990s and how market logic prevailed when shaping the new media system.
Wyjątki od zakazu dyskryminacji ze względu na religię lub przekonania w zatrudnieniu pracowniczym na gruncie art. 4 dyrektywy 2000/78/WE
Authors: Wacław Łukasz
Published: September 2021

Równe traktowanie i zakaz dyskryminacji są jednymi z podstawowych zasad, w oparciu o które stanowione jest unijne prawo. Dotyczy to również równego traktowania ze względu na religię lub przekonania w zatrudnieniu. W tym obszarze wartości te zostały zabezpieczone przez dyrektywę Rady 2000/78/WE z dnia 27 listopada 2000 r. ustanawiającą ogólne warunki ramowe równego traktowania w zakresie zatrudnienia i pracy. Dyrektywa ta przewiduje jednak pewne wyjątki od tych ogólnych zasad. Istnieją bowiem okoliczności, w których działanie pracodawcy będzie stwarzać pozory dyskryminacji, lecz w swej istocie dyskryminacją nie będzie. Taka sytuacja zachodzi, gdy ze względu na rodzaj działalności zawodowej lub warunki jej wykonywania, cechy związane z religią lub przekonaniami stanowią istotny i determinujący wymóg zawodowy, a cel jest zgodny z prawem i wymóg proporcjonalny (art. 4. ust. 1). Taka sytuacja zachodzi również, gdy ze względu na charakter lub kontekst, w którym jest prowadzona działalność zawodowa kościoła lub innej organizacji, których etyka opiera się na religii lub przekonaniach, religia lub przekonania stanowią podstawowy, zgodny z prawem i uzasadniony wymóg zawodowy, uwzględniający etykę organizacji (art. 4 ust. 2 akapit 1). W końcu taką sytuację stanowi również wymóg działania w dobrej wierze i lojalności wobec etyki organizacji, jaki Kościoły i inne organizacje, których etyka opiera się na religii lub przekonaniach, mogą nakładać na swoich pracowników (art. 4 ust. 2 akapit 2). Te trzy sytuacje stanowią niejako trzy odrębne wyjątki od zakazu dyskryminacji. Nie zawsze jednak taka klasyfikacja, z którą zgadza się Autor niniejszego opracowania, jest przyjmowana w orzecznictwie i doktrynie. W artykule zostały zatem, poza szczegółową analizą omawianych wyjątków od zakazu dyskryminacji, przedstawione również istniejące w tym przedmiocie rozbieżności.
Improving the efficiency of autonomous electrical complexes of oil and gas enterprises
Authors: Bogdanov Ivan , Abramovich Boris
Published: September 2021

In accordance with the Energy Strategy until 2035, the possibility of increasing the efficiency of energy use of secondary energy resources in the form of associated oil and waste gases has been substantiated by increasing the energy efficiency of the primary energy carrier to 90-95 % by means of cogeneration plants with a binary cycle of electricity generation and trigeneration systems with using the energy of the waste gas to cool the air flow at the inlet of gas turbine plants. The conditions for maintaining the rated power of the main generator with variations in the ambient temperature are shown. An effective topology of electrical complexes in a multi-connected power supply system of oil and gas enterprises according to the reliability condition is presented, which allows increasing the availability factor by 0.6 %, mean time between failures by 33 %, the probability of failure-free operation by 15 % and reducing the mean time of system recovery by 40 %. The article considers the use of parallel active filters to improve the quality of electricity and reduce voltage drops to 0.1 s when used in autonomous electrical complexes of oil and gas enterprises. The possibility of providing uninterrupted power supply when using thyristor systems for automatic reserve input has been proven. A comparative analysis was carried out to assess the effect of parallel active filters and thyristor systems of automatic transfer of reserve on the main indicators of the reliability of power supply systems of oil and gas enterprises.
علاقة العناصر المناخية باستهلاك الطاقة الكهربائية ومدى أثرها في كفاءة عمل المنظومة الشمسية في محافظة بغداد
Authors: Farej Mithaal Taleb , Shanshool Alaa Mohsen
Published: September 2021

يهدف هذا البحث إلى تقدير العلاقة الكمية بين عناصر المناخ في محافظة بغداد ومقدار استهلاك الطاقة الكهربائية فيها للمدة (2006-2017)، وجرى اختبار العناصر المناخية إحصائيا لغرض تتبع ما يمكن أن يحدثه تغير أي عنصر من عناصر المناخ في استهلاك الطاقة الكهربائية، ودراسة عنصر الإشعاع الشمسي ودرجة الحرارة والرياح والأمطار والعواصف الغبارية وتحليل العلاقات الكمية بينها باستعمال معامل الارتباط بيرسون واستخلاص النتائج.
Compressor type engine brake
Authors: Verbitskiy V. V , Pogosyan V. M
Published: September 2021

The accident rate in road transport remains unacceptably high, and in order to reduce it, it is necessary to take into account all the factors affecting this process. In this regard, the process of long-term braking deserves special attention, which negative processes require the creation of additional braking systems (retarder brakes) for vehicles operating in mountainous areas, primarily in the field of passenger transportation. Transmission retarder brakes that provide sufficient braking performance have a number of disadvantages that inhibit their use. Existing engine retarder brakes provide insufficient deceleration, and studies were carried out at the Kuban State Agrarian University (KubSAU) to improve their efficiency. After a theoretical analysis, the compressor brake mode was experimentally investigated. The increased pressure was created in the intake manifold and at the end of the compression stroke, air from the cylinder was released through a special valve back into the system, due to which the braking effect was created. The carried out experiments confirmed the possibility of a significant increase in the engine braking torque in the compressor brake mode, when both valves are closed - the exhaust after the exhaust manifold and the intake in front of the carburetor, and compressed air is supplied to the intake manifold at different pressures. Then the braking torque increases in comparison with engine braking by more than 3 times.
V-belt transmissions of agricultural machines
Authors: Balovnev N. P , Brovkina Y. I , Dmitrieva L. A
Published: September 2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of design features and operating conditions of V-belt transmissions of agricultural machinery. When designing these gears, it is recommended to give preference to gears made according to an open circuit or with a tension roller located outside the belt contour, to avoid cross and semi-cross gears, as well as multi-pulley gears with crossing shaft axles. To make the wider use of more progressive types of belts. It was shown that the features of V-belt transmissions of agricultural machinery require clarification of the methods for calculating transmissions with progressive types of V-belts and automatic belt tensioning methods. It was noted that special attention should be paid to transmissions with multi-profile belts, which calculation has not been sufficiently reflected in domestic regulatory documents. The advantages of such belts are especially noticeable under variable and shock loading. Based on the analysis, the recommendations for clarifying the calculation of belt drives with multi-profile belts were given. Analytical dependencies are proposed for determining the value of the nominal power transmitted by one belt (stream) of a multi-profile belt, allowing automation of the calculation of V-belt transmissions of agricultural machinery. For gears with a tension or guide roller that add an extra (sometimes reverse) bend of the belt, it is proposed to determine the coefficient taking into account different degrees of bending on the pulleys according to a graph built taking into account the linear hypothesis of summation of damages. It is recommended to calculate gears with spring-loaded tensioning rollers and design tensioning devices for such transmissions using a special method that takes into account the belt tensioning method. At the same time, the required value of the pre-tension of the belt can be significantly reduced, which will have a positive effect on its resource, without losing the traction capacity of the transmission itself. Expressions are given for finding the value of the pre-tension of belts, both for gears with tension due to the elasticity of the belt, and for gears with spring-loaded tension rollers. Conclusions and directions for further research are formulated.
New technical device for traction tests of autotractor equipment
Authors: Habardin S. V , Polyakov G. N , Shukhanov S. N
Published: September 2021

Advanced agricultural production is based on innovative scientific developments. The priority direction is given to the technical support of the agro-industrial complex, which makes it possible to significantly increase labor productivity in this sector of the economy, including the quality of products. Autotractor equipment is not an exception in this regard. Correct operation, which largely depends on its timely and qualified maintenance, including tests. Traction tests of machines make it possible to establish and test their traction characteristics, economy, high-quality performance indicators of the main units, as well as control systems. Proposed is a new technical facility (load support) for traction tests of autotractor equipment, which includes a base, a support-brake plate installed on it for placement on it of tested equipment and traction-brake device. The design of the support and brake plate is made in the form of a treadmill. The base is made with the possibility of mounting a traction-braking device in it and is made in the form of a recess with a small ledge in the bottom part. Traction-braking device consists of two posts and support boards made in the form of parallelepiped. Front post is secured from base front wall element. The rear post is mounted on a small ledge on the side of the rear wall of the base. The structures of the lower part of the front pillar, as well as the upper part of the rear pillar, are firmly attached to the spar by braces. To the left and to the right of the installed posts there are locks in the form of bars. The advantages of the new technical device for traction tests of autotractor equipment are expressed in the improvement of operational properties through reduced weight and size characteristics, simpler design, as well as a small amount of preparatory work.
Mathematical model of the cabin suspension system for grain and forage harvesters taking into account the dynamic properties of the supporting system
Authors: Sirotin P. V , Lebedinskiy I. YU , Zhileykin M. M
Published: September 2021

The paper is devoted to the study of the vibrational state of the operator's workplace of a transport-technological machine with a supporting system that undergoes torsional and bending elastic deformations during operation. Based on the previously carried experimental studies, the relevance of the work was substantiated and the goal was set to develop a computational model of spatial vibrations of the cabin on a non-existent system in the form of elastic cantilever beams. An original mathematical model of cabin vibrations on an elastic foundation is presented. It takes into account the nonlinear elastic and dissipative properties of the supporting system structure. A variant of the implementation of the developed mathematical model using the example of the mathematical modeling environment Mathcad is proposed. As an example of calculating the dynamic properties of a bearing system, a case of using the MSC Adams software package with an integrated finite element calculation module Flex is shown. It is presented that taking into account the dynamic properties of the carrier system in the model makes it possible to calculate the vibration load of the cabin with high accuracy and reproduce the resonance phenomena caused by the natural modes of vibration of the carrier system and disturbances from technological sources. The results of the verification of the computational model based on the analysis of the convergence of the values of the full corrected vibration acceleration in the center of mass of the grain harvester cabin, as well as the vibration spectra in linear directions obtained by experimental and computational methods, are presented. Directions for the development of measures and technical solutions for improving the vibration load of operators of transport and technological machines who have active sources of power disturbances on board, as well as a supporting system that experiences elastic deformations during operation are proposed.
Physico-chemical characteristics of particulate contamination in the coolant for automobile and tractor engines
Authors: Dragomirov S. G , Eydel P. Ig , Gamayunov A. Yu , Dragomirov M. S
Published: September 2021

The article describes the results of a study of the physicochemical characteristics of solid particles of contaminants present in the coolant of automobile and tractor engines. The data on the fractional, physical and chemical composition of solid particles of contamination are given. It was established that the generalized reason for the appearance of contaminants of various nature in liquid cooling systems of engines is the physicochemical interaction of the coolant (antifreeze) with different elements and dissimilar materials of the cooling system. The use of absolutely pure coolant in the cooling systems of automobile and tractor engines is practically unrealistic, since there will always be operating conditions that contribute to the formation of contamination. A number of chemical elements (in an amount from 1 to 47% of each element) were found in the composition of solid particles of coolant contaminants: iron Fe, silicon Si, aluminum Al, lead Pb, tin Sn, zinc Zn, calcium Ca, magnesium Mg, copper Cu. In addition, at a level of less than 1.0% (wt.), Such chemical elements as potassium K, sodium Na, titanium Ti, phosphorus P, sulfur S, chromium Cr, molybdenum Mo, chlorine Cl, iridium Ir, nickel Ni, manganese Mn, etc. were found. The most dangerous contaminants are particles of iron Fe and silicon Si, contained in the coolant in an amount of up to 47 and 37%, respectively, and possessing significant hardness and angularity. The abrasive properties of Fe and Si particles create the danger of removing a thin oxide film on the inner surface of the walls of the cooling radiator channels, leading to their premature destruction. In this regard, it is concluded that high-performance engine coolant filters should be used in automobiles and tractors to remove these contaminants from the flow.
The development of tractor theory
Authors: Kut'kov G. M
Published: September 2021

The article discusses the main developments of the author in the field of tractor theory, which were published at different times and in different editions of technical literature, including Tractors and Agricultural Machinery journal. These are traction dynamics of the tractor; modular energy technology facilities and block-modular tractor aggregation system; a method for optimizing the type of a tractor, as well as the combustion chamber of the D-75 engine implemented in production and GOST for testing agricultural tractors.
Installation of screw reduction UVO 20-50 for hardening and calibration of cylindrical parts and billets of agricultural machinery
Authors: Dement'yev V. B , Zasypkin A. D , Sterkhov M. YU , Churkin A. V
Published: September 2021

A screw reduction unit UVO 20-50 (diameter of hardened products from 20 mm to 55 mm) with a closed cooling system for hardened rolled products with the ability to integrate equipment into a production line for manufacturing parts was developed. The UVO unit is intended for shaping and hardening of cylindrical parts by high-temperature thermomechanical treatment (HTMT) with metal deformation by screw compression (VO), ensuring the technical characteristics of products. It is known that some thermomechanical methods of hardening and production of rolled products, for example, steels HTMT, in comparison with conventional types of hardening heat treatment, provide a set of higher properties: strength, ductility and fracture resistance. Evaluating the efficiency of using the hardening thermomechanical treatment of long products for highly loaded parts, it is necessary to use the criteria of fracture mechanics, to study the resistance to brittle and cyclic fracture of steel under the action of stress concentrators, negative temperatures and other difficult test and operating conditions. Taking into account the increased properties of steels with HTMT, it becomes possible to use hollow sections instead of solid billets. The investigated materials and the revealed patterns allow authors to conclude that thick-walled hollow parts, which are used to save metal and lighten the weight of structures, should be considered not only as full-fledged substitutes for solid ones, but also as having an advantage over the latter, mainly due to their better hardenability at surface cold working and less sensitivity to stress concentration at cyclic loads, which makes them more reliable in operation. These research results substantiate the wider use of hollow profiles for such parts of agricultural machinery as track pins, shafts, axles, torsion bars and other parts for various purposes.
The influence of the reinforcement of the chisel-shaped area of the ploughshare on the change in the geometric parameters of radial wear during operation
Authors: Kozarez I. V , Mikhal'chenkova M. A , Lavrov V. I , Perepechina YU. I
Published: September 2021

The formation of radial wear is a decisive factor in the removal of shares from service, i.e. this type of wear refers to the characteristics of the limiting state of the part. It is noted that the dynamics of its formation and development in a certain way affects the development of technical processes for the restoration of plowshares. However, the process of wear, in this case, cannot be considered fully studied, therefore the work is devoted to the study of the above issue. Experienced plowshares were used for research: as delivered; with a reinforced chisel-shaped part with elliptical rollers; with a reinforced chisel-shaped part with rollers perpendicular to the field edge; with a reinforced chisel-shaped part, rollers perpendicular to the field cut and surfacing of the buried part for a length of about 100 mm. As a result of experiments, the dependences of the change in the width of radial wear in the function of operating time and changes in the depth of radial wear in the process of plowing were obtained. An explanation of the process of wear during the formation of radial wear is given for all investigated technological options. It was revealed that the change in the geometric parameters of radial wear (width and depth) in the process of origin and development has a single character and is the same for all technological variants of hardening with surfacing reinforcement, while the greatest resistance to the formation of this defect is provided by reinforcement by forming beads perpendicular to the trajectory of soil movement with surfacing the deepening part to a length of 100 mm.