The Genome of the Sea Urchin
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Authors: Sodergren Erica , Weinstock George M. , Davidson Eric H , Cameron R. Andrew , Gibbs Richard A. , Angerer Robert C. , Angerer Lynne M. , Arnone Maria Ina , Burgess David R. , Burke Robert D. , Coffman James A. , Dean Michael , Elphick Maurice R. , Ettensohn Charles A. , Foltz Kathy R. , Hamdoun Amro , Hynes Richard O. , Klein William H. , Marzluff William , McClay David R. , Morris Robert L. , Mushegian Arcady , Rast Jonathan P. , Smith L. Courtney , Thorndyke Michael C. , Vacquier Victor D. , Wessel Gary M. , Wray Greg , Zhang Lan , Elsik Christine G. , Ermolaeva Olga , Hlavina Wratko , Hofmann Gretchen , Kitts Paul , Landrum Melissa J. , Mackey Aaron J. , Maglott Donna , Panopoulou Georgia , Poustka Albert J. , Pruitt Kim , Sapojnikov Victor , Song Xingzhi , Souvorov Alexandre , Solovyev Victor , Wei Zheng , Whittaker Charles A. , Worley Kim , Durbin K. James , Shen Yufeng , Fedrigo Olivier , Garfield David , Haygood Ralph , Primus Alexander , Satija Rahul , Severson Tonya , Gonzalez-Garay Manuel L. , Jackson Andrew R. , Milosavljevic Aleksandar , Tong Mark , Killian Christopher E. , Livingston Brian T. , Wilt Fred H. , Adams Nikki , BelleÌ Robert , Carbonneau Seth , Cheung Rocky , Cormier Patrick , Cosson Bertrand , Croce Jenifer , Fernandez-Guerra Antonio , GenevieÌre Anne-Marie , Goel Manisha , Kelkar Hemant , Morales Julia , Mulner-Lorillon Odile , Robertson Anthony J. , Goldstone Jared V. , Cole Bryan , Epel David , Gold Bert , Hahn Mark E. , Howard-Ashby Meredith , Scally Mark , Stegeman John J. , Allgood Erin L. , Cool Jonah , Judkins Kyle M. , McCafferty Shawn S. , Musante Ashlan M. , Obar Robert A. , Rawson Amanda P. , Rossetti Blair J. , Gibbons Ian R. , Hoffman Matthew P. , Leone Andrew , Istrail Sorin , Materna Stefan C. , Samanta Manoj P. , Stolc Viktor , Tongprasit Waraporn , Tu Qiang , Bergeron Karl-Frederik , Brandhorst Bruce P. , Whittle James , Berney Kevin , Bottjer David J. , Calestani Cristina , Peterson Kevin , Chow Elly , Yuan Qiu Autumn , Elhaik Eran , Graur Dan , Reese Justin T. , Bosdet Ian , Heesun Shin , Marra Marco A. , Schein Jacqueline , Anderson Michele K. , Brockton Virginia , Buckley Katherine M. , Cohen Avis H. , Fugmann Sebastian D. , Hibino Taku , Loza-Coll Mariano , Majeske Audrey J. , Messier Cynthia , Nair Sham V. , Pancer Zeev , Terwilliger David P. , Agca Cavit , Arboleda Enrique , Chen Nansheng , Churcher Allison M. , HallboÌoÌk F. , Humphrey Glen W. , Idris Mohammed M. , Kiyama Takae , Liang Shuguang , Mellott Dan , Mu Xiuqian , Murray Greg , Olinski Robert P. , Raible Florian , Rowe Matthew , Taylor John S. , Tessmar-Raible Kristin , Wang D. , Wilson Karen H. , Yaguchi Shunsuke , Gaasterland Terry , Galindo Blanca E. , Gunaratne Herath J. , Juliano Celina , Kinukawa Masashi , Moy Gary W. , Neill Anna T. , Nomura Mamoru , Raisch Michael , Reade Anna , Roux Michelle M. , Song Jia L. , Su Yi-Hsien , Townley Ian K. , Voronina Ekaterina , Wong Julian L. , Amore Gabriele , Branno Margherita , Brown Euan R. , Cavalieri Vincenzo , Duboc VeÌronique , Duloquin Louise , Flytzanis Constantin , Gache Christian , Lapraz FrancÌ§ois , Lepage Thierry , Locascio Annamaria , Martinez Pedro , Matassi Giorgio , Matranga Valeria , Range Ryan , Rizzo Francesca , RoÌttinger Eric , Beane Wendy , Bradham Cynthia , Byrum Christine , Glenn Tom , Hussain Sofia , Manning Gerard , Miranda Esther , Thomason Rebecca , Walton Katherine , Wikramanayke Athula , Wu Shu-Yu , Xu Ronghui , Brown C. Titus , Chen Lili , Gray Rachel F. , Lee Pei Yun , Nam Jongmin , Oliveri Paola , Smith Joel , Muzny Donna , Bell Stephanie , Chacko Joseph , Cree Andrew , Curry Stacey , Davis Clay , Dinh Huyen , Dugan-Rocha Shannon , Fowler Jerry , Gill Rachel , Hamilton Cerrissa , Hernandez Judith , Hines Sandra , Hume Jennifer , Jackson LaRonda , Jolivet Angela , Kovar Christie , Lee Sandra , Lewis Lora , Miner George , Morgan Margaret , Nazareth Lynne V. , Okwuonu Geoffrey , Parker David , Pu Ling-Ling , Thorn Rachel , Wright Rita 
Published: November 2006

We report the sequence and analysis of the 814-megabase genome of the sea urchin

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

, a model for developmental and systems biology. The sequencing strategy combined whole-genome shotgun and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequences. This use of BAC clones, aided by a pooling strategy, overcame difficulties associated with high heterozygosity of the genome. The genome encodes about 23,300 genes, including many previously thought to be vertebrate innovations or known only outside the deuterostomes. This echinoderm genome provides an evolutionary outgroup for the chordates and yields insights into the evolution of deuterostomes.