bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Q‐FISH analysis of telomere and chromosome instability in the oesophagus with and without squamous cell carcinoma in situ
Authors: Takubo Kaiyo , Fujita Masahiro , Izumiyama Naotaka , Nakamura Ken‐ichi , Ishikawa Naoshi , Poon Steven S , Fujiwara Mutsunori , Sawabe Motoji , Matsuura Masaaki , Grabsch Heike , Arai Tomio , Aida Junko
Published: March 2010

Chromosomal and genomic instability due to telomere dysfunction is known to play an important role in carcinogenesis. To study telomere dysfunction in the surrounding background epithelium of squamous cell carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the oesophagus, we measured telomere lengths of basal and parabasal cells of epithelia with and without CIS using quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (Q‐FISH) and our original software, Tissue Telo. Additionally, we assessed histological inflammation and the anaphase bridge index. In non‐cancerous epithelium, telomeres in basal cells were significantly longer than those in parabasal cells, whereas CIS showed a homogeneous telomere pattern in the basal and parabasal cells. Telomeres in basal and parabasal cells were significantly shorter in the background with CIS than in epithelium from age‐matched normal controls. Significant negative correlation was observed between the normalized telomere : centromere ratio (reflected telomere length) and the anaphase bridge index in non‐cancerous epithelia from both normal controls and the CIS background with no histological inflammation. These findings indicate that tissue stem cells may be located among basal cells, and that telomere length distribution in component cell types differs between CIS and non‐cancerous epithelium. We have demonstrated conclusively that oesophageal CIS arises from epithelium with short telomeres and chromosomal instability in the absence of histological inflammation. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the nature of some biradicaloid and antiaromatic Vis/NIR‐chromophores
Authors: Fabian Jürgen , Peichert Rasmus
Published: March 2010

Dyes derived from the biradicalic oxyallyl and cyclopentadienylium were calculated by time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and the characteristics of the prominent low‐energy transitions revealed by graphical means. According to theoretical and experimental studies, 4‐aminophenyl‐substituted dyes absorb intensely at long wavelengths up to the near infrared. If the amino groups are removed the absorption wavelengths are changed little. As found in the previous studies on the squaraine and croconaine oxyallyl dyes, the substituents play only a minor role in the spectral excitation. Charge‐transfer‐type excitations do not occur between the donor aryl substituents and the central oxyallyl or cyclopentadienylium acceptor group. This behaviour is exceptional since donor–acceptor compounds tend to produce charge‐transfer‐ or polymethine‐type electronic transitions. The hitherto rarely used electron density difference (EDD) maps clearly unveiled the spectral excitation features. The spectral excitation of the title compounds is predominantly localized at the oxyallyl and cyclopentadienylium groups, respectively. Characteristics of simple chromophoric compounds and of conventional CT‐ and polymethine dyes are given for comparison. The biradicaloid character of these dyes is supported by the calculated low singlet–triplet splitting energies. Spin properties were characterized in terms of expectation values of the S2‐operator and antiaromatic properties in terms of nucleus‐independent chemical shifts (NICS). According to the ΔES/T and  criteria compounds with the acyclic oxyallyl fragment are more biradicaloid. The parent compounds oxyallyl, thioxyallyl and cyclopentadienylium, display extremely large  values. These compounds are triplets in the ground state. The absorption wavelengths of selected biradicaloid species were also calculated by the multi‐reference SORCI method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knowledge of genomic testing among early‐stage breast cancer patients
Authors: Richman Alice R. , Tzeng Janice P. , Carey Lisa A. , Retèl Valesca P. , Brewer Noel T.
Published: March 2010

Background: Genomic recurrence risk test results now inform clinical decisions about adjuvant treatment for women with early‐stage breast cancer. We sought to understand patients' knowledge of these tests and correlates of their knowledge.

Methods: Participants in this cross‐sectional study were 78 women, treated for early‐stage, estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer with 0–3 positive lymph nodes, whose medical records indicated they received Oncotype DX testing earlier. We mailed a questionnaire that assessed knowledge of genomic recurrence risk testing (13 item scale, alpha=0.83) and reviewed medical charts of consenting patients.

Results: Knowledge about genomic recurrence risk testing was low (mean knowledge score=67%, SD=0.23). Low knowledge scores were more commonly due to responses of ‘don't know’ than incorrect answers. Most women (91%) clearly understood that test results can aid decisions about chemotherapy, and few (22%) understood that the test's estimate of the chance of metastasis assumes the patient is receiving hormone therapy. Higher knowledge about genomic recurrence risk testing was associated with higher education, reading ability, and numeracy. Knowledge was higher among women who recalled receiving both verbal and printed information about the test and among women who had active roles in deciding about their treatments. Higher knowledge was also associated with having fewer concerns about genomic testing.

Discussion: Among early‐stage breast cancer patients who received Oncotype DX, we found low knowledge about many aspects of genomic recurrence risk testing. Research is needed to understand testing information provided to patients and best practices for patient education. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychological distress and quality of life of partners of individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Douma Kirsten F. L. , Bleiker Eveline M. A. , Vasen Hans F. A. , Gundy Chad M. , Gerritsma Miranda A. , Aaronson Neil K.
Published: March 2010

Objective: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a genetic condition characterized by the development of multiple adenomas in the colorectum that could lead to colorectal cancer. Our aim was to assess levels and predictors of psychological distress and quality of life (QOL) among partners of FAP‐patients.

Methods: A nationwide, cross‐sectional survey using validated self‐report questionnaires assessing psychological distress and QOL.

Results: One hundred and twenty‐nine partners completed the questionnaire (84% response rate), 30% of whom reported moderate‐to‐severe levels of distress. The partners' distress was associated significantly with the patients' distress, having children, and feelings of guilt. Fifty‐seven percent of the partners with moderate‐to‐severe distress levels had received professional psychosocial support. Partners did not differ significantly from the general population in QOL. However, 9–21% reported that FAP had affected their work, leisure time activities, and relationships.

Conclusions: Clinicians should be particularly alert for heightened distress levels in partners of patients who are themselves distressed, and among those with children. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of organic‐farming‐compatible insecticides on four aphid natural enemy species
Authors: Jansen Jean P , Defrance Thibaut , Warnier Anne M
Published: March 2010

BACKGROUND: The toxicities of pyrethrins + rapeseed oil, pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide (PBO), potassium salts of fatty acids and linseed oil were assessed in the laboratory on the parasitic wasp Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Destefani‐Perez), the ladybird Adalia bipunctata (L.), the rove beetle Aleochara bilineata (Gyll.) and the carabid beetle Bembidion lampros (Herbst.). The methods selected were residual contact toxicity tests on inert and natural substrates.

RESULTS: Both the pyrethrin products led to 100% mortality in the adult parasitic wasps and ladybird larvae on glass plates and plants. The pyrethrins + PBO formulation was toxic for B. lampros on sand and natural soil, but the pyrethrins + rapeseed oil formulation was harmless for this species. Insecticidal soaps were harmless for all these beneficial species. None of the tested products significantly affected the parasitism of the onion fly pupae by A. bilineata.

CONCLUSION: The results indicated the potentially high toxicity of natural pyrethrins for beneficial arthropods. Although this toxicity needs to be confirmed in field conditions, the toxicity levels obtained in the laboratory were similar to or higher than those of several synthetic insecticides known to be toxic in the field. Insecticidal soaps could be considered as an alternative for aphid control in organic farming in terms of selectivity. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Pulmonary arterial hypertension: today's choice of treatment
Authors: Church Colin , Peacock Andrew
Published: March 2010

The diagnosis and management of pulmonary arterial hypertension has been transformed by the introduction of disease‐targeted therapies. Here, the authors look at the properties of these new drugs and the role of the GP in management. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
NICE quality standards: setting standards for high‐quality care
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: March 2010

NICE is planning to publish the first quality standards this year. Steve Chaplin explains what quality standards are and why they are being introduced, and how they are being developed by NICE. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prevent the Loss of Niemann-Pick Type C Mouse Purkinje Neurons by Correcting Sphingolipid Metabolism and Increasing Sphingosine-1-phosphate
Authors: Lee Hyun , Lee Jong Kil , Min Woo-Kie , Bae Jae-Hoon , He Xingxuan , Schuchman Edward H. , Bae Jae-sung , Jin Hee Kyung
Published: March 2010

Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) disease exhibits neuronal sphingolipid storage and cerebellar Purkinje neuron (PN) loss. Although it is clear that PNs are compromised in this disorder, it remains to be defined how neuronal lipid storage causes the PN loss. Our previous studies have shown that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) transplantation prevent PN loss in NP-C mice. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine the neuroprotective mechanism of BM-MSCs on PNs. We found that NP-C PNs exhibit abnormal sphingolipid metabolism and defective lysosomal calcium store compared to wild-type mice PNs. BM-MSCs promote the survival of NP-C PNs by correction of the altered calcium homeostasis, restoration of the sphingolipid imbalance, as evidenced by increased sphingosine-1-phosphate levels and decreased sphingosine, and ultimately, inhibition of apoptosis pathways. These effects suggest that BM-MSCs modulate sphingolipid metabolism of endogenous NP-C PNs, resulting in their survival and improved clinical outcome in mice.
Butyrate Greatly Enhances Derivation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Promoting Epigenetic Remodeling and the Expression of Pluripotency-Associated Genes
Authors: Mali Prashant , Chou Bin-Kuan , Yen Jonathan , Ye Zhaohui , Zou Jizhong , Dowey Sarah , Brodsky Robert A. , Ohm Joyce E. , Yu Wayne , Baylin Stephen B. , Yusa Kosuke , Bradley Allan , Meyers David J. , Mukherjee Chandrani , Cole Philip A. , Cheng Linzhao
Published: March 2010

We report here that butyrate, a naturally occurring fatty acid commonly used as a nutritional supplement and differentiation agent, greatly enhances the efficiency of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell derivation from human adult or fetal fibroblasts. After transient butyrate treatment, the iPS cell derivation efficiency is enhanced by 15- to 51-fold using either retroviral or piggyBac transposon vectors expressing 4 to 5 reprogramming genes. Butyrate stimulation is more remarkable (>100- to 200-fold) on reprogramming in the absence of either KLF4 or MYC transgene. Butyrate treatment did not negatively affect properties of iPS cell lines established by either 3 or 4 retroviral vectors or a single piggyBac DNA transposon vector. These characterized iPS cell lines, including those derived from an adult patient with sickle cell disease by either the piggyBac or retroviral vectors, show normal karyotypes and pluripotency. To gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of butyrate stimulation, we conducted genome-wide gene expression and promoter DNA methylation microarrays and other epigenetic analyses on established iPS cells and cells from intermediate stages of the reprogramming process. By days 6 to 12 during reprogramming, butyrate treatment enhanced histone H3 acetylation, promoter DNA demethylation, and the expression of endogenous pluripotency-associated genes, including DPPA2, whose overexpression partially substitutes for butyrate stimulation. Thus, butyrate as a cell permeable small molecule provides a simple tool to further investigate molecular mechanisms of cellular reprogramming. Moreover, butyrate stimulation provides an efficient method for reprogramming various human adult somatic cells, including cells from patients that are more refractory to reprogramming.
The Senescence-Related Mitochondrial/Oxidative Stress Pathway is Repressed in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Prigione Alessandro , Fauler Beatrix , Lurz Rudi , Lehrach Hans , Adjaye James
Published: March 2010

The ability of stem cells to propagate indefinitely is believed to occur via the fine modulation of pathways commonly involved in cellular senescence, including the telomerase, the p53, and the mitochondrial/oxidative stress pathways. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a novel stem cell population obtained from somatic cells through forced expression of a set of genes normally expressed in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). These reprogrammed cells acquire self-renewal properties and appear almost undistinguishable from ESCs in terms of morphology, gene expression, and differentiation potential. Accordingly, iPSCs exhibit alterations of the senescence-related telomerase and p53 signaling pathways. However, although treatments with antioxidants have been recently shown to enhance cellular reprogramming, detailed information regarding the state of the mitochondrial/oxidative stress pathway in iPSCs is still lacking. Mitochondria undergo specific changes during organismal development and aging. Thus, addressing whether somatic mitochondria within iPSCs acquire ESC-like features or retain the phenotype of the parental cell is an unanswered but relevant question. Herein, we demonstrate that somatic mitochondria within human iPSCs revert to an immature ESC-like state with respect to organelle morphology and distribution, expression of nuclear factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, content of mitochondrial DNA, intracellular ATP level, oxidative damage, and lactate generation. Upon differentiation, mitochondria within iPSCs and ESCs exhibited analogous maturation and anaerobic-to-aerobic metabolic modifications. Overall, the data highlight that human iPSCs and ESCs, although not identical, share similar mitochondrial properties and suggest that cellular reprogramming can modulate the mitochondrial/oxidative stress pathway, thus inducing a rejuvenated state capable of escaping cellular senescence.
Model‐based quality assurance of protocol documentation: tools and methodology
Authors: Grieskamp Wolfgang , Kicillof Nicolas , Stobie Keith , Braberman Victor
Published: March 2010

Microsoft is producing interoperability documentation for Windows client–server and server–server protocols. The Protocol Engineering Team in the Windows organization is responsible for verifying the documentation to ensure that it is of the highest quality. Various test‐driven methods are being applied including, when appropriate, a model‐based approach. This paper describes core aspects of the quality assurance process and tools that were put in place, and specifically focuses on model‐based testing (MBT). Experience so far confirms that MBT works and that it scales, provided it is accompanied by sound tool support and clear methodological guidance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Class cover catch digraphs
Authors: Marchette David
Published: March 2010

The class cover problem is one of finding a small number of sets covering (containing) points from one class without covering any points from a second class. The class cover catch digraph provides a solution to the class cover problem, which can be extended to a nonparametric classifier, similar in flavor to a reduced nearest neighbor classifier. This article describes the class cover catch digraph and its application to classification. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Data: Types and Structure > Graph and Network Data
Nanoparticle detection of respiratory infection
Authors: Halfpenny Kristin C. , Wright David W.
Published: March 2010

Respiratory viruses are a constant concern for all demographics. Examples include established viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the leading cause of respiratory infection in infants and young children, and emerging viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which reached near pandemic levels in 2003, or H1N1 (swine) influenza. Despite this prevalence, traditional methods of virus detection are typically labor intensive and require several days to successfully confirm infection. Recently, however, nanoparticle‐based detection strategies have been employed in an effort to develop detection assays that are both sensitive and expedient. Each of these platforms capitalizes on the unique properties of nanoparticles for the detection of respiratory viruses. In this article, several nanoparticle‐based scaffolds are discussed.Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been functionalized with virus specific antibodies or oligonucleotides. In each of these constructs, AuNPs act as both an easily conjugated scaffolding system for biological molecules and a powerful fluorescence quencher. AuNPs have also been immobilized and used as electrochemical transducers. They efficiently serve as a conducting interface of electrocatalyic activity making them a powerful tool in this application. Quantum dots (QDs) posses unique fluorescence properties that have also been explored for their application to virus detection when combined with direct antibody conjugation or streptavidin‐biotin binding systems. QDs have an advantage over many traditional fluorophores because their fluorescence properties can be finely tuned and they are resistant to photobleaching. The development of these nanoparticle‐based detection strategies holds the potential to be a powerful method to quickly and easily confirm respiratory virus infection. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 277–290

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease
Opening myrmecochory's black box: what happens inside the ant nest?
Authors: Servigne Pablo , Detrain Claire
Published: March 2010

In the process of seed dispersal by ants (myrmecochory), foragers bring diaspores back to their nest, then eat the elaiosome and usually reject viable seeds outside the nest. Here, we investigate what happens inside the nest, a barely known stage of the myrmecochory process, for two seed species (Viola odorata, Chelidonium majus) dispersed either by the insectivorous ant Myrmica rubra or by the aphid‐tending ant Lasius niger. Globally, elaiosome detachment decreased ants’ interest towards seeds and increased their probability of rejecting them. However, we found marked differences in seed management by ants inside the nest. The dynamics of elaiosome detachment were ant‐ and plant‐specific whereas the dynamic of seed rejection were mainly ant‐specific. Seeds remained for a shorter period of time inside the nest of the carnivorous ant Myrmica rubra than in Lasius niger nest. Thus, elaiosome detachment and seed rejection were two competing dynamics whose relative efficiency leads to variable outcomes in terms of types of dispersed items and of nutrient benefit to the ants. This is why some seeds remained inside the nest even without an elaiosome, and conversely, some seeds were rejected with an elaiosome still attached. Fresh seeds may be deposited directly in contact with the larvae. However, the dynamics of larvae‐seeds contacts were also highly variable among species. This study illustrates the complexity and variability of the ecological network of ant–seed interactions.
Image Quality in Low-dose Multidetector Computed Tomography: A Pilot Study to Assess Feasibility and Dose Optimization in Whole-body Bone Imaging
Authors: Gleeson Tadhg G. , Byrne Brenda , Kenny Pat , Last Jason , Fitzpatrick Patricia , O'Gorman Peter , Eustace Steven J.
Published: March 2010

Objective

To study the impact of dose parameters on image quality at whole-body low-dose multidetector computed tomography (CT) in an attempt to derive parameters that allow diagnostic quality images of the skeletal system without incurring significant radiation dose in patients referred for investigation of plasma cell dyscrasias.

Methods

By using a single cadaver, 14 different whole-body low-dose CT protocols were individually assessed by 2 radiologists, blinded to acquisition parameters (kVp and mAs, reconstruction algorithm, dose reduction software). Combinations of kVps that range from 80-140 kVp, and tube current time product from 14–125 mAs were individually scored by using a Likert scale from 1–5 in 4 separate anatomical areas (skull base, thoracic spine, pelvis, and distal femora). Correlation between readers scores and effective doses were obtained by using correlation coefficient statistical analysis, statistical significance was considered P < .01. Interobserver agreement was assessed by using a Bland and Altman plot. Interobserver agreement in each of the 4 anatomical areas was assessed by using kappa statistics. A single set of parameters was then selected for use in future clinical trials in a cohort of patients referred for investigation of monoclonal gammopathy, including multiple myeloma.

Results

Several sets of exposure parameters allowed low-dose whole-body CT to be performed with effective doses similar to skeletal survey while preserving diagnostic image quality. Individual reader's and average combined scores showed a strong inverse correlation with effective dose (reader 1, r = −0.78, P = .0001; reader 2, r = −0.75, P = .0003); average combined scores r = −0.81, P < .0001). Bland and Altman plot of overall scores shows reasonable interobserver agreement, with a mean difference of 1.055.

Conclusion

Whole-body low-dose CT can be used to obtain adequate CT image quality to assess normal osseous detail while delivering effective doses similar to those associated with conventional radiographic skeletal survey.
Melanesian Religion
Authors: Trompf G. W.
Published: March 2010

This study surveys systematically the full scope of Melanesian religion, from traditional beliefs and practices to the development of strong indigenous Christian churches and theology. Garry Trompf writes from extensive knowledge of the social and religious aspects and from his own experience living and working in Papua New Guinea. Melanesian Religion provides an invaluable guide and analysis to pressing issues of religious and social change in the Pacific. It provides a useful overview for readers with general interests in the South Pacific region, and in the formulation of indigenous responses to external institutions, beliefs and value systems. The Melanesian peoples of the south-west Pacific form about one-quarter of the world's cultures - cultures in which a deep sense of spiritual consciousness has engendered rich diversity of religious experience. Professor Trompf argues that, to be complete, any interpretation of the social and economic patterns of Melanesian life, past and present, must take proper account of this religious context.
Handbook of Categorical Algebra
Authors: Borceux Francis
Published: March 2010

The Handbook of Categorical Algebra is intended to give, in three volumes, a rather detailed account of what, ideally, everybody working in category theory should know, whatever the specific topic of research they have chosen. The book is planned also to serve as a reference book for both specialists in the field and all those using category theory as a tool. Volume 3 begins with the essential aspects of the theory of locales, proceeding to a study in chapter 2 of the sheaves on a locale and on a topological space, in their various equivalent presentations: functors, etale maps or W-sets. Next, this situation is generalized to the case of sheaves on a site and the corresponding notion of Grothendieck topos is introduced. Chapter 4 relates the theory of Grothendieck toposes with that of accessible categories and sketches, by proving the existence of a classifying topos for all coherent theories.
Measuring the Wealth of Nations
Authors: Shaikh Anwar M. , Tonak E. Ahmet
Published: March 2010

This book provides an alternative foundation for the measurement of the production of nations, and applies it to the US economy for the postwar period. The patterns which result are significantly different from those derived within conventional systems of national accounts. Conventional national accounts seriously distort basic economic aggregates, because they classify military, bureaucratic and financial activities as creation of new wealth, when in fact they should be classified as forms of social consumption which, like personal consumption, actually use up social wealth in the performance of their functions. The difference between the two approaches has an impact not only on basic aggregate economic measures, but also on the very understanding of the observed patterns of growth and stagnation. In a world of burgeoning militaries, bureaucracies, and sales forces, such matters can assume great importance at the levels of both theory and policy.
How to Use a Computerized Telescope
Authors: Covington Michael A.
Published: March 2010

How to Use a Computerized Telescope is the first handbook that describes how to get your computerized telescope up and running, and how to embark on a program of observation. It explains in detail how the sky moves, how your telescope tracks it, and how to get the most out of any computerized telescope. Packed full of practical advice and tips for troubleshooting, it translates the manufacturers' technical jargon into easy-to-follow, step-by-step instructions, and includes many of the author's tried and tested observing techniques. Early chapters explain how to test your telescope's optics, choose eyepieces and accessories, and diagnose operational problems. The second half of the book then gives detailed instructions for three classic telescopes: the Meade LX200, Celestron NexStar 5 and 8, and Meade Autostar (ETX and LX90). Concentrating mainly on telescope operation and troubleshooting, it is the ideal companion to Celestial Objects for Modern Telescopes, also by Michael Covington.
Catholicism and History
Authors: Chadwick Owen
Published: March 2010

Continual and sometimes heated interest is shown in the control by governments over documents in their possession, and in the time during which access to them is denied - and not only on the part of the historians to whom the documents are of prime concern. Professor Chadwick summarises the gradual establishment of the papal records down to the beginning of the nineteenth century, when they were carried off to Paris on the orders of Napolean. Their return (for the most part) to Rome and the subsequent history of the relationship between their guardians and would-be users provide a lively narrative of human as well as historical interest. The author shows how an argument developed within the Vatican itself between the statesmen who wished rigourously to restrict what was released to the public and the historians who wanted free access. This important study of how new attitudes and techniques of history affected the Church is based upon the author's Herbert Hensley Henson Lectures in Oxford 1976, and will interest documentalists and general readers as well as ecclesiastical and general historians.
Public Health in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Denoon Donald , Dugan Kathleen , Marshall Leslie
Published: March 2010

This book concerns the development of institutional medicine, medical practice and health care during the initial colonisation and later colonial rule of Papua New Guinea. It discusses the relationship between public health and the medical profession and colonial bureaucracy, and also analyses the profession's social and technical ideas which determined the kinds of health policies and programmes attempted. The first part describes the era of tropical medicine which predominated at the turn of the century and survived until the 1950s. The second part investigates the transformation of tropical medicine by the introduction of new drugs and the curative campaigns of the 1950s and 1960s, and thereafter discusses the emergence of a new medical strategy known as 'primary health care'. This original, comparative study will be of value not only to anthropologists and historians of tropical medicine but also to historians of colonialism and its effects on public health care.
The Technique of Pseudodifferential Operators
Authors: Cordes H. O.
Published: March 2010

Pseudodifferential operators arise naturally in the solution of boundary problems for partial differential equations. The formalism of these operators serves to make the Fourier-Laplace method applicable for nonconstant coefficient equations. This book presents the technique of pseudodifferential operators and its applications, especially to the Dirac theory of quantum mechanics. The treatment uses 'Leibniz formulas' with integral remainders or as asymptotic series. A pseudodifferential operator may also be described by invariance under action of a Lie-group. The author discusses connections to the theory of C*-algebras, invariant algebras of pseudodifferential operators under hyperbolic evolution and the relation of the hyperbolic theory to the propagation of maximal ideals. This book will be of particular interest to researchers in partial differential equations and mathematical physics.
Fertility, Class and Gender in Britain, 1860–1940
Authors: Szreter Simon
Published: March 2010

This book offers an original interpretation of the history of falling fertilities in Britain between 1860 and 1940. It integrates the approaches of the social sciences and of demographic, feminist, and labour history with intellectual, social, and political history. It exposes the conceptual and statistical inadequacies of the orthodox picture of a national, unitary class-differential fertility decline, and presents an entirely new analysis of the famous 1911 fertility census of England and Wales. Surprising and important findings emerge concerning the principal methods of birth control: births were spaced from early on in marriage; and sexual abstinence by married couples was a far more significant practice than previously imagined. The author presents a new general approach to the study of fertility change, raising central issues concerning the relationship between history and social science.
Memory as a Programming Concept in C and C++
Authors: Franek Frantisek
Published: March 2010

The overwhelming majority of bugs and crashes in computer programming stem from problems of memory access, allocation, or deallocation. Such memory related errors are also notoriously difficult to debug. Yet the role that memory plays in C and C++ programming is a subject often overlooked in courses and in books because it requires specialised knowledge of operating systems, compilers, computer architecture in addition to a familiarity with the languages themselves. Most professional programmers learn entirely through experience of the trouble it causes. This 2004 book provides students and professional programmers with a concise yet comprehensive view of the role memory plays in all aspects of programming and program behaviour. Assuming only a basic familiarity with C or C++, the author describes the techniques, methods, and tools available to deal with the problems related to memory and its effective use.
Dynamics of Self-Organized and Self-Assembled Structures
Authors: Desai Rashmi C. , Kapral Raymond
Published: March 2010

Physical and biological systems driven out of equilibrium may spontaneously evolve to form spatial structures. In some systems molecular constituents may self-assemble to produce complex ordered structures. This book describes how such pattern formation processes occur and how they can be modeled. Experimental observations are used to introduce the diverse systems and phenomena leading to pattern formation. The physical origins of various spatial structures are discussed, and models for their formation are constructed. In contrast to many treatments, pattern-forming processes in nonequilibrium systems are treated in a coherent fashion. The book shows how near-equilibrium and far-from-equilibrium modeling concepts are often combined to describe physical systems. This inter-disciplinary book can form the basis of graduate courses in pattern formation and self-assembly. It is a useful reference for graduate students and researchers in a number of disciplines, including condensed matter science, nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, nonlinear dynamics, chemical biophysics, materials science, and engineering.
Worship as Meaning
Authors: Hughes Graham
Published: March 2010

How, in this Christian age of belief, can we draw sense from the ritual acts of Christians assembled in worship? Convinced that people shape their meanings from the meanings available to them, Graham Hughes inquires into liturgical constructions of meaning within the larger cultural context of late twentieth-century meaning theory. Major theories of meaning are examined in terms of their contribution or hindrance to this meaning making: analytic philosophy, phenomenology, structuralism and deconstruction. Drawing particularly upon the work of Charles Peirce, Hughes turns to semiotic theory to analyse the construction, transmission and apprehension of meaning within an actual worship service. Finally the book analyses the ways in which various worshipping styles of western Christianity undertake this meaning making. Taking account of late modern values and precepts, this ground-breaking book will appeal to teachers and students of theology, to clergy, and to thoughtful lay Christians.
Introduction to Structural Dynamics
Authors: Donaldson Bruce K.
Published: March 2010

This textbook, first published in 2006, provides the student of aerospace, civil and mechanical engineering with all the fundamentals of linear structural dynamics analysis. It is designed for an advanced undergraduate or first-year graduate course. This textbook is a departure from the usual presentation in two important respects. First, descriptions of system dynamics are based on the simpler to use Lagrange equations. Second, no organizational distinctions are made between multi-degree of freedom systems and single-degree of freedom systems. The textbook is organized on the basis of first writing structural equation systems of motion, and then solving those equations mostly by means of a modal transformation. The text contains more material than is commonly taught in one semester so advanced topics are designated by an asterisk. The final two chapters can also be deferred for later studies. The text contains numerous examples and end-of-chapter exercises.
U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis
Authors: Breitman Richard , Goda Norman J. W. , Naftali Timothy , Wolfe Robert
Published: March 2010

This book is a direct result of the 1998 Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act. Drawing upon many documents declassified under this law, the authors demonstrate what US intelligence agencies learned about Nazi crimes during World War II and about the nature of Nazi intelligence agencies' role in the Holocaust. It examines how some US corporations found ways to profit from Nazi Germany's expropriation of the property of German Jews. This book also reveals startling new details on the Cold War connections between the US government and Hitler's former officers. At a time when intelligence successes and failures are at the center of public discussion, US Intelligence and the Nazis also provides an unprecedented inside look at how intelligence agencies function during war and peacetime.
Mathematical Explorations with MATLAB
Authors: Chen K. , Giblin Peter J. , Irving A.
Published: March 2010

This 1999 book is about the kind of mathematics usually encountered in first year university courses. A key feature of the book is that this mathematics is explored in depth using the popular and powerful package MATLAB. The emphasis is on understanding and investigating the mathematics, and putting it into practice in a wide variety of modelling situations. In the process, the reader will gain some fluency with MATLAB, no starting knowledge of the package being assumed. The range of material is wide: matrices, whole numbers, complex numbers, geometry of curves and families of lines, data analysis, random numbers and simulations, and differential equations form the basic mathematics. This is applied to a large number of investigations and modelling problems, from sequences of real numbers to cafeteria queues, from card shuffling to models of fish growth. All extras to the standard MATLAB package are supplied on the World Wide Web.
Justice and Justification
Authors: Daniels Norman
Published: March 2010

We all have beliefs, even strong convictions, about what is just and fair in our social arrangements. How should these beliefs and the theories of justice that incorporate them guide our thinking about practical matters of justice? This wide-ranging collection of essays by one of the foremost medical ethicists in the USA explores the claim that justification in ethics, whether of matters of theory or practice, involves achieving coherence between our moral and non-moral beliefs. Amongst the practical issues addressed in the volume are the design of health-care institutions, the distribution of goods between the old and the young, and fairness in hiring and firing. In combining ethical theory and practical ethics this volume will prove especially valuable to philosophers concerned with ethics and applied ethics, political theorists, bioethicists, and others involved in the study of public policy.
Perception, Knowledge and Belief
Authors: Dretske Fred
Published: March 2010

This collection of essays by eminent philosopher Fred Dretske brings together work on the theory of knowledge and philosophy of mind spanning thirty years. The two areas combine to lay the groundwork for a naturalistic philosophy of mind. The fifteen essays focus on perception, knowledge, and consciousness. Together, they show the interconnectedness of Dretske's work in epistemology and his more contemporary ideas on philosophy of mind, shedding light on the links which can be made between the two. The first section of the book argues the point that knowledge consists of beliefs with the right objective connection to facts; two essays discuss this conception of knowledge's implications for naturalism. The next section articulates a view of perception, attempting to distinguish conceptual states from phenomenal states. A naturalized philosophy of mind, and thus a naturalized epistemology, is articulated in the third section. This collection will be a valuable resource for a wide range of philosophers and their students, and will also be of interest to cognitive scientists, psychologists, and philosophers of biology.
Molecular Clusters
Authors: Fehlner Thomas , Halet Jean-Francois , Saillard Jean-Yves
Published: March 2010

Clusters can be viewed as solids at the nano-scale, yet molecular cluster chemistry and solid state chemistry have traditionally been considered as separate topics. This treatment has made it conceptually difficult to appreciate commonalities of structure and bonding between the two. Using analogous models, this is the first book to form a connecting bridge. Although the focus is on clusters, sufficient attention is paid to solid-state compounds at each stage of the development to establish the interrelationship between the two topics. Comprehensive coverage of cluster types by composition, size and ligation, is provided, as is a synopsis of selected research. Written in an accessible style and highly illustrated to aid understanding, this book is suitable for researchers in inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, materials science, and condensed matter physics.
Climate Modes of the Phanerozoic
Authors: Frakes Lawrence A. , Francis Jane E. , Syktus Jozef I.
Published: March 2010

The changes in the Earth's climate over the past 600 million years, from the Cambrian to the Quaternary, come under scrutiny in this book, first published in 1992. The geological evidence for ancient climates is examined, such as the distribution of climate-sensitive sediments. The Earth's climate has changed many times throughout the Phanerozoic. Thus in this book the climate history has been divided into Warm and Cool modes, intervals when either the Earth was in a former 'greenhouse' state with higher levels of atmospheric CO2 and polar regions free of ice, or the global climate was cooler and ice was present in high latitudes. The studies presented here highlight the complex interactions between the carbon cycle, continental distribution, tectonics, sea level variation, ocean circulation and temperature change as well as other parameters. In particular, the potential of the carbon isotope records as an important signal of the past climates of the Earth is explored. This book will be useful to all students and researchers with an interest in palaeoclimates and palaeoenvironments.
Worldwide Variation in Human Growth
Authors: Eveleth Phyllis B. , Tanner James M.
Published: March 2010

The health of a population is most accurately reflected in the rate of growth of its children. It is this theme which underlies the analysis and presentation of what is by far the largest compilation of growth data ever assembled. The first edition, published in 1976, included all known reliable recent results on height, weight, skinfolds and other body measurements from all parts of the globe. In this edition, the very numerous measurements taken between 1976 and 1988 have been included as well as the results of the large number of new studies made on rate of maturation as evinced by bone age and pubertal development stages. Many sections of the book dwell on disentangling the effects of the environment and heredity on growth, and thus answer the question of whether one universal standard suffices for all peoples of the world, or whether different populations (such as races or nations) should each have their own optimal growth standards. Written by practical people with experience of the problems in developing countries, this book explains in simple terms the different sorts of growth surveys, how to set about making them, and which sort to choose. All who are professionally concerned with child health should read it.
Enigmes de la Deuxieme Epitre de Paul aux Corinthiens
Authors: Collange J. F.
Published: March 2010

Paul's Second Epistle to the Corinthians poses exegetical problems of well-known difficulty. The structure and unity of the whole Epistle are in doubt, as is the meaning of many particular passages and references - for example, the identity of Paul's opponents. Dr Collange bases his solutions to these problems on a detailed study of 2,14 - 7,4. He argues that the obscurities of the Epistle can be explained by the particular circumstances of its composition; Paul's use of more primitive Christian materials gives us a measure of his own originality and genius. This book should be of interest to all New Testament scholars.
Aristotle on Homonymy
Authors: Ward Julie K.
Published: March 2010

Julie K. Ward examines Aristotle's thought regarding how language informs our views of what is real. First she places Aristotle's theory in its historical and philosophical contexts in relation to Plato and Speusippus. Ward then explores Aristotle's theory of language as it is deployed in several works, including Ethics, Topics, Physics, and Metaphysics, so as to consider its relation to dialectical practice and scientific explanation as Aristotle conceived it.
Language Teacher Supervision
Authors: Bailey Kathleen M.
Published: March 2010

Language Teacher Supervision illuminates an under-explored area of the language teaching profession. Using case studies of actual teaching situations, the book explores such issues as teacher evaluation, autonomy, authority and awareness and attitude. It contains a wealth of practical detail on gathering data and providing feedback in post-observation conferences with teachers. A variety of cases, together with a comprehensive review of the literature, offers valuable insights into the dynamic, interactive process of language teacher supervision. Follow-up discussion questions, development tasks, and suggestions for further reading afford avenues for further exploration.
The effects of branched-chain amino acid interactions on growth performance, blood metabolites, enzyme kinetics and transcriptomics in weaned pigs
Authors: Wiltafsky Markus Karl , Pfaffl Michael Walter , Roth Franz Xaver
Published: March 2010

The impact of excess dietary leucine (Leu) was studied in two growth assays with pigs (8–25 kg). In each trial, forty-eight pigs were allotted to one of six dietary groups. The dietary Leu supply increased from treatment L100 to L200 (three increments). To guarantee that interactions between the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) were not cushioned either surpluses of isoleucine (Ile, expt 1) or valine (Val; expt 2) were avoided. In the fifth treatment, the effects of a simultaneous excess of Leu and Val (expt 1), or of Leu and Ile (expt 2) were investigated. The sixth treatment was a positive control. An increase in dietary Leu decreased growth performance, and increased plasma Leu and serum α-keto-isocaproate levels in a linear, dose-dependent manner. Levels of plasma Ile and Val, and of serum α-keto-β-methylvalerate and α-keto-isovalerate, indicated increased catabolism. Linear increases in the activity of basal branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase in the liver confirmed these findings. No major alterations occurred in the mRNA of branched-chain amino acid catabolism genes. In liver tissue from expt 2, however, the mRNA levels of growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor acid labile subunit and insulin-like growth factor 1 decreased significantly with increasing dietary Leu. In conclusion, excess dietary Leu increased the catabolism of BCAA mainly through posttranscriptional mechanisms. The impact of excess Leu on the growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor-1 axis requires further investigation.