bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen Susceptibility of Nanostructured Bainitic Steels
Authors: Peet Mathew James , Hojo Tomohiko
Published: November 2015

Nanostructured steels with an ultimate tensile strength of 1.6 GPa were produced with austenite content varying from 0 to 35 vol pct. The effect on the mechanical properties was assessed after saturating the steel with hydrogen. Elongation was reduced to 2 to 5 pct and UTS to 65 to 70 pct of prior value. Thermal desorption measurements confirmed the higher solubility of hydrogen in the steel with higher austenite content. The level of hydrogen saturation was found to correlate to the total area of grain boundaries rather than to the volume fraction of retained austenite.
2‐Ethylhexanol Derivatives as Nonionic Surfactants: Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Hreczuch Wiesław , Dąbrowska Karolina , Chruściel Arkadiusz , Sznajdrowska Agata , Materna Katarzyna
Published: November 2015

The synthesis and basic properties of 2‐ethylhexanol based innovative nonionic surfactants are described in this paper. 2‐Ethylhexanol as an available and relatively inexpensive raw material was used as the hydrophobe source modified by propoxylation and followed by polyethoxylation. As the result, six series of 2‐ethylhexyl alcohol polyalkoxylates (EHPmEn) were obtained with three steps of propoxylation, each followed by polyethoxylation and two series only with polyethoxylation (EHEn). Two different catalysts were used, a dimetalcyanide and KOH. Values of average conversion rates and chemical content of the obtained products (GC, TG and GPC techniques) were compared. The influence of the applied catalyst and polyaddition degree on the homologue distribution, reactant conversion and amount of byproducts is discussed. The basic physicochemical parameters including refractive index, solubility in polar media, foaming properties and wettability were investigated and compared. Furthermore, surface activity parameters, i.e. surface tension (γCMC) and critical micelle concentrations were determined. Results are compared to C12–14 alcohol ethoxylates (LaEn). Accordingly, it was found that the studied 2‐ethylhexyl alcohol based compounds are effective, low foaming nonionic surfactants.
Revisiting Human Cholesterol Synthesis and Absorption: The Reciprocity Paradigm and its Key Regulators
Authors: Alphonse Peter A. S. , Jones Peter J. H.
Published: November 2015

Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol homeostasis in the body is governed by the interplay between absorption, synthesis, and excretion or conversion of cholesterol into bile acids. A reciprocal relationship between cholesterol synthesis and absorption is known to regulate circulating cholesterol in response to dietary or therapeutic interventions. However, the degree to which these factors affect synthesis and absorption and the extent to which one vector shifts in response to the other are not thoroughly understood. Also, huge inter‐individual variability exists in the manner in which the two systems act in response to any cholesterol‐lowering treatment. Various factors are known to account for this variability and in light of recent experimental advances new players such as gene–gene interactions, gene–environmental effects, and gut microbiome hold immense potential in offering an explanation to the complex traits of inter‐individual variability in human cholesterol metabolism. In this context, the objective of the present review is to provide an overview on cholesterol metabolism and discuss the role of potential factors such as genetics, epigenetics, epistasis, and gut microbiome, as well as other regulators in modulating cholesterol metabolism, especially emphasizing the reciprocal relationship between cholesterol synthesis and absorption. Furthermore, an evaluation of the implications of this push–pull mechanism on cholesterol‐lowering strategies is presented.
Enzymatic Interesterification of High Oleic Sunflower Oil and Tripalmitin or Tristearin
Authors: Ifeduba Ebenezer A. , Martini Silvana , Akoh Casimir C.
Published: November 2015

The objective of this study was to produce low saturated, zero‐trans, interesterified fats with 20 or 30 % saturated fatty acids (SFA) such as C16:0 or C18:0. Tripalmitin (TP) or tristearin (TS) was blended with high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) at different ratios (0.1:1, 0.3:1, and 0.5:1 [w/w]). Total C16:0 and C18:0 compositions of the resulting TP/HOSO and TS/HOSO blends, respectively, were plotted against blending ratios. Linear interpolation was used to estimate blending ratios that would yield physical blends (PB) with 20 or 30 % SFA. Interesterified blends (IB) were then synthesized from the customized PB using Lipozyme TL IM as the biocatalyst. Total and sn‐2 fatty acid compositions, triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species, thermal behavior, and oxidative stability of PB and IB were compared. The total fatty acid compositions of PB and IB were similar but fatty acid positional distributions and TAG molecular species composition differed. IB contained 5–10 % more SFA at the sn‐2 position than corresponding PB. Furthermore, interesterification generated mono‐ and disaturated TAG species which resulted in broader melting profiles for IB. However, IB had lower oxidative stability than PB. The reformulation of food products with zero‐trans interesterified fats may be advantageous to the reduction of cardiovascular disease burden in the population.
Effect of Cyber-Golfing on Balance Amongst the Elderly in Hong Kong: A Pilot Randomised Trial
Authors: Chow Daniel H.K. , Mann Stephen K.F.
Published: November 2015

Background/Objective

Recent evidence showed that golf can develop balance amongst the elderly. This study aimed at evaluating if exergaming, in particular cyber-golfing, can be a feasible and inexpensive alternative to this valuable exercise.

Methods

Twenty healthy community-dwelling elderly were recruited, and they were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n = 10) or the control group (n = 10). Daily cyber-golfing training for 2 weeks was assigned to the participants of the experimental group, where regular table games with equal lengths and durations were arranged for the control group.

Results

The results revealed that the participants in the experimental group showed significantly better post-training performances in the functional-reach test, F(2,17) = 5.16, p = .04, and single-leg-stance test, F(2,17) = 5.32, p = .03, than those in the control group.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that cyber-golfing might be an alternative to golfing, which is capable of enhancing balance ability amongst community-dwelling elderly. The potential of exergaming as a clinical tool for geriatric rehabilitation was discussed.
Estimating conductivity anisotropy of lower mantle from geomagnetic observatory data
Authors: Plotkin V.V. , Dyad’kov P.G. , Ovchinnikov S.G.
Published: November 2015

Anisotropy of electrical conductivity in the lower mantle, presumably caused by phase change of dielectric magnesiowüstite, can be estimated from geomagnetic records of the globally distributed geomagnetic array. The components of the conductivity tensor corresponding to the tangential components of the geomagnetic field are obtained from the magnetic mode alone recorded on the surface. Inversion by the perturbation method is applied to monthly means of geomagnetic variations along the X, Y, and Z components for the period from 1920 to 2009, borrowed from the World Monthly Means Database. The anisotropy contribution is expressed as corrections to the conductivity tensor components. The contribution of anisotropy to induction responses becomes notable for geomagnetic variations with at least decadal periods and increases with the period length.
Investigation of density contrasts and geologic structures of hot springs in the Markazi Province of Iran using the gravity method
Authors: Nouraliee J. , Porkhial S. , Mohammadzadeh-Moghaddam M. , Mirzaei S. , Ebrahimi D. , Rahmani M.R.
Published: November 2015

In 2012, the renewable energy organization of Iran (SUNA) performed a gravity survey around hot springs of the Mahallat geothermal field in the Markazi Province of Central Iran, as part of the explorations and developments of geothermal energy investigation program in the region. The Mahallat region has the greatest geothermal field in Iran. This work presents interpretation results of various gravity maps and a calculated 3D inversion model. The residual gravity map shows three negative gravity anomaly zones (A1, A2, and A3) associated with the geothermal reservoirs in the region. The horizontal gradient maps reveal a complex fault system. In order to attain more information about the Khorhe geothermal reservoir, a 3D density contrast model was calculated using the Li–Oldenburg method. The attained 3D model provides an in-depth image of the evolution, showing the density contrast and the A1 zone having a high potential for the geothermal reservoir in the region. The results also show that the rocks which exist between 1000 and 3000 meters under the Earth’s surface in the A1 zone are the most suitable aquifers for utilization of geothermal energy.
Denying Corporate Rights and Punishing Corporate Wrongs
Authors: Sepinwall Amy J.
Published: November 2015

Scholars addressing the moral status of corporations are motivated by a pair of conflicting anxieties: If corporations are not moral agents, we will be unable to blame them for their wrongs. But if corporations are moral agents, we will have to recognize corporate moral rights, and the legal rights that flow therefrom. In early and under-appreciated work, Tom Donaldson sought to allay both concerns at once: Corporations, he argued, are not moral persons, and so are not eligible for many of the rights that persons enjoy; but they are moral agents, and so ought to bear responsibility in many of the ways that persons do. This article offers a sympathetic critique of the Donaldsonian strategy. I argue that, as it has been elaborated, the strategy necessarily fails. Nonetheless the strategy embodies a worthy aim and so I seek to provide an alternative way to vindicate it.
Multivariate approaches to site location on the Northwest Coast of North America
Authors: Maschner Herbert D. G. , Stein Jeffrey W.
Published: November 2015

The American Northwest Coast, famously rich as an environment for hunter-gatherers, is not an easy landscape to inhabit. Field survey of the Tebenkof Bay region, Kuiu Island, southeast Alaska, identifies the pattern of site positions. Mathematical modelling explores which considerations directed the placing of settlements in that landscape.
Why teach Heisenberg to archaeologists?
Authors: Pollard A. M.
Published: November 2015

The archaeological department at the University of Bradford is the only one in Britain to be called a Department of Archaeological Sciences. Its Professor–whose own background was in physics and then chemistry before archaeology–explores the relationship of archaeology to the sciences in a contribution adapted from his talk given at Harvard University on Science and archaeology.
A site in history: archaeology at Dolní Věstonice/Unterwisternitz
Authors: Tomášová Silvia
Published: November 2015

Dolní Věstonice, a classic Palaeolithic site, is a crucial place for our understanding of human settlement in glacial Europe. In that central European zone of moving national boundaries, it has been crucial in another sense; frontiers, ideologies and attitudes have moved across the place, each time re-making the frame of ideas through which it is seen. Those changes continue. Dolní Věstonice is presently located in the Czech Republic, a state founded in 1993: it remains a site alive in history as well as in prehistory.
Technology or typology?: a response to Neeley & Barton
Authors: Fellner Robert
Published: November 2015

Two further points in Neeley & Barton's 1994 paper are explored.
Expanding middle-range theory
Authors: Trigger Bruce G.
Published: November 2015

The obscure and ugly language of theoretical archaeology conceals as well as reveals fundamentals that no real practice of archaeology can actually escape. In this paper, revised from a plenary address at the TAG conference at Bradford last year, one of the cannier of the old hands puts some of those fundamentals into proper place.
More on the origins of Venice
Authors: Ammerman A. J. , De Min M. , Housley R. , McClennen C. E.
Published: November 2015

Three years ago, ANTIQUITY reported a first archaeological insight into the origins of Venice. The city's historical records, famously good and full for its flourishing, say very little about the beginnings. This second report includes direct evidence from Piazza San Marco, the heart of the city.
Subjective vision and the source of Irish megalithic art
Authors: Dronfield Jeremy
Published: November 2015

A timely book now in press explores the roles of drink and drugs in the lives of prehistoric Europeans. Here, an analysis of diagnostic forms in the megalithic art of Irish passage-tombs—with its spirals, lozenges and turning curves—develops the explorations of that visionary interpretation begun by Bradley in 1989.
The Cetina group and the transition from Copper to Bronze Age in Dalmatia
Authors: Casa Philippe Della
Published: November 2015

Dalmatia, on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, is a region of contact between the several worlds of the early metal ages–the Danube region inland, the Adriatic coasts and beyond towards the sea. New finds from caves and burial mounds, and new radiocarbon dates help tease out complexities in the region's cultural order.
Radiocarbon dates for two crannogs on the Isle of Mull, Strathclyde Region, Scotland
Authors: Holley Mark W. , Ralston Ian B. M.
Published: November 2015

Crannogs, the artificial island habitations of the Scottish lochs and lakes, are once more a lively field of research. Following our 1993 report on the crannogs of southwest Scotland and their dates, here is news of crannogs on the Isle of Mull, again with striking dates.
‘This does not compute’: the All-American Pipeline Project revisited
Authors: Ackerly Neal W.
Published: November 2015

In 1989, ANTIQUITY published the ambitions and methods of a remarkable project to automate and computerize the recording and analysis of artefacts from a very large salvage program in the western United States. Here is a follow-up that explains why the methods did not realize the ambitions, and questions whether those ambitions were well chosen.
Arnhem Land prehistory in landscape, stone and paint
Authors: Taçon Paul S. C. , Brockwell Sally
Published: November 2015

Western Arnhem Land is a small area (by Australian standards) on the north coast where remarkable sequences of sediment illuminate its complex landscape history. Matching the enviromental succession is an archaeological sequence with lithic sites running back into the Pleistocene. The famous richness of the region's rock-art also documents the human presence, again over a great time-depth, and gives a direct report of how ancient Arnhem Landers depicted themselves. By ‘bridging’ between these three themes, a rare and perhaps unique synthesis can be built.
Riverine, biological and cultural evolution in southeastern Australia
Authors: Pardoe Colin
Published: November 2015

The rise of cemeteries, extreme biological diversification, size decrease, increased violence, disappearance of megafauna, exploitation of different resources, evolution of rivers to an expanded system of microenvironments, changes in occupation. How are these features of Australian Aboriginal societies in the great river-systems of the southeast related? From evidence of geomorphology, skeletal biology and other aspects of the archaeological record, a sharp disjunction between two different and relatively stable states is seen: a transforming transition rather than a gradual change.
Aridity and settlement in northwest Australia
Authors: Veth Peter
Published: November 2015

An element in the changing pattern of Australian archaeology has been the filling-in of great blanks on the archaeological map, once survey and excavation has begun to explore them. The dry lands of the great central and western deserts of Australia, a hard place for humans to this day, have in the last couple of decades come to find a large place in the transitional story.
Themes in the prehistory of tropical Australia
Authors: Morwood M. J. , Hobbs D. R.
Published: November 2015

The wetter tropical zones of northern Australia are linked by their monsoonal climates. Their archaeology shows its own distinctive pattern as well, and rock-art is an important source of evidence and insight. This study focusses on a part of Queensland, setting this local sequence alongside Arnhem Land (reported by the paper of Taçon & Brockwell) and in the northern pattern as a whole.
The Transition on the coastal fringe of Greater Australia
Authors: Beaton J. M.
Published: November 2015

Australia, with its wide continental shelves, is a difficult region for the study of coastal adaptations over the Transition, as so much land was drowned by the post-glacial sealevel rise. What can be discerned has a place in a larger and longer-term pattern of adaptation.
Late Quaternary change in the mountains of New Guinea
Authors: Hope Geoff , Golson Jack
Published: November 2015

At the south and north limits of our region are mountainous areas very different from the open arid spaces of the Australian continent between. In the north, the high country of New Guinea offers a complex and well-studied environmental sequence as the arena for early and puzzling human adaptations, precursor of the extraordinary societies of the island today.
Human reactions to the Pleistocene–Holocene transition in Greater Australia: a summary
Authors: O'Connell James F. , Allen Jim
Published: November 2015

In this concluding discussion the editors explore and summarize issues in the human story of the book's Transitions.
The Côa petroglyphs: an obituary to the stylistic dating of Palaeolithic rock-art
Authors: Bednarik Robert G.
Published: November 2015

The Côa petroglyphs, seen in the established framework of rock-art studies, belong in the corpus of west European parietal art of late Pleistocene age, as found in scores of caves and some open-air locations. One of the four researchers who this summer studied the age of the figures using ‘modern rock-art science’ summarizes the group's' conclusions, and states how they kill off the stylistic dating of Palaeolithic rock-art.
Cultural resources management at the Pueblo of Zuni, New Mexico, USA
Authors: Anyon Roger , Ferguson T. J.
Published: November 2015

As once-colonial countries recognize the special claim of indigenous peoples to their own history, so archaeology is becoming more a partnership between researcher and community. The next step, of indigenous people directing their own archaeology, was taken long ago by the Zuni peopel of New Mexico, in a programme that is an example and model for others. The authors have worked in the Zuni programmes for over 15 years.
Aerial reconnaissance in England, summer 1995
Authors: Featherstone Roger , Horne Peter , MacLeod David , Bewley Robert
Published: November 2015

Britain in 1995 enjoyed a dry summer, with the longest hot spell since weather records began. The air photographers enjoyed a good year. This report from the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England sketches both their own work and that of the independent fliers.
Ethno-history and ‘reverse chronology’ at Ti'innik, a Palestinian village
Authors: Ziadeh Ghada
Published: November 2015

Archaeological attention in Palestine, as the Holy Land, has focused on research related to the biblical story. The overlooked Ottoman period offers a special opportunity to look back from contemporary knowledge into the archaeological past, explored here in a single village settlement whose full story spans five millennia.
Chlorine-36 dating and the bluestones of Stonehenge
Authors: Williams-Thorpe Olwen , Jenkins D. Graham , Jenkins Judith , Watson John S.
Published: November 2015

The bluestones of Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain continue to attract controversy. New dates on Stonehenge material using the Chlorine-36 method have been reported as evidence that the bluestones were moved from their Welsh sources by human transport, not by glaciation. Here Olwen Williams-Thorpe and colleagues, who have argued for the glacial transport theory, show that the Chlorine-36 dates have been misinterpreted.
Elusive Phoenicians
Authors: Vella Nicholas
Published: November 2015

One hundred and thirty-two years after a first survey of their archaeology appeared, the Phoenicians remain the forgotten people of the ancient Mediterranean world. The October 1995 Cádiz conference provides occasion to review Phoenician studies then and now.
The 1996 Research Assessment Exercise in British universities: views from the judging and the judged
Authors: Cunliffe Barry , Harding Anthony , Austin David
Published: November 2015

ANTIQUITY invited a member of the Research Assessment panel for archaeology in British universities to write about the exercise. He declined; as the matter was sub judice, he must be silent. Perhaps that phrase defines the colleague as judge, rather than as peer-reviewer.

Fortunately, Barry Cunliffe, chairman of the archaeology review panel (and of ANTIQUITY'S trustees), made public his views in his Presidential Anniversary Address to the Society of Antiquaries of April 1995 —before the current assessment got under way. We reprint it with permission. Professor Cunliffe starts with a brisk reminder—overlooked by our coverage in the March ANTIQUITY—of the real benefits of asking just what researchers do for their money in the supposedly tranquil and desirable échelons of our universities.
Medicinal and hallucinogenic plants identified in the sediments and pictographs of the Lower Pecos, Texas Archaic
Authors: Boyd Carolyn E. , Dering J. Philip
Published: November 2015

The rock-art of the Pecos River region, on the Texas-Mexico border, is deservedly celebrated for its very large and inspiring human depictions, convincingly interpreted as images of shamanism. Study of plant remains in associated middens gives a new aspect to understanding of the images.
Evidence for vines and ancient cultivation from an urban area, Lattes (Hérault), southern France
Authors: Capdevila Ramon Buxó
Published: November 2015

From Lattes, an ancient port on the low Languedoc coast of Mediterranean France, comes the material for an archaeobotanical study of the last centuries BC and the first AD. It illustrates the complexity of ways in which seeds are incorporated into urban deposits, where they are informative about cereals and vines in the town and in the countryside.
Falsehood or untruth?
Authors: Guidon N. , Pessis A.-M.
Published: November 2015

In December 1993 Brazilian, European and American researchers joined forces in São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí, Brazil, to analyse the state of research on the peopling of the Americas (conference proceedings in press).
Camels in antiquity: the Hungarian connection
Authors: Bartosiewicz László
Published: November 2015

A newly discovered deposit of camel bones from post-medieval, Turkish Period Hungary contributes additional information on the role of camels in the Carpathian Basin. By offering an opportunity for reviewing osteological evidence from Hungary, these remains complement our recent knowledge of the history and exploitation of camels in Europe, as recently reported in ANTIQUITY for the western limit of Europe.
Preliminary investigations and cognitive considerations of the acoustical resonances of selected archaeological sites
Authors: Devereux Paul , Jahn Robert G.
Published: November 2015

Enclosed prehistoric spaces can have fine echoes. The Hypogeum, celebrated underground ossuary of Neolithic Malta, is the most resonant place to chant a rhythmic ‘Oum’. Are the acoustic features of structures like the megalithic chambers of northern Europe integral to their design? An expert description of their acoustic properties is the point to start.
Residues on stone artefacts: state of a scientific art
Authors: Fullagar Richard , Furby Judith , Hardy Bruce
Published: November 2015

It is a startling experience to look down a microscope at a stone tool — a real Palaeolithic artefact, not a modern thing or a replicated copy — and see on its flint surface grubby brown-red stains that look the colour of old blood. Is a consensus emerging from the archaeological scientists as to just what traces of, especially, biological materials do survive on ancient stone surfaces, where they can be reliably characterized and identified?
Peru's colonial wine industry and its European background
Authors: Rice Prudence M.
Published: November 2015

Among the industrial crafts introduced into the Hispanic New World was the growing of grapes, and the making of wine at a grand scale. The technology and the artefacts of wine-making in Spain were, in their turn, largely those of the Roman world. These continuities, and their changing contexts, are evident in this study of the wine-making bodegas of a Peruvian valley.
A letter from Line: the Flensburg antiquities and the Danish-Prussian/Austrian war of 1864
Authors: Wiell Stine
Published: November 2015

It is a singular fact that the treaty ending the brief war of 1864 between Prussia/Austria and Denmark addresses the Flensburg Collection of antiquities as an issue to be resolved by the peace. It is not a surprising fact, given the special place antiquities had, and have, in defining national identities in the Scandinavian lands. As J.J.A. Worsaae (1821–1885) said, any country which takes itself seriously ought to know about its own past.
Canariumin the Southeast Asian and Oceanic archaeobotanical and pollen records
Authors: Maloney B. K.
Published: November 2015

Canarium is a group of rainforest trees found in southeast Asia and into the Pacific, whose nuts are edible. The nuts have quite often been found in early archaeological contexts: that evidence and the palaeobotanical record largely deriving from pollen now enables some rounded account of the early human place of the tree and its nuts.
A revised chronology for pastoralism in southernmost Africa: new evidence of sheep atc.2000 b.p. from Blombos Cave, South Africa
Authors: Henshilwood Christopher
Published: November 2015

New excavation at Blombos Cave, in the southern Cape of South Africa, and new radiocarbon dates for its sequence further illuminate the chronology of pastoralism in southern Africa, and the relations between pottery-using and shepherding.
In defence of lead isotope analysis
Authors: Tite M. S.
Published: November 2015

The head of the Oxford University Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art takes issue with comment on archaeometallurgical work at Oxford made in ANTIQUITY earlier in the year.
Hua people–Descendants of the dragon–Chinese: an archaeological seeking after roots
Authors: Bingqi Su
Published: November 2015

This article, first published in Zhongguo jianshe [China Reconstructs 1987(9)], became particularly well known when it was selected for the ‘Language and literature paper’ in the 1988 national university entrance examinations. This English version is translated and footnoted byu Wang Tao.
The terminology of agricultural origins and food production systems—a horticultural perspective
Authors: Leach Helen M.
Published: November 2015

We live, most of us, in agricultural societies; our food comes from the farm. We make gardens, many of us, and we eat some of the plants that we grow there. That farming is not the same as gardening we see in the responses of western observers when they made contact with societies whose food came more from the garden than the farm. A gardener's view of food makes its own story.
Working at relationships: another look at animal domestication
Authors: O'Connor T. P.
Published: November 2015

‘Animals were wild, and then some of them were tamed and so became domestic.’ The archaeological definition of ‘domestic’ is a fundamental, alongside the means by which the domestic is to be recognized in the archaeological record. Setting that relationship with human beings which we call ‘domestication’ alongside other relations between species clarifies the issues.
Geophysical surveys of stratigraphically complex Island California sites: new implications for household archaeology
Authors: Arnold Jeanne E. , Ambos Elizabeth L. , Larson Daniel O.
Published: November 2015

Ground-penetrating radar and other geophysical techniques are known to produce useful data when deposits are crisply structured, as in the case of sub-surface masonry walls or large ditches. New studies of Californian coastal sites find the methods are effective in tracing the less sharp distinctions that define clay and sand house floors within these large and dense hunter-gatherer middens.
Climatic cycles and behavioural revolutions: the emergence of modern humans and the beginning of farming
Authors: Sherratt Andrew
Published: November 2015

Publication of a new volume on the beginnings of Old World farming (Harris 1996) has provided a compendium of current views on this critical inflection-point in human inhabitance of the world. Was it driven by climatic change, as Gordon Childe suggested? And what of the earlier emergence of modern human behaviour: were these two chapters in the same story?
News from Cosquer Cave: climatic studies, recording, sampling, dates
Authors: Clottes Jean , Courtin Jean , Collina-Girard Jacques , Arnold Maurice , Valladas Hélène
Published: November 2015

Further work inside the Grotte Cosquer, the Palaeolithic painted cave near Marseilles only accessible by a deep-water dive, improves our knowledge and makes it clear there can be no artificial entrance made to create a dry-land access.
The Berekhat Ram figurine: a late Acheulian carving from the Middle East
Authors: Marshack Alexander
Published: November 2015

The human capacity for recognizing categorical forms and their defining characterstics extends to a recognition of natural forms and shapes that may suggest these categories. The issue is raised below by the analysis of an archaic figure from the Levant in which a natural form was apparently intentionally modified to produce an enhanced human image.
AMS dating of the Manx Ronaldsway Neolithic
Authors: Burrow Stephen , Darvill Timothy
Published: November 2015

The Ronaldsway Culture of the Isle of Man was recognized as a classic later Neolithic assemblage over 50 years ago; its dating and duration have been matters of debate. AMS radiocarbon determinations from carbonaceous deposits on Ronaldsway-style pots resolve chronological questions, while new research provides a more secure social context.
A Cornish vessel from farthest Kent
Authors: Gibson Alex , MacPherson-Grant Nigel , Stewart Ian
Published: November 2015

Trevisker pottery is a common Bronze Age type in Cornwall and the southwest of England. It is often well-made and with a distinct petrology. It was, however, traded in prehistory with some petrologically similar vessels being found in Brittany and northern France. Recently, a Cornish-style vessel made from Cornish clays has been located in eastern Kent, almost 500 km from its source.
The chronology of Lapita ware in New Caledonia
Authors: Sand Christophe
Published: November 2015

The Lapita ceramics that define the ‘Lapita’ cultural complex of the southwestern Pacific are named for the type-site of Lapita, on the south Melanesian island of Nouvelle-Calédonie (New Caledonia). The island archipelago's early sites are central to shaping what Lapita is, and — if Lapita is not alone — to how it meshes with the other precocious ceramics made by voyagers of the western Pacific. Varied radiocarbon determinations need to be collated, and some stratigraphic complications resolved.
Monte Verde and the antiquity of humankind in the Americas
Authors: Adovasio J. M. , Pedler D. R.
Published: November 2015

The Smithsonian Institution Press (with a patience one no longer expects of a scholarly publisher) early this year issued the second volume of Tom Dillehay's monograph on Monte Verde, in far southern Chile — 8 years after the first volume (Dillehay 1989; 1997). What is the standing of the site? Is it the long-sought-after proof of a ‘pre-Clovis’ human presence in the Americas? And if it is, why is it by the southern tip of the Western Hemisphere, rather than close to its northern portal from Siberia?
The North-Central cultural dichotomy on the Northwest Coast of North America: its evolution as suggested by wet-site basketry and wooden fish-hooks
Authors: Croes Dale R.
Published: November 2015

Where there are wet sites and organic artefacts are preserved, one can study artefacts of perishable materials which may by their nature offer more information than do lithic assemblages. On the US/Canadian Northwest Coast, with its series of celebrated wet sites, basketry and wooden fish-hooks survive so often that a decisive issue in the region's regional pattern can be explored this way — with archaeo-experimental help from unlucky inhabitants of the local aquarium!
Late Pleistocene/early Holocene tropical forest occupations at San Isidro and Peña Roja, Colombia
Authors: Gnecco Cristóbal , Mora Santiago
Published: November 2015

Evidence of early occupations by hunter-gatherers in diverse tropical forests is increasing the world over (e.g. Gorman 1971; Pavlides & Gosden 1994), even in America (Roosevelt et al. 1996). This paper reports them in northern South America. Several lines of evidence suggest that many kinds of forests, some or all without modern analogues, existed in the American tropics during glacial times and remained there, with changing composition, until the present. According to evidence presented here, human beings adapted to those forests in northern South America since, at least, the end of the Pleistocene.
‘Always momentary, fluid and flexible’: towards a reflexive excavation methodology
Authors: Hodder Ian
Published: November 2015

Çatalhöyük, on the Konya Plain in south central Anatolia, in the 1960s became the most celebrated Neolithic site of western Asia: huge (21 hectares), with early dates, tightpacked rooms with roof access, exuberant mural paintings, cattle heads fixed to walls, dead buried beneath floors in collective graves.

This site, as difficult to excavcate as it is strange, is the object of a pioneering application of the ‘post-processual’ approach, hitherto largely a matter of re-working and criticism outside the trench. The Çatalhöyük project director explains his approach, in which the conclusions as well as the work in early progress will be ‘always momentary, fluid and flexible’.
Spearthrower performance: ethnographic and experimental research
Authors: Hutchings W. Karl , Brüchert Lorenz W.
Published: November 2015

Even after decades of spearthrower studies, researchers have relatively little reliable data on spearthrower performance, and yet prehistoric lifeways are often reconstructed through consideration of the capabilities of such weapon systems. Experimental study and considered dependence on ethnographic knowledge clarify the realities of the spearthrower in use.
The population of ancient Rome
Authors: Storey Glenn R.
Published: November 2015

What was the population of imperial Rome? City blocks in Pompeii and Ostia are sufficiently well explored that a fair estimate of population density can now be arrived at. That peoples the city of ancient Rome with roughly 450,000 inhabitants, within the known population and density range of pre-industrial and modern urban centres.
Fuel for thought? Beeswax in lamps and conical cups from Late Minoan Crete
Authors: Evershed Richard P. , Vaughan Sarah J. , Dudd Stephanie N. , Soles Jeffrey S.
Published: November 2015

What was burned in lamps in the prehistoric Mediterranean? Olive oil, as one would first suppose? Analysis of absorbed lipids preserved in the fabric of lamps and conical cups from the Minoan site of Mochlos in eastern Crete shows for the first time that beeswax was used as an illuminant.
Archaeology on the World Wide Web: a user's field-guide
Authors: Champion Sara
Published: November 2015

Using the World Wide Web is not unlike visiting an unfamiliar place to look at the archaeology. You want to know if there is anything interesting to see, so you start in the library, looking for information; you read books and articles from journals; perhaps you contact colleagues who can tell you about the place; you want to know how to find the sites and to get to them; and once you are there, you want to visit the museums as well as the monuments, and to locate people who are working there, whether they are from academic institutions, government archaeological bodies or local societies. You will want to check that access arrangements have not changed since the last published information; you also want to ensure that as far as possible the information you have is accurate, so that you do not waste time looking at sites which are not relevant to your interests.
Learned inquiry and the Net: the role of peer review, peer commentary and copyright
Authors: Harnad Stevan
Published: November 2015

I should begin by defining some of the metaphors I use in this paper. By the ‘Gutenberg Galaxy’ I mean the world of print on paper. Thus the ‘PostGutenberg Galaxy’ is its successor, the virtual world of bytes on tape, disk and screen — and especially dispersal in the fibreoptic cables enmeshing the globe and transmitting them everywhere at the speed of light. I also use the term ‘Skywriting,’ for the dissemination of the written word in the PostGutenberg Galaxy is very much like writing it all up in the sky, for everyone to see and to append their own scribblings onto, rather like the serial graffiti in public toilets, except on a galactic scale. Or perhaps a global Hyde Park, with the orations and cat-calls all delivered graphically rather than orally.
Electronic communications and communities
Authors: Carlson David L.
Published: November 2015

The barriers to communication between scholars and between scholars and the public have been falling as the Internet has grown. Although most of the publicity goes to the web, surveys show that the email is used by more people. Since it is based on characters rather than graphics, bandwidth and modem speed are less problematic than they are for web pages. In addition, while the web is the best way to disseminate information on the internet, electronic conferences and newsgroups are still the best way to interact on the internet. Electronic conferences for archaeologists began in 1986 when Sebastian Rahtz and Kris Lockyear created the ‘Archaeological Information Exchange.’ Four years later AIE begat ARCH-L and the number of archaeologists participating has grown steadily. Today ARCH-L has about 1800 subscribers in 44 different countries; most subscribers are in the US and the UK. ARCH-L now averages about 16 messages a day; just under 3000 messages were posted in the first 6 months of 1997. In addition to ARCH-L, there now are at least 40 other electronic conferences and newsgroups covering different aspects of archaeology.
Preservation and re-use of digital data: the role of the Archaeology Data Service
Authors: Richards Julian D.
Published: November 2015

Archaeologists have always been good at creating huge quantities of data, but not so good at arranging to preserve them in ordered, accessible and public archives, or at re-using other peoples’ data themselves. The Information Age presents particular problems for the preservation of digital data (Eiteljorg above, pp. 1054-7) but also provides unique opportunities for their re-use. Within the Higher Education sector in the United Kingdom there is now a national initiative to establish an Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS). This paper will describe the role of the Archaeology Data Service (ADS), one of the services embraced by the AHDS, and will indicate how it proposes to provide access to other peoples’ data.
Cognitive, linguistic, and contextual factors in Norwegian second language learner's narrative production
Authors: KARLSEN JANNICKE , GEVA ESTHER , LYSTER SOLVEIG-ALMA
Published: November 2015

The present study investigated the contribution of cognitive, linguistic, and contextual factors to the narrative production of Norwegian second language learners. We assessed cognitive ability and first and second language proficiency in 66 kindergarten children with Urdu/Punjabi as their first language. Number of children's books in the home and time spent in kindergarten were treated as contextual factors. Oral narration was assessed in Grade 1. A series of fixed-order hierarchical regression analyses displayed a complex relationship among cognitive, linguistic, and contextual factors and various facets of narrative production of young second language learners; nonverbal ability and books in the home predicted the mastering of story (macro)structure, while linguistic (vocabulary and grammar) and both contextual variables predicted microaspects of narrative proficiency. The results suggest that combining home book reading practices, kindergarten attendance, and second language interventions might improve language minority children's narrative production and chances of school success.
Back to the garden again: Joni Mitchell's ‘Woodstock’ and utopianism in song
Authors: Kintner Amy
Published: November 2015

Joni Mitchell's ‘Woodstock’ is one of the most recognisable songs about the 1969 festival, yet Mitchell did not attend Woodstock and instead wrote her song in a New York City hotel room. The song ‘Woodstock’, then, represents the event not as it literally happened, but as it could have been, as an idealised depiction of nostalgia for the festival and the era's utopian potential. I analyse Mitchell's song as a utopian text and investigate the political efficacy of ‘Woodstock's musical and lyrical content for Mitchell, for other artists who cover the song, and for audiences who may recognise it as the festival's ‘theme’. As her career continues, Mitchell abandons the folk-based style of her early albums, but keeps ‘Woodstock’ an active part of her performance repertoire. I trace three later versions to show that the utopianism of the original disappears as Mitchell re-imagines the song, the event and its ideological legacy.
Baudrillard's Blues
Authors: Mueller Charles
Published: November 2015

In his book, America, Jean Baudrillard characterised the United States as a nation created for the sole purpose of escaping history, a place that has purged itself of all negativity, and whose citizens live life in a perpetual present. Baudrillard's study of America provides an ideal framework with which to examine the ways that blues is both congenial and antithetical to postmodern America, and how the significations and meanings of blues have changed as the music has passed from modernity to postmodernity. Of particular interest is the question of whether African-American interpretations of blues can remain privileged. Examining blues music in the context of America provides clear cultural examples that support many of Baudrillard's often obscure metaphysical observations.
Chinstrap and macaroni penguin diet and demography at Nyrøysa, Bouvetøya
Authors: Niemandt Corne , Kovacs Kit M. , Lydersen Christian , Dyer Bruce M. , Isaksen Kjell , Hofmeyr G.J. Greg , Mehlum Fridtjof , de Bruyn P.J. Nico
Published: November 2015

Knowledge regarding interactions between predators and their prey is fundamental for understanding underlying links between climate change and ecosystem responses, including predator demographics, in the Southern Ocean. This study reports data on reproductive performance, total population size and diet composition for macaroni and chinstrap penguins breeding at Nyrøysa on Bouvetøya during the summers of 1996–97, 1998–99, 2000–01 and 2007–08. The breeding populations of these two species at Nyrøysa decreased significantly over the study period, with an 80% decline for chinstraps and a 50% decline for macaroni penguins, despite relatively high levels of chick production. During this period macaroni penguins at this site ate a diverse diet, dominated by myctophid fish and two krill species, whereas chinstrap penguins were Antarctic krill specialists. The population changes are probably primarily due to the expanding Antarctic fur seal population, and also to landslides that are the result of increased melting on the island which have destroyed penguin breeding sites. Additional impacts from global warming of the ocean might also be playing a role and could exacerbate the decline in these penguin populations if krill and other prey are negatively impacted in the future in this region. The local chinstrap penguin population would probably be most heavily affected given its narrow feeding niche and small current population size.
Factor VII promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through ERK-TSC signaling
Authors: Tsai M-C , Chen K-D , Wang C-C , Huang K-T , Wu C-H , Kuo I-Y , Chen L-Y , Hu T-H , Goto S , Nakano T , Dorling A , McVey J H , Chen C-L , Lin C-C
Published: November 2015

We previously demonstrated PAR2 starts upstreamed with tissue factor (TF) and factor VII (FVII), inhibited autophagy via mTOR signaling in HCC. However, the mechanism underlying for merging functions of PAR2 with the coagulation system in HCC progression remained unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of TF, FVII and PAR2 in tumor progression of HCC. The expressions of TF, FVII and PAR2 from HCC specimens were evaluated by immunohistochemical stains and western blotting. We found that the expression of FVII, but not TF and PAR2, directly related to the vascular invasion and the clinical staging. Importantly, a lower level of FVII expression was significantly associated with the longer disease-free survival. The addition of FVII but not TF induced the expression of PAR2 and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, whereas knockdown of FVII decreased PAR2 expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HCC cell lines. Furthermore, levels of phosphor-TSC2 (Ser664) were increased after treatment with FVII and PAR2 agonist whereas these were significantly abolished in the presence of a potent and specific MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126. Moreover, mTOR knockdown highly reduced Hep3B migration, which could be reverted by FVII but not TF and PAR2. These results indicated that FVII/PAR2 signaling through MEK/ERK and TSC2 axis for mTOR activation has potent effects on the migration of HCC cells. In addition, FVII/PAR2 signaling elicits an mTOR-independent signaling, which promotes hepatoma cell migration in consistent with the clinical observations. Our study indicates that levels of FVII, but not TF, are associated with tumor migration and invasiveness in HCC, and provides clues that evaluation of FVII expression in HCC may be useful as a prognostic indicator in patients with HCC and may form an alternative target for further therapy.
An endoscope with integrated transparent bioelectronics and theranostic nanoparticles for colon cancer treatment
Authors: Lee Hyunjae , Lee Youngsik , Song Changyeong , Cho Hye Rim , Ghaffari Roozbeh , Choi Tae Kyu , Kim Kyung Hoon , Lee Young Bum , Ling Daishun , Lee Hyuk , Yu Su Jong , Choi Seung Hong , Hyeon Taeghwan , Kim Dae-Hyeong
Published: November 2015

The gastrointestinal tract is a challenging anatomical target for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for bleeding, polyps and cancerous growths. Advanced endoscopes that combine imaging and therapies within the gastrointestinal tract provide an advantage over stand-alone diagnostic or therapeutic devices. However, current multimodal endoscopes lack the spatial resolution necessary to detect and treat small cancers and other abnormalities. Here we present a multifunctional endoscope-based interventional system that integrates transparent bioelectronics with theranostic nanoparticles, which are photoactivated within highly localized space near tumours or benign growths. These advanced electronics and nanoparticles collectively enable optical fluorescence-based mapping, electrical impedance and pH sensing, contact/temperature monitoring, radio frequency ablation and localized photo/chemotherapy, as the basis of a closed-loop solution for colon cancer treatment. In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experiments highlight the utility of this technology for accurate detection, delineation and rapid targeted therapy of colon cancer or precancerous lesions.