bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Educators’ Perceptions of School-Based Factors that Impact Their Effectiveness in Working with Students with Challenging Behaviors: A Pilot Investigation
Authors: Bullock Lyndal M. , Zolkoski Stacie M. , Lusk Mandy E. , Hovey Katrina A.
Published: June 2017

The purpose of the present study was to complete a pilot investigation to learn more about how educators who havehad experience working with students with challenging behaviors perceive school-related challenges impacting theireffectiveness. Further, information was gleaned as to what educators believe to be major issues faced in theireducational roles. More specifically, the study provides a glimpse of educators’ perceptions of their preparationprograms, strengths and weaknesses of the leadership in their schools, leaderships’ encouragement to collaboratewith others in their educational communities, and major problems they face in educating students.
Numerical simulations of preliminary
state of stress in bundles of metal sheets on the guillotine
Authors: Kaczmarczyk J.
Published: June 2017

Purpose: The work is aimed at determination of the influence of selected technological
parameters on the preliminary state of stress in bundles of metal sheets being compressed
by the pressure beam and submitted to the cutting process on a guillotine.
Design/methodology/approach: The numerical simulations concerning the preliminary
state of stress in the bundle of sheets were conducted by means of the finite element
method and the computer system MSC.Patran with the computational module MSC.Marc.
The experimental studies concerning the influence of a force loading the pressure beam on
the quality of metal sheets were carried out using scanning electron microscopy.
Findings: Possibilities of finding the optimum cutting parameters to maximise the values of
preliminary state of stress in the bundle of metal sheets subjected to cutting. Higher values
of stresses in the bundle coming from loading the pressure beam on the one hand decrease
the maximum values of cutting force and thereby facilitate the performance of the cutting
process, however on the other hand too high values of stresses might damage the surface
of the top sheet in a bundle.
Research limitations/implications: The main task of the presented research concerns
the reduction of the maximum force generated on a knife during the cutting process. It
is possible by increasing the values of preliminary state of stress realized in practice by
applying higher values of a force loading the pressure beam. The force should not be too
high in order to avoid damaging of the top sheet in the bundle loading by the pressure beam.
Practical implications: The appropriate selection of the cutting parameters on account
of preliminary state of stress in the bundle of sheets is essential in terms of industrial
economy. It enables reducing the amount of waste caused by defects in bundles of sheets
and decreases wear of the cutting tool. The research has been conducted in order to reduce
the number of randomly occurring defects during cutting of metal sheets on a guillotine.
Originality/value: The results acquired from the research facilitate selection of the best
parameter settings required for conducting the optimum cutting process on a guillotine.
The optimum set of cutting parameters leads to the reduction of defects’ number occurring
during the process.
Editorial: Time to Move Forward on International ICT Law
Authors: Svantesson Dan Jerker B.
Published: June 2017

Editorial of the Guest Editor.
The CJEU as an Innovator – a New Perspective on the Development of Internet Related Case-law
Authors: Maunsbach Ulf
Published: June 2017

In this paper I will use concepts from innovation theory to analyse the work of the Court of Justice of the European Union in its important role as sole interpreter of EU law. In that regard, I define ‘innovator’ as one that facilitates use of new or existing inventions. Thus innovation is portrayed as a process in which several actors may contribute and where it all starts with an invention (the solution) and it ends with the innovation (the process of making use of the invention). The Court of Justice of the European Union may be an inventor in as much as it is allowed to invent solutions in order to solve new or existing problems, and it may be innovative in as much as it hands down judgments that shall be followed (i.e. it makes use of the invention).The substance of the paper deals with case-law from the Court of Justice of the European Union in the field of cross-border infringements. The cases will be analysed in relation to the idea that legal decision-making can be described as an innovative process. An approach like this makes it possible to draw conclusions regarding the Court of Justice of the European Unions ability to innovate. It will be apparent that the Court is primarily concerned with so called reactive innovation (i.e. innovation that builds on existing knowledge). Only in exceptional circumstances do we find examples where the Court has proved to conduct in proactive innovation (i.e. inventing and applying new solutions) and this may, according to the author, prove to be a preferred standard. Better to drive safely than to drive in the ditch.
The New EU Rules on Electronic Insolvency Registers
Authors: Bogdan Michael
Published: June 2017

This paper deals with those provisions of the new EU Regulation No. 2015/848 on Insolvency Proceedings (Recast) that create a system of national insolvency registers and establish a decentralized system for the interconnection of such registers by means of the European e-Justice Portal.
Patentovateľnosť výsledkov biotechnologického výskumu
Authors: Nagy Zoltán , Zoláková Zuzana
Published: June 2017

Predkladaný článok sa zaoberá podmienkami patentovateľnosti vynálezov v oblasti medicínskych biotechnológií. Článok je rozdelený na dve časti. V úvode článku autori približujú európsku právnu úpravu udeľovania patentov a analyzujú judikatúru Súdneho dvora Európskej únie v oblasti biotechnológií. V druhej časti sa venujú právnej úprave udeľovania patentov v Spojených štátoch amerických a podrobujú analýze najvýznamnejšie rozhodnutia Najvyššieho súdu Spojených štátov. Analýzou súdnych rozhodnutí sa autori snažia dospieť k identifikovaniu prístupov spomínaných súdov k riešeniu patentovej ochrany v tejto špecifickej a rýchlo sa vyvíjajúcej oblasti výskumu. V závere autori sumarizujú problematické aspekty patentovania vynálezov v oblasti biotechnológií.
Flowpath 2017 – National Meeting on Hydrogeology, Cagliari, 14-16 June 2017
Authors: Ghiglieri Giorgio , Da Pelo Stefania , Uras Gabriele
Published: June 2017

Not available.
Knowledge and Skills of Medical Students about Stroke Patients: A Review
Authors: Shams Vahdati Samad , Moharamzadeh Payman , Parsian Zahra , Bagheri Sahar , Fahimi Roshan
Published: June 2017

Stroke, a leading cause of neurological disability in the world, is the third major reason for mortality after cancer and heart diseases. It is an epidemic emerging worldwide, especially in the low and middle-income countries. Most of the patients survived from stroke are not treated completely and have a life with disability and complications. Therefore, it is necessary that medical students be trained and educate in a standardized manner through focused lectures, interactive workshops, and bedside teaching sessions so that they can deal with these patients and manage potentially disabling neurological emergencies such as stroke correctly.
Infestation of parasitic rhizocephalan barnaclesSacculina beauforti(Cirripedia, Rhizocephala) in edible mud crab,Scylla olivacea
Authors: Waiho Khor , Fazhan Hanafiah , Glenner Henrik , Ikhwanuddin Mhd
Published: June 2017

Screening of mud crab genusScyllawas conducted in four locations (Marudu Bay, Lundu, Taiping, Setiu) representing Malaysia.Scylla olivaceawith abnormal primary and secondary sexual characters were prevalent (approximately 42.27% of the local screenedS. olivaceapopulation) in Marudu Bay, Sabah. A total of six different types of abnormalities were described. Crabs with type 1 and type 3 were immature males, type 2 and type 4 were mature males, type 5 were immature females and type 6 were mature females. The abdomen of all crabs with abnormalities were dented on both sides along the abdomen’s middle line. Abnormal crabs showed significant variation in their size, weight, abdomen width and/or gonopod or pleopod length compared to normal individuals. The mean body weight of abnormal crabs (type 1–5) were higher than normal crabs with smaller body size, while females with type 6 abnormality were always heavier than the normal counterparts at any given size. Sacculinid’s externa were observed in the abdomen of crabs with type 4 and type 6 abnormalities. The presence of embryos within the externa and subsequent molecular analysis of partial mitochondrial COI region confirmed the rhizocephalan parasite asSacculina beauforti. Future in-depth descriptions of the life cycle and characteristics ofS. beaufortiare recommended as it involves a commercially important edible crab species and the effect on human health from the consumption of crabs is of crucial concern.
Switching spatial scale reveals dominance-dependent social foraging tactics in a wild primate
Authors: Lee Alexander E.G. , Cowlishaw Guy
Published: June 2017

When foraging in a social group, individuals are faced with the choice of sampling their environment directly or exploiting the discoveries of others. The evolutionary dynamics of this trade-off have been explored mathematically through the producer-scrounger game, which has highlighted socially exploitative behaviours as a major potential cost of group living. However, our understanding of the tight interplay that can exist between social dominance and scrounging behaviour is limited. To date, only two theoretical studies have explored this relationship systematically, demonstrating that because scrounging requires joining a competitor at a resource, it should become exclusive to high-ranking individuals when resources are monopolisable. In this study, we explore the predictions of this model through observations of the natural social foraging behaviour of a wild population of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus). We collected data through over 800 h of focal follows of 101 adults and juveniles across two troops over two 3-month periods. By recording over 7,900 social foraging decisions at two spatial scales we show that, when resources are large and economically indefensible, the joining behaviour required for scrounging can occur across all social ranks. When, in contrast, dominant individuals can aggressively appropriate a resource, such joining behaviour becomes increasingly difficult to employ with decreasing social rank because adult individuals can only join others lower ranking than themselves. Our study supports theoretical predictions and highlights potentially important individual constraints on the ability of individuals of low social rank to use social information, driven by competition with dominant conspecifics over monopolisable resources.
ORIGIN AND GENERATION OF WAVES
Authors: Munk Walter H.
Published: June 2017

It is no more possible to speak of the origin of ocean waves than it is to speak of the origin of sound waves, or of electromagnetic waves. Different types of waves exist, often simultaneously, and these differ from one another with respect to their origin and generation.
COMPARISON BETWEEN MIKE 21 FM, DELFT3D AND DELFT3D FM FLOW MODELS OF WESTERN PORT BAY, AUSTRALIA
Authors: Symonds Andrew Mark , Vijverberg Thomas , Post Sander , Van der Spek Bart-Jan , Henrotte Johan , Sokolewicz Marius
Published: June 2017

The performance of three different hydrodynamic modelling packages is compared in this study, namely Delft3D, Delft3D FM (both developed by Deltares) and MIKE 21 FM (developed by DHI). Delft3D and MIKE 21 FM are internationally known software packages while Delft3D FM (formerly known as D-Flow FM) is a relatively new package. The models use structured approaches (Delft3D), unstructured approaches utilising triangular and quadrilateral elements (MIKE 21 FM) and unstructured approaches utilising elements ranging from linear to six sided (Delft3D FM). Models of Western Port, Australia, were developed using the three different packages to allow a comparison of performance and to determine if there are any differences in using structured versus unstructured approaches. Model performance has been assessed based on model calibration, representation of channel flows and computational efficiency. Despite the inherent differences in the grid configuration and the implementation of the numerical schemes between structured and unstructured approaches, both approaches have been shown to be able to accurately predict hydrodynamic conditions in a complex estuarine environment. The unstructured approach was found to be the most computationally efficient both when run on multiple cores (MIKE 21 FM was the most efficient) and when run on a single core (Delft3D FM was the most efficient).
LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION OF OSCILLATORY FLOW AND MORPHODYNAMICS OVER RIPPLES
Authors: Leftheriotis Georgios , Dimas Athanassios
Published: June 2017

The objective of the present study was to study the morphodynamical development of ripples in a movable bed. The methodology is based on the coupling of fluid flow, sediment transport and morphodynamics. A well-resolved large-eddy simulation (LES) is employed for the simulation of the three-dimensional turbulent oscillatory flow and the corresponding bed and suspended sediment transport over a rippled bed. The evolution of the bed form is obtained by the numerical solution of the Exner equation based on the spanwise-mean flow and sediment transport conditions. The Immersed Boundary method is implemented for the imposition of fluid and sediment boundary conditions on the moving bed surface. Results are presented for ripple creation and propagation from a quasi-flat bed, as well as results of initially sinusoidal ripples adapting to water conditions, based on the mobility number, Ïˆ. The numerical model demonstrates phenomena of ripple creation, propagation and migration, resulting in ripple lengths in agreement with those predicted by empirical equations. It was shown that under the same hydrodynamic forcing, the bed tends to reach the same equilibrium state, regardless of the initial bed form.
PHYSICAL MODEL EXPERIMENTS OF ORDU-GIRESUN AIRPORT, TURKEY
Authors: ARIKAN Sukru Emrah , GULTEKIN Nurgul , Kucukosmanoglu Alp , Ozbahceci Berguzar , SAG Mehmet , KILIC Yasin , KOCA Fariz
Published: June 2017

Ordu-Giresun Airport, which has been constructed recently, being an example of the aviation sector of Turkish transportation network, is a project having marine structural aspects due to the construction at the sea by filling and in this workout physical model experiments of the project are evaluated. 3000-meters-long runway and the other superstructures of the airport, the first example of construction of such a structure by filling in the sea in Turkey, is to be protected by a breakwater of 7435 meters long. â€˜First Cross Sectionâ€™ has been prepared by using experimental formulas and artificial neural network and â€˜Second Cross Sectionâ€™, being the alternative of the first one has been planned. Yet, both cross sections have similar characteristics, they have berm heights in such a manner that â€˜First Cross Sectionâ€™ enables the structure to be constructed from the sea, whereas â€˜Second Cross Sectionâ€™ makes it possible from the land. Both cross sections are aimed to be evaluated in terms of stability, wave overtopping and economy through the hydraulic model studies performed at the Hydraulics Laboratory of Turkish Ministry of Transportation, Maritime Affairs and Communication. Starting from design stage (computation of design wave characteristics, physical model experiment under different wave conditions on different structure alternatives) to construction stage the engineering studies is presented with comparisons and discussions.
DESIGNING BERM BREAKWATERS FOR DIFFERENT WAVE HEIGHTS AND DIFFERENT QUARRY YIELD
Authors: Sigurdarson Sigurdur , Van der Meer Jentsje
Published: June 2017

The paper demonstrates the use of the geometrical design rules for berm breakwaters in a potential project in Greenland. With practically no information about the sizes of armourstone that could be used for the design, the initial phase of the study looked at the full range of the stability parameter Hs/Î”Dn50 of 1.7 to 3.0 for the design wave height of Hs=4.4 m. This corresponds to armourstone classes ranging from 5-15 t down to 1-3 t. Six different design options based on six different options for the largest stone class are compared. The final design then relies on the actual quarry yield, the total volume of material needed for the project and the construction equipment that can be brought to the site.
NUMERICAL MODELING OF BREAKING SOLITARY WAVE RUN UP IN SURF ZONE USING INCOMPRESSIBLE SMOOTHED PARTICLE HYDRODINAMICS (ISPH)
Authors: Hejazi Kourosh , Ghavami AmirReza , Aslani Abolfazl
Published: June 2017

This paper presents a numerical model for simulating wave run-up on rough sloping surfaces. Incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (ISPH) has been utilized, which is capable of efficient tracking of free surface deformation in a Lagrangian coordinate system. Many of the existing models have focused on inviscid wave run-up on a smooth surface, but few numerical models and especially experimental studies have investigated the effect of beach roughness on the run up. In the present study two methods have been deployed to study the effect of roughness on wave run up. In the first method, the mass unit force, which is a coefficient of the fluid viscosity, and is dependent on the roughness of the solid boundary, has been used. In the second method, mass unit force obtained from the wall functions was utilized to enforce the friction on the particles near the boundaries. The comparisons of the numerical simulations with the analytical solutions and experimental data confirmed the capability of the model in simulating wave propagation and wave breaking. It was also concluded that the effect of roughness on wave run up depends on both the roughness itself and the beach slope. The results also indicated small roughness effect on waves running up over steep slopes.
SEICHE IN PORTS
Authors: Apte A.S. , Marcou G.
Published: June 2017

In his thesis Prof. John S. McHewn has given an account of experiments on seiche in port models. Though the fundamental causes of seiche in harbours and ports are more or less known, we have little knowledge of the harbour dimensions for which a particular seiche is likely to occur. A systematic study was therefore initiated by Prof. McNown and our work described in this paper may be considered as its continuation.
HURRICANE STORM SURGE CONSIDERED AS A RESONANCE PHENOMENON
Authors: Abraham G.
Published: June 2017

A model study was performed to study the water gravity waves generated by a circular local disturbance of pressure, advancing with constant velocity over the surface of water of constant depth. The results indicate that under critical conditions a resonance type phenomenon occurs for which the associated wave heights have a maximum value. It is shown that the resonant conditions may be an important factor for the generation of the surge due to hurricanes, that approach the coast perpendicularly.
A BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE ISE-WAN TYPHOON
Authors: Otao Hiroji
Published: June 2017

During the ten years from 1947 to 1956, typhoons with a maximum velocity of more than 34 knots have attacked Japan at an average of 26.8 times a year, inflicting damages amounting to 240 thousand million yen on the average each year (1946-1955) . However, depending on the course and scale of the typhoon and the season of the year, except for damages to vessels, in some cases, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages as the abundant ram fall resulting from a typhoon is beneficial to agriculture and hydraulic power generation widely developed throughout the country. In the past, damages from typhoons consisted of storm and flood disasters with the flooding of inland waterways and landslides in mountainous districts due to heavy precipitation. However, lately, with the rapid progress of modern industries, cities with ports and harbors are expanding with the development of large industrial zones along coastal areas where raw materials can be obtained from foreign countries at low cost of transportation, and vast areas of land for the establishment of industrial plants can be acquired without encountering serious obstacles through land reclamation along the shores. These circumstances have called for the necessity of protecting the coastal areas from the direct attack of high tides and wind waves generated by typhoon.
FLUME EXPERIMENTS ON SAND TRANSPORT BY WAVES AND CURRENTS
Authors: Inman Douglas L. , Bowen Anthony J.
Published: June 2017

Measurements were made of the sand transport (solid discharge) caused by waves and currents traveling over a horizontal sand bed in water 50 cm deep. The waves had heights of 15 cm, and periods of 1.4 and 2.0 sec. The sand transport was measured first in the presence of waves only, then in the presence of waves superimposed on currents. The currents flowed in the direction of wave travel, with steady uniform velocities of 2, 4, and 6 cm/sec.

Since sand moves to and fro under the influence of waves, sand traps were placed flush with the surface at either end of the bed. The net sand transport was determined by subtracting the amount of sand trapped at the upwave end of the bed, from that trapped at the downwave end. The total amount of sand caught in both traps was greatest with waves of 2.0 sec period, while the net sand transport was greatest with waves of 1.4 sec period. Super position of waves on currents of 2 cm/sec produced a two-fold increase in the sand transport for both wave types. Surprisingly, faster currents of 4 and 6 cm/sec caused the discharge to decrease somewhat.

Estimates of the power expended by waves was obtained from the decrement in wave height as the wave traveled over the sand bed. The decrement in wave height was found to be about I0--5 per unit of distance traveled. Certain calculations show that about one tenth of the total power expended by the waves was used in transporting sediment.
Biochemical characterization of microalgae collected from north east region of India advancing towards the algae‐based commercial production
Authors: Ghosh Ashmita , Khanra Saumyakanti , Mondal Madhumanti , Devi Thingujam Indrama , Halder Gopinath , Tiwari O.N. , Bhowmick Tridib Kumar , Gayen Kalyan
Published: June 2017

Selection of suitable strain of microalgae is the crucial factor for large‐scale production of algae‐based products. Efforts have been made here for isolation, identification and biochemical characterization of five microalgae strains collected from Tripura (a small state in north‐eastern region of India). Two Chlorococcum sp. (NITAAP008 and NITAAP019) demonstrate their high lipid (15–24%), equal amounts of carbohydrate and protein (35–40%), with specific growth rate of 0.13 day−1. These strains are potential resource for biofuel production. After lipid extraction, remaining biomass can be used as source of carbohydrate for the production of other biofuels. One isolated strain is identified as Chlorella sp. (NITAAP009) and shows 22–33% carbohydrate, 41–50% protein and 5% chlorophyll with specific growth rate of 0.125 day−1. Another Chlorella sp. (NITAAP011) isolated from lake area exhibits significant chlorophyll (5–6.4%), 30–50% carbohydrate, 48–60% protein and low lipid (1–10%) with lower specific growth rate (0.10 day−1). Both strains are having industrial competence for chlorophyll production due to their synthesizing ability of significant amount of chlorophyll (5–6.4%). The last one, Korshikoviella sp. (NITAAP017), has 15–18% lipid, 22–34% carbohydrate, 30–43% protein and 3–4% chlorophyll with specific growth rate of 0.12 day−1 and can be used for food supplement production or lipid synthesis. © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Berücksichtigung von Grundwasserströmungskräften beim Nachweis von Uferspundwänden
Authors: Odenwald Bernhard , Ratz Kerstin
Published: June 2017

Ein großer Teil der Kanalstrecken der Bundeswasserstraßen ist durch Uferspundwände gesichert. Für deren Bemessung stellen neben den Erddrücken die auf die Wand wirkenden Wasserdrücke die entscheidenden Einwirkungen dar. Hinweise für den Ansatz von Wasserdrücken bei Uferspundwänden gibt die Empfehlung E 106 der EAU. Dabei wird von einem ausgeglichenen Kanal‐ und Grundwasserstand ausgegangen, bei dem keine relevante Strömung zwischen Kanal und Grundwasser erfolgt. Die häufig praktizierte direkte Übertragung dieser Wasserdruckansätze der EAU auf Damm‐ und Einschnittstrecken kann jedoch zu einer deutlichen Über‐ bzw. Unterdimensionierung der Uferspundwände führen. Daher wurden im BAWBrief 03/2015 ergänzende Empfehlungen zum Ansatz von Wasserdrücken für die statische Bemessung von Uferspundwänden an Kanälen gegeben. Für Einschnittstrecken wurde dabei ein Wasserdruckansatz zur vereinfachten Berücksichtigung der aus der Zuströmung zum Kanal auf die Spundwand einwirkenden Strömungskräfte angegeben, der die statische Bemessung der Uferspundwand mit üblichen Bemessungsprogrammen ermöglicht. In diesem Beitrag werden die Berechnungsergebnisse für Wasserdruckansätze, die auf vereinfachten Annahmen sowie auf einer numerischen Strömungsberechnung basieren, verglichen. Ziel der Untersuchungen ist die Beurteilung, ob der im BAWBrief empfohlene Wasserdruckansatz einerseits eine auf der sicheren Seite liegende und andererseits eine wirtschaftliche Bemessung der Uferspundwand ermöglicht.
Tuning the Composition of Electrodeposited Bimetallic Tin–Lead Catalysts for Enhanced Activity and Durability in Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction to Formate
Authors: Moore Colin E. , Gyenge Előd L.
Published: June 2017

Bimetallic Sn–Pb catalysts with five different Sn/Pb atomic ratios were electrodeposited on Teflonated carbon paper and non‐Teflonated carbon cloth using both fluoroborate‐ and oxide‐containing deposition media to produce catalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 (ERC) to formate (HCOO−). The interaction between catalyst composition, morphology, substrate, and deposition media was investigated by using cyclic voltammetry and constant potential electrolysis at −2.0 V versus Ag/AgCl for 2 h in 0.5 m KHCO3. The catalysts were analyzed before and after electrolysis by using SEM and XRD to determine the mechanisms of Faradaic efficiency loss and degradation. Catalysts that are mainly Sn with 15–35 at % Pb generated Faradaic efficiencies up to 95 % with a stable performance. However, pure Sn catalysts showed high initial stage formate production rates but experienced an extensive (up to 30 %) decrease of the Faradaic efficiency. The XRD results demonstrated the presence of polycrystalline SnO2 after electrolysis using Sn–Pb catalysts with 35 at % Pb and its absence in the case of pure Sn. It is proposed that the presence of Pb (15–35 at %) in mainly Sn catalysts stabilized SnO2, which is responsible for the enhanced Faradaic efficiency and catalytic durability in the ERC.
Impact of Macroporosity on Catalytic Upgrading of Fast Pyrolysis Bio‐Oil by Esterification over Silica Sulfonic Acids
Authors: Manayil Jinesh C. , Osatiashtiani Amin , Mendoza Alvaro , Parlett Christopher M.A. , Isaacs Mark A. , Durndell Lee J. , Michailof Chrysoula , Heracleous Eleni , Lappas Angelos , Lee Adam F. , Wilson Karen
Published: June 2017

Fast pyrolysis bio‐oils possess unfavorable physicochemical properties and poor stability, in large part, owing to the presence of carboxylic acids, which hinders their use as biofuels. Catalytic esterification offers an atom‐ and energy‐efficient route to upgrade pyrolysis bio‐oils. Propyl sulfonic acid (PrSO3H) silicas are active for carboxylic acid esterification but suffer mass‐transport limitations for bulky substrates. The incorporation of macropores (200 nm) enhances the activity of mesoporous SBA‐15 architectures (post‐functionalized by hydrothermal saline‐promoted grafting) for the esterification of linear carboxylic acids, with the magnitude of the turnover frequency (TOF) enhancement increasing with carboxylic acid chain length from 5 % (C3) to 110 % (C12). Macroporous–mesoporous PrSO3H/SBA‐15 also provides a two‐fold TOF enhancement over its mesoporous analogue for the esterification of a real, thermal fast‐pyrolysis bio‐oil derived from woodchips. The total acid number was reduced by 57 %, as determined by GC×GC–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC–ToFMS), which indicated ester and ether formation accompanying the loss of acid, phenolic, aldehyde, and ketone components.
Quantifying the impacts of river hydrology on riparian vegetation spatial structure: Case study in the lower basin of the Tarim River, China
Authors: Zhu Xuchao , Yuan Guofu , Yi Xiaobo , Du Tao
Published: June 2017

River hydrology largely determines the species composition and spatial distribution of riparian vegetation. However, it is difficult to determine the riparian vegetation spatial pattern that is only influenced by river hydrology due to the complex impacts of other influencing factors in field environments. We investigated the spatial structure of riparian vegetation in the lower basin of the Tarim River in hyper‐arid western China, where distinct geomorphic and climatic features exclude the influences of factors other than river hydrological factors on the spatial structure of riparian vegetation. Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager remotely sensed data were used to identify the different vegetation types and obtain the vegetation leaf area index (LAI) in the study area. Our results showed that the overall vegetation LAI exhibited a negative exponential declining trend with distance from the river, but this relationship was different for the different vegetation types, exhibiting a negative exponential relationship for the Populus woodlands and a Gaussian‐type relationship for the Tamarix shrublands. The average width of the riparian vegetation decreased along the river by a negative power function. The average vegetation LAI decreased linearly along the river. The quantitative data we obtained regarding the river‐induced variation in the riparian vegetation cover with the distance from the river channel would particularly be useful for modelling riparian vegetation dynamics and distributions.
Within‐lake habitat heterogeneity mediates community response to warming trends
Authors: Hovel Rachel A. , Thorson James T. , Carter Jackie L. , Quinn Thomas P.
Published: June 2017

Climate change is rapidly altering many aquatic systems, and life history traits and physiological diversity create differences in organism responses. In addition, habitat diversity may be expressed on small spatial scales, and it is therefore necessary to account for variation among both species and locations when evaluating climate impacts on biological communities. Here, we investigated the effects of temperature and spatial heterogeneity on long‐term community composition in a large boreal lake. We used a five‐decade time series of water temperature and relative abundance of fish species captured in the littoral zone throughout the summer at 10 discrete locations around the lake. We applied a spatial dynamic factor analysis (SDFA) model to this time series, which estimates the sensitivity of each species to changing water temperature while accounting for spatiotemporal variation. This analysis described the trend in community composition at each sampling location in the lake, given their different trends in temperature over time. The SDFA indicated different magnitude and direction of species responses to temperature; some species increased while others decreased in abundance. The model also identified five unique trends in species abundance across sites and time, indicating residual dynamics in abundance after accounting for temperature effects. Thus, different regions in the lake have experienced different trajectories in community change associated with different rates of temperature change. These results highlight the importance of considering habitat heterogeneity in explaining and predicting future species abundances, and our model provides a means of visualizing spatially‐explicit temporal variation in species' dynamics.
RECOGNIZING INFANTS’ EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS: ARE ADOLESCENTS LESS SENSITIVE TO INFANTS’ CUES?
Authors: Niessen Anke , Konrad Kerstin , Dahmen Brigitte , Herpertz‐Dahlmann Beate , Firk Christine
Published: June 2017

Previous studies have shown that adolescent mothers interact less sensitively with their infants than do adult mothers. This difference might be due to developmental difficulties in the recognition of infants’ emotional states in adolescents. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to explore differences in the recognition of infant signals between nonparous adolescent girls and boys as compared to female and male adults. To this end, we examined 54 childless adolescents and 54 childless adults (50% female). Participants were shown a series of 20 short videos of infants aged 3 to 6 months presenting different emotional states ranging from very distressed to very happy. In addition, participants were asked to report their own parental experiences using the German version, Fragebogen zum erinnerten elterlichen Erziehungsverhalten (J. Schumacher, M. Eisemann, & E. Brähler, ), of the Egna Minnen Befräffande Uppfostran (Own Memories of Parental Rearing Experiences in Childhood; C. Perris, L. Jacobsson, H. Lindstrom, L. von Knorring, & H. Perris, ). Adolescents rated distressed infants as more distressed than did the adults. Furthermore, female participants rated the very distressed infants as more distressed than did male participants. These data suggest that adolescents, in general, are not impaired in recognizing infant emotional states, as compared to adults. Thus, we suggest that more extreme ratings of infant signals of discomfort together with immature sociocognitive regulation processes during adolescence might contribute to reduced sensitivity observed in adolescent mothers.
TeachingTo Kill a MockingbirdToday: Coming to Terms With Race, Racism, and America's Novel
Authors: Macaluso Michael
Published: June 2017

This article urges educators to responsibly teach, discuss, and read againstTo Kill a Mockingbirdby Harper Lee for fear that it may otherwise perpetuate subtle racist ideologies in generations of students who continue to read it in schools. One way to do this is through a comparative lens of old and new racism.
D‐psicose 3‐epimerase secretory overexpression, immobilization, and d‐psicose biotransformation, separation and crystallization
Authors: Li Can , Lin Jianqun , Guo Qingqing , Zhang Chengjia , Du Kai , Lin Huibin , Lin Jianqiang
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

D‐psicose is a rare sugar and exists in extremely small quantities in nature. It has important physiological functions and is allowed to be used as an ingredient in foods and dietary supplements. The aim of this study is to develop the biotransformation, separation and purification methods for highly efficient mass production of d‐psicose.

RESULTS

First, the gene of d‐psicose 3‐epimerase (DPE) from Ruminococcus sp. was cloned and overexpressed in the food‐grade microorganism Bacillus pumilus, and the recombinant protein was soluble, bioactive, and secretory overexpressed at a high level. The substrate specificity and metal ion effects of DPE were investigated. The recombinant DPE was immobilized onto anion exchange resin matrix, and the enzymatic properties and rounds of reuses of the immobilized DPE were investigated. Then, d‐psicose was produced using the immobilized enzyme, separated by simulated moving bed chromatography (SMB), and finally purified by crystallization. The purity of the d‐psicose crystal reached 99.1%.

CONCLUSION

Food grade high purity d‐psicose can be efficiently produced and purified using the methods developed in this research, which can be easily scaled up for industrial‐scale mass production. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Malnutrition among vaccinated children aged 0‐5 years in Batouri, Republic of Cameroon
Authors: Nagahori Chikako , Kinjo Yoshihide , Tchuani Jean Paul , Yamauchi Taro
Published: June 2017

Objectives

Malnutrition continues to contribute to a high infant mortality rate. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and its potential association with the time at which complementary feeding was introduced among children aged 0‐5 years in Batouri, Republic of Cameroon.

Methods

Mothers (n=212) were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Child height or length, and weight measurements were determined and the appropriate Z‐scores calculated. Multiple regression analysis was performed with the values of all nutritional status indicators as dependent variables and the time of commencing complementary feeding, and the child's age and sex, as independent variables.

Results

The prevalence of stunting (height/length for age<−2 standard deviation [SD]), underweight (weight for age<−2SD), and wasting (weight for height/length<−2SD) was 45.8%, 30.2%, and 11.3%, respectively. Even taking into consideration the biological variables, there was a significant association in the effects of time of starting complementary foods on the nutritional status indicators. Furthermore, adding socio‐economic variables did not produce a rise in adjusted R2 values for all age group models concerned.

Conclusions

Approximately 30% of the children in the study region were underweight, and approximately half of the children exhibited stunting, indicating chronic malnutrition. Commencing complementary feeding at an appropriate time had a positive effect on nutritional status from approximately 2 years of age.
Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Associated With the DSM‐5 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Criteria
Authors: Kaczkurkin Antonia N. , Zang Yinyin , Gay Natalie G. , Peterson Alan L. , Yarvis Jeffrey S. , Borah Elisa V. , Dondanville Katherine A. , Hembree Elizabeth A. , Litz Brett T. , Mintz Jim , Young‐McCaughan Stacey , Foa Edna B. ,   The STRONG STAR Consortium
Published: June 2017

Maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies have been proposed to contribute to the maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Prior work has focused on the relationship between these strategies and PTSD as a whole, rather than on how they are related to each PTSD symptom cluster. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether cognitive emotion regulation strategies are predictive of certain PTSD symptom clusters under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed. (DSM‐5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) criteria (intrusive thoughts, avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, and hyperarousal). Participants included 365 treatment‐seeking, active‐duty military personnel with PTSD. The negative alterations in cognitions and mood cluster were associated with dysfunctional cognitions: greater negative cognitions about the self, negative cognitions about the world, and self‐blame, as well as catastrophizing ( = .519). The negative alterations in cognitions and mood cluster did not show a strong relationship with blaming others, possibly due to the complex nature of self‐ and other‐blame in this primarily deployment‐related PTSD sample. Finally, the intrusive thoughts cluster was associated with catastrophizing ( = .211), suggesting an association between frequent intrusive memories and excessively negative interpretation of those memories.
Proof‐of‐concept prototype time‐of‐flight PET system based on high‐quantum‐efficiency multianode PMTs
Authors: Son Jeong‐Whan , Kim Kyeong Yun , Yoon Hyun Suk , Won Jun Yeon , Ko Guen Bae , Lee Min Sun , Lee Jae Sung
Published: June 2017

Purpose

Time‐of‐flight (TOF) information in positron emission tomography (PET) scanners enhances the diagnostic power of PET scans owing to the increased signal‐to‐noise ratio of reconstructed images. There are numerous additional benefits of TOF reconstruction, including the simultaneous estimation of activity and attenuation distributions from emission data only. Exploring further TOF gains by using TOF PET scanners is important because it can broaden the applications of PET scans and expand our understanding of TOF techniques. Herein, we present a prototype TOF PET scanner with fine‐time performance that can experimentally demonstrate the benefits of TOF information.

Methods

A single‐ring PET system with a coincidence resolving time of 360 ps and a spatial resolution of 3.1/2.2 mm (filtered backprojection/ordered‐subset expectation maximization) was developed. The scanner was based on advanced high‐quantum‐efficiency (high‐QE) multianode photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). The impact of its fine‐time performance was demonstrated by evaluating body phantom images reconstructed with and without TOF information. Moreover, the feasibility of the scanner as an experimental validator of TOF gains was verified by investigating the improvement of images under various conditions, such as the use of joint estimation algorithms of activity and attenuation, erroneous data correction factors (e.g., without normalization correction), and incompletely sampled data.

Results

The prototype scanner showed excellent performance, producing improved phantom images, when TOF information was employed in the reconstruction process. In addition, investigation of the TOF benefits using the phantom data in different conditions verified the usefulness of the developed system for demonstrating the practical effects of TOF reconstruction.

Conclusions

We developed a prototype TOF PET scanner with good performance and a fine‐timing resolution based on advanced high‐QE multianode PMTs and demonstrated its feasibility as an experimental validator of TOF gains, suggesting its usefulness for investigating new applications of PET scans and clarifying TOF techniques in detail.
The menopause: benefits and risks of available treatments
Authors: Cochrane Rosemary , Currie Heather
Published: June 2017

Menopausal symptoms affect many women, but debate continues over the role of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in their management. This review provides a summary of the current treatment options for menopause management and considers their benefits and risks.
Clinical information systems: tools to boost prescribing safety
Authors: Saddiq Atif , Kauser Sonia
Published: June 2017

Clinical information systems (CIS) are an important tool in primary care for recording and managing patient information. This article discusses the use of the features within CIS to identify medication risks and promote safe and effective prescribing.
Improved one‐month lead‐time forecasting of the SPI over Russia with pressure covariates based on the SL–AV model
Authors: Willink Diliara , Khan Valentina , Donner Reik V.
Published: June 2017

The standardized precipitation index (SPI) is an important yet easy‐to‐calculate means to describing wet or dry conditions in very different climates. In this work, we develop a new scheme for improved one‐month lead‐time forecasts of this index over Russia. As a basic seasonal forecasting model, we utilize the semi‐implicit semi‐Lagrangian vorticity‐divergence (SL–AV) model of the Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia and the Institute of Numerical Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Based on hindcast simulations of this model, we demonstrate its relatively poor skills in obtaining direct one‐month lead‐time SPI forecasts in the region of interest. In order to improve the accuracy of these forecasts, we use mean sea‐level pressure and 500 hPa geopotential height fields from model output of the same SL–AV hindcasts to identify informative predictors for the local SPI values, based on the observation that the cross‐correlation structure between the three different fields reveals relevant interdependencies between precipitation, mean sea‐level pressure and 500 hPa geopotential height in different regions. Using this information in terms of regression models for obtaining both, deterministic and probabilistic forecasts provides a significant improvement of the SPI forecast skills, pointing to the potential for implementing the proposed scheme in operational one‐month lead‐time precipitation forecasts.
Bayesian real options control chart
Authors: Moltchanova Elena
Published: June 2017

In this paper, we present the concept of a novel control chart, which uses economic considerations within the real options–inspired framework together with the principles of Bayesian statistics to produce a continuously updated estimate of the parameters of the actual process, and thus to decide whether to continue running the process or to recalibrate it instead. Bayesian estimate allows the decision maker to combine prior information about the process with the continuously incoming data in a natural flexible manner. In the real options framework, at any given moment, we compare the cost of recalibrating the process to the cost of postponing the (optimal) decision for later. The decision is thus based on cost‐benefit analysis rather than statistically significant deviations from the in‐control process. To have a clear focus on the conceptual representation of the novel methodology, we consider a continuously sampled binary process. We derive the algorithm for the control chart, which can also, in this discrete setting, be represented as a table, a matrix, or a tree. We also investigate the performance of the method in different settings with particular attention being paid to the role of Bayesian prior. Being flexible in prior beliefs leads to better results anywhere outside of the in‐control process. Together, Bayesian paradigm and dynamic decision‐making approach create a realistic representation of a real‐life decision‐making process.
Das Überlesen von Nonsense-Mutationen
Authors: Wiechers Lisa , Samanta Ananya , Nagel-Wolfrum Kerstin
Published: June 2017

Nonsense-Mutationen weisen eine Inzidenz von etwa 12 % bezogen auf alle krankheitsverursachenden Mutationen auf. Eine ähnliche Rate gilt für Netzhauterkrankungen. Ein speziell auf diesen Mutationstyp ausgerichteter Therapieansatz könnte somit praktikabel und ökonomisch im Sinne einer Therapie „eine für viele“ sein. Nonsense-Mutationen führen zu vorzeitigen Terminationscodons (PTCs), wodurch die Degradation der mRNA über den „nonsense-mediated decay“ (NMD) induziert werden kann oder die Translation am PTC endet und ein verkürztes, zumeist nicht mehr funktionelles Protein synthetisiert wird. Ein pharmakogenetischer Ansatz induziert das Überlesen („read-through“) von PTCs und erlaubt somit die Synthese von vollständigen Proteinen. Die hierbei eingesetzten Wirkstoffe werden als TRIDs („translational read-through inducing drugs“) bezeichnet. Die ersten identifizierten TRIDs gehören zur Klasse der Aminoglykosidantibiotika. Modernere TRIDs sind Amlexanox, Ataluren und Derivate von Aminoglykosidantibiotika. Während Aminoglykoside eine hohe Oto‑, Nephro- und Retinotoxizität aufweisen, zeichnen sich die modernen TRIDs durch eine verbesserte Verträglichkeit aus. Eine Vielzahl von präklinischen Studien belegt die Überlese-Effizienz von TRIDs bei Nonsense-Mutationen und zeigt die Funktionalität der wiederhergestellten Proteine in Zellkultur, Tiermodellen und patientenspezifischen Zellen. Für die Therapie von Netzhauterkrankungen werden systemische und lokale Applikationen evaluiert. Patientenspezifische Zellen stellen ein personalisiertes Screeningmodell für die Identifizierung eines wirksamen TRID dar. Der pharmakogenetische Überlese-Ansatz könnte in Zukunft für jeden Patienten, dessen Netzhauterkrankung durch eine Nonsense-Mutation verursacht wird, eine personalisierte Therapie erlauben.