bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Description of Phasmarhabditis californica n. sp. and first report of P. papillosa (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) from invasive slugs in the USA
Authors: Tandingan De Ley Irma , Holovachov Oleksandr , Mc Donnell Rory J. , Bert Wim , Paine Timothy D. , De Ley Paul
Published: January 2016

A new species ofPhasmarhabditisand the known speciesP. papillosawere isolated from cadavers of invasive slugs in California.Phasmarhabditis papillosais the type of the genus and has not previously been reported from the Americas. Both species are characterised based on morphology, morphometrics and molecular data. Molecular phylogenies were inferred from concatenated DNA sequence alignments of nearly complete SSU and the D2-D3 domains of the LSU rDNA.Phasmarhabditis californican. sp. is characterised by a robust body, mature egg-laying specimens almost spindle-shaped when relaxed, 1.5 (1.3-1.8) mm long, tapering to a bluntly rounded anterior end with stoma about as long as lip region diam., six inner labial papillae and four outer cephalic papillae, pharynx with rounded to pyriform basal bulb, vulva located halfway along the body, hermaphroditic, didelphic, amphidelphic, and short, conoid tail constricted at one-third its length with prominent phasmids. Not a single male was found among five strains.Phasmarhabditis papillosais gonochoristic and has a longer isthmus, pyriform basal bulb and longer, dome-shaped spicate female tail constricted halfway along its length. Sequence analysis revealed unambiguous autapomorphies forP. papillosaandP. californican. sp. Phylogenetic analyses placed these two species in a monophyletic clade comprisingPhasmarhabditisspecies and other gastropod-parasitic taxa. Morphology, genetic distance, reproductive strategy and nucleotide autapomorphies support the new taxon.
Morphological characters of dauer juveniles of three species of Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Maehara Noritoshi , Akiba Mitsuteru , Tanaka Suguru E. , Ide Tatsuya
Published: January 2016

The morphological characteristics of dauer juveniles were examined forBursaphelenchusxylophilus,B. firmaeandB. mucronatus kolymensis. Dauer juveniles ofB. xylophilusandB. firmaewere collected directly from their carrier insects,Monochamus alternatusandM. grandis, respectively.Bursaphelenchs m. kolymensisdauer juveniles were induced experimentally usingM. alternatuspupae. The dauer juveniles of these three species were distinguished according to their respective body shapes.Bursaphelenchus xylophiluswas relatively slender compared to the other species. The position of the excretory pore was anterior to the median bulb inB. firmae, overlapping with the median bulb inB. xylophilus, and posterior to, or overlapping with, the posterior part of the median bulb inB. m. kolymensis. The tail tip ofB. firmaewas conical, that ofB. xylophiluscontained a short projection, while inB. m. kolymensisthe tail tip was blunt with a thick mucron.
Promoting Justice Reforms in Central Asia: The European Union’s Rule of Law Initiative as Part of a Comprehensive Democratization Strategy?
Authors: Axyonova Vera
Published: January 2016

This article examines the European Union’s (eu’s) rule of law promotion in post-Soviet Central Asia. More specifically, it focuses on the eu’s Rule of Law Initiative, which aims to support legal sector modernization and judicial reforms in the region. Drawing on the “democratic rule of law” (droL) model developed by Magen and Morlino, the article analyzes whether the Rule of Law Initiative can contribute to democratization processes in Central Asia. Based on content analysis of eu documents and semi-structured expert interviews with European and Central Asian stakeholders, the study reveals the eu’s very limited ability to trigger genuine reform. The main reasons are its lack of leverage in the region, limited financial resources, and reliance on the joint ownership approach in the context of authoritarian states.
Updated checklist of Iranian Opiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: GADALLAH NEVEEN S. , GHAHARI HASSAN , PERIS-FELIPO FRANCISCO JAVIER , FISCHER MAXIMILIAN
Published: January 2016

An updated checklist of Opiinae from Iran is provided including 101 species from 11 genera (Atormus van Achterberg, 1997, Biosteres Foerster, 1862, Eurytenes Forster, 1862, Fopius Wharton, 1987, Indiopius Fischer, 1966, Opius Wesmael, 1835, Phaedrotoma Forster, 1862, Pokomandya Fischer, 1959, Psyttalia Walker, 1860, Utetes Forster, 1862 and Xynobius Forster, 1862) belonging to two tribes (Biosterini and Opiini). Moreover, seven species Biosteres (Chilotrichia) punctiscuta (Thomson, 1895), Biosteres (Biosteres) remigii Fischer, 1971, Eurytenes (Eurytenes) abnormis (Wesmael, 1835), Opius (Hypocynodus) ponticus Fischer, 1958, Opius pygmaeator (Nees, 1811), Opius (Nosopoea) speciosus Fischer, 1959 and Phaedrotoma nitidulator (Nees, 1834) are recorded for the first time from Iran.
New data on caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) from Lombok (Indonesia)
with descriptions of two new species
Authors: MALICKY HANS , MELNITSKY STANISLAV I. , IVANOV VLADIMIR D.
Published: January 2016

Knowledge of caddisflies of the Sunda Islands was insufficiently known until recent times; a survey of the caddis fauna of this area was given by Malicky (2010) and some more data were published recently (Malicky et al. 2011). A summary on the particular features of Trichoptera from 3 adjacent islands, Bali, Lombok, and Java, were given by Malicky et al. 2014. These were the first surveys of the local caddisfly fauna of Lombok, listing 60 species and anticipating that more species should occur there. It was shown that the caddisfly fauna of these islands is largely homogenous and there are not sufficient differences between Bali and Lombok to support the hypothesis of Wallace's line (Malicky et al. 2014). The comparative analysis showed continuous impoverishment of the caddis fauna from the Asian continent over the chain of islands from west to east. Unfortunately, the Trichoptera fauna of the easternmost Sunda Islands, Sumba, Sumbawa, Flores, Timor, and the Moluccas is almost unstudied. The Trichoptera fauna of these islands is, according to present knowledge, Asian. Since the previous material from Lombok was collected only once at the end of the wet season, it was necessary to have more data from other seasons. Hence we made another effort to sample caddisflies in this area. As a result, 8 more species were found, 2 of which were new for science. The updated list (Table 1) includes now 68 species.
Redescription of the Jamaican orb-weaving spider Chrysometa pecki Levi, 1986 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), including the first description of the male
Authors: KALLAL ROBERT J. , HORMIGA GUSTAVO
Published: January 2016

The tetragnathid genus Chrysometa Simon, 1894 includes 138 species found in the Americas, ranging from the Caribbean to Chile (World Spider Catalog 2015). This genus was revised by Levi (1986), with more recent publications adding to the genus (Álvarez-Padilla 2007, Nogueira et al. 2011, Simó et al., in press). Following Álvarez-Padilla & Hormiga (2011), Chrysometa is differentially diagnosed from other American tetragnathids based on the male palp with a cymbial ectobasal process, cymbial ectomedian process, and embolic basal process, and a paracymbium articulated with a membrane. The epigynum is flat, with fertilization ducts present. Both sexes have guanine crystals in their abdomen and femora lacking trichobothria. Three Jamaican Chrysometa are known: C. pecki Levi, 1986, C. fuscolimbata (Archer, 1958) and C. linguiformis (Franganillo, 1930); all of them known from females only (Levi 1986).
Three new species of Kalcerrytus Galiano, 2000 from Brazil (Araneae: Salticidae)
Authors: BUSTAMANTE ABEL A. , RUIZ GUSTAVO R.S.
Published: January 2016

Three new species of Kalcerrytus Galiano, 2000 from the state of Pará in the Brazilian Amazon are described: K. amplexus sp. nov. from Parque Nacional da Serra do Pardo, São Félix do Xingu, K. filipi sp. nov. from Reserva Ecológica do Jari, Almeirim, and K. leonardi sp. nov. from Juruti. These increase up to 18 the described species within the genus.
Antillopsyche sessilis, new genus and species, a new Psychidae
(Lepidoptera: Tineoidea) from Cuba with an unusual larval feeding behavior
Authors: AGUILA RAYNER NÚÑEZ , DAVIS DON R.
Published: January 2016

A new genus and species, Antillopsyche sessilis Núñez & Davis, of Psychidae are described from Cuba, West Indies. The new taxon shares certain features with some members of the subfamily Arrhenophaninae but more with the larvae and the fully winged adult females of other subfamilies of Psychidae. Antillopsyche has been assigned provisionally to the subfamily Typhoniinae based on these similarities. Several aspects of its larval biology are described, including the sessile larval cases and foraging behavior, both unique among the known Psychidae. An undescribed species of Dryadaula Meyrick, 1893 (Dryadaulidae) was found inhabiting the larval cases of A. sessilis, but their ecological relationships remain unclear. Other ecological data for Antillopsyche such as distribution, habitat, and parasitoids are also provided.
New species, new combinations and synonymies of Neotropical Galerucini (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae)
Authors: MOURA LUCIANO DE A.
Published: January 2016

New species of Neotropical Galerucini are described and illustrated: Caraguata onca sp. nov., from southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) and northern Argentina (Chaco); and Yingaresca cabrerae sp. nov., from Argentina (Misiones). Galerucella transversicollis Jacoby, 1886 is integrated to Yingaresca Bechyné. Two species originally described in Ophraella Wilcox are also transferred to Yingaresca: Yingaresca limonensis (Bechyné, 1997) comb. nov. and Yingaresca magdalia (Bechyné, 1997) comb. nov. Metrogaleruca obscura paraensis (Bechyné & Bechyné, 1961) is considered a synonym of Metrogaleruca obscura (Degeer, 1775).
A new species of Pachycara Zugmayer, 1911 (Teleostei: Zoarcidae) from deep-sea chemosynthetic environments in the Caribbean Sea
Authors: ANDERSON M. ERIC , SOMERVILLE RUSSELL , COPLEY JONATHAN T.
Published: January 2016

The 28th species of the eelpout genus Pachycara Zugmayer, 1911, is described from specimens collected from an active hydrothermal vent field at a depth of about 2300 m at the Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre of the Caribbean Sea. A tentatively identified early juvenile is recorded at a methane seep at a depth of 1049 m near Tobago. The new species is distinguished from its congeners mainly by its few pectoral fin rays, low vertebral counts, single, mediolateral branch of the lateral line system and presence of scales on the nape and cheeks.
Period of public commentary begins on the revised proposal of species-group level names, and on the proposal of genus-group level names of the Candidate Part of List of Available Names (LAN) in the phylum Rotifera
Authors: Segers Hendrik , Smet Willem H. De , Fontaneto Diego , Hinz Claus , Hussey Charles , Michaloudi Evangelia , Wallace Robert L. , Jersabek Christian D.
Published: January 2016

Following ICZN (1999) Article 79 Chapter 17 http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/), we, with the full support of the international community of rotifer researchers as expressed during subsequent international Rotifera symposia, developed a Candidate Part of the List of Available Names for species and genera of Rotifera from the start of zoological nomenclature to the year 2000.
G. J. Billberg’s (1833) ‘On the ichthyology, and description of some new fish species of the pipefish genus Syngnathus’
Authors: KULLANDER SVEN O.
Published: January 2016

Gustaf Johan Billberg’s review of ichthyology, published in Swedish in 1833 in the Linnéska samfundets handlingar, mentions 92 fish taxa at genus and species level, 41 of which represent new taxa, unnecessary replacement names, or unjustified emendations. Billberg presents his own classification of fishes, in which five new family names are introduced: Ballistidae, Diodontidae, Ooididae, Chironectidae, and Macrorhyncidae. Diodontidae has priority over Diodontidae Bonaparte, 1835. Macrorhyncidae was published earlier than Gempylidae Gill, 1862, but the latter has priority by prevailing usage.        Billberg mentions 61 genera of fishes, 41 of them listed only by name. Six generic names proposed by Billberg are available as unjustified emendations: Myxinus, Petromyzus, Scylia, Mustellus, Zyganna, and Ballistes. Brachionus is an unnecessary replacement name. Aphrus, Capriscus, Exormizus, Enneophthalmus, and Oedaus are nomina nuda. Eight new genera of fishes are proposed: Anodon, Posthias, Orbis, Sphaeroides, and Ooides are junior synonyms; Cotilla is a nomen oblitum in relation to Sufflamen Jordan, 1916; Tropigaster a nomen oblitum in relation to Aracana Gray, 1835; and Tetragonizus a nomen oblitum in relation to Lactoria Jordan & Fowler, 1902.        Billberg lists 31 species of fishes. Three represent new combinations; two are nomina nuda. The following 14 new species are described based on literature: Raja forskohlii, Cephaloptera dumerillii, Myliobatis lacepedei, Scylia russelii, Anodon macropterus, Cotilla frenata, Monacanthus blochii, M. sebae, M. cuvieri, M. marcgravii, Tetraodon striatus, Orbis psittacinus, Orbis punctulatus, and Orbis guttatus. All of those are invalid, except Scylia russelii, which is a species inquirenda. The following nine species group names are unnecessary replacement names and consequently invalid: Raja arabica, Myliobatis rissoi, Scylia isabellina, Anodon cirrhosus, Anodon cornutus, Zyganna voracissima, Centrina broussonetii, Acipenser vulgaris, and Acipenser ichthyocolla.        Three species of pipefishes of the family Syngnathidae are described and figured by Billberg from drawings of specimens observed on the Swedish West Coast. Syngnathus virens and S. pustulatus are junior synonyms of S. typhle Linnaeus, 1758. Syngnathus palmstruchii is a junior synonym of Entelurus aequoreus (Linnaeus, 1758).
Two new species of Parastenocarididae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India
Authors: REDDY YENUMULA RANGA , TOTAKURA VENKATESWARA RAO , SHAIK SHABUDDIN
Published: January 2016

To date, 20 species of Parastenocarididae are known from the Indian subcontinent. This paper gives the description of two more new species from the coastal deltaic belt of the Rivers Krishna and Godavari in the Andhra Pradesh state of the southeastern Indian peninsula. They are: Parastenocaris enckelli n. sp. from a hyporheic habitat, and Dussartstenocaris bisetosa n. sp. from a farm bore. Parastenocaris enckelli belongs to the brevipes-group of the genus Parastenocaris Kessler, 1913 sensu Lang 1948 and Reid 1995, and is characterized by the following features: the male leg 4 basal complex consists of a large chitinized plate, with two digitiform hyaline structures at its proximal outer corner of the anterior surface, and one smooth, moderately strong, claw-like spine at the inner distal corner of basis; the endopod of the same leg is membranous, with bulbous proximal part having a diagonal row of three spinules, and its distal part is drawn out into smooth pointed structure; and the male leg 3 ancestral proximal segment is subproximally dilated, elongate, with ladle-shaped apophysis, which is slightly longer than the spiniform thumb. Parastenocaris enckelli is closely related to the Indian P. edakkal Totakura, Ranga Reddy & Shaik, 2014, and the Sri Lankan P. brincki Enckell, 1970. To accommodate Dussartstenocaris bisetosa in the monotypic Western Australian genus Dussartstenocaris Karanovic & Cooper, 2011, three of the original generic criteria are amended. D. bisetosa is chiefly characterized by the complex exopodal thumb on the male leg 3, the caudal ramus having only two lateral setae located slightly anterior to its midlength together with the distally inserted dorsal seta, and also the presence of a short spiniform process at the inner distal corner of leg 5 in both sexes. Dussartstenocaris bisetosa differs from D. idioxenos Karanovic & Cooper, 2011, by its shorter caudal rami, distinctly ornamented anal somite, two long modified spinules on the male leg 4 coxa, and rather small fifth legs with only two setae each in both sexes and smooth inner margins. This is the first report of the genus Dussartstenocaris from the Indian subcontinent. Brief biogeographic notes are also given for the two new species.
Arctocypris fuhrmanni, n. gen., n. sp. (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Eucypridinae) from Spitsbergen (Norway)
Authors: PETKOVSKI TRAJAN K. , SCHARF BURKHARD , KEYSER DIETMAR
Published: January 2016

Material from Spitsbergen (Norway) collected by Spitzenberger (1996) was reinvestigated. A new genus Arctocypris and a new species Arctocypris. fuhrmanni n. gen. n. sp. are described in the present paper. A key to the genera of the subfamily Eucypridinae is provided. At the moment Arctocypris n. gen. comprises four species: Arctocypris arctica (Olofsson, 1918) comb. nov.; A. dulcifons (Diebel & Pietrzeniuk, 1969) comb. nov.; A. foveata (Delorme, 1968) comb. nov. and Arctocypris fuhrmanni n. gen., n. sp.
A taxonomic report on the cockroach genus Haplosymploce Hanitsch from China including one new species (Blattodea: Ectobiidae: Blattellinae)
Authors: ZHENG YUHONG
Published: January 2016

The cockroach genus Haplosymploce Hanitsch is recorded from China for the first time with two species: H. andamanica (Princis, 1951) from Yunnan which was originally recorded from Andaman, and H. aurantiaca sp. n. from Hainan, a phototactic species remarkable by the orangish yellow cerci, it is very likely to be a wood-feeding species and thus, along with the genus, stands out among Ectobiidae (=Blattellidae). Male of both and female of H. aurantiaca sp. n. are described, illustrated and photographed; the female genitalia of the new species show a high degree of asymmetry. Photos of H. aurantiaca sp. n. in the wild are provided, as well as a key to the males of 8 out of 11 known species worldwide.
New deep ocean Iravadiidae of the genus Ceratia (Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea) from an underwater canyon and adjacent regions of
the southwestern Atlantic (northeastern Brazil)
Authors: LIMA SILVIO FELIPE B. , JÚNIOR IVAN CARDOSO L. , GUIMARÃES CARMEN REGINA P. , DOMINGUEZ JOSÉ MARIA L.
Published: January 2016

Previous studies on the mollusks from Brazilian underwater canyons have addressed the record and description of new species of aplacophorans, bivalves, scaphopods and/or gastropods (Leal & Simone 2000; Absalão 2010; Corrêa et al. 2014). Leal & Simone (2000) described a new bathyal gastropod of the family Pseudococculinidae collected from the continental slope and Doce River Canyon (960 m) off the state of Espírito Santo (southeastern Brazil). Absalão (2010) reported a number of species of gastropods, bivalves and scaphopods from Campos Basin off the state of Rio de Janeiro (southeastern Brazil). It is likely that some of these species reported by Absalão (2010) were collected from underwater canyons in the northern portion of the Campos Basin. Corrêa et al. (2014) recorded two species of aplacophorans of the genus Falcidens Salvini-Plawen, 1968 obtained from the continental slope and underwater canyons of Campos Basin. Certainly more species of mollusks were studied from Brazilian underwater canyons, but not duly mentioned in publications (i.e., the region of canyons may have been referred to as the continental slope or deep sea).
Two new species of the subgenus Acanthohelea of Stilobezzia from Brazilian Amazonia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: CAZORLA CARLA G. , SPINELLI GUSTAVO R.
Published: January 2016

The predaceous genus Stilobezzia Kieffer is a large, diverse group of Ceratopogonidae that is worldwide in distribution except for Antarctica and some islands (Borkent 2014). Adult females are important predators on other small insects, and the immature stages are found in a wide variety of aquatic and semiaquatic habitats, including streams, lakes and pond margins, puddles, swamps, rice fields, rock pools, and tree holes (de Meillon and Wirth 1991; Cazorla et al. 2006).
Metaethics from a First Person Standpoint
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: January 2016

Metaethics from a First Person Standpoint addresses in a novel format the major topics and themes of contemporary metaethics, the study of the analysis of moral thought and judgement. Metathetics is less concerned with what practices are right or wrong than with what we mean by ‘right’ and ‘wrong.’

Looking at a wide spectrum of topics including moral language, realism and anti-realism, reasons and motives, relativism, and moral progress, this book engages students and general readers in order to enhance their understanding of morality and moral discourse as cultural practices. Catherine Wilson innovatively employs a first-person narrator to report step-by-step an individual’s reflections, beginning from a position of radical scepticism, on the possibility of objective moral knowledge. The reader is invited to follow along with this reasoning, and to challenge or agree with each major point. Incrementally, the narrator is led to certain definite conclusions about ‘oughts’ and norms in connection with self-interest, prudence, social norms, and finally morality. Scepticism is overcome, and the narrator arrives at a good understanding of how moral knowledge and moral progress are possible, though frequently long in coming. Accessibly written, Metaethics from a First Person Standpoint presupposes no prior training in philosophy and is a must-read for philosophers, students and general readers interested in gaining a better understanding of morality as a personal philosophical quest.
Evaluation of a Method to Enhance Real-Time, Ground Radar–Based Rainfall Estimates Using Climatological Profiles of Reflectivity from Space
Authors: Wen Yixin , Kirstetter Pierre , Hong Yang , Gourley Jonathan J. , Cao Qing , Zhang Jian , Flamig Zac , Xue Xianwu
Published: January 2016

Over mountainous terrain, ground weather radars face limitations in monitoring surface precipitation as they are affected by radar beam blockages along with the range-dependent biases due to beam broadening and increase in altitude with range. These issues are compounded by precipitation structures that are relatively shallow and experience growth at low levels due to orographic enhancement. To improve surface precipitation estimation, researchers at the University of Oklahoma have demonstrated the benefits of integrating the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) products into the ground-based NEXRAD rainfall estimation system using a vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR) identification and enhancement (VPR-IE) approach. However, the temporal resolution of TRMM limits the application of VPR-IE method operationally. To implement the VPR-IE concept into the National Mosaic and Multi-Sensor QPE (NMQ) system in real time, climatological VPRs from 11 years of TRMM PR observations have been characterized for different stratiform/convective rain types, seasons, and surface rain intensities. Then, these representative profiles are used to adjust ground radar–based precipitation estimates in the NMQ system based on different precipitation structures. This study conducts a comprehensive evaluation of the newly developed climatological VPR-IE (CVPR-IE) method on winter events (January, February, and December) in 2011. The statistical analysis reveals that the CVPR-IE method provides a clear improvement over the original radar QPE in the NMQ system for the study region. Compared to physically based VPRs from real-time PR measurements, climatological VPRs have limitations in representing precipitation structure for individual events. A hybrid correction scheme incorporating both climatological and real-time VPR information is desired for better skill in the future.
Benchmarking NLDAS-2 Soil Moisture and Evapotranspiration to Separate Uncertainty Contributions
Authors: Nearing Grey S. , Mocko David M. , Peters-Lidard Christa D. , Kumar Sujay V. , Xia Youlong
Published: January 2016

Model benchmarking allows us to separate uncertainty in model predictions caused by model inputs from uncertainty due to model structural error. This method is extended with a “large sample” approach (using data from multiple field sites) to measure prediction uncertainty caused by errors in 1) forcing data, 2) model parameters, and 3) model structure, and use it to compare the efficiency of soil moisture state and evapotranspiration flux predictions made by the four land surface models in phase 2 of the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS-2). Parameters dominated uncertainty in soil moisture estimates and forcing data dominated uncertainty in evapotranspiration estimates; however, the models themselves used only a fraction of the information available to them. This means that there is significant potential to improve all three components of NLDAS-2. In particular, continued work toward refining the parameter maps and lookup tables, the forcing data measurement and processing, and also the land surface models themselves, has potential to result in improved estimates of surface mass and energy balances.
The Intermediate Complexity Atmospheric Research Model (ICAR)
Authors: Gutmann Ethan , Barstad Idar , Clark Martyn , Arnold Jeffrey , Rasmussen Roy
Published: January 2016

With limited computational resources, there is a need for computationally frugal models. This is particularly the case for atmospheric sciences, which have long relied on either simplistic analytical solutions or computationally expensive numerical models. The simpler solutions are inadequate for many problems, while the cost of numerical models makes their use impossible for many problems, most notably high-resolution climate downscaling applications spanning large areas, long time periods, and many global climate projections. Here the Intermediate Complexity Atmospheric Research model (ICAR) is presented to provide a new step along the modeling complexity continuum. ICAR leverages an analytical solution for high-resolution perturbations to wind velocities, in conjunction with numerical physics schemes, that is, advection and cloud microphysics, to simulate the atmosphere. The focus of the initial development of ICAR is for predictions of precipitation, and eventually temperature, humidity, and radiation at the land surface. Comparisons between ICAR and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model for simulations over an idealized mountain are presented, as well as among ICAR, WRF, and the Parameter-Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) observation-based product for a year-long simulation over the Colorado Rockies. In the ideal simulations, ICAR matches WRF precipitation predictions across a range of environmental conditions with a coefficient of determination r2 of 0.92. In the Colorado Rockies, ICAR, WRF, and PRISM show very good agreement, with differences between ICAR and WRF comparable to the differences between WRF and PRISM in the cool season. For these simulations, WRF required 140–800 times more computational resources than ICAR.
EUMETSAT Global AVHRR Wind Product
Authors: Borde Régis , Hautecoeur Olivier , Carranza Manuel
Published: January 2016

EUMETSAT has been deriving atmospheric motion vectors (AMV) operationally from the EUMETSAT Polar System satellite MetOp over polar regions since 2011. The launch of MetOp-B in 2012 permitted doubling the frequency of extracting AMVs using AVHRR imagery data of both MetOp-A and -B satellites. The tandem configuration with two satellites on the same orbital plane, but with a phase difference, provided an interesting opportunity to create global AMVs from the satellites with a significant overlap in imagery data. EUMETSAT has therefore developed a new global AVHRR winds product derived from a pair of MetOp-A and MetOp-B images that has been operational since January 2015. The temporal gap between the two images used for tracking clouds is about 50 min. The global coverage of this new wind product allows for a homogeneous retrieval of wind product over the whole globe, including the polar regions. This clearly helps fill the gaps between 55° and 70° latitude north and south, where only few wind observations are currently available for assimilation into numerical weather prediction models. The new global AVHRR wind product can be directly compared with AMVs derived from geostationary satellites. This paper describes the scientific concept of wind extraction using dual MetOp satellites. It highlights the performance of the new global AVHRR wind product by comparing with collocated AMVs extracted from the EUMETSAT geostationary satellites Meteosat-7 and Meteosat-10.
Forward and Reverse Shear Environments during Polar Low Genesis over the Northeast Atlantic
Authors: Terpstra Annick , Michel Clio , Spengler Thomas
Published: January 2016

The synoptic and subsynoptic environments associated with polar low genesis are examined. Ambient pre–polar low environments are classified as forward or reverse shear conditions based on the angle between the thermal and mean wind. Forward shear environments are associated with a synoptic-scale ridge over Scandinavia, featuring a zonally oriented baroclinic zone extending throughout the troposphere with a wind speed maximum at the tropopause. Similar to typical midlatitude cyclogenesis, concurrent wavelike development occurs both in the lower and upper troposphere along the baroclinic zone and the mean propagation direction is eastward, parallel to isolines of sea surface temperature. Reverse shear environments exhibit a distinctly different structure and are characterized by a trough over Scandinavia, associated with a synoptic-scale, occluded cyclone. The genesis area exhibits strong cold air advection on its right-hand side and polar low development occurs on the warm side of an intense low-level jet. The environment resembles the characteristics conducive to secondary development associated with frontal instability. Polar lows developing in this configuration propagate mainly southward, perpendicular to isolines of sea surface temperature. The two genesis environments exhibit similar temperature differences between the sea surface and atmosphere near the surface, yet the magnitude of the surface fluxes is approximately double during reverse shear conditions due to stronger low-level winds. The ratio between surface sensible and latent heat fluxes is close to unity for both shear environments.
The Influence of Hand Location and Force Direction on Shoulder Muscular Activity in Females During Nonsagittal Multidirectional Overhead Exertions
Authors: Cudlip Alan C. , Meszaros Kimberly A. , Dickerson Clark R.
Published: January 2016

Objective:

We examined interactions of overhead work location and direction of force application on shoulder muscular activity.

Background:

Overhead work tasks are common occupational stressors. Previous research has quantified influences of overhead work spatial placement and different force application directions but typically separately or exclusively for tasks done in the median plane.

Method:

Twenty female participants exerted 40 N of force in six directions (forward/backward, upward/downward, left/right) 150 cm off the floor while seated. An asymmetric pattern of 14 work locations spaced 15 cm centered directly overhead were evaluated.

Results:

Force direction and work location strongly influenced mean muscle activity ( F = 559, p < .01). Interaction effects existed between force direction and hand location in the transverse plane ( F = 21, p < .01), with increases as high as 49% in normalized mean muscle activity.

Conclusion:

Backward exertions produced the highest mean overall muscle activity across hand force directions, exceeding 30% maximum voluntary isometric exertion (MVE) across work locations, with higher activation of anterior deltoid, biceps, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, and upper and lower trapezius. Downward exertions had the lowest mean overall activity, with <10% MVE across work locations. Altered (up to 47%) muscular activity occurred as exertions moved laterally from the origin, and increasingly forward hand positions generally yielded decreased mean overall activity for most force directions.

Application:

This study provides previously unavailable submaximal shoulder muscular activity data for a wide range of overhead tasks. As such, it enables novel work design considerations that include modifying existing overhead elements to reduce or redistribute associated muscular demands.
Placing Paul Robeson in History
Authors: Rhodes Mark Alan
Published: January 2016

Paul Robeson is one of the greatest yet most unknown figures of the 20th century. This article goes beyond the traditional bibliographic style of documenting this great life, toward constructing a usable philosophical framework from it. Utilizing Robeson’s own works, and building on the small critical literature already in existence, I present his philosophical framework - comprised of anti-colonialism, socialism, and human rights. I present these dense, interconnected, and ever-expansive philosophical stances into a form of communication that can be easily understood, evaluated, taught, and compared. Understanding the philosophies, actions, and examples of his ideological framework will provide the appropriate contextual background for understanding (to play off the title of Robeson’s 1958 book, Here I Stand) where Paul Robeson philosophically stood.
The Rise and Fall of the Palestinian-Arab Middle Class Under the British Mandate, 1920–39
Authors: Radai Itamar
Published: January 2016

The Palestinian-Arab middle class under the Mandate may be characterized as bourgeois and educated, similarly to bourgeois classes that have developed in the West in the Modern era. The bourgeois characteristics of the Palestinian-Arab middle class, and their influence on its historical trajectory during the Mandate era, have not been studied in depth yet. This article aims to focus on a local aspect of the rise of the middle class in the region in that period: the rise of the Palestinian-Arab middle class under the Mandate, until the Palestinian-Arab Revolt (1936–9). The main hypothesis is that particular bourgeois social and cultural characteristics prevented the middle class full incorporation into the Palestinian-Arab National Movement, and even led to estrangement between the middle class and the national leadership, as well as members of lower strata, especially the villagers. Members of the middle class, mostly Christians but Muslims as well, espoused in their daily life modern habits, ideas, and customs, as a means to distinguish between themselves and other classes, similarly to their parallels in the West, and like their contemporaries elsewhere in the Eastern Mediterranean, as has demonstrated by Watenpaugh. Those gaps reached their climax during the years of revolt.
Longitudinal Multilevel Modeling of Facial Pain, Muscle Tension, and Stress
Authors: Glaros A.G. , Marszalek J.M. , Williams K.B.
Published: January 2016

The role of masticatory muscle activation on pain in temporomandibular muscle and joint disorders (TMJD) is controversial. This single-group, prospective panel study examined the relationships among masticatory muscle tension, emotional distress, and TMJD pain in a sample of 7,023 observations obtained from 171 individuals using longitudinal multilevel modeling. Three main hypotheses were tested. The first posited that emotional distress and muscle tension directly influenced pain (hypothesis 1a: Distress → TMJD Pain; hypothesis 1b: Muscle Tension → TMJD Pain). The second posited that emotional distress directly influenced muscle tension (Distress → Muscle Tension), and the third posited that the effect of emotional distress on pain was mediated by muscle tension (Distress → Muscle Tension → TMJD pain). We also examined the fit of the data to possible alternative models. All the data used in this study were collected via an experience sampling methodology. The fit of the preferred models was better than that of the alternative models, with the preferred models explaining large proportions of the data, especially for level 2 variance (hypothesis 1a = 41% variance; hypothesis 1b = 69% variance; hypothesis 2 = 48% variance). In the mediation model, the addition of muscle tension to the model reduced the impact of emotional distress. The findings support a causal role for masticatory muscle tension in TMJD pain. Clinically, the results suggest that addressing tension and other oral parafunctions in those diagnosed with TMJDs should be an important part of the conservative, noninvasive care of individuals diagnosed with the myofascial pain or arthralgia of TMJD.
A Pilot Study of Meaning-Based Group Counseling for Bereavement
Authors: MacKinnon Christopher J. , Smith Nathan Grant , Henry Melissa , Milman Evgenia , Berish Mel , Farrace Amanda , Körner Annett , Chochinov Harvey M. , Cohen S. Robin
Published: January 2016

Scientific studies demonstrating either the efficacy or effectiveness of interventions for uncomplicated bereavement are lacking. This study reports the results of a novel meaning-based group counseling (MBGC) intervention developed for bereaved adults. MBGC was built on previous scholarly critiques using a formative evaluation methodology within a group of bereaved adults ( n = 11). The primary research questions were as follows: (a) How do bereft individuals respond to MBGC? and (b) What refinements are needed to MBGC to ensure feasibility? A secondary research question was: (c) Is collection of quantitative outcome measures at baseline and postintervention feasible? Analysis of multiple qualitative data sources resulted in numerous refinements to MBGC. Results indicate that the majority of participants found the meaning-based intervention beneficial. Limitations included concurrent external therapies and a small sample size that was largely homogenous. There were no major counterindications to proceeding with a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT).
Death Anxiety in Hospice Employees
Authors: Jonasen Aaron M. , O’Beirne Brenda Rust
Published: January 2016

To measure hospice employees’ perceptions of their own death, the Revised Death Anxiety Scale (RDAS) was implemented among 128 employees at a Midwest hospice facility. Participants were asked to indicate their age, gender, position, and length of time employed in a hospice. Results indicated a negative correlation between RDAS scores and length of time employed in a hospice for “non-nurses” ( p = .011). Overall, RDAS scores were extremely low when compared with a recent study that implemented the RDAS in a group of hospice nurses ( Halliday & Boughton, 2008 ). Research of this nature should continue because a better understanding of how hospice employees experience their own mortality will allow hospices to better serve patients and patients’ friends and families.
Culture, Personality, and Attitudes Toward Euthanasia
Authors: Wasserman Jason Adam , Aghababaei Naser , Nannini Drew
Published: January 2016

This article reports cultural differences in the relationship between personality characteristics and euthanasia attitudes using samples from Iran and the United States. Survey data from university students were analyzed using multivariate regression. Results indicate that while attitudes toward euthanasia are significantly more positive among the U.S. sample, there is significantly greater variation among the Iranian sample. Honesty-Humility and Openness to Experience are predictive factors in both samples, where Agreeableness is only significant among the Iranian group. Additionally, Chow tests of structural features of the multivariate models show significant differences between the two samples. We conclude by discussing implications of these results for understanding cultural similarities and differences in attitudes toward euthanasia, including the practical implications of this work for patient care in an increasingly globalized world.
Spurious or True? An Exploration of Antecedents and Simultaneity of Job Performance and Job Satisfaction Across the Sectors
Authors: Hsieh Jun Yi
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this study is to test differences and similarities of the public, private, and nonprofit sector employees by examining the antecedents and simultaneity of job satisfaction and job performance. The results, assessed by seemingly unrelated regression, showed that job satisfaction positively affects job performance, or vice versa. Explanatory variables such as goal ambiguity, leader–member exchange, and so forth also exerted significant effects on the outcome variables across three sectors. This study extends to explain the similarity and difference of three sectors based on the criteria of the values in common, outcome variation, task characteristics, and sector contexts.
A Comparative Analysis of Drinking Patterns in Six EU Countries in the Year 2000
Authors: Leifman Håkan
Published: January 2016

This paper compares different aspects of drinking habits in six EU countries: France, Italy, Germany, the UK, Finland and Sweden. Frequency of drinking is highest in France and Italy, lowest in Finland and Sweden, and increases with age in France and Italy in particular, but also in Germany. The average consumed quantity per drinking occasion is highest in Finland, Sweden and the UK and lowest in France and Italy, and the youngest show the highest quantity per drinking occasion in most countries. Also intoxication-oriented drinking is most common in Finland, Sweden and the UK, and in all countries except Italy the youngest report the highest frequency of intoxication. The youngest show the highest mean alcohol consumption in Finland, Sweden and the UK, but the lowest in France, Italy and Germany. In all six countries, men consume at least twice as much alcohol as women.
None of the above
Authors: Nowakowski Alexandra C.H. , Sumerau J.E. , Mathers Lain A.B.
Published: January 2016

This conversation explores emerging debates concerning teaching to and about marginalized populations often left out of “representative” data sets. Based on our experiences studying, teaching, and belonging to some of these unrepresented populations, we outline some strategies sociologists may use to transform the limitations of data sets traditionally labeled as representative into tools for delivering core sociological concepts. In so doing, we argue that sociologists may respond to increasing critiques of “representative” data by using these critiques to facilitate critical thinking skills and methodological awareness among students. In closing, we encourage sociologists to consider the challenges and opportunities presented by increasing awareness of unrepresented populations within our classrooms and the broader social world.
A Closer Look at the Personality-Turnover Relationship
Authors: Woo Sang Eun , Chae Minwoo , Jebb Andrew T. , Kim Yongdai
Published: January 2016

Recent advances in the personality and turnover literatures suggest the importance of expanding current turnover criteria, incorporating dark personality traits, and examining the role of time in these relationships. The present study investigates these issues by considering both the speed and the reasons for leaving, examining a wider range of personality variables as predictors by including both “bright” and “dark” traits, and exploring the potential moderating effect of time in such predictions. Data were collected from a sample of 617 employees working in an electronics manufacturing firm in the United States. Using a Bayesian survival analysis framework, we found that dark traits were just as useful in predicting turnover outcomes as traditional personality traits and best predicted the specific turnover reasons, “deviant behavior” and “no call no show.” Investigating the role of time showed that job satisfaction and intellectual curiosity (i.e., Openness) grew in predictive strength over the course of organizational tenure but that the time-dependent effects of other predictors were negligible.
Students’ collaborative inquiry – Relation to approaches to studying and instructional intervention
Authors: Heinström Jannica , Sormunen Eero
Published: January 2016

In order to develop suitable pedagogical methods for inquiry based learning we need an increased understanding of factors that influence students’ work in inquiry assignments. The aim of this study was to investigate how high school students’ ways to work in a collaborative source-based writing assignment was influenced by their individual approach to studying and the teacher’s instructions and guidance in the class. The respondents were 53 high school students who filled out a questionnaire regarding their work on the source based assignment and the OPPI test of their approaches to studying. A factor analysis revealed three work patterns: a collaborative, a labour intense and a subject oriented. The results showed that the collaborative pattern was related to instructional differences, while a subject oriented work pattern was typical for students with a deep approach regardless of instruction. Instructional differences and study approaches also influenced degree of challenges in the project and, to a certain extent, learning experiences. The findings show a complex interplay between personal preferences and instructional interventions in forming students’ paths through source based writing assignments.
Predicting Surgical Response Using Tensiometry in OSA Patients after Genioglossus Advancement with Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Authors: Barrera José E. , Dion Gregory R.
Published: January 2016

Objective

To evaluate the role of tension on the genioglossus muscle in the performance of genioglossus advancement on sleep‐disordered breathing in patients undergoing multilevel obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) surgery.

Study Design

Prospective study.

Setting

Academic practice.

Subjects and Methods

Twenty‐three subjects underwent genioglossus advancement with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for OSA. Subjects underwent pre‐ and postoperative polysomnography, cephalometry, and subjective assessment questionnaires. Eighteen subjects completed the study. The tension force of the mandible and the bicortical width of the genial tubercle were measured and surgical response determined.

Results

Improvement in apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) was seen in 15 of 18 subjects (83.3%). Eleven subjects were classified as responders and 7 as nonresponders (61.1% success), with responders exhibiting a statistically significant reduction in mean delta AHI as compared with nonresponders: 28.3 ± 26.2 versus 2.0 ± 22.0 events per hour (95% confidence interval, 1.8‐50.8; P =. 037). The Epworth Sleepiness Scale improved from 13.2 ± 4.5 to 7.6 ± 3.4 (P =. 002). There was no significant difference in body mass index, neck circumference, overall tension, or mandibular width between responders and nonresponders. However, there was a significant difference in the tension:width ratio between responders (53.9 ± 6.38 g/mm) and nonresponders (65.4 ± 11.2 g/mm; 95% confidence interval, 0.92‐22.1; P =. 036).

Conclusion

This article describes a novel approach to determine the force applied to the genioglossus during advancement and its correlation to postoperative outcomes. The tension:width ratio may be an indicator for postoperative success and delta AHI improvement in OSA patients.