bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing an Artistic Voice
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: August 2024

This chapter lays the groundwork for understanding the role of songwriting—flowing from cover songs and The Middle Ground—in being and becoming a songwriter. Advice is provided for how to think about songwriting and the development of a personal voice along the path that started with covering songs. Strategies are provided to help both students and their teachers think about the process of lyric and musical writing so that the lesson seeds can be accomplished more successfully. Small group music-making is presented as a way to nurture the best of what can be accomplished through songwriting. Song mapping, object writing ideas, terminology, and technology are shared across the chapter as well as “water” and “sunlight” for help and inspiration.
Why Does Free Will Matter?
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: August 2024

People are animals, but also are more than animals, and free will is part of what makes them more than animals. The main reason people care about free will is moral responsibility. Both ordinary people and expert philosophers associate free will with moral responsibility. Human society depends on people doing what is morally right (at least much of the time). Philosophical arguments about free will, focusing on whether it could exist in a world in which everything is fully determined and inevitable long in advance, are different from scientific ones. Meanwhile, ordinary people associate free will with being able to make decisions, resist external influence, and build toward the future. They also link it to conscious pondering of options, getting a good result and reaching goals, and moral virtue.
Owning Your Actions as an Individual
Authors: Baumeister Roy F.
Published: August 2024

People often have mixed feelings, ambivalence, and conflicting impulses. Yet they act as an individual, that is, an entity that cannot be divided. Somehow inner conflict gets resolved to permit a single response. The popular expression to “own” one’s actions is to accept full responsibility for having done them, despite inner conflict and uncertainty. Free will is involved in this resolving of inner conflict so as to make a whole-hearted action. This topic remains understudied, but this chapter does draw on evidence from neuroscience (including the classic split-brain studies) as well as philosophy, psychopathology, and moral and legal systems to develop the importance of recognizing that free will means acting as a unified self.
From Ourselves to Future Generations
Authors: Matthes Erich Hatala
Published: August 2024

This chapter defends the role of universal value in our thinking about conservation. It acknowledges the ways that the appeal to universal value has been abused in conservation contexts, but argues that a multifaceted approach to thinking about universality can avoid the concept’s historical associations with Eurocentrism and elitism. In doing so, it argues that the world is rich with universally valuable things, and shows how promoting conservation projects that allow people to confront change on amenable terms can aid in the collective project of preserving as many of these valuable objects, practices, and places as possible. It also argues that in saving these things for the future, we offer future generations the broadest set of materials out of which to fashion their own sense of identity on their own terms.
Exposing Bunk
Authors: Stea Jonathan N.
Published: August 2024

This chapter exposes pseudoscientific assessments, diagnoses, and treatments in the world of mental health. Readers are taken down a rabbit hole as they learn the science behind examples of a variety of popular and inaccurate psychological assessment tools (e.g., the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the Rorschach inkblot) as well as fake and controversial mental health–related diagnoses (e.g., adrenal fatigue, leaky brain, Wi-Fi allergies). Readers then tour the minefield of pseudoscientific therapies that exist both within and outside of the mental health care system, with some of those mines more clearly visible than others. They are guided through the science behind various examples ranging from crystal-clear cases, such as past life regression therapy, homeopathy, and Reiki, to more controversial ones that are more scientifically plausible and promising but still plagued with some pseudoscientific features and low-quality evidence to support their use, such as eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), mindfulness meditation, hypnosis, and psychedelics.
Amazing graces
Authors: Klitzman Robert L.
Published: August 2024

Since doctors commonly avoid existential, spiritual, and religious issues, hospital chaplains have come to fill critical voids. Chaplains start their journeys from widely differing points, beliefs, and personal and professional backgrounds. Patients also range widely in their needs. Pastoral care providers work to find each patient’s sources of meaning, establishing relationships and trust, asking open-ended questions, actively listening, and helping patients construct and reframe narratives of experiences. These professionals try to gauge how much to remain a neutral blank slate (e.g., whether to wear religious symbols or clothing) and when to choose silence. These approaches may seem simple and straightforward, but can be hard. This chapter explores how contemporary chaplaincy embraces varied and supple forms of belief, providing useful, wide-encompassing approaches (distinct from what many clergy offer). These professionals work in a “post-religious world” in which countless people feel that traditional religious institutions no longer wholly meet their needs.
The Libertarian Spectrum (Part I)
Authors: Kane Robert
Published: August 2024

This chapter and the next two contrast the view of this book with other contemporary libertarian views, showing how these others fall short, but also how features of them can be accommodated in the libertarian view developed in this book. This chapter begins with so-called deliberative or non-centered libertarian views which place the indeterminism earlier in the deliberation process, at various times prior to decision. It explains how such deliberative views might play a role in an overall account of libertarian free will, but also why they can only be part of such an account. The chapter also considers how the role of self-forming-actions developed thus far may be expanded beyond their crucial “centered” role in terminating deliberations. Finally, it explores important connections suggested by these topics between libertarian free will, on the one hand, and human evolution and creative problem-solving, on the other.
The Compatibilist Spectrum
Authors: Kane Robert
Published: August 2024

Compatibilist views of freedom and responsibility have proliferated and become more sophisticated to an astonishing degree in the last half of the twentieth century and into this century. The aim in this chapter is to discuss interesting patterns in this proliferation that throw further light on the view developed in this book and on debates about free will and responsibility in general. It discusses “hierarchical motivation” and “mesh theories” of compatibilist kinds inspired by Frankfurt, “reason views” and “reasons-responsive” compatibilisms of a variety of thinkers, Strawsonian compatibilist views, newer “dispositional compatibilist” views, and a newer “libertarian compatibilism.” Finally the chapter considers “revisionist views” which argue that since incompatibilist views are impossible, we must revise our views in a compatibilist direction. The chapter argues throughout that while many aspects of these compatibilist views must also play essential roles in any adequate libertarian view of free will, none can be the whole story.
Intensional Metametaphysics
Authors: Williamson Timothy
Published: August 2024

One traditional critique of metaphysics, going back to Wittgenstein’s Tractatus, is that non-contingent propositions are either trivially true or trivially false, leaving no room for a substantive science of the non-contingent. This also creates problems for mathematics, logic, and other branches of philosophy. The problem arises most obviously in intensional frameworks, but generalizes to settings of Russellian structured propositions. Attempts to resolve the difficulty by metalinguistic reinterpretations or by dividing minds are seen to fail. It is argued that the focus on non-contingent propositions radically misconceives the problem, which really concerns necessary equivalence between propositions whatever their modal status and is in no way specific to metaphysics or to inquiry into non-contingent matters more generally. The solution is to maintain intensionalism while tracking cognitive differences by registering the guises under which propositions are entertained. For metaphysics, such guises are normally sentences. Guises as such play no role in the semantics.
The Titans of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael
Published: August 2024

The Titans of the Twentieth Century addresses an age-old question: What is the impact of individuals on history? The first half of the twentieth century offered political leaders enormous scope for changing the world. This book examines the lives of eight individuals who, for better and for worse, did just that. Woodrow Wilson had a vision for a cooperative world order that failed after the First World War but gained in influence after the Second. Vladimir Ilich Lenin founded the totalitarian communist political system that controlled a large part of the planet for much of the twentieth century. Adolf Hitler started history’s worst war and presided over history’s worst atrocity, the Holocaust. Winston Churchill provided inspiring leadership to Great Britain, which made it possible to defeat Nazi Germany in World War II. Franklin D. Roosevelt steered the United States through the Great Depression and the Second World War. Mohandas Gandhi led the movement, and developed the philosophy of nonviolence, that ended British rule in South Asia, paving the way for the end of empires throughout Asia and Africa. David Ben-Gurion led the miraculous restoration of Jewish sovereignty in the Holy Land. Mao Zedong imposed totalitarian communist rule on China and became history’s most egregious mass murderer. Individually each chapter offers fresh and often surprising portraits of the twentieth century’s Titans. Collectively the chapters present a vivid and revealing portrait of a turbulent half-century that shaped the world of today.
Mao Zedong
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael
Published: August 2024

Mao Zedong was the supreme leader first of the Chinese Communist Party and then, after it won power, of all of China, in which capacity he installed communist economic and political systems in the country and initiated policies that led to tens of millions of deaths. He led the Party on the “Long March” in the 1930s to evade its enemy, the Kuomintang. After defeating the Kuomintang in the Chinese Civil War, Mao became the dictator of China. He ordered the intervention of the People’s Liberation Army in the Korean War against the United States and South Korea. He also initiated the Great Leap Forward, which resulted in mass starvation, and inspired the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, which threw the country into chaos. Despite the damage he wreaked on China, he continued to hold power until his death in 1976.
The Master Plan
Authors: Conca Ken
Published: August 2024

This chapter analyzes the watershed master plan produced for Ellicott City, a historic mill town in central Maryland that recently suffered two fatal flash flood disasters within 22 months. The first flood triggered the master-planning effort, while the second saw it pushed aside by a series of contentious infrastructure and land-use proposals. The plan’s initial ambition had been to develop an integrated strategy for flood resilience, combining elements of stormwater management, economic reinvention, and historic preservation. The chapter focuses on three key themes: the plan’s struggles to fashion a coherent sense of place out of a dizzying assemblage of scales and jurisdictions, its failure to engage questions around climate change, and its shortcomings as a comprehensive assessment of flood risk. The plan won awards for its work in placemaking and economic reinvention, but these themes illustrate how the ensuing controversies left it silent on some of the original questions triggering its formation.
Literacy Instruction for Students Who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Authors: S. Beal Jennifer , M. Dostal Hannah , R Easterbrooks Susan
Published: August 2024

Responsive, high-quality literacy instruction is critical for deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students as they may not be in an environment that provides full access to language and/or receive insufficient instruction. This second edition of Literacy Instruction for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing updates previous findings and describes current, evidence-based practices in teaching literacy to DHH learners. In addition to application examples across chapters, a stand-alone appendix provides brief explanations of each strategy, the areas of literacy to which they relate, and references in support of each strategy. Beal, Dostal, and Easterbrooks provide educators and parents with a process for determining which literacy and language assessments are appropriate for individual DHH learners and whether an instructional practice is supported by evidence or causal factors. They describe the literacy process with an overview of related learning theories, language and literacy assessments, and evidence-based instructional strategies across the following domains of literacy: phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension. They also weave evidence-based writing strategies and case vignettes that highlight application of assessments and instructional approaches within each of these literacy areas. Finally, they review lingering questions related to literacy instruction for DHH learners. Educators and caregivers who provide literacy instruction to DHH learners will benefit from the breadth and depth of literacy content provided in this concise literacy textbook.
Re-Dressing Achilles, Resisting Proserpina, Surpassing Virgil
Authors: Gianferrari Filippo
Published: August 2024

Chapter 6 confirms the key role of school texts in Dante’s Purgatorio by examining possible allusions to Statius’ Achilleid and Claudian’s De raptu Proserpinae in cantos 9, 21–22, and 28 of the second canticle. The chapter shows how references to the two poems mark the protagonist’s rite of passage to moral maturity and fulfill metapoetic functions by informing the poet’s emulative engagement with the genre of the Latin epic and his original harmonization of epic and elegy. By acknowledging Statius’ and Claudian’s models of emulation of the auctores maiores throught intertextual references and narrive rewriting of their works, Dante foregrounds his new vision of Christian epic poetry that has superseded the theoretical and narrative dichotomy between love and war.
“Be Silent, Ovid” (You, Too, Statius and Claudian)
Authors: Gianferrari Filippo
Published: August 2024

Chapter 7 highlights the extensive intertextual allusions to both the Achilleid and the De raptu Proserpinae in the first two cantos of Paradiso. While rewriting Ovid in the opening of the Commedia’s last cantica, Dante also engages with the models of Ovidian emulation established by Statius and Claudian. Dante’s intertextual dialogue creates a poetic genealogy that begins with Ovid, outdoes the epic poems endorsed by contemporary teachers, and culminates in the Commedia. Paradiso thus emerges as an alternative to these didactic models and the new standard for vernacular epic poetry. This evidence also suggests a new understanding of Dante’s distinctive emulative stance toward his poetic models as a legacy of his Latin education rather than simply a peculiar feature of his vernacular poetics.
Party Organizational Development in Poland, 2001–2021
Authors: Gagatek Wojciech
Published: August 2024

This chapter presents the organizational development of two major Polish parties, Law and Justice (PiS) and the Civic Platform (PO), linking it with the broader question of the interconnections between the choices for their own organizations and their preferred vision of the political system. This chapter identifies such a link rather clearly for PiS and with some nuancing also for PO, while showing huge differences in how the two parties organize. The particularly strongly centralized and hierarchical organization of PiS in many ways resembles the way in which it envisages the system and how it practises the governing of the country.
The Colombian Party System, 1991–2022
Authors: Wills-Otero Laura
Published: August 2024

The political party system in Colombia is a multi-party one. It is deinstitutionalized, since it exhibits high electoral volatility due to the entrance of new parties and decline of traditional ones, with low levels of partisan attachment and trust. However, unlike other countries in the region, Colombia’s party system has not collapsed, and the existence of alternative parties has revitalized the country’s representative democracy. This chapter focuses on the political and electoral performance of two parties, Centro Democrático and Comunes, that were created at a critical juncture triggered by peace negotiations between the national government and FARC-EP guerrillas between 2012 and 2016. These parties illustrate the volatility of the Colombian party system, but also its flexibility and resilience. The chapter shows that internal party organizations have a significant impact on electoral results. Overall, the chapter concludes that while the system faces challenges, it remains flexible and resilient, allowing for the emergence of new parties and preventing the crises seen in other countries in the region.
The Challenges to Democracy in India
Authors: Sridharan Eswaran
Published: August 2024

The largest democracy in the world is threatened by clear signs of democratic backsliding. The dominance of the Hindu-nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) since 2014 has brought about some worrying developments that undermine the functioning of democracy, above all the guarantee of civil rights for all citizens. In 2021, three major international organizations that monitor the condition of democracy worldwide—Freedom House (USA), the Economist Intelligence Unit (UK) and V-Dem (Sweden)—issued reports that downgraded India’s ranking as a democracy and its rankings on rights and liberties. This chapter discusses the challenges that liberal democracy in India faces in the light of these reports and the role of political parties, principally that of the ruling BJP but also that of opposition parties.
Labour Law Beyond Growth and Productivism: An Introduction
Authors: Bueno Nicolas , ter Haar Beryl , Zekić Nuna
Published: August 2024

This introductory chapter to the edited volume Labour Law Utopias: Post-Growth and Post-Productive Work Approaches explains how the authors in the book use the idea of utopia as a method to offer forward-looking ideas for a more human-centred and green world of work and what that could mean for labour law. After explaining why there is a need for the use of utopias, the authors elaborate on the two approaches that underlie those utopias: post-growth and post-productive work. These approaches have been chosen because they respond to important issues for the future of work and present serious challenges to labour law. The chapter concludes with trends identified by most authors in the book, such as the need for a socioecological labour law and a re-evaluation of the meaning of work; conflicting ideas, such as whether there will be less work or lower economic productivity; and issues for further research, particularly how to realize some ideas of the labour law utopias.
Greek nominal compounds in the Gothic Gospels
Authors: Wolfe Brendan
Published: August 2024

This chapter examines the Gothic translation of nominal compounds in the Greek Gospels. Various strategies involved in this process include borrowing, calquing (translating the individual units of the compound separately, producing a new Gothic compound), and periphrasis. Every Greek nominal compound whose translation into Gothic does not match the typical rule of one Gothic word for every Greek word is examined. The resulting structures may involve the translation of multiple Greek words that include at least one compound with a single Gothic word or the translation of Greek compounds with multiple Gothic words. This procedure may involve phenomena of linguistic contact, such as semantic extension and matching, whereby existing words in the target language take on new characteristics from formally equivalent words in the source language.
The Lithic Imagination from More to Milton
Authors: Werth Tiffany Jo
Published: August 2024

The Lithic Imagination from More to Milton explores how stones, rocks, and the broader mineral realm play a vital role in early modern England’s religious and cultural systems that in turn informs the period’s poetic and visual imagination. The twin buttresses of a human lifespan and the gyre-like turns of England’s long Reformation provide a broad dome under which to locate the many textual and visual archives this book studies. These texts and images participate in specifically English histories (literary, artistic, political, religious), although Continental influences are frequently in dialogue. The religious orbit tracks the rivalries firstly between Jewish and Christian culture, touches on Christianity’s tension with Islam, but most intently follows the antagonisms of Catholic and variants of Reformed or Protestant belief. The bibliography features canonical names such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Donne, Wroth, Herbert, Milton, and Pulter, but puts them in company with lesser-known religious polemicists, alchemists, anatomists, painters, mothers, and stonemasons. The visual archive attends to biblical illustration, tapestries, church furniture, and paintings, anatomical drawings, as well as statues to form a multimedia archive. Similarly, the lithic embraces a wide continuum of mineral forms from bodily encrustations like the kidney and bezoar stone, to salt, iron, limestone, marble, flint, and silicon. The assemblage of materials speaks to aspirational imperial fantasies, looming colonial conquests, syncretism, and supersession, as well as issues of gender and the race-making category of hue, alongside elitist ideologies of an elect, chosen people. All connect via the storied pathways of stone as densely material and a foundation for the abstract imaginary along the scala naturae. Across these human–stone encounters, stone fascinates and betrays and is equal parts damnation and salvation.
Lithic Intimacies and Marmorization
Authors: Werth Tiffany Jo
Published: August 2024

“Lithic Intimacies and Marmorization” studies how an embodied organ of masculine anatomy, the testes, or stones, animate lithic intimacies. It begins with anatomical manuals that represented the testes as a principal body part responsible for humankind’s propagation. The chapter argues—via the Mechanical’s play in A Midsummer Night’s Dream—that such literal anatomical baseness provides the material grounding for gendered frictions. It next explores the Ovidian and Petrarchan donna petrosa tropes that eroticize “marmorization” (Patricia Philllippy). Fantasies of a stony beloved may appear to vivify masculine reproductive capacities at the expense of a petrified, marmoreal female figure. Yet, by analyzing Lot’s mineralized wife, the petrified heroines in Lady Mary Wroth’s Urania, and Shakespeare’s Hermione, preserved and reanimated as a miraculous statue, the chapter highlights the multivalences of the Latin root “dūrāre” of “perdure:” to harden but also to endure. Marmorization preserves human futurity in complex ways. It simultaneously fixes gender norms even as it renders them fluid and thus troubles normative taxonomies of human desire and queers sex practice.
“Not Marble, Nor the Gilded Monuments”: Sepúlchred Verse
Authors: Werth Tiffany Jo
Published: August 2024

“‘Not Marble, nor the gilded monuments’: Sepúlchred Verse” challenges the classical rhetorical claim that scripta manent (writing lasts) while marble and stone monuments crumble. It explores the material paradox of lyric claims to supersede mineral monuments. Rather than seeing the quarrel as antagonistic and rivalrous, this chapter explores how a rich cultural habitus reveals the claims to instead be symbiotic and constitutive. Through a reading of the biblical inheritance of the Mosaic tablets alongside the occult traditions surrounding the seminal text of alchemy, the emerald tablet, the chapter argues that engraved stone held intercessory powers capable of binding celestial and terrestrial realms. Within this matrix, the chapter then reads two oft-recruited lyric examples of linguistic, as opposed to lithic, continua: Shakespeare’s sonnet 55 and Milton’s “On Shakespeare.” It argues that both poems recruit petrification in order to perdure and in so doing imagine a distinctly inhuman posterity.
Non-Recognition
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle
Published: August 2024

Non-recognition is a stance whereby States refuse to acknowledge a situation as producing legal consequences. Where a new State has been created in violation of jus cogens norms, especially the prohibition of aggression and the right of self-determination, international law obliges States not to recognise it. If the creation of a new State did not violate peremptory rules of international law, third States may nevertheless refuse to recognise it so that their legal position towards the entity in question would not change. Chapter 4 considers the role of non-recognition in international law, focusing particularly on the importance of jus cogens and resolutions of the UN Security Council in this regard.
Recognition in Treaties, Jurisprudence, and Practice
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle
Published: August 2024

Although practice on recognition is abundant, it is opaque and incoherent, making it difficult to ascertain the actual views of States regarding the legal value of their own acts. The only treaty to deal with recognition in general is the Montevideo Convention, however its provisions in this regard are unclear and its status as reflecting customary law doubtful. International case law on recognition is scarce and ambiguous, while domestic jurisprudence may be found in many countries and therefore exhibits a remarkable degree of variety between constitutivist and declaratist views depending on the position of the State, or even the presiding judges, in question. Chapter 7 attempts to present a sample of the most significant international and domestic practice to determine whether any rule linking effectivity and opposability may be found in general international law, as required by the prevailing declaratist doctrine.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle
Published: August 2024

The final chapter recalls the debate between constitutivist and declaratist scholarship on recognition and once again argues that the contemporary tendency towards declaratist views reflects dogma with little support in positive law. The relationship between legal, de jure statehood and material, de facto statehood is not based on effectivity but will have to be ascertained on a case-by-case basis by analysing the legal norms applicable to a given situation. This does not mean that the existence of legal statehood depends exclusively on recognition, as it may also be based on UN membership or the possession of a recognised right to external self-determination. However, if this is not the case, then recognition may indeed be required for a new State to enjoy the relevant rights vis-à-vis others. Chapter 13 summarises the main findings of the book and briefly reflects on the politics of recognition.
Coping with the Tyrant’s FactionCivil-War Amnesties and Christian Discourses in the Fourth Century ad
Authors: Leppin Hartmut
Published: August 2024

The fourth century was a century of civil wars that took an extremely high toll in blood and partly crippled the defense of the frontiers. Civil war can also be considered the most extreme form of disintegration: the army, which embodied the empire and—if one considers the elevation of emperors—the Roman people, turned on itself. This disintegration entailed an enormous loss of resources, since an emperor had only a part of the Roman army at his disposal, which was already difficult to replenish.
The Challenge of Religious Violence
Authors: Hahn Johannes
Published: August 2024

For centuries, the phenomenon of religious violence was virtually unknown to the Roman empire: Roman officials understood the “persecution” and condemnation of Christians as necessary for maintaining law and order. They would have been at a loss if they had had to document cases of religious violence in their districts, just as members of the imperial consilium would also have been puzzled by such reports. Historians today—in contrast to early Christians—find it equally difficult to detect religious violence under the Principate. One might cite an incident in Lydian Kolyda, memorialized in an inscription in the second century. According to the brief report, a mob gathered during a festival in honor of Mes Motylleites, advanced with clubs and swords on a temple building identified as a basilica, attacked the temple slaves, and smashed the cult images. A striking case of religious violence in Roman Asian Minor, it seems. But the background of this event, the goals, and even the identity of the assailants are completely unknown: the dedicator of the expiatory inscription saw no reason to record them.
Racial Identity, Gender Identity, Social Justice, and Assessment
Authors: Sayegh Philip , Ramos Kenedy , Holman Alea , White Lee Xzania
Published: August 2024

This chapter provides a summary of important issues regarding racial identity, gender identity, and social justice in psychological assessment. First, a relatively brief overview of psychological assessment’s racist, prejudiced, and oppressive history, which is ongoing, is presented, followed by attempts to move the practice toward equity. The significance of assessing clients’ racial and gender identity in addition to their intersecting identities with racially and ethnically minoritized populations is then discussed, and a forensic assessment case study is presented that demonstrates how an assessor critically focused on race, intersectionality, and justice in this context. Next, a discussion of the common strengths (and importance of assessing these strengths) in racially minoritized communities is provided, with a targeted focus on racial socialization in families. A case study that highlights how an assessor integrated a client’s racial identity and trauma history throughout the process of assessment and case conceptualization is then presented. In conclusion, steps that assessors can take to strive to minimize bias and prejudice and maximize social justice advocacy in practice are recommended.
Endocrine Disruption After Brain Injury
Authors: Kalimon Olivia J. , Sullivan Patrick G.
Published: August 2024

For a long time, most brain trauma research has focused on the male population because of their higher rate of brain injury. However, this disparity in research between the sexes has created gaps in knowledge about the pathophysiology of disease in females and has contributed to the misdiagnosis of disease in women and likely the failure of therapeutics in clinical trials. Steps are being taken to mitigate this disparity, but there are many mechanisms of injury that still require characterization and identification in females; one of those mechanisms is mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are crucial for the maintenance of normal brain function and have been shown to drive secondary injury pathways following traumatic and ischemic brain injuries. Of the little literature available, studies have found mitochondria from females are more resilient to brain injury compared to that of males. Female sex hormones, like estrogen and progesterone, modulate mitochondrial function under non-pathological conditions, but there is still much to learn about this process under pathological conditions, like after brain injury. Historically, estrogen has been thought to be neuroprotective against stroke. Preclinical studies have shown that estrogen can minimize infarct volume following experimental ischemic stroke through mitochondrial-specific mechanisms. The field of traumatic brain injury knows even less about sex differences in mitochondrial dysfunction and how hormones may influence these processes. This chapter will discuss the interplay between mitochondrial function and sex hormone regulation after brain injury and their implications in personalized medicine and clinical trial development.
Monopsony, Sticky Workers, and Bargaining Power
Authors: Schwab Stewart J.
Published: August 2024

This chapter describes the new monopsony and its implications for employment law. A monopsonistic labour market inefficiently employs too few workers and pays them below their marginal product. Traditionally, monopsony is a single isolated employer, but this does not describe modern, urban labour markets. Labour economists have recently shown that many employers face upward-sloping supply curves even when surrounded by competing employers because job search and mobility is costly. An upward-sloping supply curve, rather than single employer, is monopsony’s essence. ‘Sticky workers’ is a better moniker than ‘monopsony’ of this common problem. Some policies (eg licensing requirements, noncompete agreements, and training-repayment agreements) exacerbate the sticky-worker problem. Other policies (eg minimum wage laws, antitrust law, and government job centres) combat worker stickiness. But just as unequal bargaining power can be overused, monopsony power (even in its modern form of upward-sloping supply curves and sticky workers) does not justify all employment regulation.
A Rose by Any Other Name
Authors: Arthurs Harry W.
Published: August 2024

This chapter reviews the troubled histories of labour and employment law, reviews the forces that have destabilized them, and identifies the most promising—albeit non-legal—strategies for developing the new field of ‘work law’. The old regimes of labour and employment law are faltering under pressure of neoliberalism, new technologies, new legal strategies, globalization, and other hostile developments. A new regime of ‘work law’ is struggling to be born. But work law, too, is likely to falter unless it is achieved and supported by a new constellation of social forces powerful enough to secure justice not just for ‘workers’, but for a broad array of subaltern communities.
Good Faith Obligations in Employment Law
Authors: Banks Kevin
Published: August 2024

This chapter surveys key factors that constrain and enable the development of good faith obligations in employment law—ideologies of legal systems, legal techniques of implementation, functional equivalents to good faith obligations, and legal structures pre-empting the application of good faith norms—illustrating how and why employment good faith obligations are closely shaped by the contours of national political economies and legal landscapes. The chapter next lays out a basic framework for further theorization of the role and purposes of good faith obligations in employment law, briefly outlining three strands of scholarship: discerning customs of good faith and their implications; theorizing roles of public law norms; and theorizing implications of contract law’s purposes. The chapter concludes with potential implications for the basic character of employment contracts and observations on the breadth and depth of unexplored questions that remain.
Non-Compete Covenants
Authors: Dau-Schmidt Kenneth G. , Barton Jozie M.
Published: August 2024

This chapter examines the problems posed by non-compete covenants in developed countries. It discusses the recent theory and empirical evidence on employer labour market power and how non-competes increase labour market frictions and the power of employers to set wages. It also summarizes the common law and civil code law on non-competes and recent efforts to amend those doctrines to minimize spurious non-competes that serve only to decrease employee wages. Finally, it discusses recent efforts, especially in the US, to enforce the antitrust and competition laws against non-competes and increase competition in labour markets.
Freedom of Association
Authors: Bogg Alan
Published: August 2024

This chapter considers the development of freedom of association as both labour and human right, tracing its origins as a statutory labour right into a constitutionalized human right. It considers different elements of this constitutionalization discourse: the right to disassociate, the ‘personal scope’ of freedom of association, the development of ‘derivative’ rights such as collective bargaining and the right to strike, and general considerations of constitutional legitimacy and ‘deference’. As legislatures and executives have become increasingly hostile to organized labour, trade unions and workers have turned to constitutional litigation strategies to defend their occupational interests. The distrust of courts, so characteristic of pluralist labour law systems, has given way to a new constitutional balance. While this new constitutional context has brought losses as well as gains for workers, the chapter identifies a vital yet subsidiary role for courts in upholding the values of legality and constitutional equality.
Equal Pay
Authors: Tokoro Hiroyo
Published: August 2024

This chapter discusses the current Japanese approach to addressing issues related to equal pay for equal work between men and women, and the country’s legal framework for eliminating the gender pay gap. Japan’s unique cultural ethos plays a prominent role in any discussion about workplace gender inequities. This chapter will describe this ethos and other major factors that contribute to the gender pay gap and examine the practical problems related to the application of existing Japanese gender equality law. Finally, with reference to relevant Canadian legal measures, the chapter will propose new Japanese legislative mechanisms to address sex-based workplace discrimination.
The Development of the Law of Work in China
Authors: Yan Tian
Published: August 2024

This chapter examines the external impetus of the evolution of the law of work in China, and attempts to understand it as the product of political, economic, and social factors. The chapter discusses legal developments before the introduction of the Labour Law in 1995, providing a comprehensive background for understanding the current law of work in China, and briefly describes more recent developments. The chapter is divided into five sections in historical order. According to this chapter, the similarities between the labour laws of China and other countries today may be superficial. Chinese labour law has its own deep social origins and internal logics that are yet to be researched.
The Notion of Weaponizing Trade and the Example of Moscow’s Threat to Food Security in 2023
Authors: Evenett Simon J. , Muendler Marc-Andreas
Published: August 2024

The intensification of geopolitical rivalry has raised the frequency of references to weaponizing trade, arguably a form of economic statecraft. This chapter parses the concept of weaponizing international trade in goods, services, technology, and data and highlights, at least as far as the economic literature is concerned, the paucity of theoretical analysis of what appears to be a growing practice in foreign economic policy. A case study of Russia’s capacity to manipulate the world wheat market, which threatens food security in importing nations, highlights the different means by which trade can be weaponized, calling for comprehensive assessments of the options available to governments. In turn, this insight raises important questions as to how best to theorize about government decisions to weaponize trade and how to assess such attempts. We identify avenues for future research.
Social Cognition Is Grounded in Physical Reality
Authors: Cecutti Lorenzo , Lee Spike W. S.
Published: August 2024

Mind and body form an inseparable system. A full analysis of social cognition cannot afford to ignore bodily processes. Highlighting this theme, our chapter leverages the broad perspective of grounded cognition to shed light on social cognitive processes. We outline the intellectual background of this perspective. We review six relevant key theories: conceptual metaphors, perceptual symbol systems, situated action, facial and proprioceptive feedback, somatic marker hypothesis, and grounded procedures. We delve into illustrative findings pertaining to priming and accessibility, social perception and behavior, evaluative and cognitive processes, and mood and emotion. We extend the focus of grounded cognition from the physical body (“embodied cognition”) to the physical environment and tools (“distributed cognition”). We conclude that a fully contextualized model of social cognition requires careful delineation of the cognitive loops among mind, body, and the social and physical realities in which they operate.
Fluency in Social Cognition
Authors: Claypool Heather M. , Garcia-Marques Teresa , Silva Rita R. , Mackie Diane M.
Published: August 2024

This chapter reviews the social cognitive literature on fluency, which is a subjective metacognitive experience of felt ease during cognitive processes. The chapter summarizes the myriad ways fluency can be instantiated and notes its close connections with feelings of positivity and familiarity. It also summarizes the literature showing fluency’s impact on social judgments of others and the self, noting that fluency generally makes such judgments more favorable, and articulates moderators of this effect. Finally, it addresses fluency as a determinant of information processing, highlighting that fluency tends to elicit nonanalytic, superficial, automatic, or System 1 processing, whereas disfluency appears to motivate more analytic, deep, controlled, or System 2 processing. Overall, this chapter makes clear that fluency impacts a multitude of content areas of interest to social cognition researchers.
Social Cognition and the Reduction of Intergroup Bias
Authors: Hildebrand Laura K. , Monteith Margo J. , Noland Elisabeth S.
Published: August 2024

This chapter provides an overview of social cognitive bias-reduction strategies. These strategies are organized around three broad categories. The strategies in the first category, which includes personalization- and recategorization-based strategies, reduce bias by changing group-based mental representation. The second category, which includes counterstereotyping and evaluative conditioning, “trains away bias” by changing the traits and affect that are automatically activated by target group members. The final category, which includes the self-regulation of prejudice model and the prejudice habit-breaking intervention, considers how one can exert control over bias to override automatically activated, biased responses with controlled, nonbiased responses. This chapter concludes by discussing the need to complement social cognitive bias-reduction strategies with other approaches to tackle contemporary issues (e.g., individual- versus systemic-level bias) involving prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination.
Accuracy in Impression Formation
Authors: Schwartzman Emily , Rule Nicholas O.
Published: August 2024

When and how do people form accurate initial impressions of others? This chapter begins by reviewing evidence of accuracy in categorizations of both obvious group memberships (e.g. age, race, gender) and perceptually ambiguous group memberships (e.g. sexual orientation, political affiliation). It then discusses accurate perceptions of personality traits across modalities (ranging from static images, to thin slices, to naturalistic social interaction) before shifting to related dimensions (i.e. dark traits, mental health, and well-being). The chapter also explores the mechanisms and moderators that facilitate accurate social perceptions, focusing on the realistic accuracy model and the roles of emotion, motivation, and neural mechanisms. Finally, it discusses the downstream social consequences of accurate (and inaccurate) first impressions.
Happiness Shapes and Is Shaped by Social Cognition and Social Connection
Authors: Okabe-Miyamoto Karynna , Lyubomirsky Sonja
Published: August 2024

Accumulating evidence demonstrates the vital role that social cognition plays in the bidirectional relationship between happiness and social connection. Social cognitions help to shape and maintain people’s social worlds. In turn, happiness has been shown to impact the ways in which people think about their social worlds—for example, via attentional biases, recall differences, and construal tendencies—which impacts subsequent social behaviors. Accordingly, understanding the ways in which happiness and social cognition interact and successfully influence social behavior is crucial for developing ways that people can better connect and avoid loneliness. This chapter discusses relevant research on attention, construal, attributions, memory, self-esteem, emotion regulation, rumination, and gratitude. Finally, building on growing research on well-being-increasing interventions, it argues that future work can leverage current understanding of how unhealthy social cognitions can be repaired, thereby creating effective interventions that target specific social cognitions, with the aim of improving relationships and enhancing well-being.
Language, Communication, and Social Cognition
Authors: Bryant Gregory A. , Dale Rick
Published: August 2024

Human communication comprises many multifaceted abilities, most integrated through social cognitive systems and often manifesting in conversational interaction. This chapter draws connections between fundamental concepts in psycholinguistics, pragmatics, cultural evolution, and social cognition, addressing relationships between these domains of empirical and theoretical work. Language is a fundamental component of interpersonal communication and must interface with several related, highly interactive systems for the purpose of navigating complex social environments. The chapter describes research investigating how many nonlinguistic, social phenomena can affect language processing, revealing its deep social communicative functions. New sophisticated computational tools incorporating massive amounts of multimodal data are beginning to be harnessed in the context of interdisciplinary theoretical approaches, making big empirical questions tractable concerning the relationships between language, communication, and social cognition.
Social Judgment and Decision-Making
Authors: Grant Marrissa Danielle , Flores Alexandra , J. Pedersen Eric , Van Boven Leaf
Published: August 2024

This chapter reviews the development of the field of judgment and decision-making (JDM), paralleling its emergence with the growing field of evolutionary psychology. JDM work has historically focused on a narrow range of research topics with restricted theoretical models and few applications to daily social life. This chapter argues for enriching the field by incorporating principles aimed at developing a holistic theory of social JDM that complements current research designed to refute rational blank-slate theories. Evolutionary psychology, which posits that human psychological processes are adapted to ancestral environments by natural selection, can provide a framework through which to accomplish this, and social cognition can inspire fruitful domains to focus research. This review summarizes the major themes of JDM, outlines a path forward for social JDM with natural selection as a unifying theory and attentional processes as a foundation for theoretical development, and issues a call to emphasize ecological design.