bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pretreatment of polypropylene films for following technological processes, part 2: The use of low temperature plasma method
Authors: Urbaniak‐Domagala Wieslawa
Published: June 2011

The surface of polypropylene (PP) films was activated by RF plasma method with the use different gases: argon, air, water vapor, and acetic acid vapor. Plasma was diagnosed based on spectra emitted by gas plasma using the method of optical emission spectroscopy. The effectiveness of these processing gases during plasma treatment was analyzed. The effects of PP activation were assessed with the use of IR‐ATR absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and the analysis of the surface free energy components based on liquid contact angle. The activation of PP surface by plasma treatment resulted in the increased energy of PP surface layer to the extent being dependent on the type of processing gases and in the formation of new chemical groups on it. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Hyperglycemia, hypoxia and their combination exert oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant gene expression: studies on cultured rat embryos
Authors: Ornoy Asher , Livshitz Alicia , Ergaz Zivanit , Stodgell Chais J. , Miller Richard K.
Published: June 2011

INTRODUCTION: Hyperglycemia and hypoxia are well‐known teratogens that may affect many animal species, including man. We hypothesize that a combination of hypoxia and hyperglycemia will increase embryonic damage produced by either factor individually. We investigated the interrelationship between hyperglycemia and hypoxia and their effects on genes involved in the balance of embryonic redox status. METHODS: Rat embryos (10.5‐day‐old) were cultured for 28 hr in culture medium with about 6 mg/ml of glucose and 20% oxygen (hyperglycemia), with 10% oxygen (hypoxia) and 2.4 g/ml glucose (normal) or a combination of both 6 mg/ml glucose and 10% oxygen. Antioxidant capacity was determined by activity and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes: Cu/Zn SOD, Mn‐SOD, CAT, and GSH‐px using real time PCR. RESULTS: Hyperglycemia, hypoxia, or their combination, decreased embryonic growth and induced a high rate (62–78%) of anomalies mainly of the nervous system, heart, and limbs. CAT mRNA and GSH‐px mRNA were decreased in the malformed embryos exposed to hyperglycemia, to hypoxia or their combination. CAT mRNA was also decreased in the nonmalformed embryos subjected to hyperglycemia and hypoxia. Cu/Zn SOD mRNA was increased in all experimental embryos whether malformed or not, whereas Mn‐SOD was drastically decreased. Total SOD and CAT like activity were changed very little in the experimental embryos compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Both hyperglycemia, hypoxia, and their combination reduce embryonic growth and development, induce embryonic anomalies, and modify the expression of the principle antioxidant genes. However, hypoxia does not seem to enhance the damaging effects of hyperglycemia except its effects of embryonic growth. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:231–239, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of multipath fading and multiple access interference on broadband code division multiple access systems
Authors: Anwar Hossain Md. , Tarique Mohammed
Published: June 2011

In this paper, the performance of uncoded uplink transmissions in a broadband code division multiple access (CDMA) system using tapped delay line (TDL) antenna array under multipath conditions is investigated. An expression for broadband CDMA system is derived to calculate the optimal weights of TDL antenna array. Using the derived broadband expression, the performance of TDL antenna array is investigated and compared with that of the already existing narrowband systems. Simulation results show that TDL antenna array can reduce multipath fading and multiple access interference (MAI). It is shown that if the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) level is maintained at 20 dB and two‐ray channel model is used, two antennas with four taps each can support 30 users with a BER of 10−3. If three‐ray channel model is used, the same antenna arrangement is not enough to support 30 users. To support these 30 users with BER of 10−3, the number of taps needs to be increased to eight. Finally, the number of taps needs to be further increased to 16 if four‐ray channel model is used. Not only that, the SNR should also be increased to 25 dB to achieve the same BER. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A direct method for obtaining critical clearing time for transient stability using critical generator conditions
Authors: Priyadi Ardyono , Yorino Naoto , Tanaka Masahide , Fujiwara Takuma , Zoka Yoshifumi , Kakui Hironori , Takeshita Mitsuhiro
Published: June 2011

This paper proposes a new method for transient stability analysis for electric power systems by extending our previous studies. A special feature different from the ordinary existing methods is that a minimization problem is formulated for obtaining critical clearing time for transient stability. The critical trajectory is defined as the trajectory that starts from a point on a fault‐on trajectory at critical clearing time and reaches a critical point of losing synchronism. This paper studies the treatment of the critical condition and then proposes a new formulation for the transient stability problem. It will be demonstrated that the solution of the minimization problem successfully provides the exact critical clearing time that agrees with the conventional numerical simulation method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Your firm's mobile devices: How secure are they?
Authors: Wright Jr. Harry R. , Mooney J. Lowell , Parham Abbie Gail
Published: June 2011

Mobile communication devices are taking the world by a storm. They offer significant benefits. But when deciding whether your company can benefit from giving mobile devices to employees, it is important to think strategically. Do you have a comprehensive mobile security strategy? Do you have a well‐thought‐out set of policies and procedures in place?

The authors of this article take a critical look at mobile device security. Then they provide a detailed set of checklists to help you develop strategic goals; effectively manage mobile devices; protect company data; and evaluate the effectiveness of your security plan. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IT considerations for the PC business user
Authors: Reider Rob
Published: June 2011

Over the past 30 years, personal computers (PCs) have proliferated in the workplace. Businesses of all sizes use PCs to process financial and accounting transactions. PCs have also become easier to use. But “user friendly” doesn't necessarily mean “user accuracy.” This article shows how to help the PC user be aware of computer controls that ensure effective, secure, and accurate computer operations. The author includes a detailed checklist to improve your PC controls. © 2011 by Rob Reider
Improving IT project oversight
Authors: Iijima Timothy
Published: June 2011

Organizations spend a disproportionate share of their IT budgets on “projects”—primarily systems implementations. But because of their scale and their impact to company operations, the risk of these IT projects is significant. Despite that, oversight by external and internal audit tends to be only cursory! What practical steps can companies take to fix this problem? © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing laptop security
Authors: Burnett Royce D. , Friedman Mark , Rodriguez Ramon P.
Published: June 2011

The theft or loss of just one laptop containing sensitive data can have a devastating impact on an entire company. How would your company handle the problems that would arise? Right now, before a disaster happens, you need to do a use assessment inventory, say the authors of this article. That determines the type of exposure your laptop user might have if the laptop is stolen or lost. The authors then walk you through some procedures your company can adopt to prevent access to stolen or lost laptop data. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ERP systems: A lost opportunity
Authors: Worster Art , Weirich Thomas R. , Andera Frank
Published: June 2011

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software started taking off in the early 1990s. It required IT departments and workers to adjust to new realities in their relationship with business partners. But the authors of this article argue that business and IT leaders have not kept up with this transition in roles. Has a great opportunity been lost? The authors take a critical look at the history of ERP systems and discuss changes they see coming over the next few years. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protective effect of thalidomide against N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate‐induced retinal neurotoxicity
Authors: Takada Kazuhide , Munemasa Yasunari , Kuribayashi Junko , Fujino Hiromi , Kitaoka Yasushi
Published: June 2011

Thalidomide, an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) production, has been indicated to be useful for many inflammatory and oncogenic diseases. In the present study, we examined whether thalidomide (50 mg/kg/day, p.o.) has a protective effect against N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐induced retinal neurotoxicity in rats. A morphometric analysis showed that systemic administration of thalidomide protects neural cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) in a dose‐dependent manner and significantly decreases the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL)‐positive cells in GCL and in the inner nuclear layer (INL). ELISA showed that thalidomide significantly suppressed the elevation of TNF‐α 6 and 24 hr after an NMDA injection. Western blot analysis revealed a significant increase in nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) p65 level in the retinas treated with NMDA at 24 hr after the injection, but not at 6 or 72 hr. Furthermore, an increase in p‐JNK and p‐p38 levels was also observed in the retina after NMDA injection. Thalidomide suppressed the increased expressions of NF‐κB p65, p‐JNK, and p‐p38 after NMDA injection. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that thalidomide attenuated NF‐κB p65 immunoreactivity in the GCL induced by NMDA treatment. In the NMDA‐treated group, translocation of NF‐κB p65 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus was detected in TUNEL‐positive cells exposed to NMDA treatment. These results suggest new indications for thalidomide against neurodegenerative diseases. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Large‐scale anomaly patterns associated to temperature variability inside Scarisoara Ice Cave
Authors: Rimbu N. , Onac B. P. , Racovita G.
Published: June 2011

The relationship between temperature variability inside Scarisoara Ice Cave (NW Romania) and large‐scale atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is investigated. A composite analysis reveals that high (low) temperatures inside the cave are associated with high (low) air temperature over a large area that covers central and Eastern Europe. Coherent large‐scale patterns are identified in the field of SST anomalies. The corresponding atmospheric circulation patterns favour relatively warm (cold) air advection towards the cave region during high (low) temperatures inside the cave. A correlation analysis reveals that the atmospheric circulation patterns associated with cave temperature variability is mainly the result of the East Atlantic‐Western Russia (r = − 0.38) teleconnection pattern. Our results have strong implications for the interpretation of climate variability in the region as recorded by the ice block within the Scarisoara Ice Cave, which is more than 3000 years old. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Myocardial first‐pass perfusion: Influence of spatial resolution and heart rate on the dark rim artifact
Authors: Meloni Antonella , Al‐Saadi Nidal , Torheim Geir , Hoebel Nadja , Reynolds H. Glenn , De Marchi Daniele , Positano Vincenzo , Burchielli Silvia , Lombardi Massimo
Published: June 2011

Myocardial perfusion images can be affected by the dark rim artifact. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the spatial resolution and heart rate on the transmural extent of the artifact. Six pigs under anesthesia were scanned at 1.5T using an echo‐planar imaging/fast gradient echo sequence with a nonselective saturation preparation pulse. Three short‐axis slices were acquired every heart beat during the first pass of a contrast agent bolus. Two different in‐plane spatial resolutions (2.65 and 3.75 mm) and two different heart rates (normal and tachycardia) were used, generating a set of four perfusion scans. The percentage drop of signal in the subendocardium compared to the epicardium and the transmural extent of the artifact were extracted. Additionally, the signal‐to‐noise and the contrast‐to‐noise ratios were evaluated. The signal drop as well as the width of the dark rim artifact increased with decreased spatial resolution and with increased heart rates. No significant slice‐to‐slice variability was detected for signal drop and width of the rim within the four considered groups. signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) ratios decreased with increasing spatial resolution. In conclusion, low spatial and temporal resolution could be correlated with increased extent of the dark‐rim artifact and with lower SNR and CNR. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimizing signal‐to‐noise ratio of high‐resolution parallel single‐shot diffusion‐weighted echo‐planar imaging at ultrahigh field strengths
Authors: Reischauer Carolin , Vorburger Robert S. , Wilm Bertram J. , Jaermann Thomas , Boesiger Peter
Published: June 2011

The potential signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) gain at ultrahigh field strengths offers the promise of higher image resolution in single‐shot diffusion‐weighted echo‐planar imaging the challenge being reduced T2 and T2* relaxation times and increased B0 inhomogeneity which lead to geometric distortions and image blurring. These can be addressed using parallel imaging (PI) methods for which a greater range of feasible reduction factors has been predicted at ultrahigh field strengths—the tradeoff being an associated SNR loss. Using comprehensive simulations, the SNR of high‐resolution diffusion‐weighted echo‐planar imaging in combination with spin‐echo and stimulated‐echo acquisition is explored at 7 T and compared to 3 T. To this end, PI performance is simulated for coil arrays with a variable number of circular coil elements. Beyond that, simulations of the point spread function are performed to investigate the actual image resolution. When higher PI reduction factors are applied at 7 T to address increased image distortions, high‐resolution imaging benefits SNR‐wise only at relatively low PI reduction factors. On the contrary, it features generally higher image resolutions than at 3 T due to smaller point spread functions. The SNR simulations are confirmed by phantom experiments. Finally, high‐resolution in vivo images of a healthy volunteer are presented which demonstrate the feasibility of higher PI reduction factors at 7 T in practice. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dos and don'ts for Chinese companies investing in the United States: Lessons from Huawei and Haier
Authors: Wu Friedrich , Hoon Lim Siok , Yuzhu Zhang
Published: June 2011

The implementation of the Chinese government's “Go Global” policy in 2000 has led to an unprecedented surge in Chinese outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). While Asia remains a favorite destination, the 2008–09 global financial crisis has presented opportunities for Chinese companies interested in cross‐border mergers and acquisitions in the United States. Chinese companies are keen on the United States because of access to the world's largest market and technology. However, Chinese companies have had to deal with difficulties ranging from regulatory hurdles and cultural differences. Given that the majority of OFDI is still carried out by state‐owned enterprises (SOEs), the primary obstacle for Chinese investors at the federal level is the Committee of Foreign Investment to the United States. This has proven to be an insurmountable obstacle so far for Chinese telecom company Huawei. However, the US investment environment is not all gloom and doom for Chinese companies. There are success stories too like Haier, which has managed to overcome cultural differences. This article aims to do a comparative study of Huawei and Haier and highlight the lessons the companies offer for Chinese companies interested in investing in the United States. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acute toxicity and bioconcentration of fungicide tebuconazole in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Andreu‐Sánchez Oscar , Paraíba Lourival C. , Jonsson Claudio M. , Carrasco José M.
Published: June 2011

This research work investigated the bioconcentration of tebuconazole [(±)‐α‐[2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)ethyl]‐α‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐1‐ethanol] fungicide in zebrafish (Danio rerio) under laboratory conditions and a first‐order kinetic pesticide dissipation in the water. The concentrations of tebuconazole fitted to an equivalent nonlinear kinetic type model which allowed the calculation of the following parameters: bioconcentration factor (38.80 L kg−1), time to reach maximum fish concentration (6 days), maximum concentration in fish (0.0075 μg mg−1), half‐life in fish (24 days) and time needed for the fish to eliminate 95% of the maximum concentration (105 days). These calculations permitted the establishment of theoretical reference limit values for human consumption of fish and the establishment of safe limits for the water pesticide concentration. The data would also be useful in safe strategies associated with fishery activities that are conducted in aquatic regions close to crops using tebuconazole. The information will contribute to enlarge the tebuconazole toxicokinetics database of aquatic organisms. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
ISTA 14—Impact of antibiotics from pig slurry on soil microbial communities, including the basidiomycete Trametes versicolor
Authors: Igel‐Egalon Angélique , Cheviron Nathalie , Hedde Mickael , Hernandez‐Raquet Guillermina , Mougin Christian
Published: June 2011

Livestock slurry containing antibiotics is a source of contamination of agricultural soils, with possible effects on soil function and micro‐organisms. Extracellular oxido‐reductases and hydrolases from the fungus T. versicolor and fungal growth were monitored in liquid cultures in the presence of tetracycline, lincomycine, sulfadiazine and ciprofloxacin for 10 days, in order to assess the suitability of these enzymes as biomarkers. Among the conditions of treatment, statistical analysis demonstrated an increase in manganese‐dependent peroxidase after exposure to sulfadiazine at 1 mg/L when compared with the control. Acid phosphatase activity was decreased by lincomycine at 1 or 10 mg/L. Conversely, β‐glucosidase activity increased in the presence of this antibiotic at 10 mg/L. In Terrestrial Model Ecosystems spiked with contaminated pig slurry, lincomycine at the concentration of 8 or 80 μg/kg dry soil, and ciprofloxacin at 250 ng/kg dry soil decreased the activity of soil dehydrogenase, when compared with a green slurry treatment, over 28‐day incubations. Laccase activity was similarly decreased in the presence of the highest concentration of antibiotics. We determined bacterial and fungal biomasses using Q‐PCR. Bacterial biomass was increased in the presence of lincomycine at 80 μg/kg whatever the time of exposure, and to a lesser extent in the presence of ciprofloxacin at 250 ng/kg, but only at day 28. In contrast, both antibiotics, whatever their concentrations, did not modify fungal biomass in soil. In conclusion, we were unable to demonstrate important effects of antibiotics at concentrations found in the agricultural environment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
The quantum chemical cluster approach for modeling enzyme reactions
Authors: Siegbahn Per E.M. , Himo Fahmi
Published: June 2011

This Overview describes the general concepts behind the quantum chemical cluster approach for modeling enzyme active sites and reaction mechanisms. First, the underlying density functional electronic structure method is briefly recapitulated. The cluster methodology is then discussed, including the important observation on the convergence of the solvation effects. The concepts are illustrated using examples from recent applications, such as the discrimination between different reaction mechanisms in phosphotriesterase, the elucidation of origins of regioselectivity in the epoxide‐opening reaction of haloalcohol dehalogenase, and finally the use of the cluster methodology to establish the detailed structure of the oxygen‐evolving complex in photosystem II. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2011 1 323–336 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.13

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics
Fullerenes: formation, stability, and reactivity
Authors: Rodríguez‐Fortea Antonio , Irle Stephan , Poblet Josep M.
Published: June 2011

Ab initio, density functional theory and semiempirical methods have been extensively used in the study of fullerenes since its discovery 25 years ago. Here, we review the most recent theoretical studies on formation mechanisms, stability, and reactivity of empty and endohedral fullerenes. We have focused on medium–large fullerenes reporting the relevance of the temperature in the stability of fullerene, the role of the electron transfer in the stabilization of a particular cage in endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), and the importance of carbon hybridation in the reactivity of empty fullerenes and EMFs. Finally, we show the essential stages in the formation of a fullerene (nucleation, cage growth, and cage closure) within the so‐called the ‘shrinking hot giant’ road. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2011 1 350–367 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.21

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Improvement of l-valine production at high temperature in Brevibacterium flavum by overexpressing ilvEBNrC genes
Authors: Hou Xiaohu , Ge Xiangyang , Wu Di , Qian He , Zhang Weiguo
Published: June 2011

Brevibacterium flavum ATCC14067 was engineered for l-valine production by overexpression of different ilv genes; the ilvEBNrC genes from B. flavum NV128 provided the best candidate for l-valine production. In traditional fermentation, l-valine production reached 30.08 ± 0.92 g/L at 31°C in 72 h with a low conversion efficiency of 0.129 g/g. To further improve the l-valine production and conversion efficiency based on the optimum temperatures of l-valine biosynthesis enzymes (above 35°C) and the thermotolerance of B. flavum, the fermentation temperature was increased to 34, 37, and 40°C. As a result, higher metabolic rate and l-valine biosynthesis enzymes activity were obtained at high temperature, and the maximum l-valine production, conversion efficiency, and specific l-valine production rate reached 38.08 ± 1.32 g/L, 0.241 g/g, and 0.133 g g−1 h−1, respectively, at 37°C in 48 h fermentation. The strategy for enhancing l-valine production by overexpression of key enzymes in thermotolerant strains may provide an alternative approach to enhance branched-chain amino acids production with other strains.
High‐elevation ground‐layer plant community composition across environmental gradients in spruce‐fir forests
Authors: Stehn Sarah E. , Webster Christopher R. , Jenkins Michael A. , Jose Shibu
Published: June 2011

We examined the influence of vegetation structure and soil chemistry on post‐adelgid, ground‐layer plant communities in high‐elevation forests of the southern Appalachian Mountains. Specifically, we hypothesized that post‐disturbance community composition and diversity would vary along a gradient of soil acidity and other soil characteristics influenced by acid deposition. Ground‐layer vegetation and soils were sampled on 60 randomly located nested vegetation plots in the spruce‐fir (Picea abies) zone of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, TN and NC, USA. To capture a range of deposition levels, plot placement was stratified based on modeled acid deposition classes. Ordination and multiple regression results showed that ground‐layer composition and diversity were negatively associated with acidity of the A horizon and the presence of ericaceous shrubs (i.e., Rhododendron spp.). A strong correspondence between soil acidity and ericaceous shrub cover was also observed, suggesting that soil acidity may be, in conjunction with overstory disturbance resulting from chronic acid deposition and adelgid induced mortality, an important driver of ericaceous shrub thicket expansion. Slow‐decaying, acidic ericaceous litter may also induce a positive feedback resulting in enhanced acidification.
Technological Factors Affecting Sterols in Australian Olive Oils
Authors: Guillaume Claudia , Ravetti Leandro , Ray Debashree Lala , Johnson Joshua
Published: June 2011

Sterols are important lipids related to the quality of olive oil and broadly used for checking its genuineness. Recent analyses have identified that some Australian olive oils would not meet international standards for total content of sterols or for certain individual components. Several research works indicate that there are some significant correlations between cultural and processing practices and sterols content and composition. In this work the horticultural and processing practices that may have an impact on the sterol content and profile of the most important Australian varieties were analysed. The information generated with this study aims to solve a legislation problem as well as maximising the nutritional and health benefits of Australian olive oils. The evaluation was undertaken using three different varieties and the processing practices evaluated were: irrigation, fruit size, maturity, malaxing time, malaxing temperature and delays between harvest and process. The total content of sterols and their composition in olive oil is strongly influenced by genetic factors and year. Processing practices particularly affect triterpene dialcohols and stigmasterol while horticultural practices and fruit characteristics tend to affect more significantly other sterols such as β‐sitosterol, sitostanol, Δ5‐avenasterol and Δ7‐avenasterol.
Frying Performance of Canola Oil Triacylglycerides as Affected by Vegetable Oils Minor Components
Authors: Aladedunye Felix A. , Przybylski R.
Published: June 2011

The endogenous minor components from canola, rice bran, sesame and palm oils including selected phospholipids, and various combinations of tocopherol isomers were tested during frying using canola oil triacylglycerols as the frying medium. Thermo‐oxidative degradation was assessed by measurement of the total polar components, the rate of volatile carbonyl compounds and 4‐hydroxynonenal formation. All the tested minor components protected to a different extent canola triacylglycerides from thermo‐oxidative degradation during frying. No significant differences were observed in the protection of the triacylglycerides among all the tested tocopherol isomers and their mixtures. Irrespective of the composition of tocopherol homologous, an increase in the added amounts above 1,000 μg/g did not improve protection. Minor components isolated from rice bran and sesame oils offered better protection during canola triacylglycerides frying than endogenous minor components isolated from canola oil. When 0.2% phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine was added to the canola triacylglycerides, the amount of formed polar components decreased twice as compared to the tocopherol isomers. Accordingly, by optimizing the composition and the concentration of the endogenous minor components, the frying performance of oil can be significantly enhanced.
Responsive Survey Design, Demographic Data Collection, and Models of Demographic Behavior
Authors: Axinn William G. , Link Cynthia F. , Groves Robert M.
Published: June 2011

To address declining response rates and rising data-collection costs, survey methodologists have devised new techniques for using process data (“paradata”) to address nonresponse by altering the survey design dynamically during data collection. We investigate the substantive consequences of responsive survey design—tools that use paradata to improve the representative qualities of surveys and control costs. By improving representation of reluctant respondents, responsive design can change our understanding of the topic being studied. Using the National Survey of Family Growth Cycle 6, we illustrate how responsive survey design can shape both demographic estimates and models of demographic behaviors based on survey data. By juxtaposing measures from regular and responsive data collection phases, we document how special efforts to interview reluctant respondents may affect demographic estimates. Results demonstrate the potential of responsive survey design to change the quality of demographic research based on survey data.
The Determinants of Neighborhood Satisfaction: Racial Proxy Revisited
Authors: Swaroop Sapna , Krysan Maria
Published: June 2011

Understanding the factors that drive individuals’ residential preferences is a critical issue in the study of racial segregation. An important debate within this field is whether individuals—especially whites—prefer to live in predominantly white neighborhoods because they wish to avoid the social problems that may be more likely to occur in predominantly black neighborhoods (i.e., the racial proxy hypothesis) or because of racial factors that go beyond these social class–related characteristics. Through a multilevel analysis of data from the 2004–2005 Chicago Area Study and several administrative sources, we assess the extent to which the racial proxy hypothesis describes neighborhood satisfaction among whites, African Americans, and Latinos living across a broad range of neighborhood contexts. The racial proxy perspective applies weakly to whites’ satisfaction: whites report less satisfaction in neighborhoods with more minority residents, and only some of their dissatisfaction can be attributed to local social characteristics. The racial proxy hypothesis applies more strongly to blacks’ and Latinos’ satisfaction. In some cases, especially for Latinos, higher levels of satisfaction in integrated neighborhoods can largely be attributed to the fact that these places have better socioeconomic conditions and fewer social problems than predominantly minority communities. At the same time, effects of racial/ethnic composition persist in unique and somewhat divergent ways for blacks and Latinos, supporting the assertion that racial composition matters, above and beyond its relation to social class. Taken together, these findings suggest that individuals balance both socioeconomic and race-related concerns in their residential preferences.
Association of clinical findings of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) with self‐reported musculoskeletal pains
Authors: Sipilä Kirsi , Suominen Anna Liisa , Alanen Pentti , Heliövaara Markku , Tiittanen Pekka , Könönen Mauno
Published: June 2011

Background and aims: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) can be related to self‐reported musculoskeletal pains. The aim of the study was to investigate the association of clinical findings of TMD with self‐reported pain in other parts of the body, and to discriminate pain clusters according to definite profiles of pain conditions including TMD among subjects in general population.

Methods: A nationally representative Health 2000 Survey was carried out in 2000–2001 in Finland. The data were obtained from 6227 subjects aged ≥30 years. Information about pain in different parts of the body was collected from a questionnaire. The associations between clinically assessed TMD findings and pain in other areas were analyzed using chi‐square test and logistic regression analyses. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to form natural clusters, i.e., groups in which the individuals had similar profiles of pain conditions.

Results: Masticatory muscle pain on palpation associated with back, neck and shoulder pain and pain in joints. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain on palpation associated with back, neck, shoulder and other joint pain. These associations did not change essentially after adjustment for confounders. After clustering of the study population with the LCA, 5.8% of the study population showed a multiple pain condition linked with TMD findings. Female gender, intermediate/poor self‐reported health and presence of a longstanding illness increased the probability to belong to this cluster.

Conclusions: TMD findings associate with pain in several locations. Female gender and presence of impaired health were particularly related to occurrence of multiple pain conditions.
Early psychosis treatment in an integrated model within an adult mental health service
Authors: Petrakis M. , Penno S. , Oxley J. , Bloom H. , Castle D.
Published: June 2011

Objective

To compare the treatment of patients with early psychosis, 2 years after the introduction of an integrated model of enhanced management within a public adult mental health service, with an historic cohort from the same service.

Method

Variables examined in the 2001 cohort were compared with 2008 patients. Computer database review and a file audit were conducted for all patients with early psychosis across the first 2 years of the program.

Results

Compared to the historic cohort, patients in the current cohort were 24% less likely to have been admitted (P = 0.004). There were statistically significant reductions in involuntary status and use of a locked unit. Rates of police involvement in admission and use of seclusion were also reduced, though this trend was not significant. Average length of stay was reduced. Median duration of untreated psychosis was 3 months in both 2001 and 2008 cohorts.

Conclusions

The introduction of an integrated model of management within an area mental health service for patients with early psychosis contributed to significant reductions in admissions, involuntary status and use of a locked ward. The data suggests that enhanced treatment of early psychosis patients can be offered within generic services.
Comparison of quality‐of‐life changes in patients with stress urinary incontinence after midurethral sling placement
Authors: Shalom Dara F. , Klapper Allan S. , Lin Stephanie N. , Winkler Harvey A.
Published: June 2011

Objective

To compare changes in quality of life for women undergoing either suprapubic or transvaginal midurethral sling placement for stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted involving 113 patients who underwent transvaginal or suprapubic midurethral sling placement for SUI over 2 years at a US institution. All patients completed a short form of the urogenital distress inventory (UDI‐6) questionnaire preoperatively and postoperatively. Preoperative and postoperative UDI‐6 scores were compared between the 2 groups. Data were analyzed using the Mann‐Whitney U test and the Fisher exact test.

Results

A midurethral sling was placed using the suprapubic approach in 70 patients, and 43 patients underwent the procedure using the transvaginal approach. Preoperatively, there was no statistical difference between mean UDI‐6 scores for the suprapubic versus the transvaginal group (48.5 versus 51.0 P = 0.9). Postoperatively, patients who underwent a suprapubic procedure had significantly lower mean UDI‐6 scores than those who underwent a transvaginal procedure (10.6 versus 17.0; P < 0.005).

Conclusion

Suprapubic midurethral sling placement was associated with a significantly greater quality of life postoperatively compared with the transvaginal procedure.
Vaginal support as determined by levator ani defect status 6 weeks after primary surgery for pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Morgan Daniel M. , Larson Kindra , Lewicky‐Gaupp Christina , Fenner Dee E. , DeLancey John O.L.
Published: June 2011

Objective

To evaluate whether major levator ani muscle defects were associated with differences in postoperative vaginal support after primary surgery for pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

Methods

A retrospective chart review of a subgroup of patients in the Organ Prolapse and Levator (OPAL) study. Of the 247 women recruited into OPAL, 107 underwent surgery for prolapse and were the cohort for the present analysis. Major levator ani defects were diagnosed when more than 50% of the pubovisceral muscle was missing on MRI. Postoperative vaginal support was assessed via POP‐quantification system. Postoperative anatomic outcome was analyzed according to levator ani defect status, as determined by MRI.

Results

Support of the anterior vaginal wall 2 cm above the hymen occurred among 62% of women with normal levator ani muscles/minor defects and 35% of those with major defects. Support of the anterior wall 1 cm above the hymen occurred among 32% women with normal muscles /minor defects and 59% of those with major defects. Levator ani defects were not associated with differences in postoperative apical/posterior vaginal support.

Conclusion

Six weeks after primary surgery for prolapse, women with normal levator ani muscles/minor defects had better anterior vaginal support than those with major levator defects.
Forced and coerced sterilization of women in Europe
Authors: Zampas Christina , Lamačková Adriana
Published: June 2011

Human rights provisions in laws set by international treaties and national legislatures make individuals’ informed and freely given consent a precondition to the legality of their sterilization. Nevertheless, evidence shows that sterilizations have been undertaken by forceful means or coerced acceptance, to which women do not genuinely consent. The women are often members of ethnic minorities in their countries, such as Roma women, or adolescent or disabled women. Some European governments have acknowledged their responsibility for human rights abuses by forced and coerced sterilization of vulnerable women, and committees established by international human rights treaties to monitor states’ compliance with their standards are increasingly vigilant to expose and condemn wrongful sterilization. For instance, the committee monitoring compliance with the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights provide guidance for the prevention of violations.
Keeping it all without being buried alive: Understanding product retention tendency
Authors: Haws Kelly L. , Naylor Rebecca Walker , Coulter Robin A. , Bearden William O.
Published: June 2011

This research introduces product retention tendency, a consumer lifestyle trait characterized by an individual's propensity to retain consumption‐related possessions. We develop a parsimonious measure of product retention tendency. Next, we report on the results of two studies designed to contrast product retention tendency with clinical compulsive hoarding, examining the relationships between these different types of keeping behavior as related to waste avoidance and product attachment tendencies. Three experimental studies examine the relationship between product retention tendency and the decision to retain versus relinquish different types of possessions, including used and in‐ need‐of‐repair durables, as well as perishable possessions.
Exercise After Traumatic Brain Injury: Is it a Double‐Edged Sword?
Authors: Griesbach Grace S.
Published: June 2011

This article describes the effects of exercise on neural plasticity after traumatic brain injury (TBI). There is strong evidence that indicates that exercise has neuroprotective effects by activating specific neuronal circuits and increasing molecules that enhance synaptic plasticity. Findings obtained from experimental models of TBI are discussed to support the use of exercise as a rehabilitative tool. These studies indicate that injury characteristics are likely to influence the time window for therapeutic exercise. Results of human and animal studies suggest that premature postconcussive exercise may be deleterious by exacerbating postconcussive symptomatology and disrupting restorative processes. A better understanding of the mechanisms that influence exercise after TBI will contribute to improving guidelines for the return to exercise activities and to the successful use of exercise as a therapeutic tool.
Leveraging Biomarker Platforms and Systems Biology for Rehabilomics and Biologics Effectiveness Research
Authors: Kobeissy Firas H. , Guingab‐Cagmat Joy D. , Razafsha Mahdi , O'Steen Laura , Zhang Zhiqun , Hayes Ronald L. , Chiu Wen‐Ta , Wang Kevin K.W.
Published: June 2011

Although traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major health problem, with approximately 2 million incidents occurring annually in the United States, no therapeutic agents to treat TBI have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration despite several clinical trials. It is estimated that 3.5 million Americans now have a lifelong condition that might be termed “chronic traumatic brain injury disease.” Some health care providers categorize TBI as an “event” for which patients require brief periods of rehabilitation with no further treatment. On the contrary, TBI should be seen as a chronic disease process that fits the World Health Organization definition as being a non‐reversible pathologic condition requiring special rehabilitation training. Among the major obstacles that contribute to this type of misconception is the absence of brain injury–specific diagnostic biomarker(s) that can indicate and monitor the long‐term health status of patients with TBI after use of conventional therapeutics and a rehabilitation process. It is of interest that recent advances in genomics, proteomics, and systems biology have enabled us to use these high throughput–based approaches in developing biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the area of TBI. One aim of this article is to provide an overview that evaluates the current status of TBI biomarker discovery using neuroproteomics/systems biology techniques, along with their clinical utilization. In addition, we discuss the need for strengthening the role of biomarker‐based neuroproteomics/systems biology and its potential utility in the field of rehabilitation, which would lead to the establishment of rehabilomics studies, where biomarkers would indicate and predict the long‐term efficacy and health status of patients with chronic TBI conditions.
Biological Basis of Exercise‐based Treatments: Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Michele Basso D. , Hansen Christopher N.
Published: June 2011

Despite intensive neurorehabilitation, extensive functional recovery after spinal cord injury is unattainable for most individuals. Optimal recovery will likely depend on activity‐based, task‐specific training that personalizes the timing of intervention with the severity of injury. Exercise paradigms elicit both beneficial and deleterious biophysical effects after spinal cord injury. Modulating the type, intensity, complexity, and timing of training may minimize risk and induce greater recovery. This review discusses the following: (a) the biological underpinning of training paradigms that promote motor relearning and recovery, and (b) how exercise interacts with cellular cascades after spinal cord injury. Clinical implications are discussed throughout.
Integrating Rehabilitation Engineering Technology With Biologics
Authors: Collinger Jennifer L. , Dicianno Brad E. , Weber Douglas J. , Cui Xinyan Tracy , Wang Wei , Brienza David M. , Boninger Michael L.
Published: June 2011

Rehabilitation engineers apply engineering principles to improve function or to solve challenges faced by persons with disabilities. It is critical to integrate the knowledge of biologics into the process of rehabilitation engineering to advance the field and maximize potential benefits to patients. Some applications in particular demonstrate the value of a symbiotic relationship between biologics and rehabilitation engineering. In this review we illustrate how researchers working with neural interfaces and integrated prosthetics, assistive technology, and biologics data collection are currently integrating these 2 fields. We also discuss the potential for further integration of biologics and rehabilitation engineering to deliver the best technologies and treatments to patients. Engineers and clinicians must work together to develop technologies that meet clinical needs and are accessible to the intended patient population.
Translating Biomarkers Research to Clinical Care: Applications and Issues for Rehabilomics
Authors: Berger Rachel P. , Houle Jean‐Francois , Hayes Ronald L. , Wang Kevin K. , Mondello Stefania , Bell Michael J.
Published: June 2011

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in adults and children in the United States. Despite steady improvement in our understanding of the pathophysiology of acquired brain injuries, there has been remarkably little improvement in brain injury therapies and/or pharmacologic treatments over the past decade. One of the reasons may be the inability to properly stratify subjects for clinical trials and/or to have real‐time assessment of the effectiveness of a given intervention. It has been recognized for several decades that serum biomarkers may allow for more objective subject stratification as well as act as surrogate markers of treatment efficacy. Despite numerous studies, however, biomarkers are not currently part of clinical practice in either acquired brain injury or other neurologic or musculoskeletal disorders. The goals of this review article, therefore, are to use traumatic brain injury as a example to discuss the use of biomarkers in clinical and randomized controlled trials; to briefly discuss the field of neuroproteomics and its interface with neurologic interventions; and to provide an overview of the collaborative pathway between academia and industry, which needs to be an integral part of the translation of biomarkers from the bench to the bedside in any clinical population. Introduction of the concept of rehabilomics and implications of biomarker use for the physical medicine and rehabilitation physician also are discussed.
Prolotherapy: A Clinical Review of Its Role in Treating Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
Authors: Distel Laura M. , Best Thomas M.
Published: June 2011

Prolotherapy is a technique that involves the injection of an irritant, usually a hyperosmolar dextrose solution, typically in the treatment of chronic painful musculoskeletal conditions. Despite its long history and widespread use as a form of complementary therapy, there still are disparities over its optimal indications and injection preparations. There are, however, numerous studies available regarding the use and efficacy of prolotherapy for various musculoskeletal conditions. The most frequently published indication is in the treatment of chronic low back pain, but there are recent studies that examined its use in the management of refractory tendinopathies as well as osteoarthritis. There is growing evidence to suggest that prolotherapy may be helpful in treating chronic low back pain when coupled with adjunctive therapies, such as spinal manipulation or corticosteroid injections. There is also evidence to suggest that prolotherapy is effective in treating refractory tendinopathies, particularly for lateral epicondylosis and Achilles tendinopathy. Additional larger, randomized controlled trials are needed to make specific recommendations regarding ideal protocols and indications. There is emerging evidence for the use of prolotherapy as a treatment option for osteoarthritis; however, further studies are needed to conclusively demonstrate its efficacy. Overall, prolotherapy remains a promising option for the treatment of painful musculoskeletal conditions, particularly when other standard treatments have proved ineffective.