bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Anthropogenic and Climatic drivers to the Surface Water Extent Change in the Contiguous United States
Authors: Montanari Alberto , Palazzoli Irene , Ceola Serena
Published: February 2023

Demographic expansion along with shifts in precipitation trends and temperature rise considerably impact the availability of surface water resources, causing serious consequences for human and the environment. The identification of the human and climatic dynamics contributing to the expansion and reduction of the extent of surface water bodies is key to guarantee the preservation of freshwater ecosystems and water scarcity.In this work, we evaluated the variation of surface water extent and five potential drivers that occurred between 1984 and 2020 within the river basins of the contiguous United States (CONUS). We selected built-up area, population, and irrigated land as anthropogenic drivers, while precipitation and temperature represent the hydroclimatic drivers. The analysis of the interaction between changes in surface water extent and its drivers revealed that there has been an expansion of surface water extent over the majority of the CONUS, which was mainly induced by an increase in the mean annual precipitation, mostly in river basins with a continental and temperate climate. The reduction of the extent of surface water observed in the river basins in the arid southwestern region of the CONUS resulted to be influenced by all the anthropogenic and hydroclimatic factors, especially by temperature rise and population growth. We also noticed that river basins sharing the same climatic condition present similar trends of change in surface water extent and its drivers. In particular, arid river basins show distinct pattern of variations with respect to other climatic regions of the CONUS. This result highlights the need to further analyze these vulnerable areas where water availability is greatly affected on anthropogenic activities and climate change.
Can peat reduce evaporation during dry periods?
Authors: Weiss Tomáš , Vlček Lukáš
Published: February 2023

Peat soils not only provide a habitat for distinctive fauna and flora, but are also the most efficient carbon sink on the planet, as peatland flora captures carbon dioxide released from the peat. However, many peatlands are currently drained because of agriculture, peat extraction, or forestry, thus leading to oxidation and decomposition of the organic matter causing carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere. Another potential risk of peat drying comes from the increasing probability of heat waves due to climate change. We therefore conducted sub-profile-scale laboratory experiments that aim to answer the question of how extreme heat influences hydrological behaviour of mountain peat from the Sumava mountains, Czechia. The preliminary results suggest that during dry periods, such as prolonged heat waves, our tested peat in fact decreases the evaporation rate, provided that the depth of the groundwater table is kept constant. However, when we allow peat to dry completely without controlling the groundwater table level, desiccation cracks form, which work as conduits for ever deeper subsurface evaporation. Therefore, the level of groundwater table is critical in answering the question. The described negative feedback showing that extreme potential evaporation can cause a decrease in actual evaporation comes as a surprise, since peatlands are usually understood as a wet land cover that cools the surrounding environment. We have shown that this does not always have to be the case, and we suggest that this mechanism should be studied further. Our small-scale laboratory experiments should also be tested in a natural setting to confirm these results.
Phenology across scales: an intercontinental analysis of budburst in temperate tree populations
Authors: Delpierre Nicolas , Garnier Suzon , Treuil-Dussouet Hugo , Lin Jianhong , Hufkens Koen , Wilkinson Matthew , Soudani Kamel
Published: February 2023

The seasonality of development (phenology) of vegetation is sensitive to temperature. It is one of the most prominent biological markers of current global warming. The budburst period is of particular interest because the budburst date is decisive for the development and survival of deciduous trees. It reflects a trade-off between the need to maximize the growth period and the risks associated with late frost. Our study analyses the intra-community variability (ICV) of budburst dates acquired over 107 site-years in temperate deciduous forests located in the USA (67 site-years) and Europe (40 site-years) using phenological cameras. The average date of budburst shows a virtually identical sensitivity to temperature in American and European forests. The annual ICV of budburst was not significantly different in both continents (with an average value of 3 days, computed as the standard deviation of budburst across the community), despite a lower species richness in European forests (2 species on average) than in American forests (4.5 species on average). Earlier budburst and lower temperatures increased the ICV, which could reach up to 10 days. We suggest that the ecological consequences of the ICV of budburst should be investigated further. We show that over a growing season, the earliest trees of the community absorbed on average 10% more radiation than the latest trees (no difference across continents). This corresponds to a photosynthesis difference of 120 gC m-2 yr-1, the impacts of which in terms of individual growth, nutrient and water acquisition and/or exposure to water stress should be further investigated.
Evaluating cloud-aerosol interaction parameterizations in the WRF-Chem model against cloud observations during a large volcanic eruption
Authors: Marelle Louis , raut Jean-Christophe , Myhre Gunnar , Thomas Jennie
Published: February 2023

In 2014/2015, the intense eruption of the Holuhraun/Bárðarbunga volcano in Iceland emitted extreme amounts of SO2, far above the anthropogenic or natural background. This event had major impacts on cloud properties observed by satellite in the Northern Atlantic. Malavelle et al. (2017) showed that many climate models struggled to reproduce these observed impacts on clouds, indicating potential serious issues in the cloud-aerosol interaction frameworks currently used in models. These issues could explain part of the very large uncertainty remaining in current estimates of the radiative effect of aerosol-cloud interactions.Here, we use MODIS observations of cloud properties during the eruption to evaluate 3 different cloud-aerosol interaction approaches of decreasing complexity in the WRF-Chem 4 regional atmospheric model: First, the default model setup, using the Abdul-Razzak and Ghan (2000) parameterization (AR2000), coupling MOSAIC-4bin aerosols to the Morrison-2-moment microphysics. Second, the Thompson & Eidhammer (2014) aerosol-aware microphysics (TE2014), coupled for this study to MOSAIC-4bin aerosols. Third, the default version of TE2014 in WRF 4 using forced offline aerosols, where we replaced the original static aerosol climatology with 3D time-varying aerosols during the eruption. This last simplified approach does not require simulating fully interactive aerosols, and could be used to investigate regional cloud-aerosol processes and radiative forcing at high resolutions and climate time scales at a lower computational cost.In addition, we compare how these 3 cloud-aerosol approaches impact the detailed cloud response during the eruption in terms of cloud microphysical and optical properties, radiative fluxes, and precipitation.
Geochemical composition of agricultural soils and its link to plant Pb contents
Authors: Tepanosyan Gevorg , Pipoyan Davit , Beglaryan Meline , Sahakyan Lilit
Published: February 2023

The compositional peculiarities of the soil’s chemical environment must be taken into account to study the possibility of toxic elements (TE) to be accumulated in plants. This research covered 7 provinces (marzes) of Armenia providing around 80.1% of the national total gross agricultural production. From June to October 2019, the sampling procedure was carried out as part of the national residue monitoring program. Pb geochemical associations in agricultural soils were investigated, revealing the link between these associations and Pb contents in plants, as well as determining the source-specific transfer of Pb from soil to plants, using both compositional data analysis (CoDa) and geospatial mapping. CoDa included the combination of the results of k-means clustering and CoDa-biplot and was applied to study the relationship between the TEs and identify their geochemical associations (CoDaPack v.2.02.21 and R statistics). In addition, a hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used to study the links between food Pb contents and soil TE contents in each group of sub-samples identified by k-means clustering.The obtained results showed that the research area’s unique geology and probable chemical element release sources influenced the soil’s chemical composition. Using HCA, it was discovered that in every sub-sample, the Pb soil and plant contents were in the same cluster. Particularly, CoDa-biplot and k-means clustering enable the distinction of three distinct sub-samples. However, the geochemical associations of the elements in subsamples I and III showed that Pb plant contents were shown in a geochemical association (K, Rb, Pb, and Zn) typical of both fertilizers and potassium feldspar. In contrast, sub-sample II showed that Pb plant contents were in a geochemical association (K, Rb, Pb, and Zn) typical of carbonates. The transfer factor (TF) for the similarly higher values is observed for the sub-sample associated with the geochemical relationship of K, Rb, Pb, and Zn. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that carbonates had a negative impact on the availability of Pb in plants. This can be explained by the capacity of carbonates in sub-samples I and III to fix Pb and reduce its availability in plants. Based on the study’s findings, it is important to emphasize that further research on compositional characteristics of chemical elements via the identification of geochemical associations can enable to reveal of possible connections between the elements in various media.
N2O emission dominates greenhouse-gas budgets of current and former peat swamp forests in Borneo and the Peruvian Amazon under disturbed water regimes
Authors: Pärn Jaan , Espenberg Mikk , Soosaar Kaido , Machacova Katerina , Schindler Thomas , Ranniku Reti , Kasak Kuno , Thayamkottu Sandeep , Melling Lulie , Fachin Lizardo , Mander Ülo
Published: February 2023

Biogeochemistry of tropical peatlands is vital for planet Earth, while little is known about their functioning under various water regimes and human disturbances. We ran measurement campaigns of soil respiration, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes in three pristine peat swamp forests around Iquitos (the Peruvian Amazon), in Maludam (Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia) and Klias (Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia), manioc field in Iquitos, and oil palm plantations on peat soil in Sarawak and Sabah in dry seasons between 2017 and 2022. We extracted gross primary production values from the MODIS Terra satellite data for the field campaign days. Most of our sites were net carbon sinks. In a CO2-equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) budget, the carbon sinks were, however, offset by large N2O emissions from the manioc field, oil palm plantations, as well as the Peruvian peat swamp forest, turning them into net GHG sources. Surprisingly for peat swamp forests, CH4 comprised only a minor share of the GHG budgets. CH4 may still be more important in wet seasons. Neither do our GHG budgets account for potential canopy effects, such as N2O sinks in canopy air space (Mander et al., 2021) and respiration in trees.To explain the high N2O production, we collected peat samples from the Peruvian and Sabah sites, and used qPCR analysis to measure abundances of bacteria- and archaea-specific 16S rRNA, nitrification (AOA, AOB and COMAMMOX amoA), denitrification (nirK, nirS, nosZI and nosZII), nitrogen fixation (nifH) and DNRA (nrfA) marker genes in the peat samples. The N2O emissions were positively correlated to archaeal amoA and nrfA gene abundances. This suggested that, contrary to expectation, nitrifiers produced much of N2O emissions in the peatlands. The finding agrees with the global peatland microbiome study showing the importance of nitrifiers for N2O emissions in disturbed soils (Bahram et al. 2022).Further annual monitoring is needed to fully understand the GHG fluxes in the scarcely studied tropical peatlands.
How will climate change affect spatial coherence of streamflow and groundwater droughts in Great Britain?
Authors: Chevuturi Amulya , Tanguy Maliko , Marchant Ben P , Mackay Jonathan D , Parry Simon , Hannaford Jamie
Published: February 2023

How climate change will affect spatial coherence of droughts is a key question that water managers must answer in order to adopt strategies to mitigate impacts on water resources. For example, water transfers between regions have long been considered as a possible water management option. Conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater is another common water management practice. However, in both cases, these solutions are only viable if both regions or stores are not in drought simultaneously. These relationships might change under the influence of climate change.The recently published ‘enhanced Future Flows and Groundwater’ (eFLaG) dataset of nationally consistent hydrological projections for the UK, based on the latest UK Climate Projections (UKCP18), provides the opportunity to explore the future evolution of drought spatial coherence in detail. Here, we use eFLaG future simulations of streamflows and groundwater levels to analyse the projected change in drought spatial coherence in Great Britain, over its seven different water regions, using joint and conditional probabilities of occurrence. Some key findings are: an increase in coherence in summer everywhere in the country; in winter, however, it will only increase in the South-East; and, in most regions, the coherence between groundwater and streamflow droughts will increase, one exception being the South-East in summer.These results provide valuable insight to water managers to inform their long-term strategies to overcome future impacts of droughts. The methodology has the potential to be applied to other parts of the world to help shape strategic regional and national investments to increase resilience to droughts.
An Ethical Framework for Climate Intervention Research and Potential Scaling
Authors: Williams Billy , Hanson Brooks , Pandya Raj , LaChance Janice , Shimamoto Mark
Published: February 2023

Climate change is a global threat. As such, scientific and technology organizations and funders are increasingly devoting attention and resources to climate intervention research and, in some cases, already pursuing large-scale testing. Climate intervention measures include carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences and many other authoritative bodies have called for "a code of conduct" and governance structure to guide the research, potential scaling and possible deployment of these intervention measures.  This presentation will discuss a global initiative facilitated by AGU to help establish and gain support for an ethical framework to help guide such efforts, and to include various practical, ethical and governance considerations of potential climate intervention technologies to be considered before deciding potential scaled deployment of such measures – including climate justice considerations and representation.  Preliminary ethical framework modules and global engagement processes currently underway will be discussed.
Environmental Precursors to Mesoscale Convective Systems
Authors: Muetzelfeldt Mark , Plant Robert , Christensen Hannah
Published: February 2023

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are important components of the Earth’s weather and climate systems. They produce a large fraction of tropical rainfall and their top-heavy heating profiles can feedback onto atmospheric dynamics. Understanding the large-scale environmental precursor conditions that cause their formation is normally done as case studies or on a regional basis. Here, we take a global view on this problem, linking tracked MCSs to the environmental conditions that lead to their growth and maintenance. We consider common variables associated with deep convection, such as CAPE, total column water vapour and moisture convergence. We take care to distinguish between conditions associated with deep convection, and conditions associated with MCSs specifically. Furthermore, we pose the question in a way that is useful for the development of an MCS parametrization scheme, by asking what environmental conditions lead to MCS occurrence, instead of locating an MCS and then finding the associated conditions.
Monitoring sediment transport by means of optic-acoustic system to optimize the operation of a hydropower plant
Authors: Conevski Slaven , Quintanilla Paul Alberto , Stokseth Siri , Guerrero Massimo , Ruther Nils
Published: February 2023

The Cheves hydroelectric power plant (HPP) is located in the Andes Mountains in Peru near Lima. The operation of the Statkraft asset is heavily influenced by sediment transport during the rainy season (February to June), both by bed load and suspended load. To avoid sediments from filling up the reservoir, sediment routing during rainy season is applied. However, during the routing, high water velocities through the gates are causing flab abrasion resulting in high maintenance costs. In addition, the water being transferred to the head race tunnel is of high sediment concentration and causes severe erosion of the turbine blades, resulting in low efficiency. This occurs despite desanders are operating continuously during rainy season.To optimize the operation of the power plant, both during power production and during sediment routing, a sediment monitoring instrument was installed at four locations on the HP system. The positions were chosen to provide accurate information on sediment inflow to all major units of HP, such as the desilting units, reservoir, forebay, headrace tunnel, and turbine outlets. Both acoustic (e.g., 8 MHz, acoustic backscatter) and optical (e.g., optical backscatter) instruments will be installed to accurately estimate suspended sediment concentration (SSC). The AoBS, manufactured by Sequoia AS, provides both acoustic-optical measurements and a proprietary method for combining the measurements and determining the SSC in mg/l. To validate SSC, a pump sampler was installed at each location to sample once a day in dry season and twice a day in the wet season. The water samples were analyzed using both the typical filter method and the laser diffraction method.The initial results (in the dry season) confirmed that the combination of optical and acoustic methods provided the most accurate results, although the Sequoia AS method appears to underestimate by 30-50%. Another method based on a weighted summation of both results is under development and promises better results for the existing data. Based on these results, four indicators have been developed: i) intensity of sediment inflow in the turbine, ii) coarseness of particles at all positions (optics vs acoustics scattering index), iii) sediment discharge, iv) desander performance (sediment input from the desanders). Further testing needs to be conducted in the wet season to validate the indicators as well as the method of combined acoustic-optical sediment data collection.
Thwaites Glacier Eastern Shear Margin: Insights from two broadband seismic arrays
Authors: Smith Emma C. , Karplus Marianne , Walter Jake , Nakata Nori , Booth Adam D. , Gonzalez Lucia , Pretorius Andrew , Agnew Ronan , Veitch Stephen , Dawson Eliza J. , May Daniel , Summers Paul , Young Tun Jan , Christoffersen Poul , Tulaczyk Slawek
Published: February 2023

The stability of Thwaites Glacier, the second largest marine ice stream in West Antarctica, is a major source of uncertainty in future predictions of global sea level rise. Critical to understanding the stability of Thwaites Glacier, is understanding the dynamics of the shear margins, which provide important lateral resistance that counters basal weakening associated with ice flow acceleration and forcing at the grounding line. The eastern shear margin is of interest, as it is poorly topographically constrained, meaning it could migrate rapidly, causing further ice flow acceleration and drawing a larger volume of ice into the fast-flowing ice stream. 

We present initial insights from a 2-year-long seismic record, from two broadband seismic arrays each with 7 stations, deployed across the eastern shear margin of Thwaites Glacier. We have applied a variety of processing methods to these data to detect and locate icequakes from different origins and analyse them in the context of shear-margin dynamics. Preliminary results suggest there is basal seismicity concentrated near the ice-bed interface on the slow-moving side of the margin, as opposed to within the ice-stream itself. Some of the identified seismic events appear to exhibit clear shear-wave splitting, suggesting a strong anisotropy in the ice, which would be consistent with polarization observed in recently published radar studies from the field site. Further analysis of the split shear-waves will allow us to better constrain the region's ice-fabric, infer past shear-margin location, and assess the future stability of this ice rheology.  
With such a large quantity of data, manual event identification is unpractical, and hence we are employing machine-learning approaches to identify and locate icequakes of interest in these data. Our results and forthcoming results from upcoming active-seismic field seasons have important implications for better understanding the stability of glacier and ice stream shear margins. 
Flood risk assessment in support of the evaluation and selection of risk mitigation measures
Authors: Gallazzi Alice , Ballio Francesco , Molinari Daniela , Credali Marina , Tolone Immacolata
Published: February 2023

The purpose of the study is to define how the models available for flood damage assessment in the Italian context can support cost-benefit or multi-criteria analyses of risk mitigation measures, in accordance with current laws and regulations on the subject. On the basis of the present situation in which risk mitigation measures are evaluated mostly according to their capability of reducing the hazard and by considering few simple exposure factors, the study aims at identifying more robust indicators to assess measures effectiveness based on results from flood damage modelling. State of the art flood damage models developed within the context of the project MOVIDA (MOdello per la Valutazione Integrata del Danno Alluvionale – Model for integrated evaluation of flood damage, https://sites.google.com/view/movida-project) were applied to evaluate the expected damage in several flood prone areas within the Lombardia Region (northern Italy), where mitigation actions are planned by the Regional Authority. Then, obtained results for these areas were analysed to define effectiveness indicators as well as their range of values. Finally, specific indicators were developed to evaluate the environmental impact of each intervention according to present policies to promote sustainable investments in the field of soil protection as well as contribute to achieve Green Deal goals. Results show that developed indicators increase the ability of local authorities in the definition of priorities of intervention, leading to a reduction of institutional and legislative inefficiencies and increasing the efficiency of disaster risk reduction policies.
Seismic Anisotropy in the Upper Mantle Beneath the Anatolian Plate and Surroundings Inferred from Shear wave Splitting Analyses
Authors: Erman Ceyhun , Yolsal-Çevikbilen Seda , Eken Tuna , Taymaz Tuncay
Published: February 2023

The eastern Mediterranean which is one of the most tectonically active collisional regions where Eurasian, African and Arabian plates converge, provides an excellent opportunity to investigate the evolution of various scales of deformation throughout the Earth. In such a region with highly complex and active tectonic structures, a detailed study of geodynamic processes and related mantle kinematics is required to better understand the development of complex structures at the surface. For example, the region of study, the Anatolian plate and surroundings host several complicated deformation regimes with two large transform faults (North and East Anatolian Faults; NAF and EAF, respectively), regions of extensional and compressional tectonics in the west and east of Anatolia. Seismic anisotropy provides a robust link between seismic observations and geodynamic processes which play a key role for controlling the past and/or present deformations in the mantle lithosphere and asthenosphere. In this study, we perform shear wave splitting analyses on teleseismic core-refracted S-waves (e.g. SKS and SKKS phases) recorded by ~600 broad-band seismic stations located in the region. We estimate seismic anisotropy parameters (e.g., fast polarization direction; FPD and delay time; DT) beneath each seismic station by employing conventional shear wave splitting (e.g., transverse energy minimization and eigenvalue) and splitting intensity approaches. Exploiting a large earthquake dataset, spanning through 2000-2022 with Mw ≥ 5.5 events, that covers a wide range of back-azimuths enables the reliable estimates of complex anisotropic models, such as two-layer and dipping anisotropy models. Our preliminary results largely indicate the NE-SW directed FPDs throughout the study area, except for SW Turkey (NW-SE) and central parts of Anatolia (E-W) that can be mainly explained by the lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine minerals in the upper mantle induced by the mantle flow related to the roll-back process of the Hellenic slab. Findings from our two-layer grid search algorithm indicated strong evidences for two-layer anisotropy models beneath the seismic stations in eastern Aegean and western Anatolia, in particular close to the western branches of NAF in the Aegean.
Ecohydrological dynamics and temporal water origin in European Mediterranean vineyards: a case study in Tuscany, Central Italy
Authors: Benettin Paolo , Manca di Villahermosa Francesca , Dani Andrea , Verdone Matteo , Andreotti Carlo , Tagliavini Massimo , Penna Daniele
Published: February 2023

Viticulture is an essential sector in agriculture as wine production plays a vital role in the socio-economic life of Europe. Grapevines are a valuable, long-lived species able to grow in hot and dry regions. We currently do not know whether grapevines entirely rely on deep soil water or they make substantial use of shallow water from summer precipitation events. Without knowing this, we poorly understand what fraction of summer precipitation inputs actually contributes to grapevine transpiration. This has implications for how we quantify grapevine-relevant precipitation budgets and for predicting the impacts of climate change on grape and wine production.We investigated grapevine water use in a vineyard in the Chianti region, central Italy. During the growing season 2021, we monitored precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture at 30 and 60 cm depth. We collected over 250 samples for stable isotope analysis (hydrogen and oxygen) from rainfall, soil and plants. Since traditional plant water sampling is problematic for grapevines, we collected samples from shoots, leaves and from condensed leaf transpiration after sealed plastic bags were wrapped around some top branches. We use these alternative plant samples to reconstruct the isotopic signal in the xylem water and infer the plants’ seasonal water origin throughout the growing season.Preliminary results show a progressive shift in the isotopic composition of sampled water. Precipitation samples fell on the Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) while soil samples deviated from it because of the effects of soil evaporation. The analysis of the seasonal origin of water revealed that soil water, and consequently xylem water, was mostly recharged during winter rainfall, consistently with the precipitation seasonal regime typically of the Mediterranean climate. The reconstructed xylem samples were generally less variable than soil water, indicating stable water sources, although in some occasion they were more spatially heterogeneous.  These results contribute to a better understanding of water interactions and uptake dynamics in important socio-economic agroecosystems such as vineyards.
Optimization of silage production by olive mill wastes
Authors: Manariotis Ioannis , Biliani Styliani , Manarioti Maria Varvara , Athanassolpoulos Nikolaos
Published: February 2023

Within the European Union, approximately 129 Mtons of food wastes were generated in 2011, and about 52% of them derived from post-processing activities. The most common by-products originated from food industries are spent coffee grounds, sugar cane waste, fruits peels, while the main agricultural wastes are livestock slurry, manure, crop remaining and woodlands pruning and maintenance wastes.  The olive tree is cultivated worldwide and more than 90% of the cultivated area is located in the Mediterranean basin. The olive oil extraction is carried out using two or three phase centrifuge systems. The olive mill wastes can be incorporated into the diet of productive animals, and especially ruminants, due to their high fiber content. The aim of this work was to investigate the optimum conditions for silage production using olive oil wastes from a diphasic olive mill facility. Silage is defined as a semiliquid or paste product obtained by chemical or biological processes. Lactic fermentation has been proposed for as one alternative for the stabilization of process. The optimum conditions of mixture of olive mill wastes, molasses and other wastes (i.e. straw) are investigated for the production of silage to be included in productive animal feed. Detailed characterization of silage is conducted in order to ensure the production of a high-quality product. 
Estimation of calcification rate of Spirillina vivipara
Authors: Toyofuku Takashi , Yukiko Nagai
Published: February 2023

Calcareous foraminifera is a unicellular protist that possesses calcium carbonate shells and is commonly found in the oceans. Biomineralization of these organisms has been extensively studied, as the shells of these organisms hold valuable information about past environmental conditions. In particular, the evolution of foraminiferal assemblages in different environments has been well-documented throughout geologic time, and they are often used as facies fossils and reference fossils.In this study, we aimed to estimate the calcification rate of the species Spirillina vivipara, which is known for its fast generational turnover and rapid shell growth rate. Foraminifera samples were collected from the Enoshima Aquarium in Fujisawa City, Japan, and kept in an incubator with a 12-hour light/dark cycle and a constant temperature of 20°C. The foraminifera was reared in filtered seawater with a salinity of 35 and fed twice a week with live Dunaliella sp.To observe the calcification process, we recorded the elongation rate of testes by time-lapse observation using differential interference microscopy and calcein-containing seawater to mark the shells. We then used multiple techniques, including a focused ion beam (FIB)-SEM, to measure the thickness of the shells. In this presentation, we will present the results of our study on the shell growth rate of foraminifera and compare them with previous studies.
Unsteady thermo-fluid-dynamics modelling of Timanfaya volcanic area (Lanzarote,Canary Islands) and present-day ground deformation
Authors: Tammaro Umberto , Romano Vittorio , Arnoso Josè , Benavent Maite , Riccardi Umberto , Montesinos Fuensanta , Velez Emilio , Meo Michele
Published: February 2023

Lanzarote is the most northeast and together with Fuerteventura is the oldest island of the Canarian Archipelago (Spain), which is located on a transitional zone, a passive margin, between oceanic and continental crust. The last volcanic eruption in Lanzarote was a 7 years voluminous eruptive cycle, occurred during the 18th century. Historical seismicity registered in the region, is customarily attributed to diffuse tectonic activity.This study is intended to contribute to understanding the surface thermal anomalies and the active tectonics on Lanzarote island, mainly in the Timanfaya volcanic area, which is located to the southwest of the island and covers the land extension generated by the last eruption..First, we describe the steps taken to implement a thermo-fluid-dynamics model to study the surface thermal anomalies detected at the Timanfaya volcanic area after the volcanic activity that took place between 1730 and 1736. The origin of these anomalies is acknowledged to be due to the intrusion of a magma body and its consequent cooling, but which still might have very high temperature. This hypothesis is based on the fact that the cooling of basaltic magma, which has an initial temperature of 1200 °C, takes about 104 ÷105 years, as indicated by some authors. Our physical model consists of a cooling magma body, with a radius of 300 m, located at a depth of 4 km and with a temperature of 800 degrees (1073,15 K).The model was developed in three steps: 1) accounting for the energy balance only, 2) both the energy and the momentum balance are accounted for, 3) mass balance is accounted too.The three thermo-fluid dynamic models are based on a finite element modelling (FEM). The novelty of our model consists in including both the steady and unsteady (transient) phase, not considered in analytical solutions under purely stationary conditions developed in past modelling by other authors.Second, we describe a detailed geodetic continuous monitoring in Timanfaya volcanic area, where, as mentioned, the most intense geothermal anomalies of Lanzarote are located.We report on the analysis of about 6 years of CGNSS data collected on a small network consisting in 9 permanent stations, spread over Timanfaya area in Lanzarote Island. The GNSS stations are operated by several owners: the Institute of Geosciences, IGEO, DiSTAR, the Geodesy Research Group of University Complutense of Madrid, the Cartographical Service of the Government of Canary Islands and the National Geographic Institute of Spain.Finally, we attempt to interpret the thermo-fluid dynamic model and the observed ground deformations in light of the tectonic framework derived from state-of-the-art geophysical studies.
Spatio-temporal analysis of two decadal (2000 – 2020) landcover changes and spectral indices assessment for major Southeast Asian urban clusters
Authors: Kamarajugedda Shankar Acharya , Shaikh Bin Shaikh Ahmad Fairul Edros , Hamel Perrine , Lafortezza Raffaele
Published: February 2023

The world is urbanizing at an unprecedented rate, with the United Nations projecting that 68% of the world’s population will be living in urban areas by 2050. In Southeast Asia (SEA) region, it is expected that 47% of the population will live in urban areas by 2025.  Urbanization patterns in this region are generally associated with rapid population growth, economic development and competing demands for land. SEA is also a hotspot of tropical deforestation due to rapid urbanization, resulting in detrimental impacts to the environment and associated ecosystem services. For example, changes in vegetation due to land use/ land cover (LULC) change impact the thermal environment. The objectives of this study are to i) calculate the land cover changes between 2000 and 2020 for 20 major SEA urban clusters; ii) characterise the change in urban form within SEA urban clusters via landscape metrics used at the neighbourhood-scale; iii) determine the relationship between landscape metrics and urban heat measured by LST; and iv) determine the relationship between landscape metrics and vegetation indices such as NDVI and EVI. Documenting the LULC transitions (2000 – 2020) and the associated impacts on urban heat and vegetation changes can help inform policy, sustainable land management and ecosystem services management using Nature based Solutions. We discuss the results per country, contrasting results for major cities and secondary cities, which show different changes in landscape. 
High-precision datasets from monitoring stations based on eddy covariance measurements: what six years of quality evaluation process of ICOS ecosystem stations have to tell
Authors: Sabbatini Simone , Nicolini Giacomo , Gielen Bert , Op de Beeck Maarten , Michilsens Fana , Iserbyt Arne , Loustau Denis , Lafont Sébastien , Loubet Benjamin , Canfora Eleonora , Polidori Diego , Ribeca Alessio , Papale Dario
Published: February 2023

ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System) is a Research Infrastructure aiming at getting a deeper understanding of the European Carbon balance by means of a network of monitoring stations, based on eddy covariance (EC) technique, spread out all over the European Continent, and continuously expanding. The Ecosystem Thematic Centre (ETC) coordinates the activities of ecosystem stations to ensure high-precision datasets and standardisation. The so-called Labelling procedure is made of two steps, conceived to guide the candidate stations to get the official ICOS label: the Step 1 is focused on the sensors’ setup and is structured as a discussion between the ETC and the station teams, while the Step 2 concerns the practical build-up of the station and the data evaluation. For stations with the stricter standards (so-called Class 1 and Class 2), some quality tests on the data are included: one on the EC data quality, two on the representativeness of the measured EC fluxes and one on the representativeness of the ancillary plots.Currently 58 of 86 candidate stations completed the labelling procedure, of which 30 Class 1 and 2. The more common fixes agreed in Step 1 are changes in sonic orientation and height or location, to better deal with fetch and canopy inhomogeneities. In Step 2, apart from increasing the signal resolution and fixing some metadata, a further correction of the location/height of the sensors led to solving the remaining problems. Overall, two thirds of the stations passed the three EC tests at the first try (all the wetlands, 74% of the forests, 33% of the crops), pointing at the efficiency of the Step 1 evaluations, while the remaining ten didn’t pass one or more of the two other EC tests, testifying that some issues are only discoverable from proper data analysis. About one third of the stations didn’t pass the ancillary representativeness test, all of them over forests: the most common solution was to add or move one or more plots.The results support the common knowledge that more complex ecosystems - not uniform canopy geometries, fast growing vegetation - are more likely to be affected by some data quality issue. This constitutes a crucial warning to researchers and technicians in the direction of properly considering the station characteristics when planning its setup and sampling design, as well as continuously checking the data produced, to ensure the production of high-precision datasets.
Soil heterogeneity and how it controls ecosystem functions and soil development
Authors: Peth Stephan , Uteau Daniel , Felde Vincent John Martin Noah Linus , Roosch Svenja
Published: February 2023

Soil structure is complex and dynamic on various scales. Soil heterogeneity as an expression of soil structural complexity develops over time and is controlled by biological, physical and geochemical processes and their interactions. Biotic and abiotic mechanisms shape the soil (micro)environment by forming interconnected pore spaces and solid particle arrangements. Commonly soil development begins with a more or less homogeneous initial structure which evolves towards an increasingly heterogeneously shaped soil architecture serving as a habitat of living organisms and in turn controlling matter, energy and gas fluxes. The relationship between soil structure and function seems to result in a self-organized system of pores and biogeochemical interfaces that is in equilibrium with its boundary conditions. In this presentation, we will demonstrate the interaction between soil heterogeneity and function using imaging approaches. Examples will include (i) root – soil interactions and rhizosphere oxygen distribution, (ii) spatial distribution and mineralization of organic matter in soil aggregates with contrasting architecture, (iii) the effect of initial soil heterogeneity on soil structural evolution and (iv) in-situ deformation patterns upon mechanical stresses. These examples provide an insight into the internal dynamics of soil architectures and their related physical, biological and geochemical processes which are important to understand ecosystem-relevant soil functions.
Global Warming in Spanish Cities (1971-2022)
Authors: Roca Josep , Arellano Blanca , Zhang Xu
Published: February 2023

According to NASA's temperature record, Earth in 2021 was about 1.1 degrees Celsius warmer than the late 19th century average, the start of the industrial revolution. The rate of Global Warming (GW), however, differs across different regions of the planet. The Mediterranean is one of the "hotspots" of climate change, with more prominent temperature increases throughout the 20th and 21st centuries (Giorgi 2006). Since the mid-20th century, the average temperature over the Mediterranean has been increasing above the global average. The recent temperature record reveals an annual mean temperature for the entire basin that is approximately 0.4°C above the global mean (Lange 2021). This increase is even higher on the Spanish coast, which has experienced increases of more than 2°C (Arellano 2022).The aim of this paper is to analyze the warming process in the main Spanish urban areas since unified records were kept in the early 1970s. For this purpose, the evolution experienced by temperatures between 1971 and 2022 in 21 meteorological stations representative of all the Spanish Autonomous Communities is analyzed. Barcelona, Madrid, Valencia, Zaragoza, Seville, Malaga, Bilbao, Valladolid, Ciudad Real, Badajoz, Asturias, Corunya, Ourense, Murcia, Logroño, Palma de Mallorca, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife, are studied.The results show that, if on a global scale temperatures have risen 0.94°C since 1971, the increase in the main cities of peninsular Spain has been 2.17°C. And 2022 will be the warmest year on record. The research carried out differentiates the evolution experienced by maximum and minimum temperatures, showing that the continental influence is mainly manifested in the increase of maximum temperatures, while in the area of Mediterranean influence, the increase of minimum temperatures is more pronounced. On the other hand, the Cantabrian and Atlantic coasts, as well as, above all, the Canary Islands, show less pronounced increases, below 2°C.The study also presents the heat and cold waves (Serra 2022) experienced by the cities studied. Diurnal heat waves (DHW) have increased from 0.6 per year per weather station in the decade 1971-1980, to 1.71 in 1981-1990, 1.81 in 1991-2000, 2.72 in 2001-2010, and 3.84 in 2011-2020. 2022, with 7.11 DHW per station, is the year with the highest number of diurnal heat waves in the entire series. Regarding nocturnal heat waves (NHW) they have increased from 0.47 per station per year in the decade 1971-1980, to 1.53 (1981-1990), 1.57 (1991-2000), 3.55 (2001-2010), and 4.63 (2011-2020). Again 2022 is the year with the highest number of NHW, with 7.61 per weather station.2022 appears, therefore, as the warmest year since records have been kept, and the one in which a greater number of NHW has been experienced.
Inconsistency of the biotic and environmental events in North China during the great Permian-Triassic transition
Authors: Tong Jinnan , Guo Wenwei , Shu Wenchao , Ji Kaixuan , Chu Daoliang , Yu Yingyue
Published: February 2023

Studies from the terrestrial facies indicate that the life and environment experienced a similar and interrelated process on land and in water through the great Permian-Triassic transition, that is, the quick temperature rising in the latest Permian associated with the great end-Permian mass extinction, a subsequent prolonged superhigh temperature throughout the Early Triassic with extensive red sediments and extremely barren fossils, and the climate returning to normal during the Middle Triassic with the reconstruction of the Mesozoic ecosystems. However, the refined integrative study on the Permian-Triassic stratigraphy and fossil and depositional records from North China displays some inconsistency of the biotic and environmental events through the great Paleozoic-Mesozoic transition. For instance, the red beds and related arid climatic indicators such as paleosols show the temperature rising through the mid-late Permian. The Permo-Triassic mass extinction on land looks clearly prior to the major marine crisis whereas the major changeover of the depositional systems, i.e. the river system transforming from meandering to braided rivers, obviously lagging behind. The recovery of animals recorded from trace fossils happened in the late Early Triassic while the plants showed a gradual reconstruction of the Mesophytic communities during the Middle-Late Triassic.
Evaluation of the effect of calcification intensity on the isotopical composition of coccolith calcite
Authors: Gonzalez-Lanchas Alba , Rickaby Rosalind E.M.
Published: February 2023

To understand how coccolithophore calcification rates evolved, it is critical to disentangle which environmental parameters controls the flow of energy from photosynthesis to calcification.The values of coccolith vital effects, the offset of the isotopic composition of coccoliths from abiogenic calcite equilibrium, are not yet unilaterally understood. Models from observations in cultures indicate that such geochemical value is controlled, in some extent, by the changes in calcification intensity (McClelland et al., 2017). However, confirmation from observations in the natural environment remains scarce, up to date.In order to explore the suitability of coccolith isotopical values to produce consistent estimations of calcification intensity, we analyze d13C values measured in size separated coccoliths from natural assemblages in core top records across different latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean. Micro separation of coccoliths and extraction from sediments are carried out with the application of the method by Minoletti et al. (2009) and serve to produce nearly monospecific size-separated coccolith fractions.Our preliminary results allow investigation on the variance of size-separated coccolith vital effects together with independent estimations of PIC/POC production (Particulate Inorganic Carbon/Particulate Organic Carbon) and regional changes in environmental conditions trough the Atlantic Ocean.References:McClelland, H. L. O., Bruggeman, J., Hermoso, M., & Rickaby, R. E. M. (2017). The origin of carbon isotope vital effects in coccolith calcite. Nature communications, 8(1), 1-16.Minoletti, F., Hermoso, M., & Gressier, V. (2009). Separation of sedimentary micron-sized particles for palaeoceanography and calcareous nannoplankton biogeochemistry. Nature protocols, 4(1), 14-24. 