bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: September 2007

The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and the atomic force microscope (AFM), both capable of visualizing and manipulating individual atoms, are the cornerstones of nanoscience and nanotechnology today. The inventors of STM, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, were awarded with the Nobel Prize of physics in 1986. Both microscopes are based on mechanically scanning an atomically sharp tip over a sample surface, with quantum-mechanical tunneling or atomic forces between the tip and the atoms on the sample as the measurable quantities. This book presents the principles of STM and AFM, and the experimental details. Part I presents the principles from a unified point of view: the Bardeen theory of tunneling phenomenon, and the Herring-Landau theory of covalent-bond force. The similarity between those two theories, both rooted from the Heisenberg-Pauling concept of quantum-mechanical resonance, points to the equivalence of tunneling and covalent-bond force. The Tersoff-Hamann model of STM is presented, including the original derivation. The mechanisms of atomic-scale imaging of both STM and AFM are discussed. Part II presents the instrumentation and experimental techniques of STM and AFM, including piezoelectric scanners, vibration isolation, electronics and control, mechanical design, tip treatment and characterization, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, and atomic force detection techniques. Part II ends with illustrative applications of STM and AFM in various fields of research and technology.
The Clerical Profession in the Long Eighteenth Century, 1680-1840
Authors: Jacob W. M.
Published: September 2007

This book focuses upon the clergy of the established Church in England and Wales as a professional group, and investigates their role in their parishes and society during the ‘long 18th century’ between 1680 and 1840. It concentrates on the ‘lower clergy’, that is parish clergy, and their role within the broader social context of later Stuart and Georgian society. It considers the nature of professions during the period, and examines the social backgrounds; recruitment and selection; education, at school and university or otherwise; career development; and finances of the clergy. It also investigates what they actually did in their parishes in terms of conducting worship, exercising pastoral care, and providing education in the Christian faith, and their relations with the people amongst whom they lived and worked. It takes account of changing expectations during the period, especially the pressure for, and steps towards, ‘reform’ from the 1780s onwards, and, where possible, offers comparisons with people in other professions, especially doctors, lawyers, and ministers of dissenting churches. It also considers the evidence of the accountability and acceptability of the clergy to their congregations, and the extent of anticlericalism, and the means by which they were supervised by bishops and their officers. The clergy emerge as the most carefully recruited and educated of the ‘learned professions’ with a strong supervisory role exercised by bishops, in relation to a generally responsive but not uncritical or subservient laity. The book effectively challenges the received view that the majority of the clergy were inappropriately educated, poverty-stricken, and inattentive to their canonical duties.
9 The Promotional Presidency and the New Institutional Toryism: Public Mobilization, Legislative Dominance, and Squandered Opportunities
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R.
Published: September 2007

Changes in governing norms and the development of institutional capacity and routines that foster public presidential promotion generate incentives and expectations for the presidents to overestimate their personal power and underestimate durable institutional and political constraints. The result is a tendency — especially on major programmatic initiatives — to squander leadership opportunities and to leave presidents in weakened political positions. This chapter examines the rise of presidential promotions and its impact on White House calculations by tracing changes in the White House's institutional capacity for reaching the public, a content analysis of presidential appeals is given, and comparative case studies of institutionally strong presidents — those who enjoyed the rare and advantaged position of unified party government are studied. The chapter's conclusion weighs the implications of what may be an emerging form of institutional Toryism — one that recalibrates the constitutional balance of authority under certain conditions and legitimizes a politically astute future Democratic president to use the new norms of governance for liberal ends.
1 Introduction: Spectacle
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter categorizes narrative theology as a whole as movie-like. It traces the origins of narrative theologies to the transcendental Thomism of Bernard Lonergan. It divides narrative theologians into three groups: story Barthianism (Lindbeck and Frei, grammatical Thomism (McCabe, Burrell and Turner), and story Thomism (Robert Jenson). It notes that a particular legacy of both Thomism and Barthianism to narrative theologies is a recoil from historicity or temporality.
4 From Theodicy to Melodrama
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran
Published: September 2007

Thomas Aquinas first gave an empirical or inferential argument for the existence of a transcendent God and then dealt with the problem of evil empirically. But if one considers God's existence on a logical or deductive level, the problem of evil will come in pursuit on a logical level, or as the logical concomitant of ‘good’. Because it cannot draw on knowledge of the transcendent reality of God's goodness, modern thought tends to picture good and evil as set in melodramatic confrontation. The ‘Unknowable God’ is easily conflated with his opposite number, Satan. Jenson's narrative theology falls into the trap of melodrama by making evil a necessary feature of reality, existing because of Christ, and grammatical Thomism does so by evading the problem of evil via its agnosticism about our knowledge of God and his goodness. Given that God is not as unknown in Thomas' own theology as in grammatical Thomism, the best way forward is to use our knowledge of God's goodness first to appreciate the value of created reality as such, and second to restate Augustine's merely factual or empirical explanation of evil via the Fall. One may then say that what Job experiences is the love of God.
7 Conclusion: A God Who Is Love
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran
Published: September 2007

Because of their descriptive cast, narrative theologies are oriented to considering the future as the most significant tense; they thus recoup the ancient Christian millennarian tradition, as it surfaces in, for instance, Joachim of Fiore. This focus on futurity indicates that the basic motivation in narrative theologies is the quest for scientific predictability. A philosophical theology which gives metaphysical status to the way in which scientific hypotheses are epistemically verified (in the future) is bound to say, with Hegel, that the truth of a proposition is what it becomes, just as the ‘truth’ of a story is its outcome. Rather than making God the epistemic outcome of human acts of knowledge or story-telling, this chapter proposes that God is a much livelier and energetic thing, love. The two foremost analogies of this dramatic love are tragedy and comedy. The book's thesis thus achieves the aim of narrative theologies to be true to the ‘God of the Gospel’ rather than the gods of our culture.
The Grammar of Words
Authors: Booij Geert
Published: September 2007

This book introduces the reader to the basic methods for the study of the internal structure of words, and to the theoretical issues raised by analyses of word structure concerning the organization of the grammars of natural languages. Data from more than sixty languages are used to illustrate these descriptive and theoretical issues. The book is structured into three main parts. In the first part the basic notions of morphology and morphological analysis are introduced, and attention is given to word formation (derivation and compounding), the basics of inflection, and inflectional systems. The second part, reflecting an important characteristic of this book, is the discussion of the interface between morphology and other modules of the grammar such as phonology, syntax, and semantics. It is shown that the formal structure of complex words is not necessarily isomorphic to their phonological or semantic structure. This book is comprehensive since it also deals, in its third part, with the relation between morphology and mind. Facts concerning the processing of complex words are used as a window on the human mind. Language change in the domain of word structure is also approached from that perspective. In a final summarizing chapter, it is shown how the book has taught a theoretically sophisticated notion ‘word’ and that there are different notions ‘word’ that should be recognized in a proper linguistic analysis. An index and glossary of terms, exercises (with answers), a language index, and advice for further reading are also provided.
3 Finance and Ownership
Authors: GLYN ANDREW
Published: September 2007

This chapter traces shifts in the financial landscape over the past twenty-five years. These include the rise of the financial sector, the consumer credit boom that resulted in a rise in household consumption, the concentration of shareholdings in the hands of financial institutions, the rise of corporate governance, the costs and benefits of the great drive for shareholder value and the US stock market boom, the growth of international finance, and the eventual financial crises.
Immanuel Kant and Aesthetic Judgement
Authors: Martindale Charles
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that Kant’s Critique of Judgement provides a compelling account of the character and conditions of possibility of what he terms ‘the judgement of taste’ (‘X is beautiful’). The concern is less about expounding Kant in a merely exegetical or antiquarian spirit, than with using him as a guide to the way the aesthetic might be approached today. The chapter explores issues related to aesthetic autonomy, universal communicability, singularity of judgement, disinterest, genius and gender, and the absence of concepts in the aesthetic. It also asks what kind of criticism might be most consonant with the Kantian aesthetic (with an Ode of Horace as an example). It looks at aspects of the Aesthetic Movement of the later 19th century, a movement largely neglected within philosophical aesthetics, in particular, the writings of Walter Pater.
The Aesthetic Turn: Latin Poetry and Aesthetic Criticism
Authors: Martindale Charles
Published: September 2007

This chapter asks what an aesthetic criticism of Latin poetry in the 21st century may look like. There is a strong body of aesthetic criticism in English, which, while from a Kantian perspective should not be regarded as an object of imitation, can be construed as exemplary. For both theory and practice, the chapter turns to Pater whose writings sought to isolate the ‘virtue’, the unique aesthetic character of artworks. It offers three short essays in this mode (on Lucretius, Ovid, and Lucan), for which nothing is claimed except that they are gestures towards a revised practice. These authors have been chosen as offering the reader the experience of a unique kind of beauty that he or she will find nowhere else. For instance, the virtue of Lucretius is located in his combined love of things, words, and ideas, and an imaginatively realized vision of the universe grounded in nature and reason.
Japanese and British Management: Alliances and Antagonisms
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses the organization and activities of management within these Japanese subsidiaries, and how local managers responded to Japanese innovations in work organization and employment relations. It examines the role of societal differences in the professional formation and orientations of British and Japanese managers, but also addresses variations in the way they were influenced by their specific organizational and occupational careers, and conformed to or challenged received management recipes. This highlights complex processes of alliance and antagonism, not only between British and expatriate Japanese managers, but within each grouping and between different management specialisms. For example, some British managers embraced Japanese management approaches, some distanced themselves using the language of management commonsense, but most emphasized their distinctive competence in managing British labour. The chapter maps and seeks to explain the rather different ways in which such perspectives and patterns of management micropolitics developed in the different firms.
Shop-floor Consent, Accommodation, and Dissent
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the evolving features of management-worker relations and employee working lives at two large, sectorally dominant Japanese manufacturing subsidiaries in Telford, and assesses whether these conform to new models of commitment, participation, and unitarism. It documents the persistence of instrumental bases of worker involvement, the mixture of consent, accommodation, and dissent which characterizes work relations, and the scope for individual and collective manifestations of conflict within a constrained industrial relations environment. The chapter rejects idealized accounts of a strategic shift in worker-manager relations, and seeks to document and explain similarities and differences in the contemporary patterns of acceptance and resistance, of survival tactics, and opposition in the two workplaces. Particular attention is given to informal understandings, effort bargains and expectations of promotion, and to labour turnover and absenteeism as expressions of dissatisfaction, which appear closely tied to these modern forms of work and employment.
1 Looking at the Powerful
Authors: Bell Andrew
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter discusses the importance of the dynamics between spectacular actors and their audiences. It acknowledges some theoretical approaches, and looks at Romanian President Nicolae Ceauşescu and Julius Caesar as examples.
4 Kings and Elephants
Authors: Bell Andrew
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the pomp and circumstance of Hellenistic capitals. By 300 AD, personal monarchy had shown itself to be the only way to control large territory and generate great revenue. And when the Hellenistic kings were not busy making war or superintending their streams of revenue, they were devoting a great deal of energy and resources to managing affairs that concerned ‘what may perhaps be called self-validation’. Kings of self-made dynasties were probably little responsible themselves for introducing all the fiscal improvements which often produced ‘wonderful results’. Rather, one might suspect, they were primarily immersed in the business of wonderment.
5 Elephants and Citizens
Authors: Bell Andrew
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers the importation of megalomaniacal majesty into the Roman Republic. Over time, kingly conceit became more conspicuous in Rome, and particularly at times of communal festivity. In contrast to the manner in which the behaviour of kings such as Philadelphus or Epiphanes is remembered, there is rather more information in Roman sources about the sentiments of the urban audience, as is seen in reports about the employment of animals in order to advertise personal greatness.
Readers and Writers in Ovid's Heroides
Authors: Spentzou Efrossini
Published: September 2007

This book presents a study which reconstructs the experiences of the abandoned heroines of the Heroides, which have been largely ignored by past criticism. The book seeks ways to isolate, characterize, and release the female voice and experience within Ovid's male-authored text. Building on a wide range of ancient as well as modern images and reflections on gender and writing, the book attempts to map the relationship between gendered sensitivities and experience and generic expression and choices. The book uses the insight gained by the boom of intertextual studies in recent Latin scholarship to go a step further and address explicitly the ideologies of intertextual studies. This is a book about readers and reading, just as much as about women and gender, and it is also a study of the intricate and heated negotiations behind the interpretative act.
Arguments for the No‐Reference View of ‘I’
Authors: O'Brien Lucy
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents an extended discussion of Anscombe on the problem of first-person reference. It introduces and criticizes the internal perceptual model for first-person reference. It also introduces and undercuts the motivation behind Anscombe's sceptical and unacceptable view that ‘I’ does not refer.
Comparative Management Systems up to the 1940s
Authors: Wilson John F. , Thomson Andrew
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses the comparative systems of comparator countries up to 1950, focusing on how and why — much earlier than in Britain — variants of managerial capitalism developed a substantial presence in the American, German, and Japanese economies, despite the subtle differences in the form of these developments. In the USA, a fully-fledged form of competitive managerial capitalism had evolved by the start of the 20th century. In Germany, one might more accurately use the term ‘professional proprietorial capitalism’, while for Japan the term ‘collective managerial capitalism’ was chosen. The three main sections of the chapter are structured around the groups of drivers, illustrating that the drivers were much more propitious for the development of modern management than in Britain. The concluding section addresses the book’s four themes in a comparative sense, producing a rich background for the British story.
The Practice of Management—Marketing
Authors: Wilson John F. , Thomson Andrew
Published: September 2007

Marketing is a key area for developing economies of scale and scope. This chapter focuses on the Coasian argument about the nature of transaction costs, with British industry tending to look to externalization rather than internalization and the development of a corps of marketing managers. Due to the relatively small scale nature of most firms, it paid entrepreneurs to operate their market relationships through intermediaries in a system generally known as merchanting, rather than have a direct relationship with the market. Moreover, anti-competitive practices were rife until the 1960s, so that there was no strong requirement for sophisticated competitive marketing. A further aspect was the outsourcing of key marketing functions, mainly to advertising agencies. These features resulted in a lack of substantial central offices for coordination and resource allocation, which would have been desirable for effective strategic marketing.
Default Semantics
Authors: Jaszczolt K. M.
Published: September 2007

The book offers an original theory of meaning in discourse that combines a dynamic representation of discourse with an intentional explanation of processing. It contains an exposition of a theory of default semantics and its application to a range of language constructions. Default semantics provides cognitive foundations of discourse interpretation and does so in a broadly conceived truth-conditional framework where truth conditions are applied to utterances. The theory combines the subject matter of post-Gricean ‘truth-conditional pragmatics’ with the formalism and semanticization of meaning found in discourse representation theory (DRT). It is assumed that pragmatic information can contribute to the truth-conditional representation of an utterance. This information can have the form of (i) conscious inference, or it can have a form of default interpretation conceived of as (ii) cognitive defaults and (iii) social-cultural defaults. From DRT, it borrows the idea of dynamic semantics as context change implemented in semantic representation and the idea that meaning in discourse will, somehow or other, turn out to be compositional, that is, it will turn out to be a function of the parts and the structure. In short, default semantics combines two seemingly incompatible assumptions that (i) pragmatic input contributes to the truth conditions and (ii) the theory of meaning of utterances and discourses is a compositional, semantic theory. Such semantic representations are called merger representations in that they combine (merge) information from word meaning, sentence structure, pragmatic inference, and various kinds of defaults. Predicating compositionality of such merger representations aided by using an extended and amended language of DRT allows for the semanticization of the account of discourse meaning. The book is divided into two parts. Part I contains theoretical foundations and addresses the questions of the semantics/pragmatics boundary, underspecification, logical form, levels of representation, default meanings, and ‘pragmatic’ compositionality of merger representations. Part II contains some applications of the theory, including definite descriptions, propositional attitude reports, temporality, presupposition, sentential connectives, and number terms.
Default Semantics for Propositional Attitude Reports
Authors: Jaszczolt K.M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses the problem of substitutivity of coreferential expressions in belief reports, and offers an original solution to this problem in the form of degrees of mode of presentation that contribute to the merger representation. Merger representations for such constructions are provided, as well as a brief introduction to the formal account accompanying them.
Josephus in the Diaspora
Authors: Rajak Tessa
Published: September 2007

This chapter lays out the evidence for the continued importance of Josephus’ personal connections with diaspora ‘Ioudaioi’ in the years after he had settled in Rome. First, Josephus needs to be related to the large diaspora community in Rome itself. Furthermore, he most likely maintained connections in various parts of the eastern Mediterranean (his second wife was from Alexandria; his third wife was from the diaspora Jewish community on Crete; he also had some dealings with the diaspora community in Cyrene, and he may well have returned to Judaea to visit his estates and possibly the emerging Rabbinic centre at Jamnia). In short, Josephus — despite his Roman citizenship, his obvious links to the Flavian emperors, as well as the importance of Graeco-Roman literary traditions to his development as a historian — still retained a strong Jewish identity.
The Sack of the Temple in Josephus and Tacitus
Authors: Barnes T. D.
Published: September 2007

Comparing Josephus’ and Tacitus’ (lost) account of the sack of the Temple in Jerusalem from Histories Book 5, this chapter underlines the importance of the Jewish War as a central defining event (or even a ‘foundation myth’) for the Flavian dynasty. There was not one, but in fact three successive versions of this foundation myth; the first, developed in the 70s, glorified Vespasian, the second gave much greater prominence to Titus, while the third integrated Domitian into the story. Josephus may well have used as a source the (lost) histories of Pliny the Elder, which probably ended by describing the triumphal procession of 71. As a result, there is some evidence for Josephus using a Latin historian and, more generally, for his conscious reworking of such material to suit the particular situation in which he found himself while writing the Jewish War.
TheFiscus Iudaicusand Gentile Attitudes to Judaism in Flavian Rome
Authors: Goodman Martin
Published: September 2007

The disappearance of the Jerusalem Temple provided a context for Vespasian to devise what became for Jews the most hated symbol of their subjugation to Rome following their revolt. The institution of the ‘Jewish Treasury’ (the fiscus Iudaicus) to support the cult of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitol served to commemorate the Flavian victory in Judaea just as effectively as the monuments erected in Rome that recalled that event. Domitian was particularly punctilious in collecting this tax, thus associating himself by proxy with the campaigns his father and older brother had waged, but from which he had been excluded. Indeed, for Goodman one of the defining features of the Flavian dynasty was its hostility to Jews. Later on, some coins issued in 96 and 97 (FISCI IUDAICI CALUMNIA SUBLATA) may refer to a temporary abolition by Nerva of the fiscus Iudaicus.
Spectacle in Josephus'Jewish War
Authors: Chapman Honora Howell
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the importance of vivid narrative in history-writing by probing the importance of spectacle in the Judaean War. It focuses in particular on two spectacles narrated by Josephus: first, his description of his own capture by the Romans at Jotapata, where he makes a historiographical spectacle of his own body, and second, the detailed and vivid account of the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem, where the temple becomes a central spectacle in his narrative. The rhetorical emphasis that marks these episodes served to focus the reader’s or listener’s attention and allowed the historian to underscore key themes of the entire work: celebrating the power of his Flavian patrons, damning the rebels for their conduct during the rebellion, enhancing his own reputation as general and priest, and finally, highlighting the former grandeur of Jerusalem and its temple, and the tragedy of their destruction.
Information Systems and Global Diversity
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi
Published: September 2007

It is often assumed that the implementation and the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) will or should be the same in all situations with little regard to the particular social or cultural context of their use. Drawing on research in different societies (Europe, Latin America, etc.), this book explains the nature of organizational diversity in which ICT innovation takes place, and develops a conceptual approach to account for it. The book draws from institutionalist concepts of organizations, the sociology of technology, current debates on globalization, and critiques of the rationality of modernity. The theoretical perspective is supported empirically by four international case studies. This book shows how the processes of ICT innovation and organizational change reflect local aspirations, concerns, and action, as well as the multiple institutional influences of globalization.
Cinders of Philosophy, Philosophy of Cinders: Derrida and the Trace of the Holocaust
Authors: Eaglestone Robert
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that Jacques Derrida's work was also greatly influenced by responding to the Holocaust, and that Levinas's idea of the ‘trace’ plays a central role in this. This is argued by following the idea of the trace from Derrida's early work, including Of Grammatology, through Levinas's work in Totality and Infinity and Otherwise than Being, and then to its use in Derrida's later work, including Cinders. This not only shows the importance of the Holocaust for Derrida, but also illumines a range of issues in Holocaust studies, including the debate over uniqueness. More than this, to see Derrida's work as ‘a philosophy of cinders’ brings out his challenge to the tradition of philosophy in relation to history, contemporary discourse, and the thought of the ‘to come’, and illuminates Derrida's work in an original way.
Conclusion
Authors: Eaglestone Robert
Published: September 2007

The conclusion argues that postmodernism — centrally the post-phenomenological work of Levinas and Derrida — is the most profound attempt to respond to the Holocaust. In literature, it asserts the singularity of testimonial texts; in history, the limits of historical explanation and assumptions; in philosophy, the limits of reason and role of ethics. In each, it attends especially to a renewed conception of ethical, existential truth. The conclusion then turns to questions of the continuing development of memory, the role of the Holocaust in contemporary culture, and the relationship between the Holocaust and other, often colonial, genocides before and after the Third Reich. It is argued that responding to the Holocaust has been done most significantly at the level of the form and structure of our thinking, and that in this way, we are best reminded of the tiny shudder or hesitation that is hope, and that in the triumphs we achieve, we stand on cinders.
Surface generalizations
Authors: Goldberg Adele
Published: September 2007

Since the earliest days of generative grammar, there has existed a strong tendency to consider one construction in relation to a particular rough paraphrase. Initially, this was a result of the emphasis on transformations that derived one pattern from another. While today there exist many non-derivational theories for which this motivation no longer exists, the traditional outlook has not completely lost its grip, as can be seen from continuing focus on partial or incomplete generalizations such as the ‘dative’ construction or the ‘locative’ alternation. This chapter argues that it is profitable to look beyond alternations: to consider each surface pattern on its own terms. It is observed that when considering instances of the same surface pattern involving different words, similarities should be attributed to the surface pattern and differences to the different verbs and arguments involved. A derivational proposal is critiqued in order to demonstrate that what appear to be arguments in favour of derivations are often in fact arguments in favour of attention to surface structure instead.
Item-specific knowledge and generalizations
Authors: Goldberg Adele
Published: September 2007

Language contains both large generalizations and idiosyncratic facts, and therefore we unavoidably find those who favour lumping and those who favour splitting. The constructionist approach to grammar offers a way out of the lumper/splitter dilemma: the approach allows both broad generalizations and more limited patterns to be analysed and accounted for fully. In particular, constructionist approaches are generally usage based: facts about the actual use of linguistic expressions, such as frequencies and individual patterns that are fully compositional are recorded alongside more traditional linguistic generalizations. This chapter consolidates evidence that such a usage based model is required to account for the synchronic state of grammar. Relevant findings in the non-linguistic category literature are also reviewed.
Island constraints and scope
Authors: Goldberg Adele
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the relevance of information structure and processing demands in an explanation of constraints on movement (island constraints) and constraints on relative scope assignment. Previous accounts are expanded on in order to give a motivated account of a wide range of facts, including an analysis of the ditransitive construction that predicts many of the special properties that were observed in Chapter 2.
Introduction
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter explains why the book mingles the chapters on the history of classical studies with those on the history of Athenian religion. Written by a historical anthropologist, the book pays particular attention to the influence of ideas inherited from 19th-century evolutionist anthropology on current interpretations of Greek ritual. For 19th-century thinkers, Greek ritual was to be explained by appealing to anthropology as a survival of early beliefs, while Greek thought prefigured modern university disciplines. This dichotomy between religion (as traditional and unchanging) and rational thought is misleading as a basis for understanding Greek culture, incompatible with premodern European history, and disastrous for relations with other cultures. The book emphasizes that religion is an intellectual enterprise, and that Athenian religious ideas and ritual practice constantly changed in response to their historical context.
Metamorphoses of Tradition: the Athenian Anthesteri
Authors: Humphreys S. C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter gives a radically new account of the history of this festival. It is usually represented as a traditional ritual with origins in celebrations of new wine and an ancient All Souls’ Day. Here it is suggested that rites symbolizing renewal and new beginnings were constantly reinterpreted and modified as Athenian culture became more urban, attitudes to drunkenness changed, and Dionysus became more closely associated with the theatre. Because Athenians themselves saw the Anthesteria as ‘traditional’, the festival attracted learned speculation about culture history, the origins of drama, and the Flood as the beginning of human history. Some elements taken by modern scholars as part of age-old tradition may be late (return and expulsion of souls of the dead) or purely textual (the Aiora as a rite of swinging). The aim of this narrative is to startle readers into re-examining unquestioned assumptions.
Corporate Governance for Crooks? The Case for Corporate Virtue
Authors: Osterloh Margit , Frey Bruno S.
Published: September 2007

This chapter highlights some important unintentional adverse consequences of mechanisms that are commonly recommended for improving CG. It argues that the circle of reinforcement of monitoring, sanctions and incentives in response to scandals configures a ‘governance for crooks’ that tends to worsen the very problem it is designed to solve. It highlights that one important underlying mechanism explaining this adverse consequence is the ‘crowding out effect’, whereby an excess of extrinsic motivation crowds out intrinsic motivation and undermines corporate virtue. The chapter offer a stylized model of the phenomenon and draws implications for human resource management — HRM — (personnel selection and reward policies).
Flat Structure
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray
Published: September 2007

Simpler Syntax Hypothesis (SSH) states that syntactic structure should constitute the necessary minimum for mapping between phonological and semantic structure. Syntactic structure has always been seen as the basis for semantic interpretation. However, at several points in the history of MGG, this position has mutated into the stronger position that there is a covert syntactic structure that is virtually equivalent to semantic interpretation. This chapter adopts the simpler syntax hypothesis (SSH) and investigates whether the resulting theory has less overall complexity in syntax and the syntax-semantics interface combined. It is argued that the appropriate complexity for syntax is relatively flat: headed phrases that are linearly ordered and that correspond to constituents in Conceptual Structure, but not more.
Semantic Subordination Despite Syntactic Coordination
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Ray Jackendoff
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores syntactic constructions in which the syntactic connection between clauses does not match their semantic connection. The construction of concern is coordination with a so-called ‘left-subordinating’ and (LS-and or and  LS). It is shown that there is at least one use of asymmetric conjunction which is coordinate in syntactic structure, just the way it looks, in conformance with the Simpler Syntax Hypothesis, but which corresponds explicitly to subordination at the level of CS.
What Is Language Like? Moving On
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray
Published: September 2007

This study proposed a substantial revision of the basic organization of language laid out by mainstream generative grammar. Many aspects of the revision have been in currency in one or another of the alternative frameworks such as LFG, HPSG, Cognitive Grammar, Construction Grammar, Role and Reference Grammar, and Autolexical Syntax. There is a sense of an implicit consensus among the alternative frameworks — not a monolithic consensus by any means, but one with more of a family resemblance character. This chapter presents a summary of conclusions, highlighting the important elements of this consensus.
3 Late Liberalism and Contemporary Christian Thought
Authors: Waters Brent
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines three theological responses to the late liberal accounts of the family depicted in the preceding chapter. The first response, as seen in the works of James Nelson and Adrian Thatcher, attempts to reformulate Christian teaching on marriage and family in light of key liberal claims regarding individual fulfilment. The second response resists any changes suggested by late liberalism as reflected in the works of John Paul II and Germain Grisez. The third response, represented by such authors as Don Browning, Rodney Clapp, and David Matzko McCarthy, critically adapts selected liberal tenets — such as mutuality and reciprocity — while preserving key theological teachings on marriage and family. In each of these responses, the moral and religious significance of the relation between singleness and marriage emerges as a major theme.
Romantic Indians
Authors: Fulford Tim
Published: September 2007

This book considers the views that Britons, colonists, and North American Indians took of each other during a period in which these people were in a closer and more fateful relationship than ever before or since. It is, therefore, a book about exploration, empire, and the forms of representation that exploration and empire gave rise to — in particular the form called Romanticism, in which ‘Indians’ appear everywhere. It is not too much to say that Romanticism would not have taken the form it did without the complex and ambiguous image of Indians that so intrigued both the writers and their readers. Most of the poets of the Romantic canon wrote about them — not least Southey, Wordsworth, and Coleridge; so did many that have only recently been brought back to attention — including Bowles, Hemans, and Barbauld. Yet Indians' formative role in the aesthetics and politics of Romanticism has rarely been considered. This book aims to bring that formative role to our attention, to show that the images of native peoples that Romantics writers received from colonial administrators, politicians, explorers, and soldiers helped shape not only these writers' idealizations of ‘savages’ and tribal life, but also their depictions of nature, religion, and rural society. The romanticization of Indians soon affected the way that real native peoples were treated and described by generations of travellers who had already, before reaching the Canadian forest or the mid-western plains, encountered the literary Indians produced back in Britain. Moreover, in some cases, Native Americans writing in English turned the Romanticization of Indians to their own ends. This book highlights their achievement in doing so — featuring discussions of several little-known but brilliant Native American writers.
Indian Bones and What White Men Saw in Them
Authors: Fulford Tim
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on white theories about the racial and cultural origin of Indians.
Indians and the Politics of Romance
Authors: Fulford Tim
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes Indians as represented in 18th-century novels and political prose. Writers such as Charlotte Smith, Robert Bage, Henry Mackenzie, Thomas Spence, and Thomas Paine are analysed.
The Management of Managerial Careers
Authors: Butler Peter , Collings David , Peters René , Quintanilla Javier
Published: September 2007

This chapter sheds light on the nature of managerial resourcing in US multinationals. Hitherto there has been a strong reliance on the use of internal labour markets (ILMs) as the principal means of sourcing managerial talent. In several instances, however, enhanced competition has triggered the necessity for the rapid importation of new skill sets eroding the primacy of ILMs. Over and above such supply side change, some organizations were similarly moving away from seniority based promotion towards a more meritocratic model, less sheltered from the vicissitudes of market pressures. Consistent with the theoretical focus of this volume, it is nevertheless demonstrated that headquarters did not have a totally free hand. The partial dismantling of ILMs was subject to local constraints and contestation, giving rise to new and significant tensions. More specifically, the emphasis upon tight performance standards was often met with stiff opposition suggesting local norms remain influential.
Intention
Authors: Los Bettelou
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that the occurrence of the to-infinitive after verbs expressing meanings like ‘intend’ or ‘want’, or the negative counterparts ‘fear’ or ‘avoid’ represents an innovation. Unlike the verbs discussed in the previous chapter, these verbs never occurred with a to-prepositional phrase, so that the presence of the to-infinitive requires a different explanation. The best predictor for the distribution of a to-infinitive after verbs of this group in Old English is that of the subjunctive þæt-clause. As subjunctive þæt-clauses and to-infinitives had occurred side by side as expressions of the adjunct of purpose and of the GOAL-argument, this may have led them to be analysed as each other’s equivalents, as if the to-infinitive had come to be regarded as a non-finite subjunctive clause. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the only environment in which bare infinitive and to-infinitive occur side by side: verbs with the meaning ‘begin’.
Commanding and permitting
Authors: Los Bettelou
Published: September 2007

This chapter identifies a second set of ditransitive verbs: the verbs of commanding and permitting. Unlike the verbs of persuading and urging discussed in the Chapter 3, which have a thematic structure of AGENT, THEME, and GOAL, the verbs of commanding and permitting have a thematic structure of AGENT, RECIPIENT, and THEME. The different roles are clear from the different cases that express them: THEMES are expressed by accusative NPs, and RECIPIENTS by dative NPs. Verbs of commanding and permitting have two ‘variants’, a three-place and a two-place one. This is not an accidental, idiosyncratic lexical property of these verbs, but a structural feature connected with the basic meanings of this group. It is precisely this structural feature of the verbs of commanding and permitting that is responsible for the appearance of the first to-infinitival ECMs in Middle English.
Innocent bystander: the loss of the indefinite pronounman
Authors: Los Bettelou
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents an account of an unexpected victim of both the rise of the to-infinitive and the loss of verb-second: the ‘ultra-indefinite’ pronoun man. Two factors almost completely destroyed the niche occupied by man in Old English. With to-infinitive clauses increasing at the expense of finite embedded clauses, the frequency of man, as the subject of those finite clauses also decreases, its function taken over by its non-overt counterpart, arbitrary PRO. The second factor is the loss of verb-second, which affected the information structure of the clause and promoted the use of various passive constructions over the use of an active construction with a man subject. Subjects came to play a far more prominent role in maintaining textual cohesion. This left little scope for the indefinite pronoun man, whose main role had been to provide a contentless subject, functionally equivalent to a passive.
Some Background on Greek Accentuation
Authors: Probert Philomen
Published: September 2007

This chapter surveys some of the salient characteristics of the ancient Greek accent system: its phonetic nature (traditionally described as a ‘pitch accent’); the contrast between acute and circumflex accentuations; the phonological limitations on the placement of the accent (law of limitation and sōtêra rule); accentual properties of word-final diphthongs; proclitics and enclitics; and accentuation of Greek dialects other than Koine. A concluding section explores the extent and consistency of the information on the accentuation of Hellenistic Koine.
1 Introduction: The Diversity and Change of Corporate Governance in Japan
Authors: Jackson Gregory , Miyajima Hideaki
Published: September 2007

The introductory chapter gives a comprehensive overview of the crisis and transformation of corporate governance in Japan since the mid-1990s. Drawing on the main empirical findings of the book, these changes are examined in relation to three areas: corporate ownership and finance, patterns of corporate organization and employment, and changes in the legal and governance role of the board of directors. Based on data from a Japanese Ministry of Finance survey, a summary typology of corporate governance practices in Japanese firms is developed that identifies three major clusters or types: firms with traditional Japanese-style practices, firms with hybrid practices combining market-oriented finance and governance with relationship-oriented employment, and firms with ‘inverse’ hybrid practices that combine relationship-oriented finance and governance with market-oriented employment. The implications of this growing diversity in organizational practices are discussed in relation to institutional change and the viability of a new Japanese-style model of corporate governance in the future.
2 Relationship Banking in Post‐Bubble Japan: Coexistence of Soft‐ and Hard‐Budget Constraints
Authors: Arikawa Yasuhiro , Miyajima Hideaki
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the changes in the Japanese main banking system. Despite the deregulation of bond markets in the mid-1990s, the overall dependence of firms on bank borrowing increased rather than decreased among listed firms during the 1990s. Large firms lessened their ties with banks and began financing through bonds, yet smaller listed firms continued borrowing from banks. In particular, firms with previously high levels of bank debt relied on their main bank for an increasing proportion of those loans. By estimating the employment adjustment function, the chapter shows that the main banks did not effectively discipline corporate restructuring, although banks encouraged the restructuring of firms with a relatively better performance. As Japan recovers from the banking crisis, main bank relationships are likely to survive among a segment of smaller and less internationalized Japanese firms.
A New Production Paradigm for a New Old Economy
Authors: Whitford Josh
Published: September 2007

This chapter reviews the academic literature on what is in fact a worldwide transition from old to new old economy. It shows that there is consensus as to the general contours of a normatively desirable ‘new production paradigm’, and that there are disputes as to the degree to which it can be fully achieved in the American context.
3 Socrates' Speech: The Aim ofErōs
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee C. C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines Socrates' account of the aim of eros. At different points in his speech, Socrates specifies three aims of eros: the good, reproduction in beauty, and immortality. This chapter argues that those three aims are, in fact, related under the more general desire for eudaimonia, the everlasting happiness characteristic of the divine. The desire for eudaimonia is the telos, the true end of all erotic striving. According to Socrates, we desire a good whose possession we believe to constitute that state, and one which can be had in an enduring way. The desire to reproduce in a beautiful environment is the characteristic activity of this desire for the good, because productive activity is the mortal approximation to the divine state. The reason why the desire for eudaimonia manifests itself in creative activity in the presence of beauty is because this is the distinctively mortal way in which it can achieve a share of divine happiness.