bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROFS to hone local storm forecasts
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Short‐range forecasting of local tornadoes, flash floods, blizzards, and other severe storms is at best a tangle of myriad pieces of weather data, intricate processing of the data, careful interpretation of the results, and effective and rapid dissemination of the appropriate information; and because accuracy matters, the job becomes Herculean. A prototype program within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has shouldered the task of developing a systematic way to look at weather information and of translating it into operational forecasts for local, severe storms occurring within the proceeding 24 hours.

The Prototype Regional Observing and Forecasting Service (PROFS), underway at NOAA's Environmental Research Laboratories in Boulder, Colo., mixes and matches an assortment of techniques used to gather and analyze weather data to see which combination yields the most accurate forecast. PROFS is a cooperative program between the National Weather Service, the National Environmental Satellite Service, and the Environmental Research Laboratories.
Wet start for 1982
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The first half of the 1982 water year (October 1, 1981–March 31, 1982) saw streamflow conditions across the country get off to a generally wet start, with almost 90% of the key index gaging stations reporting normal to above normal flows, according to the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior.

USGS hydrologists said that the overall wet water picture was reflected in the nation's Big Five rivers—Mississippi, Missouri, St. Lawrence, Ohio, and Columbia—which averaged above normal for 4 of the first 6 months of the new water year. The water year used by hydrologists runs from October 1 to September 1 of the following calendar year and is designed to roughly follow the growing season and to begin and end during a period of generally low streamflow. Hydrologists use the Big Five, which together drain more than half of the conterminous United States, as a quick check on the status of the nation's water resources. Combined flow of the Big Five averaged 787 billion gallons a day (bgd) during the first half of the 1982 water year, 14% above normal.
U.S. Earthquake Observatories: Recommendations for a New National Network
Authors: Ryall Alan S.
Published: October 2011

This publication summarizes recommendations of the NAS/NRC Panel on National, Regional, and Local Seismograph Networks, chaired by B.A. Bolt. The report's nine chapters and seven appendices deal with recommendations to upgrade and reorganize observational seismology in the United States by integrating all seismic stations in the country into a United States Seismograph System (USSS), by constructing a National Digital Seismograph Network (NDSN), and by establishing new lines of authority and responsibility to ensure that development of the new national seismic system proceeds along lines prescribed by the panel.
Comment on “Future of the U.S. Academic Research Fleet”
Authors: Folger D. W. , Aldrich T. C.
Published: October 2011

In an appeal for broader government support of the University National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS), Marcus G. Langseth (Eos, 62, 690–691, 1981) has noted that ‘other U.S. agencies, such as … U.S. Geological Survey, etc., which occasionally use the UNOLS fleet, buy time as needed and accept little or no responsibility for the health or composition of the fleet.’ Subsequently, he noted that ‘… there is no organized program to use the remarkable capabilities of multichannel seismic sounding in a systematic way to study fundamental problems of the continental margins…’

Precisely because the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is not an occasional user of the UNOLS fleet, we would like to support and extend Langseth's appeal to gain broader based government funding to keep more ships afloat in this important national facility. Also because we have been conducting a well‐organized systematic study of the continental margin of the United States, based mainly on state‐of‐the‐art multichannel seismic data, we support his contention that continental margins of the world should be studied in a similar manner.
The PRPOOS program: A study of plankton rate processes in oligotrophic oceans
Authors: Eppley Richard W.
Published: October 2011

Measuring the rates of biological processes in the open sea remains a challenging problem to experimentalists. The problems are especially acute in the central gyres of the subtropical oceans where the concentrations of plankton and nutrients take minimum values (i.e., in oligotrophic waters). Historically, this led to the use of radioisotopic tracers to measure fundamental rate processes of the plankton such as photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Such technology requires incubating samples of seawater in bottles. This has long been worrisome since enclosing the plankton for several hours may well lead to artifacts. There ought to be better ways of making the measurements; finding some is one of the PRPOOS tasks.
Needs outlined for satellite program
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

‘Remote sensors operating from the vantage point of space will never replace direct measurements and acoustic remote sensing … but satellite remote‐sensing observing and data relay and platform location techniques should play a substantial role that needs to be systematically recognized and exploited in future programs of ocean sciences research,’ according to the recent report to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) by the National Oceanographic Satellite System (NOSS) Science Working Group. ‘Needs, Opportunities, and Strategies for a Long‐Term Oceanic Sciences Satellite Program’ stresses both the need for the integration of data obtained from remote‐sensing satellites and from direct observations and the need for more precise data.

The NOSS Science Working Group (see box) was established in 1980 under the chairmanship of Francis P. Bretherton of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to address the scientific needs of the oceanographic community as a whole. The group was charged with three tasks, according to Lawrence F. McGoldrick of NASA's oceanic processes branch: to recommend sensor modifications and additions to fill the 25% of spacecraft capacity reserved for research instrumentation; to identify research problems amenable to using NOSS data;; and to recommend appropriate facilities for researchers to solve these problems. Since the group was formed, however, NOSS was deleted from the budget. The group views the report, dated November 1981 but released about 5 months later, as a focus for near term directions of NASA's satellite oceanography group.
Ground‐Water Modeling
Authors: Cooley Richard L.
Published: October 2011

An increasing number of managers of ground‐water programs are finding themselves in the position of either promoting or supervising the use of ground‐water models, but have only a rudimentary knowledge of what these models are and how they work or should be used. An increasing number of practitioners also find it necessary or desirable to use a model on a ground‐water project, but have little understanding of models and have no idea where to begin to acquire the necessary knowledge. It is with these managers and practitioners in mind that Mercer and Faust wrote a series of five articles in Ground Water on introductory ground‐water modeling. These articles were subsequently bound in one volume to become the book, Ground‐Water Modeling.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 7(5), May 31, 1982, a publication o f the Smithsonian Institution. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos, as a microfiche supplement, or as a paper reprint. Subscriptions to the SEAN Bulletin are also available. For the microfiche, order document E82‐005 at $1.00 from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N. W., Washington, D.C. 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give dates and volume number) through AGU Separates: $3.50 for the first copy for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies are $1.00. For a subscription, order SEAN Bulletin from AGU Fulfillment. The price for 12 monthly issues is $18.00 for a subscription mailed to a United States address, $28.00 (U.S.) if mailed elsewhere. Orders must be prepaid.
Geology Exchange Program
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Because geology professors cannot bring ore deposits from around the globe into their classrooms, the next best thing is to take their students to the deposits, according to David Norman, an associate professor of geochemistry at New Mexico Tech and Angus Moore of the Royal School of Mines. They organized a new exchange program between the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology in Socorro, N.M., and the Royal School of Mines in London, England. In May, 14 students from England toured deposits in New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado; in the photograph, Norman (on the right) describes a rock from a New Mexico ore deposit to some of the visitors from England. In early June a contingency from New Mexico Tech began studying deposits in England, Spain, and Portugal. Norman and Moore say that the exchange program may be expanded next year.
The Magnetotelluric Sounding Method
Authors: Fischer Gaston
Published: October 2011

Anyone interested in acquiring this new book is likely to remember another book co‐authored by G.V. Keller: Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting (the second author was Frank C. Frischknecht). The high standard of the first book and its timeliness certainly helped it to become a classic in its field. It has already been reprinted several times. The prospective buyer of the new text will first be struck, however, by the exceedingly high price of the book, and then, as one leafs through it, by the inordinate amount of mathematics presented. The small potential market and the high cost of production may be invoked to explain the price, but a different, less highly mathematical approach would have reduced costs and widened the market, especially because the subject of magnetotellurics is now a topical one.
The Primordial Bond: Exploring Connections Between Man and Nature Through the Humanities and Sciences
Authors: Siever Raymond
Published: October 2011

Since C.P. Snow coined the ‘Two Cultures,’ we are periodically reminded that somehow we must throw bridges across the gap—or gulf?—between the sciences and humanities. Much of this literature belabors the scientific naivete of the general public; others, like this one, pay attention to the importance of the humanities as helpers of our understanding of the world. Stephen Schneider and Lynne Morton have written a readable account, somewhat erudite in passages, somewhat over simple in other places, of the different ways of looking at the physical world. Aimed at both the scientist and the humanist as well as the general public, it explores some of the scientific issues of today that are of overwhelming importance to the well being of people threatened by pollution, climate alteration, and depletion of natural resources.
Geological science needs studied
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Geological Sciences Board of the National Academy of Science is conducting a study of the trends, needs, and priorities of the geological sciences for the 1980s. Many organizations and individuals already have been contacted regarding this task; however, in order to ensure that the forthcoming report is based broadly on ideas from the scientific community, the Geological Sciences Board solicits the thoughts of AGU members about the substance of the study. Please send your questions and comments by early this fall to William Dickinson, chairman of the Geological Sciences Board, National Academy of Sciences, Room 69, 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418. A draft report is expected in January 1983.
1982 James B. Macelwane Awards to Rafael Luis Bras, Donald W. Forsyth, and Steven C. Wofsy
Authors: Engelson Peter S. , Detrick Robert S.
Published: October 2011

In 1975 a past Macelwane recipient, Ignacio Rodriguez‐Iturbe, was leaving the M.I.T. faculty to return to Venezuela. It was my unhappy task as the (then) department head to find his replacement in the awakening field of stochastic hydrology. Ignacio assured me that the problem was solved. He had a young Ph.D. student named Rafael Bras who would make us forget all about Rodriguez‐Iturbe!

Today, just 5 years after his mentor received this award, we honor Rafael Luis Bras with the 1982 James B. Macelwane Award.
Chatanika moves to polar cusp
Authors: Kelly John D.
Published: October 2011

Scientists in the fields of aeronomy, spate physics, and meteorology have used the Chatanika incoherent‐scatter radar extensively over the last 11 years. During this past solar cycle, 11,718 hours of data were collected, resulting in substantial increases in knowledge of the high‐latitude ionosphere and auroral processes. The 141 journal articles and 13 Ph.D. theses published since 1972 attest to the facility's productivity.

On March 1, 1982, operations in Alaska ended so that the radar could be relocated to a higher invariant latitude (see Figure 1). The new location will be Sondre Stromfjord in Greenland, invariant latitude 75°. At this location, it will be the northernmost station of a longitudinal chain of incoherent‐scatter radar facilities (Sondrestrom, Millstone Hill, Arecibo, and Jicamarca) stretching from the polar cap to the magnetic equator, and the incoherent‐scatter technique, applied successfully in the auroral zone, will be available for polar cap/cusp research for the first time.
Science and engineering grads: July employment
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The overall number of job offers this spring to college graduates at the bachelor's degree level dropped by more than 11,000—from 62,835 last year to 51,200—according to data just compiled by the College Placement Council in its Salog Survey report. This is the first decrease in 6 years. Despite the fact that the number of offers was down in many categories, the actual starting salaries did not suffer, and science and engineering graduates commanded the highest figures of all categories. At the bachelor's level, petroleum engineering majors drew the highest annual salary at $30,468.00. This salary was increased over last year's average for petroleum engineers by about 14.3%.
Hydrology course begins 3rd year
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

On September 1, the Interuniversity Post‐graduate Program in Hydrology at the Free University of Brussels will open its doors for its third academic year. This year, 30 students from all over the world will form the entering class. The program is under the joint guidance of the University of Brussels, the universities of Ghent, Leuven (Louvain), and Antwerp, and the Royal Meteorological Institute.

The first year of the 2‐year program, leading to a diploma in hydrology, includes field training, prerequisite courses, and basic courses in hydraulics, hydrometry, meteorology, hydrology, water management, and water quality and treatment. The second year, which leads to an M.Sc. degree in hydrology, includes optional courses in surface hydrology, groundwater hydrology, and pollution control; seminars, additional field training; and a master's thesis.
Geomagnetic Workshop
Authors: DeNoyer John , Cain Joseph C. , Banerjee Subir , Benton Edward R. , Blakely Richard J. , Coe Rob , Harrison C. G. A. , Johnston Malcolm , Regan Robert D.
Published: October 2011

A workshop on geomagnetism, sponsored by the Geologic Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, was held in the Denver West Office Complex in Golden, Colorado, April 13–15, 1982. There were 90 registered participants from government agencies, academic institutions, and industry.

This effort stemmed from the realization that geomagnetism, once a small but coherent discipline, has now expanded into numerous areas of the geosciences, yet those doing research in these specialties seldom make contact outside their area of immediate interest. The impetus for this event came from the members of a committee formed to review the geomagnetic activities within the U.S. Geological Survey. They observed that the level of communication between the various elements of this now diverse discipline was inadequate, not only within their organization but also between federal agencies, academia, and the private sector. While the desire was to cover as much of geomagnetism as possible, it was necessary for a workshop of reasonable size and length to exclude some important areas of the subject: magnetic reversal chronology, studies of the externally produced variations, and most aspects of internal induction. The plan was to give emphasis to some of the newer areas: those which have recently seen a high level of activity and those with increasing activity abroad compared to that in the United States. The purpose was to evaluate the status and problems in selected areas with an eye to those whose emphasis might produce fruitful results in the next decade.
Meetings
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

As the first Meeting Chairman for the Spring and Fall meetings, Martin Walt has achieved notable success in realizing the many goals set forth by the Union for its annual meetings. Under his guidance, the Meeting Program Committee has been able to reduce the number of conflicting sessions and provide for the presentation of well‐organized and effectively displayed poster sessions. The early planning of Union sessions and the introduction of ‘mini‐frontiers,’ along with careful scheduling, has provided an increased opportunity for participation. A record high of 2785 registrants was recorded during the 1981 Fall Meeting, topping very slightly the old record of 2775 for the 1974 Spring Meeting.
Is AGU in your will?
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Consider whether or not you may wish to make a bequest to AGU in order that it may meet more adequately its growing responsibilities and opportunities. A bequest may be as simple or as complex as a donor's situation may require. And, regardless of whether a bequest is a small percentage of one's estate, a fixed amount of money, specified securities or other property, or the proceeds of a life insurance policy, it is likely to have tax advantages and will not deny you the continued use of your resources during your lifetime.

On matters of this kind, you should consult your attorney. You should also feel free to bring your questions to Fred Spilhaus at AGU headquarters.
AGU GIFT Fund
Authors: Whitten Charles
Published: October 2011

Launched in 1980, the AGU GIFT fund has met with marked success. A special issue of Eos was published in early 1982 (Apr. 20), summarizing the current status of the fundraising efforts. Of particular significance is the rapidly growing list of Individual Supporting Members, which is published elsewhere in this issue.
International activities
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Relationships with the Canadian Geophysical Union and the European Geophysical Society have been given a great deal of attention by the Committee on International Participation. The copublication arrangement for Tectonics with the European Geophysical Society was one important outcome. This is the first AGU journal with editors not resident in North America.

The Berkner Membership Program provides free 3‐year membership in AGU to scientists in countries where there is little or no access to AGU publications. The program is a living memorial to Lloyd Berkner, whose devotion to the encouragement of young scientists and stimulation of international activities will long be remembered. The program currently supports 63 members from the following countries.
Education and human resources
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

In 1981, 13 students were designated as AGU scholars in recognition of AGU's $9677 contribution to the AGI Minority Scholarship Fund, and in 1982 there were 16 funded by an $8000 contribution. AGU plans to continue to support this fine program in 1983.

The June Bacon‐Bercey Scholarships for Women in the Atmospheric Sciences were awarded to Becky Ross, studying atmospheric science at Purdue University, in 1981, and to Helen Hart, a student in planetary atmospheres at the University of Colorado, in 1982.
Public affairs
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Each year since 1977, AGU has selected and funded a Congressional Science Fellow to serve on Capitol Hill as part of the AAAS Congressional Science and Engineering Fellowship program. The Fellows serve 1 year in the office of a congressman or senator or on one of the committee staffs. The 1982–1983 Fellow is Arthur Weissman, a hydrologist from Johns Hopkins University. The Fellow is selected by the Government and Legislative Affairs Subcommittee. Under the direction of the Public Information Subcommittee, AGU distributes background information releases, based on solicited Eos articles, to both the lay and the scientific press and media. These deal with topics of general interest to the general public, such as earthquakes, water quality, climate, and research in snow and ice.
FLIP celebrates 20th anniversary
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

During the past 20 years, vessels have often diverted their courses to aid what appeared to be a sinking ship. What they found as they steamed closer, though, was—and still is—an exceptionally stable ocean‐going research vessel. Its ability to tip from the conventional horizontal position to a vertical one makes the ship both a stable research platform and a startling sight.

The Floating Instrument Platform, better known as FLIP, is the result of a quest during the late 1950's for a ship that would enable oceanographers to perform accurate underwater acoustic experiments. The motion of conventional research ships rolling with the ocean's movements makes such work difficult. Allyn Vine of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution suggested a vessel that has the stability of a long, narrow, buoyant object that floats with the long dimension vertical, as does a spar buoy. Under the direction of Fred Spiess, with the support of the Office of Naval Research, the Marine Physical Laboratory (MPL) at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography adapted the spar buoy design idea to the floating platform. Frederick H. Fisher, then a research physicist at MPL and now a research oceanographer and associate director, was the project officer. He, with the assistance of Spiess, the now late Philip Rudnick, and Charles ‘Bud’ Mundy, was largely responsible for developing the shape, size, and capabilities of the vessel. After final design, engineering, and construction, FLIP was launched on June 22, 1962. A ceremony at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography marked its 20th anniversary.
NRC associateship awards
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Approximately 250 new full‐time associateships will be awarded in 1983 for research in the earth sciences, environmental sciences, physical sciences, space sciences, life sciences, chemistry, engineering, and mathematics in the 1983 Research Associateship Awards Programs sponsored by the National Research Council (NRC). The programs provide Ph.D. scientists and engineers of unusual promise and ability with opportunities for research on problems largely of their own choosing, yet compatible with the research interests of the supporting laboratory.

Awards are made in most programs for a year with possible extensions through a second year. Senior applicants who have held the doctorate for at least 5 years may request shorter tenures. In a few programs, initial awards are made for 2 years with a possible third year of contractual support at an academic institution.
RNRF policy analysis
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Renewable Natural Resources Foundation (RNRF), a nonprofit consortium of 14 national and international professional associations—including AGU—has established a public policy analysis program. Robert D. Jay, Jr., a lawyer and professional forester, has been appointed executive director for the program's development and implementation.

The policy analysis program will promote and support the formulation of public policy related to the management and conservation of renewable natural resources, according to RNRF executive director Don I. Wortman. The program's goal will be accomplished by activities and approaches that engage the expertise of the resource professions; foster cooperative, interdisciplinary studies and analyses of resource issues; and assure that such studies and analyses are sent to individuals and organizations in government and industry, and to other sectors that participate in public policy formation.
Meeting Report The COSPAR Symposium: Giant Planets and Their Satellites
Authors: Kivelson Margaret Galland
Published: October 2011

The giant planets and their satellites, systems individually of interest to astronomers, geophysicists, and geologists, become even more fascinating when studied collectively. Data from spacecraft missions, in particular, observations by the two Voyager spacecraft, have augmented significantly the evidence on which studies in comparative planetology rely.

Much can be learned from such studies, and examples of productive investigations abound. Tidal stress imposed on satellites locked into resonant orbits is now recognized as an important mechanism for internal heating of satellites. The relative importance of solar and internal heating and gravitational and centrifugal forces as influences on atmospheric circulation is being established by analysis of systems representing a substantial range of critical parameters. The surfaces of Galilean satellites can be read as records of early solar system evolution, and the imprinted evidence is being painstakingly deciphered. Some of these efforts help us to understand our own planet, its weather, and its surface, better. Others just tell us more about where we fit in a broader picture. All are interesting.
A new geophysical index
Authors: Roederer Juan G.
Published: October 2011

The statistics on geographic distribution of AGU membership in the United States (Eos, 63, 667, August 31, 1982) led me to the introduction of a new geophysical index, which I suggest be called the JGR Index (not after my own initials). It is defined as the number of AGU members per 100,000 inhabitants and measures the degree of interest in, and loyalty to, AGU of the population of a given state.

Using preliminary population data from the 1980 census, the following interesting order emerges:

Comment to DOI:10.1029/EO063i035p00659‐01
Submarine hydrothermal fossils confirmed
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Researchers from Princeton University (D. Crerrar et al, Econ. Geol., May 1982) have documented, in considerable detail, evidence for the formation of some of the 800 or more manganiferous chert deposits occurring in the central belt of the Fransiscan formation in northwestern California. They confirm the surprisingly old conclusion o f Tiaferro and Hudson (Cal. Div. Mines Bull., 125, 217–276, 1943) that the Fransiscan chert deposits probably represent the fossil remains of submarine hydrothermal vents.

The deposits resemble recently discovered hydrothermal mounds near the Galapagos rift, the Gulf of Aden, and the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. As the Princeton investigators point out, there are important implications of the existence of deep hydrothermal circulation systems at oceanic spreading centers throughout geologic time. They note that the calculated annual flow of hydrothermal fluids in such processes is about 1017 g, which implies that the entire volume of the oceans could circulate completely every 10 million years. With such circulation, the hydrothermal processes along midocean ridges could control the composition of seawater and strongly influence the geochemical flux of elements in the marine environment.
Geologists explain Sun Dagger Myth
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The ‘sun dagger,’ a midday solstice and equinox marker on Fajada Butte in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, evidently is not a construct of the Chacoan Anasazi, as originally thought. E.B. Newman and R.K. March of the United States Geological Survey and A.G. Vivian of the Arizona State Museum, Tucson, recently reported the results of their study of the sun dagger. They say that erosional processes, not Anasazi engineering, produced the solar marker (Science, Sept. 10, 1982).

It was difficult to understand how the Indian culture had been able to design and construct such a huge, and yet sophisticated, instrument in the 10th or 11th centuries, when other buildings were made of stones 2 orders of magnitude lighter. The Anasazi had indeed used the other stations as observatories to record sunrise and sunset, but the sun dagger was the first to be discovered that recorded midday solar observations. The geological evidence suggests that the large sandstone slabs that collimate sunlight and produce the sun dagger image are the result of a natural rockfall and that marker petroglyphs were designed at a later time to observe details of the light pattern for several annual cycles.
Proceedings of the International Symposium Management of Geodetic Data, 1981
Authors: Wilcox L. E.
Published: October 2011

Data management has become a major issue in many phases of geodesy. This is true because many geodetic projects involve very large data sets that must be managed and manipulated by computers. Data received from a variety of sources and often in disparate formats and quality must be sorted, validated, and selected, and then put into a form that can be read and processed by the host computer. Data packages have to be produced in forms required by customers. For some final products, tables, maps, and other visual data presentation graphics need to be constructed from the processed data by automated methods.
Manpower bill
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Before Congress recessed in early October, the House Committee on Science and Tech‐ nology voted to approve a bill that would coordinate the government's response to the shortage of trained scientists, engineers, and technical personnel; monitor the needs for such personnel; recommend policies to address these needs; and upgrade equipment required for science and engineering education. The Engineering and Science Manpow er bill (H.R. 7130) awaits action by the full House of Representatives; Congress may consider the bill in its lame duck session following Thanksgiving.
AGU GIFT Appeal
Authors: Mooers Christopher N. K.
Published: October 2011

As the ocean sciences have grown in size and scope and matured intellectually and institutionally, scientific communications in many forms have become increasingly important. Fortunately, the AGU offers a broad program of scientific communications. In recent years the AGU has responded to the newly articulated communications needs of the burgeoning ocean sciences community. For example, it has initiated the monthly Oceanography Report in Eos; instituted a separate, alternating oceanography issue of the Green JGR; expanded greatly the time and space allocations of the oceanography sessions at national AGU meetings; supported the Chapman Conference on Ocean Fronts, the International Symposium on Coastal Upwelling, and the first Ocean Sciences Meeting (jointly with ASLO); fostered development of the oceanography luncheons, where timely topics for the community are aired; promoted development of the oceanography careers booklet (in advance preparation); and inaugurated the Coastal and Estuarine Sciences Monograph Series. I consider that not bad for starters!
Cryptozoology Society
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Reports of Loch Ness monsters, Bigfoot, and the Yeti spring u p from time to time, sparking scientific controversy about the veracity of these observations. Now an organization has been established to help cull, analyze, and disseminate information on the alleged creatures. The International Society of Cryptozoology, formed at a January meeting at the U.S. National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution, will serve as the focal point for the investigation, analysis, publication, and discussion of animals of unexpected form or size or of unexpected occurrences in time or space.
Stable Isotope Hydrology: Deuterium and Oxygen‐18 in the Water Cycle
Authors: Coplen Tyler
Published: October 2011

In 1973, the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)/UNESCO Working Group on Nuclear Techniques in Hydrology of the International Hydrological Programme recognized the need for a book to acquaint hydrologists, hydrogeologists, and geochemists with the principles and techniques of stable isotope hydrology. This volume fills that need exceptionally well. Although designed as an introductory text, this systematic volume contains sufficient detail to serve as a good reference for the specialist. It is divided into 13 chapters, most of which were written by present or past staff of the IAEA.
Instrumentation crisis for VGP: Committee Report
Authors: Smith Joseph V.
Published: October 2011

As described in the editorial in EOS (62, p. 1153, Nov. 24, 1981) there is a crisis in geochemical/mineralogical instrumentation. The ad hoc committee of the Geological Sciences board of the NRC has prepared a report based on (1) a two‐thirds response to a detailed questionnaire sent out to 100 research and teaching institutions, (2) many letters from scientists, and (3) discussions between committee members. The report consists of a one‐page summary of recommendations plus a detailed set of data and arguments. The one‐page summary is printed below, and members of VGP are invited to send comments to me. In the next few months the ad hoc committee will take appropriate steps to implement the recommendations. I shall be particularly glad to hear from volunteers who would like to join committees and working groups for designing new equipment and organizing workshops. My phone number is 312‐962‐8110 (Wednesday–Friday, 8:00 A.M.–6:45 P.M.; Friday, 8–11:00 A.M. preferred because of teaching and research commitments at other times). Many thanks to those who wrote helpful letters.
Rain or snow?
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

It's easy to look out the window and decide whether it's raining, snowing, or hailing, right? Well, not always—especially when the region of interest isn't directly outside your window. To help discern the difference, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has developed a laser beam device that differentiates between the precipitation types.

The laser weather identifier produces different signals when raindrops, snowflakes, or hailstones pass through the laser's beam, according to Ting‐i Wang—until recently a scientist at NOAA's Environmental Research Laboratories in Boulder, Colo. These signature signals can be read by computer and integrated into present weather networks. ‘It can eliminate human error or negligence, and can be cost effective by constantly observing and monitoring the weather,’ Wang noted. Wang and his colleagues are developing several of the laser instruments for evaluation by NOAA's National Weather Service. The first of these is scheduled to be installed in 1984.
Scanning Electron Microscopy and X‐Ray Microanalysis
Authors: Albee Arden L.
Published: October 2011

This outstanding volume has managed the nearly impossible task of combining the expertise of all six authors in a lucid and homogeneous style of writing. Subtitled ‘A Text for Biologists, Material Scientists and Geologists,’ the book has evolved from a short course taught each summer at Lehigh University.

The book provides a basic knowledge of (1) the electron optics for these instruments a nd their controls, (2) the characteristics of the electron beam‐sample interactions, (3) image formation and interpretation, (4) X ray spectrometry and quantitative X ray microanalysis with separate detailed sections on wavelength dispersive and energy dispersive techniques, and (5) specimen preparation, especially for biological materials.
Geodynamics at NASA
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has had a geodynamics program for about five years that has as a major objective the provision of a basis for formulating a standard dynamic earth model, i.e., a dynamic version of the figure of the earth. The high‐precision measurements obtained during the program will be used to provide a better understanding of the earth's crustal motion, its deformation and rotation dynamics, and its gravity and magnetic fields. The measurements are obtained from satellites, astronomical observations, and from laser beams reflected from the moon's surface. The NASA geodynamics program alone has a projected funding of $26.6 million for fiscal year 1983.
Friends of science
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Ten members of Congress have been presented with the Friends of Science Award by the National Coalition for Science and Technology (NCST). The award, to honor significant contributions to science, engineering, and science education, is made every 2 years at the end of each Congress. The recipients are Rep. George E. Brown, Jr . (D.‐Calif.), Rep. Don Fuqua (D.‐Fla.), Rep. Bill Green (R.‐N.Y.), Rep. Harold C. Hollenbeck (R.N.J.), Sen. Edward Kennedy (D.‐Mass.), Sen. Charles McC. Mathias (D.‐Md.), Rep. Doug Walgren (D.‐Pa.), Rep. Timothy Wirth (D.Colo.), Rep. Mervyn Dymally (D.‐Calif.), and Rep. Claudine Schneider (R.‐R.L). All but Hollenbeck will return for another term.
Applied Geomorphology
Authors: Whittecar G. Richard
Published: October 2011

Site evaluations are commonly envisioned as engineering studies. Geomorphologists, however, add the critical dimension of extended time to such work by combining process studies with rational geologic synthesis. This is the undercurrent, expressed in A.G. Everett's lead‐off paper, which runs throughout Applied Geomorphology. A collection of articles presented at the 11th Annual ‘Binghamton’ Symposium (Kent State University, Ohio, October 2–5, 1980), this book provides a ‘sampler’ of the topics, objectives, and techniques found in environmental geomorphic research. The editors, Richard Craig and Jesse Kraft, have done a commendable job of selecting authors working in a large number of geomorphic systems.
Evaporation Into the Atmosphere: Theory, History, and Applications
Authors: Jobson Harvey E.
Published: October 2011

Evaporation is a topic that crosses several disciplines, and comprehensive texts on the subject are rare. Evaporation Into the Atmosphere is, therefore, a welcome addition to the literature. The approach to the determination of evaporation varies significantly depending upon the constraints that control the system of interest. The oceanographer, for example, is concerned with evaporation from large bodies of water and tends to approach the problem from the aerodynamic or turbulent‐diffusion point of view. The hydrologist, on the other hand, is mainly interested in evaporation from the soil and water transpired by plants and may apply the aerodynamic approach to determine evapotranspiration from large homogeneous fields but will be forced to apply the water budget or various degrees of empirism in dealing with long‐term losses from heterogeneous basins. Finally, the water‐resources engineer concerned with water or energy losses from lakes, reservoirs, or streams, will seldomly apply a purely aerodynamic approach having found that the energy budget, semi‐empirical mass transfer, or other approaches best meet his needs.
Diffusion in mantle liquids: Ion dynamics
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

New calculations by ion dynamics computer simulation methods suggest that the component diffusion coefficients of many silicate liquids show anomalous pressure dependences. At high pressures of several hundred kilobars the viscosities of certain silicate melts decrease strongly and the ion diffusivities of their components increase sharply.

Formerly, the question of diffusion coefficients in silicate liquids in the earth was answered easily: there was little or, essentially, no diffusion. Stirring, mixing, and density‐driven upwelling processes were thought to be effective in transporting ions in silicate liquids, but the excess of free energy provided by temperature or compositional gradients in magmatic‐liquids were considered to be insufficient to drive ionic diffusional processes within appropriate time scales. In laboratory experiments, for example, if two chemically miscible silicate liquids of differing composition are placed in contact along a plane surface, they remain essentially unchanged. After hundreds of hours of contact there is no more than microscale chemical diffusion observed
Inside the Earth: Evidence From Earthquakes
Authors: Oliver Jack E.
Published: October 2011

Given the constraints that the author has chosen to impose on the subject matter, Inside the Earth: Evidence From Earthquakes is an admirable achievement. Bruce Bolt is a seismologist of international reputation and an experienced and accomplished writer. In this volume, he has produced a book that goes a long way toward achieving his principal goal, that is, to provide a book for students and nonspecialists who are curious about the physical properties of planet earth. Bolt writes in a clear and concise style and in a vein that is sufficiently relaxed so that the going is fairly easy. Yet the book is crammed with authoritative information on the earth's interior, and the material is presented in a well‐organized fashion that should permit even the inexperienced reader to progress through it without great impediment or backtracking.
Isotope geochemists meet in Japan
Authors: Ito E. , Harmon R. S. , Elmore D. , Nishiizumi K.
Published: October 2011

The Fifth International Conference on Geochronology, Cosmochronology, and Isotope Geology was held from June 27–July 2, 1982 in Nikko, Japan. These conferences are held every 4 years to review progress in geochronology and isotope geochemistry and to discuss results of the application of isotopic techniques to problems in the earth and space sciences. The first two, held in Canada in 1966 and Switzerland in 1970, were concerned with geochronology only. In 1974 the meeting in France expanded to include cosmochronology and stable isotopes. The subsequent 1978 meeting in the United States, and this year's meeting in Japan, followed that format. At the Nikko meeting the distribution of papers among the three general themes were: geochronology, 21%; cosmochronology, 23%; isotope geology, 56%, indicating a distinct trend toward the use of isotopes as tracers to solve geological and geochemical problems in both the earth and space sciences. The increasing tendency to consider coupled isotope‐chemical systematics in such studies indicates that the next meeting, to be held in Cambridge, England in the summer of 1986, will probably formally integrate trace‐element geochemistry.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 7(11), November 30, 1982, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos as a microfiche supplement or as a paper reprint. Subscriptions to the SEAN Bulletin are also available. For the microfiche, order document E82‐012 at $1.00 from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give dates and volume number) through AGU Separates; $3.50 for the first copy for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies are $1.00.
Albatross awarded
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Albatross Award was presented by the American Miscellaneous Society to Sir George Deacon at the Joint Oceanographic Assembly held in Halifax in August 1982. The presentation speech by Warren Wooster and acceptance speech by Sir George Deacon follow.

I have been asked by the governing board of the American Miscellaneous Society to present the Albatross Award this evening. But I hasten to point out that the Board is certainly mythical, and there is even some doubt about the existence of the Society. We know that the American Miscellaneous Society, AMSOC, has had several important committees—the committee to greet visitors from outer space and the committee to teach animals their Latin names, for example—but we know little of their success. On the other hand, the triumphs of AMSOC's Project MOHOLE are al ready inscribed in history.
Methane: Mantle depths to crust
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A few years ago, Thomas Gold, Cornell's famous astronomer, entered the earth sciences by discovering, so he says, that methane gas is released from deep in the earth's mantle and is now trapped in large reservoirs within the crust. For a number of good reasons the idea has continued to bounce around the geological community for a while. The main attraction is that if Gold is correct, abundant energy sources can be tapped into the next millenium. Unless strong evidence is found to dispute his idea that most methane emissions from the crust are abiogenic, it seems wise to go on testing the concept. In spite of the title in ridicule, ‘Mantle methane—Fool's gold?,’ of a recent article by the Planetary Sciences Unit (PSU) of the University of Cambridge, England (Nature, Nov. 25, 1982), it was determined that the idea of commercially exploitable accumulations of abiogenic methane should be checked out. In the words of the PSU, ‘The possibility that primordial methane still outgases from the Earth, forms commercially exploitable accumulations, and is involved with higher hydrocarbon formation cannot be dismissed out of hand; constructive research and exploitation is necessary.’
Mauna Loa lauded
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The American Meteorological Society (AMS) recently designated the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii as the recipient of the AMS Special Award. Special awards are made to individuals or organizations not appropriately recognized by more specifically defined awards and who have made important contributions to the science or practice of meteorology or to AMS.

The Mauna Loa Observatory was cited for ‘service to the scientific community for providing measurements of the chemical and physical background state of the atmosphere. The continuous records of CO2 and atmospheric transmission, in particular, are internationally unique and specially important as basic information applicable to understanding climate variability.’
LANDSAT support
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A $5.3‐million 1‐year contract has been awarded to the Computer Sciences Corporation in Silver Spring, Md., to provide support services for operating the LANDSAT 4 satellite system, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) recently announced. LANDSAT 4, launched in July by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as part of a series of research satellites, helps to forecast crop yields, manage rangelands and forests, aid in the exploration for minerals and petroleum, assess water quality, gauge the effects of natural disasters, and plan land use.