bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(Asian Studies + Anthropocene)4
Authors: Elverskog Johan
Published: November 2014

In his Jungian-inspired utopianism, Joseph Campbell (1988, 32) once declared that the famous “Blue Marble” shot of earth from space (see figure 1) could potentially become a symbol of a new mythology that celebrated our common humanity. Of course, much as Jung and other universalizing theorists have been laid to rest over the last quarter-century by poststructural, postmodern, and postcolonial thought, so too apparently has any new mythology of our common humanity (much less its actualization). Nevertheless, one can certainly wonder whether Campbell would not have interpreted the Anthropocene as the perfect myth for forging a new vision of our shared humanity.
Prevalence of hepatitis E virus in slaughter-age pigs in Scotland
Authors: CROSSAN C. , GRIERSON S. , THOMSON J. , WARD A. , NUNEZ-GARCIA J. , BANKS M. , SCOBIE L.
Published: November 2014

The prevalence of anti-HEV isotype-specific antibodies and viraemia were investigated in serum samples collected from slaughter-age pigs (aged 22–24 weeks) from 23 farms in Scotland. Of 176 serum samples tested, 29·0% (n = 51) were anti-HEV IgG positive, 36·9% (n = 65) anti-HEV IgA positive and 29·0% (n = 51) anti-HEV IgM positive. Overall seroprevalence (anti-HEV IgG+ and/or IgA+ and/or IgM+) was 61·4% (n = 108). HEV RNA was detected in 72/162 serum samples (44·4%). Partial sequence of ORF2 (98 nt) was obtained from eight HEV RNA-positive samples and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that they were all of genotype 3. This is the first report on the prevalence of HEV in pigs in Scotland. Given the increasing incidence of locally acquired HEV infection in the UK, evidence that HEV is a foodborne zoonosis emphasizes the need for surveillance in pigs.
Gender-Related Perceptions and Stress, Anxiety, and Depression on the Flight Deck
Authors: Walton Robert O. , Michael Politano P.
Published: November 2014

This study explored gender-related perceptions among male and female pilots and the extent to which such perceptions may cause workplace stress, anxiety, or depression which may affect female pilots. This study utilized two measuring instruments on a sample that consisted of 83 pilots. The two measurement instruments used where the Aviation Gender Attitude Questionnaire (AGAQ) to measure gender bias and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) to measure stress, depression, and anxiety among female pilots. There was a significant difference found between men and women across all AGAQ factors. While the results of this study concurred with research that suggests that female pilots are at greater risk for negative perceptions and sexism by male pilots, the results did not indicate any greater degrees of depression, stress, or anxiety in women as compared with their male counterparts.
Asiana Airlines Flight 214
Authors: Chow Stephanie , Yortsos Stephen , Meshkati Najmedin
Published: November 2014

This article focuses on a major human factors–related issue that includes the undeniable role of cultural factors and cockpit automation and their serious impact on flight crew performance, communication, and aviation safety. The report concentrates on the flight crew performance of the Boeing 777–Asiana Airlines Flight 214 accident, by exploring issues concerning mode confusion and autothrottle systems. It also further reviews the vital role of cultural factors in aviation safety and provides a brief overview of past, related accidents. Automation progressions have been created in an attempt to design an error-free flight deck. However, to do that, the pilot must still thoroughly understand every component of the flight deck – most importantly, the automation. Otherwise, if pilots are not completely competent in terms of their automation, the slightest errors can lead to fatal accidents. As seen in the case of Asiana Flight 214, even though engineering designs and pilot training have greatly evolved over the years, there are many cultural, design, and communication factors that affect pilot performance. It is concluded that aviation systems designers, in cooperation with pilots and regulatory bodies, should lead the strategic effort of systematically addressing the serious issues of cockpit automation, human factors, and cultural issues, including their interactions, which will certainly lead to better solutions for safer flights.
Nuclear factor-kappaB sensitizes to benzyl isothiocyanate-induced antiproliferation in p53-deficient colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Abe N , Hou D-X , Munemasa S , Murata Y , Nakamura Y
Published: November 2014

Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a dietary isothiocyanate derived from cruciferous vegetables, inhibits the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells, most of which overexpress β-catenin as a result of mutations in the genes for adenomatous polyposis coli or mutations in β-catenin itself. Because nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a plausible target of BITC signaling in inflammatory cell models, we hypothesized that it is also involved in BITC-inhibited proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. siRNA-mediated knockdown of the NF-κB p65 subunit significantly decreased the BITC sensitivity of human colorectal cancer HT-29 cells with mutated p53 tumor suppressor protein. Treating HT-29 cells with BITC induced the phosphorylation of IκB kinase, IκB-α and p65, the degradation of IκB-α, the translocation of p65 to the nucleus and the upregulation of NF-κB transcriptional activity. BITC also decreased β-catenin binding to a positive cis element of the cyclin D1 promoter and thus inhibited β-catenin-dependent cyclin D1 transcription, possibly through a direct interaction between p65 and β-catenin. siRNA-mediated knockdown of p65 confirmed that p65 negatively affects cyclin D1 expression. On the other hand, when human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells with wild-type p53 were treated with BITC, translocation of p65 to the nucleus was inhibited rather than enhanced. p53 knockout increased the BITC sensitivity of HCT-116 cells in a p65-dependent manner, suggesting that p53 negatively regulates p65-dependent effects. Together, these results identify BITC as a novel type of antiproliferative agent that regulates the NF-κB pathway in p53-deficient colorectal cancer cells.
A general strategy for developing cell-permeable photo-modulatable organic fluorescent probes for live-cell super-resolution imaging
Authors: Pan Deng , Hu Zhe , Qiu Fengwu , Huang Zhen-Li , Ma Yilong , Wang Yina , Qin Lingsong , Zhang Zhihong , Zeng Shaoqun , Zhang Yu-Hui
Published: November 2014

Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) achieves super-resolution imaging beyond the diffraction limit but critically relies on the use of photo-modulatable fluorescent probes. Here we report a general strategy for constructing cell-permeable photo-modulatable organic fluorescent probes for live-cell SMLM by exploiting the remarkable cytosolic delivery ability of a cell-penetrating peptide (rR)3R2. We develop photo-modulatable organic fluorescent probes consisting of a (rR)3R2 peptide coupled to a cell-impermeable organic fluorophore and a recognition unit. Our results indicate that these organic probes are not only cell permeable but can also specifically and directly label endogenous targeted proteins. Using the probes, we obtain super-resolution images of lysosomes and endogenous F-actin under physiological conditions. We resolve the dynamics of F-actin with 10 s temporal resolution in live cells and discern fine F-actin structures with diameters of ~80 nm. These results open up new avenues in the design of fluorescent probes for live-cell super-resolution imaging.
Assessing the discrimination potential of linear and non-linear supervised chemometric methods on a filamentous fungi FTIR spectral database
Authors: Gaydou V. , Lecellier A. , Toubas D. , Mounier J. , Castrec L. , Barbier G. , Ablain W. , Manfait M. , Sockalingum G. D.
Published: November 2014

This study proposes a comparative investigation of different linear and non-linear chemometric methods applied to the same database of infrared spectra for filamentous fungi discrimination and identification.
Pd-Catalyzed direct C–H functionalization of imidazolones with aryl- and alkenyl halides
Authors: Muselli Mickaël , Baudequin Christine , Hoarau Christophe , Bischoff Laurent
Published: November 2014

Direct C–H arylation and alkenylation of 4,4′-dialkylimidazolones with a broad range of halides under palladium and copper catalysis have been developed.
Multiple turnovers of DNAzyme for amplified detection of ATP and reduced thiol in cell homogenates
Authors: Guo Yingshu , liu Jia , Yang Guangxu , Sun Xiaofeng , Chen Hong-Yuan , Xu Jing-Juan
Published: November 2014

Multiple turnovers of DNAzyme for amplified fluorescent detection of ATP and GSH were reported.
[RuV(NCN-Me)(bpy)(O)]3+ Mediates efficient C–H bond oxidation from NADH analogs in aqueous media rather than water oxidation
Authors: Patel Jully , Majee Karunamay , Ahmạd Ejaz , Tanaka Koji , Padhi Sumanta Kumar
Published: November 2014

The [RuVO]3+ and [RuVIO]4+ generated from [RuII(NCN-Me)(bpy)(H2O)](PF6)2 play the selective role in C–H bond oxidation of 2-(pyridin-2-yl)-9,10-dihydroacridine (PADHH) and water splitting, respectively, are reported.
The first example of a zirconium-oxide based metal–organic framework constructed from monocarboxylate ligands
Authors: Liang Weibin , Babarao Ravichandar , Murphy Michael J. , D'Alessandro Deanna M.
Published: November 2014

This work reports the first example of a Zr-based MOF which is exclusively constructed from the monocarboxylate ligand formate.
Research highlights: digital assays on chip
Authors: Kim Donghyuk , Wei Qingshan , Kong Janay Elise , Ozcan Aydogan , Di Carlo Dino
Published: November 2014

Digital measurement with a high dynamic range – Are digital nucleic acid assays more robust? – Digital measurement of membrane transporter proteins.
ZnS nanoparticles as an efficient recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for one-pot synthesis of 4-substituted-1,5-benzodiazepines
Authors: Naeimi Hossein , Foroughi Hossein
Published: November 2014

An efficient and novel method was developed for the synthesis of 4-substituted-1,5-benzodiazepine derivativesviaa one-pot three-component catalytic reaction.
Origin of electrochemical activity in nano-Li2MnO3; stabilization via a ‘point defect scaffold’
Authors: Sayle Thi X. T. , Caddeo Francesco , Monama Nkwe O. , Kgatwane Kenneth M. , Ngoepe Phuti E. , Sayle Dean C.
Published: November 2014

Defect Scaffold holds open the tunnels in which the Li ions reside in nano-Li2MnO3enabling extraction of Li during charging without structural collapse.
Contributions of pocket depth and electrostatic interactions to affinity and selectivity of receptors for methylated lysine in water
Authors: E. Beaver Joshua , C. Peacor Brendan , V. Bain Julianne , James Lindsey I. , L. Waters Marcey
Published: November 2014

Investigation of charge and pocket depth in a series of receptors led to improved affinity and selectivity for trimethyllysine.
Catalytic acetoxylation of lactic acid to 2-acetoxypropionic acid, en route to acrylic acid
Authors: Beerthuis Rolf , Granollers Marta , Brown D. Robert , Salavagione Horacio J. , Rothenberg Gadi , Shiju N. Raveendran
Published: November 2014

We present an alternative synthetic route to acrylic acid, starting from the platform chemical lactic acid and using heterogeneous catalysis.
Is there a universal reaction mechanism of Li insertion into oxidic spinels: a case study using MgFe2O4
Authors: Permien Stefan , Indris Sylvio , Scheuermann Marco , Schürmann Ulrich , Mereacre Valeriu , Powell Annie K. , Kienle Lorenz , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: November 2014

A detailed study of Li insertion into MgFe2O4 reveals different mechanisms as a function of crystallite size.
Conformal and highly adsorptive metal–organic framework thin films via layer-by-layer growth on ALD-coated fiber mats
Authors: Zhao Junjie , Gong Bo , Nunn William T. , Lemaire Paul C. , Stevens Eric C. , Sidi Fahim I. , Williams Philip S. , Oldham Christopher J. , Walls Howard J. , Shepherd Sarah D. , Browe Matthew A. , Peterson Gregory W. , Losego Mark D. , Parsons Gregory N.
Published: November 2014

Fiber@ALD@MOF structures fabricated via ALD and layer-by-layer MOF synthesis show good conformality and high adsorption capacity.
Atoms confined by very thin layers
Authors: Tušek Matěj
Published: November 2014

The Hamiltonian of an atom with N electrons and a fixed nucleus of infinite mass between two parallel planes is considered in the limit when the distance a between the planes tends to zero. We show that this Hamiltonian converges in the norm resolvent sense to a Schrödinger operator acting effectively in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$L^{2}(\mathbb {R}^{2N})$\end{document}L2(R2N) whose potential part depends on a. Moreover, we prove that after an appropriate regularization this Schrödinger operator tends, again in the norm resolvent sense, to the Hamiltonian of a two-dimensional atom (with the three-dimensional Coulomb potential-one over distance) as a → 0. This makes possible to locate the discrete spectrum of the full Hamiltonian once we know the spectrum of the latter one. Our results also provide a mathematical justification for the interest in the two-dimensional atoms with the three-dimensional Coulomb potential.
Transverse coupling property of beam from ECR ion sources
Authors: Yang Y. , Yuan Y. J. , Sun L. T. , Feng Y. C. , Fang X. , Cao Y. , Lu W. , Zhang X. Z. , Zhao H. W.
Published: November 2014

Experimental evidence of the property of transverse coupling of beam from Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source is presented. It is especially of interest for an ECR ion source, where the cross section of extracted beam is not round along transport path due to the magnetic confinement configuration. When the ions are extracted and accelerated through the descending axial magnetic field at the extraction region, the horizontal and vertical phase space strongly coupled. In this study, the coupling configuration between the transverse phase spaces of the beam from ECR ion source is achieved by beam back-tracking simulation based on the measurements. The reasonability of this coupling configuration has been proven by a series of subsequent simulations.
Molecular dynamics of wetting layer formation and forced water invasion in angular nanopores with mixed wettability
Authors: Sedghi Mohammad , Piri Mohammad , Goual Lamia
Published: November 2014

The depletion of conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs has prompted the oil and gas industry to search for unconventional resources such as shale gas/oil reservoirs. In shale rocks, considerable amounts of hydrocarbon reside in nanoscale pore spaces. As a result, understanding the multiphase flow of wetting and non-wetting phases in nanopores is important to improve oil and gas recovery from these formations. This study was designed to investigate the threshold capillary pressure of oil and water displacements in a capillary dominated regime inside nanoscale pores using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations. The pores have the same cross-sectional area and volume but different cross-sectional shapes. Oil and water particles were represented with a coarse grained model and the NEMD simulations were conducted by assigning external pressure on an impermeable piston. Threshold capillary pressures were determined for the drainage process (water replaced by oil) in different pores. The molecular dynamics results are in close agreements with calculations using the Mayer-Stowe-Princen (MS-P) method which has been developed on the premise of energy balance in thermodynamic equilibrium. After the drainage simulations, a change in wall particles’ wettability from water-wet to oil-wet was implemented based on the final configuration of oil and water inside the pore. Waterflooding simulations were then carried out at the threshold capillary pressure. The results show that the oil layer formed between water in the corner and in the center of the pore is not stable and collapses as the simulation continues. This is in line with the predictions from the MS-P method.
Wall loss of atomic nitrogen determined by ionization threshold mass spectrometry
Authors: Sode M. , Schwarz-Selinger T. , Jacob W. , Kersten H.
Published: November 2014

In the afterglow of an inductively coupled N2 plasma, relative N atom densities are measured by ionization threshold mass spectrometry as a function of time in order to determine the wall loss time twN from the exponential decay curves. The procedure is performed with two mass spectrometers on different positions in the plasma chamber. twN is determined for various pressures, i.e., for 3.0, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 Pa. For this conditions also the internal plasma parameters electron density ne and electron temperature Te are determined with the Langmuir probe and the rotational temperature TrotN2 of N2 is determined with the optical emission spectroscopy. For TrotN2, a procedure is presented to evaluate the spectrum of the transition υ′=0→υ″=2 of the second positive system (C3Πu→B3Πg) of N2. With this method, a gas temperature of 610 K is determined. For both mass spectrometers, an increase of the wall loss times of atomic nitrogen with increasing pressure is observed. The wall loss time measured with the first mass spectrometer in the radial center of the cylindrical plasma vessel increases linearly from 0.31 ms for 3 Pa to 0.82 ms for 10 Pa. The wall loss time measured with the second mass spectrometer (further away from the discharge) is about 4 times higher. A model is applied to describe the measured twN. The main loss mechanism of atomic nitrogen for the considered pressure is diffusion to the wall. The surface loss probability βN of atomic nitrogen on stainless steel was derived from twN and is found to be 1 for the present conditions. The difference in wall loss times measured with the mass spectrometers on different positions in the plasma chamber is attributed to the different diffusion lengths.
Multistage reaction pathways in detonating high explosives
Authors: Li Ying , Kalia Rajiv K. , Nakano Aiichiro , Nomura Ken-ichi , Vashishta Priya
Published: November 2014

Atomistic mechanisms underlying the reaction time and intermediate reaction products of detonating high explosives far from equilibrium have been elusive. This is because detonation is one of the hardest multiscale physics problems, in which diverse length and time scales play important roles. Here, large spatiotemporal-scale reactive molecular dynamics simulations validated by quantum molecular dynamics simulations reveal a two-stage reaction mechanism during the detonation of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine crystal. Rapid production of N2 and H2O within ∼10 ps is followed by delayed production of CO molecules beyond ns. We found that further decomposition towards the final products is inhibited by the formation of large metastable carbon- and oxygen-rich clusters with fractal geometry. In addition, we found distinct unimolecular and intermolecular reaction pathways, respectively, for the rapid N2 and H2O productions.
Ferromagnetic resonance in soft-magnetic metallic glass nanowire and microwire
Authors: Nakayama Koji S. , Chiba Tomoaki , Tsukimoto Susumu , Yokoyama Yoshihiko , Shima Toshiyuki , Yabukami Shin
Published: November 2014

We report the magneto-impedance measurements in soft-magnetic Co36Fe36B19Si5Nb4 metallic glass nano/micro wires produced by gas atomization. The wire impedance varies with external magnetic fields and the impedance peak position depends on the frequency, indicating ferromagnetic resonance. The postulation of anisotropy directions in ferromagnetic resonance allows to the determination of magnetic anisotropies in the wire. By decreasing the wire diameter, the reduction of magnetic anisotropy is observed.
People search for meaning when they approach a new decade in chronological age
Authors: Alter Adam L. , Hershfield Hal E.
Published: November 2014

Significance

This paper is the first to demonstrate, to our knowledge, that people audit the meaningfulness of their lives as they approach a new decade in chronological age, further suggesting that people across dozens of countries and cultures are prone to making significant decisions as they approach each new decade. The paper has broad implications for interdisciplinary science, because it demonstrates a striking pattern in human behavior that bears on, among others, the disciplines of psychology, medicine, sociology, economics, and anthropology.
NanoFlares for the detection, isolation, and culture of live tumor cells from human blood
Authors: Halo Tiffany L. , McMahon Kaylin M. , Angeloni Nicholas L. , Xu Yilin , Wang Wei , Chinen Alyssa B. , Malin Dmitry , Strekalova Elena , Cryns Vincent L. , Cheng Chonghui , Mirkin Chad A. , Thaxton C. Shad
Published: November 2014

Significance

To our knowledge, as the first genetic-based approach for the simultaneous isolation and intracellular genetic analysis of live circulating tumor cells, NanoFlares provide opportunities for invasive cancer study, diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized therapy.
Structure of the meningococcal vaccine antigen NadA and epitope mapping of a bactericidal antibody
Authors: Malito Enrico , Biancucci Marco , Faleri Agnese , Ferlenghi Ilaria , Scarselli Maria , Maruggi Giulietta , Lo Surdo Paola , Veggi Daniele , Liguori Alessia , Santini Laura , Bertoldi Isabella , Petracca Roberto , Marchi Sara , Romagnoli Giacomo , Cartocci Elena , Vercellino Irene , Savino Silvana , Spraggon Glen , Norais Nathalie , Pizza Mariagrazia , Rappuoli Rino , Masignani Vega , Bottomley Matthew James
Published: November 2014

Significance

Serogroup B meningococcus (MenB) causes severe sepsis and invasive meningococcal disease, particularly affecting young children and adolescents. The genome-derived vaccine 4CMenB that targets MenB, has now been approved in over 30 countries worldwide. Here we report the crystal structure of the trimeric autotransporter Neisserial adhesin A (NadA), one of the three protein antigens included in 4CMenB, and the epitope mapping of a bactericidal mAb monoclonal antibody that targets the functional head domain of NadA. These results provide important insights into the structure and vaccine-induced immune response of this meningococcal antigen and may inform the engineering of improved immunogens by structure-based design.
Re-examining a modern classic: does Putnam's Making Democracy Work suffer from spuriousness?
Authors: Barceló Joan
Published: November 2014

What makes democratic institutions work efficiently? Robert Putnam argued in Making Democracy Work that a mixture of political participation and immersion in associative and social networks in the community, conceptualised as ‘civic community’ or ‘social capital’, is the explanation. Ever since its publication, many questions have arisen about the validity of Putnam's theory. Among the most relevant concerns stands the influence of the Italian Communist Party on Putnam's empirical tests. This paper aims to fill the gap left in the literature by testing Putnam's hypothesis against the political party in the regional government and the PCI's electoral support. Supporting Putnam, this paper finds that variations in the quality of democratic governments in Italy's regions are a function of civic community even after adjusting for the presence of the Italian Communist Party.
Towards a Better Global Economy Project
Authors: Behrman Jere R. , Fardoust Shahrokh
Published: November 2014

The slowdown in global economic growth and significant increases in income inequality within many developed and developing countries raise serious concerns about the continuation of these trends in the twenty-first century. This chapter overviews the factors that are most likely to facilitate the process of beneficial economic growth in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. It examines past, present, and future economic growth; demographic and human resource changes; the globalization of trade; the effect of finance on growth; climate change and resource depletion; and the sense of global citizenship and the need for global governance in order to draw longer-term implications, identify policy options for improving the lives of average citizens around the world, and make the case for the need to confront new challenges with truly global policy responses. The chapters are intended to stimulate public interest and facilitate the exchange of ideas and policy dialogue.
Population Quantity, Quality, and Mobility
Authors: Behrman Jere R. , Kohler Hans-Peter
Published: November 2014

Recent unprecedented changes in the quantity, quality, and mobility of the population will continue to affect the world throughout this century, with important differences among countries, depending on their stage of demographic transition and level of economic development. The world population will grow at much lower rates than in the past half-century-with some population increases-as a result of remaining high fertility in some low-income countries and population momentum in many other countries that reflects the large number of women of childbearing age. The decline in the population growth rate and the substantial increase in the quality of the population, as reflected in health and education, lay the foundation for ongoing improvement in population quality. Ensuring that changes benefit average citizens requires enhancing the freedom to move, internally and internationally; strengthening the early foundations for life; supporting aging with dignity and equity; and improving incentives for social service delivery.
Global Markets, Global Citizens, and Global Governance in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Birdsall Nancy , Meyer Christian , Sowa Alexis
Published: November 2014

The politics, rules, and institutions of cooperation among nations have not kept up with the demands from global citizens for changes in the global political order. Whether norms and policies can make the global politics of managing the global economy more effective, more legitimate, and more responsive to the needs of the bottom half of the world’s population, for whom life remains harsh, remains to be seen. There is some cause for optimism, however: citizens everywhere are becoming more aware of and active in seeking changes in the global norms and rules that could make the global system and the global economy fairer-in processes if not outcomes-and less environmentally harmful.
Edges in Syntax
Authors: Ko Heejeong
Published: November 2014

This book provides a discussion concerning cyclic syntax by examining the characteristics of syntactic edges and their interactions with linearization and movement. In particular, it contributes to the current debate over how cyclic Spell-out affects the (re)ordering of elements in scrambling. The chapter develops a proposal that accounts for certain peculiarities associated with syntactic edges by exploring three major factors in cyclic syntax. Specifically, it shows that the probe-goal theory of movement restricts certain types of movement out of edges—namely that, (sub-)extraction from an inner edge to an outer edge of the same head is impossible. The book argues that this ordering restriction for syntactic edges is preserved in the subsequent stages of derivation due to cyclic Spell-out and linearization at the interface. Furthermore, it proposes that the edges of a predicational structure in general show the same ordering restrictions, which can be best captured under the thesis that a predicational unit undergoes cyclic Spell-out. Evidence for the book's proposal is drawn from sub-extraction and (re)ordering patterns out of edges in various types of predicational domain. A wide range of scrambling data in Korean and Japanese (with some reference to Russian) are explained by the current proposal. In particular, the consequences of cyclic Spell-out for (sub-)scrambling, types of quantifier floating, predicate fronting, types of argument structure, and secondary predicates are examined in this book.
Edges in cyclic syntax
Authors: Ko Heejeong
Published: November 2014

Chapter 1 argues for three major hypotheses concerning cyclic syntax. First, it argues that syntactic structures undergo cyclic Spell-out at the PF–syntax interface, and that as a result of cyclic Spell-out, syntactic units are cyclically linearized. Second, it argues for the thesis that predicational structures as a whole undergo cyclic Spell-out and linearization. Third, it defends the claim that movement in language is constrained by the probe-goal system. This chapter, shows that various types of ordering restriction are predicted from the conspiracy of these hypotheses. In particular, it propose that the ridigity of syntactic edges follows from the interactions between locality conditions in movement and the monotonicity of linearization. This chapter presents overall proposals concerning sub-extraction and multiple movement that are defended in this book.
Edges of adjunct and secondary predication
Authors: Ko Heejeong
Published: November 2014

Chapter 5 explores interactions between types of predication and ordering patterns at syntactic edges. First, it argues that scrambling within a resultative predication is impossible owing to the interaction between anti-locality and cyclic Spell-out. On the basis of this proposal, it explains why certain types of resultative disallow predicate fronting or quantifier stranding. The chapter also considers order-preservation effects in depictive domains. It argues that depictives are merged as an adjunct to a verbal projection, and that a null subject must be postulated within depictive phrases. This explains otherwise surprising contrasts between resultatives and depictives in terms of (re)ordering and scrambling. The chapter proposes that small clauses within a decomposed VP undergo linearization, and this claim explains why the semantic ambiguity of ‘again’ is correlated with certain types of ordering at syntactic edges. The chapter's proposal is also extended to ditransitive verb constructions, with some consequences for the position of applicative arguments.
Foundations of the Legislative Panopticon
Authors: Binder Guyora
Published: November 2014

Bentham contributed to the development not only of moral philosophy, jurisprudence, and policy analysis, but also criminal law. This chapter interprets his concepts of law and policy as explicated in his best known work, as foundations for his views on criminal law. These foundational concepts explain his view that criminal law should be expressed in a code consisting of offenses defined by reference to legally protected interests and culpable expectations of injury to those interests. In making this argument, the chapter explores Bentham’s analogy of legislation to architecture and of the utility principle to the foundation of a building.
The Contraction of Crime in Hegel’s Rechtsphilosophie
Authors: Brudner Alan
Published: November 2014

This chapter presents Hegel’s account of crime and punishment as an uncompromising version of the kind of criminal law appropriate for autonomous agents. Specifically, it reads Hegel as purifying the category of crime of all reference to human threats and as purifying the idea of punishment of all reference to the management of such threats. The consequence of this refinement, the author argues, is both a radical contraction of crime as a legal category and a largely symbolic role for punishment. As the idea of crime acquires analytical precision, it recedes to a corner of wrongdoing much narrower than the one it occupies in Anglo-American law. Correspondingly, punishment assumes an expressive function far more modest than the militantly prophylactic one assigned to it by existing legal systems. The upshot is a categorical separation (contrasting with the contemporary conflation) of criminal justice and criminal policy, the former defining the bounds within which the latter may operate.
Radbruch on the Origins of the Criminal Law
Authors: Hildebrandt Mireille
Published: November 2014

This chapter is dedicated to Radbruch’s seminal text on “The Origin of Criminal Law in the Class of Serfs.” It contains a number of counter intuitive insights on the relationship between public punishment and private revenge, derived from the domains of legal history and anthropological research in non-state societies. Radbruch’s aim was not to provide a historiography of punitive interventions in tribal Germanic society, but to remind his readers of the constitutive importance of sovereignty for the emergence of criminal law. This relates to Radbruch’s concern for legal certainty, and explains his inquiries into the continuity and discontinuities between the pater familias of the Germanic clan and the institution of the sovereign. My own investigations could similarly be understood as a kind of “historical jurisprudence,” highlighting the significance of the mutation that occurred when punitive interventions between equals (private revenge) were prohibited and became themselves punishable as criminal offences.
Criminal Law as an Efficiency-Enhancing Device
Authors: Harel Alon
Published: November 2014

This chapter explores the contributions of Gary Becker to criminal law and points out its limitations. In Becker’s view, crime ought to be understood as a rational behavior on the part of criminals which is triggered by calculating costs and benefits. Criminal law is a method for crime control; it is a service provided by the government and its provision ought to be efficient. Efficiency dictates that criminal law and criminal law enforcement policy ought to minimize the social costs of crime. The chapter explores the intellectual development of the economic paradigm represented by Becker, presents his main claims, and, last, examines some of the critiques directed against it. The chapter concludes by identifying the reasons for the failure of the economic approach to criminal law to influence the doctrine of criminal law. It establishes that some of the economic premises conflict sharply with the traditional ethos of criminal law.
Nils Christie
Authors: Halvorsen Vidar
Published: November 2014

Nils Christie’s modern classic, “Conflicts as Property,” is a foundational document for the restorative justice and “community empowerment” movements, both as a normative critique of expert power and as a sketch of alternatives to traditional criminal justice practices. Although Christie’s article has mainly been interpreted with a view to its ideological and practical implications for modern criminal justice systems, this chapter takes his critical remarks on criminology and its dubious consequences as an invitation to reflect on the philosophical preconditions of criminology as a social science, its relation to—and contested conception of—its object field, and the possible consequences of criminological research for criminal justice politics. Because a kind of radical anti-essentialism about the nature of crime might be said to lurk in the background of “Conflicts as Property,” the chapter situates Christie’s distinct position in contemporary debates about social constructionism.
Indefinites in the scope of negation
Authors: Breitbarth Anne
Published: November 2014

This chapter studies the patterns of interaction between negation markers and indefinites, and diachronic changes affecting this interaction. The chapter demonstrates that Old Low German in particular represents a type of interaction that has hardly been noticed so far in the literature, viz. the fact that there can be languages such as Old Low German with a negative head, but without negative concord. Negative concord is shown to only develop during the Old Low German period. It is furthermore argued that ‘negative concord’ (i.e. the multiple expression of negation with single semantic negation) should only refer to standard negators. This implies that Middle Low German had no negative doubling. The present chapter statistically analyses the language-internal and language-external factors influencing (a) the variation in the use of n-marked indefinites in the Heliand and (b) the language-internal and language-external factors influencing the loss of ‘ne/en’ in Middle Low German.
Conclusion
Authors: Breitbarth Anne
Published: November 2014

This chapter summarises the empirical and theoretical findings of the book and points out their wider significance. The main developments regarding the expression of negation in historical Low German are the grammaticalization of a new negator from a negative indefinite (niouuiht > nicht) (Jespersen’s Cycle), the loss of the original negator ne/en (and its exaptation in exceptive clauses as a C-element), and the changing interaction between the expression of sentential negation and indefinites in its scope (negative concord). The wider significance of the book lies in it being the first large-scale diachronic study of the development of negation in historical Low German, both empirically and theoretically. On the theoretical level, a novel proposal was made to treat the development of negative markers in terms of third-factor principles. The grammaticalization stages of negative markers are characterized by different internal structure affecting their external syntax, combined with a Minimalist feature system.
Bronze Age Origins
Authors: Redmond Geoffrey , Hon Tze-ki
Published: November 2014

The Yijing shares with the Hebrew Old Testament and the Indian Vedas the distinction of being one of the three oldest books in continuous use. The texts in the early portion consist of a variety of elements such as omens, doggerel verse, and prognostic phrases. The texts were selected by means of the hexagrams, the famous six-line diagrams, which also came to play a role in interpretation. The historical background regarding early Zhou civilization that is needed to understand the various textual elements is provided in this chapter. The events of the Shang-to-Zhou transition, though not directly referred to in the Western Zhou text, later became central to its interpretation. This chapter will also describe several examples of Yijing divination as recorded in the Zuozhuan, a history of the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BCE). These anecdotes are of great interest in giving instances of use and interpretation of the Changes in early China. In the Zuozhuan, we can see that onto the bare prognostications of the early Western Zhou text, moral significance has been superimposed, a process sometimes referred to as Confucianization.
Ancient Meanings Reconstructed
Authors: Redmond Geoffrey , Hon Tze-ki
Published: November 2014

The extant Chinese commentaries on the Yijing are at least 500 years later than the original early Western Zhou layer. Thus the standard, or received, readings and interpretations were created long after the Zhouyi itself. Research beginning in China in the 1920s by Gu Jiegang and others in the Doubting Antiquity Movement proposed meanings for many of the words in the early Western Zhou layer that differed considerably from the received ones. Analogous to critical biblical scholarship, this “modernist” approach to the Yijing, also referred to as “context criticism,” was used to reconstruct the ancient meanings and provide fresh insights into Bronze Age thought. Some examples of meaning shifts include the opening phrase, yuan heng li zhen. In the received interpretation this was a list of virtues: “sublimity, success, fitness, perseverance” (English translations vary). But in the Western Zhou this was an invocation, meaning something like, “Begin the offering, it is beneficial to divine.” Another example, a particularly surprising one, is the term fu, traditionally generally translated as “trust” but originally meaning “captives.” In context, the captives are usually being held for human sacrifice. Critical philology thus has proposed a radically revised understanding of the ancient text. This, however, does not supplant the received interpretation because it was the latter that was influential in the Warring States and later.
Spread Potential of Binucleate Rhizoctonia from Nursery Propagation Floors to Trays Containing Azalea Stem Cuttings and Sanitary Control Options
Authors: Copes Warren E.
Published: November 2014

Binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. (BNR), the cause of web blight, can be spread on azalea stem cuttings into propagation houses, but also can be eliminated from stems by submerging cuttings in 50°C water for 21 min. The overall objective was to evaluate risk of stem cuttings in trays becoming contaminated from inoculum on polypropylene fabric and gravel floors of propagation houses by evaluating four spread aspects in separate experiments. In experiment one, BNR was recovered from 1 to 50% samples from floor areas. In experiment two, BNR survival was higher under 70% shade than full sun, with the presence of organic media than its absence, and on gravel than on fabric. In experiment three in both years, BNR was never recovered from peat in trays beside or on colonized floor materials. In experiment four, disinfestants greatly reduced BNR on ground fabric and significantly on gravel. Results show BNR persists in propagation houses, yet spread into propagation trays is very low. Results imply the importance of cleaning floor surfaces of organic matter. Disinfestants further reduce propagule survival, but may not completely eliminate BNR, especially on gravel.
Brassica Seed Meal Soil Amendments Transform the Rhizosphere Microbiome and Improve Apple Production Through Resistance to Pathogen Reinfestation
Authors: Mazzola Mark , Hewavitharana Shashika S. , Strauss Sarah L.
Published: November 2014

Brassicaceae seed meal (SM) formulations were compared with preplant 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin (Telone-C17) soil fumigation for the ability to control apple replant disease and to suppress pathogen or parasite reinfestation of organic orchard soils at two sites in Washington State. Preplant soil fumigation and an SM formulation consisting of either Brassica juncea–Sinapis alba or B. juncea–B. napus each provided similar levels of disease control during the initial growing season. Although tree growth was similar in fumigated and SM-amended soil during the initial growing season, tree performance in terms of growth and yield was commonly superior in B. juncea–S. alba SM-amended soil relative to that in fumigated soil at the end of four growing seasons. SM-amended soils were resistant to reinfestation by Pratylenchus penetrans and Pythium spp. relative to fumigated soils and corresponded with enhanced tree performance. Phytotoxic symptoms were observed in response to SM amendment at one of two orchard sites, were dependent upon season of application, and occurred in an SM formulation-specific manner. After 2 years, the rhizosphere microbiome in fumigated soils had reverted to one that was indistinguishable from the no-treatment control. In contrast, rhizosphere soils from the SM treatment possessed unique bacterial and fungal profiles, including specific microbial elements previously associated with suppression of plant-pathogenic fungi, oomycetes, and nematodes. Overall diversity of the microbiome was reduced in the SM treatment rhizosphere, suggesting that enhanced “biodiversity” was not instrumental in achieving system resistance or pathogen suppression.
Exotic invaders gain foraging benefits by shoaling with native fish
Authors: Camacho-Cervantes Morelia , Garcia Constantino Macías , Ojanguren Alfredo F. , Magurran Anne E.
Published: November 2014

Freshwater habitats are under increasing threat due to invasions of exotic fish. These invasions typically begin with the introduction of small numbers of individuals unfamiliar with the new habitat. One way in which the invaders might overcome this disadvantage is by associating with native taxa occupying a similar ecological niche. Here we used guppies (Poecilia reticulata) from a feral population in Mexico to test the prediction that exotic shoaling fish can associate with heterospecifics, and that they improve their foraging efficiency by doing so. Guppies have invaded the Mexican High Plateau and are implicated in the declines of many native topminnow (Goodeinae) species. We show that heterospecific associations between guppies and topminnows can deliver the same foraging benefits as conspecific shoals, and that variation in foraging gains is linked to differences in association tendency. These results uncover a mechanism enabling founding individuals to survive during the most vulnerable phase of an invasion and help explain why guppies have established viable populations in many parts of Mexico as well in every continent except Antarctica.
Comparative osteohistology ofHesperorniswith reference to pygoscelid penguins: the effects of climate and behaviour on avian bone microstructure
Authors: Wilson Laura E. , Chin Karen
Published: November 2014

The broad biogeographic distribution ofHesperornisfossils in Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway deposits has prompted questions about whether they endured polar winters or migrated between mid- and high latitudes. Here, we compare microstructures of hesperornithiform long bones from Kansas and the Arctic to investigate whether migration or Late Cretaceous polar climate affected bone growth. We also examine modern penguin bones to determine how migration and climate may influence bone growth in birds with known behaviours. Histological analysis of hesperornithiform samples reveals continuous bone deposition throughout the cortex, plus an outer circumferential layer in adults. No cyclic growth marks, zonation or differences in vasculature are apparent in theHesperornisspecimens. Comparatively, migratory Adélie and chinstrap penguin bones show no zonation or changes in microstructure, suggesting that migration is not necessarily recorded in avian bone microstructure. Non-migratory gentoos show evidence of rapid bone growth possibly associated with increased chick growth rates in high-latitude populations and large body size. The absence of histological evidence for migration in extinctHesperornisand extant pygoscelid penguins may reflect that these birds reached skeletal maturity before migration or overwintering. This underscores the challenges of using bone microstructure to infer the effects of behaviour and climate on avian growth.