bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indigenous Amazonians on air:Shipibo–Koniboradio broadcasters and their social influence in Peru
Authors: Oyarce-Cruz Jacqueline , Medina Paredes Melissa , Maier Markus
Published: January 2019

This article describes how Peruvian Shipibo–Konibo people instrumentalize local radio stations to participate in civil society and to become social leaders supported by their communities. The investigational group consisted of Shipibo–Konibo communicators, all of them are men, who work at local radio stations located in the region Ucayali, Amazonas, Peru. The indigenous radio broadcasters interviewed were chosen from the most popular radio stations of Ucayali. Topics in radio programs are politics, corruption, abuse, mishandling, as well as celebrations, traditional holidays, communities’ anniversaries, and other cultural activities. Promoting social demands of their localities has given rise to new generations who now attend university and conduct radio programs in Shipibo–Konibo and Spanish, to communicate their concerns. It is an exploratory type research with a qualitative approach, focused on radio programs that got more local audience in the Peruvian Amazonia.
Stent Placement Across the Renal Vein Inflow in Patients Undergoing Venous Reconstruction Preserves Renal Function and Renal Vein Patency: Experience in 93 Patients
Authors: Chick Jeffrey Forris Beecham , Gemmete Joseph J. , Hage Anthony N. , Bundy Jacob J. , Brewerton Charles , Fenlon Jordan B. , Abramowitz Steven D. , Coleman Dawn M. , Srinivasa Ravi N. , Williams David M.
Published: January 2019

Purpose: To determine if stent placement across the renal vein inflow affects kidney function and renal vein patency. Methods: Between June 2008 and September 2016, 93 patients (mean age 39 years, range 15–70; 54 women) with iliocaval occlusion underwent venous stent placement and were retrospectively reviewed. For this analysis, the patients were separated into treatment and control groups: 51 (55%) patients had suprarenal and infrarenal iliocaval venous disease requiring inferior vena cava stent reconstruction across the renal vein inflow (treatment group) and 42 (45%) patients had iliac vein stenting sparing the renal veins (control group). Treatment group patients received Wallstents (n=15), Gianturco Z-stents (n=24), or suprarenal and infrarenal Wallstents such that the renal veins were bracketed with a “renal gap” (n=12). Stenting technical success, stent type, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and creatinine before and after stent placement were recorded, along with renal vein patency and complications. Results: All procedures were technically successful. In the 51-patient treatment group, 15 (29%) patients received Wallstents and 24 (47%) received Gianturco Z-stents across the renal veins, while 12 (24%) were given a “renal gap” with no stent placement directly across the renal vein inflow. In the control group, 42 patients received iliac vein Wallstents only. Mean prestent GFR was 59±1.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 and mean prestent creatinine was 0.8±0.2 mg/dL for the entire cohort. Mean prestent GFR and creatinine values in the Wallstent, Gianturco Z-stent, and “renal gap” subgroups did not differ from the iliac vein stent group. Mean poststent GFR and creatinine values were 59±3.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 0.8±0.3 mg/dL, respectively. There were no differences between mean pre- and poststent GFR (p=0.32) or creatinine (p=0.41) values when considering all patients or when comparing the treatment subgroups and the control group. There were no differences in the poststent mean GFR or creatinine values between the Wallstent (p=0.21 and p=0.34, respectively) and Gianturco Z-stent (p=0.43 and p=0.41, respectively) groups and the “renal gap” group. One patient with a Wallstent across the renal veins developed right renal vein thrombosis 7 days after the procedure. Conclusion: Stent placement across the renal vein inflow did not compromise renal function. A very small risk of renal vein thrombosis was seen.
Behaving socially with a virtual human role-player in a simulated counseling session
Authors: Hart John L , Proctor Michael D
Published: January 2019

Visual attention is an essential social element in face-to-face conversations between people. The Army is now using virtual environments with virtual human role-players to provide for the development and practice of leader counseling skills. While literature indicates that virtual humans positively impact learning outcomes, this research contributes to the understanding of how people interact with virtual humans. Specifically, the research investigates a person’s social behavior toward a virtual human in a simulated counseling session. Utilizing a computer-based training environment, this research tracked visual attention toward and acceptance of a virtual human role-player by 120 military counselors. Behavior moderators included attentional influences on the counselor from the level of expression and full-body or close-up views of the virtual human. Results indicate trainees do practice appropriate social attention when the virtual human is speaking. Results also indicate counselors attended to an active more than a static full-body view indicating there is value in nonverbal communication channels. Switching from a full-body to a close-up view did not result in significant changes of the counselor’s visual attention. Further, the research indicates switching views may undermine the perception of a natural interaction. Counselors considered the experience useful. The research suggests study and design considerations to enhance future social skills training environments.
Improving Collection Maintenance through Innovation: BarCode Labeling to Track Specimens in the Processing Stream
Authors: Rácz Gábor R. , Gannon William L.
Published: January 2019

In the 1980's, barcode labeling (computer readable symbols) and database management systems (DBMS) were adopted to manage inventory and sales for commercial businesses. The advantages of barcode labels allowed these new DBMSs to be universally accepted. The use of bar codes or other tracking systems is equally advantageous for managing natural history collection specimens, and several museums implemented or are planning to adopt computerized tracking and inventory systems. Here we review the use of barcode systems by natural history collections and provide a model for adopting computer-tracking abilities. For those collections that are planning to use a tracking system, we review the advantages and challenges that collection personnel have encountered in their use of bar codes. Due to the rapid nature of technological developments, our main goal is to provide guidelines to consider when employing the technology in natural history collections, especially tracking systems as represented by barcode labeling.
Digital Futures II: Museum Collections, Documentation, and Shifting Knowledge Paradigms
Authors: Cameron Fiona
Published: January 2019

Documentation forms the basis in which museum collections are ascribed meaning. Practices, many of which are rooted in nineteenth century empiricist modes of thinking, have not been revised at the speed that ideological, practical, and technological transformations are taking place in other areas of museum practice. At this point an opportunity exists for radical changes not only in the manner objects are documented, but also the way they are perceived as forms of evidence. This article, drawing on the findings of the Knowledge Objects project and the writing of leading museum theorists, and historians revisits the acquisition and documentation process. It proposes the incorporation of new principles, practices, and structures that acknowledge objects as polysemic entities—as holding multiple meanings; the meaning of narratives and classificatory systems as products of cultural, disciplinary, museum, and curatorial opinion; the role of a diverse range of users in the cycle of knowledge making and the responsibilities of curators and collection managers as knowledge experts and brokers.
Growth and Development of the Conservation Profession: A Matter of Degrees
Authors: Williams Stephen L.
Published: January 2019

The conservation community in the United States has systematically and progressively professionalized the field of conservation. While this accomplishment is noteworthy, the field is now challenged with building its membership, acquiring continued support from related communities that advocate conservation concepts, and effectively preserving important cultural property throughout the United States. Because professional groups involved with the preservation of cultural property have been experiencing loss of members for several years, there is justification in reassessing degrees of similarity and ultimately considering unification of those involved with the preservation of cultural property for the benefit of society.
Teaching Risk Management of Collections Internationally
Authors: Antomarchi C. , Brokerhof A. , Michalski S. , Verger I. , Waller R. R.
Published: January 2019

Risk assessment and the purpose it serves, risk management, are widely adopted by business, institutions, and governments, seeking to minimize future losses of all kinds. If the preservation goal of museums is stated as the delivery of the collection to some future point in time with as little loss in value as possible, then risk assessment and risk management provide the only rational means to reach this goal. Difficulties arise due to uncertainty and complexity. A three-week course on this method has been designed, and recently offered, by ICCROM (the International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property) and the Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI), with the collaboration of leading experts from the Canadian Museum of Nature (CMN) and the Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage (ICN). Demand for the knowledge was strong, as shown by the number and diversity of applicants worldwide. Great care and effort was taken with the design of the learning process and the supporting resources, in order to overcome the known, and profound, challenges of the subject. The result has been successful.
The Collection and Exhibition of in Situ Historic Buildings
Authors: Chung Yun Shun Susie
Published: January 2019

Historic buildings have long been a focal subject in the field of architecture, planning, and tourism. This paper examines historic buildings through museological and heritage management perspectives. In addition, the theory of historic buildings as collections and the practical application of historic building collections as museum exhibitions are explored. The traditional museum collection functions of preservation, research, communication, and administration can be applied to historic building collections in a town, city, county, region, state, or nation. Some differences have been noted between the traditional, climate-controlled museum collections, open-air museum collections, and historic building collections in situ, such as the adaptive re-use of historic buildings. However, adaptive re-use is not a hindering factor when considering historic buildings in political jurisdictional boundaries as collections. The purpose of this paper is to situate historic buildings, as in situ collections, in a city ready for exhibition use.
Finding Balance in the Management of Sensitive Cultural Heritage Material in Extant Recorded Sound Collections
Authors: Lyons Bertram
Published: January 2019

In the wake of NAGPRA (Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 1990), U.S. museums and archives are acutely aware of tangible cultural property issues. Cultural intellectual property remains legislatively neglected. Ethical precedent does exist, however, for museums and archives to treat intangible heritage with the same respect as tangible property. Recorded sound collections in many libraries, museums and archives in the United States hold ethnographic recordings of indigenous American cultures. These recordings are of immense value to the cultures and peoples they document as well as to those who study the history and development of humankind. Often they require special treatment or restricted access.

Through the development of collections management policies and procedures, a responsible institution can identify sensitive recordings in its collections and isolate them for further investigation. By doing so, an institution can allow broader access to non-sensitive recordings and can begin the process of determining how to properly manage those that are culturally sensitive.
The Anatomy of the New Jewish Museum, Munich Traces of the past and Present
Authors: Salus Carol
Published: January 2019

This study discusses several issues surrounding the development of the new Jewish Museum, Munich. This institution, in the city where the Nazi Party had its headquarters and birthplace, focuses on the lengthy history and contributions of the Jewish community in Munich from its past to the present. An assemblage of permanent and temporary installations is described as these provide the visitor with an idea of the presence and absence of the Jewish community throughout the ages in this 850-year-old city. State-of-the-art technology, with both visual and audio equipment, is used to inform children and adults of the critical role of the Jews in the city. A series of changing exhibitions, filled with information and often valuable works of art, reveals the cultural heritage of its once large Jewish population. The paper also presents the history of the founding of a Jewish museum in Munich and the obstacles faced until its realization in 2007.
The Unkind Results of Irrational Exuberance
Authors: Ettle Joe
Published: January 2019

Like the rest of the country, the museum community has been rocked and reeled by the economic recession. But were there other factors that might have contributed? Were there warning signs in the last few decades that showed the museum community setting itself up for failure? This article examines the logical growth factors that affect most industries and compares them to the museum community to determine if there is a rationale for the recent surge in museum numbers. It examines the rise of museums in America, and how that might ultimately doom a portion of the profession.
Managing the Commonwealth Block Archaeological Assemblage: An Australian Case Study
Authors: Smith Charlotte H.F. , Hayes Sarah
Published: January 2019

Comprising approximately 508,000 artifact fragments, Australia's Commonwealth Block Assemblage is the largest nineteenth century urban assemblage in the world. Internationally recognised as a significant resource for the study of the modern city, nationally and trans-nation-ally, the full potential of the Commonwealth Block assemblage has not been fully realised, in part due to 20 years of inadequate collection management. A reinterpretation of material from the assemblage for display at Melbourne Museum in 2008 brought to light some of the collection management problems, and it was realised that drastic intervention into the way the assemblage was managed was needed: to ensure ongoing research and interpretive use, to provide physical and intellectual access, and to reflect contemporary demands for sustainable management of cultural resources. This paper provides an account of the rehabilitation project instigated by Museum Victoria in collaboration with La Trobe University to rectify the identified collection management problems.
Theory and Practice in Applied History: A Collections-Based Curriculum at Eastern Illinois University
Authors: Barnhart Terry A. , Reid Debra A. , Suits Linda Norbut
Published: January 2019

The nexus between theory and practice in the training of applied or public historians is hardly a new concern. It informs the curricula at many universities that train graduate students for careers in history museums and historical organizations. Integrating knowledge and skills in the design of a graduate curriculum in public history, however, presents many daunting challenges. Too much theory does not provide students with the hard technical skills needed to meet the practical requirements of the museum and archival professions, while too little theory makes them technicians but not historians. There is no single model or paradigm for mitigating these distinct yet interrelated concerns, but the philosophical and practical considerations that inform the collections-based courses within the Master of Arts in Historical Administration program at Eastern Illinois University provide a viable case study.
Every Object Tells a Story: Bringing Historical and Cultural Artifacts to Life through Object Theater
Authors: Long Tisha Carper
Published: January 2019

Historic and cultural museums have experimented with a variety of techniques to overcome the limitations of out-of-context display of their artifacts. Modern technology offers intriguing new possibilities for bridging this gap. One of the richest of these is object theater, which employs audiovisual and multimedia technologies to re-create a contextual reference for museum artifacts. In history or cultural museums, recorded oral histories or narrated source texts such as diaries or letters provide an authentic storyline that reaches visitors through their hearts as well as their minds. It is this storyline, illustrated by artifacts, that provides the intellectual framework for the development of the technological presentation. This article discusses several examples of successful object theater visitor experiences, and explores as a case study the author's experience at creating an object theater exhibit centered on an antique Irish harp.
Planning is Everything: Fostering Success for On-site Collection Moves
Authors: Meister Nicolette B. , Green William
Published: January 2019

Improving preservation of and access to collections is recognized as a national priority in the U.S. Such improvements often require moving and rehousing collections. Careful planning for move projects is essential even when collections are relocated within renovated existing storage areas. We offer a case study of a rehousing project that required moving over 300,000 objects. A long-range preservation plan, informed by collections assessments and the museum's overall mission and strategic plan, guided all stages of the project. Planning included inventories, a pilot project, and research on other institutions’ move projects. The project plan specified collection packing, moving, temporary storage, and tracking procedures as well as specifications for the new storage systems. The plan allowed modifications during project implementation to handle unanticipated complications. The improvement of physical preservation and access facilitated the next step of the long-range plan: implementation of a data management system to improve intellectual control and access.
Proud and Exhausted: Recounting the Move of the Archives of Ontario to a New Facility
Authors: Psaila Dee
Published: January 2019

The Archives of Ontario move in 2009 was not only the largest move of the collection to date, but also the most ambitious and complex. In addition to the physical challenges of packing and transporting irreplaceable historical items, the move gave the institution the opportunity to go through each item in the collection to improve our overall intellectual control. The move to the Archives new facility was the beginning of the best chapter in the history of the second largest archival collection in Canada, resulting in a custom designed facility with ideal temperature and humidity controls that provides the highest level of physical and interactive service to the public.
Storage of the Radioactive Mineral Collections at Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery, UK
Authors: Freedman Jan
Published: January 2019

Devon and Cornwall, in the South West of Britain, have a rich variety of rare and beautiful minerals formed through millions of years of geological change. Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery (PCMAG), in Devon, holds over 10,000 mineral specimens from rare and unique sites across Devon and Cornwall. Held within the main mineral collection at PCMAG are 139 radioactive minerals. This paper explores the best practice for storing the radioactive mineral collection safely in the workplace, minimising any potential hazard and risk to staff and researchers. Included in this paper are examples of how other museums have stored their radioactive minerals safely and includes relevant legislation. The storage project also allowed the opportunity to digitally image the entire radioactive mineral collection permitting PCMAG's database to be updated with images and new storage information. PCMAG worked closely with a Radiation Protection Advisor for advice and also appointed three Radiation Protection Supervisors to monitor access to the collections and reduce any potential risk further.
North by Midwest: Moving the World Chess Hall of Fame and Museum from Miami to St. Louis
Authors: Bailey Bradley
Published: January 2019

After seven years of commendably representing the rich history of chess in Miami, Florida, the World Chess Hall of Fame and Museum is scheduled to re-open its doors in St. Louis, Missouri in September 2011. The road to St. Louis has been a long and winding one for this young institution, which counts its new home as the fourth in its relatively brief twenty-seven year history. From its modest beginnings in a basement in New Windsor, New York to a new multimillion-dollar facility in St. Louis’ upscale shopping and dining district, the hall of fame has had to adapt to a number of different spaces and environments, all the while maintaining its mission to commemorate the game's greatest players, as well as to educate visitors about the long and remarkable history of the game and the impact it has had on cultures worldwide. After a brief look at the origins of the World Chess Hall of Fame and Museum, this essay will explore how the museum came to move from Miami to St. Louis, the procedures used to make this transition as organized and efficient as possible, and the obstacles the organizers have faced-and will face-in the months leading up to and following the opening in fall 2011.
Volunteers and Collections as Viewed from the Museum Mission Statement
Authors: Connolly Robert P. , Tate Natalye B.
Published: January 2019

Museum mission statements typically mandate provisions for collections care and public outreach. As museums continue to transition into more fully participatory and audience-centered institutions, the role that volunteers and interns play with collections extends beyond simple hands-on experiential tasks. Rather, these individuals increasingly play roles in the creation and voicing of museum exhibits and programs. The relationship between the museum as a public institution and volunteers becomes more reciprocal and symbiotic. Through this process, the volunteer position moves from passive to active, as they increasingly take on a stakeholder's role in the museum operation. This paper uses Simon's scheme of contributory, collaborative, and co-creative projects coupled with Worts’ Critical Assessment Framework to consider these relationships. Their approaches are applied to the volunteer program at the C. H. Nash Museum at Chucalissa, an institution that interprets the Native American and traditional cultures of the Memphis, Tennessee region. Case studies based on collections curated at the Museum showed that the schemes of Simon and Worts proved useful in evaluating the mission mandates of the Museum's volunteer programs.
Original Order in Permanently Active Records
Authors: Fisher Abby
Published: January 2019

The archival principle of original order, while maintaining the authenticity of records, also allows an archival collection to be arranged in a manner that simultaneously imposes intellectual control and retains the added value of the creator's intent; other systems of arrangement that have been imposed on archival collections may hinder a researcher's understanding of the context in which the collection was created. My project in the archives focused on the concept of original order. Working with donor records, I removed a large collection of books in an archive from call number order and returned it to its original order. In doing so, the groupings were analyzed and I, along with the others working within the archives, were made aware of personal connections and how they affected what was donated to this collection. The more removed the donors were from the person honored by the collection, the less likely they were to donate something with a personal inscription. The focus of this article is the modern day application of this concept and its use, significance, and relevance.
Historical Evidence or Just Acts of Vandalism
Authors: Sakellariou Aristotelis Georgios
Published: January 2019

Every object is physical proof of history. The object serves as a manifestation of raw material, human thoughts, and events. Once the heritage expert accepts this, he takes responsibility for interacting with its history by preserving it, adding to it, or removing it. This article defines three aspects of intended interaction with an object's history: restoration, de-restoration and re-restoration. When preparing an object for exhibition or study, ethical considerations, formed through the years amongst museums and organisations, should be considered in order to achieve the best decision regarding an object's treatment. There is no single solution to issues that derive from past restorations as noted in the case studies presented here from the Islamic Arts Museum of Malaysia.
Critical Knowledge Gaps in Environmental Risk Assessment and Prioritising Research
Authors: Thickett David , Lankester Paul
Published: January 2019

The scientific underpinning for the effects of environment on highly transformed archaeological materials is weak. Archaeological iron has been intensively studied recently, but the three publications about copper alloys disagree on critical RH thresholds and no work on pollutant effects has been published. This paper will assess the present state of knowledge and identify critical knowledge gaps.

The effect of VOCs on organic materials has received very little attention. A recently started project, MEMORI will address this issue. The effects of acetic acid and other VOCs will be assessed. A more economic measurement system will be developed to address the cost barrier presently impeding VOC analyses in heritage atmospheres

The balance of these risks may change in the future under the influence of climate change. Investigations to predict the changes inside buildings are underway. This information is crucial to prioritise future research to fill the gaps identified and formulate suitable, sustainable mitigation strategies.
Energy Savings Trial in the Library of Congress John Adams Building Stacks
Authors: Lev-Alexander Nancy
Published: January 2019

In 2009, Preservation staff at the Library of Congress (LoC), working in collaboration with consultants from the Image Permanence Institute (IPI) and Herzog Wheeler Associates (H/W), proposed an experiment to determine whether a programmed nightly shutdown of all HVAC operations within a targeted collection area could achieve significant energy savings without posing unacceptable risk to the long term stability and usefulness of the volumes stored in these stacks. This article will briefly present the reasons for proposing this trial and selecting its location, steps taken to prepare for the shutdown test, results from two years of nightly shutdowns, and lessons learned.
Collections Risk Assessment at the Denver Museum of Nature & Science
Authors: Southward Jude , Thorwald Heather , Muething Garnet , Waller Robert
Published: January 2019

The Denver Museum of Nature & Science's (DMNS) risk assessment evaluated hazards to collections in storage using the Cultural Property Risk Analysis Model (CPRAM; Waller 2003a) to structure a comprehensive assessment and calculate magnitude of risk. Magnitude of risk (MR) is the fraction of collection value expected to be lost given one hundred years exposure to current conditions. The MR is the simple product of four variables (Fraction Susceptible [FS], Loss in Value [LV], Probability [P], and Extent [E]) that are multiplied as follows: MR = FS x LV x P x E. This paper describes the process as implemented at the DMNS and the resultant collections preservation strategies (Southward and Thorwald 2010). The implementation of these strategies are significantly improving DMNS collections stewardship and is an essential step in a larger preservation process (new storage facility) that results in safe and more accessible storage of the 1.4 million objects the Museum holds in public trust.
Creative Conservation Risk Management
Authors: Frame Kate
Published: January 2019

This paper describes the development of a collection risk management strategy within Historic Royal Palaces, which is a thriving commercially-based visitor attraction. The approach is two pronged. It first comprises a steering body, the ‘Agents of Decay’ Board, for strategic direction and collaborative decision making for risk mitigation measures that are supported and implemented. Second, at operational level, it offers a team approach between conservators and commercial staff to achieve conservation risk management goals whilst delivering a financial and client or visitor successful business. Collection risk management is woven into the activities of the palaces enabling the Historic Royal Palace business to be successful, which in turn leads to the generation of more funds for conservation.
Elephants Never Forget, but Museums Do
Authors: Mulkerin Meghan S.
Published: January 2019

This article addresses the urgent need for better documentation in museum collections. The stories behind museum objects are being lost every day, as books go out of print and staff members retire; while others never had their story told at all. A step-by-step guide to researching undocumented objects in museum collections is included, with a detailed example using a Greek lekythos in the collections of the National Museum of Natural History. The obstacles to object-level research activities to improve catalog information are discussed. I conclude that documentation is an urgent duty that cannot be kept waiting or we risk complete loss of context. Our museums’ leadership and strategic priorities need transformation in order to make storytelling and access a priority. All staff need to be involved with documentation, and should be empowered to add information to object records. We need to remove the barrier to access, and involve the community in crowd-sourcing history.
The Curator's Role in Crowd-Pleasing Events
Authors: Racine Laurel A. , Weidman Gregory R. , Henson Lenora M. , McKay Patricia West
Published: January 2019

National Park Service curators share best practices for holiday decorating at historic house museums including protecting resources, philosophy and research, and planning and logistics. Racine explores the issues of resource protection including winter weather, evening events, visitor flow, open display, moving objects, fire safety, refreshment policies, and museum pests. Using Hampton NHS as a case study, Weidman outlines the importance of holiday displays being accurate to the time period, particular site, individual inhabitants, and locale. Museum staff should use primary, secondary, and internet sources to research an appropriate holiday installation to support the institution's mission. This research and plans for holiday decorating should be documented in written files or a report. Using Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural NHS as a case study, Henson illustrates the importance of planning and communication for a successful holiday event. McKay, drawing on her experiences at Martin Van Buren NHS, describes a nuanced approach to bringing a popular holiday event in line with curatorial best practices.
Researching the Wertheim Collection at the Harvard Art Museums
Authors: Rudy Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2019

The Harvard Art Museums have led a two-year, joint conservation and archival project on the Wertheim Collection, a group of 43 French paintings, sculptures, and drawings that was bequeathed to the museum in 1951 and has been on view in a separate gallery since 1974. Recent investigations into certain aspects of this important collection at private and institution's archives have revealed new information about Maurice Wertheim's collecting practices, the origins of some of the paintings’ frames, and the exhibition of the Collection before its arrival at Harvard. Archival documents have also contextualized and helped to advance the examinations and treatments of these singular objects by the Straus Center for Conservation and Technical Studies. This project has been critical for the preparation of the rehanging of the Collection at the renovated Harvard Art Museums, which will open in 2014.
China Weeps
Authors: Blessing Olivia L E.
Published: January 2019

In the mid-1700s, the relationship between the British Empire and Imperial China began to collapse over a series of cultural, economic, and ethical conflicts which would result in the First (1839-1842) and Second (1856–1860) Opium Wars—tumultuous events that would have a devastating and humiliating impact on Chinese history. The looting of the Yuanmingyuan Summer Palaces during the Second Opium War was a tragedy that would be as destructive to Chinese culture as the wars’ resulting treaties were to its territorial borders. Today, the Chinese continue to dispute the morality of both the wars and the subsequent looting of their Summer Palaces. It is thus unsurprising, then, that modern China has undertaken great effort to recover the artifacts from the Summer Palaces. While some of these attempts have been largely unsuccessful, it is clear that China will continue to pursue repatriation of lost relics. This struggle provides an excellent opportunity for examining both China's modern approach to cultural heritage preservation and the potential problems existing in international laws hindering the protection of cultural resources throughout the world.
Meeting the Needs of Online Audiences at the Archives Center of the National Museum of American History
Authors: Hursey Joe , Horton Robert
Published: January 2019

The Archives Center of the National Museum of American History collects, preserves, and provides access to archival documents that support the museum's mission, exhibitions, research, and collecting programs. The Archives Center holds more than 1,350 collections that document the history of technology, innovation, business, consumer culture, American music, and popular culture as well as many other topics. In addition, it supports the Smithsonian's digital initiatives by digitizing collections and making them available online, which in many ways is a challenge. This article outlines the Archives Center's involvement with the Smithsonian Transcription Center, the creation and evaluation of a pilot project, and the construction of an effective digital workflow.
A Desire for Action
Authors: Meyer Corina
Published: January 2019

Today's well-known Städel Museum in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, evolved from the will of Johann Friedrich Städel (1728–1816), who was one of the better-known private art collectors in Frankfurt in the 18th century. Städel willed his art collection to serve as a basis for founding the Städelsches Kunstinstitut (Städel's Art Institute) after his death. This article explores his original collection and its later transfer from private to collective use, which was managed by a board of five men of the Art Institute and closely observed and harshly criticized by the public from 1817. It examines the reasons for early changes of the stock of art, takes into consideration the specifics of civic culture at that time, and finally applies Ralf Dahrendorf's role theory to the proceedings in Frankfurt in order to understand better what happened when citizens decided on the possessions and dispossessions of the early Städelsches Kunstinstitut.
Sparking Rural Community Dialogues with Digital Oral Histories
Authors: Walker William S.
Published: January 2019

In the past, oral history recordings often lay inert and ignored on archival or library shelves. The digital revolution has transformed accessibility to oral histories, primarily by opening digital archives to a variety of users. Nevertheless, many audiences, particularly in rural areas, still do not engage with these digital archives. By incorporating digital oral history content into public programs, however, public historians can involve their audiences in community dialogues that connect past and present and open new avenues for engaging with challenging contemporary issues. This approach employs the dialogue methodology of the International Coalition of Sites of Conscience and has been successfully implemented in rural central New York State. Collecting with the intention of incorporating oral histories into community dialogue programs shifts the focus from static preservation and exhibition to a dynamic model of sharing authority, which directly engages one's local community.
Past Forward: Oral History Interviews with Holocaust Survivors and Storytelling
Authors: Larkey Uta
Published: January 2019

This article highlights new research opportunities on oral history interviews and storytelling. From 2003 to 2013, Goucher College students interviewed Holocaust survivors in Baltimore, Maryland, and publicly retold their stories on campuses, in schools, and in synagogues. These oral history interviews and storytelling presentations are stored in digital form in the Special Collections at the Goucher Library and are currently in the process of being made available online. The students used their chronologically structured interviews to develop their own narration of the survivors’ accounts. The interviews and presentations include a wide variety of survival experiences all over war-torn Europe as well as the survivors’ recollections of their arrival in the United States. The Goucher Testimony Collection adds another aspect to existing archived oral history interviews: the survivors entrust their stories to interviewers the ages of their own grandchildren. The interviews as well as the digitized storytelling presentations are a rich source for comparative analyses with interviews from other collections and/or other forms of testimonies. The techniques and approaches are also applicable to other oral history/storytelling projects, such as with war veterans or immigrants.
Listening to Scientists’ Stories: Using the British Library's “An Oral History of British Science” Archive
Authors: Wainman Ruth
Published: January 2019

The British Library's “An Oral History of British Science” (OHBS) was created in 2009 to address the dearth of oral history archives in the United Kingdom dedicated to capturing the personal experiences of British scientists. This article examines the implications of using an oral history archive from the perspective of a historian of science to write about scientists’ identities during their doctoral research. The advantages of using life history interviews to explore scientists’ stories are situated within the longer historiographical trajectories of oral history and the history of science. In addition, this article reflects on the process of using a recent oral history archive that has not only allowed for an almost unprecedented access into the personal and working lives of recent scientists but also afforded a greater insight into the creation and aims of the OHBS itself.
Articulated Instruments and 3D Visualization: A Synergy? Evaluation of Execution Time, Errors, and Visual Fatigue
Authors: Dewaele Frank , De Pauw Tim , Lumen Nicolaas , Van Daele Elke , Hamerlynck Tjalina , Weyers Steven , Strubbe Ine , Van den Broeck Filip , Van Zele Thibaut , Van Roost Dirk , Leybaert Luc , Kalmar Alain F. , Van Nieuwenhove Yves
Published: January 2019

Objective. The introduction of advanced endoscopic systems, such as the Storz Image1S and the Olympus Endoeye, heralds a new era of 3-dimensional (3D) visualization. The aim of this report is to provide a comprehensive overview of the neurophysiology of 3D view, its relevance in videoscopy, and to quantify the benefit of the new 3D technologies for both rigid and articulated instruments. Method. Sixteen medical students without any laparoscopic experience were trained each for a total of 27 hours. Proficiency scores were determined for rigid and articulated instruments under 2D and 3D visualization conditions. Results. A reduction in execution time of 14%, 28%, and 36% was seen for the rigid instruments, the da Vinci, and Steerable instruments, respectively. A reduction in errors of 84%, 92%, and 87% was seen for the rigid instruments, the da Vinci, and Steerable instruments, respectively. Conclusion. 3D visualization greatly augments endoscopic procedures. The advanced endoscopic systems employed in the recent study caused no visual fatigue or discomfort. The benefit of 3D was most distinct with articulated instruments.
Arts-Based Engagement Ethnography: An Approach for Making Research Engaging and Knowledge Transferable When Working With Harder-to-Reach Communities
Authors: Goopy Suzanne , Kassan Anusha
Published: January 2019

In social science research, epistemological assumptions regarding what constitutes valid research fall into two main areas of inquiry—qualitative and quantitative. Within a qualitative paradigm, eliciting a close and often intimate exploration of phenomenon from a text-based or verbal approach is privileged, and in a quantitative paradigm, obtaining a systematic, large population survey or questionnaire approach is prioritized. Although the two are not mutually exclusive, with the development of each, the visual and the kinesthetic aspects have both largely been lost. This article proposes an arts-based engagement ethnography (ABEE) as a means of reclaiming these visual and kinesthetic aspects in order to engage in culturally sensitive research with underrepresented communities. To this end, this article outlines some of the limitations of current research and explores how cultural probes (a set of simple items given to participants to help them document their experiences) can be used to enter qualitative research from a different epistemological vantage point. Moreover, this article discusses the use of qualitative interviews and focus groups in ABEE and the manner in which this methodology allows for unique knowledge mobilization possibilities. It highlights how these are built into the research design, and how this is an important part of the approach's ability to engage harder-to-reach communities.
Youth as Navigators: A Study Protocol to Incorporate Narrative and Visual Methods Into Research on Adolescent Sexual and Gender Development Among Syrian and Jordanian Youth
Authors: Gausman Jewel , Othman Areej , Otoom Maysoon , Shaheen Abeer , Langer Ana
Published: January 2019

Background:

The determinants of adolescent sexual and reproductive health originate in childhood and may stem from prepubescent experiences. There has been limited research on adolescent sexual and reproductive health from a life-course perspective globally, especially in the Middle East. Youth in Jordan are exposed to rigid social expectations and gender roles, which may influence sexual and reproductive health outcomes. The ongoing conflict in Syria and refugee crisis is thought to have altered community norms thereby influencing experiences that lead toward sexual development.

Aim:

This study seeks to understand how social, cultural, environmental, and biological factors influence adolescent sexual development and reproductive health among Jordanian and Syrian youth. This study will explore how social and gender norms have influenced adolescent sexual development across the life cycle related to key transitions between childhood and adulthood.

Study Design and Methods:

Sixty-four Jordanian and Syrian males and females aged between 15 and 19 years will be recruited by convenience from community centers in four cities across Jordan. This study will integrate both visual and narrative qualitative methods. By constructing a visual time line during semistructured in-depth interviews, we seek to give youth control in the retelling of their own life stories.

Ethics and Discussion:

This study has received ethical approval from both international and local institutional review boards. The findings of this study will provide important data on emergent priorities in the field of adolescent sexual and reproductive health, such as those related to gender, sexual maturation, and social norms, that will be of national, regional, and global significance.
Open Data in Qualitative Research
Authors: Chauvette Amelia , Schick-Makaroff Kara , Molzahn Anita E.
Published: January 2019

There is a growing movement for research data to be accessed, used, and shared by multiple stakeholders for various purposes. The changing technological landscape makes it possible to digitally store data, creating opportunity to both share and reuse data anywhere in the world for later use. This movement is growing rapidly and becoming widely accepted as publicly funded agencies are mandating that researchers open their research data for sharing and reuse. While there are numerous advantages to use of open data, such as facilitating accountability and transparency, not all data are created equally. Accordingly, reusing data in qualitative research present some epistemological, methodological, legal, and ethical issues that must be addressed in the movement toward open data. We examine some of these challenges and make a case that some qualitative research data should not be reused in secondary analysis.
An ultrasonic-assisted soft abrasive flow processing method for mold structured surfaces
Authors: Li Jun , Zhu Fangming , Yu Junyang
Published: January 2019

As a fluid-based precise processing method, soft abrasive flow processing has been widely used in advanced electromechanical systems, complex mold manufacturing, and other engineering fields. Because of the low volume fraction of abrasive particles and micro-force/cutting removal characteristics, there exists a potential improvement in terms of processing efficiency and uniformity. In view of the above problems, this article presents an ultrasonic-assisted soft abrasive flow processing method. Based on the realizable k–ε turbulence model and the mixture flow model, an ultrasonic coupling enhancement dynamic model for soft abrasive flow is set up, and the kinetic energy transport equation of realizable k–ε turbulence model can be revised. Using particle image velocimetry technology, an on-line observation experimental platform for ultrasonic-assisted soft abrasive flow is developed to conduct the real-time acquisition of abrasive flow state and particle distribution in a constrained flow passage. An ultrasonic-assisted soft abrasive flow processing experimental platform is established to complete the processing experiment. The experimental results show that the ultrasonic excitation vibration can effectively enhance the turbulence intensity and distribution uniformity of the abrasive flow, the average processing time can be shortened by more than 6 h, and a better surface quality can be obtained.