bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Adducts of Aluminium Triiodide
Authors: Ghadwal Rajendra S. , Roesky Herbert W. , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Jones Peter G.
Published: January 2009

N‐Heterocyclic carbene adducts of aluminium triiodide, IMes·AlI3 (1) and IPr·AlI3 (2) (IMes = 1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene and IPr = 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene) are reported. These adducts are available by the reaction of aluminium triiodide with the correspondingN‐heterocyclic carbene. Compounds 1 and 2 are soluble in hydrocarbon solvents, stable in inert atmosphere, and have been characterised by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies.
Extinction risk assessment for the species survival plan (SSP®) population of the Bali mynah (Leucopsar rothschildi)
Authors: Earnhardt Joanne M. , Thompson Steven D. , Faust Lisa J.
Published: January 2009

The Bali mynah Species Survival Plan (SSP®), an Association of Zoos and Aquariums program, strives to maintain the genetic and demographic health of its population, avoid unplanned changes in size, and minimize the risk of population extinction. The SSP population meets current demographic and genetic objectives with a population size of 209 birds at 61 institutions and 96% genetic diversity (GD) retained from the source population. However, participating institutions have expressed concerns regarding space allocation, target population size (TPS), breeding restrictions, inbreeding depression, and harvest in relation to future population availability and viability. Based on these factors, we assess five questions with a quantitative risk assessment, specifically a population viability analysis (PVA) using ZooRisk software. Using an individual‐based stochastic model, we project potential population changes under different conditions (e.g. changes in TPS and genetic management) to identify the most effective management actions. Our projections indicate that under current management conditions, population decline and extinction are unlikely and that although GD will decline over 100 years the projected loss does not exceed levels acceptable to population managers (less than 90% GD retained). Model simulations indicate that the combination of two genetic management strategies (i.e. priority breeding based on mean kinship and inbreeding avoidance) benefits the retention of GD and reduces the accumulation of inbreeding. The current TPS (250) is greater than necessary to minimize the risk of extinction for the SSP population but any reduction in TPS must be accompanied by continued application of genetic management. If carefully planned, birds can be harvested for transfer to Bali for a reintroduction program without jeopardizing the SSP population. Zoo Biol 28:230–252, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Social Production of Altruism: Motivations for Caring Action in a Low‐Income Urban Community
Authors: Mattis Jacqueline S. , Hammond Wizdom Powell , Grayman Nyasha , Bonacci Meredith , Brennan William , Cowie Sheri-Ann , Ladyzhenskaya Lina , So Sara
Published: January 2009

Contemporary social science paints a bleak picture of inner‐city relational life. Indeed, the relationships of low‐income, urban‐residing Americans are represented as rife with distress, violence and family disruption. At present, no body of social scientific work systematically examines the factors that promote loving or selfless interactions among low‐income, inner‐city American individuals, families and communities. In an effort to fill that gap, this ethnographic study examined the motivations for altruism among a sample of adults (n = 40) who reside in an economically distressed housing community (i.e., housing project) in New York City. Content analyses of interviews indicated that participants attributed altruism to an interplay between 14 motives that were then ordered into four overarching categories of motives: (1) needs‐centered motives, (2) norm‐based motives deriving from religious/spiritual ideology, relationships and personal factors, (3) abstract motives (e.g., humanism), and (4) sociopolitical factors. The implications of these findings are discussed.
School Contextual Influences on the Risk for Adolescent Alcohol Misuse
Authors: Botticello Amanda L.
Published: January 2009

This study investigates the association between school context and adolescent alcohol misuse. Data are from the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 10,574 adolescents nested within 128 schools). Multilevel multinomial logistic regression is used to assess the association between school‐level characteristics and the risk for non‐, moderate, and heavy drinking. The risk for adolescent alcohol misuse varies significantly across schools after adjusting for adolescent‐level predictors. Several school‐level characteristics predict alcohol misuse. Notably, the risk for heavy drinking is elevated in schools located in communities that are socioeconomically advantaged, have high proportions of Non‐Hispanic White residents, and are located in suburban (versus urban) areas. High aggregate levels of intoxication in schools increases the risk for heavy drinking among individual adolescents. Results suggest that the influence of social contexts on health is not uniform and that adolescent drinking is more likely in communities that are conceptualized as advantaged.
Quinoline Group Modified Carbon Nanotubes for the Detection of Zinc Ions
Authors: Dong Zhengping , Yang Bin , Jin Jun , Li Jing , Kang Hongwei , Zhong Xing , Li Rong , Ma Jiantai
Published: January 2009

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were covalently modified by fluorescence ligand (glycine-N-8-quinolylamide) and formed a hybrid material which could be used as a selective probe for metal ions detection. The anchoring to the surface of the CNTs was carried out by the reaction between the precursor and the carboxyl groups available on the surface of the support. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) unambiguously proved the existence of covalent bonds between CNTs and functional ligands. Fluorescence characterization shows that the obtained organic–inorganic hybrid composite is highly selective and sensitive (0.2 μM) to Zn(II) detection.
pH-Sensitive Micelles Based on Double-Hydrophilic Poly(methylacrylic acid)-Poly(ethylene glycol)-Poly(methylacrylic acid) Triblock Copolymer
Authors: Tao Youhua , Liu Ren , Liu Xiaoya , Chen Mingqing , Yang Cheng , Ni Zhongbin
Published: January 2009

pH-sensitive micelles with hydrophilic core and hydrophilic corona were fabricated by self-assembling of triblock copolymer of poly(methylacrylic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(methylacrylic acid) at lower solution pH. Transmission electron microscopy and laser light scattering studies showed micelles were in nano-scale with narrow size distribution. Solution pH value and the micelles concentration strongly influenced the hydrodynamic radius of the spherical micelles (48–310 nm). A possible mechanism for the formation of micelles was proposed. The obtained polymeric micelle should be useful for biomedical materials such as carrier of hydrophilic drug.
The legitimacy and modernity of Chinese traditional poetry and lyrics in the 20th century
Authors: Youkang CHEN
Published: January 2009

For a long time, the legitimacy of Chinese traditional poetry and lyrics has been suspected, denied or suspended. Therefore, it was deserted by literature studies and literature history writing. Accordingly, it caused a man-made barrier to this part of literature resources. Some researchers have doubted and denied the legitimacy of traditional poetry and lyrics and some paid no attention to the fate and form of the traditional literary style. Academic researchers should change their prejudice to the traditional poetry and lyrics. First of all, we should understand the rationality of the traditional poetry and lyrics. It is also necessary to redefine the category of modern literature and use modern Chinese poetry to cover all the poetry in the 20th century and put an end to the conflicts between new poetry and traditional poetry. The traditional poetry in the 20th century has demonstrated the pursuit of modernity and self-sufficiently become a new historical tradition. Besides, in the new era, we should also broke the binary opposition between new poetry and traditional poetry and take traditional poetry as the cultural achievements of Chinese people in the new historical period, which will greatly facilitate the development of traditional poetry and enhance our understanding of literature and culture.
The theoretical resources of Zhu Ziqing’s system of hermeneutics of modern poetry
Authors: Yushi SUN
Published: January 2009

The modern theory of the hermeneutics of poetry proposed by Zhu Ziqing is an important part of the modern Chinese poetics. This essay aims to examine the foreign and the Chinese theoretical resources of Mr. Zhu’s thoughts of the hermeneutics of poetry and show that he has applied the modern critical theories to the interpretation of the ancient Chinese poetry. Zhu Ziqing established his own theory of the hermeneutics of poetry after absorbing the ideas of modern western criticism and the traditional poetry interpretation. In addition, he reflected on the theories and the methods of the traditional poetry interpretation, which means a modern reconstruction of the traditional Chinese hermeneutics of poetry.
An overview on the research history of the modern literary journals in China
Authors: Zengren LIU
Published: January 2009

Based on the brief account of the outline and the systematic research of China modern literary journals, including the past and the present, this paper emphasizes that the modern literature journal is one of the modern literature carriers and even one of the primary research topics on modern literature. Research of the modern journals can possibly renovate the modern literature research and provide a new perspective on it.
The Good Person of Sichuan and the Chinese cultural tradition
Authors: Li ZHANG
Published: January 2009

Among 20th century German writers, Brecht was the most actively interested in the research and adaptation of Chinese culture. Via a series of comparisons, this article reveals that his play The Good Person of Sichuan (Der gute Mensch von Sezuan) was in fact based on the Yuan poetic drama A Sister Courtesan Comes to the Rescue (Zhao Pan’er fengyue jiu fengchen 赵盼儿风月 救风尘) by Guan Hanqing 关汉卿; in terms of composition and characterization, the work is related to Mengzi’s 孟子 (Mencius) theory of “the tendency of human nature to do good” (xing shan shuo 性善说) as well. This article looks closely at the lessons Brecht drew from the Chinese dramatic arts, and how he applied that knowledge in the creation of epic theater and in the transformation of traditional Western aesthetics. The article explains how the infusion of classical Chinese wisdom, in combination with Brecht’s literary talent, gave added philosophic depth to The Good Person of Sichuan.
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) gene regulation: a potent clinical bio‐marker of fibroproliferative disease?
Authors: Leask Andrew , Parapuram Sunil K. , Shi‐wen Xu , Abraham D. J.
Published: January 2009

The CCN (cyr61, ctgf, nov) family of modular proteins regulate diverse biological affects including cell adhesion, matrix production, tissue remodelling, proliferation and differentiation. Recent targeted gene disruption studies have demonstrated the CCN family to be developmentally essential for chondrogenesis, osteogenesis and angiogenesis. CCN2 is induced by agents such as angiotensin II, endothelin‐1, glucocorticoids, HGF, TGFβ, and VEGF, and by hypoxia and biomechanical and shear stress. Dysregulated expression of CCN2 has also been widely documented in many fibroproliferative diseases. This mini‐review will focus on CCN2, and the recent progress in understanding CCN2 gene regulation in health and disease. That CCN2 should be considered a novel and informative surrogate clinical bio‐marker for fibroproliferative disease is discussed.
Improving Bladder Cancer Outcomes: The Impact of Initiating a Phase IV Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Ray Eleanor R. , Coker Bola , Chatterton Kathryn , Khan Mohamed S. , O'Brien Tim S.
Published: January 2009

Objective:

The aim of this study was to determine if patients newly diagnosed with bladder cancer and included in a clinical trial had better outcomes than similar patients treated in the same department before initiation of the trial.

Methods:

Forty patients presenting with bladder cancer in 2005 and recruited into a randomised trial of photodynamic-assisted tumour resection were compared with a cohort of 40 non-trial patients from 2004. Quality of care was measured by assessing near-miss criteria.

Results:

There were fewer near-misses in the Trial Group (TG) than in the Control Group (CG) (52 versus 151) ( p< 0.001). There were 15 surgical near-misses in the TG compared with 90 in the CG ( p=0.025). Adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy was given within 6 h of resection in 26/31(84%) of the TG and 1/23(4%) of the CG. There were 37 process near-misses in the TG compared with 61 in the CG ( p=0.002). The times to first outpatient appointment, diagnostic flexible cystoscopy, and outpatient follow-up were shorter in the TG (median 10.5/25/17.5 days) than the CG (median 17/32.5/26 days).

Conclusions:

Patients in the trial had better outcomes than non-trial patients the previous year. The recruitment of patients into trials is a valuable driver of quality improvement.
Diabetes in women: The global perspective
Authors: Roglic Gojka
Published: January 2009

The prevalence of diabetes, and type 2 diabetes in particular, in women is increasing worldwide, although it is more pronounced in low‐income countries. This increase is mostly due to population ageing and the ubiquitous rise in prevalence of obesity. Some of this rise is potentially preventable through lifestyle changes. A higher proportion of deaths in women than in men is attributable to diabetes. This article provides an overview of the specificities of diabetes in women and the implications of diabetes onset shifting to women of reproductive age.
The 50‐g glucose challenge test and pregnancy outcome in a multiethnic Asian population at high risk for gestational diabetes
Authors: Tan Peng Chiong , Ling Liza Ping , Omar Siti Zawiah
Published: January 2009

Objective

To evaluate the 50‐g glucose challenge test (GCT) on pregnancy outcome in a multiethnic Asian population at high risk for gestational diabetes (GDM).

Methods

GCT was positive if the 1‐hour plasma glucose level was ≥ 7.2 mmol/L. GDM was diagnosed by a 75‐g glucose tolerance test using WHO (1999) criteria. Of the 1368 women enrolled in the study, 892 were GCT negative, 308 were GCT false‐positive, and 168 had GDM. Pregnancy outcomes were extracted from hospital records. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed with GCT negative women as the reference group.

Results

GCT false‐positive status was associated with preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2–3.7) and postpartum hemorrhage (AOR 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0–2.7). GDM was associated with labor induction (AOR 5.0; 95% CI, 3.3–7.5), cesarean delivery (AOR 2.2; 95% CI, 1.6–3.2), postpartum hemorrhage (AOR 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2–3.7), and neonatal macrosomia (AOR 2.5; 95% CI, 1.0–6.0).

Conclusion

GCT false‐positive women had an increased likelihood of an adverse pregnancy outcome. The role and threshold of the GCT needs re‐evaluation.
Single-dose pharmacokinetics and genotoxicity of metronidazole in cats
Authors: Sekis Ivana , Ramstead Kerry , Rishniw Mark , Schwark Wayne S. , McDonough Sean P. , Goldstein Richard E. , Papich Mark , Simpson Kenneth W.
Published: January 2009

Single-dose pharmacokinetics and genotoxicity of metronidazole in cats were evaluated. Cats received either 5 mg/kg metronidazole intravenously, or 20 mg/kg metronidazole benzoate (12.4 mg/kg metronidazole base) orally in a single dose. Serial plasma samples were collected and assayed for metronidazole using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Genotoxicity was assessed in vitro in feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and a feline T-cell lymphoma line incubated with metronidazole, and in vivo in PBMC collected before, during and 7 days after oral metronidazole, by use of the COMET assay. Systemic absorption of metronidazole was variable (mean=65±28%) with a peak of 8.84±5.4 μg/ml at 3.6±2.9 h. The terminal half-life was 5.34 h from the intravenous dose and 5.16 h from the oral dose. Systemic clearance was low (mean=91.57 ml/h/kg [1.53 ml/kg/min]), and the apparent volume of distribution (steady state) was 0.650±0.254 l/kg. Genotoxicity was detected at all concentrations of metronidazole in feline PBMC and the T-cell lymphoma line in vitro. Genotoxicity was also observed in PBMC collected from cats after 7 days of oral metronidazole but resolved within 6 days of discontinuing metronidazole.
The sediment infill of subglacial meltwater channels on the West Antarctic continental shelf
Authors: Smith James A. , Hillenbrand Claus-Dieter , Larter Robert D. , Graham Alastair G.C. , Kuhn Gerhard
Published: January 2009

Subglacial meltwater plays a significant yet poorly understood role in the dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheets. Here we present new swath bathymetry from the western Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, showing meltwater channels eroded into acoustic basement. Their morphological characteristics and size are consistent with incision by subglacial meltwater. To understand how and when these channels formed we have investigated the infill of three channels. Diamictons deposited beneath or proximal to an expanded grounded West Antarctic Ice Sheet are present in two of the channels and these are overlain by glaciomarine sediments deposited after deglaciation. The sediment core from the third channel recovered a turbidite sequence also deposited after the last deglaciation. The presence of deformation till at one core site and the absence of typical meltwater deposits (e.g., sorted sands and gravels) in all three cores suggest that channel incision pre-dates overriding by fast flowing grounded ice during the last glacial period. Given the overall scale of the channels and their incision into bedrock, it is likely that the channels formed over multiple glaciations, possibly since the Miocene, and have been reoccupied on several occasions. This also implies that the channels have survived numerous advances and retreats of grounded ice.
The Equilateral and the Equiangular Polygon
Authors: Allardice R. E.
Published: January 2009

Since an n-gon is determined by 2n − 3 conditions, and n − i conditions are involved in its being equilateral, there are still in the case of an equilateral n-gon n − 2 conditions to be determined. These n − 2 conditions cannot all be given in terms of the angles, since an infinite number of n-gons may always be described similar to, out not necessarily congruent with, any given equilateral n-gon. Hence only n − 3 of the angles of an equilateral n-gon may be assigned arbitrarily, and there must therefore be 3 independent relations connecting the angles of any equilateral n-gon. These three conditions may be obtained by projecting the perimeter of the n-gon on any three lines.
On Certain Inverse Roulette Problems
Authors: Professor Chrystal
Published: January 2009

The problem of designing cams or centrodes to produce any given motion in one plane is one of some practical importance; and it seems worth while to illustrate by examples some simple methods by which the solution can in certain cases be arrived at. These methods are founded, for the most part, on the use of the so-called Pedal Equation (or p-r-equation), which has great advantages in the present investigation, inasmuch as it depends on the form but not on the position of the ourve which it represents.
A Theorem in Algebra
Authors: Mackenzie J. L.
Published: January 2009

If we have given two equations φ(x) = 0 and ψ(y) = 0, it is possible to express in the form of a determinant the equation whose roots are f(x, y), where f is any given rational integral function.
On a Differential Equation and the Construction of Milner's Lamp
Authors: Professor Cayley
Published: January 2009

What sort of an equation is

Write

and start with the equations

This last gives

and the system thus is

viz., this is a system of ordinary differential equations between the five variables θ, r, X, Y, Z: the system can therefore be integrated with 4 arbitrary constants, and these may be so determined that for the value β of θ, X, Y, Z shall be each = 0; and r shall have the value r0.
The Elliptic Cylinder Functions of the Second Kind
Authors: Ince E. Lindsay
Published: January 2009

The differential equation of Mathieu, or the equation of the elliptic cylinder functions

is known by the theory of linear differential equations to have a general solution of the type

φ and ψ being periodic functions of z, with period 2π.
Easy Proof of Von Staudt's Theorem
Authors: Milne William P.
Published: January 2009

The proof usually given of Von Staudt's Theorem is entirely analytical in character. The following proof is geometrical:—

If A, B, C, D be the vertices of a tetrahedron whose opposite faces are α., β, γ, δ, and if l be any line, to prove that l [ABCD] = l [αβγδ] where lA denotes the plane through the line l and the point A and lα. denotes the intersection of the line l with the plane α.
Note on Suspension Bridge Catenaries
Authors: Bryan G. H.
Published: January 2009

Most lecturers on Analytical Statics only consider the following catenaries: the common catenary, the parabolic catenary of the suspension bridge, and, less frequently, the catenary of uniform strength. Of these the second only represents the form of the suspension bridge chain when the weight of the chain is neglected in comparison with that of the roadway, while the first represents the opposite extreme when the weight of the chain alone is taken into account.
On the Roots of Confluent Hypergeometric Functions
Authors: Milne Archd
Published: January 2009

In the present paper the disposition of the roots of the confluent hypergeometric functions — denoted by Wk, m(z) — as affected by changing the parameters k and m is investigated. The results are then shewn in a graphical form, and various typical illustrations of the functions are given. By giving special values to k and m it is then exemplified how the roots of other functions expressible in terms of Wk, m(z) may be studied. The zeros of the parabolic cylinder functions are then discussed. Some of the properties of an allied class of functions, denoted by ψn(z), are then given, and finally, it is shewn how the properties of Abel's function φm(z) may be obtained from results already given.
Recurrence Formulae for the Functions which represent Solutions of the Differential Equation:
Authors: Flint H. T.
Published: January 2009

The contents of this paper were suggested by a discussion of the equation:

in a paper by Glaisher which appears in the Philosophical Transactions, 1881, Part III.

The solutions in series of (1) are:

and in the paper referred to it is shewn that the coefficients of hp+1 in the expansions of and of satisfy equation (1) when p is a positive integer.
Determinants connected with the Periodic Solutions of Mathieu's Equations
Authors: Burgess A. G.
Published: January 2009

Various solutions of Mathieu's equation, or the equation of the elliptic cylinder functions

have recently been discussed in an elegant series of papers in these Proceedings. These papers have dealt with the periodic and quasi-periodic solutions, but the present paper merely considers determinants which give the infinite series of relations between a and q, so that the solutions are purely periodic, i.e. the solutions denoted by Professor Whittaker
A special linear associative algebra
Authors: Wedderburn J. H. M.
Published: January 2009

The following algebra possesses certain points of interest and is, I think, worth putting on record; it includes the algebra of matrices as a special case. Consider the algebra H over a ring F defined by

where hpq(p, q = 1, 2, …., n) are linearly independent over F. If are any elements of H, then from (1)
Lagrange and Wilson theorems for the generalized Stirling numbers
Authors: Bell E. T.
Published: January 2009

If m, n are integers, m > 0, n > 1, the generalized Stirling numbers are defined by the identity in x,
On the approach of a series to its Cesàro limit
Authors: Hyslop J. M.
Published: January 2009

The object of this paper is to investigate some properties of series which satisfy conditions of the form

where 0 < ρ ≦ p. denotes, as usual, the n-th Cesàro sum of order p for the series ∑an and the binomial coefficient . It is convenient to state here some properties of and to which we must constantly refer in the sequel.
The geometrical foundations of certain relativity theories
Authors: M'Crea W. H.
Published: January 2009

The physical observations that lead to quantitative physical theory are “pointer-readings.” The observational data consist of statements to the effect that, when one given set of pointers are incident on certain scale divisions, then another set of pointers are incident on such and such scale divisions. “Pointers” and “scale divisions” are here used in a generalised sense. The question arises as to how it is possible on the basis of a collection of incidence relations of this sort to build up a quantitative theory i.e. one involving the concept of measurement. It must be noted that until this is done any numbers associated with scale divisions serve merely as labels.
The Evaluation of Probabilities in a Normal Multivariate Distribution, with Special Reference to the Correlation Ratio
Authors: Quenouille M. H.
Published: January 2009

This paper deals with the multivariate normal distribution in the symmetrical case when the frequency function may be reduced to

This is the usual distribution occurring for a series of similar independent observations or for the firing of shots at a target.
On a System of Equations
Authors: Sircar H.
Published: January 2009

I propose to prove the following theorem.

With n > 2, the (n + 2) equations derived from the matrix

where

by equating to zero all (n + 1)-rowed determinants from the matrix ‖Δ‖ are equivalent to only two, one of which is linear in li (i = 1, 2, …, n) and the other is homogeneous and quadratic in a certain n – 1 of li (i = 1, 2, …, n); the elements of the matrix are real; (r, s = 1, 2, …, n) and d is arbitrary.
On Absolute Lambert Sums
Authors: Wintner Aurel
Published: January 2009

Let

be a series for which the Abelian generator,

converges whenever s > 0. Then the same is true of the Lambertian generator,

and vice versa.
Equal Sums of Like Powers
Authors: Wright E. M.
Published: January 2009

In this note all small latin letters denote rational integers. We write k ≧ 1, s ≧ 1 and consider the simultaneous equations

A solution of these equations is said to be non-trivial if no set {xiu} is a permutation of another set {xiv}. In 1851 Prouhet constructed a non-trivial solution of these equations with j = sk and Lehmer has recently found a parametric solution for the same j. Here I give two alternative elementary proofs of Lehmer's result. Lehmer's own proof depends on the ideas of generating functions, exponentials, differentiation, matrices, and complex roots of unity, though all at a fairly simple level. One of my proofs requires only the factor theorem for a polynomial and the other only the multinomial theorem for a positive integral index.
A Multiplying Factor Method for the Solution of Wiener-Hopf Equations
Authors: Noble B. , Peters A. S.
Published: January 2009

In (1), § 6.2, a multiplying factor method has been used to solve certain dual integral equations. The results are then used to solve a single integral equation of the Wiener-Hopf type. In this note we indicate how a related technique can be used to solve Wiener-Hopf integral equations directly. Consider

where

Define

where α = σ+iτ, and F+(α) is regular for τ>q; K(α) is regular and non-zero in −p < τ < p. For simplicity we restrict ourselves to the case where
Decomposition of the n-Dimensional Lattice-Graph into Hamiltonian Lines
Authors: Nash-Williams C. ST.J. A.
Published: January 2009

A graph G consists, for the purposes of this paper, of two disjoint sets V(G), E(G), whose elements are called vertices and edges respectively of G, together with a relationship whereby with each edge is associated an unordered pair of distinct vertices (called its end-vertices) which the edge is said to join, and whereby no two vertices are joined by more than one edge. An edge γ and vertex ξ are incident if ξ is an end-vertex of γ. A monomorphism [isomorphism] of a graph G into [onto] a graph H is a one-to-one function φ from V(G)∪E(G) into [onto] V(H)∪E(H) such that φ(V(G))⊂V(H), φ(E(G))⊂E(H) and an edge and vertex of G are incident in G if and only if their images under φ are incident in H. G and H are isomorphic (in symbols, G ≅ H) if there exists an isomorphism of G onto H. A subgraph of G is a graph H such that V(H) ⊂ V(G), E(H)⊂E(G) and an edge and vertex of H are incident in H if and only if they are incident in G; if V(H) = V(G), H is a spanning subgraph. A collection of graphs are edge-disjoint if no two of them have an edge in common. A decomposition of G is a set of edge-disjoint subgraphs of G which between them include all the edges and vertices of G. Ln is a graph whose vertices are the lattice points of n-dimensional Euclidean space, two vertices A and B being joined by an edge if and only if AB is of unit length (and therefore necessarily parallel to one of the co-ordinate axes). An endless Hamiltonian line of a graph G is a spanning subgraph of G which is isomorphic to L1. The object of this paper is to prove that Ln is decomposable into n endless Hamiltonian lines, a result previously established (1) for the case where n is a power of 2.
The vanishing of Poincaré series
Authors: Rankin R. A.
Published: January 2009

Every holomorphic modular form of weight k > 2 is a sum of Poincaré series; see, for example, Chapter 5 of (5). In particular, every cusp form of even weight k ≧ 4 for the full modular group Γ(1) is a linear combination over the complex field C of the Poincaré series

.

Here mis any positive integer, z ∈ H ={z ∈ C: Im z>0} and

The summation is over all matrices

with different second rows in the (homogeneous) modular group, i.e. in SL(2, Z).The factor ½ is introducted for convenience.
Invariants for reducible systems of meromorphic differential equations
Authors: Balser W. , Jurkat W. B. , Lutz D. A.
Published: January 2009

With differential equations in the neighbourhood of an irregular singular point, it sometimes happens that formal solutions may converge. For example, this occurs for Bessel's equation at∞ when the parameter is half of an odd integer. In addition, there are some classical theorems of Perron and Lettenmeyer which give sufficient conditions for the existence of linearly independent analytic solutions at (generally) an irregular singular point. Using the principle of reduction of order, such a solution may be used to transform the differential equation into one whose coefficient matrix is triangularly blocked with an (n – 1) and 1-block on the diagonal. The solutions of the given differential equation can thus be obtained by solving a lower dimensional differential equation plus quadrature.
Decompositions of the congruence lattice of a semigroup
Authors: Munn W. D.
Published: January 2009

The purpose of this note is to extend the results of Reilly and Scheiblich (6) (see also Scheiblich (7) and Hall (2)) on the θ-class decomposition of the congruence lattice of a regular semigroup and, at the same time, to provide an alternative proof of these results.
The role of minimal idempotents in the representation theory of locally compact groups
Authors: Barnes Bruce A.
Published: January 2009

In the representation theory of finite groups, the minimal idempotents of the group algebra play a central role. In this case the minimal idempotents determine irreducible modules over the group algebra, which in turn are in direct correspondence with the irreducible matrix representations of the group; see Chapter IV of the book of C. Curtis and I. Reiner (2). Many of the same ideas generalise to the situation where the group is compact. In addition, minimal idempotents are involved in some important parts of the theory of Hubert algebras; see M. Rieffel's paper (20).
Semigroups of high rank
Authors: Giraldes Emilia , Howie John M.
Published: January 2009

By therank r(S)of a finite semigroupSwe shall mean the minimum cardinality of a set of generators ofS. For a groupG, as remarked in [3], one hasr(G)≦log2|G|, the bound being attained whenGis an elementary abelian 2-group. By contrast, we shall see that there exist finite semigroupsSfor whichr(S)≧|S| – 1. In the hope that it will not be considered too whimsical, we shall refer to a finite semigroupSof maximal rank (i.e. for whichr(S)= |S|) asroyal; a semigroup of next-to-maximal rank (i.e. for whichr(S)= |S|–1) will be callednoble.
l-adic and Z/l∞-algebraic and topological K-theory
Authors: Snaith Victor
Published: January 2009

Let l be an odd prime and let A be a commutative ring containing 1/l. Let K*(A;Z/lv) denote the mod lv algebraic K-theory of A [3]. As explained in [4] there exists a “Bott element” βv∈K21v–1(l–1)(Z[1/l];Z/lv) and, using the K-theory product we may, following [16, Part IV], form

which is defined as the direct limit of iterated multiplication by βv. There is a canonical localisation map
Imbedding elements whose numerical range has a vertex at zero in holomorphic semigroups
Authors: Martinez-Moreno J. , Rodriguez-Palacios A.
Published: January 2009

If a is an element of a complex unital Banach algebra whose numerical range is confined to a closed angular region with vertex at zero and angle strictly less than π, we imbed a in a holomorphic semigroup with parameter in the open right half plane.

There has been recently a great development in the theory of semigroups in Banach algebras (see [6]), with attention focused on the relation between the structure of a given Banach algebra and the existence of continuous or holomorphic non-trivial semigroups with certain properties with range in this algebra. The interest of this paper arises from the fact that we relate in it, we think for the first time, this new point of view in the theory of Banach algebras with the already classic one of numerical ranges [2,3]. The proofs of our results use, in addition to some basic ideas from numerical ranges in Banach algebras, the concept of extremal algebra Ea(K) of a compact convex set K in ℂ due to Bollobas [1] and concretely the realization of Ea(K) achieved by Crabb, Duncan and McGregor [4].
On some fractional integrals and their applications
Authors: Lowndes J. S.
Published: January 2009

In previous papers [3, 4] the author has discussed the symmetric generalised Erdélyi–Kober operators of fractional integration defined by

where α>0, γ≧0 and the operators ℑiγ(η,α) and defined as in equations (1) and (2) respectively but with Jα−1, the Bessel function of the first kind replaced by Iα−1, the modified Bessel function of the first kind.
Congruence-free regular semigroups
Authors: Munn W. D.
Published: January 2009

A semigroup is said to be congruence-free if and only if its only congruences are the universal relation and the identical relation. Congruence-free inverse semigroups were studied by Baird [2], Trotter [19], Munn [15,16] and Reilly [18]. In addition, results on congruence-free regular semigroups have been obtained by Trotter [20], Hall [4] and Howie [7].
ZT-subgroups of sharply 3-transitive groups
Authors: Wefelscheid Heinrich
Published: January 2009

A permutation group G operating on a set M is called a ZT-group (Zassenhaus transitive group) if G has the properties (i) and (ii):

(i) G operates 2-transitively on M;

(ii) Ga,b≠{id} and Ga,b,c = {id} for distinct elements a,b,c ∈ M.

Here Ga,b = {α ∈ G | α(a) = a and α(b) = b} denotes the stabilizer of {a, b}, and Ga,b,c the stabilizer of {a, b, c}, respectively.
The fibred product near-rings and near-ring modules for certain categories
Authors: Clay James R.
Published: January 2009

In somes categories, there are structures that look very much like groups, and they usually are. These structures are called group-objects and were first studied by Eckmann and Hilton (1). If our category has an object T such that hom(X, T)= {tx}, a singleton, for each object X ∈ Ob , T is called a terminal object. Our category must have products; i.e. for A1,…, An ∈;. Ob , there is an object A1 × … × An ∈ Ob and morphisms pi: A1 × … × An → Ai so that if fi: X → Ai, i = 1, 2, …, n, are morphisms of , then there is a unique morphism [f1, …, fn]: X → A1 × … × An such that for i = 1, 2, …, n.
A non-abelian 2-group whose endomorphisms generate a ring, and other examples of E-groups
Authors: Malone J. J.
Published: January 2009

Groups for which the distributively generated near-ring generated by the endomorphisms is in fact a ring are known as E-groups and are discussed in (3). R. Faudree in (1) has given the only published examples of non-abelian E-groups by presenting defining relations for a family of p–groups. However, as shown in (3), Faudree's group does not have the desired property when p = 2.
Automorphism groups of laminated near-rings
Authors: Magill K. D.
Published: January 2009

Let N be an arbitrary near-ring. Each element a ∈ N determines in a natural way a new multiplication on the elements of N which results in a near-ring Na whose additive group coincides with that of N but whose multiplicative semigroup generally differs. Specifically, we define the product x * y of two elements in Na by x * y = x a y where a product in the original near-ring is denoted by juxtaposition. One easily checks that Na is a near-ring with addition identical to that of N. The original near-ring N will be referred to as the base near-ring, Na will be referred to as a laminated near-ring of N and a will be referred to as the laminating element or sometimes more simply as the laminator.
Some applications of nearfields
Authors: Karzel Helmut , Kist Günter
Published: January 2009

Nearfields and near-rings are related to many other structures and needed for several representation theorems. Therefore it is important to gain knowledge about the structure of near-rings and nearfields and to find construction methods. The first examples of proper nearfields were constructed by L.E. Dickson 1905, they were finite. 30 years later H. Zassenhaus completely determined the finite nearfields his attention having been attracted to them by the study of certain permutation groups. By the axiomatization of Dickson's methods, H. Karzel succeeded in giving new examples of infinite nearfields. In the extensive generalization by J. Timm the so-called “Dicksonian processes” are the most important tool for constructions of nearfields and near-rings. The report (44) by H. Wähling is a summary of the results on nearfields obtained so far.
On 2-generator 2-relation soluble groups
Authors: Campbell C. M. , Robertson E. F.
Published: January 2009

The class of non-metacyclic finite soluble groups known to have 2-generator 2-relation presentations is small. Classes of such groups are given in (3), (4), (8) and (9). Some subclasses of the groups discussed in (1) and (2) also provide examples, while a class of finite nilpotent 2-generator 2-relation groups is given by Macdonald in (7).
Nilpotent subsets of near-rings with minimal condition
Authors: Scott S. D.
Published: January 2009

Throughout this paper all near-rings will be zero-symmetric and left distributive. A near-ring with minimal condition on right N-subgroups will be called an near-ring. It is well known (see (1), 3.40, p. 90)) that a nil right N-subgroup of an near-ring is nilpotent. However, in a deeper study of near-rings a stronger result than this is sometimes required (2, p. 77).
Ideals and filters of pseudo-complemented semilattices
Authors: Blyth T. S.
Published: January 2009

W. H. Cornish (2) has investigated congruences on pseudo-complemented distributive lattices and has identified those ideals (resp. filters) that are congruence kernels (resp. cokernels). In this paper we show that many of the principal results concerning congruence kernels and cokernels hold in a semilattice and therefore do not depend on distributivity, nor on the existence of unions.
A characterisation of semisimple classes
Authors: Sands A. D.
Published: January 2009

Throughout this paper we shall work in the class of associative rings. In (4) it was shown that a class of rings is a semisimple class if and only if it is closed under extensions and ideals and is coinductive. This establishes a duality between radical classes and semisimple classes. This result has been proved also for classes of alternative rings in (2). In the original work by Kuros (1) on this subject two conditions were used for semisimple classes, one of which was weaker than the assumption that the class is closed under ideals. This condition is that every non-zero ideal of a ring in the class should have a non-zero homomorphic image in the class. It is natural to ask whether in the above set of conditions the condition of being closed under ideals can be replaced by this weaker condition. This question is raised in (3) and in (5) but it is suggested there that, in order to compensate, the coinductive condition be replaced by the stronger condition that the class is closed under subdirect sums. In fact we shall show that the weaker condition may be used without needing to replace the coinductive condition. We also give examples to show independence relations among these conditions.
Non-unital Banach Jordan algebras and C*-triple systems
Authors: Youngson M. A.
Published: January 2009

The definition of a suitable Jordan analogue of C*-algebras (which we call JB*-algebras in this paper) was recently suggested by Kaplansky (see (26)). The theory of unital JB*-algebras is now comparatively well understood due to the work of Alfsen, Shultz and Størmer (1) from which a Gelfand-Neumark theorem for unital JB*-algebras can be obtained (26). Independently, from work on simply connected symmetric complex Banach manifolds with base point, Kaup introduced the definition of C*-triple systems in (14) and subsequently in (7) it was shown that every unital JB*-algebra is a C*-triple system. In this paper, we wish to extend this result to show that every JB*-algebra is a C*-triple system.
Congruence permutability for algebras with pseudocomplementation
Authors: Beazer R.
Published: January 2009

In this note we are concerned with the permutability of congruence relations on semilattices and lattices with pseudocomplementation. There are some results in the literature along these lines. For example, in (8) H. P. Sankappanavar characterises those pseudocomplemented semilattices whose congruence lattice is modular and employs the result in conjunction with the well-known fact that algebras with permuting congruences are congruence-modular to characterise those pseudocomplemented semilattices with permuting congruences. Our first result is a direct, short proof of his result. In (2), J. Berman shows that for all congruences on a distributive lattice L with pseudocomplementation to permute it is necessary and sufficient that D(L), the dense filter of L, be relatively complemented. Our second result is a generalisation of that result to an important equational class of lattices with pseudocomplementation which properly contains the modular lattices with pseudocomplementation.
On quasi-normable echelon spaces
Authors: Valdivia M.
Published: January 2009

In this paper we prove that if the strong dual of an echelon space fulfils the Mackey convergence condition the echelon space is quasi-normable. Also we give a characterisation of the quasi-normable echelon spaces and we deduce that every non-quasi-normable echelon space is the strong dual of a non-complete (LB)-space.
Derivation of boundary conditions for the artificial boundaries associated with the solution of certain time dependent problems by Lax–Wendroff type difference schemes
Authors: Wilson John C.
Published: January 2009

Many problems involving the solution of partial differential equations require the solution over a finite region with fixed boundaries on which conditions are prescribed. It is a well known fact that the numerical solution of many such problems requires additional conditions on these boundaries and these conditions must be chosen to ensure stability. This problem has been considered by, amongst others, Kreiss [11, 12, 13], Osher [16, 17], Gustafsson et al. [9] Gottlieb and Tarkel [7] and Burns [1]
A remark on the nilpotency index of the radical of a group algebra of a p-solvable group
Authors: Koshitani Shigeo
Published: January 2009

Let K be a field of characteristic p>0, G a finite p-solvable group, P a p-Sylow subgroup of G of order pa, KG the group algebra of G over K, and J(KG) the Jacobson radical of KG. In the present paper we study the nilpotency index t(G) of J(KG), which is the least positive integer t with J(KG)t= 0. Since J(EG) = E⊗KJ(KG) for any extension field E of K (cf. [7, Proposition 12.11]), we may assume that K is algebraically closed.
Discontinuous homomorphisms and the separating space
Authors: Grønbaek Niels
Published: January 2009

Let T: A → B be a linear operator between two Banach algebras A and B. The basic problem in the theory of automatic continuity is to find algebraic conditions on T, A, and B which ensure that T is continuous. As a means to study continuity properties of T the separating space of T has played a crucial role. It is defined as
Automatic discontinuity of intertwining operators
Authors: Grabiner Sandy
Published: January 2009

Throughout this paper, we suppose that T and R are continuous linear operators on the Banach spaces X and Y, respectively. One of the basic problems in the theory of automatic continuity is the determination of conditions under which a linear transformation S: X → Y which satisfies RS = ST is continuous or is discontinuous. Johnson and Sinclair [4], [6], [11; pp. 24–30] have given a variety of conditions on R and T which guarantee that all such S are automatically continuous. In this paper we consider the converse problem and find conditions on the range S(X) which guarantee that S is automatically discontinuous. The construction of such automatically discontinuous S is then accomplished by a simple modification of a technique of Sinclair's [10; pp. 260–261], [11; pp. 21–23].
Embedding near-rings into polynomial near-rings
Authors: Meldrum John D. P. , Pilz Günter , So Yong-Sian
Published: January 2009

In this paper we will show that large classes of near-rings are embeddable into (or even isomorphic to) near-rings Gν[x] of polynomials over G in a suitably chosen variety ν of Ω-groups.

For near-rings see [2], for polynomials [1]; for near-rings of polynomials over Ω-groups see [3] [4], [5].
The weak-star closure of the unit ball in a subspace
Authors: Jameson G. J. O.
Published: January 2009

Let X be a (real or complex) Banach space, and let K be a linear subspace of its dual X*. Denote by K1 the unit ball in K. If K is not weak-star closed, then the Krein-Šmul'yan theorem says that K1 is not weak-star closed. What, however, is its weak-star closure? Inner and outer extimates were obtained in [3] for the special case where K is a hyperplane. In the present paper we generalise these estimates to arbitrary linear subspaces. For f to belong to w*(K1) it is sufficient to have |φ(f)| ≦ 1 −∥f∥ for all φ in K0 (the annihilator of K in X**) with dist (φ, X)≦1. It is necessary to have |φ(f)| ≦ 1 + ∥f∥ for all such φ. These estimates depend on the action of each φ in K0 separately, which will often make them hard to apply in practice; in both cases, we derive a second estimate, expressed only in terms of certain constants that describe the position of X and K0 in X**.