bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RECENT RESULTS FROM K2K
Authors:   For the K2K Collaboration, JUNG C. K.
Published: October 2002

K2K is a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment using a neutrino beam produced at the KEK 12 GeV PS, a near detector complex at KEK and a far detector (Super-Kamiokande) in Kamioka, Japan. The experiment was constructed and is being operated by an international consortium of institutions from Japan, Korea, and the US. The experiment started taking data in 1999 and has successfully taken data for about two years. K2K is the first long beseline neutrino oscillation experiment with a baseline of order hundreds of km and is the first accelerator based neutrino oscillation experiment that is sensitive to the Super-Kamiokande allowed region obtained from the atmospheric neutrino oscillation analysis. A total of 44 events have been observed in the far detector during the period of June 1999 to April 2001 corresponding to 3.85 × 1019 protons on target. The observation is consistent with the neutrino oscillation expectations based on the oscillation parameters derived from the atmospheric neutrinos, and the probability that this is a statistical fluctuation of non-oscillation expectation of [Formula: see text] is less than 3%.
SOLAR NEUTRINO RESULTS FROM THE SUDBURY NEUTRINO OBSERVATORY
Authors:   For the SNO Collaboration, KLEIN JOSHUA R.
Published: October 2002

We describe here the measurement of the flux of neutrinos created by the decay of solar 8B by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO). The neutrinos were detected via the charged current (CC) reaction on deuterium and by the elastic scattering (ES) of electrons. The CC reaction is sensitive exclusively to νe's, while the ES reaction also has a small sensitivity to νμ's and ντ's. The flux of νe's from 8B decay measured by the CC reaction rate is [Formula: see text]. Assuming no flavor transformation, the flux inferred from the ES reaction rate is [Formula: see text]. Comparison of ϕ CC (νe) to the Super-Kamiokande Collaboration's precision value of ϕ ES (νx) yields a 3.3σ difference, assuming the systematic uncertainties are normally distributed, providing evidence that there is non-electron flavor active neutrino component in the solar flux. The total flux of active 8B neutrinos is thus determined to be 5.44 ± 0.99 × 106 cm- 2s- 1, in close agreement with the predictions of solar models.
THEORY OF NEUTRINO MASSES AND MIXINGS
Authors: MURAYAMA HITOSHI
Published: October 2002

Neutrino physics is going through a revolutionary progress. In this talk I review what we have learned and why neutrino mass is so important. Neutrino masses and mixings are already shedding new insight into the origin of flavor. Given the evidences for neutrino mass, leptogenesis is gaining momentum as the origin of cosmic baryon asymmetry. Best of all, we will learn a lot more in the coming years.
DARK MATTER SEARCH
Authors:   Spokesman of HEIDELBERG-MOSCOW and GENIUS Collaborations, KLAPDOR-KLEINGROTHAUS H. V.
Published: October 2002

Dark matter is at present one of the most exciting field of particle physics and cosmology. We review the status of undergound experiments looking for cold and hot dark matter.
THE HIGHEST ENERGY COSMIC RAYS, GAMMA-RAYS AND NEUTRINOS: FACTS, FANCY AND RESOLUTION
Authors: HALZEN FRANCIS
Published: October 2002

Although cosmic rays were discovered 90 years ago, we do not know how and where they are accelerated. There is compelling evidence that the highest energy cosmic rays are extra-galactic — they cannot be contained by our galaxy's magnetic field anyway because their gyroradius exceeds its dimensions. Elementary elementary-particle physics dictates a universal upper limit on their energy of 5 × 1019 eV, the so-called Greisen-Kuzmin-Zatsepin cutoff; however, particles in excess of this energy have been observed, adding one more puzzle to the cosmic ray mystery. Mystery is nonetheless fertile ground for progress: we will review the facts and mention some very speculative interpretations. There is indeed a realistic hope that the oldest problem in astronomy will be resolved soon by ambitious experimentation: air shower arrays of 104 km2 area, arrays of air Cerenkov detectors and kilometer-scale neutrino observatories.
THE NEW COSMOLOGY
Authors: TURNER MICHAEL S.
Published: October 2002

Over the past three years we have determined the basic features of our Universe. It is spatially flat; accelerating; comprised of 1/3 a new form of matter, 2/3 a new form of energy, with some ordinary matter and a dash of massive neutrinos; and it apparently began from a great burst of expansion (inflation) during which quantum noise was stretched to astrophysical size seeding cosmic structure. This "New Cosmology" greatly extends the highly successful hot big-bang model. Now we have to make sense of it. What is the dark matter particle? What is the nature of the dark energy? Why this mixture? How did the matter – antimatter asymmetry arise? What is the underlying cause of inflation (if it indeed occurred)?
LHC MACHINE PROGRAM
Authors: MAIANI LUCIANO
Published: October 2002

Because Prof. Luciano Maiani could not submit his manuscript in time for the proceedings our Scientific Secretary, Paolo Valente, selected some pictures from the presentation for inclusion here.
ELECTRON-POSITRON- COLLIDERS
Authors: HEUER R.-D.
Published: October 2002

An electron-positron linear collider in the energy range between 500 and 1000 GeV is of crucial importance to precisely test the Standard Model and to explore the physics beyond it. The physics program is complementary to that of the Large Hadron Collider. Some of the main physics goals and the expected accuracies of the anticipated measurements at such a linear collider are discussed. A short review of the different collider designs presently under study is given including possible upgrade paths to the multi-TeV region. Finally a framework is presented within which the realisation of such a project could be achieved as a global international project.
NEUTRINO FACTORY AND MUON COLLIDER R&D
Authors: GEER STEVE
Published: October 2002

European, Japanese, and US Neutrino Factory designs are presented. The main R&D issues and associated R&D programs, future prospects, and the additional issues that must be addressed to produce a viable Muon Collider design, are discussed.
SUPERSTRINGS, DUALITY, LARGE EXTRA DIMENSIONS
Authors: RANDALL LISA
Published: October 2002

No written contribution received.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Authors: CABIBBO NICOLA
Published: October 2002

Important new results have been presented at this conference. The direct violation of CP in K0 → π + π has been firmly established in two independent experiments, NA48 at CERN and KTeV at Fermilab. Both Babar at SLAC and Belle at Kek have determined the CP violation in [Formula: see text] oscillations through the study of the golden KS + Ψ decay mode. The observed CP violation agrees with the expectations of the Standard model, based on the quark-mixing phenomenon. The first results of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, SNO, suggest that the long-lasting solar neutrino puzzle has been finally solved in terms of neutrino oscillations. Results appeared after the conference which modify the theoretical prediction of the muon anomaly. This new result, if confirmed, would drastically reduce the significance of the discrepancy between the theoretically expected value for the muon anomaly and the recent results of the Brookhaven experiment.
A MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION FOR FREE SPIN DENSITY AND ELECTRONIC DENSITY OF STATES IN K2CuCl4 · 2H2O-TYPE CRYSTALS
Authors: GRADO-CAFFARO M. A. , GRADO-CAFFARO M.
Published: October 2002

A theoretical model based upon molecular orbital theory for superexchange interaction in K 2 CuCl 4 · 2H 2 O -type crystals is presented; atomic d- and p-orbitals as well as molecular bonding and antibonding orbitals are considered. In particular, the free spin density and the electronic density of states are calculated.
ON OPTICAL ABSORPTION OF AMORPHOUS CADMIUM OXIDE IN THE VISIBLE REGION
Authors: GRADO-CAFFARO M. A. , GRADO-CAFFARO M.
Published: October 2002

Optical absorption of amorphous cadmium oxide in the visible region is discussed by considering the band-gap shift in the light of the Burstein–Moss model. Moreover, the influence of oxygen partial pressure is discussed.
STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATIONS ON CALCIUM-SILICA-PHOSPHATE GLASSES
Authors: SIMON V. , SIMON S. , ENIU D.
Published: October 2002

Glass transition and crystallization temperatures established from differential thermal analysis (DTA), density, molar volume and ionic field strength changes induced by the addition of Fe 2 O 3 to the CaO-P 2 O 5- SiO 2 glass matrix, are correlated in order to understand the structural role of iron oxide in the investigated glasses and to discover the structural evolution of the samples as a function of composition. The compactness degree in calcium-silica-phosphate glasses increases when Fe 2 O 3 is added. The results suggest structural changes characteristic of intermediate range order.
BISMUTH PARTIAL SUBSTITUTION EFFECT ON PROPERTIES OF THE Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3OZ SYSTEM
Authors: SIMON S. , TURCU R. V. F. , POP M. , BORODI Gh.
Published: October 2002

The effect of bismuth partial substitution by lead, cadmium or tin on the properties of the polycrystalline systems Bi 2-x M x Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O z (M = Pb, Cd or Sn) was investigated. The samples were obtained from amorphous precursors by heat treatment applied in several stages. X-ray diffraction analysis and static susceptibility measurements were carried out in order to characterize the structure and to check the superconducting properties of the investigated samples. Superconducting behavior above liquid nitrogen temperature was evidenced only for the partial substitution of Bi with x = 0.2 Pb and x = 0.1 Sn.
MAGNETIC BEHAVIOR OF SAMARIUM IONS IN 2B2O3 · PbO GLASS MATRIX
Authors: ARDELEAN I.
Published: October 2002

Magnetic susceptibility measurements were performed on x Sm 2 O 3 · (100 - x)[ 2B 2 O 3 · PbO ] glasses with x ≤ 40 mol %. These data were analyzed using the Van Vleck model for magnetic behavior of free Sm 3+ ions.
STRUCTURAL STUDY OF Fe2O3–B2O3–CaO GLASSES BY IR SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: ARDELEAN I. , PĂŞCUŢĂ P.
Published: October 2002

lasses belonging to the x Fe 2 O 3·(100–x)[ 3B 2 O 3· CaO ] system (with 0 ≤ x ≤ 50 mol %) have been investigated by IR spectroscopy. The influence of the gradual increase of Fe 2 O 3 content on the glass structure is revealed. Using FT-IR spectroscopy, the local structural units in glasses studied were found to have been modified by the presence of and the dependence on the Fe 2 O 3 content.
Sechν(bt) FORM OF THE MEMORY FUNCTION
Authors: SINGH SHAMINDER , KUMAR C. N. , TANKESHWAR K.
Published: October 2002

An expression for the memory function appearing in the Mori's memory function formalism has been derived using two plausible approximations. The resulting expression is of the [Formula: see text] form. The parameters a, b and ν are such that sum rules up to the sixth order of an appropriate time correlation function are exactly satisfied. The sech (bt) and the [Formula: see text] forms of the memory function have been used and derived earlier. But these satisfy sum rules only up to the fourth order and are special cases corresponding to ν = 1 and ν = 2. It is found that ν varies from 1.1 to 1.7 for Lennard–Jones fluids, investigated over wide ranges of densities and temperatures for the velocity auto-correlation function. We have also derived expressions for the shear viscosity and the thermal conductivity by using this approach. The results obtained for the shear viscosity and the thermal conductivity for Lennard–Jones fluids at various densities and temperatures have been found to be in good agreement with molecular dynamics (MD) results.
CARRIERS LIFETIME DISTRIBUTION IN CdSe EPITAXIAL LAYERS IMPURIFIED WITH IODINE AND CHLORINE INVESTIGATED BY PHOTOCONDUCTIVE FREQUENCY-RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: CERBANIC G. , BURDA I. , CHIUZBAIAN S. G. , NEUMANN M. , SIMON S.
Published: October 2002

The analysis of carrier lifetime distribution in CdSe epitaxial layers grown onto (0001)-oriented mica substrates by the vapor epitaxial method at various substrate temperatures (745°C, 750°C and 780°C), annealed at temperatures up to 400°C and impurified with iodine and chlorine carrier traps is made in the frequency range of carrier recombination kinetics by means of photoconductive frequency-resolved spectroscopy (PCFRS). The carrier lifetime distribution depends on processes related to band-to-band, deep local levels induced by impurities and structural defect recombination mechanisms.
A REALIZATION OF A WAVELET GALERKIN METHOD ON NONTRIVIAL DOMAINS
Authors: BERRONE S. , EMMEL L.
Published: October 2002

In this paper we describe a realization of the Wavelet Element Method (WEM), for numerically solving second-order elliptic PDEs on fairly general domains. We describe in a detailed form the construction of biorthogonal wavelet bases on these domains. The domain of interest is split into subdomains and mapped to the unit reference cube. The bases obtained on each subdomain are matched to obtain continuous global wavelet bases. Suitable [Formula: see text] data structures for an efficient implementation of the wavelet Galerkin method are described.
LARGE-TIME BEHAVIOR OF DISCRETE KINETIC EQUATIONS WITH NON-SYMMETRIC INTERACTIONS
Authors: ARNOLD ANTON , CARRILLO JOSE A. , TIDRIRI MOULAY D.
Published: October 2002

We consider the initial-boundary value problem for general linear discrete velocity models appearing in kinetic theory. With time-independent inflow boundary data we prove the existence of a unique steady state and the exponential convergence in time towards the steady state. The proof is based on the construction of suitable multiplyers used in a weighted L2-norm.
HP DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN APPROXIMATIONS FOR THE STOKES PROBLEM
Authors: TOSELLI ANDREA
Published: October 2002

We propose and analyze a discontinuous Galerkin approximation for the Stokes problem. The finite element triangulation employed is not required to be conforming and we use discontinuous pressures and velocities. No additional unknown fields need to be introduced, but only suitable bilinear forms defined on the interfaces between the elements, involving the jumps of the velocity and the average of the pressure. We consider hp approximations using ℚk′–ℚk velocity-pressure pairs with k′ = k + 2, k + 1, k. Our methods show better stability properties than the corresponding conforming ones. We prove that our first two choices of velocity spaces ensure uniform divergence stability with respect to the mesh size h. Numerical results show that they are uniformly stable with respect to the local polynomial degree k, a property that has no analog in the conforming case. An explicit bound in k which is not sharp is also proven. Numerical results show that if equal order approximation is chosen for the velocity and pressure, no spurious pressure modes are present but the method is not uniformly stable either with respect to h or k. We derive a priori error estimates generalizing the abstract theory of mixed methods. Optimal error estimates in h are proven. As for discontinuous Galerkin methods for scalar diffusive problems, half of the power of k is lost for p and hp pproximations independently of the divergence stability.
ABOUT UNIQUENESS OF WEAK SOLUTIONS TO FIRST ORDER QUASI-LINEAR EQUATIONS
Authors: NIETO J. , SOLER J. , POUPAUD F.
Published: October 2002

In this paper we give a criterion to discriminate the entropy solution to quasi-linear equations of first order among weak solutions. This uniqueness statement is a generalization of Oleinik's criterion, which makes reference to the measure of the increasing character of weak solutions. The link between Oleinik's criterion and the entropy condition due to Kruzhkov is also clarified. An application of this analysis to the convergence of the particle method for conservation laws is also given by using the Filippov characteristics.
THE DETACHMENT OF BUBBLES UNDER A POROUS RIGID SURFACE DURING ALUMINUM ELECTROLYSIS
Authors: KLOUČEK PETR , ROMERIO MICHEL V.
Published: October 2002

We determine the critical pressure and width of a liquid layer at which the sudden detachment of bubbles at solid–liquid interfaces occurs. We obtain these values by solving numerically a constrained minimization problem corresponding to the conservation of mass density of gas contained in the bubble attached to a rigid surface, and to the conservation of its free energy.
ORIENTATION OF SYMMETRIC BODIES FALLING IN A SECOND-ORDER LIQUID AT NONZERO REYNOLDS NUMBER
Authors: GALDI GIOVANNI P. , VAIDYA ASHWIN , POKORNÝ MILAN , JOSEPH DANIEL D. , FENG JIMMY
Published: October 2002

We study the steady translational fall of a homogeneous body of revolution around an axis a, with fore-and-aft symmetry, in a second-order liquid at nonzero Reynolds (Re) and Weissenberg (We) numbers. We show that, at first order in these parameters, only two orientations are allowed, namely, those with a either parallel or perpendicular to the direction of the gravity g. In both cases the translational velocity is parallel to g. The stability of the orientations can be described in terms of a critical value E c for the elasticity number E = We/Re , where E c depends only on the geometric properties of the body, such as size or shape, and on the quantity (Ψ1 + Ψ2)/Ψ1, where Ψ1 and Ψ2 are the first and second normal stress coefficients. These results are then applied to the case when the body is a prolate spheroid. Our analysis shows, in particular, that there is no tilt-angle phenomenon at first order in Re and We.
L′interprétation matricielle de la théorie de Markoff classique
Authors: Perrine Serge
Published: October 2002

On explicite l′approche de Cohn (1955) de la théorie de
Markoff. On montre en particulier comment l′arbre complet des
solutions de l′équation diophantienne associée
apparasît comme quotient du groupe GL (2, ℤ)
des
matrices 2 × 2
à coefficients entiers et de
déterminant ±1
par un sous‐groupe diédral D6
à 12 éléments. Différents développements
intermédiaires sont faits autour du groupe Aut (F 2)des automorphismes du groupe libre engendré par deux
éléments F 2.

We detail the approach followed by Cohn for the Markoff theory.
We show particularly how appears the whole tree of solutions for
the associated Diophantine equation as a quotient of the group GL (2, ℤ) of matrices 2 × 2 with integer coefficients and determinant ±1 by its dihedral subgroup D6 with 12 elements. Some developments are made with the
group Aut (F 2) of automorphisms of the free group F 2 generated by two elements.
Mitochondrial DNA differences distinguishing Meloidogyne mayaguensis from the major species of tropical root-knot nematodes
Authors: Blok Vivian , Fargette Mireille , Wishart Jane , Phillips Mark , Berthier Karine
Published: October 2002

- The mitochondrial DNA region between the COII and lRNA genes and the 63 base pair tandem repeat region have been used to differentiate and characterise Meloidogyne spp. In this study these regions have been amplified from M. mayaguensis, M. javanica, M. arenaria, M. incognita and M. hapla. Meloidogyne mayaguensis produces a unique product of 705 bp from the COII and lRNA region. Also, a product of 322 bp was produced from the 63 bp repeat region of M. mayaguensis unlike M. javanica, M. arenaria, and M. incognita that exhibit hypervariability in this region. Meloidogyne mayaguensis is a widely distributed root-knot nematode with the potential to cause great economic damage. These molecular diagnostics can be used for accurate identification of M. mayaguensis and can be used to monitor the occurrence and spread of this species, and to provide quarantine services tools to limit its dispersal.
Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, 1952 (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Argentina. 4. Morphological and morphometrical characterisation of cysts
Authors: Doucet Marcelo , Lax Paola
Published: October 2002

Cysts of Heterodera glycines races 1 and 3, collected in two localities in Argentina, were morphologically and morphometrically characterised. Although the morphological characters showed considerable variability, they were not useful in differentiating the populations. Most of the morphometrical characters showed a certain degree of variability and presented differences from values of other known populations of the species. No significant differences were observed between the mean values of the two populations, except for the characters' body length and body diameter.
Description of Bursaphelenchus aberrans n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) isolated from pine wood in Guangdong Province, China
Authors: Kan Zhuo , Yusheng Fang , Jun Zhao
Published: October 2002

Bursaphelenchus aberrans n. sp. is described and figured. The nematode was found in dead wood of Pinus massoniana Lamb. from one locality in Fengkai county, Guangdong Province, China. Both sexes are of moderate length ranging from 459-562 μm in the female and 390-556 μm in the male with a slender body (a = 35-42 in female and 31-48 in male) and a medium length tail (c = 13-17 in female and 14-19 in male). The stylet measures 12-14 μm long and the spicule 16-20 μm. The female vulva is located at 71-78% and has the anterior vulval lip posteriorly directed to form a small flap. The conoid tail of both sexes is ventrally curved, tapering gradually to the terminus. The male has a short, terminal, caudal ala. The spicule form is unusual for the genus in that the rostrum and condylus are fused and cap-like. A cucullus is lacking. B. aberrans n. sp. is similar to B. idius Rühm, 1956 in spicule shape, from which it differs in longer spicule length (16-20 vs 14-15 μm) and proportionately longer tail (c = 13-19 vs 23-33). It is also similar to B. bestiolus Massey, 1964 in all essential measurements, but the two species are easily differentiated by spicule shape as well as by the greater number of lateral incisures in B. aberrans n. sp. (4 vs 0).
Mycetophagy in Filenchus misellus (Andrássy, 1958) Lownsbery & Lownsbery, 1985 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae), with notes on its morphology
Authors: Kadota Ikuo , Tsukiboshi Takao , Okada Hiroaki
Published: October 2002

Population growth rates on fungal colonies and morphological characteristics were investigated in a member of the genus Filenchus (Tylenchidae) collected from decomposing rice straw in Fukushima-city, northern Japan. The nematode was identified as F. misellus on the basis of the great similarity in morphological measurements to the known populations of the species. Population growth rates were measured 40 days after inoculating nematodes on to seven fungal species cultured in Petri dishes at 25oC. Growth rates were high on Chaetomium globosum and Coprinus cinereus, intermediate on Pleurotus ostreatus and Rhizoctonia solani and low on Agaricus bisporus, Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium ultimum. The ability of the nematode to feed on fungi in decomposing organic matter suggests the possibility for alternative life history strategies and greater ecological amplitude for members of Filenchus and other genera of Tylenchidae.
The African Rhigonematoidea (Nematoda: Rhigonematida). 2. Six new species of Rhigonema Cobb, 1898 (Rhigonematidae)
Authors: Hunt David
Published: October 2002

Six new species of Rhigonema are described from the gut of various African diplopods. Rhigonema fecundum sp. n., from South Africa, is characterised by medium to fairly long body length, finely pilose anterior region, posterior margin of cephalic collar smoothly fused to body contour, Type 2 genital tract with a long ovejector, presence of a long, closely adpressed, vulval flap, tail shape in both sexes, broad spicules of medium length and complement of 23 copulatory papillae of which three pairs are subdorsal or sublateral in position. Rhigonema oxydesmi sp. n., from Oxydesmus platycercus concolor, Zaire, is characterised by medium body length, slightly projecting cephalic collar, finely pilose anterior region, Type 2 female genital tract with a long ovejector, presence of a short, adpressed, vulval flap, tail shape in both sexes, medium length spicules with a hamate capitulum and complement of 23 copulatory papillae, three pairs of which are subdorsal or sublateral in position. Rhigonema peziphorum sp. n., from Sphaerotherium selindum, Zimbabwe, is characterised by medium body length, prominently projecting cephalic collar, finely pilose anterior region, Type 1 female genital tract with a medium length ovejector, rather large eggs, absence of a prominent vulval flap, presence of a spermatophore, tail shape in both sexes, unusually short spicules with a weakly hamate capitulum and complement of 23 copulatory papillae. It is the only known Rhigonema species to form a spermatophore. Rhigonema rostrellum sp. n., from Ivory Coast, is characterised by medium body length, finely pilose anterior region, Type 2 genital tract with a very long ovejector, presence of a closely adpressed vulval flap, tail shape in both sexes, broad spicules of medium length and complement of 23 copulatory papillae of which three pairs are subdorsal or sublateral in position. Rhigonema spicatum sp. n., from Congoromus flabellatus, Zaire, is characterised by medium body length, slightly projecting cephalic collar, densely pilose anterior region, Type 2 female genital tract with a long ovejector, presence of an adpressed vulval flap, tail shape in both sexes, relatively short spicules with a hamate capitulum and complement of 23 copulatory papillae. Rhigonema xiphiurus sp. n., from Oxydesmus sicarius, Zaire, is characterised by medium body length, projecting cephalic collar, coarsely pilose anterior region with bristly microtrichs, microtrichs extending down body to beyond vulval level in female and a similar relative position in the male, Type 2 female genital tract with a long ovejector, elongate female tail, convex conoid male tail with an exceptionally well developed subulate projection, very short spicules and disposition of the 23 copulatory papillae, three pairs of which are dorsal or sublateral in position. A synopsis of the other eight nominal species of African Rhigonema is appended.
Bizarre Ichthyocephalidae (Nematoda: Rhigonematida) from Vietnam with description of Ichthyocephaloides comatu sp. n., Xystrognathus priscus gen. n., sp. n. and X. phrissus gen. n., sp. n.
Authors: Spiridonov Sergei , Van Luc Pham , Hunt David
Published: October 2002

A bizarre new genus and three new species of parasitic Ichthyocephalidae are described and illustrated from the gut of Vietnamese diplopods. Ichthyocephaloides comatus sp. n., an atypical member of a predominantly Australasian genus, is characterised by the very posterior vulva (V = 92), single genital tract lacking a vaginal diverticulum, dorsal microtrichs long and curled but ventral microtrichs short and bristle-like, basal bulb barely wider than isthmus, short, conoid tail in both sexes, complement of 20 copulatory papillae, five pairs being precloacal and five pairs postcloacal, and spicule form and relative size. The extremely posterior vulva, lack of vaginal diverticulum, short, conoid tail in both sexes and presence of only 20 copulatory papillae immediately distinguish this species from I. dasyacanthus Hunt & Sutherland, 1984, I. xesmostoma Hunt, 1994, I. eurystoma Hunt, 1999 and I. longisaccus Hunt, 1999, all of which have a more anterior vulva, genital tract with a well developed vaginal diverticulum, a longer, subulate tail in both sexes and more numerous copulatory papillae. Xystrognathus gen. n., a highly unusual genus of ichthyocephalid, has an apparently primitive suite of characters and probably represents the oldest lineage of the family yet discovered. It is characterised within the Ichthyocephalidae by having 23 copulatory papillae, three of the postcloacal pairs being subdorsal or sublateral in position plus a single midventral papilla (well developed in the type, less so in the other species) on the anterior cloacal lip, a very posteriorly located vulva, digonant female genital system lacking a vaginal diverticulum, isomorphic and more or less isometric spicules and isthmus ca the same length or shorter than the height of the basal bulb. Xystrognathus gen. n. is the only genus known within the Ichthyocephalidae where the copulatory papillae are arranged in a pattern typical of the Afro-Asian Rhigonematoidea. It may represent the ancestral lineage of the family. Xystroganthus priscus gen. n., sp. n. and X. phrissus gen. n., sp. n. are described and differentiated from each other on the basis of female tail length and shape, development of the midventral papilla and form of the anterior vulval lip (deeply bilobed in the latter species).
A software tool as an aid to the identification of species of Longidorus Micoletzky, 1922 (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea)
Authors: Tiefenbrunner Wolfgang , Tiefenbrunner Astrid , Tiefenbrunner Martin , Wahra Andreas
Published: October 2002

The genus Longidorus includes plant-parasitic and virus vector species and is therefore of great practical importance. This paper describes a computer identification tool that uses only morphometrical data. The data used are the same as those of the polytomous keys of Chen et al. (1997) or Arias and Bravo (1997). For each specimen examined, the software computes the similarity to all 116 species of the genus accepted by Chen et al. (1997) and Loof and Chen (1999). In addition, a graphical multivariate presentation procedure, based on a distance matrix, is described to rapidly compare analysed specimens with reference data from the literature. A later version of the programme has been adapted for analysis of the genus Xiphinema.
First record of the genus Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 in Thailand and description of B. thailandae sp. n. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae)
Authors: Braasch Helen , Braasch-Bidasak Rainulf
Published: October 2002

Wood samples were taken from pine trees in the mountainous region between Pai and Maehongson in northern Thailand. Four species of Bursaphelenchus were recovered from the samples: Bursaphelenchus hylobianum, B. mucronatus, B. aberrans and B. thailandae sp. n. Bursaphelenchus thailandae sp. n. is most similar to B. sychnus but also shows similarities with B. ruehmi, B. hunanensis and B. steineri. It has a relatively small stylet lacking distinct basal knobs and a lateral field with four lines. The female has more or less protruding vulval lips and a slim, conoid, tail. The relatively small and delicate spicules show a distinctive darker sector and lack a cucullus. The male tail has a very small terminal 'bursa'. Bursaphelenchus thailandae sp. n. is tentatively included in the B. fungivorus -group of the genus Bursaphelenchus. Brief notes and morphometric data are given for the other species found. The record of B. mucronatus indicates that conditions for the establishment of the closely related B. xylophilus (the cause of pine wilt disease) may be suitable in Thailand and strict phytosanitary measures are therefore advisable.
Nothacrobeles borregi n. sp. (Nematoda: Cephalobidae) from Anza Borrego, California and N. laticollaris (De Ley & Vandebroek, 1992) n. comb.
Authors: Baldwin James , Poiras Larisa , Bumbarger Daniel , Mundo-Ocampo Manuel
Published: October 2002

Nothacrobeles borregi n. sp. is described from blow-sand in the vicinity of the roots of creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) from Anza Borrego State Park, San Diego, California. The new species is distinctive from all others of the genus by the specific morphology of the labial probolae and lips, as viewed with both interference light and scanning electron microscopy. The probolae include a basal ridge unique by its large size, smooth rim (lacking tines), and unusual large triangular platelet projections on each side; the probolae are also distinctive in having a knob-like ledge separate and posterior to the basal ridge. Nothacrobeles borregi n. sp. provides a new insight into homology of characters important for addressing problems with generic level classification in Cephalobinae. These hypotheses of homology suggest a basis for transferring N. laticollaris n. comb. (syn. Cervidellus laticollaris). Characteristics of Nothacrobeles in relation to Cervidellus and Stegelletina are discussed.
Notes on the genus Cactodera Krall & Krall, 1978 and proposal of Betulodera betulae gen. nov., comb. nov. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae)
Authors: Sturhan Dieter
Published: October 2002

Based mainly on an analysis of the host ranges of the species presently placed in Cactodera, sensu lato, and of selected morphological characteristics, an attempt is made to improve the definition of the genus which, after exclusion of C. betulae and C. johanseni, is considered to be monophyletic. The host range of Cactodera, sensu stricto, appears to be restricted to the subclass Caryophyllidae with the ten known species showing an adaptive radiation on host genera in five families of the orders Caryophyllales and Polygonales. This may be a result of co-evolution. Cactodera betulae cannot be assigned to any of the presently recognised genera of cyst-forming nematodes and therefore Betulodera gen. nov. is proposed with B. betulae comb. nov. as the type and only species. The relationship of Betulodera gen. nov. to other genera of Heteroderidae and to some undescribed heteroderid species has still to be evaluated. The new genus is characterised by circumfenestrate cysts with only a slightly protruding vulval cone, three incisures in the lateral field of the second-stage juveniles and presence of phasmids in the males. The hosts are in unrelated plant orders and subclasses. Cactodera aquatica, a species inquirenda, is returned to the genus Heterodera and Heterodera johanseni (Sharma et al. , 2001) comb. nov. is proposed for C. johanseni.
Ethical Issues in the Feeding of Patients Suffering from Dementia: a focus group study of hospital staff responses to conflicting principles
Authors: Wilmot Stephen , Legg Lesley , Barratt Janice
Published: October 2002

Feeding difficulties in older patients who are suffering from dementia present problems with balancing conflicting ethical principles. They have been considered by several writers in recent years, and the views of nursing and care staff have been studied in different contexts. The present study used focus groups to explore the way in which nursing and care staff in a National Health Service trust deal with conflict between ethical principles in this area. Three focus groups were convened, one each from the staff of three wards caring for patients with dementia. Case histories were discussed and transcripts analysed. It emerged that staff were aware of making fine judgements of utility concerning the spectrum of feeding methods available. Informants gave some weight to the principle of autonomy, but sought to balance that against their commitment to care. In explaining their perspectives, informants gave more weight to personal attitudes and trust culture than to professional ethics
Ethics Meetings in Support of Good Nursing Care: some practice-based thoughts
Authors: de Casterlé Bernadette Dierckx , Meulenbergs Tom , van de Vijver Lut , Tanghe Anne , Gastmans Chris
Published: October 2002

The purpose of this article is to clarify both the role of nurses in ethics meetings and the way in which ethics meetings can function as a catalyst for good nursing care. The thoughts presented are practice based; they arose from our practical experiences as nurses and ethicists with ethics meetings in health care organizations in Belgium. Our reflections are written from the perspective of the nurse in the field who is participating in (inter)professional ethical dialogue. First, the difficulties that nurses experience while participating in ethics meetings are described. Then the possibilities for support of nurses in their ethical responsibility are explored.
Am I Still Ethical? the socially-mediated process of nurses’ moral identity
Authors: Doane Gweneth A Hartrick
Published: October 2002

In a recent, currently unpublished, research project that sought to examine the meaning and enactment of ethical nursing practice across a variety of clinical settings, the significance of moral identity was highlighted. This article describes the findings and illuminates how the moral identities of the nurse participants arose and evolved as they navigated their way through the contextual and systemic forces that shaped the moral situations of their practice. The study revealed the socially-mediated process of identity development and the narrative, dialogical, relational and contextual nature of nurses’ moral identities.
Nurse Moral Distress: a proposed theory and research agenda
Authors: Corley Mary C
Published: October 2002

As professionals, nurses are engaged in a moral endeavour, and thus confront many challenges in making the right decision and taking the right action. When nurses cannot do what they think is right, they experience moral distress that leaves a moral residue. This article proposes a theory of moral distress and a research agenda to develop a better understanding of moral distress, how to prevent it, and, when it cannot be prevented, how to manage it.
Israeli Nurse Managers’ Organizational Values in Today’s Health Care Environment
Authors: Hendel Tova , Steinman Michal
Published: October 2002

The total value set of a working individual consists of three components: personal, professional and organizational values. In the light of the changing health care environment, the individual nurse manager’s values may no longer be applicable for coping with the needs of the work environment. For many nurses who developed their values in keeping with the humanistic tradition, the ‘new’ organizational values may create confusion, frustration and conflict. The purpose of this study was to determine if the organizational domain in the value sets of Israeli middle nursing managers in acute care hospitals reflect the process of shifting values needed in today’s management roles. Analysis of the results revealed that head nurses did not yet fully internalize the ‘new’ organizational values. Implications of the results for planning undergraduate and graduate programmes are detailed.
Knowledge and Beliefs of Nurse Researchers About Informed Consent Principles and Regulations
Authors: Higgins Patricia A , Daly Barbara J
Published: October 2002

We examined differences in the knowledge and beliefs that exist among nurse researchers in the USA (n = 119) regarding informed consent and the use of data from patients’ medical records. Using a mail survey, two domains of ethical knowledge and beliefs were assessed: the legal right to privacy and the moral right to privacy. More than half of the participants were very confident in their knowledge of institutional review board procedures, research ethics, informed consent, the legal right to privacy, and the moral right to privacy. In contrast, most rated themselves as uncertain about US federal research regulations and there was wide variation in knowledge about current federal guidelines. Those who were more confident in their knowledge of or had more practical experience with research ethics, were no more likely to answer correctly a question about current federal guidelines regulating the use of patient data from medical records than those who reported less confidence or experience.
Growth Hormone, Acting in Part through the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis, Rescues Developmental, But Not Metabolic, Activity in the Mammary Gland of Mice Expressing a Single Allele of the Prolactin Receptor
Authors: Allan Gordon J. , Tonner Elizabeth , Barber Michael C. , Travers Maureen T. , Shand John H. , Vernon Richard G. , Kelly Paul A. , Binart Nadine , Flint David J.
Published: October 2002

The heterozygous prolactin (PRL) receptor (PRLR+/−) mouse fails to develop a fully functional mammary gland at the end of the first pregnancy and shows markedly impaired lobuloalveolar development and milk secretion in young females. PRL and GH, acting through the IGF system, have interactive effects to enhance epithelial cell survival. Thus, we propose that a reduction in the expression of the PRLR may lead to increased IGFBP-5 expression (proapoptotic) and that GH may rescue mammary development by increasing IGF-I, an important mitogen and survival factor for the mammary epithelium. Mammary IGF-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) concentrations and plasmin activity in PRLR+/− mice were increased on d 2 postpartum, indicative of increased cell death and extracellular matrix remodeling. After GH treatment, a restoration of mammary alveolar development and a reduction in the activities of IGFBP-5 and plasmin were observed. Despite the severely impaired mammary development in PRLR+/− mice, both mRNA and protein expression for caseins and acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) carboxylase and acetyl-CoA caboxylase-α mRNA increased at parturition, although not to the extent in wild-type animals. Surprisingly, GH treatment actually led to a further decrease in milk protein and acetyl-CoA carboxylase-αexpression when expressed per cell. This was confirmed by the smaller alveolar size, the relative paucity of milk in the mammary glands of GH-treated animals, and the inability of their pups to gain weight. In a subsequent study IGFBP-5 was administered to wild-type mice and produced a 45% decrease in mammary DNA content, a 30% decrease in parenchymal tissue, and impaired lactation. These results suggest that GH can improve mammary development in PRLR+/− mice, but that it fails to enhance metabolic activity. This may be due to the maintenance by GH/IGF-I of a proliferative, rather than a differentiative, phenotype.
Effects of Chronic Undernutrition on Glucose Uptake and Glucose Transporter Proteins in Rat Heart
Authors: Gavete M. Lucia , Agote Maria , Martin M. Angeles , Alvarez Carmen , Escriva Fernando
Published: October 2002

The high energy demands of myocardium are met through the metabolism of lipids and glucose. Importantly, enhanced glucose utilization rates are crucial adaptations of the cardiac cell to some pathological conditions, such as hypertrophy and ischemia, but the effects of undernutrition on heart glucose metabolism are unknown. Our previous studies have shown that undernutrition increases insulin-induced glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. Consequently, we considered the possibility of a similar adaptation in the heart. With this aim, undernourished rats both in the basal state and after euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps were used to determine the following parameters in myocardium: glucose uptake, glucose transporter (GLUT) content, and some key components of the insulin signaling cascade. Heart membranes were prepared by subcellular fractionation in sucrose gradients. Although GLUT-4, GLUT-1, and GLUT-3 proteins and GLUT-4/1 mRNAs were reduced by undernutrition, basal and insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake were significantly enhanced. Phosphoinositol 3-kinase activity remained greater than control values in both conditions. The abundance of p85α and p85β regulatory subunits of phosphoinositol 3-kinase was increased as was phospho-Akt during hyperinsulinemia. These changes seem to improve the insulin stimulus of GLUT-1 translocation, as its content was increased at the surface membrane. Such adaptations associated with undernutrition must be crucial to improvement of cardiac glucose uptake.
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Promotes Islet Cell Growth and Inhibits Apoptosis in Zucker Diabetic Rats
Authors: Farilla Loredana , Hui Hongxiang , Bertolotto Cristina , Kang Elizabeth , Bulotta Angela , Di Mario Umberto , Perfetti Riccardo
Published: October 2002

A constant remodeling of islet cell mass mediated by proliferative and apoptotic stimuli ensures a dynamic response to a changing demand for insulin. In this study, we investigated the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in Zucker diabetic rats, an animal model in which the onset of diabetes occurs when the proliferative potential and the rate of β-cell apoptosis no longer compensate for the increased demand for insulin. We subjected diabetic rats to a 2-d infusion of GLP-1 and tested their response to an ip glucose tolerance test. GLP-1 produced a significant increase of insulin secretion, which was paralleled by a decrease in plasma glucose levels (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Four days after the removal of the infusion pumps, rats were killed and the pancreas harvested to study the mechanism by which GLP-1 ameliorated glucose tolerance. Ex vivo immunostaining with the marker of cell proliferation, Ki-67, showed that the metabolic changes observed in rats treated with GLP-1 were associated with an increase in cell proliferation of the endocrine and exocrine component of the pancreas. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling staining, a marker of cellular apoptosis, indicated a reduction of apoptotic cells within the islet as well in the exocrine pancreas in GLP-1-treated rats. Double immunostaining for the apoptotic marker caspase-3 and for insulin showed a significant reduction of caspase-3 expression and an increase in insulin content in GLP-1-treated animals. Finally, staining of pancreatic sections with the nuclear dye 4,6-Diaminidino-2-phenyl-dihydrochloride demonstrated a marked reduction of fragmented nuclei in the islet cells of rats treated with GLP-1. Our findings provide evidence that the beneficial effects of GLP-1 in Zucker diabetic rats is mediated by an increase in islet cell proliferation and a decrease of cellular apoptosis.
The Increased Bone Mass in ΔFosB Transgenic Mice Is Independent of Circulating Leptin Levels
Authors: Kveiborg M. , Chiusaroli R. , Sims N. A. , Wu M. , Sabatakos G. , Horne W. C. , Baron R.
Published: October 2002

Transgenic mice overexpressing ΔFosB, a naturally occurring splice variant of FosB, develop an osteosclerotic phenotype. The increased bone formation has been shown to be due, at least in part, to autonomous effects of ΔFosB isoforms on cells of the osteoblast lineage. However, abdominal fat and marrow adipocytes are also markedly decreased in ΔFosB mice, leading to low serum leptin levels. Increased bone mass has been linked to the absence of leptin and leptin receptor signaling in ob/ob and db/db mice. Thus, in addition to affecting directly osteoblastogenesis and bone formation, ΔFosB isoforms might increase bone mass indirectly via a decrease in leptin. To test this hypothesis, we restored normal circulating levels of leptin in ΔFosB mice via sc implanted osmotic pumps. Complete histomorphometric analysis demonstrated that trabecular bone volume as well as dynamic parameters of bone formation was unchanged by this treatment in both ΔFosB transgenic mice and control littermates. This demonstration that restoring circulating levels of leptin in ΔFosB transgenic mice failed to rescue the bone phenotype further indicates that the marked increase in bone formation is autonomous to the osteoblast lineage.