bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Controlled Trial of Phenelzine in Depressive Reactions
Authors: Harris John A. , Robin A. A.
Published: August 2008

Beta-phenyl ethyl hydrazine dihydrogen sulphate (phenelzine, “Nardil”) is one of the group of hydrazides being currently advocated for the treatment of depression. It has been claimed that this drug has similar properties to iproniazid but is less toxic (Furst, 1959; Thal, 1959), and uncontrolled clinical trials have produced reports of rapid improvement in 70–80 per cent. of cases (Furst, 1959).
The Inadequate Psychopath at Camp Hill Prison
Authors: Knox J. S.
Published: August 2008

Attention is perhaps insufficiently focused in psychiatry on the “constitutional psychic inferior”. It may therefore be of interest to describe prisoners who have been thus affected at Camp Hill Prison in the Isle of Wight.
Dementia: A Clinical and EEG Study of 274 Patients Over the Age of 60
Authors: Turton E. C. , Warren P. K. G.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of the investigation was the assessment of dementia from a clinical and EEG viewpoint in patients aged 60 and over, resident in a mental hospital containing a high proportion of elderly long-stay persons. All patients of suitable age were examined irrespective of diagnosis, provided that this was technically possible and, if alive, they were re-examined three years later, in the hope that a longitudinal study would give additional information as suggested by Rosemanet al.(1952) and Sheridanet al.(1955).
The Ocular Manifestations of Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Five out of 686 Cases of Mental Deficiency Examined in a State Institution for Mentally Retarded Children, Kinston, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Authors: Kratter Frederick Edward
Published: August 2008

Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by a protozoal parasite of worldwide geographic distribution. The organism, Toxoplasma gondii, has been known since 1908, when it was demonstrated in the gondi, a North African rodent, by Nicolle and Manceaux and independently by Splendore in the rabbit in Brazil. Benda quotes Hellbrügge as mentioning that Toxoplasma apparently had been discovered in 1900 by Laveran, in the blood of a bird. It has since been found to be an infective agent in a great variety of species of rodents, mammals and birds from almost any part of the world, providing a large reservoir for human infection.
Verbal Abstraction in Psychiatric Illness: Assay of Impairment Utilizing Proverbs
Authors: Gorham Donald R.
Published: August 2008

As far as published records show, Europeans used proverbs for evaluating mental processes some years before they were similarly used in America. In 1906, Finckh (20) published his research concerning the use of proverbs in intelligence testing, which is still cited most frequently in Germany and considered the foundational research in this field. In 1907, Bühler (13) published his extended article dealing with the problems of studying the thinking process. He pointed out the value of proverbs because they were interesting while at the same time demanding all the psychic energy of the subject. In 1920, Achilles (1) used familiar and not so familiar proverbs in memory studies, testing children, adults and “insane patients”. In 1923, Piaget (39) referred to the use of proverbs for the study of thinking. Also in 1923, Ziehen (53) described the use of proverbs for testing the mentally gifted; both normal and clinical cases. In 1927, Bronner (11) reported a proverbs test being used in the United States. Thurstone's test consisted of two sets of 20 proverbs each.
Three Notable Nineteenth-Century Psychiatrists of Warwickshire
Authors: Stern Edward S.
Published: August 2008

I am going to give sketches of the lives of three notable nineteenth-century psychiatrists who were associated with and lived in my own county of Warwickshire.
Psychiatric Headache
Authors: Gittleson N. L.
Published: August 2008

Headache is a common problem (Rangell, 1953). Cohen (1939) concluded that relatively few cases were organically based and Shapiro (1955) in an American series found that only four out of a hundred cases presenting with headache could be explained on an organic basis, even though there are fifty odd causes of the symptom (Harris, 1936).
Asymmetry of Cerebral Function
Authors: Gooddy William
Published: August 2008

It is the custom of our times to explain neurological, and, to some extent, psychiatric disorders by reference to a static or diagrammatic conception of the physiology of the nervous system, linked with the findings of morbid anatomy. But, in the words of Riese (1950), expressed in his Principles of Neurology:

“Can the behaviour of a living organism be interpreted as purely mechanical? Though the organism remains submitted to the law of mechanics and physics, and though it is to the benefit of a steady improvement of our factual knowledge to explore the mechanics to the maximum possible, we must recognize that in a living organism mechanics are not left to themselves (which means to chance), but that they are at the service of a directing agency best described as the organism's welfare. The reflex must be conceived as an instrument of this agent. All disorders analysed and described in terms of reflex action are only instrumental ones. Neither the physician's task nor his possibilities extend beyond this limit. The directing forces of the organism will be withheld forever from the physician's acting power, if only for the reason that these forces are just ideas or principles of interpretation, but not perceptible realities.”
A Comparative Trial of Four Mono-Amine Oxidase Inhibitors on Chronic Depressives
Authors: Bates T. J. N. , Douglas A. D. McL.
Published: August 2008

Depression is a serious illness in Western Europe and the United States of America. It is estimated that in 1957 the combined total of suicides in the United States, Britain, France and Western Germany was approximately 30, 000 (1). The attempted suicide rate is considered to be six or seven times as great, which could give a grand total of 200, 000 suicide attempts in that year in these countries. Many of these patients are depressives, as stated in a recent British Medical Journal leading article (2).
A Controlled Study of the Effectiveness of Nialamide (“Niamid”) in Schizophrenia
Authors: Hegarty J. G. , Dabbs A. R. , Blaize-Molony R. T. St.
Published: August 2008

Nialamide is claimed to inhibit the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase which is known to be responsible for the breakdown by catalytic oxidation of various amines, e.g. serotonin and norepinephrine. It has been suggested that depression may be associated with inadequate levels of serotonin and/or norepinephrine and that the administration of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor should rationally help to relieve depression. No serious side-effects have been reported in the available literature except that agitated patients might become somewhat more agitated and overactive.
The Effects of Meprobamate on the Performance of a Five-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task
Authors: Claridge G. S.
Published: August 2008

The theoretical framework developed by Eysenck (1955) to account for individual differences in motor and other types of performance has, as its main postulate, the statement that extraverts are characterized by high rates and introverts by low rates of inhibitory growth. An extension of this framework (1957) has allowed a link to be made between personality theory and the theory of drug action, since it has been proposed that depressant drugs increase cortical inhibition and so produce extraverted behaviour patterns, while the opposite is true of stimulant drugs. A test of this postulate by Eysenck, Casey and Trouton (1957) suggested that it was essentially confirmed when applied to motor performance. Dextro-amphetamine sulphate was found to improve and sodium amylobarbitone to depress pursuit rotor performance at all stages of practice. It was concluded that the effect of sodium amylobarbitone was to increase the two inhibitory factors recognized by Hullian learning theory, viz. conditioned inhibition (SIR) and reactive inhibition (IR).
The Treatment of Restless Psychotics with Methotrimeprazine (Veractil)
Authors: Muller David
Published: August 2008

Since the introduction of methotrimeprazine (Veractil) to psychiatry in 1956 by the French workers, Sigwald, Henne, Bouttier, Raymoneaud and Quetin (1), this drug has been used here and on the Continent for the treatment of various psychiatric conditions with varying and inconsistent success. A rapid review of some examples in the literature will suffice to illustrate this. Deschamps and Madre (2) stated that the drug was more rapidly effective and more powerful than chlorpromazine (Largactil). Gayral et al. (3) reported on their findings in 409 patients, most of them (304) out-patients, and the majority (316) with depression: it was considered that Veractil was not an adequate substitute for electroplexy (E.C.T.) in depression. Larue and Gosselin (4) treated 82 patients with a variety of disorders including 2 cases of trigeminal neuralgia, with marked success. Letailleur, le Borgne and Lebrun (5) reported the side-effects of drowsiness and fainting to be relatively common, but with no true Parkinsonism, in a series of 75 patients of which they regarded 36 as cured and 25 as improved. Baruk, Launay and Roberti (6) claimed good results, not only in depression, as stated by others, but also in obsessive and digestive neuroses; and in patients with syndromes in which other neuroleptics were usually without effect. Deschales, Lanteri-Lausa and Fargeon (7) however concluded that Veractil was no more efficacious than other neuroleptics though they preferred it for depressives: it could usefully be combined with E.C.T. in these cases but it could not replace it. Baker and Thorpe (8) found no difference in comparison with Largactil while treating deteriorated schizophrenics, except that the effective dose of Veractil was only two-thirds that of Largactil. Leitch and Seager (9) found no statistical significance in a placebo-controlled study comparing Veractil, Largactil, acepromazine and promazine. But Quinn, Johnston, Latner and Kiloh (10) again reported a 42 per cent. clinical improvement in patients given Veractil compared with Largactil and a placebo in 146 schizophrenics using the working capacity in males and the degree of deterioration in females as pointers for assessment.
Group Resort to Phantasy a Field Study
Authors: Peberdy G. R.
Published: August 2008

Resort to the use of phantasy in conditions of stress in individuals and in groups was a preoccupation of the author in 1944 (1). The fact that the subject was in mind occasioned the discovery of a “psychological epidemic”. The affairs to be described sound trivial, but have been thought needing of record as a factual account of group infantilisms which, although doubtless of common occurrence, are not much documented. The passage of fifteen years was thought proper to minimize chance of recognition of any people concerned, but this does not affect the validity of the observations. At the expense of some obscurity, cyphers are used to designate individuals and other clues to identity have been avoided.
A Simple and Reliable Subclassification of Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Wing J. K.
Published: August 2008

No detailed and comprehensive system of subclassification of chronic schizophrenia has been generally adopted in this country. Most psychiatrists are content to use the broad categories of simple, hebephrenic, catatonic, paranoid and undifferentiated schizophrenia. Placing a patient into one of these subgroups entails a judgment which is based upon all the information at the clinician's disposal. Such data are necessarily unstandardized; the method of collection varies from doctor to doctor and from patient to patient, and the criteria of classification are not uniformly agreed upon. No objective tests are available which would serve to check the accuracy of the decisions taken. It is inevitable, in these circumstances, that clinical systems of subclassification should not be much used for scientific purposes. The basic essential of a classifying instrument is that it should produce the same results in the hands of different investigators, and that its standards of measurement should not vary from one occasion to another. No study so far published has attempted to deal with this problem, which becomes more serious as the elaboration (and possibly the clinical usefulness) of the classification increases. Leonhard's system (1, 4, 5) for example, would gain enormously if its reliability could be demonstrated.
Existentialism and Psychiatry
Authors: Fish Frank
Published: August 2008

In psychiatry we often use different kinds of psychology without being aware of doing so. Before we consider existentialist psychiatry in detail we must discuss the three different kinds of psychology, namely, explanatory psychology, understanding psychology and interpretive psychology.
The Teaching of Psychology in the Medical Curriculum
Authors: Hall S. Barton , Hearnshaw L. S. , Hetherington R. R.
Published: August 2008

It may be recalled that the Recommendations adopted by the General Medical Council in 1957 refrained from specifying the period of time to be allotted to particular subjects, or the sequence in which they should be taught. They considered the primary task to be that of finding means to reduce the congestion in the curriculum: to instruct less and to educate more: and they trusted that the licensing bodies and schools would not feel limited in their right, even their duty, to experiment with different courses and various methods of teaching.
Contrasting Suicide Rates in Industrial Communities
Authors: Stengel E. , Cook Nancy G.
Published: August 2008

Differences between the suicide rates in various parts of the same country or in different parts of an urban area have frequently been investigated. Correlations between the incidence of suicides in different districts of large cities and their socio-economic characteristics have been established (Cavan, 1928; Sainsbury, 1955). Suicide rates of contrasting communities, urban and rural, have been compared (Carstairs and Brown, 1958).
Psychoses in General Practice an Epidemiological Survey
Authors: Ryle Anthony
Published: August 2008

Two main difficulties are met with in epidemiological studies of mental disorders. Firstly, the problem of finding all the cases occurring in a population, or a representative sample of them; and secondly, the problem of classification.
Deconditioning and Time-Therapy
Authors: Rudolf G. De M.
Published: August 2008

In view of the recent revival of interest in deconditioning, the treatment of a series of 35 cases of anxiety by this method may be of interest. This series has not been recorded previously although the treatment was carried out 20 years ago.
Psychogenic Headache and the Localization of the Ego
Authors: Gittleson N. L.
Published: August 2008

Headache alone is estimated to be the chief and central complaint of eight million people (8). In one series of five hundred cases only ninety-six were found to have an organic basis (4).
A Controlled Comparison of Imipramine and Electroplexy
Authors: Robin A. A. , Harris J. A.
Published: August 2008

In the treatment of depression “in all comparisons it is necessary to bear in mind that electroplexy carries a negligible mortality rate and that there are relatively few physical contraindications to its application” (Shepherd, 1959). Bruce et al. (1960) compared electroplexy and imipramine in 50 consecutive admissions and at one month the former is shown to give better results. Rees et al. (1961), whose cases were suitable for electroplexy, show only 35 per cent. with total remission or marked improvement after three weeks treatment with imipramine—a much lower figure than one would expect with E.C.T.
A Controlled Trial of Trifluoperazine in the Treatment of the Mentally Subnormal Patient
Authors: Sharpe D. S.
Published: August 2008

The treatment of mentally subnormal patients is often complicated by abnormal behaviour, usually consisting of a mixture of aggression towards either themselves or others, extreme noisiness, hyperkinesis and general anti-social conduct. Because this presents great difficulties, particularly from the nursing point of view, the aim of all whose task it is to care for these patients has been to improve this behaviour pattern. However, until recently the treatment has been largely custodial, coupled with large and frequent doses of sedatives, usually of the barbiturate group. The advent of “tranquillizing” drugs, particularly the phenothiazines, seems to offer the possibility of controlling these disorders without reducing the patient to a vegetative state.
Corn Oil in Atherosclerotic Dementia
Authors: Beckett H. Dale
Published: August 2008

In order to explore the possibility of there occurring, in accordance with the Law of Mass Action, a reversal of the deposition of the cholesterol-lipoid-lipoprotein complex (Bevans et al., 1951), in the walls of cerebral arteries of atherosclerotic dements following a reduction in serum cholesterol, a study was made in March 1959 of changes that were shown in the behaviour of six such patients compared with six senile dements and four schizophrenics following the intake of large quantities of corn oil (Keys, 1956; Anderson et al., 1957).
A Trial of Hypoglycaemic Agents for Weight Increase in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Shafar Susanne
Published: August 2008

Former attempts to restore weight loss in psychiatric patients have included hyperalimentation (Weir Mitchell, 8) and sub-coma insulin therapy (Debenham et al., 2; Sargant and Craske, 5; Sullivan, 7). The aim of the present trial was to compare weight gains in a group of patients given repeated small doses of insulin with two other groups to whom oral hypoglycaemic agents were administered, and with a control group. The drugs used were tolbutamide and chlorpropamide, both of which are sulphonylureas used in the management of diabetes mellitus, and known to induce hypoglycaemia in non-diabetic subjects (Hoenig and Gittleson, 4; Cardonnet et al., 1; Garcia Reyes et al., 3). Pharmacologically there are no qualitative differences in their mode of action. Stowers et al., (6) found the half-life of tolbutamide to be 3·5 hours and that of chlorpropamide 34·5 hours. The prolonged action of chlorpropamide permits once daily dosage, but tolbutamide, being a shorter acting drug, was given in divided doses to maintain depression of blood sugar over the 24 hours.
Depression and Personality
Authors: Adams Anne , Foulds G. A.
Published: August 2008

It has been suggested (Foulds, 1961b) that a double classificatory scheme, which takes account of both the more unstable symptom variables and the rather more enduring and stable personality variables, should increase the reliability of the psychiatric diagnosis.
Psychological Changes in Chronic Schizophrenics Following Differential Activity Programmes
Authors: Hamilton Vernon , Salmon Phillida
Published: August 2008

Recent interest in the problems of long-stay mental hospital populations has led to a number of studies which have been concerned with rehabilitation and particularly the re-activation of chronic, deteriorated patients by deliberate and systematic modification of their environment. In some of these studies, attention has been focused on the hospital ward itself, both as the background against which personal and social deterioration may be assessed, and as the means of re-building desirable patterns of behaviour (Cameron, Laing and McGhie, 1955; May, 1956). Another group of rehabilitation studies has been concerned with the value of specific work programmes. Industrial-type workshops in Dutch mental hospitals have been discussed by Carstairs et al. (1955), and the value of industrial and productive work in hospitals in this country, as well as some of its therapeutic effects, have been described in other publications (Baker, 1956; Stern, 1959; Collins, Fynn, Manners and Morgan, 1959). Considerable developments in the rationale and organization of sheltered as well as financially viable industrial workshops or factories for chronic mental patients have been made more recently (Wadsworth, Scott and Tonge, 1958; Early, 1960; Cooper and Early, 1961; Wadsworth et al., 1961).
The incidence and relationship of homosexual and paranoid features in schizophrenia
Authors: Planansky Karel , Johnston Roy
Published: August 2008

Through the interpretation of certain features of the schizophrenic process, psychoanalytic theory links homosexuality and paranoid schizophrenia. This theoretical link derives from a concept of the dynamic development of the individual constructed from observations about individual cases rather than from any knowledge of the frequency of the linkage in the population of schizophrenic patients.
Homosexuality and genetic sex
Authors: Pritchard Michael
Published: August 2008

It is more than twenty years since Lang advanced the hypothesis that some male homosexuals are sex intergrades with male morphological sex characteristics but a female chromosomal pattern (Lang, 1940). Is there now sufficient evidence to prove or disprove the theory? The purpose of this paper is to review the evidence to date, and to present the results of an investigation of the somatic chromosomes in a small series of male homosexuals.
Amitriptyline in depressive states
Authors: Burt C. G. , Gordon W. F. , Holt N. F. , Hordern Anthony
Published: August 2008

Since its introduction in 1938, electroconvulsive therapy (E.C.T.) has shown itself to be a dramatically effective, unusually safe treatment for severe depressive states (“melancholias”, “endogenous” or “psychotic” depressions). Nevertheless, it is repugnant to many patients and psychiatrists, produces a troublesome, if transient, amnesia—especially in older individuals—and is occasionally complicated by fractures and dislocations as well as by anaesthetic and relaxant misadventures. Worst of all, as early studies showed, of the 80–90 per cent. of severe depressives who respond to E.C.T., some 30 per cent. relapse (Huston and Locher, 1948 a, b). Recent work suggests that the rate of relapse may often be higher still—thus of 94 per cent. of a group of patients who had responded to E.C.T., Kiloh and Ball (1961) reported that 46 per cent. had relapsed during the six months following the cessation of treatment. For these reasons, the trend to chemotherapy initiated by the advent of effective antidepressant compounds in 1957 continues to develop, and signs are becoming manifest that within a few years E.C.T. may be replaced by pharmacotherapy.
Broken homes among attempted suicides and psychiatric out-patients: A comparative study
Authors: Bruhn John G.
Published: August 2008

Many investigators have pointed out the social and psychological meanings of broken homes and their effects on individuals' behaviour. Goldfarb (3) stressed the importance of normal parental relationships both in ego formation and in the transfer of ego functions from parent to child. Thompson (16) maintains that the loss of a familiar perceptual framework may be as equally important as the loss of a love-object. Bowlby (2) points out that love deprivation and superficial relationships frequently lead to maladjustment and delinquency. Kardiner (4) emphasizes the importance of the social and cultural values of tender emotion as the basis of social cohesion and culture. Several research workers have found high incidences of broken homes among schizophrenics (Pollack et al., 10; Lidz, 5; Oltman et al., 8) and among neurotics (Madow and Hardy, 6; McGregor, 7). Other research workers have been concerned with the incidence of broken homes among individuals who attempt suicide (Palmer, 9; Reitman, 11; Sainsbury, 12; Batchelor and Napier, 1; Stengel and Cook, 14; Walton, 18; Teichner, 15; Toolan, 17; Simon, 13). However, the majority of the latter group of studies have lacked comparative control groups. The present study investigates several factors of social disorganization which distinguish a group of attempted suicides with a history of broken homes from a group of psychiatric out-patients who have not attempted suicide but have a history of broken homes. All comparisons will be between attempted suicides and psychiatric out-patients from broken homes.
Schizophrenic sub-diagnosis and age at menarche
Authors: Wertheimer Nancy M.
Published: August 2008

Not uncommonly, schizophrenia seems to arise in close connection with the puberal years. This is sometimes attributed to psychological or physiological stresses at puberty, but there is no really adequate understanding of the phenomenon. One cannot predict at all dependably which personality characteristics or which stresses will result in a schizophrenic breakdown near puberty.
A survey of 100 female senile admissions to a mental hospital
Authors: Morris P. A.
Published: August 2008

An investigation was undertaken to determine the fate of 100 consecutive female admissions over 65 to a mental hospital. The patients were admitted to Kingsway Hospital, Derby, between October 1958 and December 1959 and were each followed up for a year or until death. These 100 patients formed 24% of the total female admissions for the period. The catchment area from which they came includes the County Borough of Derby (a heavy-industrial town) with a total of over-65 female population of 8,724; Shardlow Urban District (a rather rambling and mainly country area) with 5,633; and Long Eaton Urban District (a light-engineering town) with 1,934. Thus the total over-65 female population was 16,311. Working from these figures the expected admissions from these areas would be (in %): 53: 35: 12, whereas the actual figures were (in %): 62: 30: 8. This shows, as one would expect, a proportionately higher admission rate from the industrial areas.
Amitriptyline: A controlled trial in chronic depressive states
Authors: Skarbek Andrew , Smedberg Daphne
Published: August 2008

Amitriptyline hydrochloride is 5–(3 dimethylaminopropylidine)–dibenzo (a,d) (1,4) cycloheptadiene hydrochloride. Structurally it is not related to the hydrazines and is not a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. It bears some resemblance to the phenothiazines and its chemical structure is related to imipramine, in which the central seven numbered ring is azepine, nitrogen replacing the partially unsaturated carbon of the amitriptyline cycloheptadiene ring (Dorfman, 1960; Vernier, 1961).
ii. Physical Aspects
Authors: Beard A. W.
Published: August 2008

The psychiatric aspects of the investigation of these patients having been covered in the first of the papers of this series, it is the purpose of the present paper to provide details of physical factors, especially those relating to the epilepsy.
Behaviour Therapy, Extinction and Relapse in Neurosis
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: August 2008

Behaviour therapy is defined as the application of the principles of modern learning theory to the treatment of neurotic disorders (Eysenck, 1960a, 1963). It defines neurotic “symptoms” as unadaptive conditioned autonomic responses, or the skeletal and muscular activities instrumental in moderating these conditioned autonomic responses. Treatment consists essentially in the extinction of autonomic, skeletal and muscular responses of this type. This extinction may be produced in a great variety of ways, but experience has shown that the most useful and important is probably the method of counterconditioning or “reciprocal inhibition” (Wolpe, 1958). This method takes two forms, according to the nature of the symptom. (1) When the symptom is of a dysthymic character (anxieties, phobias, depression, obsessive-compulsive reactions, etc.) it is assumed that the disorder consists of conditioned sympathetic reactions, and the treatment consists of reconditioning the stimulus (or stimuli) to produce parasympathetic reactions which, being antagonistic to the sympathetic ones, will weaken and finally extinguish them. These disorders we will here call “disorders of the first kind”. (2) When the symptom is of a socially disapproved type in which the conditioned stimulus evokes parasympathetic responses (alcoholism, fetishism, homosexuality), or where there is an entire absence of an appropriate conditioned response (enuresis, psychopathic behaviour), treatment (aversion therapy) consists of the pairing of the stimulus in question with strong aversive stimuli producing sympathetic reactions. These disorders we will call “disorders of the second kind”. (In putting the distinction between these two types of treatment in this very abbreviated form, we have used the terms “sympathetic” and “parasympathetic” in a rather inexact shorthand notation to refer to hedonically positive and negative experiences respectively; the reader familiar with the complexities of autonomic reactions will no doubt be able to translate these blanket statements into more precise language appropriate to each individual case. We have retained this use of the terms here because it aids in the general description given, and indicates the physiological basis assumed to exist for the hedonic reactions.)
The Languages of Psychiatry
Authors: Brain Lord
Published: August 2008

The linguistic philosophers have tended to maintain that philosophy is reducible to the ways in which language is used. Without going all the way with them I believe that they have made a valuable contribution to thought, and that it is often illuminating to look at current problems in that way. In attempting to do this for psychiatry my object is to draw attention to the existence in psychiatric thought of what may be called a number of different languages, to consider briefly the rules which apply to each and those which govern the attempt to translate one language into another, and also to look at the relations between psychiatric languages and certain other types of language.
Trial of Amitriptyline in Chronic Depression
Authors: Garry J. W. , Leonard T. J.
Published: August 2008

Amitriptyline hydrochloride (“Tryptizol”) is a new antidepressant with a predominant action on the central nervous system. It is 5-(3-di-methylaminopropylidene) - dibenzo (a,d) (1,4) cycloheptadiene hydrochloride, and is related chemically to imipramine.
Psychogenic Factors in Vasomotor Rhinorrhoea
Authors: Fennell George
Published: August 2008

Vasomotor rhinorrhoea is a condition characterized by a constant or intermittent watery discharge from the nose. This may be accompanied by bouts of sneezing and a feeling of irritation in the nose. It is stated by some of the patients that symptoms occur during, or are aggravated by, periods of mental tension. In a severe case the secretions may be so profuse that the patient may need to use several handkerchiefs in one day.
Reactive and Endogenous Depressions—Response to E.C.T.
Authors: Rose J. T.
Published: August 2008

Depressive states have long been classified by various dichotomies into reactive versus endogenous, agitated versus retarded and neurotic versus psychotic. The reactive-endogenous dichotomy is an aetiological classification, whereas the agitated-retarded and neurotic-psychotic divisions are symptomatological ones. It is generally considered that there is much correlation between these different classifications, although it is agreed that there may be some overlapping and various points of difference.
Delayed Auditory Feedback Vocal Intensity Changes in Schizophrenia
Authors: Spear F. G. , Bird R. L.
Published: August 2008

When speech processes are interfered with by the technique known as Delayed Auditory Feedback (D.A.F.) various disturbances result (Lee, 1950, 1951). These have been intensively investigated and have been found to depend upon the delay and amplification of the feedback (Black, 1951) and upon personality factors (Beaumont and Foss, 1957; Spilka, 1954). These differences have been shown to extend into psychiatric diagnoses (Goldfarb and Braunstein, 1958; Spear, 1963) and it has been possible to demonstrate that schizophrenic patients show less increase in vocal intensity under conditions of D.A.F. than do other psychiatric patients and normal subjects. It was thought worth while to investigate this difference further, using a slightly more refined method of measurement of the parameter under consideration and to seek clinical correlations with the findings.
Depersonalization Phenomena in Obsessional Personalities and in Depression
Authors: Sedman G. , Reed G. F.
Published: August 2008

It is claimed that there is an association between the occurrence of depersonalization and obsessional personality (Mayer-Gross, Slater and Roth, 1960). The above authors in their textbook quote Shorvon (1946), who found that in his sixty-six cases of depersonalization (forty-six female, twenty male, with an age of onset distribution of twenty under 20 years, thirty between 20 and 30 years, sixteen between 30 and 40 years), no less than 88 per cent. showed obsessional traits in their personalities. Shorvon excluded involutional depression and severe psychotics from his case material. Mayer-Gross commenting on the above paper stated, “While obsessional personalities are preponderant among his cases, he apparently only included a few cases of cyclothymic temperament. In the latter this symptom is frequent, in fact one-third of my own patients were of this type.” He (1935) had in fact drawn attention to the relatively large numbers of extraverted hypomanic characters, who were subject to depersonalization (one-third of his twenty-six cases), but he also found seven out of twenty-six with obsessional personality. (Mayer-Gross found a striking uniformity of age at the beginning of the syndrome, average 26.6 years, distribution two under 20, eighteen between 20 and 30, six between 30 and 40 and a preponderance of women, twenty out of twenty-six.) On the other hand Anderson (1936) found an incidence of 30 per cent. of depersonalization in a series of fifty cases of depression of later life, drawing attention to the often-remarked upon association between depersonalization and depression.
Sex Chromatin Abnormalities in Female Subnormal Patients
Authors: Ridler M. A. C. , Shapiro A. , McKibben W. R.
Published: August 2008

This survey is the concluding part of an investigation of the distribution of abnormalities of the sex chromatin body in the whole of the patient population of Harperbury Hospital. The results of the survey of the male patients of the hospital have already been reported (Shapiro and Ridler, 1960).
The Psychiatric Casualty
Authors: Whiteley J. Stuart , Denison D. M.
Published: August 2008

The facilities for dealing with the psychiatric patient who presents at the Casualty Department leave much to be desired.

The extent and nature of this problem is shown by the following study, in which one Junior Casualty Officer, who received 1,224 patients presenting with a new complaint over a period of three months, recorded the number of cases which he considered to be suffering from a primarily psychiatric condition. This amounted to 82 (6.6 per cent.), and, allowing for the fact that he was one of three Casualty Officers performing identical duties, this means that 984 such patients can be expected in the year. This is double the number of new cases referred to the Psychiatric Out-Patient clinic of this same hospital.
“Continuous” Thioproperazine
Authors: MacLeod E. C. , Moffat J.
Published: August 2008

Thioproperazine (‘Majeptil’) is a recently introduced phenothiazine derivative which readily produces extra-pyramidal disturbances. Its pharmacology was originally described by Courvoisier et al. (1958) and its clinical properties by a number of workers including, in this country, Denham and Carrick (1961). Several investigators have reported impressive results with this drug in a variety of mentally ill patients, including chronic schizophrenics who had failed to respond to other forms of therapy.
The Treatment of Spasticity with Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
Authors: de M. Rudolf G.
Published: August 2008

Over a period of 12 years Denhoff and Holden (1961) tested 8 drugs on pre-school children suffering from cerebral palsy for improvement in neuromuscular function including spasticity, behaviour, taste (acceptability) and toxicity. Objective tests were used for the first. The drugs examined were mephenesin (Myanesin, Tolserol), mephenesin with glycerol-alpha-ethyl-gamma-isopropyl ether (Lissephen), chlorpromazine, reserpine, zoxazolamine (Flexin), alpha-ethyl-beta-methylvaleramine (McN 181), carisoprodol (Soma), and emylcamate (Striatan). Beneficial results were seen in neuromotor function with both mephanesin and placebo. Placebo effects were greater than drug effects in neuromotor function and behaviour with Lissephen, but this drug was not tolerated in doses sufficient to reverse these effects. With chlorpromazine behaviour improved statistically, but the neuromotor effectiveness was secondary, occurring because the child was mentally relaxed and happy. Zoxazolamine gave improved behaviour, but the neuromotor effect was no better than that of the placebo. Reserpine was not tolerated, drowsiness taking place with a dose necessary to produce efficient performance. McN 181 was ineffective in doses tolerated and 6 cases were unchanged or worse as regards spasticity on soma. Striatan gave 6 of 14 improving in anxiety, but 10 of 18 did so with placebo and no statistical differences were found in anxiety score. The beneficial neuromotor effects of the drugs varied from 9 to 56 per cent. (mean 33.4) and of the placebos from 26 to 50 per cent. (mean 38.7). The authors point out that overall progress can be made when the child is mentally relaxed and happy, as when being treated with chlorpromazine.
III. The Blood Pressure Response to an Adrenaline Antagonist as a Measure of Autonomic Lability
Authors: Davies M. H. , Claridge G. S. , Wawman R. J.
Published: August 2008

A positive correlation has been found between changes of blood pressure and sedation threshold in two autonomic tests. In the Cold Pressor test the blood pressure changes were measured following the immersion of the hand in water at + 4-5° C. and in the Mecholyl test following the subcutaneous injection of a parasympathomimetic drug (Mecholyl). Both tests were considered to demonstrate differences in individuals' autonomic lability.
Adoptive Families Referred for Psychiatric Advice
Authors: Humphrey Michael , Ounsted Christopher
Published: August 2008

Legal adoption has gained enormously in popularity over the last thirty-five years. Beginning in 1927 with under 3,000 cases, a peak was reached in the early post-war years with over 21,000 orders granted in 1946, while over the last decade this figure has stabilized at an annual average of 13,500. Something like a third of these adoption orders are for mothers wishing to confer legitimate status on their own children born before or out of wedlock, while in a small proportion of other cases children are adopted by relatives actingin loco parentis.We are left with a clear majority of cases (probably about 60 per cent.) in which the purpose of adoption is to create or complete a family where fertility is known or believed to be impaired. Only rarely will a couple adopt in preference to reproducing, although there are certain circumstances in which such a decision would be justified, for example where pregnancy carries serious risks for a woman healthy in all other respects or where there is a likelihood of inherited abnormality in her child.
A Clinical Trial of Amitriptyline in Depressive Patients
Authors: Browne M. W. , Kreeger L. C. , Kazamias N. G.
Published: August 2008

Amitriptyline (Tryptizol) is an antidepressant drug which is related structurally to imipramine (Fig. 1). Its full name chemically is 5-(d-dimethylaminopropylidene)-dibenzo (a,d) (1,4) cycloheptadiene hydrochloride. Numerous uncontrolled trials to date (Ayd, Bennett) have reported success with this drug in the treatment of both endogenous and reactive depressions. Several reports (Ayd, Dorfman, Dunlop) have stressed the fact that agitation as a manifestation of depressive illness is frequently relieved. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the drug on depression in a controlled trial.
Amitriptyline in Depressive States
Authors: Hordern Anthony , Holt N. F. , Burt C. G. , Gordon W. F.
Published: August 2008

In recent years the development of effective anti-depressant drugs has led to much controversy and uncertainty regarding the treatment of depressive states. Indications for the primary use of E.C.T. remain obscure, whilst choice of drug seems to be determined by current personal preference rather than by any specific rationale. If reliable prognostic formulations—and so, rational lines of treatment—are to be developed, there is an urgent need for the accumulation of data from controlled trials rather than a continuing spate of “1”.

Amitriptyline, a new anti-depressant chemically resembling both imipramine and chlorpromazine has, in a blind controlled study carried out by the authors, been shown to be significantly superior to imipramine in the treatment of female patients between 30 and 70 years of age, hospitalized with primary depressive states (Burt, Gordon, Holt and Hordern, 1962). The findings in the first 74 patients were unexpectedly so much in favour of amitriptyline that to confirm them the trial was extended to include a further 65 patients conforming to the same criteria; but as two died, the total sample consisted of 137 female patients. The size of this sample facilitated (1) an investigation of the phenomenology of depressive states in women and (2) a study of the significance of a number of prognostic variables in relation to the outcome of treatment with amitriptyline and imipramine.
Some Physical Characteristics of a Group of Psychotic Children
Authors: Simon G. B. , Gillies S. M.
Published: August 2008

This report refers to investigations on a group of children in Smith Hospital, Henley-on-Thames (O'Gorman, 1958). Smith Hospital is a long-stay children's psychiatric unit, predominantly for children diagnosed as psychotic and requiring hospital care. In particular, children are admitted where it is thought that the home environment is a factor in the maintenance of the child's psychosis or where the child's disturbance is such that the parents are no longer able to cope with it.
A Comparison of Subjective Responses to Imipramine and Tranylcypromine
Authors: Spear F. G. , Hall P. , Stirland J. D.
Published: August 2008

Although the number of anti-depressant drugs available has grown rapidly in recent years, they are still broadly classified into three main groups. First are the general nervous system stimulants, exemplified by amphetamine, second the group derived from the phenothiazines exemplified by imipramine and third, the monoamineoxidase inhibitors—the first example of which was iproniazid. The general stimulants have many disadvantages, their place in treatment is limited, but fairly well defined. Many monoamineoxidase inhibitors have been found to have serious toxic effects, but some, including tranylcypromine appear to be reasonably safe and effective (Agin, 1960).
Creativity and its Relationship to Age, Vocabulary and Personality of Schizophrenics
Authors: Al-Issa Ihsan
Published: August 2008

As chronic schizophrenia is characterized by a complex and differentiated impairment of intellect, it is of interest to study the various creative-thinking abilities (Guilford, 1959) in chronic schizophrenics. In the present experiment, creativity was defined as the patients' scores on a battery of tests for flexibility, originality and ideational fluency. The patients were also given the Wechsler Bellevue Vocabulary Scale and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. It was found that while vocabulary and neuroticism are positively correlated with creativity, age and extraversion show the opposite trend. Furthermore, vocabulary is negatively correlated with extraversion and positively correlated with neuroticism. Thus it was clearly demonstrated that the creativity of chronic schizophrenics is not independent of age, verbal ability and the personality traits of extraversion and neuroticism. It is suggested that the results were probably affected by institutionalization, duration of illness and the patient's level of drive. Creativity was subsumed under the general problem of evaluating the behaviour and symptoms of psychiatric patients.
Blood pH and Plasma pCO2 in Mental Disease
Authors: Challenger Judith M. , Leyton Geoffrey B.
Published: August 2008

Interest in the acid base metabolism in mental disease has existed almost as long as the relevant estimations have been available to clinicians. In the period from 1920 to 1938 many careful and accurate determinations of the factors involved were carried out, both in Europe and the United States of America. The results, while being sometimes equivocal, for the most part showed that there was no demonstrable change between those suffering from schizophrenia or depression and a normal hospital population. Since 1938 little interest appears to have been taken in the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood and the pCO2 in mental disease. During recent years great progress has been made in the apparatus for the determination of blood pH and pCO2 and fairly recently it became possible to estimate the first of these three places of decimals with a reproducibility of 0·005 of a pH unit and an equivalent accuracy for pCO2. In view of this great improvement in the apparatus available, it seemed worth while to estimate the blood pH and pCO2 in a large number of chronic mentally ill patients. The facilities and the patients were available in Hollymoor Hospital, so we decided to see whether with the much more delicate instruments now available it was possible to demonstrate any significant difference in the blood pH and pCO2 between schizophrenics and other mentally ill patients.
Drug Induced Parkinsonian Syndrome in a Case of Tranquillizer Poisoning
Authors: Lichtigfeld F. J.
Published: August 2008

Extra-pyramidal reactions following on the administration of the major tranquillizers have been frequently reported on (May and Voegele, 1956; Druckman, Seelinger and Thulin, 1962; Freyhan, 1957).
Short Psychotherapy with Passive Patients
Authors: Browne S. E.
Published: August 2008

The most pressing problem in general practice today is the provision of adequate psychotherapy for psychogenic illness, which is responsible for 30 per cent. of all consultations (College of General Practitioners, 1958) and only a small proportion of which can be treated by trained psychiatrists. This paper describes a form of brief psychotherapy directed towards modifying neurotic character traits and securing freer expression of personality assets in the passive compliant type of personality which was found in 71 per cent. of all patients specially interviewed in late 1959 and 1960 in a working-class Belfast practice.
Fetishism Occurring in Identical Twins
Authors: Gorman Gerald F.
Published: August 2008

Fetishism is relatively rare as a primary medical problem. Curran (1) describes only five cases in his series of 4,000 patients seen in private practice.

It is defined by Freud (2) as a condition “in which the normal sexual object is replaced by another which, though related to it, is totally unfit for the normal sexual aim”.