bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Aflatoxin Contamination in Before and After Harvest Peanuts: A Review
Authors: Diao Enjie , Dong Haizhou , Hou Hanxue , Zhang Zheng , Ji Ning , Ma Wenwen
Published: December 2014

Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts has been of worldwide concern since the 1960s. Aflatoxins are fungal secondary metabolites that have been associated with severe toxicological effects to human and animals, which can cause enormous economic loss to producers, handlers, processors and marketers of contaminated peanuts. Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts is unavoidable due to the varied factors in pre-harvest, harvesting, and post-harvest stages of peanuts. The review summarizes the factors influencing aflatoxin contamination in the whole supply chain of peanuts.
Sensory Evaluation of Non-Dairy Probiotic Beverages
Authors: He Shilin , Hekmat Sharareh
Published: December 2014

This study measured the survival of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 in non-dairy probiotic beverages over a 28-day storage period and to determine which sample was most preferred on measures of appearance, consistency, flavour, texture, and overall acceptability. Three non-dairy samples and one control milk sample were prepared. The non-dairy samples were soy (1:3 product-to-water ratio), almond (1:3), and peanut (1:5). L. rhamnosus GR-1 remained viable (107 CFU/ml) in all samples over 28 days storage period and changes over time were dependent on the sample (P=0.03). The results of the sensory evaluation (n=90) showed that the soy and peanut samples were significantly different (P<0.03) from the control milk sample in appearance, consistency, flavour, texture, and overall acceptability. The almond sample was not rated significantly different (P>0.05) from the milk control in all categories. The results of this study suggest that probiotic almond milk may be a feasible substitute for conventional probiotic milk beverages, particularly for vegetarians who cannot consume dairy products and individuals with lactose intolerance.
Effect of Drying Methods and Ultrasonication in Improving the Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Apple Pomace Powder
Authors: Lohani Umesh C. , Muthukumarappan Kasiviswanathan
Published: December 2014

Although extrusion is a promising process to develop ready to eat cereals and snacks, thermal treatment to raw material during extrusion results in degradation of phenolic compounds. Therefore, an approach was made to enhance the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) of apple pomace (AP) prior to extrusion process. In this study, AP powder was naturally fermented (F) for 12 h and then was subjected to ultrasonication (U) at various conditions [25, 37, and 50 µm ultrasonication amplitude (UA) for 1, 2, and 3 min of ultrasonication time (UT)]. AP was then dried in oven (O) and microwave (MW), separately and thus four drying methods, i.e. OF-OU, OF-MWU, MWF-OU, MWF-MWU were used in combinations. Full factorial design was used for experimental plan and results were analyzed using statistical software. It was observed that drying method significantly affected the TPC and AA of AP powder followed by UA. UT did not have any significant effect on TPC, and AA. Maximum TPC, and AA observed for the AP powder dried in MW after fermentation and ultrasonication (MWF-MWU) at 50 µm UA for 3 min UT were 372.98 mg GAE/100g DW, and 729.67 µmol TE/100 g DW, respectively. MWF-MWU drying exhibited a more prominent disrupted and porous structure of AP powder compared with that of OF-OU drying.
Removal of Pesticide Residues from Tomato and its Products
Authors: Aasia Akbar Panhwar  , Saghir Ahmed Sheikh  , Aijaz Hussain Soomro  , Ghulam Hussain Abro
Published: December 2014

Plant protection agents (more commonly known as pesticides) are widely used in agriculture to increase the yield, improve the quality and extend the storage life of food crops. The study was carried out in order to determine the effectiveness of various traditional processing treatments on reducing the residual load of pesticides from tomato and its products. Results showed that lipid soluble pesticides residues were reduced most effectively in sun-drying (90-97%) followed by frying (91-99%) and thermal dehydration (89-90%). The data further indicated that profenofos residues dislodged more effectively than bifenthrin and endosulfan. The least reduction was noticed in endosulfan residues. Similarly in case of water soluble pesticides, the effect of sun-drying, frying and thermal dehydration on reduction of pesticide residues were within the range of 94-97%, 92-96% and 91-96%, respectively. Maximum reduction was found in emamectin benzoate residues followed by imidacloprid and diafenthiuron.
Precessional changes in the western equatorial Pacific Hydroclimate: A 240 kyr marine record from the Halmahera Sea, East Indonesia
Authors: Dang Haowen , Jian Zhimin , Kissel Catherine , Bassinot Franck
Published: December 2014

Within the precession band, an interhemispheric antiphase pattern in the tropical hydroclimate is supported by many paleorecords, and optimally explained by the forcing of precessional insolation change. However, scenarios within the western equatorial Pacific (WEP), which plays the role of the ascending center of atmospheric convection, remain poorly determined. In this study, a marine sediment core from the Halmahera Sea, East Indonesia, was analyzed with high‐resolution XRF scanning, quantitative discrete XRF, and ICP‐AES/MS measurements. The terrigenous fractions in this core are constrained by their trace elemental characteristics to be locally sourced from Halmahera Island, and hence reflect variations in the local riverine runoff and precipitation. On this basis, a continuous record of precipitation changes of the western equatorial Pacific was reconstructed with multidecadal resolution over the last ∼240 ka, using an age model established by the correlation between an adjusted ice volume model and benthic δ18O constrained by 14C dating. The records of terrigenous input show a dominant ∼23 kyr periodicity with a 90°∼100° phase lag to the boreal summer (i.e., in‐phase with the boreal autumn) insolation change. This pattern can be explained by the variability in the convective activity over the WEP, which might be primarily controlled by precessional changes in the El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system. A dynamic linkage is implied between the precessional variations in the convective activity in the WEP and the East Asian and Australia‐Indonesian summer monsoons (EASM and AISM), in the sense of their distinct stable phase relationship to precession.
A 3‐D Lagrangian finite element algorithm with remeshing for simulating large‐strain hydrodynamic instabilities in power law viscoelastic fluids
Authors: von Tscharner M. , Schmalholz S. M.
Published: December 2014

We present a three‐dimensional (3‐D) numerical algorithm (PINK‐3D) that is based on the finite element method. The algorithm is designed to simulate hydrodynamic instabilities in power law viscoelastic fluids under gravity. These instabilities are caused by large and sharp contrasts in mechanical strength and/or density between different materials (e.g., folding, necking, or Rayleigh‐Taylor diapirism). The instabilities are controlled by the geometry of the material interfaces and the related intralayer stress distribution when amplitudes of the material interfaces are still low. The presented algorithm combines a deformable Lagrangian mesh with remeshing in order to accurately simulate the low‐amplitude stages of the emerging instabilities, and also to simulate the large‐strain evolution of the structures emerging from these instabilities. The remeshing is based on material interfaces that accurately track the boundaries between materials with strongly varying material properties (e.g., effective viscosity or power law stress exponent). We describe here the main technical details of the 3‐D algorithm. The accuracy of the 3‐D algorithm is demonstrated with comparisons between the numerical results and 2‐D and 3‐D analytical solutions for folding, necking, Rayleigh‐Taylor diapirism, and circular inclusions in viscous medium. We also benchmark the 3‐D algorithm with results of a different 2‐D finite element algorithm to test the accuracy of the large‐strain results with remeshing. Furthermore, two tests are presented that show the accuracy of the viscoelasticity implementation. PINK‐3D is also used to study 3‐D necking applied to lithospheric slab detachment, and 2‐D and 3‐D folding applied to fold nappe formation. In particular, we apply the 3‐D code to quantify and visualize the evolution of the 3‐D finite strain ellipsoid for the developing 3‐D structures.
Compositional provinces of Mars from statistical analyses of TES, GRS, OMEGA and CRISM data
Authors: Rogers A. Deanne , Hamilton Victoria E.
Published: December 2014

We identified 10 distinct classes of mineral assemblage on Mars through statistical analyses of mineral abundances derived from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) data at a spatial resolution of 8 pixels per degree. Two classes are new regions in Sinus Meridiani and northern Hellas basin. Except for crystalline hematite abundance, Sinus Meridiani exhibits compositional characteristics similar to Meridiani Planum; these two regions may share part of a common history. The northern margin of Hellas basin lacks olivine and high‐Ca pyroxene compared to terrains just outside the Hellas outer ring; this may reflect a difference in crustal compositions and/or aqueous alteration. Hesperian highland volcanic terrains are largely mapped into one class. These terrains exhibit low‐to‐intermediate potassium and thorium concentrations (from Gamma Ray Spectrometer (GRS) data) compared to older highland terrains, indicating differences in the complexity of processes affecting mantle melts between these different‐aged terrains. A previously reported, locally observed trend toward decreasing proportions of low‐calcium pyroxene relative to total pyroxene with time is also apparent over the larger scales of our study. Spatial trends in olivine and pyroxene abundance are consistent with those observed in near‐infrared data sets. Generally, regions that are distinct in TES data also exhibit distinct elemental characteristics in GRS data, suggesting that surficial coatings are not the primary control on TES mineralogical variations, but rather reflect regional differences in igneous and large‐scale sedimentary/glacial processes. Distinct compositions measured over large, low‐dust regions from multiple data sets indicate that global homogenization of unconsolidated surface materials has not occurred.
Support of long‐wavelength topography on Mercury inferred from MESSENGER measurements of gravity and topography
Authors: James Peter B. , Zuber Maria T. , Phillips Roger J. , Solomon Sean C.
Published: December 2014

To explore the mechanisms of support of surface topography on Mercury, we have determined the admittances and correlations of topography and gravity in Mercury's northern hemisphere from measurements obtained by NASA's MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft. These admittances and correlations can be interpreted in the context of a number of theoretical scenarios, including flexural loading and dynamic flow. We find that long‐wavelength (spherical harmonic degree l < 15) surface topography on Mercury is primarily supported through a combination of crustal thickness variations and deep mass anomalies. The deep mass anomalies may be interpreted either as lateral variations in mantle density or as relief on compositional interfaces. Domical topographic swells are associated with high admittances and are compensated at 300–400 km depth in the lower reaches of Mercury's mantle. Quasi‐linear topographic rises are primarily associated with shallow crustal compensation and are weakly correlated with positive mass anomalies in the mantle. The center of the Caloris basin features some of the thinnest crust on the planet, and the basin is underlain by a large negative mass anomaly. We also explore models of dynamic flow in the presence of compositional stratification above the liquid core. If there is substantial compositional stratification in Mercury's solid outer shell, relaxation of perturbed compositional interfaces may be capable of creating and sustaining long‐wavelength topography.
Core cracking and hydrothermal circulation can profoundly affect Ceres' geophysical evolution
Authors: Neveu Marc , Desch Steven J. , Castillo‐Rogez Julie C.
Published: December 2014

Observations and models of Ceres suggest that its evolution was shaped by interactions between liquid water and silicate rock. Hydrothermal processes in a heated core require both fractured rock and liquid. Using a new core cracking model coupled to a thermal evolution code, we find volumes of fractured rock always large enough for significant interaction to occur. Therefore, liquid persistence is key. It is favored by antifreezes such as ammonia, by silicate dehydration which releases liquid, and by hydrothermal circulation itself, which enhances heat transport into the hydrosphere. The effect of heating from silicate hydration seems minor. Hydrothermal circulation can profoundly affect Ceres' evolution: it prevents core dehydration via “temperature resets,” core cooling events lasting ∼50 Myr during which Ceres' interior temperature profile becomes very shallow and its hydrosphere is largely liquid. Whether Ceres has experienced such extensive hydrothermalism may be determined through examination of its present‐day structure. A large, fully hydrated core (radius 420 km) would suggest that extensive hydrothermal circulation prevented core dehydration. A small, dry core (radius 350 km) suggests early dehydration from short‐lived radionuclides, with shallow hydrothermalism at best. Intermediate structures with a partially dehydrated core seem ambiguous, compatible both with late partial dehydration without hydrothermal circulation, and with early dehydration with extensive hydrothermal circulation. Thus, gravity measurements by the Dawn orbiter, whose arrival at Ceres is imminent, could help discriminate between scenarios for Ceres' evolution.
Soil greenhouse gas emissions and carbon budgeting in a short‐hydroperiod floodplain wetland
Authors: Batson Jackie , Noe Gregory B. , Hupp Cliff R. , Krauss Ken W. , Rybicki Nancy B. , Schenk Edward R.
Published: December 2014

Understanding the controls on floodplain carbon (C) cycling is important for assessing greenhouse gas emissions and the potential for C sequestration in river‐floodplain ecosystems. We hypothesized that greater hydrologic connectivity would increase C inputs to floodplains that would not only stimulate soil C gas emissions but also sequester more C in soils. In an urban Piedmont river (151 km2watershed) with a floodplain that is dry most of the year, we quantified soil CO2, CH4, and N2O net emissions along gradients of floodplain hydrologic connectivity, identified controls on soil aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and developed a floodplain soil C budget. Sites were chosen along a longitudinal river gradient and across lateral floodplain geomorphic units (levee, backswamp, and toe slope). CO2emissions decreased downstream in backswamps and toe slopes and were high on the levees. CH4and N2O fluxes were near zero; however, CH4emissions were highest in the backswamp. Annual CO2emissions correlated negatively with soil water‐filled pore space and positively with variables related to drier, coarser soil. Conversely, annual CH4emissions had the opposite pattern of CO2. Spatial variation in aerobic and anaerobic respiration was thus controlled by oxygen availability but was not related to C inputs from sedimentation or vegetation. The annual mean soil CO2emission rate was 1091 g C m−2 yr−1, the net sedimentation rate was 111 g C m−2 yr−1, and the vegetation production rate was 240 g C m−2 yr−1, with a soil C balance (loss) of −338 g C m−2 yr−1. This floodplain is losing C likely due to long‐term drying from watershed urbanization.
A bivariate extension of theHosking andWallis goodness‐of‐fit measure for regional distributions
Authors: Kjeldsen T. R. , Prosdocimi I.
Published: December 2014

This study presents a bivariate extension of the goodness‐of‐fit measure for regional frequency distributions developed by Hosking and Wallis (1993) for use with the method of L‐moments. Utilizing the approximate joint normal distribution of the regional L‐skewness and L‐kurtosis, a graphical representation of the confidence region on the L‐moment diagram can be constructed as an ellipsoid. Candidate distributions can then be accepted where the corresponding theoretical relationship between the L‐skewness and L‐kurtosis intersects the confidence region, and the chosen distribution would be the one that minimizes the Mahalanobis distance measure. Based on a set of Monte Carlo simulations, it is demonstrated that the new bivariate measure generally selects the true population distribution more frequently than the original method. Results are presented to show that the new measure remains robust when applied to regions where the level of intersite correlation is at a level found in real world regions. Finally the method is applied to two different case studies involving annual maximum peak flow data from Italian and British catchments to identify suitable regional frequency distributions.
Theory of Gold‐Mediated Reactions: From Single Metal Site to Cluster
Authors: CHEN HUI , GAO YI
Published: December 2014

In recent years, gold‐mediated reactions have attracted considerable interests and witnessed explosive developments. Along with this trend, corresponding theoretical modelings are playing increasingly important role in the mechanism study of gold‐mediated reactions. In this chapter, we briefly discuss some recent advances in understanding of gold‐mediated reactions from theoretical modeling. Relevant theoretical methods as well as some technical issues for computational treatment of heavy element gold are introduced. As a key point in many homogenous gold‐mediated reactions that involve single metal site, substrate‐gold interaction is examined from theoretical point of view. Then the mechanisms of some typical homogenous gold‐mediated reactions are discussed. Concerning gold‐mediated reactions involving more than single metal site, CO oxidation by gold nanoclusters is discussed, with focus on structures of gold clusters and influencing factors for catalytic activities towards CO oxidation.
Gold‐Promoted Sigmatropic Rearrangements
Authors: Henrion Guilhem , Gagosz Fabien
Published: December 2014

Gold catalysis is particularly efficient in mediating various kinds of sigmatropic rearrangements that either correspond to an overall transformation of a substrate or simply occur as an elementary step in a reaction sequence. Among the sigmatropic rearrangements that can be gold‐promoted, particular attention has been brought to the Cope and Claisen rearrangements, and to the rearrangement of propargylic esters, which have been the subject of numerous experimental and theoretical investigations. Compared to the thermally induced version of such rearrangements, the use of electrophilic gold species as catalysts allows significant reduction in the energy demand so that transformations can generally be performed at moderate temperature with a good control of the chemo‐ and/or stereoselectivities. This chapter gives an overview of the various synthetic methods based on the use of gold‐promoted sigmatropic rearrangements that have been reported so far.
Copper Peroxide Bioinorganic Chemistry: From Metalloenzymes to Bioinspired Synthetic Systems
Authors: Garcia‐Bosch Isaac , Karlin Kenneth D.
Published: December 2014

During the last few decades, copper‐dioxygen chemistry has emerged as a new and very active field of (bio)inorganic relevance. Highlighted herein are the major findings, including the principles of dioxygen activation in metal‐containing proteins along with characterization and reactivity of natural copper‐peroxo systems which are derived from reaction of molecular oxygen with copper(I) active‐site centers. Inspired by the varied array of copper proteins‐enzymes which have been characterized, synthetic bioinorganic researchers have developed model systems which are amenable to facilitating the electron‐transfer and atom‐transfer chemistry which pervades dioxygen binding to copper complexes found in various oxidation states (+1 to +3). These studies have provided for new coordination chemistry of fundamental importance. In addition, significant contributions concerning the identity of biological or chemical reactive intermediates and insights into copper enzyme reaction mechanisms have been made. Taking advantage of this rich redox chemistry, synthetic methods combining copper and O2 (or H2O2) have been explored by organic/inorganic chemists, seeking to employ this earth abundant element to replace routes now usually carried out with precious (expensive/non‐benign) metals, developing green, sustainable and selective oxidative processes.
1,1‐Dihydroperoxides
Authors: Schwartz Chris , Dussault Patrick H.
Published: December 2014

Gem
‐dihydroperoxides (
g
‐DHPs), often referred to as 1,1‐dihydroperoxides, are a class of molecules of interest because of their reactivity as well as their utility as synthetic reagents and intermediates. This review begins with a listing of previous reviews and commercially available
g
‐DHPs, followed by a brief discussion of safety and regulatory issues. The properties of
g
‐DHPs are then overviewed, with an emphasis on the physical properties, biological activity, thermal stability, spectroscopic properties, and behavior on chromatographic media. The remaining sections describe the synthesis and reactions of
g
‐DHPS. The largest of these sections describes the various methods for synthesis of
g
‐DHPs based upon class of catalyst or reagent and compares applications of different reagents selected target skeletons. One of the most significant applications of
g
‐DHPs, their use as precursors for 1,2,4,5‐tetraoxanes, is discussed in detail, including tabular comparisons of approaches to selected skeletons. The chapter concludes with a discussion of other important reactions of
g
‐DHPs, including alkylations, nucleophilic and electrophile‐promoted additions to alkenes, acetalizations, acylations and acylation‐promoted fragmentations, acid‐promoted dimerizations and decompositions, silylations, and application as oxygen transfer agents.
Gas‐Phase Ion Chemistry of Organic Peroxides
Authors: Kato Shuji , Blanksby Stephen J.
Published: December 2014

Over the last 30 years, mass spectrometry and allied technologies have provided significant new insights into the intrinsic, gas phase properties of organic peroxides. In this chapter, the formation and interrogation of neutral peroxides, and their ionized analogues in the gas phase are discussed for several key classes of organic peroxides. Methods for the formation of intact, gas phase cations and anions from labile, often nonvolatile, peroxides using conventional and contemporary soft ionization techniques are described. Studies of the unimolecular dissociation of these ionized peroxides are shown to yield new understanding of energetics and bonding as well as providing diagnostic markers for the elucidation of molecular structure. The bimolecular chemistries of peroxides in the gas phase are considered in two categories: (i) reactions of ions with neutral peroxides; and (ii) the reactions of deprotonated organic hydroperoxides with neutral substrates. Advanced topics cover analytical applications of chemical ionization to the detection of peroxides and peroxyl radicals along with the synthesis of distonic peroxyl radical ions. Studies of the gas phase spectroscopy of organic peroxides that exploit the ionized forms of the peroxides are reviewed including negative‐ion photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared multiple photon dissociation and action spectroscopy.
Race, the Black Male, and Heterogeneous Racisms in Education
Authors: Johnson‐Bailey Juanita , Ray Nichole , Lasker‐Scott Tennille
Published: December 2014

This chapter explores the effects of historical and current racism on the educational experiences of American Black males. The authors use critical race theory to illustrate how assumptions about culture and gender have subverted the egalitarian ideals of adult education. Teachers and students are urged to use critical reflection and open discussion about racial issues.
The Reentry Adult College Student: An Exploration of the Black Male Experience
Authors: Rosser‐Mims Dionne , Palmer Glenn A. , Harroff Pamela
Published: December 2014

This chapter shares findings from a qualitative study on reentry adult Black males’ postsecondary education experiences and identifies strategies to help this population matriculate through college and graduate.
Returning to School After Incarceration: Policy, Prisoners, and the Classroom
Authors: Miller Brian , Mondesir Joserichsen , Stater Timothy , Schwartz Joni
Published: December 2014

This chapter addresses the challenges facing men of color who return to adult education after incarceration. It frames their experience as a war from a sociopolitical and cultural context, and then explains the support men need to succeed both in and outside the classroom.
Tensile Deformation Behaviors in a Fine‐Grained, Rolled Mg–3Al–3Sn Alloy at Room Temperature up to 250 °C
Authors: Nan Xiao‐Long , Wang Hui‐Yuan , Rong Jian , Xue En‐Song , Liu Guo‐Jun , Jiang Qi‐Chuan
Published: December 2014

Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on fine‐grained, rolled AT33 alloy at strain rates of 1.0 × 10−4–1.0 × 10−1 s−1 and temperatures of 25–250 °C. The rolled AT33 alloy with an average grain size of 7 μm was produced by cast‐rolling and hot‐rolling. The relative deformation mechanisms at high temperature were investigated in this study. It was found that the strain rate sensitivity increases from 0.01 at room temperature to 0.13 at 250 °C. The average stress exponent and the activation energy have been calculated to be 6.5 and 145 kJ mol−1, respectively, indicating that the dominant tensile deformation mechanism is dislocation climb‐controlled creep profiting from the lattice self‐diffusion. The dispersed nano‐sized Mg2Sn particles in the rolled AT33 alloy increase dislocation accumulation, which not only contributes to a promising tensile strength at high temperature but also provides a high driving force for the dynamic recrystallization (DRX). It has found that DRX is mainly responsible for the obtained high tensile ductility of 76–205% at temperatures of 200–250 °C.
Gold‐Catalyzed Hydroarylating Cyclization of 1,2‐Bis(2‐iodoethynyl)benzenes
Authors: Nösel Pascal , Müller Vanessa , Mader Steffen , Moghimi Setareh , Rudolph Matthias , Braun Ingo , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: December 2014

1,5‐Diynes bearing halogen‐substituted alkynes were synthesized and converted in the presence of a gold catalyst. In contrast to the corresponding hydroarylating aromatization reaction with terminal alkynes, a totally different reaction mode was observed. Instead of the expected dual catalysis pathway, only one gold center is needed and a 1,2‐halogen migration is initiated in which either a gold vinylidene species or a gold carbenoid is involved. By the incorporation of one solvent molecule, diiodinated aromatic products are obtained in high selectivity.

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Potassium Iodide‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Synthesis of 2‐Arylquinazolines via Amination of Benzylic CH Bonds of Methylarenes
Authors: Zhao Dan , Shen Qi , Li Jian‐Xin
Published: December 2014

A novel potassium iodide‐catalyzed three‐component synthesis of quinazolines via benzylic CH bonds amination was developed. Commonly used ammonia salt and the sp3 carbon in commercially available methylarenes were used as nitrogen and C1 sources, respectively. Mechanistic studies indicated that an aryl aldehyde is involved as a key intermediate in the reaction.

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Electrode Nanostructures in Lithium‐Based Batteries
Authors: Mahmood Nasir , Hou Yanglong
Published: December 2014

Lithium‐based batteries possessing energy densities much higher than those of the conventional batteries belong to the most promising class of future energy devices. However, there are some fundamental issues related to their electrodes which are big roadblocks in their applications to electric vehicles (EVs). Nanochemistry has advantageous roles to overcome these problems by defining new nanostructures of electrode materials. This review article will highlight the challenges associated with these chemistries both to bring high performance and longevity upon considering the working principles of the various types of lithium‐based (Li‐ion, Li‐air and Li‐S) batteries. Further, the review discusses the advantages and challenges of nanomaterials in nanostructured electrodes of lithium‐based batteries, concerns with lithium metal anode and the recent advancement in electrode nanostructures.
A decade of theory of mind research on cayo santiago: Insights into rhesus macaque social cognition
Authors: Drayton Lindsey A. , Santos Laurie R.
Published: December 2014

Over the past several decades, researchers have become increasingly interested in understanding how primates understand the behavior of others. One open question concerns whether nonhuman primates think about others’ behavior in psychological terms, that is, whether they have a theory of mind. Over the last ten years, experiments conducted on the free‐ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) living on Cayo Santiago have provided important insights into this question. In this review, we highlight what we think are some of the most exciting results of this body of work. Specifically we describe experiments suggesting that rhesus monkeys may understand some psychological states, such as what others see, hear, and know, but that they fail to demonstrate an understanding of others’ beliefs. Thus, while some aspects of theory of mind may be shared between humans and other primates, others capacities are likely to be uniquely human. We also discuss some of the broader debates surrounding comparative theory of mind research, as well as what we think may be productive lines for future research with the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. Am. J. Primatol. 78:106–116, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Primate extirpation from rainforest fragments does not appear to influence seedling recruitment
Authors: Chaves Oscarm M. , Arroyo‐Rodríguez Víctor , Martínez‐Ramos Miguel , Stoner Kathryne E.
Published: December 2014

Primates are important seed dispersers, especially of large‐seeded tree species, but the impact that these animals have on seedling recruitment is unclear. Evidence suggests that forest regeneration might be disrupted in forest fragments in which primates were extirpated. We tested this hypothesis by assessing seedling recruitment in 3 forest fragments occupied (OF) by primates, 3 fragments unoccupied (UF) by primates, and 3 areas within a continuous forest (CF) in the Lacandona rainforest, Mexico. Species and stem densities of tree, palm and liana seedlings were recorded over 16 months. Individuals were classified according to dispersal mode: large‐seeded animal‐dispersed (LS), small‐ and medium‐seeded animal‐dispersed (SS), and abiotically‐dispersed species (AD). We assessed the influence of primate presence, adult tree assemblage, and fragment spatial metrics (size, age, distance to nearest fragment, and distance to continuous forest) on seedling assemblages. We recorded 6879 seedlings belonging to 90 species, and 59 genera in 405 1‐m2plots. Both seedlings and adults showed similar differences in species and stem densities of LS, SS and AD species among forest types, suggesting that seedling assemblages were strongly influenced by the adult assemblages. The recruitment of each LS species varied among study sites, but evidence supporting higher recruitment enhancement of these species in continuous forest and occupied fragments was weak. Distance to continuous forest was the unique fragment spatial metric related (negatively) to the recruitment of LS species. Thus, primate extirpation does not appear to disrupt seedling assemblages in the Lancandona rainforest. Nevertheless, we cannot reject the hypothesis that certain LS species such asSpondias radlkoferimay be affected by the extirpation of primates. Am. J. Primatol. 77:468–478, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human rhinovirus serotypes in the nasal washes and mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Lee Sung Bu , Yi Jong Sook , Lee Bong‐Jae , Gong Chang‐Hoon , Kim Nam Hee , Joo Chul Hyun , Jang Yong Ju
Published: December 2014

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can be aggravated by viral upper respiratory infections. We aimed to investigate whether any specific human rhinovirus (HRV) serotype is more common in the mucosa of CRS patients, and to find any defining clinical characteristics, according to the various HRV serotypes.

Methods

A prospective case‐control study was conducted to determine HRV serotypes in 111 CRS patients and 51 non‐CRS controls. No participant had a history of upper respiratory infection over a 4‐week period. Nasal lavage fluids and turbinate epithelial cells were collected prospectively. When HRV was detected with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), strains were further characterized by sequencing the VP4/VP2 region of the HRV genome.

Results

HRV was detected in 40 CRS subjects (36%) and 11 non‐CRS controls (21%). The overall detection rates of HRV in CRS patients were higher than in non‐CRS controls (p < 0.05). Of the 8 serotypes detected in CRS patients, 5 belonged to HRV‐A and 3 belonged to HRV‐B; HRV‐C was not detected. In non‐CRS controls, only HRV‐A was identified, with only 2 serotypes detected (HRV‐A13 and HRV‐A16). HRV‐B and C were not detected.

Conclusion

The high prevalence of HRV in CRS patients was confirmed in our study. However, we were unable to determine whether certain HRV serotypes are more predominant in CRS patients than non‐CRS controls. HRV‐A13 was the most common serotype in both CRS patients and non‐CRS controls. We could not find any differences in the clinical characteristics according to the HRV serotypes in CRS patients.
Caribbean Integration—Lessons for the Pacific?
Authors: Warner Robert , Anatol Marlon
Published: December 2014

The members of the Pacific Islands Forum have recently considered a quite critical review of the Pacific Plan for strengthening regional cooperation and integration. The Caribbean Community (CARICOM), another grouping encompassing a number of small island developing states, has also been contemplating highly critical assessments of the nature of its approach to regionalism, and of the institutions that have been put in place to give effect to this approach. Are there lessons for the Pacific from the Caribbean experience? This article looks at aspects of the approaches to regionalism and economic integration adopted in the Caribbean, and considers parallels with the situation in the Pacific. It suggests that the CARICOM experience puts into question elements of the logic and overall approach to integration being pursued in both regions (and being urged by external partners).
Tofacitinib Facilitates the Expansion of Myeloid‐Derived Suppressor Cells and Ameliorates Arthritis in SKG Mice
Authors: Nishimura Keisuke , Saegusa Jun , Matsuki Fumichika , Akashi Kengo , Kageyama Goichi , Morinobu Akio
Published: December 2014

Objective

Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells that have the ability to suppress T cell responses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib on MDSCs in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis.

Methods

Arthritis was induced in SKG mice by zymosan A (ZyA) injection. MDSCs isolated from the bone marrow (BM) of donor SKG mice with arthritis were adoptively transferred to recipient mice with arthritis. In a separate experiment, tofacitinib was administered to arthritic SKG mice subcutaneously via osmotic pump, in some cases followed by injection of an anti–Gr‐1 monoclonal antibody (mAb). BM cells from untreated mice were cultured for 5 days with granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, with or without tofacitinib, and then analyzed by flow cytometry.

Results

The numbers of MDSCs and polymorphonuclear MDSCs (PMN‐MDSCs) were significantly increased in the spleens of SKG mice following ZyA injection. Adoptive transfer of MDSCs to recipient arthritic mice reduced the severity of arthritis compared to that in untreated control mice. Treatment with tofacitinib also ameliorated the progression of arthritis in SKG mice and induced significantly higher numbers of MDSCs and PMN‐MDSCs in the BM of these animals. Furthermore, administration of an anti–Gr‐1 mAb reduced the antiarthritic effect of tofacitinib in SKG mice. In vitro, tofacitinib facilitated the differentiation of BM cells to MDSCs, and inhibited their differentiation to dendritic cells.

Conclusion

Tofacitinib facilitates the expansion of MDSCs and ameliorates arthritis in SKG mice.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Adalimumab in Patients With Nonpsoriatic Peripheral Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Mease Philip , Sieper Joachim , Van den Bosch Filip , Rahman Proton , Karunaratne P. Mahinda , Pangan Aileen L.
Published: December 2014

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with active nonpsoriatic peripheral spondyloarthritis (SpA).

Methods

ABILITY‐2 is an ongoing phase III, multicenter study of adalimumab treatment. Eligible patients age ≥18 years fulfilled the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) classification criteria for peripheral SpA, did not have a prior diagnosis of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis (PsA), or ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and had an inadequate response or intolerance to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive adalimumab 40 mg every other week or matching placebo for 12 weeks, followed by a 144‐week open‐label period. The primary end point was the proportion of patients achieving 40% improvement in disease activity according to the Peripheral SpA Response Criteria (PSpARC40) at week 12. This was defined as ≥40% improvement from baseline (≥20‐mm absolute improvement on a visual analog scale) in patient's global assessments of disease activity and pain, and ≥40% improvement in at least one of the following features: swollen joint and tender joint counts, total enthesitis count, or dactylitis count. Adverse events were recorded throughout the study.

Results

In total, 165 patients were randomized to a treatment group, of whom 81 were randomized to receive placebo and 84 to receive adalimumab. Baseline demographics and disease characteristics were generally similar between the 2 groups. At week 12, a greater proportion of patients receiving adalimumab achieved a PSpARC40 response compared to patients receiving placebo (39% versus 20%; P = 0.006). Overall, improvement in other outcomes was greater in the adalimumab group compared to the placebo group. The rates of adverse events were similar in both treatment groups.

Conclusion

Treatment with adalimumab ameliorated the signs and symptoms of disease and improved physical function in patients with active nonpsoriatic peripheral SpA who exhibited an inadequate response or intolerance to NSAIDs, with a safety profile consistent with that observed in patients with AS, PsA, or other immune‐mediated diseases.
Ca2+ and Mg2+ binding site engineering increases the degradation of polyethylene terephthalate films by polyester hydrolases from Thermobifida fusca
Authors: Then Johannes , Wei Ren , Oeser Thorsten , Barth Markus , Belisário‐Ferrari Matheus R. , Schmidt Juliane , Zimmermann Wolfgang
Published: December 2014

Several bacterial polyester hydrolases are able to hydrolyze the synthetic polyester polyethylene terephthalate (PET). For an efficient enzymatic degradation of PET, reaction temperatures close to the glass transition temperature of the polymer need to be applied. The esterases TfH, BTA2, Tfu_0882, TfCut1, and TfCut2 produced by the thermophilic actinomycete Thermobifida fusca exhibit PET‐hydrolyzing activity. However, these enzymes are not sufficiently stable in this temperature range for an efficient degradation of post‐consumer PET materials. The addition of Ca2+ or Mg2+ cations to the enzymes resulted in an increase of their melting points between 10.8 and 14.1°C determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy. The thermostability of the polyester hydrolases was sufficient to degrade semi‐crystalline PET films at 65°C in the presence of 10 mM Ca2+ and 10 mM Mg2+ resulting in weight losses of up to 12.9% after a reaction time of 48 h. The residues Asp174, Asp204, and Glu253 were identified by molecular dynamics simulations as potential binding residues for the two cations in TfCut2. This was confirmed by their substitution with arginine, resulting in a higher thermal stability of the corresponding enzyme variants. The generated variants of TfCut2 represent stabilized catalysts suitable for PET hydrolysis reactions performed in the absence of Ca2+ or Mg2+.
An ultra scale‐down analysis of the recovery by dead‐end centrifugation of human cells for therapy
Authors: Delahaye M. , Lawrence K. , Ward S. J. , Hoare M.
Published: December 2014

An ultra scale‐down method is described to determine the response of cells to recovery by dead‐end (batch) centrifugation under commercially defined manufacturing conditions. The key variables studied are the cell suspension hold time prior to centrifugation, the relative centrifugal force (RCF), time of centrifugation, cell pellet resuspension velocities, and number of resuspension passes. The cell critical quality attributes studied are the cell membrane integrity and the presence of selected surface markers. Greater hold times and higher RCF values for longer spin times all led to the increased loss of cell membrane integrity. However, this loss was found to occur during intense cell resuspension rather than the preceding centrifugation stage. Controlled resuspension at low stress conditions below a possible critical stress point led to essentially complete cell recovery even at conditions of extreme centrifugation (e.g., RCF of 10000 g for 30 mins) and long (~2 h) holding times before centrifugation. The susceptibility to cell loss during resuspension under conditions of high stress depended on cell type and the age of cells before centrifugation and the level of matrix crosslinking within the cell pellet as determined by the presence of detachment enzymes or possibly the nature of the resuspension medium. Changes in cell surface markers were significant in some cases but to a lower extent than loss of cell membrane integrity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 997–1011. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A framework for real‐time glycosylation monitoring (RT‐GM) in mammalian cell culture
Authors: Tharmalingam Tharmala , Wu Chao‐Hsiang , Callahan Susan , T. Goudar Chetan
Published: December 2014

Glycosylation is a critical characteristic of biotherapeutics because of its central role in in vivo efficacy. Multiple factors including medium composition and process conditions impact protein glycosylation and characterizing cellular response to these changes is essential to understand the underlying relationships. Current practice typically involves glycosylation characterization at the end of a fed‐batch culture, which in addition to being an aggregate of the process, reflects a bias towards the end of the culture where a majority of the product is made. In an attempt to rigorously characterize the entire time‐course of a fed‐batch culture, a real‐time glycosylation monitoring (RT‐GM) framework was developed. It involves using the micro sequential injection (μSI) system as a sample preparation platform coupled with an ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system for real‐time monitoring of the antibody glycan profile. Automated sampling and sample preparations were performed using the μSI system and this framework was used to study manganese (Mn)‐induced glycosylation changes over the course of a fed‐batch culture. As expected, Mn‐supplemented cultures exhibited higher galactosylation levels compared to control while the fucosylation and mannosylation were consistent for both supplemented and control cultures. Overall, the approach presented in the study allows real time monitoring of glycosylation changes and this information can be rapidly translated into process control and/or process optimization decisions to accelerate process development. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1146–1154. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression levels of chaperones influence biotransformation activity of recombinant Escherichia coli expressing Micrococcus luteus alcohol dehydrogenase and Pseudomonas putida Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase
Authors: Baek A‐Hyong , Jeon Eun‐Yeong , Lee Sun‐Mee , Park Jin‐Byung
Published: December 2014

We demonstrated for the first time that the archaeal chaperones (i.e., γ‐prefoldin and thermosome) can stabilize enzyme activity in vivo. Ricinoleic acid biotransformation activity of recombinant Escherichia coli expressing Micrococcus luteus alcohol dehydrogenase and the Pseudomonas putida KT2440 Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase improved significantly with co‐expression of γ‐prefoldin or recombinant themosome originating from the deep‐sea hyperthermophile archaea Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. Furthermore, the degree of enhanced activity was dependent on the expression levels of the chaperones. For example, whole‐cell biotransformation activity was highest at 12 µmol/g dry cells/min when γ‐prefoldin expression level was approximately 46% of the theoretical maximum. This value was approximately two‐fold greater than that in E. coli, where the γ‐prefoldin expression level was zero or set to the theoretical maximum. Therefore, it was assumed that the expression levels of chaperones must be optimized to achieve maximum biotransformation activity in whole‐cell biocatalysts. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 889–895. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐chain alkane production by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Buijs Nicolaas A , Zhou Yongjin J. , Siewers Verena , Nielsen Jens
Published: December 2014

In the past decade industrial‐scale production of renewable transportation biofuels has been developed as an alternative to fossil fuels, with ethanol as the most prominent biofuel and yeast as the production organism of choice. However, ethanol is a less efficient substitute fuel for heavy‐duty and maritime transportation as well as aviation due to its low energy density. Therefore, new types of biofuels, such as alkanes, are being developed that can be used as drop‐in fuels and can substitute gasoline, diesel, and kerosene. Here, we describe for the first time the heterologous biosynthesis of long‐chain alkanes by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that elimination of the hexadecenal dehydrogenase Hfd1 and expression of a redox system are essential for alkane biosynthesis in yeast. Deletion of HFD1 together with expression of an alkane biosynthesis pathway resulted in the production of the alkanes tridecane, pentadecane, and heptadecane. Our study provides a proof of principle for producing long‐chain alkanes in the industrial workhorse S. cerevisiae, which was so far limited to bacteria. We anticipate that these findings will be a key factor for further yeast engineering to enable industrial production of alkane based drop‐in biofuels, which can allow the biofuel industry to diversify beyond bioethanol. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1275–1279. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.