bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Filosofi Kafir dalam al-Qur’an
Authors: Hamdan Muhammad
Published: February 2021

Abstrak
Kata ‘kafir’ dalam al-Qur’an tidak bisa dimaknai secara tunggal. Dibutuhkan kajian yang mendalam dalam memahami al-Qur’an. Salah satu metode yang bisa digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan teori hermeneutik Schleiermacher dengan dua interpretasi yaitu gramatis dan psikologis. Melalui analisis interpretasi gramatis, kata ‘kafir’ dalam al-Qur’an memiliki makna yang beragam seperti: ingkar, tidak bersyukur, tidak beriman, kikir, sombong, dan lain sebagainya. Kemudian vonis kafir adalah otoritas Allah Swt. Sementara itu, dengan analisis interpretasi psikologis, ditemukan hasil bahwa Tuhan seringkali menurunkan kata ‘kafir’ akibat perilaku buruk pelaku kekafiran. Penuduhan kafir terhadap orang lain mengancam kerukunan dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. Individu atau kelompok yang dituduh sebagai kafir rentan mendapatkan diskriminasi. Indonesia adalah negara bangsa yang mempunyai Konstitusi tertinggi yaitu UUD Negara Republik Indonesia tahun 1945. Dalam UUD 1945 Pasal 29 disebutkan bahwa negara menjamin setiap warga negaranya atas kemerdekaan dan kebebasan dalam memeluk agama dan keyakinan. Dalam konteks bernegara, non-muslim memiliki hak dan kedudukan yang setara dengan warga negara lainnya.
 
Abstract
The word ‘kafir’ in the Qur'an cannot be interpreted in a single meaning. It takes an in-depth study in understanding the verses of the Qur'an. One method that can be used is by employing Schleirmacher's hermeneutic theory with two interpretations, namely grammatical and psychological. Through the analysis of grammatical interpretations, the word ‘kafir’ in the Al-Qur'an has various meanings such as: denial, ungratefulness, disbelief, stingy, arrogant, and so on. Then the verdict of disbelief is the authority of Allah Swt. Meanwhile, with the analysis of psychological interpretations, it is found that God often sends down the word ‘kafir’ due to the bad behavior of the infidels. The accusation of being infidels against others has threatened harmony in the life of the nation and state. Individuals or groups accused of being infidels are vulnerable to discrimination. Indonesia is a nation state that has the highest constitution, namely the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The article 29 of the 1945 Constitution affirms that the State guarantees every citizen of freedom to embrace religion and belief. In the context of a state, non-Muslims have equal rights and positions with other citizens.
Ekologi Penciptaan dalam Kejadian 1-3 sebagai Landasan Evaluasi Kritis terhadap Perilaku Ekologis Para Teolog Reformed Indonesia Masa Kini
Authors: Pasang Agustina
Published: February 2021

Ecological (environmental) problems are the responsibility of all human beings, both personal and group, including the responsibilities of all religions or beliefs. Even so, it must be admitted that the topic of ecology and all its problems are lacking or not or even not getting attention as they should. Ecological topics tend to be distinguished, not or lacked attention by both churches and Christian theologians and reform theologians in particular with indications of a lack of Christian literature that addresses topics concerning ecology. There is no or lack of studies (seminars, lectures) on ecology both in the church environment, Christian institutions and theological colleges, besides that there is a misunderstanding which feels that ecology does not touch or come into contact with theology. This understanding appears in behavior that is not or less responsible for the environment (not friendly to the environment), for example by littering, spitting carelessly and so on.  Permasalahan ekologis (lingkungan) merupakan tanggung jawab semua manusia baik bersifat pribadi maupun kelompok, termasuk di dalamnya tanggung jawab semua agama atau aliran kepercayaan. Meskipun demikian harus diakui bahwa topik ekologi dan semua permasalahannya kurang atau belum atau bahkan tidak mendapat perhatian sebagaimana seharusnya. Topik ekologi cenderung dianaktirikan, tidak atau kurang mendapat perhatian baik oleh gereja-gereja maupun para teolog Kristen dan teolog reform pada khususnya dengan indikasi kurangnya literatur-literatur Kristen yang membahas topik mengenai ekologi. Tidak ada atau kurangnya kajian-kajian (seminar, ceramah) mengenai ekologi baik di lingkungan gereja, lembaga-lembaga Kristen dan Sekolah Tinggi Teologi, selain itu adanya salah pengertian (misunderstanding) yang merasa bahwa ekologi tidak bersinggungan atau bersentuhan dengan teologi. Pemahaman ini nampak dalam perilaku yang tidak atau kurang bertanggung jawab terhadap lingkungan (tidak ramah terhadap lingkungan), misalnya dengan membuang sampah sembarangan, meludah sembarangan dan lain sebagainya.
Theories of Leadership and Church Management
Authors: Tong Joseph
Published: February 2021

Management is the integration and coordination of resources to effectively move the organization towards the desired goals. The concepts and key elements in management are organizations. This organization is also divided into two namely: voluntary organizations and voluntary organizations. The objectives of this management are: (1) Vision and mission for existence; (2) Objectives and targets; (3) The desired destination and floating destination. Management effectiveness refers to how well an organization reaches its goals over a period of time. This emphasizes goals or mission (long distance) and goals (short term). Effectiveness contrasts with efficiency. Efficiency is a short-term measure of how well an organization uses resources. Healthy organization management must be effective and efficient. Leadership relates to people, while management pays more attention to tasks and performance. As far as the organization is concerned, these two things have the same function in promoting the well-being and development of healthy organizations to achieve organizational goals.  Manajemen adalah integrasi dan koordinasi sumber daya untuk menggerakkan organisasi secara efektif menuju tujuan yang diinginkan. Adapun konsep dan elemen kunci dalam manajemen yaitu organisasi. Organisasi ini pun dibagi menjadi dua yakni: organisasi sukarela dan organisasi tidak sukarela. Tujuan dari manajemen ini adalah: (1) Visi dan misi untuk eksistensi; (2) Tujuan dan target; (3) Tujuan yang diinginkan dan tujuan mengambang. Efektivitas manajemen mengacu pada seberapa baik sebuah organisasi untuk mencapai tujuannya selama periode waktu tertentu. Hal ini menekankan pada tujuan atau misi (jarak jauh) dan tujuan (jangka pendek). Efektivitas kontras dengan efisiensi. Efisiensi adalah ukuran jangka pendek seberapa baik sebuah organisasi menggunakan sumber daya. Manajemen organisasi yang sehat harus efektif dan efisien. Kepemimpinan berkaitan dengan orang, sedangkan manajemen lebih memperhatikan tugas dan kinerjanya. Sejauh menyangkut organisasi, dua hal ini memiliki fungsi yang sama dalam mempromosikan kesejahteraan dan pengambangan organisasi yang sehat untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi.
Makna “Janganlah Kamu Melakukan Telaah Atau Ramalan” Menurut Imamat 19:26b dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Shio Pada Budaya Tionghoa
Authors: Wang Suryowati
Published: February 2021

Chinese Christianity faces a problem when the congregation begins to doubt the future and wants everything to be fast and instant without wanting to go through a process that feels long. This fact led Christians to turn to Shio's predictions which were nothing more than occult. This study of prediction based on Shio will try to prove that no one in the world can predict what can happen, because God himself plans and regulates everything. True Christianity relies its life on God, its fate is determined by faith and not divination. The history of Shio use in Chinese culture cannot be separated from the origin of its use as a means of making it easier to mark the year and season on the Chinese Luni-Solar calendar. This history and theology is needed for Chinese Christianity to be compatible with the gospel. Kekristenan umat Tionghoa menghadapi masalah ketika jemaat mulai ragu akan masa depan dan menginginkan segala sesuatu serba cepat dan instan tanpa ingin melewati proses yang dirasa lama. Kenyataan ini membawa orang-orang Kristen berpaling pada ramalan Shio yang tidak lebih dari okultisme. Penelitian akan ramalan berdasarkan Shio ini akan berusaha membuktikan bahwa tidak ada seorangpun di dunia ini yang dapat meramal apa yang dapat terjadi, karena Allah sendiri yang merencanakan dan mengatur segala sesuatu. Kristen sejati menyandarkan hidupnya kepada Allah, nasibnya ditentukan imannya dan bukan ramalan. Sejarah penggunaan Shio pada budaya Tionghoa tidak bisa terlepas dari asal mula pengunaannya sebagai sarana mempermudah menandai tahun dan musim pada kalender Luni-Solar bangsa China. Sejarah dan teologi ini yang diperlukan bagi Kekristenan Tionghoa agar berpadanan dengan Injil.
Kepemimpinan Wanita Kristen: Suatu Sinergitas Antara Kesetaraan (Egalitarian) dengan Kemitraan (Partnership)
Authors: Lumintang Danik Astuti
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe view that emphasizes the hierarchy and leadership of men is known as complementary. Complementary emphasizes that although men and women are equal before God. Men and women are created to fulfill different roles in relationships with one another. However, due to the advancement of civilization, and due to the awareness of the facts of social-political injustice against women, modern secular feminists (social-political) have emerged. This research reveals a synergy between equality and Christian women's leadership partnerships. Keywords: Complementary; Egalitarianism, Partnership, Women  AbstractPandangan yang menekankan hirarkhi dan kepemim-pinan kaum laki-laki dikenal dengan sebutan complementary. Complementary menekankan bahwa walaupun laki-laki dan perempuan setara di hadapan Allah. Laki-laki dan perempuan diciptakan untuk memenuhi peran yang berbeda dalam hubungan satu dengan yang lain. Namun, karena kemajuan peradaban, dan karena kesadaran fakta ketidakadilan sosial-politik terhadap kaum wanita, bangkitlah modern secular feminist (social-politic). Penelitian ini mengungkap suatu sinegitas antara kesetaraan dengan kemitraan kepemimpinan wanita Kristen. Kata Kunci: Komplementer; Egalitarianisme; Kemitraan; Perempuan
HAMBA TUHAN DAN SENI MEMBERI
Authors: Siswanto Anton
Published: February 2021

Abstract God's servant is identical to the example in expressing Christ's love for the congregation and being a public figure in all thoughts, words and actions. In this paper, a Biblical Principle is explained, which is love exhibited by "giving" behavior. And this action starts from the leader and followed by the person who is led. The following will describe a principle that the Lord Jesus taught to humans through a specific New Testament perspective. And it is given that the love shown by a practice of giving will have a tremendous impact on humanity. Certainly as a believer we have the source to give, and that source concerns finance, information, relationships, spirit and time / energy. With sources that all come from God, believers can give joyfully and voluntarily as taught by the Lord Jesus himself. This article on God's Servant and the art of giving uses research methods based on the study of several sources of the New Testament and the study of literature relating to this topic and with the results obtained will also provide application as a concrete step of the spiritual leader that is God's servant in giving who will close this writing to get believers to do the Word of God in concrete steps.AbstrakHamba Tuhan identik dengan contoh dan teladan dalam mengekspresikan kasih Kristus kepada jemaat dan menjadi publik figur dalam segala pikiran, perkataan dan tindakan. Dalam tulisan ini diuraikan sebuah prinsip Alkitab yaitu kasih yang ditunjukkan dengan perilaku “memberi”. Dan tindakan ini dimulai dari pemimpin baru diikuti oleh orang yang dipimpin. Berikut akan diuraikan sebuah prinsip yang Tuhan Yesus ajarkan kepada manusia melalui perspektif Perjanjian Baru secara spesifik. Dan diberikan bahwa kasih yang ditunjukkan dengan sebuah praktik memberi akan mempunyai dampak yang luar biasa kepada umat manusia. Tentu sebagai seorang percaya kita memiliki sumber untuk memberi, dan sumber itu menyangkut keuangan, informasi, hubungan/relasi, roh dan waktu/energi. Dengan sumber-sumber yang semuanya berasal dari Tuhan maka orang percaya bisa memberi dengan sukacita dan sukarela seperti yang diajarkan oleh Tuhan Yesus sendiri. Tulisan mengenai Hamba Tuhan dan seni memberi ini menggunakan metode penelitian berdasarkan studi beberapa sumber dari Perjanjian Baru dan studi literatur yang berkaitan dengan topik ini dan dengan hasil yang didapat akan juga memberikan aplikasi sebagai langkah nyata dari pemimpin rohani yaitu hamba Tuhan dalam memberi yang akan menutup tulisan ini untuk mengajak orang-orang percaya melakukan Firman Tuhan dengan langkah nyata.
PANDANGAN ALKITAB MENGENAI PERNIKAHAN YANG TIDAK SEIMAN
Authors: Woen Victoria
Published: February 2021

General theory: Marriage is an institution authorized by God which involves the union of a man and a woman as "one flesh" in a lifelong relationship. The method used by the authors in this study is a quantitative research method. In this research besides being descriptive, the writer also uses survey method because the survey method is one of the characteristics of descriptive research. The purpose of writing this article is to know the meaning of marriage in the Bible, the Old Testament view of unbelieving marriage, and the New Testament view of unbelieving marriage. The results obtained are, (1) the meaning of marriage in the Bible is an institution authorized by God which involves the union of a man and a woman as "one flesh" in a lifetime relationship. (2) The Old Testament view of unfaithful marriage, as exemplified by the biblical figures in the Old Testament, is known that the Israelites were not accustomed to marrying people from non-nationals or relatives. (3) The New Testament view of unbelieving marriage. II Corinthians 6:14 says: "Do not be an unequal partner with unbelievers." that marrying a partner who is not a believer or having a different religion is strongly opposed by the Bible. God does not want Christians to marry unbelievers because that will require a life-long struggle.AbstrakTeori umum: Pernikahan adalah lembaga yang disahkan Allah yang melibatkan penyatuan seorang laki-laki dan seorang perempuan sebagai “satu daging” dalam suatu hubungan seumur hidup. Metode yang dipakai oleh penulis dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kuantitatif. Di dalam penelitian ini selain bersifat deskriptif, penulis juga menggunakan metode survei karena metode survei merupakan salah satu ciri penelitian yang bersifat deskriptif. Tujuan Penulisan Artikel ini adalah mengetahui makna pernikahan dalam Alkitab, Pandangan Perjanjian Lama mengenai pernikahan tidak seiman, dan Pandangan Perjanjian Baru mengenai pernikahan tidak seiman. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu, (1) makna pernikahan dalam Alkitab adalah lembaga yang disahkan Allah yang melibatkan penyatuan seorang laki-laki dan seorang perempuan sebagai “satu daging” dalam suatu hubungan seumur hidup. (2) Pandangan Perjanjian Lama mengenai pernikahan tidak seiman, sebagaimana teladan tokoh-tokoh alkitab dalam Perjanjian Lama, diketahui bahwa bangsa Israel tidak biasa menikah dengan orang dari bukan sebangsa atau sanak-saudaranya. (3) Pandangan Perjanjian Baru mengenai pernikahan tidak seiman. II Korintus 6:14 mengatakan: “Janganlah kamu merupakan pasangan yang tidak seimbang dengan orang-orang yang tak percaya”. bahwa menikah dengan pasangan yang tidak seiman atau berbeda agama sangatlah ditentang oleh Alkitab. Allah tidak menginginkan umat Kristen menikah dengan pasangan yang tidak seiman karena hal itu akan membutuhkan pergumulan seumur hidup.
Steigiamojo Seimo išrinkimas: lygių politinių teisių įsiteisėjimas valstybėje
Authors: Jurėnienė Virginija
Published: February 2021

Paskelbus Steigiamojo Seimo rinkimų įstatymą partijos kėlė kandidatus ir sudarinėjo rinkimų sąrašus. Apie 30 partijų ir organizacijų dalyvavo Steigiamojo Seimo rinkimuose. Daugelis jų kandidatų sąrašuose į Steigiamąjį Seimą moteris įtraukė į antrąjį ar trečiąjį dešimtuką. G. Petkevičaitė buvo vienintelė moteris, partijos kandidatų sąraše buvusi pirmoji.

Moterys kandidatės į Steigiamąjį Seimą buvo išsilavinusios, daugiausia netekėjusios, einančios pareigas ir matomos visuomenėje. Dauguma kandidačių buvo aktyvios moterų judėjimo lyderės, žinomos visuomenininkės. Dar vienas bendras bruožas jaunas amžius – daugelis buvo iki 30 metų.

Steigiamojo Seimo rinkimai vyko 1920 m. balandžio 14–15 dienomis. Iš 150 parlamentarų 8 (5,3 proc.) buvo moterys. Pagal Lietuvos krikščionių demokratų bloko sąrašą buvo išrinktos M. Draugelytė-Galdikienė, E. Spudaitė-Gvildienė, M. Lukošiūtė (Lukošytė), V. Mackevičaitė, O. Muraškaitė-Rašiukaitienė, S. Stakauskaitė, pagal Lietuvos socialistų liaudininkų demokratų ir Lietuvos valstiečių sąjungos sąrašą – G. Petkevičaitė-Bitė ir F. Bortkevičienė. Socialdemokratai neturėjo nė vienos moters parlamentarės.

1920 m. gegužės 15 d. Kaune, miesto teatre, darbą pradėjo Steigiamasis Seimas. Iki nuolatinio prezidiumo sudarymo jam vadovavo G. Petkevičaitė-Bitė, sekretoriavo O. Muraškaitė-Račiukaitienė. Tai buvo ne tik moterų judėjimo laimėjimas, bet ir viso moterų indėlio į visuomenės ir valstybės gyvenimą įvertinimas. G. Petkevičaitė sveikinimo kalbos pradžioje akcentavo politinių teisių moterims suteikimą kaip atlygį už ilgą ir sąmoningą veiklą atkuriant valstybę. Taip ji siekė išsklaidyti dalies visuomenės nuostatą, jog Lietuvos moterys rinkimų teises gavo labai lengvai.

Parlamentarės dalyvavo Švietimo bei Knygyno, Sveikatos, Darbo ir Socialinės apsaugos bei Bibliotekos komisijų darbe.
Why people use their cars while the built environment imposes cycling
Authors: Van Acker Veronique , Derudder Ben , Witlox Frank
Published: February 2021

Residing in a high-density, diverse, and accessible neighborhood tends to be associated with less car use, more public transport, and more cycling and walking. However, this does not hold for all people because of differences in personal perceptions and preferences. This paper, therefore, analyzes spatial (mis)match, or the correspondence between perceptions of someone’s residence and the objectively measured spatial characteristics of that residence. Based on a sample for Flanders, Belgium, we found that people tend to overrate the urbanized character of their residence. Among urbanites, (mis)matched spatial perceptions do not influence mode choice. Mode choices remain mainly influenced by urban characteristics and not by personal perceptions as such. However, the influence of spatial (mis)match becomes more important among rural dwellers and, especially, suburbanites. The travel consequences of (mis)matched spatial perceptions thus clearly depend on the residential neighborhood type.
Maintaining infliximab induced clinical remission with azathioprine and 5-aminosalicylates in acute severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis has lower cost and high efficacy (MIRACLE): a multicenter study
Authors: Mahajan Ramit , Singh Arshdeep , Kedia Saurabh , Kaur Kirandeep , Midha Vandana , Sahu Pabitra , Mehta Varun , Singh Dharmatma , Bansal Namita , Dharni Khushdeep , Kaushal Sandeep , Ahuja Vineet , Sood Ajit
Published: February 2021

Background/Aims: Infliximab (IFX) has been used to induce and maintain remission in patients with severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). Long-term use of biologics in developing countries is limited by high cost and frequent side effects. An optimal maintenance strategy in these patients needs to be established.Methods: A retrospective analysis of maintenance of clinical remission with combination of azathioprine (AZA) and 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA) in patients with severe steroidrefractory UC where IFX (5 mg/kg intravenously at weeks 0, 2, 6) had been used only as an induction therapy was done at 2 centers in India. Primary outcome was the proportion of patients maintaining corticosteroid-free sustained clinical remission (SCR) at the end of study period. Rates of relapse and cost of therapy were also analyzed.Results: Of the 137 patients who received rescue IFX induction therapy, 77 (56.2%) achieved clinical remission (mean age 34.81 ± 13.32 years, 68.83% males, median follow-up 4 years, range 3 months to 6 years) and were included. Cumulative corticosteroid-free SCR was maintained in 68%, 59%, 42%, and 35% patients at 1, 2, 4, and 6 years respectively. Sixty-seven relapses were observed in 33 patients. Majority of the relapses (45/67, 67.16%) occurred within first 2 years of follow-up. Two relapses were managed with re-induction with IFX, one required colectomy, whereas all other responded to repeat course(s) of corticosteroids. Annual per capita maintenance therapy with 5-ASA and AZA was cheaper by US$ 4,526 compared to maintaining remission with IFX.Conclusions: Clinical remission achieved with IFX induction therapy in severe steroid-refractory UC can be sustained over long time with a combination of AZA and 5-ASA.
Management of inflammatory bowel disease in the COVID-19 era
Authors: Kim Kyeong Ok , Jang Byung Ik
Published: February 2021

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many unpredictable changes have occurred in the medical field. Risk of COVID-19 does not seem to increase in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) considering based on current reports. Current medications for IBD do not increase this risk; on the contrary, some of these might be used as therapeutics against COVID-19 and are under clinical trial. Unless the patients have confirmed COVID-19 and severe pneumonia or a high oxygen demand, medical treatment should be continued during the pandemic, except for the use of high-dose corticosteroids. Adherence to general recommendations such as social distancing, wearing facial masks, and vaccination, especially for pneumococcal infections and influenza, is also required. Patients with COVID-19 need to be withhold immunomodulators or biologics for at least 2 weeks and treated based on both IBD and COVID-19 severity. Prevention of IBD relapse caused by sudden medication interruption is important because negative outcomes associated with disease flare up, such as corticosteroid use or hospitalization, are much riskier than medications. The outpatient clinic and infusion center for biologics need to be reserved safe spaces, and endoscopy or surgery should be considered in urgent cases only.
Synoptic Review of Theory and Practice of Diversity Management
Authors: Sakyi Kwesi Atta , Mweshi Geoffrey K. , Musona David , Tayali Esnart Mwaba
Published: February 2021

Diversity is a topic which has gained much momentum and currency in modern academic discourse partially because of globalisation and also partially because of the increased use of information technology in global transactions. The complex operations of multinational corporations across the globe require prudent and efficient management of employees from different backgrounds. Management of diversity means many things to many people. In this article, the authors delineate the importance, pros and cons of diversity management for firms, and also they deploy the analysis of some case study videos to bring to the fore the growing importance of the phenomenon of diversity. The authors used secondary data and qualitative analysis in their discourse. The authors reviewed literature from diverse sources to give a theoretical foundation to the article and at the same time they approached the topic in a multi-faceted manner to whet the appetite of both theoreticians and practitioners. The philosophical underpinning of their approach was based on Grounded Theory as it could be seen in the video case study narratives and in their own interpretative narrative of the subject.
Financial Resources Management in Commercial Banks: Evidence From Latvia
Authors: Konovalova Natalia , Caplinska Aina
Published: February 2021

Financial resources management issues are relevant for each commercial bank. Those banks that operate with an excess of free financial resources lose profitability, but the liquidity of such banks is quite high. Other banks that conduct aggressive policy aiming to place all the available resources with maximum efficiency, are forced to seek solutions to the problem of locating additional liquid funds, in order to ensure timely fulfilment of liabilities. In this article, the authors analyze the state of the resource base of Latvian commercial banks, identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of banks and propose a methodology for optimizing the attraction and placement of resources in commercial banks. Since bank resources management involves two interrelated issues – equity capital management and management of liabilities (attracted and borrowed funds), the authors successively consider two sides of this process. Besides, the process of equity capital and liabilities management is inseparably linked with active transactions, i.e. with the use of resources, therefore the research also focuses on the interrelation between passive and active transactions of the bank and on the development of a methodology for optimizing the attraction and allocation of bank resources. The purpose of the research is to analyse passive operations in Latvian banks, to assess the formation of their resource base and its management, as well as to work out some recommendations on how to update the management of the combined (aggregate) resource base in Latvian commercial banks. The authors have put forward a following hypothesis: the decline in financial resources leads to an increase in the bank's efficiency, and vice versa, the increase in financial resources leads to an inefficient redistribution of funds in the banking activity. During the study, this hypothesis was justified. The theoretical and methodological basis for the research includes scientific works by Latvian and foreign authors, special economic literature, Latvian legislation, regulations of the Bank of Latvia and of the Financial and Capital Market Commission, recommendations of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, EU Directives. The authors used such research methods as economic analysis, method of comparison, economic grouping, statistical methods, etc. The application of the proposed methodology for optimizing the attraction and placement of resources is considered on the example of Latvian commercial banks.
Cost effectiveness of code base shear requirements for reinforced concrete frame structures
Authors: Elms D. G. , Silvester D.
Published: February 2021

The appropriateness of the overall base shear levels prescribed by  the New Zealand Loadings Code NZS4203:1976 is investigated for reinforced concrete frame buildings. Six-storey structures were designed to different base shear levels and total costs were computed: total cost takes account of capital cost, averaged direct economic loss due to earthquakes, and indirect earthquake losses. Damage levels were obtained from computer time-history analyses. It is shown that the code base shear levels are  of the right order of magnitude for reinforced concrete frame buildings, but that the total cost of such buildings is insensitive to design base shear level. The increase in capital cost of a concrete frame building due to earthquake design requirements is of the order of 4%.
English Language Teaching, Vol. 14, No. 2, February 2021
Authors: Yu Gavin
Published: February 2021

English Language Teaching, Vol. 14, No. 2, February 2021
The Relationship between Policy Design and Poverty Reduction: How the Design of Social Protection Programmes Address the Needs of the Poor in Ghana
Authors: Sarfo-Adu Joseph Kwame
Published: February 2021

The implementation of social protection programmes has seen some significant success in poverty reduction among nations. This notwithstanding, there are some challenges in the designing of these programmes that sometimes defeat their intended purposes. For this reason, there is the need for a further consideration on the design of social protection programmes in reaching the poor. This paper assesses how the design of social protection programmes in Ghana takes into consideration the needs of the poor and other intended beneficiaries. The study adopts the concepts of social protection designs by Norton, et al (2001) and the beneficiary-targeting approaches by Rama and Dean (2016) to compare and assess how Ghana’s programmes are designed. This is purely a qualitative study that interviewed 20 respondents with adequate knowledge on the design of the social protection programmes. The study revealed that generally, in Ghana, the design processes of social protection programmes adopt more institutional-consultation approach than beneficiary/community-level consultation. On the part of selecting beneficiaries for social protection however, programmes like LEAP, School Feeding and the Capitation Grants were community based, that allow representatives of communities to select beneficiaries for the programme. The design of social protection programmes should be responsive to the needs of their intended beneficiaries, there is therefore, the need for broader consultations with the targeted beneficiaries. Consultations should, hence, not just be limited at the institutional levels.
Investigation of Strategic Deployment Opportunities for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) at INDOT
Authors: Hubbard Sarah M. , Hubbard Bryan
Published: February 2021

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are increasingly used for a variety of applications related to INDOT’s mission including bridge inspection, traffic management, incident response, construction and roadway mapping. UAS have the potential to reduce costs and increase capabilities. Other state DOTs and transportation agencies have deployed UAS for an increasing number of applications due to technology advances that provide increased capabilities and lower costs, resulting from regulatory changes that simplified operations for small UAS under 55 pounds (aka, sUAS). This document provides an overview of UAS applications that may be appropriate for INDOT, as well as a description of the regulations that affect UAS operation as described in 14 CFR Part 107. The potential applications were prioritized using Quality Function Deployment (QFD), a methodology used in the aerospace industry that clearly communicates qualitative and ambiguous information with a transparent framework for decision making. The factors considered included technical feasibility, ease of adoption and stakeholder acceptance, activities underway at INDOT, and contribution to INDOT mission and goals. Dozens of interviews with INDOT personnel and stakeholders were held to get an accurate and varied perspective of potential for UAVs at INDOT. The initial prioritization was completed in early 2019 and identified three key areas: UAS for bridge inspection safety as a part of regular operations, UAS for construction with deliverables provided via construction contracts, and UAS for emergency management. Descriptions of current practices and opportunities for INDOT are provided for each of these applications. An estimate of the benefits and costs is identified, based on findings from other agencies as well as projections for INDOT. A benefit cost analysis for the application of UAS for bridge inspection safety suggests a benefit cost over one for the analysis period.
A categoria aspecto verbal e o ensino: o que os alunos revelam conhecer e/ou entender sobre essa categoria
Authors: Carvalho Amanda , Gonçalves Marilene
Published: February 2021

Estudos linguísticos recentes apontam para uma lacuna no trabalho com o aspecto verbal nas aulas de Língua Portuguesa. Travaglia (2016) destaca a pouca atenção destinada ao estudo dessa categoria no Português. Diante desse cenário e da importância do aspecto verbal para a construção de sentidos dos enunciados, investigamos o que os alunos revelam conhecer e/ou entender sobre essa categoria ao serem estimulados a analisar determinados usos verbais. A fundamentação teórica desse artigo é composta por estudos desenvolvidos por Castilho (1968), Comrie (1976), Vargas (2011), dentre outros. Para a realização da investigação proposta, analisamos testes linguísticos feitos com alunos recém-inseridos no ambiente acadêmico. Por meio das análises dos dados, percebemos os efeitos diretos da lacuna atestada anteriormente, uma vez que muitos alunos associaram os efeitos de sentido decorrentes dos usos verbais apenas à identificação dos tempos verbais (presente, passado e futuro), o que pouco revela sobre a funcionalidade dessa classe de palavras numa dimensão da língua em uso. Ainda que certos alunos tenham identificado a aspectualidade nas ações verbais, certas limitações e objeções em suas repostas não revelam um efetivo conhecimento e entendimento da categoria aspectual do verbo. Diante desses resultados, destacamos a importância do trabalho com o aspecto verbal, uma vez que os dados sugerem uma rasa abordagem dada a essa categoria no ensino básico.
Exclamativas e interrogativas com ‘ques’ em português brasileiro dialetal
Authors: Pereira Bruna Karla
Published: February 2021

Neste artigo, examinam-se exclamativas e interrogativas que contêm o determinante ‘ques’, em dialetos do português do Brasil. Diferentemente do português padrão, nestas estruturas, ‘que’ é o único constituinte do DP marcado com o morfema ‘-s’ de plural. Para explicar esses fatos, propõe-se uma análise não apenas da hierarquia do CP/DP na qual ‘ques’ se insere, mas também da distribuição do morfema de plural no DP. Para a derivação sintática, assume-se, seguindo propostas vigentes, que ‘ques’ é um determinante, e, portanto, um núcleo D. No que se refere a sentenças interrogativas, o DP ao qual ‘que’ pertence passa por movimento wh da posição de argumento interno do VP para o domínio do CP. No que se refere a sentenças exclamativas, assume-se que o DP se move da posição de predicado de uma small clause para o domínio do CP. Em ambos os casos, o movimento se dá por força ilocucionária. Para a distribuição do morfema de plural, assume-se que o cardinal divide o DP em dois domínios, sendo que sintagmas à sua esquerda são marcados com o morfema de plural, enquanto sintagmas à sua direita são não marcados. Como resultado, porque ‘ques’ é o único item mais alto que o cardinal nessas estruturas, ele é o único marcado com o morfema de plural. Portanto, desenvolve-se uma análise capaz de explicar: primeiramente, a estrutura oracional (CP) à qual o DP contendo ‘ques’ pertence; posteriormente, a hierarquia do DP; e finalmente a distribuição do morfema de plural na estrutura interna do DP.

Palavras-chave: ‘Ques’. CP. Movimento wh. DP. NumP.
Poets and Portuguese Language Poetry: trajectories and projects
Authors: Guimarães Raquel Beatriz Junqueira , Souza Raquel S. Madanêlo
Published: February 2021

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A guerra colonial portuguesa na poesia testemunhal de Fernando Assis Pacheco e Manuel Alegre: diálogos, congruências e incongruências
Authors: Barros Vinícius Victor Araujo
Published: February 2021

Este artigo debate a poesia testemunhal de Fernando Assis Pacheco e Manuel Alegre, ambos ex-combatentes da guerra colonial portuguesa em África. As análises se detêm às publicações realizadas próximas de confrontos ou ainda no calor deles, a saber: Cuidar dos Vivos (1963) e Catalabanza, Quilolo e Volta (1976), de Fernando Assis Pacheco, e Praça da Canção (1965) e Canto e as armas (1967), de Manuel Alegre. Baseados nas concepções de Walter Benjamin (2012) de crise do compromisso tácito entre o leitor e o narrador moderno e no paroxismo da impossibilidade de representação artística de uma catástrofe humana como a guerra, procuramos evidenciar como cada um dos autores portugueses elaborou esteticamente seu testemunho com o intuito de retratar em versos a brutalidade cotidiana do front e os traumas de lá trazidos. Atentos aos diálogos, as congruências e as incongruências entre as produções dos dois poetas, esperamos colocar em questão que as guerras são, paradoxalmente, experiências coletivas momentâneas, porém, individualmente vivenciadas.
“Gosto do deslocamento”: espaços urbanos e testes de poesia em Marília Garcia
Authors: Ferreira Jailma da Costa
Published: February 2021

Discutiremos neste artigo acerca dos deslocamentos da voz poética na poesia de Marília Garcia, a partir de uma leitura crítica e analítica dos poemas “pelos grandes bulevares” e “noite americana”, ambos do livro Câmera lenta (2017). Descentralizados de um eu, seus textos são compostos a partir dos acidentes, dos (des)encontros que acontecem e são provocados no (e pelo) espaço urbano. Desse modo, queremos compreender de que forma os aspectos que compõe esse espaço contribuem para a produção de singularidades e dos movimentos para fora do eu em sua poesia, considerando que esta realiza-se em diálogo com a vida urbana, com a observação vagarosa das situações que fazem parte desse meio. Em vista disso, apontamos alguns conceitos teóricos que embasam este estudo, a saber: Magalhães (2017), sobre os deslocamentos do eu; Reis (2015), a respeito dos testes que Marília faz em sua poesia; Busato (2015), acerca da relação dos sujeitos com o espaço urbano; entre outros.
Vozes das mulheres negras nos saraus e slams da cidade de São Paulo
Authors: Oliveira Elaine Correia de , Ricieri Francine Fernandes Weiss
Published: February 2021

O presente artigo dedica-se aos estudos de slams e saraus realizados na periferia da cidade de São Paulo. Em especial, serão destacadas as vozes das mulheres negras que se expressam nesses espaços. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar as linguagens poética, oral e corporal das performances que compõem as apresentações, assim como ressaltar nessas manifestações sua relevância cultural, além de mostrar a importância dos saraus e slams como meios de transformação social através da cultura e da arte marginal periférica.
Avaliação de Dispositivos de Rastreamento em uma Rede LoRaWAN no Contexto de Cidades Inteligentes
Authors: Da Silva Marcos Vinícius Rocha , De Souza José Eduardo , Almeida Thiago Vinney Oliveira , Souza Álvaro Ricieri Castro E , Spanhol Fabio Alexandre , Camargo Edson Tavares de
Published: February 2021

O rastreamento de veículos de frotas está entre as principais aplicações de cidades inteligentes. Este trabalho realiza uma avalição de quatro dispositivos rastreadores - dois comerciais e dois programados - que fazem uso de uma rede LoRaWAN para enviar suas geolocalizações coletadas através de sensores GPS. A avaliação dos dispostivos faz parte do desenvolvimento de uma solução de rastreamento de caminhões da coleta seletiva de lixo em parceria com a Universidade e o Município. O comportamento de cada dispositivo é analisado ao percorrer 3 regiões urbanas representativas. Os resultados incluem uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa para apresentar a eficiência dos dispositivos e dados sobre de intensidade do sinal da rede e relação sinal-ruído.
Uma proposta para obter o grau de influência de eventos sobre comunidades baseadas em critérios de geolocalização
Authors: Souza Marcos Aurélio de Paiva , Lucena Sidney Cunha de , Campos Carlos Alberto Vieira
Published: February 2021

A sociedade humana divide-se em comunidades formadas por indivíduos que compartilham similaridades de comportamento, interesses, moradia etc. Eventos como ações publicitárias ou acidentes de trânsitos, dentre outros, ocorrem diariamente nos centros urbanos e afetam de forma diferente essas comunidades. Este artigo propõe uma abordagem para avaliar a influência do local de ocorrência desses eventos sobre diferentes comunidades, contribuindo assim com o planejamento de ações voltadas para essas comunidades. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo de caso usando o dataset GEOLIFE, no qual os usuários foram divididos em comunidades baseadas no histórico de geolocalização, para as quais se calculou o grau de influência de eventos ocorridos em onze locais de grande circulação. A aplicação desses resultados foi demonstrada maximizando-se a eficácia de uma campanha de vacinação com orçamento limite na cidade de Pequim.
Myxobolus opsaridiumi sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Myxosporea) infecting different tissues of an ornamental fish, Opsaridium ubangiensis (Pellegrin, 1901), in Cameroon: morphological and molecular characterization
Authors: Lekeufack-Folefack Guy Benoit , Tchoutezo-Tiwa Armandine Estelle , Al-Tamini Jameel , Fomena Abraham , Al-Omar Suliman Yousef , Mansour Lamjed
Published: February 2021

We report a new myxozoan, Myxobolus opsaridiumi sp. nov., infecting the ornamental fish Opsaridium ubangiensis (Pellegrin, 1901) collected from the Anga River near the city of Yaounde, Cameroon. Plasmodia were found in the skin, muscles and spleen. The overall prevalence of infection was 54.7% (288 parasitized fish out of 526 examined). The myxospores were ovoid to subspherical in frontal view and lenticular in lateral view. The valves were symmetrical and relatively thick, without edge markings. The myxospore measurements were 10.7 ± 0.14 (10–11.5) μm long, 9 ± 0.15 (8–10) μm wide and 6.2 ± 0.7 (5.6–7.2) μm thick. The two ovoid polar capsules were equal in size, converging and opening together at the anterior end, measuring 5 ± 0.07 (4.3–6.0) μm long and 2.7 ± 0.07 (2.2–3.0) μm wide. Polar filaments were coiled from 5 to 7 turns. Histopathological analysis revealed no inflammatory reaction associated with the infection. A BLAST search found that the newly obtained 18 rDNA sequence had a low sequence similarity with available sequences for Myxobolus on GenBank. A phylogenetical analysis based on ribosomal DNA partial sequences showed that M. opsaridiumi sp. nov. is closely associated with several species of Myxobolus infecting cyprinid fish.
Assessment of Pollutants in Soils and Groundwater from the Coastal Plain of Paraíba do Sul River Delta, RJ, Brazil
Authors: Lima L.S. , Oliveira U.C. , Rangel C.M.A. , Barreto C.F. , Aguiar V. M. C. , Baptista Neto J. A. , Fonseca E.M.
Published: February 2021

In developing countries, the quality of the available freshwater is deteriorating mainly due to pollution. Underground water bodies are important resources, taking into account that they are usually more isolated and also protected from anthropogenic influence. Within this context, the present study aimed to assess trace metals, nitrate and organic contaminants in groundwater and soils from 10 bore wells located at the coastal plain of the Paraíba do Sul river delta. Groundwater of the study area revealed elevated concentrations of arsenic, iron, manganese and barium, surpassing the limits established by Brazilian legislation as well as the limits established by other regulatory agencies. As, Fe and Ba reached concentrations as high as 242.70, 31 919 and 4.041 µg.l-1 in groundwater. Despite the elevated values, results suggested a reducing environment and the contaminants appear to have a natural geogenic origin, which is corroborated by past studies in the same area. Soils of the aquifer presented low levels of trace metals, corroborating the hypothesis of geogenic contamination in groundwater. No significant differences among the bore wells were observed regarding trace metals in soils, and concentrations found in the present study were much lower than the ones found in impacted aquifers around the world. No PCB's were detected in groundwater or soils. Nitrate concentrations in groundwater were within the limits recommended by Brazilian legislation.
Concentrations of Pb, Cd and Zn in sediments of an estuarine complex affected by ancient mining activities in Southeast Brazil
Authors: Salgado Lilian Dalago , Filla Gislaine de Fátima , Carvalho-Neto Fernando da Silva
Published: February 2021

An artificial canal, built in 1852, diverted 60% of the flow of the Ribeira de Iguape River (RIR) into the northern region of the Estuarine-Lagoon Complex of Iguape-Cananéia (ELCIC), Southeast Brazil. Since then the river has become the main contributor of fresh water and suspended matter into the system. Additionally, the RIR was contaminated by mining activities, especially of Pb, which disposed their wastes directly into this river from their beginning until its cease in 1996. Thus, unknown quantities of metals began to be continuously introduced into the ELCIC. This study evaluated lead, cadmium and zinc concentrations in the surficial sediment at 10 points sampled along the ELCIC, 15 years after the closure of the mining. Zinc concentrations were in accordance with legislation and similar across the ELCIC regions, ranging from 10.4 to 22.8 µg.g-1. Lead concentrations ranged from 19.3 to 67.9 µg.g-1, with higher concentrations in the northern ELCIC region, especially in areas near to the canal and the mouth of the RIR. These values were above the Level I limits established by the Brazilian Environmental Agency, suggesting the possibility of a sediment toxicity. Cadmium was only detected (up to 3.6 µg.g-1) in the northern region, exceeding Level I limits too. However, Pb and Cd values were not above the Level II limits. Results revealed areas of moderate lead and cadmium contamination in the northern ELCIC region, still indicating a strong contribution from the ancient mining activities and from other current anthropogenic activities such as agriculture or an incorrect disposal of sewage and residues. Therefore, a continuous assessment of metal concentrations in the sedimentary record is important to monitor the ELCIC environmental quality.
INTIMIDAD, EJECUTIVIDAD, PROYECTO
Authors: Lasaga Medina José
Published: February 2021

Se trata de examinar el rendimiento del concepto de “ejecutividad” en la obra de Ortega y Gasset, en dos momentos clave: en 1914, cuando formula el programa de su filosofía de la razón vital en Meditaciones del Quijote y en los cursos de los años treinta, cuando inicia el despliegue de su filosofía de madurez, asumiendo las implicaciones historicistas de la razón vital. En el breve escrito “Ensayo de estética a manera de prólogo” (1914) reflexiona sobre un problema del arte sumamente concreto: ¿qué cosa es el objeto de la estética? La respuesta le llevará a conectar un esbozo de teoría de la metáfora con cuestiones de epistemología y de filosofía primera. Y, lo que es más importante: Ortega se sirve aquí de tres conceptos llamados a tener en el desarrollo posterior de su obra una formulación decisiva: ejecutividad, intimidad y presencia. Esta es la razón de que persigamos el despliegue de dichos conceptos en las formulaciones de la vida humana y del yo personal cuando intente la sistematización de su filosofía en los referidos cursos de los años treinta y en las publicaciones a ellos asociadas.I will examine the concept of “executivy” in Ortega’s work in two important moments: in 1914 when he formulates the program of his philosophy of vital reason in Meditaciones del Quijote and in the courses of the 1930s when he initiates the unfolding of his late philosophy which assumes the historicist implications of vital reason. In the short essay “Ensayo de estética a manera de prólogo” (1914) he reflects about a problem in art that is extremely concrete: What is the object of aesthetics? The answer will take him to link an outline of a theory of metaphors with issues of epistemology and his primary philosophy. And, what is most important, Ortega uses three concepts that will have a decisive role in his later work: executivity, intimacy, and presence. This is the reason why I examine the unfolding of these concepts in the formulations of human life and of the I when he attempts the systematization of his philosophy in the said courses of the 1930s and the publications associated with them.