bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thinking Beyond Language: Intervention for Severe Aphasia
Authors: Simmons-Mackie Nina
Published: April 2009

Purpose: This article addresses several intervention approaches that aim to improve life for individuals with severe aphasia. Because severe aphasia significantly compromises language, often for the long term, recommended approaches focus on additional domains that affect quality of life. Treatments are discussed that involve increasing participation in personally relevant life situations, enhancing environmental support for communication and participation, and improving communicative confidence.

Methods: Interventions that have been suggested in the aphasia literature as particularly appropriate for people with severe aphasia include training in total communication, training of communication partners, and activity specific training.

Conclusion: Several intervention approaches can be implemented to enhance life with severe aphasia.
Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy of monobromogermylene (HGeBr and DGeBr), a heavy atom carbene analog
Authors: Kang Lu , Sunahori Fumie , Minei Andrea J. , Clouthier Dennis J. , Novick Stewart E.
Published: April 2009

Eight isotopologues of HGeBr and nine of DGeBr have been studied in natural abundance by pulsed-jet Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. The reactive germylene species were produced in an electric discharge at the exit of a pulsed molecular beam valve using precursor mixtures of H3GeBr or D3GeBr in high pressure neon. In the 5–25GHz operating range of the spectrometer, only a-type transitions were observed; K=0 transitions for HGeBr and K=0 and 1 transitions for DGeBr. From the observed transitions, an improved molecular geometry has been determined and nuclear quadruple constants for Ge and Br have been determined. The Townes–Dailey model has been extended to obtain the electron densities of the 4p orbitals on the germanium and bromine atoms from the quadruple coupling constants. These results are discussed in terms of qualitative molecular orbital theory.
Control of transient synchronization with external stimuli
Authors: Ciszak Marzena , Montina Alberto , Arecchi F. Tito
Published: April 2009

A network of coupled chaotic oscillators can switch spontaneously to a state of collective synchronization at some critical coupling strength. We show that for a locally coupled network of units with coexisting quiescence and chaotic spiking states, set slightly below the critical coupling value, the collective excitable or bistable states of synchronization arise in response to a stimulus applied to a single node. We provide an explanation of this behavior and show that it is due to a combination of the dynamical properties of a single node and the coupling topology. By the use of entropy as a collective indicator, we present a new method for controlling the transient synchronization.
Effective viscosity of a dilute suspension of membrane-bound inclusions
Authors: Henle Mark L. , Levine Alex J.
Published: April 2009

When particulate suspensions are sheared, perturbations in the shear flows around the rigid particles increase the local energy dissipation so that the viscosity of the suspension is effectively higher than that of the solvent. For bulk (three-dimensional) fluids, understanding this viscosity enhancement is a classic problem in hydrodynamics that originated over a century ago with Einstein’s study of a dilute suspension of spherical particles [A. Einstein, Ann. Phys. 19, 289 (1906)]. In this paper, we investigate the analogous problem of the effective viscosity of a suspension of disks embedded in a two-dimensional membrane or interface. Unlike the hydrodynamics of bulk fluids, low-Reynolds number membrane hydrodynamics is characterized by an inherent length scale generated by the coupling of the membrane to the bulk fluids that surround it. As a result, we find that the size of the particles in the suspension relative to this hydrodynamic length scale has a dramatic effect on the effective viscosity of the suspension. Our study also helps elucidate the mathematical tools needed to solve the mixed boundary value problems that generically arise when considering the motion of rigid inclusions in fluid membranes.
A possible mechanism of concurring diagonal and off-diagonal long-range order for soft interactions
Authors: Sütő András
Published: April 2009

This paper is a contribution to the theory of coherent crystals. We present arguments claiming that negative minima in the Fourier transform of a soft pair interaction may give rise to the coexistence of diagonal and off-diagonal long-range orders at high densities, and that this coexistence may be detectable due to a periodicity seen on the off-diagonal part of the one-body reduced density matrix, without breaking translation invariance. As an illustration, we study the ground state of a homogenous system of bosons in continuous space, from the interaction retaining only the Fourier modes v(k) belonging to a single nonzero wave number |k|=q. The result is a mean-field model. We prove that for v(k)>0 the ground state is asymptotically fully Bose condensed, while for v(k)<0 at densities exceeding a multiple of ℏ2q2/2m|v(k)| it exhibits both Bose–Einstein condensation and diagonal long-range order, and the latter can be seen on both the one- and the two-body density matrix.
Shot to shot variation in perveance of the explosive emission electron beam diode
Authors: Roy Amitava , Menon R. , Singh S. K. , Kulkarni M. R. , Saroj P. C. , Nagesh K. V. , Mittal K. C. , Chakravarthy D. P.
Published: April 2009

The shot to shot variation in perveance of a planar diode with explosive emission graphite cathode in a range of accelerating gaps 3–12 mm is investigated experimentally. The typical electron beam parameters were 200 kV, 12 kA, 100 ns, with a few hundreds of A/cm2 current density. The diode perveance remains less than the Child–Langmuir value, indicating that only a fraction of the cathode take part in the emission process. A simple statistical analysis of the diode perveance shows that the shot to shot variation is more pronounced for the later part of the accelerating pulse. The cathode plasma expansion velocity and the effective initial emission area have been calculated from the perveance data. It was found that the plasma expansion velocity varies from 3 to 6.5 cm/μs. The mean expansion velocity and the standard deviation increase with the increase in the accelerating gap. The initial emission areas also varies randomly on a shot to shot basis and at the beginning of the accelerating pulse only 4%–35% of the cathode area take part in the emission process. The mean initial emission area and the standard deviation also increase with the increase in the accelerating gap. Experimental result indicates that the larger gaps and lower electric fields suggest a path to more uniform emission.
Electric-field-induced reversible magnetic single-domain evolution in a magnetoelectric thin film
Authors: Chung Tien-Kan , Keller Scott , Carman Gregory P.
Published: April 2009

We report experimental results on a Ni-nanobar/lead zirconate titanate-film magnetoelectric device demonstrating control of a metastable magnetic single domain with an electric field due to the converse magnetoelectric effect (i.e., coupling of piezoelectric effect, mechanical coupling, and magnetostriction). The reversible single-domain evolution from an initial single-domain state to a transitional S-shape domain state with an electric field was experimentally observed with magnetic force microscopy. Upon removal of the electric field, the single domain reverts to its original domain configuration. These results confirm change of a single domain in the nanoscale magnetoelectric/multiferroic device is achievable and subsequent control of local magnetic field is possible.
Inherent noise can facilitate coherence in collective swarm motion
Authors: Yates Christian A. , Erban Radek , Escudero Carlos , Couzin Iain D. , Buhl Camille , Kevrekidis Ioannis G. , Maini Philip K. , Sumpter David J. T.
Published: April 2009

Among the most striking aspects of the movement of many animal groups are their sudden coherent changes in direction. Recent observations of locusts and starlings have shown that this directional switching is an intrinsic property of their motion. Similar direction switches are seen in self-propelled particle and other models of group motion. Comprehending the factors that determine such switches is key to understanding the movement of these groups. Here, we adopt a coarse-grained approach to the study of directional switching in a self-propelled particle model assuming an underlying one-dimensional Fokker–Planck equation for the mean velocity of the particles. We continue with this assumption in analyzing experimental data on locusts and use a similar systematic Fokker–Planck equation coefficient estimation approach to extract the relevant information for the assumed Fokker–Planck equation underlying that experimental data. In the experiment itself the motion of groups of 5 to 100 locust nymphs was investigated in a homogeneous laboratory environment, helping us to establish the intrinsic dynamics of locust marching bands. We determine the mean time between direction switches as a function of group density for the experimental data and the self-propelled particle model. This systematic approach allows us to identify key differences between the experimental data and the model, revealing that individual locusts appear to increase the randomness of their movements in response to a loss of alignment by the group. We give a quantitative description of how locusts use noise to maintain swarm alignment. We discuss further how properties of individual animal behavior, inferred by using the Fokker–Planck equation coefficient estimation approach, can be implemented in the self-propelled particle model to replicate qualitatively the group level dynamics seen in the experimental data.
Mutations in the β-myosin rod cause myosin storage myopathy via multiple mechanisms
Authors: Armel Thomas Z. , Leinwand Leslie A.
Published: April 2009

Myosin storage myopathy (MSM) is a congenital myopathy characterized by the presence of subsarcolemmal inclusions of myosin in the majority of type I muscle fibers, and has been linked to 4 mutations in the slow/cardiac muscle myosin, β-MyHC (MYH7). Although the majority of the >230 disease causing mutations in MYH7 are located in the globular head region of the molecule, those responsible for MSM are part of a subset of MYH7 mutations that are located in the α-helical coiled-coil tail. Mutations in the myosin head are thought to affect the ATPase and actin-binding properties of the molecule. To date, however, there are no reports of the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis for mutations in the rod region of muscle myosins. Here, we present analysis of 4 mutations responsible for MSM: L1793P, R1845W, E1886K, and H1901L. We show that each MSM mutation has a different molecular phenotype, suggesting that there are multiple mechanisms by which MSM can be caused. These mechanisms range from thermodynamic and functional irregularities of individual proteins (L1793P), to varying defects in the assembly and stability of filaments formed from the proteins (R1845W, E1886K, and H1901L). In addition to furthering our understanding of MSM, these observations provide the first insight into how mutations affect the rod region of muscle myosins, and provide a framework for future studies of disease-causing mutations in this region of the molecule.
Overpartitions and class numbers of binary quadratic forms
Authors: Bringmann Kathrin , Lovejoy Jeremy
Published: April 2009

We show that the Zagier–Eisenstein series shares its nonholomorphic part with certain weak Maass forms whose holomorphic parts are generating functions for overpartition rank differences. This has a number of consequences, including exact formulas, asymptotics, and congruences for the rank differences as well as
q
-series identities of the mock theta type.
Keyness
Authors: Culpeper Jonathan
Published: April 2009

This paper explores keywords, key part-of-speech categories and key semantic categories and their role in text analysis. The first part of the paper addresses a set of issues relating to the definition of keywords and their history, the settings used in deriving keywords, the choice of reference corpora, the different kinds of keyword that emerge in one’s results and the dispersion of keywords in one’s data. It argues, amongst other things, that keywords are the same as style markers, and that three types of keyword can be identified: interpersonal, textual and ideational. The second part of the paper addresses the question of what precisely is to be gained from analysing key part-of-speech or key semantic domains in addition to keywords. It shows that whilst in general they add little to a keyword analysis, which is in any case methodologically more robust, there are some significant specific benefits. Answers to many of the questions posed in this paper are illustrated by a study of character-talk from Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet, and in this way this paper also makes a contribution to the fledging field of corpus stylistics.
Christine de Pizan et les arts libéraux: un modèle a géométrie variable
Authors: Ribémont Bernard
Published: April 2009

On a souvent souligné l'attrait de Christine pour les sciences, et l'inscription de nombreuses références savantes dans son discours didactique a été étudiée à l'occasion de différents travaux. L'interprétation la plus courante de ce procédé ressortit à l'affirmation d'autorité de Christine. Le présent travail se propose de reconsidérer cette question, à l'aune de la façon dont Christine utilise la référence aux arts libéraux. On tentera de montrer que le système christinien est instable en la matière et inscrit, de fait, une profonde tension dans le didactisme christinien.
Transcription regulation of restriction-modification system Esp1396I
Authors: Bogdanova Ekaterina , Zakharova Marina , Streeter Simon , Taylor James E. N. , Heyduk Tomasz , Kneale Geoff , Severinov Konstantin
Published: April 2009

The convergently transcribed restriction (R) and methylase (M) genes of the Restriction–Modification system Esp1396I are tightly regulated by a controller (C) protein that forms part of the CR operon. We have mapped the transcriptional start sites from each promoter and examined the regulatory role of C.Esp1396I in vivo and in vitro. C-protein binding at the CR and M promoters was analyzed by DNA footprinting and a range of biophysical techniques. The distal and proximal C-protein binding sites at the CR promoter are responsible for activation and repression, respectively. In contrast, a C-protein dimer binds to a single site at the M-promoter to repress the gene, with an affinity much greater than for the CR promoter. Thus, during establishment of the system in a naïve host, the activity of the M promoter is turned off early, preventing excessive synthesis of methylase. Mutational analysis of promoter binding sites reveals that the tetranucleotide inverted repeats long believed to be important for C-protein binding to DNA are less significant than previously thought. Instead, symmetry-related elements outside of these repeats appear to be critical for the interaction and are discussed in terms of the recent crystal structure of C.Esp139I bound to the CR promoter.
Parental effects in ecology and evolution: mechanisms, processes and implications
Authors: Badyaev Alexander V , Uller Tobias
Published: April 2009

As is the case with any metaphor, parental effects mean different things to different biologists—from developmental induction of novel phenotypic variation to an evolved adaptation, and from epigenetic transference of essential developmental resources to a stage of inheritance and ecological succession. Such a diversity of perspectives illustrates the composite nature of parental effects that, depending on the stage of their expression and whether they are considered a pattern or a process, combine the elements of developmental induction, homeostasis, natural selection, epigenetic inheritance and historical persistence. Here, we suggest that by emphasizing the complexity of causes and influences in developmental systems and by making explicit the links between development, natural selection and inheritance, the study of parental effects enables deeper understanding of developmental dynamics of life cycles and provides a unique opportunity to explicitly integrate development and evolution. We highlight these perspectives by placing parental effects in a wider evolutionary framework and suggest that far from being only an evolved static outcome of natural selection, a distinct channel of transmission between parents and offspring, or a statistical abstraction, parental effects on developmentenableevolution by natural selection by reliably transferring developmental resources needed to reconstruct, maintain and modify genetically inherited components of the phenotype. The view of parental effects as an essential and dynamic part of an evolutionary continuum unifies mechanisms behind the origination, modification and historical persistence of organismal form and function, and thus brings us closer to a more realistic understanding of life's complexity and diversity.
The single mitochondrial chromosome typical of animals has evolved into 18 minichromosomes in the human body louse, Pediculus humanus
Authors: Shao Renfu , Kirkness Ewen F. , Barker Stephen C.
Published: April 2009

The mitochondrial (mt) genomes of animals typically consist of a single circular chromosome that is ∼16-kb long and has 37 genes. Our analyses of the sequence reads from the Human Body Louse Genome Project and the patterns of gel electrophoresis and Southern hybridization revealed a novel type of mt genome in the sucking louse, Pediculus humanus. Instead of having all mt genes on a single chromosome, the 37 mt genes of this louse are on 18 minicircular chromosomes. Each minicircular chromosome is 3–4 kb long and has one to three genes. Minicircular mt chromosomes are also present in the four other species of sucking lice that we investigated, but not in chewing lice nor in the Psocoptera, to which sucking lice are most closely related. We also report unequivocal evidence for recombination between minicircular mt chromosomes in P. humanus and for sequence variation in mt genes generated by recombination. The advantages of a fragmented mt genome, if any, are currently unknown. Fragmentation of mt genome, however, has coevolved with blood feeding in the sucking lice. It will be of interest to explore whether or not life history features are associated with the evolution of fragmented chromosomes.
Helobdella (Leech): A Model for Developmental Studies
Authors: Weisblat David A. , Kuo Dian-Han
Published: April 2009

INTRODUCTION

Helobdella is a genus of freshwater leeches, several species of which have been used for developmental studies since the 1970s. Helobdella embryos have been used for cell-lineage tracing and dye-mediated photoablation, and they have also been very useful for studies in cellular neurobiology. In this article, we discuss the reasons that Helobdella is used for studying development and some of the questions that are addressed through the use of this organism.
Pressure Injection of Ilyanassa Snail Embryos
Authors: Gharbiah Maey , Cooley James , Leise Esther M. , Nakamoto Ayaki , Rabinowitz Jeremy S. , Lambert J. David , Nagy Lisa M.
Published: April 2009

INTRODUCTION

The marine gastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta is a long-standing and very useful model for studies of embryonic development. It is an especially important model for spiralian development, and for studies of asymmetric cell division. The embryos are amenable to classic embryological manipulation techniques, as well as a growing number of molecular approaches. Ilyanassa is also an important model for studies of metamorphosis, the ecology of parasitism, the effects of environmental contaminants on morphology and sexual function, and comparative neurobiology. Intracellular microinjection is an important tool, especially for lineage tracing and perturbations of specific genes by knockdown approaches and synthetic mRNA injections. Two methods for the introduction of lineage tracers into particular cells are routine in Ilyanassa. Iontophoresis of charged molecules, such as fluorophore-dextran conjugates can be accomplished using a simply built current generator. Injection of an oil-based solution containing the fluorescent probe 1,1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethyl indocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) is also straightforward. However, injection of oil-based solutions and iontophoresis have not been useful for delivering water-soluble reagents to perturb gene function, and pressure injection of aqueous solutions has been more challenging. This protocol describes a recently optimized procedure for the pressure injection of aqueous solutions into Ilyanassa embryos and zygotes with high rates of survival and normal development. The key parameters seem to be the injection needles, injection media, and the stage of injected embryos.
Immunostaining Helobdella (Leech) Embryos
Authors: Weisblat David A. , Kuo Dian-Han
Published: April 2009

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this staining protocol is to detect the localization of specific antigens in the Helobdella (leech) embryo. Immunostaining protocols must be optimized for each antibody and embryonic stage. Here, as a starting point, we present a general-purpose immunostaining protocol. Immunostaining of the leech embryo can be performed on the intact embryo or on dissected parts. For post-gastrulation embryos (stages 9 and 10), if the area of interest is in the germinal plate, immunostaining can be performed on the dissected germinal plate. It can also be performed on the ventral nerve cords dissected from late-stage embryos or juveniles.
Suppression of the Barleyuroporphyrinogen III synthaseGene by aDsActivation Tagging Element Generates Developmental Photosensitivity
Authors: Ayliffe Michael A. , Agostino Anthony , Clarke Bryan C. , Furbank Robert , von Caemmerer Susanne , Pryor Anthony J.
Published: April 2009

Chlorophyll production involves the synthesis of photoreactive intermediates that, when in excess, are toxic due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A novel, activation-tagged barley (Hordeum vulgare) mutant is described that results from antisense suppression of a uroporphyrinogen III synthase (Uros) gene, the product of which catalyzes the sixth step in the synthesis of chlorophyll and heme. In homozygous mutant plants, uroporphyrin(ogen) I accumulates by spontaneous cyclization of hydroxyl methylbilane, the substrate of Uros. Accumulation of this tetrapyrrole intermediate results in photosensitive cell death due to the production of ROS. The efficiency of Uros gene suppression is developmentally regulated, being most effective in mature seedling leaves compared with newly emergent leaves. Reduced transcript accumulation of a number of nuclear-encoded photosynthesis genes occurs in the mutant, even under 3% light conditions, consistent with a retrograde plastid-nuclear signaling mechanism arising from Uros gene suppression. A similar set of nuclear genes was repressed in wild-type barley following treatment with a singlet oxygen-generating herbicide, but not by a superoxide generating herbicide, suggesting that the retrograde signaling apparent in the mutant is specific to singlet oxygen.
Tissue- and Expression Level–Specific Chromatin Looping at Maizeb1Epialleles
Authors: Louwers Marieke , Bader Rechien , Haring Max , van Driel Roel , de Laat Wouter , Stam Maike
Published: April 2009

This work examines the involvement of chromatin looping in the transcriptional regulation of two epialleles of the maize (Zea mays) b1 gene, B-I and B'. These two epialleles are tissue-specifically regulated and are involved in paramutation. B-I and B' are expressed at high and low levels, respectively. A hepta-repeat ∼100 kb upstream of the transcription start site (TSS) is required for both paramutation and high b1 expression. Using chromosome conformation capture, we show that the hepta-repeat physically interacts with the TSS region in a tissue- and expression level–specific manner. Multiple repeats are required to stabilize this interaction. High b1 expression is mediated by a multiloop structure; besides the hepta-repeat, other sequence regions physically interact with the TSS as well, and these interactions are epiallele- and expression level–specific. Formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory elements uncovered multiple interacting regions as potentially regulatory.
Next‐generation sequencing and metagenomic analysis: a universal diagnostic tool in plant virology
Authors: ADAMS IAN P. , GLOVER RACHEL H. , MONGER WENDY A. , MUMFORD RICK , JACKEVICIENE ELENA , NAVALINSKIENE MELETELE , SAMUITIENE MARIJA , BOONHAM NEIL
Published: April 2009

A novel, unbiased approach to plant viral disease diagnosis has been developed which requires no a priori knowledge of the host or pathogen. Next‐generation sequencing coupled with metagenomic analysis was used to produce large quantities of cDNA sequence in a model system of tomato infected with Pepino mosaic virus. The method was then applied to a sample of Gomphrena globosa infected with an unknown pathogen originally isolated from the flowering plant Liatris spicata. This plant was found to contain a new cucumovirus, for which we suggest the name ‘Gayfeather mild mottle virus’. In both cases, the full viral genome was sequenced. This method expedites the entire process of novel virus discovery, identification, viral genome sequencing and, subsequently, the development of more routine assays for new viral pathogens.
Exploring outcomes in a therapeutic service response to the emotional and mental health needs of children who have experienced abuse and neglect in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Jackson Annette , Frederico Margarita , Tanti Chris , Black Carlina
Published: April 2009

Children in the protection and care system are highly vulnerable and need more than protection and physical care. This paper outlines elements of an innovative therapeutic programme, Take Two, which combines trauma and attachment‐informed practice with a clinical outcomes focus. An important feature was the embedding of a research and evaluation partnership between the programme and a university. The paper discusses the challenges of implementing a research approach into a highly sensitive ‘messy’ or non‐routine environment. The paper portrays the value of a trauma and attachment perspective within a developmental and ecological framework to guide understanding and intervention with these children and their network. A description of the client group is followed by analysis of outcome measures: the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children and the Social Network Map. Findings include the significant reduction of trauma‐related symptoms, an increase in the percentage of friends identified and an increase, albeit not significant, in the percentage of people described as very close. The results point to the importance of family in the lives of these children. This study explores this type of research in situ and its value in building knowledge and strengthening practice.
Intensive family preservation services in Flanders: an outcome study
Authors: Puyenbroeck Hubert Van , Loots Gerrit , Grietens Hans , Jacquet Wolfgang , Vanderfaeillie Johan , Escudero Valentin
Published: April 2009

Set up as a one‐group pre‐test–post‐test follow‐up design, this study examines the outcomes of intensive family preservation services (IFPS) in Flanders addressing the following research questions: Does IFPS make a significant difference concerning (1) the interaction between parent and child? (2) social support as experienced by the parent? (3) stress and empowerment of the parent? and (4) the strengths and difficulties of the minor? Families seem to indicate that their family situation is more manageable, although still, professional help is needed. Parents feel more resilient about the situation and indicate that they can get along with their child better than before the crisis intervention. Parents still feel uncertain about the future and about their role as a parent. There seems to be no indications that their level and quality of social contacts have changed. Further research is suggested to provide more in‐depth information about the conditions associated with processes of change during an IFPS intervention.
Velocity analysis using AB semblance
Authors: Fomel S.
Published: April 2009

I derive and analyse an explicit formula for a generalized semblance attribute, which is suitable for the velocity analysis of prestack seismic gathers with distinct amplitude trends. While the conventional semblance can be interpreted as a squared correlation with a constant, the AB semblance is defined as a correlation with a trend. This measure is particularly attractive for analysing class II AVO anomalies and converted waves. Analytical derivations and numerical experiments show that the resolution of the AB semblance is approximately twice as low as that of the conventional semblance. However, this does not prevent it from being an effective attribute. I use synthetic and field data examples to demonstrate the improvements in velocity analysis from AB semblance.
Scientific rationale for the Finnish Allergy Programme 2008–2018: emphasis on prevention and endorsing tolerance
Authors: Von Hertzen L. C. , Savolainen J. , Hannuksela M. , Klaukka T. , Lauerma A. , Mäkelä M. J. , Pekkanen J. , Pietinalho A. , Vaarala O. , Valovirta E. , Vartiainen E. , Haahtela T.
Published: April 2009

In similarity to many other western countries, the burden of allergic diseases in Finland is high. Studies worldwide have shown that an environment rich in microbes in early life reduces the subsequent risk of developing allergic diseases. Along with urbanization, such exposure has dramatically reduced, both in terms of diversity and quantity. Continuous stimulation of the immune system by environmental saprophytes via the skin, respiratory tract and gut appears to be necessary for activation of the regulatory network including regulatory T‐cells and dendritic cells.

 Substantial evidence now shows that the balance between allergy and tolerance is dependent on regulatory T‐cells. Tolerance induced by allergen‐specific regulatory T‐cells appears to be the normal immunological response to allergens in non atopic healthy individuals. Healthy subjects have an intact functional allergen‐specific regulatory T‐cell response, which in allergic subjects is impaired. Evidence on this exists with respect to atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and asthma. Restoration of impaired allergen‐specific regulatory T‐cell response and tolerance induction has furthermore been demonstrated during allergen‐specific subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy and is crucial for good therapeutic outcome. However, tolerance can also be strengthened unspecifically by simple means, e.g. by consuming farm milk and spending time in nature.

 Results so far obtained from animal models indicate that it is possible to restore tolerance by administering the allergen in certain circumstances both locally and systemically. It has become increasingly clear that continuous exposure to microbial antigens as well as allergens in foodstuffs and the environment is decisive, and excessive antigen avoidance can be harmful and weaken or even prevent the development of regulatory mechanisms.

 Success in the Finnish Asthma Programme was an encouraging example of how it is possible to reduce both the costs and morbidity of asthma. The time, in the wake of the Asthma Programme, is now opportune for a national allergy programme, particularly as in the past few years, fundamentally more essential data on tolerance and its mechanisms have been published. In this review, the scientific rationale for the Finnish Allergy Programme 2008–2018 is outlined. The focus is on tolerance and how to endorse tolerance at the population level.
Interleukin‐12 family members and type I interferons in Th17‐mediated inflammatory disorders
Authors: Goriely S. , Cavoy R. , Goldman M.
Published: April 2009

Cytokines produced by antigen‐presenting cells govern the fate of helper T‐cell responses. Herein, we review the impact of interleukin (IL)‐23 and IL‐27 on the outcome of T‐helper (Th) 17 cell responses and discuss their impact in the pathogenesis of T‐cell‐mediated inflammatory disorders of autoimmune or allergic origin. We then discuss how type I interferons might influence the course of autoimmune diseases by tipping the balance between IL‐12 family members.
Variation in properties of Phlebiopsis gigantea related to biocontrol against infection by Heterobasidion spp. in Norway spruce stumps
Authors: Sun H. , Korhonen K. , Hantula J. , Kasanen R.
Published: April 2009

The properties of 64 heterokaryotic strains of Phlebiopsis gigantea, isolated mostly from Norway spruce stumps, were tested for asexual spore production, growth rate and competitive ability against Heterobasidion spp. on agar medium, and for growth rate in spruce wood. Eighteen isolates were also tested for the efficacy of control against Heterobasidion spp. in stem pieces of spruce. The results revealed high variation in traits between different P. gigantea isolates. The efficacy of control against Heterobasidion spp. and the growth rate in spruce wood were closely related to each other (r = 0.727, p < 0.001). These preliminary tests indicate that the growth rate of a P. gigantea strain in spruce wood is the most important characteristic determining its efficiency in controlling the infection and spread of Heterobasidion spp. in spruce stumps.
Mr Drage, Mr Everyman, and the creation of a mass market for domestic furniture in interwar Britain1
Authors: SCOTT PETER
Published: April 2009

This article examines strategies used by durable goods retailers to create a mass market in interwar Britain, via a case study of domestic furniture. Interwar demand for new furniture witnessed particularly rapid growth—mainly owing to the extension of the market to lower‐income groups. A number of innovative national retailers developed liberal hire purchase (HP) facilities in order to bring furniture within the economic reach of these groups, while sophisticated national advertising campaigns were used both to legitimize the buying of furniture on HP and to project the idea that furnishing by this means was key to achieving the type of aspirational lifestyles being promulgated in the popular media.
Recovery of visual functions after early acquired occipital damage
Authors: Bova S M , Giovenzana A , Signorini S , La Piana R , Uggetti C , Bianchi P E , Fazzi E
Published: April 2009

Plasticity of visual systems after early brain damage has been extensively studied in animal models but poorly documented in children after visual pathway lesions. This report describes the visual recovery of a male child who had a bilateral occipital lobe infarction at the age of 2 years 6 months, 10 days after colon resection for Hirschsprung disease. In the acute phase he had severe visual impairment without visual response. Some weeks later he could perceive movement. Since then, progressive recovery of his visual acuity and oculomotor abilities has been accompanied by a progressive reduction of the visual field defect. At 6 years 8 months, visual recognition acuity was 10/10 in both eyes and neuro‐ophthalmological examination was normal, except for persistence of the visual field defect in the upper hemifield and a selective impairment of higher visual functions (recognition of object presented in a hard‐to‐decode way [e.g. overlapping figures], or use of complex visuospatial skills). The functional recovery observed in this patient confirms the adaptive plasticity of developing visual systems after early brain lesions. It suggests that in humans, as in animal models, processes related to cerebral plasticity may take place years after a brain lesion has been sustained.
EfCCNa survey: European intensive care nurses’ attitudes and beliefs towards end‐of‐life care
Authors: Latour Jos M , Fulbrook Paul , Albarran John W
Published: April 2009

Background:  Available literature suggests that critical care nurses have varied experiences in relation to end‐of‐life (EOL) care. Few studies have examined the involvement of European intensive care nurses’ involvement in EOL care decisions and the extent to which their nursing practice is based on shared beliefs, experiences and attitudes.

Aim:  To investigate experiences and attitudes of European intensive care nurses regarding EOL care.

Methods:  Using a survey method, delegates (n = 419) attending an international critical care nursing conference were invited to complete a self‐administered questionnaire about their involvement with EOL care practices. The questionnaire composed of 45 items and was available in three European languages.

Results:  A total of 164 questionnaires were completed, yielding a response rate of 39%. The majority of respondents (91·8%) indicated direct involvement in EOL patient care, while 73·4% reported active involvement in decision‐making process. 78·6% of respondents expressed commitment to family involvement in EOL decisions, however only 59·3% of the participants said that this was routinely undertaken (p < 0·0005, Z = −4·778). In decisions to withdraw or withhold therapy, 65% would decrease the flow of inspired oxygen, 98·8% provide continuous pain relief and 91·3% endorse open visiting. The majority (78%) disagreed that dying patients should be transferred to a single room. A division of views was observed in relation to 44% agreeing that patients should be kept deeply sedated and equal numbers contesting the continuation of nutritional support (41·6% versus 42·3%).

Conclusions:  The involvement of European intensive care nurses in EOL care discussions and decisions is reasonably consistent with many engaged in initiating dialogue with coworkers. In general, views and experiences of EOL care were similar, with the exception of the provision of nutrition and use of sedation.

Relevance to practice:  Use of formal guidelines and education may increase nurses’ involvement and confidence with EOL decisions.
Hemodynamic Effects of Amiodarone
Authors: KEEFE DEBORAH L.
Published: April 2009

The hemodynamic effects of amiodarone vary according to many factors which include the method of administration and each patient's medical conditon and histroy. Adverse effects of amiodarone are serious but can be minimized by appropriate dosage adjustments. At this time, amiodarone does not appear to cause significant deterioration of myocardial function even though there are risks of other serious adverse reactions.
The Efficacy of Propafenone for Treatment of Ventricular Ectopic Depolarizations
Authors: SALERNO DAVID M. , HODGES MORRISON
Published: April 2009

Propafenone is an effective agent for suppression of chronic ventricular ectopic depolarizations. Complete elimination of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia is achieved in most patients treated with propafenone. The efficacy of propafenone is best correlated with its prolongation of the PR and QRS intervals whereas its plasma level is a poor predictor of therapeutic efficacy. Although serious side effects do occur with propafenone therapy and the drug must be discontinued in some patients, successful therapy of patients for up to four years has been reported.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Mexiletine
Authors: GRECH‐BELANGER ODETTE
Published: April 2009

The pharmacokinetics of mexiletine and the factors that have been shown to modify its disposition are reviewed. The clinical significance of the modifications observed is discussed. Mexiletine is well absorbed from the gut and the bioavailability is 80–88%, The volume of distribution is large (5–9 L/kg) and 70% of the drug is bound to serum proteins. The elimination half‐life varies between 6–12 hours. Concomitant administration of atropine, metoclopramide, gastric acids, narcotic analgesics and cimetidine modify the peak concentrations of mexiletine and the time required to attain these concentrations. Rifampicin, phenytoin, and cigarette smoking shorten the elimination half‐life and increase the clearance. The volume of distribution of mexiletine is increased to the acute phase of myocardial infarction, whereas its elimination half‐life is increased in both cardiac failure and cirrhosis. Factors modifying the elimination, unlike those affecting the absorption characteristics, of mexiletine are of clinical importance and may require a modification of the dosage regimen.
Temperature‐controlled Rate Responsive Pacing with the Aid of an Optimized Algorithm
Authors: ALT ECKHARD , THERES HEINZ , VÖLKER REINHARD , HIRGSTETTER CHRISTOPH , HEINZ MICHAEL
Published: April 2009

On the basis of earlier studies of the behavior of the central venous blood temperature at rest and during exercise, we have developed an algorithm for the rate control of cardiac pacemakers. The central venous blood temperature serves as the control variable for the pacing rate. Control is effected via two different characteristic lines that relate pacing rate and temperature. A rest characteristic line relates absolute temperature values to heart rate and exercise lines relate relative changes in temperature to heart rate changes. The rest characteristic corresponds to conditions of slow temperature fluctations (e.g., fever and temperature changes due to circardian rhythm) and has a slope of 15 to 20 bpm per centigrade degree of temperature change. Starting at this rest characteristic, there are exercise characteristic lines that have a much greater slope and serve to regulate the pacing rate under exercise conditions. The two characteristics are distinguished via the temperature change per unit of time. In addition, a return characteristic connects the rest and exercise characteristics. This algorithm allows for optimized rate adaption of physiological cardiac pacemakers by central venous blood temperature. Clinical studies with the implanted device (Intermedics Nova MR) prove the correct function and beneficial effect of this algorithm in patients' everyday life.
Use of Propafenone in Patients With Supraventricular Tachycardia
Authors: HAMMILL STEPHEN C.
Published: April 2009

Propafenone prolongs refractoriness and slows conduction of the atrium, atrioventricular node, and accessory atrioventricular pathway. By interfering with conduction in locations necessary to support supraventricular tachycardia, propafenone effectively treats several mechanisms of rhythm disturbance. Early experience shows that propafenone, when administered in the electrophysiology laboratory, effectively terminates or prevents reinduction of paroxysmal supraventricular reentrant tachycardia in 50% to 75% of patients. The most effective dose associated with the fewest side effects has been 2 mg/kg infused over 10 minutes. Long‐term success with propafenone has been demonstrated in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal atrial flutter, atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia, atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia using a concealed accessory pathway, and tachycardias associated with the Wolff‐Parkinson‐White syndrome, including paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia. In 67% (range, 27% to 89%) of patients receiving long‐term therapy with propafenone, episodes of supraventricular tachycardia have been either eliminated or significantly reduced in frequency and treatment has not had to be stopped because of side effects. The effective daily dose for longterm therapy has been 550 to 750 mg administered in three or four divided doses. Although the number of patients reported in the literature at this time is small, propafenone appears to be an effective agent for treating supraventricular tachycardia due to one of several mechanisms.
“Sim Wars”: A New Edge to Academic Residency Competitions
Authors: Okuda Yasuharu , Godwin Andy , Westenbarger Richard , Shen Bing
Published: April 2009

Introduction: Simulation training is an educational modality that is increasingly being utilized by emergency medicine programs to train and assess residents in core competencies. During a recent national conference, patient simulators were used in a competition to highlight multitasking, teamwork, and patient care skills. The combination of audience participation and an expert panel provided a creative forum for learning. Methods: the Foundation for Education and Research in Neurological Emergencies (FERNE) and the Emergency Medicine Residents’ Association (EMRA) sponsored an innovative competition between emergency medicine residencies during the 2008 Scientific Assembly of the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP). This competition used high‐fidelity simulations to create scenarios on neurologic emergencies. Six teams were selected to participate in the three‐hour single‐elimination competition. The three‐member resident teams were then randomly paired against another institution. Three separate 10 minute scenarios were created for the initial round, allowing paired teams to compete on the same scenario. An expert panel provided commentary and insight on the management by each team. In addition, the experts provided feedback in the areas of communication and team training. Each round's winners were determined by the audience using an interactive system. Results: Based on the immediate feedback from participants, audience members and the expert panelists, this event was an entertaining and successful learning experience for both residents and faculty. Like the Clinical Pathological Cases (CPC) competitions, “Sim Wars” provides a showcase for residencies to demonstrate practice philosophies while providing a unique emphasis on teamwork and communication skills. The ability to expand this program to include regional competitions that lead to a national contest could be the framework for future exciting and educational events.
The Relationship Between Sociodemographics and Concern About Food Safety Issues
Authors: KNIGHT ANDREW , WARLAND REX
Published: April 2009

This study reviews the relationship between sociodemographic variables and food safety, and assesses how sociodemographic variables relate to three different food hazards in the food chain—pesticides, Salmonella, and fat. Our results revealed that women and blacks were more likely to have high levels of concern about food safety than were men and whites. Also, the level of concern increased with age. A respondent's percived vulnerability to that risk may explain differences across risks.
Provenance of the Meguma terrane, Nova Scotia: rifted margin of early Paleozoic Gondwana
Authors: Waldron John W.F. , White Chris E. , Barr Sandra M. , Simonetti Antonio , Heaman Larry M.
Published: April 2009

Detrital zircon ages from the lower part of the Late Proterozoic(?) to Middle Cambrian Goldenville Group in the Meguma terrane of Nova Scotia suggest derivation from local sources in the Avalonian and Pan-African orogens on the margins of Early Cambrian Gondwana. Samples from near the top of the group show a broader distribution, including ages back to Archean. The εNd data show a corresponding trend, from slightly positive in the lower Goldenville Group to highly negative in the upper Goldenville Group and overlying Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician Halifax Group. The trends are consistent with deposition of the lower part of the Meguma succession in a rift, in which uplifted rift-flanks were the main source of the early basin fill, whereas subsequent thermal subsidence of rift margins allowed for more widespread sediment sourcing in younger units. The rift was possibly located between Gondwana and Avalonia, and may have been the locus for separation of Avalonia from Gondwana to form part of the Rheic Ocean.