bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Saint-Venant Effects in the Iosipescu Specimen
Authors: Pierron Fabrice
Published: April 2011

The main purpose of this paper is to explain the shear strain differences observed between the two faces of certain Iosipescu specimens. The different parasitic moments that can act on the specimen are investigated and their effects assessed. Different Iosipescu fixtures from the literature are checked for these parasitic moments and it is shown that modification of the Wyoming fixture can lead to the elimination of its parasitic in-plane and out-of-plane movements. Finally, it is shown that the strain differences that remain are caused by Saint-Venant effects due to the proximity of the loading points to the notch line but that averaging the strains between the two faces eliminates this effect. This is an important feature since for certain material configurations (thick and transversely stiff specimens), preventing twisting of the fixture is not sufficient to enable the use of only one strain gauge.
A Semi-Analytical Resolution of a Generalized Unidirectional Self-Consistent Model: Theoretical Bases and Experiment in Viscoelasticity
Authors: Viet H. Nguyen , Pastor J.
Published: April 2011

In recent articles [1], [2] we presented a finite element computation based on the homogenization theory of periodic media [3] or on the effective moduli approach to predict the complex moduli for unidirectional multiply coated continuous fiber composites via the correspondence principle [4], [5]. To have a method to compare with those approaches, we present first a semi-analytical resolution for a generalized unidirectional self-consistent model which predicts all the five independent elastic moduli and their complex counterparts [6], [7]. The resolution of this model is obtained by extending the general solution to the displacement and stress field within the constituents, proposed by Pagano-Tandon [8] and Carman et al. [9] for the problem "n concentric cylinders" of Hashin-Rosen's type [10]. Our direct resolution provides a new evaluation for the transverse shear modulus. The four other coefficients are proved to be coincident with the ones obtained by the n-phase "Composite Cylinder Assemblage," noted CCA model [10]. In the second part, this semi-analytical solution is compared with some experimental results that we obtained on the dynamic mechanical spectrometer METRA VIB and with other available predicting methods, for a unidirectional coated continuous fiber composite glass/epoxy. In order to obtain a better prediction for the loss tangent factor tan r1tE of the complex transverse Young's modulus ET in the main mechanical relaxation zone, two temperature-dependent evaluations for the complex Poisson's ratio of the viscoelastic polymer matrix are presented.
An Examination of the Effects from Surface Texture on the Strength of Fiber Reinforced Plastics
Authors: Arola D. , Ramulu M.
Published: April 2011

Surface texture and process defects resulting from net-shape machining of Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRPs) are often ignored in a design analysis of component parts. The authors recently proposed a mathematical model which defines the effects of surface texture on the strength of engineering components in terms of an effective stress concentration factor (KT). In this study, a verification of the proposed model for FRP materials is presented using results from a comprehensive experimental analysis on the flexure strength of graphite/epoxy and graphite/bismaleimide laminates. The effects of surface texture resulting from three methods of machining were evaluated using this new approach. The proposed model was also compared with the predictive capabilities of existing theoretical models in the evaluation of the experimental data. It was found that the proposed model successfully predicted the reduction in flexure strength of FRP laminates resulting from net-shape machining over a large range in surface quality. Hence, results from this study indicate that the Kt offers a new design tool which can be used to account for the effects of surface texture on the strength of FRP components.
Interface Debonding in Fiber Reinforced Cement-Matrix Composites
Authors: Shannag M. , Hansen W. , Tjiptobroto P.
Published: April 2011

Shear lag theory was used to predict the extent of fiber debonding at the end of the elastic range in a high performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) such as DSP (Densified Small Particles). The analysis predicts two-way debonding at onset of first cracking in FRC's containing randomly distributed, discrete steel fibers. Findings indicate that the extent of fiber debonding at first cracking is relatively low for DSP containing fiber volume fractions higher than 3% when compared to ordinary FRC containing fiber volume fractions less than 1%. This analysis allows a more accurate prediction of elastic strain in FRC's.
An Improved Shear Lag Model for Broken Fibers in Composite Materials
Authors: Landis C. M. , McGlockton M. A. , McMeeking R. M.
Published: April 2011

A shear lag model is formulated to predict the stresses in a unidirectional fiber reinforced composite. The model is based on assumptions consistent with the finite element method and the principle of virtual work by assuming that the matrix displacements can be interpolated from the fiber displacements. The fibers are treated as one-dimensional springs and the matrix is modeled as three-dimensional finite elements. The resulting finite element equations for the system are transformed into differential equations by taking the discretization length to approach zero. The governing ordinary differential equations are solved using Fourier transformations and an influence function technique. The technique is used to solve for the stresses around a single fiber break in an infinite square or hexagonal array of fibers. The results are compared with previous shear lag models and finite element results. The model predicts stress concentrations that are in good agreement with more detailed finite element analyses.
Drilling Unidirectional Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials at High Speed
Authors: Lin Shih-Chieh , Shen Jun-Ming
Published: April 2011

Drilling is one of the most important cutting operations which are currently carried out on fiber reinforced composites. Increasing cutting speed will reduce machining time and hence improve productivity. Therefore, it is of interest to study the effects of increasing cutting speed on drilling characteristics of fiber-reinforced composite materials. In this paper, the effects of increasing cutting speed ranging from 9550 up to 38650 rpm, (from 210 to 850 m/min.) on average thrust force, torque, tool wear and hole quality are studied for glass fiber-reinforced composite materials using both multifaceted drill and twist drill. These cutting speeds are much higher than those found in other literatures. It is shown that tool wear will be a main problem to be overcome for high speed drilling of glass-fiber reinforced material.
Fastener Design for Transversely Loaded Composite Plates
Authors: Running D. M. , Ligon J. B. , Miskioglu I.
Published: April 2011

The fastener design for the transfer of concentrated transverse (out-of-plane, pull-out) loads to random glass fiber reinforced thermoset polymers was investigated. The elastic material properties, void content, and glass content of the composite were determined and a finite element model was used to analyze and compare the performance of the various washer designs for reducing the stress and strain levels near the edge of the washer at a bolted joint. Experimental studies were conducted to verify the finite element model.
Theoretical Analysis of Wave Propagation in Woven Fabric Composites
Authors: Chen Baoxing , Chou Tsu-Wei , Hsiao George C.
Published: April 2011

In a previous paper the authors studied transient elastic wave propagation in woven fabric composites under impact loading. A one-dimensional analysis was developed to predict the elastodynamic and elastostatic behavior. The initial and boundary value problem was formulated and then solved using Laplace transforms. In this paper we examine the same problem using an alternative approach based upon the combination of Laplace transforms and finite Fourier transforms. Using this approach, some of the difficulties caused by the inversion of Laplace transforms encountered in the previous work are overcome. Analytical solutions to dynamic displacements and stresses, including bond shearing stresses, can be obtained for any type of impact loading. The merits as well as the shortcomings of the alternative approach are discussed. It is found that for elastodynamic problems the solution given in this paper are better than those reported in the previous work, since there is no need to perform the numerical inversion of Laplace transforms before superposition of the solutions of the two component problems. On the other hand, for elastostatic problems the solutions given in the previous work are more concise.
Modeling of Load Frequency Effect on Fatigue Life of Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Xiao X. R.
Published: April 2011

This paper presents a simple prediction scheme correlating fatigue life to the thermal degradation of fatigue strength. Shifting factors similar to the time-temperature shifting in viscoelastic media were employed to account for the effect of temperature on fatigue strength and an iso-strength plot was introduced for fatigue life prediction under non-isothermal conditions. The scheme presented in this paper can predict the load frequency effect associated with hysteretic heating from limiting basic material information. The load frequency effect on the fatigue life of an AS4/PEEK ±45 thermoplastic composite laminate was investigated at 1 Hz, 5 Hz and 10 Hz. Fatigue life prediction for 5 Hz and 10 Hz based on S-N data at 1 Hz was also demonstrated. The predictions agreed reasonably with the experimental data.
Effect of Deformation and Ceramic Reinforcement on Work Hardening Behaviour of Hot Extruded 2124 Al-SiCp Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Goswami R. K. , Dhar Ajay , Srivastava A. K. , Gupta Anil K. , Grover O. P. , Jindal U. C.
Published: April 2011

Work hardening behaviour of discontinuously reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs) is a complex phenomenon as compared to monolithic materials and is still not explicitly understood. Under the present investigation, the effect of deformation and reinforcement content on work hardening behaviour of extruded 2124 Al/SiCp MMCs has been reported. These MMC extruded rods having 10%, 15% and 20% volume fraction of SiCp and extruded at 9:1, 36:1 and 56:1 extrusion ratios (ERs) were used. Work hardening rates were calculated from true stress-strain data obtained from tensile testing results of these MMCs. The variation in work hardening rates was correlated with the variation of SiCp content and deformation (i.e., ER). Fracture strains were estimated using a model and correlated with the experimentally measured values. Morphology of fractured surfaces was examined to elucidate the different microstructural features induced during testing and their correlation with elongation.
Numerical and Experimental Study of Solidification Phenomena in Pressure-Infiltrated Metal-Matrix Composite Casting
Authors: Ilegbusi O. J. , Yang J. , Mason R. , Cornie J. A.
Published: April 2011

The solidification behavior in a pressure-infiltrated metal-matrix composite casting system is investigated experimentally and theoretically. The temperature history at various locations within the casting are recorded in situ with a Lab VIEW Data Acquisition system. A correlation established for the heat transfer coefficient at high pressure is used to express the thermal boundary condition on the mold surface. The predicted temperature profiles are in good agreement with the experimental data. The results also indicate that high pressure is required for only a fraction of the duration of the casting.
The Effects of Contamination on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composite Materials
Authors: Zhang M. , Mason S. E.
Published: April 2011

The influences of contamination on the mechanical properties of a cured structural carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composite have been investigated. A wide range of contaminants have been used (water, seawater, acid, alkali and organic solvent) and samples were contaminated in both the pre- and post-cure condition. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), interlaminar fracture toughness (GIC) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the laminates have been determined using the short beam shear, double cantilever beam and tensile tests. In both conditions, the effects of contaminants were to degrade the epoxy matrix. Although concentrations and volumes in this study were higher than normally seen in a laminating environment, it is clearly important to control environmental factors during both manufacturing processing and usage of laminate composites.
Finite Element Modeling of Plain Weave Composites
Authors: Thom Holger
Published: April 2011

Finite element models always include certain simplifications of the problem to be analyzed. Already Chapman and Whitcomb studied the influence of some simplifications on the elastic properties of a woven composite. This paper evaluates the influence of further assumptions on the predicted longitudinal Young's modulus and on the peak stresses. In particular, such assumptions are the refinement of the mesh, the size of pure matrix regions, the longitudinal shape function of the yarn, the constraints, and a linear versus a nonlinear analysis. Also a new approximation for the shape of the yarn's cross section is introduced and compared to the existing yarn architecture.
Strain Rate Effects on the Transverse Compressive and Shear Behavior of Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Hsiao H. M. , Daniel I. M. , Cordes R. D.
Published: April 2011

Methods for dynamic characterization of composite materials were extended and applied to the study of strain rate effects under transverse compression as well as shear. Falling weight impact and Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar systems were developed for dynamic characterization of composite materials in compression and shear at strain rates up to 1800 sO. Strain rates below 10 s5l were generated using a servohydraulic testing machine. Strain rates between 10 sol and 300 sol were generated using the drop tower apparatus. Strain rates above 500 s-l were generated using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar.

Seventy-two and forty-eight ply unidirectional carbon/epoxy laminates (IM6G/3501-6) loaded in the transverse direction were characterized. Off-axis (15°, 300, 450 and 600) compression tests of the same unidirectional material were also conducted to obtain the in-plane shear stress-strain behavior. Strain rates over a wide range, from 10-4 s-1 (quasi-static) up to 1800 s-1, were recorded. The 90-degree properties, which are governed by the matrix,show an increase in modulus and strength over the static values but no significant change in ultimate strain. The stress-strain curve stiffens as the strain rate increases. This stiffening behavior is very significant in the nonlinear region for strain rates between 10-4 s-I and 1 s51. For strain rates above 1 s-1, the stress-strain behavior continues this stiffening trend until it is almost linear at a strain rate of 1800 s-1. The shear stress-strain behavior, which is also matrix-dominated, shows high nonlinearity with a plateau region at a stress level that increases significantly as the strain rate increases.
A Comparative Study of Micromodels for Nonlinear Analysis of Laminae
Authors: Jadhav Virendra R. , Sridharan Srinivasan
Published: April 2011

Two competing micromechanical models, viz. a simple square cell model (SSCM) and a finite element-based cylindrical model (FECM) are studied in comparison to assess the discrepancies that exist between them in the prediction of nonlinear behavior of composites. As a first step, FECM presented earlier in the context of elastic material response is now extended to deal with material nonlinearity. Simplifications are suggested to achieve the double goal of accuracy and efficiency. The paper then illustrates and quantifies the discrepancies between FECM and SSCM in respect to a common source on nonlinearity in composites, viz. the shear softening of the matrix. Limitations of the currently popular approach of "tuning" an inherently simplified model using test data are pointed out and discussed.
Effect of Moisture Absorption on Hot/Wet Compressive Strength of T800HIPMR-15 Carbon/Polyimide
Authors: Shimokawa Toshiyuki , Hamaguchi Yasumasa , Katoh Hisaya
Published: April 2011

The objective of this study is to statistically investigate the effect of moisture absorption on the hot/wet compressive strength of a T800H/PMR-15 carbon/polyimide composite with a quasi-isotropic stacking sequence. Compression tests on the moisture absorbed specimens were conducted at 260'C. These tests clarified the compression fracture mode, the effect of moisture absorption on hot/wet compressive strength, statistical properties and a design allowable of hot/wet compressive strength, the effectiveness of a traveler coupon to monitor moisture absorption, and the relationship between specimen thickness and hot/wet compressive strength. Important results are as follows: (1) hot/wet compressive strength was closely related with the residual moisture content measured immediately after the test, and (2) the coefficient of variation of hot/wet compressive strength was approximately twice as large as that of room temperature/dry compressive strength.
A Micromechanical Approach to the Tensile Strength of a Knitted Fabric Composite
Authors: Huang Zheng Ming , Ramakrishna S. , Tay A. O.A.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes a micromechanical approach to estimate the tensile strength of a knitted fabric reinforced composite. In this new approach, the state of stress in each constituent phase of the composite is explicitly expressed as a function of externally applied overall stress, by means of a bridging matrix. The maximum normal strength theory of isotropic materials is applied to each constituent phase at every load increment level. Once either the fiber or the matrix attains its ultimate strength, the corresponding applied overall stress is defined as the ultimate strength of the composite. In this way, the failure mode of the composite is automatically indicated and so is the strength margin of the constituent phases. The developed strength theory has been applied to several unidirectional composites and also to a plain weft knitted glass fiber fabric reinforced epoxy composite. The predicted tensile strengths in all cases are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data. Parametric studies have also been carried out to investigate the effects of various geometric and material parameters of the constituent phases on the tensile strength of knitted fabric composites. Useful insights have been gained.
Inelastic Response of a Woven Carbon/Copper Composite, Part I: Experimental Characterization
Authors: Bednarcyk Brett A. , Pindera Marek-Jerzy
Published: April 2011

This paper presents the results of an extensive mechanical characterization of a new woven metal matrix composite, namely 8-harness (8H) satin carbon/copper (C/Cu). While woven polymer matrix composites have existed for some time, woven metal matrix composites such as C/Cu are now being developed for the first time. Due to the high thermal conductivity of the copper matrix, this material system is a good candidate for high heat flux applications such as those associated with space power radiator panels and computer chip casings. The mechanical characterization of the 8H satin C/Cu composite was carried out using monotonic and cyclic tension, compression, and Iosipescu shear tests, as well as combined tension-compression tests. Experiments involving applied compression were performed using a novel gripping apparatus not previously described in the open literature. Specimens containing small amounts of chromium and titanium in the copper matrix, in addition to specimens with pure copper matrix, were tested in order to investigate the effect of these alloying elements on the mechanical response. Previous data from thermal expansion and mechanical tests on unidirectional C/Cu composites suggested that the addition of small amounts of these alloying elements to the copper matrix improved the fiber/matrix bond. In addition to the monotonic and cyclic stress-strain response generated using the three types of mechanical tests, a summary of initial moduli, yield stress, and ultimate strength data for this novel woven metal matrix composite is provided and contrasted with the corresponding pure copper data. Further, the presented results provide a basis for validating a new micromechanical model developed by the authors for woven metal matrix composites which is the subject of Parts II and III of this paper.
A Procedure for Designing Laminated Plates with Required Stiffness Properties. Application to Thin Quasi-Isotropic Quasi-Homogeneous Uncoupled Laminates
Authors: Grédiac M.
Published: April 2011

A calculation method for designing laminated plates with required stiffness properties is presented. The properties to be achieved are characterized by 12 lamination parameters. An objective function linking the 12 required and computed parameters is then minimized with respect to the ply angles to obtain optimal stacking sequences. The problem of designing uncoupled laminated plates with concomitant bending and in-plane isotropy is then addressed as an example. Approximate solutions with 12 plies of equal thickness and more are found. It is verified that they achieve the specified properties with a reasonable accuracy. This number of 12 plies is much less than other exact or approximate results available in the literature.
Birds of a Feather Sit Together: Physical Similarity Predicts Seating Choice
Authors: Mackinnon Sean P. , Jordan Christian H. , Wilson Anne E.
Published: April 2011

Across four studies, people sat (or reported they would sit) closer to physically similar others. Study 1 revealed significant aggregation in seating patterns on two easily observed characteristics: glasses wearing and sex. Study 2 replicated this finding with a wider variety of physical traits: race, sex, glasses wearing, hair length, and hair color. The overall tendency for people to sit beside physically similar others remained significant when controlling for sex and race, suggesting people aggregate on physical dimensions other than broad social categories. Study 3 conceptually replicated these results in a laboratory setting. The more physically similar participants were to a confederate, the closer they sat before an anticipated interaction when controlling for sex, race, and attractiveness similarity. In Study 4, overall physical similarity and glasses wearing similarity predicted self-reported seating distance. These effects were mediated by perceived attitudinal similarity. Liking and inferred acceptance also received support as mediators for glasses wearing similarity.
Does Race/Ethnicity Affect Aging Anxiety in American Baby Boomers?
Authors: Yan Tingjian , Silverstein Merril , Wilber Kathleen H.
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine whether racial/ethnic differences in aging anxiety among American baby boomers stem from socioeconomic resources, knowledge about aging, and/or exposure to older adults. Data were from the Images of Aging Survey conducted in 2004. The analysis included 362 non-Hispanic Whites, 117 African Americans, and 96 Hispanics. Multiple regression models were used. Aging anxiety did not differ between African Americans and non-Hispanic Whites. Hispanics tended to have more aging anxiety than non-Hispanic Whites, but this difference was explained by relatively low socioeconomic status and lack of knowledge of aging among Hispanics. Baby boomers who were older, less healthy, less educated, and poorer had more aging anxiety than their counterparts, as did those with less knowledge about aging and less contact with older adults. To reduce aging anxiety, public interventions are needed that promote accurate perceptions about aging and increase opportunities for interacting with older adults.
Decontamination of Nasal Atomizer Tips
Authors: Kieff David , Fink Daniel
Published: April 2011

Objective

To determine the efficacy of wiping the nasal atomizer tip with 70% isopropanol versus using single‐use plastic atomizer tip guards in preventing cross‐contamination.

Study Design

Single‐center, prospective, partially blinded, alternating double‐arm trial.

Setting

Specialty‐specific otolaryngology emergency room.

Methods

Thirty‐four consecutive patients who presented to an emergency room received nasal anesthetic with a Venturi atomizer. The atomizers for one half of patients were cleaned with an isopropyl alcohol pad immediately after use (group A). The atomizers for the other half were used with a sterile tip cover in place (group B). The effectiveness of 2 different methods in preventing contamination of the atomizer tip was compared.

Results

One of the 17 atomizers from group A was contaminated (5.9%); 15 of the 17 atomizers from group B were contaminated (88.2%). This represents a difference of 82.3%, or a risk ratio of 15:1 against the use of nasal tip guards (P =. 000002).

Conclusions

Venturi atomizer tips frequently become contaminated despite the use of a sterile tip cover. This happens at a dramatically decreased rate with the use of isopropyl alcohol for cleaning. Clinical significance of this contamination is uncertain.
Caring for Veterans Returning Home from Middle Eastern Wars
Authors: Wands Lisa Marie
Published: April 2011

After serving at war, veterans work to resume a normal life at home. For some, the difficulties of reintegration are compounded by significant physical injury or psychological trauma, such as traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder. It is equally important to attend to the all-encompassing experience of reintegration for any veteran. The transition is deeply embedded in the context of relationships and, as such, nurses can provide support. Nurses can find guidance on how to better connect with veterans returning home from war in Swanson’s work on caring.
Improving Subject Recruitment, Retention, and Participation in Research through Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations
Authors: Penckofer Sue , Byrn Mary , Mumby Patricia , Ferrans Carol Estwing
Published: April 2011

Recruitment and retention of persons participating in research is one of the most significant challenges faced by investigators. Although incentives are often used to improve recruitment and retention, evidence suggests that the relationship of the patient to study personnel may be the single, most important factor in subject accrual and continued participation. Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relations provides a framework to study the nurse-patient relationship during the research process. In this paper the authors provide a brief summary of research strategies that have been used for the recruitment and retention of subjects and an overview of Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relations including its use in research studies. In addition, a discussion of how this theory was used for the successful recruitment and retention of women with type 2 diabetes who participated in a clinical trial using a nurse-delivered psychoeducational intervention for depression is addressed.
The Vital Nature of Environment
Authors: Alligood Martha Raile
Published: April 2011

The nursing perspective includes the environment of a person, family, or community and there is global acceptance of environment as a disciplinary boundary. However, there are important distinctions among the conceptual models of nursing with regard to the meaning of the term. These differences spring from the worldview and philosophy that tailor its focus and fit.
The Circle of Caring Model
Authors: Palardy Leslie G. , March Alice L.
Published: April 2011

This column employs a case study approach to examine the application of the circle of caring model in actual nursing practice as it pertains to a medication education teaching plan for a cardiac transplant patient. The circle of caring model is applied by experienced registered nurses. The tailored medication education plan is based on the patient’s conceptualized database, understanding patient responses, using a holistic/broadened approach to therapeutics, and considering the patient’s views of outcomes. Individualized teaching plans improve patient adherence to complicated medication regimens, thus improving long-term quality of life and survival in transplant recipients.
An Ethical Exploration of Quality and Safety Initiatives in Nurse Practice
Authors: Milton Constance L.
Published: April 2011

Current professional healthcare literature is filled with the call for quality and safety initiatives in the provision of healthcare. The popular media frequently reports on the need for healthcare reform and the need for cost-saving measures as healthcare costs skyrocket. Reported medical and nurse errors are on the rise and the discipline of nursing is responding to the call with interprofessional quality and safety initiatives that are intended to reduce errors and promote safety in cross-disciplinary healthcare practices. This column begins an ethical exploration on the topic from a humanbecoming theoretical perspective regarding the need for theory-guided nurse practice and possible meanings and implications for future disciplinary nurse practice.
Counseling Techniques to Address Male Communication Characteristics
Authors: Patel Puja S. , Barnett Candace W.
Published: April 2011

Evidence shows that the male ideology has a significant impact on men’s health status. Men who adhere to the traditional masculine ideology may find messages regarding healthcare to be threatening. Pharmacists can use the Extended Parallel Process (EPP) Model to counsel men in a manner that reduces their feelings of fear and danger regarding their health while controlling feelings of vulnerability and susceptibility. When counseling men using the EPP Model, pharmacists are encouraged to use universal statements and open-ended questions to create patient awareness of the disease state and foster discussion. Furthermore, since men engage in limited nonverbal communication, pharmacists need to be direct and ask for feedback to gauge the patient’s understanding of the counseling.
Home Care Clients in the Last Year of Life
Authors: Goodridge Donna , Buckley Alan , Marko Josh , Steeves Megan , Turner Hollie , Whitehead Steve
Published: April 2011

Objectives: To compare demographic, social, medical, and health care characteristics of home care clients in the last year of life by quintile of deprivation and examine associations between material deprivation and service characteristics. Method: This retrospective study used administrative data for 700 clients who died while receiving home care services. Outcome measures were the receipt of supportive or palliative home care. Associations were assessed using multiple logistic regression. Result: Material deprivation was not associated with either the hours of home care received or the receipt of supportive home care services. Clients with dementia or stroke, those were older than 80 years and those who were single were less likely to receive palliative care services than other groups. Discussion: Inequalities in allocation of home care services based on age, diagnosis, and marital status, but not material deprivation, suggest the need to carefully match service with need at the end of life.
Preparation, morphology and thermo-mechanical properties of epoxy resins modified by co-poly (phthalazinone ether sulfone)
Authors: Xu Yajuan , Fu Xinjian , Liao Gongxiong , Zhou Hongxin , Jian Xigao
Published: April 2011

A series of blends were prepared by adding a novel thermoplastic co-poly (phthalazinone ether sulfone) (PPBES) in varying proportions to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA) cured with p-diaminodiphenylsulfone. The microstructure and thermo-mechanical properties were investigated as a function of the concentration of PPBES and curing conditions. The thermal properties, measured by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis showed that PPBES could enhance the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the DGEBA epoxy resin and retain its thermal stability. The microstructure changed from sea-island to phase-inverted structure with the various concentrations of PPBES. The fracture toughness, expressed as notched impact strength, increased with the addition of PPBES and made the maximum value with 15-phr PPBES. Fracture mechanisms such as crack deflection and branches, ductile microcracks, ductile tearing of the thermoplastic was responsible for the increase in the fracture toughness of the blends.
Inhibitory Spillover
Authors: Tuk Mirjam A. , Trampe Debra , Warlop Luk
Published: April 2011

Visceral states are known to reduce the ability to exert self-control. In the current research, we investigated how self-control is affected by a visceral factor associated with inhibition rather than with approach: bladder control. We designed four studies to test the hypothesis that inhibitory signals are not domain-specific but can spill over to unrelated domains, resulting in increased impulse control in the behavioral domain. In Study 1, participants’ urination urgency correlated with performance on color-naming but not word-meaning trials of a Stroop task. In Studies 2 and 3, we found that higher levels of bladder pressure resulted in an increased ability to resist impulsive choices in monetary decision making. We found that inhibitory spillover effects are moderated by sensitivity of the Behavioral Inhibition System (Study 3) and can be induced by exogenous cues (Study 4). Implications for inhibition and impulse-control theories are discussed.
The Need for More Effective Father Involvement in Early Autism Intervention
Authors: Flippin Michelle , Crais Elizabeth R.
Published: April 2011

Fathers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are underrepresented in both early intervention and research. However, fathers have unique interaction styles that make important contributions to the language and symbolic play development of typically developing children. Fathers may make similar contributions to the development of their children with ASD, who struggle with social-communicative deficits, particularly in the areas of language and symbolic play. This article provides a theoretical rationale for enhancing father—child involvement in early autism intervention that may lead to improved outcomes in child communication and symbolic play and have cascading benefits for families in reducing stress and enhancing coping mechanisms. To support this rationale, systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to (a) identify the extent of father involvement in parent training programs for children with autism, (b) identify the contributions of parents to the symbolic play outcomes of their children with ASD and other disabilities, and (c) examine differences in stress and coping experienced by mothers and fathers of children with ASD. Finally, possible barriers to father participation in early autism intervention are discussed and recommendations are offered for making parent-implemented early intervention for children with ASD more amenable to fathers.
What Observation Studies Can Tell Us About Single Child Play Patterns, Gender, and Changes in Chinese Society
Authors: Jankowiak William , Joiner Amber , Khatib Cynthia
Published: April 2011

Our study focused on Chinese children’s play patterns in two different Chinese capitals: Chengdu—the capital of Sichuan in southwest China and Hohhot—the capital of the autonomous Inner Mongolia region in northern China. Unlike child psychologists working in China, who prefer survey instruments organized around parent and teacher interviews, the authors relied primarily upon behavioral observations. Their study is based on naturalistic observations of children in different age cohorts interacting in a variety of social contexts. It draws on a social ecology approach to examine the role of social setting, social class, and regional variation on children’s interaction style. The authors wanted to link their findings to both Four Cultures and Six Cultures studies. To that end they adopted a behaviorist approach that used similar methodology to code children’s interactions. They sought to identify the frequency of particular types of children’s interactions that ranged from types of aggressive and dominance displays, cooperative and altruistic acts, to the frequency of acts of retaliation to aggressive act(s). In Chengdu they coded 342 acts; while 120 Hohhotian acts were coded for a total of 462 interaction episodes. Their study is designed to incorporate both analytical perspectives—observation and interviews—to provide a more nuanced commentary on the potential significance of Chinese children’s playful interactions.
Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire
Authors: Domínguez-Sánchez Francisco J. , Lasa-Aristu Amaia , Amor Pedro J. , Holgado-Tello Francisco P.
Published: April 2011

The aim of this study was to validate a Spanish version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-S), originally developed by Garnefski, Kraaij, and Spinhoven. To date, it is the only available instrument that permits a conceptually pure quantification of cognitive strategies of emotional regulation. A sample of 615 students (25% men; 75% women) completed the CERQ-S. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that, as in the original version, a nine-factor model also explained the data collected with the Spanish version. However, an alternative model that integrates the nine dimensions in two second-order factors shows appropriate global fit indices and has interesting implications. Likewise, the results of the present study are comparable with those obtained in previous work with measures of depression, anxiety, and anger, and increase support for the validity of this instrument for assessing normalized affective states.
Development and Validation of the Minnesota Borderline Personality Disorder Scale
Authors: Bornovalova Marina A. , Hicks Brian M. , Patrick Christopher J. , Iacono William G. , McGue Matt
Published: April 2011

Although large epidemiological data sets can inform research on the etiology and development of borderline personality disorder (BPD), they rarely include BPD measures. In some cases, however, proxy measures can be constructed using instruments already in these data sets. In this study, the authors developed and validated a self-report measure of BPD from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ). Items for the new instrument—the Minnesota BPD scale (MBPD) —were identified and refined using three large samples: undergraduates, community adolescent twins, and urban substance users. The authors determined the construct validity of the MBPD scale by examining its association with (a) diagnosed BPD, (b) questionnaire-reported BPD symptoms, and (c) clinical variables associated with BPD: suicidality, trauma, disinhibition, internalizing distress, and substance use. The authors also tested the MBPD scale in two prison inmate samples. Across samples, the MBPD scores correlated with BPD indices and external criteria and showed incremental validity above measures of negative affect, thus supporting its construct validity as a measure of BPD.
The Mirror Neuron System
Authors: Casile Antonino , Caggiano Vittorio , Ferrari Pier Francesco
Published: April 2011

Mirror neurons are a class of visuomotor neurons in the monkey premotor and parietal cortices that discharge during the execution and observation of goal-directed motor acts. They are deemed to be at the basis of primates’ social abilities. In this review, the authors provide a fresh view about two still open questions about mirror neurons. The first question is their possible functional role. By reviewing recent neurophysiological data, the authors suggest that mirror neurons might represent a flexible system that encodes observed actions in terms of several behaviorally relevant features. The second question concerns the possible developmental mechanisms responsible for their initial emergence. To provide a possible answer to question, the authors review two different aspects of sensorimotor development: facial and hand movements, respectively. The authors suggest that possibly two different “mirror” systems might underlie the development of action understanding and imitative abilities in the two cases. More specifically, a possibly prewired system already present at birth but shaped by the social environment might underlie the early development of facial imitative abilities. On the contrary, an experience-dependent system might subserve perception-action couplings in the case of hand movements. The development of this latter system might be critically dependent on the observation of own movements.
Altered Connectivity and Action Model Formation in Autism Is Autism
Authors: Mostofsky Stewart H. , Ewen Joshua B.
Published: April 2011

Internal action models refer to sensory-motor programs that form the brain basis for a wide range of skilled behavior and for understanding others’ actions. Development of these action models, particularly those reliant on visual cues from the external world, depends on connectivity between distant brain regions. Studies of children with autism reveal anomalous patterns of motor learning and impaired execution of skilled motor gestures. These findings robustly correlate with measures of social and communicative function, suggesting that anomalous action model formation may contribute to impaired development of social and communicative (as well as motor) capacity in autism. Examination of the pattern of behavioral findings, as well as convergent data from neuroimaging techniques, further suggests that autism-associated action model formation may be related to abnormalities in neural connectivity, particularly decreased function of long-range connections. This line of study can lead to important advances in understanding the neural basis of autism and, more critically, can be used to guide effective therapies targeted at improving social, communicative, and motor function.
Creating an Instrument to Measure People’s Perception of Community Capacity in American Indian Communities
Authors: Oetzel John , Wallerstein Nina , Solimon Audrey , Garcia Bruce , Siemon Mark , Adeky Sarah , Apachito Gracie , Caston Elissa , Finster Carolyn , Belone Lorenda , Tafoya Greg
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of community capacity for American Indian communities. The study included development and testing phases to ensure face, content, construct, and predictive validity. There were 500 participants in two southwest tribes who completed a detailed community profile, which contained 21 common items in five dimensions (communication, sense of community, youth, elders, and language/culture). In addition, subscales of women and leadership were included in one tribe each. Confirmatory factor analysis primarily supported the factorial structure of the instruments, and the seven dimensions were found to correlate with previously validated measures of social capital, historical trauma, community influence, and physical health in expected directions.
Revealed or Concealed? Transparency of Procedures, Decisions, and Judgment Calls in Meta-Analyses
Authors: Aytug Zeynep G. , Rothstein Hannah R. , Zhou Wencang , Kern Mary C.
Published: April 2011

The authors examined the degree to which meta-analyses in the organizational sciences transparently report procedures, decisions, and judgment calls by systematically reviewing all (198) meta-analyses published between 1995 and 2008 in 11 top journals that publish meta-analyses in industrial and organizational psychology and organizational behavior. The authors extracted information on 54 features of each meta-analysis. On average, the meta-analyses in the sample provided 52.8% of the information needed to replicate the meta-analysis or to assess its validity and 67.6% of the information considered to be most important according to expert meta-analysts. More recently published meta-analyses exhibited somewhat more transparent reporting practices than older ones did. Overall transparency of reporting (but not reporting of the most important items) was associated with higher ranked journals; transparency was not significantly related to number of citations. The authors discuss the implications of inadequate reporting of meta-analyses for development of cumulative knowledge and effective practice and make suggestions for improving the current state of affairs.
Multiple sclerosis in Hispanics: a study of clinical disease expression
Authors: Amezcua L , Lund BT , Weiner LP , Islam T
Published: April 2011

Background: Hispanics living with multiple sclerosis (MS) in the United States are not well defined.

Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of MS among Hispanic Whites (HW) in Southern California with those of non-Hispanic Whites (NHW).

Methods: We performed a medical chart review to identify all cases of HW with MS ( n = 125) who were treated at our institution during a 1-year period. We also identified cases of NHW with MS (100 NHW) treated at those clinics. All HW patients were interviewed to ascertain ancestry including detailed migration history. Disease progression was assessed by ambulatory disability and defined as Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score ≥6.

Results: Compared with NHW, HW were more likely to have a relapsing–remitting form of MS and a younger age of onset (28.4 ± 0.97 years) with presenting symptoms of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. However, overall ambulatory disability did not differ between HW and NHW. Migration to the US at age >15 years was associated with increased risk of disability in HW.

Conclusions: HW living in the USA may be at risk of developing MS at an earlier age compared with NHW. Migration history can play an important role in the management of HW with MS.
Multiple sclerosis, from referral to confirmed diagnosis: an audit of clinical practice
Authors: Kelly SB , Chaila E , Kinsella K , Duggan M , McGuigan C , Tubridy N , Hutchinson M
Published: April 2011

Background: The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines recommend a timeline of 6 weeks from referral to neurology consultation and then 6 weeks to a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS).

Objectives: We audited the clinical management of all new outpatient referrals diagnosed with MS between January 2007 and May 2010.

Methods: We analysed the timelines from referral to first clinic visit, to MRI studies and lumbar puncture (LP) (if performed) and the overall interval from first visit to the time the diagnosis was given to the patient.

Results: Of the 119 diagnoses of MS/Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS), 93 (78%) were seen within 6 weeks of referral. MRI was performed before first visit in 61% and within 6 weeks in a further 27%. A lumbar puncture (LP) was performed in 83% of all patients and was done within 6 weeks in 78%. In total, 63 (53%) patients received their final diagnosis within 6 weeks of their first clinic visit, with 57 (48%) patients having their diagnosis delayed. The main rate-limiting steps were the availability of imaging and LP, and administrative issues.

Conclusions: We conclude that, even with careful scheduling, it is difficult for a specialist service to obtain MRI scans and LP results so as to fulfil NICE guidelines within the optimal six-week period. An improved service would require MRI scans to be arranged before the first clinic visit in all patients with suspected MS.