bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The evolution of irrigation development in monsoon Asia and historical lessons
Authors: Hatcho Nobumasa , Ochi Shiro , Matsuno Yutaka
Published: January 2010

The development of water control systems in the Asian region began from a small‐ scale/community system to become an integrated larger system of a kingdom. Technological development had been in line with the accumulation of knowledge and wisdom in the local areas. Over the years, resource endowments have led to different paths of development for rice‐ producing countries. All rice‐exporting countries in Asia (Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia and Vietnam) have major river deltas, and water control in these areas requires huge investment and management capacity. Such development did not begin until the arrival of the colonial powers in the nineteenth century. Rice cultivation in Thailand, Myanmar and Cambodia remains extensive, with large areas under rainfed lowland or deep water cultivation. Vietnam is moving into the second stage of developing its delta areas with an increased share of irrigation and better control of water, resulting in a higher yield level.

There are differences between the Asian and Western approach to development. The Western approach tends to be dominating and controlling, placing more emphasis on engineering theory and making light of traditional wisdom or human/institutional factors. The Asian approach, on the other hand, is more flexible and is in harmony with nature and the socio‐cultural environment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Governance of irrigation systems: Does history offer lessons for today?
Authors: Abernethy Charles L.
Published: January 2010

At the present time, a large change in the governance of irrigation systems is being attempted in many countries, especially the developing ones, involving an increase in the extent of self‐governance. The objectives of this vary, but almost always include reducing the budgetary burden on the state. This paper interprets what governance means, in the form of five principal components, and proposes three principal impacts that we should seek in the evaluation of good governance. Some historical examples illustrating state governance and self‐governance types are reviewed and contrasted. Since about 1850, there has been a huge increase in the extent of state governance. The current wave of projects for irrigation management transfer reflects a feeling that the financial burden on the state has, in many countries, become excessive, leading to deterioration of systems' performance and sustainability. This effect is, at least in part, due to the arrival in the 1960s of the international development aid system, which is much more ready to finance the creation or expansion of irrigation than the subsequent running costs. The transition that is now being attempted, involving some return to self‐governance, is difficult. Historians of irrigation are urged to seek past examples that may be helpful in indicating how to achieve this result. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Authors: Chen Tao , Mei Nan , Fu Peter P.
Published: January 2010

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are common constituents of many plant species around the world. PA‐containing plants are probably the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock and wildlife. They can inflict harm to humans through contaminated food sources, herbal medicines and dietary supplements. Half of the identified PAs are genotoxic and many of them are tumorigenic. The mutagenicity of PAs has been extensively studied in different biological systems. Upon metabolic activation, PAs produce DNA adducts, DNA cross‐linking, DNA breaks, sister chromatid exchange, micronuclei, chromosomal aberrations, gene mutations and chromosome mutationsin vivoandin vitro. PAs induced mutations in thecIIgene of rat liver and in thep53 and K‐rasgenes of mouse liver tumors. It has been suggested that all PAs produce a set of (±)‐6,7‐dihydro‐7‐hydroxy‐1‐hydroxymethyl‐5H‐pyrrolizine‐derived DNA adducts and similar types of gene mutations. The signature types of mutations are G : C → T : A transversion and tandem base substitutions. Overall, PAs are mutagenicin vivoandin vitroand their mutagenicity appears to be responsible for the carcinogenesis of PAs. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Therapist fidelity with an exposure‐based treatment of ptsd in adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
Authors: Long Mary E. , Grubaugh Anouk L. , Elhai Jon D. , Cusack Karen J. , Knapp Rebecca , Frueh B. Christopher
Published: January 2010

This study examined therapists' fidelity to a manualized, multicomponent cognitive‐behavioral intervention for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including exposure therapy, among public sector patients with a psychotic disorder. Independent raters assessed therapists' competence and adherence, rating 20% of randomly selected audio taped sessions (n=57 sessions, coded by two raters, with strong interrater agreement). Adherence ratings indicated that therapists complied well with the protocol, and competency ratings typically averaged “very good” or higher (6 on 7‐point Likert scale). Findings suggest that therapists can effectively deliver a manualized cognitive‐behavioral intervention for PTSD, with exposure therapy, to patients with severe mental illness without compromise to the structure of sessions and/or the therapeutic relationship. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 66:1–11, 2010.
Role of hypoxia and autophagy in MDA‐MB‐231 invasiveness
Authors: Indelicato Manuela , Pucci Bruna , Schito Luana , Reali Valentina , Aventaggiato Michele , Mazzarino Maria C. , Stivala Franca , Fini Massimo , Russo Matteo A. , Tafani Marco
Published: January 2010

Survival strategies adopted by tumor cells in response to a hypoxic stress include activation of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1) and autophagy. However, the importance and the function of each molecular response is not well defined. In the present study, we investigated invasiveness, migration, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity, and cell survival of MDA‐MB‐231 cells under normoxia, hypoxia, and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Moreover, to assess the importance of hypoxia and autophagy on the parameters studied, cells were either left untreated or treated with Chetomin (a selective inhibitor of HIF‐1α) or trifluoperazine (TFP, an activator of autophagy). We found that hypoxia and H/R stimulated invasiveness and migration of MDA‐MB‐231 cells with an increased MMP‐2 activity. Chetomin and TFP differently regulated the cellular behavior under the oxygenation conditions studied. In fact, Chetomin was most effective in inhibiting cell invasion, MMPs activity, and cell survival under hypoxia but not normoxia or H/R. By contrast, TFP inhibition of cell invasion, migration, and cell survival was independent from oxygenation conditions. TFP‐induced autophagy was inhibited by light chain protein 3 (LC3) silencing or 3‐methyladenine (3MA) treatment. In fact, LC3‐silenced cells were able to invade in the presence of TFP without any GATE16 processing and p62 degradation. Immunofluorescence assay showed that LC3 silencing inhibited TFP‐induced autophagosome formation. However, we also showed that both TPF treatment and LC3 silencing caused cytoskeleton impairments suggesting a possible interaction between LC3 and cytoskeleton components. In conclusion, our study shows that hypoxia and autophagy by acting on common (HIF‐1α) or separate (MMPs, cytoskeleton) targets differently regulate cell invasion, MMPs activity, and survival. J. Cell. Physiol. 223: 359–368, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for organ‐specific stem cell microenvironments
Authors: Ghinassi Barbara , Martelli Fabrizio , Verrucci Maria , D'Amore Emanuela , Migliaccio Giovanni , Vannucchi Alessandro Maria , Hoffman Ronald , Migliaccio Anna Rita
Published: January 2010

The X‐linked Gata1low mutation in mice induces strain‐restricted myeloproliferative disorders characterized by extramedullary hematopoiesis in spleen (CD1 and DBA/2) and liver (CD1 only). To assess the role of the microenvironment in establishing this myeloproliferative trait, progenitor cell compartments of spleen and marrow from wild‐type and Gata1low mice were compared. Phenotype and clonal assay of non‐fractionated cells indicated that Gata1low mice contain progenitor cell numbers 4‐fold lower and 10‐fold higher than normal in marrow and spleen, respectively. However, progenitor cells prospectively isolated from spleen, but not from marrow, of Gata1low mice expressed colony‐forming function in vitro. Therefore, calculation of cloning activity of purified cells demonstrated that the total number of Gata1low progenitor cells was 10‐ to 100‐fold lower than normal in marrow and >1,000 times higher than normal in spleen. This observation indicates that Gata1low hematopoiesis is favored by the spleen and is in agreement with our previous report that removal of this organ induces wild‐type hematopoiesis in heterozygous Gata1low/+ females (Migliaccio et al., 2009, Blood 114:2107). To clarify if rescue of wild‐type hematopoiesis by splenectomy prevented extramedullary hematopoiesis in liver, marrow cytokine expression profile and liver histopathology of splenectomized Gata1low/+ females were investigated. After splenectomy, the marrow expression levels of TGF‐β, VEGF, osteocalcin, PDGF‐α, and SDF‐1 remained abnormally high while Gata1low hematopoiesis was detectable in liver of both CD1 and DBA/2 mutants. Therefore, in the absence of the spleen, Gata1low hematopoiesis is supported by the liver suggesting that treatment of myelofibrosis in these animals requires the rescue of both stem cell and microenvironmental functions. J. Cell. Physiol. 223: 460–470, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinoic acid‐metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 26a1 (cyp26a1) is essential for implantation: Functional study of its role in early pregnancy
Authors: Han Bing‐Chen , Xia Hong‐Fei , Sun Jing , Yang Ying , Peng Jing‐Pian
Published: January 2010

Vitamin A (VA) is required for normal fetal development and successful pregnancy. Excessive VA intake during pregnancy may lead to adverse maternal and fetal effects. Cytochrome P450 26A1 (cyp26a1), a retinoic acid (RA)‐metabolizing enzyme, is involved in VA metabolism. It has been shown that cyp26a1 is expressed in female reproductive tract, especially in uterus. In order to investigate the role of cyp26a1 during pregnancy, we constructed a recombinant plasmid DNA vaccine encoding cyp26a1 protein and immunized mice with the plasmid. Compared to control groups, the pregnancy rate of the cyp26a1 plasmid‐immunized mice were significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Further results showed that both cyp26a1 mRNA and protein were specifically induced in the uterus during implantation period and localized in the uterine luminal epithelium. Importantly, the number of implantation sites was also significantly reduced (P < 0.05) after the uterine injection of cyp26a1‐specific antisense oligos or anti‐cyp26a1 antibody on day 3 of pregnancy. Accordingly, the expression of RA‐related cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 and tissue transglutaminase was markedly increased (P < 0.05) in the uterine luminal epithelium after intrauterine injection treatments. These data demonstrate that uterine cyp26a1 activity is important for the maintenance of pregnancy, especially during the process of blastocyst implantation. J. Cell. Physiol. 223: 471–479, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MicroRNAs as gatekeepers of apoptosis
Authors: Subramanian Subbaya , Steer Clifford J.
Published: January 2010

Apoptosis is a well‐orchestrated cellular mechanism that balances the effects of cell proliferation and cell death. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to control cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis; and can be significantly deregulated in many cancers types. In fact, the ability to evade apoptosis is a hallmark of tumorigenesis. Although the role of miRNAs in the regulation of apoptosis is not fully understood, the recent influx of data strongly suggests that miRNAs play a significant role in regulating programmed cell death, or apoptosis. The genes involved in apoptotic pathways can be broadly classified as pro‐apoptotic and anti‐apoptotic. Many of these apoptotic genes, irrespective of their positive or negative functional role in apoptosis, are regulated by miRNAs. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of miRNA‐mediated gene networks in the control of apoptosis. J. Cell. Physiol. 223: 289–298, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methoxyl groups of lignin are essential carbon donors in C1 metabolism of Sphingobium sp. SYK‐6
Authors: Sonoki Tomonori , Masai Eiji , Sato Kanna , Kajita Shinya , Katayama Yoshihiro
Published: January 2010

Sphingobium sp. SYK‐6 can utilize lignin biphenyl compounds, such as 2,2′‐dihydroxy‐3,3′‐dimethoxy‐5,5′‐dicarboxybiphenyl (DDVA). In the metabolism of DDVA, this microorganism exploits two O ‐demethylation systems with different substrate specificities, namely, a DDVA‐specific oxygenative O ‐demethylation system and a vanillate‐specific (VA‐specific) tetrahydrofolate‐dependent (THF‐dependent) methyltransferase system. We examined the way in which these two systems interact in the metabolism of lignin in Sphingobium sp. SYK‐6. Our results indicate that THF accepts methyl groups derived not only from the THF‐dependent O ‐demethylation of VA but also from the oxygenative O ‐demethylation of DDVA. Thus, the methoxyl groups of lignin model compounds are an essential source of carbon in Sphingobium sp. SYK‐6. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cloning of a novel ovalbumin gene from quail oviduct and its heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Yang Shaohui , Chen Gong , Yu Xinchun , Li Minggang , Wang Jiehua
Published: January 2010

An ovalbumin gene was cloned from Chinese quail (Coturnix coturnix) oviduct by RT‐PCR and then inserted into the P. pastoris genome under the control of the methanol inducible 5′ alcohol oxidase (AOX) promoter. The recombinant P. pastoris strain was demonstrated to be able to efficiently secrete quail ovalbumin by ELISA analysis using a polyclonal antibody raised against quail ovalbumin. The results showed that induction by 0.75% methanol for 48 h led to the synthesis of secreted quail ovalbumin up to a yield of 5.45 g l–1. The recombinant ovalbumin was further purified into homogeneity through ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography and SDS‐PAGE analysis revealed that, compared to natural ovalbumin, the recombinant ovalbumin could have been glycosylated to the similar extent by P. pastoris. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Moment analysis of chromatographic behavior in reversed‐phase liquid chromatography
Authors: Miyabe Kanji
Published: January 2010

Chromatographic behavior, such as sample retention, band broadening, elution peak profile, column efficiency, separation performance, and so on, depends on both the retention equilibrium and mass transfer kinetics in the column. A great number of research works have been carried out so far on the retention equilibrium in chromatography. However, chromatographic behavior has not so abundantly been investigated from kinetic points of view because of some essential difficulties of kinetic study. Additionally, in contrast with the extensive applications of various HPLC instruments and separation media developed in recent decades, it seems that arrangements of theoretical bases and experimental strategies relating to the kinetic study are not well recognized by most chromatographers. In this review, some items of information about the moment analysis method and concrete examples about mass transfer kinetics derived by the method are provided. The progress of some strategies for the kinetic study on chromatography is also introduced.
Comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography review
Authors: Cortes Hernan J. , Winniford Bill , Luong Jim , Pursch Matthias
Published: January 2010

Advances, developments and applications in 2‐D comprehensive GC (GC×GC) from 2007 through October 2008 are reviewed, with emphasis on modulation, and data handling, and applications of current relevance. Industrial perspectives as well as suggestions where further developments would be beneficial are summarized in the concluding remarks.
Genuineness assessment of mandarin essential oils employing gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio MS (GC‐C‐IRMS)
Authors: Schipilliti Luisa , Tranchida Peter Quinto , Sciarrone Danilo , Russo Marina , Dugo Paola , Dugo Giovanni , Mondello Luigi
Published: January 2010

Cold‐pressed mandarin essential oils are products of great economic importance in many parts of the world and are used in perfumery, as well as in food products. Reconstituted mandarin oils are easy to find on the market; useful information on essential oil authenticity, quality, extraction technique, geographic origin and biogenesis can be attained through high‐resolution GC of the volatile fraction, or enantioselective GC, using different chiral stationary phases. Stable isotope ratio analysis has gained considerable interest for the unveiling of citrus oil adulteration, detecting small differences in the isotopic carbon composition and providing plenty of information concerning the discrimination among products of different geographical origin and the adulteration of natural essential oils with synthetic or natural compounds. In the present research, the authenticity of several mandarin essential oils was assessed through the employment of GC hyphenated to isotope ratio MS, conventional GC flame ionization detector, enantioselective GC and HPLC. Commercial mandarin oils and industrial natural (declared as such) mandarin essential oils, characterized by different harvest periods and geographic origins, were subjected to analysis. The results attained were compared with those of genuine cold‐pressed Italian mandarin oils, obtained during the 2008–2009 harvest season.
Rapid identification and preparative isolation of antioxidant components in licorice
Authors: Sil Lee Yeon , Ha Kim Seon , Kyu Kim Jin , Shin Hyun‐Kyung , Kang Young‐Hee , Yoon Park Jung Han , Lim Soon Sung
Published: January 2010

This study employed the online HPLC‐2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate radical cation (ABTS+·) bioassay to rapidly determine antioxidant compounds occurring in the licorice extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. The negative peaks of the ABTS+· radical scavenging detection system, which indicated the presence of antioxidant activity, were monitored by measuring the decrease in absorbance at 734 nm. The ABTS+‐based antioxidant activity profile showed that three peaks exhibited antioxidant activity, and then the high‐speed counter‐current chromatography technique of preparative scale was successfully applied to separate the three peaks I‐III in one step from the licorice extract. The high‐speed counter‐current chromatography was performed using a two‐phase solvent system composed of n‐hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (6.5:5.5:6:4, v/v). Yields of the three peaks, dehydroglyasperin C (I, 95.1% purity), dehydroglyasperin D (II, 96.2% purity), and isoangustone A (III, 99.5% purity), obtained were 10.33, 10.43, and 6.7% respectively. Chemical structures of the purified dehydroglyasperin C (I), dehydroglyasperin D (II), and isoangustone A (III) were identified by ESI‐MS and 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR analysis.
Fabrication and characterisation of capillary polymeric monoliths incorporating continuous stationary phase gradients
Authors: Currivan Sinead , Connolly Damian , Gillespie Eoin , Paull Brett
Published: January 2010

Polymeric monoliths in capillary formats have been fabricated incorporating a gradient of charged functional groups along their length. Scanning capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (sC4D) was then used to measure the conductive response of the stationary phase and characterise the relative axial distribution of functional groups along the column length. Gradients of 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulphonic acid were prepared using either photografting methods or by filling a capillary column with segmented plugs of monomer mixtures each containing incrementally higher concentrations of the functional monomer. The utility of sC4D as a rapid and non‐invasive tool for assessing the slope of a variety of gradient configurations is demonstrated. Repeatability of the sC4D measurements was <1.7% RSD. Columns with a gradient of covalently bonded iminodiacetic acid were also produced. Changes in the gradient slope were observed after chelation of copper on the stationary phase via a reduction of the conductive response. The effect upon the observed gradient profile of changing the co‐monomer composition during column fabrication was studied.
Media richness and internet exploration
Authors: Jacob Céline , Guéguen Nicolas , Petr Christine
Published: January 2010

Previous research found that media richness is associated with positive evaluation of a web site. An experiment was carried out where participants were instructed to explore a web site presenting a popular town: Venice. According to a random distribution, participants were exposed (or not) to street‐sounds when exploring the web site and had the possibility to control (or not) the photography (using a 360° navigation with their mouse) displayed on the web site. Results shown that higher evaluation were associated with sounds and mouse‐control. Theory of media richness was used to explain our results and the managerial application for tourism was discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser in der Halbleiterbearbeitung
Authors: Haupt Oliver , Kling Rainer
Published: January 2010

Der Halbleitermarkt wird im Wesentlichen von kristallinem Silizium als Basiswerkstoff dominiert. Der stetige Trend zur Verringerung der Waferdicke stellt hierbei steigende Anforderungen an die Qualität der Bearbeitungsprozesse, da bei dünneren Wafern das Bruchrisiko erheblich zunimmt. Kristallines Silizium ist aufgrund des sprödbrüchigen Verhaltens hochsensibel für thermische Prozesse, dennoch ist durch den Einsatz von geeigneter Laserstrahlung ein berührungsloses Bearbeiten möglich. Für die Nutzung von leistungsstärkeren Laserstrahlquellen wird zukünftig im Hinblick auf die Bearbeitung gro�er Flächen bei kurzen Prozesszeiten eine massive Prozessparallelisierung notwendig sein.
Der Laser, Schlüsseltechnologie für moderne Halbleiterproduktion
Authors: Fischer Gabriele
Published: January 2010

Die Einsatzgebiete des Lasers in der Halbleiterproduktion sind vielfältig. Angefangen mit dem Markieren und Ritzen der Wafer über das Beschriften und Vereinzeln der fertigen Bausteine bis zur Fehleranalyse. Da neben Silizium, metallische Werkstoffe sowie Kunststoffe, insbesondere die Epoxydharze der Vergussmaterialien bearbeitet werden, setzt die Entwicklung einer optimalen Lösung eine entsprechende Auswahl an Strahlquellen voraus.

Dioden‐seitengepumpte und diodenendgepumpten Festkörperlasern, Faserlasen, Scheiben‐ und CO2‐Lasern gehören zum Spektrum der relevanten Strahlquellen für die Halbleiterfertigung.
The Continuation of Moore's Law
Authors: Brown Daniel , Farrar Nigel
Published: January 2010

Moore's Law, which predicts thecontinued increase in device density onintegrated circuits, has been driven by advancesin lithography. Both resolutionand productivity of the exposure toolhave been enabled by the light sourcetechnology. The transition to shorterwavelength, first by introducing excimerlasers and more recently by developmentof EUV Laser Produced Plasma sources hasdriven resolution. In addition, the continuedcost effectiveness of lithography isdependent on the scaling of the power
output for both types of source.
Drei Global Player im Gespräch
Authors: Mertin Michael , Ambroseo John R. , Braun Günther
Published: January 2010

Mehrere Marktexperten rechnen im Krisenjahr 2009 mit Umsatzeinbrüchen von bis zu 40 Prozent in der Lasermaterialbearbeitungsbranche. Francisco Velasco und Andreas Tho� sprachen mit drei führenden Managern aus der Laserindustrie über Chancen und Strategien in der Krise.
Novel Poly(amidoamine)s with Pendant Primary Amines as Highly Efficient Gene Delivery Vectors
Authors: Liu Min , Chen Jun , Cheng Yan‐Ping , Xue Ya‐Nan , Zhuo Ren‐Xi , Huang Shi‐Wen
Published: January 2010

Three poly(amidoamine)s with pendant primary amines were synthesized by Michael polyaddition of a diamine to N,N‐methylenebis(acrylamide). The poly(amidoamine)s with primary and tertiary amines possess a high buffer capacity between pH = 5 and 7, which facilitates the escape of polymer/DNA complexes from endosomes according to the ‘proton sponge hypothesis’. In vitro cytotoxicity of poly(amidoamine)s depends on the side‐chain structure of the polymer. Polymers 1a–1c can condense plasmid DNA by electrostatic interactions to form nanosized polyelectrolyte complexes with a positive surface charge. In vitro transfection results indicate that the transfection efficiency of polymer 1b under optimized conditions is comparable to that of commercial branched PEI 25 000.

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Aligned Bioactive Multi‐Component Nanofibrous Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Jose Moncy V. , Thomas Vinoy , Xu Yuanyuan , Bellis Susan , Nyairo Elijah , Dean Derrick
Published: January 2010

The ability to mimic the chemical, physical and mechanical properties of the natural extra‐cellular matrix is a key requirement for tissue engineering scaffolds to be successful. In this study, we successfully fabricated aligned nanofibrous multi‐component scaffolds for bone tissue engineering using electrospinning. The chemical features were mimicked by using the natural components of bone: collagen and nano‐hydroxyapatite along with poly[(D,L‐lactide)‐co‐glycolide] as the major component. Anisotropic features were mimicked by aligning the nanofibers using a rotating mandrel collector. We evaluated the effect of incorporation of nano‐HA particles to the system. The morphology and mechanical properties revealed that,at low concentrations, nano‐HA acted as a reinforcement. However, at higher nano‐HA loadings, it was difficult to disrupt aggregations and, hence, a detrimental effect was observed on the overall scaffold properties. Thermal analysis showed that there were slight interactions between the individual components even though the polymers existed as a two‐phase system. Preliminary in vitro cell‐culture studies revealed that the scaffold supported cell adhesion and spreading. The cells assumed a highly aligned morphology along the direction of fiber orientation. Protein adsorption experiments revealed that the synergistic effect of increased surface area and the presence of nano‐HA in the polymer matrix enhanced total protein adsorption. Crosslinking with 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride resulted in improved mechanical properties of the scaffolds and improved degradation stability, under physiological conditions.

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SOD Antioxidant Nanoreactors: Influence of Block Copolymer Composition on the Nanoreactor Efficiency
Authors: Onaca Ozana , Hughes David W. , Balasubramanian Vimalkumar , Grzelakowski Mariusz , Meier Wolfgang , Palivan Cornelia G.
Published: January 2010

The bioavailability limitations of proteins make them difficult to be directly delivered, particularly in diseases caused by insufficient amounts or inactive variants of those proteins. Nanoreactors represent a new promising approach to overcome these limitations because they serve both to protect the protein in their aqueous interior, and simultaneously to allow the protein to act in situ. Here we examine an antioxidant nanoreactor based on SOD encapsulated in amphiphilic block copolymer nanovesicles, and analyze its behavior as a function of the copolymer composition. The membrane of the triblock copolymer nanovesicles plays a double role, both to shield the sensitive protein and selectively to let superoxide and dioxygen penetrate to its inner space. The encapsulation efficiency for different triblock copolymer vesicles was quantified by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy using a fluorescently labeled SOD. Pulse radiolysis experiments and an enzymatic assay were used to compare the permeability of the wall‐forming membranes towards superoxide anions. While the encapsulation efficiency mainly depends on the vesicle dimensions, the membrane permeability is mainly affected by the length of the hydrophobic PDMS middle blocks of our polymers. For polymers with very long PDMS chains superoxide anion transport across the membranes was too slow to be detected by our experiments.

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Glycan‐based high‐affinity ligands for toxins and pathogen receptors
Authors: Kulkarni Ashish A. , Weiss Alison A. , Iyer Suri S.
Published: February 2010

Glycans decorate over 95% of the mammalian cell surface in the form of glycolipids and glycoproteins. Several toxins and pathogens bind to these glycans to enter the cells. Understanding the fundamentals of the complex interplay between microbial pathogens and their glycan receptors at the molecular level could lead to the development of novel therapeutics and diagnostics. Using Shiga toxin and influenza virus as examples, we describe the complex biological interface between host glycans and these infectious agents, and recent strategies to develop glycan‐based high‐affinity ligands. These molecules are expected to ultimately be incorporated into diagnostics and therapeutics, and can be used as probes to study important biological processes. Additionally, by focusing on the specific glycans that microbial pathogens target, we can begin to decipher the “glycocode” and how these glycans participate in normal and aberrant cellular communication. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 30, No. 2, 327–393, 2010
International implementation of digital library software/platforms
Authors: Oguz Fatih , Tonta Yasar , Chung EunKyung , Gbaje Ezra , Matusiak Krystyna
Published: January 2010

This panel will present an overview of adoption and implementation of digital library software/platforms and standards with an international perspective. Decision factors in adoption of particular software/platform and standards will be reviewed. Impact of organizational, social, legal, and cultural factors will be highlighted.
Children, technology and social values: Enabling children's voices in a pluralistic world
Authors: Anderson Theresa , Druin Allison , Fleischmann Kenneth , Meyers Eric , Nathan Lisa , Unsworth Kristene
Published: January 2010

The landscape of childhood in the 21st century increasingly involves technology. As information and communication technologies (ICTs) become ubiquitous in homes, schools, libraries, and play spaces, children are plugged‐in and online with greater frequency and at a younger age. Concerns regarding new and emerging technologies like the immersive Internet, mobile phones, and social networking sites often lead to highly charged, emotive responses aimed at reducing the risks associated with such technologies. These reactions focus our attention on children in the role of victimized consumer, and privilege the perspective of a single stakeholder, the parent. This desire to protect young technology consumers runs contrary to the participatory techniques intended to give greater voice to users in the design and development of technology. A broader, more enlightened perspective on the role of technology in the lives of children recognizes the multiple roles, stakeholders, and value propositions which affect these interactions with ICTs. Rather than casting children in the limited role of consumer of technology, participatory and value‐sensitive design techniques afford children the role of tester, evaluator, appropriator, remediator, co‐designer, or co‐investigator. Creating and sustaining a pluralistic society means providing sufficient opportunities for the voices of children in the decisions that affect their lives and their futures. This panel will ground this discussion in current empirical research studies where a child's voice is actively sought as part of the design and evaluation of technologies as an opportunity to speculate about the need to go further in ensuring that children are active participants in the decision making process. The panel will invite discussion about ways that the information science community could be taking a far more active role in terms of awareness raising, advocacy and mediation between all the various stakeholders to enable a stronger voice for children in society.
Diverse approaches to “tasks” in information science: Conceptual and methodological insights
Authors: Meyers Eric , Anderson Theresa , Byström Katriina , Freund Luanne , Toms Elaine
Published: January 2010

The “task” is an important concept in Information Science, both as a theoretical and methodological tool. While many studies of information retrieval and information seeking and use take individual characteristics or system features as the starting point for their research, a growing body of work has focused on the socio‐cultural perspective. This approach examines the relationship between tasks and search processes, as well as information‐intensive task features and anticipated learning or work outcomes in a given context. This latter perspective has been utilized in the emerging work on collaborative information behavior, which recognizes the interplay of actors, environments, and task demands in understanding information seeking.

Building on prior discussions of task‐oriented research, this panel of well‐known and emerging scholars from Australia, North America and Scandinavia will further explore how tasks may guide information seeking and retrieval theory and research. Panelists will present a balance of conceptual investigations, as well as recent empirical studies, to illustrate the wide‐array of issues and insights in this area.

Of particular concern to this panel will be the role of diverse perspectives in understanding tasks: how cultural and contextual dimensions of user behavior condition the manner in which we conceptualize tasks, as well as how tasks are utilized in contextually‐sensitive information seeking and retrieval research. The strength of this panel is its diversity: in the spirit of the 2009 ASIS&T Annual Meeting theme, we will explore how, in a pluralistic society, no one presentation on “task” can truly encompass the concept. The topics covered will span life‐long (childhood through adult) as well as life‐wide (formal and informal) contexts of behavior. By bringing together an array of perspectives on this topic, we will foster a wide‐ranging discussion of theoretical and methodological issues surrounding task‐oriented research.
Diversity and commonality of information science education in a pluralistic world
Authors: Hsieh‐Yee Ingrid , Chu Heting , Janes Joseph , Abels Eileen , Moen William , Hastings Samantha
Published: January 2010

In a society that is increasingly diverse in culture, language, and technology, the field of information science education has continued to evolve and respond to the changing information environment. The iSchool movement has attracted a good number of library and information science programs, as well as programs in computer science, while many library and information science programs have revised their mission and curricula to meet the information needs of a pluralistic world without changing the name of their programs (they are often referred to as the LIS Schools). Although iSchools and LIS Schools may seem dichotomous, many of these schools share the history of library and information science education and may have more in common than their names imply. The proposed panel is designed to shed light on the diversity and commonality of information science education in the 21st century by examining the similarities and differences of these two types of schools (including their relationship to the tradition of library and information science education) and the extent to which these schools are meeting the needs of a pluralistic world.

The panel will have two parts. Part One is a report on the curricula offered at ALA‐accredited LIS schools and iSchools. In Part Two panelists will respond to the curriculum analysis report and address these topics:

Their school's relationship to the tradition of library and information science education.

Their experience in changing from an LIS School to an iSchool.

Their rationale for remaining an LIS School and how they have changed their programs to meet the need of a pluralistic society.

Their perspectives on how they are meeting market needs.

Their experience in recruiting new students and placing graduates in libraries and non‐library information environments.
Nationality and information behavior: Comparing Koreans and Japanese
Authors: Lee Jae‐Whoan , Rho Jee‐Hyun , Cho Yong‐Wan , Lee Eun‐Ju , Ohba Ichiro , Yoon Yu‐ra
Published: January 2010

This panel discusses “cultural factors in information behavior.” Our special concern is understanding the relation between nationality and information behavior. While many studies have been conducted to investigate the relations between national/cultural factors and information behavior, there is little research regarding the “meaning of nationality in information behavior.” We assume that information behavior would be considerably influenced by nationality, therefore, information systems in a nation, to be successful, should be based on its national traits. Thus the purposes of this panel are to raise a research regarding the “meaning of nationality in information behavior,” and to test the positiveness of the proposed relation theoretically. To the end, at this preliminary stage we are going to explore the relation through comparing Koreans and Japanese. In details, we are going to (1) identify the differences in personal traits between Koreans and Japanese, (2) explore the relation between nationality and information behavior, (3) investigate the relation between personal traits and information behavior, and finally (4) figure out the relative significance in information behavior between nationality and personality.
Disruptive technologies in health information landscapes: The case of diabetes and HbA1c
Authors: Black Fiona A. , Amos Kathleen , Boyle Michael , Théoret Claude G.
Published: January 2010

This technical session, building on theories of disruptive technologies, offers a demonstration of strategic network analysis tools that are currently little discussed in the literatures relating to information analysis. Panel members will stimulate debate by addressing the topical subject of blogosphere analysis from contrasting and complementary viewpoints relating to competitive intelligence and marketing, information seeking and use, network analysis and the concept of disruptive technologies. The range of expertise represented by the multidisciplinary makeup of the panel will help ensure a richly informative and lively session. In addition, the session will provide a forum for discussion about the role of weblogs in the communication of specialized information to both lay and expert communities, as well as a discussion about approaches and techniques for blogosphere analysis in general.
Globalization of intellectual property rights: Implications of the TRIPs agreement for access to HIV/AIDS drugs in Africa
Authors: Agada John , Gathegi John , Britz Johannes , Lor Peter
Published: January 2010

During the past few decades, western countries have pushed for strengthening intellectual property (IP) rights, as well as enforcing them uniformly across the globe. This push came to a climax when the IP was removed from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to become a trade issue under the World Trade Organization (WTO). Western countries were instrumental to crafting the Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) as an item in world trade negotiations and agreements through WTO in 1995. Although many of the TRIPs requirements seemed favored producers as opposed to consumers of IP, developing countries have nevertheless been obliged to enact domestic legislation to implement the requirements of TRIPs. This paper examines the implications of the TRIPs Agreement on access to HIV/AIDS drugs in African countries, and offers a framework for analyzing the international and domestic factors which offer constraints and opportunities for relevant public health policy development and implementation in Africa.
Documentation and communication in Aboriginal/indigenous communities
Authors: Williams Robert V. , Grenersen Polit Geir , Edwards Brendan Frederick R. , Srinivasan Ramesh
Published: January 2010

This panel session explores a number of different issues related to the nature of documentation and communication in aboriginal cultures, where “documents” are not traditional, knowledge systems are of varied types, and the transmission of culture and property are decidedly non‐Western. Ample time will be provided for interchange between the speakers as they discuss similarities and differences in documentation and communication practices in the various cultures.
A two‐step model for video key‐frame determination
Authors: Kim Hyunhee , Kim Yongho
Published: January 2010

What types of information in key‐frames of a storyboard are critical when users extract the meaning of a video? For this research question, we reviewed the literature and then conducted the preliminary study. Next, based on the literature review and our findings from the preliminary study, we constructed the two‐step model for video key‐frame determination. We set the hypothesis that the proposed two‐step method will produce more meaningful key‐frames than the mechanical method (by which key‐frames are extracted simply at an interval of few seconds or minutes) in terms of summarizing a video. In order to testify the hypothesis, we conducted an experiment to compare the storyboards constructed based on the proposed two‐step method to those built based on the mechanical method. The two‐step model showed better accuracy in identifying the content of a video.
Selection of information sources: Accessibility of and familiarity with sources, and types of tasks
Authors: Xie Iris , Joo Soohyung
Published: January 2010

While many studies have investigated information source selection in different user groups, few have explored the types of factors and how they influence resource selection. This study examines the types of information sources users select as well as the reasons behind their choices of information sources based on their actual searches. Thirty‐one participants representing the general public with different demographic characteristics were recruited for the study. Data collected from diaries and questionnaires were analyzed by applying both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings of this study show that electronic resources are the dominant information sources selected by participants. Seventeen types of factors including some new factors in relation to dimensions of tasks, characteristics of users, and attributes of sources were derived from the data. The results also indicated that multiple factors co‐determined participants' selection of resources. Descriptive and statistical analysis of the data demonstrated that accessibility and familiarity of sources were correlated to information source usages, and the results suggested that participants utilized more print or human resources in accomplishing scholarly tasks while they were more dependent on electronic resources in achieving popular tasks.
Human information security behaviors: Differences across geographies and cultures in a global user survey
Authors: Hayden Lance
Published: January 2010

Data Leakage Worldwide, a 2008 research study commissioned by Cisco Systems, Inc. explored the information security behaviors of information technology (IT) users and decision makers in ten countries around the world. Based upon an online survey, the results published by Cisco Systems concluded that end users engage in risky information security behaviors that negatively impacted the companies for which the worked. The survey also revealed differences in awareness of proper security practices between end users and IT decision makers, as well as a lack of effectiveness in company security policies. One important aspect of the research was the exploration of differences in information security behaviors between respondents in different countries. While the Cisco study is important, a number of questions exist regarding the methods used, data collected, and conclusions made in the survey publications. But regardless of these critiques, the study provides a useful starting point for research into human information security behaviors.
Assessing the accessibility of Web 2.0 websites
Authors: McMillan Tyson , Lin Lin
Published: January 2010

This study examines the accessibility of Web 2.0 websites to the visually impaired. Web accessibility standards are established to maximize the ability of those with impairments to navigate the web. Various computer tools exist to evaluate web HTML content against existing accessibility standards. Using a weighted metric‐based formula called the Web Accessibility Barrier (WAB) score, this study adopted an experimental design and compared 88 randomly selected Web 2.0 websites against 88 randomly selected Web 1.0 websites. The study found that Web 2.0 websites are significantly less accessible than Web 1.0 websites. Details of the analysis, evaluation, discussion, and recommendations are included in the paper.
Overcoming inadequate documentation
Authors: Niu Jinfang
Published: January 2010

Secondary data users need three types of knowledge to analyze secondary data: knowledge about data, background knowledge necessary to understand and interpret data, and data analysis skills. Part of knowledge about data is provided by the documentation of data. Background knowledge and data analysis skills are internalized as users' absorptive capacity. When documentation and their absorptive capacity are inadequate, users need to seek outside information to use secondary data. In this paper, causes of inadequate documentation were analyzed, why and how secondary users seek outside information were reported. Then based on the findings, implications about how to facilitate secondary data use were discussed.
Analytical and compositional aspects of isoflavones in food and their biological effects
Authors: Mortensen Alicja , Kulling Sabine E. , Schwartz Heidi , Rowland Ian , Ruefer Corinna E. , Rimbach Gerald , Cassidy Aedin , Magee Pamela , Millar Julie , Hall Wendy L. , Kramer Birkved Franziska , Sorensen Ilona K. , Sontag Gerhard
Published: January 2010

This paper provides an overview of analytical techniques used to determine isoflavones (IFs) in foods and biological fluids with main emphasis on sample preparation methods. Factors influencing the content of IFs in food including processing and natural variability are summarized and an insight into IF databases is given. Comparisons of dietary intake of IFs in Asian and Western populations, in special subgroups like vegetarians, vegans, and infants are made and our knowledge on their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion by the human body is presented. The influences of the gut microflora, age, gender, background diet, food matrix, and the chemical nature of the IFs on the metabolism of IFs are described. Potential mechanisms by which IFs may exert their actions are reviewed, and genetic polymorphism as determinants of biological response to soy IFs is discussed. The effects of IFs on a range of health outcomes including atherosclerosis, breast, intestinal, and prostate cancers, menopausal symptoms, bone health, and cognition are reviewed on the basis of the availablein vitro,in vivoanimal and human data.