bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Au café jusqu’au bout de la nuit
Authors: Bonnefoi Florian
Published: November 2023

Des mesures d’urgence limitant l’ouverture des établissements accueillant du public en soirée ont été prises lors de la pandémie de la Covid-19, puis pérennisées. La crise devient une opportunité pour le gouvernement égyptien de légiférer sur la nuit. Cette volonté est réitérée en 2022 dans le contexte de la crise de l’énergie. Les cafés populaires, ahâwî baladî, font partie des établissements ciblés par ce qui apparaît comme une tentative de reprise en main de l’espace public. Café et période nocturne sont associés au sein d’un système de représentations souvent négatives qui font intervenir la figure de l’homme oisif délaissant son foyer. Volonté de contrôle du temps, de l’espace et des mœurs s’entremêlent. Cependant, propriétaires, serveurs et clients résistent face aux tentatives des autorités publiques de réguler la nuit, témoignant du rôle central de cette dernière, tant au niveau économique, social, culturel que récréatif. Au Caire, la nuit est effectivement une véritable manne économique et un moment clé des sociabilités quotidiennes entre hommes.
Plateformes et supports musicaux : une étude des formes de mise en marché des musiques indépendantes
Authors: Collet Boris , Garcia-Bardidia Renaud
Published: November 2023

Deux décennies après l’apparition des premières plateformes de streaming, le secteur musical est aujourd’hui dominé par cette forme de distribution. Pourtant, d’autres pratiques et dispositifs de diffusion et d’écoute existent en marge de cet écosystème dominant. Parmi eux, des plateformes alternatives telles que Bandcamp ou Soundcloud proposent d’autres modèles de distribution et de vente en accord avec les mondes de l’indépendance. Ces modèles s’appuient autant sur un positionnement spécifique que sur des dynamiques autour des supports physiques. Ce sont ces configurations entre plateformes et supports musicaux et la manière dont elles participent à des formes de mise en marché alternatives qui font l’objet de cette recherche. À partir d’une étude ethnographique des musiques indépendantes et de leurs dispositifs, cet article questionne la pluralité des formes de mise en valeur de la musique à l’ère des plateformes de streaming.
La valeur de la musique
Authors: Nowak Raphaël , Glevarec Hervé
Published: November 2023

Cette introduction au numéro spécial s’intéresse à la prolifération récente des discours sur la valeur de la musique. Si la question de la valeur sous-tend depuis longtemps nombre d’analyses sur la musique, ceux sur la supposée valeur déclinante de la musique s’inscrivent dans des perspectives contemporaines articulées à la numérisation et tendent à réduire la richesse d’un objet musique dorénavant largement démocratisé et investi subjectivement.
Analysis of Influencing Factors of Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Intracranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas before Endovascular Treatment: A Retrospective Study
Authors: You Wei , Wu Yiting , Zheng Hanlin , Huang Yan , Chen Haiping , Wang Weiwei , Wang Jingfu
Published: November 2023

Background:

Typical treatment of dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) emphasizes clinical procedures such as surgery, radiotherapy, and endovascular treatment. However, external factors of adverse psychological emotions in patients with DAVF before treatment have not yet been evaluated in a multicenter study.

Objectives:

This study aimed to fill the research gap regarding the effects of factors by evaluating the anxiety and depression status among patients with DAVF before and after endovascular treatment and identify factors influencing the development of anxiety and depression before their endovascular treatment.

Methods:

This retrospective study included 168 DAVF patients treated at two independent neurosurgical medical centers from December 2012 to December 2022. The Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) were assessed before and after endovascular treatment. Demographic and clinical data were also collected. Statistical tests were performed to calculate the proportion of DAVF patients with anxiety and depression. A multivariate analysis was conducted to identify independent risk factors for anxiety and depression in patients with DAVF before endovascular treatment.

Results:

A significant decrease in the percentage of patients with anxiety and depression was observed in patients after endovascular treatment compared with before treatment. Patients with DAVF who were at a higher risk for anxiety and depression were females had multiple visits, comorbid conditions, and a lower economic status and were presented with symptoms.

Conclusion:

After endovascular treatment, the anxiety or depression symptoms of DAVF patients significantly improved. Our findings provide additional evidence to support the role of intravascular treatment in improved DAVF patients’ psychological outcomes.
Challenges in Muffler Mounting Design for Resilient Mounted Scooter Engine
Authors: Dora K. B. , Anand Kumar M. S. , Anand R. B. , Gagan Deep Singh R. , Sasun C.
Published: November 2023

In recent times gearless scooters are becoming popular means of transport in ASIA because of their ease of handling in crowded traffic and superior comfort over motorcycles. Major difference, which is contributing for least vibrations incase of scooters is mechanism of engine mounting on the frame. In most of the cases motorcycle engines are rigidly fixed to the frame where as in case of scooters engine will be swinging with respect to frame. It is easy to design muffler mounting for fixed engines. Since there is no relative motion between engine and frame for motorcycle both can be fixed to frame. Swinging scooter engine demands muffler mounting directly on engine. These direct mounts may include bosses, brackets, and bolts. While useful for their intended purpose, it is possible that vibrational energy can pass between the exhaust components and the engine through this direct mounting. This occurs due to directly coupling a large radiating surface (the exhaust component) to an active vibrating structure engine. There is also the possibility that the exhaust mounting bolts get loose because of vibration and in turn leads to shear failure of bolts and structural failure of muffler and engine parts.

This paper is aimed at simulating complex behavior of muffler mounting system for scooter engines in design level itself. Critical locations for structural failure are identified through first level simulation and these critical areas are used for measuring the strain experimentally. Simulation model for the existing design was refined through experimental measurement of natural frequencies and strain values. On validated simulation model Design of Experiments (DOE) was done for minimizing stress at critical locations and optimize design. The concept of robust design was used for optimizing the design for manufacturing and assembly variations. Optimized design through this process helped us in reducing product development cycle by minimizing number of physical prototype testing.
Numerical Analysis of Carbon Monoxide Formation in DME Combustion
Authors: Muramatsu Yuya , Oguma Mitsuharu , Yanai Tadanori , Konno Mitsuru
Published: November 2023

Dimethyl ether (DME) is an oxygenated fuel with the molecular
formula CH₃OCH₃, economically produced from various energy sources,
such as natural gas, coal and biomass. It has gained prominence as
a substitute for diesel fuel in Japan and in other Asian countries,
from the viewpoint of both energy diversification and environmental
protection. The greatest advantage of DME is that it emits
practically no particulate matter when used in compression ignition
(CI) engine. However, one of the drawbacks of DME CI engine is the
increase carbon monoxide (CO) emission in high-load and high
exhaust gas circulation (EGR) regime.

In this study, we have investigated the CO formation
characteristics of DME CI combustion based on chemical kinetics. In
order to understand the equivalence ratio (φ) - temperature (T)
dependence of CO formation in DME combustion, we generated the CO
φ-T map through numerical calculations with detailed chemical
reaction models and compared it with that of methane
combustion.

Our results show that DME combustion has a local CO peak at a
temperature of around 1000 K, which is a distinctive feature of
DME, although general CO formation properties are not unlike those
of methane combustion, in which the CO emission increases with
temperature and equivalence ratio. The analysis of reaction paths
shows that this local CO peak is produced by active low-temperature
reactions during DME oxidation process.
Development of EGR system for industrial diesel engine using CFD approach
Authors: Sugimoto Masahiko , Matsuishi Kazumichi , Okazaki Tadao
Published: November 2023

In accordance with the rising concern about global environmental protection, exhaust emissions regulations for industrial diesel engines are also being strengthened worldwide in stages. In order to comply with the EPA Tier3 and interim Tier4 level, EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) system is recognized as one of the most potential technologies to reduce Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), but there were concerns about durability deriving from the fuel quality and cost increase from additional parts like as EGR cooler, reed valve and EGR valve. To overcome these problems and to fulfill the market demands for industrial diesel engines, such as low cost, compactness, high output and high durability, most appropriate system should be chosen for each engine type. This paper describes two different techniques to optimize the different EGR systems for engines with different combustion systems, namely optimization process of internal EGR for In-Direct Injection system (IDI) by using one dimensional engine cycle simulation and distribution improvement of external EGR for Direct Injection system (DI) by using 1D-3D coupled computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation.
INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY FOR ELECTRODEPOSITION PAINTING PROCESS
Authors: Kashiyama Takeshi
Published: November 2023

The electrodeposition painting can make a coat adhere not only to the exterior surface but also on the inside of an object, and has excellent corrosion resistance. Therefore, it is widely used as paint for anti-corrosion to various vehicles.

In electrodeposition painting, by the electricity from an electrode flowing into the surface of an object through paint solution, a paint deposits to the surface of an object and a paint film is formed. Therefore, if the object is simply in contact with paint solution, a paint film will not necessarily be formed. For example, even if paint solution has touched, since the electrical resistance of paint solution is not high, sufficient current flows through the outside of a motorcycle frame, nor the inner surface of the automobile body and a paint film may not be formed. In order to check the paint film thickness of electrodeposition painting conventionally, it was measuring by disassembling the actually painted object. As a result of measurement, when paint film thickness is inadequate, it is necessary to cope with the addition of a hole, part form change, etc. However, when changing structure for a measure, investment of large sums, such as change of a press die, is needed. Furthermore, since it will be necessary to verify influence on other performances again, a huge man hour and a development period are needed.

In order to solve these problems, the deposit behavior of an electrodeposition painting and the body of a car or a motorcycle with complicated form were modeled faithfully, and the computer simulation technology which can predict electrodeposition paint film thickness by taking into consideration movement of the body within an electrodeposition painting tank was developed further. We compared the results of analysis using this technology with the actual paint film thickness, and confirmed that the predicted thickness and the actual thickness are almost exactly the same, and hence the prediction accuracy of the analysis is sufficiently high. By applying this simulation technology to vehicles development or a facility design, improvement in paint quality, shortening of a development period, reduction of change-of-design expense, etc. are expectable.
Prediction Method of Speed Characteristics of V-Belt CVT
Authors: Takeuchi Michinori , Koide Mitsugu , Sunayama Yoshihiko
Published: November 2023

The Mechanical CVT is mainly used for small size motorcycle called “scooter”, which has a 250 cc or less engine capacity. The speed characteristics of the Mechanical CVT are decided by engine speed and load-torque on driven pulley. In few papers, these characteristics are studied under full-load or no-load condition [1]-[2]. However, the characteristics at part-load condition are not well known. To develop a motorcycle with low fuel consumption, it is important that the characteristics at part-load condition are considered in driving cycle. Driving cycle simulation is needed to estimate CVT ratio at design stage. This research proposes equations representing the speed characteristics of the Mechanical CVT at part-load condition. Driving cycle simulation is also developed for estimation of the fuel consumption at optional driving cycles and the dynamic behavior of the CVT system. It could be a CVT design tool to makes sure whether its performance is achieved for design targets.
Development of lead-free crankshaft for motorcycle
Authors: Horii Osahiko , Yamada Shigenori , Chigira Hiroshi , Hiraoka Kunihiko , Nishitani Shigefumi
Published: November 2023

Lead-added free-cutting steel has been used by many parts which need high machinability because lead improves chip friability and drill life. However, the demand of lead reduction increases in recent years, because of environmental impact substance reduction. Therefore, we developed lead-free crankshaft for motorcycle.

Until now, crankshaft for motorcycle has been manufactured with lead-added free-cutting steel by a following process; Hot-Forging - Quenching and Tempering (QT) - Prior Machining - Nitrocarburizing - Finishing process because of strength and machinability. When we tried to change steel to lead-free, we examined to change to sulfur-added free-cutting steel. However, chip friability of sulfur-added free-cutting steel is inferior to lead one. Thus, we concerned about increase in machining expense. Then, heat-treatment after forging was examined to change from QT to normalizing for reducing the heat-treatment expense. As a result, total production cost achieved equivalent to conventional.

Deterioration of fatigue strength was feared because of a decrease of hardness by changing heat-treatment. Thus, we paid attention to that crankshaft for motorcycle needs nitrocarburizing. We adjusted the alloying elements so that hardness near the surface after nitrocarburizing which influences especially fatigue strength might become higher than conventional. Therefore, fatigue strength became equivalent to conventional.
Regenerative Brake and Slip Angle Control of Electric Vehicle with In-wheel Motor and Active Front Steering
Authors: Fujimoto Hiroshi
Published: November 2023

Electric vehicles (EVs) have attractive potential not only for energy and environmental performance but also for vehicle motion control because electric motors have quick and measurable torque response. Recently, the authors' laboratory has developed a completely original EV which has active front and rear steering systems and high-torque direct- drive in-wheel motors in the all wheels. In this paper, the main features of this vehicle are briefly introduced and our recent studies on pitching control, slip-ratio control, and yaw-rate and slip-angle control with lateral force sensors are explained with experimental results.
FRONT-AND-REAR-WHEEL-INDEPENDENT-DRIVE-TYPE ELECTRIC VEHICLE (FRID EV) TAKING THE LEAD FOR NEXT GENERATION ECO-VEHICLES
Authors: Mutoh Nobuyoshi , Kato Tadahiko , Murakami Kazutoshi
Published: November 2023

A front and rear wheel independent drive type electric vehicle (FRID EV) developed as a next generation EV is focused on here. The FRID EV has ideal characteristics which are compatible with good driving performance and safety and it has propulsion systems which can control the driving and braking torques of the front and rear wheels independently to produce various indispensable functions. The first is the failsafe function under which vehicles continue running without any unexpected sudden stops, even if one of the propulsion systems fails. The second is the function for performing efficient acceleration and deceleration on all roads by suitably distributing the driving or braking torques to the front and rear wheels, taking into consideration load movement. The third is the function for ensuring safe running on low friction coefficient roads like frozen roads so that slip ratios of the front and rear wheels are maintained within the stable domain. These functions are unique to the FRID EV and they have not been realized previously in any gasoline engine-powered car, hybrid car or conventional EV.
The Analysis of Rapidly Growing New Energy Vehicle Market in China -The Front Line of Innovation in China-
Authors: Zhou Lei
Published: November 2023

In recent years, tremendous paradigm shift has happened in global automotive industry. The growth of the market in developed countries, which used to be a mass market, has been slow down, on the other hand, the size of the emerging market has grown rapidly. Among them, the entire automotive market in China has already become the largest in the world from 2009. And in 2020, China will also be the largest new energy vehicle market. Under these circumstances, Japanese automotive and the related industries have been being under pressure to change their strategies focusing on developed market into emerging market in order to make a leap forward.

In this paper, I will focus on automotive and the related industry in China being though to be a leader of global automotive industry in the future and consider how Japanese companies can break into China market smoothly in order to survive in the global market.
UK ELECTRIC VEHICLE RANGE TESTING AND EFFICIENCY MAPS
Authors: Walsh Chris , Carroll Steve , Eastlake Andy
Published: November 2023

Cenex, the UK's centre of excellence for low carbon and fuel cell technologies, is currently deploying electric passenger cars and vans throughout the UK in a series of Government funded low carbon vehicle trials. This study, produced in partnership with Millbrook Proving Ground, investigates comments and concludes on energy consumption in electric vehicles with varying driving styles and driving duties. At Millbrook, the electric vehicle (EV) track cycle is designed to represent real world driving duties over city, rural, hill and high speed circuits. It is shown that the drive efficiencies over the EV track cycle vary significantly by driver and the largest variations are noted on tracks with the highest opportunities for regenerative energy capture. To further study the regenerative energy, a model is developed and the percentage of potential vehicle energy recovered during deceleration is quantified. This model is also used for assessing the efficiency of input energy used to propel the EVs over the EV track cycle, where a diesel vehicle is also tested over the same circuits to allow a baseline for the data. The track results are contrasted with energy consumption data from real world vehicle trials. Comparison is drawn on interactions with drive efficiency and regeneration performance observed under real world conditions with that achieved during track testing. The study completes with an analysis on the effect of range anxiety quantifying the State of Charge (SoC) where users appear reluctant to start an electric journey and the effect SoC has on drive efficiency demonstrating how users modify their driving style to conserve energy when SoC reduces.
UK Electric Vehicle Case Studies
Authors: Carroll Steve , Walsh Chris
Published: November 2023

Cenex, the UK's first Centre of Excellence for low carbon and fuel cell technologies, reports the results from a six month fleet electric vehicle trial. The study focuses on, and refers to vehicle performance in five private sector fleets. On board telemetry and data logging record key parameters which allow monitoring and reporting of usage patterns and energy consumption. The paper demonstrates the effect of duty cycle of candidate case studied organizations and the low ambient temperatures observed during the trial on range. The study quantifies the utilization patterns of the EVs, journey statistics, range, CO2 emissions and explores the links between range, auxiliary power use and ambient temperature. A questionnaire issued to EV users during the trial quantifies perception of performance and fleet integration aspects as well as looking at the importance of different aspects of EV purchasing decisions. Finally, the report asks users to quantify the premium cost they would be willing pay for an EV and the minimum range they would consider as acceptable from an electric vehicle.
Development of Nissan Approaching Vehicle Sound for Pedestrians: How to solve the trade off between Quietness and Pedestrian safty of the Electric vehicles?
Authors: Tabata Toshiyuki , Konet Heather , Kanuma Tsuyoshi
Published: November 2023

Electric Vehicles are very quiet at low speeds therefore people (especially the visually impaired) have difficulty recognizing that these vehicles are approaching. To address this concern, Approaching Vehicle Sound for Pedestrians system development has been discussed worldwide. In Japan, USA, Europe and China, government regulation is currently under study. As a solution to meet this concern, Nissan has developed the VSP (Approaching Vehicle Sound for Pedestrians) system for implementation on Nissan's first mass production Electric Vehicle. Nissan VSP emits a futuristic sound to satisfy 3 key stakeholders' concerns; for pedestrians to provide detectability, for drivers and neighborhoods to maintain a quiet environment. The sound emitted during forward motion has a “twin peaks and one dip” frequency signature, with modulation (or rhythmic structure) to accommodate human-beings ear frequency sensitivity, hearing loss due to aging and ambient noise conditions. Additionally, special emphasis is placed on the forward sound emitted when the vehicle is “taking-off'(starting forward motion)” to notify pedestrians that the vehicle is about to move, in response to real world feedback gathered in surveys with visually impaired in Japan and USA. The system also includes a reverse motion or “backing up” sound that has an easy to recognize cadenced(or rhythmic structure) characteristic.
STATE OF HEALTH DETERMINATION OF LITHIUM ION CELLS IN AND OUTSIDE THE VEHICLE
Authors: Mueller Karsten , Tittel Daniel , Zecheng Sun , Feng Luo
Published: November 2023

There is an enormous effort to implement safety functionality into battery systems to prevent any accidents with the poisonous and inflammable ingredients of the electrolytes and electrode materials. But not only the safety regulation for lithium ion batteries will be different in comparison to the home electronics application, also the operating strategy must be different to guaranty the required lifetime in the automotive industry up to 10-12 years. This paperwork will show an approach to get offline (on test benches) and/or online (installed inside the car) information regarding the current healthy and state inside the cell. As an approach modeling of physical effects by the help of electro impedance spectroscopy (EIS) will be applied. The test results of cells with different parameters (supplier, cell chemistry, capacity…) will be shown in this paperwork and the conclusion is derived how this could be used to compare different cells with identical attributes (aging effects, production variations) or different attributes (benchmarking).
Variable Magnetomotive Force Memory Motor for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Misu Daisuke , Arata Masanori , Takahashi Norio , Hashiba Yutaka , Tokumasu Tadashi , Mochizuki Motoyasu
Published: November 2023

Reduction of the energy consumption of electric vehicles (EV) and electrical appliances is one of the solutions for reduction of CO₂ emission. Then, we have developed a novel permanent magnet motor for energy saving. In this paper, we propose a novel motor that can change the magnetic flux by a new method to magnetize permanent magnets and we clarify the principle and unique characteristics. Furthermore, the results of analysis and experiments prove that the novel motor can change the flux of permanent magnets on-load and supports the realization of a variable speed drive with high performance and high efficiency.
EFFICIENT PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM AQUEOUS METHANOL IN A PEM ELECTROLYSER WITH SINTERED METAL POWDER POROUS FLOW FIELDS
Authors: Anh Pham Tuan , Shudo Toshio
Published: November 2023

This paper presents the studies carried out on electrolysis of aqueous methanol for hydrogen production in a proton exchange membrane electrolyser with a novel porous flow field made of sintered metal powder. Results show that the use of porous flow field has a significant improvement in hydrogen production performance compared to a groove flow field. This could be attributed to an increase in effective electrode area and to a reduction in diffusion polarization by using the porous material which enables the flow field to supply reactants evenly to the electrode and also removes carbon dioxide smoothly. Influences of the operating conditions such as methanol concentration and cell temperature on hydrogen production are also discussed.
KAIST Wireless Electric Vehicles - OLEV
Authors: Huh Jin , Rim Chun-Taek
Published: November 2023

In order to minimize the greenhouse effect due to the emission of CO2, automobile manufactures have been developing battery-powered plug-in automobiles with re-chargeable Lithium Polymer batteries. However, these pure electric vehicles (EVs) are not welcomed in the market because the Lithium batteries are heavy and still expensive with limited rechargeable cycles. Furthermore, charging time and relatively short driving range obstruct the commercialization of EVs. To solve the problems, KAIST proposed four generations of On-Line Electric Vehicles (OLEVs), a sort of roadway wireless powered EVs. This paper summarizes the progress of the OLEV developments. Four generations of OLEV were demonstrated for different underground electric power rails and pick-ups. The air-gap of the 1st generation OLEV car is 1 cm and the input to output power efficiency is 80 % with 3 kW output power. The ultra slim U-type mono rail applied to the 2nd generation OLEV bus gives 52 kW output power with 72 % efficiency at 17 cm air-gap. The ultra slim W-type dual rail applied to the 3rd generation OLEV sports utility vehicle delivers 15 kW/pick-up power with 71 % efficiency at 17 cm air- gap, which has recently been improved to 83 % at 20 cm air-gap for an OLEV bus, and 74 % efficiency at 12 cm air-gap for an OLEV train, respectively. The 4th generation of OLEV bus is under development, which has very narrow I-type underground power rails and compact high power pick-ups with drastically reduced electro-magnetic field (EMF), lower construction cost, small installation time, and enhanced lateral displacement. Throughout the development of OLEV, it has shown that low cost EV without high reliance on batteries with sufficiently high power capacity, efficiency, and air-gap is possible, which were the major obstacles of the roadway powered EV for practical applications.
Loss Reduction in Antenna for Wireless Power Transfer by Magnetic Resonant Coupling: Relation between Inter-wire Capacitance and the Antenna Loss
Authors: Kato Masaki , Imura Takehiro , Uchida Toshiyuki , Hori Yoichi
Published: November 2023

The wireless charging system of electric vehicles will be of high power. Due to environmental problems and the heat emission design of the machines, it is not easy to improve the efficiency of the power transmitting system. While improving the efficiency of the overall system is important, it is especially significant to improve the efficiency of the transmitting and receiving antennas. Improving the antennas is necessary as it accounts for a large part of the overall efficiency and it has strong relation to the transfer characteristics. In this paper, the importance of reducing the antenna loss for high power implementation is discussed. We showed that the antenna losses not only affecting the transfer efficiency but also the maximum power consumed by the load (the available power) by deriving an equation. Through mathematical equations and experiments, we also proved that the antenna loss is caused by both the resistance of the antenna wires and the inter-wire capacitance of the antenna.
Development of Coil Fabrication Process and Insulation Materials for High Current Inductors
Authors: Murakami Yasushi , Hosoo Shohei , Tatsuno Michio
Published: November 2023

In order to make the wireless power transfer system, the fabrication process of coils and the design of electric insulation and high thermal conductive materials are proposed by taking high current inductor system as an analogy. The fabrication process of the coil is developed for high current inductors. The copper plate is pressed and folded double at two fulcrum points to produce coils. The developed process restrains the cracks in the coil, compared with the conventional process involving the bend of rectangular wire in the lateral direction. The electric insulation coatings on the coil are developed. The electrical breakdown strength of the developed coatings is slightly higher than that containing polyamideimides. The developed material has a higher thermal conductivity of 0.83 W/m K. The high thermal conductive potting materials are developed to use between the coil unit and the aluminum case. The developed potting material has low viscosity (7.2 Pa s at 60°C), high thermal conductivity (6.2 W/m K), high glass-transition temperature, high thermal shock resistance and high volume resistivity compared to conventional one containing silicon rubber and Al₂O₃.
Equivalent Circuit of Repeater Antenna for Wireless Power Transfer via Magnetic Resonant Coupling Considering Cross Coupling
Authors: Imura Takehiro , Hori Yoichi
Published: November 2023

This year is being called the “first year of electric vehicles,” and electric vehicles have come on the market in earnest. This trend is expected to continue and even accelerate with the diffusion of electric vehicles. However, manually charging the battery for electric vehicles is a tedious process. Therefore, an automatic, wireless charging system for electric vehicle is greatly desired. There are some types of wireless power transfer systems. In particular, electromagnetic resonant coupling is a promising technology for wireless power transfer because power can be transferred over a large air gap; this method is more practical and efficient than the conventional methods. This technology has been proposed recently, and detailed study on the repeater antenna is yet to begin. The air gap can be extended by placing a repeater antenna between the transmitting antenna and receiving antenna when it is possible to use only the transmitting antenna and receiving antenna because this method is limited by the length of the air gap. This technology offers an easy way to extend the air gap by placing a repeater antenna and expand the feeding zone for electric vehicles at a car park. In future, this method can be used to feed moving electric vehicles on highways by arranging repeater antennas along the road. Until now, repeater antennas have been studied by performing an electromagnetic field analysis; however, the analysis does not include a theoretical study of the equivalent circuit. In this paper, a model of the equivalent circuit for repeater antennas with and without cross coupling is proposed.
DEVELOPMENT OF KW CLASS WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR EV USING MAGNETIC RESONANT METHOD
Authors: Yokoi Yukio , Taniya Akihiko , Horiuchi Masaki , Kobayashi Shigeru
Published: November 2023

Wireless Power Transmission System(WPT) based on magnetic resonant method with up to 1kW power transmit capability through 10 to 30cm gap for charging battery installed on EV has completed for proving evaluation. Square type power Transmitt/Receive Couplers have used. To suppress near-by outside magnetic field, shiled plates have been attached. Simulation result of near-by magnetic field have been evaluated. The power transmit efficiency from output of 13.56MHz RF amp to the input of battery has achieved around 88%.
Development of Bengaluru Motorcycle Drive Cycle from Real World Data for Accurate Prediction of Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Economy
Authors: Khare Rashmita , Reddemreddy Pramod , Bahirat Abhijit Shankar , Anantha Prashanth
Published: November 2023

Urban transportation significantly contributes towards the rapid deterioration of air quality in the Indian cities. Growing affordability has resulted in an increased two wheeler population across India. The Indian government has instituted introduction of emission legislation in phases to mitigate the impact on environment due to the increased growth. As a signatory to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE) Global Technical Regulation (GTR)-2, the Worldwide Harmonized Motorcycle Test cycle (WMTC) will be adopted as a standard test cycle for emission assessment beginning 2016. This cycle development was based on the collection and analysis of driving behavior data and statistical information about motorcycles used in three different regions (Europe, Japan and USA).

To understand the relevance in the context of driving patterns found in the India, the team developed a city specific drive cycle which involved logging on-road vehicle data from several trips and dividing them into a database of microtrips. Using a customized script on MATLAB, these microtrips were first segregated into different classes based on maximum speed attained. Minimum error criteria for different parameters such as average speed, average acceleration, average deceleration, percentage acceleration, percentage deceleration, percentage idle and percentage cruise were applied to select the microtrips from each class. A concatenation of these individual microtrips resulted in a city specific drive cycle which incorporates the urban driving pattern of the city of Bengaluru. During the process of data logging, evaluation and scripting, the team also developed a standard procedure to simplify repeating such an exercise at other urban locations.

The Bengaluru Motorcycle Drive Cycle (BMDC) evolved using the above method attempts to represent varied traffic patterns and driving behavior providing an insight into speed, acceleration, cruising and idling modes.

In line with the WMTC, a reduced BMDC was also generated using acceleration profiles of low-powered motorcycles. A comparison between BMDC and WMTC was carried out on a chassis dynamometer to assess the impact on exhaust emissions, fuel consumption and several other parameters.
Novel Low Cost Experimental Procedures to Estimate the Longitudinal Force Characteristics of a Tire
Authors: Mohan Barath , Karanam Venkata Mangaraju , Padmanabhan Chandramouli
Published: November 2023

The aim of the present study is to develop feasible test methods to measure tire parameters that can be used in two wheeler industry for tire development. In this work, test methods are developed to measure the longitudinal friction coefficient and stiffness characteristics of motorcycle tires. Using the measured longitudinal forces from the testing procedure, a fairly accurate tire model has been developed. Based on this tire model the braking performance of the motorcycle is estimated using an analytical model of the vehicle. These are validated with experimental data. It is found that there is a good match between the results. The test is conducted for various bias ply tires used in motorcycles and the results are presented. The test methods proposed are shown to be adequate to estimate tire characteristics that are important for tire development and is less expensive compared to the standard testing facilities available. The present study although carried out using a two wheeler, can be applied to tires in other vehicles also.
Effect of Thickness Ratio on Fatigue and FEA Life Estimation Criteria in Welded Structures
Authors: Daggupati Govardan , Karedla Dora , Risam Gagandeep , Kuppan N
Published: November 2023

The welded structures have a broad applicability in automotive industry. The welding being an assembled process, presents both advantages and disadvantages for the two wheeler motor structure. A simple existing defect after welding can generate a catastrophic fracture. Recently all major fabricated structures in two wheelers are optimized by Computer Aided Engineering - Finite Element Analysis techniques to meet the constricted weight to strength and stiffness targets. Local reinforcements in the main structure with unequal member thickness are playing major role to meet these requirements. Various critical parameters which affect the weld structure life are not being modeled in FE analysis to minimize the modeling complexity and computation times. But in FEA-simulations acceptance stress values for a given base material are derived as a function of various parameters like the geometry, size, thickness, weld location, weld toe, flank angle, welding quality and cold working process etc. In this paper the effect of the base material thickness and weld location on fatigue life of welded structure and FEA simulation acceptance limit values are investigated for two wheeler scooter frame. In order to predict the fatigue behavior of the welded structure, a constant amplitude loading is applied where the influence of the thickness ratio over the fatigue life and acceptance values for same base material are presented.
Development of the XMv3 High Efficiency Cycloidal Engine
Authors: Littera Daniele , Nickerson Mark , Kopache Alexander , Machamada G. , Sun Chuankai , Schramm A. , Medeiros N. , Becker K. , Shkolnik Nikolay , Shkolnik A.
Published: November 2023

The demand for lighter, smaller, more efficient, and more powerful engines calls for a rethinking of the traditional internal combustion engine (ICE). This paper describes development progress of LiquidPiston's small rotary engine, the XMv3, which operates on a Spark-Ignited (SI) variant of its patented High Efficiency Hybrid Cycle (HEHC). This thermodynamic cycle, which combines high compression ratio (CR), constant-volume combustion, and overexpansion, has a theoretical efficiency of up to 75 percent using air-standard assumptions and first-law analysis. XMv3 displaces 70cc (23cc per each of three working chambers) and is gasoline fueled. The engine is simple, having only two primary moving parts, which are balanced to prevent vibration. The ‘X’ engine geometry utilized by XMv3 can be considered an inverted ‘Wankel’, retaining the traditional Wankel' rotary advantages of high power density and smooth operation, while also overcoming some of Wankel's inherent performance limitations. These include inflexible combustion chamber shape, and lubrication and emissions challenges. At this stage of development, XMv3 produces 3.2 bhp at 10,000 rpm and weighs 1.7 kg. Indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) are 5.0 bar and 1.0 bar respectively. The maximum tested engine speed is 15,000 rpm. Preliminary durability studies show no wear problems after 1 hour of running continuously at full load. This paper details both analytical and experimental studies carried out on the XMV3 prototype, including variation of compression ratio, combustion chamber shape, spark plug type, rotor port geometry, and supercharging. With further development, the engine is expected to produce 5 horsepower at up to 15,000 rpm, weighing in at < 1.5 kg.

Figure 1XMv3 (left) and XMv2 (right) comparison
Droplets Behavior and Evaporation of Diesel Spray Affected by Ambient Density after Pilot Injection
Authors: Nawi Mohd Al-Hafiz Mohd , Uwa Naoya , Ueda Yuki , Nada Yuzuru , Kidoguchi Yoshiyuki
Published: November 2023

A fundamental study on spray behavior for small quantity injection under high boosting and high temperature conditions was carried out by applying dual nano-spark shadowgraph photography method to constant volume spray chamber filled with inert gas. The study showed macro-scale and micro-scale spray structures and dynamic changes of diesel spray affected by ambient density and temperature right after the pilot injection. Detailed observation and analysis of the images showed that high density surrounding gas decreases the mainstream velocity of the spray after injection, which restrains air entrainment into the spray. There is a change of flying direction of the droplets at spray boundary under high density condition. Many droplets move outward from the spray after the lapse of time. Spray evaporation is promoted by vaporization of droplets at spray boundary. High density condition greatly promotes droplets evaporation at spray boundary. However, at high density condition, large size droplets tend to remain at a long time at the vicinity of injector outlet after small amount of injection.
Engine Mount System Achieving Reduced Vibration from an Inline 3 Cylinder Engine Installed in a Utility Vehicle
Authors: Yamasaki Akiyuki , Yamamoto Teruaki , Hisada Kazumasa , Nakahara Hiroshi , Kawasaki Takumi
Published: November 2023

This paper describes an engine mount system that achieves reduced vibration on an industrial type utility vehicle. First the vibration level and direction of the inline three cylinder engine installed in the vehicle was analyzed and based on these results a mount layout that leads to a reduced level of vibration felt by the passengers was developed. Next, this was applied on an actual vehicle and spring characteristics were designed for each mount. The actual spring constants were set such that when considering the engine to be a rigid body, the resonance frequency thereof occurs at an engine speed lower than idle and in addition were set to ensure component strength relative to driving forces and inertial forces that act while the utility vehicle is being driven. Lastly, achievement of significant vibration reduction was confirmed on an actual vehicle showing that this engine mount system is effective at reducing vibration.
Development of Measurement Technic on Propagating Flame by Densely Installed Ion-Probes
Authors: Yatsufusa Tomoaki , Miyata Shinsuke , Ishibashi Koji
Published: November 2023

A new technic to measure the propagating flame precisely by using densely installed multiple ion-probes has been developed. This system targets the high-intensity and pulsatile combustion, including knocking in gasoline engine, and oscillating combustion in burner or gas turbine combustor. In such environment, observation of details in the combustor by visualization is generally limited because of the strength of observation window. In contrast, ion-probe is physically and thermally strong enough to endure such environment.

In the present study, characteristics of the combustion measurement were investigated using the different types of propagating flame with various LPG-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures. The composition of the mixture was stoichiometric LPG-oxygen diluted with nitrogen. Nitrogen dilution ratio was varied to control the flame propagation velocity. Minimum and maximum propagation velocity tested in the series of experiment was a few meters per second and about 2300m/s respectively. This range covers most type of combustions utilized in the industrial field.

The result shows that this measurement technic has an ability to capture the fluctuation of propagating velocity in millimeter scale both in deflagration propagating at a few meters per second and in detonation propagating at supersonic speed with a few kilo meters per second. It is expected that this technic has sufficient performance to capture precisely the knocking in automotive engines and oscillating combustion in burners.
Influence of Supercharging on Biodiesel Combustion in a Small Single Cylinder DI Diesel Engine
Authors: Yoshimoto Yasufumi , Yamada Masayuki , Kinoshita Eiji , Otaka Takeshi
Published: November 2023

The present study investigated the effect of boost pressure on the operation of a small single cylinder DI diesel engine equipped with a jerk type injection system fueled by different biodiesel fuels. The study employed a Roots blower type supercharger driven by a motor, and the boost pressures were varied from 100 kPa (naturally aspirated condition) to 140 kPa. The experiments used three kinds of biodiesel: rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME), soybean oil methyl ester (SME), and coconut oil methyl ester (CME). Further, a blended fuel with 60% (mass) CME and 40% 1-butanol (represented as CMEB) was also used. The influence of the boost pressure on the engine performance, combustion characteristics, and exhaust emissions with the abovementioned four biofuels were examined and compared with standard JIS No. 2 diesel fuel. The results show that at high loads, the brake thermal efficiency with all the tested fuels increased considerably with increasing boost pressure while the smoke and CO emissions decreased significantly. At the naturally aspirated condition, the ignition delay of CMEB is much longer than with diesel fuel and the biodiesels. But the ignition delay with CMEB decreased remarkably with increasing boost pressures and the combustion was smokeless. At all boost pressures, it was established that all of the investigated biodiesel emission characteristics other than the NOx emissions with RME and SME were superior to those of ordinary diesel fuel.
ISO 26262 Controllability Evaluation Technique by Expert Riders
Authors: Kawakoshi Maki , Kobayashi Takashi , Hasegawa Makoto
Published: November 2023

Controllability (C class) represents the level of the ability to avoid harm and is one of the parameters that determine the Automotive Safety Integrity Level in the ISO 26262 functional safety standard, which applies to the electrical and/or electronic systems. This study aimed to consider an appropriate C class evaluation technique for expert riders in applying ISO 26262 to motorcycles.

This study attempted to show a C class evaluation method without deviation by the riders and presented examples of the evaluation of three hazardous events in actual vehicle tests. In addition, riders' comments regarding their understanding of the circumstances that resulted in the evaluation were collected, and the correspondence of these comments was examined.

We selected “unintended acceleration” or “unintended deceleration” due to the malfunction of the electronic throttle control system as hazard examples and conducted tests to reproduce hazardous events. The expert riders evaluated the C class using the evaluation method that we considered. For unintended acceleration when following a preceding vehicle or during turning, the C classes were evaluated from C0 (control in general) to C3 (difficult to control or uncontrollable) depending on the acceleration level. The results of C class evaluation by all riders were found to be similar. For unintended deceleration during turning, all riders evaluated it as C0 at all deceleration levels.

The specific C class evaluation considered in this study is believed to be a useful technique because the C class of each hazardous event was evaluated by expert riders via actual vehicle tests.