bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel small-angle neutron scattering detector geometry
Authors: Kanaki Kalliopi , Jackson Andrew , Hall-Wilton Richard , Piscitelli Francesco , Kirstein Oliver , Andersen Ken H.
Published: July 2013

A novel 2π detector geometry for small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) applications is presented and its theoretical performance evaluated. Such a novel geometry is ideally suited for a SANS instrument at the European Spallation Source (ESS). Motivated by the low availability and high price of3He, the new concept utilizes gaseous detectors with10B as the neutron converter. The shape of the detector is inspired by an optimization process based on the properties of the conversion material. Advantages over the detector geometry traditionally used on SANS instruments are discussed. The angular and time resolutions of the proposed detector concept are shown to satisfy the requirements of the particular SANS instrument.
Computer studies on reflection high-energy electron diffraction from the growing surface of Ge(001)
Authors: Mitura Zbigniew
Published: July 2013

The results of calculations of reflection high-energy electron diffraction intensities, measured at different stages of the homoepitaxial growth of Ge(001), are described. A two-dimensional Bloch wave approach was used in calculations of the Schrödinger equation with a one-dimensional potential. The proportional model was used for partially filled layers,i.e.the scattering potential was taken to be proportional to the coverage and the potential of the fully filled layer. Using such an approach, it was shown that it is possible to obtain valuable information for the analysis of experimental data. The results of these calculations were compared with data for off-symmetry azimuths from the literature, and satisfactory agreement between the theoretical and experimental data was found. Also assessed was whether developing more advanced models (i.e.going beyond the proportional model), to make a more detailed account of the diffuse scattering, might be important in achieving a fully quantitative explanation of the experimental data.
EXPO2013: a kit of tools for phasing crystal structures from powder data
Authors: Altomare Angela , Cuocci Corrado , Giacovazzo Carmelo , Moliterni Anna , Rizzi Rosanna , Corriero Nicola , Falcicchio Aurelia
Published: July 2013

EXPO2013, the heir ofEXPO2009, has been enriched by a variety of new algorithms and graphical tools aiming at strengthening the individual steps of the powder structure solution pathway. Particular attention has been addressed to the procedures devoted to improving structural models provided by direct methods inab initioapproaches. In addition, a new procedure has been implemented, working in direct space, which may be chosen by the user as an alternative to the traditional simulated annealing algorithm.
CRAFS: a model to analyze two-dimensional X-ray diffraction patterns of plant cellulose
Authors: Oliveira Rafael P. , Driemeier Carlos
Published: July 2013

Cellulose from higher plants is a vast renewable resource organized as crystals. Analysis of these crystals by X-ray diffraction poses very specific challenges, including ubiquitous crystallite texture and substantial overlapping of diffraction peaks. In this article, a tailor-made model named Cellulose Rietveld Analysis for Fine Structure (CRAFS) is developed to analyze two-dimensional X-ray diffraction patterns from raw and processed plant cellulose. One-dimensional powder diffractograms are analyzable as a particular case. The CRAFS model considers cellulose Iβ crystal structure, fibrillar crystal shape, paracrystalline peak broadening, pseudo-Voigt peak profiles, harmonic crystallite orientation distribution function and diffraction in fiber geometry. Formulated on the basis of the Rietveld method, CRAFS is presently written in the MATLAB computing language. A set of meaningful coefficients are output from each analyzed pattern. To exemplify model applicability, representative samples are analyzed, bringing some general insights and evidencing the model's potential for systematic parameterization of the fine structure of raw and processed plant celluloses.
UsingFOCUSto solve zeolite structures from three-dimensional electron diffraction data
Authors: Smeets Stef , McCusker Lynne B. , Baerlocher Christian , Mugnaioli Enrico , Kolb Ute
Published: July 2013

The programFOCUS[Grosse-Kunstleve, McCusker & Baerlocher (1997).J. Appl. Cryst.30, 985–995] was originally developed to solve zeolite structures from X-ray powder diffraction data. It uses zeolite-specific chemical information (three-dimensional 4-connected framework structure with known bond distances and angles) to supplement the diffraction data. In this way, it is possible to compensate, at least in part, for the ambiguity of the reflection intensities resulting from reflection overlap, and the program has proven to be quite successful. Recently, advances in electron microscopy have led to the development of automated diffraction tomography (ADT) and rotation electron diffraction (RED) techniques for collecting three-dimensional electron diffraction data on very small crystallites. Reasoning that such data are also less than ideal (dynamical scattering, low completeness, beam damage) and that this can lead to failure of structure solution by conventional direct methods for very complex zeolite frameworks,FOCUSwas modified to accommodate electron diffraction data. The modified program was applied successfully to five different data sets (four ADT and one RED) collected on zeolites of different complexities. One of these could not be solved completely by direct methods but emerged easily in theFOCUStrials.
Microstructure and interdiffusion behaviour of β-FeSi2flat islands grown on Si(111) surfaces
Authors: Cho Sung-Pyo , Nakamura Yoshiaki , Yamasaki Jun , Okunishi Eiji , Ichikawa Masakazu , Tanaka Nobuo
Published: July 2013

β-FeSi2flat islands have been fabricated on ultra-thin oxidized Si(111) surfaces by Fe deposition on Si nanodots. The microstructure and interdiffusion behaviour of the β-FeSi2/Si(111) system at the atomic level were studied by using spherical aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The formed β-FeSi2flat islands had a disc shape with an average size of 30–150 nm width and 10–20 nm height, and were epitaxically grown on high-quality single-phase Si with a crystallographic relationship (110)β-FeSi2/(111)Si and [001]β-FeSi2/[1\bar 10]Si. Moreover, the heterojunction between the β-FeSi2(110) flat islands and the Si(111) substrate was an atomically and chemically abrupt interface without any irregularities. It is believed that these results are caused by the use of ultra-thin SiO2films in our fabrication method, which is likely to be beneficial particularly for fabricating practical nanoscaled devices.
Approximation of the structure factor for nonspherical hard bodies using polydisperse spheres
Authors: Hansen Steen
Published: July 2013

A new method for approximation of the structure factor for nonspherical hard bodies is suggested. It is shown that for moderate deviation from spherical symmetry the structure factor may be approximated by the structure factor for a size distribution of spheres. The distribution of spheres should be selected to give agreement between the excluded volume distance distribution functions for the two cases. As the excluded volume distance distribution may be calculated by Monte Carlo simulation for any particle and as a semi-analytical expression exists for the excluded volume distance distribution of a size distribution of spheres, it should be possible to apply the method to any shape of molecule. For ellipsoids of axial ratios between 0.5 and 2.0 a simple approximate expression is given for the parameters of the matching size distribution.
Child speech, language and communication need re‐examined in a public health context: a new direction for the speech and language therapy profession
Authors: Law James , Reilly Sheena , Snow Pamela C.
Published: July 2013

Background

Historically speech and language therapy services for children have been framed within a rehabilitative framework with explicit assumptions made about providing therapy to individuals. While this is clearly important in many cases, we argue that this model needs revisiting for a number of reasons. First, our understanding of the nature of disability, and therefore communication disabilities, has changed over the past century. Second, there is an increasing understanding of the impact that the social gradient has on early communication difficulties. Finally, understanding how these factors interact with one other and have an impact across the life course remains poorly understood.

Aims

To describe the public health paradigm and explore its implications for speech and language therapy with children.

Methods & Procedures

We test the application of public health methodologies to speech and language therapy services by looking at four dimensions of service delivery: (1) the uptake of services and whether those children who need services receive them; (2) the development of universal prevention services in relation to social disadvantage; (3) the risk of over‐interpreting co‐morbidity from clinical samples; and (4) the overlap between communicative competence and mental health.

Outcomes & Conclusions

It is concluded that there is a strong case for speech and language therapy services to be reconceptualized to respond to the needs of the whole population and according to socially determined needs, focusing on primary prevention. This is not to disregard individual need, but to highlight the needs of the population as a whole. Although the socio‐political context is different between countries, we maintain that this is relevant wherever speech and language therapists have a responsibility for covering whole populations. Finally, we recommend that speech and language therapy services be conceptualized within the framework laid down in The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion.
The Gender Pay Gap in the Australian Private Sector: Is Selection Relevant Across the Earnings Distribution?
Authors: Chzhen Yekaterina , Mumford Karen , Nicodemo Catia
Published: July 2013

We use quantile regression and counterfactual decomposition methods to explore gender gaps across the earning distribution for a sample of full‐time employees in the Australian private sector. Significant evidence of a self‐selection effect for the women into full‐time employment (or of components of self‐selection related to observable or unobservable characteristics) is, interestingly, not found to be relevant in the Australian context. Substantial gender earnings gaps (and glass ceilings) are established, however, with these earnings gaps found to be predominantly related to the women receiving lower returns to their observable characteristics than the men.
The roles of extracellularDNAin the structural integrity of extracellular polymeric substance and bacterial biofilm development
Authors: Das Theerthankar , Sehar Shama , Manefield Mike
Published: July 2013

Bacteria adhere to natural and engineered surfaces and develop into mature biofilms encased in self‐produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs).EPSconsists of polysaccharides, proteins, metabolites and extracellularDNA(eDNA). ExtracellularDNArelease by bacteria is mediated by both quorum‐sensing (QS)‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms. Quorum‐sensing‐independent mechanisms are responsible for basal levels ofeDNArelease, whereasQS‐dependent mechanisms control the production of prophages, phenazines and proteins involved in cell lysis and subsequent release of elevated amounts ofeDNA. ExtracellularDNAbinds with other biopolymers such as polysaccharides, proteins or metabolites like phenazines, thereby providing structural integrity toEPS. ExtracellularDNApromotes attractive acid–base interactions between bacterial cells and between bacteria and surfaces. It therefore plays an essential structural role in stabilising biofilms and protecting bacterial cells from physical and chemical challenges. Accordingly, with current knowledge, it becomes clear that targeting and destroyingeDNAin bacterialEPSis a promising strategy for treatment of bacterial‐associated infections in a medical context and biofilm control on surfaces to prevent biocorrison in an engineering context. In contrast, the addition ofDNAcan be applied to engineering of biofilms for beneficial purposes such as remediation of environmental pollutants and electricity or fuel production in bioelectrochemical systems or bioreactors.
Cost‐effectiveness of CBT, SSRI, and CBT+SSRI in the treatment for panic disorder
Authors: van Apeldoorn F. J. , Stant A. D. , van Hout W. J. P. J. , Mersch P. P. A. , den Boer J. A.
Published: July 2013

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the cost‐effectiveness of three empirically supported treatments for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), pharmacotherapy using a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), or the combination of both (CBT+SSRI).

Method

Cost‐effectiveness was examined based on the data from a multicenter randomized controlled trial. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale was selected as a primary health outcome measure. Data on costs from a societal perspective (i.e., direct medical, direct non‐medical, and indirect non‐medical costs) were collected in the study sample (N = 150) throughout a 24‐month period in which patients received active treatment during the first twelve months and were seen twice for follow‐up in the next twelve months.

Results

Total costs were largely influenced by costs of the interventions and productivity losses. The mean total societal costs were lower for CBT as compared to SSRI and CBT+SSRI. Costs of medication use were substantial for both SSRI and CBT+SSRI. When examining the balance between costs and health outcomes, both CBT and CBT+SSRI led to more positive outcomes than SSRI.

Conclusion

Cognitive behavioral therapy is associated with the lowest societal costs. Cognitive behavioral therapy and CBT+SSRI are more cost‐effective treatments for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia as compared to SSRI only.
Establishing a Method for In Vitro Investigation of Mechanical Parameters Causing Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome in Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Egger Christina , Maas Judith , Hufen Tristan , Schmitz‐Rode Thomas , Steinseifer Ulrich
Published: July 2013

Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome (AvWS) is known as a frequent bleeding complication in patients on ventricular assist device (VAD) support. Clinicians demand that the requirements for VADs with regard to hemocompatibility should also include low susceptibility for AvWS. Clinical AvWS diagnosis is known to be a complex, high‐price, and time‐consuming analysis. This article investigates an easy‐to‐handle, time‐efficient, and inexpensive method for comparative AvWS investigations in vitro. Von Willebrand Factor activity level (vWF : Ac) and von Willebrand Factor antigen level (vWF : Ag) were chosen from the complete set of clinically established parameters. Blood plasma (human and porcine) was exposed to an inhomogeneous shear field in a shear‐inducing test set up for up to 4 h. Plasma samples were drawn after different load periods and analyzed for vWF : Ac and vWF : Ag. vWF multimer analysis of selected samples were used as reference for determination of high molecular weight multimer (HMWM) loss. AvWS was detected after 20 min of shear load via vWF : Ac/vWF : Ag ratio and multimer analysis. A good correlation between the vWF : Ac/vWF : Ag ratio and HMWM loss (multimer analysis) was found for human plasma. AvWS characteristics of human and porcine plasma for analyzed samples were comparable. A correlation between vWF : Ac/vWF : Ag ratio and HMWM in porcine plasma could not be found. Results gained in this study indicate that vWF : Ac/vWF : Ag ratio is sensitive enough for comparative AvWS investigations in vitro with human blood. The applicability of the method suggested in this article for AvWS characterization in porcine blood needs to be investigated in further studies. The selection of analysis kits promises a less cost‐ and labor‐intensive, time‐consuming, and complex method for comparative AvWS investigations in vitro compared with AvWS diagnosis in patients.
Variable Pay, Industrial Relations and Foreign Ownership: Evidence from Germany
Authors: Heywood John S. , Jirjahn Uwe
Published: July 2013

We use a representative sample of German establishments to show that those with foreign ownership are more likely to use performance appraisal, profit‐sharing and employee share ownership than those with domestic ownership. Moreover, we show that works councils are associated with an increased probability of using each of the three practices when under domestic ownership but not when under foreign ownership. These results inform the ongoing debate over institutional duality, the extent to which foreign firms adopt uniform practices independent of local institutions, and the extent to which they adapt and participate in those local institutions.
Disturbance History of a Seasonal Tropical Forest in Western Thailand: A Spatial Dendroecological Analysis
Authors: Middendorp Romaike S. , Vlam Mart , Rebel Karin T. , Baker Patrick J. , Bunyavejchewin Sarayudh , Zuidema Pieter A.
Published: July 2013

Disturbances play an important role in forest dynamics across the globe. Researchers have mainly focused on the temporal context of disturbances, but have largely ignored the spatial patterns of tree recruitment they create. Geostatistical tools enable the analysis of spatial patterns and variability in tropical forest disturbance histories. Here, we examine the potential of combining dendroecological analysis and spatial statistics to reconstruct the disturbance history of a seasonal dry evergreen tropical forest plot at the Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary (HKK), western Thailand. We used tree‐ring‐derived age estimates for 70 individuals of the shade‐intolerant pioneer speciesMelia azederach(Meliaceae) and tree locations across a 316‐ha study plot to identify the timing and spatial extent of past disturbances. Although the age distribution forMeliasuggested that regeneration had been continuous over the past 60 yr, spatial analyses (mark correlation function and kriging) demonstrated the presence of three spatially discrete age cohorts. Two of these cohorts suggested a severe disturbance ~20 yr before present. A third cohort appears to have established ~50 years ago. Using historical records, we conclude that fire disturbance is the most likely disturbance factor affectingHKK. Nevertheless, we do not rule out other disturbance factors. The combined application of tree‐ring analysis and spatial statistics as applied in this study could be readily applied to reconstruct disturbance histories in other tropical regions where tree species with annual growth rings are present.
Does vitamin D3 supplementation improve glucose homeostasis in overweight or obese women? A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Salehpour A. , Shidfar F. , Hosseinpanah F. , Vafa M. , Razaghi M. , Amiri F.
Published: July 2013

Aims

Vitamin D deficiency is considered as a risk factor in cardiometabolic disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. We have investigated the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on glucose homeostasis in healthy overweight and obese women.

Methods

In a double‐blind randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trial, 77 healthy overweight or obese women (mean age 38 ± 8 years; BMI 29.9 ± 4.2 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to the vitamin D3 group (25 μg/day as cholecalciferol tablets) or the placebo group. Selected anthropometric indices, glucose, insulin, HbA1c and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance at baseline and after 12 weeks were measured. Dietary intakes using 24‐h food recall and food frequency questionnaires were assessed. Physical activity was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Adjusted mean differences were calculated using analysis of covariance. Correlation coefficients were calculated by Pearson's analysis.

Results

Mean fasting blood glucose concentrations declined in the vitamin D3 and placebo groups (–0.28 ± 0.4 vs. –0.65 ± 0.4 mmol/l, P < 0.001) and the mean percentage of HbA1c was decreased (–13 ± 18 vs. –19 ± 17 mmol/l, P = 0.06) in both groups, respectively. Mean 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations increased in the vitamin D3 and placebo groups (38.2 ± 32 vs. 4.6 ± 14 nmol/l, P < 0.001), respectively. There was a significant correlation between HbA1c and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (r = –0.271; P = 0.018).

Conclusions

The results indicate that the vitamin D3 supplement of 25 μg/day had no beneficial effect on glycaemic indices in healthy overweight or obese women.
Could Epicardial Adipose Tissue Thickness by Echocardiography Be Correlated with Acute Coronary Syndrome Risk Scores
Authors: Altun Burak , Colkesen Yucel , Gazi Emine , Tasolar Hakan , Temiz Ahmet , Simsek Hicran Yildiz , Barutcu Ahmet , Gungor Omer , Kirilmaz Bahadir , Ceyhan Koksal
Published: July 2013

Aim

The aim of our study was, echocardiographic epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness could show the severity and the prognosis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS).

Methods and Results

Sixty‐five ACS patients (mean age 57.4 ± 12.2 years) who underwent coronary angiography were studied. EAT thickness on the free wall of right ventricle was measured at end‐diastole from the parasternal long‐axis views of 3 cardiac cycles. SYNTAX and Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) scoring considered for severity and the prognosis of ACS. The mean value of the EAT thickness were 5.5 ± 0.5 mm (range 1–12 mm). EAT thickness had a positive correlation with high sensitive troponin T (r = 0.712, P < 0.001) and body mass index (r = 0.522, P < 0.001.) EAT thickness was significantly correlated patients with high SYNTAX score (r = 0.690, P < 0.001), but not correlated with GRACE score (r = 0.224, P = 0.072).

Conclusion

Epicardial adipose tissue thickness was correlated with angiographic severity of ACS, but not correlated with clinical prognosis risk score.
Wives' and Husbands' Cortisol Reactivity to Proximal and Distal Dimensions of Couple Conflict
Authors: Rodriguez Aubrey J. , Margolin Gayla
Published: July 2013

Poor marital quality has been linked repeatedly to spouses' health problems, with alterations to physiological stress response systems, such as the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical (HPA) axis, as one putative mechanism. This study assessed wives' and husbands' HPA axis (i.e., cortisol) reactivity to marital criticism during laboratory‐based conflict discussions, in the context of marital aggression experienced during the previous year. Ninety‐five couples provided one saliva sample prior to—and three samples following—a triadic family conflict discussion involving their teenage child. Marital criticism during the conflict discussion was related to heightened HPA reactivity for husbands only. For wives, an interaction emerged between criticism during the conflict and previous‐year marital aggression: only those wives who had experienced high levels of marital aggression demonstrated a positive association between criticism and cortisol output. Husbands thus appeared to be more physiologically reactive to the in‐the‐moment critical behaviors, whereas wives' responses to proximal conflict were related to previous and perhaps more chronic experiences of marital aggression. These findings shed light on ways in which within‐couple processes during family conflicts involving children contribute to individual physiological functioning, enhancing our understanding of the role of family relationships in physical health outcomes.
Response of an old‐growth tropical rainforest to transient high temperature and drought
Authors: Silva Carlos E. , Kellner James R. , Clark David B. , Clark Deborah A.
Published: July 2013

Tropical rainforests have experienced episodes of severe heat and drought in recent decades, and climate models project a warmer and potentially drier tropical climate over this century. However, likely responses of tropical rainforests are poorly understood due to a lack of frequent long‐term measurements of forest structure and dynamics. We analyzed a 12‐year record (1999–2010) of 47 817 annual measurements of canopy height to characterize the response of an old‐growth Neotropical rainforest to the severe heat and drought associated with the 1997–1998 El Niño. Well‐drained soils on slopes and plateaus experienced a threefold increase in the fraction of the landscape in gaps (≤2 m) and a reduction in the fraction in high canopy (>15 m) causing distributions of canopy height to depart from equilibrium for a period of 2–3 years. In contrast, forests on low‐lying alluvial terraces remained in equilibrium and were nearly half as likely to experience upper canopy (>15 m) disturbance over the 12 years of observation. Variation in forest response across topographic positions suggests that tropical rainforests are more sensitive to moisture deficits than high temperature and that topography likely structures landscape‐level variation in the severity of drought impacts.
Accelerating type‐specific ovarian carcinoma research: Calculator for Ovarian Subtype Prediction (COSP) is a reliable high‐throughput tool for case review
Authors: Kommoss Stefan , Gilks Cyril Blake , Kommoss Friedrich , Chow Christine , Hilpert Felix , du Bois Andreas , Köbel Martin , Huntsman David G , Anglesio Michael , Kalloger Steve E , Pfisterer Jacobus
Published: July 2013

Aims

The recent recognition that ovarian carcinoma is composed of five distinct disease entities has served to increase the value of accurate histotyping. Reliable identification of histotypes is essential for the success of studies testing novel therapies, as well as for biomarker discovery research. The aim of this study was to examine the utility of a nine‐marker immunohistochemical (IHC) panel, designated the Calculator for Ovarian Subtype Prediction (COSP), to reliably reproduce the consensus diagnosis of two expert gynaecological pathologists.

Methods and results

A total of 423 cases from the AGO‐OVAR11 trial were evaluated using the COSP IHC panel, and compared to original diagnoses from >100 local contributing pathologists and independent expert gynaecopathology review. The overall concordance between COSP and expert review was 89%; in cases where a local pathologist's diagnosis was confirmed by COSP, the expert gynaecopathologist also agreed in 97.5% of cases.

Conclusions

The incorporation of COSP into a high‐throughput diagnostic review algorithm will decrease the need for expert review by identifying a small number of difficult cases that truly require expert review. This modification will serve to increase the efficiency of the diagnostic review process, which will probably serve to reduce operational costs and expedite translational studies on ovarian carcinoma.
Protein expression and methylation of DNA repair genes hMLH1, hMSH2, MGMT and BRCA1 and their correlation with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis in basal‐like breast cancer
Authors: Alkam Yimit , Mitomi Hiroyuki , Nakai Katsuya , Himuro Takanori , Saito Tsuyoshi , Takahashi Michiko , Arakawa Atsushi , Yao Takashi , Saito Mitsue
Published: July 2013

Aims

Basal‐like breast cancer (BLBC) is characterized by aggressive behaviour; its genesis is the perturbation of DNA repair as a consequence of BRCA1 methylation or mutation. We comparatively evaluated alterations of DNA repair proteins and p53 between BLBC and non‐BLBC cases.

Methods and results

Tumour sections from 104 BLBC and 89 non‐BLBC patients were immunostained for hMLH1, hMSH2, MGMT, BRCA1 and p53. Methylation status of DNA repair genes was analysed by methylation‐specific PCR, and p53 mutation was examined by direct sequencing. Immunoreactive levels of hMLH1 and MGMT were lower in BLBC, whereas the levels of hMSH2 and p53 were higher, compared to non‐BLBC (P ≤ 0.014). Reduced expression of hMLH1 [hazard ratio (HR) 5.26, P = 0.001] and preserved expression of MGMT (HR 2.58, P = 0.039) proved to be independent predictors of poor survival in BLBC patients. DNA repair genes were methylated in approximately 20–40% of BLBCs without a significant relationship between their methylation and p53 mutation. BRCA1 methylation was associated with the loss of its protein expression (P = 0.004). MGMT methylation was linked to larger tumour size (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Perturbations of the DNA repair system might be different between BLBC and non‐BLBC. Alterations of hMLH1 and MGMT appear important for tumour progression and survival in BLBC patients.
Fibre post adaptation and bond strength in oval canals
Authors: Scotti N. , Forniglia A. , Bergantin E. , Paolino D. S. , Pasqualini D. , Berutti E.
Published: July 2013

Aim

To evaluate ex vivo the bond strength and adaptation of fibre posts with oval and circular cross sections luted in oval canals with post spaces prepared using dedicated drills or ultrasonic tips.

Methodology

Forty extracted premolars with oval canals were root filled, then randomly divided into four groups according to the post space preparation device and the shape of the luted fibre post: dedicated drill + round post, dedicated drill + oval post, ultrasonic tip + round post and ultrasonic tip + oval post. Posts were cemented with a self‐adhesive cement (RelyX Unicem 2; 3M ESPE). Samples were sectioned in 1‐mm‐thick slices and observed under a microscope, and the area occupied by the post within the post space area was calculated. Bond strength was then measured using a push‐out test, and the failure modes were evaluated with a stereomicroscope at 40× magnification. Fibre post adaptation and push‐out test results were evaluated by analysis of variance (P < 0.05).

Results

Fibre posts, both round and oval, were better adapted to the apical region of the post space (P = 0.001). In oval canals, the bond strength was significantly higher in coronal regions, when the post space was prepared with a dedicated drill and an oval post was luted (P < 0.0001). Adhesive failures between cement and post were the most frequent type of failure in all groups.

Conclusions

Circular and oval posts achieved similar adaptation to oval canals, but the use of ultrasonic tips and round posts resulted in reduced bond strength values.
Partial and radical nephrectomy provide comparable long‐term cancer control for T1b renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Meskawi Malek , Becker Andreas , Bianchi Marco , Trinh Quoc‐Dien , Roghmann Florian , Tian Zhe , Graefen Markus , Perrotte Paul , Karakiewicz Pierre I , Sun Maxine
Published: July 2013

Objectives

To examine utilization rates of partial nephrectomy relative to radical nephrectomy for T1b renal cell carcinoma in contemporary years, to identify sociodemographic and disease characteristics associated with partial nephrectomy use, and to compare effectiveness of partial versus radical nephrectomy with respect to cancer control.

Methods

Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, 16 333 patients treated with partial or radical nephrectomy for T1bN0M0 renal cell carcinoma between 1988 and 2008 were identified. Logistic regression models were carried out to identify determinants of partial nephrectomy. Subsequently, cumulative incidence rates of cancer‐specific and other‐cause mortality between partial and radical nephrectomy were assessed, within the matched cohort. Furthermore, competing‐risks regression analyses were used for prediction of cancer‐specific mortality, after adjusting for other‐cause mortality, and vice versa.

Results

The utilization rate of partial nephrectomy increased from 1.2% in 1988 to 15.9% in 2008 (P < 0.001). Younger individuals, smaller tumors, persons of black race, as well as men, were more likely to be treated with partial nephrectomy in the current cohort (all P ≤ 0.002). In the post‐propensity cohort, the 5‐ and 10‐year cancer‐specific mortality rates were 4.4 and 6.1% for partial versus 6.0 and 10.4% for radical nephrectomy, respectively (P = 0.03). Competing‐risks regression analyses showed that nephrectomy type was not statistically significantly associated with cancer‐specific mortality, even after adjusting for other‐cause mortality (hazard ratio 0.89, P = 0.5).

Conclusions

Despite providing a comparable cancer control, the use of partial over radical nephrectomy for T1b renal cell carcinoma in USA has remained limited in recent years.
Discontinuation rates and inter‐injection interval for repeated intravesical botulinum toxin type A injections for detrusor overactivity
Authors: Veeratterapillay Rajan , Harding Chris , Teo Luke , Vasdev Nikhil , Abroaf Ahmed , Dorkin Trevor J , Pickard Robert S , Hasan Tahseen , Thorpe Andrew C
Published: July 2013

Objective

To report discontinuation rates, inter‐injection interval and complication rates after repeated intravesical botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of detrusor overactivity.

Method

Patients with urodyamically proven detrusor overactivity who had two or more botulinum toxin type A injections in the period 2004–2011 at Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK, were considered for the present study. Discontinuation rates, complication rates and interval between botulinum toxin type A treatments were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Overall, 125 patients (median age 53 years, range 19–83 years) were included in the analysis. The female‐to‐male ratio was 2.4:1 and median follow up was 38 months. A total of 96 patients had idiopathic detrusor overactivity, whereas 29 had neurogenic detrusor overactivity. A total of 667 injections were carried out, with 125 patients receiving two injections, 60 receiving three injections, 28 receiving four injections, 14 receiving five injections, three receiving six injections, three receiving seven injections and two receiving eight injections. The mean interval (±standard deviation) between the first and second injection (n = 125) was 17.6 months (±10.4), between the second and third (n = 60) was 15.7 ± 7.4 months, between the third and fourth (n = 28) was 15.4 ± 8.6 months, and between the fourth and subsequent injections (n = 22) was 11.6 ± 4.5 months. A total of 26% required intermittent catheterization, and 18% developed recurrent urinary tract infections. There was a discontinuation rate of 25% at 60 months.

Conclusion

Repeated botulinum toxin type A injections represent a safe and effective method for managing patients with idiopathic detrusor overactivity and neurogenic detrusor overactivity. We have shown that the inter‐injection interval remains unchanged up to five injections.
Mannitol has no impact on renal function after open partial nephrectomy in solitary kidneys
Authors: Omae Kenji , Kondo Tsunenori , Takagi Toshio , Iizuka Junpei , Kobayashi Hirohito , Hashimoto Yasunobu , Tanabe Kazunari
Published: July 2013

Mannitol has been administered during partial nephrectomy as a renal protective agent for ischemic damage. However, we do not have any high‐level clinical evidence of its effectiveness. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of mannitol during open partial nephrectomy by comparing the postoperative renal function of patients who received it and those who did not. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 55 patients who underwent open partial nephrectomy for renal cancer in a solitary kidney from January 1990 to December 2012, and who were followed up postoperatively for at least 6 months. Of the 55 patients, mannitol was given to 20 patients (group M+) and not to the other 35 patients (group M−). We compared not only the postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, but also its decrease rate and the incidence of acute kidney injury requiring dialysis in the two groups. There were no significant differences in perioperative patient characteristics between the two groups. Mannitol made no significant difference in both the postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate and its decrease rate at any point within 6 months of the postoperative period. The incidence of acute kidney injury requiring dialysis was one (5.0%) in group M+ and two (5.7%) in group M−. These findings suggest that there might be no advantage from the administration of mannitol during open partial nephrectomy.
Toll‐like receptor 3 in viral pathogenesis: friend or foe?
Authors: Perales‐Linares Renzo , Navas‐Martin Sonia
Published: July 2013

Viral infections frequently induce acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, yet the contribution of the innate immune response to a detrimental host response remains poorly understood. In virus‐infected cells, double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) is generated as an intermediate during viral replication. Cell necrosis (and the release of endogenous dsRNA) is a common event during both sterile and infectious inflammatory processes. The discovery of Toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3) as an interferon‐inducing dsRNA sensor led to the assumption that TLR3 was the master sentinel against viral infections. This simplistic view has been challenged by the discovery of at least three members of the DExd/H‐box helicase cytosolic sensors of dsRNA that share with TLR3 the Toll–interleukin‐1 receptor (TIR) ‐adapter molecule TIR domain‐containing adaptor protein interferon‐β (TRIF) for downstream type I interferon signalling. Data are conflicting on the role of TLR3 in protective immunity against viruses in the mouse model. Varying susceptibility to infection and disease outcomes have been reported in TLR3‐immunodeficient mice. Surprisingly, the susceptibility to develop herpes simplex virus‐1 encephalitis in humans with inborn defects of the TLR3 pathway varies, and TLR3‐deficient humans do not show increased susceptibility to other viral infections. Therefore, a current challenge is to understand the protective versus pathogenic contribution of TLR3 in viral infections. We review recent advances in the identification of TLR3‐signalling pathways, endogenous and virus‐induced negative regulators of the TLR3 cascade, and discuss the protective versus pathogenic role of TLR3 in viral pathogenesis.
Optimal business hours of the newsvendor problem for retailers
Authors: Hosseinipour Amirhossein , Sandoh Hiroaki
Published: July 2013

This paper proposes a new model for the classical newsvendor problem (NVP), focusing on retailers to discuss an optimal number of business hours per day as well as an optimal stocking quantity. The proposed model assumes that customers’ residences are uniformly distributed over the Hotelling unit interval, and individual customers depart from their residences for the store at a finite velocity. Each individual customer can purchase a single product only if she arrives at the retailer's store during business hours and if there still remain products on her arrival. Under these circumstances, this study explores the existence of an optimal strategy for the retailer—an optimal stocking quantity along with an optimal number of business hours. Numerical examples are also provided to illustrate the theoretical underpinnings of the proposed model formulation.
The impact of organizational support and leader–member exchange on the work‐related behaviour of nursing professionals: the moderating effect of professional and organizational identification
Authors: Trybou Jeroen , Gemmel Paul , Pauwels Yarrid , Henninck Charlene , Clays Els
Published: July 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine the relations between perceived organizational support, the quality of leader–member exchange, in‐role and extra‐role behaviour, professional identification and organizational identification among registered nurses and nurse assistants.

Background

Theoretically, employees will reciprocate received beneficial treatment with positive attitudes and behaviour. Recently, it has been shown that this principle may be more complex than originally anticipated.

Design

A quantitative, cross‐sectional survey design was used. The quality of social exchange and identification was scored by the involved registered nurses and nurse assistants; in‐role and extra‐role behaviour was rated by the head nurse.

Methods

The survey was administered to nurses and nurse assistants (n = 196) working in five Belgian nursing homes. Data were collected from February–March 2012. Pearson correlation analyses, t‐test analyses and hierarchical regression were used to analyse the data.

Results

Our results showed no relationship between perceived organizational support and leader–member exchange and in‐role behaviour. A positive relationship was found between perceived organizational support and extra‐role behaviour and a trend towards significance between leader–member exchange and extra‐role behaviour. Organizational and professional identification moderated the relationship between perceived organizational support and extra‐role behaviour.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates the importance of social exchange to nurses and nurse assistants and therefore nursing administrators and leaders. When registered nurses and nurse assistants perceive high‐quality social exchange, they are more likely to go the extra mile on behalf of the organization. Fostering social identification could enhance this.
Development of a risk‐based framework to integrate flood insurance
Authors: Tariq M.A.U.R. , Hoes O.A.C. , Van de Giesen N.C.
Published: July 2013

An appropriate distribution of flood losses over time span may dampen the degree of disruption. Flood insurance is one of the effective ways in order to cope with the aftermaths of flood events. In the absence of an acceptable risk‐based assessment framework, flood insurance and its extensive benefits are not fully achieved yet. Consequently, flood insurance is trivially practiced worldwide. To ensure the integration of flood insurance into regular flood management practices, its acceptability by floodplain inhabitants is a prerequisite. Therefore, an admissible insurance rate is a vital factor for the acceptability of insurance policy. This article introduces a risk‐based methodology to calculate insurance rate. Normally, insurance rates are based on historic flood events or on a specific design flood. Expected annual damages distribution map (EADDM) is developed to assess spatial distribution of risk. Distribution of flood losses against a specific flood is compared with EADDM. The impacts of both approaches on insurance provider and insured are studied. Single flood approach ignores the impacts because of other floods. Therefore, insurance rates based on single flood are not justifiable. The proposed framework not only facilitates risk‐based insurance rate calculation but also endorse flood insurance acceptability.
Evaluation of flash flood severity in Korea using the modified flash flood index (MFFI)
Authors: Kim B‐S. , Kim H‐S.
Published: July 2013

This paper was initially motivated by a flash flood index (FFI) study performed by Bhaskar et al. and others that explained flash floods using a runoff perspective by extracting a rising curve gradient, the flood magnitude ratio, and flood response time variables from runoff hydrograph. However, the runoff data are not sufficient to estimate a robust flood magnitude ratio in Korea. In addition, the existing model is not able to consider high rainfall intensity, which is an important flash flood characteristic in Korea. Flood magnitude ratio variables, thus, were replaced by rainfall intensity variables. Then, the results were compared with the existing FFI. The spatial distribution of the flood event in the Han River basin that occurred in July 2006 showed that a modified FFI, which reflects rainfall characteristics, outperformed in representing damaged (flash flood occurrence) areas in the past. Furthermore, the FFI for three different time windows (early, middle, and late periods) for the Han River basin during the localised intensive rainfall in July 2006 were analysed. Analysis of spatiotemporal distribution showed that sudden intensity was pronounced in the Seoul area during the first 10 days of July. During the second 10 days of July, a probable high‐intensity flash flood appeared in the Gangwon‐do area. Meanwhile, an onsite survey of the Gangwon‐do area showed that the actual occurrences of a high‐intensity flash flood were largely in agreement with the predictions made by the model.
Experiences of Grandmothers Caring for Orphan Grandchildren in Botswana
Authors: Shaibu Sheila
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to identify the experiences of the grandparents who were taking care of orphan grandchildren in Botswana.

Design

A descriptive qualitative design was used to interview 12 grandmothers 60 years and older in a semi‐urban village in Botswana. Content analysis was used to analyze the data.

Findings

The ages of the grandmothers interviewed ranged from 60 to 80 years, while the number of orphans under their care ranged from 1 to 9 years. The themes that emerged included context of caregiving, acceptance of the caregiver role, consequences of caregiving, social support, and coping strategies. Although they accepted the caregiving role and appreciated the government assistance, it was fraught with difficulties. They reported very limited or no support from the extended family, and their health concerns compromised their financial circumstances.

Conclusions

Although the grandmothers accepted this role, it was described as difficult, and had profound consequences for them. Recommendations include comprehensive support for grandmothers and orphans that include psychological support and health promotion.

Clinical Relevance

Grandparents are an important support system of orphans in Botswana since there are very few orphanages. In order to support grandparents in this role, community health nurses need to provide comprehensive health promotion for grandmothers caring for orphans that includes support groups and multidisciplinary care teams to ensure that the grandmothers’ health is not neglected. Nurse educators should also include care of grandmothers caring for orphans in their curricula.
Work empowerment and burnout among registered nurses in two tertiary general hospitals
Authors: Wang Xu , Kunaviktikul Wipada , Wichaikhum Orn‐anong
Published: July 2013

Aims and objectives

To describe and explore the relationship between work empowerment and burnout as perceived by nurses in two tertiary general hospitals in China.

Background

Studies conducted in Western countries show that work empowerment can negatively influence burnout. Review of literature indicates that currently, no study on the relationship between work empowerment and burnout has been conducted in China.

Design

A correlational, cross‐sectional design was adopted using questionnaires for data collection.

Methods

This study used correlational and cross‐sectional designs to collect and analyse data. The demographic data were analysed using frequency and percentage distributions. Work empowerment and burnout as perceived by registered nurses were analysed using means and standard deviation. The relationship between work empowerment and burnout was analysed using Spearman's rank‐order coefficient after testing the normal distribution using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test.

Results

The registered nurses perceive work empowerment at a moderate level. Emotional exhaustion as determined in this study is higher than in other nursing studies. A negative correlation is indicated between work empowerment and emotional exhaustion. A statistically significant positive correlation is also indicated between work empowerment and personal accomplishment.

Conclusion

When the work environment provides empowerment, registered nurses are less likely to experience burnout. Nursing supervisors should empower staff nurses by giving them opportunities to study, actualise the hospital's vision and share information with other staff nurses.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurse administrators can use the results of this study to develop policies, improve work empowerment programmes and decrease burnout so that staff nurses can work more effectively.