bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pim1 Serine/Threonine Kinase Regulates the Number and Functions of Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: An Ningfei , Lin Ying-Wei , Mahajan Sandeep , Kellner Joshua N. , Wang Yong , Li Zihai , Kraft Andrew S. , Kang Yubin
Published: March 2013

The genes and pathways that govern the functions and expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the roles of serine/threonine Pim kinases in hematopoiesis in mice. We generated PIM1 transgenic mice (Pim1-Tx) overexpressing human PIM1 driven by vav hematopoietic promoter/regulatory elements. Compared to wild-type littermates, Pim1-Tx mice showed enhanced hematopoiesis as demonstrated by increased numbers of Lin−Sca-1 +c-Kit + (LSK) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and cobblestone area forming cells, higher BrdU incorporation in long-term HSC population, and a better ability to reconstitute lethally irradiated mice. We then extended our study using Pim1−/−, Pim2−/−, Pim3−/− single knockout (KO) mice. HSCs from Pim1−/− KO mice showed impaired long-term hematopoietic repopulating capacity in secondary and competitive transplantations. Interestingly, these defects were not observed in HSCs from Pim2−/− or Pim3−/− KO mice. Limiting dilution competitive transplantation assay estimated that the frequency of LSKCD34− HSCs was reduced by approximately 28-fold in Pim1−/− KO mice compared to wild-type littermates. Mechanistic studies demonstrated an important role of Pim1 kinase in regulating HSC cell proliferation and survival. Finally, our polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array and confirmatory real-time PCR (RT-PCR) studies identified several genes including Lef-1, Pax5, and Gata1 in HSCs that were affected by Pim1 deletion. Our data provide the first direct evidence for the important role of Pim1 kinase in the regulation of HSCs. Our study also dissects out the relative role of individual Pim kinase in HSC functions and regulation.
Spatial patterns of hyporheic exchange and biogeochemical cycling around cross‐vane restoration structures: Implications for stream restoration design
Authors: Gordon Ryan P. , Lautz Laura K. , Daniluk Timothy L.
Published: March 2013

Key Points

In‐stream restoration structures do not create single, deep hyporheic flow cells

Patterns of flux around secondary pools and riffles dominate the streambed area

Hyporheic exchange volumes are ∼0.4% of discharge in restored reaches of 45–55 m
Enhancement of plasmid DNA transformation efficiencies in early stationary‐phase yeast cell cultures
Authors: Tripp Jennifer DeMars , Lilley Jennifer L. , Wood Whitney N. , Lewis L. Kevin
Published: March 2013

Chemical‐based methods have been developed for transformation of DNA into log‐phase cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with high efficiency. Transformation of early stationary‐phase cells, e.g. cells grown in overnight liquid cultures or as colonies on plates, is less efficient than log‐phase cells but is simpler and more adaptable to high‐throughput projects. In this study we have tested different approaches for transformation of early stationary‐phase cell cultures and identified a method utilizing polyethylene glycol (PEG), lithium acetate and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) as the most efficient. Plasmid DNA transformations using this method could be improved modestly by allowing cells to recover from the chemical treatment in rich broth before plating to selective media. Strong increases in transformation efficiencies were observed when cells were treated briefly with dithiothreitol (DTT). Tests using several different yeast strain backgrounds indicated that DTT treatment could enhance transformation efficiencies by up to 40‐fold. Evaluation of multiple parameters affecting the efficiency of the method led to development of an optimized protocol achieving > 50 000 transformants/µg DNA in most backgrounds tested. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pancreatic Anastomotic Leakage after Pancreaticoduodenectomy. Risk factors, Clinical predictors, and Management (Single Center Experience)
Authors: El Nakeeb Ayman , Salah Tarek , Sultan Ahmad , El Hemaly Mohamed , Askr Waleed , Ezzat Helmy , Hamdy Emad , Atef Ehab , El Hanafy Ehab , El‐Geidie Ahmed , Abdel Wahab Mohamed , Abdallah Talaat
Published: March 2013

Background

Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) remains a challenge even at high‐volume centers.

Methods

This study was designed to analyze perioperative risk factors for POPF after PD and evaluate the factors that predict the extent and severity of leak. Demographic data, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were collected.

Results

A total of 471 consecutive patients underwent PD in our center. Fifty‐seven patients (12.1 %) developed a POPF of any type; 21 patients (4.5 %) had a fistula type A, 22 patients (4.7 %) had a fistula type B, and the remaining 14 patients (3 %) had a POPF type C. Cirrhotic liver (P = 0.05), BMI > 25 kg/m2 (P = 0.0001), soft pancreas (P = 0.04), pancreatic duct diameter <3 mm (0.0001), pancreatic duct located <3 mm from the posterior border (P = 0.02) were significantly associated with POPF. With the multivariate analysis, both BMI and pancreatic duct diameter were demonstrated to be independent factors. The hospital mortality in this series was 11 patients (2.3 %), and the development of POPF type C was associated with a significantly increased mortality (7/14 patients). The following factors were predictors of clinically evident POPF: a postoperative day (POD) 1 and 5 drain amylase level >4,000 IU/L, WBC, pancreatic duct diameter <3 mm, and pancreatic texture.

Conclusions

Cirrhotic liver, BMI, soft pancreas, pancreatic duct diameter <3 mm, pancreatic duct near the posterior border are risk factors for development of POPF. In addition a drain amylase level >4,000 IU/L on POD 1 and 5, WBC, pancreatic duct diameter, pancreatic texture may be predictors of POPF B, C.
Examining the impact of information technology and patient flow on healthcare performance: A Theory of Swift and Even Flow (TSEF) perspective
Authors: Devaraj Sarv , Ow Terence T. , Kohli Rajiv
Published: March 2013

The impact of information technologies on manufacturing operations and performance is well established. However, scant research has been devoted to examining information technology (IT) investment among hospitals and how it influences patient care and financial performance. Using the lens of the Theory of Swift Even Flow (TSEF), we present an operations management‐based perspective on the effect of IT in streamlining hospital operations. Specifically, we examined the role of IT on patient flow and its consequences for improved hospital efficiency and performance.

Analysis of data from 567 U.S. hospitals shows that IT is associated with swift and even patient flow, which in turn is associated with improved revenues. Interestingly, we find that the improvement in financial performance is not at the expense of quality because we find similar effects of IT and patient flow in improvements in the quality of patient care. Further, we observed differential effects of swift flow and even flow on various measures of hospital performance. Although swift flow affects financial performance, even flow primarily affects quality performance. Taken together, they have a mutually reinforcing overall impact on hospital performance.

The implications of these findings for hospital decision makers are that patient flow is an important mediating variable that is affected by IT and can significantly affect the quality of patient care and financial performance.
Monitoring apoptosis and Bcl‐2 on circulating tumor cells in patients with metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Smerage Jeffrey B. , Budd G. Thomas , Doyle Gerald V. , Brown Marty , Paoletti Costanza , Muniz Maria , Miller M. Craig , Repollet Madeline I. , Chianese David A. , Connelly Mark C. , Terstappen Leon W.W.M. , Hayes Daniel F.
Published: March 2013

Background

Enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTC) from whole blood permits monitoring of patients with breast carcinoma. Analysis of apoptosis & Bcl‐2 expression in CTC might add additional prognostic and predictive information. We estimated the degree of these markers in CTC from patients being treated for metastatic breast cancer.

Methods

Eighty‐three evaluable patients initiating a new therapy for metastatic breast cancer were enrolled. Whole blood was collected at baseline, at one of three short term time windows (24, 48, or 72 h) after initiating treatment, and at first follow‐up (3–5 weeks). CTC were isolated, enumerated, and expression of M30 and Bcl2 was determined using the CellSearch® System.

Results

At baseline, window, and 3–5 weeks post‐treatment, 41/80 (51%), 40/80 (50%) and 21/75 (28%) patients had ≥5 CTC, respectively. At baseline, the proportion of CTC‐apoptosis (M30) was inversely correlated with CTC number, and modestly inversely correlated with CTC‐Bcl‐2. As expected, higher CTC levels at baseline or first follow‐up were associated with worse prognosis. Surprisingly, in patients with elevated CTC, higher levels of CTC‐apoptosis were associated with worse prognosis, while higher CTC‐Bcl‐2 levels correlated with better outcomes.

Conclusions

CTC apoptosis and expression of Bcl‐2 can be analytically determined in patients with metastatic breast cancer and may have biological and clinical implications. Characterization of CTC for these and other markers could further increase the utility of CTC monitoring patients in clinical investigations of new anti‐neoplastic agents.
The isotope composition of Hf in zircon from Paleoarchean plagiogneisses and plagiogranitoids of the Sharyzhalgai uplift (southern Siberian craton): implications for the continental-crust growth
Authors: Turkina O.M. , Kapitonov I.N. , Sergeev S.A.
Published: March 2013

This paper presents results of U–Pb dating (SHRIMP-II) and Lu–Hf (LA–ICP MS) isotope study of zircon from Paleoarchean plagiogneisses and plagiogranitoids of the Onot and Bulun blocks of the Sharyzhalgai uplift. Magmatic zircons from the Onot plagiogneiss and Bulun gneissic trondhjemite are dated at 3388 ± 11 and 3311 ± 16 Ma, respectively. Magmatic zircons from plagiogneisses and plagiogranitoids of the studied tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) complexes are characterized mainly by positive values of εHf indicating that felsic melts were generated mainly from juvenile (mafic) sources, which are derived from a depleted mantle reservoir. The variable Hf isotope composition in magmatic zircons and the lower average εHf values in comparison with the depleted mantle values suggest the contributions of both mafic and more ancient crustal sources to magma formation. Metamorphic zircons from the gneissic plagiogranite and migmatized plagiogneiss either inherited the Hf isotope composition from magmatic zircon or are enriched in radiogenic Hf. The more radiogenic Hf isotope composition of metamorphic zircons from the migmatized plagiogneisses is due to their interaction with melt during partial melting. Variations in the Lu–Hf isotope composition of zircon from the Bulun rocks in the period 3.33–3.20 Ga are due to the successive melting of mafic crust or the growing contribution of crustal material to their genesis. Correlation between the Lu–Hf isotope characteristics of zircon and the Sm–Nd parameters of the Onot plagiogneisses points to the contribution of ancient crustal material to their formation. The bimodal distribution of the model Hf ages of zircons reflects two stages of crustal growth in the Paleoarchean: 3.45–3.60 and ~ 3.35 Ga. The isotope characteristics of zircon and rocks of the TTG complexes, pointing to recycling of crustal material, argue for the formation of plagiogneisses and plagiogranitoids as a result of melting of heterogeneous (mafic and more ancient crustal) sources in the thickened crust.
Variation of topological pressure and dimension: from polynomials to complex Hénon maps
Authors: WOLF CHRISTIAN
Published: March 2013

We study the topological pressure and dimension theory of complex Hénon maps which are small perturbations of one-dimensional polynomials. In particular, we derive regularity results for the generalized pressure function in a neighborhood of the degenerate map (i.e. the polynomial). This unifies results concerning the regularity of the pressure function for polynomials by Ruelle and for complex Hénon maps by Verjovsky and Wu. We then apply this regularity to show that the Hausdorff dimension of the Julia set is a continuous non-differentiable function in a neighborhood of the polynomial. Furthermore, we establish uniqueness of the measure of maximal dimension and show that the Hausdorff dimension of the Julia set of a complex Hénon map is discontinuous at the boundary of the hyperbolicity locus.
Ultra-fast escape of a deformable jet-propelled body
Authors: Weymouth G. D. , Triantafyllou M. S.
Published: March 2013

In this work a cephalopod-like deformable body that fills an internal cavity with fluid and expels it to propel an escape manoeuvre, while undergoing a drastic external shape change through shrinking, is shown to employ viscous as well as mainly inviscid hydrodynamic mechanisms to power an impressively fast start. First, we show that recovery of added-mass energy enables a shrinking rocket in a dense inviscid flow to achieve greater escape speed than an identical rocket in a vacuum. Next, we extend the shrinking body results of Weymouth & Triantafyllou (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 702, 2012, pp. 470–487) to three-dimensional bodies and show that three hydrodynamic mechanisms must be combined to achieve rapid escape performance in a viscous fluid: added-mass energy recovery; flow separation elimination; and an optimized energy storage and recovery. In particular, we show that the mechanism of separation elimination achieved through rapid body shrinking, coordinated with the mechanism of recovering the initially imparted added-mass energy, is critical to achieving a high escape speed. Hence a flexible, collapsing body can be vastly superior to a rigid-shell jet-propelled body.
Association between self-reported sleep duration and dietary quality in European adolescents
Authors: Bel Sarah , Michels Nathalie , De Vriendt Tineke , Patterson Emma , Cuenca-García Magdalena , Diethelm Katharina , Gutin Bernard , Grammatikaki Evangelia , Manios Yannis , Leclercq Catherine , Ortega Francisco B. , Moreno Luis A. , Gottrand Frederic , Gonzalez-Gross Marcela , Widhalm Kurt , Kafatos Anthony , Garaulet Marta , Molnar Denes , Kaufman Jean-Marc , Gilbert Chantal C. , Hallström Lena , Sjöström Michael , Marcos Ascensión , De Henauw Stefaan , Huybrechts Inge
Published: March 2013

Evidence has grown supporting the role for short sleep duration as an independent risk factor for weight gain and obesity. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between sleep duration and dietary quality in European adolescents. The sample consisted of 1522 adolescents (aged 12·5–17·5 years) participating in the European multi-centre cross-sectional ‘Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence’ study. Sleep duration was estimated by a self-reported questionnaire. Dietary intake was assessed by two 24 h recalls. The Diet Quality Index for Adolescents with Meal index (DQI-AM) was used to calculate overall dietary quality, considering the components dietary equilibrium, dietary diversity, dietary quality and a meal index. An average sleep duration of ≥ 9 h was classified as optimal, between 8 and 9 h as borderline insufficient and < 8 h as insufficient. Sleep duration and the DQI-AM score were positively associated (β = 0·027, r 0·130, P< 0·001). Adolescents with insufficient (62·05 (sd 14·18)) and borderline insufficient sleep (64·25 (sd 12·87)) scored lower on the DQI-AM than adolescents with an optimal sleep duration (64·57 (sd 12·39)) (P< 0·001; P= 0·018). The present study demonstrated in European adolescents that short sleep duration was associated with a lower dietary quality. This supports the hypothesis that the health consequences of insufficient sleep may be mediated by the relationship of insufficient sleep to poor dietary quality.
Correct Voting Across Thirty-Three Democracies: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Lau Richard R. , Patel Parina , Fahmy Dalia F. , Kaufman Robert R.
Published: March 2013

This article extends Lau and Redlawsk's notion ofcorrect voting– whether voters, under conditions of uncertainty, choose the alternative they would have chosen had they been fully informed about the issues and candidates in that election – to sixty-nine elections in thirty-three established and emerging democracies around the world. At the individual level, political sophistication, political experience and motivation all significantly predict the probability of casting a correct vote. However several institutional factors proved to be even more important. In particular, elections with more parties running – and settings that encourage candidate-centred voting – decrease the probability of correct voting, while more ideologically distinctive alternatives, clearer lines of responsibility and greater media access to information are associated with higher rates of correct voting.
LOVE AND THE REINSTATEMENT OF THE SELF IN HELIODORUS'Aethiopica
Authors: Papadimitropoulos Loukas
Published: March 2013

In a seminal article, J. R. Morgan asserts that the greater part of Heliodorus'Aethiopicaexplores ‘the antithesis between true love and various corrupt or otherwise unsatisfactory alternatives’. This it does not only through Cnemon's novella, which is narrated mainly in the first two books of the novel, but also through the incident involving the Persian queen Arsake, which to a certain extent replicates Cnemon's story. This narrative duplication is enhanced by the fact that both stories are intertextually related to the myth of Phaedra. Building on Morgan's argument, my contention is that the antithesis between pure love, conditioned by sophrosyne, and illicit desire permeates theentirenovel and does not exclusively concern the primary couple or the persons involved in the abovementioned episodes, but relates to almost all the main characters. More importantly, it is precisely this antithesis that constitutes the most fundamental component of the work's structural principle or thesis.
General
Authors: Izzet Vedia , Shorrock Robert
Published: March 2013

‘Classics, is, to me, the unicycle of education. It isn't especially practical or useful… It won't get you a well-paid job in a fancy office, and it won't necessarily make you attractive to the opposite sex… But none of that is important compared with the simple fact that studying Classics is brilliant’ (253). So says comedian (and former Cambridge classicist) Natalie Haynes on her own one-wheeled whistle-stop tour of the classical world: The Ancient Guide to Modern Life. Haynes is an intelligent guide with a real passion for the Classics and a great sense of humour. The index gives a good indication of what to expect: The Office can be found next to Xenophon's Oeconomicus, Dead Poets Society next to Tertullian's De Spectaculis, and Barbra Streisand sandwiched between Stoicism and Suetonius. Chapter titles are inevitably playful: from ‘Thinking Allowed’ to ‘Frankly, Medea I Don't Give a Damn’ and the inevitable ‘There's No Place Like Rome’. But this is not just a book played for laughs: Haynes's discussion of Aristophanes (199–209) is keen to emphasize that entertainment and education, comedy and Classics are not mutually exclusive categories: as she shows, is it possible both to amuse and advise.
Physical and/or Spiritual Exclusion? Ecclesial Discipline in 1 Corinthians 5
Authors: Moses Robert E.
Published: March 2013

When Paul asks for the incestuous man at Corinth to be handed over to Satan is he calling for mere physical expulsion from the community or is he calling for something more? We argue in this paper that the nature of the man's offense—i.e., an ostentatious display of sexual immorality that also receives theological justification from the perpetrator—demanded a harsher sentence beyond mere physical exclusion. Drawing on the book of Job, we show that the disciplinary practice Paul advocates in 1 Corinthians 5 is a spiritual practice that aims to remove the spiritual protection enjoyed by the incestuous man while he remained in the body of Christ, thereby exposing him to Satan's attacks. Paul's hope was that the affliction suffered by the man at the hands of Satan as a result of this exposure would lead to his repentance and ultimate salvation.
The spatial organization and extraction of the wall-forming bodies ofEimeria maxima
Authors: FRÖLICH SONJA , JOHNSON MICHAEL , ROBINSON MICHELLE , ENTZEROTH ROLF , WALLACH MICHAEL
Published: March 2013

Eimeria maximahas been used as a model apicomplexan parasite to study sexual stage development and oocyst wall formation. A complete understanding of the wall's biochemical and biophysical properties is of great interest in research on all apicomplexan parasites. Purified gametocytes, zygotes and oocysts were analysed by three-dimensional confocal microscopy, and wide-field fluorescent microscopy was used to investigate the appearance and spatial organization of the 2 types of wall-forming bodies (WFBs). In addition, a variety of staining procedures and immunoassays were used to assess the biosynthesis, metabolic activity, intactness and molecular composition of the WFBsin situ. WFBs were extracted from gametocytes/zygotes and their composition was assessed by microscopy and SDS-PAGE analysis. It was concluded that isolated gametocytes are intact and metabolically active. Additionally, it was observed that the Type 1 WFBs are aligned at the periphery of the parasite and fuse together producing neutral lipid rich patches that appear to be inserted into the space between 2 parasite-specific membranes. Finally, it was shown that the WFBs extracted from purified gametocytes had the same shape, size and staining properties as those observedin situ, and contained the major glycoprotein antigens known to be present in these organelles.
Leisure-time physical activity over the life course and cognitive functioning in late mid-adult years: a cohort-based investigation
Authors: Dregan A. , Gulliford M. C.
Published: March 2013

Background

The objective of the present study was to estimate the association between different leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) parameters from 11 to 50 years and cognitive functioning in late mid-adulthood.

Method

The study used a prospective birth cohort study including participants in the UK National Child Development Study (NCDS) from age 11 to 50 years. Standardized z scores for cognitive, memory and executive functioning at age 50 represented the primary outcome measures. Exposures included self-reported LTPA at ages 11, 16, 33, 42, 46 and 50 years. Analyses were adjusted for important confounders including educational attainment and long-standing illness.

Results

The adjusted difference in cognition score between women who reported LTPA for at least 4 days/week in five surveys or more and those who never reported LTPA for at least 4 days/week was 0.28 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20–0.35], 0.10 (95% CI 0.01–0.19) for memory score and 0.30 (95% CI 0.23–0.38) for executive functioning score. For men, the equivalent differences were: cognition 0.12 (95% CI 0.05–0.18), memory 0.06 (95% CI − 0.02 to 0.14) and executive functioning 0.16 (95% CI 0.10–0.23).

Conclusions

This study provides novel evidence about the lifelong association between LTPA and memory and executive functioning in mid-adult years. Participation in low-frequency and low-intensity LTPA was positively associated with cognitive functioning in late mid-adult years for men and women. The greatest benefit emerged from participating in lifelong intensive LTPA.
Provenance of basement erratics in Quaternary coastal moraines, southern McMurdo Sound, and implications for the source of Eocene sedimentary rocks
Authors: Talarico F.M. , Pace D. , Levy R.H.
Published: March 2013

This paper summarizes fieldwork conducted in 2007 and presents results of petrographical analyses of basement rocks that occur along with fossil-rich Eocene sedimentary erratics in moraines along the north-east flank of Mount Discovery in southern McMurdo Sound. The Eocene rocks are significant as they provide a rare glimpse into greenhouse environments at high southern latitudes. Basement erratics recovered from the moraines are petrographically similar to metamorphic and igneous rocks exposed in the Transantarctic Mountains at locations between the Carlyon and Skelton glaciers and/or within the drainage catchments of Mulock and Skelton glaciers. These new clast provenance data imply that the Eocene sedimentary erratics are most likely derived from outcrops that are currently located beneath the Ross Ice Shelf south and/or immediately east of Minna Bluff. The suite of basement and sedimentary erratics were transported to their present location by ice that flowed north-eastwards from the Skelton-Mulock region and was pushed westwards into southern McMurdo Sound by grounded ice flowing north from West Antarctica. Results from this study support prior reconstructions of ice flow during peak glacial intervals during the Miocene–Pleistocene including the Last Glacial Maximum.
Rapid change in shallow water fish species composition in an historically stable Antarctic environment
Authors: Buckley Bradley A.
Published: March 2013

McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, is home to a unique marine biota with an ecology that has evolved in this frigid environment over millions of years. The region is one of the least disturbed, and possibly the last pristine, marine ecosystem on Earth. Here, the results of three seasons of fishing in the shallow nearshore waters of McMurdo Sound are reported. A shift in the composition of small fish species at one site, Inaccessible Island, has been observed in just five years. The shift in shallow water species composition occurred during a period that followed the maturation of a commercial fishery for the Antarctic toothfish,Dissostichus mawsoniNorman, a predator of smaller fish, and the presence of a large iceberg, termed B-15, at the mouth of McMurdo Sound during the early 2000s that trapped the annual sea ice in the area leading to the unusual accrual of multi-year sea ice. The data presented here provide a current record of species composition and physiological condition of small, shallow water fishes at three sites in McMurdo Sound, providing a current baseline for the assessment of future changes wrought by environmental changes and unprecedented fishery pressures in the Ross Sea.
THE ORIGINS OF THEKALĀMMODEL OF DISCUSSION ON THE CONCEPT OFTAWḤĪD
Authors: Aradi Naomi
Published: March 2013

The concept oftawḥīd(unity of God) is a central issue inKalāmtheological treatises. The discussion devoted to this concept follows a typical structure, a fact that has been recognized by scholars in the past. Shlomo Pines points to the similarity between theKalāmmodel of discussion and the structure of John Damascene's (d. 750)De Fide Orthodoxa. Pines suggested that it may indicate the profound impact of Christian theology on MuʿtaziliteKalām. Ulrich Rudolph adds two important pieces of evidence to the discussion: He analyzes Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī al-Samarqandī's (d. 944)Kitāb al-Tawḥīdand the Jacobite Moses bar-Kepha's (d. 903) introduction to his Hexaemeron, and argues that the structural and conceptual affinity between them actually indicates an opposite direction of influence than the one suggested by Pines. According to Rudolph, the similarity of the two treatises shows they were written as an imitation of an older Muʿtazilite book, which constituted a prototype for the discussion on the concept oftawḥīd. This paper will challenge Rudolph's thesis in two ways, first by questioning his arguments concerning the sources of theKitāb al-Tawḥīd, and second by suggesting an alternative assumption, which will strengthen Pines's theory regarding the development of theKalāmmodel of discussion. Through a comparative structural analysis of the works of Māturīdī and bar-Kepha, together with some fragments of earlier Jewish and Christian commentaries on Genesis, will rise the possibility that this model of discussion existed first in the Christian exegetical treatises assigned to Genesis and had already developed before it appeared in theKalāmworks.
When Disaster Strikes: Responding to the Needs of Children
Authors: Gurwitch Robin H. , Kees Michelle , Becker Steven M. , Schreiber Merritt , Pfefferbaum Betty , Diamond Dickson
Published: March 2013

When a disaster strikes, parents are quick to seek out the medical advice and reassurance of their primary care physician, pediatrician, or in the case of an emergency, an emergency department physician. As physicians often are the first line of responders following a disaster, it is important that they have a thorough understanding of children's responses to trauma and disaster and of recommended practices for screening and intervention. In collaboration with mental health professionals, the needs of children and families can be addressed. Policy-makers and systems of care hold great responsibility for resource allocation, and also are well-placed to understand the impact of trauma and disaster on children and children's unique needs in such situations.
Development of the Therapist Empathy Scale
Authors: Decker Suzanne E. , Nich Charla , Carroll Kathleen M. , Martino Steve
Published: March 2013

Background: Few measures exist to examine therapist empathy as it occurs in session. Aims: A 9-item observer rating scale, called the Therapist Empathy Scale (TES), was developed based on Watson's (1999) work to assess affective, cognitive, attitudinal, and attunement aspects of therapist empathy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inter-rater reliability, internal consistency, and construct and criterion validity of the TES. Method: Raters evaluated therapist empathy in 315 client sessions conducted by 91 therapists, using data from a multi-site therapist training trial (Martino et al., 2010) in Motivational Interviewing (MI). Results: Inter-rater reliability (ICC = .87 to .91) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .94) were high. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated some support for single-factor fit. Convergent validity was supported by correlations between TES scores and MI fundamental adherence (r range .50 to .67) and competence scores (r range .56 to .69). Discriminant validity was indicated by negative or nonsignificant correlations between TES and MI-inconsistent behavior (r range .05 to −.33). Conclusions: The TES demonstrates excellent inter-rater reliability and internal consistency. Results indicate some support for a single-factor solution and convergent and discriminant validity. Future studies should examine the use of the TES to evaluate therapist empathy in different psychotherapy approaches and to determine the impact of therapist empathy on client outcome.
Eating location is associated with the nutritional quality of the diet in Norwegian adults
Authors: Myhre Jannicke B , Løken Elin B , Wandel Margareta , Andersen Lene F
Published: March 2013

Objective

To study the association between dinner eating location and the nutritional quality of the specific dinner meal and the whole-day dietary intake and to compare the diets of those consuming ≥25 % of energy out of home and at school/work (SOH; substantial out-of-home eaters) with those consuming <25 % of energy out (NSOH; non-substantial out-of-home eaters).

Design

Cross-sectional dietary survey using two non-consecutive 24 h recalls. Recorded eating locations were at home, other private households, work/school, restaurant/cafeteria/fast-food outlet and travel/meeting.

Setting

Nationwide, Norway (2010–2011).

Subjects

Adults aged 18–70 years (n1746).

Results

Dinners at restaurants and other private households were higher in energy than home dinners (P< 0·01). Restaurant dinners contained less fibre (g/MJ;P< 0·01) and had a higher percentage of alcohol consumers (P< 0·05), while dinners at other private households had a higher percentage of energy from sugar (P< 0·001) and a higher percentage of consumers of sugar-sweetened beverages (P< 0·05) than home dinners. Most differences between dinners consumed at different eating locations were also observed in dietary intakes for the whole day. SOH-eaters had a higher energy intake (P< 0·01), a higher percentage of energy from sugar (P< 0·01) and a lower fibre intake (P< 0·01) than NSOH-eaters. The percentages of consumers of alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages were higher (P< 0·01) among SOH-eaters.

Conclusions

Dinner eating location was significantly associated with the nutritional quality of the diet, both for the specific dinner meal and for whole-day intake. Our data generally point to healthier dinners being consumed at home. SOH-eaters had a less favourable dietary intake than NSOH-eaters.
The Carboniferous Archerbeck Borehole, near Canonbie (Dumfriesshire, southern Scotland): biostratigraphic revision of the late Asbian to early Pendleian succession using foraminiferans and regional correlations
Authors: Cózar Pedro , Somerville Ian D.
Published: March 2013

The upper half of the Archerbeck Borehole contains a continuous Mississippian succession from the late Asbian (late Viséan) to the Pendleian (early Serpukhovian), with numerous limestone horizons. The borehole sequence lies within the Solway Basin (western end of the Northumberland Trough) and bridges the successions between the Midland Valley of Scotland and the Pennines (northern England). The rich foraminiferal and algal assemblages are compared to those described by previous authors, and genera as well as species are updated as far as is possible. In addition, some other overlooked or underestimated taxa have been identified and illustrated, which improve notably the biostratigraphic resolution of the Archerbeck Borehole succession. Within the abundant foraminiferal assemblages can be highlighted the richness and diversity of representatives of the family Archaediscidae. In general, the succession developed in the Archerbeck Borehole is closely comparable with that in the Alston Block of northern England. The Asbian/Brigantian transition mimics that observed in the Janny Wood boundary stratotype section, with clear late Asbian horizons (lower part of the Archerbeck Beds), transitional beds (middle and upper parts of the Archerbeck Beds), and Brigantian limestones (from the Cornet Limestone upwards). The base of the early Brigantian is placed at the base of the Cornet Limestone (equivalent to the Lower Peghorn Limestone in the Alston Block). The base of the late Brigantian is placed at the base of the Gastropod Limestone (equivalent to the Scar Limestone Member in northern England), and the base of the Pendleian is repositioned at the base of the Under Limestone (equivalent to the Four Fathom Limestone Member in northern England). Throughout, the borehole, protista and microfloral elements are abundant, which allows the recognition of Assemblages 4 to 10, previously recognised in northern England and the Midland Valley of Scotland. Furthermore, other local assemblages are recognised and related to palaeoecological controls, although they do not represent any improvement in biostratigraphical resolution.
Rotational and aspiration atherectomy for infrainguinal in-stent restenosis
Authors: Beschorner Ulrich , Krankenberg Hans , Scheinert Dierk , Sievert Horst , Tübler Thilo , Sixt Sebastian , Noory Elias , Rastan Aljoscha , Macharzina Roland , Zeller Thomas
Published: March 2013

Background: To report feasibility and safety of the Pathway PV™ Atherectomy System during percutaneous peripheral vascular interventions of in-stent restenosis. Patients and methods: 33 patients (66.7 % men; mean age 68.7 years; 39.4 % diabetics) with symptomatic infrainguinal in-stent restenosis were enrolled at 5 study sites. Primary study endpoint was the 30-day serious adverse event (SAE) rate. At one study site a subgroup of 13 patients was scheduled for additional follow-up examinations with duplex Results: Forty lesions with a mean lesion length of 85.7 mm (range 6 - 370 mm) were treated including total occlusions (20 %) and infrapopliteal lesions (5 %). In sixteen target lesions (40 %) procedural success was reached with atherectomy alone, 23 lesions (57.5 %) received adjunctive percutaneous transluminal angioplasty to obtain a sufficient angiographic result. Freedom from device-related SAEs was 100 %. Overall there were 11 unexpected adverse events in 11 patients, two of which were serious (retroperitoneal bleeding and access site infection). The ankle-brachial index increased significantly from 0.65 ± 0.13 at baseline to 0.82 ± 0.15 at 30 days. Mean Rutherford category improved from 2.8 ± 0.7 at baseline to 1.0 ± 1.2. In the subgroup with longer follow- up primary patency was 33 % after 12 months and 25 % after 24 months. Secondary patency was 92 % after 12 and 24 months. Conclusions: The use of the Pathway PV™ System during percutaneous peripheral vascular interventions of in-stent restenosis appears to be feasible and safe but does not seem to offer a sustainable solution regarding long term patency. A combination with drug eluting balloon angioplasty could be an interesting option and should be evaluated in further clinical trials.
Die bisherige Auseinandersetzung und Aufarbeitung der «Euthanasie» im Nationalsozialismus durch die deutsche Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie
Authors: Lehmkuhl Ulrike , Lehmkuhl Gerd
Published: March 2013

Eine Aufarbeitung der Geschichte des eigenen Fachgebietes steht für die Deutsche Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie weiterhin aus. Zwar liegen inzwischen eine ganze Reihe von Publikationen, wissenschaftlichen Auswertungen von Krankenakten, Archivalien und Prozessakten vor, dennoch fehlt eine umfassende und systematische Darstellung der über 30 «Kinderfachabteilungen» mit ihrer Einbindung in die sogenannte «Kinder-Euthanasie». Darüber hinaus gilt es, die Rolle der Kinder und Jugendpsychiater im Nationalsozialismus und ihre Verstrickung in die T4-Aktion weiter aufzuarbeiten, um aus den Fehlern der Vergangenheit zu lernen.
Günter Nevermann (1933–1942)
Authors: Haack Kathleen , Häßler Frank , Kumbier Ekkehardt
Published: March 2013

Den unter dem Begriff «Euthanasie» begangenen Tötungen zwischen 1939 und 1945 fielen auch zahlreiche Kinder zum Opfer. Ihre Zahl wird zwischen 5.000 und 10.000 geschätzt. Eines jener Kinder, deren Leben als «unwert» klassifiziert worden war, war Günter Nevermann. Anhand seines Schicksals wird das System der Erfassung, Aussonderung und Tötung eines für die Gemeinschaft nicht tragfähig erscheinenden Kindes nachgezeichnet.
Weiblicher vs. männlicher Stresstyp? Ein aktueller Überblick zur neuropsychologischen Stressforschung
Authors: Seidel Eva-Maria , Kogler Lydia , Moser Ewald , Windischberger Christian , Kryspin-Exner Ilse , Gur Ruben C. , Habel Ute , Derntl Birgit
Published: March 2013

Weiblich oder Männlich – das Geschlecht ist eine der wichtigsten Determinanten für vielerlei Aspekte des menschlichen Lebens, wie z. B. Gesundheit. Insbesondere die Stressreaktion hat einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf körperliches und psychisches Wohlbefinden. In diesem Übersichtsartikel werden der bisherige Stand der neuropsychologischen Forschung zur Stressreaktion sowie aktuelle Befunde bezüglich Geschlechtsunterschieden zusammengefasst. Im Allgemeinen zeigen Männer eine erhöhte physiologische Stressreaktion wohingegen Frauen eine erhöhte subjektive Belastung berichten. Die korrespondierenden neuronalen Netzwerke lassen eine eher regulatorische Reaktion bei Männern und eine starke emotionale Reaktion bei Frauen vermuten. Entscheidend scheint dabei jedoch die Unterscheidung zwischen Leistungs- bzw. sozialem Stress zu sein. Auch soziokulturelle Aspekte, wie das individuelle Geschlechtsrollenverständnis, sollten hierbei berücksichtigt werden. Die Untersuchung dieser Mechanismen kann essentiell zu unserem Verständnis von Prävalenzunterschieden bei stressbezogenen Erkrankungen, z. B. Depression bei Frauen und kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen bei Männern, beitragen.
Individuals’ and Groups’ Motivation to Restore Their Impaired Identity Dimensions Following Conflicts
Authors: SimanTov-Nachlieli Ilanit , Shnabel Nurit , Nadler Arie
Published: March 2013

Previous theories concerning the “Big Two” dimensions have focused on people’s perceptions and judgments of various social targets. The research presented in this article extends current theorizing by shedding light on how the targets of these judgments respond, in terms of motivational outcomes, to being perceived as high or low on agency or communion. Using the “needs-based model of reconciliation” we argue that, following transgressions, victimized or disadvantaged individuals or groups experience threats to their agency dimension of identity, whereas the perpetrating or advantaged individuals or groups experience threats to their communion identity dimension. We review empirical evidence suggesting that the experience of these threats leads to enhanced motivation to restore these impaired identity dimensions (i.e., reaffirm the agency or communion of oneself or one’s ingroup). We discuss how insights from reconciliation research can enhance our understanding of the Big Two dimensions and vice versa and point to the potential for cross fertilization.
Olig2/Plp-positive progenitor cells give rise to Bergmann glia in the cerebellum
Authors: Chung S-H , Guo F , Jiang P , Pleasure D E , Deng W
Published: March 2013

NG2 (nerve/glial antigen2)-expressing cells represent the largest population of postnatal progenitors in the central nervous system and have been classified as oligodendroglial progenitor cells, but the fate and function of these cells remain incompletely characterized. Previous studies have focused on characterizing these progenitors in the postnatal and adult subventricular zone and on analyzing the cellular and physiological properties of these cells in white and gray matter regions in the forebrain. In the present study, we examine the types of neural progeny generated by NG2 progenitors in the cerebellum by employing genetic fate mapping techniques using inducible Cre–Lox systems in vivo with two different mouse lines, the Plp-Cre-ERT2/Rosa26-EYFP and Olig2-Cre-ERT2/Rosa26-EYFP double-transgenic mice. Our data indicate that Olig2/Plp-positive NG2 cells display multipotential properties, primarily give rise to oligodendroglia but, surprisingly, also generate Bergmann glia, which are specialized glial cells in the cerebellum. The NG2+ cells also give rise to astrocytes, but not neurons. In addition, we show that glutamate signaling is involved in distinct NG2+ cell-fate/differentiation pathways and plays a role in the normal development of Bergmann glia. We also show an increase of cerebellar oligodendroglial lineage cells in response to hypoxic–ischemic injury, but the ability of NG2+ cells to give rise to Bergmann glia and astrocytes remains unchanged. Overall, our study reveals a novel Bergmann glia fate of Olig2/Plp-positive NG2 progenitors, demonstrates the differentiation of these progenitors into various functional glial cell types, and provides significant insights into the fate and function of Olig2/Plp-positive progenitor cells in health and disease.
Intestinal innate immune cells in gut homeostasis and immunosurveillance
Authors: Tomasello Elena , Bedoui Sammy
Published: March 2013

The March 2013 issue of Immunology and Cell Biology contains a special feature that focuses on the role of the intestinal epithelial barrier and innate immune cells, examines their crosstalk with the commensal flora, and assesses their contribution to intestinal immunity in health and disease. There is a complexity of interaction among these distinct components and the Reviews of this special feature examine, unravel and investigate the action and reaction in the intestinal homeostasis‐perturbation cycle. Further background information on this important topic is available through the accompanying web focus which links to related articles from across Nature Publishing Group.
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel ligustrazinylated derivatives as potent cardiovascular agents
Authors: Chen Hongfei , Li Guoning , Zhan Peng , Guo Xiuli , Ding Qian , Wang Shouxun , Liu Xinyong
Published: March 2013

A series of novel ligustrazinylated derivatives was designed, synthesized and evaluated for their platelet aggregation inhibition and protective effect on injured ECV-304 cells.
Hepatic triacylglycerol synthesis and secretion: DGAT2 as the link between glycaemia and triglyceridaemia
Authors: Zammit Victor A.
Published: March 2013

The liver regulates both glycaemia and triglyceridaemia. Hyperglycaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia are both characteristic of (pre)diabetes. Recent observations on the specialised role of DGAT2 (diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2) in catalysing the de novo synthesis of triacylglycerols from newly synthesized fatty acids and nascent diacylglycerols identifies this enzyme as the link between the two. This places DGAT2 at the centre of carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridaemia and hepatic steatosis. This function is complemented, but not substituted for, by the ability of DGAT1 to rescue partial glycerides from complete hydrolysis. In peripheral tissues not normally considered to be lipogenic, synthesis of triacylgycerols may largely bypass DGAT2 except in hyperglycaemic/hyperinsulinaemic conditions, when induction of de novo fatty acid synthesis in these tissues may contribute towards increased triacylglycerol secretion (intestine) or insulin resistance (adipose tissue, and cardiac and skeletal muscle).
Analysis and optimisation of the preferences of decision‐makers in black‐start group decision‐making
Authors: Liu Weijia , Lin Zhenzhi , Wen Fushuan , Ledwich Gerard
Published: March 2013

As the first stage of power system restoration after a blackout, an optimal black‐start scheme is very important for speeding up the whole restoration procedure. Up to now, much research work has been done on generating or selecting an optimal black‐start scheme by a single round of decision‐making. However, less attention has been paid for improving the final decision‐making results through a multiple‐round decision‐making procedure. In the group decision‐making environment, decision‐making results evaluated by different black‐start experts may differ significantly with each other. Thus, the consistency of black‐start decision‐making results could be deemed as an important indicator in assessing the black‐start group decision‐making results. Given this background, an intuitionistic fuzzy distance‐based method is presented to analyse the consistency of black‐start group decision‐making results. Moreover, the weights of black‐start indices as well as the weights of decision‐making experts are modified in order to optimise the consistency of black‐start group decision‐making results. Finally, an actual example is served for demonstrating the proposed method.
Double-negative acoustic metamaterial based on hollow steel tube meta-atom
Authors: Chen Huaijun , Zeng Hongcheng , Ding Changlin , Luo Chunrong , Zhao Xiaopeng
Published: March 2013

We presented an acoustic “meta-atom” model of hollow steel tube (HST). The simulated and experimental results demonstrated that the resonant frequency is closely related to the length of the HST. Based on the HST model, we fabricated a two-dimensional (2D) acoustic metamaterial (AM) with negative effective mass density, which put up the transmission dip and accompanied inverse phase in experiment. By coupling the HST with split hollow sphere (SHS), another kind of “meta-atom” with negative effective modulus in the layered sponge matrix, a three-dimensional (3D) AM was fabricated with simultaneously negative modulus and negative mass density. From the experiment, it is shown that the transmission peak similar to the electromagnetic metamaterials exhibited in the double-negative region of the AM. We also demonstrated that this kind of double-negative AM can faithfully distinguish the acoustic sub-wavelength details (λ/7) at the resonance frequency of 1630 Hz.