bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The biting habits of Culicoides furens (Poey) and C. barbosai Wirth & Blanton. I. The 24-h cycle, with a note on differences between collectors
Authors: Kettle D. S.
Published: July 2009

This paper reports the results of a field experiment on Florida beach, Falmouth, Jamaica, in which continuous observations were made on the biting rates of Culicoides furens (Poey) (7 707 specimens) and C. barbosai Wirth & Blanton (3 793 specimens) over two 48-h sessions in January 1960. Catches were standardised by the use of correction factors previously calculated. The standardisation experiments also provided additional information on parts of the 24-h cycle, particularly sunrise and sunset.
Studies on the effect of ground vegetation on infestations of Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) (Col., Dynastidae) in young oil palm replantings in Malaysia
Authors: Wood Brian J.
Published: July 2009

Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) breeds in the rotting stumps of oil palms and rubber trees, and is a potentially devastating pest of young oil palm replants, the unopened leaves of which are attacked by the adults. In view of the planters' belief that the pest is controlled by heavy ground vegetation, the effects of cover (natural, legume or grass) and bare ground on beetle populations in rotting logs and incidence of beetle attack on young palms were compared in a series of four experiments.
A new species of Parlagena McKenzie attacking coconut trees in Trinidad (Hom., Coccoidea, Diaspididae)
Authors: Williams D. J.
Published: July 2009

A new species of scale insect from coconut trees in Trinidad is described and named Parlagena bennetti. The generic assignment is tentative. A key to the four known species of Parlagena is provided.
A comparative study of the external morphology of Lymantria obfuscata Wlk. in India and L. dispar (L.) in the U.S.A.
Authors: Nagaraja H. , Dharmadhikari P. R. , Rao V. P.
Published: July 2009

The identity of the Lymantria species in the north-western Himalayas is confirmed as L. obfuscata Wlk., and not as L. dispar (L.) with which it has commonly been confused in the past. The larval and imaginal characters separating the two species are described and illustrated.
Laboratory evaluation of malathion for controlling the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.)
Authors: Ahmed Hafiz
Published: July 2009

Experiments were carried out to remove existing doubts about the toxicity (and therefore cost per unit killing power) of malathion to adults of Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) which have arisen from earlier field and laboratory tests. Malathion is shown to be almost as toxic to these insects as γ-BHC, but superior in speed of action. These observations are in agreement with the performance of these two compounds in the field.

Subdivision of a dose of malathion with simultaneous application at two loci increased its toxicity. This, as well as other factors, brings the value of LD50 determinations into question. Recommendations for large-scale use of new insectsicides, based only on laboratory data, may not always be reliable.
Reducing variability of Ptinus tectus Boield. (Col., Ptinidae) for bioassay of contact insecticides
Authors: Cutler J. R. , Sparrow L. A. D.
Published: July 2009

Despite strict standardisation of cultural and bioassay procedures, significant results were attained with difficulty because of great variation in mortalities of batches of adult Ptinus tectus Boield. exposed to insecticide deposits. In tests using lindane, the variation between weekly batches was reduced by selecting beetles within the weight range 1·8–2·4 mg, but variation between replicates in a batch was unaffected. This latter variation was found to stem both from the weights and from the sexes of the beetles; in general, heavier beetles were less susceptible than lighter ones and females were less susceptible than males at comparable weights.
Changes in the female reproductive system as age indicators in the bushfly Musca vetustissima Wlk
Authors: Tyndale-Biscoe Marina , Hughes R. D.
Published: July 2009

Female Musca vetustissima Wlk. may be allocated to one of seventeen classes of development between emergence and the start of the fourth ovarian cycle, the criteria being the amount of pupal fat body, but chiefly the presence and size of the follicular relics (yellow bodies and beads in the ovaries) during successive ovarian cycles. The duration of these cycles was estimated under standard and differing environmental conditions. Withholding protein for up to two weeks merely delayed the first ovarian cycle, but longer deprivation caused reduced fertility. The initial phase of the first ovarian cycle was independent of protein feeding, but a protein feed was necessary to complete the cycle, and a further protein feed was needed to complete the second ovarian cycle. No development in the first cycle took place below 57°F, but between 58 and 78°F development was progressively faster. Unfertilised females developed and laid the first batch of eggs, but were unable to complete a second batch. Oviposition was delayed by lack of favourable sites, and after one week fertility was progressively reduced. It is shown that, because of these variables, valid estimates can be made only of the minimum age of female bushflies.
Observations on the ecology of some British mosquitoes
Authors: Service M. W.
Published: July 2009

Ecological studies were undertaken from 1964 to 1966 on the mosquitoes that occurred in the Poole area of Dorset, southern England. The seasonal incidence was obtained of adults of Aedes cinereus Mg., Ae. punctor (Kby.), Ae. cantans (Mg.), Ae. detritus (Hal.), Culiseta annulata (Schr.), Mansonia richiardii (Fic.) and Anopheles plumbeus Steph. There were marked annual variations in their populations. With the exceptions of Ae. cinereus and Ae. cantans, their diel biting cycles were obtained. In most species maximum biting occurred around sunset and sunrise, with a reduction in biting at night. A comparison was made of the biting times of Ae. detritus and M. richiardii at sunset and sunrise in July and August. By dividing the catch into five-minute intervals peak biting times were related to crep values.
Systematic studies on Eulophid parasites (Hym., Chalcidoidea), mostly of coffee leaf-miners in Africa
Authors: Kerrich G. J.
Published: July 2009

This paper is designed to improve the definition of some Eulophid parasites, mostly of coffee leaf-miners (Leucoptera spp.) and of the web spinner Odites artigena (Meyr.), which are being studied in East Africa. Some of these were previously unknown or without valid names. It is convenient to include a tropicopolitan parasite of Agromyzidae leaf-mining in vegetables and a parasite of a Coleophorid case-bearer from the Bahamas.

In the Elachertine genus Cirrospilus Westw., a key is given for the separation of the African species affecting coffee leaf-miners. These are compared with the European species, and the new species also with its closest American relative. Evidence suggests that the supposed subgeneric divisions cannot be maintained.

In the Eulophinae, Crateulophus Masi is recalled from synonymy and is compared with Sympiesis Först. Relevant species are placed accordingly, and keys are given to species of both genera. A new parasite of Odites is ascribed to Microlycus Thorns., a genus previously known only in continental Europe.

In the Entedontinae, a key is given to the relevant species now placed in Achrysocharis Gir. Derostenus Westw. and some related genera are more closely defined. A new genus is proposed for Derostenus coffeae Ferrière 1936, and a further new genus for another parasite of Leucoptera and its relatives. A recorded but previously unnamed species is placed in Chrysocharis Först., and both this and C. lepelleyi Ferrière are compared with European species of that genus.

The genus Proacrias Ihering 1913, based on the South American species P. coffeae Ihering, has been placed in synonymy with Neochrysocharis Kurdyumov 1912. Attempts to trace the unique type of Perinetia coffeae Risbec 1952 have not met with success.
The biting habits of Culicoides furens (Poey) and C. barbosai Wirth & Blanton. II. Effect of meteorological conditions
Authors: Kettle D. S.
Published: July 2009

This paper is one of a series analysing the quantitative effects of various factors on the biting rates of Culicoides furens (Poey) and C. barbosai Wirth & Blanton in Jamaica. It is concerned with the relationship between their biting rates and four meteorological variables: wind speed, temperature, illumination and saturation deficit. The methods used and the full data have already been published.
The biology ofPseudorhyssa sternataMerrill (Hym., Ichneumonidae), a cleptoparasite of Siricid woodwasps
Authors: Spradbery J. P.
Published: July 2009

The life-history ofPseudorhyssa sternataMerrill was investigated under natural and artificial conditions.

WhenP. sternataandRhyssa persuasoria(L.) females were present on Siricidinfested logs,P. sternataobserved the primary parasite making drill shafts, and after the primary withdrew its ovipositor and moved away,P. sternatalocated the shaft and inserted its ovipositor to gain access to the host.P. sternatawas able to locateR. persuasoriadrill shafts aged 1–38 days.

P. sternatafemales were stimulated to oviposition behaviour when presented with paper drilled byR. persuasoria, and this response was enhanced by the presence of wet Siricid frass, or the symbiotic fungus of Siricids. Ovipositor probing was also made through artificial holes into frass. Bioassay ofR. persuasoriavaginal and venom glands resulted in considerable probing into filter paper impregnated with vaginal gland extract.

It was concluded thatP. sternatafemales probably locate Siricid-infested trees by responding to a generalised stimulus that is potent in larval frass, and which possibly derives from the symbiotic fungus. The cleptoparasite probably finds the drill-shaft by responding to a secretion of the vaginal gland of the primary parasite.
Aircraft applications of insecticides in East Africa. XVIII. Attempted control of Glossina pallidipes Aust. with pyrethrum in dense thicket
Authors: Irving N. S. , Lee C. W. , Parker J. D. , Beesley J. S. S.
Published: July 2009

An experiment was carried out in 1967 to assess the effects and economics of aerial applications of pyrethrum as an aerosol spray against a high density tsetse population consisting mainly of Glossina pallidipes Aust. in northern Tanzania. Complete eradication was attempted, and six applications of a 0·4% w/v solution of natural pyrethrins, synergised with 2% piperony1 butoxide in power kerosene, were applied at three-week intervals over three square miles. Application was from a Cessna 182E fitted with one Micronair rotary atomiser. Populations of G. pallidipes, assessed from fly-path catches, were reduced 95% after three applications. The final three applications had little effect and it was considered that unfavourable meteorological conditions and full leaf cover were the main factors responsible. It is suggested that, in view of the high initial kill of the fly and the possibility of using pyrethrum economically against tsetse for human settlement schemes, further work should be carried out with this insecticide.
On the taxonomy of Antestiopsis spp. (Hem., Pentatomidae) of Madagascar, with notes on their biology
Authors: Greathead D. J.
Published: July 2009

New material available as a result of a visit to Madagascar to search for parasites of the coffee bugs Antestiopsis spp. enabled a re-examination of the taxonomy of the genus in that country. It is shown that the species, formerly placed in the genus Antestia, belong to the genus Antestiopsis. Descriptions of the known species, A. clymeneis (Kirk.) and A. amberensis (Cachan), and subspecies of A. clymeneis are given together with a description of a new subspecies from wild Rubiaceae. A comparison with an Indian species, A. cruciata (F.), and the A. orbitalis group from Africa shows that all are closely related. Notes on their biology and parasites of A. clymeneis are also included.
Some Dipterous puparia resembling, and found among, those of tsetse flies
Authors: Smith Kenneth G. V. , Baldry D. A. T.
Published: July 2009

The puparia of some Cyclorrhaphous Diptera resemble and are found among those of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). Those of Plesiocyptera sp., Argyrophylax aureiventris (Villen.) (Tachinidae) and? Physocephala (Conopidae), are described and illustrated, as are the larval cephalopharyngeal skeletons recovered from the puparia.
Toxicological and genetical studies of organophosphorus-resistance in Cimex lectularius L
Authors: Feroz M.
Published: July 2009

A range of insecticides were tested on a resistant strain of bed-bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) from Israel. Resistance was restricted to organophosphorus compounds. Only some of the phosphorothioate compounds were involved, but there was no simple indication of the resistance mechanism on basis of structure of the compounds.

Nine malathion analogues were tested on the bed-bugs, and relative levels of resistance to them compared with insect strains specifically resistant to malathion. Distinct differences in the bed-bug spectrum suggested that a carboxyesterase was not solely responsible for resistance. This was further supported by the ineffectiveness of triphenylphosphate against malathion-resistance in the bugs.

The F1 progeny from reciprocal mass crosses were tested with malathion. Their response, in both cases, resembled the susceptible type, indicating a recessive autosomal character, a result unique in organophosphorus-resistance. Tests on F2 and backcrosses indicated that a single gene was responsible. Results using fenchlorphos were quite similar and probably the same gene (and mechanism) is involved.
Megaselia scalaris (Lw.) (Dipt., Phoridae) for the bioassay of organophosphorus insecticides
Authors: Qadri Syed S. H.
Published: July 2009

A simple procedure for mass-rearing Megaselia scalaris (Lw.) is described, and the suitability of one-day-old adults for bioassay of organophosphorus insecticides is compared with that of Drosophila melanogaster Mg., and Musca domestica nebulo F. by exposure to films of parathion, dichlorvos and malathion. LC50 values of Megaselia scalaris for parathion and malathion, but not for dichlorvos, were of a different order to those of the other two test insects. Males were more susceptible than females to parathion and malathion. Mixed populations would therefore be useful in bioassay of organophosphorus compounds, but greater sensitivity would be achieved by using males.
A relationship between handling and a developmental abnormality in the flour beetle, Tribolium spp
Authors: Ryan Michael F. , Nathanson Michael
Published: July 2009

In this experimental analysis of the teratology of Tribolium, we studied the effect of crowding and handling on a disorder associated with pupal eclosion. Handling increased the incidence of the abnormality which occurred infrequently in controls: the crowding level tested by us had no effect. T. confusum Duv., strain b-I produced more abnormal beetles than T. castaneum (Hbst.), strain c-IV-a. Handling older pupae increased the disorder to a greater extent than in young and non-pupae.

The handling procedure was quite vigorous and the threshold level required to produce the effect is not known. The phenomenon might be important in population ecology but the pathway through which handling produces it is unknown.
Description of an Ichneumonid (Hym.) that preys on egg-masses of weevils harmful to tea culture in Kenya
Authors: Kerrich G. J.
Published: July 2009

An Ichneumonid, reared from egg-masses of weevils (Entypotrachelus meyeri Kolbe and E. micans Hust.) harmful to tea culture in Kenya, is placed taxonomically and is described under the name Sozites kerichoensis.
A method of assessing losses in spring oats from frit fly (Oscinella frit (L.)) shoot attack
Authors: Judenko E.
Published: July 2009

Grain losses per unit area in oats following shoot attack by frit fly (Oscinella frit (L.)) were assessed in plots at Rothamsted. Individual plants were marked, and two categories of attacked plants (tillers and both main shoot plus tillers attacked) were distinguished because losses in the former were low or negligible compared with those in the latter. There was no evidence of compensatory growth for lost or damaged plants, so that losses could be assessed by comparing actual yield with yield expected had no plants been attacked. The percentage loss, weighted according to incidence and effect of attack in the two categories, was calculated from hand-harvested samples. The loss per unit area was then estimated from the actual yield obtained by combineharvesting. Estimates of actual yield were affected by the method of harvesting, so that estimates of loss were not precise.
Effect of the developmental state of the host guinea-pig on the feeding activity of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes Aust.
Authors: Odhiambo Thomas R.
Published: July 2009

Individuals of Glossina pallidipes Aust. were reared separately on five developmental categories of guinea-pigs (infants, suckling mothers, pregnant females, mature virgin females, and mature males), from the time of adult emergence until they died, at 22±1°C and 40±5%r.h. More than 70% of the tsetse flies reared on infant guinea-pigs or on suckling mothers died within the first 10 days, before they reached sexual maturity. Of those reared on mature male guinea-pigs, 50% lived for more than 50 days.

Pregnant female and mature male guinea-pigs were the most favoured hosts for tsetse feeding: more than 90% of the flies exposed to these two classes of hosts succeeded in feeding, while only 61%, 70%, and 76%, respectively, of those exposed to infants, suckling mothers, and mature virgin females actually fed.
A note on the parasitisation of the pupa of Glossina palpalis (R.-D.) by Anastatus Motsch. sp. (Hym., Eupelmidae)
Authors: Baldry D. A. T.
Published: July 2009

Anastatus sp. (Eupelmidae) is recorded for the first time parasitising a puparium of Glossina palpalis (R.-D.) in West Africa. Hitherto, the only records of Eupelmids parasitising tsetse flies have been of A. viridiceps Wtstn. and Eupelmella tarsata (Wtstn.) from G. morsitans Westw. in eastern and southern Africa. The parasite emerged through a large hole anterior to the polypneustic lobes. Parasitic Eupelmids do not normally utilise tsetse flies as hosts.
A laboratory technique for establishing Simulium larvae in an experimental channel
Authors: Muirhead-Thomson R. C.
Published: July 2009

A laboratory technique is described which enables large numbers of Simulium larvae from field sources to be established in a narrow 12-in. long experimental channel in the laboratory where they can be maintained in a continuous flow of water. The apparatus was primarily designed for a critical study of the reactions of larvae exposed to various time/concentrations of larvicides and other chemicals. By exposing dense aggregations of many hundred larvae at a time, significant figures can be obtained regarding the number of larvae detached at various intervals during and after exposure to larvicide, and also regarding the subsequent survival or mortality of the different detached fractions.
Repellents forStomoxys calcitrans(L.), the stable fly: techniques and a comparative laboratory assessment of butyl methylcinchoninate
Authors: Yeoman G. H. , Warren B. C.
Published: July 2009

Anin vitrotest, based on the molasses sandwich-bait test, for mass screening of new compounds for general insect repellency is described. This is followed by a detailed account of a laboratory technique for comparing the initial potency of contact repellents for the stable flyStomoxys calcitrans(L.).

Methods for rearingS. calcitransof standardised aggressiveness and making comparative assessments of contact repellents against this fly are described. For initial potency, a standard area of the treated close-clipped abdominal skin of mice lying outside the cage was exposed through an orifice to standardised flies. A treated 0·5-cm-wide screen was incorporated as a border round the exposed area of treated skin so that flies biting the mouse were obliged to make tarsal contact with repellent. Using this method, and the organdie bag x human hand method for determining persistence on an inert substrate, each of the following repellents was compared with butyl 3-methylcinchoninate, a new repellent forS. calcitrans:

dimethylphthalate; 2-ethyl-1, 3-hexanediol; butoxypolypropylene glycol; dibutyl succinate; N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide; di-n-propyl isocinchomeronate; 2,3,4,5-bis (Δ2-butenylene)-tetrahydrofurfural; 2-hydroxyethyl n-octyl sulphide and N-benzoyl piperidine.

In each case butyl 3-methylcinchoninate was found to be superior. In the initial potency tests, the 50% repellency application rate was found to lie between 0·002 and 0·007 mg/cm2, while on organdie, rates of 0·2, 0·4, 0·8 mg/cm2gave mean protection periods of 9, 19 and 34 days, respectively.
Observations on the dispersal of larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Can.)
Authors: Lewis I. J.
Published: July 2009

Dispersal of the larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Can.) was studied in connection with problems of controlling and eradicating this pest and bovine babesiosis in New South Wales. Larval ticks were recovered by pressing flannelette-covered boards on to the pasture or litter surface, or sampling with cattle. Many of these larvae were capable of completing parasitic development.

Strong winds were an important factor in determining the distance travelled, as the longest journeys in pasture were for the most part in the directions in which the larvae would have been carried by recorded strong winds. Much of the dispersal is accomplished when larvae are transferred from one grass blade to another moving in the wind, but a great number of airborne larvae were captured on tanglefoot-covered traps. Movement by wind was clearly demonstrated over short pasture, up to 100 ft and possibly as far as 260 ft from the point of hatching. In long grass one larva travelled 83 ft, but in scrub and forest the greatest distance travelled was 15 ft. Many larvae that travelled long distances were capable of completing development on cattle.

Tick larvae could be transported by casual hosts and then dropped in a viable condition. A horse carried larvae for 900 ft, a rat and cockerels 100 ft, a magpie in flight 600 ft, and a pigeon in flight half a mile. A horse dipped six days earlier in ethion dropped live and viable larvae after transporting them 150 ft.

Security has been improved against the movement of larvae from the Cattle Tick Research Station, Wollongbar, New South Wales, to neighbouring properties, and from Queensland into New South Wales, by widening existing buffer zones to 330 ft. Inspectoral staff are now required to spray themselves and their horses before re-entering New South Wales from the buffer zone.
Infestation of young rice plants by the rice gall midge,Pachydiplosis oryzae(Wood-Mason) (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae), with special reference to shoot morphogenesis
Authors: Perera Nalini , Fernando Henry E.
Published: July 2009

Infestations of the rice gall midgePachydiplosis oryzae(Wood-Mason) in Ceylon were studied in 1968. The three larval instars, the prepupa and pupa are described. Total development time is 18–22 days. Dissection of infested rice seedlings showed that first-instar larvae move in 6–12 h from the leaves where they hatch to the shoot apices to which they are specifically attracted, without boring into plant tissues. Larvae feed at the base of the growth cone throughout their development; if more than one larva reaches a shoot apex only one individual survives to maturity. Gall formation results from suppression of the growth cone, development of radial ridges from the innermost leaf primordium just above the level of the posterior end of the larva, and then an elongation of the leaf sheath. Death of the larva, achieved experimentally by means of diazinon or fenitrothion applied to the soil, up to and including instar 2 was followed by renewed activity of the growth cone, but after the same treatment during instar 3 the growth cone was not re-activated. The development of the gall is seen as being due to diversion of nutrients from the growth cone to the midge larva, and possibly by substances produced by the first-instar larva and prepupa which stimulate growth of the radial ridges and gall elongation, respectively. Firstinstar larvae develop only in active shoot apices; thus development proceeds normally in the terminal apex, but is inhibited in the inactive axillary shoot apices. Under high population pressure all shoot apices become infested, but larval dormancy results in staggered gall formation and adult emergence. Larval dormancy in inactive axillary shoot apices may explain seasonal carry-over of the pest.
Phytochemical arrestants for the leaf-cutting ants,Atta cephalotes(L.) andAcromyrmex octospinosus(Reich), with some notes on the ants' response
Authors: Cherrett J. M. , Seaforth C. E.
Published: July 2009

Albedo (the inner, white part of the rind) of the grapefruit (Citrus parodisi) and the flowers of the garden hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) were analysed for the presence of chemo-stimulants for the leaf-cutting antsAtta cephalotes(L.) andAcromyrmex octospinosus(Reich). Two distinct types of chemical substances in grapefruit albedo (unabsorbed sapids from a cation-exchange resin I.R. 120, and the total lipid fraction) were significant arrestants forAtta cephalotes, whilst five types of chemical substances (absorbate on the cation-exchange resin I.R. 120, unabsorbed sapids from the same resin, the total lipid fraction, absorbate on a polyamide resin, and neohesperidosides) arrestedAcromyrmex octospinosus. For both ant species, the unabsorbed sapids from the polyamide resin appeared to be the most attractive of the relatively refined fractions. A preliminary analysis showed a similar situation for hibiscus flowers.

Both ant species preferred young to older grapefruit leaves. There appears to be a chemical basis for this, and in the case ofA. octospinosusthere was evidence of the existence of repellents in the older leaves and in grapefruit flavedo (the outer, yellow part of the rind).

Substantial heterogeneity in preferences was detected in a given nest from day to day, between different nests of the same species, and between the two species. It is suggested that this is attributable to social phenomena evolved by the ants.
The coffee berry blister midge, Contarinia coffeae sp.n., a new pest from Uganda
Authors: Harris K. M.
Published: July 2009

Contarinia coffeae sp.n. is described from specimens reared from Coffea arabica in Uganda, and brief notes are given on symptoms, biology, crop loss and distribution. The larvae develop inside young coffee berries. Blister-like external swellings appear on infested berries and they later rot. The pest is known only from arabica coffee in parts of Western Uganda but may be spreading and could appear in other East and Central African countries.
Outbreaks and recession populations of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.)
Authors: Roffey Jeremy , Popov George , Hemming C. F.
Published: July 2009

New evidence on the nature of recession populations of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.), and on the nature and role of its outbreaks is presented. It is shown that the hopper bands and swarms reported during the 1963–67 recession differed qualitatively and quantitatively from those characteristic of plague periods and were numerically much smaller than some low density non-swarming populations. Gregarisation frequently occurs in the latter and may be on a scale sufficient to give rise to an outbreak; in turn outbreaks may lead to plague upsurges.
Notes on the distribution and biology of Pediobius furvus (Gah.) (Hym., Eulophidae), a parasite of graminaceous stem-borers
Authors: Mohyuddin A. I.
Published: July 2009

Pediobius furvus (Gah.) (Eulophidae) is a parasite of the pupae of Pyralid and Noctuid stem-borers on graminaceous crops in Africa between 17°N and 17°S. It co-exists with the other pupal parasites Dentichasmias busseolae Heinr. and Procerochasmias nigromaculatus (Cam.) (Ichneumonidae) and Hyperchalcidia soudanensis Steffan (Chalcididae), but it is more abundant below 4000 ft where P. nigromaculatus does not occur. Mating follows a courtship dance, and oviposition occurs in any part of the host pupa. The life-cycle is completed in 18–20 days at 30°C, and up to several hundred adults may emerge from a single host pupa, the most suitable pupae being 2–3 days old at the time of oviposition. Longevity was improved when sucrose was provided as food. Host pupae outside the stem were parasitised, but puparia of Diptera and cocoons of Apanteles sesamiae Cam. (Braconidae) were not parasitised in the laboratory. Pupae formed inside cocoons were not attacked. Pediobius furvus has become established in Madagascar on Sesamia calamistis Hmps, and is considered promising for biological control of graminaceous stem-borers in other countries.
The effect of constant temperature on egg development in the desert locustSchistocerca gregaria(Forsk.)
Authors: Hunter-Jones Philip
Published: July 2009

Laboratory studies were conducted on the incubation period of the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria(Forsk.). When egg-pods were incubated at constant temperature, the duration of the incubation period ranged from 50 days at 19·7°C to 11–12 days at 35–41 °C. The colour of the resulting hatchlings showed dependence on temperature, ranging from grey-white at 41 °C to overall black at 20°C. The minimum temperature at which embryonic development took place was 15·1°C, while the minimum temperature for the hatching sequence was about 20–24°C. The upper lethal limit for embryonic development depended both on temperature and on the duration of exposure of the eggs to that temperature. For example, constant temperatures above 38°C throughout development reduced viability, but exposure to 40°C for six hours each day did not adversely affect development or hatching. Between 15·1 and 35°C the rate of egg development was proportional to temperature; above 35°C the rate appeared to be constant and independent of temperature. Embryonic development was complete when the eggs had experienced 224 degree-days above 15·1°C, except at temperatures in excess of 35°C.
An analysis of the population dynamics of the Jamaican sugar-cane pest Saccharosydne saccharivora (Westw.) (Hom., Delphacidae)
Authors: Metcalfe J. R
Published: July 2009

The Varley & Gradwell method of population analysis is applied to data on populations of Saccharosydne saccharivora (Westw.), comprising 51 generations from 21 fields, obtained in Jamaica in 1961–62. Populations were estimated at five points in each generation, namely, maximum potential natality, and numbers of eggs laid, instar 1, peak instars 3–5, and of normal reproducing adults. Taking maximum potential natality as the first point in each life budget, graphical analysis showed that the key factor was mortality between instar 1 and reproducing adults or between peak instars 3–5 and reproducing adults. Reduced fecundity, due to submaximal leaf nitrogen, was density independent or possibly inversely density dependent; one egg parasite, Tetrastichus sp., was inversely density dependent while another, Anagrus flaveolus Waterh., and an undetermined egg mortality factor were density independent; parasitism of nymphs and presumably adults also by Stenocranophilus quadratus Pierce was density dependent, and was Considered to be the only regulating factor. The key factor was density independent, and it is concluded that, of the separate mortality factors contained within it, dispersal of adults is the most important. This itself depends on crop characters which could be altered by selective breeding or agricultural practice.
Effects of light-trap design and illumination of samples of moths in the Kenya highlands
Authors: Taylor L. R. , Brown E. S.
Published: July 2009

The effect on the size of sample of 32 taxa of Macrolepidoptera, and on the index of diversity α, of various modifications of the light in Rothamsted and Muguga light-traps was investigated in experiments at Muguga, Kenya, in 1968. The sample of moths from the standard Muguga mercury-vapour trap was fifty times as big as that from the standard Rothamsted Tungsten trap. Using a mixed mercury-vapour and tungsten lamp in a Muguga trap halved the sample, as also would obscuring 60% of the light from a standard mercury-vapour lamp. Overall size of sample, direction of illumination and source of illumination all affected the proportion of different taxa in the sample, but the diversity index differed little in any of the combinations of traps, lamps and sites. Analysis of the pattern of sample distribution over the site showed that moths of all sizes were migrating downwind and height of flight was found to be positively correlated with size. Interaction between traps and sites, combined with the differing heights of flight of the different taxa, complicated the definition of specific sample size; a three-dimensional representational model attempts to define the spatial population parameters required to define the specific sample.
Ecology and behaviour of immature Culicoides melleus (Coq.) (Dipt., Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Linley J. R. , Adams G. M.
Published: July 2009

The distribution of the larvae and pupae of Culicoides melleus (Coq.) in a natural beach habitat in an inlet on the Florida coast was studied in relation to tidal level and time of day. Larvae and pupae were confined to the intertidal zone and these distributions were unaffected by time of day or tidal level. Distributions of younger larval instars were displaced towards the inferred area of oviposition at higher elevations on the beach. Pupae were associated with the zone at and somewhat below high tide level. Differences in the vertical distribution of larvae between 0 and 2 in. deep between dark (pre-dawn)/low tide, morning/low tide and afternoon/low tide conditions were probably associated with larval response to light and heat.

In laboratory experiments with a temperature gradient, second- to fourth-instar larvae preferred the 18–25°C range, but the fourth instars were the least discriminating. Laboratory experiments with a simulated beach showed that pupae flooded on an incoming tide remained in their burrows and immediately buried themselves more deeply when waves were generated in the water; they were able to return to the surface if buried, and survived drowning for four days. Inundated areas were avoided as pupation sites. The orientation of pupae at the sand surface and their formation in burrows was related to negative phototactic responses of the pupating larvae.
New species of Heteroptera from New Guinea and New Britain
Authors: Ghauri M. S. K.
Published: July 2009

On the basis of specimens from New Guinea and New Britain, the genusDynamenaisKirkaldy (Pyrrhocoridae) is re-defined, four species and one subspecies are described in the new subgenusSyncrotus (Syncrotellus)(Pyrrhocoridae), and two species are described for the new genusGoilalaka(Pentatomidae).S. (S.) similissp.n. was recorded from cacao, andS. (S.) madanganussp.n. andG. rubrorugasp.n. fromSolanumspp.
The predatory and sexual behaviour of Phonoctonus fasciatus (P. de B.) and P. subimpictus Stål (Hem., Reduviidae)
Authors: Parker A. H.
Published: July 2009

Observations on the behaviour of the predatory Reduviids Phonoctonus fasciatus (P. de B.) and P. subimpictus Stål were made in the laboratory. The sequence of events in the response to normal prey (Dysdercus superstitiosus (F.)) is described. The preferred site of the first puncture with adult prey was an antennal base, or the same region and the neck with nymphs. A strong tendency for the Reduviid to move its proboscis tip towards the prey's head region implied some perception of body form, which was found to depend on the presence of the prey's appendages. Such perception had no apparent influence on the intensity of the predatory response, experiments with models showing the most important visual stimulus eliciting attack to be that of movement. The scent of the prey greatly augmented the response to models, and chemical stimuli are presumably the basis on which the prey is selected and conspecific individuals, which resemble the prey in appearance, are recognised. The rarity of cannibalism by the adults showed such recognition to be well established, but sexual discrimination was minimal, both males and females behaving almost identically towards either sex. Adults of the two Phonoctonus species also failed to discriminate between their own and the alternative species, but since attempts at cross mating were unsuccessful their separate specific status seems justified.
Laboratory analyses of vision in tsetse flies (Dipt., Glossinidae)
Authors: Turner D. A. , Invest J. F.
Published: July 2009

Histological examination of the eyes ofGlossina morsitansWestw. andG. austeniNewst. showed that visual acuity, as calculated from ommatidial size and interommatidial angle, varies in different zones and planes of the eye, being greatest in the forward-facing region. A study of optomotor responses to revolving black-and-white striped patterns indicated that the eyes could perceive both rapid and very slight movement: responses showed a unimodal distribution with frequency of ommatidial stimulation ranging from one flash/25 s to around 80 flashes/s, with an optimum response at 5 flashes/s. Movement perception was also enhanced by summation of ommatidia simultaneously stimulated, provided the stimulated ommatidia were not contiguous. Strong optomotor response was shown to the movement of black stripes so narrow as to cause merely a 7% reduction in the amount of light entering an ommatidium: from this it was inferred that the eye's contrast sensitivity is well developed. Visual acuity determinations from optomotor responses showed no species or sex differences, and the values corresponded closely with those obtained from anatomical measurements. Of the properties of selected figures examined for attractiveness to orienting flies, linearity of form and brightness contrast with background illumination were deduced to be the most important aspects.
Sense organs in the cuticle of larval Hypoderma bovis (L.) and H. diana Brauer (Dipt., Oestridae)
Authors: Kennaugh J. H.
Published: July 2009

A histological examination of the cuticle of third-instar larvae of Hypoderma bovis (L.) and H. diana Brauer has revealed a large number of mounds with apical pits, which possibly act as chemoreceptors. The pits are in contact with nervous tissue in the epidermis by means of a rod or tube-like structure which passes vertically through the cuticle. Similar structures have been seen in the related genera Oedemagena and Przhevalskiana.
The effect of temperature on fat consumption during the puparial stages ofGlossina morsitans morsitansWestw. (Dipt., Glossinidae) under laboratory conditions, and its implication in the field
Authors: Phelps R. J.
Published: July 2009

Analyses were carried out at Salisbury, Rhodesia, on the relationship between fat content and residual dry weight in newly emerged adults ofGlossina morsitans morsitansWestw., following incubation at constant temperatures between 16 and 32°C for laboratory material, and between 20 and 30°C for field material. The same relationship was investigated for field-collected and laboratory-produced larvae. Sizespecific rates of fat consumption were calculated from these data, and it was shown that the rate of change at temperatures below 20°C was of a different order to that at higher temperatures. Fat reserves in teneral flies reared in the laboratory at 16–32°C were shown to be adequate in flies of 4 mg residual dry weight for survival at rest for at least 24 h after emergence, over the temperature range likely to be encountered in the field. Considerably longer periods of survival were indicated for flies of the same size emerging from field-collected puparia. The latter exhibited a marked seasonal variation in size with the largest puparia occurring at the time of lower temperatures. Smallest puparia occur in the hot-dry season, but even under these adverse conditions fat reserves of most tenerals are adequate for survival for at least 24 h. It was concluded that lack of fat was not likely to cause heavy mortality of stages passed within the puparium over the temperature range 16–32°C. After emergence, survival of smaller flies would depend on their ability to obtain a blood-meal within 24 h.
Descriptions of two new species of Aethognathus Silvestri (Hym., Encyrtidae)
Authors: Subba Rao B. R.
Published: July 2009

Two species, Aethognathus unicolor and A. bicolor, are described as new. The four known species of Aethognathus are parasitic on Stictococcus and Saissetia spp. in Africa. A key to the species and a host-parasite list are provided.
A new tribe of the family Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Ahmad Rafiq
Published: July 2009

A new tribe allied to the Telsimiini and Sticholotini and a new genus are erected forGhanius karachiensissp. n., a Coccinellid predator ofCerococcus hibisciGreen in Pakistan.
The Simuliidae (Diptera) of Pakistan
Authors: Lewis D. J.
Published: July 2009

A survey of Simuliidae in three areas of Pakistan in May and June 1963 yielded 845 pupae, some larvae and 143 captured adults, bringing the number of species for the area from seven to 31. Three species are described as new, and notes are given on other new but unnamed species. A key is given, based mainly on pupae. The previously unknown male, pupa and larva ofSimulium indicumBecher are described, together with a new subgenus,Himalayum, for this species. It was breeding on vegetation in a fast river, occurring at 700–1450 m above sea level in spring and autumn, and at higher altitudes in summer. Pupae ofS. mediterraneumwere found in polluted water. Three species were phoretic, and several were found on or near man or domestic animals.
A Crematogaster sp. (Hym., Formicidae) attacking Cola nitida (Sterculiaceae) in Western Nigeria
Authors: Eguagie W. E.
Published: July 2009

The flowers, leaves, young branches and pods of Cola nitida were attacked by Crematogaster buchneri Forel at Gambari Experimental Station, Nigeria. The ants scrape off the epidermis, so that affected leaves fall and pods become shrivelled. In 1970 damage to leaves and branches occurred in 6% and 1% respectively of the Cola trees in a 3·98-ha plot; in 1971 the figures were 7% and 2%. About 3% of the total pods were damaged in 1970, none in 1971. C. buchneri attacked 12 species of wild plants in the Cola plot, but when caged with plants in the laboratory, the ants attacked only Phyllanthus floribundus and C. caricifolia. The ants tend Coccus hesperidum L. and make small greyish-black nests of earth mixed with fine frass in crevices between main veins of leaves, at leaf nodes or terminal buds. Attack on living plant tissues shows a degree of convergence between C. buchneri and Atta spp. and Acromyrmex spp.
Observations on Melamphaus faber, F. (Hem., Pyrrhocoridae) and Descriptions of early Stages
Authors: Miller N. C. E.
Published: July 2009

Early in the month of January 1931 a large swarm of the Pyrrhocorid bug, Melamphaus faber, F., invaded trees of Hydnocarpus anthelmintica, Pierre, and H. wightiana, Blume, at the Government Experimental Plantation, Serdang, Selangor, Federated Malay States.
A Comparison of the Larvae of Eumerus strigatus, Fln., and Eumerus tuberculatus, Rond. (Syrphidae)
Authors: Hodson W. E. H.
Published: July 2009

Some years ago the writer published an account of the bionomics of the two species of Eumerus whose larvae attack narcissus and other plants. In this account it was pointed out that E. tuberculatus, first recognised as occurring in Britain by Collin in 1920, was far more abundant than E. strigatus, which had been described by Verrall in 1901. This finding was entirely contrary to expectation and threw serious doubt upon the accuracy of many previous records of injury to plants in which strigatus was invariably cited as the culprit. At the same time it explained in a large measure the absence of reports of Eumerus attacking onions in Britain, for in those countries in which damage to onions is of common occurrence the predominant species appears to be strigatus. In view of the foregoing, and of the fact that the successful cultivation of onions is exceedingly difficult and at times impossible in regions where attacks by Eumerus are experienced, it is desirable that further information be obtained as to the occurrence of strigatus in Britain.
A Study of the Life-history and Control ofCerambyx dux, Fald., a Pest of certain Stone-fruit Trees in Palestine
Authors: Jolles Philipp
Published: July 2009

A long-horned beetle,Cerambyx dux, Fald., is a very serious pest of apricots, peaches, and grafted and wild almonds in Palestine. Its ravages are most probably not confined to these trees and further investigations will undoubtedly enlarge the already important list of food-plants. In localities around Jerusalemsuch as Beit-Jala, Artas, Bethlehem, El Maliha, and Ein Karim (approximate altitude 2,600 feet above sea-level), this pest has been allowed to establish itself over a long period of time and to such an extent that, if immediate and rigid control measures are not undertaken by the growers, apricot and peach trees will, sooner or later, disappear from these localities. These fruit trees can be cultivated without irrigation, which is of great advantage in Palestine, where water is scarce; the fruit fetches good prices both in the local markets and also in Egypt. Their cultivation is therefore of vital importance,especially to the population of the hill country, where conditions of life are difficult and every kind of loss is accentuated. In Jersualem, where almonds, apricots and peaches are planted in household-gardens, not a single healthy tree can be found, and many of them have already succumbed to the attacks of this beetle. In the coastal plain the writer has found this insect in almond trees at Haifa and in apricot and almond trees in villages north of Acre. No records are available of its presence in the coastal plain south of Haifa or in the Jordan Valley.
Ecological Studies on the Moroccan Locust in Western Anatolia
Authors: Uvarov B. P.
Published: July 2009

The present paper is the outcome of a visit to Turkey at the invitation of the Turkish Government in the summer of 1931 to study the local locust problem and to advise on the general policy of locust control.
The Large Narcissus Fly, Merodon equestris, Fab. (Syrphidae)
Authors: Hodson W. E. H.
Published: July 2009

1. The history of the occurrence of Merodon equestris in various countries is related and a list of known food-plants given.

2. The immature stages of the fly are described in detail.

3. The biology of the fly is fully discussed and additions made to our knowledge regarding it.

4. Control measures are reviewed and additional information is given, particularly with reference to the use of a poison-bait spray against the adult flies.

5. Recommendations are made as to the most satisfactory combination of methods to use for the purpose of obtaining control of the fly under field conditions.

6. A list of literature cited is given.