bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peptidoglutaminase deamidation of proteins and protein hydrolysates for improved food use
Authors: Hamada J. S.
Published: July 2007

The limited deamidating ability of peptidoglutaminase (PGase) toward intact food proteins (0‐ 6% deamidation) can be significantly enhanced by prior protein hydrolysis and altering protein conformation by such means as moist heat. PGase deamidation increases protein solubility and improves emulsifying and other physical properties under mildly acidic conditions. A batch reactor method was developed for the large‐ scale PGase deamidation of food proteins. Michaelis‐ Menten kinetics for industrial reactions (mixed zero‐ and first‐ order) were used for predicting the behavior of the reactor and for calculating enzyme dosage required to completely deamidate a given quantity of protein. Using such a reactor in the deamidation of food proteins or protein hydrolysates can lead to new food proteins with superior functional properties from less functional starting materials.
Optimization of nonionic/anionic surfactant blends for enhanced oily soil removal
Authors: Raney Kirk H.
Published: July 2007

Previously reported results for alcohol ethoxylate surfactants have shown that optimum removal of both nonpolar and sebum‐ like liquid soils from polyester/cotton fabric occurs at the phase inversion temperature (PIT) of the surfactant‐ water‐ soil system. A similar correlation between phase inversion and optimum detergency has been identified for detergent systems containing mixtures of nonionic and anionic surfactants such as alcohol ethoxylates and alcohol ethoxysulfates. Experimental techniques other than direct detergency studies are described which allow determination of the optimum nonionic/ anionic surfactant ratio for removal of a particular soil at a specified temperature. In addition, implications of these results for development of temperature‐ insensitive detergent formulations containing alcohol ethoxylates are discussed.
Hydrogenation of canola oil as affected by chlorophyll
Authors: Abraham V. , de Man J. M.
Published: July 2007

Chlorophyll was added to refined and bleached canola oil before hydrogenation, and the effects on hydrogena‐tion rate, fatty acid composition and the percentagetrans isomers were determined. The hydrogenation rate was greatly slowed down by chlorophyll under selective (200 C and 48 kPa) and nonselective conditions (165 C and 303 kPa). Higher levels of chlorophyll reduced the reaction rate more than the lower levels under both conditions. Dropping points were slightly higher for the nonselectively hydrogenated samples than for the selectively hydrogenated ones. Addition of 1 mg/kg or more chlorophyll decreased the solid fat content under nonselective conditions. Addition of chlorophyll reduced thetrans isomer content under nonselective conditions. Nonselective conditions also resulted in a greater decrease of 18:3 and faster production of 18:0 than selective conditions at all levels of chlorophyll addition.
Number of double bonds in fatty acids from fats and oils by hplc using pentafluorobenzyl esters
Authors: Netting A. G.
Published: July 2007

A simple, one‐pot procedure for the saponification of fats and oils and the subsequent esterification of the resulting fatty acid salts with pentafluorobenzyl bromide is presented. A normal phase high pressure liquid Chromatographic procedure for the separation of these pentafluorobenzyl esters, primarily on the degree of unsaturation, is also given. Chromatographic detection of the esters can be carried out conveniently at 254 nm, and the procedure should therefore find application in the routine determination of the number of double bonds in fatty acids from fats and oils.
Trace elements in edible fats. VIII. Soybean oil 舠demetalization舡 with cation exchange resins
Authors: Vioque A. , Albi M. A. , Ma del Villagran Pilar
Published: July 2007

The effects of different solvents, degree of dilution, type of resin, and temperature were studied to determine the optimum conditions for 舠demetalization舡 of soybean oils with cation exchange resins. Prooxidant metals in crude soybean oils in acetone orn‐hexane solutions can be effectively removed when passed through columns of a strong cation exchange resin.
A study of methods for evaluation of the stability of fats and shortenings
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Gregory R. L. , Weiss T. J. , van Giessen B. , Taylor J. R. , Ahern J. J.
Published: July 2007

The data from several laboratory tests [Active Oxygen Method (AOM), modified ASTM bomb, modified ASTM bomb with catalyst added to the fat, a manometric method and an accelerated oven test] were compared with data from a storage test at 85F evaluated organoleptically at selected intervals. Tests were carried out on lard, hydrogenated vegetable oil and tallow, with and without added monoglyceride, and with and without selected antioxidants. A comparison of the data from the laboratory tests with that from the storage tests indicated: 1) that the different types of fats behave differently, 2) the laboratory tests cannot be used as an index of shelf stability except for a given type of formulation of fat for which the relationship between the laboratory test and the shelf stability is known, 3) the modified ASTM bomb method is the most reliable for estimating shelf life, and 4) the modified ASTM bomb method with catalyst is not as precise as the bomb method, but may be used for control purposes where some accuracy may be sacrificed in the interest of shorter time.
Preparation of fatty acid esters of polyol glucosides
Authors: Feuge R. O. , White J. L. , Brown Mona
Published: July 2007

Starch is readily converted into glucosides by heating with a polyol, such as propylene glycol or glycerol, for a short time at 125 C in the presence of a catalytic amount of sulfuric acid. The product resulting from the reaction of 3 or more moles of polyol per anhydroglucose unit consists mostly of polyol monoglucosides, which are quite resistant to degradation under alkaline interesterification conditions. Attempts to interesterify the glucosides under the usual conditions employed with fats and oils (methyl esters, 0.1% sodium hydroxide, and temperatures up to 200 C) produced no glucoside esters. However, interesterification proceeded readily at temperatures between 160 and 200 C when 5 to 10% soaps and hydrophilic esters (mixtures containing mono‐ and diglycerides or an ester of diethylene glycol monomethyl ether) were employed. Under pressures low enough to rapidly distill off the freed polyol or alcohol, most reactions could be completed in less than an hour. Good yields of glucoside esters were obtained with starch, glycerol, and fat when the required operations were conducted in sequence in one vessel without intermediate purifications.
Biological effects due to changes in fats during heating
Authors: Alexander J. C.
Published: July 2007

In deep‐fat frying the fat is used over and over again, and moisture and air are mixed into the hot oil. Substantial quantities of the heated fat are absorbed into the fried foods. Many reports from experimental observations with animals fed these fats have shown biological effects ranging from a slight depression in growth, all the way to very poor growth, diminished feed efficiency, increased liver size, fatty necrosis of the liver, and various other organ lesions. Obviously, certain fat constituents may be changed by frying conditions, and the adverse biological effects are relative. We are at the stage in studying these heated fats where selected techniques including biochemical parameters, histopathological evaluations, and tissue culture in monolayers can be good indicators of some of the specific effects on biological tissues. Isolated fractions from heated fat samples, which contained concentrations of cyclic monomer and dimer derivatives, were used in animal studies. Incorporation of the above materials into rat diets produced distended flatulent stomachs and intestines, gastric ulcers, and multiple focal hemorrhages. Histological evaluation of heart, liver, and kidney tissue sections indicated extensive cellular damage. Livers and kidneys exhibited the most severe lesions. Neonatal heart cells established as monolayers on glass cover slips were exposed to fractions from heated or fresh fats. Cellular damage including pyknosis, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, and mitotic aberrations were observed. Uptake of14C‐labeled fatty acid by the triglyceride fraction of the cells was increased with heated fats.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XXI. Amphoteric derivatives of fatty amides of aminoethylethanolamine1
Authors: Smith F. D. , Linfield W. M.
Published: July 2007

Amides and 2‐alkyl‐N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐imidazolines were converted into various types of sulfated or sulfonated amphoteric lime soap dispersants. The alkylimidazolines could be readily hydrolyzed to give amidoamines. The cyclized amphoteric surfactants were generally superior in detergency and lime soap dispersing ability to analogous surfactants derived from amidoamines. Some of the cyclized surfactants, when formulated with soap and silicate builder, washed about as well under the test conditions as a control containing 50% sodium tripolyphosphate.
Permanganate oxidation of oleic acid using emulsion technology
Authors: Garti Imissim , Avni Eitan
Published: July 2007

Free oleic acid is emulsified in water and oxidized using potassium permanganate, to azelaic and pelargonic acids together with dihydroxy‐, ketohydroxy‐and diketo‐stearic acids at neutral pH. The yield and the products distribution are controlled by: the type of emulsifier and its concentration; the oleic acid concentration in the emulsion; and the oleic acid‐oxidant ratio.
Farm‐scale recovery and filtration characteristics of sunflower oil for use in diesel engines
Authors: Backer L. F. , Jacobsen L. , Olson J. C.
Published: July 2007

The “Hander,” new Type 52 oil expeller was evaluated to determine its performance in expressing sunflower oil for use in diesel engines. Strain gauges were mounted on the barrel of the expeller and were used to give a relative indication of barrel pressure. Relative barrel pressure was then used as the independent variable in determining performance. Filterability of four commercial sunflower oils and blends of these oils with No. 2 diesel fuel were determined at various temperatures and pressures. Oil extraction efficiency ranged from ca. 56% to 84% at low and high relative barrel pressures, respectively. The greatest oil extraction rate was 12.3 kg/hr at a feed rate of 40 kg/hr with an extraction efficiency of ca. 80%. Dewaxed sunflower oils and blends filtered much better than nondewaxed oils and their blends. Increasing temperature, pressure and percentage of diesel fuel in the blends increased filterability of dewaxed sunflower oil.
Effects of processing and chemical characteristics of plant oils on performance of an indirect‐injection diesel engine
Authors: Engler C. R. , Johnson L. A. , Lepori W. A. , Yarbrough C. M.
Published: July 2007

Engine performance curves were obtained for crude, degummed, and degummed‐dewaxed sunflower oils and for crude, degummed, and alkali refined cottonseed oils using a single‐cylinder, precombustion chamber design diesel engine. Crude oils gave very poor performance and are considered unsuitable for use as alternative diesel fuels. Performance curves for processed sunflower and cotton‐seed oils were slightly better than for diesel fuel, but increased carbon deposits and lubricating oil fouling were noted. Although processed oils may be acceptable fuels for short‐term use, they are not recommended as alternative diesel fuels at this time.
Analysis of detergent mixtures containing amine oxides
Authors: Lew H. Y.
Published: July 2007

Long chain alkyldimethylamine oxides in detergent mixtures have not only been difficult to determine but also interfere with anionic active analysis by the usual quaternary titration with methylene blue indicator. Titration methods have been devised for the quantitative analysis of amine oxides and anionic actives in the presence of each other and low molecular wt sulfon‐ates. A gas Chromatographic method has also been developed for determining molecular distribution in alkyldimethylamine oxide mixtures. Analytical data are presented for a series of alkyldimethylamine oxides of different mol wt and for several experimental detergent formulations. The titration method is rapid and amenable to both solid and liquid detergent formulations.
Use of rubber columns for the chromatographie separation of triglycerides and other non‐polar compounds
Authors: Trowbridge J. R. , Herrick A. B. , Bauman R. A.
Published: July 2007

Some applications of rubber powder as a sta‐tionary phase in the Chromatographie separation of relatively nonpolar compounds are described. Evidence of a substantial degree of separation of triglyceride components in coconut oil and linseed oil is obtained using a mixture of methanol and acetone as the mobile phase. Separations of trilaurin from mono and dilaurin, of methyl esters of coconut oil fatty acids and of compo‐nents in Oil of Petitgrain are also accomplished.
Red blood cell lipids and the plasma membrane
Authors: Cornwell David G. , Heikkila Richard E. , Bar Robert S. , Biagi Gian Luigi
Published: July 2007

The red‐blood cell occupies a unique position both in the historical development of membrane theory and current experimentation on membrane properties. The cell is readily accessible and has been studied in many animal species and disease conditions. Differences in composition, structure, and properties have been described, and a num‐ber of highly specific cell types are now available for investigation.

Several techniques are used to study the mem‐brane of the intact cell. The membrane surface may be labeled in specific areas by the selective exchange of lipids such as cholesterol. Exchange studies provide information about lipid‐lipid and lipid‐protein interactions in the intact structure‐Membrane lipids are hydrolyzed by phospho‐lipases, and enzymatic activity is modified by the action of penetrating hemolytic agents. Perme‐ability is readily measured by hemolysis and correlated with chemical structure, partition coefficient, and biological activity of different metabolites and drugs. The red cells of Vitamin B‐deficient animals are particularly susceptible to hyperoxia. Hemolysis in these cells is correlated with alterations in membrane structure through the formation of lipid peroxides.

Gorter and Grendel first used monolayers pre‐pared from red‐cell lipids to show that sufficient lipid was present in the membrane to form a bimolecular layer. Lipids extracts from the red cells of different animal species and disease states have been used in recent monolayer studies. The surface properties of these lipids and their purified neutral lipid and phospholipid fractions yield ad‐ditional information about lipid‐lipid interactions which may exist in the membrane. Enzyme hy‐drolysis and penetration studies indicate that lipids in monolayers and membranes have similar properties.
Studies on Phospholipid Mono‐ and Bilayers
Authors: Demel R. A.
Published: July 2007

Abstract Lipids play a fundamental part in the lipid‐protein network of biological membranes. Some of the variations in biological membranes may be brought about by differences in the chemical structure of the lipid constituents. A study was made by the interfacial force‐area characteristics of saturated and highly unsaturated phospho‐lipids and lyso phosphatidyl compounds. The action of some of these phospholipids on lipid bilayers has also been studied. Comparisons were made between the interfacial behavior of in‐dividual phospholipid species which were chem‐ically synthesized and phospholipids from natural sources. The influence of diets on the force‐area characteristics of liver lecithins has been studied. From studies of mixed monolayers of cholesterol and phospholipids it was found that the mean area per molecule in mixed films of cholesterol with (l,2‐distearoyl)‐3‐lecithin and (1,2‐dideca‐noyl)‐3‐lecithin at 22C followed practically the additivity rule. A condensing effect of cholesterol was evident with films of (1‐stearoy1‐2‐1auroy1)‐3‐1ecithin, (l,2‐ditetradecanoyl)‐3‐lecithin, (1‐stearoyl‐2‐oleoyl)‐3‐lecithin, and the correspond‐ing ethanolamine analogue as well as with (l,2‐dioleoyl)‐3‐lecithin at 22C. At 5C the con‐densation effect with (l,2‐ditetradecanoyl)‐3‐lecithin was much reduced.

The expanded films of synthetic lecithins and phosphatidylethanolamines containing linoleic or linolenic acid showed no appreciable condensation effects with cholesterol. The behavior of the mixed‐phospholipid films is governed by a number of factors, including van der Waals interactions, configurational entropy effects, and alterations in the structure of water adjacent to the monolayers. These factors depend on chain length and degree of unsaturation.

Polyene antibiotics are found to lyse fungi, protozoa, and erythrocytes, but bacteria proto‐plasts and blue‐green algae are not. Cholesterol as well as lecithin were found by some authors to re‐duce the effective polyene antibiotic concentration. It therefore seemed desirable to determine whether polyene antibiotics can interact with lipids other than sterols. Filipin, nystatin, amphotericin B, etruscomycin, and pimaricin readily penetrate monolayers of cholesterol and ergosterol at initial surface pressures greater than the collapse pres‐sure of the antibiotics. Under the same conditions there was essentially no interaction with a variety of pure synthetic phospholipids unless sterol was present. Filipin did not penetrate monolayers prepared from polyene‐insensitive bacteria. The increase in surface pressure of mixed films of phospholipid and cholesterol after the injection of filipin was highly dependent on the relative quantity of sterol as well as on the molar ratio lipid‐polyene antibiotic. From the results of mono‐and bilayer experiments which are in good agree‐ment with the physiological experiments, it is concluded that cholesterol is a necessary mem‐brane constituent for the polyene antibiotic action.
The Crystal Structure of a Diacid Triglyceride
Authors: Doyne Thomas H. , Gordon Janice T.
Published: July 2007

The x‐ray structure analysis of a single crystal of the β‐ form of 2‐11‐bromoundecanoyl‐l, 1‐ dicaprin has revealed an arrangement of carbon atom chains within a molecular layer that is identical to that found in the β‐form monoacid triglycerides. However the packing of the molec‐ular layers within the crystal lattice is sub‐stantially different because of the unequal fatty acid chain‐lengths in the symmetrical diacid triglyceride of this investigation.

Insufficient diffraction data owing to difficulty in preparing crystals of adequate size prohibits computation of precise interatomic distances and angles for this triglyceride.
New nonionic detergents derived from epoxidized oils. IV.1
Authors: Johnson Keith L.
Published: July 2007

The results of an experiment designed to in‐vestigate optimal composition, catalyst level, mo‐lar ratio, and cosolvent level for the reaction of methylepoxystearate with polyoxyethylene glycol are presented. These results show that nonionic wetting agents of possible technical value can be produced from methylepoxystearate and com‐mercially available polyoxyethylene glycols. The reaction is catalyzed at ambient temperatures by the presence of about 0.25% boron trifluoride as its dihydrate in the absence of any coupling solvents. The reaction goes at ambient tempera‐tures with the use of only the most rudimentary equipment and is relatively insensitive to formu‐lation errors. This makes it possible for small formulators to custom‐produce their own nonionic surface‐active agents and produce products with tailor‐made properties. Since some of the systems initially are emulsions if no coupling cosolvent is present, care should be taken to insure that the raw materials are dry and the mixing is adequate. Companies with more sophisticated equipment can, of course, take advantage of the remaining functionality at the hydroxyl group and at the methyl ester end of the fatty chain, as has previously been described (2).
The Plasticizing Characteristics of Some N,N‐Dimethylamides and Ester‐Amides of Long‐Cham Fatty Acids
Authors: Mod Robert R. , Magne Frank C. , Skau Evald L.
Published: July 2007

The N,N‐dimethylamides as well as a few N,N‐diethylamides of a number of saturated and un‐saturated long‐chain fatty acids and fatty acid mixtures have been prepared, characterized, and screened as plasticizers for poly (vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate )copolymer. A number of ester‐amides of short‐chain 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐hydroxyacids were included. All except the N,N‐dimethylamides of stearic, palmitic, and epoxidized rapeseed fatty acids were compatible with the copolymer. Many of the N,N‐dimethylamides were highly efficient plasticizers and, except for the dimer acid deriva‐tive, were superior to di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate in this respect. A few of the dimethylamides were comparable with di‐2‐ethylhexyl adipate in low‐temperature performance. The N,N,N′,N′‐tetra‐methylamide of dimer acid exhibited no measur‐able volatility loss in copolymer compositions. 1So. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, DSDA.
Quantitative gas chromatography in the structural characterization of glyceryl phosphatides
Authors: Kuksis A. , Breckenridge W. C. , Marai L. , Stachnyk O.
Published: July 2007

Inclusion of gas chromatography of diglycerides in the various schemes proposed for sub‐fractionation of natural glyceryl phosphatides increases the accuracy of identification and quantitation of the individual molecular species. This is due to its efficiency in classifying the molecular weights and proportions of the diglycerides recovered from thin‐layer chromatography according to their degree of unsaturation. Determination of the complete structure of glyceryl phosphatides requires standardization of all steps of the analytical system including lipid extractions, enzyme hydrolyses, and thin‐layer and gas chromatography.

This presentation reviews some of the practical aspects of quantitative gas chromatography of diglycerides and fatty acids as applied in the determination of the molecular species of glyceryl phosphatides. It is shown that a good gas chromatographic technique effectively counteracts weaknesses in other analytical steps. The additional cross‐checks provided by the gas chromatography of the diglycerides greatly improve the overall accuracy of the data and frequently permit perfect reconstitution of the overall and positional distribution of fatty acids, which must be the ultimate test of the success of the entire analytical scheme.
Vegetable oil raw materials
Authors: Pryde E. H.
Published: July 2007

Vegetable oils that are important to the chemical industry include both edible and industrial oils, which contribute 24% and 13.5%, respectively, compared to 55% for tallow, to the preparation of surfactants, coatings, plasticizers, and other products based on fats and oils. Not only the oils themselves but also the fatty acids recovered from soapstock represent a several billion pound resource. Coconut oil is imported to the extent of 700‐1,000 million pounds per year. Its uses are divided about equally between edible and industrial applications. Safflower oil has a relatively small production, but 15–25% of the oil goes into industrial products. Soybean oil, the major edible oil of the world, is produced in the United States at the rate of 11,000 million pounds per year with more than 500 million pounds going into industrial uses, representing 5% of the total production. Castor oil is imported to the extent of about 100 million pounds per year. Linseed oil production has declined drastically over the last 25 years but still amounts to about 100 million pounds per year. Oiticica and tung oils are imported in lesser amounts than castor and linseed oils. New crops that have industrial potential, as well as the traditional vegetable oil crops, include seed oils from crambe,Limnanthes, Lesquerella, Dimorphotheca, Vernonia, andCuphea plants. Crambe oil contains up to 65% erucic acid. Oil fromLimnanthes contains more than 95% of fatty acids above C18.Lesquerella oil contains hydroxy unsaturated acids resembling ricinoleic acid from castor oil.Dimorphotheca oil contains a conjugated dienol system.Vernonia oils contain as much as 80% epoxy acids. TheCuphea oils contain a number of short chain fatty acids. Of these, crambe,Limnanthes, andVernonia are probably the most developed agronomically. Competition between vegetable oils and petrochemicals for the traditional fats and oil markets has been marked over the past 25 years, but prices for petrochemicals have accelerated at a greater rate than those for vegetable oils; and, it is now appropriate to reexamine the old as well as the new markets for fatty acids.
New fatty acids from outer space
Authors: Brown H.
Published: July 2007

A recent space exploration has revealed that in the far reaches of outer space matter attains a state of complete weightlessness. Herman Brown, reporting on his latest spaced‐out venture, indicates that weightless fatty acids obtained from the Superba Galaxy are ideally suited for the manufacture of improved food additives. What a magnificent way to provide the diet‐control foodstuffs of the 21st Century!
Interrelationships in fatty acid processing
Authors: Fritz E.
Published: July 2007

Examples are presented of the effect of each processing step on the quality, yield and throughput in the fatty acid processing scheme. These examples serve to illustrate the importance of seemingly unimportant process variables upon the economic involved in fatty acid processing.
A review of soybean oil reversion flavor
Authors: Smouse Thomas H.
Published: July 2007

Crude soybean oil has a characteristic “greenbeany” flavor, which during refining, bleaching and deodorization is eliminated to produce a bland tasting, light colored oil. However, flavor returns during storage and has been characteristically called the “reversion flavor” of soybean oil. This deleterious characteristics flavor has influenced the utilization of soybean oil and its fatty acids. Several theories for the cause of reversion flavor include: (a) oxidation of linolenic acid; (b) oxidation of isolinoleic acid of the 9,15‐diene structure; (c) phosphatide reactions; (d) unsaponifiables; and (e) oxidative polymers. References are presented that support or contradict these theories. Recent publications concerning the isolation and characterization of the components of reversion flavor indicate slight oxidation of the fatty acids is the major cause. Techniques that are effective in increasing the flavor stability of soybean oil are presented.
Federal regulations applicable to the fatty acid industry
Authors: MacDonald I. A.
Published: July 2007

Recent legislation including the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Act, the Solid Waste Disposal Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and, especially, the Toxic Substances Control Act, is having a great impact on chemical manufacturers. The burgeoning maze of rules, regulations, policy statements, implementing these acts imposes serious obligations on all those engaged in fatty acid manufacture, processing, distribution, and research and development. The Manufacturing and Processing Notices, Sec. 5, and Reporting and Retention of Information, Sec. 8, requirements of TSCA, require extensive recordkeeping and reporting, and will affect industry's development of new products and significant new uses of products. The status of fatty chemicals on the inventory of existing chemicals and the SDA efforts in the listing of premanufacture notification are extremely important to all segments of the fatty acid and derivative industries.
Polymerization‐dimer acids
Authors: Leonard E. C.
Published: July 2007

Dimer acids are the commercial products resulting from clay‐catalyzed, high temperature polymerization of unsaturated fatty acids, usually tall oil fatty acids. The products have been commercially available since the 1950s and now, in all forms, represent 40–50 million pounds per year sales in the United States. The products are high boiling, mobile to viscous liquids. Their most important chemical property is carboxyl multifunctionality, which allows conversion to high polymers, mostly polyamides in commercial practice. Dimer‐based polyamides have sizeable application as hot‐melt adhesives and as reactive components of epoxy resins. There are much smaller uses in other polymer systems. Dimer acids are relatively nontoxic, and are not flammable. In February 1979, single‐distilled dimer acids sold in tankcar quantities in the range $0.45–0.55/lb. There were six producers in the business, with one almost entirely a captive consumer.
The importance of glycerol in the fatty acid industry
Authors: D'souza G. B.
Published: July 2007

Historically, glycerol, a valuable by product of the fatty acid insutry, is priced higher in the market‐place than any of the common fatty acids. Glycerol “credit” from fat‐splitting, frequently in time of economic stress, makes the difference between a profitable stearic acid operation and an economically unsound one. Theoretical yields of glycerol for the common fats and oils range from 9–13.5%; practical plant yields, corrected for FFA and upgrading yield losses, are 9–12.8% on 100% glycerol basis, or 10.3–14.8% on an 88% glycerol basis. Glycerol “credit” per pound of fatty acid ranges from 1 to 3 cents/pound. Upgrading “sweetwaters” from splitting operations in the fatty acid industry requires removal of dissolved salts, elimination of color, and fat and oil impurities, concentration (evaporation of water) and/or distillation. For Twitchellized sweetwaters this generally involves (a.) lime treatment. (b.) filtration, (c.) evaporation to half‐crude, (d.) precipitation of excess lime, (e.) filtration, (f.) evaporation to a concentration of 88–90%, and probably, (g.) distillation. For autoclave or continuous process sweetwaters the upgrading includes (a.) light lime treatment, (b.) filtration, (c.) evaporation concentration to 88–90%, and probably, (d.) distillation. Glycerol may also be upgraded by ion‐exchange processing followed by evaporation concentration in which distillation may be eliminated. Ion‐exclusion (Dow process) is also feasible. Many special triglyceride products are required of different fatty acid homolog distribution than those of the parent or hydrogenated fats and oils. These are prepared by splitting the fats or hydrogenated oils, fractionating the fatty acids, upgrading the glycerol, and recombining the desired fractionated acids with glycerol by reesterification. One example is high lauric triglyceride from coconut oil suited for use as a coco butter substitute.
A study of the caustic refining of vegetable oils
Authors: Fash Ralph H.
Published: July 2007

In the caustic refining of vegetable oils using liquid‐mixing the concentration of caustic solution required, the amount of excess caustic used, the length of time of mixing the oil‐soapstock mixture in the cold, and the oil content of the soapstock are governed by the amount and kinds of phosphatides present in the oil.

In the mist‐mixing process of refining vegetable oils using caustic, the mixing time is kept constant, the concentration of the caustic is kept constant for a particular kind or type of oil, the excess caustic is kept constant for a particular kind or type of oil, and the oil content of the soapstock is governed by the amount and kinds of phosphatides present in the oil, and by the use of sodium silicate.
Fatty acids: XX1. location of the position of the furan ring in 2,5‐disubstituted furan‐ containing fatty acids by GLC analysis of oxidation products
Authors: Lie Ken Jie M. S. F.
Published: July 2007

Oxidation of 2,5‐disubstituted furan‐containing fatty acids by the von Rudloff or Brown procedures results in the production of monoacid and diacid fragments, which can be readily identified by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis. Cleavages occur at the C? double bonds of the furan ring system with von Rudloff’s reagent. A mixture of 2 monoacid and 2 diacid fragments are obtained instead when the furan‐containing fatty acid is treated with chromic acid according to Brown’s procedure. These chemical methods are suitable for locating the position of the furan system in the fatty
An oil fraction from edible beef tallow as a constituent of whey‐soy drink mix
Authors: Holsinger V. H. , Luddy F. E. , Sutton C. S. , Vettel H. E. , Allen C. , Talley F. B.
Published: July 2007

In order to increase its potential as a food ingredient, an oil fraction derived from a commercial edible beef tallow was substituted for soybean oil in a formulation designed to yield a spray‐dried free‐flowing powder readily reconstitutable with water to yield a nutritious beverage. If desired, the beverage powder could be fortified with a vitamin‐mineral premix containing iron. After 6 months of storage at 37 C, no significant difference in flavor score was observed between samples containing the beef tallow oil fraction and control samples containing soybean oil. There was also no significant difference in flavor scores received by samples containing the beef tallow oil fraction fortified with vitamins and minerals and fortified control samples. However, peroxide values were eight times greater in the unfortified control samples. The beef tallow oil fraction warrants further study as a food ingredient in engineered food systems where enhanced oxidative stability is desirable.
Simultaneous extraction and preparative fractionation of egg yolk lipids using the principle of adsorption
Authors: Ramesh B. , Prabhudesai A. V. , Viswanathan C. V.
Published: July 2007

A new approach describing the simultaneous extraction and preparative fractionation of egg yolk lipids is described, a method which can be extended to other tissues. In this method, egg yolk is adsorbed on activated thin layer chromatography grade silicic acid and sequentially extracted with different solvents to get a crude fractionation of its lipids into nonpolar and polar components. These crude concentrates help achieve larger yields of high purity lipids per unit column load during subsequent chromatographic subfractionation.
Ion flotation of dichromate and of complexed cyanide: Surfactants for qualitative analysis
Authors: Grieves Robert B. , Ghosal Jitendra K. , Bhattacharyya Dibakar
Published: July 2007

Ion flotation studies have shown that a surface‐active agent is useful for qualitative analysis of complex ions in dilute aqueous solution, with the surfactant forming a particulate complex with the complex ion of concern. Experiments with a monovalent, cationic surfactant have established the prevalence of Cr2O72− (HCrO4−) and not CrO42−; of [Fe(CN)6]4− and [Fe(CN)5H2O]3−; and of [FeFe(CN)6]2− and not [FeFe(CN)6]− or [Fe(CN)6]3−. The results can be contrasted to those with ions that do not form particulate complexes with the surfactant, such as HPO42− and phenolate; with the latter, no qualitative analytical information can be gained. Ion flotation appears to be a promising technique in general for the determination of ionic species present in aqueous solution; the surfactant must react with the ion of significance to form a particulate complex and the initial surfactant concentration must be controlled carefully.
A rapid method for evaluation of antioxidants
Authors: Marco Gino J.
Published: July 2007

A rapid, sensitive method for evaluating antioxidants is described. The antioxidant comparisons are based on minimizing β‐carotene loss in an emulsified, aqueous, coupled oxidation of linoleic acid and β‐carotene. The effects of linoleic acid levels were observed. Attempts to replace β‐carotene with vitamin A or linoleic acid with ergosterol gave undesired results. The quantitative applications of the method are discussed.
Hydrogen formation during hydrazine reduction of oleic acid
Authors: Bitner E. D. , Dutton H. J.
Published: July 2007

Hydrogen has been detected in the gas phase when oleic acid is reduced with hydrazine. The rate of hydrogen production has been followed during this reaction by coupling a gas chromatograph to an automated manometric system. The observation of hydrogen evolution alters prior concepts which assume that nitrogen is the only gas given off. Equations involving hydrazine autoxidation, hydrogen production, and reduction of double bonds have been postulated and their stoichiometry studied.
Silicic acid‐silver nitrate chromatography as an enrichment technique in fatty acid analysis
Authors: Bhatty M. K. , Craig B. M.
Published: July 2007

Silicic acid‐silver nitrate chromatography as developed by De Vries (8,9) is a valuable tech‐nique for the quantitative determination of satu‐rated fatty acids, and enrichment of fractions which permit the analysis of trace quantities of unusual fatty acids. Odd numbered fatty acids have been found in both saturated and monoene fractions of vegetable oils, such as olive, rapeseed and sunflowerseed. This technique coupled to oxi‐dative degradation is useful for establishing the presence of minor quantities of positional isomers. Samples of purified polyunsaturated fatty acid esters are readily prepared using the technique as displacement chromatography.
Hydrogenolysis of saturated, oleic and ricinoleic acids to the corresponding alcohols
Authors: Pantulu A. J. , Achaya K. T.
Published: July 2007

Fatty acids are hydrogenolysed to correspond‐ing alcohols in 90% yield at 220‐250C at pres‐sures of 3500‐4000 psi. For saturated acids the catalyst is one per cent of copper and for oleic and ricinoleic acids 2% of copper and one per cent of cadmium, all present as their soaps. Only 10% of the unsaturation is lost. The main side product is the acid‐alcohol ester. In hydrogenoly‐sis of ricinoleic acid, the alcohol obtained con‐tains 15% of ester and 10% of lower alcohols such as undecenyl.
Sulfur compounds affecting processing of rapeseed
Authors: Rutkowski A. , Gwiazda S. , Krygier K.
Published: July 2007

A characteristic feature of cruciferous oilseeds is a high level of sulfur compounds as sulfur‐containing amino acids and glucosinolates which determine the nutritional value of rapeseed meal and affect processing factors in oil mills. During rapeseed processing, products of glucosinolate splitting are liberated and attack metal and, as a result, a specific sulfur corrosion of oil mill equipment develops. The most exposed are cooker, toaster and transporters of wet meal. The results of industrial investigation of sulfur corrosion are described and the sensitivity to corrosion of several construction steels during rapeseed processing is considered. A high content of sulfur‐containing compounds in starting oil significantly depressed the nickel catalyst activity and influenced the kinetics of rapeseed oil hydrogenation. Removal of these compounds by refining and its influence on the rate of oil hydrogenation are discussed.
Characterization of minor constituents in commercial oleic acid
Authors: Lin Sherman S. , Murase Yukinobu , Min David B. S. , Hsieh Oliver A. L. , Chang Stephen S.
Published: July 2007

Minor constituents were isolated from a mixture of commercial oleic acid manufactured from beef tallow by 10 different companies. Silicic acid was used as an adsorbent to isolate the minor constituents. They were first separated into acidic and nonacidic fractions. Each fraction was then separated into numerous subfractions by stepwise gradient elution liquid chromatography, using silicic acid as the adsorbent. The subfractions which had an adverse effect on the color stability of oleic acid during heating were characterized with functional group analysis, elemental analysis and IR spectrophotometry. The minor constituents amounted to ca. 1.18% of the commercial oleic acid. They were complex mixtures with multiple functional groups. Some of the subfractions contained 2\s‐3 times as much oxygen in the molecule as oleic acid. They had molecular weights ranging from 308 to 830 which are from monomers to trimers of oxidized oleic acid. These minor components contained carbonyl, ester and hydroxyl groups and double bonds. Some of the nonacidic minor constituents may contain amide groups. Most of the acidic subfractions were dark red, viscous liquids and the nonacidic subfractions were dark green or greenish‐brown, semisolid substances. A relationship was established that the greater the polarity of the minor constituents, the greater is its adverse effect on the color stability of oleic acid during heating.
Analysis of hydroformylated vegetable oils and their methyl esters for rhodium
Authors: Dufek E. J. , List G. R.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and summary

Two procedures for the determination of fatsolubilized rhodium were investigated. Analysis in aqueous media involves a sulfuric acid digestion which previously was carried out in 20–30 hr. Digestion now takes only 1 to 2 hr. The acid concentration in samples and standards is very critical. For analysis in nonaqueous media the sample is weighed, dissolved in methyl isobutyl ketone containing hydrogen chloride, and analyzed directly by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Absorbance in both procedures follows Beer’ s law. Results varied when hydrogen chloride was omitted or replaced with phosphoric acid. The results agreed closely with results obtained by published colorimetric procedures.
Recovery of solubilized rhodium from hydroformylated vegetable oils and their methyl esters
Authors: Dufek E. J. , List G. R.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and summary

Procedures were developed to extract rhodium from hydroformylated vegetables oils and methyl esters. Among the numerous reagents surveyed, aqueous hydrogen cyanide with triethanolamine (TEA) was found to be most effective. The effects of time, temperature, and concentration of reagents were studied. Over 98% of the solubilized rhodium was removed from crude methyl formylstearate at 100 C for 1 hr with 0.5% hydrogen cyanide, 5% water, and 0.5% TEA. Over 98% of the solubilized rhodium was also extracted from hydroformylated soybean and safflower methyl esters; however, 1% hydrogen cyanide, 10% water, and 0.62% TEA had to be used. Only 90% of the rhodium was removed from hydroformylated soybean oil. The reagents used can be adpated to a continuous extraction procedure.
Improved gas chromatographic analysis of fatty and resin acid mixtures with special reference to tall oil
Authors: Holmbom B.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

A gas liquid chromatography system for the analysis of complex mixtures of fatty and resin acids has been developed. On 30–40 m long, 0.3 mm ID glass capillary columns coated with 1,4‐butanediol succinate (BDS) and attaining over 90,000 effective theoretical plates, all main fatty and resin acids in wood extractives and various tall oil products can be separated and quantitatively determined without need of any prefractionation of the acids. Also the levopimaric acid is well separated. Retention values, including their temperature dependence, on columns coated with BDS or SE‐30 are given for 49 significant fatty and resin acids. Applications on wood extractives, sulfate soaps, and crude and distilled tall oil are presented and discussed.
Hypocholesterolemic effect induced in rats by oil‐sardine (Sardinella longiceps) fish and sardine oils having different degrees of unsaturation
Authors: Sen D. P. , Bhandary C. S. , Murti Indira A. S. , Rao S. Narasimha , Bai B. Mukta , Pai M. P.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Oil‐sardine (Sardinella longiceps) fish and its oil were found to have pronounced hypocholesterolemic effect in cholesterol bile salt stressed rats. Effect of fish was more than that observed with its oil. “Stearin” free or solvent winterized sardine oil with more unsaturation showed better effect than sardine oil as such. A significant correlation was observed between iodine value, ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids and (2S‐P) value of dietary fats, and logarithm of therminal serum total cholesterol (TC). Similarly a correlation between square root of iodine value and terminal serum TC was also observed. However, cholesterol lowering effect was not predictable on the basis of linoleic, arachidonic eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acid contents.
The mutual solubilization of soap and lime soap dispersing agents
Authors: Weil J. K. , Schollenberger C. A. , Linfield W. M.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and summary

Krafft point measurements were used to show that lime soap dispersing agents (LSDA) and soaps solu‐bilize each other. Addition of as little as 5% soap to amphoteric LSDA of limited water solubility (high Krafft point) brought about a substantial lowering of the Krafft point and thus markedly improved water solubility. On the other hand, addition of 10% amphoteric LSDA to sodium palmitate lowered the Krafft point of the soap by 10 to 14 C. Addition of anionic LSDA to sodium palmitate showed smaller Krafft point depressions. Addition of a builder‐type salt, such as sodium metasilicate, had essentially no effect on the Krafft points of soap LSDA mixtures.
Effects of soy proteins containing trypsin inhibitors in long term feeding studies in rats
Authors: Rackis J. J. , Mcgee J. E. , Gumbmann M. R. , Booth A. N.
Published: July 2007

Pancreatic hypertrophy that occurs in rats fed raw soy flour containing about 1200 mg tripsin inhibitor (TI)/100 g diet was reversed by switching the rats to control diets or to diets containing 30% toasted defatted soy flour. No pancreatic hypertrophy occurs in rats fed commercial, edible grade soy flours, concentrate or isolate from time of weaning to adulthood (ca. 300 days). TI content of the soy diets ranged from 178–420 mg/100 g. Except for pancreas enlargement in rats fed raw soy flour, gross and microscopic examination of pancreata revealed no abnormalities. The gross appearance of heart, kidney, spleen, and liver was normal. Soy flour, protein concentrate, and protein isolate in a formulated corn‐soy diet provided optimum growth and maintained body weight only if supplemented with vitamin B‐12 in long term feeding studies with rats. In the absence of such supplementation, rats fed soy diets initially grew at a rate equal to or greater than those fed a comparable corn‐casein control diet; but, with continued feeding for ca. 300 days, body weight of rats fed the casein control was significantly greater than that of the soy flour‐fed rats. Those fed soy isolate ceased to grow; and rats fed soy concentrate lost weight. No significant differences were found in organ weights between groups fed soy products and casein, except for increased kidney, liver, and testes weights relative to body weight with the group fed soy concentrate. Supplementation of the soy diets with vitamin B12 stimulated growth to the greatest extent, calcium pantothenate or riboflavin had an intermediate effect, other vitamins had little or no effect; whereas a complete mineral mix was detrimental. Supplementation of the soy diets with vitamin B12 stimulated growth to the greatest extent, calcium pantothenate or roboflavin had an intermediate effect, other vitamins had little or no effect; whereas a complete mineral mix was detrimental. Supplementation of the control diet was without effect. The dietary protein level in these diets was 20%, with casein or soy protein representing 75% of total protein. When fed continuously to rats from weaning to adulthood, properly processed soy protein products, when balanced with essential nutrients, can provide growth comparable to corn‐casein diets.