bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TRANSNATIONALISATION AND THE CHALLENGE OF DIFFERENTIATED CONCEPTS OF SPACE
Authors: PRIES LUDGER
Published: November 2009

Terms like globalisation, transnationalisation, glocalisation, world society, world empire, and trans‐world indicate that in social sciences there are different concepts applied to the increasing cross‐border entanglement and internationalisation of the world. Meanwhile some scholars argue that geographic borders and territories are increasingly losing their importance for structuring human life and social spaces, others hold that new politics of belonging, new logics of inclusion and exclusion are leading to new divisions of social segmentation and spatial segregation. After discussing some recent conceptualisations of the ongoing process of internationalisation the paper develops a differentiated typology of internationalisation processes based on an explicit reflection on the tradition of methodological nationalism and on different concepts of space, mainly absolutist and relativist understandings of space. It is argued that the different concepts of space and the various ideal types of internationalisation have to be treated not in an ‘either‐or’ but in an ‘as well as’ perspective.
GLOBAL MOBILITY, SHIFTING BORDERS AND URBAN CITIZENSHIP
Authors: SMITH MICHAEL PETER , GUARNIZO LUIS EDUARDO
Published: November 2009

Global migration has reached historic levels affecting every single country in the world. One of the most significant effects of this heightened mobility has been that a growing proportion of the residents of migrant receiving places lack national citizenship and are thus deprived of effective sociopolitical inclusion, representation, and participation in the localities where they have moved to for work, refuge or retirement. This disjuncture between the spaces of citizenship and daily life, in turn, has led to a devolution of citizenship claims‐making from national to urban space. This paper begins by identifying four key political economic developments operating at the global scale that have unsettled the established view of the close correspondence between nationhood and citizenship. It then focuses on the uses and limits of the increasingly voluble discourse on ‘the right to the city’ as a way to create alternative political spaces in which variously excluded groups of urban inhabitants might empower themselves. Three strikingly different examples of widely diverse group actions and state responses to illustrate the practical strengths and limits of ‘the right to the city’ discourse are narrated. We end by offering what we believe to be a more useful way to envisage and analyse the interplay between global mobility and urban citizenship.
CONSTRUCTING HOMES, BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS: MIGRANT INVESTMENTS IN HOUSES
Authors: SMITH LOTHAR , MAZZUCATO VALENTINA
Published: November 2009

Studies around the world have shown the interest of migrants to invest in houses in their countries of origin. Yet scholarly and political debates have mainly focused on the productivity of these investments, arguing that the money spent might have found more productive uses. We argue that this is too limited a view, as it fails to take into consideration two dimensions: Why do investments in houses take place, a question that is not only economic but also social and cultural in nature. Second, how do transnational investments in houses take place? This is important given that migrants are seldom able to construct their own homes, instead depending on actors in their country of origin. This paper shows the importance of unravelling the transnational relationships involved with migrant investments in houses in order to understand the meaning of these investments.
ARE ANIMALS MORAL? A THEOLOGICAL APPRAISAL OF THE EVOLUTION OF VICE AND VIRTUE
Authors: Deane‐Drummond Celia
Published: November 2009

I discuss controversial claims about the status of non‐human animals as moral beings in relation to philosophical claims to the contrary. I address questions about the ontology of animals rather than ethical approaches as to how humans need to treat other animals through notions of, for example, animal rights. I explore the evolutionary origins of behavior that can be considered vices or virtues and suggest that Thomas Aquinas is closer to Darwin's view on nonhuman animals than we might suppose. An appreciation of the complexity of the emotional lives of social animals and their cooperative behaviors in light of the work of animal ethologists such as Frans de Waal and Marc Bekoff suggests that social animals can be considered moral in their own terms. I discuss the charge of anthropomorphism, drawing on the work of archaeologist Steven Mithen, and consider arguments for the evolution of conscience in the work of anthropologist Christopher Boehm. Only the biological basis for the development of conscience and religion has evolved in nonhuman animals, and this should not be confused with sophisticated moral systems of analysis or particular religious beliefs found in the human community.
THEOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY, CLASSICAL THEISM, AND “LIVED TIME” IN ANTJE JACKELÉN'S TIME AND ETERNITY
Authors: Byrne James M.
Published: November 2009

Antje Jackelén's Time and Eternity successfully employs the method of correlation and a close study of the question of time to enter the dialogue between science and theology. Hermeneutical attention to language is a central element of this dialogue, but we must be aware that much science is untranslatable into ordinary language; it is when we get to the bigger metaphysical assumptions of science that true dialogue begins to happen. Thus, although the method of correlation is a useful way to approach this dialogue, there is not a strict equivalence in this relationship. Theology needs science more than science needs theology. In speaking of time and God we must keep in mind the relational nature of classical Christian theism, even in its most austere forms. We should not read Enlightenment ideas of God back into the classical Christian tradition or neglect the apophatic emphasis in Christian theism, which warned against assuming knowledge of the divine nature. God's relation to time always lies beyond our understanding. Studying the effects of either the Newtonian or Einsteinian concepts of time on our theological concepts should not detract our attention from the “lived time” that characterizes human experience. Consideration of the notion of time in the Madhyamaka Buddhist tradition reminds us that we cannot control the inner reality of time and that for humans time is something to be considered pragmatically.
Detecting and treating depression in people with mild intellectual disability: the views of key stakeholders
Authors: McGillivray Jane A. , McCabe Marita P.
Published: November 2009

Accessible summary

Some people with intellectual disability feel depressed and it is important that we find out about this early and that we try to help them.

We asked some people with intellectual disability, some family and some staff about what depression is like and what sort of things led to depression in people with mild intellectual disability.

The people we talked to told us that there are lots of things that might show that a person is depressed. For example, they may not want to do things, they may want to be by themselves, they may have tantrums or even hurt themselves.

They also said there were lots of things that could help, like having good friends and having people to help them. Most people said it would be good if staff knew more about depression and could teach people how to cope with feeling sad.

There is a pressing need for the development of programs for the early identification and treatment of depression in individuals with mild intellectual disability. The aim of this study was to ascertain the perspective of 64 key stakeholders (people with intellectual disability, healthcare professionals, family/caregivers & support workers) regarding the risk factors and characteristics of depression, the support and service needs of individuals with intellectual disability/depression and those who care for them. Findings enhance our understanding of depression and its risk factors in people with mild intellectual disability and endorse the need for the development of screening and intervention programs suitable for delivery by staff in agencies providing services to people with mild intellectual disability.
HMGA2 Is Confirmed To Be Associated with Human Adult Height
Authors: Yang Tie‐Lin , Guo Yan , Zhang Li‐Shu , Tian Qing , Yan Han , Guo Yan‐Fang , Deng Hong‐Wen
Published: November 2009

Recent genome‐wide association studies have identified a novel polymorphism, rs1042725, in the HMGA2 gene for human adult height, a highly heritable complex trait. Replications in independent populations are needed to evaluate a positive finding and determine its generality. Thus, we performed a replication study to examine the associations between polymorphisms in HMGA2 and adult height in two US Caucasian populations (an unrelated sample of 998 subjects and a family‐based sample of 8385 subjects) and a Chinese population (1638 unrelated Han subjects). We confirmed the association between rs1042725 in HMGA2 and adult height both in the unrelated and family‐based Caucasian populations (overall P= 4.25 × 10−9). Another two SNPs (rs7968902 and rs7968682), which were in high linkage disequilibrium with rs1042725, also achieved the significance level in both Caucasian populations (overall P= 6.34 × 10−7, and 2.72 × 10−9, respectively). Our results provide strong support to the initial finding. Moreover, SNP rs1042725 was firstly found to be associated with adult height (P= 0.008) in the Chinese population, and the effect is in the same direction as in the Caucasian populations, suggesting that it is a common variant across different populations. Our study further highlights the importance of the HMGA2 gene's involvement in normal growth.
Beauty and the brain: culture, history and individual differences in aesthetic appreciation
Authors: Jacobsen Thomas
Published: November 2009

Human aesthetic processing entails the sensation‐based evaluation of an entity with respect to concepts like beauty, harmony or well‐formedness. Aesthetic appreciation has many determinants ranging from evolutionary, anatomical or physiological constraints to influences of culture, history and individual differences. There are a vast number of dynamically configured neural networks underlying these multifaceted processes of aesthetic appreciation. In the current challenge of successfully bridging art and science, aesthetics and neuroanatomy, the neuro‐cognitive psychology of aesthetics can approach this complex topic using a framework that postulates several perspectives, which are not mutually exclusive. In this empirical approach, objective physiological data from event‐related brain potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging are combined with subjective, individual self‐reports.
Cooperation at different scales: challenges for local and international water resource governance in South Africa
Authors: MIRUMACHI N , VAN WYK E
Published: November 2009

Theory on environmental governance and water governance emphasises decentralised, devolved forms of interaction between stakeholders. As previously excluded actors are empowered to take part in governance, new forms of cooperation are created. This paper examines how the cooperative principle has influenced stakeholder interaction at the local and international scales of water governance in South Africa. Water policies and initiatives have been set up to promote multi‐level governance that emphasises cooperation between various stakeholders. The emphasis on cooperation and inclusiveness is particularly pertinent to the South African context because of its apartheid past. The paper asks whether there have been new forms of cooperation between a wider array of actors, as the theory proposes. By using the case studies of the Sabie catchment and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project to examine local and international level governance, the paper finds challenges related to power disparity and interdependence of actors, and risk perceptions of inclusive decision‐making. It is found that at both the local and international level, the state, which is a ‘traditional’ actor, still plays an influential role in decision‐making. ‘New’ actors such as businesses, civil society, and regional institutions are more visible but have limited decision‐making power. Non‐linear, time‐consuming forms of cooperation occur in water governance.
The Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts, Conservatism, and Earnings Management
Authors: JACKSON SCOTT B. , LIU XIAOTAO (KELVIN)
Published: November 2009

We study the interrelation between conservatism and earnings management by examining the allowance for uncollectible accounts and its income statement counterpart, bad debt expense. We find that the allowance is conservative and that it has become more conservative over time. Conservatism may, however, facilitate earnings management. We find that firms manage bad debt expense downward (and even record income‐increasing bad debt expense) to meet or beat analysts’ earnings forecasts and that conservatism accentuates the extent to which firms manage bad debt expense. Further, we find that firms manage bad debt expense downward by drawing down previously recorded over‐accruals of bad debt expense that have accumulated on the balance sheet. An implication of our study is that tighter limits on the amount by which firms are permitted to understate net assets may reduce their ability to manage earnings.
Impact of a Social Skills Intervention on the Hostile Attributions of Children With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Authors: Keil Vivien , Paley Blair , Frankel Fred , O’Connor Mary J.
Published: November 2009

Background:  Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been linked to a wide array of developmental deficits, including significant impairments in social skills. Given the extensive body of evidence linking social information‐processing patterns with social behavior, it is possible that social information‐processing may represent one mechanism of behavioral change. The present investigation sought to answer the question of whether a well‐established social skills intervention decreased the hostile attributions of children with PAE. Further, was there a differential impact of the intervention on hostile attributions in the context of peer provocation versus group entry scenarios?

Methods:  Participants consisted of 100 children (51% male) with PAE between the ages of 6 and 12 years. Participants were randomly assigned to either a social skills intervention, Children’s Friendship Training (CFT), or to a Delayed Treatment Control (DTC) condition.

Results:  Analyses indicated that the social skills intervention resulted in a significantly lower proportion of hostile attributions in peer group entry, but not peer provocation, scenarios. This decrease was maintained over a 3‐month follow‐up period.

Conclusions:  Deficits in social information‐processing among individuals with PAE can be improved through social skills intervention, and these changes may lead to more positive developmental outcomes.
Longitudinal Trajectories of Ethnic Identity During the College Years
Authors: Syed Moin , Azmitia Margarita
Published: November 2009

The goals of this study were to examine trajectories of change in ethnic identity during the college years and to explore group‐level and individual‐level variations. Participants were 175 diverse college students who completed indices of ethnic identity exploration and commitment, self‐esteem, and domain‐general identity resolution. Multilevel modeling analyses indicated that exploration and commitment continued to increase during the college years. Although there were ethnic differences in initial levels of ethnic identity, the rate of change did not vary by ethnicity. Domain‐general identity was positively associated with exploration and commitment and mediated the association between self‐esteem and commitment. The findings highlight the ongoing development of ethnic identity beyond adolescence and suggest that ethnic identity is part of the larger identity project.
Adolescents Exiting Homelessness Over Two Years: The Risk Amplification and Abatement Model
Authors: Milburn Norweeta G. , Rice Eric , Rotheram‐Borus Mary Jane , Mallett Shelley , Rosenthal Doreen , Batterham Phillip , May Susanne J. , Witkin Andrea , Duan Naihua
Published: November 2009

The Risk Amplification and Abatement Model (RAAM) demonstrates that negative contact with socializing agents amplify risk, while positive contact abates risk for homeless adolescents. To test this model, the likelihood of exiting homelessness and returning to familial housing at 2 years and stably exiting over time are examined with longitudinal data collected from 183 newly homeless adolescents followed over 2 years in Los Angeles, CA. In support of RAAM, unadjusted odds of exiting at 2 years and stably exiting over 2 years revealed that engagement with prosocial peers, maternal social support, and continued school attendance all promoted exiting behaviors. Simultaneously, exposure to family violence and reliance on shelter services discouraged stably exiting behaviors. Implications for family‐based interventions are proposed.
Independence Giving or Autonomy Taking? Childhood Predictors of Decision‐Sharing Patterns Between Young Adolescents and Parents
Authors: Romich Jennifer L. , Lundberg Shelly , Tsang Kwok Ping
Published: November 2009

This article reports on a study of whether young adolescents make decisions autonomously, share decisions with their parents, or have decisions made for them by parents. Using a sample of 2,632 12‐ and 13‐year‐olds from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Child Survey we examine how childhood behavior and competence influence decision patterns in young adolescence. Individual models are used to test whether traits predict decision patterns, and sibling fixed‐effects models allow us to estim\ate effects of child characteristics net of stable family contributions. In both individual and sibling fixed‐effects models, children with higher verbal ability share more decision making with parents. Children with greater mathematical aptitude and children who are impulsive are more likely to make decisions without consulting parents. The impulsivity effect is stronger in families with fewer resources. These results suggest that children directly and indirectly influence household decision‐sharing patterns.
Value Similarities Among Fathers, Mothers, and Adolescents and the Role of a Cultural Stereotype: Different Measurement Strategies Reconsidered
Authors: Roest Annette M. C. , Dubas Judith Semon , Gerris Jan R. M. , Engels Rutger C. M. E.
Published: November 2009

In research on value similarity and transmission between parents and adolescents, no consensus exists on the level of value similarity. Reports of high‐value similarities coexist with reports of low‐value similarities within the family. The present study shows that different conclusions may be explained by the use of different measurement strategies. In addition, we demonstrate that measured value similarities may be biased by a cultural stereotype, that is, an indirectly measurable phenomenon outside the family most likely attributed to shared cultural experiences. We examined similarities in 8 social–cultural value orientations among fathers, mothers, and adolescents from 433 Dutch families. Results revealed different outcomes when using ordinary correlations (r), absolute difference scores (d), or profile correlations (q). Similarly, different influences of a cultural stereotype were found when applying different measurement strategies. We discuss which measurement strategies are best used under which circumstances and which role the cultural stereotype plays.
TRANSPLANTATION AND CELLULAR ENGINEERING: Increasing the economic efficacy of peripheral blood progenitor cell collections by monitoring peripheral blood CD34+ concentrations
Authors: Gutensohn Kai , Magens Mirko M. , Kuehnl Peter , Zeller Wolfgang
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:After mobilization, the collection of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) can either be started a fixed number of days after having passed the white blood cell nadir (fixed‐day scheme) or be based on monitoring of CD34+ cells. This study was conducted to compare both approaches and to assess possible financial consequences.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:For 29 patients daily enumeration of CD34+ cells was used to guide leukapheresis timing. In a retrospective analysis for the same group of patients, application of a fixed‐day scheme was assumed. For scenarios of beginning apheresis 2, 3, 4, or 5 days after WBC nadir, the number of apheresis days and granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) application days that could be saved was calculated.

RESULTS:A total of 44 apheresis procedures were performed resulting in a mean CD34+ cell content per apheresis product of 10.4 × 106(range, 0.1 × 106‐49.5 × 106)/kg of body weight. The smallest number of deviation days compared to a fixed‐day scheme was found for beginning an apheresis on Day 3. In comparison to this, CD34+ monitoring reduced the number of G‐CSF days by 9 and the number of apheresis procedures by 11 overall, resulting in savings of €19,965 (US$28,788) in comparison to expenses of €826 (US$1191) for CD34+ monitoring.

CONCLUSIONS:Measurement of CD34+ cells has reached a precision enabling a prediction of the harvest success. In comparison to a fixed‐day scheme, daily CD34+ monitoring reduces the donor's exposition to G‐CSF, enables collection of a sufficient number of PBPCs in the least possible number of apheresis sessions, and improves the economic efficacy of the institution.
Application of the bactericidal activity of ε‐poly‐l‐lysine to the storage of human platelet concentrates
Authors: Tanaka Shigenori , Hayashi Tomoya , Tateyama Hidemi , Matsumura Kazuaki , Hyon Suong‐Hyu , Hirayama Fumiya
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: ε‐Poly‐l‐lysine (ε‐PLL) is a polypeptide comprising approximately 30 l‐lysine subunits generated by bond formation between α‐carboxy and ε‐amino groups. It is an approved antimicrobial food preservative in Japan. However, the efficacy of ε‐PLL as an antibacterial additive for storage of human platelet concentrates (PCs) is not known.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Klebsiella oxytoca (20 colony‐forming units/mL) were inoculated into 100% plasma PCs or PCs containing 80% platelet (PLT) additive solution with 5.0 mmol/L potassium and 1.5 mmol/L magnesium (PAS‐IIIM) and 20% plasma (PAS‐IIIM PCs). Next, a range of ε‐PLL concentrations up to 200 and 50 µg/mL were added to plasma PCs and PAS‐IIIM PCs, respectively, and the bacterial count was determined on Days 1, 2, 5, and 8. The quality of the PCs was also determined.

RESULTS: Bacterial growth was inhibited at ε‐PLL concentrations of 200 and 50 µg/mL in the plasma and PAS‐IIIM PCs after 8 days of incubation. The percentage of CD62P‐positive PLTs was higher in plasma PCs treated with 200 µg/mL ε‐PLL and in PAS‐IIIM PCs treated with 50 µg/mL ε‐PLL than in the respective controls without ε‐PLL. There were no remarkable differences in the other variables, that is, PLT number, mean PLT volume, pH, aggregability, percentage of PAC‐1–positive cells, lactate dehydrogenase release, and plasma K and Na concentrations between the ε‐PLL–treated PCs and the controls.

CONCLUSIONS: ε‐PLL inhibited the growth of bacteria in the PCs and did not considerably affect the quality of PCs, except CD62P expression. Further studies are required to estimate the in vivo effectiveness and safety of ε‐PLL–treated PCs.
Public Man and Public Space in Shanghai Today
Authors: Orum Anthony M. , Bata Sidney , Shumei Li , Jiewei Tang , Yang Sang , Trung Nguyen Thanh
Published: November 2009

Public space is a topic of great interest for urban scholars and urban planners. Such space, like parks, sidewalks, and plazas, it is argued, can provide the common grounds where the inhabitants of a city meet, exchange ideas, even engage in a variety of cultural performances. This article reports on fieldwork about the use of public space in Shanghai today. We find a great diversity of uses, ranging from vendors who sell their wares to people who engage in heated and extensive political discussions to performers of Beijing opera and ballroom dancing. We also find that the local authorities use a light, and sometimes covert, hand in their oversight of inhabitants in such spaces. Finally, we discover that powerful social differences and inequalities between native inhabitants and working–class migrants, which have emerged during the period of economic reform and market transition, are now actively in evidence in the quality and use of public space in Shanghai. the article puts these findings within a broader theoretical context, concluding in the end that for many—though not all—inhabitants  public man is alive and well in Shanghai.
The Changing Right to the City: Urban Renewal and Housing Rights in Globalizing Shanghai and Mumbai
Authors: Weinstein Liza , Ren Xuefei
Published: November 2009

This article examines the changing housing rights regimes amidst the urban renewal currently underway in Shanghai and Mumbai. We examine the policies and regulations that govern residential security and housing tenure, the alteration of policy implementations by electoral and extra–electoral contestations, and the opportunities and strategies for housing activism in each context. We find that political contestations have enabled the construction of a more protective, although precarious, regime in Mumbai than in Shanghai. Despite striking differences, in both contexts housing rights regimes have produced fragmented urban citizenship rights by distributing protections unevenly and inconsistently to urban residents. Finally, although the forms of housing activism differ, residents and civil society groups in both Shanghai and Mumbai employ a variety of strategies in their resistance against demolitions and urban renewal. in the process, they become active urban citizens by articulating their rights to housing and by making new claims to the city.
Rock climbing injury rates and associated risk factors in a general climbing population
Authors: Backe S. , Ericson L. , Janson S. , Timpka T.
Published: November 2009

The objective was to examine injury rates and associated risk factors in a representative sample of climbers. A random sample (n=606) of the Swedish Climbing Association members was sent a postal survey, with an effective response rate of 63%. Self‐reported data regarding climbing history, safety practices and retrospective accounts of injury events (recall period 1.5 years) were obtained. Descriptive statistical methods were used to calculate injury incidences, and a two‐step method including zero‐inflated Poisson's regression analysis of re‐injuries was used to determine the combination of risk factors that best explained individual injury rates. Overall, 4.2 injuries per 1000 climbing hours were reported, overuse injuries accounting for 93% of all injuries. Inflammatory tissue damages to fingers and wrists were the most common injury types. The multivariate analysis showed that overweight and practicing bouldering generally implied an increased primary injury risk, while there was a higher re‐injury risk among male climbers and a lower risk among the older climbers. The high percentage of overuse injuries implies that climbing hours and loads should be gradually and systematically increased, and climbers regularly controlled for signs and symptoms of overuse. Further study of the association between body mass index and climbing injury is warranted.
Predictive factors for 12‐month outcome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Heijne A. , Äng B. O. , Werner S.
Published: November 2009

There is a lack of knowledge regarding predictive factors for a successful clinical outcome after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The aim was to investigate pre‐operative factors that may predict good outcomes as measured with the subscales Function in sports and recreation and Quality of life in Knee injury Osteoarthrithis Outcome Score (QOL‐KOOS), one‐leg hop test and Tegner Activity Scale 12 months after ACL reconstruction. Sixty‐four patients, operated with either patellar or hamstring tendon graft, were included. Demographics, range of motion, anterior knee laxity, pivot shift, muscle‐torques, anterior knee pain (AKP) and knee function were registered pre‐operatively and used in a multiple regression model. Results show less degree of AKP and low influence on knee function to be the most important predictors for good outcome in Sport/Rec‐KOOS (explained 31% of variances). Less AKP was in addition the most important predictor for QOL‐KOOS (14%). Patellar‐tendon graft, in favor of hamstring tendon graft, explained 8% of the improvement in the Tegner Activity Scale. In conclusion, a low degree of AKP was found to be the most important predictor for good clinical outcome 12 months after ACL reconstruction. Future studies, including psychological parameters, should use analyses that have the potential to control for independency between variables.
Aerobic fitness, energy balance, and body mass index are associated with training load assessed by activity energy expenditure
Authors: Tanskanen M. , Uusitalo A. L. T. , Häkkinen K. , Nissilä J. , Santtila M. , Westerterp K. R. , Kyröläinen H.
Published: November 2009

The present study examined whether activity energy expenditure related to body mass (AEE/kg) is associated with maximal aerobic fitness (VO2max), energy balance, and body mass index (BMI) during the 2 hardest weeks of the military basic training season (BT). An additional purpose was to study the accuracy of the pre‐filled food diary energy intake. Energy expenditure (EE) with doubly labeled water, energy intake (EI), energy balance, and mis‐recording was measured from 24 male conscripts with varying VO2max. AEE/kg was calculated as (EE × 0.9−measured basal metabolic rate)/body mass. The reported EI was lower (P<0.001) than EE (15.48 MJ/day) and mis‐recording of the pre‐filled diary was −20%. The negative energy balance (−6±26%) was non‐significant; however, the variation was high. The subjects with a low VO2max, a high BMI, and a negative energy balance were vulnerable to low AEE/kg. However, in the multivariate regression analysis only BMI remained in the model, explaining 33% of the variation in AEE/kg. During wintertime BT, AEE/kg is affected by energy balance, VO2max, and BMI. From these three factors, overweight limits high‐level training the most. Furthermore, an optimal energy balance facilitates physical performance and enables high training loads to be sustained during the BT season.
The COL5A1 genotype is associated with range of motion measurements
Authors: Collins M. , Mokone G. G. , September A. V. , Van Der Merwe L. , Schwellnus M. P.
Published: November 2009

There is an interest in identifying the intrinsic risk factors, including altered musculotendinous flexibility, that may be associated with musculotendinous injuries. We have recently shown that a sequence variant, namely the BstUI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), within the COL5A1 gene is associated with chronic Achilles tendinopathy. Mutations within COL5A1 have been implicated in Ehlers Danlos syndrome, a condition that is characterized by joint hypermobility. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of sequence variants within COL5A1 and musculotendinous range of motion (ROM). The sit and reach (SR) and the passive straight leg raise (SLR) were measured on 119 Caucasian subjects with either a past, current or no history of Achilles tendon injuries. The subjects were genotyped for four sequence variants within the 3′‐UTR of the COL5A1 gene. Gender (P=0.016), age (P=0.011) and the BstUI RFLP (P=0.010) jointly contributed significantly to the optimal SLR model which accounted for 19.3% of the variance. The factors contributing significantly to SR, which accounted for 28.8% of the variance, were weight (P=0.004), age (P<0.001) and the BstUI RFLP (P=0.001). These data suggest that the COL5A1 BstUI RFLP is independently associated with lower limb ROM within the cohort investigated in this study.
Convection, Diffusion, and Electric Current Through a Membrane
Authors: Rapoport Stanley I.
Published: November 2009

A system containing 2 compartments separated by an artificial wide pore membrane, was used to study the relationship of diffusion, water flow and electric current. Various hydrostatic pressures were obtained by experimentally chosen values of flow and current. For a solution of KCl + LiCl, stationary state ionic concentration ratios (Eq. 3) and the accumulation ratio of K+ to Li+ (Eq. 4) were found to depend on the intensity and direction of electric current; electroosmosis probably occurred under these conditions. Eq. 5 was derived for the concentration of any ion in the membrane, and solved using each of a number of simplifying assumptions. Chloride conductance in the membrane was calculated with Eq. 6, using the concentration of Cl in the membrane. An observed value was obtained also from Eq. 7, which related the driving forces on Cl‐ to electric current. The components of the membrane potential also were defined in the presence of water flow.
Intestinal Dipeptidases: III. Characterization and Determination of Dipeptidase Activity in Adult Rat Intestinal Mucosa
Authors: Josefsson Lars , Lindberg Tor
Published: November 2009

Five dipeptidase activities in the mucosa of the rat small intestine have been determined and characterized by the aid of a new spectrophotometric assay method.The distribution of the dipeptidase activities along the gastrointestinal tract has been investigated. The activities were low in the stomach, the cecum and the large intestine, while high activities were found along the whole length of the small intestine with the maximum localized to its middle part. The relation of our present findings to previous observations about the rat intestinal dipeptidases has been discussed. Some differences with respect to both their properties and their distribution were observed in com‐ parison with the dipeptidases of the pig intestinal mucosa.
Entorhinal Activation of Dentate Granule Cells
Authors: Andersen P. , Holmqvist B. , Voorhoeve P. E.
Published: November 2009

In rabbits, anesthetized with urethane‐chloralose. the activation of the granule cells of the dentate area by perforant path fibres from the entorhinal area was studied by intracellular and extracellular recording. Intracellular recording showed that the perforant path produced a large EPSP in the granule cells, followed after 2–4 msec by a large IPSP, lasting some 100 msec. Field potential studies indicated that the synapses responsible for the EPSP were located on the middle third of the dendritic tree, whereas the IPSP was generated by synapses at, or very close to, the cell bodies. The most likely explanation is that the inhibition is mediated by a recurrent inhibitory pathway, in which the collaterals of the granule cell axons excite the basket cells These are inhibitory in nature and send their axons to terminate upon the somata of many granule cells. The inhibition of the granule cells produced by the perforant path is resistant to strychnine in doses up to 0.6 mg/kg. The efficiency of the perforant path excitatory synapses was greatly increased by raising the rate of stimulation from 1 to 10 a second.
Prospective role of insecticides of fungal origin: Review
Authors: SRIVASTAVA Chand Narayan , MAURYA Prejwltta , SHARMA Preeti , MOHAN Lalit
Published: November 2009

Advances in the application of microbial‐based technology in insect pest management assist us to counter problems created by the application of chemical pesticides. These are mainly strong environmental effects, resistance development and high costs. Among the microbial pesticides, fungal pesticides are now preferred as they are target specific, ecofriendly, lacking in toxic residue and are economical. Being numerous with great diversification, entomopathogenic fungi therefore have great potential to control a large variety of insect pests. Fungi are applied directly in form of spores, mycelia or blastospores or by their metabolites (mycotoxins). Both approaches have very promising roles in insect pest management. However, there are three main obstacles in the development of fungal pesticides: (i) scant production of mycotoxins; (ii) carcinogenic mycotoxicosis in non‐target organisms; and (iii) slow effectiveness. Therefore, to eliminate these problems, attention has recently been paid to a synergistic approach to combating insecticide resistance. Next to synergism, genetic manipulation is also used to enhance the pathogenicity and virulence of fungal insecticides. However, the key risk associated with the release of recombinant microorganisms into the environment is that the novel organism may have unforeseen undesirable characteristics. Therefore, the introduction of synergists in pest control could have great benefit both economically and ecologically. An ideal synergistic approach is the mixing of more than two accelerating components together, i.e. tripartite or multiple synergism to enhance effectiveness. Thus, synergistic approaches have a bright future and require further research and financial support.
Extracts from the bark of Fagara heitzii (Aubr. et Pel.) (Rutaceae) tree are toxic to two weevils and the American cockroach
Authors: MIKOLO Bertin , MATOS Louis , MASSAMBA Daniel , MAMONEKENE Victor , MILLER Thomas
Published: November 2009

The bark of the Fagara heitzii tree in the west‐central African Republic of Congo (Congo–Brazzaville) is known anecdotally to provide protection for human residents against fleas and to be of use as a narcotic in fishing (similar to rotenone). We found that powder and hexane extracts from the bark of the Fagara heitzii tree contain insecticidal compounds. Dried powder (14.5 mg) on the bottom of a Petri dish is the residue at 14.494 mg per dish (LD50) for 20 adult maize weevils Sitophilus zeamays after four days. The LD50 of the same material to 20 adult cowpea weevils Callosobruchus maculatus was slightly higher at 16.144 mg/dish (after 48 h). These weevils cause significant economic damage to cowpea and maize in Congo–Brazzaville. Hexane extracts of the bark of Fagara heitzii were also toxic to these weevils. Symptoms of toxicity suggested the extracts were slow‐acting nerve poisons or respiratory inhibitors or both. The time needed to develop full toxicity suggested a respiratory poison. The hexane extract was also toxic to the American cockroach Periplaneta americana. The symptoms in the cockroach were similar, but cockroaches also exhibited apparent escape attempts suggesting they could detect the compounds. Signs of apparent irritation or exaggerated locomotion in all three insects also suggested irritation or nerve effects.
Effects of elimination ofWolbachiaon oogenesis of the uziflyExorista sorbillans, a parasitoid of the silkwormBombyx mori
Authors: PUTTARAJU Hosagavi Puttegowda , PRAKASH Bandekodigenahalli Marappa
Published: November 2009

Maternally inherited bacteria of the genusWolbachiaare known to affect the physiology and reproduction of several arthropod and nematode hosts. This paper presents the effects of using tetracycline to eliminateWolbachiaon the oogenesis of its host uziflyExorista sorbillans(Diptera: Tachinidae), a parasitoid of silkwormBombyx moriL. Earlier we reported cytoplasmic incompatibility, nucleo‐cytoplasmic conflict, male biased sex ratio and reduction in fecundity upon curing ofWolbachiainfection using an antibiotic. This paper presents the abnormal growth and proliferation of oocytes in the uninfected/cured uziflies. The anomalies include abnormal/arrested oocyte production with inhibition of normal functioning of nurse cell nuclei, malformation and agglutination in egg chambers, empty egg chambers due to arrested vitellogenesis and undeveloped ovarian tubules. These anomalies further lead to reduction in growth of the ovarian tubules, which resulted in a 20% reduction of fecundity. It is hypothesized that normal oocyte production in uzifly requires the infection ofWolbachiabacteria. Further, in the uzifly, infection is at transition stage from a facultative to an obligatory mode of symbiosis. In light of this, this paper discusses the relationship betweenWolbachiaand oocyte production.
Cloning and blood‐meal dependent induction pattern of apolipophorin‐III from Anopheles sinensis
Authors: NOH Mi Young , WON Ran , JO Yong Hun , LEE Yong Seok , HAN Yeon Soo
Published: November 2009

Apolipophorin‐III is known to play a role in transporting lipids in insects, and much attention has been paid to lepidopteran insects' apolipophorin. Thus, we were interested in examining the effects of blood‐meal on the expression pattern of apolipophorin‐III in mosquitoes. This led us to clone and partially characterize the full‐length cDNA of apoLp‐III (AnsiApoLp‐III) from Anopheles sinensis. Analysis of AnsiApoLp‐III cDNA shows that the 728‐bp sequence has a 582‐bp protein‐coding region with 94 bp of putative 5′ untranslated region and 152 bp of 3′ untranslated region. The deduced amino acid sequence begins with a methionine codon at position 95 and extends to position 674, encompassing a polypeptide of 193 amino acids. AnsiApoLp‐III has the highest identity (63%) to Culex quinquefasciatus apoLp‐III. Temporal expression pattern analysis shows that although AnsiApoLp‐III was expressed at all developmental stages, it was highly detected at egg and adult stages in the female mosquitoes. In addition, we found out that AnsiApoLp‐III was induced in An. sinensis adult females after uptaking a blood‐meal. Spatial expression patterns of AnsiApoLp‐III shows that AnsiApoLp‐III mRNA was strongly induced at day 1 and gradually decreased from day 1 to day 4 in the ovaries. Most interestingly, AnsiApoLp‐III mRNA in the Malpighian tubule was strongly induced at day 1, decreased during days 1–3, and then became elevated again at day 4. These data suggest that blood‐meal influences AnsiApoLp‐III mRNA induction in ovaries and Malpighian tubules. It remains to further elucidate the biological roles of AnsiApoLp‐III in these organs.
Relationship between diet composition and the fecundity of Musca domestica
Authors: WON Ran , KWON Ohseok
Published: November 2009

A study of the relationship between diet compositions of housefly Musca domestica and the fecundity of the insect was carried out. Fecundity was increased more than 30% by adding a protein source and inorganic salts into the larval and adult diets. Also, adding a protein source into the adult diet prolonged the oviposition period of adult houseflies.
Genesis of Tertiary Magnetite–Apatite Deposits, Southeast of Zanjan, Iran
Authors: Azizi Hossein , Mehrabi Behzad , Akbarpour Afshin
Published: November 2009

Magnetite–apatite deposits in the Alborz volcano–plutonic belt, southeast Zanjan, in Iran, have blade, lenzoid, and vein forms, which extend in an E‐W direction. There are many magnetite–apatite veins and veinlets in this region, and some of them are economically important, such as Zaker, Morvarid, Sorkheh–Dizaj, and Aliabad. The sizes of the vein orebodies vary between 2 and 16 m in width, 10–100 m in length, and 5–40 m in depth. Microscopic examination of thin sections and polishes indicate that they are composed of magnetite and apatite, with minor amounts of goethite, hematite, actinolite, quartz, muscovite–illite, talc, dolomite, and calcite. The geochemistry and mineralogy of the granitic host rock reveals that it is calc‐alkaline and I‐type. Field observations, mineral paragenesis, the composition of the orebodies, and the composition of the fluid inclusions in the apatite minerals with low salinity (less than 20 wt.% NaCl equivalent) indicate that these magnetite veins were hydrothermally generated at about 200–430°C and are not related to silica–iron oxide immiscibility, as are the major Precambrian magnetite deposits in central Iran.
Heavy Mineral Placer Sand Deposits of Kontiagarh Area, Ganjam District, Orissa, India
Authors: Acharya Bhaskar Chandra , Nayak Bijaya Ketana , Das Subir Kumar
Published: November 2009

The Kontiagarh placer deposit in the Ganjam district, Orissa, India extends in northeast direction having a width of 700–1000 m. A total of 187 samples were collected meterwise from 55 bore holes in a grid pattern from beach, frontal, intermediate and back dunes covering an area of approximately 1 km2. Light minerals decrease in size from the beach to the back dunes, whereas the size distribution of heavy minerals in the beach and dunes is more or less uniform. The average heavy mineral content in the beach and dunes vary from 9.38% to 24.20%. The heavy minerals are ilmenite, garnet, sillimanite, rutile, monazite, and zircon with trace amounts of magnetite, hornblende, diopside, sphene, tourmaline, and epidote. Heavy minerals are mostly less than 350 µm in size, with a peak distribution in the range between 180 and 125 µm. Ilmenite shows exsolution intergrowth with hematite. Mineral chemistry of ilmenite, hematite, leucoxene, magnetite, monazite and sillimanite are examined by EPMA. Leucoxene is lower in Fe and higher in Ti, Al, Cr and V than ilmenite. The litho‐units of the Precambrian Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, comprising primarily khondalite, charnockite, calc‐silicate granulite and gneiss, are the source of heavy minerals for this deposit. The bulk sample has 7.30% ilmenite, 5.24% sillimanite, 9.16% garnet, 0.18% rutile, 0.14% monazite, 0.06% zircon and 0.52% other heavy minerals. The deposit has good potential for economic exploitation of ilmenite, rutile, sillimanite, monazite, zircon and garnet.
Cold‐related respiratory symptoms in the general population
Authors: Harju Terttu , Mäkinen Tiina , Näyhä Simo , Laatikainen Tiina , Jousilahti Pekka , Hassi Juhani
Published: November 2009

Introduction:  Cold‐related respiratory symptoms are common among northern populations, especially among people suffering from respiratory diseases. However, the prevalence of such symptoms in the general population and the threshold temperatures at which the symptoms start to emerge are poorly known.

Objectives:  The present study determined the prevalence and threshold temperatures of self‐reported respiratory symptoms related to cold, separately for healthy people and those with respiratory disease.

Materials and Methods:  Six thousand five hundred ninety‐one men and women aged 25 years–74 years from the national FINRISK study were queried about cold‐related respiratory symptoms. The results were expressed as age‐adjusted prevalence figures and coefficients from multivariate regressions.

Results:  Cold‐related respiratory symptoms were more often reported by people with asthma (men 69%/women 78%) and by subjects with chronic bronchitis (65%/76%) than the healthy subjects (18%/21%). A binomial regression showed an increase of symptom prevalence by age and excesses of 4%, 50% and 21% units because of female sex, asthma and chronic bronchitis, respectively. The reported threshold temperature for cold‐related symptoms was −14°C for males and −15°C for females, and it showed some increase by age (0°C–5°C), asthma (2°C) and chronic bronchitis (3°C). The threshold temperature for mucus production was exceptional as it decreased by age (2°C–5°C) and asthma (2°C). The effects of smoking and education were marginal.

Conclusion:  Cold‐related respiratory symptoms are common in patients with chronic respiratory diseases, but they start to emerge at relatively low temperatures. In a cold climate, the cold‐related symptoms may have an impact on the health‐related quality of life.

Please cite this paper as: Harju T, Mäkinen T, Näyhä S, Laatikainen T, Jousilahti P and Hassi J. Cold‐related respiratory symptoms in the general population. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2010; 4: 176–185.