bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of the Mechanism for a Novel Influenza Inhibitor Designed to Target the Import of PB1
Authors: Dorius Alexander , Busath David D.
Published: March 2021

A novel inhibitor of PB1 import, referred to here as GM30, previously displayed nuclear retention of viral nucleoprotein (NP), which spurred the question of whether the compound directly or indirectly blocked viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex export. vRNPs are exported from the nucleus via exportin 1 (XPO1). Using verdinexor (VNXR), a direct inhibitor of vRNP export that binds to XPO1 and also blocks nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) export, we found that GM30 does not block nuclear export of NF-κB. GM30 likewise demonstrated high nuclear retention of NP but not as much as the direct inhibition of nuclear export by VNXR. When the compound was added hours after infection, the compound lost its ability to block nuclear export but VNXR retained its ability to block nuclear export. GM30 is therefore likely an indirect inhibitor of nuclear export because it disrupts the vRNP complex formation and impedes export from the nucleus by reducing nuclear import of PB1.
Feedback ratiometric control of two microbial populations in a single chemostat
Authors: Fiore Davide , Rossa Fabio Della , Guarino Agostino , di Bernardo Mario
Published: March 2021

We address the problem of controlling the dilution rate in a chemostat to regulate the ratio between the concentrations of two microbial populations growing in continuous culture. After analyzing the open-loop dynamics of this multicellular system, we present two alternative feedback control strategies, one based on a gain-scheduled state feedback controller, the other on a switching control strategy. We show that both strategies are effective in solving the problem and illustrate the results by a set of representative numerical simulation.
Eliminating Mosquitoes with Precision Guided Sterile Males
Authors: Li Ming , Yang Ting , Bui Michelle , Gamez Stephanie , Wise Tyler , Kandul Nikolay P. , Liu Junru , Alcantara Lenissa , Lee Haena , Edula Jyotheeswara R. , Raban Robyn , Zhan Yinpeng , Wang Yijin , DeBeaubien Nick , Chen Jieyan , Sanchez C. Hector M. , Bennett Jared B. , Antoshechkin Igor , Montell Craig , Marshall John M. , Akbari Omar S.
Published: March 2021

The mosquitoAedes aegyptiis the principal vector for arboviruses including dengue/yellow fever, chikungunya, and zika, infecting hundreds of millions of people annually. Unfortunately, traditional control methodologies are insufficient, so innovative control methods are needed. To complement existing measures, here we develop a molecular genetic control system termed precision guided sterile insect technique (pgSIT) inAedes aegypti. PgSIT uses a simple CRISPR-based approach to generate sterile males that are deployable at any life stage. Supported by mathematical models, we empirically demonstrate that released pgSIT males can compete, suppress, and eliminate mosquitoes in multigenerational population cages. This platform technology could be used in the field, and adapted to many vectors, for controlling wild populations to curtail disease in a safe, confinable, and reversible manner.
Tissue specific targeting of DNA nanodevices in a multicellular living organism
Authors: Chakraborty Kasturi , Surana Sunaina , Martin Simona , Aburas Jihad , Moutel Sandrine , Perez Franck , Koushika Sandhya P. , Kratsios Paschalis , Krishnan Yamuna
Published: March 2021

Nucleic acid nanodevices present great potential as agents for logic-based therapeutic intervention as well as in basic biology. Often, however, the disease targets that need corrective action are localized in specific organs and thus realizing the full potential of DNA nanodevices also requires ways to target them to specific cell-typesin vivo. Here we show that by exploiting either endogenous or synthetic receptor-ligand interactions and by leveraging the biological barriers presented by the organism, we can target extraneously introduced DNA nanodevices to specific cell types inC. elegans, with sub-cellular precision. The amenability of DNA nanostructures to tissue-specific targetingin vivosignificantly expands their utility in biomedical applications and discovery biology.
Defining proximity proteomics of post-translationally modified proteins by antibody-mediated protein A-APEX2 labeling
Authors: Li Xinran , Zhou Jiaqi , Zhao Wenjuan , Wen Qing , Wang Weijie , Peng Huipai , Bouchonville Kelly J. , Offer Steven M. , Wang Zhiquan , Li Nan , Gan Haiyun
Published: March 2021

Proximity labeling catalyzed by promiscuous enzymes, such as APEX2, has emerged as a powerful approach to characterize multiprotein complexes and protein-protein interactions. However, current methods depend on the expression of exogenous fusion proteins and cannot be applied to post-translational modifications. To address this limitation, we developed a new method to label proximal proteins of interest by antibody-mediated protein A-APEX2 labeling (AMAPEX). In this method, a modified protein is boundin situby a specific antibody, which then tethers a protein A-APEX2 (pA-APEX2) fusion protein. Activation of APEX2 labels the nearby proteins with biotin; these proteins are then purified using streptavidin beads and are identified by mass spectrometry. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by profiling the binding proteins of histone modifications including H3K27me3, H3K9me3, H3K4me3, H4K5ac and H4K12ac, and we verified the genome-wide colocalization of these identified proteins with bait proteins by published ChIP-seq analysis. Overall, AMAPEX is an efficient tool to identify proteins that interact with modified proteins.
General and cell-type-specific aspects of the motor neuron maturation transcriptional program
Authors: Patel Tulsi , Hammelman Jennifer , Closser Michael , Gifford David K. , Wichterle Hynek
Published: March 2021

Building a nervous system is a protracted process that starts with the specification of individual neuron types and ends with the formation of mature neural circuits. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the temporal progression of maturation in individual cell types remain poorly understood. In this work, we have mapped the gene expression and chromatin accessibility changes in mouse spinal motor neurons throughout their lifetimes. We found that both motor neuron gene expression and putative regulatory elements are dynamic during the first three weeks of postnatal life, when motor circuits are maturing. Genes that are up-regulated during this time contribute to adult motor neuron diversity and function. Almost all of the chromatin regions that gain accessibility during maturation are motor neuron specific, yet a majority of the transcription factor binding motifs enriched in these regions are shared with other mature neurons. Collectively, these findings suggest that a core transcriptional program operates in a context-dependent manner to access cell-type-specific cis-regulatory systems associated with maturation genes. Discovery of general principles governing neuronal maturation might inform methods for transcriptional reprogramming of neuronal age and for improved modelling of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
Active Enterohepatic Cycling is Not Required for the Choleretic Actions of 24-norUrsodeoxycholic Acid in Mice
Authors: Li Jianing , Truong Jennifer K. , Pachura Kimberly , Rao Anuradha , Gambeer Sanjeev , Fuchs Claudia Daniela , Karpen Saul J. , Trauner Michael , Dawson Paul A.
Published: March 2021

The superior ability ofnorursodeoxycholic acid (norUDCA) to induce a bicarbonate-rich hypercholeresis has been attributed to its ability to undergo cholehepatic shunting andnorUDCA is currently being evaluated as a therapeutic for forms of liver disease. The goal of this study was to use mouse models to investigate contributions of bile acid transporters to the choleretic actions ofnorUDCA. Here, we show that the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) and Organic solute transporter-alpha (OSTα) are dispensable fornorUDCA-stimulation of bile flow and biliary bicarbonate secretion in mice. Analysis of the liver transcriptome revealed thatnorUDCA induced hepatic expression of a limited number of transporter genes, particularly organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a4 (Oatp1a4). However,norUDCA potently stimulated a bicarbonate-rich hypercholeresis in Oatp1a/1b-deficient mice. Blocking intestinal bile acid reabsorption by co-administration of an ASBT inhibitor or bile acid sequestrant did not impact the ability ofnorUDCA to induce bile flow in wildtype mice. The results support the concept that these major bile acid transporters are not directly involved in the absorption, cholehepatic shunting, or choleretic actions ofnorUDCA. Additionally, the findings support further investigation of the therapeutic synergy betweennorUDCA and ASBT inhibitors or bile acid sequestrants for cholestatic liver disease.
SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 (B.1.351) elicits cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Moyo-Gwete Thandeka , Madzivhandila Mashudu , Makhado Zanele , Ayres Frances , Mhlanga Donald , Oosthuysen Brent , Lambson Bronwen E. , Kgagudi Prudence , Tegally Houriiyah , Iranzadeh Arash , Doolabh Deelan , Tyers Lynn , Chinhoyi Lionel R. , Mennen Mathilda , Skelem Sango , Marais Gert , Wibmer Constantinos Kurt , Bhiman Jinal N , Ueckermann Veronica , Rossouw Theresa , Boswell Michael , de Oliveira Tulio , Williamson Carolyn , Burgers Wendy A , Ntusi Ntobeko , Morris Lynn , Moore Penny L
Published: March 2021

Neutralization escape by SARS-CoV-2 variants, as has been observed in the 501Y.V2 (B.1.351) variant, has impacted the efficacy of first generation COVID-19 vaccines. Here, the antibody response to the 501Y.V2 variant was examined in a cohort of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in early 2021 - when over 90% of infections in South Africa were attributed to 501Y.V2. Robust binding and neutralizing antibody titers to the 501Y.V2 variant were detected and these binding antibodies showed high levels of cross-reactivity for the original variant, from the first wave. In contrast to an earlier study where sera from individuals infected with the original variant showed dramatically reduced potency against 501Y.V2, sera from 501Y.V2-infected patients maintained good cross-reactivity against viruses from the first wave. Furthermore, sera from 501Y.V2-infected patients also neutralized the 501Y.V3 (P.1) variant first described in Brazil, and now circulating globally. Collectively these data suggest that the antibody response in patients infected with 501Y.V2 has a broad specificity and that vaccines designed with the 501Y.V2 sequence may elicit more cross-reactive responses.
H3 acetylation selectively promotes basal progenitor proliferation and neocortex expansion by activating TRNP1 expression
Authors: Kerimoglu Cemil , Pham Linh , Tonchev Anton B. , Sakib M. Sadman , Xie Yuanbin , Sokpor Godwin , Ulmke Pauline Antonie , Kaurani Lalit , Abbas Eman , Nguyen Huong , Rosenbusch Joachim , Michurina Alexandra , Capece Vincenzo , Angelova Meglena , Esgleas Miriam , Albert Mareike , Minkov Radoslav , Kovachev Emil , Teichmann Ulrike , Seong Rho H. , Huttner Wieland , Götz Magdalena , Nguyen Huu Phuc , Stoykova Anastassia , Staiger Jochen F. , Fischer Andre , Tuoc Tran
Published: March 2021

Increase in the size of human neocortex, acquired in evolution, accounts for the unique cognitive capacity of humans. This expansion appears to reflect the evolutionarily-enhanced proliferative ability of basal progenitors (BPs) in mammalian cortex, which may have been acquired through epigenetic alterations in BPs. However, whether or how the epigenome in BPs differs across species is not known. Here, we report that histone H3 acetylation is a key epigenetic regulation in BP amplification and cortical expansion. Through epigenetic profiling of sorted BPs, we show that H3K9 acetylation is low in murine BPs and high in human BPs. Elevated H3K9ac preferentially increases BP proliferation, increasing the size and folding of the normally smooth mouse neocortex. Mechanistically, H3K9ac drives BP amplification by increasing expression of the evolutionarily regulated gene, TRNP1, in the developing cortex. Our findings demonstrate a previously unknown mechanism that controls cortical architecture.

One Sentence Summary

H3K9ac promotes basal progenitor amplification, neocortex expansion and gyrification by activating TRNP1 expression in evolution.
CA1 pyramidal cell diversity is rooted in the time of neurogenesis
Authors: Cavalieri Davide , Angelova Alexandra , Islah Anas , Lopez Catherine , Bocchio Marco , Baude Agnès , Cossart Rosa
Published: March 2021

Cellular diversity supports the computational capacity and flexibility of cortical circuits. Accordingly, principal neurons at the CA1 output node of the hippocampus are increasingly recognized as a heterogeneous population. Their genes, molecular content, intrinsic morpho-physiology, connectivity, and function seem to segregate along the main anatomical axes of the hippocampus. Since these axes reflect the temporal order of principal cell neurogenesis, we directly examined the relationship between birthdate and CA1 pyramidal neuron diversity, focusing on the ventral hippocampus. We used a genetic fate-mapping approach that allowed tagging three groups of agematched principal neurons: pioneer, early- and late-born. Using a combination of neuroanatomy, slice physiology, connectivity tracing and cFos staining, we show that birthdate is a strong predictor of CA1 principal cell diversity. We unravel a subpopulation of pioneer neurons recruited in familiar environments with remarkable positioning, morpho-physiological features, and connectivity. Therefore, despite the expected plasticity of hippocampal circuits, given their role in learning and memory, the diversity of their main components is significantly predetermined at the earliest steps of development.
A 12-pulse rectifier with passive harmonic reduction based on UIPT in more electric aircrafts
Authors: Abdollahi Rohollah
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a T autotransformer based 12-pulse rectifier with passive harmonic reduction in more electric aircraft applications. The T autotransformer uses only two main windings which result in volume, space, size, weight and cost savings. Also, the proposed unconventional inter-phase transformer (UIPT) with a lower kVA rating (about 2.6% of the load power) compared to the conventional inter-phase transformer results in a more harmonic reduction.

Design/methodology/approach

To increase rating and reduce the cost and complexity of a multi-pulse rectifier, it is well known that the pulse number must be increased. In some practical cases, a 12-pulse rectifier (12PR) is suggested as a good solution considering its simple structure and low weight. But the 12PR cannot technically meet the standards of harmonic distortion requirements for some industrial applications, and therefore, they must be used with output filters. In this paper, a 12PR is suggested, which consists of a T autotransformer 12PR and a passive harmonic reduction (PHR) based on the UIPT at direct current (DC) link.

Findings

To show the advantage of this new combination over other solutions, simulation results are used, and then, a prototype is implemented to evaluate and verify the simulation results. The simulation and experimental test results show that the input current total harmonic distortion (THD) of the suggested 12PR with a PHR based on UIPT is less than 5%, which meets the IEEE 519 requirements. Also, it is shown that in comparison with other solutions, it is cost effective, and at the same time, its power factor is near unity, and its rating is 29.92% of the load rating. Therefore, it is obvious that the proposed rectifier is a practical solution for more electric aircrafts.

Originality/value

The contributions of this paper are summarized as follows. The suggested design uses a retrofit T autotransformer, which meets all technical constraints, and in comparison, with other options, has less rating, weight, volume and cost. In the suggested rectifier, a PHR based on UIPT at its dc link of 12PR is used, which has good technical capabilities and lower ratings. In the PHR based on UIPT, an IPT is used, which has an additional secondary winding and four diodes. This solution leads to a reduction in input current THD and conduction losses of diodes. In full load conditions, the input line current THD and power factor are 4% and 0.99, respectively. The THD is less than 5%, which satisfies IEEE-519 and DO-160G requirements.
How do paving and planting strategies affect microclimate conditions and thermal comfort in apartment complexes?
Authors: Choi Ga Yoon , Kim Hwan Sung , Kim Hyungkyoo , Lee Jae Seung
Published: March 2021

Purpose

In cities with high density, heat is often trapped between buildings which increases the frequency and intensity of heat events. Researchers have focused on developing strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of heat in cities. Adopting green infrastructure and cooling pavements are some of the many ways to promote thermal comfort against heat. The purpose of this study is to improve microclimate conditions and thermal comfort levels in high-density living conditions in Seoul, South Korea.

Design/methodology/approach

This study compares six design alternatives of an apartment complex with different paving and planting systems. It also examines the thermal outcome of the alternatives under normal and extreme heat conditions to suggest strategies to secure acceptable thermal comfort levels for the inhabitants. Each alternative is analyzed using ENVI-met, a software program that simulates microclimate conditions and thermal comfort features based on relationships among buildings, vegetation and pavements.

Findings

The results indicate that grass paving was more effective than stone paving in lowering air temperature and improving thermal comfort at the near-surface level. Coniferous trees were found to be more effective than broadleaf trees in reducing temperature. Thermal comfort levels were most improved when coniferous trees were planted in paired settings.

Practical implications

Landscape elements show promise for the improvement of thermal conditions because it is much easier to redesign landscape elements, such as paving or planting, than to change fixed urban elements like buildings and roads. The results identified the potential of landscape design for improving microclimate and thermal comfort in urban residential complexes.

Originality/value

The results contribute to the literature by examining the effect of tree species and layout on thermal comfort levels, which has been rarely investigated in previous studies.
A critical examination of the role of public participation in petroleum development contract in Nigeria
Authors: Odion Job Ohioma
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The topic is examined with a view to ascertaining the various methods by which indigenous oil companies can participate in petroleum development contract in Nigeria. Also, the raison d’etre of the policy will be considered to see whether the government has achieved its primary aim and how successive government has approach the issue with a view to determining the best policy to adopt. The challenges facing this policy will be considered with a view to unfold whether the Petroleum Industry Bill proffers solution.

Design/methodology/approach

This methodology of research is doctrinaire and analytical. The author used the available statute and case law in extrapolation of the views expressed in this paper; where necessary, secondary data as sourced from existing literature was used.

Findings

This paper revealed that the existing laws in Nigeria do not support public participation in the petroleum sector. so much is in the hands of the government. The paper also found that this government's monopoly of the sector is one of the reasons for the slow level of development in the sector.

Originality/value

This paper is original to the extent that it focusses on a relatively new area of public participation in the upstream petroleum sector in Nigeria. Most papers have often focussed on the downstream sector; however, this study seeks to re-direct the debate to the upstream sector.
A systematic review of intervention studies for young children with emotional and behavioral disorders: identifying the research base
Authors: McKenna John William , Brigham Frederick , Garwood Justin , Zurawski Lindsay , Koc Murat , Lavin Carlos , Werunga Robai
Published: March 2021

Schools continue to experience difficulty meeting the needs of young children who are formally identified as having an emotional and/or behavioural disorder (EBD). Although schools are mandated to use evidence‐based practices to improve student outcomes, such practices must first be identified before they can be employed. Systematic reviews of intervention studies are commonly performed to identify evidence‐based practices, make recommendations for service delivery, and identify areas for future research that are needed to inform practice. At this time, researchers have yet to perform a systematic review of intervention studies involving young children identified with EBD – early childhood (EC) – grade 2. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe published school‐based intervention research for this student population. Studies meeting selection criteria were evaluated according to the relevant What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) Design standards to identify studies with strong internal validity that reported positive effects. Twenty‐nine manuscripts reporting 30 intervention studies were identified. Findings suggest that practitioners must primarily rely on their professional judgement and values guided by principles embedded in their training when planning instruction and support for young children with EBD due to the absence of high‐quality intervention research. Additional rigorous evaluations are needed so that practice is better informed by science. Recommendations for practice, areas for future research, and study limitations are discussed.
Why did New Zealand's referendum to legalise recreational cannabis fail?
Authors: Rychert Marta , Wilkins Chris
Published: March 2021

New Zealand recently held the world's first national referendum on cannabis legalisation involving a detailed bill to regulate retail sale and supply of cannabis for recreational (non‐medical) adult use (i.e. the Cannabis Legalisation and Control Bill; CLCB). The referendum generated significant domestic debate and lobbying from both sides of the issue. The CLCB was narrowly defeated, with 48.4% voting to support versus 50.7% opposed. In this commentary, we discuss the referendum campaigns and other political and social factors that may have contributed to the result. Voting patterns appeared to largely follow traditional conservative‐liberal, urban–rural and age divides. The referendum format created a public campaigning environment that encouraged persuasion and selective use of evidence rather than rational discussion of all the evidence and related knowledge gaps. The self‐imposed neutrality of the centre left Labour Party and its popular leader may have been a decisive factor in the narrow defeat. It did not appear to be the case that anti‐CLCB groups outspent the pro‐CLCB movement in online promotional advertisements, and the leading digital media appeared largely neutral or mildly in favour of reform. The recent New Zealand experience illustrates the uncertainties of attempting to achieve cannabis law reform via a public referendum vote.
Could a drug‐checking service increase intention to use ecstasy at a festival?
Authors: Murphy Sherri , Bright Stephen J. , Dear Greg
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Calls to provide sanctioned drug‐checking (pill testing) at Australian music festivals have been met with resistance from most governments due to concerns that such services would increase use of ecstasy and other drugs. We investigated that concern and used the Theory of Planned Behaviour to examine the determinants of intention to use a drug‐checking service.

Methods

Data were collected over a 3‐day period at a music festival in Western Australia. Participants (n = 247; 50% male; 52% aged 25–34 years) were presented with three hypothetical pill testing scenarios: no testing provided, onsite testing provided and fixed offsite testing provided.

Results

Neither ecstasy users (n = 212) nor participants who had never used ecstasy (n = 35) reported an increased intention to use ecstasy in scenarios in which drug checking was provided. The combination of attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control predicted intention to use a fixed site drug‐checking service, while only subjective norms predicted intention to use an onsite service.

Discussion and Conclusions

These data do not support the view that offering a drug‐checking service at a festival will result in ecstasy use by people who have never used ecstasy or lead to increased use among people who use ecstasy.
Thrombosis of isolated ductus arteriosus aneurysm in a newborn
Authors: Doğan Vehbi , Aksoy Ömer Nuri , Sayıcı İlker Ufuk , Çitli Rümeysa
Published: March 2021

Congenital aneurysm of the ductus arteriosus is reported in 0.8% in neonatal autopsies; however, true incidence is unknown because of high rate of asymptomatic cases and spontaneous regression. Possible complications in symptomatic cases are thromboembolism, spontaneous rupture, erosion, infection, compression of airways, and death. In this report, we present a newborn with giant ductus arteriosus aneurysm (DAA) diagnosed in first day of life, surgically treated after thrombosis of aneurysm.
DynaMETE: a hybrid MaxEnt‐plus‐mechanism theory of dynamic macroecology
Authors: Harte John , Umemura Kaito , Brush Micah
Published: March 2021

The Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology (METE) predicts the shapes of macroecological metrics in relatively static ecosystems, across spatial scales, taxonomic categories and habitats, using constraints imposed by static state variables. In disturbed ecosystems, however, with time‐varying state variables, its predictions often fail. We extend macroecological theory from static to dynamic by combining the MaxEnt inference procedure with explicit mechanisms governing disturbance. In the static limit, the resulting theory, DynaMETE, reduces to METE but also predicts a new scaling relationship among static state variables. Under disturbances, expressed as shifts in demographic, ontogenic growth or migration rates, DynaMETE predicts the time trajectories of the state variables as well as the time‐varying shapes of macroecological metrics such as the species abundance distribution and the distribution of metabolic rates over individuals. An iterative procedure for solving the dynamic theory is presented. Characteristic signatures of the deviation from static predictions of macroecological patterns are shown to result from different kinds of disturbance. By combining MaxEnt inference with explicit dynamical mechanisms of disturbance, DynaMETE is a candidate theory of macroecology for ecosystems responding to anthropogenic or natural disturbances.
Blood pressure and left ventricular function changes in different ambulatory blood pressure patterns at high altitude
Authors: Chen Renzheng , Yang Jie , Liu Chuan , Ke Jingbin , Gao Xubin , Yang Yuanqi , Shen Yang , Yuan Fangzhengyuan , He Chunyan , Cheng Ran , Lv Hailin , Zhang Chen , Gu Wenzhu , Tan Hu , Zhang Jihang , Huang Lan
Published: March 2021

Acute high‐altitude (HA) exposure induces physiological responses of the heart and blood pressure (BP). However, few studies have investigated the responses associated with dipper and non‐dipper BP patterns. In this prospective study, 72 patients underwent echocardiography and 24‐h ambulatory BP testing at sea level and HA. Patients were divided into dipper and non‐dipper groups according to BP at sea level. Acute HA exposure elevated 24‐h systolic and diastolic BP and increased BP variability, particularly in the morning. Moreover, acute exposure increased left ventricular torsion, end‐systolic elastance, effective arterial elastance, and untwisting rate, but reduced peak early diastolic velocity/late diastolic velocity and peak early diastolic velocity/early diastolic velocity, implying enhanced left ventricular systolic function but impaired filling. Dippers showed pronounced increases in night‐time BP, while non‐dippers showed significant elevation in day‐time BP, which blunted differences in nocturnal BP fall, and lowest night‐time and evening BP. Dippers had higher global longitudinal strain, torsion, and untwisting rates after acute HA exposure. Variations in night‐time systolic BP correlated with variations in torsion and global longitudinal strain. Our study firstly demonstrates BP and cardiac function variations during acute HA exposure in different BP patterns and BP increases in dippers at night, while non‐dippers showed day‐time increases. Furthermore, enhanced left ventricular torsion and global longitudinal strain are associated with BP changes. Non‐dippers showed poor cardiac compensatory and maladaptive to acute HA exposure. However, the exact mechanisms involved need further illumination.
Sympathetic nerve distribution in human lymph nodes
Authors: Cleypool Cindy G. J. , Mackaaij Claire , Lotgerink Bruinenberg Dyonne , Schurink Bernadette , Bleys Ronald L. A. W.
Published: March 2021

Various lymph node functions are regulated by the sympathetic nervous system as shown in rodent studies. If human lymph nodes show a comparable neural regulation, their afferent nerves could represent a potential therapeutic target to treat, for example, infectious or autoimmune disease. Little information is available on human lymph node innervation and the aim of this study is to establish a comprehensive and accurate representation of the presence and location of sympathetic nerves in human lymph nodes. Since previous studies mention sympathetic paravascular nerves to occasionally extent into T cell‐rich regions, the relation of these nerves with T cells was studied as well. A total number of 15 inguinal lymph nodes were resected from six donated human cadavers. Lymph node sections were stained with HE and a double T/B cell staining for evaluation of their morphology and to screen for general pathologies. A triple stain was used to identify blood vessels, sympathetic nerves and T cells, and, to study the presence and location of sympathetic nerves and their relation to T cells. To evaluate whether the observed nerves were en route to other structures or were involved in local processes, adjacent slides were stained with a marker for varicosities (synaptophysin), which presence is suggestive for synaptic activity. All lymph nodes contained sympathetic nerves, both as paravascular and discrete structures. In 15/15 lymph nodes, nerves were observed in their capsule, medulla and hilum, whereas only 13/15 lymph nodes contained nerves in their cortex. The amount of sympathetic nerves varied between compartments and between and within individuals. In general, if a lymph node contained more paravascular nerves in a specific compartment, more discrete nerves were observed as well. Occasionally, discrete nerves were observed in relation to T cells in lymphoid tissues of the cortex and medulla. Furthermore, discrete nerves were frequently present in the capsule and hilum. The presence of varicosities in a portion of these nerves, independently to their compartment, suggested a local regulatory function for these nerves. Human lymph nodes contain sympathetic nerves in their capsule, trabeculae, cortex, medulla and hilum, both as paravascular or as discrete structures. Discrete nerves were observed in relation to T cells and non‐T cell‐rich areas such as the hilar and capsular connective tissue. The presence of discrete structures suggests neural regulation of structures other than blood vessels, which was further supported by the presence of varicosities in a portion of these nerves. These observations are of relevance in further understanding neural regulation of lymph node immune responses and in the development of neuromodulatory immune therapies.
Morphology of GNAT3‐immunoreactive chemosensory cells in the nasal cavity and pharynx of the rat
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshio , Yokoyama Takuya , Nakamuta Nobuaki
Published: March 2021

Solitary chemosensory cells and chemosensory cell clusters are distributed in the pharynx and larynx. In the present study, the morphology and reflexogenic function of solitary chemosensory cells and chemosensory cell clusters in the nasal cavity and pharynx were examined using immunofluorescence for GNAT3 and electrophysiology. In the nasal cavity, GNAT3‐immunoreactive solitary chemosensory cells were widely distributed in the nasal mucosa, particularly in the cranial region near the nostrils. Solitary chemosensory cells were also observed in the nasopharynx. Solitary chemosensory cells in the nasopharyngeal cavity were barrel like or slender in shape with long lateral processes within the epithelial layer to attach surrounding ciliated epithelial cells. Chemosensory cell clusters containing GNAT3‐immunoreactive cells were also detected in the pharynx. GNAT3‐immunoreactive cells gathered with SNAP25‐immunoreactive cells in chemosensory clusters. GNAT3‐immunoreactive chemosensory cells were in close contact with a few SP‐ or CGRP‐immunoreactive nerve endings. In the pharynx, GNAT3‐immunoreactive chemosensory cells were also attached to P2X3‐immunoreactive nerve endings. Physiologically, the perfusion of 10 mM quinine hydrochloride (QHCl) solution induced ventilatory depression. The QHCl‐induced reflex was diminished by bilateral section of the glossopharyngeal nerve, suggesting autonomic reflex were evoked by chemosensory cells in pharynx but not in nasal mucosa. The present results indicate that complex shape of nasopharyngeal solitary chemosensory cells may contribute to intercellular communication, and pharyngeal chemosensory cells may play a role in respiratory depression.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) in Azerbaijan
Authors: Osmanli Narmin , Babayev Anar , Rustamov Ikram , Munir Kerim M.
Published: March 2021

The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) is a globally recognized scale for the measurementof subjective well-being in more than thirty six languages. Currently there is no adaptedversion of the SCWS in Azerbaijani language. The aim of the present study was to completeforward and backward translations of the SWLS and maintaining equivalence to examine itspsychometric properties in a sample of 374 subjects in Azerbaijan. The results showed thatthe Azerbaijani version of SWLS had good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.81) withconfirmatory factor analysis showing a single factorial structure. The findings suggest that theAzerbaijani version of the SWLS is a valid instrument to use among Azerbaijan samples.
Encounters with Racism; The Need for Courageous Conversations in Australian Initial Teacher Education Programs to Address Racial Inequality for Aboriginal Peoples
Authors: Daniels-Mayes Sheelagh
Published: March 2021

The strategy of courageous conversations is offered as a means of addressing racial inequity experienced by Australian Aboriginal peoples evident in society’s institutions like education. Despite teacher preparation programs efforts to prepare pre-service teachers for diversity in the classroom, the issue of racism remains problematic. The denial of racism existing in contemporary times is commonplace. Alternatively, rather than being understood as a collective and active colonial and cultural inheritance, racism has been thoroughly reconstructed as an individual moral aberration. Dialogues about racism are often difficult and may create discomfort, raise feelings of indifference, guilt, resistance, shame, and mistrust that lead to avoidance or denial allowing ‘white’ people to remain ignorant that racial issues are endemic. Such denial and avoidance is a privilege not afforded to Aboriginal peoples who have been racially constructed and measured since the onset of dispossessing colonisation in the late 18th century. To not speak of racism and how it intersects with structural inequity for Australian Aboriginal students, serves only to perpetuate dominant racialised narratives that produce and reproduce ‘white’ privilege. This paper draws on and repurposes quantitative data gathered through a two-year critical ethnographic investigation that sought to identify and document what does successful teaching of Aboriginal high school students look like and what challenges do successful teachers encounter? The research quickly revealed the many guises of racism being encountered by teachers and students, personally and professionally, overtly and covertly, within and beyond the school gates. In this paper, narratives of encounters with racism shared by participants are provided to demonstrate the need for intentional and explicit courageous conversations in our schools that start in the Initial Teacher Education classroom.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Smith Robert
Published: March 2021

Journal of Education and Training Studies (JETS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JETS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 3  Alphonce John Amuli, ADEM, TanzaniaChosang Tendhar, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, USAGianpiero Greco, University of Study of Bari, ItalyHassan Shaaban, Atomic energy Authority, EgyptHossein Chaharbashloo, Kharazmi University, IranJohn Cowan, Edinburgh Napier University, UKJohn Mark Asio, Gordon College, PhilippinesLaura Bruno, The College of New Jersey, USAMichael Baron, University of Melbourne, AustraliaMinh Duc Duong, Thai Nguyen University, VietnamMuhammad Haris Effendi-Hasibuan, Universitas Jambi, IndonesiaMustafa Çakır, Marmara University, TurkeyThada Jantakoon, Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University, ThailandVeronica Rosa, University Rome, ItalyVeronica Velasco Gonzalez, University of Valladolid, Spain Robert SmithEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Journal of Education and Training StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAE-mail 1: jets@redfame.comE-mail 2: jets@redfame.orgURL: http://jets.redfame.com
Decolonial Translation: Destabilizing Coloniality in Secular Translations of Islamic Law
Authors: Salaymeh (لينا سلايمة) Lena
Published: March 2021

Contemporary Islamic legal studies – both inside and outside the Muslim world – commonly relies upon a secular distortion of law. In this article, I use translation as a metonym for secular transformations and, accordingly, I will demonstrate how secular ideology translates the Islamic tradition. A secular translation converts the Islamic tradition into “religion” (the non-secular) and Islamic law into “sharia” – a term intended to represent the English mispronunciation of the Arabic word شريعة (sharīʿah). I explore the differences between historical Islamic terms and secular terms in order to demonstrate that coloniality generates religion and religious law; in turn, these two notions convert شريعة (sharīʿah) into “sharia” in both Arabic and non-Arabic languages. Consequently, the notion of “sharia” is part of a colonial system of meaning.
The Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) of New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands. IV. Revision of the genus Baraxina Raffray, 1896
Authors: HLAVÁČ PETER , JAŁOSZYŃSKI PAWEŁ
Published: March 2021

The endemic New Caledonian Brachyglutini genus Baraxina is revised. Seventeen species are recognized, of which sixteen are newly described: B. francoisi Raffray, 1886; B. amieuana sp. n., B. grimbacheri sp. n., B. kanakorum sp. n., B. rutai sp. n., B. aoupinica sp. n., B. asymmetrica sp. n., B. burwelli sp. n., B. dzumacana sp. n., B. jenisi sp. n., B. koghisiana sp. n., B. lescheni sp. n., B. monteithi sp. n., B. parakoghisiana sp. n., B. pecki sp. n., B. poroana sp. n., and B. wanati sp. n.
Squamapion gardinii n. sp. from the Mediterranean Region and notes on some species belonging to the genus Squamapion Bokor, 1923 (Coleoptera, Apionidae)
Authors: GIUSTO CARLO
Published: March 2021

Squamapion gardinii n. sp. from Italy, France and Spain (♂♀; type locality: Italy: Liguria: Genoa Province: Genova-Quinto al Mare: Rio San Pietro), associated with Thymus vulgaris L., is described. Squamapion solariorum (Wagner, 1908) n. stat., upgraded to species rank from subspecies of Squamapion consors (Desbrochers des Loges, 1875), is redescribed (holotype ♀ examined). New chorological records for Squamapion minutissimum (Rosenhauer, 1856) and Squamapion serpyllicola (Wencker, 1864) are also given; the latter species is recorded for the first time from Italy and Romania. A provisional key is provided to the species of Squamapion, related to Squamapion atomarium (Kirby, 1808), present in the Mediterranean region.
Description of a new species of Bush frog (Anura: Rhacophoridae: Raorchestes) from northwestern Yunnan, China
Authors: WU YUN-HE , LIU XIAO-LONG , GAO WEI , WANG YU-FAN , LI YING-CHUN , ZHOU WEI-WEI , YUAN ZHI-YONG , CHE JING
Published: March 2021

Approximately half of the species in speciose genus Raorchestes were described during the past 10 years, yet only 11 species are known from Southeast Asia and southern China (SEA-SC), adjacent Himalayas, and northeastern India. Field work in northwestern Yunnan province, China resulted in the discovery of one new species in the genus based on morphological and molecular analyses. The new species is diagnosed by small size with 15.0–19.0 mm SVL in adult males (n=3); tongue pyriform, notched posteriorly; rudimentary webbing between toes; fingers and toes with narrow lateral dermal fringes; tibiotarsal articulation reaching anterior of the eye when hindlimb is stretched along the side of the body; relative finger lengths: I < II < IV < III, relative toe lengths: I < II < V < III < IV; inner metatarsal tubercle oval, outer metatarsal tubercle absent; finger discs and toe discs greyish or orange; flank near the crotch with a distinct black region between two creamy white patches, and the thigh having a similar black patch near the groin, proximal to another creamy white patch; a distinct “) (”-shaped dark marking on the back; male with external single subgular vocal sac; nuptial pad absent. A phylogenetic tree was reconstructed based on the mitochondrial genes for 16S rRNA and ND1. The results indicated that these individuals form a monophyletic group, and show high genetic divergence to their closest relatives within the genus (uncorrected p-distances > 3.2%) by distance of 16S comparable to the divergence between recognized Raorchestes species. This study further enriches the diversity of rhacophorids, especially in northwestern Yunnan.
Back in time to unlock the future: tracing the type-specimens of Corallus hortulana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Boidae), with designation of a lectotype for the Amazon tree boa
Authors: GONZALEZ RODRIGO CASTELLARI , GUEDES THAÍS B. , PASSOS PAULO
Published: March 2021

Corallus hortulana presents a large array of tones and color pattern variability throughout its distribution (= polychromatism), which trigged the description of several taxa now considered to be primary synonyms. Linnaeus described two of these (Boa enydris and Boa hortulana) on the same page of the 10th Edition of the Systema Naturae. However, both names had been widely used in literature almost in an optional way, until their formal synonymization more than two centuries after the original description. Additionally, the type specimen of Boa hortulana was reported as missing since the late 19th century. These two factors may have enabled the unjustified switched association of types, which was perpetuated in the literature to the present day. Our main goals here were to trace the correct type specimens for each species through a literature review and specimen examination, and to amend the switched association of type material. We found two specimens in the collection of the Uppsala University that are unmistakably associated with Boa hortulana. Herein we designate one of them as its lectotype in order to promote nomenclatural stability considering its huge phenotypic variability and the future possibility of eventually splitting the species.
Taxonomic revisions of Altigena laticeps and A. lippa (Cyprinidae: Labeoninae) from the Mekong River Basin
Authors: CICCOTTO PATRICK J. , LIN FENG , CHEN XIAO-YONG
Published: March 2021

Altigena laticeps, previously considered a junior synonym of A. lippa, is revalidated and re-described based on morphological examinations of type and non-type material. This species, found in the Upper Mekong River basin in China, can be distinguished from A. lippa based on higher numbers of lateral-line scales (40–42 vs. 34–39), predorsal scales (14–16 vs. 9–12), and circumpeduncular scales (20 vs. 16). Altigena lippa, from the Lower Mekong River basin in Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam is also re-described. Four species of Altigena are herein recognized in the Mekong River basin: A. elegans, A. laticeps, A. lippa, and A. yunnanensis.
Remarks on Xylomedes Lesne, 1902 with description of a new species from Iran (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae, Apatinae)
Authors: JERZY BOROWSKI , ANDRZEJ LASOŃ , MAREK SŁAWSKI
Published: March 2021

Xylomedes bidasi n. sp., hitherto known only from Iran, is described as a new species. X. turcica Lesne is considered a junior synonym of X. cornifrons (Baudi), and X. rufocoronata (Fairm.) n. stat.—a subspecies of X. cornifrons. A key to the identification of Asian representatives of the genus Xylomedes Lesne is provided, as well as an updated catalogue of all known species with their geographical distribution.
Objective Measures of Surgeon Non-Technical Skills in Surgery: A Scoping Review
Authors: Cha Jackie S. , Yu Denny
Published: March 2021

Objective

The purpose of this study was to identify, synthesize, and discuss objective behavioral or physiological metrics of surgeons’ nontechnical skills (NTS) in the literature.

Background

NTS, or interpersonal or cognitive skills, have been identified to contribute to safe and efficient surgical performance; however, current assessments are subjective, checklist-based tools. Intraoperative skill evaluation, such as technical skills, has been previously utilized as an objective measure to address such limitations.

Methods

Five databases in engineering, behavioral science, and medicine were searched following PRISMA reporting guidelines. Eligibility criteria included studies with NTS objective measurements, surgeons, and took place within simulated or live operations.

Results

Twenty-three articles were included in this review. Objective metrics included communication metrics and measures from physiological responses such as changes in brain activation and motion of the eye. Frequencies of content-coded communication in surgery were utilized in 16 studies and were associated with not only the communication construct but also cognitive constructs of situation awareness and decision making. This indicates the underlying importance of communication in evaluating the NTS constructs. To synthesize the scoped literature, a framework based on the one-way communication model was used to map the objective measures to NTS constructs.

Conclusion

Objective NTS measurement of surgeons is still preliminary, and future work on leveraging objective metrics in parallel with current assessment tools is needed.

Application

Findings from this work identify objective NTS metrics for measurement applications in a surgical environment.