bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluoride and Aluminum: Possible Risk Factors in Etiopathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Anna Strunecka  , Russell L. Blaylock
Published: December 2010

Fluoride and aluminum ions (Al3+) are considered as new ecotoxicological factors. While aluminum has been involved among the possible culprits of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), fluoride is rarely considered. Al3+ is non-essential for all forms of life and serves no known biological role. Fluoride and Al3+ can elicit impairment of homeostasis, growth, development, cognition, and behavior. Several symptoms induced by Al3+ and/or fluoride overload can be seen in ASD. Several laboratory studies demonstrate that many effects primarily attributed to fluoride are caused by synergistic action of fluoride plus Al3+. In water solutions, Al3+ forms in the presence of fluoride, water soluble aluminofluoride complexes (AlFx). AlFx has been widely used as an analogue of phosphate groups to study heterotrimeric G proteins involvement. AlFx affects numerous receptors and signaling systems. It is evident that the long-term intake of low amounts of fluoride and Al3+ can evoke receptor malfunctions. The synergistic interactions of fluoride plus Al3+ may thus evoke several histological, neurological, biochemical, and behavioral symptoms of ASD. This chapter brings evidence that AlFx represents a hidden potential danger for pathogenesis of ASD.
The Search for Plausible Role of Oxytocin in Etiology and Therapy of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Anna Strunecka  , Russell L. Blaylock  , A. Hyman Mark , Paclt Ivo
Published: December 2010

The discoveries of novel sites of oxytocin receptor (OTR) expression in central nervous system have greatly expanded the classical biological roles of oxytocin (OT), which are stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction at parturition and milk ejection during lactation. Central actions of OT range from the modulation of the response on individual synapses to the establishment of complex social and bonding behaviors. While there are currently no animal models reflecting the broad range of the autism spectrum disorders (ASD) behavioral and neurological phenotypes, studies of vole pair bonding and sexual behavior provided important clues useful for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior. It has been suggested that OT dysfunction might contribute to the development of social deficits in autism, a core symptom domain and potential target for intervention. The intranasal administration of OT has been reported to reduce repetitive behaviors in adult patients with ASD. The studies of the possible role of OT in ASD etiology have raised interest but also brought some contradictory findings. Though there are preliminary promising findings with OT intranasal delivery in autistic adults, further studies are needed to replicate these findings on a large scale. Studies concerning the safety of these potential treatments are needed as well.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Viscosity Influence on Thermal In-Package Liquid Food Process
Authors: Augusto Pedro Esteves Duarte , Cristianini Marcelo
Published: December 2010

Food processes must ensure safety and high-quality products for a growing demand consumer creating needs for its better unit operations knowledge. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have been widely used to better understand food thermal processes, one of the safest and most frequently used methods for food preservation. Fluid heating in enclosures is a complex phenomenon, which must be better understood. Although the relative convection importance at thermal liquid food process was recently evaluated trough CFD, viscosity influence as well as critical viscosity when a fluid behaves as a solid, has still not been evaluated. The present work has aimed to assess viscosity influence on thermal process lethality of in-package liquid food Typical thermal in-package process efficiency was compared by temperature profiles and mass average sterilization values (Fm) for model fluids with thermo-physical water properties and viscosities, varying from 0.1 to 106 times the water viscosity. It was evaluated, as well, a hypothetical solid with the same thermo-physical water properties. The sterilization process values have become lower when viscosity is increased until a critical value. From this found value, between 105 to 106 times higher than water viscosity, fluid behaves similar to a solid. Some typical foods whose rheological behavior is similar to those values were presented. Obtained results have confirmed that even fluid food can behave as solids during thermal process, once the heat transfer is carried out by conduction. The obtained results will contribute to thermal process design and evaluation and demonstrate the importance of rheological characterization and convection in fluid food thermal process.
The Soft Power of Solid Medicine
Authors: Donahue Donald A , Cunnion Stepen O , Brocker Fred L , Carmona Richard H
Published: December 2010

Medical assistance undertakings have a long history of engendering positive international relations and fostering domestic stability. Interactions ranging from military medical civic action program (MEDCAP) missions to nongovernmental organization (NGO) efforts have demonstrated effectiveness, yet this capability is not routinely available in a meaningful way to the Secretary of State or the extended diplomatic community. MEDCAP and other global military presences can generate positive reactions, but can also be tainted by host nation suspicions of ulterior motives. In this paper, the authors posit that an organized, global public health presence would support international diplomacy while also establishing a worldwide surveillance capability for emerging communicable diseases.
Aging Research: Translating Scientific Discovery into Clinical Intervention
Authors: Hodes Richard J , Cahan Vicky , Homer Megan J
Published: December 2010

The world population is aging, and at a steadily increasing rate. In many ways people are not only living longer, but healthier. However, the challenges of an aging population, for individuals and society, are also increasingly evident: a significant percentage of older Americans report functional problems, rates of morbidity from heart disease and hypertension are still high, and exponential growth in Alzheimer's disease is predicted without new and more effective treatments. This article highlights some of the National Institute on Aging's research, including basic studies in genetics and the biological determinants of aging, translational studies in Alzheimer's disease, studies to reduce disease and disability among older adults, and studies of the social and behavioral aspects of aging and Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER). The revolution in longevity brings with it an increased urgency to understand aging. A broad‐based effort across key areas—basic biology, epidemiology, translational and clinical medicine, and social and behavioral factors—is critical to discovering new ways to support better health and maintain independence for older people.
Use of Mifepristone to Treat Endometriosis: A Review of Clinical Trials and Trial-Like Studies Conducted in China
Authors: Guo Sun-Wei , Liu Maohua , Shen Fanghua , Liu Xishi
Published: December 2010

China was the first country in the world that approved mifepristone (RU-486) for abortion. A total of 6 years after the report published in the Western world indicated that mifepristone may also be effective in treating endometriosis, the first paper on the same topic was published in China in 1997. Since then, over 160 studies on this topic have been published in China. We retrieved 104 papers on clinical trials and trial-like studies conducted in China evaluating the use of mifepristone to treat endometriosis that were published in the last 11 years. We found that the quality of these studies is well below an acceptable level, making it difficult to judge whether mifepristone is truly efficacious. There are intriguing signs that these studies, as a whole, have serious anomalies. The areas that are glaringly deficient are informed consent, choice of outcome measures, the evaluation of outcome measures, data analysis and randomization. The uniformly low quality is disquieting, given the large quantity of studies, the enormous amount of resource and energy put into these studies and, above all, the weighty issue of treatment efficacy that concerns each and every patient with endometriosis. Equally disquieting are the low-quality repetition, the absence of a critical, systematic review on the subject, the lack of suggestions for multicenter clinical trials and the seemingly unnecessary duplication of clinical trials without due informed consent. In view of this, it may be time to institute changes in attitude and practice, and to change education and training programs in the methodology of clinical trials in obstetrics and gynecology research in China.
Aspect visuel de la deification selon Denys L’areopagite
Authors: Ivanovic Filip
Published: December 2010

One of the thinkers who intellectually consolidated deification and gave it a
solid doctrinal basis, which has remained fundamentally important until
today, was (Pseudo)-Dionysius the Areopagite. His entire thought was
dedicated to the deification of all creation, and ultimate goal was "the
cloud of unknowing", in which the soul, following the ascending path of
apophatic theology, reaches mystical union with God. The ascending process
starts with material objects, symbols, through which God manifests Himself
to humanity. Given the reality of the human person, who is called upon to
receive the revelation, the Divinity cannot be perceived without the help of
mediators that, for Dionysius, were "sacred veils" beneath which the divine
light is hidden. The aim of this article is to highlight the role of visual
elements (material objects, symbols) as the starting point in the process of
deification, and in the context of the aesthetic elements of Christianity
and the Church?s doctrine of deification, which owes its foundation to the
Areopagite.
Two letters from Dragutin Anastasijevic to Vladimir Benesevic from january 1936
Authors: Radic Radivoj
Published: December 2010

This work consists of the translation and commentary on two letters, actually
two postcards that professor Dragutin Anastasijevic wrote to the Russian
scientist Vladimir Benesevic in the second half of January 1936. The letters
were written in Russian, and they clearly state that there had been a plan
to appoint V. Benesevic as Church Law Department Chair at the Faculty of
Theology in Belgrade. However, due to family reasons he did not accept the
invitation to come and join our society. The distinguished Russian scientist
was executed by the firing squad on January 27, 1938, during the Soviet
purges.
Wine and Health: A Paradigm for Alcohol and Antioxidants
Authors: Goldberg David , Soleas George
Published: December 2010

Wine and Health: A Paradigm for Alcohol and Antioxidants

Moderate alcohol consumption has been shown in many epidemiological investigations to prolong overall life expectancy by reducing the risk of certain diseases. Those that account most for this reduction are coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke, both of which are caused by atherosclerotic vascular disease. It has been claimed that these effects are beverage-specific, with red wine being the most potent. This review examines the relative contributions of ethanol and the polyphenolic antioxidants of red wine by considering their potential to inhibit atherogenesis and the mechanisms involved. There is good evidence, bothin vitroandin vivo, that ethanol increases production and circulating levels of HDL-Cholesterol, and reduces clot formation by blocking thrombin activity as well as by inhibition of fibrinolysis. It also prevents migration of smooth-muscle cells to the intimal layer of arteries and reduces the incidence of Type II Diabetes Mellitus, a major risk factor for atherosclerotic disease. Red wine, in addition to ethanol, contains many polyphenolic antioxidants that are also present in fruit and vegetables (such as catechin and quercetin), as well as resveratrol that is almost restricted to grapes and red wine. These polyphenols, especially the last-named, have been shown byin vitroexperiments to exhibit many potent properties conducive to preventing atherosclerosis. In addition to lowering clot formation, they diminish inflammatory reactions by down-regulating production of eicosanoids and cytokines, they prevent oxidation of LDL, reduce expression of cell-adhesion molecules, and increase NO production. However, investigations in whole animals and human subjects have yielded conflicting results. The above paradox can be explained by studies demonstrating that these polyphenols, when taken orally, are rapidly conjugated with glucuronide and sulfate by the small-intestinal mucosa prior to absorption, following which the deactivated water-soluble conjugates are quickly excreted by the kidney. The free biologically-active parent compounds appear in the circulation in very low concentrations and with a very rapid halflife. Uptake by relevant tissues could not be demonstrated. In line with this evidence, red and white wines have comparable effects when administered to humans that are essentially attributable to their alcohol content alone. These findings suggest that dietary antioxidants may be less effective than previously thought.
An essay on human and elements, multielement profiles, and depression
Authors: Momčilović Berislav , Prejac Juraj , Brundić Sanja , Morović Sandra , Skalny Anatoly , Mimica Ninoslav , Drmić Stipe
Published: December 2010

The recent development of the analytical techniques offers the unprecedented possibility to study simultaneously concentration of dozens of elements in the same biological matrix sample of 0.5–1.0 g (multielement profiles). The first part of this essay entitled “Think globally… An outline of trace elements in health and disease” aims to introduce the reader to the fascinating field of elements, there importance to our nutrition, their essentiality, deficiency, toxicity and bioavailability to the body and their overall role in health and disease, including the genetic metabolic impairments. In the second part of the essay entitled “… and act locally. The multielement profile of depression” we aimed to show the potential of such a hair multielement profile analysis for the study of human depression in a randomized, double blind, prospective, observational, cross-sectional, clinical, epidemiological, and analytical study. The preliminary results of this ongoing study lead us to put forward the hypothesis that the metabolic origin of depression may be due to some “energostat” failure, probably located in the thalamus, and activated by several essential element deficiencies.
Role of gangliosides in brain aging and neurodegeneration
Authors: Mlinac Kristina , Bognar Svjetlana
Published: December 2010

Gangliosides are membrane glycosphingolipids bearing sialic acid residues. Within membranes, gangliosides are specifically enriched in highly organized domains, lipid rafts, and are attributed with diverse functions such as intercellular interactions, cell recognition, neurotransmission, and signal transduction. The highest concentration and variability of ganglioside structures are found in the human brain. Specific temporal and regional distribution of brain gangliosides has been reported; moreover, gangliosides may serve as markers of neurodevelopmental stages, aging and neurodegeneration. Brain ganglioside content and composition as well as ganglioside metabolism are altered in Alzheimer’s disease. It appears that the alterations of ganglioside metabolism leading to changes in membrane physico-chemical properties are not merely a consequence of primary pathology, but may also be involved in the early pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease through documented effects on APP proteolytic processing and amyloid aggregation. Investigations of glycolipid metabolic alterations which accompany neurodegenerative disorders provide insight into pathogenetic mechanisms and enable recognition of diagnostic markers as well as molecular structures acting as therapeutic tools interfering with cascade of pathological events.
Study of Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Klebsiella species in various clinical specimens: A preliminary report
Authors: Shah RK , Singh YI , Sanjana RK , Chaudhary Navin , Saldanha Dominic
Published: December 2010

Objective The present study has been undertaken to detect the presence of ESBLs producing Klebsiella species in various clinical specimens and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Materials and methods The study consists of 60 clinical isolates of Klebsiella species from various clinical specimens submitted to the microbiology laboratory, Kasturba Medical College Teaching Hospital Mangalore over a period of one year, between 1st January 2007 to 31st December, 2007. All isolates were identified morphologically and biochemically by standard procedures and ESBLs production was detected by re-arranging routine discs in a novel predictor disc approximation method. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method where Imipenem disc, an inducer was placed in center and on either side of it at 15mm distance were placed ceftazidime and cefotaxime (indicator of induction). In addition, another inducer cefoxitin was placed 15mm from cefotaxime (indicator). This was placed opposite to that of ceftazidime + clavulanic acid to avoid any affect of inducible beta-lactamase on the zone of inhibition of the latter. Results A total of 16 out of 60 Klebsiella isolates (26.66%) were found to be ESBL producers. Conclusions Imipenem was found to be the most effective antibiotic (46.66%) followed by Cefoxitin (31.66%) and Cefotaxime (30.00%). Key words: Klebsiella species; clinical specimens; ESBLs DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i3.4070Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol. 6, No. 3 pp.19-23
A rolling blackout oral cavity
Authors: Thapa L , Paudel R , Basnet A , Shilpakar R , Majhi PC , Rana PVS
Published: December 2010

We have heard of rolling black outs as a staple of daily life in many Asian countries. We from Nepal, a country suffering rolling blackout, present a case that we refer as "Rolling blackout oral cavity". Aspiration of gastric and oral content into airway is a well known complication during endotracheal intubation but aspiration of a part of equipment during the procedure is rare. We report a case of lost bulb of laryngoscope during endotracheal intubation. Keywords: Endotracheal intubation; foreign body; laryngoscope bulb DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i3.4075Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol. 6, No. 3 pp.44-45
Delayed presentation of diaphragmatic hernia in a young and fit patient requiring emergency management
Authors: Tuladhar SM , Sharma VK
Published: December 2010

Diaphragmatic hernia, when they do present in adults, can manifest as a life threatening complication. Symptoms might initially be minimal in young and fit patients. They can also easily mimic complications like peptic ulcer perforation or tension pneumothorax and early pathophysiological correlation is required to reach an early diagnosis and treatment. DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i3.4077Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol. 6, No. 3 pp.50-51
Synthesis of Polypyrrole-Intercalated Grafted Zirconium Phosphate Films by Anodic Electrodeposition and Their Electrochemical Capacities
Authors: Takei Takahiro , Dong Qiang , Yonesaki Yoshinori , Kumada Nobuhiro , Kinomura Nobukazu
Published: December 2010

Ternary hybrid film composed of a-zirconium phosphate nanosheet, 1,2-bis(dimethylchlorosilyl)ethane and polypyrrole was prepared by anodic electrodeposition. In the hybrid film, ordered a-zirconium nanosheets with grafts by silylation lay down parallel to the substrate and the polypyrrole molecules were intercalated between the nanosheets. The electrochemical measurements confirmed that the hybrid film indicated capacitive behavior and the redox activity increase by approximately 25%.
Improving the Performance of Catalytic Combustion Type Methane Gas Sensors Using Nanostructure Elements Doped with Rare Earth Cocatalysts
Authors: Wang Ying , Tong Min Ming , Zhang Dan , Gao Zhen
Published: December 2010

Conventional methane gas sensors based on catalytic combustion have the drawbacks of high working temperature, low thermal stability and small measurement range. To improve their performance, cerium, which possesses high oxygen storage and release ability, was introduced via nanotechnology to prepare Ce-contained nanostructure elements. Three kinds of elements with different carriers: Al2O3, n-Al2O3 and n-Ce-Al2O3 were prepared and separately fabricated (Pt-Pd/Al, Pt-Pd/n-Al, Pt-Pd/n-Ce-Al). The performances of Wheatstone Bridges with three different catalytic elements were tested and compared. The results indicated that the cerium-containing element exhibited better performance than other elements regarding activity, anti-sulfur ability and thermal stability. Moreover, a constant temperature circuit was also applied in this system. The measurement range was extended from 4% to 10% by automatically decreasing the working current in a reasonable range. The maximum error for 0%–10% CH4 was controlled below 5%, which fully meets the measurement requirements.
Analysis of Different Feature Selection Criteria Based on a Covariance Convergence Perspective for a SLAM Algorithm
Authors: Auat Cheein Fernando A. , Carelli Ricardo
Published: December 2010

This paper introduces several non-arbitrary feature selection techniques for a Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithm. The feature selection criteria are based on the determination of the most significant features from a SLAM convergence perspective. The SLAM algorithm implemented in this work is a sequential EKF (Extended Kalman filter) SLAM. The feature selection criteria are applied on the correction stage of the SLAM algorithm, restricting it to correct the SLAM algorithm with the most significant features. This restriction also causes a decrement in the processing time of the SLAM. Several experiments with a mobile robot are shown in this work. The experiments concern the map reconstruction and a comparison between the different proposed techniques performance. The experiments were carried out at an outdoor environment composed by trees, although the results shown herein are not restricted to a special type of features.
Building Capacity for Disaster Resiliency in Six Disadvantaged Communities
Authors: Berke Philip , Cooper John , Salvesen David , Spurlock Danielle , Rausch Christina
Published: December 2010

Disaster plans almost always do not benefit from the knowledge and values of disadvantaged people who are frequently underrepresented in disaster planning processes. Consequently, the plans are inconsistent with the conditions, concerns, and capabilities of disadvantaged people. We present an approach to community-based participatory planning aimed at engaging marginalized and distrustful communities to build their capacity to be more disaster resilient. We review the experiences of six disadvantaged communities under the Emergency Preparedness Demonstration (EPD) project. The EPD effort revealed several critical implications: recruit a diverse set of participants for inclusive collaboration; provide analytical tools to co-develop information and empower people; employ coaches to organize and facilitate sustainable community change; design a bottom-up review process for selection of strategies that holds communities accountable; and build capacity for implementation of strategies.
The allylic chalcogen effect in olefin metathesis
Authors: Lin Yuya A , Davis Benjamin G
Published: December 2010

Olefin metathesis has emerged as a powerful tool in organic synthesis. The activating effect of an allylic hydroxy group in metathesis has been known for more than 10 years, and many organic chemists have taken advantage of this positive influence for efficient synthesis of natural products. Recently, the discovery of the rate enhancement by allyl sulfides in aqueous cross-metathesis has allowed the first examples of such a reaction on proteins. This led to a new benchmark in substrate complexity for cross-metathesis and expanded the potential of olefin metathesis for other applications in chemical biology. The enhanced reactivity of allyl sulfide, along with earlier reports of a similar effect by allylic hydroxy groups, suggests that allyl chalcogens generally play an important role in modulating the rate of olefin metathesis. In this review, we discuss the effect of allylic chalcogens in olefin metathesis and highlight its most recent applications in synthetic chemistry and protein modifications.
The Comparison of Strategy of Iranian Terrorism Sponsorship: The Example of Hamas and Hezbollah
Authors: Kraus Josef
Published: December 2010

This paper is focused on the comparison of strategy of state-sponsoring of terrorist groups Hamas and Hezbollah by the Islamic Republic of Iran. The strategy is described using five types of support - propaganda and political support, directing the terror, the use of financial leverage, instruction and training, the transfer of weaponry. The primary aim of this text is to clear up the Iranian role in supporting of two chosen Islamic terrorist organization and to explain its differences caused by historical, ideological, political and technical matters to the reader of this article. The text also contains the explanation of the origin, ideological background, political demands and the main terroristic activity of Palestinian Hamas and Lebanese Hezbollah.
The Roots and Growth of the Phenomenon of Anti-Americanism in Iran and Saudi Arabia during the Cold War
Authors: Taterová Eva
Published: December 2010

Since the terrorist attacks of 11th September 2001 there have been presented a series of opinions, comments and studies examining more or less deeply the roots of the hostile attitudes towards the United States of America (USA). The term "anti-Americanism" has become very fashionable however its genuine essence, historical development and meaning often remain hidden. This study aims to analyze the origins and development of the phenomenon of anti-Americanism in the region of Middle East during the Cold War. The research will be focused on the comparison of the phenomenon in two important regional states - Iran and Saudi Arabia. Concerning the history of last few decades, Saudi Arabia is usually understood as one of the key American Middle Eastern allies, together with Egypt and the State of Israel. In comparison since the Islamic revolution in 1979 Iran has been often presented as American mortal enemy. The truth is that such a simple explanation is not satisfactory. The antagonistic attitudes towards the USA can be observed in both countries. Also, the local anti-Americanism has got quite a long history based on a variety of factors. The research will be based on a statement that the parallels between Iranian and Saudi Arabian negative perceptions of USA can be found despite of their different historical backgrounds.
Economic, Effective and Sustainable Development of Czech Military Capabilities: Wishful Thinking or Political Necessity?
Authors: Kolín Vilém
Published: December 2010

The participation of Czech soldiers in operations and missions abroad, and thereby meeting national security objectives, requires adequate weapons, military equipment and related services. In the time of the deteriorating financial situation, ensuring the participation of Czech soldiers in operations and missions abroad is becoming more difficult. To meet the obligations to its allies and to achieve national security objectives, the Czech Republic has to find a way how to develop national military capabilities in a more economic, effective and sustainable way. The text formulates thirteen recommendations that serve as guidelines how to start this process, focusing on increasing the efficiency of the acquisition process and the use of offsets, strengthening national defence technological and industrial base and enhancing international co-operation.
Adolescence et prise en charge thérapeutique
Authors: Le Breton David
Published: December 2010

Résumé Les conduites à risque sont des manières pour le jeune de lutter contre sa souffrance. Les modes de résolution des tensions sont multiples, elles impliquent notamment des pratiques culturelles comme le théâtre, la musique, le sport, etc. ou des rencontres. La psychothérapie d’inspiration analytique vaut surtout pour le jeune qui en accepte le principe. Mais elle implique un ajustement du cadre, et une implication du thérapeute. La qualité de la relation est aussi importante que le contenu des paroles échangées.
Julie et « Monseigneur » : des carences affectives précoces à la formation d'un compagnon imaginaire à l'adolescence
Authors: Joly Anne , Dupont Sébastien
Published: December 2010

Résumé Le phénomène du compagnon imaginaire a été essentiellement décrit chez l’enfant et la personne âgée, plus rarement chez l’adolescent. Son apparition à l’adolescence peut souvent être confondue avec l’émergence d’idées délirantes et interprétée comme un signe prodromique de schizophrénie. Nous présentons ici le cas de Julie, une adolescente de dix-sept ans, afin d’illustrer l’hypothèse selon laquelle le phénomène du compagnon imaginaire peut apparaître dans un contexte psychopathologique distinct du fonctionnement psychotique. Cette jeune fille a en effet compensé une dépression latente par la compagnie d’un compagnon imaginaire qu’elle nomme Monseigneur. Nous décrivons en détail cette situation clinique, le déroulement des prises en charge thérapeutiques ainsi que l’évolution psychologique de Julie.
Du rituel et de l'adolescence aujourd'hui
Authors: Douville Olivier
Published: December 2010

Résumé Le rite est un objet au carrefour des champs de l’anthropologie et de la psychanalyse. Nous serons attentif à souligner ce qui le différencie de l’habitude ou de la répétition. Le rite est un passage et une expérience. S’il est rite de passage, alors il permet des changements d’altérité et aussi de relier le sujet à la loi sexuelle et à la mythologie collective. L’adolescence occidentale, qui tend à se généraliser de par le monde, développe des tendances à des ritualisations nouvelles à mesure que les encadrements symboliques entre rite et mythe tendent à se disjoindre. L’auteur pose la question des fonctions psychiques de la ritualité à l’adolescence.
Un trésor de 11 milliards d'euros ?
Authors: Sterdyniak Henri
Published: December 2010

Résumé Selon certains travaux récents, les retraités bénéficient d’avantages fiscaux de l’ordre de 11 milliards d’euros, dont la mise en cause permettrait de financer les retraites et la dépendance. L’article montre que les avantages fiscaux dont bénéficient les retraités (12,5 milliards d’euros, soit 1 375 euros par ménage) sont équivalents, ramenés à la population concernée, aux avantages dont bénéficient les actifs (25,7 milliards, soit 1 600 euros par ménage). L’État pourrait certes gagner 1,8 milliard en faisant passer le taux de CSG sur les retraites à 7,5 % et en imposant les avantages familiaux des retraités. Mais, l’équité imposerait de réindexer en même temps les retraites sur les salaires (ce qui pourrait coûter 10,4 milliards d’euros). Par ailleurs, maintenir le système actuel de retraite et faire face à la montée en charge de la dépendance nécessite 90 milliards de dépenses supplémentaires.
Évaluation et gestion des risques en anesthésie : stratégies mises en place par les médecins anesthésistes
Authors: Neyns V. , Carreras O. , Cellier Jean-Marie
Published: December 2010

Résumé L’objectif de cet article est de mettre en évidence, par différentes approches, l’apport de l’opérateur à la résilience des systèmes. Quatre études utilisant différentes méthodes sont présentées : une étude utilisant la technique des incidents critiques, une analyse des comptes rendus de consultation, une tâche de catégorisation de dossiers et des observations de l’activité de l’anesthésiste au bloc opératoire. Les principaux résultats montrent deux temps d’action dans la gestion des risques : (1) évaluation des facteurs de risque et mise en place de stratégies de prévention ; (2) mises en évidence de problèmes particuliers dont la gestion est renvoyée à l’intervention et récupération de dérives en situation. Ces résultats sont discutés en regard de l’intérêt d’étudier les écarts à la norme, de la complémentarité des méthodes utilisées et de l’importance d’observer le travail réel pour améliorer la résilience des systèmes.
Wear Behaviors of Cemented Carbide Cermet YG8B under Different Concentrations of Abrasive Slurries from Carborundum, Corundum and Silica Sands
Authors: Rong Hui Yong , Peng Zhi Jian , Wang Cheng Biao , Li Jie , Fu Zhi Qiang , Yue Wen , Yu Xiang , Lin Xu Ping
Published: December 2010

This work investigated the wear behavior of cemented carbide cermet YG8B under different concentrations of abrasive slurries using a modified ASTM B611 wet sand rubber rimmed wheel test system with a load of 225 N. The angular sand abrasives involved in carborundum, corundum and silica with particle size of about 350 μm, and were dispersed into water with different mass fractions. It was found that, with increasing sand concentration in slurry, the wear loss of the cermet samples increased, and with the increase of duration time, the wear loss of the cermet samples also increased. Under the same conditions, the cermet samples presented the biggest wear loss with carborundum as abrasive. On the basis of the observations on the worn surfaces by scanning electron microscope and 3D white-light interfering surface profiler, the wear mechanism of the cermet samples was proposed, which includes in extensive plastic deformation, groove, fracture and pullout.
Solid Particle Erosion-Wear Behavior of Alumina Ceramics at High-Temperature
Authors: Wang Xiao Jun , Fang Ming Hao , Sun Hao Ran , Huang Shao Ping , Liu Yan Gai , Huang Zhao Hui
Published: December 2010

In this paper, effects of temperature and erosion-wear particle on solid particle erosion-wear behavior of alumina ceramics were studied. The erosion-wear experiments were performed using self-designed sand blasting high-temperature solid particle erosion-wear equipment in air atmosphere. The results show that alumina ceramics presented the characteristics of brittle fracture at the high temperature of 1200°C. Erosion-wear rate increased with increasing temperature and rise obviously above 1000°C. For the same kind of erosion-wear particles, the erosion-wear rate of samples increased with the larger particle size. For the different ones, the greater hardness, the more serious erosion-wear.
Cracking Stress of Fiber-Eutectics and Transformation Particles Composite Ceramic
Authors: Liu Xie Quan , Ni Xin Hua , Zhang Shu Qin , Cheng Zhao Gang , Zhao Lei
Published: December 2010

This paper presents on the cracking mechanisms of fiber-eutectics and transformation particles composite ceramic. First, supposing that the tensile stress among fiber eutectics is transmitted by means of shear stress along the interfaces of fiber eutectics, based on fiber eutectics having lengths smaller than the critical length, the force acting along the fiber eutectic can be determined by the shear stress. Then, the probability of ending fiber eutectics and bridging fiber eutectics can be gotten by defining a critical district. Finally, according to the random orientations and the lengths of the fiber eutectics, composite ceramics will crack by slip incompatibility among bridging fiber eutectics. The cracking stress of the composite ceramics is built.
Bridging Toughening Mechanism of Fiber Eutectics and Transformation Particles Composite Ceramic
Authors: Ni Xin Hua , Liu Xie Quan , Han Bao Hong , Zhong Guo Hui , Sun Tao
Published: December 2010

Based on the microstructure of fiber eutectics and transformation particles composite ceramic, the bridging stress of the fiber eutectic is determined. The bridging load that makes crack closure to reduce the stress concentration of crack tip is calculated. The energy dissipative value of the bridging load is obtained by considering the random orientation of the fiber eutectic. Finally, according to the relationship of the fracture toughness and energy dissipation, the bridging toughening mechanism is established. Analysis shows that the bridging toughening value is enhanced with the increasing of volume fraction and fracture strength of fiber eutectic, and enhanced with the decreasing of interface bonding strength and length-diameter ratio.
Electrical Properties of ZnO Film Prepared by Thermal Oxidation Method
Authors: Liu Yan Hui , Yan Zhi , Lu Yao , Zhou Xi Ying
Published: December 2010

Zn films were deposited on Al2O3 tube with Au electron and Pt wire by direct current magnetron sputtering, then ZnO films were synthesized by thermal oxidation in different temperature using resistance furnace. Surface topography of films was investigated by atomic force microscope. The resistance of ZnO films in air and other atmosphere was tested in a gas sensor test system. Results showed that the films surface morphology changed significantly during thermal oxidation growth. ZnO film synthesized at 1000 0C for 3 minutes has the smallest grain (32.6nm), the biggest roughness (60.9nm). Resistance of ZnO films declined with the increasing of heater power. The resistance of the ZnO layers depends dramatically on the sputtering time (direct proportion to the film thickness). The resistance of ZnO films in 10 minutes sputtering time is one order of magnitude higher than that in 80 minutes.
Fabrication and Piezoelectric Anisotropy of PFCs
Authors: Liu Jun , Qiu Yan Qin , Chen Cai Feng , Luo Ying , Chen Ping
Published: December 2010

PZT fibers were fabricated by extruding a mixture of PZT powder and sol. 1-3 piezoelectric composites and AFC were fabricated by arranging-cast technique. The piezoelectric anisotropy of piezoelectric composites was characterized. For PZT ceramic disk, the value of ktkp, the piezoelectric response was mainly in thickness direction. The sensing and actuating experiment of AFCs indicated that the anisotropy of piezoelectric response was also obvious. The signal intensity of piezoelectric response was stronger in the direction of fiber length in both sensing and actuating experiment.
Steady Thermal Stress in a Ceramic/FGM/Metal Composite EFBC Plate Considered Temperature Dependency
Authors: Xu Yang Jian , Tu Dai Hui , Jia Jian Hui
Published: December 2010

The steady thermal stress distributions and effect factors in a ceramic/FGM/metal composite EFBC plate with temperature-dependent material properties during heating process were investigated by the NFEM and the Sinpson method. From numerical calculation, when T0=Ta=300K and Tb=1 300K, the stress distributions in the plate were obtained. The results are as follows. With the increase of the FGM layer thickness, the stress distribution in the composite plate is more reasonable. Compared with M=0.1, when M=10, the compressive stress on the ceramic surface increases by 9.0%, and the tensile stress on the metal surface reduces by 17.9%. With the increase of FGM layer porosity, the variations of thermal stress curves become big. Compared with A=0, when A=3.99, the tensile stress on the metal surface increases by 65.5%, and the maximum compressive stress on the surface of ceramics reduces by 27.5%. Compared with the results of constant material properties, when we consider the temperature dependency of the material properties, the maximum tensile stress on the surface of metal in the plate reduces by 30.1%, and the maximum compressive stress on the surface of ceramics in the plate reduces by 9.49%. Compared with the nongraded two-layered plate, the tensile stress at middle of the graded three-layered composite EFBC plate reduces by 53.5%. When T0=300K, Ta=700K, compared with Tb=1 050K, when Tb=1 800K, the tensile stress on the surface of metal increases 563MPa, and the maximum compressive stress on the surface of ceramics increases 7.24 times.
Preparation and Negative Thermal Expansion Property of ZrWMoO8
Authors: Yang Juan , Liu Qin Qin , Zang Chuang Liang , Cheng Xiao Nong
Published: December 2010

Negative thermal expansion (NTE) material ZrWMoO8 was prepared by hydrothermal method. The phase structure and morphology of the obtained precursor and final product were examined by XRD and SEM, respectively. To study its negative thermal expansion property, two methods were utilized. One is based on the in-situ XRD results and the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) was calculated by the cell parameters obtained at different temperatures. Another is based on the thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA) and the CTE was calculated by the length of ZrWMoO8 bar at different temperatures. The differences between these two methods were also discussed.
Thermal Stability of CrAlN Coatings
Authors: Zhu Ming , Li Mei Shuan
Published: December 2010

Cr-Al-N coatings were deposited on the surface of the (111) single silicon for the aim to study the thermal stability of this kind of coating. The microstructure and composition of the coatings were identified by XRD and SEM/EDS, respectively. The changes of the microstructure of the coatings after being annealing in the hydrogen under 900-1100 °C were also studied by XRD analysis. The results showed that: the as-deposited coatings performed B1 microstructure with (111) preferred orientation; the microstructure of the Cr-Al-N coatings would transformed from CrN to Cr2N during the increasing of temperature and the transformation temperature increased with increasing aluminum content of the coating; AlN would also precipitate from the Cr-Al-N coating and the precipitation temperature decreased with increasing aluminum content of the coating.
Application of Raman Spectroscopy on Size Driven Phase Transition in Bismuth Titanate
Authors: Li Bao Rang , Cao Bin , Lu Cong
Published: December 2010

Bismuth titanate nano-crystals were prepared successfully by sol-gel method and the critical particle size for phase transition was analyzed by Raman techniques. The results revealed the new Raman peaks at the wave number about 87, 227, 442, 467, 577 and 617cm-1 discerned gradually with increasing the particle size and abrupt increase in integrated intensity ratios of these modes, companied with strong decrease of half-widths happened at the particle size ranging from 18 to 33nm, which suggested an obvious size driven tetragonal-to-orthorhombic phase transition in Bismuth titanate nano-crystals.
Preparation and Photocatalysis of Sulfur-Doped Nano-TiO2/Ti Film
Authors: Jiang Yan Li , Liu Yan , Yang Li Juan , Li Guo Qing , Liu Hui Ling
Published: December 2010

Owing to the defects of the fixed TiO2 photocatalysts, the research employed the approach of anodic oxidation to produce high efficiend S-TiO2/Ti ceramic film oxidized on the surface of titanium, in order to make the absorbable spectrum of light catalyst spread to the visible region and constrain the high recombination rate of electron-hole pairs during photoreaction. The surface appearance and the distribution of elements have been checked with scanning electron microscopy. The microcrystal structure of the films has been checked with XRD. The results showed that the main components of sulfur-doped catalyzer were rutile and anatase, meanwhile, the sulfur element distributing on the film was fairly uniform. Films of S-TiO2 photocatalysis reduction K2CrO4 revealed that with the amount of S-contained increased, the rate of reduction K2CrO4 decreased under ultraviolet light while that increased under visible light. It was found that the highest reduction rate of K2CrO4 was achieved through an optimal Na2S2O3 dosage of 0.6g/L in ceramic film prepared processes.
Vibration and Temperature Measuring Experiments on Multilayer Piezoelectric Actuator
Authors: Chu Xiang Cheng , Ding Li Dan , Meng Xiang Yu , Li Long Tu
Published: December 2010

In this paper, a kind of Mg, Nb co-doped multilayer piezoelectric ceramic is prepared and a non-contact accurate testing method is introduced. Using Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3- Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3- Pb(ZrTi)O3 low temperature co-fired ceramics powder and 90/10 Ag-Pb internal electrodes, the sample is prepared with tape casting processing method and low temperature co-fired technique at 960°C. Based on non-contact method, the piezoelectric constant, butterfly curve, and temperature characters are tested. Experiments show that non-contact method is more accurate for d33 testing. The effect of mechanical load on piezoelectric performance is also investigated. Under external mechanical load, switching polarization (Ps) and remnant polarization (Pr) increase respectively. Mechanical load press is also favorable to dominate the temperature rise of the piezoelectric device.
Biocompatibility of HAP/Ti Gradient Coating by Microarc Oxidation and Biomimetic Process
Authors: Zhang Dong , Zhang Bao Ping , Li Zhi Ge , Wang Lin , Liu Bin , Wang Jin Qing
Published: December 2010

This study is to evaluate the biocompatibility of HAP/Ti gradient coating by microarc oxidation and biomimetic process. Titanium alloys were activated by microarc oxidation (MAO), and immersed in simulated body fluid to prepare HAP/Ti gradient coating. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) had been used to investigate the microstructure of the coatings. The biocompatibility of the coatings was evaluated by animal acute and subacute toxicity test, micronucleus test, hemolysis test, and oral mucosa test. The results showed HAP/Ti gradient coating was successfully fabricated on the substrate. The animal experiment showed the coating had not short-term toxicity, oral mucosa irritation, and micronucleus occurrence rate was 3.2 ‰ and hemolysis rate was 2.5%. The HAP/Ti gradient coating made by MAO and biomimetic process showed good bio-security and compatibility, it may be new oral implant materials.
Phase Transformation of Al2O3-SiO2-ZrO2 Composite Membranes
Authors: Wang Qian Ping , Tian Xiu Shu , Liu Shu Xian , Wu Wei Hua , Huang Zhuan Hong , Zhang Jia Sheng
Published: December 2010

Membrane separation process, which greatly meets the demand of reducing the environmental pollution in the modern industry, has become one of the most important strategies in the durative low carbon economy development.. This paper has studied the transformation structure mechanism of of Al2O3-SiO2-ZrO2 composite membrane produced by the sol-gel method on a porous α-Al2O3 support and the effects of SiO2 and ZrO2 in γ-Al2O3 membrane. Porous Al2O3-SiO2-ZrO2 composite membrane of the average pore size 2~4µm was obtained first time through controlling various factors, The structure crystal type and surface state are characterized by means of optical microscope, XRD, SEM, and IR. The results show that the membrane calcined at 1000°C obtain a composition of γ-Al2O3, t-ZrO2 and amorphous SiO2. The phase transformation has not appeared when heated at 1200°C. As the thermostability of the modified membrane being improved, the phase transformation temperature in the sintering process could be delayed. Therefore, the membranes properties are greatly improved.