bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hill-Climbing for a Noisy Potential Field Using Information Entropy
Authors: Kim Piljae , Nakamura Satoru , Kurabayashi Daisuke
Published: November 2011

For a robot navigation system used in an unpredictable environment, it is generally effective to create a pathway that robots can track for carrying out a given task, such as reaching a goal. In the biological world, ants construct a foraging path using a volatile substance called a pheromone, which has been widely studied and whose characteristics have been used in a transportation network model. When a navigation path is constructed by autonomous agents using this pheromone model, the created potential field can be very noisy, with many local peaks due to the unsynchronized updates of the field. In this paper, a new hill-climbing algorithm is proposed. The algorithm minimizes information entropy and can track dynamic and noisy potential fields. The proposed algorithm is evaluated through a computer simulation.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior in Avoiding Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Non-Smoking Employed Women with Higher Education in Jordan
Authors: Gharaibeh Huda , Haddad Linda , Alzyoud Sukaina , El-Shahawy Omar , Baker Nesrin Abu , Umlauf Mary
Published: November 2011

Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is a serious public health threat worldwide; in the developing world there are less serious efforts towards controlling women’s and children’s exposure to SHS. Knowledge, attitudes and avoidance practices among Jordanian women have never been thoroughly studied. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and avoidance behavior towards SHS exposure among employed Jordanian women with higher education. Methods: A survey was conducted among employed Jordanian women at two universities. A total of 209 women were included in the analysis. Two questionnaires regarding SHS exposure were used to measure knowledge, attitudes and avoidance practices. Results: Most respondents were regularly exposed to SHS in various locations during daily life, even though they were very knowledgeable about the dangers of SHS exposure for women and children. However, the subject’s attitudes and avoidance behavior did not reflect the level of knowledge about SHS risks. The results suggests there is a large discrepancy between SHS exposure, knowledge, attitudes and avoidance behavior among highly educated Jordanian women that is likely influenced by culture and traditional gender roles. Public health initiatives are needed in Jordan to address public policy, institutional practices and to empowerment of women to reduce SHS exposure.
A Methodological Approach to Assessing the Health Impact of Environmental Chemical Mixtures: PCBs and Hypertension in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Christensen Krista L. Yorita , White Paul
Published: November 2011

We describe an approach to examine the association between exposure to chemical mixtures and a health outcome, using as our case study polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hypertension. The association between serum PCB and hypertension among participants in the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was examined. First, unconditional multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and associated 95% confidence intervals. Next, correlation and multicollinearity among PCB congeners was evaluated, and clustering analyses performed to determine groups of related congeners. Finally, a weighted sum was constructed to represent the relative importance of each congener in relation to hypertension risk. PCB serum concentrations varied by demographic characteristics, and were on average higher among those with hypertension. Logistic regression results showed mixed findings by congener and class. Further analyses identified groupings of correlated PCBs. Using a weighted sum approach to equalize different ranges and potencies, PCBs 66, 101, 118, 128 and 187 were significantly associated with increased risk of hypertension. Epidemiologic data were used to demonstrate an approach to evaluating the association between a complex environmental exposure and health outcome. The complexity of analyzing a large number of related exposures, where each may have different potency and range, are addressed in the context of the association between hypertension risk and exposure to PCBs.
Trichloroethylene and Cancer: Systematic and Quantitative Review of Epidemiologic Evidence for Identifying Hazards
Authors: Siegel Scott Cheryl , Jinot Jennifer
Published: November 2011

We conducted a meta-analysis focusing on studies with high potential for trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure to provide quantitative evaluations of the evidence for associations between TCE exposure and kidney, liver, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cancers. A systematic review documenting essential design features, exposure assessment approaches, statistical analyses, and potential sources of confounding and bias identified twenty-four cohort and case-control studies on TCE and the three cancers of interest with high potential for exposure, including five recently published case-control studies of kidney cancer or NHL. Fixed- and random-effects models were fitted to the data on overall exposure and on the highest exposure group. Sensitivity analyses examined the influence of individual studies and of alternative risk estimate selections. For overall TCE exposure and kidney cancer, the summary relative risk (RRm) estimate from the random effects model was 1.27 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.43), with a higher RRm for the highest exposure groups (1.58, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.96). The RRm estimates were not overly sensitive to alternative risk estimate selections or to removal of an individual study. There was no apparent heterogeneity or publication bias. For NHL, RRm estimates for overall exposure and for the highest exposure group, respectively, were 1.23 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.42) and 1.43 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.82) and, for liver cancer, 1.29 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.56) and 1.28 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.77). Our findings provide strong support for a causal association between TCE exposure and kidney cancer. The support is strong but less robust for NHL, where issues of study heterogeneity, potential publication bias, and weaker exposure-response results contribute uncertainty, and more limited for liver cancer, where only cohort studies with small numbers of cases were available.
Estimation of Effective Day Length at Any Light Intensity Using Solar Radiation Data
Authors: Yokoya Masana , Shimizu Hideyasu
Published: November 2011

The influence of day length on living creatures differs with the photosensitivity of the creature; however, the possible sunshine duration (N0) might be an inadequate index of the photoperiod for creatures with low light sensitivity. To address this issue, the authors tried to estimate the effective day length, i.e., the duration of the photoperiod that exceeds a certain threshold of light intensity. Continual global solar radiation observation data were gathered from the baseline surface radiation network (BSRN) of 18 sites from 2004 to 2007 and were converted to illuminance data using a luminous efficiency model. The monthly average of daily photoperiods exceeding each defined intensity (1 lx, 300 lx, … 20,000 lx) were calculated [defined as Ne(lux)]. The relationships between the monthly average of global solar radiation (Rs), N0, and Ne(lux) were investigated. At low light intensity (10,000 lx), Ne(lux) and Rs showed a logarithmic relationship. Using these relationships, empirical models were derived to estimate the effective day length at different light intensities. According to the validation of the model, the effective day length for any light intensity could be estimated with an accuracy of less than 11% of the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) in the estimation of the monthly base photoperiod. Recently, a number of studies have provided support for a link between day length and some diseases. Our results will be useful in further assessing the relationships between day length and these diseases.
Correlation of the Rates of Solvolysis of i-Butyl Fluoroformate and a Consideration of Leaving-Group Effects
Authors: Lee Yelin , Park Kyoung-Ho , Seong Mi Hye , Kyong Jin Burm , Kevill Dennis N.
Published: November 2011

The specific rates of solvolysis of isobutyl fluoroformate (1) have been measured at 40.0 °C in 22 pure and binary solvents. These results correlated well with the extended Grunwald-Winstein (G-W) equation, which incorporated the NT solvent nucleophilicity scale and the YCl solvent ionizing power scale. The sensitivities (l and m-values) to changes in solvent nucleophilicity and solvent ionizing power, and the kF/kCl values are very similar to those observed previously for solvolyses of n-octyl fluoroformate, consistent with the additional step of an addition-elimination pathway being rate-determining. The solvent deuterium isotope effect value (kMeOH/kMeOD) for methanolysis of 1 was determined, and for solvolyses in ethanol, methanol, 80% ethanol, and 70% TFE, the values of the enthalpy and the entropy of activation for the solvolysis of 1 were also determined. The results are compared with those reported earlier for isobutyl chloroformate (2) and other alkyl haloformate esters and mechanistic conclusions are drawn.
A Preliminary Study on Elimination of Colonies of the Mound Building Termite Macrotermes gilvus (Hagen) Using a Chlorfluazuron Termite Bait in the Philippines
Authors: Dhang Partho
Published: November 2011

The effectiveness of a chlorfluazuron termite bait in eliminating colonies of the termite species Macrotermes gilvus (Hagen) was evaluated under field conditions. Three active termite mounds were chosen for this study, two acted as test mounds and the other as the control. Four In-Ground Stations (IGS) were installed around each mound. Interception occurred almost immediately in all the stations, which were subsequently baited. The control mound was fed a bait matrix lacking the active ingredient. Stations were re-baited every 2 weeks for 10–12 weeks until bait consumption ceased in the test mounds. The mounds were left undisturbed for four more weeks before being destructively sampled. The desiccated remains of workers, soldiers, late instars and queen were found upon sampling the treated mounds. A few live termites were located in one treated mound but were darkly pigmented indicating bait consumption. The control mound remained healthy and did not show any visible sign of negative impact. The bait successfully suppressed or eliminated both M. gilvus colonies within 16 weeks from commencement of feeding.
Ethyl (1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)acetate
Authors: Farghaly Thoraya A. , Gomha Sobhi M.
Published: November 2011

Novel ethyl (1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-yl)acetate (5), was prepared via heating of 5-amino-1,3-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-4-imino-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d] pyrimidine (1) and diethyl malonate (2) under reflux. The structure of the synthesized compound was assigned on the basis of its elemental analysis, IR, 1H-NMR and mass spectral data.
Antimicrobial Prospect of Newly Synthesized 1,3-Thiazole Derivatives
Authors: Sadek Bassem , Al-Tabakha Moawia Mohammad , Fahelelbom Khairi Mustafa Salem
Published: November 2011

A new series of 1,3-thiazole and benzo[d]thiazole derivatives 10–15 has been developed, characterized, and evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial activity at concentrations of 25–200 μg/mL against Gram+ve organisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Gram–ve organisms such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), and the fungal strain Aspergillus niger (A. niger) by the cup plate method. Ofloxacin and ketoconazole (10 μg/mL) were used as reference standards for antibacterial and antifungal activity, respectively. Compounds 11 and 12 showed notable antibacterial and antifungal activities at higher concentrations (125–200 μg/mL), whereas benzo[d]thiazole derivatives 13 and 14 were found to display significant antibacterial or antifungal activity (50–75 μg/mL) against the Gram+ve, Gram–ve bacteria, or fungal cells used in the present study. In addition, a correlation between calculated and determined partition coefficient (log P) was established which allows future development of compounds within this series to be carried out based on calculated log P values. Moreover, compounds 13 and 14 show that the optimum logarithm of partition coefficient (log P) should be around 4.
Higher Urinary Sodium, a Proxy for Intake, Is Associated with Increased Calcium Excretion and Lower Hip Bone Density in Healthy Young Women with Lower Calcium Intakes
Authors: Bedford Jennifer L. , Barr Susan I.
Published: November 2011

We assessed 24-h urinary sodium (Na) and its relationship with urinary calcium (Ca) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at the whole body, lumbar spine and total hip in a cross-sectional study. 102 healthy non-obese women completed timed 24-h urine collections which were analyzed for Na and Ca. Dietary intakes were estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Participants were grouped as those with lower vs. higher calcium intake by median split (506 mg/1000 kcal). Dietary Na intake correlated with 24-h urinary loss. Urinary Na correlated positively with urinary Ca for all participants (r = 0.29, p < 0.01) and among those with lower (r = 0.37, p < 0.01) but not higher calcium intakes (r = 0.19, p = 0.19). Urinary Na was inversely associated with hip aBMD for all participants (r = −0.21, p = 0.04) and among women with lower (r = −0.36, p < 0.01) but not higher (r = −0.05, p = 0.71) calcium intakes. Urinary Na also entered a regression equation for hip aBMD in women with lower Ca intakes, contributing 5.9% to explained variance. In conclusion, 24-h urinary Na (a proxy for intake) is associated with higher urinary Ca loss in young women and may affect aBMD, particularly in those with lower calcium intakes.
Guillaume Saignet lecteur de Gilles de Rome
Authors: Pons Nicole
Published: November 2011

A Jurist from Languedoc with ties to several cardinals and to Sigismund, king of the Romans, Guillaume Saignet (1365/70-1444), enjoyed a brilliant career in the service of the House of Anjou and of King Charles VII, both of whom entrusted him with many missions. Appointed seneschal of Beaucaire in 1416, he spent the end of his career in Provence, where he became chancellor in 1429. He was also an orator and writer acquainted with Jean Gerson. He impressed his contemporaries with the speech he delivered at the interview of Pontoise (July 1413). He is known to have written two treatises : the first, Lamentacio humane nature, deplored the misdemeanours caused by the obligation of priestly celibacy ; the second, now lost, concerned the nobility. He might be the author of a further treatise, Fluxo biennali spacio, illustrating the responsibilities of the English in starting the Hundred Years War. His careful reading of Giles of Rome's De regimine principum is also reflected in some notes put together while completing his education, which are analysed and published in the present article. They express his concerns about justice and government, his aversion to disorder and respect of social hierarchy, as well as his opposition to obligatory celibacy.
Pour une réflexion sur la recherche en géographie démographique et sociale
Authors: Noin Daniel
Published: November 2011

Daniel Noin attend d'« Espace - Populations - Sociétés » une importante contribution aux nécessaires élargissement et approfondissement des champs de recherche en géographie démographique et sociale, que rendent possibles l'exploration de nouveaux thèmes et surtout un profond changement de pratique et une ouverture vers d'autres disciplines plus avancées que la géographie dans la voie de la théorisation et de la modélisation.
Transition démographique et mobilité de la population en Afrique tropicale
Authors: Nicolaï Henri
Published: November 2011

Les questions de population jouent un rôle important dans le processus de développement du Tiers-Monde. À partir de l'exemple de l'Afrique tropicale et de deux thèmes, Henri Nicolai souligne la complexité des problèmes. L'Afrique tropicale est engagée dans un processus de croissance démographique accélérée : pourquoi cette croissance est-elle acceptée et même souhaitée ? Peut-on légitimement se demander si la théorie de transition démographique est applicable à l'Afrique tropicale ? La mobilité de la population y est considérable et traditionnelle. L'auteur souligne la pluralité des types de migrations et leur importance dans les processus de décompression démographique en insistant sur trois types : exode rural et immigration urbaine, migrations pionnières, migrations « rural-rural » des régions côtières.
La ségrégation sociale: questions de terminologie et de méthode
Authors: Brun Jacques , Chauviré Yvan
Published: November 2011

Social segregation: questions of terminology and methodology.

A brief summary of the origins of the concept of segregation reveals how delicate it is to apply this notion to the study of the forms of social divisions of space in contemporary French towns. The article emphasizes the dangers of confusion among several distinct subjects and different levels of analysis which are implicitly linked together by the notion of segregation. The article also mentions the methodological difficulties of quantitative study of social segregation. Nevertheless, the article points out that the notion of social segregation does have certain merits, including its stress on the importance of the cultural dimension of the cleavages of social space and of the retroactive effects that spatial forms exert on mentalities and behaviour.
L'espace migratoire institutionnel : un espace clos et contrôlé ?
Authors: Costa-Lascoux Jacqueline
Published: November 2011

La politique migratoire française offre un exemple topique d'une tentative de maîtrise institutionnelle de l'immigration, par le contrôle des frontières et par la lutte contre l'immigration clandestine. Cette volonté de contrôler les flux migratoires s'accompagne de la reconnaissance d'un statut aux immigrés régulièrement installés dans la société de résidence : égalité presque complète au regard des droits fondamentaux, des droits sociaux, droit de rester et restriction des cas d'expulsion. Mais la question se pose de savoir si les deux objectifs sont compatibles en fait. La politique de contrôle ne risque t-elle pas soit l'ineffectivité soit le glissement vers une politique répressive favorisant de nouvelles formes de précarité de la situation de l'étranger ?
Grand-Ilet, un isolat blanc des hauts de la Réunion ?
Authors: Dion Michelle
Published: November 2011

Grand-llet, a white isolât on the Upper Reunion Island ?

The concept of isolât which has been defined only by genetics and hastely taken up by other sciences, is applied at Grand-llet, in the area of the Cirque of Salazie on Reunion Island. The study of natural and socio-cultural boundaries allows us to apprehend the particular features of this population rather than conclude on its isolation.
Une mortalité tragique et méconnue : les accidents de la circulation en France
Authors: Barre Alain
Published: November 2011

En 1983, près de 12.000 personnes ont perdu la vie sur les routes françaises. Depuis une dizaine d'années, on constate une diminution du nombre des victimes - le maximum ayant été atteint en 1972, avec 16.000 tués - alors que le trafic automobile ne cesse de s'accroître. Néanmoins, la comparaison avec quelques pays voisins montre que des progrès sont encore possibles et indispensables. L'analyse des statistiques permet également de préciser les composantes spatiales, temporelles et démogaphiques de la mortalité par accidents de la circulation.
Migration patterns in Paschimi-Champaran district (India)
Authors: Nag Prithvish , Chandra Jagdish
Published: November 2011

Les migrations dans le district de Paschimi-Champaran.

Le déplacement des gens est à la fois une cause et une conséquence de la croissance et de la répartition de la population. Les géographes ont une propension particulière pour l'étude de la migration et de sujets semblables tels que la diffusion, la mobilité, le déplacement et la redistribution de la population. En général, en ce qui concerne les recherches sur la migration, l'accent a été mis sur la destination des migrants dont le départ est motivé par le manque de ressources régionales. Il y a également des raisons sociales surtout pour la migration des femmes. Pour cette analyse, le mot migration a été défini comme étant « un changement définitif du lieu d'habitation au delà de limites prédéterminées ».

Le district de Paschimi Champaran représente un cas unique dans le réseau migratoire. Il est entouré par des régions où l'émigration est forte alors que le district est relativement moins influencé par cette tendance régionale. Bien que ce district soit situé à la frontière du Népal et de l'Inde, il n'est pas seulement affecté par l'immigration du pays voisin mais aussi par celle du Burma et du Bangladesh. Aucune donnée récente sur la migration entre les districts n'est disponible. Cependant on estime que cette surabondance d'émigrants par rapport aux immigrants est différente pour les deux sexes. Un modèle indirect a été appliqué ici pour déterminer les courants migratoires dans les limites mêmes du district. Les populations des années 1961-71 et 81 ont été comparées de façon à déterminer les éventuels courants migratoires. Le flux migratoire s'est orienté vers le Nord où de nouvelles industries et des chantiers de construction sont en plein essor. La migration liée au mariage a été étudiée en détail car les femmes ont montré un flux migratoire différent.

La migration des hommes vers des villes telles que Calcutta, Bombay et Kanpur est moindre. Cependant, ce district n'est pas sans subir d'autres formes de migration. Il y a des raisons diverses à la migration, à la fois traditionnelles, internationales, économiques et sociales. Après leur mariage, les femmes émigrent en plus grand nombre, plus loin et plus longtemps. Par contre, les hommes émigrent moins loin, moins longtemps et pour des raisons essentiellement économiques.
Differences in migration behaviour of Germans and Foreigners in selected cities of the federal republic of Germany
Authors: Bähr Jürgen , Gans Paul
Published: November 2011

Les différences entre les migrations des allemands et des étrangers dans des villes choisies en République Fédérale Allemande.

L'article montre les différences entre les migrations des Allemands et des étrangers dans les villes choisies (Ludwigshafen, Kiel) et essaye de les expliquer par la situation du marché du logement et par les structures urbaines. Les résultats peuvent être résumés ainsi :

— Les étrangers déménagent plus souvent que les Allemands.

— Les bilans migratoires et aussi les différences entre arrivée et départ montrent que les Allemands changent de résidence pour améliorer leurs conditions d'habitat et les étrangers pour s'adapter au marché du travail.

— La distribution régionale des bilans migratoires est déterminée pour la population Allemande par la construction des résidences nouvelles, par la qualité de l'habitat et par la situation sociale. Ceci n'est pas constatable pour les étrangers avec une telle ampleur.

— Les changements de domicile dans les villes montrent une direction du centre vers la banlieue pour les Allemands tandis qu'aucune direction nette n'apparaît pour les étrangers.

— L'éloignement moyen entre l'ancien domicile et le nouveau est plus important chez les Allemands.

— Les étrangers déménagent principalement tout en restant dans le même quartier, dont les frontières sont moins perméables aux étrangers qu'aux Allemands ; ceci s'explique par l'importance du rôle que jouent les relations dans la recherche d'un nouveau logement et par les limitations de l'accès au marché, surtout s'il s'agit de constructions nouvelles.
Croissance du chômage et développement des théories économiques
Authors: Stankiewicz François
Published: November 2011

Unemployment growth and progress in economic theory.

Progress in neo-classic and keynesian theory has led to unemployment analysis as «Job Search» or «Classic and Keynesian unemployment». But the ability of those analyses to understand unemployment growth and continuance in the whole developed world is moderate. Attempts to synthesise classic and keynesian unemployment in an unique process do not take into consideration that, from a macro-economic point of view, wages are both a cost and an income. Explaining unemployment as a result of a process of intensive accumulation leads to very disturbing conclusions: even the end of the crisis will not lead to founding more jobs. So, if unemployment will persist, job rationing scheme matters a good deal. As now, «dual society» is mainly dependant upon official economy and not upon black or informal economy, as often quoted.
Évolution récente de la fécondité dans le Tiers monde, 1960-65/1980-85
Authors: Chasteland Jean-Claude , Szykman Maurice
Published: November 2011

Recent evolution of fertility in the Third World, 1960-65/1980-85

This article briefly examines fertility trends in the developing world from 1960- 65 to 1980-85. It underscores the overall fertility decline in Asia and Latin America and stresses the fact that Africa south of the Sahara is the only major world region not affected by the fertility transition. Questions related to the interrelationships between fertility and its determinants are briefly examined. A review of the considerable effort made during the last two decades by numerous governments of Third World countries to curb their fertility is presented. Illustrations pertaining to the efforts aiming at distinguishing between the impact of modernization factors and population policy factors on fertility are also given.
Vacance de logement et différenciations sociales : l'exemple de Grande-Synthe dans l'agglomération dunkerquoise
Authors: Bondue Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2011

Housing vacancy and social differentiation: the case of Grande-Synthe in the Dunkirk urban area.

Grande-Synthe is an example of a mushroom town related with the growth of the Usinor iron and steel plant, located on the dunkirkian coast in the sixties. Since the middle of the seventies, a housing vacancy process appeared and increased in some neighbourhoods of the housing scheme. This paper analyses, beyond the context of the economic crisis and the downgrading way of life in the high rise housing blocks, the responsibilities of the public an private agents in this process. Then it assesses the chances of eliminating the phenomenon. On the other hand, housing vacancy appears as a good indicator for residential mobility and the evolution of social differences in an urban area.
Nombre et taille des menages en France : disparités géographiques et évolution de 1962 à 1982.
Authors: Chauviré Yvan
Published: November 2011

De 1962 à 1982, le nombre total de ménages a fortement augmenté en France. La répartition spatiale de cette progression, révèle d'importantes disparités entre les départements. Ces disparités se retrouvent dans l'évolution des deux tailles extrêmes de ménages (1 personne et 6 personnes et plus) : la progression des personnes seules, la régression des grands ménages affecte inégalement les différentes régions. La conjonction de ces mouvements explique en grande partie la réduction du nombre moyen de personnes par ménage, qui touche l'ensemble des départements français. Mais si les écarts en ce domaine tendent à se réduire, les spécificités régionales existant en 1962 n'ont nullement disparu en 1982.
Les disparités interurbaines du travail industriel en France et leur évolution récente
Authors: Saint-Julien Thérèse
Published: November 2011

Changes in the socioeconomic profile of French urban units.

The recent evolution of interurban disparities of the qualification of industrial work is an important geographical stake. It reveals the unequal aptitude of cities to face the crisis. It explains, in a more and more obvious way, the new territorial disparities resulting from the current socio-economic evolution. We examine the possible corroboration of the principles of interurban disparities observed in 1975. Are current interurban disparities of the qualification of industrial work getting worse? Is there a growing inequality of chances between the cities? Should we assert an accentuation of new industrial complementarities within the urban system?
Le Fichier de l'Ined : "urbanisation de la France"
Authors: Pumain Denise , Riandey Benoît
Published: November 2011

L'INED a élaboré un fichier rétrospectif de la formation des unités urbaines sur le territoire français actuel de 1831 et 1982. L'article indique quels critères ont été retenus pour la délimitation des agglomérations et décrit en détail le contenu du fichier. C'est la première fois qu'une telle source exhaustive et permettant d'analyser sur une longue période l'urbanisation de la France est mise à la dispostion des chercheurs.
L'analyse des niveaux de polarisation
Authors: Laurent Loeiz
Published: November 2011

The polarization analysis.

From the network of French towns in 1831 and 1911, it is possible to appreciate the degree of space polarization with bigger and bigger horizons. A first maximum appears with a range of about 22 kilometers. It deals with the county towns. There were about 350 counties or «arrondissements» in France in 1911. The second maximum appears with a range of 200 kilometers. It deals with the whole France around Paris. The polarization on the «préfectures de département», a circonscription created in 1789 is visible in 1831 but does not rise between 1831 and 1911. The local development is then based on industry and not on tertiary sector. The big provincial metropolis supplanted by Paris also show their influence.
La population très âgée en France.
Authors: Noin Daniel
Published: November 2011

La communication traite des personnes très âgées définies comme celles ayant 75 ans et plus. Evolution, distribution géographique, structure, vieillissement et mortalité sont tour à tour analysés. L'augmentation de la population très âgée a été très rapide depuis la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. C'est une population largement féminine (à 66 %), dont les ménages n'ont souvent qu'une seule personne (60 °/o) et dont une petite partie vit dans des maisons de retraite et des établissements hospitaliers (9 %).

La population très âgée connaît un remarquable processus de vieillissement lié essentiellement à l'augmentation de la longévité. Quant à la mortalité des personnes très âgées, elle est caractérisée par de fortes inégalités géographiques qui prolongent celles observées pour les personnes ayant moins de 75 ans.
Le vieillissement démographique des cantons français de 1962 à 1982.
Authors: Parant Alain
Published: November 2011

Population ageing in the French cantons from 1962 to 1982. The paper deals with population ageing in France at the local level (cantons).

Two sub-periods are taken within the study period whatever the geographical level considered (national, regional or local): 1962-75 and 1975-82. During the former sub-period, population ageing, defined in its strict sense as the increase in the proportion of persons aged 65 and over, became more pronounced and more widespread, whereas in the latter, it seems to have marked time. However, the "rejuvenation" from the top of the population pyramid has not nearly made up for the previous ageing. Moreover, this stagnation, apart from the fact that it is only temporary, is accompanied at all geographical levels by an ageing of the elderly population itself.
The Development of Private Residential Accommodation for the Elderly: the Case of Devon, England
Authors: Philips David R. , Vincent John , Blacksell Sarah
Published: November 2011

Le développement des maisons de retraite privées; l'exemple du comté du Devon en Angleterre.

Une large proportion des maisons de retraite privées anglaises sont dans le comté du Devon. Cette étude décrit leur prolifération et leur distribution géographique, en employant des données tirées d'une enquête portant sur environ une maison sur quatre dans le comté. Ensuite est traitée leur situation en tant qu'entreprises privées : ce sont des entreprises familiales pour la plupart, bien qu'elles profitent dans une large mesure des fonds publics. L'avenir de ce type de soins pour les personnes âgées est pourtant incertain, en raison de la nouvelle législation et de l'interprétation des règlements. L'étude se termine par des considérations sur les dilemmes politiques en cours dans le Devon.
L'aide sociale et les personnés âgées en France. Aspects géographiques.
Authors: Renard Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2011

Social welfare and the elderly in France. Geographical aspects.

Social welfare expenditure for elderly people occupies third place after expenditures for children and for handicapped people. The Ministry of Social Affairs and of National Welfare estimates that they from 15 per cent of their budget and that the costs have increased threefold since the mid-1970s. In the light of recent trends in French fertility, the ageing of the population can only increase for a time. The social costs of the demographic trend must be established and the geographical implications investigated. The latter requires the comparative examination of contrasting regions so that the overall level of social welfare expenditure per capita elderly person is established. The explanatory factors of general relevance will be underlined.
Non-inscription, abstention et vote blanc et nul en France.
Authors: Percheron Annick , Subileau Françoise , Toinet Marie-France
Published: November 2011

En France, la non inscription, l'abstention et le vote blanc et nul ne sont pas seulement des comportements « abstentionnistes » mais aussi des refus, qui peuvent être politiques, de participer pour des raisons variables, pour chaque individu, en fonction du moment de sa vie, de son insertion sociale, du type d'élection et de l'enjeu politique.
Espace et famille dans la région Bretagne en 1982
Authors: Pihan Jean L.
Published: November 2011

Space and family in the administrative region of Brittany in 1982.

The evolution of women's status in western societies has given rise to major transformations in family structures. In Brittany, these changes are above all noticeable in urban areas where the highest level of one- person households under thirty-five are to be found, as well as the largest proportion of single-parent families. The drop in the number of children per family has enabled regional disparities to subsist between zones of relative high fertility, especially in the east of Brittany, and zones of relative low fertility, above all situated in the west of Britanny.
Approches d'une géographie des ménages et des familles. Les familles nombreuses dans les Pays de la Loire
Authors: Bertrand Jean-René , Christians Charles
Published: November 2011

Geographical analysis of approaches of geography of households and families: large families in Pays de la Loire region.

Two features comprise the geographical analysis of the family: size and structure. The disparities of these two indicators must be correlated with age and socio-economic status in order to fully understand the spatial structure of society at the local level. The «Pays de la Loire» region is characterized by a relatively high proportion of large families. These are located in essentially rural areas. Smaller families are to be found in cities and their peri-urban regions. This pattern conforms with the national trend. The study of some marginal family types (non-family households...) reveals surprising location patterns, in Vendée choletaise for instance.
Le Caire : les problèmes de la croissance à la lumière du recensement de 1986
Authors: Volait Mercedes
Published: November 2011

According to the 1986 Census, the population in Cairo has reached 10 million inhabitants. With a built-up area of about 32000 hectares, it's one of the most densely populated city in the world. The increase remains at a high level (2, a year), but is now almost natural. This new fact is due mainly to the stagnation of urban growth at national level. As a result of huge public investments in the field of urban utilities, living conditions have improved, while informal dynamics, together with a rather ancient process of overdensification, may have caused a reduction of the housing shortage. However urban expansion has been pursued at the expense of arable land, with an annual loss of 340 hectares within the agglomeration boundaries.

Another major trend of the last years is the increase of vacant housing units (17% of total stock) on the one hand and of shanty dwellings on the other. This phenomenon shows the inadequate relation between supply and demand in such a field, as well as the growing pressure of the speculation process. Now, in a context of economic recession, this qualitative crisis may have dramatic consequences, both at national level (greater exclusion of lower income population and increase of unsound settlements).
Localisation de l'emploi et périurbanisation.
Authors: Terrier Christophe
Published: November 2011

Localization of jobs and périphérie urbanization

Employment in the tertiary sector is increasing whereas it is decreasing in industry. Because the tertiary sector is highly concentrated in large towns, they mostly take advantage of this growth. The overflow from the center of a town towards its suburb concerns employment less demographic phenomena. In fact, the largest urban areas are mainly benefiting of this rise.
Le système productif source des transferts d'emploi
Authors: Laget Michel
Published: November 2011

Le déplacement des populations dans l'espace national est conditionné par un système productif nouveau dans lequel on peut voir se superposer différentes fonctions (information-environnement). Ceci entraîne la formation de branches modernes d'activités et de nouvelles régions désormais privilégiées.
Mobilité géographique d'une catégorie spécifique d'enseignants : les professeurs d'enseignement pratique professionnel
Authors: Agulhon Catherine
Published: November 2011

La mobilité géographique, souvent sous- tendue par une mobilité professionnelle et sociale reste relativement faible en France. La catégorie étudiée, les enseignants des matières professionnels des Lycées professionnels, subit cependant comme bon nombre de salariés de la fonction publique une très forte mobilité, 46,3 °/o d'entre eux ont changé d'académie au moment de leur titularisation, plus souvent ceux originaires du sud, plus souvent les enseignants entrés par la voie royale du concours; cette mobilité forcée s'assortit d'une forte aspiration au retour dans la région d'origine.
Emploi et formation dans l'artisanat de la région Bretagne de 1982 à 1987.
Authors: Pihan Jean L.
Published: November 2011

Employment and training in crafts and trades in the Britanny region. 1982-1987

Between 1982 and 1987 Brittany has experienced a considerable increase in the number of registrations on the Professional Register (Répertoire des Métiers) of self- employed tradesmen and craftsmen. This development is linked to the worsening employment situation. Among the new generations of craftsmen and tradesmen the proportion of women is rapidly rising, as is the average age. The proportion of new craftsmen struck off the register in the first few years of work is very high. Failure is particularly widespread among young people, women, and those with no professional qualifications.
L'entrée en activité dans les régions des jeunes issus de l'enseignement du second degré (collèges, lycées).
Authors: Biret Jean
Published: November 2011

Dans un contexte marqué par : la dégradation de l'emploi, les mesures visant à favoriser l'apprentissage et la création de stages pour faciliter l'accès à l'emploi, les disparités régionales concernant l'entrée en activité des jeunes n'ont pas été fondamentalement modifiées. Les zones les moins défavorisées restent les académies de l'Ile-de- France, de Rhône- Alpes, tandis que celles du Nord, Nord-Est, de l'Ouest, Sud-Ouest, Sud-Est connaissent les plus fortes difficultés, seul fait nouveau, une zone intermédiaire (académies de Lyon et Besançon) perd son avantage relatif.
Les causes du chômage chez les jeunes issus de l'immigration maghrébine en France.
Authors: Khellil Mohand
Published: November 2011

Le chômage, tout en se féminisant, intervient tôt dans la vie des jeunes Maghrébins en France. Ce phénomène est lié à une scolarisation médiocre : c'est à l'école que l'obstacle linguistique est ressenti douloureusement et que l'enfant connaît les premières frustrations dues à la différence. Ensuite, le chômage va s'expliquer au niveau de la formation professionnelle d'où ces jeunes sont exclus à cause des insuffisances du système scolaire et de l'inadaptation des formations proposées.
Différenciation de la fécondité italienne depuis 1950
Authors: Brunetta Giovanna , Rotondi Graziano
Published: November 2011

Regional differences of fertility in Italy since 1950.

At the present time Italy is showing up a striking decline of fertility, with deep and persistent regional differentiations. Thus we tried to grasp the factors which are laying on the base of a different tendency to procreate by means of some statistical instruments (such as simple and multiple correlations, principal-component analysis). We took into account both indicators of socio-economical and of cultural order, trying to find out which part of the differences of fertility could be imputed to «material» aspects by one side and to men- tality by the other. An extremely significant situation has stood out: in the North and Centre, cultural factors - rather than the socio-economical ones - are affecting the reproductive behaviour, while in the South both orders of factors don't seem to be influential at all.
Analyse régionale de la fécondité en Belgique (1961-1981)
Authors: Damas Henriette , Wattelar Christine
Published: November 2011

En l'intervalle d'une génération, la fécondité a baissé en Belgique, comme dans les autres pays industrialisés, au point de ne plus assurer le remplacement de la population. Les différences régionales, encore très marquées en 1961, s'estompent actuellement, mais le profil de la fécondité par âge garde des signes caractéristiques de l'environnement (urbain ou rural). L'analyse comparée de l'intensité et du calendrier de la fécondité régionale a été menée à partir des taux par âge calculés dans les 43 arrondissements belges autour des derniers recensements (1961, 1970 et 1981). Ces profils ont été résumés par trois paramètres classiques : le nombre moyen d'enfants par femme, l'âge moyen à la maternité et la variance de cet âge moyen. La cartographie a été élaborée sur la base d'une légendre unique au travers du temps.
Malthus avait-il raison ?
Authors: Beaujeu-Garnier Jacqueline
Published: November 2011

Que penser de l'essai que Malthus publia en 1798 et dans lequel il prétendait que la situation du monde était dramatique parce que l'accroissement de la population était plus fort et plus rapide que celui des subsistances ? Aujourd'hui, dans une partie du monde la population est stagnante, dans l'autre elle s'accroît rapidement. Mais l'accroissement démographique doit se réduire progressivement dans l'avenir. La situation varie d'une partie du monde à l'autre ; les progrès de l'agriculture, des techniques et des relations internationales ont changé les données de base du problème. Néanmoins, c'est dans les mêmes états que l'on trouve les croissances démographiques les plus fortes et les niveaux de revenus les plus bas. L'Afrique est le continent où la situation est la plus dramatique, à l'opposé, les pays les plus riches sont ceux dont la population a cessé d'augmenter. Quelles sont les relations entre ces deux types de pays ? Existe-t-il des moyens d'équilibrer populations et ressources ?
La nouvelle géographie de la population
Authors: Ortolani Mario
Published: November 2011

À partir d'une recension des ouvrages et des manuels didactiques portant sur la géographie de la population et publiés après 1946, l'auteur observe une tendance à considérer la population comme une masse plutôt amorphe, presque déracinée de l'espace et du contexte culturel où elle vit et travaille. Les spécialistes en géographie de la population s'orientent vers des méthodes statistiques et des sujets de recherche propres à une discipline à base mathématique qui en réalité a peu à voir avec la géographie. S'il en est ainsi, il vaudrait peut-être mieux abandonner le vieux nom de géographie qui signifie description et étude de la terre, et s'engager résolument dans la voie de la démographie spatiale.
Les franges urbaines. Les effets marginaux de l'urbanisation
Authors: George Pierre
Published: November 2011

Urban borders. Subordinate results of urbanization.

The first stage of urban growth is generally a period of simultaneous development of cities and of their environmental area, including agriculture. Then, the town loads and pollutes its periphery progressively invaded. In consideration of the damages, planning of new extension associates dwell ing, services to the population and renewal of a rural peripherical scenery. This evolution is observed along a period of more than a half century in the urban region of Paris. Comparison is suggested with Canadian cities and Mexico, through recent studies. The end calls to muse on an ideal harmony between «culture, nature and cities of to morrow» following an Italian study.
Gender, Class, and Urban Space: The Case of Worcester, Massachusetts
Authors: Pratt Geraldine , Hanson Susan
Published: November 2011

Traditional models of urban residential structure indicate that neighbourhoods are homogeneous with respect to class. The descriptive adequacy of this model is unquestioned by contemporary geographers who assert that neighbourhoods serve the purpose of social reproduction. We argue that the growth of female labor-force participation, the fact of occupational segregation, and other recent demographic trends have important implications for the social geography of the North American city. With 1980 Census data from the Worcester, MA Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, we demonstrate that occupational segregation is an important source of intra-neighbourhood class heterogeneity. The implications of these findings for theories of social reproduction and class-based urban politics are explored.
Differences by Sex in the Home-to-Work Travel Patterns of Married Parents in Two Major Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Rosenbloom Sandra
Published: November 2011

This paper attempts to address the empirical short-comings of traditional urban models and to build on an emerging litterature in transportation planning which examines the impact of social or non-economic variables on travel behavior. The paper addresses variations in travel mode and time to work by sex and attempts to link those variations to economic variables at the household level, as do traditional models. The analyses show, however, that men and women have differences in travel patterns which cannot be explained by traditional economic variables. In two major U.S. metropolitan areas, Dallas-Ft. Worth and Houston, Texas, household income could not explain differences between the sexes in transit of carpool usage or in travel time to work. While income explained some of the differences between workers of the same sex with regard to these variables, there even remained significant differences among members of the same sex that could not be explained.
Fictions et destins des fictions : enjeux épistémologiques de la fiction chez Freud
Authors: Bourlot Gilles
Published: November 2011

Résumé Comment penser les enjeux de la fiction dans l’œuvre de Freud ? Il y a plusieurs noms sous lesquels la fiction apparaît dans l’écriture de Freud, cette problématique est explorée à partir du destin de la fiction dans trois champs : l’élaboration de la métapsychologie, les constructions dans la cure et l’écriture de cas. Le problème de la fiction est ainsi déployé en lien avec la question de la vérité en psychanalyse.