bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSVIII-B-10 Feeding Senior Labrador Retrievers Hydrolyzed Whey Protein Isolate to Prevent Sarcopenia
Authors: Varney Jessica L , Adams Heather A , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N
Published: September 2022

Conditions which affect humans are often closely followed by our companion animals, especially in aging populations. Canines often present with muscle wasting diseases such as sarcopenia and cachexia as a result of aging or chronic disease. In this 26wk study, our goal was to evaluate the effects of feeding 1.5x AAFCO CP from whey protein isolate and a pea isolate compared to feeding senior dogs a standard AAFCO CP diet (45g CP/1000 kcal DM) on body composition in exercised senior Labrador Retrievers. Thirty-six (36) Labrador Retrievers (18m/18f; 8-12yrs) were sorted into three equal groups and fed basal AAFCO diet plus hydrolyzed whey isolate, pea isolate, or added fat and sugar (control). All dogs ran 1.6km run twice weekly throughout the trial. Body composition was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at Weeks 0, 12, 20, and 26. All dogs were weighed weekly and feed intake measured daily. Body weights and feed intake were similar between groups. Whey group gained 1.69% fat and 0.6kg fat mass compared to control group gaining 7.97% fat and 3.05kg fat mass (p=0.045; p=0.005). From Wk0 to Wk26, whey group lost only 0.38kg lean/fat ratio compared to control group’s -1.75kg loss (p=0.021). From Wk12 to Wk26 and Wk18 to Wk26, whey group maintained a higher lean:fat ratio compared to pea and control group (p=0.101; p=0.049). Based on these results, senior Labrador Retrievers fed 1.5x AAFCO CP from basal plus hydrolyzed whey protein isolate during an exercise regimen maintained higher lean:fat ratio compared to seniors fed basal plus pea protein and seniors fed only basal. Senior dogs fed hydrolyzed whey protein isolate also had increased fat loss vs seniors consuming only the basal diet.
PSXIII-20 Study of Brachiaria Genotype Resistance to Pasture Leafhoppers Attack
Authors: Andrade Jordana , Mendonca Filipe , Gonçalves Mailza , Silva Ana Carolinne , Garcia Matheus , Ventorin Joao , Barbero Leandro
Published: September 2022

The genetic improvement of forage plants aims, in addition to increasing productivity, to develop hybrids that are more resistant to pest attacks. The objective of this work was to analyze the resistance to leafhoppers of hybrids of Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu with codes (152, 153, 154, 155 and 156). The experiment was conducted at the "Capim Branco experimental farm" of the Federal University of Uberlândia, in a completely randomized design (CRD), from April 2017 to March 2019. All evaluations were performed during the rainy seasons, every 28 days or weekly, depending on the incidence of attacks. Moreover, at the end of the dry season just after the first rain, the evaluations were evaluated again. The evaluation of nymphs was carried out by counting the number of foam masses using a quadrilateral of 50 cm as a sampling unit, with four random points being sampled per plot. For adults, an entomological net with a diameter of 40 cm was used, with four samples at random per plot, 10 of which were collected at each point. Analysis of Variance was performed in order to verify the significance of the treatments using the Snedecor test, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) mean comparison test (SAS®). According to the results of ANOVA and the SNK for an adult variable, the average of adults on hibrids 152 (2.00), 153 (1.05), 154 (1.05), 155 (1.25), 156 (1.25) and Marandu (0.86) were statistically equivalent. Hybrid 156 had the highest average (3.07), thereby being less efficient than the others. For the variable nymphs, the means were 152 (0.48), 153 (1.11), 154 (0.67), 155 (1.01), 156 (1.38) and Marandu (1.16), being statistically equivalent.
PSXIII-B-14 Investigation of the Blood Transcriptome of Young Healthy Pigs to Identify Genetic Indicators for Disease Resilience
Authors: Lim Kyu-Sang , Cheng Jian , Tuggle Christopher K , Dyck Michael , Canada PigGen , Fortin Frederic , Harding John , Plastow Graham , Dekkers Jack C
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic control of the blood transcriptome of young healthy pigs (~27 days of age) to identify genetic indicators for disease resilience. We estimated the heritability of the expression of 16,545 genes and their genetic correlations with 26 measures of performance and resilience before and after exposure to a natural polymicrobial disease challenge. Weaned barrows (n=3,205, Yorkshire*Landrace, 50 batches) from healthy multiplier farms were evaluated for disease resilience in an experimental facility consisting of a high-health quarantine nursery and a challenge nursery and finisher. All pigs were genotyped with a 650k array. Blood samples collected on 1,591 pigs in the quarantine nursery were used for 3’mRNA sequencing and analysis of white blood cell (WBC) counts. Heritability of gene expression was estimated using mixed linear models with (WI) or without (WO) accounting for WBC. The number of genes with significantly heritable expression levels (p< 0.05) was similar for the WI (4,994) and WO models (5,515). Genes with heritable expression levels were significantly enriched for biological processes such as cell activation, immune system process, stress response, and leukocyte activation (q< 1.0×10-7). One genomic region with heritable expression levels, based on average heritability estimates of genes in windows of 0.5Mb, overlapped with the major histocompatibility complex. Significant genetic correlations (p< 0.05) were observed with all recorded phenotypes but not beyond expected false discovery rates (FDR). However, enrichment analysis of genes ranked by estimates of genetic correlations with recorded phenotypes revealed 7 significant GO biological processes (FDR< 0.05), of which 5 were related to innate and/or adaptive immunity. These results suggest that expression levels in blood of young healthy pigs for genes in specific biological pathways have potential as indicator traits to select for disease resilience. Funding from USDA-NIFA #2017-67007-26144, Genome Canada, Genome Alberta, and PigGen Canada.
PSXIV-18 Fecal dry-Matter Output Determination from Irregular Marker Doses
Authors: Moffet Corey A , Gunter Stacey A
Published: September 2022

Automated head chamber systems (AHCS) configured to offer known quantities of feed to individual animals may potentially be used to dose animals with an indigestible marker. Fecal marker analysis commonly assumes steady-state fecal concentration represented by average measured concentration. Due to irregular voluntary use of an AHCS, it’s not likely steady-state fecal concentrations would be achieved. Our objective was to determine whether steady-state assumptions could be relaxed and fit measured concentrations to multi-dose digesta kinetics models to produce reliable fecal output estimates when dose times and amounts are known but irregular. We used individually penned, rumen fistulated Dexter steers (n = 4, initial BW = 322 ±15 kg) limit fed a diet of hay and protein supplement in two experiments. First, after a 7-d acclimation period, steers were given a dose of TiO2 through the rumen fistula. On d 14, the steers received another dose. Over a period of 120 h after each dose, 14 fecal samples were collected. In Exp. 2, 7-d after the steers had received their 2nd dose, steers received the first of 6 daily doses, then on d 7 no dose, and on days 8 to 12 daily doses resumed. Beginning on d 7, when dose was skipped, fecal sampling began and over a 120-hr period, 14 fecal samples were collected. During both experiments total fecal collections were also made. For Exp. 1, marker concentration data were fit to a G2 digesta kinetics models and for Exp. 2, concentration data were fit to a multi-dose G2 digesta kinetics model. The multi-dose approach models over time, the sum of each known pulse, assuming identical digesta kinetics for each dose. Measured fecal output in Exp. 2 averaged 2,525 g/d, but the estimates obtained from fitting measured concentrations to multi-dose digesta kinetics models was significantly less (P = 0.005, 2,265 g/d).
PSXIII-12 Characterization of Physiochemical and Nutrient Profiles of Feedstock and co-Products from Canola bio-oil Processing in Ruminants: Impacted by Source Origin
Authors: Oliveira A , Yu P
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to characterize physiochemical and nutrient profiles of feedstock and co-products from canola processing that were impacted by source origin to compare feedstocks and co-products (mash and pellet) from five different bio-oil processing plants with five batches of samples in each processing plant in Canada (CA) and in China (CH) collected by the Canola Council of Canada (CCC). The detailed physicochemical and nutrients parameters for ruminants were determined in chemical composition, TDN and truly digestible nutrients, energy profile (ME, NE), and protein and carbohydrate subfractions and their degradation and digestion in dairy cows. The data were analyzed using the Mixed model procedure in SAS 9.4 with RCBD. The treatment differences were compared using Tukey method. The results showed CP was greater in CH meals (P=0.003). The EE was not different between CA and CH (P >0.05). TDN1x was similar in canola meals regardless of the country (P >0.05). CH meals and feedstock had greater tdCP and tdNDF than CA (P< 0.05), while CA had greater tdNFC (P< 0.05). The energy values of ME3x, NELp3x, NEm3x, and NEg3x were similar in canola meals from both countries (P >0.05). No differences were observed in the energy profile of feedstock between CA and CH (P >0.05). The results also showed that pelleting affected the protein fractionation of CA canola meals (P< 0.05). Canola meals were different between CA and CH in the soluble (PA2) and slowly degradable fractions (PB2) (P< 0.05). The carbohydrate fractions of soluble fiber (CB2), digestible fiber (CB3), and indigestible fiber (CC) were different among CH meals (P< 0.05). CH presented greater water-soluble carbohydrate (CA4, P=0.04) and less CB2 (P=0.01) and CC (P< 0.001) than CA canola meals. Although the seeds were similar within and between counties, the oil-extraction process and pelleting seemed to have generated some different aspects on the meals in both countries.
PSXIII-10 Association of Fatty Acids, Prebiotics and Zinc Proteinate to Support Weaned Piglet Growth in Antibiotic Growth Promoter Free Diets
Authors: Martins Juliana S , Murakami Alice E , Araujo Gabriel A , Santos Vitoria T , Pozza Magali S , Cancian Felipe A , Pozza Paulo C
Published: September 2022

To evaluate the association of fatty acids, prebiotics and zinc proteinate (Viligen NE) in weaned piglet diets without AGP, 80 piglets averaging 6.69±0.19 kg (21-days old) were distributed in randomized blocks design. Eight replicates of one male and one female were used for each of five treatments: positive control (an antibiotic growth promoter; 0.02% Halquinol 60%), negative control (no additive) and 3 levels of Viligen NE (0.10, 0.14 and 0.18%). Daily feed intake (DFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion (FC) were determined from 21 to 35 and 36 to 49 days of age. At the end of the experiment, jejunum content was collected to evaluate Lactobacillus sp and Enterobacteria sp counts, and cecum content for Bifidobacterium sp and Clostridium perfringens counts. The negative control had the worst ADG (P=0.0004) and FC (P=0.0357) from 21 to 35 days and ADG (P=0.0196) from 21 to 49 days. All levels of Viligen NE showed the same performance as 0.02% Halquinol, for both portions of the feeding period. The optimal Viligen NE levels for ADG, estimated by quadratic and broken line models, were 0.137 and 0.100%, respectively. Significant linear relationships were found between Viligen NE and FC (negative from 21 to 35 days) and ADG (positive from 21 to 46 days). Jejunal Lactobacillus count was least for Halquinol (P=0.0001). Cecal Bifidobacterium count was greater (P=0.0063) for the negative control and 0.18% Viligen NE, while Clostridium count was less (P=0.0008) for 0.10 and 0.18% Viligen NE. Quadratic and broken line models estimated less jejunal Enterobacteria sp count with 0.110 and 0.070% of Viligen NE, respectively, less cecal Clostridium count was estimated at 0,096 and 0,079% of Viligen NE, respectively. Under the conditions of this experiment, Viligen NE in weaned piglet diets at 0.10% or greater supported growth without detrimental effects on intestinal microbiota populations.
PSXV-19 Effects of L-Glutamine and L-Glutamate on Nursery Pigs fed Diets with low Digestible Lysine Content
Authors: Dorea Erika S , Júnior Valdir Ribeiro , Correia Amanda M , Rocha Gabriel C
Published: September 2022

This study investigated the effects of L-glutamine and L-glutamate (Gln/Glu) on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs fed low digestible lysine diets. Piglets (n = 150; 21-day-old; 5.6 ± 0.55 kg initial BW) were distributed in a randomized block design, with three treatments and ten replicates. Experimental diets were fed from 21 to 33 and 33 to 47 d of age. The treatments consisted of control, standard lysine level; low-lys, 90% of the lysine level of the control diets; low-lys + Gln/Glu, low-lys diets supplemented with 1.2% and 0.8% of Gln/Glu (AminoGut, Ajinomoto) per phase. Alanine, inert and starch were used to make treatments isoproteic and isocaloric. Data were analyzed with SAS 9.4 PROC GLM. From 21 to 33 d, pigs fed control or low-lys + Gln/Glu diets had improved ADG, G:F, and 33-d BW compared with those fed low-lys diets (P < 0.05). From 21 to 47 d, pigs fed control or low-lys + Gln/Glu diets had improved ADG and 47-d BW compared with those fed low-lys diets (P < 0.05). The supplementation of Gln/Glu in the diets improved G:F compared with those fed low-lys (P < 0.05). Pigs fed low-lys + Gln/Glu had greater duodenum villus height compared with those fed low-lys (P < 0.05), and pigs fed the control diet had intermediate results. Pigs fed control diets had increased presence of goblet cells in duodenum compared with those fed low-lys (P < 0.05), and pigs fed the low-lys + Gln/Glu diet had intermediate results. Pigs fed low-lys + Gln/Glu diets had increased presence of goblet cells in jejunum compared with the other treatments (P < 0.05). The diets did not influence Peyer's patches count (P > 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of Gln/Glu on low lysine diets improved nursery pigs growth performance and intestinal heath.
PSVI-3 Reproductive Performance of Gilts Enrolled in the Batch Farrowing Ovugel Program Compared with Normal Breeding on Estrus Expression
Authors: Johnston Mike E , Anderson Christopher L , Swanson Mark E , Webel Stephen K
Published: September 2022

The objective was to compare the fertility (pregnancy and farrowing rates, total number of piglets born) of gilts enrolled in the Batch Farrowing OvuGel Breeding Program to control gilts receiving multiple inseminations upon expression of estrus. Four breeding groups of DNA F1 gilts were blocked by heat-no-service date, body weight and age. Altrenogest was fed (15 mg/gilt/day) to gilts for 14 days. Gilts not expressing estrus prior to altrenogest (n = 16) were divided equally between treatments. The last altrenogest feeding (LAF) was designated day 0. Treatment groups were: Control (n = 182) and Batch Farrowing OvuGel Breeding Program (OG, n = 182). Control gilts were inseminated upon detection of estrus and received additional inseminations at 24-hour intervals for the duration of estrus. Treatment OG gilts that first expressed strong signs of pre-estrus and/or standing estrus on day 6 post-LAF (n = 143) were administered OvuGel and received a single insemination 20 hours post-OvuGel regardless of estrus status. Treatment OG gilts that expressed standing estrus prior to day 6 (n = 10) and for the first time on days 7–8 (n = 22) post-LAF did not receive OvuGel, but were inseminated upon detection of estrus and received additional inseminations at 24-hour intervals for the duration of estrus. Treatment OG gilts that had not expressed estrus by day 8 (n = 7) were administered OvuGel and inseminated once 20 hours later. There were no differences in pregnancy rate (P > 0.89, 94.0% for both OG and control), farrowing rate (P > 0.34), or total number of piglets born per litter (P > 0.83, OG = 16.3, control = 16.2) between OG and control gilts. These data indicate gilts placed on the Batch Farrowing OvuGel Breeding Program had similar fertility as gilts that received multiple inseminations upon the detection of estrus.
PSVI-1 Effects of Rumen-Protected Methionine on Reproduction and Body Temperature of Nelore Cows in hot and Humid Environments
Authors: de Izquierdo Vinicius Souza , Lopes Fernanda , Da Menezes Bernardo Silva , Malaguez Edgard Gonçalves , Corrêa Marcio Nunes , Moriel Philipe , Brauner Cassio Cassal , Schmitt Eduardo
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on the body temperature and conception rate of Nelore cows exposed to high temperature and humidity index (THI) values. This study was realized on a commercial beef farm located in the north of Brazil (5º 31’ 39” S, 48º 49’ 18” W). At d-31, 31 days before the FTAI protocol, a total of 563 lactating multiparous Nelore cows were divided into two treatments, with three blocks each, the control group (CG) and methionine group (MG). Both groups were kept on tropical pastures and received a mineral supplement. The MG Group was supplemented with 3g RPM/100g during 77 days, and the expected mineral supplement intake of both groups was 100g/cow/day. Between d0 and d9 of the FTAI protocol, a subset of groups of cows (n=142) remained with a data logger attached to the progesterone device, to monitor intravaginal temperature (IT) every 30 min. During the period that the cows remained with the dataloggers the minimum, average, and maximum THI were 72.76, 78.02, and 83.28, respectively. Pregnancy diagnosis was realized 35 days after the artificial insemination and the conception rate was calculated as the number of pregnant cows/inseminated cows. Data were analyzed using the JMP GLIMMIX procedure. RPM supplementation did not affect the conception rate (CG = 64.36% vs. MG = 58.19%, P >0.05). Intravaginal temperature from day 1 to day 8, between 0630 and 2030 h and between 2200 and 0100 h were lower (P≤0.05) for MG in comparison with CG. The average and the maximum IT were, respectively, 38.94ºC, 40.88ºC for MG and 39.02ºC, and 41.38ºC for CG. In conclusion, the supplementation of rumen-protected methionine reduced the internal body temperature in Nelore cows submitted to high THI environments, during the hottest hours of the day, but does not affect the conception rate.
PSXIV-5 Evaluation of Heat Resistance in Beef and Dairy Calves Using Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Hair Follicles Based on Heat Shock Protein 70 Genetic Polymorphisms
Authors: Kim WonSeob , Peng DongQiao , Jo YongHo , Jo JangHoon , Nejad Jalil G , Lee JaeSung , Kim Jongkyoo , Lee HongGu
Published: September 2022

Heat resistance depends on the breed of cattle and is important for genetic improvement under heat stress (HS). Study objectives were to investigate the heat resistance using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and hair follicles in beef and dairy calves based on heat shock protein (HSP) 70 genetic polymorphisms. The hair follicles samples from sixty calves (6-month-old, 30 Hanwoo calves, and 30 Holstein calves) were collected for DNA extraction. The HSP70 genotype was analyzed based on polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) before the experiment. In study 1, PBMCs were isolated from 20 calves (10 Hanwoo calves; H-CC, H-C/-type, and 10 Holstein calves; D-CC, D-C/-type) and exposed to heat (37°C; Con and 42°C; HS) for 3 h. Cells were harvested and used for mRNA gene expression via RT-qPCR. Cell proliferation was measured using an ELISA kit. In study 2, hair follicles were collected from 20 calves (six times every 30 days; low-HS, medium-HS, and high-HS) and HSP70 gene expression was measured. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Heat exposure decreased the cell proliferation rate (P < 0.05) in the D-CC and D-C/- groups compared with the H-C/C and H-C/- groups. The mRNA gene expression of HSP70 was greater (P < 0.05) in D-C/- group than in the H-CC and H-C/- groups after heat exposure. Gene expression of HSP70 of hair follicles was increased by high-HS level than those at the low-HS level. In addition, overexpression of HSP70 was noted (P < 0.05) in D-CC and D-C/- groups compared with the H-CC and H-C/- groups. Our results indicate that breeds and HSP70 genetic polymorphisms exhibit a distinctive pattern of immune cell proliferation and HSP70 profiles. The HSP70 gene expression in hair follicles can represent heat resistance in different breeds, and therefore, it can be used as a novel HS barometer.
PSXIV-12 Genetic Selection Using Ecofeed Index Reduces Carbon Footprint in Lactating Dairy Cows
Authors: Kebreab Ermias , Naranjo Anna , Johnson Jocelyn R , Deeb Joseph
Published: September 2022

Improvement in feed efficiency affects the carbon footprint of a dairy production system. The objective of this study was to determine the overall effect of using the EcoFeed index by STgenetics to reduce enteric methane, crop production and manure related emissions. Genomic estimated breeding values for residual feed intake (RFI) in lactating dairy cows were calculated using genetic parameters estimated for DMI, energy-corrected milk (ECM), body weight, and body weight change. A dataset containing phenotypic and genomic information on 639 lactating dairy cattle was used for the analysis. The dairy cattle were divided into low, medium and high EcoFeed classes. Genomic RFI class was determined based on animals being +/- ½ SD from genomic RFI. A life cycle assessment according to international standards (ISO 14040/44) and Livestock Environmental Assessment and Performance Partnership guidelines was conducted to calculate the carbon footprint of the three EcoFeed classes. Production of a kilogram of ECM emitted 0.94, 1.00 and 1.04 kg CO2 equivalent (CO2e) from high, medium and low EcoFeed classes, respectively during a 305-day lactation cycle. In all cases, manure management and enteric methane emissions contributed the most to the carbon footprint. The greater contributions from manure was due to assumption of manure being managed in a lagoon system that carries relatively greater emission factor compared with solid storage. Crop production contributed to 0.11, 0.12 and 0.13 CO2e from high, medium and low EcoFeed classes, respectively. This is due to reduced amount of feed required in high and medium EcoFeed classes compared with the lower class because of efficiency gains. If high EcoFeed class dairy cattle were to be used in the US, there will be an estimated annual potential reduction of 10 billion CO2e. Therefore, genomic selection is a powerful tool to reduce carbon footprint in dairy cattle.
PSI-20 Effect of Different Forage Allowances During the Middle and Final Thirds of Pregnancy in Nellore Dams Pregnant with Female Calves on Offspring Performance and Milk Yield
Authors: Sousa Luciana M , Oliveira Ivanna M , Souza William L , Oliveira Karla A , Cidrini Iorrano A , Ferreira Igor M , Prados Laura F , Resende Flávio D , Siqueira Gustavo R
Published: September 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of maternal nutrition, during the middle and final thirds of pregnancy of Nellore dams pregnant with female calves, on the milk yield of the dams and on the performance of the offspring from calving to weaning. The experiment lasted 390 days, divided into two phases: gestational phase (150 days - from June to November 2019) and nursing phase (240 days - from November/2019 to July/2020). Forty-two multiparous Nellore dams pregnant with female calves were used [initial BW of 425 ± 36 kg and body condition score (BCS) of 3.67 ± 0.23] in a randomized block design (blocked by BW), with the experimental unit being the paddock and six replicates per treatment. The treatments consisted in two forage allowances (FA) during pregnancy: low forage allowance (LFA; 2.80 kg DM/kg BW) and high forage allowance (HFA; 7.60 kg DM/kg BW). The dams were kept in an area composed of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu and received a protein supplement (1 g/kg BW/day). In the suckling phase, all animals remained under the same conditions of pasture and supplementation (ad libitum mineral salt) until weaning. Data were analyzed using SAS PROC MIXED. Corrected milk yield (4% fat) and total milk fat and solids content were affected by the FA (P< 0.04), with the least values observed in the milk of animals subjected to LFA. female calves from dams subjected to LFA during pregnancy were 11 kg lighter (P=0.02) and showed adecreased average weight gain (-0.08 kg/day) at 120 days from calving (P=0.03), and also showed less rib-eye area (-3.10 cm²) at weaning (P =0.03). Dams subjected to LFA during pregnancy possibly went through nutritional restriction, which caused changes in milk yield and milk composition during nursing phase, implicating lower performance of the offspring until weaning.
PSII-B-19 Adaptation Periods Protocol for Nellore Cattle in Intensive Pasture Finishing
Authors: Gouvêa Daniel I C G , Niehues Maria B , Perdigão Alexandre , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Acedo Tiago S S , Vasconcellos Guilherme S F M , Polycarpo Gustavo V , Martins Cyntia L L , Arrigoni Mário B D B
Published: September 2022

Our objective was to evaluate the performance of Nellore cattle in intensive pasture finishing (TIP), fed for 96 days and submitted to different adaptation periods, aiming to reach 2% of BW of DMI concentrate (DMIc)/BW at the end of the adaptation period. A total of 240 Nellore bulls (iBW 359kg±5.02 kg; 20 mo) were distributed in randomized blocks, allocated in paddocks of 2.4 ha (Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés; 10 animals/paddock), with two treatments with 12 replications (paddock as experimental unit). The treatments were: 1) 9 days on adaptation (ADAP9), 2% DMIc/BW on the 10th day; 2) 14 days on adaptation (ADAP14), 2% DMIc/BW on the 15th day. The animals were weighed fasting (± 16h) at the beginning, on day 28, and at the end of the experimental period, the DMIc was measured daily by the difference between offered and leftovers. Data were analyzed using the SAS ANOVA procedure at P< 0.05. Evaluating the period between the beginning and the 27th day, ADAP9 showed greater DMIc (6.9 vs. 6.5kg/d; P=0.009), greater DMIc/BW (1.8 vs. 1.7% BW; P =0.0043) and greater fluctuation in DMIc (9.4 vs. 5.9% DMIc/d; P< 0.001) compared with ADAP14. In the total fattening period, there was no difference between treatments (P >0.05), for DMIc (8.7 vs. 8.5 kg DM/d), DMIc/BW (2 vs. 2% BW), fluctuation in DMIc (4.91 vs. 4.31% DMIr/d), days to reach target (17 vs 20 d), ADG (1.3 vs. 1.3 kg/d), ADG/DMIc (0.127 vs. 0.128), fBW (483 vs. 484kg) and HCW (285 vs. 285kg). The use of an adaptation period of less than 14 days did not improve performance, and therefore would not be recommended.
PSVII-15 Evaluation of the Effects of Hormonal Implants on Efficiency, and Water Footprint of Feedlot Steers
Authors: Brody Tio , Franco Arturo Macias , da Silva Aghata Elins Moreira , Fonseca Mozart
Published: September 2022

As freshwater sources continue to deplete, federal policy will likely marginalize water distribution towards agricultural communities more harshly. This ever-limiting resource highlights the significance of proactively improving quantification and water utilization of livestock operations. The goals herein investigated the effects of long-term implants on animal performance and water footprint. Eighteen crossbred F1 Angus x Hereford steers were randomly assigned to implanted (IMP; n = 9) or non-implanted (NIMP; n = 9) groups in two pens equipped with individual feeding gates and four RFID-automated water intake and body weight scales for a period of 135d. Steers were fed the same finishing diet across groups (400 g/kg alfalfa hay, 402 g/kg ground corn, 161 g/kg ground barley, 23.4 g/kg soybean meal, 10.8 g/kg mineral mix, and 2.7 g/kg limestone). Water footprint was classified as green, blue and grey (rainwater, surface/groundwater, and waste/contaminated water, respectively). Statistical analyses were performed on R Statistical Software following a linear mixed model methodology with the implanting treatment as a fixed effect and animal as a random effect to the intercept. Overall, expected increases in feed efficiency and performance were observed on this experiment where implanted animals had greater carcass weights (p < 0.0001), average daily gains (p < 0.0001), and body weights (BW; p = 0.001) all while consuming less feed by unit of BW ( p < 0.0001). With regards to water, the implanted animals consumed less water per kilogram of body weight gain (p < 0.0001). No differences were observed for water footprint evaluations in this experiment (p > 0.5). These results highlight that genetic and metabolic mechanisms regulating feed efficiency on implanted animals may also regulate water efficiency directly or indirectly, and therefore, further warrants the investigation of these pathways in future research.
PSVIII-18 Nutrient Digestibility of Feedlot Beef Yearling Steers Offered Finishing Diets with Direct fed Microbial Mixtures
Authors: Lopez Alejandra M , Sarturi Jhones O , Henry Darren H , Ciriaco Francine M , Johnson Bradley J , Scaranto Silva Kaliu G , Nardi Kaue Tonelli , Rush Camron J , Rodrigues Barbara , Peters Sarah , Manna Mikala Di
Published: September 2022

The effects of dietary inclusion of live bacteria on feedlot beef cattle apparent total tract nutrient digestibility were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus yearling steers (n = 192; initial BW = 409 kg ± 8 kg) were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned into 48 pens (4 steers/pen; 16 pens/treatment) following a randomized complete block design. A steam-flaked corn-based fishing diet was offered ad libitum once daily containing the following treatments: 1) Control, in which no direct fed microbial (DFM) was offered (lactose as carrier only); 2 and 3) Probiotic mixtures at distinct concentrations [Mixture A and B, at 2g/animal-daily (lactose used as carrier)]. Orts DM were quantified (if any) daily and subtracted from total dietary DM offered to calculate DM intake. Fecal samples were collected twice daily (0700 and 1700 h) for 5 consecutive days (d 68 to 72) from at least 3 steers per pen, while feed samples were collected daily. Samples were composited within period, dehydrated (55°C), and ground (1mm) for further analyses. Total fecal output was estimated with a dietary internal marker (288-h indigestible NDF) and used to calculate nutrient digestibility. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS and pen was considered the experimental unit. Intakes of DM, OM, NDF, and ADF during the digestibility assessment were not affected (P ≥ 0.13) by treatments. Steers offered DFM mixture-A tended to increase digestibility of DM (P = 0.07; 79.3 vs. 77.1%), NDF (P = 0.10; 56.9 vs. 51.6%), and hemicellulose (P = 0.08; 59.4 vs. 53.9%) compared with control, while digestibility of ADF was not affected (P = 0.24) by treatment. The DFM mixture-A seemed to positively affect apparent digestibility of nutrients in steers consuming a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet, in which improvements in the fiber fraction digestion seemed to be a meaningful contributor.
PSVIII-15 Is There any Relationship between Metabolize Energy and Fecal Starch in Nellore Cattle Under High Grain Finishing Diets?
Authors: Mendonca Filipe , Carlis Matheus , Garcia Matheus , Afonso Rafael , Leone Joao , Goulart Rodrigo , Lanna Dante
Published: September 2022

There are some evidence in the theoretical library related the potential of starch digestibility in the whole tract with EM intake. However, there is a lack of data, mainly in Nellore cattle that is the most common beef breed raised in Brazil regarding this subject. The goal of this study was to evaluate if there was any relationship between ME and FS. The data used to carry out this analysis came from a trial with different diets. The ME data were generated from the NRC (1984) that ME=0.82 DE. Therefore, through intake data were calculated the ME. FS data were provided from the same trial. FS analyses have been made using NIRS equations to Nellore Cattle developed by (Caetano et al., 2009; Caetano et al., 2019). To perform Statistics Analyses, was used a GLM mode by SAS® as well as ANOVA test to obtain the best slope. Related the EM intake data there were N= 93 read and FS data there were = 97. The outcome provided by Statistics Analyses were not significant among linear up to cubic regressions. The best fitted model was a cubic regression although the R2 were not significant, P< 0.01 R2=0.04. The model was EMI=1.8 x FS-0.069xFS2+0.00076x+FS3+15.42. Therefore, by those data there were not any relationship between ME intake and FS. However, more data should be used to enhance this prediction, due to some authors such as (Harmon, 2004; McLeod et al., 2008) tried to figure out the effects of energy intake on starch digestibility in different sites. it appears that energy is much more related to fat synthesis enzymes (McLeod et al., 2008; Baldwin et al., 2006; Girard et al., 1997), not interfering in starch digestibility that might be much more related to grain processing methods than EM intake, (Owens and Zinn., 2011).
PSVI-13 Nutritional Supplementation with Leftover Food of Dairy Cows Upon Reproductive Response of Goats
Authors: de Santiago Ma Angeles , Machado Maria G , Carrillo-Moreno Dalia Ivette , Arellano-Rodríguez Fernando , Guillen Juan M , Contrearas Viridiana , Véliz-Deras Francisco Gerardo
Published: September 2022

To evaluate the effect of nutritional supplementation with leftover food of dairy cows upon the reproductive response of multiracial female goats fed in open range in northern Mexico (26°N, 104°W), 38 multiparous goats in extensive grazing conditions were randomly assigned to two groups with similar weight (BW; Kg) and body condition score (BCS; scale 1-5). The control group (CG; n=19; BCS 1.7± 0.03; BW 60.42 ± 1.5 Kg, fed only in native vegetation) and supplemented group (SG; n=19; BCS; 1.7± 0.07; BW 60.21± 0.97 Kg) were fed native vegetation plus a nutritional supplementation with a ration fully mixed of leftover dairy feed, which consisted of 96.67 g of corn silage, 54.08 g of alfalfa ground hay, 49.38 of soybean paste, 37.80 g of cottonseed, 124.27 g of rolled corn and 37.80 g of commercial mixture with vitamins and minerals (totaling 400g; 14.5 PC,80% DM). The diet was offered individually daily (before grazing) from day -5 to +15 of the study. All females were subject to the male effect (Day 0; 2/group) for 10 days. By transrectal ultrasonography (Aloka SSD-500; 7.5MHz) were determined: the proportions of females having ovulations (OF: day 8) and pregnant females (PF, day 45). All data were compared using a Chi-square test (IBM SPSS 25). Differences were observed (P< 0.05) for OF (SG:15/19;78.9% vs CG: 9/19; 47.3%), but not for PF (SG:10/19; 52.6% vs CG: 6/19; 31.5%). We conclude that the proportion of ovulating females was greater n SG than in CG, nevertheless, the PF was not different, possibly because the time in which the nutritional supplementation was offered did not influence the period of embryonic implantation, it would be interesting to do an experiment extending the period of nutritional supplement with leftover food.
PSVI-10 Preliminary Evaluation of Small Ruminant Production Systems in Mississippi and the Southern US
Authors: Dearborn Lindsey , de Alvarez Leyla Rios , Lemus Rocky , Downey Laura , Rico-Mendez Gina , Maples Joshua , Pesato Michael , Graves Jessica
Published: September 2022

An online survey was used to collect farmer-level data about farm characteristics, number of animals and species, and farmer socio-demographic information, to evaluate small ruminant production systems in Mississippi (MS) and the Southern USA. Survey data was collected from July 2021 to March 2022 (IRB-21-202), with 243 participants, using the support of MS Sheep and Goat Associations, and MS State University social media. Responses include farmers located in MS (66.3%), TN (9.8%), AL (6.3%), NC (3.4%), KY (2.9%), FL (2%), GA (2%), LA (2%), OK (2%), TX (2%), AR (1%), and VA (0.5%). Respondents were 53.1% females and 46% males with an average age of 45 and 48.9 years, respectively. Ethnic distribution was 96.5% non-Hispanics and 2.5% Hispanics. Race distribution was 90.2% White, 2.9% African American, 2.9% American Indian/Alaska Native, and 0.5% Asian. Educational level was 25.9% Bachelor, 24.4% Associate, 21.5% High School, and 20.5% Postgraduate. Farming experience was 30.7% (0 to 5 yr), 23.4% (6 to 10 yr), 20.5% (11 to 20 yr), 10.2% (21 to30 yr), 9.3% (31 to 40 yr), and 5.9% (> 40 yr). Livestock present among farms was 70% goats, 29.6% beef, 24.7% sheep, 23.4% horses, and 4.1% dairy cattle. They indicated that 44.6% had 26 to 100 animals, 27.2% had 11 to 25, 16.8% had <10 sheep/goats, 5.4% 101-150, 3.5% 151-20, and 2.5% >250. Farm size in the 39% ranged from 21 to 100 ac, 24.9% < 10 ac, 18% from 11 to 20 ac, and 18% >100 ac. These results differ from USDA (2021) by suggesting that sheep and goat producers in the Southern US are predominantly middle-aged individuals, with medium to large size farms, and low number of years of experience in farming. These findings will be used to develop future outreach and educational programs that could help producers increase production efficiency.
PSVI-8 Effect of Social Hierarchy Upon Reproductive Traits of Dorper Rams from Northern Mexico
Authors: Contreras-Villarreal Viridiana , González-Tavizón Andrea , Meza-Herrera Cesar Alberto , Arellano-Rodríguez Fernando , Carrillo-Moreno Dalia Ivette , Calderón-Leyva Guadalupe , Ángel-García Oscar , Véliz-Deras Francisco Gerardo
Published: September 2022

Social hierarchies among animal species are established on the dominance-aggressiveness level of the animal aligned with the subordination of their mates. This study aimed to evaluate the association among social rank hierarchy, scrotal circumference (SC), semen quality (SQ), and sexual drive (SD). Adult Dorper rams (n=24) with similar live weight (LW), body condition score (BCS), and age (AG) were subjected to a behavioral test to define the success index (SI) based on male-to-male interactions, determining three social ranks: low hierarchy rams (LHR; SI = 0-0.33; n=9), medium hierarchy rams (MHR; SI=0.34-0.66; n=10) and high hierarchy rams (HHR; SI= 0.67-1; n=5). Afterward, the SC, SQ, and SD were evaluated. The GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) was used to analyze LW, AG, BCS, SC and SQ variables such as ejaculate volume, and sperm concentration. Microscopic characteristics of sperm cells were subjected to an ANOVA using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The GENMOD procedure was used to assess the effect of social rank (three levels) on the SD variables. Differences were considered as significant at P < 0.05. SC was greatest (P< 0.05) for HHR rams (40.0±3.5) and least for rams with medium social rank (MHR; 29.3±1.20). SQ was greatest (P< 0.05) for HHR rams (3,848±187) and least for LHR (2,660±463). The rejection percentage to mount an estrous ewe or SD was 77.7 for LHR and 20% for HHR and MHR rams (P < 0.05). To conclude, the HHR rams presented the highest successful copulation, the greatest scrotal circumference, and the greatest sperm cell concentration compared with rams with lesser social rank scores.
Confronting whiteness through virtual humans: a review of 20 years of research in prejudice and racial bias using virtual environments
Authors: Hatfield Haley R , Ahn Sun Joo (Grace) , Klein Matthew , Nowak Kristine L
Published: September 2022

Virtual environments (VEs) provide novel ways for users to experience computer generated people and places, which can be used by researchers to examine and reduce racial bias. However, unless researchers consider the systemtic structures of racial inequities when designing their simulations, they may unintentionally create experiences that could prime or entrench racist beliefs or attitudes. A critical Whiteness framework guides this systematic review of 20 years of prejudice and bias reduction research in VEs. Of the 68 articles, findings indicated that virtual experiences are a promising tool in anti-bias interventions. Future research must expand to more longitudinal, behaviorally focused studies while prioritizing predictive theoretical models and meaningfully reflecting on inclusive practices within the broader bias reduction space. We discuss best practices for future research in anti-bias and anti-prejudice in VEs.
Ethics as a Moral Duty: Proposing an Integrated Ethics Framework for Migration Research
Authors: Opfermann Lena S
Published: September 2022

This article interrogates the assumptions and moral values underlying social research ethics frameworks and practices applicable to migration studies. Based on a review of forced migration literature and on empirical observations I identify three tiers of research ethics that generally guide ethical conduct in this field: procedural, relational and reciprocal ethics. I suggest that these tiers are traditionally conceptualized as a hierarchy in which certain ethical demands are considered morally superior to others. Looking at each of the three tiers the article shows that procedural and relational ethics demands are often based on unclear moral values and problematic notions of migrants’ vulnerability. To address this shortcoming, I draw on deontological ethics and on Levinas’s notion of unconditional responsibility to argue that our duty as researchers is based on our particular relationship with our research subjects rather than on their status as migrants. Moving away from a hierarchical understanding of research ethics I then propose an integrated ethics framework that allows researchers to conceptualize and address the various ethical demands in an interconnected and holistic way. This framework presents an original contribution to research ethics discourses and practice in migration studies and other fields of social inquiry with a political and moral ambition such as human rights, social work and childhood studies.
A pioneer Australian case of Savi-Scout™ assisted resection for breast cancer recurrence
Authors: Mansour Kristy Patricia , Thornton Chantel
Published: September 2022

This case describes a 48-year-old female who the first patient in Australia treated surgically with Savi-Scout™ assisted breast cancer localization, utilizing electromagnetic wave signalling for accurate depth guidance. After initial breast cancer diagnosis at age 44 treated with bilateral mastectomies and DIEP flap reconstructions, clinical surveillance found recurrent right chest wall disease. US and MRI identified a 4–6 mm interpectoral lesion; poorly differentiated metastatic micropapillary carcinoma on core biopsy. Savi-Scout™ was selected to assist localization and removal of the lesion due it’s technically challenging location. Informed consent was gained and one month pre-operatively a 12× 1.6 mm electromagnetic wave Savi-Scout™ reflector was inserted via US-guidance. A Savi-Scout™ probe guided marking, incision and dissection of subcutaneous tissues and pectoralis muscles, through localization to the reflector. The lesion and reflection were excised and confirmed on specimen radiograph, with clear histopathology margins. This technology has potential applications for challenging breast cancer cases.
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis presentation in the form of a chest wall abscess with no pulmonary involvement in the UK: a case report
Authors: Saxena Shreya , Hariharan Deepak
Published: September 2022

The presentation of an extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculous (TB) infection to a tertiary care facility in the UK is a rare event given its low prevalence. This case report focuses on an atypical presentation of an extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) infection in the form of a chest wall abscess. This was recognized and managed appropriately. This case however elucidates vital learning as migration from around the globe would contribute to an increasing number of TB/EPTB infections. The wide array and indolent nature of their presentation creates diagnostic and treatment challenges. Appreciation for the epidemiology, risk factors, effective and prompt treatment with follow up protocols would help develop pathways for better care. Within the UK, despite it being a low-risk country for TB, there is need for increased awareness, education with established management pathways and governance for TB and EPTB infections.
Gastric adenocarcinoma in the excluded stomach 18 years after bariatric surgery: a case report
Authors: Piltcher-da-Silva Rodrigo , Sasaki Vivian Laís , Bettini Luiz Francisco Cravo , Jasinski Gabriel , Bodanese Beatriz Carolina Schuta , Rhoden Guilherme Vieceli , dos Passos Tiago Zibetti , Gomes Guilherme Francisco , Santos Quézia Tizo , Aguilera Yan Sacha Hass , Paulin João Augusto Nocera , Coelho Júlio Cezar Uili
Published: September 2022

Gastric cancer (GC) ranks fourth in overall cancer mortality. Bariatric surgical procedures, especially the gastric bypass surgery (GBS), raise a concern about the risk of GC in the excluded stomach (ES). Diagnosis of GC in the ES is challenging due to anatomical changes and impossibility of endoscopic access to the ES. There are few reports of GC after GBS, and it occurs more in the gastric stump than in the ES. We report a case of a 54-year-old female with GC in the ES 18 years after GBS. The increasing number of GBS and the aggressiveness of the GC show how relevant this case is to emphasize the need to consider this diagnosis in patients who develop upper abdominal symptoms, anemia or weight loss.
Antiseizure Medications Dosage Forms and Administration Guidelines
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, the dosage forms, starting dose, titration schedule, maintenance dose, dose limits, and discontinuation schedule of various antiseizure medications (ASMs) are discussed. In addition, administration guidelines, contraindications, precautions, and information for patients are discussed briefly. A number of key points in the successful administration of ASMs are also discussed; among these, choosing the correct ASM for seizure type or syndrome; using the lowest possible dose to achieve seizure freedom; monitoring for adverse effects; weighing the relative risks and benefits of monotherapy versus polytherapy; and determining when surgical or non-medical therapies may be appropriate.
Choices of Antiseizure Medications Based on Specific Epilepsy Syndromes and Seizure Types
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

Variables that affect the suitability of a specific antiseizure medication (ASM) for patients with epilepsy include ASM-specific variables, patient-specific variables, and nation-specific variables. For many patients, several agents are good choices. However, for the generalized epilepsies, valproate may have the greatest efficacy, while in focal epilepsies many drugs are potentially good choices.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R.
Published: September 2022

People with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) have a two- to six-fold higher risk of epilepsy than does the general population. These two conditions share four potential pathogenic factors: genetic predisposition, autoimmune responses (i.e., anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies), the effects of hypo-/hyperglycemia, and cerebrovascular damage resulting in ischemic processes. Antiseizure medications (ASMs) may have various adverse or beneficial effects in patients with DM. Selection of the appropriate ASM should be guided by the recognition that some patients have multiple comorbidities and receive multiple medications.