bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intense harvesting of eastern wolves facilitated hybridization with coyotes
Authors: Rutledge Linda Y. , White Bradley N. , Row Jeffrey R. , Patterson Brent R.
Published: November 2011

Despite ethical arguments against lethal control of wildlife populations, culling is routinely used for the management of predators, invasive or pest species, and infectious diseases. Here, we demonstrate that culling of wildlife can have unforeseen impacts that can be detrimental to future conservation efforts. Specifically, we analyzed genetic data from eastern wolves (Canis lycaon) sampled in Algonquin Provincial Park (APP), Ontario, Canada from 1964 to 2007. Research culls in 1964 and 1965 killed the majority of wolves within a study region of APP, accounting for approximately 36% of the park's wolf population at a time when coyotes were colonizing the region. The culls were followed by a significant decrease in an eastern wolf mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype (C1) in the Park's wolf population, as well as an increase in coyote mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. The introgression of nuclear DNA from coyotes, however, appears to have been curtailed by legislation that extended wolf protection outside park boundaries in 2001, although eastern wolf mtDNA haplotype C1 continued to decline and is now rare within the park population. We conclude that the wolf culls transformed the genetic composition of this unique eastern wolf population by facilitating coyote introgression. These results demonstrate that intense localized harvest of a seemingly abundant species can lead to unexpected hybridization events that encumber future conservation efforts. Ultimately, researchers need to contemplate not only the ethics of research methods, but also that future implications may be obscured by gaps in our current scientific understanding.
12‐Membered Macrocycles Containing Ditelluroxane and Selenotelluroxane Units
Authors: Srungavruksham Nagarjuna Kumar , Baskar Viswanathan
Published: November 2011

The reaction of benzeneseleninic acid with bis(p‐methoxyphenyl)tellurium dihalide [halide = Cl (1), Br (2)] afforded colorless crystals in moderate yield. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed the formation of 12‐membered macrocycles [(p‐MeO‐C6H4)2Te(μ‐O)(μ‐PhSeO2)(μ4‐X)]2 [X = Cl (1), Br (2)] where the halogen atoms, which are stabilized by Te–X interactions, cap the macrocycle on both sides. The reaction of NaI with 1 afforded the iodo‐capped macrocycle [(p‐MeO‐C6H4)2Te(μ‐O)(μ‐PhSeO2)(μ4‐I)]2 (3) in good yield. In the solid‐state structures of 1–3, the alignment of the phenyl group on Se changes with respect to the macrocycle. Macrocycle 3 shows rare Se–π interactions, which lead to the formation of a supramolecular polymeric network. Further reaction of methaneseleninic acid with bis(p‐methoxyphenyl)tellurium dichloride in methanol in the presence of triethylamine afforded a 12‐membered macrocycle [(p‐MeO‐C6H4)2Te(μ‐O)(μ‐MeSeO2)(μ4‐Cl)]2 (4), which is structurally similar to 1–3.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography‐Electrochemistry‐Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HPLC/EC/ESI‐MS) for Detection and Characterization of Roscovitine Oxidation Products
Authors: Karady Michal , Novák Ondřej , Horna Aleš , Strnad Miroslav , Doležal Karel
Published: November 2011

On‐line LC‐EC/ESI‐MS has been established as a fast and simple method to mimic some types of oxidation reaction of various drugs and to study the formation and structure of the resulting products. This technique has been applied to a 2,6,9‐trisubstituted purine, R‐roscovitine, which is known to be an inhibitor of some cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs) and a potential anticancer drug. Oxidation of R‐roscovitine in an electrochemical cell (EC), operated under various conditions, resulted in appearance of 6 major products. These were further analyzed by high‐resolution mass spectrometry, their structures were elucidated by accurate mass measurement and compared to previously identified R‐roscovitine in vitro/in vivo metabolites. Although none of the observed products was structurally identical to those identified previously in vitro/in vivo, all of them, except for the methoxylated products, resembled similarity due to appearing through the same reaction type. R‐roscovitine in the EC cell underwent N‐dealkylation of the isopropyl moiety, hydroxylation of the aromatic side‐chain, dihydroxylation, methoxylation and dimer formation. The hydroxylation product was identified as Olomoucine II, a R‐roscovitine derivative, which displays 10‐times higher CDK‐inhibiting activity than R‐roscovitine and the occurrence of which, as R‐roscovitine product, has not yet been observed in vitro/in vivo.
Ovarian steroid cell tumor with biallelic adenomatous polyposis coli inactivation in a patient with familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Hu Patrick J. , Knoepp Stewart M. , Wu Rong , Cho Kathleen R.
Published: November 2011

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant cancer predisposition syndrome that accounts for approximately 0.5–1% of all colorectal cancer cases. It is caused by germline mutations in the gene encoding the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor. Somatic APC inactivation due to mutation or loss of heterozygosity (LOH) promotes the development of adenomatous polyps by stabilizing the transcriptional coactivator β‐catenin. Although colorectal cancer is by far the most common malignancy seen in FAP patients, the widespread use of prophylactic colectomy in these patients has increased the clinical importance of extracolonic tumors that are part of the neoplastic spectrum in FAP. Many of these tumors exhibit LOH or somatic APC mutation, strongly supporting a causative role of APC inactivation in their pathogenesis. Here we describe a 47‐year‐old female FAP patient with clinical manifestations of virilization who was found to have an ovarian steroid cell tumor, a rare neoplasm not known to be associated with FAP. Immunohistochemical analysis of the ovarian tumor demonstrated strong nuclear β‐catenin staining consistent with somatic APC inactivation, and molecular analysis confirmed biallelic APC inactivation in the tumor. Our findings provide the first evidence that ovarian steroid cell tumors may be an extracolonic manifestation of FAP and implicate β‐catenin activation as an oncogenic mechanism in ovarian steroid cell tumorigenesis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular analysis of the t(2;8)/MYC–IGK translocation in high‐grade lymphoma/leukemia by long‐distance inverse PCR
Authors: Kroenlein Hannes , Schwartz Stefan , Reinhardt Richard , Rieder Harald , Molkentin Mara , Gökbuget Nicola , Hoelzer Dieter , Thiel Eckhard , Burmeister Thomas
Published: November 2011

Burkitt lymphoma and a subset of diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas are characterized by chromosomal alterations affecting the MYC oncogene on 8q24. In most cases MYC is found juxtaposed to the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) gene locus. Translocations to the immunoglobulin kappa (IGK) gene locus on 2p11 are observed in around 5–10% of cases. Little data exist on the molecular mechanisms leading to this aberration. The chromosomal breakpoints on chromosome 8 have been found dispersed over a large area 3′ of MYC. In order to obtain a better understanding of this chromosomal translocation we developed a long‐distance inverse (LDI) PCR method for the identification of chromosomal translocations affecting the IGK locus. We investigated a number of cytogenetically mostly uncharacterized high‐grade lymphoma samples and identified a MYC–IGK juxtaposition in seven patients and three t(2;8)‐positive cell lines. The chromosomal breakpoints were molecularly characterized and analyzed. The linear distance of the breakpoints on chromosome 8 to MYC ranged from some 100 bp to more than 0.5 MB. The reciprocal translocated allele could be characterized in the majority of cases. This study represents the largest series of t(2;8)‐positive cases analyzed so far. The LDI PCR method developed here should also be useful for the analysis of chromosomal translocations affecting the IGK locus in general. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aberrations in the arcuate fasciculus are associated with auditory verbal hallucinations in psychotic and in non‐psychotic individuals
Authors: de Weijer Antoin D. , Neggers Sebastiaan F.W. , Diederen Kelly M.S. , Mandl René C.W. , Kahn René S. , Hulshoff Pol Hilleke E. , Sommer Iris E.
Published: November 2011

The pathophysiology of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) is still unclear. Cognitive as well as electrophysiological studies indicate that a defect in sensory feedback (corollary discharge) may contribute to the experience of AVH. This could result from disruption of the arcuate fasciculus, the major tract connecting frontal and temporo‐parietal language areas. Previous diffusion tensor imaging studies indeed demonstrated abnormalities of this tract in schizophrenia patients with AVH. It is, however, difficult to disentangle specific associations with AVH in this patient group as many other factors, such as other positive and negative symptoms, medication or halted education could likewise have affected tract integrity. We therefore investigated AVH in relative isolation and studied a group of non‐psychotic individuals with AVH as well as patients with AVH and non‐hallucinating matched controls. We compared tract integrity of the arcuate fasiculus and of three other control tracts, between 35 non‐psychotic individuals with AVH, 35 schizophrenia patients with AVH, and 36 controls using diffusion tensor imaging and magnetization transfer imaging. Both groups with AVH showed an increase in magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) in the arcuate fasciculus, but not in the other control tracts. In addition, a general decrease in fractional anisotropy (FA) for almost all bundles was observed in the patient group, but not in the non‐psychotic individuals with AVH. As increased MTR in the arcuate fasciculus was present in both hallucinating groups, a specific association with AVH seems plausible. Decreases in FA, on the other hand, seem to be related to other disease processes of schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gelation time, homogeneity, and rupture testing of alginate‐calcium carbonate‐hydrogen peroxide gels for use as wound dressings
Authors: Alexander Brendan R. , Murphy Kathleen E. , Gallagher Joanne , Farrell Garrett F. , Taggart Gertie
Published: November 2011

The care of chronic wounds carries a heavy financial burden on the healthcare industry, with billons being spent annually on their treatment. This, coupled with a decreased quality of life for sufferers, has led to a real urgency in developing inexpensive wound dressings that promote wound healing. Alginate gels for application as wound dressings were formed by varying alginate (0%–6% w/v), calcium carbonate (0%–1% w/v), hydrogen peroxide (0%–3.75% v/v), and hyaluronic acid (0–1.25 mg/L) content. The aging effects on the physical properties of the gels over a 14‐day period were also investigated. The results indicated that the concentration of calcium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide, as well as sample age, all had a significant effect on the rupture characteristics and gelation time of the gels. Increased calcium carbonate content caused an increase in rupture force and rupture energy values, whereas increased hydrogen peroxide content and sample age resulted in a decrease in rupture force and rupture energy measurements. Increased calcium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide content produced a decrease in the time required for gel formation. Statistical models were also produced to provide a means of estimating rupture characteristics and gelation times for gels containing other concentrations of these components. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 425–431, 2012.
Inhibition of GPR40 protects MIN6 β cells from palmitate‐induced ER stress and apoptosis
Authors: Wu Jinwei , Sun Peng , Zhang Xiaodong , Liu Hong , Jiang Hualiang , Zhu Weiliang , Wang Heyao
Published: November 2011

Chronic exposure to elevated concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) has been verified to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which leads to pancreatic β‐cell apoptosis. As one of the medium and long chain FFA receptors, GPR40 is highly expressed in pancreatic β cells, mediates both acute and chronic effects of FFA on β‐cell function, but the role of GPR40 in FFA‐induced β‐cell apoptosis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the possible effects of GPR40 in palmitate‐induced MIN6 β‐cell apoptosis, and found that DC260126, a novel small molecular antagonist of GPR40, could protect MIN6 β cells from palmitate‐induced ER stress and apoptosis. Similar results were observed in GPR40‐deficient MIN6 cells, indicating that palmitate‐induced β‐cell apoptosis is at least partially dependent on ER stress pathway via GRP40. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1152–1158, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accelerating molecular monte carlo simulations using distance and orientation‐dependent energy tables: Tuning from atomistic accuracy to smoothed “coarse‐grained” models
Authors: Lettieri Steven , Zuckerman Daniel M.
Published: November 2011

Typically, the most time consuming part of any atomistic molecular simulation is the repeated calculation of distances, energies, and forces between pairs of atoms. However, many molecules contain nearly rigid multi‐atom groups such as rings and other conjugated moieties, whose rigidity can be exploited to significantly speed‐up computations. The availability of GB‐scale random‐access memory (RAM) offers the possibility of tabulation (precalculation) of distance‐ and orientation‐dependent interactions among such rigid molecular bodies. Here, we perform an investigation of this energy tabulation approach for a fluid of atomistic—but rigid—benzene molecules at standard temperature and density. In particular, using
${\cal O}$(1) GB of RAM, we construct an energy look‐up table, which encompasses the full range of allowed relative positions and orientations between a pair of whole molecules. We obtain a hardware‐dependent speed‐up of a factor of 24–50 as compared to an ordinary (“exact”) Monte Carlo simulation and find excellent agreement between energetic and structural properties. Second, we examine the somewhat reduced fidelity of results obtained using energy tables based on much less memory use. Third, the energy table serves as a convenient platform to explore potential energy smoothing techniques, akin to coarse‐graining. Simulations with smoothed tables exhibit near atomistic accuracy while increasing diffusivity. The combined speed‐up in sampling from tabulation and smoothing exceeds a factor of 100. For future applications, greater speed‐ups can be expected for larger rigid groups, such as those found in biomolecules. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2012
Structure and properties of the aluminum borates Al(BO2)n and Al(BO2)n−, (n = 1–4)
Authors: Gutsev Gennady L. , Weatherford Charles A. , Johnson Lewis E. , Jena Purusottam
Published: November 2011

The geometrical and electronic structures of Al(BO2)n and Al(BO2)n− (n = 1–4) clusters are computed at different levels of theory including density functional theory (DFT), hybrid DFT, double‐hybrid DFT, and second‐order perturbation theory. All aluminum borates are found to be quite stable toward the BO2 and BO2− loss in the neutral and anion series, respectively. Al(BO2)4 belongs to the class of hyperhalogens composed of smaller superhalogens, and should possess a large adiabatic electron affinity (EAad) larger than that of its superhalogen building block BO2. Indeed, the aluminum tetraborate possesses the EAad of 5.6 eV, which, however, is smaller than the EAad of 7.8 eV of the AlF4 supehalogen despite BO2 is more electronegative than F. The EAad decrease in Al(BO2)4 is due to the higher thermodynamic stability of Al(BO2)4 compared to that of AlF4. Because of its high EA and thermodynamic stability, Al(BO2)4 should be capable of forming salts with electropositive counter ions. We optimized KAl(BO2)4 as corresponding to a unit cell of a hypothetical KAl(BO2)4 salt and found that specific energy and energy density of such a salt are competitive with those of trinitrotoluol (TNT). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2012
Gold Nanoparticle‐electrodeposited Electrodes Used for p‐Nitrophenol Detection in Acidic Media: Effect of Electrodeposition Parameters on Particle Density, Size Distribution, and Electrode Performance
Authors: Tang Ying‐Yao , Chen Po‐Yu
Published: November 2011

Para‐nitrophenol (p‐NP) was detected using gold nanoparticle‐electrodeposited indium tinoxide electrodes (AuNP‐ITO) or AuNP‐electrodeposited screen printing carbon electrodes (AuNP‐SPC) in acidic media. AuNPs were formed by potential‐sweeping electrodeposition from the solution containing Na2SO4, H2SO4, and HAuCl4·3H2O. The effect of electrodeposition parameters, such as the cycling number of potential scan, the cathodic switching potential, and the scan rate, on density and size distribution of AuNPs was studied. It was found that the particle density and the size distribution of the AuNPs had a crucial effect on the electrode activity to p‐NP reduction. A AuNP‐electrodeposited electrode with appropriate size, narrow distribution, and high density of AuNPs shows the best activity to p‐NP reduction. p‐NP was detected by hydrodynamic chronoamperometry at –0.2 V and the dependence of the steady state current taken from the amperometric transient on concentration of p‐NP was linear from 1.0 × 10–7 M to 3.15 × 10–4 M with a regression coefficient of 0.9995. The detection limit was 9.8 × 10–8 M (13.7 ppb) (σ = 3).
Selective Tellurium Nanowire‐based Sensors for Mercury(II) in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Wei Tsao‐Yen , Chang Hsin‐Yun , Lee Yen‐Fei , Hunga Yu‐Lun , Huang Chih‐Ching
Published: November 2011

We have developed a simple, colorimetric, and label‐free tellurium nanowire (Te NW)‐based probe for the detection of mercury ions (Hg(II)) in aqueous solution, operating on the principle of strong hybridization and galvanic replacement reaction of Te–Hg. The Te NWs (length: 920 nm; diameter: 20 nm) reacted with Hg(II) to induce dissolution and aggregation of the Te NWs. As a result, the absorption band of the Te NWs in a solution undergoes a decrease in the presence of Hg(II). Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and surface‐assisted laser desorption/ionization measurements demonstrated the presence of Hg on the Te NWs. The Te NW probe specifically and sensitively detected Hg(II) ions under optimal concentrations of pH, temperature, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration. When using a mixture of Te NWs (3.0 nM) and SDS (5 μM) in 5 mM sodium phosphate (pH 4) at 50 °C, this sensor provides a limit of detection of 0.5 nM for Hg(II) (signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3) with high selectivity (at least 100 fold over other metal ions). Our approach abrogates the need for complicated chemosensors or sophisticated equipment. This cost‐effective sensing system allows the rapid and simple determination of the concentrations of Hg(II) ions in real samples (in this case, river, lake, and tap water samples).
Silver Nanoparticles as a Glucose Oxidase Immobilization Matrix for Amperometric Glucose Biosensor Construction
Authors: Hsu Fu‐Yin , Yu Ding‐Syuan , Chang Jung‐Che , Chuang Chia‐Lin
Published: November 2011

Immobilized biomolecules are widely applied in medical, food and environmental fields. In this paper, glucose oxidase (GOD) was covalently immobilized on the surface of thiol‐modified silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to fabricate GOD‐AgNP bioconjugate complexes. GOD‐AgNP complex were more stable at high temperature and in high pH environments than the free GOD in solution. Additionally, the fabricated Carbon rod/GOD‐AgNPs/Nafion/Chitosan electrode exhibited a rapid response and a linear calibration range from 0.5 mM to 6 mM for the detection of glucose. The Nafion/Chitosan coating could eliminate common interferents, such as uric acid and acetaminophen. As a conclusion, the experimental results indicated that the resulting modified electrode possesses an excellent response performance on glucose.
Analysis of Biomolecules through Surface‐Assisted Laser, Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Employing Nanomaterials
Authors: Chen Wen‐Tsen , Tomalová Iva , Preisler Jan , Chang Huan‐Tsung
Published: November 2011

Nanomaterials, primarily nanoparticles (NPs), can serve as an alternative matrix for the analysis of various biomolecules through surface‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI MS). SALDI MS has been developed to overcome poor reproducibility and high background in the lowmass region commonly occurring in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). Various nanomaterials, unmodified or functionalized with recognition ligands, can have a strong affinity toward certain analytes and thus are applicable for their concentration and enrichment from complex biological matrices. In mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), the use of NPs instead of the conventional matrices can improve the spatial resolution up to the cellular level. In this review, the nature of NPs, the methods of sample preparation and approaches for quantitation of biomolecules through SALDI MS are discussed. Practical applications and limitations of SALDI MS employing NPs for separate samples and MSI are mentioned. With regard to the nature of MSI analysis, the use of nanostructured surfaces for MSI is also reflected in this review.
A Fiber Optic Particle Plasmon Resonance Biosensing Platform Based on Detection of Light Scattering Intensity from the Proximal End
Authors: Chau Lai‐Kwan , Kuo Chia‐Wen , Chu Ya‐Wei , Liao Shin‐Hsien , Lin Yung‐Tai , Wang C. R. Chris
Published: November 2011

A novel light scattering sensing platform was constructed on the basis of modification of the unclad portion of an optical fiber with self‐assembled gold nanoparticles. The light scattering signal from the sensor fiber can be collected from the side surface or from the proximal end. In general, collection from the proximal end is more sensitive and the sensitivity increases with increasing sensor length. When excited at 673 nm, the light scattering signal from the sensor fiber increases linearly with increasing refractive index of samples. This change in the light scattering property of a gold nanoparticle in solutions of different refractive indexes has been confirmed by simulations. Furthermore, the gold nanoparticle surface was functionalized with L‐cysteine or biotin to allow selectivity of the sensor. With excitation at 442 nm, results show that the light scattering signal increases linearly with increasing concentration of each analyte. Detection limits of the sensor for Cu2+ ion and streptavidin were determined to be 0.16 ppb and 3.3 × 10‐10 M, respectively. This label‐free biosensing capability has also been confirmed by simulations of the scattering cross‐sections of biotin‐modified gold nanoparticles at various surface coverages of streptavidin.
Determination of Paraquat and Diquat by Combination of Nanoparticles‐Based Extraction with Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Chu Hui‐Ping , Chang Sarah Y.
Published: November 2011

Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) have been used as concentrating probes to extract paraquat and diquat from aqueous solution before capillary electrophoretic analysis. Adsorption of paraquat and diquat onto SiNPs is mainly through electrostatic interaction. After extraction and centrifugation, the analytes were eluted from the surface of SINPs by rinsing with acetic acid solution. The extract was directly analyzed by capillary electrophoresis with UV absorption detection. Using SiNPs to concentrate the analytes from 10 mL of aqueous solution, the enrichment factors for paraquat and diquat were 75 and 192, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) at signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3 were 0.03 and 0.05 μM for paraquat and diquat, respectively. This developed method was applied to the determination of paraquat in mung bean. The LOD of paraquat in mung bean was 0.1 μg/g.
Recent Advances in Dynamic Monitoring of Drug Release of Nanoparticle Using Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging
Authors: Cheng Shih‐Hsun , Chen Nai‐Tzu , Wu Chia‐Yan , Chung Chao‐Yu , Hwu Yeukuang , Mou Chung‐Yuan , Yang Chung‐Shi , Lo Leu‐Wei
Published: November 2011

In this review, we summarized the recent advances in dynamic monitoring of drug release of nanoparticle using FRET and FLIM. Using FRET to understanding the dynamics of drug released from its nanocarrier within intracellular milieu provides high sensitivity and temporal information of the releasing profile. Such information is crucial for the design of drug carriers and validation of drug controlled release. This approach thus has been prevailingly used in monitoring of drug release from a variety of DDS, including quantum dot‐, polymer‐, and silica‐based delivery systems. Alternatively, FLIM assessing changes of micro‐environment of drug possesses great potential for use in profiling the intracellular drug release and subcellular drug distribution with various DDS. Our recent approach using FLIM for mapping the intracellular Dox released from pH‐responsive MSN has exemplified the feasibility of delineating subcellular distribution of fluorescent drug with corresponding variation of fluorescence lifetime. Both FRET and FLIM are emerging as important techniques in assessing the efficiency of targeted delivery and controlled release of drug with different nanodelivery systems.
The Growth Mechanism of Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanowire Arrays on Non‐epitaxial Si(100) Substrates
Authors: Yin Yu‐Tung , Chen Yen‐Zhi , Chen Ching‐Hsiang , Chen Liang‐Yih
Published: November 2011

In this report, we have investigated the Au‐assisted growth of ZnO nanowires at a low temperature (550 °C) using low melting point Zn metal as a source. We supplied various Ar gas flow rate to carry Zn vapor onto Au catalysts coated Si(100) substrates to grow ZnO nanowires. When a high Ar gas flow rate was supplied, a large amount Zn vapor was carried onto the substrate and reacted with O2 to form a ZnO buffer layer covering the surface of the Au catalysts. This ZnO buffer layer has a highly c‐axis preferential orientation, which helps form vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays. In this condition, no Au catalysts appeared on the tips of the ZnO nanowires. When low Ar gas flow rate was supplied, Zn vapor is too low to form ZnO buffer layer on the surface of Au catalysts. From TEM analysis, we can observe that Au catalysts remain solid during growth. The detail growth mechanism of ZnO nanowires with various carrier flow rates was studied by field‐emission electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD).
Preparation and preliminary biological evaluation of 177Lu‐labeled GluDTPA‐cyclo(RGDfK) for integrin ανβ3 receptor‐positive tumor targeting
Authors: Kim Jin‐Hwan , Lim Jae‐Cheong , Yun Ki‐Cheol , Choi Sun‐Ju , Hong Young‐Don
Published: November 2011

Integrin ανβ3 is a receptor and is highly expressed on activated and proliferating endothelial cells during the growth and metastasis of solid tumors but not on resting endothelial cells and normal organs. Because RGD peptide binds to integrin ανβ3 receptor, a variety of radiolabeled RGD peptides have been evaluated for non‐invasive imaging of integrin ανβ3‐positive tumors.

In an attempt to develop RGD‐based radiopharmaceuticals, a novel GluDTPA‐cyclo arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid‐d‐phenylalanine‐lysine (GluDTPA‐cycloRGDfK) was simply synthesized and radiolabeled with 177Lu. Also, tumor targeting and retention of the radiolabeled complex were evaluated in U87MG glioma‐bearing mice.

The 177Lu‐labeled GluDTPA‐cyclo(RGDfK) was formulated with a high radiolabeling yield (>98%) under mild condition, and the radiochemical purity was sustained in both saline and serum for over 4 days at 37°C. The radiolabeled compounds were rapidly cleared from the blood pool and non‐target tissue. Tumor‐to‐blood ratio was 12.09 at 2 h post injection and increased to 134.67 at 24 h, while tumor to liver ratio was 2.01 at 24 h similar to that of 2 h.

Though it is inappropriate for targeted therapy due to its low uptake in tumor (~ 1 %ID/g), the acceptable results on radiochemistry and biodistribution propose to take a further assessment for non‐invasive imaging and detection of integrin ανβ3‐positive tumors by applying diagnostic radionuclides. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid radiosynthesis of [11C] and [14C]azelaic, suberic, and sebacic acids for in vivo mechanistic studies of systemic acquired resistance in plants
Authors: Best Marcel , Gifford Andrew N. , Kim Sung Won , Babst Ben , Piel Markus , Rösch Frank , Fowler Joanna S.
Published: November 2011

A recent report that the aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, azelaic acid (1,9‐nonanedioic acid) but not related acids, suberic acid (1,8‐octanedioic acid) or sebacic (1,10‐decanedioic acid) acid induces systemic acquired resistance to invading pathogens in plants stimulated the development of a rapid method for labeling these dicarboxylic acids with 11C and 14C for in vivo mechanistic studies in whole plants. 11C‐labeling was performed by reaction of ammonium [11C]cyanide with the corresponding bromonitrile precursor followed by hydrolysis with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Total synthesis time was 60 min. Median decay‐corrected radiochemical yield for [11C]azelaic acid was 40% relative to trapped [11C]cyanide, and specific activity was 15 GBq/µmol. Yields for [11C]suberic and sebacic acids were similar. The 14C‐labeled version of azelaic acid was prepared from potassium [14C]cyanide in 45% overall radiochemical yield. Radiolabeling procedures were verified using 13C‐labeling coupled with 13C‐NMR and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. The 11C and 14C‐labeled azelaic acid and related dicarboxylic acids are expected to be of value in understanding the mode‐of‐action, transport, and fate of this putative signaling molecule in plants. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water Content of Hydrated Polymer Brushes Measured by an In Situ Combination of a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry
Authors: Ramos Jagoba J. Iturri , Moya Sergio E.
Published: November 2011

Poly(methacryloyloxy ethyltrimethylammonium chloride) (PMETAC), poly(sulfopropylmethacrylate potassium salt), or poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes are synthesized by means of the atom transfer radical polymerization technique from gold surfaces coated with a monolayer of the initiator ω‐mercaptoundecyl bromo isobutyrate. The brush growth is followed in situ and in real time by the combination of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation technique (QCM‐D) and spectroscopic ellipsometry in a single device. The combination of QCM‐D and ellipsometry allows for the simultaneous determination of both the acoustic mass, macous, comprising the mass of the polymer and the solvent, and the optical mass, mopt, which corresponds to the polymer mass alone. Brush hydration is calculated from the difference between the values obtained for macous and mopt for each polymer synthesized. Brush hydration is then used to quantify the percentage of water released in the brush during collapse; a 30–40% release of water for PMETAC and PSPM brushes in 1 M NaCl and 80% for PNIPAM brushes when the temperature is increased to values above the lower critical solution temperature is observed.
Exactly solving a two‐level location problem with modular node capacities
Authors: Addis Bernardetta , Carello Giuliana , Ceselli Alberto
Published: November 2011

In many telecommunication networks, a given set of client nodes must be served by different sets of facilities—providing different services and having different capabilities—which must be located and dimensioned in the design phase. Network topology must be designed as well, by assigning clients to facilities and facilities to higher level entities, when necessary. We tackle a particular location problem, where two sets of facilities have to be located, and in which different devices can be installed at each site, providing different capacities at different costs. We optimize location and dimensioning of these facilities simultaneously. We introduce a compact formulation of that problem, we use discretization and Dantzig–Wolfe reformulation techniques to improve models, and we design an exact optimization algorithm. We test our approach on a set of instances derived from existing literature on facility location. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2012
Mass spectrometry analyses of κ and λ fractions result in increased number of complementarity‐determining region identifications
Authors: Broodman Ingrid , de Costa Dominique , Stingl Christoph , Dekker Lennard J. M. , VanDuijn Martijn M. , Lindemans Jan , van Klaveren Rob J. , Luider Theo M.
Published: November 2011

Sera from lung cancer patients contain antibodies against tumor‐associated antigens. Specific amino acid sequences of the complementarity‐determining regions (CDRs) in the antigen‐binding fragment (Fab) of these antibodies have potential as lung cancer biomarkers. Detection and identification of CDRs by mass spectrometry can significantly be improved by reduction of the complexity of the immunoglobulin molecule. Our aim was to molecular dissect IgG into κ and λ fragments to reduce the complexity and thereby identify substantially more CDRs than by just total Fab isolation. We purified Fab, Fab‐κ, Fab‐λ, κ and λ light chains from serum from 10 stage I lung adenocarcinoma patients and 10 matched controls from the current and former smokers. After purification, the immunoglobulin fragments were enzymatically digested and measured by high‐resolution mass spectrometry. Finally, we compared the number of CDRs identified in these immunoglobulin fragments with that in the Fab fragments. Twice as many CDRs were identified when Fab‐κ, Fab‐λ, κ and λ (3330) were combined than in the Fab fraction (1663) alone. The number of CDRs and κ:λ ratio was statistically similar in both cases and controls. Molecular dissection of IgG identifies significantly more CDRs, which increases the likelihood of finding lung cancer‐related CDR sequences.
Ammonia Plasma Functionalized Polycarbonate Surfaces Improve Cell Migration Inside an Artificial 3D Cell Culture Module
Authors: Bergemann Claudia , Quade Antje , Kunz Friederike , Ofe Stefan , Klinkenberg Ernst‐Dieter , Laue Michael , Schröder Karsten , Weissmann Volker , Hansmann Harald , Weltmann Klaus‐Dieter , Nebe Barbara
Published: November 2011

A three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture module was used to test the requirements of scaffold material properties for improved bone cell ingrowth. For this purpose polycarbonate (PC) samples were treated with microwave‐excited ammonia plasma in a defined time frame of 1–300 s and the influence on initial attachment of osteoblast‐like cells was determined. Perforated PC slices were treated by 30 s of ammonia plasma and mounted on a clamp for 3D cell ingrowth. Plasma treatment conditions were ascertained to stimulate cell adhesion and the migration of human bone cells into the depth of this artificial scaffold.

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Study on Terahertz Time‐Domain Spectroscopy of HNS by Sample Measure and Quantum Chemistry Calculation
Authors: Huang Ping , Shi Weifan
Published: November 2011

The absorption spectra of 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′‐Hexanitrostilbene (HNS), in the frequency range between 0.2 and 4.0 THz, are calculated using quantum chemistry calculations and resulted in 1.9 THz and 3.3 THz. The experimental result offered by THz time‐domain spectroscopy and FTIR shows that the characteristic peaks are located at 1.7 THz and 3.1 THz. Compared with experimental results, all the evidences indicate that HNS has distinct characteristic peaks, which agree with the simulation results. It is believed that this method can detect this material quickly and accurately, which means a lot to the explosives detection.
Low voltage organic field effect transistors with a poly(hexylthiophene)–ZnO nanoparticles composite as channel material
Authors: Machado Wagner S. , Hümmelgen Ivo A.
Published: November 2011

We report on solution processable organic field effect transistors prepared using a poly(3‐hexylthiophene)–ZnO nanoparticles composite as channel semiconductor material and cross‐linked polyvinyl alcohol as gate insulator. Our transistors show a field effect mobility of 0.35 ± 0.06 cm2/V s, threshold voltage of –1.30 ± 0.11 V, and Ion/Ioff ratio of (1.0 ± 0.1) × 103. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improvement of the detection system in the soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Nakanishi Koji , Ohta Toshiaki
Published: November 2011

A unique soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy detection system has been developed for depth profiling analysis of a sample with combined different detection methods: total electron yield, partial electron yield (PEY), and partial fluorescent X‐ray yield. We found that a PEY spectrum measured with a conventional microchannel plate detector is sometimes deformed by inclusion of unexpected fluorescent X‐rays. In this system, a new PEY detector has been designed and constructed to overcome the aforementioned problem. In addition, the developed PEY detector successfully works with higher surface sensitivity and higher signal‐to‐background ratio than the total electron yield method recorded by a sample drain current. Combining this PEY detector with a sample drain current recorder and a silicon drift detector, we have established a useful soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy detection system to probe surface, interface, and bulk of a sample simultaneously. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear response of tall buildings subjected to wind loads
Authors: Hart Gary C. , Jain Anurag
Published: November 2011

The time is now for the nonlinear dynamic analysis of buildings for wind loads. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative metabolic profiling to investigate the contribution ofO. oeniMLF starter cultures to red wine composition
Authors: Malherbe Sulette , Tredoux Andreas G J , Nieuwoudt Hélène H , du Toit Maret
Published: November 2011

In this research work we investigated changes in volatile aroma composition associated with four commercial Oenococcus oeni malolactic fermentation (MLF) starter cultures in South African Shiraz and Pinotage red wines. A control wine in which MLF was suppressed was included. The MLF progress was monitored by use of infrared spectroscopy. Gas chromatographic analysis and capillary electrophoresis were used to evaluate the volatile aroma composition and organic acid profiles, respectively. Significant strain-specific variations were observed in the degradation of citric acid and production of lactic acid during MLF. Subsequently, compounds directly and indirectly resulting from citric acid metabolism, namely diacetyl, acetic acid, acetoin, and ethyl lactate, were also affected depending on the bacterial strain used for MLF. Bacterial metabolic activity increased concentrations of the higher alcohols, fatty acids, and total esters, with a larger increase in ethyl esters than in acetate esters. Ethyl lactate, diethyl succinate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, and ethyl propionate concentrations were increased by MLF. In contrast, levels of hexyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, 2-phenylethyl acetate, and ethyl acetate were reduced or remained unchanged, depending on the strain and cultivar evaluated. Formation of ethyl butyrate, ethyl propionate, ethyl 2-methylbutryate, and ethyl isovalerate was related to specific bacterial strains used, indicating possible differences in esterase activity. A strain-specific tendency to reduce total aldehyde concentrations was found at the completion of MLF, although further investigation is needed in this regard. This study provided insight into metabolism in O. oeni starter cultures during MLF in red wine.
Approach to epigenetic analysis in language disorders
Authors: Smith Shelley D.
Published: November 2011

Language and learning disorders such as reading disability and language impairment are recognized to be subject to substantial genetic influences, but few causal mutations have been identified in the coding regions of candidate genes. Association analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms have suggested the involvement of regulatory regions of these genes, and a few mutations affecting gene expression levels have been identified, indicating that the quantity rather than the quality of the gene product may be most relevant for these disorders. In addition, several of the candidate genes appear to be involved in neuronal migration, confirming the importance of early developmental processes. Accordingly, alterations in epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation and histone modification are likely to be important in the causes of language and learning disorders based on their functions in gene regulation. Epigenetic processes direct the differentiation of cells in early development when neurological pathways are set down, and mutations in genes involved in epigenetic regulation are known to cause cognitive disorders in humans. Epigenetic processes also regulate the changes in gene expression in response to learning, and alterations in histone modification are associated with learning and memory deficits in animals. Genetic defects in histone modification have been reversed in animals through therapeutic interventions resulting in rescue of these deficits, making it particularly important to investigate their potential contribution to learning disorders in humans.
Jobs and the Future of the US Economy: Possibilities and Limits
Authors: Isaacson Michael , Revia Aleksandre , Lopezlira Enrique , Gaines Jassmine
Published: November 2011

This paper reviews the presentations and discussions had at the conference on “Jobs And The Future of the US Economy: Possibilities and Limits” held at Howard University shortly after the late 2000's financial crisis. The paper begins with the historical context in which the conference was placed and reviews the various points made by topic. The paper concludes with an outline of potential alternative eventualities facing the economy were the US not to adopt the policies presented.
Developmental trajectories of intentional self regulation in adolescence: The role of parenting and implications for positive and problematic outcomes among diverse youth☆
Authors: Bowers Edmond P. , Gestsdottir Steinunn , Geldhof G. John , Nikitin Jana , von Eye Alexander , Lerner Richard M.
Published: November 2011

This study assessed 1574 Grades 5 to 11 youth (63.6% female) from the 4‐H Study of Positive Youth Development (PYD), a longitudinal study involving U.S. adolescents, to assess if patterns of intentional self regulation (ISR) existed; whether these trajectories differed in relation to several Grade 5 parenting characteristics; and whether ISR trajectories were linked to positive and negative developmental outcomes at Grade 11. Growth mixture modeling identified a four‐group solution of ISR trajectories: Steady Decline, Elevated, Late Onset, and Pronounced Decline. Most adolescents reported an incremental decrease in ISR from Grades 5 to 11 (Steady Decline). Lower levels of parental warmth, monitoring, and school involvement at Grade 5 predicted Late‐Onset ISR development while Pronounced Decline adolescents reported lower levels of PYD and Contribution at Grade 11. We discuss the finding that youth at initially similar levels of ISR diverged over adolescence, while youth at initially disparate levels converged.
The role of ecological assets in positive and problematic developmental trajectories☆
Authors: Bowers Edmond P. , von Eye Alexander , Lerner Jacqueline V. , Arbeit Miriam R. , Weiner Michelle B. , Chase Paul , Agans Jennifer P.
Published: November 2011

Two theoretical perspectives have been proposed to describe, explain, and intervene in adolescent development – prevention science and positive youth development (PYD). An integrative model bridging these two perspectives posits that it is important to assess the extent to which the same, similar, or complementary mechanisms may be responsible for preventing problem behavior and promoting PYD. Therefore, using data from the 4‐H Study of PYD, the present study examines the role of assets in the family, school, and neighborhood in differentiating trajectories of goal‐optimization and delinquency in a sample of 626 youth (50.9% female) from Grades 5 to 11. The results indicated that collective activity in the family best predicted membership for the five goal‐optimization trajectories while school‐based assets differentiated the four delinquency trajectories that were identified. The findings suggest that multidimensional approaches may be most effective to promote PYD and prevent problem behaviors.
Reading and Fiction in Golden-Age Spain
Authors: Ife B. W.
Published: November 2011

In the Spanish Golden Age, the new literary mode of vernacular prose fiction was deplored by many authorities for setting bad examples, undermining reality by deceiving with lies, and persuading in the face of rational disbelief. Dr Ife here examines the connection between the objections posed to this fiction and those raised two thousand years earlier by Plato. This book shows how the aims and results of 'picaresque' novel writing in fact counter such objections. In a study of three sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century Spanish novels Dr Ife demonstrates that the authors consciously exploited their readers' response to a narrative in order to bring them to a clearer understanding of their own experience. In this way the very process of representation deplored by the Platonist critics may be regarded as having a moral validity of its own. Additional English translations are provided of all the key extracts studied.
Ichnology
Authors: Buatois Luis A. , Mángano M. Gabriela
Published: November 2011

Ichnology is the study of traces created in the substrate by living organisms. This is the first book to systematically cover basic concepts and applications in both paleobiology and sedimentology, bridging the gap between the two main facets of the field. It emphasizes the importance of understanding ecologic controls on benthic fauna distribution and the role of burrowing organisms in changing their environments. A detailed analysis of the ichnology of a range of depositional environments is presented using examples from the Precambrian to the recent, and the use of trace fossils in facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy is discussed. The potential for biogenic structures to provide valuable information and solve problems in a wide range of fields is also highlighted. An invaluable resource for researchers and graduate students in paleontology, sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy, this book will also be of interest to industry professionals working in petroleum geoscience.
Theory of Heat
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk
Published: November 2011

Best known for his theory of electromagnetism, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–79) was Cambridge University's first Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics. Albert Einstein described his work as 'the most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton'. He carried out brilliant work in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, laying the foundation for the kinetic theory of gases. This book, published originally in 1871, summarises his work in this field. It includes the 'Maxwell relations' that still feature in every standard text on thermodynamics. It also outlines his famous thought experiment, later named Maxwell's 'demon'. This idea, which appeared to contradict the second law of thermodynamics, would inspire scientific debate well into the twentieth century. More recently, it has sparked developments in the new sciences of nanotechnology and quantum computing.