bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison Of The Effects Of Glucose And Coffee Toward Blood Glucose Levels And Muscular Endurance After Eccentric Activity
Authors: Habibi Ahmad Ilham , Artanty Ary , Rusdiawan Afif
Published: May 2020

The study aims to know the effects of glucose and coffe on blood glucose levels and muscular endurance after eccentric activity. The reseach subjects of badminton athletes PB MBC Malang fell 27 male athletes. Design (Randomized group pretest and posttest disign) is the research design chosen for this study. Glucose given before students do eccentric sports with a dose of 10 grams/70 kg BW, coffee given at a dose of 10grams/70kg BW. Eccentrie activity  done by pulling up 2 sets, 7 repettions and 30 seconds interval. Blood glucose measured using a glucometer 3 times, while a pust up test chosen to measure the strength and endurance of the arm muccels carried out for 1 minute. LSD test results some significant comparisons on blood glucose variables between the control group with glucose p= 0,013, the control group with coffee p= 0,579. The endurance variable showed significant comparison in the blood glucose variable in the control group and the glucose group with a value of p= 0,005 and the control group with coffee giving of p= 0,026 while in the glucose and coffee group no significant effect with a value of 0,485.
Analysis Conditions Basketball Referee Riau (AWABRI)
Authors: Candra Oki , Dupri Dupri , Irshanty Nesha Putri
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of the condition of Riau basketball referees. This research is descriptive with a quantitative approach. The population in the study was Riau basketball referee (AWABRI), amounting to 12 people. The sampling technique in this study is this purposive sampling where the referee taken is the referee who is active in leading the match. The results of research conducted on the son referee, the physical condition of Riau putera basketball referee with an average score of 8.3 by percentage 90%, so the physical condition category of Riau son referee basketball is included in the medium category. Whereas for Riau women's basketball referees with a score of 10 by percentage 50%, the physical condition of Riau women's basketball referees is included in the Good category.
Assessing residency and movement dynamics of swordfish Xiphias gladius in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean using stable isotope analysis
Authors: Acosta-Pachón TA , Ortega-García S , Graham B
Published: May 2020

Swordfish are migratory fish that inhabit tropical to temperate waters, but little is known about movement patterns or mixing between subpopulations of this species. This study examines carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope ratios in growth rings of the anal fin spine and muscle tissue of swordfish from 3 different areas of the Eastern North Pacific Ocean (ENPO)—off Baja California Sur (Mexico) and California (USA), and in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG)—to assess swordfish movements between these areas. The analysis of δ13C and δ15N revealed no relationship between fish size and δ15N, suggesting a consistent consumption of prey items by this species over time. Differences between the anal fin spine and muscle were found, but interpreting these isotopic differences requires information on tissue-specific isotope turnover rates. The spatial pattern suggests that swordfish populations from these areas in the ENPO exhibit a relatively unexpected homing behavior at the temporal scale, according to anal spine and muscle turnover rates. Our findings support that swordfish may show site fidelity, which has important implications for their management and stock assessments.
Analisis Tingkat Kerentanan Sosial Akibat Perkembangan Permukiman di Kawasan Perkotaan Yogyakarta
Authors: Fitria Lulu Mari
Published: May 2020

Penelitian ini diangkat berdasarkan latar belakang perkembangan kawasan permukiman di KPY yang berhubungan dengan adanya perkembangan jumlah penduduk. KPY merupakan kawasan yang dikelilingi oleh berbagai bencana yakni gunung berapi, gempa, banjir, kekeringan dan lainnya. Dengan adanya perkembangan permukiman ini pula mengakibatkan tingkat kerentanan kawasan di KPY. Berdasarkan Perka BNPB No.2 tahun 2012 diketahui bahwa tingkat kerentanan sosial diidentifikasi berdasarkan variabel kepadatan penduduk, jumlah penduduk rentan, keretanan penduduk berdasarkan jenis kelamin, penduduk miskin. Akibat perkembangan permukiman tersebut diperlukan analisis terhadap kerentanan sosial di KPY melalui analisis GIS. Kerentanan sosial tingkat tinggi terdapat pada 31 desa, kerentanan sosial tingkat sedang terdapat pada 36 desa, dan kerentanan sosial  tingkat rendah terdapat pada 5 desa. Adapun kecamatan yang memiliki tingkat kerentanan sosial tinggi adalah Kecamatan Banguntapan, Danurejan, Gamping, Gedongtengen, Gondomanan, Kotagede, Kraton, Mantrijeron, Mergangsan, Ngampilan, Pakualaman, Tegalrejo, Umbulharjo, Wirobrajan.
PENILAIAN KUALITAS RUANG TERBUKA PUBLIK UNTUK LIVABILITAS MASYARAKAT DISEKITARNYA MELALUI PERSEPSI PENGGUNA : STUDI KASUS KOTA MAGELANG, INDONESIA
Authors: Purwanti Sri , Djunaedi Achmad , Yan Wanglin
Published: May 2020

Taman merupakan salah satu bentuk ruang terbuka publik yang memiliki peran penting di daerah perkotaan dalam rangka penyediaan layanan ekologis untuk penduduk. Taman adalah fasilitas penting yang mendorong kelayakan hidup perkotaan. Liveability berarti kualitas hidup yang dialami oleh penduduk suatu lingkungan melalui berbagai layanan / fasilitas yang ditawarkan oleh kota dan kondisi yang membuat mereka nyaman tinggal di sana. Masyarakat cenderung berkunjung ketaman private, taman berbayar, dan tempat hiburan komersil lainnya dan kurang memperhatikan taman publik yang ada disekitarnya untuk dapat dimanfaatkan secara optimal untuk kegiatan fisik dan sosial. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi faktor utama yang mempengaruhi persepsi masyarakat tentang taman di Kota Magelang. Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui kualitas taman dalam hal liveability. Untuk mendapatkan informasi yang berkaitan dengan persepsi penduduk ditaman, maka dilakukan observasi, wawancara dengan para pemangku kepentingan dan kuesioner dengan sampel 158 rumah tangga disekitar 3 taman sebagai studi kasus dengan radius 0 – 150 m dari taman. Berdasarkan bentuk / tipologi, 2 taman adalah taman berbentuk kantong, dan satu taman adalah taman memanjang. Berdasarkan lokasi 2 taman diletakkan di dekat jalan utama dan satu taman yang terletak di tengah kawasan pemukiman. Analisis deskriptive digunakan untuk menganalisis faktor – faktor yang mendukung dan menghambat masyarakat untuk berkunjung ketaman. Berdasarkan studi kasus ini, bentuk dan lokasi yang berbeda memiliki pengaruh terhadap minat responden sebagaimana Usia, Gender, Pendidikan, dan Pekerjaan Orang Dewasa yang berbeda juga mempengaruhi preferensi responden.Kata Kunci : ruang terbuka publik; kualitas taman; persepsi pengguna taman; kelayakan hidup komunitas.
Are We Doing Diversity Justice? A Critical Exchange
Authors: Enyi-Amadi Chiamaka , Penney Emma
Published: May 2020

This critical exchange is based on a conversation between the authors which took place during the Irish University Review Roundtable Discussion: Displacing the Canon (2019 IASIL Conference, Trinity College Dublin). As authors we give first-hand accounts of our experience writing, editing, and teaching in Ireland, attempting to draw out concerns we have for the future of Irish literature and Irish Studies that specifically relate to race. The conversation here suggests that race directly impacts what we consider valuable in our literary culture. We both insist on decentring universalism as a governing literary critical concept and insist on the urgent application of critical race analysis to the construction of literary value systems in Ireland.
Oceans Apart: Amitav Ghosh, John Millington Synge, and Weak Comparison
Authors: Parsons Cóilín
Published: May 2020

This article compares John Millington Synge's The Aran Islands (1907) and Amitav Ghosh's In An Antique Land (1992), travelogues, histories, and anthropological investigations of maritime societies. Both books tell of a world marked by syncretism and synthesis, and deep and unbroken time, and their narratives are fractured, fragmented, temporally promiscuous, and logically paratactical. In comparing these two books, the article asks what it means, and what it could yield, to read together two accounts of oceanic lives from opposite ends of the twentieth century and from distinct continents and oceans? What emerges is the outline of a ‘speculative practice of weak comparison’ that allows us to extend how we understand the contexts of an object of study called ‘Irish’ literature. By rethinking the scale of Irish literature, the article concludes, we necessarily decentre Ireland, and find opportunities to disaggregate Irish literature and its Irishness, setting a new agenda for comparative studies of Ireland that range widely in space and time.
Rethinking Form (Yet Again) in Contemporary Irish Poetry
Authors: Falci Eric
Published: May 2020

This essay provides a reconsideration of the centrality of form in discussions of Irish poetry and suggests ways of revivifying those discussions by moving away from the tired dyad of mainstream lyric and experimental (or alternative or innovative) poetry. Moving through examinations of Paul Muldoon, Medbh McGuckian, Ciaran Carson, Sinéad Morrissey, Maurice Scully, and Catherine Walsh, this essay aims to pivot the conversation about Irish poetry so that more attention might be paid to the concrete textures and practices of contemporary poets such that we are better able to see and describe the implications and ramifications of their work.
Irish Studies in South America
Authors: Bastos Beatriz Kopschitz
Published: May 2020

This essay seeks to give an overview of the Irish presence, the institutional context, and the singular nature of Irish Studies in South America, historically and today. It presents an insight into some of the major advances and the principal themes of Irish Studies in this non-Anglophone environment: translation; performance; film studies; migration and diaspora studies; comparative studies; teaching. It thus considers the contribution of this particular field – Irish Studies in South America – in the wider context of transnational and comparative cultural analysis.
Whitefly- A Strong Transmitter of Plant Viruses
Authors: Tiwari Suresh P. , Nema Sushma , Khare Mahendra N.
Published: May 2020

Bemisia tabaci transmit 111 viruses. The silver leaf/sweet potato whitefly prefers 25°C to 30°C for development and rapid generation time while the greenhouse whitefly prefers temperatures of 20°C to 25°C. Eggs hatch in eight to 10 days. Resistance in B- and Q-biotype of B. tabaci appears to be linked to enhanced oxidative detoxification of neonicotinoids. Transmission efficiency from infected weeds to tomato varied from 66.7 to 100 percent, whereas, from tomato to these weeds varied from 58.3 to 83.3 percent. Increased mortality of biotype Q females and immature instars with lower rate of fecundity and progeny size compared to biotype B was recorded in such population when reared in single or mixed cultures. Two genetic types of B. tabaci were distinguished using RAPD-PCR and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequence comparisons. One type was assigned to biotype B and the other was genetically dissimilar to the populations described elsewhere and was named Ms. This new genetic type forms a distinct group that is sister to two other groups, one to which the B biotype is a member and Q bioype have  similar values of intra population diversity, which were higher than the values shown by populations of biotype B. Epidemics of begomoviruses have been observed in many crops including tomato for which Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) have been identified as two major disease-causing agents. The replication of geminiviruses induces micro-structural changes in the nucleus of the host cells. The begomovirus vector B.  tabaci is  an  insect species  complex  that  has  geographically  distinct phenotypic and genotypic variants. Criniviruses are limited to phloem and are transmitted in nature in a semipersistent manner by whiteflies. The genus Ipomovirus includes viruses that are transmitted by the whitefly B. tabaci in a semipersistent manner. Virus particles occur in the cytoplasm singly or more often in large aggregates which are sometimes banded. The stem necrosis of soybean is caused by a virus of the Carlavirus and transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, also infected beans and identified as Cowpea mild mottle virus. The early symptoms of Tomato torrado virus are necrotic or dead spots, surrounded by a light green or yellow area at the base of the leaflets. The affected areas may fall out, leaving holes (shot holes) in the leaflets. Necrosis and mottling extend to the remainder of the leaves. The article will bring role of whitefly in development of virus diseases in agricultural crops and management strategies could only be achieved when importance of this pest will be eradicated with non-chemical approach.
Seed Borne Mycoflora of Some Commercial Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars in Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Muzammil , Ghazanfar Muhammad U. , Hamid Muhammad I. , Raza Mubashar
Published: May 2020

Seed borne mycoflora associated with ten commercial varieties of wheat viz. Blue silver, Faisalabad 85, Manthar-3, Pak 81, Parwaz 94, Pirsabaq 2005, Punjnad-1, Sariab-92, Sh-2002 and Wafaq-2001 was investigated through standard blotter paper and agar plate method by using Mann-Whitney U test. At least eleven fungal genera were recovered from seeds. The most frequently isolated fungi were Bipolaris sorokiniana (11.125%), Aspergillus flavus (9.825%), Alternaria alternata (7.15%) and Aspergillus niger (6.225%). It is apparent from the present investigation that all commercial wheat verities tested were contaminated by fungi. The rolled paper method was used to find out the effect of seed borne fungi on seed germination. Seeds of Pak 81, Wafaq-2001 and Blue silver were germinated in high proportion with variable number of normal and abnormal seedlings than the seeds of other varieties tested. The fungi associated with seeds of wheat cause dire diseases in wheat reducing the germination capacity.
Effect of Stem Rust Infection on Grain Yield and Yield Components of Some Wheat Cultivars in Egypt
Authors: Asmmawy Mamdouh A. , El-Orabey Walid M. , Nazim Mohamed , Shahin Atef A.
Published: May 2020

Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici is an important disease of wheat worldwide. To estimate grain yield losses due to stem rust, replicated experiments including twelve wheat cultivars i.e.  Gemmeiza 7, Gemmeiza 9, Gemmeiza 10, Gemmeiza 11, Sakha 61, Sakha 93, Sakha 94, Sids 12, Sids 13, Giza 168, Misr 1 and Misr 2 were evaluated for adult plant resistance at Sakha Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt during 2011/12 and 2012/13 growing seasons. The field experiment was surrounded by spreader area of highly susceptible varieties i.e. Morroco and Max inoculated with a mixture of stem rust races as a source of inoculum. Disease severity was recorded each 10 days and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was estimated and ranged from 100 to 475 in 2011/12 and 100 to 750 in 2012/13. It was found that, yield losses ranged between 2.47 % in the wheat cultivar Misr 2 to 6.29 % in the wheat cultivar Sids 12 during 2011/12, while during 2012/13 ranged from 1.96 % in the wheat cultivar Gemmeiza 7 to      8.21 % in the wheat cultivar Misr 1. High correlation was found between yield losses with disease severity and AUDPC.
Toxigenicity of Fusarium Species in Gibberella fujikuroi Species Complex (GFSC) Associated With Stalk and Ear Rot Disease of Corn
Authors: Darnetty Titi , Salleh Baharuddin
Published: May 2020

Fusarium stalk and ear rot disease did not only cause significant losses of yield but also produced mycotoxins that are harmful to animals and human. This study was conducted to elucidate three major mycotoxins i.e. fumonisin B1 (FUMB1), moniliformin (MON), and beauvericin (BEA) produced by the Fusarium spp. isolated from corn showing typical stalk and ear rot symptoms in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Twenty selected strains of Fusarium species in Gibberella fujikuroi species complex i.e. F.verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans, and F. konzum were analyzed for production of the three mycotoxins by using an Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC).  All strains of F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum produced FUMB1 at high levelsand MON at low levels. Many strains of F. verticillioides (67%) and F. proliferatum (50%) did not produce BEA while the others produced BEA at low levels. Two strains of F. subglutinans did not produce FUMB1 but produced MON at low levels. One strain of F. subglutinans produced BEA and the other one did not produce the toxin.  Two strains of F. konzum produced both MON and BEA at low levels but only one strain produced FUMB1 at a low level. These mycotoxins have not been reported from Fusarium spp. in Gibberella fujikuroi species complex isolated form stalk and ear rot diseases of corn in these areas. Therefore, concerted efforts must be made to educate all stake holders about the presence and health hazards of these mycotoxins.
Biocontrol Potentials of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria against Fusarium Wilt Disease of Cucurbit
Authors: Shanthi Avinash T. , Vittal Ravishankar R.
Published: May 2020

Fusarium spp., are the major soil-borne as well as seed borne pathogens causing wilt and rot diseases in more than 80 plant species including cucurbits. Fusarium spp., causes up to 100 % yield loss in the worldwide. Eleven isolates including three standard isolates were tested both in-vitro and in-vivo. In-vitro assay was done by dual culture method. Maximum inhibition was in case of Fusarium solani by Bacillus cereus MIC5. Sarratia spp. MIC1 antagonized the F. verticillodes and F. solani2. P. aeruginosa MIC2 inhibits all tested isolates F. oxysporum1. P. aeruginosa MTCC2581 suppressed the radial growth rate of F. oxysporum2. The two systemic fungicides used were chlorothalonil + mefenoxam (1000 ppm) and carbendazim (75 ppm to 500 ppm) which checked the growth of F. oxysporum. Carbendazim was more effective compared to mefenoxam + chlorothalonil at all tested concentrations. The crude extract of P. aeruginosa MIC2 developed in chloroform: methanol (9:1) showed a metabolite at Rf - 0.77 which it may be 2,4- diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. Increased cucurbit seeds germination and seedling vigour was observed in B. amyloliquefaciens MIC6 (68% & 1576) and P. aeruginosa MTCC2581 (70% & 1929) in primed seeds. Further P. aeruginosa MTCC2581 can be tested in the field against the Fusarium wilt.
In Vitro Biological Control of Branch Canker (Macrophoma theiocola) Disease of Tea
Authors: Ahmad Iftekhar , Obaidullah Md. , Hossain Mohammad A. , Ali Mohammad , Islam Md. S.
Published: May 2020

Antagonist microorganisms, such as Trichoderma spp. have long been recognized as biological agents, for the control of plant disease and for their ability to increase root growth and development, crop productivity, resistance to abiotic stresses, and uptake and use of nutrients. An attempt was made to evaluate the in vitro biocontrol of branch canker (Macrophoma theicola) of tea plants by Trichoderma spp. Isolation of Trichoderma spp. and M. theiocola was done carefully. Pure culture of Trichoderma spp. and M. theiocola and their morphological characteristics were studied at different intervals. Five M. theiocola and five Trichoderma isolates were collected from mature tea plants and tea soils respectively of Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI) main farm area. The cultural morphology and antagonistic potentiality of Trichoderma spp. against branch canker pathogen (M. theiocola) were taken into consideration. Trichoderma spp. controls the growth of M. theiocola at different intervals. After 24 hour growth rate of Trichoderma was 9.3% and M. theiocola was 0.88%. The antagonistic potentialities of isolated Trichoderma against pathogens (M. theiocola) were observed at different intervals (24-120 hrs) and the percentage of inhibition was 82% which were observed after five days (120 hours) of inoculation. The Trichoderma spp. antagonizes the pathogens by several mechanisms such as antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism or other form of direct exploitation. From this study it was revealed that, the Trichoderma spp. was highly effective to control the isolates of M. theiocola that is responsible for branch canker in tea cultivation.
Evaluation of Bioagents and Biofertilizers for the Managament of Seed and Seedling Diseases of Sesamum indicum (Sesame)
Authors: Bharathi Venturla , Sudhakar Ravuru , Parimala K. , Reddy Vishnuvardhan A.
Published: May 2020

The study was carried out to evaluate the response of biopeticides and biofertilizers on seed mycoflora and seed quality parameters of Sesame (Sesamum  indicum  L.). Untreated Sesame seeds were collected from farmers of Nizamabad and Karimanagar districts of Andhra Pradesh in India and discolored seeds were separated and treated with biofertilizers and biopesticides alone and in combination form. The seed mycoflora of Sesame seeds were screened by using Potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and czaepek dox agar media. The results indicate that maximum numbers of fungi were recorded on PDA. The untreated seeds were found to be associated with maximum percent incidence of mycoflora and minimum population was recorded in the treatment of Trichoderma + Pseudomonas formulation followed by Azat obacter + Trichoderma, Pseudomonas and Azatobacter in the decreasing order of efficacy. This study also showed relation of biofertilizers and biopesticides and seed mycoflora on seed germination. Germination percentage was maximum in the treatment Trichoderma + Pseudomonas formulation, Azatobacter + Trichoderma, Pseudomonas and Azatobacter recording 96%, 94%, 90% and 88%, respectively. In the control, germination percentage was minimum compared with other treatments. Seeds treated with the mixed formulation were found beneficial in reducing the pathogenic fungi and decreasing seedling mortality.
Complete Genome Sequence of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus from Paprika in Korea
Authors: Kim Jae-Hyun , Kim Young-Soo , Jang Soo-Won , Jeon Yong-Ho
Published: May 2020

We isolated tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV-KP) from a diseased Capsicum annuum var. grossum with malformed leaves and necrotic spotted fruits. TSWV-KP produced necrosis or necrotic ring spots on inoculated leaves along with mosaic, vein necrosis, or death on the upper leaves on Datura stramonium, Nicotiana clevarandii, N. rustica, and N. tabacum cvs. Ultrastructurally, typical tospovirus particles were observed in the cytoplasm. The virion contained three molecules of genomic RNAs of approximately 9.0, 4.9, and 3.0 kb. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of the purified virion migrated as a single band with ~29 kDa molecular weight in SDS-PAGE. Complete nucleotide sequences of the large (L) genome segments of TSWV-KP were determined. Defective forms of L-RNA containing core polymerase regions were observed. L-RNA (8,917 nucleotides) contained a single open reading frame (ORF) in the viral complementary (vc) strand and encoded a 330-kDa protein. The L-protein had high identity in the “core-polymerase domain” with the corresponding regions of other tospoviruses. The complete nucleotide sequence of TSWV-KP medium-sized (M) RNA comprised 4,768 nucleotides and indicated a typical tospovirus with two genes in ambisense arrangement. The vRNA OFR coded for a potential cell-to-cell movement (NSm) 34.8-kDa protein; and the vcRNA ORF, for the viral glycoprotein (G1/G2) 128.0-kDa precursor. Multiple sequence alignment of the M-RNA showed highest homologies to TSWV-BR01. Amino acid sequences of TSWV-KP NSm and G1/G2 exhibited 48.7–85.3% and 34.9–96.2% identity, respectively. TSWV-KP small (S) RNA comprised 2,991 nucleotides with ambisense coding strategy. The sequence contained two ORFs—one in the viral sense, encoding a protein with predicted 52.4-kDa Mr; and another in the viral complementary sense, encoding the viral nucleocapsid protein of 28.8-kDa Mr. Amino acid sequences of TSWV-KP of S-RNA NSs and N exhibited 35.9–87.9% and 19.9–98.4% identity, respectively.
Effect of Variable Physical Factors on the Toxicity of Plant Volatiles Against Some Aspergillus Spp.
Authors: Pandey Abhay K. , Singh Pooja , Palni Uma T. , Tripathi Nijendra N.
Published: May 2020

The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of physical factors on mycotoxic potency of Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn. and Clausena pentaphylla (Roxb.) DC oils against four species of Aspergilli such as A. flavus Link, A. niger van Tieghem, A. ochraceus Wilhelm, A. terreus Thom causing post-harvest deterioration of pigeon pea seeds. During experimentation it was observed that the potency of both oils remained unchanged even against heavy inoculum dose (maximum number of 10 fungal discs and diameter of 25 mm). Furthermore, the toxicity of both the oils did not alter even up to 120 ºC of temperature and 12 months of storage by exhibiting 100% mycelial inhibition of test fungi.  The toxicity of both the oils was decreased at alkaline pH (7, 8).  Physicochemical characterization of oils revealed that C. ambrosioides oil was pale yellow in colour, lighter than water, laevorotatory, acidic in nature and showed positive test for phenols. While the oil of C. pentaphyllahad light pale color, dextrorotatory, slightly acidic and showed presence of phenols.  Both the oils showed good solubility in various organic solvents
Oryctes elegans, A Vector of Fusarium proliferatum Causing Wilt Disease Symptoms of Date Palm
Authors: Khudhair Mohammed W. , Aboud Hadi M. , Khalaf Mohammed Z. , Shbar Ali K.
Published: May 2020

Fusarium proliferatum is an important pathogen worldwide causing devastating diseases in many crucial crops such as date palm, banana, mango, maize, rice, asparagus, onion, and garlic varied between wilt and dieback. Many insects are able to transmit fungi either during feeding process or mechanically via insects’ movement or laying egg operation.  F. proliferatum was isolated from date palm borer Oryctes elegans from five locations in the south of Iraq: Al- Namania, Al- souira, AL- Azezia, Al- Madaan, and Al-Dewania. The fungus was isolated from both insects’ adults and plant materials from trees that showed wilt symptoms. The results revealed that there was high frequency of fungal isolation from both materials expressing the theory of transmitting F. proliferatum by date palm borer. Al- Madaan samples revealed the highest isolation frequency from both borer adults and plant materials with 62.85% and 63.63% respectively; followed by AL- Azezia which showed the highest isolation frequency from  insects with 48.33%; while, Al- souira scored the second highest isolation frequency from plant materials with 52.38%
Management of Chickpea Seedling Diseases Through Soil Amendment with Tricho-Compost
Authors: Faruk Mohammed I. , Rahman Muhammad L. , Islam Muhammad N. , Rahman Muhammad M. , Rahman Muhammad A.
Published: May 2020

Performance of different Tricho-inocula (Trichoderma harzianum inocula), Tricho-compost (T. harzianum compost) and Provax 200 WP (Carboxin + Thiram group fungicide) for controlling seedling mortality of chickpea was investigated under Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri inoculated soil in two different agro-ecological zones viz. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur and Pulses Research Station, Madaripur of Bangladesh. Tricho-compost was prepared with a mixed substrate of cow dung, rice husk and poultry refuse colonized by T. harzianum. The seedling mortality of chickpea was significantly reduced by the Tricho-inocula, Tricho-compost and Provax 200 WP where Tricho-compost was found superior with respect to reduction of seedling mortality and accelerating plant growth with increasing grain yield of chickpea under pot culture as well as field conditions in two different agro-ecological zones of Bangladesh
Effects of Glomus fasciculatum and Trichoderma asperelloides in Roots of Groundnut (Cv. Western-51) Against Pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii
Authors: Doley Khirood , Dudhane Mayura , Borde Mahesh , Jite Paramjit K.
Published: May 2020

Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.) is the causal agent of stem-rot of groundnut plants which is an important damaging soil-borne root pathogen worldwide. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomus fasciculatum) and Trichoderma asperelloides have shown potential bio-control agent properties against several soil-borne plant pathogens. Interactions between G. fasciculatum, T. asperelloides and soil-borne pathogen S. rolfsii were investigated in this present pot culture experiment. The inoculation of G. fasciculatum and T. asperelloides reduced the severity of disease but their combinations were most effective in reducing harmful effects of S. rolfsii. The arbuscule percentage of AM fungi was affected by presence of T. asperelloides but chlorophyll content got increased by AM fungi or T. asperelloides treatments during S. rolfsii attack. The defense related physiological, biochemical and anti-oxidant activities observed in roots of groundnut plant significantly increased by single inoculation of AM fungi or Trichoderma. But, the combined inoculations of AM fungi and Trichoderma species showed the highest defense related activities. Moreover, single application of either AM fungi or Trichoderma species showed potential for the biocontrol of soil-borne plant pathogen but their combined application attributed most substantial inhibition in development of pathogen
Fulvic Acid: A Tool for Controlling Powdery and Downy Mildews in Cucumber Plants
Authors: Kamel Said M. , Afifi Mohamed M.I. , El-shoraky Fathia S. , El-Sawy Mohamad M.
Published: May 2020

A greenhouse experiment was carried out on cucumber cultivar DP-164 during the seasons 2012-2013 to evaluate the efficacy of three concentrations of fulvic acid (FA) to control downy and powdery mildew diseases compared with the recommended fungicides and their effects on plant growth, chlorophyll content and yield of cucumber plants. Results revealed that all FA concentrations significantly reduced disease severity of both diseases. The highest reduction in disease severity of downy mildew was recorded using 75 ppm of FA, which was more effective than the recommended fungicide. The significant effect of inhibition of powdery mildew diseases increased gradually with increased FA concentration. At the same time, the reduction of diseases severity was greater than or equal to the recommended fungicides. Foliar application of FA concentrations and Ridomil fungicide increased significantly all morphological characters. Sumi-8 fungicide increased the morphological characters except plant height, dry weight/ plant and leaves number/ plant. The yield components (weight of fruits and mean of fruit weight /plant) recorded the same values with all FA concentrations. Fulvic acid had direct effect on soil microbiology by increasing plant exudates, which enhanced the activity of microorganism. Fulvic acid at 150ppm showed the highest increase in dehydrogenase and nitrogenase activity. This study revealed that the foliar application of FA improved plant growth and yield quantity and quality as well as controlling powdery and downy mildews of cucumber plants. Additionally, FA has the advantage as effective and environmental friendly agent
Phytochemical Composition, Antimicrobial Effect of Azadirachta indica and Carica papaya Extracts on Fungi Isolated From Gmelina arborea Seedling
Authors: Johnson Umana E. , Akwaji Patrick I. , Effiong Udo S. , Aniedi-Abasi Markson , Effiom Orok E.
Published: May 2020

Gmelina arborea Roxb has important economic value in Nigeria and worldwide. It has been used as timber, for pulp and paper, furniture, plywood and for particle board. Due to the menace caused by fungal diseases in nurseries and sites where the seedlings are raised and the observed disease severity at the Awi Gmelina Forestry Project Nursery in Cross River State, Nigeria. It became necessary to provide a viable environmentally friendly measure to curb the diseases, hence, a trial on the antifungal effects of leaf extracts of Carica papaya and Azadirachta indica in-vitro using different extract solvents on some pathogenic fungi isolated from Gmelina arborea seedlings. The isolated fungi were Trichoderma viride (from stem and leaf) and Mucor mucedo (stem and leaf). The solvents used were ethanol, methanol, propanol, butanol, acetone, chloroform and distilled water. Phytochemical screening of extracts of C. papaya from the different solvents showed that there was no tannin and hydroxymethyl anthraquinine. Flavonoids and polyphenols were in excess in acetone and methanol extracts respectively. For A. indica, polyphenols were only found in excess in ethanol and methanol extracts. Application of the extracts at different percentages of 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% showed that Carica papaya extracted with butanol was more potent on Trichoderma viride and Mucor mucedo at 60%, 70%, 80% and 100% while the growth of Trichoderma viride and Mucor mucedo was checked by butanol extracts of A. indica at 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%. Conclusively, butanol extracts of C. papaya and A. indica at higher concentrations is recommended for use as spray to control the diseases.
Occurrence of Black Mildew on Aegle marmelos at Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Gautam Ajay K.
Published: May 2020

The leaves of Aegle marmelos were found infected with black mildew during a routine mycological survey at district Bilaspur, a south west region of Himachal Pradesh. Fungal colonies form infected leaves were analysed for morphological and microscopic studies. Nail polish technique was used to study the colonies in situ. Presence of unicellular appressoria with sarciniform and Questieriella conidial anamorphic states identified it as the fungus belongs to genus Schiffnerula. Further investigation identified it as Schiffnerula girijae Hosag. & Archana. The fungus is reported previously form Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India on the same host (A. marmelos) but no reports from other parts of the country. Therefore, this is the second report of black mildew on Aegle marmelos form India while first from north India.
Removal of Symptomatic Cassava Leaves as Cultural Practice to Control Cassava Bacterial Blight
Authors: Fanou Andre A. , Wydra Kerstin
Published: May 2020

The cassava landrace BEN 86052, susceptible to cassava bacterial blight (CBB), was chosen for the field experiments conducted in the forest savannah transition zone at Abomey-Calavi, Benin Republic. One month old plants were spray-inoculated with Xanthomona axonopodiss pv. manihotis (Xam) strain GSPB 2506 to achieve a homogenous infection across all plots. Disease development and cassava growth parameters were monitored over 12 months. Diseased leaves were removed four times at an interval of three weeks. A detailed symptom evaluation of percentage of spots, blight, wilt and dieback revealed significant reduction of blight and wilt symptoms in removed leaves plots. Disease severity was reduced by 71% in plots with leaf removal compared to non-removed leaves plots. Growth parameters leaf, stem and root weight at 6 and 12 months after planting were not significantly different between removed leaves and non-removed leaves plots. In fact, removal of infected leaves had no significant effect on root yield and reduced the epidemic potential of cassava bacterial blight in the field in the same season and the transfer of the infection by contaminated cuttings to the next season. Removal of diseased leaves should be highly effective in cassava fields with low disease incidence and specifically recommended for moderately resistant or resistant cultivars as part of an integrated management to control the cassava bacterial blight.
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV): Characteristics, Hosts, Vectors, Disease Symptoms and Diagnosis
Authors: Kaddachi Imène , Souiden Yosra , Achouri Dhouha , Chéour Foued
Published: May 2020

Barley Yellow Dwarf (BYD) is a serious Luteovirus disease that affects small grain production worldwide. The aphid-transmitted virus (BYDV) infects practically all members of the Graminae (Poaceae) and is responsible for serious losses in cultivated species such as barley, wheat and oats. The study of BYD is complex, as it involves interactions among a vector, a plant and a virus. Hence, symptom expression is highly dependent on environmental conditions, serotypes plant genetic background and physiological stage of inoculation. Consequently, tolerance to BYDV is also difficult to study and understand. This review explores the basic biology of BYD, its symptoms, its viruses and yield losses it can cause.
The First Record of Alternaria triticina the Causative Agent of Alternaria Leaf Blight in Wheat and Barley in Iraq
Authors: Khudhair Mohammed W. , Aboud Hadi M. , Dheyab Naeem S. , Shbar Ali K. , Khalaf Hiatham S.
Published: May 2020

Alternaria leaf blight caused by Alternaria triticina can cause high yield losses at the severe infection in wheat and barley. It is first time for this pathogen to be recorded in Iraq. The investigation process of this disease included 25 locations from 12 sites in 5 provinces that plant wheat and barley in the south and middle of Iraq. The results revealed that the fungus was isolated from almost all examined locations with different frequency. Shethaif- Al Garbie and Sheikh Saad showed higher number of isolates with 60 and 40 in wheat fields respectively; while; Shethaif- Al Garbie and Dabuni expressed the highest number of isolates in barley fields with 45 and 33 respectively. The highest isolation frequency in wheat fields was at Sheikh Saad and Ali Alsharqi with 100% followed by Ali Algharbie with 90% and the lowest was at Al- Kut and Al-Huria with 37.5 and 40% respectively. The highest isolation frequency in barley fields was recorded at Dabuni with 82.5% followed by Shethaif- Al Garbie and Babil / Al-Huria with 75% and the lowest was at Al-Basrah/ Shatt al-Arab with 20%. The fungus was isolated from all plant parts (stem, leaf, and spike); however, spikes recorded the highest isolation frequency reaching 100% in some locations.
Diseases of Plantation Forestry Trees in Southern Ghana
Authors: Mamle Apetorgbor M. , Jolanda Roux
Published: May 2020

Ghana is on the verge of exhausting its timber resources and has embarked on reforestation. However, the establishment of pure stands of high value indigenous tree species such as Odum (Milicia excelsa and M. regia), Mahogany (Khaya and Entandrophragma species) and Kokrodua (Pericopsis elata) were not successful as a result of insect pest and disease problems. These failures, together with the need to establish plantations partly account for the widespread planting of teak (Tectona grandis), cedrela (Cedrela odorata) and other introduced tree species. Disease outbreaks in Tectona grandis, Cedrela odorata and Ceiba pentandra have been observed with the expansion of plantation estates. A study was therefore conducted to identify key diseases occurring in tree plantations, determine their distribution and evaluate management strategies to contain them. Diseases encountered include root rot caused by Armillaria hemii on T. grandis and Cedrela odorata, leaf spot and dieback on Ceiba pentandra seedlings and saplings caused by Colletotrichum capsici, Fusarium solani and Lasiodiplodia theobromae, stem canker on Eucalyptus spp. caused by Botryosphaeria sp. and leaf blight caused by a Calonectria species.  Management of these diseases will require training of foresters on tree health issues, quarantine and silvicultural practices and initiation of sound breeding and selection programmes.
Effects of pH and ECW on Growth and Sporulation of Indigenous Tricoderma spp.
Authors: Ali Hamdia Z. , Aboud Hadi M. , Dheyab Naeem S. , Musa Nibal K. , Gasam Fatimah H.
Published: May 2020

The influence of three levels of pH and degrees of ECw on the radial growth and sporulation of 34 local isolates of Trichoderma spp. were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The pH used were 4, 6 and 8 while, the ECw were 12.92, 14.30 and 17.8 Siemens per meter (ds/m) respectively. The data obtained showed that pH 6 was the optimum degree of growth parameters while pH 8 showed significant reduction (p< 0.05) in the growth parameters compared to pH 4. The results also revealed that ECw 17.8 ds/m significantly reduced (p< 0.05) the growth parameters compared to ECw 12.92 and 14.30 ds/m. Thus, the results obtained elucidated the importance of reduction in biocontrol activity of fungus in saline-alkali soil.
A Pivotal Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Non-Host Resistance Mechanisms in Legume and Cereal Plants to the Incompatible Pathogens
Authors: Hafez Yaser M.
Published: May 2020

Most of plants under normal conditions are resistant to most of the incompatible pathogens (viral, fungal and bacterial infections). This is called ״non-host resistance (NHR) phenomenon״. Till now it is not clear the non-host resistance mechanisms.  As a result of inoculation of legume (pea and soybean) and cereal (barley and wheat) plants with compatible and incompatible pathogens, strong resistance symptoms were observed in the non-host/incompatible pathogen combinations as compared with host/compatible pathogen combinations which showed severe infection (susceptibility). Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mainly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2.-) were significantly increased early 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours after inoculation (hai) in the non-host plants as compared with host plants. Interestingly enough that the activities of the antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and peroxidase (POX) were not significantly increased at the same early time 6 - 36 hai in the non-host plants. However, these enzymes were significantly increased later on 48, 72 and 96 dai in the non-host plants as compared with host plants. It seems that early accumulation of H2O2 and O2.- could have a dual roles, first role is inhibiting or killing the pathogens early in the non-host plants, second immunization of the non-host plants by stimulating the activities of the antioxidant enzymes later on which thereby, neutralize the harmful effect of ROS and consequently suppressing disease symptoms. The author recommends giving more attention to these new mechanisms of non-host resistance particularly in relation to ROS levels and antioxidant activities which are very important for plant breeders and useful for finding alternative control strategies as well.
Antibacterial Activity of Antagonistic Bacteria and Plant Extract on Erwinia amylovora the Pathogen of Fire Blight Disease in Egypt
Authors: Arafat Khaled H. , Hanan Shaheen A. , Rabab Abd-El-Aziz M.
Published: May 2020

The blossom blight phase of fire blight disease on pear trees, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora (Burrill), was typically managed by applying the antibiotic, streptomycin sulfate and copper, to trees during blossom. Biological control agents of fire blight can be achieved by applying nonpathogenic bacteria, viz. Bacillus subtilis or Pantoea agglomerans and plant extract, viz. Harmel (Peganum harmala L.) during open flowers as spraying treatments. The objective of this study was to examine the alternative bactericides against bacterium E. amylovora in vitro and in vivo during two seasons (2013-2014) in Al-Gharbia governorate, Egypt. Our results revealed the ability of these antagonistic bacteria and plant extract can decreased fire blight severity on pear trees. Further studies at different locations in Egypt with large scale  application  would allow us to make stronger recommendations including their ability to prevent disease and used them as main component in integrated pest management program.
Arabidopsis thaliana AtGCN2 Kinase is Involved in Disease Resistance against Pathogens with Diverse Life Styles
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Kørner Camilla J. , Hajdu Dawn , Guo Tingwei , Ramonell Katrina M. , Argueso Cristiana T. , Pajerowska-Mukhtar Karolina M.
Published: May 2020

The ability of the plants to detect diverse stress conditions and initiate cellular responses is vital to their survival in a constantly changing environment. General regulatory molecules often play crucial roles in controlling a multitude of cellular processes throughout the life span of an organism. GCN2 (general control nonderepressible 2) is a serine/threonine-protein kinase that acts as a global translational regulator in all eukaryotes from yeast to mammals to plants. GCN2 plays universal roles in mitigating cellular stresses by directly binding with uncharged tRNAs and phosphorylating its target, eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α). Here, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis thaliana GCN2 (AtGCN2) serves as a general regulator of salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-mediated immune responses triggered upon infection with biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. Intriguingly, we found examples of both positive and negative influence of AtGCN2 on plant immunity at different developmental stages. This effect is consistent with the variable amount of abscisic acid accumulation in plants lacking functional AtGCN2 at early stages of development. Finally, we illustrate that AtGCN2 positively contributes to water loss and might also be involved in the epidermis-mediated defense responses.
Impact of Pre- and Post–Harvest Applications of Natural Antimicrobial Products on Apple and Pear Soft Rot Disease
Authors: Bakeer Abdelradi T. , Elbanna Khaled , Elnaggar Sameh A.
Published: May 2020

Three natural antibacterial compounds including bacteriocin like substance (BLS) produced from lactic acid bacteria (LAB), ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), and nine plant extracts were evaluated against soft rot Bacillus strains. Testing in vivo these compounds were evaluated to control pear and apple soft rot disease. Among eight BLS tested, BLS of LAB2, LAB105 and LAB 107 exhibited the highest antibacterial activity as indicated by the formation of clear inhibition zone. Propolis extracts exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all tested soft rot Bacillus strains and it was noticed that the antibacterial activity was concentration dependent. Among nine plant extracts tested, extracts of Eucalyptus globulus and Psidium guajava exhibited the highest antibacterial activity. All tested antibacterial products significantly decreased apple and pear soft rot severity caused by Bacillus altitudinis compared to untreated control. The highest reduction percentage of soft rot severity was recorded for EEP followed by BLS from LAB and plant extracts tested, respectively. Combined pre-and post-harvest treatments of apple and pear with antimicrobial compounds proved to be more effective in reducing the soft rot severity and improved the physical and chemical properties of fruits during storage in both years of the study. The natural antimicrobial agents used in this study were promising compounds, since it seems to be more safe, economical and great potential for extending the shelf life and improve the quality of fruits. Therefore, the application of these compounds in the control of apple and pear soft rot could be advantageous for consumers, producers, and the environment.