bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OBSTÁCULOS COGNITIVO-EPISTEMOLÓGICOS E MODELOS EXPLICATIVOS NO ESTUDO SOBRE A ESTRUTURA DA MATÉRIA NAS AULAS DE FÍSICA
Authors: Pessanha Márlon
Published: August 2018

O conhecimento envolvido na Física Moderna e Contemporânea rompe não somente com formas de pensar próprias do conhecimento do senso comum, mas também com formas de pensar próprias da ciência clássica. Assim, a discussão sobre o seu ensino e aprendizagem no Ensino Médio passa pela compreensão sobre como formas de pensar e de construir conhecimento impactam na elaboração de modelos explicativos. Nesta pesquisa, a partir das noções de ruptura e de obstáculo epistemológico de Bachelard, e em uma aproximação aos estudos sobre modelos mentais e conceituais, buscamos entender como os obstáculos cognitivo-epistemológicos atuam na construção de modelos explicativos sobre a estrutura da matéria. Para isso, foram gravadas aulas de física ocorridas em dois contextos, a educação secundária catalã, na Espanha, e o ensino médio paulista. A partir de uma análise qualitativa e interpretativa foi possível identificar obstáculos cognitivo-epistemológicos relacionados com a percepção ingênua de fenômenos do cotidiano, com o uso de metáforas e imagens, e com um raciocínio limitado e incongruente. Conforme verificamos, estes obstáculos dificultaram a construção de modelos mentais que se aproximassem do modelo conceitual alvo. Acreditamos que as análises e conclusões aqui apresentadas contribuem para uma necessária discussão sobre o papel dos obstáculos cognitivo-epistemológicos na aprendizagem de conceitos envolvidos na Física Moderna e Contemporânea.
Changing the level of public funding to political parties
Authors:   Moscow State Institute of International Relations  (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of  the Russian Federation, Platonova Natalya Igorevna
Published: August 2018

The research deals with the changes in the level of direct public funding to political parties in the Rus-sian Federation. Russian public spending is of par-ticular relevance in the modern economic terms. The study discusses the models and types of parties funding and the funding sources. While analyzing the consolidated financial statements of political parties, the author reveals that the parties that are widely supported by the population increasingly depend on state subsidies. As a result, they lose their independence when making political decisions. With respect to the institution of public funds, now-adays, the growth of political competition and the development of the political system in the country as a whole are hardly possible. The author high-lights that the indirect public funding should be developed as it serves as a tool for providing equal treatment to parties.
The legal nature of the rights to human biological materials
Authors:   Ural State Law University, Novikova Natalia Aleksandrovna
Published: August 2018

The past century launched a new era of biotechnology characterized by the penetration of biology into all areas of human life, in particular blood transfusion, organ transplantation and tissue transplantation, sex change, artificial insemination, surrogacy. At the same time, there are still no laws and regulations governing the issues of the proprietary status of human organs and tissues, the correlation between real and personal non-property rights with respect to human biological materials. The study analyzes various scientific concepts regarding the legal nature of rights to human biological materials in terms of the possible involvement of these objects in civil turnout. The research concludes that it is possible to recognize individual biomaterials as things from the standpoint of civil law.
The specific nature of power alternation mechanisms in terms of Russian federalism
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Kuznetsov Alexander Yuryevich
Published: August 2018

The paper discusses several problems of federalism in Russia that have recently become a matter of great concern. They relate to the functioning of the power alternation mechanisms at the level of leaders of the constituent entities of the Russian Federa-tion. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate that they are rooted in the aspects of the system of federative relations developed in modern Russia. The research identifies that a large number of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation lead to the loss of control and destabilization of the sys-tem as a whole. Besides that, this fact impedes the functioning of standard democratic mechanisms, including the mechanisms of mandatory rotation at the level of leaders of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The paper traces the genesis of the system of federative relations in modern Russia, determines timelines and its main stages. A struc-tural and functional analysis allows us to identify the principle of institutional system reform that has determined the specific nature of problems and con-tradictions of federative relations at different histori-cal stages of Russia in the last 25 years. The at-tempts of the Russian government to overcome these difficulties through institutional reforms are analyzed. The author revealed a number of contra-dictions in the institutional structure of the Russian Federation and proposed the possible ways of ad-dressing them.
Forensic doctrine of algorithm development applied to theft investigations in the form of abbreviated inquiry
Authors:   Kuban State University, Gorban Alexander Sergeyevich
Published: August 2018

The study discusses the possibility to apply the forensic doctrine of algorithm development to the investigation of crimes stipulated in Part 1 of Article 158 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in the form of abbreviated inquiry. In particular, the author proposes the investigation algorithm and provides recommendations concerning the investi-gation subject activities at the preliminary (pre-investigative) verification of the report of a crime and activities after initiation of criminal proceedings with the consent of the suspect to the inquiry in an abbreviated form within time limits under the law of criminal procedure. The efficiency of this procedure is determined by valid and sufficient evidence gath-ered during investigative and other procedures re-quired to initiate criminal proceedings and arrange inquiry in an abbreviated form in legal deadlines.
Changes in the housing financing management in the Russian Federation
Authors:   Industrial University of Tyumen, Zenkina Marina Valentinovna
Published: August 2018

Since the population’s funds are the main source of financing for housing construction in the Russian Federation, the developers place a considerable risk on citizens by raising their funds. At the same time, a pivotal violation of the legislation in the field of housing construction implies the misuse of funds of citizens who provide co-financing to housing con-struction by concluding agreements with the devel-oper (shared construction participation agreement). In this regard, project financing should be revised, and the compensation fund should be created to protect the rights of the housing equity holders. The research analyzes the stringent requirements for developers due to the amendments to the Federal Law No. 214-ФЗ which determine the procedure for the bankruptcy of developers and the minimum val-ue of the authorized capital of an organization that is entitled to raise the population’s funds for hous-ing construction. The study presents the views of experts and the author on the possible results of modifications to be implemented.
Since the population’s funds are the main source of financing for housing construction in the Russian Federation, the developers place a considerable risk on citizens by raising their funds. At the same time, a pivotal violation of the legislation in the field of housing construction implies the misuse of funds of citizens who provide co-financing to housing con-struction by concluding agreements with the devel-oper (shared construction participation agreement). In this regard, project financing should be revised, and the compensation fund should be created to protect the rights of the housing equity holders. The research analyzes the stringent requirements for developers due to the amendments to the Federal Law No. 214-ФЗ which determine the procedure for the bankruptcy of developers and the minimum val-ue of the authorized capital of an organization that is entitled to raise the population’s funds for hous-ing construction. The study presents the views of experts and the author on the possible results of modifications to be implemented.
Authors:   Financial University under the Government of  the Russian Federation, Surovtseva Valeria Vadimovna
Published: August 2018

The research analyzes the development prospects for the behavioral control as a part of the internal control system in Russian commercial banks. The author looks at the behavioral finance theory, de-fines the behavioral control and determines the pre-requisite for the development of behavioral control theory. The focus of the study is on the Central Bank attitude towards behavioral aspects and pos-sibilities for upgrading financial technologies. The author notes that in the face of increasing complexi-ty of the financial market relations, the concept of behavior has already drawn attention of the Central Bank and can serve as an important complement to the current system of internal control in commercial banks. It is concluded that innovative digital finan-cial technologies open up great opportunities for receiving information to provide behavioral control and contribute to its improvement due to the need to develop instruments for the behavioral control of new processes.
The development areas of laws and regulations to assess the effectiveness of executive authorities in Russian regions
Authors:   Southwest State University, Kovarda Vladimir Vasilyevich
Published: August 2018

Due to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 208 as of May 13, 2017 On the Strate-gy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation up to 2030, the major threats include the uneven spatial development of Russia, the intensified re-gional disparities according to the level and pace of social and economic development. The executive authorities of Russia represented by the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation annually assess the effectiveness of the regional executive bodies. It should be noted that the results obtained are the focus of further analysis as well as the basis for the allocation of financial resources (for example, grants). The assessment is based on performance indicators generated by both the Fed-eral State Statistics Service (Rosstat) and depart-mental statistical authorities that do not meet the international requirements for the common evalua-tion technique. In addition, the number of indicators is characterized by certain dynamics. In this regard, the analysis of legislation in the field of assessing the effectiveness of the executive authorities in the Russian regions is of scientific and practical con-cern. The paper analyzes the evolution of the laws and regulations, examines the system of perfor-mance indicators of the executive authorities in the Russian Federation, and identifies their shortcom-ings.
Concerning the systematization of theoretical approaches to studying self-destructive behavior in traditional and post-non-classical psychology
Authors:   Kemerovo State University, Morozova Irina Stanislavovna , Belogai Ksenia Nikolaevna ,   Kemerovo State University, Evseenkova Elena Vyacheslavovna ,   Kemerovo State University
Published: August 2018

The problem of self-destructive behavior is relevant and extremely important for Russia in particular and the international community in general due to the massive increase in such a behavior today. In Russia, suicide is a bigger killer than criminal, car accidents and other death causes. The society and state need to elaborate constructive attitudes as well as prevention strategies and provide comprehensive care and support for the groups at risk of self-destructive behavior. To make the problem more visible, it is necessary to analyze international practices in suicide prevention. The international approaches to discussing the self-destructive behavior are described. The authors assume the postulates about self-destruction in the psychoanalyses of such psychological scientists as S. Freud, А. Adler, C.G. Jung, the cognitive behavioral studies of А. Bandura, А. Beck, the humanistic psychology of K. Horney, E. Fromm, C. Rogers, А. Maslow, the existential psychology of V. Frankl, the phenomenological approach of E. Shneidman, N. Farberrow. Modern approaches to dealing with self-destruction are proposed to be systematized on the basis of three hierarchical levels of analysis: micro-level, meso-level and macro-level. Each of them is exemplified. The systematization of traditional and post-non-classical approaches to reviewing the problem of self-destructive behavior makes it possible to determine the factors and mechanisms for the patterns of self-destructive behavior and describe the possible areas of suicide prevention.
The characteristics of ethnic self-consciousness and ethnic identity of artificial bilinguals
Authors:   Liberal Arts University, Yekaterinburg, Tarasova Lyudmila Vladimirovna
Published: August 2018

The paper presents the results of the empirical study into specific features of ethnic self-consciousness and ethnic identity in respondents who are becoming artificial bilinguals. The research methods include questionnaire by Z.V. Sikevich and Types of Ethnic Identity Technique by G.U. Soldatova and S.V. Ryzhova. The findings obtained were processed with the help of the descriptive statistic methods and Mann-Whitney U-test. The author revealed the differences in the identifying sensations of the respondents, their resistance and clear ethnic self-identification. The research determined the characteristics of ethnic self-identification and the intensity types of ethnic identity. The study identifies that the ethnic differentiation of other people is of diverse relevance to the respondents and can be included in various processes of social cognition depending on the stage of becoming artificial bilinguals.
Management culture of a leader in the social sector: international approaches
Authors:   Tambov State University, Druzhinina Anastasia Aleksandrovna
Published: August 2018

The research shows the need to consider the international approaches to dealing with the management culture of a leader in the social sector. Besides, it discusses the importance of further use and adaptation of the best practices in the context of specific environment in Russian social organizations that affect the social welfare and quality of life of the population. The involvement of employees in the development and implementation of social innovations enriches their practical activities, is a resource for motivation and empowerment of the organization in solving various problems, including social and educational challenges. The research presents the types of leaders according to David Rooke and William R. Torbert. It describes the personality traits that are closely associated with successful leadership. The leadership quadrants by Mark Preston are revealed. The modern international approaches to dealing with the theory of leadership served as the basis for developing the self-efficacy assessment maps of leaders in social organizations and were tested during the refresher courses of social workers, social teachers, representatives of non-profit organizations of Tambov region. In addition, the studies on international approaches provided an opportunity for the instructional design of training modules for Social Innovation Bachelor and Master’s Degree programs. The management culture in the context of social innovations under introduction is the major characteristic of leadership for domestic leaders of social organizations, and its components are manifested and evolved while devising and implementing the social projects of self-efficacy and organizations development.
The analysis of teachers’ readiness for activities in a university e-learning environment
Authors:   North-Eastern Federal University, Sorochinskiy Maksim Anatolyevich
Published: August 2018

Informatization of education requires the modern teachers to possess and use contemporary information technologies in teaching activities. The paper deals with the role and place of professional development of teachers in the field of e-learning. The assessment tools have been created and tested to identify the level of university teachers’ readiness to use the means of e-learning environment. By means of an online survey, the author reveals the main problems faced by teachers during their indirect interaction with the persons involved in the academic process (e-learning activities are time-consuming; there is a lack of skills and motivation to develop e-learning courses). Based on the results obtained, a refresher course for teachers can be developed in this regard.
Culture in the system of modern information and communication space
Authors:   Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Nevostrueva Antonina Fedorovna
Published: August 2018

The scientific novelty of the author’s view lies in the sociological approach to understanding the essence of culture as a special structural element in the system of information and communication space. The cultural function of the information and communication space not only gives a social meaning to the personal development but also becomes a major source of sophistication and enrichment of culture in general serving as one of the leading social institutions. The research presents the historical evolution of cultural processes that create the objective circumstances of the social and civilizational progress. The emphasis is placed on the complexity of the cultural function of the modern information and communication space within the creation of a virtual type of space. It requires different approaches and scope of studies applied by the social and cultural scientists. The new cultural aspects and trends of development are established while building e-culture. The research focuses on the fifth kind of cultural revolution in human history where the leading role belongs to the whole complex of information and communication space. The paper identifies the role and significance of social networks in the process of modern culture development as well as the need to build its ethical principles of interaction. The author substantiates the fact that two levels of cultural development (real and virtual ones) are spliced or integrated. It has a strong impact on the life of society as a whole.
The impact of the university website on its position in the world rankings
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Saprykina Irina Eduardovna
Published: August 2018

In the context of the intensified globalization and competition in education, the interest of researchers in the image-making of universities and other educational organizations has increased. This interest is now closely related to the development of the world university rankings (Shanghai, THE, QS, Webometrics and other rankings) which are tools of competition between universities. The website is considered by international and Russian researchers as one of the structural elements of the image of the university as well as a tool for its development. The research discusses the available methodology for creating two rankings of university websites, presents the quality characteristics of Russian universities’ websites displayed in the Russian and world rankings. The websites of universities that are included in the national and major international ranking are listed. The rating indicators and results can be used as guidelines for managing the university website in this regard. In conclusion, the author systematizes the recommendations of international researchers for designing the university website.
O papel das narrativas na aprendizagem da docência: um enfoque no aspecto das interações humanas
Authors: Andrade José Antônio Araújo
Published: August 2018

Neste artigo, o objetivo principal foi analisar algumas das contribuições de um trabalho de formação compartilhada entre uma professora de Matemática da educação básica e futuros professores, estudantes de um curso de Licenciatura em Matemática, ao desempenharem suas atividades de estágio supervisionado. Optou-se por investigar essa experiência de trabalho compartilhado a partir de narrativas, por acreditar ser pelo próprio sujeito que se pode perceber a sua aprendizagem. Procurou-se analisar e discutir aspectos que mostram a docência como uma atividade essencialmente permeada por interações humanas. Nesse sentido, foi dado enfoque a um dos elementos da aprendizagem dos estagiários com a professora-supervisora: o planejamento na gestão curricular em Matemática.
O ensino da língua materna nos currículos dos cursos de Pedagogia
Authors: Abreu Geysa Spitz Alcoforado de , Bazzo Jilvania Lima dos Santos , Godoy Dalva Maria Alves
Published: August 2018

Este artigo apresenta os resultados preliminares de um estudo sobre o lugar da língua materna nos cursos de Pedagogia no Brasil. Optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa a fim de buscar resolver o seguinte problema: De que forma vem se realizando a formação linguística do pedagogo de sorte a prepará-lo para levar seus alunos a desenvolver compreensão leitora e produção textual adequadas às diferentes situações discursivas? A partir dos anos 1990, a maioria das Faculdades de Educação buscou atender a demandas sociais específicas, contudo a área da linguagem ocupou uma posição de menor destaque. Os resultados indicam a naturalização dos conhecimentos exigidos aos acadêmicos e a desconsideração de práticas de linguagem como sendo necessárias ao ensino. Ciente das lacunas na sua formação inicial, defende-se uma revisão curricular desses cursos de Pedagogia para que os alunos sejam diplomados com inserção nas práticas de letramento, o que inclui reflexão teórica no campo da linguística e experiência de leitura e escrita.
Editorial
Authors: Azevedo Heloisa Helena Oliveira de
Published: August 2018

O número dois de 2014 da Revista de Educação traz uma segunda edição da Seção Temática sob o título dePolíticas Públicas e Gestão da Educação, em virtude da quantidade e da qualidade de artigos submetidos sobre a referida temática.
Un gráfico del Templete de San Pietro in Montorio
Authors: Bassegoda i Nonell Joan
Published: August 2018

Existen antiguas y modernas representaciones gráficas del templete que Donato Bramante edificó, en 1502, por impulso de los Reyes Católicos en la colina romana del Gianicolo.Un dibujo conservado en el Museo de los Ufizzi de Florencia (A 135) se ha tenido por el diseño original de Bramante pero en opinión de Peter Murray sería más lógico fecharlo en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI y por el hecho de aparecer en el fondo de una pintura de Federico Fiori, il Barocci (1535-1612) podría pensarse que fuere éste el autor del dibujo.
Kentsel Dönüşüm Sürecinde İdari Yargı Kararları İptal ve Tam Yargı Dava Örnekleri
Authors: AGHABALAEI FANID Nematollah , KAVACIK Dilek
Published: August 2018

Kentlerde yaşanan nüfus artışı, göç, çarpık
kentleşme gibi nedenlerden dolayı kent planlanması zorunlu hale gelmiştir. Bu
aşamada yapılan kent planlarını uygulama aracı olarak kentsel dönüşüm projeleri
karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Kentsel dönüşüm; belli başlı nedenlerden dolayı kenti
yaşanılabilir hale getirmek amacıyla uygulanan değişim ve dönüşüm sürecidir.
Çalışmanın amacı, kentsel dönüşüm kavramının hukuki alanda dayanaklarına
değinilerek, kentse dönüşüm sürecinin hukuki alt yapısını açıklamaktır. Bu
kapsamda kentse dönüşüm sürecinde gerçekleşen dava örneklerine yer verilmiştir.
Kentsel dönüşüm kavramı, bir kent hareketi olduğu kadar bir hukuki boyutu da
içinde barındırmaktadır. Kentsel dönüşüm kavramı, hukuki olarak
değerlendirildiğinde belli başlı kanunlara dayanmaktadır. Kentsel dönüşüm
süreci hukuki olarak dava türleri kapsamında iki şekilde ele alınabilmektedir.
Kentsel dönüşüm sürecinde konu ve sebep bakımından farklılık gösteren sonuçlara
baktığımızda iptal ve tam yargı şeklinde iki tür dava karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu
dava türleri açısından kentsel dönüşüm sürecinde, yapılan dönüşüme ve plana
bağlı olarak açılan davalar farklı şekilde sonuçlanabilmektedir. Günümüzde
kentsel dönüşüm kapsamında açılan davalara bakıldığında birçok örnek karşımıza
çıkmaktadır. Kentsel dönüşüm sürecinde iptal davaları, yapılan projenin iptali
gibi birçok sebeple açılmaktadır. Tam yargı davaları ise, az da olsa bu süreçte
karşımıza çıkan dava türüdür. Çalışmada yöntem olarak literatür taraması
yapılmış, bunun sonucunda örnek davalara yer verilmiştir.
EFEK SISA JERAMI DAN TITONIA YANG DIKOMPOSKAN TERHADAP PRODUKSI PADI SAWAH
Authors: Gusnidar Gusnidar , Yasin Syafrimen , Harianti Mimien , Oktaviana Tutik
Published: August 2018

The experiment to obtain residue compost of rice straw (S) and tithonia (T) for reduce commercial fertilizers (CF) input and that effect for rice production. This research was arranged in Completely Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications of six treatments.  The residue treatments are; A (input Urea 200 kg ha-1 (Ru) + SP-36 100kgha-1 (Rp)+KCl 75 kgha-1 (Rk)), B (Ru+2Rp), C (S  5 tonsha-1+ R), D ( S 5 tonsha-1+Ru+Pstarter (Ps)), E (T, 2,.5 tonsha-1 + J,  2,.5 tonsha-1 + 75%Ru+Ps), F (T, 2,.5 tonsha-1 + J,  2,5tonsha-1 +50%Ru+Ps).   Data of research were statistically analysed.  If the F-calculated was significantly different, they would be further analysed using LSD 0.05. The results showed that residue of T, 2,5 tonha-1 could reduce CF by 50 kg  Ureaha-1 (25% R), 75 kg KCl  ha-1 (100% R) and 90 kg SP-36ha-1 (90% R) with production 6,66 tonsha-1 Husk Rice (HC).  If it is based on farmer tradition, residue of T could reduce CF by 50 kg Ureaha-1 (25% R), and 190 kg SP-36 ha-1 0.95.Key words : compost, residue, rice, straw, tithonia
Journalism Ethos: Mídia Ninja and a Contested Field
Authors: Rodrigues Cláudia , Baroni Alice
Published: August 2018

The wave of mass protests that swept over Brazil’s major cities in June 2013 gave rise to a citizen journalist collective known as Mídia Ninja whose coverage of the protests attracted enormous attention and challenged established hegemonic media practices. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this study compares Midia Ninja‘s production processes to those of the mainstream media, aiming to reflect on contemporary journalistic ethos. In so doing, Midia Ninja’s attempts at deconstructing hegemonic media discourses and practices are explored through an analysis of five categories that emerged from the data - mobilisation, Ninja’s brand identity, deconstruction, mockery and opinion. The investigation of the collective’s discursive production processes suggests that its media activist logic contributes to widening the deontological codes of the journalistic profession while rejecting traditional journalistic news values, such as neutrality and impartiality.A onda massiva de protestos que se alastrou nas maiores cidades brasileiras em junho de 2013 propiciou o surgimento de um coletivo de repórteres-cidadãos conhecidos como Mídia Ninja. A atenção copiosa que o coletivo recebeu terminou por desafiar práticas estabelecidas da mídia hegemônica. Adotando uma abordagem metodológica mista, este estudo investiga o processo de produção dos Ninja à luz da mídia hegemônica com o intuito de refletir sobre o ethos jornalístico na contemporaneidade. Através da análise de cinco categorias provenientes dos dados, mobilização, institucional, escracho, desconstrução e opinião, o esforço dos Ninja em desconstruir os discursos e as práticas da mídia hegemônica é investigado. A investigação dos processos de produção discursiva do coletivo aponta que a perspectiva de produzir narrativas dentro da lógica midiativista contribui, por um lado, para o afrouxamento dos códigos deontológicos do jornalismo e, por outro, para o rechaço de matrizes do campo jornalístico como imparcialidade e neutralidade. La masiva ola de protestas que se expandió hacia las mayores ciudades brasileñas en junio de 2013 produjo la aparición de un grupo de reporteros-ciudadanos conocidos como Medios Ninja. La atención copiosa que el colectivo recibió terminó por desafiar las prácticas establecidas del medio hegemónico. Adoptando una metodología mixta, este estudio investiga el proceso de producción de los Ninjas a la luz del medio tradicional con la intención de reflexionar sobre el ethos periodístico en la contemporaneidad. A través de la evaluación de las cinco categorías de los datos, movilización, institucional, escrache, desconstrucción y opinión, el esfuerzo por deconstruir los discursos y las prácticas de los medios hegemónicos es investigado. La investigación de los procesos de producción discursiva del colectivo apunta que la perspectiva de producir narrativas en la logica medioactivista contribuye, por un lado, para el aflojamiento de los codigos deontologicos del periodismo y, por otro, para el rechazo de matrices del campo periodista como imparcialidad y neutralidad.
Telemetry Nurses Knowledge of Alarm Fatigue and Interventions for Change: An Education Program Development
Authors: Cruz Samantha
Published: August 2018

Alarm fatigue is known to be one of the top safety concerns in the healthcare setting. The Joint Commission recognized Alarm safety as one of the 2017 National Patient Safety Goals. Alarm fatigue occurs when a healthcare worker becomes overwhelmed and often desensitized to patient monitor alarms. It has been established that interventions including ECG daily electrode and battery changes, skin prep for electrode placement, and adjusting alarm parameters to fit patient needs can lead to a reduction in false or nuisance alarms. In order for these interventions to be carried out successfully, education of nurses regarding alarm fatigue and interventions for change needs to be completed. Education is one of the most important phases of creating change. The purpose of this program development project was to determine the effectiveness of an educational program on alarm fatigue awareness for telemetry unit nurses. A program development project was developed utilizing a pre-test, educational intervention, and a post-test design. Tests were used to evaluate the nurses’ knowledge improvement related to the educational intervention. Sixteen out of a possible 60 telemetry nurses completed the pretest portion of this quality improvement project. (N=16, 26.6%). Fourteen of a possible 60 nurses attended the educational session and completed the post-test portion of this quality improvement project. (N=14, 23%). For the purpose of presenting the first four questions, only those tests with matching pre-and-post responses were utilized, (N=14). The mean scores from pre-tests were 51.2% and mean post-test scores were 92% which revealed an increase by 40.8% after an educational intervention. The APRN can assist in establishing and implementing an educational program. This educational program can help to implement interventions and provide evidenced based research to support the prevention of alarm fatigue.
A Coq mechanised formal semantics for realistic SQL queries : Formally reconciling SQL and (extended) relational algebra.
Authors: Benzaken Véronique , Contejean Évelyne
Published: August 2018

In this article, we provide a Coq mechanised, executable, formal semantics for realistic SQL queries consisting of select [distinct] from where group by having queries with NULL values, functions, aggregates, quantifiers and nested, potentially correlated, sub-queries. We then relate this fragment to a Coq formalised (extended) relational algebra that enjoys a bag semantics. Doing so we provide the first formally mechanised proof of the equivalence of SQL and extended relational algebra and, from a compilation perspective, thanks to the Coq extraction mechanism to Ocaml, a Coq certified semantic analyser for a SQL compiler.
Agricultural Productivity Growth Differential in Punjab, Pakistan: A District-level Analysis
Authors: Munir Ahmad
Published: August 2018

The results of this paper show that the crop output increased at the rate of 2.6 percent per annum, dominated by the share of TFP growth. Wide variation exists among cropping systems as well as within the system both in TFP growth and output growth. The mungbean zone emerged as a leader in TFP growth with 3.6 percent per annum, followed by barani (3.2 percent), cotton (1.9 percent), mixed (1.1 percent), and rice (1.0 percent) zones. Rice, mixed, and cotton zones show a negative trend in efficiency, and the respective causes appear to be the dominant factor of land degradation sourced by the existence of nutrient-exhaustive cropping pattern, increasing problem of waterlogging and salinity, and the use of brackish underground water, plus the prevalence of curl leaf virus disease in the cotton zone during the 1990s. The other reasons could be the low literacy rate among the farmers in most of the districts of the latter two cropping systems. Besides, the majority of them are also characterised as having very low status in development ranking. The data also show that the area under rice and sugarcane, a highly water-intensive crop, had increased in most of the districts of mixed and cotton zones, during the 1990s instrumented by high instability in cotton output growth as compared to rice and sugarcane. The sources of instability include high volatility in prices, vulnerability of the crop to disease and insect attack, consistently rising production cost, incapacity of the farming communities to deal with the dynamism of technology in cotton production, and increasing waterlogging and salinity problem.
Profitability and Pricing in Treasury Bill Auctions: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Daniel. C. Hardy
Published: August 2018

Behaviour in the first three years of auctions for Pakistani treasury bills is studied. Bidding strategies rapidly converged to a consistent pattern after the auctions started in 1991. Factors that influenced the expected profitability of auction participation are identified. Auction participation was on average low and did not differ between types of bidders. Prices bids are found to reflect both ‘buy and sell’ and ‘buy and hold’ strategies, and were affected by risk considerations and bidder-specific variables. The Pakistani experience suggests the robustness of auctions as a market-based allocation mechanism, and their value in public debt management.
Shorter Notices
Authors: Mir Annice Mahmood
Published: August 2018

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The Stock Market and the Economy in Pakistan
Authors: Fazal Husain  , Tariq Mahmood
Published: August 2018

This paper re-examines the causal relationship between stock prices and macro variables like consumption expenditure, investment spending, and economic activity (measured by GDP) in Pakistan. Using annual data from 1959-60 to 1998-99 and applying cointegration and error correction analysis, the paper indicates the presence of long-run relationship between stock prices and macro variables. Regarding the cause and effect relationship, the analysis indicates a one-way causation from macro variables to stock prices, implying that in Pakistan fluctuations in macro variables cause changes in stock prices. The findings suggest that the stock market in Pakistan is not that developed to play its due role in influencing aggregate demand. A disturbing feature of the stock market in Pakistan is that it cannot be characterised as the leading indicator of economic activity. In the absence of other strong indicators, shooting up of stock prices may indicate a speculative bubble.
Assessing Energy Consumption and Energy Intensity Changes in Pakistan: An Application of Complete Decomposition Model
Authors: Shaista Alam  , Mohammad Sabihuddin Butt
Published: August 2018

Complete decomposition model has been employed in the present study to decompose the changes in energy consumption and energy intensity in Pakistan during 1960 to 1998. A general decomposition model raises a problem due to residual term. In some models the residual term is omitted, which causes a large estimation error, while in some models the residual term is regarded as an interaction that might create a puzzle for the analysis. A complete decomposition model is used here to solve this problem.
The Analysis of the Short-term Capital Movements by Using the VAR Model: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Ismaіl Çeviş  , Cem Kadilar
Published: August 2018

This paper investigates the relations among short-term capital inflows, government deficit, interest rate differentials, real exchange rate and some accounts of the balance of payments in Turkey in 1990s by using the vector autoregression (VAR) technique. The dynamic behaviours of each variable due to random shocks given to short-term foreign liabilities are captured by impulse response functions, and the portion of variance in the prediction for each variable in the system that is attributable to its own innovations and to shocks to other variables in the system is analysed by variance decomposition method. It is found that the policy of high interest-low exchange rate (hot money) is the main reason for the short-term capital inflows in Turkey, and we propose some main controls on capital inflows to limit some of the macroeconomic repercussions of these inflows.
Endogenous Growth and Human Capital: A Comparative Study of Pakistan and Sri Lanka
Authors: Qaisar Abbas
Published: August 2018

Economic Growth has posed an intellectual challenge ever since the beginning of systematic economic analysis. Adam Smith claimed that growth was related to division of labour, but he did not link them in a clear way. After that Thomas Malthus developed a formal model of a dynamic economic growth process in which each country converge toward stationary per-capita income. According to this model, death rates fall and fertility rises when income exceed the equilibrium, and opposite occur when incomes are less than that level. Despite the influence of the Malthusian model in nineteenth century economists, fertility fell rather than rose as income grew during the past 150 years in the west and other parts of the world.
Inaugural Address
Authors: Shaukat Aziz
Published: August 2018

Ladies and Gentlemen: It is my pleasure and honour to address the distinguished gathering of economists, social scientists, intellectuals and renowned personalities from within and outside the country on the occasion of the 19th Annual General Meeting of the Society. This has become an important event in Pakistan where economists and social scientists sit together and deliberate on various issues facing developing economies in general and Pakistan’s economy in particular. The Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE) deserves our appreciation for holding such a conference on a regular basis. In fact, I have been using this platform for the last four years to apprise the nation about the progress we have been making on the economic front and about the policies we have been pursuing. I intend to do the same today.
Institutional Change, Growth, and Poverty Levels in Pakistan (The Presidential Address)
Authors: A. R. Kemal
Published: August 2018

It is now well-recognised that institutions matter in the growth process both directly and indirectly. Well-functioning institutions lead to higher investment levels, better policies, increase in social capital stock of a community, and better management of ethnic diversity and conflicts [see for example North (1990, 1994); Jutting (2003); Rodrik, et al. (2002); Dollar and Kray (2002); World Bank (2002); Aron (2000); Chu (2001) and Frischtak (1995)]. That the decay of institutions has led to poor governance—and the urgent need for improved governance in Pakistan particularly—has been well-documented in DRI/McGraw-Hill (1998); Pakistan (1999) and Hassan (2002). Transparent, participatory, and efficient working of institutions ensures correct priorities and appropriate policies; their effective and efficient implementation results in high growth, better income distribution, and alleviation of poverty. Institutional development has been very slow in Pakistan, and more often than not these have been abused by the èlite to extract rent [Hussain (1999)]. Over the last three decades, and especially in the 1990s, even the institutions that existed have degenerated. Poor governance resulting from the mal-functioning of institutions has denied the poor any participation in the decision-making process, and they have failed to derive any benefit from the rising levels of per capita incomes.1 The rising poverty in turn has led to further decay of institutions and the poor are caught in the vicious circle [see Hassan (2002)].
Pro-poor Growth and Policies: The Asian Experience (The Quaid-i-Azam Memorial Lecture)
Authors: Hafiz A. Carstens  , T. Palanivel
Published: August 2018

The objective of this paper is to assemble on a systematic basis the available data on Asian countries and then analyse the relationship between growth and poverty reduction in a long-term perspective, as well as the impact of different macroeconomic variables on the intensity of this relationship. The results indicate that there is not only a strong positive relationship between growth and poverty reduction, but also that this relationship is highly variable across countries and time periods. The key macroeconomic determinants of the degree of pro-poor growth appear to be the rates of employment and agricultural growth. Inflation, at least up to a certain rate, does not impact poverty negatively, while the role of exports is essentially indirect through the contribution to the overall rate of economic growth. Examination of the change in policy stance of the Asian countries during the 1990s in relation to the 1980s demonstrates that on balance the mix of policies has not been pro-poor. The apparent sacrifice of growth in pursuit of macroeconomic stability has diminished the impact on poverty reduction. Given the relatively weak trade-off between inflation and growth with regard to the impact on poverty and the fact that inflation rates are currently low in the region, it is argued that countries can be more flexible in their policy stance with regard to the adoption of more growth-oriented as opposed to stabilisation policies. In particular, a case is made for resorting to a more expansionary counter-cyclical fiscal policy, led by higher levels of public investment, supported by appropriate monetary and exchange rate policies. The paper concludes with a detailed description of the policies designed to achieve faster agricultural development and greater employment generation.
Budgetary Reforms for Growth and Poverty Reduction in Pakistan (The Mahbub-ul-Haq Memorial Lecture)
Authors: Sadiq Ahmed
Published: August 2018

Webster’s Dictionary defines institution as “an established order, principle, law or usage as an element of organised society or of civilisation”. There are other interpretations of this term, depending upon the context for which the term is needed. For the purposes of the theme of this 19th Annual General Meeting of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists (PSDE), “Institutional Change, Growth and Poverty”, I find this well-crafted Webster Dictionary definition to be appropriate and adequate. There is now strong recognition that institutional reforms are necessary to sustain rapid growth and poverty reduction in developing countries. However, it is first necessary to identify and specify what these institutional reforms are. A number of systematic efforts to define institutions in an analytical context have been undertaken. For example, the World Development Report (WDR) 2002 of the World Bank focused on “Building Institutions for Markets” as the core theme of the report.1 There has been emphasis on aspects of institutions in other WDRs as well, including in the WDR 1997 on the Role of the State,2 the WDR 2003 on Environment,3 and the most recent WDR 2004 on Service Delivery.4 Each of the WDRs builds on the analysis of earlier WDRs and provides analysis of the institutional context of the development challenge in concrete terms to make associated reforms implementable. This is indeed a laudable effort and provides a fairly rich analytical base over which one can build on to move the institutional reform agenda forward.
South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC):
Prospects for Development
Authors: Dhungel Dwarika
Published: August 2018

Recently, the South Asian Association for Regional
Co-operation (SAARC) completed two decades of its existence. The heads
of states or governments of its member countries, viz. Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, once again
would meet in Dhaka and reaffirm their faith in the organisation and its
charter. Considering the political reality within the individual SAARC
nations, and especially the relationship between the two biggest members
of the association, one could feel satisfied that the association has
survived so far. But its movement in terms of achieving the objectives
for which it was formed has been slow and it is criticised as a house of
cards or a house built on sand, which can fall apart any time. There is
a big stress in the interrelationship between neighbours.
Real Exchange Rate, Exports, and Imports Movements: A Trivariate Analysis
Authors: Qadir Usman , Kemal M Ali
Published: August 2018

The exchange rate exerts a strong influence on a country’s trade. It is depicted from the high correlation between the real exchange rate and exports (0.90) and that between the real exchange rate and imports (0.88). In the present-day scenario of falling levels of tariff and a reduced number of non-tariff barriers, the exchange rate has assumed a crucial role in influencing the trade deficit. Imports have a very significant association with exports as shown by the correlation between exports and imports (0.97). The increase in exports in the absence of surplus stocks requires an increase in production, which in turn requires capital and raw material. We analysed the long-run relationship and the short-run dynamics among the three variables. It is concluded that there exists a long-run relationship between real exchange rate, exports, and imports; and real exchange rate is negatively associated with the exports and positively associated with the imports. In the short-run, imports and exports adjust towards their equilibrium when there is disequilibrium. But the adjustment in the imports is greater than the adjustment in the exports. Moreover, exports do not respond to the shock caused by the real exchange rate, but imports respond to the sudden shock in the real exchange rate. The study ends up with the note that the sudden movements in the real exchange rate do not affect exports. Therefore, Pakistan should not worry about exchange rate shocks.
The Northern Immigration Policy in a North-South Economy Model
Authors: Abe Taro
Published: August 2018

Wooton (1985) considered the immigration into Findlay (1980)’s North-South model and examined how the north’s relaxation of immigration policy influences income in both regions. Based on Wooton (1985), this paper has performed the same analysis assuming there to be a complete capital mobility between the north and the south. The major findings are as follows: In the long-run, the relaxation of the north’s immigration policy does not affect the per capita income of both the northern labour and immigrant workers. When the north practises a discriminative redistribution policy against the immigrant workers, the per capita income in the north will increase because redistribution of income from the immigrant workers to the northern labour as a result of the policy relaxation is taking place.