bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermoelastic plane waves under the modified Green–Lindsay model with two‐temperature formulation
Authors: Sarkar Nantu , Mondal Sudip
Published: July 2020

The present study is concerned with the reflection and propagation of thermoelastic plane waves from the stress‐free and thermally insulated surface of a homogeneous, isotropic thermally conducting elastic half‐space in the frame of modified Green–Lindsay theory of generalized thermoelasticity with two‐temperature (2TMGL). The thermoelastic coupling effect creates two types of coupled longitudinal waves which are dispersive as well as exhibit attenuation. Different from the thermoelastic coupling effect, there also exists one independent vertically shear‐type (SV‐type) wave. In contrast to the classical Green–Lindsay (GL) and Lord–Shulman (LS) theories of generalized thermoelasticity, the SV‐type wave is not only dispersive in nature but also experiences attenuation. Analytical expressions for the amplitude ratios and their respective energy ratios for reflected thermoelastic waves are determined when a coupled longitudinal wave is made incident on the free surface. The paper concludes with the numerical results on the phase speeds, amplitude ratios and their respective energy ratios for specific parameter choices. Various graphs have been plotted to analyze the behavior of these quantities. The characteristics of employing the 2TMGL model are discussed by comparing the numerical results obtained for the present model with those obtained in case of the two‐temperature Green–Lindsay (2TGL) and two‐temperature Lord–Shulman (2TLS) models.
Putative adverse outcome pathways for female reproductive disorders to improve testing and regulation of chemicals
Authors: Johansson Hanna K. L. , Damdimopoulou Pauliina , van Duursen Majorie B. M. , Boberg Julie , Franssen Delphine , de Cock Marijke , Jääger Kersti , Wagner Magdalena , Velthut-Meikas Agne , Xie Yuling , Connolly Lisa , Lelandais Pauline , Mazaud-Guittot Severine , Salumets Andres , Draskau Monica Kam , Filis Panagiotis , Fowler Paul A. , Christiansen Sofie , Parent Anne-Simone , Svingen Terje
Published: July 2020

Modern living challenges female reproductive health. We are witnessing a rise in reproductive disorders and drop in birth rates across the world. The reasons for these manifestations are multifaceted and most likely include continuous exposure to an ever-increasing number of chemicals. The cause–effect relationships between chemical exposure and female reproductive disorders, however, have proven problematic to determine. This has made it difficult to assess the risks chemical exposures pose to a woman’s reproductive development and function. To address this challenge, this review uses the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept to summarize current knowledge about how chemical exposure can affect female reproductive health. We have a special focus on effects on the ovaries, since they are essential for lifelong reproductive health in women, being the source of both oocytes and several reproductive hormones, including sex steroids. The AOP framework is widely accepted as a new tool for toxicological safety assessment that enables better use of mechanistic knowledge for regulatory purposes. AOPs equip assessors and regulators with a pragmatic network of linear cause–effect relationships, enabling the use of a wider range of test method data in chemical risk assessment and regulation. Based on current knowledge, we propose ten putative AOPs relevant for female reproductive disorders that can be further elaborated and potentially be included in the AOPwiki. This effort is an important step towards better safeguarding the reproductive health of all girls and women.
The Impact of Accounting for Future Wood Production in Global Vertebrate Biodiversity Assessments
Authors: Schulze Katharina , Malek Žiga , Verburg Peter H.
Published: July 2020

Forests are among the most species rich habitats and the way they are managed influences their capacity to protect biodiversity. To fulfill increasing wood demands in the future, planted and non-planted wood production will need to expand. While biodiversity assessments usually focus on the impacts of deforestation, the effects of wood harvest are mostly not considered, especially not in a spatially explicit manner. We present here a global approach to refine the representation of forest management through allocating future wood production to planted and non-planted forests. Wood production, following wood consumption projections of three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, was allocated using likelihood maps for planted and production forests. On a global scale, plantations for wood production were projected to increase by 45–65% and harvested area in non-planted forests by 1–17%. The biodiversity impacts of changes in wood production patterns were estimated by applying two commonly used indicators: (1) changes in species richness and (2) changes in habitat-suitable ranges of single species. The impact was analyzed using forest cover changes as reference. Our results show that, although forest cover changes have the largest impact on biodiversity, changes in wood production also have a significant effect. The magnitude of impacts caused by changes of wood production substantially differs by region and taxa. Given the importance of forest production changes in net negative emission pathways, more focus should be put on assessing the effects of future changes in wood production patterns as part of overall land use change impacts.
The endocannabinoid anandamide has an anti-inflammatory effect on CCL2 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Pflüger-Müller Beatrice , Oo James A. , Heering Jan , Warwick Timothy , Proschak Ewgenij , Günther Stefan , Looso Mario , Rezende Flávia , Fork Christian , Geisslinger Gerd , Thomas Dominique , Gurke Robert , Steinhilber Dieter , Schulz Marcel , Leisegang Matthias S. , Brandes Ralf P.
Published: July 2020

Endocannabinoids are important lipid-signaling mediators. Both protective and deleterious effects of endocannabinoids in the cardiovascular system have been reported but the mechanistic basis for these contradicting observations is unclear. We set out to identify anti-inflammatory mechanisms of endocannabinoids in the murine aorta and in human vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMC). In response to combined stimulation with cytokines, IL-1β and TNFα, the murine aorta released several endocannabinoids, with anandamide (AEA) levels being the most significantly increased. AEA pretreatment had profound effects on cytokine-induced gene expression in hVSMC and murine aorta. As revealed by RNA-Seq analysis, the induction of a subset of 21 inflammatory target genes, including the important cytokine CCL2 was blocked by AEA. This effect was not mediated through AEA-dependent interference of the AP-1 or NF-κB pathways but rather through an epigenetic mechanism. In the presence of AEA, ATAC-Seq analysis and chromatin-immunoprecipitations revealed that CCL2 induction was blocked due to increased levels of H3K27me3 and a decrease of H3K27ac leading to compacted chromatin structure in the CCL2 promoter. These effects were mediated by recruitment of HDAC4 and the nuclear corepressor NCoR1 to the CCL2 promoter. This study therefore establishes a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism for the endogenous endocannabinoid AEA in vascular smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, this work provides a link between endogenous endocannabinoid signaling and epigenetic regulation.
Deficiency of Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins (NOD) 1 and 2 reduces atherosclerosis
Authors: Vlacil Ann-Kathrin , Schuett Jutta , Ruppert Volker , Soufi Muhidien , Oberoi Raghav , Shahin Kinan , Wächter Christian , Tschernig Thomas , Lei Yu , Liu Fan , Tietge Uwe J. F. , Schieffer Bernhard , Schuett Harald , Grote Karsten
Published: July 2020

Atherosclerosis is crucially fueled by inflammatory pathways including pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-related signaling of the innate immune system. Currently, the impact of the cytoplasmic PRRs nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD) 1 and 2 is incompletely characterized. We, therefore, generated Nod1/Nod2 double knockout mice on a low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr)-deficient background (= Ldlr−/−Nod1/2−/−) which were subsequently analyzed regarding experimental atherosclerosis, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and gut microbiota composition. Compared to Ldlr−/− mice, Ldlr−/−Nod1/2−/− mice showed reduced plasma lipids and increased hepatic expression of the scavenger receptor LDL receptor-related protein 1 after feeding a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Furthermore, intestinal cholesterol and its bacterial degradation product coprostanol were elevated in Ldlr−/−Nod1/2−/− mice, correlating with the increased abundance of Eubacterium coprostanoligenes as assessed by 3rd generation sequencing of the gut microbiota. Atherosclerotic plaques of Ldlr−/−Nod1/2−/− mice exhibited less lipid deposition and macrophage accumulation. Moreover, macrophages from Ldlr−/−Nod1/2−/− mice showed higher expression of the cholesterol efflux transporters Abca1 and Abcg1 and accordingly reduced foam cell formation. Deficiency of Nod1 and Nod2 led to reduced plaque lipid deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration in atherosclerotic plaques. This might be explained by diminished plasma lipid levels and foam cell formation due to altered expression of key regulators of the hepatic cholesterol pathway as well as differential intestinal cholesterol metabolism and microbiota composition.
Neurological update: neuroimaging in dementia
Authors: Rittman Timothy
Published: July 2020

Neuroimaging for dementia has made remarkable progress in recent years, shedding light on diagnostic subtypes of dementia, predicting prognosis and monitoring pathology. This review covers some updates in the understanding of dementia using structural imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), structural and functional connectivity, and using big data and artificial intelligence. Progress with neuroimaging methods allows neuropathology to be examined in vivo, providing a suite of biomarkers for understanding neurodegeneration and for application in clinical trials. In addition, we highlight quantitative susceptibility imaging as an exciting new technique that may prove to be a sensitive biomarker for a range of neurodegenerative diseases. There are challenges in translating novel imaging techniques to clinical practice, particularly in developing standard methodologies and overcoming regulatory issues. It is likely that clinicians will need to lead the way if these obstacles are to be overcome. Continued efforts applying neuroimaging to understand mechanisms of neurodegeneration and translating them to clinical practice will complete a revolution in neuroimaging.
Aging and working memory modulate the ability to benefit from visible speech and iconic gestures during speech-in-noise comprehension
Authors: Schubotz Louise , Holler Judith , Drijvers Linda , Özyürek Aslı
Published: July 2020

When comprehending speech-in-noise (SiN), younger and older adults benefit from seeing the speaker’s mouth, i.e. visible speech. Younger adults additionally benefit from manual iconic co-speech gestures. Here, we investigate to what extent younger and older adults benefit from perceiving both visual articulators while comprehending SiN, and whether this is modulated by working memory and inhibitory control. Twenty-eight younger and 28 older adults performed a word recognition task in three visual contexts: mouth blurred (speech-only), visible speech, or visible speech + iconic gesture. The speech signal was either clear or embedded in multitalker babble. Additionally, there were two visual-only conditions (visible speech, visible speech + gesture). Accuracy levels for both age groups were higher when both visual articulators were present compared to either one or none. However, older adults received a significantly smaller benefit than younger adults, although they performed equally well in speech-only and visual-only word recognition. Individual differences in verbal working memory and inhibitory control partly accounted for age-related performance differences. To conclude, perceiving iconic gestures in addition to visible speech improves younger and older adults’ comprehension of SiN. Yet, the ability to benefit from this additional visual information is modulated by age and verbal working memory. Future research will have to show whether these findings extend beyond the single word level.
Current status of surgery for clinical stage IA lung cancer in Japan: analysis of the national clinical database
Authors: Ikeda Norihiko , Endo Shunsuke , Fukuchi Eriko , Nakajima Jun , Yokoi Kohei , Chida Masayuki , Date Hiroshi , Iwasaki Akinori , Yokomise Hiroyasu , Sato Masami , Okumura Meinoshin , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Miyata Hiroaki , Kondo Takashi
Published: July 2020

Purpose

As the number of cases of early lung cancer in Japan grows, an analysis of the present status of surgical treatments for clinical stage IA lung cancer using a nationwide database with web-based data entry is warranted.

Methods

The operative and perioperative data from 47,921 patients who underwent surgery for clinical stage IA lung cancer in 2014 and 2015 were obtained from the National Clinical Database (NCD) of Japan. Clinicopathological characteristics, surgical procedure, mortality, and morbidity were analyzed, and thoracotomy and video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) were compared.

Results

The patients comprised 27,208 men (56.8%) and 20,713 women (43.2%); mean age, 69.3 years. Lobectomy was performed in 64.8%, segmentectomy in 15.2%, and wedge resection in 19.8%. The surgical procedures were thoracotomy in 12,194 patients (25.4%) and a minimally invasive approach (MIA) in 35,727 patients (74.6%). MIA was divided into VATS + mini-thoracotomy (n = 13,422, 28.0%) and complete VATS (n = 22,305, 46.5%). The overall postoperative mortality rate was 0.4%, being significantly lower in the MIA group than in the thoracotomy group (0.3% vs 0.8%, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our analysis of data from the NCD indicates that MIA has become the new standard treatment for clinical stage IA lung cancer.
Vascular survey of the maxillary vestibule and gingiva—clinical impact on incision and flap design in periodontal and implant surgeries
Authors: Shahbazi Arvin , Feigl Georg , Sculean Anton , Grimm András , Palkovics Dániel , Molnár Bálint , Windisch Péter
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Currently, empirical clinical findings on the blood supply of the maxillary vestibule are not backed up with sufficient literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mucosal and periosteal vascular supply in the maxillary vestibule macroscopically and radiographically to improve surgical strategies and flap designs.

Materials and methods

Thirty head corpses were selected (9 dentate, 11 partially edentulous, 10 edentulous). Twenty-six corpses were injected by red latex milk and embalmed with Thiel solution. Four cadavers were prepared for corrosion casting. Arterial path and anastomoses in the maxillary vestibule of dentate, partially edentulous and edentulous ridges, were analyzed macroscopically and by computed tomography (CT).

Results

Transverse periosteomucosal anastomoses were detected in the posterior and esthetic zones of the maxillary vestibule. The buccal branches penetrated the interdental septum toward the palate. In the esthetic zone, superior labial artery (SLA) supplied the mucosa and the infraorbital artery (IOA) supplied the periosteum. Corrosion casting showed anastomoses between IOA and nasal septal branches. CT analysis revealed ipsilateral and contralateral anastomoses between SLA and IOA. In dentate ridges, mucosal star-shaped terminal branches were detected.

Conclusions

The macroscopic and radiographic vascular survey analysis revealed the anatomical background behind several clinically documented phenomena related to oral and periodontal surgeries.

Clinical relevance

This study permits clinicians to design less invasive flaps when releasing incisions in the maxillary vestibule during periodontal and implant surgeries. Our observations strongly point to the significance of an undamaged periosteum to prevent compromised flap revascularization and wound healing disturbances.
Effect of shared information and owner behavior on showing in dogs (Canis familiaris)
Authors: Henschel Melanie , Winters James , Müller Thomas F. , Bräuer Juliane
Published: July 2020

Dogs’ production of referential communicative signals, i.e.,showing, has gained increasing scientific interest over the last years. In this paper, we investigate whether shared information about the present and the past affects success and form of dog–human interactions. Second, in the context of showing, owners have always been treated as passive receivers of the dog’s signals. Therefore, we examined whether the owner’s behavior can influence the success and form of their dog’s showing behavior. To address these questions, we employed a hidden-object task with knowledgeable dogs and naïve owners. Shared information about the present was varied via the spatial set-up, i.e., position of hiding places, within dog–owner pairs, with two conditions requiring either high or low precision in indicating the target location. Order of conditions varied between pairs, representing differences in shared knowledge about the past (communication history). Results do not support an effect of communication history on either success or showing effort. In contrast, the spatial set-up was found to affect success and choice of showing strategies. However, dogs did not adjust their showing effort according to different spatial set-ups. Our results suggest that the latter could be due to the owner’s influence. Owner behavior generally increased the effort of their dog’s showing behavior which was stronger in the set-up requiring low showing precision. Moreover, our results suggest that owners could influence their dog’s showing accuracy (and thereby success) which, however, tended to be obstructive.
Virtualizing the ‘good life’: reworking narratives of agrarianism and the rural idyll in a computer game
Authors: Sutherland Lee-Ann
Published: July 2020

Farming computer games enable the ‘desk chair countryside’—millions of people actively engaged in performing farming and rural activities on-line—to co-produce their desired representations of rural life, in line with the parameters set by game creators. In this paper, I critique the narratives and images of farming life expressed in the popular computer game ‘Stardew Valley’. Stardew is based on a scenario whereby players leave a [meaningless] urban desk job to revitalize the family farm. Player are given a choice to invest in the Community Center or to support ‘JojaMart’, a ‘big-box’ development. The farming narrative demonstrates the hallmarks of classical American agrarianism: farming as the basic profession on which other occupations depend, the virtue of hard work, the ‘natural’ and moral nature of agricultural life, and the economic independence of the farmer. More recent discourses of critical agrarianism are noticeably absent, particularly in relation to environmental protection. Conflict is centred on urban-based big business, whereas the farm is represented as a ‘bolt-hole’ or sanctuary from urban life. I argue that embedding issues of big-box development in gameplay enrols players in active reflection and debate on desirable responses, whereas the emphasis on reproducing classical agrarian tropes risks desensitizing game players to contemporary agrarian social and environmental justice issues. However, Stardew Valley gameplay implicitly reinforces the ideal that low input farming is the way that agriculture should be practiced. The success of the game in eliciting on-line debates, and the requirement for active performance and decision-making, demonstrates the specific potential of computer games as mediums for influencing and intervening in ongoing reworking of farming imaginaries, and enabling more critically engagement of the ‘desk chair countryside’ in important global debates.
Corporate Social Responsibility Performance, Incentives, and Learning Effects
Authors: Derchi Giovanni-Battista , Zoni Laura , Dossi Andrea
Published: July 2020

This paper examines the effectiveness of the use of executive compensation linked to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) goals across US firms. Empirical analysis of a cross-industry sample of 746 listed companies for the period 2002–2013 showed that the use of CSR-linked compensation contracts for Named Executive Officers (NEOs) promotes CSR performance. More specifically, we found that linking NEOs’ compensation to CSR goals produces positive effects in the 3rd year after adoption. As firms accumulate experience and learn how to use the system over the following eight periods, CSR performance increases monotonically. Furthermore, experience accumulated over time affects the different specifications of CSR performance asymmetrically, by reducing both environmental and social CSR concerns and increasing only environmental CSR strengths. Interestingly, we also found that the simultaneous use of other CSR-focused governance systems moderates the effect of a firm’s accumulated experience in using CSR-linked executive compensation on CSR performance: the existence of a CSR committee at the board level and the public release of a CSR report are likely to have a positive moderating effect, while the purchase of a CSR audit has no moderating effect.
Stable Backward Diffusion Models that Minimise Convex Energies
Authors: Bergerhoff Leif , Cárdenas Marcelo , Weickert Joachim , Welk Martin
Published: July 2020

The inverse problem of backward diffusion is known to be ill-posed and highly unstable. Backward diffusion processes appear naturally in image enhancement and deblurring applications. It is therefore greatly desirable to establish a backward diffusion model which implements a smart stabilisation approach that can be used in combination with an easy-to-handle numerical scheme. So far, existing stabilisation strategies in the literature require sophisticated numerics to solve the underlying initial value problem. We derive a class of space-discrete one-dimensional backward diffusion as gradient descent of energies where we gain stability by imposing range constraints. Interestingly, these energies are even convex. Furthermore, we establish a comprehensive theory for the time-continuous evolution and we show that stability carries over to a simple explicit time discretisation of our model. Finally, we confirm the stability and usefulness of our technique in experiments in which we enhance the contrast of digital greyscale and colour images.
What is Morita Therapy? The Nature, Origins, and Cross-Cultural Application of a Unique Japanese Psychotherapy
Authors: Sugg Holly V. R. , Richards David A. , Frost Julia
Published: July 2020

Morita Therapy is a Japanese psychotherapy which contrasts with established Western approaches in teaching, through behavioural experience, that symptoms are part of the natural ecology of human experience. Morita Therapy has received increasing international interest over the decades, and the first randomized controlled trial of Morita Therapy to be published outside of China has recently demonstrated the promise of the approach in treating Western patients. To respond to the resulting interest in Morita Therapy from patients and practitioners, and facilitate further Morita Therapy research, it is necessary to provide the detailed explanation of Morita Therapy which is currently rare in the West. In this article, we fill this gap with a thorough description of Morita Therapy in terms of the key principles, objectives and processes of the approach; its basis in Eastern philosophy and naturalism; its sociohistorical context and development over a wide range of formats, patient conditions, and countries. To enable Western practitioners to appreciate and capitalize on the potential value of Morita Therapy as a distinct alternative for patients, we illustrate the approach’s unique method and objective compared to Western psychotherapies, and provide recommendations for practitioners applying Morita Therapy across cultures.
Counterexample to Strong Diamagnetism for the Magnetic Robin Laplacian
Authors: Kachmar Ayman , Sundqvist Mikael P.
Published: July 2020

We determine a counterexample to strong diamagnetism for the Laplace operator in the unit disc with a uniform magnetic field and Robin boundary condition. The example follows from the accurate asymptotics of the lowest eigenvalue when the Robin parameter tends to $-\infty $
−
∞
.
Markovian bulk-arrival and bulk-service queues with general state-dependent control
Authors: Chen Anyue , Wu Xiaohan , Zhang Jing
Published: July 2020

We study a modified Markovian bulk-arrival and bulk-service queue incorporating general state-dependent control. The stopped bulk-arrival and bulk-service queue is first investigated, and the relationship between this stopped queue and the full queueing model is examined and exploited. Using this relationship, the equilibrium behaviour for the full queueing process is studied and the probability generating function of the equilibrium distribution is obtained. Queue length behaviour is also examined, and the Laplace transform of the queue length distribution is presented. The important questions regarding hitting times and busy period distributions are answered in detail, and the Laplace transforms of these distributions are presented. Further properties regarding the busy period distributions including expectation and conditional expectation of busy periods are also explored.
Tribofilm Formation, Friction and Wear-Reducing Properties of Some Phosphorus-Containing Antiwear Additives
Authors: Luiz Juli Felicio , Spikes Hugh
Published: July 2020

The film-forming, friction and wear properties of a range of model and commercial ashless P and P/S antiwear additives have been studied. A method has been developed for removing the tribofilms formed by such additives in order to effectively quantify mild wear. In general the P/S additives studied formed thinner tribofilms but gave lower wear than the S-free P ones. In extended wear tests, three P/S additives gave wear as low, or lower, than a primary zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP). For almost all lubricants tested the wear rate measured in short tests was considerably higher than that in long tests due to the greater contribution of running-in wear in the former. This highlights the importance of basing antiwear additive choice on reasonably long tests, where running-in becomes only a small component of the wear measured. It has been found that for both P and P/S ashless additives the addition of oil-soluble metal compounds based on Ti and Ca boosts tribofilm formation and can lead to very thick films, comparable to those formed by ZDDP. However, this thick film formation tends to be accompanied by an increase in mixed friction and also does not appear to reduce wear but may even increase it.
Classification of Extreme Rainfall for a Mediterranean Region by Means of Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Reanalysis Data
Authors: Cipolla Giuseppe , Francipane Antonio , Noto Leonardo Valerio
Published: July 2020

The atmospheric circulation can be recognized as one of the causes of severe rainfall events occurrence. Such events, especially when are characterized by short durations and high intensities, result in flood events in the Mediterranean area. It is very important to understand how these heavy rainfall events, which can be usually identified with convective rainfall, are related to the different types of atmospheric circulation. In order to do this, some weather circulation patterns (WPs), which have been derived for the Europe, have been first connected with the rainfall annual maxima (AMAX) recorded over the Sicily. The analyses allowed to identify those WPs that are more likely to result into the occurrence of the AMAX. Secondly, two ERA-Interim reanalysis indexes have been used to define a criterion to distinguish those AMAX mainly due to a convective component from those more related to a stratiform precipitation, also detecting a transient zone between these two types of events. Finally, the main results have been connected together with the aim to define a set of triggering factors of extreme rainfall events.
We’d rather pay than change the politics of German non-adjustment in the Eurozone crisis
Authors: Redeker Nils , Walter Stefanie
Published: July 2020

Germany’s large current account surplus has been widely criticized, especially against the backdrop of the role of macroeconomic imbalances in the Eurozone crisis. We argue that Germany’s resistance to reduce its massive current account surplus through an expansionary policy at home is rooted in distributive struggles about the design of possible adjustment policies. To explore this argument, we leverage original survey data from 135 German economic interest groups, qualitative interviews with interest group representatives and policymakers, and data from public opinion surveys. We show that while there is general support for internal adjustment among German interest groups, they disagree heavily about which specific policies should be implemented to achieve this goal. Together with a broad public and elite-based consensus to avoid a break-up of the Eurozone, this polarization turns financing into a politically attractive strategy. Rather than being rooted only in German ordoliberal ideas or Germany’s export-oriented structure, distributive conflicts contribute significantly to Germany’s resistance to reduce its large current-account surplus. Because similar dynamics can be observed in other surplus countries, we argue that distributive struggles within surplus countries played an important role in interstate conflicts about the management of the crisis.
DeepDicomSort: An Automatic Sorting Algorithm for Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data
Authors: van der Voort Sebastian R. , Smits Marion , Klein Stefan ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: July 2020

With the increasing size of datasets used in medical imaging research, the need for automated data curation is arising. One important data curation task is the structured organization of a dataset for preserving integrity and ensuring reusability. Therefore, we investigated whether this data organization step can be automated. To this end, we designed a convolutional neural network (CNN) that automatically recognizes eight different brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan types based on visual appearance. Thus, our method is unaffected by inconsistent or missing scan metadata. It can recognize pre-contrast T1-weighted (T1w),post-contrast T1-weighted (T1wC), T2-weighted (T2w), proton density-weighted (PDw) and derived maps (e.g. apparent diffusion coefficient and cerebral blood flow). In a first experiment,we used scans of subjects with brain tumors: 11065 scans of 719 subjects for training, and 2369 scans of 192 subjects for testing. The CNN achieved an overall accuracy of 98.7%. In a second experiment, we trained the CNN on all 13434 scans from the first experiment and tested it on 7227 scans of 1318 Alzheimer’s subjects. Here, the CNN achieved an overall accuracy of 98.5%. In conclusion, our method can accurately predict scan type, and can quickly and automatically sort a brain MRI dataset virtually without the need for manual verification. In this way, our method can assist with properly organizing a dataset, which maximizes the shareability and integrity of the data.
Consensus Paper: Cerebellum and Social Cognition
Authors: Van Overwalle Frank , Manto Mario , Cattaneo Zaira , Clausi Silvia , Ferrari Chiara , Gabrieli John D. E. , Guell Xavier , Heleven Elien , Lupo Michela , Ma Qianying , Michelutti Marco , Olivito Giusy , Pu Min , Rice Laura C. , Schmahmann Jeremy D. , Siciliano Libera , Sokolov Arseny A. , Stoodley Catherine J. , van Dun Kim , Vandervert Larry , Leggio Maria
Published: July 2020

The traditional view on the cerebellum is that it controls motor behavior. Although recent work has revealed that the cerebellum supports also nonmotor functions such as cognition and affect, only during the last 5 years it has become evident that the cerebellum also plays an important social role. This role is evident in social cognition based on interpreting goal-directed actions through the movements of individuals (social “mirroring”) which is very close to its original role in motor learning, as well as in social understanding of other individuals’ mental state, such as their intentions, beliefs, past behaviors, future aspirations, and personality traits (social “mentalizing”). Most of this mentalizing role is supported by the posterior cerebellum (e.g., Crus I and II). The most dominant hypothesis is that the cerebellum assists in learning and understanding social action sequences, and so facilitates social cognition by supporting optimal predictions about imminent or future social interaction and cooperation. This consensus paper brings together experts from different fields to discuss recent efforts in understanding the role of the cerebellum in social cognition, and the understanding of social behaviors and mental states by others, its effect on clinical impairments such as cerebellar ataxia and autism spectrum disorder, and how the cerebellum can become a potential target for noninvasive brain stimulation as a therapeutic intervention. We report on the most recent empirical findings and techniques for understanding and manipulating cerebellar circuits in humans. Cerebellar circuitry appears now as a key structure to elucidate social interactions.
Insights into factors affecting the combined bicycle-transit mode
Authors: van Mil Joeri F. P. , Leferink Tessa S. , Annema Jan Anne , van Oort Niels
Published: July 2020

This paper considers an increasingly popular, sustainable multimodality: the combination of bicycle and transit. The flexibility of the bicycle combined with the speed and comfort of good transit can be a highly competitive alternative to the car. This study shows that many factors influence the uptake and attractiveness of the bicycle-transit combination. An in-depth literature review resulted in over thirty unique factors: six transit-related factors, twenty-first-last mile factors and fifteen context-related factors. All these factors might influence the demand for this ‘new’ mode positively or negatively. An exploratory choice modelling study showed the weights of some factors that Dutch bicycle-train users consider when choosing to cycle to a railway station. The weights showed that people are especially willing to cycle to a station with longer bicycle time (or bicycle parking time) when by doing so they can avoid a transfer in their train trip thereafter. The willingness to pay found were €0.11 for 1 min less bicycle time, €0.08 for a minute less train time, €0.11 for a minute of less time to park and €0.60 per avoided transfer. These kinds of insights give the bicycle and transit sector valuable information to be used in modelling multimodality and cost–benefit analyses, thereby supporting improved decision making and integrated design of bicycle and transit networks.
Is Sexual Dysfunction in Young Adult Survivors to the L‘Aquila Earthquake Related to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder? A Gender Perspective
Authors: Carmassi Claudia , Dell'Oste Valerio , Pedrinelli Virginia , Barberi Filippo Maria , Rossi Rodolfo , Bertelloni Carlo Antonio , Dell'Osso Liliana
Published: July 2020

Background

Mental disorders are frequently related to sexual dysfunction (SD) but scant data are still available on trauma-related disorders, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Aim

To evaluate the relationships between SD and PTSD in 2009 L'Aquila (Italy) earthquake young adult survivors, with particular attention to gender differences.

Methods

Five hundred twelve high-school senior students were assessed 21 months after exposure by the following: Trauma and Loss Spectrum–Self-Report (TALS-SR), for post-traumatic spectrum symptoms; Mood Spectrum–Self-Report (MOODS-SR) lifetime version, for mood spectrum symptoms (including SD-related symptoms). Descriptive and inferential statistics were adopted.

Outcomes

TALS-SR and MOODS-SR scores were analyzed to evaluate PTSD- and SD-related symptoms.

Results

Around 6.5% of subjects reported SD-related symptoms with males showing higher rates than females in each symptom, with a statistically significant difference in item n = 154 (…less sexually active). Survivors with symptomatological PTSD reported rates up to 10%, with higher ratio of endorsing at least one SD-related symptom than with NO-PTSD. Significantly higher total MOODS-SR SD-related symptom scores emerged in survivors with symptomatological PTSD than in those with NO-PTSD, and a 2-way ANOVA showed a significant main effect of symptomatological PTSD and gender and gender × PTSD interaction.

Clinical Implications

SD-related symptoms are reported among young adult survivors to earthquake exposure and the number of symptoms is related to PTSD, particularly in males, suggesting the need for accurate evaluation.

Strengths & Limitations

Strengths are the large sample of young adult survivors to a massive natural disaster; the long-time frame from exposure corroborating the role of PTSD; the assessment of symptoms specifically occurring after exposure. Limitations are as follows: the lack of a specific scale for SD; the self-report instruments other than clinical interviews, that may be less accurate; the lack of information on the presence of somatic illness and other mental disorders; the lack of a control group; the young age of the sample because of the lifetime sexual experiences of the subjects, in addition to the lack of a comparison measure of sexual functioning before the earthquake.

Conclusions

Our results highlight relevant rates of SD-related symptoms in young adults exposed to the L'Aquila earthquake, particularly males and subjects with PTSD, suggesting SD may represent a specific male gender–related somatic complaint. Our results highlight the need for accurate investigation of SD in such population to improve clinical management and appropriate treatment.
A comprehensive anatomical and phylogenetic evaluation ofDilophosaurus wetherilli(Dinosauria, Theropoda) with descriptions of new specimens from the Kayenta Formation of northern Arizona
Authors: Marsh Adam D. , Rowe Timothy B.
Published: July 2020

Dilophosaurus wetherilliwas the largest animal known to have lived on land in North America during the Early Jurassic. Despite its charismatic presence in pop culture and dinosaurian phylogenetic analyses, major aspects of the skeletal anatomy, taxonomy, ontogeny, and evolutionary relationships of this dinosaur remain unknown. Skeletons of this species were collected from the middle and lower part of the Kayenta Formation in the Navajo Nation in northern Arizona. Redescription of the holotype, referred, and previously undescribed specimens ofDilophosaurus wetherillisupports the existence of a single species of crested, large-bodied theropod in the Kayenta Formation. The parasagittal nasolacrimal crests are uniquely constructed by a small ridge on the nasal process of the premaxilla, dorsoventrally expanded nasal, and tall lacrimal that includes a posterior process behind the eye. The cervical vertebrae exhibit serial variation within the posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, which bifurcates and reunites down the neck. Iterative specimen-based phylogenetic analyses result in each of the additional specimens recovered as the sister taxon to the holotype. When all five specimens are included in an analysis, they form a monophyletic clade that supports the monotypy of the genus.Dilophosaurus wetherilliis not recovered as a ceratosaur or coelophysoid, but is instead a non-averostran neotheropod in a grade with other stem-averostrans such asCryolophosaurus elliotiandZupaysaurus rougieri. We did not recover a monophyletic ‘Dilophosauridae.’ Instead of being apomorphic for a small clade of early theropods, it is more likely that elaboration of the nasals and lacrimals of stem-averostrans is plesiomorphically present in early ceratosaurs and tetanurans that share those features. Many characters of the axial skeleton ofDilophosaurus wetherilliare derived compared to Late Triassic theropods and may be associated with macropredation and an increase in body size in Theropoda across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.
Epistemological Exercises: Encyclopedias of world cultural history in twentieth-century Japan
Authors: KADIA MIRIAM KINGSBERG
Published: July 2020

Encyclopedias are purportedly all-encompassing, authoritative presentations of information compiled mainly by experts for an audience of non-specialists. Believed to offer only universal ‘facts’, they have long been associated with objectivity. Yet, by arranging information into a usable form, encyclopedias inevitably convey particular ideologies and ideals. As a result, they offer a lens into the changing ‘truths’ upheld by or expected of readers. This article compares three successive, high-profile Japanese encyclopedias, each bearing the titleSekai bunkashi taikei[Encyclopedia of world cultural history]. Somewhat differently from today, the field of world cultural history purported to ‘objectively’ cover the widest relevant space (earth) and time (the human past). However, the specific concerns and commitments of world cultural historians changed greatly between the 1920s, when the first encyclopedia was published, and the 1960s, when the final volumes of the third series appeared. By looking closely at both the production and consumption of these texts, this article shows the deeply politicized ways in which ‘objective’ knowledge of the world was interpreted, implemented, marketed, and received by the Japanese public during the years of nation-building, imperial expansionism, and the Cold War.
Lungenrundherde – Ein Überblick
Authors: Martini Katharina , Eberhard Matthias , Frauenfelder Thomas
Published: July 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Computertomographie wird durch ihre schnelle Datenakquisition sowie ihre hohe räumliche Auf­lösung für vielseitige Fragestellungen eingesetzt. Häufig kommt es dabei zu Zufallsbefunden, wie beispielsweise Lungenrundherden. Die Ursache von Lungenrundherden ist vielfältig: vom harmlosen (postentzündlichen) Granulom, über Ausdruck einer interstitiellen Lungengerüsterkrankung, bis hin zu einem malignen Geschehen. Dies bringt Radiologen und Zuweiser häufig in ein diagnostisches Dilemma: Sind Nachkontrollen oder weitere Abklärungen notwendig? In welchen Abständen soll nachkon­trolliert werden? Zur Handhabung von Zufallsbefunden gibt es in der Literatur mehrere Leitlinien, allen voran die «Guidelines der Fleischner Society». In dieser Übersichtsarbeit soll auf die Bildgebung und aktuelle Richtlinien für die weitere Abklärung eingegangen werden. Zudem gibt der Artikel einen kurzen Ausblick zum Lungen-Tumorscreening.
Targeting nuclear import and export in hematological malignancies
Authors: Nachmias Boaz , Schimmer Aaron D.
Published: July 2020

The transport of proteins across the nuclear membrane is a highly regulated process, essential for the cell function. This transport is actively mediated by members of the karyopherin family, termed importins, or exportins, depending on the direction of transport. These proteins play an active part in tumorigenesis, through aberrant localization of their cargoes, which include oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes and mediators of key signal transduction pathways. Overexpression of importins and exportins is reported in many malignancies, with implications in cell growth and viability, differentiation, drug resistance, and tumor microenvironment. Given their broad significance across tumors and pathways, much effort is being put to develop specific inhibitors as a novel anticancer therapeutics. Already, selinexor, a specific inhibitor of exportin-1 (XPO1), is approved for clinical use. This review will focus on the role of importins and exportins in hematological malignancies. We will discuss current preclinical and clinical data on importins and exportins, and demonstrate how our growing understanding of their functions has identified new therapeutic targets.
Alternative strategies of nutrient acquisition and energy conservation map to the biogeography of marine ammonia-oxidizing archaea
Authors: Qin Wei , Zheng Yue , Zhao Feng , Wang Yulin , Urakawa Hidetoshi , Martens-Habbena Willm , Liu Haodong , Huang Xiaowu , Zhang Xinxu , Nakagawa Tatsunori , Mende Daniel R , Bollmann Annette , Wang Baozhan , Zhang Yao , Amin Shady A , Nielsen Jeppe L , Mori Koji , Takahashi Reiji , Virginia Armbrust E , Winkler Mari-K H , DeLong Edward F , Li Meng , Lee Po-Heng , Zhou Jizhong , Zhang Chuanlun , Zhang Tong , Stahl David A , Ingalls Anitra E
Published: July 2020

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are among the most abundant and ubiquitous microorganisms in the ocean, exerting primary control on nitrification and nitrogen oxides emission. Although united by a common physiology of chemoautotrophic growth on ammonia, a corresponding high genomic and habitat variability suggests tremendous adaptive capacity. Here, we compared 44 diverse AOA genomes, 37 from species cultivated from samples collected across diverse geographic locations and seven assembled from metagenomic sequences from the mesopelagic to hadopelagic zones of the deep ocean. Comparative analysis identified seven major marine AOA genotypic groups having gene content correlated with their distinctive biogeographies. Phosphorus and ammonia availabilities as well as hydrostatic pressure were identified as selective forces driving marine AOA genotypic and gene content variability in different oceanic regions. Notably, AOA methylphosphonate biosynthetic genes span diverse oceanic provinces, reinforcing their importance for methane production in the ocean. Together, our combined comparative physiological, genomic, and metagenomic analyses provide a comprehensive view of the biogeography of globally abundant AOA and their adaptive radiation into a vast range of marine and terrestrial habitats.
Pain and reward circuits antagonistically modulate alcohol expectancy to regulate drinking
Authors: Le Thang M. , Zhornitsky Simon , Zhang Sheng , Li Chiang-Shan R.
Published: July 2020

Expectancy of physical and social pleasure (PSP) promotes excessive drinking despite the potential aversive effects of misuse, suggesting an imbalance in the response to reward and pain in alcohol seeking. Here, we investigated the competing roles of the reward and pain circuits in PSP expectancy and problem drinking in humans. Using fMRI data during resting (n = 180) and during alcohol cue exposure (n = 71), we examined the antagonistic effects of the reward-related medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) and pain-related periaqueductal gray (PAG) connectivities on PSP expectancy and drinking severity. The two regions’ connectivity maps and strengths were characterized to assess their shared substrates and net relationship with PSP expectancy. We evaluated mediation and path models to further delineate how mOFC and PAG connectivities interacted through the shared substrates to differentially impact expectancy and alcohol use. During resting, whole-brain regressions showed mOFC connectivity in positive and PAG connectivity in negative association with PSP scores, with convergence in the precentral gyrus (PrCG). Notably, greater PAG-PrCG relative to mOFC-PrCG connectivity strength predicted lower PSP expectancy. During the alcohol cue exposure task, the net strength of the PAG vs. mOFC cue-elicited connectivity with the occipital cortex again negatively predicted PSP expectancy. Finally, mediation and path models revealed that the PAG and mOFC connectivities indirectly and antagonistically modulated problem drinking via their opposing influences on expectancy and craving. Thus, the pain and reward circuits exhibit functional antagonism such that the mOFC connectivity increases expectancy of drinking pleasure whereas the PAG serves to counter that effect.