bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ideology and International Institutions
Authors: Voeten Erik
Published: May 2021

Today's liberal international institutional order is being challenged by the rising power of illiberal states and by domestic political changes inside liberal states. Against such a backdrop, this book offers a broader understanding of international institutions by arguing that the politics of multilateralism has always been based on ideology and ideological divisions. The book develops new theories and measures to make sense of past and current challenges to multilateral institutions. It presents a straightforward theoretical framework that analyzes multilateral institutions as attempts by states to shift the policies of others toward their preferred ideological positions. It then measures how states have positioned themselves in global ideological conflicts during the past seventy-five years. Empirical chapters illustrate how ideological struggles shape the design of international institutions, membership in international institutions, and the critical role of multilateral institutions in militarized conflicts. The book also examines populism's rise and other ideological threats to the liberal international order. It explores the essential ways in which ideological contestation has influenced world politics.
Introduction
Authors: Voeten Erik
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's argument that much, though not all, distributive conflict over multilateral institutions takes place in a low-dimensional ideological space. Even if distributive conflict over institutions is not always about ideology, the geopolitical implications often are. The point of this book is not just to argue that ideological contestation matters but also to offer measures, a modeling framework, and empirical illustrations. The theoretical framework helps in better understanding how institutional commitments hang together and may unravel together as challenges to the liberal institutional order mount. If multilateralism is distinct because it advances general principles, then one must understand challenges to the multilateral order in terms of domestic and international challenges to those principles. The chapter then presents a brief illustration of the World Trade Organization.
Ideology and Theories of International Institutions
Authors: Voeten Erik
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains how the book's theoretical framework contrasts with and complements existing theories of international institutions. It discusses four families of theories: functionalism, rational institutionalism, liberal internationalism, and constructivism. These theoretical frameworks yield meaningful insights about important aspects of the post-World War II multilateral order. Yet they can be enriched by conceptualizing multilateralism in terms of cooperation and competition in a low-dimensional ideological space. Functionalists and their intellectual descendants understand institutionalization as an incremental process driven by interdependencies and the spillover effects from previous institutionalization. Rational institutionalists argue that states delegate authority to international institutions in order to solve strategic problems that prevent states from reaping collective gains. Liberal internationalist theorists argue that the post-World War II multilateral order reflects the values and priorities of the United States. Finally, constructivists have long emphasized the ideational foundations of multilateral institutions. However, they have focused on norms, culture, and identities rather than ideology as the basis for doing so.
Expertise, Ideology, and Distributive Politics
Authors: Voeten Erik
Published: May 2021

This chapter extends the framework outlined in the previous chapter to examine the most common arguments for delegation to international institutions: information. It distinguishes two rationales: delegation to acquire expertise that states do not individually have and delegation to share expertise and achieve common interpretations of expertise. While the literature emphasizes the former, the latter type of delegation is likely much more common. Moreover, it can be understood only in the context of ideological conflict between states when states have incentives not to share information truthfully. The chapter then looks at the conditions under which transnational and international actors can exploit such ideological conflict to gain influence.
Ideology and the Investment Regime
Authors: Voeten Erik
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates how ideological contestation has shaped the institutions that protect foreign investment from expropriation. It explains how a focus on competition in a low-dimensional ideological space helps one make sense of the emergence of the investment regime and adjustments to it. From the U.S. perspective, the investment regime is partially about protecting the specific assets of American investors. Yet this could be achieved through other means. The institutional regime is also about advancing principles favored by the United States over alternative principles advocated by the Soviet Union and other states. This chapter first details ideological conflict during the Cold War. It then uses the framework from Chapter 4 to analyze the role of ideology in determining which countries did and did not sign bilateral investment treaties (BITs) with the United States. Finally, the chapter shows that governments that changed their ideological orientations since originally negotiating BITs are the most likely to renegotiate or end treaties. The rational functional rationales of investment agreements must be understood against the backdrop of fierce ideological competition in a low-dimensional space.
Conclusion
Authors: Voeten Erik
Published: May 2021

This concluding chapter addresses how the distributive ideological framework helps one think through questions regarding the future of the Western liberal order. The potential demise of the Western liberal institutional order preoccupies scholars of international institutions. The concerns are twofold. First, nonliberal and/or non-Western states are becoming more powerful and are attempting to change existing institutions and create institutions that better fit their interests and worldviews. Second, populist and antiglobalization movements challenge the commitment of democratically elected Western governments to the liberal international order, most notably the United States. The chapter then contends that a world that moves away from multilateralism would be a world preoccupied with short-term coalitions and conflicts rather than long-term alliances and institutions.
Debate Begins on the Presidency
Authors: McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on Resolution 7 as a debate over the Virginia Plan, which became a debate about which of the prerogative powers of the Crown should be entrusted to a republican executive. It talks about Charles Pinckney, who declared that the Resolution's broad vesting of executive rights would include prerogative powers of the Crown, making the President a virtual monarch. It also mentions Wilson and John Rutledge, who defended against Pinckney's charge of incipient monarchy. The chapter points out that Wilson was the only delegate to utter the term “prerogative,” noting that every comment made in the initial debate over the scope of executive power can be understood in light of the problem of prerogative. It discusses John Locke, who dubbed the powers related to foreign affairs as “federative,” although executive and federative powers are distinct in themselves.
The Three Varieties of Presidential Power
Authors: McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews Article II's organization according to the nature of presidential powers: prerogative powers, qualified prerogative powers, powers or duties involving limited discretion, defeasible residual powers, or delegated powers. It analyzes the structure of Article II by two key variables: whether a presidential power derives from the Constitution or a statute, and whether it is defeasible or not. It also mentions Justice Robert Jackson's three-part framework in his concurrence in the Steel Seizure Case, which was adopted by a unanimous Court in Dames & Moore v. Regan. The chapter considers the Steel Seizure concurrence as a prime reason modern separation of powers jurisprudence is in disarray. It cites Jackson's claim that presidential powers are not fixed, but fluctuate, depending upon their disjunction or conjunction with those of Congress.
Condorcet on Primary Assemblies
Authors: Vergara Camila
Published: May 2021

This chapter is devoted to the constitutional thought of Nicolas de Condorcet and the challenge of representing the sovereign demos. It examines Condorcet's proposal for considering the people in its institutional character rather than as an atomized collective subject that can never be made fully present and properly represented. It also refers to Condorcet's proposal of a republican framework in which the ruling power of making laws and decisions about administration is concentrated in a representative assembly as an alternative to the liberal constitution established in the American colonies. The chapter highlights an institutionalized popular power, a network of primary assemblies, that are aimed at checking its laws, policies, and abuses. It presents an in-depth analysis of the 1793 constitutional plan for the French republic proposed by Condorcet, which read through the lens of his egalitarian tracts on education, slavery, and the rights of women.
Prototype Citizen
Authors: Lindtner Silvia M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter shows how the desire to achieve parity with the West brought the CCP (Chinese Communist Party) and the grassroots tinkerers of China's early hackerspace and coworking space into a paradoxical and often highly ambivalent alignment in their respective projects to assert China as innovative and creative. It covers the years 2007 through 2011, when a collective of Chinese artists, designers, engineers, entrepreneurs, and internet bloggers began to experiment with the ideals of the American free culture movement, participatory design, and eventually, open source hardware and making. Their work of transplanting Western ideals of participatory, open, and democratized technology production into contemporary China created an affective connection between China's history of manufacturing and its future as a global economic power. Their early experiments with participatory design, coworking spaces, makerspaces, and open source, open innovation, and open design, were aimed at prototyping a “new” Chinese citizen, i.e., the utilization of technology to cultivate an optimistic, forward-looking, entrepreneurial Chinese citizen, at last freed from connotations of lack and low quality. These attachments to technological promise are deeply intertwined with China's ambivalent relationship to the West, marked both by histories of colonialism and by revolutionary imaginings of alternative modernities.
Inventing Shenzhen
Authors: Lindtner Silvia M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter details the making of a “new” China. It demonstrates how a growing distrust of modernist ideals of progress in the broader tech and design imagination following the financial crisis of 2007–2008 found expression in shifting engagements with China. Specifically, the chapter focuses on how a series of influential actors, entangled with Western networks of investment, open source hardware, the arts, and design, turned to Shenzhen to make sense of technology's broken promises and partially redeem them. They portrayed China through colonial tropes of othering, framing its alleged backwardness, its associations with fake and copycat, as an opportunity space, to be celebrated for its difference. As technology was increasingly disassociated from its promise of modern progress, a new concern arose — that of the ethics and morality of the designer and engineer. Ultimately, Shenzhen was framed as a laboratory of exuberant scale that enabled the prototyping of a moral designer and engineer self who could claim to recuperate technological promise.
Incubating Human Capital
Authors: Lindtner Silvia M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter documents how the venture capital system captures yearnings for technological alternatives. It follows the workings of a foreign-funded hardware incubator program in Shenzhen that trained people to translate their commitments to social justice into a pitch for finance capital. The incubator program taught people how to see themselves as human capital. Human capital, political theorist Wendy Brown suggests, “is the next step of homo oeconomicus as a neoliberal agent that seeks to strengthen his/her competitive positioning. Neoliberal rationality remakes the human being as human capital.” The chapter then shows that the turning of the self into human capital is all but an inevitable outcome of neoliberal capitalism but has to be actively taught and learned.
Seeing Like a Peer
Authors: Lindtner Silvia M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter builds directly on the previous chapter and shows that entrepreneurial life required nurturing and maintenance. Specifically, it examines the exploitation of “happiness labor,” the work of emotionally supporting precarious entrepreneurial life. Although happiness workers are often highly educated, happiness labor itself is low paid. These overqualified people are drawn in by the implicit promise that one day the happiness worker will be one of the entrepreneurs. Happiness labor is performed primarily by women and racial minorities. The chapter then considers how the misogyny that is seemingly baked into tech bro culture in Silicon Valley was re-legitimized in China via the promise of peer production and openness.
China’s Entrepreneurial Factory
Authors: Lindtner Silvia M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter documents the appropriation of making by the CCP (Chinese Communist Party). This manifested in infrastructural and urban upgrades aimed at inducing desires for self-transformation in Chinese citizens. The chapter draws from ethnographic research conducted with the workers, designers, and managers in Shenzhen's manufacturing industry, documenting their ambivalent relationship to the “invention” of Shenzhen as a maker city. It shows that by positing certain urban spaces as sites of making and as the ideal training ground for happiness and self-investment, the government aimed to induce in the workers, designers, and engineers of China's manufacturing industry desires to upgrade themselves. The chapter also details the slow violence at the heart of contemporary displacements of technological promise.
Man as the Measure of All Things
Authors: Hull Katy
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses how, during the depression years, American fascist sympathizers fashioned images of Italy and Benito Mussolini to suggest the kind of country they wanted the United States to be, and the kind of leader they wanted the United States to have. These observers echoed widespread interpretations of the depression as a product of machine-made capitalism, exacerbated by a government that had fetishized technology at the expense of human beings. A silver lining of the crisis, they believed, was that it forced a recalibration of the United States, away from bigness, mass-production, and the metropolis, toward simplicity, the home, and the countryside. In Franklin D. Roosevelt, some fascist sympathizers saw a leader who, like Mussolini, understood ordinary people and wanted, above anything, to help them. And by relaying the apparent successes of fascist policies, American sympathizers argued that the New Deal could succeed in making man, rather than machines, once more the measure of all things.
Conclusion
Authors: Hull Katy
Published: May 2021

This concluding chapter argues that by understanding the United States as their contemporaries understood it — as a nation living “under the sign of the Machine,” unable to turn back — one can appreciate the appeal of fascism as a machine with a soul. The idea of a machine with a soul would have felt incongruous to Americans in the interwar years, when they were exposed to frequent ruminations on the soulless aspects of their mechanized society. The incongruity of the conceit explains its appeal. Most Americans did not believe it was desirable, or even possible, to reject modernization. The machine with a soul indicated that there was no need. Benito Mussolini's Italy, as configured by the American fascist sympathizers, suggested that it was possible to have both: the energy, efficiency, and high-sheen glamour that they associated with machines; and the feelings of fulfillment, connectivity, and peace that felt so elusive in the modern age.
Principles of Physical Cosmology
Authors: Peebles P. J. E.
Published: May 2021

This book is the essential introduction to this critical area of modern physics, written by a leading pioneer who has shaped the course of the field for decades. The book provides an authoritative overview of the field, showing how observation has combined with theory to establish the science of physical cosmology. The book presents the elements of physical cosmology, including the history of the discovery of the expanding universe; surveys the cosmological tests that measure the geometry of space-time, with a discussion of general relativity as the basis for these tests; and reviews the origin of galaxies and the large-scale structure of the universe. Now featuring the author's 2019 Nobel lecture, the book remains an indispensable reference for students and researchers alike.
Abstract Linear Space of State Vectors
Authors: Peebles P.J.E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses abstract linear space of state vectors. The wave mechanics presented in the previous chapter is easily generalized for use in all the applications of quantum mechanics explained in this book. In particular, to take account of spin, one just replaces the wave function with a set of functions, one for each possible choice of the quantum numbers of the z components of the spins of the particles. However, as the chapter shows, it is easy to adapt the wave mechanics formalism to the more general scheme that represents the states of a system as elements of an abstract linear space rather than a space of wave functions. This approach has the virtue that one can explicitly see the logic of the generalization of the wave function to take account of spin, and this is the road to other generalizations, like quantum field theory.
Perturbation Theory
Authors: Peebles P.J.E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines applications drawn from perturbation theory. The main topic in perturbation theory is the energy and spontaneous decay rate of the 21-cm hyperfine line in atomic hydrogen. Before there were electronic computers, people had quite an accurate theoretical understanding of the energy levels in helium and more complicated systems. The trick was (and is) to find approximation schemes that treat unimportant parts of a physical system in quite crude approximations while reducing the interesting parts to a problem simple enough that it is feasible to compute but yet detailed enough to yield accurate results. The approximation methods in the chapter deal with the effects of small changes in the Hamiltonian, resulting for example from the application of a static or time variable electric or magnetic field. This may cause small changes in energy levels, and it may induce transitions among eigenstates of the original Hamiltonian.
Scattering Theory
Authors: Peebles P.J.E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter studies applications drawn from scattering theory. A powerful and commonly used way to explore the interaction between particles is to study the way they scatter off each other. In the scattering problems considered here, motions are non-relativistic and particles are conserved: two particles move together, interact, and then move apart again. It is assumed that the range of the interaction is finite, so when the particles are well separated they move freely. In a scattering experiment, one imagines that the particles approach each other as wave packets with fairly definite momenta and positions. The motion is initially free, because the particles are separated by great distances compared to the range of their interaction. As the wave packets move together, the particles interact through a potential V that is some function of the particle separation. The wave packets then move apart in a scattering pattern that is determined by the interaction potential. The chapter simplifies the partial wave analysis by concentrating on s-wave scattering; this allows an easy treatment of interesting effects such as resonances and absorption.
Dirac Theory of the Electron
Authors: Peebles P.J.E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores applications drawn from Dirac theory of the electron. In the treatment of electrons, it uses the following: an electron has spin 1/2; its magnetic dipole moment is very nearly twice that of the orbital model in which charge and mass move together; and the spin-orbit interaction is a factor of two off the value arrived at by the heuristic argument in the Chapter 7. The factor of two in the last effect is recovered if one does the Lorentz transformations in a more careful (and correct) way, but it is easier to get it from the relativistic Dirac equation. This equation applied to an electron also says the particle has spin 1/2, as observed, and it says the gyromagnetic ratio in equation (23.11) is g = 2. The small difference from the observed value is accounted for by the quantum treatment of the electromagnetic field.
Preliminaries
Authors: Klainerman Sergiu , Szeftel Jérémie
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the main quantities, equations, and basic tools needed in the following chapters. It is the main reference kit providing all main null structure and null Bianchi equations, in general null frames, in the context of axially symmetric polarized spacetimes. The chapter translates the null structure and null Bianchi identities associated to an S-foliation in the reduced picture. It starts with general, Z-invariant, S-foliation, before considering the special case of geodesic foliations. The chapter then looks at perturbations of Schwarzschild and invariant quantities. It investigates how the main Ricci and curvature quantities change relative to frame transformations, i.e., linear transformations which take null frames into null frames. Finally, the chapter presents wave equations for the invariant quantities.
Decay Estimates for q (Theorem M1)
Authors: Klainerman Sergiu , Szeftel Jérémie
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the proof for Theorem M1, deriving decay estimates for the quantity q for k ≤ k
small + 20 derivatives. To this end, it uses the wave equation satisfied by q. The spacetime M is decomposed as M = (int)M u (ext)M and that u is an outgoing optical function on (ext)M while u is an ingoing optical function. The chapter relies on the global frame defined in section 3.5, and r and m denote the corresponding scalar functions associated to it. It also proves two theorems on improved weighted estimates, as well as flux decay estimates for q.
Decay Estimates for α‎ and α‎ (Theorems M2, M3)
Authors: Klainerman Sergiu , Szeftel Jérémie
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates the proof for Theorems M2 and M3. It relies on the decay of q to prove the decay estimates for α‎ and α‎. More precisely, the chapter relies on the results of Theorem M1 to prove Theorem M2 and M3. In Theorem M1, decay estimates are derived for q defined with respect to the global frame constructed in Proposition 3.26. To recover α‎ from q, the chapter derives a transport equation for α‎ where q is on the RHS. It then derives as Teukolsky–Starobinsky identity a parabolic equation for α‎. The chapter also improves bootstrap assumptions for α‎.
Study of Hepatic Dysfunction in Dengue Fever: Does it Tell You the Prognosis?
Authors: Kamath Sangita , Ahmed Tauheed
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Dengue is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease. Liver is the most commonly affected organ and manifests as asymptomatic transaminitis to acute liver failure. Aim: (1) To study the clinical and biochemical profile of liver involvement. (2) To find the association between severity of hepatic dysfunction, morbidity and mortality in the admitted patients. Method and Material: This was a prospective study involving confirmed dengue fever cases admitted in Tata Main Hospital from January 2018 to December 2019. Cases were classified into non-severe dengue and severe dengue based on 2009 WHO classification. Severity of hepatic dysfunction was divided into grades A, B, C and D and correlation with various outcomes which included length of stay, complications and mortality was studied through relevant investigations. Results: Out of the 175 cases, Non-severe Dengue (NSD) was seen among 72.6% patients while severe dengue (SD) in 28.5% patients. Normal liver function was found in 68.6%, Grade B liver injury in 8% while Grade C and Grade D liver injury in 16.6% and 16.8% patients respectively. Mean AST levels were found to be higher than those of ALT levels. Longer hospital stay, complications like shock, acute kidney injury (AKI), thrombocytopenia and mortality were significantly more in patients with higher grades of liver dysfunction (p=0.03), while ARDS and MODS were seen only in patients with Grade C and Grade D liver injury. Conclusion: AST and ALT levels were statistically higher in Dengue fever patients with worse outcome. They can thus, serve as prognostic markers of severe Dengue.
FIRST REPORT OF Begomovirus INFECTION ON PAPAYA IN BENGKULU, INDONESIA
Authors: Sutrawati Mimi , Parwito Parwito , Priyatiningsih  , Zarkani Agustin , Sipriyadi  , Sariasih Yenny , Ganefianti Dwi Wahyuni
Published: May 2021

First report of Begomovirus infection on papaya in Bengkulu, Indonesia. A field survey was conducted during 2019, wefound a severe systemic yellow mosaic, striped green mosaic on leaves petiole, green spots on the fruit of papaya, leafmalformation, and stunting symptoms on three papaya cultivation area in Rejang Lebong, Kepahiang, Bengkulu Tengah, andSeluma, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. A begomo-like virus was inferred to be the possible cause of the virus-disease-likesymptoms. The study aimed to identify the causal of those typical symptoms on papaya. PCR using universal primer fortranscriptional activator protein (TrAp) and replication-associated protein (Rep) gene of Begomovirus successfully amplifiedthe DNA fragments of 900 bp in all 10 detected samples, except for samples with leaf malformation and stunting symptoms. Itis indicating that those typical symptoms on papaya is associated with Begomovirus infection, while the causal of leafmalformation and stunting is unknown yet. This work is the first report of Begomovirus infected papaya in Indonesia. Severedisease incidence caused by this pathogen was observed on papaya plants in Bengkulu Province that was in the range of 42–100%. This finding is a precious information to be used for identification, and characterization the species of the virus,determining control strategies against the disease.
AVIAN SPECIES COMPOSITION PROFILE AND FEEDING GUILDS UNDER THE AEROBIC RICE FIELD
Authors: Amzah Badrulhadza , Baki Razali , Yahya Mohd Hafizi
Published: May 2021

Avian species composition profile and feeding guilds under the aerobic rice field. In Malaysia, the aerobic rice productionsystem is an alternative approach to growing rice in a water-scarce environment. Like irrigated rice, aerobic rice also cansustain a diversity of avian fauna. The current status of birds in the rice fields of Malaysia especially under aerobic ricecondition has not been widely researched. Therefore, this study aims to document the richness, diversity and feeding guildsof bird species in aerobic rice cultivation area. Birds were sampled and recorded using four randomly set up mist net at anupscaling aerobic rice plot in Serdang, Selangor during a period of the one month starting from the milky stage of the plant (75days after emergence) until two weeks after harvest. 139 birds representing 11 species belonging to 7 families were recordedin the aerobic rice plot. The most abundant bird family observed was Estrildidae (80.58%), followed by Hirundinidae (6.47%),and Meropidae and Motacillidae (both recorded 5.04%). Scaly-breasted munia (50.36%) and white-headed munia (28.06%) arethe most abundant birds, while other types of munia such as chestnut munia and white-rumped munia are present in smallnumbers. Munias were the most observed bird species number (36.36%) and therefore can be considered as the main avianpest of aerobic rice. The diversity indices, The Shannon-Wiener Index was 1.43 while The Reciprocal Simpson Index was 2.93.The richness index (The Margalef Index) was 2.03. The Equitability Index was 0.59. In term of feeding guild, most speciesbelong to insectivore (45.45%) and granivore (36.36%) while the rest were piscivore/insectivore and granivore/insectivore.However, the granivore recorded the highest number of individuals (112 or 80.58%) compared to other guilds. Presence of arelatively high diversity of bird species with varieties of feeding guilds indicated that aerobic rice does provide an attractivehabitat or foraging site for avian fauna.
Causal topology and non-material causes
Authors: Safronov Alexey Vladimirovich
Published: May 2021

The principle of physical causal closure makes the problem of the ontology of consciousness insoluble since the principle rejects the possibility of mental causation. However, this principle is based on the linear causality model the foundation of which is the connection of material events with each other. The article deals with the possibility of mental causation based on non-material events, reflecting the influence of probability on probability, and not an event on an event. A hypothetical model is considered, in which one state of activity of neural processes in the brain can correspond to various mental states that differ from each other, however, not content-wise but within the framework of a non-material property. The non-material property is defined as the likelihood of mental assessments and, in essence, is the causal topology of mental processes.
The formation of tolerance in adolescents in the modern multi-ethnic society
Authors: Yakymenko Svitlana Ivanivna , Drozd Olena Volodymyrivna , Ivanets Nataliia Volodymyrivna
Published: May 2021

This study deals with the formation of tolerance in secondary school students in a multi-ethnic environment. The purpose of the study is to justify and experimentally verify the pedagogical conditions for the formation of tolerance in adolescents in a multi-ethnic environment, based on a theoretical analysis of the issue in question and observation of educational practice. The development and implementation of the comprehensive program "I am a tolerant individual" and its methodological support in a multi-ethnic student environment. The theoretical justification and experimental testing of pedagogical conditions for the formation of tolerance in adolescents in modern multi-ethnic society.
La familia en la estimulación del hábito lector en niños de cuatro a seis años
Authors: Sagal Paucar Evelyn Alejandra , Carvajal Flores Verónica Alexandra , Requena María Del Rosario
Published: May 2021

El hábito lector es un proceso que se debe estimular en niños desde su primera infancia y los padres de familia son los responsables de la motivación de la lectura en el hogar. En nuestro país existen limitados estudios sobre los hábitos de lectura, sumando a ello las pocas investigaciones que se registran acerca de las estrategias que utilizan los padres para animar a esta importante actividad con sus hijos de cuatro a seis años. El trabajo investigativo realizado es de tipo cuantitativo-descriptivo, mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a padres de familia que tienen niños de cuatro a seis años. Este trabajo se desarrolló en la ciudad de Quito-Ecuador y permitió investigar aspectos como: prácticas o hábitos lectores de la familia, valoración del papel de la lectura, tipo de material de lectura utilizada en el hogar, las estrategias y actividades lectoras que los padres emplean con sus hijos. En conclusión, los padres presentan escasas prácticas lectoras y conocimientos de cómo estimular la acción de leer en sus hijos.
Más mujeres en las ciencias: estrategias para aumentar su participación
Authors: Segovia-Salcedo Maria Claudia
Published: May 2021

La investigación se centra en la generación de conocimiento. Sin embargo, por mucho tiempo esta generación se ha enfocado en dar respuestas a problemas y preguntas de solo una porción de la población debida, en parte, a una falta de presencia femenina. Y aunque la participación de las mujeres y las niñas en las ciencias ha mejorado en nuestro país y a nivel mundial, ciertas áreas de las ciencias siguen siendo dominadas por hombres y no hemos alcanzado la equidad. En este trabajo analizamos tres estrategias para incrementar la presencia de las niñas y las mujeres bajo la perspectiva de nuestro país: generar un ambiente de trabajo inclusivo, eliminar la discriminación y reducir la brecha de pago.
Post-Pandemic Recovery of the Global Economy
Authors: Smirnov E. N.
Published: May 2021

As the coronavirus pandemic continues to spread, the degree of its negative im- pact on the development of economic systems throughout the world economy increases. At the same time, the issues of the future world order and the restoration of the global econ- omy are becoming more and more uncertain. The purpose of our study was to review the conceptual and practical approaches to substantiating the possibilities of postcrisis recov- ery of the global economy in the context of the continuing negative impact of the pandemic on international trade, capital flows and the development of the world financial system. The article reviews the materials of international economic organizations to assess the longterm economic consequences of the pandemic. The analysis shows that the main problem in as- sessing the possibilities for the recovery of the world economy is the existing heterogeneity in the degree of the pandemic's impact on individual sectors and economies of countries, as well as the differentiation and inconsistency of the applied economic policy instruments. In addition, it was found that the world retains a high potential for financial instability, and “vaccine nationalism” is getting worse. The main contradiction is the transboundary nature of the challenges to further economic development with a significant slowdown in global- ization pro-cesses. The author considers the current pandemic to be one of the new global problems of the world economy, since its recovery in the current conditions is of an indefi- nite spasmodic nature, and there are also risks of a permanent slowdown in economic mo- bility. The solution to the key problem of economic growth - increasing productivity - is pos- sible only with a clear understanding and planning of progress with inclusive vaccination, which is so far elusive. Although shortterm economic policy is a priority for governments, a wellcoordinated international agenda is needed at the global level to ensure the transition from income support to stimulating economic growth, as well as to overcome the existing structural imbalances and distortions in the system of economic relations between coun- tries.
Global Governance of Biogenic Threats
Authors: Lebedeva M. M. , Kuznetsov D. A.
Published: May 2021

The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which caused a pandemic in 2020, has posed not only a medical, economic and social threat, but also a challenge to international security and international cooperation. It is now becoming obvious that the problem of the current pandemic cannot be reduced to individual states and regions and has the potential to influence the entire political organization of the modern world. Analyzing the role of the COVID-19 pandemic in world politics, the authors rely on the concept of transformations in the system of the world political organization, as well as the concept of global governance and megatrends of world politics, the key of which is globalization. The authors of the article consider the experience of individual global and regional associations, which are considered to be the elements of global governance, whose functions, among the other, include responding to challenges of a biogenic nature, identifying several important trends, among which are the intensification of previously emerging trends, the strengthening of isolationism, the growing political fragmentation of the world, destructive influence of “coronacrisis” on globalization, but with parallel sectoral polarization in global economy, a new balancing between cooperation and competition in international relations. At the same time, it is argued that there is no alternative to international cooperation in solving problems of a global nature, which can hardly indicate the end of globalization and the triumph of disintegration and de-democratization. The authors argue about the heightened need to reform global governance, since the efforts of individual international associations cannot lead to solving global challenges, and the national-centrist approach to solving global problems proves its inefficiency and irresponsibility. As a result, we are talking about the lack of alternative to the idea of forming a system of global governance, which should be based on cooperation and interaction of states, international organizations and institutions, as well as business structures and academic communities, in other words, rely on multilateral and multilevel approach. The authors are convinced of the need to develop a project of an “ideal future” taking into account the identified trends in the transformation of the political organization of the world and the effects of megatrends, which implies the further development of scientific research and discussions, as well as a series of international negotiating forums on the future structure of the world and the corresponding pattern of global governance.
Russian Science Diplomacy at a Crossroads
Authors: Reinhardt R. O.
Published: May 2021

Nowadays science diplomacy tends to be one of most relevant and important fields of applied research in International Relations. In general, it can be regarded as a functional expression of both foreign and science policy conducted by states and non-state actors on the world arena. The emergence of the modern concept of science diplomacy has been taking place since the second half of the 2000s and is basically linked to a close intertwining of research and diplomatic practices. Still, most of the existing research works in the above area both in Russia and abroad can be described as somewhat fragmentary and focusing on specific case studies without providing a holistic picture of national science diplomacy models, including the Russian one. Considering this, the author of the article casts light upon the key features of the Russian science diplomacy complex based on a systematic approach and looks into its three main elements, i.e. "science in diplomacy", "diplomacy for science" and "science for diplomacy". In this context, he analyses the activity of the Russian science diplomacy main stakeholders in positive (how it is) and normative (how it should or could be) terms. The synthesis of the respective results reveals structural drawbacks of the system in question, which in 2020 have become even more acute than they used to be before. However, the outlined trends and tendencies infer that the ongoing pandemic did hardly bring on new problems, but can rather be seen as a catalyst for processes, which have already been witnessed in this field. Working from these premises, the author formulates a number of concrete and applicable policy recommendations aimed at optimizing the current practices, which might potentially be of use for decision-makers in Russian science and foreign affairs.
TEMPERATURA DO SOLO EM ÁREAS IRRIGADAS COM DIFERENTES COBERTURAS VEGETAIS
Authors: DONATONI Kaique Augusto Poltronieri , BIANCHO Lucas Estevam , APARECIDO Camila Fernandes F. , CARVALHO Jaqueline Bonfim de
Published: May 2021

As irrigações suplementares e as cobertura dos solos com palhadas são as práticas de manejo mais utilizadas na agricultura brasileira. O método de irrigação adicional, além de suprir água nas vegetações e elevar a produtividade das culturas, reduz o aquecimento cotidiano na face superior da terra. O objetivo deste experimento é quantizar a temperatura de superfície desnuda com e sem irrigação, perante distintos coberturas vegetais. O ensaio foi realizado em Santa Fé do Sul - SP, com oito tratamentos e 4 repetições, avaliados a 20 cm de altura de cobertura foliar, o T1 = solo desnudo com irrigação, T2 = solo desnudo sem irrigação, T3 = solo com Brachiária decumbens com irrigação, T4 = solo com Brachiária decumbens sem irrigação, T5 = solo com Panicum máximum – Mombaça  com irrigação, T6 = solo com Panicum máximum – Mombaça  sem irrigação, T7 = solo com Capim Tifton 85 com irrigação e T8 = solo com Capim Tifton 85 sem irrigação, com quatro repetições de cada tratamento – utilizando delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC). O sistema com irrigação proporcionou melhores resultados, amenizando a amplitude das temperatura para os tratamentos, as coberturas vegetais obtiveram menores temperaturas e teores de umidade do que o solo desnudo e, no geral, as coberturas vegetais não se diferenciaram entre si.
 
SOIL TEMPERATURE IN IRRIGATED AREAS WITH DIFFERENT VEGETATION COVER
 
ABSTRACT
The supplementary irrigation and the soil covered with haystack are the most used management practice in Brazilian agriculture. The additional irrigation method, besides supplying the vegetation with water and increasing productivity in cultures, decreases the everyday heating in the upper surface of the soil. The goal of this study was to measure the temperature, reduce the temperature in the unprotected surface with or without irrigation, before different vegetation cover. The essay was carried out in Santa fé do sul- SP, with eight treatments and 4 repetitions, assessed with 20 cm of leaf cover, T1= unprotected soil with irrigation, T2= unprotected soil without irrigation, T3= soil with Brachiária decumbens with irrigation, T4= soil with Brachiária decumbens without irrigation, T5= soil with Panicum máximum – Mombaça  with irrigation, T6= soil with Capim Tifton 85 without irrigation, with four repetitions in each treatment using randomized block design (RBD). The irrigation system provided the best results, mitigating the amplitude of the temperature for the treatments, the vegetation cover presented lower temperatures and moisture content than the unprotected soil, and in general, vegetation covers don’t differ from each other.
 
Keywords: Temperature variation. Conservative management. Soil protection.
On the development of scientific and educational speleological tourism in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) (Russian Federation)
Authors: Okhlopkova Dina Konstantinovna
Published: May 2021

The article describes a new kind of educational and extreme tourism – speleotourism. The author examines the question of organization and development of speleological tourism in Yakutia from scientific-educational perspective of studying the geographical peculiarities of the region – rupestral and runic-like inscriptions, as well as offers the methods and mechanisms for the development of this type of tourism, which is a promising direction of inbound and outbound tourism in Yakutia and attracts a large number of tourists-researchers. The article employs the methods of recreational zoning, SWOT-analysis, field observations, comparative-geographical method, analysis of the documents and fund materials of the institutions and organizations, as well as literary sources. The scientific novelty of this work lies in providing the analysis of development of speleological tourism in the Sakha Republic, determination of geographical peculiarities of its development, and formulation of recommendations for the advancement of this type of tourism in the region. Tourist routs, composed with consideration of geographical objects, contribute to protection of the environment, cultivate the sense of harmony with nature in a person, awareness of its fragility and vulnerability, forms environmental responsibility and culture.    
“The October Revolution is Still Shaking Our World”: Italians on the centennial anniversary of 1917
Authors: Golechkova Olga
Published: May 2021

This article analyzes an isolated case within the framework of trend of jubilee mania – recent centenary celebration of the Revolution of 1917 in Italy. The author believes that many historical events reappear on the horizon when assigned to play an important role in modern politics. The article describes how the Italians view the Revolution and how it helps to explain modern Russia. The research is carried out within the framework of methodology of public history. Having examined a wide variety of sources (online articles, articles in newspapers and magazines, scientific writings, information on the congresses and conferences, exhibitions, concerts, etc.), the author attempts to demonstrate how the Russian revolutions are reflected in the Italian public opinion. The conclusion is made that the Revolution plays an important role not only in modern Russia, in Italy as well. The latter believe that the Revolution is still present in their culture and politics, correlates with their own path of political history of the XX century, including the powerful Movement for the left that emerged in the country after the World War II. At the same time, Russia did not give due attention to celebration of the centennial anniversary, focusing rather on the victory over Hitler, since this event projects the glory of the Soviet Union onto the modern Russian Federation.
The trajectories of extracurricular learning of children in Muslim families of the Republic of Bashkortostan
Authors: Nadyrshin Timur Maratovich
Published: May 2021

The subject of this research is the trajectories of extracurricular learning in Muslim families of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The educational trajectories of various ethno-confessional groups have certain focus areas or “blind zones” substantiated by the religious worldview, ethnic specificity, and other sociocultural factors. Muslim community of the Republic of Bashkortostan is also concerned with the problem of conveying cultural values to the next generation. The trajectories of extracurricular leaning of the children from religious families are reflected in a number of patterns that differ from the educational path of their agemates. The author determines the focus areas in upbringing and educational tasks of the Muslim families, the range of pedagogical literature of Muslim parents, as well as the main forms of extracurricular learning of children in Muslim families and the role of religious education therein. The article provides the results of sociological survey, which demonstrates that the physical and intellectual development of children is the priority vectors for the Muslim parents; while, for example, aesthetic development is not as important. It is also underlined that Muslim families not always can afford the desirable amount of activities for their children.