bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Treatment of Benign Hypertension with Clonidine
Authors: Kellett R. J. , Hamilton M.
Published: January 2017

Clonidine (Catapres) is a new drug for the treatment of hypertension which has an uncertain mode of action. Sixty-one patients have been treated with Clonidine for up to 21 months. Side-effects of treatment have been troublesome and in 20 per cent of patients have necessitated discontinuing therapy. Sedation was the most frequent and troublesome side-effect. Dryness of the mouth was a less troublesome symptom. In only 48 per cent of patients continuing Clonidine was good blood pressure control achieved and maintained.

In a comparable group of patients treated with Methyl Dopa only 7 per cent had to discontinue therapy because of side-effects of the drug, and effective control was achieved in 70 per cent of the remainder.

Clonidine is strikingly devoid of postural and exercise hypotensive effects, and produces a uniform control of blood pressure throughout the day. It has been successfully combined with Methyl Dopa and Bethanidine. Despite its troublesome side-effects, these attributes may make it a satisfactory drug for the treatment of patients in whom uniform control is difficult.
Anaemia in an Island Population
Authors: Gourley C. A. , Pearson J. , Taylor W.
Published: January 2017

A haematological investigation was carried out on the population of the Island of Westray situated in the Orkney Isles, North Scotland. The response rate was 98.8 per cent and 291 males and 289 females over the age of 15 years had a blood examination.

Anaemia in the male population (defined as 12.5 g. haemoglobin per 100 ml. of blood or less) was 4.1 per cent and in the female population (defined as 12 g. haemoglobin per 100 ml. of blood or less) was 14.5 per cent. In the male population, the prevalence was found to increase with age, from 2 to 3 per cent in the younger age groups to 8 per cent at 55 years and over. In the female population, the highest prevalence was in the 35 to 44 years age group (25%) and in women over 75 years (23%).

There was a statistically significant reduction of mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (M.C.H.C.) with age in all the male age groups studied. There was a similar significant association between age and M.C.H.C. in the female population under 75 years of age. Reduction in the M.C.H.C. with a normal haemoglobin level was found in 13.4 per cent of the males and in 18.7 per cent of the female population.
Behavioural Science Teaching and Examining for Postgraduate Students in Glasgow
Authors: Hannay D. R. , Walker J.
Published: January 2017

A course in behavioural science for the Diploma in Public Health at Glasgow University is described with details of the three parts of the course. The introduction of alternative choice questions is mentioned, together with some assessment of both essay and alternative choice methods of examining. A shortened version of this course in medical sociology and social and applied psychology has also been given to a day release course for Medical Officers of Health.
Studies with Rubella Vaccine (RA 27/3) Using the Subcutaneous and Intranasal Routes
Authors: Moffat Margaret A. J. , Gould Janine J. , Forbes F. A. , Freestone D. S. , Macdonald A.
Published: January 2017

Two trials were carried out with Wistar RA 27/3 live attenuated rubella vaccine. Five of six seronegative girls in a boarding school gave a positive serological response after subcutaneous administration of vaccine. Mild clinical reactions occurred following vaccination. Susceptible contacts showed no clinical or serological reaction.

Vaccine was administered intranasally to a group of boys in another boarding school. All 3 vaccinated seronegative boys developed antibody whereas the 4 vaccinated seropositive boys showed no significant alteration in antibody titre. Four susceptible contacts received a placebo but did not develop antibodies. Virus was recovered from all virus-vaccinated seronegative boys but not from seropositive nor placebo-vaccinated boys. No clinical reactions were reported.
Observations in Man of Hypoglycaemia during Selective and Non-Selective Beta-Blockade
Authors: Davidson N. McD. , Corrall R. J. M. , Shaw T. R. D. , French E. B.
Published: January 2017

The acute hypoglycaemic reaction is accompanied by a rise in systolic and a slight fall in diastolic blood pressure and a tachycardia. In contrast, during beta-blockade with propranolol there is a rise of both systolic and diastolic blood pressures and bradycardia. Restoration of blood glucose to normal is delayed. With metoprolol there is a lesser increase in diastolic blood pressure and a slight tachycardia. Restoration of the blood glucose to normal is little delayed. When patients liable to hypoglycaemia require a beta-blocking agent, it is suggested that a selective blocker such as metoprolol should be used.
Legionnaires' Disease—The Benidorm Episode
Authors: Lawson J. H.
Published: January 2017

The clinical pattern of illness in 2 fatal cases of Legionnaires' Disease is described. Common factors in the 2 patients were residence in a hotel in Benidorm, Spain, a severe and progressive pneumonia unaffected by wide-spectrum antibiotics and failure to incriminate an infecting organism. The similarities with the Philadelphia outbreak, in which a bacillus known as the Legionnaire agent was isolated, led to a retrospective diagnosis in the Benidorm episode. Subsequent serological surveys indicate that Legionnaires' Disease is widespread in nature; it is not a new disease.
Mianserin Hydrochloride: A New Anti-Depressant Drug
Authors: Bennie E. H.
Published: January 2017

The tetracyclic anti-depressant drug mianserin hydrochloride has been assessed in an open clinical study in 24 psychiatric out-patients, who were prescribed 30 mg. mianserin daily, an d were rated on the Hamilton Rating Scale and on the Wakefield Self-Assessment Inventory on day 0, before starting therapy, and on days 7 and 28 of their treatment. The results support the view that mianserin has anti-depressant properties, and the patients' self-rating scores confirm that the level of anti-depressant action is similar to amitriptyline. Drowsiness was the only side effect reported.
Köln Haemoglobinopathy in a Second Scottish Family
Authors: Stirling M. L.
Published: January 2017

A second Scottish family with Haemoglobin Köln is described. Clinical and laboratory data on the two affected members are presented. The disorder appears to arise from a fresh mutation in the propositus.
Ectopic Hormones-Biochemical Aspects
Authors: Ratcliffe J. G.
Published: January 2017

Biochemical evidence suggests that ectopic hormone production is much more common than suspected clinically. The majority of lung carcinomas of oat cell or carcinoid type appear to synthesise ACTH and related peptides, calcitonin and less frequently, chorionic gonadotrophin and vasopressin. The primary amino acid sequences of ectopic hormones closely resemble their normal counterparts but ectopic hormone producing tumours contain greater proportions of high molecular weight, subunit and fragment forms than the normal gland of origin. Assays for ectopic hormones are clinically useful in diagnosis, tumour localisation, and monitoring patients with ectopic hormonal syndromes. Currently the clinical value of hormone assays in the routine management of common forms of malignancy in the absence of overt ectopic hormonal syndromes is unproven. However, better characterisation of hormonal forms relatively specific for neoplasia together with improved assay specificity and sensitivity may enhance the clinical value of ectopic hormones as tumour markers, particularly in malignancies which are commonly associated with ectopic hormone production (e.g. lung cancer).
Road Traffic Accident Related Morbidity as Seen in an Accident and Emergency Department
Authors: Galloway D. J. , Patel A. R.
Published: January 2017

This paper describes some of the findings of a prospective study of victims of road traffic accidents arriving at the Western Infirmary's Accident and Emergency Department over a period of 12 months. More than half the accidents occurred during leisure hours thus likely to stretch the resources of the hospital services. More than a third of the total number of patients were young male drivers. Serious injuries were significantly more often sustained among pedestrians who were often older. Victims of motor-cycle accidents less often escaped serious injuries. Blood ethanol studies on a small sample suggested that male pedestrians were often highly intoxicated. A public health education programme is regarded as a primary measure in preventing a large proportion of serious morbidity and mortality especially amongst pedestrians.
Acute Hepatitis a Infection in West Scotland
Authors: Follett E. A. C. , McMichael S.
Published: January 2017

In 1979, 43 cases of acute hepatitis A infection were diagnosed by the presence of hepatitis A specific IgM antibodies in acute phase sera. The majority (34) were in patients under 30 years with 13 in children under 10 years: 23 were males. Few cases occurred in the winter months, most in autumn, with a peak in September. A total of 17 cases had a history of recent travel abroad, and six of contact with a case of jaundice/hepatitis. There were 11 cases in members of the immigrant community.
Cimetidine in Primary Duodenal Ulcer in Children
Authors: Thomson R. B. , Attenburrow A. A. , Goel K. M.
Published: January 2017

Of 16 children with primary duodenal ulcer, 11 had complete relief of symptoms with initial full dose cimetidine therapy. After stopping cimetidine two of these 11 relapsed, six are in remission and three occasionally complain of abdominal pain requiring antacids. The remaining five children showed no improvement al all. Only one out of the 16 children showed side-effects due to cimetidine. Although there was wide variation in dosage of cimetidine and duration of therapy, no significant difference was noted in the dosage regimen of responders and non-responders to cimetidine. We suggest, full dose cimetidine 20 to 40 mg/Kg/dayfor 4 to 8 weeks, followed by 8 mg/Kg nocte daily for another 4 to 8 weeks.
Salmonella Virchow: A Cause of Significant Bloodstream Invasion
Authors: Todd W. T. A. , Murdoch J. McC
Published: January 2017

Salmonella virchow, a food poisoning strain previously only sporadically responsible for disease, has recently been isolated with increasing frequency in Scotland.

The experience of infections due to this organism in 1980 in an infectious diseases unit is reported. Nine of 15 patients consecutively admitted with infection due to this organism were found to be septicaemic on blood culture thus highlighting the invasive propensity of this serotype.
The Prevalence of Gastrinomas in Recurrent Peptic Ulceration
Authors: Primrose J. N. , Joffe S. N. , Ratcliffe J. G. , Buchanan K. D.
Published: January 2017

The prevalence of gastrinomas and the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is unknown. In order to examine a high risk group of patients, basal and secretin-provoked plasma gastrin levels were determined in 50 consecutive patients, predominantly from the west of Scotland. All had endoscopically proven recurrent peptic ulceration following duodenal ulcer surgery. This resulted in three cases strongly suspected of having a gastrinoma. Further investigations including exploratory laparotomy were unable to demonstrate a gastrinoma in two, but the evidence suggested an occult tumour in one. In this remaining unoperated patient, the serum gastrin returned to normal. The reference range for both basal and secretin stimulated gastrin response and percentage change has been determined in normal control subjects (n=10) and in primary ulcer patients (n=20). It is concluded that in this study, gastrinomas had a less than 2 per cent prevalence in patients presenting with recurrent peptic ulceration. As the diagnosis of a gastrinoma changes the surgical approach, conducting screening tests still seems warranted.
Primary Hyperparathyroidism Diagnosed at Autopsy a Study of Eight Cases
Authors: Webb J. N. , Crucioli V. , Gordon A.
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the clinical and pathological findings of eight cases of primary hyperparathyroidism first diagnosed at autopsy. The eight cases were obtained from the autopsy files of the Western General Hospital, Edinburgh over a decade (1971–80). The duration of the final hospital admission was very short in the majority of cases but analysis of the clinical history, in which gastro-intestinal and neuro-psychiatric disturbances figured prominently, showed that symptoms of the disease may have been present for very much longer—perhaps years in some instances. Details of the main autopsy findings and cause of death are also presented.
Hereditary Physicians of the Scottish Islands
Authors: Collacott R. A.
Published: January 2017

With the demise of the delivery of health-care by the Columban missionaries in the Scottish islands, there evolved a system of medical care by clan officers. These highly educated clan-physicians held office through hereditary tenure. Evidence is strongest for the existence of the Beaton physicians, but other families, including the O'Conachers, MacLachlans and MacLeas, held similar appointments. These hereditary physicians declined in importance with the demise of the clan system, when other physicians, holding patronage from the landlords, came to the islands.
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis: A Three Year Experience
Authors: Tsakiris D.J. , Smith W.G.J. , Briggs J.D. , Junor B.J.R.
Published: January 2017

During a three year period 66 patients with end-stage renal failure were commenced on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) at the Western Infirmary, Glasgow. The patient survival and the technique success rates were 86 per cent and 64 per cent at two years respectively. Biochemical and blood pressure control were very satisfactory on a relatively free diet and usually without the need for antihypertensive drugs. The complications next in frequency to peritonitis were catheter obstruction, postural hypotension and excessive weight gain. The mean hospitalisation period per patient per annum was 33 days, with half of this due to peritonitis. Despite selection criteria favouring older patients, diabetics and those with vascular complications, one third of the patients were able to work.
Peritonitis in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Smith W.G.J. , Tsakiris D.J. , Junor B.J.R. , Briggs J.D. , Alcock S.R. , Reading Penelope , Hallam Sheila
Published: January 2017

The main complication of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is peritonitis. This paper describes our experience in the diagnosis and management of this complication in 66 patients during the three years to October 1982. The overall incidence of peritonitis was one episode every 6.75 patient months. Staphylococcus albus and Staphylococcus aureus together accounted for 46 per cent of the episodes, and 24 per cent were culture negative. Catheter exit site infections due to Staphylococcus aureus were common and they may have predisposed to peritonitis with gram -ve organisms as well as to staphylococcal peritonitis. Antimicrobial therapy was effective in 60 per cent of peritonitis episodes. The culture negative episodes usually responded to treatment while those due to fungi, though uncommon, did not. Twenty-nine per cent of these CAPD patients were transferred to haemodialysis because of peritonitis which failed to respond to treatment or which recurred repeatedly.
Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infections
Authors: Kennedy D.H.
Published: January 2017

The wide clinical spectrum of HIV infection is reflected in the new CDC classification. Presentations range from acute infection, asymptomatic carriage and persistent lymphadenopathy through constitutional upset and neurological disease to the opportunistic infections and cancers of AIDS. AIDS is an enigmatic disease which presents special clinical diagnostic and management problems. Although any system may be affected the lungs and the brain are the most important target organs. Though the underlying disease is currently untreatable, many of the complications of AIDS are amenable to prompt therapy. Seropositive patients should be monitored to detect early signs of significant HIV disease. Skilled counselling about the avoidance of co-factors which may potentiate HIV infection, is important.
Haemophilia, Blood Products and HIV Infection
Authors: Lowe Gordon D.O.
Published: January 2017

Between 1979 and 1984, many haemophiliacs in the UK were exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by transfusion of blood products, in particular clotting factor concentrates, especially those imported from the USA. In the UK 1025 haemophiliacs are HIV-antibody-positive, of whom 75 are in Scotland. Thirty-one UK haemophiliacs have developed the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), of whom 23 have died. The clinical progress of HIV infection appears similar in haemophiliacs and in other risk groups, except that Kaposi's sarcoma is rare. There is evidence that transfusion of blood products is immunosuppressive in the absence of HIV antibody. Blood donor selection and heat treatment of clotting factor concentrates were introduced from 1985, and so far these measures appear to have largely prevented new HIV infection in haemophiliacs. Meanwhile a tragic toll of iatrogenic disease and death continues to increase.
Counselling in HIV Infection
Authors: Wilkie Patricia A.
Published: January 2017

HIV infection and AIDS have focused attention on counselling as a major and integral part of the total clinical care of HIV seropositive and AIDS patients. There is, as yet, no cure for HIV infection and treatment is of the symptoms as they appear. This combined with the lack of knowledge of how the infection may progress has led to a very great uncertainty for the patients, their families, their sexual partners and the staff who are looking after them. For the haemophiliac patient there has been the additional problem of having been clearly identified as one of the AIDS risk groups resulting in many haemophiliacs being reluctant to disclose that they have haemophilia. The question of confidentiality, of the worried well, of the responses of others and of counselling for family and partners are also discussed.
Intermittent Obstruction of a Bjork-Shiley Mitral Valve Prosthesis — An Unusual Diagnosis Aided by Doppler Ultrasound
Authors: Hornung R.S. , Dunn F.G. , Simpson I.
Published: January 2017

Obstruction of a Bjork-Shiley mitral valve prosthesis occurred in a 41 year old woman due to pannus tissue growing over the valve and impairing disc opening. The unusual intermittent nature of the obstruction was clearly demonstrated by Doppler ultrasound. The pannus was excised and the valve prosthesis replaced successfully with a Carpentier-Edwards xenograft.
Stolen Heart Valves?
Authors: Elliott A. T. , Bain W. H.
Published: January 2017

A patient having had both aortic and mitral valves replaced complained of triggering shop security alarms, attributing the problem to the prosthetic valves. It was demonstrated that the valves were not the cause of the problem and the source identified.
Perthshire Pioneer of Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Authors: Stewart William K. , Fleming L. W.
Published: January 2017

The achievements of Thomas John Maclagan (1838–1903) include the first specific use of salicin to cure acute articular rheumatism. He began salicin treatment in 1874 in Dundee, where he was a medical practitioner from 1869 to 1879. Maclagan was also the resident medical superintendent at Dundee Royal Infirmary from 1864–1866, where he was the first in Scotland to make investigative use of the clinical thermometer during the fever epidemics. From 1879–1903 he maintained a fashionable practice in London. His contributions to medicine and in particular to the development of aspirin, once ranked as equivalent to the achievements of Lister and Simpson, have now largely been forgotten. This account is a tribute to a life rich in individual endeavour, observation and effort before the “teamwork” era began.
Dermoid Cyst of the Testis
Authors: Burt A. D. , Cooper G. , MacKay C. , Boyd J. F.
Published: January 2017

We present a case of testicular dermoid cyst in a 36 year old male. The relationship between this rare tumour and other differentiated teratomas is discussed.
Pregnancy Outcome in Mothers Who Develop Kell Antibodies
Authors: Farr V. , Gray E.
Published: January 2017

This is a review of the obstetric histories of women with Kell antibodies who delivered between 1964 and 1983. The majority of women with Anti-Kell in their sera have Kell negative husbands and have been sensitised by blood transfusion. in only six mothers was antibody formation the result of isoimmunisation and all cases where the baby was known to be Kell positive ended in fetal death. Amniocentesis is not helpful in managing these cases, and at times might be misleading, so that other techniques, such as ultrasound, might be more helpful. A review of the literature confirms that Kell isoimmunisation is rare, but that when it does occur the outlook for the baby is poor.
Diet and Tooth Wear
Authors: Kerr N. W.
Published: January 2017

Extensive tooth wear is the normal finding in human skeletal remains uncovered in Britain prior to the 18th century. There is little evidence as to the aetiological factors involved in this wear and this article is a suggestion as to a possible causative agent. It is one that appears to have been overlooked in the literature so far.
Hogarth and the Harlot: A Medical View
Authors: Haslam F.
Published: January 2017

The works of artist William Hogarth have often been consulted by historians seeking vivid illustrations of the manners and morals of the age. They do not, however, seem to have been studied from a specifically medical standpoint even though Hogarth made extensive and knowing references to medical imagery in many of his satirical works.
The Effects of Exercise in a Coronary Rehabilitation Programme
Authors: Newton M. , Mutrie N. , McArthur J. D.
Published: January 2017

Twenty-two male and female patients who had recently suffered a myocardial infarction were randomly assigned to a treatment group who participated in a 10-week exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programme or a routine care group who did not participate in the rehabilitation programme. Physiological and psychological function were assessed before the programme started and after it finished. Results indicated that the treatment group did not improve physiological functioning more than the control group but they did evidence statistically significant improved psychological functioning. This investigation appears to be the first attempt to assess the potential benefits of an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programme in Glasgow and supports the suggestion that exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation has psychological benefits.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Haemophiliacs Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Jacob A.J. , Sutherland G.R. , Boon N.A. , Ludlam C.A.
Published: January 2017

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can result in several cardiac abnormalities including dilated cardiomyopathy. These phenomena have been described in people contracting the virus through sexual intercourse, injection drug use and by vertical transmission. We have identified recently two Scottish haemophiliacs who have developed dilated cardiomyopathy in the context of HIV infection acquired through treatment with contaminated factor VIII. The significance of this finding is discussed.
How Sick is the West of Scotland? Age Specific Comparisons with National Datasets on a Range of Health Measures
Authors: West P. , Ford G. , Hunt K. , Macintyre S. , Ecob R.
Published: January 2017

The Central Clydeside Conurbation (CCC) has relatively high mortality rates. This paper examines whether it also has relatively high rates of ill health, using data from three cohorts (aged 15, 35 and 55 in 1987/88) in the West of Scotland. Comparisons on a range of self-reported physical and mental health indicators, anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and respiratory function were made with comparable age groups in ten British or Scottish national studies. The older two cohorts in the CCC exhibited relatively high rates of longstanding and limiting longstanding illness and the youngest cohort had relatively poor psychosocial health, compared to their age peers elsewhere. Fewer differences were found in blood pressure, anthropometric measures or respiratory function although older CCC residents were slightly shorter than in Britain as a whole and had slightly poorer respiratory function. Central Clydesiders in the late 1980s were generally in poorer health than those of the same sex and similar age elsewhere in the UK, but the extent of the disadvantage varied across different dimensions of health, and was not as marked as some stereotypes of the West of Scotland would suggest.
Acute Myelocytic Leukaemia Presenting as Anergic Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Luman W. , Middleton W.G. , Gray R.S.
Published: January 2017

This case report describes a patient with anergic pulmonary tuberculosis who presented with pyrexia of unknown origin and vasculitis. He did not exhibit any pulmonary symptoms at his initial presentation and developed acute myelocytic leukaemia, a recognised association, during the subsequent course of his illness.
Feasibility of Reducing L-Thyroxine Dose in Patients with a Suppressed Serum Tsh
Authors: Leese G.P. , Jung R.T. , Browning M.C.K.
Published: January 2017

A total of 748 patients on L-thyroxine with a suppressed serum TSH were requested to reduce their dose and this was achieved in 601 patients. Thyroxine dosage was reduced by 25 or 50μg of L-thyroxine and patients were reviewed six months later. Of all 601 patients, 54.4% remained with a suppressed serum TSH despite dose reduction and in 5.8% an elevated serum TSH resulted. 25μg reductions and 50μg reductions were equally likely to result in an detectable but non-elevated serum TSH (42.8% vs 34.1% ns) but 25μg reductions were less likely to result in an elevated serum TSH (3.8% vs 10.0% p<0.01). Only 7/601 patients in the study (1.2%) appeared to require a dose of over 150μg. If dose reduction is thought to be necessary for patients with a suppressed serum TSH, we would recommend 50μg reductions if the original dose is 200μg or more, and 25μg reductions if the original dose is 175μg or less.
Normal Linear Growth in Hypophosphataemic Bone Disease
Authors: Mactier H. , Goel K.M.
Published: January 2017

A case of hypophosphataemic bone disease is described. Despite prescribed phosphate (PO4) supplement and 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol therapy, serum PO4 levels have remained low with associated diminished theoretical renal threshold for phosphate (TmPO4/GFR) over a seven and a half year follow up period. Linear growth, however, has been normal.
The Bargarran Witchcraft Trial — A Psychiatric Reassessment
Authors: McDonald S. W. , Thom A. , Thom A.
Published: January 2017

In 1697, seven people were condemned at Paisley for using witchcraft to torment Christian Shaw, daughter of the laird of Bargarran. For seven months, Christian had bizarre seizures during which she claimed to see the Devil and her tormentors assaulting her. She also exhibited pica and said that the foreign material had been forced into her mouth by her invisible assailants. The notable Glasgow physician, Matthew Brisbane, was consulted and gave evidence at the trial; he could find no natural explanation for the pica. It is likely that Christian had a dissociative (conversion) disorder after being cursed by a servant. Christian recovered and later married the minister of Kilmaurs. After his untimely death, she established a highly successful spinning business which lead to the Paisley cotton industry.
Osteoporosis
Authors: Liggett N. W. , Reid D.M.
Published: January 2017

Clearly osteoporosis is a major scourge of Western society but interest in the condition has risen exponentially in the last 10 years partly because of advances in our understanding of the disease process, the ability to predict its onset, to reverse the process of bone loss and to measure the consequences of treatment, but also in part due to increased public awareness. Further advances are likely, especially in our understanding of the genetic background of the disorder and our ability, not only to reduce bone resorption, but also to enhance bone formation. The challenge will be how to target our improved therapies at the expanding elderly population to reduce the impact and costs of fracture.
Dementia
Authors: Jones R. W.
Published: January 2017

Dementia in general and Alzheimer's disease in particular represent conditions where new findings are being made rapidly. Some of these developments will lead to progress of increasing clinical value to patients and their carers. This review will begin with some general points about dementia before considering current developments in Alzheimer's disease and other specific dementias in more detail.
Raw Egg Ingestion and Salmonellosis in Body Builders
Authors: Mackenzie A. R. , Laing R. B. S. , Cadwgan A. M. , Reid T. M. S. , Smith C. C.
Published: January 2017

Four patients with Salmonella enteritidis infection are reported. All were body builders who regularly consumed substantial quantities of raw eggs. They presented with a severe febrile illness and diarrhoea — Presumably reflecting a large bacterial inoculum. Advice regarding the potential hazards of raw egg ingestion has been repeatedly issued by the Department of Health — But this report highlights the fact that this practice continues in spite of this. The epidemiology of S. enteritidis infection in relation to raw egg ingestion is discussed.
Hypoplastic Anaemia Complicating Myxoedema Coma
Authors: Song S.H. , McCallum C.J. , Campbell I. W.
Published: January 2017

The case of a 68 year old woman presenting in myxoedema coma is described. She was found to be anaemic with a haemoglobin of 8.2 g/dl. Further investigations showed a pancytopenia and a hypoplastic anaemia confirmed by bone marrow. The patient recovered and became euthyroid following initial treatment with intravenous tri-iodothyronine (T3) and later oral thyroxine (T4) replacement with resolution of pancytopenia and return of bone marrow to normal.
Solid Mechanics and Crystal Physics as Tools for Cellulose Structure Investigation
Authors: Mark R. E. , Kaloni P. N. , Tang R. C. , Gillis P. P.
Published: January 2017

The physical “law of mixtures” and its many refinements have been extensively employed in analyses of engineering problems involving anisotropic composite materials. The plant cell wall, which is structurally a laminated composite of generally anisotropic laminae, can be analyzed in this way. The cellulosic microfibrils are considered as reinforcing filaments and the other constituents as an embedding matrix. Experimental results of mechanical tests on such cellulosic materials as wood, textile fibers, and tissue microsections can be used for comparison with elastic constants of crystalline cellulose, calculated from bending and stretching force constants of primary and secondary bonds for specific supermolecular configurations. By such means, certain configurations proposed for cellulose can be eliminated as possibilities, since, by the law of mixtures, the experimental elastic modulus of a fiber must not be greater than that calculated for the aligned, perfect cellulose crystal. Such a failure to satisfy the law of mixtures is found, for example, upon examination of a folded-chain proposal for the structure of cellulose.
Spunbonded Polypropylene Carpet Backing
Authors: Shealy Otis L. , Lauterbach Herbert G.
Published: January 2017

Research leading to the development of a spunbonded polypropylene carpet backing is described. Reasons for selection of the nonwoven format for utilization of polypropylene fibers in a carpet backing are outlined, and special structual features required for high performance in the backing are described. Effects of the new spunbonded backing on key aspects of carpet quality and performance are listed.
Set/Supercontraction Characteristics of Oxidized Wools
Authors: Gandhi R. S. , Shah R. C.
Published: January 2017

This paper reports changes in the set/supercontraction characteristics of wool fibers, after certain step-wise modifications using the oxidizing agents iodic acid, periodic acid, and perchloric acid. An attempt is made to analyze these data in the light of the existing knowledge of the modern wool-setting theory.
Structural Studies in Continuous-Filament Yarns
Authors: Gupta Bhupender S.
Published: January 2017

One of the major objectives emphasized in this series of papers, of which this is the second, has been to isolate through careful experimentation the contribution made to fiber migration by each of the various sources and to analyze their nature critically. The investigation in this paper is extended to the yarns made by the ideal circular techniques, using yarn size, twist and tension, and tracer position as the main variables. Since the only known mechanism that gives rise to migration in these yarns is the tension-based buckling mechanism, its role and effectiveness in practice is evaluated more objectively. A comparison of the migration results in yarns made by various methods leads to the observation that as much as 75% or more of the migration usually observed in conventional yarns might result from the combination of undetermined and geometric causes, and only 25% or less from the actual physical interchange of positions primarily brought about by the tension differences.
Never-Dried Cotton Fibers
Authors: Williams J. L. , Sugg H. , Ingram P.
Published: January 2017

Longitudinal shrinkage of never-dried cotton fibers is ultimately about twice as high as that in normal once-dried fibers at full mercerization with sodium hydroxide. This is considered to be due to the high accessibility and mobility of the cellulose fibrils in never-dried cotton.
On the Stress Analysis of Cylindrically Wound Packages: The Case of a Warp Beam
Authors: Batra Subhash K. , Lee Danny S. , Backer Stanley
Published: January 2017

The state of stress in a warp beam is investigated through continuum (isotropic and anisotropic) models. Beddoe's [2] model (cylindrically anisotropic) is found to give an acceptable description. The anisotropy parameters are estimated by comparing the calculated results with the experimental data. Influence of prolonged storage at higher temperatures (up to 130°F) on the barrel pressure and flange thrust are discussed. An auxiliary (boundary value) problem is formulated to account for these thermal effects; its solution gives results which are comparable to those observed experimentally. Means of estimating the mechanical and thermomechanical parameters of the system are discussed in some detail. The analyses can be adapted to model the state of stress in the cylindrically wound packaging of sheet-like material such as paper and polymeric films.
The Photo-Oxidation of Polypropylene Monofilaments
Authors: Carlsson D. J. , Clark F. R. S. , Wiles D. M.
Published: January 2017

The photo-oxidation of commercial, isotactic polypropylene monofilament, initiated by xenon-arc irradiation in air, leads to the initial accumulation in the fiber surface of both carbonyl species and hydroperoxide groups. These chemical changes are accompanied by a severe drop in the elongation at break. Extended irradiation leads to a substantial accumulation of these oxidation products throughout the fiber and to a loss of tensile strength. Oxidation products were identified and estimated from transmission and internal reflection in spectroscopy [∼C(O)∼ and —OH] and by chemical analysis (—OOH). Marked increases in fiber wettability were also found to accompany photo-oxidation.

Distinct differences in product ratios from photo-oxidized polypropylene film and fiber samples were observed. These differences are consistent with the morphological control of the efficiency of initiation after hydroperoxide photocleavage, but are more likely to result from some radical scavenging by the unextractable phenolic additive in the commercial fiber.
Frictional Damping in Multicomponent Assemblies
Authors: Skelton John , Schoppee Meredith M.
Published: January 2017

The variation of loss coefficient with stress and strain amplitude has been derived theoretically for idealized multicomponent fibrous assemblies with frictional interactions, and the results are compared with measurements made on a range of textile materials.
The Electrostatic Properties of THPOH-NH3 Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabric as They Pertain to Potential Mill Problems and Performance Properties
Authors: Cashen Norton A. , Markezich Anthony R. , Legendre Dorothy C.
Published: January 2017

A THPOH-NH3-treated flame-retardant cotton fabric has been shown to have an increased capacity to hold an electrostatic charge in comparison to untreated cotton fabric. Increased cling and frictional tendencies of the treated yarn, as well as increased wet soil deposition and retention in the treated fabric, have also been observed.
The Nature of Azo Dye Light Fading in Polyester and the Physical State of the Dye
Authors: Giles Charles H. , de Bernat James
Published: January 2017

A series of azo compounds based on benzeneazo- β-naphthol were applied to polyester film by dyeing from dispersions, and their fading rates were determined. From the relation between the electron-attracting or withdrawing properties of the substituents in the benzene nucleus and the relative fading rates, it is concluded that the fading reaction is oxidative. This conclusion agrees with that from earlier analyses of fading products of anthraquinone disperse dyes on polyester. It is therefore clear that polyester conforms with the general rule that fading on any nonprotein is oxidative, provided that oxygen has access to the dye. The shape of the fading rate curves in the present experiments indicates that the dyes are present in the polyester at least partly as aggregates.

The linear curve of relative fading rate vs. the Hammett σ-value of the substituent in the benzene nucleus has a lower slope than that for the same dyes on polypropylene. It is suggested that the polar nature of the substrate reduces the influence of a substituent group on the reactivity of the active center (the azo group) in the dye molecule.
The Effects of Laundering on the Performance of Open-End and Ring-Spun Yarns in Jersey Knit Fabrics
Authors: Mckinney Mary , Broome Esther R.
Published: January 2017

Bleached all-cotton and 50/50 cotton-polyester jersey knit fabrics were used for experimental purposes in this study. They were constructed similarly from open-end and ring-spun yarns in sizes 16s and 22s (English cotton count), respectively, with twist multiples suitable for each yarn type. The performance properties of the fabrics were evaluated initially and following 5, 15, and 25 laundering periods by means of a battery of destructive and nondestructive tests. When the physical characteristics of the fabrics composed of open-end-spun yarns were compared with those of ring-spun yarns, the open-end-spun cotton and cotton-polyester yarns in sizes 16s and 22s displayed superior resistance to pilling, slow wickability, and good dimensional stability. Because of the compactness of the open-end-spun yarns, these yarns experienced the least amount of compression and the greatest percentage of recovery. Due to the strength deficiencies of open-end-spun yarns, the cotton and cotton-polyester fabrics produced by this spinning method and composed of sizes 16s and 22s yarns were weaker, with respect to bursting and abrasion, when compared to fabrics constructed from yarns produced by the conventional ring-spinning technique.
The Corona Treatment of Cotton
Authors: Abbott G. M. , Robinson G. A.
Published: January 2017

The effect of various corona treatments of cotton card sliver on yarn and fabric properties and on spinning performance has been investigated. The corona increased yarn strength, especially at low twist levels and for coarse counts, without adversely affecting yarn evenness. At a given twist the corona treatment gave less end-breaks than untreated cotton. It also increased fabric strength but harshened fabric hand, both before and after wet finishing.
Oxidation of Carboxymethyl Starch with Sodium Hypochlorite
Authors: El-Thalouth I. Abd , Hanna H. L. , Hebeish A.
Published: January 2017

Water-soluble carboxymethyl starch (CMS) was oxidized with sodium hypochlorite under different conditions. It was found that the rate of oxidation increases by increasing the hypochlorite concentration and/or reaction temperature. The viscosity of CMS before and after oxidation decreases as the shearing stress increases. Moreover, for a given shearing stress the viscosity decreases sharply by increasing the chlorine consumption.
The Effect of Argon Cold Plasma on Water Absorption of Cotton
Authors: Jung H. Z. , Ward T. L. , Benerito R. R.
Published: January 2017

Cotton printcloth was treated with low-temperature, low-pressure argon plasma created by passing argon gas through a radiofrequency electric field of 13.56 MHz. Fabrics were exposed to plasma for 0–90 min. Pressure was maintained at 100 millitorrs and RF power at 40 watts. Plasma-treated cottons wetted readily and uniformly with water and aqueous dye solutions. Loss of weight on relatively long plasma treatment was greater than that due to usual removal of moisture under reduced pressure. Spectral changes observed by x-ray photoelectron-emission spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy indicated surface oxidation of the cotton, and electron-spin-resonance spectra showed presence of free radicals. Although surface oxidation occurred, gross topographical changes of the cotton surface were not evident, even when viewed under the scanning electron microscope. The rate of wetting of argon-activated cotton was significantly greater than it was prior to plasma treatment. At comparable immersion times the amount of water wicked into an argon-activated cotton fabric was about twice that taken up by untreated material. The rate of drying was also faster after plasma treatment.
Density and X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Jute at Different Stages of Growth
Authors: Mukhopadhyay U. , Mukherjee A. C.
Published: January 2017

Fine structure of jute fiber at different stages of growth is discussed on the basis of density and x-ray diffraction data. In the very early stage, density is much higher than in the mature stage. X-ray photographs suggest a more ordered but less oriented arrangement of the chain molecules. It is suggested that lignin remains more or less as a separate phase in the early stage, allowing better ordering and closer packing of the cellulose chains. With growth, lignin infiltrates into the cell wall and forms stronger bonds with the cellulose chains, pushing the chains farther apart, resulting in a more disordered structure and a less compact packing of the chains. Since, with growth, the structure becomes more open, the density falls.

A corroboration of the above picture is provided by the much higher degree of mercerization of the fiber in the very early stage as compared with what is obtained with mature fiber.
Flame-Retardancy Transfer from FR Cotton Fabric to Cotton/Polyester Blends
Authors: Hobart Stanley R. , Mack Charles H. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: January 2017

Flame-retardancy transfer from cotton fabrics flame-retarded (FR) with phosphorus-containing compounds to adjacent, untreated cotton/polyester blend fabrics was observed during burning. Reduced flammability was found for blends containing 35% or less polyester; this was indicated by the fact that the char weight for burning FR cotton and untreated blend was higher than that for separate burning; however, when the level of polyester was above 35%, there was essentially no evidence of reduced flammability. Transfer of phosphorus from FR to blend fabric was detected by analysis of chars from blends of high cotton content. Preferential pickup of flame retardant by the cotton portion of the blend is indicated.
The Response of Textured Yarn Properties to Process Variables in Relation to Barré
Authors: Mcgregor R. , Adeimy J. A.
Published: January 2017

Differences in feed-yarn orientation are shown to propagate through texturing and to influence most of the textured yarn properties, but information on feed-yarn orientation differences is lost on high-temperature dyeing. The correlations between the dyeing data and certain combinations of other yarn properties are encouragingly good. Several of the crimp, shrinkage, and tensile properties of the textured yarns are much more sensitive to feed-yarn orientation and to the texturing variables than are the dyeing measurements. The implications for barré problems are discussed.
Studies of Wrinkling Properties of Wool Fabrics
Authors: Leeder J. D. , Shishoo R. L.
Published: January 2017

Lowering or cycling of humidity during recovery from wrinkling increases the degree of recovery, despite the influence of a lower equilibrium recovery rate at the lower humidity. The effect is interpreted as a combination of increased stress relaxation and a swelling-deswelling phenomenon, resulting in changes in interyarn and interfiber friction.
A Probability Model for Tuft Breakages—Estimation and Application
Authors: Kambo N. S. , Salhotra K. R. , Singh A.
Published: January 2017

A probabilistic model for the tuft-breakage process has been proposed by Kambo and Aziz. Estimation of the parameters and the application of the model are demonstrated in this study. The parameters of the model are estimated by a linearization method. To do this, two modes of tuft breakage have been studied to determine which one is better suited to explain the observed data. The results show that the model fits very well to the data on tuft breakage for two types of cotton.
Chlorinating Silk with Methanesulfonyl Chloride in Dimethylformamide and Treating Chlorinated Silk with Mercaptans
Authors: Sakamoto Munenori , Kumeno Yasuhiko , Deno Satoru , Yamauchi Tatsuo , Nishimoto Makoto , Furuhata Ken-Ichi , Masuko Fumi
Published: January 2017

Silk fibers were chlorinated with methanesulfonyl chloride in dimethylformamide under mild conditions. The chlorination occurred mainly at serine residues, and β-chloroalanine was found in the hydrolyzates of the chlorinated silk samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. About 30% of serine residues could be converted into β-chloroalanine residues. Chlorinated silk fibers reacted under alkaline conditions with mercaptans containing other functional groups, that is, thioglycollic acid, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, β-mercaptoethylamine, and cysteine, which yielded S-carboxymethyl, S-2-carboxyethyl, S-2-aminoethyl, and S-2-amino-2-carboxyethylcysteine residues, respectively. The amino group contents of the samples treated with β-mercaptoethylamine were higher than ten times that of the original silk. The amino group-enriched silk fibers were treated with methyl gluconates, yielding silk fibers containing pendant oligosaccharide groups. No interaction was observed between these modified silk fibers and a lectin, concanavalin A.
Cottonseed Linters
Authors: Hebert J. J. , Thibodeaux D. P.
Published: January 2017

The cottonseed linter or fuzz fiber is the short cellulosic fiber that is left after the staple cotton fiber is removed from the seed surface by ginning. Cottonseed linters differ essentially from cotton lint (normal length fibers) in length and to some extent morphology. X-ray evidence illustrates that both linters and lint are largely alpha cellulose with almost identical amounts of crystalline fractions. Elemental analysis and electron and light microscopic techniques have been used to reveal the differences and similarities between lint and linter fiber content and structure.