bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inclusive Constitutionalism and the Indigenous People of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh
Authors: Hoque Ridwanul
Published: June 2019

Based on a majoritarian notion of national identity and ‘constitutional patriotism’, Bangladesh’s Constitution of 1972 refuted the indigenous identity claims. Subsequent developments have somewhat addressed, albeit inadequately, the concerns of injustice arising from this exclusion. Examining the constitutional and judicial narratives, the chapter analyses the legal specialty of the Chittagong Hill Tracts and its demand for constitutional recognition from the perspective of inclusive constitutionalism. The central argument is that exclusion of diverse ethnic groups during the founding moment constituted a genetic defect in the Bangladesh constitution, which is not yet fully removed, though the recent constitutional amendment signals a change in the state’s hegemonic attitude. Adoption of an accommodationist approach by Bangladesh towards the indigenous people, ensuring a meaningful inclusion of Chittagong Hill Tracts people within the unitary constitutional framework, is both possible and a constitutional imperative.
A Comparative Study of Constitutional Policies Relating to Ethnic Pluralism in SAARC Countries
Authors: Bhat P. Ishwara , Choudhuri Aratrika
Published: June 2019

This chapter undertakes a comparative analysis of the SAARC nations for gaining a more wholesome perspective of the prospects and limits of constitutional policy of ethnic pluralism. It focuses on the historical institutionalization of state relations with the majority and minority groups, the modes of nation-building adopted for consolidation of ethno-religious heterogeneity, and the impact of constitutional policies on multifarious paradigms of state formation and ethnic pluralism. It appraises the dynamics of ethnic identities and movements in South Asian states in a comparative framework by evaluating policy choices of the states.
Sizing up the Opposition
Authors: Dhanda Amita
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents that the case for a Comprehensive Disability Rights Convention (CRPD) was accepted because it was realized that the United Nations Human Rights Conventions, before the CRPD, did not look at disability rights from the perspective of people with disabilities. CRPD, on the other hand, was totally informed by the participation credo of nothing about us without us. Thus, the chapter sets up a comparison between the CRPD Treaty Body and the other human rights monitoring bodies to assess whether the various monitoring bodies undertake their oversight tasks in harmony with each other. Is their institutional integrity in the manner in which the world body seeks accountability from states or inadvertently or otherwise the states have been provided pick and choose space between various human rights bodies of the United Nations?
The Chances of a National Sustainability Strategy for a Balanced and Stable Development
Authors: von Hauff Michael
Published: June 2019

Laden with statistical details, this chapter compares the national sustainable development strategies in India and Germany. Examining the constitutions and environmental laws, as well as their administration through courts and otherwise, it argues that in both these countries sound legal basis exists for the development and implementation of a sustainable national strategy. Examining closely the overall developmental strategies in India, the chapter finds contradiction between them and the environment strategies. Consequently, it arrives at the conclusion that the overall developmental strategies in India are non-sustainable in the long or even short run.
In Defence of Bureaucracy and an Agenda for Reforms
Authors: Singhvi L.M.
Published: June 2019

In Chapter 2, the editors have dealt with Dr Singhvi’s observations on the civil services and good governance keeping in view the pros and cons of the bureaucratic system prevalent in the country. Dr Singhvi admires the role of the civil services in the nation-building process but equally focuses on abolition of corruption from public governance system in the country. Corruption-free governance is the foundation of a healthy democracy based on public welfare, states Dr Singhvi in his scholastic paper.
Pravasi Bharatiya Divas
Authors: Singhvi L.M.
Published: June 2019

Dr Singhvi had played a key role in instituting the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas in India during the tenure of NDA government headed by Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Dr Singhvi states that, ‘the Indian diaspora is a rainbow, and if I may say so, my head soars with a fond aspiration and my heart leaps with boundless joy when I behold the rainbow of India and Indians over the globe. I also behold and hope for the globalization of India in the right perspective and Indianization of the globe in the right proportion, with our Indian diaspora as the catalyst for cross-fertilisation.’
Towards a Culture of Peace and for Establishing a World Parliament of the Global Civil Society
Authors: Singhvi L.M.
Published: June 2019

This chapter reflects Dr Singhvi’s views on culture of peace as he was a true Gandhian who always promoted peace and non-violence in his life. The hallmark of Indian national life is the vitality of civil society and the space it allocates for democratic pluralism and cultural diversity. The Constitution of India protects pluralism, guarantees the cultural diversities of India. Indian society and its cultural tradition accord a place of pride to these cultural diversities which are guaranteed and safeguarded not only by the law of the Constitution of India but by the social ethics and cultural heritage of India.
An Environmental Crisis
Authors: Sajeva Giulia
Published: June 2019

This chapter provides a brief introduction to the current environmental crisis and presents the main Western ethical approaches towards the conservation of the environment. Starting from anthropocentric ethics and moving to cosmocentric and biocentric ethics, it explains some of their advantages and disadvantages as well as the centrality of the question: what has value per se and what instrumentally? As a first step in the convoluted journey towards the discovery of biocultural rights, the chapter looks for the environmental approaches most suitable to accommodate conservation efforts and, interestingly but not surprisingly, finds them in those theories that come closer to the world views of indigenous peoples.
Understanding Rights, Human Rights, and Group Rights
Authors: Sajeva Giulia
Published: June 2019

Chapters 2 provides an introduction to the concept of rights, useful for understanding the sui generis nature of biocultural rights. It looks at the birth of human rights and group rights, the foundations of human rights, the relation between human rights and the general interest, and the hardship of balancing human rights with other interests and goals. The chapter also introduces a brief outline of indigenous peoples and local communities’ rights, with focus on their different status in international law. This allows for comparison of biocultural rights with other human rights of indigenous peoples and local communities and for elaboration on the significance and different challenges that biocultural rights may have for local communities and indigenous peoples.
Friends and Foes
Authors: Sajeva Giulia
Published: June 2019

Chapter 3 explores the controversial relationship of interdependence and conflict between environmental concerns and the protection of human rights by offering insights on the necessity—and the opportunity—of new ideas such as biocultural rights. Such necessity is made clear by bringing forward the inadequacy of human rights rhetoric in fully incorporating environmental challenges, as well as the damages environmental conservation can do to human rights of indigenous peoples and local communities. The chapter introduces attempts to combine conservation and rights interests through the recognition of the stewardship relationship indigenous peoples and local communities have towards the environment. Keeping distance from the dangers of the myth of the noble savage, and describing the important steps forward that have been done against fortress conservation practices, the chapters underlines those steps that still need to be taken.
Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Sajeva Giulia
Published: June 2019

Chapter 6 traces the path of the previous chapters trying to draw some conclusions on the pros and cons of the idea of biocultural rights as envisioned by Bavikatte. It also draws some conclusions on difficulties of human rights theory to face the new challenges of the Anthropocene, and elaborates on the future of biocultural rights. In the attempt to try to overcome biocultural rights potentially unfair implications, the chapter looks at their legacy and at their potential developments towards local communities, including non-traditional ones living in developing countries.
The Dalit Body
Authors: Chakrabarty Dipesh
Published: June 2019

Dalit bodies have been the objects of upper-caste disgust when they have not been simply overlooked. Even in academic writings such as those of the Subaltern Studies group, the figure of the ‘dalit’ gets folded into the figure of the ‘insurgent peasant’, and the question of caste remains largely overlooked. This essay attempts to construct ‘the dalit body’ and, while acknowledging this to be a construct in the manner of Frantz Fanon’s construction of ‘the black body’, it seeks to tease out of such a construction a way of thinking about the human body in an age when humans collectively are recognized as exercising a geological agency that changes the climate system of the whole planet and reveals our entanglement with other forms of life and larger planetary processes. With this aim in view, the chapter ends with a reading of some excerpts of Rohit Vemula’s Facebook postings that became available after his tragic suicide in 2016.
Four Types of Racism
Authors: del Junco Emilio Comay
Published: June 2019

This chapter develops a philosophical account of ‘racism without racists’ in the US. It starts by noting the contrast between the strong taboos against expressing racist sentiments that have emerged since the 1960s Civil Rights era and the staggering levels of racial inequality which have remained relatively unchanged. It then develops a division of racism into four broad types. The first involves an explicit denial of humanity to racial minorities. The second endorses formal equality while denying the legitimacy of substantive claims that would lessen racial inequality and while enforcing policies in racially differential ways. This type of racism implicitly rather than explicitly stigmatises members of racially subordinate groups. The third type of racism falls under the rubric of racially harmful actions motivated by implicit bias while the fourth is what I dub ‘racial akrasia’ or ‘akratic racism’, borrowing the philosophical term of art for actions performed knowingly against an agent’s sincere better judgments. Unlike standard cases of implicit bias, in which racially stigmatizing beliefs are unconscious, racial akrasia involves some degree of awareness on the part of the agent. Though the first two kinds of racism are all too present in the contemporary American landscape, I argue that an account limited to these will fail to take in significant ways by which racial inequality is produced and reproduced and thus needs to be supplemented by an account of this third kind of racism. I also suggest that that addressing newer and more subtle forms of American racism will take more than individual goodwill, but must focus on material inequality and perhaps above all thinking more clearly about what meaningful integration entails.
A Social Location Theory of Gender
Authors: Dupree Emily
Published: June 2019

This chapter analyses three main themes present in gender stereotypes around the globe: the family as a private sphere of male control, heteronormative marriage and women’s subservience to men, and women’s fitness for emotional and care labour. These stereotypes reveal that gender is a class system that consolidates power and resources in the hands of gender-conforming men by exploiting women’s labour. These stereotypes also reveal that gendered borders not only passively reflect the distribution of gendered ways of being, but they actively create a gendered underclass through the imagined relevance of neatly-ordered sexed bodies. Women, far from being a natural biological kind, are made to be the gendered ‘Other’ by an interconnecting network of beliefs, behaviours, customs, and institutions. Membership in this sociopolitical class is the only thing that women have in common as women. Given this insight into what it is to be a woman, I argue that gender justice requires the abolition of gendered borders.
Combatting Exclusions through Law
Authors: Ram H.R. Vasujith
Published: June 2019

This chapter traces attempts to remedy the centuries of stigma faced by transgender people through law and legal action. Beginning with the judgment of the Indian Supreme Court in National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India, this chapter surveys major legal developments including the multiple Bills under considerations. I find evidence only of mixed progress, typified by patterns of misunderstandings and vacillation.
Processes of Shaming
Authors: Ghosh Nandini
Published: June 2019

Ableism is entrenched in all societies and cultures, and reveals itself in the cultural inclination towards normalcy. The ‘norm’ reflects the cultural reproduction of ableism, by drawing boundaries around those bodies that transgress able-bodied whiteness. Emotions, as normative evaluative judgements, help in understanding social relationships within both macro and micro contexts. In the case of disability, emotions make the exclusion of some bodies acceptable through a process of othering, by devaluing and debasing certain identity groups. Public policy discourses on disability frequently reference emotions such as shame or pity to describe the lived experience of disabled people. In India, laws and policies around disability have largely been influenced by the ableist socio-cultural ideologies, drawing on cultural assumptions and dominant power equations. This paper seeks to elaborate the processes whereby persons with impairments are socialised into accepting their own bodies as “deviant/impaired” and consequently experience shame and stigma in society. This paper uses qualitative case studies of men and women with different disabilities in India to reflect on how pity, disgust and shame, influenced by socio-cultural ideologies, operate within interpersonal interactions to ensure that disabled people remain othered in everyday life processes. The socio-cultural ideologies around disability and impairments have been evinced through focus groups discussion by mostly nondisabled people and in-depth interviews with key informants. The paper will illustrate how disabled people experience internalised oppression, a phenomenon that has hitherto remained unaddressed by policy frameworks in India. The paper will finally reflect on the ways in which disability policy in India has failed to address both the structural barriers and the socio-cultural attitudes that underpin the process of disabilism.
Class and Classification
Authors: Weinrib Laura
Published: June 2019

Disgust plays a role in structuring social relationships across class lines. Revulsion and fear of contamination reinforce spatial separation and the stigmatization of poverty. Moreover, terms such as ‘white trash’ indicate that class-based disgust can operate in the absence of other markers of low social status for which poverty often serves as a proxy. Although class-based disgust is rarely the principal impetus for the legal regulation of wealth and social status, it has consistently contributed to laws that denigrate and segregate the poor. Meanwhile, the theoretical capacity of law to mitigate economic inequality and, by extension, status-based distinctions has helped to render social class a putatively permeable category that is denied heightened constitutional scrutiny. Building from these premises, this chapter considers whether law might be used to dismantle the status-based stratification that exacerbates and legitimates disgust and, more equivocally, whether disgust might in some situations be redeployed to spur legal and social change.
Territoriality, Sovereignty, and the State
Authors: Chatterjee Shibashis
Published: June 2019

The chapter explains the chosen conceptual categories, clarifies the tropes of their deployment, and stitches together the two dual narratives of India’s domestic and external imaginations. The author goes on to show that India’s transforming models of nation building have evolved within the framework of sovereign territoriality. He also makes the argument that while the domestic/international divide is inappropriate to make sense of India’s negotiations in South Asia, it is equally facile to see the region as an extension of India’s domestic contests. This chapter shows how India has framed its project and negotiated with others in its neighbourhood. However, the fact that the lines of peoplehood and territorial nationalism never coincided in South Asia meant that there will always be tension in working out national projects predicated upon sovereignty. These states embarked on different projects of difference that were crucial to the making of modern South Asia.
Globalization, Democratization, Liberal Peace, and Human Security in South Asia
Authors: Chatterjee Shibashis
Published: June 2019

The chapter deals with three transformative theses and their possible impact and consequences in South Asia. The author examines the impacts of globalization, democratic peace, and human security to find whether these have changed elite mindsets in the subcontinent. He finds that none of these alleged changes have impacted on the way Indian and South Asian elites imagine their neighbourhood. First, globalization has divided the subcontinent along economic lines that complicate India’s neighbourhood policies further. Second, the dynamic of globalization has unfolded within the given geopolitical parameters of South Asia and, therefore, no liberal order has grown within the region. This episode brings out the disjuncture of economic and political dynamics in this region despite two decades of globalization. Third, democratic peace has no credibility in South Asia given the intense geopolitical competition between India and Pakistan that also affects the foreign policies of smaller states. The state in South Asia has dominated the agenda of non-traditional security and defined it. South Asian states continue to suffer from fears and tensions since most of these insecurities stem from within and are the products of the state.
The Muslim Question in the Neoliberal Regime
Authors: Islam Maidul
Published: June 2019

Chapter 1 points out the socio-economic backwardness of Indian Muslims while analysing various data sets from the Census and NSSO reports, the India Human Development Report, various reports prepared by several important committees appointed by the government of India along with and other relevant literature. The chapter argues that the Muslim question had been traditionally trapped in a communal–secular binary within dominant political and academic discourses. The data provided by various sources give us ample opportunity to look into the Muslim question from the perspective of socio-economic deprivation, political under-representation, and social marginalization. The chapter also provides sufficient empirical evidence to think about the Muslim question in India as a class question along with the problems of discrimination and exclusion faced by the Indian Muslims. The chapter further elaborates on the conditions of possibility for the formation of the ‘Indian Muslim’ as a political identity.
Human Flourishing and Well-Being
Authors: Prabhu K. Seeta , Iyer Sandhya S.
Published: June 2019

This chapter reflects on the meta questions of human flourishing, well-being, and justice, and critically looks at ideas of choices, well-being, and freedom from a human development standpoint. Freedom is the pivot around which human development revolves, where freedoms are of two kinds, personal freedom and process freedom, each of which has different public policy implications. The chapter discusses both process and opportunity freedoms and distinguishes them from other conventional notions of freedom. It also deals with the process of choice and the act of choice at the individual level and its relationship with human flourishing. Further, the role of agency is highlighted, where both individual as well as collective agency are established as important to bring about a change in the society.
Measuring Human Progress
Authors: Prabhu K. Seeta , Iyer Sandhya S.
Published: June 2019

This chapter discusses the methodological issues pertaining to human development analysis. It critically reflects on the role of GDP as a measure of human progress and points to the shift in the discourse from unidimensional to multidimensional measures. In the light of significant efforts towards deriving alternate measures of well-being that include multiple dimensions, the issues relating to composite indices, such as indicator selection, weightage given, and numerous dimensions being combined in one index, are examined. A key perspective highlighted in the chapter is the challenge posed by ‘empty indicators’ as well as missing and unreliable data. Cautioning researchers on these issues, the chapter points to the need for better data reporting. Additionally, it argues in favour of the human development approach being extended to the process of data generation itself using participatory methods, particularly at a time when the SDG mandate extends over 230 indicators, many of which are also necessary to monitoring at the local level.
Economic Growth and Human Development
Authors: Prabhu K. Seeta , Iyer Sandhya S.
Published: June 2019

Unravelling the linkages between economic growth and human development has assumed urgency in the current era where development processes no longer follow historical patterns. This chapter juxtaposes the relationship between them in the light of the globalization process and the varying outcomes of human development across countries. The analysis of linkages between GDP and HDI over the past three decades across countries shows that the process is extremely dynamic in nature and that human development outcomes do not follow a defined trajectory. This is particularly evident in the analysis of backlogs in human progress, where we find the dominance of joblessness, impoverishment, displacement, and migration. The chapter concludes that economic growth and human development cannot be viewed as disconnected processes as they influence each other in multiple ways.
Sustainability
Authors: Prabhu K. Seeta , Iyer Sandhya S.
Published: June 2019

This chapter explains the importance of broadening the purview of sustainability to include environmental, economic, and social dimensions. The rationale for this more comprehensive view lies in the fact that people face multiple vulnerabilities due to disaster-related risks, macro-economic shocks, political turmoil, and ever-expanding social inequalities. Therefore, this chapter argues for the need to anchor all actions in the pathway of strong sustainability as sustaining ecosystems and their services and ensuring environmental rights for present and future generations are important from the point of view of intergenerational equity. This can be achieved through adopting an ‘institutionally integrated view’ of a freedom-centred approach that strengthens the foundations of sustainable human development through promotion of basic capabilities, collective freedoms, and social cohesion.
A Shot of Justice
Authors: Mehdi Ali
Published: June 2019

Children have been guaranteed an equal right to life, yet millions of them continue to die due to preventable causes. Their deaths are widely perceived as a biomedical issue, with vaccinations being presented as the ultimate life-saving intervention. This book argues that a clear and consistent pattern of preventable child deaths is primarily a problem of justice. It engages with the debate on ‘equalisandum’—what (metric) needs to be equalized across individuals in a just society—in modern theories of justice in the context of trends in child survival and access to its determinants among selected groups in India. It argues that Amartya Sen’s multifocal metric of justice—with a central focus on ‘maximal potentials’ or ‘capabilities’—is more plausible than its counterparts since it allows equity considerations to be met without compromising the potentials of the better-off or aggregative concerns. It concludes that such an approach to justice is relevant for affirmative action policies too, which have long been a source of enormous resentment, especially in India and the United States.
The Prospects of Survival
Authors: Mehdi Ali
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents data on child mortality from the earliest time available. It begins with an overview of India’s performance vis-à-vis the top five contributors to under-five deaths in the world and then looks at both inter-state, intra-group, intra-state, and inter-group inequalities among social groups by gender, tribe, caste, and religion. It also analyses intra-group differentials at the inter-state level, looking at how a particular group is doing or has done in different states. This not only shows their relative standing at the state level, but also their given maximal (if not the optimal) achievement in the country, and the shortfall in other states from their respective maximal. One important lesson from this chapter is that child survival in India is, first and foremost, a manifestation of systemic injustice, reflected in the country’s poor aggregate performance over the decades. A narrow focus on inter-group inequalities is, therefore, not enough.
Which Shot of Justice?
Authors: Mehdi Ali
Published: June 2019

This chapter undertakes a critical assessment of five Indian policies pertaining to children and claims of equality of resources (opportunities) and outcomes from the perspective of theoretical and empirical discussions in the previous chapters. As far as the policies are concerned, they have largely focused on equality of resources, predominantly with reference to health care and early nutrition. Despite showing some promise, they have ended up in timidity as far as their conceptualization and operationalization of equity is concerned. The chapter goes on to discuss the relevance of Amartya Sen’s ‘multifocal variable’, and although it seems that Sen would call for equality of capabilities, he does not. Instead, he argues against ‘absolute priority’ to any ‘unifocal criterion’ and in favor of equity considerations being broad, inclusive and multidimensional. It ends with the implications of discussions in the book for the equalisandum debate in political philosophy and for affirmative action policies.
Legal and Theoretical Foundations of the Business Corporation
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael
Published: June 2019

In accordance with comparative law methodology, the chapter seeks to define and delineate in functional terms the subject matter of this book. It aims to provide a workable conception of ‘business corporation’ and ‘company law’ that transcends national boundaries. The modern business corporation (or company) is a comparatively recent phenomenon that emerged in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Its rise is linked with the development of the modern nation state and capitalism. Despite a growing interest in comparative company law scholarship, most lawyers still approach the subject with preconceptions formed by their own domestic corporate law experience. This can be problematic given that major differences in typology, historical development, regulatory framework, and legal characteristics remain. Consequently, this chapter discusses the concepts and terminology used in this context in common law and civil law systems, explores separate legal personality and limited liability as defining properties of the business corporation, provides an overview of the historic development of the business corporation and of corporate (law) theory, and analyses the sources of domestic corporate law.
The Europeanization of Corporate Law
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael
Published: June 2019

This chapter begins with an overview of the nature and effects of EU law and the EU law-making process, with particular focus on the internal market. This is followed by an analysis of the acquis unionaire—the EU law with company law relevance at both Treaty level and the level of secondary legislation (regulations and directives). It emphasizes the trajectory of EU company law and its development in distinguishable ‘waves’. It then turns to the issue of corporate mobility within the Union, on the basis of the Court’s case law on freedom of establishment, as well as the emerging EU law infrastructure for corporate mobility transactions. The chapter concludes with some speculation about the future of EU company law in the light of Brexit.
Corporate Governance Regulation
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael
Published: June 2019

This chapter first analyses whether the corporation is merely a profit-maximizing entity or performs a more inclusive, social function. It then discusses some basic economic concepts that are important to understand the underlying conflicts that corporate governance regulation seeks to address, such as efficiency, incomplete contracts, and agency costs. Next, it examines the goals that corporate governance regulation in the United States, the UK, Germany, and France pursues, and gives an overview of the evolution of the corporate governance movement, which started in the United States in the 1970s. The chapter then introduces the most important corporate actors—officers, directors, and shareholders—and explores whether the ownership structure of public stock corporations has changed over time and continues to differ between countries. The final section analyses how corporate boards are designed, and how best practice standards contained in corporate governance codes shape the composition of boards.
Elements of Shareholder Democracy
Authors: Gerner-Beuerle Carsten , Schillig Michael
Published: June 2019

This chapter begins with a discussion of the origins of corporate power. Shareholders are often considered the owners of the corporation. However, this is questionable in an economic and social, if not a legal, sense. In fact, the position of shareholders in many legal systems is confined to that of mere investor who acquires cash flow rights, but has minimal (and only indirect) influence on business operations through the election of directors. Where shareholders (or, for that matter, directors) have the power to decide, the law needs to ensure that they do not abuse their position of power to the detriment of corporate actors bound by the decision without being able to influence it. The chapter then covers the limits of corporate power, shareholder decision-making, and the appointment and removal of directors.
Relationship of captive bolt stunning location with basic tissue measurements and exposed cross-sectional brain area in cadaver heads from market pigs1
Authors: Anderson Karly , Ries Elizabeth , Backes Jacob , Bishop Katherine , Boll Miranda , Brantner Ellie , Hinrichs Brady , Kirk Ashlynn , Olsen Hannah , Risius Blake , Bildstein Charles , Vogel Kurt D
Published: June 2019

The objective of this study was to contrast the soft tissue thickness, cranial thickness, total tissue thickness, cross-sectional brain area, and bolt–brain contact from the common frontal application of captive bolt euthanasia with the alternative location behind the ear in cadaver swine heads. Twenty-three cadaver heads from pigs that were approximately 136 kg and 6 mo of age were collected from a regional slaughter establishment following CO2 stunning and assigned to either the FRONTAL (n = 11) or the CAUDAL TO PINNA (n = 12) application of the captive bolt. The soft tissue thickness was different (P < 0.0001) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 8.3 ± 3.4 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 56.5 ± 3.4 mm). The cranial thickness was different (P < 0.0001) between the applications (FRONTAL: 23.4 ± 2.9 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 26.5 ± 2.9 mm). There was also a difference (P < 0.0001) in the total tissue thickness between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 31.7 ± 3.8 mm; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 73.4 ± 3.8 mm). Cross-sectional area was calculated from images collected immediately after the heads were cut along the plane of bolt travel by bandsaw and was different (P = 0.0028) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 25.2 ± 1.3 cm2; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 18.9 ± 1.3 cm2). Bolt–brain contact was also assessed from the images, and a difference (P = 0.0360) between the 2 applications (FRONTAL: 100 ± 10.5%; CAUDAL TO PINNA: 66.7 ± 10.5%) was identified. The results of this study suggest that the FRONTAL application may provide a bolt path with less tissue to travel through when compared with the CAUDAL TO PINNA application for pigs of the approximate age and weight of those in this study. Ultimately, the FRONTAL location may present less risk for the captive bolt euthanasia of swine at market weight at this time. Additional refinement of the CAUDAL TO PINNA procedure and modification to the captive bolt device to penetrate to a suitable depth to ensure brain damage is recommended.
Field evaluation of zero vector durable lining to assess its efficacy against malaria vectors and malaria transmission in tribal areas of the Balaghat district of central India
Authors: Mishra Ashok K , Bharti Praveen K , Kareemi Tazeen Iram , Chand Sunil K , Tidgam Anup Singh , Sharma Ravendra K , Singh Neeru
Published: June 2019

Background

Indoor residual spray (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets are the two principal intervention methods of vector control. Zero vector durable lining (ZVDL), a relatively new vector control method, was evaluated to assess its efficacy against malaria vectors in hard to reach areas in the Balaghat district, where malaria transmission is perennial.

Methods

ZVDL was installed in six experimental villages during November–December 2012. In control villages, IRS was carried out with Alphacypermethrin. Cone bioassays were performed to assess the efficacy and persistence of insecticide-treated ZVDL following WHO bioassays.

Results

The mean per man hour density of Anopheles caught during 2013 was 12.1 in experimental villages and 16.2 in control villages. No sporozoite-positive Anopheles culicifacies were found in experimental villages; however, in control villages, four sporozoite-positive A. culicifacies were found (two Plasmodium vivax and two P. falciparum). The knock-down rate of A. culicifacies was 95–100% with 100% mortality during the 24 h recovery period. Malaria declined sharply in experimental villages showing a slide positivity rate of 22.3% compared with control villages (36.4%) (p<0.05).

Conclusions

A supplementary vector control intervention such as ZVDL has the potential to become a viable alternative to IRS in malaria endemic areas.
New Clinically Relevant Method to Evaluate the Life Span of Prophylactic Sacral Dressings
Authors: Burton Joshua N. , Fredrickson Abigail G. , Capunay Cassidee , Tanner Laurel , Oberg Craig , Santamaria Nick , Gefen Amit , Call Evan
Published: June 2019

It has been demonstrated that wound dressings provide a protective effect against pressure injuries. However, no method exists to measure either the life or performance of dressings used in prevention; testing dressings in a clinical setting or a research environment has typically been based on measuring its moisture absorption capacity. This article examines the changes that occur in the structural and mechanical properties of a prophylactic dressing based on conditions of use when wound exudate is not present.

A clinically relevant method was developed to simulate the loading, friction-inducing shear, and moisture transpiration present in a typical hospitalization where a dressing is applied for prevention. Single-use dressings were tested using this method to evaluate their ability to protect patients from pressure injuries throughout the typical 5 to 7 days of use. Following this aging process, researchers measured the physical, structural, and mechanical changes in prophylactic dressings over time.

This innovative method provides guidance for clinicians on dressing use and replacement intervals. For bioengineers, the method generates important empirical data for computer modeling of dressing performance, which can then reveal the consequences of changes in dressing structure and function on sustained tissue loads. It is the authors’ hope to generate discussion about the creation of industry-wide standards for testing dressings to improve patient care.
Protecting the rights of patients, nurses, and others participating in research
Authors: Mick JoAnn
Published: June 2019

Clinical nurses are in a unique position to support research that studies the effects of interventions, symptom management, education, and treatment plan adherence in their patients. Nurses may also participate in research studies that aim to advance professional nursing practice. Using a quiz format, this article addresses clinical nurses' role in research, the history of federal regulation of research, basic human rights and potential violations during the conduct of research, and specific nursing actions required when research is conducted in the practice setting.
Taking on an administrative supervisor role
Authors: Crincoli Suzanne , Weaver Susan H.
Published: June 2019

Administrative supervisors serve as nurse leaders during the evenings, nights, and weekends. This article discusses the role and offers insight for nurses interested in exploring this career opportunity.
Ultrasound-guided Syringosubarachnoid Shunt Insertion for Cervicothoracic Syringomyelia
Authors: Hussain Ibrahim , Greenfield Jeffrey P.
Published: June 2019

Syrinx can be secondary to many etiologies, including tumor, Chiari malformation, tethered cord, or sequelae of infection or trauma. Posttraumatic syringomyelia, a potential complication of spinal injury, can insidiously present years after the initial event. Expansion of the cerebrospinal fluid–filled cyst can lead to pain, sensorimotor deficits, and myelopathy. Simple fenestration is often unsuccessful, therefore permanent shunting of cerebrospinal fluid from the syrinx to the subarachnoid, pleura, or peritoneum can prevent recurrence. In this report, we present a patient with a complex L3 burst fracture from a remote trauma s/p stabilization. Thirty-two years later, he developed progressive neck pain, upper extremity radiculopathy, dysesthesias, and clinical myelopathy (dropping objects, gait imbalance). An MRI demonstrated an expansile syrinx from C2-conus medullaris which previously had been unsuccessfully treated by fenestration. We offered a T1–2 laminectomy and placement of synringosubarachnoid shunt. In the associated video (Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/CLINSPINE/A107), we demonstrate the step-by-step approach for this procedure, including microsurgical intradural intramedullary exploration and insertion of a T-tube shunt catheter. We additionally demonstrate nuances of ultrasonography that guide medullary entry localization and confirmation of successful shunt placement. Finally, we review preoperative planning pearls pertinent to revision surgeries, pitfalls of the operation, and postoperative management strategies germane to successful outcomes.
Pharmacokinetics of Enteric-Coated Mycophenolate Sodium in Lupus Nephritis (POEMSLUN)
Authors: Ranganathan Dwarakanathan , Abdul-Aziz Mohd H. , John George T. , McWhinney Brett C. , Fassett Robert G. , Healy Helen , Kubler Paul , Lim Aaron , Lipman Jeffrey , Purvey Megan , Roberts Matthew , Reyaldeen Reza , Ungerer Jacobus , Roberts Jason A.
Published: June 2019

Background:

Mycophenolate mofetil or enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) and steroids are used for induction and maintenance therapy in severe lupus nephritis. Blood concentrations of mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active metabolite of these drugs, vary among patients with lupus nephritis. The objective of this study was to examine whether concentration-controlled (CC) dosing (through therapeutic drug monitoring) of EC-MPS results in a higher proportion of participants achieving target exposure of MPA compared with fixed-dosing (FD). An additional aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of CC dosing on clinical outcomes.

Methods:

Nineteen participants were randomly assigned either to the FD or CC group. All the participants were eligible to have free and total measurements of MPA over a period of 8–12 hours on 3 different occasions. Area under the concentration–time curve between 0 and 12 hours (AUC0-12) was calculated using noncompartmental methods. Dose of EC-MPS was titrated according to AUC0-12in the CC group.

Results:

Thirty-two AUC0-12measurements were obtained from 9 FD and 9 CC participants. Large inter-patient variability was observed in both groups but was more pronounced in the FD group. There were no significant differences between FD and CC participants in any pharmacokinetic parameters across the study visits, except for total C0(FD 2.0 ± 0.3 mg/L versus CC 1.1 ± 0.3;P= 0.01) and dose-normalized C0(FD 2.9 ± 0.2 mg/L/g versus CC 2.1 ± 0.7 mg/L/g;P= 0.04) at the second visit and total AUC0-12(FD 66.6 ± 6.0 mg·h/L versus CC 35.2 ± 11.4 mg·h/L;P= 0.03) at the third visit. At the first study visit, 33.3% of the FD and 11.1% of the CC participants achieved the target area under the concentration–time curve (P= 0.58). From the second visit, none of the FD participants, compared with all the CC participants, achieved target AUC0-12(P= 0.01). More CC participants achieved remission compared with FD participants (absolute difference of −22.2, 95% confidence interval JOURNAL/thdm/04.03/00007691-201912000-00003/inline-formula1/v/2023-08-14T203520Z/r/image-tiff 0.19 to 0.55;P= 0.62). The mean free MPA AUC0-12was significantly lower in those who had complete remission.

Conclusions:

CC participants reached target AUC0-12quicker. Larger studies are required to test clinical efficacy.
Simplified Lateral Brow Lift under Local Anesthesia for Correction of Lateral Hooding
Authors: Turin Sergey Y. , Vaca Elbert E. , Cheesborough Jennifer E. , Sinno Sammy , Mustoe Thomas A.
Published: June 2019

Background:

A limited incision lateral brow lift has been described as an alternative to the endoscopic or the bicoronal approaches. The senior author has developed a safe and effective lateral brow lift technique that can be performed in an office setting under local anesthesia.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed 150 consecutive patients who underwent a brow lift by the senior author (TAM). The technique begins with an upper blepharoplasty incision which is used to divide the corrugator under direct vision, followed by a release of the periorbital retaining ligaments. The lateral temporal incision is the access point for dissection above the deep temporal fascia then connecting to the subperiosteal plane, allowing full mobility of the brow. Galea is advanced with sutures and redundant skin is excised.

Results:

All patients treated with this technique had resolution of lateral brow hooding. Two temporary neuropraxias of the frontal branch of the facial nerve were observed with full resolution and no permanent nerve injuries occurred. The revision rate was 7% and there was a 3% incidence of delayed wound healing at the temporal incision with no infections. One hundred forty-two patients (97%) underwent this procedure with sedation, 52 of which (35%) were in the office with light oral sedation.

Conclusions:

The limited incision lateral brow lift as described allows for safe elevation of the lateral brow. When complemented by upper blepharoplasty, this technique provides excellent and natural-appearing rejuvenation of the upper face.
Estimation of Total Skeletal Content of Plutonium and 241Am From Analysis of a Single Bone
Authors: Tolmachev Sergei Y. , Avtandilashvili Maia , Kathren Ronald L.
Published: June 2019

The skeleton is one of the major retention sites for internally deposited actinides. Thus, an accurate estimation of the total skeleton content of these elements is important for biokinetic modeling and internal radiation dose assessment. Data from 18 whole-body donations to the US Transuranium and Uranium Registries with known plutonium intakes were used to develop a simple and reliable method for estimation of plutonium and 241Am activity in the total skeleton from single-bone analysis. A coefficient of deposition K
dep, defined as the ratio of actinide content in the patella to that in the skeleton, was calculated for 239Pu, 238Pu, and 241Am. No statistical difference was found in K
dep values among these radionuclides. Variability in K
dep values was investigated with relation to skeleton pathology (osteoporosis). The average K
dep of 0.0051 ± 0.0009 for the osteoporotic group was statistically different from K
dep of 0.0032 ± 0.0010 for nonosteoporotic individuals. The use of K
dep allows for rapid estimation of the total skeletal content of plutonium and 241Am with up to 35% uncertainty. To improve accuracy and precision of total skeleton activity estimates, regression analysis with power function was applied to the data. Strong correlation (r
2 > 0.9) was found between 239Pu, 238Pu, and 241Am activities measured in the patella bone and total skeleton activity. The results of this study are specifically important for the optimization of bone sample collection for US Transuranium and Uranium Registries partial-body donations.
The Association Between Parental Depression and Child Psychosocial Intervention Outcomes: Directions for Future Research
Authors: Gladstone Tracy R. G. , Diehl Anne , Thomann Lauren O. , Beardslee William R.
Published: June 2019

Recent studies suggest that parental depressive symptoms may affect a child’s ability to benefit from interventions for anxiety and depression. This article reviews the current literature, suggesting that, when parents experience current depressive symptoms, children are less likely to benefit from psychosocial interventions for anxiety and depression. Opportunities for future research are discussed, including moderators and mechanisms of the association between parental depressive symptoms and child intervention outcomes.