bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Airy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Law in Berlin, PA, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E.
Published: March 2022

Treatments plots were 5 × 6 ft arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied 15 Aug by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were mixed with sand top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. Then they were applied with a hand held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 85°F; soil temp at 1 inch depth, 75°F; soil type, silt loam; soil pH 5.4; % organic matter, 3.9; soil condition, dry; % soil moisture, 16.4; amt thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 65; and partly sunny skies. A total of 0.4 inches of rain was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days later (22 Aug). Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch diam open ended stainless steel container into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10 minute period. Three flotation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count. An average of 100.6 hairy chinch bug nymphs and adults per ft2 was recorded 15 Aug before treatment.
Efficacy of Insecticides on Black Cutworm in Bentgrass, Fall, California, 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

The putting green test site was divided into three 350-sq-ft sections. Pretreatment counts were taken by randomly choosing 15 square-foot plots in each section. Each plot was then flooded with water to force the cutworm larvae to the surface where they were counted. One material was applied to each section on the day following the pretreatment counts, 9 Oct. Posttreatment counts were assessed 7 days after treatment in the same manner as the pretreatmem counts.
Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Driving Range in Johnstown, PA, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E.
Published: March 2022

Fifteen insecticide treatments were applied 26 Aug for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The driving range consisted of annual bluegrass (25%) and Kentucky bluegrass (75%). Treatment plots were 6 × 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 4 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were mixed with sand top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. Then they were applied with a hand held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 76°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 75°F; soil type, loam; soil pH, 4.8; % organic matter, 4.7; soil condition, dry; % soil moisture, 20.7; amt thatch, 0.25-0.75 inches; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 55; and clear sunny skies. A total of 0.8 inches of rain was recorded over the posttreatment period.
Effect of Date of Application on Efficacy of Insecticides Against Japanese Beetle Grubs, Massachusetts, 1985
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: March 2022

Seven insecticides were applied to a golf course fairway, maintained at ca 2.5 inch on 18 Apr or 15 May. Granular formulations were applied by hand shaking from a glass jar with a perforated lid. Liquid formulations were applied with 3 qt of water in a watering can. All applications were made in 2 (perpendicular) directions within each 8-ft by 8-ft plot. All tests were replicated 5 times in a CRB design. The test area received 0.5 inch irrigation (pH 6.8) immediately after application. Plots were sampled 14 Jun. Two 1-sq ft sections of sod, ca 4 inch deep, were removed from the center of each plot, inspected on the spot, and the number of healthy grubs recorded.
Bedding Plant Phytotoxicity Trial, Ft. Collins, Co. 1985
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Meyer Wendy L.
Published: March 2022

Twenty varieties of bedding plants were grown 1.5 to 4 inch tall in a greenhouse. Within a cultivar 24-36 equal in size were selected and divided into 6 groups for treatment. Treatments were applied as sprays to point of run-off during mid-day. Sprays were approximately 4 times recommended rate: Safer’s Insecticidal Soap, 5% dilution; Ivory Dishwashing Liquid, 5% dilution; Talstar 2EC, 50 fl oz/100 gal; Metasystox-R, 3 qt/100 gals.; and Orthene Systemic Insect Control (9.4%), 6 fl oz/gal. Plant injury was rated 96 h after treatment using a 0 (no injury) to 4 (complete death of plant) rating scale.
Field Evaluations of Four Insecticides Against the Pandora Moth, 1982
Authors: Ragenovich I. R. , Schmid J. M. , Bennett D. D. , Barry J. W. , Richmond C. E.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were aerially applied by helicopter to blocks, 8 hectares in size, along 2 roads east of Jacob Lake, Arizona in Oct 1982. Two 60-cm branch samples were removed from each of 24 trees systematically distributed wtihin each block to estimate larval numbers. Samples were taken just prior to treatment and 12 and 213 days after treatment.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to a complete randomized block. Each treatment consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied in 158 gal of finished spray per acre by a Bean orchard sprayer. Sprays were applied 11 May at petal fall (PF), 25 May, 6 Jun, 19 Jun, 1 Jul, 14 Jul, 27 Jul, 8 Aug, 20 Aug and 5 Sep 85. Evaluations were made by examining 100 apples per replication for injury and categorizing injuries by their respective pest. A single mite count was made in midseason by collecting 50 leaves from each replication and brushing them in a mite brushing machine. Resulting plates were examined using a stereo binocular microscope recording numbers of ERM and predaceous mites on each plate.
Control of Black Vine Weevil Larvae (BVW) with Soil Insecticides in Connecticut, 1984
Authors: Moore Robert E. B.
Published: March 2022

Two methods of application were used to test the efficacy of soil insecticides in 2 growing media common to local nurseries. The tests were carried out on a Merrimac fine, sandy loam field at the Valley Laboratory (pH 5.4) and a 1:1:1 peat, composted hardwood bark, and sand “shrub mix” (pH 5.6) in 2-gaI plastic containers. The 2 test media were planted to Taxus in 1982. Both areas were maintained using standard cultural practices with the containers being kept under overhead irrigation. From 6 Jun, when the insecticides were applied, through 6 Aug container grown plants received 1-2 h of water per day while the sandy loam plots which were not irrigated received a total of 13.5 cm of rain occurring on 14 different days. In the “shrub mix” test each treatment was a single container and in the sandy loam each treatment was a single container, and in the sandy loam each treatment consisted of 4 plants in a 0.6-m by 1.35-m plot. Both tests were randomized and replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied 2 ways: spread over the soil surface or incorporated into the upper 2 cm of soil by hand cultivation. Liquids were poured into containers in 100 ml of water and to field plots in 312 ml (400 gal/acre), with a small watering can. Granules were mixed with 230 g of sand and were applied with a shaker bottle to each field plot, and in the container test the granules were spread undiluted on the soil. Both tests areas received 1.5 cm of irrigation 1 h after treatment. Approximately 400 ml of soil was collected on 7 Jun and 6 Aug from each container and field plot and immediately placed in plastic bags and frozen.
Apple, Insect Growth Regulator Full Season Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to a completely randomized block. Each treatment consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied in 55 gal (Guthion applied in 123 gal and dilute Dimilin applied in 297 gal) of finished spray per acre by a Bean orchard sprayer. Evaluations were made by examining 100 apples per replication for injury and categorizing injuries by their respective pest. A single mite count was made by collecting 50 leaves from each replication and brushing them in a mite brushing machine. Resulting plates were examined using a stereo binocular microscope recording numbers of ERM and predaceous mites on each plate. Materials. Sprays were applied as follows: The standard (Guthion) was applied on 13 May at petal fall (PF), 27 May, 10 Jun, 24 Jun, 8 Jul, 22 Jul, 8 Aug, 22 Aug, 6 Sep. Insect growth regulators (remaining materials) were applied on 27 Apr at pink (P), 13 May, 4 Jun, 25 Jun, 16 Jul, 8 Aug, 29 Aug.
Apple, Insect Growth Regulator Test Partial Season, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to a completely randomized block. Each treatment consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied in 55 gal of finished spray per acre by a Bean orchard sprayer. Evaluations were made by examining 100 apples per replication for injury and categorizing injuries by their respective pest. A single mite count was made by collecting 50 leaves from each replication and brushing them in a mite brushing machine. Resulting plates were examined using a stereo binocular microscope recording numbers of ERM and predaceous mites on each plate. Material shortages prevented full season applications. Sprays were applied as follows: UC 76963 on 27 Apr at pink (P), 13 May at petal fall (PF), 25 May, 4 Jun, 16 Jul; CME 13411 on 13 Jun, 25 Jun, 16 Jul.
Toxicity of RU-25474 Pyrethroid and Orthene to the German Cockroach, 1981
Authors: Ross D. C. , Brady U. E. , Bledsoe M. E.
Published: March 2022

Residual tests were carried out in 15 × 100-mm glass petri dishes. Tops and sides of the dishes were coated with Teflon to maintain insects on treated surfaces. One ml of each test concentration listed in Table 1 was pipetted onto the bottom of each dish or onto a 100-mm diameter filter paper and allowed to air day (1-3 hr) before testing in closed dishes. Five adult males were placed into each of 5 treated dishes for each test material and combination. Appropriate controls were included in each experiment. Knockdown (KD) was determined at selected intervals and data are presented as KD50 and KD90 times. Combinations of 10% Orthene with 0.005%, 0.002%, or 0.001% RU-25474 were synergistic on both paper and glass. Based on KD50 values.
Methoprene Mineral Cattle Feed-Through Test for Pyrethroid Resistant Horn Fly Control, 1985
Authors: Cilek Jim , Knapp F. W. , Herald Freddie
Published: March 2022

A test was initiated by feeding Morrman’s IGR Minerals (0.02% Methoprene) to 74 Angus cattle on 1 Jun. Straight mineral was placed in 2 sheltered mineral feeders which were situated near water and shade for the cattle. Prior to starting the IGR feeding test, all cattle were individually sprayed with 0.5% Vapona to knock down the existing horn fly population, which avg ca. 75 flies per cow. On 14 Jun the IGR consumption by the cattle was calculated to be 6 times more than required (according to label). Therefore, the mineral was diluted with salt to give a 67:33 mineral-salt mixture which provided the cattle with the correct amount of the IGR.
Evaluation of Phosmet Flowable as High Pressure Spray and Dursban 44 Pour-On For Lice Control on Beef Cattle, 1985
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Watson D. W.
Published: March 2022

Experimental steer and heifer calves were of mixed breeds and originated in eastern WY. They were housed in separate pens in groups of 7 animals each at Torrington, WY. The cattle were naturally infested with the cattle biting louse, Bovicola bovis, and the longnosed cattle louse, Linognathus vituli. Lice density was estimated by observing and recording the number of each species at sample sites in the area of the poll, head, shoulder, and topline. One, 15-cm sample site was located across the occipital area directly behind the poll. The equivalent of 3, 15-cm sample sites were located on each of the remaining body areas. Sample sites on the head were 1, 15-cm hairpart on either side of the face from the corner of the mouth toward the base of the ear and 2, 7.5-cm hairparts on either side of the muzzle. The sample sites on the shoulder were 3, 15-cm vertical parts on the right side of the body. These followed the natural parts of the hair. The sample sites on the topline were located on the right side of the animal ca. 25 cm posterior to the withers and 25 cm anterior to the hip bone. The sites consisted of 3 vertical 15-cm hairparts ca, 15 cm apart.
Apple, Airblast Acaricide Evaluation Test, 1985
Authors: Hull L. A.
Published: March 2022

An experimental acaricide in various combinations with adulticidal acaricides was applied to single 0.15-acre plots in a randomized block design consisting of 4 replicates of York Imperial and Golden Delicious trees (7 yr old). All treatments were applied as complete sprays with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated at 50 gpa, 2 mph, 300 psi. Date of application was 25 Jul. During the season, general maintenance sprays of fungicides (Bayleton, Benlate, Captan, Dithane, and Zineb), insecticides (Lorsban, Guthion, Methomyl, Penncap M) as well as calcium chloride were applied with a Friend Airmaster calibrated at 50 gpa and driven 2.3 mph. The effect of treatments on ERM and TSSM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree (100 leaves/treatment, York Imperial only). The predator S. punctum was observed by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees (York Imperial only). Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Diflubenzuron Boluses, Guardian Eartags, and Rabon Mineral Blocks for Dairy Cattle Fly Control, 1985
Authors: Miller R. W.
Published: March 2022

Holstein heifers ranging from 6 to 24 mo of age were divided into 6 groups and treated as follows: pasture controls (CP), dry lot controls (CL), offered 0.463% Rabon Sweetlix mineral blocks ad libitum (RB), treated with 50 g, 10% diflubenzuron boluses at rate of 1 bolus/250 kg body wt (B), tagged with 7.5% Guardian ear tags at rate of 2 tags/hd (ET), and treated with both boluses and ear tags (ET + B). Boluses were administered and ear tags attached on 5 Jun. Total no. of face flies, stable flies, house flies, and horn flies on one side of the animals were counted at weekly intervals. Manure samples from the RB, B, and CL groups were collected biweekly and bioassayed for toxicity against house fly larvae.
Evaluation of American Cyanamid Experimental Levamisole/Famphur Paste Administered Orally to Beef Cattle for Cattle Grub Control, 1985
Authors: Saluta Michael A. , Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

Experimental paste treatments consisting of famphur plus levamisole were administered orally to yearling beef steers in Montgomery Co, VA. The following treatment groups were established in Sep 1984: A) 11.5% levamisole/0% famphur paste (placebo control): fifteen steers were administered an oral dose of 8 mg levamisole plus 0 mg famphur per kg body weight; B) 11.5% levamisole/14.4% famphur paste: thirteen steers were administered an oral dose of 8 mg levamisole plus 10 mg famphur per kg body weight; C) 11.5% levamisole/28.8% famphur paste: nineteen steers were administered an oral dose of 8 mg levamisole plus 20 mg famphur per kg body weight; D) 5.75% levamisole/21.6% famphur paste; sixteen steers were administered an oral dose of 8 mg levamisole plus 30 mg famphur per kg body weight; E) 11.5% Tramisol gel/13.2% Warbex pour-on: nineteen steers were administered an oral dose of 8 mg levamisole plus 40 mg famphur (topical) per kg body weight. The treatment groups were maintained in the same pasture for the duration of the trial. Originally, each treatment group was established with 20 animals, but several had lost their identification ear tags by the time of evaluation. Treatment efficacy was determined by combining data from early and late evaluation dates: 8 Feb and 15 Mar 1985.
Evaluation of the Attractancy of 3 Fly Baits in Two High-Rise Poultry Houses, 1985
Authors: Stafford K. C. , Collison C. H.
Published: March 2022

Alfacron sugarbait (CGA 18809) was compared with Improved Golden Malrin fly bait containing 1.0% methomyl and Hopkins Fly Bait Grits containing 1.0% Bomyl in two high-rise poultry houses utilizing baited jug traps. Each trap was constructed from 3.87-liter translucent white plastic jugs (common “1-gal” milk jugs) with four 5-cm diam access holes cut equidistant around the circumference of the upper third of the jug. Each jug received 25 g of bait scattered on the inside bottom of the jug each week. Flies and old bait were removed from each trap prior to the addition of new bait and returned to the lab for enumeration. A Union Co., PA house received 30 jug traps (10 jugs/bait) hung in groups of 3 (all baits/group, jugs 2.4 m apart) at 10 equidistant points around the periphery of a 10.7 × 137.2-m pit at a height of approximately 1.1m from the floor for 8 wk. Six jug traps (4 jugs/ bait, 12 total) were hung for 9 wk in random order at an approximate height of 1.1 m from the floor at each end of a Montour Co., PA house (11.4 × 96.2 m pit) due to limited pit access. Jug traps were separated 2.6, 2.0 or 0.5 m apart, depending upon their location. Fly populations at the Union Co. house and the Montour Co. house were Musca domestica and Ophyra aenescens, respectively.
Residual Efficacy of Baysir 8514 and Precor Against Adult Cat Flea Emergence, 1985
Authors: Cilek Jim , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Shag nylon carpet discs with a surface area of ca. 32 cm2 were treated with varying concentrations of either Baysir 8514 (25WP) or Precor 5E mixed with water. Each carpet disc was treated by the use of a pressurized hand sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.2 ml/s at 25 psi. Carpet discs sprayed with water only served as controls. Each dose was replicated 3 times. At selected time intervals (see table below), ca. 0.25 g of a mixture of dried blood and ground cat chow (3:20) and 25 cat flea eggs were placed within the fibers of each carpet disc. Infested discs were then placed into a 1 pint fonda container for development. Containers were covered with a fine cloth screen to contain the fleas and were stored at 25°C. When greater than 50% adult flea emergence in the control occurred, treatments were evaluated for % adult mortality. Recovery of dead and live fleas was accomplished by brushing each carpet disc vigorously for ca. 1 min with a hair brush within a white 5 gal plastic bucket. After this procedure, the discs were then submerged in water to recover any fleas that had not yet emerged. Carpet discs were used only once for each test period. Treatment mortality was corrected by Abbott’s formula.
Apple, Concentrate Airblast Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Hull L. A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of York Imperial and 2 replicates of Golden Delicious. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer at 25 gpa/alternate side spray driven at 2 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts/acre/both sides spray. Spray dates for alternate side treatments were: 7, 20 and 30 May; 7, 14 and 24 Jun; 5, 17 and 25 Jul; 3, 9, 16 and 26 Aug; 3 Sep. Guthion 50 WP (340 g/acre) was substituted for Baythroid on 30 May; 5, 17 and 25 Jul. Kelthane 4F (710 ml/acre) was applied to all treatments on 5 and 17 Jul. During the season, fungicide maintenance sprays of Bayleton, Captan, Cyprex, Polyram, Topsin M, Zineb, and calcium chloride were applied with an airblast sprayer at 50 gpa to the whole experimental block. Effectiveness on apple aphid was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/20 terminals. The effect of sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 20 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and one picked sample on 19 Sep. Apple samples averaged 132 fruits/replicate and 660/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious applies/replicate, 90/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were: 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Apple, Timing of Second Generation Chemical Controls for Codling Moth, 1985
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

A 7-year-old Red Delicious apple orchard was used to evaluate timing of an insect growth regulator (IGR) and an organophosphate insecticide (OP) for control of second generation codling moth. Each material was applied in a dilute spray to the point of drip (approximately 400 gal per acre) using a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. The IGR was applied at 900 (3 Jul), 1000 (8 Jul), 1100 (11 Jul) and 1200 (15 Jul) degree days after first codling moth catch of first generation. The OP was applied at 1250 (16 Jul), 1400 (22 Jul) and 1600 (29 Jul) degree days after first moth. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment. No chemical treatments were applied to the test orchard , (during the first codling moth generation. Inspection of fruit during thinning in late Jun indicated that a low level uniform infestation had been established throughout the test orchard. Following second generation all fruit were removed from test trees, counted and injured fruit collected and returned to the laboratory. Injured fruit were examined and cut with a knife to determine the number of shallow or deep entries. Live larvae found within fruit were saved and head capsules measured to determine their instar. Codling moth adult activity was monitored using pheromone traps. Traps were examined weekly and the number of moths recorded. Pheromones were changed every 4 wk, and trap bottoms were changed after an accumulation of 30 moths. Mites were sampled from mid-Jun through Mid-Sep. Twelve or 13 leaves were collected from each tree (total 50 leaves per treatment) and returned to the laboratory. Leaves were processed through a mite brushing machine and mites were counted under a dissecting microscope. Mite densities are presented as mean mites per leaf for the growing season.
Apple, Early Season Insecticide Evaluation Test, 1985
Authors: Hull L. A.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 7 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 5 times. Plots consisted of 4 trees, 1 each of the cultivars York Imperial, Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Rome Beauty. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa. Spray dates corresponded to the following phenological stages (cv. Golden Delicious): half-inch green -11 Apr; Pink -18 Apr. A regular fungicide schedule (Cyprex, Benlate, Bayleton, Captan, Zineb, Manzate) was maintained throughout the season. The effect of the treatments on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs on 25 leaves per tree (cv. York Imperial). ERM populations were evaluated by collecting a random sample of 20 leaves per tree (cv. York Imperial), 100 leaves per treatment, brushing them with a Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine. Effectiveness of sprays for RAA was evaluated by examining entire trees (cvs. Rome Beauty and York Imperial) and determining the total number of infested leaves and the number of injured apples per tree. A leaf was considered infested if it contained one or more live aphids or showed visible signs of curling. Pest pressure was moderate.
Apple, All Season Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Mayes Ralph L.
Published: March 2022

A 10-year-old apple var. ‘Miller Spur Red Delicious’ orchard at the Clarksville Fruit Sub-station, Clarksville, AR, was used in this test. Sprays were applied to 2-tree plots in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. At Fayetteville, AR, an 18-year-old orchard was selected at the University of Arkansas Main Horticulture Station. Sprays were applied to 1-tree plots of various early maturing apple varieties in a randomized complete block replicated 3 times. Trees at both sites were sprayed to runoff, ca. 2 gal/tree, using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 250 psi. Spray dates at Clarksville were 16 Apr (0.2 lb F4999 only on replicate 1, and 0.1 lb F4999 on all replicates at later spring dates), 2, 15 May, 13, 27 Jun, 2, 11, 24 Jul, 7, and 16 Aug. Plictran (6 oz/100 gal) was applied to all trees on 27 Jun and 5 Jul due to a high ERM population. In Fayetteville, spray dates were 25 Apr, 3 May, 14 May, 31 May, and 14 Jun. F4999 was applied at 0.05 lb on 25 Apr and 0.1 lb at all later dates. Damage counts were made at harvest (27 and 28 Aug). Count and percent data values were transformed to log(x + 1) and arcsine X, respectively, prior to analysis of variance and mean comparison (P = 0.05; DMRT).
Apple, Pre-Bloom Control of Pandemis Leafroller, 1985
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Ten-year-old apple trees were sprayed with insecticides to evaluate their efficacy in controlling overwintering larvae of apple pandemis. Insecticides were applied as a dilute spray to the point of drip (approximately 400 gal per acre) using a handgun sprayer at 400-500 psi. All materials were combined with 1 gal of oil/A. The test experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 single-tree replicates per treatment. Pre-treatment counts were made on Apr 10. Ten fruit buds from each tree were removed and returned to the laboratory for examination under a dissecting microscope. Numbers of larvae found were recorded. Treatments were applied on 10 Apr at half-inch green stage of flower bud development. Post-treatment counts were made on 18 Apr. Each tree was examined and the number of leafroller feeding sites and live larvae recorded.
Apple, Codling Moth Control, 1985
Authors: Shearer Peter W.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to individual 7-year-old trees as single units replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Trees were sprayed by handgun to run-off using a 7 gpm John Bean sprayer operating at 350 psi at about 400 gpa. The application of test materials was timed according to phenology data provided by Washington State Extension Service (see WSU Extension Bulletin 1072). The insect growth regulators F4999 and Dimilin were applied at the onset of laying at 43 degree-days (base 50°F) from first moth catch (Biofix). The first Guthion treatment was applied at the start of egg hatch at 226 degree-days from Biofix. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 fruit per replication at harvest on 25 Sept for worm stings and entries. Average monthly temperatures were: May 56.7°F, Jun 61.8°F, Jul 71.6°F, Aug 64.3°F, Sep 55.2°F. Monthly rainfall in inches was: May 0.48, Jun 2.13, Jul 0.1, Aug 0.56, Sept 2.91.
Tart Cherry, Cherry Fruit Fly Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments consisted of single, 0.5-acre unreplicated blocks. Materials were applied by handgun to drip on 16 May, 14 Jun, 25 Jun, 8 Jul and 19 Jul. Evaluations involved blending 8 pts of cherries in a blender and sieving the resulting slurry to remove the pulp. The remaining material was then examined for larvae.
Tart Cherry, American Plum Borer Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Biddinger David
Published: March 2022

Treatments consisted of single trees replicated 7 times in a completely randomized block design. Materials were applied by handgun to drop dilute on 22 May. Evaluations involved examining each tree for borer damage and excising the larvae. A 50% mixture of a polyvinyl aqueous butyral dispersion (PVB) was used with insecticides. In addition, Vapor Gard (an anti-desiccant that also acts as a UV screen and sticker) was tested.
Tart Cherry, American Plum Borer Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Biddinger David
Published: March 2022

Treatments consisted of single unreplicated rows. Each row consisted of 32 trees. Materials were applied by handgun dilute on 6 Aug. Evaluations involved examining a selected subsample of those trees and was based on selecting the most infested trees in the row. Timing of the spray was based on pheromone trap catches using a specific pheromone for APB. A 50% mixture of a polyvinyl aqueous butyral dispersion (PVB) was used with insecticides. In addition, Vapor Gard (an anti-desiccant that also acts as a UV screen and sticker) was tested.
Peach, Evaluation of Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Hamilton George C. , Herman Elizabeth , Swift Fred C.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted at the Rutgers Fruit Tree Research & Developmen Center, Cream Ridge, NJ, in a 10-year-old peach orchard, variety ‘Red Haven’. Single-tree plots, replicated 5 times in a randomized complete blocl design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 3 gal/tree, 300 gal/A) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 200 psi. Treatment were applied on Apr 23 (PF), May 14 (IC), May 28 (2C), Jun 10 (3C), and Jun 24 (4C). For disease control the entire orchard was sprayed with sulfur as needed. ERM estimates were made by randomly picking 25 leaves per replicate, brushing the mites onto glass plates and counting the number of mobile mites. Sampling methods for various insects in the table are as follows: OFMa = no. of OFM damaged terminals/tree (Is generation); OFMb = no. of OFM damaged terminals/tree (2nd generation); OFMc = no. of OFM damaged fruit/tree (3rd generation, 100 frui evaluated); PC = no. of PC damaged fruit/tree (100 fruit evaluated); TPB = no. of TPB damaged fruit/tree (100 fruit evaluated). Mite-days wen calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + [(M1 + M2)/2 × Y], where MD1 = mite days already accumulated, M1 = avg ERM/leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after M1 and Y = number of days between M1 and M2. Data were transformed to × + 1 o arcsin (x) prior to analysis of variance and comparison of means. In tables numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different a alpha = 0.05, DMRT.
Apple, Summer Control of Pandemis Leafroller, 1985
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

A 10-year-old apple orchard was used to evaluate timing of 2 insecticides in controlling larvae of apple pandemis. Insecticides were applied as dilute sprays to the point of drip (approximately 400 gal per acre) using a handgun sprayer at 400-500 psi. Five single-tree replicates were used for each material and timing in randomized complete block design. Two unsprayed treatments were included. Lorsban and Penncap-M were initially applied at first egg hatch on 25 Jun (800 degree days after first codling moth flight). The second and third treatments were applied 200 and 460 degree days after the first spray on 8 Jul (1000 degree days after first codling moth flight) and 18 Jul (1460 degree days after first codling moth flight), respectively. The sine-wave method was used to calculate degree days using the same lower (50 F) and upper (88 F) temperature thresholds used for codling moth. All evaluations were made on 22 Jul. The number of live larvae on each tree was recorded.
Leafminer Control on Cranberry, 1985
Authors: Maier Chris T.
Published: March 2022

Two insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling a cranberry leafminer at East Haddam, CT. Experimental 1 × 1-m plots were arranged in a randomized block design with 5 replicates per treatment. On 22 May insecticides were applied to runoff with a 3-gal compression sprayer that was constantly shaken to insure even mixing. At application time larvae were mainly 3rd and 4th instars. Fifty mines per plot (5 from 10 different uprights) were microscopically examined on 29 May to determine % mortality.
Grape, Grape Berry Moth Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

A completely randomized block design was used. Treatments consisted of vines per replicate, replicated 4 times. Materials were applied by airblast sprayer in 99 gal/acre on 5 Jun, 17 Jun, 28 Jun, 11 Jul, 23 Jul, 7 Aug, 1 Aug and 5 Sep. Evaluations involved examining 25 bunches of grapes on 13 Sep ’85 for GBM per replicate.
Apple Pandemis Control, Pre-Bloom Application, 1984
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Three commercial apple orchards near Wenatchee, WA, were found to have moderate to high levels of apple pandemis larvae during the delayed dormant period. Orchards 1 and 2 contained older trees (20-30 years) 14-16 ft tall and planted on a 20 ft × 20 ft spacing. Trees in orchard 3 were 8-10 ft tall (15 yr old) planted on a 7 ft × 16 ft spacing. Twenty-five trees were selected in orchards 1 and 2. Ten fruit buds per tree from a high (>6 ft) and low level were sampled just prior to and 7-10 days posttreatment. In orchard 3, 10 fruit buds per tree were sampled from 50 trees. All fruit buds were returned to the laboratory, examined under a binocular microscope and numbers of injured and infested buds recorded. All orchards were treated with Lorsban and oil by airblast sprayer at 400 gal per acre between 4-11 Apr.
Arthropod Control and Chemical Phytotoxicity on Strawberries, 1985
Authors: Carson W. G. , Nakakihara H. , Trumble J. T. , Voth V.
Published: March 2022

‘Parker’ strawberries were transplanted 2 Nov ’84 into drip-irrigated, double-row raised beds. Beds were mulched with clear plastic approximately 1 wk following transplanting. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates of each treatment. Each replicate consisted of 2 sub-beds (17 plants/sub-bed). Insecticides were applied on 29 Mar, 11 and 25 Apr, 9 and 23 May, and 6 and 20 Jun. As foliage height and density increased, nozzles varied from 2-4/row and carrier was 100 gal/acre. Disc-type nozzles incorporated D-2 or D-3 orifice discs, #23 cones, and 50 mesh screens. All treatments included 0.04% spreader-sticker (Leaf Act 80A). Spider mite population evaluation was based on percentage of plants infested on the highest trifoliate on each plant for 10 plants/replicate every wk (40/treatment/wk). Data were collected every other wk from 25 Mar-17 Jun, and again on 25 Jun. Aphid counts were collected at the same time as the spider mite data, but percentage of plants infested was based on the presence or absence of aphids on the oldest trifoliate. Again, 10 randomly selected plants were sampled/replicate every other week. Phytotoxicity was assessed by photosynthesis (PH) and stomatal conductance (RS) measurements made with the LI-COR 6000 on 10, 15 and 26 Apr (13 days after 1st treatment, 4 days after the 2nd treatment, and 1 day after the 3rd treatment, respectively). Yield data were collected (all berries in each replicate) on the same dates as the mite counts.
Strawberry, Leafroller Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

Unreplicated blocks were used. Materials were applied by a hand held CO2 sprayer at 51 gal/a on 17 May, 28 May, 6 Jun and 19 Jun. Evaluation consisted of examining 100 crowns per block and counting the number of leaves infested 24 Jun with leafroller larvae. The mean number of leaves is estimated at 5.
Evaluation of CME-13406 for Mite Control, 1985
Authors: Victor J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with each replicated 3 times on 3-tree plots in a 20-yr-old grapefruit orchard on 16-ft × 22-ft tree spacing. Initial application was made on 9 May and reapplied on 1 Jul using an FMC 1229 FTM Air Sprayer at 1 mph with nozzling and pressure adjusted for a spray volume of 200 gal/acre. CRM were counted in two 1-cm2 lens fields on the lower surface of each of 50 randomly selected leaves per replicate. Another 24 leaves per replicate were randomly collected and processed through a mite brushing machine. RdM motiles were collected and counted on detergent-coated glass disks using a binocular microscope at 25x.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Pesticide Efficacy Tests, 1985
Authors: Childers Carl C.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots in a randomized complete block design in 2 tests. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied with a handgun using a truck-mounted sprayer at 400 psi on 29 May (ca 3-5 gal/tree) and 8-9 Jul (ca 4-6 gal/tree) (test 1) and 11 Jul (ca 4-6 gal/tree) (test 2). Water pH was 7.9 and 7.8 respectively for test 1 and 7.9 for test 2. Twenty fruit were examined around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm2 count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as 1 observation.
Thrips Control; Effect on Plant Growth, 1986
Authors: Langston W. C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted to compare insecticides applied in furrow for thrips control and to determine the effects on plant growth characteristics. The plots were 4 rows × 20 ft long with 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. The soil type was Austin clay. Treatments were Temik 15G at 0.25 and 0.5 lb (AI)/acre, Counter 15G at 1.0 and 2.0 lb (AI)/acre, and Furadan 10G on corn cob grit (CCG) at 0.5 and 1.0 lb (AI)/acre. These treatments were applied in furrow at planting with a John Deere Flex 71 planter on 13 May. Plants from the outside rows were pulled and beaten on hardware screen over a white pan and thrips adults and nymphs counted. Twelve consecutive plants from each outside row were collected and thrips were counted on 27 May, 6 Jun, and 10 Jun. Ten consecutive 28-day-old plants from the center 2 rows were pulled on 19 and 20 May, and plant growth data were determined by dissecting the tap root at the cotyledon leaf node and leaves at the petiole. Leaves, stems, and roots were then weighed separately. The number of plants that were squaring was determined. Later in the season, earliness was measured by counting the number of bolls on 0.02-acre subplots in each center row. Total yield was obtained by stripping the center 2 rows with a brush stripper on 18 Sep.
Binary Mixtures of Selected Insecticides for Control of Heliothis Spp. in Cotton, 1987
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Benedict J. H. , Schmidt K. M. , Anderson R. M.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field study was conducted at the Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi to evaluate several insecticides (applied singly and in binary mixtures) for control of Heliothis spp. in dryland cotton. Nine treatments and an untreated check were compared in 3-row × 30-ft plots of cotton planted 16 Apr on 38-inch rows. Treatments and the untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The first application of treatments occurred 3 wk past first-bloom-stage of cotton growth on 24 Jun; treatments were applied again on 30 Jun. One day prior to the first application of treatments, random inspection of plants showed that the test site was infested with 48 Heliothis eggs and 5 small Heliothis larvae/100 plant terminals; there were no Heliothis damaged squares (n = 100 squares). Also, identification of Heliothis larvae (n = 25) collected from the test site one day prior to the first application of treatments indicated that the infestation consisted of 65% H. virescens and 35% H. zea. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized (35 psi) backpack sprayer, calibrated to deliver 4.5 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. After each application, efficacy of each treatment was evaluated by inspecting the terminals of 20 randomly chosen plants in each plot for presence of Heliothis feeding damage and numbers of larvae and by inspecting 20 randomly chosen squares and bolls in each plot for presence of Heliothis feeding damage and numbers of larvae. Seed cotton was hand harvested from a 13.6-ft section of row in each plot for yield analysis.
Vegetable Oil Sprays of Larvin UCLF-5; Activity Against Tobacco Budworms Under Rainy Conditions, 1987
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Henedict J. H. , Anderson R. M. , Schmidt K. M.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field study was conducted to evaluate different spray formulations of Larvin UCLF-5 for efficacy against tobacco budworm larvae in cotton. Four treatments and an untreated check were compared in 1-row × 6.7-ft plots of cotton planted 16 Apr on 38-inch rows. Treatments and the untreated check were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. All plots were artificially infested twice with neonatal tobacco budworm larvae (laboratory colony maintained at the USDA Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory at Stoneville, Miss.). The first release of larvae was made 2 days before application of treatments (6 Jul), and the second release was made 1 day before application of treatments (7 Jul). Using a camel's hair brush, larvae were placed in shootterminals of randomly chosen plants in each plot (60 larvae/plot/release). On 8 Jul, treatments were applied to plots by using a modified CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with a controUed-droplet atomizer (Micro Max/DR4; Micron, Houston, Tex.) operating at 2,000 rpm. The atomizer was powered by a 12 V battery. The flow rate was regulated with a size 4916-16 regulator orifice plate (Spraying Systems, Wheaton, 111.) at 25 psi, which produced a finished spray volume of 1.3 gal/acre. The atomizer was held 10 inches above the row. At the time of treatment, the wind was 5-11 mph from SE (row direction was E to W), RH was 61%, and ambient temperature was 81°F. To prevent cross contamination of treatments from spray drift, 4 untreated buffer rows of cotton were planted between each plot, and a 4- × 3-ft plastic shield was carried next to the atomizer during treatment application (the shield was held 4 ft NW from the atomizer). Thirty-five min after application, a brief, hard rainfall of about 0.3 inches occurred at the test site. Treatment efficacy was evaluted 7 days after the application by inspecting 40 squares and 40 bolls/plot for budworm feeding. Numbers of larvae found in squares and bolls also were recorded.
Ovicidal Activity of Larvin and Ammo Against Pyrethroid-Susceptible and Resistant Strains of Tobacco Budworm, 1987
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Benedict J. H. , Schmidt K. M. , Anderson R. M.
Published: March 2022

Two small-plot studies were conducted in the field at the Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi to measure the effects of 4 treatments on survival of eggs and freshly hatched larvae of tobacco budworm. In Test 1, treatments were evaluated on eggs obtained from a pyrethroid-susceptible strain (S-strain) of tobacco budworm (laboratory colony maintained at the USDA Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory at Stoneville, Miss.) Treatments in Test 2 were evaluated on a pyrethroid-resistant strain (R-strain) of tobacco budworm (laboratory colony [PEG-87] maintained at ICI Americas at Pikeville, N.C.). Experimental methods were identical for both tests. Treatments were compared in 1-row × 30-ft plots of cotton planted 19 Mar on 38-inch rows. Using a camel's hair brush moistened with distilled water, fresh eggs (3- to 10-h-old) were attached manually to the upper surfaces of leaves (10 eggs/leaf) located near the shoot terminal of each of 24 flowering cotton plants/treatment. Within 30 min following placement of eggs on plants, treatments were applied to plants by using a CO2-pressurized (35 psi) backpack sprayer. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 4.5 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Based on visual estimation, coverage of leaves and eggs with treatment sprays was optimal. Four hours after application, all leaves containing eggs were collected and placed individually into covered plastic Petri dishes and held in a laboratory temperature cabinet for 72 h (constant 78°F and 80% RH) then inspected for unhatched eggs and dead or live larvae. Each treatment was replicated 6 times in a completely randomized design. A replicate consisted of 6 leaves and 47-57 eggs, depending on the number of eggs lost in the field.
Soil Insect Control in Lupine, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Wiens Mel
Published: March 2022

The trial was located on an irrigated sandy loam soil in the Irrigation Station, Staples, Minn. Plots were 2 rows × 25 ft, and treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged by pairs in a randomized complete block design. Clean, untreated seed was moistened with water and bacterial innoculant plus the appropriate insecticide applied 1 h prior to planting. The treated seed was then allowed to dry. Seed was planted with a John Deere Maximerge 4-row planter. Granular insecticides were applied by hand following planting and lightly covered. The field was then irrigated to provide uniform germination. Stand, insect, and disease damage were recorded for 20 ft of row. Damage was converted to a percentage, transformed using ARCSINE transformation, and means were compared. Yields were taken from 20 ft of row and adjusted to a standard moisture.
Corn Earworm Control on Soybean, 1986
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted at 2 locations in Maryland. Site 1 was located near Beltsville in Prince George's County, where 'Williams 82' beans were planted on 8 July in 30-inch rows. At Site 2, located near Preston in Dorchester County, 'Douglas' beans were planted on 13 Aug in 14-inch rows. The 'Williams 82' soybeans were flowering at time of treatment on 4 Sep and 'Douglas' beans were also flowering at time of treatment on 9 Sep. Treatment plots were 30 × 30 ft, replicated 3 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied by CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20.4 gal/acre at 40 psi. Posttreatment counts were taken on 11 and 17 Sep at Site 1 by recording the number of worms found in 18 ft of row/plot. At Site 2 posttreatment counts were taken 17 and 24 Sep by recording the number of worms found in 20 random 180-degree sweeps/plot.
Control of Thrips in Soybeans, 1987
Authors: Whalen J. , Breeding Ron
Published: March 2022

Soybeans were planted on 15 May near Bridgeville, Del. Four-row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a bicycle design, CO2-pressurized sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one centered over the row, calibrated to deliver 57 gal/acre at 40 psi. All treatments were applied 16 Jun. On 29 Jun thrips population levels were determined by collecting 20 randomly selected leaves from each plot, brushing them in a mite-brushing machine, and counting the thrips recovered.