bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of multilayered dual‐band bandpass filter using cross‐coupled stepped impedance resonators
Authors: Weng Min‐Hang , Chang Yu‐Chi , Wu Hung‐Wei , Huang Chun‐Yueh
Published: August 2007

In this letter, a multilayered dual‐band bandpass filter (BPF) using cross‐coupled stepped impedance resonators (SIRs) is designed and implemented. By determining the impedance ratio (K) and physical length (α) of the SIRs, the dual‐band response at 2.4/5.2 GHz can be achieved. Cross‐coupling effect between two layers is introduced to generate the transmission zeros and improve the passband selectivity of the filter. In addition, the filter size is greatly reduced because of the use of multilayered folded SIRs. The measured results are in good agreement with the full‐wave simulation results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2713–2717, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22853
Transverse transmission line method to analyze stop‐band microwave filters
Authors: Campos A. L. P. S.
Published: August 2007

In this article, we consider the analysis of stop‐band microwave filters using periodic structures on isotropic substrates with dielectric losses. Frequency selective surfaces composed by an array of rectangular conducting patch elements are considered to compose the stop‐band filters. This analysis uses the method of moments in combination with the transverse transmission line method, in the Fourier domain, to determine the scattering characteristics of the considered structures. A good agreement with the results presented by the other authors is observed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 2678–2681, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22856
Medizinische Chemie der 5‐HT3‐Rezeptor‐Antagonisten. Vom Cocain zu innovativen Antiemetika
Authors: Zettl Heiko , Schubert‐Zsilavecz Manfred , Siebert Carsten D.
Published: August 2007

Die Einführung der 5‐HT3‐Rezeptor‐Antagonisten (Setrone), beginnend mit Ondansetron in den späten 1980er Jahren, hat die bis dahin unbefriedigende Therapie der CINV (chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting; Chemotherapie‐induzierte Übelkeit und Erbrechen) revolutioniert und den Weg für die ambulante Onkologie gebahnt.
Aprepitant, der erste therapeutisch wirksame NK1‐Rezeptor‐Antagonist. Prävention von Übelkeit und Erbrechen
Authors: Nieber Karen , Schoppmeyer Konrad
Published: August 2007

Die meisten konventionellen Zytostatika wirken mehr oder weniger stark emetogen. Ohne wirksame Prävention leiden daher viele Patienten infolge der Chemotherapie unter Übelkeit und Erbrechen. Die Einführung der 5‐HT3‐Rezeptor‐Antagonisten und deren Kombination mit Dexamethason führte zu einer erheblichen Verbesserung der antiemetischen Prophylaxe. Dennoch können nicht alle Patienten zufriedenstellend behandelt werden. Aprepitant (Emend®) ist ein Antiemetikum mit neuem Wirkmechanismus. Es hemmt als Neurokinin‐1‐Rezeptor‐Antagonist die durch den Neurotransmitter Substanz P hervorgerufene Emesis, vor allem in der verzögerten Phase bei hoch emetogener Cisplatin‐basierender Chemotherapie. Aprepitant in der Dosierung von 125/80/80 mg an drei aufeinander folgenden Tagen ist gegenwärtig zugelassen zur Prävention akuter und verzögerter Übelkeit und Erbrechen bei hoch emetogener auf Cisplatin‐basierender und moderat emetogener Chemotherapie als Teil einer Kombinationstherapie. Aprepitant in einer Dosierung von 40 mg ist zusätzlich zugelassen zur Prävention von Übelkeit und Erbrechen nach Operationen.
Pflanzliche Antiemetika. Inhaltsstoffe, Molekulare Wirkmechanismen und Klinische Evidenz
Authors: Crockett Sara L. , Schühly Wolfgang , Bauer Rudolf
Published: August 2007

In Mitteleuropa werden viele Medizinalpflanzen gegen Übelkeit und Erbrechen verwendet. Pflanzenextrakte mit reinen oder aromatischen Bitterstoffen, ätherischem Öl oder anderen speziellen Wirkstoffen können Verdauungsstörungen verringern, Magen‐ und Darmkrämpfe lindern und/oder gegen spezifische Gehirn‐ oder Magenrezeptoren wirken, die Erbrechen auslösen. Die Wirkungen von Cannabis sativa und Zingiber officinale, die in der traditionellen Medizin Anwendung bei Erbrechen finden, sind durch klinische Studien abgesichert. Jedoch sind über die Wirkung und den Wirkungsmechanismus von Pflanzenextrakten und deren Inhaltsstoffen gegenüber Rezeptoren, die im Geschehen von Übelkeit und Erbrechen eine Rolle spielen, wie z.B. die 5‐HT3‐, 5‐HT4, M3‐ oder H3‐Rezeptoren, noch wenig gesicherte Erkenntnisse vorhanden. Diese Tatsache weist auf die Bedeutung weiterführender Forschung auf diesem Gebiet hin.
Gentherapie bei Niemann‐Pick
Authors: Bause Alexandra , Neumann Silke , Worlicek Johannes , Dingermann Theo , Zündorf Ilse
Published: August 2007

Lysosomale Speicherkrankheiten werden durch den Mangel oder Defekt jeweils eines einzigen Enzyms verursacht – eigentlich ideale Voraussetzungen für eine Gentherapie. Entsprechende Untersuchungen wurden kürzlich von Wissenschaftlern der Genzyme Corporation und der Mount Sinai School of Medicine im renommierten Journal PNAS vorgestellt.
Powder Flow: The 4M Business and Systems Approach
Authors: Verwijs Marco
Published: August 2007

Professor Brian Scarlett initiated and promoted the 4M business for particle technology for many years. The four M's consist of making, measuring, modeling, and manipulating. Measuring and modeling are tools to design and control products and processes, which one wants to make and manipulate. In order to properly utilize the 4M business, a systems approach needs to be used in which every system has its own time and length scale. In this paper, the 4M business and systems approach as taught by Professor Scarlett are explained and their applicability to powder flow is discussed. It is shown that the four M's are largely interconnected and are more useful when used in conjunction with one another.
Characterisation of Flowability of Loosely Compacted Cohesive Powders by Indentation
Authors: Hassanpour Ali , Ghadiri Mojtaba
Published: August 2007

In this paper we report on our investigations of the flowability of bulk powders using indentation and unconfined direct compression testing on a small assembly of powders compacted at low pressure levels. Samples of α‐lactose, magnesium carbonate and glass beads (made cohesive by silanization) have been consolidated to different pressure levels (ranging from 3 to 20 kPa) and the indentation hardness and unconfined yield stress of the compacts were then characterised. The latter was obtained by unconfined direct compression. The experimental results show that there is a linear relationship between the yield stress and consolidation pressure for the cases of α‐lactose and magnesium carbonate, from which it is possible to deduce the powder flow behaviour. The results of yield stress obtained from indentation and unconfined compression measurements are similar for the cases of α‐lactose and magnesium carbonate, whilst the results are different for the case of cohesive glass beads. Furthermore simulations were carried out using the Distinct Element Method to predict the bulk behaviour of the cohesive powders based on single particle mechanical properties. The simulation results qualitatively agree with the experiment, i.e. there is a linear relationship between the unconfined yield stress and the consolidation pressure, from which the role of inter‐particle adhesion on the flow behaviour may be deduced.
Clinical significance of the presence of amniotic fluid ‘sludge’ in asymptomatic patients at high risk for spontaneous preterm delivery
Authors: Kusanovic J. P. , Espinoza J. , Romero R. , Gonçalves L. F. , Nien J. K. , Soto E. , Khalek N. , Camacho N. , Hendler I. , Mittal P. , Friel L. A. , Gotsch F. , Erez O. , Than N. G. , Mazaki‐Tovi S. , Schoen M. L. , Hassan S. S.
Published: August 2007

Objectives

To determine the clinical significance of the presence of amniotic fluid (AF) ‘sludge’ among asymptomatic patients at high risk for spontaneous preterm delivery.

Methods

This retrospective case–control study included 281 patients with (n = 66) or without (n = 215) AF ‘sludge’, who underwent transvaginal ultrasound examination between 13 and 29 completed weeks of gestation. Patients with threatened preterm labor, multiple gestation, fetal anomalies, placenta previa or uterine contractions were excluded.

Results

The prevalence of AF ‘sludge’ in the study population was 23.5% (66/281). The rates of spontaneous preterm delivery at < 28 weeks, < 32 weeks, < 35 weeks and < 37 weeks of gestation were 14.7% (29/197), 21.3% (46/216), 28.7% (62/216) and 42.1% (91/216), respectively. Patients with ‘sludge’ had: (1) a higher rate of spontaneous preterm delivery at < 28 weeks (46.5% (20/43) vs. 5.8% (9/154); P < 0.001), < 32 weeks (55.6% (25/45) vs. 12.3% (21/171); P < 0.001) and < 35 weeks (62.2% (28/45) vs. 19.9% (34/171); P < 0.001); (2) a higher frequency of clinical chorioamnionitis (15.2% (10/66) vs. 5.1% (11/215); P = 0.007), histologic chorioamnionitis (61.5% (40/65) vs. 28% (54/193); P < 0.001) and funisitis (32.3% (21/65) vs. 19.2% (37/193); P = 0.03); (3) a higher frequency of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) (39.4% (26/66) vs. 13.5% (29/215); P < 0.001), lower gestational age at preterm PROM (median 24.7 (interquartile range (IQR), 22.3–28.1) weeks vs. 32.3 (IQR, 27.7–34.8) weeks; P < 0.001); and (4) shorter median ultrasound‐to‐delivery interval (‘sludge’ positive 127 days (95% CI, 120–134 days) vs. ‘sludge’ negative 161 days (95% CI, 153–169 days); P < 0.001) and ultrasound‐to‐preterm PROM interval (‘sludge’ positive 23 days (95% CI, 7–39 days) vs. ‘sludge’ negative 57 days (95% CI, 38–77 days); P = 0.003) than those without ‘sludge’. AF ‘sludge’ was an independent explanatory variable for the occurrence of spontaneous preterm delivery at < 28 weeks, < 32 weeks and < 35 weeks, preterm PROM, microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) and histologic chorioamnionitis. Moreover, the combination of a cervical length < 25 mm and ‘sludge’ conferred an odds ratio of 14.8 and 9.9 for spontaneous preterm delivery at < 28 weeks and < 32 weeks, respectively.

Conclusions

AF ‘sludge’ is an independent risk factor for spontaneous preterm delivery, preterm PROM, MIAC and histologic chorioamnionitis in asymptomatic patients at high risk for spontaneous preterm delivery. Furthermore, the combination of ‘sludge’ and a short cervix confers a higher risk for spontaneous preterm delivery at < 28 weeks and < 32 weeks than a short cervix alone. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The analysis of 1,2‐epoxyalkanes by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Glowacki C. R. , Menardi P. J. , Link W. E.
Published: August 2007

Terminal epoxides react quantitatively with methanol in the presence of boron trifluoride to give both primary and secondary hydroxy methyl ethers. These derivatives are useful in the analysis of terminal epoxide mixtures by gas liquid chromatography. This procedure is compared with the conventional method and with a procedure in which the 1,2‐epoxyalkanes are reduced to the corresponding secondary alcohols with LiAlH4. A statistical analysis of experimental data obtained from known mixtures of long chain epoxides is described. Results of this analysis demonstrate the improved accuracy and precision of the method as compared to the other methods investigated. LiAlH4 reduction is the preferred method of analysis for the more reactive epoxides as well as for the cyclic epoxides. This procedure is particularly useful in the analysis of epoxides containing a tertiary carbon atom. The application of this technique to other epoxides is expected to improve their analysis, but further work is necessary.
Residual lipids of hexane‐extracted repaseed meal
Authors: Mckillican M. E. , Larose J. A. G.
Published: August 2007

The residual lipids of rapeseed meals produced by pilot‐scale and commercial solvent‐extraction processes were extracted with hexane (free lipids), then extracted with chloroform‐methanol (bound lipids). Thin layer chromatography showed that the free lipids were similar to those previously reported for intact mature seed. The amount of residual free lipid varied with the method of meal production. Bound lipids were similar for all methods of production but differed in some respects from polar lipids of mature seed.
Isolation of two pairs of isomeric 2,4‐alkadienals from soybean oil‐reversion flavor concentrate
Authors: Hoffmann G.
Published: August 2007

By means of gas‐liquid chromatography two isomeric 2,4‐hepta‐ and 2,4‐decadienals have been isolated from volatile decomposition products of soybean oil. The stereoconfiguration of the isomers appeared to be 2t, 4c, and 2t,4t.

The precursor of the two heptadienals is assumed to be linolenic acid and that of the two decadienals, linoleic acid.
Effects of oxidized soybean oil on the vitamin A nutrition of the rat
Authors: Reporter Minocher C. , Harris Robert S.
Published: August 2007

Three lots of cold‐pressed soybean oil were treated with bubbling oxygen for 70, 80, and 180 hrs. at 70°C. and fed to rats at a level of 18% in diets which were nutritionally adequate but devoid of vitamin A. Untreated soybean oil was fed in similar control diets. Subgroups of 15 weanling rats each were given graded injections of vitamin A acetate intramuscularly each week.

Diarrhea developed in the rats fed the diets containing oxidized oil. This condition soon subsided in the groups receiving vitamin A injections but not in the vitamin A‐free group. Diarrhea was not noted in the rats receiving the untreated soybean oil, without respect to the amount of vitamin A they received.

The rats on the vitamin A‐free diets developed deficiency more rapidly when the diet contained oxidized rather than the untreated oil. The food efficiencies of the groups fed the oxidized oils were lower than the controls. The intestines of the groups receiving the oxidized oils were distended with fluid and were hemorrhagic. Enlarged kidneys were noted in the vitamin A‐deficient control as well as in test rats.

The retroperitoneal lipids of the groups on the oxidized oil were less unsaturated, had lower refractive indices, higher peroxide values, and higher carbonyl values than comparable groups fed the control oil.

Vitamin A deficiency decreased the unsaturation of the kidney and liver lipids but increased that of the retroperitoneal lipids. Injections of increasing amounts of vitamin A produced increases in the unsaturation of the body lipids.

The kidney lipids of the groups on the oxidized oil diets were less unsaturated and contained more peroxidic compounds than the controls. Vitamin A deficiency increased the peroxidic compounds in the kidney and liver lipids, even in rats fed the control oil. The liver lipids of the groups fed oxidized oil were less unsaturated, lower in vitamin A content, and higher in peroxide compounds than the controls.

The vitamin A content of the whole blood varied in relation to the amounts injected. The content of tocopherol in the tissues were not affected significantly by the oxidized oil in the diet.

The evidence indicates that severely oxidized oil may destroy vitamin A in the tissue of the rat, thereby hastening the development of deficiency on vitamin A‐free diets, reducing the storage of injected vitamin A, and increasing the vitamin A requirement.

These effects are with abused oil and should not be interpreted to mean that the mildly oxidized oils and fats, such as those in the diets of human beings in this country are toxic.
High‐temperature stability of soybean oils with altered fatty acid compositions
Authors: Liu Hui‐Rong , White Pamela J.
Published: August 2007

One canola oil and six soybean oils with different fatty acid compositions were heated intermittently, and bread cubes were fried in them to determine the stability of the oils. Two of the soybean oils were commercial varieties Hardin and BSR 101. The other soybean oils were from experimental lines developed at Iowa State University, and included A17 with 1.5% linolenate (18:3) and 15.1% palmitate (16:0), A16 with 1.9% 18:3 and 10.6% 16:0, A87‐191039 with 1.8% 18:3 and 29.1% oleate (18:1) and A6 with 27.7% stearate (18:0). The soybean seeds were cold‐pressed and crude canola oil was obtained without additives. Oils were refined, bleached and deodorized under laboratory conditions with additions. Each oil (300 mL) was heated to 180 ± 5°C in a minifryer. Bread cubes were fried at the beginning of heating, and half of the cubes were used for analyses. The second half was analyzed after storage at 60°C for seven days. Heating of the oils was continued for 20 h, cooled for 10 h, and then reheated for another 20 h, after which additional bread cubes were fried and analyzed. Results of sensory evaluation of the fried cubes, the peroxide values (PV) of oils extracted from the cubes and the conjugated dienoic acid values of the oils showed that the A17, A16, A87‐191039 and A6 oils had better stabilities than did Hardin, BSR 101 and canola oils. The initial 18:3 contents of oils predicted their oxidative and flavor stabilities under heating and frying conditions (for PVvs. 18:3, r=0.89,P=0.008; for flavor qualityvs. 18:3, r=−0.93,P=0.002; for flavor intensityvs. 18:3, r=−0.91,P=0.004).
Antioxidant properties of individual phospholipids in a salmon oil model system
Authors: King M. F. , Boyd L. C. , Sheldon B. W.
Published: August 2007

The antioxidant properties of phospholipids (PL) in a refined salmon oil model system were measured by determining changes in the 2‐thiobarbituric acid number and decreases in the ratio of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/palmitic acid (22:6/16:0) of a fish oil system incubated at 180°C for up to 3 h. The more phosphatidylcholine (PC) added to the oil system, the higher the oxidative stability obtained. The order of effectiveness of commercial phospholipids in inhibiting oxidation and the loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids was as follows: sphingomyelin (SPH)=lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)=phosphatidylcholine (PC)=phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)>phosphatidylserine (PS)>phosphatidylinositol (PI)>phosphatidylglycerol (PG)>control salmon oil. Nitrogen containing PL, including PE, PC, LPC and SPH, were equally effective in exerting greater antioxidant properties than PS, PG and PI. The inverse relationship observed between the oxidation index (C22:6/C16:0) and color intensity for treatments following 2 h of heating suggests that Maillard‐type reaction products may have contributed to the oxidative stability of PL‐supplemented fish oils.
The triacylglycerol structure of olive oil determined by silver ion high‐performance liquid chromatography in combination with stereospecific analysis
Authors: Santinelli F. , Damiani P. , Christie W. W.
Published: August 2007

The compositions of positionssn‐1,sn‐2 andsn‐3 of triacylglycerols from “extra‐virgin” olive oil (Olea europaea) were determined. The procedure involved preparation of diacyl‐rac‐glycerols by partial hydrolysis with ethyl magnesium bromide; 1,3‐, 1,2‐ and 2,3‐diacyl‐sn‐glycerols as (S)‐(+)‐1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl urethanes were isolated by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on silica, and their fatty acid compositions were determined. The same procedure was also carried out on the five main triacylglycerol fractions of olive oil after separation according to the degree of unsaturation by HPLC in the silver ion mode. Although stereospecific analysis of the intact triacyl‐sn‐glycerols indicated that the compositions of positionssn‐1 andsn‐3 were similar, the analyses of the molecular species demonstrated marked asymmetry. The data indicate that the “1‐random, 2‐random, 3‐random” distribution theory is not always applicable to vegetable oils.
Characterization of chlorophyll pigments present in canola seed, meal and oil
Authors: Endo Y. , Thorsteinson C. T. , Daun J. K.
Published: August 2007

Chlorophyll pigments present in canola seed, meal and crude and degummed oils were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector. Chlorophylls a and b, low levels of pheophytin a, and occasionally traces of pheophorbide and its methyl ester were present in canola seed. Meals and oils contained magnesium‐deficient chlorophyll pigments such as pheophorbide a, methylpheophorbide a, pheophytins a and b, and pyropheophytins a and b but not chlorophyll a or b. The amounts of chlorophyll pigments were oil > seed >> meal. Both crude and degummed oils contained pheophytin a and pyropheophytin a as main components, but the ratio of pyropheophytin a to pheophytin a was markedly higher in degummed oils. No pheophorbides were detected in degummed oils. These results suggest that oil processing steps such as extraction and degumming affect the composition of chlorophyll pigments.
Isolation and identification of galactinol from castor oilseed meal
Authors: Kuo Tsung Min
Published: August 2007

Galactinol, 1‐O‐α‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐D‐myo‐inositol, is an essential intermediate in the biosynthesis of raffinose saccharides in plant tissues. The unavailability of a commercial source for this metabolite has hindered research on raffinose saccharide metabolism to date. The objective of this study was to develop a facile method for obtaining highly purified galactinol from a readily available source. Defatted castor oilseed meal was found to exhibit a simple soluble carbohydrate profile that included galactinol. Purification of galactinol from castor meal was achieved by enzymatic treatment and a series of liquid chromatography steps, including ion‐exchange and carbon adsorption. The isolation procedure was reliable with a yield of 278 mg of galactinol from 150 g of defatted meal. The purity of galactinol was estimated at 96.4% by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The identity of the purified galactinol was confirmed by enzymatic analysis, identical relative retention times on high‐performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography, and comparison of its mass spectrum to that of authentic galactinol.
Microbial conversion of linoleic and linolenic acids to unsaturated hydroxy fatty acids
Authors: Koritala S. , Bagby M. O.
Published: August 2007

The conversion of oleic acid to 10‐hydroxystearic acid with resting cells ofNocardia cholesterolicum (NRRL 5767) has been previously reported. These same microorganisms also convert linoleic and linolenic acids to 10‐hydroxy‐12c‐octadecenoic and 10‐hydroxy‐12c,15c‐octadecadienoic acids, respectively. The reaction occurs best at 35°C and a pH of 6.5. Under optimum conditions, 75–80% of the unsaturated fatty acid substrate is converted to the corresponding hydroxy acid. The hydroxy products were characterized by gas chromatography, gas chromatographymass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Other microorganisms that successfully converted these substrates include another strain ofNocardia cholesterolicum (NRRL 5768) andNocardia sp. (NRRL 5636).
The origin and metabolism of marine fatty acids: The effect of diet on the depot fats of mugil cephalus (The common mullet)
Authors: Kelly Peter B. , Reiser Raymond , Hood Donald W.
Published: August 2007

It appears that young mullet make excellent experimental fish for dietary studies. They are hardy, easily caught, resistant to disease, and take well to aquaria conditions. Of particular interest, they may be fed synthetic food and they resist changes in salinity well. These experiments indicate that, on a fatfree diet, the mullet does not synthesize the large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids normally found in its body fat. However the mullet, like land animals, can apparently convert dienoic acid from cottonseed oil into small amounts of tetraenoic, pentaenoic, and hexaenoic acids. Unlike land animals, the mullet appears to be capable of the conversion of linoleic acid to a trienoic acid. Finally, when fed a diet containing a typical marine fat such as menhaden oil, the mullet stores it almost unchanged.
Hydroxylation of methyl oleate. A new, direct method
Authors: Wallace J. G. , Peterson W. R. , Chadwick A. F. , Barlow D. O.
Published: August 2007

A new, direct method for hydroxylation of methyl oleate and related fatty materials is described. Yields of 74% methyl 9,10‐dihydroxystearate have been obtained directly by use of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by 4% cross‐linked cationic exchange resins. An interfering side‐reaction is the formation of an hydroxy polyether. No effort has been made to characterize the polyether which probably exists as a mixture of several polyethers.
Correlation of chromatographic absolute loss determinations with the A.O.C.S. Cup Refining method in soybean oil
Authors: Sipos Endre
Published: August 2007

It can be concluded, on the basis of our experiments, that chromatographic loss determinations can be well correlated with A.O.C.S. Cup Refining determinations. This correlation is good for samples above 1% chromatographic losses and somewhat less accurate for samples below 1.0%.

Most of the discrepancy in correlation is inherent in the Cup Loss method because it is less precise in general than the chromatographic determination.

On the other hand, the chromatographic loss is an accurate, easily obtainable index for unavoidable losses resulting from the nonneutral oil fraction of the oils. In the majority of cases the degumming of the oil to levels below 1% chromatographic loss is not indicated by a parallel decrease in cup losses. Thus, in these cases, as long as premiums are paid on the basis of the A.O.C.S. Cup Loss method, the processor is placed in a very disadvantageous position.

It should be pointed out that all our determinations were made on the oils from the 1956 crop during the summer months. The possibility that different crop years will result in different correlation curves might exist, and we are planning to do further work in the future.

It is hoped that by presenting statistically significant figures on this subject, enough interest will be stimulated for more collaborative work, which might result in a review of the industry's present method for the determination of refining losses in soybean oil.
Solubility of cottonseed proteins in hydrochloric acid
Authors: Mann Godfrey E. , Rubins Roslyn Kupperman , Carney William B. , Frampton Vernon L.
Published: August 2007

The correlations between the growth response of chicks to the nine cottonseed meals fed as a protein supplement and the solvent powers of 0.02N NaOH, 6N HCl, and 0.5N NaCl for cottonseed meal proteins are almost identical. The correlations between the solvent power of 6N HCl, 0.02N NaOH, and 0.5N NaCl and the gossypol contents of the meals are not as good as the correlations between the solvent powers of these solutions and the growth response of chicks.
Certain uses of the analysis of variance with standard product specifications
Authors: Smith Harry , Waters T. F.
Published: August 2007

Conclusion

The following sampling scheme was decided upon. Three process units were to be selected at random each day. From each unit one random sample would be analyzed for T.O.B. The average of these three T.O.B. results would determine whether the process was adhering to specifications. This sampling scheme cost $8.10 per day; it guarantees that the variance of the mean ≤0.02.
The state of the art in the analysis of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis images
Authors: Berth Matthias , Moser Frank Michael , Kolbe Markus , Bernhardt Jörg
Published: August 2007

Software-based image analysis is a crucial step in the biological interpretation of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis experiments. Recent significant advances in image processing methods combined with powerful computing hardware have enabled the routine analysis of large experiments. We cover the process starting with the imaging of 2-D gels, quantitation of spots, creation of expression profiles to statistical expression analysis followed by the presentation of results. Challenges for analysis software as well as good practices are highlighted. We emphasize image warping and related methods that are able to overcome the difficulties that are due to varying migration positions of spots between gels. Spot detection, quantitation, normalization, and the creation of expression profiles are described in detail. The recent development of consensus spot patterns and complete expression profiles enables one to take full advantage of statistical methods for expression analysis that are well established for the analysis of DNA microarray experiments. We close with an overview of visualization and presentation methods (proteome maps) and current challenges in the field.
Important Differences Exist in the Dose–Response Relationship between Diet and Immune Cell Fatty Acids in Humans and Rodents
Authors: Fritsche Kevin
Published: August 2007

Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) are noted for their ability to diminish inflammatory and immune responses in vitro and in a variety of animal‐based models of autoimmunity and inflammation. Yet, recent systematic reviews suggest that the evidence for these fatty acids having beneficial effects on inflammation or autoimmunity in humans is equivocal. A possible explanation for these disappointing and somewhat paradoxical findings emerged from the analyses described in this review. The available data on the changes in immune cell fatty acid profiles in mice, rats and humans, fed various forms and amounts of n‐3 PUFA are summarized and displayed graphically. The dose–response curves generated provide new insights into the relationship between dietary n‐3 PUFA and immune cell fatty acid profiles. The author suggests that the poor predictive value of most in vitro as well as many animal trials may, in part, be a consequence of the frequent adoption of experimental conditions that create differences in immune cell fatty acid profiles that far exceed what is possible in free‐living humans through dietary intervention. Recommendations for improving the preclinical value of future in vitro and animal‐based studies with n‐3 PUFA are provided.
The General Applicability of in Situ Transesterification for the Production of Fatty Acid Esters from a Variety of Feedstocks
Authors: Haas Michael J. , Scott Karen M. , Foglia Thomas A. , Marmer William N.
Published: August 2007

We previously described a method for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production wherein acylglycerol transesterification was achieved by reacting flaked full fat soybeans with alkaline methanol to create a product that met ASTM specifications for biodiesel. In the present work we explore the general applicability of this approach, termed in situ transesterification, to feedstocks other than soybeans. Materials investigated were distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), which is a co‐product of the production of ethanol from corn, and meat and bone meal (MBM), a product of animal rendering. For both feedstocks, reaction conditions giving maximum lipid transesterification were predicted by statistical experimental design and response surface regression analysis, and then verified experimentally. Successful transesterification was achieved at ambient pressure and 35 °C. For DDGS, partial drying markedly reduced the methanol requirement to achieve a high degree (91.1% of maximum theoretical) of transesterification. Elevated reaction temperatures (to 55 °C was explored) caused little or no shortening of the time to completion. Protein was not removed from the DDGS during this treatment. For MBM, drying was not required to achieve a high degree (93.3%) of transesterification. The remaining meal retained approximately 90% of the protein originally present. Coupled with the previous work with soybeans, the data presented here indicate that in situ transesterification is generally applicable to lipid‐bearing materials, which could substantially increase the supply of biodiesel.
The amino acid composition of human milk corrected for amino acid digestibility
Authors: Darragh Alison J. , Moughan Paul J.
Published: August 2007

Human milk was collected from women in their 10th–14th weeks of lactation, and was analysed for amino acids. Corrections were made for losses of amino acids which were presumed to occur during acid hydrolysis, using a non-linear mathematical model that describes the simultaneous processes of amino acid yield and decay. The mean amino acid composition of the human milk was found to be similar to previously reported estimates, although the cysteine content of the human milk in the present study was 20% higher than the average literature estimate. True (corrected for endogenous amino acid excretions) ileal amino acid digestibility of human milk was determined using the 3-week-old piglet as a model animal for the human infant. The piglets were given either human milk (n6) or a protein-free diet (n6) for a 6 d experimental period. Cr2O3was added as an indigestible marker, to both the human milk and protein-free diet. At the end of the experimental period the piglets were anaesthetized and samples of digesta removed from the terminal ileum of each piglet. After sampling the piglets were killed. Endogenous ileal excretions of amino acids were determined in piglets fed on the protein-free diet. The true digestibilities of total N and amino acid N were 88% and 95% respectively. The true ileal digestibility of the non-amino acid N fraction in human milk, when calculated by difference was only 50%. The true digestibility of the amino acids in human milk ranged from 81–101% with threonine (86%) being the least digestible essential amino acid. When the true ileal digestibility values were used to correct the amino acid composition of human milk, the pattern of digestible amino acids in human milk was different compared with the currently recommended pattern of amino acid requirements for the infant.
Maternal and neonatal plasma antioxidant levels in normal pregnancy, and the relationship with fatty acid unsaturation
Authors: Oostenbrug Gerard S. , Mensink Ronald P. , Al Monique D. M. , van Houwelingen Adriana C. , Hornstra Gerard
Published: August 2007

During pregnancy, maternal plasma concentrations of the peroxidation-susceptible polyunsaturated fatty acids (polyenes) increase. In addition, the proportion of polyenes is higher in neonatal plasma than in maternal plasma. To study whether these increased amounts of polyenes affect antioxidant levels, we measured lipid-soluble antioxidants in maternal and neonatal plasmas obtained during thirty-five normal pregnancies. These values were then related to the degree of phospholipid-fatty acid unsaturation. Maternal plasma levels of tocopherols and lutein increased during pregnancy, as assessed at 14, 22, and 32 weeks of gestation. However, β-carotene levels decreased, and levels of other carotenoids remained unchanged. Retinol levels were only decreased at 32 weeks of gestation. The value for α-tocopherol: phospholipid-polyene unsaturation index (UI) also increased during pregnancy, despite the observed increase in UI. Corresponding ratios for several carotenoids and retinol, however, decreased during pregnancy. After delivery, maternal plasma levels of δ-tocopherol and β + γ-tocopherol, as well as β + γ-tocopherol: UI values, were lower than values at 32 weeks of gestation. Umbilical-cord plasma antioxidant levels and antioxidant: UI values, except retinol: UI, were significantly lower than maternal values. Significant and consistent cord ν. maternal correlations were observed for plasma levels of β + γ-tocopherol, lutein and β-carotene, but not for δ-tocopherol, α-tocopherol, lycopene, α-carotene, and retinol. In conclusion, although during pregnancy maternal plasma tocopherol levels increased concurrently with, or more than, fatty acid unsaturation in plasma phospholipids, the decrease in carotenoid: UI values during gestation, the decrease in maternal plasma levels of δ-tocopherol and β + γ-tocopherol after delivery, and the low neonatal antioxidant levels merit further investigation.
Interactive effects of increased intake of saturated fat and cholesterol on atherosclerosis in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
Authors: Yuan Yvonne V. , Kitts David D. , Godin David V.
Published: August 2007

Increasing the energy value of diets with dietary fat, particularly fats rich in saturated fatty acids, can result in the elevation of plasma total and lipoprotein cholesterol. In the present study, experimental diets were designed to examine the effects of increasing the energy content of diets with a saturated fat source and cholesterol in a non-purified diet on hyperlipoproteinaemia and aortic plaque composition in the atherosclerosis-susceptible Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) model of human atherosclerosis. Commercial poultry diets containing two levels (i.e. 60 or 120 g/kg) of beef tallow as the primary source of saturated fat were balanced for endogenous cholesterol or supplemented with cholesterol (i.e. 0·5 or 5·0 g/kg) and fed to quail for 9 weeks to examine the effects on whole plasma, lipoprotein and aortic plaque lipid composition in relation to aortic plaque formation. Hypercholesterolaemia (P<0·001) was confirmed in birds fed on high-cholesterol (HC) diets only. An interaction (P=0·05) between dietary cholesterol and fat intake level was observed for plasma triacylglycerols (TG) and was specific to changes observed in VLDL composition. Diet-induced changes in lipoprotein total cholesterol, TG and phospholipid composition were greatest in the portomicron and VLDL fractions in birds fed on atherogenic diets. Hyperlipoproteinaemia induced by the 60 g/kg added beef tallow–HC diet resulted in significant (P<0·001) aortic plaque deposition, which was further enhanced in birds fed on the 120 g/kg beef tallow–HC diet. Quail fed on 120 g/kg beef tallow-HC diets exhibited the most severe aortic plaque formation, with marked increases in aortic tissue cholesterol content and quantifiable amounts of several cholesterol oxides (5,6α-epoxy-5α-cholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, cholestanetriol, 7-ketocholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol). In summary, hyperlipoproteinaemia associated with HC diets with a greater proportion of energy from saturated fat produced a combined effect in altering plasma and lipoprotein lipid composition as well as aortic tissue cholesterol and cholesterol oxide content in the Japanese quail.
Actions of the traditional anti-diabetic plant,Agrimony eupatoria(agrimony): effects on hyperglycaemia, cellular glucose metabolism and insulin secretion
Authors: Gray Alison M. , Flatt Peter R.
Published: August 2007

Agrimony eupatoria(agrimony) has been documented as a traditional treatment of diabetes. Here, the effects of dietary administration of agrimony on streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic mice and on in vitro glucose uptake and glucose metabolism, and on insulin secretion by BRIN-BD11 cells were investigated. Agrimony incorporated into the diet (62·5 g/kg) and drinking water (2·5 g/l) countered the weight loss, polydipsia, hyperphagia and hyperglycaemia of STZ-diabetic mice. Aqueous extract of agrimony (1 mg/ml) stimulated 2-deoxy-glucose transport (1·4-fold), glucose oxidation (1·4-fold) and incorporation of glucose into glycogen (2·0-fold) in mouse abdominal muscle comparable with 0·1 μM-insulin. In acute 20 min tests, 0·25-1 mg/ml aqueous extract of agrimony evoked a stepwise 1·9–3·8-fold stimulation of insulin secretion from the BRIN-BD11 pancreatic B-cell line. This effect was abolished by 0·5mM-diazoxide and previous exposure to extract did not adversely affect subsequent stimulation of insulin secretion by 10 mM-L-alanine, thereby indicating that there was no detrimental effect of the extract on cell viability. The effect of extract was glucose-independent and was not evident in BRIN-BD11 cells exposed to a depolarizing concentration of KCl. The ability of agrimony extract to enhance insulin secretion was dependent on use of heat during extract preparation. These results demonstrate the presence of antihyperglycaemic, insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity inAgrimony eupatoria.
Dietary guidelines and patterns of food and nutrient intake in Sweden
Authors: Becker Wulf
Published: August 2007

The Nordic and Swedish Nutrition Recommendations emphasize the balance between macronutrients in the diet. The amount of saturated and total fat should be limited to c. 10 %energy and 30 %energy, respectively, and the amount of total carbohydrates should be 55–60 %energy. Data from the first Swedish national dietary survey in 1989 show that the average diet is too high in fat, especially saturated fat (36–37 %energy and 16 %energy, respectively) while the content of total carbohydrates and dietary fibre is too low. However, parts of the population consume a diet that meets the recommendation for a particular macronutrient. A comparison of subjects with a low or high intake of total fat and saturated fat, dietary fibre or fruit and vegetables show some common trends with respect to the characteristics of a dietary pattern equal or close to the recommendations, e.g. more frequent consumption of fruit and vegetables and a lower consumption of some fat-rich foods, such as spreads, cheese and sausages.
Compliance with dietary guidelines in the Spanish population. Results from the Catalan Nutrition Survey
Authors: Serra-Majem Lluís , Ribas Lourdes , Ramon Josep M.
Published: August 2007

The aim of the present study was to analyse the different food and nutrition profiles of the section of the Spanish population having either a low or a high intake of energy, fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA) and fibre in order to analyse the compliance with dietary guidelines. Analyses were made from the Catalan Nutrition Survey, comprising a random sample of 1600 people aged 18 to 60. Dietary information was obtained by means of two 24 h recall, and food and energy intake was categorized according to the quartiles of fat, SFA and fibre intake. The results show the food consumption patterns that distinguish low versus high fat, SFA and fibre eaters in the Spanish population, and facilitate the establishment of food-based dietary guidelines in Spain and other Mediterranean countries.
Point prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in ruminants in southern Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Asif Raza Muhammad , Iqbal Zafar , Jabbar Abdul , Yaseen Muhammad
Published: August 2007

The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in ruminants in an irrigated area of lower Punjab (Pakistan). For this purpose, 100 faecal samples were collected from sheep, goats, cattle and buffaloes. Parasitological procedures including direct and indirect methods (sedimentation and floatation) and coproculture were used for the identification of helminths. The overall prevalence of helminthiasis was 51% in cattle, 47% in buffaloes, 62% in sheep and 52% in goats, with nematodes being the most common helminths. The prevalence of helminths was higher in young animals compared with adults in cattle (P < 0.0001), buffaloes (P < 0.0001), sheep (P < 0.059) and goats (P = 0.010). The prevalence of different species of helminths also varied in different age groups, withToxocara vitulorumbeing higher in calves than adults both in cattle (P = 0.017) and buffaloes (P < 0.0001). Sex-wise prevalence of helminths was higher in males than females for buffaloes (P < 0.0001) and sheep (P = 0.014) in contrast to cattle and goats.
Interaction of positive and negative energy waves in a magnetized bi-ion plasma with differential ion streaming
Authors: MCKENZIE J. F. , HU Q.
Published: August 2007

In this paper the concept of negative energy waves facilitates the analysis of instability in a magnetized bi-ion plasma with differential ion streaming. There are three frequency regimes in which instability may arise. For frequencies less than the alpha particle gyrofrequency, a negative energy alpha ion-cyclotron mode can interact with a positive energy proton-cyclotron mode. In the intermediate frequency regime lying between the alpha and proton gyrofrequencies, a negative energy alpha-acoustic mode interacts with a positive energy proton-cyclotron mode. In the high-frequency regime above the proton-cyclotron frequency a negative energy alpha-acoustic mode interacts with a positive energy proton-acoustic mode. The resonance (or coalescence) condition which lends itself to a simple geometrical interpretation as the intersection between the proton and alpha mode wave normal diagrams with differential streaming permits the evaluation of the instability growth rate in each frequency regime, which is calculated for both subsonic and supersonic differential streaming.
Screening of gap junction antagonists on dye coupling in the rabbit retina
Authors: PAN FENG , MILLS STEPHEN L. , MASSEY STEPHEN C.
Published: August 2007

Many cell types in the retina are coupled via gap junctions and so there is a pressing need for a potent and reversible gap junction antagonist. We screened a series of potential gap junction antagonists by evaluating their effects on dye coupling in the network of A-type horizontal cells. We evaluated the following compounds: meclofenamic acid (MFA), mefloquine, 2-aminoethyldiphenyl borate (2-APB), 18-α-glycyrrhetinic acid, 18-β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18-β-GA), retinoic acid, flufenamic acid, niflumic acid, and carbenoxolone. The efficacy of each drug was determined by measuring the diffusion coefficient for Neurobiotin (Mills & Massey, 1998). MFA, 18-β-GA, 2-APB and mefloquine were the most effective antagonists, completely eliminating A-type horizontal cell coupling at a concentration of 200 μM. Niflumic acid, flufenamic acid, and carbenoxolone were less potent. Additionally, carbenoxolone was difficult to wash out and also may be harmful, as the retina became opaque and swollen. MFA, 18-β-GA, 2-APB and mefloquine also blocked coupling in B-type horizontal cells and AII amacrine cells. Because these cell types express different connexins, this suggests that the antagonists were relatively non-selective across several different types of gap junction. It should be emphasized that MFA was water-soluble and its effects on dye coupling were easily reversible. In contrast, the other gap junction antagonists, except carbenoxolone, required DMSO to make stock solutions and were difficult to wash out of the preparation at the doses required to block coupling in A-type HCs. The combination of potency, water solubility and reversibility suggest that MFA may be a useful compound to manipulate gap junction coupling.
Laminin deficits induce alterations in the development of dopaminergic neurons in the mouse retina
Authors: DÉNES VIKTÓRIA , WITKOVSKY PAUL , KOCH MANUEL , HUNTER DALE D. , PINZÓN-DUARTE GERMÁN , BRUNKEN WILLIAM J.
Published: August 2007

Genetically modified mice lacking the β2 laminin chain (β2null), the γ3 laminin chain (γ3 null), or both β2/γ3 chains (compound null) were produced. The development of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive neurons in these mouse lines was studied between birth and postnatal day (P) 20. Compared to wild type mice, no alterations were seen in γ3 null mice. In β2 null mice, however, the large, type I TH neurons appeared later in development, were at a lower density and had reduced TH immunoreactivity, although TH process number and size were not altered. In the compound null mouse, the same changes were observed together with reduced TH process outgrowth. Surprisingly, in the smaller, type II TH neurons, TH immunoreactivity was increased in laminin-deficient compared to wild type mice. Other retinal defects we observed were a patchy disruption of the inner limiting retinal basement membrane and a disoriented growth of Müller glial cells. Starburst and AII type amacrine cells were not apparently altered in laminin-deficient relative to wild type mice. We postulate that laminin-dependent developmental signals are conveyed to TH amacrine neurons through intermediate cell types, perhaps the Müller glial cell and/or the retinal ganglion cell.