bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rotproofing of Viscose Rayon IndashTreatment of Viscose Rayon with Formaldehyde, and Formaldehyde‐containing Resins
Authors: Bell J. W. , Ramsey Mabgaret M. , Whewell C. S.
Published: August 2010

Viscose rayon yam is treated with formaldehyde and a number of formaldehyde‐containing resins in an attempt to obtain a rotproof finish. The most outstanding result which emerges from the experiments is that halogenated phenoplasts are more efficient than either urea‐formaldehyde or phenol‐formaldehyde, and that a resin prepared from bromophenol and formaldehyde is exceedingly effective, a deposit of only 5% on the yarn being resistant to microorganisms under the most severe and prolonged test conditions. It also appears possible to improve the efficiency of urea‐formaldehyde resin by incorporating a small proportion of halogenated resin.

Urea‐formaldehyde resin by itself is effective only if present in prohibitively high concentrations; below 15–20% the proof breaks down on prolonged testing. Formaldehyde alone is moderately effective, and appears to have little effect on the wet tensile strength of the viscose rayon; it may be of value where conditions highly favourable to the growth of microorganisms are not likely to be encountered.

The experiments have shown that laboratory assessment of rotproofing should be carried out by more than one method; a treatment which confers a measure of resistance to microorganisms under one set of test conditions may be much less effective when tested by a different procedure. This confirms the findings of many other workers.
Spectrophotometric Studies on Metal‐Dye Complexes I—The Reaction between Solochrome Violet RS (2‐Hydroxy‐5‐sulphophenylazo‐ β‐naphthol) and Tervalent Chromium
Authors: BENTLEY R. B. , ELDER J. P.
Published: August 2010

An investigation has been made by spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods of the reaction between an oo′ ‐dihydroxyazo dye and tervalent chromium salts. The two complexes formed have been separated chromatographically and their spectra measured. Equilibrium constants for the interconversion of the two complexes have been determined, together with the heat, free energy, and entropy changes for this reaction.
Relation between Physical State and Rate of Fading of Dyes
Authors: Baxter G. , Giles C. H. , Lewington W. J.
Published: August 2010

A theoretical analysis of curves expressing the rate of fading of dyes in different physical forms is given, illustrated by typical examples of the fading of dyes in transparent films, measured spectrophotometrically. Molecularly dispersed dye fades according to an approximate first‐order law (exponential decrease of rate), and dye in large particles according to an approximate zero‐order law (constant rate). In aggregated particles fading probably occurs only at the surface. First‐order fading occurs with some water‐insoluble dyes in “solid solution” in a hydrophobic substrate (collodion), and some surface‐active dyes in a hydrophilic substrate (methylethylcellulose) appear to exist mainly as molecular dispersions, since they also give first‐order fades. In contrast, entirely aggregated dyes, e.g. water‐insoluble dyes prepared in substance and incorporated in hydrophilic films, show zero‐order fades.

The form of the fading‐rate curves of most water‐soluble dyes, however, suggests that the dyes are present in both forms, i.e. as a heterogeneous mixture of single molecules and aggregated material, the proportion of each varying according to the physical properties of the dye. The heat generated during irradiation causes some of the larger aggregates to break up. This may lead to a slight initial rise in depth of colour or, in special cases, to a fading rate which increases with time.

The forms of the appropriate fading‐rate curves show that a disaggregating agent (phenol) and a cationic surface‐active dispersing agent, when mixed with acid dyes in films, decrease the amount of dye aggregate present.

The fading rates of the Procion (ICI) reactive dyes in cellulose film are of the same form as those of most water‐soluble dyes, and appear to demonstrate that most of the dye is in some form of aggregated state or is enmeshed in crystalline regions of the fibre.

The results explain why the light‐fastness grading of dyed fabrics may differ with the extent to which fading has progressed when the assessment is made.
Some Observations on the Dyeing of Nylon with Mixtures of Acid Dyes
Authors: Atherton E. , Downey D. A. , Peters R. H.
Published: August 2010

Recently published work on the uptake of acid dyes by nylon is discussed. The concept of anion activity gradient as the driving force for diffusion of dyes in nylon is applied to the uptake of mixtures of acid dyes and the problem of compatibility. It is shown that the properties of single acid dyes in finite dyebaths may be represented by “compatibility indices” and that incompatibility is entirely determined by liquor ratio.
Relationship between Chemical Structure and Fastness to Light and Gas Fumes of Nitrodiphenylamine Dyes
Authors: Asquith R. S. , Campbell B.
Published: August 2010

The possible structures of simple diphenylamine dyes are considered. The presence of quinonoid forms has been proved by measurement of ultraviolet absorption spectra. On the basis of the various possible structural forms, a theory is advanced which explains the differing light and gas‐fume fastness properties of these dyes.
The Reaction Mechanism and Fixation of Monochloro‐s‐triazine Dyes on Cellulose Using Tertiary Amine Catalysts
Authors: Dawson T. L.
Published: August 2010

The reactions which take place between monochloro‐s‐triazine dyes and certain tertiary amines under homogeneous alkaline conditions have been studied, and the results obtained have been related to practical fixation behaviour in the pad–batch(cold) dyeing method. It is concluded that the use of catalytic fixation methods may be restricted owing to problems of dye compatibility, which are much more pronounced than when uncatalysed fixation methods are employed.
Migration during Convective Drying. II–Experimental
Authors: MCDOWELL W. , MILES L. W. C.
Published: August 2010

In the convective drying of a solution of C. I. Acid Red 1 from the surface of a model capillary system, the concentration of solute has been measured as a function of time and distance from the surface. Analysis of the concentration profiles has shown (i) that they are of the expected form, (ii) that back‐diffusion is significant near the surface of evaporation, and (iii) that they can be approximately described by the equation—

The practical significance of these observations is discussed briefly.
The Colour of Organic Compounds: Applications of the Perturbational Molecular Orbital (PMO) Method*
Authors: HALLAS G.
Published: August 2010

The perturbational molecular orbital (PMO) method is outlined and several applications of the technique to a study of the colour of organic molecules are discussed. Particular reference is made to steric effects in conjugated systems.
Educational Problems and the Society
Authors: WARD J. S.
Published: August 2010

A questionnaire was submitted to selected firms in various regions of the country to assess the needs and expectations of industry with respect to educational requirements. The results are analysed.
Molecular Mechanisms of Disperse Dyeing of Polyester and Nylon Fibres
Authors: Blacker J. G. , PATTERSON D.
Published: August 2010

The kinetics of the dyeing of polyester fibres with disperse dyes have previously been discussed in terms of a model in which the only forces of interaction between dye and polymer are those that give rise to mutual solubility. The rate and extent of dyeing depend on the size and shape of the dye molecules and the detailed structure of the fibre. The concentration profiles of dye within single filaments of polyesters and nylons have now been determined by a new method termed ‘optical sectioning’, in which an image of a filament is scanned by a narrow slit. The dye distributions are found by comparing experimental transmission values with those calculated by a computer for a model system in which various parameters can be adjusted.

For the polyester‐dye systems the rate constant of transfer of dye from dyebath to fibre (k1) was the same as the rate constant of diffusion away from the interface (k2). Some nylon‐dye systems, on the other hand, behaved as if k2 = k1, whereas others behaved initially as if k1 = k2 but later as if k2 > k1. Apparent diffusion coefficients were also derived from sorption measurements and were found to fall as the dye concentration in the fibre increased. Measurement of the orientation of the dye molecules by optical dichroism showed that the dye molecules entering the filaments late in the dyeing process were more highly orientated than the earlier ones. The decrease in diffusion coefficient has been interpreted in terms of the observed higher orientation, as resulting from a greater entropy of activation in the diffusion process.
The Ventura Jet–dyeing System
Authors: LIMBERT K.
Published: August 2010

The development of the high–temperature dyeing of knitted fabrics is outlined up to the introduction of the jet–dyeing system. The basic principles underlying the jet–dyeing machine are described and the Ventura machine (Platt–Longclose) is used to show how these have been dealt with in practice. The construction of auxiliary equipment for this machine is then described, particular attention being paid to control equipment. Finally, the general conditions for the dyeing of different fabrics are defined.
Crystal data for C.I. Pigment Yellow 60
Authors: Whitaker A.
Published: August 2010

The single crystal data and X‐ray powder pattern are reported for C.I. Pigment Yellow60 [1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐4‐(2′‐chlorophenylazo)‐5‐pyrazolonel. The powder pattern has been indexed from cell dimensions given by single crystal measurements. The problems of multiple indexing have been reduced by comparing the powder data with observed single‐crystal intensities.
Developments in flame‐retarding polyester/cotton blends
Authors: Horrocks A R
Published: August 2010

The burning behaviour of polyester/cotton blended fabrics is discussed and possible flame‐retardant strategies outlined. Particular attention is paid to the effectiveness of phosphorous‐ and nitrogen‐containing and antimony(III) oxide/halogen flame‐retardant systems. Recent developments within the UK are discussed which suggest that phosphonium salt condensate finishes are effective on cotton‐rich blends and that antimony‐halogen systems may be used on all polyester/cotton blend compositions. Both types of flame retardant have acceptable durability to laundering.
4–Hydroxy–3–arylamino–l, 8–naphthalimides and 3–(and 4–) hydroxy–2–(and 5–) arylamino–7H–bcnzimidazo–(2, l–a)benz(d, e)isoquinolin–7–ones. Red dyes for synthetic–polymer fibres
Authors: Peters A T , Dekhordi M Mehdi Shahab
Published: August 2010

4–Hydroxy–1, 8–naphthalimides and the isomer mixtures of'3–and 4–hydroxy–7 H–benzimidazo–(2, l–a)–benz(d, e)–isoquinolin–7–ones were coupled with diazotised arylamines to yield orange–red to bluish–red dyes having good coloration properties and excellent fastness to light on polyester fibres. Structure–property relationships in the dyes are discussed with respect to the nature of the substituents in the imide, imidazole and arylazo moieties.
Economic considerations from the exhaust application of reactive dyes under ultra‐low liquor ratio conditions*
Authors: Lidyard A M , Woodcock A , Noone P
Published: August 2010

This paper reports on the investigation of the application of reactive dyes at ultra‐low liquor ratios. Various types of reactive dye were included in the study, and it was found that acceptable dyeing results could be obtained by reducing the liquor ratio from the conventional 10:1 to 5:1. The accompanying reduction in electrolyte additions could offer several commercial benefits in both fabric and yarn dyeing.
Fashion and colour trends in the 1990s—forecasting into the future
Authors: Buddy Julie
Published: August 2010

Colour as an indicator of social mood, environment and culture has significant commercial implications. Different colour palettes can be attributed to different eras and fashions. Julie Buddy discusses the role of the colour forecaster and indicates emerging trends for the 1990s. Julie Buddy is a colour and fashion consultant for Informada, Suite 6, Browning Gardens, London W8, UK.
Rotary‐screen printing, alive and kicking
Authors: Kool R J M
Published: August 2010

Over the last three decades rotary‐screen printing has become the most important technique for textile printing. In discussing the challenges for the next decade, this paper identifies the trend towards shorter run lengths, particularly in Western Europe, as a major issue. It goes on to discuss the recent technical developments in the field of machine manufacturing, showing that rotary‐screen printing is still very much alive.
The effect of corona treatments on the hygral expansion of wool worsted fabrics
Authors: Carr C M , Dodd K J , Connors M A , Henderson A. , Vickerman J.
Published: August 2010

The effect of dry corona and aqueous treatments on the hygral expansion of wool gabardine has been investigated. Increasing the severity of the corona treatment produced a concomitant reduction in the hygral expansion of the fabric. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to study the chemical modification of the wool fibre surface.
Wool bleaching with reducing agents in the presence of sodium laurylsulphate. Part 6‐bleaching with stabilised hydrosulphite
Authors: Gaeén J. , Cegarra J. , Cayuela D.
Published: August 2010

Reductive bleaching with Blankit IN has been shown to provide wool of excellent whiteness, with a lower cysteine content than in the case of bleaching with other reducing agents. The presence of sodium laurylsulphate in the bleaching bath improves the Berger index by about three units, without increasing the cysteine content.
Trends in the dyeing machinery manufacturing industryndashstrategy and dynamic response
Authors: Cheuk Kelvin
Published: August 2010

An integrated model that incorporates both demand and supply elements has been used to analyse the attractiveness of the dyeing machinery manufacturing industry in the 1990s. Demand and supply interaction will ultimately influence the pattern of proliferation within the product life cycle of dyeing machinery. Kelvin Cheuk suggests that only by adopting a more dynamic strategy with quick response to changes can companies in this industry survive and grow. The approach of strategic alliance, taken by Fong's National Engineering, is discussed.
Bioscouring of cotton with pectinase enzyme in a non‐aqueous system
Authors: Sawada K , Tokino S , Ueda M
Published: August 2010

We have studied bioscouring of cotton using pectinase enzyme in a reverse micellar system. The effectiveness of the bioscouring was evaluated by measuring the weight loss of cotton substrate, analysing the pectin and cotton wax remaining and by wetness testing. Pectinase enzyme showed excellent activity even in organic media, and the degree of the hydrolysis of pectic substances was equivalent or better than that achieved by conventional alkaline scouring or bioscouring in aqueous media. Furthermore, the concentration of enzyme and treatment time required to complete scouring could be appreciably reduced.
Recommended weightings for colorimetric calculations*
Authors: Smith Ken J
Published: August 2010

Several different sets of weighting functions are, or have been, in routine use in colour‐measurement systems employed in industry to represent the same pairings of illuminant and observer. Exactly the same inputs to different weight‐sets purporting to represent the same pairing give, often significantly, different outputs (e. g. colour‐difference reports), leading to confusion, arguments between suppliers and their customers, and loss of faith in the capabilities of systems. The extent of variation between weight‐sets is exemplified by those employed, at some time, by some of the major system suppliers to represent TL84. The practical effect of these variations is examined and a recommendation is made to use the weight‐sets in ASTM E308‐96. The relevant content of E308‐96 is summarised and means of determining whether E308‐96 weights are installed in a system are given. Tables of E308‐96 weighting functions for CIE illuminants A, D65 and F11 (TL84) are appended.
Making Sense of Violence in the “Badlands” of Kenya
Authors: STRAIGHT BILINDA
Published: August 2010

In this article, I situate violent conflict affecting pastoralists in northern Kenya in the context of media representations of violent incidents and the relationship that many Kenyans perceive between such incidents and election politics. I argue that media representations are implicated in cycles of violent conflict through erasure and misrecognition. Most crucially, media representations tend to focus on cultural stereotypes that tacitly legitimate ongoing violence by explaining it away as timeless and cultural. These unidimensional representations can distract from the culpability of political elites and from the role of economic and political disenfranchisement in sustaining violence. They can also mask the ways in which some elites benefit from the propagation of cultural stereotypes even while deliberately engaging in manipulation of ethnic fault lines. Finally, I argue that these already ubiquitous representations hinging on cultural stereotypes contribute to a global politics of marginalization, within which so‐called indigenous violence is simultaneously politically expedient, routine, and forgettable.
Matters of Morality: The Case of a Former Khmer Rouge Village Chief
Authors: ZUCKER EVE MONIQUE
Published: August 2010

In a Khmer village located in Cambodia's southwest, an elderly man is blamed for the executions of his neighbors and extended kin. He is said to have killed these people when he worked as the village chief under the Khmer Rouge in the early 1970s. Using interviews and conversations with this man and others in his community, as well as observations and archival research, I speculatively examine villagers' accounts of the morality of his actions as a former Khmer Rouge village chief.
The Effects of Feature‐Label‐Order and Their Implications for Symbolic Learning
Authors: Ramscar Michael , Yarlett Daniel , Dye Melody , Denny Katie , Thorpe Kirsten
Published: August 2010

Symbols enable people to organize and communicate about the world. However, the ways in which symbolic knowledge is learned and then represented in the mind are poorly understood. We present a formal analysis of symbolic learning—in particular, word learning—in terms of prediction and cue competition, and we consider two possible ways in which symbols might be learned: by learning to predict a label from the features of objects and events in the world, and by learning to predict features from a label. This analysis predicts significant differences in symbolic learning depending on the sequencing of objects and labels. We report a computational simulation and two human experiments that confirm these differences, revealing the existence of Feature‐Label‐Ordering effects in learning. Discrimination learning is facilitated when objects predict labels, butnotwhen labels predict objects. Our results and analysis suggest that the semantic categories people use to understand and communicate about the world can only be learned if labels are predicted from objects. We discuss the implications of this for our understanding of the nature of language and symbolic thought, and in particular, for theories of reference.
The Logical Problem of Language Acquisition: A Probabilistic Perspective
Authors: Hsu Anne S. , Chater Nick
Published: August 2010

Natural language is full of patterns that appear to fit with general linguistic rules but are ungrammatical. There has been much debate over how children acquire these “linguistic restrictions,” and whether innate language knowledge is needed. Recently, it has been shown that restrictions in language can be learned asymptotically via probabilistic inference using the minimum description length (MDL) principle. Here, we extend the MDL approach to give a simple and practical methodology for estimating how much linguistic data are required to learn a particular linguistic restriction. Our method provides a new research tool, allowing arguments about natural language learnability to be made explicit and quantified for the first time. We apply this method to a range of classic puzzles in language acquisition. We find some linguistic rules appear easily statistically learnable from language experience only, whereas others appear to require additional learning mechanisms (e.g., additional cues or innate constraints).
Development and Possible Significance of Abnormal Cell‐Lines in the Acute Stage of Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia
Authors: Pedersen Bent
Published: August 2010

“Families” of closely related, abnormal karyotypes were found in mitoses from bone marrow and cultured leucocytes in four cases of chronic myelogenous leukaemia in the acute stage of the disease. The development of such karyotype families seems to coincide with clinical relapses which are fatal in the course of a few months. It is probable that cells with different karyotypes have different viability in the leukaemic organism. Consequently, in patients treated with cytotoxics, those karyotypes are likely to be selected which are less sensitive to the cytotoxics applied. If this hypothesis is correct, it may contribute to an explanation why patients controlled for years with certain cytotoxic drugs, suddenly grow refractory to these agents.
Influence of Split Products of Fibrinogen on Results of Blood Coagulation Tests and Platelet Adhesiveness
Authors: Niléhn Jan‐Erik
Published: August 2010

The effect of high molecular weight split (HMWS) products and D and E products on the determination of one‐stage prothrombin time, prothrombin and proconvertin, factors V, VIII, and IX, platelet adhesiveness and the thrombin time was investigated. When the concentration of the split products (D, E or HMWS) was 0.5–1.0 mg per ml plasma or less, the thrombin time was only slightly prolonged, and the results of other tests studied, platelet adhesiveness included, were not affected significantly. Prolonged thrombin time and one‐stage prothrombin time and a decrease to half of the normal factor V value were noted when the concentration of the HMWS products was increased to 5–10 mg per ml plasma, while the P & P value was influenced only slightly. When the concentrations of the split products exceeded the maximal level achievable in vivo was a large effect noted on factor V and some effect on P & P. The HMWS products probably act partly as ‘antithrombin’, partly as inhibitor of the polymerization of the fibrin monomer, while the D and E products act only as ‘antithrombins’. The esterolytic effect of thrombin on TAME was not inhibited by D and E products in a molar concentration of 1/7 and 1/5, respectively, of that of TAME.
Splenectomy in Haematology Indications, Results, and Complications in 41 Cases
Authors: Christensen B. Egelund , Hansen L. Kuld , Kristensen J. Kvist , Videbæk Aa.
Published: August 2010

The indications for, effect of, and immediate complications of splenectomy are reported on the basis of 41 patients followed for from 3 months to 3 years after the operation.

There is a general indication for splenectomy in hereditary spherocytosis, but in other cases of haemolytic anaemia splenectomy appears to presuppose proof that the spleen is playing the main role in the erythrocyte sequestration.

In chronic lymphatic leukaemia splenectomy may evidently be advised on the basis of fairly simple clinical findings: Disease activity that calls for treatment, e.g. weight loss, a tendency to sweating as well as anaemia, thrombocytopenia, combined with considerable splenomegaly as the predominant focus. The time of splenectomy should not be delayed as long as possible, as decisive items of risk appear to increase with the duration of the disease.

For instance, pronounced splenomegaly gives rise to special problems, and long‐lasting cytostatic and corticoid medication as well as progression of the basic disease will increase the incidence of postoperative complications. Haemorrhage from the splenic bed and infection, most often with a pulmonary focus, were recorded as the most common operative complications. Their incidence was particularly high in operations on patients having chronic lymphatic leukaemia.
Platelet Refractory State Induced by Heparin
Authors: EIKA C.
Published: August 2010

Addition of heparin to whole blood caused marked platelet aggregation, followed by rapid deaggregation during subsequent tilting. Some platelets, however, were irreversibly aggregated. Heparin also induced aggregation in citrated platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), and enhanced aggregation by adrenaline and collagen in citrated PRP. These findings are interpreted as due to heparin‐induced release of platelet ADP. A marked inhibition of aggregation by adrenaline (second phase) and collagen was observed in heparinized PRP. As reversible aggregation due to exposure to ADP is known to induce refractory platelets, this may probably explain the inhibition of aggregation in heparinized PRP. The controversial reported effects of heparin are discussed in view of the present findings.
Factor VII during Warfarin Treatment
Authors: Howarth D. J. , Brozović Mllica , Stirling Yvonne , Reed Margaret
Published: August 2010

Using a one stage clotting assay and an antibody neutralization test, factor VII levels were measured in 91 healthy subjects and 46 patients on long term warfarin treatment. The mean factor VII levels in the healthy subjects were 130 % and 124 % of a reference plasma in the clotting and the antibody neutralizing assays respectively, and this difference was not statistically significant. In warfarin treated patients the values were 38 % and 51 % respectively, and the excess of the antibody neutralizing material, though small, was statistically significant (p < O.01). Factor MI levels in healthy subjects were analysed in men and women separately: in women there was an excess of clotting activity over antigenic activity, whereas no such excess was found in men. After a single small oral dose of warfarin in two male volunteers, both the clotting activity and antibody neutralizing activity were reduced, but the estimated antibody neutralizing activity always exceeded the clotting activity. In three patients (two men and one woman) starting long term warfarin treatment both biological and im‐munological activity were reduced in paralIel; in two out of three patients a slight excess of antibody neutralizing activity was present. These results suggest that PIVKA VII is present in small amounts in patients on long term oral anticoagulants.
Corticosteroids and Experimental Intravascular Coagulation
Authors: Gerrits W. B. J. , Prakke Elisabeth M. , Meer J. van der , Feltkamp‐Vroom Thea M. , Vreeken J.
Published: August 2010

In view of the fact that septic shock is treated with high doses of corticosteroids, the influence of prednisolone administration on the course of experimental diffuse intravascular coagulation in rabbits was studied.

Administration of a moderate dose of prednisolone for 5 d prior to thrombin infusion in rabbits inhibited reactive fibrinolysis. This resulted in a higher mortality, which could be prevented by synchronous infusions of streptokinase. No significant inhibition of fibrinolysis could be demonstrated after a single high dose of prednisolone, as used in the treatment of septic shock.
Serum Ferritin and Bone Marrow Haemosiderin in Patients with Malignancies and in Healthy Controls
Authors: Jakobsen E. , Engeset A. , Sandstad B. , Aas M.
Published: August 2010

Serum ferritin has been analysed and bone marrow haemosiderin evaluated in 306 patients with malignancies, mostly lymphomas, and in 46 healthy controls. Also haemoglobin, serum iron, transferrin and liver enzymes were analysed simultaneously.

60% of the patients had serum ferritin above normal values and 20% had values above 1000 μg/1.

There was a good correlation between serum ferritin and bone marrow iron both in the patients and in the controls, r = 0.67 and r = 0.77, respectively. There was a negative correlation between serum ferritin and haemoglobin concentration in the patients and a positive correlation in the controls. In patients with Hodgkin's disease serum ferritin was related to the stage of the disease.
Free Light Chains of Immunoglobulins in Serum from Patients with Leukaemias and Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Sølling K. , Nielsen J. Lanng , Sølling J. , Ellegaard J.
Published: August 2010

The serum concentration of free kappa and lambda light chains of immunoglobulins was measured in 114 patients with myelo‐ and lymphoproliferative disorders including multiple myeloma. Increased concentrations of a single light chain type, suggesting monoclonal origin, were found with high frequency in B‐cell diseases only. Thus 6 out of 9 patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia and 24 of 28 patients with multiple myeloma had increased concentrations of a single chain type. The highest values reported in chronic lymphatic leukaemia were approximately 10 and in multiple myeloma 1000 times normal mean. Cytostatic treatment of chronic lymphatic leukaemia was followed by a decrease in the light chain levels. The levels were, however, not correlated to the number of circulating lymphocytes, the lymphatic infiltration of tissue or clinical activity. Increased concentrations of both chain types, suggesting a polyclonal origin, were found in both of 2 patients with acute monocytic leukaemia, 6 of 7 with acute myelomonocytic leukaemia, 2 of 23 with acute myeloid leukaemia and 1 of 7 with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The highest levels of light chains in these groups were 5 times normal mean. All patients with myeloproliferative disorders revealed normal values of both light chain types.
Further Evaluation of an Automated Amidolytic Factor X Assay in Monitoring Anti‐Vitamin K Treatment
Authors: van Wijk Eduard M. , Kahlé Laurens H. , Jeletich Arni , ten Cate Jan W.
Published: August 2010

A mechanized factor X assay was tested in 2222 plasma samples of patients being treated with oral anticoagulants. The correlation coefficient between this assay and Thrombotest was 0.78. The therapeutic range for factor X amidolytic activity was 150 to 300 units/1. Amidolytic factor X activity and Thrombotest provide similar information about the state of anticoagulation within the same patient, including patients that are not well balanced. The ranges for factors II, VII, IX and X clotting activity in 57 patients on long‐term therapy (Thrombotest within the therapeutic range between 190 and 95 s) were 80–300, 70–600, 40–420 and 50–330 units/1, respectively. The range for factor X amidolytic activity in this group of patients was 150–470 units/1.
Simultaneous Occurrence of Acute Myelogenous Leukaemia and Multiple Myeloma without Previous Chemotherapy
Authors: Matsuzaki H. , Yamaguchi K. , Hara H. , Mitsuya H. , Kawano F. , Araki K. , Tanaka R. , Kishimoto S.
Published: August 2010

A patient with simultaneous occurrence of multiple myeloma and acute myelogenous leukaemia without previous chemotherapy was studied. Indirect immunofluorescence and protein A‐coupled ox red blood cells rosette technique by use of anti‐idiotype (Id) antibody showed some T cells with receptors of idiotypic specificity identical with that of the secreted myeloma protein. Plaque forming cell assay showed the presence of Id producing peripheral blood lymphocytes with EB virus receptor, probably B cells. These observations strongly suggest that multiple myeloma was not the result of a neoplastic transformation of the most differentiated B cells, plasma cell, but of lymphoid stem cells capable of differentiating to either B or T cells. However, there was not a detectable population of myeloblasts that expressed the same idiotype. Chromosomal analysis revealed a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 8 in myeloblasts but not in T or B cells. These results support the hypothesis of separate clonal origins for the leukaemic and myeloma components in this case.
T‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Anomalous cell markers, variable morphology, and marked responsiveness to pentostatin (2′‐deoxycoformycin)
Authors: Spiers A. S. D. , Davis M. P. , Levine Marilyn , Li C. Y. , Mangan K. F. , Mazza J. J. , Neu L. T. , O'Brien J. , Rauch A. E. , Wiltsie J. C. , Bieler Leslie , Lorch Carol A.
Published: August 2010

4 men with an unusual variant of T‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia are reported. The clinical features differed from the virus‐associated T‐cell disease reported from Japan, the Caribbean, and the southeastern United States. Cytology was pleiomorphic: cells with cerebriform nuclei resembling Sézary cells and lymphocytes with cytoplasmic granules resembling T‐suppressor cells occurred in the same patients. Immunofluorescence studies with monoclonal antibodies suggested that the leukaemia cells expressed determinants of both helper‐ (OKT4+) and suppressor‐(OKT8+) related antigens. The cells were TdT‐negative. In all patients the disease was very refractory to conventional cytotoxic agents, but there was prompt and extensive response to the adenosine deaminase inhibitor pentostatin (2′‐deoxycoformycin). This agent merits further study in the treatment of T‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.
Limitations of flow cytometry in the analysis of CDIalHLADR+ human oral mucosal Langerhans cells
Authors: Barrett AW , Ross DA , Goodacre JA
Published: August 2010

Suspensions of human oral epithetial cells were stained with antibodies to CD la and HLADR conjugated with fluorochromes and analysed by flow cytometry with the aim of purifying double‐labetled Langerhans cells, a population comprising approximatety 2% of the cell total. Whole suspensions had high levets of autofluorescence and a wide range of forward and right angle scatter properties. The mean percentage of CDIalHLADR+ cells was 2.I%, though the double‐labetled cells did not form a discrete group and the percentages of positive cells using control antibodies were similar. Density gradient centrifugation prior to flow cytometry did not facilitate Langerhanr cell identification within the suspension. The results indicate flow cytometric analysis of minority cell populations (such as Langerhans cells) within oral epithetium is limited by the autofluorescence of physically heterogeneous keratinocytes, and emphasise the importance of controls in studies of oral epithetium which use this method.
Abnormal EBV immune status in oral lichen planus
Authors: Pedersen A
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To investigate any possible association between oral lichen planus (OLP) and the humoral immune response to Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV). MATERIAL AND METHODS The population consisted of 22 patients with histologically verified OLP and 22 healthy sex‐ and age‐matched controls without any oral mucosal diseases. Specific serum IgG antibodies (Ab) towards EBV early antigen (EA) and nuclear antigen‐I (EBNA) and IgM Ab towards EBV EA were determined by ELISA.

RESULTS: The optometric density (OD) IgG anti‐EA Ab levels were significantly higher in OLP patients than in controls and a significantly negative correlation between duration of symptoms from OLP and IgG anti‐EA OD Ab values was demonstrated. IgM anti‐EA and IgG anti‐EBNA OD Ab levels were not significantly different between the two groups.

CONCLUSION: The hypothesis of any possible association between EBV and OLP has never been tested but the present results seem to lend support for an aberration in the humoral response to EBV in OLP patients.
Spontaneous squamous cell carcinomas of the oral region in domestic animals: a review and consideration of their relevance to human research
Authors: Gardner DG
Published: August 2010

Spontaneous squamous cell carcinomas of the oral region in domestic animals have the potential of providing additional information about the pathology of oral cancer and may be useful in therapeutic research. Moreover, they exhibit definite advantages over chemically induced tumors in rodents. This article provides background information on spontaneous oral squamous cell carcinomas in dogs, cats, cattle, horses and sheep and then discusses the use in research of such tumors in dogs and cats. These two species are potentially the most useful because they are numerous, suffer quite commonly from squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oro‐pharynx, and are usually allowed to live approximately normal life spans. Moreover, they are being treated routinely in veterinary hospitals.
Expression of p53 in oral mucosal hyperplasia, dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kerdpon D. , Rich AM , Reade PC
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To assess p53 expression in a range of oral mucosal lesions and to relate the results to the clinical outcome in patients with dysplastic oral mucosal lesions and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Archival tissue was available for eight cases of normal oral mucosa, 50 cases of oral mucosal hyperplasia, 41 cases of oral mucosal dysplasia and 48 cases of OSCC. The monoclonal antibody DO‐7, reactive to p53 protein, was applied to paraffin‐embedded sections using microwave pretreatment and immu‐nohistochemical techniques.

RESULTS: The results showed that normal oral mucosa did not express p53.Positive nuclear staining was found in 18/50 (36%) cases of hyperplasia, 35/41 (85%) cases of dysplasia and 45/48 (94%) cases of OSCC.None of the p53 negative dysplasias progressed, while 19% of p53 positive cases of dysplasia recurred following excision and 11% of the cases underwent neoplastic transformation. Five out of 10 (50%) cases of severe dysplasia which were p53 positive resolved.

CONCLUSION: The proportion of cases with positive p53 expression increased from hyperplasia to dysplasia to OSCC. These results may indicate an involvement of p53 in neoplastic transformation as well as in proliferative events although the presence or absence of p53 staining could not be used to predict the outcome of potentially malignant oral mucosal lesions.
Comparison of cytopathic changes in oral hairy leukoplakia with in situ hybridization for EBV DNA
Authors: Greenspan JS , de Souza YG , Regezi JA , Daniels TE , Greenspan D , MacPhail LA , Hilton JF
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: It has been observed that the cytopathic changes in hairy leukoplakia (HL) correlate with ultra‐structural evidence of intra‐keratinocyte herpes‐type viral particles. In situ hybridization is considered to be the definitive confirmation of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐induced HL. This study evaluated the consistency of histopathological findings, which many believe to be diagnostic, with in situ hybridization for EBV‐DNA in 60 patients with lesions clinically suggestive of HL.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)‐stained sections were reviewed independently by three oral pathologists who did not know the hybridization results. The presence in keratinocytes of nuclear inclusions and/or homogenization, believed to be specific for EBV in these lesions, was used as an indicator for infection. Cytoplasmic changes were evaluated separately.

RESULTS: With in situ hybridization, 48 cases were positive and 12 were negative. When the two methods were compared, pathologist concurrence ranged from 83% to 92%. False negatives ranged from 6% to 19%, and false positives ranged from 8% to 25%. Cytoplasmic ballooning, homogenization, and perinuclear clearing were evident in all cases of hybridization‐confirmed HL; however, these changes were also noted in 75% (9/12) of the cases with negative hybridization results. Most confirmed HL cases exhibited both nuclear homogenization and inclusions, although the former was more consistently seen.

CONCLUSION: Cytoplasmic changes did not agree well with EBV‐DNA hybridization results, whereas nuclear changes demonstrated good, but not complete, agreement. In appropriate clinical settings, the finding of nuclear inclusions and/or homogenization may be of diagnostic value. However, because the potential for false positives and negatives is high, H&E cytopathology should not be used as a substitute for in situ hybridization in the definitive diagnosis of oral hairy leukoplakia.
Trends in oral cancer mortality in Japan: 1950–1993
Authors: Zheng Y. , Kirita T. , Kurumatani N. , Sugimura M. , Yonemasu K.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: To investigate trends in mortality rates of oral cancer patients in Japan between 1950 and 1993 by sex, age and cancer site, and compare the results with previous studies to determine whether there are any common characteristics of oral cancer patterns between Japan and European countries.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: The mortality data obtained from the Japanese Vital Statistics were analyzed using the 5‐year moving average method, and the mortality rates were adjusted to the 1990 world population by age and sex. Age‐specific mortality rates were analyzed by birth cohort.

RESULTS: The age‐standardized mortality rates among the males increased from 1.14 per 100000 person‐years in 1952 to 1.84 in 1991, whereas the corresponding rate among females changed little over the same period. Cancer of the tongue was the most common cause of death in Japan among the five studied oral regions: lip, tongue, floor of the mouth, major salivary glands and oropharynx, males aged under 54 born in 1920 or later were found to have an increased risk of such disease.

CONCLUSION: Further epidemiological investigations are necessary to clarify the etiology of oral cancer in Japan.
Clinical application of cultured oral epithelium for palatal wounds after palatoplasty: a preliminary report
Authors: Sumi Y. , Hata K‐I , Sawaki Y. , Mizuno H. , Ueda M.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Mucoperiosteal defects of the hard palate after palatoplasty scar causing scar contraction, leading to poor growth of the maxilla. The promotion of wound healing in these cases through cultured epithelial allografting has been reported. Cultured epithelial allografting was done using allogeneic cultured cells, in the hope of improving growth of maxilla.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Clefts of the soft and hard palate (seven patients), and a cleft of the soft palate (two patients) were present. Average patient age was 1 year 4 monthS. Palatoplasty was done by a conventional push‐back operation. Oral epithelial cells from healthy adults were cultured using 3T3 cells as the feeder layer. After 3 weeks, cultured oral mucosal epithelium was grafted on a raw surface following palatoplasty.

RESULTS: The result was compared in two patients who had undergone push‐back operation only. In all patients, the grafted areas underwent re‐epithelialization after about 1 week and did not exhibit any clinical signs of graft rejection. Grafted areas healed completely after 2–3 weeks in all cases.

CONCLUSION: Cultured epithelial allografts serve as a temporary biological dressing, and accelerate epithelialization and wound healing. Allografting by cultured oral epithelium has proved to be a very useful therapeutic modality in palatoplasty, as well as effective augmentation materials in cases of oral mucosal defects.
The epidemiology of lip cancer: a review of global incidence and aetiology
Authors: Moore SR , Johnson NW , Pierce AM , Wilson DF
Published: August 2010

Lip cancer (140 ICD‐9) is a form of oral cancer that has a distinctive global epidemiology. This review summarises global incidence rates for male and female lip cancer with the aid of cancer atlases. High male lip cancer rates are reported for regions of North America (12.7 per 100 000 per annum), Europe (12.0 per 100 000 per annum) and Oceania (13.5 per 100 000 per annum), while it is virtually unknown in parts of Asia. Factors commonly cited as important in the aetiology of lip cancer include solar radiation, tobacco smoking and viruses. An attempt is made to summarise the evidence for factors that may be important in lip carcinogenesis. While incidence rates are generally stable or falling among males worldwide, they are rising in many female populations. The aetiology of the disease is far from established and much information regarding its pathogenesis is based on anecdotal rather than case‐controlled epidemiological evidence. The epidemiology of lip cancer supports the proposal that the lip should be considered as a distinct cancer site, rather than being included with other forms of intraoral cancer.
Expression of integrin α9 subunit and tenascin in oral leukoplakia, lichen planus, and squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Häkkinen L , Kainulainen T , Salo T , Grenman R , Larjava H
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: Integrin α9 subunit is a member of β1 integrin family and binds tenascin (TN). It is expressed by stratified squamous epithelium and may be associated with cell differentiation and growth. We studied if the expression of α9 integrin and TN is altered in leukoplakia, lichen planus, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

METHODS: Frozen sections of tissue samples obtained from normal human keratinized (16 subjects) and non‐keratinized (three subjects) oral mucosa, oral leukopakias with dysplasia (19 subjects), reticular type lichen planus (nine subjects), or oral mucosal SCC (23 subjects) were stained immunohistochemically with antibodies against α9 integrin and TN.

RESULTS: In contrast to its most prominent localization at the cell membranes of the basal epithelial cells in the normal mucosa, α9 integrin was localized in a more diffuse pattern with focal loss of expression at the epithelial cell membranes in leukoplakic dysplasia, lichen planus, and SCC. In some areas of SCC, α9 integrin localized throughout all cell layers of the tumor epithelium. In most areas, α9 integrin colocalized with TN but in heavily inflamed areas there was focal loss of TN and α9 integrin at the basement membrane zone.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings show that α9 integrin expression is altered in leukoplakic dysplasia, lichen planus, and SCC.
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: MMP and TIMP gene expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and adjacent tissues
Authors: Birkedal‐Hansen B , Pavelic ZP , Gluckman JL , Stambrook P , Li Y‐Q , Stetler‐Stevenson WG
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency of gene expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) stromelysins ‐1, ‐2 and ‐3 (MMP‐3, ‐10, and ‐11), matrilysin (MMP‐7), MT1‐MMP (MMP‐14), and of TIMPs (Tissue Inhibitors of MMPs) ‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐4 in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas with those of matched adjacent normal tissues.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study included 20 surgically removed head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, seven of which were accompanied by matched adjacent oral mucosa excised from the border of the specimens outside the tumor area. RNA isolated from tumors and control samples was subjected to RT‐PCR using primers specific for MMP‐3, ‐7, ‐10, ‐11 and ‐14 and for TIMPs ‐1, ‐2, ‐3, and ‐4.

RESULTS: Our findings demonstrate that each of the five MMP genes studied were expressed in essentially all the tumors, while the adjacent marginal tissue samples showed a more varied picture: while stromelysin‐3 was located to a majority of the marginal samples, matrilysin was expressed in four of seven adjacent samples, strome‐lysin‐1 and MT1‐MMP genes were each expressed in three of these samples, and stromelysin‐2 transcript was only expressed in two marginal tissue samples. Whereas TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2 transcripts were identified in all tumor and adjacent tissue samples studied, TIMP‐3 was expressed, albeit often at low levels, in 17 of 20 tumor samples but only in three of seven adjacent tissues. The novel TIMP‐4 gene was not expressed at all. CONCLUSIONS: Specific MMP (MMP‐3, ‐7, ‐10, ‐14) and TIMP‐3 transcripts observed in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas compared to their frequency in specimens of matching tissues provide important information about expression of extracellular matrix degrading enzymes and their tissue inhibitors in head and neck carcinomas.