bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biochemistry of Organocopper Compounds
Authors: Sosa‐Torres Martha E. , P. Saucedo‐Vázquez Juan , Gómez‐Manzo Saul , Kroneck Peter M. H.
Published: January 2011

Introduction

Types of Biological Copper Centers

Copper Proteins with Mononuclear Copper Sites

Copper Proteins with Multinuclear Copper Sites

Outlook

Acknowledgments
Transmetalation Reactions Producing Organocopper Compounds
Authors: Rosenker Christopher J. , Wipf Peter
Published: January 2011

Introduction

Transmetalations in the First Transition Metal Series

Transmetalations in the Second Transition Metal Series

Transmetalations in the Lanthanide Series

Transmetalations in GroupIIB

Transmetalations in GroupIIIA

Transmetalations in GroupIVA

Transmetalations in GroupVIA

Applications to Natural Product Synthesis

Conclusion
Copper‐Mediated Asymmetric Allylic Alkylations
Authors: Spino Claude
Published: January 2011

Introduction

Diastereospecific Methods

Diastereoselective Methods

Enantioselective Methods

Conclusions and Outlook
The Influence of a Small Boron Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti‐6Al‐4V Fabricated by Metal Injection Moulding
Authors: Ferri Orley Milagres , Ebel Thomas , Bormann Rüdiger
Published: January 2011

The effect of boron additions on the sintering behavior, microstructural development, and mechanical properties of a Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy fabricated by metal injection moulding (MIM) was studied. The addition of boron promotes a significant refinement of the microstructure by changing the microstructure from the typical lamellar to a more equiaxed morphology. The presence of both features: α colonies and α grains were confirmed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) experiments. Furthermore, the pinning effect of TiB particles on grain boundary motion enhances the densification process due to the fact that the separation of pores and grain boundaries is suppressed. As a result of the refinement of the microstructure achieved by adding 0.5 wt% boron to the Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy, excellent tensile (σ0.2 = 787 MPa, UTS = 902 MPa and ε = 12%) and fatigue (endurance limit = 640 MPa) properties were obtained.
In Situ Observation of Various Phase Transformation Paths in Nb‐Rich TiAl Alloys during Quenching with Different Rates
Authors: Stark Andreas , Oehring Michael , Pyczak Florian , Schreyer Andreas
Published: January 2011

In recent years intermetallic γ‐TiAl based alloys with additional amounts of the ternary β phase have attracted attention due to their improved hot workability. Depending on alloy composition and heat treatment the ternary β phase can transform to different ternary phases at lower temperatures. A few of them are assumed to be detrimental to ductility. However, the current phase diagrams of these multiphase materials are often quite uncertain. Thus, the possible transformations of third phases in the temperature range between 700 and 1 100 °C are studied by means of in situ high‐energy X‐ray diffraction (HEXRD). Depending on quenching rate reversible transformations of βo to different ω related phases are observed, indicating a stepwise diffusion controlled transformation mechanism of B2‐ordered βo to B82‐ordered ωo. Apparently, the addition of Mo can hinder this transformation.
Polymers in Drug Delivery—State of the Art and Future Trends
Authors: Grund Stefan , Bauer Marius , Fischer Dagmar
Published: January 2011

Advances in biotechnology, proteomics, and genomics, as well as the deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular bases of pathophysiological states, have allowed the development of novel drugs such as proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids as therapeutic strategies of the future. Their application, however, requires sophisticated drug delivery systems which can be used to alter the pharmacokinetics and release characteristics of drugs, and to increase tissue specificity and biocompatibility. In this context, polymers provide the most promising avenue in drug release control due to their favorable, adjustable characteristics, and possibilities for further modification. Advances in the biomedical sciences have had a significant impact on the design and development of new and intelligent drug delivery systems for more controlled and targeted drug application. This review summarizes the status quo of polymer use for drug delivery with a special focus on structure–property relationships and gives overviews of various polymers, the relevant parameters in drug delivery and the most promising trends in the future.
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Bis‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles and Bis‐pyrazoles Derived from 1,4‐Bis[5‐thio‐4‐substituted‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐Yl]‐butane and Their DNA Binding Studies
Authors: Purohit Madhusudan , Prasad V.V.S. Rajendra , C. Mayur Yergeri
Published: January 2011

A new series of 1,4‐bis[5‐(5‐mercapto‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl‐methyl)‐thio‐4‐substituted‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl]‐butane 7‐12 and 1,4‐bis[5‐(1‐oxo‐1‐(3,5 dimethyl pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐methyl)‐thio‐4‐substitued‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl]‐butane 13‐18 were prepared from 1,4‐bis(5[hydrazinocarbonylmethylthio]‐4‐substituted‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl) butane based derivativess were synthesized 1‐6. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, NMR and Mass spectral studies. The synthesized compounds 7‐18 were screened for in‐vitro cytotoxicity potential using the standard MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay against a panel of three human cancer cell lines: Lung carcinoma A‐549, colon carcinoma HT‐29 and breast cancer MDA MB‐231. DNA binding studies were conducted for three potent molecules by absorption titration method.
Novel Benzimidazo[2,1‐c][1,4]thiazinone Derivatives with Potent Activity Against HSV‐1
Authors: Galal Shadia A. , Naem Shweekar I. El‐ , Nezhawy Ahmed O.H. El‐ , Ali Mohamed. A. , Diwani Hoda I. El‐
Published: January 2011

The synthesis of new 2‐carboxymethylsulfanylmethyl‐1H‐benzimidazole and 1,3‐dihydro‐4H‐benzo[4′,5′]imidazo[2,1‐c][1,4]thiazine‐4‐one‐8‐carboxylic acid derivatives was investigated. The antiviral activity of compounds 1–14 was tested against the herpes simplex virus 1. Compounds 5 and 14 showed potent activity as they inhibited virus propagation by 94.7% and 91.3% at a dose of 50 µg, respectively. Compounds 5 and 14 showed higher potency than Acyclovir at doses of 20 µg and 50 µg.
Projected climate change over Southeast Asia simulated using a WRF regional climate model
Authors: Chotamonsak Chakrit , Salathé Eric P. , Kreasuwan Jiemjai , Chantara Somporn , Siriwitayakorn Kingkeo
Published: January 2011

Dynamical downscaling of a global climate model is applied at 60‐km horizontal resolution to project changes from 1990–1999 to 2045–2054 of temperature and precipitation over Southeast Asia. The regional climate model reproduces the observed spatial distribution of temperature well, with a cold bias for maximum temperatures and a warm bias for minimum temperatures. Wet‐season precipitation is simulated with less skill than dry‐season precipitation. Projected warming varies from < 0.1 to 3 °C depending on the location and season, with greater warming at night than daytime for all seasons. Precipitation increases on average, with local decreases in the dry season. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Luminescence studies of decomposition of ceric sulfate
Authors: Bakane M. A. , Joshi C. P. , Moharil S. V. , Muthal P. L. , Dhopte S. M.
Published: January 2011

Literature results on the decomposition products of ceric sulfate are inconsistent. A group of researchers claim that ceric sulfate decomposed to ceric oxide without going through a cerous phase at any stage, while the results of the other group show that cerous sulfate is formed as an intermediate phase. Most of these studies used DTA/TGA, XRD and IR techniques. Cerous compounds can also be detected by the characteristic luminescence of Ce3+. Using such techniques we show that the thermal decomposition of both monoclinic and βCe(SO4)2·4H2O in air at 500°C leads to the formation of cerous sulphate. Use of various atmospheres (air/N2/vacuum) and temperature profiles for the decomposition by the different researchers may be responsible for the discrepancies between literature results. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activation of “Inert” Alkenyl/Aryl CO Bond and Its Application in Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Li Bi‐Jie , Yu Da‐Gang , Sun Chang‐Liang , Shi Zhang‐Jie
Published: January 2011

Enol and phenol functionalities are very common in organic molecules. Utilization of these materials is very appealing in organic synthesis because they are important alternatives to organohalides in cross‐coupling reactions. In this review, we summarize the transition‐metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of enol‐ and phenol‐based electrophiles, including phosphates, sulfonates, ethers, carboxylates, and phenolates.
A Family of Chiral Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Gedrich Kristina , Heitbaum Maja , Notzon Andreas , Senkovska Irena , Fröhlich Roland , Getzschmann Jürgen , Mueller Uwe , Glorius Frank , Kaskel Stefan
Published: January 2011

Chiral metal–organic frameworks with a three‐dimensional network structure and wide‐open pores (>30 Å) were obtained by using chiral trifunctional linkers and multinuclear zinc clusters. The linkers, H3ChirBTB‐n, consist of a 4,4′,4′′‐benzene‐1,3,5‐triyltribenzoate (BTB) backbone decorated with chiral oxazolidinone substituents. The size and polarity of these substituents determines the network topology formed under solvothermal synthesis conditions. The resulting chiral MOFs adsorb even large molecules from solution. Moreover, they are highly active Lewis acid catalysts in the Mukaiyama aldol reaction. Due to their chiral functionalization, they show significant levels of enantioselectivity, thereby proving the validity of the modular design concept employed.
Heteroatom‐Substituted Secondary Phosphine Oxides (HASPOs) as Decomposition Products and Preligands in Rhodium‐Catalysed Hydroformylation
Authors: Christiansen Andrea , Selent Detlef , Spannenberg Anke , Köckerling Martin , Reinke Helmut , Baumann Wolfgang , Jiao Haijun , Franke Robert , Börner Armin
Published: January 2011

O,O′‐3,3′‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐5,5′‐dimethoxy‐1,1′‐biphenyl‐2,2′‐diyl phosphonate (1) is the hydrolysis product of several mono‐ and bis‐phosphites used as ligands in industrial hydroformylation and other catalytic reactions. As a result of a tautomeric equilibrium, this pentavalent heteroatom‐substituted phosphine oxide (HASPO) can rearrange to the corresponding trivalent phosphorus compound. The latter is able to react with typical rhodium‐containing precursors frequently used for the generation of catalysts. The resulting species were characterised by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray structure analysis. Proof is given that a rhodium complex of 1 forms an active hydroformylation catalyst. Moreover, 1 can add to aldehydes, which are generated as products in the hydroformylation. Thus a broad range of subsequent reactions can be associated with the degradation of the original phosphite ligands, which has a strong influence on the overall outcome of the hydroformylation reaction.
Degradation of Phenol in Aqueous Solution by Fenton, Sono‐Fenton and Sono‐photo‐Fenton Methods
Authors: Babuponnusami Arjunan , Muthukumar Karuppan
Published: January 2011

The present work focuses on the performance of Fenton, sono‐Fenton, and sono‐photo‐Fenton processes for the oxidation of phenol present in aqueous solution. The effects of H2O2 concentration, Fe2+ concentration, pH, and initial phenol concentration on the oxidation of phenol were studied. The optimum Fe2+ and H2O2 concentrations for the Fenton process were 45 and 800 mg/L, respectively. For the sono‐Fenton process, the optimum Fe2+ and H2O2 concentrations were 30 and 800 mg/L, respectively. The optimal conditions for the sono‐photo‐Fenton process were found to be 20 mg/L of Fe2+ and 700 mg/L of H2O2. The optimum pH was found to be 3 for the processes investigated in the present study. The analysis of results showed that the sono‐photo‐Fenton method reduced the Fe2+ concentration by 30–50% and the H2O2 concentration by 12.5%. It was found that the sono‐photo‐Fenton technique showed better performance than the Fenton and sono‐Fenton processes for the oxidation of phenol. A lumped kinetic model was used to predict the chemical oxygen demand reduction and the model was found to fit the data.
Assessments of Potential Spatial‐temporal Variations in Phosphorus Distribution and Fractionation in River Bed Sediments
Authors: Wang Jingyu , Pant Hari K.
Published: January 2011

Sediment characteristics influence the distribution and bioavailability of phosphorus (P) in river sediments. In this study, we analyzed different P fractions in the sediments of the Bronx River, New York City, NY, using sequential extraction. The results showed that the average P pool rank order was HCl−P > NaOH−P > NaHCO3−P > residue−P, and their relative proportions were 3.7: 2.0: 1.4: 1 in sediments collected in 2006, while HCl−P > NaOH−P > residue−P > NaHCO3−P, with their relative proportions of 27.8:6.2:2.7:1 in the sediments obtained in 2007. The strong correlation between microbial P and organic P (OP), along with the changes in microbial P over time indicate that most of the OP in the river bed sediments is potentially bioavailable. The sediment transport, deposition, assimilation, the exchange of P between sediments and water columns, the land use changes, raw sewer discharge, gas spill, construction, fertilizer application, etc., as well as the hydro‐climatic changes could result in the spatial and temporal variations in P bioavailability in the river bed sediments. The estimations of P pools and their bioavailability in river bed sediments could help determine the spatial and temporal variations in P transport and impacts of land use on water quality, in turn, help regulate P in the river's watershed.
Terrorism threat and networking: Evidence that terrorism salience decreases occupational networking
Authors: Kastenmüller A. , Greitemeyer T. , Aydin N. , Tattersall A. J. , Peus C. , Bussmann P. , Fischer J. , Frey D. , Fischer P.
Published: January 2011

Previous research has shown that after terrorist attacks people focus more on their personal social networks. The present research tested to what extent this result can be extended to occupational networking. Considering previous research showing that in the face of terrorism people neglect their workplace, it was expected that terrorism threat would increase personal networking and decrease occupational networking. Study 1 showed that under high (compared with low) terrorism threat, participants reported having less positive attitudes towards occupational networks. Study 2 revealed that people who saw terrorism pictures (compared to neutral pictures) exhibited less positive attitudes towards occupational networks and more positive attitudes towards personal networks. Study 3 showed that high (vs. low) terrorism threat decreased intent to engage in occupational networking, which in turn was mediated by people's attitudes towards occupational networks. Implications for organizations are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymer/Bacteria Composite Nanofiber Nonwovens by Electrospinning of Living Bacteria Protected by Hydrogel Microparticles
Authors: Gensheimer Marco , Brandis‐Heep Astrid , Agarwal Seema , Thauer Rudolf K. , Greiner Andreas
Published: January 2011

Physically crosslinked PVA‐hydrogel microparticles are utilized for encapsulation of E. coli and M. luteus. The bacteria survive dry storage or treatment with bacteria‐hostile organic solvents significantly better than unprotected bacteria as proven by culture‐test experiments. The bacteria‐protecting PVA microparticles are available for standard polymer‐solution‐processing techniques, as exemplarily shown by co‐electrospinning of living bacteria encapsulated in dry PVA‐hydrogel microparticles together with PVB‐, PLLA‐, and PCL‐form organic solvents.

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Gustafson, weidman, kato, wolf, schechter, browder, Rakočević and Schmoeger essential spectra of the sum of two bounded operators and application to a transport operator
Authors: Abdmouleh Faiçal , Jeribi Aref
Published: January 2011

In this paper we investigate the essential spectra of the sum of two bounded linear operators defined on a Banach space by means of the essential spectra of each of the two operators where their products are Fredholm or semi‐Fredholm perturbations. Furthermore, we give an application to a transport operator. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Manipulating Latex Polymer Microstructure Using Chain Transfer Agent and Cross‐Linker to Modify PSA Performance and Viscoelasticity
Authors: Qie Lili , Dubé Marc A.
Published: January 2011

Two series of butyl acrylate (BA)/acrylic acid (AA)/2‐hydroxy ethyl methacrylate latexes were produced via starved seeded semi‐batch emulsion polymerization. The first series, five latexes with gel contents ranging from 0 to 75 wt.‐%, were generated by varying the amount of chain transfer agent (CTA, n‐dodecyl mercaptan) in the absence of cross‐linker. The second series, two latexes with gel contents of 49 and 74 wt.‐%, were obtained by manipulating the amount of CTA in the presence of a constant cross‐linker (allyl methacrylate) concentration. Latexes with similar gel contents, one from each series, were compared with respect to their microstructure, viscoelastic properties and pressure‐sensitive adhesive performance. At similar gel contents, latexes obtained in the absence of cross‐linker had larger sol polymer molecular weight ($\overline {M} _{{\rm w}} $) and molecular weight between cross‐linking points (Mc), compared to the latexes generated using both CTA and cross‐linker. The different microstructures of latexes with similar gel contents resulted in significantly different viscoelastic properties and shear strength of the pressure‐sensitive adhesive films cast from the latexes.

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Weak ferromagnetism in cobalt oxalate crystals
Authors: Romero E. , Mendoza M. E. , Escudero R.
Published: January 2011

Microcrystals of diaquocobalt(II) oxalate have been synthesized by the coprecipitation reaction of aqueous solutions of cobalt(II) bromide and oxalic acid. Chemical analysis and thermal experiments revealed that there is only one phase present. X‐ray powder diffraction studies show that this compound is orthorhombic with space group Cccm. Molar susceptibility versus temperature measurements show the existence of an antiferromagnetic (AF) ordering; however, the hysteresis measured in magnetization measurements as a function of magnetic field reveals a weak ferromagnetic behavior.
Ab initio investigation of structural and electronic properties of tungsten dioxide
Authors: Shaposhnikov V. L. , Migas D. B. , Rodin V. N. , Borisenko V. E.
Published: January 2011

A detailed study of electronic properties of tungsten dioxide (WO2) has been performed by means of the projector‐augmented wave method. Two phases were considered: stable monoclinic, which was characterized as a metallic one, and high‐temperature metastable orthorhombic, which was found to be a semiconductor with an energy gap of about 0.6 eV. We also show a possibility that oxygen vacancies in the monoclinic tungsten oxide providing the WO1.75 stoichiometry can result in the semiconducting behaviour of this compound as well.
Meta‐analysis and sensitivity analysis for multi‐arm trials with selection bias
Authors: Chootrakool Hathaikan , Shi Jian Qing , Yue Rongxian
Published: January 2011

Multi‐arm trials meta‐analysis is a methodology used in combining evidence based on a synthesis of different types of comparisons from all possible similar studies and to draw inferences about the effectiveness of multiple compared‐treatments. Studies with statistically significant results are potentially more likely to be submitted and selected than studies with non‐significant results; this leads to false‐positive results. In meta‐analysis, combining only the identified selected studies uncritically may lead to an incorrect, usually over‐optimistic conclusion. This problem is known asbiselection bias. In this paper, we first define a random‐effect meta‐analysis model for multi‐arm trials by allowing for heterogeneity among studies. This general model is based on a normal approximation for empirical log‐odds ratio. We then address the problem of publication bias by using a sensitivity analysis and by defining a selection model to the available data of a meta‐analysis. This method allows for different amounts of selection bias and helps to investigate how sensitive the main interest parameter is when compared with the estimates of the standard model. Throughout the paper, we use binary data from Antiplatelet therapy in maintaining vascular patency of patients to illustrate the methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comment on Barclay and Vreysen: Published dynamic population model for tsetse cannot fit field data
Authors: Hargrove John W. , Torr Stephen J. , Vale Glyn A.
Published: January 2011

The structure, and assumed parameter values, of a recent dynamic population model for tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) render it unable to fit published data on tsetse control programs using odor‐baited targets, insecticide‐treated cattle and the sterile insect technique (SIT). The underlying problem is a mismatch between the small size of the mapped cells (1 ha) and the long time‐step, which allows flies to move only once every 5 days, and then only to an adjacent cell. Assumed rates of tsetse dispersal and killing by odor‐baited targets are consequently at least an order of magnitude lower than observed in the field. Suggestions that Glossina pallidipes could be eradicated more rapidly with SIT, than using hundreds of targets per km2, is contradicted both by the field data and by three other independent modeling studies.
The mechanism of detonation attenuation by a porous medium and its subsequent re-initiation
Authors: RADULESCU MATEI I. , MAXWELL BRIAN McN.
Published: January 2011

The attenuation and re-initiation mechanism of detonations transmitted through a porous section consisting of a two-dimensional array of staggered cylinders was investigated experimentally and numerically for acetylene–oxygen mixtures. It was found that the leading order attenuation mechanism is the wave diffraction around the cylinders. The local re-amplification permitting the self-propagation of the wave was due to wave reflections from adjacent obstacles. The critical conditions for transmittance of a detonation wave were found to correspond approximately to a pore size equal to approximately 30–60 detonation induction lengths, or one to two cell sizes. For quenched detonations, the re-initiation mechanism was found to rely on wave reflections from neighbouring pores. Depending on the mixture sensitivity, one or several shock reflections may be necessary to re-amplify the attenuated detonation wave back to a self-sustained wave. For the latter case, a novel mechanism was identified, where each shock reflection gives rise to a significant enhancement of the gas reactivity and burnout of large portions of unreacted gas. This leads to a slow acceleration of the leading front, punctuated by small-scale local sudden re-accelerations. The resulting wave interactions give rise to a topologically complex reaction zone structure consisting of alternating layers of reacted and unreacted gas. The role of turbulent diffusive burning during this transient is discussed.
Acoustic/steady streaming from a motionless boundary and related phenomena: generalized treatment of the inner streaming and examples
Authors: REDNIKOV A. Y. , SADHAL S. S.
Published: January 2011

As originally realized by Nyborg (J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 30, 1958, p. 329), the problem of the inner acoustic/steady streaming can be analysed in quite general terms. The inner streaming is the one that develops in the high-frequency limit in a thin Stokes (shear-wave) layer at a boundary, in contrast to the outer streaming in the main bulk of the fluid. The analysis provides relevant inner-streaming characteristics through a given distribution of the acoustic amplitude along the boundary. Here such a generalized treatment is revisited for a motionless boundary. By working in terms of surface vectors, though in elementary notations, new compact and easy-to-use expressions are obtained. The most important ones are those for the effective (apparent) slip velocity at the boundary as seen from a perspective of the main bulk of the fluid, which is often the sole driving factor behind the outer streaming, and for the induced (acoustic) steady tangential stress on the boundary. As another novel development, non-adiabatic effects in the Stokes layer are taken into account, which become apparent through the fluctuating density and viscosity perturbations, and whose contribution into the streaming is often ignored in the literature. Some important particular cases, such as the axisymmetric case and the incompressible case, are emphasized. As far as the application of the derived general inner-streaming expressions is concerned, a few examples provided here involve a plane acoustic standing wave, which either grazes a wall parallel to its direction (convenient for the estimation of the non-adiabatic effects), or into which a small (compared to the acoustic wavelength) rigid sphere is placed. If there are simultaneously two such waves, out-of-phase and, say, in mutually orthogonal directions, a disk placed coplanarly with them will undergo a steady torque, which is calculated here as another example. Two further examples deal with translational high-frequency harmonic vibrations of particles relative to an incompressible fluid medium, viz. of a rigid oblate spheroid (along its axis) and of a sphere (arbitrary three dimensional). The latter can be a fixed rigid sphere, one free to rotate or even a (viscous) spherical drop, for which the outer streaming and the internal circulation are also considered.
The shape distribution of splash-form tektites predicted by numerical simulations of rotating fluid drops
Authors: BUTLER S. L. , STAUFFER M. R. , SINHA G. , LILLY A. , SPITERI R. J.
Published: January 2011

Splash-form tektites are glassy rocks ranging in size from roughly 1 to 100 mm that are believed to have formed from the splash of silicate liquid after a large terrestrial impact from which they are strewn over thousands of kilometres. They are found in an array of shapes including spheres, oblate ellipsoids, dumbbells, rods and possibly fragments of tori. It has recently become appreciated that surface tension and centrifugal forces associated with the rotation of fluid droplets are the main factors determining the shapes of these tektites. In this contribution, we compare the shape distribution of 1163 measured splash-form tektites with the results of the time evolution of a 3D numerical model of a rotating fluid drop with surface tension. We demonstrate that many aspects of the measured shape distribution can be explained by the results of the dynamical model.
Integral design pedagogy: Representation and process in multidisciplinary master student projects based on workshops for professionals
Authors: Zeiler Wim , Savanović Perica
Published: January 2011

The development in (Dutch) building practice necessitates developments in other aspects, besides specialized and professional skills, a new integral approach in education and the introduction of such an approach into building design practice. In 2005, the Faculty of Architecture, Building, and Planning of the University of Technology Eindhoven commenced a multidisciplinary master project on integral design focused on a sustainable climatic design. Students of architecture, building technology, structural engineering, and building services participated in these multidisciplinary master projects. The students began with a 2-day learning-by-practice workshop that was implemented and tested in collaboration with experienced professionals from the Royal Institute of Dutch Architects and the Dutch Association of Consulting Engineers. These workshops have become part of the permanent educational and professional program of the Royal Institute of Dutch Architects. This is one of the few projects in which the practical experience is transferred into the educational academic program and vice versa; normally this process functions only in one of the two directions. The theoretical basis of the design method on which the education of students and professionals is based is discussed and results presented.
The role of coherent vortices near the turbulent/non-turbulent interface in a planar jet
Authors: da Silva Carlos Bettencourt , dos Reis Ricardo José Nunes
Published: January 2011

The role of coherent vortices near the turbulent/non-turbulent (T/NT) interface in a turbulent plane jet is analysed by a direct numerical simulation (DNS). The coherent vortices near the jet edge consist of large-scale vortical structures (LSVSs) maintained by the mean shear and intense vorticity structures (IVSs) created by the background fluctuating turbulence field. The radius of the LSVS is equal to the Taylor micro-scale
R
lsvs
≈
λ
, while the radius of the IVS is of the order of the Kolmogorov micro-scale
R
ivs
∼
η
. The LSVSs are responsible for the observed vorticity jump at the T/NT interface, being of the order of the Taylor micro-scale. The coherent vortices in the proximity of the T/NT interface are preferentially aligned with the tangent to the T/NT interface and are responsible for the viscous dissipation of kinetic energy near the T/NT interface and to the characteristic shape of the enstrophy viscous diffusion observed at that location.
Spatiotopic coding and remapping in humans
Authors: Burr David C. , Morrone Maria Concetta
Published: January 2011

How our perceptual experience of the world remains stable and continuous in the face of continuous rapid eye movements still remains a mystery. This review discusses some recent progress towards understanding the neural and psychophysical processes that accompany these eye movements. We firstly report recent evidence from imaging studies in humans showing that many brain regions are tuned in spatiotopic coordinates, but only for items that are actively attended. We then describe a series of experiments measuring the spatial and temporal phenomena that occur around the time of saccades, and discuss how these could be related to visual stability. Finally, we introduce the concept of the spatio-temporal receptive field to describe the local spatiotopicity exhibited by many neurons when the eyes move.
Right-hemispheric dominance for visual remapping in humans
Authors: Pisella L. , Alahyane N. , Blangero A. , Thery F. , Blanc S. , Pelisson D.
Published: January 2011

We review evidence showing a right-hemispheric dominance for visuo-spatial processing and representation in humans. Accordingly, visual disorganization symptoms (intuitively related to remapping impairments) are observed in both neglect and constructional apraxia. More specifically, we review findings from the intervening saccade paradigm in humans—and present additional original data—which suggest a specific role of the asymmetrical network at the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) in the right hemisphere in visual remapping: following damage to the right dorsal posterior parietal cortex (PPC) as well as part of the corpus callosum connecting the PPC to the frontal lobes, patient OK in a double-step saccadic task exhibited an impairment
when the second saccade had to be directed rightward
. This singular and lateralized deficit cannot result solely from the patient's cortical lesion and, therefore, we propose that it is due to his callosal lesion that may specifically interrupt the interhemispheric transfer of information necessary to execute accurate rightward saccades towards a remapped target location. This suggests a specialized right-hemispheric network for visuo-spatial remapping that subsequently transfers target location information to downstream planning regions, which are symmetrically organized.
Mycosphaerella graminicola: from genomics to disease control
Authors: ORTON ELIZABETH S. , DELLER SIAN , BROWN JAMES K. M.
Published: January 2011

This Mycosphaerella graminicola pathogen profile covers recent advances in the knowledge of this ascomycete fungus and of the disease it causes, septoria tritici blotch of wheat. Research on this pathogen has accelerated since publication of a previous pathogen profile in this journal in 2002. Septoria tritici blotch continues to have high economic importance and widespread global impact on wheat production.

Taxonomy: Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) J. Schröt. In Cohn (anamorph: Septoria tritici Roberge in Desmaz.). Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Loculoascomycetes (filamentous ascomycetes), Order Dothideales, Genus Mycosphaerella, Species graminicola.

Host range: Bread and durum wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and T. turgidum ssp. durum L.).

Disease symptoms: Initially leaves develop a chlorotic flecking, which is followed by the development of necrotic lesions which contain brown–black pycnidia. Necrosis causes a reduction in photosynthetic capacity and therefore affects grain yield.

Disease control: The disease is primarily controlled by a combination of resistant cultivars and fungicides. Rapid advances in disease control, especially in resistance breeding, are opening up new opportunities for the management of the disease.

Useful websites: http://genome.jgi‐psf.org/Mycgr3/Mycgr3.home.html.
Genome sequencing and comparative analysis of the carrot bacterial blight pathogen, Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae M081, for insights into pathogenicity and applications in molecular diagnostics
Authors: KIMBREL JEFFREY A. , GIVAN SCOTT A. , TEMPLE TODD N. , JOHNSON KENNETH B. , CHANG JEFF H.
Published: January 2011

Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae (Xhc) is an economically important pathogen of carrots. Its ability to epiphytically colonize foliar surfaces and infect seeds can result in bacterial blight of carrots when grown in warm and humid regions. We used high‐throughput sequencing to determine the genome sequence of isolate M081 of Xhc. The short reads were de novo assembled and the resulting contigs were ordered using a syntenic reference genome sequence from X. campestris pv. campestris ATCC 33913. The improved, high‐quality draft genome sequence of Xhc M081 is the first for its species. Despite its distance from other sequenced xanthomonads, Xhc M081 still shared a large inventory of orthologous genes, including many clusters of virulence genes common to other foliar pathogenic species of Xanthomonas. We also mined the genome sequence and identified at least 21 candidate type III effector genes. Two were members of the avrBs2 and xopQ families that demonstrably elicit effector‐triggered immunity. We showed that expression in planta of these two type III effectors from Xhc M081 was sufficient to elicit resistance gene‐mediated hypersensitive responses in heterologous plants, indicating a possibility for resistance gene‐mediated control of Xhc. Finally, we identified regions unique to the Xhc M081 genome sequence, and demonstrated their potential in the design of molecular diagnostics for this pathogen.
Ernest Beutler: his life and contribution to medical science
Authors: Beutler Steven , Beutler Bruce
Published: January 2011

Ernest Beutler was one of the preeminent haematologists of the last half of the 20th and the early 21st century. In a career that spanned six decades, his research interests included such diverse areas as red cell metabolism, blood preservation, glycolipid storage diseases, leukaemias and iron metabolism. Indeed, he was quite different from most of his contemporaries in that his knowledge encompassed not only haematology and not only the medical sciences, but the biological sciences as a whole. He was among the first to describe X chromosome inactivation, and he established the critical link between glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and drug‐induced haemolysis. He was a skilled and innovative clinician, and an early advocate of bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of acute leukaemia. He was a prolific author, with over 800 publications; a long time member of the Editorial Board of Blood; founder of the journal Blood Cells Molecules and Diseases; and an editor of Williams Haematology from the time of its inception. He bequeathed $1 million to the American Society of Haematology to recognise and reward outstanding basic research and its clinical application: a pursuit to which he had committed his life. Indeed, he became an extraordinary exemplar of the bench‐to‐bedside ethos, which holds that even today, an MD researcher, working with limited means and independent of pharmaceutical companies, can have a great impact on the practice of medicine.
Effects of the hydraulic coupling between xylem and phloem on diurnal phloem diameter variation
Authors: SEVANTO SANNA , HÖLTTÄ TEEMU , HOLBROOK N. MICHELE
Published: January 2011

Measurements of diurnal diameter variations of the xylem and phloem are a promising tool for studying plant hydraulics and xylem–phloem interactions in field conditions. However, both the theoretical framework and the experimental verification needed to interpret phloem diameter data are incomplete. In this study, we analytically evaluate the effects of changing the radial conductance between the xylem and the phloem on phloem diameter variations and test the theory using simple manipulation experiments. Our results show that phloem diameter variations are mainly caused by changes in the radial flow rate of water between the xylem and the phloem. Reducing the hydraulic conductance between these tissues decreases the amplitude of phloem diameter variation and increases the time lag between xylem and phloem diameter variation in a predictable manner. Variation in the amplitude and timing of diameter variations that cannot be explained by changes in the hydraulic conductance, could be related to changes in the osmotic concentration in the phloem.
Light exerts multiple levels of influence on the Arabidopsis wound response
Authors: MORKER KRISHNA H. , ROBERTS MICHAEL R.
Published: January 2011

Light plays important roles in modulating plant responses to attack by pests and pathogens. Here, we test the hypothesis that darkness modifies the response to wounding, and examine possible mechanisms for such an effect. We investigated changes in the Arabidopsis transcriptome following a light–dark transition and the response to wounding either in the light or in the dark. The transcriptional response to the light–dark transition strongly resembles responses associated with carbon depletion. The dark shift and wound responses acted largely independently, but more complex interactions were identified at a number of levels. Darkness attenuates the overall transcriptional response to wounding, and we identified genes and physiological processes, such as anthocyanin accumulation, that exhibit light‐dependent wound responses. Transcriptional activation of light‐dependent wound‐induced genes requires a chloroplast‐derived signal originating from photosynthetic electron transport. We also present evidence of a role for the circadian clock in modifying wound responses. Our results show that darkness impacts on the wound response at a number of levels, which may imply differences in induced herbivore defences during the day and night.
The rate‐limiting step for CO2 assimilation at different temperatures is influenced by the leaf nitrogen content in several C3 crop species
Authors: YAMORI WATARU , NAGAI TAKESHI , MAKINO AMANE
Published: January 2011

Effects of nitrogen (N) supply on the limiting step of CO2 assimilation rate (A) at 380 µmol mol−1 CO2 concentration (A380) at several leaf temperatures were studied in several crops, since N nutrition alters N allocation between photosynthetic components. Contents of leaf N, ribulose 1·5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and cytochrome f (cyt f) increased with increasing N supply, but the cyt f/Rubisco ratio decreased. Large leaf N content was linked to a high stomatal (gs) and mesophyll conductance (gm), but resulted in a lower intercellular (Ci) and chloroplast CO2 concentration (Cc) because the increase in gs and gm was insufficient to compensate for change in A380. The A‐Cc response was used to estimate the maximum rate of RuBP carboxylation (Vcmax) and chloroplast electron transport (Jmax). The Jmax/Vcmax ratio decreased with reductions in leaf N content, which was consistent with the results of the cyt f/Rubisco ratio. Analysis using the C3 photosynthesis model indicated that A380 tended to be limited by RuBP carboxylation in plants grown at low N concentration, whereas it was limited by RuBP regeneration in plants grown at high N concentration. We conclude that the limiting step of A380 depends on leaf N content and is mainly determined by N partitioning between Rubisco and electron transport components.
Alluvial facies evolution during the Palaeozoic greening of the continents: case studies, conceptual models and modern analogues
Authors: DAVIES NEIL S. , GIBLING MARTIN R. , RYGEL MICHAEL C.
Published: January 2011

The Palaeozoic greening of the continents – the appearance and expansion of embryophytes (land plants) in terrestrial environments – was arguably the most fundamental Phanerozoic change to the Earth system. Thirteen case studies of Cambrian to Devonian fluvial deposits from North America and Europe are documented here to illustrate the evolution of fluvial style during this period. During the Cambro‐Ordovician, prior to the advent of terrestrial vegetation, fluvial systems laid down relatively coarse sands with little mud, resulting in self‐formed channels and an architecture dominated by broad sheets of trough cross‐beds (sheet‐braided style). Similar deposits formed across a wide range of latitudes, and passed basinward into sandy coastal deposits. From the mid Ordovician onwards, an increase in floodplain mudstone corresponds broadly with the appearance of embryophytes, which would have progressively enhanced upland weathering, mud production and floodplain storage of fines. During the Late Silurian, small heterolithic channel bodies with lateral‐accretion sets provide the first evidence of meandering channels, and floodplain mudstones contain more varied palaeosols, especially calcretes which appear abundantly for the first time. By the Early Devonian, channel deposits comprise sandstone lenses (channelled‐braided style), probably due to the increased bank strength and cohesion and reduced potential for sediment sorting imparted by sand‐mud mixtures. Muddy coastal deposits are prominent. By the Upper Devonian, fluvial deposits commonly contain fossil trees and large mainstem meandering channels with lateral‐accretion sets, indicating that rooted vegetation stabilized channels. The advent of stable floodplains with levées, crevasse splays and organic litter would have encouraged the diversification of terrestrial invertebrates, which left alluvial ichnological signatures from the Late Silurian onwards.
Reflecting on our effectiveness: Occupational therapy interventions with Indigenous clients
Authors: Stedman Amanda , Thomas Yvonne
Published: January 2011

Background:  The health and social inequity experienced by the Indigenous population of Australia has resulted in the establishment of a national priority to close the gap in health outcomes. The occupational therapy profession is being urged to ensure the cultural appropriateness of practice interventions for Indigenous people. Although the importance of practice modification has been recognised by the occupational therapy profession, minimal research has been conducted in relation to older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations.

Method:  The aim of this study was to explore occupational therapists’ views of their effectiveness when practising with Indigenous clients. The qualitative study utilises in‐depth interviews with occupational therapists working in a regional centre of North Queensland to explore their views of effectiveness when modifying interventions for Indigenous clients.

Results:  Inductive thematic analysis of the descriptive data generated four themes. The first theme provides insights into participants’ views of effectiveness when providing interventions to Indigenous clients. The remaining themes identify specific modification as (i) awareness of culture and respect for the individual, (ii) developing different expectations and (iii) ensuring equality of outcomes.

Conclusion:  The study supports the importance of modifying practice to provide culturally safe occupational therapy to Indigenous clients. The importance of adopting a client‐centred approach in modifying interventions is also highlighted. Self‐reflection by the therapist regarding their occupational therapy practice with Indigenous clients is strongly suggested. In response, a self‐reflection tool has been developed from the findings of the study.
Prevalence and management of HER2/neu‐positive early breast cancer in a single institution following availability of adjuvant trastuzumab
Authors: Chan A. , McGregor S. R.
Published: January 2011

Aim:  To ascertain the prevalence of HER2/neu‐positive early breast cancer (EBC), utilisation of adjuvant trastuzumab and incidence of cardiac toxicity in a community private hospital setting.

Methods:  Prospective data collected by breast oncologist and surgeons in all women diagnosed with EBC at the Mount Hospital (MH) were reviewed. Women with HER2/neu‐positive disease diagnosed between 1 October 2006 and 31 March 2009 were included in this analysis.

Results:  In total, 1128 women with invasive EBC were seen in the 30‐month period. All tumours underwent HER2/neu testing by immunohistochemistry, with 61% being evaluated by in situ hybridisation. Time to definitive HER2/neu result improved over time from median of 17 to 14 days. The prevalence of HER2 positivity (by in situ hybridisation) in this cohort was 12%. Uptake of trastuzumab‐based treatment was 100% in those patients receiving their treatment at the MH, compared to 52% of the 25 patients treated elsewhere. Ninety‐eight per cent of MH patients completed the planned 12 months of therapy, with one patient developing recurrent disease and two patients experiencing significant cardiac toxicity. Chemotherapy relative dose intensity was 98% in HER2/neu‐positive and negative patients. At a median of 25 months follow up, actuarial disease‐free and overall survival in the HER2/neu‐positive cohort is 99% and 100% respectively.

Conclusion:  In a community private hospital setting, adjuvant trastuzumab and chemotherapy was delivered optimally, in line with national and international guidelines. Early efficacy and safety results in a non‐clinical trial setting underscore the significant benefits achieved with this targeted therapy in HER2/neu‐positive EBC.
Low Trait Self‐Control Predicts Self‐Handicapping
Authors: Uysal Ahmet , Knee C. Raymond
Published: January 2011

Past research has shown that self‐handicapping stems from uncertainty about one's ability and self‐presentational concerns. The present studies suggest that low dispositional self‐control is also associated with self‐handicapping. In 3 studies (N = 289), the association between self‐control and self‐handicapping was tested. Self‐control was operationalized as trait self‐control, whereas self‐handicapping was operationalized as trait self‐handicapping in Study 1 (N = 160), self‐reported self‐handicapping in Study 2 (N = 74), and behavioral self‐handicapping in Study 3 (N = 55). In all 3 studies, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that low self‐control predicts self‐handicapping, independent of self‐esteem, self‐doubt, social desirability, and gender.