bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Industry Characteristics Linked to Establishment Concentrations in Nonmetropolitan Areas
Authors: Kim Yunsoo , Barkley David L. , Henry Mark S.
Published: March 2003

In this paper we investigate industry characteristics associated with the clustering of establishments in three‐digit SIC manufacturing industries in nonmetropolitan areas. The dispersion parameter k of the negative binomial distribution is selected as the measure of industry spatial concentration. Associations between industry characteristics and spatial concentration are investigated using OLS regression analysis. Our findings indicate that the spatial clustering of establishments is positively related to industry average establishment size, reliance on natural resource inputs, labor intensity, cost shares of professional and technical employees, and cost shares of low‐skilled workers. Agglomeration is negatively related to multiplant structure, employment in precision production, and reliance on local product and input markets.
Gender, Body Image, and Depressive Symptoms among Low‐Income African American Adolescents
Authors: Grant Kathryn , Lyons Aoife , Landis Dana , Cho Mi Hyon , Scudiero Maddalena , Reynolds Linda , Murphy Julie , Bryant Heather
Published: March 2003

The present study tested for gender differences in depression and body image among a sample of 6th–8th grade low‐income African American adolescents. Gender differences were found, with adolescent girls more likely to report both depressive symptoms and poor body image. The most frequently endorsed body image concern for both boys and girls was the desire to lose weight, with approximately half of the girls in this sample reporting they would like to lose weight. Results of mediational analyses indicate that poor body image mediates the relation between gender and depression in this sample, suggesting that heightened rates of depression, among girls, are due to heightened rates of poor body image.
Athletes, Athletic Performance, and Eating Disorders: Healthier Alternatives
Authors: Thompson Ron A. , Trattner Sherman Roberta
Published: March 2003

This is a review article examining the relationship between involvement in athletics and disordered eating. According to research on risk factors in the general population, gender, race, and activities that encourage dieting or weight loss by emphasizing a thin shape play an important role in the prevalence of eating disturbance. Factors in the athletic environment that increase the athlete's risk are addressed, such as the belief among athletes and coaches that a reduction in weight or body fat can enhance athletic performance. The authors propose a shift in emphasis from athletic performance to the health of the athlete. Practical educational recommendations to reduce the athlete's risk of disordered eating are offered for athletes and sport management personnel. Additionally preventative suggestions are offered for modifying aspects of the athletic environment.
Television and Prejudice Reduction: When Does Television as a Vicarious Experience Make a Difference?
Authors: Browne Graves Sherryl
Published: March 2003

Televised role portrayals and interracial interactions, as sources of vicarious experience, contribute to the development of stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination among children. The first section of this article reviews the amount and nature of racial/ethnic content on television, including limited portrayals of racial/ethnic groups and of interracial/ethnic interaction. The second section focuses on theoretical models that help explain television's role in the development, maintenance, and modification of stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. The third section addresses research on the effects of television in altering stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination, with particular attention given to media intervention programs specifically designed to address these issues (Sesame Street and Different and the Same). This article concludes with a discussion of suggestions for future research.
Biological Research on Women's Sexual Orientations: Evaluating the Scientific Evidence
Authors: Veniegas Rosemary C. , Conley Terri D.
Published: March 2003

The importance of biological influences on sexual orientation is hotly debated. This article summarizes public opinions about the causes of sexual orientations and documents shifts over time toward greater endorsement of biological rather than environmental explanations. Next, empirical evidence concerning neuroendocrine and genetic explanations of women's sexual orientation is reviewed. Currently, there is no convincing evidence that biological factors are a determining influence on women's sexual orientations. In some research areas, the data on women are incomplete. In areas where adequate research is available, studies on women do not conclusively support biological hypotheses. Implications of these findings are considered.
Introduction: Welfare Reform: Preliminary Research and Unanswered Questions
Authors: Zuckerman Diana M. , Kalil Ariel
Published: March 2003

This article summarizes the 1996 welfare reform act and introduces a set of key questions that remain unanswered as initial results concerning the effects of welfare reform are being analyzed and discussed by policymakers andresearchers. We introduce the collection of articles presented in this issue of the Journal of Social Issues, which are devoted to the topic of welfare reform and its potential ramifications for the well‐being of families. The articles are grouped into three broad areas that represent major topics of interest to researchers, policy analysts, and others concerned with how welfare reform affects the lives of women and families: the politics of welfare reform, barriers to employment, and the impact of welfare reform on family life.
The Negotiation of Child Care and Employment Demands Among Low‐Income Parents
Authors: Henly Julia R. , Lyons Sandra
Published: March 2003

Low‐income working mothers face significant child care challenges. These challenges are particularly salient in an era of welfare reform, when welfare recipients are under increased pressure to find a job. The current study examines how child care demands are negotiated for an urban sample of low‐income mothers. The sample includes a racially and ethnically diverse group of 57 respondents with and without welfare experience who are mothering children under 13 years of age and working in entry‐level jobs. Findings suggest that respondents seek arrangements that are affordable, convenient, and safe, and informal arrangements may be most compatible with convenience and cost considerations. Informal care is not universally available, however, andmay be less reliable. Implications for child care policy are discussed.
Looking to the Future: Welfare‐Reliant Women Talk About Their Job Aspirations in the Context of Welfare Reform
Authors: Scott Ellen K. , London Andrew S. , Edin Kathryn
Published: March 2003

We examine the job aspirations of 80 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) recipients in Cleveland and Philadelphia by drawing on data from in‐depth, qualitative interviews conducted in 1997–98, well after the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act was implemented but before time limits were reached. We show that these recipients view the work mandates they face as legitimate and express optimism regarding future work and earnings prospects. They also desire more education. Although their earnings expectations are high, respondents' occupational goals are relatively low, even among those with the most human capital. Furthermore, mothers say their vocational expectations reflect the urgency they feel about finding a job. We suggest that providing cash assistance while TANF recipients increase their human capital is critical for meeting the self‐sufficiency goals of welfare reform.
Real Versus Imagined Gender Harassment
Authors: Woodzicka Julie A. , LaFrance Marianne
Published: March 2003

Sexual harassment studies that use hypothetical situations and retrospective surveys may overestimate the degree to which victims actually confront their harassers. The result is that immediate emotional reactions are little understood and victims are often taken to task for nonconfrontational behavior. To address this neglect, we describe our experimental investigation of immediate reactions to sexually harassing questions encountered during a realistic job interview. Behavioral and emotional responses are compared to those in an imagined harassing interview. Results indicate that interviewees who are actually harassed react very differently than those who only imagine their responses. For example, imagined victims anticipate feeling angry but actual targets report being afraid. Anticipated behavior also did not mesh with actual behavior. Implications of these discrepancies for perceptions of “correct” ways to respond to harassment are examined.
The Interference of Stereotype Threat With Women's Generation of Mathematical Problem‐Solving Strategies
Authors: Quinn Diane M. , Spencer Steven J.
Published: March 2003

At the highest levels of math achievement, gender differences in favor of men persist on standardized math tests. We hypothesize that stereotype threat depresses women's math performance through interfering with their ability to formulate problem‐solving strategies. In Study 1, women underperformed in comparison to men on a word problemm test, however, women and me performed equally when the word problems were converted into their numerical equivalents. In Study 2, men and women worked on difficult problems, either in a high‐ or reduced‐stereotype‐threat condition. Problem‐solving strategies were coded. When stereo‐type threat was high, women were less able to formulate problem‐solving strategies than when stereotype threat was reduced. The effect of stereotype threat on cognitive resources and the implications for gender differences in mathematical testing are discussed.
Race From the Inside: An Emerging Heterogeneous Race Model
Authors: Celious Aaron , Oyserman Daphna
Published: March 2003

Race matters, influencing life experiences. Race is not a simple concept, and it is not a single category. Racial identity theories, however, typically handle race as a simple Black‐White dichotomy that overlooks within‐group heterogeneity, substituting a subgroup—young, low socioeconomic status, darker skinned men—for all African Americans. The centrality of this subgroup image reifies what it means to be Black but excludes African Americans who are women, middle class, and so on. We provide an overview of the situation of African Americans, high‐lighting within‐group diversity in everyday experiences related to gender, socioeconomic status, and physical attributes, including skin tone. Understanding the implications of race from an insider's perspective requires that we view it as a heterogeneous category.
Negotiating Partnerships in Research on Poverty With Community‐Based Agencies
Authors: Reid Pamela Trotman , Vianna Eduardo
Published: March 2003

This article argues that researchers must negotiate true partnerships with poor women, maintain mutual support systems, and build mutual respect, if they are to have success in challenging poverty through research. The experience of establishing partnerships with community‐based agencies is discussed and the rationale for including poor women in partnerships is considered in terms of the benefits and the challenges for researchers. Among the critical issues are problems of difference, including ethnicity, social class, and gender and relationships between researchers and participants. These issues are highlighted using two examples. A negative outcome from noncollaboration is represented by the case of an after‐school program in an inner‐city school. The failure to establish collaboration leads to disappointing results. A successful case is described by the cooperative efforts between researchers and poor women in a program for substance abuse. Several strategies and recommendations are offered in conclusion.
The Leadership Styles of Women and Men
Authors: Eagly Alice H. , Johannesen‐Schmidt Mary C.
Published: March 2003

As women increasingly enter leadership roles that traditionally have been occupied mainly by men, the possibility that the leadership styles of women and men differ continues to attract attention. The focus of these debates on sameness versus difference can obscure the array of causal factors that can produce differences or similarities. Adopting the perspective of social role theory, we offer a framework that encompasses many of the complexities of the empirical literature on the leadership styles of women and men. Supplementing Eagly and Johnson's (1990) review of the interpersonally oriented, task‐oriented, autocratic, and democratic styles of women and men, we present new data concerning the transformational, transactional, and laissez‐faire leadership styles.
The Subskills of Reading: Rule‐space Analysis of a Multiple‐choice Test of Second Language Reading Comprehension
Authors: Buck Gary , Tatsuoka Kumi , Kostin Irene
Published: March 2003

The rule‐space methodology is an application of statistical pattern‐recognition techniques to diagnosing the cognitive attributes (knowledge, skills, abilities, strategies, etc.) underlying test performance. The methodology provides diagnostic information on individual test‐takers on each of these attributes. We used the methodology to analyze performance on a multiple‐choice reading comprehension test. Based on a literature search, we hypothesized a set of 27 potentially important attributes. We carried out 4 rule‐space analyses of test results for 5,000 Japanese who had taken the reading section of the TOEIC. We modified the set of attributes, deleted attributes, and identified interactions to arrive at the most parsimonious set with the maximum explanatory power. The final analysis contained 16 prime attributes, with 8 interactions. Using these attributes, we could classify 91% of test‐takers into their latent knowledge states, and give scores on each attribute (as mastery probabilities). We then regressed total test scores onto these attribute probability scores using multiple regression; the adjusted R‐square was .97, indicating that the attributes explained 97% of the variance in total test performance for those 91% of test‐takers successfully classified. This suggests that the rule‐space methodology can explain performance on complex verbal tasks, such as reading tests, and provide diagnostic scores to test‐takers.
Acoustic Variation and Lexical Acquisition
Authors: Barcroft Joe
Published: March 2003

This study examined how acoustic variation affects second language (L2) lexical acquisition in consideration of four hypotheses: degraded input, elaborative processing, independent modulation, and robust versus strong connectivity.Absolute beginners in L2 Spanish attempted to learn 24 Spanish words. Each word was presented in 1 of 3 degrees of acoustic variation: no variation (6 repetitions of neutral only), moderate variation (2 repetitions each of neutral, loud, and whispered), and strong variation (1 repetition each of neutral, loud, whispered, excited, childlike, and nasal). Immediate and delayed lexical production post‐tests were administered. Scores were submitted to an analysis of variance. No significant differences between the learning conditions were observed. The results are interpreted based on two approaches, one modular and one interactive.
The Similarity Differential Rate Hypothesis
Authors: Major Roy C. , Kim Eunyi
Published: March 2003

After Contrastive Analysis was called into question because it could not predict areas of difficulty, it was modified into the so‐called moderate version, claiming that similar phenomena are more difficult to acquire than dissimilar phenomena (see Oller & Ziahosseiny, 1970). Eckman (1977) added a very significant modification to further salvage Contrastive Analysis by incorporating markedness. In addition, the prolific work of Flege on similarity,including his Speech Learning Model (1995), has provided us with extensive data on degree of difficulty in second language acquisition. Although the bulk of his and his collaborators' work supports his claim that similar sounds are harder to learn than dissimilar sounds, there are important exceptions (e.g., Bohn & Flege, 1992). Furthermore, other researchers have presented conflicting claims and results. The importance of this chapter is that it ties together similarity and markedness in a claim concerning rate of acquisition, rather than “degree of difficulty”—a vaguely defined term. The Similarity Differential Rate Hypothesis (SDRH) quite simply claims that similar phenomena are acquired at faster rates than dissimilar phenomena and that markedness is a mediating factor that slows rate. In making its claims, it calls into question some widespread time‐honored concepts in L1 and L2 studies that are poorly defined or mean different things to different researchers. Specifically, what criterion level or percent accuracy is needed for a phenomenon to be “acquired”? What does it mean for x to be acquired before y? If at Stage I, x = 40% accuracy and y = 20% accuracy, we could say x is acquired before y and is less difficult; but if at Stage II, x = 50% and y = 80%, we could say y is acquired before x and is more difficult. In light of this, the SDRH claims that we have been asking the wrong questions, and that rate is the significant factor. In the example above, what is consistent is rate: The rate of acquisition of y is faster than x.

In L1 acquisition research, although order of acquisition has been a perennial concern (e.g., Jakobson, 1941, 1968, and current research on the minimal word involving morae), according to David Ingram (personal communication, 1998), rate has not been a major topic in L1 phonology. (Although Ingram himself [1991] has talked about gradual and abrupt rates, he says there is no explanation why these variable patterns exist.) However, because rates have predictive implications (with the caveat that any learner, L1 or L2, may fossilize at any point) and because L1 and L2 phenomena are reflected in a wide range of contexts—for example, historical change, languages in contact, and dialect variation—it follows that the investigation of rate is an important area of research for both L1 and L2 acquisition.
Research on Direct versus Translated Writing: Students' Strategies and Their Results
Authors: Cohen Andrew D. , Brooks‐Carson Amanda
Published: March 2003

This study explored an alternative approach to short essay writing on language assessment tasks. Thirty‐nine intermediate learners of French performed 2 essay writing tasks: writing directly in French as well as writing in the first language and then translating into French. Two‐thirds of the students did better on the direct writing task across all rating scales; one‐third, better on the translated task. While raters found no significant differences in the grammatical scales across the 2 types of writing, differences did emerge in the scales for expression, transitions, and clauses. Retrospective verbal report data from the students indicated that they were often thinking through English when writing in French, suggesting that the writing tasks were not necessarily distinct in nature. Since the study was intended to simulate writing situations that students encounter in typical classroom assessments, the findings suggest that direct writing in French as a target language may be the most effective choice for some learners when under time pressure.
Development and Application of the Highway Mapping System of Ohio State University
Authors: Novak K. , Bossler J. D.
Published: March 2003

Since 1990, the Center for Mapping at Ohio State University has been developing mobile mapping systems to automate and accelerate the collection of digital map data. These systems integrate the global positioning system (GPS) with inertial navigation units and imaging sensors to produce digital geographic data. They are modular and can be installed on various platforms, such as vans, trains and aeroplanes. New developments with the imaging system and the fully integrated data‐processing environment are discussed in this article. The stereovision system enables the user to obtain three dimensional co‐ordinates of any object in the field of view of the camera. Digital and video images, together with GPS positions, are stored in an object‐oriented database, which merges data collected by airborne and terrestrial mapping platforms. Exploiting the enormous amount of information contained in the digital stereoscopic imagery is a challenging topic of current and future research.
The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project: An Eighth Extract
Authors: Burnside C. D.
Published: March 2003

This eighth and penultimate extract from the Archive is an unusual one for a number of reasons. Of these the most important one is the fact that it is concerned solely with instruments produced in Great Britain. It is therefore concerned mainly with the Thompson‐Watts plotter, the only British instrument to go into full‐scale commercial production. Strictly speaking the other instrument included in this extract should not have had a separate entry at all, simply because no instrument of this type exists now and so cannot have an entry in the catalogue of instruments. However, in order to trace the development of the Thompson‐Watts Mk 2 plotter, produced in 1963, from the remarkable work of Henry Fourcade carried out in the 1920s, the Barr and Stroud ZA2 plotter based on his work has been accorded an Appendix of its own.

Both instruments in this extract are based on an optical‐mechanical solution to the photogrammetric problem of space intersection and the Thompson‐Watts is in fact the only instrument of this type to be found in the catalogue. This particular solution did not find great favour on the continent and so few instruments of this type were produced commercially.
Automatic Identification of Textcoded Measurement Targets
Authors: Michaelis M.
Published: March 2003

A method is presented which makes a valuable contribution to automation in close range metrology. Successful identification of textcoded measurement targets has three essential characteristics: (1) large and easily expandable code depth; (2) robustness with respect to radiometric and geometric influences; and (3) rejection capability in case of low identification quality. The proposed method of text recognition of target labels is based on experience which has been gradually accumulated in the context of automated document analysis at the DaimlerChrysler Research Center.
Digital Surface Modelling by Airborne Laser Scanning and Digital Photogrammetry for Glacier Monitoring
Authors: Baltsavias Emmanuel P. , Favey Etienne , Bauder Andreas , Bosch Hermann , Pateraki Maria
Published: March 2003

The research described in this paper is part of a Swiss National Science Foundation project on ”Mass Balance Determination of Glaciers with the Use of State‐of‐the‐art Remote Sensing Methods and a Numerical Flow Model”. The remote sensing methods involve automated processing of aerial images and laser scanning and aim to produce glacier surface models with an accuracy of about 0.5 to 1m over time periods of 1 to 5 years. The Unteraar glacier, in Switzerland, has been chosen to test both methods, because it has been extensively studied by glaciologists. The results from laser scanning and digital photogrammetry were evaluated by comparison with accurate manual measurements from an analytical plotter. Various aspects of the laser data processing are discussed, such as system description, position and attitude determination, transformation to the Swiss map coordinate system, fit of overlapping laser strips and problems encountered. Three digital photogrammetric systems (Match‐T, LHS DPW770 and VirtuoZo) were used for surface model generation using image matching. The different matching algorithms and strategies, the matching problems that occurred, for example, due to low texture, shadows, or steep slopes, and a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the results are presented. Finally, a comparison is given between photogrammetry and laser scanning regarding accuracy and point density.
An Operational Application of Automatic Feature Extraction: The Measurement of Cracks in Concrete Structures
Authors: Dare Paul , Hanley Harry , Fraser Clive , Riedel Björn , Niemeier Wolfgang
Published: March 2003

An understanding of the evolution of cracks in concrete structures due to long term natural deformation is important to civil engineers, but quantitative measurements can be difficult to make. However, digital imaging offers a potential solution. This short paper illustrates the operational application of automated image processing techniques for accurate, multi‐temporal crack measurements. The first part of this paper provides an overview of automatic feature extraction, essential for automatic crack detection. The latter part describes the methods developed for detecting and measuring cracks. Due to the long term nature of the application, operational results have yet to be finalised, although sample results are presented
Moralists, Pragmatists, and Rogues: Bureaucrats in Modern Mysteries
Authors: Gormley Jr. William T.
Published: March 2003

Many contemporary mysteries feature bureaucrats struggling with difficult ethical dilemmas. Should they lie? Disobey an order? Use physical force? Break the law in order to catch a criminal? In addition to their entertainment value, mysteries offer untapped opportunities to reflect on the moral conflicts faced by civil servants. In this article, the author analyzes the work of 12 modern mystery writers whose protagonists include police detectives, a medical examiner, a prosecutor, a park ranger, and a fire chief. Several types of bureaucrats are identified including moralists, pragmatists, and rogues. The author then links these types to broader ethical philosophies, such as actutilitarianism, rule‐utilitarianism, ethical egoism, and Kant's categorical imperative. He concludes that mysteries can be an effective teaching tool for courses in ethics and public administration.
Distant Mirrors: Eight Recent Exemplary Models
Authors: Stillman II Richard J.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:

Ferrel Heady, One Time Around

Herbert H. Werlin, The Mysteries of Development: Studies Using Political Elasticity Theory

Theodore R.Marmor, The Politics of Medicare

Jerry Mitchell, The American Experiment with Government Corporations

Gitta Sereny, Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth

Garry Wills, A Necessary Evil: A History of American Distrust of Government

David F. Lindenfeld, The Practical Imagination: The German Sciences of State in the Nineteenth Century

Jos C. N. Raadschelders, Handbook of Administrative History
Mr. Justice Brandeis and the Creation of the Federal Register
Authors: Feinberg Lotte E.
Published: March 2003

The creation of the Federal Register in 1935 was crucial in enhancing transparency in American national government and its accountability under law. This historic action during the troubled New Deal era established a core institutional framework that endures as the nation begins a new century and as public administration struggles with an era of new institutionalism. Drawing on archival records and interviews, this article examines the political, administrative, and legal factors that led to the Register's creation. In particular, it sheds light on the little known but pivotal role played by Justice Brandeis in an extrajudicial capacity in this process. Brandeis's actions derive, in part, from his lifelong concern for fostering government openness and ensuring accountability under law from government bureaucracy. Without his intervention, it is unlikely the Federal Register Act would have been enacted at the time and in its important institutional form.
Work‐Family Balance and Job Satisfaction: The Impact of Family‐Friendly Policies on Attitudes of Federal Government Employees
Authors: Saltzstein Alan L. , Ting Yuan , Saltzstein Grace Hall
Published: March 2003

We use the 1991 Survey of Federal Government Employees to test a theoretical framework regarding the relationships between work and family demands, family‐friendly policies, satisfaction with work‐family balance, and job satisfaction for diverse groups of employees with different personal and family needs. We find that a variety of policies widely presumed to be “family friendly” were used to varying degrees by disparate groups of federal employees. The use of such policies had very diverse effects on both employee satisfaction with work‐family balance and job satisfaction, within and across various groups of similarly situated employees. The assumptions underlying the provision of family‐friendly policies and implications for the organization are examined.
Mapping Patterns of Support for Privatization in the Mass Public: The Case of Michigan
Authors: Thompson Lyke , Elling Richard C.
Published: March 2003

This article examines public attitudes about using for‐profit firms or nonprofit organizations to deliver public services in Michigan. Using survey data, it shows how the public reacts to the privatization of various state and local government services. It then considers some dimensions of attitudes toward privatization. Finally, it estimates models that predict support for privatization based upon a range of characteristics of respondents to our survey.
Defining the Boundaries of Public Administration: Undisciplined Mongrels versus Disciplined Purists
Authors: Rodgers Robert , Rodgers Nanette
Published: March 2003

“Undisciplined mongrels” are faculty from public administration programs who publish in a wide variety of journals. We expected that undisciplined mongrels would have more successful publishing records than their counterparts—“disciplined purists” who publish exclusively in public administration journals. This expectation is supported through an analysis of journal publications by a panel of 91 junior faculty members. We also expected that the methods that are currently used to rank public administration programs would discard a massive body of publication activity by public administration faculty. This expectation is also soundly supported. Findings indicate that from 1990 through 1997, a scant 18 percent of the articles published by the faculty panel were published in the highly selective set of 11 journals that are currently used to rank public administration programs.
Public Administration Research from a Practitioner Perspective
Authors: Streib Gregory , Slotkin Bert J. , Rivera Mark
Published: March 2003

Recent research has questioned both the rigor and theoretical development of public administration research. The proposed solutions have generally endorsed a more academically oriented research agenda. Authors have discussed practitioner needs, but the focus has been on the appropriateness of different research methods rather than the types of knowledge needed. We seek to contribute to this ongoing debate by comparing the knowledge needs identified by members of the International City/County Management Association (ICMA) with 15 years of research in Public Administration Review . We found much published research matching the needs of ICMA members, but it focused on a relatively narrow range of topics. We recommend incorporating a concern for relevance into efforts to improve public administration research. This will help to ensure that we build a knowledge base that makes a substantial contribution to practice.
New Labour and the Public Sector in Britain
Authors: Bevir Mark , O'Brien David
Published: March 2003

In Britain, New Labour has a distinctive public philosophy that contains an ideal often found in the socialist tradition—that is, citizens attaining moral personhood within and through the community. Old Labour generally sought to realize such an ideal in a universal welfare state characterized by a command form of service delivery. New Labour has responded to dilemmas, akin to those highlighted by the New Right, by transforming this model of the public sector. It conceives of the state as an enabler acting in partnership with citizens and other organizations, delivering services through networks characterized by relationships of trust. We explore this distinctive public philosophy through its ethical vision and then its implications for welfare reform and the delivery of public services.
Community Sustainability and Land Use
Authors: Nelson Lisa S.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:

Timothy Beatley, Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities

Amer El‐Ahraf, Mohammad Qayoumi and Ron Dowd, The Impact of Public Policy on Environmental Quality and Health: The Case of Land Use Management and Planning

Daniel A. Mazmanian and Michael E. Kraft, (eds.) Toward Sustainable Communities: Transition and Transformations in Environmental Policy

Kee Warner and Harvey Molotch, Building Rules: How Local Rules Shape Community Environments and Economies
A “Reading Room” for Research on Russian Cinema
Authors: Condee Nancy , Padunov Vladimir
Published: March 2003

Troshin, Aleksander (co‐ordinating editor), Chital′nyi zal: Kritiko‐bibliographikicheskii zhurnal o kino
The Common Folk in the Revolution
Authors: Kenez Peter
Published: March 2003

Figes, Orlando, A People’s Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution
Moscow Diaries
Authors: Grant Bruce
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Buck‐Morss, Susan, Dreamworld and Catastrophe: The Passing of Mass Utopia in East and West
Poverty among Working Families: New Insights from an Improved Poverty Measure
Authors: Iceland John , Kim Josh
Published: March 2003

Objective. This article examines poverty among working families with children using a refined experimental poverty measure based on recommendations by the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance. Methods. Using data from the 1998 Current Population Survey, this research constructs an experimental poverty measure that takes into account noncash government benefits as well as job‐related expenses, elements not included in the current official measure of family income. Results. We find that current statistics based on the official poverty line understate the extent of economic hardship, particularly among full‐time working families with children, because expenses, such as child care costs, tend to outweigh noncash benefits, such as food stamps, that these families may receive. Furthermore, without the recent expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit, poverty among full‐time working families would be even higher. Conclusions. These findings highlight challenges faced by many families, especially those with adults moving off welfare and into the labor market.
Child Care Costs and Women's Employment: A Comparison of Single and Married Mothers With Pre‐School‐Aged Children
Authors: Han Wenjui , Waldfogel Jane
Published: March 2003

Objectives. The effects of child care costs on the employment of single and married mothers with pre‐school‐aged children were analyzed. Methods. Both demographic and employment data from the March Current Population Survey were used, supplemented by child care data from various sources. Results. We find that child care costs have strong effects on employment for women with pre‐school‐aged children and that these effects are larger for single mothers than for married mothers. Conclusions. Our simulation results suggest that policies that reduce the costs of child care could raise the employment rate of married mothers by 3 to 14 percentage points and the employment rate of single mothers by 5 to 21 percentage points.
Preparing for Elite Political Participation Simulations and the Political Socialization of Adolescents
Authors: Rosenthal Cindy Simon , Rosenthal James A. , Jones Jocelyn
Published: March 2003

Objective. We ask: How do socialization experiences shape adolescent perceptions of and the performance of gender in political leadership roles? We examine a political simulation, Model United Nations, which attracts academically motivated students aspiring to elite roles in politics and government. Methods. Using observational and survey data, we explore adolescent behavior in the simulation as both a learning experience and as a reflection of students' perceptions of leadership behavior. Results. Three critical observations emerge. First, the Model United Nations is a domain in which young women do not play an equal part. Female delegates take far fewer speaking turns. However, contextual factors, including membership on a committee that deals with less masculine issues and on a committee with a female chair, increase the likelihood of female turn‐taking. Second, though participants come to the event with very similar motivations, young women leave less satisfied with their personal effectiveness than do young men. Finally, female delegates are judged less favorably by themselves and others and thus as less successful in the simulation. Conclusions. These findings have normative implications for the recruitment of young women to politics.
5. Statistical Methods and Graphical Displays for Analyzing how the Association between Two Qualitative Variables Differs among Countries, among Groups, or over Time: A Modified Regression-Type Approach
Authors: Goodman Leo A. , Hout Michael
Published: March 2003

Many interesting sociological questions pertain to how the association between two variables depends on a third variable. In sociological applications, the third variable often pertains to countries, to subgroups of a population, or to time periods. We propose a regression-type approach that specifies that the log-odds-ratios that describe the two-way association of interest are a linear function of latent scores for the third variable. Additive and multiplicative models currently in use by researchers are special cases of the regression-type model. To illustrate the utility of the regression-type approach, we apply this approach to analyze (1) data on occupational mobility in the United States, Britain, and Japan (comparing mobility in these countries) and (2) data on the association between religion and voting behavior in U.S. presidential elections from 1968 to 1992 (comparing this association in the different elections). We also introduce here graphical displays that can be used to obtain worthwhile information about goodness-of-fit and to aid in substantive interpretation.
9. Structural Equation Modeling with Robust Covariances
Authors: Yuan Ke-Hai , Bentler Peter M.
Published: March 2003

Existing methods for structural equation modeling involve fitting the ordinary sample covariance matrix by a proposed structural model. Since a sample covariance is easily influenced by a few outlying cases, the standard practice of modeling sample covariances can lead to inefficient estimates as well as inflated fit indices. By giving a proper weight to each individual case, a robust covariance will have a bounded influence function as well as a nonzero breakdown point. These robust properties of the covariance estimators will be carried over to the parameter estimators in the structural model if a technically appropriate procedure is used. We study such a procedure in which robust covariances replace ordinary sample covariances in the context of the Wishart likelihood function. This procedure is easy to implement in practice. Statistical properties of this procedure are investigated. A fit index is given based on sampling from an elliptical distribution. An estimating equation approach is used to develop a variety of robust covariances, and consistent covariances of these robust estimators, needed for standard errors and test statistics, follow from this approach. Examples illustrate the inflated statistics and distorted parameter estimates obtained by using sample covariances when compared with those obtained by using robust covariances. The merits of each method and its relevance to specific types of data are discussed.
7. Testing Transitivity in Digraphs
Authors: Karlberg Martin
Published: March 2003

The problem of testing the transitivity of a relationship observed in a digraph, taking as many nontransitivity related irregularities as possible into account, is studied. Two test quantities are used: (1) the proportion of transitive triples out of all nonvacuously transitive triples, and (2) the density difference (the difference between mean local transitivity density and overall edge density). The null distribution used is the rather complex uniform distribution on digraphs conditional on the indegrees and outdegrees. A simulation study is made in order to estimate critical values of the tests for different significance levels. When all vertices have the same indegree and outdegree, the occurrence of transitive triples is rather infrequent in most conditional uniform graphs; this is reflected by low critical values of the transitivity-related test statistics. When both the indegree and outdegree sequences are skewed in the same direction, there is a small number of vertices with large indegrees and outdegrees. This results in a clustering structure, in which transitive triples occur frequently; in such conditional uniform graphs, the critical values of the test statistics are rather high.

The powers of the tests are estimated against the Bernoulli transitive triple model, which assumes a simple random graph distribution in which the transitivity is high. The test based on density difference has the highest power in many cases. The tests are applied to a large set of classroom sociograms, and in this situation it is also found that uniform randomness is rejected in favor of transitivity most frequently when the test based on the density difference is used. However, the vast majority of these sociograms are so far from the uniform distribution that the null hypothesis of uniform randomness is rejected regardless of which test is used. Nevertheless, the results imply that the density difference is the best detector of transitivity related to the measures examined.
The Politics of Development and Conservation: Legacies of Colonialism1
Authors: Agrawal Arun
Published: March 2003

This paper draws upon texts on development during the colonial and the postwar period, and on conservation today, to elucidate some of the similarities in ideologies that underlie these writings. The paper suggests that despite differences there are interesting, sometimes striking, affinities in these discourses, and that the roots of the correspondences can be traced to the project of progress. The paper highlights themes that presume the powerlessness of the objects of development and conservation. It goes on to suggest that an ethically acceptable face of conservation requires greater autonomy and freer play to the preferences of local users of resources, even if such autonomy does not lead to efficient conservation.
Confinement of Conscientious Objectors as Psychiatric Patients in World War I Germany
Authors: Brock Peter
Published: March 2003

This article deals with a subject hitherto almost totally ignored in historical literature: the fate of those German conscientious objectors (COs), both religious and political, who were confined as psychiatric patients during World War I. Reports by psychiatrists examining these men, which were printed in medical journals during the war years, form the chief source on which the author bases his article. Some of these psychiatrists regarded their CO “patients” as mostly sane (though mistaken in their views), while others considered that, with a few exceptions perhaps, they were suffering from some form of mental disorder which had led them to refuse military service. The end of the war brought the men release from confinement. Such treatment, the author concludes, though short‐lived, contained dangerous implications for human rights.
The Economic Nature of Basic Human Rights: Economic Explanations of Cross‐National Variations in Governmental Basic Human Rights Performance
Authors: Heinisch Reinhard
Published: March 2003

This paper examines economic explanations of governmental basic human rights performance in more than one hundred nations. Following Henry Shue's conceptualization of basic rights, I analyze a set of key economic variables (level of development, income distribution, rate of growth, foreign trade, and foreign investment) in terms of their impact on basic socioeconomic and political rights (defined here are subsistence and security rights).

Drawing on criticisms of the existing literature, the paper calls for a new empirical approach to cross‐regional comparative human rights studies. The article first conceptualizes and operationalizes the concept of basic rights. It then provides a critical review of the relevant literature on economic explanations of rights. Analyzing both individual and combined effects by using correlations analysis, cross‐tabulations, bivariate and multiple regression techniques, I interpret my findings as follows: Basic human rights performance is much more varied across nations of comparable economic background than indicated by most other studies of a similar nature. While economic conditions have a significant impact on all basic rights, there are, nevertheless, important differences with respect to the type of basic right and the specific economic variable concerned. Security rights tend to be less affected by economic factors than subsistence rights. Below the threshold of about $1,000 Gross National Product (GNP)/capita income countries are generally unable to guarantee even a modicum of subsistence rights. While level of development can explain close to 50% of the variation in basic human rights performance, income distribution becomes more crucial the more developed nations are. Other findings show foreign trade to have a significantly negative impact on security rights while being somewhat positively related with subsistence rights.
Gabrielle Duchêne: Feminist, Pacifist, Reluctant Bourgeoise
Authors: Coons Lorraine
Published: March 2003

This article discusses the peace activism of Gabrielle Duchêne, who headed the French national section of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and also served as vice‐president of the international executive during the interwar years.

Duchêne's activism began in the pre‐World War I years when she first became involved in the plight of garment workers in the linen trades. She worked for a minimum wage for women homeworkers and remained a committed feminist after the war. Duchêne linked the cause of world peace with that of women's rights and never compromised her feminist agenda in her fight against war and fascism.

Through use of biographical information and organizational records, the author points to the serious limitations of the international peace movement during the 1930s and its inability to speak with a united voice.

This examination of Duchêne's relationship with both the international organization and its French national section reveals the frequent conflict of interests among members. At the international level, the serious threat of division existed between adherents of “integral” and “realist” pacifism. At the national level, party loyalties often interfered with and impeded the work of peace activists in the regional sections (as in the case of the Lyons controversy with the National Executive).

Duchêne was at the center of these struggles. Thus, her case is particularly interesting as it helps to explain the failure of a global, mass movement organized to prevent war in 1939.
Strategic Nonviolent Conflict in Kosovo
Authors: Reitan Ruth
Published: March 2003

The popular struggle for autonomy and then independence waged in Kosovo throughout the last decade is analyzed within a Strategic Nonviolent Conflict framework. The degree to which the nonviolent movement's actions lessened totalitarianism and promoted democracy is then assessed. Reasons for the perceived failures of the nonviolent tactic and the ensuing rise of a violent approach are explored. Finally, the impact that the violent phase had on the successes achieved through prior nonviolent actions is examined, followed by concluding remarks on the significance of the mass exodus of Kosovar refugees as viewed from a Strategic Nonviolent Conflict perspective.