bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Two Different Ankle-Foot Orthoses on Gait of Patients with Acute Hemiparetic Cerebrovascular Accident
Authors: Rao Noel , Wening Jason , Hasso Daniel , Gnanapragasam Gnanapradeep , Perera Priyan , Srigiriraju Padma , Aruin Alexander S.
Published: September 2014

Objective. To compare the effects of two types of ankle-foot orthoses on gait of patients with cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and to evaluate their preference in using each AFO type.Design. Thirty individuals with acute hemiparetic CVA were tested without an AFO, with an off-the-shelf carbon AFO (C-AFO), and with a custom plastic AFO (P-AFO) in random order at the time of initial orthotic fitting. Gait velocity, cadence, stride length, and step length were collected using an electronic walkway and the subjects were surveyed about their perceptions of each device.Results. Subjects walked significantly faster, with a higher cadence, longer stride, and step lengths, when using either the P-AFO or the C-AFO as compared to no AFO (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between gait parameters of the two AFOs. However, the subjects demonstrated a statistically significant preference of using P-AFO in relation to their balance, confidence, and sense of safety during ambulation (P<0.05). Moreover, if they had a choice,50.87±14.7% of the participants preferred the P-AFO and23.56±9.70% preferred the C-AFO.Conclusions. AFO use significantly improved gait in patients with acute CVA. The majority of users preferred the P-AFO over the Cf-AFO especially when asked about balance and sense of safety.
Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Thyroid Diagnosed as Anaplastic Carcinoma: Failure in Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology?
Authors: Bolfi Fernanda , Domingues Maria A. C. , Sobrinho-Simões Manuel , Soares Paula , Celestino Ricardo , Castilho Emanuel C. , Carelli Guareide , Paes Norberto S. , Mazeto Glaucia M. F. S.
Published: September 2014

A case of primary squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) of the thyroid which had been initially diagnosed as an anaplastic carcinoma (ATC) is described: female, 73 years old, with a fast-growing cervical nodule on the left side and hoarseness for 3 months. Ultrasonography showed a 4.5 cm solid nodule. FNA was compatible with poorly differentiated carcinoma with immunoreactivity for AE1/AE3, EMA. Thyroidectomy was performed. Histopathological examination showed a nonencapsulated tumor. Immunohistochemistry disclosed positivity for AE1/AE3, p53,p63, and Ki67. The diagnosis was ATC. A second opinion reported tumor consisting of squamous cells, with intense inflammatory infiltrate both in tumor and in the adjacent thyroid, with final diagnosis of SCC, associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis. No other primary focus of SCC was found. Patient has shown a 48-month survival period. Clinically, primary SCCs of the thyroid and ATCs are similar. The distinction is often difficult particularly when based on the cytological analysis of FNA material.
Oral Mucosal Ulceration Caused by the Topical Application of a Concentrated Propolis Extract
Authors: Wimardhani Yuniardini Septorini , Soegyanto Anandina Irmagita
Published: September 2014

Propolis is a resinous mixture that is collected by honey bees from tree buds, sap flow, and other botanical sources. Propolis has been extensively used in medicine, dentistry, and cosmetics; however, unwanted effects have been reported. This paper reports a case of oral mucosal burn in a 50-year-old patient, who used an overnight application of concentrated propolis to overcome a throbbing pain in the right upper posterior mucosa. The patient was otherwise healthy and was not receiving any medication. She presented with painful shallow multiple irregular ulcers measuring 0.3–1 cm in diameter that were located on the right buccal mucosa and hard palate mucosa, in addition to the gingival mucosa surrounding tooth 17. Propolis-induced oral mucosal burn was diagnosed. The ulcer cleared after the prescription of tetracycline mouthwash, accompanied with Doloneurobion. The patient was further treated with carbamazepine to address the persistent throbbing pain in the affected area, which was suspected to be trigeminal neuralgia. This report provides another alert to clinicians about the potential adverse effects of propolis use for the treatment of oral diseases, despite its natural origin.
Neuroprotective Effects of Lipoxin A4 in Central Nervous System Pathologies
Authors: Martini Alessandra Cadete , Forner Stefânia , Bento Allisson Freire , Rae Giles Alexander
Published: September 2014

Many diseases of the central nervous system are characterized and sometimes worsened by an intense inflammatory response in the affected tissue. It is now accepted that resolution of inflammation is an active process mediated by a group of mediators that can act in synchrony to switch the phenotype of cells, from a proinflammatory one to another that favors the return to homeostasis. This new genus of proresolving mediators includes resolvins, protectins, maresins, and lipoxins, the first to be discovered. In this short review we provide an overview of current knowledge into the cellular and molecular interactions of lipoxins in diseases of the central nervous system in which they appear to facilitate the resolution of inflammation, thus exerting a neuroprotective action.
Relapsing Polychondritis in a Patient with Ankylosing Spondylitis Using Etanercept
Authors: Azevedo Valderilio Feijó , Galli Natalia Bassalobre , Kleinfelder Alais Daiane Fadini , D’Ippolito Julia Farabolini , Gulin Tolentino Andressa , Paiva Eduardo
Published: September 2014

Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation and progressive destruction of cartilaginous tissues, especially of the ears, nose, joints, and tracheobronchial tree. Its etiology is not well understood, but some studies have linked its pathophysiology with autoimmune disease and autoantibody production. We described a case of a 46-year-old male patient with ankylosing spondylitis who developed RP after the use of etanercept. Few similar cases have been described in the literature. However, they show a possible association between the use of biological inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNFα), which potentially produces autoantibodies, and the development of RP. The treatment was based on data in the literature and included the cessation of biological therapy and the addition of corticosteroids with substantial improvement.
A Wavelet Transform Based Method to Determine Depth of Anesthesia to Prevent Awareness during General Anesthesia
Authors: Mousavi Seyed Mortaza , Adamoğlu Ahmet , Demiralp Tamer , Shayesteh Mahrokh G.
Published: September 2014

Awareness during general anesthesia for its serious psychological effects on patients and some juristically problems for anesthetists has been an important challenge during past decades. Monitoring depth of anesthesia is a fundamental solution to this problem. The induction of anesthesia alters frequency and mean of amplitudes of the electroencephalogram (EEG), and its phase couplings. We analyzed EEG changes for phase coupling between delta and alpha subbands using a new algorithm for depth of general anesthesia measurement based on complex wavelet transform (CWT) in patients anesthetized by Propofol. Entropy and histogram of modulated signals were calculated by taking bispectral index (BIS) values as reference. Entropies corresponding to different BIS intervals using Mann-WhitneyUtest showed that they had different continuous distributions. The results demonstrated that there is a phase coupling between 3 and 4 Hz in delta and 8-9 Hz in alpha subbands and these changes are shown better at the channelT7of EEG. Moreover, when BIS values increase, the entropy value of modulated signal also increases and vice versa. In addition, measuring phase coupling between delta and alpha subbands of EEG signals through continuous CWT analysis reveals the depth of anesthesia level. As a result, awareness during anesthesia can be prevented.
Early Detection and Treatment of Psychosis: The Bern Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Perspective
Authors: Schultze-Lutter Frauke , Schimmelmann Benno G.
Published: September 2014

Commonly conceptualized as neurodevelopmental disorders of yet poorly understood aetiology, schizophrenia and other nonorganic psychoses remain one of the most debilitating illnesses with often poor outcome despite all progress in treatment of the manifest disorder. Drawing on the frequent poor outcome of psychosis and its association with the frequently extended periods of untreated first-episode psychosis (FEP) including its prodrome, an early detection and treatment of both the FEP and the preceding at-risk mental state (ARMS) have been increasingly studied. Thereby both approaches are confronted with different problems, for example, treatment engagement in FEP and predictive accuracy in ARMS. They share, however, the problems related to the lack of understanding of developmental, that is, age-related, peculiarities and of the presentation and natural course of their cardinal symptoms in the community. Most research on early detection and intervention in FEP and ARMS is still related to clinical psychiatric samples, and little is known about symptom presentation and burden and help-seeking in the general population related to these experiences. Furthermore, in particular in the early detection of an ARMS, studies often address adolescents and young adults alike without consideration of developmental characteristics, thereby applying risk criteria that have been developed predominately in adults. Combining our earlier experiences described in this paper in child and adolescent, and general psychiatry as well as in both lines of research, that is, on early psychosis and its treatment and on the early detection of psychosis, in particular in its very early states by subjective disturbances in terms of basic symptoms, age-related developmental and epidemiological aspects have therefore been made the focus of our current studies in Bern, thus making our line of research unique.
TLR4-Mediated Blunting of Inflammatory Responses to Eccentric Exercise in Young Women
Authors: Fernandez-Gonzalo Rodrigo , De Paz José A. , Rodriguez-Miguelez Paula , Cuevas María J. , González-Gallego Javier
Published: September 2014

This study assessed the inflammatory response mediated by the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway after acute eccentric exercise before and after an eccentric training program in women. Twenty women performed two acute eccentric bouts using a squat machine over a ~9 week interval. The training group (TG) carried out an eccentric training program during 6 weeks, while the control group (CG) did not follow any training. Protein content of markers involved in the TLR4-mediated activation of several nuclear transcription factors, such as nuclear factorκB (NF-κB), and interferon regulatory transcription factor 3 (IRF3), was analyzed. The inflammatory response after the first acute bout was similar between TG and CG, showing an upregulation of all the markers analyzed, with the exception of IRF3. After the second bout, the upregulation of TLR4 signaling pathway was blunted in TG, but not in CG, through both the myeloid differentiation factor 88- and toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain containing adapter inducing interferon-β-dependent pathways. These results highlight the role of the TLR4 in controlling the exercise-induced inflammatory response in young women. More importantly, these data suggest eccentric training may help to prevent TLR4 activation principally through NF-κB, and perhaps IRF3, downstream signaling in this population.
Horizon Detection in Seismic Data: An Application of Linked Feature Detection from Multiple Time Series
Authors: Aykroyd Robert G. , Hamed Fathi M. O.
Published: September 2014

Seismic studies are a key stage in the search for large scale underground features such as water reserves, gas pockets, or oil fields. Sound waves, generated on the earth’s surface, travel through the ground before being partially reflected at interfaces between regions with high contrast in acoustic properties such as between liquid and solid. After returning to the surface, the reflected signals are recorded by acoustic sensors. Importantly, reflections from different depths return at different times, and hence the data contain depth information as well as position. A strong reflecting interface, called a horizon, indicates a stratigraphic boundary between two different regions, and it is the location of these horizons which is of key importance. This paper proposes a simple approach for the automatic identification of horizons, which avoids computationally complex and time consuming 3D reconstruction. The new approach combines nonparametric smoothing and classification techniques which are applied directly to the seismic data, with novel graphical representations of the intermediate steps introduced. For each sensor position, potential horizon locations are identified along the corresponding time-series traces. These candidate locations are then examined across all traces and when consistent patterns occur the points are linked together to form coherent horizons.
A Penalized-Equation-Based Generalized Newton Method for Solving Absolute-Value Linear Complementarity Problems
Authors: Li Yuan , Han Hai-Shan , Yang Dan-Dan
Published: September 2014

We consider a class of absolute-value linear complementarity problems. We propose a new approximation reformulation of absolute value linear complementarity problems by using a nonlinear penalized equation. Based on this approximation reformulation, a penalized-equation-based generalized Newton method is proposed for solving the absolute value linear complementary problem. We show that the proposed method is globally and superlinearly convergent when the matrix of complementarity problems is positive definite and its singular values exceed 1. Numerical results show that our proposed method is very effective and efficient.
Timing Matters: HIV Testing Rates in the Emergency Department
Authors: Schnall Rebecca , Liu Nan
Published: September 2014

Study Objectives.In response to the 2010 New York State HIV testing law, we sought to understand the contextual factors that influence HIV testing rates in the emergency department (ED).Methods.We analyzed electronic health record logs from 97,655 patients seen in three EDs in New York City. We used logistic regression to assess whether time of day, day of the week, and season significantly affected HIV testing rates.Results.During our study period, 97,655 patients were evaluated and offered an HIV test. Of these, 7,763 (7.9%) agreed to be tested. Patients arriving between 6 a.m. and 7:59 p.m. were significantly (P<0.001) more likely to be tested for HIV, followed by patients arriving between 8:00 p.m. and 9:59 p.m. (P<0.01) and followed by patients arriving between 5–5:59 a.m. and 10–10:59 p.m. (P<0.05) compared to patients arriving at midnight. Seasonal variation was also observed, where patients seen in July, August, and September (P<0.001) were more likely to agree to be tested for HIV compared to patients seen in January, while patients seen in April and May (P<0.001) were less likely to agree to be tested for HIV.Conclusion.Time of day and season affect HIV testing rates in the ED, along with other factors such as patient acuity and completion of other blood work during the ED visit. These findings provide useful information for improving the implementation of an HIV testing program in the ED.
Schwarzschild-de Sitter and Anti-de Sitter Thin-Shell Wormholes and Their Stability
Authors: Sharif M. , Mumtaz Saadia
Published: September 2014

This paper is devoted to construct Schwarzschild-de Sitter and anti-de Sitter thin-shell wormholes by employing Visser’s cut and paste technique. The Darmois-Israel formalism is adopted to formulate the surface stresses of the shell. We analyze null and weak energy conditions as well as attractive and repulsive characteristics of thin-shell wormholes. We also explore stable and unstable solutions against linear perturbations by taking two different Chaplygin gas models for exotic matter. It is concluded that the stress-energy tensor components violate the null and weak energy conditions indicating the existence of exotic matter at the wormhole throat. Finally, we find unstable and stable configurations for the constructed thin-shell wormholes.
Evidence for Transfer of Membranes from Mesenchymal Stem Cells to HL-1 Cardiac Cells
Authors: Boomsma Robert A. , Geenen David L.
Published: September 2014

This study examined the interaction of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) with cardiac HL-1 cells during coculture by fluorescent dye labeling and then flow cytometry. MSC were layered onto confluent HL-1 cell cultures in a 1 : 4 ratio. MSC gained gap junction permeant calcein from HL-1 cells after 4 hours which was partially reduced by oleamide. After 20 hours, 99% MSC gained calcein, unaffected by oleamide. Double-labeling HL-1 cells with calcein and the membrane dye DiO resulted in transfer of both calcein and DiO to MSC. When HL-1 cells were labeled with calcein and MSC with DiO, MSC gained calcein while HL-1 cells gained DiO. Very little fusion was observed since more than 90% Sca-1 positive MSC gained DiO from HL-1 cells while less than 9% gained gap junction impermeant CMFDA after 20 hours with no Sca-1 transfer to HL-1 cells. Time dependent transfer of membrane DiD was observed from HL-1 cells to MSC (100%) and vice versa (50%) after 20 hours with more limited transfer of CMFDA. These results demonstrate that MSC and HL-1 cells exchange membrane components which may account for some of the beneficial effect of MSC in the heart after myocardial infarction.
Synthesis of Titanium Containing SBA-15 and Its Application for Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol
Authors: Yang Lili , Jiang Zeyu , Lai Sufeng , Jiang Chongwen , Zhong Hong
Published: September 2014

We synthesized Ti-containing SBA-15 by one-pot hydrothermal method and extensively investigated its physicochemical properties and examined its photocatalytic activity to degrade phenol. It’s shown that appropriate amount of titanium could be effectively incorporated into the framework of SBA-15 without provoking structure change and the tetrahedrally coordinated titanium species were well-ordered in Ti-incorporated SBA-15. Under UV-irradiation, the Ti-containing SBA-15 exhibits good photocatalytic activity for phenol degradation in the simulated waste water. The higher photocatalytic activity of Ti-containing SBA-15 to degrade phenol was ascribed to the more titanium content and anatase titanium dioxide. In addition, the new photocatalyst displays a good regeneration and cyclic performance after six runs.
Hyaluronan-Phosphatidylethanolamine Polymers Form Pericellular Coats on Keratinocytes and Promote Basal Keratinocyte Proliferation
Authors: Symonette Caitlin J. , Kaur Mann Aman , Tan Xiao Cherie , Tolg Cornelia , Ma Jenny , Perera Francisco , Yazdani Arjang , Turley Eva A.
Published: September 2014

Aged keratinocytes have diminished proliferative capacity and hyaluronan (HA) cell coats, which are losses that contribute to atrophic skin characterized by reduced barrier and repair functions. We formulated HA-phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine, HA-PE) polymers that form pericellular coats around cultured dermal fibroblasts independently of CD44 or RHAMM display. We investigated the ability of these HA-PE polymers to penetrate into aged mouse skin and restore epidermal function in vivo. Topically applied Alexa647-HA-PE penetrated into the epidermis and dermis, where it associated with both keratinocytes and fibroblasts. In contrast, Alexa647-HA was largely retained in the outer cornified layer of the epidermis and quantification of fluorescence confirmed that significantly more Alexa647-HA-PE penetrated into and was retained within the epidermis than Alexa647-HA. Multiple topical applications of HA-PE to shaved mouse skin significantly stimulated basal keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal thickness compared to HA or vehicle cream alone. HA-PE had no detectable effect on keratinocyte differentiation and did not promote local or systemic inflammation. These effects of HA-PE polymers are similar to those reported for endogenous epidermal HA in youthful skin and show that topical application of HA-PE polymers can restore some of the impaired functions of aged epidermis.
Gender Differences in Ghrelin Association with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Arab Population
Authors: Abu-Farha Mohamed , Dehbi Mohammed , Noronha Fiona , Tiss Ali , Alarouj Monira , Behbehani Kazem , Bennakhi Abdullah , Elkum Naser
Published: September 2014

Ghrelin is a stomach produced hormone that has been shown to have protective role against development of CVD which is a leading cause of death in the Arab world. The objective of this study is to examine the gender difference in association between traditional CVD risk factors and plasma ghrelin among Arabs. 359 Arab residents in Kuwait participated in a cross-sectional survey (≥20 years old): 191 were females and 168 were males. Plasma level of ghrelin was assessed using Luminex-based assay. Ghrelin levels were significantly higher in females (935 ± 78 pg/mL) than males (763 ± 65 pg/mL) (P=0.0007). Females showed inverse association with WC (r=-0.23,P=0.001) and HbA1C (r=-0.19,P=0.0102) as well as SBP (r=-0.15,P=0.0383) and DBP (r=-0.16,P=0.0230), respectively. Higher levels of ghrelin were shown to associate with increased insulin resistance, as measured by HOMAIR, in male Arab subjects (P-trend = 0.0202) but not in females. In this study we show that higher ghrelin level was negatively associated with measures of obesity, HbA1C, and blood pressure in females and positively associated with increased insulin resistance in Arab males.
Resource Utilisation and Costs of Depressive Patients in Germany: Results from the Primary Care Monitoring for Depressive Patients Trial
Authors: Krauth Christian , Stahmeyer Jona T. , Petersen Juliana J. , Freytag Antje , Gerlach Ferdinand M. , Gensichen Jochen
Published: September 2014

Background.Depression is the most common type of mental disorder in Germany. It is associated with a high level of suffering for individuals and imposes a significant burden on society. The aim of this study was to estimate the depression related costs in Germany taking a societal perspective.Materials and Methods.Data were collected from the primary care monitoring for depressive patients trial (PRoMPT) of patients with major depressive disorder who were treated in a primary care setting. Resource utilisation and days of sick leave were observed and analysed over a 1-year period.Results.Average depression related costs of €3813 were calculated. Significant differences in total costs due to sex were demonstrated. Male patients had considerable higher total costs than female patients, whereas single cost categories did not differ significantly. Further, differences in costs according to severity of disease and age were observed. The economic burden to society was estimated at €15.6 billion per year.Conclusion.The study results show that depression poses a significant economic burden to society. There is a high potential for prevention, treatment, and patient management innovations to identify and treat patients at an early stage.
Regulation of Hemichannels and Gap Junction Channels by Cytokines in Antigen-Presenting Cells
Authors: Sáez Pablo J. , Shoji Kenji F. , Aguirre Adam , Sáez Juan C.
Published: September 2014

Autocrine and paracrine signals coordinate responses of several cell types of the immune system that provide efficient protection against different challenges. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) coordinate activation of this system via homocellular and heterocellular interactions. Cytokines constitute chemical intercellular signals among immune cells and might promote pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. During the last two decades, two membrane pathways for intercellular communication have been demonstrated in cells of the immune system. They are called hemichannels (HCs) and gap junction channels (GJCs) and provide new insights into the mechanisms of the orchestrated response of immune cells. GJCs and HCs are permeable to ions and small molecules, including signaling molecules. The direct intercellular transfer between contacting cells can be mediated by GJCs, whereas the release to or uptake from the extracellular milieu can be mediated by HCs. GJCs and HCs can be constituted by two protein families: connexins (Cxs) or pannexins (Panxs), which are present in almost all APCs, being Cx43 and Panx1 the most ubiquitous members of each protein family. In this review, we focus on the effects of different cytokines on the intercellular communication mediated by HCs and GJCs in APCs and their impact on purinergic signaling.
Perturbation ofm-Isometries by Nilpotent Operators
Authors: Bermúdez Teresa , Martinón Antonio , Müller Vladimir , Noda Juan Agustín
Published: September 2014

We prove that ifTis anm-isometry on a Hilbert space andQann-nilpotent operator commuting withT, thenT+Qis a2n+m-2-isometry. Moreover, we show that a similar result form, q-isometries on Banach spaces is not true.
Sensitivity Analysis of the TRIGA IPR-R1 Reactor Models Using the MCNP Code
Authors: Silva C. A. M. , Salomé J. A. D. , Guerra B. T. , Pereira C. , Costa A. L. , Veloso M. A. F. , Menezes M. A. B. C. , Dalle H. M.
Published: September 2014

In the process of verification and validation of code modelling, the sensitivity analysis including systematic variations in code input variables must be used to help identifying the relevant parameters necessary for a determined type of analysis. The aim of this work is to identify how much the code results are affected by two different types of the TRIGA IPR-R1 reactor modelling processes performed using the MCNP (Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport) code. The sensitivity analyses included small differences of the core and the rods dimensions and different levels of model detailing. Four models were simulated and neutronic parameters such as effective multiplication factor (keff), reactivity (ρ), and thermal and total neutron flux in central thimble in some different conditions of the reactor operation were analysed. The simulated models presented good agreement between them, as well as in comparison with available experimental data. In this way, the sensitivity analyses demonstrated that simulations of the TRIGA IPR-R1 reactor can be performed using any one of the four investigated MCNP models to obtain the referenced neutronic parameters.
Exact Solutions for the Integrable Sixth-Order Drinfeld-Sokolov-Satsuma-Hirota System by the Analytical Methods
Authors: Manafian Heris Jalil , Lakestani Mehrdad
Published: September 2014

We establish exact solutions including periodic wave and solitary wave solutions for the integrable sixth-order Drinfeld-Sokolov-Satsuma-Hirota system. We employ this system by using a generalized (G′/G)-expansion and the generalized tanh-coth methods. These methods are developed for searching exact travelling wave solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. It is shown that these methods, with the help of symbolic computation, provide a straightforward and powerful mathematical tool for solving nonlinear partial differential equations.
Shape Optimization of NREL S809 Airfoil for Wind Turbine Blades Using a Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm
Authors: He Yilei , Agarwal Ramesh K.
Published: September 2014

The goal of this paper is to employ a multiobjective genetic algorithm (MOGA) to optimize the shape of a well-known wind turbine airfoil S809 to improve its lift and drag characteristics, in particular to achieve two objectives, that is, to increase its lift and its lift to drag ratio. The commercially available software FLUENT is employed to calculate the flow field on an adaptive structured mesh using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations in conjunction with a two-equationk-ωSST turbulence model. The results show significant improvement in both lift coefficient and lift to drag ratio of the optimized airfoil compared to the original S809 airfoil. In addition, MOGA results are in close agreement with those obtained by the adjoint-based optimization technique.
On Some New Generalized Difference Sequence Spaces of Nonabsolute Type
Authors: Duyar Osman , Demiriz Serkan , Özdemir Osman
Published: September 2014

We define a new triangle matrixW^=(wnkλ)by the composition of the matricesΛ=(λnk)andB(r,s,t). Also, we introduce the sequence spacesc0λ(B^),cλ(B^),l∞λ(B^), andlpλ(B^)by using matrix domain of the matrixW^on the classical sequence spacesc0,c,l∞, andlp, respectively, where1≤p<∞. Moreover, we show that the spaceμλ(B^)is norm isomorphic toμforμ∈{c0,c,l∞,lp}. Furthermore, we establish some inclusion relations concerning those spaces and determineα-,β-, andγ-duals of those spaces and construct the Schauder basesc0λ(B^),cλ(B^), andlpλ(B^). Finally, we characterize the classes(μ1λ(B^):μ2)of infinite matrices whereμ1∈{c,c0,lp}andμ2∈{l∞,c,c0,lp}.
Comparative Study of Human Age Estimation with or without Preclassification of Gender and Facial Expression
Authors: Nguyen Dat Tien , Cho So Ra , Shin Kwang Yong , Bang Jae Won , Park Kang Ryoung
Published: September 2014

Age estimation has many useful applications, such as age-based face classification, finding lost children, surveillance monitoring, and face recognition invariant to age progression. Among many factors affecting age estimation accuracy, gender and facial expression can have negative effects. In our research, the effects of gender and facial expression on age estimation using support vector regression (SVR) method are investigated. Our research is novel in the following four ways. First, the accuracies of age estimation using a single-level local binary pattern (LBP) and a multilevel LBP (MLBP) are compared, and MLBP shows better performance as an extractor of texture features globally. Second, we compare the accuracies of age estimation using global features extracted by MLBP, local features extracted by Gabor filtering, and the combination of the two methods. Results show that the third approach is the most accurate. Third, the accuracies of age estimation with and without preclassification of facial expression are compared and analyzed. Fourth, those with and without preclassification of gender are compared and analyzed. The experimental results show the effectiveness of gender preclassification in age estimation.
Spine Curvature Analysis between Participants with Obesity and Normal Weight Participants: A Biplanar Electromagnetic Device Measurement
Authors: González-Sánchez Manuel , Luo Jin , Lee Raymond , Cuesta-Vargas Antonio I.
Published: September 2014

To analyse and compare standing thoracolumbar curves in normal weight participants and participants with obesity, using an electromagnetic device, and to analyse the measurement reliability.Material and Methods. Cross-sectional study was carried out. 36 individuals were divided into two groups (normal-weight and participants with obesity) according to their waist circumference. The reference points (T1–T8–L1–L5and both posterior superior iliac spines) were used to perform a description of thoracolumbar curvature in the sagittal and coronal planes. A transformation from the global coordinate system was performed and thoracolumbar curves were adjusted by fifth-order polynomial equations. The tangents of the first and fifth lumbar vertebrae and the first thoracic vertebra were determined from their derivatives. The reliability of the measurement was assessed according to the internal consistency of the measure and the thoracolumbar curvature angles were compared between groups.Results. Cronbach’s alpha values ranged between 0.824 (95% CI: 0.776–0.847) and 0.918 (95% CI: 0.903–0.949). In the coronal plane, no significant differences were found between groups; however, in sagittal plane, significant differences were observed for thoracic kyphosis.Conclusion. There were significant differences in thoracic kyphosis in the sagittal plane between two groups of young adults grouped according to their waist circumference.
Application of Experimental Design in Preparation of Nanoliposomes Containing Hyaluronidase
Authors: Kasinathan Narayanan , Volety​ Subrahmanyam​ Mallikarjuna , Josyula​ Venkata Rao
Published: September 2014

Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that catalyzes breakdown of hyaluronic acid. This property is utilized for hypodermoclysis and for treating extravasation injury. Hyaluronidase is further studied for possible application as an adjuvant for increasing the efficacy of other drugs. Development of suitable carrier system for hyaluronidase would help in coadministration of other drugs. In the present study, the hyaluronidase was encapsulated in liposomes. The effect of variables, namely, phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesterol, temperature during film formation (T1), and speed of rotation of the flask during film formation (SPR) on percentage of protein encapsulation, was first analyzed using factorial design. The study showed that level of phosphatidylcholine had the maximum effect on the outcome. The effect of interaction of PC and SPR required for preparation of nanoliposomes was identified by central composite design (CCD). The dependent variables were percentage protein encapsulation, particle size, and zeta potential. The study showed that ideal conditions for production of hyaluronidase loaded nanoliposomes are PC—140 mg and cholesterol 1/5th of PC when the SPR is 150 rpm andT1is 50°C.
HO-1 Upregulation Attenuates Adipocyte Dysfunction, Obesity, and Isoprostane Levels in Mice Fed High Fructose Diets
Authors: Khitan Zeid , Harsh Mohit , Sodhi Komal , Shapiro Joseph I. , Abraham Nader G.
Published: September 2014

Background.Fructose metabolism is an unregulated metabolic pathway and excessive fructose consumption is known to activate ROS. HO-1 is a potent antioxidant gene that plays a key role in decreasing ROS and isoprostanes. We examined whether the fructose-mediated increase in adipocyte dysfunction involves an increase in isoprostanes and that pharmacological induction of HO-1 would decrease both isoprostane levels and adipogenesis.Methods and Results.We examined the effect of fructose, on adipogenesis in human MSCs in the presence and absence of CoPP, an inducer of HO-1. Fructose increased adipogenesis and the number of large lipid droplets while decreasing the number of small lipid droplets (P<0.05). Levels of heme and isoprostane in fructose treated MSC-derived adipocytes were increased. CoPP reversed these effects and markedly increased HO-1 and the Wnt signaling pathway. The high fructose diet increased heme levels in adipose tissue and increased circulating isoprostane levels (P<0.05versus control). Fructose diets decreased HO-1 and adiponectin levels in adipose tissue. Induction of HO-1 by CoPP decreased isoprostane synthesis (P<0.05versus fructose).Conclusion.Fructose treatment resulted in increased isoprostane production and adipocyte dysfunction, which was reversed by the increased expression of HO-1.
Low Temperature Expansion in the Lifshitz Formula
Authors: Bordag M.
Published: September 2014

The low temperature expansion of the free energy in a Casimir effect setup is considered in detail. The starting point is the Lifshitz formula in Matsubara representation and the basic method is its reformulation using the Abel-Plana formula making full use of the analytic properties. This provides a unified description of specific models. We rederive the known results and, in a number of cases, we are able to go beyond. We also discuss the cases with dissipation. It is an aim of the paper to give a coherent exposition of the asymptotic expansions forT→0. The paper includes the derivations and should provide a self-contained representation.
The Concentrations of EGFR, LRG1, ITIH4, and F5 in Serum Correlate with the Number of Colonic Adenomas in ApcPirc/+ Rats
Authors: Ivancic Melanie M. , Irving Amy A. , Jonakin Kelli G. , Dove William F. , Sussman Michael R.
Published: September 2014

The development of noninvasive methods for early detection of colon cancer is critical for the successful management of this disease. Using a targeted quantitative proteomics technique, we assessed the ability of 12 serum proteins to detect the presence of colonic polyps in the ApcPirc/+ rat model of familial colon cancer. Serum protein candidates were selected from gene transcripts upregulated in colonic tumors of ApcPirc/+ rats and from a prior study of serum proteins differentially expressed in mice carrying intestinal adenomas. Proteins were quantified at early stages of polyp formation in a rat cohort monitored longitudinally by colonoscopy over a period of 75 days. Of the 12 proteins monitored at three distinct time points, seven showed differential expression in at least one time point in the serum from ApcPirc/+ rats compared with wild-type rats. Tumor multiplicity correlated with protein expression changes, and most tumors grew during the study. EGFR, LRG1, ITIH4, and F5 displayed the most robust tumor-associated protein expression changes over time. Receiver operator characteristic analysis using these four proteins resulted in a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 80%, and an area under the curve of 0.93 at 135 days of age, when the Pirc rats bore an average of 19 tumors in the colon and seven in the small intestine. The results of this study demonstrate that the quantitative analysis of a panel of serum proteins can detect the presence of early intestinal tumors in a rat model, and provides support for future measurements in humans. Cancer Prev Res; 7(11); 1160–9. ©2014 AACR.
Early Exercise Training After Renal Transplantation and Asymmetric Dimethylarginine: The Effect of Obesity
Authors: Teplan Vladimír , Mahrova Andrea , Piťha Jan , Racek Jaroslav , Gürlich Robert , Teplan Jr Vladimír , Valkovsky Ivo , Štollova Milena
Published: September 2014

Background/Aims: To assess, in a prospective cohort study of 238 renal transplant patients, our hypothesis that elevated ADMA levels may be influenced by physical exercise and obesity. Methods: Blood samples before and after six months were obtained from 116 transplant patients participating in an aerobic exercise (Group I). A control group consisted of 122 matched transplant patients who did not exercise regularly (Group II). Results: There were no significant differences in ADMA levels between both groups before the training program (Group IB vs Group IIB). After six months of exercise, ADMA levels in Group I decreased (Group IB vs Group IA : 3.50 ± 0.45 vs 2.11 ± 0.35μmol/L; p< 0.01) and were lower compared to those in Group II (Group IA vs Group IIA : 2 11 ± 0 23 vs 3 25 ± 0 34μmol/L; p< 0 01) Analysis of our results in obese renal transplant recipients (BMI B 30 kg/m2) confirmed a smaller effect of exercise training (Group IBO vs Group IAO : 3 75 ± 0 52 vs 3 45 ± 0 45; p< 0 05 and Group IAO vs Group IIAO : 3.45 ± 0.45 vs 3.74 ± 0.62; p<0.05). Blood lipids, HbA1C, insulin, and systolic BP were also affected by the training program. Conclusion: Elevated ADMA levels were significantly decreased by early exercise after renal transplantation. The effect of exercise was smaller in obese patients.
Salvage Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection after Radical Prostatectomy for Biochemical and Lymph Node Recurrence
Authors: Peeters Charlotte , Ponette Diederik , van Poppel Hendrik
Published: September 2014

Prostate cancer is the most common male malignancy. Radiation therapy and radical prostatectomy are the main curative treatment options for organ confined disease. Despite the good long-term oncologic outcomes, roughly 40% of patients undergoing surgery develop biochemical recurrence, manifested as a rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Those patients are at higher risk of developing a local or distant recurrence. The diagnosis of a nodal recurrence is challenging. This report is about a 66-year-old male, who had a radical prostatectomy in 2006. Postoperatively, the PSA was never undetectable. Radiotherapy was delivered in 2007, but the PSA rose again. Anti-androgen therapy was started, but he developed painful mastodynia. A (11C) choline PET-CT showed an enlarged suspicious lymph node at the left common iliac and a salvage pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed. Postoperatively, the PSA remained undetectable for the last 5 years. The use of lesion - targeted therapy for oligometastatic disease is a new concept in urology, aiming at reducing the tumor burden. Therefore, even though this surgical approach might not be associated with a durable response over time, the tumor load is decreased and further cancer progression might be delayed, allowing to postpone the delivery of hormone therapy.
In vitro Evaluation of Ureteral Contractility: A Comparative Assessment of Human, Porcine and Sheep Ureteral Response to Vardenafil
Authors: Kyriazis Iason , Kallidonis Panagiotis , Georgiopoulos Ioannis , Al-Aown Abdulrahman , Sakellaropoulos George , Stolzenburg Jens-Uwe , Liatsikos Evangelos
Published: September 2014

Objectives: Basic science studies of ureteral physiology and pathophysiology are commonly performed on animal ureters due to several limitations associated with human ureteral sampling. In this work we question whether animal ureters are good replicas of human ureteral behavior for pharmacological studies. Materials and Methods: Ureteral rings from human, porcine and ovine ureters underwent the same organ bath protocol. After stimulation with KCl, ureters were subjected to different doses of vardenafil. Basic contractility and ureteral response to vardenafil were analyzed. Results: A different pattern of basic contractility was evidenced between species. Vardenafil administration induced a dose-dependent reduction in KCl-induced amplitude increase in human ureters and a dose-dependent reduction in autonomic contractile rhythm of porcine and ovine ureters. Although animal ureters could predict the relaxant response of human samples to vardenafil, its effect would have been overestimated using only animal models. Conclusions: Human ureteral investigations cannot entirely be replaced by existing animal models since results of the latter will vary significantly according to the tested pharmaceutical agent.
Outcome of Patients with Pathological Tumor Stage T3 Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder following Radical Cystectomy in a Single-Center Series with 116 Patients
Authors: Breyer Johannes , Denzinger Stefan , Otto Wolfgang , Bründl Johannes , Gierth Michael , Fritsche Hans-Martin , Rößler Wolfgang , Wieland Wolf F. , Giedl Christian , Hofstädter Ferdinand , Rubenwolf Peter , Burger Maximilian , Aziz Atiqullah
Published: September 2014

Objective: Outcome prediction of pT3 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) after radical cystectomy (RC) remains challenging. The objective of our study was to determine high-risk patients with poor survival outcome in a heterogeneous group substaged pT3 who might profit from early adjuvant chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: We compiled clinicopathological and immunohistochemical data of E-cadherin (E-cad) expression in 116 patients with pT3 UCB after RC in our single-center series. Multivariable Cox regression models including substaged pT3 established clinicopathological features, and the expression of the predictive immunohistochemical feature E-cad was used to identify independent predictors on progression-free (PFS), cancer-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS), respectively. Results: No significant differences were found addressing clinicopathological data and substaged pT3. In multivariable Cox regression models, lymph node involvement was an independent predictor for PFS (p < 0.001), CSS (p < 0.001) and OS (p = 0.002), respectively. Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) significantly influenced PFS (p = 0.016). ASA score 3/4 independently predicted CSS (p = 0.049) and OS (p = 0.032). Neither pT3 substages nor E-cad expression were significant prognosticators for survival. Conclusions: In pT3 UCB patients with ASA 3/4, positive lymph node status and/or presence of LVI, administration of chemotherapy should be considered due to the high risk of poor oncological outcome. The immunohistochemical marker E-cad was not an independent predictor.
Uhthoff's Phenomenon in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica
Authors: Park Kwiyoung , Tanaka Keiko , Tanaka Masami
Published: September 2014

To evaluate and compare the incidence and clinical features of Uhthoff's phenomenon in Japanese patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and those with multiple sclerosis (MS), we asked 135 consecutive patients with MS and an NMO-related disorder (NMOrd) whether they experienced worse neurological symptoms after an increase in body temperature. Responses were obtained from 54 MS and 37 NMOrd patients. Uhthoff's phenomenon was observed in 26 MS (48.1%) and 20 NMOrd patients (54.1%). Motor and sensory symptoms were more frequent than visual symptoms in both diseases. The incidence of Uhthoff's phenomenon was similar in MS and NMOrd.
Treatment of Brain Metastases
Authors: Lukas Rimas V. , Gabikian Patrik , Garza Madeline , Chmura Steven J.
Published: September 2014

Brain metastases are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Key prognostic classification systems for brain metastases are reviewed. The role of surgery, particularly for single brain metastases, is discussed. This is followed by an overview of radiation, both whole brain and focal, in the treatment of brain metastases. Finally, we review examples of important concepts regarding the role of systemic therapy in the treatment of brain metastases.
A Stone Never Cut for: A New Interpretation of The Cure of Folly by Jheronimus Bosch
Authors: Krischel Matthis , Moll Friedrich , Van Kerrebroeck Philip
Published: September 2014

From the late 15th century onwards, cutting for stones in patients' heads to cure mental illness was depicted in European art. The earliest and most famous painting of this kind is The Cure of Folly, painted by Jheronimus Bosch around the turn of the 15th to the 16th century. In general, these depictions are thought to relate to surgical as well as mental health practices of that time. However, it can be questioned whether barber surgeons or quacks cut for stones in patients' heads, and if they did not, what the meaning of Bosch's and other artists' paintings might be. Paintings from the 15th to 17th centuries and historical sources from the history of medicine as well as art history served as a basis for this contribution. The combination of sources from the histories of urology and psychiatry opens a new perspective on depictions of cranial lithotomy. Taking this into account, it does not seem likely that surgeons or quacks cut for cranial stones in early modern Europe. Few therapy options existed to effectively treat mental problems, and, hence, most interpretations of Bosch's picture point to the gullibility of patients as its central theme. At the same time, the depictions of cranial lithotomy may illustrate the limits of the medical profession and an abstract hope for successful psychosurgery analogous to the surgical removal of stones from the urinary tract.