bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constraints Faced by the Farmers and Their Remedies in Technological Adoption of Potato Production in Farrukhbad District (Uttar Pradesh)
Authors: Kumar Mishra Amit , Dohrey R. K. , Roop Kumar , Kumar Pandey Ravindra , Akshay Kumar
Published: June 2019

Potato is one of the main vegetable crops of the world. It is grown in the winter season in India. Potato production all over the world is about 382 million tonnes. Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Bihar are top three states for potato production in India. The objective of this study is to rank the constraints of using technology among farmers in India for potato production. In the adoption of potato production technology, the social constraints like lack of contact with extension personnel' had got ranked I. In case of economic constraints, ‘low profit had got ranked I. Most of the suggestion being made because of the expressed opinion of the respondents, observation of the investigator. It may be said protection of crop should be ensured from animals and farmers training programme for increasing potato production farmingstarted, and emphasis must be given to popularize and increase awareness about the production of potato.
Participation of Rural Women in Organic Farming
Authors: Nishi Nahida Yasmin , Islam Md. Matiul , Ahmed Mohammad Bashir
Published: June 2019

The study assessed the participation of rural women in organic farming and explored the relationship between selected characteristics of the rural women and their extent of participation in organic farming. This investigation was a survey type of research involving descriptive and diagnostic type of research design. The study was conducted at seven unions of Batiaghata Upazila under Khulna district of Bangladesh namely Amirpur, Gangarampur, Jalma, Batiaghata, Baliadanga, Bhanderkote and Surkhali. Data were collected from randomly selected 140 respondents during the period of 20th January to 15th February, 2019. Correlation(s) test was used to ascertain the relationships between the concerned independent variables and the dependent variable and simple linear regression was done to determine the effect of the selected five independent variables (agricultural training, knowledge, attitude, practice and problem) on participation. Majority (52.1%) of the women had medium participation followed by high (44.3%) and low (3.6%) participation. Considering broadly selected 7-aspects of organic farming, the rural women’s participation was highest in land management while it was lowest in marketing the product. Among 24 issues women were found to be greatly involved in collection of organic product from their own residence while it was least in case of collection of organic product from farm. Agricultural training, knowledge, attitude and practice showed positive significant relationship out of fifteen selected characteristics of rural women and only problem showed negative significant relationship with their participation in organic farming. In case of simple linear regression 7%, 14.44%, 18.85%, 18.96% and 8.69% of the participation can be explained by the variables as agricultural training, knowledge, attitude, practice and problem respectively. It can be concluded that women participation was confined only in small scale crop production and there is a need for further enhancement of the extent of participation of rural women in organic farming.
An Overview of Herbal Traditional Eye Care Practices and the Development of Eye Health Promotion Strategies in Cameroon
Authors: Dorcas Waindim , Emilliene Epee , Estella Tembe Fokunang , Joseph E. A. Nshadze , Kovin Naidoo , Jaggernath Jyotikumarie , Timothy Waindim , Ngo Ngo Valery , Therese Abena Obama Marie , Ntungwen Fokunang Charles
Published: June 2019

Herbal plants have played an important  role traditional medicine therapy of multiple human illnesses since the existence of man  in many parts of the globe .The most common eye diseases include conjunctivitis, cataract, glaucoma, eye allergies, eye inflammation. The problem of adverse drug effects of modern drugs, has led to the increased use nowadays of herbal remedies in the treatment of eye diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO), defines  traditional medicine as, the knowledge, skills and practices based on theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to diverse cultures, be it explicable or not that are used in the maintenance of health and the prevention, diagnosis, improvement and  the treatment of physical and mental diseases. In the last decade, the use of traditional medicine has gained popularity and has expanded globally. While traditional medicine is used in developing countries for primary health care, it is also being used in developed countries with advanced health care systems. Traditional medicine accounts for up to 60% of health care delivered in Cameroon, while in other African countries traditional medicine is being relied on as a result of cultural and historical beliefs and up to 80 % of the population in Africa use traditional medicine to meet their health care needs. Although, traditional medicine is widely used, issues around policy; safety; efficacy and quality control are still of prime public health concern.

Traditional eye care practices are believed to be indigenous medicines used by community members for the treatment of eye diseases or ocular problems. This is the most applied form of eye treatment in Africa and other parts of Asia and Latin America. Eye care is a public health concern in Cameroon due to late diagnosis of eye pathology and limited access to medication and affordability of prescription eye glasses. This paper attempts to review the herbal medicine practice as an alternative approach to eye treatment using traditional healing, and the development of eye health promotion strategies in the primary health care system in Cameroon.
Attitudes and Motivation in Bilingual Education
Authors: Lasagabaster David
Published: June 2019

A student enrolled in a bilingual school in which different languages are in contact soon realizes that society and school place importance on these languages. The student's own assessment and others' influence will shape their attitudes toward these languages and their motivation for learning them. In bilingual education programs where a regional language is included the integrative motivation may exert a greater influence on language proficiency, whereas in bilingual programs in English as a foreign language instrumental motives may play a more central role. Similarly, the explanatory power of the ought‐to self (the attributes one believes one ought to possess) is considered to be weaker than that of the ideal L2 self (a clear image of one's ideal L2 self might facilitate motivated L2 learning behavior) in English as a lingua franca context where the ought‐to self‐image is usually conceived as rather homogeneous. In minority language contexts, however, the ought‐to may not be as unified but rather more fragmented (as potential conflicts may be found within the ought‐to self), which is why there is a need for more finely tuned instruments and procedures to study motivation in multilingual settings than those hitherto applied to study motivation to learn global English. It can therefore be concluded that the study of different bilingual programs presents itself as a potentially very promising field of research regarding the development of attitudes and motivation.
Conversation Analysis and Classroom Interaction
Authors: Siegel Aki , Seedhouse Paul
Published: June 2019

Researchers in the area of language teaching and learning had previously shied away from examining the micro‐detail of classroom interaction, regarding it as an excessively complex, heterogeneous, and particularly “messy” source of data. However, studies utilizing conversation analysis (CA) have demonstrated that second/foreign‐language (L2) classroom interaction can be analyzed, and, as with conversation, there is order at all points. In recent years, a wide range of languages, subjects, age groups, teaching practices, and classroom activities have been analyzed using CA, including task‐based language teaching and content and language‐integrated learning. This entry discusses how CA has been employed to investigate interaction which occurs in L2 classrooms.
Discourse and Identity
Authors: De Fina Anna
Published: June 2019

This entry presents the main trends in the analysis of identities in sociolinguistics and applied linguistics from three discursive approaches. One studies primarily social identities, a second focuses on personal or biographical identities, and the third pushes for a complication of established identity theories in the face of new developments in technology and the digital world. Main concepts and approaches are introduced as well as recent developments in the field.
Formulaic Language and Collocation
Authors: Schmitt Norbert , Sonbul Suhad , Vilkaitė‐Lozdienė Laura , Macis Marijana
Published: June 2019

It is now widely accepted that vocabulary has a strong tendency to occur in multiple word combinations rather than in single words held by grammar rules. Formulaic language is very widespread in language use, in both written and spoken modes. Research shows that the two modes contain more than half of formulaic sequences. Similarly, it has been suggested that formulaic sequences make up from one third to a half of our language. Also, unsurprisingly, formulaic language has been found in a range of other languages. Taken together, these studies convincingly show that formulaic language is ubiquitous and clearly a central component of language use and acquisition. It is actually this recognition that led to the recent increased interest in developing lists of the most frequent formulaic sequences, with clear pedagogical implications. This entry reviews recent research updates in the fields of formulaic language and collocations, focusing first on their functions, acquisition, and finally how they are used by non‐native language users.
Motivation in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Ushioda Ema
Published: June 2019

Though informed by theories of learning motivation in mainstream psychology, motivation research in second language acquisition has evolved somewhat independently to address the unique social, psychological, behavioral, and cultural complexities of acquiring a new communication code. Founded in the bilingual context of Canada in 1959, second language motivation research originated in a social‐psychological framework implicating attitudes and relations among linguistic communities, as crystallized in the concept of a language learner's integrative orientation towards speakers of the target language. In the 1990s, researchers began to bring this motivation research in line with cognitive theories of motivation in educational psychology, leading to a sharper focus on language learning in classroom settings. In the 21st century, the dominance of English as a global language has contributed to a conceptual reframing of language‐learning motivation in terms of self‐and‐identity goals, because learners may see themselves as aspiring members of the global community of English speakers. However, researchers also now recognize the need to pay more attention to the learning of languages other than English and to the learning of multiple languages. Another area of current thinking is the individual–contextual interactions shaping the development of language‐learning motivation, particularly drawing on complex dynamic systems perspectives.
Multilingualism and Metalinguistic Awareness
Authors: Sanz Cristina
Published: June 2019

Metalinguistic awareness is an aspect of metacognition that results from looking at language as a system beyond its meanings. Different types of metalinguistic awareness have been documented, from phonological to pragmatic. Findings suggest that speakers of multiple languages have greater metalinguistic awareness and develop this awareness at an earlier age than those who speak only one language. Metalinguistic awareness is posited as a key factor in explaining the bilingual edge; that is, multilinguals' enhanced capacity to learn further languages and to acquire literacy earlier than monolingual children. The results for positive effects of multilingualism on the development of metalinguistic awareness are quite robust, even though variables, including age, level of proficiency, biliteracy, language typologies of the bilingual, and the nature of the task used to measure the effects, play a role as well. Research on multilingualism and metalinguistic awareness includes case studies as well as comparisons of monolinguals, bilinguals, and multilinguals in laboratory settings or classroom/school settings. Procedures implemented in this research vary from participant observations to language proficiency tests. Researchers also use language tasks that elicit superordinate, communicatively adequate definitions, rich/poor object descriptions, word/object associations, grammaticality and semantic congruence judgments, error correction, sound substitution, and word length judgments.
Pragmatic Markers
Authors: Romero‐Trillo Jesús
Published: June 2019

Pragmatic markers are essential linguistic elements in the communicative process because of their dual role in the architecture of cognition and interaction. Their complex and synergic essence can only be ascertained in relation to factors such as prosody. Selection of pragmatic markers by speakers depends on several communicative conditions: appropriateness, the status of the language users, and the use of the marker in a given context. In other words, the speaker must decide on the appropriateness of a specific pragmatic marker depending on the context and the audience. In sum, pragmatic markers are a fundamental topic for research and description in applied linguistics as they are associated with many of the features that underlie the communicative process.
Qualitative Research on Information and Communication Technology
Authors: Ware Paige , Warschauer Mark
Published: June 2019

Qualitative research on information and communication technology (ICT) covers a wide terrain, from studies examining the skills needed for reading, consuming, and producing information online to the communication practices taking place within social media and virtual environments. Persistent questions emerge about how the overlapping layers of Internet access, socioeconomic level, geographic location, educational background, privilege, position, and power might converge to create more opportunities for equitable participation in the online consumption, production, and sharing of knowledge. The methods provided by qualitative research provide the necessary analytical tools and theoretical frameworks to explore these emerging issues. This entry begins with an overview of three current areas of qualitative research on ICT and is then followed by a discussion of the methodological challenges of ICT research. Finally, new demands on qualitative researchers are explored.
Task‐Based Learning: Cognitive Underpinnings
Authors: Robinson Peter , Gilabert Roger
Published: June 2019

Over the past 30 years, proposals for task‐based language teaching (TBLT) have drawn on a variety of claims about, and research into, the cognitive processes thought to promote successful second language acquisition (SLA). This entry reviews issues fundamental to the cognitive underpinnings and rationales for these proposals. They reflect a shift from a concern with the cognitive processes that facilitate comprehension of input, to a concern with the cognitive processes promoted during interaction and attention to output, and the development of increasingly target‐like spoken and written production. The entry then describes design features of second language tasks that have been claimed to impose cognitive demands and summarizes findings concerning the effects of these demands on interaction, learning, and language production.
Vocabulary and Language for Specific Purposes
Authors: Coxhead Averil
Published: June 2019

The study of vocabulary and language for specific purposes (LSP) includes vocabulary in areas such as English for academic purposes, occupational purposes, and professional purposes. This vocabulary is important because it is linked to learners' language learning needs, specialized knowledge, and goals. Research suggests that up to one word in three in a specialized text is technical. The first half of this entry examines recent research into vocabulary for English for special purposes by describing this vocabulary, specialized and bilingual word lists, and analysis of spoken corpora, and multiword units. The second section focuses on LSP vocabulary in teaching and learning based on I. S. P. Nation's conception of learners' needs. It describes learners' use of tools to develop their own banks of specialized vocabulary, online resources and approaches available to teachers and learners, and specialized dictionaries for teaching and learning.
Linguistic Landscape and Language Learning
Authors: Malinowski David , Dubreil Sébastien
Published: June 2019

Together with its contributions in fields such as sociolinguistics, language policy, and social semiotics,
linguistic landscape
has become a compelling arena of interest for language learning as well. The diverse and contested nature of languages as displayed and experienced in public space lends itself to study as far more than authentic L2 input. Accordingly, in out‐of‐class settings of all kinds, educators and researchers are exploring pedagogical applications that bridge diverse traditions of language study and literacy education, treating public texts and textual practices as opportunities for learners to develop language awareness, intercultural competence, civic participation, and social critique. After reviewing some of the disciplinary origins and interconnections between linguistic landscape and L2 learning research, this entry introduces several recent studies of language and literacy learning in the linguistic landscape. It then identifies a number of potential areas for future dialogue and reciprocal growth between linguistic landscape and “schoolscape” research methods, on the one hand, and L2 teaching design, on the other.
Open Science and Transparency in Applied Linguistics Research
Authors: Marsden Emma
Published: June 2019

The Open Science (OS) movement embodies major shifts in research practices, from initial design, through peer review, to dissemination of findings. The ultimate aim of the movement is to improve transparency of research by making the entire research process accessible to all. OS encompasses a wide range of practices on a continuum of openness that are being adopted to different extents across different areas and subdomains within applied linguistics. This entry describes these practices and their driving forces, examines the extent to which OS practices are established in the field of applied linguistics, and considers some of the (potential) benefits and challenges of OS.
Boxception: Impact Resistance Structure Using 3D Printing
Authors: Sajadi Seyed Mohammad , Owuor Peter Samora , Vajtai Robert , Lou Jun , Ayyagari Ravi Sastri , Tiwary Chandra Sekhar , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: June 2019

The emergence of 3D printing has enabled scientists to innovate complex geometrical designs in materials which are unattainable using conventional synthesis methods. The topological material design is becoming a common occurrence aided by 3D printing. This work reports on a high load‐bearing structure by leveraging geometry using simple elastic polymers. We use the “Boxception” concept commonly used in packaging to design a structure where the open cubes are joined at their edges. The modeled structure is then printed with help of a 3D printer using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) filament. Such design allows the outer boxes to act as shielding members to the inner‐most box. Both experimental and finite element methods (FEM) are used to understand the deformation response of the structure. Experimental investigations through compression and high impact tests along with finite element simulations conclude the inherent ability of the boxception structure to prevent failure of the inner box due to the dispersed force distribution offered by the unique structure. It is further shown that the improvement in impact and load‐bearing capacity is greatly influenced by the geometry of the structure. The unique structural design “Boxception” proposed can form primary load bearing component of sandwiched structures ensuring superior energy mitigation even under impact loads.
A Review on Size‐Dependent Mechanical Properties of Nanowires
Authors: Nasr Esfahani Mohammad , Alaca Burhanettin Erdem
Published: June 2019

The primary challenge to exploit the nanowire as a truly one‐dimensional building block in nanoscale devices is the clear incorporation of scale effects into the operational performance. Size‐dependent behavior in physical properties of nanowires is the subject of intense experimental and computational studies for more than two decades. In this review, the measurement techniques and computational approaches to study scale effects on mechanical properties of nanowires are reviewed for fcc metallic, silicon, and zinc oxide structures. Advantages and disadvantages of each measurement tool are summarized with data reported in the literature. A similar comparison is carried out for computational techniques. Contradictions in the literature are highlighted with an assessment of research needs and opportunities, among which the plastic behavior of gold nanowires and elastic properties of silicon nanowires can be primarily mentioned. Furthermore, challenges associated with the coupling of measurement methods and modeling approaches are summarized. Finally, points of agreement between experimental measurements and computational studies are discussed paving the way for the utilization of nanowires in future nanoscale devices.
Topology Optimization of Composite Materials for Wear: A Route to Multifunctional Materials for Sliding Interfaces
Authors: Grejtak Tomas , Jia Xiu , Feppon Florian , Joynson Sam G. , Cunniffe Annaliese R. , Shi Yupin , Kauffman David P. , Vermaak Natasha , Krick Brandon A.
Published: June 2019

Predicting and optimizing the wear performance of tribological systems is of great interest in many mechanical applications. Wear modeling based on elastic foundation models can be used to predict the wear behavior of composite materials. Topology optimization has previously been used to improve the wear performance of a bi‐material composite surface without direct experimental validation. In this paper, three multi‐material composite wear surfaces are presented and fabricated that are the product of topology optimization. The wear surfaces are designed for optimal wear performance including minimized run‐in wear volume lost. In this work, the designs are evaluated with high‐accuracy simulations prior to fabrication. Extensive testing is conducted including for wear volume, wear rate, surface height distribution, and profile measurements throughout the wear process. The effects of boundary conditions and the importance of taking wear sliding directionality into account in the modeling process are discussed.
Beneficial Impact of Excess Mg on Flux Pinning in Bulk MgB2 Synthesized with Ag Addition and Carbon Encapsulated Boron
Authors: Arvapalli Sai S. , Miryala Muralidhar , Murakami Masato
Published: June 2019

Silver addition has been known to improve mechanical and superconducting performance of bulk magnesium boride (MgB2) superconductor synthesized via solid state sintering. While formation of pinning phases and impurities such as Ag–Mg phases and MgO, respectively, responsible for high performance, part of the Mg in initial mixture will be expected to be consumed by silver. In this work, the authors add varied amounts of Mg systematically such as x: 2 (while x = 1.05, 1.075, 1.1, 1.125, 1.15) ratio of Mg:B instead of usual stoichiometric ratio of 1:2. To obtain high superconducting properties, the authors use carbon encapsulated boron (1.5% carbon) along with 4 wt% Ag. X‐ray diffraction analysis shows the presence of Ag–Mg phases and minute amount of MgO. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) measurements indicate that high irreversibility field (4.76 T) and large Jc of 520, 440, and 347 kA cm−2 at 10, 15, and 20 K, respectively, at self‐field was exhibited in sample with x = 1.075. Flux pinning force studies are done to analyze the effect of secondary phases formed. All results analyzed explain the improved critical current performance based on nanometer‐sized Ag–Mg particles in the final product.
Efficient DPP Donor and Nonfullerene Acceptor Organic Solar Cells with High Photon‐to‐Current Ratio and Low Energetic Loss
Authors: Song Xin , Gasparini Nicola , Nahid Masrur Morshed , Paleti Sri Harish Kumar , Li Cheng , Li Weiwei , Ade Harald , Baran Derya
Published: June 2019

The high crystallinity and ability to harvest near‐infrared photons make diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)‐based polymers one of the most promising donors for high performing organic solar cells (OSCs). However, DPP‐based OSC devices still suffer from the trade‐off between energetic loss (Eloss) and maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax), which significantly hinders their potential. Thus far, the replacement of fullerenes with small molecule acceptors did not wisdom the performance development of DPP‐donor‐based solar cells due to severe charge recombination issues. In this work, efficient DPP‐based solar cells are reported using low bandgap fused ring electron acceptor, IEICO‐4F. PBDTT‐DPP:IEICO‐4F OSC devices deliver a champion power conversion efficiency of 9.66% with successful interface engineering along with low Eloss of 0.57 eV and a high EQEmax (>70%).
MXenes for Plasmonic Photodetection
Authors: Velusamy Dhinesh Babu , El‐Demellawi Jehad K. , El‐Zohry Ahmed M. , Giugni Andrea , Lopatin Sergei , Hedhili Mohamed N. , Mansour Ahmed E. , Fabrizio Enzo Di , Mohammed Omar F. , Alshareef Husam N.
Published: June 2019

MXenes have recently shown impressive optical and plasmonic properties associated with their ultrathin‐atomic‐layer structure. However, their potential use in photonic and plasmonic devices has been only marginally explored. Photodetectors made of five different MXenes are fabricated, among which molybdenum carbide MXene (Mo2CTx) exhibits the best performance. Mo2CTx MXene thin films deposited on paper substrates exhibit broad photoresponse in the range of 400–800 nm with high responsivity (up to 9 A W−1), detectivity (≈5 × 1011 Jones), and reliable photoswitching characteristics at a wavelength of 660 nm. Spatially resolved electron energy‐loss spectroscopy and ultrafast femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy of the MXene nanosheets reveal that the photoresponse of Mo2CTx is strongly dependent on its surface plasmon‐assisted hot carriers. Additionally, Mo2CTx thin‐film devices are shown to be relatively stable under ambient conditions, continuous illumination and mechanical stresses, illustrating their durable photodetection operation in the visible spectral range. Micro‐Raman spectroscopy conducted on bare Mo2CTx film and on gold electrodes allowing for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering demonstrates surface chemistry and a specific low‐frequency band that is related to the vibrational modes of the single nanosheets. The specific ability to detect and excite individual surface plasmon modes provides a viable platform for various MXene‐based optoelectronic applications.
Strong and Tough Glass with Self‐Dispersed Nanoparticles via Solidification
Authors: Jiang Qiang‐Guo , Cao Chezheng , Lin Ting‐Chiang , Wu Shanghua , Li Xiaochun
Published: June 2019

Glassy materials can be broadly defined as any amorphous solid, which are important in nature and have significant societal value for their applications in daily life and industry. Although many methods have been applied, the fracture toughness of traditional glasses is still very low due to intrinsic brittleness, significantly limiting their use for structural applications. While nanoelements may be added into glasses and ceramics to form nanocomposites with enhanced properties, it is extremely difficult to distribute and disperse them inside the liquid glass/ceramic matrix with traditional processing methods. It is shown that a strong and tough glass can be fabricated through a direct‐solidification process using a nanoparticle self‐dispersion mechanism in a glass melt (2MgO·2Al2O3·5SiO2) with the assistance of B2O3, delivering a 6.1% strain limit and strength up to E/14 (E is elastic modulus), which is close to the theoretical limit of E/10 and one of the highest among all materials reported so far. The fracture toughness of the glass with 30 vol% SiC nanoparticles is significantly higher than any other inorganic glass tested under similar conditions. This new method opens up remarkable opportunities for glass and ceramic research, manufacturing, and applications.
Highly Sensitive, Rugged, and Wearable Fabric Strain Sensor Based on Graphene Clad Polyester Knitted Elastic Band for Human Motion Monitoring
Authors: Reddy K Ravinder , Gandla Srinivas , Gupta Dipti
Published: June 2019

Smart electronic textiles are gaining a lot of importance in the field of flexible and wearable devices because of their lightweight, flexibility, deformability, and facile interaction with human skin. Herein, a simple, inexpensive, and scalable dip‐dry‐reduce approach method is reported to fabricate a flexible strain sensor using polyester knitted elastic band (PEB) as the platform material which is coated with reduced graphene oxide, and its potential applications are demonstrated in detecting both the subtle and large‐scale deformations of the human body. PEB is made by knitting polyester yarn around a series of inner rubber cores, which makes it very versatile, lightweight, and shrink and wear resistant. The strain sensor can detect the small strains down to 0.2% with high sensitivity/gauge factor (GF) of 30 within in a strain range of 0–1%, and also shows excellent performance in terms of sensitivity (GF of 34 and 5 within in a strain range of 0–20%, 20–50%, respectively), negligible drift, stability, and durability over 6000 cycles. Moreover, the strain sensor can sense and record large‐scale human body motion even under water‐immersed condition and also exhibits negative temperature coefficient effect with a temperature coefficient of resistance of 0.677%°C−1.
A General Recipe for Nondispersive Optical Activity in Bilayer Chiral Metamaterials
Authors: Park Hyun Sung , Park Jagang , Son Jaehyeon , Kim Yushin , Cho Hyukjoon , Shin Jonghwa , Jeon Wonju , Min Bumki
Published: June 2019

By mimicking broken mirror symmetry of naturally existing chiral materials, and exploiting even stronger magnetoelectric coupling, large optical activity has been realized in chiral metamaterials over the past decade. Nevertheless, most of chiral metamaterials demonstrated so far exhibit highly dispersive optical activity due to their resonant response, which inevitably leads to a narrow operating bandwidth in terms of the optical rotatory power as well as the transmission. Herein, conditions for possessing nondispersive optical activity are derived based on a Lagrangian model for general bilayer chiral metamaterials, and the validity is experimentally confirmed in a microwave regime. It is shown that large nondispersive optical activity can be realized in bilayer chiral metamaterials where metallic apertures are arranged in each layer with high‐rotational symmetry and the off‐diagonal terms of the magnetic interlayer coupling tensor are nonzero while the electric counterparts are eliminated. In stark contrast to most previous chiral metamaterials, a nonzero constant polarization rotation angle is observed at the quasi‐static limit, which manifests the unique nonresonant characteristic of the proposed magnetically coupled bilayer chiral metamaterials. In addition to the geometrical controllability, the amount of polarization rotation and transmission bandwidth can be further increased by stacking magnetically coupled bilayer chiral metamaterials.
Solar Aluminum Kitchen Foils with Omnidirectional Vivid Polarizonic Colors
Authors: Abdelaziz Moheb , Homaeigohar Shahin , Hedayati Mehdi Keshavarz , Assad Mhd Adel , Elbahri Mady
Published: June 2019

To meet the need to the “customized eco‐friendly” design of flexible solar materials in vivid colors, here, the solar kitchen foils are devised which are selective, omnidirectional, and colored. The experimental and simulation results enable drawing the roadmap of the fabrication of glowing, colored flat foils for diverse energy, packaging, and decoration purposes. A new gold‐free golden foil, i.e., mimicking gold optically and visually, is designed as a prototype for the sustainable fabrication of advanced colored foils with glowing colors, e.g., golden with no need to neither hazardous anodization nor dying processes. The solar foil performs based on the newly developed concept of the polarizonic interference allowing production of omnidirectional structural colors by a disordered plasmonic nanocomposite. As the specific highlight, selective reflective coloration by plasmonic dipoles in a hybrid dielectric host, i.e., the building block of ultrathin solar absorbers with tailored, vivid colors, on an aluminum foil is demonstrated. In terms of the production technique, the applied sputtering technique is simple, versatile, cost‐effective, and compatible with the industrial packaging, decoration, and solar absorber manufacturing processes. Thus, it holds great promise for creation of advanced, flexible, colored solar absorbers in a simple, scalable, and sustainable fashion.
Metal‐Free [3,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement/[3+2] Annulation Cascade of N‐Phenoxy Amides with Terminal Alkynes for the Diastereoselective Synthesis of trans‐Dihydrobenzofurans
Authors: Liu Fu‐Xiaomin , Chen Weijie , Zhu Guoxun , Zhou Zhi , Gao Hui , Yi Wei
Published: June 2019

An efficient synthetic route for the diastereoselective construction of trans‐dihydrobenzofurans via cascade [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement/[3+2] annulation sequences has been developed. This protocol represents a metal‐free transformation of the promising N‐phenoxy amides with terminal alkynes and features mild conditions, good functional group compatibility, and practical synthetic potential.

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The Structure–Activity Relationship in Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Jiang Shengjuan , Lu Shanfu , Xiang Yan , Jiang San Ping
Published: June 2019

Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are regarded as one of the most promising electrochemical technologies for grid‐connected renewable energy storage systems. The performance of VRFBs, however, strongly depends on the membrane, one of the key components of VRFBs with critical dual functions of promotion of diffusion of active species (H+, H3O+, SO42−, or SO4H−) and inhibition of crossover of vanadium ions. This is intrinsically related to the microstructure of membranes. For example, large and connected ionic clusters or pores in membranes are favorable for the ion transfer, but detrimental to the ion selectivity. While small and isolated hydrophilic ion clusters or pores suppress the water uptake and ion transfer, the decreased swelling ratio would enhance chemical stability of membrane. Thus, comprehensive strategies are required to realize the optimal balance between the ion selectivity, proton conductivity, and chemical stability. This review focuses on the effects of microstructure of membranes on the ion transfer and the chemical stability, including introduction of the rigid groups, electron‐withdrawing groups, and hydrophobic backbones, are reviewed. The prospect of the development of membranes with high ion selectivity and high‐performance VRFBs is discussed.
The Equivalence of Video Self‐review Versus Debriefing After Simulation: Can Faculty Resources Be Reallocated?
Authors: Tudor Gregory J. , Podolej Gregory S. , Willemsen‐Dunlap Ann , Lau Vivian , Svendsen Jessica D. , McGarvey Jeremy , Vozenilek John A. , Barker Lisa T.
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Traditional simulation debriefing is both time‐ and resource‐intensive. Shifting the degree of primary learning responsibility from the faculty to the learner through self‐guided learning has received greater attention as a means of reducing this resource intensity. The aim of the study was to determine if video‐assisted self‐debriefing, as a form of self‐guided learning, would have equivalent learning outcomes compared to standard debriefing.

Methods

This randomized cohort study consisting of 49 PGY‐1 to ‐3 emergency medicine residents compared performance after video self‐assessment utilizing an observer checklist versus standard debriefing for simulated emergency department procedural sedation (EDPS). The primary outcome measure was performance on the second EDPS scenario.

Results

Independent‐samples t‐test found that both control (standard debrief) and intervention (video self‐assessment) groups demonstrated significantly increased scores on Scenario 2 (standard—t(40) = 2.20, p < 0.05; video—t(45) = 3.88, p < 0.05). There was a large and significant positive correlation between faculty and resident self‐evaluation (r = 0.70, p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between faculty and residents self‐assessment mean scores (t(24) = 1.90, p = 0.07).

Conclusions

Residents receiving feedback on their performance via video‐assisted self‐debriefing improved their performance in simulated EDPS to the same degree as with standard faculty debriefing. Video‐assisted self‐debriefing is a promising avenue for leveraging the benefits of simulation‐based training with reduced resource requirements.
From sustainability to sustainizability
Authors: Jorat Masih , Manousiouthakis Vasilios I.
Published: June 2019

Following the recent introduction of the Sustainability over Sets (SOS) concept as a sustainability analysis tool with broad flexibility in incorporating human input, in this work, the concepts of Sustainizability (SIZ) and Sustainizability over Sets (SIZOS) are introduced, as novel frameworks for sustainable system synthesis. Springing off the conceptual foundation of sustainability, SIZ (and SIZOS) refers to the existence of allowable external actions, and/or design changes that can render sustainable (sustainable over a set) an unsustainable (unsustainable over a set) system. Utilizing earlier mathematical results for SOS, rigorous necessary and sufficient conditions for SIZOS are presented. Two case studies, on a two‐dimensional biological waste treatment system, and a three‐dimensional food chain system, are then presented to illustrate the developed necessary and sufficient conditions for SIZOS.
Psychiatric genetic counseling: A mapping exercise
Authors: Moldovan Ramona , McGhee Kevin A. , Coviello Domenico , Hamang Anniken , Inglis Angela , Ingvoldstad Malmgren Charlotta , Johansson‐Soller Maria , Laurino Mercy , Meiser Bettina , Murphy Lauren , Paneque Milena , Papsuev Oleg , Pawlak Joanna , Rovira Moreno Eulàlia , Serra‐Juhe Clara , Shkedi‐Rafid Shiri , Laing Nakita , Voelckel Marie‐Antoinette , Watson Melanie , Austin Jehannine C.
Published: June 2019

Psychiatric genetic counseling (PGC) is gradually developing globally, with countries in various stages of development. In some, PGC is established as a service or as part of research projects while in others, it is just emerging as a concept. In this article, we describe the current global landscape of this genetic counseling specialty and this field's professional development. Drawing on information provided by expert representatives from 16 countries, we highlight the following: (a) current understanding of PGC; (b) availability of services for patients; (c) availability of training; (d) healthcare system disparities and cultural differences impacting practice; and (e) anticipated challenges going forward.
Assessment of bioabsorbable implant treatment for nasal valve collapse compared to a sham group: a randomized control trial
Authors: Stolovitzky Pablo , Senior Brent , Ow Randall A. , Mehendale Neelesh , Bikhazi Nadim , Sidle Douglas M.
Published: June 2019

Background

Dynamic nasal valve collapse (NVC) is a common factor contributing to nasal obstruction; however, it is often underdiagnosed and untreated. An in‐office, minimally invasive procedure addressing dynamic NVC uses a bioabsorbable implant (Latera) to support the lateral nasal wall. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the treatment in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with sham control.

Methods

In this prospective, multicenter, single‐blinded RCT, 137 patients from 10 clinics were randomized into 2 arms: treatment arm (70 patients) and sham control arm (67 patients). Outcome measures were followed through 3 months after the procedure. The primary endpoint was the responder rate (percentage of patients with reduction in clinical severity by ≥1 category or ≥20% reduction in Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation [NOSE] score).

Results

Before the procedure, there were no statistically significant differences in patient demographics and nasal obstruction symptom measures between the 2 arms. Three months after the procedure, responder rate was significantly higher for the treatment arm compared to the control (82.5% vs 54.7%, p = 0.001). Patients in the treatment arm also had a significantly greater decrease in NOSE score (–42.4 ± 23.4 vs –22.7 ± 27.9, p < 0.0001) and significantly lower visual analogue scale (VAS) scores (–39.0 ± 29.7 vs –13.3 ± 30.0, p < 0.0001) than the sham control arm. Seventeen patients reported 19 procedure/implant‐related adverse events, all of which resolved with no clinical sequelae.

Conclusion

Our study shows the safety and effectiveness of the bioabsorbable implant in reducing patients’ nasal obstruction symptoms.
The Entropic Uncertainty Relation for Two Qubits in the Cavity‐Based Architecture
Authors: Bai Xue‐Min , Xue Nai‐Tao , Liu Ni , Li Jun‐Qi , Liang Jiu‐Qing
Published: June 2019

Based on a simple cavity‐engineered architecture, the dynamics of quantum memory–assisted entropic uncertainty relation (QMA‐EUR) for two qubits initially prepared in a generic Werner state is investigated. The effects of cavity decay rate, qubit–cavity couplings, and cavity–cavity couplings on the uncertainty are explored. It is found that the damped oscillation of uncertainty can be induced by the increase of two types of coupling strengths mentioned above. It is demonstrated that the maximum value of uncertainty is closely related to the purity of the initial state. The uncertainty can be either increased or decreased, depending on the threshold value of coupling strength between the two cavities. Finally, in agreement with a recent observation, an asynchronous relation between uncertainty and mixedness is found during the initial time evolution.
An iron (II) guanidinate compound: Synthesis, characterization, thermal properties and its application as a CVD precursor for iron oxide film
Authors: Zhang Yuxiang , Du Liyong , Liu Xinfang , Ding Yuqiang
Published: June 2019

An iron compound containing guanidinate ligand [Fe((SiMe3)2NC(iPrN)2)2] was synthesized using a conventional lithium‐salt‐elimination reaction, and its chemical structure was characterized through elemental analysis, 1H‐NMR and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, respectively. The thermal properties of the compound were examined through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the TGA results demonstrated that the compound possessed sufficient volatility and suitable thermal stability for the CVD process. Moreover, the deposition experiments were conducted using the synthesized compound as a precursor and O2 as an oxygen source to confirm its applicability as a CVD precursor, and α‐Fe2O3 films were successfully deposited at a relatively low deposition temperature (300°C).
Effects of different silane coupling agents on structure and properties of starch–chitosan–kaolin composites
Authors: Zhang Zhijian , Ge Xin , Xing Ruiguang , Zhang Bangwen
Published: June 2019

Effects of different silane coupling agents on clay surface modification were studied. Herein, functionalized superfine kaolin was compounded with starch–chitosan (SCS) to prepare starch–chitosan‐functionalized superfine kaolin composite. The characterization results showed that kaolin (K) was successfully modified; the composite formed a dense intercalated structure. The glass‐transition temperature (T
g) was measured by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. It decreased by 60 °C which attested the crystallinity of SCS. The results of thermogravimetric analysis showed that the fastest weight‐loss temperature (Tmax) was elevated by over 50 °C for composites. Mechanical properties of the composites were explored by electronic universal testing machine. Tensile strength and elongation of composites were improved by 4.7 and 10.9 times. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48050.
Crosslinked ethylene butyl acrylate copolymer foams with different cellular structure interconnectivity and tortuosity: Microstructure and physical properties
Authors: Lopez‐Gonzalez E. , Muñoz‐Pascual S. , Saiz‐Arroyo C. , Rodriguez‐Perez M. A.
Published: June 2019

In this work, the cellular structure, physical properties, and the structure–property relationship of several novel crosslinked ethylene butyl acrylate (EBA) foams with different cellular structure interconnectivity (low tortuosity and high tortuosity) have been analyzed and compared to that of closed cell EBA foams and to that of an open‐cell polyurethane foam. The results have shown that these materials present interesting properties highly dependent on the tortuosity of the cellular structure. In particular, it has been proved that reducing the tortuosity allows enhancing the acoustic absorption, the oil uptake, and the cushioning behavior. On the other hand, increasing tortuosity allows improving the impact behavior. In addition, the new open‐cell materials present an enhanced damping factor for low‐frequency vibrations. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48161.
Effects of hybrid fillers on the electrical conductivity, EMI shielding effectiveness, and flame retardancy of PBT and PolyASA composites with carbon fiber and MWCNT
Authors: Kim In Chol , Kwon Kee Hae , Kim Woo Nyon
Published: June 2019

The effects of hybrid fillers of carbon fiber (CF) and multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) on the electrical conductivity, electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE), flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐styrene‐co‐acrylate) (PolyASA) (70/30, wt %) with conductive filler composites were investigated. The CF was used as the main filler, and MWCNT was used as the secondary filler to investigate the hybrid filler effect. For the PBT/PolyASA/CF (8 vol %)/MWCNT (2 vol %) composite, a higher electrical conductivity (1.4 × 100 S cm−1) and EMI SE (33.7 dB) were observed than that of the composite prepared with the single filler of CF (10 vol %), which were 9.0 × 10−2 S cm−1 and 23.7 dB, respectively. This increase in the electrical properties might be due to the longer CF length and hybrid filler effect in the composites. From the results of aging test at 85 °C, 120 h, the electrical conductivity and EMI SE of the composites decreased slightly compared to that of the composite without aging. The results of electrical conductivity, EMI SE, and flame retardancy suggested that the composite with the hybrid fillers of CF and MWCNT showed a synergetic effect in the PBT/PolyASA/CF (8 vol %)/MWCNT (2 vol %) composite. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48162.