bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decolorization of industrial synthetic dyes using engineered Pseudomonas putida cells with surface-immobilized bacterial laccase
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhang Zhen , Ni Hong , Yang Xiaomeng , Li Qianqian , Li Lin
Published: December 2012

Background

Microbial laccases are highly useful in textile effluent dye biodegradation. However, the bioavailability of cellularly expressed or purified laccases in continuous operations is usually limited by mass transfer impediment or enzyme regeneration difficulty. Therefore, this study develops a regenerable bacterial surface-displaying system for industrial synthetic dye decolorization, and evaluates its effects on independent and continuous operations.

Results

A bacterial laccase (WlacD) was engineered onto the cell surface of the solvent-tolerant bacterium Pseudomonas putida to construct a whole-cell biocatalyst. Ice nucleation protein (InaQ) anchor was employed, and the ability of 1 to 3 tandemly aligned N-terminal repeats to direct WlacD display were compared. Immobilized WlacD was determined to be surface-displayed in functional form using Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and whole-cell enzymatic activity assay. Engineered P. putida cells were then applied to decolorize the anthraquinone dye Acid Green (AG) 25 and diazo-dye Acid Red (AR) 18. The results showed that decolorization of both dyes is Cu2+- and mediator-independent, with an optimum temperature of 35°C and pH of 3.0, and can be stably performed across a temperature range of 15°C to 45°C. A high activity toward AG25 (1 g/l) with relative decolorization values of 91.2% (3 h) and 97.1% (18 h), as well as high activity to AR18 (1 g/l) by 80.5% (3 h) and 89.0% (18 h), was recorded. The engineered system exhibited a comparably high activity compared with those of separate dyes in a continuous three-round shake-flask decolorization of AG25/AR18 mixed dye (each 1 g/l). No significant decline in decolorization efficacy was noted during first two-rounds but reaction equilibriums were elongated, and the residual laccase activity eventually decreased to low levels. However, the decolorizing capacity of the system was easily retrieved via a subsequent 4-h cell culturing.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates, for the first time, the methodology by which the engineered P. putida with surface-immobilized laccase was successfully used as regenerable biocatalyst for biodegrading synthetic dyes, thereby opening new perspectives in the use of biocatalysis in industrial dye biotreatment.
Improved spatial learning and memory by perilla diet is correlated with immunoreactivities to neurofilament and α-synuclein in hilus of dentate gyrus
Authors: Lee Jinwoo , Park Sunmin , Lee Ju-Young , Yeo Yeong Keun , Kim Jong Sang , Lim Jinkyu
Published: December 2012

Background

Perilla (Perilla frutescens) oil is very rich in α-linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid. As it is widely reported that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves cognitive function in children and adults, feeding rats with perilla diets followed by analysis of proteomic changes in the hippocampus can provide valuable information on the mechanism of learning and memory at the molecular level. To identify proteins playing roles in learning and memory, differentially expressed proteins in the hippocampus of the 5 week old rats fed perilla diets for 3 weeks or 3 months were identified by proteomic analysis and validated by immunological assays.

Results

The perilla diet groups showed improved spatial learning and memory performances in a T-maze test. They also displayed elevated level of 22:6n-3 fatty acid, an omega-3 fatty acid (p<0.05), in the brain compared to the control diet group. Quantitative proteomic analysis using 2-D gels as well as functional annotation grouping with the differentially expressed proteins in the hippocampus showed that those proteins involved in cytoskeleton and transport were the major differentially expressed proteins in the 3-week group, whereas those involved in energy metabolism, neuron projection and apoptosis in addition to cytoskeleton and transport were the major ones in the 3 month group. Differential protein expression in the hippocampus was validated by Western blotting using four selected proteins, known to be involved in synaptic plasticity; AMPA receptor, neurofilament, α-synuclein, and β-soluble NSF attachment protein. Brain sections from the perilla-diet groups showed enhanced immunoreactivities to α-synuclein and neurofilament. Especially, neurofilament immunoreactive cells manifested longer neurite projections in the hilus of dentate gyrus of the perilla-diet groups.

Conclusion

Improved cognitive function upon administration of n-3 fatty acid-rich perilla diet is associated with the differential expression of hippocampal proteins related to cytoskeleton, energy metabolism, transport, neuro-projection, and apoptosis. Particularly, the enhanced immunoreactivities to α-synuclein and neurofilament in the hilus of dentate gyrus suggest that perilla diet supplementation promotes neuronal signaling and alters synaptic plasticity for improved learning and memory.
Malignant triton tumor of the retroperitoneum: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Li Zhiwei , Xiang Jie , Yan Sheng , Gao Feng , Zheng Shusen
Published: December 2012

Background

Malignant triton tumors are relatively rare and highly aggressive tumors in which malignant schwannoma cells coexist with rhabdomyoblasts. Their occurrence in the retroperitoneum is uncommon and has been rarely reported.

Case presentation

We present the case of a patient with a retroperitoneal malignant triton tumor. A 32-year-old male was referred with epigastric pain and an abdominal mass. Computed tomography revealed a huge soft tissue retroperitoneal mass that involved adjacent organs and vessels. Complete resection was undertaken. Pathological examination confirmed the presence of a malignant triton tumor. The patient died two and a half months after surgery, as a result of local recurrence.

Conclusion

Malignant triton tumors are uncommon sarcomas that are associated with a high incidence of developing local recurrence and distant metastases. Immunohistochemical staining showing nerve sheath differentiation with rhabdomyoblastic cells confirms the diagnosis. Complete excision of the tumor is the most effective treatment strategy for these retroperitoneal tumors.
Selective growth of palladium and titanium dioxide nanostructures inside carbon nanotube membranes
Authors: Hevia Samuel , Homm Pía , Cortes Andrea , Núñez Verónica , Contreras Claudia , Vera Jenniffer , Segura Rodrigo
Published: December 2012

Hybrid nanostructured arrays based on carbon nanotubes (CNT) and palladium or titanium dioxide materials have been synthesized using self-supported and silicon-supported anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) as nanoporous template. It is well demonstrated that carbon nanotubes can be grown using these membranes and hydrocarbon precursors that decompose at temperatures closer to 600°C without the use of a metal catalyst. In this process, carbonic fragments condensate to form stacked graphitic sheets, which adopt the shape of the pores, yielding from these moulds' multi-walled carbon nanotubes. After this process, the ends of the tubes remain open and accessible to other substances, whereas the outer walls are protected by the alumina. Taking advantage of this fact, we have performed the synthesis of palladium and titanium dioxide nanostructures selectively inside carbon nanotubes using these CNT-AAO membranes as nanoreactors.
Fabrication and photocatalytic properties of silicon nanowires by metal-assisted chemical etching: effect of H2O2 concentration
Authors: Liu Yousong , Ji Guangbin , Wang Junyi , Liang Xuanqi , Zuo Zewen , Shi Yi
Published: December 2012

In the current study, monocrystalline silicon nanowire arrays (SiNWs) were prepared through a metal-assisted chemical etching method of silicon wafers in an etching solution composed of HF and H2O2. Photoelectric properties of the monocrystalline SiNWs are improved greatly with the formation of the nanostructure on the silicon wafers. By controlling the hydrogen peroxide concentration in the etching solution, SiNWs with different morphologies and surface characteristics are obtained. A reasonable mechanism of the etching process was proposed. Photocatalytic experiment shows that SiNWs prepared by 20% H2O2 etching solution exhibit the best activity in the decomposition of the target organic pollutant, Rhodamine B (RhB), under Xe arc lamp irradiation for its appropriate Si nanowire density with the effect of Si content and contact area of photocatalyst and RhB optimized.
Positive solutions for nonlocal fourth-order boundary value problems with all order derivatives
Authors: Guo Yanping , Yang Fei , Liang Yongchun
Published: December 2012

In this article, by the fixed point theorem in a cone and the nonlocal fourth-order BVP's Green function, the existence of at least one positive solution for the nonlocal fourth-order boundary value problem with all order derivatives

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Progression of renal fibrosis: the underestimated role of endothelial alterations
Authors: Guerrot Dominique , Dussaule Jean-Claude , Kavvadas Panagiotis , Boffa Jean-Jacques , Chadjichristos Christos E , Chatziantoniou Christos
Published: December 2012

The vasculature of the kidney is a heterogeneous structure, whose functional integrity is essential for the regulation of renal function. Owing to the importance of the endothelium in vascular biology, chronic endothelial alterations are therefore susceptible to impair multiple aspects of renal physiology and, in turn, to contribute to renal fibrosis. Although systemic endothelial dysfunction is undoubtedly associated with chronic kidney disease, the role of the renal endothelium in the initiation and the progression of renal fibrosis remains largely elusive. In this article, we critically review recent evidence supporting direct and indirect contributions of renal endothelial alterations to fibrosis in the kidney. Specifically, the potential implications of renal endothelial dysfunction and endothelial paucity in parenchymal hypoxia, in the regulation of local inflammation, and in the generation of renal mesenchymal cells are reviewed. We thereafter discuss therapeutic perspectives targeting renal endothelial alterations during the initiation and the progression of renal fibrogenesis.
Efficacy of a combination of 10% imidacloprid and 1% moxidectin against Caparinia tripilis in African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris)
Authors: Kim Kyu-Rim , Ahn Kyu-Sung , Oh Dae-Sung , Shin Sung-Shik
Published: December 2012

Background

The efficacy and safety of a combination formulation of 10% imidacloprid + 1.0% moxidectin spot-on (Advocate® for Cats, Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Leverkusen, Germany) was tested in 40 African pygmy hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris) naturally infested with Caparinia tripilis.

Methods

The optimal dosage level of the combination for hedgehogs was determined by assigning 20 hedgehogs into three treatment groups (0.1, 0.4 and 1.6 ml/Kg b.w.), and one untreated control group of 5 hedgehogs each. Twenty naturally infested hedgehogs were then randomly assigned to either treatment or control group with 10 animals each, and the number of live mites was counted from 13 body regions on day 0, 3, 9, 16, and 30 after single treatment at the dosage level of 0.1 ml/Kg.

Results

Before the chemotherapy, the highest density of mite was observed in external ear canals followed by the dorsal and the lowest in the ventral regions of the body surface. The dosage level of 0.1 ml/Kg, which corresponded to the recommended dosage level for cats, containing 10 mg imidacloprid and 1 mg moxidectin was also the optimal dosage level for hedgehogs. No hedgehogs in the treatment group showed live mites from day 3 post treatment. Side effects such as ataxia, depression, nausea, and weight fluctuation were not observed during the whole period of study.

Conclusions

This report suggests that a combination formulation of 0.1 ml/Kg of 10% imidacloprid + 1% moxidectin spot-on for cats is also useful for the control of Caparinia tripilis infestation in hedgehogs.
Over-expression of BMPR-IB reduces the malignancy of glioblastoma cells by upregulation of p21 and p27Kip1
Authors: Liu Shuang , Yin Feng , Fan Wenhong , Wang Shuwei , Guo Xin-ru , Zhang Jian-ning , Tian Zeng-min , Fan Ming
Published: December 2012

Background

In our previous study, we detected decreased expression of phospho-Smad1/5/8 and its upstream signaling molecule, bone morphogenetic protein receptor IB subunit (BMPR-IB), in certain glioblastoma tissues, unlike normal brain tissues. In order to clarify the functional roles and mechanism of BMPR-IB in the development of glioblastoma, we studied the effects of BMPR-IB overexpression on glioblastoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

We selected glioblastoma cell lines U251, U87, SF763, which have different expression of BMPR-IB to be the research subjects. Colony formation analysis and FACS were used to detect the effects of BMPR-IB on the growth and proliferation of glioblastoma cells in vivo. Immunofluresence was used to detect the differentiation changes after BMPR-IB overexpression or knocking-down. Then we used subcutaneous and intracranial tumor models to study the effect of BMPR-IB on the growth and differentiation of glioblastoma cells in vivo. The genetic alterations involved in this process were examined by real-time PCR and western blot analysis.ed.

Results and conclusion

Forced BMPR-IB expression in malignant human glioma cells, which exhibit lower expression of BMPR-IB, induced the phosphorylation and nuclear localization of smad1/5/8 and arrested the cell cycle in G1. Additionally, BMPR-IB overexpression could suppress anchorage-independent growth and promote differentiation of theses glioblastoma cells. Furthermore, overexpression of BMPR-IB inhibited the growth of subcutaneous and intracranial tumor xenografts and prolonged the survival of mice injected intracranially with BMPR-IB-overexpressing glioblastoma cells. Conversely, inhibition of BMPR-IB caused SF763 malignant glioma cells, a line known to exhibit high BMPR-IB expression that does not form tumors when used for xenografts, to show increased growth and regain tumorigenicity in a nude mouse model system, ultimately shortening the survival of these mice. We also observed significant accumulation of p21 and p27kip1 proteins in response to BMPR-IB overexpression. Our study suggests that overexpression of BMPR-IB may arrest and induce the differentiation of glioblastoma cells due to upregulation of p21 and p27kip1 in vitro and that in vivo and decreased expression of BMPR-IB in human glioblastoma cells contributes to glioma tumorigenicity. BMPR-IB could represent a new potential therapeutic target for malignant human gliomas.
A comparison of customised and prefabricated insoles to reduce risk factors for neuropathic diabetic foot ulceration: a participant‐blinded randomised controlled trial
Authors: Paton Joanne S , Stenhouse Elizabeth A , Bruce Graham , Zahra Daniel , Jones Ray B
Published: December 2012

Background

Neuropathic diabetic foot ulceration may be prevented if the mechanical stress transmitted to the plantar tissues is reduced. Insole therapy is one practical method commonly used to reduce plantar loads and ulceration risk. The type of insole best suited to achieve this is unknown. This trial compared custom‐made functional insoles with prefabricated insoles to reduce risk factors for ulceration of neuropathic diabetic feet.

Method

A participant‐blinded randomised controlled trial recruited 119 neuropathic participants with diabetes who were randomly allocated to custom‐made functional or prefabricated insoles. Data were collected at issue and six month follow‐up using the F‐scan in‐shoe pressure measurement system. Primary outcomes were: peak pressure, forefoot pressure time integral, total contact area, forefoot rate of load, duration of load as a percentage of stance. Secondary outcomes were patient perceived foot health (Bristol Foot Score), quality of life (Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of Life). We also assessed cost of supply and fitting. Analysis was by intention‐to‐treat.

Results

There were no differences between insoles in peak pressure, or three of the other four kinetic measures. The custom‐made functional insole was slightly more effective than the prefabricated insole in reducing forefoot pressure time integral at issue (27% vs. 22%), remained more effective at six month follow‐up (30% vs. 24%, p=0.001), but was more expensive (UK £656 vs. £554, p<0.001). Full compliance (minimum wear 7 hours a day 7 days per week) was reported by 40% of participants and 76% of participants reported a minimum wear of 5 hours a day 5 days per week. There was no difference in patient perception between insoles.

Conclusion

The custom‐made insoles are more expensive than prefabricated insoles evaluated in this trial and no better in reducing peak pressure. We recommend that where clinically appropriate, the more cost effective prefabricated insole should be considered for use by patients with diabetes and neuropathy.

Trial registration

Clinical trials.gov (NCT00999635). Note: this trial was registered on completion.
Enhanced top-down characterization of histone post-translational modifications
Authors: Tian Zhixin , Tolić Nikola , Zhao Rui , Moore Ronald J , Hengel Shawna M , Robinson Errol W , Stenoien David L , Wu Si , Smith Richard D , Paša-Tolić Ljiljana
Published: December 2012

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of core histones work synergistically to fine tune chromatin structure and function, generating a so-called histone code that can be interpreted by a variety of chromatin interacting proteins. We report a novel online two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (2D LC-MS/MS) platform for high-throughput and sensitive characterization of histone PTMs at the intact protein level. The platform enables unambiguous identification of 708 histone isoforms from a single 2D LC-MS/MS analysis of 7.5 µg purified core histones. The throughput and sensitivity of comprehensive histone modification characterization is dramatically improved compared with more traditional platforms.
Essential Elements for Glucosensing by Gastric Vagal Afferents: Immunocytochemistry and Electrophysiology Studies in the Rat
Authors: Grabauskas Gintautas , Zhou Shi-Yi , Lu Yuanxu , Song Il , Owyang Chung
Published: December 2012

Glucosensing nodose ganglia neurons mediate the effects of hyperglycemia on gastrointestinal motility. We hypothesized that the glucose-sensing mechanisms in the nodose ganglia are similar to those of hypothalamic glucose excited neurons, which sense glucose through glycolysis. Glucose metabolism leads to ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) channel closure and membrane depolarization. We identified glucosensing elements in the form of glucose transporters (GLUTs), glucokinase (GK), and KATP channels in rat nodose ganglia and evaluated their physiological significance. In vitro stomach-vagus nerve preparations demonstrated the gastric vagal afferent response to elevated glucose. Western blots and RT-PCR revealed the presence of GLUT1, GLUT3, GLUT4, GK, and Kir6.2 in nodose ganglia neurons and gastric branches of the vagus nerve. Immunocytochemistry confirmed the expression of GLUT3, GK, and Kir6.2 in nodose ganglia neurons (46.3 ± 3%). Patch-clamp studies detected glucose excitation in 30% (25 of 83) of gastric-projecting nodose ganglia neurons, which was abolished by GLUT3 or GK short hairpin RNA transfections. Silencing GLUT1 or GLUT4 in nodose ganglia neurons did not prevent the excitatory response to glucose. Elevated glucose elicited a response from 43% of in vitro nerve preparations. A dose-dependent response was observed, reaching maximum at a glucose level of 250 mg/dl. The gastric vagal afferent responses to glucose were inhibited by diazoxide, a KATP channel opener. In conclusion, a subset of neurons in the nodose ganglia and gastric vagal afferents are glucoresponsive. Glucosensing requires a GLUT, GK, and KATP channels. These elements are transported axonally to the gastric vagal afferents, which can be activated by elevated glucose through modulation of KATP channels.
The Normalized Graph Cut and Cheeger Constant: From Discrete to Continuous
Authors: Arias-Castro Ery , Pelletier Bruno , Pudlo Pierre
Published: December 2012

LetMbe a bounded domain ofwith a smooth boundary. We relate the Cheeger constant ofMand the conductance of a neighborhood graph defined on a random sample fromM. By restricting the minimization defining the latter over a particular class of subsets, we obtain consistency (after normalization) as the sample size increases, and show that any minimizing sequence of subsets has a subsequence converging to a Cheeger set ofM.
Set Reconstruction by Voronoi Cells
Authors: Reitzner M. , Spodarev E. , Zaporozhets D.
Published: December 2012

For a Borel setAand a homogeneous Poisson point process η inof intensity λ>0, define the Poisson–Voronoi approximationAηofAas a union of all Voronoi cells with nuclei from η lying inA. IfAhas a finite volume and perimeter, we find an exact asymptotic of E Vol(AΔAη) as λ→∞, where Vol is the Lebesgue measure. Estimates for all moments of Vol(Aη) and Vol(AΔAη) together with their asymptotics for large λ are obtained as well.
Scaling and Multiscaling in Financial Series: A Simple Model
Authors: Andreoli Alessandro , Caravenna Francesco , Dai Pra Paolo , Posta Gustavo
Published: December 2012

We propose a simple stochastic volatility model which is analytically tractable, very easy to simulate, and which captures some relevant stylized facts of financial assets, including scaling properties. In particular, the model displays a crossover in the log-return distribution from power-law tails (small time) to a Gaussian behavior (large time), slow decay in the volatility autocorrelation, and multiscaling of moments. Despite its few parameters, the model is able to fit several key features of the time series of financial indexes, such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average, with remarkable accuracy.
A Hierarchical Probability Model of Colon Cancer
Authors: Kelly Michael
Published: December 2012

We consider a model of fixed sizeN= 2lin which there arelgenerations of daughter cells and a stem cell. In each generationithere are 2i−1daughter cells. At each integral time unit the cells split so that the stem cell splits into a stem cell and generation 1 daughter cell and the generationidaughter cells become two cells of generationi+1. The last generation is removed from the population. A stem cell acquires first and second mutations at ratesu1andu2, and a daughter cell acquires first and second mutations at ratesv1andv2. We find the distribution for the time it takes to acquire two mutations asNgoes to ∞ and the mutation rates go to 0. The mutation rates may tend to 0 at different speeds. We also find the distribution for the locations of the mutations. In particular, we determine whether or not the mutations occur on a stem cell and if not, at what generation in the daughter cells they occur. Several outcomes are possible, depending on how fast the rates go to 0. The model considered has been proposed by Komarova (2007) as a model for colon cancer.
Asymptotics for Weighted Random Sums
Authors: Olvera-Cravioto Mariana
Published: December 2012

Let {Xi} be a sequence of independent, identically distributed random variables with an intermediate regularly varying right tail F̄. Let (N, C1, C2,…) be a nonnegative random vector independent of the {Xi} with N∈ℕ∪ {∞}. We study the weighted random sum SN=∑{i=1}NCiXi, and its maximum, MN=sup{1≤kN+1∑i=1kCiXi. This type of sum appears in the analysis of stochastic recursions, including weighted branching processes and autoregressive processes. In particular, we derive conditions under which P(MN > x)∼ P(SN > x)∼ E[∑i=1NF̄(x/Ci)] as x→∞. When E[X1]>0 and the distribution of ZN=∑ i=1NCi is also intermediate regularly varying, we obtain the asymptotics P(MN > x)∼ P(SN > x)∼ E[∑i=1NF̄}(x/Ci)] +P(ZN > x/E[X1]). For completeness, when the distribution of ZN is intermediate regularly varying and heavier than F̄, we also obtain conditions under which the asymptotic relations P(MN > x) ∼ P(SN > x)∼ P(ZN > x / E[X1] hold.
Rare-Event Simulation of Heavy-Tailed Random Walks by Sequential Importance Sampling and Resampling
Authors: Chan Hock Peng , Deng Shaojie , Lai Tze-Leung
Published: December 2012

We introduce a new approach to simulating rare events for Markov random walks with heavy-tailed increments. This approach involves sequential importance sampling and resampling, and uses a martingale representation of the corresponding estimate of the rare-event probability to show that it is unbiased and to bound its variance. By choosing the importance measures and resampling weights suitably, it is shown how this approach can yield asymptotically efficient Monte Carlo estimates.
A Note on M/G/1 Vacation Systems with Sojourn Time Limits
Authors: Katayama Tsuyoshi
Published: December 2012

In this paper we deal with an M/G/1 vacation system with the sojourn time (wait plus service) limit and two typical vacation rules, i.e. multiple and single vacation rules. Using the level crossing approach, we derive recursive equations for the steady-state distributions of the virtual waiting times in M/G/1 vacation systems with a general vacation time and two vacation rules.
Parasite-induced alterations of sensorimotor pathways in gammarids: collateral damage of neuroinflammation?
Authors: Helluy Simone
Published: December 2012

Some larval helminths alter the behavior of their intermediate hosts in ways that favor the predation of infected hosts, thus enhancing trophic transmission. Gammarids (Crustacea: Amphipoda) offer unique advantages for the study of the proximate factors mediating parasite-induced behavioral changes. Indeed, amphipods infected by distantly related worms (acanthocephalans, cestodes and trematodes) encysted in different microhabitats within their hosts (hemocoel, brain) present comparable, chronic, behavioral pathologies. In order to evaluate the potential connection between behavioral disturbances and immune responses in parasitized gammarids, this Review surveys the literature bearing on sensorimotor pathway dysfunctions in infected hosts, on the involvement of the neuromodulator serotonin in altered responses to environmental stimuli, and on systemic and neural innate immunity in arthropods. Hemocyte concentration and phenoloxidase activity associated with melanotic encapsulation are depressed in acanthocephalan-manipulated gammarids. However, other components of the arsenal deployed by crustaceans against pathogens have not yet been investigated in helminth-infected gammarids. Members of the Toll family of receptors, cytokines such as tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), and the free radical nitric oxide are all implicated in neuroimmune responses in crustaceans. Across animal phyla, these molecules and their neuroinflammatory signaling pathways are touted for their dual beneficial and deleterious properties. Thus, it is argued that neuroinflammation might mediate the biochemical events upstream of the serotonergic dysfunction observed in manipulated gammarids – a parsimonious hypothesis that could explain the common behavioral pathology induced by distantly related parasites, both hemocoelian and cerebral.
What can parasitoid wasps teach us about decision-making in insects?
Authors: Libersat Frederic , Gal Ram
Published: December 2012

Millions of years of co-evolution have driven parasites to display very complex and exquisite strategies to manipulate the behaviour of their hosts. However, although parasite-induced behavioural manipulation is a widespread phenomenon, the underlying neuronal mechanisms are only now beginning to be deciphered. Here, we review recent advancements in the study of the mechanisms by which parasitoid wasps use chemical warfare to manipulate the behaviour of their insect hosts. We focus on a particular case study in which a parasitoid wasp (the jewel wasp Ampulex compressa) performs a delicate brain surgery on its prey (the American cockroach Periplaneta americana) to take away its motivation to initiate locomotion. Following a brief background account of parasitoid wasps that manipulate host behaviour, we survey specific aspects of the unique effects of the A. compressa venom on the regulation of spontaneous and evoked behaviour in the cockroach host.
Investigating candidate neuromodulatory systems underlying parasitic manipulation: concepts, limitations and prospects
Authors: Perrot-Minnot Marie-Jeanne , Cézilly Frank
Published: December 2012

Studies addressing the functional basis of parasitic manipulation suggest that alteration of the neuromodulatory system is a common feature of manipulated hosts. Screening of the neuromodulatory system has so far been carried out by performing ethopharmacological analysis, biochemical quantification of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, and/or immunocytochemistry. Here, we review the advantages and limitations of such approaches through the analysis of case studies. We further address whether the analysis of candidate neuromodulatory systems fits the current view of manipulation as being multidimensional. The benefits in combining ethopharmacology with more recent molecular tools to investigate candidate neuromodulatory pathways is also emphasized. We conclude by discussing the value of a multidisciplinary study of parasitic manipulation, combining evolutionary (parasite transmission), behavioural (syndrome of manipulation) and neuroimmunological approaches.
Toxoplasma gondiiinfection, from predation to schizophrenia: can animal behaviour help us understand human behaviour?
Authors: Webster Joanne P. , Kaushik Maya , Bristow Greg C. , McConkey Glenn A.
Published: December 2012

We examine the role of the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii as a manipulatory parasite and question what role study of infections in its natural intermediate rodent hosts and other secondary hosts, including humans, may elucidate in terms of the epidemiology, evolution and clinical applications of infection. In particular, we focus on the potential association between T. gondii and schizophrenia. We introduce the novel term ‘T. gondii–rat manipulation–schizophrenia model’ and propose how future behavioural research on this model should be performed from a biological, clinical and ethically appropriate perspective.
Pathways to understanding the extended phenotype of parasites in their hosts
Authors: Hughes David
Published: December 2012

The study of the adaptive manipulation of animal behavior by parasites is entering very exciting times. Collectively the field has moved from its important and instructional natural history phase into proximate-level studies aiming to elucidate the mechanisms by which one organism controls another. Because many cases studies involve cross-kingdom control of behaviour, the findings are sure to be exciting. In this review I examine what possible pathways we can take to understanding the controlling behavior of parasites and how host behavior has become an extended phenotype of the parasites that is often hidden from view.
The Characterization Of CaCO3 in a Geothermal Environment: A Sem/Tem-Eels Study
Authors: Kim Jin-Wook , Kogure Toshihiro , Yang Kiho , Kim Sang-Tae , Jang Young-Nam , Baik Hion-Suck , Geesey Gill
Published: December 2012

Mineralization of microbial biomass is a common phenomenon in geothermal habitats, but knowledge of the structure of the minerals formed in these environments is limited. A combination of spectroscopic, microscopic, and stable isotopic methods, as well as the chemical analysis of spring water, were employed in the present study to characterize calcium carbonate minerals deposited in filamentous cyanobacterial mats in different locations of La Duke hot spring, a circumneutral thermal feature near the north entrance of Yellowstone National Park, Montana, USA. Calcite was the primary crystalline mineral phase associated with biofilm-containing deposits closest to the source of the spring and the suspended microbial biomass in a pool further from the source. The carbonate minerals at all sites occurred as aggregated granules, ~2 μm in diameter, in close association with the microbial biomass. Only in the deposits closest to the source were the granules organized as laminated structures interspersed with microbial biomass. The calcium carbonate grains contained two distinct regions: a dense monolithic calcite core and a porous dendritic periphery containing organic matter (OM). Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) indicated that the voids were infilled with OM and carbonates. The EELS technique was employed to distinguish the source of carbon in the organic matter and carbonate mixture. The studies of carbon isotope compositions of the calcium carbonates and the saturation indices for calcite in the spring waters suggest that processes (abiotic vs. biotic) controlling the carbonate formation may vary among the sampling sites.
Bridges Between: Reflections on Dubai and Its International Film Festival
Authors: Ciecko Anne
Published: December 2012

The following is a review of the Dubai International Film Festival, a city described by the author as 'a complex, diverse, and sometimes contradictory mix of cultures, traditions and post-postmodern simulacra.' The following examines the 2006 film festival.
As Simple as an Egg: Lessons about Love in Ashes of Time
Authors: Chen Ya-chen
Published: December 2012

This article will discuss Ashes of Time and its relationship to love. In Dongxie Xidu (Ashes of Time), Wong Kar-wai reimagines love. He juxtaposes two love stories in the film; one is complicated, the other simple. All the characters in this story share the same love triangle: doubts
and subjective judgment of the contrast between "this mountain" and "the mountain behind this one." Each one of them has his or her own "two mountains." In the following paragraphs, this article will analyze their "two mountains."
The Actin Nucleator Cobl Is Crucial for Purkinje Cell Development and Works in Close Conjunction with the F-Actin Binding Protein Abp1
Authors: Haag Natja , Schwintzer Lukas , Ahuja Rashmi , Koch Nicole , Grimm Julia , Heuer Heike , Qualmann Britta , Kessels Michael M.
Published: December 2012

Cortical actin dynamics shapes cells. To generate actin filaments, cells rely on actin nucleators. Cobl is a novel, brain-enriched, WH2 domain-based actin nucleator, yet, its functions remained largely elusive. Here, we reveal that Cobl plays a crucial role in Purkinje cell development using gene gun transfections within intact murine cerebellar contexts. Cobl deficiency impaired proper dendritic arborization of Purkinje cells and led to low-complexity arbors. Branch point numbers and density and especially higher order branching were strongly affected. Our efforts to reveal how Cobl is physically and functionally integrated into the cortical actin cytoskeleton showed that all Cobl loss-of-function phenotypes were exactly mirrored by knockdown of the F-actin-binding protein Abp1. By subcellular fractionations, protein interaction analyses, subcellular reconstitutions of protein complexes, colocalization studies in cells and tissues, and by functional analyses in neuronal morphogenesis we demonstrate that both proteins associate and work with each other closely. Cobl-mediated dendritic branch induction in hippocampal neurons critically relied on Abp1. Our study highlights that the functions of Abp1 are distinct from those of the Cobl-binding protein syndapin I. The importance of Cobl/Abp1 complex formation and of Abp1-mediated F-actin association was highlighted by functional rescue experiments demonstrating that a Cobl mutant deficient for Abp1 binding and an Abp1 mutant supporting Cobl association but lacking the F-actin binding ability failed to rescue the respective loss-of-function phenotypes. Thus, F-actin-anchored Cobl/Abp1 complexes seem crucial for neuromorphogenesis processes, particularly for the postnatal arborization of Purkinje cells representing the source for all motor coordination in the cerebellar cortex.
Ethanol Promotes Clathrin Adaptor-Mediated Endocytosis via the Intracellular Domain of δ-Containing GABAAReceptors
Authors: Gonzalez Claudia , Moss Stephen J. , Olsen Richard W.
Published: December 2012

Pharmacological and genetic evidence reveals that GABAAreceptor (GABAA-R) expression and localization are modulated in response to acute and chronic ethanol (EtOH) exposure. To determine molecular mechanisms of GABAA-R plasticity in response toin vivoacute EtOH, we measured early time changes in GABAA-R subunit localization. Single doses of EtOH (3 g/kg via i.p. injection in rats) produced decreases in surface levels of GABAA-R α4 and δ subunits at 5–15 min post-EtOH in hippocampus CA1 and dentate gyrus, verifying our earlier report (Liang et al., 2007). Here we also examined the β3 subunit and its phosphorylation state during internalization. β3 also was internalized during 5–15 min after EtOH exposure, while phosphorylation of β3 was increased, then decreased at later times, ruling out β3 dephosphorylation-dependent endocytosis. As early as 5 min post-EtOH, there is an initial increase in association between the δ subunits with clathrin adaptor proteins AP2-μ2 revealed by coimmunoprecipitation, followed by a decrease in association 15 min post-EtOH.In vitrostudies using glutathioneS-transferase fused to the δ subunit intracellular domain (ICD) show that two regions, one containing a classical YxxΦ motif and the other an atypical R/K-rich motif, directly and differentially bind to AP2-μ2, with the former YRSV exhibiting higher affinity. Mutating both regions in the δ-ICD abolishes μ2 binding, providing a possible mechanism that can explain the rapid downregulation of extrasynaptic α4βδ-GABAA-R followingin vivoEtOH administration, in which the δ-ICD increases in affinity for clathrin AP2-μ2 leading to endocytosis.
Dynamic Changes in Heat Transducing Channel TRPV1 Expression Regulate Mechanically Insensitive, Heat Sensitive C-Fiber Recruitment after Axotomy and Regeneration
Authors: Jankowski Michael P. , Soneji Deepak J. , Ekmann Katrina M. , Anderson Collene E. , Koerber H. Richard
Published: December 2012

Peripheral injury leads to a significant increase in the prevalence of mechanically insensitive, heat-sensitive C-fibers (CH) that contain the heat transducing TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid type I) channel in mice. We have recently shown that this recruitment of CH fibers is associated with increased expression of the receptor for GDNF (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) family neurotrophic factor artemin (GFRα3), and thatin vivoinhibition of GFRα3 prevented the increase in TRPV1 expression normally observed following axotomy. Here we have directly tested the hypothesis that the recruitment of functional CH fibers following nerve regeneration requires enhanced TRPV1 levels. We usedin vivosiRNA-mediated knockdown to inhibit the injury-induced expression of TRPV1 coupled withex vivorecording to examine response characteristics and neurochemical phenotypes of different functionally defined cutaneous sensory neurons after regeneration. We confirmed that inhibition of TRPV1 did not affect the axotomy-induced decrease in polymodal C-fiber (CPM) heat threshold, but transiently prevented the recruitment of CH neurons. Moreover, a recovery of TRPV1 protein was observed following resolution of siRNA-mediated inhibition that was correlated with a concomitant rebound in CH neuron recruitment. Thus dynamic changes in TRPV1 expression, not absolute levels, may underlie the functional alterations observed in CH neurons and may contribute to the development of heat hyperalgesia after nerve injury.
Selective Neuronal Entrainment to the Beat and Meter Embedded in a Musical Rhythm
Authors: Nozaradan Sylvie , Peretz Isabelle , Mouraux André
Published: December 2012

Fundamental to the experience of music, beat and meter perception refers to the perception of periodicities while listening to music occurring within the frequency range of musical tempo. Here, we explored the spontaneous building of beat and meter hypothesized to emerge from the selective entrainment of neuronal populations at beat and meter frequencies. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded while human participants listened to rhythms consisting of short sounds alternating with silences to induce a spontaneous perception of beat and meter. We found that the rhythmic stimuli elicited multiple steady state-evoked potentials (SS-EPs) observed in the EEG spectrum at frequencies corresponding to the rhythmic pattern envelope. Most importantly, the amplitude of the SS-EPs obtained at beat and meter frequencies were selectively enhanced even though the acoustic energy was not necessarily predominant at these frequencies. Furthermore, accelerating the tempo of the rhythmic stimuli so as to move away from the range of frequencies at which beats are usually perceived impaired the selective enhancement of SS-EPs at these frequencies. The observation that beat- and meter-related SS-EPs are selectively enhanced at frequencies compatible with beat and meter perception indicates that these responses do not merely reflect the physical structure of the sound envelope but, instead, reflect the spontaneous emergence of an internal representation of beat, possibly through a mechanism of selective neuronal entrainment within a resonance frequency range. Taken together, these results suggest that musical rhythms constitute a unique context to gain insight on general mechanisms of entrainment, from the neuronal level to individual level.
Democratic Consolidation and Its Limits in Korea: Dilemmas of Cooptation
Authors: Suh Jae-Jung , Park Sunwon , Kim Hahn Y.
Published: December 2012

This article uses dilemmas of cooptation to explain progress and limits in South Korea's democratic consolidation since its transition to democracy in 1987. The series of cooptations employed by both conservative and liberal forces has helped to consolidate democracy but also to limit the extent of democratic reforms.
The Shanghai Modern Woman's American Dreams: Imagining America's Depravity to Produce China's “Moderate Modernity”
Authors: Edwards Louise
Published: December 2012

This article explores images of the United States featured in the 1930s Shanghai women's magazine Linglong. This imagined America reflected a reorientation in ideas about how to be simultaneously modern and Chinese. The United States became a symbolic location for Linglong's readers as they grappled with personal concerns in their negotiations with families and communities about appropriate feminine behavior for Chinese women seeking to be modern and cosmopolitan. These readers found in the depiction of American life answers to their anxieties about appropriate limits for their modern city lifestyle. The imagined America provided convenient boundaries for readers and editors alike. Linglong presented a vision of unbridled, limit-free American lifestyles as “the extreme,” allowing China's modern women to plot their behavior along an imagined continuum stretching between American depravity and the prison of Confucian morality.
Estradiol exerts antiapoptotic effects in skeletal myoblasts via mitochondrial PTP and MnSOD
Authors: La Colla Anabela , Vasconsuelo Andrea , Boland Ricardo
Published: December 2012

17β-Estradiol (E2) protects several non-reproductive tissues from apoptosis, including skeletal muscle. We have shown that E2at physiological concentrations prevented apoptosis induced by H2O2in C2C12 skeletal myoblasts. As we also demonstrated the presence of estrogen receptors in mitochondria, the present work was focused on the effects of E2on this organelle. Specifically, we evaluated the actions of E2on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) by the calcein-acetoxymethylester/cobalt method using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Pretreatment with E2prevented MPTP opening induced by H2O2, which preceded loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, it was observed that H2O2induced translocation of Bax to mitochondria; however, in the presence of the steroid this effect was abrogated suggesting that members of the Bcl-2 family may be regulated by E2to exert an antiapoptotic effect. Moreover, E2increased mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase protein expression and activity, as part of a mechanism activated by E2that improved mitochondrial performance. Our results suggest a role of E2in the regulation of apoptosis with a clear action at the mitochondrial level in C2C12 skeletal myoblast cells.
Tough, Strong Hydrogels with Elastomeric Fiber Reinforcement.
Authors: Calvert Paul , Agrawal Animesh , Rahbar Nima , Chalivendra Vijay
Published: December 2012

In biological hydrogels, the gel matrix is usually reinforced with micro- or nano-fibers and the resulting composite is tough and strong. In contrast, synthetic hydrogels are weak and brittle, although they are highly elastic. Other than in food, the main structural application of hydrogels is as soft contact lenses. The developing interest in soft tissue engineering has exposed a need for strong synthetic hydrogels to act as scaffolds for tissue growth.

In this work a new class of hydrogels based on fiber reinforced hydrogel composites with a cartilage-like structure is designed. A 3D rapid prototyping technique was used to form crossed “logpiles” of elastic fibers that are then impregnated with an epoxy-based hydrogel in order to form a fiber-reinforced gel structure. The fibrous construct improves the strength, modulus and toughness of the hydrogel and also constrains the swelling. By altering the construct geometry and studying the effect on mechanical properties we will develop the understanding needed to design strong hydrogels for biomedical devices and soft machines.
Multifunctional Materials: 2D constrained Electronically Conductive Polymer into LDH Matrix
Authors: Moujahid El Mostafa , Dubois Marc , Besse Jean-Pierre , Leroux Fabrice
Published: December 2012

O-aminobenzenesulfonic acid is incorporated between the sheets of Cu2Cr(OH)6Cl. H2O hydrotalcite-type materials. After heating, a narrow ESR signal characterisitic of conductive polymer behavior is observed for the hybrid phase. The reaction of polymerization fails in absence of the confinement supplied by the LDH host structure and of air atmosphere. The nanocomposite presents an electrochemical behavior in agreement with the presence of large polyanilinesulfonate (PAniS) units, whereas the electropolymerization gives rise first to the formation of dimers. Spin density is found to be greater with the electropolymerization after few cycles than after the heat treatment.