bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brain levels of N‐acylethanolamine phospholipids in mice during pentylenetetrazol‐induced seizure
Authors: Moesgaard Birthe , Hansen Henrik H. , Hansen Suzanne L. , Hansen Steen Honore , Petersen Gitte , Hansen Harald S.
Published: December 2006

The N‐acylethanolamine phospholipids (NAPE) are precursors for N‐acylethanolamines (NAE), including anandamide (20∶4‐NAE), which is a ligand for the cannabinoid receptors. Previously, NAPE were believed to be found only in injured tissue, e.g., after neurodegenerative insults. Neuronal injury may occur in response to seizure activity. Therefore, we investigated the effect of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)‐induced seizures in PTZ‐kindled mice on the level of NAPE in the brain. Male NMRI mice were kindled with PTZ injections 3 times/wk, thereby developing clonic seizures in response to PTZ. Mice were killed within 30 min after the clonic seizure on the test day (12th injection) and the brains were collected. Eight species of NAPE were analyzed as the glycerophospho‐N‐acylethanolamines by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐coupled electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. No effect of the PTZ kindling on the NAPE levels in murine brains was observed. Total NAPE in control mice cortex (n=4) was 16.4±3.0 μmol/g wet weight of which 20∶4‐NAPE accounted for 3.6 mol%, and the major species was 16∶0‐NAPE, accounting for 52.1 mol%. Determination of the activity of NAPE‐hydrolyzing phospholipase D and of N‐acyltransferase in brain membrane preparations from adult and 3‐d‐old mice revealed an enzyme pattern in the adult mice that was favorable for NAE accumulation as opposed to NAPE accumulation. Thus, there was no difference in NAPE levels; at present, however, this does not exclude that NAE may accumulate during seizure.
Dietary intakes and food sources of omega‐6 and omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Meyer Barbara J. , Mann Neil J. , Lewis Janine L. , Milligan Greg C. , Sinclair Andrew J. , Howe Peter R. C.
Published: December 2006

Both n−6 and n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are recognized as essential nutrients in the human diet, yet reliable data on population intakes are limited. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the dietary intakes and food sources of individual n−6 and n−3 PUFA in the Australian population. An existing database with fatty acid composition data on 1690 foods was updated with newly validated data on 150 foods to estimate the fatty acid content of foods recorded as eaten by 10,851 adults in the 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey. Average daily intakes of linoleic (LA), arachidonic (AA), α‐linolenic (LNA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids were 10.8, 0.052, 1.17, 0.056, 0.026, and 0.106 g, respectively, with longchain (LC) n−3 PUFA (addition of FPA, DPA, and DHA) totaling 0.189 g; median intakes were considerably lower (9.0 g LA, 0.024 g AA, 0.95 g LNA, 0.008 g EPA, 0.006 g DPA, 0.015 g DHA, and 0.029 g LC n−3 PUFA). Fats and oils, meat and poultry, cereal‐based products and cereals, vegetables, and nuts and seeds were important sources of n−6 PUFA, while cereal‐based products, fats and oils, meat and poultry, cereals, milk products, and vegetable products were sources of LNA. As expected, seafood was the main source of LC n−3 PUFA, contributing 71%, while meat and eggs contributed 20 and 6%, respectively. The results indicate that the majority of Australians are failing to meet intake recommendations for LC n−3 PUFA (>0.2 g per day) and emphasize the need for strategies, to increase the availability and consumption of n−3‐containing foods.
Fat, fishing patterns, and health among the bardi people of North Western Australia
Authors: Rouja Philippe Max , Dewailly Éric , Blanchet Carole ,   the Bardi Community
Published: December 2006

Research into the resource use strategies of the Bardi Aboriginal People of One Arm Point, Western Australia, found that they maximize the consumption of specific beneficial marine FA. The Bardi assess the relative fatness of fish and animal species in their enviroment, procuring fish and marine species only when they are considered to be at their fattest stage: during specific seasons; at specific physiological life stages, or through on‐site evaluation. In June 1999 and September 2000, samples of fish, dugong, oyster, and turtle were collected by Bardi fishermen, focusing specifically on species considered to be high in fat content and very popular among the Bardi. Nine species were analyzed for total lipids and FA profile, which were determined by capillary GLC. Comparative lipid analysis established that the Bardi hunters' selection process between species and within species and the selection of specific fish fat deposits increase the levels of beneficial FA made available to the community. Bardi fishing and hunting patterns meet a demand for fat within the community and may protect many species of fish whose spawning season is inversely related to the accumulation of the specific gut fat deposits sought by the Bardi. These fat deposits make up for the relatively low levels of fat in the flesh of tropical fish. The Bardi model provides important insights into the nature of human‐environment interaction and expands our understanding of the role that warmer‐water fisheries can play in human health.
High‐DHA eggs: Feasibility as a means to enhance circulating DHA in mother and infant
Authors: Smuts Cornelius M. , Borod Emily , Peeples Jeanette M. , Carlson Susan E.
Published: December 2006

Dietary DHA enhances infant attention and visual development. Because the DHA content of red blood cells and plasma lipids varies approximately threefold in pregnancy, maternal DHA status may influence subsequent infant function. It would be feasible to study the effects of higher maternal DHA intake on infant development if dietary intake of DHA could be increased by a reliable means. This study was designed to determine whether women provided with one dozen high‐DHA hen eggs (135 mg DHA/egg) would consume the eggs and have higher blood DHA levels than women consuming ordinary eggs (18 mg DHA/egg). The study was a randomized, double‐masked comparison of the effect of eggs with different concentrations of DHA on intake and blood lipid DHA content of women and their infants. A third nonrandomized group ate few eggs. In this study, DHA intake reported from eggs was eightfold higher in the high‐DHA egg group compared to the ordinary egg group. Including all groups, DHA intake ranged from 0 to 284 mg/d. In this intake range, maternal blood lipid DHA content at enrollment best predicted DHA content at delivery, accounting for 36.5 and 51.7% of the variance in ordinary and high‐DHA egg intake groups, respectively. The high‐DHA vs. ordinary egg groups had similar maternal and cord blood lipid DHA, but there was a positive relationship between maternal plasma phospholipid DHA and daily DHA intake from eggs controlled for study duration (r=0.278, P=0.048). DHA intake and birth weight were also correlated (r=0.299, P=0.041). High‐DHA eggs were well accepted and increased DHA intake. Other benefits of DHA intake during pregnancy were also suggested.
Dietary intake of fish vs. formulations leads to higher plasma concentrations of n−3 fatty acids
Authors: Visioli Francesco , Risé Patrizia , Barassi Maria C. , Marangoni Franca , Galli Claudio
Published: December 2006

The n−3 fatty acids from fish appear to be more efficacious, in terms of cardioprotection, than equivalent amounts provided as capsules. Volunteers were given, for 6 wk, either 100 g/d of salmon, providing 383 mg of EPA and 544 mg of DHA, esterified in glycerol lipids, or 1 or 3 capsules of fish oil/d, providing 150 mg of EPA and 106 mg of DHA or 450 mg of EPA and 318 mg of DHA, as ethyl esters. Further, we reevaluated data from a previous study carried out with the same design, i.e., with 3 and 6 capsules/d of fish oil, providing 1290 and 2580 mg/d EPA and 960 and 1920 mg/d DHA. Marked increments in plasma EPA and DHA concentrations (μg/mg total lipid) and percentages of total fatty acids were recorded at the end of treatment with either n−3 capsules or salmon. Net increments of EPA and DHA in plasma lipids were linearly and significantly correlated with the dose after capsule administration. Further, increments in plasma EPA and DHA concentration after salmon intake were significantly higher than after administration of capsules. The same increments would be obtained with at least two‐ and ninefold higher doses of EPA and DHA, respectively, if administered with capsules rather than salmon. We provide experimental evidence that n−3 fatty acids from fish are more effectively incorporated into plasma lipids than when administered as capsules and that increments in plasma concentrations of EPA and DHA given as capsules are linearly correlated with their intakes.
A biomarker of n−3 compliance in patients taking fish oil for rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Cleland Leslie G. , Proudman Susanna M. , Hall Cindy , Stamp Lisa K. , McWilliams Leah , Wylie Nicole , Neumann Mark , Gibson Robert A. , James Michael J.
Published: December 2006

Dietary fish oil supplements have been shown to have benefits in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), other inflammatory diseases, and in cardiovascular disease. As with any medical advice, variability will exist with regard to adherence and consequent biochemical or pharmacophysiologic effects. The aim was to explore the utility of plasma phospholipid EPA as a measure of n−3 PUFA intake and response to standardized therapeutic advice given in an outpatient or office practice setting, to increase dietary n−3 PUFA, including a fish oil supplement. Patients with early RA were given verbal and written advice to alter their dietary n−3 PUFA intake, including ingestion of 20 mL of bottled fish oil on juice daily. The advice included instructions to increase n−3 PUFA and to avoid foods rich in n−6 PUFA. Every 3 mon, blood samples were obtained for analysis of plasma phospholipid FA. Plasma phospholipid EPA was used as the primary index of n−3 PUFA intake. A diverse response was seen, with about one‐third of patients achieving a substantial elevation of plasma phospholipid EPA over the 12‐mon study period. A third had little change, with the remainder achieving intermediate levels. Data obtained longitudinally from individual patients indicated that substantial elevations of EPA (>5% total plasma phospholipid FA) could be maintained for more than 3 yr. Plasma phospholipid EPA is a convenient measure of adherence to advice to take a dietary n−3 PUFA‐rich fish oil supplement. This measure may prove a useful adjunct to intention to treat analyses in determining the effect of dietary fish oil supplements on long‐term outcomes in arthritis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. It may also provide a guide to the effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive messages designed to increase n−3 PUFA intake.
Influence of dietary long‐chain PUFA on premature baboon lung FA and dipalmitoyl PC composition
Authors: Chao Angela Chueh , Ziadeh Bassem I. , Diau Guan‐Yeu , Wijendran Vasuki , Sarkadi‐Nagy Eszter , Hsieh Andrea T. , Nathanielsz Peter W. , Brenna J. Thomas
Published: December 2006

One of the major survival challenges of premature birth is production of lung surfactant. The lipid component of surfactant, dipalmitoyl PC (DPPC), increases in concentration in the period before normal term birth via a net shift in FA composition away from unsaturates. We investigated the influence of dietary DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) on lung FA composition and DPPC concentration in term and preterm baboons. Pregnant animals/neonates were randomized to one of four groups: breast‐fed (B), term formula‐fed (T−), preterm formulafed (P−), and preterm fed formula supplemented with DHA‐AA (P+). Breast milk contained 0.68%wt DHA and the P+ group formula contained 0.61%wt DHA. In the preterm groups (P− and P+), pregnant females received a course of antenatal corticosteroids. At the adjusted age of 4 wk, neonate lung tissue was harvested, and FA composition and DPPC were analyzed. Palmitate was ∼28%wt of lung total FA and no significant differences were found among the four treatment groups. In contrast, DPPC in the B group lung tissue was significantly greater than DPPC in the unsupplemented groups, but not compared with the P+ group. The B and P+ groups were not significantly different in DHA and AA, but were different compared with the unsupplemented (T, P−) groups. These results indicate that LCP supplementation increases lung DHA and AA, without compromising overall lung 16∶0 or DPPC. The shift in FA composition toward greater unsaturation in the groups consuming LCP supported improved surfactant lipid concentration in preterm neonate lungs.
Enhancement of G protein‐coupled signaling by DHA phospholipids
Authors: Mitchell Drake C. , Niu Shui‐Lin , Litman Burton J.
Published: December 2006

The effect of phospholipid acyl chain and cholesterol composition on G protein‐coupled signaling was studied in native rod outer segment (ROS) disk and reconstituted membranes by measuring several steps in the visual transduction pathway. The cholesterol content of disk membranes was varied from 4 to 38 mol% cholesterol with methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin. The visual signal transduction system [rhodopsin, G protein (Gt), and phosphodiesterase (PDE)] was reconstituted with membranes containing various levels of phospholipid acyl chain unsaturation, with and without cholesterol. ROS membranes from rats raised on n−3 fatty acid‐deficient and‐adequate diets were also studied. The ability of rhodopsin to form the active metarhodopsin II conformation and bind Gt was diminished by a reduction in the level of DHA (22∶6n−3) acyl chains or an increase in membrane cholesterol. DHA acyl chain containing phospholipids minimized the inhibitory effects of cholesterol on the rate of rhodopsin‐Gt coupling. The activity of PDE, which is a measure of the integrated signal response, was reduced in membranes lacking or deficient in DHA acyl chains. PDE activity in membranes containing docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22∶5n−6) acyl chains, which replace DHA in n−3 fatty acid deficiency, was 50% lower than in DHA‐containing membranes. Our results indicate that efficient and rapid propagation of G protein‐coupled signaling is optimized by DHA phospholipid acyl chains.
Pathophysiologic role of redox status in blood platelet activation. Influence of docosahexaenoic acid
Authors: Lagarde M. , Calzada C. , Véricel E.
Published: December 2006

Decrease of platelet glutathione peroxidase activity results in increased life span of lipid hydroperoxides, especially the 12‐lipoxygenase product of arachidonic acid, 12‐HpETE. Phospholipase A2 activity is subsequently enhanced with the release of arachidonic acid, which results in higher thromboxane formation and platelet function. Docosahexaenoic acid may either potentiate platelet lipid peroxidation or lower it when used at high or low concentrations, respectively. In the case of slowing down lipid peroxidation, docosahexaenoic acid was specifically incorporated in plasmalogen ethanolamine phospholipids. This could have a relevant pathophysiologic role in atherothrombosis.
Why is carbon from some polyunsaturates extensively recycled into lipid synthesis?
Authors: Cunnane Stephen C. , Ryan Mary Ann , Nadeau Chantale R. , Bazinet Richard P. , Musa‐Veloso Kathy , McCloy Ursula
Published: December 2006

We summarize here the evidence indicating that carbon from α‐linolenate and linoleate is readily recycled into newly synthesized lipids. This pathway consumes the majority of these fatty acids that is not β‐oxidized as a fuel. Docosahexaenoate undergoes less β‐oxidation and carbon recycling than do α‐linolenate or linoleate, but is it still actively metabolized by this pathway? Among polyunsaturates, arachidonate appears to undergo the least β‐oxidation and carbon recycling, an observation that may help account for the resistance of brain membranes to loss of arachidonate during dietary deficiency of n−6 polyunsaturates. Preliminary evidence suggests that de novo lipid synthesis consumes carbon from α‐linolenate and linoleate in preference to palmitate, but this merits systematic study. Active β‐oxidation and carbon recycling of 18‐carbon polyunsaturates does not diminish the importance of being able to convert α‐linolenate and linoleate to long‐chain polyunsaturates but suggests that a broad perspective is required in studying the metabolism of polyunsaturates in general and α‐linolenate and linoleate in particular.
Long‐chain fatty acid uptake by skeletal muscle is impaired in homozygous, but not heterozygous, heart‐type‐FABP null mice
Authors: Luiken J. J. F. P. , Koonen D. P. Y. , Coumans W. A. , Pelsers M. M. A. L. , Binas B. , Bonen A. , Glatz J. F. C.
Published: December 2006

Previous studies with cardiac myocytes from homozygous heart‐type fatty acid (FA)‐binding protein (H‐FABP)−/− mice have indicated that this intracellular: receptor protein for long‐chain FA is involved in the cellular uptake of these substrates. Based on the knowledge that muscle FA uptake is a process highly sensitive to regulation by hormonal and mechanical stimuli, we studied whether H‐FABP would play a role in this regulation. A suitable model system to answer this question is provided by H‐FABP+/− mice, because in hindlimb muscles the content of H‐FABP was measured to be 34% compared to wild‐type mice. In these H‐FABP+/− skeletal muscles, just as in H‐FABP−/− muscles, contents of FA transporters, i.e., 43‐kDa FABPpm and 88‐kDa FAT/CD36, were similar compared to wild‐type muscles, excluding possible compensatory mech‐anisms at the sarcolemmal level. Palmitate uptake rates were measured in giant vesicles prepared from hindlimb muscles of H‐FABP−/−, H‐FABP+/− and H‐FABP+/+ mice. For comparison, giant vesicles were isolated from liver, the tissue of which expresses a distinct type of FABP (i.e., L‐FABP). Whereas in H‐FABP−/− skeletal muscle FA uptake was reduced by 42–45%, FA uptake by H‐FABP+/− skeletal muscle was not different from that in wild‐type mice. In contrast, in liver from H‐FABP−/− and from H‐FABP+/− mice, FA uptake was not altered compared to wild‐type animals, indicating that changes in FA uptake are restricted to H‐FABP expressing tissues. It is concluded that H‐FABP plays an important, yet merely permissive, role in FA uptake into muscle tissues.
A novel type hypertriglyceridemia observed in FLS mice
Authors: Takahashi Masaya , Saibara Toshiji , Nemoto Yoshihisa , Ono Masafumi , Akisawa Naoaki , Iwasaki Shinji , Toda Katsumi , Ogawa Yasuhiro , Wakatsuki Akihiko , Inagaki Shuichiro , Onishi Saburo
Published: December 2006

The unique inborn hypertriglyceridemia seen in FLS (fatty liver Shionogi) mice was relieved by the administration of purified apolipoprotein (apo) C‐II. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and its cofactor, apoC‐II, play a pivotal role in VLDL metabolism. Therefore, we investigated the genetic background involved in this hypertriglyceridemia. Plasma levels of TG and total cholesterol as well as LPL activity were measured in male FLS mice and C57/BL6J mice. Agarose gel electrophoresis and fast protein liquid chromatography were used to analyze the lipoprotein profile. A cross experiment was done to determine the genetic background of hypertriglyceridemia observed in FLS mice. cDNA sequences of apoC‐II and apoC‐III of FLS mice were determined. Preα‐lipoprotein was the predominant lipoprotein class in FLS mouse plasma. LPL activity remained in the range observed in C57/BL6J mice, and purified apoC‐II transiently relieved FLS mice from hypertriglyceridemia. Preα‐lipoproteinemia was inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. ApoC‐III appeared to be a causal factor for this unique hypertriglyceridemia. Microsatellite analysis, however, revealed that the responsible chromosome was not 7; rather, apoC‐III mapped onto chromosome 9. Therefore, we suggest apoC‐III as a candidate causative factor for the hypertriglyceridemia observed in FLS mice because an excessive amount of apoC‐III attenuates LPL activity in vivo and in vitro.
Effect of struture and form on the ability of plant sterols to inhibit cholesterol absorption in hamsters
Authors: Meijer Gert W. , Bressers Marco A. J. J. , Arjan de Groot W. , Rudrum Mike
Published: December 2006

We investigated the effect of three types of plant sterols (4‐desmethylsterols, 4,4′‐dimethylsterols, and pentacyclic triterpene alcohols) in three forms (free, esterified with FA, or with phenolic acids) on cholesterol absorption. Plant sterol fractions derived from soybean (99% 4‐desmethylsterols), rice bran (70% 4,4′‐dimethylsterols), or shea nut (89% pentacyclic triterpene alcohols) were fed to male hamsters (n=20/group) as free sterols or esterified with FA or phenolic acids (cinnamic or ferulic). Cholesterol absorption was measured after 5–8.5 (mean, 7) wk by a dual‐isotope technique. Soybean sterol intake significantly reduced cholesterol absorption efficiency (23%) and plasma total cholesterol (11%). Rice bran sterols tended to lower cholesterol absorption efficiency by 7% and plasma total cholesterol by 5%, whereas shea nut sterols had no effect. In hamsters, dietary 4‐desmethylsterols were more effective than 4,4′‐dimethylsterols in lowering cholesterol absorption and levels of cholesterol in blood. Pentacyclic triterpene alcohols had no effect on the absorption of cholesterol or on its level in blood. Esterification with FA did not impair the ability of 4‐desmethylsterols and 4,4′‐dimethylsterols to inhibit cholesterol absorption, whereas esterification with phenolic acids reduced this ability. This study supports the use of 4‐desmethylsterols, esterified with FA to increase solubility, as the most effective cholesterol‐lowering plant sterols in the diet.
Sterol‐mediated regulation of hormone‐sensitive lipase in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Miura Shinji , Nagura Hiromi , Sawamura Fusae , Tomita Isao , Kawai Eiji , Mochizuki Norihiro , Ikeda Masahiko , Kraemer Fredric B. , Tomita Takako
Published: December 2006

We previously reported that intracellular free cholesterol at physiological concentrations regulates the activity of neutral cholesterol esterase (N‐CEase) in macrophages. The objective of the present study is to investigate whether the regulation of N‐CEase by cholesterol is generally observed in other types of cells such as adipocytes with high activity of hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL), the same gene product as N‐CEase. 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were cultured with and without cholesterol (1–30 μg/mL) or 25‐hydroxycholesterol (0.1–10 μg/mL), and changes in the N‐CEase activity, expression of HSL mRNA, and protein were examined. Incubation (24 h) of cells with cholesterol did not change N‐CEase activity, but incubation with 25‐hydroxycholesterol decreased the activity in a concentration‐dependent manner by 24 (24 h) and 54% (36 h). Quantitative reverse transcription‐PCR indicated that 25‐hydroxycholesterol (10 μg/mL) did not influence expression of HSL mRNA. However, Western blot analysis showed that this sterol reduced HSL protein by 72 (24 h) and by 93% (36 h), respectively. It was concluded that sterol‐mediated regulation of HSL/N‐CEase occurs not only in macrophages but also in adipocytes, and regulation appears to occur not at a transcriptional level but by a post‐transcriptional process. Sterol‐mediated proteolysis may be involved in the loss of HSL protein.
Isoprenoid alcohols restore protein isoprenylation in a time‐dependent manner independent of protein synthesis
Authors: Ownby Susan E. , Hohl Raymond J.
Published: December 2006

Mevalonic acid derivatives are required for the isoprenylation of a variety of growth‐regulating proteins. Treatment of NIH 3T3 cells with lovastatin (LOV), an HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor, depletes cells of these derivatives and impairs isoprenylation of RAS and RAS‐related proteins. In LOV‐treated cells, farnesol (FOH) and geranylgeraniol (GGOH) restore RAS and Rap1 isoprenylation, respectively. In this study, we further characterize the manner in which these isoprenoid alcohols are utilized for protein isoprenylation. Over a 48‐h time span, FOH is unable to maintain RAS isoprenylation in the continuing presence of LOV, whereas GGOH is able to maintain Rap1 isoprenylation in the presence of LOV at all times tested. When cells are pretreated with LOV, the ability of both FOH and GGOH to restore protein isoprenylation is time dependent; as the LOV pretreatment time increases, the time required for FOH and GGOH to restore isoprenylation also increases. Despite this time dependence, the ability of FOH and GGOH to restore protein isoprenylation is not dependent on new protein synthesis and does not require alcohol dehydrogenase. These data support the existence of and further characterize the isoprenoid shunt, a novel metabolic pathway that utilizes FOH and GGOH for protein isoprenylation. The enzymes of the isoprenoid shunt are constitutively expressed, their activity may be modulated by isoprenoid depletion, and they are differentially regulated.
Fatty acids bound to Fasciola hepatica 12 kDa fatty acid‐binding protein, a candidate vaccine, differ from fatty acids in extracts of adult flukes
Authors: Carballeira Néstor M. , Cruz Heidyleen , Hillyer George V.
Published: December 2006

The FA composition of Fasciola hepatica 12 kDA purified native FA‐binding protein (nFh12), a candidate vaccine against fascioliasis, is described. The FA chain lengths ranged between 12 and 24 carbons. The principal FA were 16∶0 18∶1n−9, 18∶0, 20∶4n−6, and 20∶1n−9. The acids 16∶0, 18∶1n−9, and 18∶0 comprised over half the FA that were bound to the whole FA‐binding protein. Small amounts (1.0–2.8%) of isoanteiso methyl‐branched FA also were characterized. Forty‐one different FA were identified in extracts of the adult flukes, with the three most abundant FA also being 16∶0, 18∶1n−9, and 18∶0. A similar proportion of saturated vs. unsaturated FA was observed between the whole extract from F. hepatica and the nFh12 protein. However, the n−3/n−6 ratio of PUFA was significantly different, being 1.2 in the whole extract vs. 9.6 in the nFh12 protein complex. The nFh12 protein binds more n−5, n−6, and n−7 PUFA and less n−3 and n−9 PUFA than the whole extract. In addition, cholesterol (56%), sitosterol (36%), and fucosterol (8%) also were bound to the nFh12 protein complex.
Seed oil composition of Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke
Authors: Avato P. , Pesante M. A. , Fanizzi F. P. , Aimbiré de Moraes Santos C.
Published: December 2006

The chemical composition of the oil extracted from the seeds of Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke (syn. P. sorbilis) was investigated. Cyanolipids constituted 3% of the total oil from guaraná seeds, whereas acylglycerols accounted for 28%. 1H and 13C NMR analyses indicated that type 1 cyanolipids (1‐cyano‐2‐hydroxymethylprop‐2‐ene‐1‐ol diesters) are present in the oil from P. cupana. GC and GC‐MS analysis showed that cis‐11‐octadecenoic (cis‐vaccenic acid) and cis‐11‐eicosenoic acids were the main FA (30.4 and 38.7%) esterified to the nitrile group. Paullinic acid (7.0%) was also an abundant component. Oleic acid (37.4%) was the dominant fatty acyl chain in the acylglycerols.
Retinal and olfactory bulb precursor cells show distinct responses to FGF‐2 and laminin
Authors: Otaegi Gaizka , De Pablo Flora , Vicario‐Abejón Carlos , De, la Rosa Enrique J.
Published: December 2006

We analyzed whether the embryonic (E12.5–E14.5) mouse retina possesses genuine neural stem cells and how they respond to defined growth factors and extracellular matrix molecules. Whereas most combinations produced no or limited cell survival and proliferation in culture, FGF‐2 plus heparin and laminin stimulated proliferation and the formation of aggregates composed, after two days, of 95.2% nestin‐positive cells. However, cells in these aggregates could only be passaged poorly, lost nestin expression and proliferative capacity, and differentiated into neurons. Under the same conditions, olfactory bulb precursor cells divided efficiently and could be expanded. These data suggest that, in addition to FGF‐2 and laminin, embryonic retinal neuroepithelial cells need additional extrinsic and/or intrinsic regulators to maintain cell proliferation and self‐renewal.
In vitro evaluation of the anticancer effect of lactoferrin and tea polyphenol combination on oral carcinoma cells
Authors: Mohan K.V.P. Chandra , Gunasekaran P. , Varalakshmi E. , Hara Y. , Nagini S.
Published: December 2006

We investigated the anticancer effects of green and black tea polyphenols alone and in combination with bovine milk lactoferrin (bLF) on human tongue squamous carcinoma (CAL‐27) and normal human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells. Both green (Polyphenon‐E;P‐E) and black tea polyphenols (Polyphenon‐B;P‐B) preferentially inhibit the growth of CAL‐27 cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Based on the IC50 values, P‐E was found to be more effective than P‐B and the combination of P‐E and bLF (1:2 ratio) exhibited synergistic inhibition of CAL‐27 cells. Analysis of the mechanism revealed nuclear fragmentation and condensation with appearance of the Ao peak indicative of apoptosis. Furthermore, tea polyphenols transduced the apoptosis signal via generation of reactive oxygen species and decrease in the Bcl‐2/Bax ratio thereby inducing mitochondrial permeability transition with consequent activation of caspase‐3. Overall, the potency of cytotoxic and apoptosis inducing effects of dietary agents on CAL‐27 cells was in the order P‐E and bLF combination (1:2 ratio) > P‐E > P‐B. These results suggest that a “designer” approach may be useful for oral cancer prevention strategies.
Immunohistochemical study of flotillin‐1 in rat testis with ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Jeong Chan‐woo , Kim Heechul , Kim Seungjoon , Kim Sung‐Ho , Moon Changjong , Shin Taekyun
Published: December 2006

To investigate the involvement of flotillin‐1 in acute experimental testicular torsion, we examined the expression and cellular localization of flotillin‐1 and cathepsin D in the rat testis with ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of flotillin‐1 increased significantly 6 h after I/R and that the level remained elevated for 48 h. Immunohistochemically, flotillin‐1 was constitutively localized in some Sertoli cells, peritubular myoid cells, and interstitial cells in the normal testis. After I/R injury, Sertoli cells in the damaged tubules were intensely immunostained for flotillin‐1 at 24 and 48 h after I/R. Flotillin‐1 was also detected in some inflammatory cells in the interstitial space around damaged tubules. Furthermore, flotillin‐1 was colocalized with cathepsin D, a lysosomal marker, in normal testis (mainly in Sertoli cells), and the colocalization was greater in Sertoli cells and macrophages in I/R injured testes. Therefore, we postulate that flotillin‐1 immunoreactivity is increased in some Sertoli and inflammatory cells (especially in ED1‐positive activated macrophages) in testicular torsion and that flotillin‐1 in the injured testis associates with lysosomes in Sertoli cells and macrophages, activating subsequent signals in inflammatory macrophages and Sertoli cells after I/R.
Expression and immunohistochemical localization of galectin‐3 in various mouse tissues
Authors: Kim Heechul , Lee Jeeyoung , Hyun Jin Won , Park Jae Woo , Joo Hong‐gu , Shin Taekyun
Published: December 2006

The expression and immunohistochemical localization of galectin‐3, a β‐galactoside‐binding protein, was studied in several mouse tissues. Galectin‐3 expression was low in the cerebrum, heart, and pancreas, and moderate in the liver, ileum, kidney, and adrenal gland. High expression of galectin‐3 was found in the lung, spleen, stomach, colon, uterus, and ovary. The results of Western blot analysis largely matched the immunohistochemical findings for galectin‐3. These findings suggest that galectin‐3 is differentially expressed in a variety of organs in the mouse. This study provides valuable information for research on galectin‐3.
Proliferation and apoptosis in PhIP‐induced rat mammary gland carcinomas with elevated phosphotyrosine‐STAT5a
Authors: Papaconstantinou Andriana D. , Snyderwine Elizabeth G.
Published: December 2006

In the present study we addressed whether proliferation and apoptosis in 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine‐induced rat mammary gland carcinomas were different between carcinomas with high and low expression of phosphotyrosine (pY)‐STAT5a. We determined that carcinomas with high pY‐STAT5a were more proliferative (MIB5 immunostaining) and had a higher expression of cyclin D1 and estrogen receptor α. Furthermore, carcinomas with elevated pY‐STAT5a demonstrated lower apoptosis as measured by the TUNEL assay and the Bcl‐2 to Bax ratio, and showed increased expression of the long and short isoforms of the prolactin receptor. The results of this study are consistent with the notion that activated STAT5a may provide a growth advantage in some types of mammary gland cancers.
Chloroquine‐induced endocytic pathway abnormalities: Cellular model of GM1 ganglioside‐induced Aβ fibrillogenesis in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Yuyama Kohei , Yamamoto Naoki , Yanagisawa Katsuhiko
Published: December 2006

Endocytic pathway abnormalities were previously observed in brains affected with Alzheimer's disease (AD). To clarify the pathological relevance of these abnormalities to assembly of amyloid β‐protein (Aβ), we treated PC12 cells with chloroquine, which potently perturbs membrane trafficking from endosomes to lysosomes. Chloroquine treatment induced accumulation of GM1 ganglioside (GM1) in Rab5‐positive enlarged early endosomes and on the cell surface. Notably, an increase in GM1 level on the cell surface was sufficient to induce Aβ assembly. Our results suggest that endocytic pathway abnormalities in AD brain induce GM1 accumulation on the cell surface, leading to amyloid fibril formation in brain.
The First Time Manager
Authors: Ruschak Amy E.
Published: December 2006

The First Time Manager fifth edition Lorin B. Belker and Gary S. Topchik 2005, 240 pages $17.95 softcover
PNDS@Work: Encouraging Perioperative Clinical Experiences
Authors: Radford Mary
Published: December 2006

PNDS@Work: Encouraging Perioperative Clinical Experiences Susan V. M. Kleinbeck 2005, 64 pages $15 member/$20 nonmember softcover
Surgical Instruments: A Pocket Guide
Authors: Harvey Mary Kay
Published: December 2006

Surgical Instruments: A Pocket Guide third edition Maryann Papanier Wells 2006, 496 pages $39.95 spiral‐bound
Cochlear implantation in prelingually deaf persons with additional disability
Authors: Daneshi A , Hassanzadeh S
Published: December 2006

Objectives: We aimed to identify the frequency with which the following conditions were present as a second disability in cochlear-implanted, prelingually deaf persons: mild and moderate mental retardation; learning disability; attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; cerebral palsy; congenital blindness; and autism. We also aimed to document the development of auditory perception in patients having one of these additional disabilities.

Study design: A retrospective study was designed to pursue the above aims.

Methods: We examined the records of 398 cochlear-implanted, prelingually deaf patients who had received a cochlear implant at least one year previously. Patients were selected who showed a delay in motor, cognitive or emotional development. The selected cases were referred for psychological evaluation in order to identify patients with additional disabilities. We then compared these patients' auditory perception prior to and one year following cochlear implantation.

Results: A total of 60 (15 per cent) cochlear-implanted, prelingually deaf patients were diagnosed with additional disabilities. These were classified as: mild mental retardation in eight cases (13.33 per cent); moderate mental retardation in five (8.33 per cent); learning disability in 20 (33.33 per cent); attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 15 (25 per cent); cerebral palsy in five (8.33); congenital blindness in three (5 per cent); and autism in four (6.66 per cent). All patients showed significant development in speech perception, except for autistic and congenitally deaf-blind patients.

Conclusion: Although cochlear implantation is not contraindicated in prelingually deaf persons with additional disabilities, congenitally deaf-blind and autistic patients showed limited development in auditory perception as a main outcome of cochlear implantation. These patients require unique rehabilitation in order to achieve more auditory development.
Temporary threshold shift due to recreational firearm use
Authors: Bapat U , Tolley N
Published: December 2006

Objective: To assess whether a temporary threshold shift occurred after recreational firearm use.

Design: An observational study of 25 subjects using ear protection in an indoor rifle range. Hearing was evaluated before and after shooting five rounds with a 0.22 calibre rifle over 10 minutes. A threshold shift of 5 dB was found to be statistically significant, while a shift of 10 dB was clinically significant.

Results: Twenty-four candidates had a statistically significant threshold shift, while 12 had a clinically significant threshold shift. Two subjects with previous industrial noise exposure had threshold shifts at more frequencies than other subjects. There was no significant preference for either ear. One subject showed no changes.

Conclusion: This small study sheds some light on impulse noise behaviour in an indoor shooting range, but no definite conclusions can be drawn. The side of shooting did not influence threshold changes in either ear.
Dipolar radiation from spinning dust grains coupled to an electromagnetic wave
Authors: GUERREIRO A. , ELOY M. , MENDONÇA J. T. , BINGHAM R.
Published: December 2006

In this paper we investigate how the complex rotation and quivering motion of an elongated polarized dust grain in the presence of a monochromatic electromagnetic (EM) wave can produce dipolar emission with two distinct spectral components. We present a model for the emission of radiation by elongated polarized dust grains under the influence of both an external EM wave and a constant background magnetic field. The dust, exhibiting rotational motion at the external EM field frequency ω0as well as quivering motion at a frequency Ω0, proportional to the EM field amplitude, will radiate with frequencies that will depend on the external field wavelength and amplitude. The radiated spectra exhibits a frequency around ω0, and sidebands at ω0± ω0and ω0± 2Ω0. Since the amplitude and the frequency of the background EM field are independent parameters, this model establishes a correlation between different spectral components of galactic dipolar emission, which may help to explain the correlation between a component of the Galactic microwave emission and the 100 μ m thermal emission from interstellar dust that has been recently measured.
On waves in incompressible Hall magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: SAHRAOUI FOUAD , GALTIER SÉBASTIEN , BELMONT GÉRARD
Published: December 2006

Hall magnetohydrodynamics (HMHD) is a mono-fluid approximation extending the validity domain of the ordinary MHD system to spatial scales down to a fraction of the ion skin depth or frequencies comparable to the ion gyrofrequency. In the paper by Galtier (2006 J. Plasma Physics), an incompressible limit of the HMHD system is used for developing a wave turbulence theory. Nevertheless, the possibility and the consequences of such an approximation are different in HMHD and in MHD. Here, we analyse these differences by investigating the properties of the HMHD equations in the incompressible limit: the existence of linear modes, their dispersion relations and polarizations. We discuss the possibility of replacing the fluid closure equation of a complete HMHD system by an incompressibility hypothesis and determine the validity range.
The magnetic flux and self-inductivity of a thick toroidal current
Authors: ŽIC TOMISLAV , VRŠNAK BOJAN , SKENDER MARINA
Published: December 2006

We investigate numerically the magnetic flux and self-inductivity of a toroidal current I of arbitrary aspect ratio (R0/r0 = 1/η, where R0 and r0 are the major and the minor torus radii, respectively). The total flux Ψ is represented by the sum of the flux outside the torus envelope (Ψo) and the internal flux within the torus body (Ψi). Analogously, the total inductivity is expressed as L = Lo + Li. The outside self-inductivity is determined directly from the magnetic flux Ψo, utilizing Ψo = LoI. On the other hand, the internal inductivity is evaluated as the magnetic energy contained in the poloidal field. The calculations are performed for three different radial profiles of the current density, j(r).

It is found that Ψo(η) and Lo (η) depend only very weakly on the form of j(r). On the other hand, Ψi and Li do not depend on η, but depend on the form of j(r). In the range 0.02 ≲ η ≲ 0.5, the numerical values of Lo can be very well fitted by the function of the form Lofit1(η) = −A log(η) − B. Such a relation is analogous to that for a slender torus, although the coefficients are different. For η ≲ 0.01 the slender-torus approximation (Lo*) matches the numerical results better than our function Lofit1, whereas for thicker tori, Lofit1 becomes more appropriate. It is shown that, beyond η ≳ 0.1, the departure of the slender-torus analytical expression from the numerical values becomes greater than 10%, and the difference becomes larger than 100% at η 0.55. In the range η 0.5, the numerical values of Lo can be very well expressed by the function Lofit2(η)=c1 (1 − η)c2. Furthermore, since the internal flux and inductivity become larger than that outside the envelope, Ψi and Li become larger than Ψo and Lo. The total inductivity Ltotfit = Lofit + Li, calculated by appropriately employing our functions Lofit1 and Lofit2, never deviates by more than 1% from the numerically determined values of Ltot.
Amount of cholesterol in host membrane affects erythrocyte invasion and replication byBabesia bovis
Authors: OKUBO K. , YOKOYAMA N. , TAKABATAKE N. , OKAMURA M. , IGARASHI I.
Published: December 2006

Cholesterol is a major component of the erythrocyte membrane. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cholesterol reduction in host bovine erythrocytes (RBC) on the growth ofBabesia bovis, a major bovine haemoprotozoon. Anin vitrogrowth assay with bovine RBC that had been prepared by pre-treatment with a cholesterol depletion agent (methyl-β-cyclodextrin, MCD) showed that the culture with 5 mmMCD-treated RBC inhibited the growth ofB. bovissignificantly as compared with that with the control RBC. In further experiments, the treatment with 5 mmMCD was proved to suppress both activities of the parasite, erythrocyte invasion and replication within the infected RBC. In contrast, a slight reduction in the membrane cholesterol by 1 mmMCD treatment promoted both their growth and erythrocyte invasion activity. These results indicate that erythrocyte invasion and replication byB. bovisare affected by the amount of cholesterol in the host erythrocyte membrane.
The meanings older people give to their rehabilitation experience
Authors: WALLIN MARJO , TALVITIE ULLA , CATTAN MIMA , KARPPI SIRKKA-LIISA
Published: December 2006

Promoting older people's ability to manage at home is important both for themselves and for society, but few studies have explored whether geriatric rehabilitation actually meets the needs of this heterogeneous group. The purpose of this study was to investigate the meanings that older adults attribute to their geriatric rehabilitation experiences. A group of 27 older adults in inpatient rehabilitation were interviewed during the programme and after returning home. Semi-structured interviews were analysed using a qualitative method, which identified three categories of meaning. In the category ‘sense of confidence with everyday life’, rehabilitation was perceived as facilitating everyday living at home; in the category ‘sense of vacation’, rehabilitation was seen as a means of getting away from normal life and enjoying oneself; and in the category ‘sense of disappointment in the rehabilitation programme’, the participants expressed frustration with the limited opportunities to participate in the planning of their rehabilitation, and with the mismatch between the offered programme and what was needed. To promote older people's autonomy and to enhance their ability to live at home, professionals must involve their clients to a greater extent in the planning of the rehabilitation than is currently the case, and also individualise the rehabilitation regimen.
Exploring elderly people's perspectives on successful ageing in Taiwan
Authors: HSU HUI-CHUAN
Published: December 2006

The goal of this study was to explore the concepts of successful ageing held by elderly people in Taiwan. Data were obtained from the Successful Ageing of the Elderly in Taiwan survey of 2004. The sample was drawn from the population aged 65 or more years in one county in Taiwan by probability proportional-to-size sampling. The participants were asked: ‘What do you think are the essential components of an ideal and satisfactory life in old age?’ They were also asked to score the relative importance of 23 ‘successful ageing’ concepts. The replies to the initial open-ended question were grouped in six categories: physical health and independence, economic security, family and social support, engagement with life, spiritual well-being, and environment and social welfare policy. The most highly rated ‘successful ageing’ concepts were physical health, independence, living without chronic disease, living with family, and receiving emotional care. All the responses were subjected to a factor analysis, and five factors accounted for 58.7 per cent of the variance: family and social support, mastery over life, health, enjoyment of life, and autonomy. It is concluded that elderly people in Taiwan most value health and independence, and also place considerable importance on economic security and family support, which they see as inter-related. Many are also concerned about the social environment and social policy, indicating that their awareness of and participation in socio-political debates affects their quality of life.
Music and the wellbeing of people with dementia
Authors: SIXSMITH ANDREW , GIBSON GRANT
Published: December 2006

While therapeutic interventions involving music have been shown to have benefits for people with dementia, little research has examined the role of music and music-related activities in their everyday lives. This paper presents the results of qualitative research that explored this role in terms of: the meaning and importance of music in everyday life; the benefits derived from participation in music-related activities; and the problems of engaging with music. Data were collected during in-depth interviews with 26 people with dementia and their carers, who lived either in their own homes or in residential care in different parts of England. The paper illustrates the many different ways in which people with dementia experience music. As well as being enjoyed in its own right, music can enable people to participate in activities that are enjoyable and personally meaningful. It is an important source of social cohesion and social contact, supports participation in various activities within and outside the household, and provides a degree of empowerment and control over their everyday situations. The practical implications for the provision of care and support for people with dementia are discussed. The scope and implications for technological development to promote access to music are also discussed.