bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidence of Lung Adenocarcinoma following Recurrent Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Case Presentation
Authors: Ali Sharifpour  , Siavash Abedi  , Masoud Aliyali  , Sepideh Safa Navai  , Ali Davoodi  , Seyyed Abbas Hashemi
Published: April 2018

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common disease that can lead to death. Many studies have looked at the chance of occurrence and the factors affecting thrombosis as one of the complications of cancer. This chance increases in patients with more severe cancer. The progression of cancer and the risk of death in patients with DVT is more severe and with a worse prognosis. But according to our knowledge, there is no accurate report of the incidence and diagnosis of cancer long after thrombosis .In our case, lung adenocarcinoma arose months after the onset of frequent thrombosis in a healthy person. So recommended to consider the risk of developing cancer in patients with recurrent thrombosis.
A Final Utterance
Authors: St-Denis Guy
Published: April 2018

After more than 200 years and much confusion surrounding Brock’s last words, it is not surprising that there should be a growing consensus in favour of a silent death. Yet, while modern interpretations have concluded that Brock’s fatal wound prevented him from saying anything, several eye-witness accounts suggest otherwise—even going so far as to contradict his famous battle cry: “Push on the brave York Volunteers!” As part of his on-going research into the life and generalship of Canada’s War of 1812 hero, Guy St-Denis offers an analysis of all the surviving evidence for a better understanding of Brock’s final utterance.
The World of Jules Robinet
Authors: Cecillon Jack
Published: April 2018

In the 1880s, the southwestern region of Ontario, including Essex County and Pelee Island, became home to a series of pioneering winemakers. While the story of the winemakers of Pelee Island has been told, far less has been written about the vineyards of the Windsor border region. Jules Robinet, emerged as a successful winemaker at the turn of the 20th century after a series of hardships wiped out most of his competition. In time, Robinet`s business flourished with the enactment of Prohibition laws in Canada and the United States. An immigrant from Rougemont, France, Robinet served as a key link in the migration chain of French labourers and grape growers who settled in and around the Town of Sandwich. For French immigrants, he emerged as an employer, business associate, and advocate for the community that found its roots in the very same region of France.
Dismemberment at Windmill Point
Authors: McGaughey Jane
Published: April 2018

Drawing on personal letters, published memoirs, and court martial records, this article investigates the gendered and ethnic implications of the Battle of the Windmill in November 1838. While this invasion of Upper Canada by the Hunter Patriots has often been seen as the final chapter of the 1837 Canadian Rebellions, it was also an episode imbued with Irish fraternal societies, Irish politics, notions of Irish manliness, and the attempts of Irish settlers to earn their place within “respectable” Upper Canadian society. The scandalous castration of an Irish officer and the mistreatment of dead soldiers’ bodies stood in direct contrast to the value each force placed on heroic martial manliness. Despite the relatively small size of the battlefield, the legacy of the battle itself significantly impacted how Irish settlers were treated in Upper Canadian society at the end of the 1830s.
The Social Geography of Diphtheria Mortality in Hamilton
Authors: Battles Heather T. , Jones Bobbie-Leigh
Published: April 2018

This Hamilton, Ontario today displays stark socioeconomic disparities in health which pattern along north/south lines within the city. Diphtheria provides a useful lens for examining the historical nature of these socioeconomic disparities. Data were collected from death registrations for the period 1900 to 1921 and 321 deaths were mapped in ArcMap. Diphtheria mortality rates were higher in the north overall; however, no difference was found for the 5–16 year age group (school age). Higher mortality in children under age five in the north due to factors associated with low SES may explain the differing rates. These results demonstrate the social inequalities in health that existed in early-twentieth century Hamilton and their geographic dimension.
Voluntarily controlled but not merely observed visual feedback affects postural sway
Authors: Imaizumi Shu , Asai Tomohisa , Hiromitsu Kentaro , Imamizu Hiroshi
Published: April 2018

Online stabilization of human standing posture utilizes multisensory afferences (e.g., vision). Whereas visual feedback of spontaneous postural sway can stabilize postural control especially when observers concentrate on their body and intend to minimize postural sway, the effect of intentional control of visual feedback on postural sway itself remains unclear. This study assessed quiet standing posture in healthy adults voluntarily controlling or merely observing visual feedback. The visual feedback (moving square) had either low or high gain and was either horizontally flipped or not. Participants in the voluntary-control group were instructed to minimize their postural sway while voluntarily controlling visual feedback, whereas those in the observation group were instructed to minimize their postural sway while merely observing visual feedback. As a result, magnified and flipped visual feedback increased postural sway only in the voluntary-control group. Furthermore, regardless of the instructions and feedback manipulations, the experienced sense of control over visual feedback positively correlated with the magnitude of postural sway. We suggest that voluntarily controlled, but not merely observed, visual feedback is incorporated into the feedback control system for posture and begins to affect postural sway.
Structural and Stratigraphic Control on Salient and Recess Development Along a Thrust Belt Front: The Northern Apennines (Po Plain, Italy)
Authors: Livani Michele , Scrocca Davide , Arecco Paola , Doglioni Carlo
Published: April 2018

The external part of the Northern Apennines accretionary wedge in northern Italy is buried beneath its fast subsiding and asymmetric foreland basin in the Po Plain. It is characterized by a diffused noncylindrical geometry resulting in salients and recesses in the study area, namely, the Cremona salient, the Parma recess, and the Ferrara salient. The interpretation of borehole and seismic reflection data suggests that the thrust belt is characterized by thin‐skinned tectonic style. Two main décollement levels have been identified: a basal décollement located in the Upper Carnian units (San Giovanni Bianco Clay and Raibl Group) and a shallow décollement located in the late Eocene‐Oligocene formations (Gallare Marls). The décollement surfaces dip SSW toward the hinterland of the accretionary prism, parallel to the steep (>10°) regional monocline. The geometry of the seismically active Northern Apennines system of salients and recesses is essentially controlled by the interplay of two factors: (i) the lateral facies variations of the stratigraphic units hosting and controlling the location and depth of the décollement levels and (ii) the slope of the basal décollement. Salients occur where, due to the inherited variable stratigraphy of the Mesozoic‐Cenozoic Tethyan passive margin, the shaly formations hosting the two décollements are well developed allowing larger forward propagation of the thrust wedge. Recesses are instead associated to erosional‐nondepositional areas. Moreover, salients are more pronounced where the flexural behavior of the Adriatic subducting slab has generated a steeper geometry of the foreland monocline and consequently of the basal décollement.
Catalysis of transthiolacylation in the active centers of dihydrolipoamide acyltransacetylase components of 2‐oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes
Authors: Chakraborty Joydeep , Nemeria Natalia S. , Farinas Edgardo , Jordan Frank
Published: April 2018

The Escherichia coli 2‐oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHc) comprises multiple copies of three enzymes—E1o, E2o, and E3—and transthioesterification takes place within the catalytic domain of E2o. The succinyl group from the thiol ester of S8‐succinyldihydrolipoyl‐E2o is transferred to the thiol group of coenzyme A (CoA), forming the all‐important succinyl‐CoA. Here, we report mechanistic studies of enzymatic transthioesterification on OGDHc. Evidence is provided for the importance of His375 and Asp374 in E2o for the succinyl transfer reaction. The magnitude of the rate acceleration provided by these residues (54‐fold from each with alanine substitution) suggests a role in stabilization of the symmetrical tetrahedral oxyanionic intermediate by formation of two hydrogen bonds, rather than in acid–base catalysis. Further evidence ruling out a role in acid–base catalysis is provided by site‐saturation mutagenesis studies at His375 (His375Trp substitution with little penalty) and substitutions to other potential hydrogen bond participants at Asp374. Taking into account that the rate constant for reductive succinylation of the E2o lipoyl domain (LDo) by E1o and 2‐oxoglutarate (99 s−1) was approximately twofold larger than the rate constant for kcat of 48 s−1 for the overall reaction (NADH production), it could be concluded that succinyl transfer to CoA and release of succinyl‐CoA, rather than reductive succinylation, is the rate‐limiting step. The results suggest a revised mechanism of catalysis for acyl transfer in the superfamily of 2‐oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes, thus provide fundamental information regarding acyl‐CoA formation, so important for several biological processes including post‐translational succinylation of protein lysines.

Enzymes

2‐oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.2); dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.61); dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (EC 1.8.1.4); pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1); dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.12).
Application of Life Cycle Assessment to Green Chemistry Objectives
Authors: Swarr Thomas E. , Cespi Daniele , Fava James , Nuss Philip
Published: April 2018

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Substitution of Safer Chemicals

Missing Inventory Data and Characterization Factors

LinkingLCAand Chemical Risk

Design Material and Energy‐Efficient Processes

Introduction

System Boundaries and Design Guidance

Impact Categories and Green Metrics

Policy Implications

Promote Renewable Materials and Energy

Introduction

Glycerol Case Study

Biochemicals Production

Life Cycle Stages of Biochemical Production

Environmental Implications of Biomass Production

Carbon Accounting and Land Use Change

Global Availability of Arable Land

Conclusion and Recommendations
Cosmo‐RS‐Assisted Solvent Screening for Green Extraction of Natural Products
Authors: Sicaire Anne‐Gaëlle , Filly Aurore , Vian Maryline , Fabiano‐Tixier Anne‐Sylvie , Chemat Farid
Published: April 2018

Currently, most of solvents used in industry are derived from petroleum resources. In the current context of sustainable development, environmental protection, and under the pressure of new regulations, the research and the use of more environment‐friendly solvents have become of interest in many application sectors, especially in extraction. For the substitution, various parameters have to be taken into account, for example, the solvation power. In the research of new solvents, tools asCOSMO‐RSappear to be very useful and permit to get a first idea on the potential of a solvent for the extraction of various compounds. This chapter gives first general information on solvents for extraction as well as a panorama of alternative solvents available on the market. It also focuses onCOSMO‐RSapproach and on the application ofCOSMO‐RSas decision tool for the substitution of hexane in the extraction of oil and aromas.
Supramolecular Catalysis as a Tool for Green Chemistry
Authors: Hastings Courtney J.
Published: April 2018

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Control of Selectivity through Supramolecular Interactions

Catalysis with Supramolecular Directing Groups

Scaffolding Ligands

Selectivity through Confinement and Binding Effects

Reactions in Water

Water‐Soluble Nanoreactors

Dehydration Reactions

Catalyst/Reagent Protection

Catalyst Protection

Protection of Water‐Sensitive Reagents

Tandem Reactions

Synthetic Tandem Reactions

Chemoenzymatic Tandem Reactions

Conclusion
A Tutorial of the Inverse Molecular Design Theory in Tight‐Binding Frameworks and Its Applications
Authors: Xiao Dequan , Hu Rui
Published: April 2018

In this chapter, we provide a summary on the inverse molecular design theory in tight‐binding frameworks and on how to use a web‐service program for performing inverse molecular design for materials discovery. The web‐service program is provided online at the Web site ofchemistry‐hpc.newhaven.edu/tbimd.php. The chapter is divided into four parts. First, we introduce the inverse molecular design (IMD) theory in tight‐binding (TB) frameworks. Second, we show how to prepare 2Dand 3Dmolecular framework as one of the key inputs for the inverse molecular design program. Third, we show how to choose optional atom types or functional groups based on the defined molecular framework. Fourth, we provide a few examples for optimizing molecular properties using the inverse molecular design program.
Shaping the Future of Additive Manufacturing: Twelve Themes from Bio‐Inspired Design and Green Chemistry
Authors: McKeag Thomas A.
Published: April 2018

Two recent paradigms applied in the field of sustainability are green chemistry (GC) and bio‐inspired design (BID). Both of these memes are growing in acceptance and practice and have been applied to a range of design and material innovations. One area where the application of these concepts may be more fruitful is additive manufacturing (AM). In this chapter we discuss trends inAM, the confluence of principles ofGCandBID, and propose twelve themes based on these principles that could shape the development of this field of manufacturing and material use.
Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Jiménez‐González Concepción
Published: April 2018

This chapter covers principles and metrics used in life cycle inventory/assessment, including the most recent trends in business and academia as well as discussions related to life cycle management, trade‐off management, and the debate around using a single metric versus a multivariate approach.
How Chemical Hazard Assessment in Consumer Products Drives Green Chemistry
Authors: Heine Lauren , Whittaker Margaret H.
Published: April 2018

The sections in this article are

Introduction

What Drives Consumer Product Companies to Look for Less Hazardous Chemical Ingredients

Chemical Substitution and Regrettable Substitution

Nonprofit Organization (
NPO
) Campaigns

Retailer Initiatives

State Initiatives

Consumer Product Sector Leaders: Setting the Example for Others

What is Chemical Hazard Assessment?

Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (
GHS
)

Comprehensive and Abbreviated Forms of
CHA

GreenScreen
for Safer Chemicals

Quick Chemical Assessment Tool (
QCAT
)

GreenScreen
List Translator (
GS LT
)

How Chemical Hazard Assessment is Used

Chemical Footprint Project

Health Product Declaration Version 2.0 (
HPD
)

Red List – Declare Label

United States Environmental Protection Agency: Safer Choice Program

International Living Future Institute's Living Product Challenges

Cradle to Cradle Certified Product Program

Chemical Alternatives Assessment

Case Studies Showing How
CHA
Leads to Safer Consumer Products

Case Study 1.
U
S
EPA
Safer Choice Product Certification

Case Study 2.
L
evi
S
trauss &
C
o. Screened Chemistry

Case Study 3. Development of an Alternative Food Can Liner

Challenges: Beyond Chemical Hazard Assessment

Transparency

Filling Data Gaps for Existing and Emerging Hazards: Predictive Toxicology and
Tox
21

Integrating
CHA
into Green Product Design

Conclusion
Tying it all together to drive Sustainability in the Chemistry Enterprise
Authors: Constable David J.C. , Jiménez‐González Concepción
Published: April 2018

The sections in this article are

New Areas of Sustainable and Green Chemistry Metrics Research
The Control of Solidification of Ni‐Based Superalloy Single‐Crystal Blade by Mold Design Modification using Inner Radiation Baffle
Authors: Szeliga Dariusz , Gancarczyk Kamil , Ziaja Waldemar
Published: April 2018

This work is focused on an investigation of the directional solidification process of CMSX‐4 single‐crystal blades in the mold modified by application of inner radiation baffle (IRB). Micro‐ and macrostructure examination is carried out along the height of single‐crystal blades which are manufactured using standard and modified mold, at the withdrawal rates of 3 and 5 mm min−1. It is established that application of modified mold allows better control over liquidus isotherm and leads to increase in temperature gradient, as compared to the manufacturing of blades using standard mold. The average value of temperature gradient in airfoil increases from 14 up to approx. 30 K cm−1 and from 16 up to approx. 40 K cm−1, for withdrawal rate of 5 and 3 mm min−1, respectively. The curvature of liquidus isotherm diminishes and attains near‐flat profile along the airfoil for both values of withdrawal rate. The application of proposed technique results in reduction of primary dendrites arm spacing (PDAS) particularly in the inner and middle part of the blade. PDAS reaches average value of approx. 360 μm for withdrawal rate of 5 mm min−1 and is lower as compared to the standard mold casting withdrawn at the rate of 3 (433 μm) and 5 mm min−1 (468 μm).
Patient‐Specific Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
Authors: Faramarzi Negar , Yazdi Iman K. , Nabavinia Mahboubeh , Gemma Andrea , Fanelli Adele , Caizzone Andrea , Ptaszek Leon M. , Sinha Indranil , Khademhosseini Ali , Ruskin Jeremy N. , Tamayol Ali
Published: April 2018

Bioprinting has emerged as a promising tool in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Various 3D printing strategies have been developed to enable bioprinting of various biopolymers and hydrogels. However, the incorporation of biological factors has not been well explored. As the importance of personalized medicine is becoming more clear, the need for the development of bioinks containing autologous/patient‐specific biological factors for tissue engineering applications becomes more evident. Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) is used as a patient‐specific source of autologous growth factors that can be easily incorporated to hydrogels and printed into 3D constructs. PRP contains a cocktail of growth factors enhancing angiogenesis, stem cell recruitment, and tissue regeneration. Here, the development of an alginate‐based bioink that can be printed and crosslinked upon implantation through exposure to native calcium ions is reported. This platform can be used for the controlled release of PRP‐associated growth factors which may ultimately enhance vascularization and stem cell migration.
Interference‐Enhanced Broadband Absorption of Monolayer MoS2 on Sub‐100 nm Thick SiO2/Si Substrates: Reflection and Transmission Phase Changes at Interfaces
Authors: Kim Eunah , Cho Jin‐Woo , Kim Bo Ra , Nguyen Trang Thi Thu , Nam Yoon‐Ho , Kim Sun‐Kyung , Yoon Seokhyun , Kim Yong Soo , Lee Jung‐Ho , Kim Dong‐Wook
Published: April 2018

The optical characteristics of MoS2 monolayers on SiO2/Si substrates with an SiO2 thickness ranging from 40 to 130 nm are investigated. The measured Raman and optical reflection spectra of the MoS2 monolayers vary considerably depending on the SiO2 thickness. The Raman peak intensity of the MoS2 monolayer on the substrate with an 80 nm thick SiO2 layer is four times larger than those in the cases of 40‐ and 130 nm thick SiO2 layers, indicating a significant difference in the absorption at the excitation wavelength. The incident light undergoes anomalous phase changes upon reflection and transmission at the highly absorbing MoS2/nonabsorbing SiO2 or air interfaces. The phase changes at these interfaces in conjunction with those induced by the propagation of light in the SiO2 layer cause complex interference, which dramatically tunes the absorption spectrum of the MoS2 layer with changing SiO2 thickness. Neither wavelength nor the incident angle of light strongly affects the interface phase change. Thus, the MoS2 monolayers on sub‐100 nm thick SiO2/Si substrates exhibit broadband omnidirectional absorption in the visible range. This work demonstrates that SiO2/Si wafers, which are the most popular substrates, allow the optical responses of MoS2 monolayers to be optimized for optoelectronic applications.
Influence of the Surface Treatment on the Solution Coating of Single‐Crystalline Organic Thin‐Films
Authors: Janneck Robby , Heremans Paul , Genoe Jan , Rolin Cedric
Published: April 2018

Meniscus‐guided solution‐coating techniques offer a great potential for the realization of high‐performance, single‐crystalline films of organic semiconductors over large areas. Such techniques rely on the creation of a shallow meniscus and a subsequent one‐directional coating. To achieve shallow meniscus fronts, the wetting behavior of the solvents on the substrate is crucial. Literature typically simply employs high surface energy substrates without investigating the exact impact of the surface treatment on film morphology and electrical characteristics. In this work, the zone‐casting of (2,7‐dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene) is systematically studied on various surface treatments with widely varying surface energies. A fundamental observation is that, as long as the solution wets the substrate with a low contact angle, the morphology of the coated thin films is independent from the surface treatment. Through a systematic characterization of the wetting envelope of the treated substrate, a predictive rule for the wetting behavior is defined that is more accurate than the quantification of substrate surface energy alone. Furthermore, thin films formed on different surfaces show similar mobilities, but can nevertheless display largely varying threshold voltages. Hence, such films are ideal to study the influence of different surface treatments on the electrical characteristics without interference from morphological effects.
3D Printing of Self‐Organizing Structural Elements for Advanced Functional Structures
Authors: Chi Jinchun , Zocca Andrea , Agea‐Blanco Boris , Melcher Jörg , Sparenberg Marc , Günster Jens
Published: April 2018

A shape evolution approach based on the thermally activated self‐organization of 3D printed parts into minimal surface area structures is presented. With this strategy, the present communication opposes currently established additive manufacturing strategies aiming to stipulate each individual volumetric element (voxel) of a part. Instead, a 3D structure is roughly defined in a 3D printing process, with all its advantages, and an externally triggered self‐organization allows the formation of structural elements with a definition greatly exceeding the volumetric resolution of the printing process. For enabling the self‐organization of printed objects by viscous flow of material, functionally graded structures are printed as rigid frame and melting filler. This approach uniquely combines the freedom in design, provided by 3D printing, with the mathematical formulation of minimal surface structures and the knowledge of the physical potentials governing self‐organization, to overcome the paradigm which strictly correlates the geometrical definition of 3D printed parts to the volumetric resolution of the printing process. Moreover, a transient liquid phase allows local programming of functionalities, such as the alignment of functional particles, by means of electric or magnetic fields.
Printable Zn2GeO4 Microwires Based Flexible Photodetectors with Tunable Photoresponses
Authors: Chen Shuai , Lou Zheng , Chen Di , Shen Guozhen
Published: April 2018

Printed electronics have drawn considerable attention due to their unique features and broad applications in future portable and wearable electronic devices. Herein, a near‐field direct‐printing method is used to realize a precise manipulation of microwires in the level of the individual wire for depositioning in a desired position and direction. High‐performance flexible photodetectors are fabricated on printed aligned Zn2GeO4 microwires arrays, which show excellent photoresponse, stability, and uniformity toward UV light irradiation. Studies find that the photocurrents can be easily tuned by adjusting the number of printed microwires, enabling a potential application in printable imaging sensors. Patterned flexible photodetector arrays are also fabricated with a high sensitivity (≈4 × 103), precise manipulation, tunable photoresponses, and a good tolerance toward mechanical deformations. This work paves the way toward efficient fabrication of printable electronic device and facilitates their practical applications in future printed electronics, such as flexible and wearable functional devices, electronic textiles, transistors, and circuits.
Nonlinear Few‐Layer Antimonene‐Based All‐Optical Signal Processing: Ultrafast Optical Switching and High‐Speed Wavelength Conversion
Authors: Song Yufeng , Chen Yunxiang , Jiang Xiantao , Liang Weiyuan , Wang Ke , Liang Zhiming , Ge Yanqi , Zhang Feng , Wu Leiming , Zheng Jilin , Ji Jianhua , Zhang Han
Published: April 2018

Exploration of ultrastable 2D material‐based optical devices toward all‐optical signal processing is attracting rising interest. As a Group‐VA monoelemental 2D material, antimonene is becoming a promising nonlinear optical material owing to its outstanding optoelectronic advantages with long‐term stability. Herein, all‐optical signal processing based on the high optical nonlinearity of antimonene is first demonstrated. Few‐layer antimonene is fabricated and decorated on the microfiber as an optical device. The device can be applied as an all‐optical Kerr switcher with an extinction ratio as high as ≈12 dB and wavelength conversion of modulated high‐speed signals at a frequency up to 18 GHz. The findings indicate that such a few‐layer antimonene‐based photonics device is applicable in nonlinear optics, which can be potentially developed for the applications of next‐generation high‐speed optical communication.
Broadband Multifunctional Plasmonic Logic Gates
Authors: Sang Yungang , Wu Xiaojia , Raja Soniya S. , Wang Chun‐Yuan , Li Haozhi , Ding Yufeng , Liu Dahe , Zhou Jing , Ahn Hyeyoung , Gwo Shangjr , Shi Jinwei
Published: April 2018

Plasmonic logic gates provide a promising platform to realize diffraction‐unlimited all‐optical logic circuits. However, previous plasmonic logic gates suffer from narrow bandwidth and high loss. Here, broadband plasmonic logic gates are proposed and demonstrated using a unique design based on curved silver gratings. These logic gates can maintain a high intensity contrast ratio (29 dB) under front optical illumination. And, the broadband feature is achieved due to the feature of zero optical path difference from different positions of the curved grating to the output port. All the seven fundamental logic gates are demonstrated. In addition, different types of logic gates can be realized using the same device configuration. The possibility of multifunctionality makes these logic gates easy for device fabrication and system integration.
Surface‐Mediated Alignment of Long Pitch Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystal Structures
Authors: Nys Inge , Beeckman Jeroen , Neyts Kristiaan
Published: April 2018

Chiral nematic liquid crystals are stimuli‐responsive soft materials that can self‐organize into complex chiral superstructures. Control and manipulation of the chiral ordering is essential in the development of functional electro‐optic devices. Here, the effect of surface topography is combined with an applied electric field to steer the directional growth of cholesteric fingers in a cell with thickness larger than the chiral pitch. The periodic e‐beam resist grating gives rise to micrometer‐scale periodic variations of the surface anchoring. By applying a voltage to the cell, controlled growth of cholesteric fingers along the surface grating is observed. The 2D liquid crystal director configuration at different voltages is identified by numerical simulations based on finite element Q‐tensor theory. The results demonstrate that samples with modulated surface chemistry lead to enhanced control over the formation of chiral structures. This can stimulate the development of electro‐optic devices (diffraction gratings, lasers, displays, etc.) with improved characteristics.
DBU‐Catalyzed Selective N‐Methylation and N‐Formylation of Amines with CO2 and Polymethylhydrosiloxane
Authors: Li Gang , Chen Jie , Zhu Dao‐Yong , Chen Ye , Xia Ji‐Bao
Published: April 2018

We describe herein an efficient organocatalytic system for the selective N‐methylation and N‐formylation of amines with carbon dioxide (CO2) as a sustainable C1 feedstock and polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) as a cost‐effectvie reducing reagent. High‐yielding N‐methylation products are obtained with low catalyst loading (1%) of DBU. Selective N‐formylation of amines is achieved using the same catalytic system at a lower reaction temperature.

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Sulfur‐Promoted Aminative Aromatization of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydrophenazines with Amines: Flexible Access to 1‐Aminophenazines
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Binh , Retailleau Pascal
Published: April 2018

Elemental sulfur was found to be an excellent reagent for promoting the aminative aromatization of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydrophenazines with amines to provide a wide range of functionalized 1‐aminophenazines.

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Regioselective Synthesis of Indene from 3‐Aryl Propargylic gem‐Dipivalates Catalyzed by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Gold(I) Complexes
Authors: Hueber Damien , Teci Matthieu , Brenner Eric , Matt Dominique , Weibel Jean‐Marc , Pale Patrick , Blanc Aurélien
Published: April 2018

1‐Aryl‐3,3‐bis(pivaloyloxy)propynes can be converted in good to high yields into either 1,3‐ or 1,2‐bis(pivaloyloxy)indenes, depending on the N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) gold(I) hexafluoroantimonate catalyst used. Almost exclusive formation of 1,3‐di(oxycarbonyl)indene derivatives was achieved with cationic gold complexes containing the embracing N,N′‐1,3‐bis(9‐butylfluorenyl)benzimidazolylidene ligand (nBuFNHC). The regioselective issue of the reaction was rationalized by the specific spatial distribution of the steric bulk in the nBuFNHC ligand. In contrast, only modest selectivities in favor of 1,2‐disubstituted indenes were observed with more classical NHC gold complexes, the best selectivity being then obtained with N,N′‐1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐4,5‐dihydroimidazolylidene gold chloride (SIPrAuCl) as precatalyst.

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Highly Sensitive Sensing of NO and NO2 Gases by Monolayer C3N
Authors: Babar Vasudeo , Sharma Sitansh , Schwingenschlögl Udo
Published: April 2018

Using density functional theory with van der Waals dispersion correction, the adsorption behavior of common gaseous pollutants (CO, NO, NO2, and NH3) on monolayer C3N is investigated. The adsorption sites and energies, binding distances, charge transfers, and electronic band structures are calculated to understand the influence of the adsorbed molecules on the transport properties of monolayer C3N. The current–voltage characteristics are calculated using the nonequilibrium Green's function formalism. It turns out that all investigated molecules are physisorbed on monolayer C3N and that NO and NO2 gases can be sensed with high sensitivity. The recovery time of the sensor is found to be outstanding in the case of NO sensing (2.4 μs at room temperature) and competitive to other materials in the case of NO2 sensing.
Multicolor Electrochromic Fibers with Helix‐Patterned Electrodes
Authors: Zhou Yang , Fang Jian , Wang Hongxia , Zhou Hua , Yan Guilong , Zhao Yan , Dai Liming , Lin Tong
Published: April 2018

Wearable electrochromic devices with a multiple color changing effect have shown great potential for applications in the fields of displaying, decoration, safety warning, and sensors. However, limited attention is paid toward the preparation of multicolor electrochromic fiber devices. In this study, a set of electrochromic fibers which can change their color between dark red, green, and gold is prepared. The fiber devices are prepared by forming dual helix metal electrodes along a plastic fiber substrate and by subsequently depositing tungsten oxide and poly(3‐methylthiophene) separately on the two electrodes. A solid electrolyte LiClO4/poly(methyl methacrylate) is used so the entire device is in the form of freestanding fiber. The reversible electrochromism is driven by a voltage between −1.5 and +1.5 V. It shows high coloration efficiency (77.82 for WO3 and 54.41 cm2 C−1 for poly(3‐methylthiophene)) and fast response (up to 5 s). The distributions of electrical potential and lithium ion on the device are analyzed by a finite element method. This study may provide a novel method to construct multifunctional fiber electronics.
Full‐Spectrum Liquid‐Junction Quantum Dot–Sensitized Solar Cells by Integrating Surface Plasmon–Enhanced Electrocatalysis
Authors: Wang Feifan , Wang Hongju , Liu Xingyi , Wu Dapeng , Jiang Kai , Li Qi , Xu Dongsheng
Published: April 2018

Full‐spectrum solar energy utilization is the ultimate goal of high‐performance photovoltaic devices. However, the present approaches to enhance sunlight harvesting in the cost‐effective quantum dot–sensitized solar cells mainly focus on the use of high‐frequency photons with the long‐wavelength sunlight being left behind. Here, a full‐spectrum solar cell architecture is proposed and the near‐infrared light–enhanced cell performance is demonstrated with a plasmonic and electrocatalytic dual‐function CuS nanostructure electrode. In the CdS/CdSe quantum dot–sensitized solar cells, an enhancement factor as high as 15% in power conversion efficiency is obtained for the device with near‐infrared part of 1‐sun light irradiating from the counter electrode side and ultraviolet–visible part incidence from the photoanode side. Electrochemical characterizations show that the enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward polysulfide reduction is attributed to the better device performance. This may be due to the plasmon‐induced photothermal effect and interfacial energy transfer from the counter electrode under the near‐infrared light, which accelerate the preceding chemical reactions for polysulfide reduction and improve the charge transfer at the electrode–electrolyte interface. This strategy provides an alternative way to achieve a full‐spectrum liquid‐junction solar cell via the integration of plasmon‐enhanced electrocatalysis into photovoltaics.
Exploring Inorganic Binary Alkaline Halide to Passivate Defects in Low‐Temperature‐Processed Planar‐Structure Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Xu , Zhang Yuanfang , Shi Lei , Liu Ziheng , Huang Jialiang , Yun Jae Sung , Zeng Yiyu , Pu Aobo , Sun Kaiwen , Hameiri Ziv , Stride John A. , Seidel Jan , Green Martin A. , Hao Xiaojing
Published: April 2018

Planar perovskite solar cells obtained by low‐temperature solution processing are of great promise, given a high compatibility with flexible substrates and perovskite‐based tandem devices, whilst benefitting from relatively simple manufacturing methods. However, ionic defects at surfaces usually cause detrimental carrier recombination, which links to one of dominant losses in device performance, slow transient responses, and notorious hysteresis. Here, it is shown that several different types of ionic defects can be simultaneously passivated by simple inorganic binary alkaline halide salts with their cations and anions. Compared to previous literature reports, this work demonstrates a promising passivation technology for perovskite solar cells. The efficient defect passivation significantly suppresses the recombination at the SnO2/perovskite interface, contributing to an increase in the open‐circuit voltage, the fast response of steady‐state efficiency, and the elimination of hysteresis. By this strong leveraging of multiple‐element passivation, low‐temperature‐processed, planar‐structured perovskite solar cells of 20.5% efficiencies, having negligible hysteresis, are obtained. Moreover, this defect‐passivation enhances the stability of solar cells with efficiency beyond 20%, retaining 90% of their initial performance after 30 d. This approach aims at developing the concept of defect engineering, which can be expanded to multiple‐element passivation from monoelement counterparts using simple and low‐cost inorganic materials.
Impact of Early Educational Intervention on Coding for First‐year Emergency Medicine Residents
Authors: Bang Sunny , Bahl Amit
Published: April 2018

Objectives

Coding of a medical visit is based on provider documentation in the medical record; the documentation should reflect the level of care that was provided. To maximize coding and subsequent billing, providers must complete various components of the record to best convey the complexity of the case. Little education is provided to resident physicians regarding appropriate documentation practices, and studies suggest a need for improved education in this area. The primary goal of this study is to determine if implementing an early educational intervention will improve billing and coding.

Methods

This was a randomized, prospective controlled study in an academic Level I emergency department (ED). Interns without prior experience in billing and coding were eligible participants. Participants in the intervention group each received an interactive lecture on coding, evaluation and management (E/M) levels, and documentation macros, prior to their first ED rotation at the base hospital. A pocket card with E/M level requirements was given as a resource. Biweekly feedback was given to the residents to address any patterns of mistakes. The number of charts for each E/M level was collected from both groups, which were converted to relative value units (RVUs). A multivariate analysis using multivariate linear regressions controlling for age, sex of patient, admission rate, and month of encounter was used to statistically evaluate billing outcomes.

Results

The mean RVUs per hour and encounter in the intervention group were, respectively, 3.52 and 3.84 while in the control group they were, respectively, 3.36 and 3.72 (p = 0.0112). Intervention group encounters had 27% greater odds (odds ratio = 1.27) of having a level 5 chart compared to the control group (p = 0.0025).

Conclusion

The focused longitudinal educational interventions resulted in improved billing performances, reflected by better documentation, in the intervention group versus the control group.
Expert consensus on the assessment and treatment of chronic constipation in the elderly
Authors: Zheng Songbai , Yao Jianfeng ,   the Chinese Geriatric Society, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Geriatrics
Published: April 2018

It is of significant importance to scientifically assess and efficiently address chronic constipation in the elderly population. Therefore, organizing some domestic experts of geriatrics and gastroenterology, we have formulated this consensus to reference for clinical staff.
Scaling relationships and vessel packing in petioles
Authors: Ray Dustin M. , Jones Cynthia S.
Published: April 2018

Premise of the Study

While tradeoffs among mechanical and conductive functions have been well investigated in woody stems, these tradeoffs are relatively unexplored in petioles, the structural link between stems and laminas. We investigated size‐independent scaling relationships between cross‐sectional areas of structural and vascular tissues, relationships between tissue areas of xylem and phloem, vessel packing within xylem, and scaling of vascular and structural tissues with lamina traits.

Methods

We examined allometric relationships among petiole tissues and as a function of lamina and petiole size variation on eleven species of Pelargonium. From transverse sections of methacrylate‐embedded tissue, we measured the cross‐sectional areas of all tissues within the petiole and vessel lumen, and cell wall areas of each vessel. Allometric scaling relationships were analyzed using standardized major axis regressions.

Key Results

Pelargonium petiole vessels were packed as predicted by Sperry's packing rule for woody stems. In contrast to woody stems, there was no evidence of a tradeoff between vessel area and fiber area. Within cross‐sections, more xylem was produced than phloem. Among bundles, xylem and phloem scaling relationships varied with bundle position. Except for lamina dry mass and petiole fiber cross‐sectional area, petiole and lamina traits were independent.

Conclusions

Petioles share vascular tissue traits with stems despite derivation from leaf primordia. We did not find evidence for a tradeoff between structural and vascular tissues, in part because fibers occur outside the xylem. We propose this separation of conduction and support underlies observed developmental and evolutionary plasticity in petioles.
Novel de novo pathogenic variant in the NR2F2 gene in a boy with congenital heart defect and dysmorphic features
Authors: Upadia Jariya , Gonzales Patrick R. , Robin Nathaniel H.
Published: April 2018

The NR2F2 gene plays an important role in angiogenesis and heart development. Moreover, this gene is involved in organogenesis in many other organs in mouse models. Variants in this gene have been reported in a number of patients with nonsyndromic atrioventricular septal defect, and in one patient with congenital heart defect and dysmorphic features. Here we report an 11‐month‐old Caucasian male with global developmental delay, dysmorphic features, coarctation of the aorta, and ventricular septal defect. He was later found to have a pathogenic mutation in the NR2F2 gene by whole exome sequencing. This is the second instance in which an NR2F2 mutation has been identified in a child with a congenital heart defect and other anomalies. This case suggests that some variants in NR2F2 may cause syndromic forms of congenital heart defect.
Intercepted Meyer–Schuster Rearrangements in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Roy Debayan , Tharra Prabhakararao , Baire Beeraiah
Published: April 2018

The Meyer–Schuster rearrangement of propargylic alcohols is a transformation in organic synthesis known for almost a century. The products of this reaction—α,β‐enones and their α‐functionalized units—are highly important functional groups for various synthetic transformations. Two modifications of this classical reaction, which involves interception of the intermediate allenol (or its equivalent) by either electrophiles or nucleophiles, have attracted the attention of synthetic organic chemists. This Focus Review provides a detailed description of the development of these two strategies.
Asymmetric Organocatalytic Electrophilic Heterofunctionalization of Oxindoles
Authors: Freckleton Megan , Baeza Alejandro , Benavent Llorenç , Chinchilla Rafael
Published: April 2018

The asymmetric synthesis of 3‐substituted oxindoles is a topic of considerable importance because these functionalized heterocycles are found in many natural products and drugs. In the last decade, significant advances have been made towards the asymmetric synthesis of 3‐heteroatom‐substituted oxindoles as a result of major improvements in asymmetric organocatalysis. This review will focus on the different types of asymmetric electrophilic organocatalyzed reactions, including the amination, halogenation, hydroxylation, and sulfenylation of oxindoles to form their enantioenriched 3‐heterosubstituted derivatives.
A Concerted Catalytic System for Sonogashira Coupling Reactions: Combination of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Palladium and Copper Complexes
Authors: Shen Ancheng , Wu Zhen , Fang Yue , Yang Jinming , Zhu Haibo , Tu Tao
Published: April 2018

Robust acenaphthoimidazolylidene palladium complexes have been demonstrated as highly efficient and general catalysts for Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions in excellent yields even at 0.01 mol % catalyst loadings in combination with 1 mol % IPr–Cu under mild reaction conditions. The outcomes highlight that, along with the steric bulky aspects, σ‐donor properties of the NHC ligands are also crucial to accelerate the transformations.
Photoredox‐Mediated Minisci Alkylation of N‐Heteroarenes using Carboxylic Acids and Hypervalent Iodine
Authors: Wang Junhua , Li Guo‐Xing , He Gang , Chen Gong
Published: April 2018

A new protocol of photoredox‐mediated Minisci alkylation of N‐heteroarenes with aliphatic carboxylic acids has been developed. Using Ru(bpy)3Cl2 as photocatalyst and acetoxybenziodoxole (BI–OAc) as oxidant, a variety of primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl groups can be efficiently incorporated into various electron‐deficient N‐heteroarenes. This protocol demonstrated excellent substrate scope and good functional group tolerance and can be applied to late‐stage functionalization of complex molecules.
Biparietal diameter measurements using the outer‐to‐outer versus outer‐to‐inner measurement: A question of pedantry?
Authors: Wong Lufee , Paul Eldho , Murday Hamsaveni KM , Fang Jing , Lavender Ilona , Coombs Peter R , Teoh Mark
Published: April 2018

Objectives

To compare two methods of measuring fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) – outer‐to‐inner (BPDoi) vs. outer‐to‐outer (BPDoo) calliper placement – and to compare the differences in EFW calculated using the Hadlock 4 formula and other common EFW formulae.

Methods

A total of 543 fetuses underwent a single ultrasound prospectively performed by 40 sonographers between 14 and 40 weeks of gestation, taking into account the intra‐ and inter‐observer variability. The measurements for each fetus consisted of BPDoi and BPDoo, and EFW is calculated from HC, AC and FL measurements. The difference between BPDoo and BPDoi was estimated, and this difference was compared with gestational age using linear regression. Translational equations that allow interconversion of the two parameters were derived. EFW calculated from four different formulae using various combinations of biometric measurements was compared.

Results

The difference between BPDoi and BPDoo increases with gestational age, although this difference was small. For BPDoo, the regression equation is BPDoo = 0.555934 + 1.027318 × BPDoi. Similarly, for BPDoi, the regression equation is BPDoi = −0.403458 + 0.9714153 × BPDoo. There is a minimal difference in the EFW calculated from the four formulae, except for gestations prior to 27–28 weeks. EFW derived from INTERGROWTH‐21st formulae plot is higher than that from Hadlock 3 or Hadlock 4 before 27–28 weeks.

Conclusions

Although the absolute difference between BPDoo and BPDoi increased across gestational age, this difference was small. The method of BPD measurement should follow that as prescribed in the EFW equation used in the local context. Estimation of fetal weight using Hadlock 3, Hadlock 4 and INTERGROWTH‐21st is similar, with slight differences at gestations less than 27–28 weeks.