bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Perceived Job Stressor Sources and Job Strain in American and Iranian Managers
Authors: Spector Paul E. , Cooper Cary L. , Aguilar‐Vafaie Maria E.
Published: March 2003

Des échantillons de chefs d’entreprise aux USA et en Iran ont été comparés quant aux pressions au travail (contrainte, orientation du rôle du responsable/tâche, travail/maison et le support à ne pas travailler), cinq agents tenseurs (la dissatisfaction au travail, la tension mentale, la tension physique, l’intention de quitter le travail et l’absentéisme) et le sentiment de contrôle (LOC) au travail. Comme attendu, les chefs d’entreprise iraniens étaient davantage externes et davantage sous pression sur les cinq types d’agents stressants. Les américains ont montré de plus fortes corrélations entre les agents stressants. Les relations entre pression et tension au travail étaient similaires dans chacun des échantillons et dans les deux échantillons le LOC interne était associéà un niveau de stress plus bas. Bien que la statut marital n’ait pas été associé au stress au travail et aux agents stressant chez les américains, de fortes relations existent chez les iraniens.

Samples of Iranian and US managers were compared on four sources of job pressure (constraints, managerial role/tasks, home/work, and nonwork support), five strains (job dissatisfaction, mental strain, physical strain, intention of quitting the job, and absence), and work locus of control. As expected Iranian managers were more external and were higher on pressure and on all five job strains. Americans showed higher intercorrelations among strains except for absence, whereas Iranians had higher correlations among sources of pressure. Relations between pressure and job strains were similar across both samples, and in both samples internal locus of control was associated with lower strain. Although marital status was not associated with job stressors and strains among Americans, it showed strong relations among Iranians.
Water, Rules and Gender: Water Rights in an Indigenous Irrigation System, Marakwet, Kenya
Authors: Adams William , Watson Elizabeth , Mutiso Samuel
Published: March 2003

The management of indigenous irrigation systems has received increasing attention both from social science researchers and from those development agents who seek to change them, or to find in them a model for organizing newly developed irrigation schemes. This article discusses how water is allocated within one such irrigation system, the hill furrow irrigation of the Marakwet escarpment in Kenya. It describes the ‘formal rules’ of water rights, giving particular attention to the issue of gender with respect to water rights. It then discusses the ‘working rules’ relevant to water allocation, involving various informal practices of sharing, buying and stealing. The implications of this complexity for understanding the operation of indigenous farmer‐managed irrigation systems are examined.
Development Management versus Third World Bureaucracies: A Brief History of Conflicting Interests
Authors: Hirschmann David
Published: March 2003

This article investigates the impacts on, and responses of, third world bureaucracies (more specifically those operating in the poorer parts of the third world), in the context of the changing demands of development management. These include efforts at debureaucratization, by calling for a radically different kind of civil service; at localization and training; at circumvention, through relying on semi‐autonomous public enterprises; at re‐orientation, by altering civil servants' attitudes and incentives; at decentralization; and at privatization and pressure. For these governments, this last mentioned approach proved more demanding and demoralizing than any of the previous notions they had confronted. Today, under the rubric of governance, there appears to be some acknowledgement that the anti‐state emphasis of the structural adjustment era may have gone too far, and the call is for the more effective bureaucracies to be accountable. The danger in many poor countries, however, is that the real and relative salaries, the morale and ethics of the bureaucracy, and public trust in the bureaucracy, have all plummeted so far, that it may be too late to turn these trends around. The daunting challenge today is how to break out of this ‘box’ of bureaucratic decline, the four corners of which are formed and connected by lack of resources, incentives, public service and legitimacy.
Balancing Politics, Economics and Conservation: The Case of the Cameroon Forestry Law Reform
Authors: Ekoko Francçois
Published: March 2003

The formulation of Cameroon’s 1994 Forestry Law was influenced by the World Bank, the Government of Cameroon and French politicians, as well as by logging companies and individual Cameroonian politicians. Their actions were motivated by development objectives, direct material interests and political concerns. However, as the result of a flawed formulation process, conflicting interests and weak government administrative capacity, the law has not been fully implemented and may not be. An analysis of the 1994 Forestry Law suggests that the success of future policies will depend on the willingness of actors to defend their interests, the balance of power at the time, and the ability of the Executive Branch to mediate among the different interests in each case.
Vulnerability, Control and Oil Palm in Sarawak: Globalization and a New Era?
Authors: Majid Cooke Fadzilah
Published: March 2003

In the post logging era, Sarawak is being restructured to make way for large‐scale oil palm plantations. In this restructuring, the vulnerabilities of particular areas are being used in a wider battle to control production, particularly for export. Native customary lands, considered ‘unproductive’ or ‘idle’ by officials, are the target of oil palm plantation development under a new land development programme called Konsep Baru (New Concept). This article looks at the contradictions generated by the complex process of laying claims to ‘idle’ native customary land and focuses on Dayak organizing initiatives in northern Sarawak, Malaysia.
Capital Account Convertibility, Poor Developing Countries, and International Financial Architecture
Authors: Gilbert Christopher L. , Irwin Gregor , Vines David
Published: March 2003

Capital account liberalisation can deliver modest benefits to poor countries. However, the attainment of these benefits depends on prior or simultaneous liberalisation of the banking sector, and on policy and institutional quality. By itself, liberalisation of the capital account will deliver relatively little. It is inconsistent with pegged exchange rates. This all suggests caution. Capital account liberalisation also leaves poor countries more vulnerable to crises. This vulnerability should form part of the agenda of the multilateral agencies. This article argues that debt standstills are the appropriate instrument to deal with this problem; the negotiation of such procedures is an important issue for the IMF in the coming years.
Sector Programme Approaches: Will They Work in Agriculture?
Authors: Foster Mick , Brown Adrienne , Naschold Felix
Published: March 2003

This article explores why sector‐wide approaches, in which donor funds support a single sector plan under government leadership, have performed less well in agriculture than in the social sectors. Many problems stem from the more limited, more contested and shrinking role of the state in the agricultural sector. It is also argued that sector programmes have worked best where the key constraints on sector development are the responsibility of a single ministry, whereas agricultural development requires co‐ordinated interventions across sectors. The sector approach may have a limited role in delivering better focused agricultural services, but fundamental policy questions need to be resolved first. This is more likely if support for reforms is channelled through central economic ministries and other bodies outside the agriculture ministry.
Does FDI Guarantee the Stability of International Capital Flows? Evidence from Malaysia
Authors: Bird Graham , Rajan Ramkishen S.
Published: March 2003

The conventional wisdom is that crises are largely due to swings in short‐term capital. Economies that finance their current account deficits mainly via foreign direct investment (FDI) are therefore seen as being less susceptible to a crisis. The analysis in this article, backed up by some empirical evidence drawn from Malaysia, challenges the casual presumption that the switch towards FDI alone will automatically imply that extreme capital instability will become a thing of the past.
Consolidation, Multinationalisation, and Competition in Brazil: Impacts on Horticulture and Dairy Products Systems
Authors: Farina Elizabeth M. M. Q.
Published: March 2003

This article examines the rapid consolidation and multinationalisation of the supermarket sector in Brazil over the past decade. The impact of this on the horticulture marketing system is shown to include a sharp reduction in the role of traditional wholesale markets, the rise of specialised wholesalers and distribution centres, and the beginnings of contracts with growers. There have been similar changes in the dairy processing sector, with huge impacts on the dairy products systems leading to substantial concentration ‘upstream’ in the chain. For small farms and firms in both sectors, there is a need for substantial improvements in organisation and technology to face these challenges, and the government has a role in helping them make this adjustment.
The Rapid Rise of Supermarkets in Chile: Effects on Dairy, Vegetable, and Beef Chains
Authors: Faiguenbaum Sergio , Berdegué Julio A. , Reardon Thomas
Published: March 2003

Focusing on the recent expansion of supermarkets in Chile, from large to medium and small cities and across income strata, this article analyses the driving forces behind the process, including the extent and limits of concentration and foreign firm participation. Supermarkets’ procurement practices are examined in terms of their technological, organisational, management, and financial impact on traditional retailers, suppliers, processors and producers in the dairy, horticulture and meat chains. Public policies are proposed to expand the access of small and medium stakeholders in those chains to the opportunities opened directly and indirectly by supermarket expansion, as well as to limit and reduce the harmful effects of the process.
Capturing All Our Histories: The Biography of Sir Hans Singer
Authors: Maxwell Simon
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

D. John Shaw, Sir Hans Singer: The Life and Work of a Development Economist
Tanzania
Authors: Evans Alison , Ngalwea Erasto
Published: March 2003

Despite being a relatively modest document that commits the government to little that is new, the PRSP is quite a significant innovation in the context of Tanzania. The PRSP approach has brought poverty reduction policy into line with the fiscal framework, promoted a more participatory approach to public policy–making and helped the government to adopt a policy of eliminating primary school fees. However, this article argues, the difference that this makes can be overstated. Much depends on the completion of complementary reforms in the management of the public services and local government. Expectations about the PRSP process therefore need to be carefully managed, keeping firmly in mind that commitment to poverty reduction is a political and not a technocratic issue.
Novelty and frequency as determinants of newborn preference
Authors: Barrile Michelle , Armstrong Erika S. , Bower T.G.R.
Published: March 2003

The debate over whether infants prefer a familiar stimulus over a novel stimulus has persisted for over 30 years, and there is evidence which supports both sides of the question. However, the research which supports the preference for the familiar uses different measures than that which supports the preference for novelty. In the first experiment, the preference for the familiar was tested by making one stimulus more familiar than the others presented. A target of a ‘familiar’ face was presented eight times more frequently than the other faces. During the experiment, the infants could choose at which face they looked and for how long. It was found that the infants significantly preferred the familiar face over any one of the novel faces, especially when the familiar face was presented first. Substituting auditory for visual stimuli, the second experiment was a replication of the first experiment. Consonant–vowel syllables were used instead of faces. Overall, 17 stimuli were used: one repeating ‘familiar’ sound, and 16 novel sounds. It was found that the infants significantly preferred the familiar sound over any of the novel sounds. As found in Experiment 1, the infants also had a greater preference for the familiar sound when it was presented first.
Differential maturation of fetal responses to vibroacoustic stimulation in a high risk population
Authors: Kisilevsky Barbara S. , Hains Sylvia M. J. , Low James A.
Published: March 2003

Maturation of human fetal response to vibroacoustic stimulation was examined in 163 high risk fetuses from 23 to 36 weeks gestational age (GA). Each fetus received three vibroacoustic trials and three no‐stimulus control trials (randomly assigned) while fetal heart rate (FHR) was recorded and body movement was observed on ultrasound scan. For data analyses, fetuses were categorized into preterm compromised (n = 57), preterm healthy (n = 42) and term healthy (n = 64) based on evidence of compromise at birth. Differential maturation was observed among the outcome groups. The term healthy group exhibited a body movement and, on the first stimulus trial, an FHR deceleration response at 27 weeks GA with a shift to an FHR acceleration response at 30 weeks GA. By 33 weeks GA, responding was indistinguishable from that reported for low risk fetuses with response rates of 92% for both movements and FHR accelerations. The preterm healthy outcome group showed a body movement and an FHR acceleration response at 27 weeks GA. Over gestation, there was no maturation of either response. The preterm compromised outcome group showed a body movement response at 24 weeks GA which did not mature. An FHR acceleration response was elicited at 27 weeks GA with the magnitude of the acceleration increasing over gestation; at 33 weeks GA the magnitude was below that observed in the term healthy group. With advancing gestation, the rate of cardiac–movement coupling increased only in the two healthy outcome groups. It was concluded that differential fetal behaviour as a function of fetal/newborn outcome may reflect differential functional development of the fetal nervous system.
Dynamics of oralrespiratory coordination in full‐term and preterm infants: I. Comparisons at 38‐40 weeks postconceptional age
Authors: Goldfield Eugene C. , Wolff Peter H. , Schmidt Richard C.
Published: March 2003

This study compares the coordination of pacifier sucking and breathing between healthy full‐term, low risk preterm, and high risk preterm infants at 38–40 weeks postconceptional age. High and low risk preterm infants did not differ in overall score on a neurobehavioral examination (NAPI), but infants in the high risk group differed from the others in breathing frequency and in the coordination of breathing and sucking rhythms. For infants in the high risk group, sucking had less influence on respiratory frequency and patterns of coordination between the frequencies of sucking and breathing were simpler. Oral–respiratory coordination may be a useful marker of infants at risk for later speech problems.
Unfamiliar voice discrimination for short stimuli in newborns
Authors: Floccia Caroline , Nazzi Thierry , Bertoncini Josiane
Published: March 2003

In order to determine the minimal information required for newborns to discriminate unfamiliar voices two experiments were performed using the presentation of single disyllabic words uttered by male and female speakers. In the first experiment, utilizing the standard high‐amplitude‐sucking procedure, no significant discrimination was obtained. Hypothesizing that this failure in discrimination could be due to a deficient attention at the unique moment of stimulus change, a second experiment was performed in which the same to‐be‐discriminated stimuli alternated every minute and in which multiple tokens of the same word were presented to increase stimulus variability. Evidence for voice discrimination was obtained, suggesting that newborns are able to characterize unfamiliar voices on the basis of restrained vocal‐tract related information and minor prosodic information. Remarks addressing the consequences of stimulus organization upon attentional demands in experimental procedures in young infants are also presented.
The descent of cognitive development
Authors: Langer Jonas
Published: March 2003

A constructivist theory of the evolution of cognitive development is proposed. Seven propositions are posed plus supporting evidence. Constructing fundamental physical and logicomathematical conceptual universals underlies the development of cognition in primate phylogeny, ontogeny and history. Nevertheless, diverging onset and offset ages, velocity, extent, sequencing and organization mark the evolution of cognitive development in primate phylogeny. Thus, the evolution is heterochronic, not simply recapitulatory. Converging origins followed by diverging development of primates' conceptual constructions insures species‐specific cognitive specializations. Some specializations (e.g. recursive classifying) evolved in great ape development but not in monkey development; while others (e.g. hierarchically integrated classifying) evolved in human development only. Human enculturation and language (symbolic) rearing fosters quantitative but not qualitative progress in most of chimpanzees’ developing cognition. Heterochronic evolution provided humans with the widest and most synchronic ontogenetic window of opportunity for progressive cognitive development. The descendant cognitive development – humans’ precocial, integrated and extended intellectual constructions – bridges the evolution and history of ideas.
Reuniting physical and social cognition in development
Authors: Gómez Juan‐Carlos
Published: March 2003

Book discussed in this article:

Cintia Rodríguez, The magic number three: when infants do not yet speak
Basic principles of optical imaging and application to the study of infant development
Authors: Meek Judith
Published: March 2003

New optical methods of studying the infant brain have been developed over the last 20 years. These techniques make use of a window of transparency of biological tissue to near infrared light. Using spectrophotometry new insights have been gained into mechanisms of brain damage in newborn infants undergoing intensive care, and non‐invasive functional activation studies have been pioneered in awake infants. Recently topographic mapping of activated cortex has become possible, and preliminary tomographic images of regional oxygenation in infants have been constructed. This is a rapidly changing field which offers exciting possibilities for studying both normal and abnormal child development.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in child psychiatry: disturbed motor system excitability in hypermotoric syndromes
Authors: Moll Gunther H. , Heinrich Hartmut , Rothenberger Aribert
Published: March 2003

Normal development and dysfunctions of motor system excitability can be investigated in vivo by means of single‐ and paired‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). While different TMS‐parameters show different developmental time courses between 8 and 16 years of age, distinct dysfunctional patterns of motor system excitability can be demonstrated in child psychiatric disorders with hypermotoric behavior: in tic disorder, a shortened cortical silent period can be stated providing evidence for deficient inhibitory mechanisms within the sensorimotor loop, probably primarily at the level of the basal ganglia. In attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a decreased intracortical inhibition indicates deficient inhibitory mechanisms within the motor cortex (but enhancement of intracortical inhibition after oral intake of 10 mg methylphenidate). In children with comorbid ADHD and tic disorder, the findings of a reduced intracortical inhibition as well as a shortened cortical silent period provide evidence for additive effects at the level of motor system excitability. Thus, TMS allows us to obtain substantial insight into both the normal development and the neurobiological basis of hypermotoric syndromes in child psychiatry.
Cool Ground for Aid Providers: Towards Better Security Management in Aid Agencies
Authors: Brabant Koenraad Van
Published: March 2003

Although full statistics are lacking, there is an impression that aid personnel are increasingly at risk from random, criminal and even at times targeted violence. The argument here is that the current tendency to reduce an agency’s vulnerability mainly through the use of protective procedures and devices may be necessary but is insufficient. Better practice in the management of security is an urgent need. Reducing vulnerability to attack is only one approach; deterring the threat of violence by counter‐threat, or seeking increased acceptance for the agency’s work and presence are two other approaches. Major skill development is required in the areas of conflict analysis and monitoring, threat assessment and incident analysis, since together these form the basis for appropriate security management. Improved analysis can then inform a conscious choice about which mixture of approaches is most appropriate in a specific context. The paper explores in some detail the factors that influence acceptance, but not the methods and basic principles in the use of counter‐threat.
Satellite Observations of Lava Lake Activity at Nyiragongo Volvano, Ex‐Zaire, during the Rwandan Refugee Crisis
Authors: Oppenheimer Clive
Published: March 2003

In June 1994 the summit crater of Nyiragongo volcano, located in the Great Lakes region of central Africa, began to fill with new lava, ending nearly 12 years of quiescence. An earlier eruption of the volcano in 1977 had culminated in the catastrophic draining of a lava lake through fissures in the crater wall, feeding highly mobile lava flows which reached the outskirts of Goma and killed more than 70 people. By July 1994, as many as 20,000 Hutu refugees were arriving in Goma every hour, only 18km south from the summit of Nyiragongo. The exodus brought more than one million people to the camps near the town raising fears of a repeat of the 1977 eruption. This paper examines the role that satellite remote sensing could have played in surveillance of the volcano during this time, and demonstrates the potential for monitoring this and other volcanoes in the future. Images recorded by the spaceborne Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) – freely available over the Internet – provide semi‐quantitative information on the activity of the volcano. The aim of this paper is to promote the wider use of readily available technologies.
Losses from the Northridge Earthquake: Disruption to High‐technology Industries in the Los Angeles Basin
Authors: Suarez‐Villa Luis , Walrod Wallace
Published: March 2003

This study explores the relationship between industrial location geography, metropolitan patterns and earthquake disasters. Production losses from the 1994 Northridge earthquake to the Los Angeles Basin’s most important high‐technology industrial sector are evaluated in the context of that area’s polycentric metropolitan form. Locations for each one of the Los Angeles Basin’s 1,126 advanced electronics manufacturing establishments were identified and mapped, providing an indication of the patterns and clusters of the industry. An extensive survey of those establishments gathered information on disruptions from the Northridge earthquake. Production losses were then estimated, based on the sampled plants' lost workdays and the earthquake’s distance‐decay effects. A conservative estimate of total production losses to establishments in seven four‐digit SIC advanced electronics industrial groups placed their value at US$220.4 million. Based on this estimate of losses, it is concluded that the Northridge earthquake’s economic losses were much higher than initially anticipated.
The Sphere Project: The Implications of Making Humanitarian Principles and Codes Work
Authors: Gostelow Lola
Published: March 2003

In 1996, in recognition of concerns about humanitarian response efforts, non‐ governmental organisations (NGOs) launched the Sphere Project, the first collaborative initiative to produce globally applicable minimum standards for humanitarian response. The aims of the Sphere Project are to improve the effectiveness of humanitarian efforts and to enhance the accountability of the humanitarian system, primarily to those people who have a right to protection and assistance in disasters, as well as to agency members and donors.

This paper discusses the purpose of the Sphere Project, the unique process that brought it about and the major concerns that have been raised about its practical application. Finally, the paper considers the implications of this for improving the impact of humanitarian response and for future initiatives given the process that Sphere has begun. It argues that improved accountability does not start and stop with NGOs. They are just one element of a wider humanitarian response effort and more needs to be done to improve the system as a whole.
Programmes in Chronically Vulnerable Areas: Challenges and Lessons Learned
Authors: Maxwell Daniel
Published: March 2003

In the ‘chronically vulnerable areas ’ (CVAs) of East Africa a smooth linear transition away from emergency programming towards rehabilitation and long‐term development is difficult, if not impossible. This makes uncritical application of the ‘relief‐to‐development ’ continuum to programming unhelpful at best, and perhaps counter‐productive. This paper is the result of CARE’s efforts to review its own programmes – and those of some of its sister agencies – in chronically vulnerable areas in the East Africa region, to derive important lessons learned and to identify areas where improvements are needed. The paper focuses on strategic considerations and decision‐making in relation to entry, programme design and strategies for transition and exit.
Coping Strategies Developed as a Result of Social Structure and Conflict: Kosovo in the 1990s
Authors: Ogden Kate
Published: March 2003

The end of 1989 brought with it political and economic decisions which resulted in Kosovo being stripped of its autonomy and the Albanian population being expelled from their jobs. These facts combined with ethnic tensions created a decade of conflict and oppression affecting hundreds of thousands of innocent civilians. Thousands of Kosovars moved overseas to seek work to support families at home, altering the way of life of the population of Kosovo irredeemably. The loss of income had serious repercussions on food security throughout the 1990s; possibilities of purchasing food were diminished, control on goods in 1998 reduced availability of foodstuffs, conflict affected accessibility to markets and shops and consequently food intake and nutritional status was compromised. The most vulnerable were those who had no family members overseas. Mass displacement of population due to ethnic cleansing during the war of spring 1999, further jeopardised food security status. Destruction at this time rendered large parts of Kosovo useless and resulted in a shift in the determinant of vulnerability in the post‐war period: destruction of houses, land, livestock and agricultural products as well as loss of family members, became a far more pertinent indicator of food insecurity. The strong and clear links between conflict, socio‐economic issues and food security are highlighted and discussed in this paper.
An Earthquake Disaster in Turkey: An Overview of the Experience of the Israeli Defence Forces Field Hospital in Adapazari
Authors: Bar‐Dayan Yaron , Mankuta David , Wolf Yoram , Levy Yehezkel , VanRooyen Michael , Beard Pinar , Finestone Aharon , Gruzman Carlos , Benedek Paul , Martonovits Giora
Published: March 2003

On 17 August 1999 at 3:04 a.m., an earthquake of 7.4 magnitude (Richter scale) struck the Marmara region in Turkey. The city of Adapazari suffered 2,680 fatalities with approximately 5,300 injured. The Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) field hospital arrived at Adapazari, on day four after the quake. The team consisted of 102 personnel. The field hospital acted as a secondary referral centre. A total of 1,205 patients were treated in the field hospital between day four and day 14 of the earthquake. The frequency distribution of the medical problems seen in the field hospital was 32 per cent internal medicine, 13 per cent general surgery including plastic, 21 per cent orthopaedic surgery, 23 per cent paediatric disease, 10 per cent obstetrics and gynaecology and 1 per cent major psychiatric disorders. A mean number of 35 patients per day were hospitalised in the field hospital for between 24 hours to one week. The rapid establishment of the field hospital enabled the local medical facilities to ‘buy time’ in order to organise and restore surgical and hospitalisation abilities in this disastrous situation.
‘Scaling‐up’ in Emergencies: British NGOs after Hurricane Mitch
Authors: Lister Sarah
Published: March 2003

This article examines research on NGO ‘scaling‐up’ in a disaster context and links it to a broader discussion on whether scaling‐up is a useful concept for understanding NGO processes in an emergency. Using concepts of scaling‐up from development literature, research findings from a study of the responses of British NGOs to Hurricane Mitch in Central America are presented. The article assesses the extent and type of scaling‐up that occurred, constraints faced by the agencies and the impact of scaling‐up on support to partners. Broader issues relating to scaling‐up post‐Mitch are also explored. The conclusion suggests that while the concept of scaling‐up is useful, the tendency for its use to refer to organisational growth has limited a wider understanding and evaluation of the role of Northern NGOs in humanitarian crises.
Community Resilience and Volcano Hazard: The Eruption of Tungurahua and Evacuation of the Faldas in Ecuador
Authors: Tobin Graham A. , Whiteford Linda M.
Published: March 2003

Official response to explosive volcano hazards usually involves evacuation of local inhabitants to safe shelters. Enforcement is often difficult and problems can be exacerbated when major eruptions do not ensue. Families are deprived of livelihoods and pressure to return to hazardous areas builds. Concomitantly, prevailing socioeconomic and political conditions limit activities and can influence vulnerability. This paper addresses these issues, examining an ongoing volcano hazard (Tungurahua) in Ecuador where contextual realities significantly constrain responses. Fieldwork involved interviewing government officials, selecting focus groups and conducting surveys of evacuees in four locations: a temporary shelter, a permanent resettlement, with returnees and with a control group. Differences in perceptions of risk and health conditions, and in the potential for economic recovery were found among groups with different evacuation experiences. The long‐term goal is to develop a model of community resilience in long‐term stress environments.
Satellite Remote Sensing as a Tool in Lahar Disaster Management
Authors: Kerle Norman , Oppenheimer Clive
Published: March 2003

At least 40,000 deaths have been attributed to historic lahars (volcanic mudflows). The most recent lahar disaster occurred in 1998 at Casita volcano, Nicaragua, claiming over 2,500 lives. Lahars can cover large areas and be highly destructive, and constitute a challenge for disaster management. With infrastructure affected and access frequently impeded, disaster management can benefit from the synoptic coverage provided by satellite imagery. This potential has been recognised for other types of natural disasters, but limitations are also known. Dedicated satellite constellations for disaster response and management have been proposed as one solution. Here we investigate the utility of currently available and forthcoming optical and radar sensors as tools in lahar disaster management. Applied to the Casita case, we find that imagery available at the time could not have significantly improved disaster response. However, forthcoming satellites, especially radar, will improve the situation, reducing the benefit of dedicated constellations.
Risk Removed? Steps Towards Building Trust in Humanitarian Mine Action
Authors: Millard Ananda S. , Harpviken Kristian Berg , Kjellman Kjell Erling
Published: March 2003

This article examines the role of building trust in Humanitarian Mine Action (HMA). The role of trust following a mine‐clearance operation is largely an unexplored region. Drawing on case studies from Angola, Mozambique and Afghanistan, the article explores how trust can be understood in the context of humanitarian initiatives such as landmine clearance, and outlines the challenges associated with building trust among populations with experience of armed conflict. Because trust is difficult to re‐establish following a war, the argument presented here suggests that one way in which this can be done is through building relationships at the organisational and interpersonal levels. The analysis reviews specific measures that mine‐action agencies have used to build trust, looking at the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches. The analysis concludes by suggesting general guidelines for how mine‐action practitioners can facilitate trust, and by outlining some promising avenues for future research.
La réglementation et l’organisation du transport de personnes par chemins de fer dans l’Union européenne:
Authors: Debande O. , Monami E.
Published: March 2003

This article proposes an analysis of recent developments of the railway sector‐mainly passenger transport—in the European Union. It first provides a critical synthesis of the foundations and practical intervention modes of the European legislators.

A typology of the organizational structures applied in various Member States shows the diversity of the reforms undertaken in Europe, among others under the impulse of the common European transport policy.

Finally the authors analyse advantages and disadvantages of recent regulatory reforms aimed at introducing in the railway sector a separation between infrastructure and operation of transport services in order to increase competition in transport supply.
Un siècle d'histoire coopérative à travers les statistiques de L'A.C.I.
Authors: Mignot Delphine , Defourny Jacques , Leclerc André
Published: March 2003

Many authors have studied the quantitative evolution of the cooperative movement but their analysis was generally limited to a sector, a region or a specific period of time. Thanks to a collection by A. Leclerc (Moncton University, Canada) of all statistical information in possession of the International Cooperative Alliance, this study can rely on an exceptional database relating to the number of members affiliated to ICA since 1896. On the basis of this inventory, the authors try to determine the main orientations of the cooperative membership evolution over a period of nearly a century. In this article most of the results are presented by splitting the studied period into four development phases of the worldwide cooperative movement.
Organization, Management and Delegation in the French Water Industry
Authors: Elnaboulsi Jihad C.
Published: March 2003

The water industry is largely a natural monopoly. Water distribution and sewerage services are characterized by networks and its natural monopoly derives from the established local networks of drinking water and sewers: they are capital intensive with sunk costs and increasing returns to scale. In France, local communities have a local requirement of providing public services under optimum conditions in terms of techniques and cost‐effectiveness, and subject to respect different kind of standards in terms of water quality and level of services. They are responsible for producing and distributing drinking water, and collecting and treating wastewater. Furthermore, the French water utilities are required to be financially self‐sufficient. Rate‐setting varies across regions and local territories due to a variety of organizational features of services and availability of water resources. The management of these local public services can be public or private: local governments have the right, by the constitution, to delegate water service management to private companies which operate under the oversight of local municipal authorities. Today, nearly 80 per cent of the French population receive private distributed water. Different reasons are responsible for the poor performance and low productivity of most French public water utilities: technical and operational, commercial and financial, human and institutional, and environmental. Thus, many water public utilities have looked for alternative ways to provide water and sanitation services more efficiently, to improve both operational and investment efficiency, and to attract private finance. The purpose of this paper is to present the French organizational system of providing drinking water services, and collecting and treating wastewater services: legal aspects, contracts of delegation, and competition.
Network externalities and interconnection: the case of information intrastructures
Authors: Crocq Isabelle
Published: March 2003

Information infrastructures are characterized by the existence of direct and indirect network externalities. However, the presence of externalities poses two types of problem: they create phenomena of overproduction (consumption) and under‐production (consumption); and they require the operators reach a critical size of subscribers quickly. Facing this question of critical size, the interconnection makes it possible for the networks to develop by relying on network externalities. However, the justification of interconnection does not concern the externalities solely but is also based on the existence of essential facilities. The first part examines the various types of network externalities, whose implications are presented in the second part. The third part deals with the stakes of the interconnection.
Lessons from Environmental Regulation for the Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Irvin Renee A.
Published: March 2003

As the third sector’s economic and social impact grows worldwide, efforts by governments to regulate the sector have focused on increasing compliance in tax–exempt organizations. This article turns to the environmental sector for guidance, summarizing key characteristics of environmental regulation and noting what strategies are likely to prove useful for application to regulation of nonprofit organizations. The article finds some value in promotion of market–based enforcement schemes, but little value in promulgation of laws specifying governance structures and performance standards by a central authority. The most promising opportunity for improvement of the nonprofit regulatory process involves incorporation of financial incentives into monitoring schemes.
Embedding Regulatory Autonomy In Caribbean Telecommunications
Authors: Lodge M. , Stirton L.
Published: March 2003

This article considers the reform of telecommunications regulation in three Caribbean countries, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Barbados, as they responded to changes in the international regulatory environment and specific domestic challenges. The three countries also adopted strategies to adjust their internal structures and to utilize international development aid. The article focuses on their efforts to establish embedded regulatory autonomy, considered along three dimensions: organizational capability, institutional design, and embeddedness within the regulatory space. Each country has taken a different approach to regulatory reform, which is reflected in the respective outcomes. While Jamaica has made tentative progress towards regulatory autonomy, in the other countries progress has been limited. In Trinidad and Tobago, political gridlock has forestalled attempts at regulatory reform, while in Barbados the regulatory reform process has been dominated by the incumbent. The conclusion considers the challenges of establishing regulatory autonomy, particularly the process of embedding regulatory relationships.
World Trade and Workers' Rights: In Search of an Internationalist Position
Authors: Hensman Rohini
Published: March 2003

Trade unions and NGOs have been divided sharply over the issue of a workers' rights clause in WTO trade agreements, and have failed to reach a consensus despite heated debate. This appears to be due to elements of protectionism and nationalism in positions on both sides. Arguments against a workers' rights clause can be classified into those opposing (1) globalisation, (2) the WTO, (3) any linkage between workers' rights and trade, and (4) the proposed mechanisms for enforcement. The first three types of objections can be traced to nationalistic considerations, which subordinate the interests of workers to a “national interest” that represents various business groups. The fourth type, however, includes valid criticisms and reveals elements of protectionism in the current proposals for a workers' rights clause. If the proposal is revised to eliminate these elements, it should be possible to arrive at a consensus among progressive labour unions and NGOs. This would be an important step towards an internationalist strategy to fight for minimum labour rights worldwide.
Overview: Restructuring Chinese space in the new millennium
Authors: Rimmer Peter J.
Published: March 2003

This collection is concerned with understanding the nature of China’s spatial development during the transition to a socialist market economy. It does so primarily by questioning the applicability of the ‘desakota’ model and extended metropolitan region (EMR) concept to the contemporary Chinese space economy. Yu Zhu’s contribution extends the ‘desakota’ model by applying it to rural areas without the attraction of large cities. Wing‐Shing Tang and Him Chung’s contribution discusses illegal land use and construction to highlight the rural‐urban transition’s negative and disintegrative aspects glossed over by the ‘desakota’ model, which stem from the extension of urban administration to former rural areas and the redistributive effects of land use reform. Andrew Marton sees the original ‘desakota’ model being rejuvenated by introducing the notion of rural agglomeration, a clearer recognition of local administrative structures and an appreciation that development issues now take place within a global‐local framework. George Lin explores the lingering effects of rural origins on Chinese identity and how this affects subsequent social and commercial groups within the Chinese diaspora. Peter Rimmer and Claude Comtois show how changes in China’s transport and telecommunications industry underlie, to a significant degree, the restructuring of China’s space economy and the country’s links to the rest of the world. Overall the contributions highlight that a new consensus will be required for any revised model of the Chinese space economy if this is to provide guidance for planners engaged in restructuring Chinese space in the new millennium.
From Southwest China into Upper Indochina: an overview of Hmong (Miao) migrations
Authors: Michaud Jean
Published: March 2003

From southern China through mountainous Vietnam, Laos and eventually as far south as the Chao Phraya basin in Thailand, groups of Hmong swiddeners were seen migrating during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. When, and under what circumstances did large chunks of this sub‐group of the Miao from Guizhou and its periphery move their settlements to the southern part of the continental Southeast Asia Massif? Who were they? What was their history before these migrations? This paper makes use of early evidence to shed some light on the main causes of that march into the mountain ranges of the Peninsula.
Local autonomy, national policy and global imperatives: sex work and HIV/AIDS in Cebu City, Philippines
Authors: Law Lisa
Published: March 2003

This paper contributes to cultural critiques of AIDS prevention policies through examining debates about mandatory HIV blood screening for women in Cebu City’s sex industry during 1993. These debates were inspired by the Department of Health’s national policy to eliminate mandatory blood screening on the grounds that it was expensive and ineffectual in slowing the spread of HIV. While the rhetoric of the debate was influenced by the emerging ‘global discourse’ on HIV/AIDS and human rights, the debate itself was always about local perceptions of women in the sex industry and Cebu’s administrative autonomy. This paper highlights how various socio‐spatial scales helped to constitute Cebu’s response to mandatory testing, while at the same time reproducing an exclusionary discourse which silenced the voices of women in Cebu’s sex industry.
Social movements, environment, and technology in Indonesia’s pulp and paper industry
Authors: Sonnenfeld David A.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines community, environmental, and human rights activists’ influence on adoption of environmentally‐friendly technologies in Indonesia’s pulp and paper industry. The story begins with conflict over the development of an export pulp mill in North Sumatra in the 1980s and continues with the adoption of environmental technologies in Indonesia’s pulp and paper industry in the 1990s. Organising around a number of specific events associated with pulp industry development, activists drew attention to the industry which led to a strengthening of government environmental regulation and enforcement, and hastened the adoption of cleaner production technologies.
Prostitutes and their environment in Narayanganj, Bangladesh
Authors: Majid Ahsan Rosie , Ahmad Nasreen , Zohra Eusuf Ammtuz , Roy Jagonnath
Published: March 2003

Society in Bangladesh has specific gender roles with strong values and norms in which women are controlled and protected by men. Certain deviations degrade the women socially and trap them into prostitution. This paper investigates the situation of prostitutes in Bangladesh through analysis of the environment at their place of origin that instigated them into the present situation. The paper describes the present environment of the prostitutes in Narayanganj, identifies their spatial connectivity through determining their activity space and sphere of influence and makes some brief remarks about the old age situation of these prostitutes.
Population
Authors: Bedford Richard
Published: March 2003

The 1990s can be characterised as the decade of migration as far as New Zealand's 20th century population history is concerned. There was the largest decennial net migration gain this century, the largest annual net migration gain since 1875, the largest decennial numerical increase in population since the 1960s, and the largest influx of immigrants from countries in northeast Asia on record. This was a decade when migration flows both in and out of the country attracted considerable public and political comment. In the mid‐1990s it was the ‘Asian invasion’ that was the key migration‐related political issue; in the late 1990s it was the ‘Kiwi exodus’, especially to Australia, that was attracting attention both in New Zealand and Australia. A ‘blip’ in birth rates in the early 1990s also attracted considerable attention from demographers and policy analysts – a short‐lived increase associated with irregularities in New Zealand's population structure as well as the changing patterns of fertility evident in later child bearing. The decade also saw some significant changes in the ethnic composition of the population, as well as debates about socio‐economic ‘gaps’ between some of the major ethnic components.