bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Diplomacy of Hope
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

THIS NATION ASKS FOR ACTION, and action now.... I am prepared under my constitutional duty,” Roosevelt assured the country in his Inaugural Address, “to recommend the measures that a stricken Nation in the midst of a stricken world may require.”Appreciating that only quick decisive action would break the mood of hopelessness that reached across the nation and around the world, Roosevelt moved at once to fulfill his promise. On March 5, 1933, the day after his Inauguration, he declared a national bank holiday to prevent further financial collapse and called Congress into special session. When it met four days later, he asked and received immediate action on an emergency banking law. On Sunday night, March 12, he gave the first of his Fireside Chats. Speaking to approximately sixty million people over the radio, he explained the banking crisis in language everybody could understand, and urged Americans to put their savings back in banks. His actions had an electrifying effect. Letters of approval poured into the White House by the thousands, and people immediately redeposited their funds. “In one week,” Walter Lippmann wrote, “the nation, which had lost confidence in everything and everybody, has regained confidence in the government and in itself.” “He’s taken the Ship of State,” Raymond Moley said, “and he’s turned it right around.” 1
...and Nationalism
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

BY THE SUMMER OF 1933 Roosevelt had settled into a routine of White House work which remained his pattern throughout the presidential years. He ate breakfast in bed at 8:30 while he skimmed five or six morning newspapers from New York, Washington, Baltimore, and Chicago and conferred with presidential aides about the day’s problems and schedule. Around 10 a.m. his valet pushed him in a small, arm less wheelchair to the White House elevator for the descent to the first floor and the Oval Office, where he swung himself into his desk chair. There he remained throughout the day, usually lunching at his desk with aides or visitors. From two to three in the afternoon, the President attended to his mail, dictating the outlines of replies to the handful of correspondence his aides had selected from the thousands of letters and telegrams that arrived at the White House each day. Further conferences followed in the afternoon until about 5p.m. when, in what he called the “children’s hour,” he recapitulated the day’s events with his staff. Once a week, on Fridays, he met with his Cabinet, and twice a week, on Tues days and Fridays, for fifteen to thirty minutes he held off-the-record press conferences with reporters crowded around his desk.
Standing Still
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

BY THE BEGINNING OF 1936, Roosevelt had felt almost helpless against the worldwide drift toward war. A stream of warnings from abroad filled him with “extreme disquiet” about European and Asiatic affairs. “Nearly all of the political leaders in Europe and even here,” Norman Davis wrote from London, “are now thinking of how best to prepare for the war which they think Germany is going to force upon them.” “We are back where we were before 1914,” Ambassador Bullitt reported from Moscow, “when the familiar and true remark was, ‘Peace is at the mercy of an incident.’” “The whole European panorama is fundamentally blacker than at any time in your life ... or mine,” Roosevelt said in response. These “may be the last days of ... peace before a long chaos.” 1This deterioration abroad made FDR cager to unify the Americas against any outside threat. Hull had initiated the process in June 1935 when he sounded out other American states on establishing “adequate peace machinery” to deal with future inter-American disputes. Though Roosevelt fully supported Hull’s idea, they decided to delay a proposal for a conference on the subject until mediators could settle the Chaco war between Bolivia and Paraguay. In January 1936, nine days after the belligerents had signed peace protocols, Roosevelt had invited the twenty Latin American states “to assemble at an early date ... to determine how the maintenance of peace among the American Republics may best be safeguarded .... With the conclusion of the Chaco War and with the reestablishment of peace throughout the Continent,” Roosevelt declared, “there would appear to be offered an opportunity for helpful counsel among our respective Governments which may not soon again be presented.” The President’s proposal at once received “cordial approval” throughout Latin America, though the formulation of an agenda took until August, when Argentina issued formal invitations for a meeting in Buenos Aires beginning December 1, 1936.
The Reluctant Neutral
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

THE OUTBREAK OF fighting in Europe moved Roosevelt to express strong determination to keep the country out of war. In a Cabinet meeting on September 1 he distinguished between preparing for war and preparing to meet war problems. “Pay attention only to the latter,” Hull recorded him as saying, “because we were not going to get into war.” In a Fireside Chat two days later, he counselled against false talk of sending American armies to European fields. “I give you assurance and reassurance,” he declared, that your government will make every effort to pre vent a “blackout of peace in the United States.” Also telling the country that “this nation will remain a neutral nation,” he issued proclamations of neutrality required by international law and the Neutrality Act of 1937. Though Roosevelt sincerely wished and expected to keep the country out of war, he rejected strict neutrality. “I cannot ask that every Ameri can remain neutral in thought ... ,” he announced. “Even a neutral has a right to take account of facts. Even a neutral cannot be asked to close his mind or conscience.” Morality and self-interest, Roosevelt believed, compelled American aid to Britain and France: the preservation of American values and national peace depended on the defeat of Berlin. On the eve of the conflict, he asked the Commerce Department for a program that would allow Americans to sell “certain types of war supplies to friendly nations without violating the [Neutrality] Act.” Selling air plane motors to motorboat companies in Canada impressed him as one example of how this could be done. He also suggested delaying Neutrality proclamations for five days after the fighting began to allow Britain and France to transport all previously ordered American supplies.1
Will There Be Peace?
Authors: Dallek Robert
Published: November 2023

OF ALL THE DOUBTS about the future that concerned Roosevelt during 1944, none weighed on him more heavily than China. “How long do you think Chiang can last?” he had asked Stilwell at Cairo in December 1943. “The situation is serious and a repetition of last May’s attack might overturn him,” Stilwell replied. “Well, then, we should look for some other man or group of men, to carry on,” the President declared. “They would probably be looking for us,” Stilwell ventured. “Yes,” FDR agreed, “they would come to us.”In the meantime, Roosevelt thought it best to prod Chiang along the paths best suited to American needs. It was less than easy. In response to FDR’s cable from Cairo relating the change in military plans for the Far East, Chiang warned that “it would be impossible for us to hold on for six months” unless the President assisted China with a billion-dollar loan, at least a twofold increase in planes, and an expansion of Hump cargo to 20,000 tons a month. As for a decision on when to make an all-out fight in Burma, he took FDR’s option of a fall campaign, and masked his continuing reluctance to fight with assurances that a full-scale amphibious landing in the south could still persuade him to move sooner.1
Kindness as a Social Problem
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2023

Let’s use our minds,” says Tanika Lane. “Drugs cause brothers to kill broth­ ers, sisters to hate their mothers, and drugs steal our minds.” She is on her way, she hopes, to becoming the next Oprah Winfrey. It all started last summer, after her freshman year in high school. As part of Literacy Education and Direction (LEAD), a job-training program for inner-city youth, Tanika learned word processing, basic research and writing skills, and even a bit of journalism. The director, Miss Gillis, noticed that she had talent. Not only was Tanika willing to learn, she also was a leader and showed promise as a writer. Throughout the summer, Tanika wrote. She wrote about what she knew: her sister’s drill team, sports, problems in the neighborhood, racial tension, drugs. She learned how to do interviews. LEAD put out a free newspaper, and Tanika wrote for it. She gained confidence in herself and in her ability to work with people.
Organizations of the Second Generation
Authors: Bacon Jean
Published: November 2023

The second generation, the children of the immigrants of the 1960s and ‘70s, are now coming of age. They have reached a point in late adolescence and early adulthood when they are poised to make a contribution to the future of”the Indian community.” They have not, however, chosen to filter seamlessly into the organizations set up by their parents. Nor have they opted to forgo associational ties based on their ethnic heritage altogether. Instead, they are constructing an organizational network of their own.
The Shenoys: Alternative Identities
Authors: Bacon Jean
Published: November 2023

After our first interview in her home in a very wealthy Chicago suburb, Durga Shenoy took me to lunch. When she had asked me to join her, I had told her that her offer was very kind but that I had already taken up enough of her time. She told me that at this stage in her life, she felt it was important to take off a few hours and go out to lunch when she felt like it. After a tour of her office and a quick check of the stock prices, we were off in her Mercedes.
The Epigrams
Authors: Sider David
Published: November 2023

Taken as circumstantial by Gow-Page (“you will learn [sc. the answer to these questions] ... when you are afire”), Beckby (“wenn”), and Gigante (“mentre”), but knowledge of these Aristotelian categories and causes will not likely come in the middle of intense passion. Better is Waltz’s rendering as o.o.: “mais ce que tu verras bien, malheureuse, c’est que tu en es consum ée,” the grammar of which is also reflected in Catullus’ /ieri sentio. That is (to pursue the Aristotelian thread picked up above), although Phil.
Bibliographic Survey
Authors: Salomon Richard
Published: November 2023

Epigraphia Indica [EI]: Vols. 1 (1892) to 42 (1977-78). From vol. 3, published by the Archaeological Survey of India under the editorship of the chief epigraphist (formerly government epigraphist for India) biennially in eight parts issued quarterly (but no issues for 1904 and 1943-46). An Index to vols. 1-34 by A. N. Lahiri was published as Appendix to vols. 34-36. Vols. 1-34 were issued in reprint editions by the ASI, New Delhi (vol. 2 by Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi), 1960-87. Actual publication dates of the newer volumes have lagged behind the ostensible dates; vol. 42 (1977-78) was issued in 1989. Inscriptions are published in Devanāgarī or Roman transliteration with detailed introduction on historical, paleographic, and linguistic matters, with or without translation (generally without in recent volumes). EI is traditionally the principal organ for the publication of inscriptions in lndo-Aryan as well as Dravidian and other languages. In recent volumes, the proportion of Dravidian language inscriptions has increased.
Jawzi, Marxism, and Islamic Socialism
Authors: Sann Tamara
Published: November 2023

As noted in the introduction, Europe’s betrayal of promises for Arab independence following World War I led to a loss of faith among Arab thinkers in classical liberal thought and a concomitant rise of interest in socialist ideology. This trend was coupled with the loss of faith in traditional Arab elites and the institutions they represented, borh religious and political-economic, allowing for the rise of nontraditional and even non-Islamic elites. Perhaps the best evidence of this dual trend was the development of two of the most enduring sociopolitical organizations in the modern Arab world, Ba‘thism and Nasserism. Ba‘thism developed on Syrian university campuses in the early 1940s as an Arab nationalist movement. By that time, France and Britain had divided their portions of the Middle East allotted by the League of Nations into several mini-states. Besides Transjordan (which would eventually be come present-day Jordan), Lebanon was separated from Syria by the French in 1920 (both Lebanon and Syria were formally recognized as independent by France in 1946). Ba‘thism’s “Arab nationalism” there fore was actually trans-nationalism: Ba‘thists wanted the Arabs to work together for independence, development, equality, socialism, and above all, unity.Nasserism, named for Gamal ‘Abd al-Nasser of Egypt, would espouse virtually the same principles. Both groups enjoyed mass popularity during the 1940s and 1950s, and Ba‘thism became powerful enough to gain control of both Syria and Iraq. ‘Abd al-Nasser rose to the head of the Revolutionary Command Council, which ousted King Farug in 1952, and was eventually successful in ridding Egypt of British.
The Hermeneutics of Islamic Reform
Authors: Sann Tamara
Published: November 2023

Many scholars have discussed the persistence of themes of renewal and reform in Islamic thought. John Esposito, Yvonne Haddad, and John Voll, for example, drawing upon classic as well as lesser-known sources, have demonstrated that these themes are a perennial and defining feature of Islamic intellectual history.But renewal and reform require a means, and perennial renewal and reform require built-in or institutionalized means. That is the subject of this discussion.

In Islam there are a number of approaches to perennial renewal/re form. For some, strict adherence to traditional Islamic institutions and practice assures constant renewal of society and reaffirmation of the commitment to moral righteousness and social justice. In some popular teaching this is the interpretation of the Sunna of the Prophet, the established way Muslims live based on the example of Prophet Muhammad: from ritual practice, prayer, and matters of diet, dress and personal hygiene, to specific rules codified over a thousand years ago regarding marriage, divorce, inheritance, and other matters of family law. If the Muslim community is in disarray, according to this model, it is because too many individuals have deviated from the established practice.
The Burden of History
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

Bob Heppenstall moves about a church sanctuary with the ease and insouciance of a Chicago politician working a union hall. Before every service on Sunday morning he circulates among his congregation dressed in his Geneva preaching gown, dispensing hand shakes, hugs, smiles, and words of encouragement, and if his perambulations cause the service to begin a minute or two behind schedule, well then, so be it. Such low-key informality might be unexceptional in a rural or in an evangelical church, but here in the heart of New England it is hard not to notice.
The Ecumenical Advocate
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The modern ecumenical movement is conventionally dated from an event that took place in the first year of Lesslie Newbigin’s life and within a hundred miles of his parents’ Northumbrian home. A world missionary conference was held at Edinburgh, Scotland, in June 1910 in order “to consider missionary problems in relation to the non-Christian world.” From that event sprang both the International Missionary Council, formally constituted in 1921, and (at least in the mind of Bishop Charles Henry Brent) the Faith and Order movement, whose first world conference would gather at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1927. In 1948—the agreement of 1938 having been delayed by the Second World War—Faith and Order merged with the Life and Work movement from the 1920s to compose the World Council of Churches; and in 1961 they were joined by the International Missionary Council.
The Social Visionary
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

What, for the Christian, is the relation between faith and works? What, for the Church, is the relation between evangelism and service? What, for the Christian and for the Church, is the relation between Christianity and society at large, or between Christianity and politics? The first question had occupied St. Paul and St. James and was crucial for Catholics and Protestants in the sixteenth century. The second question has been much debated in twentieth century missiology. The third question presents itself perennially, although its appearance varies according to historical circumstances. The three questions operate on different levels, but the planes intersect, for each question touches on soteriology (the doctrine of salvation), on ecclesiology (the nature and vocation of the Church), and on eschatology (the doctrine of God’s kingdom), and all have broadly to do with ethics. A single situation or event may bring all three into play. My purpose as usual is to follow Newbigin’s thought and action on the complex issues involved.
Modern Poetry After Modernism
Authors: Langenbach James
Published: November 2023

Robert Lowell and many who followed in his personal, reflective style, such as John Berryman, W.S. Merwin and Adrienne Rich, have been seen as breaking with the influence of T.S. Eliot and the New Critics. But as Jim Longenbach notes in his new book, this "breakthrough" narrative no longer makes good sense, due to our changing conceptions of what constitutes modernism and its New Critical values, and the now-ubiquitous use of the term "post-modern". Longenbach's new book offers a wide-ranging account of the past 40 years of American poetry and allows for fuller appreciation of women poets.
God at War
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B
Published: November 2023

Dozeman examines Israel's changing views of divine power through an interpretation of plot and character in the Exodus story. He makes it clear that the exercise of divine power in holy war is not a static concept in Israel's theological reflection, but one open to critical evaluation and dynamic reformulation.
Divine Power in the Exodus
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B
Published: November 2023

The destruction of the Egyptian army is the primary story of salvation for Israel, and central to it is the portrait of God in combat. So important is this image of divine power that the annihilation of the enemy by Yahweh marks the moment of salvation for Israel and prompts its victory hymn of celebration in Exod 15:3, “Yahweh is a warrior!” The war cry underscores how salvation is an event of divine warfare, in which the destruction of the enemy is victory for God and liberation for Israel. The mythology of the story has powerful religious and social consequences.
Exodus and Creation
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B
Published: November 2023

The study of priestly tradition in the Pentateuch is also undergoing a renaissance in recent scholarship, which has raised new questions concerning its interpretation. Fueling this rebirth is a rejection of past judgments concerning the minimal value of priestly tradition both as literature and as an innovative force in the formation of ancient Israelite religion. Indeed, more recent studies have underscored the creativity of priestly tradents by exploring how their historiography and legislation combine to form a coherent symbol system that is meant to give structure and definition to Israelite culture and cultic practice.
Introduction
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

Religious resurgence and democratization are two of the most important developments of the final decades of the twentieth century. In many areas, movements of religious revival coincide with and sometimes reinforce the formation of more democratic political systems. In other areas, the two dynamics are in conflict. In the Muslim world, these issues are raised with special force because of the strength of the Islamic resurgence and the intensity of the demands in recent years for greater popular participation in the political processes. The Islamic Revolution that overthrew the Iranian monarchy in 1979 was one of the first popular revolutions against a modern authoritarian political system in the final quarter of the twentieth century. In the early 1990s, another Islamic movement, the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), was suppressed after it dramatically challenged the authoritarian regime of the Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) in Algeria when the government had been forced to allow open elections. In many areas of the Muslim world, one of the crucial issues defining the political future is the relationship between the forces of Islamic resurgence and the development of democratic political systems. Governments and political leaders throughout the Muslim world respond to popular sentiments for greater political participation and the activities of religious movements. Rulers and regimes are forced to choose among policies of repression and greater popular participation, with the threat that if they make the wrong choice they themselves could lose power, as did the Shah of Iran or the Algerian FLN. If they do not adjust rapidly enough, they could be overthrown; however, they also face the risk, if they open their political systems, of electoral defeat. Islamic movements and their leaders face similar critical choices between adaptation or violent opposition.
Egypt
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O
Published: November 2023

Egypt has often been regarded as in the vanguard of political, social, intellectual, and religious development in the Arab and broader Muslim worlds. For more than two decades, Egyptian rulers have grappled with a resurgence of lslam that has significantly challenged the state and ruling elites. I Contemporary Islamic revivalism (“Islamic fundamentalism”) in its origins and manifestations has strong roots indeed, formative roots-in the Egyptian experience. This experience has had a regional and international impact on transnational Islam and on the West. The Muslim Brotherhood has provided ideological and organizational models for the growth and development of Islamic movements across the Muslim world, from North Africa to Southeast Asia. Islamists in the Sudan, Tunisia, Algeria, the Gulf, South Asia, and Southeast Asia acknowledge the formative influence of the Brotherhood, in particular of Hasan al-Banna (1906-1949) and Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966). Pamphlets, books, and tapes disseminate their ideas to this day. In the 1990s, Egypt provides a primary example of the dynamic and diverse relationship of religion to society, its challenge to the state, and its impact upon the democratization process. The Egyptian experience has witnessed radical, violent revolutionary Islamic activism and the institutionalization of Islam socially and politically;
Job Training Programs and Practices
Authors: Cappelli Peter , Bassi Laurie , Katz Harry , Knoke David , Osterman Paul , Useem Michael
Published: November 2023

Job training programs loom increasingly large in U.S. companies’ struggle for competitive advantage within the turbulent world economy. Many analysts find that worker and employer investments in job training produce substantial earnings gains, productivity increases, and greater job security. Despite their diminished presence in the labor force, unions are stimulating innovative joint training programs with progressive companies. Restructured workplaces demand new configurations of both technical and social skills by front-line employees and their managers. Providing these skills in a timely and cost-effective fashion will tax the ingenuity and the imaginations of the reorganized companies. Of particular concern is whether emergent new employment systems, which are shifting substantial economic risk from companies to the labor force, will jeopardize significant sources of economic prosperity for both employers and workers.
Ethnicity And American Protestants: Collective Identity in the Mainstream
Authors: Higham John
Published: November 2023

The “Ethnic Revival” of the 1960s began in the early years of the decade. It was nourished by the contrasting but fertilizing background of the Civil Rights movement, which already had a strong popular base and unambiguous political goals. The revival had neither. It started gently enough among scholars, engaged in an academic discussion of pluralism. At the heart of this discourse was a strikingly new emphasis on the power of race, religion, and ethnicity in structuring American society.
The Spirit And The Flesh: Gender, Language, and Sexuality in American Protestantism
Authors: Juster Susan
Published: November 2023

Religion Has Always, it seems, belonged more in the “female world of love and ritual” than in the male world of politics and profit. We have known for some time now that women have constituted the majority of church members in most denominations since the mid-seventeenth century; we have been reminded by literary scholars and historians alike of the erotic dimension of religious discourse, with its tropes of marriage and sexuality; we have belatedly recognized the vital role that organized religion, with its many voluntary societies and church-sponsored associations, played in providing a middle ground for American women between the (male) public sphere and the (female) domestic sphere. We have learned, too, not to be misled by the pervasive theme of declension in American religious history into assuming that a feminized faith is necessarily a marginal one. The relationship between the feminization of American Protestantism and its declining hegemony in American political and cultural life, however much lamented by contemporary observers from Cotton Mather to Billy Sunday, is more a convenient fiction than historical reality.
Antisemitism and Xenophobia in United Germany How the Burden of the Past Affects the Present
Authors: Kurthen Hermann
Published: November 2023

When in the early 1990s ugly pictures of xenophobic violence, swastika graffiti, and vandalism replaced the joyful and peaceful pictures of German unification, some observers speculated that the horrific past of Germany would surface again (Sana 1990, Mead 1990). The fear that again an army of industrious and obedient Volksgenossen (members of the German national collective) would mobilize and overrun Europe was not stifled by reports of millions of marchers who protested the violence by candlelight. Continued antisemitic and xenophobic resentment in a nation that was responsible for the Holocaust has been viewed as an indication that postwar Germany’s policy of dealing with the past has failed.1 Events such as the so-called historians’ debate about the uniqueness of the Holocaust in the mid-198os were seen as an attempt to whitewash German responsibility for the Holocaust. Some were equally worried by the “tendency to pass over the terror and misery of the Third Reich and to focus instead on the normality and continuity of everyday life before, during, and after the Hitler years” (Kushner 1991: 23). Similarly, it was feared that once the iron curtain was removed a formidable antisemitism would reappear in the former socialist German Democratic Republic (GDR) nurtured by decades of anti-Zionist and anti-Israeli propaganda. Such fears and reservations led observers to ask whether postwar Germans in the East and West had drawn sufficient lessons from the failures of their past.
The Imperial Dynamic and the Discourse on Religion
Authors: Mccutcheon Russell T
Published: November 2023

The double function of the sui generis claim in this discourse should now be apparent. The sui generis claim not only founds this autonomous discourse on religion but is also the mechanism whereby assertions on the importance of “archaic man” are transformed into authoritative and normative judgments. With regard to this second function, the sui generis claim not only makes possible but simultaneously camouflages the ideological slippage from description to normative claim. Without this privileging strategy, the dominant discourse on religion loses its authority and turns out to be only one among a variety of theoretically based approaches to the study of human behavior and belief.
Introduction
Authors: Woodard Roger D
Published: November 2023

This is a book about the origin of the Greek alphabet (at least that is my perception). But I cannot begin this book with the alphabet, for it was not with the advent of that script that the Greeks first began to write. Hundreds of years before the conception of α, β, γ, and so on, Greek scribes had already taken stylus in hand and were engaged in giving orthographic expression to their language. In the following pages I argue that it is only within the broader context of Greek literacy that the origin of the Greek alphabet can be rightly perceived. The Linear B syllabic script, the syllabary of the Cypriot Greeks and the alphabet each stand as points along an unbroken continuum of Greek literacy which stretches from the Mycenaean era to the present.
The Hierarchy of Orthographic Strength
Authors: Woodard Roger D
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will further develop the interpretation of Linear B and syllabic Cypriot consonant cluster spelling as a function of the hierarchy of orthographic strength. We will first consider the representation of clusters which consist of more than two consonants and then turn our attention to what we will see to be a parallel phenomenon, the spelling of word-final clusters.
Conclusion
Authors: Woodard Roger D
Published: November 2023

The so-called syllable-division doctrine espoused by the Greek grammarians and the corresponding word-division practices evidenced by Greek inscriptions had their origins at least a thousand years earlier, in the scribal training centers of Mycenaean Greece or, perhaps, Minoan Crete. It was the Minoans who taught the Greeks how to write (the first time), and quite possibly it was also the Minoans who instructed the Greeks in the notions of sound classes and the relative sonority of sounds. Whether the Linear B (and syllabic Cypriot) practice of utilizing a hierarchy of sonority (i.e., the hierarchy of orthographic strength) for the spelling of consonant clusters was a Minoan or a Mycenaean innovation is undetermined and will remain so until Linear A is deciphered.
The Virgin’s Exile : The Cuban Patroness and the Diaspora in Miami
Authors: Tweed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

The story of Cuban exile Catholicism begins on a rainy Friday in 1961 as Our Lady of Charity travels from an airport in Havana to a baseball stadium in Miami on her feast day, 8 September, a day when the Cuban patroness herself would become an exile. The statue of Our Lady of Charity that journeyed from Havana to Miami had sacred power for her dispersed devotees, even though it was not the original image, which remained in the shrine in the easternmost province of Cuba. It was a replica that had been pedestaled in a parish church in Guanabo Beach, a section of Havana. In other years that same diminutive Virgin had been carried from the church in the annual processions on her feast day. That day in 1961, however, concealed in a small suitcase, she traveled by airplane across the Straits of Florida to be reunited with the Cuban diaspora.
Nationalism, Religion, and Diasporic Identity
Authors: Tweed Thomas A
Published: November 2023

Even if Manuel and Mercedes also petitioned the Virgin about other personal concerns—about health and family—they told me that they came to pray for Cuba and Cubans. Even if Lucia sang her songs alone on the grass, ladies lounged in lawn chairs by the water, and Oscar circumambulated the shrine for exercise, they also visited the national patroness inside to bring her their concerns about the Cuban community. In that way they had a great deal in common with almost all other Cuban pilgrims to Our Lady of Charity’s Miami shrine. Despite their differences, they are bound together by their sadness and longing, by the disorientation of exile-and by their common devotion to Our Lady of Charity as national symbol. Men come as well as women. Those who hail from both eastern and western provinces visit. Even the most unpious teenagers, who cannot recall the smells and sights of the island, acknowledge that the shrine is a special place for Cuban exiles. There at the Virgin’s shrine the devout reconnect with the homeland. There they re-create the Cuban community—those on the island and in the diaspora—as an imagined nation.
The Gödelian case
Authors: Penrose Roger
Published: November 2023

It is in mathematics that our thinking processes have their purest form. If thinking is just carrying out a computation of some kind, then it might seem that we ought to be able to see this most clearly in our mathematical thinking. Yet, remarkably, the very reverse turns out to be the case. It is within mathematics that we find the clearest evidence that there must actually be something in our conscious thought processes that eludes computation. This may seem to be a paradox—but it will be of prime importance in the arguments which follow, that we come to terms with it.
Structure of the quantum world
Authors: Penrose Roger
Published: November 2023

Quantum theory provides a superb description of physical reality on a small scale, yet it contains many mysteries. Without doubt, it is hard to come to terms with the workings of this theory, and it is particularly difficult to make sense of the kind of ‘physical reality’—or lack of it—that it seems to imply for our world. Taken at its face value, the theory seems to lead to a philosophical standpoint that many (including myself) find deeply unsatisfying. At best, and taking its descriptions at their most literal, it provides us with a very strange view of the world indeed. At worst, and taking literally the proclamations of some of its most famous protagonists, it provides us with no view of the world at all.
Implications?
Authors: Penrose Roger
Published: November 2023

What do we conclude, from the discussions above, is the ultimate potential of artificial intelligence? The arguments of Part I strongly made the case that the technology of electronic computer-controlled robots will not provide a way to the artificial construction of an actually intelligent machine—in the sense of a machine that understands what it is doing and can act upon that understanding. Electronic computers have their undoubted importance in clarifying many of the issues that relate to mental phenomena (perhaps, to a large extent, by teaching us what genuine mental phenomena are not), in addition to their being extremely powerful and valuable aids to scientific, technological, and social progress. Computers, we conclude, do something very different from what we are doing when we bring our awareness to bear on some problem.
Decline and Fall of the Young Male Cleric
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D
Published: November 2023

Reskin argues that the feminization of secular occupations is preceded by changes that make them less attractive to men, such as reduced opportunities for mobility or autonomy and declines in prestige and earnings. Related to opportunities for upward mobility, the data of this analysis have pointed to a decline in attainment among Episcopal priests, and to U.U.A. ministers apparently maintaining their attainment through a decreased number of men ordained after 1975, combined with a near exclusion of women from high-level placements.
The Fall and Rise of Canons
Authors: Brenneman James E
Published: November 2023

CONTRADICTORY prophetic passages in Scripture, a focal point for this study, declare meaning to be intertextual and community determined, as noted in the foregoing chapters. Factors of evaluation necessary for judging among conflicting theologies, differing prophetic sensibilities, and contrasting truth claims in the Bible are the same factors that lead to creating canons (references of authority). Such conflicting alternatives, given their scriptural context, invite the question; What is meant by canonical authority?
Children in the Family Context
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe
Published: November 2023

It is impossible to talk about children without looking at the family. Just as children’s understanding of death is framed by the historical and social context in which they live and how they grow and develop, the way they cope is influenced by the family of which they are a part. In the family, children receive the nurturance and support, love and care without which they will not thrive. After a death, we often talk of the individual mourner. Shapiro (1994) reminded us that we should actually talk about mourners in the plural. She described grief as a family developmental crisis, interwoven with the family’s history and its current developmental moment. The family members’ grief radically redirects the future course of their life together. In the context of the larger society and the community in which they live, each family constructs for itself a coherent system that guides, explains, and accompanies its members as they deal with the vicissitudes of life. The ways in which children, of all ages, experience and respond to stressors reflect, in large part, what they have learned and experienced in their home environment. It is only in this family context that we can begin to understand how individual members cope with death.
The Depth and Height of Scripture
Authors: Keck David
Published: November 2023

The fourfold system of exegesis, whereby readers looked beyond the literal, historical text to discover hidden, symbolic meanings, was crucial for medieval angelology because it helped open the text and the reader’s own contemporary world to the mysterious presence of God’s messengers. Indeed, because people, objects, and events were capable of being read in various ways, their symbolism helped establish continuity between the world of the Bible and medieval Europe. Thus, in three sermons on the Book of Judith’s narrative of the struggle between Judith and the Babylonian general Holofemes, Hugh of Saint Victor discovers both the contemporary Christian struggle against Satan and the need for continued angelic support. Medieval exegetes dedicated themselves to the pursuit of such allegorical readings because they felt that to know the angels and to appreciate their mission required that the Christian be prepared to see and revere them at any moment, in any place, especially in passages of Scripture.According to Gregory the Great, this way of reading the Bible (and indeed the world itself) was one of the joys God has prepared for humanity. Gregory thus compares the reading of the depth of Scripture to dining at a banquet where the many different dishes produce endless delights and continual nourishment.
Birth, Maturation, and the Regular Religious Practices of Adults
Authors: Keck David
Published: November 2023

The Seraphic Doctor declared that from the very moment of conception, a human being and his or her guardian angel are connected. Because he believed that a soul is capable of being tempted by the demons even before birth, he argued that an angel must guard the soul of a person as soon as it is poured into the womb. Aquinas, by contrast, concentrated on the use of reason as the central issue involving cooperation with a guardian angel. He argued that a guardian angel was not appointed until birth, the time at which being a rational creature begins (he also rejects baptism as the moment of receiving the angel, a view held by, for ex-ample, Peter Damian). Until then, the mother’s angel appropriately protected the fetus, as the two humans were not yet separated.I Such theological reflection indicates that properly understanding guardian angels is important for the soteriological struggle of human beings.
Introduction
Authors: Tucker James
Published: November 2023

This book examines social control in postbureaucratic organizations-those without traditional forms of authority.’ It applies a new sociological paradigm developed by Donald Black that explains social control with the location and direction of conflict in social space. An extensive study of an employee-owned manufacturing corporation combined with a broader review of workplaces, past and present, reveal that therapy-a form of social control that addresses conflict with the self (Black, 1992:40, 1995:835)-is quite common in postbureaucratic organizations. This finding may seem surprising. Therapy is assumed to be the domain of psychiatrists and other specialists trained in the treatment of mental illness. The modern corporation, usually characterized as a place where people are subject to an elaborate set of impersonal rules and regulations, would appear to be an unlikely setting for finding social control that responds sympathetically to deviant behavior and helps individuals overcome their perceived intrapersonal troubles. Yet, as Blackian theory predicts, therapy thrives on the social conditions that typify the postbureaucratic organization-equality, homogeneity, and intimacy.
Therapeutic Management
Authors: Tucker James
Published: November 2023

Social control in organizations is most forceful when it flows down the hierarchy. Subordinates who act out of line may be yelled at, demoted, fined, terminated, and even (in organizations of the past) beaten by their superiors. In the therapeutic corporation, however, managers act more like psychiatrists than disciplinarians. Deviant behavior is considered a consequence of intrapersonal conflict, and social control accordingly attempts to heal the self. Subordinates are often encouraged to seek help for their troubles and frequently discuss them at length with superiors. Managers also attempt to address problems by modifying people’s surroundings. This can involve moving someone to another part of the enterprise or changing the organization itself.
Conclusion
Authors: Tucker James
Published: November 2023

We have seen that therapy does not merely occur in the offices of psychiatrists and the wards of mental hospitals. It also occurs in the workplace. Therapy is especially active in the postbureaucratic organization, where people up and down the hierarchy diagnose and treat each other for various intrapersonal problems. While therapy among employees is informal and often quite mild, the particular form it takes depends on its direction. Downward therapy is the most forceful. Besides encouraging people to help themselves, superiors counsel subordinates and modify their work surroundings. Lateral therapy is frequently combined with conciliation. Peers accommodate each other as much as possible, but also share their thoughts as a means of helping themselves and others. Managers sometimes intervene and help peers restore harmony to their relationships. Upward therapy is mostly covert. Subordinates secretly evaluate and indirectly attempt to help superiors, and occasionally open up and offer direct advice.
Some Alternatives Proposed for the Big Bang Model
Authors: Alpher Ralph A , Herman Robert
Published: November 2023

Before the discovery of the expansion of the universe, many alternative models were proposed for the universe, all singularly free of real connections with observation but frequently imaginative; some were theologically based. Since the discovery of the expansion, modern alternatives have generally invoked the cosmological principle: that is, the premise that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on a large scale. Some models originate from a philosophical predilection of the scientists for a universe that is eternal and does not change on a large scale, even if there is local evolution on a small scale. A few models try to explain the observed redshifts of distant galaxies, the principal indicators of expansion, as something other than the expansion of space; these have in general proved quite unsuccessful. And some that we mention only in passing credit the origin and evolution of the universe to an extramundane entity. We would suggest, however, that at this time in the history of cosmology the Big Bang model is, if nothing else, the paradigm against which other models must be measured.
The Anthropic Principle
Authors: Alpher Ralph A , Herman Robert
Published: November 2023

We have said a good deal about alternatives to the Big Bang, particularly in chapters 4 and 7, but feel impelled to say a bit more, particularly about the anthropic cosmological principle. We do not regard it as an alternative to the Big Bang model, but there has been so much written about it, at both technical and popular levels, that we must deal with it at least briefly.
Aftermath, Legacy, Meanings
Authors: Paxton Robert O
Published: November 2023

The Liberation of France meant emprisonment for Dorgères and the end of much he had worked for. Although his punishment was light, he never regained his prewar influence. Nevertheless, his tactical example and traces of his agrarian values are still powerful today.

On 18 August 1944, Resistance units arrested Dorgères in the Indre as he bicycled toward Vichy, intending, he told the court, to intercede with Marshal Pétain for an associate who had been arrested. As a former Vichy official, he faced a charge of treason (atteinte à la sûreté extérieure del’Etat). The local Cour de Justice in Chateauroux began to hear his case in November 1944, but in early December he succeeded in having jurisdiction transferred to Paris. There his case was investigated throughout 1945, while he remained in Fresnes prison. Dorgères spent nineteen months altogether in prison during 1944–46 awaiting trial. After lengthy indictment hearings, he was finally tried on 3 February 1946.
Black Culture and Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism, 1790-1930, an Overview
Authors: Chireau Yvonne
Published: November 2023

These Words, written by the illustrious pan-African intellectual Edward Wilmot Blyden, echo one of the most prominent themes in black religious thought from the nineteenth century onward: Ethiopianism, the prophesied redemption of Africa, a mission that was to be accomplished through the efforts of black Americans. Blyden, who in his later years became a passionate defender of Islam, initially found in the Jewish doctrine of Zionism an implicit affirmation of his belief in the spiritual destiny of African Americans. To Blyden, the sons and daughters of Africa everywhere in the diaspora-like the Jews-possessed a special charge as religious exemplars for the rest of humanity. Believing that Jewish aspirations for nationhood were comparable to those of blacks, Blyden hoped that some day African Americans would return to their motherland in order to aid, uplift, and restore her to her former glory. As for Zionism, Blyden argued that the significance of that movement extended far beyond the worldly promise of Jewish statehood. The Jews were “qualified by the unspeakable suffering of ages to be the leaders:’ he wrote,”not in politics but in religion:’ and best suited at “propagating the international religion” by which persons of”all races, climes, and countries[could] call upon the one Lord:’ Advocating a kinship between blacks and Jews, Blyden went so far as to suggest that Africa might be a productive site for both to begin the “higher and nobler work” of the uplift of humankind to which both peoples had been called.