bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patients at the centre after a health care incident: A scoping review of hospital strategies targeting communication and nonmaterial restoration
Authors: Dijkstra Rachel I. , Roodbeen Ruud T. J. , Bouwman Renée J. R. , Pemberton Antony , Friele Roland
Published: December 2021

Objective

This study aimed to provide an overview of the strategies adopted by hospitals that target effective communication and nonmaterial restoration (i.e., without a financial or material focus) after health care incidents, and to formulate elements in hospital strategies that patients consider essential by analysing how patients have evaluated these strategies.

Background

In the aftermath of a health care incident, hospitals are tasked with responding to the patients' material and nonmaterial needs, mainly restoration and communication. Currently, an overview of these strategies is lacking. In particular, a gap exists concerning how patients evaluate these strategies.

Search Strategy and Inclusion Criteria

To identify studies in this scoping review, and following the methodological framework set out by Arksey and O'Malley, seven subject‐relevant electronic databases were used (PubMed, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO and Psychology & Behavioral Sciences Collection). Reference lists of included studies were also checked for relevant studies. Studies were included if published in English, after 2000 and as peer‐reviewed articles.

Main Results and Synthesis

The search yielded 13,989 hits. The review has a final inclusion of 16 studies. The inclusion led to an analysis of five different hospital strategies: open disclosure processes, communication‐and‐resolution programmes, complaints procedures, patients‐as‐partners in learning from health care incidents and subsequent disclosure, and mediation. The analysis showed three main domains that patients considered essential: interpersonal communication, organisation around disclosure and support, and desired outcomes.

Patient Contribution

This scoping review specifically takes the patient perspective in its methodological design and analysis. Studies were included if they contained an evaluation by patients, and the included studies were analysed on the essential elements for patients.
Preparation and toughening mechanism of Mo2NiB2‐based cermets with SiC whiskers
Authors: Zhang Xue , Du Jin , Su Guosheng , Zhang Peirong , Sun Yujing , Zhang Chongyan , Kong Xiangmin
Published: December 2021

Mo2NiB2 is a kind of cermet with excellent mechanical properties, stable chemical properties, and excellent corrosion resistance and is often used in wear‐resistant application fields, such as injection molding machine parts, can making tools and hot copper extruding dies. The brittleness of Mo2NiB2‐based cermets limits their wide application. Mo2NiB2‐based cermets were prepared by the vacuum sintering method, the effect of SiC whiskers (SiCw) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cermets was investigated, and the toughening mechanism of SiCw on cermets was further discussed. The results indicate that with increasing SiCw content, the indentation fracture toughness (KIC), transverse fracture strength (TRS), and Vickers hardness (HV) of the cermets first increase and then decrease. The HV, TRS, and indentation fracture toughness of Mo2NiB2‐based cermets with 0.5 wt% SiCw are 1 113 HV, 1 620 MPa, and 27.97 MPa·m1/2, respectively, which are 16.8%, 22.7%, and 25% higher than those without SiCw. In the sliding friction tests, Mo2NiB2‐based cermets with 0.5 wt% SiCw have the smallest friction coefficient, low wear rate, and high wear resistance. SEM observation and analysis of the crack path and fracture surface showed that the toughening mechanism is whisker bridging, crack deflection, microcrack toughening, and whisker pull‐out. The results indicate that the addition of 0.5 wt% SiCw can effectively improve the mechanical properties of Mo2NiB2‐based cermets and further expand the application space of Mo2NiB2‐based cermets.
Journalism and Press Freedom as Human Rights
Authors: Cruft Rowan
Published: December 2021

This article defends journalism and press freedom as human rights on the basis of a ‘naturalistic’ approach to such rights. Three fundamental human interests – in education about current affairs, legitimate authority, and a voice in public debate – are identified as grounds for a human right, held by each and every one of us, that journalistic communication be engaged in for our sake. The journalist's role‐based rights to communicate are argued to be themselves of high‐priority importance because of their tight protective relationship to these universally held human rights to education, legitimate authority, and voice. Journalists' communicative rights are therefore not simply instances of the more general right to communicate held by everyone, and the article shows that their particular basis in education, legitimacy, and voice supports special protections for journalism and also implies limits to these protections.
Predictive assessment of single‐step BLUP with linear and non‐linear similarity RKHS kernels: A case study in chickens
Authors: Momen Mehdi , Kranis Andreas , Rosa Guilherme J. M. , Muir Peter , Gianola Daniel
Published: December 2021

Single‐step GBLUP (ssGBLUP) to obtain genomic prediction was proposed in 2009. Many studies have investigated ssGBLUP in genomic selection in animals and plants using a standard linear kernel (similarity matrix) called genomic relationship matrix (G). More general kernels should allow capturing non‐additive effects as well, whereas GBLUP is based on additive gene action. In this study, we generalized ssBLUP to accommodate two non‐linear kernels, the averaged Gaussian kernel (AK) and the recently developed arc‐cosine deep kernel (DK). We evaluated the methodology using body weight (BW) and hen‐housing production (HHP) traits, recorded on a sample of phenotyped and genotyped commercial broiler chickens. There were, thus, different ssGBLUP models corresponding to G, AK and DK. We used random replication of training (TRN) and testing (TST) layouts at different genotyping rates (20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of all birds) in three selective genotyping scenarios. The selections were genotyping the youngest individuals in the pedigree (YS), random genotyping (RS) and genotyping based on parent average (PA). Predictive abilities were measured using rank correlations between the observed and the predictive phenotypic values in TST for each random partition. Prediction accuracy was influenced by the type of kernel when a large proportion of birds was genotyped. An advantage of non‐linear kernels (AK and DK) was more apparent when 60 and 80% of birds had been genotyped. For BW, the lowest rank correlations were obtained with G (0.093 ± 0.015 using RS by 20% genotyped individuals) and the highest values with DK (0.320 ± 0.016 in the PA setting with 80% genotyped individuals). For HHP, the lowest and highest rank correlations were obtained by AK with 20% and 80% genotyped individuals, 0.071 ± 0.016 (in RS) and 0.23 ± 0.016 (in PA) respectively. Our results indicated that AK and DK are more effective than G when a large proportion of the target population is genotyped. Our expectation is that ssGBLUP with AK or DK models can perform even better than G when non‐additive genetic effects influence the underlying variability of complex traits.
Clinical translation of mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles: Considerations on scientific rationale and production requisites
Authors: Courageux Yvan , Monguió‐Tortajada Marta , Prat‐Vidal Cristina , Bayes‐Genis Antoni , Roura Santiago
Published: December 2021

The present paper is a commentary to ‘Identification and characterization of hADSC‐derived exosome proteins from different isolation methods’ (Huang et al. 2021; 10.1111/jcmm.16775). Given the enthusiasm for the potential of mesenchymal stromal cell‐derived extracellular vesicles (MSC‐EVs), some considerations deserve attention as they move through successive stages of research and application into humans. We herein remark the prerequisite of generating that evidence ensuring a high consistency in safety, composition and biological activity of the intended MSC‐EV preparations, and the suitability of disparate isolation techniques to produce efficacious EV preparations and fulfil requirements for standardized clinical‐grade biomanufacturing.
Activation of complement C1q and C3 in glomeruli might accelerate the progression of diabetic nephropathy: Evidence from transcriptomic data and renal histopathology
Authors: Jiao Yuanyuan , Jiang Shimin , Wang Ying , Yu Tianyu , Zou Guming , Zhuo Li , Li Wenge
Published: December 2021

Aims/Introduction

It is not unclear whether the complement system is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). We explored the role of the complement system in glomeruli from patients with DN using integrated transcriptomic bioinformatics analysis and renal histopathology.

Materials and Methods

Four datasets (GSE30528, GSE104948, GSE96804 and GSE99339) from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were integrated. We used a protein–protein interaction network and the Molecular Complex Detection App to obtain hub genes. Gene ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses were carried out to identify significant pathways. We also investigated the associations of C1q and C3 deposition on renal histopathology with clinical data, pathological parameters and renal survival in DN patients.

Results

We identified 47 up‐ and 48 downregulated genes associated with DN. C3, C1QB and C1QA were found to be complement‐related hub genes. The gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses identified complement activation and humoral immune response as the significant oncology terms, with C1QB and C3 positioned at the center of the pathway. Regarding renal histopathology, patients with both C1q and C3 deposition had more severe glomerular classes. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression showed that the deposition of glomerular C1q and C3 was an independent risk factor for kidney failure. Patients with high C1q, C3 or C4d expression in glomeruli were more likely to progress to kidney failure, whereas glomerular mannose‐binding lectin was rare.

Conclusions

Complement activation is involved in the development of DN, and activation of the classical complement pathway in glomeruli might accelerate disease progression.
Ground cover vegetation promotes biological control and yield in pear orchards
Authors: Ji Xiang‐Yun , Wang Jin‐Yan , Dainese Matteo , Zhang Hao , Chen Yi‐Juan , Cavalieri Andrea , Jiang Jie‐Xian , Wan Nian‐Feng
Published: December 2021

The use of ground cover vegetation is becoming a prominent way of promoting biodiversity and associated ecosystem services in Chinese orchards. Despite the large number of studies that have addressed the effects of ground cover vegetation on promoting natural enemy populations and related pest control, it is still unclear whether enhanced natural pest control can increase yield and reduce the use of pesticide. We performed an experiment comparing three cover vegetation practices (ryegrass, clover and hairy vetch) versus a bare ground control in commercial pear orchards in the Yangtze River Delta of East China (YRDEC), China. Natural enemy density (predator and parasitoid abundance), invertebrate herbivore performance (piercing‐sucking herbivore abundance and branch‐boring and fruit‐boring percentage), pesticide input, and pear fruit yield were recorded. The results indicated that cover vegetation decreased herbivore abundance and boring percentage by 50% and 64%, respectively, thus decreasing pesticide use by 26%. We also found that cover vegetation increased the abundance of natural enemies by 621%, and increased pear fruit yield by 7%. Piecewise structural equation modelling confirmed that increased natural enemy densities, decreased herbivore performance by 102%, pesticide use by 51% and increased fruit yield by 10%. This study suggests that the use of ground cover vegetations, especially with clover and hairy vetch, is an effective way of promoting biocontrol services and associated ecosystem services in pear orchards.
Land reform and peacebuilding in Côte d'Ivoire: Navigating the minefield
Authors: Mitchell Matthew I.
Published: December 2021

This article explores the complex links between land reform and peacebuilding through a case study of Côte d'Ivoire. The country provides fertile ground for analysis given its torturous history of land conflict and civil war, its enduring debates surrounding land reform, and its ongoing efforts to consolidate peace. The article argues that while the failure to address the agrarian dimensions of the country's longstanding conflict undermines long‐term prospects of bridging deep political and societal divides, aggressive attempts to tackle the land question at the outset of the peacebuilding process may have threatened the fragile peace of the post‐conflict period. The analysis thus highlights the political risks involved in undertaking land reform during periods of precarious peacebuilding. In so doing, the article draws upon insights from over 70 interviews with local stakeholders and document analysis of key primary documents from the Ivorian government, the United Nations Security Council, and the World Bank.
Edgework emotion management: A constructivist grounded theory of organ donation nurses’ experiences and practices
Authors: Avilés Lissette , Kean Susanne , Tocher Jennifer
Published: December 2021

Aims and Objectives

To explore nurses’ experiences when approaching families for organ donation authorisation to guide nursing practice.

Background

Organ donation after brainstem death implies that bereaved families are approached to discuss organ donation authorisation, and in many countries, specialist nurses do this approach. The literature describes the social, psychological and emotional challenges of health professionals in this role. However, lack of conceptual clarity regarding nurses’ experiences on approaching families to guide nursing practice was found.

Design

Constructivist grounded theory.

Methods

Between October 2017 and July 2019, seven months of observations were conducted across two large public hospitals in Chile. Field notes, documents (n = 80), interviews (n = 27) and focus groups (n = 14) with 71 participants (51 healthcare professionals and 20 bereaved families) were included. Data collection and analysis followed the principles and practices of Charmaz’ constructivist grounded theory. The COREQ checklist was followed in reporting the study.

Results

Edgework emotion management of organ donation nurses was developed as a threefold process: 1) being present to recognise inner and family emotions, 2) being on an emotional edge when approaching families and 3) extending the emotional edge to make sense of their experiences. The grounded theory was conceptualised using edgework emotion management by Lois (2003), which allowed to elucidate organ donation nurses’ experiences and practices on managing their emotions.

Conclusions

Organ donation nurses develop a sophisticated and complex emotional regulation process to approach and care for families when negotiating organ donation authorisation for transplantation.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

The experiences of specialist organ donation nurses entail a sophisticated emotion management process, which may explain the complexities of a critical role within healthcare institutions. Findings can be locally and internationally used to understand, educate and guide nursing practice, in an area of increasing specialisation and staffing shortages such as organ donation and transplantation.
Case‐based survey: The impact of breast‐cancer treatment on fertility in Japan
Authors: Yamazaki Rena , Ono Masanori , Sugie Tomoharu , Inokuchi Masafumi , Ishikawa Satoko , Horage Yuki , Kojima Yasuyuki , Iwasa Takeshi , Hara Tetsuaki , Nagata Yumi , Kato Keiichi , Michikura Yasuhito , Kuramoto Takeshi , Uchida Soko , Horie Akihito , Fujiwara Hiroshi , Matsuzaki Toshiya
Published: December 2021

Aim

To assess the impact of breast‐cancer treatment on fertility.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective, case‐based survey of treatments administered for infertility and pregnancy outcomes after patients underwent treatment for breast cancer. Surveys were distributed to breast oncology facilities and reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI) facilities.

Results

As high as 60% of the pregnancies in women under the age of 35 years occurred spontaneously. Additionally, the fertility rates decreased as age increased (under 35 years of age: 40%, 35–39 years of age: 21%, 40–44 years of age: 10%, respectively). In women who became pregnant after treatment for breast cancer, conception was achieved within 1 to 3 years after beginning to try for pregnancy.

Conclusions

After treatment for breast cancer, women can expect spontaneous pregnancy, especially if they are under 35 years of age. It is important for patients 35 years of age and older to commence assisted reproductive technology in a timely manner when pursuing fertility after treatment for breast cancer.
The PYR‐PP2C‐CKL2 module regulates ABA‐mediated actin reorganization during stomatal closure
Authors: Shi Yue , Liu Xiangning , Zhao Shuangshuang , Guo Yan
Published: December 2021

Limiting water loss by reducing transpiration helps plants survive when water is limited. Under drought stress, abscisic acid (ABA)‐mediated gene expression and anion channel activation regulate stomatal closure and stress responses. ABA‐induced actin reorganization also affects stomatal closure, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear.

In this study, we discovered that under nonstress conditions, the clade A PP2C phosphatases, such as ABI1 and ABI2, interact with CKL2 and inhibit its kinase activity in Arabidopsis. Under drought stress, CKL2 kinase activity was released through the formation of a complex containing ABA, PP2C and a PYR1/PYL/RCAR family (PYL) receptor.

The activated CKL2 regulating actin reorganization is another important process to maintain stomatal closure besides ABA‐activated SnRK2 signaling. Moreover, CKL2 phosphorylated PYR1‐LIKE 1, ABI1 and ABI2 at amino acid residues conserved among PYLs and PP2Cs, and stabilized ABI1 protein.

Our results reveal that ABA signaling regulates actin reorganization to maintain stomatal closure during drought stress, and the feedback regulation of PYL1, ABI1 and ABI2 by the CKL2 kinase might fine‐tune ABA signaling and affect plant ABA responses.
Sectoral Divergence of Industrial Catch‐Up in China's Loosely Coupled System: A Comparative Study of FPD and IC Manufacturing Industries*
Authors: Rho Sungho , Kim Yongshin
Published: December 2021

The flat panel display (FPD) and integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing industries have similar intrinsic characteristics in terms of their technology. The Chinese central government also makes significant efforts to nurture them both as core industries of the electronics sector. However, the level of industrial catch‐up in the two sectors across recent years has varied greatly. What drives the divergent patterns of industrial catch‐up in FPD and IC manufacturing in China? This paper analyzes the divergent patterns of industrial catch‐up in FPD and IC manufacturing by examining the configurational effects of three main components: the central state's promotion of industry, technology regimes and market conditions, and corporate governance. The different sets of configurations explain why innovation occurs in some industries and not in others within China's loosely coupled system. This study argues that different arrangements in industrial policy, combined with technical regimes, market conditions, and corporate governance triggered a virtuous cycle in which organizational capabilities are strengthened in FPD industry, while the reverse occurs in the IC manufacturing industry. Incorporating configurational effects enriches the evolutionary perspective on catch‐up and allows for a comparison between the catch‐up conditions across multiple levels.
Adjunctive berberine reduces antipsychotic‐associated weight gain and metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Chan MeiYan , Qin Zongshi , Man Sui‐Cheung , Lam Ming , Lai Wing Him , Ng Roger Man Kin , Lee Che Kin , Wong Tak Luen , Lee Edwin Ho Ming , Wong Hei Kiu , Feng Yibin , Liu Lanying , Han Feng , Chen Eric Yu Hai , Zhang Zhang‐Jin
Published: December 2021

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of berberine as an adjuvant in treating antipsychotic‐associated weight gain and metabolic syndrome.

Methods

One hundred thirteen participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who had developed metabolic syndrome were recruited. They were randomly assigned to berberine (600 mg/d, n = 58) or placebo (n = 55) groups for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the change from baseline to week 12 in net weight. Secondary outcomes included body mass index, waist circumference, serum glucose and lipid profiles, and the severity of psychotic symptoms.

Results

Compared with the placebo group, the berberine group showed a significantly greater reduction in weight gain at 9 weeks (mean difference [MD], −0.75; 95% CI, −1.42 to −0.07 [P = 0.031, d = 0.41]) and 12 weeks (MD, –1.08; 95% CI, −1.76 to −0.40 [P = 0.002, d = 0.59]). Patients who received berberine also showed statistically significant improvements in end point in body mass index (MD, –0.41; 95% CI, −0.65 to −0.17 [P = 0.001, d = 0.64]), total cholesterol (MD, –0.58; 95% CI, −0.74 to −0.41 [P < 0.001, d = 1.31]), low‐density lipoprotein (MD, –0.52; 95% CI, −0.68 to −0.35 [P < 0.001, d = 1.19]), and glycated hemoglobin (MD, –0.09; 95% CI, −0.18 to 0 [P = 0.05, d = 0.37]). Berberine was well tolerated without serious adverse events and aggravation of psychotic symptoms compared with placebo.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that berberine is effective in attenuating antipsychotic‐associated weight gain and metabolic syndrome.
Non‐lethal rodent malarial infection prevents collagen‐induced arthritis in mice via anti‐arthritic immunomodulation
Authors: Gaballah Eman M. , Morita Kentaro , Shimizu Shoichi , Elhenawy Abeer A. , Nabih Nairmen , Elsawey Aliaa M. , Abdel‐Mageed Salama A. , Osada Yoshio
Published: December 2021

Aims

Immunomodulatory effects of parasitic infections on the outcomes of allergic or autoimmune disorders have been addressed in many experimental studies. We examined the effects of Plasmodium yoelii 17X NL (Py) infection on collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA).

Methods and Results

Male DBA/1J mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen (IIC). Py inoculation was induced at three different time points (1, 4 weeks after or 4 weeks before the immunization). Only the inoculation at 4 weeks after IIC immunization significantly inhibited arthritis development. Non‐malarial anaemia induced by phenylhydrazine hydrochloride (PHZ) did not affect arthritis development. In the infected mice, anti‐IIC IgG levels were transiently reduced. In addition, splenic production of pro‐arthritic cytokines (IL‐17 and TNF‐α) and IFN‐γ decreased, whereas IL‐10 production increased. Flow cytometric analysis clarified that the main IL‐10 producers in Py‐infected mice had the CD4+CD25–Foxp3– phenotype, presumably Tr1 cells.

Conclusion

We demonstrated that experimental malarial infection alleviated autoimmune arthritis via immunomodulation, suggesting the importance of malaria in the hygiene hypothesis and the significance of searching for therapeutic immunomodulatory molecules from malarial parasites.
Nutrient retention efficiencies in integrated multi‐trophic aquaculture
Authors: Nederlof Marit A. J. , Verdegem Marc C. J. , Smaal Aad C. , Jansen Henrice M.
Published: December 2021

One of the bottlenecks for commercial implementation of integrated multi‐trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is the difficulty in quantifying its environmental performance. We reviewed a large body of literature to determine the variability in nutrient dynamics within different IMTA systems (open sea‐cages, land‐based flow‐through and recirculating aquaculture systems), with the aim to provide a generic framework to quantify nutrient retention efficiencies in integrated aquaculture systems. Based on the eco‐physiological requirements of the cultured species, as well as the response of “extractive” species to waste from “fed” species, the maximum retention efficiency was defined for a conceptual four‐species marine IMTA system (fish–seaweed–bivalve–deposit feeder). This demonstrated that 79%–94% of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon supplied with fish feed could theoretically be retained. In practice, however, various biological and environmental factors may limit retention efficiencies and thereby influence the bioremediation of IMTA systems. These biological (waste production, stoichiometry in nutrient requirements) and environmental (temporal and spatial connectivity) factors were therefore evaluated against the theoretical reference frame and showed that efficiencies of 45%–75% for closed systems and 40%–50% for open systems are more realistic. This study is thereby the first to provide quantitative estimates for nutrient retention across IMTA systems, demonstrating that a substantial fraction of nutrients released from fish culture units can be retained by extractive species and subsequently harvested. Furthermore, by adapting this framework to the design and the condition prevailing for a specific IMTA system, it becomes a generic tool to analyse the system's bioremediation potential and explore options for further improvement.
Of Mice, Rats, and Underground Men: Dostoevsky's Podpol'e in the Writings of Viktor Krivulin
Authors: IVANTSOV VLADIMIR
Published: December 2021

Fyodor Dostoevsky's notion of podpol'ie (underground) occupied the minds of Russian writers, philosophers, and literary critics of the late nineteenth and early twentieth‐centuries. In Soviet times, however, the philosophical, psychological, and moral meanings that linked podpol'ie to Dostoevsky were almost forgotten; instead, podpol'ie acquired distinct political overtones that implied resistance to the ruling regime. Seeking to avoid associations with the political underground, late Soviet unofficial culture (kul'turnoe podpol'e), traced the origins of this concept back to Dostoevsky. The poet Viktor Krivulin, a major representative of the Leningrad underground, played a significant role in this process. This article studies Krivulin's poems and essays in which he described the similarities that connect Dostoevsky's podpol'ie to the underground of Soviet unofficial culture. Through close readings of two of Krivulin's 1972 poems, “The Rat” and “To the Underground Man,” I argue that Krivulin used the Dostoevskian intertext to revise the notion of the “literary underground (literaturnoe podpol'ie), shifting the focus from external forces of politics and society that traditionally defined the underground as counter‐culture, to internal forces of individual psychology, morality, and metaphysics.
Communism, Christianity, and Translating Russian Jews: Liudmila Ulitskaia's Daniel Stein and Aleksandr Meilakhs's Bentsion Shamir
Authors: WINESTOCK BRETT
Published: December 2021

This article examines two novels from the last decade written by Russian‐Jewish writers, Liudmila Ulitskaia's Daniel Stein, Translator and Aleksandr Meilakhs' Red Zion. Both novels feature remarkably similar protagonists, unique for Russian literature: Polish‐born Jews who survive the Shoah and immigrate to Israel. They use these characters' lives and stories as means of exploring contemporary Russian‐Jewish identity. I read the two novels and their attitudes toward ethnic identity in the historical shadow of the Soviet Nationalities Policy, which promoted the seemingly contradictory values of universalism and ethnic nationalism at one in the same time and inspired diverse and complex reactions in verbal art. The contrast between Ulitskaia and Meilakhs is most apparent in their attitudes toward translation, an important question for the Soviet Nationalities Policy and one which still resonates in the twenty‐first century. While Ulitskaia's novel sees translation as creation and way for Russian‐Jewish identity to progress and live, Meilkahs' see translation only as loss. The two novels therefore offer two divergent paths in how to construct identity and verbal art.
Immigration and social assistance: Evidence from the Norwegian welfare state
Authors: Smedsvik Bård , Iacono Roberto , D'Agostino Antonella
Published: December 2021

In Norway, immigrants receive higher levels of social assistance than natives. How can we explain this difference? After controlling for differences in take‐up rates through a two‐step Heckman procedure, we attempt to answer this question by exploiting rich data from administrative registers. We operationalise social assistance in the Norwegian context by employing a composite variable that includes: (a) financial assistance, (b) housing allowance and (c) qualification benefit. We quantitatively analyze the difference in benefit levels of social assistance between the first and second generations of immigrants and the benchmark levels of the non‐immigrant population through a Kitagawa‐Oaxaca‐Blinder (KOB) decomposition exercise. The results of the analysis indicate that a significant portion of the gap in benefit reception between immigrant groups and natives is due to observable characteristics (42% for immigrants and 69% for their descendants), with unobservable cultural and behavioural factors explaining the remaining portion of the gap.
The impact of co‐teaching on the professional practices of veteran, novice, and potential science and mathematics teachers
Authors: Sebald Ann M. , Howe John , Balgopal Meena M.
Published: December 2021

A university‐school district partnership program designed to increase recruitment and retention of science and mathematics teachers in schools identified as low performing by the school district, paired potential or novice teachers with veteran teachers in elementary or secondary schools. All participants received mentoring to build instructional practice in science and mathematics, enhance their science and mathematics skills, and increase the achievement of students in key areas of mathematics and science through co‐teaching practices. Pairs of veteran and novice/potential teachers co‐taught for a semester. All participants were interviewed during and after the co‐teaching experiences. We found that: (1) all participants perceived that shared collaborative practices were professionally important; (2) co‐teaching for both potential and novice teachers made them feel valued as educators; (3) both potential and novice teachers described plans to pursue or remain in teaching; and (4) veteran teachers described their perception of an expanded professional role as teacher recruiters. These findings have implications for the intervention of co‐teaching as a means to address teacher shortages, particularly in science and mathematics.
Environmentally sustainable practices in global health research and higher education institutions: Lessons from consultation with the TropEd Global Health institutions
Authors: Whitfield Kate , Cretu Alexandru , Bousema Teun , Cohen Justin
Published: December 2021

Objective

To examine how global health institutions are reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from their own operations and analyse the facilitators and barriers to achieving decarbonisation goals.

Methods

We reviewed the sustainability goals and implementation plans of 10 global health universities from the ʻTropEdʼ network. We systematically collected information from institutional websites and annual reports. Through online interviews, 11 key informants validated the information from 9 of the institutions and shared their opinions regarding what factors are helping their institutions decarbonise and what factors are hindering progress.

Results

4/10 institutions sampled have a sustainability strategy and implementation plan, only 3/10 have specific decarbonisation goals, and 3/10 are reporting on progress. 5/10 institutions reported that they are in the process of determining emission reduction targets.

Conclusion

This paper identifies common success factors that facilitate decarbonisation as well as common challenges and how they are being tackled, and makes recommendations on sustainability efforts in academic institutions.
Evolution of chlorophyll degradation is associated with plant transition to land
Authors: Schumacher Isabel , Menghini Damian , Ovinnikov Serguei , Hauenstein Mareike , Fankhauser Niklaus , Zipfel Cyril , Hörtensteiner Stefan , Aubry Sylvain
Published: December 2021

Colonization of land by green plants (Viridiplantae) some 500 million years ago was made possible by large metabolic and biochemical adaptations. Chlorophyll, the central pigment of photosynthesis, is highly photo‐active. In order to mitigate deleterious effects of pigment accumulation, some plants have evolved a coordinated pathway to deal with chlorophyll degradation end‐products, so‐called phyllobilins. This pathway has been so far mostly unravelled in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, large‐scale comparative phylogenomic coupled to an innovative biochemical characterization strategy of phyllobilins allow a better understanding of how such a pathway appeared in Viridiplantae. Our analysis reveals a stepwise evolution of the canonical pheophorbide a monooxygenase/phyllobilin pathway. It appears to have evolved gradually, first in chlorophyte's chloroplasts, to ensure multicellularity by detoxifying chlorophyll catabolites, and in charophytes outside chloroplasts to allow adaptation of embryophytes to land. At least six out of the eight genes involved in the pathway were already present in the last common ancestor of green plants. This strongly suggests parallel evolution of distinct enzymes catalysing similar reactions in various lineages, particularly for the dephytylation step. Together, our study suggests that chlorophyll detoxification accompanied the transition from water to land, and was therefore of great importance for plant diversification.
Species delimitation of rice seed bugs complex: Insights from mitochondrial genomes and ddRAD‐seq data
Authors: Dong Xue , Yi Wenbo , Zheng Chenguang , Zhu Xiuxiu , Wang Shujing , Xue Huaijun , Ye Zhen , Bu Wenjun
Published: December 2021

Species delimitation is very important for the study of taxonomy and is essential for pest control and management. Our study focussed on the species delimitation of five Leptocorisa species (Insecta: Hemiptera: Alydidae: Leptocorisa) from China, especially for the rice seed bugs (Leptocorisa acuta species complex) due to their extreme morphological similarities. We applied multifarious distance‐based and tree‐based methods for species delimitation in the L. acuta species complex based on the multilocus genetic markers (i.e. cytochrome oxidase subunit I (cox1), whole mitochondrial genomes (WMGs) and double‐digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq)). Both cox1 and WMGs failed to distinguish the two recent divergent taxa in the L. acuta species complex (L. chinensis and L. oratoria). However, genome‐wide nuclear SNP data unambiguously identify two separate species, which were congruent with the morphological species assignments. In addition, the morphological characters used for identification are diagnostic and stable. For the observed mito‐nuclear discordance pattern between L. chinensis and L. oratoria, mitochondrial introgression resulting from hybridization was probably inferred as the most likely explanation, which needed to expand the sampling range of the two species for further analysis. This study first provided molecular evidence for the delimitation of rice seed bugs complex, which was essential for further studies of ecology and pest management of these important rice pests.
Boosting the Model Discovery of Hybrid Dynamical Systems in an Informed Sparse Regression Approach
Authors: Novelli Nico , Lenci Stefano , Belardinelli Pierpaolo
Published: December 2021

We present an efficient data-driven sparse identification of dynamical systems. The work aims at reconstructing the different sets of governing equations and identifying discontinuity surfaces in hybrid systems when the number of discontinuities is known a priori. In a two-stage approach, we first locate the switches between separate vector fields. Then, the dynamics among the manifolds are regressed, in this case by making use of the existing algorithm of Brunton et al. (2016, “Discovering Governing Equations From Data by Sparse Identification of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 113(15), pp. 3932–3937). The reconstruction of the discontinuity surfaces comes as the outcome of a statistical analysis implemented via symbolic regression with small clusters (microclusters) and a rigid library of models. These allow to classify all the feasible discontinuities that are clustered and to reduce them into the actual discontinuity surfaces. The performances of the sparse regression hybrid model discovery are tested on two numerical examples, namely, a canonical spring-mass hopper and a free/impact electromagnetic energy harvester (FIEH), engineering archetypes characterized by the presence of a single and double discontinuity, respectively. Results show that a supervised approach, i.e., where the number of discontinuities is pre-assigned, is computationally efficient and it determines accurately both discontinuities and set of governing equations. A large improvement in the time of computation is found with the maximum achievable reliability. Informed regression-based identification offers the prospect to outperform existing data-driven identification approaches for hybrid systems at the expense of instructing the algorithm for expected discontinuities.
Gamma camera imaging in an undergraduate physics course
Authors: Lowe Mary , Spiro Alex , Kutt Peter
Published: December 2021

Gamma camera imaging is an important technique in nuclear medicine. It is capable of diagnostic imaging of metabolically active areas and organ function and can be used to evaluate blood flow in the heart muscle, measure bone growth, detect tumors, and perform many other medical studies. It is a real world application that integrates concepts in medicine, nuclear physics, geometric optics, data processing, calibration, and image formation. This paper provides an overview of gamma camera imaging intended for an intermediate-level undergraduate physics course for students majoring in STEM disciplines. Because working with radioactive materials is not practical in our setting, we use an approach involving paper-and-pencil exercises, a visible light apparatus, and computer work.
Using the Carnot cycle to determine changes of the phase transition temperature
Authors: Grocholski Oskar , Howil Kornel , Rakowski Stanisław , Maksymiuk Piotr
Published: December 2021

The Clausius–Clapeyron relation and its analogs in other first-order phase transitions, such as type-I superconductors, are derived using very elementary methods without appealing to the more advanced concepts of entropy or Gibbs free energy. The reasoning is based on Kelvin's formulation of the second law of thermodynamics and should be accessible to high school students. After recalling some basic facts about the Carnot cycle, we present two very different systems that undergo discontinuous phase transitions (ice/water and normal/superconductor) and construct engines that exploit the properties of these systems to produce work. In each case, we show that if the transition temperature Ttr was independent of other parameters, such as pressure or magnetic field, it would be possible to violate Kelvin's principle, i.e., to construct a perpetuum mobile of the second kind. Since the proposed cyclic processes can be realized reversibly in the limit of infinitesimal changes in temperature, their efficiencies must be equal to that of an ordinary Carnot cycle. We immediately obtain an equation of the form dT/dX=f(T,X), which governs how the transition temperature changes with the parameter X.
Measuring the viscosity of air with soapy water, a smartphone, a funnel, and a hose: An experiment for undergraduate physics students
Authors: Delvert Alexandre , Panizza Pascal , Courbin Laurent
Published: December 2021

We investigate the spontaneous motion of a soap film in a conical geometry connected to a long tube and show how it can be used to measure the dynamic viscosity of air. In contrast to other techniques that are complicated to implement and require expensive and sophisticated equipment, this measurement method relies only on soapy water and three everyday life objects: a smartphone, a funnel, and a hose. More precisely, to determine the viscosity of air, we use a smartphone to record the spontaneous motion of a soap film placed in a funnel when the motion of the film is quasistatic and the flow of air escaping the geometry is viscously dominated. This simple experiment should be of value to undergraduate physics students in learning about effects of both fluid viscosity and surface tension (another fluid property which they could also measure with a smartphone; Goy et al., Phys. Teach. 55, 498–499 (2017)), and the usefulness of reasonable approximations in physics.
Evaluating Sport Psychology Service Delivery for Elite USA Track and Field Athletes: Findings and Recommendations
Authors: Waite Lennie , Stanley Chris , Zuleger Brian , Shadle Anne
Published: December 2021

In preparation for the 2020–2024 Olympic cycle, members of the USA Track and Field sport psychology (SP) subcommittee investigated the SP service provision needs and preferences of 88 elite Olympic-level athletes. A mixed-methods needs analysis was employed, which consisted of surveys, interviews, and a focus group, to help understand current SP usage and shape future SP services for USA Track and Field. Findings highlighted a lack of knowledge and exposure to SP services and a desire for increased contact with SP professionals among athletes, exposing gaps and room for improvement in service delivery. Athletes cited flexibility in terms of service delivery mode and shared common core preferences for mental training, including help managing stress, pressure, emotions, and other challenges of competition and training. The results are discussed in relation to strengthening the effectiveness of service provision through increasing visibility, accessibility, and education regarding the benefits of SP services.
Mitochondrial C5aR1 activity in macrophages controls IL-1β production underlying sterile inflammation
Authors: Niyonzima Nathalie , Rahman Jubayer , Kunz Natalia , West Erin E. , Freiwald Tilo , Desai Jigar V. , Merle Nicolas S. , Gidon Alexandre , Sporsheim Bjørnar , Lionakis Michail S. , Evensen Kristin , Lindberg Beate , Skagen Karolina , Skjelland Mona , Singh Parul , Haug Markus , Ruseva Marieta M. , Kolev Martin , Bibby Jack , Marshall Olivia , O’Brien Brett , Deeks Nigel , Afzali Behdad , Clark Richard J. , Woodruff Trent M. , Pryor Milton , Yang Zhi-Hong , Remaley Alan T. , Mollnes Tom E. , Hewitt Stephen M. , Yan Bingyu , Kazemian Majid , Kiss Máté G. , Binder Christoph J. , Halvorsen Bente , Espevik Terje , Kemper Claudia
Published: December 2021

Mitochondrial C5aR1 signaling is required for proinflammatory macrophage activity during crystal-induced sterile inflammation.
Tuft cell–produced cysteinyl leukotrienes and IL-25 synergistically initiate lung type 2 inflammation
Authors: Ualiyeva Saltanat , Lemire Evan , Aviles Evelyn C. , Wong Caitlin , Boyd Amelia A. , Lai Juying , Liu Tao , Matsumoto Ichiro , Barrett Nora A. , Boyce Joshua A. , Haber Adam L. , Bankova Lora G.
Published: December 2021

Tuft cells produce LTC
4
and IL-25, which cooperate to promote allergen-driven airway inflammation.
STING and arthritis
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: December 2021

Recruitment of the kinase TBK1 to the adaptor STING mediates interferon-independent, autoinflammatory arthritis.
Efficacy of Fluoroquinolones as Substitutes for Ethambutol or Rifampin in the Treatment of Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease According to Radiologic Types
Authors: Lee Jang Ho , Park Yea Eun , Chong Yong Pil , Shim Tae Sun , Jo Kyung-Wook
Published: December 2021

During the treatment of
Mycobacterium avium
complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD), ethambutol or rifampin is often discontinued because of adverse events. This study investigated the treatment outcomes when later-generation fluoroquinolones replace ethambutol or rifampin in MAC-PD treatment based on the radiologic type.
In Vitro
Antibiofilm Activity of Hydrogen Peroxide-Generating Electrochemical Bandage against Yeast Biofilms
Authors: Raval Yash S. , Mohamed Abdelrhman , Mandrekar Jayawant N. , Fisher Cody , Greenwood-Quaintance Kerryl E. , Beyenal Haluk , Patel Robin
Published: December 2021

Wound infections are caused by bacteria and/or fungi. The presence of fungal biofilms in wound beds presents a unique challenge, as fungal biofilms may be difficult to eradicate.
Symbiont-Mediated Protection of
Acromyrmex
Leaf-Cutter Ants from the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae
Authors: Bruner-Montero Gaspar , Wood Matthew , Horn Heidi A. , Gemperline Erin , Li Lingjun , Currie Cameron R.
Published: December 2021

In some plants and animals, beneficial microbes mediate host immune response against pathogens, including by serving as defensive symbionts that produce antimicrobial compounds. Defensive symbionts are known in several insects, including some leaf-cutter ants where antifungal-producing
Actinobacteria
help protect the fungal mutualist of the ants from specialized mycoparasites.
Genome-Wide Characterization of PX Domain-Containing Proteins Involved in Membrane Trafficking-Dependent Growth and Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Lou Yi , Zhang Jing , Wang Guanghui , Fang Wenqin , Wang Shumin , Abubakar Yakubu Saddeeq , Zhou Jie , Wang Zonghua , Zheng Wenhui
Published: December 2021

Fusarium
head blight (FHB), caused predominantly by
Fusarium graminearum
, is an economically devastating disease of a wide range of cereal crops. Our previous study identified
F. graminearum
Vps17, Vps5, Snx41, and Snx4 as PX domain-containing proteins that were involved in membrane trafficking mediating the fungal development and pathogenicity, but the identity and biological roles of the remaining members of this protein family remain unknown in this model phytopathogen.
GRWD1-WDR5-MLL2 Epigenetic Complex Mediates H3K4me3 Mark and Is Essential for Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Induced Cellular Transformation
Authors: Wei Shan , Lu Songjian , Liang Lifan , Wang Xian , Li Wan , Li Tingting , Chen Luping , Ju Enguo , Zhang Xinquan , Lai Zhao , Huang Yufei , Lu Xinghua , Gao Shou-Jiang
Published: December 2021

By performing a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening, we have identified cellular epigenetic regulators that are essential for KSHV-induced cellular transformation. Among them, GRWD1 regulates epigenetic active mark H3K4me3 by interacting with WDR5 and MLL2 and recruiting them to chromatin loci of specific genes in KSHV-transformed cells.
CoxBase: an Online Platform for Epidemiological Surveillance, Visualization, Analysis, and Typing of Coxiella burnetii Genomic Sequences
Authors: Fasemore Akinyemi M. , Helbich Andrea , Walter Mathias C. , Dandekar Thomas , Vergnaud Gilles , Förstner Konrad U. , Frangoulidis Dimitrios
Published: December 2021

Q fever is a zoonotic disease that is a source of active epidemiological concern due to its persistent threat to public health. In this project, we have identified areas in the field ofCoxiellaresearch, especially regarding public health and genomic analysis, where there is an inadequacy of resources to monitor, organize, and analyze genomic data fromC. burnetii.