bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variations and prediction of the annual number of tropical cyclones affecting Korea and Japan
Authors: Goh Andy Zung‐Ching , Chan Johnny C. L.
Published: December 2010

This paper investigates the factors affecting the annual number of tropical cyclones (TCs) passing within 100 km of the coast of Korea and Japan (KJ). Using a training set consisting of the coefficients of empirical orthogonal functions of these factors between 1965 and 2005, equations are derived to predict the annual number of these TCs over the whole season in April, and to update this prediction for the July‐November (JN) season in June. Results show that the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) plays a key role in determining the behaviour of TCs affecting KJ, with more TCs affecting the region during El Niño and less during La Niña. This difference can be attributed to ENSO modifying the flow patterns, which in turn affects TC behaviour. The prediction equations suggest that the 500‐hPa geopotential height is more important in determining the number of TCs affecting KJ in the whole season, while both the 850‐hPa geopotential height and 850‐hPa vorticity play a role in the JN season. Both prediction schemes are able to produce acceptable results, with forecast skills of 42.3 and 33.3% over climatology for the whole, and JN seasons, respectively. The predicted TC number for 2006, 2007, and 2008 are also mostly accurate to within one standard deviation of the observed number. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Onset of the total ozone increase based on statistical analyses of global ground‐based data for the period 1964–2008
Authors: Krzyścin J. W.
Published: December 2010

The zonally averaged total column ozone from ground‐based observations for the period 1964–2008 is being examined to detect changes in the trend pattern. The ozone long‐term changes for the periods 1980–1995 and 1996–2008 are estimated through the use of a triad of regression models that differ in the description of a trend term. The trend term could be proportional to the amount of ozone‐depleting substances in the atmosphere, or has a piecewise linear form with turning points in 1980 and 1996, or described by any smooth curve. The standard indices of the ozone dynamical drivers: 10.7 cm solar flux, zonal component of the stratospheric wind in the tropics, the Arctic, and Antarctic Oscillation index, and the vertical component of the Eliassen‐Palm flux are used to parameterise the ozone response to changes in the atmospheric dynamics.

The trends are calculated separately for each season and for the entire year by using the aggregated monthly mean data over broad latitudinal zones: SH polar (90°S–65°S), SH midlatitudes (60°S–30°S), Tropics (25°S–25°N), NH midlatitudes (30°N–60°N), NH polar (65°N–90°N), 50°S–50°N band, and the entire globe (90°S–90°N). All versions of the trend model give statistically significant (at the 95% confidence level) positive trends of ∼0.5–1.0% per decade for the period 1996–2008 over the whole globe (boreal spring), and over 50°S–50°N zone (boreal summer and the entire year). An agreement between trend values by various trend models with different parameterisation of the dynamically driven ozone variations builds a strong support for changes in the trend pattern since the mid‐1990s. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Temporal and spatial patterns of precipitation variability for annual, wet, and dry seasons in Turkey
Authors: Unal Yurdanur S. , Deniz Ali , Toros Hüseyin , Incecik Selahattin
Published: December 2010

In the present study, annual, wet and dry seasons precipitation records for the period 1961–2008 from 271 stations in Turkey were analysed using the rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF), the Mann‐Kendall trend test and the continuous wavelet transform (WT) method. Additionally, relationships between time variability of the significant spatial patterns and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Arctic Oscillation (AO), and North‐Sea Caspian Pattern (NCP) are examined. The REOF method was used to analyse the annual, dry, and wet season variability of precipitation patterns over Turkey. The Mann‐Kendall method was used to detect the temporal trend of the rotated principal components (RPCs) time series, and the continuous wavelet method was used to explore the periodicity of precipitation changes. Continuous WT results indicate that the significant 3–4 year, 6–10 year, and 12–16 year bands are the major period components. Precipitation in Turkey is uneven in space and time, and its complex temporal structure and spatial variations are different in each dry and wet season. The Mann‐Kendall test results show that decreasing annual precipitation is the dominating trend throughout Anatolia, including west, and southwest sections. Increasing annual precipitation can be observed in only northeast Black Sea region of Turkey. Decreasing wet/dry season precipitation that we observe throughout the country, except northeast coasts and eastern parts of Turkey, is expected to have a strong impact on the economic livelihood of the region, especially on agricultural production, drinking water supply, and hydroelectricity production. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Retention behaviors of natural products in reversed‐phase liquid chromatography using mobile phase comprising methanol, acetonitrile and water
Authors: Qiao Xue , Ye Min , Liang Yong‐Hong , Yang Wen‐Zhi , Guo De‐An
Published: December 2010

The three‐component mobile phase, methanol–acetonitrile–water, has been frequently used for the separation of natural products in complicated herbal extracts by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography, especially when two‐component solvent systems do not work. However, the rational for optimization of this three‐solvent system is not clear, so far. In this study, the retention behavior of different types of natural products in RP‐LC with a methanol–acetonitrile–water elution system was studied. A total of 27 compounds from four classes, including steroids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and triterpene saponins were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry or ultraviolet detectors. It was interesting to find that prolonged retention times and improved separation capabilities were obtained when the acetonitrile‐to‐methanol ratio was 3–16%. This rule applied to all four classes of natural products under different instrumental conditions, and could be valuable for the separation of natural products in complicated samples.
Sustainability in Canadian B&Bs: comparing the east versus west
Authors: Dodds Rachel , Holmes Mark Robert
Published: December 2010

Although bed and breakfasts (B&Bs) represent a small part of the overall accommodation sector, they can contribute to both the positive and negative impacts of the industry. Through a questionnaire of Canada's east and west coastal B&Bs, findings indicate that financial reasons are the biggest barrier to implementing environmental practices and government incentives and tax rebates may help the uptake of environmental measures. Results from this study can be used to motivate improvements for environmental commitment in this form of accommodation such as cost savings and strengthened lines of communication. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of muscle contraction and intensity of stimulation on the cutaneous silent period
Authors: Rodi Zoran , Springer Christiaan
Published: December 2010

We evaluated the influence of stimulus intensity (SI) and the amount of voluntary muscle contraction (VMC) on parameters of the cutaneous silent period (CSP). The CSP was measured in 15 healthy subjects at 20%, 40%, and 60% of maximal VMC and after an electric stimulus of 10, 15, and 20 times the sensory threshold. Average EMG amplitudes prior to stimulus and during the CSP increased with the amount of VMC. The CSP duration increased, and suppression index decreased, with increasing SI. The CSP onset and end latencies seemed to shorten and prolong, respectively, with the increasing SI, although this was not statistically significant. Considering the more meaningful temporal parameters of the CSP and the suppression index, it is not necessary to control the VMC, but it is advisable to control the SI. Muscle Nerve , 2011
Impact of resistance exercise training on interleukin‐6 and JAK/STAT in young men
Authors: Trenerry Marissa K. , Della Gatta Paul A. , Larsen Amy E. , Garnham Andrew P. , Cameron‐Smith David
Published: December 2010

The JAK/STAT signaling pathway is essential for myogenic regeneration and is regulated by a diverse range of ligands, including interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (PDGF‐BB). Our aim was to evaluate the responsiveness of IL‐6 and PDGF‐BB to intense exercise, along with STAT3 activation, before and after 12 weeks of resistance training. In young men, IL‐6 and PDGF‐BB protein concentrations were quantified in biopsied muscle and increased at 3 h post‐exercise (17.5‐fold and 3‐fold, respectively). The response was unaltered by 12 weeks of training. Similarly, STAT3 phosphorylation was elevated post‐exercise (12.5‐fold), irrespective of training status, as was the expression of downstream targets c‐MYC (8‐fold), c‐FOS (4.5‐fold), and SOCS3 (2.3‐fold). Thus, intense exercise transiently increases IL‐6 and PDGF‐BB proteins, and STAT3 phosphorylation is increased. These responses are preserved after intense exercise. This suggests they are not modified by training and may be an essential component of the adaptive responses to intense exercise. Muscle Nerve , 2011
Fibroblast gene expression profile reflects the stage of tumour progression in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Lim Kue Peng , Cirillo Nicola , Hassona Yazan , Wei Wenbin , Thurlow Johanna K , Cheong Sok Ching , Pitiyage Gayani , Parkinson E Ken , Prime Stephen S
Published: December 2010

Oral cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis. This study examined the behaviour of fibroblast strains from normal oral mucosa, dysplastic epithelial tissue, and genetically stable (minimal copy number alterations—CNA; minimal loss of heterozygosity—LOH; wild‐type p53; wild‐type p16$^{{\rm INK4A}}$) and unstable (extensive CNA and LOH; inactivation of p53 and p16$^{{\rm INK4A}}$) oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Fibroblasts from genetically unstable OSCC relative to the other fibroblast subtypes grew more slowly and stimulated the invasion of a non‐tumourigenic keratinocyte cell line into fibroblast‐rich collagen gels. To understand these findings, genome‐wide transcriptional profiles were generated using the GeneChip® cDNA whole transcript microarray platform. Principal component analysis showed that the fibroblasts could be distinguished according to the stage of tumour development. Tumour progression was associated with down‐regulation of cell cycle‐ and cytokinesis‐related genes and up‐regulation of genes encoding transmembrane proteins including cell adhesion molecules. Gene expression was validated in independent fibroblast strains using qRT‐PCR. Gene connectivity and interactome‐transcriptome associations were determined using a systems biology approach to interrogate the gene expression data. Clusters of gene signatures were identified that characterized genetically unstable and stable OSCCs relative to each other and to fibroblasts from normal oral mucosa. The expression of highly connected genes associated with unstable OSCCs, including those that encode α‐SMA and the integrin α6, correlated with poor patient prognosis in an independent dataset of head and neck cancer. The results of this study demonstrate that fibroblasts from unstable OSCCs represent a phenotypically distinguishable subset that plays a major role in oral cancer biology. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Definition of patients treated with evidence based drugs in absence of prescribed daily doses: the example of acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Belleudi Valeria , Fusco Danilo , Kirchmayer Ursula , Agabiti Nera , Di Martino Mirko , Narduzzi Silvia , Davoli Marina , Arcà Massimo , Perucci Carlo Alberto
Published: December 2010

Purpose

Define patients treated with evidence‐based drugs in a cohort discharged after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in absence of prescribed daily doses (PDD). To compare different drug use measures and analyze their impact on the effect estimate of risk factors related to drug use.

Methods

AMI patients discharged in Rome during 2006–2007 were selected from the Hospital Information System. Drugs claimed during the 12 months after discharge were retrieved. Measures of drug use were defined as: ‘continuity’ (one prescription each follow‐up quarter‐year) and the ‘proportion of days covered’ calculated by defined daily doses (DDDs) or pill counts (PCs) (≥80% of individual follow‐up). Poly‐therapy was defined through the same drug use measure for all drug groups. Kappa index was calculated to analyze the concordance between measures. For each measure we estimated the effect of age, gender and Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) on poly‐therapy.

Results

Poly‐therapy rates varied between 11.5 and 37.8% in the cohort and between 17.3 and 56.9% in patients with at least one prescription for all drugs. Concordance between all measures was high for antiplatelets (k = 0.74) and very low for beta‐blockers (k = 0.22). According to measures used, gender and older age effects slightly varied, while PTCA remained a strong determinant of drug use.

Conclusions

Different measures of exposure to drug treatment may affect the estimate of the proportion of treated patients and the effect estimates of risk factors. Drug dispense registries are useful, but it is necessary to develop and validate methodologies in absence of PDD. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of self‐coherence in correlations of bosons and fermions in linear counting experiments. Notes on the wave‐particle duality
Authors: Varró S.
Published: December 2010

Correlations of detection events in two detectors are studied in case of linear excitations of the measuring apparatus. On the basis of classical probability theory and fundamental conservation laws, a general formula is derived for the two‐point correlation functions for both bosons and fermions. The results obtained coincide with that derivable from quantum theory which uses quantized field amplitudes. By applying both the particle and the wave picture at the same time, the phenomena of photon bunching and antibunching, photon anticorrelation and fermion antibunching measured in beam experiments are interpreted in the frame of an intuitively clear description.
The effect of neutron irradiation on oxygen aggregation processes in Si material treated under hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Londos Charalampos A. , Andrianakis Andreas , Misiuk Andrzej
Published: December 2010

Silicon is the dominant material in electronic industry. Its use for various applications requires processing stages, important among them those involving thermal treatments. Such treatments in Si trigger the mechanisms of oxygen aggregation resulting in the formation of oxygen precipitates which have important influence on the quality of the material. In the present work, we have investigated the effect of thermal treatments, with or without the application of high hydrostatic pressure, on the development of oxygen precipitates. We have particularly studied the effect of neutron irradiation on the formation of the various oxygen agglomerates in the course of the above treatments. To this end, Si samples initially irradiated by neutrons were subjected to high temperature or/and high temperature‐high pressure treatments at 1000 and 1130 °C. Afterwards, infrared (IR) measurements were undertaken to study various precipitate morphologies, in particular those giving rise to an IR band around 1080 cm−1 related to octahedral‐shaped precipitates and an IR band at 1225 cm−1 attributed to platelet‐shaped precipitates. The obtained results were found to be consistent with reports cited in the literature. It was confirmed that the application of pressure during treatments as well as the irradiation with neutrons before these treatments enhance substantially the oxygen aggregation process. Comparisons of the results between treatments at 1000 and 1130 °C are presented and discussed.
Radiationless energy transfer in CdSe/ZnS quantum dot aggregates embedded in PMMA
Authors: Reitinger Norbert , Hohenau Andreas , Köstler Stefan , Krenn Joachim R. , Leitner Alfred
Published: December 2010

Luminescence spectroscopy and time‐resolved measurements of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) in 20 nm thick poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films reveal radiationless energy transfer from smaller to larger QDs. As confirmed by electron microscopy, the observed effects rely on QD aggregation. This aggregation and thus energy transfer can be inhibited by a PMMA copolymer containing carboxylic acid groups.

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Improvement of the Galvanized Coating Quality of High Strength Dual Phase Steels by Pre‐Electroplating Nickel Layer
Authors: Zhong N. , Zhang K. , Li J. , Hu W. B.
Published: December 2010

Galvanized dual phase steel sheets are used extensively in the industrial applications because of their excellent mechanical properties and superior corrosion resistance, but the segregation of alloying elements and the formation of oxides on the steel surface often have a deleterious effect on coating adhesion during the galvanizing process. In order to improve the coating quality, a nickel layer was pre‐electroplated on the steel substrate before galvanizing and it's found that there is an improvement in the coating quality. The coating microstructures were investigated by scanning electron microscopy together with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscope, glow discharge optical emission spectroscope and X‐ray diffractions. The experimental results show that the compact Ni3Zn22 intermetallic layer formed at the zinc/nickel interface during the galvanizing process, prohibiting the nucleation and the growth of the ζ‐Zn phase layer and resulting in the improvement of the zinc coating adhesion.
Viscosities of the Quaternary Al2O3‐CaO‐MgO‐SiO2 Slags
Authors: Song Minho , Shu Qifeng , Sichen Du
Published: December 2010

Viscosities of some quaternary slags in the Al2O3‐CaO‐MgO‐SiO2 system were measured using the rotating cylinder method. Eight different slag compositions were selected. These slag compositions ranging in the high basicity region were directly related to the secondary steel making operations. The measurements were carried out in the temperature range of 1720 to 1910 K. Viscosities in this system and its sub‐systems were expressed as a function of temperature and composition based on the viscosity model developed earlier at KTH. The iso‐viscosity contours in the Al2O3‐CaO‐MgO‐SiO2 system relevant to ladle slags were calculated at 1823 K and 1873 K for 5 mass% MgO and 10 mass% MgO sections. The predicted results showed good agreement with experimental values and the literature data.
Control of structural seismic response by a limited set of active dampers
Authors: Ribakov Y. , Agranovich G.
Published: December 2010

Active dampers are known for many years as an excellent solution yielding enhanced structural seismic behavior. Achieving similar effect of control by using a limited set of dampers and floor obstructions for their connection is always desired because it decreases the cost of the control system and leaves more open bays. Additionally, the energy required for realization of the optimal control algorithm by a control system with a limited set of dampers is usually lower compared with that of a full set of dampers connected at all floors. An algorithm for selection of optimal location of dampers in structures with a limited set of devices based on linear quadratic gaussian (LQG) optimal design of active dampers was proposed by the authors previously. According to this algorithm, most effective dampers' locations are selected according to maximum contribution to the total energy dissipation. The present research was focused on the analysis of structural seismic response with different limited sets of dampers. Various criteria were proposed to examine the efficiency of the control. Response of two different building models to various earthquakes was simulated. The results obtained in this study may be used to select a minimum number of floors provided by dampers that are required to get a desired effect of control. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High phenylalanine levels directly affect mood and sustained attention in adults with phenylketonuria: a randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover trial
Authors: ten Hoedt Amber E. , de Sonneville Leo M. J. , Francois Baudouin , ter Horst Nienke M. , Janssen Mirian C. H. , Rubio‐Gozalbo M. Estela , Wijburg Frits A. , Hollak Carla E. M. , Bosch Annet M.
Published: December 2010

The main debate in the treatment of Phenylketonuria (PKU) is whether adult patients need the strict phenylalanine (Phe)‐restricted diet. Physicians and patients lack evidence‐based guidelines to help them make well‐informed choices. We have carried out the first randomised double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial into the effects of short‐term elevation of Phe levels on neuropsychological functions and mood of adults with PKU. Nine continuously treated adults with PKU underwent two 4‐week supplementation periods: one with Phe, mimicking normal dietary intake, and one with placebo in randomly allocated order via a randomisation coding list in a double‐blind cross‐over design. A set of neuropsychological tests (Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks) was administered at the end of each study period. In addition, patients and for each patient a friend or relative, completed weekly Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaires, evaluating the patients’ mood. Phe levels were measured twice weekly. Mean plasma Phe levels were significantly higher during Phe supplementation compared with placebo (p = 0.008). Neuropsychological tests demonstrated an impairment in sustained attention during Phe supplementation (p = 0.029). Both patients and their friend or relative reported lower scores on the POMS questionnaires during Phe supplementation (p = 0.017 and p = 0.040, respectively). High plasma Phe levels have a direct negative effect on both sustained attention and on mood in adult patients with PKU. A Phe‐restricted “diet for life” might be an advisable option for many.
Brief report: Association between socio‐demographic factors, screen media usage and physical activity by type of day in Spanish adolescents
Authors: Devís‐Devís José , Peiró‐Velert Carmen , Beltrán‐Carrillo Vicente J. , Tomás José Manuel
Published: December 2010

This study examined the relationship between socio‐demographic factors, screen media time usage, and light, moderate and vigorous activities on weekdays and weekends. Cross‐sectional data was collected from 323 Spanish adolescents (mean age 13.59 years) who completed an interview administered recall questionnaire. Structural equation models indicated that male and younger adolescents spent more time on vigorous activities at the weekend, while females and older adolescents showed a greater involvement in light activities both on weekdays and weekends. State school students reported engaging in light and vigorous activities for longer periods than private school students on weekends. TV viewing was negatively linked to vigorous activities during weekdays and to light and moderate activities on weekends. The amount of mobile phone usage, however, was positively linked to light activities during weekdays, but negatively on weekends. The negative relationship between adolescents' use of screen media (TV and mobile phone) and physical activity and its possible displacement, depending on the type of day, added useful comparable knowledge for policies promoting an active lifestyle. Further research is required to provide evidence of the causality in the observed relationships.
Methodology for adding and amending glycaemic index values to a nutrition analysis package
Authors: Levis Sharon P. , McGowan Ciara A. , McAuliffe Fionnuala M.
Published: December 2010

Since its introduction in 1981, the glycaemic index (GI) has been a useful tool for classifying the glycaemic effects of carbohydrate foods. Consumption of a low-GI diet has been associated with a reduced risk of developing CVD, diabetes mellitus and certain cancers. WISP (Tinuviel Software, Llanfechell, Anglesey, UK) is a nutrition software package used for the analysis of food intake records and 24 h recalls. Within its database, WISP contains the GI values of foods based on the International Tables 2002. The aim of the present study is to describe in detail a methodology for adding and amending GI values to the WISP database in a clinical or research setting, using data from the updated International Tables 2008.
Quantifying the contribution of foods with unfavourable nutrient profiles to nutritionally adequate diets
Authors: Maillot Matthieu , Drewnowski Adam , Vieux Florent , Darmon Nicole
Published: December 2010

That ‘all foods can fit’ into a healthy diet is a long-standing principle of dietetic practice. The present study quantified the relative contributions of foods to encourage and foods to limit, using new techniques of individual diet optimisation and nutrient profiling. Individual foods from every food group were assigned to four nutrient profile classes based on the French SAIN,LIM system. Foods with the most favourable nutrient profiles were in class 1, and foods with the least favourable nutrient profiles were in class 4. An optimised diet that met the recommendations for thirty-two nutrients and that respected the existing eating habits was designed for each adult in the nationally representative ‘Enquête Individuelle et Nationale sur les Consommations Alimentaires 1’ dietary survey (n 1171). The relative proportions of the four nutrient profiling classes were assessed before and after the optimisation process. The contribution of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, milk and fish was significantly increased, whereas the contribution of refined grains, meats, mixed dishes, sugars and fats was decreased. The optimised diets derived more energy (30 v. 21 % in the observed diets) from class 1 foods and less energy (41 v. 56 %) from class 4 foods. They also derived a higher amount of class 1 foods (61 v. 51 %) and a lower amount of class 4 foods (22 v. 32 %). Thus, nutrient adequacy was compatible with the consumption of foods with an unfavourable nutrient profile (one-fifth the basket weight), provided that the diet also contained almost two-thirds of foods with the most favourable profile. Translating these results into concrete and quantified advice may have very tangible public health implications.
Epigallocatechin gallate delays the onset of type 1 diabetes in spontaneous non-obese diabetic mice
Authors: Fu Zhuo , Zhen Wei , Yuskavage Julia , Liu Dongmin
Published: December 2010

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, leading to deficiency of insulin production. Successful islet transplantation can normalise hyperglycaemia in T1D patients; however, the limited availability of the islets, loss of islet cell mass through apoptosis after islet isolation and potential autoimmune destruction of the transplanted islets prevent the widespread use of this procedure. Therefore, the search for novel and cost-effective agents that can prevent or treat T1D is extremely important to decrease the burden of morbidity from this disease. In the present study, we discovered that ( − )-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG, 0·05 % in drinking-water), the primary polyphenolic component in green tea, effectively delayed the onset of T1D in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. At 32 weeks of age, eight (66·7 %) out of twelve mice in the control group developed diabetes, whereas only three (25 %) out of twelve mice in the EGCG-treated group became diabetic (P < 0·05). Consistently, mice supplemented with EGCG had significantly higher plasma insulin levels and survival rate but lower glycosylated Hb concentrations compared with the control animals. EGCG had no significant effects on food or water intake and body weight in mice, suggesting that the glucose-lowering effect was not due to an alteration in these parameters. While EGCG did not modulate insulitis, it elevated the circulating anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level in NOD mice. These findings demonstrate that EGCG may be a novel, plant-derived compound capable of reducing the risk of T1D.
I. Proctorial Representation and Conciliar Management during the Reign of Henry VIII
Authors: Snow Vernon F.
Published: December 2010

It is the purpose of this essay to explain the background and nature of proctorial representation and plural voting in the early Tudor period; to deter-mine the extent of absenteeism and proctorial representation in the House of Lords during the reign of Henry VIII; to single out and briefly discuss the principal procurators in the upper house; and to demonstrate how the Crown utilized and perfected the proxy system to manage the House of Lords. Just as an earlier essay dealt with the origin and evolution of proctorial representation in pre-Tudor times, so subsequent articles covering the late Tudor and Stuart periods will follow in due time.
V. The Issue of Army Reform in the Unionist Government, 1903–5
Authors: Tucker Albert
Published: December 2010

By the end of the nineteenth century the British Cabinet system was still distinguished by autonomy among the great departments of state. It was especially true of the War Office and the Admiralty. The claim has sometimes been made that coherence in the making of naval and military policy was finally achieved with the Committee of Imperial Defence after its formation in 1903. J. P. Mackintosh has shown that the claim can no longer be sustained, that War Office and Admiralty continued to form their separate plans with little or no direction from the C.I.D. They could have been induced to co-operate on the highest level only through pressure from the Cabinet and the prime minister. Neither Campbell-Bannerman nor Asquith took much interest in defence, and while Arthur Balfour did, yet he lacked the qualities of an effective administrator.‘He did not turn to the departments and insist that the conclusions of the Committee should be the basis on which they worked.’
I. Filmer's Patriarchal History
Authors: Greenleaf W. H.
Published: December 2010

Filmer's political thought was made up of four elements. First of all, there were his critical remarks about some of the key ideas of his opponents, his analysis of such concepts as social contract, supremacy of the people, mixed government, and the like. Then there were his inquiries into the constitutional and legal history of this country which enabled him to show, for instance, that the claim of the House of Commons to have been time out of mind an integral part of Parliament equal to Lords and monarch was not tenable. Thirdly, there was his assimilation of royal to paternal power, an analogy fundamentally cast in terms of the philosophy and political theory of order and which enabled him to ascribe the undoubted contemporary authority of a paterfamilias to the pater patriae. Finally, there was a genea-logical argument purporting to derive the supreme authority of a king neither from the people over whom he ruled nor from some ecclesiastical intermediary like the pope but lineally from God through inheritance of the dominion which had been divinely bestowed upon Adam.
III. The Loyalist Association Movement of 1792–93 and British Public Opinion
Authors: Ginter Donald E.
Published: December 2010

In November 1792 John Reeves, with the explicit approval and active sup-port of both the government and the Windhamite Whigs, and with the countenance of the duke of Portland and his friends, instituted a movement of loyalist associations which quickly spread throughout the country. The movement was founded in reaction to an enthusiastic resurgence of British radical activity which followed the defeat of the combined armies under the duke of Brunswick, and it rallied a now militant conservative sentiment in favour of detecting and suppressing by intimidation and public prosecution all allegedly seditious activities. This crisis in public opinion, which was at once the parent and the offspring of the loyalist association movement, was not the first to have occurred in 1792. An earlier crisis occurred in favour of the political left during the late spring of 1792 and was followed by a relatively mild reaction to the right. It seems clear that, during the earlier months of 1792 at least, there were considerable bodies of both conservative and liberal opinion of various shades in the country. But by the beginning of the following year the complexity and ferment of the political scene had become so great that it is not at all clear to what extent or how rapidly liberal opinion had been supplanted in the country by conservative sentiment. The purpose of this paper is to reassess the nature, effect and significance of the loyalist association movement by undertaking a more careful examination of the phraseology of many of its addresses and declarations as well as of the proceedings and circumstances peculiar to the meetings in which they were approved.
V. Germany, Italy and South Tyrol, 1938–45
Authors: Latour C. F.
Published: December 2010

One of the basic points of the National Socialist programme was the promise of the ‘Liberation’; of German nationality groups who had come under the control of neighbouring states through the peace treaties of 1919. Accusing a country of maltreating its German minority became a classic Nazi gambit in opening aggressive operations in the late 1930's. In most instances Nazi propaganda charges were vastly exaggerated, but if ever there existed a situation which might have provided some justification for Hitlerian wrath, it was Fascist repression in South Tyrol.
II. The Political Role of the Parlement of Paris, 1715–23
Authors: Shennan J. H.
Published: December 2010

The most recent biographer of Montesquieu has written:

…the similarity between the ideas of the former president a tnortier and those of the parlements is sometimes striking.…The king, they admit, is the legislator and the fount of justice. The parlements, however, are the repositories of his supreme juris-diction. To remove it from them is to offend the laws of the state and to overthrow the ancient legal structure of the kingdom.…This tradition of the parlements inspired and was inspired by the political doctrine of Montesquieu; and when the President writes of the monarchy of his own day…as being the best form of government that men have been able to imagine, it is monarchy supported by this tradition which he has in mind.
V. The Introduction of Old Age Pensions in Great Britain
Authors: Collins Doreen
Published: December 2010

Charles Booth dates the beginning of the agitation for old age pensions from the late 1870's, which were marked by two publications of first importance in the field. He himself drew inspiration from the pamphlet of Mr Hookham who, in 1879, published ‘The Outline of a Scheme for dealing with Pauperism. The Question of the Day’. Running neck and neck with Mr Hookham, however, was another now long-forgotten gentleman named Canon Blackley who produced a scheme of national insurance which acquired widespread commendation. The two of them together symbolize both the desire for social action and the cleavage of opinion as to the direction such action should take.
IV. John Lingard and the Simancas Archives
Authors: Jones Edwin
Published: December 2010

John Lingard (1771–1851) was the first English historian to attempt to look at the history of England in the sixteenth century from an international point of view. He was unconvinced by the story of the Reformation in England as found in the works of previous historians such as Burnet and Hume, and believed that new light needed to be thrown on the subject. One way of doing this was to look at English history from the outside, so to speak, and Lingard held it to be a duty of the historian ‘to contrast foreign with native authorities, to hold the balance between them with an equal hand, and, forgetting that he is an Englishman, to judge impartially as a citizen of the world’. In pursuit of this ideal Lingard can be said to have given a new dimension to the source materials for English history. As parish priest in the small village of Hornby, near Lancaster, Lingard had few opportunities for travel. But he made good use of his various friends and former pupils at Douai and Ushaw colleges who were settled now in various parts of Europe. It was with the help of these friends that Lingard made contacts with and gained valuable information from archives in France, Italy and Spain. We shall concern ourselves here only with the story of Lingard's contacts with the great Spanish State Archives at Simancas.
II. Irish Parliamentary Elections and the Influence of the Catholic Vote, 1801–20
Authors: Jupp P. J.
Published: December 2010

One generalization which can be made about politics in the reign of George III with a fair degree of certainty is that the vast majority of M.P.s did not consider their conduct in the House of Commons as predetermined by the wishes of their electors; they preferred to see themselves as elected as members of Parliament rather than as delegates to Parliament. Moreover, despite the recent concentration of some historians upon the history of Parliament, the discipline of psephology rarely engaged the attention of politicians after a general election. These two attitudes of mind, which together indicated a clear division between electoral and Parliamentary politics, were nowhere more prevalent than in constituencies where landed interests were predominant. These, which comprised the majority in Scotland and Wales, were, after 1801, also thought to predominate in Ireland. This, in fact, was part of the reason why the Whigs at Westminster so firmly opposed the Union during the debates in 1799 and 1800. They argued in effect that in Ireland, as in Scotland, there was little dependence upon electors and a great dependence upon patronage; that the union with Scotland had added a substantial proportion of the forty-five M.P.s to the ranks of the government of the day; and that the union with Ireland would add near a 100 more. In fact the traditional picture of Irish electoral politics between 1801–26 is that, notwithstanding the fact that in Ireland the economic and social position and above all the religious sentiments of the majority of the electors were nowhere more clearly opposed to those of their M.P.s, the constituencies remained firmly controlled by the leading landed, and therefore Protestant, interests, the majority of whom supported every administration. The purpose of this article, however, is to argue that the Catholic vote in Irish constituencies was an integral and important factor in elections before 1820; that it not only played its part at elections but that it also affected in some degree the conduct of Irish M.P.s in the House of Commons towards the question of Catholic emancipation.
VII. Grey, Hardinge and the Foreign Office, 1906–1910
Authors: Steiner Zara
Published: December 2010

Sir Edward Grey entered the Foreign Office at a time when it was being rapidly transformed. A change in the registration system had freed the junior officials from most routine operations and encouraged the senior men to take a more active part in the actual formation of foreign policy. At the same time, a new group of men took over the most important departmental positions and entered the chief European embassies. For the most part, these men were far more conscious of German power than their predecessors and set the tone of British policy during the first years of Grey's Foreign Secretaryship. Charles Hardinge, Louis Mallet, William Tyrrell and Eyre Crowe in London, Francis Bertie, ambassador in Paris, Arthur Nicolson in St Petersburg and, after 1907, Goschen in Berlin were all to play important roles in shaping the new course.
I. History and Ideology in the English Revolution
Authors: Skinner Quentin
Published: December 2010

Ideological arguments are commonly sustained by an appeal to the past, an appeal either to see precedents in history for new claims being advanced, or to see history itself as a development towards the point of view being advocated or denounced. Perhaps the most influential example from English history of this prescriptive use of historical information is provided by the ideological arguments associated with the constitutional revolution of the seventeenth century. It was from a propagandist version of early English history that the ‘whig’ ideology associated with the Parliamentarians—the ideology of customary law, regulated monarchy and immemorial Parliamentary right—drew its main evidence and strength. The process by which this ‘whig’ interpretation of history became bequeathed to the eighteenth century as accepted ideology has of course already been definitively labelled by Professor Butterfield, and described in his book on The Englishman and his History. It still remains, however, to analyse fully the various other ways in which awareness of the past became a politically relevant factor in English society during its constitutional upheavals. The acceptance of the ‘whig’ view of early English history in fact represented only the triumph of one among several conflicting ideologies which had relied on identical historical backing to their claims. And despite the resolution of this conflict by universal acceptance of the ‘whig’ view, the ‘whigs’ themselves were nevertheless to be covertly influenced by the rival ideologies which their triumph might seem to have suppressed. It is the further investigation of the complexity and interdependence of these historical and ideological attitudes which will be attempted here.
From Subjects to Citizens? Rationing, refugees and the publicity of corruption over Independence in UP
Authors: GOULD WILLIAM
Published: December 2010

Building on recent work on the ‘everyday state’ and citizenship in 1947–1948, this paper examines changing practices and representations of ‘corruption’ in Uttar Pradesh, India over independence. The management and publicity of ‘corruption’, particularly in the food supply and rationing bureaucracy from the mid-1940s to the 1960s captures changing discussions about public expectations of government and narrates everyday urban experiences of the local state. Representations of administrative corruption within UP government ‘anti-corruption’ planning, around the late 1930s to early 1940s, reflected changing ideas about the public and citizenship in UP in general—from a colonial stress on administrative authoritarianism, where corruption was presented as a regrettable but unavoidable facet of local power, to a sense of public accountability. By the 1940s, with war-time commodity controls accompanying rapid political change, opportunities for nefarious gain widened, and administrative rules and functions quickly became much more complex. ‘Corruption’, as a symbolic political weapon, was publicized in a way which now connected national, state and local level discussions of independence, citizenship and state authority. Specifically, the very nature of different types of corruption in the crucial sphere of controls and rationing brought about more developed forms of political protection and backing for the corrupt administrator and encouraged new clientelist networks across the political spectrum.
The Ethics of Welfare Provision for Migrants: A Case for Equal Treatment and the Repositioning of Welfare
Authors: BOLDERSON HELEN
Published: December 2010

The paper examines the structure of selection that determines migrants’ welfare rights. Using illustrations from the UK, it confirms that migrants’ welfare rights are stratified by, and dependent on, immigration status. It describes the outcome of this structure and shows why welfare policies need to reclaim independence from immigration policies to which they have become tied. Using terms from Walzer (1983), an argument is made for ‘autonomy’ in these different ‘spheres’.

An alternative approach is suggested in which access to welfare provisions for migrants is made regardless of immigration status and is based instead on equal treatment and non-discrimination between migrants and nationals of the receiving country. Nationals are seen to be migrants’ comparators, and unequal treatment between them constitutes discrimination. Alternative approaches to migrants’ welfare include reliance on universal international human rights law, and approaches that take into account more radical, substantive equality values than equal treatment. We argue, however, that amongst the advantages of an equal treatment policy are the rights retained by national governments to exercise sovereignty in determining the shape of their welfare provisions whilst also engaging international law on human rights.
The development of linguistic complexity: A functional continuum
Authors: O'Dowd Elizabeth
Published: December 2010

Following the No Child Left Behind Act (2001), which mandates standards-based accountability for the academic progress of all students, much attention has been given to integrating language and content instruction for English learners (ELs) in K-12 classrooms in the US. Although TESOL and other state-approved language proficiency standards acknowledge that academic English requires progressive linguistic complexity to tackle progressively complex content, they give no indicators for this progression beyond some generalizations about increased sentential variety. An enlightening characterization of linguistic complexity comes from Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), specifying how grammatical choices actually construct meaning, making a strong case for explicit, proactive instruction, and calling for a systematic analysis of the language our English learners need to master. This paper describes an ongoing project to answer this call by charting a developmental continuum of complexity for school-age English learners. Its preliminary analysis is based on some 90 compositions, collected over the course of a year from more than 30 students in a New England middle school classroom.
Simulation of microwave optical links and proof of noise figure lower than electrical losses
Authors: Billabert Anne-Laure , Chtioui Mourad , Rumelhard Christian , Algani Catherine , Alouini Mehdi , Lévesque Quentin , Feuillet Christophe , Marceaux Alexandre , Merlet Thomas
Published: December 2010

The operation of a microwave photonic link is thoroughly investigated both theoretically and experimentally. To this aim, we have developed a simulation tool based on an accurate physical model embedded in a radio frequency (RF) chain simulator. The theoretical predictions are tested on an intensity modulation-direct detection (IMDD) link we have specifically developed to this purpose. Our simulation tool takes into account both optical and electrical characteristics of the link components including the laser dynamics and impedance matching networks. It thus enables an accurate understanding of the different physical and electrical phenomena governing the link's performances even under unusual operation conditions. Specifically, we were able to isolate an unusual behavior and to confirm it experimentally. It is thereby clear that the noise figure of a microwave optical link can be lower than the electrical losses, such as a mismatched output passive electrical network. This state is reached when the optical losses are high enough and when the link's output impedance is mismatched, too.