bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel phlebovirus-like-AYUT and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacterial co-infection in a Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. tick
Authors: Trinachartvanit Wachareeporn , Kaenkan Warissara , Nooma Wanwipa , Jeangkhwoa Pattraporn , Rakthong Pakavadee , Baimai Visut , Ahantarig Arunee
Published: November 2021

Tick-borne viruses and bacteria that can cause diseases of animals and humans have high impact and are of concern as significant threats to human health worldwide. In this research, we screened microorganisms related to those pathogens in ticks from dogs, a cat, and a cow. The techniques used were PCR, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to detect and classify the microorganisms [Flavivirus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), Phlebovirus, Coronavirus, Canine Parvovirus, eubacteria, Coxiella and Rickettsia]. A novel virus named Phlebovirus-like-AYUT and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteria were found in one individual tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l.) from a dog. All tick samples were negative for Rickettsia, while 9/21 (42.9 %) were positive for Coxiella bacteria. The novel virus “Phlebovirus-like-AYUT” (the name derives from Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province in Thailand) was resolved by phylogenetic analysis of the partial L segment by maximum likelihood (ML) method using MEGA X. The phylogenetic tree also indicated that the virus was related to Phlebovirus in brown dog ticks reported in Trinidad and Tobago. In contrast, Phlebovirus-like-AYUT was in a distinct clade from Lihan tick Phlebovirus-Thailand (LTPV), which was previously found in cow ticks, Rhipicephalus microplus, in Nan Province, Thailand. This study reports the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacterium with a novel Phlebovirus-like-AYUT in a brown dog tick. The roles of this bacterium in a virus-positive tick or in viral transmission from animal host requires further investigation.
Perception of stability correlates with objective performance of dynamic stability for people with chronic ankle instability
Authors: Forsyth L. , Pourkazemi F. , Al Adal S. , Hiller C. E. , Childs C. R.
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Lateral ankle sprains are one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal injuries, with one of the highest recurrence rates. One in five people develops chronic ankle instability (CAI) after a lateral ankle sprain. CAI is mainly described as a subjective phenomenon, but is associated with recurrent symptoms, reduced dynamic stability, and reduced physical activity and quality of life. Understanding the relationship between perception of stability and effect on performance for people with CAI could inform rehabilitative strategies in clinical practice. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the perception of stability and objective performance of dynamic stability this population.

Methods

This study is a sub-analysis of data from four separate studies in Australia and the United Kingdom. Participants were screened and categorised as a CAI, coper, or healthy participant. Each participant completed the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and Cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT). Distances reached in the anterior, posterior-medial, and posterior-lateral directions, and average, of the SEBT were analysed.

Results

Data from 95 participants with CAI, 45 copers, and 101 healthy participants was analysed. There was a significant moderate correlation between CAIT score and SEBT reach distance in all directions for the CAI group (p < 0.001). For copers, there was small significant correlation in the posterior-lateral direction (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

This study highlights the discrepancies between the perception of stability and objective dynamic stability, and reinforces the importance of using both types of measures for continual assessment in practice to optimise selecting rehabilitative strategies.
Modelling Oscillatory Patterns in the Bovine Estrous Cycle with Boolean Delay Equations
Authors: Berg Mascha , Plöntzke Julia , Siebert Heike , Röblitz Susanna
Published: November 2021

Boolean delay equations (BDEs), with their relatively simple and intuitive mode of modelling, have been used in many research areas including, for example, climate dynamics and earthquake propagation. Their application to biological systems has been scarce and limited to the molecular level. Here, we derive and present two BDE models. One is directly derived from a previously published ordinary differential equation (ODE) model for the bovine estrous cycle, whereas the second model includes a modification of a particular biological mechanism. We not only compare the simulation results from the BDE models with the trajectories of the ODE model, but also validate the BDE models with two additional numerical experiments. One experiment induces a switch in the oscillatory pattern upon changes in the model parameters, and the other simulates the administration of a hormone that is known to shift the estrous cycle in time. The models presented here are the first BDE models for hormonal oscillators, and the first BDE models for drug administration. Even though automatic parameter estimation still remains challenging, our results support the role of BDEs as a framework for the systematic modelling of complex biological oscillators.
Neue und wiederkehrende sexuell übertragbare Erreger: Nachwuchs- und Überlebenskünstler
Authors: Stary Angelika
Published: November 2021

Noch vor 50 Jahren waren nur wenige bakterielle Infektionen bekannt, die durch direkten Sexualkontakt auf den Partner oder die Partnerin übertragen werden. Neben der Syphilis und Gonorrhoe wurden der weiche Schanker (Ulcus molle) und das Lymphogranuloma venereum in der Gruppe der klassischen Geschlechtskrankheiten zusammengefasst. Die Infektionszahlen der klassischen Venerea haben am Ende des letzten Jahrhunderts durch die Gefahr einer tödlichen HIV-Infektion abgenommen, sind aber nach der Einführung der hochaktiven antiretroviralen Therapie (HAART) erneut rapide angestiegen und stellen weiterhin trotz erfolgreicher Therapiemöglichkeiten ein nicht zu unterschätzendes Gesundheitsrisiko dar. Durch moderne molekularbiologische Nachweisverfahren, „contact tracing“ und epidemiologische Studien ist nun bekannt, dass die Zahl jener Infektionen, die durch engen Kontakt übertragen werden, wesentlich größer ist. In die Gruppe der „sexually transmitted infections“ werden u. a. neben bakteriellen Infektionen wie Chlamydia trachomatis und Mycoplasma genitalium auch virale Infekte wie Herpes-simplex-, Hepatitis‑B- und humane Papillomviren zusammengefasst. Für einige Erreger, wie das Zika- und Ebolavirus, die Hepatitis A, für gewisse Darmkeime oder die Meningokokken stellt der Sexualkontakt nur einen der möglichen Übertragungswege dar, sie werden „sexually transmissible infections” genannt. Diese Erkenntnisse tragen dazu bei, dass die Bedeutsamkeit von „contact tracing“, einer genauen Diagnostik sowie sexueller Abstinenz über einen gewissen Zeitraum eine wichtige Rolle für die Prophylaxe darstellt, um eine Infektion der zahlreichen Mikroben auf den Sexualpartner zu verhindern.
The relationship among motivation, self-monitoring, self-management, and learning strategies of MOOC learners
Authors: Zhu Meina , Doo Min Young
Published: November 2021

In massive open online learning courses (MOOCs) with a low instructor-student ratio, students are expected to have self-directed learning abilities. This study investigated the relationship among motivation, self-monitoring, self-management, and MOOC learners’ use of learning strategies. An online survey was embedded at the end of three MOOCs with large enrollments asking for learners’ voluntary participation in the study. The survey results from 470 participants indicated that motivation positively influenced self-monitoring, self-management, and learning strategies. In addition, self-monitoring and self-management did not affect the utilization of learning strategies. This underscores learners’ motivation and the need to encourage them to adopt appropriate learning strategies for successful learning. The results also revealed that self-monitoring positively affected self-management. The findings highlight the critical need to enhance self-monitoring skills to further promote self-management skills in MOOCs. In addition, self-monitoring and self-management did not encourage learners to use related learning strategies in this study. This study should be extended to investigate practical ways to encourage MOOC learners to adopt learning strategies.
Chemical cues for intraspecific chemical communication and interspecific interactions in aquatic environments: applications for fisheries and aquaculture
Authors: Kamio Michiya , Yambe Hidenobu , Fusetani Nobuhiro
Published: November 2021

Aquatic organisms detect chemical cues to sense the local environment, for example, to find a mate, locate food, and identify danger. Knowledge of chemical cues can be used in aquaculture, in practical applications such as controlling mating behavior to increase fertility, enhance feeding, and decrease stress; in fisheries, by catching selected species with low-cost artificial attractants; and to address maritime issues, by decreasing biofouling. Aquatic organisms also detect chemical cues related to global environmental changes, ocean acidification, and increases in ocean plastics, all of which can affect their chemosensory behaviors. Here we discuss the nature of chemical cues and chemosensory biology and ecology of aquatic organisms, and potential applications with an emphasis on sex pheromones in commercially important and well-studied animals, namely, decapod crustaceans and fish.
Disordered eating symptoms in Austrian men of different ages in the context of fitness centers
Authors: Mangweth-Matzek Barbara , Decker Benjamin , Erschbaumer Irene , Wurnig Verena , Kemmler Georg , Bichler Carina S. , Rupp Claudia I.
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To assess eating behavior and associated factors in male fitness-center attendees.

Methods

An anonymous questionnaire was administered to male fitness center members of Innsbruck (Austria), aged 18–80 years to assess socio-demographic features, weight history, sports activity, eating behavior including disordered eating based on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and DSM-5 key symptoms for eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, binge eating, bulimia nervosa, purging disorder) and body image. Three age groups (younger—middle-aged—older men) were compared regarding the variables described above.

Results

A total of 307 men included displayed high rates of disordered eating as described by EDE-Q cutoff scores (5–11%) as well as by DSM-5 eating disorder symptoms (10%). While EDE-Q cutoff scores did not differentiate between the groups, the prevalences of DSM-5 eating disorder symptoms yielded significant differences indicating a clear decrease with increasing age. Binge eating and bulimic symptoms with excessive exercising as the purging method were the most often reported symptoms.

Conclusion

Although described as typically female, disordered eating does occur in male fitness-gym attendees across all ages. The older the men, the less prevalent are the symptoms. Awareness of disordered eating and possible negative effects need to be addressed for attendees and trainers of the gym.

Level of evidence

V—descriptive survey study.
Emergency remote learning during the pandemic from a South African perspective
Authors: Baboolal-Frank Rashri
Published: November 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic created a situation for the implementation of emergency remote learning. This meant that as a lecturer at a traditionalist University of contact sessions, the pandemic forced us to teach remotely through online methods of communication, using online lectures, narrated powerpoints, voice clips, podcasts, interviews and interactive videos. The assessments were conducted online from assignments to multiple choice questions, which forced the lecturers to think differently about the way the assessments were presented, in order to avoid easy access to answers found in a textbook and online. This meant that more application questions of theory to practice were assessed in a more challenging way to prevent cheating and collaboration with peers. Formal assessments completed during emergency remote learning, have become the past practice, as innovative methods have been adopted for learning and for assessment purposes in order to preserve the integrity and attainment of the degree through online modes of learning. The aim of the paper investigates and explores the methods of teaching, together with the results obtained from the students of 2019 and 2020 in their final year relating to two final year modules against the literature relating to learning processes and methodologies.
Vagrancy in the Victorian Age
Authors: Robinson Alistair
Published: November 2021

Vagrants were everywhere in Victorian culture. They wandered through novels and newspapers, photographs, poems and periodicals, oil paintings and illustrations. They appeared in a variety of forms in a variety of places: Gypsies and hawkers tramped the country, casual paupers and loafers lingered in the city, and vagabonds and beachcombers roved the colonial frontiers. Uncovering the rich Victorian taxonomy of nineteenth-century vagrancy for the first time, this interdisciplinary study examines how assumptions about class, gender, race and environment shaped a series of distinct vagrant types. At the same time it broaches new ground by demonstrating that rural and urban conceptions of vagrancy were repurposed in colonial contexts. Representational strategies circulated globally as well as locally, and were used to articulate shifting fantasies and anxieties about mobility, poverty and homelessness. These are traced through an extensive corpus of canonical, ephemeral and popular texts as well as a variety of visual forms.
The Climate Demon
Authors: Saravanan R.
Published: November 2021

Climate predictions - and the computer models behind them - play a key role in shaping public opinion and our response to the climate crisis. Some people interpret these predictions as 'prophecies of doom' and some others dismiss them as mere speculation, but the vast majority are only vaguely aware of the science behind them. This book gives a balanced view of the strengths and limitations of climate modeling. It covers historical developments, current challenges, and future trends in the field. The accessible discussion of climate modeling only requires a basic knowledge of science. Uncertainties in climate predictions and their implications for assessing climate risk are analyzed, as are the computational challenges faced by future models. The book concludes by highlighting the dangers of climate 'doomism', while also making clear the value of predictive models, and the severe and very real risks posed by anthropogenic climate change.
Legitimation of Illegality in Authoritarian States: The Case of Transnational Illegal Drug Brokerage in China
Authors: Li Lantian
Published: November 2021

This paper analyzes how illegality can be legitimized in authoritarian states by examining a contested case of transnational illegal drug brokerage in China. Triangulating news articles, legal documents, and interviews, the study distinguishes between two pathways of illegality legitimation: depoliticized and politicized. I argue that the depoliticized pathway is made possible through pragmatic, moral, and legalistic frames, whereas the politicized pathway builds upon an institutional frame. I also identify the media as essential agents of illegality legitimation. While illegal-practice participants and the legal authority tend to only mobilize depoliticized frames, the media make both depoliticized and politicized efforts. Through this in-depth analysis, the paper deepens our understanding of the social construction of illegality and the intricate relation between law, media, and society within authoritarian states.
The Impact of Natural Hazards on Older Adult Health: Lessons Learned From Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico
Authors: Andrade Elizabeth L. , Jula Megan , Rodriguez-Diaz Carlos E. , Lapointe Lauren , Edberg Mark C. , Rivera Maria I. , Santos-Burgoa Carlos
Published: November 2021

Objective:

With natural hazards increasing in frequency and severity and global population aging, preparedness efforts must evolve to address older adults’ risks in disasters. This study elucidates potential contributors to the elevated older adult mortality risk following Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico through an examination of community stakeholder preparedness, response, and recovery experiences.

Methods:

In April 2018, qualitative interviews (n = 22) were conducted with stakeholders in 7 Puerto Rican municipalities. Interview transcripts were deductively and inductively coded and analyzed to identify salient topics and themes representing participant response patterns.

Results:

The hurricane’s detrimental impact on older adult health emerged as a prominent finding. Through 6 months post-hurricane, many older adults experienced unmet needs that contributed to declining physical and emotional health, inadequate non-communicable disease management, social isolation, financial strain, and excess morbidity and mortality. These needs were predominantly consequences of lengthy public service gaps, unsafe living conditions, interrupted health care, and the incongruence between preparedness and event severity.

Conclusions:

In a landscape of increasing natural hazard frequency and magnitude, a pattern of older adult risk has become increasingly clear. Study findings compel practitioners to engage in natural hazard preparedness planning, research, and policy-making that considers the multiple facets of older adult well-being.
“Things change you know”: Schools as the Architects of the Mexican Race in Depression-Era Wyoming
Authors: Guzmán Gonzalo
Published: November 2021

This article examines the development of racially segregated Mexican rooms and Mexican schools in Wyoming during the Depression era. Working in concert with New Deal legislation, the segregation of Mexican children—regardless of US citizenship—in Wyoming was not just a matter of social practice and local custom, it became an expression of increased state and federal power that mirrored Jim Crow laws. Wyoming was not alone. The segregation of Mexicans also occurred in neighboring Colorado, Montana, and Nebraska. This article also discusses how, ultimately, public schools and schooling finalized the codification and institutionalization of Mexicans as a race of their own. In Wyoming, schools were the architects of the Mexican race. Furthermore, this unexplored area demonstrates that the segregation of Mexican children was not just a Southwest phenomenon but encompassed almost all of the US West.
Vesicle dynamics in large amplitude oscillatory extensional flow
Authors: Lin Charlie , Kumar Dinesh , Richter Channing M. , Wang Shiyan , Schroeder Charles M. , Narsimhan Vivek
Published: November 2021

Although the behaviour of fluid-filled vesicles in steady flows has been extensively studied, far less is understood regarding the shape dynamics of vesicles in time-dependent oscillatory flows. Here, we investigate the nonlinear dynamics of vesicles in large amplitude oscillatory extensional (LAOE) flows using both experiments and boundary integral (BI) simulations. Our results characterize the transient membrane deformations, dynamical regimes and stress response of vesicles in LAOE in terms of reduced volume (vesicle asphericity), capillary number (

${Ca}$

, dimensionless flow strength) and Deborah number (

${De}$

, dimensionless flow frequency). Results from single vesicle experiments are found to be in good agreement with BI simulations across a wide range of parameters. Our results reveal three distinct dynamical regimes based on vesicle deformation: pulsating, reorienting and symmetrical regimes. We construct phase diagrams characterizing the transition of vesicle shapes between pulsating, reorienting and symmetrical regimes within the two-dimensional Pipkin space defined by

${De}$

and

${Ca}$

. Contrary to observations on clean Newtonian droplets, vesicles do not reach a maximum length twice per strain rate cycle in the reorienting and pulsating regimes. The distinct dynamics observed in each regime result from a competition between the flow frequency, flow time scale and membrane deformation time scale. By calculating the particle stresslet, we quantify the nonlinear relationship between average vesicle stress and strain rate. Additionally, we present results on tubular vesicles that undergo shape transformation over several strain cycles. Broadly, our work provides new information regarding the transient dynamics of vesicles in time-dependent flows that directly informs bulk suspension rheology.
Shock-induced dual-layer evolution
Authors: Liang Yu , Luo Xisheng
Published: November 2021

Shock-induced fluid-layer evolution has attracted much attention but remains a challenge mainly because the coupling between layers remains unknown. Linear solutions are first derived to quantify the layer-coupling effect on the shocked dual-layer evolution. Next, the motions of the waves and interfaces of a dual layer are examined based on the one-dimensional gas dynamics theory. Shock-tube experiments on the dual-layer, single-layer and single-mode interface are then performed to validate the linear solutions and investigate the reverberating waves inside the layers. It is proved that the layer-coupling effect destabilises the dual layer, especially when the initial layers are thin, and the reverberating waves impose additional instabilities on all interfaces. Our findings suggest that a slow/fast configuration with a large thickness in a dual layer can facilitate the suppression of hydrodynamic instabilities.
Linking proactive behavior and constructive deviance to affective commitment and turnover intention: the mediating role of idea championing
Authors: Déprez Guillaume R. M. , Battistelli Adalgisa , Vandenberghe Christian
Published: November 2021

This paper explores how proactive behavior and constructive deviance relate to affective organizational commitment and turnover intention through idea championing. Based on a two-wave study (N = 310), structural equation model analyses revealed that constructive deviance had an inhibitory effect and proactive behavior a facilitatory effect on idea championing. In turn, idea championing was related to increased affective commitment and reduced turnover intention. The analyses of indirect effects further indicated that proactive behavior and constructive deviance had opposite indirect effects on affective commitment and turnover intention. This research underlines the importance of acting proactively upstream rather than deviating from the norm to promote innovation and build employee loyalty to the organization. Finally, this study also indicates that proactive and constructive deviant behaviors are conceptually different and exert opposite effects despite their similar orientation toward innovation and change.
Smoke signalling resistance
Authors: Kerkhove Ray
Published: November 2021

This essay reconstructs defensive/offensive mechanisms of Aboriginal communication networks and presents historical examples of their application as a means of resistance during Australia’s frontier wars. The principal focus is on smoke-signalling systems, especially in Queensland.
The Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Galinhas in Southern Sierra Leone, 1790–1820
Authors: Gonzalez Jorge Felipe
Published: November 2021

In the early nineteenth century a centralized political entity, the Galinhas kingdom, emerged in southernmost Sierra Leone. Based on sources from Cuban, British, American, Spanish, and Sierra Leonean archives, this article examines the factors accounting for the emergence and consolidation of Galinhas. I argue that the postabolitionist (1808) redeployment of North Atlantic slave trading actors, networks, routes, and spaces, particularly the connection with Cuba and resources from the island, created the conditions for Galinhas's commercial growth and the centralization of its political power. I then problematize the relationship between warfare, the Atlantic slave trade, and state making. During the foundation of a predatory state, before a slaving and political frontier existed, wars were detrimental to trade. When warfare and commerce — or any social activity — coexisted in the same physical space, the interdependent balance between them, which supported the slave trade itself, was disrupted. After the end of the war, political stability boosted slave trading operations.
Embryonic development of eggs and stereological analysis of body of Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Golvan, 1956) (Eoacanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae)
Authors: Gonçalves Mayra da Silva , da Costa Oscar Tadeu Ferreira , Morey Germán Augusto Murrieta , Dias Lucas Castanhola , Chagas Edsandra Campos , Porto Sanny Maria de Andrade
Published: November 2021

The egg is one of the fundamental parts of the life cycle of Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae, and this stage involves the acanthor larva. It is also the infection phase for the intermediate host. Under normal conditions, the larva inside the egg can survive for months in the environment; however, information regarding this phase of life of the parasite is scarce. In addition, there is no quantitative information about the structural composition of the parasite's body from a histological point of view. Such information is essential in order to support decisions aimed at controlling infestations by these parasites in fish farming. This study aimed to present a detailed description of the stages of embryonic development of N. buttnerae eggs, as well as a stereological evaluation of the body of adult females of the parasite. Three phases of development characterized the eggs: cell division (with four stages), formation of the internal nuclear mass (with four stages) and formation of the acanthor larva (with five stages). The ovary comprised 26.61% of the volume of the animal and most of it contained eggs (21.28%), ovarian balls (3.88%) and empty spaces (1.45%). These results are of great importance and will support future studies that seek to interrupt the life cycle of this parasite.
Catatonia: demographic, clinical and laboratory associations
Authors: Rogers Jonathan P. , Pollak Thomas A. , Begum Nazifa , Griffin Anna , Carter Ben , Pritchard Megan , Broadbent Matthew , Kolliakou Anna , Ke Jessie , Stewart Robert , Patel Rashmi , Bomford Adrian , Amad Ali , Zandi Michael S. , Lewis Glyn , Nicholson Timothy R. , David Anthony S.
Published: November 2021

Background

Catatonia, a severe neuropsychiatric syndrome, has few studies of sufficient scale to clarify its epidemiology or pathophysiology. We aimed to characterise demographic associations, peripheral inflammatory markers and outcome of catatonia.

Methods

Electronic healthcare records were searched for validated clinical diagnoses of catatonia. In a case–control study, demographics and inflammatory markers were compared in psychiatric inpatients with and without catatonia. In a cohort study, the two groups were compared in terms of their duration of admission and mortality.

Results

We identified 1456 patients with catatonia (of whom 25.1% had two or more episodes) and 24 956 psychiatric inpatients without catatonia. Incidence was 10.6 episodes of catatonia per 100 000 person-years. Patients with and without catatonia were similar in sex, younger and more likely to be of Black ethnicity. Serum iron was reduced in patients with catatonia [11.6 v. 14.2 μmol/L, odds ratio (OR) 0.65 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45–0.95), p = 0.03] and creatine kinase was raised [2545 v. 459 IU/L, OR 1.53 (95% CI 1.29–1.81), p < 0.001], but there was no difference in C-reactive protein or white cell count. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies were significantly associated with catatonia, but there were small numbers of positive results. Duration of hospitalisation was greater in the catatonia group (median: 43 v. 25 days), but there was no difference in mortality after adjustment.

Conclusions

In the largest clinical study of catatonia, we found catatonia occurred in approximately 1 per 10 000 person-years. Evidence for a proinflammatory state was mixed. Catatonia was associated with prolonged inpatient admission but not with increased mortality.
How regional climate and seed traits interact in shaping stress–tolerance of savanna seeds?
Authors: Ribeiro Leandro C. , Barbosa Eduardo R. M. , Borghetti Fabian
Published: November 2021

Functional traits related to regeneration responses to the environment are highly determinants of distribution patterns of plant communities. A large body of studies on seed traits suggests that regional climate may act as a strong filter of plant recruitment; however, few studies have evaluated the relative importance of seed traits and environmental filters for seed persistence at the population level. We tested the role of seed mass, water content and desiccation tolerance, as well as the germination time as proxies for seed tolerance to environmental filters (water deficit, heat shock and high temperatures) by comparing the response of tree species co-occurring in savannas located in different regions: Cerrado biome of Central Brazil and the Rio Branco savannas of northern Brazil. Seeds collected in savannas of Rio Branco showed a higher tolerance to environmental filters than those collected in savannas of the Cerrado. While the germination percentages largely varied in response to the treatments, the germination times were virtually unaffected by them, irrespective of seed origin, seed mass and water content. At the population level, the regional environment was a key determinant of seed tolerance to stress, irrespective of seed traits. Germination time was shown to represent a conservative seed trait and more linked to a species-specific germination strategy than to regional characteristics. Our results suggest that recruitment patterns of Cerrado savannas may be more impacted than Rio Branco savannas by the climate scenarios predicted for the future.
The role of machine learning applications in diagnosing and assessing critical and non-critical CHD: a scoping review
Authors: Helman Stephanie M. , Herrup Elizabeth A. , Christopher Adam B. , Al-Zaiti Salah S.
Published: November 2021

Machine learning uses historical data to make predictions about new data. It has been frequently applied in healthcare to optimise diagnostic classification through discovery of hidden patterns in data that may not be obvious to clinicians. Congenital Heart Defect (CHD) machine learning research entails one of the most promising clinical applications, in which timely and accurate diagnosis is essential. The objective of this scoping review is to summarise the application and clinical utility of machine learning techniques used in paediatric cardiology research, specifically focusing on approaches aiming to optimise diagnosis and assessment of underlying CHD. Out of 50 full-text articles identified between 2015 and 2021, 40% focused on optimising the diagnosis and assessment of CHD. Deep learning and support vector machine were the most commonly used algorithms, accounting for an overall diagnostic accuracy > 0.80. Clinical applications primarily focused on the classification of auscultatory heart sounds, transthoracic echocardiograms, and cardiac MRIs. The range of these applications and directions of future research are discussed in this scoping review.
The Middle Line of Truth: Religious and Secular Ideologies in the Making of Brazilian Evangelical Thought, 1870–1930
Authors: Feitoza Pedro
Published: November 2021

This article examines the ways in which Protestant ministers, laypeople and foreign missionaries mediated between religious and secular ideologies in Brazil and took part in international theological debates. It concentrates on a group of church pastors and lay writers based in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro who produced and circulated Christian literature widely across evangelical networks. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Protestants engaged with both the local reverberations of the Catholic revival, with its impact on the hierarchy and devotional practices of the Brazilian Church, and the secularist leanings of the Brazilian intelligentsia. Focusing on a variety of high- and low-level publications, including periodicals, tracts, theological compendia, religious controversies and sermons, the article examines how Brazilian evangelicals appropriated Protestant theology and channeled its concepts and ideas into local arguments.
Dialectical behaviour therapy skills group including stigma management: a pilot with sexual and gender minority veterans
Authors: Skerven Kim , Mirabito Lucas , Kirkman Mackenzie , Shaw Beth
Published: November 2021

As a principle-driven treatment, dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) offers concepts and strategies that can be flexibly applied to address unique types of invalidation, such as stigma experienced by marginalized groups. A pilot DBT skills training group that included material on using skills to dialectically manage the effects of stigma was conducted with four sexual and gender minority (SGM) veterans. The group included standard DBT skills along with explicitly teaching about stigma commonly faced by SGM individuals and ways to apply DBT skills to the experiences of stigma. This pilot group was conducted to determine the acceptability of such a group as well as its effects on symptoms (depression, emotion regulation), use of DBT skills in daily living, and the psychological burden of stigma-related experiences. The group was well-received by participants; outcomes suggest promising trends in reducing psychological distress and increasing use of DBT skills to cope. Implications for clinical practice using a dialectical approach to stigma management and future directions are provided.

Key learning aims

(1)

Readers will learn about how dialectical behaviour therapy can be used to help sexual and gender minority clients effectively manage the effects of minority stress.

(2)

Readers will learn how taking a dialectical perspective on managing minority stress can be effective.

(3)

Readers will learn how delivering dialectical behaviour therapy in a manner contextualized within the clients’ experience can be effective in managing mental health symptoms.
Active Degassing of Deeply Sourced Fluids in Central Europe: New Evidences From a Geochemical Study in Serbia
Authors: Randazzo P. , Caracausi A. , Aiuppa A. , Cardellini C. , Chiodini G. , D'Alessandro W. , Li Vigni L. , Papic P. , Marinkovic G. , Ionescu A.
Published: November 2021

We report on the results of an extensive geochemical survey of fluids released in the Vardar zone (central‐western Serbia), a mega‐suture zone at the boundary between Eurasia and Africa plates. Thirty‐one bubbling gas samples are investigated for their chemical and isotopic compositions (He, C, Ar) and cluster into three distinct groups (CO2‐dominated, N2‐dominated, and CH4‐dominated) based on the dominant gas species. The measured He isotope ratios range from 0.08 to 1.19 Ra (where Ra is the atmospheric ratio), and reveal for the first time the presence of a minor (<20%) but detectable regional mantle‐derived component in Serbia. δ13C values range from −20.2‰ to −0.1‰ (versus PDB), with the more negative compositions observed in N2‐dominated samples. The carbon‐helium relationship indicates that these negative δ13C compositions could be due to isotopic fractionation processes during CO2 dissolution into groundwater. In contrast, CO2‐rich samples reflect mixing between crustal and mantle‐derived CO2. Our estimated mantle‐derived He flux (9.0 × 109 atoms m−2 s−1) is up to 2 orders of magnitude higher than the typical fluxes in stable continental areas, suggesting a structural/tectonic setting favoring the migration of deep‐mantle fluids through the crust.
Cratering Records in the Chang'e‐5 Mare Unit: Filling the “Age Gap” of the Lunar Crater Chronology and Preparation for Its Recalibration
Authors: Qiao (乔乐) Le , Xu (徐璐媛) Luyuan , Yang (杨亚洲) Yazhou , Xie (谢明刚) Minggang , Chen (陈剑) Jian , Fang (房锟) Kun , Ling (凌宗成) Zongcheng
Published: November 2021

The Moon is the cornerstone for dating planetary surfaces as it is the only planetary body that has been sampled multiple times from multiple places. The major deficiencies of the lunar crater chronology function are the somewhat limited number of calibration points and data gaps, especially in the ∼1–3 Ga segment. China's Chang'e‐5 mission recently returned samples from a young nearside mare, whose age is estimated to be in that age gap, providing a long‐awaited opportunity for recalibrating the lunar chronology. Here, we report a direct density measurement of impact craters ≥1 km in diameter of Chang'e‐5 mare unit, as (1.696 ± 0.221) × 10−3 km−2. The Chang'e‐5 mare deposits are estimated as ∼1.3–2.7 Ga old in various lunar chronologies, younger than all collected Apollo/Luna basalts. Accurate radio‐isotopic ages of Chang'e‐5 samples can be combined with our crater density measurement for a recalibration of lunar chronology.
Structural Evolution of the Parmelan Anticline (Bornes Massif, France): Recording the Role of Structural Inheritance and Stress Field Changes on the Finite Deformation Pattern
Authors: Berio L. R. , Storti F. , Balsamo F. , Mittempergher S. , Bistacchi A. , Meda M.
Published: November 2021

In many orogenic wedges, foreland basin systems are preferential sites for economical resource accumulation, typically hydrocarbons. Understanding how structural inheritance perturbs the evolution of folding‐related deformation and impacts on subsurface fracture patterns bears first order economic and environmental implications, when also CO2 storage is considered. Studying properly selected field analogs of buried anticlines provides fundamental information on fracture patterns at the subseismic scale. The Parmelan anticline is a flat‐topped box‐fold located in the Bornes Massif (France) involving Lower Cretaceous platform carbonates (Urgonian Limestones). We studied this field analogue by combining structural analysis with syntectonic calcite vein petrography and geochemistry to unravel the progression of deformation and to obtain constraints on the regional stress field evolution. We documented (a) a network of pre‐folding hinge‐parallel and hinge‐perpendicular extensional fault zones, (b) two deformation assemblages developed during pre‐folding layer‐parallel‐shortening under different stress configurations including veins, bed‐perpendicular stylolites and subsidiary reverse faults, (c) a limited occurrence of localized syn‐folding deformation structures (i.e., hinge‐parallel veins), and (d) an association of veins and stylolites oblique to the fold axial trend, formed in a post‐folding stage. We propose that pre‐ and syn‐orogenic inherited structures controlled first‐order fold geometry and partial development of classical syn‐folding deformation features. Moreover, our data reveal a complex stress history marked by permutations of the vertical principal stress axis from strike‐slip to purely compressional stress regimes and vice versa, accompanied by a progressive counterclockwise rotation of the horizontal maximum stress axis.
A Dynamic Socio‐Hydrological Model of the Irrigation Efficiency Paradox
Authors: Ilyas Ansir , Manzoor Talha , Muhammad Abubakr
Published: November 2021

Improving irrigation efficiency (IE) is conventionally perceived as a water‐conserving practice in the agriculture sector. The common understanding is that increased on‐farm IE leads to an increase in water availability at the basin. However, in the recent past, many instances have been reported where increasing on‐farm IE failed to increase water availability at the basin scale. This phenomenon is commonly known as the ‘Irrigation Efficiency Paradox (IEP)’. In this paper, we present a dynamic systems model of the IEP. Our model combines a simple mass‐balance description of the water flows with the rent‐seeking behavior of consumers. Through the socio‐hydrological model, we arrive at a parametric characterization of the IEP, which is given by three attributes: the maximum short‐term benefit enjoyed after improvement in IE, the time duration after which the paradox occurs, and the escalation of the paradox once it occurs. We find that the paradox in basins with lower evaporation and higher recharge is more pronounced, the policy implications of which are in contrast to the common narrative that seeks to reduce evaporation and increase recharge. We also use our findings along with global data sets to identify regions that are most susceptible to the IEP. We argue that much caution must be practiced while introducing efficient irrigation technologies in the identified regions so as to avoid paradoxical effects to as much extent as possible. We also discuss the seemingly counter‐intuitive role of evaporation and recharge properties of the basin and how it ties in with contemporary policy narratives.
Obesity risk is associated with altered cerebral glucose metabolism and decreased μ-opioid and CB1 receptor availability
Authors: Kantonen Tatu , Pekkarinen Laura , Karjalainen Tomi , Bucci Marco , Kalliokoski Kari , Haaparanta-Solin Merja , Aarnio Richard , Dickens Alex M. , von Eyken Annie , Laitinen Kirsi , Houttu Noora , Kirjavainen Anna K. , Helin Semi , Hirvonen Jussi , Rönnemaa Tapani , Nuutila Pirjo , Nummenmaa Lauri
Published: November 2021

Background

Obesity is a pressing public health concern worldwide. Novel pharmacological means are urgently needed to combat the increase of obesity and accompanying type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although fully established obesity is associated with neuromolecular alterations and insulin resistance in the brain, potential obesity-promoting mechanisms in the central nervous system have remained elusive. In this triple-tracer positron emission tomography study, we investigated whether brain insulin signaling, μ-opioid receptors (MORs) and cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) are associated with risk for developing obesity.

Methods

Subjects were 41 young non-obese males with variable obesity risk profiles. Obesity risk was assessed by subjects’ physical exercise habits, body mass index and familial risk factors, including parental obesity and T2D. Brain glucose uptake was quantified with [18F]FDG during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, MORs were quantified with [11C]carfentanil and CB1Rs with [18F]FMPEP-d2.

Results

Subjects with higher obesity risk had globally increased insulin-stimulated brain glucose uptake (19 high-risk subjects versus 19 low-risk subjects), and familial obesity risk factors were associated with increased brain glucose uptake (38 subjects) but decreased availability of MORs (41 subjects) and CB1Rs (36 subjects).

Conclusions

These results suggest that the hereditary mechanisms promoting obesity may be partly mediated via insulin, opioid and endocannabinoid messaging systems in the brain.
A highly predictive autoantibody-based biomarker panel for prognosis in early-stage NSCLC with potential therapeutic implications
Authors: Patel Akshay J. , Tan Ti-Myen , Richter Alex G. , Naidu Babu , Blackburn Jonathan M. , Middleton Gary W.
Published: November 2021

Background

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Surgical resection remains the definitive curative treatment for early-stage disease offering an overall 5-year survival rate of 62%. Despite careful case selection, a significant proportion of early-stage cancers relapse aggressively within the first year post-operatively. Identification of these patients is key to accurate prognostication and understanding the biology that drives early relapse might open up potential novel adjuvant therapies.

Methods

We performed an unsupervised interrogation of >1600 serum-based autoantibody biomarkers using an iterative machine-learning algorithm.

Results

We identified a 13 biomarker signature that was highly predictive for survivorship in post-operative early-stage lung cancer; this outperforms currently used autoantibody biomarkers in solid cancers. Our results demonstrate significantly poor survivorship in high expressers of this biomarker signature with an overall 5-year survival rate of 7.6%.

Conclusions

We anticipate that the data will lead to the development of an off-the-shelf prognostic panel and further that the oncogenic relevance of the proteins recognised in the panel may be a starting point for a new adjuvant therapy.
A gene toolbox for monitoring autophagy transcription
Authors: Bordi Matteo , De Cegli Rossella , Testa Beatrice , Nixon Ralph A. , Ballabio Andrea , Cecconi Francesco
Published: November 2021

Autophagy is a highly dynamic and multi-step process, regulated by many functional protein units. Here, we have built up a comprehensive and up-to-date annotated gene list for the autophagy pathway, by combining previously published gene lists and the most recent publications in the field. We identified 604 genes and created main categories: MTOR and upstream pathways, autophagy core, autophagy transcription factors, mitophagy, docking and fusion, lysosome and lysosome-related genes. We then classified such genes in sub-groups, based on their functions or on their sub-cellular localization. Moreover, we have curated two shorter sub-lists to predict the extent of autophagy activation and/or lysosomal biogenesis; we next validated the “induction list” by Real-time PCR in cell lines during fasting or MTOR inhibition, identifying ATG14, ATG7, NBR1, ULK1, ULK2, and WDR45, as minimal transcriptional targets. We also demonstrated that our list of autophagy genes can be particularly useful during an effective RNA-sequencing analysis. Thus, we propose our lists as a useful toolbox for performing an informative and functionally-prognostic gene scan of autophagy steps.
Consumption in the G20 nations causes particulate air pollution resulting in two million premature deaths annually
Authors: Nansai Keisuke , Tohno Susumu , Chatani Satoru , Kanemoto Keiichiro , Kagawa Shigemi , Kondo Yasushi , Takayanagi Wataru , Lenzen Manfred
Published: November 2021

Worldwide exposure to ambient PM2.5 causes over 4 million premature deaths annually. As most of these deaths are in developing countries, without internationally coordinated efforts this polarized situation will continue. As yet, however, no studies have quantified nation-to-nation consumer responsibility for global mortality due to both primary and secondary PM2.5 particles. Here we quantify the global footprint of PM2.5-driven premature deaths for the 19 G20 nations in a position to lead such efforts. G20 consumption in 2010 was responsible for 1.983 [95% Confidence Interval: 1.685–2.285] million premature deaths, at an average age of 67, including 78.6 [71.5–84.8] thousand infant deaths, implying that the G20 lifetime consumption of about 28 [24–33] people claims one life. Our results indicate that G20 nations should take responsibility for their footprint rather than focusing solely on transboundary air pollution, as this would expand opportunities for reducing PM2.5-driven premature mortality. Given the infant mortality footprint identified, it would moreover contribute to ensuring infant lives are not unfairly left behind in countries like South Africa, which have a weak relationship with G20 nations.
Correspondence between neuroevolution and gradient descent
Authors: Whitelam Stephen , Selin Viktor , Park Sang-Won , Tamblyn Isaac
Published: November 2021

We show analytically that training a neural network by conditioned stochastic mutation or neuroevolution of its weights is equivalent, in the limit of small mutations, to gradient descent on the loss function in the presence of Gaussian white noise. Averaged over independent realizations of the learning process, neuroevolution is equivalent to gradient descent on the loss function. We use numerical simulation to show that this correspondence can be observed for finite mutations, for shallow and deep neural networks. Our results provide a connection between two families of neural-network training methods that are usually considered to be fundamentally different.