bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Urban reorganization and development of Baikal macro-region
Authors: Kolesnikov A
Published: July 2020

One of the most important areas of spatial development of Russia is the innovative development of the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which is reflected in the main documents of strategic planning - the forecast of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030 [1]; Strategies for the innovative development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020 [2]; Federal Law “On Territories of Advancement of Socio-Economic Development in the Russian Federation” [3].With the formation of the Baikal macro-region, which includes the Irkutsk region, the Republic of Buryatia and the Trans-Baikal Territory, the role of the natural territory of Lake Baikal becomes the cornerstone. Without understanding the resettlement tasks in this area of Lake Baikal, it is impossible to implement the package of measures provided for by the Law on the Protection of Lake Baikal of May 1, 1992 No. 94-ΦD3 [4] and the Federal Target Program “Protection of Lake Baikal and the Socio-Economic Development of the Baikal Natural Territory for 2012-2020” [5]. Determination of the basic principles of the organization of urban planning systems in the Baikal and Trans-Baikal regions, and, above all, in their systemic core, the Baikal Natural Territory, is an extremely urgent urban planning problem..
Development of technologies for improving the water resources of contaminated areas using plants
Authors: Vasilevich E
Published: July 2020

The article provides an overview of relevant phytotechnologies for improving water resources and wastewater, and indicates the regulatory framework for the best available technologies. Attention is paid to the significance of the natural processes of biodegradation of water and wastewater pollution, the most studied plants and trees used for the decontamination of pollution in water and soils are highlighted. The emphasis is placed on the correct selection of plants for the effect of reducing the toxic effects of individual or total pollutants, as well as phytostimulation of the local soil microflora by plants to intensify the processes of self-cleaning of polluted environments. The experience of studying the work of plants in various climatic conditions, including sharp continental ones, helps to expand the capabilities of this method and solve problems of improving reservoirs and territories at a minimum cost.
Contemporary perspective of energy efficiency: essentials, content, challenges, implementation in the Russian Federation
Authors: Bezrukikh O A , Yu Gorbachevskaya E , Sivtseva N G
Published: July 2020

Natural resources conservation and sustainable living have become important issues worldwide. Among natural resources, energy is one of the important prerequisites for sustainable development. Therefore, in order to meet the high demand for energy, it is necessary to bring its sustainable consumption to the forefront of the development strategy of construction industry. The construction sector development in the Russian Federation is largely determined by national projects whose main goal is to provide citizens with comfortable and affordable housing. The national program announced by the government can be successfully implemented by the means of energy-efficient technologies usage, in particular, while building low-rise housing.
Optimization of trading and purchasing policies in the market of the construction material
Authors: Gercekovich D A , Yu Gorbachevskaya E , Abramov E A , Rybakova E V
Published: July 2020

In the present research, the authors’ attention is concentrated on the methodological fundamentals of surveying the situation on the construction material market using mathematical analysis methods, the model of “Profitability – Risk” in particular. The significance of the paper under consideration is conditioned by a great value share of construction materials in the integrated capital of an investment construction project and by the necessity to make the dependence on imported construction materials lower. The construction material market regulation and its conditioning oriented at its more effective functioning are to affect the construction field favourably. The information received in the process of analysis with regard to a retrospective information is to become a reference basis in managerial decision making. The objectives to be achieved on managerial decisions making depend on the quality of the reference information. A mathematical algorithm for studying a retrospective information on constructive material value is offered in the paper under consideration along with the analysis of other factors. The algorithm has been worked out basing on the portfolio theory concepts. While gestating the offered algorithm practically, construction materials were ranged to form groups, and following that, several types of materials were defined for each group. In the process of the analysis, a number of items were calculated: yearly price changes, expected average price changes and root-square deviations as risk level indicators and an average values ratio in a price movement to the corresponding risks. Besides, some groups of materials were identified as having considerable value fluctuations. The reasons of their fluctuations having been revealed, the most cost-effective and mostly exposed to risk groups of construction materials were indicated as being mostly on demand in the home markets. The offered recommendations are the result of the investigation and are meant for main participants of the construction material market, such as the government, construction material producers and developers engaged in organizing and planning their activities in the sphere of investment-construction project realization.
The importance of the feasibility study of investments in the development of the Russian oil and gas industry
Authors: Dobysheva T V , Gidaspova A M
Published: July 2020

The article considers the issues of determining the cost of construction of oil and gas facilities at the pre-project stage. The great importance of investing in the construction of oil and gas facilities for the industry and the country’s economy as a whole is analyzed. Shortcomings were identified when calculating the cost of construction at the pre-project stage. Ways of improving the accuracy of the calculations the cost of construction of industrial facilities in the development of feasibility study of investments, including a proposed supplement to its existing base of estimated regulatory documents in large-size collectors of the rates of industrial construction. Also, as part of the method of determining the estimated cost based on enlarged collections and a data bank of previously constructed and designed objects, it is proposed to make adjustments to the register of cost-effective project documentation for reuse. The authors are convinced that increasing the accuracy of calculating the cost of construction products will improve the efficiency of investment in industrial construction.
Boundary Layer Transition Measurement Flight Test Based on Infrared Image Technique
Authors: Zhong Hai , Qi Shenjun , Wang Yalong
Published: July 2020

According to the requirements of boundary layer transition detection measurement flight test, the study on the detection technique of infrared thermal image in real flight conditions was carried out. In this paper, the basic principle of infrared measurement technique was introduced firstly. Through the analysis of the main factors, such as emissivity, radiation incidence angle and temperature difference between the measured object and environment, the test means were determined, which includes surface treatment, infrared light path adjustment, solar radiation and internal heating of tested parts. Then the whole flight test method of boundary layer transition measurement was designed, including selecting test object and test instrument, determining test procedure and image processing procedure, and giving transition location criterion. Finally, the validity of this flight test method was demonstrated through testing results, the research of which would be helpful and meaningful in boundary layer transition measurement.
Research on Combination of Multiple Methods for Spacecraft Propellant Consumption Prediction
Authors: Yin Wenjuan , Cao Zhiwei , Lin Zhen
Published: July 2020

In order to further improve the accuracy of propellant gauging during the geosynchronous satellite transfer orbit, combined with the existing propellant gauging method, a time series analysis method for satellite propellant consumption fusion algorithm is proposed. The error characteristics of the prediction data are analyzed according to the principle of different gauging methods. On the basis of this, the variance of each gauging method is estimated by time series analysis and the optimal weighted fusion estimation based on least squares method is given. The practical application shows that the fusion algorithm can make full use of the advantages of different gauging methods and provide a more reasonable estimation of the real-time propellant consumption.
Bearing-only Trajectory Estimation for Ballistic Target Using Sparse Representation
Authors: Wang Pu , Cheng Yun , Yin Qinghong
Published: July 2020

This paper discusses the problem of estimating the trajectory of a ballistic target using bearing measurements from one passive sensor. The major challenge of this problem is the ill-conditioning of the estimation problem due to poor observability of the target motion via bearing measurements. We present an estimator based on the sparse representation algorithm for one sensor scenario. The sparse representation can dramatically reduce the amount of data needed to be estimated. With sparse representation, the trajectory of the ballistic target can be estimated in poor observability conditions. Besides, we introduce some complementary constraints to improve the observability of target motion. Simulation results indicate that the proposed estimator is effective.
Biofabrication of endothelial cell, dermal fibroblast, and multilayered keratinocyte layers for skin tissue engineering
Authors: Barros Natan R , Kim Han-Jun , Gouidie Marcus J , Lee KangJu , Bandaru Praveen , Banton Ethan A , Sarikhani Einollah , Sun Wujin , Zhang Shiming , Cho Hyun-Jong , Hartel Martin C , Ostrovidov Serge , Ahadian Samad , Hussain Saber M , Ashammakhi Nureddin , Dokmeci Mehmet R , Herculano Rondinelli D , Lee Junmin , Khademhosseini Ali
Published: July 2020

The skin serves a substantial number of physiological purposes and is exposed to numerous biological and chemical agents owing to its large surface area and accessibility. Yet, current skin models are limited in emulating the multifaceted functions of skin tissues due to a lack of effort on the optimization of biomaterials and techniques at different skin layers for building skin frameworks. Here, we use biomaterial-based approaches and bioengineered techniques to develop a 3D skin model with layers of endothelial cell networks, dermal fibroblasts, and multilayered keratinocytes. Analysis of mechanical properties of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based bioinks mixed with different portions of alginate revealed bioprinted endothelium could be better modeled to optimize endothelial cell viability with a mixture of 7.5% GelMA and 2% alginate. Matrix stiffness plays a crucial role in modulating produced levels of Pro-Collagen I alpha-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human dermal fibroblasts and affecting their viability, proliferation, and spreading. Moreover, seeding human keratinocytes with gelatin-coating multiple times proved to be helpful in reducing culture time to create multiple layers of keratinocytes while maintaining their viability. The ability to fabricate selected biomaterials for each layer of skin tissues has implications in the biofabrication of skin systems for regenerative medicine and disease modeling.
Reduced thermal conductivity of supported and encased monolayer and bilayer MoS2
Authors: Gabourie Alexander J , Suryavanshi Saurabh V , Farimani Amir Barati , Pop Eric
Published: July 2020

Electrical and thermal properties of atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials are affected by their environment, e.g. through remote phonon scattering or dielectric screening. However, while it is known that mobility and thermal conductivity (TC) of graphene are reduced on a substrate, these effects are much less explored in 2D semiconductors such as MoS2. Here, we use molecular dynamics to understand TC changes in monolayer (1L) and bilayer (2L) MoS2 by comparing suspended, supported, and encased structures. The TC of monolayer MoS2 is reduced from ∼117 W m−1 K−1 when suspended, to ∼31 W m−1 K−1 when supported by SiO2, at 300 K. Encasing 1L MoS2 in SiO2 further reduces its TC down to ∼22 W m−1 K−1. In contrast, the TC of 2L MoS2 is not as drastically reduced, being >50% higher than 1L both when supported and encased. These effects are due to phonon scattering with remote vibrational modes of the substrate, which are partly screened in 2L MoS2. We also examine the TC of 1L MoS2 across a wide range of temperatures (300 K to 700 K) and defect densities (up to 5 × 1013 cm−2), finding that the substrate reduces the dependence of TC on these factors. Taken together, these are important findings for all applications which will use 2D semiconductors supported or encased by insulators, instead of freely suspended.
Kaposi Sarcoma Rates Among Persons Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States: 2008—2016
Authors: Luo Qianlai , Satcher Johnson Anna , Hall H Irene , Cahoon Elizabeth K , Shiels Meredith
Published: July 2020

Background

Recent studies have suggested that Kaposi sarcoma (KS) rates might be increasing in some racial/ethnic groups, age groups, and US regions. We estimated recent US trends in KS incidence among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH).

Methods

Incident KS patients aged 20–59 years were obtained from 36 cancer registries and assumed to be living with HIV. The number of PLWH was obtained from national HIV surveillance data from 2008 to 2016. Age-standardized KS rates and annual percent changes (APCs) in rates were estimated by age, sex, race/ethnicity, state, and region.

Results

Between 2008 and 2016, the age-adjusted KS rate among PLWH was 116/100 000. Rates were higher among males, in younger age groups, and among white PLWH. Washington, Maine, and California had the highest KS rates among PLWH. KS rates among PLWH decreased significantly (average APC = −3.2% per year, P < .001) from 136/100 000 to 97/100 000 between 2008 and 2016. There were no statistically significant increases in KS rates in any age, sex, or racial/ethnic group or in any geographic region or state. However, there were nondecreasing trends in some states and in younger age groups, primarily among black PLWH.

Conclusions

KS incidence rates among PLWH have decreased nationally between 2008 and 2016. Though there were no statistically significant increases in KS rates in any demographic or geographic group, nondecreasing/stagnant KS trends in some states and among younger and black PLWH highlight the need for early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection.
Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Efficacy of an App-Based Mindfulness-Meditation Program Among Older Adults
Authors: Mahlo Leeann , Windsor Tim D
Published: July 2020

Background and Objectives

Few studies have focused on the utility of mindfulness-meditation for well-being in older adults. The present study investigated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of an app-based mindfulness-meditation program among older adults.

Research Design and Methods

A community-based sample of 46 participants aged between 63 and 81 (M = 70.85, SD = 4.70) engaged with a 30-day app-based mindfulness-meditation program for 10 min daily on their smartphones. Each meditation session comprised focusing on the breath, mentally scanning the body, monitoring the mind’s activity, and cultivating a nonjudgmental orientation toward experiences. Participants completed questionnaires at baseline, day 10, and day 30.

Results

On average, participants completed 25 sessions and almost 4 h of application use across the 30 days. Results of linear mixed effects models showed significant improvements in positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction across the study interval, but no meaningful change in total mindfulness or perceived stress. Furthermore, relative to high levels of smartphone efficacy, low smartphone efficacy was associated with higher perceived stress and negative affect, and less life satisfaction at baseline; and steeper improvements on these outcomes across the study interval. On average, older adults rated the app-based mindfulness-meditation training as interesting, enjoyable, valuable, and useful.

Discussion and Implications

The findings provide preliminary support for the feasibility and acceptability of an app-based mindfulness-meditation program with community-dwelling older adults and demonstrate potential benefits for well-being. Results suggest the value of further research investigating the efficacy of digital mindfulness-meditation interventions for older adults via larger randomized controlled trials.
The Response to Stress Questionnaire for Parents Following Neonatal Brain Injury
Authors: McDonald Kyla P , Connolly Jennifer , Roberts Samantha D , Ford Meghan K , Westmacott Robyn , Dlamini Nomazulu , Tam Emily W Y , Williams Tricia
Published: July 2020

Objective

The Response to Stress Questionnaire-Brain Injury (RSQ-BI) was adapted utilizing a patient-oriented approach, exploring parental stress, coping, and associated mental health outcomes in parents of children with neonatal brain injury. The contributions of social risk, child adaptive functioning, and brain injury severity were also explored.

Methods

Using a mixed-method design, this study explored adapted stressor items on the RSQ-BI. Parents and clinicians engaged in semistructured interviews to examine key stressors specific to being a parent of a child with neonatal brain injury. The adapted RSQ-BI was piloted in a parent sample (N = 77, child mean age 1 year 7 months) with established questionnaires of social risk, child adaptive functioning, severity of the child’s injury, coping style, and parent mental health. Descriptive statistics and correlations examined parent stress, coping, and their association with parent mental health.

Results

The final RSQ-BI questionnaire included 15 stressors. Factor analysis showed stressors loaded onto two factors related to (a) daily role stressors and (b) brain injury stressors. Using the RSQ-BI, parents reported brain injury stressors as more stressful than daily role stressors. When faced with these stressors, parents were most likely to engage in acceptance-based coping strategies and demonstrated lower symptoms of parent depression and anxiety.

Conclusions

The RSQ-BI provides a valuable adaptation to understand both stressors and coping specific to being a parent of a child with neonatal brain injury. Relevant interventions that promote similar coping techniques are discussed for future care and research.
A medicalized hotel as a public health resource for the containment of Covid-19: more than a place for quarantining
Authors: Ramírez-Cervantes K L , Romero-Pardo V , Pérez-Tovar C , Martínez-Alés G , Quintana-Diaz M
Published: July 2020

Background

To describe the implementation of a medicalized hotel in the community of Madrid as a public health resource for the containment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and to describe the characteristics of population benefitted.

Methods

A descriptive study of the implementation of the Via Castellana Medicalised Hotel (VCMH) was conducted. The average monthly household income, educational level and occupational social class of the subjects admitted were obtained through a survey conducted during their stay.

Results

There was no guidance for launching; however the hotel was coordinated by a tertiary referral hospital and attended the preventive medicine regulations and the decrees of legal regimes and authorization of health services in Madrid. Between 19 March and the 9 May 2020, 399 patients were admitted; 59% (235) were migrant; the main reason for referral (58%) was a lack of house conditions for quarantining, including overcrowding, which when compared with the migrant status a positive correlation was found. Some other reasons for referral were homelessness and eviction. Most of the survey participants had low monthly household income, educational level and social class.

Conclusions

This medicalized hotel provided medical care and offered housing to a subgroup of vulnerable population who could not afford a safe quarantine.
Propensity and quantification of aerosol and droplet creation during phacoemulsification with high-speed shadowgraphy amid COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Shetty Naren , Kaweri Luci , Khamar Pooja , Balakrishnan Nikhil , Rasheed Abdur , Kabi Prasenjit , Basu Saptarshi , Shetty Rohit , Nuijts Rudy M.M.A. , Sinha Roy Abhijit
Published: July 2020

Purpose:

To study propensity of aerosol and droplet generation during phacoemulsification using high-speed shadowgraphy and quantify its spread amid COVID-19 pandemic.

Setting:

Aerosol and droplet quantification laboratory.

Design:

Laboratory study.

Methods:

In an experimental set-up, phacoemulsification was performed on enucleated goat eyes and cadaveric human corneoscleral rims mounted on an artificial anterior chamber. Standard settings for sculpt and quadrant removal mode were used on Visalis 100 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG). Microincision and standard phacoemulsification were performed using titanium straight tips (2.2 mm and 2.8 mm in diameter). The main wound incisions were titrated equal to and larger than the sleeve size. High-speed shadowgraphy technique was used to detect the possible generation of any droplets and aerosols. The visualization and quantification of size of the aerosols and droplets along with calculation of their spread were the main outcome measures.

Results:

In longitudinal phacoemulsification using a peristaltic pump device with a straight tip, no aerosol generation was seen in a closed chamber. In larger wounds, there was a slow leak at the main wound. The atomization of balanced salt solution was observed only when the phacoemulsification tip was completely exposed next to the ocular surface. Under this condition, the nominal size of the droplet was approximately 50 µm, and the maximum calculated spread was 1.3 m.

Conclusions:

There was no visible aerosol generation during microincision or standard phacoemulsification. Phacoemulsification is safe to perform in the COVID-19 era by taking adequate precautions against other modes of transmission.
Exploring Patients' Values and Preferences for Initial Atrial Fibrillation Education
Authors: McCabe Pamela J. , Kumbamu Ashok , Stuart-Mullen Lynette , Hathaway Julie , Lloyd Margaret
Published: July 2020

Background

People with a new diagnosis of atrial fibrillation (AF) require knowledge to build skills and confidence to engage in decision making for AF treatment and prevention of AF-related complications. Data to guide development of content and approaches that enable acquisition of knowledge to support effective self-management are lacking.

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore patients' values concerning the content of initial AF education, describe how providers delivered education, and identify patients' preferences for approaches to education.

Methods

We used a qualitative inductive approach. Twenty-five participants given a diagnosis of AF within 18 months of enrollment were recruited from midwest US healthcare system clinics. Data were collected using a semistructured interview guide and were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Results

Themes emerging were as follows: (1) important to know, (2) recollections of the how and what of education, and (3) preferences for educational resources. Participants highly valued providers' explanations that AF was not immediately life-threatening and did not require limitations to usual activities. This reassurance from providers decreased fear and then enabled participants to learn about AF management. Verbal explanations were the primary approach to delivering education, but participants consistently expressed preferences for receiving written information and videos to supplement verbal explanations.

Conclusions

Addressing emotional and quality of life concerns at the time of AF diagnosis reduced fear and was critical for enabling participants to attend to discussions about treatment and self-management. The value participants placed on written and video resources as an adjunct to verbal explanation suggests that providers should consider educational approaches beyond verbal explanations.
Alcohol consumption increases the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis but not in patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis
Authors: Guan Xin , Xing Fei , Li Yan
Published: July 2020

Background

Liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are common diseases in developing countries. HCC is a serious consequence of liver cirrhosis.

Methods

A total of 1095 decompensated hepatic cirrhotic patients admitted to our hospital were enrolled from September 2014 to August 2019. We described the components of cirrhotic etiology. We evaluated the impact of alcohol consumption on the incidence of HCC in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis and hepatitis C cirrhosis.

Results

Among all cirrhotic patients admitted, the constituent ratios of hepatitis B cirrhosis and alcohol cirrhosis were 31.32% and 30.32%, respectively. The HCC incidence was higher in patients with hepatitis cirrhosis than in those with alcohol cirrhosis (24.2% in hepatitis B, 17.5% in hepatitis C and 3.92% in alcohol, P < 0.05). The HCC incidence in patients with concomitant hepatitis B virus (HBV) and alcohol consumption was higher than that in patients with HBV alone (33.70% vs. 20.72%, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Hepatitis B and alcohol were major etiologies for cirrhotic patients. Alcohol consumption increased the incidence of HCC in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis but not in patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis.
A Systematic Mixed-Studies Review of Hope Experiences in Parents of Children With Cancer
Authors: Eche Ijeoma Julie , Eche Ifeoma Mary , Pires Conceição , Isibor Christopher , Achibiri Amaka , Aronowitz Teri
Published: July 2020

Background

Hope is negatively associated with parental psychosocial distress and psychological maladjustment as well as an important aspect of emotional well-being and coping for adults with cancer and their caregivers. Yet, little is known about hope experiences of parents of children with cancer.

Objective

The aim of this study was to comprehensively describe hope experiences in parents of children with cancer using a systematic mixed-studies review.

Intervention/Methods

Psych INFO, PubMed, Academic Search Premier, and CINAHL databases were used to retrieve articles published in English between January 2005 and October 2019. Using the systematic mixed-studies review convergent design, qualitative and quantitative data were collected and extracted followed by qualitative synthesis. Seventeen articles met the inclusion criteria. Exclusion criteria were systematic reviews, nonresearch articles, case reports, and abstracts.

Results

Hope is a fundamental source of strength and inner guidance for parents. Findings suggest that hope is negatively correlated with parental psychological distress symptoms and coping dysfunctions. Religiosity, spirituality, and adequate provider-parent communication may strengthen hope in parents.

Conclusion

Parental hope may help minimize psychological distress and maladjustment after a child’s cancer diagnosis. Open communication channels between providers and parents are critical in preserving hope. An understanding of religiosity, spirituality, optimism, and sociodemographic variables may inform parental psychosocial interventions.

Implications for Practice

Early identification of parents with psychological distress is critical as they may struggle more in the absence of hope. Targeted psychosocial interventions may help parents of children with cancer cope better. Ongoing assessments of spiritual needs may be important in sustaining hope.
Elevation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Light and Heavy Neurofilament Levels in Symptomatic Neurosyphilis
Authors: Xu Dong-mei , Cai Sheng-nan , Li Rui , Wu Yan , Liu Shun-ai , Lun Wen-hui
Published: July 2020

Background

Although clinical manifestations of symptomatic and asymptomatic neurosyphilis are different, few laboratory tests could reflect the difference.

Methods

A total of 92 non–HIV-infected patients with syphilis were enrolled in this study, including 23 with symptomatic neurosyphilis, 51 with asymptomatic neurosyphilis, and 18 with latent syphilis, which were excluded neurosyphilis because they were found to have no symptom and normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests and served as the control group. The concentrations of neurofilament light subunit (NF-L) and phosphorylated neurofilament heavy subunit (pNF-H) in the CSF were measured and compared among these groups, as well as before and after treatment in the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups.

Results

The median concentrations of NF-L in the symptomatic neurosyphilis, asymptomatic neurosyphilis, and control groups were 5806, 218, and 266 pg/mL, respectively (P < 0.001), and the median concentrations of pNF-H were 986, 43, and 49 pg/mL, respectively (P < 0.001). A subgroup of 15 symptomatic neurosyphilis and 10 asymptomatic neurosyphilis patients were followed up and underwent CSF examination 6 months after the antineurosyphilis treatment. The median concentration of NF-L in the symptomatic neurosyphilis group decreased from baseline 6420 to 2914 pg/mL after the treatment (P = 0.03), and the median concentration of pNF-H in the symptomatic neurosyphilis group decreased from baseline 1399 to 246 pg/mL after the treatment (P = 0.03).

Conclusions

Neurofilament light subunit and pNF-H were significantly elevated in the symptomatic neurosyphilis patients, not in asymptomatic neurosyphilis, which was an implication of the different pathogeneses in neurosyphilis.
Does an In-House Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing Approach Contribute to Accuracy and Time Shortening in Mandibular Reconstruction?
Authors: Numajiri Toshiaki , Morita Daiki , Yamochi Ryo , Nakamura Hiroko , Tsujiko Shoko , Sowa Yoshihiro , Toyoda Kenichiro , Tsujikawa Takahiro , Arai Akihito , Hirano Shigeru
Published: July 2020

Mandibular reconstruction using computer-aided design and computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques has received recent attention. This technique has theoretical advantages, although this approach can be commercially used in the limited area of the world.

The aim is to describe our experience using in-house CAD/CAM guides and the situations in which CAD/CAM may present benefit in the region where commercial guides are unavailable.

The authors developed our In-house CAD/CAM approach for mandibular reconstructions with a free fibular flap. Patients were divided into 2 group; CAD/CAM and conventional groups. In the CAD/CAM group, reconstructions were planned virtually using CAD/CAM; these CAD/CAM guides were used in the surgery. In the conventional group, free-hand cutting and fitting of the fibular segments were performed as reconstructions. Later, the bone computed tomographic image was compared with the plan. The averaged deviations and the percentages of the points within 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm deviations were recorded. Total and ischemic time were also recorded.

Reconstruction points within 1 mm deviation were 59% of CAD/CAM group (n = 9) and 42% of conventional group (n = 10, P = 0.04), within 2 mm 82% and 69% (P = 0.03). Total time were 1012 and 911 minutes, while flap ischemic time were 147 and 175 minutes (P = 0.03), respectively.

In-house CAD/CAM mandibular reconstruction also supported accuracy and shorter flap ischemic time. For a detailed accurate reconstruction, CAD/CAM showed superiority than conventional method. Use of the In-house CAD/CAM guides might be an option where commercial guides are not available.
Long-term Prognosis After Elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair is Poor in Women and Men
Authors: Bulder Ruth M. A. , Talvitie Mareia , Bastiaannet Esther , Hamming Jaap F. , Hultgren Rebecka , Lindeman Jan H. N.
Published: July 2020

Objective:

To evaluate the impact of changes in elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) management on life-expectancy of AAA patients.

Background:

Over the past decades AAA repair underwent substantial changes, that is, the introduction of EVAR and implementation of intensified cardiovascular risk management. The question rises to what extent these changes improved longevity of AAA patients.

Methods:

National evaluation including all 12.907 (82.7% male) patients who underwent elective AAA repair between 2001 and 2015 in Sweden. The impact of changes in AAA management was established by a time-resolved analysis based on 3 timeframes: open repair dominated period (2001–2004, n = 2483), transition period (2005–2011, n = 6230), and EVAR-first strategy period (2012–2015, n = 4194). Relative survival was used to quantify AAA-associated mortality, and to adjust for changes in life-expectancy.

Results:

Relative survival of electively treated AAA patients was stable and persistently compromised [4-year relative survival and 95% confidence interval: 0.87 (0.85–0.89), 0.87 (0.86–0.88), 0.89 (0.86–0.91) for the 3 periods, respectively]. Particularly alarming is the severely compromised survival of female patients (4-year relative survival females 0.78, 0.80, 0.70 vs males 0.89, 0.89, 0.91, respectively). Cardiovascular mortality remained the main cause of death (51.0%, 47.2%, 47.9%) and the proportion cardiovascular disease over non-cardiovascular disease death was stable over time.

Conclusions:

Changes in elective AAA management reduced short-term mortality, but failed to improve the profound long-term survival disadvantage of AAA patients. The persistent high (cardiovascular) mortality calls for further intensification of cardiovascular risk management, and a critical appraisal of the basis for the excess mortality of AAA patients.
Current challenges in military trauma readiness: Insufficient relevant surgical case volumes in military treatment facilities
Authors: Hall Andrew B. , Davis Elizabeth , Vasquez Matthew , Umberger Jaime , Tadlock Matthew D. , Qureshi Iram , Walker Avery , Glaser Jacob , McClendon Hampton , Gurney Jennifer M.
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

The management of battlefield trauma requires a specific skill set, which is optimized by regular trauma experience. As military casualties from the prolonged conflicts in the Middle East decrease, challenges exist to maintain battlefield trauma readiness. Military surgeons must therefore depend on the Military Health System. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the frequency of surgical cases relevant to deployed combat casualty care performed at military treatment facilities (MTFs).

METHODS

Combat casualty care relevant cases (CCC-RCs) were defined as emergent, open surgical cases in which the patient required a blood transfusion. Case logs from four military treatment centers with surgical residency training programs were used. Twenty-four months of case records between January 1, 2017, and January 1, 2019, were included to determine total numbers of CCC-RCs at each institution. The results were compared with San Antonio Military Medical Center’s, the Department of Defense’s only American College of Surgeons–verified level 1 trauma center.

RESULTS

Fifty-one trauma/general surgeons and six vascular surgeons case logs were examined. Thirty (0.3%) of 10,529 cases performed by trauma/general and vascular surgeons over the 2-year study period were considered CCC-RCs. These results were in contrast to San Antonio Military Medical Center, which had a significantly higher proportion of CCC-RCs (113 of 320 cases, 35.3%, p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

A cross-section of MTF surgical case complexity demonstrates a lack of cases considered to be CCC-RCs. At the MTFs evaluated, surgical case surrogates for combat trauma and combat casualty care is close to zero. These data are potentially representative of other military treatment centers, which focus on beneficiary care. For readiness purposes, MTFs that care primarily for Tricare beneficiaries without a significant trauma population should not be considered meaningful sources of CCC-RCs for trauma/general and vascular surgeons.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic/care management study, level V.
Molecular architecture of the SARS-CoV-2 virus
Authors: Yao Hangping , Song Yutong , Chen Yong , Wu Nanping , Xu Jialu , Sun Chujie , Zhang Jiaxing , Weng Tianhao , Zhang Zheyuan , Wu Zhigang , Cheng Linfang , Shi Danrong , Lu Xiangyun , Lei Jianlin , Crispin Max , Shi Yigong , Li Lanjuan , Li Sai
Published: July 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite recent advances in the structural elucidation of SARS-CoV-2 proteins and the complexes of the spike (S) proteins with the cellular receptor ACE2 or neutralizing antibodies, detailed architecture of the intact virus remains to be unveiled. Here we report the molecular assembly of the authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus using cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and subtomogram averaging (STA). Native structures of the S proteins in both pre- and postfusion conformations were determined to average resolutions of 8.7-11 Å. Compositions of the N-linked glycans from the native spikes were analyzed by mass-spectrometry, which revealed highly similar overall processing states of the native glycans to that of the recombinant glycoprotein glycans. The native conformation of the ribonucleoproteins (RNP) and its higher-order assemblies were revealed. Overall, these characterizations have revealed the architecture of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in unprecedented detail, and shed lights on how the virus packs its ∼30 kb long single-segmented RNA in the ∼80 nm diameter lumen.
Predicting cell health phenotypes using image-based morphology profiling
Authors: Way Gregory P. , Kost-Alimova Maria , Shibue Tsukasa , Harrington William F. , Gill Stanley , Piccioni Federica , Becker Tim , Shafqat-Abbasi Hamdah , Hahn William C. , Carpenter Anne E. , Vazquez Francisca , Singh Shantanu
Published: July 2020

Genetic and chemical perturbations impact diverse cellular phenotypes, including multiple indicators of cell health. These readouts reveal toxicity and antitumorigenic effects relevant to drug discovery and personalized medicine. We developed two customized microscopy assays, one using four targeted reagents and the other three targeted reagents, to collectively measure 70 specific cell health phenotypes including proliferation, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, and cell cycle stage. We then tested an approach to predict multiple cell health phenotypes using Cell Painting, an inexpensive and scalable image-based morphology assay. In matched CRISPR perturbations of three cancer cell lines, we collected both Cell Painting and cell health data. We found that simple machine learning algorithms can predict many cell health readouts directly from Cell Painting images, at less than half the cost. We hypothesized that these trained models can be applied to accurately predict cell health assay outcomes for any future or existing Cell Painting dataset. For Cell Painting images from a set of 1,500+ compound perturbations across multiple doses, we validated predictions by orthogonal assay readouts, and by confirming mitotic arrest, ROS, and DNA damage phenotypes via PLK, proteasome, and aurora kinase/tubulin inhibition, respectively. We provide an intuitive web app to browse all predictions athttp://broad.io/cell-health-app. Our approach can be used to add cell health annotations to Cell Painting perturbation datasets.
Structural inventory of native ribosomal ABCE1-43S pre-initiation complexes
Authors: Kratzat Hanna , Mackens-Kiani Timur , Ameismeier Michael , Cheng Jingdong , Dacheux Estelle , Namane Abdelkader , Berninghausen Otto , Fromont-Racine Micheline , Becker Thomas , Beckmann Roland
Published: July 2020

In eukaryotic translation, the termination and recycling phases are linked to subsequent initiation by persistence of several factors. These comprise the large eIF3 complex, eIF3j (Hcr1 in yeast) and the ATP-binding cassette protein ABCE1 (Rli1 in yeast). The ATPase is mainly active as a recycling factor, but it can remain bound to the dissociated 40S subunit until formation of 43S pre-initiation complexes. However, its functional role and native architectural context remains largely enigmatic. Here, we present an architectural inventory of native yeast and human ABCE1-containing pre-initiation complexes by cryo-EM. We found that ABCE1 was mostly associated with early 43S but also later 48S phases of initiation. It directly interacted with eIF3jviaits unique iron-sulfur cluster domain and adopted a novel hybrid conformation, which was ATPase-inhibited and stabilized by an unknown factor bound between the nucleotide binding sites. Moreover, the native human samples provided a near-complete molecular picture of the architecture and sophisticated interaction network of the 43S-bound eIF3 complex and also the eIF2 ternary complex containing the initiator tRNA.
A Topological Switch Enables Misfolding of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator
Authors: Scholl Daniel , Sigoillot Maud , Overtus Marie , Martinez Rafael Colomer , Martens Chloé , Wang Yiting , Pardon Els , Laeremans Toon , Garcia-Pino Abel , Steyaert Jan , Sheppard David N. , Hendrix Jelle , Govaerts Cédric
Published: July 2020

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a common lethal genetic disorder caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) anion channel. Misfolding and degradation of CFTR are the hallmarks of the predominant mutation, F508del, located in the first nucleotide binding domain (NBD1). While the mutation is known to affect the thermal stability of NBD1 and assembly of CFTR domains, the molecular events that lead to misfolding of F508del-CFTR remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that NBD1 of CFTR can adopt an alternative conformation that departs from the canonical NBD fold previously observed for CFTR and other ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins. Crystallography studies reveal that this conformation involves a topological reorganization of the β-subdomain of NBD1. This alternative state is adopted by wild-type CFTR in cells and enhances channel activity. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy shows that the equilibrium between the conformations is regulated by ATP binding. Under destabilizing conditions, however, this conformational flexibility enables unfolding of the β-subdomain. Our data indicate that in wild-type CFTR switching to this topologically-swapped conformation of NBD1 regulates channel function, but, in the presence of the F508del mutation, it allows domain misfolding and subsequent protein degradation. Our work provides a framework to design conformation-specific therapeutics to prevent noxious transitions.
Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop severe and fatal respiratory disease
Authors: Golden Joseph W. , Cline Curtis R. , Zeng Xiankun , Garrison Aura R. , Carey Brian D. , Mucker Eric M. , White Lauren E. , Shamblin Joshua D. , Brocato Rebecca L. , Liu Jun , Babka April M. , Rauch Hypaitia B. , Smith Jeffrey M. , Hollidge Bradley S. , Fitzpatrick Collin , Badger Catherine V. , Hooper Jay W.
Published: July 2020

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has created an international health crisis. Small animal models mirroring SARS-CoV-2 human disease are essential for medical countermeasure (MCM) development. Mice are refractory to SARS-CoV-2 infection due to low affinity binding to the murine angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein. Here we evaluated the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in male and female mice expressing the human ACE2 gene under the control of the keratin 18 promotor. In contrast to non-transgenic mice, intranasal exposure of K18-hACE2 animals to two different doses of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in acute disease including weight loss, lung injury, brain infection and lethality. Vasculitis was the most prominent finding in the lungs of infected mice. Transcriptomic analysis from lungs of infected animals revealed increases in transcripts involved in lung injury and inflammatory cytokines. In the lower dose challenge groups, there was a survival advantage in the female mice with 60% surviving infection whereas all male mice succumbed to disease. Male mice that succumbed to disease had higher levels of inflammatory transcripts compared to female mice. This is the first highly lethal murine infection model for SARS-CoV-2. The K18-hACE2 murine model will be valuable for the study of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the assessment of MCMs.
A transcriptional regulatory circuit for the photosynthetic acclimation of microalgae to carbon dioxide limitation
Authors: Blifernez-Klassen Olga , Berger Hanna , Mittmann Birgit Gerlinde Katharina , Klassen Viktor , Schelletter Louise , Buchholz Tatjana , Baier Thomas , Soleimani Maryna , Wobbe Lutz , Kruse Olaf
Published: July 2020

In green microalgae, prolonged exposure to inorganic carbon depletion requires long-term acclimation responses, based on a modulated expression of genes and adjusting photosynthetic activity to the prevailing supply of carbon dioxide. Here, we depict a microalgal regulatory cycle, adjusting the light-harvesting capacity at PSII to the prevailing supply of carbon dioxide inChlamydomonas reinhardtii. It engages a newly identified low carbon dioxide response factor (LCRF), which belongs to the Squamosa promoter binding protein (SBP) family of transcription factors, and the previously characterized cytosolic translation repressor NAB1. LCRF combines a DNA-binding SBP domain with a conserved domain for protein-protein interactions and transcription of theLCRFgene is rapidly induced by carbon dioxide depletion. LCRF activates transcription of theNAB1gene by specifically binding to tetranucleotide motifs present in its promoter. Accumulation of the NAB1 protein enhances translational repression of its prime target mRNA, encoding the PSII-associated major light-harvesting protein LHCBM6. The resulting reduction of the PSII antenna size helps maintaining a low excitation during the prevailing carbon dioxide limitation. Analyses of low carbon dioxide acclimation in nuclear insertion mutants devoid of a functionalLCRFgene confirm the essentiality of this novel transcription factor for the regulatory circuit.