bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diel Vertical Migration of Aquatic Crustaceans—Adaptive Role, Underlying Mechanisms, and Ecosystem Consequences
Authors: Dawidowicz Piotr , Pijanowska Joanna
Published: September 2021

The phenomenon of diel vertical migration (DVM) of planktonic crustaceans, recognized by biologists for at least 2 centuries, is a special case of habitat selection behavior by pelagic animals, with their depth preference changing over a diel cycle in a way that prevents encounters with visually oriented predators (mostly fish). Migrating populations usually move toward cold, dark deep-water strata deprived of algal food when there is sufficient ambient light and move back to food-rich and warm surface waters after dusk. DVM has been recognized in pelagic representatives of all aquatic phyla of the animal kingdom and is considered the most massive diel biomass displacement on Earth. DVM can be observed in nearly all lentic freshwater and marine environments. As zooplankton occupy the central position in pelagic food webs, their massive migrations dramatically affect ecological functioning of offshore biota, particularly the efficiency of primary production utilization, energy flow, and biogeochemical pathways of essential nutrients such as carbon fluxes. The phenomenon of DVM is perhaps the most suitable for quantitative description and the major environmental factors underlying the fitness consequences of DVM, including vertical gradients of light intensity (predation risk), temperature related metabolic rates, food concentration (growth and fecundity), and others, are easy to monitor track in the field and to manipulate in laboratory systems. DVM, as inducible behavior, can be experimentally manipulated, both in the field and in the laboratory, which, in turn, makes it possible to design experiments convenient for testing specific hypotheses on various proximate and ultimate factors underlying this behavior. These characteristics make DVM suitable for investigating the evolution of animal behavior, its adaptive value, and ecosystem consequences. In the fondest memory of our friend Konrad Ciechomski with whom we made, years ago, our first steps into the world of plankton migrations.
Life History Adaptation in Prey
Authors: Wellborn Gary A.
Published: September 2021

Predation is a powerful agent of life history evolution in prey species, as demonstrated in diverse examples in crustaceans. Ubiquitous size- and age-selective predation mediates trade-offs among reproductive effort, survival, and growth, which cause evolution of constitutive and phenotypically plastic shifts in age and size at maturity. In accord with predictions of life history theory, comparative studies demonstrate that contrasting forms of selective predation generate divergent evolutionary changes in age- and size-specific allocation of reproductive effort within populations and species. Predation risk also influences egg and offspring size, and some crustaceans exhibit phenotypic plasticity in offspring size in response to chemical cues of predators. Because age-selective predation impacts the relative benefits of earlier versus later reproductive investment, predation may also shape senescence and life span of crustaceans. Additionally, individual differences in risk-taking behavior, sometimes termed “personalities,” have been examined in several crustaceans, and these may arise through among-individual variation in reproductive value. Finally, in some crustacean groups limb autotomy is a common, but costly, antipredator defense, and life history perspectives on autotomy suggest individuals may balance costs and benefits during predator encounters. Much of our understanding of predation’s role in life history evolution of prey derives from studies of crustaceans, and these organisms continue to be promising avenues to elucidate mechanisms of life history evolution.
Engaging Vulnerable Romani Youth in Provision of Early Childhood Services
Authors: Daniel Stanislav
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, the importance of early childhood services to the later educational achievement, well-being, and future income of Romani youth is elaborated, especially from the perspective of the roles that youth can play in supporting their younger peers. Education policies may have different consequences for young Roma who sometimes choose assimilation to avoid discrimination—sometimes without success. As a result of the cross-generational neglect of Romani ethnicity, some Romani children and youth believe that success is only part of the identity of non-Roma, while performing well at school can be perceived by Romani youth as a non-Roma behavior. Involvement of young people in the provision of early childhood education and care (ECEC) may be an answer, dealing with both the youth and the absence of non-formal ECEC. There are many approaches to building positive awareness about ethnic identity. Initiatives such as the Romani Early Years Network support greater involvement of Roma and successfully promote the idea of ECEC provided in local contexts such as homes or community centers. The role of Romani youth is irreplaceable in this work.
Fulvia Enters the Scene
Authors: Schultz Celia E.
Published: September 2021

Fulvia first appears in the sources after her marriage to P. Clodius Pulcher. Their union was arranged by her stepfather, Gaius Licinius Murena, to help Clodius recover from a career-damaging scandal: he had been caught, dressed in women’s clothing, at an exclusively female ritual in honor of the goddess Bona Dea; he had snuck in for a tryst with the hostess of the event, the wife of Caesar. Marriage to Fulvia offered Clodius a certain amount of respectability; marriage to Clodius gave Fulvia entrée into a more exclusive social circle than she could have otherwise aspired to. The union was a happy one that produced two children, a son and a daughter, and it lasted until Clodius was murdered by his political rival, Milo. Fulvia played a crucial role in whipping up popular sentiment against Milo, and her testimony helped secure his eventual conviction for the crime.
Introduction
Authors: Sung-Yul Park Joseph
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces the main issue to be investigated in this book: the question of how to understand the relationship between English and neoliberalism, and how subjectivity may serve as a potential answer to that question. It discusses the significance of this question in relation to previous research on the global spread of English, and presents an outline of what I mean by subjectivity and why it can be relevant to the study of language in political economy. It also introduces South Korea as a unique site for highlighting the importance of considering subjectivity as a key link that mediates English and neoliberalism. The chapter closes with an overview of the chapters to follow.
Conclusion
Authors: Barany Zoltan
Published: September 2021

In the Conclusion the book’s main themes and the trends that emerge from the analysis of the different dimensions of Gulf military affairs are summarized. The robustness and relevance of the explanatory variables to support the arguments of this study are also evaluated. A major theme that runs through the book is waste. In this section the waste of human potential, financial resources, and institutions (as opportunities), with particular attention of the GCC, is assessed. The book is ended by suggestions of how the effectiveness of Arabia’s armies might be improved.
Pick a Pocket Or Two
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: September 2021

This book tells the full history of the British musical, from The Beggar's Opera (1728) to the present, by isolating the unique qualities of the form and its influence on the American model. To place a very broad generalization, the American musical is regarded as largely about ambition fulfilled, whereas the British musical is about social order. Oklahoma!'s Curly wins the heart of the farmer Laurey—or, in other words, the cowboy becomes a landowner, establishing a truce between the freelancers on horseback and the ruling class. Half a Sixpence, on the other hand, finds a working-class boy coming into a fortune and losing it to fancy Dans, whereupon he is reunited with his working-class sweetheart, his modest place in the social order affirmed. Anecdotal and evincing a strong point of view, the book covers not only the shows and their authors but the personalities as well—W. S. Gilbert trying out his stagings on a toy theatre, Ivor Novello going to jail for abusing wartime gas rationing during World War II, fabled producer C. B. Cochran coming to a most shocking demise for a man whose very name meant “classy, carefree entertainment.”
To Love Another Person Is To See the Face Of God
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the emergence of the through-song British musical, also known as “pop opera.” This can be dated from the afternoon of March 1, 1968, when parents (mainly mothers) of students at Colet Court School watched an end-of-term performance of a twenty-minute version of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. By 1991, Lloyd Webber and Rice had officially created the first performance in the history of pop opera which was Jesus Christ Superstar (1971). Lloyd Webber's ability to compose consistently in a single voice, or to eclecticize, in other words, to teach the audience to navigate the action through musical signifiers is not appreciated enough. Tim Rice's ease in “conversationalizing” the bigger-than-life figures that pop opera delights in is similarly underrated, because he makes it look easy. The biggest hit in this period of musical history is Les Misérables (1985). This show's saga started when Alain Boublil sees Superstar and decides to write something comparable. It was written with composer Claude-Michel Schönberg.
Introduction to Applied Cross-Cultural Data Analysis
Authors: Tran Thanh V. , Chan Keith T.
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces applied cross-cultural data analysis and addresses the concepts of culture and how culture can be integrated into social work research. We review the definition of culture and how it has been understood and examined in research across various disciplines. We present an overview of the theories and frameworks of cross-cultural analysis, and provide the lens through which culture is examined by means of the techniques and approaches that are used in this book. Cross-cultural analysis can be viewed as comparisons based on key demographic variables such as countries of origin, race, ethnicity, language, sex, religion, and related cultural identifications. The assumption is that people who share the same cultural identification also share similar values and behaviors.
Conclusion and Future Directions
Authors: Tran Thanh V. , Chan Keith T.
Published: September 2021

We conclude the book in this chapter, and discuss a summary of chapters, limitations and future directions. Defining culture is a complex task, and we provided practical guides for social work students and researchers to make cross-cultural comparisons in their research. We began this book with a discussion on culture and its relation to social work. We then outlined the process of data management and the use of descriptive statistic techniques to describe differences among cultural groups. We demonstrated and illustrated the application of cross cultural comparisons using linear regression, logistic regression, structural equation modeling (SEM), hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), and geomap visualizations. We concluded with a discussion on limitations and our hope for future directions in cross-cultural research in the social work discipline.
The Distinct Nature of “Biblical Law”
Authors: Milstein Sara J.
Published: September 2021

This chapter concludes that “biblical law” is indeed distinct, but not for the reasons that certain intellectuals of the early 1900s advanced. It is unique because it is neither rooted in old law collections nor composed with the aim of producing an Israelite/Judahite expression of the genre. It is unique because its building blocks are rooted in legal-pedagogical exercises. And it is unique because even though its final contributors cast it as “law,” these scribes were more interested in the application of law to the sphere of worship and ethics than in the intricacies of law itself. Contrary to popular belief, then, it is not that the Israelites/Judahites merely attributed their laws to Yahweh while the Mesopotamians credited kings with the collections. Rather, the Israelites/Judahites never had law collections in the first place. With respect to Exodus 21–22, scribes repurposed an old legal exercise on damages, framing it at the front and back ends with non-legal content. As for Deuteronomy, the scribes’ contribution was even more pronounced, in that they produced new “laws,” leaving the impression that part of Deuteronomy 19–25 was rooted in an old law collection. When we examine what we call “biblical law” in the context of Mesopotamian legal-pedagogical texts, it becomes clear that its longstanding placement among the Babylonian, Assyrian, and Hittite law collections is inapt. In recognizing the practical roots of “biblical law,” we can begin to reconstruct both the impetus for its emergence and the uniqueness of its trajectory.
Reflection IV
Authors: Schniewind Alexandrine
Published: September 2021

Soul is a concept that highly interested the early psychoanalysts. Contrary to the modern German psychologists who did all they could to replace Seele (soul) by Geist (mind), Freud attributed to the term Seele a place of major importance.1 However, Freud didn’t use Seele...
Game Music Basics
Authors: Kellman Noah
Published: September 2021

Film music is linear, meaning you always know in what order the on-screen events occur. Game music, on the other hand, evolves and changes in real time based on the player’s actions. Composing for this unpredictable, nonlinear medium is a necessary skill unique to game music composition. This chapter examines how composing for nonlinear timelines is different both conceptually and technically, discussing the common techniques used in games today and empowering readers to use these in their own game projects.
Advanced Algorithmic Music Systems
Authors: Kellman Noah
Published: September 2021

This chapter builds on the previous discussion of procedural music, examining the advanced capabilities of custom-built algorithmic music systems, and how they can respond to minute changes in game data. This exploration examines Uurnog Uurnlimited (2017), a game developed by Niklas Nygren (aka Nifflas), which features such an algorithmic music system. Nifflas designed Uurnog with real-time audio generation as a key feature of the gameplay experience, even going so far as to create a stand-alone music system called Ondskan to give himself nearly unlimited control over how a procedural musical score is attached to game data. Through the exploration of advanced reactive music systems, the reader will encounter many tools useful in thinking outside the box when crafting a music design for a game. These tools can give developers multiple approaches for creating scores that adapt to each play-through and provide the player with a uniquely personalized score.
The Last Word
Authors: Gautreau Justin
Published: September 2021

The Last Word argues that the Hollywood novel opened up space for cultural critique of the film industry at a time when the industry lacked the capacity to critique itself. While the young studio system worked tirelessly to burnish its public image in the wake of celebrity scandal, several industry insiders wrote fiction to fill in what newspapers and fan magazines left out. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, these novels aimed to expose the invisible machinery of classical Hollywood cinema, including not only the evolving artifice of the screen but also the promotional discourse that complemented it. As likeminded filmmakers in the 1940s and 1950s gradually brought the dark side of the industry to the screen, however, the Hollywood novel found itself struggling to live up to its original promise of delivering the unfilmable. By the 1960s, desperate to remain relevant, the genre had devolved into little more than erotic fantasy of movie stars behind closed doors, perhaps the only thing the public couldn’t already find elsewhere. Still, given their unique ability to speak beyond the institutional restraints of their time, these earlier works offer a window into the industry’s dynamic creation and re-creation of itself in the public imagination.
Conclusion
Authors: Gautreau Justin
Published: September 2021

The conclusion examines the last gasps of the Hollywood novel following the collapse of the studio system. As the inner workings of the industry became less and less of a secret, the Hollywood novel began emulating scandal magazines and the burgeoning porn industry to stay afloat. By the 1960s, it had devolved into a toothless genre that offered readers little more than erotic fantasy of movie stars behind closed doors. Once the film industry implemented a ratings system in the late 1960s, several screenwriters managed to restore the integrity of the Hollywood novel, only now approaching their literary endeavors not as antithetical to film work but as the first step in bringing their R-rated vision of Hollywood to the screen.
Field, Ears, and Laboratory: Training Language Scholars, 1920–1940
Authors: Chang Ku-ming (Kevin)
Published: September 2021

This chapter continues the time frame of Chapter 8 through the first half of the twentieth century, an important period in which linguistics and phonetics gained their own identities. The editors and contributors of this volume have chosen to examine an area of study over two successive periods: the late nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. This aims to show that a discipline may go through transformations, sometimes branching into new disciplines, and that methods and instruments of training contribute to the formation or consolidation of new disciplines. The first half of the twentieth century saw the breakaway of language sciences (linguistics and phonetics) from philology. Although language scholars usually received substantial training in philology, especially comparative philology (known as comparative grammar in France), they took up new methods in training the next generation. In the United States, the new instrument of training was fieldwork, adopted for unwritten American Indian languages. In Britain, it was phonetic transcription by ears and hands. The use of the kymograph in phonetic laboratories began in France and spread elsewhere. This chapter begins with Fang-Kuei Li, who was likely the first student to receive advance (or on-site) fieldwork training for doctoral work in language studies and who went on to become a pioneering linguist in China. It then compares the training of language scholars in Britain, France, and Germany. This comparison sheds light on the diversity of approaches to language studies and their training methods, and on the intellectual and technological realities conditioning the formation of linguistics and phonetics as autonomous disciplines.
Training Researchers in Ibero-America: Early Brazilian Chemists as Case Study
Authors: Alfonso-Goldfarb Ana M. , Ferraz Máia H. M. , Waisse Silvia
Published: September 2021

In this chapter we survey the beginnings of research practice and education in American countries that were former Spanish and Portuguese colonies, with a focus on chemistry and Brazil. While these countries are usually seen from abroad as a homogeneous block, i.e. the so-called Latin America, substantial social, political, and economic differences starting from the time of the European colonization allegedly led to divergences in the paths of institutionalization of research practice and education. We begin with an overview of the circumstances around the emergence of these new young nations, and the obstacles they met in their attempts at developing chemical research traditions until the middle of the twentieth century. Next we discuss in more detail the situation in Argentina and Mexico as the two largest countries representing poles of attraction of former Spanish viceroyalties. We conclude with a detailed study of the development of chemical research and the chemical research community in Brazil, especially of the formation of the earliest sustained university-based program of advanced training in the 1930s, an outcome of which was the emergence of the first generation of Brazilian professional chemical researchers.
Introduction
Authors: Steffek Jens
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces the rationale for the book and explains how it is organized. It shows how international institutions and domestic expert bodies alike have come under attack by the rise of nationalist populism in recent years. This backlash against expert governance is interpreted as a revolt against the dominance of technocratic rationality and institutions. As rationalization is part and parcel of the project of modernity, this points to the tensions and ambivalences in the process of modernization that international organizations cannot escape. This opening chapter also defines key terms, such as technocratic internationalism, and gives a chapter by chapter overview of the remainder of the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Steffek Jens
Published: September 2021

The purpose of the Conclusion is to carve out the defining characteristics of technocratic internationalism and to discuss them critically. Reviewing the historical evidence, the first section of the Conclusion presents technocratic internationalism as a loose but distinct intellectual tradition. Since the late 19th century, varieties of technocratic internationalism have persisted in international theory and practice, even if they have never formed a particularly coherent body of thought. Technocratic internationalism has adapted to different ideological contexts, liberal and non-liberal alike. A history for technocratic internationalism is suggested here distinguishing four phases: pioneering, utopian, paradigmatic, and, eventually, that of disintegration. The second part of the chapter extracts from the historical material some recurring features of technocratic thought, such as the primacy of the expert in modern governance; the alleged objectivity of human needs, ecological imperatives, or technological necessities; and the ideal of ‘best solutions’ that can be universally implemented. This finding is related back to the politics-administration dichotomy. It helps to explore the contrast between governance based on disciplined reason-giving typical of expert discourse and administrative practice; and governance based on the execution of a political will, typical of international politics. Implications for the future of expert governance in international relations are discussed with regards to climate change and global pandemics.
When is a material stable?
Authors: Sutton Adrian P
Published: September 2021

This chapter is an introduction to classical thermodynamics that does not assume any knowledge of the subject. The significance of thermodynamic equilibrium in materials is discussed keeping in mind that it is rarely achieved in practice. The concepts of thermodynamic systems, components, work, energy, phase, absolute temperature, heat, potential energy, internal energy, state variables, intensive and extensive variables are introduced and defined. The first and second laws of thermodynamics are introduced. The concept of entropy is discussed in terms of irreversibility, the direction of time and microstates of the system. Configurational entropy is illustrated with the example of a binary alloy. The Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies are introduced and their physical significance is discussed in terms of the conditions for a material to be in equilibrium with its environment. This leads to a discussion of chemical potentials, the Gibbs-Duhem relation for each phase present and the phase rule.
Phase diagrams
Authors: Sutton Adrian P
Published: September 2021

Temperature-composition phase diagrams are introduced as maps of the regions of stability of binary systems at constant pressure, usually atmospheric pressure at sea level. Their construction is based on minimisation of the Gibbs free energy as a function of composition at a given temperature. The simple case of miscibility in the solid and liquid states over the full range of composition is discussed first. Eutectic and peritectic phase diagrams result from limited miscibility in the solid state. Intermediate phases, or ordered alloys, usually occur in narrow ranges of composition in phase diagrams, and this is also explained in terms of free energy composition curves. Each phase diagram is shown to obey the phase rule discussed in the previous chapter.
The Industrialization of Freshness and Structural Transformation in South African Fruit Exports
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Chisoro-Dube Shingie
Published: September 2021

Economists have historically tended to identify industrial processes and technological sophistication with manufacturing, and not with agriculture. This chapter illustrates the substantial scope to apply sophisticated technologies and industrial processes necessary to shift resources out of low-productivity activities into higher-productivity activities, i.e. to generate ‘structural change’ in the production of ‘fresh’ agricultural export production. Leveraging the concept of the ‘industrialization of freshness’, this chapter uses evidence from South Africa’s fresh-fruit industry to show how advances in technology have been a key mechanism through which structural transformation towards high-value fruit has occurred in the industry. The chapter also shows how building capabilities to harness technological changes is necessary for increased market access through enabling producers to keep up with escalating quality standards; to comply with the many—and complex—sanitary and phytosanitary requirements; and to adapt to climate change. However, despite evidence of dynamism in fruit production, effective structural transformation in the South African fruit industry has been limited by widespread underinvestment in infrastructure—ports, rural internet capacity, water infrastructure, and technical capacity.
The Will/Would Connection
Authors: Todd Patrick
Published: September 2021

In this chapter, the author introduces a crucial comparison between his approach to the future directed will and certain more familiar approaches to the counterfactual would. In particular, the author draws an analogy between his view, which denies “Will Excluded Middle” (WEM), and certain views about counterfactuals that deny what has been called “Conditional Excluded Middle” (CEM). He argues that if CEM is no semantic truth—and many have argued that it is not—then neither is WEM. The author extends his claim that will is a neg-raiser to the counterfactual would. Overall, it emerges that the author’s view on will parallels closely David Lewis’ view about the counterfactual would. Semantically, both views are on a par—although metaphysically, it may be that counterfactuals plausibly need “grounds” in a way that future-tense truths do not. This is, however, a separate matter; the semantic claims stand or fall together.
On Dead Circuits and Non-events
Authors: Johns Fleur
Published: September 2021

Many international law scholars have traced a route from ignorance, via debunking, to contingency, and onwards to possibility, presuming a connection between awareness and agency. If only people recalled how open-ended international legal history has been, they might have the wherewithal to move in another direction—or so it is often assumed. This chapter considers some perils of work so oriented: the kinds of operations that it leaves untouched and the circuit of humanist expectation that it helps to maintain. Amid the increasingly self-organising circuits shaping global affairs, and the many forms of power that thrive on contingency, and on expectation in the face of contingency (here analysed as vectorial power), this approach may be especially counter-productive. What, this chapter will ask, if international legal scholars were to identify possibility with pattern and transmission, rather than irregularity and insight? Might this spawn a politics better attuned to the now?
Contingent Economic Legal Ordering
Authors: Lixinski Lucas , Ingulstad Mats
Published: September 2021

This chapter queries the history of the principle of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR), often heralded as a watershed moment of the push to decolonise international law. It shows that the principle has a much longer and more complicated history that places this principle’s origins in Latin America in the interwar period. While predating the movement for decolonisation in Africa and Asia, many of the same aspirations existed in the Americas: the push to control economic development through natural resources; protection against (neo)imperial forces; and an aspiration for international (economic law) world-making. Our counterfactual is that pre-PSNR pivotal moments in international legal history, such as the 1933 London Monetary and Economic Conference, and the Bogotá Economic Agreement of the Organization of American States, had they come into force, would have precluded the need for PSNR in the form we know today, and achieved the same objectives, but as an integral part of economic legal architecture, rather than the exception to it that PSNR is. Posing this counterfactual helps us query contingency by revealing the strength of path dependencies in international law, and that the precise formulation of ideas is incidental to their context and what is achievable, while closing down the possibilities of what international law can be. Therefore, shedding light on the baselines we take for granted in international law-making through (alternative or revisionist) history allows us to rescue functional equivalence and the creative possibilities of the field.
Contesting Austerity in the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Goldmann Matthias
Published: September 2021

While human rights discourse became fundamental for challenging austerity in the aftermath of the Great Financial Crisis, in historical perspective, such a role of human rights represents the exception rather than the rule. Human rights discourse in the context of sovereign debt-induced austerity has varied enormously over time. Far from reflecting progress, its history reveals changing paradigms of human rights law. This chapter focuses on one of these paradigm shifts occurring at the turn from the 1970s to the 1980s. In the 1970s, newly independent states invoked human rights mostly to assert their sovereignty and avert international interference. This structural human rights paradigm abruptly disappeared from austerity debates in the 1980s, when the sovereign debt crisis hit the Global South, creating a need for multilateral liquidity assistance. Faced with pressure to reconsider the social impact of structural adjustment programmes, the International Monetary Fund shifted the terms of the debate from ‘human needs’, a human rights-related term, to ‘human capital’. Consequently, at the time when human rights rose to the status of the ‘last utopia’, they ceased to have relevance for austerity. Hence, whether human rights discourse promotes social ends depends on the particular context and time. The chapter ends by proposing a political paradigm of human rights law reflecting this insight.
Narrative Contingency and International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Alexander Amanda
Published: September 2021

This chapter will argue that international humanitarian law (IHL) is embedded in narratives that shape its history and meaning. Some international lawyers have argued that these narrative possibilities are necessarily constrained by a Western perspective that limits the potential of the law. Indeed, theories of narrative history consider that the possibilities of any narrative history are limited by prevailing tropes and can only relate a humanist story of ‘man’s’ encounter with the legal order. Nevertheless, alternative aesthetic and theoretical frameworks are beginning to emerge that could facilitate new ways of understanding IHL. Remembrance of Earth’s Past, a science fiction trilogy by Chinese writer Cixin Liu, provides an opportunity to explore a strikingly different vision of law, crimes against humanity, and the very notion of humanity. It suggests how narratives that draw on non-Western, non-anthropocentric ethics might underpin a distinct type of law.
Contingencies in the Rise of European and Latin American Private International Law, 1850 to 1950
Authors: Delic Ana
Published: September 2021

There were eight Latin American and European calls for the formation of multilateral private international law from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. These calls are the birth of the multilateral tradition of private international law. This chapter will examine the contingencies behind the successes and failures of these eight attempts for multilateral codification. Among those impactful contingencies making their mark on the private international legal histories of Europe and Latin America are voluntarism, political influence exerted by the convenor, the international relations between the convening, invited, or participatory nations, the drafting procedure and the level of private international legal harmonisation among national legal systems. Then there were more regionally specific contingencies such as a European cholera outbreak as opposed to colonial trauma and post-independence solidarity amongst Latin American nations. The central doctrinal debate in both the Latin American and European multilateral private international legal movements surrounded personal law, specifically, the clash between nationality and domicile. Doctrinal preferences, like multilateral movements, were littered with contingencies related to whether the nation in question was an immigrant or emigrant country, whether it had been the coloniser or the colonised in the recent historical past, and the impacts of the World Wars.
Electoral Systems and the Process of Substantive Representation
Authors: Clayton Amanda
Published: September 2021

Chapter 7 examines how women’s entry into politics, their campaigning, and their legislating interact. Rather than considering each stage in isolation, Clayton demonstrates that the candidate selection processes covered in Parts I and II of the book shape what is possible once women are elected to public office. Drawing on extensive interviews with women legislators and civil society leaders in Namibia and Uganda, Clayton investigates how electoral systems and related candidate selection processes facilitate or impede the formation of meaningful, institutionalized alliances among women MPs. While Uganda has an active women’s parliamentary caucus that supports women MPs and pushes for legislation on issues of particular concern for women, cross-party cooperation among Namibian women is rare and the women’s caucus moribund. Consequently, women’s civil society organizations in Uganda find important allies in parliament, while women’s groups in Namibia do not.
Introduction
Authors: Faragher Megan
Published: September 2021

After staging the stakes of the mid-century turn towards psychography in W.H. Auden’s “The Unknown Citizen,” the Introduction provides a pre-history of “psychography,” a term coined in the Victorian Era to describe a series of disparate practices of recording and materializing individual psychology. These practices—including telepathic communication, automatic writing, and the literary methods of Stracheyan psychobiography—demonstrate “mind-writing” as an emergent literary concern long before the invention of modern polling. Even in this protean stage of psychography, writers worried these new practices might empower malignant actors to weaponize psychographic power against the nation. Invoking Bram Stoker’s Dracula as an exemplar of this phenomenon, I highlight that the vampire frightens not only because he will feed on London’s “teeming millions,” but also because his infectious power will “create a new and ever-widening circle of semi-demons.” In effect, Dracula weaponizes his telepathic power to execute psychological control over the masses. At the time Stoker was writing his novel, the science of public opinion was understood by sociologists only through such tropes of spiritualism, disease, and contagion. The chapter traces the transformation of this early modernist vision of psychographics to its reprisal in the mid-century institutionalization of public opinion polling, using Auden as a touchstone to demonstrate the radical and rapid institutionalization of group psychology into everyday discourse and institutions.
A Science So-Called
Authors: Faragher Megan
Published: September 2021

H.G. Wells’s life extends the radical evolution of psychographics outlined in the Introduction, but his oeuvre also proves the inherent difficulty in aestheticizing the emergent age of social psychology—a point evinced when producer Alexander Korda demanded Wells revise the script version of his 1933 novel The Shape of Things to Come three times to make it “filmable.” While Wells’s novel imagines a peaceable future wherein social psychology becomes the “whole literature, philosophy, and general thought of the world,” the film adaptation instead symbolizes this philosophical transformation by starring a sole philosopher-king who, against the people’s will, seeks to control and colonize the universe. This chapter argues that the conflict between these two Wellsian visions is prefigured by his intimate and conflicted relationship to sociology and group psychology. As early as 1906, Wells sought out the position as the first British chair of sociology at the University of London. But Wells was immediately to become a gadfly in academia: he engaged in scathing critiques of sociology for denying its utopian impulses and refuted theories of group dynamics put forward by Gustave Le Bon and Wilfred Trotter. Incorporating readings across Wells’s literary career—including Anticipations, An Englishman Looks at the World, and In the Days of the Comet—this chapter contends that Wells’s writing captures a life-long effort to reprise the scope of sociology from outside academia, and captures the writer’s foundering efforts to aestheticize the institutional promise of social psychology—efforts that inevitably succumb to Wells’s fetishization of pseudo-authoritarian technocracy.
Contested Statehood
Authors: Dewachi Omar , Marei Fouad Gehad , Whittall Jonathan
Published: September 2021

This chapter outlines how the history of health care in Syria has shaped the way in which wartime health care has been delivered and controlled. The chapter analyzes the claim by humanitarian organizations to a form of neutrality in the Syrian war, which was ultimately incompatible with the way the Syrian state and the opposition saw aid delivery as part of the battle for statehood. It also mentions how service providers to areas controlled by the opposition were seen by the Syrian government as complicit in directly challenging the legitimacy of the state. The chapter looks at opposition groups that co-opted humanitarian assistance to enforce their own legitimacy to the population.
The Moral Norm, the Law, and the Limits of Protection for Wartime Medical Units
Authors: Gordon Neve
Published: September 2021

Based on ninety-nine interviews carried out with health professionals, this chapter briefly describes how the Syrian government transformed medical units into strategic targets. It then turns to discuss the legal advocacy strategy used by human rights and humanitarian organizations, claiming that while the law provides medical units with a series of protections, it also introduces crucial exceptions, setting out conditions under which warring parties can legally unleash violence against health facilities and staff. Even as accountability for the violation of international humanitarian law has been the primary rallying cry for NGOs seeking justice in Syria, the chapter argues that invoking the law to seek relief from violence is not necessarily the best strategy since the law itself sows doubt on the validity and solidity of the moral injunction to protect medical units.
The Business of Conflict
Authors: McLean Duncan
Published: September 2021

This chapter presents an example of how humanitarian aid adapted the realities of the Syrian war. It examines the context of besiegement that reached populations under siege through utilizing the corruption mechanisms of informal networks and smugglers. It also describes how the humanitarian actors’ adaptations to the realities of besiegement, which caused the aid system to contribute to the war economy. The chapter discusses the provision of humanitarian aid by states as a substitute for meaningful foreign policy when healthcare provision was deeply political process steeped in the dynamics of the Syria conflict. It highlights a process of aid delivery that is intertwined with the endemic corruption of the war as a business model, which generated a form of entrepreneurial neutrality.
Information Warfare and the Role of Global Humanitarians
Authors: Khlebnikov Alexey
Published: September 2021

This chapter expresses concern with the one-sided nature of humanitarian actors’ narratives from Syria, which is promoted by international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) through their large presence in the media. It discusses how these humanitarian actors’ narratives contributed heavily to the growing alienation and intransigence between the opposition and the government, making any meaningful dialogue between them nearly impossible. It also mentions the humanitarian actors’ contribution to the spread of disinformation in the Syrian war due to their presence on only one side of the conflict. The chapter refers to humanitarian actors who continued to defy the constraints on providing assistance by finding ways to deliver aid inside areas under siege and by speaking out against the complete disregard for civilian life and infrastructure by the warring parties. It reviews the history of contemporary humanitarian organizations’ formation, as well as their role and the activities in which they have participated.
A History of the Spectrum
Authors: Lazzarini Victor
Published: September 2021

This chapter traces the history of spectral audio, from Ancient Greece to the 20th century. Looking first at the first studies of ratios and pitch and the establishment of the early musical scale systems, then through the development of musical instruments, the chapter discusses the most important achievements in musical acoustics that led to the modern concept of the spectrum. It discusses the ideas put forward by Classical Physics, which culminated in the work of Fourier. The seminal discoveries and ideas proposed by Helmholtz are covered in some detail and the chapter closes with an overview of acoustics and audio engineering in the 20th century, and the development of electronic and computer music.
Noise
Authors: Lazzarini Victor
Published: September 2021

This chapter concludes the section on techniques by exploring signals of non-deterministic nature. It discusses an expanded notion of spectrum, which may be applied to probabilistic phenomena. Methods of analysis and of generation of noisy spectra are presented. Principles of granular processing, and of wavelet analysis are explored. The notion of linear prediction is discussed leading to a consideration of spectral models that include deterministic and non-deterministic elements. The conclusion further summarises the new ideas about the spectrum introduced in this chapter.
Between Guinea and Cape Verde
Authors: Tomás António
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides the historical background for understanding not only the Cabral’s family background, but also the nature of Portuguese colonialism, particularly in relation to the formation of the two Portugal-dominated territories in West Africa, namely Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau. Being born in Guinea-Bissau, from Cape Verdean parents, and growing up in Cape Verde, made Cabral a product of the conflictual relationship between these two former Portuguese colonies. For Cabral, then, forming a party that congregates Cape Verdeans and Guineans was also a way to come to terms with his own identity.
Shattering the Walls of Silence
Authors: Tomás António
Published: September 2021

Up to 1959, Cabral had been over-cautious and avoided the fate of many of his comrades, such Agostinho Neto or Mário Pinto de Andrade, who either were in jail or exiled on account of their subversive political activities. However, after his last trip to Angola and Guinea, in 1959, where he had witnessed the crackdown of nationalist organizations, he could no longer maintain his duplicity. He then comes out as a nationalist in a grand way. It was in London, in early 1960s, that he publishes the first political pamphlet under his name, Facts about Portugal’s African colonies,” and he gives a press conference to denounce Portuguese colonialism. From there, Cabral settles in West Africa, particularly in Guinea-Bissau, where he started the work of preparing to launch the anti-colonial war against the Portuguese.
A United Front
Authors: Tomás António
Published: September 2021

Cape Verdeans and Guineans were conceived in the context of Portuguese colonialism as the nemesis one of the other. Whereas Cape Verdeans were considered civilized, the overwhelmingly majority of Guineans fell under the category of indiginato. And yet, the party that Cabral created purported to congregate Cape Verdeans in Guineans. For this to happen, however, Cabral needed to navigate the tense and conspiratorial environment of incipient nationalist movements both in Guinea-Conacry and Senegal, vying for the support of their hosts. The beginning of the armed struggle against the Portuguese, in 1963, was instrumental for Cabral to silence every other nationalist force in the African diaspora as well as impose his movement as the sole representative of the aspirations of the people of Cape Verdeans and Guineans.
Winning in Politics Without Losing the War
Authors: Tomás António
Published: September 2021

The revolutionary war in Guinea took a dramatic turn with the appointment, in 1968, of the general Spínola as governor and military commandant. Spínola, who would later on became the first president of the Republic of Portugal post-Carnation revolution, was an attentive student of revolutionary theories. Believing that insurgent movement could not be beaten militarily, he implemented an ambitious social program called Por uma Guiné Melhor (For a better Guinea). Even though, Spínola did not spare the PAIGC on the military front (condoning a military operation in Guinea-Conacry whose goal was to cause damage to Cabral’s party), it was perhaps on stirring rivalries between Cape Verdeans and Guineans that Spínola achieved a higher degree of success. His campaign against Cape Verdeans, his willingness to negotiate with Guineans through the Congresso dos Povos da Guiné, certainly contributed to turning Guineans against Cape Verdeans in Cabral’s party.
Towards Independence
Authors: Tomás António
Published: September 2021

Cabral was a pragmatic revolutionary leader and he strived towards the end of his political career to shed the suspicion that he was a communist and that his organization espoused such an ideology. As such, in the early 1970, Cabral diplomatic effort was put into attempting at convincing democratic countries of his liberal credentials. With this in mind, he visited the Vatican and the American Congress. Of even more significant importance was the elections the PAIGC organized in the liberated zones. This was a major step so as to choose the bodies to proclaim Guinea’s independence. The diplomatic effort he did until 1972 so that independence of Guinea-Bissau could be recognized was the last of his activities before the tragic killing in January 1973.