bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The shoals of diplomacy, 1646–1647
Authors: Morrill John
Published: November 2023

As this campaign progressed Cromwell’s conviction that he was fighting God’s cause became ever clearer to him. After the taking of Bletchingdon House in Oxford shire in April 1645 he told his colleagues on the committee of both kingdoms that ‘this was the mercy of God ... God brought them to our hands when we looked not for them’ (Letters and Speeches, 1904, letter 25, 9 April 1645). After Langport he was even more emphatic: ‘thus you can see what the Lord hath wrought for us. Can any creature ascribe anything to itself ? Now can we give all the glory to God!’ But he added that when the ‘mercy’ of Langport be added to the ‘mercy’ of Naseby, then, ‘is it not to see the face of God?’ (ibid., 3.246–7, July 1645).
Wolsey as royal minister, 1514–1530
Authors: Ives Eric
Published: November 2023

The French war of 1512–14 saw Thomas Wolsey emerge from the pack of royal counsellors as someone who could offer Henry the option of ruling through a principal minister rather than at first hand through a council. It was not only because of his boundless energy and undoubted ability, but because Wolsey saw it as his function (and guarantee of his continued enjoyment of success and power) to give the king what he wanted, or could be persuaded that he did want.
Warfare and Westernization: Narratives of Conflict, Resistance, and Social Change
Authors: Keown Michelle
Published: November 2023

As many Pacific oral histories reveal, warfare—both against other Pacific Islanders and against European colonizing forces—has been a crucial element of Pacific socio-political organization across the centuries. Using war as both a metaphor and point of departure, this chapter investigates various forms of Indigenous Pacific political and discursive resistance that have been explored—and advanced—in the work of contemporary Pacific writers.
Conclusion: Pacific Diasporas
Authors: Keown Michelle
Published: November 2023

This chapter concludes our journey through the literatures of the contemporary Pacific. Resuming the chronological focus followed in Chapters 2, 3, and 4, the chapter outlines some of the most significant developments in Pacific writing since the 1990s and into the new millennium. The first section of the chapter (6.1) investigates the preoccupation with globalization and diaspora culture within contemporary Pacific literature and theory, selecting two major diasporic centres—Aotearoa/New Zealand and the United States—as case studies.
Against Nature? Some Augustan Responses to Man-made Marvels
Authors: Armstrong Rebecca
Published: November 2023

While the monstrous and the marvellous are often products of the divine, man can take his cue from his heavenly masters and, in turn, create extraordinary things. Yet to produce a marvellous object—be it an astonishingly lifelike painting, or a massive new harbour—is at once an admirable manifestation of the heights of human achievement and an exhibition of hubris. Poets, as artists and craftsmen themselves, frequently display a fascination with the creation of more tangible objects and are drawn to reflect on the ambiguities inherent in the roles and fates of their creators.
Prodigiosa mendacia uatum: Responses to the Marvellous in Ovid’s Narrative of Perseus (Metamorphoses 4–5)
Authors: Klein Florence
Published: November 2023

Perseus fell in love with Andromeda at first sight, but before saving her from an imminent death, he introduced himself to her parents, oddly enough boasting about three things: he was born from Jupiter turned into showers of gold, he killed the snake-haired monster Medusa, and he can even fly thanks to his wings.
Latrator Anubis: Alien Divinities in Augustan Rome, and how to Tame Monsters through Aetiology
Authors: Rosati Gianpiero
Published: November 2023

A well-known fragment of Xenophanes states that all who respect and honour the gods must refrain from ‘narrating the battles of Titans, Giants, and Centaurs, which are fictions of old’ (1.21–2 DK). Besides being invented stories (an accusation in line with his polemics against Homer and Hesiod), they deal with civil strife, and the gods do not like to be reminded of conflicts with rebels who do not accept their power. To recount them is to legitimize them, a sort of collusion with evil, and this is offensive towards the gods as guarantors of the cosmic order.
Ordering Wonderland: Ovid’s Pythagoras and the Augustan Vision
Authors: Beagon Mary
Published: November 2023

Pythagoras’ speech, which forms the centrepiece of the final book of Ovid’s Metamorphoses, was for long considered a worthy conclusion to a great poem. His disquisition on an ever-changing, animate cosmos formed a fitting climax to the mythical metamorphoses which caused living bodies to be subsumed into a living landscape. Modern reactions have been mixed. For some, it is a philosophical counterpoint to the mythical discourse; for others, a perceived superficiality in its content renders its interpretation more complex.
Delusions of Grandeur: Lucretian ‘Passages’ in Livy
Authors: Feldherr Andrew
Published: November 2023

Livy begins his narrative of the Second Punic War by preparing his readers for surprises. Though the memorability of the war rivals the subjects of a Herodotus or Thucydides, for Livy it will make up but a part of a much larger whole. And a central reason for the war’s memorability will be the reversals it contains, the places where those who know the whole story Livy has to tell will nevertheless find the Carthaginians so near to victory. The reason for these successes is of course Hannibal; but beyond causing the unexpected, he himself will offer his own interpretative challenges to the reader.
The Strange Art of the Sententious Declaimer
Authors: Connolly Joy
Published: November 2023

The imperfect is our paradise.Note that, in this bitterness, delight, Since the imperfect is so hot in us, Lies in flawed words and stubborn sounds.1 Wallace Stevens, ‘The poems of our climate’ ‘Over here the blind wander, leaning on sticks; here, others wave stumps of arms; the joints of this one’s feet have been twisted and his ankles wrenched out of kilter; this one’s legs have been crushed; he has smashed this one’s thighs, but left his feet and lower legs un- touched. Savaging one like a bone-breaker, he cuts off his arms; he slices the tendons of another; he racks one, castrates another; he beats the shoulder blades of yet another into a swollen hump, hoping to elicit laughter from this act of cruelty’ (Controv. 10.4.2).
Iron Curtain: From Stage to Cold War
Authors: Wright Patrick
Published: November 2023

From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. . .’ With these words Winston Churchill famously warned the world in a now legendary speech given in Fulton, Missouri, on March 5, 1946. Launched as an evocative metaphor, the ‘Iron Curtain’ quickly became a brutal reality in the Cold War between Capitalist West and Communist East. Not surprisingly, for many years, people on both sides of the division have assumed that the story of the Iron Curtain began with Churchill’s 1946 speech. In this pioneering investigation, Patrick Wright shows that this was decidedly not the case. Starting with its original use to describe an anti-fire device fitted into theatres, Iron Curtain tells the story of how the term evolved into such a powerful metaphor and the myriad ways in which it shaped the world for decades before the onset of the Cold War. Along the way, it offers fascinating perspectives on a rich array of historical characters and developments, from the lofty aspirations and disappointed fate of early twentieth century internationalists, through the topsy-turvy experiences of the first travellers to Soviet Russia, to the the atricalization of modern politics and international relations. Ultimately, as Wright reveals, the term captures a particular way of thinking about the world that long pre-dates the Cold War. In reality, the iron curtain was never just a frontier-it was a psychological state, and it did not simply disappear with the Berlin Wall.
Question Booklet
Authors: Wright Patrick
Published: November 2023

1. Each of the questions is followed by four possible answers, only One of which is correct. Choose the One response that you consider to be correct. On the answer sheet mark the box that corresponds to your selection. Mark your answer clearly with a — mark. The answer sheet has spaces for your answers to all questions. If you change your mind about an answer, rub out the first mark, then mark your new answer. Mark only one answer for each question. 2. You are reminded that there is no need to read the whole examination paper before beginning to select answers to the questions posed. 3. You must ensure that BEFORE the close of the examination, all of your answers to the questions have been correctly entered on the answer sheet. If you leave a question unanswered for any reason, it will not receive a mark. 4. You may make any notes you wish on the question papers.
Nothing to Do with Demeter? Something to Do with Sicily! Theatre and Society in the Early Fifth-Century West
Authors: Kowalzig Barbara
Published: November 2023

June 2006, the end of term. Oliver was off on a weekend jaunt south, this time to Sicily. He returned highly decorated and exceptionally pleased, accompanied by the Eschilo d’Oro –– the annual prize awarded by the Istituto Nazionale del Dramma Antico (INDA) at Syracuse during the institute’s summer festival. A lavish ceremony autothen, Syracuse’s grand theatre, and the likely location where Aiskhylos’ famous Sicilian plays were performed –– no wonder Oliver was impressed! However . . . Eschilo d’Oro? A little research into the matter reveals that the prize of this extraordinary image is given to ‘personalità che si sono distinte, in Italia e negli scenari internazionali, nel campo degli studi e della prassi teatrale e della classicità greca e latina’. A silver medal showing the theatre of Syracuse from the upper left of the terrace above the cavea (Figure 5.1), it is an award that usually goes to Italians, and Oliver was the first xenos – or shall we say proxenos? –– to receive this distinction.
Italy
Authors: Paley Morton D
Published: November 2023

Although Coleridge may have sometimes thought of going to Italy, he made no mention of it as part of his plan to go to the Mediterranean for his health. His goal was Malta, which was under British occupation. He arrived at the port of Vallerta on May 18 and, provided with letters of introduction, presented himself to Sir William Ball, the governor. Ball appointed Coleridge his secretary, a more important post than might seem, as it made him the second most important civilian executive on the island. Coleridge proved to be an excellent civil servant, and he and Ball became good friends.
Horace on Teesside
Authors: Almond Maureen
Published: November 2023

The poems I present here are from my collection, The Works (Almond 2004) which is the story of one community in working-class Teesside set against the backdrop of the end of the Second World War. Of the fifty-two poems in the collection, seventeen are recontextualizations of the Epodes of Horace. I was introduced to the work of Horace in 2003, while reading my Ovidian poems from Oyster Baby (Almond 2002) at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. It was an opportune time because I was looking for a theme for my next collection. Over the years, I had written several poems which were largely autobiographical, but I had resisted pursuing these on the basis that I should perhaps be moving away from the autobiographical and on to poems which I could regard as more creative.
Reconnecting with the Classics
Authors: Crawford Robert
Published: November 2023

The winter solstice, Maes Howe, Orkney. The sun is poised low in the sky, between the hills of the neighbouring island of Hoy. Every year on this day that winter solstice sends a beam of light along the low, narrow entrance passage of the great, beehive-shaped neolithic tumulus that is the Howe, so that the light shines through the Howe’s inner darkness against the back wall, lighting up the chamber and its smaller side-chambers, once the repositories of bones. People still treasure this. You can watch it over the internet, or you can go there in person to the heart of neolithic Orkney, now a World Heritage Site.
Catullus in the Playground
Authors: Jackson Anna
Published: November 2023

In his manifesto Personism, Frank O’Hara celebrated his own work with the announcement: ‘the poem is at last between two persons instead of two pages.’ In fact, he says, he was about to write another poem when he realized he could just pick up the telephone instead. Perhaps it is lucky telephones hadn’t been invented when Catullus was writing his poems, which also seem to belong between two persons instead of two pages.
Michael Longley Appropriates Latin Poetry
Authors: Arkins Brian
Published: November 2023

Michael Longley1 is not only one of Ireland’s leading contemporary poets, but, in the words of John Burnside, ‘one of the finest lyric poets of our century’ (the twentieth). A significant part of the achievement of Longley, who studied Classics at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution and at Trinity College, Dublin, is his appropriation of material from the Graeco-Roman world. Eliot said ‘mature poets steal’; Longley concurs in regard to Homer’s image of a poppy: ‘an image Virgil steals … and so do I’ (CP 255). The two Classical areas specially prominent in Longley are Homer and Latin poetry. Crucial here is the fact that poems from an apparently remote past contrive both to register a distancing effect in relation to the present, and simultaneously to offer commentary on that present. Hence Longley’s iconic sonnet ‘Ceasefire’ (CP 225), which was first published in The Irish Times just days after the first IRA ceasefire in 1994, owes its undoubted power to its spectacular use of what linguistic critics call underlexicalization, the refusal to name names: we all know that the poem is about Northern Ireland, but it is nowhere mentioned.
Electra in Sylvia Plath’s Poetry: A Case of Identification
Authors: Bakogianni Anastasia
Published: November 2023

In a volume entitled Living Classics: Greece and Rome in Contemporary Poetry in English, the inclusion of a chapter on Sylvia Plath will appear at first glance anomalous, but Sylvia Plath, poet and twentieth-century icon, ‘haunts our culture’. Her fame as a poet is mainly posthumous. Since her death in 1963 she has become an idol. From a classical perspective, what is particularly distinctive in her use of the figure of Electra in her poetry is that it seems intensely personal. Plath did not adopt any particular ancient tragic version of the story; instead, she responded to Electra as a mythic archetypal figure, and she used elements from the different earlier versions to construct a very personal response to the myth.
‘Purple Shining Lilies’: Imagining the Aeneid in Contemporary Poetry
Authors: Fowler Rowena
Published: November 2023

Fleur Adcock’s ‘Purple Shining Lilies’ spring from her memory of reading the Aeneid, as she re-encounters both the Latin text itself and the earlier self who read it. Recalling her unappetizing school textbook the poet retraces the process through which her imagination once coloured in the pages: The events of the Aeneid were not enacted on a porridge-coloured plain; although my greyish pencilled-over Oxford text is monochrome, tends to deny the flaming pyre, that fearful tawny light, the daily colour-productions in the sky (dawn variously rosy); Charon’s boat mussel-shell blue on the reedy mud of Styx; the wolf-twins in a green cave; huge Triton rising from the flood to trumpet on his sky-coloured conch; and everywhere the gleam of gold and blood.
‘We’ll all be Penelopes then’: Art and Domesticity in American Women’s Poetry, 1958–1996
Authors: Hurst Isobel
Published: November 2023

Mythical characters or plots offer writers a distinctive perspective on the language and ideas of their own day, enabling them to explore contemporary life with some critical distance. Poets may produce a literal translation of an ancient text, create a poem which refers to a classical text but is also a new and influential work, rework familiar stories (often in a different genre), or challenge the interpretation and value attached to a particular classical text, suggesting questions which have not previously been asked or have been forgotten. These strategies have proved particularly useful to women poets who sought to challenge narrow stereotypes of womanhood by using literary models of strong, active, creative women to prove that women’s inferiority is determined by society, not nature. Sandra M. Gilbert argues that ‘a mythological way of structuring female experience ... has been useful to many women writers since the nineteenth century’ (Gilbert (1979) 248). Victorian women writers explored controversial issues through the women of Greek tragedy, particularly Medea and Antigone; suffering, outspoken, violent, and troubling female characters such as Clytemnestra, Medea, and Electra make Greek tragedy a perennially rich resource for those who undertake ‘the aggressive act of truth-telling from a woman’s experiences’ (Blau DuPlessis (1979) 284).
Theoretical Microfluidics
Authors: Bruus Henrik
Published: November 2023

Microfluidics is a young and rapidly expanding scientific discipline, which deals with fluids and solutions in miniaturized systems, the so-called lab-on-a-chip systems. It has applications in chemical engineering, pharmaceutics, biotechnology and medicine. As the lab-on-a-chip systems grow in complexity, a proper theoretical understanding becomes increasingly important. The basic idea of the book is to provide a self-contained formulation of the theoretical framework of microfluidics, and at the same time give physical motivation and examples from lab-on-a-chip technology. After three chapters introducing microfluidics, the governing equations for mass, momentum and energy, and some basic flow solutions, the following 14 chapters treat hydraulic resistance/compliance, diffusion/dispersion, time-dependent flow, capillarity, electro- and magneto-hydrodynamics, thermal transport, two-phase flow, complex flow patterns and acousto-fluidics, as well as the new fields of opto- and nano-fluidics. Throughout the book simple models with analytical solutions are presented to provide the student with a thorough physical understanding of order of magnitudes and various selected microfluidic phenomena and devices. The book grew out of a set of well-tested lecture notes. It is with its many pedagogical exercises designed as a textbook for an advanced undergraduate or first-year graduate course. It is also well suited for self-study.
‘Speake, that I may see thee’: The Styles of Sir Thomas Browne
Authors: Seelig Sharon Cadman
Published: November 2023

‘Language most shewes a man: speake, that I may see thee’.1 So wrote Ben Jonson, in words that come to mind when we think of Sir Thomas Browne. Yet the picture that emerges from Browne’s writing is not that of a single individual, but a veritable chorus, so diverse are the styles of the early Religio Medici, with its dramatic, often paradoxical boldness; the careful inquiry of Pseudodoxia Epidemica, which examines and refutes popular and scholarly errors; the somber Hydriotaphia, or Urne-Buriall, which ranges from the careful (if misguided) examination of a group of funerary urns found in a field in Norfolk to considerations of the transitory nature of all life; and the Garden of Cyrus, which finds patterns in all of nature.
Religio Medici’s Profession of Faith
Authors: Conti Brooke
Published: November 2023

This passage is typical of everything we think we know about Browne: his playfulness, his intellectual curiosity, and his delight in paradoxes. Through- out Religio Medici Browne emphasizes how much he loves to ponder the imponderable and how unconcerned he is that the mysteries of Christianity so often appear contrary to reason. He indulges in metaphorical and meta- physical flights of fancy, confesses to past doctrinal errors with seeming ease, and assures his readers that, whatever mistakes he may stumble into, they are redeemed by both his good intentions and his unshakeable devotion to the Church of England.
‘An Incomium of Consumptions’: A Letter to a Friend as Medical Narrative
Authors: Preston Claire
Published: November 2023

When Robert Love day, of Chediston in Suffolk, died of a phthisis at age 35 in May 1656, he was at the upper end of the disease’s most dangerous age range. Hippocrates and the Galenists agreed that between 17 and 35, when we are most full of ‘hot and bilious blood’,1 we are most susceptible to the phthisical or consumptive fever which slowly burns up or ‘consumes’ the substance of the body.
Thinking with Thomas Browne: Sebald and the Nachleben of the Antiquarian
Authors: Miller Peter N
Published: November 2023

Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc liked chameleons. He received a male and female from Tunis on 18 October 1633. His letters of October and November are full of accounts of the chameleons in action. But the really interesting ones come after their deaths (the male on 31 October, the female on 10 November). For in two momentous letters to the great erudites Claude Saumaise in Leiden (14 November) and Gabriel Naude´ in Rome (1 December), he described what the insides of the chameleon looked like after it had been cut open.
Linguistic Diversity in the Archive of the Engineers Kleon and Theodoros
Authors: Clarysse Willy
Published: November 2023

The archive of the architectonKleon and his successor Theodoros was discovered in 1899 by Flinders Petrie in mummy cartonnages in the cemetery of Gurob at the entrance to the Fayum. It was published by Mahafy in P. Petr. I (1891) and P. Petr. II (1893) and partly republished by Smyly in P. Petr. III (1905).1 Though the three Petrie volumes are rather unsatisfactory and extremely cumbersome to use, they have remained the standard edition until the present day. Within the Leuven project of re-edition of the Petrie Papyri, Bart Van Beek has now finished a re-edition of the archive. All originals have repeatedly been checked in Dublin, London, and Oxford. The final publication will appear in 2010 in Collectanea Hellenistica, a series sponsored by the Union Acade´mique Internationale.3 When it comes out, P. Petr. III 42 and 43, with their many subdivisions, will disappear, but the new edition will also incorporate texts that were thus far not considered part of the archive of Kleon, and a lot of unpublished fragments. The number of texts has nearly doubled to 120, but many of these are mere fragments and not useful for the present study, which will mainly deal with syntactical features visible only in fully preserved sentences (see the Appendix below for the new numbers which texts discussed here will have in Van Beek’s forthcoming edition).
Language Contact and Personal Names in Early Ptolemaic Egypt*
Authors: Muhs Brian
Published: November 2023

One of the most common results of language contact is the appearance of personal names originating in one language within speeches or texts predominantly of another language. In cases where the grammar or phonology of the two languages is significantly different, the personal names may be transformed or translated to fit the grammar or phonology of the recipient language, or they may simply be transliterated. The choice of translation or transliteration of the personal names may depend on a variety of sociolinguistic factors, such as the competence of individual bilinguals in the originating and the recipient languages, and the degree to which either translated or transliterated forms of personal names have been integrated into the recipient language. This essay will examine the translation and transliteration of Egyptian personal names into Greek following the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 bc, and particularly in the early Ptolemaic period, between 332 bc and around 200 bc. A version of this chapter was presented at the ‘Buried Linguistic Treasure ‘ conference.
Bilingualism in Roman Egypt? Exploring the Archive of Phatres of Narmuthis*
Authors: Rutherford I C
Published: November 2023

By the Roman period Greek had gradually replaced Demotic as the language of administration in Egypt.1 Demotic still throve as the language of Egyptian religion and cultural tradition— ‘script death ‘2 did not come until the fourth century—but it was probably practised exclusively by a small number of priests in temples, and all of them were probably literate in Greek as well.3 For most of the population, as Bagnall puts it, ‘there was no way to have an Egyptian sentence recorded except to translate it into Greek ‘.4 The Demotic language for its part had proved quite resistant to influence from Greek: loan words show up in only a small number of contexts,5 and A version of this chapter was also presented at the multilingualism colloquium at Oxford in September 2006. I thank all those who commented on either version, especially Roger Bagnall, John Lee, and Sebastian Richter.
Latin Influence and Greek Request Formulae*
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

The writers of Greek papyrus letters make use of a number of standardized polite request formulae. Two of these expressions, I ask ‘ and ‘I beg ‘, show features characteristic of Latinisms and are probably translations of the Latin polite request formulae rogo and oro. The request formula is common in letters of certain periods, with more than a hundred examples attested before the fourth century ad. It functions with another verb to provide a more polite alternative to the use of that other verb in the imperative; for example: By the Roman period Greek had gradually replaced Demotic as the language of administration in Egypt.
Callimacus’ Book of Iambi
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd
Published: November 2023

This book offers a detailed discussion of Callimachus' collection of Iambi. The chapters on individual poems set out the evidence for the text; address questions of linguistic and antiquarian detail; attempt an interpretation of each poem as a whole; consider the arrangement of the poems, and the composition of the book. The author argues that the collection consisted of thirteen pieces; that the arrangement of the collection goes back to the poet himself, and that the Iambi are one of the earliest surviving poetry books. An attempt is made to relate this new form of poetic composition to the influence of scholarly interests and techniques on Hellenistic poetry in general, and on Callimachus in particular. The study includes a list of the papyri of the Iambi, and a list of new readings, supplements, conjectures, and other differences from Pfeiffer's text.
Iambus I
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd
Published: November 2023

Ideas of poetic immortality are omnipresent in Greek literature.1 Past and present can converse through the channels of tradition. Song is ,without death, and capable of immortalizing those sung as well as the singer. ‘T’he lyric poets inherit this notion1’-hut their poems speak more freely about the role of the poets themselves.; Sappho is confident that, through the gift of the Muses, she herself will not be forgotten.
Iambus IV
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd
Published: November 2023

‘This summary is borne out by the remains of the poem itself. For the first time, the poet fights openly, and he attacks not only one opponent, but two. ‘T’he text is almost completely pre served: here, if anywhere, we should be able to enjoy a Callimachean Iambus in all its intricacy and richness. Briskly and succinctly, it sets the scene, and determines the tone. ‘T’he speaker is part of an unspecified group ( µ,Ei<). His addressee is a certain Gµ,o< (Dieg. VII 3). The name has Iambic potential.1 It ,vill have been mentioned in the opening lines. Direct address is a common feature of Iambic verse.2 Beneath.
Iambus V
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd
Published: November 2023

Iambus V is the first epode in this Book of Iambi. In topic and tone, however, it is closer to the preceding choliambic ‘dia tribes’ than to the follcnving epodes: it continues the indirect attack of Iambus IV. Even the metre (chol + dim) looks back to the scazons of I-IV, and sets V against VI and VII (both trim + ith). Iambus V seems designed to articulate a transition from one part of the collection to another. An epode among Iambi is not surprising. Both Archilochus and Hipponax used epodic forms,’ and both provide examples of trim + dim.
Iambi VIII-XI
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd
Published: November 2023

The next four poems are all but lost. They are here taken together in one chapter, not as a distinct group within the collection, but for practical reasons. This is the beginning of a narrative. For the first time, the opening line does not establish the dramatic context: situation, addressee, and speaker remain hidden.
Conclusion
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd
Published: November 2023

In this last chapter, I shall consider Callimachus’ Book of Iambi as a whole. I shall do so under three headings: compass, composition, and character. First, compass. How many Iambi were there? In the preceding chapters, I have worked on the assumption of a book with thirteen poems. This assumption has been of little consequence for the interpretation of individual pieces. It is crucial, however, for understanding their positions in the whole, and it has already impinged on the interpretation of 1ambus XI 11.
Archaic Coinage As Evidence For The Use Of Money
Authors: Kim Henry S
Published: November 2023

our understanding and appreciation of money in the ancient Greek world has undergone a remark able transformation in recent years. The prime force behind this rethink of money has come from a number of studies which have explored the phenom enon of exchange, especially in its non-market-driven forms of social exchange. Scholars such as Seaford, von Rcdcn, and Kurkc have all contributed to rcframing money by looking at the roles money took in the development of social commcnsurability, in non-economic exchange, and in how attitudes towards money use were formcd. One of the most positive results to come from all of this is that the study of money has been liberated from concentra tion on its primary role as a key cog in the gears of the market economy. Money no longer need;, to be trcatt:d as an object, and focus has now ;,hiftcd tcnvards examining its roles in legal and religious contexts, and how its presence may be a cause or consequence of social change. As a whole our con ceptual understanding of money in the Greek world has rapidly evolved, benefiting greatly from a refreshing infusion of nc\v approaches provided by anthropologists and social historians.
Money, Freedom, And Empire In The Hellenistic World
Authors: Meadows Andrew
Published: November 2023

Martin tackled head-on the relationship between king and subjects, coinage and sovereignty, in the classical Greek world. Taking as his focus the coinage of Thessaly before, during, and after the Macedonian conquest in the fourth century BC, he found no evi dence for the subjection of the region to the Macedonian kings having had any effect on the ability of the Thessalians to produce coin. In a summary review of the other coinages of Greece at the same rime he perceived a similar pattern. His conclusion was unequivocal: ‘It is my contention that the numismatic, historical, documentary, and literary evidence uniformly fails to support the idea that there was operative in rhe classical Greek world a strongly tt’lt connection between an abstract notion of sovereignty and rhe right of coinage which implied the necessity to enforce a uniform monetary circulation.’2 Such a conclusion, if correct, is of fundamental importance for two reasons: first, for our appre ciation of rhe abstract concept or concepts of sovereigntyi and the place of coin issue in the rhetoric of imperialism in the Greek world; and, second, for the practical numismatic purpose of dating many coinages of ancient Greek states. Among numismatists, as well as historians working in all periods of Greek history, it has been common to invoke what Martin has dubbed the lex Seyrig, a “law’ which dictates that no state issued coin in its own name if it was ruled by another.
The Coinage Of Rhodes 408-C.190 Bc
Authors: Ashto R H J
Published: November 2023

synoccizcd in 408/7, the new coinage ofrhc unified state bore little resemblance to the disparate coinages which the three old cities had produced in silver and ckctrum from the late sixth century until, probably, the third quarter of the fifth.z The rose, the punning reverse design, had already appeared on fractions from Kamiros (B,\1C r4) and lalysos (BMC 9), bur not as a dominant type.i The heads of Helios and of the nymph Rhodos, the obverse types of almost all the late classical and Hellenistic coinage of Rhodes, do not occur on the coinages of the three old cities, and illustrate the adoption of Helios as the patron deity of the newly unified state.Moreover, whereas Jalysos had used an apparently individual weight standard, Kamiros the Aeginetan, and Lindos the Milcsian, the new state adopted the ‘C.hian’ weight standard, based on a tetradrachm of about r5.3 g. and so called because it is first attested in slightly heavier (c.r5.6 g.) form on Chios in the sixth cenrury.Since the rapid spread of this standard throughout western Asia Minor during the fourth century may have been due in part to Rhodian influence, it is often termed Rhodian, but to avoid ambiguity it will here be called Chian. As we shall see, a reduced standard based on a didrachm of c.6.Sg. was introduced in the late 340s: I shall call this the Rhodian standard.
Temples, Credit, And The Circulation Of Money
Authors: Davies John K
Published: November 2023

In which the adoption of coined money by most Greek microstatcs by or soon after 500 sr. affected the economic activity and attitudes of col lectives. Building on Henry Kim’s chapter, it focuses on mainland and Aegean Greece, leaving the material from Magna Graccia aside for separate treatment. It concentrates on the behaviour of those bodics dcmcs, phratrics, gene, as well as whole poleis-which used or were responsible for communal resources, whether beneficially owned by the collective or owned by a deity, temple, or sanctuary, whose assets the collective managed for the purposes of divine service. The topic has become a prime focus of study in recent years, and has stimulated much useful recent >Nork,2 which has shown the value and com plexity of exploring the interface between (a) cult, ritual, and theology, (b) economic (especially agrar ian) history, and (c) administrative practices and their underlying value structures.
Law, Society, and Authority in Late Antiquity
Authors: Mathisen Ralph W
Published: November 2023

The sixteen papers in this volume investigate the links between law and society during Late Antiquity (260-640 CE). On the one hand, they consider how social changes such as the barbarian settlement and the rise of the Christian church resulted in the creation of new sources of legal authority, such as local and 'vulgar' law, barbarian law codes, and canon law. On the other, they investigate the interrelationship between legal innovations and social change, for the very process of creating new law and new authority either resulted from or caused changes in the society in which it occurred. The studies in this volume discuss interactions between legal theory and practice, the Greek east and the Roman west, secular and ecclesiastical, Roman and barbarian, male and female, and Christian and non-Christian (including pagans, Jews, and Zoroastrians).
Resolving Disputes: The Frontiers of Law in Late Antiquity
Authors: Harries Jill D
Published: November 2023

Frontiers, whether physical or in the mind, are crucibles of change. In law, and especially in the laws governing the handling and settlement of disputes, one such frontier is the boundary between written law and the ‘law’ that operates beyond it, by means of custom and local usage. Much of what might be defined as legal activity in the area of dispute settlement is in fact not catered for by what is written, and still less by what is codified, but is defined by traditional forms of behaviour and strategies rooted in contemporary social practice. During Late Antiquity, getting a dispute resolved in one’s favour-or indeed at all-entailed the exploitation of forms of power that fell outside the remit of lawyers to discuss or even acknowledge. Yet these alternative kinds of power also impacted on the operation of law itself, both because custom can change law, and because the written law may be used as merely one of many options to achieve a desired result.
Evidence for the Audientia episcopalis in the New Letters of Augustine
Authors: Lenski Noel E
Published: November 2023

Much ink has been spilled over the audientia episcopalis, that is, the legal authority granted to bishops to act as iudices (‘judges’) in civil cases.1 Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered. The new letters of Augustine, published in 1981, provide a remarkable resource for shedding light on some of them,2 and can help to flesh out our picture of the ecclesiastical courts in practice.
The Development of Syriac Christian Canon Law in the Sasanian Empire
Authors: Erhart Victoria
Published: November 2023

Canon law in the ‘Church of the East’, that is, the Christian church located within the Sasanian (or ‘Persian’) Empire, developed in an atmosphere influenced by customs and ecclesiastical practices in the Byzantine Empire as well as by laws and customs in force in the Zoroastrian society of the Sasanian Empire. By far, the most important primary source is the Synodicon Orientale, a collection of canons of the synods of the Church of the East for the period 410-775.1 Without it, we would know virtually nothing about the religious and social life of the eastern Christians at this time. The Synodicon was compiled in the early ninth century under the direction of Catholicos Timothy I (780-823). It exhibits signs of some limited editorial revision, most of which concerns the anachronistic use of ecclesiastical titles and does not detract from the collection’s historical value. In the following discussion, the legislation of the Church of the East, and in particular that concerning celibacy and marriage, will be examined, as will be its tendency to expand into areas not usually considered matters of religious concern, specifically property and inheritance laws.
Jewish-Christian Marital Frontiers 1n Late Antiquity
Authors: Sivan Hagith S
Published: November 2023

In 388 CE the emperor Theodosius I (379-95) issued a general ban on marriage between Christians and Jews addressed to Cynegius,the Praetorian Prefect of the East (whose domain included Palestine). This brief constitution was destined to play a critical role in Jewish-Christian community relations throughout the Middle Ages and the early Modern era.1 It also represents the culmination of a debate on intermarriage that had taken place among rabbis on the one hand and in Christian episcopal circles on the other. And while both Jewish rabbinic and Christian ecclesiastical authorities banned marriage outside the faith, neither had the power to invalidate such unions. They could, of course, exercise considerable informal pressure on the couple and on their families.
The Farmer, the Landlord, and the Law in the Fifth Century
Authors: Sirks Boudewijn
Published: November 2023

Sometime about the beginning of the fifth century CE a landowner-let us call him Possessor-in North Africa, in present day Tunisia, wrote an elegant and literary letter to another landowner, Salvius, who lived in the town of Mactaris.1 After an introduction, Possessor reminded Salvius of the time they had spent together as law students and barristers in Rome, and then said: I do not know at all why you want to scare poor farmers, and I cannot understand why you want to press upon my farmers the fear of a production in court. As if I could not comfort them, release them from fear, tell them there is less to fear than you claim. I concede I was often frightened by the weapons of your eloquence in the days when we fought each other in the courts, but often I returned the blows.
Representations
Authors: Rawson Beryl
Published: November 2023

Sacred to the departed spirit of Q^ Sulpicius Maximus, son of Quintus and of the Claudian tribe, a native of Rome. He lived for eleven years, five months and twelve days. He performed at the third celebration of the Competition, amongst 52 Greek poets, and the favour which he attracted through his young age was turned to admiration by his talent: he acquitted himself with honour. His extemporaneous verses are inscribed above, to show that his parents have not been carried away by their affection. Q Sulpicius Eugramus and Licinia lanuaria, his desolate parents, have set this up for their devoted son and for themselves and their successors.
Greek Literature and the Roman Empire
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: November 2023

Greek Literature and the Roman Empire uses up-to-date literary and cultural theory to make a major and original contribution to the appreciation of Greek literature written under the Roman Empire during the second century CE (the so-called 'Second Sophistic'). This literature should not be dismissed as unoriginal and mediocre. Rather, its central preoccupations, especially mimesis and paideia, provide significant insights into the definition of Greek identity during the period. Focusing upon a series of key texts by important authors (including Dio Chrysostom, Plutarch, Philostratus, Lucian, Favorinus, and the novelists), Whitmarsh argues that narratives telling of educated Greeks' philosophical advice to empowered Romans (including emperors) offer a crucial point of entry into the complex and often ambivalent relationships between Roman conquerors and Greek subjects. Their authors' rich and complex engagement with the literary past articulates an ingenious and sophisticated response to their present socio-political circumstances.
A Buddhist Reformation in the Twentieth Century: Causes and Implications of the Conflict between the Sokka Gakkai and the Nichiren Shoshu Priesthood
Authors: Hurst Jane
Published: November 2023

THE essential Buddhist practice taught by Nichiren Daishonin (1222–82) is chanting the Hoben and Juryo chapters of the Lotus Sutra and its title (Nam-myoho renge-kyo) to the Supreme Object of Worship, the Gohonzon, a sacred scroll inscribed with prayers and sections of the sutra.
The Movement and the Japanese Media
Authors: Watanabe Takesato
Published: November 2023

MEDIA accountability—that is, the media’s recognition of its social raison ď ê tre and responsibility—may be defined by and differentiated into the following nine functions: (1) to provide accurate information; (2) to offer opinions and editorialize; (3) to serve as a forum for the exchange of views among citizens; (4) to educate; (5) to spearhead a broad array of campaigns on a society-wide basis; (6) to entertain; (7) to provide a medium for advertisement; (8) to promote social welfare; and (9) to report on natural and man-made disasters.
Buddhist Humanism and Catholic Culture in Brazil
Authors: Clarke Peter
Published: November 2023

SOKA GAKKAI INTERNATIONAL, BRAZIL (BSGI) has an estimated membership of 150,000, over 80 percent of whom are of non-Japanese origin. From a global perspective, this is the largest Soka Gakkai following, not only in Latin America but anywhere outside Japan. Greater success might have been expected in the more secular and pluralist contexts of Western Europe and North America than in Brazil, which, despite the “explosion” of Protestantism there since the 1960s, remains a predominantly Catholic country.
Buddhism in Action: Case Studies from Italy
Authors: Macioti Maria Immacolata
Published: November 2023

AT the end of 1998 the Italian Soka Gakkai (ISG) was assuredly the most significant presence of the Soka Gakkai International (SGI) in Europe. About 20,000 members out of a total of about 38,000 in Europe attended meetings and took part in the activities of the Istituto Italiano Soka Gakkai. This prompts many questions: given that Italy is traditionally a Catholic country, it might have been expected that here, more than any where, it would have been difficult for a Buddhist school—whose very name sounds alien to Italian culture—to penetrate.
Early Historie and Literacy
Authors: Fowler Robert L
Published: November 2023

THE question whether local or great history came first is ultimately unanswerable for want of evidence. Had we, above, all, the texts themselves, and more information about dates of composition, we could more confidently assess the position of Herodotus in the history of historiography. In the absence of such data, one ought to develop methods of investigation that do not presuppose the priority of one or the other form of history. In an earlier study which attempted to develop such methods, I stressed the sheer number of writers whose work Herodotus might have known, and stressed also that, whatever written texts might have existed, there was a strong sense of local history in the Greek cities long before Herodotus was born, as evidenced by poetry; I would add that many aetiological myths attached to cults and sanctuaries went back a long way and counted as history for the people. There was also a sense of panhellenic history long before Herodotus was born.
The Beginning of Chronography: Hellanicus’ Hiereiai
Authors: Moller Astrid
Published: November 2023

WHEN theGreeks began to write historiography, they structured the past in a variety of ways, according to the layout and purpose of their work. In Herodotus time does not exist independently of the narrative. He did not arrange the received traditions so as to create a continuous narrative by a separately worked out chrono logy, but made extensive use of flashbacks and digressions to keep together the different focuses of his interests. Thucydides, by con trast, arranged his whole narrative according to the summers and winters of particular years. Here time serves as an autonomous structure. Besides the work of these two great historians, there ex isted a different kind of historiography which attempted to string events along the chain of calendar years, identified by eponymous officials or priests, hence KaT’ EvtavT6v. Here, time dominated the structure of the historical narrative. Unfortunately, works of this kind of historiography have only come down to us in fragments, making it difficult to determine their original shape. It is often impossible to say whether a particular work was written on an an nalistic pattern, i.e. on a year-by-year structure,2 or was simply a kind of historical narrative using some chronographical dates.
The Boastful Chef
Authors: Wilkins John
Published: November 2023

It is well known that ancient Greek comedy is interested in food and wine. Many plays conclude with a feast: further, they were produced at festivals of Dionysos where eating and drinking took place. This book explains the importance of food to comedy: it was a medium through which comedy could represent the material, social, agricultural, political and religious worlds to the Greek city-state. Comedy was a powerful cultural commentator partly because the foods that it represented were resonant markers of the culture. There could be no comedy without food. Related genres and artefacts are also considered. The text also contains translations of hundreds of comic fragments; and it reassesses the division of comedy into Sicilian and Attic Old, Middle, and New.
The Latest Mannerists
Authors: Mannack Thomas
Published: November 2023

The Painter of Athens 1183 belongs among the Latest manner ists who were active around the turn of the fifth century.
Summary
Authors: Mannack Thomas
Published: November 2023

The red-figure Mannerists decorated chiefly cohunn-kraters, hydriai, and pelikai. Beazley discerned three phases of the work shop: Earlier, Later, and Latest. He named seven members of the Earlier Marmerists, the Pig, Leningrad, Agrigento, Perseus, and Oinanthe Painters, and the Painters of Louvre G 23, and London 95.