bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of cooked or roasted full‐fat soya bean and soya bean meal on performance and carcass characteristics of growing‐finishing pigs
Authors: Ikurior Steven A , Torhee Stanley A , Anthony Thomas I
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Three maize‐based diets were formulated to contain 25% each of cooked, or locally roasted full‐fat soya bean, or 20% soya bean meal. The diets were fed to 24 Large White, Landrace, Hampshire and Duroc crossbred pigs from 32·75 kg average weight to 60·2 kg liveweight in a single‐way classification bireplicate trial. Average daily feed, average daily gain and feed to gain ratios for the respective diets were 2·19, 2·05 and 2·16 kg; 0·58, 0·60 and 0·61 kg; and 3·88, 3·50 and 3·62. These differences were not statistically significant (P > 0·05). The linear measures and jointed proportions of the carcasses, as well as pig organ weights, were statistically the same for the three test diets. The pigs fed full‐fat soya bean however produced soft‐fat carcasses. These results suggest that full‐fat soya bean, which is appropriately heat‐processed, may effectively replace soya bean meal in growing‐finishing pig diets.
Emulsifying capacity of fish mince from several species during frozen storage
Authors: Huidobro Almudena , Tejada Margarita
Published: October 2006

Abstract: As a functional property of protein, emulsifying capacity (EC) is of great technological interest. This article examines EC in fish mince from three species differing in fat content and in the pattern of deterioration during frozen storage—blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou R), horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus L) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus L)—caught during two seasons of the year in which physiological behaviour is expected to be different (winter and summer). EC and protein solubility were determined periodically. The results indicate the existence of a direct relationship between the fat content of the species used and its EC. Furthermore, in the species studied EC was independent of protein solubility and the amount of protein in the medium, both of which decline as a result of the formation of aggregates during frozen storage. This is not therefore a suitable method for determining protein quality during frozen storage.
Effect of soaking, cooking and crude α‐galactosidase treatment on the oligosaccharide content of cowpea flours
Authors: Somiari Richard I , Balogh Esther
Published: October 2006

Abstract: The effects of soaking, cooking and crude α‐galactosidase treatment on the level of stachyose and raffinose present in cowpea flours were investigated. Soaking for 16 h resulted in an average reduction of 26·2% for stachyose and 28·0% for raffinose, while cooking for 50 min resulted in a reduction of 28·6% for stachyose and 44·0% for raffinose. On the other hand, treatment of cowpea flours for 2 h at 50°C with crude fungal preparations having an α‐galactosidase activity equivalent to 64 units μg−1 protein, brought about a mean decrease of 82·3% for stachyose and 93·3% for raffinose. These results show that the enzyme treatment was more effective in removing the raffinose‐family oligosaccharides and hence could be a useful technique for control of the flatulence‐inducing activity of cowpea flours.
Studies on the occurrence and formation of 2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐N‐nitrosothiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid (HMNTCA) and 2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐N‐nitrosothiazolidine (HMNTHZ) in various cured smoked meats, fish and cheese
Authors: Sen Nrisinha P , Baddoo Philander A , Seaman Stephen W
Published: October 2006

Abstract: Because of the carcinogenic nature of many N‐nitroso compounds, there is concern about their presence in foods. This paper presents some data on the levels of two non‐volatile compounds (2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐N‐nitrosothiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid (HMNTCA) and 2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐N‐nitrosothiazolidine (HMNTHZ)) in various smoked foods such as 25 cured meats, eight smoked fish and seafoods, 15 smoked poultry products, and 17 smoked cheeses. All samples were negative for HMNTHZ, but 11 of the cured meats, six poultry products and two smoked fish contained HMNTCA at levels of 10–260 μg kg−1. Upon frying, appreciable levels of HMNTHZ were formed in only one of 10 samples of cured meat products. The smoked cheeses were all negative for HMNTCA.
Production of Candida utilis biomass as aquaculture feed
Authors: Martin Antonio M , Goddard Stephen , Bemibster Paul
Published: October 2006

Fish offal‐peat compost was hydrolysed and the resultant liquid extracts used as substrate in the cultivation of the yeast Candida utilis. The yeast was able to grow in this culture medium, attaining a growth yield of approximately 260 g biomass kg−1 total carbohydrate consumed. The biomass produced had a good amino acid composition, with a protein content of 520 g kg−1, and a relatively low lipid content. Dry yeast was used as a feed component in the diet of cultivated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in which it substituted well for other, traditional sources of protein.
Modelling the aqueous extraction of soluble substances from ground roast coffee
Authors: Spiro Michael
Published: October 2006

The kinetic results obtained by Zanoni el al (J Set Food Agric 58 1992 275–279) for the extraction of solubles from sieved roast arabica coffee at 90°C have been recalculated and re‐interpreted. It has been shown that the 85–90% of soluble extracted within the first minute can be accounted for by diffusion of the soluble constituents through the coffee particles rather than by a large washing phase. It is also suggested that the subsequent slower extraction process may be caused by the emergence of different constituents according to the particle size.
Functional properties of the starchy flour extracted from cassava on fermentation with a mixed culture inoculum
Authors: Moorthy S N , George Mathew , Padmaja G
Published: October 2006

The functional properties of the starchy flour extracted from six varieties of cassava subjected to fermentation by a mixed culture inoculum comprised of lactobacilli, streptococci, corynebacteria and yeast cells are examined. Apparent reduction in total and soluble amylose contents is observed. Differential scanning calorimetry of the samples indicated that the enthalpy of gelatinisation was reduced, while the gelatinisation temperature was enhanced. A marked reduction in Brabender viscosity values of starch from fermented tuber was observed, but the X‐ray diffraction pattern was unaffected. All these changes were attributed to the presence of fibrous material and consequent reduction of starch in unit volume rather than any change in the starch granule structure.
Effects of storage and various intrinsic vitamin E concentrations on lipid oxidation in dried egg powders
Authors: Wahle Klaus W J , Hoppe Peter P , McLntosha Gwen
Published: October 2006

Supplementing the diets of laying hens with 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 mg of all‐rac‐α‐tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) per kg of feed increased the concentration of this antioxidant in the eggs in a dose‐dependent manner. Storage of spray‐dried whole‐egg powders at ambient temperature for up to 18 months resulted in gradual losses of vitamin E after 6 months, with the greatest losses occurring in those powders with the highest initial content. Marked changes in the concentration of products of lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), free fatty acids, oxidised fatty acids, peroxide values, oxysterols) occurred during the storage period which generally correlated inversely with the vitamin E content of the powder. The appearance, and sometimes disappearance, of the products with storage time varied with the individual product. Oxidised fatty acids appeared at 0–2 months, free fatty acids at 4–8 months and TBARS at 8–12 months. 25‐Hydroxycholesterol and cholestan‐3,5,6‐triol appeared at 2 months, peaked between 4 and 6 months and disappeared by 8 months. 7β‐Hydroxycholesterol, 7‐ketocholesterol and cholesterol‐5,6‐epoxide appeared at 4 months, peaked at 8–12 months and markedly declined by 18 months. Ingestion of certain lipid peroxidation products, particularly oxysterols which are generally regarded as cytotoxic, could be detrimental to health. Methods for preventing oxysterol formation in commercially prepared and stored foods by simply increasing the intrinsic vitamin E concentration of eggs, which are a major source of cholesterol, would benefit the food industry and human health.
Myrosinase activity and total glucosinolate content of cruciferous vegetables, and some properties of cabbage myrosinase in Taiwan
Authors: Yen Gow‐Chin , Wei Que‐King
Published: October 2006

The myrosinase activity and total glucosinolates of 10 different cruciferous vegetables and some properties of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L var capitata L) myrosinase were investigated. Radish, cabbage and broccoli showed higher myrosinase activity than other samples. No correlation (P > 0–05) was found between myrosinase activity and total glucosinolates of cruciferous vegetables tested. Myrosinase activity for white cabbage was higher than red cabbage. An optimal pH of myrosinase activity was observed at pH 8–0 for both white and red cabbages. The myrosinase extracted from cabbage was more stable in neutral or alkaline pH. The optimal temperature of myrosinase activity for both cabbages was about 60°C, but the myrosinase activity was destroyed after heating at 70°C for 30 min. The myrosinase activities of both white and red cabbages were activated by 10 mM and 5 mM ascorbic acid, respectively.
Plant fibres: Botany, chemistry and processing for industrial use
Authors: McDougall G J , Morrison I M , Stewart D , Weyers J D B , Hillman J R
Published: October 2006

Fibres from plant sources have been used by man for many generations and there is increasing interest in the potential use of such fibres from non‐tree sources for various applications. This review brings together most of the relevant literature on the botany, chemistry and processing. The different cell types are explained and those which produce fibres are highlighted in conjunction with the actual plants involved. The chemistry of the plant cell wall is addressed with special consideration to the components of fibre cell walls and the biosynthesis, where known, is explained. Finally, the various methods for processing fibres into valuable industrial raw materials are detailed along with some prospective new technologies.
Effect of Maofeng tea processing on leaf trichomes of tea (Camellia sinensis L)
Authors: Liang Yuerong , Pan Gensheng , Xu Xinqing
Published: October 2006

Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the ultrastructure of trichomes on Maofeng, a special Chinese green tea. The trichomes were cylindrical in appearance with a length of 0.6–1 mm, wall thickness of 0.2–0.3 μm and a mid‐point diameter of 9–10 μm. The angles between the trichomes and the leaf under‐surface were below 30° in Maofeng tea though they were 45–75° in fresh green leaf. The trichome wall consisted mainly of fibre and its outer‐surface was unevenly covered with waxy substances and striped. The trichome joint, by which the trichome was attached to the leaf tower epidermis, was expanded and filled with essential oil droplets. The undeveloped trichomes assumed a flattened form because of the action of pressing during rolling and shrank during the tea drying process. During the Maofeng tea processing, trichome shedding was caused by disruption of its expanded joint structure and breakdown at the cylindrical wall above the expanded joint.
Sensory quality of Australian D'agen prunes in relation to fruit maturity and chemical composition
Authors: Scott Kevin J , Yuen Christopher M C , Kim Gun‐Hee
Published: October 2006

The effects of harvesting prunes at different stages of maturity on the eating quality of rehydrated prunes were studied during two seasons. Fruit from commercial orchards were harvested six times at weekly intervals. The total soluble solids, the ratio of total soluble solids to titratable acidity, and dry matter increased and titratable acidity declined during the harvesting periods. The sensory tests showed that linear regressions relating eating quality to each of the above chemical indices of maturity were significant.
Sulphur turnover in the developing pods of single and double low varieties of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L)
Authors: Zhao Fangjie , Bilsborrow Paul E , Evans Eric J , Syers J Keith
Published: October 2006

Changes in the sulphur (S) concentrations in pod walls and seeds of the double low variety Cobra and single low variety Bienveou of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L) were studied during pod development. The S concentration in the seeds of Cobra increased between 47 and 61 days after flowering and thereafter remained stable, whereas in Bienvenu seed S concentration was much higher initially and continued to increase throughout the sampling period (from 57 to 108 days after flowering). These differences in S concentration reflect different patterns of glucosinolate accumulation in the seeds. In contrast, there was a large and progressive build‐up of S in the pod walls of Cobra, such that at maturity the S concentration in the pod walls of Cobra was approximately double that of Bienvenu. A large and progressive accumulation of inorganic sulphate was found to be responsible for the build‐up of S in the pod walls of the double low variety. Short‐term feeding experiments with terminal racemes showed that a smaller proportion of 35S was translocated from the pod walls to the seeds in Cobra than in Bienvenu. However, the build‐up of S in the pod walls of Cobra did not seem to result from a restricted translocation of glucosinolates, since in both varieties exogenously supplied allylglucosinolate was translocated rapidly from the pod walls to the seeds. These results are therefore consistent with the hypothesis that pod walls are a major site for the biosynthesis of glucosinolates present in the seeds, and a metabolic block in the pathway of glucosinolate biosynthesis is responsible for the low glucosinolate concentration in the seeds of double low varieties, which consequently results in a large build‐up of sulphate in the pod walls.
Changes in lipid content and composition during germination of groundnuts
Authors: Offem John O , Egbe Emmanuel O , Onen Alfred I
Published: October 2006

The cotyledons of two varieties of germinating groundnut seeds (Runner and Bunch) were analysed periodically for their lipid content and fatty acid composition over a period of 132 h. The lipid content decreased drastically during germination. More drastic changes in lipid constituents were observed for light‐grown seedlings than for dark‐grown ones. In general, the non‐polar lipids (NPL) were metabolised faster than the polar ones (P > 0.05) especially in those seeds grown in the dark. The rate of decrease in NPL content almost paralleled that of increase in glycolipid (GL) content. Triacyl glycerol content decreased noticeably during germination while other NPL tended to increase. Among the GL, sterylglucoside increased rapidly during early germination under darkness, only to decrease steadily thereafter. A converse effect was observed for acyl sterylglucoside which, in the dark, decreased rapidly at early germination only to increase equally rapidly later on. Among the phospholipids (PL), only phosphatidic acid showed a marked increase during germination, under both growth conditions, while others tended to decrease in varying degrees. The changing patterns of GL and PL during germination seem to follow the pattern of the formation of photosynthetic tissues and the metabolic conversion of PL. The major fatty acids of the three lipid groups, which more or less decreased or increased in varying degrees with germination in light‐grown seeds were oleic, linoleic, palmitic, stearic, arachidic and lignoceric acids in decreasing order of prominence at early germination.
Changes in wood extractives from oak cask staves through maturation of scotch malt whisky
Authors: Conner John M , Paterson Alistair , Piggott John R
Published: October 2006

Cask staves, prepared from American white oak, Quercus alba, were obtained from unused, new charred Bourbon, used Bourbon, first‐fill Scotch and exhausted Scotch casks. The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of repeated maturations of whisky on concentration and location of phenolic extractives in the cask wood. Contents of vanillic and syringic acids and the respective aldehydes, arising from hydrolysis of guaiacyl‐syringyl lignin, and whisky lactones (cis‐ and trans‐β‐methyl‐γ‐octalactone), arising from charring, were determined. Staves were sampled at 5 mm intervals from the inner char surface to 25 mm depth and wood extracted with chloroform, heptane and aqueous ethanol. Contents of material absorbing at 520 nm, total phenols and vanillic and syringic acids, vanillin and syringaldehyde, were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography; both isomers of whisky lactone were quantified by high‐resolution gas chromatography. New cask wood had a maximum for coloured material in the char layer, but maxima for other compounds at 5 mm below the char. As casks were reused in maturations of whiskies, the contents of aromatic aldehydes and acids were reduced in the first 20 mm of the wood and maxima for both acids and aldehydes shifted towards the centre of the staves. This suggested that repeated exposure to aqueous ethanol resulted in compositional changes in the lignin in the wood. The newly charred wood had a maximum for cis‐β‐methyl‐γ‐octalactone at 5 mm below the char and the trans isomer at 15 mm. In the first Bourbon maturation both isomers were largely depleted and with successive extractions the maxima moved into the cask until in the exhausted cask wood no lactone was detected.
Evolution of mechanical characteristics of tomatoes of two varieties during ripening
Authors: Thiagu R , Chand Nagin , Ramana K V R
Published: October 2006

Mechanical characteristics of tomatoes of two varieties (Pusa Ruby and Vashali hybrid) were studied at various stages of ripening by whole fruit compression (WFCT) and Magness‐Taylor penetration (MTPT) tests on an Instron Universal Testing Machine, Model 1140. Rupture/penetration force, deformation at rupture/penetration, stiffness, and work done were computed from the respective force‐deformation curves for WFCT and MTPT for various ripening stages of both varieties. All the parameters, except deformation at rupture under WFCT, showed highly significant variations with ripening. The fruits of both varieties showed significant differences in all parameters obtained by WFCT except in stiffness. The tomatoes of the Vashali hybrid were firmer requiring 20‐50% extra force to rupture/puncture at all stages of ripening compared with Pusa Ruby. The deformation at penetration increased four times more rapidly, with ripening, for Pusa Ruby compared with the Vashali hybrid. After breaker stage, Pusa Ruby fruits required more energy (work) for penetration as most of the energy was spent in deformation rather than puncturing. The overestimate of work of compression or penetration when approximated by linear force deformation curve was significant at the 99‐9 % level. Except for deformation under WFCT (for the Vashali hybrid) and work done under MTPT (for Pusa Ruby), all the other parameters showed good correlations between them. Empirically selected inverse and power law models adequately described the variation in most of the parameters with ripening index and both the models were equally suited for the purpose.
Enzymic analysis of soya beans lacking lipoxygenases
Authors: Tavares José Torquato Q , Tavares DéBora Q , Miranda Manoel A C
Published: October 2006

The homozygous inheritance of recessive alleles for lipoxygenase, ‐L1, ‐L2 and ‐L3 incorporated into a commercial soya bean seed line, IAC 8, was evaluated. The activity of each isozyme, determined by spectrophotometry demonstrated a very low activity for the mutant ‐L1 and respective progeny and a low activity for ‐L2, ‐L3 and their progenies. The methodology employed was shown to be a reliable and rapid method when evaluating lipoxygenase from crops.
Biochemical composition and storage of Jamaican yams (Dioscorea sp)
Authors: Muzac‐Tucker Ingrid , Asemota Helen N , Ahmad Mohammed H
Published: October 2006

Dioscorea yam tubers of 11 cultivars from five common species grown in Jamaica were analysed for the following: protein content, total phenolics, vitamin C, total lipids, fatty acid composition and activity of the polyphenol oxidase enzyme. The results show that the yams grown in Jamaica are of good nutritional value with considerable amounts of protein, vitamin C, low lipids with only one cultivar ‘renta yam’ (D alata) possessing high levels of phenolic compounds. The fatty acids present in the total lipid extracts show that yam tubers generally possess high levels of saturated fatty acids mainly palmitic acid. However, the species D alata (cv white yam) and the species D trifida (cv yampie) have high levels of the unsaturated fatty acid, linolenic. All the polyphenol oxidases from the 11 cultivars show activities towards the diphenol substrates, catechol and DL‐DOPA (DL‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine). However, no oxidation was observed with L‐tyrosine, a monophenol substrate. All cultivars studied were found to have different lengths of dormancy which varied with storage conditions. When the harvested tubers were washed, sunned and stored at 20†C in a dark cupboard, it was possible to extend their lengths of dormancy by a further 11 weeks.
Effect of feeding different diets on the exocrine pancreatic secretion of nitrogen, amino acids and enzymes in growing pigs
Authors: Pöhland Ute , Souffrant Wolfgang B , Sauer Willem C , Mosenthin Rainer , De Lange Cornells F M
Published: October 2006

Five barrows were fitted with permanent pancreatic re‐entrant cannulas to determine the influence of diet on exocrine pancreatic secretions in the weight range from 40 to 65 kg. The pigs were fed four diets. Diets 1 and 2 were based on corn starch and contained 18.6 and 16.9 % crude protein (dry matter basis) from soybean meal and canola meal, respectively. Diets 3 and 4 contained 93.9 % wheat and barley, respectively. In the same order, the crude protein contents (dry matter basis) of these diets were 14.4 and 11.2%, respectively. The experiment was carried out according to 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period comprised 12 days. Following an adaptation period of 8 days, pancreatic juice was collected from 08:00 on day 9 to 08:00 h on day 10 and from 08:00 on day 11 to 08:00 h on day 12. The pigs were fed twice daily, at 08:00 and 20:00 h, 800 g each meal. Despite large differences, up to 23%, between the overall mean values of the parameters that were measured there was no effect (P > 0.05) of diet on the volume of secretion of pancreatic juice, the pH and the secretion of total and TCA‐precipitable nitrogen. Due to the high level of within‐study variation there was also no effect (P > 0.05) of diet on the secretion of amino acids and the total activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin, α‐amylase and lipase in pancreatic juice.
The effect of food dry matter intake on endogenous ileal amino acid excretion determined under peptide alimentation in the 50 kg liveweight pig
Authors: Butts Christine A , Moughan Paul J , Smith William C , Reynolds Gordon W , Garrick Dorian J
Published: October 2006

The daily ileal excretion of amino acids was measured at different food dry matter intakes for the 50 kg liveweight pig under conditions of peptide alimentation. The experiment comprised two cross‐over design trials each involving four pairs of entire male pigs fitted with simple T‐cannulae at the terminal ileum and fed a hydrolysed casein semi‐synthetic diet. Each pair of pigs received one of four sequences of food dry matter intake arranged in a Latin square design, namely 0.06, 0.08, 0.10 and 0.12 (Trial 1) and 0.05, 0.07, 0.09 and 0.11 (Trial 2) of metabolic body weight (W0.75) day−1. Each pig received the diet at its described level of intake for 8 days, with continuous 24 h collection of ileal digesta on the fifth and eighth days. Chromic oxide was included in the diet to permit correction of ileal flows to complete digesta collection. Pooled digesta from each pig at each level of dry matter intake were centrifuged and ultrafiltered and the high‐molecular‐weight fraction was analysed for amino acid and nitrogen contents. There were significant (P < 0.05) linear relationships between endogenous ileal amino acid, nitrogen and dry matter excretion (mg day−1) and food dry matter intake (g day−1) except for lysine, glutamic acid and phenylalanine which increased in a curvilinear manner (P < 0.05). The results indicate that dietary dry matter intake influences endogenous excretion from the ileum. The relationships, determined under physiological conditions, provide preliminary data on the magnitude of small intestinal amino acid loss in the young growing pig.
The taste of dietary fat based on rapeseed oil was superior to that based on sunflower oil when used for frying and baking
Authors: Gustafsson Inga‐Britt , Haglund ÅSa , Johansson Lisbeth
Published: October 2006

Rapeseed oil has a higher content of monounsaturated fatty acids and linoienic acid and a different composition of antioxidants, tocopherols, compared with sunflower oil. These discrepancies might lead to differences in the lipid oxidation process of the two fats. This study compares these oils regarding the off‐flavour when used as the base for the fat used in frying or baking.

Two liquid margarines, one based on sunflower oil and the other on rapeseed oil, were used for frying and baking. Margarines, pancakes and fresh minced beef were heated to 165, 175 or 185†C in electric frying pans for 3‐5 min and sweet white bread and cakes were baked. An expert panel of seven members evaluated the sensory properties of the food eaten. The sensory attributes were assessed on a continuous intensity scale from 0 to 9, using a descriptive test. A preference test was used for evaluation of the fats in the sweet white bread and cake.

The fried rapeseed oil margarine was judged to be more free from off‐flavour and rancidity than the fried sunflower oil margarine. This difference in off‐flavour increased with an increase in temperature. A minor difference in off‐flavour was noted between the two margarines when they were added to the pancake batter, while no difference between the scores was observed when the margarines were used for frying the minced beef. The sweet white bread and the cake baked with the rapeseed oil margarine were preferred significantly more often than the corresponding products baked with sunflower oil margarine. Rapeseed oil margarine seems to be more resistant to heating than sunflower oil margarine.
Thick silica gel coatings on methylsilsesquioxane monoliths using anisotropic phase separation
Authors: Kanamori Kazuyoshi , Nakanishi Kazuki , Hanada Teiichi
Published: October 2006

Silica gel coatings on methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS)‐derived monoliths have been studied using wetting transition. Wetting transition is observed in a small confined space, where a coating solution phase‐separates into a well‐coarsened dimension, making all the phase‐separating polymerizing silica phase dynamically flow onto the existing surface of a mold. Bulk coating experiments have shown reductions of both macropore volume and diameter due to the coated layer. Comparing HPLC efficiencies of the coated monolith with those of the non‐coated MTMS monolith revealed that the retention factors drastically increased in both normal‐ and reversed‐phase modes. This is attributed to the existence of considerable amounts of accessible micropores left inside the coated layer, where analyte molecules travel and adsorb for a considerable period of time.
Pesticides analysis by liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Ravelo‐Pérez Lidia María , Hernández‐Borges Javier , Rodríguez‐Delgado Miguel Ángel
Published: October 2006

Nowadays, a wide range of pesticides are used in agricultural production, and their monitoring in samples of environmental and alimentary interest is of extreme importance to ensure, among others, the safety of consumption of foods. The aim of this work is to provide updated information about the major developments in CE and HPLC in pesticide analysis, covering relevant publications between 2004 and early 2006. The use of different sample pretreatment steps to provide a suitable extraction of these compounds from the different matrices as well as to increase the sensitivity of the determination is also discussed.
On‐line hyphenation of supercritical fluid extraction and two‐dimensional high performance liquid chromatography‐atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometer for the analysis of Ganoderma lucidum
Authors: Zhang Jie , Zhang Lihua , Duan Jicheng , Liang Zhen , Zhang Weibing , Huo Yushu , Zhang Yukui
Published: October 2006

A novel on‐line system combining supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and two‐dimensional high performance liquid chromatography (2D‐HPLC) was developed. A trap column and two three‐port valves were employed to couple SFE and 2D‐HPLC system, which was composed of a CN column and a monolithic silica column, connected by a 10‐port dual‐position valve. The analytes extracted by supercritical CO2 were completely transferred to the 2D‐HPLC system. After separation in two orthogonal modes, the eluents were delivered to APCI‐tandem‐MS for identification of the samples. In this way, sample preparation, separation, detection, and identification were integrated into an on‐line system permitting analysis of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum, and at least 73 components in the extract were resolved with calculated peak capacity of up to 1643.
The co‐occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and pain: Is depression a mediator?
Authors: Poundja Joaquin , Fikretoglu Deniz , Brunet Alain
Published: October 2006

Although recent studies suggest that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and pain may be related, the possible mediational role of depression in this relationship has not been examined. This study sought to examine this question in a sample of 130 male veterans seeking assessment or treatment for deployment‐related PTSD. Results suggest that PTSD and pain are moderately related (r = .29) but that this relationship is fully mediated by depression. Our findings have important clinical implications: Treatment of PTSD and pain in veteran populations should include careful assessment and regular monitoring of depression.
Gelchromatographische Abtrennung und Nachweis hochpolymerer Zusätze in Vaselinen 11. Mitteilung: Über den Einfluß chemischer und physikalischer Meßdaten auf die Gebrauchseigenschaften von Vaseline
Authors: Langmaack H.‐J. , Sucker H.
Published: October 2006

Hochpolymere Substanzen aus Vaselinen oder ähnlichen Kohlenwasserstoffgemischen, wie z. B. Schmieröle, können durch Gelfiltration abgetrennt und infrarotspektroskopisch und gelchromatographisch identifiziert werden.
Metathesis of Unsaturated Fatty Esters
Authors: Verkuijlen E. , Boelhouwer C.
Published: October 2006

The development of a homogeneous catalyst [WCl6/Sn(CH3)4) for the metathesis of unsaturated fatty esters encloses new routes in fat chemistry. By these reactions an exchange of alkylidene moities takes place, thus methyl oleate is converted into 9‐octadecene and 9‐octadecenedioic dimethyl ester. The metathesis of poly‐unsaturated esters leads to a much larger number of products, namely polyenes, mono‐ and dicarboxylic esters, and cyclopolyenes. Specially the formation of 1,4‐cyclohexadiene is of great interest. The metathesis of unsaturated fatty oils and the cometathesis with alkenes are also possible. Reactants of technical purity with a low acid value (<0.1) can undergo metathesis. The reaction is essentially thermoneutral; the distribution of products is statistical and no completion of the reaction occurs in one way or an other. Thus separation of reaction products and unconverted material is necessary. By the metathesis of mono‐unsaturated esters this can be done by fractional crystallization. A review is given of these and other applications on account of the latest research development.
Gelchromatographische Abtrennung und Nachweis hochpolymerer Zusätze in Vaselinen 11. Mitteilung: Über den Einfluß chemischer und physikalischer Meßdaten auf die Gebrauchseigenschaften von Vaseline
Authors: Langmaack H.‐J. , Sucker H.
Published: October 2006

Hochpolymere Substanzen aus Vaselinen oder ähnlichen Kohlenwasserstoffgemischen, wie z. B. Schmieröle, können durch Gelfiltration abgetrennt und infrarotspektroskopisch und gel‐chromatographisch identifiziert werden.
Phosphatfreie Wasch‐ und Reinigungsmittel
Authors: Niederstebruch A.
Published: October 2006

Die in neuester Zeit aus der Patentliteratur bekannt gewordenen phosphatfreien Wasch‐ und Reinigungsmittel lassen sich in zwei Gruppen einordnen. Die erste umfaßt solche, die weder Phosphate noch deren Ersatzstoffe betreffen. Die vergleichsweise gute Reinigungswirkung dieser Mittel wird durch den Einsatz solcher Tenside erzielt, die im Vergleich zu bisher üblichen eine größere Anzahl von polaren Gruppen enthalten. Beispiele hier‐für werden genannt. Die zweite Gruppe betrifft Phosphatersatz‐stoffe, insbesondere niedermolekulare anorganische bzw. organische Verbindungen, höhermolekulare wasserlösliche organische Verbindungen und anorganische sowie organische Ionenaustauscher. Auch hierfür werden Beispiele genannt. Die Reinigungskraft insbesondere tripolyphosphathaltiger Waschmittel wird solchen ohne Phosphatanteile gegenübergestellt.
Bestimmung reduzierender Substanzen in Glycerin mit Hilfe einer Transmissionsmessung
Authors: Bölsche U.
Published: October 2006

Die Untersuchung von Reinglycerin beinhaltet eine Bestimmung der reduzierenden Substanzen. Es existiert eine Reihe von verschiedenen Grenzwertbestimmungen, die in nationalen und internationalen Normen und Arzneibüchern beschrieben werden. Dabei wird nach einer Umsetzung mit entsprechenden Reagenzien eine evtl. auftretende Färbung und/oder Trübung visuell beurteilt. Nachteilig hierbei sind die Subjektivität der Auswertung und die Vielzahl der Verfahren. Eine Methode ist entwickelt worden, die sowohl eine objektive Messung (Lichtdurchlässigkeit) erlaubt als auch als Universaltest angewendet werden kann. Das Meßergebnis dieses Tests kann mit dem Resultat der Analyse einer beliebigen Standardmethode korreliert werden. Die Anwendung mehrerer Bestimmungsmethoden ist somit nicht mehr erforderlich. Neben der Möglichkeit, eine Abstufung der Glycerinqualität durchzuführen, können wichtige Kriterien von Standardmethoden, wie z. B. Wiederholbarkeit, Empfindlichkeit etc., mit Hilfe der Transmissionsmessung zuverlässig überprüft werden.
Glucosinolates in Embryo, Cotyledon and Callus Cultures of Rape Depending on External Factors
Authors: Rogozińska J. , Drozdowska L.
Published: October 2006

The influence of light, temperature, sulphur and nitrogen as well as growth substance combinations were tested on glucosinolate content in embryo, cotyledon and callus culture of rape. It was found, that depending on these factors, the glucosinolate breakdown varied, and in most cases the 2‐week‐old cultures did not contain those compounds. Also in plantlets, which differentiated from the cotyledons and remained in the in vitro culture, as well as in the callus, the glucosinolates were not detected.
Mutations in LRRK2 other than G2019S are rare in a north american–based sample of familial Parkinson's disease
Authors: Pankratz Nathan , Pauciulo Michael W. , Elsaesser Veronika E. , Marek Diane K. , Halter Cheryl A. , Rudolph Alice , Shults Clifford W. , Foroud Tatiana , Nichols William C.
Published: October 2006

A total of 956 individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) from 430 multiplex PD pedigrees were screened for 12 previously reported, pathogenic LRRK2 mutations: R793M, L1114L, I1371V, R1441C, R1441G, R1441H, Y1699C, M1869T, I2012T, I2020T, G2385R, and IVS31 +3G>A. Previous screening identified the LRRK2 G2019S mutation in 5% of our families. Only 1 of the 12 newly screened mutations, R1441C, was detected in a single family in our patient cohort. These results indicate that, although the G2019S mutation remains the most common mutation identified in familial PD patients, other mutations in LRRK2 are infrequent. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Computerized posturography balance assessment of patients with bilateral ventralis intermedius nuclei deep brain stimulation
Authors: Ondo William G. , Almaguer Mike , Cohen Helen
Published: October 2006

Bilateral ventralis intermedius nuclei (Vim) deep brain stimulation (DBS) improves tremor in patients with both essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson's disease (PD). In each condition, patients have individually noted both subjective improvement and worsening in balance. Computerized posturography (CP) is able to quantify some aspects of balance. Twenty‐one patients (8 with PD and 13 with ET) with bilateral Vim DBS were recruited to undergo randomized‐order identical CP testing (EquiTest system) while their DBS devices were both activated and deactivated. One PD patient could not complete any OFF assessment and is not included. Three PD patients could not tolerate portions of the OFF testing. Overall, sensory organization testing was improved by DBS activation in conditions that involved quiet standing with eyes open with no motion of the support surface, or with sway‐referenced support surface motion, but worsened during quiet standing with eyes closed only in ET patients. Falls lessened with activation in ET patients. Motor control testing was not changed. Bilateral Vim DBS activation mostly improved balance, but may modestly worsen other specific features. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Quantitative MRI of cartilage and bone: degenerative changes in osteoarthritis
Authors: Eckstein Felix , Burstein Deborah , Link Thomas M.
Published: October 2006

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and quantitative image analysis technology has recently started to generate a great wealth of quantitative information on articular cartilage and bone physiology, pathophysiology and degenerative changes in osteoarthritis. This paper reviews semiquantitative scoring of changes of articular tissues (e.g. WORMS = whole‐organ MRI scoring or KOSS = knee osteoarthritis scoring system), quantification of cartilage morphology (e.g. volume and thickness), quantitative measurements of cartilage composition (e.g. T2, T1rho, T1Gd = dGEMRIC index) and quantitative measurement of bone structure (e.g. app. BV/TV, app. TbTh, app. Tb.N, app. Tb.Sp) in osteoarthritis. For each of these fields we describe the hardware and MRI sequences available, the image analysis systems and techniques used to derive semiquantitative and quantitative parameters, the technical accuracy and precision of the measurements reported to date and current results from cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies in osteoarthritis. Moreover, the paper summarizes studies that have compared MRI‐based measurements with radiography and discusses future perspectives of quantitative MRI in osteoarthritis. In summary, the above methodologies show great promise for elucidating the pathophysiology of various tissues and identifying risk factors of osteoarthritis, for developing structure modifying drugs (DMOADs) and for combating osteoarthritis with new and better therapy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic MRS and MRI of skeletal muscle function and biomechanics
Authors: Prompers Jeanine J. , Jeneson Jeroen A. L. , Drost Maarten R. , Oomens Cees C. W. , Strijkers Gustav J. , Nicolay Klaas
Published: October 2006

MR is a powerful technique for studying the biomechanical and functional properties of skeletal muscle in vivo in health and disease. This review focuses on 31P, 1H and 13C MR spectroscopy for assessment of the dynamics of muscle metabolism and on dynamic 1H MRI methods for non‐invasive measurement of the biomechanical and functional properties of skeletal muscle. The information thus obtained ranges from the microscopic level of the metabolism of the myocyte to the macroscopic level of the contractile function of muscle complexes. The MR technology presented plays a vital role in achieving a better understanding of many basic aspects of muscle function, including the regulation of mitochondrial activity and the intricate interplay between muscle fiber organization and contractile function. In addition, these tools are increasingly being employed to establish novel diagnostic procedures as well as to monitor the effects of therapeutic and lifestyle interventions for muscle disorders that have an increasing impact in modern society. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of proton MR for the study of muscle lipid metabolism
Authors: Boesch Chris , Machann Juergen , Vermathen Peter , Schick Fritz
Published: October 2006

1H‐MR spectroscopy (MRS) of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) became particularly important when it was recognized that IMCL levels are related to insulin sensitivity. While this relation is rather complex and depends on the training status of the subjects, various other influences such as exercise and diet also influence IMCL concentrations. This may open insight into many metabolic interactions; however, it also requires careful planning of studies in order to control all these confounding influences. This review summarizes various historical, methodological, and practical aspects of 1H‐MR spectroscopy (MRS) of muscular lipids. That includes a differentiation of bulk magnetic susceptibility effects and residual dipolar coupling that can both be observed in MRS of skeletal muscle, yet affecting different metabolites in a specific way. Fitting of the intra‐ (IMCL) and extramyocellular (EMCL) signals with complex line shapes and the transformation into absolute concentrations is discussed. Since the determination of IMCL in muscle groups with oblique fiber orientation or in obese subjects is still difficult, potential improvement with high‐resolution spectroscopic imaging or at higher field strength is considered. Fat selective imaging is presented as a possible alternative to MRS and the potential of multinuclear MRS is discussed. 1H‐MRS of muscle lipids allows non‐invasive and repeated studies of muscle metabolism that lead to highly relevant findings in clinics and patho‐physiology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topology optimization of acoustic–structure interaction problems using a mixed finite element formulation
Authors: Yoon Gil Ho , Jensen Jakob Søndergaard , Sigmund Ole
Published: October 2006

The paper presents a gradient‐based topology optimization formulation that allows to solve acoustic–structure (vibro‐acoustic) interaction problems without explicit boundary interface representation. In acoustic–structure interaction problems, the pressure and displacement fields are governed by Helmholtz equation and the elasticity equation, respectively. Normally, the two separate fields are coupled by surface‐coupling integrals, however, such a formulation does not allow for free material re‐distribution in connection with topology optimization schemes since the boundaries are not explicitly given during the optimization process. In this paper we circumvent the explicit boundary representation by using a mixed finite element formulation with displacements and pressure as primary variables (a u/p‐formulation). The Helmholtz equation is obtained as a special case of the mixed formulation for the elastic shear modulus equating to zero. Hence, by spatial variation of the mass density, shear and bulk moduli we are able to solve the coupled problem by the mixed formulation. Using this modelling approach, the topology optimization procedure is simply implemented as a standard density approach. Several two‐dimensional acoustic–structure problems are optimized in order to verify the proposed method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plastic and fracture behavior of nanosilica‐filled poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Muriel Muriel , Dubault André , Halary Jean Louis
Published: October 2006

The plastic and fracture behavior of ‘model’ hybrid materials based on methyl methacrylate and methacryloxypropyl‐grafted nanosilica was investigated. A four‐step synthesis procedure allowed preparation of transparent nanosilica–poly(methyl methacrylate) networks of well‐defined architecture, of variable particle diameter, volume fraction of particles, number of methacryloyl units grafted per surface unit of silica particles and nature of the grafting agent. Plasticity behavior was investigated through compression tests. The evolution of yield stress with volume fraction of fillers can be understood by taking into account the undeformability of particles and using the geometrical Kerner approach. The reduction of plastic flow plateau by a substantial strain hardening was imputed to the presence of crosslinks on the particles. Fracture properties were deduced from three‐point bending experiments on notched samples. The effects on toughness of filler incorporation are tentatively related to plasticity and to the presence of crosslinks. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Blood protein adsorption onto macroporous semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and assessment of in vitro blood compatibility
Authors: Bajpai Anil K
Published: October 2006

This work reports a study of the adsorption of fibrinogen (Fgn) onto the surface of semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA). The semi‐IPNs were prepared by polymerizing 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate with a redox system and in the presence of PEG and crosslinker ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate. The proposed spongy IPNs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and environmental scanning electron microscopy methods, and network structural parameters, such as molecular weight between crosslinks and crosslink density, were calculated using swelling measurements. The adsorption of Fgn was carried out onto the spongy IPNs and kinetic constants of the adsorption process as well as isotherm constants were evaluated. The adsorption process was also studied under varying pH, ionic strengths, and chemical architecture of the IPNs. The anti‐thrombogenic behaviour of the polymer matrices was judged using in vitro tests. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimized synthesis of carrageenan‐ graft‐poly(sodium acrylate) superabsorbent hydrogel using the Taguchi method and investigation of its metal ion absorption
Authors: Pourjavadi Ali , Amini‐Fazl Mohammad Sadegh
Published: October 2006

The Taguchi method, a robust experimental design, was used for the optimization of the synthesis of a novel biopolymer‐based superabsorbent hydrogel, carrageenan‐graft‐poly(sodium acrylate). The Taguchi method was applied for the experiment and standard 16 orthogonal arrays with five factors and four levels for each factor were used. In the synthesis of the superabsorbent hydrogel, N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) was used as crosslinker, ammonium persulfate as initiator, and acrylic acid as monomer. Neutralization percent and reaction temperature were used as important factors. The analysis of variance results showed that the most important factor in this synthesis was MBA concentration. Under the optimized conditions determined, the maximum capacity of swelling in distilled water was found to be 1383 (g (g dried gel)−1). Furthermore, the absorption capacity of the hydrogel towards bivalent metal ions was evaluated. The hydrogel may be considered as a candidate to develop an efficient absorbent biopolymer in water treatment applications. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry