bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SOME EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE IMMATURE STAGES OF THE ARMYWORM, PSEUDALETIA UNIPUNCTA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
Authors: Guppy J. C.
Published: December 2009

Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) was reared at eight constant temperatures from 5° to 31 °C. The eggs hatched at all temperatures except 5 °C. Development was completed at 13°, 17°, 21°, 25°, and 29 °C but at 10° and 31 °C none survived beyond the final larval instar.The duration of each stage decreased with rise in temperature up to 29 °C; but a further rise brought no further change, or even an increase. Developmental rates plotted against temperature gave shallow sigmoid curves with the maximum development rate near 29 °C for all stages except for the final instar larva where it was between 25° and 29 °C. Various alternating temperature regimes had no special influence on the rate of the development of eggs or larvae.There was a significant linear increase in larval head width with rise in temperature for all instars except the first. For larvae with six instars, the mean head width in the last instar ranged from 3.15 mm at 13 °C to 3.38 mm at 29 °C. At 13 °C some larvae required an additional moult to reach the apparent minimum size (about 3 mm) to complete development.
LIPID LOSS WITH FLIGHT IN THE DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE
Authors: Atkins Michael D.
Published: December 2009

Newly emerged adults of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins were separated into pairs of similar size. One beetle from each pair was used as a control; the other was flown on a rotating mill. Soxhlet extractions in petroleum ether revealed that the flown beetles contained significantly less fat.
A REVISION OF THE NEW WORLD OXYPORINAE (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: December 2009

The New World species of the staphylinid subfamily Oxyporinae are revised. Only one genus,OxyporusFab., with two subgenera, is included in the subfamily. The genusPseudoxyporus, described by Nakane and Sawada (1956), has been reduced to subgeneric rank. Sixteen species are included in the revision. Two new species,O.bierigifrom Costa Rica and Panama, andO.ballifrom Mexico are described; two names are placed in synonymy [O.fasciatusMelsh. (=O.vittatusGrav.) andO.fenyesiBernhauer (=O.mexicanusFauvel)]; and two names are reduced to subspecific level [O.bicolorFauvel (=O.vittatus bicolor) andO.austrinusHorn (=O.femoralis austrinus)]. All of the New World species and subspecies have been redescribed and illustrated, and a key has been included for the separation of all the taxa.
THE STYLETS OF THE GREEN PEACH APHID,MYZUS PERSICAE(HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Forbes A. R.
Published: December 2009

The morphology and fine structure of the maxillary and mandibular stylets of the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae(Sulzer), are described from sections, whole mounts, and two-stage replicas. The mechanisms of penetration of the host plant are discussed.
DIAPAUSE IN CHRYSOPA CARNEA (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE): I. EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD ON REPRODUCTIVELY ACTIVE ADULTS
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A.
Published: December 2009

Upon transfer to a photoperiod of LD 12:12 all young, reproductively active Chrysopa carnea Stephens, reared and maintained under LD 16:8, showed a rapid decline in fecundity. One group entered diapause, as shown by the cessation of oviposition within 22 to 34 days, fat body accumulation, and an associated colour change. The females in this group resumed oviposition within 3 to 7 days after being returned to LD 16:8. Females in the other group under short-day conditions continued to oviposit, but at a lower rate than those kept under constant LD 16:8. Our data indicate that the imago is sensitive to both long-day and short-day photoperiods and that some males and females enter a facultative reproductive diapause which is induced and terminated in this stage solely by manipulating the adult lighting regimen.
THE COMMON SHREW (SOREX ARANEUS) AS A PREDATOR OF THE WINTER MOTH (OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA) NEAR OXFORD, ENGLAND
Authors: Buckner Charles H.
Published: December 2009

The diet of the common shrew contained significant proportions of lepidopterous remains, and these were mostly of winter moth. The least shrew also at times preys heavily upon winter moth. Calculations indicate that predation by mammals, especially common shrews, could have important consequences on the population dynamics of the winter moth. It was concluded that there is only slight interaction between winter moth predation by shrews and predacious beetles.
BIONOMICS OF ENOCLERUS BARRI (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE)
Authors: Rice Richard E.
Published: December 2009

Enoclerus barri Knull occurs in western North America from British Columbia south to Mexico and throughout the Rocky Mountain region. Adults were collected at Grass Valley, Calif., from May to September at traps baited with beetle attractants. Collections occurred at temperatures ranging from 22.5° to 31 °C; the sex ratio of trapped beetles was 4.5 females to 1 male. Duration of life cycle stages at 24 ± 2 °C were: egg, 9 days; larva, first iastar, 14 days; second instar, 12 days; third instar feeding stage, 14 days. All larvae reared to third instar failed to pupate in the laboratory. Adult females of unknown age when collected lived from 10 to 131 days and produced an average of 389 eggs per female. Enoclerus barri utilized six species of Scolytidae as hosts in the laboratory.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF FOOD CONSUMPTION AND GROWTH OF PODISUS MACULIVENTRIS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Mukerji M. K. , LeRoux E. J.
Published: December 2009

Nymphs and adults of Podisus maculiventris (Say), reared on four sizes (diet levels) of live larvae of Galleria mellonella (L.), captured prey, consumed food, and grew at rates varying with the size of larvae supplied. For nymphs, a direct linear relationship was obtained between rate of food consumption and daily growth and rate of food consumption and daily development. For adults, male and female, age did not affect food intake significantly, but for females alone, food intake differed significantly at different diet levels. A significant difference was also obtained for both sexes between body weight and diet level. Males and females lived longest on diet 1, apparently because of reduced metabolic activity.The number of eggs laid by each female corresponded to its food consumption for the first 35 days but decreased thereafter with age. The mean dry weights for fertile and infertile eggs at different diet levels did not differ significantly irrespective of the amount of food consumed by egg-laying females.For each nymph in each of instars 2 to 5 and for adults, the consumption quotient, an index of metabolic activity, increased as the rate of food consumption increased. For nymphs, the quotient decreased during ontogeny at each diet level, and for adults, decreased with age at diet levels 2, 3, and 4. The quotient remained constant for adults of both sexes at diet level 1.Results show that nymphs and adults of P. maculiventris can survive and mature satisfactorily for extended periods on small prey but needs larger prey to accelerate development, increase growth, and maintain a high reproductive potential.
THEAEDESMOSQUITOES OF NEW ENGLAND (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE): II. LARVAE: KEYS TO INSTARS, AND TO SPECIES EXCLUSIVE OF FIRST INSTAR
Authors: Smith Marion E.
Published: December 2009

The last three larval instars of each of the 25 species of mosquitoes reported from New England have, with very few exceptions, been studied. Characters useful in separating the larval instars ofAedesare discussed, and a key to differentiate the four larval instars, regardless of species, is presented. By making use of characters constant in all instars of a species, and by noting variations between and within instars, a key is presented which should permit the identification of most New EnglandAedesmaterial, mounted or unmounted, in any of the final three larval instars.
HERBERT D. SMITH’S OBSERVATIONS ON CITRUS BLACKFLY PARASITES IN INDIA AND MEXICO AND THE CORRELATED CIRCUMSTANCES
Authors: Flanders S. E.
Published: December 2009

In Mexico during the spring of 1950, four imported species of parasitic Hymenoptera (Amitus hesperidum Silvestri, Prospaltella smithi Silvestri, P. clypealis Silvestri, and P. opulenta Silvestri) were placed on populations of their natural host, the citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby. Their artificial distribution and establishment throughout areas in which the host species was extremely abundant and the observed adjustment of each to its host, to its competitors, and to distinctive regional environments revealed physiological and ecological factors that determined the dominance of one species over another. These factors and the circumstances of their occurrence during 1948 to 1953, inclusive, as reported by Herbert D. Smith, Entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, are reviewed and amplified.
CARBOHYDRATES OF INNER BARK OFPINUS TAEDAAS AFFECTED BYDENDROCTONUS FRONTALISAND ASSOCIATED MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Barras Stanley J. , Hodges John D.
Published: December 2009

Glucose, fructose, and sucrose were the only sugars detected in inner bark treated with a southern pine beetle–microorganism complex and two beetle-associated fungi. Treatments drastically lowered the reducing-sugar level. Storage of untreated bolts had no effect on reducing-sugar level; sucrose was lowered but not as much as in treated tissue. Starch content remained unchanged in all treatments.
POPULATION SUPPRESSION BY TRANSMISSION OF INHERITED STERILITY TO PROGENY OF IRRADIATED CABBAGE LOOPERS, TRICHOPLUSIA NI
Authors: North David T. , Holt Gerald G.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory population experiments and theoretical calculations are presented that demonstrate effective population suppression by the introduction of partially sterile cabbage loopers into a native population. The use of partially sterile males is advantageous because they are highly competitive with native moths, and since their progeny are sterile provides for population suppression over at least three generations. It is projected, based on experimental results, that 92% control can be obtained for three generations through a single release of partially sterile males. This modification of the sterile-male technique for Lepidoptera could result in control and sizeable savings in cost. Insecticide and other forms of control can be used simultaneously without any effect on the efficiency of the release program.
NEUE GATTUNGEN UND ARTEN DER ACALYPTERATAE
Authors: Hennig Von Willi
Published: December 2009

Some 35 species (mostly Neotropical, 22 new) of acalypterate flies representing 17 genera (3 new) in six families, as follows, are treated: Family Cypselosomatidae. One species from Nepal, Cypselosoma gephyrae Hendel (?), is discussed.Family Pseudopomyzidae. The classification of the family is reviewed, and a key to the world genera is provided. The genus Latheticomyia Wheeler is placed here for the first time, and two new species, L. longiterebra (Peru) and L. rotundicornis (Mexico), are described. Two new genera, Pseudopomyzella and Rhinopomyzella, are erected for three new species, P. flava (Peru), R. albimana (Brazil), and R. nigrimana (Brazil).Family Periscelidae. The genus Periscelis Loew is recorded from Mexico and Peru. Neoscutops peruvianus and Scutops striatus, both from Peru, are described as new.Family Aulacigastridae. The classification of the family is reviewed and a key to the world genera is provided. Schizochroa plesiomorphica (Peru), S. minuta (Ecuador), S. ecuadoriensis (Ecuador), Cyamops neotropicus (Peru), C. australicus (Queensland), and Planinasus venezuelensis (Venezuela) are described as new.Family Odiniidae. The classification of the family is reviewed and a key to the subfamilies and the world genera is provided. Two new species of Schildomyia Malloch, S. peruviana (Peru) and S. trinidadensis, are described. A new genus, Shewellia, is erected for the species S. agromyzina (Peru).Family Heleomyzidae. One new species of Cephodapedon Malloch, C. nigriventer (Chile), is described. The genera Mayomyia Malloch and Cinderella Steyskal are reviewed and placed in this family for the first time. Four species of Cinderella, C. macalpinei (Ecuador), C. pollinosa (Chile), C. hirsuta (Chile), and C. steyskali are described as new.The paper is accompanied by 72 illustrations.
THE MALE OF XYSTICUS RUGOSUS (ARANEIDA: THOMISIDAE)
Authors: Leech Robin
Published: December 2009

The male of Xysticus rugosus Buckle and Redner, 1964, is described for the first time, the diagnostic parts of the palpus are drawn, and a key is provided for distinguishing the males of the Nearctic species of the Xysticus labradorensis group.
SOUND PRODUCTION IN SCOLYTIDAE (COLEOPTERA) WITH EMPHASIS ON THE GENUSIPS
Authors: Barr Barbara A.
Published: December 2009

The "pars stridens–plectrum" terminology of stridulatory organs is discussed. A list of 77 species of Scolytidae known or presumed to bear stridulatory structures is presented. The three types of scolytid stridulatory organs, vertex–pronotal, gula–prosternal, and elytra–abdominal tergites, are described and discussed.All North American species in the genusIpswere examined for stridulatory organs. The gula–prosternal type was found on females, and possibly males, ofI.concinnus(Mannerheim) andI.mexicanus(Hopkins). The vertex–pronotal type occurs on females of 14 other species. No stridulatory structures were found on either sex of the remaining 17Ipsspecies. Females of 15 of the 18 pine-infesting species have stridulatory organs, while 14 of the 15 spruce-infesting species apparently lack them. FemaleI.confusus(LeConte) stridulate when entering the male entrance tunnels. Removal of the stridulatory organ has two effects: males do not permit some of these non-stridulating females to enter, and they deny entry to others for an unusually long period of time.Possession of a stridulatory apparatus in the Scolytidae appears to be associated with the sex opposite to that which initiates the entrance tunnel.No significant differences were found between gallery systems constructed by femaleI.confususwith the stridulatory organ removed and those constructed by stridulating females except that more single stridulating females excavated two or more egg galleries from a nuptial chamber.
POPULATION INCREASE OF THE CABBAGE APHID, BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE, ON DIFFERENT HOST PLANTS
Authors: Root Richard B. , Olson Ann M.
Published: December 2009

Longevity and fecundity data are presented for cohorts of cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), reared on different hosts (Barbarea vulgaris, Brassica pekinensis, and two varieties of Brassica oleracea) and under constant and fluctuating environmental conditions. Changes in fecundity and development were the chief causes for the different rates of population increase (r) observed on each host. Alate forms developed only in the cohort reared on B. vulgaris, the most resistant host studied. Host factors, acting during the late prenatal period or during postnatal development, appear to be capable of influencing form determination in this aphid.
A COMPETITION SUBMODEL FOR PARASITES AND PREDATORS
Authors: Griffiths K. J. , Holling C. S.
Published: December 2009

A generalized competition model for predators or parasites was developed from data obtained from a specific parasite–host system. It was structured in three parts. The first simulates the effects of exploitation, where the number of attacks and their distribution among prey or hosts determine how many prey or hosts survive. Since the negative binomial distribution described these distributions consistently, the exploitation submodel was developed from it. The second portion of the competition model concerned interference between searching predators and parasites. Although interference is a universal phenomenon, we were able to show that its effects become important only at predator densities much higher than those that occur in nature. Thus the interference component can be essentially ignored. The third and final component concerned the outcome of competition between parasite progeny within their host. It was developed from Fujii’s competition model which allows for the simulation of both scramble and contest types of competition.These three submodels of competition were combined and coupled with a previously published model of the effects of prey density on attack. In this way the full consequences of different prey and predator densities could be simulated using a model whose constituent parts had been carefully tested for descriptive adequacy. The simulations showed the way individual predator attack, per cent predation, and progeny production were affected by different degrees of contagion in the distribution of attacks, by scramble vs. contest competition, and by the degree to which parasites could avoid hosts already attacked.
PARASITES AND PREDATORS OF THE BIRCH LEAF MINER, FENUSA PUSILLA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE), IN QUEBEC
Authors: Cheng H. H. , LeRoux E. J.
Published: December 2009

Twenty-two species of insect parasites of Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier) are listed. Fifteen of these species were reared in the present study from F. pusilla in Quebec, 1 on eggs and 14 on larvae; 4 of them act as both primary and secondary parasites. Of the 15, only 1 has previously been reported as a parasite of F. pusilla. Host–parasite relationship and the degree of parasitism are given for the 15 species reared in Quebec.Thirteen species of predators are listed. Of these, 9, three birds and six insects, were observed feeding on F. pusilla larvae during this study.
ELIMINATION RATE OF RADIOCESIUM BY AN AQUATIC HEMIPTERAN LETHOCERUS AMERICANUS
Authors: Guthrie J. E. , Brust R. A.
Published: December 2009

Radionuclides may be used as ecological tracers to study trophic–level relationships. To use cesium-137 to investigate the role of the giant water bug, Lethocerus americanus (Leidy), in the food-web of a small pond, it was necessary to measure the elimination rate of the nuclide. The experimental determination of the elimination rate of cesium-137 in fourth instar and adult water bugs, and the calculation of the fraction of ingested food assimilated is described.
DEVELOPMENT AND DIAPAUSE INPLEOLOPHUS BASIZONUS(HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Griffiths K. J.
Published: December 2009

The upper limit for continuous development ofPleolophus basizonuslies between 25° and 30 °C since all stages develop at the former temperature and larval mortality is complete at the latter temperature. The lower limit lies between 5.5° and 10 °C, since an eonymphal diapause occurs at 5.5 °C. Between these extremes, diapause incidence varies inversely with temperature. The photoperiod experience of the parent has no effect on diapause in the progeny when the latter are reared at 15° and 18 °C, but there is an inverse relation between parental photoperiod experience and progeny diapause incidence at 10 °C. Although larvae and pupae also survive 3 months at 2 °C, most individuals probably overwinter in eonymphal diapause and their diapause requirements are fulfilled in 3 weeks at 2 °C. The incidence and rate of post-diapause development is directly related to temperature.
DISTRIBUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) ON THE LEAVES, BARK, AND FRUIT OF SOME ORCHARD AND ORNAMENTAL TREES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Morgan C. V. G. , Angle B. J.
Published: December 2009

The San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, is predominantly a bark-inhabiting species and develops most successfully on limbs in the top of the tree. Incrustations of scales often form on the bark, sometimes on the fruit, and never on the leaves. Numbers of 150 per cm2 are common on the bark, but they rarely exceed 10 on the fruit or 13 on the leaves. Mortality rate on apple trees is greatest on the leaves, somewhat less on the bark, and least on the fruit. Females occur most frequently on the bark and males most often on the leaves. The very few females that develop on leaves seldom reproduce.The distribution of the San Jose scale is quite variable throughout a tree but is more uniform on specific limbs and old twigs. Distribution on twigs less than 1 year old is never uniform; the basal half of these young twigs is always more heavily colonized than the distal half. Few males develop on young twigs and mortality of all scales is greater on this bark than on limbs and old twigs. The San Jose scale has a greater and more variable mortality on the young twig mainly because this wood is more readily injured by feeding of the scale and low winter temperatures. Thus, twigs up to 1 year old are good sample units only in light infestations and following mild winters. The older twig is the most reliable sample for biological surveys or for assessing insecticide treatments but it is more difficult to examine because it usually contains dead scales of many generations.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN CONOPHTHORUS SHOOT-INFESTING BEETLES AND CONOPHTHORUS RESINOSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): II. RECIPROCAL HOST AND RESIN TOXICITY TESTS; WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES
Authors: McPherson J. E. , Stehr F. W. , Wilson L. F.
Published: December 2009

Behavioral differences between a Conophthorus beetle attacking jack pine shoot tips and the red pine cone beetle, C. resinosae Hopkins, were studied. In field experiments the red pine cone beetle attacked cones and shoots of both pines but preferred cones over shoots and red pine cones over jack pine cones. The jack pine tip beetle attacked both jack pine and red pine snoots, but no progeny appeared in red pine shoots. In laboratory tests, the red pine cone beetle survived equally well in vapors of simulated red and jack pine shoot resin, while the jack pine tip beetle survived best in the jack pine resin vapor. The jack pine tip beetle is described as a new species, Conophthorus banksianae McPherson.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE MERCHANT GRAIN BEETLE, ORYZAEPHILUS MERCATOR (SILVANIDAE: COLEOPTERA) IN CANADA
Authors: Loschiavo S. R. , Smith L. B.
Published: December 2009

A national survey shows that the merchant grain beetle, Oryzaephilus mercator Fauvel, has been present in Canada since at least 1925 and that it has become firmly established as a household pest of processed cereal products preferably of high oil content, but has not been reported from stored grain. A related species, the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), infests both stored grain and processed cereal products. Illustrations are provided to show the morphological characters by which the two species may be recognized and separated.
A DOUGLAS-FIR TWIG MINING BEETLE, PITYOPHTHORUS ORARIUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Hedlin A. F. , Ruth D. S.
Published: December 2009

Pityophthorus orarius Bright is a small beetle which mines and kills shoots of Douglas-fir. The adult tunnels into the shoot in early summer and lays its eggs. Tunnelling of the larvae causes twig mortality indicated by characteristic "flagging".
THE THORACIC MECHANISM OF THE MILKWEED BUG,ONCOPELTUS FASCIATUS(HETEROPTERA: LYGAEIDAE)
Authors: Govind C. K. , Dandy J. W. T.
Published: December 2009

An illustrated account of the thoracic mechanism of the milkweed bug,Oncopeltus fasciatus(Dallas), is given. The thoracic skeleton including legs and wings is described and this is followed by a discussion of the interaction of these parts with the musculature. The action of the extrinsic and intrinsic leg muscles, being well known, is tabled as are also the origins and insertions of all the thoracic muscles.
A COMPARISON OF TWO MODELS OF THE FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE WITH EMPHASIS ON PARAMETER ESTIMATION PROCEDURES
Authors: Glass Norman R.
Published: December 2009

The two primary functional response models extant in recent entomological literature were compared using a common set of data. Use of an iterative least squares parameter estimation routine was shown to be essential to a comparison of these two models. With parameters properly determined, the Watt model fit data on one out of five experiment days best, the Holling model fit data best on four out of five experiment days. The "handling time" submodel was shown to require iterative least squares parameter estimation rather than the usual log transformation and subsequent fitting of this logistic function by standard linear regression techniques. The conclusion was reached that if accuracy in prediction by nonlinear functional response models is desired, proper methods of determining parameter values are of critical importance.
AN IMPROVED LABORATORY METHOD FOR REARING LARGE NUMBERS OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Grisdale Dail
Published: December 2009

Larvae are reared on a synthetic diet in 1 oz. ribbed plastic cups. To eliminate the task of placing individual larvae on food, small gauze patches containing 25–40 larvae are placed in the cups prior to emergence from hibernacula. Larvae establish feeding sites between the ribs and are relatively undisturbed by others in the cup until the fifth instar. For maintenance of rearing stock the number of larvae is reduced to six to eight per cup, and they are allowed to pupate in the cups. Up to 100 pairs of pupae are placed in screened cages for adult emergence, mating, and oviposition. When the adults emerge balsam fir foliage is introduced and most of the eggs are deposited on the needles. Needles or twigs with egg clusters are transferred to large dishes the inside of which is painted black. The dish is tightly sealed with parafilm to which small gauze patches are attached and then placed under artificial lighting. The newly-hatched larvae are attracted toward the light and spin hibernacula in the gauze. The parafilm and gauze are sealed in plastic bags for cold storage treatment. By this system up to 10,000 larvae per week are easily produced.A discussion on the selection of rearing stock, rearing conditions, rearing containers, and the use of anti-fungal agents is included in the report.
SPATIAL PATTERN OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF HYLEMYA BRASSICAE ON CABBAGE
Authors: Mukerji M. K. , Harcourt D. G.
Published: December 2009

Counts of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), on cabbage did not conform to the Poisson distribution, there being an excess of uninfested and highly infested plants over the expected number. But when the negative binomial series was fitted to the observed distribution, the discrepancies were not significant when tested by chi-square. The negative binomial parameter k tended to increase with density. Using a common k, the distribution of the various stages may be described by expansion of (q − p)−k, when values of k are as follows: egg 0.78, larva 0.71, pupa 0.84. Three different transformations are offered for stabilizing the variance of field counts.
SIX NEW SPECIES OF ANOETID MITES ASSOCIATED WITH NORTH AMERICAN SCOLYTIDAE
Authors: Woodring J. P. , Moser J. C.
Published: December 2009

Only one species of Anoetidae was previously recorded associated with North American Scolytidae. Five new species of Anoetus and one new species of Bonomoia associated with North American bark beetles are described. Two nomen novum (due to homonymy) in the genus Anoetus are proposed. Anoetus varia is distinguished from A. gordius, a European species restricted to Ips laricis. Anoetus varia is recorded from 17 scolytids infesting 10 conifer species from 14 states and provinces. An annotated list, with new nomenclatorial combinations in many cases, of the 13 anoetids recorded associated with scolytids in the old world is given. Histiostoma is synonymized under Anoetus.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTENNAL SENSE ORGANS OF FEMALE CULICINE MOSQUITOES
Authors: McIver Susan B.
Published: December 2009

The type, number, and distribution of the antennal sense organs of female Culex territans Walker and Culex restuans (Theo.) were determined and compared to similar data on Culex pipiens L., Culex fatigans Wiedemann, and Culex tarsalis Coquillett. All types of sense organs have similar distribution patterns on the five species, but large differences in number occur. These differences are discussed with regard to the host preference of the mosquitoes.
A BIOLOGICAL STUDY OFNEPTICULA MACROCARPAE(LEPIDOPTERA: NEPTICULIDAE) ON OAK IN ONTARIO
Authors: Lindquist O. H. , Harnden A. A.
Published: December 2009

Nepticula macrocarpaeFreeman, a recently described leaf miner on oak in southern Ontario, is bivoltine, and overwinters as a cocooned larva on the ground. The immature stages are described and nine species of chalcid parasites are listed.
EFFECTS OF PRECIPITATION ON CROP INSECTS
Authors: Beirne Bryan P.
Published: December 2009

A review and analysis of the literature showed that precipitation, or its absence, can regulate the numbers of or the damage by insect pests of annual crops in Canada in essentially four main ways: as soil moisture, when the insects are in the ground; as a mechanical factor that impinges directly on them when they are exposed; through its effects on foodplants; and through its effects on natural enemies of the pests. Though any one pest species may be influenced by two or more of these processes and in different ways by each depending on the stage of its life cycle that is affected, usually only one way is significant. Precipitation is so far of little value in forecasting pest situations reliably, but water in various forms has much potential for use as a pest control agent.
BARK TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS BY TELEMETRY
Authors: Dalleske Robert L. , Kimmins James P.
Published: December 2009

A telemetric system for the measurement of bark temperature of standing
trees was developed and compared with a conventional thermocouple system.
The components of the system and circuit diagrams are given. The cost of a
single unit was about $65. The system was field-tested under both summer and
winter conditions in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. It was
concluded that the telemetry system gave more accurate temperature readings
and that it possessed several other advantages over the conventional system.
While the system was developed for the measurement of temperature, it could
be used for the measurement of any environmental variable for which there is
a variable-resistance transducer.
THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF THE VELVET MITE, ALLOTHROMBIUM LEROUXI (TROMBIDIFORMES: TROMBIDIIDAE)
Authors: Mathur S. N. , LeRoux E. J.
Published: December 2009

The anatomy and functions of the male and female reproductive organs of Allothrombium lerouxi Moss are described in detail. In the male, the reproductive organs consist of paired testes, paired vasa diferentia, a median seminal vesicle, a median ejaculatory duct, bursa expulsatoria, a penis, and a median accessory gland; in the female, they consist of paired ovaries, paired oviducts, a median uterus and a vagina. The function of the parts in the male differs from that reported in other species of Trombidiformes, and in females fertilization takes place in the spongy epithelium of the uterus instead of in the oviducts as in oribatids. Females also lack a receptaculum seminis and accessory glands.
APHALARA STEIRONEMICOLA, A NEW PSYLLID COLLECTED ON STEIRONEMA CILIATUM IN ONTARIO (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Aphalara steironemicola is described and illustrated. Its only known host is Steironema ciliatum Linnaeus (Primulaceae).
A NEW NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF BLISSUS (HETEROPTERA: LYGAEIDAE)
Authors: Leonard David E.
Published: December 2009

Blissus canadensis sp. nov. is described from Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Montana. It has reached high numbers on barley in Alberta and is a potential pest. It closely resembles Blissus occiduus Barber, and reports of B. occiduus in Canada most likely refer to B. canadensis.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY AND HABITS OF INSECT PARASITES ASSOCIATED WITH EUCOSMA RESCISSORIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) IN NORTHERN IDAHO
Authors: Goyer Richard A. , Schenk John A.
Published: December 2009

Notes on the biology and habits of 12 parasitic insects associated with Eucosma rescissoriana Heinrich in western white pine, Pinus monticola Douglas, cones in northern Idaho are presented. Descriptive notes on the immature stages of three important parasite species. Chelonus petrovae McComb (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Apanteles starki Mason (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and Psalidopteryx psilocorsiphaga Brooks (Diptera: Tachinidae) also are included. Correlations between the life stages of these three parasite species are made with phenological events in the host tree and associated plants at two of the four study plots.
SEXUAL MOSAICS IN THE BLACK FLY SIMULIUM ARCTICUM (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: December 2009

Eighteen sexual mosaics of S. arcticum including 16 distinct gynandromorphs and 2 apparent intersexes are described. These were discovered among 41,615 normal females from Athabasca, Alberta. Male and female terminalia are compared in four specimens possessing duplicates. Four specimens including two presumed intersexes and two which appeared to be normal males were parasitized with mermithid larvae.
PLICTRAN AS AN ORCHARD ACARICIDE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Downing R. S. , Moilliet T. K.
Published: December 2009

Plictran (tricyclohexyltin hydroxide) was very effective against the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and the apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa), when applied at the pink bud stage of apple bud development. Plictran as a summer spray was not so effective because a small number of phytophagous mites survived. Plictran, however, is low in toxicity to the predaceous phytoseiids Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Typhloseiopsis sp. near arboreus (Chant), and these predators increased on the surviving phytophagous mites. Because of this selective action, Plictran is a very promising acaricide for use in integrated mite control programs.
THE LIFE CYCLE AND SOCIAL LEVEL OF EVYLAEUS NIGRIPES (HYMENOPTERA: HALICTINAE), A MEDITERRANEAN HALICTINE BEE
Authors: Knerer G. , Plateaux-Quénu C.
Published: December 2009

Evylaeus nigripes (Lep.) is a large, polylectic social halictine bee, common in the Mediterranean region. Haplometrotic and pleometrotic nests are established late in spring and clusters of from 6 to 15 cells are constructed and surrounded by a cavity. A summer brood of small females and a few males emerges from these cells in July. The summer females behave as workers; they remain in their mother’s nest, assist in the construction of a deeper and larger cell cluster, forage for pollen and nectar, but do not guard the nest. They show some ovarian inhibition in a matrifilial society but become egglayers in queenless nests or when establishing their own burrows. They are much shorter-lived than their mothers, require no diapause, and are unattractive to the summer males. The social level of E. nigripes is comparatively high; summer males are less than 5% of the total brood. Queen and workers are relatively distinct morphs, although caste determination can be influenced by environmental factors. Sphecodes alternatus Smith is its specific parasitoid whereas several bombyliids, mutillids, and conopids attack E. nigripes as part of a much wider range of hosts.
A REVISION OF THE PALAEARCTIC IZIPHYA, WITH A KEY TO THE WORLD FAUNA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

The Palaearctic species of Iziphya Nevsky are revised and the following species recognized: austriaca Borner, bufo (Walker), fungifera (Ossiannilsson), ingegardae Hille Ris Lambers, leegei (Börner), maculata Nevsky and oettingenii Quednau. Iziphya memorialis Börner and piluliferae Quednau are considered synonyms of bufo. Nevskyella Ossiannilsson and Juncobia Quednau are considered synonyms of Iziphya. A key to the world fauna is offered.
AUTOGENY AND STENOGAMY OF AEDES REMPELI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN ARCTIC CANADA
Authors: Smith S. M. , Brust R. A.
Published: December 2009

Aedes rempeli Vockeroth, the rarest Canadian Aedes mosquito, breeds in unusually cold, stenothermal rock pools in low arctic Canada. The species presents an unusual opportunity for laboratory colonization of a northern Aedes since it mates readily in confined spaces in the laboratory and the females mature the ovaries without a blood meal.
COLLECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF SPRAY DROPLETS WITH VISCOUS POLYBUTENE AND AN IMAGE-SPLITTING EYEPIECE
Authors: Fisher R. W. , Dougan G. P.
Published: December 2009

The droplet range of a water spray is conveniently described by trapping the droplets in a viscous polybutene, measuring their diameters with an image-splitting eyepiece, calculating cumulative percentage volume and cumulative percentage number, plotting both on log–log paper, and noting the mass median and number median diameters. A ratio, MMD/NMD, is suggested as useful for comparing sprays.
FIRST RECORD OF CALYPTERATE FLIES IN THE MESOZOIC ERA (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: December 2009

Fossil puparia from the Edmonton Formation (Upper Cretaceous, about 70,000,000 years) at Drumheller, Alta., are assigned to the family Calliphoridae and described as Cretaphormia fowleri new genus, new species. This is the first pre-Tertiary record of muscoid flies.
NOTES ON ADULTS, EGGS, AND FIRST-INSTAR LARVAE OF PRIACMA SERRATA (COLEOPTERA: CUPEDIDAE)
Authors: Ross D. A. , Pothecary D. D.
Published: December 2009

A female Priacma serrata (LeConte) was collected near Procter, B.C., and kept alive for 63 days. It mated and produced 1,463 eggs. Egg and first-instar larva are described briefly.
EVOLUTION OF THE METHODS OF SPERMATOPHORE FORMATION IN PTERYGOTAN INSECTS
Authors: Gerber G. H.
Published: December 2009

A scheme for the evolution of the methods of spermatophore formation among pterygotan insects is proposed. There appear to be four methods of spermatophore formation, two male-determined and two female-determined. The male-determined methods are characteristic of the less advanced pterygotans that have fairly complex spermatophores, and the female-determined types are typical of more advanced insects in which the spermatophores are often reduced.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF VIRUSES OF THE CABBAGE LOOPER IN FIELD PLOTS
Authors: Jaques R. P.
Published: December 2009

Studies on non-treated plots at Harrow, Ontario, in 1967 and 1968 and at Kentville, Nova Scotia, from 1963 to 1968 inclusive showed that residues of viruses of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), found in soil were related qualitatively and quantitatively to the virus residues on leaves of cruciferous plants grown in the plots and to mortality by viruses in the host populations. At Harrow where the cabbage looper is common and where virus diseases occur naturally in field populations, the viruses that occurred in the populations of the host built up in soil as the season progressed. At Kentville where the host is rare, virus was rarely found in soil or on foliage. The typical nuclear-polyhedrosis virus, an atypical nuclear-polyhedrosis virus that formed abnormally large polyhedra, and a granulosis virus were found at Harrow, with the typical nuclear-polyhedrosis virus predominating. Only the typical nuclear-polyhedrosis virus was detected at Kentville.
SOUND ANALYSES OF METRIOPTERA SPHAGNORUM (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE)
Authors: Morris Glenn K.
Published: December 2009

The song of Metrioptera sphagnorum (F. Walker) is a prolonged trill alternating regularly between two intensities. Oscilloscope analyses reveal two stridulation modes corresponding to the two intensity levels. These two modes are described in terms of pulse structure.Characteristic frequency spectrograms are associated with each mode. In one mode audio frequencies are emphasized; the other mode is dominated by high intensity ultrasonic frequencies. At the approach of a conspecific male, singers were observed to prolong the audio-dominated stridulation mode.
AN INFESTATION OF NEODIPRION VIRGINIANUS COMPLEX (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) IN NORTHEASTERN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Underwood G. R.
Published: December 2009

An infestation of Neodiprion virginianus complex and its abrupt termination in a stand of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., in northeastern New Brunswick is described. The life history, habits, and parasites of the sawfly are reported.
A LOOSESTRIFE SAWFLY, MONOSTEGIA ABDOMINALIS (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Price Peter W.
Published: December 2009

A new host record for the sawfly Monostegia abdominalis (F.) was obtained in Quebec. The host plant, terrestrial loosestrife (Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP), was abundant on a lake shore due to regular flooding, enabling the sawfly to reach a high population level. Two generations occurred each year. The immature stages and aspects of their behaviour, and female oviposition behaviour, are described.
A NOTE CONCERNING PSEUDOHYLESINUS SERICEUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Bright Donald E.
Published: December 2009

A lectotype for Hylurgus sericeus Mannerheim is designated. It is located in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Pseudohylesinus pini Wood is placed in synonymy.
CLIMATE AND THE ECOLOGY OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID
Authors: Greenbank D. O.
Published: December 2009

The balsam woolly aphid was introduced over 60 years ago from Europe into the Maritime Provinces of Canada where it established on Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Ecological characteristics of the insect that are important to the survival and spread of populations in the new environment are feeding habits, cold-hardiness, and dispersal capacity. The aphid feeds on the bark cortex of all parts of the tree from the stem to the crown. ’Stem attack’ refers to the population established on the main stem while ’twig attack’ refers to the population established in the crown where the aphid may settle on numerous sites but mainly at the base of young shoots. Freezing is fatal and the probability of freezing increases as temperatures fall below −5°F. There are no survivors at −35°F no matter how brief the exposure. The adults are wingless and populations are spread mainly through wind dispersal of crawlers and eggs.The climate of the Maritime Provinces changes markedly from the coast inland from maritime, through transitional, to continental. Infestations in maritime and continental climatic regions follow particular patterns while in the transitional region the course of infestation is irregular. Climate is unimportant in determining population trend in maritime climatic regions. The probability of experiencing temperatures below −15°F in a winter is 0.10 and populations survive on the stem and in the crown. Crown populations are dispersed freely and the aphid and aphid damage is general. In the continental climatic region, the probability of −30°F occurring in a winter is 0.46 and populations are restricted to the base of the tree where snow cover provides protection. Wind velocities below the canopy are light and infestations remain isolated and small with damage from stem attack accumulating at a slow rate. In the transitional climatic region, the severity of winter is irregular with periols of mild winters being broken by occasional extremely cold winters. Tree mortality from twig and stem attack has been heavy in some stands while infestations in adjacent and equally susceptible stands have been arrested by severe winters.
EFFECTS OF pH ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE MIDGE TANYTARSUS DISSIMILIS
Authors: Bell Henry L.
Published: December 2009

All stages of the life cycle of the midge Tanytarsus (Paratanytarsus) dissimilis Joh. were subjected to low pH and the extremes of tolerance were determined. The life cycle could not be completed below a pH of 5.5
A NEW SPECIES OF ASTICHUS (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH THE BIRCH BRACKET FUNGUS POLYPORUS BETULINUS AND WOODY FUNGUS GANODERMA APPLANATUM IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

Astichus notus n. sp. reared from the birch bracket fungus Polyporus betulinus (Bulliard) Fries and woody fungus Ganoderma applanatum (Wallr.) Pat. in eastern Canada is described and illustrated and a key is included to the species of America, north of Mexico.
MEDETERA ALDRICHII (DIPTERA: DOLICHOPODIDAE) IN THE BLACK HILLS: I. EMERGENCE AND BEHAVIOR OF ADULTS
Authors: Schmid J. M.
Published: December 2009

The number of Medetera aldrichii Wheeler adults emerging daily in 1966 and 1967 was low and irregular. Peak numbers apparently emerged 20–30 days prior to mass emergence of Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins although the numbers fluctuated through the mass emergence period of the beetle. Densities of emerging adults averaged less than 1 per square foot of bark and never exceeded 6.0 per square foot. Densities of the emerging flies and beetles did not appear related.Adults mated on the bark surface of trees infested with D. ponderosae; mating habits are described.Females oviposited in degenerate resin ducts in the bark surface. Two eggs per duct were the modal number. Seven or more per duct were found in less than 5% of the ducts examined.
THE DIURNAL AND SEASONAL PATTERN OF HATCHING OF WINTER MOTH EGGS, OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA (GEOMETRIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA)
Authors: Embree D. G.
Published: December 2009

Winter moth hatching begins daily at approximately 0645 hours A.S.T. both in the field during the normal hatching season and in the laboratory during the winter. This diurnal pattern is not related to temperature or light and appears to be intrinsic.The seasonal rate of hatching in the spring was related to accumulated heat. Eggs first exposed to cold December temperatures then stored at 35°F (1.7 °C) until early spring, were incubated at a series of controlled temperatures. The theoretical threshold temperature of development was determined as 41°F (5 °C). Accumulated degree-days based on this threshold did not give the best estimate of the time of hatching in the field where temperatures, because they were recorded in Stevenson’s screens (meteorological cabinets), were generally lower than those at the egg sites. The best estimate was obtained by using a lower base temperature of 39°F (3.9 °C) which compensated for differences in temperature between Stevenson screens and egg sites. Mean hatch in the field occurred when accumulated degree-days reached 292.A predictive curve is presented which predicted the date of mid-hatch of the winter moth to within 1 to 2 days over a 9-year period.
ETHANOL AS THE PRIMARY ATTRACTANT FOR THE AMBROSIA BEETLE TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Moeck Henry A.
Published: December 2009

Methanol, acetaldehyde, and ethanol have been identified in extracts of attractive wood and bark. The attractancy induced by anaerobic treatment in both sapwood and phloem of conifers and broadleaf trees was characterized by ethanol as the most concentrated component. In laboratory bioassays, ethanol was attractive at low concentration to both sexes of Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier). Methanol and acetaldehyde, at the concentrations found, apparently play no role in attraction. Monoterpenes had a repellent effect on T. lineatum.
RANGE EXTENSIONS AND HABITAT DATA OF TWO CHIRONOMINAE (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) FROM SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Driver E. A.
Published: December 2009

Range extensions and habitat data are given for two species of Chironominae: Chironomus (Chironomus) atrella (Townes) and Chironomus (Einfeldia) paganus (Meigen) from Saskatchewan. The first is a new record for Saskatchewan; the second is new for Canada.
CARABIDAE (COLEOPTERA) AS PREDATORS OF THE RED-BACKED CUTWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: Frank J. H.
Published: December 2009

Twenty-one sympatric species of Carabidae fed on eggs of Euxoa ochrogaster Guenée in laboratory trials. Seven species were demonstrated to have fed in the field on cutworms or pupae of E. ochrogaster and six species fed on cutworms in the laboratory. Carabidae are important as predators of E. ochrogaster but failed to eliminate the prey population in a study area in central Alberta.