bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laboratory screening for electrolyte abnormalities and anemia in bulimia nervosa: A controlled study
Authors: Wolfe Barbara E. , Metzger Eran D. , Levine Jeffrey M. , Jimerson David C.
Published: August 2002

Objective

Abnormal eating patterns and recurrent purging behaviors can result in significant medical complications. The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of abnormalities in clinical laboratory tests in patients with bulimia nervosa who reported being otherwise in good health.

Methods

Subjects included nonhospitalized women (N = 74) who met criteria for bulimia nervosa outlined in the 3rd Rev. ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. They also reported use of self‐induced vomiting and/or laxatives as compensatory behaviors (purging subtype). The control group (N = 110) included female volunteers with no history of a psychiatric disorder. All subjects reported being in good medical health, were medication free, and were in a normal weight range. Blood samples were analyzed in the hospital clinical laboratory.

Results

Compared with controls, patients showed more frequent occurrence of low values for serum potassium (6.8% vs. 0.9%; p < .05) and chloride (8.1% vs. 0.9%; p < .02). Electrolyte abnormalities occurred most often in patients with frequent bulimic episodes. Study groups did not differ significantly in frequency of abnormal hemoglobin concentrations.

Discussion

These results help to clarify the expected frequency of electrolyte abnormalities in individuals with bulimia nervosa who report otherwise good medical health. The substantial frequency of hypokalemia and hypochloremia underscores the importance of an appropriate medical assessment for individuals with this disorder. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 288–293, 2001.
Serum cholesterol in bulimia nervosa
Authors: Pauporte Joelle , Walsh B. Timothy
Published: August 2002

Objective

The purpose of this retrospective study was to replicate and to extend previous work indicating that bulimia nervosa is associated with elevated serum levels of cholesterol and to examine the association between cholesterol and other clinical and serum measures.

Methods

Clinical characteristics and laboratory data including nonfasting cholesterol and thyroid indices were collected from charts of 119 women with bulimia nervosa and 42 female controls.

Results

There was no significant difference between the two groups in mean age or body mass index. The mean serum cholesterol level of the patient group was statistically significantly greater than that of the control group (patients: 194 ± 36 mg/dl; controls: 176 ± 34 mg/dl; t = 2.77; df = 159; p = .006). The mean calculated free T4 of the bulimia nervosa patient group was statistically lower than that of the control group (patients: 1.89 ± 0.32; controls: 2.09 ± 0.26; t = 2.86; df = 141; p = .005). There was no correlation between calculated free T4 and serum cholesterol within the combined group (r = .04, p > .5, N = 143) or within the patient group (r = .08, p > .3, N = 118).

Conclusions

The average serum level of cholesterol is elevated in the patients with bulimia nervosa. The mechanism for and the consequences of this abnormality are uncertain. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 294–298, 2001.
A study of dc operating point shifts in MOSFETs with large RF signals
Authors: Hattori Yoshiyuki , Tadano Hiroshi , Nagase Hiroshi
Published: August 2002

Undesired behavior caused by radio frequency (RF) noise in an automotive integrated circuit (IC) is a serious problem to be solved in order to improve the reliability of automotive electronic systems. In this paper, we measured the VD–ID characteristic changes of a MOSFET (Metal‐Oxide‐Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) when a large RF signal was injected into the gate or the drain at 100 MHz to 2 GHz. The following changes were observed when RF was injected at the gate: (1) the drain current increases in the saturation region, (2) the drain current varies in the linear region, and (3) negative drain current flows near VD = 0. We found that (1) and (2) were caused by nonlinearities of the VD–ID characteristic, and (3) was generated because the injected RF is voltage divided by the gate oxide film capacitance and the parasitic resistance of the bulk, and the forward current of the parasitic diode that was formed between the bulk and the drain flowed. In addition, a large negative drain current generated near VD = 0 when RF was injected into the drain. This was also produced to make the forward current flow in the parasitic diode between the bulk and the drain. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 84(7): 18–26, 2001
Application of frequency diversity to an OFDM system
Authors: Seki Tsutomu , Itami Makoto , Ohta Hiroki , Itoh Kohji
Published: August 2002

Frequency‐selective fading caused by multipath interference influences signal reception. OFDM is attracting attention as a means of dealing with this problem. In an OFDM system, equalization is easy, since the frequency‐selective fading is assumed to be flat fading on each unit of carrier, making the bandwidth of each carrier narrow. However, when frequency‐selective fading generates a deep dip, the SNR (signal‐to‐noise ratio) is degraded radically. In this case, it becomes difficult to retrieve the original information correctly, even if the equalization is appropriate. Hence, we propose an OFDM system applying frequency diversity in this paper. In this system, a unique symbol is transmitted on several carriers. These carriers are selected in order to compensate the degraded carrier by the enhanced carrier, or are selected quasi‐randomly. In the former case, although the receiver must feed back the channel transfer function for the transmitter, better characteristics are expected. In the latter case, although there is a necessity only for sharing of the common quasi‐random sequence, less gain than in the former method is expected. At the receiver, symbols which are obtained from these carriers are combined so as to maximize the SNR. A simulation shows that the proposed system can achieve larger gain, especially in a static multipath environment whose D/U is smaller, or in a Rayleigh fading environment. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(2): 17–29, 2002
SIR weighting combining diversity for digital mobile communications
Authors: Maehara Fumiaki , Sasamori Fumihito , Takahata Fumio
Published: August 2002

Diversity reception is a powerful technique to reduce the degradation of transmission quality caused by fading. One of the techniques, postdetection maximal‐ratio combiner (MRC), is not necessarily effective under cochannel interference, because received signal strength used as the weighting factor is not relative to the instantaneous signal‐to‐interference power ratio (SIR). The paper proposes an SIR estimation method using the matched filter and a diversity scheme using the estimated SIR as the weighting factor. The performance is evaluated theoretically and by means of computer simulations. The results show that the proposed SIR estimation method can estimate the accurate instantaneous SIR and that the BER characteristics of the proposed diversity scheme under cochannel interference realize better performances than those of MRC. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(7): 53–60, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1111
Directional difference‐based switching median filters
Authors: Hashimoto Yuuhei , Kajikawa Yoshinobu , Nomura Yasuo
Published: August 2002

In this paper, a new median filter is proposed that has robustness without relying on the noise generation probability. The proposed filter has a configuration with an impulse detector in the prior stage of the filter. Since this detector has a superior signal estimation capability of the directional difference filter, impulse noise can be detected effectively even if generated at a high generating ratio and as a burst. In the median filter in the later stage, inclusion of the output values of the directional filter and successive updating of the signal values (successive process) are introduced. Hence, while the noise elimination capability of the conventional median filter is retained, the signal preservation at the details and edges can be improved. Therefore, the noise elimination filter proposed in this paper is abundant in robustness against variations of the gray scale, the generation probability, and the impulse adding situation. Its restoration results for images with superposed impulse noise at a high generation probability confirm the improvement of performance. In this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed impulse detector is first demonstrated. It is proven through processing examples that a better image processing result can be obtained from its combination with a newly configured median filter. At the same time, the robustness of the proposed procedure under various conditions is demonstrated. The effectiveness of the proposed method in the final restored image is verified. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(3): 22–32, 2002
Realization of an orthogonal filter with hypercomplex coefficients
Authors: Okuda Masahiro , Kamata Masato , Takahashi Shin‐ichi
Published: August 2002

This paper proposes an orthogonal digital filter to simultaneously realize a pair of complex‐coefficient digital filters with power complementarity by means of hypercomplex‐coefficient all‐pass digital filters. Hypercomplex filters can realize equivalent characteristics with only half as great a filter order as complex‐coefficient digital filters and only one‐quarter as great an order as real‐coefficient digital filters. A method of realization of the hypercomplex‐coefficient all‐pass transfer function is discussed as well as a method of determining a transfer function with power complementarity for a certain complex‐coefficient digital filter. Further, an example of the hypercomplex‐coefficient transfer function is used and the effectiveness of the proposed method is shown. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(3): 52–60, 2002
Modeling and analysis of the NEDO 500‐kW wind generator
Authors: Kodama Naruhito , Matsuzaka Tomoyuki , Yamada Sayosi
Published: August 2002

The 500‐kW wind generator was developed as one of NEDO's projects, and it has been operated at TAPPI wind park since October 1996. Since then, several tests on its performance have been made. One of the most important characteristics concerns the dynamic behavior under fluctuating wind conditions. For this purpose, we performed the modeling of the NEDO 500‐kW wind generator by a system identification technique using the measured data. Next, we clarified the basic characteristics such as transient response and frequency response of the generator based on the model. We confirmed that the simulated results of dynamic behavior almost agree with the measured results. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(3): 37–47, 2001
Noncontact energy transfer system using immittance converter
Authors: Irie Hisaichi , Minami Nobuyuki , Minami Hideaki , Kitayoshi Haruyoshi
Published: August 2002

Noncontact energy transfer systems are widely used in industrial material handling systems. This paper proposes a new noncontact energy transfer system using a tuned pickup coil and an immitance converter inductively coupled to a parallel transmission line excited by a high‐frequency constant‐current source.

In a noncontact energy transfer system which supplies continuous energy to movers by electromagnetic induction, the efficiency is low owing to low excitation impedance because of the wide air gap of the magnetic core in the pickup coil. The excitation impedance can be increased by the resonance with a capacitor connected parallel to the pickup coil. The resonant pickup coil works as a high‐frequency constant‐current source for the load. We propose using an immittance converter to transform the high‐frequency constant‐current source into a high‐frequency constant‐voltage source. Then, the high‐frequency constant‐voltage source is rectified into a constant‐voltage dc source, and supplies power to an inverter for motor driving.

In this paper, the configuration of this new noncontact energy transfer system and its characteristics are described. The experimental results and simulation waveforms are also described. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(4): 58–64, 2001
Realization of instantaneous torque control of an induction motor considering secondary flux as a parameter
Authors: Hayashi Tomohiro , Fujii Yasumasa , Fujikawa Kiyoshi , Sekiguchi Takashi
Published: August 2002

Recently, many researches aiming at the realization of high‐performance and high‐precision control of induction motors have been reported, and instantaneous torque control of an induction motor can be regarded as one of the most important topics in this field. In previous works, the authors developed a new method to realize instantaneous torque control of an induction motor with a voltage‐source inverter, and demonstrated both its numerical simulations and experimental results. Unfortunately, the mathematically complicated derivation of the control method made it difficult to understand intuitively, and hindered us from analyzing the detailed characteristics of motor speed changes.

In this paper, the authors propose a new method to realize instantaneous torque control of an induction motor, which differs from the concept of vector control. The proposed method is a two‐degree‐of‐freedom control which considers the instantaneous torque command and secondary flux command as parameters. The analytical solution reported here is a particular solution of the differential state equation of an induction motor, and can be expressed as a simple explicit function of the instantaneous torque command, secondary flux command, and motor speed. The authors show the validity of the proposed method through numerical simulations and experimental results. This paper aims the realization of high‐performance control of an induction motor. The authors propose a new method to realize instantaneous torque control without transient torque with a voltage‐source inverter. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(1): 48–56, 2001
Instability of a chopper system with input LC filter and its solution
Authors: Tsuboi Katsutaka , Tsuji Mineo , Yamada Eiji
Published: August 2002

Instability of propulsion converters with an input LC filter for railway vehicles has already been reported and solutions have been proposed in some applications. However, there are many other systems and circuit topologies for vehicles. In each of these systems, a specific solution is needed. On the other hand, in recent years, with the technical development of breaker apparatus, the series line resistor which limits the short‐circuit current and compensates the interrupting capacity of the line breaker has not been required to have so large a resistance. However, the resistor functioned not only to assist interruption but also to suppress instability. Therefore, instability caused by smaller resistance has become more conceivable, and other solutions and analyses are more urgently needed now. In this paper, this instability of a chopper–inverter system for an air conditioner is analyzed by using the root locus method. It is shown that the cooperative response regulation of controllers or inclusion of the proper dumping circuit is effective in stabilizing the system. The validity of these solutions is confirmed through nonlinear circuit simulations. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 137(4): 49–63, 2001
Analysis of magnetically induced ELF current in biological spherical model with biomembrane
Authors: Tarao Hiroo , Hayashi Noriyuki , Isaka Katsuo
Published: August 2002

In this paper a biological three‐medium spherical model which consists of tissue, its membrane, and the extratissue medium is employed, and detailed distributions and characteristics of the induced current in the modeled structure are calculated by using a semianalytical solution developed for this model. It is demonstrated that both the change in the thickness and electrical properties of the biomembrane and the difference in conductivity between the inner and outer substances significantly affect the current passing through the membrane and the resultant profiles of the induced current. These analytical results are consistent with the experimental results, suggesting the influence of real membranes, and they indicate an important influence of the biomembrane on the induced current characteristics under specific membrane conditions. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(2): 17–25, 2001
Stabilization of power system with TCSDR based on VSS theory
Authors: Wada Harumi , Oyama Tsutomu
Published: August 2002

In order to control a large complex power system, a more flexible decentralized control scheme is desired. Since the system configuration is changing continuously, the system must be controlled based on uncertain and inadequate information. The control scheme should provide robustness.

The sliding mode control based on variable structure system theory is regarded as a promising robust control scheme. In this control, the structure of the control system is changed across the hyperplane (switching plane) in state space so that the state variables of the system are kept on the hyperplane.

In this paper, applications of sliding mode control to power system stabilization are discussed. The sliding mode control is applied to the control of the thyristor‐controlled SDR (System Damping Resistor). Since the SDR is operated discretely (on or off), it is impossible to keep the state variables on the switching plane all the time. Therefore, “partial” sliding mode control is introduced. A new practical switching plane for sliding mode control is developed. Using the plane, the system can be stabilized effectively. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(2): 33–42, 2001
Voluntary agreements with emission trading options in climate policy
Authors: Albrecht Johan , François Delphine
Published: August 2002

Recent political and corporate initiatives indicate that voluntary agreements and emission trading will play a crucial role in climate policy. We show that when emission trading is integrated as an option in voluntary agreement contracts, the overall efficiency of the use of flexible climate policy instruments is strongly increased. The emission trading option, formalized as a CO2 allowance call option contract that can be traded, provides clear incentives to overcomply with the target of the voluntary agreement. The option mechanism also delivers a market price for eventual non‐compliance, based on differences in abatement costs. With an example, we illustrate that the option mechanism can result in stimulating financial benefits for the firms that are most successful in reducing emissions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
The cost of spatial management
Authors: Schou Jesper S. , Birr‐Pedersen Katja
Published: August 2002

The spatial dimension of agri‐environmental analysis has been recognized in a large number of studies, and the implications for the choice of analytical approaches and, further, environmental policies have been investigated both theoretically and empirically. Spatial management is an integrated part of Danish legislation, which, especially, is manifested in the land use policies. In this paper we analyse the opportunity costs of spatial management, as the costs of two strategies for establishing 400 ha of forest on existing agricultural land are assessed. The first ‘planning’ strategy involves establishment of the forest in afforestation zones designated by the local county based on the criteria of vicinity to cities and existing forest. The second strategy involves selecting afforestation areas based on a cost‐minimizing approach using spatial variations in farm economic output in the study area. Results suggest that the opportunity costs of the planning strategy are 2.5 times higher than of the cost‐minimizing strategy, indicating that the additional benefits of the planning strategy need to be significant in order to justify choosing this management approach. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
2‐Amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP)–induced mutagenesis in cultured Big Blue™ rat mammary epithelial and fibroblast cells
Authors: McDiarmid Heather M. , Douglas George R. , Coomber Brenda L. , Josephy P. David
Published: August 2002

Epithelial cells are the primary site of carcinogenesis in most tissues, including the mammary gland. As an alternative to the study of mutation induction in whole tissues in vivo, we have established Big Blue™ transgenic rat cell lines from the mammary epithelium (BBR/ME) and the mammary stroma (BBR/MFib), to permit a comparison of their mutagenic responses to carcinogens. We previously demonstrated their responsiveness to the alkylating agent N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU) (McDiarmid H et al. [2001]: Mutat Res 497:39–47). Here, we examined the responses of cultured epithelial and stromal cells to the protein pyrolysis product and mammary carcinogen 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP). Rat hepatic S9 was used as a source of bioactivation enzymes. Mutant induction (cII locus) and clonogenic survival were measured as a function of PhIP concentration. PhIP mutagenicity was observed in the fibroblast cells, but the greater toxicity of PhIP to the epithelial cells prevented a definitive evaluation of mutagenicity. Since PhIP may be detoxified by conjugation with glutathione, we measured glutathione levels and glutathione‐S‐transferase expression and activities in both cell lines. The epithelial cells had higher glutathione‐S‐transferase enzyme activity and protein expression than did the fibroblast cell line. Because the epithelial cells were more sensitive to toxicity, glutathione conjugation evidently plays only a minor role in PhIP toxicity and mutagenicity in our cell lines. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:245–253, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A single (6‐4) photoproduct inhibits plasmid DNA replication in xeroderma pigmentosum variant cell extracts
Authors: Yao Jiaqin , Dixon Kathleen , Carty Michael P.
Published: August 2002

The human skin cancer‐prone disease xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XPV) results from a mutation in the human RAD30 gene, which encodes the lesion bypass DNA polymerase η. XPV cells are characterized by delayed completion of DNA replication and increased mutagenesis following UV‐irradiation. Using extracts of an XPV lymphoblast cell line (GM2449C) that has a truncating mutation in the RAD30 gene, we investigated the effect of a (6‐4) photoproduct and a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), at a unique –TT– site on either the leading or lagging strand, on plasmid DNA replication. Compared to normal cell extracts, XPV cell extracts have a reduced capacity to carry out complete replication of DNA containing either a (6‐4) photoproduct or a CPD on the leading strand, whereas there is little difference between the two cell extracts in replication of DNA containing a lesion on the lagging strand. Inhibition of replication in the presence of a (6‐4) photoproduct is attributed to arrest of nascent DNA strand synthesis at the lesion site; in XPV cell extracts, the proportion of arrested products is increased compared to that of normal cell extracts. These results are consistent with a requirement for functional DNA polymerase η in the replication of a double‐stranded plasmid containing either a (6‐4) photoproduct or a CPD, on the leading but not the lagging strand. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:19–29, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Debates over environmental information to stakeholders as a policy instrument
Authors: Synnestvedt Terje
Published: August 2002

This paper concerns the provision of environmental information as an environmental policy tool. Corporate environmental information is often hard to obtain and in general not suited for comparison in time and space. This combined with the need for improved environmental performance raises the question of whether mandatory information schemes could be a powerful tool within environmental regulation. The power definitely depends on how the disclosure scheme affects managers' and stakeholders' behaviour. A number of factors, such as the extent of environmental impacts of the industry, the degree of competition in the industry, the cost of improving environmental performance and customer characteristics, probably create differences in managers' responses to mandatory disclosure. This implies different needs for mandatory disclosure with respect to both quality and quantity. One conclusion drawn from the discussion is that focus probably should be drawn towards the quality of information rather than the quantity, especially for large firms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
A new proposal for simplified design of buried steel pipes crossing active faults
Authors: Takada Shiro , Hassani Nemat , Fukuda Katsumi
Published: August 2002

Simplified design methods for obtaining the maximum strain in pipelines crossing active faults proposed by Newmark, Kennedy and Wang have not considered the section deformation of the pipe. In this study, a new simplified method is developed for obtaining the maximum strain in steel pipes crossing faults considering non‐linearity of material and geometry of pipe section. It is assumed that the pipe will bend near the fault and the geometry of pipe in the longitudinal direction will change according to a bent deformation. On the other hand, the relation between maximum strain and bent angle has been obtained using a beam–shell hybrid FEM for different pipe‐fault conditions. The developed method can be used for calculating the maximum strains for fault‐crossing steel pipes with different angles of crossing both in tension and compression, by considering the deformation of the pipe cross‐section. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
On‐line identification of non‐linear hysteretic structural systems using a variable trace approach
Authors: Lin Jeng‐Wen , Betti Raimondo , Smyth Andrew W. , Longman Richard W.
Published: August 2002

In this paper, an adaptive on‐line parametric identification algorithm based on the variable trace approach is presented for the identification of non‐linear hysteretic structures. At each time step, this recursive least‐square‐based algorithm upgrades the diagonal elements of the adaptation gain matrix by comparing the values of estimated parameters between two consecutive time steps. Such an approach will enforce a smooth convergence of the parameter values, a fast tracking of the parameter changes and will remain adaptive as time progresses. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm is shown by considering the effects of excitation amplitude, of the measurement units, of larger sampling time interval and of measurement noise. The cases of exact‐, under‐, over‐parameterization of the structural model have been analysed. The proposed algorithm is also quite effective in identifying time‐varying structural parameters to simulate cumulative damage in structural systems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening tests for fire safety of composites for marine applications
Authors: Sorathia U. , Long G. , Gracik T. , Blum M. , Ness J.
Published: August 2002

Demands for reduced maintenance, reduced manning and reduced cost are resulting in the need for new and alternative materials for introduction in the fleet. The new materials in many cases tend to be non‐metallic and organic (combustible) materials. In order to maintain a minimum level of fire safety, the US Navy has set performance requirements for new materials in many applications. These include the use of composite materials in ships and submarines. Performance requirements for composites, in most cases, are based on full‐scale fire tests. The use of composites for structural applications in submarines is covered by MIL‐STD‐2031. The use of composites aboard US Navy ships for topside applications is now covered by Fire Safety testing criteria. The recommended fire performance criteria contain requirements for fire growth, smoke toxicity, visibility (ISO 9705), fire resistance and structural integrity under fire (UL 1709). When developing new composite systems, it is expensive to repeatedly conduct these typical full‐scale fire tests to determine the performance of the most recent design. Instead, more cost‐effective small‐scale testing is preferable to evaluate performance. To facilitate the introduction of new and modified fire tolerant materials/systems/designs, and to reduce the financial burden on small business, the US Navy has developed a low cost composite system fire screening protocol which offers the potential of predicting the full‐scale fire performance. Fire growth potential of new composite systems and designs can be screened by using small‐scale test data from cone calorimeter (ASTM E‐1354) and Lateral Ignition Flame spread Test (ASTM E‐1321) in conjunction with the Composite Fire Hazard Analysis Tool (CFHAT). The small‐scale burn‐through test (2×2 ft) was shown capable of screening fire resistance performance determined in furnace testing with a UL‐1709 fire curve. These screening techniques provide cost‐effective approaches for evaluating fire performance of new technologies, which in turn aids in the product development process. Full‐scale fire testing is still required before inclusion of products onboard US Navy submarines and surface ships. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The CERCLA Five‐Year Review Process—Lessons Learned at Rocky Mountain Arsenal
Authors: Perkins Scott , Snowhite Lee
Published: August 2002

As more U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and
Liability Act (CERCLA) remediation sites approach closure, the importance of properly conducting
CERCLA five‐year reviews will increase.Relatively few DOD sites have been subject to a five‐year
review so far, and less than a handful have been subject to a five‐year review under the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) new guidance. Since these reviews are required to
occur at certain sites into the indefinite future, conducting them properly from the outset is critical. The
assumptions and decisions made in conducting the first five‐year review at a given site set the precedent
for future five‐year reviews, and mistakes made in format or content may be perpetuated in subsequent
five‐year reviews. This article provides a detailed accounting of how one of the DOD's largest
cleanup sites, Rocky Mountain Arsenal, conducted its first five‐year review in accordance with the new
EPA guidance. It provides a lesson in cooperation among the DOD; the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service;
Shell Oil Company; local, state, and federal regulators; and the public. This article simplifies the
complex process of conducting a five‐year review at a large cleanup site and clarifies objectives.
Finally, the article provides recommendations to help other facilities properly conduct a five‐year
review the first time so the process is simpler in the future. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Composition of the essential oil of Erechtites hieracifolia from Bolivia
Authors: Lorenzo Daniel , Saavedra Gloria , Loayza Ingrid , Dellacassa Eduardo
Published: August 2002

Analysis by GC and GC–MS of the essential oil obtained from aerial parts of Erechtites hieracifolia revealed 22 components (93% of the total composition). The major constituents were found to be α‐pinene, myrcene, (E)‐β‐ocimene, (E)‐caryophyllene and germacrene D; the enantiomeric distribution of α‐pinene, sabinene, β‐pinene, limonene and linalool was studied by multidimensional HRGC–HRGC. The major component was α‐pinene (48%) with an enantiomeric purity of 100% for (1R)‐(+)‐α‐pinene. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile constituents of different plant parts of Chamomilla recutita L. Rausch grown in the Indo‐Gangetic plains
Authors: Das Moumita , Ram Govind , Singh Archana , Mallavarapu Gopal R. , Ramesh Srinivasaiyer , Ram Muni , Kumar Sushil
Published: August 2002

The composition of the volatile oils obtained from the entire capitula, disc florets, ray florets, leaves, stems and roots of Chamomilla recutita L. Rausch, grown at Lucknow, located in the Indo‐Gangetic plain region in India, have been investigated by GC and GC–MS. A comparative study of oil composition from the capitula, disc florets and ray florets showed that the oils of whole capitula and disc florets contained higher concentrations of 6‐methyl‐hept‐5‐en‐2‐one, Artemisia ketone, (E)‐β‐farnesene, α‐bisabolol oxide B, α‐bisabolol, α‐bisabolol oxide A and (Z)‐en‐yn‐dicycloether than in the oil of ray florets. The oil of ray florets contained higher amounts of linalool, nerol and α‐bisabolone oxide A. The oils of leaves, stems and roots were devoid of chamazulene and a large variation in the composition of these oils was observed. Limonene was found in high concentration in the oil of stems, whereas (E)‐α‐farnesene was present in large amounts in the leaf and root oil. α‐Humulene, hexadec‐11‐yn‐13,15, diene, isophytol and phytol were found for the first time in C. recutita. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of erosion in a two‐way coupled fluid–particle system
Authors: Niu Yang‐Yao
Published: August 2002

In this study, the effects of flow turbulence intensity, temperature, particle sizes and impinging velocity on erosion by particle impact are demonstrated numerically. Underlying turbulent flow on an Eulerian frame is described by the compressible Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations with a RNG k–ε turbulence model. The particle trajectories and particle–wall interactions are evaluated by a Eulerian–Lagrangian approach in a two‐way coupling system. An erosion model considering material weight removal from surfaces is used to predict erosive wear. Computational validation against measured data is demonstrated satisfactorily. The analysis of erosion shows that the prevention of erosion is enhanced by increasing the effects of flow temperature and turbulence intensity and reducing particle inertial momentum. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An assessment of a parallel, finite element method for three‐dimensional, moving‐boundary flows driven by capillarity for simulation of viscous sintering
Authors: Zhou Hua , Derby Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2002

A parallel, finite element method is presented for the computation of three‐dimensional, free‐surface flows where surface tension effects are significant. The method employs an unstructured tetrahedral mesh, a front‐tracking arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation, and fully implicit time integration. Interior mesh motion is accomplished via pseudo‐solid mesh deformation. Surface tension effects are incorporated directly into the momentum equation boundary conditions using surface identities that circumvent the need to compute second derivatives of the surface shape, resulting in a robust representation of capillary phenomena. Sample results are shown for the viscous sintering of glassy ceramic particles. The most serious performance issue is error arising from mesh distortion when boundary motion is significant. This effect can be severe enough to stop the calculations; some simple strategies for improving performance are tested. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing for (common) stochastic trends in the presence of structural breaks
Authors: Busetti Fabio
Published: August 2002

This paper considers the problem of testing for the presence of stochastic trends in multivariate time series with structural breaks. The breakpoints are assumed to be known. The testing framework is the multivariate locally best invariant test and the common trend test of Nyblom and Harvey (2000). The asymptotic distributions of the test statistics are derived under a specification of the deterministic component which allows for structural breaks. Asymptotic critical values are provided for the case of a single breakpoint. A modified statistic is then proposed, the asymptotic distribution of which is independent of the breakpoint location and belongs to the Cramér‐von Mises family. This modification is particularly advantageous in the case of multiple breakpoints. It is also shown that the asymptotic distributions of the test statistics are unchanged when seasonal dummy variables and/or weakly dependent exogenous regressors are included. Finally, as an example, the tests are applied to UK macroeconomic data and to data on road casualties in Great Britain. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting multivariate time series with linear restrictions using constrained structural state‐space models
Authors: Pandher Gurupdesh S.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a methodology for modelling and forecasting multivariate time series with linear restrictions using the constrained structural state‐space framework. The model has natural applications to forecasting time series of macroeconomic/financial identities and accounts. The explicit modelling of the constraints ensures that model parameters dynamically satisfy the restrictions among items of the series, leading to more accurate and internally consistent forecasts. It is shown that the constrained model offers superior forecasting efficiency. A testable identification condition for state space models is also obtained and applied to establish the identifiability of the constrained model. The proposed methods are illustrated on Germany's quarterly monetary accounts data. Results show significant improvement in the predictive efficiency of forecast estimators for the monetary account with an overall efficiency gain of 25% over unconstrained modelling. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating Implied PDFs From American Options on Futures: A New Semiparametric Approach
Authors: Flamouris Dimitris , Giamouridis Daniel
Published: August 2002

This article develops a new methodology for estimating implied probability density functions for futures prices from American options. The restricting Black–Scholes assumption of a lognormal distribution for the underlying asset is relaxed with the use of the more flexible distributional form of an Edgeworth series expansion around a lognormal distribution. The model is applied to the crude oil market. The results provide strong evidence that the market consensus can be accurately reflected in the risk‐neutral densities recovered from observed option prices. The recovered distributions are tested and found to differ significantly from a single lognormal distribution. In addition, the recovered distributions are more robust than those recovered with a model, which assumes a mixture of two lognormal distributions. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:1–30, 2002
Valuation and Hedging of Differential Swaps
Authors: Chang Chuang‐Chang , Chung San‐Lin , Yu Min‐Teh
Published: August 2002

This paper derives a general‐form formula for pricing and hedging differential swaps with the
principal denominated either in a domestic, foreign, or third‐country currency. We first derive the
formula for differential swaps with the principal in a domestic currency and identify an error in the formula of
Wei (1994). We then show the pricing duality between differential swaps with the principal in a
domestic currency and differential swaps with the principal in a foreign currency. Finally, we complete the
pricing and hedging analysis on differential swaps by deriving a formula for differential swaps with the
principal denominated in a third‐country currency. Simulation results indicate that constant margin rates
are generally smaller than interest rate differentials and decline with the tenor of swaps. Correlation
parameters associated with the exchange rate play a more important role than correlation parameters among
interest rates in pricing differential swaps. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
22:73–94, 2002
The position of pulmonary carcinoids within the spectrum of neuroendocrine tumors of the lung and other tissues
Authors: Ullmann Reinhard , Petzmann Susanna , Klemen Huberta , Fraire Armando E. , Hasleton Phil , Popper Helmut H.
Published: August 2002

Bronchopulmonary carcinoids comprise 25% of all human carcinoids. The World Health Organization divides them into typical (TC) and atypical forms (ATC), distinguished by differences in mitotic counts lower or higher than 2/2 mm2 and the presence or absence of necrosis. The reproducibility of this classification with respect to the borderline cases with 1–2 mitotic counts/2 mm2 has been questioned. We have analyzed 15 TCs and 20 ATCs by comparative genomic hybridization. Loss of 11q was the most frequent aberration in ATC (55%), but was observed only twice in TC (13%). Deletions of 3p were seen only in ATC (25%). Meta‐analysis of our data and data from 218 neuroendocrine tumors and 50 non‐small‐cell lung carcinomas obtained from the literature revealed differences between carcinoids and carcinomas. For example, loss of 5q is frequent in lung carcinomas (75%) but is rarely seen in carcinoids (1.4%). Deletions of 11q are less frequent in neuroendocrine lung carcinomas than in ATC. To obtain a more objective survey of the relationship of pulmonary carcinoids to other neuroendocrine tumors and lung carcinomas, we created a hierarchical clustering dendrogram. This statistical approach resulted in a clear separation of carcinoids and carcinomas, which both built up different clusters. In summary, this study demonstrates the benefit of chromosomal analysis supplementary to the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary carcinoids. We also identified the feasibility of hierarchical clustering to get some clues on relationship between different tumor types. This study further argues against a transition of ATC to high‐grade neuroendocrine lung carcinoma. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of illegitimate rearrangement within the immunoglobulin locus on 14q32.3 in B‐cell malignancies using end‐sequenced probes
Authors: Poulsen Tim S. , Silahtaroglu Asli N. , Gisselø Claus G. , Gaarsdal Eva , Rasmussen Thomas , Tommerup Niels , Johnsen Hans E.
Published: August 2002

Translocation involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus is a recurring event in B‐cell oncogenesis. The aim of this study was to characterize clones from bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries and/or bacteriophage P1 artificial chromosome libraries spanning the IGH locus for detection of illegitimate rearrangement within the region by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In silico analysis of the IGH variable (IGHV) DNA sequence (NT_001716.v1) was performed to identify BAC probes located within the IGHV cluster. Clones of the constant (IGHC) cluster were found in the literature or at http://www.biologia.uniba.it/rmc/. Validation, orientation, and overlap of these probes were confirmed using interphase‐, metaphase‐, and fiber‐FISH. We have identified seven BAC end‐sequenced probes (3087C18, 47P23, 76N15, 12F16, 101G24, 112H5, and 151B17) covering 612 kb of the distal IGHV cluster, which, together with probes covering the IGHC cluster (11771 and 998D24), could be used in interphase nuclei and metaphase chromosome analysis. A visual split of the IGHV and IGHC clusters indicating a translocation was analyzed by dual‐color FISH in a series of 21 cell lines of different origins. Translocations were found, as expected, in eight of eight myelomas, four of four lymphomas, none of five leukemias, and none of four Epstein‐Barr virus–transformed B‐lymphoblastoid cell lines. To summarize, we have established a set of IGHV and IGHC probes that can be used for universal screening of illegitimate rearrangement within the IGH locus in B‐cell malignancies. These probes allow for routine FISH analysis to detect this early central oncogenic event. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sediments and stratigraphy in rockshelters and caves: A personal perspective on principles and pragmatics
Authors: Farrand William R.
Published: August 2002

Over the last half century the study of rockshelter and cave sediments has evolved from straightforward descriptive analysis to sophisticated examination on several scales—from field observations to bulk laboratory analyses to microscopic examination. Still an integrated theory to guide the interpretation of these analyses does not exist, in part because of the idiosyncratic nature of individual caves and rockshelters. This paper reviews studies that couple field observations with laboratory analyses including particle size, pebble morphology, chemical, and mineralogical studies to provide, first, the necessary basic description of the sediments and, second, an interpretation of the environment of sedimentation. These studies can lead to an understanding of site‐formation processes during human occupation, and eventually to a reconstruction of local and, in some cases, regional paleoclimates. Furthermore, sediment study is essential for intrasite correlation, independent of artifact, faunal, floral, and radiometric techniques. Finally, it is emphasized that close cooperation among sedimentologists, archaeologists, and biological specialists during planning, excavation, and interpretative stages is crucial to a successfully integrated study. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Toucan protein is essential for the assembly of syncytial mitotic spindles in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Debec Alain , Grammont Muriel , Berson Guy , Dastugue Bernard , Sullivan William , Couderc Jean‐Louis
Published: August 2002

Summary: The toc gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes a 235‐kD polypeptide with a coiled‐coil domain, which is highly expressed during oogenesis (Grammont et al., 1997, 2000). We now report the localization of the Toucan protein during early embryonic development. The Toucan protein is present only during the syncytial stages and is associated with the nuclear envelope and the cytoskeletal structures of the syncytial embryo. In anaphase A, Toucan is concentrated at the spindle poles near the minus end of microtubules. This microtubule association is very dynamic during the nuclear cell cycle. Mutant embryos lacking the Toucan protein are blocked in a metaphase‐like state. They display abnormal and nonfunctional spindles, characterized by broad poles, detachment of the centrosomes, and failure of migration of the chromosomes. These results strongly suggest that Toucan represents a factor essential for the assembly and the function of the syncytial mitotic spindles. genesis 31:167–175, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐efficiency gene transfer into adult fish: A new tool to study fin regeneration
Authors: Tawk Marcel , Tuil David , Torrente Yvan , Vriz Sophie , Paulin Denise
Published: August 2002

Summary: Zebrafish represents an excellent model to study the function of vertebrate genes (e.g., well‐developed genetics, large number of mutants, and genomic sequencing in progress), inasmuch as we have tools to manipulate gene expression. Recent use of injected morpholinos in eggs provides a good method to “ knockdown ” gene expression in early development (Nasevicius and Ekker, 2000), and the “caged” RNA injected in eggs allows to overexpress a gene in a specific set of cells (Ando et al., 2001). However, a method to specifically modify gene expression in the juvenile or in the adult is still missing. Such a method would be a very powerful tool to understand gene function in differentiated tissues. We describe here an electroporation‐based approach, which allows gene transfer in adult tissues. Its efficiency was assessed using a GFP (green fluorescent protein) dependent assay. We then used this method to disrupt the Fgf signalling pathway during the process of regeneration. genesis 32:27–31, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.