bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Production Strategy on Gross Waste Output and Temporal Pattern of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus Aurata) Farming: Implications for Environmental Management
Authors: Aguado-Giménez Felipe , Ballester-Moltó Mateo , García-García Benjamín
Published: March 2022

This study compares the farm management model used in the Mediterranean gilthead seabream (GHSB; Sparus aurata) industry (S1)—stepped entry of juveniles throughout the year with several production cycles and fish ages overlapping in a single farm—with that used in the salmon industry (S2)—the whole is farm filled with fish that are the same age at once with a fallowing period between rearing cycles—in terms of waste production by coupling digestibility coefficients with growth, feeding, and eating behavior models into a mass balance model. We considered the total C, N, and P content in the different waste fractions (particulate and dissolved wastes). The model, which simulated real farming conditions, showed relevant quantitative and qualitative differences between both strategies, with stocked biomass and water temperature as the main drivers, the amount of feed wasted by chewing as the most relevant fraction differentiating both strategies, and the fallowing period as the main distinguishing management feature. We discuss the influence of both farming strategies on some key performance and environmental aspects, such as benthic recovery, the breakdown of the life cycle of pathogens, and adaptability to climate change. Our results suggest that changing the GHSB industry’s production model is necessary for its sustainability.
Combining Isotope and Hydrogeochemistry Methods to Study the Seawater Intrusion: A Case Study in Longkou City, Shandong Province, China
Authors: Wang Yuxue , Tong Juxiu , Hu Bill X. , Dai Heng
Published: March 2022

In order to study hydrogeochemical effect in the process of seawater intrusion (SI), and provide scientific basis for comprehensive management of water resources and water ecological restoration, the Longkou city of Shandong province in China was taken as an example in this study. Based on the observed data, traditional hydrogeochemistry methods of hydrochemistry analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and reverse geochemical simulation was firstly comprehensively combined with stable isotope tracing in Longkou city, and this is the first study to use the isotope method to study SI in the study area. The results showed Cl− had high correlation with Na+, Mg2+, and K+. The hydrochemical types of groundwater in Longkou city were mainly HCO3.Cl-Na.Ca, and HCO3.Cl-Ca, showing the evolution of HCO3-Ca to HCO3.Cl-Na to Cl-Na from the inland to the coastline. Stable isotopes analysis with δ2H, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr indicated the main source of groundwater was atmospheric precipitation. The SI degree was the strongest at the junction of the west and north coast zones, with high values of δ2H and δ18O. The high Sr2+ concentration of groundwater was mainly from SI and groundwater–rock interactions. In the SI process, the mixing of seawater and fresh water took place first, and then different degrees of cation exchange and mineral dissolution and sedimentation occurred. Results of reverse hydrogeochemical simulation showed dolomite and quartz precipitated, with negative migrated masses of 1.38 × 10−3 and 1.08 × 10−5 mol/L on simulation Path 1, respectively, where calcite, halite, and gypsum dissolved with positive migrated masses of 2.89 × 10−3, 3.52 × 10−3, and 4.66 × 10−4 mol/L, respectively, while dolomite and gypsum precipitated and calcite, halite, and quartz dissolved on simulation Path 2. On simulation Path 3, the dolomite, gypsum, halite, and quartz were dissolved, and calcite was precipitated, with a negative migrated mass of 1.77 × 10−4 mol/L.
Polymorphic Gamma-Scale of Economic Development
Authors:   Mining Institute, NITU “MISIS”., Ponomariov Vladimir P.
Published: March 2022

The dynamic series of compound interest always contains transcendental numbers, which the author uses to construct the dual functions of polymorphic growth and development. These gamma functions quantize geoeconomic space and time in the form of historical stages of development. They also reveal dialectical pairs of gamma quanta of the core of civilization and lambda quanta of the leading countries. The author proposes a gamma scale for measuring the level of development of national economies.
Management Schools in Russia in the 20th Century: on the History of the Issue
Authors:   Bauman Moscow State Technical University., Kuz’michev Andrei D.
Published: March 2022

The studies on the history of managerial thought do not fully cover the development of management schools in Russia in the 20th century and don’t mention many scientists, who were at the origins of scientific schools, and organizations within which they emerged. Hypotheses are put forward about how researchers in the last 30 years have made an attempt to study the schools of managerial thought in the 20th century in various organizations, especially universities. Narrative, comparative and historical research methods are used. The author describes the main schools of management in Russia in the 20th century, their origins, evolution, inspirers and leaders, as well as their main scientific works. The question of scientific schools of the two greatest mega-projects, successfully implemented in the USSR - nuclear and space project, remains unexplored. It is concluded that in Russia during the twentieth century. Management thought was developing, but it is currently extremely difficult to describe a holistic picture of the evolution of scientific management schools.
Crystal of Growth: Towards the Russian Economic Miracle
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Glaz'ev Sergei Yu. ,   Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences on complex problems of Eurasian economic integration, modernization, competitiveness and sustainable development., Batchikov Sergei A. ,   Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences on complex problems of Eurasian economic integration, modernization, competitiveness and sustainable development, Mityaev Dmitrii A. ,   Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences on complex problems of Eurasian economic integration, modernization, competitiveness and sustainable development
Published: March 2022

Review of the book by A.S. Galushka, A.K. Niyazmetov, M.O. Okulov "Crystal of Growth: Towards the Russian Economic Miracle", published in 2021 by Nashe Zavtra CJSC with support of Rostec State Corporation, Siber JSC and RT-Security JSC.
Development of the Strategic Management System in the Context of Digitalization
Authors:   Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences., Bakhtizin Al’bert R. , Il’in Nikolai I. ,   Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kachan Mikhail V. ,   Academy of Military Sciences.
Published: March 2022

The introduction of digital technologies has a significant impact on the development of the entire public administration system and its most important element — the strategic planning system. Modern digital intelligent technologies and the work of government bodies based on the advanced achievements of management science and the unity of methodological approaches make it possible to raise the strategic planning system to a qualitatively new level. The key to success is the coordinated development of both the public administration system itself and the nationwide information and control systems. The authors, based on the analysis of the content of strategic management activities and the information used for this activity, formulated general approaches to the choice of information technologies to ensure the implementation of the stages of strategic management.
Strategic Planning and Industrial Policy at the Current Stage of the Cyclic World Economic Development
Authors:   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation., Tolkachev Sergei A. , Teplyakov Artem Yu. ,   Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
Published: March 2022

The article substantiates appropriateness of the network industrial policy to technological and socio-economic challenges of the modern era of the VI technological order (the second stage of the third technological megacycle). Given the fact that at the present stage technological and sectoral priorities of the national economic development can be formulated more clearly (compared to the previous stage of the technological megacycle), one of the key elements of industrial policy is strategic planning. It is concluded that in Russia since the 2000s there has been a process of establishing a national system of strategic planning, accelerated after the 2014 events. At the same time, its contradictory nature is shown, which determines the low effectiveness of the strategic documents implementation. This, in its turn, significantly reduces the probability that in the XXI century Russia would be able to become one of the world economic leaders.
Unknown Known
Authors:   MGIMO University, Ageev Alexander A. ,   MEPhI,   International Research Institute for Advanced Systems,   Institute for Economic Strategies.
Published: March 2022

Opening address of the Editor-in-chief
Productivity of cows of Black-and-White breed in association with the technology of their housing
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Tver State Agricultural Academy”, Russia, Tver, Sudarev N. P. , Ivanov N. V. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Tver State Agricultural Academy”, Russia, Tver
Published: March 2022

The research of the influence of the method of housing cows on productivity, reproductive ability and productive longevity is relevant. The purpose of the research was to determine the influence of technological factors on productivity, reproductive ability, and longevity of productive use of cows in the Tver region. The research has been carried out on the basis of the breeding farm of ZAO Kalininskoye in the Tver region. In order to conduct the experiment two groups of cows were formed, depending on the method of housing. Animals in the 1st group were free-stall housing; the 2nd group of cows were in tie up housing. The feeding conditions of the experimental animals were the same. The productivity of cows after the first lactation in the 2nd group (tie up housing) exceeded the productivity of cows in the 1st group (free-stall housing). The difference in milk yields was 345 kg (P ≤ 0,01) of milk for 305 days of the first lactation with a slight difference in the mass fraction of fat and protein. The shortest duration of the period of open days with the free-stall housing was established for both first-calf heifers (123 days) and cows of the second calving (101 days) than for herdmates with the tie up housing for 16 and 27 days. The multiplicity of insemination with tie up housing was higher depending on the age, the difference was 0,42 and 0,26 units in favor of the free-stall housing. The lifetime milk yield of cows with tie up housing was 6847 kg of milk or 29,9 % higher than free-stall housing, and their average milk yield with basic fat content (3,4 %) exceeded analogues by 853 kg of milk or 10,6 %, respectively. Calculations indicate that the prim-cost of 1 centner of milk from cows with tie up housing was lower by 165,6 rubles or 10,6 %, and the profit from its sale per 1 cow was higher than the free-stall housing by 24,6 thousand rubles. The evaluation of the conducted studies fully reflects the economic feasibility of further use of the tie up housing method of cows.
Provision of agricultural machinery for agricultural enterprises in the Republic of Belarus
Authors:   Institute of System Research in Agro-industrial Complex of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Republic of Belarus, Minsk, Kovalyev I. L. , Efremov A. A. ,   Belarusian State Agrarian Technical University, Belarus, Minsk, Kostomakhin M. N. ,   Federal Research Center Agro Engineering All Russian Institute of Mechanization, Russia, Moscow
Published: March 2022

Many years of foreign and domestic experience in agricultural production shows that the intensification of agricultural production, increasing its efficiency and volume, increasing the competitiveness of agricultural products, is impossible without constant modernization of the production and technical base and the introduction of the most modern achievements of scientific and technological progress. Only a comprehensive and systematic technical and technological re-equipment of agricultural production, the use of the latest technological solutions and its saturation with hightech, high-performance complexes, machines, and equipment will be able to ensure the significant increase in labour productivity, minimize the costs of all types of material resources with a steady trend of constantly decreasing labour resources. The purpose of the work was to analyze the provision of agricultural machinery for agricultural enterprises in the Republic of Belarus. The analysis of indicators of availability of the main types of machines of domestic agricultural enterprises in comparison with various countries of the world has been carried out. The results of the analysis of the most important segments of the agricultural tractor and combine fleet in the Republic of Belarus have been presented in the article. It has been shown that the absolutely predominant share of tractors (about 93 %) in domestic agricultural organizations today consists of tractors of Belarusian production. The composition and structure of the combine harvester fleet is gradually changing towards a perfect predominance of the share of domestic harvesters over imported ones. So, at the beginning of 2020 compared with the beginning of 2011 the total number of combines decreased by 22,3 %, while the share of domestic machines increased by almost 7 percentage points, and foreign ones decreased by almost 4 percentage points, respectively.
Development and use of low-expenditures compound feed in poultry feeding
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Volgograd State Agrarian University”, Russia, Volgograd, Nikolaev S. I. , Karapetyan A. K. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Volgograd State Agrarian University”, Russia, Volgograd, Samofalova O. V. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Volgograd State Agrarian University”, Russia, Volgograd, Danilenko I. Yu. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Volgograd State Agrarian University”, Russia, Volgograd, Imangaliev A. D. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Volgograd State Agrarian University”, Russia, Volgograd, Kolodyazhny A. V. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Volgograd State Agrarian University”, Russia, Volgograd
Published: March 2022

The purpose of the research was to develop and study the effect of the use of lowexpenditures compound feed in poultry feeding on hematological and biochemical blood parameters. In order to achieve this purpose, three scientific and economic experiments were carried out on the development and use of low-expenditures compound feed in the feeding of Haisex Brown egg cross poultry. Two experiments were carried out under the conditions of the Scientific and Research Center safety and effectiveness of feed and additives of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Volgograd State Agrarian University”, the third experiment was conducted at the AO Volga Poultry Farm in the Sredneakhtubinsky area in the Volgograd region. The first experiment included the study of the effect of the anti-stress additive Feed-Food Magic Antistress Mix, in the second scientific and economic experiment the use of the Availa Cr mineral complex was studied, and in the third experiment the research was conducted to study the effectiveness of using lupin grain instead of full-fat soy in the diets of laying hens. The inclusion of the Feed-Food Magic Antistress Mix additive in the diet of egg-bearing poultry contributed to an increase in the number of red blood cells. So, their indicator was in the experimental group at the level of 3,96×10¹²/l, in the control group it was in the range of 3,55×10¹²/l, there was then increase in the concentration of hemoglobin in the experimental group by 5,82 g/l. The use of the Availa Cr mineral complex allowed to increase the hematocrit level in the blood of egg poultry by 1,38 %, to reduce the number of leukocytes in the experimental group by 0,38×10⁹/l. The inclusion of lupine grains in the diet contributed to the increase in the number of red blood cells by 0,14×10¹²/l, the increase in total protein in the blood by 2,65 g/l, the increase in the level of carotene and vitamins A and E.
Experience and problems of implementing digital solutions, elements of precision farming and animal husbandry in agriculture of the Republic of Belarus
Authors:   Institute of System Research in Agro-industrial Complex of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kovalev I. L. , Takun A. P. ,   Institute of System Research in Agro-industrial Complex of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Takun S. P. ,   Institute of System Research in Agro-industrial Complex of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
Published: March 2022

The presented review article describes a number of some important developed, implemented and already used software products, information systems, and other digital solutions that are essential for the effective functioning of the agro-industrial complex of the republic. Important global trends in the development of modern agriculture are considered, the benefits received by farmers from the use of various digital technologies are discussed, the need to accelerate the current pace of introduction of various elements of precision farming and livestock systems into Belarusian agriculture is noted.
Gim Edukasi Bernarasi Cerita untuk Edukasi Prasekolah Normal Baru: Studi Kasus di TK Lintang, Surabaya
Authors: Atmaja Pratama Wirya , Sugiarto Sugiarto Wirya , Nisa Diana Aqidatun
Published: March 2022

Gim edukasi adalah metode mutakhir untuk edukasi di abad ke-21. Walau demikian, gim edukasi belum diterapkan untuk edukasi normal baru di prasekolah. Untuk memberi sumbangsih terkait topik tersebut, kami mengembangkan sebuah gim edukasi untuk membantu TK Lintang, sebuah lembaga prasekolah di Surabaya, melaksanakan pengajaran â€œJari Aritmetikaâ€. Kami memilih novel visual sebagai jenis permainan gimnya, dan gim tersebut menyajikan Jari Aritmetika yang dibungkus narasi cerita dan tampilan kartun. Kami mengembangkan gim tersebut dalam dua iterasi dengan mempertimbangkan â€œkemudahan penggunaanâ€ sebagai kebutuhan non-fungsionalnya. Hasil-hasil kami adalah dua versi gimnya dan sebuah sistem informasi untuk memodifikasi soal-soal aritmetika di gimnya. Para siswa akan memainkan versi mobile gimnya di rumah, sementara versi desktop-nya akan digunakan di TK Lintang. Kami telah membuktikan kelayakan gim kami melalui proses pengujian yang diikuti empat siswa dan orangtua masing-masing. Kami telah pula mengekstrak lima prinsip penerapan gim edukasi untuk pendidikan prasekolah normal baru, yang salah satunya adalah memfasilitasi â€œwaktu keluargaâ€ di antara siswa dan orangtuanya.
Bilan de l'approche géographique des exploitations agricoles
Authors: Bonnamour Jacqueline
Published: March 2022

Cet article présente le bilan d'une longue réflexion sur l'approche géographique des exploitations agricoles. Il montre l'attitude relativement récente et déterminée des géographes de ne pas passer sous silence la diversité des exploitations agricoles. Il rappelle que ces cellules de base de la production animale et végétale sont également des cadres de vie et des centres de flux. On ne s'aurait séparer ces trois aspects pour en comprendre la complexité et l'évolution. Une dernière partie montre les différentes méthodes possibles pour les analyses au niveau de l'entreprise, des collectivités locales, des régions, des états et de l'univers. Ces analyses devraient se compléter et s'articuler entre elles pour une géographie concrète et compréhensive des exploitations agricoles.
Vingt ans de contingents laitiers : l'expérience canadienne
Authors: Gouin Daniel-Mercier , Morisset Michel
Published: March 2022

La politique canadienne de contingentement de la production laitière a été mise en place il y a près de vingt ans ; depuis lors, elle a traversé des crises de diverses natures (surproduction et coupures de quotas ; tensions entre provinces pour la répartition du contingent global ; attaques des milieux libéraux), et fait la preuve de sa capacité à assurer, pour un coût budgétaire raisonnable (et décroissant en termes réels), le fonctionnement régulier du secteur. En longue période, l'ajustement offre/demande est réalisé, la restructuration du secteur de production se poursuit. Cette restructuration repose aujourd'hui, pour l'essentiel, sur l'existence d'un marché des quotas ; les prix atteints sur ces marchés au cours des dernières années compromettent la "relève", et constituent donc le talon d'Achille du système canadien de régulation de l'offre laitière.
Conditions d'une approche en termes de régulation sectorielle. Le cas de la sphère viticole
Authors: Bartoli Pierre , Boulet Daniel
Published: March 2022

Conditions of an approach in terms of sectorial régulation. The case of the wine sector.

This paper propounds first a reflexion about conditions in which a "régulation" approach can be brought into opération at a sectorial level.

Such a transposition can prove to be rich to read the long-run dynamics of a projuctjve sector. However, it calls for preliminary adjustments of concepts, because sectorial analysis is not oniy a refraction of macro-economic analysis.

Secondly, the authors présent the main éléments of a research they have led, in this theoretical frame, on the French wine growing sector.
Les problématiques de la régulation face aux spécificités sectorielles. Perspectives ouvertes par la thèse de Pierre Bartoli et Daniel Boulet
Authors: Boyer R.
Published: March 2022

A l'occasion d'un compte rendu de thèse, cet article fait le point sur les conditions d'application et d'extension des problématiques de la régulation à la diversité sectorielle. Ce travail sur la régulation du secteur viticole apporte trois enseignements de portée générale. D'abord P. Bartoli et D. Boulet proposent une méthodologie originale, fondée sur une transposition des notions de base et non pas une application mécanique des conséquences du fordisme sur le secteur étudié. Ils parviennent ainsi à lever les objections de fonctionnalisme et de négation des hétérogénéités sectorielles. Il ressort ensuite que des dispositifs institutionnels fondamentalement distincts conduisent à des régimes de fonctionnement économique contrastés pour les AOC et les vins de consommation courante. Ainsi la construction sociale des produits viticoles et les modalités de représentation des intérêts économiques concernés façonnent la dynamique économique de longue période. Enfin, il est suggéré que ces analyses soient prolongées à d'autres boissons ou secteurs de l'agriculture, étendues à des comparaisons internationales et surtout que soient formulées puis estimées des maquettes représentatives des modes sectoriels de régulation, afin d'assurer les vu'es prospectives concernant l'émergence d'un troisième secteur viticole, fondé sur une logique de marque commerciale.
Les substitutions entre les céréales et les autres concentrés en alimentation animale : une application à des élevages laitiers
Authors: Bureau Jean-Christophe , Danechvar-Kakhki Mahmoud
Published: March 2022

Substitution between cereals and other concentrates in the cattle feeding. An application to dairy farming.

Linear programming methods and econometric methods are compared in estimating the demand response to price variations for concentrated feed in dairy production. The use of home-grown cereals is emphasized. LP model with a parametrization of prices makes possible the construction of response surfaces. Econometric estimation of a dual cost function allows the computation of Allen elasticities. Advantages and limits of the two approaches are compared and the potential interest of using pseudo-data is emphasized.
Causality analysis in agricultural economics : a review of theoretical and empirical issues
Authors: Sarker Rakhal
Published: March 2022

L'analyse de causalité en économie agricole : revue des questions théoriques et empiriques.

Les travaux de recherche menés en économie agricole comprennent souvent une analyse de causalité. Comme la théorie économique donne peu d'indications précises sur ce type de question, Granger a proposé en 1969 une approche statistique permettant de tester des hypothèses de causalité. Elle a été largement utilisée par les économistes agricoles et cet article présente un survol des analyses qu'ils ont réalisées dans ce domaine depuis les années 70.

Une première partie est consacrée à une brève discussion des relations entre la causalité au sens de Granger et divers concepts d'exogénéité. Vient ensuite une description des méthodes permettant de tester des hypothèses de causalité dans les modèles traditionnels VAR bivariés non contraints et dans des systèmes cointégrés. Elle est complétée par la présentation critique d'un certain nombre d'applications de ces méthodes en économie agricole. Malgré l'usage très répandu qui en est fait dans ce domaine, les tests de Granger, de Sims (ordinaire et modifié) et de Haugh-Pierce donnent des résultats contradictoires. Leurs résultats sont très sensibles au préfiltrage, à l'existence de variables manquantes et au choix de la longueur des retards. De plus, il est difficile d'en donner une interprétation correcte en termes de causalité. Alors que l'utilisation de modèles VAR non contraints permet de résoudre le problème des variables manquantes, les résultats des modèles VAR en niveau peuvent prêter à discussion, à cause des contraintes d'identification imposées pour l'estimation.

La non-stationarité et l'existence de racines unitaires dans les séries de données peuvent aussi être à l'origine de difficultés. Si le modèle VAR comprend des variables incluant une tendance stochastique et s'il y a une possibilité de cointégration, le test de Wald utilisé pour tester la causalité au sens de Granger dans les modèles VAR en niveau peut ne pas avoir une distribution de probabilité limite, ce qui invalide le test. Si le système comprend des variables non-stationnaires dont certaines peuvent être liées par des relations de long terme, la méthode de cointégration permet alors d'analyser la causalité de Granger d'une façon appropriée. Quelle que soit la méthode employée, la plupart des recherches faites sur la causalité en économie agricole a porté sur l'analyse des prix des produits. Un nombre croissant de travaux s'intéresse aussi aux effets macroéconomiques sur l'agriculture. Enfin, l'analyse de la causalité menée à l'aide des systèmes cointégrés a permis le réexamen d'un certain nombre de paradigmes bien établis de l'économie agricole. Compte tenu des avantages et des inconvénients des diverses méthodes, l'auteur propose d'utiliser une approche séquentielle basée sur la méthode du maximum de vraisemblance de Johansen pour tester la causalité au sens de Granger dans le cas des systèmes cointégrés comprenant des variables à tendance stochastique.
Une fratrie ou deux fratries ? La migration des frères et la migration des sœurs en France au XIXe siècle
Authors: Rosental Paul-André
Published: March 2022

Brothers and sisters apart ? The effect of sibling composition on XIXth century France migration.

The nature of French 19th century official sources makes it particularly difficult to trace migratory trajectories. This paper uses a sample of descending geneologies from 1800 to 1914 to reexamine the dassical question concerning the relation between birth rank and géographie mobility. A first set of results confirms the findings of work in historical anthropology. Individuals coming from regions subject to inhert tance laws based on a principle of free choice had markedly different trajectories than those setting out from areas subject to a regime of equidistribution. In the first so-called «liberal» areas, the eldest child and the younger children follow very different paths. First-borns were often more sedentary, and the later born were much more prone to undertake long distance migrations. Under the egalitarian System of partition, birth order was not associated with different migratory patterns. It is likely that «libéral» régions managed to maintain a System of transmission which favored the first-born despite the introduction in 1804 of a law forbidding such practices. While the practice eventually subsided, it nevertheless persisted into the late 19th century. The study of geographic mobility thus confirms the daims that, despite the introduction of the Code Civil, the ancient law, inherited from the Ancien Régime, continued to exercise significant anthropological effects throughout the century.

The study of genealogical data also allows for an exploration of the interaction of this phenomenon with other less studied mechanisms. The distribution of sexes amongst siblings played a particularly important role in determining migratory patterns. On the one hand the degree of mobility varied considerably depending on whether an individual belonged to an ail maie set of siblings, an entirely female set, or a mixed sibling family. This effect was particularly marked for women : the propensity to migrate was much lowerfor women in a family of only female children than for those who had at least one brother, while the effect of sex composition on male movement was much less marked. On the other hand, whereas the eldest male child exhibited the same patterns as the eldest in general, the same was not the case for female children : the eldest female child was much more likely to migrate than her younger sisters.

These results raise a number of more general points concerning migration as a phenomenon. They suggest that an explanation of migration patterns can not be confined to the study of either macro-level regularities or of individual level attributes. lnstead the researcher must take into account an intermediary level, that of inter-individual configurations which constitute the migrant's référence group at the moment of her or his departure.
Droits de propriété et modes d'accès à la terre en Afrique : une revue critique
Authors: Lambert Sylvie , Sindzingre Alice-Nicole
Published: March 2022

Property rights and tenancy arrangements in Africa : a critical survey.

The authors review the main economic theories together with a number of African case studies and report a common area of confusion between land tenure and tenancy arrangements, drawing a distinction between their respective characteristics and implications. The objective is to clarify and suggest new lines of research and to investigate features that may be specific to Africa, especially compared with Asian data for which more published material is available. First comes a synthesis of the concepts of tenure and property rights as refined by new institutional economics. This approach would be more relevant if it were more specific about the notion of rule, which is sometimes oversimplified whereas it is fundamental to this sort of approach. A series of African cases are presented emphasising the possible juxtapositions and the changing nature of the systems of rights depending on the changing economic or demographic environments. The common dichotomy between private property, allegedly the only effecient system, and traditional systems is also discussed. Then comes an analysis of theories about the different land tenancy arrangements referring to different types of contract : wage earning, tenant farming and share-cropping. This last form of contract includes specific features covered by numerous studies as it is reputedly ineffecient despite being widespread. The different models used to try to solve this puzzle are reviewed, particularly, after those of Marshall and Cheung, models including the following explanatory factors : risk sharing, imperfect information and imperfect markets (incomplete or absent) that are characteristic of developing countries. These are illuminated by examples of contracts from West Africa. African data illustrate the complex nature of the links between property rights and contractual tenancy arrangements ; for example, the evolution of the terms of some sharecropping contracts over their lifetime is a striking feature of the African scene.
Innover dans des productions patrimoniales. Génération d'objets techniques et émergence de règles dans les processus d'organisation
Authors: Sainte Marie Christine de , Casabianca François
Published: March 2022

Innovation in "patrimonial" products. Generating technical objects and emerging rules in organization process.

Innovation processes are subject to recent theoretical developments. These developments are in fields such as evolutionary analysis of a firm, "technological paradigms" and "creation of technology". Economists have rarely paid attention so far to technical objects which however constitute the base of product as well as processes. Although some of these approaches give to interaction processes between the firm and its environment a central position in the dynamics of innovation, the teleological dimension is not yet taken into consideration. The issue of the generation of technical objects is still open. These objects do not precede the innovation process itself but are created in the course of action.

One can also question the domain of validity of those theories of technical change for traditional and local products, which are already based on specific resources. We designate them as "patrimonial" products. Therefore, when we leave the universe of highly artificial production systems that the above mentioned theories deal with, innovation consists mainly in formalizing unwritten knowledge. Our paper illustrates this point of view with the help of an empirical study which refers to organization dynamics. These dynamics associate a group of farmers and researchers (including the authors ). It aims at converting a domestic farm product — the Corsican cured sausage — into a "gourmet" food.

This process of making it explicit concerns the emerging objects as well as the decision processes which are related to it. It is a team effort which involves all team members in building a shared result. This process relies upon cooperative relations and implies a conscious desire to achieve an agreement with the rules that support it. As a conclusion, we think that these innovation dynamics stem from both testing the technical objects and continuously involving the team members. This dual aspect gives desired stability to the emerging objects.
Effects of nitrogen input and nitrogen surplus taxes in Dutch agriculture
Authors: Helming John
Published: March 2022

Effets d'une taxation des engrais et des excédents azotés dans l'agriculture néerlandaise.

Dans cet article, un modèle régionalisé d'équilibre partiel, comparatif statique, de programmation mathématique est développé pour analyser les effets des taxes sur l'utilisation des intrants azotés dans l'agriculture néerlandaise. Les résultats sont exprimés en termes de marge brute, d'utilisation du sol, de composition du cheptel et d'excédent azoté au niveau du sol. Points forts et faiblesses du modèle sont discutés. Ses points forts reposent sur la cohérence entre les niveaux régional, national et sectoriel et sur la possibilité de modéliser les flux d'engrais et le marché des produits intermédiaires de manière détaillée. Les points faibles portent sur le niveau d'agrégation et le nombre restreint de possibilités de substitutions au niveau des activités. En première analyse, les résultats soulignent l'importance des ajustements réalisés dans le secteur agricole suite aux programmes d'actions et réglementations mis en place en fonction d'objectifs environnementaux. A moins de comprendre le mécanisme de ces ajustements, les résultats des politiques initiées demeurent a priori incertains. En seconde analyse, il ressort que les taxes portant directement sur la pollution environnementale sont plus efficaces que les taxes portant sur l'utilisation des intrants ayant une chaîne causale plus longue entre l'application et l'impact environnemental.
Implementation of the Event Study Methodology to agricultural markets : an evaluation of the BSE impact on cattle prices in Italy
Authors: Mazzocchi Mario
Published: March 2022

This article aims to illustrate the application to agricultural markets of the event study methodology, by exploring the impacts of the March 1996 BSE news on the Modena cattle market prices. This method is based on an analysis of forecast residuals during an went window which is defined outside the model esti¬ mation period. Through the application on cattle prices, some of the main advantages and limits of the event study approach are underlined. Using this method we find that the BSE crisis negatively affected market prices, particularly in the first three months, with a stronger impact on trading prices for steers and heifers. After the spring other species showed sign of recovery, whereas steers and heifers' prices continued in their abnormal, negative behaviour.
L'Office international de la vigne et du vin et l'Organisation mondiale du commerce : Les enjeux de la normalisation dans le secteur viti-vinicole
Authors: Hannin Hervé , Codron Jean-Marie , Thoyer Sophie
Published: March 2022

The International Organization for Vine and Wine and the World Trade Organization : Standardization issues in the wine sector.

The creation of international standards is an inherently conflictual process that inevitably involves both the objectives of individual market actors and the strategies of governments, the two of which are, at times, quite divergent. The wine industry, acting long before any other sector, established a system of standards, with oversight by the International Organization for Vine and Wines (OIV). This system broadly formalizes denominations of origin and product characteristics, and today, governs the production and international trade of wines. However, the legitimacy of the OIV's standards is being challenged both internally by member states and externally by the hegemony of the World Trade Organization, which is advancing a program of normalization of industry standards that conflicts with the OIV's basic premise that origin can be the basis of a standard. The future harmonization of these two systems of standards largely depends on the strategies that the OIV chooses to initiate. Also at issue is the basic architecture of global systems of standards and the hierarchy of different international organizations in the governance of trade.
Le temps et la construction du regard sur l’animal de rente. Ethnographie des pratiques et récits des éleveurs bretons
Authors: Procoli Angela
Published: March 2022

Observing farm animals as a function of time. The ethnography of practice and narratives of breeders in Brittany

While historical and philosophical literature tends to focus on a strictly utilitarian view of farm animals in the agriculture of today, the anthropological approach based on the observation of techniques shows how variable representations of the animals may be and identifies several categories of animals. Taking this line, I analyse the ethnographic data of a field study carried out in Brittany with breeders of poultry, pigs and bovines. It appears that the organization of work and the build up of knowledge are directly related to time. The longer the animal’s life cycle (poultry, pigs and bovines in that order have an increasing life span), the longer the life cycle controlled by the breeder himself is important (breeders proceeding to selection control the whole cycle, those responsible for fattening do not), the more the activity is considered to be “ noble”, the more the power to observe is developed and the more the relationship between the breeder and his animal is intense. The case of the animal as a “ machine” can occur only if the animal’s life cycle is reduced. While this situation is not far removed from the poultry intensive breeding, field surveys show that it cannot be extended to bovines (not even to all breeds of pigs) because of these animals long “ biological” cycles.
Distributive impacts of alternative agricultural policies: a SAM-based analysis for Italy
Authors: Rocchi Benedetto , Romano Donato , Stefani Gianluca
Published: March 2022

Impacts redistributifs de différentes politiques agricoles : analyse pour l’Italie à partir d’une matrice de comptabilité sociale

En utilisant une matrice de comptabilité sociale adaptée à l’économie italienne et au secteur agricole en particulier, une analyse des effets multiplicateurs et des impacts redistributifs de différentes politiques sectorielles a été menée. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants : (i) le découplage complet du soutien aux revenus agricoles se révèle être l’option la plus équitable, car elle offre la possibilité de déterminer les secteurs institutionnels cibles des effets recherchés ; (ii) les formes de soutien partiellement découplé, telles celles qui sont mises en place dans le cadre de la Politique agricole commune avant la révision à mi-parcours, sont plus efficaces que les autres en raison de leur action par l’intermédiaire des effets multiplicateurs ; (iii) les politiques de soutien par les prix se révèlent avoir des effets redistributifs pervers au détriment des ménages à bas revenu des secteurs agricole et non agricole.
Cuisiner ensemble : ethnographie de trois atelier cuisine
Authors: Lhuissier Anne , Augor Mélanie
Published: March 2022

Cooking together : An ethnographic approach of three “ ateliers cuisine”

This article is based on participant observation in three “ ateliers cuisine” organised in community centres located in Paris (France). Participant involvement in culinary activities is expected, in a purpose of social integration. The study highlights two main characteristics of this activity, which appears through its cultural and collective dimension : the question of the “ culinary exoticism” and the “ relation with Other”. Moreover, the collective character of the culinary activity arouses social relations which are based less on culinary skills than on the social positions and properties of the participants, within the “ atelier”, within the centre, and more generally within their social life. Furthermore, the collective dimension underlines the various positions of the three “ ateliers” on a continuum of situations. This continuum is defined by hierarchical social relations and by meanings of the culinary activity which are supported between “ making together” and “ to be together”.
Landscapes and regional development: What are the links
Authors: Dissart Jean-Christophe
Published: March 2022

En dépit d’un intérêt croissant pour les paysages ruraux, des avancées dans les technologies de l’information et des améliorations dans les transports, nombre de zones rurales restent en décalage socio-économique par rapport aux zones urbaines. Les espaces ruraux qui connaissent une croissance significative sont situés à proximité des agglomérations ou offrent des aménités remarquables qui attirent population et entreprises. Les paysages, comme les aménités, sont définis comme des caractéristiques locales spécifiques qui accroissent l’attractivité d’une région donnée. Les liens entre aménités et croissance régionale ont été mis en évidence par divers types de démarches empiriques. Toutefois, l’articulation entre offre et demande d’aménités et les conséquences de leur présence sur le développement méritent d’être clarifiées. Cet article de synthèse aborde plusieurs enjeux. Tout d’abord, aménités et paysages (ainsi que leurs caractéristiques) sont définis et décrits, en particulier en tant que biens économiques. Ensuite, sont présentés les facteurs d’offre et de demande. Puis les liens entre aménités, paysages et développement régional sont explicités, à la fois en termes de mécanismes d’impact et d’arrangements institutionnels. Enfin, nous soulignons des enjeux-clés de politique publique et de recherche future.
«Maintenant, faut presque être ingénieur pour être agriculteur ». Choix et usages des formations professionnelles agricoles dans deux familles d'agriculteurs.
Authors: Alarcon Lucie
Published: March 2022

Partant de l'observation de la hausse du niveau d'études chez les agriculteurs français, qui exercent une profession pourtant indépendante et «familiale », nous nous intéressons dans cet article aux choix d'orientation scolaire, parmi l'offre de formation agricole, dans deux familles d'agriculteurs, associées au sein d'une même société. Dans ces deux familles, tous s'accordent à penser que le baccalauréat est aujourd'hui un diplôme indispensable. Pourtant, les choix d'orientation scolaire font l'objet de négociations entre les membres de la famille, en fonction du sens que chacun accorde, selon sa trajectoire, au titre scolaire, au contenu de la formation et à sa valeur symbolique. La perception de l'apprentissage du métier d'agriculteur varie en fonction de leur rapport au savoir et de leur définition de la profession. De plus, en tant que titre et en tant que formation, le diplôme agricole peut être une ressource mobilisable dans les rapports professionnels entre agriculteurs, leur assignant une certaine position sociale et hiérarchique.
The impact of credit constraints on the adoption of hybrid maize in Malawi
Authors: Simtowe Franklin , Zeller Manfred , Diagne Aliou
Published: March 2022

This paper investigates the impact of credit constraints on the adoption of hybrid maize among rural households in Malawi. To address the endogenous and binary nature of the household's credit constraints status, we employ a treatment-effects model to consistently estimate the effect of credit constraints. Results reveal that after effectively correcting for endogeneity, credit constraints have a negative and significant effect on the amount of land allocated to hybrid maize. Results also show that farmers with larger land holdings allocate more land to hybrid maize. Although less likely to report credit constraints, older farmers allocate less land to hybrid maize than younger farmers. These findings suggest that there is scope for increasing the cultivation of hybrid maize in Malawi if credit is targeted at younger farmers that are credit-constrained.
Des billets verts pour des entreprises agricoles vertes
Authors: Lanoie Paul , Llerena Daniel
Published: March 2022

Il est de coutume d'associer à la protection de l'environnement l'idée que l'intervention des pouvoirs publics représente uniquement des coûts supplémentaires pour les agriculteurs. En réalité, il existe de multiples canaux par lesquels une amélioration de la performance environnementale des exploitations agricoles peut aboutir à de meilleures performances économiques. L'objectif de cet article est d'appliquer le cadre d'analyse proposé par Lankoski (2006) et Ambec et Lanoie (2008) au secteur agricole. A l'aide d'études de cas, nous constatons qu'une amélioration des performances environnementales peut induire un accroissement des recettes via trois canaux : l'accès à de nouveaux marchés, la possibilité de différencier les produits et la possibilité de vendre des technologies environnementales. Par ailleurs, une meilleure performance environnementale peut également se traduire par une réduction des coûts réglementaires, des coûts de matières premières, d'intrants et d'énergie, ainsi que des coûts de capital et de travail.