bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (fsLIBS) and Applications for Biological Samples
Authors: Gill Ruby K. , Knorr Florian , Smith Zachary J. , Kahraman Mehmet , Madsen Dorte , Larsen Delmar S. , Wachsmann-Hogiu Sebastian
Published: August 2014

We characterize the femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (fsLIBS) signal for biological tissues as a function of different excitation parameters with femtosecond laser systems. These parameters include laser energy, depth of focus, and number of pulses per focal volume. We used femtosecond laser pulses of 800 nm and energy between 25 and 123 μJ to generate LIBS signals in biological tissues. As expected, we observed a linear increase in the fsLIBS intensity as a function of the laser energy. In addition, we show that moving the beam out of focus and the presence of overlapping pulses on the same focal area leads to a decrease in fsLIBS intensity due to changes in focal spot size. We also demonstrate that fsLIBS can distinguish between different biological tissue samples.
Application of a Spectrum Standardization Method for Carbon Analysis in Coal Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
Authors: Li Xiongwei , Wang Zhe , Fu Yangting , Li Zheng , Liu Jianmin , Ni Weidou
Published: August 2014

Measurement of coal carbon content using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is limited by its low precision and accuracy. A modified spectrum standardization method was proposed to achieve both reproducible and accurate results for the quantitative analysis of carbon content in coal using LIBS. The proposed method used the molecular emissions of diatomic carbon (C2) and cyanide (CN) to compensate for the diminution of atomic carbon emissions in high volatile content coal samples caused by matrix effect. The compensated carbon line intensities were further converted into an assumed standard state with standard plasma temperature, electron number density, and total number density of carbon, under which the carbon line intensity is proportional to its concentration in the coal samples. To obtain better compensation for fluctuations of total carbon number density, the segmental spectral area was used and an iterative algorithm was applied that is different from our previous spectrum standardization calculations. The modified spectrum standardization model was applied to the measurement of carbon content in 24 bituminous coal samples. The results demonstrate that the proposed method has superior performance over the generally applied normalization methods. The average relative standard deviation was 3.21%, the coefficient of determination was 0.90, the root mean square error of prediction was 2.24%, and the average maximum relative error for the modified model was 12.18%, showing an overall improvement over the corresponding values for the normalization with segmental spectrum area, 6.00%, 0.75, 3.77%, and 15.40%, respectively.
Laser Spark Ignition of Premixed Methane–Air Mixtures: Parameter Measurements and Determination of Key Factors for Ultimate Ignition Results
Authors: Li Xiaohui , Smith Benjamin W. , Omenetto Nicoló
Published: August 2014

In this study, we present an experimental investigation of the parameters of the laser spark ignition of premixed methane–air mixtures and the determination of the key factors for the ultimate ignition result. Ignition is achieved in a mesh honeycomb burner using the 1064 nm output of a neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd : YAG) laser. All pertinent laser ignition parameters, including the minimum ignition energy, the ignition time and blow out time, and the effects that the variation of experimental conditions, such as the spark energy, ignition position, equivalence ratio (ER), and flow rate, have on these parameters have been addressed systematically. To identify the key factors for the ultimate result of laser ignition, several parameters of the ignition processes are measured simultaneously, with an emphasis given to the temporal behavior of the hydroxyl (OH) radicals in relation to the data regarding the spark energy and the local ER. A clear finding of the study is that successful ignition events are always related to higher OH radical photon emissions, considered to be proportional to the concentration level of the OH radicals present, thus indicating a direct link between the OH level at early times (on a microsecond scale) and the ultimate result of laser ignition. Two-dimensional correlation plots of the spark energy, local ER, and OH radical photon count at early times with the ultimate results of laser ignition indicate that the spark energy and local ER do not play a critical role in determining the success or failure of the ignition and that the OH concentration in the early time range is the key factor in determining the final fate of laser ignition. Finally, on the basis of the results obtained here and in the existing literature, some considerations of the mechanism of laser ignition are presented.
Aluminum Monoxide Emission Measurements in a Laser-Induced Plasma
Authors: Surmick David M. , Parigger Christian G.
Published: August 2014

We report temperature inferences from time-resolved emission spectra of a micro-sized plasma following laser ablation of an aluminum sample. The laser-induced breakdown event is created with the use of nanosecond pulsed laser radiation. Plasma temperatures are inferred from the aluminum monoxide spectroscopic emissions of the aluminum sample by fitting experimental to theoretically calculated spectra with a nonlinear fitting algorithm. The synthetic spectra used as a comparison for the experimental spectra are generated from accurate line strengths of aluminum monoxide bands. The inferred plasma temperatures are found to be 5315 ± 100 K at 20 μs following breakdown. At later time delays of 45 and 70 μs following breakdown, the plasma temperatures are found to be 4875 ± 95 and 4390 ± 80 K, respectively. Error analysis of the inferred temperatures is performed with the fitting algorithm.
Industrial Online Raw Materials Analyzer Based on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Authors: Gaft Michael , Nagli Lev , Groisman Yoni , Barishnikov Alexander
Published: August 2014

From its inception, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been recognized as a prospective tool for online process control. Nevertheless, it took considerable time and effort to transform this potential opportunity into application in a working industrial system, such as the mining industry, under real-life conditions and a 24/7 operating mode. There were three main attributes of LIBS to prove: its advantage over other online techniques, mainly prompt gamma neutron activation analysis and X-ray fluorescence; its ability to give relevant data despite its surface but not volume analytical abilities; and its ability to be sufficiently accurate for online process control needs. Comparison of the quantitative results gained from industrial installations of an LIBS analyzer with results of conventional analytical methods and, most importantly, the substantial improvement of the technological process effectiveness proved that LIBS is in fact an excellent technique for online process control in the mining industry.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) of a High-Pressure CO2–Water Mixture: Application to Carbon Sequestration
Authors: Goueguel Christian , McIntyre Dustin L. , Singh Jagdish P. , Jain Jinesh , Karamalidis Athanasios K.
Published: August 2014

Geologic carbon storage in deep saline aquifers is considered a feasible and possible approach of mitigating the problem of increasing greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are latent risks in which carbon dioxide (CO2) could migrate from the deep saline formations to shallower aquifers. In the event of a significant CO2 leakage to an underground source of drinking water, CO2 will dissolve in the water, thereby increasing its acidity, which could potentially enhance the solubility of various aquifer constituents, including hazardous compounds, subsequently compromising groundwater quality due to increased concentration of aqueous metals. In this paper we explore the possibility of detecting such leakage by the use of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The experiments were conducted in calcium chloride solution at three pressures of 10, 50, and 120 bar. To evaluate the direct effect of elevated CO2 on the intensity of calcium emission lines (422.67 and 393.37 nm), we also performed experiments with pure nitrogen (N2) gas, offering large water solubility contrast. We found that when performed in presence of CO2, LIBS showed only a modest decrease in Ca emission intensity from 10 to 120 bar compared to N2. These results indicate that LIBS is a viable tool for measuring brine/water contents in high-pressure CO2 environment and can be applied for monitoring CO2 leakage and displaced brine migration.
A Fundamental Understanding of the Dependence of the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Signal Strength on the Complex Focusing Dynamics of Femtosecond Laser Pulses on Either Side of the Focus
Authors: Zuhlke Craig A. , Bruce John , Anderson Troy P. , Alexander Dennis R. , Parigger Christian G.
Published: August 2014

We correlate the focusing dynamics of 50 femtosecond (fs) laser radiation as it interacts with a silicon sample to laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) signal strength. Presented are concentric ring-shaped variations in the electric field in the prefocus region due to lens aberrations and nonsymmetry between the prefocus and post-focus beam profile as a result of continuum generation, occurring around the focus. Experimental results show different signal trends for both atmospheric and vacuum conditions, attributed to the existence of a continuum for the former. Lens aberrations effects on the LIBS signal strength are investigated using a plano-convex spherical lens and an aspherized achromatic lens. High-resolution scanning electron micrographs of the silicon surface after ablation, along with theoretical simulations, reveal the electric field patterns near the focus. The research results contribute to fundamental understanding of the basic physics of ultrashort, femtosecond laser radiation interacting with materials.
Laser-Induced Plasma Spectroscopy of Hydrogen Balmer Series in Laboratory Air
Authors: Swafford Lauren D. , Parigger Christian G.
Published: August 2014

Stark-broadened emission profiles for the hydrogen alpha and beta Balmer series lines in plasma are measured to characterize electron density and temperature. Plasma is generated using a typical laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) arrangement that employs a focused Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd : YAG) laser, operating at the fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm. The temporal evolution of the hydrogen Balmer series lines is explored using LIBS. Spectra from the plasma are measured following laser-induced optical breakdown in laboratory air. The electron density is primarily inferred from the Stark-broadened experimental data collected at various time delays. Due to the presence of nitrogen and oxygen in air, the hydrogen alpha and beta lines become clearly discernible from background radiation for time delays of 0.4 and 1.4 μs, respectively.
Measuring Lanthanide Concentrations in Molten Salt Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
Authors: Weisberg Arel , Lakis Rollin E. , Simpson Michael F. , Horowitz Leo , Craparo Joseph
Published: August 2014

The versatility of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as an analytical method for high-temperature applications was demonstrated through measurement of the concentrations of the lanthanide elements europium (Eu) and praseodymium (Pr) in molten eutectic lithium chloride–potassium chloride (LiCl-KCl) salts at a temperature of 500 °C. Laser pulses (1064 nm, 7 ns, 120 mJ/pulse) were focused on the top surface of the molten salt samples in a laboratory furnace under an argon atmosphere, and the resulting LIBS signals were collected using a broadband Echelle-type spectrometer. Partial least squares (PLS) regression using leave-one-sample-out cross-validation was used to quantify the concentrations of Eu and Pr in the samples. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) for Eu was 0.13% (absolute) over a concentration range of 0–3.01%, and for Pr was 0.13% (absolute) over a concentration range of 0–1.04%.
High-Resolution Spectrometer Using Combined Dispersive and Interferometric Wavelength Separation for Raman and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
Authors: Riebe Daniel , Beitz Toralf , Dosche Carsten , Löhmannsröben Hans-Gerd , Raab Volker , Raab Corinna , Unverzagt Matthias
Published: August 2014

In this paper the concept of a compact high-resolution spectrometer based on the combination of dispersive and interferometric elements is presented. Dispersive elements are used to spectrally resolve the light in one direction with coarse resolution (Δλ < 0.5 nm), while perpendicular to that direction an etalon provides high spectral resolution (Δλ < 50 pm). This concept for two-dimensional spectroscopy has been implemented for the wavelength range λ = 350–650 nm. Appropriate algorithms for reconstructing spectra from the two-dimensional raw data and for wavelength calibration were established in an analysis software. Potential applications for this new spectrometer are Raman and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Resolutions down to 28 pm (routinely 54 pm) could be realized for these applications.
Effect of Pulse Duration in Multi-Pulse Excitation of Silicon in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
Authors: Guirado Salvador , Fortes Francisco J. , Cabalín Luisa M. , Laserna Javier J.
Published: August 2014

The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the increase in ablated mass and signal enhancement observed on multi-pulse excitation. Several experiments were designed to obtain evidence that confirms the laser–sample and/or laser–plasma interaction, with special attention to the role of the pulse width on these effects. A train of pulses, with a separation of a few microseconds between pulses, was used for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis. The signal emission of Si was improved by an enhancement factor of about 60 compared to conventional single-pulse LIBS (SP-LIBS). The number of spikes, their amplitude, and their pulse duration were found to be variable for different Q-switch delays. A temporal study was performed to determine whether or not a laser–plasma interaction took place. The effect of pulse width (as responsible of laser–sample interaction) was also evaluated. The results demonstrate that, although both interactions contribute to the observed effect, the process is predominantly governed by the pulse width.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Combined with Spatial Heterodyne Spectroscopy
Authors: Gornushkin Igor B. , Smith Ben W. , Panne Ulrich , Omenetto Nicoló
Published: August 2014

A spatial heterodyne spectrometer (SHS) is tested for the first time in combination with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The spectrometer is a modified version of the Michelson interferometer in which mirrors are replaced by diffraction gratings. The SHS contains no moving parts and the gratings are fixed at equal distances from the beam splitter. The main advantage is high throughput, about 200 times higher than that of dispersive spectrometers used in LIBS. This makes LIBS-SHS a promising technique for low-light standoff applications. The output signal of the SHS is an interferogram that is Fourier-transformed to retrieve the original plasma spectrum. In this proof-of-principle study, we investigate the potential of LIBS-SHS for material classification and quantitative analysis. Brass standards with broadly varying concentrations of Cu and Zn were tested. Classification via principal component analysis (PCA) shows distinct groupings of materials according to their origin. The quantification via partial least squares regression (PLS) shows good precision (relative standard deviation < 10%) and accuracy (within ± 5% of nominal concentrations). It is possible that LIBS-SHS can be developed into a portable, inexpensive, rugged instrument for field applications.
Total and Cause-Specific Mortality by Moderately and Markedly Increased Ferritin Concentrations: General Population Study and Metaanalysis
Authors: Ellervik Christina , Marott Jacob Louis , Tybjærg-Hansen Anne , Schnohr Peter , Nordestgaard Børge G
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND

Previous population-based studies of plasma ferritin concentration have not revealed a relationship with total mortality. We tested the possible association of increased ferritin concentrations with increased risk of total and cause-specific mortality in the general population.

METHODS

We examined total and cause-specific mortality according to baseline plasma ferritin concentrations in a Danish population–based study (the Copenhagen City Heart Study) of 8988 individuals, 6364 of whom died (median follow-up 23 years). We also included a metaanalysis of total mortality comprising population-based studies according to ferritin quartiles or tertiles.

RESULTS

Multifactorially adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for total mortality for individuals with ferritin ≥200 vs <200 μg/L were 1.1 (95% CI 1.1–1.2; P = 0.0008) overall, 1.1 (1.0–1.2; P = 0.02) in men, and 1.2 (1.0–1.3; P = 0.03) in women. Stepwise increasing concentrations of ferritin were associated with a stepwise increased risk of premature death overall (log rank, P = 2 × 10−22), with median survival of 55 years at ferritin concentrations ≥600 μg/L, 72 years at 400–599 μg/L, 76 years at 200–399 μg/L, and 79 years at ferritin <200 μg/L. The corresponding HR for total overall mortality for ferritin ≥600 vs <200 μg/L was 1.5 (1.2–1.8; P = 0.00008). Corresponding adjusted HRs for ferritin ≥600 vs <200 μg/L were 1.6 (1.1–2.3; P = 0.01) for cancer mortality, 2.9 (1.7–5.0; P = 0.0001) for endocrinological mortality, and 1.5 (1.1–2.0; P = 0.01) for cardiovascular mortality. The metaanalysis random effects odds ratio for total mortality for ferritin upper vs reference quartile or tertile was 1.0 (0.9–1.1; P = 0.3) (P heterogeneity = 0.5).

CONCLUSIONS

Moderately to markedly increased ferritin concentrations represent a biological biomarker predictive of early death in a dose-dependent linear manner in the general population.
Characterization of Thermal Protective Clothing under Hot Water and Pressurized Steam Exposure
Authors: Mandal Sumit , Lu Yehu , Wang Faming , Song Guowen
Published: August 2014

In this study, fabric materials used in thermal protective clothing (TPC) were characterized under hot water and pressurized steam exposures. Some selected TPC were tested using a newly developed full-scale hot-water spray manikin test. Thermal energy transmission through fabric materials and clothing was investigated. A layered fabric system comprised of a moisture barrier in the outer layer immediately stopped mass transfer and showed high performance. Fabric properties such as air permeability, thickness, clothing size, and size of the air gap between wearers’ bodies and clothing did affect the performance by controlling heat and mass transfer through fabrics. An air-impermeable thick fabric system demonstrated higher performance than an air-permeable thin fabric system. The relationship between fabric materials’ properties, clothing features, and clothing protective performance was summarized.
Influence of Different Levels of Cu Equivalent on the Hot Ductility of 20CrMnTi Steel
Authors: Peng Hong-bing , Chen Wei-qing , Chen Lie , Guo Dong
Published: August 2014

The hot ductility of 20CrMnTi steel with different levels of Cu equivalent was investigated. The results show that Sn and Cu in 20CrMnTi steel are detrimental to its hot ductility. Sn was found to segregate to the boundaries tested by EPMA, moreover, Cu was not found to segregate to boundaries, however, the fracture morphology was examined with SEM and showed many small and shallow dimples on the fracture of steels with large Cu equivalent (>0.15) and fine copper sulfide was found from carbon extraction replicas using TEM. The adverse effect of large Cu equivalent (>0.15) on the hot ductility was due to Sn segregation and fine copper sulfide in the steel as well as their retarding the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization (DRX). The proeutectoid ferrite film precipitating along the austenite grain boundary causes the ductility trough of the five examined steels. Moreover, in this case, the level of Cu equivalent should be controlled below 0.15, which would not deteriorate the hot ductility significantly.
Constitutive Modeling for Tensile Behaviors of Ultra-high-strength-steel BR1500HS at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates
Authors: Quan Guo-Zheng , Wu Dong-sen , Mao An , Zhang Yan-dong , Xia Yu-feng , Zhou Jie
Published: August 2014

In order to investigate the tensile deformation behavior of ultra-high-strength-steel BR1500HS, a series of isothermal tensile experiments were carried out in a temperature range of 1023˜1123 K and a strain rate range of 0.01˜10 s
Comparison of Aperture Averaging and Receiver Diversity Techniques for Free Space Optical Links in Presence of Turbulence and Various Weather Conditions
Authors: Kaur Prabhmandeep , Jain Virander Kumar , Kar Subrat
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we investigate the performance of a Free Space Optic (FSO) link considering the impairments caused by the presence of various weather conditions such as very clear air, drizzle, haze, fog, etc., and turbulence in the atmosphere. Analytic expression for the outage probability is derived using the gamma-gamma distribution for turbulence and accounting the effect of weather conditions using the Beer-Lambert's law. The effect of receiver diversity schemes using aperture averaging and array receivers on the outage probability is studied and compared. As the aperture diameter is increased, the outage probability decreases irrespective of the turbulence strength (weak, moderate and strong) and weather conditions. Similar effects are observed when the number of direct detection receivers in the array are increased. However, it is seen that as the desired level of performance in terms of the outage probability decreases, array receiver becomes the preferred choice as compared to the receiver with aperture averaging.
Teacher and Peer Reports of Overweight and Bullying Among Young Primary School Children
Authors: Jansen Pauline W. , Verlinden Marina , Dommisse-van Berkel Anke , Mieloo Cathelijne L. , Raat Hein , Hofman Albert , Jaddoe Vincent W.V. , Verhulst Frank C. , Jansen Wilma , Tiemeier Henning
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND:

Overweight is a potential risk factor for peer victimization in late childhood and adolescence. The current study investigated the association between BMI in early primary school and different bullying involvement roles (uninvolved, bully, victim, and bully–victim) as reported by teachers and children themselves.

METHODS:

In a population-based study in the Netherlands, measured BMI and teacher-reported bullying behavior were available for 4364 children (mean age = 6.2 years). In a subsample of 1327 children, a peer nomination method was used to obtain child reports of bullying.

RESULTS:

In both teacher- and child-reported data, a higher BMI was associated with more victimization and more bullying perpetration. For instance, a 1-point increase in BMI was associated with a 0.05 increase on the standardized teacher-reported victimization score (95% confidence interval, 0.03 to 0.07; P < .001). Combining the victimization and bullying scores into different types of bullying involvement showed that children with obesity, but not children with overweight, had a significantly higher risk to be a bully–victim (odds ratio = 2.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.62 to 3.14) than normal-weight peers.

CONCLUSIONS:

At school entry, a high BMI is a risk factor associated with victimization and bullying perpetration, with obese children particularly likely to be victims and aggressors. Results were consistent for teacher and child reports of bullying, supporting the validity of our findings. Possibly, obesity triggers peer problems, but the association may also reflect a common underlying cause that makes obese children vulnerable to bullying involvement.
Subdural Hemorrhage and Hypoxia in Infants With Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Kelly Patrick , Hayman Rebecca , Shekerdemian Lara S. , Reed Peter , Hope Ayton , Gunn Julia , Coleman Lee , Beca John
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

It has been suggested that there is a causal relationship between hypoxia and subdural hemorrhage (SDH) in infancy. The purpose of this study was to review the incidence of SDH in infants with congenital heart disease and explore the relationship between SDH and hypoxia.

METHODS:

Review of data collected for a prospective longitudinal cohort study of infants undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease in New Zealand and Australia. Infants underwent serial MRI scans of the brain in the first 3 months of life. All oxygen saturation recordings and MRI results were extracted and infants assigned to categories by degree of hypoxia. The data were then examined for any statistically significant relationship between hypoxia and SDH.

RESULTS:

One hundred fifty-two infants underwent MRI scans, and 66 (43%) had 145 loci of SDH. New SDH was seen in 12 infants after cardiac surgery. Of the loci of SDH, 63 (43%) were supratentorial, and most of these were interhemispheric, parietal, or temporal. SDH present on the first MRI persisted beyond 28 days of life in 8 infants. There was no demonstrable relationship between SDH and hypoxia.

CONCLUSIONS:

Asymptomatic SDH is common in young infants with congenital heart disease, at a frequency similar to that of those without congenital heart disease. These SDHs may occur in locations where they occur in abusive head trauma, but they are typically small and resolve within 3 months of birth. We were unable to demonstrate any association between hypoxia and SDH in this cohort.
Generational Shift in Parental Perceptions of Overweight Among School-Aged Children
Authors: Hansen Andrew R. , Duncan Dustin T. , Tarasenko Yelena N. , Yan Fei , Zhang Jian
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND:

Parental perceptions of child’s weight status may influence family readiness to foster healthy behaviors. This study investigated the generational shifting of parental perceptions about children’s weight.

METHODS:

Data were collected in the NHANES 1988–1994 (n = 2871) and 2005–2010 (n = 3202). Parents, mainly mothers, were asked whether they considered their child, ages 6 to 11 years, to be overweight, underweight, or just about the right weight. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth chart was used for reference. We ran Poisson regression to estimate the probability ratio between the 2 surveys for parents perceiving their child as overweight after controlling for actual weight.

RESULTS:

The 10th percentile of BMI z scores for children who were parentally perceived as overweight shifted with statistical significance from 84th percentile of reference population in the early survey to 91st percentile of reference population in the recent survey (P < .05). The mean z score of children parentally perceived as overweight also increased between surveys with the largest increase among children from poor families (from 1.60 [SE: 0.20] to 1.98 [0.08], P < .05), followed by African Americans (from 1.65 [0.09] to 2.02 [0.05], P < .05). The probability of overweight/obese children being correctly perceived as overweight by the parents declined by 24% between surveys (probability ratio = 0.76 [95% confidence interval: 0.67–0.87]).

CONCLUSIONS:

Overweight/obese children were less likely to be perceived as overweight in the recent survey compared with peers of similar weight but surveyed 10+ years earlier. The declining tendency among parents to perceive overweight children appropriately may indicate a generational shift in social norms related to body weight.
Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents: State of the Art Review
Authors: Campbell Kenisha , Peebles Rebecka
Published: August 2014

Despite their high prevalence, associated morbidity and mortality, and available treatment options, eating disorders (EDs) continue to be underdiagnosed by pediatric professionals. Many adolescents go untreated, do not recover, or reach only partial recovery. Higher rates of EDs are seen now in younger children, boys, and minority groups; EDs are increasingly recognized in patients with previous histories of obesity. Medical complications are common in both full and subthreshold EDs and affect every organ system. No single cause of EDs has emerged, although neurobiological and genetic predispositions are emerging as important. Recent treatment paradigms acknowledge that they are not caused by families or chosen by patients. EDs present differently in pediatric populations, and providers should have a high index of suspicion using new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th edition diagnostic criteria because early intervention can affect prognosis. Outpatient family-based treatment focused on weight restoration, reducing blame, and empowering caregivers has emerged as particularly effective; cognitive behavioral therapy, individual therapy, and higher levels of care may also be appropriate. Pharmacotherapy is useful in specific contexts. Full weight restoration is critical, often involves high-calorie diets, and must allow for continued growth and development; weight maintenance is typically inappropriate in pediatric populations. Physical, nutritional, behavioral, and psychological health are all metrics of a full recovery, and pediatric EDs have a good prognosis with appropriate care. ED prevention efforts should work toward aligning with families and understanding the impact of antiobesity efforts. Primary care providers can be key players in treatment success.
Adoption of Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Guidelines: A Cluster-Randomized Trial
Authors: LaBresh Kenneth A. , Ariza Adolfo J. , Lazorick Suzanne , Furberg Robert D. , Whetstone Lauren , Hobbs Connie , de Jesus Janet , Salinas Ilse G. , Bender Randall H. , Binns Helen J.
Published: August 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and underlying atherosclerosis begin in childhood and are related to CVD risk factors. This study evaluates tools and strategies to enhance adoption of new CVD risk reduction guidelines for children.

METHODS:

Thirty-two practices, recruited and supported by 2 primary care research networks, were cluster randomized to a multifaceted controlled intervention. Practices were compared with guideline-based individual and composite measures for BMI, blood pressure (BP), and tobacco. Composite measures were constructed by summing the numerators and denominators of individual measures. Preintervention and postintervention measures were assessed by medical record review of children ages 3 to 11 years. Changes in measures (pre–post and intervention versus control) were compared.

RESULTS:

The intervention group BP composite improved by 29.5%, increasing from 49.7% to 79.2%, compared with the control group (49.5% to 49.6%; P < .001). Intervention group BP interpretation improved by 61.1% (from 0.2% to 61.3%), compared with the control group (0.4% to 0.6%; P < .001). The assessment of tobacco exposure or use for 5- to 11-year-olds in the intervention group improved by 30.3% (from 3.4% to 49.1%) versus the control group (0.6% to 21.4%) (P = .042). No significant change was seen in the BMI or tobacco composites measures. The overall composite of 9 measures improved by 13.4% (from 48.2% to 69.8%) for the intervention group versus the control group (47.4% to 55.2%) (P = .01).

CONCLUSIONS:

Significant improvement was demonstrated in the overall composite measure, the composite measure of BP, and tobacco assessment and advice for children aged 5 to 11 years.
Insufficient Sleep in Adolescents and Young Adults: An Update on Causes and Consequences
Authors: Owens Judith ,   ADOLESCENT SLEEP WORKING GROUP,   COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE, Au Rhoda , Carskadon Mary , Millman Richard , Wolfson Amy , Braverman Paula K. , Adelman William P. , Breuner Cora C. , Levine David A. , Marcell Arik V. , Murray Pamela J. , O’Brien Rebecca F.
Published: August 2014

Chronic sleep loss and associated sleepiness and daytime impairments in adolescence are a serious threat to the academic success, health, and safety of our nation’s youth and an important public health issue. Understanding the extent and potential short- and long-term repercussions of sleep restriction, as well as the unhealthy sleep practices and environmental factors that contribute to sleep loss in adolescents, is key in setting public policies to mitigate these effects and in counseling patients and families in the clinical setting. This report reviews the current literature on sleep patterns in adolescents, factors contributing to chronic sleep loss (ie, electronic media use, caffeine consumption), and health-related consequences, such as depression, increased obesity risk, and higher rates of drowsy driving accidents. The report also discusses the potential role of later school start times as a means of reducing adolescent sleepiness.
School Start Times for Adolescents
Authors:   ADOLESCENT SLEEP WORKING GROUP,   COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE,   COUNCIL ON SCHOOL HEALTH, Au Rhoda , Carskadon Mary , Millman Richard , Wolfson Amy , Braverman Paula K. , Adelman William P. , Breuner Cora C. , Levine David A. , Marcell Arik V. , Murray Pamela J. , O’Brien Rebecca F. , Devore Cynthia D. , Allison Mandy , Ancona Richard , Barnett FAAP Stephen E. , Gunther Robert , Holmes Breena , Lamont Jeffrey H. , Minier Mark , Okamoto Jeffrey K. , Wheeler Lani S.M. , Young Thomas
Published: August 2014

The American Academy of Pediatrics recognizes insufficient sleep in adolescents as an important public health issue that significantly affects the health and safety, as well as the academic success, of our nation’s middle and high school students. Although a number of factors, including biological changes in sleep associated with puberty, lifestyle choices, and academic demands, negatively affect middle and high school students’ ability to obtain sufficient sleep, the evidence strongly implicates earlier school start times (ie, before 8:30 am) as a key modifiable contributor to insufficient sleep, as well as circadian rhythm disruption, in this population. Furthermore, a substantial body of research has now demonstrated that delaying school start times is an effective countermeasure to chronic sleep loss and has a wide range of potential benefits to students with regard to physical and mental health, safety, and academic achievement. The American Academy of Pediatrics strongly supports the efforts of school districts to optimize sleep in students and urges high schools and middle schools to aim for start times that allow students the opportunity to achieve optimal levels of sleep (8.5–9.5 hours) and to improve physical (eg, reduced obesity risk) and mental (eg, lower rates of depression) health, safety (eg, drowsy driving crashes), academic performance, and quality of life.
Fluoride Use in Caries Prevention in the Primary Care Setting
Authors: Clark Melinda B. , Slayton Rebecca L. ,   SECTION ON ORAL HEALTH, Segura Adriana , Boulter Suzanne , Clark Melinda B. , Gereige Rani , Krol David , Mouradian Wendy , Quinonez Rocio , Ramos-Gomez Francisco , Slayton Rebecca L. , Keels Martha Ann
Published: August 2014

Dental caries remains the most common chronic disease of childhood in the United States. Caries is a largely preventable condition, and fluoride has proven effectiveness in the prevention of caries. The goals of this clinical report are to clarify the use of available fluoride modalities for caries prevention in the primary care setting and to assist pediatricians in using fluoride to achieve maximum protection against dental caries while minimizing the likelihood of enamel fluorosis.
The Pediatrician’s Role in the Evaluation and Preparation of Pediatric Patients Undergoing Anesthesia
Authors:   SECTION ON ANESTHESIOLOGY AND PAIN MEDICINE, Goldschneider Kenneth R. , Cravero Joseph P. , Anderson Corrie , Bannister Carolyn , Hardy Courtney , Honkanen Anita , Rehman Mohamed , Tobias Joseph
Published: August 2014

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed February 2021.

Pediatricians play a key role in helping prepare patients and families for anesthesia and surgery. The questions to be answered by the pediatrician fall into 2 categories. The first involves preparation: is the patient in optimal medical condition for surgery, and are the patient and family emotionally and cognitively ready for surgery? The second category concerns logistics: what communication and organizational needs are necessary to enable safe passage through the perioperative process? This revised statement updates the recommendations for the pediatrician’s role in the preoperative preparation of patients.
Study of special capacity in boxers with different styles of fight
Authors: Aksutin V.V. , Korobeynikov G.V.
Published: August 2014

Purpose : the determination of tendency in boxer to a certain style of fight is important at all stages. Material : The special capacity in boxers with different styles of fight were studied. The special capacity and the impact force were studied by special training equipment among 23 boxers of higher qualification. The absolute and the relative strength of serial and single strikes were studied. Results : the results indicated that the absolutely impact force, the total tonnage and the relative strength of his right hand of strikes in boxers-“strongman” are more higher than in boxers with different styles. In boxers-“player” the power-hitting left-handed is more increasing for different styles. This fact indicates the presence among boxers-“player” the left-handed persons. Conclusions : the presented data are indicated about more higher of special endurance in boxers-“fastest”. This group of boxers differs from other of more higher development speed endurance
Application of biological feedback for estimation of anaerobic performance in jumping test
Authors: Kovalenko S.O. , Nechyporenko D.L.
Published: August 2014

Purpose : - To determine the effect of biofeedback to determine the level of anaerobic performance of healthy young men. Material: The characteristics of physical performance in 60-seconds jumping test without and with visual and audible biofeedback (BFB) are determined at 23 healthy young men. Results : Significant individual peculiarities are found in performance features of 60-seconds jumping test both without and with BFB. The groups of performance indexes are maximum jumping height; jumping frequency and achieved performance level; correlation of jumping phases and achieved capacity of a separate jump; jumping dynamics during the test. The positive effect mostly on performance in BFB regime is found in the group of persons with low level of physical performance. Conclusion : The application of BFB in 60-seconds jumping test is proved to increase the objective character of measuring anaerobic performance.
To the question of the formation of personal qualities of future doctors by means of combat sports
Authors: Khripunova L.D.
Published: August 2014

Purpose : to provide theoretical analysis of the notion of „assertiveness” and rationale of approaches to the development of future doctors’ assertiveness by means of combat sports (Sambo and Judo). Material : analysis of regulatory documents, literary sources. Results : the author has analysed the essence of the notion of assertiveness, and ideas about the relevance of the quality in doctors’ professional activity. The notion of assertiveness has been defined as the subject quality of an individual integrating initiative and willingness to take risks in difficult situations, self-confidence and positive attitude towards others, the ability to freely make decisions and be responsible for their consequences, persistence in protecting one’s own rights and achieve life goals. It has been shown that the key component of assertiveness manifestations are technologies of subject-subject interaction, that provide mutual correctness and effectiveness of acceptable relations. Means of the combat sports have been viewed as instruments of the development of future doctors’ personal qualities. The potentialities of assertiveness formation by means of the combat sports have been defined. Conclusions : the introduction of the combat sports elements in the professionally applied training of medical university students is an important issue of nowadays, which needs theoretical substantiation and methodical support.
THE EFFECTS OF STRETCHING EXERCISE ON HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSES AND POST-EXERCISE HYPOTENSION IN NORMOTENSIVE WOMEN STUDENTS
Authors: Hamid Mohebbi , Abdulbaset Maroofi , Nazanin Ansari , Aboozar Jorbonian
Published: August 2014

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate acute effects of SE on post-exercise hemodynamic responses for 1-h in normotensive sedentary young women. Methods: Sixteen women (21.56±1.21yr; 159.6±0.5 cm; 54.53±6.02 kg) were randomly assigned to SE (n = 8) and control (C) groups (n = 8). SE group performed 20 stretches for the whole body. Each SE was repeated 2 times. Rest interval between repetitions and movement 10 s were considered. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial BP (MAP), rate pressure product (RPP), pulse pressure (PP) and heart rate (HR) were measured during 1-h (minutes: 0,15,30,45 and 60) in SE and C groups. Results: There were significant decreases (P
FINAL PREPARATIONS TO THE GIRLS’ TENNIS EUROPE JUNIOR MASTERS
Authors: Jagiello Marina , Jagiello Wladyslaw
Published: August 2014

Purpose: One of the important problems in sports training of top class tennis players is the optimal planning of direct preparations for the main competitions of the season. In this respect, the aim of the study is a retrospective analysis of the direct preparation to compete in the Girls’ Tennis Europe Junior Masters. Material: Research material was composed of training plans of the best Polish player in the Juniors category, M.L. The analysis concerned the time structure, the total training volume and the proportion of the applied training means. Results: It was found that, regardless of the methodological and organisational determinants of specific training solutions, the direct preparation to the competition should meet the generally accepted principles in the theory of training, among others, connected with periodization of training and the phasic system of shaping the form. Direct competitive preparation may significantly vary in specific cases. Conclusions: An efficient, proven in certain circumstances model of preparation may be inefficient in others.
EFFECT OF 8 WEEKS OF AEROBIC ON BODY COMPOSITION AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: Shahram Gholamrezai , Mina Zali , Ramin Shabani , Rastegar Hoseini
Published: August 2014

Aim: Nowadays increasing blood pressure is the most important risk factor of coronary, cerebral and renal vessel diseases. Epidemiological studies indicate that Physical inactivity adversely affects the blood pressure in postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of aerobic on body composition and blood pressure in postmenopausal women. Methods: 20 healthy postmenopausal women with similar age and weight were randomly devided in intervention and control groups. Subjects completed an informed consent form and health history questionnaire. The intervention group was trained in an aerobic exercise program for 8 weeks (3 sessions weekly). Weight, body fat percentage (BF%), body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), Lean body mass and blood pressure (BP) were measured in the beginning and the end of the study for all of the subjects. Data were analyzed by the Paired t-test and independent t- test. Results: The results showed that BF% , WHR, BMI decreased and Lean body mass increased significantly in training group after 8 weeks training (P0.05). Conclusions: It seems that a period of aerobic training for 8 weeks can be effective as a non-pharmacological treatment strategy for improvement some physical fitness and body composition indexes, blood pressure in postmenopausal women.
Stress in the NICU: Parental Worries about Outcomes
Authors: Discenza Deborah
Published: August 2014

NICU teams feel duty bound to provide statistics of a premature’s outcome to parents, leaving them feeling bereft. The reality is that, although statistics are necessary to impart to parents in a legal sense, outcomes can vary wildly because each child is different. Helping parents gain a sense of understanding but also supporting them as they become advocates for their child’s potential is important, and, with some tips, professionals can do wonders for the future of the baby and the family.
Principles of Big Data Algorithms and Application for Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources
Authors: Lin Avi
Published: August 2014

This paper presents challenges encountered during reservoir modeling and simulation, while demonstrating that the ultimate solution for these challenges can be approached in a Big Data (BD) framework using a combination of physics- and analytics-based approaches.
Cloud-based Remote Visualization of Big Data to Subsurface Exploration
Authors: Delazari Binotto Alécio Pedro , Sultanum Nicole , Cerqueira Renato
Published: August 2014

Since the first visualization solutions were explored for O&G, major technical improvements enabled gigabyte-sized models to be rendered and manipulated at interactive speeds. Yet, other fundamental aspects such as data access and distribution are often overlooked in the process, even to date. Data movement may often be prohibitive, either due to legal constraints (data is restricted from departing the country) or practical considerations (data is too large to be moved, is a checkpoint tightly connect to imaging processes, and requires costly resources to be manipulated). Collaborative visualization tends to be performed co-locally, following an explicit, manually conducted, data transfer to a dedicated visualization machine.

We propose an alternative based upon data-centric computing. The model offers visualization as-a-service over a multi-tenant cloud-based environment. Remote visualization enables lightweight access and interaction with generated data readily after the processing, dismissing the need to transfer the whole dataset into analyst's machine. It offloads heavy graphics processing to a cloud server featuring the necessary infrastructure to handle such voluminous data, like GPUs, GPFS, and ultimately sends only a reduced output to lightweight clients (rendered images/geometry). Visualization resources can also be shared among concurrent users in a web-based interface and combined with other data sources, like correspondent well information or velocity models, facilitating effective remote collaboration towards knowledge discovery in subsurface exploration. Ubiquitous on-the-go data access (e.g., in the exploration field itself) is thereby made possible through mobile interfaces.

Concurrently, several challenges emerge with the aforementioned visualization model. The effective resource distribution of different data sources among several clients needs to benefit from the cloud execution platform. The OpenPower Foundation is an example of the future HPC platform that can be customized to O&G characteristics and be offered as a cloud model.