bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of deuterated toluidines and xylidines
Authors: Frischkorn C. G. B. , Kohler H. , Rose B. , Unterlugauer D. , Conrad H. M.
Published: October 2006

Deuteration in definite positions of the aromatic ring system or in the side chain of different methyl anilines is achieved in D2O under different conditions: at 150°C and pH 3 deuteration occurs in ortho/para positions; whereas at 250°C and pH 3 a total deuteration of the aromatic system takes place (overall deuteration 82–99%). Perdeuteration (81–99% in the aromatic ring, 60–99% in the side chain) is obtained in high acidic medium (pH ⩽ 1) and at 250°C. The yield of the deuterated methyl anilines is generally high (40–100%) so that this reaction is a more attractive route for preparing methyl anilines and their derivatives than the conventional ways of synthesis. By using T2O instead of D2O it should be possible to prepare the appropriate tritium‐labelled compounds.
Stereospecific introduction of tritium in the 16α or 16β position of cholesterol
Authors: Ronchetti F. , Russo G. , Longhi R. , Sportoletti G.
Published: October 2006

Reduction of cholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol‐16‐one with KB3 H4 afforded a mix ture of [16α‐3H]‐cholest‐5‐en‐3β, 16β‐diol and [16β‐3H]‐cholest‐5‐en‐3β, 16α‐diol, which were separated and converted, respectively, into [16β‐3H]‐cholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol and [16α‐3H]‐cholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol.
Nouvelle Méthode De Préparation De Bromure d'Ethyle 14C‐2, Bromure d'Éthyle D3 ‐ 2 Par Homologation De l'Iodure De Méthyle Marqué Et Synthèse De Méthadone 14C‐1, Méthadone D3‐1
Authors: Nam Nguyen‐Hoang , Pontikis Renée , Et Louis Pichat Henri Hoellinger
Published: October 2006

Methylation of the lithio salt of 2‐methylthio‐2‐thiazoline with methyl iodide 14C or methyliodide D3 followed by thiazoline displacement with benzyl bromide has given rise to ethyl bromide ‐2‐14C and ethyl bromide‐2‐D3. The Grignard reagents from the latter, treated with 2,2‐diphenyl‐4‐dimethylaminovaleronitrile gave methadone‐1‐14C and methadone‐1‐D3, purified by silicagel adsorption column chromatography. Overall yields = 14–20% based on labelled ICH3, methadone‐1‐14C (SA = 36 mci/mM), methadone ‐1‐D3 (99% isotopic enrichment).
High specific activity tritium labelled O‐benzoyl ecgonine
Authors: Muccino Richard R. , Serico Lucia
Published: October 2006

Through the use of an O‐(o‐iodobenzoyl) ecgonine derivative (3), tritium labelled O‐benzoyl ecgonine has been prepared, by catalytic hydrogenolysis, in sufficiently high specific activity for use in radioimmunoassay studies for cocaine metabolites. The ease of converting O‐benzoyl ecgonine to cocaine also makes this labelled substrate potentially useful in metabolism studies of the latter.
Cannabis XI. synthesis of cannabigerorcinic‐carboxyl‐14C acid, cannabigero‐varinic‐carboxyl‐14C acid, cannabidivarinic‐carboxyl‐14C acid and dl‐cannabi‐chromevarinic‐carboxyl‐14C acid
Authors: Shoyama Yukihiro , Hirano Hitotoshi , Nishioka Itsuo
Published: October 2006

The preparation of cannabigerorcinic‐carboxyl‐14C acid, cannabigerovarinic‐carboxyl‐14C acid, cannabidivarinic‐carboxyl‐14C acid and dl‐cannabichromevarinic‐carboxyl‐14C acid is described. The 14C‐label was introduced into the carboxyl carbon via methyl magnesium carbonate‐14C.
Synthesis of [2‐14C(U)tyrosine]arginine vasotocin with high specific radio and biological activities
Authors: Stahl Glenn L. , Walter Roderich
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of [2‐14C(U)tyrosine]arginine vasotocin at a specific activity of 102 mCi/mMole was performed using the solid‐phase approach of Merrifield for peptide synthesis. Following purification by gel filtrations the labeled hormone was recovered at an average yield of 40% with an avian vasodepressor activity of 408 ± 24 U/mg.
14C‐ and 2H‐labelled 7‐methylbenz[c]acridine
Authors: Cheung H. T. A. , Holder G. M. , Moldovan L.
Published: October 2006

7‐Methylbenz[c]acridine‐7‐14C, specific activity 12.2 mCi/mmole, and deuterated 7‐methylbenz[c]acridine were prepared from acetic anhydride‐1‐14C and aceticanhydride‐2‐2H6 respectively. The deuterated compound was not specifically labelled at the 7‐methyl group because isotopic exchange of the hydrogen atoms occurred during synthesis.
Syntheses of 14C‐mustard‐labelled and 14C‐leucine‐labelled Asaley
Authors: Farquhar D. , Lu K. , Loo T. L.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of Asaley labelled with 14C in the mustard (Asaley‐must‐14C) or the leucine (Asaley‐leu‐14C) moiety is described. In the former, ethyl pamino‐Nα‐acetyl‐DL‐phenylalanyl‐L‐leucinate was reacted with ethylene oxide(U)‐14C to give the bis(hydroxyethyl)amino analogue, which was converted to Asaley by treatment with thionyl chloride. Asaley labelled in the leucine moiety was prepared by condensation of N‐acetylsarcolysin with ethyl leucinate(U)‐14C in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The identity of the products was established by spectroscopic, chemical, and chromatographic techniques.
Synthesis of lidocaine‐d3
Authors: Hignite Charles E. , Tschanz Christian , Huffman David H. , Azarnoff Daniel L.
Published: October 2006

A simple two step synthetic procedure has been developed for the preparation of deuterated lidocaine. The deuterium was incorporated into the 6′‐methyl group which is a metabolically stable position. The overall yield of the synthetic procedure was 41.3%.
Marquage Par 14C Du (chloro‐2 ethyl)‐3 Nitroso‐3 Ureido‐l′ O‐isopropylidene‐2′, 3′ O‐p‐nitrobenzoyl‐5′ α ET β ‐D‐ribo Furannose Ou Rfcnu
Authors: Madelmont J. C. , Moreau M. F. , Parry D. , Godeneche D. , Imbach J. L.
Published: October 2006

RFCNU was labelled by 14C on three positions.

On the carboxyl of the para nitro benzol'c group

On urea carbonyl

On the carbone 1 of the 2, chloro éthyl group.
Synthesis of [17α, 16α] oxazolino steroids specifically labelled in C‐2′ of the oxazoline ring with 14C
Authors: Sartori Giuseppe , Winters Giorgio
Published: October 2006

The preparation of 14C‐labelled 11β, 21‐dihydroxy‐3,20‐dioxy‐pregna‐1,4‐dieno[ 17α, 16α‐d]‐2′‐methyloxazoline‐21‐acetate and of 9α‐fluoro‐11β,21‐dihydroxy‐3,20‐dioxopregna‐l,4‐dieno[ 17α,16α ]‐2′‐methyloxazoline‐21‐acetatel

Note that [17α., 160α‐d] does not refer to deuterium labelling

is described. Specific labelling at the C‐2′ position was achieved reacting the corresponding 17α‐amino‐16α‐alcohols with [1‐14C]‐acetic anhydride.
Synthesis of DL‐[2‐14C]octan‐2‐sulphate and [35S]‐labelled D(+)‐and L(−)‐octan‐2‐sulphate
Authors: Maggs James L. , Olavesen Anthony H. , James Colin T.
Published: October 2006

DL‐[2‐14C]Octan‐2‐sulPhate was prepared by sulphating DL‐[2‐14C]octan‐2‐ol with pyridine‐SO3 adduct. Synthesis of the DL‐[2‐14C]alkanol started with carboxylation of hexyl magnesium bromide with 14CO2. Subsequent methylation with diazomethane and reduction of the ester with lithium aluminium hydride Yieled [1‐14C]heptan‐1‐ol. The latter was oxidized to 1‐14C heptanal with Seloxcette. The [1‐14C]heptanal was reacted with methyl magnesium iodide to give DL‐[2‐14C]octan‐2‐ol. D(+)‐ and L(−)‐Octan‐2‐[35S]sulphate were synthesized by sulphating the stereochemically pure alcohols with pyridine‐35SO3 prepared from 35SO3. These synthetic routes provided specifically radiolabelled secondary alkyl sulphates of high chemical and radiochemical purity. The identity and purity of the products was confirmed by mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, t.l.c. and stereospecific enzymic hydrolysis.
Synthese Du Methyl‐2 Dinitro‐4,6 Phenol (Noyau 14C‐U) (DNOC, DINOC NOYAU 14C‐U)
Authors: Noël J. P. , Pichat L.
Published: October 2006

SYNTHESIS OF 2‐METHYL‐4,6 DINITRO PHENOL (RING U‐14C) (DNOC, DINOC ring U‐14C)

O‐methoxymethylphenol (ring U‐14C) 3 Was prepared in 82 % yieltd from phenol (ring U‐14C) and methylal in presence of p‐toluene sulfonic acid and molecular sieve. Ortholithiation of 3 with n Buli + TMEDA in hexane offorded a lithioderivative 4 which was methylated with methyl iodide in ether ‐ hexane. Deprotection of phenol group lead to o ‐ cresol (ring U‐14C) : 6 purified on a silicagal column with a 52% yield based on 3. Nitration of 6 provided DNOC (ring U‐14C) with a 28% overall yield from phenol (ring U‐14C) ‐ Specific activity was: 70 mCi/mMole.
Marquage A Haute Activite Specifique Par 125I, Radiolyse Et Conservation Du 3‐5,3′‐5′, Tetraiodo‐L‐Tyrosyl‐L‐Tyrosine
Authors: Maurizis J. C. , Nicolas C. , Michelot J.
Published: October 2006

Nous décrivons le marquage ù haute activité spécifique (1.000 – 1.200 μCi/μg) par 125I, la purification et l'étude des conditions de conservation du 3‐5, 3′‐5′, tetraiodo‐1‐tyrosyl‐1‐tyrosine. Mots clés: 3‐5, 3′‐5′, tetraiodo‐1‐tyrosyl‐1‐tyrosine, iodination, conservation.
Synthese De La Beta‐naphtoflavone 14C‐4 OU 14C‐5 A Partir De L'Acide Phenylpropiolique (CARBOXYLE14C) Ou Du β‐Naphtol 14C‐8
Authors: Nam Nguyen‐Hoang , Thang Do‐Cao , Queval P. , Pichat L.
Published: October 2006

Carbonation with 14CO2 of penylethynyl‐lithium has given rise to (carboxyl‐14C) phenylpropiolic acid with 75 % yield based on 14CO2. The latter condensed with 2‐naphthol by treating with polyphosphoric acid afforded (4‐14C) β‐naphthoflavone, purified by silicagel low pressure liquid chromatography; 22 % overall yield based on 14CO2, SA = 13 mCi/mM. Similar run of 2‐(8‐14C) naphthol with phenylpropiolic acid gave (5‐ 14C) β‐naphthoflavone; 28 % yield based on radioactive 2‐naphthol, SA = 7.2 mCi/mM.
An enzymatic method for the preparation in high yield of [5‐14C]‐ and [4,5,6‐14C] glucose
Authors: Longenecker J. P. , Williams J. F.
Published: October 2006

[5‐14C]‐ and [4,5,6‐14C] glucose were prepared from [2‐14C]‐ and [U‐14C] glycerol and fructose 6‐phosphate by reactions involving the enzymes glycerokinase, glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, transaldolase, lactate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucose isomerase. The authenticity of each of the 14C‐labelled sugars was verified by chromatographic and enzymic procedures and the distribution of 14C isotope confirmed by specific degradative procedures. These specifically labelled substrates are required for the quantitative estimation of the new pentose pathway reactions in liver, photosynthetic and some tumour tissues.
The preparation of specifically 2H‐labeled benz[A]anthracenes and 7,12‐dimethylbenz[A]anthracenes1
Authors: Hallmark Richard K. , Manning Wayne B. , Muschik Gary M.
Published: October 2006

The 2 + 4 cycloaddition reaction of 1,4‐naphthoquinone and substituted styrenes was used to prepare 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐bromobenz[a]anthracene‐7,12‐diones (BADs). The corresponding bromobenz[a]anthracenes (BAs) were prepared by aluminum tricyclohexoxide reduction of the diones. Lithiation with t‐butyllithium followed by quenching with deuterium oxide gave the specifically 2H‐labeled BAs with deuterium incorporations of >95%. The 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐bromo‐7,12‐dimethylbenz‐[a]anthracenes (DMBAs) were prepared from the bromo BADs in moderate yield by the classical Grignard procedure. Lithium aluminum deuteride reduction gave the 2H‐DMBAs. An alternate synthesis from 3,4‐dihydrobenz[a]anthracene 1‐(2H)‐one was used for the preparation of 1‐ and 2‐2H BAs and DMBAs.
1‐dehydrohexestrol. Synthesis of a precursor for the preparation of tritium‐labeled hexestrol derivatives and its use in a new, convenient synthesis of tritium‐labeled o‐azido‐hexestrol
Authors: Goswami Ramanuj , Kilbourn Michael R. , Katzenellenbogen John A.
Published: October 2006

Erthro‐1‐dehydrohexestrol (4a), an analog of the nonsteroidal estrogen meso‐hexestrol containing a double bond in the side chain, has been synthesized as a general precursor for the preparation of tritium‐labeled hexestrol derivatives. It can be functionalized further as needed, and upon catalytic hydrogenation with tritium gas, it furnishes the desired erythro or meso diastereomer of the hexestrol derivatives. Its use is exemplified in the synthesis of 3H‐o‐azidohexestrol (9c) with high specific activity.
A synthetic scheme for the preparation of carbon labelled furan compounds
Authors: Jennings Paul W. , Campbell William H. , Gingerich Samuel B.
Published: October 2006

A facile synthesis for the efficient incorporation of 14C or 13C into trisubstituted furan compounds has been elaborated. 3‐Methyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzofuran was prepared in five steps from methyl‐ and ethyl‐2‐oxo‐1 cyclohexanecarboxylate with overall yield of 65%. Radioactive label was nearly quantitatively incorporated. One new compound, 7, has been prepared in elaborating the synthetic sequence.
Syntheses du Bergaptene [0 — methyl 14C et 3H] et de la Tabernanthine [0‐methyl 14C]
Authors: Bac N. V. , Audinot M. , Pichat L. , Herbert M. , Xuong N. Dat
Published: October 2006

{0‐methyl 14C} and {0‐methyl 3H} bergaptene were prepared by methylation of bergaptol with {14C} methyl iodide and {3H} methyl iodide in radioactive yields respectively 77 % and 59 %. {14C} methyl iodide and 11‐hydroxy ibogamine gave {0‐methyl C} tabernanthine with a 60 % radioactive yield.
Synthesis of [11C]‐3‐quinuclidinylbenzilate (QNB)
Authors: Prenant C. , Barre L. , Crouzel C.
Published: October 2006

A method is described by which 1.11 to 1.48 GBq (30 to 40 mCi) of [11C]QNB can be obtained from approximately 55.5 GBq (1.5 Ci) of 11CO2 in 40 minutes.

The product, purified by HPLC chromatogaphy, is obtained with a specific activity of 18.5 to 33.3 GBq/μmol (500 to 900 mCi/μmol).

Carbon‐11 labelling is performed in two stages:

Formation of [11C]benzilic acid by carbonation by 11CO2 of the the pre‐prepared benzophenone dianion.

Esterification of [11C]benzilic acid by 3‐quinuclidinol in the presence of carbonyldiimidazole.
Synthesis of [2H5]arecoline for use as internal standard in mass spectrometric assay
Authors: Umesha Shetty H. , Soncrant Timothy T. , Greig Nigel H. , Rapoport Stanley I.
Published: October 2006

Five deuterium atoms, three in the N‐methyl group and one each in positions 2 and 6, were incorporated into the cholinergic agonist, arecoline (1), methyl 1‐methyl‐1,2,5,6‐tetrahydropyridine‐3‐carboxylate, with 96% efficiency. Trideuterated pyridinium iodide (2) was reduced with sodium borodeuteride or sodium cyanoborodeuteride in acidic medium to yield [2H5]arecoline (3). Significantly greater deuterium incorporation occurred when 2 was reduced with sodium cyanoborodeuteride. This reduction process is discussed. The synthesized labelled compound was determined to be a suitable internal standard for mass spectrometric assays.
An efficient synthesis of 2‐ [ carbonyl‐ 11C]acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranose (N‐[carbonyl‐11C]acetyl‐D‐glucosamine)
Authors: Tada Masao , Oikawa Atsushi , Iwata Ren , Sato Kazunori , Sugiyama Hiroshi , Kubota Kazuo , Ishiwata Kiichi , Takahashi Hiromu , Wakui Akira , Abe Yoshinao , Yamaguchi Tatsuo , Fujiwara Takehiko , Sato Tachio , Ido Tatsuo
Published: October 2006

A rapid chemical synthesis of 2‐[carbonyl‐11C]acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranose (N‐[carbonyl‐11C]acetyl‐D‐glucosamine) starting from [11C]carbon dioxide is described. The total time required for the synthesis, the radiochemical yield, and purity of the titled sugar are ca. 60 min, 49.5% (based on [carbonyl‐11C]acetic acid), and >98%, respectively.
A general procedure for isotopic (deuterium) labelling of non‐steroidal antiinflammatory 2‐arylpropionic acids
Authors: Castell José V. , Martínez Luis A. , Miranda Miguel A. , Tárrega Pilar
Published: October 2006

Alkaline treatment of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory 2‐arylpropionic acids in deuterium oxide led in all cases to isotopic exchange of the proton located at the α‐position of the side chain. Monodeuteration was observed in the case of carprofen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen and naproxen. Additional exchange of one or two protons of the heterocyclic ring occurred in indoprofen, suprofen and tiaprofenic acid. The isotopic labelling survived under the conditions required to perform in vitro photoallergic studies (photolysis in non‐deuterated aqueous media).
A novel synthesis of fumaric acid‐1‐14C
Authors: Rutner Herman , Rapun Raul
Published: October 2006

A simple, two‐step synthesis of fumaric acid‐1‐14C from radioactive potassium cyanide and methyl 2‐chloroacrylate is described. The intermediate products, methyl cis and trans 3‐cyanoacrylates and the cis and trans 3‐cyanoacrylic acids, were hydrolyzed directly to fumaric acid‐1‐14C in 55‐60% yields. D, L‐malic acid‐COOH‐14C was also obtained as a byproduct in 9% yield. A reaction mechanism is proposed.
Synthese et purification de la 6‐furfurylaminopurine‐11‐H3 (kinetine) a haute activite specifique
Authors: Buchman O. , Milstein D. , Shimoni M.
Published: October 2006

La microsynthèse et la purification de la kinéine, marquée au tritium dans le group méthylène, sont décrites. L'activitéspécifique obtenue est de 2.4 Ci/mmole.
Labelling of 2‐hydroxy ‐5‐carbomethoxybenzyloxyamine hydrochloride with 14c isotope
Authors: Engler J. , Kasztreiner E.
Published: October 2006

Radioisotopic labelling of a novel histamine level reducing and antiinflammatory agent is described. The 2‐hydroxy‐5‐carbomethoxybenzy ‐14C‐oxyamine hydrochloride was prepared for the purpose of radioisotopic indication and further for pharmacological and action mechanism studies.
Calcium homeostasis in pregnancy
Authors: Hosking D. J.
Published: October 2006

The demands of fetal growth lead to an adaptation of maternal homeostasis In order to provide the required calcium from enhanced intestinal absorption rather than from mobilization of maternal skeletal reserves. In large part this adaptive process depends on the interrelationship between PTH and 1,25(OH)2D which shows quantitative rather than qualitative changes from the non‐pregnant state. In contrast the maintenance of fetal mineral homeostasis largely depends on PTHrP which regulates active placental calcium transfer and the calcium fluxes across the kidney and bone. The major source of PTHrP is the fetal parathyroid gland although some is provided by the placenta. It may be this latter component which passes Into the maternal circulation where It may play a role in calcium homeostasis by acting through the PTH receptor.
Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and prognosis of growth hormone deficiency
Authors: Bozzola M. , Adamsbaum C. , Biscaldi I. , Zecca M. , Cisternino M. , Genovese E. , Richard I. , Kalifa G. , Chaussaln J. L.
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE In patients with congenital GH deficiency (GHD), magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) has revealed morphological abnormalities such as pituitary hypoplasia, absence of the stalk and ectopia of the posterior pituitary (PPE). Our study was aimed at investigating the possible relationship between neuroradioiogical Images and the presence of Isolated GH or multiple pituitary hormone deficiency.

DESIGN We studied 121 patients, aged 0.3–25 years, with Isolated GHD (IGHD, 81 cases) or multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD, 40 cases). Of 81 IGHD patients, 50 were at prepubertal and 22 at pubertal age, while 9 had a delayed onset of puberty. Out of 40 MPHD patients, 25 were at prepubertal age and 15 at the age of puberty.

RESULTS Pituitary hypoplasia, defined as a gland with a height of less than −2 SD for age, was observed more frequently in prepubertal (66%) than pubertal (18%) IGHD patients. It was also found in the majority of MPHD patients of prepubertal (76%) and pubertal age (80%), and of IGHD patients with delayed onset of puberty (100%). Mean ± SEM pituitary height was significantly lower (P < 0.001) In both prepubertal IGHD (−2.70 ± 0.20 SD) and MPHD children (−3.10 ± 0.39 SD) than in IGHD patients with normal onset of puberty (−1.55 ± 0.2 SD). A significantly greater pituitary height was observed in IGHD patients with normal onset of puberty (−1.55 ± 0.20 SD) than In MPHD patients at the age of puberty (−4.38 ± 0.61 SD, P < 0.001) and in IGHD subjects with delayed onset of puberty (−4.06 ± 0.41 SD, P < 0.001). An Important Increase (P < 0.02) in the height of the pituitary gland was found in 6 of the 9 patients with delayed puberty when they were re‐evaluated after completing their spontaneous pubertal development. The frequency of other MRI abnormalities (PPE, stalk transection) was significantly higher in MPHD patients than In IGHD patients (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION Our results confirm the usefulness of MRI In the evaluation of children affected by GH deficiency. The association of gland hypoplasia with other MR abnormalities could suggest the presence of multiple anterior pituitary deficiencies. Finally, puberty seems to play an important role in the increase of pituitary size in multiple pituitary hormone deficiency and isolated GH deficiency patients.
Exploring host-pathogen interactions at the epithelial surface: application of transcriptomics in lung biology
Authors: Vos Joost B. , Datson Nicole A. , Rabe Klaus F. , Hiemstra Pieter S.
Published: October 2006

The epithelial surface of the airways is the largest barrier-forming interface between the human body and the outside world. It is now well recognized that, at this strategic position, airway epithelial cells play an eminent role in host defense by recognizing and responding to microbial exposure. Conversely, inhaled microorganisms also respond to contact with epithelial cells. Our understanding of this cross talk is limited, requiring sophisticated experimental approaches to analyze these complex interactions. High-throughput technologies, such as DNA microarray analysis and serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), have been developed to screen for gene expression levels at large scale within single experiments. Since their introduction, these hypothesis-generating technologies have been widely used in diverse areas such as oncology and brain research. Successful application of these genomics-based technologies has also revealed novel insights in host-pathogen interactions in both the host and pathogen. This review aims to provide an overview of the SAGE and microarray technology illustrated by their application in the analysis of host-pathogen interactions. In particular, the interactions between epithelial cells in the human lungs and clinically relevant microorganisms are the central focus of this review.
Uebersicht der wichtigsten Erfahrungen im Felde der Toxikologie
Authors: Witting E. , Stomeyer Fr.
Published: October 2006

Uebersicht der wichtigsten Erfahrungen im Felde der Toxikologie, besonders der chemisch‐gerichtlichen Untersuchung durch eine große Reihe eigener Beobachtungen über den Einfluß vegetabilischer und thierischer Substanzen auf metallische Gifte bereichert. Herausgegeben von Dr. B. Wittung, mit einem Vorwort von Dr. Fr. Stromeyer. 1. Band. Mit einem Kupfer. Hannover 1827. Im Verlage der Hahnschen Hofbuchhandlung.
Quantitative Trennung und Bestimmung von Arzneistoffgemischen aus der Gruppe der Analgetika/Antipyretika
Authors: Dibbern H.‐W. , Scholz G.
Published: October 2006

Mit je einem Kationen‐ und Anionenaustauscher gelingt es, durch Beladung mit verschiedenen Gegenionen bzw. durch selektive Elutionsverfahren Analgetika‐Gemischen in 5 Fraktionen quantitativ aufzutrennen. Für die Trennung von Gemischen aus 2–5 Komponenten durch Austauscher‐ und Adsorptionschromatographie werden Beispiele mitgeteilt.
Zur photometrischen Aloinbestimmung nach H. Möhrle. II. Mitt. über Methoden zur Wertbestimmung von Aloe
Authors: Böhme H. , Kreutzig L.
Published: October 2006

Die von H. Möhrle vorgeschlagene photometrische Bestimmung von Aloin in Aloe und Aloe‐Extrakt führt zu 20–25% über dem tatsächlichen Gehalt liegenden Werten. Es gelingt, das Verfahren so abzuwandeln, daß man zu Ergebnissen kommt, die befriedigend übereinstimmen mit den durch quantitative Papier‐ und Dünnschichtchromatographie erhaltenen. In der neuen Form wird die photometrische Aloinbestimmung zur Aufnahme in das DAB 7 empfohlen.
Darstellung einiger Benzimidazol‐ und Benzthiazol‐2‐sulfonamide
Authors: Stanovnik B. , Tišler M.
Published: October 2006

Die Darstellung verschiedener Benzimidazol‐ und Benzthiazol‐2‐sulfonamide aus Sulfonylchloriden wurde untersucht. Die Sulfonylchloride konnten durch oxydierende Chlorierung entsprechender Thione (I), Disulfide (V), Bishydroxymethyl‐Verbindungen oder Mannichbasen (IV) gewonnen werden. Die Über‐führung in die Sulfonamide (III) erfolgte auf übliche Weise. Hydroxy‐ und Aminomethylierung erfolgte beim Benzimidazolin‐2‐thion stets an beiden Stickstoff‐Atomen. Die Struktur wurde durch Überführung der Bishydroxymethyl‐Verbindung über die Bischlormethyl‐Verbindung in das bekannte 1,3‐Dimethyl‐Derivat bewiesen.
Synthese und pharmakologische Aktivität einiger Nitroindolderivate
Authors: Hiremath S. P. , Siddappa S. , Sirsi M.
Published: October 2006

Es wurden Nitroindol‐3‐aldehyd‐thiosemicarbazone, ‐semicarbazone und Nitroindol‐2‐carbohydrazide hergestellt und ihre Wirkung auf das Wachstum von Mycobacterium tuberculosis untersucht.
Beiträge zur Chemie der 3,5‐Pyrazolidindione
Authors: Mustafa A. , Sammour A. , Kira M. , Hilmy M. K. , Anwar M. , Nakhla S. N.
Published: October 2006

Es werden Kondensationen zwischen 1‐Phenyl‐3,5‐pyrazolidindion und Aldehyden, substituierten Benzoinen, 1,2‐ und 1,3‐Dicarbonylverbindungen beschrieben.

Grignardreagenzien geben nach Reaktion mit der exocyclischen Doppelbindung der stark farbigen in 4‐Stellung methylierten 3,5‐Pyrazolidindione nach Hydrolyse farblose Produkte der wahrscheinlichen Struktur X.

Blausäure, ebenso wie Thiole, ergeben nach Addition an die exocyclische Doppelbindung ebenfalls farblose Produkte: XI und XVII. Während die Einwirkung von Hydrazinen bei einer Anzahl substituierter 3,5‐Pyrazolidindione Ringöffnung bewirkt, führt sie bei anderen substituierten 3,5‐Pyrazolidindionen zu Addition an die Doppelbindung. Substituierte 3,5‐Pyrazolidindione, die an der Position 4 eine Carbonylgruppe in der Seitenkette besitzen, ergeben das Hydrazon XVI.

Reaktionen zwischen heterocyclischen Verbindungen und 4‐Benzyliden‐1,2‐diphenyl‐3,5‐pyrazolidindionen führen zu XVIIIb bis c.

Es wird über die Synthese des 4,4′‐Bis(1,2‐diphenyl‐3,5‐pyrazolidindion) (XVIIId) und 4,4′‐Methyliden‐bis(1‐phenyl‐ und 1,2‐diphenyl)‐3,5‐pyrazolidindion) (XIX) berichtet.
Zur Historisierung der Staatswissenschaften Von der Kameralistik zur historischen Schule der Nationalökonomie
Authors: Vom Bruch Rüdiger
Published: October 2006

At the beginning of the nineteenth century the mostly practically orientated and speculative patterns of economic theory of the eighteenth‐century cameralists result with interrupted (but on the whole remarkable) traditional bands in the German Historical School of National Economy, which prevailed most of the German universities after 1870. This school of thought developed, although in the Germany of the beginning nineteenth century the cameralist encyclopedias and the reception of traditional theories of economic liberalism declined. The school of National Economy proved to be determined by traditional professional impacts (training of government officials), regional differences and specific regional changes of the English model, by the historical attitude of National Economy in relation to the arts sciences ‐ this was however not a defined economic science concerning method and contents ‐, and by continuing the aims of a welfare state within late industrialized authoritarian governments.
Die Geschichtlichkeit des Rechts und die „geschichtliche Rechtswissenschaft”︁
Authors: Holzhauer Heinz
Published: October 2006

The historic dimension of right was never bigger than in the period of prescriptive right. But it has been doubted, that medieval German law was dominated by prescriptive right as classical scholars from J. Grimm to Fritz Kern had assumed. Nevertheless methodical anthropological reflexions seem to be sure that originally all right was prescriptive right. Its dominance does not exclude contracts, that means a cooperative kind of right, which must be considered original as a kind of ordered law, ordered by a paramount leader. The idea of right by custom everywhere presupposes the idea of a mythical or religious legislator, to whom the transmitted prescriptive right is ascribed.

The dominance of prescriptive right with the early Germans has been proved by the absence of this idea before Christianization. The reception of Roman law by the medieval Germans was also promoted from Justinian as a “mythical” predecessor of the rulers of the Sacrum imperium Romanum. Like a Trojanic horse Roman law contained the rule “lex posterior derogat legi priori” which makes an end to presriptive right. Under the rule of ordered law the quality of right separated from its validity; the idea of natural right was born.

In the 19th century Savigny, the founder of the Historische Rechtsschule, founded all right on custom, but regarded the romanistic jurisprudence as prescriptive right. In his famous controversy with Thibaut he rejected the project of a codification (1814) and favoured the traditioned romanistic right. In reality his theory is less historic than dogmatic.
„… daß Sie Ihre Tätigkeit einstellen müssen”︁: Die Entlassung Sergej Tschachotins aus dem Heidelberger Kaiser‐Wilhelm‐Institut 1933
Authors: Albrecht Richard
Published: October 2006

“…that you must have to stop working here.” How Sergej Chakhotin was forced to leave the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute at Heidelberg in 1933. ‐ In this essay the author presents some basically unpublished material according to the dismissal of the Russian natural scientist Sergej Chakhotin, a former assistant of I. P. Pavlov. Chakhotin, who got a sholarship granted by an American institution, worked since 1930 at the newly established Kaiser Wilhelm Institute at Heidelberg, as a scientist. Moreover, he practically engaged himself in the political struggle of the German Social Democrats against Nazism and, in 1932, created the at that time well‐known symbol of the Three Arrows. But he was ‐ being a Soviet citizen ‐ a guest in Germany. His political activity was the very reason for his discharge in April, 1933, and even the engagement of some prominent academic collegues was not able to stop the administration measure. So Chakhotin became a political refugee like some of his German collegues.
Synthesis of deuterium and tritium labelled derivatives of maleopimaric acid
Authors: Ramm Peter J. , Taylor John B.
Published: October 2006

A new hepatoprotective agent, N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐maleopimarimidyl morpholide (RU18492) has been synthesised labelled with tritium at C‐3, C‐4a, C‐10 and in the C‐isopropyl group. The incorporation of tritium relies on the acid‐catalysed isomerisation of levopimaric acid (4) to abietic acid (2), which was then converted in three stages to (3).
Synthese von Pulvinsäure‐[14C], 4‐Hydroxy‐Pulvinsäure‐[14C] und 4′‐Hydroxy‐Pulvinsäure‐[14C]
Authors: Noppel Hans Ehrenfried , Schweer Karl‐Heinz , Massow Friedrich Von
Published: October 2006

Es wird die Synthese von Pulvinäure‐[14C], 4′‐Hydroxy‐pulvinäure‐[14C], ausgehend von Phenylacetonitril‐[2‐14C], bschrieben. Die Identität der markierten Verbindungen wurde durch dünnschichtchtomatographischen Vergleich mit den auf glechim Wege synthetisierten inaktiven substanzen sichergestellt, deren Struktur durch Elementaranalyse, MASSEN‐, 1H‐NMR‐Spektern festegelegt worden war.
Specific 14c‐labeled surfactants. The addition of hohogeneous polyoxyethylene glycols to p‐(l,l,3,3‐tetramethylbutyl)phenol
Authors: Tanaka F. S. , Wien R. G.
Published: October 2006

Two surfactants, one containing a six and the other containing a nine unit polyoxyethylene glycol side chain attached to p‐(1,1,3,3‐tetramethylbutyl) phenol (TOPOH), were prepared with specific 14C‐labeling. The radioactive label was introduced into the first ethylene oxide unit attached to the aryl moiety, TOPOCH2*CH2(OCH2CH2)nOH, by coupling chloroacetic‐14C‐l acid with TOPOH. A 4‐step reaction scheme was utilized in the synthesis, and all reactions gave excellent yields except for the final Williamson coupling reaction. A competing elimination reaction occurred in the final reaction to afford a vinylic by‐product, TOPOCHCHCl, which was identified by spectroscopic methods. The overall yields for TOP(OCH2CH2)6OH and TOP(OCH2CH2)9OH were 42 and 33 per cent, respectively.
Tritium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Part IV[ref. (1)]. Distribution of tritium in [G‐3H] phenylalanine and other amino acids
Authors: Al‐Rawi Jasim M. A. , Elvidge John A. , Jones John R. , Chambers Victor M. A. , Evans Anthony
Published: October 2006

The usefulness of 3H n.m.r. spectroscopy as an analytical tool for the determination of tritium distribution in both generally and specifically labelled compounds is illustrated by reference to the results for phenylalanine and several other amino acids.
Synthesis of labeled L‐cystinyl‐bis‐L‐valine and bis‐6‐(L‐2‐aminoadipyl)‐L‐cystinyl‐bis‐L‐valine
Authors: Vanderhaeghe H. , Adriaens P.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of two peptides, L‐cystinyl‐bis‐L‐valine and bis‐6‐(L‐2‐aminoadipyl)‐L‐cystinyl‐bis‐L‐valine, labeled with L‐valine‐14C(U) or L‐cystine‐3,3′‐T, is described.
Synthesis of some 14C‐labelled aziridine compounds, psychotropic agents
Authors: Minato H. , Nagasaki T. , Katsuyama Y. , Yokoshima T. , Suga K. , Ueda T.
Published: October 2006

1‐Methyl‐2‐(2‐naphthyl)aziridine (1) and 1‐methyl–2‐(1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐2‐naphthyl)aziridine (II), psychotropic agents, were labelled by incorporating carbon‐14 into the carbon of the aziridine ring. Labelled products I and II were obtained in 32.4% and 14.4% radiochemical yield based on 2‐acetyl‐carbonyl‐14C‐naphthalene (III), respectively.
Preparation of 3,3′‐dichlorobenzidine‐(phenyl‐U‐14C) dihydrochloride
Authors: Duncan W. P. , Wiley J. C. , Perry W. C.
Published: October 2006

A novel five‐step synthesis of 3,3′‐ dichlorobenzidine‐(phenyl‐U14C) dihydrochloride is described. The method consists of the preparation of benzidine‐(phenyl‐U‐14C) followed by acetylation, chlorination with N‐chlorosuccinimide (NCS), and hydrolysis. The specific activity of the product was 31.2 mCi/mmole and the overall radiochemical yield was 20% [based on nitrobenzene‐(phenyl‐U‐14C)].
Synthesis of specifically labelled tryptophans: 5,7‐3H2 and 4,6‐3H2 tryptophan
Authors: Gardini G. P. , Palla G.
Published: October 2006

Syntheses of 5,7‐3H2 and 4,6‐3H2 tryptophan, respectively from 2,4,6‐3H3‐ and 3,5‐3H2‐aniline, were obtained by Fischer cyclization of suitable labelled phenylhydrazones.
A generator system for thallium‐20l
Authors: Campbell James A. , Finn Ronald D. , Smith Patricia M.
Published: October 2006

A new and efficient method is described for the separation of 201Tl from its parent 201Pb. Differences in ion exchange properties facilitate the use of a generator system for this separation. The procedure itself is simple and utilizes an exchange column which retains all lead isotopes, as well as other metals, while permitting elution of carrier‐free 201Tl. Unlike current methods, the 201Tl can be made clinically available within hours of its generation and the need for elaborate extractions is avoided.
The preparation of (14C) and [3H] labelled benzene oxide
Authors: Platt Karl L. , Oesch Franz
Published: October 2006

Benzene oxide ‐[U‐14C] was prepared from benzene ‐(U‐14C) by modifications of methods described for the inactive compound.

Benzene oxide‐[3.6–3H] was prepared by decomposition of 3.6‐bis‐trimethylsilyl‐1,4‐cyclohexadiene with tritiated water. bromination of the 1,4‐cyclohexadiene‐[3,6‐3H] so obtained. epoxidation and dehydrobromination.

With the latter method benzene oxide‐[3,6–3H] can be prepared at a much lower cost and higher specific activity than benzene oxide‐[U‐14C].
Syntheses with stable isotopes: 4‐Ethylsulfonyl‐l‐naphthalenesulfonamide‐ 15N
Authors: Whaley Thomas W. , Daub Guido H.
Published: October 2006

The title compound was prepared from 4‐ethylthio‐1‐naphalenesulfonyl chloride in a two‐step synthesis with an overall yield of 56%. An alternative one‐step synthesis from 4‐ethylsulfonyl‐1‐naphthalenesulfonyl chloride was found to be unsuitable for nitrogen labeling.
Synthesis of 2–14C‐3‐amino‐1‐chloro‐5‐methylhexan‐2‐one hydrochloride
Authors: Lewis Neil J. , Hes Jan , Yip Philip , Cazer Frederick D.
Published: October 2006

A convenient synthesis of the 14C‐labelled chloromethyl ketone analog of leucine is reported. Modification of previously published conditions allowed for the facile synthesis of: 2–14C‐3‐amino‐1‐chloro‐5‐methylhexan‐2‐one hydrochloride in four steps from 1‐14C‐DL‐leucine in 85.7% yield. This represented a four‐fold improvement over yields reported previously for compounds of this class.
Synthesis of labeled metallocenes via double Π‐ligand transfer
Authors: Stadlbauer E. A. , Nipper E. , Wenzel M.
Published: October 2006

Labeled ruthenocenes were prepared by heating substituted ferrocenes with 103RuCl3 involving (Π‐ligand)‐(Π‐ligand) exchange. Coproportionation and disproportionation of a mixture of a radioactive metallocene compound and an inactive one in the presence of catalytic amounts of FeCl3 or RuCl3 provided a variety of labeled metallocenes in a simple one step procedure.
The synthesis of 6‐deoxy‐6‐18F‐α‐D‐galactopyranose (XXII)
Authors: Christman David R. , Orhanovic Zlata , Shreeve Walton W. , Wolf Alfred P.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of 6‐deoxy‐6–18F‐α‐D‐galactopyranose from the 6‐tosyl‐1,2:3,4‐di‐O‐isopropylidene derivative, using tetraethyl‐ammonium fluoride‐18F is described. The synthesis requires 4–4 1/2 hours for completion. The radiochemical yield (activity in compound/starting activity. corrected for decay) is about 15%. Thus 3–4% of the starting 18F– activity is present at the time of delivery, in approximately 0.2 mg of product.
A convenient synthesis of sodium acetate‐18O2
Authors: Hutchinson C. Richard , Mabuni Clayton T.
Published: October 2006

Sodium acetate‐18O2 is synthesized by the hydrolysis of triethyl orthoacetate with water‐18O in 89% chemical yield with a 1.1 to 1.2‐fold dilution of the isotopic label contained in water‐18O.
Tritium gas exposure as an alternative to base‐catalyzed exchange for the one‐step tritiation of nitrosamines
Authors: Gaffield William , Roller Peter P. , Palmer Winifred G. , Keefer Larry K.
Published: October 2006

N‐Nitrosodibutylamine (DBN) and fully deuterated N‐nitrosodimethylamine (DMN‐d6) have been successfully tritiated using the Wilzbach procedure. Specific activities, after purification and transfer to aqueous solution for biochemical studies, were 180 and 14 mCi/mmole, respectively. 3HN‐Nitrosodibutylamine (3H‐DBN) was rather sensitive to autoradiolysis, although the unlabelled derivative proved unusually resistant to base‐catalyzed exchange with deuterium oxide. No decrease in deuterium content was observed during the preparation of 3HN‐nitrosodimethyl‐amine‐d6 (3H‐DMN‐d6), demonstrating that tracer quantities of tritium could be incorporated without significantly lowering the deuterium isotopic purity.
Synthese 14C‐Markierter Umweltchemikalien
Authors: Sandrock K. , Attar A. , Bieniek D. , Klein W. , Korte F.
Published: October 2006

Ausgehend von Benzol‐14C über Nitrobenzol‐14C und Anilin14C konnten mehrere markierte Umweltchemikalien darge‐stellt werden. Durch Chlorierung von Anilin‐14C bzw. dessen Acetylderivat wurden Chloraniline‐14C erhalten. Gomberg‐Bachmann bzw. Cadogan Reaktion diazotierter Chloraniline mit verschiedenen Chlorbenzolen führte zu Di‐, Tri‐ und Pentachlorbiphenylen‐14C. Verkochung des Diazoniumsalzes von Anilin‐14C ergab Phenol‐14C, das zu 2,4,6‐Trichlorphenol‐14C umgesetzt wurde. Hexachlorbenzol‐14C und Pentachlornitro‐benzol‐14C wurden durch Chlorierung von Nitrobenzol‐14C dargestellt. Chloralkylen 9‐14C wurde durch Friedel‐Crafts Alkylierung von 2,4′‐Dichlorbiphenyl‐14C mit 2‐Chlorpropan erhalten.
Preparation of the radioiodinated histamine amide of 4‐0‐(carboxypropyl)‐diethylstilbestrol
Authors: Johnson Howard J. , Cernosek Stanley F. , Gutierrez‐Cernosek Rose Mary
Published: October 2006

The mixed anhydride synthesis provides a route to an iodinated form of the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES). Labelling of histamine by the oxidative Chloramine‐T method prior to coupling to 4‐0‐(carboxypropyl)‐diethylstilbestrol (1 ) minimizes radiation damage to the sensitive DES derivative. The radioiodinated derivative has demonstrated binding to an anti‐DES serum, thus making possible a potentially useful iodine‐based radioimmunoassay for DES.
Synthesis of 131I‐Labelled β‐Iodo‐D‐alanine and related compounds
Authors: Shiue Chyng‐Yann , Wolf A. P.
Published: October 2006

Methyl‐N‐carbobenzoxy‐β‐131I‐D‐alaninate (2) was synthesized by the melt method. Partial hydrolysis of compound 2 gave methyl β‐131I‐D‐alaninate (3). Hydrolysis of 2 with 2 N HCl gave β‐131I‐D‐alanine. The 123I and 125I labelled compounds were synthesized by the same method.
Carrier‐free 11 C Formaldehyde : An approach
Authors: Berger G. , Mazière M. , Sastre J. , Comar D.
Published: October 2006

The different parameters of 11C formaldehyde synthesis from 11CO2 have been systematically studied in order to improve yields, reproductibility and specific radioactivity.

With modifications brought to gas and reagents purity, 11CO2 trapping system, target and dehydrogenation catalyst treatment, 100 to 200 mCi of 11C formaldehyde are obtained at EOB + 10 mn, with a specific activity on the order of 600 mCi/μmole (maximum 1 Ci/μmole).
Preparation of a radiobrominated fluorescein for liver scanning
Authors: Gobuty Allan H. , Spicer Jay A. , Dressler Robert L.
Published: October 2006

A radiobrominated compound, 4,5,6,7‐tetrachloro‐2′,4′,5′,7′‐tetrabromofluorescein‐77Br4 was prepared from resorcinol, tetrachlorophthallic anhydride and Na77Br by a two‐step synthesis. The precursor was identified by spectrometry. Final purification utilized column chromatography. The product was identified by thin layer chromatography and spectrometry. The yield was 60% of theoretical.
Synthesis of 6‐amino‐6‐14 C‐hexyl 1‐thio‐α‐D‐mannopyranoside
Authors: Durette Philippe L. , Ellsworth Robert L. , Shen T. Y.
Published: October 2006

The radiolabeled insulin‐like carbohydrate derivative, 6‐amino‐6‐14C‐hexyl 1‐thio‐α‐D‐mannopyranoside (6), has been synthesized for receptor binding and mechanism‐of‐action studies by a two‐step process from 5‐bromopentyl 1‐thio‐α‐D‐mannopyranoside (4). Nucleophilic displacement reaction on compound 4 with sodium cyanide‐14C and subsequent catalytic reduction of the intermediate nitrile 5 afforded after chromatography the radiochemically pure amine 6 with a specific activity of 47·3 mCi/mmol.
Labelled organophosphorus pesticides IV. Syntheses of optically active O‐aryl O‐ethyl phenylphosphonothioates labelled with carbon‐14
Authors: Yoshitake Akira , Mohri Zen‐Ichi , Kamada Takeshi , Yasuda Taeko , Nakatsuka Iwao
Published: October 2006

Optically active O‐p‐cyanophenyl O‐ethyl phenylphosphonothioate (cyanofenphos) (1) and O‐ethyl O‐p‐nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate (EPN) (2), organophosphorus insecticides, were labelled with carbon‐14 at the phenyl ring of the phenylphosphonothioic acid moiety for use in metabolic studies. The synthetic procedures were shown in Fig. 1. Treatment of benzene‐14C6 with phosphorus trichloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride followed by sulfurization with sulfur gave phenyl‐14C6‐phosphonodichloridothioate (3). Reaction of 3 with ethanol gave O‐ethyl phenyl‐14C6‐phosphonochloridothioate (4). Hydrolysis of 4 gave (±)‐O‐ethyl phenyl‐14C6‐phosphonothioic acid (5). Optical resolution of 5 with brucine afforded (−)‐ and (+)‐enantiomers (5a and 5b), which were chlorinated with oxalyl chloride to give (−)‐ and (+)‐chloridothioates (4a and 4b), respectively. Condensation of 4a and 4b with p‐cyanophenol yielded (+)‐ and (−)‐cyanofenphos‐(phenyl‐14C6) (la and lb) in the overall yields of 4.0 and 4.5%, respectively. Similarly, condensation of 4a and 4b with p‐nitrophenol afforded (+)‐ and (‐)‐EPN‐(phenyl‐114C6)(2a and 2b) in the overall yields of 4.2 and 5.5%, respectively.
Tritium labelling of carcinogenic cyclopenta[a]phenanthrenes at very high specific activity
Authors: Coombs Maurice M.
Published: October 2006

Platinum metal catalysed exchange in [3H]acetic acid is a satisfactory method for generally labelling cyclopenta[a]‐phenanthrenes at very high specific activity.
Syntheses with stable isotopes: Sodium cyanide‐13C, methane‐13C, methane‐13C‐d4, and methane‐d4
Authors: Ott D. G. , Kerr V. N. , Sanchez T. G. , Whaley T. W.
Published: October 2006

Hydrogenation of carbon‐13C dioxide over ruthenium‐on‐alumina catalyst at 300–400°C produced methane‐13C, which was passed with excess ammonia over platinum at 1000°C to give, after absorption of the product in sodium hydroxide solution, sodium cyanide‐13C in 90% overall yield. Methane‐13C‐d4 and methane‐d4 were prepared by reduction of carbon‐13C monoxide and carbon monoxide, respectively, with deuterium.
Steroide, lix. Tritiummarkierung eines neuen Hochwirksamen Gestagens: STS 557 [14α,15α‐3H]‐17α‐cyanomethyl‐17ß‐hydroxy‐Östra‐4,9‐dien‐3‐on
Authors: Wagner H. , Römer J. , Hübner M. , Ponsold K.
Published: October 2006

The preparation of [14α,15α‐3H]‐17α‐cyanomethyl‐17ß‐hydroxy‐estra‐4,9‐diene‐3‐one (X) starting with catalytic tritiation of 3‐methoxy‐estra‐1,3,5(10),8,14‐pentaene‐17ß‐ol (I) and followed by a ten‐step synthesis is described. This new high effective gestagene STS 557 was obtained with high specific aotivity and radioohemioal purity better than 98 % Radiolysis and storage conditions are examined.
Synthesis of malondialdehyde‐1,2,3‐14C3 via ethyl vinyl‐[1,2‐14C2] ether
Authors: Bienkowski Michael J. , Tuttle Melissa A. , Marnett Lawrence J.
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of 1,1,3,3‐tetraethoxypropane‐1,2,3‐14C3 from uniformly labeled paraldehyde is described. The synthesis involves three steps and proceeds in an overall yield of 25%. The final product is greater than 95% radiochemically pure and it is stable indefinitely when stored as thoroughly degassed benzene solutions. Hydrolysis of radiolabeled tetraethoxypropane occurs in moderate yields to form malondialdehyde‐1,2,3‐14C3(1,3 propanedial‐1,2,3‐14C3) which is isolated and stored as the sodium salt. One of the intermediates in the synthesis of tetraethoxypropane is ethyl vinyl‐[1,2‐14C2] ether, which is isolable in 50% overall yield from paraldehyde. The widespread utilization of ethyl vinyl ether in organic synthesis suggests that the radiolabeled material should provide an entry to a large number of specifically [14C] labeled compounds.
A facile synthetic route to the 14C‐labeled enantiomers of MK‐196, A new uricosuric diuretic, and its major metabolite
Authors: Woltersdorf Otto W.
Published: October 2006

The enantiomers of MK‐196, (6,7‐dichloro‐2‐methyl‐1‐oxo‐2‐phenyl‐5‐indanyloxy)‐acetic acid, and the 2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl) derivative, the major metabolite of MK‐196, were resolved by classical methods using α‐methylbenzylamine salts, and converted to the corresponding, enantiomerically pure (indanyloxy)acetic acids‐α‐14C by facile ether cleavage with pyridine hydrochloride to the 5‐indanols, selective O‐re‐alkylation with methyl bromoacetate‐2‐14C and subsequent saponification.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 and deuterium labeled valproic acids
Authors: Ranade Vasant V. , Alter Arthur
Published: October 2006

Valproic acid and sodium valproate labeled with carbon‐14 in the 2‐position were synthesized. Deuterium labeled valproic acid was also synthesized and the extent of deuterium incorporation was determined by several analytical methods.
Synthesis of [4″‐3H]‐ and [4,4,5,5‐2H4]‐2‐(1′‐[2′,6″‐Dichlorophenoxy]‐ethyl)‐Δ2‐imidazoline
Authors: Kloster Gerd , Odenthal Johannes
Published: October 2006

[4″‐3H]‐2‐(1‐[2″,6″‐Dichlorophenoxy]‐ethyl‐Δ2‐imidazoline) was prepared from [4‐3H]‐2,6‐dichlorophenol in two different ways. By reaction of 2,6‐dichlorophenol with 2‐(α‐chloroethyl)‐Δ2‐imidazoline, the radiochemical yield, at a specific activity of 173.9 mCi/mmole, was 12.8 %. With the two‐step‐procedure (reaction of 2,6‐dichlorophenol with 1.) 2‐chloropropionitrile and 2. ethylenediamine, the radiochemical yield of product, at a specific activity of 185.8 mCi/mmole, was 30.0 %.

[4,4,5,5‐2H4]‐2‐(1′‐[2″,6″‐Dichlorophenoxy]‐ethyl)‐Δ2‐imidazoline was prepared in one step from [1,1,2,2‐2H4]‐ethylene‐diamine in 49 % yield.