bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A role for vesicular glutamate transporter 1 in synaptic vesicle clustering and mobility
Authors: Siksou Léa , Silm Kätlin , Biesemann Christoph , Nehring Ralf B. , Wojcik Sonja M. , Triller Antoine , El Mestikawy Salah , Marty Serge , Herzog Etienne
Published: April 2013

Synaptic vesicles (SVs) from excitatory synapses carry vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) that fill the vesicles with neurotransmitter. Although the essential function of VGLUTs as glutamate transporters has been well established, the evidence for additional cell‐biological functions is more controversial. Both VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 disruptions in mice result in a reduced number of SVs away from release sites, flattening of SVs, and the appearance of tubular structures. Therefore, we analysed the morphology, biochemical composition and trafficking of SVs at synapses of VGLUT1−/− mice in order to test for a function of VGLUTs in the formation or clustering of SVs. Analyses with high‐pressure freezing immobilisation and electron tomography pointed to a role of VGLUT1 transport function in the tonicity of excitatory SVs, explaining the aldehyde‐induced flattening of SVs observed in VGLUT1−/− synapses. We confirmed the steep reduction in the number of SVs previously observed in VGLUT1−/− presynaptic terminals, but did not observe accumulation of endocytotic intermediates. Furthermore, SV proteins of adult VGLUT1−/− mouse brain tissue were expressed at normal levels in all subcellular fractions, suggesting that they were not displaced to another organelle. We thus assessed the mobility of the recently documented superpool of SVs. Synaptobrevin2–enhanced green fluorescent protein time lapse experiments revealed an oversized superpool of SVs in VGLUT1−/− neurons. Our results support the idea that, beyond glutamate loading, VGLUT1 enhances the tonicity of excitatory SVs and stabilises SVs at presynaptic terminals.
In Defence of a Structural Account of Indirect Realism
Authors: Sollberger Michael
Published: April 2013

Current orthodoxy in the philosophy of perception views indirect realism as misguided, wrongheaded or simply outdated. The reasons for its pariah status are variegated. Although it is surely not unreasonable to speculate that philosophical fashion is one factor that contributes to this situation, there are also solid philosophical arguments which put pressure on the indirect realist position. In this paper, I will discuss one such main objection and show how the indirect realist can face it. The upshot will be a defence of a new structural account of indirect realism which is immune to a number of objections that have been traditionally levelled at such theories of perceptual consciousness.
pH‐dependent disruption of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and model membranes by the human antimicrobial peptides hepcidin 20 and 25
Authors: Maisetta Giuseppantonio , Vitali Alberto , Scorciapino Mariano A. , Rinaldi Andrea C. , Petruzzelli Raffaele , Brancatisano Franca L. , Esin Semih , Stringaro Annarita , Colone Marisa , Luzi Carla , Bozzi Argante , Campa Mario , Batoni Giovanna
Published: April 2013

The human hepcidin 25 (hep‐25) and its isoform hepcidin 20 (hep‐20) are histidine‐containing, cystein rich, β‐sheet structured peptides endowed with antimicrobial activity. We previously reported that, similar to other histidine‐containing peptides, the microbicidal effects of hep‐25 and hep‐20 are highly enhanced at acidic pH. In the present study, we investigated whether pH influences the mode of action of hep‐25 and hep‐20 on Escherichia coli American Type Culture Collection 25922 and model membranes. A striking release of β‐galactosidase by hepcidin‐treated E. coli was observed at pH 5.0, whereas no inner membrane permeabilization capacity was seen at pH 7.4, even at bactericidal concentrations. Similar results were obtained by flow cytometry when assessing the internalization of propidium iodide by hepcidin‐treated E. coli. Scanning electron microscope imaging revealed that both peptides induced the formation of numerous blebs on the surface of bacterial cells at acidic pH but not at neutral pH. Moreover, a phospholipid/polydiacetylene colourimetric vesicle assay revealed a more evident membrane damaging effect at pH 5.0 than at pH 7.4. The leakage of entrapped dextrans of increasing molecular size from liposomes was also assessed at pH 7.4. Consistent with the lack of β‐galactosidase release from whole E. coli observed at such a pH value, evident leakage of only the smallest 4‐kDa dextran (and not of dextrans of 20 or 70 kDa) was observed, indicating a poor ability of hepcidin peptides to permeabilize liposome vesicles at pH 7.4. Altogether, the data obtained in the present study using different approaches strongly suggest that the ability of hepcidins to perturb bacterial membranes is markedly pH‐dependent.
Satellite‐derived estimates of forest leaf area index in southwest Western Australia are not tightly coupled to interannual variations in rainfall: implications for groundwater decline in a drying climate
Authors: Smettem Keith R. J. , Waring Richard H. , Callow John N. , Wilson Melissa , Mu Qiaozhen
Published: April 2013

There is increasing concern that widespread forest decline could occur in regions of the world where droughts are predicted to increase in frequency and severity as a result of climate change. The average annual leaf area index (LAI) is an indicator of canopy cover and the difference between the annual maximum and minimum LAI is an indicator of annual leaf turnover. In this study, we analyzed satellite‐derived estimates of monthly LAI across forested coastal catchments of southwest Western Australia over a 12 year period (2000–2011) that included the driest year on record for the last 60 years. We observed that over the 12 year study period, the spatial pattern of average annual satellite‐derived LAI values was linearly related to mean annual rainfall. However, interannual changes to LAI in response to changes in annual rainfall were far less than expected from the long‐term LAI‐rainfall trend. This buffered response was investigated using a physiological growth model and attributed to availability of deep soil moisture and/or groundwater storage. The maintenance of high LAIs may be linked to a long‐term decline in areal average underground water storage and diminished summer flows, with an emerging trend toward more ephemeral flow regimes.
Long‐term changes in forest carbon under temperature and nitrogen amendments in a temperate northern hardwood forest
Authors: Savage Kathleen E. , Parton William J. , Davidson Eric A. , Trumbore Susan E. , Frey Serita D.
Published: April 2013

Currently, forests in the northeastern United States are net sinks of atmospheric carbon. Under future climate change scenarios, the combined effects of climate change and nitrogen deposition on soil decomposition, aboveground processes, and the forest carbon balance remain unclear. We applied carbon stock, flux, and isotope data from field studies at the Harvard forest, Massachusetts, to the ForCent model, which integrates above‐ and belowground processes. The model was able to represent decadal‐scale measurements in soil C stocks, mean residence times, fluxes, and responses to a warming and N addition experiment. The calibrated model then simulated the longer term impacts of warming and N deposition on the distribution of forest carbon stocks. For simulation to 2030, soil warming resulted in a loss of soil organic matter (SOM), decreased allocation to belowground biomass, and gain of aboveground carbon, primarily in large wood, with an overall small gain in total system carbon. Simulated nitrogen addition resulted in a small increase in belowground carbon pools, but a large increase in aboveground large wood pools, resulting in a substantial increase in total system carbon. Combined warming and nitrogen addition simulations showed a net gain in total system carbon, predominately in the aboveground carbon pools, but offset somewhat by losses in SOM. Hence, the impact of continuation of anthropogenic N deposition on the hardwood forests of the northeastern United States may exceed the impact of warming in terms of total ecosystem carbon stocks. However, it should be cautioned that these simulations do not include some climate‐related processes, different responses from changing tree species composition. Despite uncertainties, this effort is among the first to use decadal‐scale observations of soil carbon dynamics and results of multifactor manipulations to calibrate a model that can project integrated aboveground and belowground responses to nitrogen and climate changes for subsequent decades.
Non‐capable residents: Is the experience of dependence understood in nursing homes? A qualitative study
Authors: Palacios‐Ceña Domingo , Gómez‐Calero Cristina , Cachón‐Pérez José Miguel , Brea‐Rivero Miguel , Gómez‐Pérez Daniel , Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas César
Published: April 2013

Objective 

The aim of the present study was to describe how dependence was experienced by Spanish nursing home residents with functional limitations.

Methods 

A qualitative phenomenological approach was followed. An initial purposeful sampling of Spanish residents in for‐profit nursing homes in the southern area of Madrid was carried out. Theoretical sampling was also implemented in order to gain a more in‐depth understanding of dependence. The inclusion criteria for nursing home residents were: aged 60 years old or older, having a functional impairment (Barthel Index <90), and lack of any cognitive impairment (Mini‐Mental State Examination‐Folstein >19) and able to communicate verbally in Spanish. Data were collected using unstructured and semi‐structured interviews. The interviews were tape recorded and fully transcribed. Data collection was concluded once theoretical saturation was reached, and the data were analyzed using the Giorgi proposal.

Results 

A total of 30 residents (15 female and 15 male) with a mean age of 83 years were included. Two main themes that describe the significance of dependence in nursing homes emerged from the data: (i) remaining “capable”, with one subtheme named “building the difference”, where residents described their own dependence classification of “non‐capable” residents; and (ii) “sharing life”, with two subthemes named “living together with non‐capable residents” and “sharing the environment”. Being considered as “non‐capable” is labelling the resident forever.

Conclusions 

The dependence experience of Spanish nursing home residents might help us gain a deeper insight into their expectations about functional limitations, as well as to understand the change in the relationship between residents considered “non‐capable”, caregivers and the other residents. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 212–219.
THE HCL WAY: THE PROCLAIMER
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: April 2013

Under Vineet Nayar, HCL has cut a defiant swathe through management orthodoxy proclaiming that employees, rather than customers, should come first. Nayar explains — and proclaims — the HCL way to Stuart Crainer.
FROM ZERO TO UBIQUITY
Authors: Chandy Rajesh , Ramdas Kamalini
Published: April 2013

Over the last three decades, mobile telephony has emerged from being technologically possible to globally used in a myriad of recently unimagined ways. Rajesh Chandy and Kamalini Ramdas examine the irresistible creation of the M world.
LET THERE BE LIGHT
Authors: Chandy Rajesh , Ramdas Kamalini
Published: April 2013

Many of us take electric lighting for granted. Flick a switch, and the world is illuminated. For millions of people as the sun sinks below the horizon, their lives disappear into the flickering shadows cast by a kerosene lamp.
CROWD AND PROUD
Authors: Chandy Rajesh , Ramdas Kamalini
Published: April 2013

Crowdsourced reporting initiatives using mobile phones have developed to report incidents of bird flu, corruption, failing infrastructure and governmental inadequacies.
THE M IN FUTURE
Authors: Chandy Rajesh , Ramdas Kamalini
Published: April 2013

What next?Rajesh Chandy and Kamalini Ramdas look to the future role of mobile phones in changing the world and provide a blueprint for what needs to change to make this a reality.
FINE TUNING TALENT
Authors: Kerres Bernhard
Published: April 2013

Harnessing talent requires focus on the individual not the organisation. Bernhard Kerres tunes into the reality of managing exceptional talent.
HEALTHCARE SERVICE: NEW WAYS TO SERVE
Authors: Peters Georgina
Published: April 2013

New research sounds a clarion call to revolutionise service delivery. Georgina Peters reports.
Preparation, Dielectric, and Magnetic Characteristics of LuFe2O4 Ceramics
Authors: Qin Ying , Liu Xiao Qiang , Wu Yong Jun , Chen Xiang Ming
Published: April 2013

Preparation of LuFe2O4 ceramics under vacuum environment was investigated together with the structural, dielectric, and magnetic characterization. Single‐phase LuFe2O4 could be obtained by the present process and the crystal structure was identified to be rhombohedral in space group . An obvious dielectric relaxation with activation energy of 0.29 eV was observed between 175 and 275 K. The Néel temperature of the present ceramics was ~250 K, and a reentrant spin glass transition was indicated at ~216 K. Two anomalies were observed in the DSC curve, which were relative with the ferrimagnetic transition and 2D–3D charge ordering transition of LuFe2O4. Meanwhile, a remarkable decrease appeared in the dielectric constant of the as‐magnetized LuFe2O4 sample, implying the magnetodielectric effect in the present ceramics.
Can God or the Market Set People Free?
Authors: Blosser Joe
Published: April 2013

Both Protestant theologians and “preference” economists believe that freedom is necessary for moral action, but such theologians and economists have seemingly irreconcilable accounts of freedom and, thus also, morality. Instead of learning from each other, they typically ignore each other or claim that one field reigns supreme over the other. This essay digs into the theological and economic traditions of each side to find points of similarity between them. It engages Adam Smith and Ernst Troeltsch to develop a view of “ethical freedom” that pulls together the “libertarian freedom” emphasized by preference economics and the “egalitarian freedom” emphasized in much Protestant theology. The three‐part view of freedom draws the disciplines together and opens possibilities for a more robust theory of moral action.
CO2‐concentrating mechanisms in three southern hemisphere strains of Emiliania huxleyi
Authors: Stojkovic Slobodanka , Beardall John , Matear Richard
Published: April 2013

Rising global CO2 is changing the carbonate chemistry of seawater, which is expected to influence the way phytoplankton acquire inorganic carbon. All phytoplankton rely on ribulose‐bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RUBISCO) for assimilation of inorganic carbon in photosynthesis, but this enzyme is inefficient at present day CO2 levels. Many algae have developed a range of energy demanding mechanisms, referred to as carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), which increase the efficiency of carbon acquisition. We investigated CCM activity in three southern hemisphere strains of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi W. W. Hay & H. P. Mohler. Both calcifying and non‐calcifying strains showed strong CCM activity, with HCO3− as a preferred source of photosynthetic carbon in the non‐calcifying strain, but a higher preference for CO2 in the calcifying strains. All three strains were characterized by the presence of pyrenoids, external carbonic anhydrase (CA) and high affinity for CO2 in photosynthesis, indicative of active CCMs. We postulate that under higher CO2 levels cocco‐lithophorids will be able to down‐regulate their CCMs, and re‐direct some of the metabolic energy to processes such as calcification. Due to the expected rise in CO2 levels, photosynthesis in calcifying strains is expected to benefit most, due to their use of CO2 for carbon uptake. The non‐calcifying strain, on the other hand, will experience only a 10% increase in HCO3−, thus making it less responsive to changes in carbonate chemistry of water.
Prevalence, outcome and risk factors for postoperative pyothorax in 232 dogs undergoing thoracic surgery
Authors: Meakin L. B. , Salonen L. K. , Baines S. J. , Brockman D. J. , Gregory S. P. , Halfacree Z. J. , Lipscomb V. J. , Lee K. C.
Published: April 2013

Objective

To determine the prevalence, outcome and risk factors for postoperative pyothorax in dogs undergoing thoracic surgery.

Methods

Case records were reviewed retrospectively to identify dogs with post thoracic surgery pyothorax, defined as septic neutrophilic inflammation within the pleural space based on cytology and/or a positive bacterial culture of pleural fluid. Those identified were reviewed for potential risk factors for postoperative pyothorax based on biological plausibility and previously published data. These potential risk factors were explored by multivariable logistic regression.

Results

Of 232 dogs undergoing thoracic surgery, 15 (6·5%) dogs developed pyothorax. Bacteria cultured included methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureusand multi‐resistantEscherichia coli. Of these dogs, six died, four were euthanased and five were treated successfully. A diagnosis of idiopathic chylothorax [Odds Ratio (OR)=12·5, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=2·7‐58·5, P=0·001], preoperative intrathoracic biopsy (OR=14·3, 95%CI=1·7‐118·7, P=0·014) and preoperative thoracocentesis (OR=11·2, 95%CI=1·6‐78·2, P=0·015) were identified as independent risk factors for development of postoperative pyothorax.

Clinical Significance

Idiopathic chylothorax, intrathoracic biopsy and prior thoracocentesis are independent risk factors for postoperative pyothorax, which was associated with a 67% mortality rate.
An anti‐c‐Fms antibody inhibits osteoclastogenesis in a mouse periodontitis model
Authors: Kimura K , Kitaura H , Fujii T , Ishida M , Hakami ZW , Takano‐Yamamoto T
Published: April 2013

Objective

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can induce inflammatory bone loss such as periodontal disease. The formation of osteoclasts depends on macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kb ligand (RANKL). It has recently been reported that administration of an antibody of the M‐CSF receptor c‐Fms completely blocked osteoclastogenesis and bone erosion induced by LPS in mouse calvaria. In this study, the effect of antibody against c‐Fms in the mouse periodontitis model by injection of LPS was investigated.

Materials and Methods

C57BL6/J mice were injected with LPS and anti‐c‐Fms antibody into the mesial gingiva of the first molar in the left mandible. Histological sections of periodontal tissue were stained for tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase, and osteoclast numbers and ratio of alveolar bone resorption determined.

Results

The number of osteoclasts and ratio of alveolar bone resorption in mice administered both LPS and anti‐c‐Fms antibody was lower than those in mice administered LPS alone. The expression of RANKL receptor, RANK, was inhibited by the anti‐c‐Fms antibody in periodontal tissue.

Conclusion

M‐CSF and/or its receptor are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of bone resorption, caused by LPS, in periodontitis. Injection of an anti‐c‐Fms antibody might be useful for inhibition of pathological bone resorption in periodontitis.
Culturally sensitive and universal measure of resilience for Japanese populations: Tachikawa Resilience Scale in comparison with Resilience Scale 14‐item version
Authors: Nishi Daisuke , Uehara Ritei , Yoshikawa Eisho , Sato Goro , Ito Masaya , Matsuoka Yutaka
Published: April 2013

Aim

Although scales specific to resilience are available and widely used, qualities of resilience could be culturally sensitive. This study aimed to develop a concise scale of resilience for Japanese populations, and compare its validity to that of the Resilience Scale 14‐item version (RS‐14), one of the most widely used scales for measuring resilience.

Methods

The Tachikawa Resilience Scale (TRS) was developed on the basis of data obtained from unstructured interviews with Japanese motor vehicle accident survivors without psychiatric disorder. The reliability and validity of the TRS and RS‐14 were then examined in cross‐sectional studies performed with 523 company workers and 140 psychiatric outpatients.

Results

The TRS and RS‐14 were negatively correlated with depressive symptoms in company workers and psychiatric outpatients and with anxiety in psychiatric outpatients, and were positively correlated with social support in company workers. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the TRS were high. Construct validity of the TRS was equivalent to that of the RS‐14 in company workers, and higher than that of the RS‐14 in psychiatric outpatients.

Conclusion

The reliability and validity of the TRS and RS‐14 in Japanese company workers and patients with psychiatric disorders were acceptable. The validity of the TRS was equivalent to or better than that of the RS‐14. Although the TRS cannot be regarded as an established scale due to a lack of theoretical rationale, the results of this study suggest that scales measuring resilience that cover cultural aspects might be more relevant in given populations.
Comparison of the utility of everyday memory test and the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐Cognitive part for evaluation of mild cognitive impairment and very mild Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Adachi Hiroyoshi , Shinagawa Shunichiro , Komori Kenjiro , Toyota Yasutaka , Mori Takaaki , Matsumoto Teruhisa , Sonobe Naomi , Kashibayashi Tetsuo , Ishikawa Tomohisa , Fukuhara Ryuji , Ikeda Manabu
Published: April 2013

Aim

The purpose of this study was to compare the utility of the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT) and the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐Cognitive part (ADAS‐Cog) for the evaluation of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or very mild Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

The discriminative abilities of RBMT and ADAS‐Cog were compared in the very early stage of AD or MCI patients. Furthermore, we evaluated the difference in both RBMT score and ADAS‐Cog score between different severities.

Results

Evident superiority in the false negative rate was observed in RBMT over ADAS‐Cog in MCI or very mild AD. In addition, 86.7% of the subjects overlooked by ADAS‐Cog were correctly detected by RBMT profile score. However, the RBMT score falls in the very early stages and the range of the RBMT score is rather narrow. As a result, it is difficult to evaluate status and follow the progression in severer cases. In contrast to RBMT, the ADAS‐Cog score has a wide range and can evaluate and follow the severity in more severe cases.

Conclusion

RBMT is more useful than ADAS‐Cog in evaluating patients with MCI or very mild AD.
Temporal variation of competition and facilitation in mixed species forests inCentralEurope
Authors: del Río M. , Schütze G. , Pretzsch H.
Published: April 2013

Facilitation, reduced competition or increased competition can arise in mixed stands and become essential to the performance of these stands when compared to pure stands. Facilitation and over‐yielding are widely held to prevail on poor sites, whereas neutral interactions or competition, leading to under‐yielding of mixedversuspure stands, can occur on fertile sites. While previous studies have focused on the spatial variation of mixing effects, we examine the temporal variation of facilitation and competition and its effect on growth. The study is based on tree ring measurement on cores from increment borings from 559 trees ofNorway spruce (Picea abies[L.]Karst.),European beech (Fagus sylvatica[L.]) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea(Matt.)Liebl.) in southernGermany, half of which were in pure stands and half in adjacent mixed stands. Mean basal area growth indices were calculated from tree ring measurements for pure and mixed stands for every species and site. The temporal variation, with positive correlations between species‐specific growth indices during periods of low growth and neutral or negative correlations during periods of high growth, is more distinct in mixed than in neighbouring pure stands. We provide evidence that years with low growth trigger over‐yielding of trees in mixed as opposed to pure stands, while years with high growth lead to under‐yielding. We discuss the relevance of the results in terms of advancing our understanding and modelling of mixed stands, extension of the stress gradient hypothesis, and the performance of mixedversuspure stands in the face of climate change.
Assimilation through Marriage
Authors: Epstein Gil S. , Lindner Pomerantz Renana
Published: April 2013

The degree to which the foreign culture influences the local culture differs across countries. We show how the willingness of locals and immigrants to intermarry influences the culture and the national identity of the host country. Using a search‐theoretic approach we show that, even in situations where migrants and natives prefer to marry within their own community, the search process may lead to intermarriage: either migrants or natives each hold on to their own culture or the immigrants take on the natives' culture. In some situations new cultures develop and the local culture will not survive over time.
Acculturation and Health Insurance of Mexicans in the USA
Authors: Kaushal Neeraj , Kaestner Robert
Published: April 2013

We study how the health insurance coverage of Mexican immigrants changes with time in the USA. Cross‐sectional estimates indicate that time since arrival is negatively correlated with the probability of being uninsured for both male and female Mexican immigrants, and about a third of the decline could be attributed to civic and labor market incorporation of Mexican immigrants. However, much of the relationship between time in the USA and health insurance coverage, after adjusting for demographic and labor market factors, is due to failure to control for age at arrival and period of arrival. Estimates from longitudinal analyses suggest that there is no systematic relationship between time in the USA and health insurance of Mexican immigrants, although imprecision in the fixed effects estimates makes it difficult to draw firm conclusions.
Do Ethnic Enclaves Impede Immigrants' Integration? Evidence from a Quasi‐experimental Social‐interaction Approach
Authors: Danzer Alexander M. , Yaman Firat
Published: April 2013

It is widely debated whether immigrants who live among co‐ethnics are less willing to integrate into the host society. Exploiting the quasi‐experimental guest worker placement across German regions during the 1960/70s as well as information on immigrants' inter‐ethnic contact networks and social activities, we are able to identify the causal effect of ethnic concentration on social integration. The exogenous placement of immigrants ‘switches off’ observable and unobservable differences in the willingness or ability to integrate which have confounded previous studies. Evidence suggests that the presence of co‐ethnics increases migrants' interaction cost with natives and thus reduces the likelihood of integration.
Labor Market Effects of Immigration: Evidence from Neighborhood Data
Authors: Bauer Thomas K. , Flake Regina , Sinning Mathias G.
Published: April 2013

This paper combines individual‐level data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel (SOEP) with economic and demographic postcode‐level data from administrative records to analyze the effects of immigration on wages and unemployment probabilities of high‐ and low‐skilled natives. Employing an instrumental variable strategy and utilizing the variation in the population share of foreigners across regions and time, we find no support for the hypothesis of adverse labor market effects of immigration. Instead, we find a positive effect of immigration on the employment probabilities of high‐skilled natives.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐DPA1*02:02:04 allele
Authors: Lai S.‐K. , Chu C.‐C. , Lin M.
Published: April 2013

HLA‐DPA1*02:02:04 is identical to DPA1*02:02:03 except for a synonymous change at nucleotide position 138 (C to G) in exon 2.
Primary gastrointestinal aspergillosis 6 months after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: a case report
Authors: Mora D. , Barba P. , Ruiz I. , Castillo N. , Aizpurua M. , Roselló E. , Bosch F. , Valcárcel D.
Published: April 2013

Invasive fungal infections (IFI) represent one of the most aggressive infectious complications among hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients. Aspergillosis is the most frequent cause of IFI in allogeneic HCT (allo‐HCT), with most of the cases involving the respiratory tract. Other infrequent and usually more aggressive forms of invasive aspergillosis include hepatic, neurological, and gastrointestinal (GI). We report herein a case of GI aspergillosis diagnosed in a living patient, off all systemic immunosuppression after an allo‐HCT, who had undergone a permanent colostomy because of colon carcinoma 35 years before hematological diagnosis.
Three novel alleles in the Kell blood group system resulting in the Knull phenotype and the first in a Native American
Authors: Moulds Joann M. , Persa Rosemary , Rierson Darbi , Billingsley Katrina L. , Noumsi Ghislain T. , Hue‐Roye Kim , Reid Marion E.
Published: April 2013

Background

Antibodies to Kell antigens can be clinically important but only limited data are published regarding anti‐Ku. Missense nucleotide changes in KEL account for the numerous Kell antigens, the Kmod phenotype, and even the Knull phenotype.

Study Design and Methods

DNA and RNA were extracted from white blood cells and polymerase chain reaction–based assays, cloning, and sequencing were done using standard protocols.

Results

The anti‐Ku in Proband 1, which caused hemolytic disease and anemia of the fetus and newborn, was a mixture of immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 and IgG2 and gave macrophage indexes ranging from 47.8 to 59.3 (>20 is clinically significant) in a monocyte monolayer assay. The proband, her daughter, and compatible sister had a heterozygous deletion of a G in Exon 18 (Nucleotide c.1972_1975delG) in a KEL*02 allele causing a frameshift. The mechanism for silencing of the other KE*02 allele was undetermined. Proband 2 was heterozygous for a nonsense change (KEL*382C/T; Arg128Stop), a missense change (KEL*244T/C; Cys82Arg), and KEL*578T/C (KEL*01/KEL*02). Direct sequencing of cDNA and cloning showed that the KEL*01 allele had 244C, 382C, 578T and the KEL*02 allele carried 244T, 382T, 578C.

Conclusions

We report a novel single‐nucleotide deletion, a novel nonsense allele, and a novel missense allele all resulting in the Knull phenotype. The anti‐Ku from Proband 1 was clinically important.
Identification of novel silent KEL alleles causing KEL:−5 (Ko) phenotype or discordance between KEL:1,−2 phenotype/KEL*01/02 genotype
Authors: Martin‐Blanc Stéphanie , Simon Philippe , Gien Dominique , Kappler‐Gratias Sandrine , Le Pennec Pierre‐Yves , Pham Bach‐Nga
Published: April 2013

Background

The Kell system, encoded by the KEL gene, is one of the most clinically important blood group systems. Molecular defects may lead to the absence of Kell antigen expression. The very rare KEL:5 results from silent KEL genes, also called KELnull alleles. In a few cases, the rare KEL:1,−2 phenotype may be associated with silent KEL*02 alleles.

Study Design and Methods

The aim of this study was to perform DNA investigations to identify silent KEL alleles among 10 KEL:–5 patients and 121 individuals presenting the rare KEL:1,−2 phenotype. Serologic investigations were performed on patients' red blood cells and serum. The KEL gene analysis was done by using a BeadChip assay (HEA Version, 1.2, Immucor), real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and/or sequencing of all 19 exons of the KEL gene.

Results

In KEL:–5 patients, two novel KELnull alleles were described: 821G>A being the second described KELnull allele on a KEL*01 backbone and 184Tdel. In the 121 KEL:1,−2 individuals, nine (7.4%) were found to display a discordant KEL:1,−2 phenotype and KEL*01/KEL*02 genotype. Three novel silent KEL*02 alleles were described: 1084C>A, 1708G>A, and IVS11+5g>a.

Conclusion

The number of silent KEL alleles and the notion that KEL null alleles are on a KEL*02 background may evolve in the coming years. Systematic DNA analysis showed that the number of discordant phenotype/genotype results, related to silent KEL*02 alleles was higher than expected in France. These data emphasize that clinical practice based on DNA analysis for blood group antigens requires caution and should improve the performance of the blood group phenotype prediction.
FUZZY CLUSTERING ALGORITHM FOR INTEGRATING MULTISCALE SPATIAL CONTEXT IN IMAGE SEGMENTATION BY HIDDEN MARKOV RANDOM FIELD MODELS
Authors: LIU GUO-YING , WANG AI-MIN
Published: April 2013

In this study, a fuzzy clustering algorithm, MRHMRF-FCM, is proposed to capture and utilize the multiscale spatial constrains by employing multiresolution representations for the label image and the observed image in wavelet domain. In this algorithm, the inner-scale and inter-scale spatial constrains, respectively modeled by the hidden Markov random field models, serve as the penalization terms for the objective function of the FCM algorithm. On each scale, the improved objective function is optimized by taking advantage of Lagrange multipliers, and the final label of wavelet coefficient is determined by iteratively updating the membership degree and cluster centers. The experimental results on synthetic images, natural scenery color images and remote sensed images show that the proposed algorithm obtains much better segmentation results, such as accurately differentiating different regions and being immune to noise.
A SUPERCHARACTER TABLE DECOMPOSITION VIA POWER-SUM SYMMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Authors: BERGERON NANTEL , THIEM NATHANIEL
Published: April 2013

We give an LU-decomposition of the supercharacter table of the group of n × n unipotent upper triangular matrices over 𝔽q, into a lower-triangular matrix with entries in ℤ[q] and an upper-triangular matrix with entries in ℤ[q-1]. To this end, we introduce a q deformation of a new power-sum basis of the Hopf algebra of symmetric functions in noncommuting variables. The decomposition is obtained from the transition matrices between the supercharacter basis, the q-power-sum basis and the superclass basis. This is similar to the decomposition of the character table of the symmetric group Sngiven by the transition matrices between Schur functions, monomials and power-sums. We deduce some combinatorial results associated to this decomposition. In particular, we compute the determinant of the supercharacter table.
A LOWER BOUND FOR THE NUMBER OF FORBIDDEN MOVES TO UNKNOT A LONG VIRTUAL KNOT
Authors: JEONG MYEONG-JU
Published: April 2013

Nelson and Kanenobu showed that forbidden moves unknot any virtual knot. Similarly a long virtual knot can be unknotted by a finite sequence of forbidden moves. Goussarov, Polyak and Viro introduced finite type invariants of virtual knots and long virtual knots and gave combinatorial representations of finite type invariants. We introduce Fn-moves which generalize the forbidden moves. Assume that two long virtual knots K and K′ are related by a finite sequence of Fn-moves. We show that the values of the finite type invariants of degree 2 of K and K′ are congruent modulo n and give a lower bound for the number of Fn-moves needed to transform K to K′.
EMERGENT FEATURES IN A GENERAL FOOD WEB SIMULATION: LOTKA–VOLTERRA, GAUSE'S LAW, AND THE PARADOX OF ENRICHMENT
Authors: CARMICHAEL TED , HADZIKADIC MIRSAD
Published: April 2013

Computer simulations of complex food-webs are important tools for deepening our understanding of these systems. Yet most computer models assume, rather than generate, key system-level patterns, or use mathematical modeling approaches that make it difficult to fully account for nonlinear dynamics. In this paper, we present a computer simulation model that addresses these concerns by focusing on assumptions of agent attributes rather than agent outcomes. Our model utilizes the techniques of complex adaptive systems and agent-based modeling so that system level patterns of a marine ecosystem emerge from the interactions of thousands of individual computer agents. This methodology is validated by using this general simulation model to replicate fundamental properties of a marine ecosystem, including: (i) the predator–prey oscillations found in Lotka–Volterra; (ii) the stepped pattern of biomass accrual from resource enrichment; (iii) the Paradox of Enrichment; and (iv) Gause's Law.
Anthracene dopping effects on thin films properties of octakis(alkylthio) substituted lutetium bisphthalocyanine
Authors: Hassan Aseel , Basova Tamara , Gürek Ayşe Gül , Ahsen Vefa
Published: April 2013

In this work, the investigation of structural features, spectral and electrical properties of spin-coated films of substituted lutetium bisphthalocyanine Lu ( Pc ( SR )8)2, where R = - C 6 H 13 was carried out. The current-voltage characteristics of ITO/ Lu ( Pc ( SR )8)2/ Al film sandwich structures were measured over the temperature range 120–380 K. AC electrical properties, mainly the dependence of conductance and capacitance on frequency and temperature are also discussed. Structural and electrical properties of anthracene-doped Lu ( Pc ( SR )8)2, films have also been investigated. Furthermore, optical properties of thin films of pure and anthracene-doped Lu ( Pc ( SR )8)2 films were also studied using spectroscopic ellipsometry, while atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study changes in films' morphology of doped films and compared with that of undoped films. Doping Lu ( Pc ( SR )8)2, films with anthracene is shown to lead to an increase in films' conductivity. These studies will provide full understanding of the physical properties of the Lu ( Pc ( SR )8)2, thin films, both doped and undoped, with the aim of exploitation in electronic device applications, such as fabrication of all organic solar cells.
REVIEWING THE PROBLEM OF LEARNING NON-TAXONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS OF ONTOLOGIES FROM TEXT
Authors: SERRA IVO , GIRARDI ROSARIO , NOVAIS PAULO
Published: April 2013

Learning Non-Taxonomic Relationships is a sub-field of Ontology Learning that aims at automating the extraction of these relationships from text. This article discusses the problem of Learning Non-Taxonomic Relationships of ontologies and proposes a generic process for approaching it. Some techniques representing the state of the art of this field are discussed along with their advantages and limitations. Finally, a framework for Learning Non-Taxonomic Relationships being developed by the authors is briefly discussed. This framework intends to be a customizable solution to reach good effectiveness in the process of extraction of non-taxonomic relationships according to the characteristics of the corpus.
Claudins and the Modulation of Tight Junction Permeability
Authors: Günzel Dorothee , Yu Alan S. L.
Published: April 2013

Claudins are tight junction membrane proteins that are expressed in epithelia and endothelia and form paracellular barriers and pores that determine tight junction permeability. This review summarizes our current knowledge of this large protein family and discusses recent advances in our understanding of their structure and physiological functions.
Well-Posedness and Primal-Dual Analysis of Some Convex Separable Optimization Problems
Authors: Stefanov Stefan M.
Published: April 2013

We focus on some convex separable optimization problems, considered by the author in previous papers, for which problems, necessary and sufficient conditions or sufficient conditions have been proved, and convergent algorithms of polynomial computational complexity have been proposed for solving these problems. The concepts of well-posedness of optimization problems in the sense of Tychonov, Hadamard, and in a generalized sense, as well as calmness in the sense of Clarke, are discussed. It is shown that the convex separable optimization problems under consideration are calm in the sense of Clarke. The concept of stability of the set of saddle points of the Lagrangian in the sense of Gol'shtein is also discussed, and it is shown that this set is not stable for the “classical” Lagrangian. However, it turns out that despite this instability, due to the specificity of the approach, suggested by the author for solving problems under consideration, it is not necessary to use modified Lagrangians but only the “classical” Lagrangians. Also, a primal-dual analysis for problems under consideration in view of methods for solving them is presented.
Approximate Solution ofnth-Order Fuzzy Linear Differential Equations
Authors: Guo Xiaobin , Shang Dequan
Published: April 2013

The approximate solution ofnth-order fuzzy linear differential equations in which coefficient functions maintain the sign is investigated by the undetermined fuzzy coefficients method. The differential equations is converted to a crisp function system of linear equations according to the operations of fuzzy numbers. The fuzzy approximate solution of the fuzzy linear differential equation is obtained by solving the crisp linear equations. Some numerical examples are given to illustrate the proposed method. It is an extension of Allahviranloo's results.
Medical Management of Cerebral Vasospasm following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Review of Current and Emerging Therapeutic Interventions
Authors: Adamczyk Peter , He Shuhan , Amar Arun Paul , Mack William J.
Published: April 2013

Cerebral vasospasm is a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Evidence suggests a multifactorial etiology and this concept remains supported by the assortment of therapeutic modalities under investigation. The authors provide an updated review of the literature for previous and recent clinical trials evaluating medical treatments in patients with cerebral vasospasm secondary to aSAH. Currently, the strongest evidence supports use of prophylactic oral nimodipine and initiation of triple-H therapy for patients in cerebral vasospasm. Other agents presented in this report include magnesium, statins, endothelin receptor antagonists, nitric oxide promoters, free radical scavengers, thromboxane inhibitors, thrombolysis, anti-inflammatory agents and neuroprotectants. Although promising data is beginning to emerge for several treatments, few prospective randomized clinical trials are presently available. Additionally, future investigational efforts will need to resolve discrepant definitions and outcome measures for cerebral vasospasm in order to permit adequate study comparisons. Until then, definitive recommendations cannot be made regarding the safety and efficacy for each of these therapeutic strategies and medical management practices will continue to be implemented in a wide-ranging manner.
Numerical Scheme for Solving Singular Two-Point Boundary Value Problems
Authors: Anakira N. Ratib , Alomari A. K. , Hashim I.
Published: April 2013

Singular two-point boundary value problems (BVPs) are investigated using a new technique, namely, optimal homotopy asymptotic method (OHAM). OHAM provides a convenient way of controlling the convergence region and it does not need to identify an auxiliary parameter. The effectiveness of the method is investigated by comparing the results obtained with the exact solution, which proves the reliability of the method.
Saturated Fatty Acid-Induced Cytotoxicity in Liver Cells Does Not Involve Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue Deleted on Chromosome 10
Authors: Wang Dong , Wei Yuren , Frye Melinda , Gentile Christopher L. , Pagliassotti Michael J.
Published: April 2013

Liver specific deletion of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) induces steatosis and hypersensitivity to insulin. Saturated fatty acids, which induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death, appear to increase PTEN, whereas unsaturated fatty acids which do not induce endoplasmic reticulum stress or cell death reduce this protein. In the present study, the role of PTEN in saturated fatty acid-induced cytotoxicity was examined in H4IIE and HepG2 liver cells. Palmitate and stearate increased the expression of PTEN, whereas the unsaturated fatty acids, oleate and linoleate, reduced PTEN expression in both cell types. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of PTEN did not increase liver cell triglyceride stores or reduce palmitate- or stearate-mediated ER stress or apoptosis. These results suggest that PTEN does not play a significant role in saturated fatty acid-induced cytotoxicity in these liver cell models and in the absence of insulin.
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among Paraguayan Communities, Patients, and Health Professionals
Authors: Ruoti Mónica , Oddone Rolando , Lampert Nathalie , Orué Elizabeth , Miles Michael A. , Alexander Neal , Rehman Andrea M. , Njord Rebecca , Shu Stephanie , Brice Susannah , Sinclair Bryony , Krentel Alison
Published: April 2013

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) due toLeishmania (V.) braziliensisare endemic in Paraguay. We performed a series of knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) surveys simultaneously with individuals in endemic communities in San Pedro department (n=463), health professionals (n=25), and patients (n=25). Results showed that communities were exposed to high risk factors for transmission ofL. braziliensis. In logistic regression analysis, age was the only factor independently associated with having seen a CL/MCL lesion (P=0.002). The pervasive attitude in communities was that CL was not a problem. Treatment seeking was often delayed, partly due to secondary costs, and inappropriate remedies were applied. Several important cost-effective measures are indicated that may improve control of CL. Community awareness could be enhanced through existing community structures. Free supply of specific drugs should continue but ancillary support could be considered. Health professionals require routine and standardised provision of diagnosis and treatment algorithms for CL and MCL. During treatment, all patients could be given simple information to increase awareness in the community.
The Liver X Receptor in Correlation with Other Nuclear Receptors in Spontaneous and Recurrent Abortions
Authors: Knabl Julia , Pestka Aurelia , Hüttenbrenner Rebecca , Plösch Torsten , Ensenauer Regina , Welbergen Lena , Hutter Stefan , Günthner-Biller Maria , Jeschke Udo
Published: April 2013

The liver X receptors (LXRs) have been shown to be crucially involved in maternal-fetal cholesterol transport and placentation. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression pattern and frequency of LXR under normal physiological circumstances and in spontaneous abortion and/or recurrent miscarriage. A total of 29 (12 physiologic pregnancies/10 spontaneous abortions/7 recurrent miscarriages) human pregnancies in first trimester were analysed for LXR expression. Expression changes were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for receptor and quantitative RT-PCR (TaqMan) was performed to determine the level of LXR mRNA expression. We also stained for RXRαand PPARγas possible heterodimers of LXR. LXR expression was downregulated in the syncytiotrophoblast of spontaneous abortion placentas compared to normal pregnancy. In recurrent miscarriage there was a trend for a downregulation. Decidua showed an even stronger downregulation in both groups. In the syncytiotrophoblast we found a positive correlation for the combination of LXR/PPARγin abortions and a negative correlation for LXR/RXRα. In addition, double-immunofluorescence staining showed that LXR as well as RXRαand PPARγare expressed by the extravillous trophoblast. Finally, RXRαand LXR showed coexpression in the same extravillous trophoblast cells. To conclude, our data show that LXR expression is decreased in miscarriage.