bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Logarithmic perturbation theory: A reappraisal*
Authors: Bandyopadhyay S. K. , Bhattacharyya K.
Published: October 2002

We present logarithmic perturbation theory in its simplest form that rests only on matching of certain polynomial coefficients at each order. It thus avoids any integration step in the course of calculations of energy correction terms at various orders. The scheme applies to excited states as well. Corrections to nodal point shifts are also obtained without quadratures. A few existing variants of the theory are compared and certain anomalies rectified. Merits and demerits of the approach are pointed out. We also outline a direct route to obtain perturbation series for properties through this route. This renders tedious computations of wave function correction terms at each order, obeying the corresponding normalization requirement, unnecessary, thus achieving further simplification. Pilot calculations on several model systems reveal the worth of the endeavor. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Rapid microorganism identification with on‐slide proteolytic digestion followed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry and database searching
Authors: Yao Zhong‐Ping , Afonso Carlos , Fenselau Catherine
Published: October 2002

A simple method for microorganism identification is proposed in this paper. In this method, no isolation or fractionation of microorganisms and no special search algorithm or database are needed. Experimentally, a sample of the unfractionated intact microorganism is subjected to brief on‐slide proteolytic digestion and the digestion product ions detected in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) are selected for tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Database searching using the MS/MS spectrum identifies the microorganism protein, and thereby, according to the source of the protein, the microorganism. The method was demonstrated to be feasible with enterobacteriophage MS2 as the model microorganism. The novel method is simple, rapid, and requires a small quantity of sample. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Planning mobile agent architecture for open network environment
Authors: Hattori Masanori , Ohsuga Akihiko , Honiden Shinichi
Published: October 2002

This paper describes a planning mobile agent architecture proposed for open network environments such as the Internet. Mobile agents in this architecture have mobile, planning, and meta‐level control functionality, and address the locality, variability, and diversity problems to which open network environments are subject. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(12): 58–66, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10112
New directions in nanoscience: new challenges for surface analysis
Authors: Palmer R. E.
Published: October 2002

This paper considers the challenges for surface analysis presented by the creation of new types of nanometre‐scale structure. Such structures, with feature sizes in the range 1–100 nm, are central to the future development of semiconductor chip fabrication and also provide opportunities to address biological problems, especially the structure and function of protein molecules. The analysis of ‘nanostructured surfaces’ is likely to require both the further development of existing surface analysis methods and the invention of new techniques, especially if one wants to address molecular systems that are susceptible to irradiation damage or biological systems whose native environment is aqueous. One example of a new surface analysis technique, scanning probe energy‐loss spectroscopy, is discussed, along with specific ideas for further innovations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis and TEM examination of corrosion scales grown on Alloy 690 exposed to pressurized water at 325 °C
Authors: Carrette F. , Lafont M. C. , Chatainier G. , Guinard L. , Pieraggi B.
Published: October 2002

Corrosion scales grown on Alloy 690 during exposure to pressurized water were examined and analysed by SIMS, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM), XPS and x‐ray diffraction at grazing incidence. All the corrosion tests were performed in pure water on spark‐machined and 1 µm polished specimens at a temperature of 325°C and a pressure of 155 bar. This surface finish results in the formation of a highly defective and thin perturbed zone similar to the standard surface finish of tubes used in pressurized water reactors. Two different testing devices were used: a static autoclave made of stainless steel and a recirculating autoclave made of titanium alloy. Scale thicknesses deduced from XTEM, XPS and SIMS are in good agreement; the average value is ∼50 nm for an exposure of 2160 h. The microstructure of these scales cannot be considered as duplex, as is usually described in the open literature. The scale is formed of a rather continuous and uniform internal Cr‐rich thin layer and an external layer, the composition, morphology and microstructure of which depend on the test conditions and test duration. For example, scales grown in the static autoclave contain higher concentrations of Fe and Ni than scales grown in the recirculating titanium alloy autoclave. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface studies and catalytic properties of the bifunctional bulk MoO2 system
Authors: Katrib A. , Sobczak J. W. , Krawczyk M. , Zommer L. , Benadda A. , Jablonski A. , Maire G.
Published: October 2002

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of commercial bulk MoO2 revealed the presence of MoO3 and Mo2O5 phases in the sample surface region. In situ hydrogen reduction at different temperatures up to 650 K enabled to be reduced Mo6+ and Mo5+ to Mo4+. Bulk MoO2 as prepared by hydrogen reduction of the initial samples showed very interesting catalytic properties in terms of isomerization reactions of alkanes. This catalytic activity was attributed to the MoO2 phase on the surface, which had both metallic and acidic functions (bifunctional mechanism). In addition, inelastic mean free paths in MoO2 catalyst were measured experimentally by elastic peak electron spectroscopy (EPES). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the oxide/carbide transition on iron surfaces during catalytic coke formation
Authors: Bonnet F. , Ropital F. , Lecour P. , Espinat D. , Huiban Y. , Gengembre L. , Berthier Y. , Marcus P.
Published: October 2002

The thermodynamic equilibria between metallic iron, iron oxides, iron carbides and a hydrocarbon/hydrogen mixture were calculated at 600°C. On the basis of metastable Fe–C–O phase diagram, iron oxides can be converted directly into carbides in a reducing and carburizing atmosphere. Experimental results on the rate of oxide/carbide conversion are reported. Thermogravimetric measurements have been performed in an iC4H10–H2–Ar atmosphere at 600°C on preoxidized iron samples. The kinetics of the oxide layer transformation were studied by sequential exposure experiments. Scanning electron microscopy observations and x‐ray diffraction analysis have been carried out. The results lead to the conclusion that magnetite (Fe3O4) is transformed into carbide particles, acting as a catalyst for graphitic filament growth. The initial stages of the oxide/carbide transition were studied by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results confirm that no metallic iron was formed during the transformation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS study of electrodes formed from a mixture of carbon black and PTFE powder
Authors: Schulze M. , Lorenz M. , Kaz T.
Published: October 2002

Gas diffusion electrodes for electrochemical devices frequently consist of polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) and carbon black‐supported catalysts. The hydrophilic or hydrophobic character determines the wetting behaviour, which is important for media transport in the gas diffusion electrodes. The main components of the gas diffusion electrodes are an organic binder (typically PTFE) and a catalyst (for applications with acid electrolyte, a noble metal catalyst) that frequently is supported by carbon black. The chemical surface compositions of electrodes prepared in different ways from a mixture of carbon black and PTFE and mechanically and thermally modified were determined by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS measurements show differences between electrodes wet‐prepared from a suspension and electrodes prepared with the dry preparation technique of DLR (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt). During preparation of the electrodes by the dry technique, the carbon black is enriched on the surface. Mechanical modification reduces the enrichment of the carbon black and tempering increases the PTFE concentration on the surface. The results of the XPS measurements were related to the wetting behaviour: a concentration of ∼20 wt.% PTFE marks the transition between hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interval estimation for Poisson capture–recapture models in epidemiology
Authors: Farrington C. P.
Published: October 2002

Capture–recapture studies in epidemiology are frequently undertaken to adjust underlying rates for underreporting. This contrasts with applications in ecology, in which the aim is to estimate population size. In consequence, the Poisson model provides a more appropriate framework than the multinomial in some epidemiological applications. A method for constructing profile Poisson likelihood interval estimates using log‐linear modelling, avoiding the need for constrained optimization, is described for several relevant parameters, including the unobserved disease rate, the total disease rate, and the case ascertainment probability. Asymptotic properties of these estimates are studied and contrasted with those derived from the multinomial model. The method is illustrated with a published data set on spina bifida. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economic evaluation in long‐term clinical trials
Authors: Hlatky Mark A. , Boothroyd Derek B. , Johnstone Iain M.
Published: October 2002

Economic endpoints have been increasingly included in long‐term clinical trials, but they pose several methodologic challenges, including how best to collect, describe, analyse and interpret medical cost data. Cost of care can be measured by converting billed charges, performing detailed micro‐costing studies, or by measuring use of key resources and assigning cost weights to each resource. The latter method is most commonly used, with cost weights based either on empirical regression models or administratively determined reimbursement rates. In long‐term studies, monetary units should be adjusted to reflect cost inflation and discounting. The temporal pattern of accumulating costs can be described using a modification of the Kaplan–Meier curve. Regression analyses to evaluate factors associated with cost are best performed on the log of costs due to their typically skewed distribution.

Cost‐effectiveness analysis attempts to measure the value of a new therapy by calculating the difference in cost between the new therapy and the standard therapy, divided by the difference in benefit between the new therapy and the standard therapy. The cost‐effectiveness ratio based on the results of a randomized trial may change substantially with longer follow‐up intervals, particularly for therapies that are initially expensive but eventually improve survival. A model that projects long‐term patterns of cost and survival expected beyond the end of completed follow‐up can provide an important perspective in the setting of limited trial duration. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Innovative designs in behavioural trials
Authors: Thompson Bruce , Jacob Rolfe G. , Frederick Margaret , Geller Nancy V. , Hunsberger Sally
Published: October 2002

Clinical trials that compare pharmacological and behavioural treatments require extra attention to design on the part of the investigators. Many of the standard control mechanisms for comparison of active drug to placebo and behavioural therapy to control therapy create problems when the two types of interventions are combined. The most important of these problems is the introduction of non‐specific effects introduced by behavioural therapists and physicians that can bias the study. Solutions to these problems require procedures that are common to both types of studies and the introduction of more complex statistical designs to adequately control the proposed comparisons. It may also be necessary to have a robust statistical method to address informative censoring since patients assigned to behavioural therapy may drop out of the study for different reasons than patients who drop out of a pharmacological trial. In this paper we use the design of the Raynaud's Treatment Study to demonstrate methods that can be used to control for non‐specific effects and differential drop‐out from the study. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shock isolation using ‘smart’ damping
Authors: Yang G. , Spencer B. F. , Leban Frank
Published: October 2002

Applications of shock isolation range from vehicle suspension systems to packaging which protects para‐dropped equipment in the military expeditionary logistics environment. Both passive and active shock isolation systems have been investigated. However, passive systems are limited in that they cannot adapt to different load conditions; active systems are not practical in many applications, as they may require large power supplies. Another solution to the problem is to implement a ‘smart’ damping system, which typically requires little power, is controllable in real time, and achieves nearly the same performance as an active system. This paper focuses on shock isolation using these ‘smart’ damping devices. Following the basic problem formulation, the optimal active shock isolator synthesis is given. These results are then extended to the ‘smart’ (semi‐active) shock isolation case. Theoretical analysis shows that if the linear spring stiffness is properly chosen and the control force is appropriately regulated, the shock isolator using ‘smart’ damping can achieve optimal performance and has better robustness than the passive shock isolators. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alpha‐2A‐adrenergic receptors are present on neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala that project to the dorsal vagal complex in the rat
Authors: Glass Michael J. , Colago Eric E.O. , Pickel Virginia M.
Published: October 2002

The descending pathway between the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) is an important substrate for autonomic functions associated with emotion. Activity in this circuit is crucially modulated by catecholamines and agonists of the alpha‐2A‐adrenergic receptor (α2A‐AR), which relieve cardiovascular and gastrointestinal symptoms associated with experience of aversive stimuli. The subcellular distribution of α2A‐AR within the CeA, however, has not been characterized. It is also not known if any α2A‐AR‐expressing neurons in the CeA project to the dorsal vagal complex. In order to address these questions, we examined the immunocytochemical labeling of α2A‐AR in the CeA of rats receiving microinjection of the retrograde tracer fluorogold (FG) into the dorsal vagal complex at the level of the area postrema, an area involved in cardiorespiratory and gastrointestinal functions. Of all α2A‐AR‐labeled profiles in the CeA, the majority were either dendrites (42%) or somata (24%). α2A‐AR labeling was often present on the plasmalemma in dendrites and was mainly found in endosome‐like organelles in somata. Of all α2A‐AR immunoreactive somata, 62% also contained immunolabeling for FG and 23% of all dendrites also showed labeling for the retrograde tracer. The intracellular distribution of α2A‐AR did not differ in somata or dendrites with or without detectable FG. The remaining singly labeled α2A‐AR profiles consisted of axons (11%), axon terminals (12%), and glial processes (13%). In numerous instances, α2A‐AR‐labeled glia or axon terminals were apposed to DVC projecting neurons. Together, this evidence suggests that the principal site for α2A‐AR activation is at extrasynaptic sites on dendrites of CeA neurons, many of which project to the DVC and also show endosomal receptor labeling. In addition, these results indicate that activation of α2A‐AR in the CeA may influence the activity of DVC projecting neurons through indirect mechanisms, including changes in presynaptic transmitter release or glial function. These results suggest that α2A‐AR agonists in the CeA may modulate numerous processes including stress‐evoked autonomic reactions and feeding behavior. Synapse 46:258–268, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimization of the identification of chemical compounds by energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry and subsequent multivariate analysis
Authors: Kessler T. , Hoffmann P. , Greve T. , Ortner H. M.
Published: October 2002

Chemical compounds were measured by EDXRF (with three different types of instrumentation). The spectra were used to evaluate discriminant analysis classification. The chemical compounds were primarily classified by their fluorescence signals. Valuable additional information was obtained from the spectral range of the Compton and the Rayleigh scattering regions by the use of multivariate methods (e.g. PCA and RDA). An improvement over earlier work was achieved considering different parameters such as the position of the sample, the grain size of a chemical compound and the thickness of the package wall. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actin patch assembly proteins Las17p and Sla1p restrict cell wall growth to daughter cells and interact with cis‐Golgi protein Kre6p
Authors: Li Huijuan , Pagé Nicolas , Bussey Howard
Published: October 2002

The cytoplasmic tail of Kre6p, a Golgi membrane protein involved in cell wall synthesis, interacts with the actin patch assembly components Las17p and Sla1p in a two‐hybrid assay, and Kre6p co‐immunoprecipitates with Las17p. Kre6p showed extensive co‐localization with Och1p‐containing cis‐Golgi vesicles. The correct localization of Kre6p requires its cytoplasmic tail, Las17p, Sla1p and Vrp1p, suggesting that the cytoplasmic tail of Kre6p acts as a receptor, linking this cis‐Golgi protein to Las17p and Sla1p. The actin patch assembly mutants las17Δ, sla1Δ and vrp1Δ showed elevated levels of cell wall β‐1,6‐glucan, and mutant cells were capable of only a limited number of cell divisions compared to wild‐type. EM image analysis and β‐1,6‐glucan localization indicated abnormal wall proliferation in the mother cells of these mutants. The pattern of cell wall hypertrophy indicates a failure to restrict cell wall growth to the bud. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for mild blue–yellow colour vision deficits immediately following fluorescein angiography⋆
Authors: Sankeralli Marcel J. , Chen John C. , Metha Andrew B. , Mullen Kathy T.
Published: October 2002

Aims: We have investigated the short term effects of fluorescein angiography on the blue–yellow, red–green, and luminance contrast senstivity of patients with early age‐related macular degeneration (ARMD).

Methods: Nine ARMD patients with no exudative complications and a visual acuity of 20/60 or better in the tested eye were selected. Cardinal colour directions for the isolation of the red–green, blue–yellow and achromatic (luminance) visual mechanisms were determined for each patient. Contrast sensitivity was measured in each cardinal colour direction immediately before and 20 min after standard 20‐flash fluorescein angiography.

Results: A significant, albeit mild, reduction for blue–yellow contrast sensitivity following angiography was observed (ANOVA, α=0.05). Fluorescein angiographic exposure had no significant effect on red–green or luminance contrast sensitivity.

Conclusion: Our results show that fluorescein angiography causes at least a short term deficit selective to blue–yellow contrast sensitivity in our patient group.
Relationship between Semi-Quantitative Thyroid Palpation and Total Thyroxine Concentration in Cats with and without Hyperthyroidism
Authors: Norsworthy GD , Adams VJ , McElhaney MR , Milios JA
Published: October 2002

In 155 cats, both with and without clinical signs of hyperthyroidism, total thyroxine (TT4) concentrations were compared to a sensitive, semi-quantitative thyroid palpation technique. On the basis of TT4 concentrations, 23 of the 155 cats were classified as hyperthyroid. The size of individual thyroid glands was scored between ‘0’ (non-palpable) and a maximum of ‘6’. One or more enlarged thyroid glands (score >0) were palpated in 22 of the 23 hyperthyroid cats and in 78 of the 132 euthyroid cats. However, none of the 132 euthyroid cats had a thyroid lobe score of greater than ‘3’ whereas 18 of the 23 hyperthyroid cats had a thyroid lobe score of ‘4’ or greater, and in two of the five that had scores below ‘4’ there was evidence of intrathoracic functional thyroid tissue on scintigraphy.
Minimum dataset for documentation of homoeopathic practice
Authors: Steinsbekk Aslak , Brands Martien
Published: October 2002

In order to compare data from different documentation projects of homoeopathic practice, there is a need for standardisation. A group which met at a European Committee of Homoeopathy (ECH) research meeting in London, made a proposal as a basis for discussion. The proposal is on the minimum data set which every study should include and which methods of effect measurement are most appropriate.
Pharmacology of ephedra alkaloids and caffeine after single‐dose dietary supplement use
Authors: Haller Christine A. , Jacob Peyton , Benowitz Neal L.
Published: October 2002

Objective

Serious cardiovascular toxicity has been reported in people taking dietary supplements that contain ma huang (Ephedra) and guarana (caffeine). We assessed the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a dietary supplement that contains these herbal stimulants.

Methods

Eight healthy adults received a single oral dose of a thermogenic dietary supplement labeled to contain 20 mg ephedrine alkaloids and 200 mg caffeine after an overnight fast. Serial plasma and urine samples were analyzed by use of liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry for ephedrine alkaloid and caffeine concentrations, and heart rate and blood pressure were monitored for 14 hours.

Results

Plasma clearance and elimination half‐lives for ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and caffeine were comparable to published values reported for drug formulations. A prolonged half‐life of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine was observed in 1 subject with the highest urine pH. Mean systolic blood pressure increased significantly to a maximum of 14 mm Hg above baseline at 90 minutes after ingestion (P < .001). There was a lag in the mean heart rate response that reached a maximum change of 15 beats/min above baseline at 6 hours after ingestion (P < .001). Diastolic blood pressure changes were insignificant. Two subjects who were taking oral contraceptives had longer caffeine half‐lives (15.5 ± 0.3 hours versus 5.6 ± 1.7 hours) and lower values for oral clearance (0.34 ± 0.01 mL/min · kg versus 0.99 ± 0.41 mL/min · kg) than subjects who were not taking oral contraceptives.

Conclusions

Botanical stimulants have disposition characteristics similar to their pharmaceutical counterparts, and they can produce significant cardiovascular responses after a single dose.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 421–432; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.124523
In vivo selectivity of a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor in the oral surgery model
Authors: Khan Asma A. , Brahim Jaime S. , Rowan Janet S. , Dionne Raymond A.
Published: October 2002

Objective

Prostanoids formed by cyclooxygenase play an important role in pain and the induction of inflammation. It is generally believed that COX‐1 is constitutively expressed, whereas COX‐2 is primarily inducible during inflammation. This study examined the in vivo selectivity of celecoxib, a COX‐2 inhibitor, and evaluated whether estimates of selectivity that are based on in vitro and ex vivo analyses are reliable indicators ofin vivo selectivity.

Methods

Subjects (103 outpatients undergoing surgical removal of two impacted mandibular third molars) received either 200 mg celecoxib, 600 mg ibuprofen, or placebo 8hours before surgery and a second dose 1 hour before surgery. After surgery, microdialysis probes were placed in the surgical sites for collection of inflammatory transudate. Samples were collected every 20 minutes and pain intensity was estimated concurrently with avisual analog scale and a categorical rating scale for up to 4 hours after surgery.

Results

A significant analgesic effect (P < .01, compared with placebo) was shown for both drugs, with the efficacy of celecoxib being intermediate betweenibuprofen and placebo. A similar relationship was observed for the suppression of prostaglandin E2 (a product of both isoforms) at time points consistent with COX‐2 expression (P < .001). Ibuprofen consistently suppressed thromboxane B2 (a product of COX‐1) levels at all time points (P < .05), whereas the effect of celecoxib did not differ from that of placebo.

Conclusions

The suppression of products of COX‐2 coincident with pain suppression and the absence of COX‐1 inhibition suggest that celecoxib is a relatively selective COX‐2 inhibitor in vivo.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 72, 44–49; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.125560
A population phenotyping study of three drug‐metabolizing enzymes in Kyushu, Japan, with use of the caffeine test
Authors: Saruwatari Junji , Nakagawa Kazuko , Shindo Junichi , Tajiri Takahiro , Fujieda Masaki , Yamazaki Hiroshi , Kamataki Tetsuya , Ishizaki Takashi
Published: October 2002

Objective

We assessed in vivo activities of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), N‐acetyltransferase 2, and xanthine oxidase in Japanese residents of Kyushu, the southern island of Japan.

Methods

One hundred eighty‐two healthy volunteers (108 men and 74 women) received a 150‐mg oral dose of caffeine before they went to sleep. The concentrations of caffeine, caffeine metabolites, and uric acid in their overnight urine samples were analyzed. The CYP2A6 genotypes were determined in 66 of the 182 volunteers to assess whether they affected a metabolic ratio for CYP1A2 activity index.

Results

The metabolic ratio for CYP1A2 was not polymorphic, but its mean ratio was greater in smokers than in nonsmokers (P < .05). Twenty subjects (11.0%) were found to be slow acetylators. Twenty subjects were determined to be putative poor metabolizers of xanthine oxidase, and the mean urinary uric acid concentration of those subjects was 53% lower than that of the other subjects (P < .0001). The mean ratio for CYP1A2 obtained from 3 subjects with the CYP2A6*4C/CYP2A6*4C genotype was greater than the mean ratio from subjects with other genotypes (P < .01) or that from subjects with a wild‐type CYP2A6*1A allele (P < .05).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that putative poor metabolizers of xanthine oxidase activities exist in a Japanese population and that a decreased 1,7‐dimethyluric acid formation from caffeine in poor metabolizers of CYP2A6 appears to affect the metabolic ratio used for the assessment of CYP1A2 activity.

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 72, 200–208; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.126173
Establishing an Empirically Based Psychiatric Nursing Practice in a Rapidly Changing Health Care Environment
Authors: Tucker Sharon , Brust Susan
Published: October 2002

Psychiatric services have shifted dramatically in the past decade, largely in response to economic sur vival. Services once delivered solely on an inpatient basis are now delivered through partial hospital ization and day treatment programs, intensive outpatient programs, and community-based centers. Few of these program changes, however, are developed on the basis of research or outcomes data, despite the embraced expectation for such data. This article argues the critical need for evidence-based prac tice and outlines steps for establishing a successful program of study. The authors share their experi ences and lessons learned in initiating a psychiatric outcomes program. Collaboration and use of advanced practice nurses are highlighted. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [2000]. 6, 112-118.)
Exploring the Relationship Between Brief Inpatient Treatment Intensity and Treatment Outcomes for Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Tucker Sharon , Luedtke Connie , Moore Wendy
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND: Few studies have identified effective nursing interventions for today’s psychiatric settings.

OBJECTIVES: This article reports findings from a study that explored the relationship between brief inpatient treatment intensity (average daily frequencies of treatment activities) and treatment outcomes (symptomatology, functioning, and readmission rates up to 3 months postdischarge) among 67 inpatients treated for mood and anxiety disorders.

DESIGN: By using an evaluation design, multiple outcome measures were completed by patients, family members, and clinicians at admission and discharge. Nurses recorded all patient activities on a tool developed by the authors.

RESULTS: Spearman rank correlations and nonparametric regression models indicated that greater community/leisure treatment activities were associated with greater improvements in patient symptoms and functioning. In addition, lower admission functioning was associated with poorer functioning improvements (p < .05).

CONCLUSIONS: Patients may have better outcomes when they actively engage in the inpatient treatment milieu. Further study with rigorous methods is needed to identify effective psychiatric nursing interventions.
Implementation of Prescriptive Practice: Resolution of Institutional Issues and Evolution of Community Standards
Authors: Dresser Jane G. , Herzberg Carol L. , Yoder Susan Dirksen , Schuler Suzanne
Published: October 2002

Wisconsin’s prescriptive authority for advanced practice nurses went into effect April 1, 1995. Initiating prescriptive practice into the largest mental health division in the state presented some unique obstacles, including diverse preparation in psychopharmacology among advanced practice nurses, the political climate of the institution, and risk management concerns. This article discusses how addressing these issues led to the establishment of a community standard for advanced practice psychiatric nurse prescribers.
Adolescent Children of Alcoholics: Vulnerable or Resilient?
Authors: Mylant MaryLou , Ide Bette , Cuevas Elizabeth , Meehan Maurita
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND: Children of alcoholics (COAs) have been described as both vulnerable and resilient. Although identified as at-risk for mental and physical health problems, chemical dependency, and child abuse and neglect, many go on to lead successful lives.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between COA status and various adolescent risk behaviors, such as drug and alcohol abuse and sexual precocity, was assessed by addressing the following research question: Could parental alcoholism be a risk factor for teens engaging in problem behaviors?

STUDY DESIGN: A secondary analysis of a Wyoming high-risk youth data set was conducted (N = 1632). Werner’s (1992) core resiliency factors provided the conceptual frame for the study.

RESULTS: Adolescent COAs scored significantly (p < .000) lower on all psychosocial factors of family/personal strengths and school bonding and significantly higher on all factors of at-risk temperament, feelings, thoughts, and behaviors than non-COAs.

CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent COAs are at risk for depression, suicide, eating disorders, chemical dependency, and teen pregnancy. It has been proposed that mental health professionals teach core resiliency factors to promote healthy behaviors for this vulnerable population.
Social Phobia
Authors: Valente Sharon M.
Published: October 2002

Social phobia is a debilitating psychiatric condition that is treatable but often remains undetected and untreated. Without treatment, clients are at risk for complications, such as reduced quality of life, social interactions, daily functioning, and treatment adherence. Social phobia leads to more sick days, poor job performance, costly medical and emergency care visits, mental health visits, and greater reliance on disability or welfare. In the worst cases, the patient may decide that life is not worth living and consider suicide. Screening and careful assessment are the keys to detection and evaluation of social phobia. This article presents a case study to illustrate evaluation and treatment of social phobia.
Characterization of a novel metabolic strategy used by drug‐resistant tumor cells
Authors: Harper Mary‐Ellen , Antoniou Andreas , Villalobos‐Menuey Elizabeth , Russo Alicia , Trauger Richard , Vendemelio Minda , George Amanda , Bartholomew Richard , Carlo Dennis , Shaikh Azhar , Kupperman Jami , Newell Evan W. , Bespalov Ivan A. , Wallace Susan S. , Liu Ye , Rogers Jeffrey R. , Gibbs Gregory L. , Leahy Jack L. , Camley Robert E. , Melamede Robert , Newell M. Karen
Published: October 2002

Acquired or inherent drug resistance is the major problem in achieving successful cancer treatment. However, the mechanism(s) of pleiotropic drug resistance remains obscure. We have identified and characterized a cellular metabolic strategy that differentiates drug‐resistant cells from drug‐sensitive cells. This strategy may serve to protect drug‐resistant cells from damage caused by chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. We show that drug‐resistant cells have low mitochondrial membrane potential, use nonglucose carbon sources (fatty acids) for mitochondrial oxygen consumption when glucose becomes limited, and are protected from exogenous stress such as radiation. In addition, drug‐resistant cells express high levels of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2). The discovery of this metabolic strategy potentially facilitates the design of novel therapeutic approaches to drug resistance.—Harper, M.‐E., Antoniou, A., Villalobos‐Menuey, E., Russo, A., Trauger, R., Vendemelio, George, A. M., Bartholomew, R., Carlo, D., Shaikh, A., Kupperman, J., Newell, E. W., Bespalov, I. A., Wallace, S. S., Liu, Y., Rogers, J. R., Gibbs, G. L., Leahy, J. L., Camley, R. E., Melamede, R., Newell, M. K. Characterization of a novel metabolic strategy used by drug‐resistant tumor cells. FASEB J. 16, 1550–1557 (2002)
Plasma membrane cholesterol controls the cytotoxicity of Alzheimer's disease AβP (1–40) and (1–42) peptides
Authors: Arispe Nelson , Doh Michael
Published: October 2002

Cell degeneration in Alzheimer's disease is mediated by a toxic mechanism that involves interaction of the AβP peptide with the plasma membrane of the target cell. We report here that PC12 cells become resistant to the cytotoxic action of AβP when incubated in a medium that enriches cholesterol levels of the surface membrane. On the other hand, making cholesterol‐deficient membranes by either cholesterol extraction with cyclodextrin or by inhibiting de novo synthesis of cholesterol makes PC12 cells more vulnerable to the action of AβP. Increasing cholesterol content of PS liposomes also suppresses AβP‐dependent liposome aggregation. We suggest that by modifying the fluidity of the neuronal membranes, cholesterol modulates the incorporation and pore formation of AβP into cell membranes. This idea is supported by our finding that the enhanced cytotoxicity generated by lowering the membrane cholesterol content can be reversed by AβP calcium channel blockers Zn2+ and tromethamine.—Arispe, N., Doh, M. Plasma membrane cholesterol controls the cytotoxicity of Alzheimer's disease AβP (1–40) and (1–42) peptides. FASEB J. 16, 1526–1536 (2002)
An examination of the retail approach‐avoidance behavior of older apparel consumers
Authors: Moye Letecia N. , Giddings Valerie L.
Published: October 2002

The purpose of this research was to examine the four aspects of approach‐avoidance behavior (physical, exploratory, communication, performance and satisfaction) of older apparel consumers (those aged 65 and over). This research also examined the differences in age and shopping orientations relative to the importance of retail store attributes. Participants were 208 older consumers residing in the Southeastern part of the USA. Survey results revealed that older consumers preferred to shop department stores and mass merchandisers for clothing. These consumers reported they would spend more time and money in retail stores that offered credit, discounts for those 65 and over, and liberal return policies. Furthermore, they reported they would not return to and would avoid looking around in retail stores without chairs or benches, with difficult to find items, inferior products, and poor business practices. No differences were found in the age of older consumers relative to the importance of store attributes and shopping orientations. However, differences were found in the shopping orientation groups relative to the importance placed on store attributes.
Research note: in praise of Google: finding law journal Web sites
Authors: Thelwall Mike
Published: October 2002

Google is a highly regarded and widely used search engine, particularly in academia. In this short note we comment on its remarkable ability to find journal Web sites, using a case study of law.
Yersinia enterocolitica
Type III Secretion:
yscM1
and
yscM2
Regulate
yop
Gene Expression by a Posttranscriptional Mechanism That Targets the 5′ Untranslated Region of
yop
mRNA
Authors: Cambronne Eric D. , Schneewind Olaf
Published: October 2002

Pathogenic
Yersinia
spp. secrete Yops (
Yersinia
outer proteins) via the type III pathway. The expression of
yop
genes is regulated in response to environmental cues, which results in a cascade of type III secretion reactions.
yscM1
and
yscM2
negatively regulate the expression of
Yersinia enterocolitica yop
genes. It is demonstrated that
yopD
and
lcrH
are required for
yscM1
and
yscM2
function and that all four genes act synergistically at the same regulatory step. Further, SycH binding to the protein products of
yscM1
and
yscM2
can activate
yop
gene expression even without promoting type III transport of YscM1 and YscM2. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis of
yopQ
mRNA as well as
yopQ
and
yopE
gene fusion experiments with the
npt
(neomycin phosphotransferase) reporter suggest that
yscM1
and
yscM2
regulate expression at a posttranscriptional step. The 178-nucleotide 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of
yopQ
mRNA was sufficient to confer
yscM1
and
yscM2
-mediated regulation on the fused reporter, as was the 28-nucleotide UTR of
yopE
. The sequence 5′-AUAAA-3′ is located in the 5′
yop
UTRs, and mutations that alter the sequence motif either reduced or abolished
yscM1-
and
yscM2
-mediated regulation. A model is proposed whereby YopD, LcrH, YscM1, YscM2, and SycH regulate
yop
expression in response to specific environmental cues and by a mechanism that may involve binding of some of these factors to a specific target sequence within the UTR of
yop
mRNAs.
Environmental Response and Autoregulation of
Clostridium difficile
TxeR, a Sigma Factor for Toxin Gene Expression
Authors: Mani Nagraj , Lyras Dena , Barroso Lisa , Howarth Pauline , Wilkins Tracy , Rood Julian I. , Sonenshein Abraham L. , Dupuy Bruno
Published: October 2002

TxeR, a sigma factor that directs
Clostridium difficile
RNA polymerase to recognize the promoters of two major toxin genes, was shown to stimulate its own synthesis. Whether expressed in
C. difficile
,
Clostridium perfringens
, or
Escherichia coli
, TxeR stimulated transcription of fusions of the
txeR
promoter region to reporter genes. As is the case for the
tox
genes,
txeR
expression was responsive to the cellular growth phase and the constituents of the medium. That is, the level of expression in broth culture was low during the exponential growth phase, but rapidly increased as cells approached the stationary phase. In the presence of excess glucose, expression from the
txeR
promoter was repressed. The results support a model for toxin gene expression in which synthesis of TxeR is induced by specific environmental signals. The increased level of TxeR then permits high-level expression of the toxin genes. The study of
txeR
gene regulation in
C. difficile
was made possible by introduction of a mobilizable, replicative plasmid via conjugation with
E. coli
.
Iron-rich particles and globoids in embryos of seeds from phyla Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, and Ginkgophyta: characteristics of early seed plants
Authors: Lott John N. A , Liu Jessica C , Pennell Kelly A , Lesage Aude , West M Marcia
Published: October 2002

For the first time, iron-rich particles were discovered in embryo-axis tissue from dry seeds of genera in four phyla of seed-producing plants. Iron-rich particles were present in dry seeds of phyla Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo), Cycadophyta (Dioon), Gnetophyta (Ephedra), and within the Coniferophyta, representatives of the families Araucariaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, Cupressaceae, Podocarpaceae, Sciadopityaceae, and Taxaceae. These iron-rich particles were determined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis to be rich in phosphorus and iron, but generally contained considerable potassium, some magnesium, and perhaps calcium, chlorine, manganese, and (or) zinc. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that these particles were often less than 0.33 μm in diameter and were naturally electron dense. These particles differed from the globoids that were present in the same cells. Globoids were rich in phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium, but lacked high levels of iron. Globoids sometimes contained calcium and perhaps traces of iron, manganese, and zinc. Frequently, globoids were more electron-dense and more regularly spherical in shape. Iron-rich particles and globoids are apparently common features in embryos of the early seed plants.Key words: iron-rich particles in seeds, Ginkgophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Coniferophyta, globoids in seeds.
A SURVEY OF CASE STUDIES OF THE USE OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
Authors: DINGSØYR TORGEIR , CONRADI REIDAR
Published: October 2002

This article examines the literature on case studies of knowledge management systems in use in organisations that develop software. We investigate knowledge management approaches in eight case studies, and what the reported benefits are. Surprisingly, very few organisations claim to have lowered software production costs or increased the quality of the software. But many claim to have improved the work situation for software developers and managers.
ON MODULES WHICH ARE SUBISOMORPHIC TO THEIR PURE-INJECTIVE ENVELOPES
Authors: ZAYED MAHER , ABDEL-AZIZ AHMED A.
Published: October 2002

In the present paper, modules which are subisomorphic (in the sense of Goldie) to their pure-injective envelopes are studied. These modules will be called almost pure-injective modules. It is shown that every module is isomorphic to a direct summand of an almost pure-injective module. We prove that these modules are ker-injective (in the sense of Birkenmeier) over pure-embeddings. For a coherent ring R, the class of almost pure-injective modules coincides with the class of ker-injective modules if and only if R is regular. Generally, the class of almost pure-injective modules is neither closed under direct sums nor under elementary equivalence. On the other hand, it is closed under direct products and if the ring has pure global dimension less than or equal to one, it is closed under reduced products. Finally, pure-semisimple rings are characterized, in terms of almost pure-injective modules.
Rectal deformation management with IGRT in prostate radiotherapy: Can it be managed with rigid alignment alone?
Authors: Polizzi Mitchell , Weiss Elisabeth , Jan Nuzhat , Ricco Anthony , Kim Siyong , Urdaneta Alfredo , Rosu‐Bubulac Mihaela
Published: January 2024

Purpose

It is challenging to achieve appropriate target coverage of the prostate with Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT) while simultaneously constraining rectal doses within planned values when there is significant variability in rectal filling and shape. We investigated if rectum planning goals can be fulfilled using rigid CBCT‐based on‐board alignment to account for interfraction rectal deformations.

Methods

Delivered rectal doses corresponding to prostate alignment (“PR”) and anterior rectum alignment (“AR”) for 239 daily treatments from 13 patients are reported. Rectal doses were estimated by rigidly mapping the planned dose on the daily CT derived from the daily CBCT according to respective alignment shifts. Rectum V95% (rV95%) was used for analyses.

Results

Compared to “PR”, “AR” alignment increased rV95% for an average of 34.4% across all patients. rV95% (cc) averaged over all fractions was significant from planning values for 10/13 patients for “PR” and for 9/13 for “AR”. 3/13 patients had reproducible anatomy. Of patients with non‐reproducible anatomy, three had dosimetrically more favorable, while seven had less favorable anatomies. Most shift differences (82.3%) between the “PR” and “AR” alignments larger than 2 mm resulted in rV95% changes larger than 2 cc. Most shift differences (82.2%) of 2 mm or less between the “PR” and “AR” alignments resulted in rV95% changes less than 2 cc. The average percentage of fractions among patients in which anterior or posterior shifts for “AR” and “PR” alignment was larger than the PTV margins was 9.1% (0.0%–37.5%) and 1.3% (0%–10%).

Conclusion

Rectal deformation and subsequent inconsistent interfraction separation between prostate and rectal wall translate into anatomical changes that cannot always be mitigated with rigid alignment. If systematic differences exist due to a non‐reproducible planning anatomy, attempts to restore the planned rectal doses through anterior rectum alignment produce rather small improvements and may result in unacceptable target underdosage.
Single‐Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Alleviating Effect of Anemoside B4 on Murine Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Zhang Chunting , Zhang Qian , Luo Piao , Liu Jing , Zhao Wentong , Liu Xueying , Li Junmao , Pang Huanhuan , Li Xiaoran , Yang Shilin , Gao Hongwei , Feng Yulin , Wang Jigang
Published: January 2024

In diabetic kidney disease (DKD), inflammation exacerbated by oxidative stress (ROS) is pivotal. This study investigates the impact of Anemoside B4 (B4), an anti‐inflammatory drug, on kidney cell populations in DKD mice using single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) and mass spectrometry‐based proteomics, focusing on its hypoglycemic, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐fibrotic properties. Compared to the DKD group, B4 treatment reduces blood lipid metabolism levels, renal inflammation, and fibrosis in mice. Through scRNA‐seq, 14 distinct renal cell clusters are identified, primarily proximal tubular (PT) cells. In DKD mice, PT subtype cells exhibited elevated SPP1 expression, promoting macrophage M1 polarization, inflammatory cell infiltration, and renal fibrosis—all reversed by B4. Macrophage analysis revealed enrichment of the marker gene interlukin‐1β (IL‐1β) in renal macrophage polarization during diabetic nephropathy. B4 effectively mitigated macrophage polarization, alleviating inflammation and fibrosis, confirmed by Western blot. Fibroblast analysis demonstrated reduced fibrosis with B4 treatment, consistent with hematoxylin and eosin staining and Immunofluorescence findings. Notably, oxidative stress contributed to these changes. In conclusion, B4 alleviated kidney inflammation and fibrosis in DKD mice by mitigating macrophage polarization and addressing oxidative stress, providing valuable insights into its multifaceted therapeutic potential.