bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS BEBAN PENCEMAR DAN KAPASITAS ASIMILASI PERAIRAN SUNGAI TAPUNG KIRI KABUPATEN KAMPAR
Authors: Utami Resarizki , Amin Bintal , Nurhidayah Tengku
Published: December 2022

This research was conducted in September until November 2018 in the Tapung Kiri River Basin in Kampar Regency. Data analyze the water quality conditions in terms of physical, chemical, microbiological and heavy metal parameters, estimating incoming pollutant loads, measuring waters assimilation capacity, and determining pollution index values and the socio-economic impact of the community around the waters of the Tapung Kiri River. Sampling and analysis of samples were carried out at 5 stations with 3 replications carried out both in the field and the laboratory. The results showed that water quality parameters namely TSS, BOD, COD, NH3, PO4, Fe and Total Coliform had exceeded the quality standard based on Government Regulation  No. 82 of 2001. The calculation of the pollutant load of the Tapung Kiri River waters indicates that the parameters TSS, BOD, COD, NH3, PO4, Oil and Fe have exceeded their assimilation capacity. The Tapung Kiri River is mild to moderate polluted based on Minister of Environment Decree No. 115 of 2003.
POTENSI TRIMIRISTIN BIJI PALA FAKFAK (Myristica argantea warb) DAN EKSTRAKSI KULIT BUAH NAGA MERAH SEBAGAI BAHAN ADITIF SABUN DALAM PENERAPAN KIMIA HIJAU: REVIEW ANALISIS
Authors: Vitarisma Isma Yanti , Atikah Atikah , Utomo Yudhi , Sanjaya Eli Hendrik
Published: December 2022

Fakfak nutmeg seeds contain 6% of essential oil and 11-34% of fat. Trimyristin contained in nutmeg seeds reaches 80%. The oil and fat content in the nutmeg seeds can be used as an ingredient for making soap, perfume and other industrial materials. Tools made of stainless steel can be used to distill the oil content in nutmeg seeds. Reflux system using ester which will then be purified using acetone and then tested again with gas chromatography to isolate and purify nutmeg essential oil. Extraction of anthocyanin pigments from red dragon fruit peel waste using maceration method using distilled water and 10% citric acid with a ratio of 1:6 which is a mixed solvent type. The test parameters used pH values and absorbance values were measured using spectrophotometry with the UV-Visible method to determine and analyze the brightness level of the anthocyanin red dye content. The results of the content of trimyristin which can be potential as a soap additive and can be tested for anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties combined with the principle of green chemistry.
PENGGUNAAN SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS DALAM PENGELOLAAN DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI MENGGUNAKAN MODEL SOIL AND WATER ASSESMENT TOOL (SWAT)
Authors: Nurdin Nurdin , Shalahuddin Muhammad , Fakhri Fakhri , Ermiyati Ermiyati , Malik Alfian , MM Horas Saut
Published: December 2022

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model which is integrated with the Geographic Information System (GIS) can provide an overview or prediction of the influence of land management on watershed hydrology in accordance with the interests of evaluating and monitoring watershed management activities. The purpose of this study was to analyze the management of the Bukit Suligi Micro sub-watershed based on land use patterns, as a basis for determining the best recommendations for Forest and Land Rehabilitation activities by planting forestry trees based on community participation in Sei Kuning Village, Tandun District, Rokan Hulu Regency. The research method is processing primary and secondary data using a SWAT model integrated with GIS in analyzing hydrological characteristics in land use scenarios in the management of the Bukit Suligi Micro Watershed, as a basis for determining the best recommendations in Forest and Land Rehabilitation (RHL). community participation-based forestry tree planting activities in the Village. The best option in the land use scenario is the second scenario, which in its implementation in the field is the application of agroforestry to the existing Protected Forest Rehabilitation, only needing to insert forest plants based on community participation in Sei Kuning Village, Tandun District, Rokan Hulu Regency.
PENYELENGGARAAN BELAJAR DARI RUMAH MASA COVID-19 DI LINGKUNGAN DESA TERPENCIL (DESA CIPANG KANAN) KABUPATEN ROKAN HULU
Authors: Purnamasari Dina , Arnita Arnita
Published: December 2022

The decision to organize online learning was taken as an alternative to learning during the Covid-19 outbreak emergency so that each individual has a role in breaking the chain of global Covid-19 transmission that spreads to all corners of the world including Indonesia. With schools as one of the most urgent public spaces with the greatest potential to spread or to break the chain of transmission of Covid-19, therefore it is an alternative to carry out the learning process by implementing learning from home and also in concession area. The research data were obtained by interviewing and observing 30 junior high school teachers and Elementary school teachers in the Cipang Kanan village  who were randomly selected. Conclusion The implementation of learning from home for Junior High School Levels and Elementary school Levels  - Cipang Kanan Village, Rokan Hulu Regency did not reach the desired target due to various obstacles, namely learning applications, internet networks and devices, learning management, assessment, and supervision.
HUBUNGAN DURASI PENGGUNAAN SMARTPHONE DENGAN KUALITAS TIDUR MAHASISWA TINGKAT AKHIR FAKULTAS KEPERAWATAN UNRI DIMASA PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Syafitri Herliana , Didi Kurniawan  , Agrina Agrina
Published: December 2022

Kemudahan untuk mengakses informasi tentang pembelajaran dapat membantu mahasiswa tingkat akhir melalui smartphone. Di masa pandemic covid-19 mahasiswa sangat sulit untuk mendapatkan buku secara langsung dari perpustakaan. Durasi penggunaan smartphone berkaitan dengan meningkatnya skor kualitas tidur seseorang. Paparan cahaya biru dari smarpthone yang cukup lama mengakibatkan sekresi hormon melatonin terhambat hingga menimbulkan dampak negatif pada siklus tidur. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan durasi penggunaan smartphone dengan kualitas tidur mahasiswa tingkat akhir dimasa pandemi covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain analitik kuantitatifdengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Sampel penelitian berjumlah105 responden yang diambil berdasarkan kriteria inklusi menggunakan teknik proporsional random sampling. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah analisis univariat dan analisis bivariat menggunakan uji korelasi spearman-rho. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan durasi penggunaan smartphone dengan kualitas tidur mahasiswa tingkat akhir dimasa pandemi covid-19 dengan nilai signifikan p= 0,001 atau p value < α (0,05). Nilai korelasi koefisien didapatkan sebesar 0,311 yang menunjukkan arah positif dengan kekuatan hubungan sedang yang artinya semakin tinggi durasi penggunaan smartphone maka akan semakin buruk kualitas tidur mahasiswa. Durasi penggunaan smartphone dengan kualitas tidur mahasiswa tingkat akhir dimasa pandemi covid-19berhubungan signifikan. menambah wawasan dan mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan terkait durasi penggunaan smartphone dan kualitas tidur mahasiswa.
PERSEPSI KELUARGA DALAM MENDAMPINGI IBU YANG MELAHIRKAN DI MASA PANDEMIC COVID-19 DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS UMBAN SARI
Authors: Rosalinda Cindyana , Erika Erika , Dilaruri Ade
Published: December 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali fenomena persepsi keluarga dalam mendampingi ibu yang melahirkan di masa pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi, yang dilakukan di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Umban Sari kecamatan Rumbai, yang melibatkan 6 partisipan. Partisipan dipilih dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara semi-struktur dengan pedoman wawancara, proses analisa data pada pendekatan penelitian ini yaitu dengan menggunakan metode Colaizzi 1978. Penelitian menemukan ada 4 tema yaitu: (1) perasaan keluarga mendampingi ibu melahirkan dimasa pandemi COVID-19, (2) cara keluarga mengatasi perubahan psikologi (3) dukungan yang diberikan keluarga (4) kesulitan yang dihadapi keluarga. Terdapat perbedaan persepsi keluarga saat mendampingi ibu melahirkan dimasa pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini diharapkan agar keluarga selalu mendampingi ibu selama proses persalinan karena dukungan yang diberikan oleh keluarga dapat memberikan kenyamanan pada ibu saat bersalin.
HUBUNGAN PERILAKU IBU DALAM PEMBERIAN MP-ASI TERHADAP STATUS GIZI ANAK USIA 6-12 BULAN
Authors: Mirdana Shasa , Indriati Ganis , Utami Sri
Published: December 2022

Status gizi buruk pada anak dan bayi disebabkan karena kebiasaan pemberian MP-ASI yang tidak tepat dan ketidaktahuan ibu tentang manfaat dan cara pemberian MP-ASI yang benar sehingga berpengaruh terhadap perilaku ibu dalam pemberian MP-ASI. Praktik dalam memberikan MP-ASI yang kurang tepat dan ketidaktahuan ibu tentang manfaat dan cara pemberian MP-ASI yang benar sehingga dapat mempengaruhi perilaku ibu dalam pemberian MP-ASI. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara perilaku ibu dalam memberikan makanan pendamping ASI dengan status gizi anak usia 6-12 bulan. Penelitian ini adalah deskriptif korelasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kampar. Sampel penelitian adalah ibu yang memiliki anak usia 6-12 bulan dengan jumlah 246 orang, yang diambil purposive sampling. Alat pengumpul data yang digunakan adalah kuesioner. Analisis statistik yang digunakan yaitu dengan uji chi square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perilaku ibu mayoritas adalah berperilaku baik (52,8%). Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara perilaku ibu dalam pemberian MP-ASI terhadap status gizi dengan p value 0,001 < α (0,05). Perilaku ibu dalam pemberian MP-ASI terhadap status gizi memiliki hubungan yang signifikan. Untuk meningkatkan perilaku ibu yang lebih baik dan optimal diperlukan penyuluhan bukan kepada ibu saja tetapi pada keluarganya juga.
Effects of varieties and fertilizer levels on yield and economics of hybrid rice at Hardinath, Nepal
Authors: Sah U. , Sah S. K. , Marhatta S. , Neupane M. P.
Published: December 2022

Hybrid rice has the potential to increase rice yield. Fertilizer requirement is higher to achieve higher productivity in hybrid rice. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of hybrid rice varieties at different levels of fertilizer management. The experiment was conducted at research farm of National Rice Research Program (NRRP), Hardinath, Dhanusha, Nepal during rainy season of 2018. The experimental plot was laid out in a strip plot design with three replications. The treatment consisted of combination of six registered hybrid rice namely Arize 6444, Arize Tejgold, Gorakhnath 509, Shanti, Sudha, US 312 and two high yielding checks viz., Sabitri and Hardinath 1; and three levels of fertilizer management viz., Farmers practices ( 60-40-0 N, P2O5, k2O kg ha-1), National recommended Dose (100-30-30 N, P2O5, k2O kg ha-1) and 125% of National recommended Dose (125-40-40 N, P2O5, k2O kg ha-1). The result of research revealed that rice hybrid Sudha produced the highest grain yield (5659 kg ha-1) followed by US 312 (5153 kg ha-1). All the hybrids produced significantly higher yield than improved check varieties. The yield increment in rice hybrids ranged from 17.7 to 42.0% and 54.9 to 119.9% over Sabitri and Hardinath1 respectively. Higher gross return (Nrs 190.78 thousand ha-1), net return (Nrs 100.77 thousand ha-1) and benefit cost ratio of (2.11) was obtained in rice hybrid Sudha followed by US 312, Shanti and Arize Tejgold. Similarly, higher gross return (NRs. 178.59 thousand ha-1), net return (84.59 thousand ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.9) were found higher in 25% more fertilizer applied dose than National recommendation dose. Therefore, all tested hybrid rice can produce higher grain yield and 25% higher dose of fertilizer was better than national recommended dose for achieving higher yield and net income.
Isolation and antibiotic sensitivity of Salmonella typhimurium isolates from poultry farms and slaughterhouses of Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Singh S.
Published: December 2022

Nepalese poultry sector is progressing rapidly contributing around 4% of GDP with flourishing impact to provide sustainable and cheapest protein as source of human food. However, with the accelerating pathway, this industry is shed-back by outbreak of several infectious and zoonotic diseases impacting huge economic losses. Salmonella also cause infection in poultry birds and constitutes the largest reservoir of Salmonella organisms in nature. S. typhimurium is an unadopted serotype of Salmonella that may be transmitted to human, animals (poultry) and environment from contaminated food, feed and water. Use of antibiotics, good farm management practices and biosecurity are the treatment and control measures of this disease in poultry production. Development of antibiotic resistant strains of S. typhimurium thus not only pose considerable threat to clinicians, but is also of public health concern as these resistant strains after ingestion are capable of transferring resistance to other pathogens. The present study was undertaken to determine prevalence and antibiotics sensitivity of S. typhimurium strains isolated from domestic poultry from Chitwan, Nepal. Out of 79 farm and 23 chicken slaughterhouse sampling sites, the 107 (19.45%) out of 550 cultured specimens were confirmed for S. typhimurium. Amongst various antibiotics used for in vitro sensitivity testing, the two antibiotics: Colistin (Cl) and Enrofloxacin (Ex), were found to be 100% effective, whereas out of 22 antibiotics, 18 antibiotics showed weak to strong resistance pattern against S. typhimurium isolate. In the present study, Polymyxin and fluoroquinolone antibiotics were found to be most effective against S. typhimurium. Understanding the source of exposure to pathogens (especially resistant pathogens) provides some insight into antibiotic use and misuse in the region. Looking through the lens of One Health approach, the regulation of antibiotic use in animal medicine has direct implications for human health through the increased resistance of foodborne pathogens to vital antibiotic therapy. Thus, judicious use of antibiotics based on their sensitivity pattern should be practiced.
Aphid Pest Management in Sweet Pepper Field with Rapeseed as a Companion Crop
Authors: Shrestha A. , Tiwari S. , Regmi R. , Gautam B.
Published: December 2022

Sweet pepper, Capsicum annum L. is commercially grown vegetable grown for its nutritional and economical value. Sucking pests like aphids, whiteflies, thrips, mites, etc. are the major insect pest in sweet pepper fields. Farmers deliberately have been using chemical pesticides in their crop to manage various insect pest and such practices of using hazardous chemicals are harmful to human health and the biodiversity. Similarly, farmers don't have an idea of planting trap and/or companion plants and its role in natural control of pest. Hence, a study was conducted to know the population dynamics, especially to assess the aphid (Myzus persicae, Sulzer) population and its potential natural enemies by planting rapeseed as companion crop. This field experiment was conducted in six different locations of Bharatpur-23, Chitwan from Nov 2019 to Jan 2020 where three plots of sweet pepper were planted with rapeseed as companion crop and other three plots solely having no floral source around. Aphid population was recorded at weekly interval and its major natural enemies; ladybird beetle and syrphid fly. Abnormal data were squared root transformed and analyzed by using paired sample t-test. The result showed that the aphid population in sweet pepper field with companion crop was significantly lower than in sweet pepper grown without floral source (control). Highly significant number of ladybird beetles and syrphid flies were recorded in sweet pepper with companion crop compared to control. The finding is helpful to develop an integrated management protocol of sweet pepper pests with the practice of following conservation biological control strategy.
Evaluasi Kinerja Dan Kapasitas Struktur Castellated Beam Hotel Nukila Ternate & Analisis Pushover Mengacu SNI: 1729-2020
Authors: Istiono Heri , Putri Dwi Cahyani
Published: December 2022

Indonesia merupakan negara yang berpotensi mengalami gempa, untuk pembangunan hotel ini diperlukan perencanaan struktur yang kuat dan ekonomis. Material baja adalah salah satu bahan konstruksi yang memiliki keunggulan dibandingkan dengan material konstruksi lainnya, struktur baja castellated beam menjadi pilihan untuk membangun Hotel Nukila. Pada tahun 2019 telah terjadi Gempa bumi bermagnitudo 7,1 mengguncang Kota Ternate. Pada saat proses pembangunan hotel ini, telah terjadi torsi ketika dilakukan erection. Maka dari itu, perlu dilakukan evaluasi pada perencanaan struktur yaitu berupa evaluasi kinerja dan kapasitas struktur dengan menggunakan metode statistik non-linier. Hasil dari analisis tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kontrol perilaku struktur didapatkan nilai partisi massa 93,80% pada sumbu X dan 92,80% yaitu pada sumbu Y, pada modal ke 14. Pada sumbu X dapat menahan gaya geser dasar sebesar 73,15% dan 72,59%, untuk sumbu Y. Untuk semua struktur castellated beam termasuk kedalam penampang kompak sehingga kekuatan rencana pada balok mampu menahan kekuatan geser ultimate sebesar 114240 Kolom komposite juga termasuk kedalam penampang kompak dan kekuatan rencana kolom didaptkan 9832,84 kN yang artinya mampu menahan kuat tekan aksial sebesar 9809,28 kN. Hasil evaluasi juga menunjukkan bahwa kinerja dari struktur bangunan tersebut termasuk kedalam kategori Immediate Occupancy untuk sumbu X dan Life Safety untuk sumbu Y.
Comparison of Different ET0 Formula in Tibetan Pasturing Area
Authors: Bing X. , Kezhen G. , Heping L. I. , Pengcheng T. , Delong T.
Published: December 2022

It is difficult to calculate ET0 by FA056 PM by the shortage of meteorological data in Tibetan pasturing area. A simple?accurate and less of meteorological data formula is very important to calculate water demand of crop in Tibet. In this paper?FAO17 Penman formula?Priestley-Taylor formula?Hargreaves-Samani formula, Irmark-Allen(I-A) fitting formula were used to calculate the ET0 in three typical meteorological stations?Dangxiong county?Gaize county?Naqu county? in Tibetan pasturing area from 1983-2012. At the same time, taking FAO56 PM formula as the standard method. The results show that? (1) The calculation results of FAO17 PM?PT formula?HS formula, I-A fitting formula are higher than the value calculated by FAO56 PM formula because of the intense radiation, great difference in temperature and strong wind on highaltitudelocalities; (2) The calculation results by I-A fitting formula was the most closest to FAO56 PM formula and the error was relatively small(relative error?20%?coefficient of determination?0.94); (3) Because of less of meteorological data and relative accuracy, I-A fitting formula can be considered to instead of the FAO56 PM formula to calculate the ET0 in Tibetan pasturing area where the meteorological data is lack.
Predicting Malt Barley Yields and Water use in Two Contrasting Rainfall Years to Improve Supplemental Irrigation Schedules Under Water Scarcity Conditions
Authors: Paredes P. , Rodrigues G. , Cameira M. , Torres M. , Pereira L. S.
Published: December 2022

Barley is usually cropped during the Winter-Spring season and may require supplemental irrigation in dry years. When malt barley is cropped for the industry, irrigation is used to achieve high commercial yields taking into consideration that irrigation should be ceased about one month prior to harvesting in order to achieve high malt quality. Data from two crop seasons of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Publican, one dry and the second wet, cropped in a farmer's field located in the Ribatejo region, Portugal, were used for calibrating and validating the SIMDualKc soil water balance model, to assess the ability of a simplified approach (SIMDualKc model coupled with the Stewart's global model) for grain yield predictions and to parameterize and test the AquaCrop crop growth and yield model. The SIMDualKc model calibration consisted in deriving the basal crop coefficients (Kcb) and depletion fractions for no stress (p) along the crop growth stages using available soil water (ASW) observations throughout the season. Validation of the model consisted in using the calibrated parameters for the wet season. Results have shown a good agreement between observed and predicted ASW, with low errors of estimate (RMSE < 9% of the total available water) and high modelling efficiency (EF > 0.85). The AquaCrop model was parameterized for the canopy cover curve using data derived from LAI observation with good results (RMSE < 5.2% and EF > 0.97). It was also tested using the referred observed ASW data, however showing lower accuracy than SIMDualKc and a bias in ASW estimations. Good yields predictions were obtained with both the simplified approach and with AquaCrop, with deviations not exceeding 17% of observed grain yields. Under dry climatic conditions and using two sowing dates, several supplemental irrigation strategies were designed and evaluated using both models. The feasibility assessment of those alternatives was performed analysing the water-yield impacts and various water productivity indicators. Results have shown that there could be advantageous to adopt early sowing and supplemental deficit irrigation. Furthermore, results showed that rainfed malt barley may not be economically feasible under dry climatic conditions, thus indicating that this strategy should be adopted with caution by farmers. This study shows that SIMDualKc model is more adequate than AquaCrop for irrigation scheduling proposes and that both modelling approaches herein applied can be used for yield predictions and to support farmers' advice.
Crop Yield and Determination of Kc Tomato Crop (Lycopersicum escultentum Mill.) in Passive and Heated Greenhouse on Northwest of Uruguay
Authors: Cánepa P. , Saravia C. , Ramos J. , de Souza R. , Blanco N. , Ferreira A. , De los Santos J.
Published: December 2022

Northwest of Uruguay produces 68% of tomato in counter-season conditions using passive greenhouses. A two years trial evaluating ET0, Kc, yield, quality and precocity of crop, in passive (TSC) and heated greenhouse (TCC) was carried out. Energy source for heated greenhouse was hot water from Guaraní Aquifer. Drip irrigation with fresh water was used. Hourly records of global solar radiation, wind speed, air temperature and humidity at 1.5m high, were obtained from automatic meteorological stations in both greenhouses and outdoor. Evapotranspiration was estimated by drainage lysimeters. Crop yield was weighted and calibrated at each harvest date. ET0 was calculated using FAO-Penman-Monteith method. Kc was calculated as the ratio between water consumption and ET0. ET0 calculated within greenhouses was about 70% of the calculated outdoor. Although the temperatures in TCC were slightly above unheated greenhouse no significant differences were found. With regard to outdoor temperatures, minimum did not differ significantly from those recorded in the greenhouses; not the maximum, which were higher in the protected area in first crop cycles. In the second crop cycle minimum and maximum temperatures were consistently higher (P <0.05) in the TCC than in TSC. In the first crop cycle total yield was greater in TCC than in TSC (P<0.05) and showed precocity probably due to the lower number of hours below 10°C (critical level for flowering), early in the culture. Yield was greater in TCC in the first month of harvest. The evaluated period corresponds to flowering and fruiting, cultivar used is an indeterminate one. The Kc obtained for the whole period were 1.06 for TSC and 1.25 for TCC varying between 0.4 and 1.2 for the first and between 0.8 and 1.5 for TCC.
Phosphorus Runoff in a Non-fertilized Soybean Production System of SW Uruguay
Authors: Lizarralde C. , Baethgen W. , Cadenazz M. , Capurro C. , Sawchik J.
Published: December 2022

Since 2001/2002 there has been a formidable expansion of annual crops in Uruguay which has determined changes in land use, with a strong expansion of soybeans (Glycine max) under no-tillage. Improperly managed crop production systems can be an important nonpoint source of pollution, accelerating eutrophication of surface waters resulting from nitrogen and phosphorus (P) inputs. Nutrient losses depend on many factors such as climate, soil characteristics and management practices. Thus, the objective of this work was to estimate the annual P loss on a cropping system and to determine the main factors contributing to such losses. Runoff plots were located at the Experimental Station of the National Agricultural Research Institute in Colonia (INIA "La Estanzuela"), Uruguay (34º25´S, 58º0´W) during the period 2013-2014. Plots were under a Vertic Argiudoll soil with 18.5 mg/kg P-Bray I on the first 7,5 cm, a 3% slope and available water content of 92.7 mm on the first 56 cm of soil depth. The rotation established was soybean - fallow/cover crop, non-fertilized for over 5 years. The amount of runoff water was measured for 23 rainfall events and analyzed for soluble P. During that period the soybean yield was similar to the national average yield and the annual P loss was 0.5 kg/ha. Available water, precipitation, maximum rainfall intensity and runoff explained most of the variation in P runoff losses. Rainfall events of high magnitude and intensity on soils with high available water were identified as the events that produced higher water and P runoff. On the other hand, the model that best fitted P losses was just explained by rainfall and runoff (P = - 9.99 + 0.95*rainfall +21.56*runoff; R2=0.73). Overall, our results indicate that these soybean-cover crop systems under no-tillage, on soils with proper nutrient status and non-fertilized for a long time seem to be economically and environmentally adequate management systems.
Water Interception by Crop Mulch Avena strigosa in Irrigated No-Tillage System
Authors: Rodrigues da Rocha M. , Carlesso R. , Petry M. T. , Basso L. J. , Schons de Ávila V.
Published: December 2022

One of the difficulties of the irrigation management is determining the effective rainfall, that is, the water that is indeed available to the crops, due to the influence of the climatic factors and the soil characteristics, as the surface roughness, the composition and the amount of mulch. Objectifying the quantification of the interception and the water storage through mulching in an irrigated no-tillage crop system this work was conducted on a Ultisol in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; in the agricultural year of 2013/2014 with Avena strigosa crop waste. The period of the evaluations was from 60 days, numbering nine events; in which three levels of mulch, (bare soil, 2 and 4 t ha-1 of dry matter - DM) under three irrigation levels (4, 8 e 16 mm) in a micro sprinkler system, with a bi-factorial distribution scheme in three repetitions. The water content in the mulching were quantified before, 3; 6 and 24 h after the irrigations, collecting the mulch, randomly in the experimental units, with the assistance of a sampling board of 0.09 m² and the content of water in the soil, with sensors FDR installed in depths 0.00-0.10; 0.10 -0.25; 0.25-0.55 e 0.55-0.85 m. The content of water in soil from different levels of mulch, which received 4mm of irrigation, didn’t diverge, suggesting a bigger specification of the soil profile when small doses of irrigation are evaluated. In relation to the water in the mulch, it is observed that three hours after the irrigation, the mulch has the same content of water it had before the irrigation, not having difference between the two mulches levels in the whole period evaluated. The water interception through the mulch drifted from 0.5 to 1 mm, in the treatments 2 and 4 t ha-1 of DM, tending to reduce with time, considering the collections done thereupon the irrigations. The water interception through the mulch must be offset in an irrigation crop system in irrigated no-tillage, particularly as it is worked with low irrigation volume.
Potential Yield of Contrasting Soybean Maturity Groups in Southern Uruguayan Conditions
Authors: Gaso D. , Capurro M. C.
Published: December 2022

Soybean potential yield (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is determined by temperature, radiation, photoperiod and genotype in every location. The variability of potential yields is strongly associated with changes in available solar radiation through years. Selection of management practices that lead to maintaining high yields are: genotype, sowing date and row spacing. Sowing date enables coupling solar radiation offer with the crop stages were yield is defined. Furthermore, potential yield for every environment depends on genotype. Selection of the maturity group (MG) defines the initiation of the reproductive period, which conditions the nod number, the maximum leaf area index (LAI) and the environmental conditions during grain filling. Additionally, growth habit of each genotype is also related to potential yield. Early sowing date allows the expression of the greatest differences among MG. A crop growth simulation study showed that the average potential productivity of early maturing cultivars (MG from III to V) achieved higher yields than later maturing cultivars (MG from V to VII) at early sowing date conditions in Uruguayan latitudes. Later maturing cultivars localize their critical period when daily radiation curve declines (late January - February) and consequently the growth rate during reproductive stage is not maximized. The objective of this study was to determine the potential crop growth and yield of different MG in two ambient crated by early and mid sowing date, at southern Uruguayan latitudes. The experiment was carried out during summer 2014-2015. Contrasting MG -from III to VII-were tested on two sowing dates: 15/10 and 15/11. Different growing variables were measured during the growing season: evolution of the intercepted solar radiation, biomass (B), soil water content, number of pods per square meter and crop yield. Results showed that early maturing cultivars expressed higher yields in both sowing dates. The yield on mid-October sowing date ranged from 5400 to 6300 kg ha-1 for early maturing cultivars and 4600 to 5600 kg ha-1 for later maturing cultivars. For mid November sowing date the yields ranged from 4600 to 5200 kg ha-1 for early maturing cultivars and 3800 to 5500 kg ha-1 for later maturing cultivars. However, evolution of LAI and B was similar among MG. The main difference showed was accumulated biomass at initial reproductive stage. Daily water uptake did not differ among MG; nevertheless, total water uptake responded positively to the increase of the crop cycle length. The highest potential yield for season 2014-2015 was reached with early maturing cultivars. Results showed that yields could be maximized with management practices as supplementary irrigation and the use of short MG sowed in October. The use of these practices lead to obtain over 6000 kg ha-1 crop yield combined with high water productivity.
Biochar to Climate Change Adaptation
Authors: Gondim R. Sonsol , Muniz C. Rodrigues , Gurgel M. Chaves , de Assis Júnior R. Nonato , dos Santos C. Levi Anastácio
Published: December 2022

Rain-fed agriculture in the semi-arid northeast of Brazil faces stronger challenges regarding water for agriculture. Biochar is recognized to promote soil water holding capacity. Its properties vary widely with feedstock material and processing conditions, so it is recognized the importance of its characterization and performance evaluation, before use. The objective of this study was to identify best regional available biochar for soil water-holding capacity increase, based on laboratory tests and microstructural porosity evaluation. Types of biochar were compared, according to wood source. Cashew tree and two species from caatinga biome were used, jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. and marmeleiro (Croton sonderianus Müll. Arg.). For water holding evaluations, both biochar were submitted to Hainnes Funel. Samples were crushed and brought to the laboratory and separated using sieves of 16 mm; 8 mm; 4 mm; 2 mm; 1 mm; 0.5 mm; 0.25 mm; 0.12 mm and <0.12 mm mesh. Samples with particle size diameters of 2 mm and 4mm were submitted to Hainnes Funel. Transversal sections of both biochars were prepared to be observed under a scanning electron microscope, identifying macropores and micropores. Caatinga wood biochar demonstrated greater water holding capacity than cashew wood one in all evaluated diameters. Greater levels are observed related to caatinga wood biochar, 1.89 g g-1 for to particle size diameter of 2 mm and 2,27 g g-1 for 4mm and cashew wood biochar demonstrated water holding capacity of 0.57 and 0.53 g g-1 to 2mm and 4 mm particle size diameters respectively. The fewer quantity of macropores and larger number of micropores may give caatinga wood biochar higher water holding capacity, while thickly lignified cell walls of cashew wood biochar supports the idea that a hydrophobic effect may contribute to its lower holding capacity.
The Effect of Biochar with Different Content on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity
Authors: Zhongyi Q. , Changjian L.
Published: December 2022

This study aims to explore the influences of biochar with different content on corresponding hydraulic conductivity and soil physical structure of sand and loam. Indoor laboratory test was conducted to measure and analysis the variation of soil accumulative infiltration amount, saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water characteristic curve under conditions of different ratios of biochar content (0%?1%?3%?5%?8%?10%) being added to sand and loam, which revealing the correlations between biochar content and soil water dynamic parameters of two kinds of soils. Results indicate that when the bulk density remains unchanged, the effect of different ratios of biochar on sand and loam was different. Once biochar was mixed into sand soil, related infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration amount decreased with the enhanced amount of biochar, reaching to mean values of 60.3% and 48.5% separately in relation to the control group. The valid soil water holding capacity was enlarged by 66.3%, and the variation of saturated hydraulic conductivity tended to be a positive parabola. For loam, associated infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration amount were decreased by 40.4% and 32.5% comparatively to the control group, whereas the valid soil water holding capacity was increased by 23.2% when the mixed percentage of biochar was increased, the inclination of saturated hydraulic conductivity appeared to be a negative parabola. Significant differences were observed for the influences of different biochar ratios on the soil structures of these two types of soil, those impacts were more visual on sand soil structure but, been less obvious in terms of the loam soil structure. Those sandy soil involved hydraulic conductivities were more sensitive to the biochar with different content. Corresponding results are capable of providing theoretical basis in promoting the improvement effect of biochar on soil.
Groundwater Extraction with Minimum Cost: Application to Sprinkler Irrigation Systems for Corn Crop in Spain
Authors: Sanchez Vizcaino J. , Corcoles J. I. , Moreno M. A. , Tarjuelo J. M.
Published: December 2022

The aim of this study was to develop a DSS tool named DC-WAT, which linked with the already developed PRESUD tool, aims to optimize, in a holistic manner, the process of water extraction from an aquifer and its application in plot with a pressurized irrigation systems, obtaining the minimum total water application cost (CT) (operation (Cop) + investment (Ca)) per unit irrigated area improving water and energy management. This tool permits identifying the cost for transporting water from the source to the irrigation subunit inlet (Cws) and analyzing the irrigation system as a whole, from the water source to the emitter. An application to permanent sprinkler irrigation systems using groundwater of two types of aquifer (confined and unconfined aquifers) for corn crop in Spain is analyzed, evaluating the effects on CT of parameters such as the static water table in the aquifer (SWT), irrigated area (S), sprinklers and laterals spacing and average application rate (ARa). Results showed that Cws increased lineally with SWT and decreased exponentially with S. The timing of crops water requirements, the efficiency of the irrigation system, and the size of the irrigation subunit, among other factors, determine the optimal pumping flow rate and the cost of energy. For the aquifers studied, the Cws was mainly conditioned by the borehole investment cost, being the confined aquifer 30-60% more expensive than the unconfined for the studied cases. The Ce is the most important cost of CT (65-70 %in the studied cases). DC-WAT is a useful tool to optimize the design and sizing of water pumping facilities in irrigation systems, which considers the aquifer performance in a holistic manner.
Modeling Wet Bulb and Soil Moisture Under Drip Irrigation in of the Bolivian Highlands, Through Dimensional Analysis and Multiple Correlation
Authors: Arragan F. , Chipana R.
Published: December 2022

Agricultural areas of the Bolivian highlands are located between 3200-4000 meters above sea level, where soils are shallow and show great variability, which hinders the proper application of drip irrigation, as these systems are designed to achieve high efficiencies, however, technology by itself does not guarantee that. Therefore it is necessary consider in the design the wet bulb geometry and soil moisture. In this sense, the objective was to conduct mathematical modeling of wet bulb and humidity under surface drip irrigation, to soil from the highlands of Bolivia. Physical and hydrological characteristics of soil and water dynamics under drip irrigation were determined. For this we used a point source. Mathematical modeling was carried out for saturated and unsaturated zone. In the first case modeling was done using dimensional analysis, obtaining a quadratic equation for the maximum diameter of wet, reaching 28 cm for a flow rate of 1 l/h and 8 hours of irrigation, while the observed value field was 29 cm. In the unsaturated zone modeling was done by the method of multiple correlation, determining a maximum depth of 21 cm for a flow rate of 5 l/h and 4 hours of irrigation, in field a value of 20 cm was observed. Regarding the volumetric soil moiture, modeling was performed using matrix equations, observed that for high flow rates and high time irrigation, the simulated moisture was 0.52 and the observed was 0.54. In general the simulated and observed data of the three parameters had a proper fit.
Modelling Water Flows in the Vadose Zone and Water Table Interactions at Field Scale in the Lower Mondego Valley, Portugal
Authors: Nunes M. , Gonçalves J. M. , Jõao de Lima L. J. M. , Pereira L. S.
Published: December 2022

The paper presents an approach to modelling water flows interaction in the vadose zone. The study was applied to surface irrigated maize in the Lower Mondego Valley, located in the centre-west of Portugal with 12,000 ha of irrigated area. The study aims at: (i) evaluating the drainage and capillary rise fluxes through the lower boundary of the root zone using the HYDRUS model, and (ii) assessing the impacts of recharge flows due to irrigation and/or originating in the surrounding drainage ditches on the water table using the MODFLOW model. Two different field soil conditions (sandy-loam and silty-loamy) were considered. The parameterization of the unsaturated vadose zone was performed using the Van Genuchten-Mualem equations characterizing the soil hydrodynamics behaviour. Aimed at modelling, field observations included: dynamics of the groundwater table level using piezometer recorders; soil moisture dynamics; meteorological, field irrigation and crop development data. The HYDRUS calibration was performed through adjusting simulated to observed soil water content. Groundwater modelling with MODFLOW was performed using data on aquifer-system geometry, hydrological parameters and the groundwater heads observed. The use of MODFLOW focused the evaluation of recharging flows to the groundwater table consisting in vertical flows from the unsaturated zone (obtained from the HYDRUS), and lateral flows from ditches and the adjacent rice paddies. Drainage flows from water table to ditches and deep percolation to the main aquifer were also evaluated. The application of these two models, adopting an iterative process, allowed to properly simulate the dynamics of water table level variations. The paper presents the comparison between models results and field observation data. In order to minimize irrigation water excess and keeping soil water storage in levels appropriate to obtain maximum yields, a modification of the irrigation schedule is suggested, which is combined with water level control and improvement of surface irrigation performance.
Survey of Uruguayan Freshwater Water Quality for Crop Irrigation
Authors: Carrasco-Letelier L. , Beretta-Blanco A. , Bassahún D. , García L. , Musselli B. R. , Oten R. , Torres D. , Torres O.
Published: December 2022

The increase in global demand for food and biofuels, has led to an high demand for agricultural products. That situation implies an intensification of production systems, and develop strategies to ensure stability against drought, and moreover a better levels of productivity. Objectives that could be achieved with the irrigation of crops; however, it can promote negative impacts due to cumulative effects on soil quality, which depend on the chemical composition of the water used. This paper show the results of a national study of freshwater quality, on 100 river watersheds (up to 100,000 ha), which correspond to a cumulative drainage area of 70% of country surface. In these freshwaters the following parameters was evaluated: electrical conductivity, concentration of major cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), alkalinity, and pH. The results showed Ca, Mg, K, and Na concentrations in ranges of 0.0-45.1, 0.0-14.1, 0.019-16.8, and 0.78 -139 mg L-1, respectively. The alkalinity was in range of 32 to 420 CaCO3 mg L-1, and this variable was the most important contribution to get the different values of electrical conductivity of water, which had values between 71.6 and 1047 micro Siemens cm-1. These features allow propose at least 3 freshwater ecoregions (coastal and central-south; basalt; Northeast and southeast) at Uruguay, based on the chemical composition of studied freshwaters. Moreover, SAR values (([Na] / [(Ca + Mg) / 2] 1/2) of these waters shown a 99% of them has good quality characteristics for the development of irrigation, because they have a SAR below 10.
Estimation of Basal Crop Coefficient Using Remotely Sensed Vegetation Indices for Center Pivot Irrigated Maize in Southern Brazil
Authors: Bariani C. J. Victoria , Bariani N. M. Victoria , Petry M. T. , Carlesso R. , Ávila V. Schons de , Menegaz S. Thais , Antonello M. Cossetin
Published: December 2022

The partitioning between basal crop coefficient (Kcb) and soil evaporation coefficient (Ke) of the crop coefficient (Kc) during the crop cycle is lately been used to develop a more reliable and precise irrigation management. A currently approach under development is estimating Kcb using vegetation indices, obtained from remote sensors. This approach allows an alternative and independent procedure in comparison with the classical methodological approach described in FAO 56 or models that simulate the soil water balance using land information; one model that uses this approach is SIMDualKc. This estimation could also be done using surface energy balance models, however, these models present greater complexity and greater number of input data than the conventional Kc-ETo approach. The objective of this study was to determine the initial, mid-season and late-season basal crop coefficients (Kcb ini, Kcb mid, Kcb end) using historical records of the red and near infrared reflectance of central pivots, to calculate the normalized vegetation index (IV), adjusted for the entire maize growth, in conjunction with soil field and phenology data of seven center pivot fields in Southern Brazil. Eight Landsat5/TM satellite images of 222 and 223 orbits in point 80, and information from these seven maize monitoring fields during 2004/2005 growing season were used. Crop height and crop growth stages, as well as meteorological weather data collected from a weather station installed in the area were used. A density coefficient (Kd) determined using the fraction of vegetation ground cover (fc) was used for the Kcb estimation through VI, incorporating the impact of both the vegetation density and the plant height. The estimated values were: Kcb ini = 0.20 ± 0.09, Kcb mid = 0.20 ± 0.95 and Kcb end 0.52 ± 0.22, considering 95% of probability. The results showed good agreement with Kcb values obtained using SIMDualKc model in a previous study of this research group for the southern region of Brazil, which were Kcb= 0.20, Kcb mid = 1.12 and Kcb end = 0.80.
PEMBIASAAN UPACARA BENDERA SEBAGAI UPAYA PEMBENTUKAN SIKAP NASIONALISME SISWA
Authors: Salminati Intik
Published: December 2022

Abstrak
Penelitian yang saya lakukan adalah mengenai "Membangun Nasionalisme melalui Upacara Bendera" bertujuan memberikan data dan keterangan tentang Nasionalisme dan implementasinya dalam upacara bendera. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah melakukan Upacara Bendera sebagian dari rasa Nasionalisme secara terpaksa atau karena kesadaran diri sendiri. Pembiasaan adalah sesuatu yang sengaja dilakukan secara berulang- ulang agar sesuatu itu dapat menjadi kebiasaan. Upacara bendera sebagai bentuk sikap Nasionalisme sejak dini bagi setiap individu melalui pembiasaan di sekolah. Upaya untuk menggalakkan lagi semangat nasionalisme salah satunya melalui jalur pendidikan di sekolah dapat ditempuh dengan melaksanakan pengintegrasian nilai-nilai nasionalisme dalam kegiatan pembiasaan upacara bendera pada satuan pendidikan sekolah dasar. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kegiatan pembiasaan upacara bendera yang dilaksanakan di SDI Mbodong, sangat relevan karena dalam kegiatan pembiasaan upacara bendera itu dapat menanamkan nilai-nilai nasionalisme kepada siswa.nilai-nilai yang ditanamkan dalam kegiatan pembiasaan upacara bendera diantaranya yaitu:cinta tanah air, religi (ketuhanan),  semangat kebangsaan, menghargai jasa para pahlawan yang telah gugur dimedan perang, dan persatuan. Dalam pelaksanaannya pembiasaan upacara bendera anak dilibatkan secara langsung dalam penanaman dan pengembangan nilai-nilai tersebut serta mempraktekannya secara langsung dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
Kata kunci: Pembiasaan, Upacara Bendera, Nasionalisme
 
Abstract
My research is about "Building Nationalism through Flag Ceremony" which aims to provide data and information about Nationalism and its implementation in flag ceremonies. The research was conducted to find out whether performing the Flag Ceremony is part of the sense of Nationalism by force or because of self-awareness. Habituation is something that is deliberately done over and over again so that it can become a habit. Flag ceremony as a form of nationalism attitude early on for each individual through habituation in schools. Efforts to promote the spirit of nationalism, one of which is through education in schools can be achieved by implementing the integration of nationalism values in flag ceremony habituation activities in elementary school education units. The results showed that the flag ceremony habituation activities carried out at SDI Mbodong, are very relevant because the habituation activities of the flag ceremony it can instill the values of nationalism in students. the values instilled in the habituation activities of the flag ceremony include a love of the homeland, religion (deity), national spirit, respect for the services of heroes who have died in the war, and unity. In the implementation of the habituation of the flag ceremony children are directly involved in the planting and development of these values and practice them directly in daily life.
Keywords: Habituation, Flag Ceremony, Nationalism