bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patient subjective experience and satisfaction during the perioperative period in the day surgery setting: A systematic review
Authors: Rhodes Lenore , Miles Gail , Pearson Alan
Published: June 2006

This systematic review used the Joanna Briggs Institute Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument to manage, appraise, analyse and synthesize textual data in order to present the best available information in relation to how patients experience nursing interventions and care during the perioperative period in the day surgery setting. Some of the significant findings that emerged from the systematic review include the importance of pre‐admission contact, provision of relevant, specific education and information, improving communication skills and maintaining patient privacy throughout their continuum of care.
Anthropogenic effects on the chemical characteristics of freshwater streams near Sydney, Australia, during low flows
Authors: Hayes W. J. , Buckney R. T.
Published: June 2006

Streams near Sydney were sampled for 18 water quality parameters at 90 sites in 86 different waterways during low flow conditions. They were generally low in salinity, soft, of poor buffering capacity and dominated by sodium and chloride, consistent with their location in a coastal basin with a high sandstone content. Calcium, magnesium and (bi‐)carbonate dominance, or at least co‐dominance, occurred in a number of cases where other rocks, such as igneous and metamorphic formations, were present. Multivariate analyses indicated three groups, separated primarily by levels of dissolved nutrients, trace metals, turbidity and colour. Chemical groupings were associated strongly with the type and level of catchment development. Streams in areas relatively unaffected by human influence had notable uniformity in chemistry; any observed variability was derived mostly from the major ions, reflecting geological influences. In comparison, streams in catchments affected by human developmental activities were highly varied. Since very high concentrations of nutrients and metals were not frequent in samples, the findings were consistent with occasional or localized elevation of contaminant levels. Climatic trends ensured the sampling period was dominated by low stream flow conditions, that is, conditions not favourable for an assessment of the influence that flow and discharge have on surface water chemistry.
The conservation of Indian freshwater resources
Authors: Kaul S.
Published: June 2006

India has considerable wetland resources. Many are increasingly subject to disturbance from a variety of anthropogenic pressures. The article outlines the distribution of Indian wetlands, indicates the nature of anthropogenic pressures on them, and discusses governmental responses, both financial and legislative and at the State and national level, to conserve and manage them.
Toxic effect of the mosquito killer, S‐Deltamethrine, on the development and respiratory electron transport system activity of the embryos of bream (Abramis brama L.), roach (Rutilus rutilus), barbell (Barbus barbus) and pike (Esox lucius)
Authors: G.‐Tóth L. , Szabó M. , Biró P.
Published: June 2006

The effect of the insecticide, S‐Deltamethrine (DM, LC50 for mosquito larvae: 0.02 ppb), in the concentration range between 0.025 and 2500 ppb was examined in both embryogenesis and embryonic evolution of the electron transport system (ETS) of the bream, roach, barbel and pike. A 0.025 ppb concentration of DM caused 10‐25% death of the embryos in the first 2 days of incubation.

Fifty per cent of the roach embryos died by the end of a 144 h incubation period when the concentration was 0.025 ppb. In 2.5 ppb, 50% of the embryos died after 120 h. In 25 ppb, 50% death was registered after 96 h, and in 250 and 2500 ppb, 50% death was detected after 48 h. Fifty per cent of the barbel embryos died after a 48 h long incubation time in 250 and 2500 ppb. The same mortality was detected for the embryos of pike in 2500 ppb after a longer (148 and 168 h) incubation time. Half of the bream embryos died after 24 and 48 h at a concentration of 2500 ppb. Larvae showed a more sensitive response to treatments than did embryos. After hatching, 30‐84% of the larvae died in 0.025 ppb. Compared to embryos, larvae moved less in a concentration of 0.025 ppb and could not swim as easily as controls. In a concentration >0.25‐2.5 ppb, larvae were passive and often malformed. S‐Deltamethrine inhibited ETS activity in a concentration‐dependent manner. Electron transport system activity of larvae was reduced by 50% in 250 ppb concentration.
Application of remote sensing in studies of water quality in the Amazon Region
Authors: Juras A. A.
Published: June 2006

This paper deals with some basic matters concerning the use of remote sensing techniques related to limnological/water quality surveys in the Amazon Region. The main conclusions are: (i) it is important to use these techniques for detecting problems before the construction of new projects involving water resources in the Amazon Region; and (ii) remote sensing focused on water quality should be seriously considered in planning Brazil's space program as a means of providing data for more effective water basin management.
Perspectives in environmental restoration and nature conservation in lakes
Authors: Lijklema Lambertus
Published: June 2006

The developments in water quality management, environmental protection and nature conservation are characterized by interacting physical, social and institutional responses. Resilience towards change and time lags in responses occur in the ecosystem and in society as well. Both delays contribute to frequently observed inadequate management. Prevention or curtailment of environmental deterioration requires awareness of the frequently lengthy creeping and hidden degradation in the ecosystem and a proactive decision‐making structure in society.

Although the terms environmental protection and nature conservation are mostly dealt with as more or less synonymous, yet a certain dissimilarity between the objectives of nature conservation and of environmental protection can be pointed out. Some potential consequences for lake protection are discussed.
Impacts on biodiversity and species changes in the lower Great Lakes
Authors: Allan Roderick J. , Zarull Michael A.
Published: June 2006

The Great Lakes basin ecosystem evolved after the retreat of the last ice sheet, about 10 000 years ago. Today, the complex of species present in the Great Lakes and much of the visible landscape bears little resemblance to that found some 400 years ago. Rather, the effects of various aspects of human development have caused major changes in the natural biodiversity. Lessons learned in the lower Great Lakes are applicable to many lakes around the world that have undergone agricultural, industrial and urban development in their drainage basins and have become managed, artificial ecosystems.
Regional lake quality patterns: Their relationship to lake conservation and management decisions
Authors: Peterson S. A. , Hughes R. M. , Larsen D. P. , Paulsen S. G. , Omernik J. M.
Published: June 2006

Understanding regional lake quality patterns is important to lake restoration. It puts specific lake conditions into perspective, provides a basis for establishing lake quality goals, identifies lakes most likely to benefit from restoration and forms a framework for assessing restoration success. We describe two techniques used to characterize regional lake quality patterns. Combining the two approaches provides an effective means to describe lake regions, management goals and restoration success. Case examples illustrate the significance of regional lake quality to specific lake restoration projects.
Spatial heterogeneity of physical and chemical conditions in a tropical reservoir wetland
Authors: Whitaker Valéria A. , Matvienko Bohdan , Tundisi José G.
Published: June 2006

Abiotic data, such as physical and chemical variables and inorganic nitrogen status were obtained from substrate compartments in four environments in the Lobo reservoir wetlands. The sampling sites were selected by‘in‐situ’observation of the hydrological features, the degree of‘openness’to the flow‐through of water and macrophyte communities. For each site, three compartments were considered: the sediment, the interstitial water and the overlaying water at the sediment water interface. The pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite and ammonium nitrogen, organic matter and moisture content were analyzed in the substrate. The spatial distribution of these properties was associated with the hydrological and nutritional flooding conditions. Lobo wetland sediment may be an efficient buffer system due to its high interstitial and exchangeable ammonium concentrations.
Lakes in Bavaria: Concepts for protection and on‐going, sustained utilization
Authors: Buchner Werner
Published: June 2006

The paper outlines the nature of lakes in Bavaria, Germany, and discusses their uses, development, protection and conservation. Interdisciplinary regional concepts are also considered as is integrated planning of an area of artificial lakes.
Seasonal changes in the dissolved oxygen status of two tropical water storages
Authors: Boland K. T. , Griffiths D. J.
Published: June 2006

Seasonal changes in the dissolved oxygen characteristics of two tropical impoundments in north‐western Queensland are described. The lakes are compared in terms of their dissolved oxygen saturation deviation index (OSDI). In the deeper, more sheltered Lake Julius (20°08'S, 139°43.5′E) OSDI was positively correlated with vertical water column stability which explained ∼50% of the observed variation in OSDI. In the shallower, more exposed Lake Moondarra (20°35'S, 139°34.5′E) which, like Lake Julius experiences prolonged periods of hypolimnetic oxygen depletion, there was no significant correlation between OSDI and water column stability. It is concluded that in the considerably less stable Lake Moondarra, high OSDI values are maintained by the greater area of contact between the hypolimnion and sediment surface. In neither lake was there any significant correlation between OSDI and the phytoplankton biomass (measured as sub‐surface chlorophyll a concentration). Volume and 4°C‐temperature corrected rates of oxygen depletion for the entire lake were higher in Lake Julius (0.075 mg L−1 day−1) than in Lake Moondarra (0.038 mg L−1 day−1).
Public participation in water management and the promotion of environmental education
Authors: House Margaret A.
Published: June 2006

If fresh waters are to be managed sustainably, and the potential to resolve conflicts of use realised, the general public must be more involved in their management. Participation in water management in England and Wales occurs at three levels, formal consultation, public involvement or actual direct participation by the public. Formal consultations often leave the public in the role of the ‘objector’ and ignore the ‘silent majority’, focusing on the more vociferous minority of the population. Public involvement is less formal and can take a variety of forms. Although not allowing the public to be directly involved in the decision‐making processes, it provides the public with the opportunity to comment upon plans for river works or the re‐development of a river location, or to indicate what they want from the rivers that flow through their own local area and which they use for recreation and amenity. True participation is where the public are actively involved in the decision‐making processes. Public participation at all three levels provides environmental education, however, personal experience promotes a greater environmental awareness and understanding by the public.

There have been a number of educational initiatives aimed at schools in the United Kingdom which incorporate participation and education. Care of, and learning about, the natural environment is part of Key Stage 2 of the National Curriculum taught in all schools for eight‐ to twelve‐year‐old children.

This paper reflects upon approaches to public participation and environmental education in the United Kingdom and provides examples of specific projects and campaigns involving both formal organizations and the general public.
Environmental problems of Lake Victoria (East Africa): What the international community can do
Authors: Muli Jones R.
Published: June 2006

Lake Victoria has recently undergone immense biological changes. These have led to the extinction of indigenous ecosystems and biota. Decrease in biodiversity has been characterized by mass extinction of cichlid fishes and benthic macroinvertebrates, especially insects. Increasing pollution and/or eutrophication has resulted in the deterioration of water quality and an increase in water‐borne diseases. Infestation of the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), which occurred recently, is the latest problem. These problems suggest several responses. A genebank of the remaining fish species should be created. Cage and/or open sea farming of the endangered fishes in Lake Victoria is a viable option in captive breeding of the remaining cichlids. Rehabilitating sewage pumping plants and extending treatment to unsewered urban areas would control organic pollution. Filtration systems based on macrophytes could be used in small urban centres to decrease pollution. Special attention to the taxonomy of the benthic group of insects is needed since undescribed species are being lost.
Nutrients of Lake Biwa in the unusually cool and hot summers of 1993 and 1994
Authors: Sohrin* Yoshiki , Tateishi Takuya , Mito Saeko , Matsui Masakazu , Maeda Hiroto , Hattori Akihisa , Kawashima Munetsugu , Hasegawa Hiroshi
Published: June 2006

In Japan, there was an unusually cool and rainy summer in 1993, and an unusually hot and dry summer in 1994. We investigated chemical species in the waters of Lake Biwa during these two years. Samples were collected vertically from stations off Omimaiko in the mesotrophic northern basin and at a dredged area in the eutrophic southern basin, and surface water samples were also collected from three other stations at about one month intervals. We also studied chemical species in precipitation collected at Otsu, on the southeast shore of the southern basin, and sediment cores collected from the southern basin. The features of the lake water were very dependent on the summer climate. In 1993, abundant rain and weak thermal stratification supported high nutrient concentrations in the epilimnion. In 1994, nutrients were depleted and a high transparency and low concentration of chlorophyll a were observed in the epilimnion of the northern basin. This is because the supply of nutrients was limited owing to little rain and a well‐developed thermocline. However, a great deal of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) occurred until late August in the southern basin. Local anoxic conditions were extensively developed in 1994, since a large amount of macroalgae grew and regressed in the southern basin owing to a high water temperature (30°C) and decline in the water‐level. Presumably DRP was desorbed from ferromanganese oxides that were reduced in the anoxic sediments and the DRP found its way into the lake water. Although it has been reported that the concentration of phosphorus in the lake water had not significantly increased in the last two decades, phosphorus which had steadily accumulated in the sediments had a crucial effect on the quality of the lake water.
Wet season incidence of coliform bacteria in Lake Kariba inshore waters in the Kariba town area
Authors: Magadza C. H. D. , Dhlomo E. J.
Published: June 2006

The construction of Kariba dam resulted in the development of an unplanned town, Kariba. The sanitary services of this town originated from provisional arrangements. The town now has a population of about 27 000 inhabitants. Tourism, both local and international, is one of the major sources of employment. This study has revealed the presence of high levels of coliform bacteria in the inshore waters of the urban environment. The main sources of these bacteria are poorly managed private and municipal wastewater disposal systems. The private sector contribution emanates mainly from the lake‐shore tourist resorts. Although there are wastewater management defects indicated in the study, the main cause of the problem is identified as the immaturity of governance in which state employees can be in dereliction of duty with impunity.
Ecosystem health assessment of Lake Chao, a shallow eutrophic Chinese lake
Authors: Xu Fuliu
Published: June 2006

Ecosystem health is a newly proposed concept that sets new goals for environmental management. Its definition, index and assessment methods are still being perfected. Eutrophication is a serious disease of lakes and reservoirs around the world that has badly damaged lake ecosystem health, and resulted in disharmony of ecosystem structure, and a decrease in biodiversity and resilience. In this case study for Lake Chao, an attempt to apply trophic state index (TSI), diversity index (DI), exergy (Ex), structural exergy (Exst) and phytoplankton buffer capacity β(TP)(phyto) to the assessment of the Lake Chao ecosystem health is presented. The results reveal that these indicators can give appropriate information on the state of health of the Lake Chao ecosystem. From January to March 1988, Ex, Exst, and DI are highest, the TSI and β(TP)(Phyto) are lowest. The lake ecosystem is relatively healthy; however, there are still some problems such as the disharmony of biological structure (too much zooplankton biomass and too little phytoplankton biomass). From August to October and from April to May 1988, the TSI and Ex are higher; and DI, Exst and β(TP)(phyto) are lower. This implies that the lake ecosystem is a typical eutrophic system, and lake ecosystem health is poor, especially in September and May. A relative order of state of health for the Lake Chao ecosystem from good to bad can be derived: January to March 1988 > November to December 1987 > June to July 1987 > April to May 1987 > August to October 1987. The results are in accordance with actual situations.
Fisheries in large tropical reservoirs in South America
Authors: Petrere Miguel
Published: June 2006

The present status of large reservoir fisheries and their management in large reservoirs in South America are reviewed. There is a brief discussion about reservoir typology, and how most of it is inappropriate to fish. Fish in reservoirs and their introduction from other habitats are described, together with comparative yields. The main impacts due to damming are described, including social aspects. Four case studies are presented for the largest reservoirs in South America: Sobradinho, Tucuruí and Itaipu in Brazil, and El Guri in Venezuela.
A perspective on community‐based management at Lake Zangi Nawar, Baluchistan, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Aleem Ahmed , Sheik Kashif M. , Wright Gordon
Published: June 2006

Pakistan covers 79.1 million ha in which the area of water is estimated at 7.8 million ha and provides food and shelter to the local inhabitants as well as visiting and resident wildfowl. From early July to late September, monsoons reach into Pakistan and are of immense significance to the country's wildlife and agro‐based communities. However, a vast part of the country, mainly Baluchistan province, remains deprived of this rain but in winter seasonal rains and snow occur, particularly in Quetta, Zhoba and Pishin valleys. This rain and snow melt water provides a source of sustenance to the people of not only Baluchistan, but also Afghanistan. This water settles in a chain of lagoons in the Chagai desert, and provides much bird habitat. For centuries, Lake Zangi Nawar has been used by hundreds of thousand of birds and many local tribes. The people and governments have collectively made small dams so that this large source of water may be of help through seasonal agriculture and pasture management for their livestock, on which the people mainly depend. The lake is the sole source for raising the water‐table for the nearby villages who use this for drinking purposes. These Baluch tribes are barely literate, but with experience they have recognized that the lake and its valuable by‐products are of immense advantage. Thus, they carefully watch and guard the whole area. The study considers the available resources, the community response, and the development made by the visitors at Zangi Nawar. It also provides options and suggestions for long‐term sustainable management of the wetland and its resources.
Regulation of plankton and benthic communities and water quality by cyprinid fish
Authors: Tátrai István , Oláh János , Józsa Vilmos , Kawiecka Barbara J. , Mátyás Kálmán , Paulovits Gábor , Pekár Ferenc , Szabó Pal
Published: June 2006

During the first year of a 4 year pond experiment, the conditions under which fish manipulation has any effect on lower trophic levels and water clarity was studied. Cyprinid fish of mature age classes (3+‐ 4+) were introduced into each of three experimental ponds with an area of 0.3 ha (average depth ∼1.7 m), while a fourth pond was left free of fish. Bream (Abramis brama L.), white bream (Blicca bjoerkna L.) and roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) made up 75% of the total cyprinid biomass, with wild carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) as the remaining 25%. The introduced fish spawned successfully. Different fish stocks (100, 300 and 500 kg ha−1) were simulated in each of the three experimental ponds. The high (above 300 kg ha−1) planktivorous and benthivorous fish stocks resulted in several qualitative and quantitative alterations to the food chain structure in these simulation pond experiments. These alterations must largely be assigned to changes caused by both the zooplanktivorous and benthivorous nature of the stocked fish populations. At the higher levels of fish biomass, Secchi depth was influenced significantly by chlorophyll a concentration. Most of the variance in suspended solids concentration could be explained by the biomass ratio of the mature benthivorous fish. There was a clear shift in algal cell size in the ponds with the higher fish stocks; ponds with more fish had large cells later in the summer. The relative influence of young cyprinid fish on crustacean species composition and biomass, and mature populations on benthic fauna abundance and biomass, was significantly greater at higher (300‐500 kg ha−1) fish stock rates.
Geochemistry of mercury in sediments from Lake Biwa in Japan
Authors: Chandrajith Rohana , Okumura Minoru
Published: June 2006

Three core samples from Lake Biwa, Japan, were analysed for mercury (Hg) and other heavy metals (iron, manganese, zinc, copper, lead, nickel, chromium, cobalt). The concentration of Hg in the core samples investigated varied from 106 to 222 ng/g. The sedimentary records of the lake indicate that the anthropogenic input of Hg parallels the increasing intensity of cultural activities in the lake basin. The maximum anthropogenic input could be identified for Hg during the mid‐1960s. The geo‐chemical data of the lake sediments are used to evaluate the behaviour of Hg with other trace metals.
Towards sustainable utilization of Lake Naivasha, Kenya
Authors: Abiya I. O.
Published: June 2006

The current trend of utilization of the resources of Lake Naivasha poses serious threats to the fragile lake ecosystem and its biodiversity. The paper considers the dynamics of the changing lake ecosystem, imminent threats to, and the community‐based approach towards the sustainable utilization of the lake. The sustainable use of the lake will not be fully realized without a sound management plan. There is a need to enact consolidated environmental legislation in Kenya, which will enable the strengthening of environmental conservation and the protection for sustainable utilization of natural resources.
The impacts of power boating and water skiing on lakes and reservoirs
Authors: Mosisch Thorsten D. , Arthington Angela H.
Published: June 2006

Over the last 30 years, the use of motorised recreational craft on inland waters has increased significantly, and it is likely that this trend will continue. This growing use of rivers, lakes and water storage reservoirs for recreational purposes has led to concerns about increasing anthropological pressures on freshwater environments. As a result, numerous studies focusing on the possible impact of power boats on inland waterbodies have been undertaken since the early 1970s, when attention started to be drawn to environmental impacts associated with this type of recreation. This paper presents an overview of identified and documented physical, chemical and biological impacts as a result of motorised recreational activities on lakes and reservoirs. Relevant literature, including research papers, government reports and bibliographies, was consulted in the preparation of this review. It has become obvious that in the past, biological impacts have been underestimated. Thus, there is a need for further, more focused, research into the impacts on not only freshwater ecosystems but on terrestrial biota surrounding recreational waters.
Estimation of bacterial production through the coupling of (methyl 3H) Thymidine incorporation and several parameters over a Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in a hypereutrophic reservoir
Authors: Aleya Lotfi , Durieu Michel , Devaux Jean
Published: June 2006

The coupling of the changes in bacterial quantitative and metabolic aspects during Microcystis aeruginosa bloom conditions together with several environmental parameters was studied in the hypereutrophic Villerest reservoir, France. Bacterial abundance varied from 5.20 to 21.28 × 106 bacteria‐mL−1, while bacterial biomass ranged between 75 and 507 μg C mL−1. These results confirmed the highly eutrophic status of the Villerest reservoir. The relative quantitative importance of attached bacteria increased as Microcystis proliferated. Methyl‐3H incorporation and D‐(U‐14C) glucose uptake varied from 8.99 to 60.57 × 106 cells‐mL−1, and 0.016 to 1.587 μg CL−1 h−1, respectively. Correlations between several abiotic and biotic parameters showed that phytoplankton regulated bacterial growth by releasing organic carbon which is directly uptaken by heterotrophic bacteria. In the hypolimnion, the sedimentation of decaying algae represented a substantial substrate for bacterial growth.
Status of global reservoirs: The position in the late twentieth century
Authors: Avakyan A. B. , Iakovleva V. B.
Published: June 2006

The environmental effects, positive and negative, of reservoir creation and the dynamics of their construction in each continent and in certain countries are presented in this paper. The regional peculiarities of reservoir use are characterized.
Modelling and prediction of phyto‐ and zooplankton dynamics in Lake Kasumigaura by artificial neural networks
Authors: Recknagel Friedrich , Fukushima Takehiko , Hanazato Takayuki , Takamura Noriko , Wilson Hugh
Published: June 2006

An artificial neural network model was developed for Lake Kasumigaura to predict timing and magnitudes for chlorophyll a, five species of blue‐green algae and three zooplankton groups. The model was trained by 8 years of limnological time series and validated by two independent years. The validation showed the potential of neural networks as predictive tools for highly non‐linear phenomena such as blue‐green algal blooms in freshwater lakes.
A new species of the feather mite genus Titanolichus Gaud & Atyeo, 1996 (Acari: Astigmata: Pterolichidae) from the endangered orange‐bellied parrot Neophema chrysogaster (Aves: Psittaciformes) from Australia
Authors: Dabert Jacek , Mironov Sergey V , Proctor Heather
Published: June 2006

Abstract  Titanolichus seemani sp. n., a new species of the genus Titanolichus Gaud & Atyeo, 1996, is described from a museum skin of the endangered orange‐bellied parrot Neophema chrysogaster (Latham) (Aves: Psittaciformes) from Australia. We also redescribe the type species Titanolichus chiragricus (Mégnin & Trouessart) from the ground parrot Pezoporus wallicus (Kerr), provide a key for all known species of Titanolichus and point out some problems in the systematics of this genus.
Charipinae (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) from Australia: revision of the genus Thoreauana Girault, 1930 and description of Dilapothor n. gen.
Authors: Paretas‐Martínez Jordi , Pujade‐Villar Juli
Published: June 2006

Abstract  The Australian genus Thoreauana Girault is revised: the three known species are redescribed and Thoreauana giraulti sp. n. is described. A new genus of Charipinae from Australia, Dilapothor n. gen., is described. The diagnostic characters for the tribe Charipini are discussed and a key to the Charipini genera is provided.
Molecular phylogeny of the green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Authors: Winterton Shaun , De Freitas Sérgio
Published: June 2006

Abstract  The first quantitative analysis of phylogenetic relationships of green lacewings (Chrysopidae) is presented based on DNA sequence data. A single nuclear and two mitochondrial genes are used in the analysis: carbomoylphosphate synthase (CPS) domain of carbamoyl‐phosphate synthetase‐aspartate transcarbamoylase‐dihydroorotase (CAD) (i.e. rudimentary locus), large subunit ribosomal gene (16S) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI). This study represents the first use of the CAD gene to investigate phylogenetic relationships of the lacewings. DNA sequences for 33 chrysopid species from 18 genera, representing all subfamilies and tribes, were compared with outgroups sampled from families Hemerobiidae, Osmylidae and Polystoechotidae. Parsimony analyses of the combined data set recovered all of the previously established subfamilial and tribal groups as monophyletic clades (although relatively weakly supported) except Apochrysinae sensu lato. The enigmatic Nothancyla verreauxi Navás has historically been difficult to place in a subfamily group based on morphological characteristics; molecular data presented herein do not adequately resolve this problem.
The prevalence ofStephanofilariasp. in buffalo fly,Haematobia irritans exigua, in Central Queensland
Authors: Shaw Sarah A , Sutherland Ian A
Published: June 2006

Abstract Buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) infestations of cattle are associated with characteristic lesions, the initial cause of which has been attributed to a filarial nematode of the genusStephanofilaria, for which the fly acts as a vector. Survey work in the 1980s estimated the prevalence of microfilaria in female buffalo fly in Queensland at 2.91%. Since then no information has been published and the current prevalence of microfilarial infection in buffalo fly is not known. Buffalo fly were collected from four geographically distinct sites in Central Queensland in mid‐summer 2004 and were dissected to estimateStephanofilariasp. infection rates.Larval stages of the nematodes were recovered from female flies from all four sites and the percentage of female flies from which nematodes were recovered ranged from 29% to 57%. The average number of larvae recovered from infected female flies ranged from 1.25 to 1.75. Whereas no infected male flies were found from Sites 2–4, larvae were recovered from 43% of male flies collected at Site 1. This high prevalence of filarial infection in buffalo flies implies a correspondingly high level of transmission to cattle in Central Queensland.
Treatment with insulin glargine does not suppress serum IGF‐1
Authors: Slawik M. , Schories M. , Busse Grawitz A. , Reincke M. , Petersen K.‐G.
Published: June 2006

Aims  A 6–8‐fold higher insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) receptor binding affinity in vitro is reported for the insulin analogue glargine compared with human insulin. This study evaluates the in vivo significance by exploring the growth hormone (GH)–IGF‐1 axis. Assuming a higher binding affinity of insulin glargine to pituitary IGF‐1 receptors, serum IGF‐1 concentrations should decrease via negative feedback.

Methods  In a crossover study, insulin glargine or NPH insulin, respectively, were used in identical doses as basal insulins in treatment periods of 3 weeks.

Results  Overall glycaemic control was not different between the treatment regimens. In contrast to the hypothesis, serum IGF‐1 concentrations were higher during insulin glargine treatment compared with NPH insulin in patients with Type 1 diabetes (177 ± 18 vs. 159 ± 18 µg/l, P < 0.02, n = 17, age 28 ± 2 years). The effect on IGF‐1 was most pronounced in male patients with Type 1 diabetes (174 ± 11 vs. 146 ± 10 µg/l, P < 0.02, n = 10), but was not significant in patients with Type 2 diabetes (92 ± 9 vs. 86 ± 8 µg/l, NS, n = 25, age 66 ± 2 years).

Conclusions  In contrast to our hypothesis, serum IGF‐1 did not decrease, but rose during insulin glargine treatment, suggesting an absence of relevant IGF‐1‐like activity of glargine at the level of the pituitary. Improved plasma glucose at dawn during glargine treatment may intensify growth hormone surges and increase IGF‐1 synthesis. Significant increases were seen in younger patients, compatible with the higher activity of the GH–IGF‐1 axis in this age group.
Successful cardiovascular risk reduction in Type 2 diabetes by nurse‐led care using an open clinical algorithm
Authors: Woodward A. , Wallymahmed M. , Wilding J. , Gill G.
Published: June 2006

Aims  To implement a protocol‐driven, nurse‐led cardiovascular risk reduction clinic using an open clinical algorithm. The primary aim of the clinic was to optimize blood pressure (BP) control; secondary aims were to reduce modifiable cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods  We studied 110 people with Type 2 diabetes attending a diabetes out‐patient centre at University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool. Patients taking one or more antihypertensive drugs were selected for referral to the nurse‐led clinic if BP was > 140/85 mmHg; there was no age threshold. An open clinical algorithm was designed to direct the nurse on the use of antihypertensive, statin and aspirin therapy plus lifestyle advice and concordance.

Results  Thirty‐one percent of patients attending for a first visit to the nurse‐led clinic had BP within target when measured to British Hypertension Society standards out of the consultant clinic. Mean BP was 150/76 mmHg compared with 178/88 mmHg (P < 0.001). Subsequently, BP was reduced to 130/68 mmHg (P < 0.001), this reduction being sustained at review 9 months later (mean BP 133/67 mmHg), with 87 (79%) achieving BP ≤ 140/85 mmHg. Treatment modalities were adjusted to reduce cardiovascular risk, including antihypertensive medication, lipid‐lowering therapy and antiplatelet therapy. High‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol improved from 1.2 ± 0.5 mmol/l to 1.4 ± 0.5 mmol/l (P = 0.004). The number of patients with microalbuminuria decreased from 41 (47%) to 25 (28%) (P = 0.02), with a fall in urinary albumin:creatinine ratio from 3.0 (1.3–7.9) to 1.8 (1.0–5.0) mg/mmol (P = 0.01). The number of smokers decreased from 22 (20%) to 14 (13%) (P = 0.01). Although not included as an intervention in the protocol, HbA1c improved to 8.1 ± 1.6% from 8.7 ± 1.6% (P < 0.001).

Conclusion  A protocol‐driven, nurse‐led clinic using an open clinical algorithm can be used effectively to manage cardiovascular risk reduction in Type 2 diabetes.
Prevalence of silent myocardial ischaemia in new‐onset middle‐aged Type 2 diabetic patients without other cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Fornengo P. , Bosio A. , Epifani G. , Pallisco O. , Mancuso A. , Pascale C.
Published: June 2006

Aims  Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in patients with Type 2 diabetes and is often asymptomatic. Silent myocardial ischaemia (SMI) is frequent in diabetic subjects and is responsible for a late diagnosis of CAD; its early detection is important. There are some data about the prevalence of SMI in Type 2 diabetic patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease, while no data are available in subjects at the onset of diabetes without other cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods  We screened 274 consecutive patients (mean age 64.3 ± 8.4 years, 66% male) at the time of diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes; we enrolled 111 subjects without other cardiovascular disease risk factors (dyslipidaemia, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, retinopathy, microalbuminuria, history of heart disease) and with normal resting electrocardiogram (ECG). Participants performed a maximal ECG exercise protocol and, if positive, underwent coronary angiography.

Results  The ECG exercise test was positive in 19 patients (17.1%); of those 14 (13%) had angiographic coronary disease (one with three‐vessel disease, three with two vessels and 10 with one vessel involved). The positive predictive value of the exercise ECG for predicting angiographic coronary disease was 73%.

Conclusions  The prevalence of SMI was 17% and angiographic coronary disease was found in 13% of middle‐aged subjects with new‐onset Type 2 diabetes without other cardiovascular risk factors. This prevalence is similar to that observed in studies of subjects with long duration diabetes who have additional cardiovascular risk factors.
On continuative on*
Authors: Toivonen Ida
Published: June 2006

Abstract.  This paper examines the verbal particle on in its use as a marker of continuation. Continuative on is only compatible with verbs of the situation type activity, and on also places restrictions on the overt realizations of verbal arguments. These characteristics follow from an analysis of on as a secondary predicate whose aspect features must unify with the aspect features of the verb.
Trade Union Density and Inflation Performance: Evidence from OECD Panel Data
Authors: BOWDLER C. , NUNZIATA L.
Published: June 2006

This paper examines the impact of union membership rates on inflation in OECD countries. A positive effect of union density is estimated, even after controlling for fixed effects and time dummies. Additional institutional characteristics, for example union coordination, employment protection laws and central bank independence, do not affect inflation directly in a panel setting, but do influence the size of the unionization coefficient via interaction terms. The results are robust to controlling for potential common causes such as oil price shocks and the political stance of the government, and to using GMM/IV techniques to handle possible endogeneity biases.
Credit Rationing: Something's Gotta Give
Authors: DE MEZA DAVID , WEBB DAVID C.
Published: June 2006

Equilibrium credit rationing, in the sense of Stiglitz and Weiss, is shown to imply that the marginal cost of funds to the borrower is infinite. So entrepreneurs have an overwhelming incentive to cut their loans by a dollar and so avoid rationing. Ways of doing this include scaling down the project, decreasing consumption, or delaying the project to accumulate more savings. Credit rationing emerges for indivisible projects only when delay causes sufficient deterioration. Borrowers then apply for funds at the first opportunity, but, counterfactually, once denied a loan, they never reapply. Conditions for credit rationing are stringent indeed.
Beyond Balassa–Samuelson: Real appreciation in tradables in transition countries1
Authors: Cincibuch Martin , Podpiera Jiří
Published: June 2006

We decompose real appreciation in tradables derived from producer price indexes in three Central European countries between the pricing‐to‐market component (disparity) and the local relative price component (the substitution ratio). Appreciation is only partially explained by local relative prices. The rest is absorbed by disparity, depending on the size of the no‐arbitrage band. The observed disparity fluctuates in a wider band for differentiated products than for commodity like goods.
Growth in transition economies: A trade policy perspective1
Authors: Barlow David
Published: June 2006

This paper examines the influence of trade liberalization on GDP growth during the transition from communism. The level of trade liberalization is found to raise the growth rate, particularly in the early part of the transition and for the countries nearest to the European Union. For the remaining countries and for the later transition period, the positive influence of trade reform on growth requires the negative effect of the interaction between trade reform and privatization to be taken into account. Even with the interaction terms the effect of trade liberalization is not statistically significant in the later transition period.
The Limits of Europeanization: Regulatory Reforms in the Spanish and Portuguese Telecommunications and Electricity Sectors
Authors: JORDANA JACINT , LEVI‐FAUR DAVID , PUIG IMMA
Published: June 2006

The creation of a European Union‐level regulatory regime for telecommunications and electricity was a highly successful political initiative of the European Commission. However, this article argues that the causal link between European initiatives and national policy change is weak. Building on an emerging tradition of cross‐sector research of these two sectors, and considering two most similar European countries, the article applies a series of comparisons, including a stepwise comparative analysis of two countries (one a reluctant liberalizer, the other an enthusiastic one), of two sectors (a pacesetter and a footdragger), and of two time periods (before and after the regulatory reforms). We suggest that Spain and Portugal were able to shape their sectors according to the preferences of their national policy communities and in a context of a global shift in the way countries both within Europe and outside it defined their interests.
Imaging Abnormalities in Sporadic Hemiplegic Migraine on Conventional MRI, Diffusion and Perfusion MRI and MRS
Authors: Jacob A , Mahavish K , Bowden A , Smith ETS , Enevoldson P , White RP
Published: June 2006

Prolonged hemiparetic migraine aura can cause diagnostic confusion and be mistaken for ischaemic stroke occurring during the course of a migraine—‘migrainous infarction’. We report a case of prolonged hemiparesis occurring during the course of a migraine attack. Though initially confused with migrainous infarction, we suggest with sequential magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance angiography, diffusion, perfusion images and magnetic resonance spectroscopy that the hemiplegia was not of vascular origin and that the patient had sporadic hemiplegic migraine. We hypothesize that the mechanisms of sporadic hemiplegic migraine probably lie at a cellular level, similiar to familial hemiplegic migraine.
Skin problems after a tsunami
Authors: Lee SH , Choi CP , Eun HC , Kwon OS
Published: June 2006

Background  On December 26, 2004, the biggest earthquake for 40 years, measuring 9.0 on the Richter scale, triggered a tsunami that pounded the coastal areas of South Asia and East Africa. The effects of the tsunami on skin conditions have not been evaluated.

Objective  To determine the influence of the tsunami on skin conditions by evaluating the skin problems of patients presenting at hospitals after the tsunami.

Methods  Between 5 and 25 January 2005, two dermatologists evaluated patients who complained of skin problems at an outpatient clinic and emergency room of a general hospital in Banda Aceh, Aceh Province, Indonesia.

Results  The total number of patients that presented during the study period was 235 (131 males and 104 females), and they had a total of 265 skin problems. In terms of age distribution, most subjects were in their fourth decade (23.0%), followed by the third (22.6%) and fifth decade (16.6%). The most prevalent skin problems were infections–infestations (32.5%), followed by eczemas (29.8%) and traumatic skin disorders (29.4%). In males, traumatic skin disorders were most common. The great majority of infection–infestation cases involved superficial fungal infections. Contact dermatitis accounted for three‐quarters of eczema cases, and mainly involved the arms (40.0%) and legs (27.1%). The majority of traumatic skin disorders were lacerations, punctures and penetrations, and the feet (44.7%) and hands (18.8%) were most frequently affected.

Conclusions  Unhygienic conditions, exposure to a hazardous environment and contact with various objects during and after the tsunami probably increased the prevalence of infections–infestations, traumatic skin disorders and contact dermatitis. To prevent these problems and associated secondary bacterial infections, health‐related education and early medical management are required.
Treatment of chronic hepatitis delta with pegylated interferon‐α2b
Authors: Erhardt Andreas , Gerlich Wolfram , Starke Christine , Wend Ulrike , Donner Andreas , Sagir Abdurrahman , Heintges Tobias , Häussinger Dieter
Published: June 2006

Abstract: Background/Aims: Chronic hepatitis D is difficult to treat. The present pilot study investigated the efficacy and tolerability of pegylated (PEG)‐interferon (IFN)‐α2b in chronic hepatitis D.

Patients and Methods: Twelve patients with chronic hepatitis D were prospectively treated with 1.5 μg/kg PEG‐IFN‐α2b for 48 weeks and followed for 24 weeks. Sustained response (SR) was defined as undetectable hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and normalization of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at 6 months after treatment. Investigations included HDV RNA kinetics, determination of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HDV genotypes and histological evaluation.

Results: An SR was achieved in two out of 12 of patients (17%). The negative predictive value of a less than 3 log HDV RNA decrease at month 6 was 100%. The positive predictive value of a more than 3 log HDV RNA decrease at month 6 was 67%. A marked ALT reduction at the end of treatment was observed in responders and nonresponders. Ishak histological score was comparable at baseline and significantly improved in responders compared with nonresponders at the end of follow‐up (13.5 vs. 8.0; P<0.02).

Conclusion: The present study indicates that PEG‐IFN‐α2b is a promising treatment option in chronic hepatitis D. Nonresponders could be identified by a less than 3 log decrease of HDV RNA at 6 months of treatment.
Developmental plasticity and disparity in early dipnoan (lungfish) dentitions
Authors: Ahlberg Per Erik , Smith Moya M. , Johanson Zerina
Published: June 2006

SUMMARY
Although the lungfish (Dipnoi) belong within the Osteichthyes, their dentitions are radically different from other osteichthyans. Lungfish dentitions also show a uniquely high structural disparity during the early evolution of the group, partly owing to the independent variation of odontogenic and odontoclastic processes that are tightly and stereotypically coordinated in other osteichthyans. We present a phylogenetic analysis of early lungfishes incorporating a novel approach to coding these process characters in preference to the resultant adult dental morphology. The results only partially resolve the interrelationships of Devonian dipnoans, but show that the widely discussed hypothesis of separate tooth‐plated, dentine‐plated, and denticulated lineages is unlikely to be true. The dipnoan status of Diabolepis is corroborated. Lungfish dentitions seem to have undergone extensive and nonparsimonious evolution during the early history of the group, but much of the resulting disparity can be explained by a modest number of evolutionary steps in the underlying developmental processes, those for dental formation (odontogenic) and those for the remodeling of dentine tissue (odontoclastic). Later in lungfish evolution, this disparity was lost as the group settled to a pattern of dental development that is just as stereotypic as, but completely different from, that of other osteichthyans.