bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of extrusion on in situ ruminal protein degradability and in vitro digestibility of undegraded protein from different feedstuffs
Authors: Solanas Estela M , Castrillo Carlos , Jover Miguel , de Vega Antonio
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND: The effect of extruding maize, barley, whole soybean (WSB), peas, lupins and soybean meal (SBM) on their in situ ruminal protein degradability and in vitro digestibility of the rumen undegraded protein (RUP) was studied. Two mixtures containing 0.75 WSB or lupins and 0.25 maize were also formulated.

RESULTS: Extrusion of maize resulted in an increase of its effective protein degradability from 0.538 to 0.734 (P < 0.001), whereas the opposite occurred with barley (from 0.854 to 0.797; P < 0.001). Extrusion increased the in vitro digestibility of the RUP of both cereals, increasing therefore the amount of barley crude protein (CP) digested in the intestines (PDI) from 62 to 176 g kg−1 CP (P < 0.01), whereas maize resulted in lower (332 versus 229 g kg−1 CP; P < 0.01). Extrusion decreased (P < 0.001) the protein degradability of the three legume seeds and increased (P < 0.001) the in vitro digestibility of the RUP, resulting in a PDI increase (P < 0.001), from 60 to 367 g kg−1 CP for peas, from 69 to 265 g kg−1 CP for WSB and from 107 to 205 g kg−1 CP for lupins. This effect was enhanced when WSB was extruded jointly with maize. The extrusion of SBM also resulted in an increase in the PDI from 296 to 384 g kg−1 CP (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: Extrusion decreases the rumen protein degradability of legume seeds, soybean meal and barley, and increases the digestibility of the RUP, resulting in an increase in the feed protein digested in intestine. The extrusion of soybean seeds together with maize enhances these effects. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Dioscorea improves the morphometric and mechanical properties of bone in ovariectomised rats
Authors: Chen Jian‐Horng , Wu James Shih‐Shyn , Lin Hsiao‐Che , Wu Shey‐Lin , Wang Wen‐Fu , Huang Shu‐Kuei , Ho Ying‐Jui
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to determine the effects of oral administration of dioscorea on the morphometric and mechanical properties of the femur in ovariectomised (OVX) rats. Female Wistar rats that had undergone surgery for ovariectomy were used as a model of menopause and osteoporosis. Four weeks after surgery the animals were given oral dioscorea (0, 250, 750 or 1500 mg kg−1 day−1) for 27 days, then the porosity, mineral fraction, stiffness and toughness of the femur and the ultimate force needed to break the femur were measured.

RESULTS: Ovariectomy resulted in an increase in the total volume, dry weight and porosity but a decrease in the mineral fraction of femora. Subsequent chronic administration of dioscorea reversed the effect on porosity and increased the ultimate force of the femur in OVX rats but did not affect the bone properties of sham‐operated rats.

CONCLUSION: These results suggest that chronic administration of dioscorea may enhance bone strength and provide insight into the role of dioscorea in bone remodeling and osteoporosis during the menopause. However, the benefit is not clear for the reproductive female. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant properties of herbal extracts selected from screening for potent scavenging activity against superoxide anions
Authors: Saito Keita , Kohno Masahiro , Yoshizaki Fumihiko , Niwano Yoshimi
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND: In a previous study with the electron spin resonance (ESR) spin‐trapping method on large‐scale screening with ethanol extracts of approximately 1000 kinds of herbs, four herbal extracts with prominently potent ability to scavenge superoxide anions were chosen, namely the extracts from Punica granatum (peel), Syzygium aromaticum (bud), Mangifera indica (kernel) and Phyllanthus emblica (fruit)). In the present study, these extracts were further examined to determine if they also scavenge hydroxyl radicals, by applying the ESR spin‐trapping method, and if they have heat resistance as a desirable characteristic feature.

RESULTS: Experiments with the Fenton reaction and UV irradiation of hydrogen peroxide, both of which generate hydroxyl radicals, showed that all four extracts had potent ability to directly scavenge hydroxyl radicals. Each extract exerted more potent hydroxyl radical‐scavenging activity than mannitol and salicylic acid. Furthermore, the scavenging activities against superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals of the extracts of P. granatum (peel), M. indica (kernel) and P. emblica (fruit) proved to be heat‐resistant.

CONCLUSION: The four herbal extracts chosen from extensive screening possess desirable antioxidant properties. In particular, three of them are expected to be suitable for food processing in which thermal devices are used, because of their heat resistance. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Residues of antibiotics and sulfonamides in honeys from Basque Country (NE Spain)
Authors: Bonvehí J Serra , Gutiérrez A Lacalle
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to ensure that Label Basque market honey is free of veterinary residues.

RESULTS: A total of 567 Basque honey samples were previously analyzed with the respective Charm II system—68 samples were presumptive positive for sulfonamides (SA‐s), 24 samples for tetracyclines (TC‐s), and no positive samples for chloramphenicol (CAP) (<0.3 µg kg−1) residues. The residues were mostly confirmed by liquid chromatography fluorescence detection (LC‐FD) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS), according to the latest European Union criteria for the analyses of veterinary drug residues (2002/657/EC). These techniques confirmed that 19 of the 68 samples, presumptive contaminated with SA‐s, contained sulfathiazole (STZ) residues at levels from 20 to 210 µg kg−1, and the 24 samples presumptive contaminated with TC‐s, were also confirmed, showing tetracycline (TC) levels from 15 to 920 µg kg−1. Linearity range, decision limit (CCα), detection capability (CCβ), precision and reproducibility were also determined.

CONCLUSION: Residues of veterinary drugs were confirmed in a very limited number of honey samples: sulfathiazole (3.40%) and tetracycline (4.22%). This work reports the advantages of the Charm II assay, but also its limitations, detecting SA‐s in most (87.7%) of the heather (Erica vagans) honey samples. The false positives detected in this honey were assumed to be of an unknown compound that has not been confirmed as a drug residue. Until now, no studies have been performed to find out if other heather honeys of different geographical origins give similar false positives for SA‐s. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of sulfonamides and trimethoprim using high temperature HPLC with simultaneous temperature and solvent gradient
Authors: Giegold Sascha , Teutenberg Thorsten , Tuerk Jochen , Kiffmeyer Thekla , Wenclawiak Bernd
Published: October 2008

A fast HPLC method for the analysis of eight selected sulfonamides (SA) and trimethoprim has been developed with the use of high temperature HPLC. The separation could be achieved in less than 1.5 min on a 50 mm sub 2 μm column with simultaneous solvent and temperature gradient programming. Due to the lower viscosity of the mobile phase and the increased mass transfer at higher temperatures, the separation could be performed on a conventional HPLC system obtaining peak widths at half height between 0.6 and 1.3 s.
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as solid‐phase extraction materials for the gas chromatographic determination of organophosphorus pesticides in waters
Authors: Ravelo‐Pérez Lidia M. , Hernández‐Borges Javier , Ángel Rodríguez‐Delgado Miguel
Published: October 2008

In the present work, a GC method with nitrogen–phosphorus detection (NPD) was developed for the simultaneous determination of eight organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) residues (i.e., ethoprofos, diazinon, chlorpyrifos‐methyl, fenitrothion, malathion, chlorpyrifos, fenamiphos, and buprofezin) in water samples. Preconcentration of the water samples was carried out using an SPE procedure with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) of 10–15 nm od, 2–6 nm id, and 0.1–10 μm length as stationary phase. Extraction parameters, such as the amount of MWCNTs, sample volume, pH, and type and amount of the eluent were optimized. The most favorable conditions were as follows: 40 mg MWCNTs, 800 mL water, pH 6.0, and 20 mL dichloromethane, respectively. The MWCNTs‐SPE‐GC‐NPD method was applied to the determination of these pesticides in real water samples: mineral and ground water as well as run‐off water from an agricultural area collected shortly before opening out onto the sea. A recovery study was developed with five consecutive extractions of the three types of water spiked at three concentration levels (n = 15). Mean recovery values were in the range of 75–116% for mineral water (RSD < 6.3%), 67–119% for ground water (RSD < 5.8%), and 57–81% for run‐off waters (RSDs < 6.9%), except for fenamiphos (mean recovery values between 40 and 84% for the three types of waters, RSDs < 8.9%). LODs were in the low ng/L level (i.e., levels below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the European Union (EU) legislation for these compounds in waters). The proposed method was also applied to the analysis of six water samples (two of each type: mineral, ground, and run‐off waters) in which no residues of the selected pesticides were found. Results show that the MWCNTs used in this work have a high adsorbability of the pesticides under study. The main advantage of the use of these MWCNTs is their low cost when compared with those MWCNTs previously used in the literature and with conventional SPE cartridges.
Product design rivalry: multiple‐attributes approach to differentiation
Authors: Matsubayashi Nobuo
Published: October 2008

This paper studies product design competition between potentially symmetric firms. We specifically employ the multiple‐attributes approach as the method of product design. While various product‐specific attributes contribute to firms' differentiation, they may cause confusion resulting in consumer dissatisfaction. We show that in the presence of these opposite effects and any setup costs for attributes, the differentiation by multiple attributes is beneficial for firms if, and only if they are moderately competitive. We furthermore show that the socially efficient number of attributes can only be sustained when there are not very many firms and the setup cost is low. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of high‐resolution NWP rainfall and river flow forecasts for advance warning of the Carlisle flood, north‐west England
Authors: Roberts Nigel M. , Cole Steven J. , Forbes Richard M. , Moore Robert J. , Boswell Daniel
Published: October 2008

On the 8 January 2005 the city of Carlisle in north‐west England was severely flooded following 2 days of almost continuous rain over the nearby hills. Orographic enhancement of the rain through the seeder–feeder mechanism led to the very high rainfall totals. This paper shows the impact of running the Met Office Unified Model (UM) with a grid spacing of 4 and 1 km compared to the 12 km available at the time of the event. These forecasts, and forecasts from the Nimrod nowcasting system, were fed into the Probability Distributed Model (PDM) to predict river flow at the outlets of two catchments important for flood warning. The results show the benefit of increased resolution in the UM, the benefit of coupling the high‐resolution rainfall forecasts to the PDM and the improvement in timeliness of flood warning that might have been possible. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society, © Crown Copyright 2008.
An analysis of sea surface temperature and maximum potential intensity of tropical cyclones over the Bay of Bengal between 1981 and 2000
Authors: Kotal S. D. , Kundu P. K. , Roy Bhowmik S. K.
Published: October 2008

From the consideration of thermal energy, the maximum intensity of tropical cyclones largely depends upon the Sea Surface Temperature (SST). In this paper an empirical relationship between SST and Maximum Potential Intensity (MPI) of tropical cyclones over the Bay of Bengal has been developed using a sample of 60 cyclones from 20 years data (1981–2000). The relationship between SST and MPI is found to be linear. The MPI of each storm is computed using this empirical relationship and compared with observed intensity to examine how close the cyclones come to reaching their MPI. The result shows that about 18% of cyclones reach more than 80% of their MPI and about 38% of cyclones reach more than 50% of their MPI at their peak intensity. In general, cyclones attain about 51% of their MPI. The inter‐seasonal variability shows cyclones in the pre‐monsoon and the post‐monsoon seasons tend to reach a higher percentage of their MPI than in the monsoon season. The inter‐annual variability suggests there is appreciable variation in the yearly average of the ratio of observed maximum intensity to the MPI. The MPI could provide useful information to a forecaster about the possible extreme intensity of tropical cyclones, which has direct relevance to disaster management preparedness. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Predicting daily total ozone over Kolkata, India: skill assessment of different neural network models
Authors: Chattopadhyay Goutami , Chattopadhyay Surajit
Published: October 2008

This paper explores the observation made by the Earth Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (EP/TOMS) to analyse the predictability of daily total ozone concentration over Kolkata, India. Latitude, longitude, aerosol index, reflectivity, sulphur dioxide index and total ozone concentration of a given day have been used as independent variables to predict total ozone concentration of the next day. Artificial neural network in the forms of a multilayer perceptron, generalized feed forward neural network, a radial basis function network and a modular neural network have been trained to generate predictive models. Performances of the models in the test cases have been judged with the help of four statistical parameters. Finally the models have been compared with multiple linear regression and the potential of generalized feed forward neural network has been established over the other proposed models. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Assessment of dietary fiber fermentation: Effect of Lactobacillus reuteri and reproducibility of short‐chain fatty acid concentrations
Authors: Stewart Maria L. , Savarino Vincenzo , Slavin Joanne L.
Published: October 2008

This investigation had two aims: (i) to determine the reproducibility of SCFA production of two fibers: wheat dextrin and inulin, in two separate in vitro batch fermentation systems, and (ii) to determine if the addition Lactobacillus reuteri, a probiotic bacterium, enhanced the fermentation of wheat dextrin, inulin, and psyllium using in vitro batch fermentation. Samples were removed at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. SCFAs were measured by GC. L. reuteri improved inulin's fermentation profile by reducing the total SCFA peak at 4 h and enhancing fermentation at 8 and 12 h. Wheat dextrin and psyllium were largely unaffected. Wheat dextrin's total SCFA and propionate production curves were steady and replicable, but concentration values varied between fermentations. Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) and wheat dextrin had similar fermentation patterns from 0–8 h, but PHGG plateaued at 8 h for all measures. Psyllium produced peak SCFA concentrations at 8 h, similar to inulin. L. reuteri could be combined with inulin for enhancing fermentation, but it does not improve wheat dextrin or psyllium fermentation. Wheat dextrin will likely produce similar physiological within a group of individuals due to the reproducibility of fermentation.
Gastrointestinal absorption and metabolism of soy isoflavonoids in ileal‐canulated swine
Authors: Walsh Kelly R. , Haak Sara J. , Fastinger Nathan D. , Bohn Torsten , Tian Qingguo , Mahan Donald C. , Schwartz Steven J. , Failla Mark L.
Published: October 2008

The relative contribution of the small intestine to absorption and microbial metabolism of ingested isoflavonoids (IFN) was investigated in swine with canulae in distal ilea to facilitate collection of chyme (canula open). Weaned swine were fed a single meal containing ground roasted soybean and corn with canulae open followed by a second test soy diet at 48 h with canulae closed to allow passage of chyme into the large intestine. All remaining feedings were soy‐free (corn–casein diet). Ileal effluent and urine were collected for 16 and 48 h, respectively, and analyzed for IFN and microbial metabolites of IFN. IFN in ileal effluent were present entirely as aglycones. IFN equivalents excreted for 24 h after ingesting the soy diet were not significantly different when canulae were open or closed. Urinary IFN aglycone equivalents on day 2 were similar to those on day 1 when canulae remained closed, but less than 10% of that on day 1 when canulae were open for 16 h postfeeding. Urinary concentrations of dihydrodaidzein, dihydrogenistein, O‐desmethylangolensin, and equol exceeded IFN aglycone equivalents. These findings suggest extensive preabsorptive conversion of IFN glucosides to aglycones in the small intestine and relatively efficient microbial metabolism of IFN in weaned swine.
1H and 13C NMR assignments of two new indolic enamide diastereomers from a mangrove endophytic fungus Aspergillus sp.
Authors: Lin Zhenjian , Zhu Tianjiao , Fang Yuchun , Gu Qianqun
Published: October 2008

Terpeptin A (1) and B (2), two new members of the indolic enamides, along with three known compounds (3–5) were identified from a strain of Aspergillus sp. (w‐6), an endophytic fungus associated with Acanthus ilicifolius. The complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments for these compounds were carried out using 1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC NMR experiments. Terpeptin A and B exhibited modest cytotoxicity against A‐549 cell line. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mathematical homogenization of nonperiodic heterogeneous media subjected to large deformation transient loading
Authors: Fish Jacob , Fan Rong
Published: October 2008

We present a generalization of the classical mathematical homogenization theory aimed at accounting for finite unit cell distortions, which gives rise to a nonperiodic asymptotic expansion. We introduce an auxiliary macro‐deformed configuration, where the overall Cauchy stress is defined, and nonperiodic boundary conditions. Verification studies against a direct numerical simulation demonstrate the versatility of the proposed method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein signaling pathways in differentiation of neural stem cells
Authors: Skalnikova Helena , Vodicka Petr , Pelech Steven , Motlik Jan , Gadher Suresh Jivan , Kovarova Hana
Published: October 2008

Neural stem cells (NSC) capable of differentiating into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are a promising source of cells for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. Access to signaling proteins present in such cells in low copies and with specific regulatory functions has been very restrictive until now as judged by classical proteomic approaches and limitations due to scarcity of stem cell populations. Hence, we utilized the Kinex™ Antibody Microarray analysis where profiles of the proliferating porcine NSC and differentiated counterparts were compared and selected changes were verified by immunoblotting. Differentiated neural cells exhibited an increased level of RafB proto‐oncogene‐encoded protein‐serine kinase, MAP kinase protein‐serine kinase 3, heme oxygenase 2 (HO2) and protein phosphatase 4 catalytical subunit. On the other hand, relatively high level of G protein‐coupled receptor‐serine kinase 2 and enhanced phosphorylations of αB‐crystallin (S45), protein‐serine kinase C gamma (T655), protein‐serine kinase D (PKCμ; S738+S742) together with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) (S51) raised intriguing questions as regards their potential functionality within stem cells. In‐depth study of HO2 and phospho‐S45 αB‐crystallin confirmed expression profiles and intense cytoplasmic localization of HO2 in neurons but a weaker signal in glial cells. Phospho‐S45 αB‐crystallin was localized in nuclei of differentiated neural cells. Computer simulation of possible interaction network connecting regulated proteins, exposed additional relationships including direct interactions of HO2 with amyloid precursor protein or huntingtin‐associated protein 1.
Quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics reveal novel insights into complexity and dynamics of the EGFR signaling network
Authors: Morandell Sandra , Stasyk Taras , Skvortsov Sergej , Ascher Stefan , Huber Lukas A.
Published: October 2008

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB1/Her1) belongs to the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and is a key player in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and migration. Overexpression and mutational changes of EGFR have been identified in a variety of human cancers and the regulation of EGFR signaling plays a critical role in tumor development and progression. Due to its biological significance the EGFR signaling network is a widely used model system for the development of analytical techniques. Novel quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics approaches play an important role in the characterization of signaling pathways in a time and stimulus dependent manner. Recent studies discussed in this review provide new insights into different aspects of EGFR signal transduction, such as regulation and dynamics of its phosphorylation sites, association with interaction partners and identification of regulated phosphoproteins. Correlation of data from functional proteomics studies with results from other fields of signal transduction research by systems biology will be necessary to integrate and translate these findings into successful clinical applications.
Measurement of maximal inspiratory pressure in ventilated children
Authors: Harikumar Gopinathannair , Moxham John , Greenough Anne , Rafferty Gerrard F.
Published: October 2008

Maximal inspiratory pressure (PIMAX), the maximum negative pressure generated during temporary occlusion of the airway, is commonly used to measure inspiratory muscle strength in mechanically ventilated infants and children. There are, however, no guidelines as to how the PIMAX measurement should be made. We compared the maximum inspiratory pressure generated during airway occlusion (PIMAXOCC) to that when a unidirectional valve (PIMAXUNI), which allowed expiration, but not inspiration was used. Twenty‐two mechanically ventilated children (mean (SD) age 4.8 (4.5) years) were studied. Three sets of end expiratory occlusions were performed for each method in random order. The expired volume during PIMAXUNI was assessed and related to the functional residual capacity (FRC) measured using a helium dilution technique.

The mean (SD) PIMAXUNI (45.5 (15.2) cmH2O) was significantly greater than mean (SD) PIMAXOCC (30.9 (9.0) cmH2O) (P < 0.0001). The mean (SD) expired volume during PIMAXUNI, was 98 ml (62.3), a mean reduction in FRC of 33.1% (SD 13.9). There were no significant differences between techniques in the baseline respiratory drive, the number of efforts required and the time to reach PIMAX. Regardless of technique, PIMAX was reached in 10 inspiratory efforts or 15 sec of airway occlusion.

A unidirectional valve allowing expiration, but not inspiration yields greater PIMAX values in children. Occlusions should be maintained for 12 sec or eight breaths (99% CI of mean). Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2008; 43:1085–1091. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of incident methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus detection on pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Sawicki Gregory S. , Rasouliyan Lawrence , Pasta David J. , Regelmann Warren E. , Wagener Jeffrey S. , Waltz David A. , Ren Clement L.
Published: October 2008

The incidence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is increasing in cystic fibrosis (CF), but the impact of MRSA detection on clinical outcomes is unclear. Our objective was to determine whether incident detection of MRSA is associated with a change in pulmonary function over time in CF patients. We analyzed data from the Epidemiologic Study of Cystic Fibrosis (ESCF), a prospective observational study of CF patients in North America. Multivariable piecewise linear regression was used to model the impact of incident detection of MRSA on pulmonary function over time, measured by percent predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1% predicted), adjusting for potential confounders. There were 5,090 patients ≥6 years old who were MRSA negative for at least 2 calendar years. Five hundred ninety‐three (12%) of these patients acquired MRSA during the years 2001–2003, with detection rates of MRSA during those years rising from 4.4% to 6.9%. MRSA positive patients had a lower FEV1% predicted and received more antibiotic and other therapies than patients who remained MRSA negative. After adjusting for antibiotic therapy and other potential confounders, MRSA positive patients also had a higher rate of decline in FEV1% predicted both before and after the incident culture, although the rate of FEV1% predicted decline did not change significantly after MRSA detection. In conclusion, although MRSA in CF was a marker for more aggressive therapy and may reflect increased disease severity, incident MRSA detection was not associated with a changing rate of FEV1% predicted decline. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2008; 43:1117–1123. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Class of Energetic Compounds – Ammonium Nitriminotetrazolates
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Laub Hans A. , Stierstorfer Jörg
Published: October 2008

1‐Methyl‐5‐nitriminotetrazole (1) and 2‐methyl‐5‐nitraminotetrazole (2) obtained by nitration of 1‐methyl‐5‐aminotetrazole (3) and 2‐methyl‐5‐aminotetrazole (4) were deprotonated using aqueous ammonia solution yielding the energetic compounds, ammonium 1‐methyl‐5‐nitriminotetrazolate (5) and ammonium 2‐methyl‐5‐nitriminotetrazolate (6). The nitrogen‐rich salts were tested and characterized comprehensively using vibrational spectroscopy (Infrared (IR) and Raman), multinuclear (1H, 13C, 14N, and 15N) NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The molecular structures in the crystalline state were determined using low temperature single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The thermal behavior and the decompositions were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gas IR spectroscopy. The heats of formation were calculated using bomb calorimetric measurements. In addition, the relevant detonation parameters, like the detonation pressure and velocity of detonation were calculated using the software EXPLO5 outperforming the values of TNT. Last but not least the sensitivities were determined using BAM methods showing moderate values against impact and friction (drophammer and friction tester) and the long‐term stabilities were tested using Flexy Thermal safety calorimetry (TSC). X‐ray crystallography: 5: monoclinic, P21/c, a=370.06(2) pm, b=2079.06(9) pm, c=859.69(5) pm, β=99.120(5)°, V=65306(6) pm3, Z=4, ρcalc=1.639 g cm−3; 6: monoclinic, P21, a=365.39(2) pm, b= 788.82(5) pm, c=1124.95(7) pm, β=91.818(6), V=32408(3) pm3, Z=2, ρcalc=1.651 g cm−3.
Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry determination of endogenous plasma acetyl and palmitoyl carnitines as potential biomarkers of β‐oxidation in mice
Authors: Liu Zhi , Mutlib Abdul E. , Wang Jianyao , Talaat Rasmy E.
Published: October 2008

A robust bioanalytical method capable of measuring acetyl and palmitoyl carnitines was developed and validated. Application of hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) enabled retention of these highly polar and difficult to analyze compounds on a silica HPLC column. The chromatography was conducted with a high percentage of an organic component in the mobile phase, allowing high sensitivity for the pre‐existing positively charged quaternary ammonium ions by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Successful application of the method to reliably quantify naturally occurring acyl carnitines in mouse plasma depended on the use of corresponding deuterated analogues. The specificity of the method, achieved through the use of stable isotope labeled compounds in combination with a mass spectral multiple reaction monitoring technique, permitted a non‐invasive assessment of the overall change in the levels of these acyl carnitines in the plasma of intact animals administered peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) agents. These acyl carnitines, as carriers of the corresponding long‐chain fatty acids for transport into mitochondria, can be employed as potential biomarkers for significant alteration in the β‐oxidation process in an intact animal. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monnaie et richesse chez John Locke. Une politique de l'économie
Authors: Garo Isabelle
Published: October 2008

Les travaux de Locke sur la monnaie ne sont pas une esquisse maladroite des théories économiques libérales ultérieures mais une partie intégrante de sa philosophie. Il s’agit alors de montrer que l’étude lockienne de la monnaie se situe à l’intersection de trois axes de recherche distincts. D’une part, s’inspirant de l’analyse mercantiliste de la richesse et de sa circulation, Locke s’efforce de définir les catégories propres de l’analyse monétaire. D’autre part, la monnaie métallique se définissant à la fois comme marchandise et comme signe, le problème se situe alors sur le terrain d’une analyse philosophique de la représentation, qui met en jeu la distinction entre substance, mode mixte et relation établie dans l’Essai philosophique concernant l’entendement humain. Enfin, la monnaie assure la liaison entre l’activité privée et l’ensemble de la vie sociale : Locke examine son rôle du point de vue de la propriété, du travail et des finalités collectives qu’ils doivent réaliser. Au total, la monnaie apparaît bien comme un problème crucial de la pensée lockienne, et non comme un thème annexe et conjoncturel.
Frank H. Knight. Le risque comme critique de l'économie politique
Authors: Pradier Pierre-Charles , Teira Serrano David
Published: October 2008

Nous proposons dans cet article de rechercher chez les prédécesseurs de Frank Knight un peu de lumière pour éclairer sa distinction entre risque et incertitude. D’une part, la lecture des économistes qui l’ont précédé permet de comprendre sa situation dans la polémique sur la répartition. D’autre part, l’examen des sources philosophiques qui informent sa théorie de la connaissance conduit à analyser l’opposition risque/incertitude comme une opposition théorie de la probabilitél théorie de la connaissance (imparfaite). Le recours à l’épistémologie de Knight fait saisir en quoi sa démarche philosophique le mène à conclure par l’absurde la polémique sur la répartition, et l’autorise alors à proposer une reconstruction de la théorie économique comme science des choix rationnels.
Paul bernays et la rénovation des fondements philosophiques des mathématiques
Authors: Heinzmann Gerhard
Published: October 2008

L'histoire des fondements des mathématiques du xxe siècle montre qu'il nous faut réviser la signification des notions philosophiques traditionnelles comme « évidence », « existence », « expérience » ou « rationalité ». On expose comment le logicien Paul Bernays, familier des conceptions de la philosophie de Jacob Friedrich Fries et de Léonard Nelson, donne aux résultats techniques une interprétation philosophique dont il s'inspire de plus en plus - à partir du milieu du siècle - de la « philosophie ouverte » de Ferdinand Gonseth. Bien avant Thomas Kuhn, Bernays conçoit la révision envisagée non pas simplement comme une question de vérité ou de fausseté, mais comme un problème exigeant l'introduction d'un nouveau système conceptuel. Cependant, l'affaiblissement du concept de vérité est pour lui une conséquence épistémologique provenant de la théorie de la connaissance adoptée et non une conséquence méthodologique issue d'un changement de paradigme et donc d'une incommensurabilité.
Présence de ferdinand gonseth dans la pensée de gaston bachelard
Authors: Vinti Carlo
Published: October 2008

Le but de cet article est d'analyser l'influence de la réflexion épistémologique et philosophique de Ferdinand Gonseth dans la pensée de Gaston Bachelard à deux ni veaux différents: d'une part, au niveau des citations directes des textes et des notions gonséthiennes par Bachelard et, d'autre part, au niveau de l'accord entre les deux pensées sur des thèses centrales - accord qui fait soupçonner une influence de Gonseth sur Bachelard ou une identité de leurs points de vues. On conclut en rappelant la notion de « subjectivité quelconque » suggérée à Bachelard par l'idée gonséthienne de «logique comme physique de l'objet quelconque » et en cherchant à saisir les différences entre la notion bachelardienne de « sujet quelconque» et l'homo phenomenologicus de Gonseth. On peut définir les épistémologies de Bachelard et de Gonseth comme deux phénoménologies de l'homme de science: c'est la caractéristique fondamentale qui les unit.
Science de l'homme et «domination rationnelle» Savoir ethnologique et politique indigène en Afrique coloniale française
Authors: De L'Estoile Benoît
Published: October 2008

L'article explore la notion wébérienne de «domination rationnelle» comme outil pour analyser les rapports entre les efforts de gestion des populations indigènes par l'État colonial, et le développement d'une forme spécifique de rationalité scientifique, prenant pour objet ces populations: les savoirs anthropologiques. En s'appuyant sur le cas de l'Afrique coloniale française, on s'efforce de montrer comment les dimensions d'instrumentation (avec la production d'instruments d'identification et de compréhension) et de légitimation sont essentielles dans l'émergence de savoirs sur les sociétés et les cultures indigènes, d'abord au sein des appareils administratifs, mais aussi dans les institutions savantes métropolitaines. L'appui au développement de la science de l'homme se fait dans le cadre de projets de « rationalisation » de la colonisation qui rapprochent des savants et des réformateurs liés à l 'École coloniale, voulant redéfinir la profession d'administrateur colonial comme «spécialiste des indigènes».
L'indigénisme au Brésil Migration et réappropriations d'un savoir administratif
Authors: De Souza Lima Antonio Carlos
Published: October 2008

Cet article se propose d'analyser les relations entre l'anthropologie et l'indigénisme au Brésil. Pour cela, il retrace le processus de migration des savoirs indigénistes depuis leur contexte d'origine au Mexique jusqu'au Brésil, et les transformations qu'ils connaissent au cours de leur trajectoire jusqu'à aujourd'hui, en s'appuyant sur la notion de « traditions de savoirs » pour la gestion des populations qui se sont développées à partir de l'époque coloniale. Cette approche participe d'une anthropologie du colonialisme, en ce qu'elle étudie les conceptions de la diversité culturelle des populations dans les administrations publiques brésiliennes et les façons de gouverner celles-ci.
Management of Mandibular Fractures in a Developing Country: A Review of 314 Cases from Two Urban Centers in Nigeria
Authors: Adeyemo Wasiu L. , Iwegbu Innocent O. , Bello Seidu A. , Okoturo Eyituoyo , Olaitan Ademola A. , Ladeinde Akinola L. , Ogunlewe Mobolanle O. , Adepoju Adegbenga A. , Taiwo Olanrewaju A.
Published: October 2008

Background

This study was designed to establish the current demographic and treatment patterns of mandibular fractures in two urban centers (Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, and National Hospital, Abuja) in Nigeria.

Methods

All cases of mandibular fractures diagnosed and treated at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos (1998–2007) and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria (2001–2007) were reviewed. Data collected included age, sex, etiology of fracture, anatomic site of fracture, associated maxillofacial fracture, types of treatment, and postoperative complications.

Results

The highest incidence of mandibular fractures (49.3%) occurred in the age group 21–30 years and the lowest in the age group 0–10 years, with male preponderance in nearly all age groups. Road traffic crashes (RTC) were the leading cause (67.5%), followed by assault (18.8%), and gunshot. Of the RTC cases, 85 (40%) were sustained from motorcycle‐related crashes. The commonest site of fracture was the body of the mandible (n = 137), followed by the angle (n = 114). The majority (83.1%) were treated by closed reduction using intermaxillary fixation, 13.1% by open reduction and internal fixation, and 3.8% had conservative treatment.

Conclusions

Mandibular fractures are commonest during the third decade of life and in men, with almost half of the cases due to of road traffic crashes. RTC was the leading cause of mandibular fractures in all age groups. Motorcycle‐related mandibular fractures seem to be increasing in Nigeria. There is a need to enforce legislation designed to prevent RTC to reduce maxillofacial fractures in Nigeria.
Thyroid Surgery in Burkina Faso, West Africa: Experience from a Surgical Help Program
Authors: Rumstadt B. , Klein B. , Kirr H. , Kaltenbach N. , Homenu W. , Schilling D.
Published: October 2008

Background

Endemic goiter caused by iodine deficiency is still very common in sub‐Saharan Africa and is a surgical challenge because of the often large size of the goiters.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was made of patients who underwent operation for thyroid diseases during a surgical help program in Leo/Burkina Faso during a 7‐year period from 2001 to 2008.

Results

A total of 253 cases presented with goiters grade III (WHO classification) were operated on: 134 hemithyroidectomies, 108 hemithyroidectomies combined with subtotal contralateral resection, and 11 total thyroidectomies were performed. The recurrent laryngeal injury rate was 0.8%, and the re‐exploration rate for bleeding was 1.2%. Median hospital stay was 3.1 days. Histological examinations showed Graves’ disease in 6 cases, and multinodular goiter in 231 cases. Follicular cancer was found in 15 cases, and anaplastic carcinoma was found in 1 case.

Conclusions

Thyroid surgery can be performed with low complication rates under basic surgical conditions. Because of the size and pathology of the goiters, total thyroidectomy is the method of choice. However, considering the risk of the development of hypothyroidism due to poor understanding or difficult access to medication, a limited resection, e.g., hemithyroidectomy, is the most optimal operative strategy.
Nerve Transfer for Elbow Flexion in Radiation-Induced Brachial Plexopathy: A Case Report
Authors: Tung Thomas H. , Liu Daniel Z. , Mackinnon Susan E.
Published: October 2008

Radiation-induced brachial plexopathy is an uncommon but devastating late complication seen in patients receiving radiation therapy to the chest wall and axilla. Treatment options are unfortunately limited. We report a case of a 59-year-old woman treated with radiation therapy for breast cancer 12 years earlier, who presented with loss of elbow flexion and marked shoulder weakness. Electromyogram and intraoperative stimulation of the musculocutaneous nerve branches were consistent with a proximal motor nerve conduction block. Microsurgical transfer of median and ulnar nerve fascicles to the biceps and brachialis branches of the musculocutaneous nerve, respectively, were performed. The patient recovered MRC grade 4/5 elbow flexion after surgery. The characteristics of this disorder and surgical treatment options are reviewed.
Interrupting the inflammatory cycle in chronic diseases—Do gap junctions provide the answer?
Authors: Green Colin R. , Nicholson Louise F.B.
Published: October 2008

A number of chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, are associated with genetic susceptibility. Some may originate on exposure to an environmental stimulus. Regardless of genetic predisposition or external stimulus, these chronic diseases, once triggered, share an inflammatory component making them effectively persistent “wounds”. There is also increasing evidence that the presence of one disease can cause activation of another apparently unrelated disease, leading to multiple disorders via activation of an immune response that ‘fast forwards’ disease progression. Here we review common aspects of a number of chronic disease conditions, and put forward the proposal that gap junction modulation may provide an opportunity to break the inflammatory cycle that sustains and links these disorders.
Kinetic and thermodynamic stability of bacterial intracellular aggregates
Authors: Espargaró Alba , Sabaté Raimon , Ventura Salvador
Published: October 2008

Protein aggregation is related to many human disorders and constitutes a major bottleneck in protein production. However, little is known about the conformational properties of in vivo formed aggregates and how they relate to the specific polypeptides embedded in them. Here, we show that the kinetic and thermodynamic stability of the inclusion bodies formed by the Aβ42 Alzheimer peptide and its Asp19 alloform differ significantly and correlate with their amyloidogenic propensity and solubility inside the cell. Our results indicate that the nature of the polypeptide chain determines the specific conformational properties of intracellular aggregates. This implies that different protein inclusions impose dissimilar challenges to the cellular quality‐control machinery.
Collagen XVIII and corneal reinnervation following keratectomy
Authors: Sakimoto Tohru , Kim Tae-im , Ellenberg David , Fukai Naomi , Jain Sandeep , Azar Dimitri T. , Chang Jin-Hong
Published: October 2008

The significance of collagen XVIII in the regulation of corneal reinnervation remains largely unknown. We used whole‐mount immunoconfocal microscopy to localize collagen XVIII to the nerve basement membrane of wild‐type (WT) mouse corneas. Transmission electron microscopy showed corneal nerve disorganization in collagen XVIII knockout mice (col18a1−/−). Antibody 2H3‐specific neurofilament colocalized with collagens XVIII and IV and laminin‐2 in WT mouse corneas, but did not colocalize with collagen IV and laminin‐2 in col18a1−/− mouse corneas. Following keratectomy, col18a1−/− mice displayed decreased corneal neurite extension compared to WT mice. Our data indicate that collagen XVIII may play an important role in corneal reinnervation after wounding.
Effects of dietary supplementation with an expressed fusion peptide bovine lactoferricin–lactoferrampin on performance, immune function and intestinal mucosal morphology in piglets weaned at age 21 d
Authors: Tang Zhiru , Yin Yulong , Zhang Youming , Huang Ruilin , Sun Zhihong , Li Tiejun , Chu Wuying , Kong Xiangfeng , Li Lili , Geng Meimei , Tu Qiang
Published: October 2008

Lactoferrin has antimicrobial activity associated with peptide fragments lactoferricin (LFC) and lactoferrampin (LFA) released on digestion. These two fragments have been expressed inPhotorhabdus luminescensas a fusion peptide linked to protein cipB. The construct cipB–LFC–LFA was tested as an alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters in pig production. Sixty piglets with an average live body weight of 5·42 (sem0·59) kg were challenged with enterotoxigenicEscherichia coliand randomly assigned to four treatment groups fed a maize–soyabean meal diet containing either no addition (C), cipB at 100 mg/kg (C+B), cipB–LFC–LFA at 100 mg/kg (C+L) or colistin sulfate at 100 mg/kg (C+CS) for 3 weeks. Compared with C, dietary supplementation with C+L for 3 weeks increased daily weight gain by 21 %, increased recovery from diarrhoea, enhanced serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx), peroxidase (POD) and total antioxidant content (T-AOC), liver GPx, POD, superoxide dismutase and T-AOC, Fe, total Fe-binding capacity, IgA, IgG and IgM levels (P < 0·05), decreased the concentration ofE. coliin the ileum, caecum and colon (P < 0·05), increased the concentration of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the ileum, caecum and colon (P < 0·05), and promoted development of the villus–crypt architecture of the small intestine. Growth performance was similar between C+L- and C+CS-supplemented pigs. The present results indicate that LFC–LFA is an effective alternative to the feed antibiotic CS for enhancing growth performance in piglets weaned at age 21 d.
Gene expression profiling of tolerant barley in response toDiuraphis noxia(Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding
Authors: Gutsche A. , Heng-Moss T. , Sarath G. , Twigg P. , Xia Y. , Lu G. , Mornhinweg D.
Published: October 2008

Aphids are, arguably, the single most damaging group of agricultural insect pests throughout the world. Plant tolerance, which is a plant response to an insect pest, is viewed as an excellent management strategy. Developing testable hypotheses based on genome-wide and more focused methods will help in understanding the molecular underpinnings of plant tolerance to aphid herbivory. As a first step in this process, we undertook transcript profiling with Affymetrix GeneChip Barley Genome arrays using RNA extracted from tissues of tolerant and susceptible genotypes collected at three hours, three days and six days afterDiuraphis noxiaintroduction. Acquired data were compared to identify changes unique to the tolerant barley at each harvest date. Transcript abundance of 4086 genes was differentially changed over the three harvest dates in tolerant and susceptible barley in response toD. noxiafeeding. Across the three harvest dates, the greatest number of genes was differentially expressed in both barleys at three days after aphid introduction. A total of 909 genes showed significant levels of change in the tolerant barley in response toD. noxiafeeding as compared to susceptible plants infested with aphids. Many of these genes could be assigned to specific metabolic categories, including several associated with plant defense and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, two peroxidase genes, designatedHvPRXA1andHvPRXA2, were up-regulated to a greater degree in response toD. noxiafeeding on tolerant barley plants, indicating that specific peroxidases could be important for the tolerance process. These findings suggest that the ability to elevate and sustain levels of ROS-scavenging enzymes could play an important role in the tolerant response.
Mendelian inheritance ofthaplotypes in house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) field populations
Authors: MILLER BAKER ANN EILEEN
Published: October 2008

Alleles of many genes in the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus)tcomplex influence embryonic development, male transmission ratio, male fertility and other traits. Homozygoustlethal alleles cause prenatal lethality, whereas maletsemilethal homozygotes and males heterozygous for two complementingtlethal haplotypes are sterile. Without a mechanism maintaining these deleterious genes,tlethals andtsemilethals should be eliminated by selection. The mechanism for maintaining them is transmission ratio distortion (TRD), which is said to occur when at/+ male sires a significantly greater proportion of fetuses carrying histhaplotype (80–100%) than his wild-type chromosome 17. To understand how this selfish DNA functions in trapped populations, the objectives of this study were to examine the structure ofthaplotypes in Colorado field populations and to determine transmission ratios in these populations. The data presented here indicate two possible causes for lower than expected transmission ratios in field populations: (1) single-sire fertilization by sperm from mosaictmales may lack allthaplotype genes causing high TRD. (2)t-bearing sperm fertilizing multiple-sire litters are diluted by+sperm from males having the most common genotype (+/+).