bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Developments in Children's Environmental Health in Europe
Authors: TAMBURLINI GIORGIO
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Important developments have taken place in Europe regarding children's environmental health (CEH) over the last few years. In 1999 the Third Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health identified CEH as a priority area and started a process of scientific review and policy development that culminated at the Fourth Ministerial Conference held in Budapest in June 2004 with the adoption of the Children's Environment and Health Action Plan for Europe (CEHAPE). The rationale of the CEHAPE is based on a thorough review of the scientific evidence on CEH and on a study that quantified for the first time the burden of disease related to the main environmental exposures of children and adolescents in Europe. The Action Plan suggests actions and policies to achieve the four main priority goals: clean air, safe water, chemical and physical agents, and injuries. Over the same period, the European Commission (EC) has strengthened its focus on environment and health issues, has supported research on CEH, and has developed a proposal for a new EU regulatory framework for chemicals that has clear implications for children and for the reproductive period. The proposed new system, called REACH (Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals), currently under examination by the European Parliament, aims at reducing risks to human health and improvement of environmental quality through the better and earlier identification of the properties of chemical substances. The EC also adopted policies and action plans that are very relevant to children, such as the EU European Environment and Health Strategy, referred to as the SCALE initiative (Science, Children, Awareness, Legislation, Evaluation), and the 2004–2010 Environment and Health Action Plan.
Results of Long‐Term Carcinogenicity Bioassays on Coca‐Cola Administered to Sprague‐Dawley Rats
Authors: BELPOGGI FIORELLA , SOFFRITTI MORANDO , TIBALDI EVA , FALCIONI LAURA , BUA LUCIANO , TRABUCCO FRANCESCA
Published: November 2006

Abstract:  Coca‐Cola was invented in May 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia by a pharmacist who, by accident or design, mixed carbonated water with the syrup of sugar, phosphoric acid, caffeine, and other natural flavors to create what is known as “the world's favorite soft drink.” Coca‐Cola is currently sold in more than 200 countries and in early 2000, the company sold its 10 billionth unit case of Coca‐Cola branded products. Given the worldwide consumption of Coca‐Cola, a project of experimental bioassays to study its long‐term effects when administered as substitute for drinking water on male and female Sprague‐Dawley rats was planned and executed. The objective of the project was to study whether and how long‐term consumption of Coca‐Cola affects the basic tumorigram of test animals. The bioassays were performed on rats beginning at different ages, namely: (a) on males and females exposed since embryonic life or from 7 weeks of age; and (b) on males and females exposed from 30, 39, or 55 weeks of age. Overall, the project included 1999 rats. During the biophase, data were collected on fluid and feed consumption, body weight, and survival. Animals were kept under observation until spontaneous death and underwent complete necropsy. The results indicate: (a) an increase in body weight in all treated animals; (b) a statistically significant increase of the incidence in females, both breeders and offspring, bearing malignant mammary tumors; (c) a statistically significant increase in the incidence of exocrine ademonas of the pancreas in both male and female breeders and offspring; and (d) an increased incidence, albeit not statistically significant, of pancreatic islet cell carcinomas in females, a malignant tumor which occurs very rarely in our historical controls. On the basis of the results of this study, excessive consumption of regular soft‐drinks should be generally discouraged, in particular for children and adolescents.
Cutaneous Community‐associated Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus among All Skin and Soft‐tissue Infections in Two Geographically Distant Pediatric Emergency Departments
Authors: Hasty Molly B. , Klasner Ann , Kness Sean , Denmark T. Kent , Ellis Don , Herman Martin I. , Brown Lance
Published: November 2006

Objectives

To describe the culture results of cutaneous infections affecting otherwise healthy children presenting to two pediatric emergency departments (EDs) in the southeastern United States and southern California.

Methods

Medical records of 920 children who presented to the pediatric EDs with skin infections and abscesses (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes 680.0–686.9) during 2003 were reviewed. Chronically ill children with previously described risk factors for community‐associated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA‐MRSA) were excluded. Data abstracted included the type of infection; the site of infection; and, if a culture was obtained, the organism grown, along with their corresponding sensitivities.

Results

Of the 270 children who had bacterial cultures obtained, 60 (22%) were CA‐MRSA–positive cultures, most cultured from abscesses (80%). Of all abscesses cultured, CA‐MRSA grew in more than half (53%). All CA‐MRSA isolates tested were sensitive to vancomycin, trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, and gentamicin. One isolate at each center was resistant to clindamycin. The sensitivities at both institutions were similar.

Conclusions

The authors conclude that CA‐MRSA is responsible for most abscesses and that the pattern of CA‐MRSA infections in these geographically distant pediatric EDs is similar. These data suggest that optimal diagnostic and management strategies for CA‐MRSA will likely be widely applicable if results from a larger, more collaborative study yield similar findings.
Octopamine Mediates Thermal Preconditioning of the Locust Ventilatory Central Pattern Generator via a cAMP/Protein Kinase A Signaling Pathway
Authors: Armstrong Gary A. B. , Shoemaker Kelly L. , Money Tomas G. A. , Robertson R. Meldrum
Published: November 2006

We investigated the role of biogenic amines in generating thermoprotection of the ventilatory motor pattern circuitry inLocusta migratoria. Levels of octopamine (OA) and dopamine (DA) in the metathoracic ganglion decreased during heat stress. We measured the thermosensitivity of central pattern generation in response to a ramped increase of temperature in semi-intact preparations. OA, DA, and tyramine (TA) were either bath applied or injected into the locust hemocoel 4–8 h before testing. Neither TA nor DA modified the thermotolerance of ventilatory motor pattern generation. However, OA treatment by bath applications (10−4mOA) or by injections into the hemocoel (2 μg/10 μl OA) mimicked heat shock preconditioning and improved the thermotolerance of the motor pattern by increasing the failure temperature and by decreasing the time taken to recover operation after a return to room temperature. Heat shock-induced thermoprotection was eradicated in locusts preinjected with epinastine (OctβR antagonist). Neuropil injections of the cAMP agonist and protein kinase A (PKA) activator, Sp-cAMPs, both conferred thermoprotection in control locusts and rescued thermoprotection in epinastine-treated HS locusts. Similar injections of the PKA inhibitor Rp-cAMPs blocked the thermoprotective effect of bath-applied OA. Octopamine-mediated thermoprotection was also abolished with neuropil injections of cycloheximide or actinomycin D, indicating a requirement for transcription and translation. We conclude that OA has a crucial role in triggering protein synthesis-dependent physiological adaptations to protect CNS function during heat stress by activating a cAMP/PKA pathway.
Vegetables Are Genius: A Zen Chef Cooks toward Enlightenment
Authors: horan kelly
Published: November 2006

Tucked away in a fashionable Tokyo shopping district, chef Toshio Tanahashi's 20-seat restaurant, Gesshinkyo, serves haute Buddhist cuisine to a taste-making elite happy to pay hundreds of dollars for the privilege of eating painstakingly prepared vegetables. One Saturday every month, though, a handful of students pay a fraction of the price to prepare a ten-course meal alongside the master, and to imbibe a heaping portion of Zen wisdom along with the fruits of their labors. Reporter and Japan Society fellow Kelly Horan traveled to Tokyo to find out why Tanahashi's particular blend of ancient asceticism and 21st century hedonism is making his one of the most talked-about kitchens in the East.
Rumohr's Falscher Rehschlegel: The Significance of Venison in German Cuisine
Authors: heinzelmann ursula
Published: November 2006

Carl Friedrich von Rumohr's Falscher Rehschlegel: at first glance the recipe in his Geist der Kochkunst, Spirit of Cookery of 1822 seems to belong to the category of mockfood - but does that make sense from the pen of a highly rational, reality-obsessed empiricist? Similar instructions for how to prepare meat, notably mutton, as game can be found in a row of popular German cookery books of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, whereas other examples for mockfood in German culinary history are rare and restricted to periods of shortage. So the story behind Rumohr's surprising recipe really is the story of hunting and venison in Germany. The article looks at both and explores their socio-cultural symbolism through the centuries in a gastronomic context.
The Chinese Renaissance: A Transcultural Reading
Authors: Zhou Gang
Published: November 2006

This paper examines the ways in which the idea of renaissance was understood and appropriated by Chinese intellectuals in the early twentieth century. My discussion foregrounds Hu Shi, one of the most important intellectual leaders in modern China and the main architect of the Chinese vernacular movement. I analyze his rewriting and reinvention of the European Renaissance as well as his declaration and presentation of the Chinese Renaissance in various contexts. Hu's creative uses of the Italian Renaissance and passionate claims for a Chinese Renaissance reveal the performative magic of the wordrenaissanceand prompt us to ask what a renaissance is. The Chinese Renaissance and the fact that various non-European countries have declared and promoted their own renaissances invite a scholarly reconsideration of “renaissance” as a trans-cultural phenomenon rather than as a critical category originated and therefore owned by a certain culture.
Editor's Column: In Medias Res
Authors: Hirsch Marianne
Published: November 2006

What have i learned during my year and a half as editor of PMLA? Now, at the midpoint of my term, I thought I might reflect on some of my hopes and hesitations about the editorship and think about what, from the submissions to PMLA and from the process of its publication, we might glean about important trends in literary studies and the humanities more broadly. Two things have delighted and frustrated me, in particular: the workings of the peer review process, on the one hand, and the disciplinary and subdisciplinary boundaries that inform our writing and teaching, on the other. On these issues and on their relation, I have some good news and some less good news to report.
Volatile Compounds of Tufted Hairgrass
Authors: Watkins Eric , Gianfagna Thomas J. , Sun Rongqi , Meyer William A.
Published: November 2006

The primary limitation of tufted hairgrass [Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv.] as a turfgrass appears to be damage caused by billbug (Sphenophorus spp.) herbivory. In this study several sets of germplasm were used in volatile collection studies. Whole‐plant volatile collections were made on: i) untreated plants, ii) plants that had been treated with jasmonic acid (JA), and iii) plants that had experienced mechanical damage. In untreated plants, intraspecific differences were found for the amount of hexenyl acetate that was released; this compound has been shown to be involved in important plant volatile‐insect interactions. Application of JA resulted in a dramatic increase in the production of monoterpenes, which are known to attract predators of insect pests. (Z)‐ β‐ocimene comprised nearly 9% of the total volatile profile after JA treatment, but was not detected in untreated plants. Mechanical damage of tufted hairgrass plants led to an increased release of characteristic green leaf volatiles such as 3‐hexen‐1‐ol as well as hexenyl acetate. Mechanical damage changed the components of the volatile profile, but the results were quite different from JA treatment. It would be of interest to determine if the selection of tufted hairgrass germplasm that produces high and sustained levels of monoterpenes, in response to JA, would attract sufficient insect predators to make this an effective breeding strategy for insect resistance.
Evaluation of Soybean Cultivars, ‘Williams’ Isogenic Lines, and Other Selected Soybean Lines for Resistance to Two Soybean Mosaic Virus Strains
Authors: Wang Y. , Hobbs H. A. , Bowen C. R. , Bernard R. L. , Hill C. B. , Haudenshield J. S. , Domier L. L. , Hartman G. L.
Published: November 2006

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is one of the most common soybean viruses worldwide. The resistance or susceptibility of most commercial soybean cultivars to SMV is not known. The objectives of this study were to evaluate resistance to SMV strains G1 and G5 of current soybean cultivars, isogenic lines with different Rsv genes and alleles in ‘Williams’ or ‘Williams 82’ background, and selected soybean lines with reported or observed SMV resistance. Commercial and precommercial soybean cultivars were screened for resistance to SMV strains G1 and G5. Based on multiple tests, 1.5% and 6.7% of the 850 cultivars were resistant to SMV‐G1 and SMV‐G5, respectively. No cultivars were resistant to both strains. Expression of different SMV resistance genes in Williams isogenic lines inoculated with both SMV strains indicated that lines with Rsv1‐y from ‘Dorman’, or unnamed resistance genes from ‘Kosamame’, and ‘Sodendaizu’, were resistant to G1 and susceptible to G5. Lines with Rsv1 alleles from PI 96983, ‘Marshall’, or ‘Ogden’ were resistant to both strains, and lines with Rsv1 alleles from ‘Raiden’, ‘SS 74185’ (PI486355), or ‘Suweon 97’ were resistant to G1 and produced a systemic necrosis reaction with G5. Lines with Rsv3‐h from ‘Hardee’ were susceptible to G1 and resistant to G5. Isogenic lines with SMV resistance genes from ‘Buffalo’ showed either a resistant–resistant or resistant–susceptible reaction to the two SMV strains, suggesting the presence of more than one SMV resistance gene. Ten selected lines with reported or observed resistance to SMV were inoculated with the two SMV strains. Some lines were resistant to either G1 or G5, and some were resistant to both strains.
Techniques for Enhancing Saltgrass Seed Germination and Establishment
Authors: Qian Y. L. , Cosenza J. A. , Wilhelm S. J. , Christensen D.
Published: November 2006

Because of its exceptional salinity tolerance, inland saltgrass [Distichlis spicata var. stricta (L.) Greene] has great potential for use as a turfgrass and revegetation species of saline sites. However, saltgrass seeds have a low germination rate due to seed dormancy. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate different seed treatments to enhance germination and establishment of inland saltgrass. In Experiment I, seven different seed treatments were tested for their ability to enhance germination percentage in the growth chamber and compared with a control of no treatment. These treatments included treatments with hot water, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), potassium nitrate (KNO3), bleach, machine scarification, stratification, and hand nicking. Results indicated that germination percentage was increased only by stratification, hand nicking, and machine scarification treatments as compared with the control. In Experiment II, machine scarification, stratification, hand nicking, and the control were tested in the growth chamber. Hand nicking, scarification, and stratification increased percentage germination from 13.0% to 54.0 to 61.7%. Stratification resulted in the fastest germination, followed by hand nicking and scarification. Experiment III was conducted in the field, and seed treatments included machine scarification, stratification, and the control. Two months after seeding, plots seeded with stratified and scarified saltgrass seeds established adequate plot coverage as a turf, whereas the coverage for the control was inadequate, exhibiting inferior turf quality. In summary, stratification and machine scarification improve germination and establishment of seeded saltgrass.
Fate of semivolatile organic compounds during heat drying of mixed primary and waste‐activated sludge
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Subrata , Bhattacharya Sanjoy K. , Farrell Joseph B.
Published: November 2006

The fate of semivolatile organic compounds was studied during heat drying of mixed primary and waste‐activated sludge. Selected organic compounds were spiked in the sludge collected from a wastewater treatment plant. The thickened sludge samples were heat dried in a tube furnace at different temperatures with a constant airflow rate. The exhaust air from the furnace was condensed in a glass condenser. Methanol was used as the solvent for extraction of compounds from both the dried sludge and the condensate. The concentrations of the organics were determined from high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The selected semivolatile organic compounds showed a high affinity to remain adsorbed in the thickened sludge. Drying sludge to more than 90% solids content caused complete removal of all of the organic compounds. The removal of organics took place in three distinct phases: a high removal in the initial phase, a sudden drop in the intermediate phase, and an increase in the final phase. Removal of phenol was approximately proportional to moisture removal from the sludge. For 4‐nitrophenol and nitrobenzene, the removal rate decreased as the amount remaining in sludge diminished. The removal pattern of the individual organics correlated with their respective Henry's law coefficients. At higher temperatures, a faster removal rate was observed for all the compounds.
Criteria for nitrification and denitrification of high‐strength wastes in two upflow submerged filters
Authors: Çeçen Ferhan , Gönenç Ibrahim E.
Published: November 2006

Design criteria for nitrification and denitrification of high‐strength wastewaters are presented in two upflow submerged filters in series. Oxygen was a very important parameter effecting the ammonia removal rate in nitrification. The half‐order and zero‐order rate constants for nitrification were determined for the dissolved oxygen ranges of 2 to 3 mg/L and 4 to 5 mg/L, respectively. The transition from ammonia to oxygen rate limitation occurred at a bulk oxygen:bulk ammonia ratio of approximately 2.5 to 4, showing that nitrification was oxygen limited for practical purposes. In nitrification nitrite accumulation reached a considerable degree at bulk oxygen:bulk ammonia ratios lower than 5. Also, in denitrification the half‐ and zero‐order rate constants were determined. The nitrite produced in the nitrification stage could be successfully reduced in denitrification without causing any inhibitory effect.
Kinetics of multiple phenolic compounds degradation with a mixed culture in a continuous‐flow reactor
Authors: Bae BumHan , Autenrieth Robin L. , Bonner James S.
Published: November 2006

A multiple substrate kinetic model was tested to predict the growth of a mixed culture receiving multiple phenolic compounds. Kinetic constants of the model were estimated from the results of initial rate experiments with the mixed culture obtained from a continuous‐flow reactor (CFR) at steady state. The suggested model was useful to predict the interactions of substrates on the growth of a mixed culture. In the long‐term study using three CFRs with internal cell recycle, 748 to 810 mg/L of influent phenol were completely degraded (hydraulic retention time = 36 hours). The addition of dichlorophenol (DCP) and/or pentachlorophenol (PCP) into the phenol feed caused system fluctuation. In a reactor fed phenol and DCP, both compounds were consumed completely, whereas the addition of PCP resulted in incomplete biodegradation of all phenolic compounds. However, the presence of DCP in a feed increased the removal of PCP up to 43%. The growth of the mixed culture on dual‐ and triple‐phenolic compounds was predicted using the model. The long‐term exposure of the mixed culture to DCP and/or PCP resulted in decreased maximum growth rates and increased substrate inhibition, perhaps caused by a loss in bacterial species diversity in the mixed culture.
A Δ20 set with no infinite low subset in either it or its complement
Authors: Downey Rod , Hirschfeldt Denis R. , Lempp Steffen , Solomon Reed
Published: November 2006

We construct the set of the title, answering a question of Cholak, Jockusch. and Slaman [1], and discuss its connections with the study of the proof-theoretic strength and effective content of versions of Ramsey's Theorem. In particular, our result implies that every ω-model of must contain a nonlow set.
Power and International Law
Authors: Steinberg Richard H. , Zasloff Jonathan M.
Published: November 2006

A hundred years ago, theAmerican Journal of International Law (AJIL)was founded by a group of publicists who believed that international law could abolish (or at least substantially diminish) the role of power in world affairs. So deep was this belief that it often served as a background operating assumption in international legal scholarship and did not even require discussion. But since 1940, dozens of articles in theJournalhave focused on the relationship between law and power. Indeed, manyAJILarticles have been written by scholars and practitioners whose life work has focused on power and international law—how power constrains international law (or dooms it to irrelevance), how the powerful can harness international law to their ends, and how international law may autonomously reconfigure power in its own right.
On the foundations: Statistical models and inference
Authors: Brenner D. , Fraser D. A. S.
Published: November 2006

This paper presents an overview of some recent results concerning statistical models and inference. specifically: grounds for statistical models. types of models that simplify by standard probability analysis, the use of categorical information in the reduction of the model with data, and the role of additives in the inference process. The relevant technical material has been developed elsewhere.
The Merry Wives Quarto, a Farce Interlude
Authors: Ogburn Vincent H.
Published: November 2006

That strange dramatic compound of “gross corruption, constant mutilation, meaningless inversion, and clumsy transposition,” the 1602 quarto of The Merry Wives of Windsor, has furnished Shakespearean scholars with one of their best puzzles. The garbled condition of the text has long been considered as being the result of the “stolne and surreptitious” method of obtaining the copy. But there are fundamental conditions in the quarto which are hardly to be accounted for thus. The material and the manner of treatment continually suggest some special influence, some distinctive and integrated molding force other than the effort to obtain the play by oblique devices.
Stylistic Devices in Chapman's Iliads
Authors: Bartlett Phyllis Brooks
Published: November 2006

The verse preface which Chapman addressed “To the Reader” in 1609 when he brought out the first twelve books of the Iliads contains a succinct statement of his doctrine of translation. This preface is fairly well known as one of the significant critical essays of the English renaissance, but his translation of the Iliad itself has not been fully explored in the light of his doctrine. When the poem is measured against the precepts, it can be observed that nearly all of the stylistic idiosyncrasies of Chapman's translation, as distinct from the conceptual divergencies of his rendering, accord with his stated principles. In fact, the pertinent passage from the epistle makes the best possible introduction to a study of the poetic style of the translation.
Donne and the Couplet
Authors: Stein Arnold
Published: November 2006

The early Elizabethan conception of a line of poetry is best illustrated by Puttenham, who compares it to a day's journey in which the traveler rests twice, at noon and at night.” The end-stopped line which results from this conception gives increased importance to the rime; indeed, Puttenham considers it the equivalent of classical “currantnesse” of foot, which “passed the whole verse throughout, whereas our concordes keepe but the latter end of every verse.” Rime is even placed above meter: “your concordes containe the chief part of Musicke in your meetre.” The preference is clearly for rich heavy rimes, with an echo. For this reason monosyllables are most desirable; since “in them, if they finish the verse, resteth the shrill accent of necessitie, and so doth it not in the last of every bissilable, nor of every polisillable word.” Rime is not merely good or bad; it has its own decorum: some words an i figures are suitable for one style but not for others, and the same is true of “concord and measure.?” Thus rimes which fall on the last syllable are “sweetest and most commendable”; those falling on the penultimate syllable are “more light and not so pleasant”; and those upon the antepenultimate syllable are “most unpleasant of all, because they make your meeter to light and triviall, and are fitter for the Epigrammatist or Comicall Poet.” ? Light endings are for light verse; even Daniel seems to agree with this opinion when he says that feminine rimes are “fittest for Ditties.”
Northern Africa in André Gide's Writings
Authors: Lynes Carlos
Published: November 2006

Fundamental characteristics of André Gide are his acute sense of the diversity of man and nature and his fervent desire to apprehend the infinitely varied manifestations of life which seem to him the essence of reality. Nowhere in his writings are these chracteristics more readily perceived than in the works inspired by his contact with the land and peoples of Northern Africa. For Jean Hytier, however, author of an excellent analysis of Gide's art, the sincerity and force of the writer's sympathy with diversity explain a certain lack of provocative, picturesque qualities in his African exoticism; indeed, thinks this critic, “Gide a . . . renouvelé l'exotisme en l‘éliminant, à force d'adhérer de tout son cœur, et sans faire la petite bouche, sans discriminations qui rétablissent l‘étrangeté, avec précisément une volonté, ou plutôt un don, de ne pas rester étranger.”
Analysis of a Sound Group: SL and TL in Norwegian
Authors: Haugen Einar
Published: November 2006

It has long been known that the distinction between sl and tl, which existed in Old Norse, has been lost in the modern dialects of Norway. In his Norsk Grammatik of 1864 Ivar Aasen wrote:

these sounds generally become one, and are rarely distinguished with any precision. In southeastern Norway [søndenfjelds] sl only is heard, thus esle instead of etla, lisle for litle, Fesling for Fetling. In western Norway [vestenfjelds] tl only is usually heard, thus hatl for hasl, kvitl for kvisl, reitla for reidsla. In northern Norway [nordenfjelds] they coalesce into a special sound, which resembles ltl, ltj, or lsch, but which cannot be otherwise designated with the usual letters.
Emotions and Attitudes in Chrétien de Troyes' Erec et Enide and Hartmann Von Aue's Êrec der Wunderaere
Authors: Bang Carol K.
Published: November 2006

Comparisons between Chrétien de Troyes' Erec et Enide, composed about 1160, and Hartmann von Aue's Êrec der Wunderaere, written soon after 1190, began in 1862 with Karl Bartsch's article, a few years after both romances had been made easily accessible in I. Bekker's edition of Chrétien's Erec (1856) and Moritz Haupt's edition of Hartmann's Erec (1839). Bartsch's pioneer work consists, however, mainly in paralleling the texts to show the more or less similar sequence of events.
Heine's Synaesthesia
Authors: Silz Walter
Published: November 2006

The phenomenon of synaesthesia has been much studied in recent years, both on its psychological and on its literary side. In the strict scientific sense, it consists in the arousing, by the stimulation of one sense, a concomitant sensation in another. Thus the man who always felt a pain in a certain tooth when a soprano sang off-key was a genuine synaesthetic. In such simple forms, modern investigators have shown, synaesthesia is a psychological “Urphänomen” and can be traced back to prehistoric times, though it became an object of scientific attention only with Newton's Opticks in 1704.
Shelley vs. Southey: New Light on an Old Quarrel
Authors: Cameron Kenneth Neill
Published: November 2006

Although the relationship of Shelley and Southey has several times been traced, it has not been sufficiently emphasized that Shelley's attitude toward the older poet went through two fairly distinct successive stages: a period from 1811 to 1817 of mild friendship and regard in spite of strong differences in opinion; and a period from 1817 to Shelley's death of an almost unmixed dislike and mistrust. It is the purpose of this article to outline this change in Shelley's attitude toward Southey, to advance a hitherto unnoted reason for it, and finally to speculate upon its bearing on Adonais.
The Naturalistic Theories of Leopoldo Alas
Authors: Bull William E.
Published: November 2006

One of the most interesting chapters in the literary career of Leopoldo Alas (Clarín) deals with his advocacy of naturalism and the creation and defense of his most famous original work, La Regenta. Early in his literary life Alas placed himself in the forefront of the Spanish followers of Emile Zola and for many years was one of the most vigorous advocates of naturalism in Spain. He came to the movement with abundant enthusiasm, defended it in many fiery polemics, but maintained throughout his life very definite reservations which reveal a Leopoldo Alas scarcely ever recognized by his contemporaries.
Author's Revision in the Canterbury Tales
Authors: Brown Carleton
Published: November 2006

Commentators on the text of the Canterbury Tales have hitherto proceeded very largely on the basis of personal preferences, comparing the manuscript readings and accepting those which commended themselves to the judgment of the critic, and rejecting the others as due to perversions or carelessness on the part of the scribes. Obviously this method of determining the text represented an eclectic rather than a scientific process.
La Jeunesse de Diderot: Quelques Précisions
Authors: Krakeur Lester Gilbert
Published: November 2006

L'exactitude des Mémoires de Mme de Vandeul a toujours été, en J plusieurs endroits, suspecte. La correspondance de Diderot nous a révélé quelques incompatibilités et a fourni matière à quelques déductions nouvelles; cet article en résume les conclusions.
Browning's Literary Reputation at Oxford 1855–1859
Authors: Cramer Maurice Browning
Published: November 2006

In an article published in ELH I attempted to describe the intense admiration for Browning that existed in Pre-Raphaelite circles during the years 1847–56, and to suggest the importance of this admiration in furthering the growth of Browning's literary reputation. I pointed out that the proselytizing zeal of Dante Gabriel Rossetti was the chief source for the enthusiasm of his friends, and that the Browning worship of the whole group of Pre-Raphaelites reached its height at the time of the publication of Men and Women in 1855. In the present article I propose to trace the influence of Rossetti in kindling devotion to Browning's poetry, especially Men and Women, among certain Oxford undergraduates in the years immediately after the publication of Men and Women, and to draw conclusions about the significance of this in the story of Browning's gradual advance to fame.
Hawthorne's Literary Theory
Authors: Foster Charles Howell
Published: November 2006

Like every original artist, Hawthorne may be approached in a variety of ways, and each of these ways will add something to the ultimate picture of his mind and art. Most of the work that scholars have done on Hawthorne, however, has been historical and biographical, and the result has been that Hawthorne the artist and thinker has been relegated to the background. This is particularly regrettable when one remembers that he was the most complete artist of the New England renaissance, and in The Scarlet Letter the author of a book which as art transcends all other American novels. It is to fill out the contemporary conception of Hawthorne that his theory of art is here considered as it may be pieced together from allegory, preface, and chance remark. Focusing attention on his ideals in art makes certain the meaning of the prefaces, and an investigation of his doctrine of the artist gives an insight into his method of achieving his ideal. In brief, to study Hawthorne's literary theory is to discover the intellectual basis of his art, and to see his work from the inside is to arrive at a fresh sense of his intention. It was Goethe's conviction that the critic should first of all ask what the author had intended. If the following investigation makes for clarity, it should furnish an opportunity for a new appraisal of Nathaniel Hawthorne.
Etudes D'anthroponymie Ancienne Française
Authors: Spitzer Leo
Published: November 2006

M. Pauphilet, dans son article “Sur la Chanson de Roland” (Rom. LIX, 176) a montré l'origine toute littéraire, nullement historique, du personnage de l'ami “sage” et mesuré du turbulent et vaillant Roland: ce n'est que le poète Turoldus qui a pu être amené à créer ce contre-type de Roland;

L'enthousiasme orgueilleux de Roland, la sagesse d'Olivier, ce contraste est la plus immortelle beauté du poème, ou pour mieux dire, il est l'essence même de l'episode de Roncevaux; la première mention d'Olivier auprès de Roland présuppose le poème, et la tombe d'Olivier à Blaye est un monument à la gloire du poète créateur.
Poe's Piero Maroncelli
Authors: Lograsso Angeline H.
Published: November 2006

In his Literati Edgar Allan Poe has left for students of Italian literature and history a very precious contemporary picture of Piero Maroncelli, author of the Addizioni to Pellico's Le mie prigioni, a poet of some merit (especially if judged by American literary taste of the eighteen thirties), a musician of some distinction, and a promising composer whose career as author and musician was interrupted by the more exciting, though often distressing, vicissitudes of a political life. Maroncelli, well known to anyone who has read Pellico's Le mie prigioni, since in reality he is the hero of that book, is probably the most romantic figure—if we exclude Byron—of the early Italian Risorgimento.
Theories of Monarchy in Mum and the Sothsegger
Authors: Mohl Ruth
Published: November 2006

The literature of the estates of the world, so clearly developed in medieval France and England, was further enriched for the modern reader by the publication in 1936 of the fifteenth-century satire Mum and the Sothsegger. Discovered in the west country, near the locale of Piers Plowman, to which it bears a number of similarities, it reviews the condition of “all kinds of estates,“ from king to peasant, in the eventful last days of Richard II and the early years of the reign of Henry IV. Though a part of the newly discovered manuscript is a fragment of alliterative verse already published under the title Richard the Redeles, the much larger part concerning the case of Mum and the Truthteller was unknown to modern readers and seems to have been largely neglected since its publication. The question of the relation of the two fragments is unsettled, but since in the sixteenth century they were known as one poem under the title of Mum, Sothsegger, since their language and form are identical, and since certain ideas in the two parts are closely related, there is good reason for considering them here together as parts of a single poem.
Keats, Robertson, and That Most Hateful Land
Authors: Briggs H. E.
Published: November 2006

Keats's second ode to Fanny Brawne, the important poem (biographically considered) beginning “What can I do to drive away Remembrance from my eyes,” contains a striking passage which has never been correctly interpreted. The poem as a whole shows Keats in an agitated state of mind. He is so enslaved by his thoughts of Fanny Brawne, he says, that he can neither regain his “old liberty” nor “mount” in his verse “above The reach of fluttering Love.” At this point he writes:
More dismal caresSeize on me unawares,—Where shall I learn to get my peace again?To banish thoughts of that most hateful land,Dungeoner of my friends, that wicked strandWhere they were wreck'd and live a wrecked life;That monstrous region, whose dull rivers pour,Ever from their sordid urns unto the shore,Unown'd of any weedy-haired gods;Whose winds, all zephyrless, hold scourging rods,Iced in the great lakes, to afflict mankind;Whose rank-grown forests, frosted, black, and blind,Would fright a Dryad; whose harsh herbaged meadsMake lean and lank the starv'd ox while he feeds;There bad flowers have no scent, birds no sweet song,And great unerring Nature once seems wrong.
Saintsbury and Art for Art's Sake in England
Authors: Richardson Dorothy
Published: November 2006

The aesthetic movement in England (1870–1900) now seems remote, yet since no history repeats itself more faithfully than that of criticism, the historian of ideas may well inquire what relation the Art for Art's Sake movement has to the mental, moral, and social confusion of today, especially when one hears a reviewer warning us that John Crowe Ransom, like other formal aesthetic critics of today, “often sounds like an aesthete of the 'nineties.“
Smollett's Pamphleteering Foe Shebbeare
Authors: Foster James R.
Published: November 2006

On November 28, 1760, when Smollett entered the King's Bench Prison, he must have looked forward with some misgiving to spending a period of three months in the same gaol with his old enemy “Doctor” Shebbeare, who on that day had served two years of his three-year term. These two writers had been at loggerheads ever since Smollett's vitriolic reviews of the “Letters to the People of England” began to appear in the Critical Review. And now Smollett had offended again by putting a caricature of Shebbeare in The Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves, the novel that had been running in the 1760 numbers of the British Magazine. Thomas Seccombe's placing of Smollett's imprisonment in the early summer of 1759, which will now have to be given up, encouraged the view that the first part of Sir Launcelot Greaves was written in the King's Bench. Seccombe believed that it was on one of his visits to Smollett in prison that Newbery engaged his services for the British Magazine. That Shebbeare, the model of Ferret in Sir Launcelot Greaves, was at hand to be observed, seemed to strengthen this assumption and to lead one to suppose that perhaps Smollett had let fall a hint about the nature of the novel he was writing and received from his fellow prisoner a response as crabbed as the remarks with which Ferret greeted Sir Launcelot. But these are false assumptions. By putting imaginary objections in the mouth of Ferret, who never spoke well of anything, Smollett merely hoped to forestall criticism of his novel. Only the last installments of the narrative could have been written in prison.
Jean Giraudoux, Prince des Précieux
Authors: LeSage Laurence
Published: November 2006

That preciosity is only a relative term will be readily endorsed by anyone who has studied the critical literature devoted to Jean Giraudoux. Some critics hurl the word as a reproach and condemnation, while others give themselves pains to plead or explain Giraudoux's case. Each, as well as the author himself, feels certain that preciosity is the word which will label and pigeon-hole him exactly; but alas, each proceeds to suggest a different nuance until the subject becomes quite confusing. The word preciosity itself suffers as many interpretations as classicism or romanticism, so a precise definition is out of the question. Originally associated with the seventeenth century arbiters of taste in language and etiquette, the term has since broadened its scope considerably. Literary historians have found it a convenient label for subtlety and refinement wherever these qualities may appear. Hence they do not mean an isolated phenomenon, but a fundamental characteristic of some minds, adapting and transforming itself according to time and place. Words such as gongorism, euphuism, concettism, conceptualism, or marivaudage are mutations or varieties of preciosity. According to popular usage, however, précieux means only précieux ridicule, synonymous with artificial or affected. In analyzing the preciosity of Jean Giraudoux from our own point of view, we shall find occasion to examine a great variety of critical opinions.
Poetry and the Passions: An Aftermath
Authors: Stoll Elmer Edgar
Published: November 2006

In my recent discussion of drama and the passions I here and there cited Cicero and W. B. Yeats; and on further reading in them I find that I had more occasion than I suspected. In criticism, since there are no longer any rules or scarcely any generally accepted principles, argument from authority is almost the only argument acceptable; and the best authority is a genius, either a critic like Aristotle or Longinus, who has had a wide and life-long experience, or else an artist who takes to criticism for a change. Some of the most notable critics have been artists—Horace, Petronius, Sidney, Milton, Dryden and Pope, Wordsworth and Coleridge, Shelley and Keats, Goethe and Heine, Arnold and Swinburne, Molière and Sainte-Beuve, Gautier, Delacroix, Wagner, Berlioz.
Thomas Taylor, Platonist of the Romantic Period
Authors: Evans Frank B.
Published: November 2006

A careful student of the Romantic poets will soon or late encounter the name of Thomas Taylor, whose chief claim to importance is that he was an extraordinarily diligent scholar and the first translator into English of all Plato's works. An inquirer will find brief and not always accurate accounts of this man in several encyclopedias; he will discover that certain nineteenth-century antiquarians wrote a number of sketches of Taylor in which fact is liberally sprinkled with fiction; and finally, he will come upon half a dozen more recent articles of a scholarly nature, including an almost complete bibliography of Taylor's books, three papers suggesting rather doubtful parallels between some passages of these and certain poems of Blake and Wordsworth, one which reprints from manuscript sources a few of Taylor's own poems, and another which endeavors unsuccessfully to demonstrate an acquaintance between Taylor and Shelley. Taylor's various translations and original works have also been cited occasionally in studies such as Professor Lowes's The Road to Xanadu. But with all this array of scholarship, imposing when it is called forth by a man so obscure as Thomas Taylor, there is still no comprehensive or accurate account of the man himself and his work. He is important, however, as the most energetic exponent of Platonism in England between the Cambridge Platonists and Benjamin Jowett, this at a time when Platonism once more became significant in literature after the eighteenth-century dismissal of Plato. Yet before we have a study of Taylor's Platonism in its relation to that of the Romantic poets, we should have a reasonably trustworthy biography of the man. For although it will not be found that Thomas Taylor was a person of hitherto unrecognized and startling importance for the student of literature, it is certain that he was known to such people as James Boswell, Thomas Holcroft, Thomas Love Peacock, Mary Wollstonecraft, probably William Blake, and quite possibly Shelley; that his books were read by Shelley, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey, and Emerson in America; and that he was a conspicuous figure in the intellectual world of England during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Since the available accounts of him are incomplete and contradictory, he deserves the services of a biographer who will simply collect and set forth the facts.
XLVII The Pronunciation of Latin Learned Loan Words and Foreign Words in Old English
Authors: Pyles Thomas
Published: November 2006

The obvious and very necessary distinction between learned and popular loan words was first made by A. Pogatscher in his Zur Lautlehre der griechischen, lateinischen und romanischen Lehnworte im Altenglischen. E. Sievers made a further division, realizing that a distinction, recognized by Pogatscher (for example, on p. 31), but not stressed by him sufficiently for Sievers's purposes, should be made between two classes of learned borrowings. With an approach somewhat different from that of Pogatscher, he at first distinguishes two groups, loan words (Lehnwörter) and foreign words (Fremdwörter), designating by the former term such words as are a part of the vocabulary of living communication and bear a more or less native stamp; by the latter, such words as exist for the most part only in learned literature and are distinctly felt as foreign, such as proper names like Caesar and Suetonius. The loan words of his first division Sievers further subdivides into popular loan words, the earliest of all borrowings, and learned loan words, taken over later than the popular words and owing their adoption to more or less cultural influences such as, in the case of the Old English learned borrowings, the church. These last are to be distinguished, he points out, from foreign words in that they are part of a living vocabulary, even though their use is limited to a certain class of speakers. What Sievers has done simply amounts to extracting from Pogatscher's learned loan words those bookish words which are distinctly felt as foreign and making of them a third class, which he calls foreign words.
XLIX Towneley XX the Conspiracio (Et Capcio)
Authors: Frampton Mendal G.
Published: November 2006

Towneley XX, the Conspirado (et Capcio), is one of the most composite plays in the Towneley manuscript. Not only does it show the hand of several poets and editors, but it covers the ground of three plays as registered at York—the Conspiracy, the Last Supper, and the Capture—the last of these including the Agony. It opens with six Wakefield stanzas, which are, rather certainly, the last writing upon it. These stanzas are spoken by Pilate and are in the typical Pilate vein, beginning with a demand for silence, followed by elaborate self-boasting, and then by the theme of the play, Pilate's fear of Jesus, who had declared that “if he lyf a yere / dystroy oure law must vs.” These stanzas offer no problem.
LI Milton's Comus and the Comus of Erycius Puteanus
Authors: Singleton Ralph H.
Published: November 2006

The neo-Latin Cornus of Erycius Puteanus (Hendrik van der Putten) has been much neglected as a source of Milton's masque, in which Comus, the post-classical god of revelry, appears as the central figure. As early as 1790, Sir John Hawkins, in a note on Johnson's Life of Milton suggested Puteanus's fantasy as a source of Milton's fiction. To date, however, no serious attempt has been made to trace Milton's debt to this curious extravaganza, although its probable influence upon Milton has been universally recognized.