bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large-Scale Phosphoprotein Analysis inMedicago truncatulaRoots Provides Insight into in Vivo Kinase Activity in Legumes
Authors: Grimsrud Paul A. , den Os Deݩsireݩe , Wenger Craig D. , Swaney Danielle L. , Schwartz Daniel , Sussman Michael R. , Aneݩ Jean-Michel , Coon Joshua J.
Published: November 2009

Nitrogen fixation in legumes requires the development of root organs called nodules and their infection by symbiotic rhizobia. Over the last decade, Medicago truncatula has emerged as a major model plant for the analysis of plant-microbe symbioses and for addressing questions pertaining to legume biology. While the initiation of symbiosis and the development of nitrogen-fixing root nodules depend on the activation of a protein phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction cascade in response to symbiotic signals produced by the rhizobia, few sites of in vivo phosphorylation have previously been identified in M. truncatula. We have characterized sites of phosphorylation on proteins from M. truncatula roots, from both whole cell lysates and membrane-enriched fractions, using immobilized metal affinity chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Here, we report 3,457 unique phosphopeptides spanning 3,404 nonredundant sites of in vivo phosphorylation on 829 proteins in M. truncatula Jemalong A17 roots, identified using the complementary tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation methods electron transfer dissociation and collision-activated dissociation. With this being, to our knowledge, the first large-scale plant phosphoproteomic study to utilize electron transfer dissociation, analysis of the identified phosphorylation sites revealed phosphorylation motifs not previously observed in plants. Furthermore, several of the phosphorylation motifs, including LxKxxs and RxxSxxxs, have yet to be reported as kinase specificities for in vivo substrates in any species, to our knowledge. Multiple sites of phosphorylation were identified on several key proteins involved in initiating rhizobial symbiosis, including SICKLE, NUCLEOPORIN133, and INTERACTING PROTEIN OF DMI3. Finally, we used these data to create an open-access online database for M. truncatula phosphoproteomic data.
Altered phenotype of lymphatic endothelial cells induced by highly metastatic OTSCC cells contributed to the lymphatic metastasis of OTSCC cells
Authors: Zhuang Zhang , Jian Pan , Longjiang Li , Bo Han , Wenlin Xiao
Published: November 2009

(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 686–692)

The lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) is an interactive surface for cancer cells. This article aims to explore cancer cell‐induced changes of LEC, and study the tumor–lymphatic endothelium interaction. Here, LECs were co‐cultured with highly and poorly metastatic tongue cancer cells. The differences in biologic behaviors and gene expression profiles between them were examined. The results showed that LECs induced by highly metastatic cancer cells displayed abnormal biologic behaviors, and could secrete chemokines to promote the migration of cancer cells. Therefore, biologic properties and functional status of LECs in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) might be a positive factor in lymphatic dissemination.
Consequences of chronic ketamine self‐administration upon neurocognitive function and psychological wellbeing: a 1‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Morgan Celia J. A. , Muetzelfeldt Leslie , Curran H. Valerie
Published: November 2009

Background  ‘Recreational’ use of ketamine is spreading rapidly among young people. In healthy individuals an acute dose of the N‐methyl D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine induces marked psychosis‐like effects and cognitive impairments, but little is known about the long‐term effects of the drug.

Aims  To evaluate the long‐term neuropsychiatric or cognitive consequences.

Methods  A total of 150 individuals were assessed, 30 in each of five groups: frequent ketamine users, infrequent ketamine users, abstinent users, polydrug controls and non‐users of illicit drugs. Twelve months later, 80% of these individuals were re‐tested.

Results  Cognitive deficits were mainly observed only in frequent users. In this group, increasing ketamine use over the year was correlated with decreasing performance on spatial working memory and pattern recognition memory tasks. Assessments of psychological wellbeing showed greater dissociative symptoms in frequent users and a dose–response effect on delusional symptoms, with frequent users scoring higher than infrequent, abstinent users and non‐users, respectively. Both frequent and abstinent using groups showed increased depression scores over the 12 months.

Conclusions  These findings imply that heavy use of ketamine is harmful to aspects of both cognitive function and psychological wellbeing. Health education campaigns need to raise awareness among young people and clinicians about these negative consequences of ketamine use.
Correlation between eosinophilic oesophagitis and aeroallergens
Authors: MOAWAD F. J. , VEERAPPAN G. R. , LAKE J. M. , MAYDONOVITCH C. L. , HAYMORE B. R. , KOSISKY S. E. , WONG R. K. H.
Published: November 2009

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 509–515

Background  Aeroallergens have been implicated in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic oesophagitis.

Aim  To determine whether a seasonal variation exists in the diagnoses of eosinophilic oesophagitis and whether there is a correlation with seasonal pollen count.

Methods  A retrospective review was performed from January 2006 to November 2008 to identify eosinophilic oesophagitis patients. Cases were classified by endoscopic date. Daily pollen counts for grass, trees and weeds were obtained from a certified counting station. Per cent of eosinophilic oesophagitis cases were collated seasonally and compared with mean pollen counts for grass, trees and weeds during the same time period.

Results  A total of 127 eosinophilic oesophagitis cases were identified (median age 41, range 19–92 years, 84% men). The highest percentage of cases (33.0%; Binomial P = 0.022) was diagnosed in the spring, while the least percentage (16%; Binomial P = 0.0.010) occurred in the winter. There was a significant association between per cent eosinophilic oesophagitis cases diagnosed seasonally and mean grass pollen count (rs = 1.000, P < 0.01), but not with trees (rs = 0.400, P = 0.600) or weeds (rs = 0.800, P = 0.200).

Conclusions  A seasonal variation was seen in the diagnosis of eosinophilic oesophagitis which correlated with pollen counts. These findings have important implications regarding the pathogenesis of eosinophilic oesophagitis, suggesting a potential role for aeroallergens.
Sustained virological response to pegylated interferon and ribavirin is maintained during long‐term follow‐up of chronic hepatitis C patients
Authors: GIANNINI E. G. , BASSO M. , SAVARINO V. , PICCIOTTO A.
Published: November 2009

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 502–508

Background  There are few data in the literature regarding the long‐term virological follow‐up of chronic hepatitis C patients who obtain sustained virological response (SVR) to pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN) and ribavirin therapy.

Aim  To assess the durability of SVR to PEG‐IFN and ribavirin therapy during long‐term follow‐up of chronic hepatitis C patients.

Methods  We evaluated a cohort of 231 chronic hepatitis C patients who had at least 48 weeks of follow‐up after SVR to PEG‐IFN and ribavirin treatment. Median duration of follow‐up after SVR was 164 weeks, and exceeded 5 years in 30% of the cohort. Patients underwent consistent clinical, biochemical and virological evaluations every 6 months during follow‐up.

Results  Sustained virological response was maintained in 211 patients (91%) while HCV‐RNA became positive in two patients (<1%) within 1 year after SVR, and in 18 patients (8%) serum HCV‐RNA was transiently positive in at least one follow‐up evaluation. Clinical outcome was not significantly different between patients with persistently negative and transiently positive serum HCV‐RNA.

Conclusions  Sustained virological response to PEG‐IFN and ribavirin is maintained in 99% of patients during long‐term follow‐up. Late virological relapse occurred within 1 year after SVR and, from a clinical perspective, patients can be considered cured of infection after this period.
Pharmacokinetic profile of immediate‐release omeprazole in patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux associated with gastroparesis
Authors: WO J. M. , EVERSMANN J. , MANN S.
Published: November 2009

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 516–522

Background  Immediate‐release omeprazole has a more rapid absorption compared with delayed‐release omeprazole in asymptomatic volunteers. However, effects of delayed gastric emptying on omeprazole absorption remain unknown.

Aim  To compare pharmacokinetics between immediate and delayed‐release omeprazole in patients with GERD associated with gastroparesis.

Methods  Open‐label, randomized, cross‐over study was performed. Antireflux and prokinetic medications were discontinued. Subjects were randomized into: (i) Immediate‐release omeprazole 40 mg suspension o.m. for 7 days, wash‐out for 10–14 days, followed by delayed‐release omeprazole 40 mg capsule o.m. for 7 days, or (ii) the same schedule in reverse order. On day 7, omeprazole concentrations were obtained before and up to 5 h after taking the study drug. Patient Assessment of GI Disorders–Symptom Severity Index was obtained.

Results  A total of 12 women (mean age 51 years) completed the protocol. Time to maximal omeprazole concentration was significantly shorter for omeprazole. Maximal concentration was significantly greater for omeprazole, but total area under concentration–time curves was similar. Pharmacokinetic profile was less variable for immediate compared with delayed‐release omeprazole.

Conclusions  Immediate‐release omeprazole was associated with a more rapid absorption and less variable pharmacokinetic profile compared with delayed‐release omeprazole in reflux patients associated with gastroparesis.
Meta‐analysis: pre‐operative infliximab treatment and short‐term post‐operative complications in patients with ulcerative colitis
Authors: YANG Z. , WU Q. , WU K. , FAN D.
Published: November 2009

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 486–492

Background  Infliximab was approved for use in ulcerative colitis in recent years. It has been debated if infliximab increases the risk of post‐operative complications in patients with ulcerative colitis.

Aim  To perform a meta‐analysis that examines the relationship between preoperative infliximab treatment and short‐term post‐operative complications in patients with ulcerative colitis.

Methods  We searched the PubMed and MEDLINE databases to identify observational studies on the impact of pre‐operative infliximab use on short‐term post‐operative complications in ulcerative colitis. Infectious complications mainly included wound infection, sepsis and abscess, whereas non‐infectious complications included intestinal obstruction, thromboembolism and gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for each relationship.

Results  A total of 5 studies and 706 patients were included in our meta‐analysis. Overall, we did not find a strong association between pre‐operative treatment of infliximab and short‐term infectious [OR 2.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63–7.95] or non‐infectious (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.50–1.45) post‐operative complications in ulcerative colitis patients. On the contrary, we discovered that pre‐operative infliximab use increased short‐term total post‐operative complications (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.12–2.87).

Conclusions  Pre‐operative infliximab use increased the risk of short‐term post‐operative complications. Subgroup analysis is underpowered to assess the nature of these complications but shows a trend towards increased post‐operative infection.
Targeted therapy of spinal cord glioma with a genetically modified Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Kimura H. , Zhang L. , Zhao M. , Hayashi K. , Tsuchiya H. , Tomita K. , Bouvet M. , Wessels J. , Hoffman R. M.
Published: November 2009

Objective:  Spinal cord tumours are highly malignant and often lead to paralysis and death due to their infiltrative nature, high recurrence rate and limited treatment options. In this study, we measured antitumour efficacy of the Salmonella typhimurium A1‐R tumour‐targeting bacterium strain, administered systemically or intrathecally, to spinal cord cancer in orthotopic mouse models.

Materials and methods:  Tumour fragments of U87‐RFP were implanted by surgical orthotopic implantation into the dorsal site of the spinal cord. Five and 10 days after transplantation, eight mice in each group were treated with A1‐R (2 × 107 CFU/200 μL i.v. injection or 2 × 106 CFU/10 μL intrathecal injection).

Results:  Untreated mice showed progressive paralysis beginning at day 6 after tumour transplantation and developed complete paralysis between 18 and 25 days. Mice treated i.v. with A1‐R had onset of paralysis at approximately 11 days and at 30 days; five mice developed complete paralysis, while the other three mice had partial paralysis. Mice treated by intrathecal injection of A1‐R had onset of paralysis at approximately 18 days and one mouse was still not paralysed at day 30. Only one mouse developed complete paralysis at day 30 in this group. Intrathecally treated animals had a significantly better survival than the i.v. treated group as well as over the control group.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that S. typhimurium A1‐R monotherapy can effectively treat spinal cord glioma.
Schnitzler’s syndrome with prominent neutrophil infiltration misdiagnosed as Sweet’s syndrome: a typical example of urticarial neutrophilic dermatosis
Authors: Asahina A. , Sakurai N. , Suzuki Y. , Narushima K.
Published: November 2009

Schnitzler’s syndrome is a rare disorder of unknown aetiology characterized by a chronic urticarial eruption, intermittent fever and monoclonal gammopathy. We encountered an interesting patient with this syndrome, who had been misdiagnosed for 10 years as having Sweet’s syndrome because of the histopathological picture, which was a prominent perivascular and interstitial neutrophilic infiltrate in the dermis with leucocytoclasia but without vasculitis. An urticarial eruption with this histopathological feature has recently been categorized as neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis, and it is strongly indicative of an associated systemic disease, mainly Schnitzler’s syndrome and other inflammatory diseases. We therefore need to be cautious not to confuse Schnitzler’s syndrome with Sweet’s syndrome. Further, the serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels, but not those of other cytokines and chemokines, correlated with the disease activity in our patient, suggesting that IL-6 may be involved in some of the disease processes, including neutrophil infiltration.
Competition between isoetids and invading elodeids at different concentrations of aquatic carbon dioxide
Authors: SPIERENBURG P. , LUCASSEN E.C.H.E.T. , LOTTER A.F. , ROELOFS J.G.M.
Published: November 2009

1. The growth of submerged macrophytes in softwater lakes is often assumed to be carbon limited. Isoetid species are well adapted to grow at low carbon availability and therefore commonly dominate the submerged macrophyte vegetation in softwater lakes. In many such lakes, however, large‐scale invasions of fast‐growing elodeid species, replacing the isoetid vegetation, have been observed.

2. In a laboratory experiment, we tested how rising aquatic carbon availability, in interaction with different densities of the isoetid Littorella uniflora, affected the growth (and thereby the potential invasion success) of the elodeid Myriophyllum alterniflorum. For this purpose, the growth of M. alterniflorum was determined at a combination of three concentrations of dissolved CO2 (15, 90, 200 μmol L−1) and three densities of L. uniflora (0, 553, 1775 plants m−2).

3. At an ambient CO2 of 15 μmol L−1, M. alterniflorum could not sustain itself, whereas at raised CO2 concentrations, growth became positive and increased with higher CO2 availability.

4. The presence of L. uniflora, independent of its density, reduced the growth of M. alterniflorum by 50%. Whether this is related to nutrient availability or other factors is not clear.

5. Despite the growth reduction of M. alterniflorum by L. uniflora, at CO2 ≥90 μmol L−1, L. uniflora was still overgrown by M. alterniflorum. This may imply that, in field situations, M. alterniflorum can invade softwater systems with relatively high CO2 availability, even in the presence of dense stands of L. uniflora.
Changes in soil pH across England and Wales in response to decreased acid deposition
Authors: KIRK GUY J.D. , BELLAMY PAT H. , LARK R. MURRAY
Published: November 2009

Analysis of data from the National Soil Inventory of England and Wales obtained between 1978 and 2003 shows widespread increases in soil pH – i.e., soils became less acid – across both countries during the survey period. In general, soil pH increased under all land uses. At least part of the increase and its regional variation could be explained by decreased sulphur deposition from the atmosphere. Changes in liming practices on arable land probably also contributed. The effect of decreased sulphur deposition was moderated by land use, soil properties – particularly soil pH and organic carbon content – and the level of past sulphur deposition.
VERITAS‐Pro: a new measure of adherence to prophylactic regimens in haemophilia
Authors: DUNCAN N. , KRONENBERGER W. , ROBERSON C. , SHAPIRO A.
Published: November 2009

Summary.  Prophylactic treatment is recommended for severe haemophilia. Non‐adherence to a prophylactic regimen can limit treatment effectiveness and compromise outcomes. The aim of this study is to validate a new prophylactic treatment adherence scale entitled Validated Hemophilia Regimen Treatment Adherence Scale – Prophylaxis (VERITAS‐Pro), a self‐/parent‐report questionnaire consisting of 24 questions on six (four‐item) subscales (Time, Dose, Plan, Remember, Skip, Communicate) that takes approximately 10 min to complete and is currently available in English only. Participants were recruited to complete the VERITAS‐Pro for validation and reliability analysis; and observers were recruited for inter‐rater reliability analysis. Validation measures included subjective adherence ratings from participants and providers and the total number of recommended infusions administered as obtained from infusion logs. Data were evaluated for the entire sample and for parent‐report and self‐report subsamples. The study sample included 67 males, 53 (79.1%) diagnosed with severe FVIII deficiency. Internal consistency for the total VERITAS‐Pro score and all subscales was good to excellent; test‐retest reliability correlations were very strong. Validation measures were strongly correlated with VERITAS‐Pro scores. The VERITAS‐Pro is a reliable and valid measure of adherence to prophylactic treatment of haemophilia. The VERITAS‐Pro has greater utility than a global or informal rating of adherence because it represents a quantified and validated measure of adherence from the patient’s perspective and it divides adherence into specific areas, allowing insight into particular issues underlying non‐adherence. This tool may increase sensitivity to adherence problems and allow more targeted interventions to enhance adherence.
The ecological engineering impact of a single tree species on the soil microbial community
Authors: Mitchell Ruth J. , Campbell Colin D. , Chapman Stephen J. , Cameron Clare M.
Published: November 2009

1. Ecosystem engineering by a single species can have a cascading effect on many ecosystem processes. While the impact of above‐ground ecological engineers on soil chemical properties has been studied, few studies have assessed their impact on the soil microbial community, which is largely responsible for many ecosystem functions.

2. Utilizing a long‐term experiment where birch was planted on heather moorland 20 years ago, the engineering impact of a single tree species (Betula pubescens) on the soil microbial community was assessed using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and fungal polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE). Changes in the soil microbial community were then related to soil chemical and physical variables and tree performance variables.

3. Under birch, total microbial biomass (total PLFA) declined, species richness increased and the ratio of fungal : bacterial PLFA declined. The fungal PLFA marker increased with increasing organic matter and depth of the LFH and O soil horizons, characteristics associated with moorland soils. Bacterial PLFAs increased with increasing birch canopy cover. The fungal community of the birch plots was different from that in the heather plots and changes in the fungal community composition were related to the size of the birch trees in the plots.

4. Changes in the soil microbial community were also related to changes in mineralizable N. Mineralizable N was correlated with both decreasing total soil microbial biomass and decreasing fungal : bacterial ratio.

5. The durability of the engineering effects of birch was studied in a second experiment. Plots were established in first‐generation birch woodland that had developed onCalluna‐dominated moorland. The plots were cleared of birch and planted with heather. After 20 years, there was no difference in the community composition of the PLFAs. In contrast, there were significant differences in the fungal community composition as judged by DGGE analysis, with the fungal community in the felled birch plots being similar to the heather moorland.

6. Synthesis. This work demonstrates that addition of a single tree species to heather moorland results in changes in below‐ground soil microbial communities and in nutrient cycling.
Risk factors for end‐stage renal disease in a community‐based population: 26‐year follow‐up of 25 821 men and women in eastern Finland
Authors: Kastarinen M. , Juutilainen A. , Kastarinen H. , Salomaa V. , Karhapää P. , Tuomilehto J. , Grönhagen‐Riska C. , Jousilahti P. , Finne P.
Published: November 2009

Abstract.  Kastarinen M, Juutilainen A, Kastarinen H, Salomaa V, Karhapää P, Tuomilehto J, Grönhagen‐Riska C, Jousilahti P, Finne P. (Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; University of Helsinki, Helsinki; South Ostrobotnia Central Hospital, Seinäjoki; Finnish Registry for Kidney Diseases, Helsinki; Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; and University of Tampere, Tampere; Finland). Risk factors for end‐stage renal disease in a community‐based population: 26‐year follow‐up of 25 821 men and women in eastern Finland. J Intern Med 2010; 267:612–620.

Background and objective.  There are very few European cohort studies assessing the risk factors of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) in a community‐based population. This study investigated the predictors of ESRD in Finland.

Design.  Prospective cohort study.

Setting.  Eastern Finland.

Subjects.  A random sample of 25 821 men and women aged 25–64 years from the national population register participating in three independent cross‐sectional population surveys in 1972, 1977 and 1982. Only the subjects without diagnosis of ESRD or chronic kidney disease based on the national register data were included in the study.

Main outcome measure.  Initiation of renal replacement therapy (dialysis or kidney transplantation) identified from the Finnish Registry for Kidney Diseases through December 31, 2006.

Results.  A total of 94 cases with ESRD were identified during a mean follow‐up period of 26.5 years. In a multivariate proportional subdistribution hazard regression analysis, taking into account death as a competing risk event, diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] 4.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.32–9.79), hypertension (HR 2.21, 95% CI 1.19–4.12), obesity defined as body mass index ≥30 kg m−2 (HR 2.02, 95 %CI 1.10–3.71) and male gender (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.19–4.12) were independent risk factors for ESRD.

Conclusion.  The findings of the present study confirm that modifiable risk factors play a major role in the development of ESRD in the North‐European population. People with diabetes, hypertension or obesity should be considered as the target groups when planning preventive measures to control the future epidemic of ESRD.
Recrystallization of plane strain compressed Al–1 wt.% Mn alloy single crystals of typical unstable orientations
Authors: BIJAK M. , PAUL H. , DRIVER J.H.
Published: November 2009

A systematic study of crystal lattice reorientation in early stages of recrystallization has been carried out to correlate the orientations of recrystallization nuclei with the deformation microtexture and with slip systems. Microstructure and texture of Al–1 wt.% Mn single crystals of unstable initial orientations of {112}〈111〉, {100}〈001〉 and {001}〈110〉 have been examined by high‐resolution field‐emission gun scanning electron microscope local orientation measurements. All single crystals were channel‐die deformed at room temperature and then annealed for a short time. It was shown that often observed presence of the 〈112〉 directions as rotation axes in the formation of new nuclei orientation directly suggested a close link with the deformation process.
Depth measurements of etch‐pits in GaN with shape reconstruction from SEM images
Authors: WZOREK M. , CZERWINSKI A. , RATAJCZAK J. , LUI A. , IACOB E. , KĄTCKI J.
Published: November 2009

The method, which allows shape reconstruction by reading the intensity from the scanning electron microscopy image, is presented and discussed in details. The method is applied to read the morphology of etch‐pits, which were formed on the GaN surface by etching in molten KOH–NaOH eutectic mixture to delineate dislocations. The etch‐pit depth distributions are obtained and used to determine densities of pits related to screw, mixed or edge‐type dislocations. The results are compared with atomic force microscopy.
Dependence of cathodoluminescence on layer resistance applied for measurement of thin‐layer sheet resistance
Authors: CZERWINSKI A. , PLUSKA M. , RATAJCZAK J. , SZERLING A. , KąTCKI J.
Published: November 2009

The dependence of spatially and spectrally resolved cathodoluminescence in a scanning electron microscope on resistances in semiconductor structures, especially on the layer resistance, is reported. This previously unstudied dependence is utilized for thin‐layer sheet‐resistance measurement. The method is illustrated by an assessment of lateral confinements in semiconductor‐laser heterostructures.
Shear banding phenomenon in a Cu–8 at.% Al alloy analysed by orientation imaging microscopy
Authors: PAUL H. , MORAWIEC A. , DARRIEULAT M. , BOUZY E.
Published: November 2009

The microstructure and texture of Cu–8 at.% Al alloy single crystal with (112)[11] orientation plane strain compressed at 77 K were characterized by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope orientation mappings in order to investigate the influence of twins and shear bands on slip propagation across a structure of twin‐matrix layers and the resulting texture evolution.

It was shown that the strong, initial texture changes are due to deformation twinning at low deformations. At larger deformations, twin‐matrix bending within some narrow areas led to the formation of kink‐type bands, which became the precursors of shear bands. It is shown with scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope orientation mappings how the structure of twins and matrix was incorporated into the shear band, and what kind of the dislocation mechanism was responsible for strain accommodation at the macroscale. It was found that the reorientation of the main (111) twinning planes towards the shear band plane facilitates further dislocation slip in the shear direction.
Identification of electron beam vibration sources by separation of magnetic distortion from electric distortion on scanning electron microscope imaging
Authors: PLUSKA M. , CZERWINSKI A. , RATAJCZAK J. , KĄTCKI J. , OSKWAREK Ł. , RAK R.
Published: November 2009

Different types of distortions in scanning electron microscopy require different methods of their elimination, and therefore influence of these types on particular elements of the SEM system should be known. The proposed method allows for separation of the direct influence of the magnetic field on the electron beam in the SEM chamber from its influence in the SEM column and from the distortions generated in the SEM scanning block. For this purpose, a series of distorted images is registered for several working distances (between the final aperture of the electron column and the specimen) and for several energies of the electrons. Magnitudes of the distortions are measured on these images. For each applied electron energy, the dependence of the results versus the working distance is approximated with the second‐order polynomial function. The analysis of the polynomial coefficients allows for the separation of the above‐mentioned kinds of distortions. The presented method enables a selection of the most efficient solution to the distortions reduction. It utilizes the SEM itself and does not need any additional equipment.
ESEM imaging of dynamic biological processes: the closure of stomatal pores
Authors: McGREGOR J.E. , DONALD A.M.
Published: November 2009

Historically, electron microscopy of dynamic biological processes has been impossible to achieve in real time because conventional electron microscopy requires specimen fixation, dehydration and metallic coating. The advent of the environmental scanning electron microscope removes these restrictions, allowing fully hydrated samples to be imaged in their native state. We explore the possibility of secondary electron imaging of biological systems undergoing natural morphological changes in the microscope chamber and present a proof of principle study on the closure of stomatal pores inTradescantia andersonialeaf tissue. An imaging protocol is developed and the advantages and limitations of this high‐resolution imaging technique are considered, including a discussion of potential beam damage mechanisms.
Restricted dispersal in a continuously distributed marine species: common bottlenose dolphinsTursiops truncatusin coastal waters of the western North Atlantic
Authors: ROSEL P. E. , HANSEN L. , HOHN A. A.
Published: November 2009

The marine environment provides an opportunity to examine population structure in species with high dispersal capabilities and often no obvious barriers to genetic exchange. In coastal waters of the western North Atlantic, common bottlenose dolphins,Tursiops truncatus, are a highly mobile species with a continuous distribution from New York to Florida. We examine if the highly mobile nature coupled with no obvious geographic barriers to movement in this region result in a large panmictic population. Mitochondrial control region sequences and 18 microsatellite loci indicate dolphins are partitioning the habitat both latitudinally and longitudinally. A minimum of five genetically differentiated populations were identified among 404 samples collected in the range of New Jersey to northern Florida using both genetic marker types, some inhabiting nearshore coastal waters and others utilizing inshore estuarine waters. The genetic results reject the hypothesis of a single stock of coastal bottlenose dolphins put forth after the 1987–1988 epizootic that caused a large‐scale die‐off of dolphins and suggest instead the disease vector was transferred from one population to the next as a result of seasonal migratory movements of some populations. These coastal Atlantic populations also differ significantly from bottlenose dolphin samples collected in coastal waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico, implying a long‐term barrier to movement between the two basins.
Interferon‐γ (INF‐γ) release test can detect cutaneous adverse effects to statins
Authors: Goldberg Ilan , Isman Gila , Shirazi Idit , Brenner Sarah
Published: November 2009

Background  An increasing number of cutaneous adverse effects are being reported as use of statins becomes more widespread. A study was undertaken to establish the relationship between statin and a cutaneous reaction by the in vitro interferon‐γ (INF‐γ) release test.

Methods  The lymphocytes of 20 patients with suspected drug‐induced skin reaction were incubated with and without the drug. The level of INF‐γ from the supernatant was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the increase calculated.

Results  Response was positive in 27 (21.43%) of the 126 drugs. Statin was the only drug with a positive response in 80% of those cases. Nine of 20 patients (45.0%) had complete resolution after discontinuation of the drug; 6 (30.0%) who replaced one drug by another statin had partial or no resolution; and 5 (20.0%) had no resolution despite cessation of statins of all kinds.

Conclusion  A positive INF‐γ release test was found in patients who developed skin reactions while taking statins; the test’s reliability was strengthened by prompt improvement following elimination of the suspected drug in the majority of patients.
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy and cystolithalapaxy for a “forgotten” stent in a transplant kidney: case report and literature review
Authors: Veltman Yevgeniy , Shields John M. , Ciancio Gaetano , Bird Vincent G.
Published: November 2009

Veltman Y, Shields JM, Ciancio G, Bird VG. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy and cystolithalapaxy for a “forgotten” stent in a transplant kidney: case report and literature review. Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 112–117. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Ureteral stents, when left in situ in renal transplant patients, are a potential iatrogenic cause of graft compromise and graft failure. Such patients may present with acute renal failure, recurrent urinary tract infections, hematuria, and dysuria. We present a case report of a renal transplant patient with a heavily encrusted forgotten stent. We employed a simultaneous approach, using percutaneous nephrostolithotomy and cystolithalapaxy, for complete removal of the encrusted stent and associated stones. A MEDLINE literature review was then performed to identify and analyze similar cases in which a forgotten stent in a renal allograft was removed. Our experience and that found in the medical literature suggest that removal of forgotten stents can be achieved safely and effectively with proper endourological techniques. We also reviewed the current status of ureteral stent design in terms of attempts to preclude this problem. Ureteral stent design is still in a state of evolution with a focus on creating stents of new materials, and stents with new coatings, that may prevent encrustation.
Proteinuria after conversion to sirolimus in kidney transplant recipients: impact of pre‐existing proteinuria, graft function, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin‐receptor antagonists
Authors: Marx Christian , Busch Martin , Ott Undine , Gerth Jens , Wolf Gunter
Published: November 2009

Marx C, Busch M, Ott U, Gerth J, Wolf G. Proteinuria after conversion to sirolimus in kidney transplant recipients: impact of pre‐existing proteinuria, graft function, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin‐receptor antagonists. Clin Transplant 2009 DOI:10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2009.01142.x. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Background:  Proteinuria is a known side effect of therapy with sirolimus. The effect of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin‐receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB ) on sirolimus‐associated proteinuria has not yet been assessed.

Patients and methods:  A retrospective cohort study of renal transplant patients treated with sirolimus (n = 55) was performed.

Results:  Of 55 patients, 24 (44%) had no proteinuria (<0.15 g/d) prior to conversion. Of 24 patients, 11 (46%) showed de novo proteinuria >0.15 g/d after 12 months, only 2 developed proteinuria > 1 g/d. The total number of proteinuria >1 g/d after 12 months including patients with pre‐existing proteinuria >1 g/d (n = 3) was seven of 55 patients (13%). Multivariate regression analysis revealed pre‐existing proteinuria > 0.15 g/d and reduced glomerular filtration rate as independent predictors for the development of proteinuria after conversion to sirolimus.

Conclusion:  Reduced glomerular filtration rate and pre‐existing proteinuria but not therapy with ACEI/ARB are independent predictors for proteinuria after conversion to sirolimus. Treatment with ACEI/ARB did not reduce pre‐existing proteinuria after conversion except in single cases with severe proteinuria.
Orthotopic placement of a segmental pancreas graft for transplant: a case report
Authors: Garcia‐Roca R. , Humar A. , Sturdevant M. , Kobayashi T. , Dunn T. , Kandaswamy R. , Sutherland D.
Published: November 2009

Garcia‐Roca R, Humar A, Sturdevant M, Kobayashi T, Dunn T, Kandaswamy R, Sutherland D. Orthotopic placement of a segmental pancreas graft for transplant: a case report.  Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 424–428. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract: Pancreas retransplantation has become more frequent and represents a technical challenge for surgeons. Knowledge of alternative surgical options could be useful in difficult cases. We present a case of brutal diabetes mellitus in a patient with severe vascular disease that underwent a third pancreas transplant. Difficulties in obtaining arterial inflow were solved utilizing the native splenic vessels, placing the graft in orthotopic position, and a combination of historical surgical techniques in pancreas transplantation; that is, segmental grafts and duct injection for exocrine management made transplantation successful.
Endothelial dysfunction in hemodialysis patients with failed renal transplants
Authors: Gorgulu Numan , Yelken Berna , Caliskan Yasar , Elitok Ali , Cimen Arif Oguzhan , Yazici Halil , Oflaz Huseyin , Golcuk Ebru , Ekmekci Ahmet , Turkmen Aydin , Yildiz Alaattin , Sever Mehmet Sukru
Published: November 2009

Gorgulu N, Yelken B, Caliskan Y, Elitok A, Cimen AO, Yazici H, Oflaz H, Golcuk E, Ekmekci A, Turkmen A, Yildiz A, Sever MS. Endothelial dysfunction in hemodialysis patients with failed renal transplants. Clin Transplant 2009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2009.01160.x © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract: Background:  Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is a common precursor and denominator of cardiovascular events including development of atherosclerosis. In this cross‐sectional study, we aimed to investigate ED, measured by coronary flow reserve (CFR) in hemodialysis (nHD) patients who were never transplanted and patients with failed renal transplants restarting hemodialysis (fTx‐HD).

Methods:  Forty nHD (24 males, mean age 39 ± 9 yr) and 43 fTx‐HD patients (27 males, mean age 36 ± 9 yr) were included in the study. Clinical and biochemical parameters, including high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) levels were determined. Also, CFR measurements were used to evaluate ED.

Results:  There were no significant differences regarding age, gender, smoking status, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels, mean duration of HD treatment as well as Kt/V(urea) values between the two groups. Time spent on dialysis in the nHD group and dialysis duration following failure of renal allograft in the fTx‐HD group were similar. Serum creatinine, hemoglobin, hematocrit, calcium and phosphorus levels were similar between the two groups as well. When compared to nHD group, serum total cholesterol (139 ± 3 vs. 154 ± 3 mg/dL, p = 0.045), serum albumin (3.8 ± 0.3 g/dL vs. 4.1 ± 0.2 g/dL, p < 0.0001) and CFR (1.60 ± 0.2 vs. 1.75 ± 0.3, p = 0.028) levels were significantly lower, while serum hs‐CRP levels (11 ± 15 mg/L vs. 3 ± 4 mg/L, p = 0.001) were significantly higher in the fTx‐HD group. Serum hs‐CRP negatively correlated (r = −0254, p = 0.021), while serum albumin positively correlated (r = 0402, p = 0.001) with CFR values.

Conclusion:  ED is more prominent in fTx‐HD than the nHD patients. Inflammation, caused by failed renal allograft can be responsible for this abnormality.
Comparison of perceived health status among solid organ transplant candidates
Authors: Dobbels Fabienne , Wernli‐Fluri Christa , Denhaerynck Kris , Dickenmann Michael , Vanrenterghem Yves , Dupont Lieven , Nevens Frederik , Vanhaecke Johan , De Geest Sabina
Published: November 2009

Dobbels F, Wernli‐Fluri C, Denhaerynck K, Dickenmann M, Vanrenterghem Y, Dupont L, Nevens F, Vanhaecke J, De Geest S. Comparison of perceived health status among solid organ transplant candidates. Clin Transplant 2009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2009.01163.x © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Introduction:  In solid organ transplantation (TX), perceived health status (PHS) is a relevant patient‐reported outcome. For patients on TX waiting lists, PHS information is limited. The aim of this study was therefore to compare PHS of heart, liver, lung, and renal TX candidates.

Methods:  We used a cross‐sectional descriptive design, including consecutive heart, liver, lung and renal TX candidates listed at a university hospital in Belgium. PHS was evaluated using the generic EuroQoL instrument, assessing patients’ perceptions of their general PHS, and evaluating the health‐related domains of mobility, self‐care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Data were analyzed using multivariable ordinal logistic regression.

Results:  The study included 314 TX candidates: 29 heart, 75 liver, 67 lung, and 143 renal. Analyses controlling for possible PHS‐impacting variables (age, gender, marital status, education, comorbidities) yielded significantly disparate results between the four candidate groups. Renal candidates reported best PHS, followed by liver candidates, whereas heart and lung candidates, whose score differences were not significant, had worst PHS.

Conclusion:  The EQ‐5D seems to be a valuable tool to identify differences in health‐related problems in the four different organ candidate groups. The results can be used to create intervention programs focusing on effective clinical management for these patients pre‐ and post‐transplant.
Pathogenesis in ABO incompatible liver transplantation: a clinicohistological evaluation of four patients
Authors: Takeda Kazuhisa , Tanaka Kuniya , Morioka Daisuke , Kumamoto Takafumi , Endo Itaru , Togo Shinji , Shimada Hiroshi
Published: November 2009

Takeda K, Tanaka K, Morioka D, Kumamoto T, Endo I, Togo S, Shimada H. Pathogenesis in ABO incompatible liver transplantation: a clinicohistological evaluation of four patients.  Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 747–751. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to clarify the pathogenesis of antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR) of ABO‐incompatible liver transplantation (ABO‐I‐LT). We investigated, within one month of surgery, the clinical courses of 10 patients who received ABO‐I‐LT. We encountered four cases of AMR, which were classified into two groups according to the stage of the AMR: early (within the first 14 postoperative days [PODs]) or late (after the 14th POD). There were three patients in the early stage, and one patient in the late stage. Three early‐stage AMR patients had both hyperbilirubinemia and thrombocytopenia within one month after LDLT, but the one late‐stage AMR patient had neither. On liver biopsy, hemorrhagic infiltration was seen more frequently in the early‐stage AMR patients than in the patient with late‐stage AMR. Plasma exchange combined with a large amount of gamma‐globulin bolus infusion therapy was effective in the three early‐stage patients, but the late‐stage AMR was controlled by antibiotic treatment. This study showed that the early‐stage AMR resulted from the antigen‐antibody reaction of ABO‐blood‐group antigens, while the late‐stage AMR may have been caused by an infection.
Impact of seizure duration in maintenance electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Di Pauli Jan , Conca Andreas
Published: November 2009

Acute electroconvulsive therapy has anticonvulsive effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anticonvulsive efficiency of maintenance electroconvulsive therapy. Records of patients treated with maintenance electroconvulsive therapy were screened retrospectively, and the changes in seizure duration were measured. The patients were subdivided into responders and non‐responders. Responders had no significant seizure duration changes within the first week of maintenance electroconvulsive therapy. In contrast, the seizure duration of the non‐responder group increased significantly within the first week. It was concluded that the early increase in seizure duration at constant energy could be predictive of relapse.
Impact of behavioral/developmental disorders comorbid with conduct disorder
Authors: Harada Yuzuru , Hayashida Ayako , Hikita Shouko , Imai Junko , Sasayama Daimei , Masutani Sari , Tomita Taku , Saitoh Kazuhiko , Washizuka Shinsuke , Amano Naoji
Published: November 2009

Aims:  The aim of the present study was to verify the comorbidity of conduct disorder (CD) and behavioral/developmental disorders in children and adolescents, and to examine the traits of CD comorbid with them.

Methods:  Subjects were 64 children (60 boys, four girls) who were resident at three institutions for delinquent children or who were conduct‐disordered outpatients of a university hospital aged under 18 years. A diagnostic interview was carried out by experienced child psychiatrists and the intelligence score and the Adverse Childhood Experiences score were measured by a licensed psychologist.

Results:  A total of 57 children were diagnosed as having CD, of whom 26 (45.6%) were diagnosed with comorbid attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 12 were diagnosed with comorbid pervasive developmental disorder (PDD, 21,1%), and 19 (33.3%) had no comorbidity of either disorder. Six children (18.8% of CD comorbid with ADHD) met the criteria for both ADHD and PDD. The group with comorbid PDD was significantly younger at onset (F = 6.51, P = 0.003) and included unsocialized type more frequently (χ2 = 6.66, P = 0.036) compared with the other two groups.

Conclusions:  Clinicians should be aware that not only ADHD but also PDD may be comorbid with CD. Establishment of the correct diagnosis is important because recognizing the presence of PDD will enable us to provide appropriate treatment and guidance, which may improve prognosis.
Resting state default‐mode network connectivity in early depression using a seed region‐of‐interest analysis: Decreased connectivity with caudate nucleus
Authors: Bluhm Robyn , Williamson Peter , Lanius Ruth , Théberge Jean , Densmore Maria , Bartha Robert , Neufeld Richard , Osuch Elizabeth
Published: November 2009

Aim:  Reports on resting brain activity in healthy controls have described a default‐mode network (DMN) and important differences in DMN connectivity have emerged for several psychiatric conditions. No study to date, however, has investigated resting‐state DMN in relatively early depression before years of medication treatment. The objective of the present study was, therefore, to investigate the DMN in patients seeking help from specialized mental health services for the first time for symptoms of depression.

Methods:  Fourteen depressed subjects and 15 matched controls were scanned using 4‐T functional magnetic resonance imaging while resting with eyes closed. All but one subject was medication free. A precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (P/PCC) seed‐region connectivity analysis was used to identify the DMN and compare study groups in regions of relevance to depression.

Results:  The P/PCC analysis identified the DMN well in both study groups, consistent with prior literature. Direct comparison showed significantly reduced correlation between the P/PCC and the bilateral caudate in depression compared with controls and no areas of increased connectivity in the depressed group.

Conclusions:  The present study is the first to investigate resting‐state DMN in the early stages of treatment‐seeking for depression. Depressed subjects had decreased connectivity between the P/PCC and the bilateral caudate, regions known to be involved in motivation and reward processing. Deficits in DMN connectivity with the caudate may be an early manifestation of major depressive disorder.