bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emotional demands, emotional labour and occupational outcomes in school principals
Authors: Maxwell Aimee , Riley Philip
Published: May 2016

Most research into emotional labour is focussed on front-line service staff and health professionals, in short-term interactions. Little exists exploring the emotional labour involved in repeated on-going interactions by educational leaders with key stakeholders. This study explored the relationships between emotional demands, three emotional labour facets, burnout, wellbeing and job satisfaction in 1320 full-time school principals. Principals displayed significantly higher scores on emotional demands at work, burnout and job satisfaction, and significantly lower wellbeing scores than the general population. Structural equation modelling revealed that emotional demands predicted the elevated use of all emotional labour strategies. Surface Acting-Hiding emotions had an inverse relationship with burnout, wellbeing and job satisfaction. Surface Acting-Faking emotions had an inverse relationship with job satisfaction. Deep Acting demonstrated no significant associations with outcome variables. The findings of this study extend the current literature on the effects of emotional labour. The study also extends understanding about the separate effects of the facets of emotional labour, which will aid in the development of interventions to reduce high levels of burnout reported by educational leaders.
Maladministration in Education
Authors: Milley Peter
Published: May 2016

Educational administration is a rich domain of scholarship and practice, but one subject rarely discussed is its dark side. This study explored the question: What types of maladministration occur in schooling systems? The goal was to develop findings to inform existing prevention strategies. Focused on the Canadian context, data sources included 64 reports from disciplinary hearings of administrators in the Provinces of Ontario and British Columbia, complemented with other publicly available sources such as news stories. Findings indicated only a small minority of populations of administrators were subjected to disciplinary investigations and sanctions, but the targeted misconduct was often severe. Analysis revealed eight dimensions of maladministration, with sexual misconduct against students and financial transgressions being the most frequent. Academic dishonesty in the context of standardized testing and gendered patterns of maladministration also stood out. A typology emerged that highlighted the main forms of misconduct and negative leader behaviours against which schooling communities should bolster defences. When populated with data on the frequencies of acts of maladministration, the typology can help schooling communities to establish prevention priorities. The data in this study supports making the issues of sexual misconduct and the duty to report sexual abuse central to any planned interventions in the leadership system.
Implementing the Health Promoting University approach in culturally different contexts: a systematic review
Authors: Suárez-Reyes Mónica , Van den Broucke Stephan
Published: May 2016

Introduction:

Universities represent a valuable opportunity to promote health and well-being. Based on the setting approach, the Health Promoting Universities concept has been developed in different countries and contexts. However, the implementation process remains poorly documented. This systematic review aims to describe how universities have implemented the Health Promoting University concept in different cultural contexts.

Methods:

Pubmed, Medline, Lilacs and Scielo were searched for articles on Health Promoting Universities, published between 1995 and 2015. Studies detailing the implementation of a Health Promoting University approach were included. Selected articles were content analysed paying attention to: (a) the definition of a Health Promoting University; (b) priority areas of action; (c) items of work; (d) coordination of the project; (e) evaluation; and (f) adaptation to the cultural context.

Results:

Twelve studies were identified for in-depth analysis. Of those, three were theoretical papers, and nine were intervention studies. The programmes described in the selected studies are mostly based on the guidelines of the Edmonton Charter. They incorporated the main areas of action and items of works proposed by the Health Promoting University framework. The implementation of healthy policies and incorporation of health promotion in the curriculum are remaining challenges. Strategies to facilitate adaptation to context include: stakeholder participation in planning and implementation, adaptation of educational material and analysis of needs.

Conclusions:

The review suggests that most of the universities work towards similar goals, relying on the Health Promoting University framework, yet that the way in which initiatives are implemented depends on the context.
Side Effects of Motivational Interventions? Effects of an Intervention in Math Classrooms on Motivation in Verbal Domains
Authors: Gaspard Hanna , Dicke Anna-Lena , Flunger Barbara , Häfner Isabelle , Brisson Brigitte M. , Trautwein Ulrich , Nagengast Benjamin
Published: May 2016

One way to address the leaking pipeline toward STEM-related careers (i.e., science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) is to intervene on students’ STEM motivation in school. However, a neglected question in intervention research is how such interventions affect motivation in subjects not targeted by the intervention. This question was addressed through data from a cluster-randomized study in which a value intervention was successfully implemented in 82 ninth-grade math classrooms. Side effects on value, self-concept, and effort in German as students’ native language and English as a foreign language were assessed 6 weeks and 5 months after the intervention. Negative effects on value for German, but not for English, were found 5 months after the intervention. The theoretical and educational implications of such effects are discussed.
Matrix of pairwise comparisons of samples in evaluation of the effect of dosed physical load on the body by
Authors: Тен  , Ten R. , Карпин  , Karpin V. , Башкатова  , Bashkatova Yuliya , Шакирова  , Shakirova L.
Published: May 2016

The parameters of cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems in untrained and trained subjects by the methods of classical statistics in terms of the influence of physical activity are examined. A new method of matrices of pairwise comparisons of samples, which allows to evaluate the effect of exercise on the human body is proposed. Calculation of matrices of pairwise comparisons of samples of trained subjects before and after exer-cise showed a decrease in the number of random pairs of samples of RR-intervals that are (pairs of) can be attri-buted to a single population, indicating a stabilizing effect of exercise. It demonstrated the feasibility of applying the method of paired comparisons matrix samples tremorograms and RR-intervals in the evaluation of the reaction of the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems of humans to dosed physical stress.
Fibre pulsing during melt electrospinning writing
Authors: Hochleitner Gernot , Youssef Almoatazbellah , Hrynevich Andrei , Haigh Jodie N. , Jungst Tomasz , Groll Jürgen , Dalton Paul D.
Published: May 2016

Additive manufacturing with electrohydrodynamic direct writing is a promising approach for the production of polymeric microscale objects. In this study we investigate the stability of one such process, melt electrospinning writing, to maintain accurate placement of the deposited fibre throughout the entire print. The influence of acceleration voltage and feeding pressure on the deposited poly(ε-caprolactone) fibre homogeneity is described, and how this affects the variable lag of the jet drawn by the collector movement. Three classes of diameter instabilities were observed that led to poor printing quality: (1) temporary pulsing, (2) continuous pulsing, and (3) regular long bead defects. No breakup of the electrified jet was observed for any of the experiments. A simple approach is presented for the melt electrospinning user to evaluate fibre writing integrity, and adjust the processing parameters accordingly to achieve reproducible and constant diameter fibres.
Losing touch with the common tongues – the story of law French
Authors: Laske Caroline
Published: May 2016

This paper addresses the question of how, historically, the language of the English common law has become separated from the understanding by the ordinary man and woman. The use of an archaic language – law French – for over half a millennium has meant that legal matters had to be left in the hands of a small specifically trained elite. Law French is a language, originally based on Old Norman, Old French and Anglo-Norman. Its evolution is a complex one: its roots in Latin, it was in constant contact with the various dialects of both continental and insular French as well as the upcoming Middle English, all of which had a major impact on the medieval linguistic and cultural landscape of England. The present paper tells the story of that language, which although long gone, is still present in today’s common law English. Now, as then, it contributes little to enhancing the understanding by the ordinary man and woman.
REDUCING THE ROLE CONFLICT OF WORKING WOMAN: BETWEEN WORK AND FAMILY CENTRALITY
Authors: Ranihusna Desty , Wulansari Nury Ariani
Published: May 2016

The aim of this study is to find direct impact of pay satisfaction in WFC and examines direct impact of WFC and FWC for work satisfaction. It also examines impact of moderating variable of work-family centrality moderating variable) from relation of WFC and FWC in work satisfaction (case study of married female lecturers in UNNES). This research was done because there were differences between results of WFC and FWC to JS and recommendation to add moderating variable and PS to WFC. It used SPSS to examine hypothesis with CFA, to test validity, classical assumption testing and t test was also used. Moderating variable was tested by value of absolute deviation. The data in this research is primary data in the form of questionnaire and interview.  The result shows that there are strong impacts between PS and WFC. There is no impact between WFC and FWC to JS. Supporting moderating variable is Work Centrality. Although, they prioritize their family, female lecturers are still trying to work professionally
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Synchronization in Isolated Power Systems with High Wind Penetration
Authors: Negnevitsky Michael ,   School of Engineering and ICT, University of Tasmania, Nikolic Dusan , Groot Martin de ,   Hydro Tasmania,   HabiDapt Pty Ltd.
Published: May 2016

Isolated power systems (IPSs) worldwide are traditionally powered by diesel generators that are very expensive to run and produce harmful emissions. In order to mitigate these problems, wind turbines are being introduced into existing IPSs. Although this integration has been reasonably effective at reducing running costs and emissions, high levels of wind penetration cause large system frequency variations, resulting in a prolonged synchronization process for newly dispatched diesel generators. Long synchronization can compromise the stability of a small IPS. This paper examines the diesel synchronization problem using a real IPS as a case study and offers a solution by introducing the concept of predictive synchronization based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy systems. Simulation results demonstrate a significant reduction in diesel generator synchronization times.
AEGA: A New Real-Coded Genetic AlgorithmTaking Account of Extrapolation
Authors: Uemura Kento ,   Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ono Isao
Published: May 2016

This study proposes a new real-coded genetic algorithm (RCGA) taking account of extrapolation, which we call adaptive extrapolation RCGA (AEGA). Real-world problems are often formulated as black-box function optimization problems and sometimes have ridge structures and implicit active constraints. mAREX/JGG is one of the most powerful RCGAs that performs well against these problems. However, mAREX/JGG has a problem of search inefficiency. To overcome this problem, we propose AEGA that generates offspring outside the current population in a more stable manner than mAREX/JGG. Moreover, AEGA adapts the width of the offspring distribution automatically to improve its search efficiency. We evaluate the performance of AEGA using benchmark problems and show that AEGA finds the optimum with fewer evaluations than mAREX/JGG with a maximum reduction ratio of 45%. Furthermore, we apply AEGA to a lens design problem that is known as a difficult real-world problem and show that AEGA reaches the known best solution with approximately 25% fewer evaluations than mAREX/JGG.
Topic Model Based New Event Detection Within Topics
Authors: Xi Yaoyi ,   Zhengzhou Information Science and Technology Institute, Li Bicheng , Tang Yongwang
Published: May 2016

Traditional new event detection is first proposed by Topic Detection and Tracking and it is actually first event detection. However, one topic usually consists of many events. The automatic instant detection of each event in one topic, not only the first event but also the second, the third and so on, is very useful for users to correctly understand the main development trend of the topic. In this paper, we address the problem of new event detection in one single topic and propose a novel topic model to detect new events along with the topic evolution. Our topic model treats new event detection as novel semantic aspect identification in one topic, rather than measuring the analog degrees between content items by lexical congruence. Besides, it can automatically determine the appropriate number of aspects needed and can naturally adapt dynamic change in the vocabulary along with the topic evolution. We use a sequential Gibbs sampling algorithm for posterior inference, which well realizes the online new event detection. Experiments are presented to show the performance of our proposed technique. It is found that our proposed technique outperforms the comparable techniques in previous work.
Impact of aluminum chloride on process performance and microbial community structure of granular sludge in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor for natural rubber processing wastewater treatment
Authors: Thanh Nguyen Thi , Watari Takahiro , Thao Tran Phuong , Hatamoto Masashi , Tanikawa Daisuke , Syutsubo Kazuaki , Fukuda Masao , Tan Nguyen Minh , Anh To Kim , Yamaguchi Takashi , Huong Nguyen Lan
Published: May 2016

In this study, granular sludge formation was carried out using an aluminum chloride supplement in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating natural rubber processing wastewater. Results show that during the first 75 days after the start-up of the UASB reactor with an organic loading rate (OLR) of 2.65 kg-COD·m−3·day−1, it performed stably with a removal of 90% of the total chemical oxygen demand (COD) and sludge still remained in small dispersed flocs. However, after aluminum chloride was added at a concentration of 300 mg·L−1 and the OLR range was increased up to 5.32 kg-COD·m−3·day−1, the total COD removal efficiency rose to 96.5 ± 2.6%, with a methane recovery rate of 84.9 ± 13.4%, and the flocs began to form granules. Massively parallel 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the sludge retained in the UASB reactor showed that total sequence reads of Methanosaeta sp. and Methanosarcina sp., reported to be the key organisms for granulation, increased after 311 days of operation. This indicates that the microbial community structure of the retained sludge in the UASB reactor at the end of the experiment gave a good account of itself in not only COD removal, but also granule formation.
Association of I/D angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype with erythropoietin stimulation in kidney failure
Authors: Savin Marina , Hadzibulic Edvin , Damnjanovic Tatjana , Santric Veljko , Stankovic Sanja
Published: May 2016

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-gene polymorphism is a possible
predisposing factor of erythropoietin response under hypoxic conditions.
However, it is not completely clear whether the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D)
genotype has an impact on anemia in patients with permanent kidney failure. A
9-month prospective trial was conducted on 53 patients on hemodialysis aimed
at determining the beneficial effect of oral vs intravenous iron in anemia
management with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo), and identifying a
possible association of the ACE gene I/D polymorphism with the response to
rHuEpo. Patients were randomly allocated to receive 50-100 mg daily of
ferrous gluconate orally (N=26) or intravenously every two weeks (N=27),
together with rHuEpo-beta (200 IU/kg) subcutaneously, to achieve a hemoglobin
increase to 105 g/L; subsequently the rHuEpo dose was adjusted at one or two
week intervals. In 34 patients who regularly received ACE-inhibitor (ACEi)
medication, genotyping for ACE-gene I/D polymorphism was performed using PCR,
gel analysis and appropriate restriction digestion. After prolonged rHuEpo
treatment, 24.5% of patients attained the targeted 9th-month hemoglobin
concentration (105 g/L). Of these, 6/26 of patients received elemental iron
orally and 7/27 received it intravenously. We observed an association between
homozygous DD (deletion) of the ACE gene and a remarkable early increase in
blood hemoglobin (p=0.028), erythrocyte count (p=0.020) and hematocrit
(p=0.043) after reduction of the dose of rHuEpo (F=3.95; p=0.029),
irrespective of the iron repletion mode (p=0.960). This is the first report
on DD genotype as a linkage marker for the optimization of rHuEpo dose for
anemia management in hemodialysis patients.
An annotated checklist of the Chilopoda and Diplopoda (Myriapoda) of the Abrau Peninsula, northwestern Caucasus, Russia
Authors: Korobushkin Daniil , Semenyuk Irina , Tuf Ivan
Published: May 2016

The Abrau Peninsula is located in northwestern Caucasus between the cities of Novorossiysk and Anapa, Krasnodar Province, Russia. This paper contains an annotated checklist of the Chilopoda and Diplopoda inhabiting the Abrau Peninsula.

The fauna of the Abrau Peninsula comprises 17 centipede (4 orders) and 16 millipede (6 orders) species. Henia taurica, hitherto known only from the Crimea, has now been reported from several localities in the studied region. The study also reveals two possibly new millipede species. Statistical analyses showed that habitat preferences of myriapod species within the Abrau Peninsula are caused by species geographic distribution pattern and microbiotope preferences.
Quand la balance de la justice internationale vacille
Authors: Hubrecht Joël
Published: May 2016

Le bilan du Tribunal pénal international pour l’ex-Yougoslavie est inégal. La condamnation de Karadzic a confirmé son projet d’extermination. Mais l’arrestation de Florence Hartmann a tout gâché. Et l’acquittement de Seselj a enterré la réflexion sur les responsabilités de la propagande de guerre.
Effets de quartier, effet de département : discrimination liée au lieu de résidence et accès à l’emploi
Authors: Petit Pascale , Bunel Mathieu , Ene Emilia , L’Horty Yannick
Published: May 2016

L’objet de cette étude est de mesurer la discrimination à l’embauche à l’encontre de jeunes en Île-de-France, du fait de leur lieu de résidence, en distinguant les effets de la réputation du département (Paris et Seine-Saint-Denis), de la localité et du quartier. Des données expérimentales autoconstruites de testing permettent d’identifier les effets sur l’accès à l’emploi propres à chacune de ces trois échelles ainsi que leur cumul. Le lieu de résidence exerce bien un effet sur les chances d’accéder à l’emploi. Il existe au niveau du département de résidence et est très marqué dans le cas de la Seine-Saint-Denis. Il existe aussi, dans une moindre mesure, du fait de la réputation du quartier de résidence. Ces effets sont de grande ampleur : une bonne adresse peut aller jusqu’à tripler les chances d’être invité à un entretien d’embauche. On note qu’habiter un quartier défavorisé est moins préjudiciable lorsque l’on réside dans un département lui-même défavorisé.
Du jeu dans la mémoire
Authors: Roussillon René
Published: May 2016

Selon Freud l’appareil psychique est aussi un appareil de mémoire caractérisé par le fait que la mémoire est présente plusieurs fois et que les évènements y sont enregistrés sous différentes formes de traces, mais aussi par le fait qu’elle est dynamique et qu’elle a du jeu. Je présente les différentes formes de mémoires ainsi que les opérations de transfert et/ou de trans-formation qui font passer d’une forme à une autre, mais aussi les différentes formes par les-quelles les traces sont actualisées et reproduites. Enfin, quand c’est possible, j’essaye d’établir des ponts entre les conceptions de Freud et ce que les neurosciences de leur côté proposent comme théorie des formes de mémoires.
Traces psychiques, mémoires cryptées et catastrophes historiques
Authors: Weil Éva
Published: May 2016

L’article examine les traces psychiques des catastrophes historiques du XXe siècle et leur apparition dans la littérature psychanalytique internationale. Selon certains auteurs, la théo-rie classique du trauma ne suffit pas à rendre compte de l’effondrement de la structure psychique dans cette catastrophe. Une hypothèse de latence du collectif est abordée dans son lien avec les lacunes dans les récits des survivants et leur transmission. La fonction de la littérature d’Isaac B. Singer qui conte le temps de l’avant-Shoah pourrait être utilisée comme toile de fond dans la construction d’un roman familial retissant une généalogie trouée.
Robot curieux et narcissisme ouvert
Authors: Bourdin Dominique
Published: May 2016

Ce texte est une discussion de l’article « Modélisation (cybernétique) du Projet de psychologie de Freud ». Il s’intéresse au modèle du robot curieux qui est décrit, mais y voit davantage une réflexion sur la construction du principe de plaisir qu’une réévaluation effective du narcissisme primaire. Tout en soutenant avec l’auteur l’importance de l’auto-organisation, la pertinence des modèles robotiques et une certaine relativisation de la notion de représentation, il récuse l’ambition de l’article de modéliser l’ensemble du texte freudien Projet d’une psychologie, dont l’énergétique reste essentielle, mais souligne l’apport de l’article à la notion de construc-tion de la pulsion et à la genèse du désir.
Determination of the Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity and the Thickness of Concrete Structures by Non-Destructive Methods
Authors: Pokorny Milan , Jendzelovsky Norbert , Konecna Lenka
Published: May 2016

This paper deals with the determination of selected parameters (the thickness and the dynamic modulus of elasticity) of concrete structures by non-destructive methods. Short overview of the literature, the description of used methods, measuring devices used during the tests, the descriptions of examined structures, and obtained results are mentioned. Two independent methods (the Ultrasonic Method and the Resonant Method, in some case with the combination of the Phase Velocity Method), had been used for determination of required parameters of structures. The results had been in good coincidence with the values mentioned in the literature. At the end of the paper, obtained results are summarized and future plans are presented.
A Review on High Temperature Stable Anatase TiO2 Photocatalysts
Authors: Periyat Pradeepan , Naufal Binu , Ullattil Sanjay Gopal
Published: May 2016

This review focuses on the recent developments of high temperature stable anatase TiO2 photocatalyst. Eventhough TiO2 exists in different forms anatase, rutile and brookite, anatase phase stabilization is often the key to obtain the highest photocatalytic performance for TiO2, particularly for the use as an antibacterial and self-cleaning coatings in high temperature processed ceramics. Different methods available for the anatase stabilization in literature are critically reviewed and emphasis is placed on relatively recent developments. Currently available methods of anatase stabilizations are classified in to four categories viz (i) doping with metal ions (ii) doping with non-metal ions (iii) co-doping with metal and non-metal ions and (iv) dopant free stabilization by oxygen richness. Further to this, the application of these high temperature stabilized anatase TiO2 photocatalyst on various ceramics substrates such as tile, glass and sanitary wares as self-cleaning and antibacterial coatings are also been briefly discussed.
Saturation Effects on the Parameters of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Different Rotor Configuration
Authors: Todorov George , Stoev Bozhidar
Published: May 2016

The paper presents an investigation of the saturation and cross-saturation effects on the d-axis and q-axis reactance of the permanent magnet synchronous motors. Three configurations of the rotor are analyzed. It is shown that the magnetic flux distribution in the q-axis is greatly influenced by the saturation with the increase of the load and this changes the value of the torque load angle at a given output power.
Development of Electric Current Sensor for the Device Protecting Electrical Wiring against Sparks
Authors: Kovalyov Aleksandr , Soleniy Sergei , Solenaya Oksana
Published: May 2016

The paper is devoted to the development of electrical current sensor, comparable with one pole of protective-switching apparatus of electric network for the voltage up to 1 kV. It is defined, that variation of mass, dimensions and electrical characteristics of the sensor generates a nominal row of currents of the device, protecting from sparks.
El manejo del idioma en Ciencias de la Educación en la especialidad de Español
Authors: Ruíz Luisa Emilia , Rodríguez Luisa Maribel
Published: May 2016

El artículo titulado “El manejo del idioma en Ciencias de la Educación en la especialidad de Español”, contiene los resultados de tesis realizada en estudiantes del primer semestre en la Especialidad de Español en el uso de la expresión oral y escrita, durante el segundo semestre del 2009 y primer semestre del 2010, en la modalidad bimestral, URACCAN, Recinto Nueva Guinea.Se examinó la facilitación del idioma en la expresión oral y escrita de los educandos, y la importancia que implica su manejo adecuado como profesionales en Ciencias de la Educación; así mismo, las barreras que obstaculizan la correcta utilización del lenguaje y las estrategias adecuadas para superar las debilidades y poder comunicar con eficacia sus vivencias endógenas y exógenas que lo insertan a su contexto laboral, familiar y social.Se encontraron fortalezas y debilidades en el proceso de la comunicación de los estudiantes de primer ingreso en la Especialidad de Español, estas a su vez, permitieron la construcción de una propuesta metodológica con la intención de vigorizar las habilidades verbales, que contribuyan a elevar la calidad educativa que requiere nuestra sociedad; sin embargo, el desarrollo de estas destrezas dependerán del interés y motivaciones de su entorno.
A novel design of plasmon-induced absorption sensor
Authors: Lin Qi , Zhai Xiang , Wang Ling-Ling , Luo Xin , Liu Gui-Dong , Liu Jian-Ping , Xia Sheng-Xuan
Published: May 2016

We present a plasmon-induced absorption (PIA) sensor formed by using a notched metallic film and a metallic ground plane separated by dielectric gratings, suggesting perfect absorption and high sensitivity up to ∼105. The absorption mechanism for the narrow-band sensor involves the phase-dependent coupling between the localized surface plasmon resonance and the Fabry–Perot resonance. The intensity and lineshape of the PIA resonance can be controlled by optimizing the coupling distance and thickness of the dielectric gratings, respectively. In particular, the underlying physics and critical condition for pronounced PIA resonance are illustrated by the coupled Lorentzian oscillator model.
Is Medical Assistance in Dying Part of Palliative Care?
Authors: Chochinov Harvey Max , Fins Joseph J.
Published: September 2024

This Viewpoint considers whether medical assistance in dying should be included as a tenet of palliative care medicine.
Evaluation of Suspected Antibiotic Allergies
Authors: Singla Ruchi , Elios Megan C. , Davis Andrew M.
Published: September 2024

This JAMA Clinical Guidelines Synopsis summarizes the 2022 recommendations on evaluation of suspected antibiotic allergies from the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology and American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.
Tubal Sterilization Rates by State Abortion Laws After the Dobbs Decision
Authors: Xu Xiao , Chen Ling , Desai Vrunda B. , Gross Cary P. , Pollack Craig Evan , Schwartz Peter E. , Wright Jason D.
Published: September 2024

This study examines whether the use of sterilization procedures changed after the Dobbs ruling by restrictiveness of state abortion laws.
Prescription Cost-Saving Platforms in Dermatology
Authors: Ferreira Alana L. , Lipoff Jules B. , Fabbro Stephanie K.
Published: September 2024

This Viewpoint discusses the pros and cons of cost-saving prescription drug platforms in dermatology.
The Updated Haddon Matrix for Pediatric Firearm Injuries
Authors: Lee Lois K. , Laraque-Arena Danielle , Fleegler Eric W.
Published: September 2024

This Viewpoint presents an updated scientific approach applied to the foundational framework of the Haddon Matrix for injury prevention to reduce firearm injuries and deaths to children and youth.
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections
Authors: McDermott James , Kao Lillian S. , Keeley Jessica A. , Grigorian Areg , Neville Angela , de Virgilio Christian
Published: September 2024

Importance

Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are severe life- and limb-threatening infections with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, there has been minimal improvement in outcomes over time.

Observations

NSTIs are characterized by their heterogeneity in microbiology, risk factors, and anatomical involvement. They often present with nonspecific symptoms, leading to a high rate of delayed diagnosis. Laboratory values and imaging help increase suspicion for NSTI, though ultimately, the diagnosis is clinical. Surgical exploration is warranted when there is high suspicion for NSTI, even if the diagnosis is uncertain. Thus, it is acceptable to have a certain rate of negative exploration. Immediate empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics, further tailored based on tissue culture results, are essential and should be continued at least until surgical debridement is complete and the patient shows signs of clinical improvement. Additional research is needed to determine optimal antibiotic duration. Early surgical debridement is crucial for improved outcomes and should be performed as soon as possible, ideally within 6 hours of presentation. Subsequent debridements should be performed every 12 to 24 hours until the patient is showing signs of clinical improvement and there is no additional necrotic tissue within the wound. There are insufficient data to support the routine use of adjunct treatments such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy and intravenous immunoglobulin. However, clinicians should be aware of multiple ongoing efforts to develop more robust diagnostic and treatment strategies.

Conclusions and Relevance

Given the poor outcomes associated with NSTIs, a review of clinically relevant evidence and guidelines is warranted. This review discusses diagnostic and treatment approaches to NSTI while highlighting future directions and promising developments in NSTI management.
Enhancing immunotherapy through PD‐L1 upregulation: the promising combination of anti‐PD‐L1 plus mTOR inhibitors
Authors: Hernández‐Prat Anna , Rodriguez‐Vida Alejo , Cardona Laura , Qin Mengjuan , Arpí‐Llucià Oriol , Soria‐Jiménez Luis , Menendez Sílvia , Quimis Fabricio Gerel , Galindo Miguel , Arriola Edurne , Salido Marta , Juanpere‐Rodero Nuria , Rojo Federico , Muntasell Aura , Albanell Joan , Rovira Ana , Bellmunt Joaquim
Published: September 2024

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1)/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD‐L1) pathway have transformed urothelial cancer (UC) therapy. The correlation between PD‐L1 expression and ICI effectiveness is uncertain, leaving the role of PD‐L1 as a predictive marker for ICI efficacy unclear. Among several ways to enhance the efficacy of ICI, trials are exploring combining ICIs with serine/threonine‐protein kinase mTOR (mTOR) inhibitors in different tumor types. The potential interaction between mTOR inhibitors and PD‐L1 expression in UC has not been well characterized. In our study, we investigated how phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors (TAK‐228, everolimus and TAK‐117) affect PD‐L1 expression and function in preclinical bladder cancer cell models. TAK‐228 increased cell surface levels of glycosylated PD‐L1 in all but one of the seven cell lines, regardless of baseline levels. TAK‐228 promoted the secretion of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and interferon‐β (IFNβ), both linked to PD‐L1 protein induction. Blocking EGF and IFNβ receptors reversed the TAK‐228‐induced PD‐L1 increase. Additionally, TAK‐228 enhanced IFN‐γ‐induced PD‐L1 expression and intracellular HLA‐I levels in some cells. TAK‐228‐treated bladder cancer cells exhibited resistance to the cytotoxic effects of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8)+ T cells. The addition of an anti‐PD‐L1 antibody diminished this resistance in T24 cells. Increased expression of PD‐L1 under TAK‐228 exposure was confirmed in patient‐derived explants (PDEs) treated ex vivo. These preclinical findings suggest that mTOR inhibition with TAK‐228 can increase PD‐L1 levels, potentially impacting the specific immune response against UC cells. This highlights the rationale for exploring the combination of mTOR inhibitors with ICIs in patients with advanced UC.
Comparing carbon offsets and livelihood benefits in a long‐term reforestation project: Agroforestry versus native timber versus enrichment planting
Authors: Forgues Katia , Carignan Marie‐Claude , Marchena Brais , Mancilla Lady , Pacheco Cristian , Pacheco Ortega Elionel , Guainora Ariosto , Potvin Catherine
Published: September 2024

Indigenous People and Local Communities (IPLC) can play an important role in reforestation for climate change mitigation while providing environmental and livelihood benefits. However, there is a lack of direct comparison between different reforestation design's carbon uptake potential and their relevance to community reforestation.

We evaluate the carbon capture and survival of the four most common reforestation designs in a 14‐year‐long project in an Emberá community in eastern Panama. We look at native timber mixtures and monocultures, agroforestry, and natural regrowth with enrichment planting. To explain the differences between plots, we compare design, management and environmental characteristics using redundancy analyses (RDA). We then contextualize our results with the project leader's perspectives of success using interviews and workshops.

In the first decade, mixtures and monocultures of timber stored on average roughly 3× more carbon than agroforestry and enrichment planting (140 tCO2/ha compared to 40 tCO2/ha and 53 tCO2/ha).

The project design had the largest influence on carbon storage and survival with an explanatory power of 31% followed by management and environmental characteristics (14% and 2% respectively).

The largest threat to the survival and growth was the risk of fire which caused mortality in more than 2/3 of the plots. Some damage was offset by natural regrowth which accounted for 34% of the total carbon, but the participants generally perceived natural regrowth as being “dirty.” They had a strong preference for agroforestry, particularly coffee (Coffea spp.), a crop with negligible carbon value, but high economic value.

‘Practical implication’: The findings underscore the need to balance carbon sequestration with local economic preferences, integrate community input, mitigate environmental risks and adopt long‐term, holistic approaches for effective reforestation projects.
The Effect of Relative Humidity in Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Yuan Yue , Lanza Mario
Published: September 2024

Conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM) analyzes electronic phenomena in materials and devices with nanoscale lateral resolution, and it is widely used by companies, research institutions, and universities. Most data published in the field of CAFM is collected in air at a relative humidity (RH) of 30–60%. However, the effect of RH in CAFM remains unclear because previous studies often made contradictory claims, plus the number of samples and locations tested is scarce. Moreover, previous studies on this topic did not apply current limitations, which can degrade the CAFM tips and generate false data. This article systematically analyzes the effect of RH in CAFM by applying ramped voltage stresses at over 17,000 locations on ten different samples (insulating, semiconducting, and conducting) under seven different RH. An ultra‐reliable setup with a 110‐pA current limitation during electrical stresses is employed, and excellent CAFM tip integrity after thousands of tests is demonstrated. It is found that higher RH results in increased currents due to the presence of a conductive water meniscus at the tip/sample junction, which increases the effective area for electron flow. This trend is observed in insulators and ultra‐thin semiconductors; however, in thicker semiconductors the electron mean free path is high enough to mask this effect. Metallic samples show no dependence on RH. This study clarifies the effect of relative humidity in CAFM, enhances understanding of the technique, and teaches researchers how to improve the reliability of their studies in this field.
Enhancing Compatibility of Two‐Step Tandem Catalytic Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia Over P‐Cu/Co(OH)2
Authors: Yan Qiuyu , Zhao Rundong , Yu Lihong , Zhao Zongyan , Liu Le , Xi Jingyu
Published: September 2024

Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) is a promising approach to realize ammonia generation and wastewater treatment. However, the transformation from NO3− to NH3 involves multiple proton‐coupled electron transfer processes and by‐products (NO2−, H2, etc.), making high ammonia selectivity a challenge. Herein, a two‐phase nanoflower P‐Cu/Co(OH)2 electrocatalyst consisting of P‐Cu clusters and P‐Co(OH)2 nanosheets is designed to match the two‐step tandem process (NO3− to NO2− and NO2− to NH3) more compatible, avoiding excessive NO2− accumulation and optimizing the whole tandem reaction. Focusing on the initial 2e− process, the inhibited *NO2 desorption on Cu sites in P‐Cu gives rise to the more appropriate NO2− released in electrolyte. Subsequently, P‐Co(OH)2 exhibits a superior capacity for trapping and transforming the desorbed NO2− during the latter 6e− process due to the thermodynamic advantage and contributions of active hydrogen. In 1 m KOH + 0.1 m NO3−, P‐Cu/Co(OH)2 leads to superior NH3 yield rate of 42.63 mg h−1 cm−2 and NH3 Faradaic efficiency of 97.04% at −0.4 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode. Such a well‐matched two‐step process achieves remarkable NH3 synthesis performance from the perspective of optimizing the tandem catalytic reaction, offering a novel guideline for the design of NO3RR electrocatalysts.
Pushing Theoretical Potassium Storage Limits of MXenes through Introducing New Carbon Active Sites
Authors: Cao Xin , Liu Yuchun , Xia Huan , Li Yuhuan , Yang Li , Wang Hang , Zhang Hongjun , Ye Bangjiao , He Wei , Wei Tianchen , Xin Zhaorui , Lu Chengjie , Zhou Min , Sun ZhengMing
Published: September 2024

Surface‐driven capacitive storage enhances rate performance and cyclability, thereby improving the efficacy of high‐power electrode materials and fast‐charging batteries. Conventional defect engineering, widely‐employed capacitive storage optimization strategy, primarily focuses on the influence of defects themselves on capacitive behaviors. However, the role of local environment surrounding defects, which significantly affects surface properties, remains largely unexplored for lack of suitable material platform and has long been neglected. As proof‐of‐concept, typical Ti3C2Tx MXenes are chosen as model materials owing to metallic conductivity and tunable surface properties, satisfying the requirements for capacitive‐type electrodes. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the potential of MXenes with modulated local atomic environment is anticipated and introducing new carbon sites found near pores can activate electrochemically inert surface, attaining record theoretical potassium storage capacities of MXenes (291 mAh g−1). This supposition is realized through atomic tailoring via chemical scissor within sublayers, exposing new sp3‐hybridized carbon active sites. The resulting MXenes demonstrate unprecedented rate performance and cycling stability. Notably, MXenes with higher carbon exposure exhibit a record‐breaking capacity over 200 mAh g−1 and sustain a capacity retention higher than 80% after 20 months. These findings underscore the effectiveness of regulating defects' neighboring environment and illuminate future high‐performance electrode design.
Resonantly Enhanced Infrared Up‐Conversion in Double‐Step Asymmetric Subwavelength Grating Structure
Authors: Anitha Kumari Sreekantan Nair Lal Krishna , Konkada Manattayil Jyothsna , Deka Jayanta , Biswas Rabindra , Raghunathan Varun
Published: September 2024

The design and experimental demonstration of double‐step, 1D amorphous germanium grating structures supporting quasi bound‐states‐in‐continuum (quasi‐BIC) resonance at 3.2 µm wavelength and its application to third‐order sum‐frequency generation‐based up‐conversion are reported. Linear transmission measurements on the fabricated metasurface with loosely focussed excitation spanning 0–3° angles show very good agreement with ideal plane‐wave excitation of the periodic photonic structure. TSFG measurements performed on the same structures with tightly focusing mid‐infrared signal and pump beams using a reflective‐type objective with 15–40° angular excitation show ≈375 times enhancement with significant blue‐shift in the resonance feature by ≈300 nm. To understand this excitation angle dependence of the resonance characteristics, a generalized plane‐wave expansion (PWE) model is developed by considering varying excitation angle plane‐waves incident on the metasurface with a discretized angular spectrum representation used to coherently combine the resultant electric and magnetic fields to obtain the linear transmission characteristics and nonlinear TSFG spectra. The PWE method is found to be particularly effective in modeling linear and nonlinear responses under realistic illumination conditions while ensuring optimal utilization of computational resources. Good agreement is obtained between the PWE simulations, linear transmission, and nonlinear TSFG measurements by considering appropriate angular excitation.
Surface Defects Passivation of ZnSeTe/ZnSe/ZnS Quantum Dots by Iodine Ions for Highly Efficient Blue Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Guan Zhongyuan , Huang Yang , Wang Zhaojin , Sun Jiayun , Shan Chengwei , Xu Yiguo , Wu Dan , Tang Aiwei , Sun Xiao Wei , Wang Kai
Published: September 2024

The development of cadmium‐free blue quantum dots (QDs) is of paramount importance to the display industry. In this study, high‐quality ZnSeTe/ZnSe/ZnS blue QDs, followed by surface treatment with ZnI2 are initially synthesized. The introduction of ZnI2 passivated the surface defects, resulting in an increase in the fluorescence quantum yield. The time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) demonstrates a significant inhibition of non‐radiative recombination associated with the surface defect state. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation reveals that the binding energy between iodine ions and zinc ions is higher than that between oleate ions and zinc ions, providing a theoretical basis for the effective passivation of the suspended bonds of zinc ions on QDs' surface by iodine ions. Moreover, quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs) are fabricated and UV photoelectron spectra (UPS) indicate the hole injection barrier between the hole transport layer and QDs decreases 0.12 eV after QDs being treated by ZnI2, facilitating hole injection. Finally, The ZnI2‐treated QLED demonstrates a 1.57‐fold and 1.82‐fold improvement in Lmax and EQEmax, respectively, reaching 6370 cd m−2 and 9.1%, compared to the pristine QLED. The work serves as a valuable reference for enhancing the performance of cadmium‐free blue QLED.
Targeting Glioblastoma Tumor Hyaluronan to Enhance Therapeutic Interventions that Regulate Metabolic Cell Properties
Authors: Neves Edward R , Anand Achal , Mueller Joseph , Remy Roddel A , Xu Hui , Selting Kim A , Sarkaria Jann N , Harley Brendan AC , Pedron‐Haba Sara
Published: September 2024

Despite extensive advances in cancer research, glioblastoma (GBM) still remains a very locally invasive and thus challenging tumor to treat, with a poor median survival. Tumor cells remodel their microenvironment and utilize extracellular matrix to promote invasion and therapeutic resistance. It is aimed here to determine how GBM cells exploit hyaluronan (HA) to maintain proliferation using ligand‐receptor dependent and ligand‐receptor independent signaling. Tissue engineering approaches are used to recreate the 3D tumor microenvironment in vitro, then analyze shifts in metabolism, hyaluronan secretion, HA molecular weight distribution, as well as hyaluronan synthetic enzymes (HAS) and hyaluronidases (HYAL) activity in an array of patient‐derived xenograft GBM cells. It is revealed that endogenous HA plays a role in mitochondrial respiration and cell proliferation in a tumor subtype‐dependent manner. A tumor‐specific combination treatment of HYAL and HAS inhibitors is proposed to disrupt the HA stabilizing role in GBM cells. Taken together, these data shed light on the dual metabolic and ligand – dependent signaling roles of hyaluronan in glioblastoma.
Disrupted Human–Dog Interbrain Neural Coupling in Autism‐Associated Shank3 Mutant Dogs
Authors: Ren Wei , Yu Shan , Guo Kun , Lu Chunming , Zhang Yong Q.
Published: September 2024

Dogs interact with humans effectively and intimately. However, the neural underpinnings for such interspecies social communication are not understood. It is known that interbrain activity coupling, i.e., the synchronization of neural activity between individuals, represents the neural basis of social interactions. Here, previously unknown cross‐species interbrain activity coupling in interacting human–dog dyads is reported. By analyzing electroencephalography signals from both dogs and humans, it is found that mutual gaze and petting induce interbrain synchronization in the frontal and parietal regions of the human–dog dyads, respectively. The strength of the synchronization increases with growing familiarity of the human–dog dyad over five days, and the information flow analysis suggests that the human is the leader while the dog is the follower during human–dog interactions. Furthermore, dogs with Shank3 mutations, which represent a promising complementary animal model of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), show a loss of interbrain coupling and reduced attention during human–dog interactions. Such abnormalities are rescued by the psychedelic lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). The results reveal previously unknown interbrain synchronizations within an interacting human–dog dyad which may underlie the interspecies communication, and suggest a potential of LSD for the amelioration of social impairment in patients with ASD.