bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obstacles and Challenges affecting the move towards Universal Healthcare Coverage in Nigeria
Authors:   , Fofah Jenson G.
Published: June 2021

There is increasing pressure for low and middle-income countries to move towards achieving universal healthcare coverage (UHC). According to WHO (2013), UHC guarantees the right to affordable health care for every individual, without financial hardship. The Director-General to the World Health Organization, Margaret Chan (WHO, 2010 p. 1), says UHC “is the single most powerful concept that public health has to offer”. In recent years, UHC has come onto the policy agenda, but Nigeria has been criticised for its slow progress. This study investigates why and how the UHC policy is developed by focusing on the roles and interactions of policy actors, their policy setting, and ‘how’ their actions influence the policy process and outcome of UHC so far in Nigeria. It will provide evidence of Nigeria’s policy process that will enhance the understanding of the politics of such health care policy implementation processes, which is fundamental to the success of policy networks of UHC in low- and middle-income settings. This is an empirical study using a mixed method approach involving quantitative and qualitative research components. The study combines the social network analysis (the quantitative component) with a more general policy process framework (the qualitative component). Data collected between March 2016 and February 2017 involved face-to-face structured interviews, face-to-face semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis to identify members of relevant policy networks and describe the pattern of relationships and influence within the UHC discourse. The SNA analysis displayed a full structural network taxonomy of the UHC policy process and identified key members of the UHC discourse into four key institutions and organisations- such as the power actors, peripheral actors, gatekeepers or brokers, isolated actors, and policy actors connected to the power actors. The theoretical policy process framework highlights five key gaps that exist as challenges and obstacles which impedes the implementation process of UHC Nigeria. These challenges and obstacles include, changing political climate, concerns about system capacity and finance, poor coordination between federal and state levels, corruption and problems with the private sector – HMOs. These challenges and obstacles limit the government’s ability to provide social and financial risk protection and access to quality health services to vulnerable Nigerian communities. Drawing on the theoretical framework and intervention, this thesis concludes that the political, policy, financial and organizational constraints of the health system limit UHC Nigeria implementation progress. Addressing the reasons why these issues ensue would be helpful in taking strategic steps towards achieving financial protection and access to basic health services through UHC for many Nigerians.
Reviewing a Decade of Human-Computer Interaction for Development (HCI4D) Research, as One of Best's "Grand Challenges"
Authors: Van Biljon Judy , Renaud Karen
Published: June 2021

The human-computer interaction for development (HCI4D) field emerged at the intersection of the fields of information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) and human-computer interaction (HCI). In 2010, Michael Best nominated HCI4D as one of ICT4D's "grand challenges". This HCI4D field is now entering its second decade, and it is important to reflect on the research that has been conducted, and to consider how HCI4D researchers have addressed the challenge that constitutes the raison d'etre of HCI4D's existence. Best provided four guidelines to inform researchers embracing this challenge. This study commences by identifying the primary HCI4D-specific themes, and then carries out a systematic literature review of the HCI4D literature to build a corpus to support the analysis. The corpus is analysed to reflect on how well the field's practices align with Best's guidelines. The overall finding is that HCI4D researchers have largely been following Best's guidelines and that the HCI4D field is demonstrating encouraging signs of emerging maturity.
Pembelajaran Daring dalam Perspektif Mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Luar Sekolah, Universitas Nusa Cendana
Authors: Makleat Nirwaning , Selly Frans , Neonufa Samrid
Published: June 2021

Penyebaran wabah Virus Corona Diseaces 2019 (Covid-19) membuat Pemerintah dan semua stakeholder berpikir keras dalam penanganannya. Khusus dalam bidang pendidikan, salah satu solusi yang ditawarkan yakni penerapan pembelajaran daring (online learning/e-learning). Hal ini jelas menjadi tantangan tersendiri khususnya bagi mahasiswa yang mungkin masih belum familiar dengan pembelajaran daring. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat respon mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Luar Sekolah (PLS) terhadap pelaksanaan pembelajaran daring. Dengan mengetahui pendapat mahasiswa Pendidikan Luar Sekolah terhadap pelaksanaan pembelajaran daring maka selanjutnya dapat dijadikan acuan dalam pengembangan pembelajaran daring secara berkelajutan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan jenis penelitian kuantitatif dengan analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses pembelajaran onine telah memberikan dampak yang cukup relevan terhadap pentingya pengausaan dan penggunaan teknologi informasi dalam dunia pendidikan. Tantangan pembelajaran online lebih bersifat teknis, seperti terkait dengan bahan ajar, kondisi lingkungan dan interaksi dalam proses pembelajaran. Terpenulinya aspek-aspek tersebut dapat mendukung dan membentuk mahasiswa dalam menghadapi kuatnya arus perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi.
Pengaruh Aktivitas Penambangan Pasir Terhadap Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Di Desa Naga Kesiangan Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai
Authors: Rasidi Galang , Nainggolan Elizon
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui : (1) Tingkat aktivitas penambangan pasir di Desa Naga Kesiangan, (2) Tingkat sosial ekonomi masyarakat Desa Naga Kesiangan, dan (3) Pengaruh aktivitas penambangan pasir terhadap tingkat sosial ekonomi masyarakat Desa Naga Kesiangan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Februari hingga April  tahun 2020 di Desa Naga Kesiangan. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif korelasional. Sampel berjumlah 73 responden yang diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, dokumentasi, dan angket. Teknik analisis data dengan uji normalitas, uji homogenitas, uji lineritas, dan uji hipotesis dengan regresi sederhana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Aktivitas penambangan pasir di Desa Naga Kesiangan (72,22%)  termasuk ke dalam kategori Sering, (2) Status sosial ekonomi termasuk dalam kategori sedang yaitu sebanyak (47,2%), (3) dari hasil uji f regresi sederhana di peroleh Fhitung sebesar 14,825 dan Ftabel (3,1338) dan sig. 0,000.
Developing Industry 4.0-Based English for Hospitality Business Learning Model
Authors: Koerniawaty Francisca Titing , Nova Muhamad
Published: June 2021

This study aimed at developing English for Hospitality Business learning model which is adequate to Industry 4.0. This research applied the Research and Development research design. This study employed several research instruments, including a questionnaire, interview guide, observation field note, and expert judgment evaluation form. This study also invited a total number of six English lecturers and two experts on hospitality and management studies to participate in the study. As a result, a set of learning tools has been developed, including syllabus, lesson plan, and learning material. The syllabus made contains 14 learning outcomes distributed into sixteen learning topics in line with the hospitality management scope. The lesson plan developed has been arranged and organized with the combination of synchronous and asynchronous learning. The teaching and learning programs are designed for online and offline activities. The learning materials are arranged into a module covering learning materials, quiz, assignments, and discussion. The result of expert evaluation is 4.6 which can be classified as high-quality product. This learning model can be implemented for tourism vocational college, especially for hospitality management study program which needs the English subject as professional support to their career.
THE INFLUENCE OF MALL ON ENHANCING STUDENTS’ LITERACY SKILLS
Authors: Harmanto Margaretha Dharmayanti
Published: June 2021

This study investigates the influence of MALL (Mobile Assisted Language Learning) on enhancing students' literacy skills in the international program of accounting. The mobile-phone platforms worked as media of interaction with the students in the learning-teaching and outside the classroom. The mobile phone is used as a medium for practising both reading and writing. This research was a quantitative study using an experimental design. The population of the study was the students of the International Program of Accounting department. The result showed that Sig. (2-tailed) .197 > 0.05 which means there was no significant effect in the use of MALL to enhance the students' literacy skills in general. Instead, the use of MALL has a significant effect in improving the spelling which was Sig. (2-tailed) 0.043 < 0.05, and grammar for the plural and singular parts for Sig. (2-tailed) 0.025<0.05.
Determinants of competitive intensity: substitutability and pricing policy
Authors: Cocioc Paul
Published: June 2021

The article offer a critical perspective of several elements and some associated indicators used in characterizing and estimating the intensity of competition (i.e., the extent to which the mutual pressure of rivals is exerted on the market). We focus on the pricing policies of the firms and its impact and expected responses from competitors. Influences of substitutes and overall production capacity surplus are also analyzed.
Some aspects concerning the economics of sovereign debt and possible influences of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Deceanu Liviu-Daniel , Bodea Gabriela
Published: June 2021

In the last 10 years, the sovereign debt crisis and its effects have made certain concepts, reserved until then only to specialists, to become elements of current language – public debt, sovereign debt, default, over-indebtedness, structural deficit, monetary policy, indebtedness ratios, sovereign debt effects, IMF intervention, willingness to pay… The indebtedness and over-indebtedness generated negative effects that affected not only the public finances, but also the economic agents (businesses) and the population, fueled by the lack of vision and responsibility of some governors. After the global economic crisis of 2008 and that of sovereign debt after 2010, a better control of indebtedness was tried, a more rigorous approach was implemented, but the Coronavirus pandemic that manifested itself in 2020 (and continues to do so) brought back to the forefront the problem of sovereign indebtedness and sovereign default.
Analyse der Methoden zur Aufwand- und Kostenschätzung eingesetzt in IT-Projekten
Authors: Drăgan Alexandru , Götze Uwe
Published: June 2021

This paper aims to provide a comparison of different methods for the process of effort and cost estimation used by an IT company in IT-projects. Based on a literature review on the topic of effort estimation methods, the tool for effort and cost estimation operated by project management teams is getting investigated for the purpose of further improvement. The findings obtained are derived and presented to the involved parties as well as to other stakeholders that might benefit from this research results.
From management consultancy to management therapy: Diagnostic of managerial disorders and anatomy of management therapy.
Authors: Lehene Cosmin-Florin
Published: June 2021

In this paper I develop an idea which can provide the ground in order to start the transition from an amatorial/common sense management consultancy practice towards a scientific validated management consultancy practice. Rooted in medicine, psychiatry and psychology, the innovative tool is aiming at moving the management consultancy practice towards a direction already present in the classical fields of science mentioned above. The new more formal, rigorous, systematic and science-based management consultancy practice is called management therapy (MT). The MT is different from management consultancy because it is substantiated in the emerging field of research called Evidence Based Management (EBM). The paper introduces the first two steps in order to favor opening the discussions and the practice of management therapy: (1) developing the analogous/equivalent of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in the management field and (2) developing the action/process of MT (the anatomy of the MT).
Social desirability bias as an influencing factor of ethical consumer behavior
Authors: Romonți-Maniu Andreea-Ioana
Published: June 2021

Consumers usually consider themselves as more ethical than their peers, manifesting a need to appear more socially orientated than they actually are. The main objective of this study was to analyze the influence of social desirability bias on ethical consumer behavior considered at a component level. Data were collected from a sample of 332 Romanian individuals from the 18-26 age group. The data analysis process involved co-variance structural equation modeling performed with the help of AMOS. Results show that both the positive and negative sides of social desirability significantly influence the three dimension of ethical consumer behavior. Therefore, based on results from this study, researchers can better understand the complex structure of ethical consumer behavior form a different point of view.
Interpersonal communication: Basics of interaction and negotiation.
Authors: Seel Heidemarie , Lunze Nikolaj , Avram Laura
Published: June 2021

This essay dates back to a series of lectures we ran some years ago, and to respective manuscripts written for students to help them prepare for their exams. The idea is to summarize some of the most relevant empirically confirmed theories and findings on interpersonal communication in a brief compendium. That is why – thus deviating from usual scientific conventions – no references will be found within the following discourse. The scientific authors which we are, above all, obliged to many thanks are: Watzlawick, Argyle, Scherer, and Schulz von Thun. Their pioneering research work will be cited among our references.
The General History of the Middle Ages at the V. Babeş University of Cluj (1951-1952)
Authors: COSTEA Ionuț
Published: June 2021

The General History of the Middle Ages at the V. Babeş University of Cluj (1951-1952). The 1948 education reform represented, besides a new institutional architecture transposed in accordance with the model of the soviet universities, a process of recycling professors. The process of changing the teaching staff was carried out on at least two levels – the definitive or temporary elimination (sometimes accompanied by incarceration) from the education system on the one hand, and the exertion of severe surveillance and intimidation, thus remodelling the discourse and the behaviour in the spirit of the socialist realist “cultural revolution” on the other hand. The study shed light on a method that led to the expulsion of the professors was the public defamation, the accusation of immorality and of their lack of understanding of the new political transformations of the country, thus labelling the professors as “enemies of the people”. The atmosphere of fear and humiliation was sustained through press campaigns of defamation. Especially the younger university professors were instructed to attack, in the press, the more professionally well reputed and publicly well-known professors. These articles contained not only analyses of the professors’ works and ideas, but also their dismantling, their “exposé” and their human undermining. This paper is a case study on a professor from medieval department of Cluj university, Francisc Pall at the beginning of 1950s years.
Rezumat: Istoria generală a Evului Mediu la Universitatea V. Babeş din Cluj (1951-1952). Reorganizarea învăţământului superior din România ca urmare a reformei din 1948 a însemnat şi pentru Universitatea din Cluj şi implicit pentru învăţământul de istorie o schimbare radicală atât a modului de organizare instituţională cât şi a conţinutului procesului didactic. Modelarea instituţională după structurile didactice sovietice şi predominanţa caracterului ideologic în spiritul dogmatic al marxism-leninismului al conţinutului învăţământului au devenit trăsăturile fundamentale ale sistemului de învăţământ din România. Frământările organizării administrative se reflectă şi la nivelul structurilor facultăţii de istorie. Astfel, iniţial, între alte structuri ale Facultăţii de Istorie a funcţionat şi o Catedră Generală a Evului Mediu, colectivul didactic activând sub această formă până în luna mai a anului 1952, de când s-a format o singură catedră de istorie universală, cuprinzând antichitatea, epocile medievală, modernă şi contemporană. Studiul de faţă discută acest procesul instituţional de transformare instituţională a studiilor de Ev Mediu şi impactul lor asupra destinului profesional a profesorului Francisc Pall.
Cuvinte-cheie: comunism, România, reforma educaţiei, revoluţie culturală, violenţa, supraveghere.
A Historian, the Securitate and the “Holy Party”. Reading the Secret Police Files of Ioan Dimitrie Suciu (1949-1982)
Authors: VELIMIROVICI Felician
Published: June 2021

A Historian, the Securitate and the “Holy Party”. Reading the Secret Police Files of Ioan Dimitrie Suciu (1949-1982). The following article describes the life times and events that historian Ioan Dimitrie Suciu has experienced in Romania after 1948, under communist rule. By studying his personal Secret Police Files drawn up by the Securitate officers over a period of more than 30 years, I propose an account of his life story focused primarily upon his relationship with the communist regime. As an anti-Fascist former student of Nicolae Iorga, until 1947 I.D. Suciu has managed to become a self-made man in the capital city of interwar Romania. In 1949, he has got into a first conflict with communist authorities when he tried to flee the country. After spending over 3 years in jail, he was released in 1952, only to be soon again arrested and incarcerated for 6 years, for committing the crime of “conspiracy against the social order”. Between 1964 and 1975 I.D. Suciu has worked as a researcher at “Nicolae Iorga” History Institute in Bucharest, before being sent to jail for a third and last time (1975-1977). Never becoming a political dissident, during his last years of life, he experienced a growing discontent towards the regime and expressed abundant critiques against the Communist Party and its leaders.
Rezumat: Un istoric, Securitatea şi “Sfântul partid”. Citirea dosarelor secrete ale poliţiei lui Ioan Dimitrie Suciu (1949-1982). Articolul de faţă descrie viaţa, vremurile şi evenimentele pe care istoricul Ioan Dimitrie Suciu le-a trăit în România după 1948, în timpul regimului comunist. Studiind dosarele întocmite de ofiţerii Securităţii pe numele său pe parcursul a peste 30 de ani, propun o relatare a poveştii de viaţă a istoricului axată în primul rând pe relaţia sa cu regimul comunist. Ca fost student al lui Nicolae Iorga, până în 1947 I.D. Suciu a manifestat o atitudine antifascistă şi a reuşit să se realizeze profesional în capitala României interbelice. În 1949 a intrat într-un prim conflict cu autorităţile comuniste când a încercat să fugă din ţară. După ce a petrecut peste 3 ani în închisoare, a fost eliberat în 1952, pentru ca în 1958 să fie din nou arestat şi încarcerat timp de 6 ani pentru comiterea infracţiunii de “conspiraţie împotriva ordinii sociale”. Între 1964 şi 1975 I.D. Suciu a lucrat ca cercetător la Institutul de Istorie “Nicolae Iorga” din Bucureşti, înainte de a fi trimis la închisoare pentru a treia şi ultima oară (1975-1977). Deşi nu a devenit disident politic niciodată, în ultimii săi ani de viaţă a manifestat o nemulţumire crescândă faţă de regim şi a exprimat numeroase critici la adresa Partidului Comunist şi a conducătorilor acestuia.
Cuvinte-cheie: Partidul Comunist Român, Securitate, Ioan D. Suciu, închisoare.
The Escape to Turkey. Ways and Methods of Illegal Border Crossings into Turkey from the perspective of SSI documents (1945-1948)
Authors: POPESCU Daniela
Published: June 2021

The Escape to Turkey. Ways and Methods of Illegal Border Crossings into Turkey from the perspective of SSI documents (1945-1948). Romania's first years after the communist regime took political power in Romania, concurrent with the onset of the Cold War, meant a reshuffle of the state institutions at first and later a dramatic impact on people's lives. The political and institutional purges were the first signal that soon repression and terror will follow, thus prompting numerous Romanian citizens to leave the country. Yet, due to the strict surveillance of the Secret Police Services which did not easily allow traveling to Western countries, the only way to escape was through illicit border crossings. One of the most common destinations was Turkey, with documents issued between 1945 and 1948 by the Secret police services revealing an impressive number of such cases.
Rezumat: Evadarea în Turcia. Modalităţi şi metode de trecere ilegale a frontierei în Turcia din perspectiva documentelor SSI (1945-1948). Primii ani de după preluarea puterii politice de către regimul comunist din România, concomitent cu declanşarea Războiului Rece pe plan internaţional, au vizat mai întâi întregul aparat statal, ajungând să fie resimţit apoi inclusiv la nivelul vieţii cotidiene. Epurările politice şi instituţionale au fost semnalul că vor urma forme de represiune şi teroare, ceea ce a determinat mulţi cetăţeni români să părăsească ţara, doar că, sub atenta supraveghere a Serviciului Special de Informaţii care nu permitea plecarea spre Occident oricui, sigura modalitate de a fugi era în mod fraudulos, una dintre destinaţiile predilecte fiind Turcia iar documentele S.S.I. consemnează pentru perioada 1945-1848 un număr impresionant de astfel de cazuri.
Cuvinte-cheie: Treceri frauduloase de frontieră, fugă, comunism, România, Turcia.
Estructuras de poder y formas de resistencia en la novela policiaca de la frontera México-Estados Unidos: «Besar al detective» de Élmer Mendoza
Authors: Sifuentes Rodríguez Carlos Alberto
Published: June 2021

El propósito de este texto es realizar un análisis de Besar al detective (2015) de Élmer Mendoza, una novela que se identifica como parte de la literatura de la frontera norte de México y de la novela del narcotráfico. Dicho análisis se enfoca en examinar la presencia de estructuras y relaciones de poder y formas de resistencia que encontramos en los espacios simbólicos que componen la novela. Para analizar la obra se parte de conceptos propuestos por Michel Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu y James Scott.
FMI, neoliberalismo y derechos humanos
Authors: Bohoslavsky Juan Pablo , Cantamutto Francisco
Published: June 2021

El neoliberalismo implicó, desde la década de los setenta, una profunda reconfiguración de las economías nacionales y un aumento significativo de las desigualdades. El Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), que se autopercibe por encima de los derechos humanos, ha sido un vehículo institucional central en este cambio, a través de sus créditos y condicionalidades que frecuentemente se traducen en violaciones de los derechos humanos de las poblaciones de los Estados deudores. La noción hegemónica de los derechos humanos que asume el neoliberalismo propone una visión de los mismos basada en la —supuesta— defensa de los derechos civiles y políticos —que se focalizan en lo individual y asumen una desconfianza frente al Estado— en detrimento de los derechos económicos y sociales, en los cuales lo relacional es esencial y el Estado asume obligaciones positivas. Esto ha llevado a fuertes críticas sobre la ineficacia de los derechos humanos para generar cambios reales en el mundo. Este artículo discute esta interpretación minimalista y derrotista de los derechos humanos, resaltando su potencial transformador. Los derechos humanos pueden funcionar como un método para alcanzar, en campos de alta complejidad y abstracción, objetivos que gozan hoy de amplio consenso: reducir la pobreza, las desigualdades y el cambio climático. El artículo también pone en evidencia que la marginalización de los derechos humanos que caracteriza al FMI encuentra paralelismo con el ejercicio desmedido de su poder en el mundo. Se toma al acuerdo firmado en 2018 entre el FMI Argentina como estudio de caso, analizando sus implicaciones desde un enfoque de derechos humanos y proponiendo para el debate cursos de acción.
El papel del FMI para la protección social: prometedores cambios en políticas y desafíos persistentes
Authors: Fernandez-Wulff Paula , Dubler Nathalie , Sosa Anabella , De Schutter Olivier
Published: June 2021

Se puede afirmar que el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) ha cambiado su postura sobre la protección social, entendida como el conjunto de medidas públicas destinadas a proteger a la población de los peligros sociales y económicos en caso de reducción o pérdida de ingresos. Desde los más altos cargos del FMI, se ha afirmado que se produjo un cambio en el foco de su atención: de una concentración excesiva en ajustes estructurales, con frecuencia muy criticada, a un “nuevo” abordaje e interés en las cuestiones sociales a través del prisma de la “macrocrítica”. En el presente artículo, se estudia la evolución y el alcance de este aparente cambio, dada la importancia del papel del FMI en la protección social: las recomendaciones macroeconómicas del organismo tienen una influencia decisiva sobre las decisiones de políticas a nivel nacional en relación con la protección social, mediante mecanismos como las recomendaciones y experiencia de vigilancia, las condicionalidades sobre préstamos y el papel del FMI como facilitador ante préstamos a terceros. También se analiza la respuesta del FMI a la crisis económica originada por la pandemia de la COVID-19 a fin de evaluar hasta qué punto se han modificado sus políticas en la realidad. Mostramos que, si bien se han concretado algunos cambios promete- dores en las políticas, entre ellas, la reducción y hasta eliminación de algunas condicionalidades y la promoción de inversiones en el sector salud, la insistencia en medidas selectivas para combatir la pobreza, en lugar del fomento de pisos de protección social universales, así como el enfoque persistente en la sustentabilidad fiscal, condujeron a un abordaje ambiguo que menoscaba los avances en pos de hacer de la protección social un recurso universal, tal y como se comprometieron los gobiernos en la Recomendación 202 de la OIT (2012). Prevalece un marcado contraste entre, de un lado, los esfuerzos desplegados para satisfacer las necesidades de financiamiento de los países, y del otro, la imposición de condicionalidades en nombre de la sustentabilidad fiscal. El FMI debe adoptar un enfoque de la protección social basado en los derechos humanos, que supere su tradicional insistencia en medidas selectivas en pos de la universalidad, de manera que se logre avanzar más allá de la mitigación de los efectos de sus programas sobre secto- res vulnerables. Un primer paso en esta dirección sería incrementar la cooperación con otras organizaciones internacionales, no solo el Banco Mundial, sino también UNICEF y la OIT, así como incorporarse a los esfuerzos existentes para el establecimiento de un Fondo Global para la Protección Social.
Las políticas monetarias y cambiarias del FMI y su impacto sobre los derechos humanos
Authors: Calcagno Alfredo F.
Published: June 2021

La misión original del FMI era organizar un Sistema Mone- tario y Financiero Internacional estable, que favoreciera el comercio internacional y corrigiera los desequilibrios con el menor costo posible. Con tal fin, se confirió al FMI poderes de supervisión sobre las políticas monetarias y cambiarias de los países miembros, y la potestad de incidir sobre ellas en ocasión de los programas de asistencia acordados con los países en dificultades. En la práctica, las políticas propugnadas por el FMI han agravado tanto la inestabilidad económica y financiera interna- cional como el costo económico y social de las crisis resultantes, lo cual ha vulnerado los derechos humanos económicos, sociales y culturales en los países afectados. Sus políticas macroeconómicas procíclicas han sido costosas desde el punto de vista social e inefectivas desde el económico, en tanto sus reformas estructurales han vulnerado la sobe- ranía de los países. Los resultados de los programas, sistemáticamente alejados de los proyectados, evidencian deficiencias analíticas que han sido parcialmente reconocidas en la teoría, sin que el contenido de los programas del FMI variara substancialmente. Una reforma del FMI, que refleje la nueva relación de fuerzas en la economía mundial, es indispen- sable para que esa institución retome su misión original y contribuya a la realización de los derechos humanos reconocidos por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, de la cual forma parte.
Entrevista a Sharan Burrow
Authors: Burrow Sharan
Published: June 2021

Sharan Burrow es la Secretaria General de la Confederación Sindical Internacional (ITUC) y anterior Presidenta del Consejo australiano de Sindicatos (ACTU) (2000–2010). Es la primera mujer en convertirse Secretaria General del ITUC desde su fundación en 2006, y fue la segunda mujer en convertirse en Presidenta del ACTU. Se graduó como licenciada de la Universidad de Nueva Gales del Sur (Australia). Antes de convertirse en Presidenta del ACTU fue también Presidenta de la Unión de Educación australiana (AEU) en 1992. Burrow integra el Consejo de Supervisión de la Fundación Europea para el Clima y es co-presidenta honoraria del Proyecto de Justicia mundial.
Entrevista a Mark Blyth
Authors: Blyth Mark
Published: June 2021

Entrevista a Mark Blyth
Entrevista a Soledad García Muñoz
Authors: Muñoz Soledad García
Published: June 2021

Soledad García Muñoz es la Relatora Espe- cial sobre Derechos Económicos, Sociales, Culturales y Ambientales (DESCA). Abogada, con amplia experiencia de litigio nacional e internacional. Es Diplomada en Estudios Avanzados en Derechos Humanos por la Uni- versidad Carlos III de Madrid con Suficiencia Investigadora obtenida en el Programa de Doctorado. Se ha desempe- ñado como profesora y académica en reconocidas universidades en las áreas de Derecho Internacional Público, Derechos Humanos (con énfasis en DESCA) y Derechos de las Mujeres, Género y Diversidad Sexual. Igualmente, ha sido Presidenta de Amnistía Internacional Argentina, Vicepresidenta del Comité Ejecutivo Internacional de AI y Presidenta de su Grupo de Trabajo sobre Género y Diversidad; también como con- sultora de prestigiosos organismos y centros de estudio, entre ellos de varias agencias ONU. Desde 2009 hasta su incorporación a la CIDH, se desempeñó como la Representante para Suramérica del Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. A partir de septiembre de 2017 asumió el cargo de Relatora Especial sobre DESCA, tras ser elegida por la CIDH en un proceso público interamericano. Es la primera persona en llevar adelante dicho mandato.
Synthesis of Nanosilver Nitrate for Vector Control (Aedes Aegypti) in Banjarnegara, Central Java (Case of Endemic Area DHF Banjarnegara)
Authors:   Magister of Evironmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang - Indonesia, Raharjo Mursid
Published: June 2021

Integrated vector management especially for Aedes aegypti mosquito is a priority to control the transmission of dengue fever. An effective and environment friendly insecticide is needed. This study aims to find the effective dose of vector control material for Ae. aegypti. Nanosilver nitrate used as a material for mosquitoes insecticide caused it has greater potential to enter through the pore of nervous system of Ae. aegypti.This field research used adult mosquitoes Ae. Aegypti for toxicity test. The total samples were 200. The toxicity test of organophosphate compounds, at concentration 3.5 mg/L as many as 60% mosquitoes were death. Toxicity test of synthesis two compounds on concentration 3.5 (organophospat) + 0.5 (Ag2NO3) mg/L there was 100%. Treatment synthesis of nanosilver with organophopat is more effective than only organophospat compounds. based on the Ae. Aegypti LC50 of organophosphate was 7.81 mg/L meanwhile LC50 for the synthesis of silver nitrate nanoparticle with organophosphate were 5.59 mg/L. Nanosilver nitrate has the potential as a synthetic material or substitute for organophosphate.
Trend of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Vibrio cholera Strains Isolated in Indian Children’s during 2008-2016
Authors:   Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical Sciences and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, India, Manchanda Vikas
Published: June 2021

Background: The unique epidemiologic attribute of the cholera is its propensity to occur as an outbreak that may flare- up into epidemics, if not controlled. The causative bacterial pathogen Vibrio cholerae prevails in the environment and infects humans whenever there is a breakdown in the public health component. The upsurge in antimicrobial resistance directly influences the management and spread of the disease. Objectives: The present study documents the epidemiological profile and the changing trends in antimicrobial resistance of eight years (2008-2016) in Vibrio cholerae isolates. Methodology: A retrospective study was undertaken with review of records of a period of eight years (January 2008 to December 2016) from two government hospitals in Delhi. All data were captured in WHONET and was analyzed. V. cholerae isolates were identified using standard microbiological techniques and were serotype using antisera. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disc diffusion and Vitek-2 automated method. Result: During the period of eight years, 315 cases were confirmed microbiologically as cholera. A significant outbreak of cholera (88 cases) occurred in 2013 followed by sporadic cases in 2012 through 2016. Males outnumbered the females by Male to female ratio of 1:0.8. Mostly cases presented during the months of June to October. Almost all (92%) isolates were V. cholerae O1, biotype ElToR and serotype Ogawa. The antibiogram over the period of eight years showed that isolates were consistently sensitive to aminoglycosides. However, emerging resistance was seen to quinolones and β-Lactam group. Conclusion: The emergence of resistance amongst V. cholerae especially towards quinolones may significantly influence the control strategies in future outbreaks. Therefore, continuous surveillance with regards to drug resistance, as well as epidemiological variation is necessary for early detection. A strong regional commitment may help contain the disease.
Urban Japanese Encephalitis: Time for a Reality Check
Authors:   Department of Zoology, Asutosh College (University of Calcutta), Kolkata, West Bengal, India, Tilak Rina
Published: June 2021

Expansion of JEV from its historical rural origin in the Oriental Realm has been evident. Apprehensions were raised by several investigators that the occurrence of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) in the urban areas is a possibility. Creating wetlands, rice farms, and piggeries close to the rural-urban periphery to support the increasing urban population facilitates the migration of mosquitoes, ardeid birds, and pigs in these areas. The presence of vectors (Culex vishnui complex), reservoirs (the ardeid birds), and the amplifying hosts (pigs) together in these urban and peri-urban areas creates highly conducive situations for the JE transmission thus, creating an urban ecotype for JE. Apart from the primary vectors, JEV has been isolated from several species of mosquitoes belonging to different genera. JE antibodies have also been detected in several birds and mammals other than the known reservoirs and amplifying hosts. Such mosquitoes, birds, and mammals might be acting as complementary or maintenance vectors and reservoirs, respectively, which likely can keep the virus circulating perennially in nature. The reported occurrence of JE in urban areas from different geographical locations is decidedly indicative of the reality of the urban JE. It is thus pertinent that an inclusive approach encompassing sustained epidemiological surveillance and monitoring be adopted to formulate season-wise and area-wise strategies to contain JE both in rural and urban areas.
Valuing Out-of-Pocket Expenditure and Health Related Quality of Life of COVID-19 patientsfrom Gujarat, India
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Parul Institute of Public Health, Parul University, Waghodia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, Kotwani Priya
Published: June 2021

Background: COVID-19 has financially burdened Government’s healthcare system as well as households with COVID-19 patients. Present study aims to value the out-of-pocket expenditure and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) using EQ-5D-5L among COVID-19 patients who sought treatment in COVID-19 center of a tertiary hospital in Vadodara, Gujarat. Methods: The present analysis is a prospective real-world study. The questionnaire included socio-demographic data, health status, out-of-pocket expenses associated with treatment of COVID-19, and EQ-5D-5L scale. The relationships of all factors and the scores of EQ-5D-5L were analyzed. All costs are reported in Indian Rupees and then converted to US dollars. Result: Out of total 138 participants included in the study, 108 (78.3%) participants had mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19 infection and were admitted to COVID Care Centre (CCC) while 30 (21.7%) patients had severe disease and were admitted to COVID Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Mean total out of pocket expenditure for the patient admitted to COVID CCC and COVID ICU was INR 11,333.07 (31,707.68) and 27,374.17 (54,205.72) respectively. The respondents obtained a mean EQ-5D-5L index score of 0.755 (±0.180) for patients under COVID CCC and 0.513 (±0.378) for COVID ICU admitted patients. EQ-VAS index was 75.05 (±12.12) and 62 (±16.37) respectively, signifying the HRQoL from patient’s perspective. Conclusion: COVID-19 patients have suffered from significant physical and psychological impairment. It is essential to prospectively monitor the individuals who suffered from COVID-19 to understand the long term impact on HRQoL, as well as to inform prompt and efficient interventions to alleviate suffering.
Correlation between Soil Transmitted Helminth Infection with Nutritional Status in Elementary School at Deli Serdang Regency North Sumatera
Authors: Andini Leni , Nurfadly Nurfadly
Published: June 2021

Background: The prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) infections in Indonesia is still high, especially in elementary school children in North Sumatra Province.  STH infection is thought to cause harm to nutrient requirements due to lack of calories, causing health and nutritional conditions to decline. Purposes: To determine the relationship of STH infection with nutritional status in 105926 State Elementary School students. Method: Analytic observational with cross sectional design.  Sampling uses a total sampling method, with a total sample of 87 people.  Nutritional status was determined by the CDC-NCHS 2000 growth curve and the determination of the STH infection used the Kato-Katz examination method.  Results: 26 samples (29,9%) were positive and 61 samples (70,1%) were negative for STH infections.  Positive samples infected with STH have nutritional status that is dominated by moderate and good nutritional status. Conclusion: There is no correlation between STH infection and nutritional status in 105296 State Elementary School students in Percut Sei Tuan District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra.
Transsphenoidal endoscopic treatment of cysts of the chiasmo-sellar region
Authors: Puzakov N. S. , Cherebillo V. Yu. , Tregubenko I. A.
Published: June 2021

Introduction. Cysts of the chiasmo-sellar region include Rathke cleft cysts, colloid cysts, arachnoid cysts, dermoid cysts, and epidermoid cysts.

The objective was to determine the specific features of surgical treatment for each type of cysts of the chiasmo-sellar region, allowing to achieve the best postoperative results.

Methods and materials. During the period from 2009 to 2018, 57 patients with cysts of the chiasmo-sellar region were examined and treated. All patients underwent transsphenoidal endoscopic treatment of cysts of the chiasmo-sellar region.

Results. Among 57 operated patients, follow-up observation revealed only 2 relapses.

Conclusion. For each type of cysts of the chiasmal-sellar region, there are specific features of surgical treatment that allow to achieve the best postoperative results.
Alexander Nikolaevich Vedensky – the «good genius» of Russian phlebology (to the 90th anniversary of the birthday)
Authors: Shevchenko Yu. L. , Stoyko Yu. M. , Trikhina S. I. , Mazayshvili E. K. , Pavlov V. N. , Sayunov I. O.
Published: June 2021

A. N. Vedensky was born on December 6, 1931 in a family of employees. Relatives and family members of A.N. Vedensky, by their merits to the motherland had a significant impact on his development as a doctor and teacher. He excellently graduated from the paramedic school in Bobruisk and the First Medical Institute of Leningrad named after Academician I. P. Pavlov. After graduation, the Institute sent him to Velikiye Luki, Pskov region, where he worked in regional and city hospitals, at an ambulance substation. In 1960, he entered and went to study at the postgraduate course of the Institute of Blood Transfusion (LPIK) in Leningrad.
Surgical treatment of acute biliary pancreatitis
Authors: Korolkov A. Yu. , Smirnov A. A. , Popov D. N. , Saadylaeva M. M. , Nikitina T. O. , Bagnenko S. F.
Published: June 2021

The objective was to improve the management of patients with acute biliary pancreatitis against the background of cholecystocholedocholithiasis.

Methods and materials. 107 patients with acute biliary pancreatitis against the background of cholecystocholedocholithiasis were treated between 2017 and 2020 years. Patients suffering from mild and moderately severe acute biliary pancreatitis underwent single-step (laparoscopic cholecystectomy with endoscopic papillosphincterotomy) or two-step (endoscopic papillosphincterotomy with delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy) surgical interventions. Patients with severe acute pancreatitis underwent endoscopic papillosphincterotomy with or without common bile duct and pancreatic duct stenting. The comparative analysis was made to estimate the efficiency of different surgical interventions in different groups of patients.

Results. Patients with mild or moderately severe acute biliary pancreatitis showed better outcomes after single-step surgical intervention. Patients with severe acute biliary pancreatitis – after endoscopic papillosphincterotomy with common bile duct and pancreatic duct stenting.

Conclusion. Single-step surgical interventions (laparoscopic cholecystectomy with endoscopic papillosphincterotomy) are shown for patients with mild or moderately severe acute biliary pancreatitis, because this approach helps to preserve the complications, specific for two-step interventions. The single-step approach authentically helps to decrease the duration of hospital stay and reduce treatment costs. The two-step approach is shown for patients with severe acute biliary pancreatitis, but endoscopic papillosphincterotomy with lithoextraction should be supplemented by common bile duct and pancreatic duct stenting, in order to reduce the number of complications associated with delayed cholecystectomy.
Surgical treatment of lung cancer in patients with coronary artery surgery
Authors: Reshetov A. V. , Elkin A. V. , Nikolaev G. V. , Stepanov S. S.
Published: June 2021

The objective was to improve the surgical treatment tactics in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and coronary heart disease (CHD), requiring myocardial revascularization.

Methods and materials. Two groups consisting of 24 patients operated on for NSCLC were examined. In one group, operations for NSCLC were performed in the second stage after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Survival rates in both groups and factors influencing them were evaluated.

Results. The number of postoperative complications in both groups was comparable: 20.8 % in patients with CABG and 16.6 % in the group operated only for NSCLC. Indicators of relapse-free and overall survival did not differ significantly from each other (p=0.90 and p=0.95). Only the stage of the disease (p=0.009) and the implementation of complex cancer treatment in case of its necessity (p=0.035) had a reliably impact on the long-term results of the operation. The first stage of myocardial revascularization surgery did not affect the results of treatment (p=0.94), as well as the age of patients, the volume of performed surgery, the morphological picture of the tumor.

Conclusion. The staging approach to the treatment of patients with NSCLC and critical forms of CHD requiring myocardial revascularization is reliable, convenient and does not affect the long-term results of treatment.
Academician Nikolai Nikodimovich Malinovsky (1921–2018) (to the 100th anniversary of the birth)
Authors: Kurygin A. A. , Semenov V. V. , Tarbaev I. S.
Published: June 2021

Professor Nikolai Nikodimovich Malinovsky was born on January 1, 1921 in the village of Zheltki, Vileisky district, Minsk region of Belarus, in a peasant family. In 1944, N. N. Malinovsky entered the Minsk Medical Institute and in 1948 graduated with honors. In 1954, he defended his thesis «Experimental observations during cardiac probing and angiocardiography». In 1957, he came to the Department of Hospital Surgery of the 1st MMI named after I. M. Sechenov at the invitation of B. V. Petrovsky, elected head of this Department. In 1964, N. N. Malinovsky defended his doctoral dissertation «Thrombosis of the left atrium and its ear in patients with mitral stenosis». In 1965, he was elected professor at the Department of Hospital Surgery of the 1st MMI, and in 1970, he became the head of the clinical department of the All-Union Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Surgery of the Ministry of Health of the USSR (now FSBNU «Russian Scientific Center of Surgery named after acad. B. V. Petrovsky». N. N. Malinovsky’s scientific research was devoted to topical surgical problems, primarily cardiac surgery. One of the first in our country, he successfully performed embolectomy from the pulmonary artery. In addition, he was the author and co-author of more than 400 scientific papers, including 7 monographs, a practical guide to surgical diseases, one of the sections of the «Atlas of Thoracic Surgery», and a co-author of the monograph widely known among cardiovascular surgeons «Emergency Heart and Vascular Surgery» (edited by B. V. Petrovsky and M. E. DeBeiki). Academician N. N. Malinovsky – laureate of two State Prizes of the USSR (1985, 1987) and the Prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences named after A. N. Bakulev (2007), Honored Scientist of the Uzbek SSR (1979). For more than 25 years, Nikolai Nikodimovich worked as editor-in-chief of the journal «Surgery named after N. I. Pirogov», and also for many years was a member of the editorial board of the journal «Vestnik RAMS». Academician N.N. Malinovsky died on January 24, 2018 and was buried at the Troekurovsky cemetery in Moscow.
Robotic thoracoscopic parathyroidectomy for ectopic mediastinal parathyroid adenoma
Authors: Yablonsky P. K. , Kuzmichev A. S. , Shepichev E. V. , Akinchev A. L. , Matveeva Z. S.
Published: June 2021

The publication presents the successful experience of using the DaVinci robotic system for the treatment of persistent hyperparathyroidism caused by mediastinal ectopic parathyroid adenoma in 62 years old female patient. The role of single photon emission computed tomography in diagnostics was demonstrated.