bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BETWEEN WAR AND PEACE: AN EXAMINATION OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLES IN FOUR CONFLICT ZONES
Authors: Polkinghorn Brian , Byrne Sean
Published: February 2008

This study examines the relationship between gender and religious affiliation to the preferred conflicts styles of 384 student participants living in and attending university in South Africa, Israel, Bosnia‐Herzegovina and Northern Ireland. Participants report living in stressful social contexts that are often characterized by reports of terrorism perpetrated by paramilitaries, the state, violence that is brought on by long standing ethnic hatreds and years of division between major groups contending for control of political and social institutions, civilian uprisings, and in some cases low scale civil war. The results indicate that the independent variables—gender and religion—provide statistically significant observable differences in how people report they engage in conflict as seen in their choice of conflict styles. In particular, the findings on gender differences provide a surprising result that is partially attributed to the contextual factors of warfare and one's active participation in it. The results on religious affiliation provide a number of intriguing patterns among various religions including a desire to accommodate or collaborate with others and a strong dislike of avoidance. There are other more specific patterns that can be partially attributed to contextual factors as well. With so many contexts being present in the study a number of intriguing explanations and working hypotheses are brought forth to help explain why these patterns on gender and religious affiliation exist.
LINKING CONFLICT STRATEGY TO THE FIVE‐FACTOR MODEL: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL FOUNDATIONS
Authors: Moberg Philip J.
Published: February 2008

The present study examines the relation of individual differences in personality to one's preferences for approaching and managing conflict in work settings. This investigation offers a conceptual foundation for relating the Five‐Factor Model (FFM) of personality to strategy preference, tests strategy‐FFM dimension hypotheses, and explores strategy relations with narrower FFM midlevel traits. Managers and supervisors (N = 249) from public, governmental, and private sector organizations completed the Organizational Communication and Conflict Instrument and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Preferences for conflict strategies were found to relate to distinct patterns of FFM dimensions, while narrower midlevel traits provided meaningful insights into the nature of the observed relations.
CULTURE, DIALOGUE, AND PERCEPTION CHANGE IN THE ISRAELI‐PALESTINIAN CONFLICT
Authors: Mollov Ben , Lavie Chaim
Published: February 2008

This paper explores the possibilities of intercultural dialogue as a means of peace building on the people‐to‐people level. With its focus on the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict the work assesses a number of efforts, which have utilized cultural dialogue rooted in religion to facilitate dialogue, relationship building, and perception change during the period subsequent to the signing of the Oslo Accord in 1993 and prior to the outbreak of Israeli‐Palestinian violence in September 2000. Utilizing an interdisciplinary theoretical framework and questionnaire‐based quantitative data collected from Israeli and Palestinian students, the work suggests that the religiously based dialogue has the potential to move mutual perceptions to more favorable positions based on the similarities between Islam and Judaism. Such dialogue can also clarify to both sides the identification which each side has with the same land. We believe that our exploratory data might encourage the further use and study of religious cultural elements to facilitate peace building in both the Israeli‐Palestinian context and in other acute interethnic conflict venues.
LINKING FRAMES IN NEGOTIATIONS: GAINS, LOSSES AND CONFLICT FRAME ADOPTION
Authors: Schweitzer Maurice E. , DeChnrch Leslie A.
Published: February 2008

Two distinct literatures have investigated the impact of negotiator frames. Both literatures demonstrate that negotiator frames significantly influence both bargaining behavior and negotiated outcomes. These two literatures, however, offer completely different conceptualizations of what negotiator frames actually are. In this article we classify these two conceptualizations as reference frames, the referent‐dependent perception of outcomes, and conflict frames, a multi‐dimensional orientation toward conflict. We report results from an experiment that links these two types of frames. We find that loss‐framed negotiators adopt conflict frames that are more win‐oriented and task‐oriented than the conflict frames gain‐framed negotiators adopt. Our results offer insight into the frame adoption process and have implications for dispute resolution and negotiation practice.
DEALING WITH FEELING: THE INFLUENCE OF OUTCOME REPRESENTATIONS ON NEGOTIATION
Authors: Conlon Donald E. , Shelton Hunt Courtney
Published: February 2008

The present study extends recently‐acquired knowledge about the affective aspects of negotiations by examining the effects of defining negotiation outcomes in affective terms rather than numeric terms. Using a 2 x 2 experimental design, the researchers represented the negotiation outcomes in four different ways: happy faces, unhappy faces, positive numbers, and negative numbers. The results indicate that representing outcomes in affective terms leads to longer negotiation times and higher impasse rates. In addition, participants whose outcomes were represented as happy faces reported the highest levels of emotional involvement, the lowest levels of cooperation and trust, and most frequently experienced negative emotions. Emotional involvement and negative emotions also helped explain differences in negotiation time and individual outcomes over and above the effects of the experimental manipulations. The implications of these results for negotiation research are discussed.
AN ASSESSMENT AND REFINEMENT OF JEHN'S INTRAGROUP CONFLICT SCALE
Authors: Pearson Allison W. , Ensley Michael D. , Amason Allen C.
Published: February 2008

Jehn (1992, 1994) developed the Intragroup Conflict Scale (ICS) to measure two theoretically distinct dimensions of conflict: relationship and task conflict. In the years since, the ICS has been widely adopted by researchers as a measurement tool for group conflict. However, limited evidence of the scale's psychometric properties has been published. Following guidelines provided by Schwab (1980) and Hinkin (1995), we assess the construct validity of the scale, using both individual level and group level techniques, and test proposed nomological relationships, using six diverse samples. We conclude that a 6‐item version of the original 9‐item scale best captures relationship and task conflict.
RESOLVING THE PUZZLE OF PRODUCTIVE AND DESTRUCTIVE CONFLICT IN CULTURALLY HETEROGENEOUS WORKGROUPS: A COMMUNICATION ACCOMMODATION THEORY APPROACH
Authors: Ayoko Oluremi B. , Härtel Charmine E.J. , Callan Victor J.
Published: February 2008

This study presents an investigation of the communicative behaviors and strategies employed in the stimulation and management of productive and destructive conflict in culturally heterogeneous workgroups. Using communication accommodation theory (CAT), we argue that the type and course of conflict in culturally heterogeneous workgroups is impacted by the communicative behaviors and strategies employed by group members during interactions. Analysis of data from participant observations, non‐participant observations, semi‐structured interviews, and self‐report questionnaires support CAT‐based predictions and provide fresh insights into the triggers and management strategies associated with conflict in culturally heterogeneous workgroups. In particular, results indicated that the more groups used discourse management strategies, the more they experienced productive conflict. In addition, the use of explanation and checking of own and others' understanding was a major feature of productive conflict, while speech interruptions emerged as a strategy leading to potential destructive conflict. Groups where leaders emerged and assisted in reversing communication breakdowns were better able to manage their discourse, and achieved consensus on task processes. Contributions to the understanding of the triggers and the management of productive conflict in culturally heterogeneous workgroups are discussed.
CONFLICT STYLE AND COPING WITH ROLE CONFLICT: AN EXTENSION OF THE UNCERTAINTY MODEL OF WORK STRESS
Authors: Tidd Simon T. , Friedman Raymond A.
Published: February 2008

This study investigates the impact of conflict style as a coping strategy in response to role conflict. Recent research has begun to examine workplace uncertainty as a mediator in the role stress process. Using this overall framework, we developed and tested hypotheses regarding the effect of conflict style activeness on the link between role conflict and uncertainty. Results supported the mediating role of uncertainty in the role stress process, thus replicating previous research. Additionally, the results showed that exhibiting a more active approach to conflict management decreased the negative impact of role conflict on uncertainty. These findings suggest that individuals may be able to reduce the negative individual impact of role conflict in their environment by adopting positive behavioral styles while avoiding negative ones.
SEEING AND BELIEVING: VISUAL ACCESS AND THE STRATEGIC USE OF DECEPTION
Authors: Schweitzer Maurice E. , Brodt Susan E. , Croson Rachel T.A.
Published: February 2008

While prior work has focused on the importance of visual access and visual cues to targets of deception, this article highlights its importance to deceivers. We introduce a new approach for conceptualizing deception and distinguish between two types of lies according to the relative value to the deceiver of being able to monitor the target's reaction to the lie; deceivers telling monitoring‐dependent lies benefit significantly more from being able to monitor their target than do deceivers telling monitoring‐independent lies. We examine this distinction and its implications for the strategic use of deception, by manipulating visual access in a negotiation experiment with teleconference and videoconference media. We find consistent differences between deceivers use of and consequences of these two types of lies as a function of visual access. First, the use of monitoring‐dependent lies was significantly greater with visual access than without it, while the use of monitoring‐independent lies was unaffected by visual access. Second, consistent with our conceptu‐alization, participants who lied were trusted less by their counterpart than were participants who did not lie, except when participants with visual access told monitoring‐dependent lies. In these cases deceivers were actually trusted more by their counterpart than participants who did not lie. These results support our conceptualization and suggest that visual access may actually harm potential targets of deception—by increasing their risk of being deceived and inappropriately increasing their interpersonal trust.
TEACHING CONFLICT ASSESSMENT AND FRAME ANALYSIS THROUGH INTERACTIVE WEB‐BASED SIMULATIONS
Authors: Elliott Michael , Kaufman Sanda , Gardner Robert , Burgess Guy
Published: February 2008

Frames play a central role in how parties to a conflict make sense of their situation and how they interact. How they interact in turn affects possible outcomes. This article addresses a set of challenges to teaching about frames, framing, and their link to conflict assessment, and offers a web‐based solution that addresses some of these challenges. The training material incorporates aspects of simulation exercises and case stud‐ies to create a realistic environment in which students conduct assessments of conflict dynamics and frames. This free, publicly‐available product can be integrated into in‐class training modules, assigned as an out‐of‐class project, or explored through individual study. The materials allow for self‐pacing, backtracking, review, and repeated tries, made possible by the web medium.
MUSICAL OPERATING ROOMS: MINI‐CASES OF HEALTH CARE DISPUTES
Authors: Friedman Raymond
Published: February 2008

This article contains two brief cases about health‐care disputes, designed for executive education audiences who work in health care. One case is a dispute between a doctor and a hospital administrator over authority to control nursing assignments. The other case is about doctors competing for access to operating room space. These cases are used to discuss underlying causes of the disputes and participants' strategies for managing these disputes. The teaching note focuses on using the power, rights, and interests model from Ury, Brett, and Goldberg (1988) as a way to organize the discussion.
THE PROMISE OF AN INTERACTION‐BASED APPROACH TO NEGOTIATION
Authors: Donohue William A.
Published: February 2008

I recently agreed to participate in a study in which the researcher was interested in learning how academic scholars make the personal choice to pursue their specific field of inquiry. She wanted me to explain my personal fascination with conflict, and to begin by reflecting on my adolescence as a formative driver for my interests. I remarked that the significant developmental markers in my life centered on major conflict episodes that, in many ways, also have served to define a generation. My junior high school years were defined by the JFK assignation, while my high school years witnessed the MLK and RFK assignations and the attending civil unrest in Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago. In college, I remember May 4, 1970 as if it were yesterday because I attended Bowling Green State University, a sister school of Kent State, and activists staged a very intense demonstration on campus just hours after the Kent State events. Finally, graduate school was marked by the Yom Kippur War and the fall of Saigon.
INTEGRATIVE SEQUENCES AND NEGOTIATION OUTCOME IN SAME‐ AND MIXED‐CULTURE NEGOTIATIONS
Authors: Adair Wendi L.
Published: February 2008

This study uses Hall's (1976) theory of low/high context culture with theories of interpersonal adaptation (Gudykunst, 1985; Patterson, 1983) to test communication preferences, flexibility, and effectiveness in same‐ and mixed‐culture negotiation. Ninety‐three same‐culture low context (Israel, Germany, Sweden, and U.S.), 101 same‐culture high context (Hong Kong, Japan, Russia, Thailand), and 48 mixed‐culture mixed context (U.S.‐Japan, U.S.‐Hong Kong) dyads negotiated a 1 ½ hour simulation. Transcripts were content coded for direct and indirect integrative sequences and analyzed with hierarchical linear regression. Supporting the theory, results revealed more indirect integrative sequences in high context dyads and more direct integrative sequences in low context and mixed context dyads. Direct integrative sequences predicted joint gains for mixed context dyads.
THE EFFECTS OF PERCEIVED IDENTITY AND JUSTICE EXPERIENCES WITH AN ADR INSTITUTION ON MANAGERS' DECISION PREFERENCES
Authors: Chi Shu‐Cheng , Tsai Hwa‐Hwa , Tsai Ming‐Hong
Published: February 2008

This study samples 78 business decision‐makers whose cases were part of an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) process, i.e., the Public Construction Commission (PCC), which operates under the government in Taiwan, between 1997 and early 2000. The authors propose an interaction between two variations of trust—category‐based trust and experience‐based trust—and hypothesize that decision‐makers’ perceived identity with new versus old government ideology and past justice experiences (with the PCC) would jointly affect their decision preferences. The results partially support these hypotheses. The authors emphasize the critic role of trustworthiness of the third‐party ADR providers. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the findings.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEACEKEEPERS AND NGO WORKERS: THE ROLE OF TRAINING AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLES IN INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPING
Authors: Ramarajan Lakshmi , Bezrukova Katerina , Jehn Karen A. , Euwema Martin , Kop Nicolien
Published: February 2008

To examine the effect of negotiation training and conflict management styles on the relations between third‐party actors involved in international peacekeeping situations, we analyze data from a sample of Dutch military peacekeepers on missions between 1995 and 1999 (N = 850). We predict and find, contrary to the traditional “contact hypothesis” (Allport, 1954), that peacekeepers' contact with Non‐Governmental Organization (NGO) workers was positively associated with conflict between them, and this increased if the peacekeeper possessed an avoiding conflict management style. When sufficiently trained in negotiations, peacekeepers who had intensive contact with NGO personnel and possessed a dominating conflict management style were less likely to become personally involved in conflicts with NGO workers. Implications for conflict management and training are discussed.
CONGLOMERATED CONTENDING BY JAPANESE SUBORDINATES
Authors: Van de Vliert Evert , Ohbuchi Ken‐ichi , Van Rossum Bas , Hayashi Yoichiro , Van der Vegt Gerben S.
Published: February 2008

Do accommodative or integrative components make contentious conflict behavior more effective? A questionnaire study shows that Japanese subordinates (N = 136) handle interpersonal conflicts with superiors more effectively to the extent that they complement high contending with high accommodating. By contrast, prior research shows that high contending by Dutch subordinates and superiors is more effective if complemented with high integrating. Together, these findings support the notion that the most effective conglomeration of contending with other components of conflict behavior is society‐specific.
THE ROLE OF EMOTIONS IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF WORK TEAMS
Authors: Syna Desivilya Helena , Yagil Dana
Published: February 2008

The current study aims to identify the factors underlying differing preferences for conflict‐management patterns within work teams. Two major antecedents of dispute resolution modes were examined: the team members' emotional reactions to and their perceptions of the type of conflicts encountered in their work group. The sample consisted of 69 medical teams, comprising 331 employees (nurses and physicians) employed in several medical organizations. Self‐report structured questionnaires were used to assess the research variables. A series of regression analyses showed that cooperative (integrating and compromising) patterns of conflict management were associated with positive intragroup emotional states; contentious (dominating) patterns were associated with positive as well as negative emotions; and an avoidance pattern was associated with negative emotions only. Additionally, negative emotions were found to mediate the association of relationship conflict with a dominating pattern of conflict management. The findings point to the centrality of emotional states in determining conflict management preferences at the intragroup level.
VARIATIONS IN THE CAUSES OF ETHNONATIONALIST VIOLENCE: NORTHERN IRELAND, 1969–72
Authors: Maney Gregory M.
Published: February 2008

Theories of ethnic conflict often assume that the cause of political violence is the same across actors and constant over time. I propose that causes differ, depending upon the identity, grievances, and strategy of the perpetrator as influenced by the cultural, economic, and political contexts in which they operate. Together with Granger causality tests, multivariate time‐series analyses of political deaths in Northern Ireland support a multi‐causal perspective. Reflecting identity differences, Loyalist violence but not Republican violence was likely to increase during months when high levels of protest coincided with annual commemorations. By deepening grievances related to ethnic stratification, rising unemployment contributed to Republican violence, but not to Loyalist violence. Repression of Nationalists increased Republican violence but decreased Loyalist violence, supporting a see‐saw conceptualization of political opportunities in divided societies. The findings highlight the need for sensitivity in both conflict research and management to differences between actors and across social contexts.
MULTI‐PARTY E‐NEGOTIATIONS: AGENTS, ALLIANCES, AND NEGOTIATION SUCCESS
Authors: Kurtzberg Terri R. , Dunn‐Jensen Linda M. , Matsibekker Crystal L.Z.
Published: February 2008

Using a four‐person email negotiation on a fictitious house‐sale as the context, this study explores the effects of (1) familiarity and similarity manipulations on agent‐agent relationships, and (2) the emotional attachments that novice agents and principals form and maintain over the course of a single negotiation. Results show that only agent‐agent pairs receiving both manipulations (similarity and familiarity) were uniquely more successful in achieving an agreement, and that positive feelings for novice agents begin aligned with the principal and end aligned with the other agent. This demonstrates that relationship‐building in the online environment may be easier for some partnerships than for others, and that the dual‐loyalty conflict facing agents seems to encourage one partnership being preferred to the other at any one point in time. Implications for theory and for email negotiations are discussed.
HOW JOB PRESSURES AND EXTRINSIC REWARDS AFFECT LYING BEHAVIOR
Authors: Grover Steven L. , Hui Chun
Published: February 2008

This study investigates how two situational elements influence people's propensity to lie about their own performance. We hypothesized that (a) people are more likely to lie when rewarded for doing so, (b) performance pressures at work lead people to lie about their performance, and c) the joint effect of the two elements led to the highest level of lying. Reward and pressure were manipulated in an experiment with 140 participants. The findings support both hypotheses. The results have implications for the manner in which corporations pressure and reward their employees, suggesting that unsavory behavior such as lying is a natural outgrowth of high pressure, high reward work situations.
P&C RAROC: A Catalyst for Improved Capital Management in the Property and Casualty Insurance Industry
Authors: NAKADA PETER , SHAH HEMANT , UGUR KOYLUOGLU H. , COLLIGNON OLIVIER
Published: February 2008

Is the U.S. property & casualty (P&C) insurance industry overcapitalized? Many practitioners and industry observers claim that the industry is awash in capital, and that this excess capital has driven prices to historical lows. Others claim that the industry is undercapitalized relative to a large but plausible natural disaster, such as a large Tokyo earthquake, or a Category 5 hurricane through Miami — a “super catastrophe” in industry jargon.
A User's Guide to Interest Rate Models: Applications for Structured Finance
Authors: PAUL JOSHI J. , SWERTLOFF LARRY
Published: February 2008

The advent of derivatives and structured products has coincided with a proliferation of fixed income models used to analyze hedging, pricing, forecasting, and estimation for the term structure of interest rates. This article evaluates five models Ho‐Lee (HL); Black‐Derman‐Toy (BDT); Vasicek; Cox‐Ingersoll‐Ross (CIR); and Heath‐Jarrow‐Morton (HJM) (see Exhibit 1) that are currently used by structured finance practitioners. We suggest which models are most appropriate for assets with different time horizons, interest rate sensitivities and cashflow properties. The authors link model selection to structured financial instruments with the singular focus on the trade‐off between model precision/complexity and calculation costs.
A Practitioner's Guide to Active Portfolio Management Using Implied View
Authors: LEE BERNARD
Published: February 2008

The Implied View of a portfolio can offer powerful insights to the savvy portfolio manager. This article presents a heuristic by which these returns can be computed, using information that is readily available from the public domain. We will also present a computational example to illustrate how such an analytical tool will be useful to active portfolio managers.
The Near‐Miss Management of Operational Risk
Authors: MUERMANN ALEXANDER , OKTEM ULKU
Published: February 2008

Over recent decades, banks and bank regulators have devoted substantial resources to managing market risk and credit risk. More recently industry and regulatory focus has shifted to the mitigation of operational risk. This article addresses the Advanced Measurement Approaches under which banks would be allowed to determine capital requirements, based on their own internal assessment of operational risk, according to standards set by the Basel Committee. The authors propose adopting the concept of “nearmiss” risk assessment employed in the chemical, health, and airline industries to internally evaluate operational risk.
Operational Risk Capital: A Problem of Definition
Authors: KURITZKES ANDREW
Published: February 2008

This article discusses the three approaches for setting capital charges for operational risk as proposed by the New Basel Accord. The article addresses a series of questions raised by the Basel proposal related to defining, measuring, and reserving for operational risk. The author suggests that capital reserves may actually serve as a deterrent to reducing operational losses.
Calculating Quantile‐Based Risk Analytics with L‐Estimators
Authors: MAUSSER HELMUT
Published: February 2008

Quantile‐based measures of risk, e.g., value at risk (VaR), are widely used in portfolio risk applications. Increasing attention is being directed toward managing risk, which involves identifying sources of risk and assessing the economic impact of potential trades. This article compares the performance of two quantile‐based VaR estimators commonly applied to assess the market risk of option portfolios and the credit risk of bond portfolios.
Single Factor Stochastic Models with Seasonality Applied to Underlying Weather Derivatives Variables
Authors: TORRÓ HIPÒLIT , MENEU VICENTE , VALOR ENRIC
Published: February 2008

The authors employ single‐factor models to estimate daily temperature variations for the valuation of weather derivatives. Classical financial models are adapted to fit temperature seasonality to a time series. As an example, Monte Carlo simulations of heating and cooling degree‐days are used as the underlying for weather derivatives that reference temperatures in regions of Spain. The article also discusses potential applications to hedging energy‐related risks.
Assessing the regulatory impact: credit risk — going beyond Basel II
Authors: TSCHEMERNJAK RICHARD
Published: February 2008

The new capital accord, otherwise known as Basel II, from the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, addresses the issue of financial risk. Within the latest version of the new accord and numerous consultation papers, the committee has reinforced its emphasis on risk management, encouraging banks to improve their risk assessment capabilities. Basel II attempts to accomplish this by closely aligning capital with modern risk management best practices, and by ensuring that the emphasis on risk makes its way onto supervisory practices and market discipline. Thus, regulatory pressure is, and will remain over the near future, a key driver of risk management systems development across market, credit and operational risk.
The continuing saga — Basel II developments: liquidity regulation into the 21st century
Authors: LEVERICK PHIL
Published: February 2008

Practitioners with elephantine memories will recall that for over 25 years the Bank of England and more recently the Financial Services Authority have been discussing with banks and periodically making relatively modest changes to liquidity regulation in banking.
Re‐assessing 21st century risk: 21st century trends in risk management — board level decisions set the agenda
Authors: MUNDY CHRIS
Published: February 2008

There are a number of trends clearly detectable in the UK markets that have the potential to change radically the approach of major and medium sized companies to insurance. Although some of these have been caused by the substantial increases in premiums triggered by the recent hard market, there are clear signs that these trends are becoming institutionalized, and are thus likely to continue despite any subsequent softening of the market.
Sources of Information on Urban Mass Transportation: A Bibliographic Essay
Authors: Creeden Richard
Published: February 2008

Among the many pressing social issues facing today's urban areas is how to provide adequate and efficient transportation facilities while maintaining a healthy economic and social environment. In light of this problem the federal government is spending billions of dollars in improving existing transit systems and in developing new ones in major cities across the United States. There is considerable debate over how this funding could best be utilized. During the past few years there has been an increasing amount of literature published by leading government, private, and academic research centers in the areas of transportation policy, economics, and technological innovations. Libraries, particularly public libraries in those cities directly affected by these new transit programs, are likely to face an increasing number of reference questions from citizens concerned with how these new systems will affect their lives and the life of their city.
An Analysis of the Relationship Between Book Reviews and the Inclusion of Potentially Controversial Books in Public Libraries
Authors: Serebnick Judith
Published: February 2008

The policies of the American Library Association (ALA) concerning the concept of intellectual freedom are embodied in the Library Bill of Rights, the association's official statement on free access to libraries and library materials. The Library Bill of Rights is a brief, deceptively simple document that has provoked constant debate and reinterpretation since its adoption by ALA almost 40 years ago.
At What Age Freedom?
Authors: Shields Gerald R. , Robotham John
Published: February 2008

At what age should children and teenagers have access to certain subject materials and/or the adult collection in libraries? Parents, school teachers and administrators, organized and unorganized religious, politicians, and the judiciary are among those willing to expound on their firm conviction that certain materials and subjects are harmful to the young. There are also those who, although uncertain about the effect of certain materials and subjects, are willing to opt for restricting access for the young and to demand that librarians be responsible for policing such action. Librarians generally share these ambivalent feelings about library materials and access for children and young adults. Aware of the possible adverse reaction of adults if alleged controversial materials are placed either in the children's or the young adult collection, librarians often choose not to select such materials. A recent letter to American Libraries suggested that librarians place controversial children's or young adult material into adult collections only, thus avoiding confrontations with those adults concerned about “harmful” matter reaching minors. The writer stated that everyone would win; the material would be available, but objections based on access to the material by the young would be thwarted. The writer did not seem to anticipate problems in determining at what age the young person would be allowed access to the adult collection containing this material, nor was a method proposed for defining either controversial or noncontroversial material. However, the “way out” proposed is actually used by some public libraries in the U.S., although a cursory look at library problems over objections to library materials for the young reveals titles and subjects that would be classified as noncontroversial by many.
Community Health Care: A Bibliographic Essay
Authors: Blumenthal Thomas
Published: February 2008

An analysis of community health, its history, successes and failures, depends on an understanding of its scope, but there is little consensus as to precisely what the discipline entails. Some view it as a strict scientific discipline, others see it as a social movement, and still others conceive of it as a conglomerate of various disciplines. It is useful initially to identify the medical components of community health, and then to approach its interdisciplinary aspects. Community health, strictly defined, includes such fields as disease control, environmental sanitation, maternal and child care, dental health, nutrition, school health, geriatrics, occupational health, and the treatment of drug and alcohol abuse. This limited definition, though accurate, does not differentiate the field from the much older area of public health. Within community health, the disease focus of traditional public health epidemiology, the total health focus of community medicine, and the outcome focus of health services research are interconnected. Community health combines the public health concern for health issues of defined populations with the preventive therapeutic approach of clinical medicine. An emphasis on personal health care is the result of this combination. Robert Kane describes the field accurately and succinctly: “We envision community medicine as a general organizational framework which draws upon a number of disciplines for its tools. In this sense, it is an applied discipline which adopts the knowledge and skills of other areas in its effort to solve community health problems. The tools described here include community diagnosis (which draws upon such diverse fields as sociology, political science, economics, biostatistics, and epidemiology), epidemiology itself, and health services research (the application of epidemiologic techniques on analyzing the effects of medical care on health).”
Latin American Literature in English Translation: Steps in Collection Building
Authors: Freudenthal Juan R.
Published: February 2008

“A knowledge of different literatures is the best way to free one's self from the tyranny of any of them.” Jose Marti, Cuban writer, poet and statesman.
Issues in Collection Development: Ready Reference Collections
Authors: Futas Elizabeth
Published: February 2008

A ready reference collection, kept close to the reference desk and to the telephone, is composed of items which answer a myriad of questions asked by either walk‐in patrons or telephone callers. These quick fact‐type questions are easily answered with minimum effort on the part of the patron and the librarian. But, these small, helpful collections often grow in size and complexity until, in some libraries, they begin to resemble the Sorcerer's Apprentice, with the librarian rather than the patron, playing the part of the sorcerer. Librarians sometimes look no further than these items to answer all sorts of questions—even the more complicated research ones. Shouldn't we be asking ourselves not only which items belong on these shelves, but which can be discarded from them too?
Information on Family Violence
Authors: Moraff Connie
Published: February 2008

The newly emerging field of family violence has its modern origins in the early 1960s with the publication in 1962 of an article by C. Henry Kempe entitled “The Battered Child Syndrome.” This article captured the attention of professionals in medicine and the social sciences. Since that time there have been numerous articles and books dealing with the causes, treatment, and prevention of child abuse. Kempe has continued to work on child abuse and is Director of the National Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect in Denver. In editing books on helping the child and the family, he has collaborated with Ray E. Heifer, Professor in Pediatrics and Human Development at Michigan State University.
Issues in Collection Development: Collection Evaluation
Authors: Futas Elizabeth
Published: February 2008

Building a collection in academic and public libraries entails knowing the publishing market and matching it to the community to be served. This requires a guiding philosophy with goals and statements of objectives, which usually end up as part of a collection development policy. Sometimes such a policy is a formal, written document and sometimes it exists only in the minds of the people in charge of the library. In any case, one of the important aspects of collection building that never makes it into the formal policy is the evaluation of the existing collection, or, after a time, the evaluation of the one which the policy has described. In the former case it is always important to know what it is that you are building on and in the latter case it is a good indication of the success of the policy.
Measure for Measure Free and Inexpensive Materials on the Metric System
Authors: Moon Ilse B.
Published: February 2008

While Thomas Jefferson argued more than two centuries ago that the United States should adopt the metric system for its measurements, the U.S. is today the only industrialized nation of the world which has not done so. The Metric Conversion Act, passed in 1975, allowed for education about metrics, orderly planning and assistance for those interested in metric conversion. Under the Act, metric conversion is entirely voluntary and the metric system has in this country both strong supporters and ardent opponents. Here is a sampling of items that won't break the budget.
Analysis of Non‐Depository Documents in the Government Publications Collection
Authors: Zink Steven
Published: February 2008

In the past few years, as budgets have tightened and available shelving space has diminished, U.S. government documents librarians have for the first time given serious consideration to formulating collection development policies and to carefully scrutinizing their expenditures as well as their collections. In the process of evaluating its collection and in an effort to make better use of available funding, the Government Publications Department of the University of Nevada‐Reno (a regional depository with a collection exceeding one million documents) undertook a study to determine if the Department could justify canceling its subscription to the Readex Microprint collection of non‐depository titles represented in the Monthly Catalog of United States Government Publications.
Free and Inexpensive Materials on Aids and Devices for the Physically Handicapped
Authors: Moon Ilse B.
Published: February 2008

In recent years it has become recognized that people with a wide variety of physical handicaps—visual or hearing impairment, limb loss, or other impaired bodily functioning—can live more productive and comfortable lives if they receive appropriate information and aid and if society can overcome ancient prejudices and make reasonable adaptations. As people with various kinds and degrees of disability have come out of the closet and moved towards the mainstream of society, a wide variety of devices and aids has become available to help make life easier for them. Numerous books on this subject are available, such as the recently published An Easier Way: Handbook for the Elderly and Handicapped by Jean Vieth Sargent, and magazines such as Accent on Living. These books should not be neglected for the general collection, but your information service will be richer if they are supplemented by the following bibliographies and some of the items listed therein. Commercial catalogs, too, are often an excellent source of information on devices and products not locally known in a society which is geared to the needs of the majority.
Criteria for Science Book Selection in Academic Libraries
Authors: Pollet Miriam
Published: February 2008

In the past two decades there have been two conflicting currents in public attitudes toward the scientific enterprise. Those of us who are old enough have witnessed a greatly expanded public interest, especially in recent years. Newspaper space devoted to the explanation of science has been greatly enlarged and there has been an eruption in the publication of new glossy popular‐science magazines, two of which, Science 82 and Discover, are quite successful. The Bowker Annual, 26th edition, shows an increase in publication of science titles from 1960 to 1979 of approximately 300 percent (from 1089 to 3156); the increase for medicine and health in that same period has been even more dramatic—more than 600 percent (from 520 to 3254).
Mass Media Sources
Authors: Hill Allen Nancy
Published: February 2008

The mass media are cultural pipelines through which flow hours of entertainment and information. They represent a part of our culture which critics decry and media specialists praise. They are difficult, if not impossible, to ignore. Television (free, cable, or pay) is the subject of attention of three‐year‐olds and Ph.D. candidates alike. Newspapers are perused daily by all classes and conditions of people and their content, ownership patterns, and circulation statistics are studied in journalism classes, high schools, and by worried editors and publishers. Films entertained children in Nickelodeons, raised the spirits of millions during World War II, and now are the subject of so much analysis that words like ‘pan,’ ‘take,’ and ‘track’ have taken on new meaning in the vocabulary of most ordinary citizens.
Library‐Publishing Connection
Authors: Eaglen Audrey
Published: February 2008

Given the astonishing number of new book titles and new editions of older books published each year in the United States, one could assume that collection building (and maintenance) would be a virtual snap, made difficult only by the problem of what to finally choose for purchase from such an embarrassment of riches. According to Publishers Weekly in its “Statistical Report on Domestic Title Output” (October 1, 1982) a total of “at least 48,793 book titles were published in the U.S. in 1981”—41,434 brand‐new titles and 7,359 new editions, a staggering total on the face of it. (The words “at least” are used because many published books are not counted in the PW totals: government publications, many professional law book publications, subscription reference sets, book club editions, irregular serials and annuals, books sold only to schools, books of fewer than 49 pages, etc.) And if further proof is needed that an awful lot of books are available for librarians to purchase for library collections, Bowker's advertisement for the new edition of Books in Print notes that the 1982–83 edition has increased to six volumes, from two in the 1960s and four in the 1970s. The ad further states that the newest edition lists more than 600,000 titles in print and includes more than 80,000 new titles and editions than did last year's.
Arms Control and Disarmament:
Authors: Pollock Ann H.
Published: February 2008

The study of arms control and disarmament is a subject of renewed interest in the United States. The attention of academicians, politicians, and average citizens, focused by a fear of nuclear holocaust, has turned to questions of how best to seek peace and safety in the nuclear age. Courses and programs devoted to arms control and disarmament and methods of achieving peaceful resolution of conflicts in today's world are offered at all educational levels, and the general public, aware of the necessity of being well‐informed on such an important topic, is looking for ways to obtain factual and reliable information to help sort out the conflicting claims of political spokespeople. Such material does exist and should be available to researchers, professors, students, and citizens, so that they can form opinions and attempt to influence policy on the basis of a sound understanding.
Resources in Psychological Anthropology
Authors: Kane Deborah
Published: February 2008

The study of psychological anthropology represents the interworkings of the theories, concepts, empirical findings, and methodologies of psychology and anthropology. This discussion of resources is written from the point of view of an anthropologist, not a psychologist. The psychologists have a related, though not identical, discipline called cross‐cultural psychology. As no scholar nor group of scholars can afford to live in a void, we find the works of members of both disciplines appearing in the same publications. This fact will be evident in the description of resources to follow.
What Librarians Should Know About Gay and Lesbian Publishing
Authors: Alyson Sasha
Published: February 2008

Categories—it would be impossible to run a library without them. Categories break down huge quantities of books into manageable stacks on this subject and that. Books with a gay or lesbian theme are just one more category. So why, you may ask having read the title of this article, should they get special treatment?
Finding Out About Grants: A Guide to Information Resources
Authors: Smalley Topsy N.
Published: February 2008

For individuals and organizations who seek grant money, this guide details major information resources useful to identifying sources of financial sponsorship. It covers grants made by government agencies, by private foundations, and by business and industrial concerns, and should be of interest to persons seeking financial support for organizational or community projects, or individual scholarly endeavors. Excluded from this guide are general materials that review the history of charitable giving, or the role of philanthropy in society, as well as information sources devoted exclusively to scholarships and loans for undergraduate education.
Can Bibliotherapy Go Public?
Authors: Richardson Lack Clara
Published: February 2008

In times past, the public library has aptly been called “the university of the people,” an educational institution dedicated to furthering the democratic way of life. An educational institution is charged with the tasks of transmitting societal values and acquiring knowledge necessary for daily living. Certainly, the public library affirms that all people of the United States have a right to the pursuit of knowledge along with or as part of the pursuit of happiness. Whether or not the library also has some responsibility in assisting patrons in the clarification of societal values and in assisting patrons with life enrichment is not as clear from a historical perspective. That libraries can and should bring literature and books together in reader's discussion groups for enrichment and clarification is the subject of this paper.
The Problems of Preservation: Can Librarians and Publishers Solve Them?
Authors: Jackson‐Beck Lauren
Published: February 2008

The preservation of library materials is a relatively recent concern of librarians. Research in this area began in the 1950s with William Barrow and his paper research laboratories, where he analyzed the quick rates of book paper deterioration for libraries. International concern for this problem took hold during the Florence Flood of 1966, which devastated Florence and the many great libraries and artifacts found in that city. By the 1970s, library schools began to treat the subject of preservation in library school courses. Today, librarians are looking at their collections and the quality of new materials that are being added to them daily. Librarians and publishers are at odds over the solution to these new preservation problems. However, solutions to the most basic preservation issues are not far away.
On Discovery and Recovery
Authors: Barolini Helen
Published: February 2008

A year or so ago I discovered Writer's Choice: a Library of Rediscoveries, by Bill and Linda Katz which is, in fact, a book of recovery. As a librarian, I am acquainted with the Katzes' well‐known reference tools. As an author, I felt immediate solidarity with their bookman's idea of bringing back literary works that had somehow disappeared before due notice had been taken—a whole world of neglected books into which my own overlooked novel would have fitted nicely, if anyone had known of it to nominate mention.