bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A non-singular integral equation formulation to analyse multiscale behaviour in semi-infinite hydraulic fractures
Authors: Dontsov E. V. , Peirce A. P.
Published: September 2015

This study revisits the problem of a steadily propagating semi-infinite hydraulic fracture in which the processes of toughness-related energy release, viscous dissipation and leak-off compete on multiple length scales. This problem typically requires the solution of a system of integro-differential equations with a singular kernel, which is complicated by the need to capture extremely disparate length scales. In this study the governing equations are rewritten in the form of one non-singular integral equation. This reformulation enables the use of standard numerical techniques to capture the complete multiscale behaviour accurately and efficiently. This formulation also makes it possible to approximate the problem by a separable ordinary differential equation, whose closed-form solution captures the multiscale behaviour sufficiently accurately to be used in practical applications. We also consider a similar reformulation of the equations governing the propagation of a buoyancy-driven semi-infinite hydraulic fracture. The resulting numerical solution is able to capture the near-tip multiscale behaviour efficiently and agrees well with published solutions calculated in the large-toughness limit.
In-line flow-induced vibrations of a rotating cylinder
Authors: Bourguet Rémi , Lo Jacono David
Published: September 2015

The flow-induced vibrations of an elastically mounted circular cylinder, free to oscillate in the direction parallel to the current and subjected to a forced rotation about its axis, are investigated by means of two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations, at a Reynolds number equal to 100 based on the cylinder diameter and inflow velocity. The cylinder is found to oscillate up to a rotation rate (ratio between the cylinder surface and inflow velocities) close to 2 (first vibration region), then the body and the flow are steady until a rotation rate close to 2.7 where a second vibration region begins. Each vibration region is characterized by a specific regime of response. In the first region, the vibration amplitude follows a bell-shaped evolution as a function of the reduced velocity (inverse of the oscillator natural frequency). The maximum vibration amplitudes, even though considerably augmented by the rotation relative to the non-rotating body case, remain lower than 0.1 cylinder diameters. Due to their trends as functions of the reduced velocity and to the fact that they develop under a condition of wake-body synchronization or lock-in, the responses of the rotating cylinder in this region are comparable to the vortex-induced vibrations previously described in the absence of rotation. The symmetry breaking due to the rotation is shown to directly impact the structure displacement and fluid force frequency contents. In the second region, the vibration amplitude tends to increase unboundedly with the reduced velocity. It may become very large, higher than 2.5 diameters in the parameter space under study. Such structural oscillations resemble the galloping responses reported for non-axisymmetric bodies. They are accompanied by a dramatic amplification of the fluid forces compared to the non-vibrating cylinder case. It is shown that body oscillation and flow unsteadiness remain synchronized and that a variety of wake topologies may be encountered in this vibration region. The low-frequency, large-amplitude responses are associated with novel asymmetric multi-vortex patterns, combining a pair and a triplet or a quartet of vortices per cycle. The flow is found to undergo three-dimensional transition in the second vibration region, with a limited influence on the system behaviour. It appears that the transition occurs for a substantially lower rotation rate than for a rigidly mounted cylinder.
Role of the basin boundary conditions in gravity wave turbulence
Authors: Deike L. , Miquel B. , Gutiérrez P. , Jamin T. , Semin B. , Berhanu M. , Falcon E. , Bonnefoy F.
Published: September 2015

Gravity wave turbulence is investigated experimentally in a large wave basin in which irregular waves are generated unidirectionally. The roles of the basin boundary conditions (absorbing or reflecting) and of the forcing properties are investigated. To that purpose, an absorbing sloping beach opposite the wavemaker can be replaced by a reflecting vertical wall. We observe that the wave field properties depend strongly on these boundary conditions. A quasi-one-dimensional field of nonlinear waves propagates towards the beach, where they are damped whereas a more multidirectional wave field is observed with the wall. In both cases, the wave spectrum scales as a frequency power law with an exponent that increases continuously with the forcing amplitude up to a value close to $-4$. The physical mechanisms involved most likely differ with the boundary condition used, but cannot be easily discriminated with only temporal measurements. We also studied freely decaying gravity wave turbulence in the closed basin. No self-similar decay of the spectrum is observed, whereas its Fourier modes decay first as a time power law due to nonlinear mechanisms, and then exponentially due to linear viscous damping. We estimate the linear, nonlinear and dissipative time scales to test the time scale separation that highlights the important role of a large-scale Fourier mode. By estimation of the mean energy flux from the initial decay of wave energy, the Kolmogorov–Zakharov constant of the weak turbulence theory is evaluated and found to be compatible with a recently obtained theoretical value.
Law of the wall in an unstably stratified turbulent channel flow
Authors: Scagliarini A. , Einarsson H. , Gylfason Á. , Toschi F.
Published: September 2015

We perform direct numerical simulations of an unstably stratified turbulent channel flow to address the effects of buoyancy on the boundary layer dynamics and mean field quantities. We systematically span a range of parameters in the space of friction Reynolds number ($\mathit{Re}_{{\it\tau}}$) and Rayleigh number ($\mathit{Ra}$). Our focus is on deviations from the logarithmic law of the wall due to buoyant motion. The effects of convection in the relevant ranges are discussed, providing measurements of mean profiles of velocity, temperature and Reynolds stresses as well as of the friction coefficient. A phenomenological model is proposed and shown to capture the observed deviations of the velocity profile in the log-law region from the non-convective case.
On the distribution and swim pressure of run-and-tumble particles in confinement
Authors: Ezhilan Barath , Alonso-Matilla Roberto , Saintillan David
Published: September 2015

The spatial and orientational distribution in a dilute active suspension of non-Brownian run-and-tumble spherical swimmers confined between two planar hard walls is calculated theoretically. Using a kinetic model based on coupled bulk/surface probability density functions, we demonstrate the existence of a concentration wall boundary layer with thickness scaling with the run length, the absence of polarization throughout the bulk of the channel, and the presence of sharp discontinuities in the bulk orientation distribution in the neighbourhood of orientations parallel to the wall in the near-wall region. Our model is also applied to calculate the swim pressure in the system, which approaches the previously proposed ideal-gas behaviour in wide channels but is found to decrease in narrow channels as a result of confinement. Monte Carlo simulations are also performed for validation and show excellent quantitative agreement with our theoretical predictions.
Thin section petrography and chemostratigraphy: Integrated evaluation of an upper Mississippian mudstone dominated succession from the southern Netherlands
Authors: Nyhuis C.J. , Riley D. , Kalasinska A.
Published: September 2015

Sedimentological data acquired by thin section petrography is a rich source of information to better understand and interpret depositional environments that are dominated by fine-grained deposits. This study provides an evaluation of the sedimentological and geochemical changes recorded over Upper Viséan to Lower Namurian successions preserved in a core section from a well drilled in the southern part of the Netherlands. Facies analysis and the recognition of microfacies associations allow detailed interpretations of depositional environments. Interpretation of additional geochemical data acquired by portable X-ray fluorescence analyses has resulted in a chemostratigraphic zonation for the core section. The zonation reflects stratigraphic changes in the mineralogy of the sedimentary successions. Integration of the microfacies associations and the chemostratigraphic zonation has led to the identification of three so-called depositional zones, which show the development of depositional settings from Late Viséan to Early Namurian times. Depositional Zone 1 consists of fine-grained turbiditic limestones and mudstones deposited in a distal carbonate ramp setting during Latest Viséan times. The overlying Depositional Zone 2 corresponds to the Geverik Member (Lower Namurian) and is particularly heterogeneous in geochemical and lithological terms: the zone reflects a complex interplay between different parameters such as sediment source, transport mechanisms and oxygen content that are assumed to be governed by fluctuating sea levels and changing depositional environments (from basinal to shallow marine settings). Sandy lenticular mudstones are predominant in the lower part of Depositional Zone 2 and show that sedimentation was via erosive bedload, whilst the common fossiliferous mudstones present within the upper part of the same zone yield evidence for increased endobenthic activity in dysoxic conditions. The successions assigned to Depositional Zone 3 ( = Epen Formation – Namurian) are the products of cyclic sedimentation of a terrestrial sourced delta.
Reading German Jewry through Vernacular Photography: From the Kaiserreich to the Third Reich
Authors: Auslander Leora
Published: September 2015

Building on a generation of scholarship that argues that an understanding of German Jewish life must move beyond debates over terms—assimilation, acculturation, integration, subcultures, and symbiosis—this article uses three photograph albums created by the Wassermann family of Bamberg, in conjunction with the written record, to suggest an alternative interpretive framework for understanding the complexity of German Jewish lives in the first third of the twentieth century. Rethinking this history through a close analysis of photographs and photograph albums is particularly productive because even if photography and album-making were ubiquitous practices throughout the twentieth century, the special affinity of Jews for photography has been well-documented. Their paradoxical historic experience—including ghettoization and forced migration, on the one hand, and powerful feelings of “at-homeness” in their various diasporic dwelling places, on the other, in combination with the specificities of Jewish religious practice—has given Jews a particular relation to time and to place, a relation sometimes made manifest in photography. That relation is, furthermore, historical, changing with each context in which Jews find themselves living.
Carinachitiids, hexangulaconulariids, andPunctatus: problematic metazoans from the Early Cambrian of South China
Authors: Morris Simon Conway , Menge Chen
Published: September 2015

Carinachitiids, hexangulaconulariids, andPunctatusare distinctive and abundant components of early skeletal faunas from the Lower Cambrian of South China. Carinachitiids are redescribed on the basis ofCarinachites spinatusfromKuanchuanpu, Shaanxi, andC. tetrasulcatusandC. curvatornatusfrom Emei, Sichuan. Tubes of all species are characterized by pronounced quadriradial symmetry, but whereasC. spinatusandC. curvatornatusgenerally have prominent ornamentation consisting of transverse ribbing, that ofC. tetrasulcatusis much more subdued. Neither apex nor well-defined aperture is evident in any of the carinachitiids. Hexangulaconulariids are redescribed on the basis ofArthrochites emeishanensisfrom Emei andHexaconularia sichuanensisfrom Kuanchuanpu. In common with the carinachitiids, the former species shows wide morphological variability. The tubes expand rapidly from a blunt apex, bear prominent ribbing, and possess variably developed lateral grooves that impose a quasi-hexaradial symmetry.Hexaconularia sichuanensisis described from fragmentary material with prominent ribbing and well-defined lateral grooves.Punctatus emeiensishas a tapering ribbed cone, with a stellate ornamentation adapically that is replaced by longitudinal ribbing towards the aperture. Carinachitiids and hexangulaconulariids are widely regarded as related to conularids, and this proposal receives additional support here. An external abortive ?borehole in a specimen ofCarinachitesalso supports the tubicolous interpretation of these fossils. An alternative suggestion that carinachitiids and hexangulaconulariids represent the internal rachis of a sea-pen is also considered. The affinities ofPunctatusare more speculative, but the genus may be related to the other two groups. The ecology ofPunctatus, however, remains problematic.
Redescription of Harmothoe aculeata (Polychaeta: Polynoidae) and description of three new similar species from the Grand Caribbean region
Authors: Salazar-Silva Patricia
Published: September 2015

A revision of polynoids from the Grand Caribbean region demonstrated that Harmothoe aculeata had been confused with similar species. It is here redescribed and three similar species, H. vossae sp. nov., H. longidentis sp. nov., and H. fuscaspinae sp. nov. are described from the Grand Caribbean region. The four species share certain characteristics such as (a) the presence of papillated antennae and dorsal cirri, and (b) elytra with microtubercles and macrotubercles centred on distinct, separate areolas and surrounded by erect filiform papillae. The species differ mainly in the form and distribution of the macrotubercles, relative thickness between notochaetae and neurochaetae and their ornamentation. A key differentiating these species is included.
Understanding the vulnerability of older adults: extent of and breaches in support systems in Uganda
Authors: GOLAZ VALÉRIE , WANDERA STEPHEN OJIAMBO , RUTAREMWA GIDEON
Published: September 2015

Older adults’ vulnerability and resilience are a result of processes constructed throughout the lifecycle. In Uganda, older people almost always rely exclusively on their social networks for care and economic support when in need. These support systems are mainly family based, and play a role of safety net for their older members. However, localised in-depth studies have pointed out the limitations of family-based support systems, especially in the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This paper uses 83 in-depth interviews conducted in various settings across Uganda with older people and their family members on the subject of their support systems. Over and above the lack of immediate/personal resources characterising most older people, our results highlight the importance of the extent of support systems and resource diversity. Most of the people in our case studies had lost descendants due to the civil war, the HIV/AIDS epidemic, or simply family break-ups, events which often create large breaches and gaps in support systems. Few older people can be resilient in this situation, primarily because there are often not enough resources available in their support networks to cover the needs of all, especially education for the young and health-care access for the old.
Urinary Tract Infections with Antibiotic Resistant Organisms in Catheterized Nursing Home Patients
Authors: Bjork David T. , Pelletier Lawrence L. , Tight Robert R.
Published: September 2015

Long-term use of indwelling urinary catheters in nursing home (NH) patients is a potential cause of significant morbidity. We retrospectively studied 10 NH patients with chronic indwelling urinary catheters. Sixty-four percent of all 84 antibiotic courses prescribed were for bacteriuria alone without clinical infection. Seventy percent of 63 antibiotic courses were followed by bacteriuria with organisms resistant to the antibiotic administered. Bacteria isolated from NH patients often displayed greater resistance to specific antibiotics than those isolated from hospitalized patients. Four of the 20 urinary tract infections were associated with bacteremia. Three episodes of bacteremia were with highly-resistant organisms and one was fatal. Use of urinary catheters and inappropriate use of antibiotics in NH patients results in urinary tract colonization and infection with resistant bacteria and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality.
Habitat use of the introduced cane toad (Rhinella marina) and native frog species in tropical Australia
Authors: Mayer Martin , Brown Gregory P. , Zimmermann Barbara , Greenlees Matthew J. , Shine Richard
Published: September 2015

The ecological impacts of introduced species can reveal mechanisms underlying habitat selection and behaviour. We investigated the habitat use of native frog species and the invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in tropical northern Australia to measure overlap in habitat use, and to test if the presence of the cane toad influences frog behaviour. Native frog species and the cane toad both preferred habitats close to water and unvegetated holes. However, native frogs were found further from water (on average 19.4 m) than were toads (on average 12.6 m), and preferred areas with higher vegetation (8–50 cm) than did toads, which were more abundant in vegetation lower than 8 cm. For both types of anuran, the next neighbour was more often of the same type (89% in frogs, 52% in toads) than expected by chance (observed ratio: 75% frogs vs 25% toads), reflecting these differences in habitat use. Our counts of frog abundance increased on average 14.5% in areas from which we removed cane toads temporarily. This result suggests that cane toads inhibit the activity of native anurans either by inducing avoidance, or by reducing activity. By modifying the behaviour and spatial distribution of native taxa, invasive cane toads may curtail activities such as feeding and breeding.
Evaluation of genetic causes of cardiomyopathy in childhood
Authors: Ware Stephanie M.
Published: September 2015

Cardiomyopathy frequently has a genetic basis. In adults, mutations in genes encoding components of the sarcomere, cytoskeleton, or desmosome are frequent genetic causes of cardiomyopathy. Although children share these causes, ~30% of children have an underlying metabolic, syndromic, or neuromuscular condition causing their cardiomyopathy, making the aetiologies more diverse in children as compared with adults. Although some children present with obvious signs or symptoms of metabolic, syndromic, or neuromuscular disease, other cases may be quite subtle, requiring a high level of suspicion in order to diagnose them. In general, the younger the child, the more extensive the differential. Advantages of identifying the underlying genetic cause of cardiomyopathy in the paediatric population include confirming the diagnosis in ambiguous cases, facilitating appropriate surveillance and management of cardiac and extra-cardiac diseases, providing prognostic information, and establishing the genetic basis in the family, thereby allowing the identification of at-risk relatives and institution of appropriate family screening as indicated. For these reasons, genetic testing is increasingly recognised as standard of care, and guidelines for genetic counselling, testing, and incorporation of family-based risk assessment have been established. Therapies aimed at treating specific genetic aetiologies of cardiomyopathy are emerging and are exciting new developments that require increasingly sophisticated approaches to diagnosis. As genetic testing capabilities continue to expand technically, careful interpretation, knowledgeable clinical utilisation, and appropriate dissemination of genetic information are important and challenging components of clinical care.
Advanced functional echocardiographic imaging of the failing heart in children
Authors: Parthiban Anitha , Shirali Girish
Published: September 2015

Over the past decade, new echocardiographic techniques such as three-dimensional echocardiography and the imaging of myocardial deformation (strain) have been developed, and are increasingly used in clinical practice. In this article, we describe the rationale and methodology, review available guidelines for practice, and discuss the advantages and limitations of each of these modalities. When available, we have also summarised the scientific evidence for the clinical application of these techniques to detect heart failure in children.
Heart Failure Summit Review: cardiac re-synchronisation therapy in the failing heart
Authors: Cohen Mitchell I.
Published: September 2015

Extrapolating cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) to pediatric patients with heart failure has at times been difficult given the heterogeneity of pediatric cardiomyopathies, varying congenital heart disease (CHD) substrates, and the fact that most pediatric heart failure patients have right bundle branch block (RBBB) as opposed to LBBB. Yet, despite these limitations a number of multi-center retrospective studies in North America and Europe have identified some data to suggest that certain sub-populations tend to respond positively to CRT. In order to address some of the heterogeneity it is helpful to subdivide pediatric and young adult patients with CHD into four potential groups: (1) CRT for chronic RV pacing, (2) dilated cardiomyopathies, (3) pulmonary right ventricles, and (4) systemic right ventricles. The chronic RV paced group, especially long-standing RV apical pacing, with ventricular dyssynchrony has consistently shown to be the group that best responds to a proactive resynchronization course. CRT therapy in pulmonary right ventricles such as post-op tetralogy of Fallot have shown some promise and may be considered especially if there is evidence of concomitant left ventricular dysfunction with an electrical dyssynchrony. Patients with systemic right ventricles such as post-atrial baffle surgery or congenitally corrected transposition reportedly do well with CRT in the presence of both inter-ventricular and intra-ventricular dyssynchrony. There is little doubt that moving forward to best way to identify which pediatric patients with heart failure will respond to CRT, will require a collaborative effort between the electrophysiologist and the echocardiographer to identify appropriate candidates with electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony.
Lessons learned from the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry (PCMR) Study Group
Authors: Wilkinson James D. , Westphal Joslyn A. , Bansal Neha , Czachor Jason D. , Razoky Hiedy , Lipshultz Steven E.
Published: September 2015

Cardiomyopathy is a rare disorder of the heart muscle, affecting 1.13 cases per 100,000 children, from birth to 18 years of age. Cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of heart transplantation in children over the age of 1. The Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry funded in 1994 by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute was established to examine the epidemiology of the disease in children below 18 years of age. More than 3500 children across the United States and Canada have been enrolled in the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry, which has followed-up these patients until death, heart transplantation, or loss to follow-up. The Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry has provided the most in-depth illustration of this disease regarding its aetiology, clinical course, associated risk factors, and patient outcomes. Data from the registry have helped in guiding the clinical management of cardiomyopathy in children under 18 years of age; however, questions still remain regarding the most clinically effective diagnostic and treatment approaches for these patients. Future directions of the registry include the use of next-generation whole-exome sequencing and cardiac biomarkers to identify aetiology-specific treatments and improve diagnostic strategies. This article provides a brief synopsis of the work carried out by the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry since its inception, including the current knowledge on the aetiologies, outcomes, and treatments of cardiomyopathy in children.
Can linking databases answer questions about paediatric heart failure?
Authors: Pasquali Sara K. , Schumacher Kurt R. , Davies Ryan R.
Published: September 2015

Numerous data sets collect information on patients with paediatric cardiovascular disease, including paediatric heart failure and transplant patients. This review discusses methodologies available for linking and integrating information across data sets, which may help facilitate answering important questions in the field of paediatric heart failure and transplant that cannot be answered with individual data sets or single-centre data alone.
Paediatric heart failure research: role of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Authors: Burns Kristin M.
Published: September 2015

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, of the National Institutes of Health, is committed to supporting research in paediatric heart failure. The Institute’s support of paediatric heart failure research includes both investigator-initiated grants and Institute initiatives. There were 107 funded grants in paediatric heart failure over the past 20 years in basic, translational and clinical research, technology development, and support of registries. Such research includes a broad diversity of scientific topics and approaches. The Institute also supports several initiatives for paediatric heart failure, including the Pediatric Circulatory Support Program, the Pumps for Kids, Infants, and Neonates (PumpKIN) Program, PediMACS, and the Pediatric Heart Network. This review article describes the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s past, present, and future efforts to promote a better understanding of paediatric heart failure, with the ultimate goal of improving outcomes.
Introduction to the 2015 Supplement toCardiology in the Young: Proceedings of the 2015 International Pediatric Heart Failure Summit of Johns Hopkins All Children’s Heart Institute
Authors: Jacobs Jeffrey P.
Published: September 2015

In the United States of America alone, ~14,000 children are hospitalised annually with acute heart failure. The science and art of caring for these patients continues to evolve.

The International Pediatric Heart Failure Summit of Johns Hopkins All Children’s Heart Institute was held on 4 and 5 February, 2015. The 2015 International Pediatric Heart Failure Summit of Johns Hopkins All Children’s Heart Institute was funded through the Andrews/Daicoff Cardiovascular Program Endowment, a philanthropic collaboration between All Children’s Hospital and the Morsani College of Medicine at the University of South Florida (USF). Sponsored by All Children’s Hospital Andrews/Daicoff Cardiovascular Program, the Johns Hopkins All Children’s Heart Institute International Pediatric Heart Failure Summit assembled leaders in clinical and scientific disciplines related to paediatric heart failure and created a multi-disciplinary “think-tank”. Information about George R. Daicoff, MD, and Ed and Sarainne Andrews is provided in this introductory manuscript to the 2015 Supplement toCardiology in the Youngentitled: “Proceedings of the 2015 International Pediatric Heart Failure Summit of Johns Hopkins All Children’s Heart Institute”. Dr Daicoff founded the All Children’s Hospital Pediatric Heart Surgery programme and directed this programme for over two decades. Sarainne Andrews made her generous bequest to All Children’s Hospital in honour of her husband Ed and his friendship with Dr Daicoff in order to support cardiovascular surgery research efforts.
Precision and Reliability of the Glasgow Coma Scale Score among a Cohort of Latin American Prehospital Emergency Care Providers
Authors: Báez Amado Alejandro , Giráldez Ediza M. , De Peña Julio M.
Published: September 2015

Introduction:

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is the standard measure used to quantify the level of consciousness in patients with head injuries.Rapid and accurate GCS scoring is essential for adequate assessment and treatment of critically sick and injured patients. This study sought out to determine the precision and reliability of the GCS among a cohort of Latin American Critical Care Transport Providers.

Methods:

The study consisted of a cross-sectional design using an Internetbased examination. The evaluation consisted of four focused clinical scenarios with a classification based on severity. For measurement of intra-rater reliability the first and fourth cases were identical. Five minutes were allocated for each scenario. For categorical variables, chi-square testing and Fisher's exact testing were used to assess associations. For all tests, statistical significance was set at the 0.05 level.

Results:

A total of 62 providers participated, including 17 physicians and 45 advanced providers (nurses and paramedics). No statistically significant differences were observed between physicians and advanced providers in the correct classification of the individual scenarios. Five of the 17 physicians (29.4%) answered all cases correctly, while none of the 45 advanced providers did (p <0.001). When evaluating the duplicated cases (Cases 1 and 4), five physicians (29.4%) and 11 advanced providers (24.4%) correctly classified the cases. This difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrated a poor precision and poor reliability in the use of the Glasgow Coma Scale within the study subjects.
Childhood ADHD & Comorbid Odd: Diagnosis & Contemporary Treatments
Authors: Donnelly Craig L.
Published: September 2015

Marshall is a 6-year-old child who displayed significant symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, defiance, and temper tantrums since 2 years of age. Marshall lives with his mother, a single parent, and two siblings, ages 4 and 1. His problematic behavior, defiance, and argumentativeness were significant problems at home for his mother, which often made her late to work in the morning. These behaviors were also problematic in the evenings at dinnertime and at bedtime not only for his mother but also for the whole family. Marshall was also having social problems at school including being increasingly shunned by other children because of his aggressiveness and impulsivity as well as being defiant and argumentative with his teachers.

His mother initially sought out her pediatrician, who indicated that Marshall was too young for medication and that better discipline techniques were necessary. Medical workup at that point was unrevealing of any significant condition responsible for Marshall's behavior. Marshall's mother continued to pursue a psychiatric evaluation for Marshall, and a formal psychiatric evaluation revealed diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), combined type, and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Paper and pencil instruments were used including the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham (SNAP) form for assessing ADHD and ODD symptoms. On the form, both Marshall's mother and teacher indicated that he was significantly elevated in both ADHD and ODD symptom domains, and target symptoms were identified: hyperactivity, impulsivity, short attention span, difficulty with follow through, defiance, argumentativeness, tantrums, and the beginnings of aggressiveness.
Comprehensive Treatment of Three Patients with Comorbid OCPD and ADHD
Authors: Josephson Stephen C. , Hollander Eric , Sumner Jennifer
Published: September 2015

Three patients were seen in an outpatient setting with work difficulties involving disorganization and task completion.They were evaluated and found to have significant symptoms of both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, inattentive subtype and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and were then treated with a creative combined behavioral and medication treatment, which emphasized the use of external aides (eg, paraprofessionals). Significant symptom reduction was observed as a result of this combined intervention.
Intensive Family Intervention and the Problem Figuration of ‘Troubled Families’
Authors: Ball Emily , Batty Elaine , Flint John
Published: September 2015

This article examines how intensive family interventions in England since 1997, including the Coalition government's Troubled Families programme, are situated in a contemporary problem figuration of ‘anti-social’ or ‘troubled’ families that frames and justifies the utilisation of different models of intensive family intervention. The article explores how techniques of classification and estimation, combined with the controversial use of ‘research’ evidence in policy making, are situated within a ‘rational fiction’ that constructs ‘anti-social’ families in particular ways. The article illustrates how this problem figuration has evolved during the New Labour and Coalition administrations in England, identifying their similarities and differences. It then presents findings from a study of intensive family intervention strategies and mechanisms in a large English city to illustrate how this national level discourse and policy framework relates to developing localised practice, and the tensions and ambiguities that arise.
Body composition in male rats subjected to early weaning and treated with diet containing flour or flaxseed oil after 21 days until 60 days
Authors: Ferolla da Camara Boueri B. , Ribeiro Pessanha C. , Rodrigues da Costa L. , Ferreira M. R. , Saldanha Melo H. , Duque Coutinho de Abreu M. , Rozeno Pessoa L. , Alves da Silva P. C. , Pereira A. D. , Cavalcante Ribeiro D. , de Meneses J. A. , Soares da Costa C. A. , Teles Boaventura G.
Published: September 2015

The aim of this study was analyzed if the flour or flaxseed oil treatment contributes to body composition in male rats subjected to early weaning. Pups were weaned for separation from mother at 14 (early weaning, EW) and 21 days (control, C). At 21 days, part of the pups was evaluated (C21 v. EW21). After 21 days, control (C60) was fed with control diet. EW was divided in control (EWC60); flaxseed flour (EWFF60); flaxseed oil (EWFO60) diets until 60 days. Body mass, length and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were determined. EW21 (v. C21) and EWC60 (v. C60 and EWFF60) showed lower (P<0.05) mass, length and body composition. EWFO60 (v. C60 and EWFF60) showed lower (P<0.05) body mass and length, body and trunk lean mass, bone mineral density and content and bone area. Flaxseed flour, in comparison with flaxseed oil, contributes to recovery of body composition after early weaning.
Migrantenkinder
Authors: Kouider Esmahan Belhadj , Petermann Franz
Published: September 2015

Zusammenfassung. Der Beitrag definiert den Begriff „Migration“ und geht auf die Lebensbedingungen von Familien mit einem Migrationshintergrund ein. Es werden demographische Aspekte und Ursachen für eine Migration erläutert. Am Beispiel der Identitätsentwicklung von Kindern und Jugendlichen werden die besonderen Entwicklungsaufgaben von Migrationskindern beschrieben sowie die muslimische Religionszugehörigkeit als möglicher Belastungsfaktor thematisiert; an einigen Beispielen werden auch Diskriminierungserfahrungen ausgeführt. Fokussiert man die Spezifika von Migrationskindern und den daraus resultierenden Versorgungsbedarf im Kontext psychischer Auffälligkeiten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen, wird der Nachholbedarf in der klinischen Forschung und Praxis deutlich.
Hilfebedarf und Hilfsangebote in der Versorgung von unbegleiteten minderjährigen Flüchtlingen
Authors: Witt Andreas , Rassenhofer Miriam , Fegert Jörg M. , Plener Paul L.
Published: September 2015

Zusammenfassung. In den letzten Jahren kommt es zu einer deutlichen Zunahme der Zahl unbegleiteter minderjähriger Flüchtlinge (UMF) in Deutschland. Dies stellt nicht zuletzt die klinische Versorgung vor neue Fragestellungen, da es sich um eine hoch vulnerable Gruppe handelt. In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit sollen die psychischen Auffälligkeiten und deren längerfristiger Verlauf beschrieben werden, um den Hilfebedarf darzustellen. In einem weiteren Schritt werden die Hilfsangebote anhand der Rückmeldungen von UMF erfasst. Das klinische Bild wurde vorrangig von einer posttraumatischen Stresssymptomatik geprägt, wobei sich im Langzeitverlauf eine hohe Stabilität psychischer Belastungen zeigte. Daneben existiert jedoch auch ein erheblicher Anteil resilienter UMF. Mehrfach wurde von den UMF der Wunsch nach Schulbildung und rascher sprachlicher Integration geäußert.
Migrationshintergrund als Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung Frühgeborener im Alter von zwei Jahren
Authors: Schoberer Anne , Dörr Regina , Schoberer Mark , Orlikowsky Thorsten , Häusler Martin , Hoberg Kathrin
Published: September 2015

Zusammenfassung. Im Rahmen der Aachener Frühgeborenennachsorge wurden N = 199 Frühgeborene (< 32 SSW und/oder < 1500 g) der Geburtsjahrgänge 2007 bis 2011 im Alter von korrigiert zwei Jahren entwicklungsneurologisch nachuntersucht und ihr MDI mit dem Bayley II ermittelt. Die Daten wurden retrospektiv analysiert, um herauszufinden, ob der Migrationshintergrund die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit zum Untersuchungszeitpunkt beeinflusst. Es zeigten sich keine Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Geschlechts, medizinischer Komplikationen und der Inanspruchnahme von Therapie zwischen Kindern mit (42 %) und ohne (58 %) Migrationshintergrund. In Übereinstimmung mit der Literatur lag die gesamte Aachener Stichprobe mit einem mittleren MDI von 83,3 (SD 17,4) eine Standardabweichung unter dem Durchschnitt der Referenzpopulation. Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund lagen im kognitiven Outcome 10 Punkte unter Kindern ohne diesen, was entscheidend durch das Vorliegen familiärer Risikofaktoren bedingt wurde. Im regressionsanalytischen Modell hatten familiäre Risikofaktoren und das Geburtsgewicht den größten Einfluss auf den kognitiven Outcome; aber auch das Vorliegen eines Migrationshintergrundes leistete einen zusätzlichen Beitrag zur Vorhersage. Frühgeborene mit Migrationshintergrund sollten daher als besondere Risikogruppe erkannt werden, insbesondere wenn sie zusätzlich familiäre Risikofaktoren aufweisen, um sie frühzeitig differenzierter fördern zu können.
Sprachfreie Intelligenzdiagnostik bei Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund
Authors: Daseking Monika , Werpup-Stüwe Lina , Wienert Lisa Marie , Menke Barbara M. , Petermann Franz , Waldmann Hans-Christian
Published: September 2015

Zusammenfassung. In der psychologischen Praxis stellt sich immer wieder die Frage, welches Testverfahren zur Erfassung kognitiver Fähigkeiten bei Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund eingesetzt werden kann, wenn diese nicht mit Deutsch als Muttersprache aufgewachsen sind. In der vorliegenden Studie wird geprüft, ob die sprachfrei durchführbare Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability (WNV) das Gütekriterium der Testfairness erfüllt. Dafür werden die Leistungen von N = 1284 Kindern im Alter von 4;0 bis 17;11 Jahren berücksichtigt, von denen n = 46 (3.6 %) zuhause nur die Sprache des Herkunftslandes und n = 258 (20.1 %) sowohl die Herkunftssprache als auch Deutsch sprechen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Unterschiede in den kognitiven Fähigkeiten ausschließlich durch den familiären Bildungshintergrund, nicht aber durch den Migrationshintergrund erklärt werden. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Einsatzes der WNV bei Kindern mit einer anderen Muttersprache werden abschließend diskutiert.
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate chronic high glucose-induced β-cell injury through modulation of autophagy
Authors: Zhao K , Hao H , Liu J , Tong C , Cheng Y , Xie Z , Zang L , Mu Y , Han W
Published: September 2015

Chronic hyperglycemia causes a progressive decrease of β-cell function and mass in type 2 diabetic patients. Growing evidence suggests that augment of autophagy may be an effective approach to protect β cells against various extra-/intracellular stimuli. In this study, we thus investigated whether bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) could ameliorate chronic high glucose (HG)-induced β-cell injury through modulation of autophagy. Prolonged exposure to HG decreased cell viability, increased cell apoptosis and impaired basal insulin secretion and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion of INS-1 cells, but BM-MSC treatment significantly alleviated these glucotoxic alternations. In addition, western blotting displayed upregulated expression of Beclin1 and LC3-II in INS-1 cells co-cultured with BM-MSCs. Results from immunofluorescence staining and transmission electronic microscope analysis also revealed that BM-MSCs promoted autophagosomes and autolysosomes formation in HG-treated INS-1 cells. However, it should be noted that inhibition of autophagy significantly diminished the protective effects of BM-MSCs on HG-treated INS-1 cells, suggesting that the improvement of β-cell function and survival induced by BM-MSCs was mediated through autophagy. Furthermore, our results showed that BM-MSCs improved mitochondrial function and reduced reactive oxygen species production in HG-treated INS-1 cells, largely owing to autophagic clearance of impaired mitochondria. In vivo study was performed in rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D). BM-MSC infusion not only ameliorated hyperglycemia, but also promoted restoration of pancreatic β cells in T2D rats. Meanwhile, BM-MSC infusion upregulated LAMP2 expression and enhanced formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, combined with reduced β-cell apoptosis and increased number of insulin granules. These findings together indicated that BM-MSCs could protect β cells against chronic HG-induced injury through modulation of autophagy in vitro and in vivo. This study unveiled novel evidence of BM-MSCs as an ideal strategy to enhance autophagy for treatment of T2D mellitus.
SGK-1 protects kidney cells against apoptosis induced by ceramide and TNF-α
Authors: Pastore D , Della-Morte D , Coppola A , Capuani B , Lombardo M F , Pacifici F , Ferrelli F , Arriga R , Mammi C , Federici M , Bellia A , Di Daniele N , Tesauro M , Donadel G , Noto D , Sbraccia P , Sconocchia G , Lauro D
Published: September 2015

Ceramide regulates several different cellular responses including mechanisms leading to apoptosis. Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible protein kinase (SGK)-1 is a serine threonine kinase, which activates survival pathways in response to stress stimuli. Recently, we demonstrated an anti-apoptotic role of SGK-1 in human umbilical endothelial cells treated with high glucose. In the present study, since ceramide induces apoptosis by multiple mechanisms in diabetes and its complication such as nephropathy, we aimed to investigate whether SGK-1 may protect even against apoptosis induced by ceramide in kidney cells. Human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells stable transfected with SGK-1 wild type (SGK-1wt) and its dominant negative gene (SGK-1dn) have been used in this study. Apoptotic stimuli were induced by C2-ceramide and TNF-α to increase endogenous synthesis of ceramide. Upon activation with these stimuli, SGK-1wt transfected cells have a statistically significant reduction of apoptosis compared with SGK-1dn cells (P<0.001). This protection was dependent on activation of caspase-3 and Poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage. SGK-1 and AKT-1 two highly homologous kinases differently reacted to ceramide treatment, since SGK-1 increases in response to apoptotic stimulus while AKT-1 decreases. This enhancement of SGK-1 was dependent on p38-mitogen-activated-protein kinases (p38MAPK), cyclic-adenosine-monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. Especially, by using selective LY294002 inhibitor, we demonstrated that the most involved pathway in the SGK-1 mediated process of protection was PI3K. Treatment with inhibitor of SGK-1 (GSK650394) significantly enhanced TNF-α-dependent apoptosis in HEK-293 cells overexpressing SGK-1wt. Caspase-3, -8 and -9 selective inhibitors confirmed that SGK-1 reduced the activation of caspase-dependent apoptosis, probably by both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In conclusion, we demonstrated that in kidney cells, overexpression of SGK-1 is protective against ceramide-induced apoptosis and the role of SGK-1 can be potentially explored as a therapeutic target in conditions like diabetes, where ceramide levels are increased.
Smac mimetic-induced upregulation of interferon-β sensitizes glioblastoma to temozolomide-induced cell death
Authors: Marschall V , Fulda S
Published: September 2015

Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are frequently expressed at high levels in cancer cells and represent attractive therapeutic targets. We previously reported that the Smac (second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases) mimetic BV6, which antagonizes IAP proteins, sensitizes glioblastoma cells to temozolomide (TMZ)-induced cell death in a nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-dependent manner. However, BV6-induced NF-κB target genes responsible for this synergistic interaction have remained elusive. Using whole-genome gene expression profiling, we here identify BV6-stimulated, NF-κB-dependent transcriptional upregulation of interferon-β (IFNβ) and IFN-mediated proapoptotic signaling as critical events that mediate BV6/TMZ-induced apoptosis. Knockdown of IFNβ significantly rescues cells from BV6/TMZ-induced cell death. Similarly, silencing of the corresponding receptor IFNα/β receptor (IFNAR) confers a significant protection against apoptosis, demonstrating that IFNβ and IFN signaling are required for BV6/TMZ-mediated cell death. Moreover, BV6 and TMZ cooperate to transcriptionally upregulate the proapoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 family proteins Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein) or Puma (p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis). Knockdown of Bax or Puma significantly decreases BV6/TMZ-induced apoptosis, showing that both proteins are necessary for apoptosis. By identifying IFNβ as a key mediator of BV6/TMZ-induced apoptosis, our study provides novel insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of Smac mimetic-mediated chemosensitization with important implications for the development of novel treatment strategies for glioblastoma.
Colorimetric detection of biological hydrogen sulfide using fluorosurfactant functionalized gold nanorods
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Zhou Wenjuan , Yuan Zhiqin , Lu Chao
Published: September 2015

Fluorosurfactant functionalized gold nanorods can act as selective colorimetric nanoprobes for H2S. These proposed nanoprobes can accurately detect biological H2S in human and mouse serum samples as well evaluate the activity of H2S synthetase.
Hydride ion formation in stoichiometric UO2
Authors: Flitcroft J. M. , Molinari M. , Brincat N. A. , Storr M. T. , Parker S. C.
Published: September 2015

We investigated hydrogen solubility in UO2 using DFT and predicted that hydrogen species energetically prefers to exist as a hydride ion rather than a proton in a hydroxyl group and on diffusion hydrogen's charge state will change.
Assignment of absolute configurations of highly flexible linear diterpenes from the brown alga Bifurcaria bifurcata by VCD spectroscopy
Authors: Merten Christian , Smyrniotopoulos Vangelis , Tasdemir Deniz
Published: September 2015

We report the first successful application of vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy in absolute configuration determination of two algal linear diterpenes, and discuss experimental and theoretical aspects important for linear diterpenes.
Metal–organic framework derived porous CuO/Cu2O composite hollow octahedrons as high performance anode materials for sodium ion batteries
Authors: Zhang Xiaojie , Qin Wei , Li Dongsheng , Yan Dong , Hu Bingwen , Sun Zhuo , Pan Likun
Published: September 2015

Porous CuO/Cu2O composite hollow octahedrons derived from metal–organic frameworks exhibit excellent sodium storage capacity with long cycling life.