bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth Control of ‘Imperial Dark Blue’ Plumbago with Ethephon, Flurprimidol, and Paclobutrazol Substrate Drenches
Authors: Barker Amy , McCall Ingram , Whipker Brian E.
Published: October 2019

Three plant growth regulators (PGRs) were applied as substrate drenches; paclobutrazol (1, 2, 4, or 8 mg/pot), flurprimidol (0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg/pot), or ethephon (125, 250, 500, or 1000 mg·L−1), plus an untreated control, to determine the efficacy of controlling excessive growth of ‘Imperial Dark Blue’ plumbago (Plumbago auriculata). No delay in flowering occurred with any of the PGR drenches, as compared with the untreated control. Plumbagos were responsive to both paclobutrazol and flurprimidol drenches. Concentrations of paclobutrazol and flurprimidol ≥1 mg/pot resulted in shorter plant heights than the untreated control. For producers desiring a moderate to high degree of control, 1 mg/pot drenches of either PGR could be suitable. All flurprimidol and paclobutrazol concentrations greater than 1 mg/pot resulted in excessive stunting and should be avoided. All ethephon drench concentrations were more consistent in controlling diameter, and increasing branching and flowering than paclobutrazol or flurprimidol. Based on the results of this study, the growth suppression of ethephon drenches was gradual, limiting overdose risks. Although plant diameters were not as small as plants treated with paclobutrazol or flurprimidol, diameter control was still adequate, and plants treated with ethephon drenches had a higher aesthetic appeal due to a more full appearance and increased flowering. With the use of an ethephon drench at 125 to 250 mg·L−1, plumbago producers have another PGR available to control excessive stem elongation and improve the flowering of plumbago.
Motivation and Retention of Iowa Master Gardeners
Authors: Takle Bryn , Haynes Cynthia , Schrock Denny
Published: October 2019

Recruitment and training of new volunteers is necessary to grow a Master Gardener organization, but retention of current individuals has advantages. Aligning reasons for volunteering with recruitment and continuing education topics with the interests of volunteers is essential in a successful recruitment and retention plan. The objectives of this study were to determine the motivations for volunteering in the Iowa Master Gardener program and to identify popular continuing education topics, preferred delivery methods, and social media usage among this audience. Learning about gardening and horticulture was the most important reason Iowa Master Gardeners volunteer with the program. In addition, altruism is important to these volunteers, but they do not recognize the full impact their projects have on their local community. They have a strong interest in learning about native plants and sustainable horticultural practices. The most preferred delivery methods were live presentations and workshops. Video presentations and webinars were generally less preferred. Respondents used certain social media sites, such as Facebook and Pinterest, some or a lot. Although this study was limited to Iowa Master Gardeners, results regarding motivation factors align closely with previous studies. We speculate that the results for advanced training topics, delivery methods, and social media usage would similarly align for Master Gardener programs across the country.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Gendered Association Patterns: Homophily and Social Distance in the General Social Survey
Authors: Brashears Matthew E.
Published: October 2019

How has the passage of time impacted the ego networks of males and females? I compare the homophily and social distances of males and females using the 1985 and 2004 GSS networks modules. The results indicate that change has been gradual and incremental rather than radical. In 2004 less social distance separates associates for women than for men, and males differentiate more among levels of education. The results suggest that macro-level structural changes have not been sufficient to produce similarly large changes in ego network composition.
Conjectures about the structure of strong- and weak-coupling expansions of a few ground-state observables in the Lieb-Liniger and Yang-Gaudin models
Authors: Lang Guillaume
Published: October 2019

In this paper, we apply experimental number theory to two integrable
quantum models in one dimension, the Lieb-Liniger Bose gas and the
Yang-Gaudin Fermi gas with contact interactions. We identify patterns in
weak- and strong-coupling series expansions of the ground-state energy,
local correlation functions and pressure. Based on the most accurate
data available in the literature, we make a few conjectures about their
mathematical structure and extrapolate to higher orders
Engagement: bibliometric analysis
Authors: Preciado Ortiz Claudia Leticia , Vargas Barraza Juan Antonio , Gilsanz López Ainhize
Published: October 2019

Introduction: The objective of this paper was to carry out a bibliometric analysis by using the different names that engagement has had in marketing to know growth trends, current research areas and to discover potential future lines of research on this subject.Method: The Scopus database was the provider of the information, analyzing a sample of 1791 documents for the period from 1996 to March 10, 2018, the date on which the data was downloaded.                     Results: The results show that the development of research on the subject is growing. The country that leads in number of publications is the United States, however, the most productive institution is the University of Auckland, New Zealand; and the leading journal was Computers in Human Behavior. Similarly, the most productive authors are Hollebeek, Graffigna and Malthouse; but the author who had the greatest impact on citations per year and not per number of publications was Brodie. The main areas in which a particular interest has been given are customer / consumer engagement, social media engagement, user engagement and brand engagement. It is possible to emphasize the concentration in studies that are focused on online environments (social networks and brand communities) and recent studies related to mobile environments (apps).             Discussion or Conclusion: It can be concluded that engagement is a frontier issue in the area of marketing, especially focused on online environments and recently on mobile applications. It is an area of research in which there is much to do, since brands are betting every day on using more interactive channels to keep their customers and attract new ones, by generating new communication environments, involvement and engagement between brands and customers.
Technical Efficiency of cultural goods and services: An analysis of the Mexi-can Case
Authors: Becerril Torres Osvaldo U. , Miranda Ortiz José Edgar , Canales García Rosa Azalea
Published: October 2019

The study of cultural economics is becoming more and more important in the world, and it has a number of different aspects to be analyzed. It is an emerging activity in Mexico, though; in spite of the fact that the information about cultural economic indicators has been available since 2008. The lack of research about this topic in Mexico, from the perspective of economic scieneces, begs the question of how the usage of factors is taking place, and whether they are being used in an optimal way or, in other words, with efficiency. For that reason, the aim of this research is to obtain an indicator of technical efficiency for the components of cultural goods and services in Mexico, which allows us to contribute to the understanding of these activities from an economic perspective. To that end, it was used the methodology of Stochastic Frontier Analysis through an econometric application of panel data. Among the main findings, it was noticed that the cultural goods and services are highly efficient in an aggregated manner, since an indicator close to 100% was obtained. In a disaggregated manner, the components of cultural services are more efficient than those of cultural goods. Additionally, in a disaggregated manner, the efficiency average is 67%, so it is still possible to improve the usage of productive factors in a 33%, through an economic policy so as to improve the qualification, as well as the use of novel techniques in the production of cultural goods and services, which would have results favoring the enhancement to the technical efficiency of cultural goods and services in this country.
Dynamic flood wave routing in prismatic channels with hydraulic and hydrologic methods
Authors: Retsinis Eugene , Daskalaki Erna , Papanicolaou Panayiotis
Published: October 2019

Time-dependent, unsteady flow has been studied in prismatic open channels with symmetric trapezoidal and triangular cross sections and small bottom slope. The St Venant equations without lateral inflow have been discretized in explicit as well as in implicit form and solved numerically, for unsteady, subcritical flow. The inflow hydrograph used can be applied for different flood events by adjusting its parameters accordingly. The results presented are derived from the explicit schemes Lax-Diffusive, MacCormack, Lambda as well as the implicit Preissmann scheme, and are compared to those from the Muskingum-Cunge method and the widely used commercial software HEC-RAS. The peak flow computed by the Lax-Diffusive scheme was reduced at the downstream end of the channel and the arrival time of the peak increased if compared to the other methods. The Muskingun-Cunge method forecasted the shortest peak flow arrival time at the downstream end cross section. Mass conservation computed from inflow and outflow hydrographs has been confirmed, since the maximum error did not exceed 2.60%. All codes were implemented in house using Matlab®.
Editorial
Authors: Freitas Alessandra Cardozo de
Published: October 2019

Alessandra Cardozo de Freitas
Metáforas da educação superior: tipologias além do sentido comum
Authors: Llavador José Beltrán
Published: October 2019

As reflexões aqui apresentadas dão continuidadea um trabalho, ainda emandamento, que faz parte de pesquisa realizada pelo autor sobreas políticas educacionaisnoensino superior. Desta vez, o foco é sobre o papel das metáforas comorecursos expressivos que ajudam a explicar a produção e reprodução de representaçõessociais sobrea universidade. Ao mesmo tempo, as metáforas são poderososveículos que podem nos situar em espaços familiares e lugares comuns, ou situar-nospara além do senso comum, buscando topoi (topologias) alternativas necessárias pararedefinir a relação entre universidade e sociedade em um contexto de profunda eintensa mudança social.
Energy-saving integrated ferritisation treatment of nickel-containing wastewater
Authors: Kochetov Gennady , Samchenko DM , Yemchura BM
Published: October 2019

Modern requirements to electroplating waste treatment necessitate development of technologies that would allow on-site recycle and reuse of both treated water and residuals of water processing. The most prospective option for introduction of recourse-saving wastewater purification is associated with application the method of ferritisation. In this connection, the paper presents an advanced ferritisation process for reduction of initial concentrations of heavy metals (HM) in exhausted nickel electroplating electrolytes from 100 mg/L to 0.3 mg/L. Effects of main technological parameters of such wastewater treatment at thermal and electromagnetic pulse methods of activation of the ferritisation process were determined experimentally. Kinetics of removal of nickel and iron ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. Phase compositions and properties of sediments from wastewater treated were studied. The sediments are predominantly characterised by crystalline nanostructures, ferromagnetic properties and chemical stability, supporting opportunities for their environmentally sound utilisation. Proposed comprehensive process for treatment of liquid industrial waste flows would prevent contamination by toxic effluents; ensure rational use of water, raw materials and energy inputs.
Investigation of service bridge piers located on spillway and effects on discharge
Authors: Yildiz Ali , Yarar Alpaslan , Marti Ali Ihsan , Kocaer Oznur
Published: October 2019

The piers can be placed on the spillway crest to hold the sluice gate for controlling the flow or support a service bridge. In addition, these piers to be placed on spillway body provide air entry to prevent negative pressure on the crest and eliminate the risk of cavitation. However, piers and abutments reduce the flow section area and it may cause increasing in reservoir water level. This contraction in the section varies depending on the thickness of the piers besides shape of the cross section. There are some theoretical methods in literature to calculate reduce in effective length of crest. In this study, experimental studies have been done on circular and square section bridge legs in laboratory environment. The results obtained from the studies showed that there are serious differences between experimental and theoretical calculations.
Analysis of the migration of a pollutant in the soil structure
Authors: Popa Maria , Negoita Loredana Irena
Published: October 2019

This paper presents a study on the migration into a soil structure of a pollutant, a liquid petroleum product. Accidental pollution with a liquid petroleum product can also be considered to crack a transport pipeline. This leads to the displacement of the pollutant in the soil structure, both horizontally and vertically. The study presents an analysis of the migration velocity in the soil structure, with certain physical properties, of both the soil and the pollutant petroleum product. The penetration of petroleum products to a certain depth in soil is influenced by its humidity, grain size and density, pollution intensity, viscosity and pollutant density. It was possible to calculate for the first time at the experimental laboratory level the depth of penetration of the pollutant.
Assessment of the air pollution due to combustion processes of different wastes
Authors: Bratu Mihai , Pascu Luoana Florentina , Petrescu Mihaela , Cozea Andreea , Pasca Maria
Published: October 2019

The continuous increase of the volume of waste, in direct correlation with the number of the population represents an important problem for the specialists involved in waste management and the identification of the most efficient solutions for their management in an environmentally friendly way with minimal impact on the environment. A large-scale waste reduction solution is to incinerate them in dedicated installations with strict control over air pollutant emissions from the incineration process. The paper presents the results of the tests carried out in two types of waste incinerators for the assessment of pollutant emissions in the air in order to reduce them and to meet the requirements of the environmental regulations in this field.
CPM and PERT techniques for small-scale R&D projects
Authors: Simion Marius , Vasile Gabriela , Dinu Cristina , Scutariu Roxana
Published: October 2019

Contemporary Project Management has conceived tools based on mathematical models for planning, scheduling and controlling the projects, the costs and resources. Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) are two network-based methods which were independently developed to assist the project managers in order to schedule complex real-life projects. A scheduling of a small-scale R&D project using these optimization time-oriented methods was accomplished. In many models of project network some activities are closely related to each other such as procurement activities of basic resources and research activities. If this precedence relationship is on the critical path, that means without no event slack or float time for activities, then some procurements delay may cause lag in the project’s completion time. Thus a good estimation for procurement and research activities duration is needed for a Just-in-Time project.
Simultaneous determination of procaine hydrochloride, procainamide hydrochloride and lidocaine by molecular absorption spectrometry
Authors: Marin Nicoleta Mirela , Batrinescu Gheorghe , Nita-Lazar Mihai , Pascu Luoana Florentina , Lehr Carol Blaziu
Published: October 2019

Two spectrometric methods have been developed for quantitative simultaneous determination of procaine hydrochloride (PH·HCl), procainamide hydrochloride (PHA·HCl) and lidocaine (Lid) from synthetic mixture. The methods employed are first derivative spectrometry, using zero crossing method and multicomponent analysis which is based on the additivity law. Using first derivative spectrometry, the wavelength selected for the quantitative determination of PH·HCl was 237 nm for Lid was 242 nm and for PHA·HCl was 290 nm in mixture. The method is linear when the concentration ranged between 6.62-9.93 μg/mL for PH·HCl, 6.43-9.64 for PHA·HCl and 5.56-8.35 for Lid. The multicomponent analysis is a direct method and involves the absorbance measurements of at three different wavelengths. The molar absorption coefficients values were calculated at each wavelength and the concentration of PH·HCl, PHA·HCl and Lid from mixture was determined by solving matrix using Cramer's rule. The recovery of each compound in mixture was calculated and it is 101.4 % for PH·HCl, 100.4 % for PHA·HCl and 98.4 % for Lid.
Some considerations on indoor and outdoor impacts of different ways of pm release and odour emission in industrial sectors
Authors: Rada Elena Cristina
Published: October 2019

In the industrial sectors, the ways of release pollutants into the atmosphere can vary significantly. We can find various combinations of primary conveyed emissions, secondary conveyed releases, diffused emissions, depending on the characteristics of the industrial plant. When an environmental impact assessment is performed, discussion concerns mainly the impact on the public health, whilst the occupational impact of these releases is moved to other contexts. The present paper zooms on selected case studies in order to understand the consequences of different way of pollutant release on the outdoor and indoor air quality at the site of the plant (within the fence). Two kinds of pollutants were selected: particulate matter and odoriferous substances. Results demonstrate that the industrial sector is unbalanced: the regulations in force in EU give different attention to the impact of the releases to the atmosphere depending on the industrial sector. In particular, in some sectors the impact of diffused emissions is underestimated because of a raw management of their control. Some preliminary proposals are put forwards for a better management of the emissions to the atmosphere in potentially critical cases. These proposals are based on the concept that conveyed solutions for pollutant release must be preferred, with the care of designing the related stacks with an optimised combination of stack height, conveyed gas velocity, temperature at the exit. The opposition to this approach is basically related to the additional costs. This article demonstrate that these extra-costs are due in many cases. Their economic sustainability is discussed too.
Universal screening of private wells water quality in the Muntenia Region, Romania
Authors: Vasile Scaeteanu Gina , Madjar Roxana Maria , Peticila George Adrian
Published: October 2019

Drinking water quality is an actual and stringent problem and the presence of nitrate and nitrite ions above limits imposed by legislation may produce methemoglobinemia and different types of cancer. Because nitrate is odourless, colourless and tasteless is undetectable without tests and well water is recommended to be evaluated from this point of view, especially when in the proximity of the wells are activities which may contribute to water contamination. The present research was carried out with aim to achieve nitrate and nitrite levels from wells located in three areas from Muntenia region: Chiajna (Ilfov), Letca Noua (Giurgiu) and Manastirea (Calarasi). The obtained results evidenced that 10 from 14 analysed wells contain nitrate levels were over imposed limit, one of them located in Manastirea (Calarasi) being even 4 times higher. Regarding nitrite, water from one sampling point is over 0.5 mg/L, all the rest being lower and much lower than imposed limit.
Recent Advances in the Application of Nanometal Catalysts for Glaser Coupling
Authors: Ebrahimiasl Saeideh , Behmagham Farnaz , Abdolmohammadi Shahrzad , Kojabad Rahman N. , Vessally Esmail
Published: October 2019

:

Synthesis of symmetrical 1,3-diynes from terminal alkynes through an oxidative
process is generally called Glaser coupling. The classic Glaser coupling is catalyzed
by copper salts under an atmosphere of molecular oxygen as an oxidant. Over the past
years, different metal catalysts and oxidants were successfully used in this atom economical
C-C coupling reaction. Moreover, several procedures for the preparation of unsymmetrical
1,3-diynes by coupling two different alkyne substrates have been developed. In this
review, we will highlight the usefulness of transition metal nanoparticles as efficient catalysts
in homo- and hetero-coupling of alkynes by hoping that it will be beneficial to the
development of novel and extremely efficient catalytic systems for this fast-growing and
important reaction.
Using Yeast to Define the Regulatory Role of Protein Lysine Methylation
Authors: Jethmalani Yogita , Green Erin M.
Published: October 2019

The post-translational modifications (PTM) of proteins are crucial for cells to survive under
diverse environmental conditions and to respond to stimuli. PTMs are known to govern a broad array of
cellular processes including signal transduction and chromatin regulation. The PTM lysine methylation
has been extensively studied within the context of chromatin and the epigenetic regulation of the genome.
However, it has also emerged as a critical regulator of non-histone proteins important for signal
transduction pathways. While the number of known non-histone protein methylation events is increasing,
the molecular functions of many of these modifications are not yet known. Proteomic studies of the
model system Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggest lysine methylation may regulate a diversity of pathways
including transcription, RNA processing, translation, and signal transduction cascades. However,
there has still been relatively little investigation of lysine methylation as a broad cellular regulator beyond
chromatin and transcription. Here, we outline our current state of understanding of non-histone
protein methylation in yeast and propose ways in which the yeast system can be leveraged to develop a
much more complete picture of molecular mechanisms through which lysine methylation regulates cellular
functions.
Proton Pump Inhibitors and Radiofrequency Ablation for Treatment of Barrett's Esophagus
Authors: Dugalic Predrag , Djuranovic Srdjan , Pavlovic-Markovic Aleksandra , Dugalic Vladimir , Tomasevic Ratko , Gluvic Zoran , Obradovic Milan , Bajic Vladan , Isenovic Esma R.
Published: October 2019

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is characterized by acid and bile reflux in the distal
oesophagus, and this may cause the development of reflux esophagitis and Barrett’s oesophagus
(BE). The natural histological course of untreated BE is non-dysplastic or benign BE (ND), then lowgrade
(LGD) and High-Grade Dysplastic (HGD) BE, with the expected increase in malignancy transfer
to oesophagal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The gold standard for BE diagnostics involves high-resolution
white-light endoscopy, followed by uniform endoscopy findings description (Prague classification)
with biopsy performance according to Seattle protocol. The medical treatment of GERD and BE
includes the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) regarding symptoms control. It is noteworthy that
long-term use of PPIs increases gastrin level, which can contribute to transfer from BE to EAC, as a
result of its effects on the proliferation of BE epithelium. Endoscopy treatment includes a wide range
of resection and ablative techniques, such as radio-frequency ablation (RFA), often concomitantly used
in everyday endoscopy practice (multimodal therapy). RFA promotes mucosal necrosis of treated
oesophagal region via high-frequency energy. Laparoscopic surgery, partial or total fundoplication, is
reserved for PPIs and endoscopy indolent patients or in those with progressive disease. This review
aims to explain distinct effects of PPIs and RFA modalities, illuminate certain aspects of molecular
mechanisms involved, as well as the effects of their concomitant use regarding the treatment of BE and
prevention of its transfer to EAC.
The Preparation and Biomedical Application of Biopolyesters
Authors: Shi Mengxun , Cheng Tao , Zou Huibin , Zhang Nan , Huang Jingling , Xian Mo
Published: October 2019

Biopolyesters represent a large family that can be obtained by polymerization of variable
bio-derived hydroxyalkanoic acids. The monomer composition, molecular weight of the biopolyesters
can affect the properties and applications of the polyesters. The majority of biopolyesters can either be
biosynthesized from natural biofeedstocks or semi-synthesized (biopreparation of monomers followed
by the chemical polymerization of the monomers). With the fast development of synthetic biology and
biosynthesis techniques, the biosynthesis of unnatural biopolyesters (like lactate containing and aromatic
biopolyesters) with improved performance and function has been a tendency. The presence of
novel preparation methods, novel monomer composition has also significantly affected the properties,
functions and applications of the biopolyesters. Due to the properties of biodegradability and biocompatibility,
biopolyesters have great potential in biomedical applications (as implanting or covering biomaterials,
drug carriers). Moreover, biopolyesters can be fused with other functional ingredients to
achieve novel applications or improved functions. This study summarizes and compares the updated
preparation methods of representative biopolyesters, also introduces the current status and future trends
of their applications in biomedical fields.
Design and Development of Novel Transdermal Nanoemulgel for Alzheimer’s Disease: Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic and Biochemical Investigations
Authors: Setya Sonal , Madaan Tushar , Razdan Bal Kishen , Farswan Mamta , Talegaonkar Sushama
Published: October 2019

Background:

Alzheimer’s disease is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated
with depletion of acetylcholine. Oral treatment with tacrine hydrochloride; a reversible inhibitor
of acetylcholinesterase, finds limited use in Alzheimer’s disease due to frequent dosing, hepatotoxicity
and extensive pre-systemic metabolism.

Objectives:

The objective of the study was to evaluate pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, safety and
stability profile of transdermal w/o nanoemulsion gel of tacrine hydrochloride and determine its relative
bioavailability from transdermal nanogel in contrast to marketed capsule and conventional hydrogel.

Methods:

The optimized nanoemulsion gel NEGT4 (droplet size 156.4 ±0.48 nm, with poly dispersity
index 0.36 ±0.4, permeation flux 6.172±2.94 µg/cm2/h across rat skin) was prepared by spontaneous
emulsification followed by sonication. NEGT4 contained 7 mg of drug in 10% w/w distilled water, 30%
w/w surfactant (Labrafil M) and cosurfactant (Transcutol P) mixture in ratio 1:4 and 60 % Capryol 90
as oily phase thickened with 98.9 mg ethyl cellulose (20 cps). In vivo studies were carried out on male
Wistar rats following standard guidelines. Scopolamine was used to induce amnesia in rats which is a
characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease. Various formulations were compared by performing pharmacokinetic,
histopathological, behavioural and biochemical studies on rats. Stability studies on nanoemulsion
gels were carried out in accordance with The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical
Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines.

Results:

Pharmacokinetic studies exhibited significantly greater extent of absorption from NEGT4 in
comparison to capsule and hydrogel with a 2.18 and 5.26-fold increase respectively. Significant improvement
in neurobehavioral parameters was observed with NEGT4 in scopolamine-induced amnesic
rats. Biochemical assessment showed superior anti-amnesic activity of NEGT4 through augmentation of
antioxidant enzymes, decreased lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase activity. Low value of serum
aminotransferase in rats treated with NEGT4 indicated the absence of hepatotoxicity. NEGT4 was
found to be non-irritant and possessed a shelf life of 4.11 years.

Conclusion:

Developed nanoemulsion gel of tacrine hydrochloride was found to be safe, stable, and
efficacious and has immense potential to be used in the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease.
Glycemic Control is Related to Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Rural Chinese Population
Authors: Liu Shuling , Lu Yanhui , Cai Xue , Cong Rizhao , Li Jun , Jiang Hua , Li Mingzi
Published: October 2019

Background:

There is an increasing interest on Cognitive Impairment (CI) in patients with
type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but evidence is conflicting regarding the association between CI and
glycemic control.

Objective:

The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CI in patients with T2DM from northern
rural China in order to determine whether cognitive dysfunction is related to glycemic control.

Methods:

First, we conducted a study with a cross-sectional design. We performed cluster random sampling
of 1848 residents who were aged 60 years or older and lived in the countryside in China. All eligible
participants with and without T2DM were interviewed and screened for cognitive function status.
Diagnoses for dementia and Cognitive Impairment No Dementia (CIND) were based on the standard
criteria. Second, on the basis of the results of the cross-sectional survey, we conducted a case-control
study. In the T2DM group, we identified cases of T2DM with Cognitive Impairment (T2DM-CI), as
well as cases of T2DM with normal cognition (T2DM-NC) to be used as controls. The effects of specific
diabetes-related variables were examined. After matching for sex, age, and education level in the
T2DM-CI and T2DM-NC groups, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate
risk factors for T2DM-CI.

Results:

In the cross-sectional study, the prevalence of T2DM with CIND and dementia were 28.3%
(95% CI: 23.5-33.2) and 9.5% (95% CI: 6.3-12.6), respectively. Compared with subjects without DM,
the prevalence of CI in T2DM patients was more frequent than the prevalence of CI in the general population
in almost every age group. In the case-control study, the multivariate logistic regression analyses
showed that variables, including duration from diabetes onset, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c level
(HbA1c), and severe hypoglycemia history, were significantly associated with an increased risk of CI in
patients with T2DM (odds ratios [ORs] [95%CIs]: 1.67 [1.03-2.70], 1.40 [1.15-1.72], and 2.72 [1.02-
7.21], respectively [P <0.05]).

Conclusion:

The present study demonstrates a high prevalence of CI in patients with T2DM among the
elderly population of rural China. Glycemic control, including HbA1c and exposure to severe hypoglycemia,
affected cognitive function in patients with T2DM.
STING Activation and its Application in Immuno-Oncology
Authors: Lian Yiqian , Duffy Kevin J. , Yang Jingsong
Published: October 2019

Recent regulatory approval of several immune checkpoint inhibitors has ushered in a new era
of cancer immunotherapies with the promise of achieving a durable response. This represents a paradigm
shift in cancer treatment from directly targeting tumor cells to harnessing the power of a patient’s
own immune system to destroy them. The cGAS-STING pathway is the major cytosolic dsDNA sensing
pathway that plays a pivotal role in the innate antitumor immune response. With a fundamentally different
mode of action (MOA) than immune checkpoint modulators, STING activation can potentially enhance
tumor immunogenicity and improve patient responses as a single agent or by synergizing with
existing anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, there has been intense interest from the pharmaceutical industry
and academic institutions in the search for potent STING agonists as immunotherapies in oncology. In
this article, we review briefly the cGAS-STING pathway and STING agonists that are in the clinical and
preclinical studies, summarize recently disclosed patent applications and published journal articles in the
field and cover both cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) analogs and non-nucleic acid derived STING agonists.
Current Progresses of Functional Nanomaterials for Imaging Diagnosis and Treatment of Melanoma
Authors: Zhu Congcong , Zhu Yunjie , Pan Huijun , Chen Zhongjian , Zhu Quangang
Published: October 2019

Melanoma is a malignant skin tumor that results in poor disease prognosis due to unsuccessful
treatment options. During the early stages of tumor progression, surgery is the primary approach
that assures a good outcome. However, in the presence of metastasis, melanoma hasbecome almost
immedicable, since the tumors can not be removed and the disease recurs easily in a short period of
time. However, in recent years, the combination of nanomedicine and chemotherapeutic drugs has offered
promising solutions to the treatment of late-stage melanoma. Extensive studies have demonstrated
that nanomaterials and their advanced applications can improve the efficacy of traditional chemotherapeutic
drugs in order to overcome the disadvantages, such as drug resistance, low drug delivery rate and
reduced targeting to the tumor tissue. In the present review, we summarized the latest progress in imaging
diagnosis and treatment of melanoma using functional nanomaterials, including polymers,
liposomes, metal nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles and carbon-based nanoparticles. These
nanoparticles are reported widely in melanoma chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic
therapy, and hyperthermia.
Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases in Children: A Practical Review
Authors: Licari Amelia , Votto Martina , D’Auria Enza , Castagnoli Riccardo , Caimmi Silvia Maria Elena , Marseglia Gian Luigi
Published: October 2019

Primary eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs) represent a heterogeneous group
of disorders characterized by eosinophilic inflammation in the absence of known causes for eosinophilia,
selectively affecting different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. While pediatric eosinophilic
esophagitis (EoE) is a well-defined disease with established guidelines, Eosinophilic Gastritis
(EoG), Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis (EoGE) and Eosinophilic Colitis (EoC) remain a clinical
enigma with evidence based on limited anecdotal case reports. Large cross-sectional studies in the
US defined a prevalence of EoG and EoGE ranging from 1,5 to 6,4/100.000 and from 2,7 to
8,3/100.000 subjects respectively, while the prevalence of EoC ranges from 1,7 to 3,5/100.000 subjects.
Regarding the pathogenesis, it is hypothesized that EGIDs result from the interplay between
genetic predisposition, intestinal dysbiosis and environmental triggers. Clinically, EGIDs might
present with different and nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms depending on the involved intestinal
tract and the extension of eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate. The diagnosis of EGIDs requires:
1. recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms, 2. increased eosinophils for high power field in biopsy
specimens, 3. absence of secondary causes of gastrointestinal eosinophilia. No validated
guidelines are available on the clinical management of patients with EGIDs. Evidence from case
reports and small uncontrolled case series suggests the use of dietary and corticosteroids as the
first-line treatments. Considering the clinical follow-up of EGIDs, three different patterns of disease
course are identified: single flare, recurring course-disease and chronic course-disease. This
review will focus on pediatric EGIDs distal to esophagus, including Eosinophilic Gastritis (EoG),
Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis (EoGE) and Eosinophilic Colitis (EoC).
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of the Matrine Derivatives as a Novel Family of Potential Anticancer Agents
Authors: Wang Jing , Liu Hang , Zhuo Xiao-Bin , Ye Guang-Ming , Zhao Qing-Jie
Published: October 2019

Background:

FufangKushen injection’ was a Chinese Traditional anticancer drug,
which has been widely used to treat cancer in combination with other anticancer drugs.

Objective:

Our goal is to synthesize a series of novel 13-dithiocarbamates matrine derivatives using
matrine (1) as the lead compound, and evaluate the biological activities of the obtained compounds.

Method:

The in vitro cytotoxicity of the target compounds against three human cancer cell lines
(Hep3B, LM3 and BeL-7404) was evaluated. To investigate the mechanism of biological activity,
cell cycle analysis was performed.

Result:

The results revealed that compounds 6o and 6v displayed the most significant anticancer
activity against three cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 3.42-8.05 μM, which
showed better activity than the parent compound (Matrine). SAR analysis indicated that the introduction
of a substituted amino dithiocarbamate might significantly enhance the antiproliferative
activity.

Conclusion:

During the newly synthesized compounds, matrine analog 6v exhibited a potent effect
against three human tumor cell lines. The mode of action of 6v was to inhibit the G0/G1 phase
arrest. Therefore, compound 6v has been selected as a novel-scaffold lead to further structural optimizations
or as a chemical probe for exploring anticancer pathways of this kind of compounds.
Synthesis of Novel 1,2-Dihydro-1,2,4-Triazin-6(5H)-one Derivatives as Anticancer Agents
Authors: Verma Tarawanti , Sinha Manish , Bansal Nitin
Published: October 2019

Introduction:

Cancer is still an untreatable disease and the second leading cause of death
globally. The heterocyclic compounds have always played a major role in the anticancer drug discovery
program. 1,2,4-Triazine-6-ones is a heterocyclic privileged structure with diversified activities. In the
presented study, 21 novel 2,5-disubstituted-3-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6 (5H)-one derivatives
(13(a-k), 18(a-j) and 21(a1-a4, b)) have been synthesized and tested for their anticancer activity.

Methods:

The 2,5-disubstituted-3-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6(5H)-one derivatives (13(a-k),
18(a-j) and 21(a1-a4, b) were synthesized by refluxing substituted-2-phenyloxazol-5(4H)-one and hydrazine
derivatives. Substituted aldehydes were synthesized via Vilsmeier-Haack reaction, while substituted-
2-phenyloxazol-5(4H)-one derivatives were synthesized by Erlenmeyer Plochl azlactone synthesis.
Twenty-one compounds were selected and screened at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA,
for anticancer activity at a single high dose (10-5M) in full NCI 60 cell panel assay.

Results and Conclusion:

The selected compounds (13a, 13b, 13c, 13f, 13h, 13i, 13j, 18h, 18i, 21a4)
were found to be active against different cancer cell lines. The compound, 5-((5-chloro-3-methyl-1-
phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene)-2-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-3-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6(5H)-one
(13a) was found to be a potent anti-cancer agent as electron-rich moiety on phenyl at position 2 of triazine
nucleus, having a great impact on anticancer activity.
Effect of Hsp90 Inhibitor KW-2478 on HepG2 Cells
Authors: Chang Xiaomin , Zhao Xuerong , Wang Jianping , Ding Shi , Xiao Lijun , Zhao Enhong , Zheng Xin
Published: October 2019

Objective:

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of proliferation, apoptosis, cell
cycle, invasion, and senescence of KW-2478 on HepG2 cells, and to explore the related mechanism of apoptosis
and the cell cycle.

Methods:

HepG2 cells (hepatocellular carcinoma cells) were cultured with KW-2478, at different doses and for
different times, in vitro. The MTT assay was used to detect the effect of KW-2478 on proliferation of HepG2
cells. Flow cytometry was used to determine the effects of KW-2478 on the cell cycle and apoptosis of HepG2
cells. The Transwell assay was used to determine the effect of KW-2478 on cell invasion. The β-galactosidase
assay tested the effect of low-dose KW-2478 on the senescence of HepG2 cells. Western blotting and the quantitative
polymerase chain reaction were used respectively to assess changes in protein and mRNA levels of related
factors in HepG2 cells after the KW-2478 treatment.

Results:

KW-2478 significantly inhibited proliferation of HepG2 cells. KW-2478 induced apoptosis and cell
cycle arrest of HepG2 cells, and inhibited the invasion of HepG2 cells; low dose KW-2478 promoted HepG2
senescence.

Conclusions:

KW-2478 inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 cells, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, inhibited
invasion, and promoted senescence. KW-2478 affected the expression of related factors in the mitochondrial
apoptotic signaling and cell cycle-related regulatory pathways. KW-2478 downregulated the expression of
STAT3, which is a key factor in the JAK-STAT pathway, indicating that KW-2478 may affect the function of
HepG2 cells by downregulating STAT3.
3-Benzylbenzothiazolylidene Carbene Catalyzed Isomerization of Dimethyl Maleate to Dimethyl Fumarate: Experimental and Theoretical Results
Authors: Ojha Minita , Choudhary Shweta , Bansal Raj K.
Published: October 2019

Background:

N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs) have emerged as ubiquitous species having
applications in a broad range of fields, including organocatalysis and organometallic chemistry. Since
Arduengo and co-workers first isolated a bottlable NHC, namely imidazol-2-ylidene derivative, these
nucleophilic species have attained a prominent place in synthetic organic chemistry. The NHC-induced
non-asymmetric catalysis has turned out to be a really fruitful area of research in recent years.

Methods and Results:

The quantitative aspects of the experimental and theoretical investigation of
isomerization of dimethyl maleate to dimethyl fumarate catalyzed by an N-heterocyclic carbene
(NHC), namely 3-benzylbenzothiazolylidene are being reported for the first time. Dimethyl maleate on
treating with 3-benzylbenzothiazolylidene carbene (10 mol%), generated in situ from the reaction of 3-
benzylbenzothiazolium bromide with triethylamine in diethyl ether at room temperature under nitrogen
atmosphere isomerizes quantitatively to dimethyl fumarate. Theoretical investigation of a model reaction
scheme at the wB97XD/6-31+G(d) level reveals that initial attack of the carbene, which is the ratedetermining
step, is followed by rotation about the C-C bond in preference to a higher activation free
energy path involving proton abstraction. The species so formed splits off the carbene to yield dimethyl
fumarate. Eyring equation has been used to rationalize the effect of temperature on the isomerization
rate.

Conclusions and Perspective:

3-Benzylbenzothiazolylidene carbene catalyzes the isomerization of
dimethyl maleate to its trans-isomer. This carbene can be used in other catalytic reactions, such as
acyloin condensation and Stetter reaction.
Biomass Conversion to Fuels and Value-Added Chemicals: A Comprehensive Review of the Thermochemical Processes
Authors: Muh Erasmus , Tabet Fouzi , Amara Sofiane
Published: October 2019

Fossil fuels have fueled the world economy for decades. However, given their limited nature,
fluctuating prices and the escalating environmental concerns, there is an urgent need to develop
and valorize cheaper, cleaner and sustainable alternative energy sources to curb these challenges. Biomass
represents a valid alternative to fossil fuels, especially for fuel and chemical production as it
represents the only natural organic renewable resource with vast abundance. A vast array of conversion
technologies is used to process biomass from one form to another, to release energy, high-value
products or chemical intermediates. This paper extensively reviews the thermochemical processing
of biomass to fuels and high-value chemicals, with an emphasis on the process performance, conditions,
and weaknesses. Technologies with great future prospects as well as those with possible linkage
to CO2 capture and sequestration are highlighted. The important chemical compositions of biomass
feedstock, their conversion technologies and most importantly, the role of catalysis in their
conversion to fuels, fuel additives, based chemicals, and added-value chemicals are also discussed.
Special attention is given to biofuel production for transportation as this sector is responsible for the
highest global greenhouse gas emissions, and has an emerging market with promising future prospects
for sustainable large-scale biomass processing. The processes involved in the purification and
upgrading of biomass-derived products into higher-value products are equally discussed and reviewed.
High Thoracic Epidural Analgesia as an Adjunct to General Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Cetin Erdem , Iynem Alper , Unal Celal Selcuk , Demirdas Ertan
Published: October 2019

Aim:

To investigate the effect of high thoracic epidural analgesia combined with general anesthesia on pain management and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG).

Materials and Methods:

Patients were divided into two groups; Group 1 received general anesthesia and high thoracic epidural anesthesia whereas Group 2 received general anesthesia alone during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Epidural catheters were placed at least 6 hours before transfer to the operating room. An epidural analgesic solution of 0.25% bupivacaine and 10 µg/ml fentanyl was started as continuous infusion at 5 ml/hour and maintained for at least 12 hours after completion of surgery. A 10-cm visual analog scale was used to measure pain at 4th, 6th, 9th and 12th postoperative hours.

Results:

Mean time to extubation was similar between two groups (2.45±0.88 vs. 2.59±1.31 for Groups 1 and 2, respectively, p=0.90). In all measurements, mean Visual Analogue Scale VAS scores were significantly lower in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (6.50±1.53 vs. 4.09±1.83 at 4th hour, 6.62±1.55 vs. 3.71±1.85 at 6th hour, 5.83±1.40 vs. 2.93±1.54 at 9th hour and 4.41±1.97 vs. 2.50±1.19 at 12th hour, p<0.001 in each comparison).

Conclusion:

Continuous high thoracic epidural analgesia seems to be a good adjunct to general anesthesia, as its pain relief effect becomes obvious at 4th postoperative hour and lasts at least 12th postoperative hour.
Flexibele automatisering: nieuwe fase economische ontwikkeling
Authors: Elsenburg J.F.M.N
Published: October 2019

In een aantal industriële ondernemingen heeft de laatste jaren een ware omwentelingin het produktieproces plaats gevonden. De decennia lang geldendebedrijfseconomische dogma's van ver doorgevoerde arbeidsdeling en zo grootmogelijke produktieseries zijn afgezworen. Het nieuwe motto is 'flexibele automatisering',dè methode om de kosten te drukken en tegelijkertijd te voldoen aande steeds sneller wisselende vraag. Daarbij kan ook nog de kwaliteit van dearbeid worden verhoogd.Als gevolg van deze technologische ontwikkeling zal in het totale produktieprocesschaalverkleining en decentralisatie optreden; sommige auteurs sprekendaarom al van een 'revolutionaire doorbraak' in het bestaande produktiepatroon.Het ligt voor de hand dat deze ontwikkelingen gevolgen zullen hebben voor deregionaal-economische structuur van de westerse industrielanden.