bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Darwin’s perception of nature and the question of disenchantment: a semantic analysis across the six editions of On the Origin of Species
Authors: Jiménez-Pazos Bárbara
Published: April 2021

This body of work is motivated by an apparent contradiction between, on the one hand, Darwin’s testimony in his autobiographical text about a supposed perceptual colour blindness before the aesthetic magnificence of natural landscapes, and, on the other hand, the last paragraph ofOn the Origin of Species, where he claims to perceive the forms of nature as beautiful and wonderful. My aim is to delve into the essence of the Darwinian perception of beauty in the context of the Weberian concept of “disenchantment of the world”, assumed as a possible conceptual axis that enables the unravelling of the core of this contrast of perceptions. In acknowledging the theory of evolution as one of the most prominent scientific theories likely to have contributed to disenchantment, a number of questions arise: Is disenchantment compatible with aesthetic experience and sensibility before natural beauty? Was it Darwin’s disenchanted conception of the world that led him to believe he was colour blind? To answer these questions, a computer-assisted semantic analysis of lexical frequency and variability, most especially focused on aesthetic-emotional and religious or spiritual adverbs and adjectives, has been undertaken across the six editions ofThe Origin. The semantic analysis demonstrates that, although disenchanted, Darwin’s descriptions of, mainly, the adaptational excellence of living beings, reflect an aesthetically enriched perception of nature. It is concluded that Darwin’s perceptual colour blindness, then, might be based on a confusion rooted in the equation of equality between aesthetic sensibility in nature and the perception of its beauty as part of thevestigia Dei.
Operations management of smart logistics: A literature review and future research
Authors: Feng Bo , Ye Qiwen
Published: April 2021

The global collaboration and integration of online and offline channels have brought new challenges to the logistics industry. Thus, smart logistics has become a promising solution for handling the increasing complexity and volume of logistics operations. Technologies, such as the Internet of Things, information communication technology, and artificial intelligence, enable more efficient functions into logistics operations. However, they also change the narrative of logistics management. Scholars in the areas of engineering, logistics, transportation, and management are attracted by this revolution. Operations management research on smart logistics mainly concerns the application of underlying technologies, business logic, operation framework, related management system, and optimization problems under specific scenarios. To explore these studies, the related literature has been systematically reviewed in this work. On the basis of the research gaps and the needs of industrial practices, future research directions in this field are also proposed.
Self‐management interventions for adults with stroke: A scoping review
Authors: Ruksakulpiwat Suebsarn , Zhou Wendie
Published: April 2021

Background

Stroke is a principal cause of mortality and disability globally. Numerous studies have contributed to the knowledge base regarding self‐management interventions among chronic disease patients, but there are few such studies for patients with stroke. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze self‐management interventions among stroke patients. This scoping review aimed to systematically identify and describe randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of self‐management interventions for adults with stroke.

Methods

A review team carried out a scoping review on stroke and self‐management interventions based on the methodology of Arksey and O'Malley, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR). PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus Full Text, Medline Plus Full Text, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to July 2020.

Results

Fifty‐four RCTs were included. The most popular study design is comparing a self‐management intervention to usual care or waitlist control condition. Physical activity is the most common intervention topic, and interventions were mainly delivered face to face. The majority of interventions were located in inpatient and multiple settings. Interventions were conducted by various providers, with nurses the most common provider group. Symptom management was the most frequently reported outcome domain that improved.

Conclusions

Self‐management interventions benefit the symptom management of stroke patients a lot. The reasonable time for intervention is at least 6–12 months. Multifarious intervention topics, delivery formats, and providers are adopted mostly to meet the multiple needs of this population. Physical activity was the most popular topic currently. Studies comparing the effect of different types of self‐management interventions are required in the future.
Author, Scribe, and Book in Late Medieval English Literature
Authors: Critten Rory G.
Published: April 2021

The works of four major fifteenth-century writers re-examined, showing their innovative reconceptualization of Middle English authorship and the manuscript book.
Celebrity Culture and the Myth of Oceania in Britain
Authors: Scobie Ruth
Published: April 2021

An intriguing case study on how popular images of Oceania, mediated through a developing culture of celebrity, contributed to the formation of British identity both domestically and as a nascent imperial power in the eighteenth century.
English Local History
Authors: Tiller Kate
Published: April 2021

The classic guide to exploring English local history, brought up to date and expanded.
Women at the Early Modern Swedish Court
Authors: Persson Fabian
Published: April 2021

What was possible for a woman to achieve at an early modern court? By analysing the experiences of a wide range of women at the court of Sweden, this book demonstrates the opportunities open to women who served at, and interacted with, the court; the complexities of women's agency in a court society; and, ultimately, the precariousness of power. In doing so, it provides an institutional context to women's lives at court, charting the full extent of the rewards that they might obtain, alongside the social and institutional constrictions that they faced. Its longue durée approach, moreover, clarifies how certain periods, such as that of the queens regnant, brought new possibilities. Based on an extensive array of Swedish and international primary sources, including correspondence, financial records and diplomatic reports, it also takes into account the materialities used to create hierarchies and ceremonies, such as physical structures and spaces within the court. Comprehensive in its scope, the book is divided into three parts, which focus respectively on outsiders at court, insiders, and members of the royal family.
A Proletarian Turf War: The Rise and Fall of Barcelona's Sindicatos Libres, 1919–1923
Authors: Rodriguez Arturo Zoffmann , Bonnefoy Juan Cristóbal Marinello
Published: April 2021

From 1919 to 1923, Barcelona experienced unprecedented levels of social conflict. The growth of the anarcho-syndicalist National Confederation of Labour (CNT) had awakened the spectre of social revolution among the city's conservative classes, and a broad constellation of reactionary forces lined up against it, the Sindicatos Libres (free trade unions) being the most formidable among them. Created in 1919 by Catholic workers, the Sindicatos Libres were able to capitalize on the exhaustion that had set in among certain working-class groups who had grown wary of reckless strike action. Using violence to fight back against the CNT, the Libres could claim 175,000 members by mid-1922. They mobilized the religious, corporatist, and regionalist sentiments harboured by sectors of the city's workforce and, by adopting a modern repertoire of action, they bypassed the traditional aversion to mass mobilization that had characterized the Catholic labour movement and Spanish conservative parties until then. In many ways, the ideology and tactics of the Libres adumbrated fascism, but their success was short-lived. In late 1922, an upswing in strike action and an abatement of state repression allowed the CNT to recover at the expense of the Libres. This article explores the rise and fall of an organization the study of which has been neglected, situating it in a European context of political polarization whereby the traditional right attempted to modernize its tactics and adapt them to a rising challenge from the revolutionary left. It will also serve as a window through which to examine the complex relationship between workers’ trade union affiliations and their political and cultural identity.
Regional differences in the evolution of the merger of /ʃ/ and /ç/ in Luxembourgish
Authors: Conrad François
Published: April 2021

The merger of post-alveolar /ʃ/ and palatal /ç/ into alveolopalatal /ɕ/ has recently gained growing interest in sociophonetic research, especially in the Middle German dialect area. In Luxembourgish, a Continental West Germanic language, the sound change has been linked to age differences, while its origins remain unclear. Two studies with a regional focus are presented in this paper. The first study examines the merger in the Centre and the South of Luxembourg. The acoustic examination of both the spectral peak and the centre of gravity of a spoken data set of five minimal pairs embedded in read and orally translated sentences from 48 speakers (three generations (old generation, 65–91 years; middle generation, 40–64 years; young generation, 20–39 years; each generation, n = 16), men and women) reveals interesting results related to their regional background. In the old generation, the merger is further advanced in the speech of old men from the former mining region in the South compared to their peers in the Centre, the former leading this sound change. On the other hand, young speakers in both regions produce only alveolopalatal /ɕ/, the merger being complete in this generation. The second study presents exploratory data from the East and the North of the country. The analysis of this smaller sample (n = 6 speakers) reveals patterns similar to the central region. Pointing to language contact with Romance in the South as cradle and/or catalyser of the merger, these results not only give further clues as to the development in Luxembourg, but also add to a deeper understanding of sound changes in process in complex sibilant systems.
Imprecise credibility theory
Authors: Hong Liang , Martin Ryan
Published: April 2021

The classical credibility theory is a cornerstone of experience rating, especially in the field of property and casualty insurance. An obstacle to putting the credibility theory into practice is the conversion of available prior information into a precise choice of crucial hyperparameters. In most real-world applications, the information necessary to justify a precise choice is lacking, so we propose animprecise credibility estimatorthat honestly acknowledges the imprecision in the hyperparameter specification. This results in an interval estimator that is doubly robust in the sense that it retains the credibility estimator’s freedom from model specification and fast asymptotic concentration, while simultaneously being insensitive to prior hyperparameter specification.
Quasi-constitutional court of human rights for Europe? Comments on Geir Ulfstein
Authors: SADURSKI WOJCIECH
Published: April 2021

This short comment offers two additional arguments, missing from Geir Ulfstein’s account, which may bolster the case for constitutionalisation of the ECtHR. The first is about the ‘pilot judgments’ through which the Court addresses systemic deficits in national legal systems and thus ensures a minimal synchronisation of human rights protection throughout the CoE system. The second manifestation of constitutionalisation of the ECHR system is the increasing role of the ECtHR in the implementation of its own judgments. Ultimately, the legitimacy for the constitutional ambitions of Strasbourg Court should be located primarily in the argumentative resources of the court and in its pursuit of ‘public reason’.
Transnational constitutional aspects of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: ULFSTEIN GEIR
Published: April 2021

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is an international court operating in the international legal order. Its judgments are not given direct effect in national law. In this sense we have a system of legal pluralism between international and national law. But the ECtHR has constitutional effects in national law through the weight placed on the Court’s practice by national courts. Therefore, constitutional principles are applicable in the interaction between the ECtHR and national courts. This article discusses the transnational constitutional aspects of the Court, and how this should guide the roles of, respectively, the ECtHR and national courts.
International human rights courts and the (international) rule of law: Part of the solution, part of the problem, or both?
Authors: FOLLESDAL ANDREAS
Published: April 2021

Critics challenge international courts for their interference with domestic democratic processes and alleged violations of rule of law standards: they claim that these guardians of the rule of law are not well guarded themselves. These concerns should not be dismissed too quickly as mere disgruntled venting by populist politicians. This article focuses on regional human rights courts and argues that the same interests and values that justify rule of law standards of impartiality, independence and accountability domestically also justify similar standards for international courts. Focusing on the European Court of Human Rights and its doctrine of the margin of appreciation, the article demonstrates how this doctrine may contribute to fulfilling the rule of law but at the same time may also endanger it. This requires changes to the doctrine to ensure that the core rule of law standards of predictability and protection against arbitrary discretion are respected.
Improving Metacognition in the Classroom
Authors: Hausman Hannah , Myers Sarah J. , Rhodes Matthew G.
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Students are often overconfident in educational settings and struggle to differentiate between well-learned and poorly-learned concepts. The present article reviews current research on strategies that help students assess their understanding, with a focus on research using authentic educational tasks and materials. We propose a framework for these strategies that we refer to as wait-generate-validate. The wait-generate-validate strategies can give students a more objective measure of their learning from lectures, understanding of course concepts, text comprehension, problem-solving ability, and test preparedness. These strategies have been shown to lead to more effective study decisions and greater learning. Lastly, we translate the reviewed research into practical tips for students and teachers and conclude with recommendations for future research regarding how students judge their learning in diverse educational contexts.
Counteracting Contributions of the Upper and Lower Meridional Overturning Limbs to the North Atlantic Nutrient Budgets: Enhanced Imbalance in 2010
Authors: Carracedo L. I. , Mercier H. , McDonagh E. , Rosón G. , Sanders R. , Moore C. M. , Torres‐Valdés S. , Brown P. , Lherminier P. , Pérez F. F.
Published: April 2021

The North Atlantic Basin is a major sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) due in part to the extensive plankton blooms which form there supported by nutrients supplied by the three‐dimensional ocean circulation. Hence, changes in ocean circulation and/or stratification may influence primary production and biological carbon export. In this study, we assess this possibility by evaluating inorganic nutrient budgets for 2004 and 2010 in the North Atlantic based on observations from the transatlantic A05‐24.5°N and the Greenland‐Portugal OVIDE hydrographic sections, to which we applied a box inverse model to solve the circulation and estimate the across‐section nutrient transports. Full water column nutrient budgets were split into upper and lower meridional overturning circulation (MOC) limbs. According to our results, anomalous circulation in early 2010, linked to extreme negative NAO conditions, led to an enhanced northward advection of more nutrient‐rich waters by the upper overturning limb, which resulted in a significant nitrate and phosphate convergence north of 24.5°N. Combined with heaving of the isopycnals, this anomalous circulation event in 2010 favored an enhancement of the nutrient consumption (5.7 ± 4.1 kmol‐P s−1) and associated biological CO2 uptake (0.25 ± 0.18 Pg‐C yr−1, upper‐bound estimate), which represents a 50% of the mean annual sea–air CO2 flux in the region. Our results also suggest a transient state of deep silicate divergence in both years. Both results are indicative of a MOC‐driven modulation of the biological carbon uptake (by the upper MOC limb) and nutrient inventories (by the lower MOC limb) in the North Atlantic.
Analysis of Relationship Between Ionospheric and Solar Parameters Using Graphical Models
Authors: Podolská Kateřina , Koucká Knížová Petra , Chum Jaroslav , Kozubek Michal , Burešová Dalia
Published: April 2021

For the investigation of time variations of critical frequency (foF2), solar radiation flux at 10.7 cm wavelength (F10.7index) and geomagnetic activity indexKp, we use conditional independence graphical models which describe and transparently represent the structure of relationships in the time series. We employ multivariate statistic methods applied to daily observational data obtained from midlatitude ionosondes within the period 1994–2009 (23rd Solar Cycle). It is demonstrated that conditional independence graphical models represent a robust method of multivariate statistical analysis, useful for finding a relation between one of the main ionospheric parameters and space weather conditions. This method appears to be more appropriate than correlation analysis betweenfoF2and the main geomagnetic and solar indices, especially for long‐term data for which the model characteristics may change or time series can be interrupted. We compare the results obtained by the graphical models method with cross‐correlation analysis. We found that the method is suitable for the analysis of the dependence betweenfoF2values and time‐shiftedF10.7time series. In particular, we clearly identified +0 day shift in all cases, and +1‐, +2–3‐, and +4–5‐day shifts in European, American, and East Asia sector, respectively. The conditional independence graphs method can be applied even in the case when classical parametric methods are not convenient.
Graph‐Partitioning Based Convolutional Neural Network for Earthquake Detection Using a Seismic Array
Authors: Yano Keisuke , Shiina Takahiro , Kurata Sumito , Kato Aitaro , Komaki Fumiyasu , Sakai Shin'ichi , Hirata Naoshi
Published: April 2021

We present a deep‐learning approach for earthquake detection using waveforms from a seismic array consisting of multiple seismographs. Although automated, deep‐learning earthquake detection techniques have recently been developed at the single‐station level, they have potential difficulty in reducing false detections owing to the presence of local noise inherent to each station. Here, we propose a deep‐learning‐based approach to efficiently analyze the waveforms observed by a seismic array, whereby we employ convolutional neural networks in conjunction with graph partitioning to group the waveforms from seismic stations within the array. We then apply the proposed method to waveform data recorded by a dense, local seismic array in the regional seismograph network around the Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan. Our method detects more than 97% of the local seismicity catalog, with less than 4% false positive rate, based on an optimal threshold value of the output earthquake probability of 0.61. A comparison with conventional deep‐learning‐based detectors demonstrates that our method yields fewer false detections for a given true earthquake detection rate. Furthermore, the current method exhibits the robustness to poor‐quality data and/or data that are missing at several stations within the array. Numerical experiments using subsampled data demonstrate that the present method has the potential to detect earthquakes even when half of the normally available seismic data are missing. We apply the proposed method to analyze 1‐h‐long continuous waveforms and identify new seismic events with extremely low signal‐to‐noise ratios that are not listed in existing catalogs. We also show the potential portability of the proposed method by applying it to seismic array data not used for the training.
Recent Trends in the Waviness of the Northern Hemisphere Wintertime Polar and Subtropical Jets
Authors: Martin Jonathan E.
Published: April 2021

A feature‐based metric of the waviness of the wintertime, Northern Hemisphere polar, and subtropical jets is developed and applied to three different reanalysis data sets. The analysis first identifies a “core isertel” along which the circulation per unit length is maximized in the separate polar (315:330K) and subtropical (340:355K) jet isentropic layers. Since the core isertel is, by design, an analytical proxy for the respective jet cores, the waviness of each jet is derived by calculating a hemispheric average of the meridional displacements of the core isertel from its equivalent latitude—the southern extent of a polar cap whose area is equal to the area enclosed by the core isertel. Analysis of the seasonal average waviness over the time series of the various data sets reveals that both jets have become systematically wavier while exhibiting no trends in their average speeds. The waviness of each jet evolves fairly independently of the other in most cold seasons and the slow northward creep of the polar jet is statistically significant. Finally, comparison of the composites of the waviest and least wavy seasons for each species reveals that such interannual variability is manifest in familiar large‐scale circulation anomalies.
Uncertainties in Atmospheric River Lifecycles by Detection Algorithms: Climatology and Variability
Authors: Zhou Yang , O'Brien Travis A. , Ullrich Paul A. , Collins William D. , Patricola Christina M. , Rhoades Alan M.
Published: April 2021

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are long and narrow filaments of vapor transport that are responsible for most poleward moisture transport outside of the tropics. Many AR detection algorithms have been developed to automatically identify ARs in climate data. The diversity of these algorithms has introduced appreciable uncertainties in quantitative measures of AR properties and thereby impedes the construction of a unified and internally consistent climatology of ARs. This paper compares nine global AR detection algorithms from the perspective of AR lifecycles following the propagation of ARs from origin to termination in the MERRA2 reanalysis over the period 1980–2017. Uncertainties in AR lifecycle characteristics, including event number, lifetime, intensity, and frequency distribution are discussed. Notably, the number of AR events per year in the Northern Hemisphere can vary by a factor of 5 with different algorithms. Although all algorithms show that the maximum AR origin (termination) frequency is located over the western (eastern) portion of ocean basins, significant disagreements appear in regional distribution. Spreads are large in AR lifetime and intensity. The number of landfalling AR events produced by the algorithms can vary from 16 to 80 events per year, although the agreement improves for stronger ARs. By examining the ARs' connections with the Madden‐Julian Oscillation and El Niño Southern Oscillation, we find that the overall responses of ARs (such as changes in AR frequency, origin, and landfall activity) to climate variability are consistent among algorithms.
Extreme Aerosol Events Over Eastern North America: Part 2. Responses to Changing Emissions
Authors: Guo Yafang , Crippa Paola , Thota Abhinav , Pryor Sara C.
Published: April 2021

The Weather Research and Forecasting model with coupled Chemistry is used to study the impact of anthropogenic emission changes between 2005 and 2015 on historical extreme aerosol optical depth (AOD) events that occurred during 2003–2007 over the eastern USA. An ensemble of simulations is generated where individual and all combined emissions of SO2, NOx, and NH3 are perturbed relative to the 2005 levels for three subregions (Midwest, Northeast, and Southeast). These simulations are used to quantify fractional changes in the spatial and temporal characteristics of mean and peak AOD and near‐surface particulate matter (PM2.5), as well as changes in radiative forcing. Simulated AOD exhibits a spatially averaged decrease of 39%–63% during the six extreme events in response to the combined perturbed emissions. The impact on near‐surface PM2.5 concentrations is larger, with average decreases of ∼41%–69%. Peak AOD is reduced to below 1 in the perturbed simulations from initial values of 1.73–3.02 in the control runs driven by 2005 emissions. Radiative fluxes at the ground and top‐of‐the‐atmosphere exhibit considerably smaller and less consistent fractional changes across events, although changes in radiative fluxes during these extreme events are found to be larger than previously reported changes in seasonal mean values over the period 2005 to 2015.
Ice‐Nucleating Particle Concentrations and Sources in Rainwater Over the Third Pole, Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Chen J. , Wu Z. J. , Wu G. M. , Gong X. D. , Wang F. , Chen J. C. , Shi G. L. , Hu M. , Cong Z. Y.
Published: April 2021

The ice‐nucleating particles (INPs) modulate the microphysics and radiative properties of clouds. However, less is known concerning their abundance and sources in the most pristine and climatic sensitive regions, such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Here, to our best knowledge, we conduct the first investigation on INPs in rainwater collected in the TP region under mixed‐phase cloud conditions. The value of INP concentrations varies from 0.002 to 0.675 L−1 air over the temperature range from −7.1 to −27.5°C. This is within the INP spectra derived from precipitation under worldwide geophysical conditions and is also comparable with INP concentrations in the Arctic regions. The heat‐sensitive INPs account for 57% ± 30% of the observed INPs at −20°C and become increasingly important at higher temperatures, indicating biological particles as major contributors to INPs at temperatures above −20°C over the TP, especially on the day with additional input of biogenic materials carried by dust particles. Chemical analysis demonstrates that the rainwater components are mixture of dust particles, marine aerosol, and anthropogenic pollutants. Combined with the backward trajectory analysis, we show that dust particles transported from the surrounding deserts and originated from ground surface of TP may contribute to the heat‐resistant INPs at temperatures below −20°C.
Improved Convective Ice Microphysics Parameterization in the NCAR CAM Model
Authors: Lin Lin , Fu Qiang , Liu Xiaohong , Shan Yunpeng , Giangrande Scott E. , Elsaesser Gregory S. , Yang Kang , Wang Dié
Published: April 2021

Partitioning deep convective cloud condensates into components that sediment and detrain, known to be a challenge for global climate models, is important for cloud vertical distribution and anvil cloud formation. In this study, we address this issue by improving the convective microphysics scheme in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3 (CAM5.3). The improvements include: (1) considering sedimentation for cloud ice crystals that do not fall in the original scheme, (2) applying a new terminal velocity parameterization that depends on the environmental conditions for convective snow, (3) adding a new hydrometeor category, “rimed ice,” to the original four‐class (cloud liquid, cloud ice, rain, and snow) scheme, and (4) allowing convective clouds to detrain snow particles into stratiform clouds. Results from the default and modified CAM5.3 models were evaluated against observations from the U.S. Department of Energy Tropical Warm Pool‐International Cloud Experiment (TWP‐ICE) field campaign. The default model overestimates ice amount, which is largely attributed to the underestimation of convective ice particle sedimentation. By considering cloud ice sedimentation and rimed ice particles and applying a new convective snow terminal velocity parameterization, the vertical distribution of ice amount is much improved in the midtroposphere and upper troposphere when compared to observations. The vertical distribution of ice condensate also agrees well with observational best estimates upon considering snow detrainment. Comparison with observed convective updrafts reveals that current bulk model fails to reproduce the observed updraft magnitude and occurrence frequency, suggesting spectral distributions be required to simulate the subgrid updraft heterogeneity.
Assimilation of the Maximum Vertical Velocity Converted From Total Lightning Data Through the EnSRF Method
Authors: Gan Ruhui , Yang Yi , Qiu Xiaobin , Wang Ruichun , Qiu Xuexing , Zhu Lijuan
Published: April 2021

A total lightning data assimilation (LDA) scheme is developed at the cloud‐resolving scale in this study. The LDA scheme assimilates total lightning data through the ensemble square root filter (EnSRF) method based on the relationship between the maximum vertical velocity and the instantaneous flash rate. To verify the effect of LDA, three assimilation experiments based on a convective activity on July 6, 2019 are performed. The results show that all LDA experiments can improve the forecast. LDA improves the water vapor field and provides a warm and moist environment in which convection can develop. LDA can also increase the convergence at low levels and the divergence at upper levels, which leads to intense convection development. However, the LDA experiment that does not consider vertical localization (LDA_no) shows excessive adjustments of the model variables, which leads to overestimation of precipitation. The LDA experiment which adjusts the state variables in the charge zone (LDA_CZ) underestimates the forecast. The LDA experiment using a global group filter (GGF) localization function (LDA_GGF) is optimal in theory and produces a better forecast. The results of LDA_GGF show that the interaction between the cold pool and the strong low‐level vertical wind shear in front of the cold pool is beneficial for triggering new convection in front of the convection, which leads to a rapid shifting in convective activity. In addition, the LDA_GGF scheme is evaluated further for a rainfall process on August 1, 2020 and obtains similar forecast improvements for composite reflectivity and accumulated precipitation.
Salt Marsh Light Use Efficiency is Driven by Environmental Gradients and Species‐Specific Physiology and Morphology
Authors: Hawman Peter A. , Mishra Deepak R. , O’Connell Jessica L. , Cotten David L. , Narron Caroline R. , Mao Lishen
Published: April 2021

Light use efficiency (LUE) of salt marshes has not been well studied but is central to production efficiency models (PEMs) used for estimating gross primary production (GPP). Salt marshes are typically dominated by a species monoculture, resulting in large areas with distinct morphology and physiology. We measured eddy covariance atmospheric CO2 fluxes for two marshes dominated by a different species: Juncus roemerianus in Mississippi and Spartina alterniflora in Georgia. LUE for the Juncus marsh (mean = 0.160 ± 0.004 g C mol−1 photon), reported here for the first time, was on average similar to the Spartina marsh (mean = 0.164 ± 0.003 g C mol−1 photon). However, Juncus LUE had a greater range (0.073–0.49 g C mol−1 photon) and higher variability (15.2%) than the Spartina marsh (range: 0.035–0.36 g C mol−1 photon; variability: 12.7%). We compared the responses of LUE across six environmental gradients. Juncus LUE was predominantly driven by cloudiness, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), soil temperature, water table, and vapor pressure deficit. Spartina LUE was driven by water table, air temperature, and cloudiness. We also tested how the definition of LUE (incident PAR vs. absorbed PAR) affected the magnitude of LUE and its response. We found LUE estimations using incident PAR underestimated LUE and masked day‐to‐day variability. Our findings suggest that salt marsh LUE parametrization should be species‐specific due to plant morphology and physiology and their geographic context. These findings can be used to improve PEMs for modeling blue carbon productivity.
Calibrating the Amplitude and Phase Imbalances in AgileDARN HF Radar
Authors: Deng X. , Lan A. L. , Yan J. Y. , Wu L. , Wu J. , Zhang J. J. , Qiu H. B.
Published: April 2021

The Agile Dual Auroral Radar Network (AgileDARN) radar has been developed as an all‐digital high‐frequency (HF) coherent scatter radar. Based on phased array antenna and digital signal processing techniques, digital beam forming (DBF) is employed for both transmission and reception, which steers toward the desired direction based on the relative phases within the array elements. However, the amplitude and phase imbalances among channels will lead to substantial degradation of DBF performance, including the beam direction deviation, broadening of the main lobe, deteriorated side lobes, antenna gain degradation, and ultimately affects the radar detection accuracy. Here, we present a complete method for calibrating these imbalances in transceivers and linear array elements in AgileDARN radar: internal calibration and external calibration. During the internal calibration, the calibration signals with the same amplitude and phase as the multi‐pulse sequence are sent to all transceivers internally. The variance of the outputs illustrates the transceivers' imbalances and can be processed to implement calibration. Further, the meteor echoes and linear least squares fitting method are employed for external calibration, which calibrates the amplitude and phase imbalances among the cables and phased array elements. The technique has been successfully implemented, and we present the results of measured data observed by the AgileDARN HF radar before and after calibration.
Under‐Ice Dissolved Oxygen and Metabolism Dynamics in a Shallow Lake: The Critical Role of Ice and Snow
Authors: Huang Wenfeng , Zhang Zheng , Li Zhijun , Leppäranta Matti , Arvola Lauri , Song Shuang , Huotari Jussi , Lin Zhanju
Published: April 2021

Interaction of under‐ice physical, chemical, and biological processes with lake ice/snow cover is examined to better understand how changing winter climate may affect lake ecosystems. We derived under‐ice dissolved oxygen (DO) dynamics from high‐frequency observations and modified a widely used lake metabolism model by including the effect of freezing and thawing on DO concentration. Estimates were produced for the production and respiration in a shallow lake on the Mongolian Plateau in three winters. Diel, synoptic, and seasonal variations in DO concentration were detected as responses to solar radiation, episodic snowfall events, and occasional convective mixing. Based on the observations and a radiative transfer model, incident solar radiation was partitioned into reflectance, absorbance, and transmittance by the snow and ice cover. For bare ice, the contributions of these three parts were 35%, 39%, and 26%, respectively, while under a new 4.5 cm thick snow cover, the corresponding values were 79%, 17%, and 3%. This points out the critical role of snow and ice on under‐ice light conditions, which is the primary forcing for the temperature and the rate of photosynthesis under ice. The results showed three principal factors, which influenced under‐ice DO and metabolism: (1) thickness and optical properties of ice and snow, which affected the light transfer and depth of the euphotic zone, (2) mediated radiation and ice‐water heat transfer which controlled water temperature, and (3) DO exclusion during freezing and dilution by melt water. This study highlights the ecosystem characteristics in shallow ice‐covered lakes in arid temperate regions and promotes our understanding of the response of the cold aquatic environment to climate change.
Development and Validation of an Empirical Ocean Color Algorithm with Uncertainties: A Case Study with the Particulate Backscattering Coefficient
Authors: McKinna Lachlan I. W. , Cetinić Ivona , Werdell P. Jeremy
Published: April 2021

We explored how algorithm (model) and in situ measurement (observation) uncertainties can effectively be incorporated into empirical ocean color model development and assessment. In this study we focused on methods for deriving the particulate backscattering coefficient at 555 nm, bbp(555) (m−1). We developed a simple empirical algorithm for deriving bbp(555) as a function of a remote sensing reflectance line height (LH) metric. Model training was performed using a high‐quality bio‐optical dataset that contains coincident in situ measurements of the spectral remote sensing reflectances, Rrs(λ) (sr−1), and the spectral particulate backscattering coefficients, bbp(λ). The LH metric used is defined as the magnitude of Rrs(555) relative to a linear baseline drawn between Rrs(490) and Rrs(670). Using an independent validation dataset, we compared the skill of the LH‐based model with two other models. We used contemporary validation metrics, including bias and mean absolute error (MAE), that were corrected for model and observation uncertainties. The results demonstrated that measurement uncertainties do indeed impact contemporary validation metrics such as mean bias and MAE. Zeta‐scores and z‐tests for overlapping confidence intervals were also explored as potential methods for assessing model skill.
Cenozoic Tectonic Deformation Along the Pontarlier Strike‐Slip Fault Zone (Swiss and French Jura Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt): Insights From Paleostress and Geomorphic Analyses
Authors: Radaideh Omar M. A. , Mosar Jon
Published: April 2021

We present insights into the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the region around the Pontarlier strike‐slip fault zone within the Jura fold‐and‐thrust belt by combined study of paleostress and geomorphic analyses. A preliminary separation of heterogeneous fault‐slip data and bedding‐tilt correction was performed before determining the paleostress axes orientations. The paleostress results provide evidence of multiphase deformation history consisting of four successive events. These events include a strike‐slip stress regime with ∼N‐S directed compression, a NW‐SE directed extensional stress regime, a NW‐SE trending compressional stress regime, and a strike‐slip stress regime with a mean NW‐SE directed compression. The directions of extension and compression for the second and third events are consistent with the general direction of maximum horizontal far‐field stress near the northern segment of the Pontarlier fault and generally deviate from those found near the southern segment.

Geomorphic analysis of selected rivers along the southern segment of the Pontarlier fault, together with sub/surface geological observations provides new clues on Late Cenozoic strike‐slip reactivation of inherited extensional structure of Mesozoic age. These clues include (i) anomalous zones of high gradient within uniform bedrock lithology that spatially coincide with an obvious change in the depth to top Mesozoic layers; and (ii) right‐lateral offset of river channels, which is consistent with NW‐SE compression related to the youngest paleostress and current stress field. A combination of paleostress and geomorphic analyses provides a useful complementary approach for unraveling the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the region characterized by a general lack of outcrop of Cenozoic rocks.
DGG-100629 inhibits lung cancer growth by suppressing the NFATc1/DDIAS/STAT3 pathway
Authors: Im Joo-Young , Kim Bo-Kyung , Yoon Sung-Hoon , Cho Byoung Chul , Baek Yu Mi , Kang Mi-Jung , Kim Nayeon , Gong Young-Dae , Won Misun
Published: April 2021

DNA damage-induced apoptosis suppressor (DDIAS) promotes the progression of lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma through the regulation of multiple pathways. We screened a chemical library for anticancer agent(s) capable of inhibiting DDIAS transcription. DGG-100629 was found to suppress lung cancer cell growth through the inhibition of DDIAS expression. DGG-100629 induced c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and inhibited NFATc1 nuclear translocation. Treatment with SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) or knockdown of JNK1 restored DDIAS expression and reversed DGG-100629-induced cell death. In addition, DGG-100629 suppressed the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) signaling pathway. DDIAS or STAT3 overexpression restored lung cancer cell growth in the presence of DGG-100629. In a xenograft assay, DGG-100629 inhibited tumor growth by reducing the level of phosphorylated STAT3 and the expression of STAT3 target genes. Moreover, DGG-100629 inhibited the growth of lung cancer patient-derived gefitinib-resistant cells expressing NFATc1 and DDIAS. Our findings emphasize the potential of DDIAS blockade as a therapeutic approach and suggest a novel strategy for the treatment of gefitinib-resistant lung cancer.
Entanglement goes classically high-dimensional
Authors: Zhan Qiwen
Published: April 2021

Laser beams from a customarily designed resonator can produce vectorial structured light fields as classical analogs to high-dimensional multipartite quantum entangled states.
Comparison of the acute metabolic effect of different infant formulas and human milk in healthy adults: a randomized trial
Authors: Shahkhalili Yasaman , Monnard Cathriona , Grathwohl Dominik , Sauser Julien , Beaumont Maurice , Zufferey Corinne Ammon , Macé Katherine
Published: April 2021

Background/Objectives

Different infant formulas, varying in protein type and quantity, are available for infants who are not breastfed or are partially breastfed. Postprandial insulinemic and glycemic responses to intact vs partially hydrolyzed protein in infant formula are unclear. To compare the effect of different forms (partially hydrolyzed vs non-hydrolyzed) and levels of protein in infant formula compared with a human milk reference subgroup on insulin response in adults.

Subjects/Methods

In a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study, 35 healthy adults consumed 600 ml of three different infant formulas: Intact protein-based formula (INTACT) (1.87 g protein/100 kcal; whey/casein ratio of 70/30; 63 kcal/100 ml), partially hydrolyzed whey-based formula (PHw) (1.96 g protein/100 kcal; 100% whey; 63 kcal/100 ml), a high-protein partially hydrolyzed whey-based formula (HPPHw) (2.79 g protein/100 kcal; 100%whey; 73 kcal/100 ml) and a subgroup also consumed human milk (HM) (n = 11). Lipid and carbohydrate (lactose) contents were similar (5.1–5.5 and 10.5–11.6 g/100 kcal, respectively). Venous blood samples were taken after overnight fasting and at different intervals for 180 min post-drink for insulin, glucose, blood lipids, GLP-1, glucagon, and C-peptide.

Results

Twenty-nine subjects (eight consuming HM) adhered to the protocol. INTACT and PHw groups had similar postprandial insulinemia and glycaemia (Cmaxand iAUC) that were not different from those of the HM subgroup. HPPHw resulted in higher postprandial insulin responses (iAUC) relative to all other groups (p < 0.001,p < 0.001,p = 0.002 for the comparison with INTACT, PHw, HM, respectively). HPPHw resulted in a higher glucose response compared to INTACT and PHw (iAUC:p = 0.003,p = 0.001, respectively), but was not different from HM (p = 0.41).

Conclusion

This study in adults demonstrates similar postprandial insulinemia and glycaemia between INTACT and PHw, close to that of HM, but lower than HPPHw, which had a higher protein content compared to the other test milks. The findings remain to be confirmed in infants.

Clinical trial registration

This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT04332510.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma co-opts BCL-XL and autophagy to escape apoptosis
Authors: Xu Duo , Liang Shun-Qing , Yang Zhang , Yang Haitang , Bruggmann Rémy , Oberhaensli Simone , Berezowska Sabina , Marti Thomas M. , Hall Sean R. R. , Dorn Patrick , Kocher Gregor J. , Schmid Ralph A. , Peng Ren-Wang
Published: April 2021

Escape from programmed cell death is a hallmark of cancer. In this study, we investigated the anti-apoptotic mechanisms and explored the therapeutic potential of BCL-2 homology domain-3 (BH3) mimetics in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), a lethal thoracic malignancy with an extreme dearth of treatment options. By implementing integrated analysis of functional genomic data of MPM cells and quantitative proteomics of patients’ tumors, we identified BCL-XL as an anti-apoptotic driver that is overexpressed and confers an oncogenic dependency in MPM. MPM cells harboring genetic alterations that inactivate the NF2/LATS1/2 signaling are associated with increased sensitivity to A-1155463, a BCL-XL-selective BH3 mimetic. Importantly, BCL-XL inhibition elicits protective autophagy, and concomitant blockade of BCL-XL and autophagic machinery with A-1155463 and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved autophagy inhibitor, synergistically enhances anti-MPM effects in vitro and in vivo. Together, our work delineates the molecular basis underlying resistance to apoptosis and uncovers an evasive mechanism that limits response to BH3 mimetics in MPM, suggesting a novel strategy to target this aggressive disease.
FCN3 functions as a tumor suppressor of lung adenocarcinoma through induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Jang Haeyeon , Jun Yukyung , Kim Suyeon , Kim Eunjeong , Jung Yeonjoo , Park Byung Jo , Lee Jinseon , Kim Jhingook , Lee Sanghyuk , Kim Jaesang
Published: April 2021

In this study, we report a novel function of FCN3 (Ficolin 3), a secreted lectin capable of activating the complement pathway, as a tumor suppressor of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). First, the expression of FCN3 was strongly down-regulated in cancer tissues compared to matched normal lung tissues, and down-regulation of FCN3 was shown to be significantly correlated with increased mortality among LUAD patients. Interestingly, while ectopic expression of FCN3 led to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in A549 and H23 cells derived from LUAD, the secreted form of the protein had no effect on the cells. Rather, we found evidence indicating that activation of the unfolded protein response from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is induced by ectopic expression of FCN3. Consistently, inhibition of ER stress response led to enhanced survival of the LUAD cells. Of note, the fibrinogen domain, which is not secreted, turned out to be both necessary and sufficient for induction of apoptosis when localized to ER, consistent with our proposed mechanism. Collectively, our data indicate that FCN3 is a tumor suppressor gene functioning through induction of ER stress.