bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long Live Teddy/Death to Woodrow: The Polarized Politics of the Progressive Era in the 2012 Election
Authors: Johnston Robert D.
Published: July 2014

Two historic moments from the run-up to the 2012 presidential election might well stir the interest of readers of theJournal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era:

December 6, 2011: President Barack Obama traveled to Osawatomie, Kansas, to deliver what proved to be his signature speech about the economy. Indeed, former labor secretary Robert Reich called the address, “the most important economic speech of his or any modern presidency.” Obama castigated radical free marketeers, he vindicated communal bonds, and he upheld the great middle class. And the reason that the president traveled to the metropolis of Osawatomie? Because in 1910 Theodore Roosevelt had gone there to repudiate the laissez-faire policies of the Gilded Age and put forth his case for a progressive “New Nationalism” in an oration that White House press secretary Jay Carney characterized as “the speech that really set the course for the 20th century.”
The democratic potential of systemic pluralism
Authors: KUYPER JONATHAN W
Published: July 2014

This article analyses how, and under what conditions, a systemically-pluralist structure of international law provides a springboard for global democratization. I argue that contestation and deliberation – core values of democracy – can and do arise within systemic pluralism. Specifically, I contend that institutional heterarchy between legal orders and forum shopping by different actors provide a means to engender these democratic values. I maintain that democratization can be sought on both horizontal and vertical planes: the former being the sphere of multilateral negotiations; the latter being governance which links individuals directly to sites of public power. In making this argument, I analyse recent developments within global intellectual property law, establishing and treating the multiple jurisdictions in this issue-space as an instantiation of systemic pluralism. This article thus provides a normative strategy for ongoing democratization of international law. Systemic pluralism must still prove its merits in terms of stability, the rule of law, and other values. However, I provide a method to advance transnational democracy that takes seriously empirical realities and competing normative visions.
Cu1+ in HKUST-1: selective gas adsorption in the presence of water
Authors: Nijem Nour , Bluhm Hendrik , Ng May L. , Kunz Martin , Leone Stephen R. , Gilles Mary K.
Published: July 2014

Photo-reduced Cu2+ in HKUST-1 adsorbs NO over water, underscoring the potential of MOFs with mixed oxidation metals for gas separation.
O-vs. N-protonation of 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-8-ketones: formation of aperiN–C bond or a hydrogen bond to the pi-electron density of a carbonyl group
Authors: Mercadal Nerea , Day Stephen P. , Jarmyn Andrew , Pitak Mateusz B. , Coles Simon J. , Wilson Claire , Rees Gregory J. , Hanna John V. , Wallis John D.
Published: July 2014

Peri-amino-naphthylketones protonate onOorNforming a longperi-N–C bond or a hydrogen bond to the ketone's π-density.
2 : 1 5-Fluorocytosine–acesulfame CAB cocrystal and 1 : 1 5-fluorocytosine–acesulfame salt hydrate with enhanced stability against hydration
Authors: Wang Lin , Wen Xiaonan , Li Ping , Wang Jianming , Yang Ping , Zhang Hailu , Deng Zongwu
Published: July 2014

A conjugate acid–base (CAB) cocrystal and a salt hydrate of 5-fluorocytosine were obtained with an artificial sweetener, acesulfame.
On the structure of biomedical silver-doped phosphate-based glasses from molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Ainsworth Richard I. , Christie Jamieson K. , de Leeuw Nora H.
Published: July 2014

First-principles and classical molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out on undoped and silver-doped phosphate-based glasses with 50 mol% P2O5, 0–20 mol% Ag2O, and varying amounts of Na2O and CaO.
A QM/MM MD study of the pH-dependent ring-opening catalysis and lid motif flexibility in glucosamine 6-phosphate deaminase
Authors: Zhao Yuan , Chen Nanhao , Wu Ruibo , Cao Zexing
Published: July 2014

QM/MM MD and MM MD simulations reveal pH-dependent proton-shuttle ring-opening mechanisms of GlcN6P and dynamical behavior of the lid motif inSmuNagB.
Drastic change of the intrusion–extrusion behavior of electrolyte solutions in pure silica *BEA-type zeolite
Authors: Ryzhikov A. , Khay I. , Nouali H. , Daou T. J. , Patarin J.
Published: July 2014

A behavior of high pressure intrusion–extrusion of electrolyte solutions in pure silica *BEA-type zeolite depends drastically on electrolyte concentration.
Kinetics of DNA duplex formation: A-tracts versus AT-tracts
Authors: Wyer Jean Ann , Kristensen Mads Bejder , Jones Nykola C. , Hoffmann Søren Vrønning , Nielsen Steen Brøndsted
Published: July 2014

A-tracts (AAAA…:TTTT…) form much faster than AT-tracks (ATAT…:TATA…).
NO-binding in {Ru(NO)2}8-type [Ru(NO)2(PR3)2X]BF4 compounds
Authors: Gallien Anna K. E. , Schaniel Dominik , Woike Theo , Klüfers Peter
Published: July 2014

Electron-poor {Ru(NO)2}8-type dinitrosyls exhibit an RuII(NO+)(NO−) moiety, electron-rich entities show an Ru0(NO+)2 situation, borderline compounds show both forms as photo-excitable species.
One-pot synthesis of PEG modified BaLuF5:Gd/Yb/Er nanoprobes for dual-modal in vivo upconversion luminescence and X-ray bioimaging
Authors: Rao Ling , Lu Wei , Zeng Tianmei , Yi Zhigao , Wang Haibo , Liu Hongrong , Zeng Songjun
Published: July 2014

PEG-modified BaLuF5:Gd/Yb/Er nanoparticles synthesized by a hydrothermal method for in vivo and in vitro bioimaging and X-ray bioimaging.
Foil assisted replica molding for fabrication of microfluidic devices and their application in vitro
Authors: Micheal Issac J. , Vidyasagar Aditya J. , Bokara Kiran Kumar , Mekala Naveen Kumar , Asthana Amit , Rao Ch Mohan
Published: July 2014

We present a facile, rapid and cost-effective way to fabricate microfluidic devices in laboratory atmosphere, named as “foil assisted replica molding” (FARM). This novel technique involves use of Al foil, pen and an X–Y plotter to create plano-concave microchannels. We have also demonstrated in vitro applications of these devices.
Macroporous microcarriers for introducing cells into a microfluidic chip
Authors: Bergström G. , Nilsson K. , Mandenius C.-F. , Robinson N. D.
Published: July 2014

Flowing porous gelatin microcarriers pre-seeded with cells into a microfluidic bioreactor is a simple and rapid method for creating 3D cell-culturing environments suitable for toxicity studies.
Iridium(i) hydroxides in catalysis: rearrangement of allylic alcohols to ketones
Authors: Nelson David J. , Fernández-Salas José A. , Truscott Byron J. , Nolan Steven P.
Published: July 2014

The iridium(i) hydroxide complex [Ir(OH)(COD)(IiPr)] has been shown to be a competent catalyst for the rearrangement of allylic alcohols to ketones.
BiFeO3 thin films prepared on metallic Ni tapes by chemical solution deposition: effects of annealing temperature and a La0.5Sr0.5TiO3 buffer layer on the dielectric, ferroelectric and leakage properties
Authors: Tang Xianwu , Hu Ling , Yang Jie , Chen Li , Dai Jianming , Song Wenhai , Yang Zhaorong , Zhu Xuebin , Sun Yuping
Published: July 2014

Introducing a La0.5Sr0.5TiO3 buffer layer is beneficial for the microstructures and properties of BiFeO3 thin films on metallic tapes.
Eu2+-activated full color orthophosphate phosphors for warm white light-emitting diodes
Authors: Zhao Chenglong , Xia Zhiguo , Li Molin
Published: July 2014

Eu2+-activated full-color versatile orthophosphate phosphors can find potential application in warm white LEDs.
Dynamics of a thin liquid film interacting with an oscillating nano-probe
Authors: Ledesma-Alonso René , Tordjeman Philippe , Legendre Dominique
Published: July 2014

The coupling of a liquid thin film to an oscillating AFM probe is modelled. An analysis was performed to understand the critical oscillation parameters and the probe wetting transition.
Effect of alkyl chain length on piezochromic luminescence of iridium(iii)-based phosphors adopting 2-phenyl-1H-benzoimidazole type ligands
Authors: Han Yi , Cao Hong-Tao , Sun Hai-Zhu , Wu Yong , Shan Guo-Gang , Su Zhong-Min , Hou Xue-Gang , Liao Yi
Published: July 2014

The effect ofN-alkyl chain lengths on the mechanochromism of Ir(iii)-based phosphors is studied. Reversible switching of the emission colour is achieved by using the Ir(iii) material as a medium.
Conducting AAC Assessments With Competence
Authors: Mercurio-Standridge Angela
Published: July 2014

The process for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) assessment is complex and requires participation and input from a variety of stakeholders. This paper addresses this challenge by exploring a framework for assessment through the Dynamic Assistive Technology Evaluation (Texas Assisitve Technology Network, 2013) which guides clinicians in identifying areas of concern, gathering and analyzing relevant assessment information related to those concerns, generating solutions, conducting trials and collecting data on effectiveness of AAC systems, and formulating and documenting results.
First principles studies of proton conduction in KTaO3
Authors: Kang Sung Gu , Sholl David S.
Published: July 2014

KTaO3 (KTO) is a useful prototypical perovskite for examining the mechanisms of proton transport in perovskites. Previously, Gomez et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 126, 194701 (2007)] reported density functional theory (DFT) calculations describing proton hopping in defect-free KTO. We use DFT calculations to extend that work in two directions, namely, understanding isotope effects in low and high temperature proton transport and the role of native point defects in KTO. At cryogenic temperatures, quantum tunneling plays a vital role in the net hopping of protons in KTO. At the elevated temperature characteristic of applications involving proton-conducting perovskites, tunneling is negligible but zero point energy effects still lead to non-negligible isotope effects for H+, D+, and T+. We also use DFT to characterize the populations of relevant point defects in KTO as a function of experimental conditions, and to examine the migration of protons that are close in proximity to these defects. This information gives useful insight into the overall transport rates of protons through KTO under a variety of external environments. We also assess the overall diffusivity of protons in KTO at various ranges of oxygen vacancy concentrations by performing kinetic Monte Carlo simulations.
Development of internal magnetic probe for current density profile measurement in Versatile Experiment Spherical Torus
Authors: Yang J. , Lee J. W. , Jung B. K. , Chung K. J. , Hwang Y. S.
Published: July 2014

An internal magnetic probe using Hall sensors to measure a current density profile directly with perturbation of less than 10% to the plasma current is successfully operated for the first time in Versatile Experiment Spherical Torus (VEST). An appropriate Hall sensor is chosen to produce sufficient signals for VEST magnetic field while maintaining the small size of 10 mm in outer diameter. Temperature around the Hall sensor in a typical VEST plasma is regulated by blown air of 2 bars. First measurement of 60 kA VEST ohmic discharge shows a reasonable agreement with the total plasma current measured by Rogowski coil in VEST.
Dispersion interferometer using modulation amplitudes on LHD (invited)
Authors: Akiyama T. , Yasuhara R. , Kawahata K. , Okajima S. , Nakayama K.
Published: July 2014

Since a dispersion interferometer is insensitive to mechanical vibrations, a vibration compensation system is not necessary. The CO2 laser dispersion interferometer with phase modulations on the Large Helical Device utilizes the new phase extraction method which uses modulation amplitudes and can improve a disadvantage of the original dispersion interferometer: measurement errors caused by variations of detected intensities. The phase variation within ±2 × 1017 m−3 is obtained without vibration compensation system. The measured line averaged electron density with the dispersion interferometer shows good agreement with that with the existing far infrared laser interferometer. Fringe jump errors in high density ranging up to 1.5 × 1020 m−3 can be overcome by a sufficient sampling rate of about 100 kHz.
Derivative couplings between TDDFT excited states obtained by direct differentiation in the Tamm-Dancoff approximation
Authors: Ou Qi , Fatehi Shervin , Alguire Ethan , Shao Yihan , Subotnik Joseph E.
Published: July 2014

Working within the Tamm-Dancoff approximation, we calculate the derivative couplings between time-dependent density-functional theory excited states by assuming that the Kohn-Sham superposition of singly excited determinants represents a true electronic wavefunction. All Pulay terms are included in our derivative coupling expression. The reasonability of our approach can be established by noting that, for closely separated electronic states in the infinite basis limit, our final expression agrees exactly with the Chernyak-Mukamel expression (with transition densities from response theory). Finally, we also validate our approach empirically by analyzing the behavior of the derivative couplings around the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\textrm {T}_{1}$\end{document}T1/\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\textrm {T}_{2}$\end{document}T2 conical intersection of benzaldehyde.
Erratum: “Liquid-crystal mediated nanoparticle interactions and gel formation” [J. Chem. Phys. 138, 194903 (2013)]
Authors: Whitmer Jonathan K. , Joshi Abhijeet A. , Roberts Tyler F. , de Pablo Juan J.
Published: July 2014

Our manuscript contained several typographical errors within equations, and two within the Discussion section. This document serves to correct these issues so that our simulation conditions may be identically replicated by all readers.
Utilization of chirped laser pulses to measure stimulated Raman scattering of organic liquids in the terahertz regime
Authors: Funkner Stefan , Saito Katsuya , Niehues Gudrun , Yazawa Yoshiki , Furuya Takashi , Yamamoto Kohji , Tani Masahiko
Published: July 2014

With the present paper, we demonstrate an experimental setup connecting two highly innovative fields of research: stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) spectroscopy and terahertz (THz) spectroscopy of liquids. For this purpose, we use the spectral focusing method allowing us to excite and measure molecular vibrations by chirped laser pulses. With our experimental setup, we apply this method to the THz regime in order to detect the frequency dependence of SRS processes in organic liquids. More specifically, we focus two chirped laser pulses onto the sample to drive molecular vibrations at THz frequencies. Thereby, the time delay between the laser pulses is directly related to the driving frequency. Due to SRS process, an energy transfer between the two laser pulses is established. By detecting the corresponding energy change of only one of the two laser pulses, we are able to observe inverse Raman scattering and stimulated Raman gain scattering as well as the transition between both processes at zero delay time. The peak positions and the line shapes of the measured spectra agree well with literature data obtained by spontaneous Raman scattering spectroscopy and optical heterodyne detection optical Kerr effect spectroscopy. With the present setup, we are able to excite and detect molecular vibrations ranging over two orders of magnitude from 10 THz to ultra-low frequencies at 100 GHz.
Generation of spin-polarized currents via cross-relaxation with dynamically pumped paramagnetic impurities
Authors: Meriles Carlos A. , Doherty Marcus W.
Published: July 2014

Key to future spintronics and spin-based information processing technologies is the generation, manipulation, and detection of spin polarization in a solid state platform. Here, we theoretically explore an alternative route to spin injection via the use of dynamically polarized nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. We focus on the geometry where carriers and NV centers are confined to proximate, parallel layers and use a “trap-and-release” model to calculate the spin cross-relaxation probabilities between the charge carriers and neighboring NV centers. We identify near-unity regimes of carrier polarization depending on the NV spin state, applied magnetic field, and carrier g-factor. In particular, we find that unlike holes, electron spins are distinctively robust against spin-lattice relaxation by other, unpolarized paramagnetic centers. Further, the polarization process is only weakly dependent on the carrier hopping dynamics, which makes this approach potentially applicable over a broad range of temperatures.
Three-dimensional magnetic optimization of accelerator magnets using an analytic strip model
Authors: Rochepault Etienne , Aubert Guy , Vedrine Pierre
Published: July 2014

The end design is a critical step in the design of superconducting accelerator magnets. First, the strain energy of the conductors must be minimized, which can be achieved using differential geometry. The end design also requires an optimization of the magnetic field homogeneity. A mechanical and magnetic model for the conductors, using developable strips, is described in this paper. This model can be applied to superconducting Rutherford cables, and it is particularly suitable for High Temperature Superconducting tapes. The great advantage of this approach is analytic simplifications in the field computation, allowing for very fast and accurate computations, which save a considerable computational time during the optimization process. Some 3D designs for dipoles are finally proposed, and it is shown that the harmonic integrals can be easily optimized using this model.
Ultrafast transient reflectance of epitaxial semiconducting perovskite thin films
Authors: Smolin S. Y. , Scafetta M. D. , Guglietta G. W. , Baxter J. B. , May S. J.
Published: July 2014

Ultrafast pump-probe transient reflectance (TR) spectroscopy was used to study carrier dynamics in an epitaxial perovskite oxide thin film of LaFeO3 (LFO) with a thickness of 40 unit cells (16 nm) grown by molecular beam epitaxy on (LaAlO3)0.3(Sr2AlTaO6)0.7 (LSAT). TR spectroscopy shows two negative transients in reflectance with local maxima at ∼2.5 eV and ∼3.5 eV which correspond to two optical transitions in LFO as determined by ellipsometry. The kinetics at these transients were best fit with an exponential decay model with fast (5–40 ps), medium (∼200 ps), and slow (∼ 3 ns) components that we attribute mainly to recombination of photoexcited carriers. Moreover, these reflectance transients did not completely decay within the observable time window, indicating that ∼10% of photoexcited carriers exist for at least 3 ns. This work illustrates that TR spectroscopy can be performed on thin (<20 nm) epitaxial oxide films to provide a quantitative understanding of recombination lifetimes, which are important parameters for the potential utilization of perovskite films in photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications.
Fermi level pinning in Fe-doped PbTe under pressure
Authors: Skipetrov E. P. , Kruleveckaya O. V. , Skipetrova L. A. , Slynko E. I. , Slynko V. E.
Published: July 2014

We synthesize an iron-doped PbTe single-crystal ingot and investigate the phase and the elemental composition as well as galvanomagnetic properties in weak magnetic fields (4.2 K≤T≤300 K, B ≤ 0.07 T) of Pb1−yFeyTe alloys upon varying the iron content, at atmospheric pressure and under hydrostatic compression up to 10 kilobars. We find an increase of iron concentration along the length of the ingot and the appearance of microscopic inclusions enriched with iron in the heavily doped samples. Lightly doped alloys are characterized by the p-type metal conductivity. An increase of the iron impurity content leads to a decrease in the free hole concentration, a stabilization of galvanomagnetic parameters, indicating the pinning of the Fermi energy by the iron resonant impurity level lying under the bottom of the valence band, and to the p-n inversion of the conductivity type. Under pressure, the free hole concentration in the sample, in which the stabilization of galvanomagnetic parameters takes place, increases by approximately a factor of four due to the flow of electrons from the valence band to the iron-induced resonant level. Using the two-band Kane and the six-band Dimmock dispersion relations, the pressure dependence of the Fermi energy is calculated. The model of the electronic structure rearrangement of Pb1−yFeyTe under pressure is proposed. The energy position and the pressure coefficient of the resonant iron impurity level are determined.
Multiple-shocks induced nanocrystallization in iron
Authors: Matsuda Tomoki , Sano Tomokazu , Arakawa Kazuto , Hirose Akio
Published: July 2014

We found that multiple shots of femtosecond laser-driven shock pulses changed coarse crystalline iron grains with a size of 140 μm into nanocrystals with a high density of dislocations, which had never been observed in conventional shock processes. We performed metallurgical microstructure observations using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and hardness measurements using nanoindentation on cross-sections of shocked iron. TEM images showed that grains with sizes from 10 nm through 1 μm exist within 2 μm of the surface, where the dislocation density reached 2 × 1015 m−2. Results of the hardness measurements showed a significant increase in hardness in the nanocrystallized region. We suggest that the formation of a high density of dislocations, which is produced by a single shock, induces local three-dimensional pile-up by the multiple-shocks, which causes grain refinement at the nanoscale.
Pre-determining the location of electromigrated gaps by nonlinear optical imaging
Authors: Mennemanteuil M.-M. , Dellinger J. , Buret M. , Colas des Francs G. , Bouhelier A.
Published: July 2014

In this paper we describe a nonlinear imaging method employed to spatially map the occurrence of constrictions occurring on an electrically stressed gold nanowire. The approach consists at measuring the influence of a tightly focused ultrafast pulsed laser on the electronic transport in the nanowire. We found that structural defects distributed along the nanowire are efficient nonlinear optical sources of radiation and that the differential conductance is significantly decreased when the laser is incident on such electrically induced morphological changes. This imaging technique is applied to pre-determine the location of the electrical failure before it occurs.
Low-density lipoprotein receptor affects the fertility of female mice
Authors: Guo Tao , Zhang Liang , Cheng Dong , Liu Tao , An Liguo , Li Wei-Ping , Zhang Cong
Published: July 2014

Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) has been demonstrated to play a central role in lipoprotein metabolism, with Ldlr-deficient (Ldlr–/–) mice developing severe dyslipidemia. In the present study we investigated whether Ldlr knockout could harm female reproduction and explored the mechanisms involved. The results indicate that although the number of litters born to Ldlr–/– mice did not differ significantly from that born to controls, the number of pups per litter was significantly lower in the former group. Interestingly, although Ldlr–/– mice were obese, the weight of their ovaries was lower than that in control mice. Serum cholesterol levels was significantly higher in Ldlr–/– mice than in their wild-type counterparts. In contrast, there were significant decreases in cholesterol, triglyceride and total lipid levels in ovaries of Ldlr–/– mice. Both ovarian lipid deposition, as detected by Oil red O staining, and lipid droplets, as evaluated by transmission electron microscopy, supported decreased lipid levels in ovaries from Ldlr–/– mice. In addition, Ldlr–/– mice had fewer ovarian follicles, more atretic follicles, lower oestrogen levels and spent significantly less time in oestrus than did the controls. Superovulation assays indicated immature Ldlr–/– mice ovulated fewer ova than controls. These results indicate that lack of Ldlr results in dyslipidaemia and poor fertility.
Oocytes recovered after ovarian tissue slow freezing have impaired H2AX phosphorylation and functional competence
Authors: Sudhakaran Sam , Uppangala Shubhashree , Salian Sujith Raj , Honguntikar Sachin D. , Nair Ramya , Kalthur Guruprasad , Adiga Satish Kumar
Published: July 2014

It has been shown that oocytes isolated from ovarian tissue cryopreservation acquire DNA damage during the process of freeze–thawing. Using a mouse model, here we have investigated the functional competence and phosphorylation of H2AX (γ-H2AX) in germinal vesicle (GV) and parthenogenetically activated oocytes derived from conventional ovarian tissue slow freezing and vitrification techniques. The number of GV-stage oocytes with γ-H2AX foci was not significantly different between the slow-freezing and vitrification groups. Although the in vitro maturation (IVM) potential of GV oocytes in the slow-freezing group showed a significant delay (P < 0.0001) in the process of germinal vesicle breakdown, no difference in the maturation rate was observed between the two protocols. Nevertheless, parthenogenetic activation of IVM oocytes using strontium chloride showed a significantly lower activation rate in the slow-freezing group compared with the vitrification (P < 0.05) and control (P < 0.01) groups. Importantly, H2AX phosphorylation was significantly perturbed in the slow-freezing group in comparison to the control (P < 0.05). Therefore, we conclude that impaired sensing of DNA strand breaks and repair processes are associated with the reduced functional competence of the oocytes recovered from the slow-freezing group, which may have a significant impact on the reproductive outcome.
Low level of basal testosterone: a significant risk factor for poor oocyte yield after ovulation induction
Authors: Guo Jing , Zhang Qingxue , Li Yu , Wang Wenjun , Yang Dongzi
Published: July 2014

The objective of this study was to further investigate the association of low androgen levels and poor ovarian response or negative pregnancy outcome in in vitro fertilisation treatment using a retrospective cohort study. Chinese women (n = 1950) of relatively young age, with normal range of basal FSH and antral follicle count undergoing an in vitro fertilisation cycle were selected and testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels were measured on Day 3 of the menstrual cycle before subsequent in vitro fertilisation treatment. The main outcome measures of the study were ovarian stimulation parameters and clinical pregnancy. Basal testosterone levels of poor responders and non-pregnant women were significantly lower than normal responders and pregnant women, respectively. Patients with low basal testosterone levels had significantly lower number of mature oocytes, cleavage-stage embryos, frozen embryos, lower fertilisation and pregnancy rates and required higher doses of gonadotrophins. Androgen levels had no correlation with early spontaneous abortion rates. Multivariable logistic analysis revealed that low basal testosterone (<0.88 nmol L–1) was an independent risk factor for poor oocyte yield (odds ratio: 1.61; 95% confidence interval: 1.01–2.57; P = 0.045). In conclusion, a low level of basal testosterone was a significant risk factor for poor oocyte yield after ovarian stimulation and might negatively influence pregnancy chances with in vitro fertilisation. Basal dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels were not predictive for poor ovarian response or negative pregnancy outcome in this population.
Complexity in models of cultural niche construction with selection and homophily
Authors: Creanza Nicole , Feldman Marcus W.
Published: July 2014

Niche construction is the process by which organisms can alter the ecological environment for themselves, their descendants, and other species. As a result of niche construction, differences in selection pressures may be inherited across generations. Homophily, the tendency of like phenotypes to mate or preferentially associate, influences the evolutionary dynamics of these systems. Here we develop a model that includes selection and homophily as independent culturally transmitted traits that influence the fitness and mate choice determined by another focal cultural trait. We study the joint dynamics of a focal set of beliefs, a behavior that can differentially influence the fitness of those with certain beliefs, and a preference for partnering based on similar beliefs. Cultural transmission, selection, and homophily interact to produce complex evolutionary dynamics, including oscillations, stable polymorphisms of all cultural phenotypes, and simultaneous stability of oscillation and fixation, which have not previously been observed in models of cultural evolution or gene–culture interactions. We discuss applications of this model to the interaction of beliefs and behaviors regarding education, contraception, and animal domestication.
A dual role for planar cell polarity genes in ciliated cells
Authors: Boutin Camille , Labedan Paul , Dimidschstein Jordane , Richard Fabrice , Cremer Harold , André Philipp , Yang Yingzi , Montcouquiol Mireille , Goffinet Andre M. , Tissir Fadel
Published: July 2014

Significance

Ependymal cilia are required for circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid and neurogenesis. To function properly, ependymal cilia must coordinate their beats in individual cells and across the tissue. Planar cell polarity (PCP) orients cilia in a given cell, thereby enabling their concerted beating. Here, we describe previously unidentified functions for PCP in cilia organization at the cell and tissue levels. We show that PCP is important for the correct positioning of the primary cilium in radial progenitors and motile cilia in ependymal cells and provide evidence that cilia positioning is important for function. We also describe cytoskeletal changes during ependymal differentiation and shed light on mechanisms by which polarity is acquired by radial progenitors and passed on to ependymal cells.
Contrasted coevolutionary dynamics between a bacterial pathogen and its bacteriophages
Authors: Betts Alex , Kaltz Oliver , Hochberg Michael E.
Published: July 2014

Significance

Scientists have long debated the dynamic form of perpetual reciprocal adaptations, or coevolution, between hosts and their parasites. The two main types of antagonistic coevolution described to date are arms race dynamics, in which interaction traits escalate through time, and fluctuating selection dynamics, in which traits cycle through time. We used experimental evolution between
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and a panel of its lytic phages and found the full known range of coevolutionary dynamics. We argue that the coevolutionary pattern is determined by whether phages typically adsorb directly to receptors on the bacterial outer membrane or instead use retractable type IV pili as a primary or alternative site. Our results have applications in the use of phages as therapeutics or disinfectants to control bacterial pathogens.
The SUN protein UNC-84 is required only in force-bearing cells to maintain nuclear envelope architecture
Authors: Cain Natalie E. , Tapley Erin C. , McDonald Kent L. , Cain Benjamin M. , Starr Daniel A.
Published: July 2014

The nuclear envelope (NE) consists of two evenly spaced bilayers, the inner and outer nuclear membranes. The Sad1p and UNC-84 (SUN) proteins and Klarsicht, ANC-1, and Syne homology (KASH) proteins that interact to form LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complexes connecting the nucleoskeleton to the cytoskeleton have been implicated in maintaining NE spacing. Surprisingly, the NE morphology of most Caenorhabditis elegans nuclei was normal in the absence of functional SUN proteins. Distortions of the perinuclear space observed in unc-84 mutant muscle nuclei resembled those previously observed in HeLa cells, suggesting that SUN proteins are required to maintain NE architecture in cells under high mechanical strain. The UNC-84 protein with large deletions in its luminal domain was able to form functional NE bridges but had no observable effect on NE architecture. Therefore, SUN-KASH bridges are only required to maintain NE spacing in cells subjected to increased mechanical forces. Furthermore, SUN proteins do not dictate the width of the NE.
CX3CR1+ mononuclear phagocytes support colitis-associated innate lymphoid cell production of IL-22
Authors: Longman Randy S. , Diehl Gretchen E. , Victorio Daniel A. , Huh Jun R. , Galan Carolina , Miraldi Emily R. , Swaminath Arun , Bonneau Richard , Scherl Ellen J. , Littman Dan R.
Published: July 2014

Interleukin (IL)-22–producing group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) promote mucosal healing and maintain barrier integrity, but how microbial signals are integrated to regulate mucosal protection offered by these cells remains unclear. Here, we show that in vivo depletion of CX3CR1+ mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) resulted in more severe colitis and death after infection with Citrobacter rodentium. This phenotype was rescued by exogenous IL-22, which was endogenously produced by ILC3 in close spatial proximity to CX3CR1+ MNPs that were dependent on MyD88 signaling. CX3CR1+ MNPs from both mouse and human tissue produced more IL-23 and IL-1β than conventional CD103+ dendritic cells (cDCs) and were more efficient than cDCs in supporting IL-22 production in ILC3 in vitro and in vivo. Further, colonic ILC3 from patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease had increased IL-22 production. IBD-associated SNP gene set analysis revealed enrichment for genes selectively expressed in human intestinal MNPs. The product of one of these, TL1A, potently enhanced IL-23– and IL-1β-induced production of IL-22 and GM-CSF by ILC3. Collectively, these results reveal a critical role for CX3CR1+ mononuclear phagocytes in integrating microbial signals to regulate colonic ILC3 function in IBD.
Ionic interactions of Ba2+ blockades in the MthK K+ channel
Authors: Guo Rui , Zeng Weizhong , Cui Hengjun , Chen Liping , Ye Sheng
Published: July 2014

The movement and interaction of multiple ions passing through in single file underlie various fundamental K+ channel properties, from the effective conduction of K+ ions to channel blockade by Ba2+ ions. In this study, we used single-channel electrophysiology and x-ray crystallography to probe the interactions of Ba2+ with permeant ions within the ion conduction pathway of the MthK K+ channel. We found that, as typical of K+ channels, the MthK channel was blocked by Ba2+ at the internal side, and the Ba2+-blocking effect was enhanced by external K+. We also obtained crystal structures of the MthK K+ channel pore in both Ba2+–Na+ and Ba2+–K+ environments. In the Ba2+–Na+ environment, we found that a single Ba2+ ion remained bound in the selectivity filter, preferably at site 2, whereas in the Ba2+–K+ environment, Ba2+ ions were predominantly distributed between sites 3 and 4. These ionic configurations are remarkably consistent with the functional studies and identify a molecular basis for Ba2+ blockade of K+ channels.
‘Outside Broadcast’: Looking Backwards and Forwards, Live Theatre in the Cinema—NT Live and RSC Live
Authors: Wardle Janice
Published: July 2014

This paper explores the fairly recent phenomena of the live broadcasting of canonical theatrical and literary texts in cinema venues. It investigates how these productions are dependent on innovative technology and also utilise conventions and tropes from the earliest outside broadcasts. The paper considers ideas of place-shifting, necessitated by the productions existence in one time and two places, and considers how the performances are positioned as both ground-breaking and nostalgic. It is argued that the productions construct notions of ‘liveness’ and shape their own ‘communities of perception’, which help negotiate the theatrical and filmic blend of the productions. The paper considers how such broadcasts challenge the notion of ‘live theatre’ versus ‘film’ which has become a staple of adaptation criticism.
Asian Foxtail (Uraria crinita), a New Host for Sclerotium rolfsii from Taiwan
Authors: Shen Y. M. , Chao C. H. , Liu H. L.
Published: July 2014

Asian foxtail (Uraria crinita (L.) Desv. ex DC.) is an herb cultivated for the use of roots and stems in Taiwanese cuisine. In September 2013, symptoms of leaf blight and basal rot were observed on U. crinita in a commercial field in Longjing District, Taichung, Taiwan, at an incidence of approximately 20%. White mycelia and brown sclerotia formed on the surfaces of the basal stems. The infected plant gradually wilted and eventually died. Diseased lower stem tissues were surface sterilized in 0.6% NaOCl, rinsed with sterile distilled water, and transferred to potato dextrose agar plates. The cultures were incubated at 25°C in the dark. The radial mycelial growth was 9.0 mm/day during the first 4 days, and the diameter of mature sclerotia was 1.76 mm following 3 weeks of incubation. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of the isolate was amplified by PCR using the primers ITS5 and ITS4 (2). The amplicon was cloned, sequenced, and deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KJ677121). The sequence similarity was 99% compared with that of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. from Spain (GU080230) (1). Based on the characteristics, the fungus was identified as S. rolfsii. The fungal isolate (BCRC FU30230) was deposited in the Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on six 2-month-old potted U. crinita plants in a greenhouse. Prior to infesting the plant, fungal inoculum of S. rolfsii BCRC FU30230 was prepared by inoculating the isolate on autoclaved rice (rice/water/dextrose = 50:50:1) in a flask. After 20 days incubation at room temperature, rice colonized by S. rolfsii was placed near the base of the plants (approximately 30 g/plant) in the greenhouse. Sterile rice applied to an equal number of plants served as negative controls. All inoculated plants developed blight symptoms with mycelia and sclerotia produced near the bases of each seedling 1 week after inoculation at an average temperature of 26°C. The control plants remained healthy. The pathogen re-isolated from the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to the original isolate. The pathogenicity test was repeated by inoculated healthy plants with reduced inoculum (five granules/plant). A delay of symptom development was observed and similar results were obtained. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Sclerotium rot on U. crinita in Taiwan, and the first report on U. crinita as a host for S. rolfsii.

References: (1) E. Remesal et al. Plant Dis. 94:280, 2010. (2) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
First Report of Lettuce Chlorotic Leaf Rot Disease Caused by Phytoplasma in China
Authors: Lin J.-X. , Mou H.-Q. , Liu J.-M. , Chen J. , Ji C.-H. , Chen H.-Y.
Published: July 2014

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) as annual or biennial crop is an important vegetable in China. The lettuce variety Feiqiao, which is extensively cultivated in autumn and winter, is grown for its stem and is a characteristic species bred in Yong'an City. Since October 2005, a new disease of lettuce has been observed sporadically in the fields. Initially, chlorotic symptoms, or a faded red color, were observed on the inner leaves of the infected lettuce plants. Then, the inner leaves bleached and appeared pale, while the top leaves became straight and elongated, and stopped growing. Gummosis was observed at the base of young leaves, and the whole plant became stunted and died. The disease was named lettuce chlorotic leaf rot disease. In 2008, there was a disease outbreak in Yong'an City with an incidence of approximately 30%. In 2012, total DNA was extracted from 0.1 g of leaf tissue collected from 20 symptomatic and five asymptomatic lettuce plants using the CTAB method. A PCR analysis was performed using the phytoplasma-specific primer set R16mF2/R16mR1 (1). An approximately 1.4-kb amplicon was obtained from all 20 symptomatic plants, but no corresponding DNA fragment was amplified from the five asymptomatic plants. PCR products were cloned in Escherichia coli DH5α, using the pMD18-T vector (TaKaRa, Japan), and two isolates were sequenced. The two 1,431-bp sequences were identical (GenBank Accession No. KJ668578). A BLAST analysis revealed a 99% identity between lettuce chlorotic leaf rot phytoplasma and mulberry dwarf phytoplasma, a group 16SrI phytoplasma described by Win et al. in 2012 (3). After analyzing with iPhyclassifier, the virtual RFLP pattern derived from the 16S rDNA F2n/R2 fragment was most similar to the reference pattern of the 16Sr group I, subgroup B (NC_005303), with a pattern similarity coefficient of 0.99 (2). Additionally, the leaf veins and roots with symptoms were processed for ultrastructural examinations using transmission electron microscopy. Many typical phytoplasma-like bodies were observed in the sieve elements in the leaf veins and roots, and they were spherical to oval or dumbbell shaped and 200 to 800 nm in diameter. In agreement with these findings, seven strains of phytoplasma from 16SrI-A and 16SrI-B subgroups were reported in association with lettuce plants exhibiting various types of symptoms which were not completely consistent with those observed in China (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a phytoplasma associated with lettuce in China.

References: (1) R. E. Davis et al. Microbiol. Res. 158:229, 2003. (2) W. Wei et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57:1855, 2006. (3) N. K. K. Win et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 78:264, 2012. (4) J. Zhang et al. Phytopathology 94:842, 2004.
A second golden age of aeroacoustics?
Authors: Lele Sanjiva K. , Nichols Joseph W.
Published: July 2014

In 1992, Sir James Lighthill foresaw the dawn of a second golden age in aeroacoustics enabled by computer simulations (Hardin JC, Hussaini MY (eds) 1993Computational aeroacoustics, New York, NY: Springer (doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8342-0)). This review traces the progress in large-scale computations to resolve the noise-source processes and the methods devised to predict the far-field radiated sound using this information. Keeping focus on aviation-related noise sources a brief account of the progress in simulations of jet noise, fan noise and airframe noise is given highlighting the key technical issues and challenges. The complex geometry of nozzle elements and airframe components as well as the high Reynolds number of target applications require careful assessment of the discretization algorithms on unstructured grids and modelling compromises. High-fidelity simulations with 200–500 million points are not uncommon today and are used to improve scientific understanding of the noise generation process in specific situations. We attempt to discern where the future might take us, especially ifexascalecomputing becomes a reality in 10 years. A pressing question in this context concerns the role of modelling in the coming era. While the sheer scale of the data generated by large-scale simulations will require new methods for data analysis and data visualization, it is our view that suitable theoretical formulations and reduced models will be even more important in future.
Ultrasensitive detection of PrPSc in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood of macaques infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion
Authors: Murayama Yuichi , Masujin Kentaro , Imamura Morikazu , Ono Fumiko , Shibata Hiroaki , Tobiume Minoru , Yamamura Tomoaki , Shimozaki Noriko , Terao Keiji , Yamakawa Yoshio , Sata Tetsutaro
Published: July 2014

Prion diseases are characterized by the prominent accumulation of the misfolded form of a normal cellular protein (PrPSc) in the central nervous system. The pathological features and biochemical properties of PrPScin macaque monkeys infected with the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion have been found to be similar to those of human subjects with variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD). Non-human primate models are thus ideally suited for performing valid diagnostic tests and determining the efficacy of potential therapeutic agents. In the current study, we developed a highly efficient method forin vitroamplification of cynomolgus macaque BSE PrPSc. This method involves amplifying PrPScby protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) using mouse brain homogenate as a PrPCsubstrate in the presence of sulfated dextran compounds. This method is capable of amplifying very small amounts of PrPSccontained in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and white blood cells (WBCs), as well as in the peripheral tissues of macaques that have been intracerebrally inoculated with the BSE prion. After clinical signs of the disease appeared in three macaques, we detected PrPScin the CSF by serial PMCA, and the CSF levels of PrPSctended to increase with disease progression. In addition, PrPScwas detectable in WBCs at the clinical phases of the disease in two of the three macaques. Thus, our highly sensitive, novel method may be useful for furthering the understanding of the tissue distribution of PrPScin non-human primate models of CJD.
NS2 is dispensable for efficient assembly of hepatitis C virus-like particles in a bipartite trans-encapsidation system
Authors: Bentham Matthew J. , Marraiki Najat , McCormick Christopher J. , Rowlands David J. , Griffin Stephen
Published: July 2014

Infectious hepatitis C virus (HCV) particle production in the genotype 2a JFH-1-based cell culture system involves non-structural proteins in addition to canonical virion components. NS2 has been proposed to act as a protein adaptor, co-ordinating the early stages of virion assembly. However, other studies have identified late-acting roles for this protein, making its precise involvement in infectious particle production unclear. Using a robust, bipartite trans-encapsidation system based upon baculovirus expression of HCV structural proteins, we have generated HCV-like particles (HCV-LP) in the absence of NS2 with overt similarity to wild-type virions. HCV-LP could transduce naive cells with trans-encapsidated subgenomic replicon RNAs and shared similar biochemical and biophysical properties with JFH-1 HCV. Both genotype 1b and JFH-1 intracellular HCV-LP were produced in the absence of NS2, whereas restoring NS2 to the JFH-1 system dramatically enhanced secreted infectivity, consistent with a late-acting role. Our system recapitulated authentic HCV particle assembly via trans-complementation of bicistronic, NS2-deleted, chimeric HCV, which is otherwise deficient in particle production. This closely resembled replicon-mediated NS2 trans-complementation, confirming that baculovirus expression of HCV proteins did not unduly affect particle production. Furthermore, this suggests that separation of structural protein expression from replicating HCV RNAs that are destined to be packaged alleviates an early stage requirement for NS2 during particle formation. This highlights our current lack of understanding of how NS2 mediates assembly, yet comparison of full-length and bipartite systems may provide further insight into this process.