bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban archetypes applied to the study of cities in historic contemporary fictions. Symbolic urban structures in Age of Empires III and Bioshock Infinite
Authors: Sánchez García Manuel
Published: September 2020

In “The Idea of a Town: Anthropology of Urban Form” (1976), architecture historian Joseph Rykwert defined six archetypes used in Etruscan rites for the foundation of urban settlements, which continued to be used in Classical Greece and Ancient Rome. He proposed to use these same categories for the study of cities in different eras, as a methodology to develop a global urban history. This paper projects Rykwert’s concepts to cities created during the XXI century, specifically those designed for video games with historical themes, and provides the reader with an experimental methodology for assessing digital architectures and environments. Spatial and narrative archetypes will be identified in two different video games, as well as their connections to imaginaries born in the Classic period. In Age of Empires (Ensemble Studios, 1996-2005) urban foundation corresponds to the idea of the town as a place for dominating territory. Their variable structure is grounded on a systemic set of rules that benefits tactic configurations designed by players. In contrast, Bioshock Infinite (Irrational Games, 2013) proposes an immobile storyline built around the city as its leading narrative voice. Its urban spaces direct the action through archetypes such as the “center”, the “labyrinth”, and the “door”.
Professors, Charlatans, and Spiritists: The Stage Hypnotist in Late Nineteenth-Century English Literature
Authors: Bonet Safont Juan Marcos
Published: September 2020

In this paper I will explore the stereotype of the stage hypnotist in fiction literature through the analysis of the novellas Professor Fargo (1874) by Henry James (1843-1916) and Drink: A Love Story on a Great Question (1890) by Hall Caine (1853-1931). Both Professor Fargo and Drink form part of a literary subgenre referred to variously as “Hypnotic Fiction”, “Trance Gothic” or “mesmeric texts”. The objective of my research, which examines both the literary text itself and its historical and social context, is to offer new and interesting data that may contribute to the development of a poetics or theory of the literary subgenre of hypnotic fiction. In this sense, this article is an essential contribution to a broader analysis that I have been working on, focusing on highlighting the generic features of this type of literature by analysing the stereotypes of hypnotists in fiction.
The Indelible Markers of Twentieth-Century Spanish Antifeminism
Authors: Ortega López Teresa María , Félez Castañé Núria
Published: September 2020

In twentieth-century Spain, the conservative political ideology maintained a gender discourse and an ideal of femininity that remained broadly unchanged. The democratic regimes established in the country, first after the reign of Alfonso XIII and then after the Franco dictatorship, did nothing to substantially fragment the country’s conservatism with regard to its proponents’ view of the function and role that women should fulfil in society. In an attempt to trace the indelible markers of Spanish antifeminism, this article examines three of conservatism’s key ideas related to gender: a differentiated consideration of male and female natures; a rejection of feminism; and a conception of the family as the preferred locus for the development of the so-called natural functions of women.
Violencia física, violencia pública: a la búsqueda de mecanismos de dominación social
Authors: Micó Rafael
Published: September 2020

La explicación de la expansión mundial y el mantenimiento a largo plazo de disimetrías económicas y estructuras políticas centralizadas y jerárquicas constituye un tema fundamental para las disciplinas sociales y humanas. Esta problemática puede formularse como una paradoja cuando los grupos explotados y victimizados apoyan abiertamente el orden social que los somete. La arqueología tiene la capacidad de abordar este problema desde una perspectiva a largo plazo. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar las implicaciones de la violencia física letal y pública en el contexto de las sociedades clasistas. Estas se caracterizan por explotación económica, poder político centralizado, especialización laboral y severas limitaciones en cuanto a las perspectivas vitales y cognitivas para la mayoría de la población. Se propone que algunas de las relaciones clave bajo dichas condiciones pueden asimilarse al vínculo entre rehén y captor. A partir de ahí, se plantean inferencias basadas en argumentos psicobiológicos a fin de resolver la paradoja social antes mencionada.
Developing an Android-Based Game for Chemistry Learners and Its Usability Assessment
Authors: Nazar Muhammad , Rusman Rusman , Putri Isfin Cahyani , Puspita Kana
Published: September 2020

Nowadays, smartphones are not only used for communication purposes but also for gaming and studying. Gaming is trendy among adolescents in daily activity. The gamification of chemistry concepts, therefore, becomes very interesting and promising to enhance students’ intention of learning and promoting ICT literacy among university students.  In this article, we reported the development of an Android-based game on the concept of colloids. Volunteered students (N=100) from the Faculty of Education and Teacher Training took part in the implementation phase. Need assessment suggested that the concept colloids should be a specific topic to be developed as chosen by a significant number of respondents. The validity of the app in terms of the instructional design, software design, and the visual aspects scored above average (between 90 and 99 %). The developed app was found to be very easy to use, practical, and straightforward, with an overall usability score of 85.1%.
Applying Machine Learning for Automatic User Story Categorization in Mobile Enterprises Application Development
Authors: Jurisch Matthias Heinrich Friedrich , Böhm Stephan , James-Schulz Toby
Published: September 2020

Mobile enterprise applications (apps) are developed in dynamic and complex environments. Hardware characteristics, operating systems and development tools are constantly changing. In larger institutions, comprehensive corporate guidelines and requirements have to be followed. In addition, larger enterprises often develop numerous apps and lack an overview of development projects. Because of the size of such companies, a comprehensive direct information exchange between developers is often not practicable. In this situation, IT support is necessary, for example to prevent unnecessary duplication of work in the development of software artifacts such as user stories, app screen designs or code features within the company. One approach to overcome these challenges is to support reusing results from previous projects by building systems to organize and analyse the knowledge base of enterprise app development projects. For such systems an automatic categorization of artifacts is required. In this work we propose using a machine learning approach to categorize user stories. The approach is evaluated on a set of user stories from real-world mobile enterprise application development projects. The results are promising and suggest that machine learning approaches can be beneficially applied to user story classification in large companies.
Enseignement des langues étrangères : épistémologie, théorisation et discours ordinaires
Authors: Claudel Chantal
Published: September 2020

Cet article aborde, sous l’angle historique, la façon dont s’est effectuée, dès l’avènement de l’approche communicative, la rencontre entre l’analyse du discours et la didactique du français. Il introduit, dans un second temps, l’articulation entre ces deux champs à travers un resserrement sur la démarche de l’analyse du discours, laquelle implique le repérage de marqueurs grammaticaux et lexicaux récurrents grâce auxquels les caractéristiques des documents (écrits ou oraux) appartenant ou non à un genre particulier sont mises au jour. Il est ensuite montré comment la mise en lien des faits de langue avec les actes de parole, les séquences textuelles ou les opérations (discursives, énonciatives, métadiscursives, cognitives…) constitue une clé d’entrée pour la sélection de supports à didactiser : ces formes linguistiques et discursives représentent les éléments tangibles des documents à retenir pour former des corpus destinés à l’élaboration de programmes de français ou pour confectionner des manuels ou pédagogiser des supports authentiques.
L’élaboration conceptuelle bilingue dans des disciplines non linguistiques : analyse discursive d’un cours en interaction
Authors: Grobet Anne , Vuksanović Ivana
Published: September 2020

L’analyse détaillée d’un extrait d’interaction en classe bilingue (enseignement en droit impliquant le français et l’allemand) permet de mettre au jour la façon dont les connaissances disciplinaires et linguistiques sont co-construites par les participants en et avec deux langues. Les discussions terminologiques aboutissent à la constitution d’un réseau conceptuel, développé tant par l’enseignant que par les étudiants. L’analyse met en évidence l’intérêt d’une gestion flexible des langues accompagnée de discours métalinguistique et conduit à la formulation de quelques propositions didactiques. Du point de vue de l’analyse du discours, ce type de corpus offre un « effet de loupe » sur les réseaux conceptuels, qui y sont particulièrement développés. Enfin, le croisement du point de vue de l’analyse du discours et de celui de l’enseignement des langues – y compris l’enseignement bilingue – conduit à porter une attention toute particulière à la question de la saturation informationnelle, certes encore peu étudiée, mais qui semble jouer un rôle déterminant dans la réalisation des interactions en classe.
La contribution des théories féministes du standpoint. Pour une version forte de la perspective folk
Authors: Husson Anne-Charlotte
Published: September 2020

L’article propose d’explorer certaines implications épistémologiques, politiques et éthiques de la perspective folk en mettant à contribution les théories féministes du standpoint. Ces dernières mettent en effet en évidence les pratiques de pouvoir qui sous-tendent la production du savoir, ainsi que leurs conséquences éthiques. À partir du concept en construction d’éthique langagière, l’article explore des points de rencontre entre perspective folk et standpoint et propose de distinguer, au sein des prédiscours tacites dans les métadiscours des non-linguistes, des savoirs critiques et non critiques sur le langage. L’autrice montre ainsi que le projet d’amélioration et de développement des connaissances sur les non-linguistes et leurs métadiscours a des ramifications complexes qu’une version forte de la perspective folk se propose d’explorer.
Rectifier le discours d’information médiatique. Quelle légitimité pour le discours profane dans la presse d’information en ligne ?
Authors: Calabrese Laura
Published: September 2020

Cet article analyse les commentaires des lecteurs-internautes sur les sites des journaux de référence en ligne et les représentations qu’ont les lecteurs sur les médias. L’hypothèse ici présentée est que dans le discours engendré par le dispositif des commentaires, la frontière entre le vernaculaire et le spécialisé est particulièrement floue. L’émergence d’un nouveau discours vernaculaire oblige à reformuler la conception de ce qu’on appelle « les discours ordinaires », dans la mesure où il remet en cause systématiquement le discours spécialisé et la distribution traditionnelle des rôles discursifs.
Contraintes linguistiques et contextuelles dans la production écrite
Authors: Cislaru Georgeta
Published: September 2020

Cette réflexion interroge la manière dont les contraintes d’écriture influent le processus d’écriture et son produit, c’est-à-dire le texte, tout en signalant des porosités entre écrits spécialisés et écrits ordinaires, définis dans une optique énonciative. Les rapports sociaux évaluant la situation de l’enfant, écrits professionnels fortement contraints, sont comparés aux écrits académiques, voire aux discours médiatiques. Les contraintes sont repérées au niveau du processus d’écriture, grâce à l’étude des versions successives d’un seul et même texte, et vis-à-vis des conditions de production orientant la visée pragmatique du texte.
Compétence discursive et enseignement d’une discipline non linguistique : définition, diversification et pratiques formatives
Authors: Causa Mariella
Published: September 2020

Dans cet article, l’auteure s’interroge sur la notion de compétence discursive dans l’enseignement/apprentissage de contenus disciplinaires en langue étrangère en classe bi/plurilingue et, plus généralement, dans la mise en place d’une didactique intégrée langues/disciplines. Son propos est de montrer que cette approche méthodologique – qui reste très peu utilisée dans les programmes de formation des enseignants se destinant à ce type d’enseignement spécifique – peut être considérée comme l’un des lieux d’articulation entre les discours ordinaires et les discours spécialisés.
Fortification of Policing in Nigeria Using ICT Backbone for Strategic Competitive Advantage
Authors: Adigun Johnson Oyeranmi , Raimi Lukman , Mutiu Rufai Mohammed
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses fortification of policing in Nigeria leveraging information communication and technology (ICT) backbone for strategic competitive advantage. The need to embrace ICT-enhanced policing in Nigeria becomes imperative because insecurity, robbery, kidnapping, terrorism, and insurgency have taken a new dimension and have gone sophisticated as criminal elements have deployed high-tech approach such as mobile technology and internet technology for exploiting and unleashing criminal activities on the society. To reduce incessant and unpleasant proliferation of modern crime, the situation calls for the fortification of existing policing approach in Nigeria using information communication technologies. This exploratory study is an attempt at strengthening the traditional policing approach to be able to meet the insecurity challenges currently being faced and facing the society. The implication of the study is that the incidences of insecurity, terrorism, and insurgency can effectively be rendered prostrate and managed in effectively through the use and application of ICT. Notably among the proposal for an ICT-enhanced policing is the concept of virtual community policing that explores the availability of mobile devices for easy and effective crime reporting and crime control in Nigeria.
Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Managerial Accounting Systems
Authors: Corazza Giulio , Zanin Filippo
Published: September 2020

Advancements in information technology (IT) haven't change only people's lives, but they have also changed the way business operates. Since the introduction of the enterprise resource planning in the 1990s, many organizations have started to implement their managerial accounting with IT for sustaining their competitive advantage. Increasing in data complexity has forced the continuous adoption of innovative tools and computer techniques. In this context, with the quick development of computer intelligence the concept of business intelligence and analytics has become centrally for the scholars and practitioners. The advancement in business analytics has shifted the attention to another important technology, artificial intelligence (AI). AI literature is still developing in the managerial accounting field and evidences an important gap in the analysis of empirical studies. After the process of literature review, this chapter tries to fill this gap with a longitudinal case study of practical solutions.
Smart Cognitive Computing Empowered Business Intelligence
Authors: Saxena Kanak , Banodha Umesh
Published: September 2020

The digital computing practices amplify knowledge contained in the transactions, as a result in the voluminous data (structured and unstructured). The spotlight is to observe and analyze the role of the cognitive computing in the business intelligence to deploy the decisions making and action taking in shaping the cognitive enterprise. The in-depth knowledge analysis is mandatory to formulate new analytical methods which reduce complexity, uncertainty, or ambiguity. The chapter will provide a way to investigate and deploy the theories/techniques of cognitive computing and business intelligence in smart devices. The progression will term as smart cognitive computing that will help in design of framework, which is articulated by experience, behaviour, relationships, technology, skills, data, and context. It can access human mind albeit indirectly, learn/teach new skills, and improve from its own mistakes by means of logic-based and highly structured approaches. The resultant is in design of decision system that is more informative, smart, and helpful to the enterprise as well as society under one roof of exponential technologies.
The Business Transformation Enterprise Architecture Framework
Authors: Trad Antoine
Published: September 2020

This chapter's author based his years long cross-functional research on an authentic and proprietary mixed research method that is supported by his own version of an intelligent neural networks, which is combined with an internal heuristics motor; altogether named the applied holistic mathematical model (AHMM), which is applied to requirements engineering strategy. The proposed AHMM fundamentally functions like the human empiric decision-making process that can be compared to the behaviour-driven development methods, which are optimal for requirements engineering. In this chapter, the AHMM is supported by many real-life cases of business and architecture transformation projects requirements' management, abstracted by the intelligent strategic requirements development (iSRDev) concept that is supported by the alignment of various existing standards and development strategies, like the development and operations (DevOps) procedures to map to the project's requirements.
Consumption Characteristics of the Millennial Generation and Strategies Implemented to Satisfy Them
Authors: Vargas-Hernández José G.
Published: September 2020

The following research is a literature and case review focused on the characteristics of the Millennial Generation and their importance as consumers, through a case study of the company Airbnb as an example of a disruptive business model that has been able to capitalize on this generation. The structure of the work is the following: Firstly, the authors contextualize the research by defining the key topics, such as collaborative economy, strategic advantages, the millennial generation. Then they discuss the history and strategies of the company Airbnb, as a disruptive and successful business model, explaining their general strategy and challenges they have faced, as well as their strategy specifically geared towards the Millennial niche. Finally, they conclude on the importance of disruptive business models and the challenges that companies like Airbnb are facing and will have to face in the future in order to continue in the market. The main contribution of this research is the analysis of Airbnb's strategies as they grow as a company and focus their efforts on the Millennial Generation in order to ensure their survival in an important and long-established market.
Relaibility in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Sharma Gaurav , Harnal Shilpi , Miglani Neha , Khurana Savita
Published: September 2020

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have gained importance as well as diverted attention of many researchers, domain experts to a great extent in recent past. The devices used for UWSN deployment are resource-constrained like storage issue, low processing speed, as well are vulnerable to a wide class of security threats and malicious attacks, which affect reliable communication. For reliable data delivery, a system should include packet delivery ratio, battery life, delays incurred, and energy consumption, etc. Numerous reliability models for underwater networks have been designed to incorporate the parameters and performance metrics in optimized manner. The chapter deals with focusing on such models and their efficiency in terms of battery life, packet loss, error handling mechanism, and network delays. Further, it is also explained how and why the error-controlled schemes should be designed and implemented in order to incorporate reliable data delivery in limited resources-constraints of UWSN along with the consideration of efficiency and performance concerns.
Real-Time Data Transfer in Marine Environment Monitoring Applications
Authors: Popli Renu , Kansal Isha , Garg Kanwal
Published: September 2020

Due to immense application scenarios emerged by underwater communication, the researchers have shown their ardent interest in this field. Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) provides a promising approach for realism of such type of applications such as pollution monitoring, data agglomeration, natural calamities prediction, etc. In UWSN, sensor nodes are deployed at a number of different points of depths based upon the application requirements. Nodes at different locations collect the information and forward it to the sink node at surface. As a node cannot directly communicate to the sink node at surface, the multi hop communication takes place which poses great challenges underwater such as limited resource, bandwidth unavailability, end-to-end delays, temperature, water pressure, etc. However, congestion control is considered to be fundamental issue to be solved for effective data transfer underwater. This chapter presents the importance of real-time data in marine environment for plenty of applications and discuss the major issue in efficient data communication.
‘To Know Is to Love?'
Authors: Walker Chloe
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the relationship(s) between language awareness and language attitudes among second year students at High School X, a prestigious secondary school in Barbados. The analysis of data from a mixed-methods case study reveals findings which suggest that students exhibit moderate levels of language awareness, low levels of ‘active' language awareness, and high levels of ‘passive' language awareness. Further, the students hold ambivalent feelings toward Bajan dialect, positive feelings toward Standard English unanimously, and view Standard English as superior to Bajan. Based on these findings, the chapter considers the most effective place(s) for use of non-standard varieties in Barbadian classrooms, particularly stressing their potential to improve students' language awareness in the social and power domains. The chapter also supports an integrative approach to the teaching of Standard English based on the socio-linguistic complexities of the Barbadian context.
Early School Outcomes for Children Who Delay Kindergarten Entry
Authors: Greenburg Jordan E. , Winsler Adam
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the transitional practice of voluntarily delaying a student's kindergarten entry through a combination of reviewing prior literature and also presenting new research findings. Using data from a large, predominantly low-income and ethnically diverse sample, the authors examine early elementary school outcomes for a group of children (n = 305) who delayed kindergarten entry in comparison to their on-time peers. Results indicate that children who delay kindergarten entry slightly outperform their peers in the kindergarten year, but these differences disappear by the end of 1st grade. Results were similar for students with disabilities. Overall, delaying kindergarten entry did not seem to provide sustained academic advantages for this sample of students. Implications for delaying kindergarten entry are discussed.
The Institutional Impact and Community Perception Implementation of Food Security Policy on Poverty Reduction
Authors: Rusliyadi Muhamad , Jamil Azaharaini Bin Hj. Mohd. , Kumalasari Ratna Tri , Rouf Ari Abdul
Published: September 2020

Indonesia has established various types of agrarian policies in line with poverty reduction initiatives. Various policies on poverty reduction schemes that have been implemented before were not successful because many of them lacked sustainability. Most strategies on the activity of the programme called for direct assistance to the unfortunate. The Food Self-Sufficiency Village Programme (Desa Mandiri Pangan) gives support financially and offers intensive assistance to the community. The principal targets of the programme are to empower the community, alleviate rural poverty and sustain food security at the village level. Active institutions play a very important role in supporting the DMP Programme. There were institutions in the village sites before the introduction of the DMP Programme, such as the village leader, village councils, farmer groups, rice milling units, a village health station unit, a school, a mosque, a church, private lenders, village shops, and traders.
Augment Human Resource Proximity Plumbing Cybernation
Authors: Deogaonkar Anant , Nanoty Sampada , Shrivastava Archana , Jain Geetika
Published: September 2020

The expeditious proliferation of artificial intelligence in the mainstream has rejigged the simplest processes of the various sectors in the most efficient way. With the advent of the era of cybernation, the work culture has been curbed with the timely developments and upgradation of the technology. Cybernation has propelled the growth of every respective sector of the vast corporate diaspora with time. The main aim of the cybernation being that of smoothening the complex, bulk tasks which exploit mass human energy, has seen much success in its purpose so far. But certain domains of the corporate diaspora still await the technological transformation of their respective processes. One such prominent domain and the real fuel of the corporate diaspora, the human resource has yet to expand its purview to imbibe and imbue cybernation in its certain processes. Human resource domain being the custodian of the corporate, wherein it is for the people and by the people though with the niche of Industry 4.0 beholds more space to expand the angle of understanding the term resource for the human, than human as an element of resource in itself. Multifarious human resource processes can be enhanced further with apt utility of digitization in order to optimize the user interface and user experience, boosting the overall employee experience amidst the corporate. Several certain customary functions of the human resources entail the adaptation of automation in more nuanced way to evolve parallel with the digitalization. Moreover, the millennial era further looks up to a transformed human resource with higher echelons of functions to be performed, digitally evolved jobs, an automated work environment, work culture well acquainted with the artificial intelligence. The effect of cybernation on the business acumen of futuristic human resource leaders, working in the rapid concurrent era of disruptions, without losing the human touch, will carve the future human resource structure. Therefore, the intent of this chapter is to study the detailed implications of automation, digitalization, and cybernation in the domain of human resources and to study and examine the dynamically changing HR functions with technological interventions and disruptions by proposing a literature review.
Huawei, China, and Ideological Tensions in the 5G Telecommunications Platforms
Authors: Mascitelli Bruno , Chung Mona
Published: September 2020

While the COVID 19 pandemic has captured the attention of the geo-political agenda throughout 2020, pushing the Huawei controversy off the front pages of the news, the hysteria and suspicions around Huawei providing their lower cost telecommunications equipment to Western nations reached new crescendos in the move towards 5G communication platforms. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the recent series of escalating tensions between Huawei and Western nations. While there was a first run of tension with the 4G networks, it was to be repeated with the preparations for the 5G telecommunications platforms. Alongside this expansion was the parallel development of geo-political tensions between China and Western powers. This included ongoing tensions over the South China Sea, Taiwan's relationship with China, the Hong Kong issue, the trade war with the United States, and general diplomacy between China and the West. The chapter seeks to provide the likely result on how these tensions would be resolved.
Perceived Tourist Harassment in Tourist Destinations
Authors: Wijesundara Shamila Rasanjani , Gnanapala Athula
Published: September 2020

Tourism is a fast-growing industry in the world. Many developing countries have recognized the economic contribution of the tourism industry towards to country; therefore, it has been included as an integral part of their development strategies. Sri Lanka continues to use tourism as one of the incomes earning strategy of its nation. At present, a huge tourism development is continued while accepting severe issues occurs itself like tourist harassment. The nature of the harassment is different from destination to destination, and this study mainly aims to identify the harassment in Sri Lanka. The study carried out in Southern Coastal Belt, considering foreign tourists as the sample to the study. A pretested questionnaire was distributed among 600 foreigners to collect primary data for the study, and 530 questionnaires were valid for the analysis. The collected data was analyzed through exploratory factor analysis, which revealed six major types of harassment in Sri Lanka as a result of tourist consumption process throughout the vacation.
The Effects of Corporate Governance (CG) on Saudi Arabian Companies' Earnings Quality
Authors: Al Nasser Zahra
Published: September 2020

High earnings quality (EQ) is one of the company's pillars of long-term success in building investor confidence. This study investigates whether or not corporate governance (CG) affects the EQ of non-financial companies listed on the Saudi Arabian Stock Exchange known as Tadawul. This research study uses data from a sample of 482 firm-year observations of these companies in the period from 2009 to 2013. The author adopts the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) regression model. This research study contributes to the current literature by providing new evidence of the effect of CG on the EQ of the Saudi Arabian non-financial companies listed on the Tadawul. Specifically, not all CG attributes affect each company's EQ in the same way. This study's findings show that important CG attributes, which enhance the company's EQ, are the number of the company's independent directors, the separation of the dual role between the company's CEO and chairperson, and the financial or accounting expertise of the members of the company's audit committee members.
Board Structure and Voluntary Disclosure
Authors: Haj-Salem Issal
Published: September 2020

This chapter investigates the impact of board structure on the voluntary disclosure level in a Tunisian context. It aims to analyse the relationship between the different boards of directors characteristics of 51 companies listed on the Tunisian Stock Exchange for the year 2010. The empirical results affirm that the board independence and the presence of institutional shareholders in the board have a positive and significant influence on the voluntary disclosure in the Tunisian annual reports. However, the other characteristics presented in the chapter do not have significant impact on voluntary disclosure. This study could be considered as an important extension of prior research investigating the impact of governance mechanisms on voluntary disclosure, particularly those related to the impact of the board directors. It should be noted that, contrary to prior research, this chapter considers both financial and non-financial firms. Also, few studies examined the ownership structure within the board. The findings have potential implications for countries' regulators.
Corporate Governance in Islamic Banks
Authors: Ben Mim Sami , Mbarki Yosra
Published: September 2020

This study investigates the efficiency of the Shariah supervisory board as a corporate governance mechanism in Islamic banks. The authors mainly seek to examine the effect of the Shariah board's composition (size and academic background of its members) on the performance of Islamic banks. They also try to highlight the transmission channels explaining this effect, and compare the efficiency of the Shariah board with that of traditional corporate governance mechanisms, namely the board of directors. The empirical investigation is based on a sample of 72 Islamic banks from 19 countries. Estimation results suggest that the Shariah board positively affects the Islamic banks performance through the number of Islamic Shariah scholars. This effect is mainly due to the size and cost transmission channels. These results are robust to different performance measures. On the other hand, results show that the board of directors' size produces a positive effect on a bank's performance, offering evidence for complementarity between traditional and Islamic governance mechanisms.
Tourism as a Tool for Poverty Eradication in Kenya
Authors: Nyika Joan Mwihaki
Published: September 2020

Tourism is widely recognised as a tool for poverty alleviation following its ability to create employment, entrepreneurial opportunities, and impact societies' social infrastructure positively. Countries, such as Kenya, have reaped from these benefits following evidence that the sector is the third-largest contributor to the economy following agricultural and manufacturing sectors. Using case studies of the Maasai community and the coastal regional tourism-based of the Bomas and Safaris, this chapter asserts the significance of tourism in poverty reduction among marginalised Kenyan communities. The concept, coupled with ecological sustainability, has opened up societies to share their cultures and tourist attractions for their own benefit. The opportunity cost of these advantages is a rise in local goods and neocolonialism tendencies characterised by dominant foreign control of the tourism sector and its gains, particularly at the coast. This situation is reversible by the adoption of community-based tourism, which ensures that tourism optimally benefits local communities.
Tourism as a Strategy for Geo-Education and Cultural Valorization of Territories
Authors: Fernandes Gonçalo Poeta , Castro Emanuel , Tracana Rosa Branca
Published: September 2020

The mountains represent territories of exceptional environmental and heritage value, holding vital resources and functions for humanity. The conservation of its geo and biodiversity is decisive, given the growth in its demand, in particular for tourism and leisure activities. In addition to their immediate physical perception, they are spaces of science and knowledge and a resource for geoeducation to promote the natural and cultural values held. The creation of geoparks constituted a new paradigm in which geosciences, territories, their heritage (material and immaterial) and the ways of life of their communities are disseminated. In this context, geoparks are based on integrated territorial approaches to the enhancement, preservation and promotion of education, biodiversity, geological heritage, tourism and scientific research, among others. Tourism, as a strategy for geoeducation and territorial valorisation, is in the mission of Estrela Geopark, promoting educational programs with initiatives for the conservation of heritage and promotion of eco-cultural resources.
Community-Based Tourism and the Sustainable Development of Rural Territories
Authors: Heleno Nadine , Brandão Filipa , Breda Zélia
Published: September 2020

Nowadays, trends in the tourism sector are changing, and tourists are increasingly looking for an authentic experience. They wish to escape from mass tourism and urban spaces, as well as their awareness for sustainability is increasing. In response to this trend, community-based tourism in rural settings has the potential to meet the demand requirements, while ensuring benefits to the territory and community of rural destinations. The present chapter aims to present the dynamics of community-based tourism and how it can promote regional development in rural, low-density regions, in accordance to the Sustainable Development Goals, and with high participation of residents in the several areas of the tourism industry.
Communicating Sustainable Initiatives in the Hotel Industry
Authors: Menezes Vanessa de Oliveira , Cavagnaro Elena
Published: September 2020

This study aims to gauge how to communicate sustainable initiatives in hotels, based on guests' perceptions, using the Hotel Jakarta Amsterdam as a case study. It was employed empirical research conducting semi-structured personal interviews with hotel guests by a non-probabilistic sample. Guests were randomly approached in the lobby of the hotel during August 2019. According to the data, ‘A description on the digital distribution channels, such as Expedia, Priceline, Booking.com, etc.'; ‘Signs inside the guestroom'; and an ‘Informal chat by an employee when you check-in' were, by guests' perception, the favourite ways to communicating the sustainable initiatives developed by the hotel.
Four Innovative Ways to Reduce Food Wasting in Hotel Restaurants
Authors: Au-Yong-Oliveira Manuel , Chodilíková Monika , Košárková Iveta , Pšeničková Kristýna , Lewandowski Patryk
Published: September 2020

Tourism plays a very important role in society. However, it has many negative impacts, such as the increasing problem of food wasting in hotel restaurants, especially when providing all-inclusive/all-you-can-eat breakfasts and dinners. This study aims to propose some activities which could lead to food wasting reduction. Through a questionnaire (with 132 respondents, from various countries), the authors wanted to find out respondents' attitudes towards suggested solutions and this problem in general. As part of the questionnaire, four possible activities were proposed in order to help to reduce food wasting and contribute to better food security in today's world. The questionnaire results proved that respondents would appreciate such opportunities, therefore answering the research question. Fridges (in which people could put their untouched leftovers), samples (before people take the whole portion of food), special cards (containing the ingredients used for the preparation of the meal), and daily announcements (of food wasting in kilograms) are four possible ways to reduce food wasting in hotel restaurants.
Temporal patterns of fish occurrence of the euryhaline sector of a subtropical estuary, southern Brazil
Authors: Nakayama Paula , Peret Alberto Carvalho , Cardoso Olímpio Rafael , Lamour Marcelo Renato , Spach Henry Louis
Published: September 2020

Fish fauna was studied in five sites of the shallow infralittoral of the Paranaguá Bay during the period from October 1999 to September 2000. At each sampling site, fish were sampled with other trawls, salinity and temperature were measured, water samples were taken from the bottom of the water column for determination of dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate. The spatial and temporal behavior of the environmental variables was analyzed by a Principal Component Analysis; Cluster Analysis was used to gather the sampling sites, and Factorial Correspondence Analysis was applied to the most abundant species. Temperature was the most important variable for the distribution of the months, allowing the division of the study period into hot and cold months. The temporal variation in the fish fauna composition was indicated by cluster analysis, with highest percentages of dissimilarity between the sampling sites during hot months. The variation in dissimilarity between the sites occurred due to differences in the number of individuals and species of the catches. The high frequencies of occurrence of Anisotremus surinamensis, Etropus crossotus, Genidens genidens, Micropogonias furnieri and Sphoeroides greeleyi were related to high temperatures. The greatest number of fish and species observed in hot months may be related to the life cycle of many species, which reproduce in warmer months, and whose offspring use estuaries as breeding areas.
Improving crops genome through genetic engineering of the key metabolic pathways
Authors: Kershanskaya Olga Ivanovna , Nelidova Darya  Sergeevna , Yessenbaeva Gulvira Lemesovna , Nelidov Sergey Nikolaevich
Published: September 2020

Soybean loss due to pests and pathogens is a serious problem worldwide. Soybean producers have few options to manage diseases caused by general pathogens where major genes for full resistance have not been discovered. The innate defense of soybean plants could be enhanced by improving content and composition of lignin by genetic engineering of the phenylpropanoid pathway. We used a novel technique of germ-line genetic transformation of soybean plants via natural pollen tubes as vectors. This technique uses Agrobacterium tumefaciens to mediate transfer of genes of interest to the zygote to introduce the key lignification genes (PtMYB4, PAL5, F5H, CAD1) into soybean genome. We observed 5.6% average transformation efficiency in the first generation of transgenic plants and in the second generation the presence of the transgene constructs was confirmed in more than 50% (for CsVMV/PtMYB4sens, 35SVTM/PAL5, C4H/F5H, CsVMV/CAD1 constructs) transgenic soybean lines. We confirmed the expression of the introduced genes at transcriptional level using RT-PCR and Northern blot. Functional analysis using lignin content determination and the activity of PAL5 and CAD1 enzymes demonstrated that the transgenes perform their function in planta. The proposed technique is effective and inexpensive and can be used to create novel stress and disease resistant soybean genotypes.
O sentido de ‘ser índio’: práticas discursivas na luta pelo território no atual cenário político brasileiro
Authors: Borges Suety Líbia Alves , Fernandes Eliane Marquez da Fonseca
Published: September 2020

Neste artigo, pretendemos discutir as práticas discursivas veiculadas por sites de notícias, entre governo e povos indígenas, na luta pelo Território no atual cenário político brasileiro. Para isso, abordamos os sentidos de ser índio/a no Brasil, em outras palavras, a (trans)formação identitária indígena, bem como determinadas práticas discursivas envolvendo os/as indígenas, em meio ao debate político nacional sobre a (não)demarcação e exploração de terras indígenas. Autores/a como Maher (1998, 2007), Bakhtin (2003), Cuche (2002), Bakthin e Volochinov (2006), Stuart Hall (2015), entre outros, balizam a discussão sobre identidade e cultura. Situadas na ‘Análise do Discurso’, fundamentamos a noção de discurso em uma perspectiva foucaultiana (Foucault, 1995; 2007; 2014), a fim de problematizar as relações de poder entre governo e populações indígenas. O que percebemos é que na luta de poder, nos movimentos de resistência, a identidade indígena se afirma e se sustenta, fortalecendo, mais e mais, o sentido de ser índio/a. A nós, analistas do discurso, que tentamos mostrar as contradições e problematizamos as evidências de sentido, cabe o dever de contribuir com práticas discursivas mais eficientes na luta contra os discursos hegemônicos.
Practices of an English language classroom from a postmethod perspective
Authors: Ferreira Fernanda Caiado da Costa , Sousa Laryssa Paulino de Queiroz , Lago Neuda Alves do , Figueiredo Francisco José Quaresma de
Published: September 2020

What is language? What is the best approach to teach a language? These questions have guided numerous studies in the field of applied linguistics (Donato, 1994; Ellis, 1985; Figueiredo, 2018; Hall, 2003; Pennycook, 1989). However, by considering that the difficulties and necessities of the language learning process are always influenced by its context, we perceive the temporary answers offered as localized possibilities. Thus, this qualitative study has no intention of providing universal and totalizing answers to these inquiries. Nonetheless, the practices of an English language classroom are investigated in this research to provide empirical material for the discussion of these matters. The classes observed were grounded on premises of critical applied linguistics and critical language teacher education. In the interactions analyzed, the seven students who participated in the study problematized essays and literary texts written by subaltern bodies, such as Wong’s (1980) and hooks’s (1994), who represent marginalized US groups. The specific objectives of this research are: a) to observe and discuss the elements that stand out during the learners’ interactions; and b) to investigate the students’ perceptions of this experience. The study shows that, more than following a method, adopting an approach that focuses on interactions as a means of promoting both linguistic improvement and questioning of naturalized assumptions is an effective way to learn and teach a foreign/second language. Furthermore, the practices discussed are in accordance with the ideas expressed by Kumaravadivelu (1994, 2001, 2003a, 2003b, 2005, 2006, 2012), for whom the postmethod perspective, connected with critical perspectives, seeks to equip student teachers with knowledge, attitudes and autonomy necessary to adopt a reflective posture towards their practices.
Espaço biográfico, autobiografia e gênero: ampliando fronteiras com Orlando: uma biografia, de Virginia Woolf
Authors: De Carvalho Neto José Pedro , Paulina Ferreira Élida
Published: September 2020

Desde sua criação, em 1928, Orlando: a biography, de Virginia Woolf, levanta muitos debates a respeito da questão de gênero, já que seu/sua personagem homônimo/a passa por uma transformação sexual. Neste texto, tratamos dos limites da noção de espaço biográfico, no seu cruzamento com o conceito de (auto)biografia, e da indecidibilidade e entrelugar dos gêneros, literário e sexual, considerando a perspectiva ‘trans’ mobilizada na obra de Woolf. O artigo está dividido em três partes. Na primeira, exploramos a temática do espaço (auto)biográfico a partir das contribuições de Lejeune (2008), Arfuch (2010a, 2010b), Derrida (1985a) e Derrida et al. (1985b). Na segunda, apresentamos a noção ‘lei do gênero’, de Derrida (2011), para tratar da relação entre os gêneros literário e sexual. Na terceira, mostramos os trânsitos entre os gêneros dos sujeitos e dos textos envolvidos no trabalho de Woolf. Considerando o pensamento da desconstrução, constatamos que Orlando transita entre diferentes gêneros e desafia seus limites estanques, e que também há uma relação entre os gêneros literário e sexual, pois a não unicidade de gênero de Orlando (personagem) problematiza o gênero literário (auto)biografia. Concluímos que Woolf/Orlando borra as fronteiras dos gêneros, desafiando o leitor a autenticar sua assinatura.
Mitemas edipianos nas Declamationes Maior 4 e Minor 306 de Pseudo-Quintiliano
Authors: Pontes Jefferson da Silva , Miotti Charlene Martins
Published: September 2020

As declamações têm se mostrado um campo profícuo para o estudo da relação entre a retórica e o drama, seja ele cômico, seja trágico. Considerando a teoria dos mitemas de Lévi-Strauss (1958) que versa sobre os elementos estruturais das narrativas míticas, propomos, no presente artigo, mapear o avizinhamento entre declamação e drama com a finalidade de averiguar uma possível circulação de histórias e de mitemas, como defende Brescia (2015), na literatura latina, em especial na composição dos temas das declamações. Para empreender essa pesquisa, tomamos como corpus para investigação a tragédia do rei Édipo contada por Sófocles (Οἰδίπους Τύραννος) no contexto grego e por Sêneca (Oedipus) no âmbito latino, em conjunto com as Declamationes Maior 4 e Minor 306 de Pseudo-Quintiliano, através das quais nos será permitido vislumbrar uma difusão de temas que poderiam dar face e voz à herança mitopoética romana, transmissora de um passado remoto e sustentado, amiúde, pelo mos maiorum.