bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Political Myth about the Witch Calon Arang in the Novel “Manjali and Chakrabirava” by the Indonesian Author Ayu Utami
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Luneva Alexandra. I.
Published: September 2022

The article explores the novel Manjali and Cakrabirawa (2010) by one of the most outstanding modern Indonesian writers, Ayu Utami (born in 1968), whose philosophical and intellectual work marked the beginning of a new era in Indonesian literature. The novel was not translated into English and has not been the subject of research in Russia. Articles on the topic are few and only deal with themes of gender studies and feminism. This article provides an analysis of the interpretation of the plot-forming mythological layer of the novel. Utami boldly raises the topic of political repression through mythological optics, offers her own view on the construction of the image of a witch called Calon Arang, supposedly a political rival of a historical figure — Raja Airlangga (1000–1049), the ruler of the Javanese-Balinese state of Kediri (1042–1222). Calon Arang, nicknamed Rangda (“widow”), is a well-known character in folklore, the story has many versions. The relevance of the article is due to the paradox of the myth of Calon Arang: on the one hand, its characters and plot are well known to Indonesians (primarily Javanese and Balinese), but on the other hand, the myth remains poorly understood. Cultural-historical, comparative-typological and mythopoetic methods make it possible to analyze the mythological images in her novel “Manjali and Cakrabirava”, which is, as the events of the mythological plot of the 11th century, associated with political issues — the struggle for power and the demonization of the opponent.
Perception of Secular/Inclusive Nationalism in the Context of 2019–20 Anti-CAA Protests in India (Based on the Literary Material)
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Chelnokova Anna V. , Makhlaiuk Artur N. ,   St. Petersburg State University, Dubrovina Julia A. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: September 2022

At the end of 2019 and in early 2020, there were large-scale protests in India against amendments to the Citizenship Act 1955. They touched upon an important issue for Indian society — the issue of religion. Many protest actions were characterized by appeals to various forms of art, including poetry. We analyze the perception of secular or inclusive nationalism in the context of the 2019–2020 protests through the prism of the most popular poetic works that were recited at various venues. We present an overview of the problem of secularism in modern India, which is necessary to understand the main motifs of the works. In addition, the political context of the anti-CAA protests, as well as some of its peculiarities that are directly related to the issues of the Indian nation and religion, are considered. We give a brief description of the works under consideration, among which are both classical examples of Urdu poetry and poems created directly in the context of events. We study the main motifs of the above-mentioned poetic works, among which special attention is paid to the motif of inclusiveness. It is noted that the structure of poetic works reflects the generalization of individual experience to the collective experience. We conclude that poetry in which the ideas of resistance are expressed remains a key element of political struggle in contemporary India.
“Regulatory guillotine” in education: Issues of legal regulation and implementation practice
Authors:   Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Nasonkin Vladimir V. , Putilo Natalia V. ,   Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation
Published: September 2022

In the Russian Federation, as in all developed countries, reforming the activities of the political machine is a permanent process, where every phase has the emphasis on the most topical issues. If the administrative reform of 2004 solved the problem of structuring the system of executive authorities, then the reform of control supervision activity, which is currently ongoing, aims to revise the system of requirements for the main types of economic activity, reduce administrative barriers and other obstacles faced by individuals, who carried out such activity. Educational activity, as a single process of training and education, is one of the most important types of economic activity, and cannot keep out of the designated reforms. This article analyzes the practice of implementing reforms of control supervision activity, the provisions of the “regulatory guillotine” related to the education system. Attention is focused on such issues as mandatory requirements and mandatory requirements in education, systematization of legislation and the abolition of acts containing outdated norms and excess requirements. The concept of a system of mandatory requirements in educational activities is proposed, based on the basic principles of the reform of control supervision activity and the model of risks inherent in the education system. The conclusions mentioned in the article were prepared on the basis of changes in the legal regulation in the field of education over a period of two years (from 1 January 2020 to 1 January 2022).
Impact of digitalization on antitrust regulation and control over economic concentration in the high-tech sector
Authors:   Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), Egorova Maria A. ,   Russian State Academy of Intellectual Property, Petrov Aleksandr A. ,   Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), Kozhevina Ol’ga V. ,   Bauman Moscow State Technical University (National Research University),   Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation
Published: September 2022

The article discusses topical issues of protection and regulation of competition in the markets in the digital business environment. The authors noted that the systems of regulation and law enforcement should be flexibly combined, harmonized in order to develop adequate measures to stimulate fair competition. From the standpoint of adaptation to Russian practice, the foreign experience of the antimonopoly authorities in terms of regulating online markets, price algorithms, and mergers and acquisitions has been studied. The high-tech sector is particularly dynamic. In this regard, the authors draw attention to the fact that in the digital economy of demand, the processes of monopolization, competition persist, but their content is transformed, which complicates the analysis and assessment of monopolization, dominance, competition. Anticompetitive practices can lead to the dominance of a single platform. The signs of the dominant position of digital platforms are revealed. Based on the regulatory and legal approach, the article summarizes the Russian and foreign experience of qualifying economic concentration and dominant position, identifies negative factors that cause the expansion of regulatory control of antimonopoly authorities over digital platforms. The legal nature of digital platforms, direct and indirect network effects have been studied in detail. It has been proven that algorithms can serve as collusion tools in both horizontal and vertical agreements. From the standpoint of economic research methods, an overview of the assessment of the dominant position of antimonopoly authorities in the digital economy is carried out, it is noted that the preconditions have been created for the formation of a platform economy. The features of the antitrust policy in relation to digital platforms in Russia, the European Union and the United States are considered. It is concluded that antitrust legislation in recent years has become a powerful regulatory tool at the level of different jurisdictions.
Improving the institution of declaring information about income, expenditure, property and property obligations in the context of digitalization
Authors:   Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Truntsevskiy Yuri V.
Published: September 2022

The relevance of scientific research is the widespread use of systems for declaring information about state and other public persons, about their income, expenses, property and property obligations in those countries that carry out anti-corruption activities. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the expediency of improving the organization of control over the income of state and other public persons. An algorithm of actions performed using digital technologies is proposed. The program independently receives all the necessary information about a person’s property status from various official registers, and the program evaluates this information and makes one of two decisions: to stop monitoring, or to transfer the relevant information to a controlling institution, for example, to the prosecutor’s office. The main results of the study. The main problem, according to the author of the article, is that reporting on their property status is the responsibility of the declarant himself. In order to prepare such a report, a civil servant must perform many formalities (meet the deadline for submitting the declaration; fill out the document correctly; receive information from state registers, banks and other organizations in a timely manner; receive information from your husband/wife, minor children and others). For non-compliance with these requirements, the legislation provides for the legal responsibility of the declarant. The author proposed his own algorithm of control, which should be carried out for the property status of officials. The author reveals the scope of the digital program for monitoring the property status of officials. Such a program will allow not only to compare the income and expenses of officials, but also to identify violations of tax legislation, as well as legislation in the field of AML/CFT (Anti-Money Laundering/Combating the Financing of Terrorism).
Mass claims in international investment arbitration
Authors:   HSE University, Ksenofontov Konstantin E.
Published: September 2022

Following the economic crisis in Argentina international investment tribunals faced a new challenge: mass claims characterized with multiple claimants bringing the significant amount of homogeneous investment protection claims against the host state. Neither the 1965 Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States, nor applicable bilateral investment treaties cover the tribunals’ power to resolve mass claims. They are silent on crucial questions of jurisdiction and consent and do not address important procedural issues either. In these circumstances arbitral tribunals face the inevitablegap-filling process, which boils down to the critically important question of legal nature of mass claims. If mass claims are nothing more than a mere variety of “ordinary” claims, than the issues of special or “secondary” consent are irrelevant, since the general consent for arbitration will suffice for the tribunal to find itself competent to resolve the dispute. By contrast, if mass claims are different in their legal nature from “ordinary” bi- or multiparty arbitration, they cannot “fit” into the scope of parties’ general consent. In controversial Abaclat decision the majority ruled that the questions of tribunal’s powers to decide on mass claim brought by Italian investors against Argentina pertain to the sphere of admissibility rather than jurisdiction. This analysis was not accepted by dissenting arbitrator G. Abi-Saab. Interestingly, other multi-party “Argentinian” awards followed the line of argument which significantly differed from both the majority opinion in Abaclat and G. Abi-Saab’s dissent. This only highlights the controversial nature of mass claims in international investment arbitration. This article is dedicated to analysis of jurisdictional issues raised in the course of “Argentinian” arbitrations. Since this analysis is strongly intertwined with two other systems of resolution of mass claims, namely American class arbitration and public international law mechanisms dealing with the compensations for states’ international wrongdoings, these two mechanisms are also explored to provide better context and understanding.
Responsibility for corruption in the field of procurement for state or municipal needs: Novelties of criminal legislation
Authors:   Tula State University, Bugaevskaya Natalia V.
Published: September 2022

The article presents a doctrinal interpretation of norms of criminal law that establish responsibility for abuses in the procurement of goods, works, and services for state or municipal needs (Art. 2004 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and bribery of a contract service employee, contract manager, or member of the procurement commission (Art. 2005 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The purpose of the study was to help a law enforcement officer in understanding the criminal-legal characteristics of the elements and signs of the above-mentioned elements of corruption crimes, in their difference from related acts, such as abuse of official position, misappropriation of budgetary funds, embezzlement using official position, receiving and giving bribes. Special attention was paid to the distinctive features of the subjects of crimes in the field of procurement of goods, works, services for state or municipal needs. The principles of qualification are explained when a crime is committed by a group of persons by prior agreement if there are special subjects in the composition of the crime. Thanks to the use of such a research method as system-structural analysis, objective and subjective signs of the corpus delicti are presented in detail, criminal liability for which is fixed in Art. 2004 and 2005 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The conclusions point to the need for careful identification of the signs of the objective side, the subject and the subject of crimes, since they are crucial for the application of the qualification rules.
Inheritance of social media accounts in Germany and Sweden
Authors:   Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, MGIMO-University, Abrosimova Ekaterina A. , Vlasenko Ellina V. ,   Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, MGIMO-University
Published: September 2022

The question how the legal framework may cover Internet relations is not new and has been discussed at least since the end of the 20th century. But over the past decade and a half, the electronic environment has been developing, while classification and regulation of new institutions raise some complexities. One of them is social media accounts. Their legal status as objects of rights is unclear since such accounts are a set of rights and relationships laying at the intersection of different institutions and law branches such as contractual relationships, copyright for posts and photos, personal correspondence, and privacy. At the same time, commercialization of social media accounts is gaining momentum, which turns them into an “electronic enterprise”. The purpose of this research is to identify order of inheritance of accounts in Sweden and Germany. These legal systems are close to the Russian one, the results obtained may be used to improve Russian legislation. Moreover, the authors know the relevant foreign languages, which allows them to analyze the legislation in detail. The object of analysis is the relationships that arise in connection with the need to determine the legal fate of a user’s account after his death. The scope of inheritance relations is chosen because this issue has become increasingly common in law enforcement practice. Besides, the Federal Supreme court of Germany recently issued a controversial decision which might affect German law, other European legal systems, or the relevant elements of the content of user agreements. The authors use the comparative method, methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction, and induction. The authors’ conclusion is the issue is unsettled. The solution proposed by the German Federal Supreme court is imperfect. In the article there are also some comments on improving Russian regulation, taking into account the experience of the legal systems studied.
Prospects for digital modernization of criminal procedure in Tajikistan
Authors:   Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan, Rakhmadzhonzoda Rifat R.
Published: September 2022

The study analyzes the significance and timeliness of the introduction of digital technologies in the criminal procedure activities of the judicial and law enforcement agencies of Tajikistan in the context of reforming the internal affairs bodies. It also explores the prospective parameters for the introduction of modern technologies for accounting for the quantitative and qualitative components of crime. Modification of crime accounting through the phased commissioning of the project “Electronic Crime Record Book” will give law enforcement a different look, aimed at the interaction of state bodies and the population. Opportunities and promising directions for improving the accounting of crimes will be based on the electronic interaction of state bodies, officials and members of the public. The platform for the introduction of information and telecommunication technologies is the structural divisions of the internal affairs bodies, which register the bulk of all statements and reports on crimes and incidents. The main criterion in the modernization of criminal procedure is the development of a unified model of the system of accounting and registration activities, which will cover not only the accounting of crimes, but also intermediate and final procedural decisions. The main emphasis in the project is aimed at the development and qualitative improvement of interaction between law enforcement and judicial authorities, through which the domestic system of criminal policy is being modernized. The modernization of the criminal procedure reality testifies to the additional elaboration of the full coverage of quantitative data on crime and a comprehensive response to each statement and message. Additionally, it is required to clarify the content of the Concept for the development of informatization and the unified information and communication system of the internal affairs bodies of Tajikistan and other sectoral regulatory legal acts for the next period of reform.
The legal nature making amends and compensation for the damage caused by the crime under Russian and German law
Authors:   Siberian Federal University, Ploshkina Iana M.
Published: September 2022

The article examines the legal nature of complex intersectoral legal institutions for making amends and compensating for the damage caused by a crime under Russian and German law and reveals their content. The author’s definition of a complex intersectoral institution is given, and an algorithm for solving in case of a conflict of legal norms of various branches of law is proposed. Making amends for the damage caused by a crime, being the broadest form of voluntary compensation for harm in Russian law, is considered in comparison with a similar German legal institution — compensation for the damage caused to the victim by a person who has committed a criminal offense, which is also a form of voluntary compensation for harm. Both institutions contribute to the voluntary resolution of a criminal-legal conflict resulting from the commission of a criminal offense, and allow taking into account the real needs of the victim. Despite the presence of common principles in Russian and German criminal processes: both belong to the Romano-Germanic (continental) legal family, are based on the principle of legality, the functioning of such institutions as amending and compensation for the damage caused by a crime testifies to different models of justice in Russian and German criminal proceedings. Legal regulation and the construction of making amends for the damage caused by a crime reflect the general punitive direction of the Russian criminal proceedings. At the same time, legal regulation and the established practice of applying compensation for damage caused to the victim mean the introduction of the principle of expediency and an element of restorative justice into the German criminal process. Taking into account the German experience of compensation for the damage, proposals were made to improve the Russian institution of making amends for the damage caused by a crime.
Comparative legal analysis of the institution of conditionally early release from the punishment in the criminal legislation of Russia and foreign countries
Authors:   Russian State University of Justice, Babaian Sergei L. ,   Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, Garibian Kamo K. ,   Criminal Executive Inspectorate of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia in Moscow, Airapetian Ashot S. ,   Center for Legal Education and Implementation rehabilitation programs
Published: September 2022

The article is devoted to the institution of parole from serving a sentence (hereinafter — parole) as an important incentive for law-abiding behavior of convicts in Russia and some foreign countries. A comparative legal analysis of the conditions for the use of this incentive institution in order to optimize the domestic criminal and penal legislation, taking into account foreign experience, is carried out. Reflected proposals to improve the efficiency of the parole mechanism in law enforcement practice. The authors reveal the grounds and conditions for the use of the incentive institute of parole in some countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (hereinafter — the CIS), as well as in England, Germany, USA, Spain, Switzerland, etc. Particular attention is paid to the issue of parole in relation to those sentenced to life imprisonment freedom. Based on the study of the positive experience of developed foreign countries (England, Germany, Switzerland), it is proposed to change the parole mechanism in relation to life-sentenced prisoners in Russia and to provide for the possibility of transferring these persons with positively characterized behavior after serving at least 15 years of their sentence from the penal colony of the special regime in the penal colony with a strict regime, as well as to reduce the obligatory term of serving the sentence for the onset of parole in relation to those sentenced to life imprisonment from 25 to 20 years. In order to reduce recidivism among those on parole and reduce the number of those sentenced to punishments not related to isolation from society, it seems expedient, based on the experience of some CIS countries, to provide for the possibility of parole in relation to those sentenced to punishment in the form of correctional labor and restraint of freedom.
Experiencing history as a factor of self-identification of states and peoples of the post-Soviet space: Legal dimension
Authors:   The North-Western Branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Dorskaia Aleksandra A. , Dorskii Andrei Yu. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: September 2022

For Armenia, Belarus, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan, the basic forms of self-identification of states are described: the declaration of an official position on the assessment of historical events; the adoption of memorial laws, by which criminal liability can be established for expressing a position on facts of the past that does not correspond to the state’s position; and a policy for awards based on positive examples in the history of the country. Based on normative legal acts, officially adopted concepts and strategies, as well as a review of literature, this article identifies such models of official remembrance policy that have developed in the post-Soviet space as the defense of historical truth and historical memory, the requirement to recognize crimes committed in the past, the denial of the positive aspects of a particular stage of history, the search for state and social identity in the distant past, and its mythologization. The causes for mainstreaming history at the present stage and reflection of this process in the complex relationship of history and memory are considered. The stages of updating historical knowledge for states and peoples of the post-Soviet space are highlighted. Features of the award policy, various concepts underlying the award systems in the former republics of the Soviet Union, as well as general historical assessments of specific events and personalities are shown, even in the face of divergence of the official remembrance policy. The authors make conclusions about the adequate strategy leading to long-term results, aimed at joint experiencing the traumatic events of the past by the states and peoples, drawing lessons from them and determining ways to further development without creating an image of the enemy.
Paradigm crisis of modern Russian juridical science: Loss of normative unity
Authors:   Orel Law Institute of the Ministry of the Interior of the Russia named after V. V. Lukyanov, Salnikov Evgeny V. , Kuzmenkov Vladimir A. ,   Orel Law Institute of the Ministry of the Interior of the Russia named after V. V. Lukyanov
Published: September 2022

In this article the authors analyze the theoretical and methodological bases of modern Russian juridical science as a part of study theoretical principles of humanities as science. The article presents an attempt to apply the concept of T. Kuhn’s scientifical paradigm to the study of the current state of juridical science, norms, and principles of the scientific community of scholars in law. The crisis in science is primarily reflected in the absence of the above-mentioned theoretical and methodological unity at the scientific community. To confirm this idea, the authors studied the content of objects of research and the methodology of graduate thesis in law in 2019. Based on the results of their own research, the authors found that in most graduate theses, the object is formulated using the expression “social relations”. It is borrowed from the theoretical foundations of juridical science of the Soviet period and is completely unrelated to the analysis of class relations, representing a stable and meaningless language stamp. Graduate theses in law have an excessive tendency to use sociological surveys conducted at a low scientific level. There is also a situation of “methodological chaos” — the absence of a core of proper juridical methods, which calls into question the specifics of juridical science. The authors come to the conclusion about the “crisis of reproducibility” of the results of juridical research, as well as the prevailing trend of reducing the methodology to the methodics. Most scholars in their graduate thesis follow an empirical path, basing their conclusions not on a priori paradigmatic assumptions, but on situational experimental data. A negative consequence of the paradigm crisis of modern Russian juridical science is the institutionalization of non-normativity and the process of reproduction of scientific anomie. A negative valuenormative convention is being formed in the paradigm crisis.
Political rights and freedoms: Problems of content certainty
Authors:   Povolzhsky Institute of Management named after P. A. Stolypin, Presnyakov Mikhail V.
Published: September 2022

The concept of “political rights” of a person and a citizen, widely used today, is in fact far from certain, both in terms of the specific rights that it is generally customary to include in its content and in terms of the specific powers that would constitute the content of these rights. In this regard, this article analyses political rights themselves, which the author finds necessary to distinguish from human rights in the socio-political sphere. The latter include freedom of assembly, the right to petition, freedom of speech, the right to unite, etc. Considerable attention is paid to the substantive characteristics of political rights: thus, the author concludes that “participation in state affairs” although it is named as a right in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, cannot claim the role of real and current subjective public law. Transformations of classical political rights ensuring the participation of citizens in power in modern political and legal discourse are analyzed. The problematic aspects of the concept of national representation and constituent power are considered. The author concludes that even with the most adequate and authentic mechanisms for the exercise of the right to popular representation, such power never belongs fully to the people. The article justifies that the natural political right is the right to revolt (“the right to resistance”, “the right to revolution”). The natural political right of the people “to revolt” acquires the characteristic of precisely “right”, and not a bare political opportunity only if there are institutions of legitimization and subsequent legalization. As a result, the right at the present stage would be better described as the right to a legitimate rule of law.
Towards the psychology of the possible: The anthropological, the deterministic, the axiological and the existential context
Authors:   HSE University, Leontiev Dmitry
Published: September 2022

This paper considers the role of the category of the possible in four contexts. In the anthropological context the idea of the possible is viewed as a specific feature of human psychology, unlike the minds of other living species. The human being is conceived as a possible, rather than factual, being, as a possibility of oneself. In the context of the vol. of determinism one’s orientation toward the possible is treated as a mechanism of motivation and activity regulation, based on reflective awareness and goal setting. Our consciousness singles out those specific possibilities from the domain of the possible which possess a definite value, attractiveness or meaning for us, and due to this they are considered as potential options for action. Actually, only few are embodied in one’s activity after passing one more selection: they are accepted as the ought, the goals, for the implementation of which we accept responsibility. In the axiological aspect, possibilities appear as the good, or value, a component of quality of life and well-being. Empirical data are presented on the associations between the idea of the existing possibilities and numerous indicators of subjective and psychological well-being. Finally, in the existential context, possibilities appear as existential options, consciously chosen and implemented by the person. An action in the realm of the possible suggests the acceptance of responsibility, self-reflection and the conscious acceptance of the price. While switching on the reflective self-awareness, we become aware of the available possibilities, weight up and reflect on the consequences which the given actions may entail, and on the price we shall have to pay for these or those choices, accept the risk and the responsibility for the choice. Freedom appears in this context as conscious opportunity. The realm of the possible is thus the realm of our responsibility and our freedom.
Personality psychology and anthropological discourse: In search of new approaches
Authors:   Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education, Guseltseva Marina
Published: September 2022

Modern anthropology is a cycle of disciplines that study a person in culture and are devoted to various aspects of human existence. At the same time, in international discourse, anthropolo- gy is most often understood today as sociocultural anthropologies. However, due to historical and political reasons, neither social, nor cultural, nor psychological anthropology appeared in Russia in the 20th century as institutionalized research directions, and the study of variations in personality development in a variety of cultures took place not so much in psychology as it was scattered in the interdisciplinary space of socio-humanitarian sciences. Today, this situation has not only repeatedly reflected disadvantages, but also less obvious advantages. Spontaneous transdisciplinarity is becoming an important resource in the social sciences, in- cluding psychology. Interacting research fields produce mixed methods and methodologies; cognitive focuses are shifting from traditional subjects of study to mobile research projects; from subject-oriented to problem-oriented research. Personality psychology, sociology of changes, anthropology of our time are included in the intellectual movement, comprehending the issues of how to study a person in a transitive society; how to investigate a personality in change; how to comprehend individuality in the transformations of everyday life, identity in the transformations of the global world. At the same time, responding to current challenges by searching for new approaches and methodologies, psychology, sociology and anthropology are collectively participating in the transformation of the model of cognition. It is suggested that in the current cognitive situation, anthropological discourse can serve as a source of re- newal and critical rethinking of psychological concepts, a space of possibilities in the develop- ment of personality psychology. Materials are presented that confirms this assumption.
Cognitive polyphasia as a strategy for pre-adaptation to social changes
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Khoroshilov Dmitry
Published: September 2022

The article analyzes the mechanism of cognitive polyphasia, considered in the context of S. Mosсoviсi’s theory of social representations. In social thinking coexist often incompatible with each other cognitive attitudes that enter into dynamic relationships with each other. The work of cognitive polyphasia can be traced on the example of doublethink in the history of Soviet everyday life. Doublethink is considered a characteristic of not only individual, but also social, mass consciousness (G. Orwell), which makes it possible to distinguish between the concepts of ambivalence (S. Freud), double messages (G. Bateson), and cognitive dissonance (L. Festinger). Using examples from Soviet history and culture, the following proposition is proved: doublethink is the practice of constructing a subject of social cognition and behavior under conditions of authoritarianism and totalitarianism. The diaries of the writer Yu. M. Nagibin. But doublethink is also being reproduced in post-Soviet Russia, as can be clearly seen from the sociological discussion about the “Soviet Man” (Homo Soveticus). If the supporters of the scientific school of Yu. A. Levada and L. D. Gudkov believe that the implicit model of a person, constructed in Soviet everyday life, is quite stable and reproducible from Stalin’s time up to the present day, new studies of “millennials” conducted at the Higher School of Economics under V. V. Radaev reveal differences between the generational groups of Russians in a number of value characteristics related to both the way of life and the perception of the surrounding world. Competing interpretations of the problem of “Soviet Man” are combined, according to the author of the article, with the help of the psychological concept of cognitive polyphasia. Doublethink as a specific historical form of cognitive polyphasia has, first of all, a prognostic function: the spontaneous generation of vivid images in culture and art, which has an “unofficial” and even marginal status, as in the avantgarde of the 1920s and postmodernism of the 1990s, has a preadaptive potential to future social changes and crises.
Experience integration: Between the past and the future
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Zinovieva Elena , Kostromina Svetlana ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: September 2022

This article explores issues of relations between personal experience and internal time (I. Prigozhin). Personal experience is the space where the person can constantly move around the different modes of time. There is continuity of past, present, and future and the person’s ability to move between time modes. The personalization of experience points to its belonging to the personal life history and the necessity of studying time not as movement but as history. It is indicated that the problem of time in the human’s dimension (historicity of time) turns out inextricably linked with the event problem. Eventfulness creates the time asymmetry in the personal internal space leveling the role of initial conditions and circumstances. This allows the event to be considered as element which separates and connects time in the flow of experience at the same time. Experience, in turn, acts as a mechanism through which the event is integrated into practice. The results of the empirical research of person’s movement fixation between past and future in the process of experiencing significant life events are presented. Georgie’s phenomenological psychological approach was used to study the experience practice. The sample consisted of 15 people (M = 24.6 ± 2.22 years). It was found that the depth, detailed description of experiences, the representation of the event meaning for person were related with the freedom of movement between past as well as with the integration and complexity of experience. Freedom of movement and deep practices will speak in favor of integration and complication whereas difficulties with movement and superficial experiences may indicate weak integration. Present contains the experience of past and future and “traces of the past possible future” which was not realized. The idea of the fact that people try to integrate disparate values in the experience, so integration is always local, but in the same time freedom of movement will promote greater integration.
The issue of the foundations of justice
Authors:   Murmansk Arctic State University, Vinogradov Andrey I. , Machkarina Olga D. ,   Murmansk State Technical University
Published: September 2022

This article analyzes justice as a category. Like all aspects of human activity, justice needs grounds that provide reliability. This article shows that in the history of human thinking, two approaches to comprehending the foundations of justice have been created. The first approach is based on recognition of the dominance of moral principles as the foundation for justice, and independence from empirical reality, political, social changes, and scientific discoveries. This is the independent path, which recognizes the independence of the fundamental principles of justice from facts. The second approach was formulated in the theory of justice by J.Rawls. He made an attempt to create a universal view of justice and was associated with the justification of justice by scientific theories created by scientists in political science, psychology, sociology, and other fields of knowledge. This approach was called dependent way, and its representatives consider justice to be a product of real society and recognize the consent of citizens as the basis of justice, in the normative life of society, giving preference to contractual relations. Both ways of solving the problem of the justice foundations have their strengths and weaknesses, but neither of them, taken separately, gives a satisfactory result. The experience of the Russian unity philosophy reveals a harmonious way to the solution of this problem. It shows that the foundation of justice is created by each individual personally, in condition that any person considers the circumstances of one’s life through the prism of his spiritual nature. This process looks like a practical application of norms that are absolute in nature, while deviations and fluctuations are possible but in the end there is always a return to the original position. The authors call this position flexible transcendence.
Gaston Bachelard’s theory of four poetic temperaments: On the affinity of the poet
Authors:   The Karkonosze State University of Applied Sciences, Morawska Kamila
Published: September 2022

If Bachelard as a philosopher of science reveals in his epistemological works the negative significance of the image as a factor inhibiting scientific progress, as well as the source of epistemological obstacles, then as a poetry philosopher he aims to determine its positive value in the poetic-oniric domain. By discovering the value of the fertility of images and the existence of material images dictated by presocratic elements of nature — fire, water, air and earth — he proves the importance and autonomy of the image in the field of aesthetics and artistic creativity. Together with the application of the method appropriate for these studies, bringing the subject closer to the subject in close subjective experience, as opposed to its “cold” form, the image becomes known as the essential activity of the psyche. Imagination, “as the first and vital function” (Bachelard) of the psyche, delves into its first being, which is an image. Imagination — so deeply inscribed in the creative, affective, but also the unconscious constitution of the subject — from the point of view of its content appears as material imagination. We know that the image gains a material meaning in contact with cosmological substances — it derives its content from the symbolism of the four elements: fire, earth, water and air — which Bachelard calls “imagination hormones” — thanks to them “man grows mentally”. This article presents the first definition of a Bachelardian image: an image as a composite and combination of archetypal forms of the unconscious that belong to man/poet with material materiality of the perceived external world independent of him.
Power of discourse and discourse of power in the early Middle Ages. Italy and Spain
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Pogonyailo Alexander G.
Published: September 2022

The article examines the evolution of Western patristics from Augustine to Gregory the Great and Isidore of Seville in a dual aspect: the power of discourse and the discourse of power. The former draws on truth, the “place” of which, according to Aristotle, is in judgment, while the latter represents the policy of truth, pursued by the government. The power of discourse in this case is implemented as the spread of Christian education. The discourse of power is realized in the form of decisions and legislative acts of the authorities, guided by the Roman tradition and adopted in the dominating atmosphere of transition from раx deorum to pax dei. The power of Christian discourse specifically manifests itself in relation to Jews and Judaism. The church, meanwhile, is increasingly playing the role of a stable and omnipresent institution of education and transfer of agonistic rhetoric. The clergy are becoming new “rhetors” (Paula Fredriksen), whose activities bring about a new product of their rhetoric, namely, “rhetorical” Jews. However, the discourse of power in the late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages determined the legal status of quite real “historical” Jews. The focal point of the article is the ongoing debate on the Christian literature “adversus Iudaeos” of the first millennium and the “topoi” thereof: the anti-Judaism of its authors takes on a special character depending on whether it is dictated by the power of discourse (the Christian Word) or actually is the discourse of power. When acting as preachers and mentors in Christian faith, Augustine, Gregory the Great and Isidore of Seville would theologize, extensively resorting to anti-Judaism rhetoric (anti-Judaism without Jews), whereas in their administrative practices they have to deal with real-life Jews, which compels them to conform their wording with the concrete situation and the priorities of the Church policy.
Social conflict and risk in interdisciplinary analysis
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Abgadshava Daur A. , Strebkov Alexandr I. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: September 2022

The article analyzes conflict and risk from the standpoint of an interdisciplinary approach, which is increasingly gaining recognition and authority as a methodological paradigm that opens up scientific prospects, especially in the analysis of the multi-component phenomena of social life. Claims of Conflictology as a young science to be interdisciplinary in nature are due to its subject, the way of interaction in society, penetrating all spheres, and at the same time denying and affirming connections and dependencies at the same time, thereby determining the image of society itself. Society as a system in the disciplinary paradigm of conflict analysis is presented as a product of contradictions that manifest themselves in conflict as a destructive force. This force threatens existing security and seeks to abolish existing systems of relations. In the interdisciplinary paradigm, the destructive function of conflict is conceived as a preparatory stage for its creative ability to resolve the accumulated contradictions. In the disciplinary paradigm, conflict is a way of destroying the world; in an interdisciplinary one, it is a way of destroying the old and creating a new world. In the first case, the non-systemic nature of the conflict is indicated, in the second, it is indicated that the conflict is the law of the existing system, without which this system cannot reproduce itself. Turning to interdisciplinary analysis allows us to see in the conflict both its negative and positive properties, regardless of how antagonistic the opposites that take place in society are. Interdisciplinary analysis also leads us to an understanding of the identity and difference between conflict and risk, allowed us to consider the issue of social risk in the context of the issue of conflict, reveal the socio-genetic relationship between them and come to the conclusion that conflict produces risk, the latter is fixed in relationships, becoming their indispensable element, exerting a reverse effect on the conflict, setting limits for the actions of the interacting parties.
Art and culture: Aesthetic ideas of V.E. Sesemann
Authors:   Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Belov Vladimir N.
Published: September 2022

The article provides an analysis of the aesthetic views of one of an interesting and original, but still, unfortunately, little studied Russian philosopher, V.E. Sesemann (1884–1963). Aesthetics occupied a leading position in Seseman’s philosophical constructions, while remaining fully embedded in the philosophy of the Russian thinker. Continuing the traditions of transcendental philosophy, Sesemann considers aesthetics as a general theoretical discipline that combines all private and separate studies of the theme of beauty. As in his theory of knowledge, the fundamental element of his aesthetics is the phenomenon of experience, which is the general pre-subject basis of Sesemann’s entire philosophical system. At the same time, however, aesthetic experience, in contrast to experience as such, is experience of a special kind. When identifying the specifics of aesthetic experience, the Russian philosopher attaches special importance to the study of the problem of form, which explains his attention to the work of Russian formalists. Arguing with the formalists and the German art theorist Heinrich Wölfflin and defending the nature of the form as lively and rhythmic, he also sees the positive aspects of these teachings. Sesemann develops his aesthetic ideas in a discussion with contemporary aesthetic theories. It is emphasized that Sesemann addressed the problems of aesthetics throughout his life and expressed his views on a variety of aesthetic problems: from theoretical and methodological to concrete practical and even applied ones. In his aesthetic concept, the Russian philosopher Vasily Emilevich Seseman tries to productively synthesize neo-Kantian and phenomenological approaches.