bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wrong Notes, Cowpats, and Freak Fests
Authors: BOWAN KATE
Published: December 2024

Late in 1947 Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958) wrote to Alan Frank, music editor at Oxford University Press. He asked Frank if he or his wife, the composer Phyllis Tate, could ‘suggest any pieces of the wrong note school’ as he wanted to use some of their compositional techniques.1 Elisabeth Lutyens (1906–83), the British serial composer, appeared on his list of possible candidates alongside Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, and Roberto Gerhard. In the early 1950s, Lutyens, always wilfully controversial, distanced herself from the music of the previous generation of British composers, chief among them Vaughan Williams, acidly dismissing it as ‘cow-pat music’. Decades earlier, in a letter to ‘My Darling Betty’, his beloved former student, Elizabeth Maconchy (1907–94), ‘Uncle Ralph’ had made a passing derogatory reference to a ‘Freak Fest’, his nickname for the annual festivals organized by the International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM).2 But, it was Vaughan Williams’s close friend Edward Dent (1876–1957), a musicologist, who had helped to found the ‘Freak Fest’ in 1922. Both Dent and Edward Clark (1888–1962), a champion of modern European music and a BBC programmer during the institution’s early days, went on to be president of the society. Throughout this period, works by Maconchy, Lutyens (Clark’s wife) and Vaughan Williams were performed at ISCM festivals. The purpose of the preceding examples is not to highlight the aesthetic differences between the dramatis personae of the four volumes under discussion here – Vaughan Williams, Lutyens and Clark, Maconchy, and Dent – but rather to suggest some of the myriad ways their lives intertwined. These tangled webs of personal and professional relationships combined in different formations to produce overlapping musical networks. Together and individually these books provide rich insights into the British musical world during an important period in its development.
Nonlinear dynamics in dusty plasmas subjected to photo-discharging
Authors: McKinlay Michael , Thomas Edward , Chakraborty Thakur Saikat
Published: December 2024

Experimental research into the control of particle charge in dusty plasmas conducted at Auburn University indicates that photocurrents generated by exposing dust to intense, near-ultraviolet light can provide a reliable and novel method of independently controlling dust charge without radically altering the background plasma; the experiment also showed that some particles may respond differently to this photo-discharge, with some exhibiting highly periodic responses to the discharge and others exhibiting chaotic behaviour. Since the dust particles in the experiment were a polydisperse sample of different sizes and shapes, particle geometry may play a role in explaining this difference. Simulations of particle discharge and dynamics are used in an attempt to reproduce experimental results and investigate a possible correlation between particle symmetry and dynamic periodicity.
Online robust self-learning terminal sliding mode control for balancing control of reaction wheel bicycle robots
Authors: Zhu Xianjin , Xu Wenfu , Chen Zhang , Deng Yang , Zheng Qingyuan , Liang Bin , Liu Yu
Published: December 2024

This paper proposes an online robust self-learning terminal sliding mode control (RS-TSMC) with stability guarantee for balancing control of reaction wheel bicycle robots (RWBR) under model uncertainties and disturbances, which improves the balancing control performance of RWBR by optimising the constrained output of TSMC. The TSMC is designed for a second-order mathematical model of RWBR. Then robust adaptive dynamic programming based on an actor-critic algorithm is used to optimise the TSMC only by data sampled online. The system closed-loop stability and convergence of the neural network weights are guaranteed based on the Lyapunov analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through simulations and experiments.
Lessons to learn? Using the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ jurisprudence on amnesties and pardons in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian War
Authors: Masol Sergii , Perez-Leon-Acevedo Juan-Pablo
Published: December 2024

The standards of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on amnesties and pardons in mass atrocity cases have been influential in Latin America and beyond. In turn, discussions about possible transitional justice mechanisms related to the Russo-Ukrainian war have involved issues of amnesty and pardon. However, the dicta of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights do not formally bind Ukraine and Russia. By connecting the two (semi-)peripheries of international law – namely, Latin America and Eastern Europe – the present article examines whether and to what extent the jurisprudence in question can shed light on legal and policy solutions for addressing the amnesty and pardon challenges posed by the Minsk agreements, domestic developments in Ukraine and Russia, and a potential future peace accord.
Breeding ecology of the globally threatened Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola in calcareous fens at the south-western range limit
Authors: Wołoszkiewicz Joanna , Kubacka Justyna , Kloskowski Janusz
Published: December 2024

Owing to habitat loss, the entire breeding population of the globally threatened Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola, a flagship bird species of fen mires, is now limited to scattered areas in east-central Europe. The breeding biology of the Aquatic Warbler was studied between 2012 and 2015 in calcareous fens dominated by the Cladietum marisci sedge community at the south-western range limit of the species, near Chełm, in south-east Poland. Two nesting peaks were observed during the breeding season, corresponding to first and second breeding attempts. Nest densities were greater during the first- rather than the second-brood period but singing male densities did not differ between the brood periods. Clutch size and post-hatching fledging success were significantly lower during the second-brood period. Total nest fledging success (whether or not a nest fledged at least one young) was 76.6% in 124 nests with known outcomes with an average of 2.7 (± SE 0.2) fledglings per nest. Mayfield probability of nest survival was 56.9% with losses mainly due to predation (55%), nest desertion or female predation (28%), and changes in water level (14%). Nest survival to fledging increased along the gradient of increasing levels of litter layer thickness, stagnating water, and vegetation height at the nest, and increasing height of the nest above the soil. Fledgling production tended to be lower than in the Biebrza Marshes (north-east Poland) habitats, assumed to be optimal for breeding. Otherwise, the reproductive success estimates did not deviate from nests found in the core breeding areas in north-east Poland or Belarus. Brood feeding frequency (15.5 ± 1.0/hour) was similar to that observed in the Biebrza Marshes. Our results suggest that the calcareous fens at the margins of the current species’ range provide a suitable breeding habitat. However, as the nesting area has contracted, management programmes tailored to the ecological requirements of the Aquatic Warbler are required.
Understanding the gains from wage flexibility in a currency union: a fiscal policy connection
Authors: Okano Eiji , Inagaki Kazuyuki
Published: December 2024

We investigate two findings in Gali and Monacelli (2016, American Economic Review): (i) the effectiveness of labor cost adjustments on employment is much smaller in a currency union and (ii) an increase in wage flexibility often reduces welfare, more likely in an economy that is part of a currency union. First, we introduce a distorted steady state into Gali and Monacelli’s small open economy model, in which employment subsidies making the steady state efficient are not available, and replicate their two findings. Second, an endogenous fiscal policy rule similar to that in Bohn (1998, Quarterly Journal of Economics) is introduced with a government budget constraint in the model. The results suggest that while Gali and Monacelli’s first finding is still applicable, their second finding is not necessarily valid. Therefore, an increase in wage flexibility may reduce welfare loss in an economy that is part of a currency union as long as wage rigidity is sufficiently high. Thus, there is scope to discuss how wage flexibility benefits currency unions.
Silencing the Press in Criminal Wars: Why the War on Drugs Turned Mexico into the World’s Most Dangerous Country for Journalists
Authors: Trejo Guillermo , Skigin Natán
Published: December 2024

This article examines the effects of the militarization of public security and the conflicts it triggers on a central democratic institution: press freedom. We focus on Mexico, which experienced multiple waves of assassinations of local journalists after the federal government declared a War on Drugs against the country’s main cartels and deployed the military to the country’s most conflictive regions. We argue that violence against journalists is tied to the outbreak of criminal wars—the multiple localized turf wars and power struggles unleashed by the federal military intervention. Subnational politicians and their security forces and drug lords are at the center of these conflicts because they jointly enable local operations of the transnational drug-trafficking industry. To defend their interests, they have individual and shared incentives to prevent city- and town-level journalists from (or punish them for) publishing fine-grained information that may compromise their criminal and political survival and their quest for local control. We compiled the most comprehensive dataset available on lethal attacks on journalists from 1994 to 2019 to test our claims. Using a difference-in-differences design, we show that violence against local journalists substantially increased in militarized regions, where the military decapitated the cartels and fragmented the criminal underworld, triggering violent competition for criminal governance—de facto rule over territories, people, and illicit economies. Evidence from original focus groups and interviews with at-risk reporters suggests that governors, mayors, and their police forces possibly joined cartels in murdering journalists to mitigate the risks of unwanted information and to minimize the costs of criminal governance by silencing the press and society. Our study offers a sobering lesson of how the militarization of anti-crime policy and the onset of criminal wars can undermine local journalism, press freedom, and democracy.
Students’ Anticipated Negative Consequences of Procrastination Behavior and Momentary Affective Experiences
Authors: Bruns Katherine E. , Eggert Patrick , Wolgast Anett
Published: December 2024

Abstract: Procrastination involves unnecessarily postponing planned tasks, although it is experienced as unpleasant and possible negative consequences are cognitively represented. There is little research on the effect of these anticipated negative consequences on the long-term relationship between procrastination behavior and affect. Therefore, we analyzed this relationship using an experience-sampling design. Fifty-six students (75 % female, Mage = 22.34, SDage = 3.51) participated in the study over 14 days (1,188 measurements). We analyzed the relationships between the anticipated negative consequences of procrastination behavior and affect using Bayesian hierarchical cross-lagged modeling, controlling for gender, age, and procrastination tendency. The results suggest that anticipating negative consequences significantly determined procrastination behavior and negative affect over time. In addition, we found significant cross-lagged effects between procrastination behavior and negative affect: Procrastination behavior determined a weaker experienced negative affect, while a more robust experienced negative affect determined more procrastination behavior. Procrastination behavior and negative affect were interrelated over time. Procrastination behavior predicted less negative affect, while experienced negative affect predicted a higher likelihood of procrastination behavior. We found no significant associations with experienced positive affect. One conclusion is that anticipating the negative consequences of procrastination can stimulate procrastination behavior and experienced negative affect rather than stimulating action on the planned task. Accordingly, cognitively anticipated negative consequences and experienced negative affect are relevant for future procrastination research, especially for procrastination prevention and the application of adaptive regulation strategies.
How to Improve Student Teachers’ Self-Regulated Competency Development
Authors: Kaemper Mara , Buhl Heike M. , Klingsieck Katrin B.
Published: December 2024

Abstract: Teachers require various generic competencies that are not addressed explicitly in the teacher education program, such as learning strategies. Although universities offer student teachers extracurricular opportunities to develop these competencies, few students seize them. Our training program fosters students’ self-regulated competency development: Self-reflection as an important first step to self-regulated competency development is addressed through an online self-assessment tool providing individual feedback and suggestions for further development. Forming and implementing intentions to develop competencies is addressed by a workshop based on an evidence-based self-management training program and group coaching sessions to bridge potential intention–behavior gaps. After the training program, the experimental group ( n = 32) showed a more favorable development in self-reflection, procrastination, and participation in competency-enhancing offers than the control group ( n = 34). The results show that supporting students in their self-regulated competency development can be an important key in their professional development.
Breast organoid suspension cultures maintain long-term estrogen receptor expression and responsiveness
Authors: Chang Kung-Chi , Silvestri Francesca , Oliphant Michael U. J. , Martinez-Gakidis M. Angie , Orgill Dennis P. , Garber Judy E. , Dillon Deborah D. , Brugge Joan S.
Published: December 2024

Organoid cultures offer a powerful technology to investigate many different aspects of development, physiology, and pathology of diverse tissues. Unlike standard tissue culture of primary breast epithelial cells, breast organoids preserve the epithelial lineages and architecture of the normal tissue. However, existing organoid culture methods are tedious, difficult to scale, and do not robustly retain estrogen receptor (ER) expression and responsiveness in long-term culture. Here, we describe a modified culture method to generate and maintain organoids as suspension cultures in reconstituted basement membrane (™Matrigel). This method improves organoid growth and uniformity compared to the conventional Matrigel dome embedding method, while maintaining the fidelity of the three major epithelial lineages. Using this adopted method, we are able to culture and passage purified hormone sensing (HS) cells that retain ER responsiveness upon estrogen stimulation in long-term culture. This culture system presents a valuable platform to study the events involved in initiation and evolution of ER-positive breast cancer.
Data efficient machine learning potentials for modeling catalytic reactivity via active learning and enhanced sampling
Authors: Perego Simone , Bonati Luigi
Published: December 2024

Simulating catalytic reactivity under operative conditions poses a significant challenge due to the dynamic nature of the catalysts and the high computational cost of electronic structure calculations. Machine learning potentials offer a promising avenue to simulate dynamics at a fraction of the cost, but they require datasets containing all relevant configurations, particularly reactive ones. Here, we present a scheme to construct reactive potentials in a data-efficient manner. This is achieved by combining enhanced sampling methods first with Gaussian processes to discover transition paths and then with graph neural networks to obtain a uniformly accurate description. The necessary configurations are extracted via a Data-Efficient Active Learning (DEAL) procedure based on local environment uncertainty. We validated our approach by studying several reactions related to the decomposition of ammonia on iron-cobalt alloy catalysts. Our scheme proved to be efficient, requiring only ~1000 DFT calculations per reaction, and robust, sampling reactive configurations from the different accessible pathways. Using this potential, we calculated free energy profiles and characterized reaction mechanisms, showing the ability to provide microscopic insights into complex processes under dynamic conditions.
DYRK4 upregulates antiviral innate immunity by promoting IRF3 activation
Authors: Zeng Xianhuang , Xu Jiaqi , Liu Jiaqi , Liu Yang , Yang Siqi , Huang Junsong , Fan Chengpeng , Guo Mingxiong , Sun Guihong
Published: December 2024

Viral infection activates the transcription factors IRF3 and NF-κB, which induce type I interferon (IFN) and antiviral innate immune responses. Here, we identify dual-specific tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 4 (DYRK4) as an important regulator of virus-triggered IFN-β induction and antiviral innate immunity. Overexpression of DYRK4 enhances virus-triggered activation of IRF3 and type I IFN induction, whereas knockdown or knockout of DYRK4 impairs virus-induced activation of IRF3 and NF-κB. Moreover, Dyrk4-knockout mice are more susceptible to viral infection. The underlying mechanism involves DYRK4 acting as a scaffold protein to recruit TRIM71 and LUBAC to IRF3, increasing IRF3 linear ubiquitination, maintaining IRF3 stability and activation during viral infection, and promoting the IRF3-mediated antiviral response. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying viral infection-triggered IRF3 stabilization and activation.
A flexible, water anchoring, and colorimetric ionogel for sweat monitoring
Authors: Zhi Hui , Qin Yingxi , Li Yang , Wang Fengya , Feng Liang
Published: December 2024

An ionogel is prepared that effectively regulates the proportion of free water and bound water through the formation of wrinkle angles by the hydrophilic and hydrophobic chains in the gel system and the non-volatile nature of the ionic liquid.
Amphoteric reactivity of iron(iii)–hydroperoxo complex generated from proton- and salicylate-assisted dioxygen activation
Authors: An Chaewon , Jeon Hyeri , Lee Yool , Park Geonwoo , Ahn Hyun S. , Hong Seungwoo
Published: December 2024

We report the synthesis and characterization of an iron(iii)–hydroperoxo complex generated from salicylate-assisted dioxygen activation by a cation–liganded iron(ii) complex.
The steric hindrance effect of Co porphyrins promoting two-electron oxygen reduction reaction selectivity
Authors: Mou Yonghong , Zhang Jieling , Qin Haonan , Li Xinyue , Zeng Zequan , Zhang Rong , Liang Zuozhong , Cao Rui
Published: December 2024

A new Co porphyrin with eight ester groups in ortho and ortho′ positions of phenyl groups was designed, which displayed improved 2e oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) selectivity compared with a Co porphyrin without large steric groups.
Palladium-catalyzed dearomative Heck/[4 + 3] decarboxylative cyclization of indoles with α-oxocarboxylic acids via C–H activation
Authors: Zhou Liwei , Jing Pengyang , Deng Wenbo , Guo Shuyi , Liang Yun , Yang Yuan
Published: December 2024

A palladium-catalyzed dearomative Heck/[4 + 3] decarboxylative cyclization of indoles with α-oxocarboxylic acids via C−H activation is reported, which offers an efficient avenue for assembling fused indolines containing a seven-membered ring.
Sunlight-mediated photocatalytic uranium extraction from seawater: a bioresistant heterojunction for highly selective uranium sensing and extraction with in vivo application
Authors: Yadav Sanjay , Choudhary Nishu , Sonpal Vasavdutta , Vyas Bipin G. , Paital Alok Ranjan
Published: December 2024

A new recyclable composite material has been developed for simultaneous uranium detection and adsorption, featuring red-emissive turn-on sensing, high adsorption capacity with fast kinetics, biofouling resistance, and biosensing capabilities.
Vocal and Facial Behavior During Affect Production in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Kothare Hardik , Ramanarayanan Vikram , Neumann Michael , Liscombe Jackson , Richter Vanessa , Lampinen Linnea , Bai Alison , Preciado Cristian , Brogan Katherine , Demopoulos Carly
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

We investigate the extent to which automated audiovisual metrics extracted during an affect production task show statistically significant differences between a cohort of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing controls.

Method:

Forty children with ASD and 21 neurotypical controls interacted with a multimodal conversational platform with a virtual agent, Tina, who guided them through tasks prompting facial and vocal communication of four emotions—happy, angry, sad, and afraid—under conditions of high and low verbal and social cognitive task demands.

Results:

Individuals with ASD exhibited greater standard deviation of the fundamental frequency of the voice with the minima and maxima of the pitch contour occurring at an earlier time point as compared to controls. The intensity and voice quality of emotional speech were also different between the two cohorts in certain conditions. Additionally, facial metrics capturing the acceleration of the lower lip, lip width, eye opening, and vertical displacement of the eyebrows were also important markers to distinguish between children with ASD and neurotypical controls. Both facial and speech metrics performed well above chance in group classification accuracy.

Conclusion:

Speech acoustic and facial metrics associated with affect production were effective in distinguishing between children with ASD and neurotypical controls.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.28027796
Spectral dataset of young type Ib supernovae and their time evolution
Authors: Yesmin N. , Pellegrino C. , Modjaz M. , Baer-Way R. , Howell D. A. , Arcavi I. , Farah J. , Hiramatsu D. , Hosseinzadeh G. , McCully C. , Newsome M. , Padilla Gonzalez E. , Terreran G. , Jha S.
Published: December 2024

Due to high-cadence automated surveys, we can now detect and classify supernovae (SNe) within a few days after explosion, if not earlier. Early-time spectra of young SNe directly probe the outermost layers of the ejecta, providing insights into the extent of stripping in the progenitor star and the explosion mechanism in the case of core-collapse supernovae. However, many SNe show overlapping observational characteristics at early times, complicating the early-time classification. In this paper, we focus on the study and classification of type Ib supernovae (SNe Ib), which are a subclass of core-collapse SNe that lack strong hydrogen lines but show helium lines in their spectra. Here we present a spectral dataset of eight SNe Ib, chosen to have at least three pre-maximum spectra, which we call early spectra. Our dataset was obtained mainly by the Las Cumbres Observatory (LCO) and it consists of a total of 82 optical photospheric spectra, including 38 early spectra. This dataset increases the number of published SNe Ib with at least three early spectra by ∼60%. For our classification efforts, we used early spectra in addition to spectra taken around maximum light. We also converted our spectra into SN IDentification (SNID) templates and make them available to the community for easier identification of young SNe Ib. Our dataset increases the number of publicly available SNID templates of early spectra of SNe Ib by ∼43%. Half of our sample has SN types that change over time or are different from what is listed on the Transient Name Server (TNS). We discuss the implications of our dataset and our findings for current and upcoming SN surveys and their classification efforts.
Enumerating Minimum Feedback Vertex Sets in directed graphs with union-cat trees
Authors: Abdenbi Moussa , Blondin Massé Alexandre , Goupil Alain , Lapointe Mélodie , Lavoie Martin
Published: December 2024

The problem of finding a minimum feedback vertex set (MFVS) in a directed graph has been known to be NP-hard for around 40 years: It is one of the problems listed in Karp’s famous 1972 paper. Several strategies to solve the MFVS problem, both exact and approximate, have been proposed. In particular, in 2000, Lin and Jou presented an exact algorithm based on eight graph contraction operators whose complexity is polynomial for a particular class of graphs called DOME-contractible graphs. This paper proposes two contributions. First, we introduce a data structure called union-cat tree that provides, in some cases, a compact representation of a family of constant size subsets of a given finite set. Secondly, we extend Lin and Jou’s algorithm to compute the set of all MFVSs of any directed graph.
Zwangsbehandlungen nach dem Betreuungsrecht in psychiatrischen
Kliniken in Deutschland: Ergebnisse einer Online-Umfrage
Authors: Stürner Lukas , Henking Tanja , Juckel Georg , Gather Jakov , Steinert Tilman
Published: December 2024

Ziel der Studie Ermittlung der Häufigkeit von ärztlichen Zwangsmaßnahmen
(Zwangsbehandlungen) nach dem Betreuungsrecht und deren Rahmenbedingungen.

Methode Befragung der ärztlichen Leiter:innen psychiatrischer
Einrichtungen mit Versorgungsverpflichtung in Deutschland mittels
Online-Umfrage.

Ergebnisse Die Rücklaufquote von N=397 befragten Einrichtungen betrug 43%.
90% der antwortenden Kliniken gaben an, in den letzten 5 Jahren ärztliche
Zwangsmaßnahmen nach Betreuungsrecht durchgeführt zu haben, überwiegend
Zwangsmedikationen. Eine Beteiligung bei Zwangsbehandlungen in somatischen
Krankenhäusern wurden nur selten berichtet. Eine systematische Erfassung solcher
Maßnahmen findet überwiegend nicht statt.

Schlussfolgerung Angesichts der lückenhaften Datenlage ist ein
bundesweites Register für derartige Maßnahmen erforderlich, das auch
Zwangsbehandlungen in somatischen Krankenhäusern umfassen sollte.
Reference Ranges for All: Implementing Reference Ranges for Transgender and Nonbinary Patients
Authors: Cardillo Anthony B. , Chen Dan , Haghi Nina , O'Donnell Luke , Jhang Jeffrey , Testa Paul A. , Genes Nicholas
Published: December 2024

Objectives This study aimed to highlight the necessity of developing and implementing appropriate reference ranges for transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) patient populations to minimize misinterpretation of laboratory results and ensure equitable health care.

Case Report We describe a situation where a TGNB patient's abnormal laboratory values were not flagged due to undefined reference ranges for gender “X” in the Laboratory Information System (LIS). Implementation of additional reference ranges mapped to sex label “X” showed significant improvement in flagging abnormal lab results, utilizing sex-invariant reporting as an interim solution while monitoring developments on TGNB-specific reference ranges.

Conclusion Informatics professionals should assess their institution's policies for registration and lab reporting on TGNB patients as nonimplementation poses significant patient safety risks. Best practices include using TGNB-specific reference ranges emerging in the literature, reporting both male and female reference ranges for clinical interpretation and sex-invariant reporting.
Effect of nuclear motions on the spectrum of intermediate radius excitons
Authors: Ratner A. M.
Published: December 2024

It is shown that in the case of excitons of intermediate radius (comparable to the interatomic spacing) the exciton branch of the dispersion curve has a break caused by its interaction with the vibrational levels of a localized electronic excitation. The break lies in the central region of the band and remains when exciton damping is taken into account. Its existence is confirmed by experimental spectroscopic data in the case of inert gas crystals.
Deviations from the BCS expression for the acoustic attenuation in an anisotropic superconductor
Authors: Bezuglyi E. V. , Denisenko V. I. , Stepanenko A. M. , Fil’ V. D.
Published: December 2024

It is shown, both theoretically and experimentally, that during the superconducting transition in a metal with an anisotropic dispersion curve for the electrons regions of a rapid drop of the acoustic absorption may be preceded by its increase. Such a qualitative difference from the behavior characteristic of the well known BCS expression is due to an energy dependence of the velocity of the excitations in a superconductor if the Fermi surface contains flattened spots. In that case the temperature dependence of the acoustic velocity is signficantly modified as well.
Electron-phonon interaction in superconducting point contacts
Authors: Khlus V. A. , Omel'yanchuk A. N.
Published: December 2024

The current-voltage characteristic of a superconducting point contact, whose size a is much smaller than all characteristic lengths, is found: a ⪡ξ(0), l, ʋF/ωD (l is the impurity scattering length, and ξ(0) is the superconducting coherence length). In a region of dimension a near the contact, where there is a strong electric field, nonequilibrium phonons are emitted by quasiparticles, as a result of which the current-voltage characteristic has singularities related to the position of the peaks in the electron-phonon interaction function G(ω) (the analog of the Éliashberg function including the geometry of the contact). The excess current, existing at high voltages eV⪢Δ, decreases with increasing V, and the derivative dIexc/dV is proportional to the function G(ω), differing somewhat from the point contact electron-phonon interaction function in the case of a normal contact.
Resilience of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
Authors: Jacques-Dumas Valérian , Dijkstra Henk A. , Kuehn Christian
Published: December 2024

We address the issue of resilience of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) given the many indications that this dynamical system is in a multi-stable regime. A novel approach to resilience based on rare event techniques is presented, which leads to a measure capturing “resistance to change” and “ability to return” aspects in a probabilistic way. The application of this measure to a conceptual model demonstrates its suitability for assessing AMOC resilience but also shows its potential use in many other non-autonomous dynamical systems. This framework is then extended to compute the probability that the AMOC undergoes a transition conditioned on an external forcing. Such conditional probability can be estimated by exploiting the information available when computing the resilience of this system. This allows us to provide a probabilistic view on safe operating spaces by defining a conditional safe operating space as a subset of the parameter space of the (possibly transient) imposed forcing.
Tipping detection using climate networks
Authors: Moinat Laure , Kasparian Jérôme , Brunetti Maura
Published: December 2024

The development of robust Early Warning Signals (EWSs) is necessary to quantify the risk of crossing tipping points in the present-day climate change. Classically, EWSs are statistical measures based on time series of climate state variables, without exploiting their spatial distribution. However, spatial information is crucial to identify the starting location of a transition process and can be directly inferred by satellite observations. By using complex networks constructed from several climate variables on the numerical grid of climate simulations, we seek for network properties that can serve as EWSs when approaching a state transition. We show that network indicators such as the normalized degree, the average length distance, and the betweenness centrality are capable of detecting tipping points at the global scale, as obtained by the MIT general circulation model in a coupled-aquaplanet configuration for CO2 concentration-driven simulations. The applicability of such indicators as EWSs is assessed and compared to traditional methods. We also analyze the ability of climate networks to identify nonlinear dynamical patterns.
Magnetic structures in the explicitly time-dependent nontwist map
Authors: Jánosi Dániel , Horváth Anikó , Édes Lili , Kovács Tamás
Published: December 2024

We investigate how the magnetic structures of the plasma change in a large aspect ratio tokamak perturbed by an ergodic magnetic limiter, when a system parameter is non-adiabatically varied in time. We model such a scenario by considering the Ullmann–Caldas nontwist map, where we introduce an explicit time-dependence to the ratio of the limiter and plasma currents. We apply the tools developed recently in the field of chaotic Hamiltonian systems subjected to parameter drift. Namely, we follow trajectory ensembles initially forming Kolmogorov Arnold Moser (KAM) tori and island chains in the autonomous configuration space. With a varying parameter, these ensembles, called snapshot tori, develop time-dependent shapes. An analysis of the time evolution of the average distance of point pairs in such an ensemble reveals that snapshot tori go through a transition to chaos, with a positive Lyapunov exponent. We find empirical power-law relationships between both the Lyapunov exponent and the beginning of the transition to chaos (the so-called critical instant), as a function of the rate of the parameter drift, with the former showing an increasing trend and the latter a decreasing trend. We conclude that, in general, coherent tori and magnetic islands tend to break up and become chaotic as the perturbation increases, similar to the case of subsequent constant perturbations. However, because of the continuous drift, some structures can persist longer and exist even at perturbation values where they would not be observable in the constant perturbation case.
Enhancement of n-type electronic conductivity in bismuth iron borate glasses by fluorine addition
Authors: Mitsui Kazuki , Matsumoto Riko , Mori Masami , Hu Zhongxu , Katase Takayoshi , Hiramatsu Hidenori , Saitoh Akira
Published: December 2024

It was reported that a bismuth iron borate amorphous oxide glass, 10Fe3O4–45Bi2O3–45B2O3, exhibits a low electronic conductivity (σ) of ∼10−8 S/cm at room temperature. In this study, we have found that fluorine addition drastically enhances its σ to six orders of magnitude higher σ of ∼10−2 S/cm in a 21Fe3O4–4BiF3–30Bi2O3–45B2O3 glass. Additionally, it is experimentally confirmed that a high electron density of ∼1017 cm−3 at 400 °C is achieved. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy reveals Bi–F, Fe–F, and B–F bondings, supporting the fluorine substitution at oxygen sites. The fluorine-added bismuth iron borate glass would be expected in semiconductor applications such as a thermistor operating at 25–400 °C.
Polar coordinate-based background removal algorithm for 2D x-ray scattering data
Authors: Guo Pu , Zheng Xu , Jiang JiChao , Yin ShuaiShuai , Zhang Chenggong , Yang Bin , Cui Yitao , Yang Tong , Gu Yueliang , Li Xiaolong , Zhang Xingmin
Published: December 2024

During the data collection of x-ray diffraction experiments with various detectors, background signals are often unavoidable along with the sample signal. Addressing the background during post-data analysis is not a straightforward task. In this work, we introduced an algorithm specifically designed to handle centrally symmetric two-dimensional x-ray diffraction data and processed the data using the Python programming language. The two-dimensional data are first transformed from Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates. Second, utilizing existing background processing algorithms, one-dimensional background curves are identified for each azimuth angle. These background data are then merged to generate two-dimensional background data. Finally, by subtracting the background from the original data, we obtain the clear diffraction signal. The algorithm can effectively remove the background from x-ray diffraction data and exhibits the ability to handle backgrounds with high intensity and irregular shapes, and the discernibility of the weak signal is significantly enhanced. Moreover, researchers have the flexibility to choose whether to preserve or eliminate the signals from additional amorphous components based on their needs. This algorithm will provide researchers with the possibility for further data analysis.
Jet reversal and bubble dynamics near gas-entrapped surfaces
Authors: Xiang Xiao-Tian , Xie Da-Hao , Zhou Jun-Jie , Wang Shi-Ping , Bao Hengzhu
Published: December 2024

We studied the bubble and resulting jet dynamics near gas-entrapped surfaces experimentally using spark-induced bubbles with a radius of a centimeter and high-speed photography. We found three distinct jetting behaviors, namely direct toward the boundary, direct backward the boundary, and split both toward and backward, which is determined by three dimensionless parameters, i.e., depth (H̃) and cross section area (Ã) of the gas cylinder and the standoff distance (γ) of the bubble. Bubble lifetime, maximum radius, and impact velocity of the penetrated jet on the bubble are also investigated. Furthermore, the non-dimensional volume (α) of gas entrapped on the rigid boundary is the dominant parameter in the jet reversal, larger α leads to a stronger reverse. The results and conclusions in this study are useful for resisting cavitation erosion.
Transient hydrodynamic blockage of gap flow between separated bodies in low-Reynolds-number regime
Authors: Lee Minhyeong , Kim Daegyoum
Published: December 2024

Hydrodynamic blockage is a distinctive phenomenon governing the flow behavior of distinctly spaced bodies in low-Reynolds-number regimes. As thick shear layers develop around the bodies due to strong viscous diffusion, virtual fluid barriers form within gaps between the bodies, hindering the flow penetration through the gaps. Although previous studies reported that hydrodynamic blockage critically affects the propulsion of animals in the low-Reynolds-number regime, its quantitative effects on the flow behavior remain unclear from the perspective of the unsteady fluid–structure interaction. This study introduces a novel approach to quantitatively examine and characterize the transient development of hydrodynamic blockage. We numerically investigate the transient hydrodynamic blockage using multiple stationary cylinders in a two-dimensional domain, considering wide ranges of the Reynolds number and gap width between the cylinders under diverse accelerating free streams. First, the formation process of a virtual fluid barrier is evaluated in terms of the shear layer development around cylinders. A new parameter is then introduced to quantify the degree of hydrodynamic blockage by comparing the flow rate of free stream to that affected by the blockage. We reveal that, in addition to strong viscous diffusion which initiates hydrodynamic blockage, streamwise convection is also important in characterizing the transient hydrodynamic blockage. By comparing the amount of convection required for the full development of hydrodynamic blockage to the effective gap width that combines the physical gap width and the viscous diffusion length, the regime where the blockage dominates the flow behavior is identified.
Single-cell atlas of
Leishmania
development in sandflies reveals the heterogeneity of transmitted parasites and their role in infection
Authors: Catta-Preta Carolina M. C. , Ghosh Kashinath , Sacks David L. , Ferreira Tiago R.
Published: December 2024

Sandfly vectors transmit
Leishmania
through egestion of parasites into the host skin. The transmissible dose is shaped by
Leishmania
development in the sandfly gut, described as a sequential differentiation of promastigote morphotypes. Apart from isolated mammal-infective metacyclic promastigotes, little is known about the transcriptional programs and molecular markers for other stages coinhabiting the midgut in mature infections and cotransmitted by the sandfly bite. Here, we elucidate the single-cell transcriptomic complexity of
Leishmania major
colonizing its natural vector
Phlebotomus duboscqi
at early and late infection, providing markers for three transmissible stages. Contrary to prevailing models, our analyses indicate a nonlinear developmental progression, with bifurcation into either replicating early metacyclics or attached and detached haptomonads. We demonstrate that haptomonads constitute a key component of the transmitted inoculum and, along with nondividing late metacyclics, are infectious to and exacerbate the pathology in mice. Our single-cell analysis and validated markers will facilitate further studies on the
Leishmania
life cycle and its implications for vector-to-host transmission dynamics.
Lanthanide binding peptide surfactants at air–aqueous interfaces for interfacial separation of rare earth elements
Authors: Ortuno Macias Luis E. , Jiménez-Ángeles Felipe , Marmorstein Jason G. , Wang Yiming , Crane Stephen A. , K. T. Surabh , Sun Pan , Sapkota Bikash , Hummingbird Eshe , Jung Woojin , Qiao Baofu , Lee Daeyeon , Dmochowski Ivan J. , Messinger Robert J. , Schlossman Mark L. , de la Fuente-Nunez Cesar , Radhakrishnan Ravi , Petersson E. James , Olvera de la Cruz Monica , Bu Wei , Bera Mrinal , Lin Binhua , Tu Raymond S. , Stebe Kathleen J. , Maldarelli Charles
Published: December 2024

Rare earth elements (REEs) are critical materials to modern technologies. They are obtained by selective separation from mining feedstocks consisting of mixtures of their trivalent cation. We are developing an all-aqueous, bioinspired, interfacial separation using peptides as amphiphilic molecular extractants. Lanthanide binding tags (LBTs) are amphiphilic peptide sequences based on the EF-hand metal binding loops of calcium-binding proteins which complex selectively REEs. We study LBTs optimized for coordination to Tb
3+
using luminescence spectroscopy, surface tensiometry, X-ray reflectivity, and X-ray fluorescence near total reflection, and find that these LBTs capture Tb
3+
in bulk and adsorb the complex to the interface. Molecular dynamics show that the binding pocket remains intact upon adsorption. We find that, if the net negative charge on the peptide results in a negatively charged complex, excess cations are recruited to the interface by nonselective Coulombic interactions that compromise selective REE capture. If, however, the net negative charge on the peptide is −3, resulting in a neutral complex, a 1:1 surface ratio of cation to peptide is achieved. Surface adsorption of the neutral peptide complexes from an equimolar mixture of Tb
3+
and La
3+
demonstrates a switchable platform dictated by bulk and interfacial effects. The adsorption layer becomes enriched in the favored Tb
3+
when the bulk peptide is saturated, but selective to La
3+
for undersaturation due to a higher surface activity of the La
3+
complex.
Hyperosmolarity-induced suppression of group B1 Raf-like protein kinases modulates drought-growth trade-off in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Kamiyama Yoshiaki , Katagiri Sotaro , Li Yangdan , Yamashita Kota , Takase Hinano , Umezawa Taishi
Published: December 2024

When plants are exposed to drought stress, there is a trade-off between plant growth and stress responses. Here, we identified a signaling mechanism for the initial steps of the drought-growth trade-off. Phosphoproteomic profiling revealed that Raf13, a B1 subgroup Raf-like kinase, is dephosphorylated under drought conditions. Raf13 and the related B1-Raf Raf15 are required for growth rather than the acquisition of osmotolerance. We also found that Raf13 interacts with B55-family regulatory subunits of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which mediates hyperosmolarity-induced dephosphorylation of Raf13. In addition, Raf13 interacts with an AGC kinase INCOMPLETE ROOT HAIR ELONGATION HOMOLOG 1 (IREH1), and Raf13 and IREH1 have similar functions in regulating cellular responses that promote plant growth. Overall, our results support a model in which Raf13-IREH1 activity promotes growth under nonstressed conditions, whereas PP2A activity suppresses Raf13-IREH1 during osmotic stress to modulate the physiological “trade-off” between plant growth and stress responses.
Quadrant kirigami-type electrothermal MEMS actuator with multi-degree-of-freedom morphing capability
Authors: Tsutsui Tomoya , Taguchi Yoshihiro , Hashimoto Masaaki
Published: December 2024

Kirigami design principles have been widely applied to develop thermally responsive shape-morphing devices across various scales. However, the multi-degree-of-freedom (multi-DoF) morphing capabilities of microelectromechanical-systems (MEMS)-scale kirigami devices under localized Joule heating remain largely unexplored. This paper presents a quadrant kirigami-type electrothermal MEMS actuator with multi-DoF morphing capabilities, demonstrating both one-dimensional piston motion and two-dimensional (2D) tilting motion. The actuator, fabricated using surface and bulk micromachining techniques, features four independent electrical circuits, creating four electrothermally separated quadrants within the MEMS-scale kirigami structure. The temperature distribution within each quadrant of the actuator, subjected to localized Joule heating, was experimentally examined using thermography, revealing distinct temperature contrasts. The actuator demonstrated multi-DoF morphing capabilities, achieving a 2D tilting angular displacement of approximately 10° at 70 mW and a vertical piston displacement of 1.5 mm at 135 mW. These experimental results validate that the electrothermal quadrant design, leveraging localized Joule heating, enhances the DoF morphing capabilities of kirigami-type electrothermal MEMS actuators.
A Taylor–Leibniz expansion for time domain viscoelastic studies
Authors: Abercrombie Eric , McDaniel J Gregory
Published: December 2024

Transient simulations of viscoelastic materials remain common, as does interest in the formulation of such simulations. This paper offers an alternative to the current set of solution schemes, including the Newmark-Beta or space-time Galerkin methods. The solution to an equation of motion for a viscoelastic simulation can be expressed by a Taylor series, when a Leibniz integration rule is applied to the time integral appearing in the viscoelastic stress equation. The result is a remarkably simple scheme to implement that also offers extremely rapid solution times. This effort includes a formulation of the approach, as well as numerical results for a simple mass and viscoelastic spring system, including an assessment of the number of Taylor series terms needed to accurately depict transient behavior. The paper outlines how the approach could be extended to finite element analysis and how complex loading conditions could be accounted for. Care is given in addressing the potential limitations of the approach.
Reactive laser ablation in liquid synthesis of aluminosilicate nanominerals
Authors: Weththasingha Chamari , Jackson Emily , Bertino Massimo , Wang Wei-Ning , Tibbetts Katharine Moore
Published: December 2024

Nanoscale aluminosilicate minerals have wide ranging applications in areas including catalysis, environmental remediation, and medicine. This work reports a reactive laser ablation in liquid (RLAL) synthetic route to aluminosilicate nanominerals that enables facile tuning of their elemental composition, crystallinity, and morphology. Both the precursor solution pH and the choice of base used to adjust the pH were found to determine the properties of the nanominerals produced by laser ablation of a silicon target in aqueous solution of aluminum nitrate. Addition of ammonia produced amorphous phases with fiber- or tube-like morphologies and high aluminum content under alkaline conditions. In contrast, the addition of potassium hydroxide produced highly crystalline quasi-spherical particles, with numerous aluminum silicate and potassium aluminum silicate phases. These results show that manipulation of the precursor solution chemistry for RLAL can produce aluminosilicate nanominerals with a wide range of properties, demonstrating the flexibility of RLAL for synthesis of tailored nanominerals for specific applications.