bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macrophage modulation of inflammatory responses
Authors: DICK AD
Published: November 2009

Purpose To give overview of the role of myeloid cells in homeostasis and more particularly their role in generating tissue damage as well as regulating immune responses within the retina.

Methods Reviewing the experimental evidence of homeostatic role of macrophage populations in the iris, choroid and retina of normal eye we will focus on the behviour and mechanisms of tissue damage during experimental autoinflammatory responses. In particular examining the interaction of myeloid cells in controlling inflamamtory responses during acute and regulatory phases (resolution) of disease.

Results The overall plasticity of macrophage populations and their intrinsic ability to respond to microenviromental signals (cytokines, chemokines and cognate receptor signalling) allows rapid responses to initiate yet limit tissue damage and generates targets to manipulate toward therapeutic gain.

Commercial interest
TGFbeta/Smad signalling, transdifferentiation and matrix contraction
Authors: DAWES LJ , ELDRED JA , DUNCAN G , SLEEMAN M , ANDERSON IK , REDDAN JR , WORMSTONE IM
Published: November 2009

Purpose Matrix contraction is a key process in posterior capsule opacification (PCO)formation. Conventional wisdom suggests that TGFβ/Smad signaling, via Smad4, regulates transdifferentiation, which in turn gives rise to matrix contraction thus contributing to PCO. The relationship between TGFβ2 induced transdifferentiation of human lens cells and matrix contraction was tested.

Methods The human lens cell line FHL 124 was used. AlphaSMA and Smad4 knockdown was achieved using siRNA; efficiency was tested at message and protein level using QRT‐PCR and western blots respectively. Contraction was assessed using a patch contraction assay, following a 24hr period of serum starvation, cells were maintained in the following conditions for 1–3 days: Control medium (CM) ± 100µM RGDS (Fn/Fn receptor inhibitor); 10ng/ml TGFβ2 ± RGDS; CM ± siRNA–alphaSMA; 10ng/ml TGFβ2 ± siRNA–alphaSMA; CM ± siRNA–Smad4; 10ng/ml TGFβ2 ± siRNA–Smad4.

Results TGFβ2 significantly increased expression of malphaSMA (197.7 ± 6.2%) and mfibronectin (197.4 ± 20.4%). SiRNA against alphaSMA and Smad4 significantly inhibited message and protein levels in the presence and absence of TGFβ2. Patch assays cultured for 3 days with TGFβ2 showed significant contraction. Neither inhibition of Fn/Fn receptor interaction using RGDS or knockdown of Smad4 or alphaSMA could prevent TGFβ2 induced matrix contraction. Interestingly, RGDS treatment and alphaSMA knockdown lead to a significantly enhanced rate of TGFβ induced contraction. AlphaSMA and fibronectin expression was suppressed in Smad4 knockdown cells.

Conclusion TGFβ induced transdifferentiation is not critical for matrix contraction, thus regulation appears to be via Smad independent pathways.

Commercial interest
A new slitlamp mounted Fourier domain‐OCT (SL‐FD‐OCT) for flexibility in daily clinical practice
Authors: VERBRAAK FD , KOK PHB , VAN VELTHOVEN MEJ , VAN DIJK HW , FABER DJ , DE VRIES HR , VAN LEEUWEN AG
Published: November 2009

Purpose To demonstrate the flexibility and quality of a new SL‐FD‐OCT device, mounted on a slitlamp, in daily clinical practice.

Methods Images were made in patients, with different types of macular pathology, and 30 patients with AMD, treated with ranibizumab, with a newly developed FD OCT scanning device integrated into a common slitlamp. Scans were made through a handheld lens (Volk 60 D), while simultaneously the (lesion in the) retina could be observed, with the slitlamp. A color fundus photograph of the observed area was made at the same time (Topcon camera DC1, resolution = 3.24 Mp). For comparison, line scans were made in the same patients with the Stratus‐OCT (Zeiss) and 3D‐volume scans with the 3D‐OCT‐1000(Topcon). Scans made at approximately the same location were subjectively compared with respect to quality of the images.

Results With the new device scans, and photographs could be made without difficulty in all patients with a reasonably clear retinal image on slitlamp examination. The quality of the scans made with the new device is better than the Stratus‐OCT,and slighly less than the 3D‐OCT‐100. In 30 patients with exudative AMD, treated with ranibuzumab, conclusions regarding the presence of leakage based on SL‐FD‐OCT images were in concordance with the conclusions based on 3D volumes with the 3D‐OCT‐100(Topcon).

Conclusion Quality of the scans made with the new device compare favourably with scans of the Stratus‐OCT (Zeiss), and are slightly less than scans made with the 3D‐OCT‐1000 (Topcon). The ease of use and the instanteneous availablity of results of OCT examination, during a regular clinical examination, could be very usefull in daily practice.
Collective of patients with conjunctival melanoma treated at the Jules Gonin Eye Hospital (Lausanne)
Authors: SCHALENBOURG A , CHAMOT L , UFFER S , ZOGRAFOS L
Published: November 2009

Purpose Since 1985, a new therapeutic strategy for the conservative treatment of conjunctival melanoma has been developed at the Jules Gonin Eye Hospital (Lausanne). In order to evaluate its long‐term results, we had to identify and classify our patients.

Methods We looked retrospectively in our clinical and histopathological databases for all cases of conjunctival melanoma treated in Lausanne since 1985.

Results 189 patients were identified. We studied patients’ parameters, clinical presentation and histopathological characteristics of all consecutive conjunctival melanoma cases.

Conclusion A database of 189 conjunctival melanoma patients treated with the same therapeutic strategy since 1985 was established. This collective will allow for further studies with regard to the long‐term results of the Lausanne conservative therapeutic strategy of this rare ocular tumour.
Pharmacological vitreous remodelling through non‐enzymatic disruption of the protein matrix
Authors: VECKENEER M , DERYCKE L , CHARIF H , LUIDER T , CORNELISSEN R , VAN AKEN E
Published: November 2009

Purpose To study the impact of inhibiting lysyl oxidase enzyme on vitreous extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Lysyl oxidase (LO) plays a critical role in the formation and repair of the ECM by oxidizing lysine residues and initiating covalent cross‐links that stabilize fibrous proteins throughout the body. The LO activity in the eye could be an important aspect of vitreous embryogenesis and aging.

Methods Eyes (E8) of chick embryos were injected with beta‐aminopropionitrile (BAPN: selective inhibitor of LO) or with saline. Eyes were fixed in glutaraldehyde 2% for TEM, in paraformaldehyde 3% for immunohistochemical staining or the eyes were lysed and prepared for immunoprecipitation (coll II) followed by mass spectrometry (MS: Fourier transform,MALDI‐TOF/TOF and Orbitrap).

Results Microscopy showed a homogenous collagen network in the vitreous core and dense collagen fibers in the periphery of saline treated eyes. BAPN treated eyes showed a small triangular area of collagen meshwork immediately behind the lens and scarce collagen fragments in the periphery. Immunohistochemistry revealed positive staining for opticin in the vitreous periphery and for collagen IX in the vitreous centre and periphery in saline treated eyes. Immunostaining was negative for opticin and collagen IX in the BAPN treated eyes. MS identified a dose dependant signal shift in the treated samples for opticin, decorin and collagen IX.

Conclusion Inhibiting lysyl oxidase enzyme in the embryonic chick vitreous has a disrupting impact on its ECM assembly as shown by histology. The effect of BAPN on the vitreous ultrastructure could be related to the loss of decorin, opticin and collagen IX as suggested by MS and immunohistochemistry.
Cultivated stem cell transplantation for the treatment of limbal stem cell deficiency
Authors: ZAKARIA N
Published: November 2009

Abstract not provided
New blood for hemoglobin in the lens: roles in stem cell differentiation and fibre cell organelle loss?
Authors: WRIDE MA , MANSERGH FC , HUNTER SM , GEATRELL JC , JARRIN M , POWELL K , EVANS MJ
Published: November 2009

Purpose Evidence is emerging for haemoglobin (Hb) expression outside the vascular system. We previously demonstrated Hb expression in the mouse lens during post‐natal development and cataract progression. Here, we extended this work by carrying out a comprehensive spatio‐temporal analysis of Hb subunit expression during mouse lens development and maturation.

Methods We used RT‐PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence to analyze Hb expression in mouse eyes (E16.5 to 9 wks). We also used a sensitive heme assay to test for the presence of heme in the lens by colourimetric assay and histological staining of paraffin‐embedded sections.

Results Hb subunits were expressed in lens epithelial cells and cortical lens fibre cells. However, the heme assay revealed negligible levels of this prosthetic group in the lens. Hb immunofluorescence was also observed in other regions of the developing eye including the cornea, the retinal ganglion cell layer and the retinal pigment epithelium. Finally, we also observed Hb expression in early embryos by microarray and during differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into embryoid bodies (EBs) in vitro.

Conclusion These results suggest a paradigm shift: Hb subunits are expressed in the eye during development and in the adult and, therefore, may have novel roles in ocular development, physiology and pathophysiology. The absence of heme from the lens indicates that at least some of these functions may be independent of oxygen metabolism. The pattern of expression of Hb in lens epithelial cells and cortical lens fibre cells may indicate an involvement for Hb subunits in lens epithelial cell differentiation into lens fibre cells and/or lens fibre cell organelle loss.
Immunological similarities between the eye and the brain
Authors: THURAU S
Published: November 2009

Abstract not provided
Standardized surgical procedure in complicated retinal detachment
Authors: VELIKAY‐PAREL M , RICHTER‐ MÜKSCH S , KISS CH , WEDRICH A
Published: November 2009

Purpose Within the last ten years the surgical procedures have been refined in patients with complex retinal detachments resulting in a better anatomical outcome. The reported reattachment rates vary from 54‐96 %. Limited information about the final outcome of the complete cohort of complicated retinal detachment eyes after silicone oil removal is available. Several risk factors for redetachment have been identified: the number of previously unsuccessful surgeries, an incomplete removal of the vitreous base, the absence of an encircling element and the lack of a 360° laser retinopexy. However, the additional use of relaxing retinotomies, an encircling band and lens removal were up to the surgeons discretion. Based on the conclusions of these previous studies the present study investigated the impact of a standardized treatment approach on the anatomical and visual outcome in eyes with PVR grade C2 following unsuccessful retinal detachment surgery.

Methods The standardized treatment comprised of vitrectomy, placement of an encercling band, 360° laser retinopexy and silicone oil endotamponade in every eye combined with a small incision cataract surgery, if the patients were phakic. More than 50 eyes of 50 patients with failed prior scleral buckling procedure were included in this study.

Results Reoperations had to be performed in 25% of the eyes. The final reattachment rate 6 months after silicone removal was 95.8%. Macular pucker was found in 12%. 70% (43 patients) achieved a visual acuity of 20/200 or better.

Conclusion Standardized approach had no impact in the number of reoperation or the incidence of macular pucker. However it improves the final reattachment rate and consequently ameliorates the visual results.
Biosynthetic corneas ‐ an update
Authors: FAGERHOLM P , LAGALI N , GRIFFITH M
Published: November 2009

Purpose To present preliminary results on the implantation of biosynthetic corneal grafts into human corneas.

Methods Ten collagen biosynthetic corneas were implanted into human corneas by deep lamellar keratoplasty and have been followed for 6 months. Nine of the patients initially had keraatoconus and one had a scar following a bacterial keratitis. The eyes recieved a postoperative treatment of topical steroids and antibiotics for 1‐2 moths. The patients were analyzed clinically, photographed, and tested for sensitivity. They were examined with pachymetry, in‐vivo confocal microscopy, and anterior segment OCT.

Results Following implantation the sutures were removed typically after 5‐6 weeks. During the 6 months follow‐up the vision improved and the graft surface became more even. After 6 months nerves started to emerge and cellular invasion of the constructs could be identified to a varying degree. Some thinning of the grafts was identified which appeared to be an adaptation to the host corneal thickness. Of the 10 patients one suffered a minor bacterial keratitis at the edge of the graft and one patient was temporarily treated using an amniotic membrane coverage to achieve epithelialization of the surface.

Conclusion The constructs used were well‐integrated into the recipient corneas. They are biocompatible without appearant untoward reactions. The surface is readily covered with epithelium and the nerves are staring to re‐emerge. Thinning may be a concern but this can be adjusted for by altering the graft material.
Testing and counselling in inherited optic neuropathies
Authors: VOTRUBA M
Published: November 2009

Purpose Inherited optic neuropathies are a diverse group of conditions presenting with mild to severe visual loss, colour vision deficits, central/ paracentral visual field defects, optic disc pallor and in many cases a positive family history. Modes of inheritance are dominant, recessive, X‐linked and mitochondrial. The absence of a family history does not exclude this diagnosis as there are many apparently new mutations and sporadic cases. Examination of first‐degree relatives may be essential if family history is in doubt. All of these conditions are untreatable but referral for genetic counselling, molecular diagnosis, low vision aids, school assistance and blindness registration may be of benefit to the patient and their family.

Methods Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) and Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) are the most common of these conditions. ADOA typically presents in mid to late childhood, with an insidious bilateral, symmetrical mild to moderate visual acuity loss, accompanied by dyschromatopsia, central/ centro‐caecal field defect and optic disc pallor. LHON typically presents in early adult life with a sudden, asynchronous, consecutive, catastrophic loss of central vision progressing rapidly to profound visual loss. Visual recovery is most unusual.

Results At least three genes for dominantly inherited optic atrophy have been mapped (OPA1, OPA4 and OPA5), of which the gene has been identified in one (OPA1). A gene for recessive optic atrophy (OPA3) has also been identified. X‐linked optic atrophy (OPA2) has been mapped but to date no gene has been identified. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA have been identified in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

Conclusion Testing and counselling in the primary inherited optic neuropathies has positive benefits.
Micro Incisional Vitrectomy (MIVS): a new device for trocar insertion
Authors: RIZZO S , GENOVESI‐EBERT F
Published: November 2009

Purpose Despite its clinical advantages, MIVS poses significant challenges in performing airtight incisions especially dealing with 23‐gauge system. Aim of this paper was to assess the feasibility of performing 23‐g MIVS using an injector system for trocar insertion.

Methods 60 consecutive eyes of 56 patients underwent 23‐g pp vitrectomy and gas endotamponade for the treatment of Regmatogenous Retinal detachment and Diabetic Prolipherative Retinopathy by the same surgeon (SD). 30 eyes were operated on with standard one‐step 23‐g and 30 using a prototype of injector holding the same 23‐g trocar cannula system. The trocar squeezed into the plunger of the injector. The device had a metallic terminal oriented with a fix angle, allowing the insertion in the settled direction, able to fix the globe and displace the conjunctiva at the same time.Main outcome measure were sclerotomies airtightness, surgical time and complications.

Results In the 30 eyes operated with the 23‐g ones step system 9 sclerotomies were sutured, in 5 refilling was required. Mean surgical time were 54 minutes. In the 30 eyes operated with the new device, the inserter was easy to apply in all cases and was useful especially in the nasal quadrant. Also dealing with sunken eyes the inclination of the system 5‐10° tangential to the sclera was easily achieved. No suture was placed, refilling was needed in 3 cases. Mean surgical time was 45 minutes. No complications due to these device were highlighted.

Conclusion The new injector was safe and effective. The device facilitates the insertion manoeuvre allowing easier and quicker trocar positioning helping the airtight wound construction. MIVS success lie in the surgeon’s skill but also in the development of the technology and instrumentations.
Corneal hysteresis and resistance factor in normal, keratoconus suspects and true keratoconus eyes
Authors: GATINEL D
Published: November 2009

Purpose To compare corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF) in normal, keratoconus suspects and true keratoconic eyes.

Methods Data were collected from normal, keratoconus suspect and true keratoconus eyes. Corneal hysteresis, corneal resistance factor and collection of the aspect of the signal were obtained with the Ocular Response Analyser (ORA; Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, Buffalo, NY).

Results The mean CH value was 11.2 ± 1.4 mm Hg (range :8.1‐14.4) in normal eyes, compared with 9.8± 1.6 mmHg (range:12.6‐6.1) in keratoconus suspect and 8.0 ± 1.3 mm Hg (range, 5.2‐11.1) in true keratoconic eyes. The difference was statistically significant between groups (P < 0.0001, ANOVA test). Mean CRF values in the normal, keratoconus suspect and keratoconic eyes were respectively 11.2 ± 1.5 mm Hg (range, 7.7‐14.6), 9.6± 1.7 mmHg (range 6 – 11.7) and 6.8 ± 1.4 mm Hg (range 3.5‐10). These difference was statistically significant. The aspects and heights of the peaks were also different between the groups.

Conclusion Corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor were significantly lower in true and suspect keratoconic eyes than in normal eyes. The signal peaks was significantly lower in keratoconic eyes.
Neuronal plasticity and macular edema
Authors: TICK S , GIRMENS JF , SAHEL JA , PAQUES M
Published: November 2009

Purpose The aim of this study is to analyze the retinal structure of the macula of patients having recovered from ME due to perfused retinal vein occlusion(RVO) and compare it to histology of experimental RVO in rats.

Methods In 26 patients with perfused RVO having recovered from ME, averaged high resolution OCT cross scans were acquired. The aspect of retinal layering was analyzed and compared to that of fellow eyes. In parallel, the retinal structure of rats subjected to transient RVO was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.

Results All eyes had a normal macular profile. In 7 out of 14 eyes with normal visual function, disorganization of the layers presumably corresponding to the outer plexiform layer(OPL) was detected associated with variable thinning of the outer and inner nuclear layer (ONL, INL). Loss of central vision occurred was present only when disruption of the OS reflectance was apparent. In rats, a similar profile of OPL dizorganisation and ONL and INL thinning was observed. Electron microscopy objectivated synaptic migration into the ONL.

Conclusion Neuroglial plasticity is challenged during macular edema. Remodeling of retinal layers may be detected by OCT even when visual acuity is normal. Post‐RVO ME neuroglial remodeling initially affects the OPL. Loss of cone OS is a crucial milestone during the course of ME, being the first event leading to irreversible visual loss. The fact that OPL damage precede cone OS loss may suggest that deafferentation participates to cone OS loss.
Corneal biomechanical properties and IOP measurements by ocular response analyzer (ORA)
Authors: TAYLOR DT
Published: November 2009

Purpose To describe the method of operation of the Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) and the importance of corneal biomechanical properties in clinical practice.

Methods The engineering and physics concepts behind the operation of the Ocular Response Analyzer will be introduced. The measurement parameters provided by the instrument will be introduced and defined. Special emphasis will be placed on the importance of the Corneal Hysteresis and Corneal Resistance Factor measurements in the understanding of corneal biomechanical properties, and the clinical relevance of these parameters.

Results Relevant results from existing peer‐reviewed literature will be presented.

Conclusion The Ocular Response Analyzer provides clinically useful indicators of corneal biomechanical properties.

Commercial interest
New non‐contact biometer
Authors: ROHRER K , FRUEH B , CLEMETSON I , WAELTI R , GOLDBLUM D
Published: November 2009

Purpose To evaluate and compare axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), and central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements assessed by optical biometry (OB), ultrasound biometry (UB), optical low coherence reflectometry pachymetry (OLCR‐P), and by a new prototype applying optical low coherence reflectometry biometry (OLCR‐B).

Methods OLCR‐B (Haag‐Streit), OLCR‐P (optical low coherence reflectometry pachymetry; Haag‐Streit), OB (IOLMaster, Zeiss), and UB (Tomey AL‐3000) were performed in 35 eyes of 20 patients with incipient cataract. Among the patients were 13 women (age 60‐88) and 7 men (age 53‐90). There were no exclusion criteria. Bland‐Altman analysis was performed to investigate agreement of AL, ACD, LT and CCT measurements between the devices. Correlation between the techniques was also determined using linear regression. All measurements were performed according to the manufacturers recommendations.

Results The mean AL was for OLCR‐B 24.35 mm ± 2.32 (SD), OB 24.33 mm ± 2.41, and UB 24.03 mm ± 2.27; the mean ACD for OLCR‐B 3.10 mm ± 0.51, OB 3.15 mm ± 0.52, and UB 3.09 mm ± 0.47; the mean LT for OLCR‐B 4.71 mm ± 0.42, and UB 4.73 mm ± 0.49; the mean CCT for OLCR‐B 543 mm ± 44, OLCR‐P 536 mm ± 32, and UB 541 mm ± 41. Bland‐Altman analysis and linear regression showed high correlation between the devices.

Conclusion OLCR‐B, OLCR‐P, OB and UB give comparable results in patients with incipient cataract. The advantages of the OLCR‐B prototype are the non contact method, the exact measurement of AL, ACD, LT and CCT on the same interferometry method and hence the short duration of the measurements.

Commercial interest
Cellular characteristics of non‐allergic eosinophilic conjunctivitis
Authors: Kari Osmo , Haahtela Tari , Laine Petri , Turunen Juha P. , Kari Marjatta , Sarna Seppo , Laitinen Tarja , Kovanen Petri T.
Published: November 2009

Purpose:  This study examines the histology of conjunctival biopsy samples from patients with persistent allergic eosinophilic conjunctivitis (AEC) or non‐allergic eosinophilic conjunctivitis (NAEC).

Methods:  Fourteen patients with conjunctivitis and eosinophilia in cytology samples were included in the study. Seven had positive skin‐prick tests (the AEC group) and seven had negative skin‐prick tests (the NAEC group). Eight asymptomatic subjects with negative skin‐prick tests served as a control group. In conjunctival biopsies eosinophils were identified with monoclonal antibodies. Mast cells were identified by specific immunostaining and tryptase‐positive granules were counted around them. The percentage of degranulated mast cells was used as a measure of cell activation. Eosinophil and goblet cell numbers were counted, epithelial thickness was measured, and the symptoms were characterized and graded.

Results:  The numbers of eosinophils in biopsies were higher in patients with AEC than in healthy controls (p = 0.010). The proportion of activated mast cells tended to be higher in AEC patients (65%) than in NAEC patients (48%) or control subjects (40%). Patients with AEC had more goblet cells than control subjects (p = 0.049) and their epithelial layer was thicker (p = 0.054). Patients with AEC had more severe symptoms than control subjects (p = 0.0005), whereas the symptoms of NAEC patients did not differ statistically from those of controls (p = 0.065).

Conclusions:  Patients with NAEC were characterized by mild eosinophilic inflammation and only minor structural conjunctival changes. The condition seems to run a relatively mild but persistent clinical course.
Epidemic multidrug‐resistant (MDR‐AmpC) Salmonella enterica serovar Newport strains contain three phage regions and a MDR resistance plasmid
Authors: Wu Guanghui , AbuOun Manal , Hackl Evelyn , La Ragione Roberto M. , Fookes Maria , Fenner Jackie , Pan Zhensheng , Wenzl Peter , Anjum Muna F. , Woodward Martin J.
Published: November 2009

Multidrug‐resistant (MDR‐AmpC) Salmonella enterica serovar Newport has caused serious disease in animals and humans in North America, whereas in the UK S. enterica serovar Newport is not associated with severe disease and usually sensitive to antibiotics; MDR S. Newport (not AmpC) strains have only been isolated from poultry. We found that UK poultry strains belonged to MLST type ST166 and were distinct from cattle isolates for being able to utilize D‐tagotose and when compared by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and diversity arrays technology (DArT). Cattle strains belonged to the ST45 complex differing from ST166 at all seven loci. PFGE showed that 19 out of 27 cattle isolates were more than 85% similar to each other and some UK and US strains were indistinguishable. Both CGH and DArT identified genes (including phage‐related ones) that were uniquely present in the US isolates and two such genes identified by DArT showed sequence similarities with the pertussis‐like (artAB) toxin. This work demonstrates that MDR‐AmpC S. Newport from the USA are genetically closely related to pan‐susceptible strains from the UK, but contained three extra phage regions and a MDR plasmid.
Comparative outcomes of elderly patients undergoing Altemeier procedure versus laparoscopic rectopexy for rectal prolapse
Authors: De Oliveira Jr O. , Stein S.L. , Trencheva K.I. , Sonoda T. , Milsom J.W. , Lee S.W.
Published: November 2009

Introduction: We compared outcomes of elderly patients (>70 years) who underwent the Altemeier procedure versus laparoscopic rectopexy for full‐thickness rectal prolapse.

Materials and Methods: We reviewed our data from a prospective database and the medical records of patients treated at a single institution from 2002 to 2008. Patients who underwent surgery for full‐thickness rectal prolapse were evaluated.

Results: Sixteen patients underwent laparoscopic rectopexy (median age 82 years; ASA 2.6), and 16 patients underwent the Altemeier procedure (median age 85 years; ASA 2.8). The Altemeier procedure patients had a significantly higher recurrence rate when compared to laparoscopic rectopexy patients (P<0.045). The mean length of follow‐up was longer for the Altemeier group (20 months) compared to the laparoscopic rectopexy group (28.5 months; most recurrence (5/6) occurred <1 year. The median length of specimen removed in the Altmeier group was 9.5 cm (6.5–18.5 cm). The majority of patients in both groups had preoperative fecal incontinence. Significantly more Altemeier patients reported worsening perioperative fecal incontinence at 1–3 months (p<0.046). All laparoscopic rectopexy patients underwent general anesthesia while 44% of the Altemeier patients underwent regional anesthesia (p<0.003). One laparoscopic rectopexy patient required reoperation for an incarcerated trocar site hernia. No other major complications occurred in either group. There was no difference in rates of minor complications.

Discussion: Compared to the Altemeier procedure, laparoscopic rectopexy for elderly patients with rectal prolapse resulted in a significantly smaller recurrence rate, better perioperative fecal incontinence and an equivalent morbidity rate.
TESTING FOR FRACTIONAL INTEGRATION IN SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY REAL EXCHANGE RATES
Authors: Mokoena Thabo M. , Gupta Rangan , Van Eyden Reneé
Published: November 2009

This paper utilises “a class test for fractional integration” associated with the seminal contribution of Hinich and Chong to appraise the possibility that Southern African Development Community (SADC) real exchange rates can be treated as long memory processes. The justification for considering fractional integration is that the general failure to reject the unit‐root hypothesis in real exchange rates is caused by the restrictiveness of standard unit‐root tests regarding admissible low‐frequency dynamic behaviour. The paper presents evidence that, except for South Africa, none of the SADC real exchange rates are fractionally integrated. However, the results are found to be sensitive to the size of the sample.
GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Hodge Duncan
Published: November 2009

The high rate of unemployment in South Africa stands out in an otherwise vastly improved set of macroeconomic fundamentals compared with the situation in the early 1990s. One might be tempted to argue that by this single indicator alone, the government's macroeconomic policies have been a failure. This paper explains why jumping to such a conclusion would be a mistake. Annual time series data on total formal sector employment is constructed dating back to 1946. The relationship between economic growth and formal sector employment is then measured and changes in the employment coefficient over time are described. The employment coefficient was found to be relatively stable, with a long‐term average value of 0.5. It returned to this value after a short‐lived collapse in the mid‐1990s. It is concluded that the main reason for the persistently high and rising rates of unemployment in South Africa since the mid 1990s was the very large increase in the labour force and not a historically deficient growth or employment performance of the economy.
EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMICS DEPARTMENTS
Authors: Luiz John M.
Published: November 2009

Over the past decade, economics departments in South Africa have seen major changes and a certain level of disruption. Much of this can be attributed to the integration of our discipline into the global arena after a period of academic isolation. This paper presents a survey of economics departments and covers everything from staff profiles and qualifications to curricula, and research output. This paper indicates that there has been some improvement in the state of economics at South African universities since 2003 when the previous survey was conducted. Research output is largely up as is the proportion in international journals, and more researchers are producing in leading international economics publications. However, the gap between South African economics departments and their international counterparts remains large.
A NOTE ON THE TRIMMED MEAN MEASURE OF CORE INFLATION IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Blignaut Zelda , Farrell Greg , Munyama Victor , Rangasamy Logan
Published: November 2009

This paper constructs and analyses the properties of a trimmed mean inflation rate for South Africa. Based on an analysis of the distributions of the consumer price index component price changes, a measure is constructed that provides an estimator of core inflation, which may be particularly useful to policymakers in an inflation‐targeting environment. The trimmed mean estimator focuses on the price movements of individual components that have a strong bearing on the current and future trend of the headline inflation rate, allowing monetary policy to be directed at the persistent or underlying sources of inflationary pressures.
Comparison of treatment modalities in burning mouth syndrome
Authors: Barker KE , Batstone MD , Savage NW
Published: November 2009

Background:  Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by a spontaneous burning pain in the oral mucosa without known organic cause or standardized treatment. The aims of this study were to assess and compare the efficacy of clonazepam and diazepam in relieving the symptoms associated with BMS and evaluate for which patients this treatment might be effective by correlating treatment efficacy with underlying psychological status.

Methods:  The medical records of BMS patients attending an oral medicine private practice (1999–2004) were reviewed. The patients were then contacted and asked to complete a short questionnaire regarding their response to diazepam/clonazepam drug therapies. A second group of patients attending the above clinic (n = 30) were asked to fill out a hospital anxiety and depression assessment form in an attempt to correlate treatment success with underlying psychological status.

Results: A total of 71.4 per cent of patients treated with clonazepam had partial or complete resolution of their oral symptoms, while 55.1 per cent of patients treated with diazepam had improvement of their oral symptoms. There was no correlation between underlying anxiety or depression and efficacy of benzodiazepine medication.

Conclusions:  A greater percentage of patients taking clonazepam reported either partial or complete relief of symptoms compared to diazepam. However, the differences were not statistically significant. There was no correlation found between underlying psychopathology and treatment success with benzodiazepines.
Temporomandibular joint disorders in patients referred for third molar extraction
Authors: DeAngelis AF , Chambers IG , Hall GM
Published: November 2009

Background:  Third molar removal has been implicated as a precipitating event for temporomandibular joint disorders. The aim of this study was to determine what proportion of patients had pre‐existing pain and dysfunction that could be attributed to the temporomandibular joints.

Methods:  Sixty patients referred for third molar removal were clinically examined and a history of their presenting complaint recorded at the initial consultation visit. Patients were then diagnosed and categorized.

Results:  Of the total number of patients examined, 13.3 per cent showed signs and symptoms of temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction while a further 23.3 per cent also had symptomatic third molar teeth.

Conclusions:  The results of this study suggest that the signs of temporomandibular joint disorders are common in patients referred for third molar extractions.
Correction of severe open bite using miniscrew anchorage
Authors: Kaku M , Kawai A , Koseki H , Abedini S , Kawazoe A , Sasamoto T , Sunagawa H , Yamamoto R , Tsuka N , Motokawa M , Ohtani J , Fujita T , Kawata T , Tanne K
Published: November 2009

This report describes the treatment of a case of severe open bite with posterior crossbite. While treating open bite, the outcome may not always be successful with orthodontic therapy alone. In such cases, surgical therapy is often chosen to gain a stable occlusion. Skeletal anchorage systems such as miniscrews are now frequently used for correcting severe malocclusion. In this report, we treated an open bite by intruding the molars with miniscrews placed bilaterally in the interdental space between both the upper and lower posterior teeth. The active treatment period was 36 months and the patient’s teeth continued to be stable after a retention period of 36 months.
Your New Design Process Is Not Enough—Hire Design Thinkers!
Authors: Porcini Mauro
Published: November 2009

A meditation on designers, designers “just on the business card,” and design thinkers—how to identify each species and, oh, how to make design thinking part of your company's DNA.
Samsung Electronics and the Pathway to Integrated Design Success
Authors: Chung Kyung‐won , Freeze Karen
Published: November 2009

Samsung Electronics had its first design revolution in 1996, and design has been a part of the company's ethos since then. How did Samsung structure its organization to turn out products like the Bordeaux TV, the Quatro refrigerator, and the Twist mobile phone?
Excitatory amino acid involvement in dendritic spine formation, maintenance and remodelling
Authors: McKinney R. Anne
Published: November 2009

In the central nervous system, most excitatory synapses occur on dendritic spines, which are small protrusions from the dendritic tree. In the mature cortex and hippocampus, dendritic spines are heterogeneous in shape. It has been shown that the shapes of the spine can affect synapse stability and synaptic function. Dendritic spines are highly motile structures that can undergo actin‐dependent shape changes, which occur over a time scale ranging from seconds to tens of minutes or even days. The formation, remodelling and elimination of excitatory synapses on dendritic spines represent ways of refining the microcircuitry in the brain. Here I review the current knowledge on the effects of modulation of AMPA and NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors on dendritic spine formation, motility and remodelling.
Quantitative characterization of low‐threshold mechanoreceptor inputs to lamina I spinoparabrachial neurons in the rat
Authors: Andrew David
Published: November 2009

It has been suggested that primary afferent C‐fibres that respond to innocuous tactile stimuli are important in the sensation of pleasurable touch. Although it is known that C‐tactile fibres terminate in the substantia gelatinosa (lamina II) of the spinal cord, virtually all of the neurons in this region are interneurons, and currently it is not known how impulses in C‐mechanoreceptors are transmitted to higher centres. In the current study, I have tested the quantitative response properties of ‘wide dynamic range’ projection neurons in lamina I of the spinal cord to graded velocity brushing stimuli to identify whether low‐threshold mechanoreceptor input to these neurons arises from myelinated or umyelinated nerve fibres. Graded velocity brushing stimuli (6.6–126 cm s−1) were used to characterize the mechanoreceptor inputs to ‘wide dynamic range’ neurons in lamina I of the dorsal horn that had axons that projected to the contralateral parabrachial nucleus. The most effective tactile stimuli for activation of ‘wide dynamic range’ lamina I spinoparabrachial neurons were low velocity brush strokes: peak discharge occurred at a mean velocity of 9.2 cm s−1 (range 6.6–20.4 cm s−1, s.d. 5.0 cm s−1), and declined exponentially as brush velocity increased. The data indicate that C‐fibres, but not A‐fibres, conveyed low‐threshold mechanoreceptor inputs to lamina I projection neurons.
Towards a Five-Axis Machining CAPP System: A Set-Up Planning Tool Solving Accessibility Constraints
Authors: Capponi V. , Villeneuve F.
Published: November 2009

The overall aim of the authors’ work is to create a computer aid to support the macroplanning of five-axis parts, and in this context this paper presents the methodology developed to enable the determination of set-up orientations on five-axis machine-tools. The process starts with an access model that encompasses all the machining directions encountered in five-axis operations. Then an enhanced visibility-based modeling and algorithm are proposed in order to solve accessibility constraints while planning the setups for double-sided parts. The proposed algorithm is illustrated on an industrial aircraft structural part. To conclude, options to integrate the proposed method in a computer assisted process planning system are discussed.
Visual Steering Commands for Trade Space Exploration: User-Guided Sampling With Example
Authors: Stump Gary , Lego Sara , Yukish Mike , Simpson Timothy W. , Donndelinger Joseph A.
Published: November 2009

Recent advancements in computing power and speed provide opportunities to revolutionize trade space exploration, particularly for the design of complex systems such as automobiles, aircraft, and spacecraft. In this paper, we introduce three visual steering commands to support trade space exploration and demonstrate their use within a powerful data visualization tool that allows designers to explore multidimensional trade spaces using glyph, 1D and 2D histograms, 2D scatter, scatter matrix, and parallel coordinate plots, linked views, brushing, preference shading, and Pareto frontier display. In particular, we define three user-guided samplers that enable designers to explore (1) the entire design space, (2) near a point of interest, or (3) within a region of high preference. We illustrate these three samplers with a vehicle configuration model that evaluates the technical feasibility of new vehicle concepts. Future research is also discussed.
Algorithms for Extraction of Nanowire Lengths and Positions From Optical Section Microscopy Image Sequence
Authors: Peng Tao , Balijepalli Arvind , Gupta Satyandra K. , LeBrun Thomas W.
Published: November 2009

This paper presents algorithms for estimating length, location, and orientation of nanowires in a fluidic workspace using images obtained by optical section microscopy. Images containing multiple nanowires are first segmented to locate general areas of interest, which are then analyzed to determine discrete nanowire parameters. We use a set of image processing techniques to extract features of nanowire image patterns, e.g., boundary of nanowire, linear edges, and the intensity profile of nanowire’s diffraction fringes. The parameters of the features are then used to estimate length, 3D position, and 3D orientation of nanowires. A scene representing the workspace is reconstructed using the estimated attributes of nanowires, and it is constantly updated upon the capture of every image frame. We believe that the work described in this paper will be useful for assembly of nanowires using optical tweezers.
A Unidirectional Series-Elastic Actuator Design Using a Spiral Torsion Spring
Authors: Knox Brian T. , Schmiedeler James P.
Published: November 2009

This paper presents a novel series-elastic actuator (SEA) design that uses a spiral torsion spring to achieve drivetrain compliance in a compact and efficient mechanism. The SEA utilizes electromechanical actuation and is designed for use in the experimental biped robot KURMET for investigating dynamic maneuvers. Similar to helical torsion springs, spiral torsion springs are particularly applicable for legged robots because they preserve the rotational motion inherent in electric motors and articulated leg joints, but with less drivetrain backlash and unwanted coil interaction under load than helical torsion springs. The general spiral torsion spring design equations are presented in a form convenient for robot design, along with a detailed discussion of the mechanism surrounding the spring. Also, the SEA mechanism has a set of unidirectional hardstops that further improves the position control by allowing series-elasticity in only one rotational direction.
Toward Effective Mechanical Design Reuse: CAD Model Retrieval Based on General and Partial Shapes
Authors: Li Min , Zhang Y. F. , Fuh J. Y. H. , Qiu Z. M.
Published: November 2009

In product design, a large proportion of three-dimensional (3D) computer-aided design (CAD) models can be reused to facilitate future product development due to their similarities in function and shape. This paper presents a novel method that incorporates modeling knowledge into CAD model similarity assessment to improve the effectiveness of reuse-oriented retrieval. First, knowledge extraction is performed on archived feature-based CAD models to construct feature dependency directed acyclic graph (FDAG). Second, based on the FDAG subgraph decomposition, two useful component partitioning approaches are developed to extract simplified essential shapes and meaningful subparts from CAD models. Third, the extracted shapes and their FDAG subgraphs are indexed. Finally, the indexed shapes that are similar to user-sketched queries are retrieved to reuse, and FDAG information of the retrieved shapes is provided as redesign suggestions. Experimental results suggest that the incorporation of modeling knowledge greatly facilitates CAD model retrieval and reuse. Algorithm evaluations also show the presented method outperforms other 3D retrieval methods.
Profiling the Desirable CAD Trainee: Technical Background, Personality Attributes, and Learning Preferences
Authors: Hamade Ramsey F.
Published: November 2009

This research aims to explore some of the underlying reasoning for why some individuals acquire mechanical computer-aided design (CAD) skills with relative ease while some others seem to falter. A methodical study was performed by monitoring 74 mechanical engineering seniors (over a 3 year period) in a semester-long formal training on a commercial three-dimensional (3D) CAD package (PRO/ENGINEER, version WILDFIRE). The study methodically explored the trainees’ (1) technical background, (2) personality attributes, and (3) learning preferences. Investigating the technical background included quantifying the trainees’ following technical foundations: basic math, advanced math, CAD-related math, computer science and engineering, methodologies related to CAD, graphics, and mechanical design. Determining the trainees’ personality attributes included exploring their willingness-to-learn CAD, perception, gauging their actual behavior (practice), and CAD syntax learned throughout the training. Trainees’ learning preferences were determined according to the index of learning styles (ILS). Furthermore, and in order to assess the trainees’ progress in CAD knowledge acquisition, competency tests were conducted at four intervals throughout the semester-long study. The assessment involved hands-on modeling of CAD test parts of comparable complexity. At the conclusion of the study, statistical methods were used to correlate the trainees’ attributes with their monitored performance. Only a fraction (17 out of a class of 74 trainees or 1 in 4) of the trainees were found to fit the “star CAD trainee” mold, which is defined here as someone who is fast on the tube and perceptive enough to see through the procedure of building progressively more sophisticated CAD models. A profile of the star CAD trainee character emerges as an individual who is technically competent, perceptive, and motivated. The study also reveals these most desirable trainees to possess an active, sensor, visual, and sequential learning style.