bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF SODIUM SULFATE AND SODIUM CARBONATE SOLUTIONS ON CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A CHERNOZEM SOIL
Authors: CAIRNS R. R. , SZABOLCS I.
Published: March 2010

Dilute solutions (0.01 N and 0.1 N) of Na2SO4 and Na2CO3 in comparison with water were allowed to penetrate columns of Chernozem Ah horizon soil, which were then subjected to the penetration of water. Although the Na2SO4 solutions penetrated the soil columns slightly more readily than the Na2CO3 solutions, at equal concentrations they were just as or more effective in dispersing the soil and blocking the subsequent entry of water. Leaching with Na2SO4 caused a downward displacement of calcium.
EVALUATING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF PINE FORESTS IN THE HINTON–EDSON AREA, ALBERTA, FROM SOIL SURVEY MAPS
Authors: DUMANSKI J. , WRIGHT J. C. , LINDSAY J. D.
Published: March 2010

Effective land use and land management policies are based ideally on data collected from land classification and land evaluation procedures. This paper describes a method employed in classifying and evaluating land for the production of lodge-pole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) in the Hinton–Edson area of Alberta. Initially, a soil survey was conducted in the area. Productivity of various collections of soils was then obtained by statistically comparing soil information derived from the soils map with forest growth information obtained from the continuous forest inventory program of North Western Pulp and Power Limited of Hinton. Results indicate that aspect has minimal effect on pine productivity except for sandy and gravelly soils. General differences in growth were related to soil parent material, climate, drainage, and physiography, and more specific differences were attributed to soil subgroup, soil series, soil reaction, and percent slope. It was realized that pine growth is a function of pedological, landform, and climatological factors, and all must be considered when evaluating productivity.
MODIFICATION TO AN AUTOMATIC LIQUID SAMPLER TO TAKE MULTIPLE SAMPLES
Authors: HERGERT G. B. , GALL J.
Published: March 2010

not available
RAPID MEASUREMENT OF PLANT-AVAILABLE ALUMINUM AND MANGANESE IN ACID CANADIAN SOILS
Authors: HOYT P. B. , WEBBER M. D.
Published: March 2010

Laboratory procedures for estimating plant-available Al and Mn in soils were compared on 33 Canadian surface soils having a pH range of 3.65 to 4.98 (measured in 0.01 M CaCl2). Barley, rapeseed and buckwheat were grown on the soils in the greenhouse, and correlation coefficients were calculated between laboratory soil measurements and the percent yields (yield unlimed × 100/yield limed) of barley, Al contents of rapeseed, and Mn contents of rapeseed and buckwheat. The quantities of soil Al soluble in 0.01 M and 0.02 M CaCl2 were highly correlated with the Al contents of rapeseed and percent yields of barley. Levels of soil Mn soluble in the same reagents were highly correlated with the Mn contents of rapeseed and buckwheat. The CaCl2-soluble Al was better correlated with the crop data than was exchangeable Al (2 N NaCl). The CaCl2-soluble Mn was better correlated with the crop data than was 0.1 N H3PO4-soluble, H2O-soluble, reducible or exchangeable Mn. The following method is recommended for determining plant-available Al and Mn in acid soils: Shake the soil at a 1:2 (w/v) ratio with 0.01 M CaCl2 for 5 min and measure Al and Mn in the supernatant solution by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
A BISEQUAL, PERIGLACIAL SECTION IN THE MIRAMICHI VALLEY, EASTERN CANADA
Authors: CRAMPTON C. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
SOIL SAMPLING AND SOIL UNIFORMITY FOR N, P AND K IN A SMALL PLOT AREA
Authors: BRIGGS K. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER AND AVAILABLE MOISTURE ON THE YIELD AND N AND P CONTENT OF WHEAT AND ON SOIL NUTRIENTS
Authors: HINMAN W. C.
Published: March 2010

Thatcher wheat was grown in tank-type lysimeters over a 7-yr period to determine the effect of fertilizer, two levels of available water and two cropping systems on the yield and nutrient content of grain and on some soil nutrients. Fertilizer did not change the yield of grain materially under natural rainfall. Added water only increased the yield by one-half and three-quarters of continuous wheat and fallow, respectively. Fertilizer with added water nearly doubled the yield of continuous wheat and increased by one-third the yield from the wheat-fallow rotation. The P content of the grain was not affected by fertilization, but was higher in the treatments to which additional water was applied than in those receiving natural rainfall only. It was also higher in continuous wheat than in fallow wheat. There was an interaction between the N and P uptake ratio and the N content of the grain. Fertilizer or additional water or both increased or decreased the N content, depending upon which way the N or P balance was shifted. Surplus available N not utilized by the crop grown with natural rainfall accumulated as nitrates at lower soil depths, particularly under the wheat-fallow system. All the NO3-N produced where supplemental water or water and fertilizer were applied was utilized and none accumulated. The organic N content of the surface soil increased along with a reduced loss in organic C where water and fertilizer were applied, as compared to the other treatments. Fertilizer application resulted in a sharp increase in NaHCO3 soluble P, particularly following the supplemental water plus fertilizer treatments where an excess of P was supplied with the fertilizer over that removed by the crop. There was an increased demand on soil P where water only was applied, and the soluble P content was appreciably reduced.
AVAILABILITY OF CU, ZN, AND MN AS INFLUENCED BY APPLICATION OF CU-POLYFLAVONOID
Authors: DOLAR S. G. , KEENEY D. R.
Published: March 2010

Copper, in the form of Cu-polyflavonoid, was applied at 50 or 100 ppm to surface samples of nine Wisconsin soils varying from 0.8 to 12.5% organic matter. The effects on yield and on plant uptake of Cu, Zn and Mn were evaluated using oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Lodi). Complexed Cu additions increased extractable Cu, had little effect on extractable Zn, but also increased extractable Mn. Complexed Cu decreased plant uptake of Zn, but increased uptake of Mn. Interactive effects of organic matter, clay, available phosphorus and Zn appeared to occur with respect to plant yield and Cu, Zn, and Mn uptake.
IMPORTANCE OF SOIL IN THE ABSORPTION OF OZONE BY A CROP
Authors: MACDOWALL F. D. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
COMPARISON OF SEVERAL METHODS FOR EXTRACTING ORGANIC MATTER FROM CHERNOZEMIC AND TRANSFORMED CHERNOZEMIC Ah HORIZONS
Authors: DORMAAR J. F.
Published: March 2010

not available
THE EFFECTS OF AMMONIUM NITRATE AND UREA ON THE RELEASE OF NON-EXCHANGEABLE POTASSIUM BY EIGHT EASTERN PRAIRIE SOILS DURING CONTINUOUS CROPPING IN THE GREENHOUSE
Authors: BAILEY L. D.
Published: March 2010

Continuous cropping of eight Manitoba soils to alfalfa in the greenhouse decreased the exchangeable potassium of the soils to low equilibrium levels. Non-exchangeable potassium was removed from the soils by the alfalfa. The rate of decrease of exchangeable potassium and the quantity of non-exchangeable potassium mobilized was significantly influenced by the addition of ammonium nitrate or urea to the soils. However, there were no significant differences between the soils treated with ammonium nitrate and those treated with urea. There was considerable variation among soils in the rate of decrease of exchangeable potassium and the quantity of non-exchangeable potassium mobilized. The total yield of soil potassium was related to the initial exchangeable potassium levels of the soils. Addition of NH4NO3 increased the percentage of total N in the plant material harvested prior to the eighth harvest. After this eighth harvest the added nitrogen had no effect on the nitrogen content of the harvested material. In general, fine-textured soils yielded more plant material and total potassium, and maintained a higher level of exchangeable potassium than coarse-textured soils.
RESPONSE OF REED CANARY GRASS GROWN ON TEN BRITISH COLUMBIA ORGANIC SOILS TO N, P, K AND LIME
Authors: RYSWYK A. L. van , PRINGLE W. L. , NEUFELD J. H.
Published: March 2010

Samples of 10 Organic soils, 1 with a humic surface layer and 9 with mesic surface layers, but representing a wide range of Humisol and Mesisol soil profiles, all of the euic reaction class, were collected for growth room fertilizer trials and subsampled for chemical analyses. Reed canary grass responded markedly to N, P and K applications on all soils, but to lime only on the humic surface layer which had the lowest extractable-Ca value. Soil-nutrient sufficiencies based on dry matter yields ranged between 6 and 44% for N, between 4 and 24% for P, and between 10 and 17% for K. Sufficiencies based on nutrient uptake ranged between 4 and 31% for N, between 1 and 13% for P, and between 3 and 21% for K. Correlations between N response measurements and degree of soil decomposition, as measured by bulk density, Na4P2O7-extractable organic matter, and water holding capacity, gave the highest significant [Formula: see text] values which averaged 0.86, 0.82 and −0.63, respectively. Linear regression equations show an increasing dependence of dry matter yield on soil bulk density with successive cuts for the treatment that received only P and K fertilizer. Bulk density would therefore be a good indicator for N requirement of Organic soils. Rubbed fibre (volume basis) was also negatively correlated with N response measurements (r = 0.77, [Formula: see text]) when the data for the humic surface layer were omitted and when all cuts were considered. Irreversibly dried granules in this layer adversely affected fibre determinations. Extractable P and K values were correlated positively, though not all were significant, with certain yield response measurements. Since reed canary grass grown on all soils responded to applications of P and K, the extractable P and K values were considered to be in the deficiency range and would serve as a basis for evaluating field situations.
MERCURY IN PLANTS AND RETENTION OF MERCURY BY SOILS IN RELATION TO PROPERTIES AND ADDED SULFUR
Authors: MACLEAN A. J.
Published: March 2010

Lettuce grown in a pot test using the surface soil layer of three golf course sites contaminated with mercurial fungicides contained up to 317 ng Hg/g as compared with no more than 36 ng Hg in plants grown in corresponding deeper soil layers containing much less Hg. In another experiment with 10 crop species, addition of phenylmercuric acetate to a loam soil at the rate of 5,000 ng Hg/g increased the Hg content of several of the species slightly over that found in the controls. The highest amount found was about 440 ng Hg/g in soybean vines and potato tops. The concentration tended to be lower in the edible portion (fruit, grain or roots) than in the remainder of the plants. In an incubation experiment where phenylmercuric acetate was added to seven soils and two clay-sand mixtures at the rate of 5,000 ng Hg/g, the retention of added Hg against volatilization varied from 41% in a sandy subsoil to 97% in a peat. Addition of flowers of sulfur was effective in preventing volatilization of Hg from the soils, but not from the clay-sand mixtures. Subsequent equilibration of the Hg-treated samples in 0.01 M CaCl2 removed only a minimal amount of Hg from one soil, but removed appreciable amounts from the clay–sand mixtures.
EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMUS WITH REFERENCE TO CLAY-ASSOCIATED HUMUS
Authors: ANDERSON D. W. , PAUL E. A. , ST. ARNAUD R. J.
Published: March 2010

An extraction-fractionation method was developed with which it is possible to isolate 60–67% of the humus of Chernozemic and Luvisolic soils. Two humic acid fractions were obtained: (1) a conventional alkali-pyrophosphate extractable HA-A; (2) a clay-associated HA-B fraction isolated after ultrasonic dispersion, in water, of the residue of the alkali-pyrophosphate extraction. As compared to the HA-A, the HA-B fractions had lower C contents but greater N contents, narrower C:H ratios, higher molecular weights, and less resistance to hydrolysis in 6 N HCl. It was concluded that the HA-B is a weakly humified, potentially labile humic constituent stabilized by adsorption to clay. Spectral measurements on low-ash (< 2%) humic acids showed a positive correlation between extinction coefficient at 280 nm (E280) and C:H ratio, and negative correlations between E280 and percent of hydrolyzable C and N. The E4:E6 ratio was related to molecular weight, as determined by agar gel filtration, increasing with decrease in molecular weight.
BORON STATUS OF RUTABAGAS AND COLE CROPS IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: GUPTA U. C. , CUTCLIFFE J. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF SOIL PROPERTIES AND AMENDMENTS ON THE AVAILABILITY OF ZINC IN SOILS
Authors: MACLEAN A. J.
Published: March 2010

In a soil incubation experiment with different rates of Zn, the amounts of Zn extracted with 0.005 M DTPA, 1 M MgCl2, and 0.01 M CaCl2 increased with an increase in the organic matter content of a neutral sandy loam soil and with alfalfa added as an organic amendment. Addition of muck and peat increased the amount of Zn exchanged with 1 M MgCl2 but decreased the amount soluble in 0.01 M CaCl2, whereas addition of clay increased the amount of exchangeable Zn but decreased the amounts in the DTPA and 0.01 M CaCl2 extracts. Liming of an acid sandy loam soil (pH 4.9) to about the neutral point reduced the amounts of extractable Zn markedly. A pretreatment of the soils with phosphate almost invariably increased the amounts of extractable Zn. In a corresponding pot experiment, the highest rate of Zn (250 ppm) reduced the yield of corn slightly, prevented the growth of lettuce, and reduced the yield of alfalfa markedly when these crops were grown successively in the acid soil. The concentration of Zn reached levels of 792 ppm in the corn and 702 ppm in the alfalfa. Addition of 50 ppm Zn to the acid soil restricted the growth of lettuce and increased the concentration of Zn to 523 ppm. Despite discrepancies, the concentrations of Zn in the plants as influenced by soil organic matter, organic amendments and liming were usually in accord with the amounts of Zn extracted from the soils. But the P pretreatment tended to decrease the concentration of Zn in corn and lettuce. The mean weight concentrations of Zn in the three species were correlated significantly with the amounts of Zn extracted with 0.005 M DTPA (r = +0.73), 1 M MgCl2 (r = +0.93) and 0.01 M CaCl2 (r = +0.90).
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON CHANGES IN THE NITROGENOUS CONSTITUENTS OF MIXED FOREST LITTERS DURING DECOMPOSITION AFTER INOCULATION WITH VARIOUS MICROBIAL CULTURES
Authors: SOWDEN F. J. , IVARSON K. C.
Published: March 2010

A study was made of the effects of temperature and different microorganisms, or mixtures of microorganisms, on the changes in the nitrogenous constituents of mixed forest litters (mixed pine, oak, maple) during decomposition periods of up to 4 yr at 1, 4, 10, and 27 C. The percentage of total-N in the decomposing materials increased with time, the increase being related to loss in weight of sample. The percentage of amino-N/total-N was higher with the soil-extract-treated leaf mixture than with the fungi-inoculated material; it increased to a maximum at some intermediate period, then decreased, and was highest with the 930 day 27 C material. Most of the individual amino acids increased in amount up to 930 days; then decreased, the amounts being, in general, higher with higher temperatures. Much of this increase was related to loss in weight of sample, but there appeared to be some net synthesis of amino acid. Lysine and, to a lesser extent, histidine were exceptions to this generalization. The amounts of hexosamines increased with decomposition: with the soil-extract-treated materials the increase of galactosamine was relatively greater than that of glucosamine, but little or no galactosamine was found in any of the fungi-inoculated materials. The amino acid ratios, i.e., the proportion of one relative to another, did not change in any consistent fashion, except for lysine. With the fungi-inoculated material, autoclaving reduced the amount of lysine to less than one-half and a ninhydrin-reacting material appeared before arginine on the amino acid chromatograms; its amount was not changed during decomposition. It may be similar to lysine derivatives found in acid hydrolyzates of heated milk.
METAL-FULVIC ACID CHELATION EQUILIBRIUM IN AQUEOUS NaNO3 SOLUTION. Hg(II), Cd(II), AND Cu(II) FULVATE COMPLEXES
Authors: CHEAM VENGHUOT , GAMBLE DONALD S.
Published: March 2010

Conditional stability constants of some metal fulvate complexes have been determined at 25 C using specific ion electrodes. In aqueous 0.1 M NaNO3, solution, the log K values are: 4.86 and 5.08 at pH 3 and 4 for mercury complexes; 3.04 and 3.64 at pH 4.9 and 5.95 for cadmium complexes; and 3.22, 3.72, and 4.35 at pH 3, 4, and 5 for copper complexes. In 0.04 M NaNO3 solution, the log K value for mercury–fulvic acid system is 5.12 at pH 3.1. The order of metal affinity toward fulvic acid Hg > Cu > Cd is in general agreement with the literature for complexing of these metals with similar type donors.
RESIDUES OF PICLORAM IN SOIL AND THEIR EFFECTS ON CROPS
Authors: RAGAB M. T. H.
Published: March 2010

When 4.48 kg/ha (2 ppm) of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) as the potassium salt (Tordon 22K) was incorporated with soil to a depth of 15 cm; 1.86, 1.78, 1.32, 0.70, 0.28, 0.12 and 0.02 ppm were detected at 18, 63, 145, 337, 504, 690 and 843 days after application, respectively. Growth of carrots (Daucus carota L. cv. Nates), parsnips (Pastinaca sativa L. cv. Hollow crown), potatoes (Solanum tubersum L.), table beets (Beta vulgaris L. cv. Detroit dark red), and rutabagas (napobrassica, Mill. cv. Laurentian) was inhibited when these crops were planted in the greenhouse in soil containing 1.32 ppm picloram which was collected 145 days after application. The year after application when soil sampled about 1 mo before planting contained 0.70 ppm picloram, the growth of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) was reduced by about 20%, whereas beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), parsnips and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.) did not grow. Picloram residue 1,055 days after application was 2.5 ppb determined by a bioassay using bean as the indicator plant.
EFFECTS OF METHOD OF CLAY PREPARATION ON SUBSEQUENT ADSORPTION OF THE INSECTICIDE FENSULFOTHION
Authors: BOWMAN BRUCE T.
Published: March 2010

The manner in which montmorillonite and illite adsorbents were prepared for batch-type adsorption experiments determined the extent of fensulfothion (Dasanit®) adsorption. Curve-fitting techniques produced regression equations for the isotherms generated by four clay systems (Na– and Ca–montmorillonite and illite) and by the four preparation treatments per system (freeze-dried; freeze-dried, resuspended; freeze-dried, 100% RH; suspension). Only the regression equation isotherms of the Na–illite system and one treatment comparison of the Ca–illite system (freeze-dried, 100% RH vs. suspension) were not significantly different (5% level). In general, the freeze-drying process increased fensulfothion adsorption relative to that for the same clay in suspension. Conditioning freeze-dried clay with water vapor (100% RH) prior to adsorption decreased fensulfothion adsorption relative to the freeze-dried clay (dried over P2O5).
CHANGES WITH TIME IN FORM AND AVAILABILITY OF RESIDUAL FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS IN A CATENARY SEQUENCE OF CHERNOZEMIC SOILS
Authors: SADLER J. M. , STEWART J. W. B.
Published: March 2010

Granular monoammonium phosphate (500 μg P/g soil) was applied in the field to three soils of an Oxbow catena. Changes in P form during the ensuing 2½ yr were determined by total P and modified inorganic P fractionation analysis; an index of available P was obtained by NaHCO3 extraction. The original soils were very low in NH4Cl-soluble P and available P; inorganic P apparently existed as sparingly soluble minerals. After application, most of the fertilizer P remained in the Ap horizon. In the Calcareous and Orthic profiles after 2 mo, 52 and 67%, respectively, of applied P recovered as inorganic P remained in available forms, mainly as NH4Cl-P. Subsequently in the Calcareous profile, NH4Cl-P underwent conversion to NH4F-soluble forms, causing a further 70% reduction in P availability. In the Orthic profile, the only apparent change with time was a decline to 41% in P availability. Applied P transformation to H2SO4-P was minimal in both soils. In the Gleysol profile, only 31% of P in the inorganic reaction products, which consisted mainly of NH4F-P and NaOH-NaCl-P, remained as available P after 2 mo. However, no further reduction in P availability occurred with time. Results indicated that an appreciable portion of residual fertilizer P in Chernozemic soils may persist for years in readily available forms. Soil pH strongly influenced residual P form and availability.
PERSISTENCE OF CHLORFENVINPHOS IN SOIL AND ITS UPTAKE BY SOME CROPS
Authors: CHISHOLM D.
Published: March 2010

Chlorfenvinphos (diethyl 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-chlorovinyl phosphate) applied broadcast to field plots at 5.6 kg/ha a.i. (56 kg/ha Birlane 10G) 4 days prior to seeding resulted in traces of the parent compound in beets (Beta vulgaris L.), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), carrots (Daucus carota var. sativa DC.), parsnips (Pastinaca sativa L.), and rutabagas (Brassica napobrassica Mill.) at harvest. The α isomer was found in all crops except beets at ~ 0.01 ppm. The β isomer was found in all crops with carrots and parsnips containing 0.09 and 0.06 ppm, respectively. Chlorfenvinphos residue concentrations in treated soil declined ~ 73% during the 23-wk growing season following pesticide application, but trace residues were detected in the soil 4 yr after application.
EFFECTS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE AND SULPHATE ON THE GROWTH OF LETTUCE AND RADISH IN SOME ORGANIC SOILS OF SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: LIEROP WM. VAN , MACKENZIE A. F.
Published: March 2010

The effects of lime and gypsum applications were determined on lettuce yields, soil pH and extractable aluminum for 10 organic soils. No increase in yield attributable to liming was found beyond pH 4, and a significant yield depression occurred with gypsum treatments. Further, the more acid soils outyielded the less acid but denser cultivated soils. Although the limestone applications increased soil pH significantly, significant treatment–soil interaction effects were found, and were ascribed to lower soil-limestone reactivities of the denser, less acid organic soils. Consequently, soil pH change upon liming was significantly correlated with bulk density and percent ash. Maximum yields were obtained at extractable aluminum levels lower than 0.1 meq/100 g soil. Further, potentially toxic levels of extractable aluminum disappeared at the same pH as maximum attainable lettuce yields; consequently, its possible toxicity was associated with pH effects in these soils. Field experiments with radishes grown on two organic soils gave initial increases in yields. This effect was surmised to be due to increased N-mineralization, because subsequently the controls outyielded the liming treatments.
TRACE ELEMENTS IN SEWAGE SLUDGES AND METAL UPTAKE BY PLANTS GROWN ON SLUDGE-AMENDED SOIL
Authors: DUDAS M. J. , PAWLUKZ S.
Published: March 2010

not available
HEAVY METAL CONTENT OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS IN MANITOBA
Authors: MILLS J. G. , ZWARICH M. A.
Published: March 2010

The content of mercury, lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, chromium, and nickel in the agricultural soils of southern and western Manitoba was investigated. The background levels of these metals in uncontaminated soils as well as the extent of contamination from agricultural, automotive, and urban sources was determined. Heavy metal concentrations in the surface soils were found to be closely related to concentrations in the soil parent materials. Agricultural practices had no detectable effect on the heavy metal content of the soil. Some accumulation of lead was found in soils adjacent to highways and in the Winnipeg urban area. In general, there was little or no contamination of agricultural soils with mercury, cadmium, copper, zinc, chromium, or nickel.
MICROVARIATIONS IN SOIL CLIMATE UNDER TWO KINDS OF FOREST COVER
Authors: LEGER ROLAND G. , MILLETTE GERARD J. F.
Published: March 2010

Microvariations in rainfall, depth to water table, soil temperature and soil moisture over an area of 12 m2, as affected by the forest vegetation, were studied over a period of three years on two soils of the St. Lawrence Lowlands. Results of this study indicate that forest vegetation distributes the highest mean rainfall reaching the surface of the soil in those areas unsheltered by the branches of trees, and near the tips of tree branches. The lowest mean rainfall was recorded in those areas most sheltered by the tree branches. Depth to water table was related to the distribution of rainfall reaching the surface of the soil and the microrelief of the soil. A uniform soil temperature, near the soil surface, was related to the type of tree canopy, the type of leaf layer, soil texture and the moisture-holding capacity of the soil, with maximum variation occurring at 50 cm in the Ste-Sophie sand. It is suggested that factors to consider during thermocouple installation in forested areas are depth to water table and soil texture. Moreover they should be installed to at least a depth of 100 cm to characterize annual and seasonal soil climate of a selected area. Soil moisture below 30-cm soil depth did not vary significantly in either soil and could not be related to any of the characteristics of a particular soil type.
CHEMICAL AND PLANT EXTRACTABILITY OF METALS AND PLANT GROWTH ON SOILS AMENDED WITH SLUDGE
Authors: GAYNOR J. D. , HALSTEAD R. L.
Published: March 2010

The addition of sludge to a Fox sandy loam (sl), Granby sl and Rideau clay (c) soil increased soil pH, total C, NaHCO3-extractable P, cation exchange capacity and exchangeable Ca. Sludge application increased DTPA-extractable Cd 2 to 5 times, Pb 2 to 3 times, Cu 3 to 7 times and Zn 7 to 31 times. Metal extractability in Granby and Fox sl soils was not greatly changed after 11 mo incubation but extractable Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were reduced in the clay soil following incubation. Cropping to lettuce reduced the quantity of metal extracted from Fox sl soil and to a lesser extent from Rideau c soil but not from Granby sl soil. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) yields were significantly reduced for the first crop grown on sludge + fertilizer-treated Rideau c and Granby sl soils and for all three harvests from similarly treated Fox sl soil compared to harvests from soils treated with fertilizer only. Yield reduction for the first crop was attributed to a salt effect, as subsequent yields on Rideau c and Granby sl soils were similar to harvests from fertilized treatments. Saturation extract conductivities for all sludge treatments were higher for incubated than for cropped soils. Generally Zn, Cu and Pb tissue concentrations in lettuce harvested from sludge + fertilizer-treated Fox and Granby sl soils were significantly increased but total uptake was only increased for Zn. Metal uptake and tissue concentrations for lettuce grown on similarly treated Rideau c soil were equal to or less than those found in lettuce harvested from the fertilizer-only treatment. To a lesser extent similar trends were observed with the tomato (Lycospersicon esculentum Mill.) crop.
LIME REQUIREMENT AND AVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS AND TOXIC METALS TO PLANTS GROWN IN ACID MINE TAILINGS
Authors: MACLEAN A. J. , DEKKER A. J.
Published: March 2010

Six acid pyrite-bearing mine tailings samples, varying in pH from 1.9 to 2.9, yielded from 10.8 to 37.0 meq acid/100-g sample when leached with 1 liter H2O. In pot tests, the amounts of CaCO3 required to neutralize the initial acidity and that generated during cropping in four of the samples containing less than 5% S varied from 10,000 to 50,000 ppm. The acidity of the other two samples, which contained considerably more S, was corrected by liming initially, but the pH was less than 2.5 by the end of the cropping period despite high additions of CaCO3 (100,000, and 140,000 ppm). Reed canary grass was grown successfully in the limed and fertilized tailings except in an unweathered sample containing a relatively high amount of S. In most instances, the composition of the plants did not vary greatly from that reported for plants grown in soil, although the concentrations of S tended to be high. In this and another experiment with buckwheat, a soil layer on top of the tailings was used with varying effectiveness in establishing vegetation. With inadequate lime, the soil became very acid and released relatively high amounts of Mn, Fe and Al to the plants. Recovery of added K by extraction with 0.1 N acetic acid decreased with increasing acidity of the tailings.
EXTRACTABILITY OF ADDED LEAD IN SOILS USING LEAD-210
Authors: KARAMANOS R. E. , BETTANY J. R. , RENNIE D. A.
Published: March 2010

Four soils of different physical and chemical characteristics were treated with 10 ppm lead in the form of PbCl2 labelled with lead-210 (2.5 mCi/g 207Pb) and subjected to a 7-wk incubation period. The extractability of the added lead was assessed using 12 extractants. Almost complete recovery (93–98%) of the applied lead was obtained with 6 N HNO3. Large amounts of the applied lead [Formula: see text] could be extracted by chelating agents (DTPA and EDTA). Relatively small amounts were exchangeable with 0.5 M BaCl2 (0.1–4%) and N NH4OAc (1–11%). Proportionally slightly higher amounts were extracted with 2.5% AcOH and 0.5 M NaHCO3. Only traces could be found in the 0.05 M CaCl2 extract.
AN INSTRUMENT AND TECHNIQUE FOR COLLECTING PEAT CORE SAMPLES IN PEATLAND SURVEYS
Authors: STANEK W. , SILC T.
Published: March 2010

not available
NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS IN AN INCUBATED SOIL AS AFFECTED BY COMBINATIONS OF MOISTURE CONTENT AND TEMPERATURE AND ADSORPTION-FIXATION OF AMMONIUM
Authors: KOWALENKO C. G. , CAMERON D. R.
Published: March 2010

An incubation experiment was conducted on a clay loam soil using a factorial design to study the effects of temperature, water content, and applied NH4+-N on the change of NO3−-N and NH4+-N concentrations over time. Each of the factors and their interactions were highly significant, indicating the importance of the often neglected moisture–temperature interaction. Due to this interaction, optimum moisture contents for the activity of the nitrifying population appeared to be dependent upon temperature. Approximately one half of the added NH4+ was fixed within 2 days after (NH4)2SO4 was added to the soil. A concurrent study showed that soluble NH4+, exchangeable NH4+ and clay-fixed NH4+ existed in equilibrium upon adding NH4+. A Langmuir kinetic model might describe the relationship between exchangeable and fixed NH4+ whereas a nonlinear Freundlich equilibrium model yielded the best agreement between the soluble and exchangeable NH4+.
EFFECT ON MICROORGANISMS AND PERSISTENCE OF FIELD-APPLIED CARBOFURAN AND DYFONATE IN A HUMIC MESISOL
Authors: MATHUR S. P. , HAMILTON H. A. , MACMILLAN K. A. , GREENHALGH R. , KHAN S. U.
Published: March 2010

Banded and broadcast applications of carbofuran at 4.48 kg a.i. (active ingredient)/ha, and a banded application of Dyfonate at 2.24 kg. a.i./ha were made to field plots on an organic soil on which onions and lettuce were grown. About 60% of the Dyfonate initially present, and more than 90% of the carbofuran disappeared in 125 days. The differences caused in the size of microbial population by Dyfonate were mostly marginal, ambivalent and transient. However, both carbofuran applications resulted in about 100 to more than 300% increases in bacterial plus actinomycetal populations spanning three samplings over 2 mo. CO2 evolution was also increased for a longer period by carbofuran additions. The fungal population was altered only slightly. NO3-N, NH4-N and H2O-soluble PO4 levels were not changed substantially due to the insecticide treatments in this organic soil.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL CAPABILITY CLASS AND ECONOMIC RETURNS FROM GRAIN CORN PRODUCTION IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: PATTERSON G. T. , MACKINTOSH E. E.
Published: March 2010

The "Canadian soil capability classification for agriculture" (Department of Regional Economic Expansion 1969) was tested for its ability to predict the economic profitability of land for grain corn production in Southwestern Ontario. The economic records from 83 grain corn operations were supplied by the Economics Branch, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food. In addition to the itemization of production costs and returns, a soil capability class and productivity index were established for each record as a measure of land quality. Land quality as defined by productivity index was significantly correlated with gross returns and gross margin per hectare. Frequency distributions showed that high gross returns per hectare were three times as likely if the productivity index was between 90 and 100 than if it fell between 80 and 89. High returns per hectare and low cost per ton are indicative of cost controls coupled with high yields. The probability of obtaining this position is best when the highest quality land is used for production. To ensure adequate food supplies at reasonable cost to consumers it is essential that an agricultural land use policy incorporate land quality as one of its basic principles.
METALS IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS OF ONTARIO
Authors: FRANK R. , ISHIDA K. , SUDA P.
Published: March 2010

Farm fields (296) in all agricultural areas of Ontario were sampled to a depth of 15 cm and analyzed for 10 metals and one non-metal. Metal additions to soils in the form of pesticides, trace elements, fertilizers, feed additives and non-agricultural depositions were reviewed. Arsenic and lead levels were elevated in fruit orchard soils as a result of using lead and calcium arsenate over the past 65 yr. Apple orchard soils had higher As and Pb levels than cherry soils, and these were higher than peach soils, correlating with the length of usage and the annual rates of application. Arsenic levels were slightly increased in potato soils due to the use of sodium arsenite. Mercury content in apple orchard soils was slightly elevated by the use of phenyl mercuric acetate over a 20-year period. The treatment of seed grain with methyl mercurials over a 40-yr period was not reflected in the content of farm soils. Organic soils had higher levels of mercury than mineral soils. Copper levels in soils were highest in organic soils following several years' treatment with copper as both a trace element and a fungicide. Copper concentrations in orchard and vineyard soils were raised only slightly by the application of copper fungicides over an 80-yr period. Widespread application of manganese as a trace element and fungicide in the production of vegetables and bean crops was not detected in soils on which these crops were grown. A much smaller use of fungicide containing iron and zinc likewise was not evident in these soils where these fungicides were used in crop production. Cadmium, cobalt, chromium, iron, and nickel levies were not affected by agricultural practises, especially those involving the use of general fertilizers and barn yard manures; however, serious inputs were found on a small number of soils from industrial activities, especially near a nickel–cobalt smelter and the disposal of sludge. Mean natural background levels of metals in agricultural soils of Ontario in order of increasing magnitude were mercury, 0.08; cadmium, 0.56; cobalt, 4.4; arsenic, 6.3; lead, 14.1; chromium, 14.3; nickel, 15.9; copper, 25.4; zinc, 53.5; manganese, 530; and iron, 14.470 ppm. Most metals increased with increasing clay or organic matter content of the soil.
DEVELOPMENT OF A BARLEY YIELD EQUATION FOR CENTRAL ALBERTA. 1. EFFECTS OF SOIL AND FERTILIZER N AND P
Authors: MCBEATH D. K. , HEAPY L. A. , ROBERTSON J. A. , WEBSTER G. R. , MAYDELL U. M. VON , LOVE H. C.
Published: March 2010

Equations were derived relating yields of barley, grown on previously cropped land, to inputs of fertilizer nitrogen (NA) and phosphorus (PA) and to soil test values for nitrate nitrogen (NS) and extractable phosphorus (PS). The first model, Y = f (NA, PA), fitted to pooled data of 17 site-years, explained about 23% of yield variations. The second model, Y = f (NA, PA, NS, PS), fitted to the same data, explained 36–38%, depending on depth of sampling. When the optimal nitrogen applications obtained from the latter model were compared to the optimal nitrogen applications obtained from the first model applied to the individual site-years, the 30-cm sampling depth was found to be superior to the 15-cm depth; there was no further improvement by sampling to 61 cm. Our results indicated several ways in which the Alberta Soil Testing Laboratory could improve its fertilizer recommendations, namely: basing nitrogen recommendations on samples taken to 30 cm rather than 15 cm, adjusting recommended nitrogen applications according to level of PS, lowering the levels of phosphorus recommended for various levels of PS, and adjusting the nitrogen and phosphorus recommendations according to prices of fertilizers and barley. Much of the yield variation could not be explained by variations in applied and soil nutrients, indicating that other uncontrolled environmental variables, such as soil moisture and rainfall, should be introduced into the barley yield equations. Part 2 presents the methodology for introducing a "moisture stress" term.
INEXPENSIVE MICRO-SOIL SOLUTION SAMPLER
Authors: JONG E. DE
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND ORGANIC MATTER ON DENITRIFICATION IN SOIL
Authors: SMID A. E. , BEAUCHAMP E. G.
Published: March 2010

Aerobic incubation of soil from the Ap horizon of a Huron clay loam to which alfalfa as a carbon source was added resulted in rapid nitrification at 15 and 30 C and an apparent reduction in available carbon for denitrification. Use of the same soil in a subsequent study showed that aerobic incubation temperatures of 5, 10, 15 and 30 C did not influence its denitrification potential but that the level of available carbon probably did. Mean denitrification rates were 0.56, 1.23, 1.89 and at least 5.24 μg NO3−-N/g soil/h at 5, 10, 15 and 30 C, respectively, when carbon availability did not limit denitrification. At these rates, all NO3− applied or produced by nitrification, under normal soil fertility practices, could be denitrified within 1 or 2 days. Where readily available carbon was deficient, rates were 0.04, 0.18, 0.33 and 0.90 μg NO3−-N/g/h at 5, 10, 15 and 30 C, respectively. Reaction kinetics describing denitrification was of zero order when carbon was either available or seriously limiting; it was of first order where carbon availability changed from readily available to seriously limiting. Extrapolation of denitrification rates at various temperatures indicated that denitrification probably would occur at or near 0 C.
EVALUATION OF CRITERIA FOR LIMING SOILS OF NORTHERN GREECE
Authors: POLYZOPOULOS N. A. , ANDROULIDAKI N. , GITSI S.
Published: March 2010

Eighteen field- and pot-liming experiments designed to locate soils on the mountains of Northern Greece, where potatoes would respond to additions of lime, indicated that the need for liming could not be predicted by soil pH values. It was possible, however, to predict liming requirements using other criteria, namely, lime potential, corrected lime potential as well as aluminum extractable with 1.0 N KCl and, perhaps, 0.01 M CaCl2 solutions. Subsequently, the diagnostic value of several soil and two plant criteria of the need for liming was investigated in two pot experiments with alfalfa and beans, in which more than 40 soils representing all Great Groups of leached soils in this region were used. It was found that soil pH determined in water or, better still, in 0.01 M CaCl2, was quite adequate and no improvement was obtained by using the more elaborate lime potential or corrected lime potential. Active soil aluminum was found to be equally reliable, but combining pH with active forms of either aluminum or manganese resulted in no closer correlations. Plant criteria were inferior to pH. The relative merits of the criteria tested are discussed in the light of their theoretical significance.
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE ON POTENTIAL SHEET EROSION LOSSES IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: VLIET L. J. P. VAN , WALL G. J. , DICKINSON W. T.
Published: March 2010

Potential sheet erosion losses from 13 agricultural watersheds were investigated to assess the effects of agricultural land use on soil erosion levels. The agricultural watersheds, ranging in size from 19 to 54 km2, were representative of the predominant livestock and cropping management systems in the major physiographic and climatic regions of Southern Ontario. Average annual sheet erosion losses were estimated on a field basis using the universal soil loss equation. Rainfall intensity and soil and topographic variability were considered in deriving mean annual soil losses for a range of field crops. Crops yielding the highest annual sheet erosion loss estimates were row crops, such as horticultural cash crops (9.1 ton/ha/yr), beans (7.6 ton/ha/yr), and continuous corn (6.7 ton/ha/yr). Erosion losses from crops in rotations with grasses or legumes (corn, small grains, meadow) and from tobacco were determined to be approximately one half of values obtained for continuous row cropping systems. Lowest sheet erosion losses occurred on permanent pasture and woodlands (<0.5 ton/ha/yr). Results of this study suggest that on a regional basis, the intensively farmed cash crop areas have higher erosion potentials than areas with rotational cropping systems. Watersheds with a low potential for sheet erosion often are dominated by livestock operations, where a large percentage of the area is represented by grasses or legumes and permanent pasture.
PERSISTENT ORGANIC AND INORGANIC PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN ORCHARD SOILS AND VINEYARDS OF SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: FRANK R. , BRAUN H. E. , ISHIDA K. , SUDA P.
Published: March 2010

Soils from apple, cherry and peach orchards and vineyards were collected between 1972 and 1975 for analyses of major metals found in inorganic pesticides and for organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides. The pattern of pesticide use for fruit production in Ontario between 1892 and 1975 was reviewed for those compounds included in this chemical survey. The use of lead arsenates on apple orchards over the past 70 yr elevated arsenic and lead from background levels (7.4 ppm As and 6.4 ppm Pb) to 121 ppm As and 774 ppm Pb. Accumulations in cherry orchard soils, where a lesser volume was used annually, were considerably lower. Levels in both peach and vineyard soils were only slightly above background contents. Twenty years of recommended use of phenyl mercuric acetate, a scab eradicant, elevated the mercury content in apple orchard soils from 0.08 ppm to 0.29 ppm. Copper salts used as fungicides over the past 80 yr have produced only small elevations in copper content of some orchard soils. In apples the increase was from 21 ppm to 63 ppm in a 70-yr time period. The use of compounds containing iron, manganese and zinc had no effect on soil content of these metals. Sixteen organochlorine acaricides and insecticides recommended for use in orchards were sought in the survey. The most frequently found, and no longer used, were DDT, TDE and their metabolite DDE; apple and peach orchards had the highest mean residues of 43.3 and 9.22 ppm ΣDDT, respectively. Other organochlorine insecticides found were endosulfan, endrin, HEOD, and methoxychlor; with the exception of endosulfan, residues were well below 1 ppm. The acaricide dicofol was present in apple, sweet cherry and peach soils. No organochlorine fungicides were detected. Heptachlor epoxide and lindane were found in some orchard soils at trace levels; neither was recommended for use in orchards. Thirteen organophosphorus insecticides recommended for use in orchards were sought in the survey; however, only ethion and parathion were found at trace levels.
SUBSIDENCE OF AN ORGANIC SOIL IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: MILLETTE J. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
QUANTIFYING THE EFFECTS OF GREAT SOIL GROUPS ON CEREAL YIELDS IN THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES
Authors: SHEPPARD MARSHA I. , WILLIAMS G. D. V.
Published: March 2010

not available
NUTRITIONAL EFFECTS OF RETAINING THE Ap HORIZON ON THE SURFACE DURING DEEP PLOWING OF SOLONETZ SOILS
Authors: CAIRNS R. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
WATER ADSORPTION ON SOIL HUMIC SUBSTANCES
Authors: CHEN Y. , SCHNITZER M.
Published: March 2010

not available
SAMPLING SOUTHERN ALBERTA SOILS FOR N AND P SOIL TESTING
Authors: BOLE J. B. , PITTMAN U. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
LASER FLUORESCENCE OF SAND AND CLAY MATERIALS
Authors: MACK A. R. , BRACH E. J.
Published: March 2010

Samples of granular materials illuminated with a 20 m Watt (average power) laser energy source at a wavelength of 337.1 nm differed in their fluorescence spectra over a wide range of wavelengths from approximately 380 to 660 nm. The fluorescent yield was usually higher with increased fineness of grain size and with increased concentration of clay (> 10% of under 2-μ grain size). However, sandy soils containing a low content of clay (i.e. < 10%) had a higher yield than the regression estimate. Modifying the fluorosensor for greater resolution at a higher energy level (1 nm bandwidth and 25 m Watt average power) resulted in eight discernible peaks between 384 and 440 nm, at 486 and at 550 nm. Overall fluorescence was markedly increased by removal of Fe coatings from the surface of the grains by a dithionite treatment. Thus, laser-induced fluorescence spectra obtained from various partially vegetated land areas by airborne laser fluorosensing may be influenced by the granular material associated with non-vegetated "open" areas.
ADSORPTION OF DYFONATE (O-ETHYL-S-PHENYL ETHYLPHOSPHONODITHIOATE) ON HUMIC ACID
Authors: KHAN S. U.
Published: March 2010

The adsorption of Dyfonate (O-ethyl-S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate) was studied on humic acid (HA) saturated with various cations (Fe3+, Al3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and H+). The amount of Dyfonate adsorbed was affected by the cation with which the HA was saturated. The adsorption process could be described empirically by a Freundlich-type isotherm. The K and [Formula: see text] constants of the Freundlich equation decreased and increased, respectively, with increase in temperature. The data suggest a physical type of adsorption.
MOVEMENT OF NITRATE NITROGEN WITH DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS IN TWO SOILS
Authors: MacLEAN A. J.
Published: March 2010

In a field experiment with different crops on a loam and a sandy loam soil in a 3-yr period, N uptake by grasses accounted for 64–96% of the N fertilizer added at a rate of 112 kg N/ha annually. The recovery was 40–54% when the rate was 448 kg N/ha. The grass species were more effective than corn in removing N from the soils. Regardless of the rate of fertilizer used, however, the amounts of NO3-N in the soil of corn, fallow and grass plots sampled to a depth of at least 90 cm in the fall were high enough in many instances to account for much of the excess of added N not used by the crop. Corresponding data for NO3-N in the soils in the following spring showed that except for the moderately fertilized grass plots, the fertilized soils were susceptible to considerable loss of excess NO3-N from early fall to the following spring. In several instances, the data indicated a movement of NO3-N, since the amounts were reduced in the upper soil layers and increased in the lower ones during the fall–spring period.
A SEMIAUTOMATIC POT WATERING DEVICE
Authors: McLAUGHLIN N. B.
Published: March 2010

not available