bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unmanned Underwater Vehicles in Crime Detection and Prevention
Authors: Zhantureyev Zhandos , Kassenova Samal , Baizhanov Yerbol
Published: August 2024

The relevance of the research is determined by the need to develop effective methods and strategies for the use of modern technologies to ensure the security of marine and underwater facilities in the face of the growing threat of underwater activity, terrorism, and violations of laws at sea. The research aims to analyse and document specific tactical and organisational approaches to the use of unmanned underwater vehicles aimed at increasing the effectiveness of actions related to the detection, investigation, and prevention of underwater crime. Classification, analytical, functional, statistical, and synthesis methods are among the methods used. The research results highlight the global experience of using drones in forensic practice and may serve as a basis for further improvement of legislation in this area. The application of uninhabited underwater vehicles by law enforcement and state bodies in the investigation of criminal offences is considered in the article, and the norms of criminal procedural legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan regulating the use of technical means in criminal proceedings are analysed. The study reveals the lack of comprehensive research on the use of unmanned underwater vehicles as scientific and technical means for the investigation of certain types of criminal cases, such as drug-trafficking and poaching, and offers recommendations on their use to identify and search for evidence in the aquatic environment. This research has a practical value by providing new methodologies and strategies for organisations and law-enforcement agencies in the field of underwater security, contributing to more effective detection, investigation, and prevention of crime in the maritime and underwater domains.
Standardisation of Work Agreement between Indonesian Fisheries Crew and Foreign Companies
Authors: Danial  , Mega Jaya Belardo Prasetya , Aulia Anisa , Taufiqurrohman H. Asari , Suryani  , Bawono Icuk Rangga
Published: August 2024

Modern slavery of fisheries crews in fishing industry is not new in Indonesia. One of the cases is the enslavement of Indonesian fisheries crews on the Long Xing 629 ship. The problem of slavery that befell the crew of the ship had arisen since the recruitment process, therefore it requires the standardisation of labour inspection and government firmness to implement the agreement on standardisation that is made between prospective Indonesian fisheries crews and foreign companies wishing to employ them. Based on these problems then this research aims to analyse how standardisation of work agreements between prospective Indonesian fisheries crews and foreign companies is carried out, and to test whether the work agreement between prospective Indonesian fisheries crews and foreign companies is in accordance with the standardisation in International Law and Indonesian national law. The research method used in this research is normative juridical method. The results of this research indicate that standardisation of work agreement between Indonesian fisheries crews and foreign companies is regulated in some conventions and national regulations. The terms of the work agreement for the fisheries crews must contain the identity of the fisheries crews, the amount of wages, facilities, accommodation for the fisheries crews on the ship, working conditions for the fisheries crews, rest periods, days off, and annual leave, and the placement of workers in accordance with the agreement that has been signed. Based on The Verdict No. 100/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Tgl. and the Verdict No. 22/Pid. Sus /2021/PN Tgl., which discusses the court process of Ki Agus Muhammad Firdaus and Muammar Kadafi, it shows that Indonesian fisheries crews are placed in work that is not in accordance with the agreed and signed work agreement and is not up to standard.
Optimising Electric Flex-Route Feeder Transit Service with Dynamic Wireless Charging Technology
Authors: GAO Tianyang , HU Dawei , CHEN Gang , CHIEN Steven , MA Bingshan
Published: August 2024

The emergence of battery electric buses (BEBs) can alleviate environmental problems caused by tailpipe emissions in transit system. However, the high cost of on-board batteries and range anxiety hinder its further development. Recently, the advent of dynamic wireless power transfer technology (DWPT) has become a potential solution to promote the development of BEBs. Hence, this study focuses on the application of DWPT in flex-route transit system. A mixed integer non-linear model is proposed to simultaneously optimise the bus routing and the selection of corresponding bus types considering the constraints of passengers’ travel time, battery size and bus capacity. The objective is to minimise both transit agency cost and passengers’ travel time cost. A tangible hybrid variable neighbourhood search (HVNS) consisting of simulated annealing (SA) and variable neighbourhood search (VNS) is developed to solve the proposed model efficiently. Compared with GAMS (DICOPT solver) and VNS, the proposed algorithm can considerably improve computational efficiency. The results suggest that the proposed model can effectively determine the BEBs’ routing and bus type for flex-route transit system powered by DWPT through a case study in Xi’an China. A comparative analysis shows the proposed model takes 12.97% less total cost than the alternative model with terminal charging technology (TCT).
Driving Towards Sustainable Transportation Systems: A bottom-up Traffic Modal Choices Analysis Using Responsible Management for Future Development Planning
Authors: AGACHE Andrei , CSMA Timea , MOCAN Marian , IVASCU Larisa
Published: August 2024

The transportation sector wields substantial influence on society, encompassing economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainability. Recognising environmentally conscious actions initiated by individuals, particularly at grassroots levels, fosters the development of a pro-environmental social identity. The article aims to analyse the transportation systems from a bottom-up perspective within a municipality. Consequently, three objectives are proposed for this research paper: investigate citizen behaviour regarding transportation, assess the strengths and weaknesses of communities based on citizen perspectives and generate ideas for improving transit through responsible management principles using a bottom-up approach. It has been determined that private car is the most commonly used mode of transportation. The number of cars is the only variable that influences the choice of transportation. A significant positive relationship has been identified between the number of cars and car travels, while a negative relationship has been observed between the number of cars and travels by transit, pedestrian or bicycle. In addition to this, other significant relationships were determined. Regarding the second objective, the majority of the interviewees perceive that the commune lacks any significant strengths. In terms of enhancement opportunities, respondents express a desire for improvements in pedestrian and cyclist infrastructure, transit facilities and the addition of more lanes and roads.
Estudo multicasos de avaliação de resultados das inovações tecnológicas no setor público: mecanismos, desafios e benefícios
Authors: Montezano Lana
Published: August 2024

Na era da transformação digital, cada vez mais as organizações públicas vêm adotando inovações tecnológicas para aperfeiçoamento da entrega dos serviços públicos. O artigo tem como objetivo analisar como as organizações públicas realizam as avaliações das inovações tecnológicas desenvolvidas, bem como quais os desafios para realizar tais avaliações e quais os benefícios obtidos com as inovações tecnológicas. A pesquisa é descritiva, transversal e qualitativa, por meio de 10 entrevistas com profissionais responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento e gestão de inovações tecnológicas de organizações públicas de cinco Estados Brasileiros e diferentes esferas de Poder e de Governo. Utilizou-se análise de conteúdo para consolidação dos dados. Os principais resultados foram: identificação de seis categorias de motivos da necessidade de desenvolver inovação tecnológica, sendo a melhoria dos processos de trabalho a mair recorrente; identificou-se formas de mensuração dos resultados com indicadores e percepção de pessoas; estabeleceu-se seis categorias de benefícios percebidos com a inovação e três de dificuldades enfrentadas para avaliação. Percebe-se que existe a problemática de falta de cultura de avaliação estruturada dos resultados das inovações tecnológicas nas experiências investigadas, remetendo a necessidade do avanço na adoção de mecanismos para verificar o quanto o investimento em inovações tecnológicas está trazendo retorno para a organização e para a sociedade, além de levar a reflexão quanto à necessidade de estabelecer mecanismos de avaliação durante a concepção da inovação.
Prevalence of Elevated Blood Lead Levels and Factors Contributing to the Risk of Lead Poisoning among 1-5-year-old Children: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Venkat PK , Achanta Unnati , Balamurli Gayathri Priyadharshini , Chinnasami Balaji , Sundar Subash
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Lead is a well-documented potent environmental toxin that has various harmful effects on the body, growth, and development noticed since, birth. Despite notable advancements in the decrease of lead exposure, researchers found environmental, socioeconomic, and demographic factors associated with elevated blood lead levels in children in Chennai, India, aged 1-5 years. This underscores the necessity for additional research on correlated risk factors. Aim: To assess the prevalence of elevated blood lead levels in children and estimate its values while identifying potential sources of lead exposure to the children. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional analytical research was conducted at SRM Medical College, Hospital, and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India from July 2019 to July 2022. A total of 92 children aged 1-5 years attending the Paediatric Outpatient Department (OPD) and inpatients at the same hospital were included in the study. This study was conducted to examine the impact of lead exposure on children aged one to five years by using a lead exposure risk assessment questionnaire by World Health Organisation (WHO). Blood lead levels were measured using Lead Care II analyser equipment and lead care blood lead testing kits. Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were applied to statistically analyse the data. Results: The majority, 48 (52.17%), were boys, while 44 (47.83%) were girls. The study found that 8 (8.7%) out of all the children had lead toxicity. Thumb sucking was associated with higher lead toxicity, while frequent waste material combustion was linked to higher lead toxicity. Other risk factors like age, gender, residence conditions, recent renovations, and exposure to smoke or dust were not significantly associated with increased blood lead levels. Food prepared in metal vessels, water sources, canned food, traffic near home, imported food, cosmetics, home remedies usage, and parental education status were not significantly associated with increased blood lead levels. Conclusion: Among the study population of 92 children, the prevalence of lead toxicity (>5 μg/dL) was found in 8 (8.7%) children. The results of present study point towards a significant association of lead toxicity in children with thumb sucking and combustion of waste material in surroundings. To fully understand lead exposure in primary and secondary care settings, greater sample sizes and additional research on confounding factors are required.
Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia and the Diagnostic Utility of Soluble Transferrin Receptor and sTfR/Log Ferritin Index among Pregnant Women: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Santhosh Nithin , Ruram Alice , Sharma Nalini , Chutia Happy , Boruah Polina , Nath Indrajit
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Anaemia is a significant global health concern, particularly among pregnant women. This condition, primarily caused by Iron Deficiency (ID), poses risks to both maternal and foetal health. However, interpreting iron status through biochemical tests faces challenges. While serum ferritin concentration is a specific indicator of ID, its accuracy can be compromised by factors like inflammation. Serum Soluble Transferrin Receptor (sTfR) has shown promise in accurately diagnosing anaemia, especially in pregnant women, as it remains unaffected by pregnancy-related changes. Nonetheless, studies on its efficiency have yielded mixed results. Aim: To study the prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) among pregnant women and also to evaluate the accuracy of sTfR levels and the sTfR/Log Ferritin Index as diagnostic markers in predicting IDA among pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at NEIGRIHMS, Shillong, Meghalaya, India, between April 2021 and November 2022. A total of 92 pregnant women in their first trimester were included in the study. An automated clinical chemistry analyser measured serum iron and highsensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP). Serum ferritin and sTfR levels were assessed via chemiluminescence assay. Sensitivity and specificity of sTfR levels and the sTfR/Log Ferritin Index in predicting IDA were determined utilising the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: Most participants, 38 individuals (41.3%), were aged 20 to 25 years. The prevalence of anaemia was observed in eight individuals, comprising 8.7%, with sTfR proving highly sensitive (87.5%) and specific (75%) for IDA at 25.24 nmol/L. Both sTfR (r=-0.360) and sTfR-ferritin Index (r=-0.344) had significant negative correlations with Haemoglobin (Hb) (p-value<0.001), while ferritin (r=0.156) didn’t correlate significantly with Hb (p-value=0.136). Notably, CRP didn’t affect sTfR levels, enhancing its reliability. Conclusion: sTfR levels and the sTfR-Ferritin index were significantly higher in pregnant women with IDA. They exhibited greater sensitivity and specificity compared to serum ferritin in detecting IDA.
Künstliche Intelligenz und Vielfaltssicherung
Authors: Oster Jan
Published: August 2024

Der Aufsatz untersucht den rechtlichen Rahmen der Regulierung Künstlicher Intelligenz aus der Perspektive der Vielfaltssicherung. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der KI‑VO, dem DSA, dem EMFA und dem MStV. Der Beitrag plädiert für eine Erweiterung des nationalen Medienkonzentrationsrechts auf eine evidenzbasierte Kontrolle, die die Risiken und die Möglichkeiten Künstlicher Intelligenz für die Vielfaltssicherung mit der nötigen Expertise einschätzt und passgenau adressiert. KI ist nicht zwingend eine Gefahr für die Vielfaltssicherung, im Gegenteil: Eine KI hat keine persönlichen Präferenzen; sie steht Meinungen im allerbesten Sinne gleichgültig gegenüber. Dies kann sich Regulierung zunutze machen.
Das SE-Sitzkopplungsgebot auf dem Prüfstand
Authors: Stiegler Sascha
Published: August 2024

Das europäische Gesellschaftsrecht ist vom Stillstand weit entfernt. Mit der demnächst zu verabschiedenden Digitalisierungs- Richtlinie II sowie der großen Erweiterung des grenzüberschreitenden Umwandlungsrechts durch die Richtlinie (EU) 2019/ 2121 wird die länderübergreifende Mobilität in Europa weiter gestärkt. Dies zeigt sich auch bei den supranationalen Rechtsformen, wo neben einer vereinfachten europäischen Gesellschaft (SES) das Projekt eines Europäischen Vereins (ECBA) wieder an Fahrt aufgenommen hat. Die Frage ist, wie sich diese im Grundsatz mobilitätsbegünstigten Maßnahmen auf bestehende Regelungen auswirken oder auch im Stande sind, diese ins Wanken zu bringen. Dies soll nachfolgend für das bereits seit Jahren kritisierte Sitzkopplungsgebot der Europäischen Aktiengesellschaft (SE) thematisiert werden.
Die Berichterstattung zur Umsetzung des Kompetenzprofils für den Aufsichtsrat in den Geschäftsberichten 2023 der DAX-40-Unternehmen
Authors: Merkner Andreas , Schulenburg Friedrich , Paulssen Laura
Published: August 2024

Für das Geschäftsjahr 2022 haben die Unternehmen in Umsetzung der Empfehlung C.1 Satz 5 des Deutschen Corporate Governance Kodex in der Fassung vom 28.4.2022 (DCGK) erstmals den Stand der Umsetzung des Kompetenzprofils des Aufsichtsrats anhand einer Qualifikationsmatrix veranschaulicht. Erwartungsgemäß unterschieden sich die veröffentlichten Matrices im Jahr Eins der Umsetzung der neuen Empfehlung in vielerlei Hinsicht deutlich voneinander. Anlässlich der Veröffentlichung der Geschäftsberichte für das Geschäftsjahr 2023 durch die DAX-40- Unternehmen wirft der vorliegende Beitrag einen Blick auf die „Qualifikationsmatrix im Jahr Zwei“ und insbesondere die Veränderungen gegenüber den Matrices aus dem Vorjahr.
Über die Zulässigkeit des Fotografierens und Filmens von (Intensiv-)Patienten
Authors: Palsherm Ingo
Published: August 2024

Angesichts der (nahezu) Allgegenwart von Handys mit sehr leistungsfähiger Kamerafunktion stellt sich im Krankenhausalltag nicht selten die Frage, ob bewusstlose Patienten eigentlich überhaupt fotografiert oder gefilmt werden dürfen, beispielsweise wenn besuchende Angehörige „mal schnell das Handy zücken“. Im Hinblick auf die rechtliche Bewertung des ungefragten Abbildens von Patienten ist zu unterscheiden zwischen erstens dem Fotografieren/Filmen an sich und zweitens dem Verbreiten solcher Aufnahmen. Hier soll die zeitlich erste Phase der Erstellung einer Aufnahme an sich unter straf‑, zivil- und datenschutzrechtlichen Gesichtspunkten behandelt werden, weil dies immer wieder zu unmittelbaren Konflikten im Krankenhaus auf der Station führt.
Wie aussagekräftig ist die EATR nach Devereux/Griffith für digitale Unternehmen? — Eine formaltheoretische Diskussion zur Annahme der sofortigen Verlustverrechnung
Authors: Vötisch Jasmin
Published: August 2024

Die Effective Average Tax Rate (EATR) nach Devereux/Griffith gibt basierend auf einem investitionstheoretischen Ansatz die Steuerbelastung verschiedener Investitionen an. Hierbei wird die Möglichkeit der sofortigen Verlustverrechnung angenommen. Bedeutsam ist diese Annahme vor allem dann, wenn das Steuerrecht den Sofortabzug, die beschleunigte Abschreibung von Investitionsaufwendungen oder steuerliche Forschungs- und Entwicklungsförderung gewährt. Diese steuerrechtlichen Begünstigungen sind in der Untersuchung von ZEW/PwC (2017) die Hauptursachen für eine deutlich niedrigere EATR von digitalen gegenüber traditionellen Geschäftsmodellen. In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst anhand von Merkmalen der Geschäftsmodelle und den Jahresabschlüssen digitaler Unternehmen eine Tendenz zur Bildung steuerlicher Verlustvorträge aufgezeigt. Demnach ist die Möglichkeit der sofortigen Verlustverrechnung potenziell nicht gegeben. Das Zusammentreffen der beiden Aspekte, zum einen des deutlichen Einflusses auf die resultierenden EATR und zum anderen der im individuellen Fall fraglichen Realitätsnähe der Annahme der sofortigen Verlustverrechnung, bietet Anlass für eine formaltheoretische Diskussion, inwieweit die Aussagekraft der EATR nach Devereux/Griffith für digitale Unternehmen dadurch beeinträchtigt wird. Dabei kann eine Reihe von Fallkonstellationen dargestellt werden, in welchen der Abschreibungsbarwert aufgrund der begrenzten Verlustverrechnung bedeutend geringer als unter den Annahmen des Grundmodells ist. Es wird außerdem aufgezeigt, dass zwischen der steuerwirksamen Berücksichtigung der Investitionsaufwendungen und steuerlicher Forschungs- und Entwicklungsförderung oder anderer Abzugsbeträge ein konkurrierendes Verhältnis bestehen kann. Die resultierenden Steuerersparnisse können somit nicht einfach addiert werden, ohne die Wechselwirkungen und deren tatsächliche Beschränkung der Steuerwirkungen zu berücksichtigen. Die Ergebnisse dieses Beitrags können demnach einen Anhaltspunkt geben, in welchen Fällen ein einzelfallbezogener Rückgriff auf andere Informationsquellen neben der EATR von besonderer Wichtigkeit ist, um die zu erwartende Steuerbelastung realistisch einzuschätzen.
Native Chemical Ligation of Hydrolysis‐Resistant 3′‐NH‐Cysteine‐Modified RNA
Authors: Geiermann Anna‐Skrollan , Micura Ronald
Published: September 2015

Hydrolysis‐resistant RNA‐peptide conjugates that contain a 3′‐NH linkage between the adenosine ribose and the C‐terminal carboxyl group of a peptide moiety instead of the natural ester mimic acylated tRNA termini. Their detailed preparation that combines solid‐phase oligonucleotide synthesis and bioconjugation is described here. The key step is native chemical ligation (NCL) of 3′‐NH‐cysteine‐modified RNA to highly soluble peptide thioesters. These hydrolysis‐resistant 3′‐NH‐peptide‐modified RNAs, containing the universally conserved 3′‐CCA end of tRNA, are biologically active and can bind to the ribosome. They can be used as valuable probes for structural and functional studies of the ribosomal elongation cycle. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dependence of the location of the Martian magnetic lobes on the interplanetary magnetic field direction: Observations from Mars Global Surveyor
Authors: Romanelli N. , Bertucci C. , Gómez D. , Mazelle C.
Published: September 2015

We use magnetometer data from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft during portions of the premapping orbits of the mission to study the variability of the Martian‐induced magnetotail as a function of the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The time spent by MGS in the magnetotail lobes during periods with positive solar wind flow‐aligned IMF component
suggests that their location as well as the position of the central polarity reversal layer (PRL) are displaced in the direction antiparallel to the IMF cross‐flow component
. Analogously, in the cases where
is negative, the lobes are displaced in the direction of
. This behavior is compatible with a previously published analytical model of the IMF draping, where for the first time, the displacement of a complementary reversal layer (denoted as IPRL for inverse polarity reversal layer) is deduced from first principles.
Nonlinear wave growth theory of coherent hiss emissions in the plasmasphere
Authors: Omura Yoshiharu , Nakamura Satoko , Kletzing Craig A. , Summers Danny , Hikishima Mitsuru
Published: September 2015

Recent observations of plasmaspheric hiss emissions by the Van Allen Probes show that broadband hiss emissions in the plasmasphere comprise short‐time coherent elements with rising and falling tone frequencies. Based on nonlinear wave growth theory of whistler mode chorus emissions, we have examined the applicability of the nonlinear theory to the coherent hiss emissions. We have generalized the derivation of the optimum wave amplitude for triggering rising tone chorus emissions to the cases of both rising and falling tone hiss elements. The amplitude profiles of the hiss emissions are well approximated by the optimum wave amplitudes for triggering rising or falling tones. Through the formation of electron holes for rising tones and electron hills for falling tones, the coherent waves evolve to attain the optimum amplitudes. An electromagnetic particle simulation confirms the nonlinear wave growth mechanism as the initial phase of the hiss generation process. We find very good agreement between the theoretical optimum amplitudes and the observed amplitudes as a function of instantaneous frequency. We calculate nonlinear growth rates at the equator and find that nonlinear growth rates for rising tone emissions are much larger than the linear growth rates. The time scales of observed hiss emissions also agree with those predicted by the nonlinear theory. Based on the theory, we can infer properties of energetic electrons generating hiss emissions in the equatorial region of the plasmasphere.
Mouse Necropsy
Authors: Treuting Piper M. , Snyder Jessica M.
Published: September 2015

Necropsy (also known as autopsy) is the post‐mortem dissection of bodies after euthanasia or death and is a scientific examination conducted to observe and dissect the organs, collect tissues, and determine the extent of grossly evident disease. Research necropsies are conducted to obtain specific samples tailored according to study objectives. Diagnostic necropsy may be undertaken when unexpected illness or death occurs. The systematic collection of samples at necropsy is the critical first step in generating morphologic data from animal models. The morphologic (anatomic and histologic) data generates information on changes in cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems providing context for phenotypes (functional and morphological) to the level of the whole organism. Optimal insight into phenotype or pathophysiologic mechanisms is obtained when morphologic data is coupled with laboratory, medical, and molecular findings. This protocol provides a standard for an efficient routine mouse necropsy with brief comments on advanced or alternative techniques. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Overview of Typical Infections of Research Mice: Health Monitoring and Prevention of Infection
Authors: Fahey James R. , Olekszak Haiyan
Published: September 2015

There are many reasons to keep research mice healthy and free from infections. The two most important of these are to protect the health and welfare of research mice and to prevent infections from negatively impacting research. Just as the genetic integrity of a mouse strain will influence the reproducibility and validity of research data, so too will the microbiologic integrity of the animals. This has been repeatedly demonstrated in the literature of laboratory animal sciences wherein the direct impact of infections on physiologic parameters under study have been described. Therefore, it is of great importance that scientists pay close attention to the health status of their research animal colonies and maintain good communications with the animal facility personnel at their institution about mouse health issues. This overview provides information about animal health monitoring (HM) in research mouse colonies including commonly monitored agents, diagnostic methods, HM program, risk assessment, and animal facility biosecurity. Lastly, matters of communication with laboratory animal professionals at research institutions are also addressed. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Impact of polyethylene glycol as additive on the formation and extraction behavior of ionic‐liquid based aqueous two‐phase system
Authors: Vahidnia Mohammad , Pazuki Gholamreza , Abdolrahimi Shiva
Published: September 2015

Developing a novel Ionic‐liquid (IL) based aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as adjuvant for the separation of biomolecules is studied. This original work involves addition of various concentration of PEG (2000, 4000, and 6000 gr/mol) to 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate+ potassium hydrogen phosphate ATPS to investigate their subsequent effect on phase diagrams and partitioning coefficient of α‐amylase. In another innovative aspect of this work, response surface methodology (RSM) based on three‐variable central composite design was employed to understand the effect of phase forming components on extraction studies of α‐amylase. The addition of small amount of PEG improved the partitioning coefficient of biomolecule. The effective excluded volume theory was applied to correlate the salting‐out ability. As a result, it can be stated that the proposed system can effectively be used in separation and purification studies instead of task specific ILs. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 264–274, 2016
11q24.2‐25 micro‐rearrangements in autism spectrum disorders: Relation to brain structures
Authors: Maruani Anna , Huguet Guillaume , Beggiato Anita , ElMaleh Monique , Toro Roberto , Leblond Claire S. , Mathieu Alexandre , Amsellem Frederique , Lemière Nathalie , Verloes Alain , Leboyer Marion , Gillberg Christopher , Bourgeron Thomas , Delorme Richard
Published: September 2015

Jacobsen syndrome (JS) is characterized by intellectual disability and higher risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). All patients with JS are carriers of contiguous de novo deletions of 11q24.2‐25, but the causative genes remain unknown. Within the critical interval, we hypothesized that haploinsufficiency of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule Neurotrimin (NTM) might increase the risk for ASD and could affect brain structure volumes. We searched for deleterious mutations affecting NTM in 1256 ASD patients and 1287 controls, using SNP arrays, and by direct sequencing of 250 ASD patients and 180 controls. We compared our results to those obtained from independent cohorts of ASD patients and controls. We identified two patients with Copy Number Variants (CNV) encompassing NTM, one with a large de novo deletion, and a clinical phenotype of JS (including macrocephaly), and a second with a paternally inherited duplication, not consistent with JS. Interestingly, no similar CNVs were observed in controls. We did not observe enrichment for deleterious NTM mutations in our cohort. We then explored if the macrocephaly in the patient with JS was associated with a homogeneous increase of brain structures volumes using automatic segmentation. Compared to subjects without NTM micro‐rearrangements (n=188), the patient had an increased volume of the sub‐cortical structures but a decrease of the occipital gray matter. Finally our explorations could not incriminate NTM as a susceptibility gene for ASD, but provides new information on the impact of the 11q24.2‐25 deletion on brain anatomy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Considerations in difficult‐to‐control asthma
Authors: Lanier Bob Q. , Tierce Millard
Published: September 2015

Background

Difficult‐to‐control asthma includes those patients who require treatment with high‐dose inhaled glucocorticosteroid (ICS) plus a second controller and/or systemic glucocorticosteroids to manage. The exact percentage of “difficult to treat,” “refractory,” “severe,” or “brittle” asthma is 3% to 10% of all asthmatic patients, but this group of asthmatics use the majority of resources for the entire asthmatic population.

Methods

Medline searches for the terms “difficult to control,” “severe,” “refractory,” “brittle,” and asthma were done and the results were reviewed.

Results

Patterns for difficult‐to‐control asthma emerge from concepts of compliance, comorbidity, and endotypes, which give the practitioner pathways for analyzing this subset of asthma patients.

Conclusion

The ear, nose, and throat (ENT) physician can be of significant help to other asthma specialists in the recognition of the difficult‐to‐control asthmatic, as well as providing specific specialized diagnostic skills and the reinforcement of adherence to medical regimens.
Iridium‐Catalyzed ortho‐Arylation of Benzoic Acids with Arenediazonium Salts
Authors: Huang Liangbin , Hackenberger Dagmar , Gooßen Lukas J.
Published: September 2015

In the presence of catalytic [{IrCp*Cl2}2] and Ag2CO3, Li2CO3 as the base, and acetone as the solvent, benzoic acids react with arenediazonium salts to give the corresponding diaryl‐2‐carboxylates under mild conditions. This CH arylation process is generally applicable to diversely substituted substrates, ranging from extremely electron‐rich to electron‐poor derivatives. The carboxylate directing group is widely available and can be removed tracelessly or employed for further derivatization. Orthogonality to halide‐based cross‐couplings is achieved by the use of diazonium salts, which can be coupled even in the presence of iodo substituents.
4‐Hydroxy‐benzoic acid (4‐diethylamino‐2‐hydroxy‐benzylidene)hydrazide: DFT, antioxidant, spectroscopic and molecular docking studies with BSA
Authors: Sharma Vibha , Arora Ekta Kundra , Cardoza Savio
Published: September 2015

The Schiff base 4‐hydroxy‐benzoic acid (4‐diethylamino‐2‐hydroxy‐benzylidene) hydrazide (SL) was synthesized and characterized. Its antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging action. Being a potent antioxidant its binding ability to the transport protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied using fluorescence quenching and circular dichroism (CD) studies. The binding distance has been calculated by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to be 1.85 Å and the Stern–Volmer quenching constant has been calculated to be (3.23 ± 0.45) × 105 M–1. Quantum chemical analysis was carried out for the Schiff base using DFT with B3LYP and 6–311G** and related to the experimentally obtained results. For a deeper understanding of the mechanism of the interaction, the experimental data were complemented by protein–Schiff base docking calculations using Argus Lab. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic value of serum CYFRA21‐1 and CEA for non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Hui , Han Yun‐Wei , Liang Hui , Wang Le‐Min
Published: September 2015

The aim of the study was to assess the clinical prognostic value of serum cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21‐1) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Literatures related to effects of serum CYFRA21‐1 and CEA on the prognosis of lung cancer patients were retrieved from databases such as PubMed, Springer Link, Embase, Wanfang, and CNKI. Meta‐analysis was carried out using RevMan 5.1 software. Ten literatures involving 1990 NSCLC patients were selected in this study. Total survive estimation merging hazard ratio (HR) in all NSCLC patients with high‐level serum CYFRA21‐1 was 1.64 (95% CI 1.46–1.84, P < 0.001) and that in all NSCLC patients with high level serum CEA was 1.46 (95% CI 1.28–1.65, P < 0.001). Serum CYFRA21‐1 and CEA can be used as prognostic factors of NSCLC patients. Combinative detection of the two indices will be more reliable.
Prenatal diagnosis of a 46,XX male following noninvasive prenatal testing
Authors: Mansfield Nerida , Boogert Tom , McLennan Andrew
Published: September 2015

Key Clinical message

Case report involving a normal female by NIPT with male external genitalia on routine fetal morphology assessment. QF‐PCR, CGH microarray, and FISH revealed an unbalanced translocation, involving the short arms of the X and Y chromosomes. This case demonstrates the possible limitations of correctly identifying sex chromosome abnormalities via NIPT.
Blue Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence from Water‐Soluble Iridium Complexes Containing Sulfonated Phenylpyridine or Tetraethylene Glycol Derivatized Triazolylpyridine Ligands
Authors: Kerr Emily , Doeven Egan H. , Barbante Gregory J. , Connell Timothy U. , Donnelly Paul S. , Wilson David J. D. , Ashton Trent D. , Pfeffer Frederick M. , Francis Paul S.
Published: September 2015

Incorporating phenylpyridine‐ and triazolylpyridine‐based ligands decorated with methylsulfonate or tetraethylene glycol (TEG) groups, a series of iridium(III) complexes has been created for green and blue electrogenerated chemiluminescence under analytically useful aqueous conditions, with tri‐n‐propylamine as a coreactant. The relative electrochemiluminescence (ECL) intensities of the complexes were dependent on the sensitivity of the photodetector over the wavelength range and the pulse time of the applied electrochemical potential. In terms of the integrated area of corrected ECL spectra, with a pulse time of 0.5 s, the intensities of the IrIII complexes were between 18 and 102 % that of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine). However, when the intensities were measured with a typical bialkali photomultiplier tube, the signal of the most effective blue emitter, [Ir(df‐ppy)2(pt‐TEG)]+ (df‐ppy=2‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl)pyridine anion, pt‐TEG=1‐(2‐(2‐(2‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)‐4‐(2‐pyridyl)‐1,2,3‐triazole), was over 1200 % that of the orange–red emitter [Ru(bpy)3]2+. A combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of the IrIII complexes indicated that the greater intensity from [Ir(df‐ppy)2(pt‐TEG)]+ relative to those of the other IrIII complexes resulted from a combination of many factors, rather than being significantly favored in one area.
Initiation Chemistries in Hydrocarbon (Aut)Oxidation
Authors: Sandhiya Lakshmanan , Zipse Hendrik
Published: September 2015

For the (aut)oxidation of toluene to benzyl hydroperoxide, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and benzoic acid, the thermochemical profiles for various radical‐generating reactions have been compared. A key intermediate in all of these reactions is benzyl hydroperoxide, the heat of formation of which has been estimated by using results from CBS‐QB3, G4, and G3B3 calculations. Homolytic OO bond cleavage in this hydroperoxide is strongly endothermic and thus unlikely to contribute significantly to initiation processes. In terms of reaction enthalpies the most favorable initiation process involves bimolecular reaction of benzyl hydroperoxide to yield hydroxy and benzyloxy radicals along with water and benzaldehyde. The reaction enthalpy and free energy of this process is significantly more favorable than those for the unimolecular dissociation of known radical initiators, such as dibenzoylperoxide or dibenzylhyponitrite.
Facile Synthesis of a Furan–Arylamine Hole‐Transporting Material for High‐Efficiency, Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Krishna Anurag , Sabba Dharani , Yin Jun , Bruno Annalisa , Boix Pablo P. , Gao Yang , Dewi Herlina A. , Gurzadyan Gagik G. , Soci Cesare , Mhaisalkar Subodh G. , Grimsdale Andrew C.
Published: September 2015

A novel hole‐transporting molecule (F101) based on a furan core has been synthesized by means of a short, high‐yielding route. When used as the hole‐transporting material (HTM) in mesoporous methylammonium lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) it produced better device performance than the current state‐of‐the‐art HTM 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD). The F101‐HTM‐based device exhibited both slightly higher Jsc (19.63 vs. 18.41 mA cm−2) and Voc (1.1 vs. 1.05 V) resulting in a marginally higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) (13.1 vs. 13 %). The steady‐state and time‐resolved photoluminescence show that F101 has significant charge extraction ability. The simple molecular structure, short synthesis route with high yield and better performance in devices makes F101 an excellent candidate for replacing the expensive spiro‐OMeTAD as HTM in PSCs.
ChemInform Abstract: Identification of Novel Cu, Ag, and Au Ternary Oxides from Global Structural Prediction.
Authors: Cerqueira Tiago F. T. , Lin Sun , Amsler Maximilian , Goedecker Stefan , Botti Silvana , Marques Miguel A. L.
Published: September 2015

Ab initio global structural prediction and specifically, the minima hopping method combined with high‐throughput calculations are used to explore the periodic table in search of novel oxide phases.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Valence Electron Concentration on Laves Phases: Structures and Phase Stability of Pseudo‐Binary MgZn2‐xPdx.
Authors: Thimmaiah Srinivasa , Miller Gordon J.
Published: September 2015

The series of title compounds (0.15 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) is synthesized from the elements (Ta tubes, Ar, 750 °C, 18 h, followed by annealing at 400 °C for 5 d, 90—95% yields) and characterized by single crystal XRD and TB‐LMTO‐ASA electronic structure calculations to analyze the effect of valence electron concentration on MgZn2.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Quaternary α‐Fluoro‐β‐keto‐amines via Detrifluoroacetylative Mannich Reactions.
Authors: Xie Chen , Dai Yanling , Mei Haibo , Han Jianlin , Soloshonok Vadim A. , Pan Yi
Published: September 2015

A simple procedure is elaborated for the synthesis of α‐fluoro‐β‐keto‐amines (III) and (VI) by detrifluoroacetylative Mannich reaction of keto‐hydrates (I) and (V) with imines (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Remote Stereoinduction in the Organocuprate‐Mediated Allylic Alkylation of Allylic gem‐Dichlorides: Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐Chloroalkene Dipeptide Isosteres.
Authors: Kobayakawa Takuya , Narumi Tetsuo , Tamamura Hirokazu
Published: September 2015

The allylic alkylation of isomeric dichlorides (I) and (IV) with organocuprates proceeds via 1,4‐asymmetric induction to afford corresponding (Z)‐chloroalkene dipeptide isosteres with high diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Formaldehyde N,N‐Dialkylhydrazones as Neutral Formyl Anion Equivalents in Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution.
Authors: Breitler Simon , Carreira Erick M.
Published: September 2015

Formaldehyde N,N‐dialkylhydrazones like (II) can be used as neutral C1‐nucleophiles in two different iridium‐catalyzed substitution reactions of allylic carbonates: either for kinetic resolution or, alternatively, for a stereospecific substitution.
ChemInform Abstract: Tuning Radical Reactivity Using Iodine in Oxidative C(sp3)—H/C(sp)—H Cross‐Coupling: An Easy Way Toward the Synthesis of Furans and Indolizines.
Authors: Tang Shan , Liu Kun , Long Yue , Qi Xiaotian , Lan Yu , Lei Aiwen
Published: September 2015

Iodine‐catalyzed oxidative cross‐coupling/cyclization for the synthesis of furans and indolizines is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,5‐Hydride Transfer Protocol for the Synthesis of β‐Branched Polyketide Structural Units.
Authors: Stefan Eric , Taylor Richard E.
Published: September 2015

Benzyl ethers undergo 1,5‐hydride transfer through activation of proximal allylic alcohol or chloride to produce methyl substituted polyketide units.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Hydrogenolysis of Phenols and Phenyl Ethers to Arenes Through Direct C—O Cleavage over Ruthenium—Tungsten Bifunctional Catalysts.
Authors: Huang Yao‐Bing , Yan Long , Chen Meng‐Yuan , Guo Qing‐Xiang , Fu Yao
Published: September 2015

The recyclable bifunctional catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity for the hydrogenolysis of a wide range of phenols and aryl ethers, including dimeric lignin model compounds and simple phenols from lignin pyrolysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed γ‐Cyanation of Aza‐Baylis—Hillman Adducts Using Trimethylsilyl Cyanide.
Authors: Yadav Arvind K. , Yadav Lal Dhar S.
Published: September 2015

The cyanation of aza‐BH adducts with a conjugated double bond proceeds via an iminium ion.
ChemInform Abstract: A Transition‐Metal‐Free Heck‐Type Reaction Between Alkenes and Alkyl Iodides Enabled by Light in Water.
Authors: Liu Wenbo , Li Lu , Chen Zhengwang , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: September 2015

Under basic aqueous conditions and irradiation with UV light, various alkenes couple with non‐activated alkyl iodides.
ChemInform Abstract: Unprecedented One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Propargylamines Using Amberlyst A‐21 Supported CuI under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Bosica Giovanna , Gabarretta John
Published: September 2015

CuI supported on Amberlyst A‐21 is shown to be a highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the three‐component coupling of amines with various aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes and terminal alkynes leading to propargylamines.
ChemInform Abstract: CuBr2‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Routes to Highly Functionalized and Naturally Occurring Allenes.
Authors: Ma Shengming , et al.
Published: September 2015

The CuBr2‐catalyzed reaction of alkynes with aldehydes in the presence of (S)‐diphenylprolinol (PRO) allows an easy access to functionalized chiral allenes including the naturally occurring allene (VIIId).
ChemInform Abstract: Difluoromethylation and gem‐Difluorocyclopropenation with Difluorocarbene Generated by Decarboxylation.
Authors: Deng Xiao‐Yun , Lin Jin‐Hong , Zheng Jian , Xiao Ji‐Chang
Published: September 2015

Difluoromethylene phosphobetaine (PDFA, II) is found to be an efficient difluorocarbene precursor in the difluoromethylation of the activated X—H bonds (X = N, O, S), aliphatic thiols (IV), and gem‐difluorocyclopropenation of alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: (Chloromethyl)magnesium Chloride—Lithium Chloride: A Chemoselective Reagent for the Synthesis of Functionalized Aromatic Chlorohydrins.
Authors: Nishimura Rodolfo H. V. , Murie Valter E. , Soldi Rafael A. , Clososki Giuliano C.
Published: September 2015

Aryl and hetaryl aldehydes are efficiently transformed to the corresponding chlorohydrins.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Methylation of Amines with Methanol at Room Temperature.
Authors: Tsarev Vasily N. , Morioka Yuna , Caner Joaquim , Wang Qing , Ushimaru Richiro , Kudo Akihiko , Naka Hiroshi , Saito Susumu
Published: September 2015

The title reaction undergoes under UV‐vis light irradiation using Ag/TiO2 as photocatalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Reaction of 2‐Carboxythioesters‐1,3‐dithiane with Nitroalkenes: An Organocatalytic Strategy for the Asymmetric Addition of a Glyoxylate Anion Equivalent.
Authors: Massolo Elisabetta , Benaglia Maurizio , Genoni Andrea , Annunziata Rita , Celentano Giuseppe , Gaggero Nicoletta
Published: September 2015

The enantioselective organocatalyzed conjugate addition of a newly activated thioester acting as an acyl anion mimic is presented using a chiral bifunctional catalyst to control the stereochemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: A Silver(I)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Ficini′s [2 + 2] Cycloaddition Employing Ynamides.
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Na , Ma Zhi‐Xiong , Deng Jun , Hsung Richard P.
Published: September 2015

The thermally driven [2 + 2] cycloaddition of substrates (I) and (IV) represents the first examples of an intramolecular Ficini reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Falling‐Solid Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis: An Efficient Preparation of Arylacetylenes.
Authors: Wentrup Curt , Becker Juergen , Winter Hans‐Wilhelm
Published: September 2015

Starting from 3‐methylisoxazolones and aryl aldehydes, 4‐arylmethylidene‐5(4H)‐isoxazolone or bis(isoxazolyl)methane derivatives are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Aerobic Oxidation of Cyclohexanones to Phenols and Aryl Ethers over Supported Pd Catalysts.
Authors: Zhang Zhenzhong , Hashiguchi Taishin , Ishida Tamao , Hamasaki Akiyuki , Honma Tetsuo , Ohashi Hironori , Yokoyama Takushi , Tokunaga Makoto
Published: September 2015

A facile protocol for the direct oxidation of cyclohexanones to phenols using Pd on ZrO2 as catalyst and oxygen as terminal oxidant is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneously Catalyzed Direct C—H Thiolation of Heteroarenes.
Authors: Vasquez‐Cespedes Suhelen , Ferry Angelique , Candish Lisa , Glorius Frank
Published: September 2015

An operationally simple general methodology for the arylthiolation of heteroarenes including thiophene, benzothiophene, benzofuran, and indole derivatives is elaborated.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Regiospecific Dimerization of Aromatic Acids: Two Direct C—H Bond Activations in Water.
Authors: Gong Hang , Zeng Huiying , Zhou Feng , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: September 2015

An environmentally friendly, operationally simple and scalable synthesis of diaryl acids is elaborated.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free, Ambient‐Pressure Carbonylative Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Halides with Potassium Aryltrifluoroborates.
Authors: Jin Fengli , Han Wei
Published: September 2015

A series of biaryl ketones, e.g. fenofibrate (IVd), is prepared by an unprecedented carbonylative cross‐coupling of aryl iodides with aryltrifluoroborates (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective 1,2‐Addition of Organometallic Reagents to Unprotected Juglones.
Authors: Parker Kathlyn A. , Mindt Thomas L.
Published: September 2015

Juglones (I) undergo regioselective 1,2‐addition with alkyllithium and alkyl Grignard reagents at the non‐hydrogen bonded carbonyl group to produce quinol adducts.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Reductive Heck Reaction of Aryl Halides.
Authors: Yue Guizhou , Lei Kaining , Hirao Hajime , Zhou Jianrong Steve
Published: September 2015

Alkylammonium salts in glycol are used as hydrogen‐bond donors to promote halide dissociation under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient One Pot Three‐Component Nanocatalyzed Synthesis of Spiroheterocycles Using TiO2 Nanoparticles as a Heterogeneous Catalyst.
Authors: Tailor Yogesh Kumar , Khandelwal Sarita , Kumari Yogita , Awasthi Kamlendra , Kumar Mahendra
Published: September 2015

Structurally diverse spiroheterocycles, spiroannulated with imidazothiazole and imidazothiadiazole, are obtained by an environmentally benign isocyanide based domino protocol involving the three‐component reaction of benzothiazole (I)/thiadiazole (IX), isocyanides (II), and isatins (IV)/cyclic carbonyl compounds (V)/(VII).