bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ternary‐Phase Li4Ti5O12/TiO2 Nanosheet Composite for High Rate Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhuang Jingxiang , Wang Ziye , Zhang Jiangtao , Lu Gang , Kang Xiaohong , Cheng Zhiming
Published: January 2018

A ternary‐phase Li4Ti5O12/TiO2 (LTO/TiO2) nanosheet composite is successfully synthesized by a one‐pot hydrothermal method followed by two‐step annealing ways. It exhibits high specific capacities of 170 mAh g−1, 154 mAh g−1, 138.5 mAh g−1, and 123.9 mAh g−1 at 1 C, 10 C, 30 C and 50 C, respectively. After 3000 cycles at 20 C, over 89.2 % original specific capacity retention is maintained with approximately 100 % columbic efficiency. The excellent rate performance and cycling stability are attributed to the high crystallinity, the thin nanosheets, the high surface area, and an appropriate amount of nanostructured TiO2 seeds dispersed in the Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) matrix for the final products.
Analysis of transcriptional activity by the Myt1 and Myt1l transcription factors
Authors: Manukyan Arkadi , Kowalczyk Izabela , Melhuish Tiffany A. , Lemiesz Agata , Wotton David
Published: January 2018

Myt1 and Myt1l (Myelin transcription factor 1, and Myt1‐like) are members of a small family of closely related zinc finger transcription factors, characterized by two clusters of C2HC zinc fingers. Both are widely expressed during early embryogenesis, but are largely restricted to expression within the brain in the adult. Myt1l, as part of a three transcription factor mix, can reprogram fibroblasts to neurons and plays a role in maintaining neuronal identity. Previous analyses have indicated roles in both transcriptional activation and repression and suggested that Myt1 and Myt1l may have opposing functions in gene expression. We show that when targeted to DNA via multiple copies of the consensus Myt1/Myt1l binding site Myt1 represses transcription, whereas Myt1l activates. By targeting via a heterologous DNA binding domain we mapped an activation function in Myt1l to an amino‐terminal region that is poorly conserved in Myt1. However, genome wide analyses of the effects of Myt1 and Myt1l expression in a glioblastoma cell line suggest that the two proteins have largely similar effects on endogenous gene expression. Transcriptional repression is likely mediated by binding to DNA via the known consensus site, whereas this site is not associated with the transcriptional start sites of genes with higher expression in the presence of Myt1 or Myt1l. This work suggests that these two proteins function similarly, despite differences observed in analyses based on synthetic reporter constructs.
A Comparison of Catalytic Effect of Nano‐Mn3O4 derived from MnC2O4.2H2O and Mn(acac)3 on Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate
Authors: Mahdavi Mohammad , Farrokhpour Hossein , Tahriri Marjan
Published: January 2018

The formation and catalytic effect of Mn3O4 spinel nanoparticles on thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) were investigated and compared to two manganese precursors of MnC2O4·2H2O and Mn(acac)3. The catalytic effects of two coated precursors on AP thermal decomposition were measured by differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The MnC2O4·2H2O@AP composite showed a decrease in the decomposition temperature of AP from 428.35 to 310.93 °C in one step, whereas for the Mn(acac)3@AP composite, the thermal decomposition was seen in two steps at 288.04 and 323.875 °C. The kinetic triplet of activation energy (Ea), frequency factor (log A) and model of mechanism function [f(α)] of thermal decomposition for pure ammonium perchlorate,MnC2O4·2H2O@AP and Mn(acac)3@AP were investigated via two model‐free (FWO, KAS and Starink) and model‐fitting (Starink) methods at different conversions of α (α = 0.05–0.95). Also, the thermodynamic parameters were obtained via activation energy and frequency factor for different concentrations of catalysts.
A Comparison of Femoral Lengthening Methods Favors the Magnetic Internal Lengthening Nail When Compared with Lengthening Over a Nail
Authors: Fragomen Austin T. , Kurtz Anton M. , Barclay Jonathan R. , Nguyen Joseph , Rozbruch S. Robert
Published: January 2018

Background

Bone lengthening with an internal lengthening nail (ILN) avoids the need for external fixation and requires one less surgical procedure than lengthening over a nail (LON). However, LON has been shown to be superior to femoral internal lengthening using a mechanical nail. The magnetic ILN, a remote-controlled and magnet-driven device, may have overcome the weaknesses of earlier internal lengthening technology and may be superior to LON.

Questions/Purposes

(1) Is the magnetic ILN more accurate than LON for femoral lengthening? (2) Does the magnetic ILN demonstrate more precise distraction rate control than LON? (3) Does the magnetic ILN result in faster regenerate site healing, with more robust callus, than LON? (4) Does the magnetic ILN result in fewer complications, including impediments to knee motion, than LON?

Methods

We conducted a retrospective comparison of the records and radiographs of 21 consecutive patients with 22 femoral lengthenings using LONs and 35 consecutive patients with 40 femoral lengthenings using remote-controlled magnetic ILNs. Primary outcomes measured included accuracy, distraction rate precision, time to bony union, final knee range of motion, regenerate quality, and complications. The minimum follow-up times for the LON and ILN cohorts were 13 and 21 months, respectively.

Results

Patients treated with ILN had a lower post-treatment residual limb-length discrepancy (0.3 mm) than those treated with LON (3.6 mm). The rate of distraction was closer to the goal of 1 mm/day and more tightly controlled for the ILN cohort (1 mm/day) than that for the LON group (0.8 mm/day; SD, 0.2). Regenerate quality was not significantly different between the cohorts. Bone healing index for ILN was not statistically significant. Time to union was shorter in the ILN group (3.3 months) than that in the LON group (4.5 months). A lower percentage of patients experienced a complication in the ILN group (18%) than in the LON group (45%). Knee flexion at the end of distraction was greater for ILN patients (105°) than that for LON patients (88.8°), but this difference was no longer observed after 1 year.

Conclusions

Femoral lengthening with magnetic ILN was more accurate than with LON. The magnetic ILN comports the additional advantage of greater precision with distraction rate control and fewer complications. Both techniques afford reliable healing and do not significantly affect knee motion at the final follow-up. The magnetic ILN method showed no superiority in regenerate quality and healing rate.
Neuroticism, extraversion, life events and depression
Authors: Farmer Anne , Redman Kate , Harris Tanya , Mahmood Arshad , Sadler Stephanie , Pickering Andrea , McGuffin Peter
Published: January 2018

Background

Certain personality traits may mediate the relationship between familiality and adversity in causing depression.
Depression and mortality in a high-risk population
Authors: Abas Melanie , Hotopf Matthew , Prince Martin
Published: January 2018

Background

It is not clear whether the increased mortality associated with depression can be explained by the effects of potential confounding variables.
Effects on the brain of a psychological treatment: Cognitive remediation therapy
Authors: Wykes Til , Brammer Michael , Mellers John , Bray Peter , Reeder Clare , Williams Clare , Corner Julia
Published: January 2018

Background

The results of one randomised control trial testing a psychological rehabilitation programme aimed at information processing strategies showed improvements in cognition post-treatment.
Annual General Meeting
Authors: Shooter Mike , Fairbairn Andrew , Subotsky Fiona , Katona Cornelius , Tait David
Published: January 2018

The 32nd Annual Meeting of the College was held at the Edinburgh International Conference Centre, Edinburgh from 30 June to 3 July 2003.
Cancer risk incidence from hypothetical accident of VVER-1000 nuclear power plant based on BEIR VII model
Authors: Hosseini Aghdam Mir Rashid , Baghani Hamid Reza , Hosseini Aghdam Afsaneh
Published: January 2018

Background

Safety is a mandatory issue during the operation of a nuclear power plant. A nuclear reactor can have some atmospheric dispersion due to any errors in the safety system.

Purpose

The aim of this study is to estimate the cancer risk incidence for different body organs due to accidentally released radionuclides from Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP).

Materials and methods

The assumed hypothesis was atmospheric dispersion of radionuclide into the environment due to the safety failure of BNPP. Total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) from radionuclide diffusion in the medium was calculated using HOTSPOT code at two different wind speeds. Finally, the risk of cancer incidence for different organs of male and female sex has been estimated by Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VII model.

Results

The results showed that with increasing the exposure age and attained age, the risk of cancer incidence for different organs is decreased. The value of TEDE was increased at lower wind speed. The most probable organ for cancer incidence at different levels of TEDE in male and female sex was colon and bladder, respectively. On the other hand, prostate and uterus had the lowest radiation sensitivity and cancer risk incidence in male and female sex, respectively. Increasing the wind speed reduces the risk of cancer incidence for all of organs understudy.

Conclusion

Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the younger persons are more subject to the cancer risk incidence because of both the intrinsically greater radio-sensitivity of their organs and their longer remaining life expectancy during which a cancer may develop. The overall risk of cancer incidence as well as the site specific solid cancer incidence were highly dependent to the sex of exposed person, so that the female sex was more exposed to the cancer risk incidence at all of the irradiation levels understudy.
Beeinträchtigung der Kontrastempfindlichkeit durch Konsum von Alkohol und Tabak: Eine alters- und geschlechtergematchte Analyse
Authors: Darius Sabine , Blaschke Saskia , Böckelmann Irina
Published: January 2018

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Ein großer Teil der Informationen aus der Umwelt wird über das visuelle System aufgenommen. Dabei spielt neben einer guten Sehschärfe auch die Kontrastempfindlichkeit eine große Rolle. Ziel der Studie ist es, den Einfluss von Alkohol- und Zigarettenkonsum auf die Kontrastempfindlichkeit zu untersuchen. Probanden und Methodik: Es wurden 17 alkoholabhängige Patienten (43,3 ± 12,52 Jahre), 25 Raucher (33,4 ± 10,77 Jahre) und 9 ehemalige Raucher (34,4 ± 14,25 Jahre) rekrutiert. Diesen Probanden wurden jeweils alters- und geschlechtergematchte Kontrollpersonen gegenübergestellt. Die Kontrastempfindlichkeit wurde mit der VISTECH-Tafel mit Sinusgittern der Ortsfrequenzen 1,5; 3; 6; 12 und 18 cpd erfasst. Ergebnisse: Die Kontrastempfindlichkeit ist bei den alkoholabhängigen Patienten insgesamt sowie bei den Ortsfrequenzen von 3 und 18 cpd signifikant reduziert. Raucher wiesen unter Beachtung des Pack-Year-Index als Kofaktor eine geringere Kontrastempfindlichkeit bei den Ortsfrequenzen 3, 12 und 18 auf. Schlussfolgerung: Bei Probanden mit Alkoholabhängigkeit und bei Rauchern ist in mehreren Ortsfrequenzen die Kontrastempfindlichkeit reduziert. Da diese Sehfunktion im Straßenverkehr eine sehr wichtige Rolle spielt, sollte nach Möglichkeit bei Sehtests bei diesem Personenkreis die Kontrastempfindlichkeit mit überprüft werden. In Hinblick auf die Fahrerlaubnisverordnung sollte bei (Wieder)-Erteilung des Führerscheins bei Alkoholabhängigen nach längerer Abstinenz auf eine ausreichende Kontrastempfindlichkeit geachtet werden.
Microfluidic actuators based on temperature-responsive hydrogels
Authors: D'Eramo Loïc , Chollet Benjamin , Leman Marie , Martwong Ekkachai , Li Mengxing , Geisler Hubert , Dupire Jules , Kerdraon Margaux , Vergne Clémence , Monti Fabrice , Tran Yvette , Tabeling Patrick
Published: January 2018

The concept of using stimuli-responsive hydrogels to actuate fluids in microfluidic devices is particularly attractive, but limitations, in terms of spatial resolution, speed, reliability and integration, have hindered its development during the past two decades. By patterning and grafting poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) PNIPAM hydrogel films on plane substrates with a 2 μm horizontal resolution and closing the system afterward, we have succeeded in unblocking bottlenecks that thermo-sensitive hydrogel technology has been challenged with until now. In this paper, we demonstrate, for the first time with this technology, devices with up to 7800 actuated micro-cages that sequester and release solutes, along with valves actuated individually with closing and opening switching times of 0.6±0.1 and 0.25±0.15 s, respectively. Two applications of this technology are illustrated in the domain of single cell handling and the nuclear acid amplification test (NAAT) for the Human Synaptojanin 1 gene, which is suspected to be involved in several neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. The performance of the temperature-responsive hydrogels we demonstrate here suggests that in association with their moderate costs, hydrogels may represent an alternative to the actuation or handling techniques currently used in microfluidics, that are, pressure actuated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) valves and droplets.
Real-time simultaneous recording of electrophysiological activities and dopamine overflow in the deep brain nuclei of a non-human primate with Parkinson’s disease using nano-based microelectrode arrays
Authors: Zhang Song , Song Yilin , Wang Mixia , Xiao Guihua , Gao Fei , Li Ziyue , Tao Guoxian , Zhuang Ping , Yue Feng , Chan Piu , Cai Xinxia
Published: January 2018

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The precise mechanisms are still unknown. Since the neuronal communications are inherently electrical and chemical in nature, dual-mode detection of PD-related neuroelectrical and neurochemical information is essential for PD research. Subthalamic nucleus (STN) high-frequency stimulation (HFS) can improve most symptoms of PD patients and decrease the dosage of antiparkinsonian drugs. The mechanism of STN-HFS for PD still remains elusive. In this study, a silicon-based dual-mode microelectrode array (MEA) probe was designed and fabricated, and systematic dual-mode detection methods were established. The recording sites were modified using Pt nanoparticles and Nafion to improve the signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. To evaluate its applicability to PD research, in vivo electrophysiological and electrochemical detection was performed in normal and hemiparkinsonian models, respectively. Through comparison of the dual-mode signals, we demonstrated the following in a PD monkey: (1) the maximum dopamine concentration in the striatum decreased by 90%; (2) the spike firing frequency increased significantly, especially in the region of the cortex; (3) the spectrogram analysis showed that much power existed in the 0–10 Hz frequency band; and (4) following repeated subthalamic nucleus high-frequency stimulation trials, the level of DA in the striatum increased by 16.5 μM, which led to a better elucidation of the mechanism of HFS. The dual-mode MEA probe was demonstrated to be an effective tool for the study of neurological disorders.
Ischemia-induced Neuronal Cell Death Is Mediated by Chemokine Receptor CX3CR1
Authors: Wang Jinkun , Gan Yan , Han Pengcheng , Yin Junxiang , Liu Qingwei , Ghanian Soha , Gao Feng , Gong Guanghui , Tang Zhiwei
Published: January 2018

The chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor CX3CR1 play a fundamental role in the pathophysiology of stroke. Previous studies have focused on a paracrine interaction between neurons that produce fractalkine and microglia that express CX3CR1 receptors in the central nervous system. Recent findings have demonstrated the functional expression of CX3CR1 receptors by hippocampal neurons, suggesting their involvement in neuroprotective and neurodegenerative actions. To elucidate the roles of neuronal CX3CR1 in neurodegeneration induced by ischemic stroke, a mouse model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) was employed. In the pMCAO mice, increased CX3CR1 levels, apoptosis-associated morphological changes, and Caspase 3-positive neuronal cells were observed in the striatum and in the hippocampus 24 hours after occlusion. Upregulation of CX3CR1 in ischemic neurons is associated with neuronal apoptotic cell death. In contrast, ischemia-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death was decreased in CX3CR1 deficient mice. Cultured primary hippocampal neurons obtained from CX3CR1 deficient mice were more resistant to glutamate-induced excitotoxicity by blocking calcium influx than those from wild-type mice. For the first time, we reported that neuronal CXCR1 mediates neuronal apoptotic cell death in ischemia. Our results suggest that modulating CXCR1 activity offers a novel therapeutic strategy for stroke.
Carrier Dynamics and Electro-Optical Characterization of High-Performance GaN/InGaN Core-Shell Nanowire Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Nami Mohsen , Stricklin Isaac E. , DaVico Kenneth M. , Mishkat-Ul-Masabih Saadat , Rishinaramangalam Ashwin K. , Brueck S. R. J. , Brener Igal , Feezell Daniel F.
Published: January 2018

In this work, we demonstrate high-performance electrically injected GaN/InGaN core-shell nanowire-based LEDs grown using selective-area epitaxy and characterize their electro-optical properties. To assess the quality of the quantum wells, we measure the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) using conventional low temperature/room temperature integrated photoluminescence. The quantum wells show a peak IQE of 62%, which is among the highest reported values for nanostructure-based LEDs. Time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) is also used to study the carrier dynamics and response times of the LEDs. TRPL measurements yield carrier lifetimes in the range of 1–2 ns at high excitation powers. To examine the electrical performance of the LEDs, current density–voltage (J-V) and light-current density-voltage (L-J-V) characteristics are measured. We also estimate the peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) to be 8.3% from a single side of the chip with no packaging. The LEDs have a turn-on voltage of 2.9 V and low series resistance. Based on FDTD simulations, the LEDs exhibit a relatively directional far-field emission pattern in the range of $$\pm $$

±

15°. This work demonstrates that it is feasible for electrically injected nanowire-based LEDs to achieve the performance levels needed for a variety of optical device applications.
Oral exposure of low-dose bisphenol A promotes proliferation of dorsolateral prostate and induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition in aged rats
Authors: Huang Dong-Yan , Zheng Cheng-Cheng , Pan Qi , Wu Shuang-Shuang , Su Xin , Li Lei , Wu Jian-Hui , Sun Zu-Yue
Published: January 2018

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disruptor compound reported to have prostate toxicity. This study aimed to assess the effect of BPA on the proliferation of dorsolateral prostate (DLP) and the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes in aged rats. Male aged SD rats were treated with BPA (10.0, 30.0, and 90.0 µg/kg i.g., daily) or vehicle (i.g., daily) for 3 months. Treatment with BPA resulted in increased the expression of PCNA, DLP weight and DLP epithelial height compared with the control group (P < 0.01); such effects were more obvious at higher BPA doses. 90 µg/kg BPA significantly increased the estrogen to androgen ratio (P < 0.05). The EMT chip showed the BPA induced upregulation of vimentin, Snail, Twist1, and transforming growth factor beta 1, as well as the downregulation of E-cadherin in the DLP. Immunohistochemical data showed that the expression of vimentin, estrogen receptor subtypes, and androgen receptor increased and the expression of E-cadherin decreased in 30 and 90 µg/kg BPA groups. It was concluded that environmental exposure to low doses of BPA might promote the proliferation of DLP in aged rats by increasing the estrogen to androgen ratio and inducing EMT.
Lateral and Basal Amygdala Account for Opposite Behavioral Responses during the Long-Term Expression of Fearful Memories
Authors: Manassero Eugenio , Renna Annamaria , Milano Luisella , Sacchetti Benedetto
Published: January 2018

Memories of fearful events can be maintained throughout the lifetime of animals. Here we showed that lesions of the lateral nucleus (LA) performed shortly after training impaired the retention of long-term memories, assessed by the concomitant measurement of two dissociable defensive responses, freezing and avoidance in rats. Strikingly, when LA lesions were performed four weeks after training, rats did not show freezing to a learned threat stimulus, but they were able to direct their responses away from it. Similar results were found when the central nucleus (CeA) was lesioned four weeks after training, whereas lesions of the basal nucleus (BA) suppressed avoidance without affecting freezing. LA and BA receive parallel inputs from the auditory cortex, and optogenetic inhibition of these terminals hampered both freezing and avoidance. We therefore propose that, at variance with the traditional serial flow of information model, long-term fearful memories recruit two parallel circuits in the amygdala, one relying on the LA-to-CeA pathway and the other relying solely on BA, which operate independently and mediate distinct defensive responses.
A lithium-ion oxygen battery with a Si anode lithiated in situ by a Li3N-containing cathode
Authors: Zhang Tao , Yang Jun , Zhu Jinhui , Zhou Jingjing , Xu Zhixin , Wang Jiulin , Qiu Feilong , He Ping
Published: January 2018

A novel LixSi–O2 battery is built using an in situ formed Li–Si alloy anode based on the decomposition of Li3N pre-loaded in the cathode.
Silicon chemistry in zero to three dimensions: from dichlorosilylene to silafullerane
Authors: Teichmann J. , Wagner M.
Published: January 2018

As one of the simplest examples of functionalized Si(ii) species, the SiCl2/[SiCl3]− system is not only fundamentally interesting, but also an important starting point for the assembly of oligosilane chains, rings, and clusters.
Nitrogen-doped, oxygen-functionalized, edge- and defect-rich vertically aligned graphene for highly enhanced oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Li Dongqi , Ren Bowen , Jin Qiuyan , Cui Hao , Wang Chengxin
Published: January 2018

A N, O-doped, edge- and defect-rich vertically aligned graphene has been fabricated through a simple one-step method for a highly enhanced oxygen evolution reaction.
Screw-like PdPt nanowires as highly efficient electrocatalysts for methanol and ethylene glycol oxidation
Authors: Tang Jing-Xiao , Chen Qing-Song , You Le-Xing , Liao Hong-Gang , Sun Shi-Gang , Zhou Shun-Gui , Xu Zhong-Ning , Chen Yu-Min , Guo Guo-Cong
Published: January 2018

Screw-like PdPt nanowires exhibit enhanced performance towards MOR and EGOR attributed to the unique structure and synergetic effect of the catalysts.
Molybdenum sulfide clusters immobilized on defective graphene: a stable catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Ouyang Yixin , Li Qiang , Shi Li , Ling Chongyi , Wang Jinlan
Published: January 2018

We design a composite catalyst composed of molybdenum sulfide clusters and defective graphene with high activity and good stability for hydrogen evolution.
Impedance spectroscopy of OLEDs as a tool for estimating mobility and the concentration of charge carriers in transport layers
Authors: Chulkin P. , Vybornyi O. , Lapkowski M. , Skabara P. J. , Data P.
Published: January 2018

An impedance spectroscopy based multi-stage technique was worked out to evaluate the mobility of charge carriers (holes and electrons) along with their concentrations at different applied voltages during OLED (organic light emitting diode) operation.
Negative differential resistance and hysteresis in graphene-based organic light-emitting devices
Authors: Zhang Qin , Chen Shufen , Zhang Shuai , Shang Wenjuan , Liu Lihui , Wang Minghao , Yu Hongtao , Deng Lingling , Qi Guangqin , Wang Laiyuan , Han Sanyang , Hu Bo , Kang Qi , Liu Yuejiao , Yi Mingdong , Ma Yanwen , Yang Wenjing , Feng Jing , Liu Xiaogang , Sun Hongbo , Huang Wei
Published: January 2018

Current annealing method was used to eliminate the negative differential resistance and hysteresis in graphene OLEDs.
Site-selective growth of Ag nanocubes for sharpening their corners and edges, followed by elongation into nanobars through symmetry reduction
Authors: Zhou Shan , Mesina David S. , Organt Morgan A. , Yang Tung-Han , Yang Xuan , Huo Da , Zhao Ming , Xia Younan
Published: January 2018

We demonstrate the sharpening of truncated Ag nanocubes using site-selective growth, followed by their elongation into nanobars through symmetry reduction.
Bose–Einstein condensate haloes embedded in dark energy
Authors: Membrado M. , Pacheco A. F.
Published: January 2018

Context. We have studied clusters of self-gravitating collisionless Newtonian bosons in their ground state and in the presence of the cosmological constant to model dark haloes of dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxies.

Aims. We aim to analyse the influence of the cosmological constant on the structure of these systems. Observational data of Milky Way dSph galaxies allow us to estimate the boson mass.

Methods. We obtained the energy of the ground state of the cluster in the Hartree approximation by solving a variational problem in the particle density. We have also developed and applied the virial theorem. Dark halo models were tested in a sample of 19 galaxies. Galaxy radii, 3D deprojected half-light radii, mass enclosed within them, and luminosity-weighted averages of the square of line-of-sight velocity dispersions are used to estimate the particle mass.

Results. Cosmological constant repulsive effects are embedded in one parameter ξ. They are appreciable for ξ > 10−5. Bound structures appear for ξ ≤ ξc = 1.65 × 10−4, what imposes a lower bound for cluster masses as a function of the particle mass. In principle, these systems present tunnelling through a potential barrier; however, after estimating their mean lifes, we realize that their existence is not affected by the age of the Universe. When Milky Way dSph galaxies are used to test the model, we obtain 3.5−1.0+1.3 × 10−22 eV for the particle mass and a lower limit of 5.1−2.8+2.2 × 106 M⊙ for bound haloes.

Conclusions. Our estimation for the boson mass is in agreement with other recent results which use different methods. From our particle mass estimation, the treated dSph galaxies would present dark halo masses ~5–11 ×107 M⊙. With these values, they would not be affected by the cosmological constant (ξ < 10−8). However, dark halo masses smaller than 107 M⊙ (ξ > 10−5) would already feel their effects. Our model that includes dark energy allows us to deal with these dark haloes. Assuming quantities averaged in the sample of galaxies, 10−5 < ξ ≤ ξc dark haloes would contain stars up to ~8–15 kpc with luminosities ~9–4 ×103 L⊙. Then, their observation would be complicated. The comparison of our lower bound for dark halo masses with other bounds based on different arguments, leads us to think that the cosmological constant is actually the responsible of limiting the halo mass.
Emotion Recognition - the need for a complete analysis of the phenomenon of expression formation
Authors: Bobkowska Katarzyna , Przyborski Marek , Skorupka Dariusz
Published: January 2018

This article shows how complex emotions are. This has been proven by the analysis of the changes that occur on the face. The authors present the problem of image analysis for the purpose of identifying emotions. In addition, they point out the importance of recording the phenomenon of the development of emotions on the human face with the use of high-speed cameras, which allows the detection of micro expression. The work that was prepared for this article was based on analyzing the parallax pair correlation coefficients for specific faces. In the article authors proposed to divide the facial image into 8 characteristic segments. With this approach, it was confirmed that at different moments of emotion the pace of expression and the maximum change characteristic of a particular emotion, for each part of the face is different.
Ensuring energy security in ASEAN countries: Current trends and major challenges
Authors: Senderov Sergey , Vorobev Sergey
Published: January 2018

The paper discusses the issues of formation of future challenges to energy security of the ASEAN countries in the period up to 2035. The article gives examples of strategic threats to the energy security of Russia. The opportunities to meet future demand for primary energy for individual countries of ASEAN and the whole region are discussed.
Recent results at the ϕ-meson region from the CMD-3 detector at the VEPP-2000 collider
Authors: Ivanov Vyacheslav , Solodov Evgeny , Kozyrev Evgeny , Razuvaev Georgiy
Published: January 2018

This report is devoted to the recent results of the study of the processes e+e− → KSKL, K+K−, π+π−2π0, 2π+2π−, ηγ at the ϕ-meson region with the CMD-3 detector at the VEPP-2000 collider. From the combined analysis of KSKL and K+K− final states the ϕ-meson parameters were measured, and the obtained ratio of gϕK+K− and gϕKSKL couplings was found to be compatible with the isospin symmetry. From the analyzes of the π+π−2π0 and 2π+2π− final states the branching ratios ℬ(ϕ → π+π−2π0) and ℬ(ϕ → 2π+2π−) were determined.
Hand-Exoskelett – Endlich wieder greifen!
Authors: Soekadar Surjo R. , Nann Marius
Published: January 2018

Selbstständig Kartoff elchips essen oder eine Tasse Kaff ee trinken. Solche Aufgaben sind für Menschen mit Hand- und Fingerlähmungen oftmals eine riesige Hürde – oder ein unüberwindbares Problem. Ein internationales Forscherteam entwickelte ein neuralgesteuertes Hand-Exoskelett, welches Signale vom Gehirn überträgt und selbst feinste Fingerbewegungen ermöglicht.
Schritt für Schritt
Authors: Heinicke Isabell , Ballmann Francy , Trcek Irena
Published: January 2018

Entwicklung eines Behandlungspfads Das Delir ist ein lebensbedrohlicher Zustand, dessen Prävalenz bei beatmeten Patienten auf einer
Intensivstation bis zu 80 Prozent ausmachen kann. Die Folgen für die Patienten sind bedrohlich. Ist es möglich, durch die Anwendung eines
Behandlungspfades das Auftreten eines Delirs frühzeitig zu erkennen, um rechtzeitig Gegenmaßnahmen einleiten zu können?
Photoacoustic imaging beats the diffraction limit
Authors: Wilson R. Mark
Published: January 2018

A mathematical technique exploits the natural fluctuations in the light-induced ultrasound emitted by flowing red blood cells.
Quick-freezing alloy accelerates phase-change memory
Authors: Smart Ashley G.
Published: January 2018

The demonstration of subnanosecond bit-writing times clears a key hurdle for the next-generation computing candidate.
Attosecond measurements reach electronvolt precision
Authors: Miller Johanna L.
Published: January 2018

With a train of ultrashort light pulses, researchers disentangle energetically similar photoionization channels—and solve a seven-year-old puzzle.
Earth’s skin is an interdisciplinary laboratory
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: January 2018

In probing the life-supporting critical zone, researchers hope to protect it for future generations.
Consortium aims to accelerate drug discovery process
Authors: Kramer David
Published: January 2018

A public–private partnership may portend a trend toward computerized screening of compounds to develop personalized therapies.
The formation of the heaviest elements
Authors: Frebel Anna , Beers Timothy C.
Published: January 2018

The rapid neutron-capture process needed to build up many of the elements heavier than iron seems to take place primarily in neutron-star mergers, not supernova explosions.
Introductory physics labs: We can do better
Authors: Holmes Natasha G. , Wieman Carl E.
Published: January 2018

Research reveals that labs are more effective when their goal is to teach experimental practices rather than to reinforce classroom instruction.
Mary Somerville’s vision of science
Authors: Secord James
Published: January 2018

The Scottish mathematician and writer shaped the way we think about science and carved a place for herself in the intellectual world of the 19th century.
The dangerous allure of advanced AI
Authors: Keating Brian
Published: January 2018

Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence by Max Tegmark
A pedagogical master class on biological physics
Authors: Roth Brad
Published: January 2018

From Photon to Neuron: Light, Imaging, Vision by Philip Nelson
The standard model in 271 pages
Authors: Holstein Barry
Published: January 2018

Can the Laws of Physics Be Unified? by Paul Langacker
An intriguing take on complexity
Authors: Banavar Jayanth R.
Published: January 2018

Scale: The Universal Laws of Growth, Innovation, Sustainability, and the Pace of Life in Organisms, Cities, Economies, and Companies by Geoffrey West
Off to the right start: how pregnancy and early life can determine future animal health and production
Authors: Gatford K. L. , Roberts C. T. , Kind K. L. , Hynd P. I.
Published: January 2018

Animal producers are well aware that a low-birthweight animal is more likely to die in the first few days of life, and, if it survives, it is likely to perform poorly. We are now coming to appreciate that early life events can permanently change an animal’s developmental trajectory, also often referred to as developmental programming. This is an area of current interest in biomedicine, where the concept is known as the ‘developmental origins of health and disease’ (DOHaD). Current gaps in understanding include many of the underlying mechanisms, and whether and how we might intervene and restore the potential for healthy and productive development. This review introduces the biomedical perspective of developmental programming, reviews some of the evidence for long-term effects of early life exposures on welfare and productivity in animal production, with a focus on prenatal growth and maternal stress in pig production, and discusses options for intervening to improve long-term outcomes.
Corrigendum to: Paternal priming of maternal tissues to optimise pregnancy success
Authors: Bromfield John J. , Rizo Jason A. , Ibrahim Laila A.
Published: January 2018

The question of ‘how does the allogeneic fetus survive gestation in the face of the maternal immune system?' has yet to be definitively answered. Several acceptable mechanisms exist to facilitate survival of the semi-allogeneic fetus in various species; paramount is the immunological separation of maternal and fetal tissues during gestation. However, keen observation of the maternal immune system during pregnancy has noted maternal immune tolerance to paternal-specific antigens. A mechanism by which the maternal immune system tolerates specific paternal antigens expressed on the fetus would be far more beneficial than the previously proposed immune indolence that would leave the mother susceptible to infection. In species like human or rodent, implantation occurs days after fertilisation and, as such, the mechanisms to establish antigen-specific tolerance must be initiated very early during pregnancy. We and others propose that these mechanisms are initiated at the time of insemination when paternal antigens are first introduced to the maternal immune system. Indeed, a new paradigm demonstrating the importance of paternal–maternal communication at the time of insemination is becoming evident as it relates to maternal tolerance to fetal antigen and ultimately pregnancy success.
Blackberry farm management and economics.
Authors: Funt R. C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the decisions that are made by the farm owner (grower) or farm manager with regards to the allocation of available resources, such as land, labour, water and capital, in blackberry production. The fixed and variable costs and the potential returns on investment of blackberry farm management are also discussed.
Hypertension Control in Adults With CKD in China: Baseline Results From the Chinese Cohort Study of Chronic Kidney Disease (C-STRIDE)
Authors: Yan Zhe , Wang Yu , Li Shaomei , Wang Jinwei , Zhang Luxia , Tan Huibin , Li Sumin , Yang Lin , Pei Huaying , Zhang Liping , Wang Yan , Duan Jianzhao , Jiao Sumin , Zhao Minghui , Fu Shuxia ,   China National Survey of Chronic Kidney Disease Working Group
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND

Hypertension contributes to increased morbidity and mortality in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population. Studies on blood pressure control in CKD patients in China are limited. In this study, we aimed to describe the status of blood pressure control in Chinese CKD patients based on the first national prospective CKD cohort data.

METHODS

A subgroup of Chinese Cohort Study of Chronic Kidney Disease participants with hypertension at baseline was included in the present study. Uncontrolled blood pressure was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg. Defined daily doses (DDDs) are used as a standard measurement of drug utilization in this population. Factors associated with uncontrolled blood pressure were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS

There were 2,251 hypertensive CKD subjects among 2,873 predialysis CKD participants. The awareness, treatment, and control rates of hypertension were 80.7%, 95.6%, and 57.1%, respectively. Factors independently associated with uncontrolled blood pressure were overweight, obesity, albuminuria, decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and diabetes. Over 50% of study subjects were prescribed 2 or more antihypertensive medications and only 7% were prescribed diuretics. Uncontrolled hypertensive patients were prescribed less antihypertensive medication than controlled hypertensives (DDD 1.3 [1.0–2.3] vs. 2.0 [1.0–3.1], P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Hypertension control was suboptimal among hypertensive CKD patients in China, especially among those overweight or with obesity, albuminuria, lower eGFR, and diabetes. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension should undergo treatment regimen evaluation to select the appropriate dosage and type of antihypertensive medications.
Global rates of convergence for nonconvex optimization on manifolds
Authors: Boumal Nicolas , Absil P-A , Cartis Coralia
Published: January 2018

We consider the minimization of a cost function f on a manifold $\mathcal{M}$ using Riemannian gradient descent and Riemannian trust regions (RTR). We focus on satisfying necessary optimality conditions within a tolerance ε. Specifically, we show that, under Lipschitz-type assumptions on the pullbacks of f to the tangent spaces of $\mathcal{M}$, both of these algorithms produce points with Riemannian gradient smaller than ε in $\mathcal{O}\big(1/\varepsilon ^{2}\big)$ iterations. Furthermore, RTR returns a point where also the Riemannian Hessian’s least eigenvalue is larger than −ε in $\mathcal{O} \big(1/\varepsilon ^{3}\big)$ iterations. There are no assumptions on initialization. The rates match their (sharp) unconstrained counterparts as a function of the accuracy ε (up to constants) and hence are sharp in that sense. These are the first deterministic results for global rates of convergence to approximate first- and second-order Karush-Kuhn-Tucker points on manifolds. They apply in particular for optimization constrained to compact submanifolds of ${\mathbb{R}^{n}}$, under simpler assumptions.
Breaking the 3/2 Barrier for Unit Distances in Three Dimensions
Authors: Zahl Joshua
Published: January 2018

We prove that every set of n points in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ spans O(n295/197+ε) unit distances. This is an improvement over the previous bound of O(n3/2), which was a natural barrier for this problem. A key ingredient in the proof is a new result for cutting circles in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ into pseudo-segments.
Comparison of Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Screening in Average Risk Patients Performed by Nurses Versus Gastroenterologists
Authors: Makhzoum Anas , Louw Jacob , Paterson William G
Published: January 2018

Background

Screening sigmoidoscopy is effective in reducing mortality from colorectal cancer. In 2009, Cancer Care Ontario (CCO) launched a nurse-performed screening flexible sigmoidoscopy program at Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, Ontario. Prior to this program, there was a pilot sigmoidoscopy screening program by gastroenterologists in a similar average risk cohort.

Aim

To compare neoplasia detection rates and associated costs of screening sigmoidoscopy performed by nurses and gastroenterologists.

Method

A retrospective chart review was conducted on flexible sigmoidoscopies performed as part of two average risk screening programs performed by gastroenterologists and nurse-endoscopists. Detected polyps were categorized as hyperplastic, low-risk adenomas or high-risk adenomas. Average cost per procedure was estimated based on physician fee for service charges, nurse wage and benefits, physician supervisory fees, pathology costs and administrative expenses.

Results

There were 538 procedures performed by nurses and 174 by physicians. Adenomas were detected in 18% of nurse-performed procedures versus 9% in physician-performed procedures (p=0.003), with the higher adenoma detection rate restricted to low risk adenomas. One cancer was found in the physician group. Seven physicians performed the 174 sigmoidoscopies, with one physician performing the majority. This physician’s adenoma detection rate was 4.5%, whereas detection rate for the remaining physicians combined was 16.5%. Nurses biopsied more polyps per case (0.96 versus 0.18). Average estimated cost per case was greater for nurses ($387.54 versus $309.37).

Conclusion

Well-trained nurse-endoscopists can provide an effective service for colorectal cancer screening, but as currently structured in Ontario, the associated cost is higher for nurse-performed procedures.
Using science to conquer haze: an interview with Tong Zhu
Authors: Jia Hepeng
Published: January 2018

With a doctorate degree from the University of Wuppertal in Germany (1991), Tong Zhu is a Cheung Kong Chair Professor of Environmental Sciences at Peking University (PKU). He is a leading scientist in atmospheric pollution study and has been advising the Chinese government on controlling air pollution in the event of major international activities in China, including the 2008 Beijing Olympics. He served as a co-chair of the scientific steering committee of International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) and now is the chair of the Expert Panel of the National Natural Science Foundation of China's Major Research Program, ‘Fundamental researches on the formation and response mechanism of air pollution complex in China’. His research is focused on air pollution related chemical reactions, health effects of environmental pollution, megacity and regional air pollution control, and the air surface exchange and global biogeochemistry. To better understand the current status of the atmospheric pollution research in China and its contribution to air pollution control, the National Science Review made an exclusive interview with Prof. Zhu.
Cervical Radiculopathy: Effectiveness of Adding Traction to Physical Therapy—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Romeo Antonio , Vanti Carla , Boldrini Valerio , Ruggeri Martina , Guccione Andrew A , Pillastrini Paolo , Bertozzi Lucia
Published: January 2018

Background

Cervical radiculopathy (CR) is a common cervical spine disorder. Cervical traction (CT) is a frequently recommended treatment for patients with CR.

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to conduct a review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of CT combined with other physical therapy procedures versus physical therapy procedures alone on pain and disability.

Data Sources

Data were obtained from COCHRANE Controlled Trials Register, PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and PEDro, from their inception to July 2016.

Study Selection

All RCTs on symptomatic adults with CR, without any restriction regarding publication time or language, were considered.

Data Extraction

Two reviewers selected the studies, conducted the quality assessment, and extracted the results. Meta-analysis employed a random-effects model. The evidence was assessed using GRADE criteria.

Data Synthesis

Five studies met the inclusion criteria. Mechanical traction had a significant effect on pain at short- and intermediate-terms (g = –0.85 [95% CI = –1.63 to –0.06] and g = –1.17 [95% CI = –2.25 to –0.10], respectively) and significant effects on disability at intermediate term (g = –1.05; 95% CI = –1.81 to –0.28). Manual traction had significant effects on pain at short- term (g = –0.85; 95% CI = –1.39 to –0.30).

Limitations

The most important limitation of the present work is the lack of homogeneity in CR diagnostic criteria among the included studies.

Conclusions

In light of these results, the current literature lends some support to the use of the mechanical and manual traction for CR in addition to other physical therapy procedures for pain reduction, but yielding lesser effects on function/disability.
A High-Throughput Molecular Pipeline Reveals the Diversity in Prevalence and Abundance of Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne Species in Coffee Plantations
Authors: Bell Christopher A. , Atkinson Howard J. , Andrade Alan C. , Nguyen Hoa X. , Swibawa I. Gede , Lilley Catherine J. , McCarthy James , Urwin P. E.
Published: January 2018

Coffee yields are adversely affected by plant-parasitic nematodes and the pathogens are largely underreported because a simple and reliable identification method is not available. We describe a polymerase chain reaction-based approach to rapidly detect and quantify the major Pratylenchus and Meloidogyne nematode species that are capable of parasitizing coffee. The procedure was applied to soil samples obtained from a number of coffee farms in Brazil, Vietnam, and Indonesia to assess the prevalence of these species associated both with coffee (Coffea arabica and C. canephora) and its intercropped species Musa acuminata (banana) and Piper nigrum (black pepper). Pratylenchus coffeae and P. brachyurus were associated with coffee in all three countries but there were distinct profiles of Meloidogyne spp. Meloidogyne incognita, M. exigua, and M. paranaensis were identified in samples from Brazil and M. incognita and M. hapla were detected around the roots of coffee in Vietnam. No Meloidogyne spp. were detected in samples from Indonesia. There was a high abundance of Meloidogyne spp. in soil samples in which Pratylenchus spp. were low or not detected, suggesting that the success of one genus may deter another. Meloidogyne spp. in Vietnam and Pratylenchus spp. in Indonesia were more numerous around intercropped plants than in association with coffee. The data suggest a widespread but differential nematode problem associated with coffee production across the regions studied. The issue is compounded by the current choice of intercrops that support large nematode populations. Wider application of the approach would elucidate the true global scale of the nematode problem and the cost to coffee production.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .