Shoot methane emissions follow pronounced diurnal cycles that allow constraining aerobic methane production at the ecosystem-level
Authors: Kohl Lukas , Tenhovirta Salla , Koskinen Markku , Putkinen Anuliina , Patama Marjo , Polvinen Tatu , Marmarella Ivan , Robson T. Matthew , Dominguez Maria , Adamczyk Bartosz , Pihlatie Mari 
Published: March 2022

&lt;p&gt;Methane production in plant foliage under aerobic conditions remains a cryptic and poorly constrained component of the global methane cycle. While several in-vitro studies reported light-dependent production of methane from plant biomolecules, thus far no studies have investigated methane fluxes at plant shoots during diel cycles. Here, we show that methane emissions from Scots pine shoots follow a distinct diurnal pattern and we demonstrate how these cycles allow estimating an upper limit of shoot methane emissions from ecosystem-atmosphere methane fluxes measured by the eddy covariance method. We present data from three measurement campaigns in forest, garden, and greenhouse settings that quantified methane fluxes of the shoots of Scots pine saplings and adult trees using manual and automated shoot chamber flux measurements systems, two distinct of trace gas analysers (Los Gatos Research UGGA, Picarro G2301). Despite the methodological differences, all campaigns found average methane flux rates between 0.05 and 0.20 nmol g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; foliar dry weight h&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; in all campaigns. In the garden and greenhouse campaigns, where 24-hour measurement campaigns were possible, shoot methane fluxes exhibited pronounced diurnal cycles with a strong light dependent emission during daytime and low fluxes (mostly below the detection limit) during nighttime. Based on these strong light-dependent diurnal cycles, we were able to calculate an upper limit for shoot methane emissions at the ecosystem level. For this, we quantified the light-dependent and light-independent components of ecosystem-atmosphere methane fluxes measured by eddy covariance, with the light-dependent component tentatively indicating shoot-level methane fluxes. The monthly averages of the so-quantified light-dependent component accounted for 0.0-0.4 nmol methane m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; sec&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; (range of monthly averages), which corresponds to ~0-1 nmol methane g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; foliar dry weight h&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. This component is approximately 10-fold higher than shoot-level fluxes, indicating that other processes beside shoot emissions may contribute to light-dependent methane emissions. Nevertheless, even this higher estimate of shoot methane emissions correspond with the low end of the range reported by Keppler et al. (2006; 0.75&amp;#8211;55 nmol g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; d.w. h&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) and fall within the range reported by Fraser et al. (2015; 0.03&amp;#8211;2 nmol g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; d.w. h&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;). Taken together, our results show how combining shoot and ecosystem level measurements can help constraining shoot emissions sufficiently for incorporating these fluxes in regional and global methane budgets. Taken together, our results show how combining shoot and ecosystem level measurements can help constraining shoot emissions sufficiently for incorporating these fluxes in regional and global methane budgets.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;References:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Keppler, F., Hamilton, J., Bra&amp;#223;, M. et al. Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions. Nature 439, 187&amp;#8211;191 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04420&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fraser, W. T., Blei, E., Fry, S. C., et al.. Emission of methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and short-chain hydrocarbons from vegetation foliage under ultraviolet irradiation. Plant, cell &amp; environment, 38(5), 980&amp;#8211;989 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12489&lt;/p&gt;