bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How do graduates transmit desired signals in the workplace?
Authors: Monk Des
Published: July 2002

There is a paucity of evidence to explain exactly why those who are highly‐qualified are paid above average wages. Although both human capital and signalling/screening theories seek to explain this trend, conclusive empirical evidence has proved elusive. This longitudinal study looks at post‐entry signalling made by a number of graduates embarking on a career within the internal labour market of a large (UK) petrochemical company. People who used their own time to study for membership of a professional body while simultaneously doing their full‐time job, obtained significantly more promotion than their contemporaries. The UK Government’s attempts to encourage workers to use the NVQ route to qualification were largely ignored as a signalling device. The results of the study were more consistent with screening theory than the human capital model, but more research needs to be done.
Immersive projection technology and wearable computers
Authors: Hirose Michitaka
Published: July 2002

In this paper, two recent VR technology topics are introduced. First, three keywords; (intuitive interaction, presence, multi‐sensory) which characterize VR technology are discussed. Second, IPT, a projection‐based technology, is introduced as a suitable interface example which effectively illustrates the recent technology’s sophistication. CABIN is a small cubic room surrounded by five screens, which is implemented at the University of Tokyo. Third, wearable computer is introduced as a further extrapolation of mobile computer technology. Mixed reality (MR) is at the edge of recent VR technology R&D. Finally, it is concluded that these two streams may appear to be in opposite directions, but they are both related to the fusion of real and virtual world.
Eddy current modelling in a coupled electromagnetic‐mechanical problem
Authors: Siakavellas Nicolaos J.
Published: July 2002

Solves a coupled electromagnetic‐mechanical problem ‐ that of a cantilevered conductive plate in crossed steady and time‐varying magnetic fields ‐ by using a semi‐analytical method and an eddy current model. Assumes that the magnetic flux variation induces two electromotive forces to the plate; one due to the time‐varying magnetic field and the other to the plate movement in the steady magnetic field. Considers two equivalent LR circuits and notes that the superposition of their currents yields the total circulating current in the plate. Couples this electromagnetic model to the one‐dimensional beam bending model, adopted for the structural analysis of the problem and derives the system of the coupled electromagnetic‐mechanical equations. Calculates analytically some of the parameters involved in these equations so that the numerical computation of the remaining unknowns is very rapid. Concludes that the results are in agreement with the experiment and with results obtained by numerical methods treating, in three dimensions, the electromagnetic aspects of the problem. Notes that the fully numerical methods are very much CPU time consuming.
The simplified model of the Class E inverter with the PWL model of the MOSFET turn off
Authors: Grzesik Boguslaw , Kaczmarczyk Zbigniew , Junak Jacek
Published: July 2002

The paper presents the simplified model of the Class E inverter in which the MOSFET transistor is based on the piecewise‐linear (PWL) model. The model does not contain inductances. The PWL description makes it possible to obtain the model in the form of general closed formulae. The general formulae have been obtained by means of MATHCAD and verified with the IsSPICE® simulator. The analysis of MOSFET switching performance in the active region at the constant load current is delivered. The work is a successive step in the systematic research of the Class E inverter as a supplying source in high frequency levitation heating/melting systems. The equivalent RL parameters of the load in such systems vary across a relatively wide range.
Eigen mode solver for microwave transmission lines
Authors: Hebermehl Georg , Schlundt Rainer , Zscheile Horst , Heinrich Wolfgang
Published: July 2002

The electromagnetic properties of microwave transmission lines can be described using Maxwell’s equations in the frequency domain. Applying a finite‐volume scheme results in an algebraic eigenvalue problem. In this paper an improved numerical computation of the eigenmodes is presented. Avoids the time‐ and memory‐consuming computation of all eigenvalues in order to calculate a selected set of propagation constants using an iterative method that is carried out twice. The numerical effort and the storage requirements can be reduced considerably.
Reduced‐order method for dielectric resonators using FEM and CFH
Authors: Kolbehdari M.A. , Nakhla M.S.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes an efficient reduced‐order method for the analysis of cylindrical dielectric resonators with an inhomogeneous dielectric medium. The field equations are formulated using the Laplace‐domain finite element method and are reduced to lower‐order models using the complex frequency hopping (CFH) technique. CFH is a moment matching technique which has been used successfully in the circuit simulation area for the solution of a large set of ordinary differential equations. The proposed technique is faster than the conventional approach by one to three orders of magnitude. The results are compared with those of other numerical methods available in the literature.
Finite element analysis of the dynamics of a high bandwidth actuator for a hard disk drive
Authors: Li Qinghua , Weerasooriya Siri , Low Teck‐Seng
Published: July 2002

In this paper a prototype actuator designed for a high bandwidth servo system is modeled and analyzed using finite elements. Natural frequencies and mode shapes of frequencies below 10kHz are extracted using frequency analysis and compared with the results from an experimental model analysis. The effects of key parameters used in the analysis on the natural frequencies are investigated. The frequency response is calculated using the natural frequencies and mode shapes. The calculated frequency response is compared with experimental results. The comparison of results shows that the numerical results are accurate. From the analysis the mechanical dynamics of the actuator can be understood and characterized. The analysis of the actuator shows that dynamic analysis using finite element modeling is accurate and effective and can be applied to other mechatronic systems.
Identification of 1‐D magnetic field profiles in high current plasmas
Authors: de Magistris Massimiliano , Formisano Alessandro
Published: July 2002

The identification of magnetic field profiles is crucial in many applications where a direct measurement is difficult. We discuss here a technique, based on the injection of charged particles in the region under examination, which promises to be an innovative and effective tool in the analysis of 1‐D field profiles in high current plasma discharges. After the decription of the inverse problem related to the field construction, we consider a suitable discrete identification scheme, and analyze some properties of the latter. The field map in the interest region is reconstructed via a minimization procedure, which identifies the coefficient of a well‐suited expansion for the field. In particular, we discuss the precision and robustness of the identification procedure, with respect to the chosen optimization scheme, the amount of data, the order in the field expansion, and the influence of noise on the data.
Computation of magnetostatic field using second order edge elements in 3D
Authors: Ren Z. , Ida N.
Published: July 2002

Several second order edge elements have been applied to solving magnetostatic problems. The performances of these elements are compared through an example of magnetic circuit. In order to ensure the compatibility of the system equations and hence the convergence, the current density is represented by the curl of a source field. This avoids an explicit gauge condition which is cumbersome in the case of high order elements.
B‐H characteristic extraction using devices with non‐uniform field
Authors: Ioan Daniel , Rebican Mihai , Gasparics Antal
Published: July 2002

The paper describes an efficient method to extract the B‐H nonlinear characteristic from the experimental flux‐current Φ‐I data obtained using a non‐uniform magnetic field device. Both functions are monotonically piecewise linear approximated with the same number of breakpoints. The method was successfully applied to characterize the ribbon core material of a fluxset magnetic field sector. In this case the hysteresis loop and the lumped magnetic circuit were extracted. Comparison with experimental results validates the proposed method.
Numerical modelling of electrodynamic loudspeakers
Authors: Kaltenbacher M. , Rausch M. , Landes H. , Lerch R.
Published: July 2002

A new method for the numerical computation of the dynamic behaviour of electro‐dynamic loudspeakers is presented. The numerical scheme, based on the finite element method (FEM), allows the simulation of coupled magnetic, mechanical and acoustic fields. The obtained simulation results are in good agreement with measured data.
The charge‐tube method for space‐charge simulations
Authors: Read F.H. , Chalupka A. , Bowring N.J.
Published: July 2002

The charge‐tube method is an accurate way of assigning the space‐charge of a beam in computational simulations of charged particle systems. The method is described and is compared with the traditional charge‐cell method.
Contribution to the finite element analysis of eddy‐currents in multi‐conductor windings surrounded by magnetically non‐linear media
Authors: Szucs Áron , Arkkio Antero , Jokinen Tapani
Published: July 2002

In the finite element analysis of electrical machines the multi‐conductor winding in a stator slot is usually modeled simply by a single conductor with constant current density. The size of a finite element problem due to the precise modeling of eddy currents in the multi‐conductor windings can be much larger compared to the single conductor model. The paper investigates a new FEM approach for the consideration of eddy‐currents in multi‐conductor windings surrounded by nonlinear media, a case typical in electrical machinery. The method, called elimination of inner nodes, is evaluated in the paper as a possible solution for multi conductor eddy current problems. The paper presents examples and concludes in what circumstances the method of elimination is efficient.
General structure of Acalugaritei networks
Authors: Acalugaritei Gavril
Published: July 2002

Acalugaritei networks (ANs) are multidimensional evolutionary hierarchical networks. They are called hierarchical because the sets and subsets of components correspond to different ranks (levels), where: the set of “inferior” rank is the subset of rank zero (j = 0) of the set of immediately “superior” rank. The sets and subsets of components will be noted Sij, where: i is the rank number of the set (i = 0,1,2,3); jis the rank number of the subset within the same set (j = 0,1,2, …, n). We will thus distinguish: \curr Sij=(S0j ⊂ S1j⊂ S2j⊂ S3j). They are called evolutionary because the most comprehensive set of components is the set of evolutionary relations. They are called multidimensional because the components of the same rank can be classified according to n dimensions (n criteria: ki where: i = 0, 1, 2,…, n). ANs are of different ranks (ANsi, where: i = 0, 1, 2,…,n). In an AN of a certain rank, the set of fundamental components is the set of sequences of ANs of subordinated ranks.
A blackboard software architecture for integrated intelligent control systems
Authors: Abbod M.F. , Linkens D.A. , Browne A. , Cade N.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a software architecture which supports the design of hierarchical controllers that provide facilities for adaptation, supervision and task planning. It details how this form of functional hierarchy differs from the structural hierarchy also inherent within a complex control system. Then, both forms of hierarchy are combined in a single design notation and development methodology. The system utilises intelligent control techniques (neuro‐fuzzy and genetic optimisation) for controlling a cryogenic plant used for superconductor testing by cooling the test samples to temperatures below 1008K. The system supports the design of a hierarchical controller that provides facilities for adaptation, supervision and task planning. Simulation results are presented.
Learning processes in a class of knowledge‐based systems
Authors: Bubnicki Z.
Published: July 2002

The paper is concerned with static plants described by a knowledge representation in the form of relations or logical formulas with unknown parameters. The learning algorithms consisting of step‐by‐step knowledge validation and updating have been presented for different versions. The theorems concerning the convergence of the learning processes have been given for the open‐loop and closed‐loop learning decision‐making system. The extension for the case with uncertain observations has been suggested. Simple examples illustrate the presented approach.
Alienation, Participation and Increasing Societal Complexity
Authors: Geyer Felix
Published: July 2002

Provides definitions of the three concepts in the title and explores their interrelationships. Distinguishes six alienation dimensions – powerlessness; meaninglessness; normlessness; social isolation; cultural estrangement; self‐estrangement – and combines them with three kinds of participation: spontaneous, negative, and compensatory. Describes increasing societal complexity from a general systems perspective. Explores the psycho‐ and sociogenesis of unalienated as well as alienated participation. Increasing societal complexity creates new forms of alienation and participation, but also resistances of groups that feel threatened or left out by an excessively fast rate of change, which in turn threatens macro‐societal stability. Those left without the means to participate in the economic or political process tend to be the alienated “negative participants”; they are generally destructive and anti‐outgroup as a result of personal experiences or economic deprivation.
For Norbert Wiener
Authors: George Frank
Published: July 2002

Recalls the early life of Norbert Wiener and describes some of the works that initiated the cybernetic movement. Highlights people who influenced Wiener and leads on to who/what Wiener has influenced, and what particular branches of science are offshoots of Wiener’s concepts. Concludes with the thought that the interdisciplinary science of cybernetics has integrated the physical and behavioural sciences and that above all, he will be remembered for this.
Possibility, probability and relative information: a unified approach via geometric programming
Authors: Jumarie Guy
Published: July 2002

The theory of possibility (Zadeh, Sugeno) and the theory of relative information (Jumarie) both aim to deal with the meaning of information, but their mathematical frameworks are quite different. In the first approach, possibility is described either by fuzziness (Zadeh) or by generalized measures (Sugeno), and in the second, possibility is obtained as the result of observing probability via an observation process with informational invariance. Shows that a combination of (classical) information theory with generalized maximum likelihood via geometric programming exhibits a link between relative information, fuzziness and possibility. Some consequences are outlined.
Irrelevance and relevance of Gödel’s theorems to artificial intelligence
Authors: Mun Kim Sang
Published: July 2002

Considers whether Gödel’s results preclude the possibility or the impossibility of the artificial intelligence (AI) thesis; and also what the (possible) applications or consequences of them are for AI research. Shows that while the limitative Gödel’s results are shown to preclude neither the possibility nor the impossibility of the AI thesis, they have and will continue to shed significant light on the development of the AI field.
Cybernetic thinking in economic planning – an exploratory study for India
Authors: Ghosal Amitava
Published: July 2002

Explores how a cybernetic approach can help in comprehending problems in macro‐economics of the future for a megasystem like a large developing country, such as India. Some of the principles evolved can also be applied more generally to other countries.
A simple model of life expectancy with subjective parameters
Authors: Bassanezi R.C. , de Barros L.C.
Published: July 2002

The use of deterministic or stochastic models to describe an observable phenomenon is considered to present enormous difficulty when evaluating the subjective parameters.
In those cases where randomness cannot be established, or when there are not sufficient data available, it is believed that fuzzy theory is the appropriate approach to the problem. Utilizes the classical stochastic Boltzman model to compare the stochastic and fuzzy techniques. Gives a comparison of a specific case study: the life expectancy of individuals whose causa mortis is affected by poverty.
Applications of fuzzy languages to intelligent information retrieval
Authors: Lee Edward T.
Published: July 2002

Applies fuzzy languages to the retrieval of geometric figures, chromosome images and leukocyte images. Presents procedures for answering composite fuzzy queries such as “retrieve the triangles which are very similar to equilateral triangles and more or less similar to right triangles”, “retrieve the chromosomes which are very similar to median chromosomes, but not similar to a given chromosome”, and “retrieve leukocytes with deeply indented nucleus or elongated nucleus”. The results may have useful applications in robotics, artificial intelligence, natural language processing and related areas.
An algorithm which learns multiple covers via integer linear programming. Part I: the CLILP2 algorithm
Authors: Cios Krzysztof J. , Liu Ning
Published: July 2002

Presents an inductive machine learning algorithm called CLILP2 that learns multiple covers for a concept from positive and negative examples. Although inductive learning is an error‐prone process, multiple meaning interpretation of the examples is utilized by CLILP2 to compensate for the narrowness of induction. The algorithm is tested on data sets representing three different domains. Analyses the complexity of the algorithm and compares the results with those obtained by others. Employs measures of specificity, sensitivity, and predictive accuracy which are not usually used in presenting machine learning results, and shows that they evaluate better the “correctness” of the learned concepts. The study is published in two parts: I – the CLILP2 algorithm; II – experimental results and conclusions.
Biocybernetics: fitting the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve
Authors: Engel Alejandro B. , Massad Eduardo , Pulino Petronio
Published: July 2002

Proposes a modified Hill model for the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve. The model fits normal oxyhaemoglobin dissociation experimental data quite accurately, and can easily be adapted to experimental data of subjects suffering haemoglobinopathies when available. Discusses the Adair equation, as well as correcting factors for varying temperature and pH.
Long‐term solar activity: a glimpse at its pre‐telescopic history
Authors: Diamantides Nicholas D.
Published: July 2002

Aims at the structuring of an analytical tool that traces the time course of geophysical phenomena, regional or global, and compares it to that of long‐term solar conditions – long term meaning decades or centuries. The model is based on the postulate that since in a previous analysis the preponderance of atmospheric, hydrospheric, and some aspects of geospheric phenomena are powered by energy from the sun, now or in the past, the long‐term behaviour of such phenomena is ultimately “connected” to long‐term changes occurring in the sun itself. Proposes and models a stable surrogate pattern for the long‐term solar activity; introduces a transfer‐function for modelling the connection between the surrogate and terrestrial phenomena viewed as partners in the connection; and probes the connection outcome for episodic or unanticipated effects that may arise due to the fact that in the present context, the connection, should it exist, is very likely non‐linear. Presents the theory of the concept, and demonstrates its pertinence to terrestrial phenomena.
A golden ANN‐iversary
Authors: Andrew Alex M.
Published: July 2002

Recalls that the first proposal for artificial neural nets was more than half a century ago. Subsequent developments are reviewed, with particular attention to the interface between regulatory, continuous processing and symbol manipulation. Recalls the standpoint of McCulloch and Pitts, that artificial nets are not precise models but are potentially informative about living systems.
The specification of the human brain
Authors: Brennig James D.
Published: July 2002

Reviews some of the current thinking on the specification of the human brain. Presents a study of its functions but sees the number of hypotheses explaining the phenomena as small. Examines the human brain above and below the neurone level. Discusses the complex properties of memory, and comments on the classic demonstrations of its actions.
General systems theory: origin and hallmarks
Authors: Skyttner Lars
Published: July 2002

General systems theory is sometimes considered to be extremely “general” and thus a theory embracing everything and nothing. In order to rehabilitate the theory, an attempt is made to trace its origin and define its hallmarks. Begins with an examination of the system concept and closes with the presentation of two paradigms, the systems paradigm and the evolutionary paradigm, today intimately related to general systems theory. Indicates that the theory rests on thoughts as old as humanity itself. Its most significant quality was found to be an order implicit into both cosmos and human existence based on a hierarchy of hierarchies as organizing elements.
Several problems on subsystems
Authors: Hu Qing‐Ping , Li Dan , Lin Yi
Published: July 2002

Introduces the concept of subsystems closure and studies their existence, uniqueness and structure. Based on this concept, introduces the concept of finitely generated systems, and obtains the result that directed union of systems is still a system. Based on the new concept of systems hereditary properties, discovers several hereditary properties of systems, and points out that the property of finite generativity of systems is not hereditary. Shows that the image and pre‐image of subsystems under homomorphisms are still subsystems, and consequently several homomorphic invariable properties are obtained. Considers subsystems of induced systems and some applications of this research.
The cry for help: evolution of distress channels and signals at sea
Authors: Skyttner Lars
Published: July 2002

Distress signalling according to generally accepted methods and codes has always been the main reason for human survival in sea disasters. Examines the origin of this type of communication and its connection to natural senses and channels together with the alphabets, codes and special distress signals used at sea. Reviews the evolution and transformation of the old channels through the introduction of electronic communication, and the opening of some entirely new channels. Compares the different distress channels and makes some proposals concerning new distress signals.
Towards a post‐foundational understanding of community
Authors: Barbesino Paolo
Published: July 2002

By reviewing the ongoing debate on “community” within the social sciences, highlights major inconsistencies in the standard definitions, as well as in their operationalization in empirical social research. The relevance of this debate to the study of social dynamics has been reduced by a strong foundational bias and a lack of a proper view of individual agency. Notions of space and time, as well as social memory and culture, have been taken too much for granted. By constructivistically questioning these notions, suggests an alternative approach which explores a likely integration of autopoietic systems theory, agent‐based models and network analysis. Considers its implications for research methodology.
Boundary of sets in pansystems information systems
Authors: Li YongLi , Hui Zhang Ji , Li Chuan , Wu Xuemou
Published: July 2002

Develops in a concrete way the thought of pansystems philosophy about the so‐called five‐mutual ideas of pansystems (5‐DSPP), and investigates certain real interconnections of the borderline of information systems and related topological boundary.
An asymptotic study of growing altitude elementary paths of the cubic lattice Z3
Authors: Dachraoui T. , Cherruault Y. , Reiss Cl.
Published: July 2002

Lets an be the number of growing altitude elementary paths of length n of the cubic lattice Z3. By numeric simulation shows that the quotient an+1/an tends rapidly to a constant. Leads to the decision that the sequence (an)n has an asymptotically geometric behaviour. Confirms the intuition and shows that two positive constants α and λ exist, such that αn = αλn(1 + εn) where (εn)n is a sequence tending to 0 as n tends to infinity with the estimation |εn| ≤ Cγn where C > 0 and 0 < γ < 1. Explains the rapid convergence of an+1/an. Determines the constants α and λ and elaborates on a numeric method for their calculus.
18. Review and prospects
Authors: OuYang Soucheng
Published: July 2002

In this article, a review of the past history of open problems and challenges facing the theory of blown‐ups is given. It expresses the hope that the open problems and challenges will be further studied by our readers in the years to come.
Pansystems cybernetics
Authors: Xuemou Wu , Dinghe Guo
Published: July 2002

The framework, methodology and development of pansystems cybernetics are introduced. Related contents include: the postmodernizational systems thought, the epitome of pansystems methods, hi‐tech mechanism, social cybernetics, pansystems views of value, labor, management and economics, pedagogy, history and futurology, systems mathematics, general clustering analysis, observocontrollability, generalized living systems, information metascience, regret information, general fuzzy control, generalized gray systems, entropy, large scale dynamical supercomplicated Shengke systems, function simulations, transformation theory, simplification, strengthening, forming substance of subsystems of living systems of Miller’s theory, etc.
Neural transmission‐errors, cerebral arousability and hemisphericity
Authors: Fidelman Uri
Published: July 2002

Suggests that the arousability theory of intelligence and personality of Robinson (1996) lacks two important factors: the influence of neural transmission errors and of hemisphericity on intelligence and personality. It is considered that at least two factors contribute to intelligence. The first factor is the potential energetic level of Hebb’s engrams, which may be related to arousability. The second factor is the probability of neural transmission errors. It is suggested that the theory of H.J. Eysenck, that a neural message is sent repeatedly until it is accepted identically a certain number of times, which is smaller for more intelligent subjects, is correct.
Knowledge management, autopoiesis and apoptosis
Authors: Ishikawa Akira
Published: July 2002

Discusses the need for knowledge management and its required composite. Presents three areas of knowledge management that are regarded as of essential understanding. Considers a knowledge management model that includes an emphasis on information in contrast to the traditional one. Studies the relationship between knowledge management, autopoiesis and apoptosis. Sees both autopoiesis and apoptosis as two of the most important agents in heightening the plateau of knowledge management and its systems.
On testing hypotheses with doubly censored data
Authors: Alonso A. , Esteban  , Morales D.
Published: July 2002

Methods of testing simple hypotheses about lifetime parameters from doubly censored data are given on the basis of the maximum likelihood principle. It is shown that, under the assumptions of standard type, the asymptotic distribution of proposed statistics is chi‐square or linear combination of chi‐square distributions. The choice of statistics optimal from the point of view of power is discussed and illustrated by several examples.
Studies on the particulation and percolation in ultrafine ceramic reinforced barrier layers
Authors: Mukherjee D. , Mahata R. , Anand Venkatesh S. , Ganesh V. , Anandharaj T. , Sarkar Amitaba , Mathiyarasu J. , Palaniswamy N.
Published: July 2002

Discusses the particulation of organic barrier layers, based on laboratory‐bench data, obtained from the exposure of painted panels in low, high or neutral pHelectrolytes. It also discusses their compatibility with the succeeding and preceding layers and the galvanic interactions at the layer substrate interfaces. Aspects like substrate effect, leaching of the micaceous iron powder, role of high temperature and hydrodynamic disturbances and distribution of ultrafine particulates have been highlighted using potential versus time plot, AAS data, and galvanic current measurements and XRD analysis. Exposure tests conducted under ambient conditions and under very strong hydrodynamic disturbances, revealed superior properties of the SiC particulated epoxy based barrier layers.
Protection of reinforced concrete by coatings and corrosion inhibitors
Authors: Batis G. , Kouloumbi N. , Pantazopoulou P.
Published: July 2002

The use of coatings (organic and inorganic) for the protection of reinforced concrete is widespread. The advantages of inorganic coatings are that they are stable in UV‐radiation, non‐combustible, do not foul and have a microcrystalline texture, while organic coatings have the advantage of low permeability of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and water. The aim of the present work was to compare, in the presence of chloride ions, the performance of an acrylic dispersion and a silicate coating, when the latter was or was not combined with a corrosion inhibitor (N‐N’‐dimethylaminoethanol). The behaviour of the silicate coating was examined as its use is increasing due to environmental reasons and as it can be applied for the rehabilitation of old structures. Half‐cell potential measurements, mass loss and carbonation depth measurements, as well as chloride diffusion rate revealed that the acrylic dispersion provides better protection of reinforcing steel in concrete than the silicate coating, but the combination of the silicate coating with the corrosion inhibitor provides the best level of concrete protection.
Bright future for powder coatings
Authors: Howard J.P.
Published: July 2002

The demand for powder coatings worldwide has increased from less than 260,000 tons in 1989 to the 1996 level of 450,000 tons, an 8.2 per cent yearly growth. It is predicted that global demand will increase to 785,000 tons by 2000, representing an annual growth of 8.6 per cent over the next few years. Demand should reach 1.46 million tons by 2006 and almost 2.3 million tons by 2011. Over this period of time, the relative importance of the different geographical regions will also shift significantly, the most notable change being the increase in importance of the Far East, mainly at the expense of Europe.
Refurbishment technology for polymer melt filters: a case study
Authors: Bannan A.J. , Inglis B.J.
Published: July 2002

Melt filtration systems are widely employed across polymer production industries. It is common for the filters used in such systems to be chemically cleaned and reinstalled for repeat process application. These “regenerable” filters can be characterised by their performance and reliability and their selection is a major issue, in terms of both plant economics and technical justification. This paper considers the factors surrounding the economics of filter cleaning together with a case study on recycling efficiency and filter failure modes.
Computer simulation helps improve design of mixers for photographic reagents
Authors: Meredith Denny
Published: July 2002

Polaroid has improved the design of reactor mixing tanks by using computer simulation to evaluate the shearing, orientation and the circulation of the fluid under alternate mixer designs. The turbulent mixers used in the past do not work well with the new high‐viscosity photographic reagents because large shear rates necessary for efficient structure breakdown exist only within those limited regions of the tank in close proximity to the blade/impellers. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was used to evaluate a variety of different mixing designs with an eye towards modifying existing tanks to overcome these problems. The result was the development of a retrofit design to the existing tank that provides far superior mixing of the new reagents.
Collection development in cyberspace: building an electronic library collection
Authors: Kovacs Diane K. , Elkordy Angela
Published: July 2002

Building a Web‐based e‐library may be the most important thing a library ever does. An important role for librarians in all types of libraries is the planning and/or building of Web‐based e‐libraries. Offers a practical discussion of developing and implementing a collection plan for building Web‐based e‐libraries. The starting point for developing any collection plan is an assessment of the function of and need for an information collection and the audience it will serve. Discusses some guidelines and practical strategies on where and how to find, identify, evaluate and select appropriate Web‐based information resources. Focuses on Web‐based information resources rather than other electronic information resources such as CD‐ROM or fee‐based databases that have been discussed extensively in recent literature.
Indonesian students’ perceptions of choice criteria in the selection of a tertiary institution: strategic implications
Authors: Joseph Mathew , Joseph Beatriz
Published: July 2002

Intense competition for full‐fee‐paying foreign students in higher education in many countries mandates the need for the identification of the criteria considered important by this customer group for the purpose of strategy development. Past research in this area has overlooked the needs of this important segment and has focused mainly on either administrators or the faculty’s perspective. A sample of potential students from Indonesia participated in this study and a number of choice criteria were identified. Also discusses strategic implications.
Supporting placement‐based learning using networked technologies
Authors: Hall Lynne , Harris John , Bakewell Cathy , Graham Paul
Published: July 2002

The growth in the use of networked technologies provides educators with mechanisms to add value to learning experiences where learners and educators are geographically distributed. Increasingly, placements are used within the more vocational disciplines to provide students with a reflective learning experience within the context of the work environment. Such remote learning can be supported through the use of networked technology, enabling a high degree of interactivity and helping learners to enhance their learning styles. A case study is presented that considers the design and implementation of such networked support, focusing on the learner’s evaluation of this experience. The results from this study identify that networked technologies, such as audio conferencing and Web‐based support, have a beneficial role in the learning experience, and that considerable advantages can be derived from their use for placement‐based learners.
The Development of a Flexible Modular MEd
Authors: Black D.R. , Ericson J.D. , Harvey T.J. , Hayden M.C. , Thompson J.J.
Published: July 2002

Attempts to trace the history and development of the Master of Education
Degree at the University of Bath. Highlights the comparatively small
differences which exist between the Bath MEd and those from other
institutions, namely: its greater flexibility in allowing students to
“pay as they earn” and take as long as they wish in building up their
portfolios of modules; the three modes of studying the modules, i.e.
taught, distance learning and school‐based tuition; the linking of
taught and school‐based modules; and the introduction of a Summer School
for outstation students. These features have enabled the University of
Bath to offer the course, on a part‐time basis, to teachers living
considerable distances away, particularly those living and working
overseas.
Constructive Feedback
Authors: Ovando Martha N.
Published: July 2002

Feedback has been recognized as a tool to enhance the teaching‐learning
process. Both teachers and students may benefit from relevant
information which highlights strengths and achievements as well as areas
for improvement. Constructive feedback should be systematic. Feedback
for teaching and learning should be relevant, immediate, factful,
helpful, confidential, respectful, tailored and encouraging if it is
going to be effectively used to achieve successful teaching and
learning. Furthermore, input from instructors themselves, students and
peers should be sought in order to provide constructive feedback.
The role of the Department for Education
Authors: Duncan Shaw Eileen
Published: July 2002

Prior to 1983, schools determined whether and how to use Records of
Achievement. In 1983, the Northern Examining Association (NEA)
introduced a Northern Record of Achievement (NRA) and involved Northern
Local Education Authorities, thus gaining access to schools. Also in
1983 the Department for Education (DFE) set up schemes to pilot a
national Record of Achievement. The NRA was not involved. The DFE
initiative was widely welcomed by teachers until 1990 when the DFE
announced that Record of Achievement should, after all, be determined by
the schools. Analyses these events, using data from schools, reports,
memoranda, etc. Makes the analysis in the context of the operation of
the system of education in England and Wales. Shows that the NEA became
involved largely through financial self‐interest. The LEAs failed to
provide a positive framework for schools developing Records of
Achievement. Concludes that in certain aspects of the work of schools
the DFE should exercise direct and detailed control, which would be
acceptable to the majority of teachers.
Some aspects of staff development in international schools
Authors: Black D.R. , Armstrong P.
Published: July 2002

A preliminary investigation and discussion of effective methods of
staff development as identified by a sample of teachers from
international schools. Discusses the nature and purpose of staff
development, and the views of teachers on the most effective methods of
staff development. Identifies the importance of staff development by
colleagues from within a school as one of the most effective methods,
and also the development of local school groups as a means of enhancing
development for both the individual and the institution. Develops a list
of questions that both teachers and administrators may wish to address
when evaluating the role and effectiveness of staff development within
their own schools.
Teachers as managers: an exploration into teaching styles
Authors: Analoui Farhad
Published: July 2002

Teachers at all levels are also managers, some trained others not,
yet they are expected to manage the most difficult and arguably the most
demanding of professions – teaching. The styles of managing
learning situations largely determine the effectiveness of teachers as
managers. Argues that the recently established teaching and learning
development units in universities should adopt a more realistic approach
towards promoting high teaching standards, since teaching constitutes
only one aspect of the teachers′, lecturers′ and trainers′ daily
activities as they go about managing learning situations and all that
they entail. Draws parallels from the nature of managerial work and
explores their implications for the effective management of learning
situations.
Administrators′ perceptions of outcome‐based education: a case
study
Authors: Chase Furman Gail
Published: July 2002

Explores through a qualitative case study school administrators′
perceptions of the impact of an outcome‐based educational (OBE) model,
five years after its adoption in a Washington State school district.
Data were collected through open‐ended interviews with building
principals and other administrators. Two major themes emerged from the
data: OBE produced changes in practice for both teachers and
administrators, and these changes in practice were linked to certain
outcomes. Teaming was the most valued change in practice for teachers
and administrators, and the OBE “vision” sustained through
teaming was the most valued outcome. Surprisingly absent from the data
was evidence of outcomes for students. Points out the irony of this
finding, given OBE′s emphasis on student outcomes.
The paradigm shift in university management
Authors: Gunn Bruce
Published: July 2002

Makes clear the distinction between second versus third‐wave
management in higher education. The former management school was
developed in the industrial age. The latter doctrine has evolved in the
information age where universal accountability will be achieved with
computer technology. Second‐wave management is associated with an
authority structure, referred to as a political system, bureacratic
methodology, hierarchical organizations and situations ethics.
Third‐wave management includes an authority structure, described as a
management system, systems methodology, human‐scale organizations and
moral absolutes. The elements of these will be combined in universities
to achieve high output through the pedagogical process.
Integrating information technology into university teaching: identifying the needs and providing the support
Authors: Johnston Sue , McCormack Coralie
Published: July 2002

Examines the integration of information technology (IT) into Higher Education teaching in the UK. Looks at the current status of IT in universities and states that IT is only valuable if it is used in educationally sound ways. Highlights the barriers to the integration of IT and ways in which it could be more effectively adopted. States that the majority of staff need support if they are to use IT to its full potential and suggests ways of bringing this about. Concludes that this has to be a long‐term goal and that it requires many resources.
Multi‐functions of school‐based teacher education
Authors: Cheong Cheng Yin , Walker Allan
Published: July 2002

Describes how the changing educational environment demands continuous school‐based teacher education (SBTE) for school development, teacher effectiveness and quality assurance. Suggests that SBTE should help teachers and the school to perform technical, human, political, cultural and educational functions at five levels. Asserts that the functions of SBTE can contribute to the strategic management process, facilitate whole‐school development and enhance school effectiveness. Argues that a thorough understanding of the multi‐functions of SBTE is necessary for effective design and implementation of the content and activities of teacher education in school. Provides a comprehensive framework for practitioners and researchers to understand the complex nature and potential contribution of SBTE in both local and international contexts.
Training school principals, educating school governors
Authors: Thody Angela
Published: July 2002

School leadership in England and Wales is legally shared between the full‐time principal and the part‐time volunteers, the school governors. Their professional development opportunities during the last ten years have taken opposite directions. Principals’ development has moved to a training focus, with a nationalised, standardised, competency‐based qualification for aspirant headteachers. Governors’ education remains a non‐standardised, decentralised system but has now become largely school‐based and centred on educational issues. In exploring why such differences have occurred, the reasons suggested concern differing role expectations, training developments in related occupations, centralisation and decentralisation, uncertainties about the objectives of educational leadership and the costs of professional development.
A principal’s interruptions: time lost or time gained?
Authors: Ross Thomas A. , Ayres John
Published: July 2002

The article notes that, sometimes explicitly but always implicitly, the “time management” literature condemns interruptions. The article reports on two studies of interruptions experienced by principals in primary and secondary schools in New South Wales, Australia. Data were gathered via structured, non‐participant observations of principals at work. Analysis reveals the frequency, length, source and type of interruptions sustained. Contrary to the literature, principals did not view interruptions as hindering their tasks as school leaders. Time spent on interruptions is regarded essentially as time invested rather than time lost.
Surface mount assembly of BGA and μBGA
Authors: Koch Volker‐Ekkehart
Published: July 2002

A ball grid array (BGA) is a surface‐mount device and is processed in a standard surface‐mount (SM) assembly line. However, there are some special features which make it different from other assemblies. The peculiarities of PCB layout, screen printing, placement, soldering, and inspection in BGA processing are presented. The failures of BGA assembly during ramp up and series production start‐up are analysed in detail. An assembly quality better than 1dpm was achieved. The scale of repair is determined by the electrical quality of the devices. If small packages with higher pincount and better electrical performance are required, the µBGA is a sound choice. Compared with other high pincount packages with a small formfactor as TAB, flip‐chip and chip on board, the µBGA may be processed in a standard SM assembly line. The results of µBGA‐assembly feasibility studies are discussed.
CSP compatibility in the SMT assembly process
Authors: Alex Chen L. , Sterian Irene , Smith Brian , Kirkpatrick Damien
Published: July 2002

To achieve integration of chip scale package (CSP) devices into main stream surface mount technology (SMT) assembly, various experiments have been required. In process development, experiences learned from flip chip attach and ball grid array (BGA) assembly were utilized. Key process parameters for CSP assembly were defined and some of those key factors were optimized. They will be presented in this paper. Some observations during prototype build have been documented for correlation with reliability results in the future. The requirements for further CSP assembly studies will also be addressed in this paper.
German managerial failure: the other side of the globalisation dilemma
Authors: Bloch Brian , Groth Klaus J.
Published: July 2002

Much has been written recently about Germany’s prevailing economic problems, but the emphasis has been placed on globalisation, the rigidities of the labour market and various other difficulties related to Standort Deutschland. However, there are numerous problems with respect to German management, which are unquestionably major contributory factors to Germany’s current difficulties, especially mass unemployment. This paper considers a variety of issues in this context including the rampant and socially destructive preoccupation with cost cutting and rationalisation, negative managerial behaviour, the system of corporate governance, lack of innovation and finally, corruption and fraud. Some means of achieving a turnaround are suggested. The paper is based primarily on German‐language references.