bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Kazakhstani wheat varieties by yield indicators and resistance to rust
Authors: Sekerova T. , Tileubayeva Zh. , Ydyrys A. , Aitzhanova M. , Bakirova K. , Mutlu Mehmet , Admanova G.
Published: July 2021

According to the experts of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the annual global loss of products from diseases and pests of agricultural crops in 1986-1990 was 52.2 million from 1998-2005 from a conventional unit of grain to 70 million tons. One of the factors that reduce the yield indicators of grain crops, contributing to a sharp decrease in yield, is the rust disease, which causes damage to grain crops, except for wheat Aegilops, Elymus, Agropyron, etc. The problem of contamination of grain crops with phytopathogenic fungi is quite a serious problem for the countries of Central Asia, since, according to FAO, this region is characterized by a higher level of bread consumption per capita (about 200 kg per year), and agriculture is considered as one of the key factors of the economy. The cost of production is an economic factor and negatively affects the sustainable development of agricultural production. A comprehensive study of the source material obtained in breeding, the replacement of ineffective ones with effective ones, makes it possible to suppress the rate of development of the pathogen and prevent epiphytosis. The evolution of the adapted parasite is accompanied by the evolution of the host plant.  The article examines the complex resistance of domestic and foreign wheat varieties to rust in an artificial epidemic environment. Over the years of research, a comparative analysis of the resistance of wheat varieties to diseases has been carried out. Field tolerance was noted in the varieties Almaly, Arap, Zhakut, Naz with 3-4 points, in the varieties Samar and Zhalyn with 2 points. As a result of the structural analysis of the yield of winter wheat varieties allowed for sowing in production and promising, a decrease in these indicators was found under the influence of the disease.
Analysis of the Possibility of Ice Melting Intensity Monitoring by Direct Current in High-Voltage Electrical Systems
Authors: Moloshnaya E. S. , Nechitailov V. V. , Melnikov I. V. , Baran S. A.
Published: July 2021

The Rostov nuclear power plant is the largest energy center in the South of Russia. Electricity from the nuclear power plant is transmitted to nodal substations across the territory of the Southern region, the climatic conditions of which contribute to the formation of ice deposits on power lines, this determines the urgency of the problem of ice melting. Existing systems for early detection of ice and melting it on wires of 110-500 kV overhead lines allow preventing wire breakage and destruction of supports. In modern methods ice melting is performed with alternating and direct current using special transformers and rectifiers with a melting voltage of 10 kV and a melting current of up to 3600 A, currents and voltages to prevent overheating of contacts in melting circuits and compliance with melting parameters. In circuits using direct current, there is no reliable method for controlling its magnitude. The paper considers the possibility of using a fiber-optic current sensor with a measurement range from 1 to 3600 A.
Analisis Sikap dan Minat Peserta Didik Belajar di SMP Muhammadiyah 15 Surabaya
Authors: Khoiruddin Mr
Published: July 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sikap dan minat peserta didik smp muhammadiyah 15 surabaya, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kuantitatif deskriptif, dengan jumlah 22 responden. Data diperoleh melalui angket dengan pertanyaan yang relevan. Kemudian data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif melalui persentase dan diolah dengan frekuensi dibagi dengan jumlah responden dikali 100 %. Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang dilakukan, dapat diidentifikasikan secara seginifikan, maka hasil dari  keseluruhan rata-rata indikator yaitu indikator sikap dengan persentase terbesar 18 (82 %) pada kategori skor ’tidak pernah’ dengan jumlah rata-rata 2,54 dan indikator minat terbesar 15 (68,1 %) pada kategori skor ’tidak pernah’ dengan jumlah rata-rata 2,44, rata-rata keseluruhan sebesar 2,85 %.
Pengaruh Penerapan Pembelajaran Berorientasi Aktivitas Siswa Dan Motivasi Belajar Terhadap Prestasi Belajar Siswa Kelas IX SMP Negeri 3 Kabupaten Pamekasan
Authors: Sutanti Tiwuk
Published: July 2021

This research related to Implementation of instruction based students’ activities and Students’ learning Motivation toward students’ learning achievementt of Ninth Grade Students State Junior High School 3 Pamekasan regency . The students’ learning achievementt is influenced by Implementation of instruction based students’ activities. Additionally it is influenced by Students’ learning Motivation. Good and regularly Implementation of instruction based students’ activities brings a positive effect on the students’ learning achievement and a high learning motivation in teaching will increase the students achievement.            The purpose of this research is (1) to describe  Implementation of instruction based students’ activities toward students’ learning achievement. (2) to describe the significant influence of the Students’ learning Motivation toward students’ learning achievement . (3) to describe the significant influence of Implementation of instruction based students’ activities and Students’ learning Motivation simultaniously toward students’ learning achievement.            The design of this research is descriptive quantitative. The subject of the research is Ninth Grade Students of State Junior High School 3 Pamekasan. The data collecting technique is by giving some questionnaires. Data analyzing technique used patial and multi-regression computerized SPSS 17.00 program for windows. The Result and the discussion as follows:  a) There is a significant influence on the Implementation of instruction based students’ activities  (X1) toward students’ learning achievement is about 0,312. b) There is a significant influence on the Students’ learning Motivation (X2) toward students’ learning achievement is about 0,062 by the significanct level 0,000, on t-account, that means smaller than 0,05. It can be concluded that X1 and X2 are very significant. c) There is a significant influence on the Implementation of instruction based students’ activities and Students’ learning Motivation simultaneously toward students’ learning achievement is about 17,617 by the significanct level 0,000, on F-account, that means smaller than 0,05. It can be concluded that X1 and X2 are very significant toward Y.
Application Of Pair Share Think Learning Model To Improve Critical Thinking Ability In Social Science
Authors: Harfuthien Tietien
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study is to describe how to improve social science critical thinking skills by applying Think Pair Share learning model. This study uses a classroom action research method. The subjects of this study were class VIIIA students of SMP Negeri 2 Gresik totaling 32 students. The study used three research instruments, namely tests, observations and interviews. Based on the results of observations, obtained data that the highest average social sciencecritical thinking skills of students in the first cycle is 60% and the lowest is 25%. While the second cycle increased, the highest average student's social science critical thinking ability became 90% and the lowest 70%. From these results it can be concluded that the application of the think pair share learning model can improve the critical thinking skills of social science grade VIIIA students of SMP Negeri 2 Gresik. Keywords: Social Science, Critical thinking skills, Think pair share learning models
Increasing The Learning Achievement Of Indonesian History, in Indonesia Nation Efforts Facing The Nation Disintegration through The Team Quiz Plus Method Outcomes
Authors: Roessajanto Gigieh
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the improvement of student learning achievement in learning Indonesian History in the material "The Efforts of the Indonesian Nation to Face National Disintegration through the Team Quiz Plus Method ". This research is a classroom action research in the X Multi Media 3 class of SMKN 12 Surabaya which was conducted in 3 cycles. Cycles 1, 2 and 3 each consist of 2 face-to-face meetings. Each cycle includes the stages of planning, action, observation, and reflection. The technique of collecting data is done by the method of observation and documentation. The instruments of data collection used are: 1) formative test questions; 2) student observation sheet. The results showed that the application of the Team Quiz Plus method proved to be able to improve student learning achievement in Indonesian History subjects in the material "The Efforts of the Indonesian Nation to Face National Disintegration".
Media Awareness on Diseases from Pollution - A Study of Silchar Town in Southern Assam, India
Authors: Sarkar Parthia
Published: July 2021

Exposures to environmental toxicants have always been a major source of health risks throughout the world. Pollution is thus a threat to human health, the environment and the quality of life of millions of lives on this planet. Since the last decade, media has become a major source in promoting health awareness. They provide knowledge about how to prevent and overcome from these diseases. The media matter significantly in public health. It affects the mind of the people as well as their thinking process and ideas. It is a major force in creating awareness about important issues and affects national and global efforts towards socio-economic progress and understanding. This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted to determine the awareness level and knowledge of the people of Silchar about pollution diseases and various health problems arising out of it.
Adaptation Strategy of MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) Actors in The Middle of Covid Pandemic (Study in Surabaya and Sidoarjo)
Authors: Utami Diyah , Mutiah Mutiah , Sudrajat Arief
Published: July 2021

This study aims to see the impact of the COVID pandemic on a group of people, namely MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) actors. This entrepreneurial sector is known for its flexibility and resilience to withstand all situations and conditions, including during the 1998 monetary crisis. However, during the pandemic, this sector was hit the hardest compared to large companies. This is because the MSME sector in general does not have large savings as part of a precautionary motive. The government actually already has an assistance program for MSMEs affected by COVID. But, of course, MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) actors must rise up to help themselves, not only relying on government programs that may have limitations. This study aims to see the strategies of the MSME actors, both economic and social strategies. Researches on the adaptive strategies of economic actors have indeed been carried out frequently. The difference is that the adaptive strategy that will be examined this time is a strategy during the COVID pandemic. Most of the COVID-19 studies have been conducted in the medical or health sector. Because this research was conducted during the pandemic, interviews were conducted through digital technology, namely WA calling or telephone. There were six research subjects who were interviewed, with various product variants produced. Based on the research results, it was found that there are three kinds of adaptation strategies for MSME actors namely: economic strategy, technology strategy and social network strategy.
Potensi Seduhan Beberapa Daun Terhadap Malondialdehyde Dan Superoxide Dismutase : Review Singkat
Authors: Oktavia Nanda , Zakiyah Tuty Shohibatuz , Putri Hidayat Annisa Septianing , Priyanto Anugerah Dany
Published: July 2021

Beberapa daun seperti daun jambu  biji, sirsak, alpukat, dan kelor memiliki komponen kimia penting dalam mengatasi penyakit degeneratif. Kandungan ini seperti flavonoid dan polifenol yang bersifat sebagai antioksidan. Konsumsi bahan yang kaya antioksidan dapat menurunkan kadar Malondialdehyde dan Superoxide Dismutase dalam darah, salah satunya dengan konsumsi teh. Akhir-akhir ini telah banyak penelitian mengenai aktivitas antioksidan teh terhadap kadar Malondialdehyde dan Superoxide Dismutase. Namun, terdapat kekurangan informasi mengenai efek aktivitas antioksidan teh dari berbagai daun. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari tinjauan ini adalah untuk meringkas dan mengumpulkan sudut pandang aktivitas antioksidan teh terhadap kadar Malondialdehyde  dan Superoxide Dismutase dari daun jambu biji dan beberapa macam jenis daun. Karakteristik tiap jenis daun memiliki persamaan komponen kimia dan perbedaan pada kadar tiap komponen tersebut. Komoditas daun jambu biji, teh (hijau, oolong, hitam), daun alpukat, daun sirsak, dan daun kelor memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang berbeda, diantara yang lainnya daun jambu biji memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang cukup tinggi. Tingginya aktivitas antioksidan dari olahan daun dapat menurunkan kadar Malondialdehyde dalam darah. Sesuai dengan hal tersebut ringkasan ini dapat memberikan kontribusi untuk menjelaskan tinjauan komprehensif tentang aktivitas antioksidan teh terhadap kadar Malondialdehyde dan Superoxide Dismutase dari bahan yang kurang dimanfaatkan dan aman untuk dikonsumsi.
Students’ Experiences of 2D and 360° Videos With or Without a Low-Cost VR Headset: An Experimental Study in Higher Education
Authors: V Alamäki Ari , Dirin Amir , Suomala Jyrki , Rhee Cheul
Published: July 2021

Aim/Purpose: This case study examines students’ affective responses to and relationships with two-dimensional (2D) and 360° videos that were experienced with or without low-cost virtual reality (VR) headsets.

Background: The prior research on low-cost VR technology is scant. Schools and universities are not financially able to purchase tens or hundreds of expensive inbuilt VR headsets. Therefore, we recommend an alternative, low-cost solution.

Methodology: We conducted the experiment with students’ (N=100) responses to videos and VR technologies used in a higher education setting. We also applied a quantitative research approach examined in light of media richness and affective experience theories.

Contribution: This study provides evidence of the integral role that VR technologies and 360° video content play, because using low-cost VR headsets potentially decreases the initial affective experiences of 360° videos among students. Although VR headsets improve media richness, they might simultaneously weaken students’ overall affective experiences if they experience usability challenges.

Findings: The results showed that using low-cost VR headsets decreased positive user experiences when they were watching 360° videos. The 360° video experience was noted to be better without low-cost VR headsets. Low-cost VR headsets with a smartphone and 360° videos were found to be complicated to set up and use among first-time users. However, 360° videos created a more positive affect than did 2D videos. We also found that the positive affect of videos enhanced the social sharing intention.

Recommendations for Practitioners: Educational institutes and teachers with limited financial budgets need to plan and manage courses that increases their need to adopt low-cost VR headsets. However, a poor initial user experience of low-cost VR technology usability might create negative student attitudes, which might hinder VR’s adoption rate in higher education.

Recommendation for Researchers: This study provides a new understanding about students’ affective experiences of 2D videos and 360° videos with and without low-cost VR headsets. The results show that positive user experiences of 2D and 360° videos enhance students’ interest in sharing and collaboration in digital learning environments.

Impact on Society: The results help educators to predict possible usability challenges in selecting the proper rich media for different learning situations. Additionally, the results assist educators to design VR assisted courses that motivate students.

Future Research: The experimental comparison of different VR solutions and traditional learning technologies merits further examination. Additionally, more research is needed to determine the relationship of VR technologies, video content and learning methods, because technological features and content are tightly integrated in VR.
Literature review of spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage: risk factors, diagnostic features, and complications (Part I)
Authors: Grigaitė J. , Rutkauskaitė G. , Piliponis L. , Ščerbak J. , Jatužis D. , Valaikienė J.
Published: July 2021

Ruptured cerebral aneurysm-induced subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a common cause of disability and death in middle-aged people. SAH is more common in females than males, among non-white ethnicity, and is most commonly diagnosed in Finland and Japan. Familial predisposition to SAH and/or aneurysms significantly increases the risk of the disease. Among the adjustable risk factors, smoking, arterial hypertension, and alcohol abuse have the most significant effects. PHASES and other scales covering the most important influencing factors have been introduced into clinical practice to assess the risk of aneurysm rupture. The most significant clinical sign of SAH is a sudden and severe headache, also known as a thunderclap headache. Impaired consciousness, convulsions, cranial nerve damage, paresis/plegia, and meningeal symptoms may also be observed. Computed tomography (CT) and/or lumbar puncture are the main instrumental studies supporting the diagnosis of SAH, while digital subtraction angiography is considered the gold standard in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms. More and more diagnostic tools are being introduced into clinical practice to rule out SAH, such as magnetic resonance imaging with GRE, SWI, FLAIR sequences, which exceed the sensitivity and specificity of CT, especially in the first days of bleeding. Mortality is significantly increased by common local and systemic complications: recurrent bleeding, hydrocephalus, acute convulsions, cardiovascular complications, and cerebral ischemia, the most common cause of which is vasospasm.
The link between optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. Literature review
Authors: Kubiliūtė A. , Liutkevičienė R.
Published: July 2021

Optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis are connected via processes of demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. Immuno-modulated myelin sheathing and axonal loss causing irreversible neurological dysfunction can be found in both pathologies. Patients who experience these conditions are usually young adults, therefore early diagnosis and control of the disease may benefit in preserving their neurological function and quality of life. The first attack of multiple sclerosis often presents as optic neuritis which is important to distinguish based on appropriate clinical signs and evaluation of diagnostic features. Some diagnostic methods may not only help to understand the cause of vision loss, but also provide predictive value for the development of multiple sclerosis in the future. Unfortunately, no effective treatment to slow the progression of the disease has been approved yet. Intravenous and oral corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and therapeutic plasmapheresis are used to manage acute episodes of optic neuritis; however, the effectiveness of such treatment is also debatable. Thereby, new substances are being researched recently to evaluate their significance in the processes of remyelination and neuroprotection. Some aspects of epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, possibilities of diagnosis and treatment of optic neuritis together with the evaluation of the risk of multiple sclerosis development are discussed in this article.
Delirium in geriatric patients with hip fracture
Authors: Konkayev A. , Bekmagambetova N. , Konkayeva M. , Šerpytis M. , Gineitytė-Ozolince D. , Šipylaitė J. , Jatužis D.
Published: July 2021

ntroduction. Delirium occurs in up to 87% of the intensive care unit (ICU) patients and is associated with numerous poor outcomes. The drug most commonly used to treat delirium is haloperidol, a centrally acting dopamine antagonist. Dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha2-adrenergic agonist, is another promising agent for the treatment of ICU-associated delirium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and risk factors of delirium and the treatment efficacy of dexmedetomidine vs. haloperidol in elderly patients treated in ICU for hip fracture.Methods. The study included 207 geriatric patients hospitalized for hip fracture at the institute of Traumatology and orthopedics in Astana in 2017-2018 (data of 199 patients analyzed). The frequency and structure of delirium, as well as the efficacy of dexmedetomidine in the treatment of delirium compared with haloperidol, were evaluated. In the study, the patients were divided into 2 groups: a group of patients who developed delirium, and a control group. Subsequently, the patients with delirium were divided into two subgroups: subgroup D (dexmedetomidine subgroup) and subgroup H (haloperidol subgroup).Results. The prevalence of delirium among geriatric patients of orthopedic and traumatological profile was 78%. On the first day after surgery, delirium developed in 48% of patients, of whom half were diagnosed with a hypoactive form of delirium. The first signs of delirium were most common on the second day with a mean duration of delirium of 2 days. The Barthel index was 44.3±1.7 points in the delirium group and 70±2.3 points in the control group (p<0.05). The length of stay in the ICU in the dexmedetomidine subgroup was significantly shorter than in the haloperidol subgroup (1.9±0.3 vs. 3.3±0.2 days, respectively, p=0.001). The duration of delirium was also shorter in the dexmedetomidine subgroup com- pared to the haloperidol subgroup (1.1±0.2 vs. 2.3±0.4 days, respectively, p=0.014).Conclusions. Delirium developed in 78% of geriatric patients treated in the ICU for hip fracture. Physical and cognitive dysfunction before surgery was associated with a higher incidence of delirium. Dexmedetomidine showed better efficacy compared to haloperidol in shortening the duration of both delirium and treatment in the ICU.
Pengaruh Strategi Pemasaran Syariah, Kepuasan Konsumen, dan Kepercayaan Konsumen Terhadap Loyalitas Konsumen (Studi Kasus Pada Naughti Hijab Store)
Authors: Sumadi Sumadi , Tho’in Muhammad , Efendi Tino Feri , Permatasari Diyah
Published: July 2021

This study aims to find evidence of the influence of Sharia Marketing Strategy, Consumer Satisfaction, and Consumer Confidence. This type of research is quantitative research. The population in this study are consumers at Naughti Hijab Store. The sampling technique used is using the Slovin formula. The sample in this study in this amounted to 100 respondents Naughti Hijab Store cunsumers. In this study using four variables, namely sharia marketing strategy, consumer satisfaction, and consumer confidence as independent variables and consumer loyalty as the dependent variable. This study uses multiple linear regression analysis method with the help of SPSS. The results showed that the sharia marketing strategy had a positive and significant effect on consumer loyalty, consumer satisfaction did not have a positive and significant effect on consumer loyalty, and consumer confidence had a positive and significant effect on consumer loyalty. From the results of multiple linear regression analysis, the coefficient of each variable is obtained, namely sharia marketing strategy 0,000, consumer satisfaction at 0.081, and consumer confidence at 0,016.
EDITORS’ NOTE
Authors: Pretorius Francisca
Published: July 2021

You hold in your hands the very first edition of the Pretoria Student Law Journal. It has been a tremendous journey in completing the first edition, due largely to the process of finding our feet in everything from footnote styles to page sizing to the task of editing the articles(which in truth was made simple by the exceptional quality in contributions and contributors). The spirit with which the many who made this possible have worked has enabled the creation of a fantastic opportunity for us, as students, to publish our own concepts and ideas. Academic legal writing in South Africa has, with a few exceptions, traditionally been the domain of lecturers and practitioners. One result of this is that, as students, we tend to forget that law applies to the whole society. As citizens (and especially as legally trained citizens) we have a right – even a duty – to think critically about the laws which govern our society. We need to question and to analyse deeply whether the positive law as it stands necessarily meets its objectives. Where it doesn't, we must highlight its shortfalls precisely because we are part of a broader society. With our Constitutional dispensation and the prominence it gives to the rule of law, we must further determine whether our current law meets the demands that we, as society, set for it in 1993 and 1996. The PSLR represents a forum to students for at least a small portion of this debate. It has been started with two main aims – to stimulate critical legal thought amongst law students and to develop students’ writing and research skills. As a student-run journal for publication by students it is entirely dependant on student support. We appeal for, request, encourage – even demand – criticism, submissions, assistance and any other form of participation, because without it, this project will lack the richness it may otherwise have had it. The PSLR represents a student voice in a previously exclusive domain - it's up to you to use it and make it strong.
FOR THE SAKE OF SAVING A VIABLE LIFE: ARGUMENTS FOR COURT ORDERS PREVENTING TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY PROCEDURES AND THE FORCING OF IN UTERO SURGERY IN SURROGACY AGREEMENTS
Authors: Preller Gustav , Learmonth Ian
Published: July 2021

This article addresses two questions, namely, whether a court can prevent a surrogate mother from terminating a pregnancy and, secondly, whether a court can force a surrogate to undergo in utero surgery. To introduce the reader to a situation where the arguments of this article could become relevant, we add a hypothetical case. A couple discover that they both have cancer. Their cancer treatment will result in them becoming sterile. Therefore, they decide to enter into a full surrogacy agreement, that is, where both their gametes are implanted in a third party’s uterus. Before the cancer treatment begins, they donate the required genetic material. No further conception by way of full or partial surrogacy is possible. Just before birth it is discovered that the foetus has a severe defect. The surrogate mother wants to terminate the pregnancy, despite the fact that the defect may be corrected in utero. The biological parents apply to court asking the court to: (1) prevent the surrogate mother from terminating the pregnancy; (2) compel the surrogate mother to undergo in utero surgery.
LEGAL TRUTH: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN REAL JUSTICE AND LEGAL JUSTICE
Authors: Mayer Patrick
Published: July 2021

The following article is a chapter taken from my dissertation, and as such needs to be situated for the reader. The dissertation is a philosophical discussion concerning the divergence between ‘legal truth’ and ‘factual truth’, practically illustrated by critically evaluating the effect that our law of evidence, criminal procedure as entrenched in the Criminal Procedure Act, and the evidentiary exclusion clause entrenched in section 35(5) of the South African Constitution have on the ultimate decision of the court. It argues that often these rules and procedures obscure the truth rather than assist in finding it. The crux of the discussion revolves around decisions of our criminal courts, where accused persons who are factually guilty are acquitted due to the operation of our evidence rules and procedures which call for the exclusion of evidence in specific instances or on technical grounds. The result of this exclusion is that relevant reliable evidence is deemed not to exist for the purposes of the trial, and evidence which might otherwise have lead to the conviction of the accused person is put beyond the reach of the courts. This article then deals specifically with the debate surrounding ‘what is justice?’; it looks at various concepts of justice and seeks to show that within the confines of our positivistic criminal justice system — a marriage between positive and natural law approaches — we might well be able to avoid decisions that are ‘legally correct’ yet offend one, as one cannot really say that justice was served.
VERTICAL RESTRAINTS: TAMING THE COMPETITION DISORDER
Authors: Bhatnagar Harshita , Mishra Vinay
Published: July 2021

India’s Competition Act, 2002, deals with anti-competitive agreements in section 3, dividing them into horizontal and vertical agreements. Horizontal agreements are those between enterprises at the same stage of the production chain, such as between two rivals; these are dealt with under a presumptive rule that appreciable adverse effect on competition is presumed. Vertical agreements are those between enterprises at different stages of the production chain, such as between manufacturer and distributor. These are dealt with on a rule of reason basis, ie appreciable adverse effect on competition needs to be proved by the Competition Commission of India, which essentially means that the positive as well as negative impact of such agreement on competition will have to be taken into account before coming to any conclusion. These concepts will be discussed at length in the later sections of this article. The focus of this article is on vertical agreements and the resultant market distortions. The following segments of the paper will deal with the legislative history of the infant competition law in India, and will analyse the impressions of the vertical restraints in the Indian competition fabric with reference to the Competition Act, 2002 (yet to be enforced), Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (MRTP), and the Indian and international case laws. The article also touches on the issues of enforcement and the treating of the consequential developmental disorders in the economy.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND PROSTITUTION: BAND OF BROTHERS
Authors: Botha Louis , Strydom Delene
Published: July 2021

On 14 December 2000 South Africa signed the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children (‘the Palermo Protocol’), and on 20 February 2004 ratified it. In so doing, South Africa committed itself to criminalising trafficking and developing legislation to combat it. On 3 October 2007 Essop Pahad, speaking at the Global Initiative to Counter Human Trafficking International Forum, said the National Prosecuting Authority had been tasked with coordinating this process and had formed an inter-sectoral task team to oversee the development of legislation. He further stated that provisions on trafficking had already been included in the Children's Bill and that the revised Sexual Offences Act would have a chapter dealing specifically with trafficking for sexual purposes. On 16 December 2007 the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007 came into effect. It contains a chapter specifically dealing with trafficking as well as a section specifically addressing the issue of trafficking for sexual purposes. Although these provisions are only temporary, as they are not in full compliance with the Palermo Protocol, the South African government made an attempt to deal with the problem of trafficking, which up to that point had not been regulated by adequate legislation. In March 2009 Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, then Minister in the Presidency, stated that ‘the process of translating South Africa's international commitments into national legislation is at an advance (sic) stage’. In 2008 government considered the idea of legalising prostitution for the duration of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. If prostitution were legalised, either for the duration of the World Cup or at any time thereafter, it would contradict the provisions of Part 6 of Act 32 of 2007 and nullify the work that has been done in an attempt to curb this crime of trafficking.
RACE AND RAC(IAL)ISM, THE POLITICS OF PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP IN A LIBERAL CONSTITUTION NEW REFLECTIONS OR OLD WINE IN NEW BOTTLES? A CRITICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Modiri J
Published: July 2021

The context of this article is a two-part investigative documentary on ‘race’ as an enduring fault line in South African politics on etv’s 3rd degree (2010) programme as well as a true-life drama, For One Night (2006)3 which explores a 30-year old ‘tradition’ of racially segregated school dances in southern American states. The events detailed in both shows resonate strongly with the essence of this article in that they both publicly engage with and challenge pre-existing ideas about race and racialism and depict ordinary citizens having to be confronted by the ongoing uneasiness of race in their daily lives. On 3rd degree, students at University of the Free State (UFS), spoke honestly about the challenges of racism they face at UFS, on campus and in the residences. On For One Night, conservative white families had to come to terms with the possibility of their children mingling with their black counterparts at the traditionally segregated school dance for the first time in 30 years.
TRANSFORMATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM: SEPARATE BUT EQUAL? A SCEPTICAL APPROACH
Authors: du Toit Ruan
Published: July 2021

A rather curious case resurfaces regarding a post-liberal reading of the Constitution, where the majority of the Constitutional Court (I would most humbly contend) failed to apply the correct reading of the Constitution and created a backdoor for the legislature to formally discriminate against a category of persons. What case would my bleeding liberal hart then, as a friend often so kindly phrases it, be aggrieved about? The one atop the shrine of annoyance to many religious and more conservative members of our post-apartheid society: Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie I believe the lone dissenter in the matter, former Justice O’Regan, applied the correct reading of section 39(2) of the Constitution by using the so-called principle of ‘reading in’ to create a gender-neutral definition of marriage in the Constitution. Section 39(2) of the Constitution requires a court to promote the ‘spirit, purport and objects’ of the Bill of Rights when interpreting legislation or developing the common law. Former Justice O’Regan was in lone dissent regarding the appropriate remedy pertaining to the unconstitutionality of the definition of marriage in the Marriage Act. She would have had the order with immediate effect and alter the common law definition of marriage, traditionally being the lifelong union of one man and one woman to the exclusion of all others while it lasts, be gender neutral by utilising the so-called principle of ‘reading in’. Instead, the majority of the court gave the legislature time to correct the definition of marriage, and formally discriminate against lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons. The legislature enacted the Civil Union Act. Under the Civil Union Act, spouses can elect to have their union known as a marriage or a civil union. I employ the phrase ‘formally discriminate’, because for the most part the Civil Union Act brings about the same consequences as the Marriage Act. There however seems to lurk some sense of inferiority in the air about a civil union. Generally, albeit a somewhat anecdotal claim (but has nonetheless become a finding of fact in American law), society does not regard a civil union as a marriage. The question arising can be concisely formulated as follows: although a civil union can be registered as a marriage under section 12(3) of the Civil Union Act, does such registration give rise to the same cultural and traditional symbolic values associated with that of marriage?
‘Surviving to thriving’: Leading health professions’ education through change, crisis & uncertainty
Authors: McKimm Judy , Ramani Subha , Nadarajah Vishna Devi
Published: July 2021

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused huge change and uncertainty for universities, faculty, and students around the world. For many health professions’ education (HPE) leaders, the pandemic has caused unforeseen crises, such as closure of campuses, uncertainty over student numbers and finances and an almost overnight shift to online learning and assessment.
Methods: In this article, we explore a range of leadership approaches, some of which are more applicable to times of crisis, and others which will be required to take forward a vision for an uncertain future. We focus on leadership and change, crisis and uncertainty, conceptualising ‘leadership’ as comprising the three interrelated elements of leadership, management and followership. These elements operate at various levels – intrapersonal, interpersonal, organisational and global systems levels.
Results: Effective leaders are often seen as being able to thrive in times of crisis – the traditional ‘hero leader’ – however, leadership in rapidly changing, complex and uncertain situations needs to be much more nuanced, adaptive and flexible.
Conclusion: From the many leadership theories and approaches available, we suggest some specific approaches that leaders might choose in order to work with their teams and organisations through these rapidly changing and challenging times.
A comparison of four models of professionalism in medical education
Authors: Atienza Maria Isabel
Published: July 2021

Introduction: The prevailing consensus is that medical professionalism must be formally included as a programme in the undergraduate medical curriculum.
Methods: A literature search was conducted to identify institutions that can serve as models for incorporating professionalism in medical education. Differences and similarities were highlighted based on a framework for the comparison which included the following features: definition of professionalism, curricular design, student selection, teaching and learning innovations, role modelling and methods of assessment.
Results: Four models for integrating professionalism in medical education were chosen: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine (VUSM), University of Washington School of Medicine (UWSOM), University of Queensland (UQ) School of Medicine, and Mayo Clinic and Mayo Medical School. The task of preparing a programme on medical professionalism requires a well-described definition to set the direction for planning, implementing, and institutionalizing professionalism. The programmes are best woven in all levels of medical education from the pre-clinical to the clinical years. The faculty physicians and the rest of the institution’s staff must also undergo a similar programme for professionalism.
Conclusion: The development of all scopes of professionalism requires constant planning, feedback and remediation. The students’ ability to handle professionalism challenges are related to how much learning situations the students encounter during medical school. The learning situations must be adjusted according to the level of responsibilities given to students. The goal of learning is to enable students to grow from a novice to a competent level and afterwards to a proficient and expert level handling professionalism challenges in medicine.
PERAN AMIL ZAKAT DALAM PENDISTRIBUSIAN ZAKAT TERHADAP PENGENTASAN KEMISKINAN (STUDI KASUS LEMBAGA AMIL ZAKAT UNIMAL)
Authors: Damanhur Damanhur , Murizal Murizal
Published: July 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis Peran Amil Zakat dalam Pendistribusian Zakat terhadap Pengentasan Kemiskinan Studi Kasus LAZMAL (Lembaga Amil Zakat Unimal) di Kota Lhokseumawe. Yang menjadi sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 104 orang responden, dengan menggunakan teknik sampling secara sensus, Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial terdapat dua variabel independen yaitu peran Amil dan pendistribusian berpengaruh signifikan dan simultan menunjukkan peran Amil dan pendistribusian berpengaruh terhadap pengentasan kemiskinan di Kota Lhokseumawe. Angka Adjusted R square sebesar 0,406 menunjukkan bahwa 40,6% variabel pengentasan kemiskinan bisa dipengaruhi oleh kedua variabel independen yang digunakan dalam persamaan regresi. Sedangkan sisanya sebesar 50,4% dipengaruhi oleh variabel lain yang tidak termasuk dalam penelitian ini.
The Impact of Covid-19 Towards Human Security
Authors: Ramadhan Iqbal
Published: July 2021

The emergence of coronavirus at the end of 2019 caused the world to fall into a global pandemic. It cannot be denied that the phenomenon of the Covid-19 pandemic caused a downturn in the global economy. The threat of the Covid-19 pandemic has endangered social aspects and has also destabilized the political and economic life of all countries. Covid-19 has an impact on human security around the world. The concept of human security essentially emphasizes human freedom from fear. Through the concept of human security, this article seeks to explain how people are classified as vulnerable objects. Their lives could be threatened by Covid-19. The author uses a qualitative methodology with case study techniques to address this issue. The analysis in this article shows that poor, undernourished people who do not have access to sanitation and health services live in densely populated areas and people with comorbidities are particularly vulnerable to exposure to Covid-19. The conclusion of this research is that the government needs to give priority to these vulnerable communities. They are the entities that need to be protected from the threat posed by Covid-19.AbstrakMunculnya virus corona di penghujung tahun 2019 menyebabkan dunia terjerumus ke dalam pandemi global. Tak bisa dipungkiri, fenomena pandemi Covid-19 menyebabkan perlambatan ekonomi global. Ancaman pandemi Covid-19 telah membahayakan aspek sosial dan juga mengguncang kehidupan politik dan ekonomi semua negara. Covid-19 berdampak pada keamanan manusia di seluruh dunia. Konsep keamanan manusia pada dasarnya menekankan kebebasan manusia dari rasa takut. Melalui konsep human security, artikel ini berusaha menjelaskan bagaimana manusia diklasifikasikan sebagai objek yang rentan. Hidup mereka bisa terancam oleh Covid-19. Penulis menggunakan metodologi kualitatif dengan teknik studi kasus untuk mengatasi masalah ini. Analisis dalam artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa orang miskin dan kurang gizi yang tidak memiliki akses ke sanitasi dan layanan kesehatan tinggal di daerah padat penduduk dan orang dengan penyakit penyerta sangat rentan terhadap paparan Covid-19. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa pemerintah perlu memberikan prioritas kepada masyarakat rentan tersebut. Mereka adalah entitas yang perlu dilindungi oleh pemerintah dari ancaman Covid-19.
Tasa de intercambio neto de bióxido de carbono de un viñedo durante el ciclo de crecimiento
Authors: Zermeño-González Alejandro , Bravo-Escalante Addy Patricia , Campos-Magaña Santos Gabriel , Ramírez-Rodríguez Homero , Méndez-González Jorge
Published: July 2021

Además de la cosecha de uva para consumo en fresco, elaboración de jugos y la producción de vinos, los viñedos (Vitis vinifera L.) por su condición de plantas leñosas y longevas pueden tener una participación importante en la asimilación y retención del carbono atmosférico. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la tasa de intercambio neto de bióxido de carbono del ecosistema por sus siglas en inglés (NEE) en un viñedo durante su ciclo de producción, y su relación con el secuestro de carbono atmosférico. El estudio se realizó (de abril a diciembre de 2018) en un viñedo del cultivar Shiraz de 11 años, de la Vinícola San Lorenzo, Parras, Coahuila. La tasa de flujo de bióxido de carbono entre el dosel del viñedo y la atmósfera, a través de los meses de crecimiento se midió con los sensores de un sistema de covarianza eddy. De abril a noviembre el viñedo actúa como un sumidero de carbono atmosférico y durante mayo, junio y julio se tuvieron los valores mayores de NEE, con un valor promedio de -3.014 g C m-2 s-1. El carbono almacenado en la madera de las plantas del viñedo fue 3.35 t C ha-1. Estos resultados muestran que, los viñedos son sistemas agrícolas que pueden tener una participación importante en la mitigación del bióxido de carbono atmosférico, que aunado a su condición de plantas leñosas-longevas y las grandes superficies establecidas de viñedos en México y el mundo, son ecosistemas de almacenamientos de carbono muy importantes.
Malaria card: an empowering tool for patients and for epidemiological recording
Authors: Rahi Manju , Mittal Peeyush , Kaur Jaspreet , Sharma Amit
Published: July 2021

Malaria places a substantial burden on the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. World Malaria Report 2020 showed that the progress in global malaria control has come to a plateau. On the other hand, India has shown considerable progress in reducing its malaria burden. Malaria surveillance system mainly depends upon health workers who are also involved with other national health programs. Community participation can play significant role in success of any control/elimination programme. Epidemiological monitoring and record keeping of disease occurrence and control programmes is important. We have designed and proposed a simple booklet called “Malaria card” which when deployed in the community, can potentially result in improved malaria tracking and record-keeping. The malaria card like immunization card for under-five children, can be utilized to capture information on important aspects of malaria and co-morbidities. It will help communities in maintaining their own record and also will give easy access to health care workers to episodes of malaria and for epidemiological tracking.
PERANCANGAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA PICOHYDRO UNTUK PENERANGAN JALAN DI DESA KEDIRI KAB BANYUMAS
Authors: Nurdin Dwi Purwanto
Published: July 2021

Abstrak Pembangkit listrik picohydro adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk instalasi listrik yang bersumber dari air dengan memanfaatkan aliran air sebagai sumber daya penghasil listrik dengan kata lain kondisi air yang bisa dimanfaatkan memiliki kapsitas aliran dan ketinggian tertentu dari instalasi. Semakin besar kapasitas aliran dan ketinggiannya maka semakin besar pula energi yang dihasilkan dan dimanfaatkan sebagai pembangkit listrik. Untuk penelitian pembangkit listrik tenaga air dilakukan pada rancang bangun PLTPH yang dilakukan pada saluran irigasi di Desa Kediri Kecamatan Karanglewas Kabupaten Banyumas menghasilkan daya 16.9 kW memiliki efisiensi pada turbin sebesar 14.7 %, dimensi pada pembangkit ini lebar 40 cm dengan Panjang 120cm dengan Panjang turbin Archimedes100cm. Tinggi head pada sungai 1.25 m dengan kecepatan aliran sungai 1,2 m/s dengan kedalaman sungai 0.5 m, debit air 1.38 m3/s.
Analyzing of water quality at Ooty for drinking purpose
Authors: Gandhimathi A  , Naresh K
Published: July 2021

Analyzing of water quality at Ooty town and to provide clean and safe water. The water quality is analyzed and tabulated in this paper. So we are able to know the quality of water available in the sample taken. The water analyzed about the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water. It is used to measure the appearance of sample water for the need of living. Water samples are collected from the open well (Latitude and longitude coordinates are 11.410000, 76.699997). The samples were tested for parameters like pH, turbidity, total hardness, fluoride, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, acidity, and alkalinity. The values which are obtained from each parameter were compared with the Indian Standards: 10500 (Drinking water specifications). During the summer season the water demand is very high hence from the result the water was found to be safe for drinking.