bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Silicon Application on Corms and Cormels Growth in Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus Hort.) cv. ‘White Prosperity’
Authors: Kaur Jasmeen , Thakur Tanya , Nazir Gazala
Published: July 2024

The objective of present study was to assess the impact of different doses and method of silicon application on growth of underground corms and cormels in gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus Hort.) cv. White Prosperity. The experiment was conductedat Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India during 2021-22. The   experiment   was   designed   in split plot randomized   block   design   with   three replications.  It encompassed five basal doses of silicon (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kgha-1 as SiO2) along with four foliar sprays at 3rd and 6th leaf stage (water spray, 1%, 2% and 3% as SiO2).  The results showed that corm and cormel production was enhanced with linear increase in silicon dose as basal as well as foliar application with maximum at 100 kgha-1(1.40 and 28.74) and 3% (1.42 and 29.42).  However, combined application recorded significantly maximum number of corms and cormels per plant (1.80 and 37.12) with 75 kgha-1+ 3% and 100 kgha-1+ 3%. Combined application of silicon @75 kgha-1as basal and 2% as foliar produced maximum corm weight (38.46 g), whereas cormels weight per plant (28.47 g) was observed maximum with 100 kgha-1basal application along with 3% foliar spray. Basal application of silicon dioxide gave more values for corm traits as compared to foliar application. Hence, it was concluded that silicon application at 100 kgha-1as basal along with 3% foliar spray at 3rd and 6th leaf stage could be recommended to improve underground corm and cormel production in gladiolus.
Sugarcane Growers’ Knowledge Level about Integrated Weed Management Practices in Meerut, UP, India
Authors: Singh Ashish , Singh Akanksha , Pal Ankit , K.R Ananda
Published: July 2024

The study examines the knowledge of Integrated Weed Management (IWM) among sugarcane growers, identifying both positive aspects and areas for improvement. Through survey responses, it was observed that a significant number of respondents were able to identify weeds and common varieties. However, there were noticeable knowledge gaps in specific IWM practices such as intercropping and understanding the critical period for weed control. Furthermore, the study reveals a correlation between certain factors and higher levels of IWM knowledge. Factors like education level, land holding, and access to resources were found to be positively associated with a greater understanding of IWM practices. These findings underscore the importance of targeted extension programs aimed at educating sugarcane growers about best practices for weed control within the framework of Integrated Weed Management. By addressing these knowledge gaps and leveraging key factors that contribute to higher knowledge levels, such programs can significantly enhance weed management strategies in sugarcane production.
Youth Appreciation of The Existence of Historical Buildings (Vredeburg Fort)
Authors: Bashri Muhammad Hasan Al , Herliana Emmelia Tricia
Published: July 2024

Yogyakarta is a city that has a diverse history and cultural heritage both physically and non-physically. Physically in the form of buildings - historical heritage buildings such as the Vredeburg Fort building which is one of the relics of VOC colonialism in the city of Yogyakarta since 1765. Now its existence has changed its function to become a historical heritage fort and its presence as a historical heritage building now greatly affects the sense of concern in the current era, especially the younger generation of the current era. As a result, the awareness of knowing and appreciating historical buildings is low due to the advancement of civilisation. The purpose of this research is to explore the perceptions of young people that lead to appreciation of Fort Vredeburg in the current era. The research method applied by conducting observations, data collection and questionnaire interviews. The result of this research is to reveal the form of appreciation from young people's perception towards Fort Vredeburg today.
Housing Attribute Preferences in Bandung City
Authors: Nurfadlilawati Ilma , Kusuma Hanson E
Published: July 2024

Each generation encounters distinct social, economic, cultural, and techno­logical contexts specific to their era. Moreover, their lifestyles vary, resulting in disparate housing preferences. This study analyzes five housing attribute preferences of Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z: Economic attribute, location and accessibility attribute, physical attribute, environment attribute, and social attribute. The research uses a stated preference approach. The study uses a mixed method and a stated preference approach while collecting data by online questionnaire. Three analytical techniques are employed in this research: correspondence analysis to identify differences in dwelling type preferences among generations, PCA and FA to identify the underlying housing attribute influencing housing preferences, and ANOVA to analyze housing attribute dimensions with significant differences among generations. The analysis result reveals that each generation tends to prefer Landed Housing. The housing attribute dimensions that are the main priority among generations are Utilities, Infrastructure, and Environmental Quality. Meanwhile, significant differences in housing preferences between Generation X, Generation Y, and Generation Z are found in the space comfort and social interaction dimensions.
Vergewaltigung – Die Bemessung von Schmerzensgeld und Geldentschädigung im Zivilprozess — Kriterien im Wandel der Rechtsprechung
Authors: Jaeger Lothar
Published: July 2024

Die Bemessung des Schmerzensgeldes im Zivilprozess ist seit Jahrzehnten unbefriedigend. Das liegt sowohl an den Anwälten der Geschädigten, die zur Höhe des Schmerzensgeldes unzureichend vortragen, als auch an den Richtern, die sich nicht ausreichend bemühen, das Schadensbild, insbesondere zu den Dauerschäden festzustellen und nach tatsächlich vergleichbaren Entscheidungen die Höhe des Schmerzensgeldes eingehend zu begründen. Diese allgemeine Kritik trifft in besonderem Maße auf Entscheidungen zum Schmerzensgeld nach einer Vergewaltigung zu, ein Geschehen, das in den letzten Jahren dadurch eine zusätzliche Dimension erfahren hat, dass nicht nur junge Männer einerseits und Partner in einer Beziehung andererseits als Täter in Betracht kommen, sondern auch Kleriker beider Kirchen, denen tausendfacher Missbrauch an Kindern und Vergewaltigungen an Messdienerinnen, Konfirmandinnen und kirchlichen Mitarbeitern vorgeworfen wird. Zum Missbrauch durch Kleriker gibt es derzeit nur eine Entscheidung des LG Köln, so dass die Entwicklung der Rechtsprechung in diesen Fällen abzuwarten bleibt. Zum Schmerzensgeld nach Vergewaltigungen von Frauen wird dagegen seit Jahrzehnten judiziert, jedoch in einer Weise, die im Folgenden näher beleuchtet werden soll.
Entomology
Authors: Benbow M. Eric , Merritt Richard W. , Pechal Jennifer L.
Published: December 2013

Forensic entomology is the use of arthropod evidence in legal investigations. Most often, forensic entomologists assist homicide investigations by estimating the time of death using information on the biology and ecology of arthropods. Insects play an important role in the natural decomposition process of carrion and, therefore, are inherently attracted to a decomposing body. Because of this, a decaying body is colonized by a predictable succession of arthropod species, and their developmental rates can be used to make estimates of the postmortem interval, or the time between death and corpse discovery. The succession of necrophagous invertebrates that occupy and use the decomposing resource can be used to make relatively long‐term (e.g., weeks or months) assessments of the postmortem interval. For shorter‐term estimates (e.g., days to weeks), information about life cycle and development of insect species is most often used in forensic entomological applications during a medicolegal investigation. Blow flies are generally the most important group of insects in this process, because they complete their life cycle on a decomposing corpse. By examining insect life stages and using temperature and other climate data for the time period preceding corpse discovery, a forensic entomologist back‐calculates to the time when a body was initially colonized by insects. Because colonization usually occurs shortly after death, this may be a close approximation of the time of death. Environmental factors that may delay insect colonization, such as cold temperatures, darkness, rain, and burial, will affect the estimate of an entomology‐based minimum postmortem interval. Insects also can be useful in providing toxicological and pathological information in an investigation.
Forensic Speaker Recognition
Authors: Meuwly Didier
Published: December 2013

The aim of forensic speaker recognition is to establish links between individuals and criminal activities, through audio speech recordings. This field is multidisciplinary, combining predominantly phonetics, linguistics, speech signal processing, and forensic statistics. On these bases, expert‐based and automatic approaches have been developed to analyze the speaker's utterances on recordings, usually originating from anonymous calls, wiretapping procedures, and covert audio surveillance. Most of the forensic laboratories still opt for either of these two approaches, even though, in many respects, they appear to be complementary. The main requirements for these methods are independence to the text, ability to handle minimal length recordings, and a superior robustness regarding noise, transmission channels, and other variations of the recording conditions. Forensic speaker recognition can be considered a forerunner in the implementation of a logical inference framework to estimate the value of the evidence from the analytical results. The limits of forensic speaker recognition are the absence of a fixed and known number of
highly
discriminatory features in speech, the limited quality of the audio recordings captured in forensic conditions, and the application of recognition approaches in the absence of any known underlying model that accurately represents the speaker‐dependent information.
Bioinspired Scaffolds with Varying Pore Architectures and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Porter Michael M. , Imperio Russ , Wen Matthew , Meyers Marc A. , McKittrick Joanna
Published: December 2013

Scaffolds with potential biological applications having a variety of microstructural and mechanical properties can be fabricated by freezing colloidal solutions into porous solids. In this work, the structural and mechanical properties of TiO2 freeze cast with different soluble additives, including polyethylene glycol, NaOH or HCl, and isopropanol alcohol, are characterized to determine the effects of slurry viscosity, pH, and alcohol concentration on the freezing process. TiO2 powders mixed with water and these different additives are directionally frozen in a mold, then sublimated and sintered to create the porous scaffolds. The different scaffolds are characterized to compare the compressive strength, modulus, porosity, and pore morphology. For all scaffolds, the overall porosity remains constant (80–85%). By changing the concentration of each additive, the lamellar thickness, pore area, and aspect ratio vary significantly, showing inverse relationships to both the compressive strength and modulus. The strength is predicted from the pore aspect ratio of the scaffolds when subjected to compressive loading with the primary failure mode identified as Euler buckling. TiO2 scaffolds freeze cast with different soluble additives are suitable for biomedical applications, such as bone replacements, requiring high porosity and specific pore morphologies.
Respiratory effects of bioaerosols: Exposure–response study among salmon‐processing workers
Authors: Shiryaeva Olga , Aasmoe Lisbeth , Straume Bjørn , Olsen Ann‐Helen , Øvrum Arild , Kramvik Eva , Larsen Merethe , Renstrøm Anne , Merritt Anne‐Sophie , Heldal Kari Kulvik , Bang Berit Elisabeth
Published: December 2013

Objectives

The aim of the study was to determine exposure–response relationships in salmon‐processing workers.

Methods

Cross‐shift FEV1, acute respiratory symptoms, and exposure to total protein, parvalbumin and endotoxin were main variables measured during one workweek. Exposure–response relationships were analyzed by Generalized Estimation Equations of cross‐week data and by multiple regressions of day‐to‐day data.

Results

Exposure levels were higher in those workers who reported use of water hose. GEE showed negative coefficients for interaction between TP exposure and time (days) on cross‐week change of FEV1. Multiple regressions showed significant associations between TP levels and cross‐shift change of FEV1 and symptoms (cough, chest tightness) only for Monday shifts.

Conclusions

A tolerance effect during the course of a workweek is suggested. Use of water hose is a risk process with regard to the liberation of measured components of bioaerosols. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:276–285, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metal‐Free Reductive Cleavage of CN and SN Bonds by Photoactivated Electron Transfer from a Neutral Organic Donor
Authors: O'Sullivan Steven , Doni Eswararao , Tuttle Tell , Murphy John A.
Published: December 2013

A photoactivated neutral organic super electron donor cleaves challenging arenesulfonamides derived from dialkylamines at room temperature. It also cleaves a) ArCNR and b) ArNC bonds. This study also highlights the assistance given to these cleavage reactions by the groups attached to N in (a) and to C in (b), by lowering LUMO energies and by stabilizing the products of fragmentation.
Copper‐Catalyzed Reduction of Alkyl Triflates and Iodides: An Efficient Method for the Deoxygenation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols
Authors: Dang Hester , Cox Nick , Lalic Gojko
Published: December 2013

We describe an effective method for catalytic reduction of 1° alkyl sulfonates, and 1° and 2° iodides in the presence of a wide range of functional groups. This Cu‐catalyzed reaction provides a means for the effective deoxygenation of alcohols, as demonstrated by the highly selective reduction of 1° alcohols using a triflation/reduction sequence. A preliminary study of the reaction mechanism suggests that the reduction does not involve free‐radical intermediates.
Resonances in the Entrance Channel of the Elementary Chemical Reaction of Fluorine and Methane
Authors: Westermann Till , Kim Jongjin B. , Weichman Marissa L. , Hock Christian , Yacovitch Tara I. , Palma Juliana , Neumark Daniel M. , Manthe Uwe
Published: December 2013

Extending the fully quantum‐state‐resolved description of elementary chemical reactions beyond three or four atom systems is a crucial issue in fundamental chemical research. Reactions of methane with F, Cl, H or O are key examples that have been studied prominently. In particular, reactive resonances and nonintuitive mode‐selective chemistry have been reported in experimental studies for the F+CH4→HF+CH3 reaction. By investigating this reaction using transition‐state spectroscopy, this joint theoretical and experimental study provides a clear picture of resonances in the F+CH4 system. This picture is deduced from high‐resolution slow electron velocity‐map imaging (SEVI) spectra and accurate full‐dimensional (12D) quantum dynamics simulations in the picosecond regime.
Sequenzkontrolle in der Polymerchemie mithilfe der Passerini‐ Dreikomponentenreaktion
Authors: Solleder Susanne C. , Meier Michael A. R.
Published: December 2013

In dieser Arbeit wird eine neue Strategie vorgestellt, die Sequenzkontrolle in der Polymerchemie ermöglicht. Der Ansatz basiert auf einer abwechselnden Verwendung der vielseitigen Passerini‐Dreikomponentenreaktion (P‐3CR) und der effizienten Thiol‐En‐Addition. Zunächst wurde Stearinsäure als Ausgangsmaterial gewählt, um ein Tetramer mit einem Molekulargewicht von 1.6 kDa und genau definierter Monomerabfolge zu synthetisieren. Die Aufreinigung nach den einzelnen Reaktionsschritten kann stark vereinfacht werden, indem ein funktionales Polymer mit einer Säure‐Endgruppe als Ausgangssubstanz gewählt wird. Die Produkte konnten durch einfaches Ausfällen erhalten werden, sodass in einer effizienten Synthese ein sequenzkontrolliertes Pentamer hergestellt werden konnte. In diesem neuen Ansatz kann auf den Einsatz von Schutzgruppen verzichtet werden, und darüber hinaus können unterschiedliche Seitenketten mühelos und an definierten Stellen in das Polymerrückgrat eingebaut werden.
Unexpected Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetism in Nanostructured Bi2Te3
Authors: Xiao Guanjun , Zhu Chunye , Ma Yanming , Liu Bingbing , Zou Guangtian , Zou Bo
Published: December 2013

There is an urgent need for the development in the field of the magnetism of topological insulators, owing to the necessity for the realization of the quantum anomalous Hall effect. Herein, we discuss experimentally fabricated nanostructured hierarchical architectures of the topological insulator Bi2Te3 without the introduction of any exotic magnetic dopants, in which intriguing room‐temperature ferromagnetism was identified. First‐principles calculations demonstrated that the intrinsic point defect with respect to the antisite Te site is responsible for the creation of a magnetic moment. Such a mechanism, which is different from that of a vacancy defect, provides new insights into the origins of magnetism. Our findings may pave the way for developing future Bi2Te3‐based dissipationless spintronics and fault‐tolerant quantum computation.
Salt‐Induced Fabrication of Superhydrophilic and Underwater Superoleophobic PAA‐g‐PVDF Membranes for Effective Separation of Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions
Authors: Zhang Wenbin , Zhu Yuzhang , Liu Xia , Wang Dong , Li Jingye , Jiang Lei , Jin Jian
Published: December 2013

Conventional polymer membranes suffer from low flux and serious fouling when used for treating emulsified oil/water mixtures. Reported herein is the fabrication of a novel superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic poly(acrylic acid)‐grafted PVDF filtration membrane using a salt‐induced phase‐inversion approach. A hierarchical micro/nanoscale structure is constructed on the membrane surface and endows it with a superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic property. The membrane separates both surfactant‐free and surfactant‐stabilized oil‐in‐water emulsions under either a small applied pressure (<0.3 bar) or gravity, with high separation efficiency and high flux, which is one to two orders of magnitude higher than those of commercial filtration membranes having a similar permeation property. The membrane exhibits an excellent antifouling property and is easily recycled for long‐term use. The outstanding performance of the membrane and the efficient, energy and cost‐effective preparation process highlight its potential for practical applications.
Carbon Dioxide Capture and Use: Organic Synthesis Using Carbon Dioxide from Exhaust Gas
Authors: Kim Seung Hyo , Kim Kwang Hee , Hong Soon Hyeok
Published: December 2013

A carbon capture and use (CCU) strategy was applied to organic synthesis. Carbon dioxide (CO2) captured directly from exhaust gas was used for organic transformations as efficiently as hyper‐pure CO2 gas from a commercial source, even for highly air‐ and moisture‐sensitive reactions. The CO2 capturing aqueous ethanolamine solution could be recycled continuously without any diminished reaction efficiency.
Measuring Corporate Environmental Performance – Stakeholder Engagement Evaluation
Authors: Bhattacharyya Asit , Cummings Lorne
Published: December 2013

As environmental protection has become a critical factor in achieving sustainable development, organizational stakeholders are becoming increasingly interested in corporate environmental performance (CEP). Many organizations evaluate their CEP but few academic studies have sought to evaluate it. This study undertakes CEP evaluation using an environmental performance measurement (EPM) model consisting of four managerial performance indicators (MPIs: organizational system, stakeholder relations, operational countermeasures and environmental tracking) and two operational performance indicators (OPIs: inputs and outputs). Principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) are used to test model reliability and construct validity. The relationship between MPIs and OPIs has also been analysed using correlation coefficients among the six indicators. Results indicate that there were multiple dimensions to measure under an organizational system as opposed to ideally a single factor. No single model can be effectively used due to different geographical locations and differences between companies from various industry sectors. EPM is more dependent on its organizational system and stakeholder relations than operational countermeasures and environmental tracking. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Distinctive Features of Environmental Innovators: An Econometric Analysis
Authors: del Río Pablo , Peñasco Cristina , Romero‐Jordán Desiderio
Published: December 2013

This paper analyzes the main determinants influencing environmental innovators (i.e. firms developing or adopting environmental innovations) in Spain with respect to non‐environmental innovators. Similarly to other contributions in the literature, our results show that Spanish environmental innovators respond to regulatory stimulus in the form of demand‐pull and technology‐push instruments. They have a high internal technological capability and combine internal and external information sources, mostly in cooperation with knowledge institutions. Environmental innovators are more concentrated in mature, traditionally highly polluting sectors, but new firms are not more environmentally innovative than incumbents. Most importantly, in contrast to other environmental innovation studies, mostly carried out in a German context, we have not found evidence of a market pull from either the domestic or international markets. Furthermore, cost savings are not found to be a distinctive driver for environmental innovators. These differential results are possibly related to the special features of Spain regarding its national innovation system and the degree of stringency of environmental regulation and environmental consciousness of its consumers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Highly Modular C1‐Symmetric Chiral (P,N) Ligands with a Stereolabile P Center: Experimental and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Humbert Nicolas , Larionov Evgeny , Mantilli Luca , Nareddy Pradeep , Besnard Céline , Guénée Laure , Mazet Clément
Published: December 2013

An improved synthesis of a novel class of bidentate (P,N) ligands is presented, the structures of which are characterized by three distinct elements of chirality. The stereoselective installation of the elements of central chirality (at the benzylic carbon and the phosphorus atom) depends on the size of the phosphorus substituent. Thermal inversion of the phosphorus center has been studied experimentally and further correlated by DFT calculations. The potential of these ligands and the role of the phosphorus atom in the asymmetric α‐arylation of aldehydes (Pd) and hydrogenation of allylic alcohols (Ir) have also been investigated.
Catalytic and Asymmetric Fluorolactonisations of Carboxylic Acids through Anion Phase Transfer
Authors: Parmar Dixit , Maji Modhu Sudan , Rueping Magnus
Published: December 2013

Catalytic fluorolactonisations of aromatic carboxylic acids have been developed. The reactions proceed under mild conditions using the commercially available reagent Selectfluor. A weak phase transfer of the reagent mediated by Na2CO3 allows the reaction to be conducted in non‐polar solvents. Furthermore, by the use of a catalytic amount of (DHQ)2PHAL (hydroquinine 1,4‐phthalazinediyl diether), the first asymmetric fluorolactonisation has been achieved. The corresponding isobenzofuran core can be found in many biologically active molecules.
Visible‐Light‐Responsive Reversible Photoacid Based on a Metastable Carbanion
Authors: Johns Valentine K. , Peng Ping , DeJesus Joseph , Wang Zhuozhi , Liao Yi
Published: December 2013

A new photoacid that reversibly changes from a weak to a strong acid under visible light was designed and synthesized. Irradiation generated a metastable state with high CH acidity due to high stability of a trifluoromethyl‐phenyl‐tricyano‐furan (CF3PhTCF) carbanion. This long‐lived metastable state allows a large proton concentration to be reversibly produced with moderate light intensity. Reversible pH change of about one unit was demonstrated by using a 0.1 mM solution of the photoacid in 95 % ethanol. The quantum yield was calculated to be as high as 0.24. Kinetics of the reverse process can be fitted well to a second‐order‐rate equation with k=9.78×102 M−1 s−1. Response to visible light, high quantum yield, good reversibility, large photoinduced proton concentration under moderate light intensity, and good compatibility with organic media make this photoacid a promising material for macroscopic control of proton‐transfer processes in organic systems.
Mikrowellen in der Organischen Synthese
Authors: Dallinger Doris
Published: December 2013

Das kontrollierte Mikrowellen‐Heizen, besonders die Variante in geschlossenen Reaktionsgefäßen, bietet viele Vorzüge gegenüber traditionell beheizten Synthesen. Schnellere Reaktionszeiten, höhere Ausbeuten und bessere Reproduzierbarkeit zählen wohl zu den Wichtigsten. Außerdem kann die Mikrowellensynthese leicht an eine parallele oder automatisierte sequenzielle Arbeitsweise angepasst werden. Aufgrund der einfachen Handhabung der Mikrowellentechnologie und der Tatsache, dass man für eine bestimmte chemische Umwandlung binnen 5–10 Minuten ein aussagekräftiges Ergebnis (“Ja” oder “Nein”) erhalten kann, wird diese neuartige Heizmethode bereits an vielen Universitäten und in der Industrie vor allem zur schnellen Reaktionsoptimierung und zur effizienten Synthese neuer Verbindungen genutzt.
Digitalfotografie in der Chemie
Authors: Diemann Ekkehard
Published: December 2013

Der Einsatz von kompakten Digitalkameras am Mikroskop und von Flachbettscannern zur Abbildung von Objekten aus der Chemie wird beschrieben. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf allgemein verfügbaren und kostengünstigen Lösungen, die zu brauchbaren Resultaten führen.
Distinctive population of Gfap‐expressing neural progenitors arising around the dentate notch migrate and form the granule cell layer in the developing hippocampus
Authors: Seki Tatsunori , Sato Toru , Toda Keiko , Osumi Noriko , Imura Tetsuya , Shioda Seiji
Published: December 2013

In the adult hippocampus, granule cells continue to be generated from astrocyte‐like progenitors expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) that differ from embryonic neocortical progenitors. However, during the embryonic period, dentate granule neurons and neocortical pyramidal neurons are derived from the ventricular zone (VZ) of the pallium. Our question is when do GFAP+ progenitors of granule neurons appear in the developing hippocampus during the embryonic period, and how do they form the granule cell layer. The present analysis using Gfap‐GFP transgenic mice shows that the GFP+ distinct cell population first appears in the VZ of the medial pallium at the dorsal edge of the fimbria on embryonic day 13.5. During the perinatal period, they form a migratory stream from the VZ to the developing dentate gyrus, and establish the germinal zones in the migratory stream, and the marginal and hilar regions in the developing dentate gyrus. GFP+ cells in these regions were positive for Sox2 and Ki67, but negative for BLBP. GFP+ cells with Neurogenin2 expression were largely distributed in the VZ, whereas GFP+ cells with Tbr2 and NeuroD expressions were seen in the migratory stream and developing dentate gyrus. Prox1‐expressing GFP+ cells were restricted to the developing dentate gyrus. These results suggest that distinctive Gfap‐expressing progenitors arising around the dentate notch form germinal regions in the migratory stream and the developing dentate gyrus where they differentiate into granule neurons, indicating that distinct astrocyte‐like neural progenitors continue to generate granule neurons, from the beginning of dentate development and throughout life. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:261–283, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interionic Interactions in Conducting Nanoconfinement
Authors: Rochester Christopher C. , Lee Alpha A. , Pruessner Gunnar , Kornyshev Alexei A.
Published: December 2013

Interionic interactions in conducting nanopores determine how counterions may be packed in the pores subject to the applied voltage. In ideal metals, interactions are exponentially screened by metallic electrons. However, modern nanoporous electrodes are predominantly made of carbon materials. To what extent is this screening affected by a different mode of dielectric response in such materials? To answer this question we study Coulomb interaction of charges in cylindrical and slit pores that allow finite electric field penetration into the pore walls, as well as the Coulomb interaction in a nanogap between two thin walls of graphene modeled by a non‐local dielectric function. In all cases studied the screening was found to be subtly different than in metallic nanopores, but still strong enough to support realization of the so called superionic state in such pores.
Structurally Stabilized Organosilane‐Templated Thermostable Mesoporous Titania
Authors: Amoli Vipin , Tiwari Rashmi , Dutta Arghya , Bhaumik Asim , Sinha Anil Kumar
Published: December 2013

Structurally thermostable mesoporous anatase TiO2 (m‐TiO2) nanoparticles, uniquely decorated with atomically dispersed SiO2, is reported for the first time. The inorganic Si portion of the novel organosilane template, used as a mesopores‐directing agent, is found to be incorporated in the pore walls of the titania aggregates, mainly as isolated sites. This is evident by transmission electron microscopy and high‐angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, combined with electron dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. This type of unique structure provides exceptional stability to this new material against thermal collapse of the mesoporous structure, which is reflected in its high surface area (the highest known for anatase titania), even after high‐temperature (550 °C) calcination. Control of crystallite size, pore diameter, and surface area is achieved by varying the molar ratios of the titanium precursor and the template during synthesis. These mesoporous materials retain their porosity and high surface area after template removal and further NaOH/HCl treatment to remove silica. We investigate their performance for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with bilayer TiO2 electrodes, which are prepared by applying a coating of m‐TiO2 onto a commercial titania (P25) film. The high surface area of the upper mesoporous layer in the P25–m‐TiO2 DSSC significantly increases the dye loading ability of the photoanode. The photocurrent and fill factor for the DSSC with the bilayer TiO2 electrode are greatly improved. The large increase in photocurrent current (ca. 56 %) in the P25–m‐TiO2 DSSC is believed to play a significant role in achieving a remarkable increase in the photovoltaic efficiency (60 %) of the device, compared to DSSCs with a monolayer of P25 as the electrode.
Collective Phenomena in Strongly Coupled Dissipative Systems of Charged Dust: from Ground to Microgravity Experiments
Authors: Petrov O. F. , Fortov V. E.
Published: December 2013

In present work the formation of dusty plasma structures in cryogenic glow dc discharge was investigated. The ordered structures from large number (∼104) of charged diamagnetic dust particles in a cusp magnetic trap have been also studied in microgravity conditions. The super high charging (up to 5·107e) of dust macroparticles under direct stimulation by an electron beam is experimentally performed and investigated. The results of the investigation of Brownian motion for strongly coupled dust particles in plasma are presented. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Laser Driven Electron‐Positron Pair Creation–Kinetic Theory Versus Analytical Approximations
Authors: Smolyansky S. A. , Bonitz M. , Prozorkevich A. V.
Published: December 2013

The dynamical Schwinger effect of vacuum pair creation driven by an intense external laser pulse is studied on the basis of quantum kinetic theory. The numerical solutions of these kinetic equations exhibit a complex time dependence which makes an analysis of the physical processes difficult. In particular, the question of secondary effects, such as creation of secondary annihilation photons from the focus spot of the colliding laser beams, remains an important open problem. In the present work we, therefore, develop a perturbation theory which is able to capture the dominant time dependence of the produced electron‐positron pair density. The theory shows excellent agreement with the exact kinetic results during the laser pulse, but fails to reproduce the residual pair density remaining in the system after termination of the pulse. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
IF: isolating fault nodes with mobile scanner
Authors: Xiao Xiangrong , Hu Dewen , Guo Deke , Liu Kebin
Published: December 2013

Fault diagnosis plays an important role on stable applications maintaining in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Most existing researchers are concerned about the statics nodes‐based diagnosis techniques, which are incompetent to cope with those dynamically occurring faults. In this paper, we propose a novel mechanism isolating fault (IF) nodes that employs the mobile node as a scanner to diagnose the faults in WSNs. The mobile scanner can detect the fault nodes within its communication region by using sniffer. It can also control the transmitting route of nodes by modifying their links. Starting from the base station, the mobile scanner periodically selects and visits all monitoring stations and consequently explores all static nodes in the monitoring area. After detecting a fault node, the mobile scanner will prevent it from connecting to the other normal nodes. We aim at finding the least number of monitoring stations and discovering an optimal route. We first formulate the two research issues to hitting set problem and travel salesperson problem. We then solve these two nondeterministic polynomial time hard problems by proposing an approximate algorithm, weighted, and hierarchical IF, which only uses local information. The mobile scanner makes a decision by weighing both the significance and the priority of nodes level by level. The proposed mechanism IF maintains the stabile service of WSNs in a transparent manner. The simulation results show that our algorithm can effectively isolate fault nodes, alleviate the damages of network corrupting, and hence increase the resilience of WSNs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perinatal maternal stress and serotonin signaling: Effects on pain sensitivity in offspring
Authors: Knaepen Liesbeth , Pawluski Jodi L. , Patijn Jacob , van Kleef Maarten , Tibboel Dick , Joosten Elbert A.
Published: December 2013

It has been estimated that 20% of pregnant women are facing perinatal stress and depression. Perinatal maternal stress has been shown to increase pain sensitivity in offspring. For the treatment of their depressive symptoms, pregnant women are frequently prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Since the descending pain inhibitory circuit matures perinatally, perinatal SSRI exposure has been shown to affect pain sensitivity in offspring. In the present review, we summarize experimental and clinical evidence for the effect of perinatal maternal stress and SSRI exposure on pain sensitivity in offspring. Both experimental and clinical studies show the effect of perinatal maternal stress on regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) system and the serotonin pain inhibitory system. Alterations in these two systems likely underlie long‐term alterations in the development of pain sensitivity. This review sheds light on the effect of perinatal maternal stress and treatment with SSRIs on offspring pain sensitivity, in relation to the developing HPA system and 5‐HT signaling. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 885–896, 2014.
Rainfall partitioning, tree form and measurement scale: a comparison of two co‐occurring, morphologically distinct tree species in a semi‐arid environment
Authors: Swaffer Brooke A , Holland Kate L , Doody Tanya M , Hutson John
Published: December 2013

The partitioning of precipitation into interception, stemflow and throughfall is an important hydrological process in forested systems, influenced heavily by climate and plant form. This study examined whether the rainfall partitioning pathways reflect the often cited influence of tree morphology, using two species in a semi‐arid karst environment. Eucalyptus diversifolia ssp. diversifolia has a multi‐stemmed habit, smooth bark and true leaves. In comparison, Allocasuarina verticillata has a single trunk, rough bark and long, thin, vertical phyllodes. We hypothesized that multiple stems and a smooth bark would be more effective at generating stemflow compared with single stems with a rough bark surface. To test this, rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were collected over two years, and stemflow funnelling ratios were calculated. The degree of similarity in overall rainfall partitioning for the two species was remarkable; although some divergence was found each month, the partitioning regressions converged. For E. diversifolia, gross rainfall partitioned into interception, throughfall and stemflow averaged 30.9%, 66.4% and 2.7%, respectively. For A. verticillata, rainfall partitioning of gross precipitation into interception, throughfall and stemflow averaged 31.4%, 65.9% and 2.7%, respectively. Maximum stemflow funnelling ratio for E. diversifolia was 74 and for A. verticillata was 147, indicating that water from stemflow is likely to play an important ecohydrological role in this environment. We further compared these findings to 31 global studies and discussed the importance of scale (individual tree vs plot) and canopy cover when reporting or interpreting rainfall partitioning results. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase‐Controlled Deposition of Copper Sulfide Thin Films by Using Single‐Molecular Precursors
Authors: Ashraf Saba , Saeed Aamer , Malik Mohammad Azad , Flörke Ulrich , Bolte Michael , Haider Naghmah , Akhtar Javeed
Published: December 2013

Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of new ligands, N,N‐diethyl‐N′‐(1‐naphthoyl)thiourea (1a) and N,N‐dipropyl‐N′‐(1‐naphthoyl)thiourea (1b), and their complexes with copper, bis[N,N‐diethyl‐N′‐(1‐naphthoyl)thioureato]CuII (2a) and bis[N,N‐dipropyl‐N′‐(1‐naphthoyl)thioureato]CuII (2b). All four compounds (i.e., 1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b) were characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. The structures of compounds 1a, 1b, and 2b were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis of 2a and 2b showed that both compounds decompose between 190 and 370 °C. Compounds 2a and 2b were then used as single‐molecular precursors for the deposition of copper sulfide thin films through aerosol‐assisted chemical vapor deposition. The phase and purity of the as‐deposited thin films were confirmed by powdered X‐ray diffraction, which showed that the as‐grown films were composed of the orthorhombic (Cu7S4) phase only. Morphological studies of the as‐deposited films were performed by using field‐emission scanning electron microscopy. The elemental composition of the thin films was determined by energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy.
Zebrafish as a model system to study toxicology
Authors: Dai Yu-Jie , Jia Yong-Fang , Chen Na , Bian Wan-Ping , Li Qin-Kai , Ma Yan-Bo , Chen Yan-Ling , Pei De-Sheng
Published: December 2013

Monitoring and assessing the effects of contaminants in the aquatic eco-environment is critical in protecting human health and the environment. The zebrafish has been widely used as a prominent model organism in different fields because of its small size, low cost, diverse adaptability, short breeding cycle, high fecundity, and transparent embryos. Recent studies have demonstrated that zebrafish sensitivity can aid in monitoring environmental contaminants, especially with the application of transgenic technology in this area. The present review provides a brief overview of recent studies on wild-type and transgenic zebrafish as a model system to monitor toxic heavy metals, endocrine disruptors, and organic pollutants for toxicology. The authors address the new direction of developing high-throughput detection of genetically modified transparent zebrafish to open a new window for monitoring environmental pollutants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:11–17. © 2013 SETAC
Modeling the contribution of toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic processes to the recovery of Gammarus pulex populations after exposure to pesticides
Authors: Galic Nika , Ashauer Roman , Baveco Hans , Nyman Anna-Maija , Barsi Alpar , Thorbek Pernille , Bruns Eric , Van den Brink Paul J.
Published: December 2013

Because aquatic macroinvertebrates may be exposed regularly to pesticides in edge-of-the-field water bodies, an accurate assessment of potential adverse effects and subsequent population recovery is essential. Standard effect risk assessment tools are not able to fully address the complexities arising from multiple exposure patterns, nor can they properly address the population recovery process. In the present study, we developed an individual-based model of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex to evaluate the consequences of exposure to 4 compounds with different modes of action on individual survival and population recovery. Effects on survival were calculated using concentration–effect relationships and the threshold damage model (TDM), which accounts for detailed processes of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. Delayed effects as calculated by the TDM had a significant impact on individual survival and population recovery. We also evaluated the standard assessment of effects after short-term exposures using the 96-h concentration–effect model and the TDM, which was conservative for very short-term exposure. An integration of a TKTD submodel with a population model can be used to explore the ecological relevance of ecotoxicity endpoints in different exposure environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1476–1488. © 2014 SETAC
Chemiluminescent examination of abiotic oxidative stress of watercress
Authors: Beals Christopher , Byl Thomas
Published: December 2013

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) is an aquatic plant that readily bioaccumulates heavy metals that may be found in contaminated aquatic systems. Toxic effects of contaminants on the physiological processes cause changes in oxidase enzymatic activity in watercress, which can be measured with a luminometer. The luminometer uses the reaction produced when peroxidases break down hydrogen peroxide into water and an oxygen radical. The resulting oxyradical binds to and oxidizes phenolic groups, producing a measureable luminescent reaction. Nasturtium officinale plants were exposed to 3 different concentrations of heavy metals, including lead, nickel, copper, and manganese for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. Aquatic exposure to the 4 heavy metals caused a significant increase in oxidative enzyme production. Fluorometric and morphometric measurements were also conducted to compare plant stress with the oxidative enzyme analyses. Fluorometric measurements performed on plants stressed by exposure to heavy metals revealed no significant decreases in photosystem II efficiency. Morphometric measurements of root length showed decreased root growth resulting from exposures to Ni, Cu, and Mn. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:798–803. © 2013 SETAC
Regional models for sediment toxicity assessment
Authors: Field L. Jay , Norton Susan B.
Published: December 2013

The present study describes approaches to improve the performance of empirical models developed from a large nationwide data set to predict sediment toxicity from chemistry for regional applications. The authors developed 4 multiple chemical (PMax) models selected from individual chemical models developed using 1) a previously published approach applied to the nationwide data set; 2) a broader array of response and explanatory variables (e.g., different normalization approaches and toxicity classifications) applied to the nationwide data set; 3) a data set from the New York/New Jersey, USA, region; and 4) both nationwide and regional data sets. The models were calibrated using the regional data set. Performance was tested using an independent data set from the same region. The performance of the final PMax model developed using the calibration process substantially improved over that of the uncalibrated PMax model developed using the nationwide data set. The improvements were achieved by selecting the best performing individual chemical models and eliminating those that performed poorly when applied together. Although the best performing PMax model included both nationwide and region-specific models, the performance of the PMax model derived using only nationwide models was nearly as good. These results suggest that calibrating nationwide models to a regional data set may be both a more efficient and effective approach for improving model performance than developing region-specific models. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:708–717. © 2013 SETAC. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
High Molecular Weight Polybenzimidazole Membranes for High Temperature PEMFC
Authors: Yang J. S. , Cleemann L. N. , Steenberg T. , Terkelsen C. , Li Q. F. , Jensen J. O. , Hjuler H. A. , Bjerrum N. J. , He R. H.
Published: December 2013

High temperature operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells under ambient pressure has been achieved by using phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes. To optimize the membrane and fuel cells, high performance polymers were synthesized of molecular weights from 30 to 94 kDa with good solubility in organic solvents. Membranes fabricated from the polymers were systematically characterized in terms of oxidative stability, acid doping and swelling, conductivity, mechanical strength and fuel cell performance and durability. With increased molecular weights the polymer membranes showed enhanced chemical stability towards radical attacks under the Fenton test, reduced volume swelling upon the acid doping and improved mechanical strength at acid doping levels of as high as about 11 mol H3PO4 per molar repeat polymer unit. The PBI‐78kDa/10.8PA membrane, for example, exhibited tensile strength of 30.3 MPa at room temperature or 7.3 MPa at 130 °C and a proton conductivity of 0.14 S cm–1 at 160 °C. Fuel cell tests with H2 and air at 160 °C showed high open circuit voltage, power density and a low degradation rate of 1.5 μV h–1 at a constant load of 300 mA cm–2.