bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Steele Allison , Carlson Karen K.
Published: January 2016

Nausea and vomiting are commonly seen in the critically ill patient. While these symptoms are not often the cause for admission to critical care, they complicate and may extend the length of stay as well as the patient’s feelings about his or her hospitalization. As with all care provided in critical care, we should strive to implement interventions supported by evidence whenever possible. The article includes definitions, a general description, and the pathophysiology of nausea and vomiting. As well, an evidence-based plan of care for the assessment, planning, intervention, and evaluation of the patient with nausea and vomiting is outlined, using levels of recommendation based on the strength of available evidence. A case study is presented to allow for clinical application: case study commentary reviews the salient points of care.
Fever
Authors: Henker Richard , Carlson Karen K.
Published: January 2016

Fever occurs frequently in critically ill patients and requires knowledgeable assessment and treatment by critical care nurses. Fever can result from infection or inflammation and should be differentiated from simple hyperthermia. Although temperature measurement and fever management are not often priorities in the management of a critically ill patient, the physiologic consequences of fever may affect patient morbidity. This article defines and describes fever and its pathophysiology. An evidence-based plan of care for the assessment, planning, intervention, and evaluation of the patient with fever is outlined, using levels of recommendation based on the strength of the available evidence. A case study is presented to illustrate application to clinical practice. Commentary about the case is provided to review the salient points of care.
Development and Implementation of an ICU Quality Improvement Checklist
Authors: Simpson Steven Q. , Peterson Douglas A. , O’Brien-Ladner Amy R.
Published: January 2016

Hospitals, especially their intensive care units, are not particularly safe for patients. Life-threatening mistakes and omissions in care can and do occur. To deter omissions and mistakes wherever possible, our medical intensive care team developed a checklist of care issues that must be addressed daily for every patient in our intensive care unit. The checklist augments our daily, multidisciplinary quality rounds and informs all personnel when important items have been missed. It is too soon to tell whether the checklist has had an impact on our survival rate or length of stay, but we have documented clear imrovement in our attention to these core intensive care issues. In addition, our team’s collegiality and team bonding are enhanced by using an evidence-based tool to achieve our care goals. We share our checklist, so that others can use and/or adapt it in their pursuit of optimal care for their critically ill patiens.
Intensive Insulin Therapy for Acute Hyperglycemia
Authors: Read Julia Lindeman , Cheng Eugene Y.
Published: January 2016

There is growing evidence that control of hyperglycemia in the critically ill patient improves outcome. Normalizing blood glucose levels decreases the risk of developing sepsis, end-organ damage, and hospital mortality. Critical care clinicians must be familiar with current and benchmark research supporting control of hyperglycemia and use this knowledge to ensure appropriate application of evidence-based practice for decreasing or preventing complications in the critically ill patient. This article describes the effects of hyperglycemia and discusses the evidence supporting tight glycemic control in such patients. The necessary steps to implement an intensive insulin therapy protocol for control of acute hyperglycemia are detailed.
Narrow QRS Complex Tachycardias
Authors: Jacobson Carol
Published: January 2016

Narrow QRS complex tachycardias are either atrioventricular (AV) nodal passive or AV nodal active. AV nodal passive tachycardias do not require the participation of the AV node in maintenance of the tachycardia. Examples are atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter, and atrial fibrillation. Treatment is directed at ventricular rate control with calcium channel blockers or β-blockers. AV nodal active tachycardias require active participation of the AV node in maintaining the tachycardia. Examples include AV nodal reentry tachycardia and circus movement tachycardia using an accessory pathway. Treatment with a vagal maneuver or adenosine usually terminates the tachycardia. Recognition of these tachycardias is reviewed.
ECG Monitoring After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Kern Leslie S. , McRae Marion E. , Funk Marjorie
Published: January 2016

Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common complications after cardiac surgery and is associated with adverse outcomes such as increased mortality, neurological problems, longer hospitalizations, and increased cost of care. Major risk factors for the development of postoperative atrial fibrillation include older age and a history of atrial fibrillation. β-Blockers are the most effective preventive therapy, although sotalol and amiodarone can also be used for prophylaxis. In the postoperative period, the nurse plays an important role in the early detection of atrial fibrillation by the recording of an atrial electrogram, which is easily obtained from the bedside monitor. Because an atrial electrogram records larger atrial activity than ventricular activity, it can be invaluable in establishing the diagnosis of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Once atrial fibrillation begins, treatment can be started with either rhythm conversion or rate-controlling medications.
A Study on the Usage of Electronic Books of Undergraduates of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka
Authors: Vithana D.  P.  C.
Published: January 2016

The electronic books’ (e-books) usage of the higher education community is exponentially expanding. There are a significant percentage of university students and staff who prefer e-books to printed books. This comprehensive study is done at Uva Wellassa University to analyze the percentage of undergraduates who are inclined to use e-books and to explore their preferences over e-book format, reading equipment, their purpose and obtaining method. The study also reveals the future preference and predictions of e-book usage in Sri Lankan context. It also discusses the comparative advantages and disadvantages of e-books according to the survey results gained through the open ended questions. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used in this study. A survey was distributed among the undergraduates who represent first to fourth years in Management Faculty, Animal Science and Export Agriculture Faculty and Science Faculty in Uva Wellassa University. The sample size is 206. The paper concludes that there is a significant number of e-book uses in the university. The e-book usage is limited due to the limited number of freely available e- books. Most of the tested cohort predicts of increased number of e-book usage in Sri Lanka in the future. Data suggest that with the undergraduate year of the user the usage of e-books is increased. The e-book usage is independent from gender. Yet it is dependent upon the Faculty. Users are inclined to use personal computers and laptops than the e-readers. The main e-book obtaining method of the user is internet and they generally go for free titles. According to the statistics the main e-book reading purpose is education. The study suggests the need of establishing e-book facilities in Uva Wellassa University. Journal of the University Librarians’ Association of Sri Lanka, Vol. 19, Issue 1, October 2015, Page 71-91
In Vivo Synthesis of Cyclic-di-GMP Using a Recombinant Adenovirus Preferentially Improves Adaptive Immune Responses against Extracellular Antigens
Authors: Alyaqoub Fadel S. , Aldhamen Yasser A. , Koestler Benjamin J. , Bruger Eric L. , Seregin Sergey S. , Pereira-Hicks Cristiane , Godbehere Sarah , Waters Christopher M. , Amalfitano Andrea
Published: January 2016

There is a compelling need for more effective vaccine adjuvants to augment induction of Ag-specific adaptive immune responses. Recent reports suggested the bacterial second messenger bis-(3′–5′)-cyclic-dimeric-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) acts as an innate immune system modulator. We recently incorporated a Vibrio cholerae diguanylate cyclase into an adenovirus vaccine, fostering production of c-di-GMP as well as proinflammatory responses in mice. In this study, we recombined a more potent diguanylate cyclase gene, VCA0848, into a nonreplicating adenovirus serotype 5 (AdVCA0848) that produces elevated amounts of c-di-GMP when expressed in mammalian cells in vivo. This novel platform further improved induction of type I IFN-β and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells early after administration into mice as compared with control vectors. Coadministration of the extracellular protein OVA and the AdVCA0848 adjuvant significantly improved OVA-specific T cell responses as detected by IFN-γ and IL-2 ELISPOT, while also improving OVA-specific humoral B cell adaptive responses. In addition, we found that coadministration of AdVCA0848 with another adenovirus serotype 5 vector expressing the HIV-1–derived Gag Ag or the Clostridium difficile–derived toxin B resulted in significant inhibitory effects on the induction of Gag and toxin B–specific adaptive immune responses. As a proof of principle, these data confirm that in vivo synthesis of c-di-GMP stimulates strong innate immune responses that correlate with enhanced adaptive immune responses to concomitantly administered extracellular Ag, which can be used as an adjuvant to heighten effective immune responses for protein-based vaccine platforms against microbial infections and cancers.
Is the SMART approach better than other treatment approaches for prevention of asthma exacerbations? A meta-analysis
Authors: Agarwal R. , Khan A. , Aggarwal A.N. , Gupta D.
Published: January 2016

Background and Aims. The combination of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting β2 agonists (LABA) has been used as a single inhaler both for maintenance and reliever therapy in asthma, the SMART approach. The administration of additional CS with each reliever inhalation in response to symptoms is expected to provide better control of airway inflammation. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the SMART approach versus other approaches in the management of asthma in preventing asthma exacerbations. Methods. We searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for studies that have reported exacerbations in the SMART group versus the control group. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to assess the exacerbations in the two groups and pooled the results using a random-effects model. Results. Our search yielded eight studies. The use of SMART approach compared to fixed-dose ICS-LABA combination significantly decreased the odds of a severe exacerbation (OR 0.65; 95% CI, 0.53-0.80) and severe exacerbation requiring hospitalization/ER treatment (OR 0.69; 95% CI, 058- 0.83). The use of SMART approach compared to fixed-dose ICS also significantly decreased the odds of a severe exacerbation (OR 0.52; 95% CI, 0.45-0.61) and severe exacerbation requiring medical intervention (OR 0.52; 95% CI, 0.42-0.65). The occurrence of adverse events was similar in the two groups. There was some evidence of statistical heterogeneity. Conclusions. The SMART approach using formoterol- budesonide is superior in preventing exacerbations when compared to traditional therapy with fixed dose ICS or ICS-LABA combination without any increase in adverse events.
Mediastinal staging in lung cancer: a rational approach
Authors: Ceron L. , Michieletto L. , Zamperlin A.
Published: January 2016

imaging techniques such as CT (Computed Tomography) and PET (Positron Emission Tomography), mini-invasive techniques, as TBNA (Transbronchial Needle Aspiration), EBUS-TBNA (Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration), EUS-FNA (Endoscopic Ultra Sound Fine-Needle Aspiration), and/or surgical techniques as mediastinoscopy, thoracoscopy, mediastinothomy. Each of these techniques provides different sensitivity, specificity and predictive value: all these characteristics need to be well considered and adequately used to achieve the best possible outcome, best exploitation of available resources and least discomfort for the patient. Particularly, indicators which may suggest the need for further examination of mediastinum, following a negative CT and PET, will be discussed in this review; need for surgical confirmation after negative TBNA will be considered, also.
Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease enters Clinical Pharmacology officially
Authors: Dal Negro R.W. , Balbi B. , Spanevello A.
Published: January 2016

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The Importance of Augustin Hallerstein for Cultural and Political Relations with China and Korea
Authors: SAJE Mitja
Published: January 2016

Since symbols of early cultural relations between Europe and East Asia are important, we are striving to restore the image of Augustin Hallerstein (1703–1774) in China and earn his legacy its appropriate position in the history of the Qing dynasty next to other great Jesuits like Adam Shall von Bell (1591–1666), Ferdinand Verbiest (1623–1688), or Ignatius Kogler (1680–1746). A two-year EU project made possible the publication of a monograph in English, which was translated into Chinese and published in China in February 2015. Wider popularization of his achievements should be beneficial to Slovenia as well as to China, where he did his work. Such common heroes of the past could often be used to promote better understanding and cooperation between China and Slovenia. Through strong connections with Korean scholars he gained a high reputation in Korea as well.
Podoba in vloga Matere Zahodnega kraljestva v grobni umetnosti dinastije Han
Authors: VAMPELJ SUHADOLNIK Nataša
Published: January 2016

Pričujoči prispevek podrobneje obravnava podobo kitajske starodavne boginje Matere Zahodnega kraljestva, v kitajščini imenovane Xiwangmu 西王母. Xiwangmu je v mitološki tradiciji prikazana kot boginja, ki poseduje eliksir nesmrtnosti in prebiva v Zahodnem raju na magični gori Kunlun 崑崙. Njeno podobo je mogoče opazovati v stenskem slikarstvu, na lakiranih izdelkih, bronastih ogledalih, največkrat pa se pojavi kot reliefna podoba na kamnih ali opekah, ki so sestavljale grobne komore ali posamezne templje na površju grobne zasnove dinastije Han (206 pr. n. št.–220 n. št.). Literarna tradicija razkriva večfunkcionalno vlogo matere s številnim atributi, ki se razvija skladno s spreminjajočimi se vrednotami družbenih mitoloških konceptov. Kakšna je njena podoba in kakšno vlogo prevzema v širšem kozmološkem konceptu v grobni umetnosti dinastije Han, je osrednja problematika pričujočega prispevka.
Knjižna recenzija: Wang Huiqin: Ferdinand Avguštin Hallerstein – Slovenec v Prepovedanem mestu. (Prevedla Natalija Toplišek), Ljubljana, Mladinska knjiga 2014, 17. strani
Authors: ROŠKER Jana S.
Published: January 2016

ni abstrakta, recenzija!
Mitja Saje (ed.): A. Hallerstein – Liu Songling 刘松龄 – The Multicultural Legacy of Jesuit Wisdom and Piety at the Qing Dynasty Court
Authors: ROŠKER Jana S.
Published: January 2016

book review - no abstract
Ferdinand Augustin Hallerstein on Giuseppe Castiglione`s Art
Authors: VAMPELJ SUHADOLNIK Nataša
Published: January 2016

Ferdinand Augustin Hallerstein (1703–1774) (Chinese name Liu Songling) was a Slovenian Jesuit, astronomer and mathematician who made an important contribution to the development of science and astronomy in 18th century China. He arrived in Beijing in 1739, and in 1746 was appointed to succeed Ignatius Kogler as Head of the Imperial Board of Astronomy, a position he would hold until his own death nearly 30 years later. Throughout his four decades in China, Hallerstein maintained a rich correspondence with family members, other Jesuits in Europe, and even with the Queen of Portugal, Maria Anna. He was also a corresponding member of the Royal Societies of London, Paris and St. Petersburg. His letters have only recently been collected and edited.The present paper will focus on Hallerstein’s letters and what they tell us about the life and art of the celebrated Jesuit painter, Giuseppe Castiglione (1688–766), especially during the reign of the Emperor Qianlong (1711–799). After a brief  introduction on Hallerstein’s life and work, by means of comparative analyses and using an interdisciplinary approach, the paper will explore a) Hallerstein’s views on Castiglione and his art, and b) Chinese court painting and Castiglione’s position at the court. It will conclude with new evidence concerning Castiglione’s artistic achievements.
A Comparative Evaluation of Chemically Activated, Lightactivated and Laser-activated Tooth Bleaching Systems on Whitening Efficacy and Effect on Enamel Surface Texture: An in vitro Study
Authors: Sabnis Aditi Chintamani
Published: January 2016

Background

Tooth bleaching systems can be classified as chemically activated, light-activated and laser-activated depending on activation mechanism. There is no unanimity of opinion with respect to the whitening efficacy and effect on enamel surface texture of these three types of systems. So, the present study was carried out to comparatively evaluate their whitening efficacy and effect on enamel surface texture.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-three extracted human anterior teeth were stained using coffee decoction for 7 days. Pre-bleaching color was evaluated with VITAPAN classical shade guide and a spectrophotometer. Samples were divided in three groups of 11 each namely: group I—chemically activated, group II— light activated, group III—laser activated. Post-bleaching color was evaluated with the same previous methods and difference in color pre- and postbleaching, dE, was calculated. Three samples, one per group, were subjected to scanning electron microscopic (SEM) evaluation both pre- and post-bleaching to study effect on enamel surface texture. Half the labial surface of these samples was covered using polytetrafluoroethylene tape so that half the surface was bleached and remaining half was unbleached acted at control. Photomicrographs were obtained pre- and post-bleaching.

Results

Clinically, improvement of color was observed in all three groups. On statistical analysis, there was significant difference in dE between group II and III. On SEM evaluation, laser activation produced minimal effects on enamel surface texture.

Conclusions

It was found that laser activated system was more effective in terms of whitening efficacy and it produced least effect on enamel surface texture.

How to cite this article

Sabnis AC, Ram SM. A Comparative Evaluation of Chemically Activated, Light-activated and Laseractivated Tooth Bleaching Systems on Whitening Efficacy and Effect on Enamel Surface Texture: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(2):69-75.
A Comparative Evaluation of Stress Distribution by Three Different Designs of Prefabricated Metal Posts on Endodontically Treated Permanent Maxillary Central Incisor: A Three-dimensional Finite Element Study
Authors: Nadgere Jyoti , Mengal Ganesh Pandurang
Published: January 2016

Purpose of the study: This study intends to evaluate and compare the stress distribution by three designs of prefabricated metal posts, parallel post (EG post), parallel post with coronal flare (i-post) and a tapered post (Filpost) in endodontically treated permanent maxillary central incisor. This study will help the dentists to choose the post that would generate the least stress in endodontically treated teeth.

Procedure

Three-dimensional (3D) finite element models were developed. The physical models include composite resin core material, dentin, endodontic post, luting cement and guttapercha. They were subjected to compressive load of 100 N at 135° angle with respect to longitudinal axis of tooth, above the level of cingulum, simulating the load condition in oral cavity and the effects of three posts on stress distribution, in endodontically treated maxillary central incisor was evaluated.

Results

Stress distribution was found to be better in the models having parallel post and parallel post with the coronal flare. Coronal flare has an added advantage of better fit in the root canal.

Conclusion

It was found that the stresses in maxillary central incisor with the parallel post with coronal flare were well distributed.

How to cite this article

Mengal GP, Nadgere J, Ram SM, Shah N. A Comparative Evaluation of Stress Distribution by Three Different Designs of Prefabricated Metal Posts on Endodontically Treated Permanent Maxillary Central Incisor: A Three-dimensional Finite Element Study. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(3):123-130.
An Anthropometric Correlation of Vertical Dimension of Occlusion and Linear Ear Length in Dentulous Subjects
Authors: Sethuraman Rajesh , Naveen YG , Prajapati Paranjay , Patel Jayanti
Published: January 2016

Objective

Anthropometric measurements have often been used for determining vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO). However, most of them seem to be subjective. This study was designed to evaluate the correlation between length of the ear and VDO in dentulous subjects.

Materials and Methods

Two hundred participants (mean age 24.7) were included in the study. Vertical length was measured from the superior most point of the helix to the inferior most point of the lobule of external ear. Vertical dimension of occlusion was measured between two points on the base of nose and the most prominent point of the chin. All measurements were made with digital vernier caliper with a least count of 0.01 mm by two calibrated investigators. Mean readings were correlated using Pearson's correlation coefficient.

Results

An r-value of 0.640 was found to exist between the two variables measured. Correlation was more with respect to the male gender (r = 0.750) as compared to females (r = 0.570).

Conclusion

The linear vertical length of the external ear was found to be positively correlated to the VDO. With the help of regression equation one can know the VDO if ear length is known.

How to cite this article

Prajapati P, Sethuraman R, Naveen YG, Patel J. An Anthropometric Correlation of Vertical Dimension of Occlusion and Linear Ear Length in Dentulous Subjects. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(3):131-135.
Influence of Five Different Root Canal Sealers on Root Fracture Susceptibility
Authors: Bayram Emre , Bayram Hüda Melike
Published: January 2016

Aim

The purpose of the study was to compare the fracture resistance of roots filled with one of the following five root canal sealers: AH Plus, EndoRez, RealSeal, MTA Fillapex, and AcroSeal. The null hypothesis was that the type of root canal sealer would not influence the fracture resistance of root-filled teeth.

Methods

Sixty-five maxillary central incisors were sectioned 1 mm below the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to obtain roots 14 mm in length. Roots were subjected to chemomechanical preparation using the rotary instruments of the Profile system. The obturation of root canals was performed with the following filling materials (n = 12): group I: AH Plus and gutta-percha (GP), group II: EndoRez and GP, group III: RealSeal and GP, group IV: MTA Fillapex and GP, group V: AcroSeal and GP, group VI: roots were instrumented but not filled (control; n = 5). After the appropriate setting time, each root was embedded in acrylic resin. The specimens were then subjected to fracture resistance testing using an Instron testing machine at 1 mm/min.

Results

The Mann-Whitney test indicated no significant differences (p > 0.05) among groups I (379.10 ± 57.64 N), II (374.32 ± 101.61 N), III (309.06 ± 87.10N), IV (305.99 ± 76.67 N), V (362.91 ± 91.23 N) and VI (213.711 ± 51.85 N). Groups I to V were all significantly better than the control, but no difference between them.

Conclusion

All of the root canal sealers used in this study increased the fracture resistance of instrumented root canals.

How to cite this article

Bayram E, Bayram HM. Influence of Five Different Root Canal Sealers on Root Fracture Susceptibility. J Contemp Dent 2015;5(3):165-167.
Reliability and Validity of the Brazilian Version of the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument
Authors: Morgani de Almeida Maria Helena , Toldrá Rosé Colom , Batista Marina Picazzio Perez , Fagundes Souto Ana Cristina
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE. We evaluated the test–retest reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity of the Brazilian version of the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument.

METHOD. A sample of 118 older adults provided data for testing construct validity and internal consistency, and 14 provided data for testing test–retest reliability. Factor analysis with varimax rotation was used to assess construct validity.

RESULTS. The Function component had excellent test–retest and total internal consistency reliability. Factor analysis revealed that the Upper Extremity Function and Advanced Lower Extremity Function domains were similar to the original analysis. The Disability component showed adequate to excellent test–retest reliability, except in the Management role; total internal consistency was excellent. Factor analysis revealed that its domains were similar to the original analysis, except for some items.

CONCLUSION. The Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument is recommended for assessment of Brazilian community-dwelling older adults who are functionally independent and who do not require mobility assistance.
Analisi dell’evoluzione degli strumenti internazionali volti al contrasto della violenza di genere.
Authors: Latino Agostina
Published: January 2016

Fin dal 1999, l’Assemblea generale delle Nazioni unite (NU), con la risoluzione n. 54/134, ha proclamato il 25 novembre “Giornata internazionale per l’eliminazione della violenza contro le donne”. La data è stata scelta in ricordo del brutale assassinio delle sorelle Mirabal (Patria, Minerva e Maria Teresa) avvenuto nel 1960 nella Repubblica Dominicana, sotto la feroce dittatura di Trujillo. Le tre sorelle, soprannominate “las mariposas”, le farfalle, per la loro bellezza e vivacità, il 25 novembre 1960, furono catturate, torturate, uccise e gettate con la loro auto in un precipizio, al fine di simulare una morte accidentale, da agenti segreti del servizio di informazione militare, mentre si recavano a visitare i loro mariti in prigione per motivi politici. Il fenomeno della violenza nei confronti delle donne è una vera e propria pandemia che non conosce confini poiché investe indistintamente tutto il mondo, sia pure con declinazioni e tassi di incidenza diversi. La violenza nei confronti delle donne è un tema risalente nel tempo1. In queste brevi note, dopo aver individuato le forme più diffuse di violenza nei confronti delle donne, cercheremo di ricostruire le tappe degli strumenti adottati sotto l’egida delle Nazioni unite e nei quadri regionali, per analizzare più specificamente la Convenzione di Istanbul, ossia la Convenzione del Consiglio d’Europa sulla prevenzione e la lotta alla violenza contro le donne e la violenza domestica, approvata dal Comitato dei Ministri del Consiglio d’Europa il 7 aprile 2011, aperta alla firma l’11 maggio 2011, entrata in vigore il 1° agosto 20142.
A coexistência da praticabilidade e do direito fundamental à igualdade no controle de preços de transferência sobre juros.
Authors: Almeida Carlos Otávio Ferreira de , Oliveira Amanda Salles de
Published: January 2016

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a constitucionalidade das regras de preços de transferência sobre juros, tomando por base a igualdade e seu corolário, o arm’s length, princípio de aceitação internacional. Para tanto, valendo-se do método hipotético-dedutivo, analisa-se criticamente a legislação vigente e respectiva doutrina sobre a matéria. Ao fim, conclui-se que eventual inconstitucionalidade das regras sobre juros, a despeito de não efetivarem a igualdade, depende de análise casuística em vista da coexistência de outros parâmetros garantidos pela Constituição, como a praticabilidade, cujo efeito simplificador objetiva conferir maior eficácia à norma.
Turn Anger, Fear, Grief into Action
Authors: Carroll Tamar W.
Published: January 2016

This chapter demonstrates how ACT UP created a supportive queer community for people infected by HIV, as well as how the group changed the nation's response to the AIDS crisis. Through its art and actions, ACT UP developed an oppositional understanding of AIDS that rejected homophobia and sexual shame and instead called for universal health care and sexual privacy as human rights. Unlike MFY or NCNW, ACT UP generated a community based on affiliation, shared consciousness, and desire. ACT UP members embraced a fluid rather than fixed sexual identity, embracing the term “queer” to signify their rejection of normative sexuality, jettisoning binary understandings of sex and gender.
Epilogue
Authors: Carroll Tamar W.
Published: January 2016

This concluding chapter recapitulates the main subjects of the book: women and men who participated in direct action and coalition building as community activists in New York City, crossing boundaries of race, class, gender, and sexuality in the process. Activists in this study brought previously excluded groups from the margins to the center of political decision making and made voices heard and needs recognized. By claiming their rights and those of others, they helped envision and practice a more inclusive, egalitarian citizenship. Most importantly, they showed that the embrace of difference and the conflict that emerges from demands for social justice can be a dynamic motor of social change.
A Question of Slavery in the West
Authors: Dean Adam Wesley
Published: January 2016

This chapter describes how Americans in the late 1700s to the mid-1800s connected land use with what people at the time called “republicanism.” Republicanism held that in order to have a small central government, citizens needed to be virtuous and orderly. While the Jeffersonian agrarian ideal and the initial critiques of slavery expansion during the Missouri Crisis influenced the Free-Soil and Republican Parties of the 1850s, there were few links between promotion of smallholder settlement and antislavery thought. Though the Northwest Ordinance contained a prohibition of slavery, many supporters of the law only opposed slavery’s restriction from the Old Northwest, where they deemed it to be environmentally inappropriate. Some of the law’s supporters had no problem with the institution expanding to the modern-day states of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama—the so-called Old Southwest. The chapter also investigates how, during the second-party system pitting Whigs against Democrats, ideas about proper land use became intertwined with larger questions of national development.
Free Soil and the Rise of the Republican Party
Authors: Dean Adam Wesley
Published: January 2016

This chapter covers the rise of the Free-Soil and Republican Parties in the 1850s. While historians have given much scholarly attention to the ideology of the Republicans, citing their promotion of “free labor” and hostility toward the “slave power,” this chapter uncovers the agrarian nature of the Republican appeal. Such an understanding is critical given how popular the Republicans were with farmers. The party believed that civilization and loyalty in the West could only be secured by societies of small farmers practicing scientific land management. Yeomen farmers, Republicans argued, formed the strongest attachments to the Union. The land-use practices of slaveholders served as a foil to the northern ideal. Slave plantations exhausted the soil and caused nature to wither and decay. The slave South’s low literacy rates, barbaric habits, dirty buildings, and lack of economic opportunity reflected its poor treatment of farmland. The immense landholdings produced an aristocracy threatening to the Union. Politicians warned that if permitted in the West, large slave plantations would exhaust the soil, ruining land better utilized by small farmers.
Seeking Peace in the South and West
Authors: Dean Adam Wesley
Published: January 2016

This chapter explains how Republicans applied their ideas by connecting land use with social structure to both the South and the West during the Reconstruction. Republicans called for an end to the treaty system characterizing Indian and United States relations. They argued that forcing Indians to become small farmers would open up more land for whites and help “civilize” recalcitrant tribes. Likewise, some Republicans believed that the big plantations of the South needed to be divided and redistributed to former slaves and white unionists so that a yeomen class could form in the South. The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 used 1862 legislation pertaining to the American West as a model to grant small plots of public land to Unionist whites and freedmen in the former Confederacy. However, by the 1880s the Republican Party stopped favoring small farmers in almost every arena except Indian policy. Even in Indian policy, allotment would fail to create a prosperous Indian yeomanry.
Immigrants in Nature’s Nation
Authors: Fisher Colin
Published: January 2016

This chapter builds on the notions of the foreign born “invented ethnicity” of immigrants and the “transnational” dimension of migration. It synthesizes these ideas to undermine older American studies accounts that characterize the United States as “nature’s nation,” a country whose singular identity born of a distinctive cultural relationship to nature. During the early twentieth century, newly arrived immigrants in Chicago eagerly sought out nature, which they found in outlying wilderness areas but also in the heart of the city. Once through the gates of parks, immigrants sometimes used landscape to remember, and sometimes even visit, preindustrial rural homelands and to imagine subaltern ethnic, village, regional, and national identities. The chapter mentions the immigrant workers in the neighborhood of Back of the Yards, where thousands of animals were slaughtered. Immigrants who were used to this kind of work back home were unprepared for the polluted and artificial working conditions.
Turf
Authors: Fisher Colin
Published: January 2016

This chapter analyzes how the immigrant youth living in Chicago during the early twentieth century in America utilized the green spaces of the city for the purposes of leisure and recreation by exploring James T. Farrell’s Studs Lonigan trilogy of novels. It highlights Studs and his friends’ adventures at Washington Park that serves as a green escape from urban struggles. For Patrick, the father of Studs, the park also served as a “homeland” as it reminds immigrants of their native natural landscapes. Studs, in contrast, returns to the park to reminisce on his romantic encounter with Lucy Scanlon, his first love. Farrell’s trilogy portrays the world of Irish ethnic youth in detail. The places and historical events are all real, and many of the characters are based on real people Farrell knew intimately. The novels show how throughout Chicago, city-born ethnic youth sought out green space and made them their “turf.”
War, Wandering, and Home { 1812–1829 }
Authors: Gura Philip F.
Published: January 2016

This chapter focuses on William Apess's life during and after the War of 1812. Apess was convinced by a sergeant and a few of his men shortly after his arrival in New York to enlist as a soldier to fight the British. Before he knew it, Apess was on Governor's Island in New York harbor. Apess and his cohort were then ordered to Staten Island, where they waited two weeks before beginning their advance on Canada. One day before Christmas, 1814, England and the United States signed the Treaty of Ghent, ending the war. This chapter examines Apess's experience as a vagabond after the War of 1812; his odyssey through Upper Canada and his encounters with the Haudenosaunees; his long journey home to Connecticut; his discovery of Methodism and his life as a preacher; his relocation to Providence, Rhode Island; and his struggles for ordination as a Methodist.
Agriculture and the Confederacy
Authors: Hurt R. Douglas
Published: January 2016

This book traces the decline and fall of agriculture in the Confederate States of America. The backbone of the southern economy, agriculture was a source of power that southerners believed would ensure their independence. But, season by season and year by year, the book convincingly shows how the disintegration of southern agriculture led to the decline of the Confederacy's military, economic, and political power. It examines regional variations in the Eastern and Western Confederacy, linking the fates of individual crops and different modes of farming and planting to the wider story. After a dismal harvest in late 1864, southerners—faced with hunger and privation throughout the region, ransacked farms in the Shenandoah Valley, and pillaged plantations in the Carolinas and the Mississippi Delta—finally realized that their agricultural power, and their government itself, had failed. The book shows how this ultimate lost harvest had repercussions that lasted well beyond the end of the Civil War. Assessing agriculture in its economic, political, social, and environmental contexts, the book sheds new light on the fate of the Confederacy from the optimism of secession to the reality of collapse.
Confederate Apprehension
Authors: Hurt R. Douglas
Published: January 2016

This chapter focuses on the apprehension of farmers and planters in the Confederacy amid the Civil War, especially with regard to the benefits and liabilities of the government cotton purchasing or loan program. By January 1862, southerners understood the importance of agriculture to winning the war as never before. Few doubted the agricultural power of the South and the certainty that it would help win the war. Still, hunger and privation had begun to nag at some southerners in the cities and towns across the region. Cotton producers complained that cotton prices paid by the government were too low and differed from state to state. The rest of this chapter discusses the ambivalence of planters and farmers toward planting cotton due in part to the institution of slavery; the calls for farmers and distillers to stop making corn whiskey as long as the war lasted; the problems faced by farmers, including inflation and the rise in agricultural prices; and the effect of Union soldiers on the Confederate food supply.
Western Collapse
Authors: Hurt R. Douglas
Published: January 2016

This chapter focuses on the collapse of agriculture in the Western Confederacy as the Civil War drew to a close. As Union forces occupied more and more territory in 1864, farmers and planters could see that the end was near. Isolated Confederate forces and partisans still disrupted agriculture in some areas, but for most farmers and planters in the region the war had ended. As they turned their attention to cotton, sugar, and daily subsistence, they continued to adjust to a new system of free labor that had been instituted in 1863. The rest of this chapter discusses the improvement in the supply of agricultural commodities in the river towns from New Orleans north to Memphis where Federal soldiers controlled the river valley; the food shortages suffered by many Confederate towns in Louisiana and elsewhere; the question of agricultural labor after the war; and the increase in agricultural prices throughout the Confederacy.
Epilogue
Authors: Hurt R. Douglas
Published: January 2016

This epilogue reflects on the changes wrought by the Civil War on agriculture in the Confederacy. Few white farmers and planters or black agricultural workers could express much optimism after the war. Rice production in the coastal country of South Carolina and Georgia had been ruined. Dikes and drainage ditches had been cut or needed major repairs, and the skilled black labor force that understood tidal-flow irrigation would not soon return to the rice fields of their former masters. In many respects the Civil War marked the end of rice agriculture along the East Coast. It would not recover its former importance. The rest of this chapter discusses the problems faced by farmers and planters in the South after the war, including the sugar and tobacco planters; the impact of the war on the cotton economy; how livestock disease affected southern agriculture; and how farmers and planters became divided by economic ideology and class.
Introduction
Authors: Lawrence Bruce B.
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter presents the history of the name of Allah. The name Allah embodies all the potency and limits of a name for anything but especially the Thing, the Absolute, the One, which is independent of any name. For Muslims, Allah acquires special significance in performance. Performance is at once collective (the individual performs, but as part of a community), relational (the Thing is engaged as the Other), and potentially transformative (the end can/should leave one in a new state). This book examines the significance of Allah as performed. It looks at Allah through public performance, repeated public performance, in addition to private invocation and continuous reflection.
Allah Online
Authors: Lawrence Bruce B.
Published: January 2016

This chapter examines some of the opportunities, but also some of the dangers, of searching for deeper insight into Allah on the World Wide Web. The Information Age has fundamentally provided opportunities for those not engaged in scholarly or literary activities to express more easily their own voice and proffer opinions to vast audiences beyond previous means of distribution. But the fact that there are no “peer reviews” or verdict of the truth or fiction of what is published makes this new freedom problematic, perhaps even dangerous. Too often those who troll the Internet for information about Allah, the Qur'an, and other topics of religious interest intuitively assume that what they find is “true.” Thus, the Internet has opened up the possibility of religious “cyber war,” with groups attempting to steer readers and the faithful into whatever they advocate, whether fundamentalism, orthodoxy, or splinter terrorist groups.
Conclusion
Authors: Lawrence Bruce B.
Published: January 2016

This concluding chapter presents three possible conclusions: sociological, existential, and skeptical. The sociological approach focuses on persons who seeks to connect with Allah, and asks about why they want to connect. They are mostly urban men of culture, education, and wealth enjoying public acclaim during, and also after, their lifetime. The second conclusion turns to the process, the search itself and asks if it is an existential process. It focuses on what is linked to Allah, and asks about the nature of the links. Its advocates dwell in the mystery of the Name. Allah exceeds the Name, even as the Name itself becomes a focus of attention on Allah as an immeasurable force, the source of life and death, good and evil, hope and despair. Yet neither the sociological assessment nor the existential response will satisfy the skeptic. The skeptic may be a believer or unbeliever, but they never cease to ask: where is Allah, and when does the quest end? They assert that Allah, or God, may not exist or may exist, but only as Being—infinite, timeless, and unknowable.
Introduction
Authors: Maris-Wolf Ted
Published: January 2016

This introductory chapter discusses the ways in which freed African Americans were able to forge meaningful lives for themselves amid state laws that rendered their residencies illegal. In particular, it explores the flexible nature of state laws and how blacks were able to circumvent the law by means of the voluntary enslavement law, which allowed free blacks to enslave themselves in a complicated process that involved selecting their own master. Re-enslavement, however, is only a small part of the overall narrative of freed blacks in the upper South. Men and women in the mid-nineteenth century were influenced by the powerful social and political forces of their day, but through their actions, relationships, and commitments to community and family, they also shaped the evolution of those forces, and to some extent, their own destinies.
Freedom Bound in a New Republic
Authors: Maris-Wolf Ted
Published: January 2016

This chapter recounts how republicanism helped to ease the oppression of freed blacks in Virginia's legislature. During the early nineteenth century, Virginia remained committed to the notion of a slaveholding commonwealth and republic, albeit it also allowed for limited provisions regarding the liberty of freed African Americans. Yet it turned out that that Virginia lawmakers became concerned that the same provisions in state legislature that withheld the liberties of freed blacks might also compromise the liberties of free white republicans. In two competing Revolutionary legacies—the urge to deport free blacks en masse and the ideals of antistatist republicanism—republicanism won out. Virginia lawyers and judges proved to be staunch exponents of republican legal principles, and as a group seemed to have approached free black clients and defendants they encountered as people with certain unalienable rights in their local courthouses.
Black Clients, White Attorneys
Authors: Maris-Wolf Ted
Published: January 2016

This chapter shows how white attorneys frequently engaged with Virginia law on behalf of black clients. Historians have tended to overlook the large numbers of free blacks who succeeded in claiming a space in their neighborhoods, primarily by cultivating reputations that kept them out of local courtrooms altogether and, when necessary, by using attorneys to help secure formally that space for themselves or their loved ones. Many of the freed southern blacks laid claim to their rights of liberty, family, and residency in Virginia through the everyday use of the legal system—in motions, petitions, and civil suits they filed in their local courts, though many would likewise fail in attaining their rights amid a repressive, race-based legal system that denied them participation and protection as citizens.
The Doswell Brothers Demand a Law
Authors: Maris-Wolf Ted
Published: January 2016

This chapter follows the story of Willis and Andrew Doswell—two freed blacks who petitioned for re-enslavement, after appearing in court, the result of allegations of illegal residency in Virginia, and the implications their story holds for the larger history of Virginia's state legislature. Under the accusations of William Arvin, Sr., the Doswell brothers fought for the right to remain in their community, first as free people, and ultimately as slaves. Together, Andrew and Willis would becme the unlikely fathers of Virginia's first self-enslavement law. This law became the basis of general self-enslavement legislation and the model for other such laws in the mid-nineteenth-century South on the eve of the Civil War.
Family Bonds and Civil War
Authors: Maris-Wolf Ted
Published: January 2016

This chapter discusses the impact of the Civil War in emancipation and re-enslavement decisions, because for free people of color, not only were the circumstances of their emancipation important factors in shaping the contours of their lives as free people, but the timing of their emancipation proved critical as well. This decisionmaking is illustrated in the stories of three particular women—Jane Payne, Mary Fletcher, and Annah Gleaves Poters—who were freed at the onset of the Civil War. By accepting their freedom but refusing to leave Rectortown and Virginia, they faced the possibility of indictment and conviction for unlawfully remaining in the commonwealth, under the terms of the expulsion law of 1806. If they chose to leave Virginia, however, they could not legally return, forsaking long-standing bonds with family and community.