bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Literature Review on Obesity: Causes, Treatment and Correlation with Pandemic COVID-19
Authors: M Sebaiy Mahmoud
Published: September 2022

Obesity is one of the most public health problems that face the health care practitioners and the whole mankind as well. Over the last 30 years, many countries have witnessed the prevalence of obesity in its citizen’s double, and even quadruple. As such, in this literature review, we are introducing most updated information about obesity in terms of its definition, complications, causes, effect of lifestyle on obesity, discovery and development of anti-obesity drugs, challenge in obesity treatment in addition to its relationship with pandemic COVID-19.
Evolution of Medical Device Sector in India and Comparison of Registration Processes of Medical Devices in India with Countries like China, Australia, U.S. and Europe
Authors: R Rao Janhavi
Published: September 2022

The medical device market in India is a sunrise sector in the pharmaceutical industry and has achieved a milestone in the last few years securing 4th position in the medical device market in Asia with increasing foreign direct investments through governments Make in India Campaign 2017, and PLI (Product linked incentive) schemes. To enter the medical device market in any country, one has to go through different procedures and regulatory requirements of that country. Medical devices are regulated in India by the DCGI (Drug Controller General of India) under the CDSCO (Central Drug Standard Control Organization). In China, the registration approval process is under NMPA (National Medical Product Administration) and requires complying with Chinese regulatory standard notice No. 218. Europe and Australian regulations are bit same and require a CE (Conformité Européenne) mark for manufacturing and marketing. U.S. regulations for approving medical devices are stringent and 510 (k) and PMA (pre-market authorization) is compulsory. In this review, the reader would get an idea about the evolution of medical devices and legislative changes in India and also about international standards and auditing programs. There is a comparison of Indian, Chinese, Australian, U.S., and European medical device registration processes for understanding the similarities and differences.
Paracetamol - A Contaminant of High Concern: Existence in Environment and Adverse Effect
Authors: Agarwal Neha
Published: September 2022

Pharmaceuticals (analgesics and non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs- NSAIDS) though, a major human scientific development, have undoubtedly lengthened life spans, cured millions from deadly diseases, and made life comfortable and free from pain. This very success has now led to their emergence as rapidly growing environmental pollutants and contaminants. Paracetamol (4’-hudroxyacetanilide, acetaminophen or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol) is amongst the most popular pain killers and widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug which is used for relieving pain and fever as a non prescription drug, worldwide. Such huge consumption all over the world can be expected to result in the contamination of the environment and threat to human health, since residual drugs after usage, easily accumulate in the environment especially aquatic environment through human excreta and industrial effluents produced from paracetamol active ingredients production. Its presence has been found in the environment which has been detected drinking water, waste water and sewage treatment plant effluents. Recent researches focus on adverse effects of paracetamol usage and health hazards in the form of increasing behavioural disorders in offspring. Although chemical oxidation process is done for the treatment of waste water to remove paracetamol but severe reaction conditions, production of secondary pollutants as by products and huge operational expenses associated, leave no choice but to find other methods of treatment. Biodegradation of paracetamol by microorganisms is now being considered as an environment friendly alternative which has bearable cost. The widespread use of paracetamol and the scarcity of parallel and safe alternatives, its impact on the environment and on human health deserves further investigations and researches. The main aim of this review is develop comprehensive understanding on the percolation of paracetamol in environment through uncontrolled usage its toxic effects and proposed metabolic pathways of its biodegradation.
Comparative Pharmacokinetic Studies of Marketed Gel and Transdermal Patches Loaded with Diclofenac Diethylamine in Rabbits
Authors: Malvey Srilatha
Published: September 2022

Oral administration of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Diclofenac diethylamine (DDEA) is often associated with gastrointestinal ulcers, extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism, and gastric bleeding. As an alternative to oral administration, a transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) of DDEA was developed for topical administration, to quantify diclofenac diethylamine in plasma of rabbits for this, a sensitive Reverse Phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed to compare DDEA in marketed gel and optimized formulation, using Carbamazepine as Internal standard (IS). DDEA provoke on Hypersil RP C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm 5 μm) using a mobile phase mixture of potassium dihydrogen buffer pH 2.5 and acetonitrile in the ratio of 30:70v/v at an isocratic flow rate of 1mL/min. The retention time of DDEA was found to be 5.3min. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range from 50-750ng/mL of DDEA. This method was accurate for quantitative estimation of the drug in marketed gel and optimized formulation. The main aim of study is to compare Pharmacokinetic profile of diclofenac diethylamine in pharmaceutical dosage forms (Marketed gel & formulated transdermal patches) using WinNonlin software version 8.1.
Biosimilars-A Review
Authors: KS Rajakumari
Published: September 2022

Recombinant human insulin, the first genetically designed biologic pharmaceutical product approved in the United States, was approved in 1982, and since then, innumerable biologic drugs have been approved to treat a variety of ailments, many of which are difficult to treat or treat efficiently. Their popularity has grown over time owing to its ability to cure serious and chronic diseases like cancer, inflammatory disorders, and diabetes. Biologics are significantly more complex to design and manufacture compared to small-molecule medications, and they are also significantly more expensive. Market forces combined with recent regulatory developments have led to the rise in interest and popularity of a new type of biologic drug: the Biosimilars. A Biosimilars, also known as follow-on biologic or a subsequent entry biologic, is a pharmacological product that is nearly identical to a distinct company’s original product. Biosimilars are FDA-approved versions of initial “innovator” products which can be manufactured after the patent on the original product expires. The approval process includes a reference to the innovator product. Although Biosimilars are expected to reduce the cost of modern therapies, there are some issues that need to be discussed among physicians at this time, including the differences between Biosimilars and generics of traditional chemical drugs, the need for appropriate regulations, and the identification of potential Biosimilars problems. This review examines the differences between generics and Biosimilars, the current state of problems and opportunities, effects, as well as the attempt to demonstrate the difficulties in establishing regulatory guidelines and those associated with the introduction of these drugs into clinical practice.
Immunity Enhancement by Micronutrients to Mitigate the Pathological Effects Induced by the SARS-Cov-2 Infection
Authors: Agarwal Sangita
Published: September 2022

Coronavirus has held humanity hostage since 2020 and its dominance continues with emerging variants. Although various medications and vaccines are available world-wide but none can prevent the disease, focusing our attention to modalities which can help in strengthening the immune system. The fact of the matter is the COVID-19 infection hampers the immune system through various inflammatory responses. Hence, the need of the hour is to emphasise on balanced diet which includes vitamins along with macro and micronutrients which would be beneficial in prevention of various infections. The paper discusses the available data on the role of minerals and vitamins in the COVID-19 treatment. The functioning of immune system is compromised when the vitamins and mineral content are deficient. The minerals and vitamins can be used as preventive measures to reduce the mortality and morbidity rates in patients with the viral infection.
La formación de recursos humanos a nivel doctoral del Cuerpo Académico Consolidado “Musicología” (UGTO-CA-66)
Authors: Ammetto Fabrizio , Béjar Bartolo Alejandra , Podzharova Elena
Published: September 2022

La labor de los actuales integrantes del Cuerpo Académico Consolidado [CAC] “Musicología” ha impulsado, a nivel nacional e internacional, al área musical-musicológica del doctorado en Artes de la Universidad de Guanajuato. Entre 2014 y 2021, logró la titulación de 13 doctores (originarios de España, Italia, México y Rusia), quienes, posteriormente, se han distinguido en el país por sus logros académicos (reconocimiento del perfil del Programa para el Desarrollo Profesional Docente [PRODEP] e ingreso al Sistema Nacional de Investigadores [SNI]) y laborales (contratación como profesor en universidades públicas). En este artículo se describen las investigaciones realizadas en las disertaciones doctorales y se enlistan las publicaciones derivadas (libros, capítulos de libros, artículos arbitrados e indexados, discos de audio), a través de lo cual se comprueba la formación en México de recursos humanos altamente especializados, así como la creación y coordinación de un sólido grupo de trabajo en el área de la musicología.
Kinetic description of ion transport in the system "ionic solution – porous environment"
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Tokarchuk M. V. ,   Institute for Condensed Matter Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Published: September 2022

A kinetic approach based on a modified chain of BBGKI equations for nonequilibrium particle distribution functions was used to describe the ion transfer processes in the ionic solution – porous medium system. A generalized kinetic equation of the revised Enskog–Vlasov–Landau theory for the nonequilibrium ion distribution function in the model of charged solid spheres is obtained, taking into account attractive short-range interactions for the ionic solution – porous medium system.
Stress-deformed state and strength of a locally heterogeneous electrically conductive layer
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Markovych B. M. , Senyk Y. A. ,   Pidstryhach Institute for Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nodzhak L. S. ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University
Published: September 2022

The key system of equations of the solid body model is presented, taking into account the structural heterogeneity of the material and the roughness of the real surface, which is applied to the study of interconnected fields in an unbounded heterogeneous conductive layer. The effect of taking into account the dependences on the density of local Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio on the size effects of surface stresses in the layer and its strength limit is considered.
Properties of fundamental solutions, correct solvability of the Cauchy problem and integral representations of solutions for ultraparabolic Kolmogorov-type equations with three groups of spatial variables and with degeneration on the initial hyperplane
Authors:   West Ukrainian National University, Voznyak O. G. , Dron V. S. ,   Pidstryhach Institute for Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Medynskyi I. P. ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University
Published: September 2022

Some properties of the fundamental solution of the Cauchy problem for homogeneous ultraparabolic Kolmogorov–type equation with three groups of spatial variables including two groups of degeneration and with degeneration on the initial hyperplane are established. For different type of degeneration on the initial hyperplane the theorems on integral representations of solutions and correct solvability of the Cauchy problem are presented. These results for such type of equations are obtained in appropriate classes of weight functions.
Bentonitin kireç ve tüf ile stabilizasyonu sonrasında meydana gelen dokusal değişimlerin Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi (FT-IR) Spektroskopisi yöntemi ile incelenmesi
Authors: ASLAN Yasemin , GÜROCAK Zülfü
Published: September 2022

Puzolanik özeliğe sahip katkı malzemeleri kullanılarak killi zeminlerin geoteknik özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesi olarak tanımlanan stabilizasyon, kolay uygulanabilir ve ekonomik bir yöntem olması nedeniyle günümüzde çok fazla tercih edilmektedir. Stabilizasyon, zemine eklenen katkı malzemesi ve zemin arasında meydana gelen puzolanik reaksiyonların bir sonucu olarak meydana gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada, katkı malzemesi olarak farklı özellikteki tüfler ile birlikte sönmüş kireç kullanılarak hazırlanan karışımların Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektroskopisi (FT-IR) kullanılarak bentonitin ve katkılı örneklerin mikroyapısal değişimleri incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla farklı oranlarda sönmüş kireç ile birlikte asidik ve bazik karakterli tüflerin katkı malzemesi olarak kullanıldığı örnekler hazırlanmış ve bu örneklerde 28 günlük kür sonrasında FT-IR analizleri yapılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda kireç ve tüflerin eklenmesiyle 1412 cm-1, 1417 cm-1, 1451 cm-1, 1470 cm-1, 1472 cm-1 dalga sayısında yeni pikler oluşmuştur. Bu dalga sayılarında oluşan pikler kireçteki Ca-O bağlarının özelliğidir. Kireç miktarının artmasıyla Ca-O bağlarının oluşturduğu pik sayısı artmıştır. %10 kireç katkılı örnekte hem dalga sayısında hem de geçirgenlik değerlerinde en fazla değişim meydana gelmiştir.
Analysis of the Effect of Fundamental and Maturity Factors on Yield to Maturity of Corporate Bonds Traded on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2020
Authors: Fitriadi Surya , Marsoem Bambang S.
Published: September 2022

The volume of corporate bond issuance in Indonesia has fluctuated from 2015-2020 following the economic developments. The Covid 19 pandemic in 2020 caused declining in companies issuing bonds. The pandemic led a big impact on the bond market. Low key interest rates decrease the return obtained in bond investment. The economic slowdown has pushed the central bank of Indonesia cut the key rates from 5% to 3.75% in 2020. The lower key rates will cause an increase in bank loans then the government can control economic growth and inflation rate. Partially, the study aims to analyze the effect of the current ratio, debt to equity, return on assets, total assets, and maturity on the yield to maturity of bonds traded on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2020. Quantitative methods with an associative approach are used as research methods. 302 corporate bonds issued by 69 companies took into a sample in this study. The sampling method used purposive judgment sampling. Data analysis of the proposed hypothesis used the multiple linear regression method by using the SPSS version 24 program. The research found that there was a significant effect among the return on assets, total assets, and maturity variables on the bond’s yield. However, the current ratio and debt to equity variables were found to have no effect on the yield to maturity of all corporate bonds traded on the IDX in 2020.
Pengaruh Religiusitas dan Machiavellian terhadap Kecenderungan Kecurangan Akuntansi
Authors: Vacumi Ninda , Halmawati Halmawati
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of religiosity and machiavellianism on the tendency of accounting fraud. The population in this survey is the work unit of regional apparatus organizations in the Lima Puluh Kota Regency, totaling 27 SKPD, and the interviewees are office managers, managers of finance divisions, and technical implementers of each SKPD. The research design in this study is a quantitative approach using primary data. Primary data was obtained by distributing the survey directly to 81 respondents. We then analyzed the data using multiple linear regression techniques. The results of this study are (1) religiosity has a negative and significant effect on the tendency of accounting fraud in the Regional Apparatus Work Unit (SKPD) of Lima Puluh Kota Regency, (2) Machiavellian has a positive and significant effect on the tendency of accounting fraud in the regional work unit (SKPD) of Lima Puluh Kota Regency.
Internalisasi Nilai Kebudayaan Lokal Bugis (Sipakatau, Sipakalebbi, dan Sipakainge)
Authors: Zahro Vikriatuz , Anggraeni Reni Putri , Taniady Vicko
Published: September 2022

Character education is the primary weapon to form good quality students. However, the digital era's entry does not always have a positive impact, especially for students in Indonesia. The growth of individualistic attitudes, bullying behavior, lack of manners, and so on positively impact creating ethical and moral young generations. This is an urgency that must be addressed wisely in education to form a new character education model for students in Indonesia. Internalization of local-Bugis cultural values ​​is an urgency that must apply in the world of character education in Indonesia. The research method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method using secondary data and a case study approach to the adverse effects of the digital era for students in Indonesia. This study's results indicate that the local value of Bugis, which is reflected through Sipakatau, Sipakalebbi, and Sipakainge, will positively impact the character development of students in Indonesia. So that in the end, based on these local Bugis values, it is hoped that students will be able to improve ethics and other behaviors for the better.
Pengaruh Pemikiran Muhammad Abdul Karim Al-Syahrastani Terhadap Perkembangan Studi Agama-Agama Di Indonesia (Kajian Kitab Al-Milal Wa Al-Nihal)
Authors: Ruslan Idrus , Rosana Ellya
Published: September 2022

This article focuses on discussing the influence of Al-Syahrastani’s thoughts on the study of religions in Indonesia. The field of study of religions, which originally is called comparative study of religions, is a branch discipline of religious sciences, century-long established in the world, including in Indonesia. In his book al-Milal wa al-Nihal, Syahrastani explains a variety of religious communities, such as the Stoicism, the materialists, atheist philosophers, the Shabi’un, and many others including the ahl al-kitab (communities of the book). This study is of a literary research, and basses its analysis on both primary and secondary sources. Results of this study point to the influences of Syharastani’s thoughts on the development of study of religions in Indonesia. While these influences are indirect in nature, a large number of Muslim and non-Muslim scholars in Indonesia has referred to Syahrastani’s thoughts. Even the publication of the Indonesian translation of Syahrastani’s al-Milal wa al-Nihal, has enabled students of the department of study of religions in many Indonesian Islamic universities to learn various category and types of religious communities as solicited by Syahrastani.
Tapak Tilas Agama Khonghucu Di Indonesia Dan Korelasi Ajaran Wu-Chang Dalam Menjaga Integrasi Nasional
Authors: Kasyfurrahman Taufiq Nur , Azhari Alwi Ghiyaz , Hekmatiyar Eros Samudera
Published: September 2022

Indonesia is a country that consists of various kinds of SARA (Tribe, Agma, Race, and Intergroup). Confucius is one of the officially recognized religions in Indonesia. Confession Confucius as the official religion in Indonesia has a somewhat complicated footprint, because there are pros and cons to its existence in Indonesia. Apart from that, Confucianism has the teachings of Wu-Chang which contains about the five moral attitudes that must be held by its adherents. This teaching certainly contributes to maintaining the Integration of the Republic of Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the existence of Confucianism in Indonesia and the implementation of the teachings of Wu-Chang in maintaining national integration. The method used is descriptive qualitative method by collecting data from observations, interviews, documentation, and literature studies. The results of this study show a historical description of the existence of Confucianism in Indonesia and the correlation of the teachings of Wu-Chang in maintaining national integration.
Pelestarian Manuskrip Kuno Melayu Nusantara Perspektif Industries
Authors: Nofrizal Nofrizal
Published: September 2022

The ancient manuscript is one of Indonesia’s valuable cultural heritage. One of the primary sources of research, that presence is certainly worthy of appreciation because it also contributes to the development of the scientific realm. Research that utilizes ancient manuscripts as objects of study, has been carried out by many foreign and native scholars lately. But in reality, this ancient manuscript could not be accessed easily. This happened because these ancient manuscripts were not mas-produced and distributed, and there were minimal conservation efforts. Therefore the concern of the government of the nation’s assets is questionable. This paper confirms that efforts to preserve  archipelago ancient manuscripts by Pustaka Nasional Republik Indonesia (PNRI) as representatives of the government, seem to be very slow and inefficient. Their conversation efforts appear to be more reactionary than visionary. So much of the knowledge contained in the archipelago from ancient manuscripts is lost together with the destruction of the ancient manuscripts themselves. The solution must be sought immediately, so that future generations can also enjoy the nation’s cultural heritage.
Amina Wadud: Pendekatan Hermeneutika Untuk Gerakan Gender
Authors: Amin Muhammad Fahrizal
Published: September 2022

Islam is a religon that very upholds of prestige and dignity every person without discriminate of gender, both men and women. However, as time goes by, the sculpture of religion becomes multi-commentation for praising certain gender and humiliating others. The gender inequality of social role is considered as divine creation, it means that everything comes from God. In contrast to the perception of feminist who considers the inequality as a social construction. The gender inequality of social role is still retaining under excuse of religion doctrine. Religion is involved to preserve conditions in which women do not consider themselves equal to men. It is possible that behind of this theological "consciousness" occurs anthropological manipulation that aims to establish a patriarchal structure, which generally harms women and benefits only certain classes of society. Looking at this paradigm shift, Amina Wadud is trying to boost the understanding that has deviated far from the Al Qur'an award on women.
Konsep Kematian dalam Perspektif Agama Buddha Theravada
Authors: Azisi Ali Mursyid
Published: September 2022

This article examines the concept of death in the Theravada Buddhist perspective. Where the teachings show the stages in addressing or even the state after death. When facing death in Theravada Buddhism, it is very fearful to avoid fear and doubt, instead you have to be happy by preparing for life's good deeds. The existence of punarbawa / rebirth is one of the concepts carried on as a hereditary belief from Buddhist scriptures. By using a qualitative approach in analyzing, analyzing data from relevant literature / literature studies, so that they can be arranged with related material. This article is important to study further, by looking at how the perspective implanted in Theravada Buddhism, especially the concept of death, will be a source of knowledge which will become a source of insight and learning. The goal is a category that can be consumed by scientific studies of religious studies and academics or the general public related to themes that are expected to be useful for many circles. That way the purpose of life in every religion is the goal of others and still instills virtue.
Covid-19 And Religion: Response Believers About Online Service
Authors: Tari Ezra , Wijaya Hengki , Weismann Ivan Th.
Published: September 2022

Covid-19 provides lessons for society, especially believers. The real fellowship must be limited, and online worship held, making believers enter a new atmosphere. The challenge is not whether it can or not, but financial issues and including the internet are a concern in the Indonesian context. The purpose of this article is to show the church around the ministry during the pandemic. The research method used is a qualitative interview of individuals involved in worship, both online and offline. This study reveals that each church has differences in managing religious life because the existing tradition and ecclesiology make it difficult for the church to accomplish the ministry. The church tries to communicate with the congregation using modern technology or go straight to the houses while still following the government's recommendations, namely social distancing and attention to health. The church must begin to think about the pattern of fellowship today.
Diskursus Fenomenologi Agama Dalam Studi Agama-Agama
Authors: Rahman Ryan Arief , Bin Cecep Mustopa Rodhi Hakiki , Fikri Muhammad Dhiaul , Kusuma Amir Reza , Rohman Abdul
Published: September 2022

The imbalance in the study of religions not only occurs in the history of its development but also its methodology. Starting from the Western scientists who are not objective in describing comprehensively the development of this discipline that sets aside the contribution of Muslim scientists in it. Which gives an effect on the paradigm that produces a methodology that is very westernized. This knowledge cannot be separated from the role of contemporary Muslim scientists and researchers, by using the method of critical analysis, the author tries to Islamize one of the main methods in the study of religions namely the phenomenology of religion. The goal is to be friendly and can be used by Muslim scientists and researchers. By the concept and method of Islamization of Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas's on science (de-westernization, integration and Islamization), the authors formulated three problematic aspects in the phenomenology of religion, those are paradigms, epoche method and neutral. After the process of criticism as a form of de-westernization, the author then integrates with the research methods of Muslim scientists. Thus, the phenomenology of religion was successfully Islamized and friendly for Muslim researchers to be used.  Ketimpangan dalam studi agama-agama tidak hanya terjadi dalam sejarah perkembangannya tetapi juga metodologinya. Berawal dari para ilmuwan Barat yang tidak objektif dalam memaparkan perkembangan disiplin ilmu ini secara komprehensif yang menyisihkan kontribusi para ilmuwan muslim di dalamnya. Hal demikian berpengaruh terhadap paradigma yang menghasilkan metodologi yang sangat berbau kebarat-baratan. Disiplin ilmu ini tidak bisa lepas dari peran ilmuwan dan peneliti muslim kontemporer, dengan menggunakan metode analisis kritis, penulis mencoba untuk mengislamisasikan salah satu metode utama dalam studi agama-agama yakni fenomenologi agama. Tujuannya agar ramah dan dapat digunakan oleh para ilmuwan dan peneliti muslim. Dengan konsep dan metode islamisasi ilmu pengetahuan Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas (dewesternisasi, integrasi dan islamisasi), penulis merumuskan tiga aspek yang bermasalah dalam fenomenologi agama yaitu paradigma, metode epoche dan netral. Setelah proses kritik sebagai bentuk dewesternisasi, kemudian penulis mengintegrasikan dengan metode penelitian ilmuwan muslim. Oleh yang demikian, fenomenologi agama berhasil diislamisasikan dan ramah untuk digunakan para peneliti muslim.
Keunggulan Metode Demonstratif Terhadap Metode Retorika Dan Dialektika: Menguak Metode Kritik Filsafat Ibn Rusyd
Authors: Bistara Raha
Published: September 2022

This article shows how the demonstrative method (burhani) is more superior to rhetoric (khatabbi) and dialectic method (jaddali), the use of the demonstrative method is based on the utilization of the mind. Ibn Rusyd stated that the demonstrative method is considered the right method for seeking the answers above the questions on the subject of religion and philosophy. However, it is not amazed Ibn Rusyd used a demonstrative method to criticize the Mutakallimun Ash’ariyah and his followers especially Imam Al-Ghazali. Ibn Rusyd also criticized Ibn sina and Zahiriyah group with the method they used. There was confusion for the answer to who they presented regarding religious and philosophical problems. While there were many problems with their views especially in their books. This article used the library research method which uses literature either in the form of books, or notes from previous research reports. While the sources of this research there are two sources as primary source and secondary sources. This result of this research revealed that Ibn Rushd’s philosophy critical method from authentic sources related to the problem. Although, by the use of  various sources used, it is hoped there will be a new finding related to demonstrative method initiated by Ibn Rushd in refuting the arguments of  rhetorical and dialectical groups which are not deep, explicit, and simple. As well as providing the new formulas that are fresher and more varied concerning the answer about the problems of religion and philosophy.
Kesenian Reog Sebagai Media Mempertahankan Kerukunan Umat Beragama Di Jorong Purwajaya Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota Sumatera Barat
Authors: Alwada Vivi , Rozi Syafwan
Published: September 2022

Local communities have the value of local wisdom in maintaining inter-religious harmony through cultural actions as the cultural basis that exists in their lives. One of the local wisdoms is local art that exists and is still being maintained today. The Purwajaya community of West Sumatra as one of the multicultural societies inhabited by various religions and ethnicities continues to maintain artistic media such as reog, Kuda Lumping and Kuda Kepang in maintaining harmony and harmony among religious communities. Thus, this article focuses on explaining the art of reog as a medium to maintain religious harmony in Purwaraja, West Sumatra. By using qualitative research as well as interview and observation techniques in data collection, the authors found (1) The multi-ethnic and religious Purwajaya community always upholds harmony among others, both among religious communities and between religious communities. (2). Reog art in Purwajaya is held at Purwajaya Anniversary, RI Anniversary, welcoming guests and community events such as circumcisions, thanksgiving, and other events. (3). Reog art as a medium in maintaining religious harmony is reflected in the function of entertainment and communication which contains social values, educational values and religious valuesMasyarakat lokal memiliki nilai kearifan lokal dalam mempertahankan kerukunan antar umat beragama melalui tindakan budaya sebagai basis kultural yang ada dalam kehidupannya. Salah satu kearifan lokal itu adalah kesenian lokal yang ada dan masih dipertahankan sampai saat sekarang ini. Masyarakat Purwajaya Sumatera Barat sebagai salah satu masyarakat multikultur yang dihuni oleh berbagai agama dan etnik terus mempertahankan media kesenian seperti reog, kuda lumping dan kuda kepang dalam mempertahankan keharmonisan dan kerukunan umat beragama di antara mereka. Dengan demikian artikel ini focus menjelaskan tentang kesenian reog sebagai media untuk mempertahankan kerukunan umat beragama di Purwaraja Lima Puluh Kota Sumatera Barat. Dengan menggunakan penelitian kualitatif serta tekhnik wawancara serta observasi dalam pengumpulan datanya penulis menemukan (1) Masyarakat Purwajaya yang multi etnik dan agama selalu menjunjung tinggi kerukunan antar sesama, baik sesama umat beragama mapun antar umat beragama. (2). Kesenian Reog di Purwajaya dilaksanakan pada acara HUT  Purwajaya, HUT RI, penyambutan tamu dan acara warga seperti pada saat acara khitanan, syukuran, dan acara-acara lainnya. (3). Kesenian Reog sebagai media dalam mempertahankan kerukunan umat beragama tercermin dari fungsi hiburan dan komunikasi yang mengandung nilai-nilai sosial, nilai pendidikan dan nilai religi
Improving Language Assessment Literacy for In-Service Saudi EFL Teachers
Authors: Ali Salami Faten , Mastour Alharthi Rasha
Published: September 2022

Therefore, improving teachers’ language assessment literacy (LAL) is one of the most important factors in assuring the quality of language testing and assessment (LTA). Thus, this study aimed to investigate the perceived level of LAL among Saudi in-service English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers. Additionally, it aimed to identify the aspects of LAL that in-service EFL teachers wish to improve through further professional assessment training. Two research questions were formulated to achieve the study aims; a) what is the perceived level of LAL among Saudi in-service EFL teachers? b) What aspects of LAL do in-service EFL teachers wish to improve through further professional training? A questionnaire was administered to collect the data. Fifty EFL female instructors at King Abdulaziz University responded to the online questionnaire. To analyze the data, SPSS software was used. Regarding teachers’ perceived level of LAL, the results indicated that Saudi EFL teachers lack a well-developed knowledge of assessment literacy. The findings showed that the majority of the teachers received either no training or basic training in LAL. In regard to teachers’ training needs, the findings highligted that there is a need for training in nearly all the aspects of LAL, with priority being given to different content areas of LTA. Finally, the study recommended providing Saudi EFL teachers with sufficient professional language assessment training.
前言：COVID-19所引發的倫理議題再思考
Authors: ZHANG Ellen Y.
Published: September 2022

影響全球的COVID-19已經進入第三年，在疫情時代或後疫情時代的種種爭論中，相關的倫理考量依然是學界關注的議題。本期的論文涉及具體的醫學倫理學問題，包括香港抗疫倫理焦點、ECMO的使用、疫情防控中的道德兩難、現代科技大數據所引發的對個人隱私的焦慮、疫情處境中的善終和臨終關懷、審視傳統中醫學有關疫情控制的歷史研究、傳統墨家思想對現當下防疫管理的啟示作用。本期的論文的研究方法各有不同，包括哲學的、倫理學的、實證的、歷史的、及比較的，其宗旨是引發人們對這些問題的反思和探討。
香港抗疫的倫理焦點
Authors: AU Kit Sing Derrick
Published: September 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

本文回顧及討論2021年1月至2022年4月COVID-19疫情期間香港抗疫中曾在公共領域提出或引起關注的倫理問題。新型的傳染病是複雜和具有不確定的挑戰，COVID-19全球大流行引起的倫理問題有普世的性質，但亦必須結合本地具體的情況討論。作者對其中的倫理焦點提出觀察分析，包括接種COVID-19疫苗的知情同意程序及其局限性，以及為精神上無行為能力的老年人接種疫苗決定的特殊挑戰。

This article reviews and discusses ethical issues that emerged in the public realm in the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong, between January 2021 and March 2022. Emerging infectious diseases are complex and bring about uncertain challenges. Although many of the ethical issues during the pandemic were universally experienced, it is important to understand them within the local contexts in which they arose. The paper reports on observations related to some of these ethical issues, namely, the process of informed consent for COVID-19 vaccination and its limitations, and the challenge of arriving at vaccination decisions for mentally incapacitated elders.
新冠肺炎重症患者ECMO治療的倫理考量
Authors: HAN Dan
Published: September 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

ECMO是一項高風險、高創傷、高消耗的創新技術，它能夠為新冠病毒肺炎重症患者提供挽救性治療°ECMO的治療目標是幫助患者恢復心肺功能，或者橋接最終治療，包括器械植入，或者器官移植等。然而，容易被忽視的事實是，ECMO挽救了一些患者的生命，但也可能讓那些沒有康復機會的患者陷入醫療困境。於是，ECMO的臨床應用不得不面對一些反對意見，包括嚴重併發症危害患者生命安全、無效治療導致技術失敗，以及大量佔用資源損害醫療公平等。ECMO技術的臨床應用應該在尊重生命價值和患者意願的基礎上，合理設置治療目標、確立可接受退出標準、妥善處理患者意願與ECMO設備撤除困境之間的倫理衝突，建立適度倫理框架以合理控制醫療干預的邊界。

Characterized by high risk, high trauma and high consumption, Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) is an innovative technology that can be used as salvage therapy for COVID-19 patients. ECMO treatment can help restore patients' cardiopulmonary function or can bridge their final treatment, including device implantation or organ transplantation. However, although ECMO saves some patients' lives, it can also leave those with no chance of recovery in a medical dilemma. ECMO is thus controversial: it is criticized for technical failures and ineffective treatments, and its use raises questions about medical equity. This paper argues that the clinical application of ECMO technology should be based on a respect for the value of life and the will of patients, reasonably set therapeutic goals, acceptable withdrawal criteria, proper management of the conflict between patients' desires and the medical dilemma, and the establishment of an ethical framework to control the limits of medical intervention.
初探2019冠狀病毒病疫情下的私隱議題
Authors: CHAN Benedict S. B.
Published: September 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

現代科技日新月異，令我們生活更為方便，但亦帶來不少的道德問題。本文的主旨，正是從應用倫理學的角度來討論如何處理在2019冠狀病毒病持續全球大流行下，由此而來的私隱倫理問題。本文會特別聚焦在高等教育與社會預防及控制疾病政策這兩組例子當中涉及的私隱問題。根據後果評價的道德框架，本文會討論私隱與私隱權利的概念，還有不完整排序下最大化與最優化的分別。之後本文會討論控制論述與讀取論述對失去私隱的意義，然後會探討親密關係與私隱價值的互動，以此説明若要解決一些私隱的道德議題，討論親密關係的重要性是不可避免的。最後本文會詳細討論如何運用以上的分析，來處理兩組例子所涉及的私隱倫理問題。

Alongside greater convenience, the rapid development of technology in the modern world has also brought about many ethical problems. This article examines privacy issues that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of applied ethics. It focuses on two specific examples of privacy issues that emerged in higher education and social policy amid attempts to prevent and control the disease. Based on the moral framework of consequential evaluation, this article discusses the concepts of privacy and privacy rights and the difference between maximization and optimization in the context of an incomplete ranking of options. This article also discusses two ways that the loss of privacy has been understood: the control account and the access account. Another important discussion in the article is the place of privacy in the context of intimate relationships, and why the resolution of some issues concerning privacy requires a discussion of the concept of intimacy. Based on the above analysis, this article concludes with a discussion of how to evaluate the privacy issues in the two examples.
當代墨者對後疫情時代之生命倫理的反思
Authors: HISAO Hung En
Published: September 2022

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.
世界衛生組織(WHO)在歷經自1976年伊波拉病毒病(EbolaHemorrhagicFever, 伊波拉出血熱)爆發以來，處理疫情爆發當中出現的種種倫理問題之後，於2016年出版“Guidance for Managing Ethical Issues in Infectious Disease Outbreaks”（中文暫譯：《傳染病爆發處理倫理議題之指引》）一書，其中整理出「正義、行善、效益、尊重自主、自由、團結、互惠」等七項倫理原則，於今面對新冠肺炎（COVID-19）的疫情上，各國防疫政策，亦可作為應對。作為一名當代墨者，本文即以此為基礎，由醫療的角度，結合國內情況，企欲在墨學義理內作一生命倫理的反思，並試圖對後疫情時代給予具體作為之建議。
In response to various ethical problems that emerged after the 1976 Ebola hemorrhagic fever epidemic, WHO published the book Guidance for Managing Ethical Issues in Infectious Disease Outbreaks in 2016. The content of the book was organized around seven ethical principles, namely, justice, beneficence, benefit, respect for autonomy, freedom, reciprocity, and unity. These seven ethical principles can be used as a framework for countries to develop policies for coping with the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing from contemporary Mohism, this paper reflects on the situation in Taiwan through the lens of these seven ethical principles. It aims to arrive at a Mohist understanding of bioethics and proposes concrete actions for the post-epidemic era.
Extracting the Common Component of Biofuel Commodities and Assessing its Dynamic Relationship with Dubai Fatech Index and Philippines Consumer Price Indexes
Authors: Uy Edgar Allan M. , Pizarro-Uy Anna Corinna D.
Published: September 2022

This study calculates the common component of biofuel commodities from January 1994 to May 2022. It then uses the vector autoregression model to analyze the relationship between the common component, Dubai Fateh crude oil price, and Philippines food and transportation consumer price indexes. The impulse response function shows that a one-time shock on the LP common component creates a positive effect on crude oil prices, while a one–time shock in crude oil prices generates the same positive effect on the LP common component. From the decomposition of the LP common component, crude oil explains 0.066345 per cent of changes in the said variable, whereas food and transportation indexes describe 0.133670 per cent and 0.023652 per cent variability in the LP common component, respectively.
Thirst for Identity in James Welch’s Winter in the Blood: A Study of Rejection, Isolation and Segregation
Authors: Sinha Kasturi
Published: September 2022

Society gifts a person with myriad of identities, in different places a person has to put up different attire. He has to juggle with the multiplicity of pretentiousness where he loses his uniqueness. Everything changes when the attire is ripped, damaged, torn, ragged and finally converted to rugs. A man then starts feeling miserable to see the original him. At certain spaces he feels rejected and tries to get alienated, which results in his isolation that makes him believe that he is standing without identity. In the novel, Winter in the Blood, we meet a thirty- two year old narrator who is nameless and is disheartened facing the societal challenges, who is rejected, isolated and segregated and has no corner to breathe a colorful life with shimmering sound. He thus, chooses a deep dark nook to breathe Nihilism. The narrator is so much normal to the entire non normal situations that now he feels nothing for any situation or person. We can see his losses, his pain, and his struggle for survival when we catch all twenty-two situations where he can adjure neither his love nor his fear. A sense of helplessness and the fear of being stalked by the shadow of white-men traumatize him and drag him towards alienation and isolation. The present paper aims at analyzing the crisis of self identity in the novel, Winter in the Blood.
Evaluating effectiveness of biologically active additives with antioxidant effect in combination with vitamin E in fish food composition
Authors: Ponomarev Sergey Vladimirovich , Levina Olga Aleksandrovna , Fedorovykh Yulia Viktorovna , Akhmedzhanova Aliya Baimuratovna
Published: September 2022

Success of the industrial methods of fish farming depends primarily on the quality and balance of the combined feeds used. The results of a study of the effectiveness of the use of a flavonoid antioxidant, dihydroquercetin, and an assessment of the synergistic effect of this antioxidant in combination with the immunostimulant arabinogalactan and vitamin E are presented. To evaluate the effectiveness of dihydroquercetin in fish diets, two series of experiments were carried out. The research results showed that the best growth rates are owed to the addition of a complex of biologically active substances – dihydroquercetin in combination with vitamin E. The growth increased by 37.0-46.0%, and the fatness coefficient according to Fulton was 0.07 units, then as in the fish of the control group, the indicator did not exceed 0.04 units. When using an antioxidant in combination with vitamin E, the average weight

of fish in the control group increased by 18.0%, while in the experimental variants this figure increased by 30.0-31.0%. Fatness coefficient according to Fulton in fish of the control group was 0.04 units, and when the diet was enriched with complexes of antioxidant additives, it was 0.07 units. The indicators of energy metabolism also indicate a better accumulation of plastic substances in the fish of the experimental groups: ESR 1.92 ± 0.30 mm/h and 1.83 ± 0.27 mm/h, the level of total protein is significantly (p ≤ 0.01) lower values of the control group (test 1 with di-hydroquercetin – 25.70 ± 2.9 and test 2 with dihydroquercetin and arabinogalactan – 23.38 ± 0.90 g/l), and the choles-terol level is lower by 11.5-24.1%. Thus, it can be inferred that the complex of antioxidants provided more favorable trophic and biochemical conditions necessary, in particular, for the normal growth and development of fish. The results obtained in the course of the research can serve as a basis for improving the technologies for the production of mixed feed when raising fish on an intensive basis.
ANALISIS KOMPARATIF TERHADAP PEMBATALAN PERKAWINAN MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG PERKAWINAN NO 1/ 1974 DAN KITAB UNDANG-UNDANG HUKUM PERDATA (BURGERLIJK WETBOEK)
Authors: Darwin Panessai, Ubay Harun, Hayyun Nur
Published: September 2022

Baik Undang-Undang Perkawinan No. 1/1974 maupun Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (BW) mengatur tentang Pembatalan Perkawinan. Tidak kurang dari 7 pasal (Pasal 22-28) UU Nomor 1/1974 mengatur masalah ini. Pada pasal 22 misalnya diatur “Perkawinan dapat dibatalkan, apabila para pihak tidak memenuhi syarat-syarat untuk melangsungkan perkawinan”.Sementara itu, KUHPer mengatur masalah ini dalam 16 pasal (pasal 85-99a) pada Bagian Keenam “Tentang Kebatalan Perkawinan”   dari Bab Keempat “Tentang Perkawinan”. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk melakukan analisis komparatif dari kedua produk hukum ini baik dari landasan filosofis maupun ketentuan-ketentuan spesifik berkenaan dengan “Pembatalan Perkawinan” yang terkandung dalam kedua  Undang-Undang tersebut.
USAHA MENJAGA KEHARMONISAN KELUARGA BAGI SUAMI PASANGAN LONG DISTANCE MARRIAGE DI JAYAPURA
Authors: Amri
Published: September 2022

Long distance Marriage (LDM) adalah hubungan jarak jauh antara suami dan istri tidak tinggal bersama, bisa beda kota maupun beda negara. Di Kota Jayapura - Papua banyak ditemukan kasus Long Distance Marriage, banyak suami yang meninggalkan istrinya demi bekerja maupun dinas di Jayapura. karena Jayapura adalah termasuk salah satu wilayah yang mudah dalam hal mencari pekerjaan. Dinamika suami yang rela meninggalkan istri dengan tidak tinggal serumah akan bisa berdampak menimbulkan Disharmoni Keluarga .Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui factor suami menjalin Hubungan LDM di Kota Jayapura dan bagaimana usaha seorang suami yang rela meninggalkan Istri demi pekerjaanya untuk menjaga keharmonisan keluarganya. Penelitian yang digunakan menggunakan studi lapangan atau penelitian Kualitatif, kemudian teknik pengumpulan datanya melalui wawancara, Dokumentasi dan pengamatan. Hasil penelitian menunujukan yang pertama faktor terjadinya hubungan LDM bagi suami yang bekerja di Kota Jayapura adalah karena ekonomi keluarga yang kurang, kemudian memutuskan untuk bekerja meninggalkan istri dikampung. Yang kedua penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa usaha yang dilakukan para suami yang menjalani hubungan LDM di Kota Jayapura agar keluarganya tetap harmonis yaitu dengan berkomunikasi terus menerus melalui media elektronik, Menuruti Semua permintaan Istri, dan mencukupi segala kebutuhan Istri.
ANALISIS KADAR RADA’AH YANG MENGHARAMKAN PERNIKAHAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Ali Zainal Abidin
Published: September 2022

Salah satu makanan terbaik yang dianugrahkan oleh Allah SWT adalah asi buat seorang bayi melalui perantara seorang ibu agar dapat terjamin kelangsungan hidupnya dikemudian hari, dan perempuan yang menyusukan tersebut menjadi ibunya dan diharamkan pernikahan denganya dan segenap keturunannya, itu konsekuensi atau efek hukum yang diatur oleh syariat. Perdebatan para ulama mazhab jumhur dan ibn hazm dan mazhab syafii dan mazhab imam ahmad bin hanbal, pasalnya apakah hubungan susuan terjadi seketika ketika bayi minum susu wanita? Jawabannya tidak karena harus melihat kadar susuan yang diminum bayi tersebut dan berapakah  umur bayi yang menyusui? beberapa dalil dari al-Quran dan Hadis yang masih menjadi perdebatan di kalangan ulama dalam membahas masalah ini.