bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of culture in the merger and acquisition process
Authors: Lodorfos George , Boateng Agyenim
Published: January 2007

Purpose

The cultural element in M&As' integration process has been identified as one of the key issues that may help explain the failure of many mergers and acquisitions. Yet what needs to be done to improve cultural integration in order to enhance M&As' success has received relatively little attention. This study attempts to examine the role played by culture and provide a framework for enhancing the success of mergers and acquisitions.

Design/methodology/approach

This study is based on 32 interviews with senior managers of 16 merger and acquisition deals in the chemical industry.

Findings

The study finds that culture differences between the merging firms are a key element affecting effectiveness of the integration process and consequently the success of M&As. Furthermore, the study finds that, although managers agree that cultural differences create organisational challenges, yet the attention given to cultural integration issues during M&As are at best tenuous and in some cases reactive. This study, therefore, suggest a four staged approach in dealing with cultural differences.

Practical implications

The managerial implication of this finding is that cultural fit constitutes a key factor in M&As' success and should be given the necessary attention at all stages of M&As. The tentative conclusion to be drawn here is that good pre‐merger planning with culture placed at the heart of integration strategies and implementation and the creation of a positive atmosphere for the change – before initiating any actual consolidation of human and physical assets – are likely to contribute to acquisition success and value creation.

Originality/value

This article provides a framework for managing culture in mergers and acquisitions.
Strategy implementation: a role for the balanced scorecard?
Authors: Atkinson Helen
Published: January 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a deeper understanding of the role of the balanced scorecard in strategy implementation.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper provides a review of strategy implementation literature to identify the main inhibitors of successful strategy implementation and then proceeds to critically review the balanced scorecard and evaluate the contribution it can make to strategy implementation, in particular how it may be able to mitigate the problems associated with strategy implementation.

Findings

It is argued in the paper that the balanced scorecard, subject to the adoption of suitable processes, can address the key problems associated with strategy implementation including communication, the role of middle managers and integration with existing control systems. The study raises a series of research questions and proposes avenues for further research.

Practical implications

More than half strategies devised by organisations are never actually implemented. At a time of increasing competition and globalisation; shorter lead times and increased customer sophistication, the effectiveness of strategy implementation is even more important. The findings of this study will provide the basis for research that will improve this vital management activity.

Originality/value

The effective implementation of corporate strategy is often overlooked in strategic management literature. There is still recognition that there is a need for further research. By combining two eclectic fields of research, i.e. strategy implementation and performance measurement, it is proposed that new insights can be gained to inform future practice.
Spotlight on Stuart L. Hart
Authors: Powell Sarah
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper seeks to provide an interview with Professor Stuart Hart discussing how multinational corporations can be a catalyst for a truly sustainable form of global development, solving social and environmental problems while prospering in the process.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper uses an interview technique to reveal Stuart L. Hart's views on how multinational corporations can be a catalyst for a truly sustainable form of global development.

Findings

Explains the focus of the base of the pyramid or BOP protocol which emphasizes the need for multinational corporations (MNCs) to acquire a “native capability” in order to understand developing markets and identify and respond to local needs and requirements. Puts forward an argument for forging unconventional partnerships in developing countries and stresses the importance of finding the right local partners and building businesses from the ground up.

Originality/value

This paper provides some useful views on multinational corporations.
Digital Histories
Authors: Anderson Ian G. , Tedd Lucy A.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To introduce the theme of this special issue which contains a selection of papers presented at the Association for History and Computing UK (AHC‐UK) annual conference in 2004.

Design/methodology/approach

The role of the AHC in the UK is described and the reasons for choosing the theme of the 2004 conference, Recasting the Past: Digital Histories, are outlined along with the original call for papers.

Findings

The contributors to this issue come from a wide geographic area and reflect the delegates at the conference by being archivists, historians, librarians and researchers.

Originality/value

Provides an introduction to the special issue.
Digital London
Authors: Shoemaker Robert
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To outline the conceptual and technical difficulties encountered, as well as the opportunities created, when developing an interlinked collection of web‐based digitised primary sources on eighteenth century London.

Design/methodology/approach

As a pilot study for a larger project, a variety of primary sources, including the Old Bailey Proceedings (OBP), were digitised and then interlinked using names. The paper outlines the solutions adopted for dealing with uncertainties in record linkage and for displaying a range of different historical sources while preserving their archival integrity.

Findings

Records should be linked with varying degrees of probability, allowing users to participate in the choice of which records truly concern the same individuals.

Research limitations/implications

Further work is necessary to create mechanisms for allowing users to specify levels of certainty in record linkage, and to develop methods for searching and displaying results when working with multiple collections of archival sources.

Originality/value

This paper shows the potential of combining XML markup with flexible record linkage strategies to interlink complex collections of digitised sources. The resulting source will allow historians to ask new historical questions; in this case concerning the role played by individuals in shaping the evolution of social welfare provision in London.
The development of digital resources by library and information professionals and historians
Authors: White Andy
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to use two case studies of digital archives designed by library and information professionals and historians to highlight the twin issues of academic authenticity and accuracy of digital representations.

Design/methodology/approach

Using secondary literature, the author established a hypothesis about the way in which academic researchers engage with electronic texts. It is argued that academics are often distrustful of the authenticity of much that appears in digital form and doubtful as to its accuracy. The case studies are used as a means to demonstrate the measures that library and information professionals can take to assuage these concerns.

Findings

Given reasonable financial resources and staff, it is relatively easy to adopt a transparently academic approach. Accuracy is much more problematic, and is often compromised by the unwieldy nature of these types of projects.

Originality/value

Most evaluations of digitisation projects have not focused on the issues of academic authenticity and textual accuracy; indeed, the latter is difficult to gauge when the ASCII text is hidden and where there is little incentive for designers to be honest about the potential flaws in their search engines. Also, there has been little discussion in academic literature on the distribution of staff and financial resources within projects.
JSTOR: a case study in the recent history of scholarly communications
Authors: Schonfeld Roger C.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To argue for the consideration from an historical perspective of technology‐enabled changes in higher education.

Design/methodology/approach

Uses examples from the author's history of JSTOR as a case study.

Findings

That the case of JSTOR offers evidence that technology‐enabled changes in higher education will have historical interest.

Research limitations/implications

Although the author presents only examples from JSTOR, historians should begin to give attention to the overall changes taking place in scholarly communications and higher education.

Practical implications

Suggests further areas of research for historians, information scientists, and graduate students.

Originality/value

This work should be of interest to library and information professionals, business historians, and perhaps economic historians interested in the information industries.
Unlocking the Royal Geographical Society Archives
Authors: Segell Glen M.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To detail a user's experiences of the digital archive project of the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) (RGS‐IBG). The “Unlocking the Archives” project has five facets: construction and conservation at its London archives; an online catalogue of its collections; digitisation of images and maps; provision of online fact sheets such as historical time‐lines; and an educational programme that conforms to the UK's national curriculum for secondary schools.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper explains how the RGS‐IBG project has changed the way in which the study of the earth, the earth's history, and its historical sources, are selected, created, researched, taught, written, presented, and used. Emphasis is placed on two parts of the digitised archives: Mount Everest and its ascent, and encounters: images of empire.

Findings

The two digitised archives described are not only innovative archival releases for worldwide dissemination but are also the basis for important educational projects. The RGS‐IBG is the first UK learned society to provide digital availability and access for research, writing, and teaching.

Practical implications

A very useful source of information and impartial advice for those planning to use digital archives or to digitise their own archives.

Originality/value

This paper fulfils an identified information/resources need and offers a case study description of the Royal Geographical Society's “Unlocking the Archive” project.
Small organisations and cultural institutions – a digital future?
Authors: Spence Jaqueline
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to examine how technology presents both problems and opportunities for the historian, the researcher, small organisations, and cultural heritage institutions. Ways of safeguarding historical material in digital form are suggested, and the role of cultural heritage bodies as managers of sustainable digital collections is examined.

Design/methodology/approach

The tools available for online access to historical material are discussed, with some comparison made between current efforts on access provision and long‐term preservation.

Findings

At present, access to historical material in digital form is often given precedence over its preservation. This could have potentially serious long‐term implications. Lack of funding for the traditional collecting bodies suggests that new mechanisms for dealing with digital archive collections need to be found. Managing digital material from its creation moves responsibility back to owners, but can provide a platform for effective transfer to new custodians at the appropriate time. Small organisations can participate, increasing the volume and diversity of available material, enriching the base of knowledge upon which history is created.

Research limitations/implications

Further research is required into possible models to enable seamless transfer through the custodial chain. Limitation: lack of quantitative analysis of existing and planned digital preservation projects.

Originality/value

The paper challenges the status quo and sets out some radical ideas concerning the creation, acquisition, management and preservation of digital records, and the roles of the key stakeholders in the cultural and historical domains.
Joint funding councils' libraries review group (the “Follett”) report
Authors: Brindley Lynne J.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This article aims to look into a review of library provision in higher education, which was originally set up in 1992 by The Funding Councils of England, Scotland and Wales, and the Department of Education for Northern Ireland.

Design/methodology/approach

The review group was structured into three sub‐committees, under the umbrella of the main review committee. The responsibilities of these sub‐committees were respectively: funding and resources; the management of libraries; and information technology (IT).

Findings

The report supported the need for: the electronic delivery of documents over networks; the electronic availability of teaching materials for students; the opportunities for resource sharing and practical co‐operation; and an integrated approach to information access and delivery in a complex environment. Funding was also made available to help supply these findings.

Originality/value

It was intended that the programme should raise awareness, encourage use of networked services, and ensure that those working in libraries can provide appropriate training and support of users.
Strategic change in higher education libraries with the advent of the digital library during the fourth decade of Program
Authors: Collier Mel
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper sets out to review how the business of libraries in higher education has changed with the impact of the digital library during the latest decade of Program, in which the content of the journal swung decisively from being primarily about library management systems to primarily being about digital library issues.

Design/methodology/approach

An article is taken which typifies the changing emphasis of Program and then the systemic changes underway in libraries are looked at more broadly, placing the digital library in its context of scholarly publishing, higher education policy and user behaviour.

Findings

The business of libraries is changing, primarily as a result of change in the scholarly publishing industry.

Research limitations/implications

This is a review article based on a literature review and operational observations.

Originality/value

The observations build on the author's original work on business planning for digital libraries, and are based on experience of library and information services management in The Netherlands, Belgium and Great Britain.
The seven levels of identification
Authors: Hakala Juha
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This article aims to describe the state of the art of bibliographic identifiers used in digital libraries.

Design/methodology/approach

A model with seven layers is used to define the scope of the identifiers that exist within the digital library field.

Findings

Based on an analysis of the identifiers a conclusion is drawn that many new identifiers must be developed in order to cater to the growing needs of libraries and other organisations involved with creation and dissemination of publications. Also, traditional identifiers must be modified in order to make them more suitable to the needs of electronic publishing.

Originality/value

A useful overview of the work of international standards bodies in the area of identification of digital objects.
Online cultural heritage exhibitions: a survey of strategic issues
Authors: Li Liew Chern
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper seeks to report findings from a study that looked at a range of strategic issues faced in the development, management and maintenance of online cultural heritage exhibitions. The study examined exhibitions from different types of cultural agencies and asked questions about whether, for instance, the exhibitions are part of the strategic plan of the institutions, what their objectives are, how they are funded and a range of other management as well as technical issues.

Design/methodology/approach

A semi‐structured online survey questionnaire was administered to project managers and curators of such online exhibitions between July and December 2005.

Findings

A number of strategic management and technical issues related to the development and management of online exhibition projects have been identified in this study. It needs to be noted however, that the survey sample consists of far more museums than other types of memory institutions.

Research limitations/implications

The research concerned is by no means a comprehensive or an all‐inclusive survey of all relevant initiatives. It is meant to be an exploratory study of cultural heritage online exhibitions across different types of cultural and memory institutions available on the web.

Originality/value

The findings from this study provide a snapshot of key strategic issues faced by those involved in the development, management and maintenance of online cultural heritage exhibitions. The paper aims to highlight key issues, offers challenges and invites further discussion and innovation in this area.
Yoghurt production by Iranian native starter cultures
Authors: Pourahmad Rezvan , Mazaheri Assadi Mahnaz
Published: January 2007

Purpose

Yoghurt consists of approximately 60 per cent of per capita dairy consumption of Iranian people. Iranian dairy factories use commercial starters which are expensive in yoghurt production. Moreover, yoghurt produced by these starters does not completely meet the taste of Iranian consumers. The aims of this study are to produce well qualified yoghurt from isolated native starters and to evaluate microbial, chemical and organoleptic characteristics of products.

Design/methodology/approach

The microflora of Iranian native yoghurts were isolated, purified and identified. The isolated strains were used as starter for the production of yoghurts. Sensory evaluation and measurement of pH, acidity and acetaldehyde content of the samples were carried out. Acidity, pH, acetaldehyde content, and microbial population of the best samples were measured during 21 days of cold storage. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis.

Findings

During the above mentioned storage period, acidity and acetaldehyde content increased significantly (p < 0.05). Significant decreases (p < 0.05) were observed in pH and microbial population. No significant difference in organoleptic characteristics (taste, smell and texture) were found after 21 days of cold storage.

Originality/value

Yoghurt production by native starter cultures instead of commercial ones is beneficial in respect of both economic and organoleptic aspects. The results indicate that the use of isolated native yoghurt starters in manufacturing yoghurt can be satisfactory and can also be extended to the production of yoghurt on an industrial scale.
Dietary advice combined with a salicylate, mineral and vitamin supplement (CV247) has some tumour static properties: a phase II study
Authors: Thomas Robert , Blades Mabel , Williams Madeleine , Godward Sara
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This pilot study seeks to evaluate whether dietary intervention combined with an oral formulation of sodium salicylate, mineral and vitamin supplements (CV247) altered the rate of progression in patients with malignant disease.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 37 patients were recruited from March 2001 to November 2001 and ran to September 2004. All patients had progressive malignancy at trial entry (def: at least two consecutive increases in tumour markers >10 per cent or radiological progression). Patients, were recommended a diet rich in fresh fruit, vegetables, low in saturated fats, salt and man‐made chemical supplements such as colours and preservatives together with oral CV247 (sodium salicylate, copper gluconate, manganese gluconate and ascorbic acid). Dietary compliance was monitored, from a subgroup, by monthly interviews with the trial dietitian recorded on a linear analogue scale. Quality of life was measured by monthly completion of a Rotterdam symptom check‐list questionnaire and tumour progression measured by radiological assessment and/or tumour markers.

Findings

The treatment was well tolerated and compliance with the diet was enthusiastic. Of the two patients with progressive metastatic ovarian carcinoma, one had stabilisation in the disease for five months, the other for 20 months. The 28 heavily pre‐treated patients (including those with metastatic prostate cancer) had no significant clinical response (52 per cent stabilisation for 3.5 months). Of the seven patients with early prostate cancer (no metastasis or hormonal therapy, with pre‐trial increasing PSA), six (86 per cent) had stabilisation of PSA with a mean duration of 17.2 months.

Originality/value

This study succeeded in evaluating whether dietary intervention combined with an oral formulation of sodium salicylate, mineral and vitamin supplements (CV247) altered the rate of progression in patients with malignant disease.
Physical activity effect on snacks choice of children
Authors: Klonaridou V. , Papadopoulou S.K. , Fahantidou A. , Hassapidou M.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

Snacks cover an important percentage of children's energy intake. Children prefer and select, tasty and attractive snacks, without noticing their dietary value. The purpose of this study was to record the physical activity of children of the sixth grade of Public school and to examine the effect of physical activity on snacks' choice and the interaction of physical activity and sex in the choice of healthy snacks.

Design/methodology/approach

The participants were 338 students (164 boys and 174 girls) of sixth grade of public elementary of Thessaloniki. For the statistic analysis the SPSS statistical program was used.

Findings

According to the results 63.3 per cent of students (30.5 per cent girls and 32.8 per cent boys) participated systematically in physical activity sessions. There was a positive effect of physical activity on the weekly intake of pear, apple, orange, natural fruit juice and spinach pie and a negative on soda, p<0.05. There was also an important interaction between physical activity and sex in biscuits, pizza and spinach pie consumption, p<0.05. Male and female students of the sixth grade did not seem to have healthy nutrition behavior regarding their snack selection. There seems to be a positive effect of physical activity on snacks choice of children.

Originality/value

The paper highlights how it is necessary for the small children to be educated in how to be fed healthy not only in their main meals, but also in the intermediary. Furthermore physical activity status should be taken under account when designing a nutrition intervention program.
Nutritional evaluation of rumen epithelial tissue scrapings in goat nutrition
Authors: Oluwakemi Bawala Toheeb , Olaleye Akinsoyinu Akintunde
Published: January 2007

Purpose

High cost of feed forms a major constraint to livestock production in Nigeria. The purpose of this paper is to show how improved nutritional strategies such as incorporation of unconventional feed resources, such as rumen epithelial tissue scrapings (RETS), which are cheap in cost and availability into the livestock diets, can reduce feed cost and hence achieve a greater profit with a optimal animal performance, become imperative.

Design/methodology/approach

Fifteen lactating West African dwarf goats were randomly allotted into each of three dietary groups (A, B and C) of five animals in a completely randomized design. Each diet contained one of the three dietary protein sources, namely, urea (A), RETS (B) and groundnut cake (GNC) (C) representing non‐protein nitrogen, unconventional natural protein and conventional natural protein sources respectively. After 90 day feeding trial, the performances (dry matter intake, weight gain, milk yield/composition and the blood chemistry) of the goats fed with RETS diet (B) were assessed and compared with those of other two groups (A and C) fed with urea and GNC diets respectively.

Findings

The result show that goats fed with RETS and GNC diets had similar performances and performed better than those fed with urea diet.

Practical implications

RETS is inexpensive and portends no danger to animal health on account of toxicity, as compared to GNC and urea respectively. Its' inclusion in goat diet, however, gives a least cost wholesome ration formula.

Original/value

Nutrition accounts for a greater proportion of production cost expenses in livestock industry. The results indicate that the cost of production can be minimized with the utilization of unconventional feed resources in goat nutrition for farmers to achieve the maximum profit.
Preparation of low calorific fiber rich cakes by wheat bran supplementation
Authors: Muhammad Anjum Faqir , Rauf Muhammad , Issa Khan Muhammad , Hussain Shahzad
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This study was designed to incorporate untreated and alkaline hydrogen peroxide treated wheat bran into wheat flour and to access the appropriate type of bran and its optimum level of addition in flour, which may not affect quality but enhance the overall status of the fiber in the bakery products.

Design/methodology/approach

Composite flours prepared by replacing wheat flour with wheat bran both untreated and untreated at 5, 10, 15 and 20 per cent were subject to proximate analysis. Panel of judges evaluated cakes prepared from composite flours to access suitable level of substitution. Calorific value of the product prepared was also determined.

Findings

Statistical analysis of data obtained predicted that significant decrease in moisture and nitrogen free extracts (carbohydrates) contents of flours were found. On the other hand, protein, fiber and total ash of the flour increase with increasing level of replacement. Calorific value of the cakes decreases with increasing level of wheat bran addition. Wheat bran up to 20 per cent replacement was found acceptable by the panel of judges with maximum acceptability of cake with chocolate flavor.

Practical implications

wheat bran may be supplemented to bakery product in order to prepare high fiber products. Wheat bran contains higher amount of insoluble fiber which can help to reduce the blood cholesterol level.

Originality/value

Research conduct was unique one in its nature as effect of both untreated and alkaline hydrogen peroxide treated wheat bran was evaluated in the same study and suitable levels of addition for both were accessed.
Optimal machining parameters based on surface roughness experimental data and genetic search
Authors: Conceição António C.A. , Davim J.P.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

Surface roughness is an important parameter in manufacturing engineering with significant influence on the performance of mechanical parts. Failures, sometimes catastrophic failures, leading to high costs, have been imputed to a component's surface roughness. Owing to the need for improvement of machining parameters in order to obtain a prescribed surface roughness, new developments have been recently investigated. This work aims to report on a study of an optimisation model based on genetic algorithms (GAs).

Design/methodology/approach

The developed algorithm considers a machining parameter data population obtained from experimental tests. The exchange of structured information based on natural selection principles and “survival‐of‐the‐fittest” allows the combination of solutions in a sequence of generations leading to the best solution.

Findings

Over standard experimental design methodologies the proposed GA approach shows advantages in finding the optimal conditions under the imposed constraints. Indeed the quality of the produced surface roughness cannot be evaluated using only a criterion. This GA method determines the combined effects of the input parameters to the optimal machining parameter.

Originality/value

A new methodology for determining optimal machining parameters in dry turning based on the measurement of the surface roughness is proposed. The numerical and experimental developed model can be used with success on further applications with industrial interest.
On the size effect of molybdenum disulfide particles on tribological performance
Authors: Hu Xianguo
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To provide a suitable useful mixing ration of nano‐sized molybdenum disulfide and commercial common molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) particles (approximately 1.5 μm in diameter) in liquid paraffin, which can lead to a better tribological performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The MoS2 nanoparticles and commercial common MoS2 particles (approximately 1.5 μm in diameter) were dispersed in liquid paraffin with different concentrations and ratios by means of ultrasonic in order to study their lubrication capacity, friction reduction and wear resistance. The tribological experiments were carried out by MQ‐800 four‐ball tribometer, in which extreme pressure, wear scan diameter and friction coefficient were measured. It was analyzed that the chemical status of elements on the rubbed surface by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and it was observed that the surface topography of wear scan by scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Findings

The results showed that the loading capacity of liquid paraffin with different kinds of MoS2 particles were increased with their contents. The liquid paraffin containing the mixture of MoS2 nanoparticles and common MoS2 particles has a better wear resistance, friction‐reducing performance and extreme pressure property than the liquid paraffin containing pure common MoS2 or pure nano‐MoS2 particles. The optimal mixing ratio of nano‐MoS2 and common MoS2 is 20 wt percent, the loading capacity reaches the highest value. By XPS and SEM it was suggested that the difference in the tribological performance between MoS2 nanoparticles and MoS2 common particles was attributed to the surface and interfacial size‐effect of nanoparticles and the formation of molybdenum trioxide thin film on the rubbed surface.

Research limitations/implications

It is not studied that the effects of mixing of common MoS2 and nano‐MoS2 in the actual lubricating oil with various additives.

Practical implications

It provided a basic research results and data for the application of nano‐MoS2 particles.

Originality/value

The mixing of nanoparticles and non‐nano‐sized particles will lead to new tribological results, which is different from results obtained from other nanoparticles before.
Shall I train your apprentice?
Authors: Walther Belinda , Schweri Jürg , Wolter Stefan C.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

The classical form of dual vocational training in Switzerland is on‐the‐job training combined with theoretical education in a school. In order to be an attractive educational choice for both enterprises and pupils, the apprenticeship model has to be constantly adapted to the demands of the labour market. As a potential model for future apprenticeship training, large firms started to concentrate their apprenticeship training in one or a few sites. More recently, independent external firms have been set up with the express purpose of training apprentices for other companies. This article aims to discuss these new developments.

Design/methodology/approach

This article bases its discussion of the developments on the basis of a unique data set comprising more than 2,300 training companies in Switzerland.

Findings

The observations reported in this article suggest that training in a training centre is a viable alternative to the usual in‐house apprenticeship system where the apprentice is trained within the company. However, training centres will never be an ideal solution for all occupations or for every company. Training centres are primarily worthwhile for investment‐intensive occupations where the main objective is to invest in an apprentice's human capital and thus help ensure a steady supply of highly qualified workers.

Originality/value

The article presents useful developments in the use of training centres.
Building Pathways: apprenticeships as a route to higher education
Authors: Bowers‐Brown Tamsin , Berry David
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to present apprentices’ perceptions of their opportunities for progressing to higher education. Data gained through semi‐structured interviews with apprentices is placed in the context of the current policy agenda to widen participation in higher education and to increase the skills levels of those in employment. These policies are paramount for apprentices, many of whom fit both of these criteria. The research reported in this paper aims to answer the question “Do apprentices perceive there to be barriers in progressing to higher education?”

Design/methodology/approach

In total 44 interviews were conducted with apprentices during college placements and further interviews were conducted with apprentices who had progressed to higher education courses (HNC and HND) at the same colleges.

Findings

The findings show that employer support, time, finance and apprentices’ perceptions of their own ability are the key factors that determine whether apprentices will progress to higher‐level courses. The research highlights the need for a holistic approach to information, advice and guidance, ensuring that consistent and comprehensive information and advice are delivered to students.

Originality/value

Although the research presented in this paper focuses on the engineering and construction apprenticeships, the implications and findings are also pertinent to other apprenticeship programmes.
Addressing gender segregation in apprenticeships in England
Authors: Miller Linda
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to report findings from a UK study funded by the Equal Opportunities Commission to explore gender segregation in apprenticeships in five strongly segregated sectors: construction, plumbing, engineering, information technology (all strongly male‐dominated), and child care (female‐dominated). The aim of the research was to consider the nature of the barriers preventing young people moving into apprenticeships in these areas of work and to investigate the actions that have been taken by local Learning and Skills Councils to address gender segregation in apprenticeships.

Design/methodology/approach

The research consisted of a survey of Local Learning and Skill Councils (the bodies that fund all post‐16 learning provision outside higher education in the UK), case study interviews in five geographical regions selected as examples of good practice, and interviews with representatives of Sector Skill Councils.

Findings

This paper reports some of the barriers encountered by organisations involved in encouraging young people to enter vocational training and by apprentices themselves, and the actions that organisations have taken to try to encourage more diverse groups of young people to consider apprenticeships in these sectors.

Originality/value

This paper is of importance to those wishing to encourage young people to enter into vocational training.
Apprenticeships in Germany: modernising the Dual System
Authors: Deissinger Thomas , Hellwig Silke
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper proposes to investigate the modernisation of the German Dual System for apprenticeships.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper looks at the history of the development of the Dual System and looks at the challenges it faces today.

Findings

The paper finds that Germany, with its long‐standing tradition of dual apprenticeships and the reputation of maintaining its practices rather than changing them, has joined the vocational education and training reform agenda. It also finds that reforms seem inevitable in the face of a partial failure of the traditional mechanisms operating within the existing apprenticeship system.

Originality/value

This paper is useful in highlighting the challenges faced by a traditional apprenticeship system.
Registered apprenticeship training in the US construction industry
Authors: Glover Robert W. , Bilginsoy Cihan
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to compare the performance of building trades apprenticeship programs in the USA, sponsored jointly by employers and unions, with those sponsored unilaterally by employers. It reviews enrolment and graduation rates, including participation of women and minorities. The article also looks behind the numbers to examine the operation of apprenticeship. It reviews the evolution of joint programs, including institutional arrangements and recent innovations to cope with the challenging characteristics of construction labor markets.

Design/methodology/approach

Statistical comparisons by type of program sponsor are carried out using individual‐level data on registered apprenticeship for the period 1996‐2003. Evolution of apprenticeship programs is discussed in a historical perspective.

Findings

Joint programs (with union participation) were found to have much higher enrolments and greater participation of women and ethnic/racial minorities. Joint programs also exhibit markedly better performance for all groups on rates of attrition and completion. Joint programs have developed various innovations, including college credit for training and scholarship loans to expand apprenticeship and improve quality and retention, although there are no quantitative evaluations of the effectiveness of many of these specific measures.

Research limitations/implications

Statistical information includes about 65 percent of all registered apprentices in the USA.

Practical implications

The paper shows that alternative forms of training sponsorship have substantially different effects on enrolment and graduation. Identification of the practices, that improve enrolment and retention, and their widespread adoption would enhance the effectiveness of training programs.

Originality/value

The dataset used in this paper has not yet been used in any publications. The findings regarding joint programs are notable, in view of the skilled labor shortages facing the construction industry in the USA.
The business benefits of apprenticeships: the English employers’ perspective
Authors: Kenyon Rod
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper seeks to present the Apprenticeships Task Force's (ATF's) evaluation of the business case for recruiting and training apprentices. The focus is on whether they provide employers in the UK with a positive return on investment in key performance areas.

Design/methodology/approach

The ATF asked nine members, senior executives of large and smaller companies across various sectors in the economy, to provide evidence that their apprentices add value to business performance. Their information was based on company research, including financial and other performance data comparing apprentices with non‐apprentices.

Findings

The case studies provide compelling evidence that apprenticeships deliver strong business benefits such as increased productivity and staff retention, reduced costs and a more diverse workforce. Other benefits include: increased profits – BT estimated they gained a higher annual net profit of over £1,300 per apprentice when compared with non‐apprentices; higher quality of work – at BAE Systems apprentices fulfilled tasks correctly at a rate of 85 per cent right first time after completing their training; external recruits had a rate of 60 per cent; and career progression – over 90 per cent of line managers in British Gas's engineering operations trained as apprentices.

Originality/value

The case studies offer employers without apprentices a real insight into the apprentices’ enhancement of skills within an economy. They also provide a unique contribution to the body of knowledge used to assess the value of apprenticeships to employers.
The best of intentions: future plans of Young Enterprise Scheme participants
Authors: Lewis Kate
Published: January 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report on an evaluation of the Young Enterprise Scheme (YES) in New Zealand. In particular, it aims to present data relating to what influence the YES has on the career intentions and employability of student participants.

Design/methodology/approach

The data were collected via a questionnaire disseminated to YES participants. A total of 512 responses were received, which equated to 29 per cent of all participants in 2001.

Findings

The findings show that, to some extent, participating in the YES does influence the choices students make about further study and future work opportunities. The YES appears to have a greater impact on those students who are exposed to enterprising role models through their family and friends.

Research limitations/implications

The findings of the evaluation are not generalisable beyond the YES programme or the New Zealand context.

Originality/value

The paper addresses a gap in the knowledge regarding enterprise education by reporting on an evaluation of the New Zealand YES. It also contributes to the growing evidence about the value of such schemes world‐wide.
Teaching students with autistic spectrum disorders in HE
Authors: Taylor M.J.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

The purpose of the research reported in this paper was to examine the type of adjustments to delivery appropriate for students with an autistic spectrum disorder in a UK higher education setting.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study in a UK university was conducted over a two‐year period.

Findings

A variety of adjustments may be required for students with an autistic spectrum disorder in a UK higher education environment, including adjustments to teaching delivery, assessment and pastoral care.

Research limitations/implications

Although the case study reported in this paper focused on just three students with an autistic spectrum disorder, the number of students entering UK higher education with such disorders is likely to increase and institutions need to be aware of the adjustments that may potentially be required.

Originality/value

Previously very few students with an autistic spectrum disorder had attended university in the UK. However, growing numbers of such students are now attending university, but thus far little, if any, research has been conducted regarding the adjustments that may need to be made for such students.
Support for working undergraduates: the view of academic staff
Authors: Curtis Susan
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To investigate the attitudes of academic staff towards providing practical support for full‐time students working on a part‐time basis during term‐time.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study of a rural faculty of a large metropolitan university in the UK. In‐depth semi‐structured interviews were held with 22 members of staff, drawn from every department in the case study faculty.

Findings

Support for working students is arbitrary and accidental. The majority of staff are unaware of the extent of student employment and of the possibilities of providing support.

Research limitations/implications

Only a small proportion of the total university staff were interviewed, coupled with the fact that the faculty is rural and therefore the sample may not be representative of the majority of universities which have city centre campuses.

Practical implications

Improved awareness of students' total university experience on the part of academics may encourage practical measures to assist the undergraduates to cope more effectively with their dual roles of student and worker. However, some forms of support, such as greater flexibility in the timetable, may be very difficult, if not impossible, to accommodate.

Originality/value

No other research appears to have been carried out in the UK on this topic.
Mid‐career entrepreneurial learning
Authors: Rae David
Published: January 2007

Purpose

Recent research on entrepreneurship education has emphasised school, college and university students, with less attention being paid to entrepreneurial learning among people in older age groups. However the ageing population of the UK and other developed countries means that there is a need for an increasing proportion of the existing working population, from a broad social and demographic background, to develop entrepreneurial skills in mid‐career in order to find new opportunities for economic activity and to extend their working lives. This goal requires better understanding of the learning needs and processes of mid‐career entrepreneurs (MCEs) between the ages of 35 and 55. This article aims to enhance the understanding of mid‐career entrepreneurial learning by exploring how and why people develop entrepreneurial skills in mid‐career, how these skills are deployed in working on opportunities, what types of learning are most effective, and conclusions for the design of MCE learning experiences.

Design/methodology/approach

A research method was used with emergent MCEs participating in a postgraduate entrepreneurship module. This evaluated learning, skill acquisition and practice to inform both learner and educator.

Findings

This paper explores the types of opportunities identified and the learning methods used. It proposes implications for mid‐career learners based on a framework for entrepreneurial learning, in the context of the broader perspectives of mid‐career and mid‐life change and development. It develops a career stage model for entrepreneurship, and discusses the implications for the design of learning programmes for MCEs.

Research limitations/implications

MCEs have enhanced lifelong and work‐based learning and experience compared with younger people, but display great variety in their aspirations, work and career experience, educational attainment, ethnic and national diversity, and participation in social networks. The article proposes ways of enhancing mid‐career entrepreneurial learning.

Originality/value

This paper makes a distinctive contribution to the understanding of entrepreneurial learning in a significant age group.