bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Free Radicals and Biotransformation in Trichloronitrobenzene-Induced Nephrotoxicity In Vitro
Authors: Rankin Gary , Tyree Connor , Pope Deborah , Tate Jordan , Racine Christopher , Anestis Dianne , Brown Kathleen , Dial Mason , Valentovic Monica
Published: May 2017

This study determined the comparative nephrotoxic potential of four trichloronitrobenzenes (TCNBs) (2,3,4-; 2,4,5-; 2,4,6-; and 3,4,5-TCNB) and explored the effects of antioxidants and biotransformation inhibitors on TCNB-induced cytotoxicity in isolated renal cortical cells (IRCC) from male Fischer 344 rats. IRCC were incubated with a TCNB up to 1.0 mM for 15–120 min. Pretreatment with an antioxidant or cytochrome P450 (CYP), flavin monooxygenase (FMO), or peroxidase inhibitor was used in some experiments. Among the four TCNBs, the order of decreasing nephrotoxic potential was approximately 3,4,5- > 2,4,6- > 2,3,4- > 2,4,5-TCNB. The four TCNBs exhibited a similar profile of attenuation of cytotoxicity in response to antioxidant pretreatments. 2,3,4- and 3,4,5-TCNB cytotoxicity was attenuated by most of the biotransformation inhibitors tested, 2,4,5-TCNB cytotoxicity was only inhibited by isoniazid (CYP 2E1 inhibitor), and 2,4,6-TCNB-induced cytotoxicity was inhibited by one CYP inhibitor, one FMO inhibitor, and one peroxidase inhibitor. All of the CYP specific inhibitors tested offered some attenuation of 3,4,5-TCNB cytotoxicity. These results indicate that 3,4,5-TCNB is the most potent nephrotoxicant, free radicals play a role in the TCNB cytotoxicity, and the role of biotransformation in TCNB nephrotoxicity in vitro is variable and dependent on the position of the chloro groups.
Transcriptomics, NF-κB Pathway, and Their Potential Spaceflight-Related Health Consequences
Authors: Zhang Ye , Moreno-Villanueva Maria , Krieger Stephanie , Ramesh Govindarajan , Neelam Srujana , Wu Honglu
Published: May 2017

In space, living organisms are exposed to multiple stress factors including microgravity and space radiation. For humans, these harmful environmental factors have been known to cause negative health impacts such as bone loss and immune dysfunction. Understanding the mechanisms by which spaceflight impacts human health at the molecular level is critical not only for accurately assessing the risks associated with spaceflight, but also for developing effective countermeasures. Over the years, a number of studies have been conducted under real or simulated space conditions. RNA and protein levels in cellular and animal models have been targeted in order to identify pathways affected by spaceflight. Of the many pathways responsive to the space environment, the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) network appears to commonly be affected across many different cell types under the true or simulated spaceflight conditions. NF-κB is of particular interest, as it is associated with many of the spaceflight-related health consequences. This review intends to summarize the transcriptomics studies that identified NF-κB as a responsive pathway to ground-based simulated microgravity or the true spaceflight condition. These studies were carried out using either human cell or animal models. In addition, the review summarizes the studies that focused specifically on NF-κB pathway in specific cell types or organ tissues as related to the known spaceflight-related health risks including immune dysfunction, bone loss, muscle atrophy, central nerve system (CNS) dysfunction, and risks associated with space radiation. Whether the NF-κB pathway is activated or inhibited in space is dependent on the cell type, but the potential health impact appeared to be always negative. It is argued that more studies on NF-κB should be conducted to fully understand this particular pathway for the benefit of crew health in space.
Can Co-Activation of Nrf2 and Neurotrophic Signaling Pathway Slow Alzheimer’s Disease?
Authors: Murphy Kelsey , Park Joshua
Published: May 2017

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifaceted disease that is hard to treat by single-modal treatment. AD starts with amyloid peptides, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress and later is accompanied with chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy dysfunction, resulting in more complicated pathogenesis. Currently, few treatments can modify the complicated pathogenic progress of AD. Compared to the treatment with exogenous antioxidants, the activation of global antioxidant defense system via Nrf2 looks more promising in attenuating oxidative stress in AD brains. Accompanying the activation of the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense system that reduce the AD-causative factor, oxidative stress, it is also necessary to activate the neurotrophic signaling pathway that replaces damaged organelles and molecules with new ones. Thus, the dual actions to activate both the Nrf2 antioxidant system and neurotrophic signaling pathway are expected to provide a better strategy to modify AD pathogenesis. Here, we review the current understanding of AD pathogenesis and neuronal defense systems and discuss a possible way to co-activate the Nrf2 antioxidant system and neurotrophic signaling pathway with the hope of helping to find a better strategy to slow AD.
Utilization of Multi-Immunization and Multiple Selection Strategies for Isolation of Hapten-Specific Antibodies from Recombinant Antibody Phage Display Libraries
Authors: Tullila Antti , Nevanen Tarja
Published: May 2017

Phage display technology provides a powerful tool for the development of novel recombinant antibodies. In this work, we optimized and streamlined the recombinant antibody discovery process for haptens as an example. A multi-immunization approach was used in order to avoid the need for construction of multiple antibody libraries. Selection methods were developed to utilize the full potential of the recombinant antibody library by applying four different elution conditions simultaneously. High-throughput immunoassays were used to analyse the binding properties of the individual antibody clones. Different carrier proteins were used in the immunization, selection, and screening phases to avoid enrichment of the antibodies for the carrier protein epitopes. Novel recombinant antibodies against mycophenolic acid and ochratoxin A, with affinities up to 39 nM and 34 nM, respectively, were isolated from a multi-immunized fragment antigen-binding (Fab) library.
Local Actions of Melatonin in Somatic Cells of the Testis
Authors: Frungieri Mónica , Calandra Ricardo , Rossi Soledad
Published: May 2017

The pineal hormone melatonin regulates testicular function through the hypothalamic-adenohypophyseal axis. In addition, direct actions of melatonin in somatic cells of the testis have been described. Melatonin acts as a local modulator of the endocrine activity in Leydig cells. In Sertoli cells, melatonin influences cellular growth, proliferation, energy metabolism and the oxidation state, and consequently may regulate spermatogenesis. These data pinpoint melatonin as a key player in the regulation of testicular physiology (i.e., steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis) mostly in seasonal breeders. In patients with idiopathic infertility, melatonin exerts anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects on testicular macrophages, and provides protective effects against oxidative stress in testicular mast cells. Consequently, melatonin is also involved in the modulation of inflammatory and oxidant/anti-oxidant states in testicular pathology. Overall, the literature data indicate that melatonin has important effects on testicular function and male reproduction.
Developmental Differentiation and Binding of Mental Processes with g through the Life-Span
Authors: Demetriou Andreas , Spanoudis George , Kazi Smaragda , Mouyi Antigoni , Žebec Mislav Stjepan , Kazali Elena , Golino Hudson , Bakracevic Karin , Shayer Michael
Published: May 2017

Integration/differentiation of mental processes is major mechanism of development. Developmental theories ascribe intellectual development to it. In psychometric theory, Spearman’s law of diminishing returns postulates that increasing g allows increasing differentiation of cognitive abilities, because increased mental power allows variable investment in domain-specific learning. Empirical evidence has been inconsistent so far, with some studies supporting and others contradicting this mechanism. This state of affairs is due to a developmental phenomenon: Both differentiation and strengthening of relations between specific processes and g may happen but these changes are phase-specific and ability-specific, depending upon the developmental priorities in the formation of g in each phase. We present eight studies covering the age span from 4 to 85 years in support of this phenomenon. Using new powerful modeling methods we showed that differentiation and binding of mental processes in g occurs in cycles. Specific processes intertwine with g at the beginning of cycles when they are integrated into it; when well established, these processes may vary with increasing g, reflecting its higher flexibility. Representational knowledge, inductive inference and awareness of it, and grasp of logical constraints framing inference are the major markers of g, first intertwining with in their respective cycles and differentiating later during the periods of 2–6, 7–11, and 11–20 years, respectively. The implications of these findings for an overarching cognitive developmental/differential theory of human mind are discussed.
A Statistical Analysis of Cryptocurrencies
Authors: Chan Stephen , Chu Jeffrey , Nadarajah Saralees , Osterrieder Joerg
Published: May 2017

We analyze statistical properties of the largest cryptocurrencies (determined by market capitalization), of which Bitcoin is the most prominent example. We characterize their exchange rates versus the U.S. Dollar by fitting parametric distributions to them. It is shown that returns are clearly non-normal, however, no single distribution fits well jointly to all the cryptocurrencies analysed. We find that for the most popular currencies, such as Bitcoin and Litecoin, the generalized hyperbolic distribution gives the best fit, while for the smaller cryptocurrencies the normal inverse Gaussian distribution, generalized t distribution, and Laplace distribution give good fits. The results are important for investment and risk management purposes.
Theoretical Investigations of Si-Ge Alloys in P42/ncm Phase: First-Principles Calculations
Authors: Ma Zhenyang , Liu Xuhong , Yu Xinhai , Shi Chunlei , Yan Fang
Published: May 2017

The structural, mechanical, anisotropic, electronic and thermal properties of Si, Si0.667Ge0.333, Si0.333Ge0.667 and Ge in P42/ncm phase are investigated in this work. The calculations have been performed with an ultra-soft pseudopotential by using the generalized gradient approximation and local density approximation in the framework of density functional theory. The achieved results for the lattice constants and band gaps of P42/ncm-Si and P42/ncm-Ge in this research have good accordance with other results. The calculated elastic constants and elastic moduli of the Si, Si0.667Ge0.333, Si0.333Ge0.667 and Ge in P42/ncm phase are better than that of the Si, Si0.667Ge0.333, Si0.333Ge0.667 and Ge in P42/mnm phase. The Si, Si0.667Ge0.333, Si0.333Ge0.667 and Ge in P42/ncm phase exhibit varying degrees of mechanical anisotropic properties in Poisson’s ratio, shear modulus, Young’s modulus, and universal anisotropic index. The band structures of the Si, Si0.667Ge0.333, Si0.333Ge0.667 and Ge in P42/ncm phase show that they are all indirect band gap semiconductors with band gap of 1.46 eV, 1.25 eV, 1.36 eV and 1.00 eV, respectively. In addition, we also found that the minimum thermal conductivity κmin of the Si, Si0.667Ge0.333, Si0.333Ge0.667 and Ge in P42/ncm phase exhibit different degrees of anisotropic properties in (001), (010), (100) and (01¯0) planes.
Structural, Morphological, Optical and Photocatalytic Properties of Y, N-Doped and Codoped TiO2 Thin Films
Authors: Hamden Zeineb , Conceição David , Boufi Sami , Vieira Ferreira Luís , Bouattour Soraa
Published: May 2017

Pure TiO2, Y-N single-doped and codoped TiO2 powders and thin films deposited on glass beads were successfully prepared using dip-coating and sol-gel methods. The samples were analyzed using grazing angle X-ray diffraction (GXRD), Raman spectroscopy, time resolved luminescence, ground state diffuse reflectance absorption and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). According to the GXRD patterns and micro-Raman spectra, only the anatase form of TiO2 was made evident. Ground state diffuse reflectance absorption studies showed that doping with N or codoping with N and Y led to an increase of the band gap. Laser induced luminescence analysis revealed a decrease in the recombination rate of the photogenerated holes and electrons. The photocatalytic activity of supported catalysts, toward the degradation of toluidine, revealed a meaningful enhancement upon codoping samples at a level of 2% (atomic ratio). The photocatalytic activity of the material and its reactivity can be attributed to a reduced, but significant, direct photoexcitation of the semiconductor by the halogen lamp, together with a charge-transfer-complex mechanism, or with the formation of surface oxygen vacancies by the N dopant atoms.
Bioactive Natural Product and Superacid Chemistry for Lead Compound Identification: A Case Study of Selective hCA III and L-Type Ca2+ Current Inhibitors for Hypotensive Agent Discovery
Authors: Carreyre Hélène , Carré Grégoire , Ouedraogo Maurice , Vandebrouck Clarisse , Bescond Jocelyn , Supuran Claudiu T. , Thibaudeau Sébastien
Published: May 2017

Dodoneine (Ddn) is one of the active compounds identified from Agelanthus dodoneifolius, which is a medicinal plant used in African pharmacopeia and traditional medicine for the treatment of hypertension. In the context of a scientific program aiming at discovering new hypotensive agents through the original combination of natural product discovery and superacid chemistry diversification, and after evidencing dodoneine’s vasorelaxant effect on rat aorta, superacid modifications allowed us to generate original analogues which showed selective human carbonic anhydrase III (hCA III) and L-type Ca2+ current inhibition. These derivatives can now be considered as new lead compounds for vasorelaxant therapeutics targeting these two proteins.
Heteromer Nanostars by Spontaneous Self-Assembly
Authors: Brocker Caitlin , Kim Hannah , Smith Daniel , Barua Sutapa
Published: May 2017

Heteromer star-shaped nanoparticles have the potential to carry out therapeutic agents, improve intracellular uptake, and safely release drugs after prolonged periods of residence at the diseased site. A one-step seed mediation process was employed using polylactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), silver nitrate, and tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC). Mixing these reagents followed by UV irradiation successfully produced heteromer nanostars containing a number of arm chains attached to a single core with a high yield. The release of THPC from heteromer nanostars was tested for its potential use for breast cancer treatment. The nanostars present a unique geometrical design exhibiting a significant intracellular uptake by breast cancer cells but low cytotoxicity that potentiates its efficacy as drug carriers.
The Development of Non-Enzymatic Glucose Biosensors Based on Electrochemically Prepared Polypyrrole–Chitosan–Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposite Films
Authors: AL-Mokaram Ali , Yahya Rosiyah , Abdi Mahnaz , Mahmud Habibun
Published: May 2017

The performance of a modified electrode of nanocomposite films consisting of polypyrrole–chitosan–titanium dioxide (Ppy-CS-TiO2) has been explored for the developing a non-enzymatic glucose biosensors. The synergy effect of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and conducting polymer on the current responses of the electrode resulted in greater sensitivity. The incorporation of TiO2 NPs in the nanocomposite films was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra. FE-SEM and HR-TEM provided more evidence for the presence of TiO2 in the Ppy-CS structure. Glucose biosensing properties were determined by amperommetry and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The interfacial properties of nanocomposite electrodes were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The developed biosensors showed good sensitivity over a linear range of 1–14 mM with a detection limit of 614 μM for glucose. The modified electrode with Ppy-CS nanocomposite also exhibited good selectivity and long-term stability with no interference effect. The Ppy-CS-TiO2 nanocomposites films presented high electron transfer kinetics. This work shows the role of nanomaterials in electrochemical biosensors and describes the process of their homogeneous distribution in composite films by a one-step electrochemical process, where all components are taken in a single solution in the electrochemical cell.
Lactobacillus reuteri I5007 Modulates Intestinal Host Defense Peptide Expression in the Model of IPEC-J2 Cells and Neonatal Piglets
Authors: Liu Hongbin , Hou Chengli , Wang Gang , Jia Hongmin , Yu Haitao , Zeng Xiangfang , Thacker Philip A , Zhang Guolong , Qiao Shiyan
Published: May 2017

Modulation of the synthesis of endogenous host defense peptides (HDPs) by probiotics represents a novel antimicrobial approach for disease control and prevention, particularly against antibiotic-resistant infections in human and animals. However, the extent of HDP modulation by probiotics is species dependent and strain specific. In the present study, The porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) cells and neonatal piglets were used as in-vitro and in-vivo models to test whether Lactobacillus reuteri I5007 could modulate intestinal HDP expression. Gene expressions of HDPs, toll-like receptors, and fatty acid receptors were determined, as well as colonic short chain fatty acid concentrations and microbiota. Exposure to 108 colony forming units (CFU)/mL of L. reuteri I5007 for 6 h significantly increased the expression of porcine β-Defensin2 (PBD2), pBD3, pBD114, pBD129, and protegrins (PG) 1-5 in IPEC-J2 cells. Similarly, L. reuteri I5007 administration significantly increased the expression of jejunal pBD2 as well as colonic pBD2, pBD3, pBD114, and pBD129 in neonatal piglets (p < 0.05). This was probably associated with the increase in colonic butyric acid concentration and up-regulating expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and G Protein-Coupled Receptor 41 (GPR41) (p < 0.05), but not with stimulation of Pattern-Recognition Receptors. Additionally, supplementation with L. reuteri I5007 in the piglets did not affect the colonic microbiota structure. Our findings suggested that L. reuteri I5007 could modulate intestinal HDP expression and improve the gut health of neonatal piglets, probably through the increase in colonic butyric acid concentration and the up-regulation of the downstream molecules of butyric acid, PPAR-γ and GPR41, but not through modifying gut microbiota structure.
Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Phenotypes of Recent Bacterial Strains Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections in Elderly Patients with Prostatic Disease
Authors: Delcaru Cristina , Podgoreanu Paulina , Alexandru Ionela , Popescu Nela , Măruţescu Luminiţa , Bleotu Coralia , Mogoşanu George , Chifiriuc Mariana , Gluck Marinela , Lazăr Veronica
Published: May 2017

Acute bacterial prostatitis is one of the frequent complications of urinary tract infection (UTI). From the approximately 10% of men having prostatitis, 7% experience a bacterial prostatitis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of uropathogens associated with UTIs in older patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and to assess their susceptibility to commonly prescribed antibiotics as well as the relationships between microbial virulence and resistance features. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli was found to be the most frequent bacterial strain isolated from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, followed by Enterococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens. Increased resistance rates to tetracyclines, quinolones, and sulfonamides were registered. Besides their resistance profiles, the uropathogenic isolates produced various virulence factors with possible implications in the pathogenesis process. The great majority of the uropathogenic isolates revealed a high capacity to adhere to HEp-2 cell monolayer in vitro, mostly exhibiting a localized adherence pattern. Differences in the repertoire of soluble virulence factors that can affect bacterial growth and persistence within the urinary tract were detected. The Gram-negative strains produced pore-forming toxins—such as hemolysins, lecithinases, and lipases—proteases, siderophore-like molecules resulted from the esculin hydrolysis and amylases, while Enterococcus sp. strains were positive only for caseinase and esculin hydrolase. Our study demonstrates that necessity of investigating the etiology and local resistance patterns of uropathogenic organisms, which is crucial for determining appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment in elderly patients with UTI, while establishing correlations between resistance and virulence profiles could provide valuable input about the clinical evolution and recurrence rates of UTI.
β-Cyclodextrin Modified Poly(Acrylonitrule-co-Acrylic Acid) Hydrogel for Thorium(IV) Adsorption
Authors: Duan Guojian , Zhong Qiangqiang , Bi Lei , Yang Liu , Liu Tonghuan , Shi Xiaoning , Wu Wangsuo
Published: May 2017

In this report, the β-CD(AN-co-AA) hydrogel was used to remove the thorium(IV) [Th(IV)] from the water system, and the new adsorbent was characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The influences of contact time, pH value, ionic strength, solid-liquid ratio, initial Th(IV) concentration, and temperature on Th(IV) adsorption onto the functional hydrogel were researched. The results showed that the experimental data followed the Langmuir isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) for Th(IV) was 692 mg/g at pH 2.95, which approached the calculated (qe) 682 mg/g. The desorption capacity of Th(IV) in different HNO3 concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.5 M was also studied, and the percentage of the maximum desorption was 86.85% in the condition of 0.09 M HNO3. The selectivity of β-CD(AN-co-AA) hydrogel was also be studied, the results indicated that this material retained the good adsorption capacity to Th(IV) even when the Ca2+, Mg2+, or Pb2+ existed in the system. The findings indicate that β-CD(AN-co-AA) can be used as a new candidate for the enrichment and separation of Th(IV), or its analogue actinides, from large-volume solution in practical application.
Electromagnetic Field Assessment as a Smart City Service: The SmartSantander Use-Case
Authors: Diez Luis , Agüero Ramón , Muñoz Luis
Published: May 2017

Despite the increasing presence of wireless communications in everyday life, there exist some voices raising concerns about their adverse effects. One particularly relevant example is the potential impact of the electromagnetic field they induce on the population’s health. Traditionally, very specialized methods and devices (dosimetry) have been used to assess the strength of the E-field, with the main objective of checking whether it respects the corresponding regulations. In this paper, we propose a complete novel approach, which exploits the functionality leveraged by a smart city platform. We deploy a number of measuring probes, integrated as sensing devices, to carry out a characterization embracing large areas, as well as long periods of time. This unique platform has been active for more than one year, generating a vast amount of information. We process such information, and the obtained results validate the whole methodology. In addition, we discuss the variation of the E-field caused by cellular networks, considering additional information, such as usage statistics. Finally, we establish the exposure that can be attributed to the base stations within the scenario under analysis.
Distributed Piezoelectric Sensor System for Damage Identification in Structures Subjected to Temperature Changes
Authors: Vitola Jaime , Pozo Francesc , Tibaduiza Diego , Anaya Maribel
Published: May 2017

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a very important area in a wide spectrum of fields and engineering applications. With an SHM system, it is possible to reduce the number of non-necessary inspection tasks, the associated risk and the maintenance cost in a wide range of structures during their lifetime. One of the problems in the detection and classification of damage are the constant changes in the operational and environmental conditions. Small changes of these conditions can be considered by the SHM system as damage even though the structure is healthy. Several applications for monitoring of structures have been developed and reported in the literature, and some of them include temperature compensation techniques. In real applications, however, digital processing technologies have proven their value by: (i) offering a very interesting way to acquire information from the structures under test; (ii) applying methodologies to provide a robust analysis; and (iii) performing a damage identification with a practical useful accuracy. This work shows the implementation of an SHM system based on the use of piezoelectric (PZT) sensors for inspecting a structure subjected to temperature changes. The methodology includes the use of multivariate analysis, sensor data fusion and machine learning approaches. The methodology is tested and evaluated with aluminum and composite structures that are subjected to temperature variations. Results show that damage can be detected and classified in all of the cases in spite of the temperature changes.
A Point Temperature Sensor Based on Upconversion Emission in Er3+/Yb3+ Codoped Tellurite-Zinc-Niobium Glass
Authors: Wu Ting , Tong Rui , Liao Liwen , Huang Lihui , Zhao Shilong , Xu Shiqing
Published: May 2017

Er3+/Yb3+ codoped tellurite-zinc-niobium (TZNb) glass was prepared by the melt-quenching method and used for the construction of a point all-fiber temperature sensor. The glass thermal stability and network structural properties were studied by differential thermal analysis and Raman spectrum, respectively. High glass transition temperature is beneficial to widen the working temperature range. The dependence of fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of green upconversion emissions on the surrounding temperature from 276 to 363 K was experimentally investigated and the maximum temperature sensitivity is 95 × 10−4 K−1 at 363 K. Strong green upconversion emission, broad temperature measurement range and high sensitivity indicate this point temperature sensor is a promising optical device for application on optical temperature sensing.
Assessing Agricultural Drought Vulnerability by a VSD Model: A Case Study in Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Wu Jiansheng , Lin Xin , Wang Meijuan , Peng Jian , Tu Yuanjie
Published: May 2017

Drought vulnerability of agriculture is significant to economic development and sustainable food production. In this paper, we proposed a framework to evaluate the regional agricultural-eco environment in the face of drought caused by climate change. Based on a vulnerability scoping diagram (VSD) model, we built up a comprehensive system to evaluate the agricultural drought vulnerability of Yunnan Province in China. The model highlights the human-land relationship by considering both natural conditions and human activities. Twelve indicators were generated to construct three components of the model: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. During the construction of the VSD model, the entropy and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) comprehensive analysis method were adopted to generate the weights and to compute the composite index for each section. Furthermore, the factor analysis method was used to determine the dominant factors of different cities and the main indicators driving the system. The results indicated a spatial pattern that the vulnerability value was high on the eastern and western sides, but low in the middle of Yunnan Province. Most of the vulnerable regions were concentrated in remote areas. Indicators such as population density, irrigation level, annual average precipitation, cultivation land ratio, and difficulty of water supply were the main driving factors. This means that there is a deep connection between agricultural drought vulnerability and urbanization. The evaluation system developed during this research will provide guidance for drought mitigation in regions of complex terrain.
Green Buildings in Singapore; Analyzing a Frontrunner’s Sectoral Innovation System
Authors: Siva Vidushini , Hoppe Thomas , Jain Mansi
Published: May 2017

The building sector in Singapore consumes up to half of the nation’s total energy. The government has therefore been urging the transformation of the industry by targeting 80% of all buildings to be green-certified by 2030. Thus far, Singapore has done relatively well, and is widely viewed as frontrunner in this respect. This paper addresses the question: what are the benefits and limitations of Singapore’s sectoral innovation system in spurring an energy transition in the building sector, in particular by up-scaling the use of green building technology? The Sectoral Innovation Systems (SIS) theoretical framework was used to analyze the Singapore case. Four SIS components were assessed: technological regime, market demand, actor interactions and networks, and institutional framework. The benefits of Singapore’s sectoral innovation system identified in the analysis basically concern aspects of all of the four elements of SIS. Particular success factors concerned the launching of an integrated strategy to support green building innovations (i.e., the Green Mark policy scheme), implementing support policies, and setting up test beds. Furthermore, a masterplan to engage and educate end-users was implemented, knowledge exchange platforms were set up, regulations on the use of efficient equipment in buildings were issued, and standards and a certification system were adopted. The results also shed light on key barriers, namely, the reluctance of building users to change their habits, ineffective stakeholder collaboration, and green buildings innovation support coming from the government only. Measures in place have been moderately effective.
Research on Customer Satisfaction in Marine Cultural and Sustainable Tourism—A Case Study of Shanghai
Authors: Zheng Yuxiang , Wang Jiaying , Tsai Sang-Bing , Li Guodong , Wang Jiangtao , Zhou Jie
Published: May 2017

In recent years, marine cultural tourism, an emerging tourism mode, has become more and more popular among tourists, and demonstrates broad market prospects. However, Chinese marine cultural tourism is still in the development and growth stage, and the level of customer satisfaction is uneven. The improvement of the customer satisfaction level is conducive to meeting customers’ demands in marine cultural tourism and enhancing the competitiveness of Chinese marine cultural tourism. Based on theoretical research and the practical situation of marine cultural tourism, this paper implements empirical investigation and research into customer satisfaction in marine cultural tourism in Shanghai, China. According to the research results, it proposes improving the level of customer satisfaction in Chinese marine cultural tourism from the perspectives of ocean culture tourism promotion, customer satisfaction evaluation, service level management and environment construction of scenic spots, tourism branding and the marine cultural accomplishments of tourists, so as to promote the sustainable development of marine cultural tourism.
The Role of Somatic L1 Retrotransposition in Human Cancers
Authors: Scott Emma , Devine Scott
Published: May 2017

The human LINE-1 (or L1) element is a non-LTR retrotransposon that is mobilized through an RNA intermediate by an L1-encoded reverse transcriptase and other L1-encoded proteins. L1 elements remain actively mobile today and continue to mutagenize human genomes. Importantly, when new insertions disrupt gene function, they can cause diseases. Historically, L1s were thought to be active in the germline but silenced in adult somatic tissues. However, recent studies now show that L1 is active in at least some somatic tissues, including epithelial cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of these recent developments, and examine evidence that somatic L1 retrotransposition can initiate and drive tumorigenesis in humans. Recent studies have: (i) cataloged somatic L1 activity in many epithelial tumor types; (ii) identified specific full-length L1 source elements that give rise to somatic L1 insertions; and (iii) determined that L1 promoter hypomethylation likely plays an early role in the derepression of L1s in somatic tissues. A central challenge moving forward is to determine the extent to which L1 driver mutations can promote tumor initiation, evolution, and metastasis in humans.
Distribution and Removal of Nonylphenol Ethoxylates and Nonylphenol from Textile Wastewater—A Comparison of a Cotton and a Synthetic Fiber Factory in Vietnam
Authors: Ho Hien , Watanabe Tsunemi
Published: May 2017

The textile industry is a significant source of nonyphenol and their ethoxylates, which are suggested to be responsible for endocrine disruption in wildlife and humans. This study is a comparison of two conventional wastewater treatment processes in a cotton and a synthetic fiber factory in Vietnam, with regard to the distribution and removal of nonyphenol ethoxylates and nonyphenol throughout each process. Diverse trends in the distribution of nonyphenol ethoxylates in wastewater from factories, distinguished by their raw materials, could be revealed. Primary coagulation might not perfectly facilitate nitrification in the secondary activated sludge process regarding pH. Nevertheless, satisfactory removals were achieved during coagulation and activated sludge processes in both systems. The roles of long hydraulic retention times (21 and 16 h, respectively), low organic loadings (0.1 and 0.2 gCOD/gMLVSS.day, respectively), extended solids retention times (61 and 66 days, respectively), and mixed liquor suspended solids of greater than 2000 mg/L have been demonstrated. The findings provide evidence and a better understanding of nonyphenol ethoxylate and nonyphenol removal efficacy as well as influencing factors in Vietnamese textile wastewater treatment. The results are beneficial for the textile industry in Vietnam regarding investment decisions for wastewater treatment.
Nelfinavir and Ritonavir Kill Bladder Cancer Cells Synergistically by Inducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Sato Akinori , Asano Takako , Okubo Kazuki , Isono Makoto , Asano Tomohiko
Published: May 2017

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor nelfinavir acts against malignancies by inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir, on the other hand, not only induces ER stress but also inhibits P-glycoprotein’s pump activity and thereby enhances the effects of its substrate drugs. We therefore postulated that ritonavir in combination with nelfinavir would kill bladder cancer cells effectively by inducing ER stress cooperatively and also enhancing nelfinavir’s effect. Nelfinavir was shown to be a P-glycoprotein substrate, and the combination of nelfinavir and ritonavir inhibited bladder cancer cell growth synergistically. It also suppressed colony formation significantly. The combination significantly increased the number of cells in the sub-G1fraction and also the number of annexin V+cells, confirming robust apoptosis induction. The combination induced ER stress synergistically, as evidenced by the increased expression of glucose-regulated protein 78, ER-resident protein 44, and endoplasmic oxidoreductin-1-like protein. It also increased the expression of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor AMP-activated protein kinase and caused dephosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein, demonstrating that the combination also inhibited the mTOR pathway. We also found that the combination enhanced histone acetylation synergistically by decreasing the expression of HDACs 1, 3, and 6.
Atomic structure of Mg-based metallic glass investigated with neutron diffraction, reverse Monte Carlo modeling and electron microscopy
Authors: Babilas Rafał , Łukowiec Dariusz , Temleitner Laszlo
Published: May 2017

The structure of a multicomponent metallic glass, Mg65Cu20Y10Ni5, was investigated by the combined methods of neutron diffraction (ND), reverse Monte Carlo modeling (RMC) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The RMC method, based on the results of ND measurements, was used to develop a realistic structure model of a quaternary alloy in a glassy state. The calculated model consists of a random packing structure of atoms in which some ordered regions can be indicated. The amorphous structure was also described by peak values of partial pair correlation functions and coordination numbers, which illustrated some types of cluster packing. The N = 9 clusters correspond to the tri-capped trigonal prisms, which are one of Bernal’s canonical clusters, and atomic clusters with N = 6 and N = 12 are suitable for octahedral and icosahedral atomic configurations. The nanocrystalline character of the alloy after annealing was also studied by HRTEM. The selected HRTEM images of the nanocrystalline regions were also processed by inverse Fourier transform analysis. The high-angle annular dark-ﬁeld (HAADF) technique was used to determine phase separation in the studied glass after heat treatment. The HAADF mode allows for the observation of randomly distributed, dark contrast regions of about 4–6 nm. The interplanar spacing identified for the orthorhombic Mg2Cu crystalline phase is similar to the value of the first coordination shell radius from the short-range order.
The Value of Electrically Evoked Stapedius Reflex in Determining the Maximum Comfort Level of a Cochlear Implant
Authors: de Andrade Kelly Cristina Lira , Muniz Lilian Ferreira , Menezes Pedro de Lemos , Neto Silvio da Silva Caldas , Carnaúba Aline Tenório Lins , Leal Mariana de Carvalho
Published: May 2017

Background:One of the most important steps for good user performance with a cochlear implant (CI) is activation and programming, aimed at determining the dynamic range. In adults, current levels are determined by psychophysical measures. In babies, small children, or individuals
with multiple disorders, this procedure requires techniques that may provide inconsistent responses because of auditory inexperience or the age of the child, making it a very difficult process that demands the collaboration of both the patient and the family.Purpose:To study the relationship
between the electrically evoked stapedius reflex threshold (ESRT) and maximum comfort level for stimulating electrodes (C-level) in postoperative CI users.Research Design:Cross-sectional analytical observational case series study.Study Sample:We assessed 24 patients of both sexes,
aged between 18 and 68 yr, submitted to CI surgery.Intervention:Otoscopy and immittance. Next, an implant speech processor connected to an Itautec® computer containing the manufacturer’s software (custom sound Ep 3‐2) was used, as well as an AT 235h probe
inserted into the ear contralateral to the CI to capture the stapedius reflex, obtaining electrically evoked stapedius reflex thresholds.Data Collection and Analysis:Data from the last programming, defining C-levels for each electrode studied, were extracted from the databank of each
patient. The manual decay function of the AT 235h middle ear analyzer was used to observe ESRT response in a same window for a longer response capture time. Electrodes 22, 16, 11, 6, and 1 were tested when active, with the aim of using electrodes over the entire length of the CI, and ESRT
was considered present when compliance was ≥0.05 ml. Stimuli, in current units, were always initiated at 20 cu above the C-level. The analysis of variance parametric test, Tukey’s honest significant difference test, the t-test, Wilcoxon nonparametric test, and the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov
test examined whether significant relationships existed between these other factors.Results:The results demonstrate that all the electrodes selected for the study exhibited higher mean reflex threshold values than their mean C-level counterparts. However, there was no significant difference
between them, for electrodes 1, 6, 11, and 16. The data provided allow the use of ESRT to define C-level values and make it possible to stipulate a correction factor ranging between 6 and 25.6 electrical units.Conclusion:The use of electrically evoked stapedius reflex thresholds can
help the team in charge of programming CIs, making the process faster and safer, mainly for infants, small children, or individuals with multiple disorders.
The therapeutic approach of the May-Thurner Syndrome without Deep Venous Thrombosis: a systematic review
Authors: Rolim Neto Modesto Leite , Luedy Thaís Abreu , Da Costa Isadora Rodrigues , Pimentel João Vitor , Da Silva Francisco Henrique Peixoto
Published: May 2017

May-Thurner Syndrome is a clinical condition which causes a variety of vascular symptoms, resulting from pelvic and lower extremity venous flow obstruction caused by the compression of the iliac vein by overlying iliac artery. Treatment paradigms have changed as experience with endovascular modalities has evolved, making traditional surgical treatment strategies essentially obsolete and a endovascular treatment with angioplasty and stenting along selective thrombolysis has become the standard for symptomatic the syndrome. The objective of this present study is to show the therapeutic approach in treatment when there’s no presence of Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) symptoms. To accomplish this purpose, a systematic review of articles about May-Thurner Syndrome and its management therapies, published from January 1, 2005 to September 20, 2015, on PubMED and SCOPUS databases, was carried out. Search terms were “may-thurner syndrome” (medical subject headings [MeSH term]), “iliocaval compression syndrome” (MeSH), “cockett syndrome” (MeSH), “peripheral vascular diseases” (MeSH), and “treatment” (keyword). Of the 89 retrieved studies, 14 met the elegibility criteria. Retrieved studies covered that without correction of this syndrome, patients are at continued risk for recurrent deep vein thrombosis and post-thrombotic syndrome. Considering the therapy, systemic anticoagulation is the first component, and endovascular treatment appears to be superior to conventional surgical treatment. It should be the first line of therapy. Furthermore, there has been multiple advences in the recent years for chronic arterial occlusions using techniques such as blunt micro dissection, radiofrequency energy and laser. In the absence of deep venous trombosis, conservative treatments are preferred. To conclude, based on the review of the literature, a combination of conservative and endovascular therapy usually provides the best treatment in most cases. Thus, further researches must be done to advance in the matter of therapeutic of the non-DVT form of May-Thurner Syndrome.

 

Keywords: May-Thurner Syndrome, Iliocaval Compression Syndrome, Cockett Syndrome, Peripheral Vascular Disease, Treatment.
Influences of Non-Accession to Exclusive Breastfeeding: Understanding of Feminine Subjectivity
Authors: Alves Tássia Regine de Morais , Carvalho Jovanka Bittencourt Leite de , Cavalcante Rosangela Diniz , Teixeira Gracimary Alves , Silva Flavio Cesar Bezerra da , Oliveira Andrêza Maria de , Silva Glauber Weder dos Santos
Published: May 2017

Objective: To investigate the difficulties experienced by mothers, that influence the failure of Exclusive Breast Feeding.

Method: qualitative study, exploratory and descriptive. There were semi-structured interviews with 14 women. The data treatment occurred by means of the content analysis, in the form of thematic analysis.

Results: Mammary complications; negative influences of familiar; job out of home and various household duties; insufficient information and weaknesses in communication among professionals of prenatal care; insertion of artificial teats (bottles) in the hospital.

Conclusions: it was found that breastfeeding transcends biological concept, because it suffers social and cultural interference. Furthermore, woman as a social being is inserted in a context permeated by values which directly interfere in their attitudes.
Challenge And Perception Of The Meaning Of The Nurse’s Job In The Brazilian Prison System
Authors: Apolinario Fernando Henrique , Berti Heloisa Wey , Dell'Acqua Magda Cristina Queiroz , Spiri Wilza Carla , Lourenço Arlindo Da Silva
Published: May 2017

Objective: To analyze the perceptions and meanings attributed by nurses working in the prison units and to characterize the prison units belonging to the Prison Coordination of the Western Region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil.

Method: Descriptive study with qualitative approach performed in 19 prison units, 35 nurses, semi-structured interview, organized and analyzed through the technique of the Discourse of the Collective Subject (DCS), based on the ethical and bioethical theoretical framework.

Result: From the analysis of the data emerged two themes, Challenges of the work of the nurse in Prison Units and Meaning of the work.

Final considerations: The ethical dilemmas daily lived by the nurses were evidenced and there is a need for the inspection bodies of the profession, class entities, human rights associations, civil society and the Secretariat of Penitentiary Administration to mobilize in favor of full professional practice.
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Associated With Uncommon Abnormalities
Authors: Silveira Helson Freitas da , Ribeiro Junior Howard Lopes , Lucena Jalles Dantas de , Costa Sobrinho Osvaldo Pereira da , Sousa Luane Macedo de , Sousa Kalina Kelma Oliviera de , Barreto João Erivan Façanha , Pessoa Roberta Silva , Scafuri Ariel Gustavo , Gondim Delane Viana , Cerqueira Gilberto Santos
Published: May 2017

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a poor formation of the diaphragm characterized by the presence of an intestinal malrotation, It is related to abnormal position of the intestine in the thorax. This case report a stillborn at 32 weeks, that was observe anatomical abnormalities associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, which occurred in the left antero-posterior region, such as intestinal malrotation, hepatomegaly and nephromegaly, with the presence of a hernial ring that occupied 80 % of the left side of the diaphragm, besides a hypertrophied heart, deviated to the right, bilateral pulmonary hypotrophy.  This case illustrates a rare case of diaphragmatic hernia with intestinal changes of clinical and surgical importance.