bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Presence of minor and major mental health impairment in adolescence and death from suicide and unintentional injuries/accidents in men: a national longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Fadum Elin Anita , Fønnebø Vinjar , Borud Einar Kristian
Published: July 2016

Objective

To examine the association between minor and major mental health impairment in late adolescence and death from suicide and unintentional injuries/accidents in men.

Methods

In Norway, all men attend a compulsory military medical and psychological examination. We included 558 949 men aged 17–19 years at the time of military examination in 1980–1999 and followed them up for death from suicide and unintentional injuries/accidents until the end of 2013. We used Cox proportional hazard models to examine the association between the presence of minor and major mental health impairments at examination and death from suicide and unintentional injuries/accidents.

Results

Compared to men with no mental health impairment, those with minor mental health impairment was associated with an increased risk of death from suicide (adjusted HR (HRadj)=1.63, 95% CI 1.39 to 1.92), transport accidents (HRadj=1.33, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.63), accidental poisoning (HRadj=2.27, 95% CI 1.79 to 2.88) and other unintentional injuries/accidents (HRadj=1.54, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.02). In men with major mental health impairment, the risk of death from suicide and accidental poisoning was elevated two times (HRadj=2.29, 95% CI 1.85 to 2.85) and three times (HRadj=3.53, 95% CI 2.61 to 4.79), respectively.

Conclusions

We found an increased risk of death from suicide and unintentional injuries/accidents in men who had minor and major mental health impairment at age 17–19 years.
Treatment of cerebral vasospasm with self-expandable retrievable stents: proof of concept
Authors: Bhogal Pervinder , Loh Yince , Brouwer Patrick , Andersson Tommy , Söderman Michael
Published: July 2016

Objective

To report our preliminary experience with the use of stent retrievers to cause vasodilation in patients with delayed cerebral vasospasm secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Methods

Four patients from two different high volume neurointerventional centers developed cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. In addition to standard techniques for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm, we used commercially available stent retrievers (Solitaire and Capture stent retrievers) to treat the vasospastic segment including M2, M1, A2, and A1. We evaluated the safety of this technique, degree of vasodilation, and longevity of the effect.

Results

Stent retrievers can be used to safely achieve cerebral vasodilation in the setting of delayed cerebral vasospasm. The effect is long-lasting (>24 hours) and, in our initial experience, carries a low morbidity. We have not experienced any complications using this technique although we have noted that the radial force was not sufficient to cause vasodilation in some instances. The vasospasm did not return in the vessel segments treated with stent angioplasty in any of these cases. In two of our cases stent angioplasty resulted in the reversal of focal neurological symptoms.

Conclusions

Stent retrievers can provide long-lasting cerebral vasodilation in patients with delayed cerebral vasospasm.
Can a surgeon drill accurately at a specified angle?
Authors: Brioschi Valentina , Cook Jodie , Arthurs Gareth I
Published: July 2016

Objectives

To investigate whether a surgeon can drill accurately a specified angle and whether surgeon experience, task repetition, drill bit size and perceived difficulty influence drilling angle accuracy.

Methods

The sample population consisted of final‐year students (n=25), non‐specialist veterinarians (n=22) and board‐certified orthopaedic surgeons (n=8).

Each participant drilled a hole twice in a horizontal oak plank at 30°, 45°, 60°, 80°, 85° and 90° angles with either a 2.5 or a 3.5 mm drill bit. Participants then rated the perceived difficulty to drill each angle. The true angle of each hole was measured using a digital goniometer.

Results

Greater drilling accuracy was achieved at angles closer to 90°. An error of ≤±4° was achieved by 84.5 per cent of participants drilling a 90° angle compared with approximately 20 per cent of participants drilling a 30–45° angle. There was no effect of surgeon experience, task repetition or drill bit size on the mean error for intended versus achieved angle. Increased perception of difficulty was associated with the more acute angles and decreased accuracy, but not experience level.

Clinical significance

This study shows that surgeon ability to drill accurately (within ±4° error) is limited, particularly at angles ≤60°. In situations where drill angle is critical, use of computer‐assisted navigation or custom‐made drill guides may be preferable.
Role of STARD4 and NPC1 in intracellular sterol transport
Authors: Maxfield Frederick R. , Iaea David B. , Pipalia Nina H.
Published: July 2016

Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the biophysical properties of membranes in mammalian cells, and the concentration of cholesterol in membranes is tightly regulated. Cholesterol moves among membrane organelles by a combination of vesicular and nonvesicular transport pathways, but the details of these transport pathways are not well understood. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms for nonvesicular sterol transport with an emphasis on the role of STARD4, a small, soluble, cytoplasmic sterol transport protein. STARD4 can rapidly equilibrate sterol between membranes, especially membranes with anionic lipid headgroups. We also discuss the sterol transport in late endosomes and lysosomes, which is mediated by a soluble protein, NPC2, and a membrane protein, NPC1. Homozygous mutations in these proteins lead to a lysosomal lipid storage disorder, Niemann–Pick disease type C. Many of the disease-causing mutations in NPC1 are associated with degradation of the mutant NPC1 proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Several histone deacetylase inhibitors have been found to rescue the premature degradation of the mutant NPC1 proteins, and one of these is now in a small clinical trial.
Comparison of SfM computer vision point clouds of a landslide derived from multiple small UAV platforms and sensors to a TLS-based model
Authors: Ruggles Samantha , Clark Joseph , Franke Kevin W. , Wolfe Derek , Reimschiissel Brandon , Martin R. Abraham , Okeson Trent J. , Hedengren John D.
Published: July 2016

Structure from motion (SfM) computer vision is a remote sensing method that is gaining popularity due to its simplicity and ability to accurately characterize site geometry in three dimensions (3D). While many researchers have demonstrated the potential for SfM to be used with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to model in 3D various geologic features, such as landslides, little is understood concerning how the selection of the UAV platform can affect the resolution and accuracy of the model. This study evaluates the resolution and accuracy of 3D point cloud models of a large landslide that occurred in 2013 near Page, Arizona, that were developed from various small UAV platform and camera configurations. Terrestrial laser scans were performed at the landslide and were used to establish a comparative baseline model. Results from the study indicate that point cloud resolution improved by more than 16% when using multi-rotor UAVs instead of fixed-wing UAVs. However, accuracy of the points in the point cloud model appear to be independent of the UAV platform, but depend principally on the selected camera and the image resolution. Additional practical guidance on flying various UAV platforms in challenging field conditions is provided for geologists and engineers.
Species mixture and soil-resource availability affect the root growth response of tree seedlings to elevated atmospheric CO21
Authors: Jifon John L. , Friend Alexander L. , Berrang Paul C.
Published: July 2016

The effects of CO2 enrichment on root proliferation of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styracijlua L.) seedlings were studied under varied water and nitrogen (N) regimes and in competitive interaction. Seedlings of each species were grown from seed as monocultures or as 50:50 pine-sweetgum mixtures in 22-L pots filled with forest soil. Seedlings were exposed to either ambient (400 ppm) or CO2-enriched (ambient plus 400 ppm) air for 32 weeks in continuously stirred tank reactors. Detailed sampling of very fine roots (>0.5 mm diam.) showed a general increase (up to 2-fold) in root length density (RLD, cm · m-3 with elevated CO2; however, the effects of CO2 on RLD differed according to species, culture type, water, and N availability. In monoculture, low water with low N conditions produced the largest RLD responses to elevated CO2: 75% increase for sweetgum and 31% increase for pine. In mixed culture, by contrast, the largest RLD responses to CO2 were observed under high water, high N regimes: pine showed a 110% increase and sweetgum a 96% increase. The total RLD of the standing crop in mixture under elevated CO2, high water, and high N was 2.6 cm · m-3 compared with 1.6 cm · m-3 in ambient CO2, with sweetgum accounting for >75% of the total RLD in both cases. These findings suggest that resource-rich rather than resource-poor soil environments could be th.e circumstances under which belowground interference from sweetgum would intensify in pine-sweetgum mixtures with rising atmospheric CO2.
A Dual-Mode High-Voltage High-Efficiency Peak-Current-Mode Asynchronous Buck Converter
Authors: Li Zhaohan , Ji Yongcheng , Yang Shu , Chang Yuchun
Published: July 2016

This paper proposes a high-voltage high-efficiency peak-current-mode asynchronous DC–DC step-down converter operating with dual operation modes. The asynchronous buck converter achieves higher efficiency in light load condition compared to synchronous buck converters. Furthermore, the proposed buck converter switches operation mode automatically from pulse-width modulation (PWM) mode to pulse-skipping mode (PSM). By reducing power MOS on-state resistance and optimizing rise/fall time of switches, the proposed buck converter also obtains high efficiency under heavy load condition. The maximum efficiency of the proposed buck converter is 92.9%, implemented with 0.35[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m BCDMOS 2P3M process, and the total size is 1.1[Formula: see text] 1.2[Formula: see text]mm2. The input range and output range of the converter are 6–30 V, and ([Formula: see text]–3) V, respectively, with the maximum output current of 3 A. Moreover, its built-in current loop leads to good transient response characteristics. Therefore, it can be used widely in communication system and 12 V/24 V distributed power system.
Quasi-Periodic Bifurcations of Higher-Dimensional Tori
Authors: Komuro Motomasa , Kamiyama Kyohei , Endo Tetsuro , Aihara Kazuyuki
Published: July 2016

We classify the local bifurcations of quasi-periodic [Formula: see text]-dimensional tori in maps (abbr. MT[Formula: see text]) and in flows (abbr. FT[Formula: see text]) for [Formula: see text]. It is convenient to classify these bifurcations into normal bifurcations and resonance bifurcations. Normal bifurcations of MT[Formula: see text] can be classified into four classes: namely, saddle-node, period doubling, double covering, and Neimark–Sacker bifurcations. Furthermore, normal bifurcations of FT[Formula: see text] can be classified into three classes: saddle-node, double covering, and Neimark–Sacker bifurcations. These bifurcations are determined by the type of the dominant Lyapunov bundle. Resonance bifurcations are well known as phase locking of quasi-periodic solutions. These bifurcations are classified into two classes for both MT[Formula: see text] and FT[Formula: see text]: namely, saddle-node cycle and heteroclinic cycle bifurcations of the [Formula: see text]-dimensional tori. The former is reversible, while the latter is irreversible. In addition, we propose a method for analyzing higher-dimensional tori, which uses one-dimensional tori in sections (abbr. ST[Formula: see text]) and zero-dimensional tori in sections (abbr. ST[Formula: see text]). The bifurcations of ST[Formula: see text] can be classified into five classes: saddle-node, period doubling, component doubling, double covering, and Neimark–Sacker bifurcations. The bifurcations of ST[Formula: see text] can be classified into four classes: saddle-node, period doubling, component doubling, and Neimark–Sacker bifurcations. Furthermore, we clarify the relationship between the bifurcations of ST[Formula: see text]/ST[Formula: see text] and the bifurcations of MT[Formula: see text]/FT[Formula: see text]. We present examples of all of these bifurcations.
Exploiting Global Dynamics of a Noncontact Atomic Force Microcantilever to Enhance Its Dynamical Robustness via Numerical Control
Authors: Settimi Valeria , Rega Giuseppe
Published: July 2016

A control technique exploiting the global dynamical features is applied to a reduced order model of noncontact AFM, aiming to obtain an enlargement of the system’s safe region in parameters space. The method consists of optimally modifying the shape of the system excitation by adding controlling superharmonics, to delay the occurrence of the global events (i.e. homo/heteroclinic bifurcations of some saddle) which trigger the erosion of the basins of attraction leading to loss in safety. The system’s main saddles and the bifurcations involving the relevant manifolds are detected through accurate numerical investigations, and their topological characterization allows the determination of the global event responsible for the sharp reduction in the system dynamical integrity. Since an analytical treatment is impossible in applying the control, a fully numerical procedure is implemented. Besides being effective in detecting the value of the optimal superharmonic to be added for shifting the global bifurcation to a higher value of forcing amplitude, the method also proves to succeed in delaying the drop down of the erosion profile, thus increasing the overall robustness of the system during operating conditions.
On the Limit Cycles Bifurcating from Piecewise Quasi-Homogeneous Differential Center
Authors: Li Shimin , Wu Kuilin
Published: July 2016

In this paper, a class of piecewise smooth quasi-homogeneous differential systems are considered. Using the first order Melnikov function derived in [Liu & Han, 2010], we obtain a lower bound of the maximum number of limit cycles which bifurcate from the periodic annulus of the center under polynomial perturbation. The results reveal that piecewise smooth quasi-homogeneous differential systems can bifurcate more limit cycles than the smooth systems.
On the Approximation of Stable and Unstable Fiber Bundles of (Non)Autonomous ODEs — A Contour Algorithm
Authors: Hüls Thorsten
Published: July 2016

We propose an algorithm for the approximation of stable and unstable fibers that applies to autonomous as well as to nonautonomous ODEs. The algorithm is based on computing the zero-contour of a specific operator; an idea that was introduced in [Hüls, 2006] for discrete time systems. We present precise error estimates for the resulting contour algorithm and demonstrate its efficiency by computing stable and unstable fibers for a (non)autonomous pendulum equation in two space dimensions. Our second example is the famous three-dimensional Lorenz system for which several approximations of the two-dimensional Lorenz manifold are calculated. In both examples, we observe equally well performance for autonomously and nonautonomously chosen parameters.
Passive and Active Vibrations Allow Self-Organization in Large-Scale Electromechanical Systems
Authors: Buscarino Arturo , Fortuna Carlo Famoso Luigi , Frasca Mattia
Published: July 2016

In this paper, the role of passive and active vibrations for the control of nonlinear large-scale electromechanical systems is investigated. The mathematical model of the system is discussed and detailed experimental results are shown in order to prove that coupling the effects of feedback and vibrations elicited by proper control signals makes possible to regularize imperfect uncertain large-scale systems.
Dynamics at Infinity, Degenerate Hopf and Zero-Hopf Bifurcation for Kingni–Jafari System with Hidden Attractors
Authors: Wei Zhouchao , Moroz Irene , Wang Zhen , Sprott Julien Clinton , Kapitaniak Tomasz
Published: July 2016

To understand the complex dynamics of Kingni–Jafari system with hidden attractors, the first objective of this paper is to study the global dynamics, and give a complete description of the dynamics of Kingni–Jafari system at infinity by using the Poincaré compactification of a polynomial vector field in [Formula: see text]. The second objective of this paper is to prove the existence of periodic solutions in the Kingni–Jafari system by classical Hopf bifurcation and degenerate Hopf bifurcation. Moreover, based on averaging theory, a small amplitude periodic solution that bifurcates from a zero-Hopf equilibrium was derived in the Kingni–Jafari system. The theoretical analysis and simulations demonstrate the rich dynamics of the system.
Unclothed firewalls
Authors: Chen Pisin , Ong Yen Chin , Page Don Nelson , Sasaki Misao , Yeom Dong-Han
Published: July 2016

We have previously argued that fluctuations of the Hawking emission rate can cause a black hole event horizon to fluctuate inside the location of a putative firewall, rendering the firewall naked. This assumes that the firewall is located near where the horizon would be expected based on the past evolution of the spacetime. Here, we expand our previous results by defining two new estimates for where the firewall might be that have more smooth temporal behavior than our original estimate. Our results continue to contradict the usual assumption that the firewall should not be observable except by infalling observers. This casts doubt about the idea that firewalls are the ‘most conservative’ solution to the information loss paradox.
Conformal frames in cosmology
Authors: Domènech Guillem , Sasaki Misao
Published: July 2016

From higher dimensional theories, e.g. string theory, one expects the presence of nonminimally coupled scalar fields. We review the notion of conformal frames in cosmology and emphasize their physical equivalence, which holds at least at a classical level. Furthermore, if there is a field, or fields, which dominates the universe, as it is often the case in cosmology, we can use such notion of frames to treat our system, matter and gravity, as two different sectors. On one hand, the gravity sector which describes the dynamics of the geometry and on the other hand, the matter sector which has such geometry as a playground. We use this interpretation to build a model where the fact that a curvaton couples to a particular frame metric could leave an imprint in the cosmic microwave background (CMB).
Quantum geometrodynamics with intrinsic time development
Authors: Soo Chopin
Published: July 2016

Quantum geometrodynamics with intrinsic time development is presented. Paradigm shift from full spacetime covariance to spatial diffeomorphism invariance yields a nonvanishing Hamiltonian, a resolution of the ‘problem of time’ and gauge-invariant temporal ordering in an ever expanding universe. Einstein’s general relativity is a particular realization of a wider class of theories; and the framework prompts natural extensions and improvements with the consequent dominance of Cotton–York potential at early times when the universe was small.
The investigation of detectability of the relic gravitational waves based on the WMAP-9 and Planck
Authors: Ghayour Basem
Published: July 2016

The generated relic gravitational waves underwent several stages of evolution of the universe such as inflation and reheating. These stages were affected on the shape of spectrum of the waves. As well known, at the end of inflation, the scalar field [Formula: see text] oscillates quickly around some point where potential [Formula: see text] has a minimum. The end of inflation stage played a crucial role on the further evolution stages of the universe because particles were created and collisions of the created particles were responsible for reheating the universe. There is a general range for the frequency of the spectrum [Formula: see text])[Formula: see text]Hz. It is shown that the reheating temperature can affect on the frequency of the spectrum as well. There is constraint on the temperature from cosmological observations based on WMAP-9 and Planck. Therefore, it is interesting to estimate allowed value of frequencies of the spectrum based on general range of reheating temperature like few MeV [Formula: see text] GeV, WMAP-9 and Planck data then compare the spectrum with sensitivity of future detectors such as LISA, BBO and ultimate-DECIGIO. The obtained results of this comparison give us some more chance for detection of the relic gravitational waves.
MICROSTRUCTURE AND OXIDATION RESISTANCE OF Fe–Al–Nb ALLOYED LAYER ON 45 STEEL BY PLASMA SURFACE MODIFICATION
Authors: ZHANG ZELEI , YAO ZHENGJUN
Published: July 2016

The Fe–Al–Nb alloyed layer was coated on 45 steel by the plasma niobiumizing modification to improve the microstructure and oxidation resistance of Fe–Al coating prepared by hot-dipping aluminum. The alloyed layer growth followed the typical Volmer–Weber mode with the modification time growing (2–4 h), which was carried out at 1073[Formula: see text]K and pressure of 40[Formula: see text]Pa. Its surface morphology was compact without any defects, meanwhile, there was a transition layer between the Fe–Al–Nb alloyed layer and the substrate. The mass increase of Fe–Al–Nb specimen after oxidizing at 873, 973 and 1073[Formula: see text]K for 100[Formula: see text]h was less than that of the Fe–Al and untreated 45 steel specimen, it owed to the diffusing fully of the Fe, Al and Nb atoms during high-temperature oxidation, forming a compact protective Nb, Al-rich oxidation film on the surface of the Fe–Al–Nb alloyed layer, and the occurrence of the internal oxidation phenomenon between the loose iron oxides layer and the Fe–Al–Nb alloyed layer at 973[Formula: see text]K for 100[Formula: see text]h protected the internal coating from further penetration of oxygen. In addition, the Fe2Nb precipitates and Nb carbides dispersed through the alloyed layer, which were good for improving the strength, creep rupture resistance and inhibiting the Kendal effect at high-temperature.
Study of refuge use on a predator–prey system with a competitor for the prey
Authors: Mukherjee Debasis
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we propose a predator–prey system with a competitor for the prey. The model incorporates a constant prey refuge and predation process follows Holling type II response function. Using the Routh–Hurwitz criterion, the sufficient conditions of locally asymptotically stable of all the equilibria are obtained. Furthermore, global stability of the positive equilibrium is investigated by constructing a suitable Lyapunov function. The occurrence of Hopf-bifurcation of the system is shown at a critical value “[Formula: see text]” and the system can be stabilized by increasing amount of prey refuge. The result includes the sufficient conditions for uniform persistence. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the obtained results and the dependence of the dynamic behavior on the prey refuge.
An Automatic Registration Method for Radiation-Free Catheter Navigation Guidance
Authors: Gruijthuijsen Caspar , Rosa Benoît , Tran Phuong Toan , Sloten Jos Vander , Poorten Emmanuel Vander , Reynaerts Dominiek
Published: July 2016

Catheter navigation is typically based on fluoroscopy. This implies exposure to harmful radiation, lack of depth perception and limited soft-tissue contrast. Catheter navigation would benefit from guidance that makes better use of detailed pre-operatively acquired MR/CT images, while reducing radiation exposure and improving spatial awareness of the catheter pose and shape. A prerequisite for such guidance is an accurate registration between the catheter tracking system and the MR/CT scans. Existing registration methods are lengthy and cumbersome as they require a lot of user interaction. This forms a major obstacle for their adoption into clinical practice. This paper proposes a radiation-free registration method that minimizes the impact on the surgical workflow and avoids most user interaction. The method relies on catheters with embedded sensors that provide intra-operative data that can either belong to the vessel wall or to the lumen of the vessel. Based on the acquired surface and lumen points an accurate registration is computed automatically, with minimal user interaction. Validation of the proposed method is performed on a synthetic yet realistic aorta phantom. Input from electromagnetic tracking, force sensing, and intra-vascular ultrasound are used as intra-operative sensory data.
Anatomy of a mixed-influence shelf edge delta, Karoo Basin, South Africa
Authors: Gomis-Cartesio Luz E. , Poyatos-Moré Miquel , Flint Stephen S. , Hodgson David M. , Brunt Rufus L. , Wickens Henry DeV.
Published: July 2016

The position and process regime of paralic systems relative to the shelf edge rollover is a major control on sediment transfer into deep water. The depositional strike and dip variability of an exhumed Permian shelf edge succession has been studied in the Paardeberg Ridge, Karoo Basin. Siltstone-rich slope turbidites are overlain by 25–75 m-thick prodelta parasequences. These are truncated by a 30 m-thick sandstone-prone unit of tabular or convex-topped sandstones, interpreted as wave-modified mouth bars, cut by multiple irregular concave-upwards erosive surfaces overlain by sandstones, interpreted as distributary channels. The stratigraphic context, lithofacies and architecture are consistent with a mixed-influence shelf edge delta; the erosional base to the unit marks a basinwards shift in facies, consistent with a sequence boundary. Channels become thicker, wider, more erosive and incise into deeper-water facies downdip and correlate with sandstone-rich upper slope turbidites, all of which support the bypass of sand across the rollover. The overall progradational stacking pattern results in a stratigraphic decrease in channel dimensions. The results of this study suggest a predictable relationship between channel geometry, facies and position on the shelf-to-slope profile under a mixed wave and fluvial process regime.
In support of extending the Ravenscar profile
Authors: Garrido Jorge , Lacruz Beatriz , Zamorano Juan , de la Puente Juan A.
Published: July 2016

This paper discusses different approaches for implementing an EEPROM memory driver which is part of the UPMSat2 satellite on-board computer software. The Ravenscar profile restrictions are to be observed in order to ensure the analysability of the system, and therefore the approaches are evaluated against the profile. Results of this evaluation as well as considerations on a possible extension of the Ravenscar profile with respect protected entries are presented.
Combined Scheduling of Time-Triggered Plans and Priority Scheduled Task Sets
Authors: Real Jorge , Sáez Sergio , Crespo Alfons
Published: July 2016

Preemptive, priority-based scheduling on the one hand, and time-triggered scheduling on the other, are the two major techniques in use for development of real-time and embedded software. Both have their advantages and drawbacks with respect to the other, and are commonly adopted in mutual exclusion.

In a previous paper, we proposed a software architecture that enables the combined and controlled execution of time-triggered plans and priority-scheduled tasks. The goal was to take advantage of the best of both approaches by providing deterministic, jitter-controlled execution of time-triggered tasks (e.g., control tasks), coexisting with a set of priority-scheduled tasks, with less demanding jitter requirements.

In this paper, we briey describe the approach, in which the time-triggered plan is executed at the highest priority level, controlled by scheduling decisions taken only at particular points in time, signalled by recurrent timing events. The rest of priority levels are used by a set of concurrent tasks scheduled by static or dynamic priorities. We also discuss several open issues such as schedulability analysis, use of the approach in multiprocessor architectures, usability in mixed-criticality systems and needed changes to make this approach Ravenscar compliant.
Time Issues in Programs Vulnerabilities for Programming Languages or Systems
Authors: Michell Stephen
Published: July 2016

ISO IEC JTC 1 SC 22 WG 23 Vulnerabilities Working Group is documenting new vulnerabilities in preparation for the release of TR 24772 edition 3. An identified area is in the accounting and management of time in normal systems and real-time systems. Various vulnerabilities related to time are documented, as well as avoidance and mitigations of the issues raised.
Engineered Models of Confined Cell Migration
Authors: Paul Colin D. , Hung Wei-Chien , Wirtz Denis , Konstantopoulos Konstantinos
Published: July 2016

Cells in the body are physically confined by neighboring cells, tissues, and the extracellular matrix. Although physical confinement modulates intracellular signaling and the underlying mechanisms of cell migration, it is difficult to study in vivo. Furthermore, traditional two-dimensional cell migration assays do not recapitulate the complex topographies found in the body. Therefore, a number of experimental in vitro models that confine and impose forces on cells in well-defined microenvironments have been engineered. We describe the design and use of microfluidic microchannel devices, grooved substrates, micropatterned lines, vertical confinement devices, patterned hydrogels, and micropipette aspiration assays for studying cell responses to confinement. Use of these devices has enabled the delineation of changes in cytoskeletal reorganization, cell–substrate adhesions, intracellular signaling, nuclear shape, and gene expression that result from physical confinement. These assays and the physiologically relevant signaling pathways that have been elucidated are beginning to have a translational and clinical impact.
Emerging Themes in Image Informatics and Molecular Analysis for Digital Pathology
Authors: Bhargava Rohit , Madabhushi Anant
Published: July 2016

Pathology is essential for research in disease and development, as well as for clinical decision making. For more than 100 years, pathology practice has involved analyzing images of stained, thin tissue sections by a trained human using an optical microscope. Technological advances are now driving major changes in this paradigm toward digital pathology (DP). The digital transformation of pathology goes beyond recording, archiving, and retrieving images, providing new computational tools to inform better decision making for precision medicine. First, we discuss some emerging innovations in both computational image analytics and imaging instrumentation in DP. Second, we discuss molecular contrast in pathology. Molecular DP has traditionally been an extension of pathology with molecularly specific dyes. Label-free, spectroscopic images are rapidly emerging as another important information source, and we describe the benefits and potential of this evolution. Third, we describe multimodal DP, which is enabled by computational algorithms and combines the best characteristics of structural and molecular pathology. Finally, we provide examples of application areas in telepathology, education, and precision medicine. We conclude by discussing challenges and emerging opportunities in this area.
Exercise physiological responses to drug treatments in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Charalampopoulos Athanasios , Gibbs J. Simon R. , Davies Rachel J. , Gin-Sing Wendy , Murphy Kevin , Sheares Karen K. , Pepke-Zaba Joanna , Jenkins David P. , Howard Luke S.
Published: July 2016

We tested the hypothesis that patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) that was deemed to be inoperable were more likely to respond to drugs for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) by using cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) testing than those with CTEPH that was deemed to be operable. We analyzed CPX testing data of all patients with CTEPH who were treated with PAH drugs and had undergone CPX testing before and after treatment at a single pulmonary hypertension center between February 2009 and March 2013. Suitability for pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) was decided by experts in PEA who were associated with a treatment center. The group with inoperable CTEPH included 16 patients, the operable group included 26 patients. There were no differences in demographics and baseline hemodynamic data between the groups. Unlike patients in the operable group, after drug treatment patients with inoperable CTEPH had a significantly higher peak V̇o2( P < 0.001), work load ( P = 0.002), and oxygen pulse ( P < 0.001). In terms of gas exchange, there was an overall net trend toward improved V̇e/V̇co2in the group with inoperable CTEPH, with an increased PaCO2( P = 0.01), suggesting reduced hyperventilation. No changes were observed in patients with operable CTEPH. In conclusion, treatment with PAH drug therapy reveals important pathophysiological differences between inoperable and operable CTEPH, with significant pulmonary vascular and cardiac responses in inoperable disease. Drug effects on exercise function observed in inoperable CTEPH cannot be translated to all forms of CTEPH.
Lipopolysaccharide exposure during the early postnatal period adversely affects the structure and function of the developing rat carotid body
Authors: Master Zankhana R. , Porzionato Andrea , Kesavan Kalpashri , Mason Ariel , Chavez-Valdez Raul , Shirahata Machiko , Gauda Estelle B.
Published: July 2016

The carotid body (CB) substantially influences breathing in premature infants by affecting the frequency of apnea and periodic breathing. In adult animals, inflammation alters the structure and chemosensitivity of the CB, yet it is not known if this pertains to neonates. We hypothesized that early postnatal inflammation leads to morphological and functional changes in the developing rat CB, which persists for 1 wk after the initial provoking insult. To test our hypothesis, we exposed rat pups at postnatal day 2 (P2) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 μg/kg) or saline (SAL) intraperitoneally. At P9-10 (1 wk after treatment), LPS-exposed animals had significantly more spontaneous intermittent hypoxic (IH) events, attenuated ventilatory responses to changes in oxygen tension (measured by whole body plethysmography), and attenuated hypoxic chemosensitivity of the carotid sinus nerve (measured in vitro), compared with SAL-exposed controls. These functional changes were associated with the following: 1) increased inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels; 2) decreased volume of supportive type II cells; and 3) elevated dopamine levels (a major inhibitory neuromodulator) within the CB. These findings suggest that early postnatal inflammation in newborn rats adversely affects the structure and function of the CB and is associated with increased frequency of intermittent desaturations, similar to the phenomenon observed in premature infants. Furthermore, this is the first newborn model of spontaneous intermittent desaturations that may be used to understand the mechanisms contributing to IH events in newborns.
Alveolar Macrophages Can Control Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in the Absence of Type I Interferons
Authors: Makris Spyridon , Bajorek Monika , Culley Fiona J. , Goritzka Michelle , Johansson Cecilia
Published: July 2016

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections. Immunity to RSV is initiated upon detection of the virus by pattern recognition receptors, such as RIG-I-like receptors. RIG-I-like receptors signal via MAVS to induce the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators, including type I interferons (IFNs), which trigger and shape antiviral responses and protect cells from infection. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are amongst the first cells to encounter invading viruses and the ones producing type I IFNs. However, it is unclear whether IFNs act to prevent AMs from serving as vehicles for viral replication. In this study, primary AMs from MAVS (Mavs-/-)- or type I IFN receptor (Ifnar1-/-)-deficient mice were exposed to RSV ex vivo. Wild-type (wt) AMs but not Mavs-/- and Ifnar1-/- AMs produced inflammatory mediators in response to RSV. Furthermore, Mavs-/- and Ifnar1-/- AMs accumulated more RSV proteins than wt AMs, but the infection was abortive. Thus, RIG-I-like receptor-MAVS and IFNAR signalling are important for the induction of proinflammatory mediators from AMs upon RSV infection, but this signalling is not central for controlling viral replication. The ability to restrict viral replication makes AMs ideal sensors of RSV infection and important initiators of immune responses in the lung.
Low Leptin Availability as a Risk Factor for Dementia in Chilean Older People
Authors: Albala Cecilia , Angel Barbara , Lera Lydia , Sanchez Hugo , Marquez Carlos , Fuentes Patricio
Published: July 2016

Objective: The aim was to study the role of leptin in the development of dementia. Methods: Follow-up of the ALEXANDROS cohorts, with baseline measurements in 2000. From 1,136 available subjects free of dementia at baseline, 667 subjects had frozen baseline blood samples for measuring leptin and soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R). The free leptin index (FLI) was calculated as the ratio of leptin to sOB-R. Dementia was defined as an MMSE score <22 and a score >5 in the Pfeffer Activities Questionnaire. Results: After 15 years of follow-up, 42 incident cases of dementia were identified. No difference in serum leptin was observed between people with and without dementia, but sOB-R was higher in demented than in nondemented subjects (sOB-R: 44.94 ± 23.97 vs. 33.73 ± 21.13 ng/ml). The adjusted risk for dementia increased, the higher the log sOB (hazard ratio = 3.58; 95% CI 1.72-7.45, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Lower availability of free leptin was found in demented than in nondemented people, suggesting a role of leptin in cognition.
Rate of Decline of Kidney Function, Modality Choice, and Survival in Elderly Patients with Advanced Kidney Disease
Authors: Chandna Shahid M. , Carpenter Lewis , Da Silva-Gane Maria , Warwicker Paul , Greenwood Roger N. , Farrington Ken
Published: July 2016

Aim: In elderly, dependent patients with advanced chronic kidney disease, dialysis may confer only a small survival advantage over conservative kidney management (CKM). We investigated the role of rate of decline of kidney function on treatment choices and survival. Methods: We identified a retrospective (1995-2010) cohort of patients aged over 75 years, with progressive kidney impairment and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 10 and 15 ml/min/1.73 m2. All subsequently chose to be treated by either dialysis or CKM. Patients were followed for a minimum of 3 years. Results: Of 250 patients identified, 92 (37%) opted for dialysis and 158 (63%) for CKM. Mean age was 80.9 ± 4.0 years. eGFR was 13.3 ± 1.4 initially and 8.7 ± 3.0 ml/min/1.73 m2 at follow-up. Both were similar in those on dialysis and CKM pathways. Rate of decline of eGFR was more rapid in those choosing dialysis (0.45 (interquartile range, IQR 0.64) vs. 0.21 (IQR 0.28) ml/min/1.73 m2/month, p < 0.001), and independently predicted choice of CKM. In patients with high comorbidity, choice of dialysis was associated with a non-significant adjusted survival advantage of 5 months. Inclusion in models of time dependent eGFR during follow-up (eGFRtd) - a reflection of the rate of decline of kidney function - showed it to be independently associated with mortality risk in those on the CKM (p < 0.001) but not on the dialysis pathway. CKM pathway patients at the 25th centile of eGFRtd had an adjusted survival of 7 months compared to 63 months for those at the 75th centile. Conclusions: Rate of decline of kidney function is a determinant of CKM choice in elderly patients and is associated with mortality risk in patients of the CKM pathway. These findings should inform counselling.
Luchino Visconti entre a câmara e o palco
Authors: Porru Mauro
Published: July 2016

Trata-se de uma leitura interdisciplinar da poliédrica produção artística de Luchino Visconti, com o objetivo de demonstrar a atualidade de suas obras. Entre os inúmeros recortes possíveis, optou-se por destacar apenas as explícitas relações  cinema/teatro e suas recíprocas  influências. Além disso, buscou-se ressaltar o importante papel desempenhado pelo diretor milanês no processo de inovação do cinema e do teatro italianos.
Spazi mentali: rileggere L´Infinito
Authors: Facchetti Sergio
Published: July 2016

O ensaio quer ser un exercício de leitura cognitiva do texto poético, i.e., das operações e representações mentais que atuamos lendo um texto poético. O foco é sobre o uso do demonstrativo italiano questo (este) na poesia L´Infinito de Giacomo Leopardi. "Questo", dêictico na linguagem comum, tem um status ambíguo entre anáfora e dêixis no texto poético. "Questo", junto com a metáfora "questo mare" nesse poema, é,  ao mesmo tempo, anáfora = referimento ao dito e identificação de um referente novo. L´infinito é lido com o auxílio da teoria dos espaços mentais de Fauconnier e Turner, segundo a qual a metáfora é o resultado da fusão (blending) entre dois espaços mentais. Em L´Infinito é representada uma mise en abyme, uma ficção na ficção, um espaço no espaço. A criação de um novo espaço mental, identificado pela metáfora questo mare, tema desse poema, é assim modelo e metáfora da criação poética e do ato da transferência no mundo imaginário do texto atuado pelo leitor.
La clessidra vuota: figure dell´intemporalità nel romanzo pirandelliano
Authors: Maldonato Mauro
Published: July 2016

O artigo reflete sobre a questão da temporalidade em Pirandello. Observando a temporalidade à luz da leitura psicológica e da reflexão fenomenologica, contesta-se a leitura da acronia como cifra temática essencial do autor para mostrar como a condição essencial da personagem prismática pirandelliana e de sua narrativa seja, na verdade, a intemporalidade.
Giovanni e Arturo: stranieri a L.A. Una lettura di Andrea De Carlo e John Fante
Authors: La Regina Silvia
Published: July 2016

Este trabalho analisa a tetralogia de Arturo Bandini, escrita pelo ítalo-americano John Fante, em paralelo com o romance Treno di panna, de Andrea De Carlo, examinando a relação dos respectivos protagonista com o fato de serem estrangeiros, numa dialética modernidade/pós-modernidade.
Língua e integração entre desenraizamento e ascendência social
Authors: Verdaguer Maria Eugenia
Published: July 2016

O presente artigo, cuja premissa é que a integração do imigrante passa através também da adaptação lingüística, propõe uma análise da integração das primeiras gerações de imigrantes italianos em São Paulo com base no enfoque lingüístico presente nas obras La Divina Increnca, de Juó Bananére, Brás, Bexiga e Barra Funda de Antônio de Alcântara Machado e Anarquistas, graças a Deus, de Zélia Gattai.
Amministrare lo studio dell'italiano: l'Ufficio Scolastico del Consolato Generale d'Italia a San Paolo
Authors: Dell'Aira Alessandro
Published: July 2016

Este artigo retoma, em parte, uma questão geral já abordada nessa revista, ou seja, o uso correto das tecnologias da informação e da comunicação em campo cultural e didático. A questão diz respeito, principalmente, aos estilos de ensino/aprendizagem, de formação e de administração. A análise detém-se sobre o estilo de gestão de uma repartição pública - "Ufficio Scolastico"- numa situação atípica, exercida num território vastissimo para usuários distribuídos em seu território de maneira não homogênea. Conclui-se que o uso ágil e sistemático da rede global e das tecnologias informatizadas e telemáticas pode ajudar os "Uffici Scolastici" italianos no exterior a administrar, em contextos complexos, os principais problemas relacionados com a distância da Itália, seja no tocante ao ensino da língua italiana, seja no tocante à formação inicial e continuada dos docentes.
L'italiano in Brasile: lingua, italianità e processi di identificazione
Authors: Chiarini Ana Maria
Published: July 2016

O objetivo do presente trabalho é evidenciar a sobreposição entre processos de aprendizagem de uma língua estrangeira e processos de identificação, centrando o foco especificamente sobre o caso da língua italiana no Brasil. Dados obtidos com base em uma pesquisa de mestrado em Antropologia e em uma pesquisa de doutorado em Lingüística Aplicada são utilizados para defender a língua/símbolo de identidade e o desejo de celebrar a participação numa comunidade real ou imaginária como dimensões importantes a serem consideradas na questão da língua italiana falada fora da Itália.
Equivalência terminológica gramatical entre o português e o italiano
Authors: Baccin Paola Giustina
Published: July 2016

Apesar de semelhantes, as estruturas gramaticais do italiano e do português são diferentes. Portanto, a equivalência terminológica apresenta uma simplicidade aparente. Há termos que correspondem perfeitamente nas duas línguas; há outros, cujos significados coincidem apenas parcialmente e há conceitos inexistentes em um dos sistemas. A semelhança no nível do significante não significa que há equivalência no nível do significado.
O texto literário no ensino das línguas estrangeiras: dos métodos tradicionais à abordagem comunicativa
Authors: Santoro Elisabetta
Published: July 2016

Muito já se escreveu sobre a relação entre língua e literatura e sobre o papel do texto literário no ensino/aprendizagem das línguas estrangeiras. Neste artigo pretendemos refletir sobre como se desenvolveram as convicções sobre a função da literatura no ensino das línguas, tomando como exemplo a Universidade de São Paulo e a criação de seu curso de Letras para ilustrar algumas característica dos métodos tradicionais. Em seguida, procuraremos analisar como se transformou o papel da literatura didática das línguas estrangeiras até chegar à abordagem comunicativa.
Scuola, emigrazione ed alfabetizzazione: il caso di Comuneglia in Alta Val di Vara
Authors: Montino Davide
Published: July 2016

O artigo reconstitui, em grandes linhas, a história da escola rural de Comuneglia, no Apenino da região Ligúria. Em particular, mostra que a emigração não somente influiu sobre o crescimento de uma necessidade difundida de aprendizagem da escritura, mas também sobre os processos de scolarização. Entre os séculos XIX e XX, com efeito, a escola foi apontada, nas comunidades com forte vocação migratória, como um elemento decisivo para fornecer os instrumentos necessários para enfrentar-se a viagem e a busca de trabalho. Desse ponto de vista, iniciativas semelhantes existiam desde final do século XVIII, especialmente nas regiões montanhosas, atingidas pela emigração sazonal fronteiriça. O caso de Comuneglia, portanto, parace inserir-se nesse contexto destacando-se, entre outros fatores, a figura de um educador inovador como o Padre Vincenzo Giannone.
Uma Experiência de Ensino da Língua Italiana escrita na Universidade de São Paulo
Authors: Casini Cecilia
Published: July 2016

A partir de um projeto de pesquisa sobre a didática doitaliano no Brasil, apresenta-se a experiência de dois anos de ensinoda língua italiana escrita, realizada nos cursos de graduação em Letrasda Universidade de São Paulo. Neste período, a autora trabalhou alíngua italiana escrita com turmas de diferentes níveis, procurandotransferir para a prática da sala de aula os princípios teóricos dadidática relacionada ao assunto.
Convite à Leitura: Considerações Sobre a Narrativa de Paolo Nori
Authors: Cavallari Doris Nátia
Published: July 2016

Este texto é um convite à leitura de um autor pouco conhecido no Brasil e trata principalmente de suas primeiras produções, que tem como protagonista Learco Ferrari, um escritor em crise com a sua produção literária.
Cesare Pavese: Dialoghi con il Cinematografo
Authors: Fabris Mariarosaria
Published: July 2016

Quest’articolo presenta un aspetto meno noto dello scrittoreCesare Pavese: le sue riflessioni sul cinema in alcuni testi teorici e narrativi.