bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of unrelaxed InAs1−XSbX alloys grown on compositionally graded buffers
Authors: Belenky G. , Donetsky D. , Kipshidze G. , Wang D. , Shterengas L. , Sarney W. L. , Svensson S. P.
Published: October 2011

Unrelaxed InAs1−xSbx layers with lattice constants up to 2.1% larger than that of GaSb substrates were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaInSb and AlGaInSb compositionally graded buffer layers. The topmost section of the buffers was unrelaxed but strained. The in-plane lattice constant of the top buffer layer was grown to be equal to the lattice constant of unrelaxed and unstrained InAs1−xSbx with given X. The InAs0.56Sb0.44 layers demonstrate photoluminescence peak at 9.4 μm at 150 K. The minority carrier lifetime measured at 77 K for InAs0.8Sb0.2 was τ = 250 ns.
Human Rights and Humanitarian Law as Competing Legal Paradigms for Fighting Terror
Authors: Shany Yuval
Published: October 2011

This chapter surveys various developments and counter-developments of the first decade of the 21st century relating to identifying the governing legal paradigm of the ‘war against terror’. Part 1 describes the jurisdictional struggle between the two principal legal paradigms that purport to regulate the international fight against terror: the law enforcement and the armed conflict paradigms. Arguably, many disagreements concerning the lawfulness of specific counter-terrorism, such as targeted killings or detention without trial, are actually disagreements on the applicable legal framework and the stories on the nature of the threat of terrorism that is being offered. Part 2 considers the emergence of a mixed paradigm which borrows contents from both human rights law and humanitarian law. It argues that such normative crossover illustrates the difficulty of maintaining rigid paradigmatic distinctions in light of the complexities of the fight against terror; but also that some key differences in emphasis between the two paradigms nonetheless remain. Most significantly, it is argued that the development of a new mixed paradigm merely recontextualizes pre-existing jurisdictional struggles over the proper legal framework to govern the fight against terror. Part 3 concludes.
“Shattered Nerves”
Authors: Oppenheim Janet
Published: October 2011

This book explores an illness that figures in nearly every volume of Victorian autobiography, memoirs, diaries, letters, and more than a few novels. Variously described as shattered nerves, nervous collapse, neurasthenia, or nervous breakdown, the illness was the focus of extensive medical discussion during the Victorian and Edwardian decades. Few doctors could decide whether the nervous breakdown was a physiological disorder, to be cured by medication, or a moral weakness for which the patient needed psychiatric care. The book uses the letters, diaries, and autobiographies of men and women who suffered breakdowns, examines medical archives, published scientific sources, and contemporary fiction, in which the “nervous type” was so familiar as to border on caricature. The book places a puzzling medical problem in its full social, cultural, and intellectual context.
Introduction: The Enigma of “Nervous Breakdown”
Authors: Oppenheim Janet
Published: October 2011

The experience of nervous breakdown achieved a significance in Victorian culture that went far beyond the substantial interest bestowed by the medical profession on so perplexing and elusive an illness. Nervous breakdown, a popular name for incapacitating depression, is not a specific disease that can be traced to a single cause. It is an abstract concept, encompassing many symptoms that vary from one patient to another, with invariably devastating effect. The characteristic sense of overwhelming hopelessness, emptiness, impotence, and uselessness, the incapacity to focus attention or reach decisions, the obsessive thoughts and fears, the diminished self-esteem, the extreme lethargy, and the inability to take interest or pleasure in any aspect of life make existence scarcely tolerable. This book attempts to ascertain what nervous breakdown meant to the Victorians, both to patients who experienced the baffling disorder and to medical practitioners who tried to treat it.
Nervous Children
Authors: Oppenheim Janet
Published: October 2011

When Victorian and Edwardian doctors worried about the nervous instability of British women, they were often thinking about the children that neurotic females might produce. It was a medical platitude in the 19th and early 20th centuries that nervous mothers bore nervous children. As with adult patients, doctors wielded the language of neurology and psychiatry to justify their intervention as moral managers of childhood. Furthermore, they accepted the underlying assumptions that guided their pronouncements as unquestioningly as they embraced those that informed their visions of adulthood. They rarely, if ever, stopped to examine the role of environmental agents in accentuating the differences between boys and girls, because they viewed those differences as innate. Meanwhile, Crichton-Browne showed real sympathy toward neurotic children partly because he dreaded seeing the emergence of neurasthenic adults.
Conclusion: The Psychiatric Dilemma
Authors: Oppenheim Janet
Published: October 2011

Crichton-Browne's admission of defeat was clearly much more than a reflection of the general postwar anxiety that afflicted British literary culture in the 1920s and 1930s, often finding expression in images of impotence. It revealed the crisis of confidence that disabled British psychiatry, from the collapse of professional optimism in the third quarter of the 19th century through the horrific challenges of World War I. With such pessimistic attitudes, British psychiatry at the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th was not likely to prove receptive to the theories of another Viennese doctor, Sigmund Freud. Moreover, the tragedy of British psychiatry in the 19th and early 20th centuries was that the genuine desire of its practitioners to cure people who suffered from elusive neurotic ailments was nullified in large part by the doctors' own endeavors.
Specters of Democracy
Authors: Wilson Ivy G.
Published: October 2011

This book interrogates the representational strategies that 19th-century Americans used in art and literature to delineate blackness as an index to the forms of U.S. citizenship. The book reveals how the difficult task of representing African Americans—both enslaved and free—in imaginative expression was part of a larger dilemma concerning representative democracy. More specifically, the book analyzes how African Americans manipulated aurality and visuality in art that depicted images of national belonging not only as a mode of critique but as an iteration or articulation of democratic representation itself. Such a turn to culture as a particular arena where African Americans had varying levels of agency is all the more necessary in the years before they were ostensibly granted access to formal political structures with the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment. Recovering important aspects of the African American presence in the debates about democracy and citizenship, this book focuses on the mutual engagement with the national idioms by both black and white Americans and illustrates how African Americans in particular deployed artistic practices to enact a more egalitarian society.
Merely Rhetorical
Authors: Wilson Ivy G.
Published: October 2011

This chapter illustrates how Brown's understanding of the oratorical forms of rhetoric including addresses, debates, and speeches depends upon recognizing how he distinguishes “rhetoric proper” from the “merely rhetorical.” By examining the various modes of rhetoric in Clotel (1853) from formal speeches to seemingly mundane songs, it outlines an African American engagement with the Declaration of Independence and Patrick Henry's maxim to contest the institution of chattel slavery. Central to the book's larger claims about how blacks participated in the civic sphere and as an example of what Harriet Mullen has called “resistant orality,” the chapter underscores Brown's use of the slave Sam's ostensibly rudimentary and unskillful song as a model for how Brown's own novel itself assumes the form of political discourse.
Black and Tan Fantasy
Authors: Wilson Ivy G.
Published: October 2011

By asking what happens to our understanding of Walt Whitman and his cultural project if we turn to the question of sound, this chapter considers the nuances, inflections, tenor, idiosyncrasies, and cadences of his poetry to disclose a particular rhetoric that is attempting to constitute itself as a national idiom. Examining three different emanations of sound in Whitman's poetry—his use of anaphora; his reference to the Yankee fife; and his staging of black dialect—the chapter contends that Whitman uses different sonic forms in Leaves of Grass to enunciate a person's relationship to the nation. It argues that Whitman's preoccupation with the audible—as the most basic unit of the sonic field upon which the poems and songs are built—shapes his poetics and politics of Leaves of Grass.
The Colored Museum
Authors: Wilson Ivy G.
Published: October 2011

In turning to one of the most curious stories in all of African American literature—William J. Wilson's “Afric-American Picture Gallery” (1859)—this last chapter examines the relationship between visuality and curatorial practices as they relate to the representations of an alternative vision of U.S. nation formation and democracy. It contends that “Afric-American Picture Gallery” remains important not only as a contemporaneous account of various artwork but for its depiction of “Ethiop” as the curator who arranges the space of the museum. More theoretically, the chapter offers a reading about how to reconsider the making of the antebellum black public sphere, one where the discourse of politics is translated into objets d'art in the recesses of the mind as an act of interiorization, one where each reader ostensibly becomes an artist at the moment of visualizing these very images.
Conclusion: Shadow and Act Redux
Authors: Wilson Ivy G.
Published: October 2011

This concluding chapter extends the book's readings of aurality and visuality over a wide-range of late 20th-century African American cultural production including works by hip hop artists Common and OutKast, political figure Malcolm X, artist Robert Colescott, and musicians Parliament/Funkadelic. Intimating the applicability of the book's critical currency of “the remix,” the chapter illustrates the continued salience of art to political discourse.
Political Elizabethanism and the Spenser Revival
Authors: Gerrard Christine
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the Elizabethan revival of the Robert Walpole era. Surprisingly little scholarship exists on one of the most inescapable features of this period: the widespread cult of Elizabeth I. Elizabeth's reign supplies the focal point for Bolingbroke's major political writings of the 1730s and historians have duly examined its significance. But most readings are confined to equating Bolingbroke's Elizabethan ‘nostalgia’ with his reactionary conservatism. The Elizabethan cult of the 1730s found expression in a wide variety of media, from the plethora of pamphlets generated by popular pressure for war with Spain, through to drama, painting, poetry, and statuary. For the aggressive, expansionist Protestant mercantilism associated with the victories of Cadiz and the Armada, an Elizabethanism shaped above all by pressure for war with Spain. But war with Spain was only one source of the complex patriotic manipulations of Elizabeth's golden age. Both Patriot Whigs and Court Whigs, operating from within a shared Protestant Hanoverian idiom which stressed the continuity of Protestant freedoms, competed over rival claims to represent ‘Elizabethan’ values.
Liminal Experience
Authors: Smith Angela
Published: October 2011

The haunting presence of Katherine Mansfield recurs in Virginia Woolf’s personal writing throughout her life, often as a slightly challenging phantom. They mirror each other in many ways, in spite of their evident differences. In 1920, for instance, each describes a moment of suspension which is at once a response to the natural world and an impression of their experience of writing. Fictional borders are erased in Woolf’s and Mansfield’s entries into their characters’ abjection, for instance in the horrors revealed through Septimus Warren-Smith in Mrs Dalloway or through Linda in ‘Prelude’. This book contains two chapters on abjection as it is explored in the personal writings, as well as chapters that focus exclusively on its effect on the fiction, within the wider context of an interpretation of liminality in the two women’s work. The focus as far as Woolf is concerned is on her writing up to To the Lighthouse (1917). The liminal place inflects the two authors’ version of modernism, and affects their perception of the boundaries between different art forms.
Sense of Echo
Authors: Smith Angela
Published: October 2011

Virginia Woolf’s phrase ‘the queerest sense of echo’ used to describe her relationship with Katherine Mansfield indicates her own awareness of recognising Mansfield as the foreigner within, other but familiar, both frightening in her alien similarity and reassuring in her capacity to understand a shared obsession with writing. What Ann L. McLaughlin describes as an ‘uneasy sisterhood’ is acknowledged in June 1920 when Woolf remarks of her friendship with Mansfield that ‘this fragmentary intermittent intercourse of mine seems more fundamental than many better established ones’. It predates Woolf’s relationship with another writer, Vita Sackville-West, and was intellectually and artistically more significant for Woolf: its centrality becomes evident to the reader of the personal writings of both women. This chapter discusses the danger to Mansfield’s and Woolf’s vulnerable sensibilities in the process of exploration, and of their dependence on literary husbands and canonical fathers. It examines the two women’s preoccupation with childhood, time, and memory.
Threshold People
Authors: Smith Angela
Published: October 2011

Because margins are dangerous, they are also places of revelation. Katherine Mansfield and Virginia Woolf recur in their letters to the magnetism as well as the terror of the overcrossing, of being on a landing on strange stairs where the everyday consciousness becomes aware of the foreigner within. This final chapter considers two short stories, Woolf’s ‘An Unwritten Novel’ and Mansfield’s ‘The Stranger’, in both of which a journey becomes the medium for inner exploration. In each case the liminal experience is transitory, though one of the stories also implies that writing itself offers what Turner describes as liminal communitas, a place of habitation, where the bonds are egalitarian and direct, non-rational. In both fictions, the foreigner looms out of the mist, the liminal space beyond borders of definition, and is recognised as part of the self; this perhaps partially explains why both Woolf and Mansfield recur to colonisation and empire.
Philosophy Psychiatry and Neuroscience
Authors: Hundert Edward M.
Published: October 2011

This book proposes a unified view of the mind, which integrates the insights of philosophers, psychologists, and neuroscientists. Through a detailed discussion of major theories from all these, and related disciplines, the book reveals fundamental links between these previously unconnected approaches to human thought and experience. The book includes research from studying medicine, philosophy, mathematics, and history, and the authoor of this book is currently a practising psychiatrist and a teacher at the Harvard Medical School. The book discusses diverse fields of thought and the perspective given here should stimulate a re-evaluation of our traditional approaches to the mind.
The Child's Construction of Reality
Authors: Hundert Edward M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter aims to aid in the studying of the human organism under optimal conditions of minimum tension and relative freedom from conflict. It deals with epistemology which is concerned with the possibility of the realization of valid knowledge. The Hegelian approach to epistemology continually reminds us of the practical sides of the problem of knowledge. Any analysis of how valid knowledge can be realized in the mind of a knower must never lose sight of the fact that knowers are actual biological creatures in a biological world. Furthermore, Piaget stressed as no one before him that epistemologists must take account of the actual thought mechanisms that make the realization of knowledge possible. Finally, given Kant's legacy, it is easy to see how one assimilates reality through the activity of their intellectual structures, whether this means the application of Kantian Categories, Piagetian schemas, or Freudian unconscious fears, drives, and wishes.
Feelings and Things
Authors: Hundert Edward M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter introduces the concept of ‘reality testing’ where connections are made between concepts such as ‘boundary formation’, and ‘primary and secondary process thinking’. Reality testing is now far from being an all-or-none question of ‘all = sane’, ‘none = insane’. Furthermore, it is discovered that the cognitive Kantian/Piagetian process of coming to experience both ‘self’ and ‘objects’ involves a painful acceptance of the separateness of those objects, of a limitation of one's own fantasized omnipotence. The integration, in this chapter, of the affective and the cognitive sides of experience both simplifies and complicates the unity found in defining madness as an ‘inability to reality test’. This chapter finally concludes by discussing that what is required is a healthy place in which one may free oneself from the ‘strain of relating inside and outside’.
Ascetics and Ambassadors of Christ
Authors: Binns John
Published: October 2011

The monasteries of the Jerusalem desert were famous throughout the Byzantine Christian world. Yet whilst much has been written about their counterparts in Egypt and Syria, this book is the first to provide a comprehensive study of the monastic movement in Palestine during the Byzantine period, from the accession of Constantine to the fall of Jerusalem to the Persians in 614. The book is divided into three parts. The first examines the lives of the holy men of the desert using contemporary source material, and looks at the culture which produced them. The second describes the environment, including chapters on Jerusalem and the expansion of monasticism into other urban centres. The third section presents some of the main themes of the saints' lives, with chapters on historical development, doctrinal debate, and spirituality.
Cyril of Scythopolis
Authors: BINNS JOHN
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses Cyril of Scythopolis' work titled The Lives of the Monks of Palestine, which is the main source of information of monastic life in Palestine during the Byzantine period. This work provides a comprehensive account of the development of Palestinian monasticism in the century and a half from 400 to 550 A.D, a period that included the Council of Chalcedon and the conflict over Origenism. It chronicles the lives of the most notable Palestinian monks including Euthymius, Sabas, John the Hesychast, Cyriac, Theognius, and Theodosius.
The Other Sources
Authors: BINNS JOHN
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses other sources of information on monastic life in Palestine during the Byzantine period. It considers the lives of four saints including Theognius, Theodosius, Chariton, and Gerasimus. All of these are related in some way to the works of Cyril of Scythopolis. It examines John Moschus' Spiritual Meadow, a collection of reminiscences and anecdotes written after Cyril's The Lives of the Monks of Palestine. This chapter also discusses the Life of George of Choziba, which deals with the spirituality of the desert during the Persian conquest of Jerusalem.
Jerusalem: Resurrection of a City
Authors: BINNS JOHN
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the role of Jerusalem in the growth of monastic life and culture in Palestine during the Byzantine period. It suggests that the areas between the Judean hills and the Dead Sea would not have become the home of thousands of monks were it not for Jerusalem. Most of the monastic sites were built within easy travelling distance to Jerusalem and near the main highway that runs from Jerusalem to Jericho. The most recent list of the monasteries near Jerusalem catalogued about sixty-four.
Ascetics and Ambassadors of Christ
Authors: BINNS JOHN
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the history of ascetics and ambassadors of Christ in Palestine during the Byzantine period. The self-imposed exile of Bishop Narcissus of Jerusalem in the desert is often considered as pre-monasticism, which refers to the ideals of celibacy, asceticism and solitude. However, there is no evidence that a community grew up around him. The first ascetic communities in Palestine emerged a century after Narcissus' flight. Hilarion was credited with being the founder of the first monastic community in Palestine.
Witnesses to Truth
Authors: BINNS JOHN
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines why the church in Jerusalem adopted a Chalcedonian Christology while other regions in Palestine chose Monophysitism. It attempts to answer the questions why Euthymius accepted Chalcedon, why Marcianus and his followers reconciled with the Patriarchate, and why the ordinations performed by Jacob bar Addai did not produce a Monophysite episcopate in Palestine. This chapter also discusses the special situation of the Palestinian church which prevented the emergence of a strong Monophysite church in the area.
Fellow Workers with God
Authors: BINNS JOHN
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the role of miracle stories in the religious history of Palestinian monasticism during the Byzantine period. Miracle stories show in graphic and pictorial language the nature of the relationship between the holy man and God, and his role in bringing the power of God into society. They usually describe the monk's relationship with the environment and his dependence on the power of God for survival. The nature of miracles in Palestine is often described as act of power, a sign, or an omen, and they are divided into several categories that include nature, clairvoyance, and healing.
Bivariate and Multivariate Analyses
Authors: Lijphart Arend
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the result of the bivariate and multivariate analyses of the seventy electoral systems used in major democratic parliamentary elections in different countries. It explains the bivariate relationships between the three dimensions of the electoral system and the disproportionality and party system characteristics. The analyses reveal that disproportionality does not necessarily lead to fewer elective parties in the proportional representation (PR) system and the differences in effective thresholds are considerably more consequential than the differences in electoral formula. The chapter also elaborates on the result of the regression analyses on the influence of the effective threshold and assembly size on disproportionality and party system variables.
Four Other Potential Explanations
Authors: Lijphart Arend
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the influence of electoral system variables on disproportionality and various party system characteristics using comparable-case, cross-tabulation and regression analyses. These variables are ballot structure, apparentement, presidentialism, and malapportionment. The findings reveal that apparentement, ballot structure, and presidentialism are the most important influences on party system and disproportionality. The chapter concludes that of the all dependent variables, disproportionality can be best explained by the dimensions of the election system and that of all of the explanatory variables, the effective threshold is by far the best explainer.
The Advent and Impact of ‘Next Steps’
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

One of the most far-reaching reforms of the British Civil Service in the twentieth century is the Next Steps initiative unveiled in 1988. It was designed to improve efficiency and quality of service rendered by public agencies and one of the examples being shown in this chapter concerns the actions of the Department of Transport. The formulation of the initiative went through debates in the Whitehall and upon announcement of the policy it evolved and was implemented from 1988 to 1993. Both the Next Steps and Financial Management Initiative contributed to the context of many debates about the control of public expenditure by the Treasury. The Next Step undertaking only proved the reality of Treasury power by inserting a degree of caution about the need to balance value-for-money with the need for continued control of expenditure.
Making and Co-ordinating Expenditure Policy
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

The roles and responsibilities of the Chief Secretary and his most senior adviser are discussed in this chapter including those of the Deputy Secretaries and their Under Secretaries at the head of Groups of Expenditure Divisions. The organisation and functions of the General Expenditure Policy Division are described in relation to the officials undertaking responsibilities. At the very heart of the expenditure process is the Under Secretary who takes the most demanding job on the expenditure side in the Treasury as a whole and acts in a ‘staff’ capacity to both the Second Permanent Secretary and the Chief Secretary. In that position, the Under Secretary has greater familiarity with the changing politico-economic context providing reference for evolving expenditure strategy in the progress of the Public Expenditure Survey.
Collective Responsibility: The Cabinet, ‘Star Chamber’, and EDX
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

There was very little priority for the total or composition of public expenditure prior to 1992 as the July Cabinet was mainly concerned with the balance of macroeconomic policy, and this act of providing less priority on programs about public spending can be attributed to different ideological commitments of the respective parties. Another explanation is that Prime Ministers have different styles and methods of operating which affect public spending. Two Cabinet Committees are scrutinized in this chapter looking at their origins, purpose, and operation including an assessment of the degree to which the Cabinet acts in making decisions on public expenditure. The ‘Star Chamber’ is an ad hoc committee of the Cabinet formally set up in 1981 to adjudicate bids for increased expenditure that is still unresolved through the bilateral process. To further develop the Public Expenditure Survey, a successor to the ‘Star Chamberߣ was created known as ߢEDX’ or the Expenditure Committee of the Cabinet.
The Reserve
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

The Reserve has been used by the Treasury since 1976 as a sum of unallocated money provided for the financial year of the Public Expenditure Survey for the purpose of increasing public expenditure finances without necessarily revising the Planning or Control Total. The mechanism allows the Treasury to operate in a more effective and flexible manner of planning and controlling public expenditure. This is in part to allow successive governments to contain and reduce public expenditure growth through the improved control measures of the Treasury. This chapter explains its origins and why it is being used by the Treasury, including a description of the changes in the rules of its usage most recently modified in 1984. Formerly the Contingency Allowance, it was defined as the Contingency Reserve after 1984 but is occasionally mistaken as the Contingencies Fund. Its distinction from the Reserve is explained.
End-Year Flexibility
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

The Treasury struggled hard to reassert short-term control of public spending following the economic crises of the mid-1970s. Spending departments have forfeited the right to extra resources in-year if prices have moved against them and, because the doctrine of annuality (that resources are provided for use in a particular year) has been enforced more tightly through cash limits and cash planning, they have lost managerial flexibility in planning those programs which do not fit neatly into the one-year cycle. This chapter focuses on the tensions which have arisen as a result, and which have eventually obliged the Treasury to accede to departmental demands for some modification to the principle of firm annual cash limits. In July 1983, the Treasury agreed to the introduction of an end-year flexibility scheme (EYF) which allowed central government departments to carry forward a limited amount of underspending on capital programs from one financial year to the next, on both voted and non-voted cash limits.
Objectives and Achievements
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

How well or badly have Conservative Governments been served by the Public Expenditure Survey (PES) system since 1979? To answer that question, it is necessary to ask what those governments required of it. The objectives set for public expenditure are of two kinds: broad, medium-term policy objectives and annual objectives set for the Planning/Control Total. The distinction is necessary because the latter are not always consistent with the former. This chapter assesses the effectiveness of the PES system for planning and controlling public expenditure by considering the extent to which governments have achieved their stated objectives.
The Effects and Effectiveness of the PES System
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

The effectiveness of the Public Expenditure Survey (PES) system for planning and controlling public expenditure can be assessed in a number of different ways according to the criteria used. Success or failure in helping governments to achieve their broad objectives for public expenditure is one such measure, although other factors besides the system have to be taken into account when making such an assessment. This chapter looks at two other criteria: assessing the effectiveness of the system for making decisions about public expenditure, for regulating the interdependent relationships of the Treasury and the spending departments; assessing the extent to which the system provides, for the participation of Ministers collectively in the processes of deciding the priorities of both the total of public expenditure and its composition. The chapter concludes by asking whose interests are best served by the system.
Controlling Public Expenditure
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

The Treasury continues to exercise detailed control of public spending by scrutinizing management plans. This chapter examines how effective is the Treasury's control in these issues and other changes to the system. There are also difficulties that arise from the Treasury's act of implementing tight control as there are constitutional and practical limits imposed on their responsibility. Another issue the Treasury has to deal with is the tension in balancing central control of the aggregate with discretionary authority for departmental managers to make and allocate budgets in decentralized departmental financial systems. Broad systemic factors are considered when obtaining additional resources as there are rules of the game when it comes to bidding, negotiating, and of monitoring and controlling the use of budget.
Central Control and Departmental Autonomy
Authors: Thain Colin , Wright Maurice
Published: October 2011

It has previously been argued that one important element in the Treasury's historic mission in controlling public spending is to act as a brake on its growth. The intermittent achievement of that purpose in the period from 1976 to 1993 was partly because in practice the Treasury is much less powerful and its administration of the planning and control system much more flexible than is apparent or commonly supposed. The appearance of tough, uncompromising Treasury control is belied by the much softer, accommodating practice. This chapter discusses the constitutional and practical limitations to the exercise of Treasury control, focusing on the tension between central control and departmental autonomy, with its roots in the historical continuity of the principles and practice of collective government.
The Rise and Fall of the Golden Age
Authors: Glyn Andrew , Hughes Alan , Lipietz Alain , Singh Ajit
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on the six major OECD countries — France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States — during the ‘golden age’ and its aftermath. It follows the ‘regulation’ approach invented by French economists such as Michel Aglietta, Robert Boyer, and Alain Lipietz, and developed as well by Americans such as David Gordon and Michael Piore. It highlights the emphasis on the interaction of internal and external forces, forces operating within each country and forces operating in the international arena. It discusses how once mutually reinforcing institutional structures became mutually destructive.
Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe
Authors: Kaeuper Richard
Published: October 2011

Medieval Europe was a rapidly developing society with a problem of violent disorder. This study reveals that chivalry was just as much a part of this problem as it was its solution. Chivalry praised heroic violence by knights, and fused such displays of prowess with honour, piety, high status, and attractiveness to women. Though the vast body of chivalric literature praised chivalry as necessary to civilization, most texts also worried over knightly violence, criticized the ideals and practices of chivalry, and often proposed reforms. The knights themselves joined the debate, absorbing some reforms, ignoring others, sometimes proposing their own. The interaction of chivalry with major governing institutions (‘church’ and ‘state’) emerging at that time was similarly complex: kings and clerics both needed and feared the force of the knighthood. This book lays bare the conflicts and paradoxes which surrounded the concept of chivalry in medieval Europe.
Chevalerie and Royauté
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W.
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on French chivalric literature. It describes the differences between Capetian and Plantagenet political culture. Chevalerie and royauté agreed on the inevitability, desirability, and importance of war. However, the relationship between the two was not the same everywhere. Monarchy in England and France followed different timetables. These differences shaped the interaction between kingship and chivalry in each realm.
Knighthood in Action
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W.
Published: October 2011

This chapter explains the role of worship and violence practised by knights on the tourney field, in a raiding party, and on the battlefield. Passionate belief in tournament as the ideal sport unquestionably figures as one line in the creed spoken by those who worshiped at the high altar of prowess. Knighthood needs to emphasize its own internal cohesion and its own management of the highly competitive force of prowess.
Chanson de Gesteand Reform
Authors: Kaeuper Richard W.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses chanson de geste to demonstrate that the ambivalent role of chivalry in issue or order appears in entire works less than in passages selected from many works. It examines the role of literature in portraying the relationship of chivalry to Capetian royalty and to the reformed Church. It explores the three broad cycles of the corpus of chansons including the Cycle of the King, the Cycle of William of Orange, and the Cycle of the Barons in Revolt.
Occasions of Identity
Authors: Gallois André
Published: October 2011

Occasions of Identity is an exploration of timeless philosophical issues about persistence, change, time, and sameness. The author offers a critical survey of various rival views about the nature of identity and change, and puts forward his own original theory in the face of the prevailing orthodoxy. He argues that it is coherent and helpful to suppose that things can be identical at one time, but distinct at another — in other words, that there are genuine occasional identities. The author then defends this view against objections, demonstrates how it can solve puzzles about persistence dating back to the ancient Greeks, and investigates the metaphysical consequences of rejecting the necessity and eternity of identities.
Perry and Myro on Occasional Identities
Authors: Gallois André
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses philosophers John Perry and George Myro's defence of occasional identities. Perry focuses on a case in which two individuals are psychologically connected to some earlier individual in such a way that there is a good case for saying that each one is identical with that earlier individual. Myro defends occasional identities by showing how the Leibnizian relation of identity can hold between x and y at one time without holding between x and y whenever x or y exists. This chapter evaluates the validity of the defence made by Perry and Myro.
Pericles with George Wilkins
Authors: Vickers Brian
Published: October 2011

The first commentator to suggest that Pericles was not wholly Shakespeare's creation was Nicholas Rowe. The degree of Shakespeare's involvement in Pericles was the subject of a vigorous debate between George Steevens and Edmond Malone in 1780. Modern study of the authorship of Pericles began in 1868. Delius argued for Wilkins's authorship of Pericles I and 2 on the basis of the 'continuous stylistic, metrical, and dramatic relationship' between the two acts and Wilkins's Miseries of Enforced Marriage, published in 1607. For many years, there was general agreement that the last three acts of Pericles were by Shakespeare. A somewhat unexpected insight into the double authorship of Pericles was provided by Charles A. Langworthy.
Progressives, Pluralists, and the Problems of the State
Authors: Stears Marc
Published: October 2011

In the first three decades of the 20th century, two groups of radical political theorists — one British and one American — were bound together in a unique ideological relationship. This book provides an examination of the intellectual dialogue that constituted that bond. Drawing on archival research, and employing methods of conceptual analysis, it examines the efforts of these two initially distinctive political movements to forge a single ideology capable of motivating far-reaching reform in both of their countries. In so doing, the book emphasizes the exceptional development of American progressivism and British socialism, arguing that the intellectual inspirations and political programmes of both movements were constantly shaped and reshaped by international ideological exchange. It analyses the complex political demands of these movements and enables the works of their leading protagonists, including G. D. H. Cole, Herbert Croly, Harold Laski, and Walter Lippmann, to emerge as significant contributions to modern political thought.
Conceptual Foundations
Authors: Stears Marc
Published: October 2011

Freedom was emphasized as a necessity by radical political theorists who argued that the supreme evil of modern industrial society was not poverty but rather the absence of liberty. A coherent and stable social order is what the reformers also strived for as they reacted to the continual growth of social conflict especially on conflict of classes. Even as they agreed on the cause of an ideal society built on harmonious social solidarity, it did not mark the end of ideological debate but rather sparked a new beginning as British and American theorists were largely divided on the defining terms of ‘freedom’ and ‘community’ and how they should be rectified. Different forms of institutional change were demanded by different groups including the idealists, Fabians, and social psychologists and pragmatists who continued to disagree both ideologically and methodologically. Despite prevailing differences, a new conceptual agenda had been set that brought the American national progressives and British social pluralists together in common interests.
From Nationalism to Pluralism
Authors: Stears Marc
Published: October 2011

Looking on into Britain in 1914, Herbert Croly, Walter Lippmann, and Walter Weyl paid relatively little attention to the early pluralist stirrings of G. D. H. Cole and Harold Laski. During the early years of the war, it was the theorists of the Fabian Society and their allies on the left of the New Liberal movement who provided the most enticing conceptual and political agenda overseas. These British thinkers, Croly and colleagues believed, shared essentially the same view of liberty and of community as the nationalist progressives. Croly was certain, as were his colleagues, that the war's greatest intellectual legacy should not be the abandonment of progressive ideals but a thoroughgoing ‘reconsideration of former assumptions’. This chapter examines this reconsideration. It argues, in particular, that throughout these years academic and practical developments in Britain continued to offer hope for American nationalist reformers even in the aftermath of the First World War. What changed was the nature and focus of the nationalist progressives' interest.
From Pluralism to Community
Authors: Stears Marc
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines how the socialist pluralists responded to post-war criticisms by taking into account the philosophical basis of their concept of community including the political consequences that made an apparent impact. It also discusses the ideological creativity of the socialist pluralists that leads to the argument of Britain's political, social, and economic system reforms. Although there are still philosophical differences, both movements returned to examine the possibility of state-led reforms and that dialogue facilitated further the identification of elements in public policy central to their immediate reformist endeavours. The potential of education is highly expected by both socialist pluralists and nationalist progressives to successfully kick-start reform processes as it was hoped that immediate improvements might signify a far wider reformist movement.
Education as Politics
Authors: Stears Marc
Published: October 2011

This chapter introduces the development of the adult education movement in Britain and the United States and challenges the prevailing scholarly orthodoxy that asserts that the pluralists and progressives engaged in educational activities in a ‘non-ideological’ and ‘non-partisan’ way. It analyses the manifold ways in which the pluralists and progressives employed their contrasting sets of ideals in constructing their accounts of the essential goals of educational reform. It identifies the goals that each movement was trying to achieve through its intervention in educational endeavours, seeking as it does so to understand the complexities of its evolving ideological programme. Finally, it examines the role that the different political environments of Britain and United States played in encouraging the two movements to reformulate their ideals.
The Politics of Poverty
Authors: Stears Marc
Published: October 2011

The relief of poverty, whether through the protection of the financial position of workers or through the provision of direct monetary benefits from the state, often takes a place at the very centre of the ideological heritage of the British and American reform traditions. Yet despite the general centrality of this theme, the emergence of the welfare state is hardly to be found in the available scholarly accounts of socialist pluralism and nationalist progressivism. This chapter analyses the ideological and the practical elements of the movements' response. First, it examines the complex ways in which the essential ideological commitments of both the socialist pluralists and the nationalist progressives structured their attitudes to the abstract principles of resource distribution. Second, it analyses both movements' efforts to construct practical mechanisms to ensure the realisation of their ideals. It shows that neither movement abandoned their ideals when they turned to the issue of poverty, nor did they labour entirely in vain.
The Management of Reflux in Infants
Authors: Hasan Nadeem , Ng Pauline
Published: October 2011

Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) is the involuntary passage of gastric contents back into the oesophagus and is a normal physiological process that occurs in healthy infants. It can be a common presentation in primary care as it affects over 50% of infants, and even uncomplicated reflux can be of real concern to parents. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) refers to the presence of troublesome symptoms or complications requiring further investigation and management, either in primary or in secondary care. Reflux may also be a symptom of other underlying pathology, such as gastrointestinal obstruction or neurological disease, and it is important that signs of these conditions are recognized to ensure timely and appropriate treatment. The primary role of the GP is to reassure parents of infants with uncomplicated GOR and to manage those infants with GORD or warning signals of underlying pathology appropriately.
Prescribing for people with pain originating in the nervous system. Part 1. Tricyclic antidepressants
Authors: Davies Simon
Published: October 2011

This is the first of two chapters describing how drugs which are not usually classed as analgesics can be used to treat neuropathic pain. Chapter 8 is about tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and Chapter 9 about anticonvulsants. There is also a table which suggests how the drugs can be prescribed.
Non-medical treatment in managing people with long-term pain
Authors: Wynne Kelly
Published: October 2011

Chronic musculoskeletal pain is a common and benign problem, yet it can have an enormous effect on an individual’s quality of life and ability to work. One in five people in the UK receive incapacity benefits because of chronic musculoskeletal pain, representing a considerable economic burden to society. In this chapter, the role of non-medical approaches will be discussed in treating people with long-term pain. The emphasis on management is not only to relieve pain, but also to reduce disability.
Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Qiu Chengxuan , Fratiglioni Laura
Published: October 2011

• Alzheimer’s disease is the most frequent type of dementia in elderly people. An expert panel estimates that worldwide more than 24 million people are affected by dementia, most suffering from Alzheimer’s disease

• The etiological factors other than old age and genetic susceptibility for Alzheimer’s disease remain to be determined, but current evidence strongly supports the potential role of vascular risk factors and psychosocial factors in the pathogenetic process and clinical manifestation of the dementing disorders...
Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Allen Shelley J. , Dawbarn David
Published: October 2011

• Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive dementia with loss of neurons and the presence of two main microscopic neuropathological hallmarks: extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles

• Early onset AD, the rare familial form, is the result of a mutation in one of three genes: ...
Supporting the person with dementia and the caregiver
Authors: Brodaty Henry
Published: October 2011

• The challenges of dementia management evolve throughout the course of the disease

• Support for the person with dementia and the caregiver are crucial and takes many forms

• People with dementia should be offered continuing support, counselling and regular appointments

• Caregivers experience psychological distress, physical ill health, social isolation and financial hardship...