bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in the fruit removal patterns of Cleyera japonica by frugivorous birds in two forest stands at different developmental stages in a warm‐temperate region
Authors: Araki Nana , Hirayama Kimiko
Published: November 2020

We investigated the fruit removal patterns of Cleyera japonica by frugivorous birds in two adjacent forest stands at different developmental stages due to secondary succession (a secondary deciduous forest stand, and an evergreen forest stand where evergreen oak is the dominant species) in a warm‐temperate region in western Japan. The fruit removal rate was significantly higher in the evergreen forest stand than in the deciduous forest stand, whereas the abundance of C. japonica fruits and that of all fleshy‐fruited woody species did not positively affect the fruit removal. However, the Cox proportional‐hazards model with mixed effects, using data concerning the disappearing patterns of mature fruits from twigs, implied that the fruit removal of C. japonica by birds within the crown was not significantly different from that between the stands. The timing of seed dispersal of C. japonica was prolonged in the evergreen forest stand compared with that in the deciduous forest stand. In the evergreen forest stand, considerable numbers of seeds were found in seed traps after early January, when almost all the fruits had disappeared from the crown. In the evergreen forest stand, we constantly observed gulpers that are assumed to forage C. japonica fruits frequently on the ground. These results suggested that the differences in the structural attributes between the forest stands influence the bird assemblage and their foraging patterns, which would lead to changes in the fruit removal patterns of C. japonica with the shift of forest stands due to secondary succession.
Evidence for non‐methanogenic metabolisms in globally distributed archaeal clades basal to theMethanomassiliicoccales
Authors: Zinke Laura A. , Evans Paul N. , Santos‐Medellín Christian , Schroeder Alena L. , Parks Donovan H. , Varner Ruth K. , Rich Virginia I. , Tyson Gene W. , Emerson Joanne B.
Published: November 2020

Recent discoveries ofmcrandmcr‐like genes in genomes from diverse archaeal lineages suggest that methane metabolism is an ancient pathway with a complicated evolutionary history. One conventional view is that methanogenesis is an ancestral metabolism of the classThermoplasmata. Through comparative genomic analysis of 12Thermoplasmatametagenome‐assembled genomes (MAGs) basal to theMethanomassiliicoccales, we show that these microorganisms do not encode the genes required for methanogenesis. Further analysis of 770Ca. Thermoplasmatota genomes/MAGs found no evidence ofmcrAhomologues outside of theMethanomassiliicoccales. Together, these results suggest that methanogenesis was laterally acquired by an ancestor of theMethanomassiliicoccales. The 12 analysed MAGs include representatives from four orders basal to theMethanomassiliicoccales, including a high‐quality MAG that likely represents a new order,Ca. Lunaplasma lacustris ord. nov. sp. nov. These MAGs are predicted to use diverse energy conservation pathways, including heterotrophy, sulfur and hydrogen metabolism, denitrification, and fermentation. Two lineages are widespread among anoxic, sedimentary environments, whereasCa. Lunaplasma lacustris has thus far only been detected in alpine caves and subarctic lake sediments. These findings advance our understanding of the metabolic potential, ecology, and global distribution of theThermoplasmataand provide insight into the evolutionary history of methanogenesis within theCa. Thermoplasmatota.
Verticillium dahliae VdBre1 is required for cotton infection by modulating lipid metabolism and secondary metabolites
Authors: Wang Huan , Chen Bin , Tian Juan , Kong Zhaosheng
Published: November 2020

The soil‐borne ascomycete Verticillium dahliae causes wilt disease in more than two hundred dicotyledonous plants including the economically important crop cotton, and results in a severe reduction in cotton fiber yield and quality. During infection, V. dahliae secretes numerous secondary metabolites, which act as toxic factors to promote the infection process. However, the mechanism underlying how V. dahliae secondary metabolites regulate cotton infection remains largely unexplored. In this study, we report that VdBre1, an ubiquitin ligase (E3) enzyme to modify H2B, regulates radial growth and conidia production of V. dahliae. The VdBre1 deletion strains show nonpathogenic symptoms on cotton, and microscopic inspection and penetration assay indicated that penetration ability of the ∆VdBre1 strain was dramatically reduced. RNA‐seq revealed that a total of 1643 differentially expressed genes between the ∆VdBre1 strain and the wild type strain V592, among which genes related to lipid metabolism were significantly overrepresented. Remarkably, the volume of lipid droplets in the ∆VdBre1 conidia was shown to be smaller than that of wild‐type strains. Further metabolomics analysis revealed that the pathways of lipid metabolism and secondary metabolites, such as steroid biosynthesis and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, have dramatically changed in the ∆VdBre1 metabolome. Taken together, these results indicate that VdBre1 plays crucial roles in cotton infection and pathogenecity, by globally regulating lipid metabolism and secondary metabolism of V. dahliae.
The association between threatened preterm labour and perinatal outcomes at term: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Gagnon LC , Allen VM , Crane JM , Jangaard K , Brock J‐AK , Woolcott CG
Published: November 2020

Objective

To estimate the association between threatened preterm labour (TPTL) and perinatal outcomes of infants born at term.

Design

A population‐based cohort study of perinatal outcomes following TPTL <37 weeks of gestation with delivery at term.

Setting

Nova Scotia, Canada.

Population

All non‐anomalous, singleton pregnancies ≥37 weeks of gestation without antepartum haemorrhage from 1988 to 2019.

Methods

Using data from the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database, TPTL was defined as pregnancies with a hospital admission between 20 and 37 weeks of gestation, with a diagnosis code denoting TPTL with administration of antenatal corticosteroids, or with administration of any tocolysis. Poisson regression models were used to estimate the risk ratios (RR) with 95% CI of maternal and perinatal outcomes in women who had an episode of TPTL relative to those who did not.

Main outcome measures

Birthweight for gestational age below the tenth centile and a composite of perinatal mortality or severe perinatal morbidity.

Results

Of 256 599 term deliveries meeting the inclusion criteria, 2278 (0.9%) involved TPTL. The risks of the primary outcomes were higher among those with TPTL relative to those without: birthweight for gestational age below the tenth centile (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.11–1.39) and the composite of perinatal mortality/severe perinatal morbidity (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.15–1.54).

Conclusions

Although the prevalence of TPTL in term deliveries is low, affected pregnancies are at increased risk for adverse perinatal outcomes. Increased fetal surveillance should be considered in the management of pregnancies affected by TPTL.
An In Medias Res Economic Cost‐Benefit Analysis of ACT Container Deposit Scheme
Authors: Yu Sarah Yanyue
Published: November 2020

The paper presents an in medias res economic cost‐benefit analysis of a Container Deposit Scheme (CDS) for beverage containers in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia. The paper examines all cost elements of the scheme – scheme design and administration, scheme coordination, beverage industry compliance, household participation, business participation and container redemption infrastructure and operating costs. The paper also examines all potential benefits – avoided waste collection and transport costs; avoided material recovery facility processing cost; avoided landfill cost; avoided street sweeping cost; value of avoided litter; and value of recyclates. A wide variety of data sources is employed, and some of the critical issues are examined via several approaches. The main finding of the paper is that the ACT CDS is clearly economically worthwhile. The in medias res CBA of the ACT CDS shows the scheme to be highly efficient and thus recommends the continuation of the scheme.
Tissue surface area and tumor cell count affect the success rate of the Oncomine Dx Target Test in the analysis of biopsy tissue samples
Authors: Nemoto Daiji , Yokose Tomoyuki , Katayama Kayoko , Murakami Shuji , Kato Terufumi , Saito Haruhiro , Suzuki Masaki , Eriguchi Daisuke , Samejima Joji , Nagashima Takuya , Ito Hiroyuki , Yamada Kouzo , Nakayama Haruhiko , Masuda Munetaka
Published: November 2020

Background

The Oncomine Dx Target Test (ODxTT) is a next‐generation sequencing‐based companion diagnostic test which has been recently developed; however, its analysis success rate could be improved, especially for small samples. The aim of this study was to identify the pathological factors associated with biopsy specimens that affect the analysis success rate of ODxTT.

Methods

We retrospectively investigated 119 cases subjected to ODxTT at Kanagawa Cancer Center. Data pertaining to the results of BRAF V600E mutation analysis in ODxTT and pathological factors based on microscope slides were collected. Pathological factors including tissue surface area, tumor cell count, and tumor content rate were assessed. We constructed receiver operating characteristic curves and determined the optimal cutoff values of each pathological factor. Multivariate logistic analysis was used to identify significant factors.

Results

A total of 98 of 119 samples were successfully analyzed (75.6%). The tissue surface area and tumor cell count were significantly higher in the group associated with analysis success (P < 0.001 and P = 0.011, respectively), and their optimal cutoff values were 1.04 mm2 and 375 cells, respectively. A tissue surface area > 1.04 mm2 and tumor cell count >375 cells had a positive effect on the analysis success rate of ODxTT (odds ratio [OR] 0.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.03–0.35; P < 0.001 and OR 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07–0.90; P = 0.033, respectively).

Conclusions

Selecting samples with a tissue surface area > 1.04 mm2 and a tumor cell count >375 cells might improve the analysis success rate of ODxTT.

Key points

Significant findings of the study: We found that a tissue surface area > 1.04 mm2 and tumor cell count >375 cells had a positive effect on the analysis success rate of ODxTT in the analysis of biopsy tissue samples.

What this study adds: It is sometimes necessary to assess genetic alterations with a small biopsy sample in daily practice. The criteria mentioned above will help to determine which tests should be performed, ODxTT or multiple single‐gene testing.
Time‐concentration interplay in insecticide resistance among populations of the Neotropical coffee leaf miner, Leucoptera coffeella
Authors: Leite Suzany A. , dos Santos Mateus P. , da Costa Daniela R. , Moreira Aldenise A. , Guedes Raul Narciso C. , Castellani Maria A.
Published: November 2020

Leucoptera coffeella is one of the main coffee pests in the Neotropical region and particularly important in crops cultivated under full sun, as in Brazil. The intensive use of insecticides in the last two decades, including molecules of recent use such as chlorantranilprole, has not been successful in suppressing this pest species.

Thus, study aimed to detect insecticide resistance and determine the levels of resistance to commercial formulations of the insecticides chlorantraniliprole, chlorpyrifos and thiamethoxam in populations of L. coffeella from Arabica coffee fields in western and the highlands of the state Bahia (Brazil). Furthermore, as the expression of insecticide toxicity varies with the length of exposure and the compound concentration, what is frequently neglected, these two variables were considered while determining the levels of resistance in nine populations.

Moderate levels of resistance were detected to chlorantranilprole in two populations, whereas the others exhibited low levels of resistance. All populations were resistant to thiamethoxam ranging from low to moderate levels. Low levels of resistance to chlorpyrifos were detected in all populations from western, but none from highlands region.

The western presents a more concerning scenario of insecticide resistance the L. coffeella, but the phenomenon requires attention in both regions.
Grasses cope with high‐contrast ecosystem conditions in the large outflow of the Banhine wetlands, Mozambique
Authors: Zaplata Markus Klemens , Nhabanga Abel , Stalmans Marc , Volpers Thomas , Burkart Michael , Sperfeld Erik
Published: November 2020

Ecosystems with highly pulsed water supply must be better understood as climate change may increase frequency and severity of intense storms, droughts and floods. Here we collected data over 3 years (2016–2018) in the episodic wetland outflow channel (Aluize), Banhine National Park, in which the system state changed from dry to wet to dry. Field sampling included vegetation records, small‐scale vegetation zoning, the seed bank and water and soil quality. The same main plant species were found in both dry and wet conditions across the riverbed of the outflow channel. We found only very few diaspores of plants in the soil after prolonged drought. In the subsequent flooded state, we examined very dense vegetation on the water surface, which was dominated by the gramineous speciesPaspalidium obtusifolium. This species formed a compact floating mat that was rooted to the riverbed. The CyperaceaeBolboschoenus glaucusshowed high clonal growth in the form of root tubers, which likely serve as important food reservoir during drought. Soil and water analyses do not indicate a limitation by nutrients. We outline how resident people may change the plant community structure with an increasing practice of setting fire to the meadows in the dried‐up riverbed to facilitate plant regrowth as food for their livestock.
Retrospective study of bacterial and fungal causes of abortion in domestic ruminants in northern regions of South Africa (2006–2016)
Authors: Jonker A , Michel AL
Published: November 2020

This initial retrospective study presents information on bacterial and fungal causes of abortion in domestic ruminants in South Africa over 10 years (2006–2016). A complete set of data was collected at the Faculty of Veterinary Science through a keyword search of pathology and bacteriology laboratory registers. Additional electronic data were received from an external laboratory. A total of 288 cases were recorded from six provinces. Overall diagnostic rate was 35.1%. In 14.6% of cases, histological evidence of an infectious process was found, but no aetiological agent was detected. Several cases did not include aetiological diagnoses because applicable diagnostic techniques were not available or not applied when necessary. Increased submission of placenta, as well as additional conventional and molecular diagnostic methods, can contribute to an improved diagnostic rate. In addition, the study highlights the superior significance of Brucella abortus as a major bovine pathogen in South Africa.
Epigenetic modification‐dependent androgen receptor occupancy facilitates the ectopic TSPY1 expression in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Leng Xiangyou , Liu Mohan , Tao Dachang , Yang Bo , Zhang Yangwei , He Tianrong , Xie Shengyu , Wang Zhaokun , Liu Yunqiang , Yang Yuan
Published: November 2020

Testis‐specific protein Y‐encoded 1 (TSPY1), a Y chromosome‐linked oncogene, is frequently activated in prostate cancers (PCa) and its expression is correlated with the poor prognosis of PCa. However, the cause of the ectopic transcription of TSPY1 in PCa remains unclear. Here, we observed that the methylation status in the CpG islands (CGI) of the TSPY1 promoter was negatively correlated with its expression level in different human samples. The acetyl‐histone H4 and trimethylated histone H3‐lysine 4, two post–translational modifications of histones occupying the TSPY1 promoter, facilitated the TSPY1 expression in PCa cells. In addition, we found that androgen accelerated the TSPY1 transcription on the condition of hypomethylated of TSPY1‐CGI and promoted PCa cell proliferation. Moreover, the binding of androgen receptor (AR) to the TSPY1 promoter, enhancing TSPY1 transcription, was detected in PCa cells. Taken together, our findings identified the regulation of DNA methylation, acting as a primary mechanism, on TSPY1 expression in PCa, and revealed that TSPY1 is an androgen‐AR axis‐regulated oncogene, suggesting a novel and potential target for PCa therapy.
Aberrant expression of junctional adhesion molecule‐A contributes to the malignancy of cervical adenocarcinoma by interaction with poliovirus receptor/CD155
Authors: Murakami Taro , Takasawa Akira , Takasawa Kumi , Akimoto Taishi , Aoyama Tomoyuki , Magara Kazufumi , Saito Yuki , Ota Misaki , Kyuno Daisuke , Yamamoto Soh , Hasegawa Tadashi , Saito Tsuyoshi , Osanai Makoto
Published: November 2020

Recent studies have shown that aberrant expression of tight junction proteins (TJP) contributes to malignant potential of various cancers. In the present study, we investigated the expression of junctional adhesion molecule‐A (JAM‐A), one of the transmembrane TJP, in uterine cervical adenocarcinoma and the significance of its expression for malignancy. Immunohistochemistry on human surgical specimens showed that JAM‐A was aberrantly expressed in neoplastic regions including adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). Knockout of JAM‐A significantly suppressed cell proliferation and colony‐forming and migration abilities. We also showed that an antibody specific to an extracellular region of JAM‐A reduced cell proliferation ability and that loss of JAM‐A increased drug sensitivity of cervical adenocarcinoma cells. Based on a comprehensive proteome analysis, we found that poliovirus receptor (PVR/CD155) was regulated by JAM‐A and formed a physical interaction with JAM‐A. In human surgical specimens, PVR/CD155 expression was significantly correlated with some clinicopathological features and prognosis of cervical adenocarcinoma. Interestingly, most of the PVR/CD155‐positive cases expressed a high level of JAM‐A, and patients with the expression pattern of PVR/CD155 positive/JAM‐A high had significantly shorter periods of relapse‐free survival (P = .00964) and overall survival (P = .0204) than those for the other patients. Our observations suggest that aberrant expression of JAM‐A promotes malignancy of uterine cervical adenocarcinoma by regulation of PVR/CD155, and JAM‐A is therefore a potential therapeutic target for this malignancy.
Welcome to the Museum: Reflecting on Representation & Inclusion in Museum Evaluation
Authors: Anderson Alice , Mileham Michelle A.
Published: November 2020

“Welcome to the Museum: Reflecting on the Representation and Inclusion in Museum Evaluation” examines how museums have embraced people with different identities (or not) in the last few decades. Drawing on Curator: The Museum Journal’s archives and other museum scholarship, the authors track the impacts of these actions on staffing and professional practice in the profession of museum evaluation. Based on this research, Anderson and Mileham recommend a thorough process of reflection on the level of individuals, departments, and institutions in order to make museum evaluation – and museums writ large – welcoming and supportive of workers and visitors with a variety of identities and perspectives.
The Human Condition: Health, Wellness, & Emotional Connection in Museums
Authors: Diaz Abigail , Paneto Sunewan
Published: November 2020

This Forum article examines how the museum field has addressed illness, disability, death, and overall health with a variety of techniques. Using the Curator archive, the authors trace the evolution of dialogue about health and wellness in museums, both for visitors and staff. The authors frame the importance of these universal topics as issues of equity and inclusion with the belief that museums can utilize them to build emotional connections and spur action for social justice.
Identity & Museum Practice: Promises, Practices, and a Broken Pipeline
Authors: Morrissey Kris , Dirk Grayson
Published: November 2020

Acknowledging and representing identities in ways that connect with contemporary society is one of the most complicated, contested and perhaps critical challenges facing museums. To explore how museums are addressing that challenge, we turned to a source of research that is rigorous, cross‐ disciplinary and often grounded in contemporary ideas of museums as sites of social activism‐doctoral dissertations and master’s theses. We analyzed almost a hundred studies and conducted interviews with 12 of the authors to explore how their research informed their practice. The studies demonstrate a range of ways that museums can and are engaging with complex ideas about identity, largely through exhibitions; occasionally through collections, collaborations, and programs; and only rarely through institutional operations. The studies position identity as core to museum work and perhaps an overlooked variable in the efforts to promote diversity, inclusion, and equity. Drawing from different disciplines, they describe identity as complex, fluid, dynamic, and intimately related to both personal experiences and societal structures of power. The studies provide compelling arguments for why museums need to change the ways they address, acknowledge, and represent identities. These arguments fell into three categories: Opportunity, Responsibility, and Survival. Interviews identified barriers to entering or advancing within the field for individuals who encompass different life experiences and perspectives. Although a small sample, we believe their experiences demonstrate a broken career pipeline that may contribute to the lack of diversity in the field. We conclude that graduate student research may provide a unique catalyst for social change.
A simple echocardiographic score to rule out cardiac amyloidosis
Authors: Aimo Alberto , Chubuchny Vladyslav , Vergaro Giuseppe , Barison Andrea , Nicol Martin , Cohen‐Solal Alain , Castiglione Vincenzo , Spini Valentina , Giannoni Alberto , Petersen Christina , Taddei Claudia , Pasanisi Emilio , Chacko Liza , Martone Raffaele , Knight Dan , Brown James , Martinez‐Naharro Ana , Passino Claudio , Fontana Marianna , Emdin Michele
Published: November 2020

Background

Early diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is warranted to initiate specific treatment and improve outcome. The amyloid light chain (AL) and inferior wall thickness (IWT) scores have been proposed to assess patients referred by haematologists or with unexplained left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, respectively. These scores are composed of 4 or 5 variables, respectively, including strain data.

Methods

Based on 2 variables common to the AL and IWT scores, we defined a simple score named AMYLoidosis Index (AMYLI) as the product of relative wall thickness (RWT) and E/e′ ratio, and assessed its diagnostic performance.

Results

In the original cohort (n = 251), CA was ultimately diagnosed in 111 patients (44%). The 2.22 value was selected as rule‐out cut‐off (negative likelihood ratio [LR−] 0.0). In the haematology subset, AL CA was diagnosed in 32 patients (48%), with 2.36 as rule‐out cut‐off (LR− 0.0). In the hypertrophy subset, ATTR CA was diagnosed in 79 patients (43%), with 2.22 as the best rule‐out cut‐off (LR− 0.0). In the validation cohort (n = 691), the same cut‐offs proved effective: indeed, there were no patients with CA in the whole population or in the haematology or hypertrophy subsets scoring < 2.22, <2.36 or < 2.22, respectively.

Conclusions

The AMYLI score (RWT*E/e′) may have a role as an initial screening tool for CA. A < 2.22 value excludes the diagnosis in patients undergoing a diagnostic screening for CA, while a < 2.36 and a < 2.22 value may be better considered in the subsets with suspected cardiac AL amyloidosis or unexplained hypertrophy, respectively.
Spatial density of adolescents aged 14 years old, victims of dental: A longitudinal study
Authors: de Paiva Haroldo Neves , Guimarães Mariana Oliveira , Varajão Guilherme Fontes Drummond Chicarino , Marques Leandro Silva , Silvestrini Rafaella Almeida , Zarzar Patricia Maria , Silva Carlos José de Paula , Paiva Paula Cristina Pelli
Published: November 2020

Background/Aim

Knowledge about the spatial density of the domiciles of dental trauma victims can assist in the identification of the most vulnerable areas and contribute to the planning of prevention, promotion, control, and treatment actions, focusing on the most affected areas. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial density of domiciles of 14‐year‐old adolescent victims of dental trauma, in the city of Diamantina, Brazil, after a two‐year follow‐up period.

Material and Methods

This longitudinal study was carried out with 584 adolescents between 2013 and 2015. Dental trauma, overjet, and lip protection were assessed by two trained and calibrated examiners (K > 0.70). Information about binge drinking was collected among the adolescents through the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and sociodemographic indicators were obtained through a questionnaire answered by the caregivers of the adolescents. Spatial analyses were performed to evaluate the spatial density of adolescents with dental trauma and the independent variables of interest according to the domicile using Ripley's K function and the Kernel Map.

Results

Ripley's K function revealed spatial aggregation of the domiciles of adolescent victims of dental trauma in relation to males, binge drinking and overjet, with a confidence interval of 95%. The higher density of domiciles with adolescents with two or more traumatized teeth was found in the north‐east region of the city. Boys were the most affected, their homes were located in the north, north‐west, and south‐east regions at baseline and follow‐up. The largest density of domiciles of adolescents with overjet greater than 5 mm and inadequate lip protection was in the north‐east region. Similar spatial distribution was identified for binge drinking for both years.

Conclusion

The majority of adolescents with dental trauma lived in the north‐east and south‐east regions, characterized by high population density and greater social vulnerability.
Youth partnerships in suicide prevention research: A failed investigator survey
Authors: Bailey Eleanor , Teh Zoe , Bleeker Caitlin , Simmons Magenta , Robinson Jo
Published: November 2020

Aim

Youth suicide research stands to benefit from involving young people with lived experience as research partners; however, there may be a number of barriers to doing this successfully. The aim of this study was to identify the extent to which international youth suicide prevention researchers actively partner with young people in intervention research design, and to explore the barriers, facilitators and benefits to such engagement.

Methods

Ninety‐seven eligible researchers were identified using a systematic literature search and invited via email to participate in an online questionnaire.

Results

Only 17 participants (17.5%) at least partially completed the questionnaire, and minimal qualitative data were provided.

Conclusions

Analysis of the limited data together with the low response rate suggests that the rate of youth partnerships in suicide prevention intervention research is very low. Guidelines regarding how to safely and effectively partner with young people in this sensitive research area may help to address this gap.
Changes in the thermal, pasting, morphological and structural characteristic of common buckwheat starch after ultrafine milling
Authors: Huang Yawei , Sun Xiangxiang , Guo Hongmei , He Xueshu , Jiang Jiang , Zhang Guoquan , Li Wenhao
Published: November 2020

The effects of superfine milling treatments on the thermal, pasting, morphological and structural characteristics of common buckwheat starch were studied. The results showed that the superfine milling could change the morphological structure of buckwheat starch granules. Superfine milling treatments decreased the relative crystallinity and destroyed crystal particles of buckwheat starch. The crystallinity of buckwheat starch was 0.00% after 4 h of the ultrafine milling treatment. There is no obvious endothermic melting peak in the buckwheat starch after ultrafine milling treatment. After superfine milling, the light transmittance, swelling power and solubility of buckwheat starch increased, while PV, TV and FV values decreased. Superfine milling could significantly improve the WHC value of buckwheat starch. This study is expected to obtain the modified buckwheat starch with improved properties and provide valuable information for starch modification employing extreme milling, as well as provide the theoretical basis for expanding the application of buckwheat starch.
Rheological and textural properties of lafun, a stiff dough, from improved cassava varieties
Authors: Bouniol Alexandre , Adinsi Laurent , Padonou Sègla Wilfrid , Hotegni Francis , Gnanvossou Désiré , Tran Thierry , Dufour Dominique , Hounhouigan Djidjoho Joseph , Akissoé Noël
Published: November 2020

Summay

We studied the textural and rheological (viscoelastic) properties of fresh lafun dough, a fermented cassava product, and their changes during storage at 45 °C for 5 and 24 h, in order to determine after‐cooking storability. Lafun flours were produced from three types of cassava varieties: seven improved white‐fleshed varieties, seven improved provitamin A carotenoids (pVAC) varieties and two local white‐fleshed varieties; and processed into lafun doughs. Pasting properties of the flours were assessed. Flours from local varieties had pasting profiles with highest viscosities, while pVAC flours had the lowest. The three types of cassava varieties varied significantly in most of their pasting properties. Four promising improved varieties were identified, based on high peak viscosity (55.8–61.5 P) and stiffer texture than local varieties during storage. Undesirable varieties were also found, which softened during storage instead of hardening. Optimum texture of lafun dough was obtained after 5 h of storage.
Understanding Managers’ Reactions to Blockchain Technologies in the Supply Chain: The Reliable and Unbiased Software Agent
Authors: Falcone Ellie C. , Steelman Zachary R. , Aloysius John A.
Published: November 2020

Organizations investing in supply chain information systems struggle to ensure successful adoption and implementation. Projects fail because of technical caveats, inability to meet business needs, and poor management of implementation. Implementation of blockchain technologies across a network of supply chain partners is more complex than internally focused technologies. It is necessary for partner firms to implement, contribute, and share information, and employees to actively use the capabilities of the technology to realize potential. Blockchain technologies can substitute for traditional interfirm intermediaries acting as an unbiased software agent embedded in the supply chain network. Understanding managers’ perceptions of and willingness to use blockchain technologies is crucial for successful implementation. Integrating design theory with classic diffusion processes, we conducted a scenario‐based role‐playing experiment with industry professionals to examine managers’ perceptions of blockchain technologies and willingness to use. We find that trustworthiness with regard to competence and perceived distributive justice is the focal drivers of managers’ willingness to use the technology. Additionally, both risk and interactional justice are not drivers of willingness to use blockchain technology despite significant claims to that effect. We provide implications for how managers can leverage these drivers to influence supply chain partners’ willingness to use the technology.
Circ_0075829 facilitates the progression of pancreatic carcinoma by sponging miR‐1287‐5p and activating LAMTOR3 signalling
Authors: Zhang Xudong , Xue Cailin , Cui Xiaohan , Zhou Zhao , Fu Yue , Yin Xu , Wu Siyuan , Gong Yu , Liu Yi , Zhu Chunfu , Qin Xihu
Published: November 2020

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a leading cause of cancer‐related mortality globally. Though increasing evidence has demonstrated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are linked to the development and progression of cancers, the biological functions of circRNAs in PC remain largely unexplored so far. Based on previous studies, Hsc_circ_0075829 (circ_0075829) was screened out and then further identified in PC clinical specimens and cell lines by real‐time PCR. After the stability tests, a series of in vitro and in vivo functional experiments were performed to investigate the role of circ_0075829 in PC development. Furthermore, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), bioinformatics tools, dual‐luciferase assays and rescue experiments were conducted to clarify the regulatory mechanisms of circ_0075829 in SW1990 and BxPC‐3 cells. Compared with paracancerous tissues, the expression of circ_0075829 was increased in PC tissues, which was positively correlated with the clinical features of PC. Knockdown of circ_0075829 significantly suppressed the proliferative, migratory and invasive rates of SW1990 and BxPC‐3 cells both in vitro and in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis and dual‐luciferase reporter gene assay indicated that circ_0075829 could bind to miR‐1287‐5p. Mechanism research and rescue experiments demonstrated that circ_0075829 could regulate the LAMTOR3/p‐ERK signalling pathway via sponging miR‐1287‐5p in PC cell lines. Our data reveal that the circ_0075829 could facilitate the proliferation and metastasis of PC through circ_0075829/miR‐1287‐5p/LAMTOR3 axis.
Characterizing heterogeneity of non‐small cell lung tumour microenvironment to identify signature prognostic genes
Authors: Mi Kai , Chen Fuhui , Qian Zhipeng , Chen Jing , Lv Dongxu , Zhang Chunlong , Xu Yanjun , Wang Hongguang , Zhang Yuepeng , Jiang Yanan , Shang Desi
Published: November 2020

Growing evidence has highlighted the immune response as an important feature of carcinogenesis and therapeutic efficacy in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study focused on the characterization of immune infiltration profiling in patients with NSCLC and its correlation with survival outcome. All TCGA samples were divided into three heterogeneous clusters based on immune cell profiles: cluster 1 ('low infiltration' cluster), cluster 2 ('heterogeneous infiltration' cluster) and cluster 3 ('high infiltration' cluster). The immune cells were responsible for a significantly favourable prognosis for the 'high infiltration' community. Cluster 1 had the lowest cytotoxic activity, tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes and interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), as well as immune checkpoint molecules expressions. In addition, MHC‐I and immune co‐stimulator were also found to have lower cluster 1 expressions, indicating a possible immune escape mechanism. A total of 43 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that overlapped among the groups were determined based on three clusters. Finally, based on a univariate Cox regression model, prognostic immune‐related genes were identified and combined to construct a risk score model able to predict overall survival (OS) rates in the validation datasets.
Mapping the risk zoning of storm flood disaster based on heterogeneous data and a machine learning algorithm in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Liu Yan , Lu Xinyu , Yao Yuanzhi , Wang Ni , Guo Yanyun , Ji Chunrong , Xu Jianhui
Published: November 2020

Mapping flood risk zone is an essential task in the arid region for sustainable water resources management. Due to the lack of hydrological and meteorological information and disaster event inventory in Xinjiang, China, storm flood disaster (SFD) risk zoning is an effective technique in investigating the potential impact of SFD. In this study, the statistics about natural, social, and risk related to SFD are collated. With the help of the compiled inventory data, a disaster risk assessment model for storm flood is proposed for the Xinjiang region based on the random forest (RF) algorithm. Randomly selected negative and positive samples from the historical SFD locations are composed of five different total samples. The overall prediction accuracy of the five sample groups attained 83.48%, indicating that the proposed RF model can well capture the spatial distribution of SFD in Xinjiang. It should also be noted that the spatial heterogeneity and complexity of SFD had a significant effect on its spatial distribution in Xinjiang. There are spatial distribution characteristics of lowland plains and high plateaus; the main mountainous regions, plains in the middle‐lower reaches of major rivers, and areas surrounding major lakes are prone to flooding. The variable importance RF indicates that the disaster risk is mainly affected by the following factors, including hazard factors, catastrophic intensity, population density, as well as economic development in the affected area. Besides, latitude, longitude, agricultural acreage, road density, distance from rivers, and the maximum monthly precipitation account for most of the increase in storm flooding disasters, and they are the main triggering point for SFD in Xinjiang. The proposed model provides some insight into the disaster in the mountainous region, and gives useful guidance for the national macro‐control of flood prevention and disaster reduction.
Treatment of primate platynosomosis: A word of caution about the use of praziquantel in marmosets
Authors: Mati Vitor Luís Tenório , Pinto Hudson Alves , de Melo Alan Lane
Published: November 2020

Background

The successive reports of Platynosomum illiciens in Neotropical captive primates have increased interest in platynosomosis; however, its treatment is little known.

Methods

Callithrix penicillata (n = 10) naturally and chronically infected with P. illiciens were treated with praziquantel (25 mg/kg BW, three s.c. doses at 24 hours intervals), and coproparasitological tests performed over 67 days. The proportions of primates with a reduction in fecal egg counts (FEC) or negative results progressively increased after treatment, and at the last fecal tests, marmosets were negative.

Results and Conclusions

Although all primates tolerated the initial days of study well, 40% (4/10) of them died between the 8th and 16th days after the onset of treatment. Clinical signs and necropsies indicated the occurrence of hepatic involvement, biliary obstruction, and cholangitis. Marmosets with a higher previous FEC were more likely to die after treatment. Use of praziquantel should be considered carefully on a case‐by‐case basis.
Community‐Based System Dynamics for Mobilizing Communities to Advance School Health
Authors: Ballard Ellis , Farrell Allison , Long Michael
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

Frameworks such as the WSCC model provide evidence‐based guidance for addressing school health at the school, district, and regional level. However, frameworks do not implement themselves; they require the mobilization and collaboration of stakeholders within communities and an understanding of the unique resources and barriers within each context. Furthermore, addressing school health presents a complex systems problem.

METHODS

Community‐based system dynamics (CBSD) is a participatory approach for engaging communities in understanding and changing complex systems. We used a descriptive multiple case study design to evaluate how and why CBSD was used as a tool for stakeholders to engage with the complexity of school health.

RESULTS

We analyzed 3 cases to understand how these methods were used to enhance collaboration, analysis, and community action at multiple levels, including in 2 school districts, with a city‐wide stakeholder committee, and with a group of high school students.

CONCLUSIONS

Community‐based system dynamics presents a promising approach for building shared language and ownership among stakeholders, tailoring to local community contexts, and mobilizing stakeholders for action based on new system insights. We close with a discussion of unique opportunities and challenges of expanding the use of CBSD in the field of school health.
Every School Healthy: An Urban School Case Study
Authors: Baldwin Sue , Ventresca Assunta R. C.
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

In this case study, multiple participants in a large urban school district used the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC) model to guide development of a district wellness policy. The model's health education component is highlighted, focusing on concerns for special needs students and ones speaking English as a New Language (ENL).

METHODS

Organizational structure was developed around the WSCC model and district wellness policy implementation through coordination, collaboration, and communication (3Cs) of programs, policies, and processes/practices (3Ps).

RESULTS

The WSCC approach guided the creation of a district wellness policy that influenced programming for students with special needs and required Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data collection. Using YRBS and School Health Index (SHI) data in planning sexual health education illustrated improvements over time. Formation of the School Health and Wellness Collaborative under WSCC improved family engagement in sexual health education programs and practices. Relationships were established with community partners to impact student's sexual risk behaviors. Finally, the district co‐created and implemented an evidenced‐based sexual health curriculum, modifying it for special education and ENL students.

CONCLUSIONS

The WSCC approach is system changing. It takes time to develop the relationships vital to improve the 3Cs and 3Ps. Success is enhanced with a district wellness coordinator, the right people at the table, valid health data, and administrative and board support.
Advancing Student Health and Achievement Through Medicaid: Lessons Learned from State Efforts to Expand Medicaid‐Funded School Health Services
Authors: Mays Alexandra
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

School health services improve health and academic outcomes; however, sustainable funding for these services is an ongoing struggle. In December 2014, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services clarified how Medicaid will reimburse school health services. School districts, once restricted to reimbursement for services delivered under specific conditions, can now receive Medicaid reimbursement for eligible services delivered to all Medicaid‐enrolled students.

METHODS

This article examines the literature exploring school health services' impact on health and academic outcomes and Medicaid's role in funding school health services. The article analyzes state, school‐based Medicaid policies and programs and the impact of the federal policy change.

RESULTS

As of August 2020, 13 states have used the federal policy change to expand their school‐based Medicaid programs to include all eligible services delivered to all Medicaid‐enrolled students.

CONCLUSIONS

This policy change creates an opportunity for states and school districts to leverage health care funding to implement multiple components of the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child model, including health services, counseling, psychological and social services, employee wellness, and school climate. The federal policy change can also improve health equity by increasing reimbursement for school districts serving higher percentages of Medicaid‐enrolled students.
How do cognitive processes influence script concordance test responses?
Authors: Gawad Nada , Wood Timothy J. , Cowley Lindsay , Raiche Isabelle
Published: November 2020

Introduction

The script concordance test (SCT) is a test of clinical decision‐making (CDM) that compares the thought process of learners to that of experts to determine to what extent their cognitive ‘scripts’ align. Without understanding test‐takers’ cognitive process, however, it is unclear what influences their responses. The objective of this study was to gather response process validity evidence by studying the cognitive process of test‐takers to determine whether the SCT tests CDM and what cognitive processes may influence SCT responses.

Methods

Cases from an SCT used in a national validation study were administered and semi‐structured cognitive interviews were conducted with ten residents and five staff surgeons. A retrospective verbal probing technique was used. Data was independently analysed and coded by two analysts. Themes were identified as factors that influence SCT responses during the cognitive interview.

Results

Cognitive interviews demonstrated variability in CDM among test‐takers. Consistent with dual process theory, test‐takers relied on scripts formed through past experiences, when available, to make decisions and used conscious deliberation in the absence of experience. However, test‐takers’ response process was also influenced by their comprehension of specific terms, desire for additional information, disagreement with the planned management, underlying knowledge gaps and desire to demonstrate confidence or humility.

Conclusion

The rationale behind SCT answers may be influenced by comprehension, underlying knowledge and social desirability in addition to formed scripts and/or conscious deliberation. Having test‐takers verbalise their rationale for responses provides a depth of assessment that is otherwise lost in the SCT’s current format. With the improved ability to standardise CDM assessment using the SCT, consideration of test‐makers improving the SCT construction process and combining the SCT question format with verbal responses may improve the use of the SCT for CDM assessment.
A role for calcium‐dependent protein kinases in differential CO2‐ and ABA‐controlled stomatal closing and low CO2‐induced stomatal opening in Arabidopsis
Authors: Schulze Sebastian , Dubeaux Guillaume , Ceciliato Paulo H. O. , Munemasa Shintaro , Nuhkat Maris , Yarmolinsky Dmitry , Aguilar Jaimee , Diaz Renee , Azoulay‐Shemer Tamar , Steinhorst Leonie , Offenborn Jan Niklas , Kudla Jörg , Kollist Hannes , Schroeder Julian I.
Published: November 2020

Low concentrations of CO2 cause stomatal opening, whereas [CO2] elevation leads to stomatal closure. Classical studies have suggested a role for Ca2+ and protein phosphorylation in CO2‐induced stomatal closing. Calcium‐dependent protein kinases (CPKs) and calcineurin‐B‐like proteins (CBLs) can sense and translate cytosolic elevation of the second messenger Ca2+ into specific phosphorylation events. However, Ca2+‐binding proteins that function in the stomatal CO2 response remain unknown.

Time‐resolved stomatal conductance measurements using intact plants, and guard cell patch‐clamp experiments were performed.

We isolated cpk quintuple mutants and analyzed stomatal movements in response to CO2, light and abscisic acid (ABA). Interestingly, we found that cpk3/5/6/11/23 quintuple mutant plants, but not other analyzed cpk quadruple/quintuple mutants, were defective in high CO2‐induced stomatal closure and, unexpectedly, also in low CO2‐induced stomatal opening. Furthermore, K+‐uptake‐channel activities were reduced in cpk3/5/6/11/23 quintuple mutants, in correlation with the stomatal opening phenotype. However, light‐mediated stomatal opening remained unaffected, and ABA responses showed slowing in some experiments. By contrast, CO2‐regulated stomatal movement kinetics were not clearly affected in plasma membrane‐targeted cbl1/4/5/8/9 quintuple mutant plants.

Our findings describe combinatorial cpk mutants that function in CO2 control of stomatal movements and support the results of classical studies showing a role for Ca2+ in this response.