bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activity and inhibition of elastase in GCF
Authors: Figueredo C. M. S. , Gustafsson A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of free elastase in GCF. Samples were taken from inflamed sites in 12 subjects with gingivitis alone and from inflamed sites with and without tissue destruction in 19 patients having periodontitis. Elastase activity was measured with a low molecular weight substrate. To distinguish between free elastase and elastase bound to α‐2‐macroglobulin (A2MG), an excess of α‐1‐antitrypsin (AlAT) was added to the samples. The activity that could be inhibited by AlAT was considered as free elastase, and the uninhibited activity as derived from the elastase‐A2MG complex. The elastase‐ A1AT complex was measured with an ELISA. Free elastase was found in almost all samples, but both the total amount and the proportion of free elastase were higher in samples from sites showing destruction. The elastase‐A2MG complex was also increased in sites with tissue destruction, while there was no significant difference in the amount of AlAT complex between the 3 categories of sites. In conclusion, our study clearly reveals free elastase in GCF. The elevated levels of free elastase in sites showing tissue destruction seem to be due to a combination of increased release of elastase and an inactivation of AlAT.
The effect of supragingival plaque control on the progression of advanced periodontal disease
Authors: Westfelt E. , Rylander H. , Dahlén G. , Lindhe J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim of the present trial was to study the effect of meticulous supragingival plaque control on (i) the subgingival microbiota, and (ii) the rate of progression of attachment loss in subjects with advanced periodontal disease. An intra‐individual group of sites exposed to non‐surgical periodontal therapy served as controls. 12 patients with advanced periodontal disease were subjected to a baseline examination (BL) including assessments of oral hygiene status, gingival condition (BoP), probing depth, clinical attachment level and subgingival microbiota from pooled samples from each quadrant. The assessments were repeated after 12, 24 and 36 months. Following BL, a split mouth study was initiated. The patients received oral hygiene instruction, supragingival scaling and case presentation. 2 quadrants in each patient were identified as “test” and the remaining 2 as “control” quadrants. Subgingival therapy was performed in all bleeding sites in the control quadrants. Oral hygiene instructions and plaque control exercises were repeated once every 2 weeks during the initial 3 months of the study. Thereafter the plaque control program was repeated once every 3 months for the duration of the 3 years. Sites demonstrating loss of clinical attachment ≥2 mm in the test quadrants were treated subgingivally. The results showed that in both test and control quadrants repeated oral hygiene instructions and supragingival plaque removal procedures resulted in low plaque scores throughout the study. The gingival bleeding scores and the frequency of periodontal pockets ≥4 mm was, however, significantly higher in the test quadrants than in the control quadrants. At the end of the 3 year study, the control quadrants showed significantly more reduced (≥2 mm) pockets than the test quadrants, 265 versus 96. The number of sites in the test quadrants showing probing attachment loss ≥2 mm was more than 4× greater than in the control quadrants (59 versus 13). The microbiological findings indicate a more pronounced reduction only for P. gingivalis in the control quadrants. None of the other 4 marker bacteria consistently reflected or predicted the clinical parameters. The present study shows that only supragingival plaque control fails to prevent further periodontal tissue destruction in subjects with advanced periodontal disease.
Distribution of periodontal disease in a Swedish adult population 1973, 1983 and 1993
Authors: Hugoson Anders , Norderyd Ola , Slotte Christer , Thorstensson Helene
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim of this study was to compare changes in periodontal status in a Swedish poplation over a period of 20 years. Cross‐sectional studies were carried out in Jönköping County in 1973, 1983, and 1993. Individuals were randomly selected from the following age groups: 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 years. A total of 600 individuals were examined in 1973, 597 in 1983, and 584 in 1993. The number of dentate individuals was 537 in 1973, 550 in 1983, and 552 in 1993. Based on clinical data and full mouth intra‐oral radiographs, all individuals were classified into 5 groups according to the severity of the periodontal disease experience. Individuals were classified as having a healthy periodontium (group 1). gingivitis without signs of alveolar bone loss (group 2), moderate alveolar bone loss not exceeding 1/3 of the normal alveolar bone height (group 3), severe alveolar bone loss ranging between 1/3 and 2/3 of the normal alveolar bone height (group 4), or alveolar bone loss exceeding 2/3 of the normal bone height and angular bony defects and/or furcation defects (group 5). During these 20 years, the number of individuals in groups 1 and 2 increased from 49%. in 1973 to 60% in 1993. In addition, there was a decrease in the number of individuals in group 3, the group with moderate periodontal bone loss. Groups 4 and 5 comprised 13% of the population and showed no change in general between 1983 and 1993. The individuals comprising these groups in 1993, however, had more teeth than those who comprised these groups in 1983; on the average, the individuals in disease group 4 had 4 more teeth and those in disease group 5, 2 more teeth per subject. ID 1973, these 2 groups were considerably smaller, probably because of wider indications for tooth extractions and fewer possibilities for periodontal care which meant that many of these individuals had become edentulous and were not placed in a group. Individuals in groups 3, 4, and 5 were subdivided according to the number of surfaces (%) with gingivitis and periodontal pockets (≥4 mm). In 1993, 20%, 42%, and 67% of the individuals m groups 3, 4, and 5 respectively were classified as diseased and in need of periodontal therapy with >20% bleeding sites and >10% sites with periodontal pockets ≥4 mm. In conclusion, an increase in the number of individuals with no marginal bone loss and a decrease in the number of individuals with moderate alveolar bone loss can be seen. The prevalence of individuals in the severe periodontal disease groups (4, 5) was unchanged during the last 10 years; however, the number of teeth per subject increased.
Statistical analysis of data derived from clinical variables of plaque and gingivitis
Authors: Galgut P. N. , O'Mullane D.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Selection of suitable subjects and statistical analysis of data derived from clinical trials presents a number of problems. In this trial, clinical data were analysed separately for pooled whole mouth data and for data including positive scores only for the variables of dental plaque and gingivitis. It was demonstrated that comparable data sets and statistical analyses were obtained using both data sets. Furthermore, it was shown that in order to achieve the best possible results in a clinical trial, the variable of gingivitis should be used in preference to plaque scores, that only individuals of high and/or moderate susceptibility to inflammation should be selected for inclusion in the statistical analysis, and that sites which have positive signs of disease only, should be included in the statistical analysis.
Immunolocalization of collagenase(MMP‐1)and stromelysin (MMP‐3) in the gingival tissues of organ transplant patients medicated with cyclosporine
Authors: Thomason J. Mark , Sloan Philip , Seymour Robin A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Cyclosporin‐induced gingival overgrowth results from a disturbance in the homeostatic balance in the gingival tissues which is characterised by both an increase in the number of fibroblasts and in the volume of the extracellular matrix. Whilst the accumulation of the collgenous matrix is well recognised, little attention has been paid to the role of the degradative enzymes in the development of this condition in vivo. The matrix metalloproteinases MMP‐1 (collagenase) and MMP‐3 (stromelysin) were immunolocalized using specific polyclonal and monoclonal antisera in gingival specimens from 18 patients with drug‐induced gingival overgrowth and 6 control subjects. A positive granular pattern of MMP‐1 staining was seen in the vast majority of fibroblasts in specimens from drug‐free controls throughout the connective tissue. This was in marked contrast to the findings in overgrown tissue, where positive cytoplasmic staining was shown by only a small number of fibroblasts. Where fibroblast staining occurred in overgrown tissue, the intracellular pattern was the same as in the drug free tissue. Positive staining was, however, largely confined to a small number of fibroblasts in the lamina propria of the outer gingival mucosa and even in this region there were areas that showed little or no fibroblast staining. This apparent cessation of collagenase production by many of the fibroblasts in gingival overgrowth supports the hypothesis that perturbation of collagenase activity is responsible for the disturbance in the homeostatic balance, which is pivotal to this condition.
Lifestyle, gender and occupational status as determinants of dental health behavior
Authors: Sakki Tero K. , Knuuttila Matti L. E. , Anttila Sirpa S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim was to compare how general lifestyle, gender and occupational status determine dental health behavior. All the 1012 55‐year‐old citizens of Oulu (a medium‐sized Finnish town) were invited to participate m this study, 780 of them did so. Information about frequency of toothbrushing, use of extra cleaning methods, use of sugar in coffee or tea, and time of the last dental visit, lifestyle, occupational status and gender was gathered from the 533 dentate subjects. Lifestyle was measured by means of questions about physical activity, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and dietary habits. Females and people with a healthy lifestyle brushed their teeth more often. Extra cleaning methods were used more often by people with a healthy lifestyle, whereas gender and occupational status had a weaker association. Males and people with a lower occupational status used sugar in coffee or tea more often. The time from the last dental visit was longer among workers and men; lifestyle had no significant association. At the population level oral cleaning habits are a matter of a health oriented lifestyle and gender‐related behavior. The dental visiting habit has a weaker association with general lifestyle.
A relationship between proteinase activity and clinical parameters in the treatment of periodontal disease
Authors: Mailhot J. M. , Potempa J. , Stein S. H. , Travis J. , Sterrett J. D. , Hanes P. J. , Russell C. M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of a biochemical assay which measures proteolytic enzyme activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and to relate this enzyme activity to clinical parameters traditionally utilized for periodontitis detection. A clinical trial was conducted on 8 periodontitis subjects with ≥4 sites exhibiting a loss of attachment of ≥5 mm and probing depths of ≥5 mm with bleeding on probing. On each subject, a plaque index was performed, followed by GCF sampling at those sites which exhibited a loss of attachment and probing depths. GCF was analyzed for activity against benzoyl‐L‐arginine‐p‐nitroanilide in the presence (BAPNA w/gly‐gly) and the absence (BAPNA w/o gly‐gly) of glycyl‐glycine and against MeOSuc‐Ala‐Ala‐Pro‐Val‐pNA and Suc‐Ala‐Ala‐Pro‐Phe‐pNA for neutrophil serine proteinases activity (elastase and cathepstn G, respectively). Subsequently, a gingival index was performed, attachment levels and probing depths were recorded using a constant force probe with bleeding on probing being noted. A split‐mouth design was employed and half mouths were randomly assigned to the following treatment groups: group A, half of the mouth received scaling/root planing and polishing: group B, half of the mouth received no treatment (control). Subjects were treated, then instructed on toothbrushing and interdental cleaning. After 4 weeks, subjects returned to receive a plaque index; GCF sampling, gingival index, attachment levels, probing depths and bleeding on probing as described above. Using a patred Student t‐test, the findings suggest that BAPNA w/gly‐gly was significantly less in treatment sites than in non‐treated control sites (p=0.05). No such correlation was found for other activities, including neutrophil serine proteinases which were shown to occur in GCF in free, proteolytically active forms. In addition, significant treatment effects were detected for probing depths (p= 0.03) which reduced by 1.3 mm and attachment levels (p=0.02) which gained 0.7 mm. The reduction of P. gingivalis from treated periodontitis sites as detected by a significant decrease in BAPNA w/gly‐gly may prove to be a valuable marker for periodontal disease activity.
Guided tissue regeneration for the treatment of intraosseous defects using a biabsorbable membrane A controlled clinical study
Authors: Mayfield L. , Söderholm G. , Hallström H. , Kullendorff B. , Edwardsson S. , Bratthall G. , Brägger U. , Attström R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim of this controlled, clinical study was to evaluate guided tissue regeneration using a bioabsorbable membrane in periodontal intraosscous defects. Forty patients, each contributing one defect ≥4 mm in depth participated. The control group (18 individuals) received conventional flap therapy, while the test group (22 individuals) was treated using the bioabsorbable membrane, Guidor®. Clinical assessments were made by one examiner, blinded with respect to treatment group, at baseline. 6 and 12 months following surgery. Baseline probing pocket depths of 7.7±1.4 mm in the membrane group and 7.6±1.9 mm in the control group were measured. Twelve month results showed a significant clinical attachment level gain in both control (1.1 ± 1.8 mm), and membrane group (1.3±2.1 mm). Probing pocket depth reduction of 2. 6±1.9 mm and 2.7±1.9 mm was observed in the respective groups. Bone sounding showed a non‐significant gain of 0. 4±1.8 mm and 0.6±1.4 mm at membrane and control sites, respectively. Radiographic evaluation confirmed these results. There were no significant differences found between treatment groups for any of the tested variables. Smoking had a negative effect on healing in both groups. In conclusion, clinical and radiographic results indicate that guided tissue regeneration using a bioabsorbable membrane at intraosseous defects did not predictably achieve greater clinical attachment level gain nor bone gain when compared to conventional flap therapy.
Serum antibodies reacting with subgingival species in refractory periodontitis subjects
Authors: Colombo A. P. , Sakellari D. , Haffajee A. D. , Tanner A. , Cugini M. A. , Socransky S. S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the levels of serum IgG antibody to 85 subgitigival species in 32 refractory periodontitis, 56 successfully treated, and 33 periodontally healthy subjects. Refractory subjects showed mean full mouth attachment loss and/or >3 sites showing attachment loss >2.5 mm within I year after 2 treatment modalities, scaling and root planing and surgery plus systemically administered tetracycline. Successfully‐treated subjects showed mean attachment level gain and no sites with attachment loss >2.5 mm, 1 year post‐therapy. Periodontally healthy subjects exhibited no pocket or attachment level >3 mm. and no evidence of progressing attachment loss during 1 year of monitoring. Baseline serum was obtained from each subject and tested against 85 subgingival species, including reference strains and strains isolated from refractory subjects, using checkerboard immunoblotting. Significance of differences in levels of serum antibody among groups were sought using the Kruskal‐Wallis test. Refractory subjects constituted a heterogeneous group based on their serum antibody response to subgingival species. Some individuals had antibody reactions to many subgingival species, while other subjects showed fewer or low numbers of responses. On average, refractory subjects exhibited higher numbers and levels of serum antibody reactions to a wide range of subgingival species than successfully treated or periodontally healthy subjects. Differences in serum antibody among clinical groups were more striking at higher threshold levels of antibody (>50 μg/ml and >100 μg/ml. The data showed that a subject was 10.1 × more likely to be refractory if the subject exhibited antibody reactions with >9 subgingival species at >50 μg/ml (p <0.001, after adjusting for multiple comparisons). Serum antibody to a subset of the test species differed among the clinical groups. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus, and some strains isolated from refractory subjects (a novel Neisseria sp., Enterococcus faecalis, Prevotella loescheii and Prevotella oulora) elicited high serum antibody in the successfully treated and refractory subjects. High levels of serum antibody to a Microbacterium lacticum‐like organism, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus constellatus, Actinobacillus aetinomyeetemeomitans serotype c and Haemophilus aphrophilus significantly increased the likelihood of a subject being refractory to conventional periodontal therapy.
Contamination of the turbine air chamber: a risk of cross infection
Authors: Checchi Luigi , Montebugnoli Lucio , Samaritani Simona
Published: December 2005

Abstract. In the present work, we evaluated (a) the influx of contaminating fluid into the air chamber when a high‐speed turbine stops rotating, (b) the significance of a series of variables (type of handpiece and dental unit, shape of the bur, number of stops set on the turbine) which condition it, and (c) the time required to expell the contaminating fluid from the turbine head. Results showed that contamination takes place every time the turbine stops rotating with the bur in contact with an external fluid. The main variable affecting the influx of contaminating fluid into the air chamber of the turbine head was represented by the shape of the bur (F=54.9; p<0.01). Another significant variable was the type of handpiece and dental unit (F=7.3; p=0.01). The number of stops set on the turbine was irrelevant (F=0.03; p=n.s.). The expulsion of the contaminant from the turbine head showed 2 different exponential rates: a very rapid‐elimination phase within 30 s and a slow‐elimination phase between 60 and 300 s. In order to remove over 99%, of the contaminant from the air chamber, a turbine had to run for more than 4–7 min depending on the type of the handpiece. In conclusion, data from the present study suggest that a significant cross‐infection potential exists with high‐speed handpieces whenever they are only externally scrubbed and disinfected so the internal cleaning and sterilization between patients is mandatory. The practice of flushing by running the turbines between patients should be discouraged.
Subgingival microbial profile of Papillon‐Lefévre patients assessed by DNA‐probes
Authors: Lundgren T. , Renvert S. , Papapanou P. N. , Dahlén G.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The prevalence of 18 selected bacterial species was assessed by means of “checkerboard” DNA‐DNA hybridisation in a group of 12 Saudi‐Arabian adolescents with Papillon‐Lefévre syndrome. A total of 36 tooth sites were investigated. The patients exhibited severe periodontal disease with deep pockets. All 12 patients harboured the putative bacterial pathogens P. intermedia, F. nucleatum, P. micros and S. intermedius while T. denticola, B. forsythus, P. nigrescens, E. corrodens, S. noxia and C. rectus were recovered from 11 patients. P. gingivalis was recovered from 9 patients and 18 sites while corresponding figures for A. actinomycetemcomitans were 8 and 19, respectively A number of the investigated species (B. forsythus, T. denticola, P. intermedia, C. rectus) reached high levels (≥106 cells) in more than 1/2 of the patients. On the other hand, bacteria such as A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingiyalis were infrequently encountered at high levels in these subgingival samples. In conclusion, the analysis failed to demonstrate a PLS‐specific profile of the subgingival infection, since the bacterial composition of the sampled sites closely resembled that characterising deep pockets in adult periodontitis patients.
Crevicular fluid level of β‐glucuronidase in relation to clinical periodontal parameters and putative periodontal pathogens in early‐onset periodontitis
Authors: Albandar J. M. , Kingman A. , Lamster I. B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Analysis of β‐glucuronidase (βG) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) provides an indication of neutrophil influx into the crevicular environment. The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that: (1) βG is significantly elevated in individuals with early‐onset periodontitis (EOP) and that βG activity correlates with disease severity: and (2) βG level may reflect the local bacterial challenge in the gingival crevice. The study subjects consisted of a sub‐sample of individuals examined in the National Survey of Oral Health of United States Children, which was undertaken during the 1986/87 school year. A total of 249 individuals were selected based on presence or absence of clinical attachment loss at baseline. The individuals were examined a second time 6 years later and the clinical attachment loss was assessed, and subgingival plaque and GCF were collected. The subjects were classified into 3 types of EOP and a control group, βG activity in the GCF and the levels of 7 putative micro‐organisms in the pocket were assessed. The generalized EOP group had the highest βG activity, followed by the localized and incidental EOP groups, and the controls, respectively. There was a significant increase in βG activity with the increase in probing depth. Also, sites with bleeding on probing had a significantly higher βG activity than sites without bleeding. However, the effect of gingival inflammation on βG activity was more evident in the generalized and localized EOP groups. Sites harboring high levels of one or more of the micro‐organisms tended to have high βG activity. There were moderate differences between the organisms with respect to their effect on βG activity, but sites with high numbers of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, or Treponema dentieola also had the highest βG activity. The present findings suggest that βG activity in GCF from patients with EOP can be of value in the early identification of individuals at higher risk of developing EOP, The findings also suggest that host mechanisms leading to higher βG activity in EOP represent systemic responses and are only partly related to the presence of local factors at the site‐level.
The effect of PDGF, TGF‐β and IGF in combination on androgen metabolism by fibroblasts
Authors: Kasasa S. C. , Soory M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim of this investigation is to study growth factor combinations (PDGF/IGF, PDGF/TGF‐β and TGF‐βIGF) on the metabolism of 2 androgen substrates 14C‐testosteronel 4C‐4‐ androstenedione to the matrix stimulatory androgen 5α‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT), Human gingival fibroblasts in culture were incubated in Eagle's MEM with the radiolabelled substrates and growth factors for 24 h, when the medium was extracted and analysed for radioactive metabolites, When 14C‐testosterone was used as substrate, there was an 80% increase in DHT synthesis over controls with the PDGE/IGF combination (n =7; p<0.01), which was less than the effects of each of the growth factors alone. Similarly, PDGE/TGF‐β resulted in a 2‐fold increase in DHT synthesis over controls (n=5; p<0.01) which compared with individual PDGF incubations, and the TGF‐βIGF combination resulted in a 30% increase in DHT synthesis over controls (n=3: p<0.01); this was less than the 2.8/2.5‐fold increases produced individually. Similarly, when 14C‐4‐androstenedione was used as the substrate, there were 2‐ fold increases in DHT synthesis in response to combinations of PDGE.’IGE and PDGF’TGF‐β (n = 5; p<0.01). These results demonstrate feedback inhibition when individually active growth factors function in combination; this may be indicative of mechanisms for physiological homeostasis seen in vivo.
Variation in periodontal referral by general dental practitioners
Authors: Linden Gerard J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This study investigated the extent of and reasons for variation in the periodontal referral patterns of general dental practitioners in Northern Ireland. A questionnaire was circulated to all general dental practitioners in Northern Ireland. This questionnaire investigated the management of periodontal disease in the general dental service and referral for specialist periodontal advice and treatment, A usable return was made by 355 (68%) of those surveyed. The mean number of periodontal referrals by each respondent in the past year was 6.5 (SD 7.7), range 0 to 80. Backward stepwise logistic regression analysis indicated that independent predictors of high referral rate were practice location close to the referral centre (p<0.0001); dissatisfaction with ability to treat periodontal disease under the National Health Service (p=0.001); that previous refusals of referral had not dissuaded a dentist from continuing to offer referral (p=0.002); not offering root planing as a treatment (p=0.005); and perceived inadequate postgraduate education in periodontology (p=0.03). It is concluded that considerable variation exists between general dental practitioners working in Northern Ireland in relation to the referral of patients for specialist periodontal advice and treatment. It is further concluded that in many cases non‐disease factors, such as the accessibility of the specialist service, have powerful effects on the decisions made by dentists and patients in relation to periodontal referral.
Regenerative periodontal surgery with non‐resorbable and biodegradable barriers: results after 24 months
Authors: Eickholz Peter , Kim Ti‐Sun , Holle Rolf
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with non‐resorbable (ePTFE) and biodegradable barriers (Polyglactin 910). 23 patients provided 29 pairs of similar contralateral periodontal defects (12 pairs of interproximal intrabony lesions. 11 pairs of degree II and 6 pairs of degree III furcation defects). Each defect was randomly assigned to treatment with either non‐resorbable (control [c]) or biodegradable (test [t]) devices. At baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after surgery, clinical measurements (P1I, GI, PPD, PAL‐V, PAL‐H) were performed. Standardized radiographs were obtained at baseline 12 and 24 months postsurgically. On the radiographs, the linear distances from the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar crest (AC) and from the CEJ to bottom of the bony defect (BD) were measured using a computer‐assisted analysing method (LMSRT). Both treatments revealed a significant (p < 0.05) PPD reduction [all defects: −2.97±1.90 mm (t). –2.21±1.73 mm (c); intrabony defects: –4.00±1.96 mm (t), –3.00 ± 1.87 mm (c); degree II furcations: –2.67 ± 0.97 mm (t), –2.08 ± 1.54 mm (c)], PAL‐V gain [all defects: 2.02 ± 1.83 mm (t), 1.18 mm ± 1.50 (c): intrabony defects: 3.45 ± 1.48 mm (t), 1.95 ± 1.64 mm (c); degree II furcations: 1.33 ± 0.94 mm (t), 0.92 ± 1.47 mm (c)], PAL‐H gain [degree II furcations: 2.22 ± 0.94 mm (t), 1.86 ± 0.60 mm (c)], and radiographic changes [CEJ‐AC: −0.56 ± 1.98 mm (t), −0.06 ± 1.19 mm (c); CEJBD: 2.10 ± 1.92 mm (t), 1.24 ± 2.04 mm (c)] after 24 months. For degree III furcations, neither statistically significant PPD reduction nor PAL‐V gain was observed. Similar clinical and radiographic results were found 12 and 24 months after surgical treatment using either non‐resorbable or biodegradable barriers. More favorable results concerning PAL‐V gain in interproximal intrabony defects could be observed with biodegradable barriers after 24 months than using nonresorbable membranes. Whereas interproximal intrabony lesions and degree 11 furcation defects responded favorably to GTR therapy, through‐and‐through furcations must be looked upon as a contraindication for this regenerative technique. Based on the results of the present study, the use of biodegradable barriers in GTR may be recommended and, thereby, a surgical re‐entry to remove nonresorbable barriers can be avoided.
Oral microbiota in smokers and non‐smokers in natural and experimentally‐induced gingivitis
Authors: Lie M. A. , van der Weijden G. A. , Timmerman M. F. , Loos B. G. , van Steenbergen T. J. M. , van der Velden U.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The present study primarily aimed at investigating the oral microbiota in smokers and non‐smokers with established gingivitis and monitoring its composition during experimental gingivitis. Secondly, it aimed at examining whether the composition of the microbiota is associated with different levels of gingival inflammation during this experimental gingivitis trial. For this purpose, 25 non‐dental university students with gingivitis were recruited. 11 subjects were smokers and 14 were non‐smokers. After achieving gingival health, they entered a 14‐day experimental gingivitis trial. Plaque and bleeding were assessed before entering into the study (intake), at day 0. day 5 and at day 14 of the experiment. Microbiological samples from mucosal sites and dental plaque (taken at intake, day 0, and day 14) were analysed for the presence of Actinomyces species. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides forsythus, Campylobacter rectus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus micros. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Streptococcus species. At day 14 of the experimental period, the level of plaque formation was not different between smokers and nonsmokers, but bleeding scores were lower in smokers than in non‐smokers (15% and 30%) respectively, p= 0.01). The change from natural gingivitis to a state of gingival health and a subsequent change from gingival health to experimentally induced gingivitis was accompanied by quantitative alterations in the cultivable microbiota in both groups. Changes were most prominent in the transition from gingival health to experimental gingivitis and were found in dental plaque for Actinomyces species, C. rectus, F. nucleatum, and P. intermedia. Within the group of non‐smokers, a distinction was made between subjects with a‘weak’or 'strong’inflammatory response. No relationship with a single bacterial species could be established which would likely explain the differences in levels of inflammation. It is concluded that differences in response to experimental gingivitis are not caused by major differences in the composition of the oral microbiota.
Evaluation of 2 methods to assess gingival bleeding in smokers and non‐smokers in natural and experimental gingivitis
Authors: Lie M. A. , Timmerman M. F. , Van der Velden U. , van der Weijden G. A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The purpose of the present study was to compare the bleeding tendency as elicited by probing the marginal gingiva (BOMP) and probing to the bottom of the pocket (BOPP) in smokers and non‐smokers in natural gingivitis and during experimental gingivitis, 11 smokers (sm) and 14 non‐smokers (nsm) were recruited. When they had less than 20% approximal bleeding sites, they entered a 14‐day trial period of experimental gingivitis'. Subjects returned 30 days later, after resuming normal oral hygiene procedures, for a final gingival assessment. A split‐mouth design was chosen using 2 contra‐lateral quadrants for each index (being either BOMP or BOPP). A consistently higher bleeding score of approximately 10% was observed by probing to the bottom of the pocket. At day 14 with both indices, a significant difference between smokers and non‐smokers was detected (BOMP: sm=15%, nsm = 30%; BOPP: sm = 27%, nsm=44%). The increment between gingival health and experimental gingivitis was significantly higher in non‐smokers than in smokers but comparable for both indices (BOMP: sm=8%, nsm = 23%; BOPP: sm=9%, nsm=26%). Probing to the bottom of the pocket results in significantly more bleeding in gingival health and gingivitis as compared to probing of the marginal gingiva. This shows that evaluation of the gingival condition with BOMP, the method of choice with respect to gingivitis, can be used as a parameter for inflammation when comparing smokers and nonsmokers. The suppressed inflammatory response to plaque accumulation, as observed in smokers, indicates that they should be identified as a separate group when they participate as panellists in (experimentally induced) gingivitis
Root conditioning using EDTA gel as an adjunct to surgical therapy for the treatment of intraosseous periodontal defects
Authors: Mayfield L. , Söderholm G. , Norderyd O. , Attström R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim of this clinical study was to compare the treatment outcome following root surface conditioning using an EDTA gel preparation in conjunction with surgical therapy with that following conventional flap surgery in periodontal intraosseous defects. 36 patients, each of them contributing one intraosseous defect ≥4 mm in depth participated. Defect sites had a probing pocket depth ≥5 mm and bled on probing following hygienic treatment phase. No furcation involvement or endodontic complications were present. In the EDTA group, 18 consecutive patients, defects were treated by root conditioning with EDTA gel for 3 minutes in combination with surgical therapy. In the control group, 18 patients, conventional flap surgery was performed without root conditioning. Chlorhexidine rinsings 0.2% were prescribed following surgery for 2–3 weeks with modified oral hygiene instruction. A strict recall program was implemented including professional prophylaxis and oral hygiene reinforcement every 4–6 weeks until 6‐month re‐evaluation. Baseline probing pocket depths and defect depths of 7.1 ±1.3 mm and 6.9±1.6 mm in the EDTA group and 7.6±1.9 mm and 6.6±1.7 mm, respectively, in the control group were measured, 6‐month clinical results showed a significant probing attachment level gain of 1.8±1.5 mm and 1.0±l.7 mm in the EDTA and control groups respectively. A probing bone gain of 1.0±1.3 mm in the EDTA group was measured with a non‐significant gain of 0.4±1.2 mm in the control group. Radiographic analysis confirmed these results. There were no statistically significant differences in treatment outcome between the group treated by root conditioning in combination with flap surgery and conventional flap surgery alone.
Low stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes, following in vitro application of Emdogain®
Authors: Petinaki Efthimia , Nikolopoulos Simeon , Castanas Elias
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Fast tissue regeneration after therapeutic manipulations is a central problem of periodontology, oral surgery and trauma of the periodontal tissues, including bone. Several products, which augment tissue regeneration, have been manufactured and assayed in clinical practice with positive results. Emdogain® is a recent addition in this field, as a tissue‐regenerating product. The substance is a derivative of amelogenin, obtained from porcine embryonic tissues. At the present time, it is not known whether the substance can induce a local (due to the uptake of the substance) or systemic immune response. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, in vitro, the ability of Emdogain® to influence, in vitro, the immune system. Peripheral blood lymphocytes, isolated for 10 healthy donors, were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of the substance, in order to determine the rate of cell proliferation, the expression of surface antigens and the production of cytokines and immunoglobulins. Under our experimental conditions, Emdogain® produced a slight increase of the proliferation of lymphocytes, restricted to the CD25 (IL‐2 receptor) fraction of the CD4 positive T‐lymphocytes, and a concomitant decrease of CD 19 positive B‐lymphocytes. Other cell fractions (CD8 positive T‐cells. B‐cells and NK‐cells) were not affected. Under our conditions too, immunoglobulin and cytokin (IL‐2 and IL‐6) production was not modified, even after a 3‐day application of concentrations much higher than those used in clinical practice. Our data suggest that Emdogain® slightly induce an immune response, restricted to the activated fraction of CD4 T‐lyniphocytes in vitro.
6‐month use of 0.2% delmopinol hydrochloride in comparison with 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate and placebo
Authors: Hase J. C. , Attström R. , Edwardsson S. , Kelty E. , Kisch J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. A double‐blind, randomized, 6‐mónth clinical trial with parallel group design in 149 patients with gingivitis was conducted to study the efficacy and safety of delmopinol hydrochloride 2 mg/ml (0.2% w/v. Decapinol Mouthwash) used for partly supervised mouthrinsing in comparison with chlorhexidine digluconate 2 mg/ml (0.2% w/v. Hibitane Dental®, ICI Pharmaceuticals. UK) and placebo as an addition to normal oral hygiene. Assessments of efficacy were performed using the plaque index and bleeding on probing (BOP). Delmopinol showed 22% lower plaque index scores than placebo after 3 months (p<0.01) and 13% lower scores after 6 months. The corresponding figures for chlorhexidine were 38% (p<0.001) and 38% (p<0.001) after 3 and 6 months, respectively. Bleeding on probing was reduced for delmopinol in comparison with placebo by 11% after 3 months and by 18% (p<0.05) after 6 months. For chlorhexidine the corresponding figures were 18% (p<0.01) and 22% (p<0.01) after 3 and 6 months, respectively. While chlorhexidine showed greater plaque reduction than delmopinol (p<0.01 at 6 months), no statistically significant difference was reached between these two solutions regarding BOP Both active solutions showed an increased amount of dental calculus in comparison with placebo. A transient anaesthetic sensation in the oral mucosa and taste affection were commonly reported adverse events in both the delmopinol and the chlorhexidine groups. The number of patients withdrawn from treatment due to adverse events or lack of cooperation was 7 in the chlorhexidine group. 4 in the placebo group and 1 in the delmopinol group. The results showed that rinsing with either 0.2% delmopinol hydrochloride or 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate twice daily for 60 sees for 6 months results in less plaque formation and gingivitis than rinsing with placebo. Mouthrinsing with the 0.2% delmopinol hydrochloride solution was well accepted in this study.
Subgingival microflora and treatment in prepubertal periodontitis associated with chronic idiopathic neutropenia
Authors: Kamma Joanna J. , Lygidakis Nick A. , Nakou Mela
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Prepubertal periodontitis affects both primary and permanent dentition. The purpose of this study was to examine the composition of subgingival microflora of the permanent dentition in an 11‐year‐old Caucasian female, who had premature exfoliation of her deciduous teeth on her 5th year of age, and the response of this condition to the antibiotic therapy and supportive periodontal care. Gingival tissues were highly inflamed and alveolar bone loss was detected radiographically. The girl had experienced frequent upper respiratory tract infections, tonsilitis and recurrent otitis media. Her mother had history of early onset periodontitis associated with chronic idiopathic neutropenia. Blood chemistry tests and immunological examinations were also performed. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from the proximal sites of permanent molars, incisors, canines and maxillary premolars. 27 different microbial species were isolated from the subgingival microflora. Among the predominant species were Porphyromonas gingivalis (17.6%‐7.3%), Prevotella intertnedia (12.4%‐4.7%), Capnocytophaga sputigena (14.4%‐10.4%), Capnocytophaga ochracea (13.2%‐6.9%) and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (9.3%‐5.5%.). Periodontal treatment consisted of scaling, root planing in conjunction with antibiotic administration of Augmentin® 312.5 mg and Flagyl® 200 mg, each t.i.d. for 10 days. 3 weeks after the antibiotic therapy, bacterial samples were collected from the same sites. All the periodontal pathogens were recovered in lower levels and A. actinomycetemcomitans was almost eliminated in the 3‐week period. The evaluation of clinical indices at 3, 6 and 12 months showed that periodontal treatment in conjunction with antibiotics was effective and rapidly followed by marked clinical improvement. The microbiological monitoring at 3, 6 and 12 months after antibiotic treatment and each time prior to supportive periodontal care, revealed that the periodontal pathogens fluctuated in low levels even 12 months after treatment and could be maintained at low level by supportive periodontal care at 3‐month intervals.
Trans‐pineal microdialysis in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus): a tool to study seasonal changes of circadian clock activities
Authors: Herwig Annika , Pévet Paul , Bothorel Béatrice , Steinlechner Stephan , Saboureau Michel
Published: December 2005

Abstract:  The Djungarian hamster is a highly seasonal small mammal. The rhythmic secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland is under control of the circadian clock, conveying the photoperiodic message to the organism. Trans‐pineal microdialysis permits the in vivo study of this well‐defined and precise clock output by measuring melatonin release directly in the pineal gland. The aim of this study was to adapt this method to the Djungarian hamster in order to monitor clock properties during photoperiodic changes. Male adult Djungarian hamsters were kept in a long photoperiod (LD 16:8) and melatonin release was measured hourly during the dark period for several weeks. Melatonin showed a regular secretion between ZT 17 and ZT 23.5 whereas the amplitude became stable only after the third day of perfusion. To test how quickly changes in melatonin profile can be measured, 15‐min light pulses were given at different time points throughout the scotophase. Light‐pulses immediately interrupted melatonin secretion at any time point during the scotophase and the temporal resolution for measurement could be reduced to 30 min. In accordance with studies in the rat, long‐term effects of light on the clock could only be observed when a light pulse was administered in the second half of the night. For the first time we established a method to measure precisely a direct and reliable clock‐output in a highly seasonal species which allows us now to study the circadian and seasonal properties of the clock in detail.
High‐intensity resistance and cardiovascular training improve physical capacity in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
Authors: Quist M. , Rorth M. , Zacho M. , Andersen C. , Moeller T. , Midtgaard J. , Adamsen L.
Published: December 2005

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a supervised high‐ and low‐intensity structured training program in cancer patients concurrently undergoing chemotherapy. Seventy patients, in different stages of the disease and with different diagnoses (48 females, 22 males), between 18 and 65 years of age (mean age 42.8) participated in a 9‐h weekly training program over 6 weeks. The intervention involved physical exercise, relaxation, massage, and body‐awareness training. Physical capacity (one‐repetition maximum tests (1RM), VO2max) and body composition (weight, skin‐fold) were compared before and after the exercise intervention.

The average increase in muscular strength was 41.3% (P<0.001) and 14.5% in aerobic fitness (pre: 2.27±0.597 L/min, post: 2.56±0.644 L/min, (P<0.001). The exercise intervention significantly increased the weight of the subjects by 1% (pre: 72.62±13.42 kg, post: 73.25±13.44 kg, P=0.016). There was a significant decrease in skin‐fold measurements by 3% (P=0.031).

The exercise intervention was well tolerated, provided that daily screening criteria were adhered to. The effects of resistance and cardiovascular training observed in this short‐term study support the theory that exercise is a beneficial intervention strategy for increasing muscle strength and aerobic fitness during antineoplastic chemotherapy. This type of exercise program can be an important component of complementary treatment for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Toxicity and biodistribution of a first‐generation recombinant adenoviral vector, in the presence of hydroxychloroquine, following retroductal delivery to a single rat submandibular gland
Authors: Zheng C , Voutetakis A , Kok MR , Goldsmith CM , Smith GBJ , Elmore S , Nyska A , Vallant M , Irwin RD , Baum BJ
Published: December 2005

Objective:  We examined the toxicity and biodistribution associated with a single administration of a first‐generation, serotype 5, adenoviral vector encoding human growth hormone (hGH; AdCMVhGH) to a single rat submandibular gland in the presence of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Previously, we showed that hGH is primarily secreted into saliva (approximately ninefold serum level) when expressed as a transgene in salivary glands (e.g. Baum et al, 1999), but administration of HCQ substantially increases the hGH levels secreted into the bloodstream (Hoque et al, 2001). A potential application of this observation is for patients with adult hGH deficiency.

Methods:  Six groups of male and female adult rats (n = 12 each) were studied, with zero to 1.5 × 1011 particles of AdCMVhGH, ±HCQ, administered retroductally. Multiple clinical and pathological parameters, as well as vector tissue distribution, were assessed.

Results:  All animals survived until the scheduled day of sacrifice, and essentially no untoward events were observed clinically or at gross necropsy. We observed no vector‐related effects on clinical hematology evaluations and a single, transient significant change on clinical chemistry evaluations (increased serum globulin levels). Three days after AdCMVhGH administration, the vector distributed to all tissues analyzed with the exception of gonads and heart. By day 29, most organs, other than the targeted and contralateral submandibular glands, were negative for the presence of vector. On day 3, none of the animals tested positive for the presence of replication competent adenovirus in either their blood or saliva.

Conclusion:  Salivary gland delivery of AdCMVhGH ±HCQ appears associated with limited toxicity in rats.