bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Immunosensing
Authors: Pan Mingfei , Gu Ying , Yun Yaguang , Li Min , Jin Xincui , Wang Shuo
Published: May 2017

Electrochemical immunosensors resulting from a combination of the traditional immunoassay approach with modern biosensors and electrochemical analysis constitute a current research hotspot. They exhibit both the high selectivity characteristics of immunoassays and the high sensitivity of electrochemical analysis, along with other merits such as small volume, convenience, low cost, simple preparation, and real-time on-line detection, and have been widely used in the fields of environmental monitoring, medical clinical trials and food analysis. Notably, the rapid development of nanotechnology and the wide application of nanomaterials have provided new opportunities for the development of high-performance electrochemical immunosensors. Various nanomaterials with different properties can effectively solve issues such as the immobilization of biological recognition molecules, enrichment and concentration of trace analytes, and signal detection and amplification to further enhance the stability and sensitivity of the electrochemical immunoassay procedure. This review introduces the working principles and development of electrochemical immunosensors based on different signals, along with new achievements and progress related to electrochemical immunosensors in various fields. The importance of various types of nanomaterials for improving the performance of electrochemical immunosensor is also reviewed to provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the further development and application of nanomaterials in electrochemical immunosensors.
Special Issue Editorial: Earth Observation and Geoinformation Technologies for Sustainable Development
Authors: Jokar Arsanjani Jamal , Vaz Eric
Published: May 2017

This editorial presents an introduction to fourteen papers published in the Special Issue of Earth Observation and Geoinformation Technologies for Sustainable Development in the Sustainability journal.[...]
A Review of Gravitational Waves from Cosmic Domain Walls
Authors: Saikawa Ken’ichi
Published: May 2017

In this contribution, we discuss the cosmological scenario where unstable domain walls are formed in the early universe and their late-time annihilation produces a significant amount of gravitational waves. After describing cosmological constraints on long-lived domain walls, we estimate the typical amplitude and frequency of gravitational waves observed today. We also review possible extensions of the standard model of particle physics that predict the formation of unstable domain walls and can be probed by observation of relic gravitational waves. It is shown that recent results of pulser timing arrays and direct detection experiments partially exclude the relevant parameter space, and that a much wider parameter space can be covered by the next generation of gravitational wave observatories.
Effect of Fe and EDTA on Freshwater Cyanobacteria Bloom Formation
Authors: Zhang Ting , He Jian , Luo Xingzhang
Published: May 2017

Due to the fact that not all eutrophic lakes have cyanobacteria blooms, we hypothesized Fe may be another important limiting factor which regulates cyanobacteria bloom formation. We tested the hypothesis by batch cultures of bloom-forming Cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa with different ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-Fe concentrations (0.5–6.0 mg/L), three levels of initial biomass, and excessive N and P (N = 4.2 mg/L, P = 0.186 mg/L) to simulate dynamically a cyanobacteria bloom in eutrophic conditions. The effect of EDTA and Fe uptake kinetics by M. aeruginosa were also examined. Results showed M. aeruginosa growth rate positively correlated with EDTA-Fe concentration and negatively correlated with biomass. Maximal biomass of M. aeruginosa was determined by Fe availability and initial biomass. EDTA could decrease both Fe availability and toxicity. Based on experimental results, a conceptual model of how Fe availability regulates cyanobacterial biomass in eutrophic lakes was developed. This study demonstrated bioavailable Fe is a potential limiting factor in eutrophic lakes that should be included in eutrophication management strategies.
Three-dimensional kinematics of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint using x-ray reconstruction of moving morphology – a pilot study
Authors: Childs Bronwen , Pugliese Brenna , Carballo Cristina , Miranda Daniel , Brainerd Elizabeth , Kirker-Head Carl
Published: May 2017

X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM) uses biplanar videoradiography and computed tomography (CT) scanning to capture three-dimensional (3D) bone motion. In XROMM, morphologically accurate 3D bone models derived from CT are animated with motion from videoradiography, yielding a highly accurate and precise reconstruction of skeletal kinematics. We employ this motion analysis technique to characterize metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) motion in the absence and presence of protective legwear in a healthy pony. Our in vivo marker tracking precision was 0.09 mm for walk and trot, and 0.10 mm during jump down exercises. We report MCPJ maximum extension (walk: –27.70 ± 2.78° [standard deviation]; trot: –33.84 ± 4.94°), abduction/adduction (walk: 0.04 ± 0.24°; trot: –0.23 ± 0.35°) and external/internal rotations (walk: 0.30 ± 0.32°; trot: –0.49 ± 1.05°) indicating that the MCPJ in this pony is a stable hinge joint with negligible extra-sagittal rotations. No substantial change in MCPJ maximum extension angles or vertical ground reaction forces (GRFv) were observed upon application of legwear during jump down exercise. Neoprene boot application yielded –65.20 ± 2.06° extension (GRFv = 11.97 ± 0.67 N/kg) and fleece polo wrap application yielded –64.23 ± 1.68° extension (GRFv = 11.36 ± 1.66 N/kg), when compared to naked control (-66.11 ± 0.96°; GRFv = 12.02 ± 0.53 N/kg). Collectively, this proof of concept study illustrates the benefits and practical limitations of using XROMM to document equine MCPJ kinematics in the presence and absence of legwear.

Supplementary Material to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.3415/VCOT-16-06-0095.
Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)
Authors: Romero-Franco Michelle , Godwin Hilary A , Bilal Muhammad , Cohen Yoram
Published: May 2017

The potential environmental impact of nanomaterials is a critical concern and the ability to assess these potential impacts is top priority for the progress of sustainable nanotechnology. Risk assessment tools are needed to enable decision makers to rapidly assess the potential risks that may be imposed by engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), particularly when confronted by the reality of limited hazard or exposure data. In this review, we examine a range of available risk assessment frameworks considering the contexts in which different stakeholders may need to assess the potential environmental impacts of ENMs. Assessment frameworks and tools that are suitable for the different decision analysis scenarios are then identified. In addition, we identify the gaps that currently exist between the needs of decision makers, for a range of decision scenarios, and the abilities of present frameworks and tools to meet those needs.
Detection of Interstellar Ortho-D2H+ with SOFIA
Authors: Harju Jorma , Sipilä Olli , Brünken Sandra , Schlemmer Stephan , Caselli Paola , Juvela Mika , Menten Karl M. , Stutzki Jürgen , Asvany Oskar , Kamiński Tomasz , Okada Yoko , Higgins Ronan
Published: May 2017

We report on the detection of the ground-state rotational line of ortho-D2H+ at 1.477 THz (203 μm) using the German REceiver for Astronomy at Terahertz frequencies (GREAT) on board the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). The line is seen in absorption against far-infrared continuum from the protostellar binary IRAS 16293-2422 in Ophiuchus. The para-D2H+ line at 691.7 GHz was not detected with the APEX telescope toward this position. These D2H+ observations complement our previous detections of para-H2D+ and ortho-H2D+ using SOFIA and APEX. By modeling chemistry and radiative transfer in the dense core surrounding the protostars, we find that the ortho-D2H+ and para-H2D+ absorption features mainly originate in the cool (T < 18 K) outer envelope of the core. In contrast, the ortho-H2D+ emission from the core is significantly absorbed by the ambient molecular cloud. Analyses of the combined D2H+ and H2D+ data result in an age estimate of ∼5 × 105 yr for the core, with an uncertainty of ∼2 × 105 yr. The core material has probably been pre-processed for another 5 × 105 years in conditions corresponding to those in the ambient molecular cloud. The inferred timescale is more than 10 times the age of the embedded protobinary. The D2H+ and H2D+ ions have large and nearly equal total (ortho+para) fractional abundances of ∼10−9 in the outer envelope. This confirms the central role of

in the deuterium chemistry in cool, dense gas, and adds support to the prediction of chemistry models that also

should be abundant in these conditions.
Analysis of the Amplitude of the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Effect out to Redshift z = 0.8
Authors: López-Corredoira M. , Gutiérrez C. M. , Génova-Santos R. T.
Published: May 2017

The interaction of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with the hot gas in clusters of galaxies, the so-called Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect, is a very useful tool that allows us to determine the physical conditions in such clusters and fundamental parameters of the cosmological models. In this work, we determine the dependence of the SZ surface brightness amplitude with redshift and mass of the clusters. We have used PLANCK+IRAS data in the microwave-far-infrared and a catalog with

clusters of galaxies extracted from the SDSS by Wen et al. We estimate and subtract the dust emission from those clusters. From the residual flux, we extract its SZ flux densities. The absolute value of the SZ amplitude indicates that the gas mass is around 10% of the total mass for cluster masses of

. This amplitude is compatible with no evolution with redshift and proportional to

(using X-ray derived masses) or

(using weak-lensing derived masses), with some tension regarding the expectations of the self-similar dependence (amplitude proportional to

). Other secondary products of our analysis include that clusters have a dust emission with emissivity index

and temperature

K; we confirm that the CMB temperature agrees with a dependence of

with clusters of much lower mass than those explored previously; and we find that the cluster masses derived by Wen et al. from a richness-mass relationship are biased by a factor of

with respect to the X-ray and weak-lensing measurements.
Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations of the Grain-surface Back-diffusion Effect
Authors: Willis Eric R. , Garrod Robin T.
Published: May 2017

Rate-equation models are a widely used and inexpensive tool for the simulation of interstellar chemistry under a range of physical conditions. However, their application to grain-surface chemical systems necessitates a number of simplifying assumptions, due to the requirement to treat only the total population of each species, using averaged rates, rather than treating each surface particle as an independent entity. While the outputs from rate-equation models are strictly limited to such population information, the inputs—in the form of the averaged rates that control the time-evolution of chemical populations—can be guided by the results from more exact simulation methods. Here, we examine the effects of back-diffusion, wherein particles diffusing on a surface revisit binding sites on the lattice, slowing the total reaction rate. While this effect has been studied for two-particle systems, its influence at greater surface coverage of reactants has not been explored. Results from two Monte Carlo kinetics models (one a 2D periodic lattice, the other the surface of a three-dimensionally realized grain) were used to develop a means to incorporate the grain-surface back-diffusion effect into rate-equation methods. The effects of grain size, grain morphology, and surface coverage on the magnitude of the back-diffusion effect were studied for the simple H+H reaction system. The results were fit with expressions that can be easily incorporated into astrochemical rate-equation models to accurately reproduce the effects of back-diffusion on grain-surface reaction rates. Back-diffusion reduces reaction rates by a maximum factor of around 5 for the canonical grain of ∼106 surface sites, but this falls to unity at close to full surface coverage.
Marine and Coastal Cultural Ecosystem Services: knowledge gaps and research priorities
Authors: Garcia Rodrigues João , Conides Alexis , Rivero Rodriguez Susana , Raicevich Saša , Pita Pablo , Kleisner Kristin , Pita Cristina , Lopes Priscila , Alonso Roldán Virginia , Ramos Sandra , Klaoudatos Dimitris , Outeiro Luís , Armstrong Claire , Teneva Lida , Stefanski Stephanie , Böhnke-Henrichs Anne , Kruse Marion , Lillebø Ana , Bennett Elena , Belgrano Andrea , Murillas Arantza , Sousa Pinto Isabel , Burkhard Benjamin , Villasante Sebastián
Published: May 2017

Cultural ecosystem services (CES) reflect peoples’ physical and cognitive interactions with nature and are increasingly recognised for providing non-material benefits to human societies. Whereas coasts, seas, and oceans sustain a great proportion of the human population, CES provided by these ecosystems have remained largely unexplored. Therefore, our aims were (1) to analyse the state of research on marine and coastal CES, (2) to identify knowledge gaps, and (3) to pinpoint research priorities and the way forward. To accomplish these objectives, we did a systematic review of the scientific literature and synthesised a subset of 72 peer-reviewed publications. Results show that research on marine and coastal CES is scarce compared to other ecosystem service categories. It is primarily focused on local and regional sociocultural or economic assessments of coastal ecosystems from Western Europe and North America. Such research bias narrows the understanding of social-ecological interactions to a western cultural setting, undermining the role of other worldviews in the understanding of a wide range of interactions between cultural practices and ecosystems worldwide. Additionally, we have identified clusters of co-occurring drivers of change affecting marine and coastal habitats and their CES. Our systematic review highlights knowledge gaps in: (1) the lack of integrated valuation assessments; (2) linking the contribution of CES benefits to human wellbeing; (3) assessing more subjective and intangible CES classes; (4) identifying the role of open-ocean and deep-sea areas in providing CES; and (5) understanding the role of non-natural capital in the co-production of marine and coastal CES. Research priorities should be aimed at filling these knowledge gaps. Overcoming such challenges can result in increased appreciation of marine and coastal CES, and more balanced decision-supporting mechanisms that will ultimately contribute to more sustainable interactions between humans and marine ecosystems.
Sobre el género Sternbergia (Amaryllidaceae) en Iraq
Authors: Youssef Sami , Mahmood Ahmed , Vela Errol
Published: May 2017

Sternbergia contiene, sobre todo, extraordinarios táxones con floración otoñal de las amarilidáceas. Su distribución abarca desde la región mediterránea, a través de la región irano-anatólica, hasta el Cáucaso y el Asia central. En la Flora de Iraq, la información sobre la presencia, el hábitat y la distribución de sus especies está obsoleta o incompleta. El principal objetivo de este trabajo ha sido contribuir con datos nuevos tomados en el campo a actualizar su estatus en la Región del Kurdistán. Las expediciones botánicas al campo fueron llevadas a cabo entre los años 2013 y 2015, durante el otoño y la primavera. El principal resultado de este estudio ha sido la localización de 3 especies de Sternbergia: S. colchiciflora, que ha sido citada por primera vez en este estudio para la región del Kurdistán y, por tanto, para Iraq; S. clusiana, que ha sido redescubierta en Iraq; y S. vernalis, que se ha encontrado de nuevo en las Montañas Berwarya, después de que se haya considerado extinta en Iraq durante los últimos 80 años. Estas 3 especies viven en las montañas del distrito de Amadia y hacen de esta área el territorio más rico en especies de Sternbergia del país. Debido a ciertos factores que amenazan actualmente sus hábitats naturales, estas especies son raras y podrían ser consideradas potencialmente amenazadas a nivel regional de acuerdo con los criterios de la UICN.
The Activities of Adl Wal Ihsane in the Neighbourhoods. How to Build a ‘Non-Legal’ Consensus from a ‘Tolerated’ Conflict
Authors: Yafout Merieme
Published: May 2017

Based on observation of the activities of the female members of the Moroccan Islamist movement Justice and Spirituality (Al Adl Wal Ihsane, AWI) at neighbourhood level, this chapter analyses the conception of development fostered by this movement and tries to answer the following questions: how do conflicting visions of development (those of AWI, the authorities and other associations) live together in the same neighbourhood, and what do the interactions between these different active participants tell us about modes of government on the local scale? If we view Islamists as agents of human development, and religious education and spirituality as important elements in this development, we see how complex the social and political relations are that the Islamist movement has with power and with society as a whole. The interactions of Islamist movements with various local players highlight a dialectic between conflict and consensus based on a ‘Western’ hegemonic model of development. This dialectic allows other strategies to find expression—strategies that flourish in daily activities—and other conceptions of what is seen as a ‘good’ way of conducting one’s life. Intentional or not, strategies of discharge, differentiation, discretion, competition or compliance, and the alternative modes of governance and conduct of life that this chapter highlights, show that the relationships between different players cannot be reduced just to conflict or consensus, and that their behaviour cannot be explained solely as a form of rejection or acceptance. The neo-liberal paradigm of development can comprise both a common ground and a place of conflict between quite different models of society.
Exploring the Peer Interaction Effects on Learning Achievement in a Social Learning Platform Based on Social Network Analysis
Authors: Lin Yu-Tzu , Chen Ming-Puu , Chang Chia-Hu , Chang Pu-Chen
Published: May 2017

The benefits of social learning have been recognized by existing research. To explore knowledge distribution in social learning and its effects on learning achievement, we developed a social learning platform and explored students' behaviors of peer interactions by the proposed algorithms based on social network analysis. An empirical study was also conducted on a college course to investigate the correlation between peer interaction and learning achievement. The experiment results show that the students who tended to actively contribute knowledge to peers on the social learning platform had better learning achievements than the students who were used to the passive reception of knowledge. Besides, the knowledge transmitters and intermediaries performed better in learning achievement as well, and the knowledge contributors had closer interactions with their peers. The implications derived from the findings can inspire instructors/researchers to facilitate effective social learning, and provide suggestions to develop effective algorithms to analyze social interaction behaviors.
Practicum-Based Approach to Bridge Between Information-Systems Industry Expectations and Graduates Qualifications
Authors: Lavy Ilana
Published: May 2017

In this study, a practicum-based approach to bridge the gap between industry expectations and Information Systems graduates skills is presented and discussed. Students participate in the practicum project during their last study year, and take part in various professional activities in the industry in accordance with their professional aspirations and their desired specialty. Semi-structured questionnaires and interviews with students who participated in the project in the last four years were conducted in order to reveal the students' perceived contributions of the project. The students experienced real workplace environments, acquired extended knowledge and skills, built social infrastructure to assist them with future job seeking, and above all gained real world experience that help them to build their professional image, and gain confidence in their traits and abilities. In addition, the practicum-based approach was compared with other common approaches used to bridge the gap, and its relative advantages and disadvantages were discussed.
MOOC and Blended Learning Models
Authors: Torres-Coronas Teresa , Vidal-Blasco María-Arántzazu
Published: May 2017

Interest is growing in educational designs that blend MOOCs with on-campus teaching and researchers are seeking to incorporate the spirit of a MOOC into a hybrid model. This article reports on the current experience of a higher education institution embarking on blended learning models. The aim of this article is to present a case study and to discuss the strategic approach to integrating a MOOC at undergraduate level. The evaluation strategy of this experience uses surveys and focus groups to interpret the results and the perspective of the various stakeholders. The analysis synthesizes the opinion of the main stakeholders – the institution, the students and the academic staff – and shows that in addition to improving the financial viability of MOOCs, blended learning models improve the quality of students' education, strengthen students' academic performance, and encourage academic staff to constantly innovate their teaching and learning process.
Ranking Documents Based on the Semantic Relations Using Analytical Hierarchy Process
Authors: El-Dsouky Ali I. , Ali Hesham A. , Rashed Rabab Samy
Published: May 2017

With the rapid growth of the World Wide Web comes the need for a fast and accurate way to reach the information required. Search engines play an important role in retrieving the required information for users. Ranking algorithms are an important step in search engines so that the user could retrieve the pages most relevant to his query In this work, the authors present a method for utilizing genealogical information from ontology to find the suitable hierarchical concepts for query extension, and ranking web pages based on semantic relations of the hierarchical concepts related to query terms, taking into consideration the hierarchical relations of domain searched (sibling, synonyms and hyponyms) by different weighting based on AHP method. So, it provides an accurate solution for ranking documents when compared to the three common methods.
Automatic Ontology Construction using Conceptualization and Semantic Roles
Authors: Arora Amita , Singh Manjeet , Chauhan Naresh
Published: May 2017

Ontologies are constructed to extract meaningful information from data sources. Constructing ontologies aim at capturing domain knowledge that gives a commonly agreed understanding of a domain, which may be reused, shared, among applications and groups. To ease the process of building ontologies automatically, this manuscript per the authors proposes a new approach which extracts semantic roles of nouns in the sentential structure along with usual concepts and their relationships. The extracted information about different roles, concepts and relationships among the concepts from different documents are then merged to construct an ontology for whole document. The proposed approach is implemented and the performance of the proposed technique is evaluated. Experiments show the ontology thus created captures most of the information given in the document.
An Approach to Trie Based Keyword Search for Search Engines
Authors: Murali Pranav
Published: May 2017

Search Engines use indexing techniques to minimize the time taken to find the relevant information to a search query. They maintain a keywords list that may reside either in the memory or in the external storage, like a hard disk. While a pure binary search can be used for this purpose, it suffers from performance issue when keywords are stored in the external storage. Some implementations of search engines use a B-tree and sparse indexes to reduce access time. This paper aims at reducing the keyword access time further. It presents a keyword search technique that utilizes a combination of trie data structure and a new keyword prefixing method. Experimental results show good improvement in performance over pure binary search. The merits of incorporating trie based approach into contemporary indexing methods is also discussed. Keyword prefixing method is described and some salient steps in the process of keyword generation are outlined.
Il dibattito in Bioetica - Le attività dell’Istituto di Bioetica e Medical Humanities dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore a difesa della vita nascente
Authors: Casini Marina , Sacchini Dario , Spagnolo Antonio G.
Published: May 2017

Non disponibile / Not available
Endurecimiento de plántulas de Pinus oaxacana Mirov con manejo del riego en vivero
Authors: Ávila-Angulo María L. , Aldrete Arnulfo , Vargas-Hernández J. Jesús , Gómez-Guerrero Armando , González-Hernández Víctor A. , Velázquez-Martínez Alejandro
Published: May 2017

Introducción: Las plantas deben someterse a un proceso de endurecimiento en el vivero para mejorar la supervivencia de las plantaciones forestales en áreas degradadas.Objetivo: El efecto de tres niveles de riego se evaluó en la etapa de endurecimiento sobre algunas variables morfológicas y fisiológicas de Pinus oaxacana.Materiales y métodos: Los tratamientos evaluados fueron tres niveles de riego más un testigo. El riego se realizó cuando los tubetes reducían su peso de saturación 30 % (frecuente), 40 a 45 % (medio) y 45 a 50 % (escaso); en el testigo, el riego se aplicó cada dos o tres días. El experimento se estableció en un diseño de bloques completos al azar; cada tratamiento constó de 100 plantas.Resultados y discusión: Los indicadores morfológicos con diferencias significativas (P ≤ 0.05) entre tratamientos fueron diámetro del cuello de la raíz, peso seco de vástago y peso seco total. Los indicadores fisiológicos mediante la prueba de potencial de crecimiento de raíz no presentaron diferencias significativas. Las plantas con riego frecuente obtuvieron el mayor diámetro, peso seco del vástago y peso seco total.Conclusiones: Una reducción del riego entre 30 a 45 % en P. oaxacana permite la producción de plantas endurecidas, con mayor posibilidad de éxito al momento de su trasplante en campo.
Análisis de métodos para calcular la media y varianza de la disposición a pagar: el caso paramétrico y no paramétrico
Authors: López-Santiago Marco A. , Meza-Herrera César A. , Valdivia-Alcalá Ramón
Published: May 2017

Introducción: La valoración contingente (MVC) es el método directo más significativo para calcular el valor monetario total de los servicios ecosistémicos.Objetivos: Los métodos paramétrico y no paramétrico de estimación de la disposición a pagar (DAP) se compararon a través de intervalos de la media, para dar recomendaciones de uso en la valoración de servicios ecosistémicos.Materiales y métodos: Para proveer soporte a la comparación de los métodos se utilizaron dos casos de estudio que aplicaron el MVC. Dentro del enfoque no paramétrico, los intervalos de la media y varianza obtenidos con las fórmulas de Boman, Bostedt y Kriström se compararon con los obtenidos por el método de Haab y McConnell.Resultados y discusión: Los métodos paramétrico y no paramétrico se pueden utilizar indistintamente para obtener la media de la DAP, debido a que no existieron diferencias significativas entre los valores estimados. En los métodos no paramétricos, los dos enfoques analizados no difieren en la estimación de la media, pero sí existen diferencias al momento de calcular las varianzas; el método de Haab y McConnell genera varianzas de la media relativamente más grandes.Conclusiones: Se recomienda utilizar el método no paramétrico como complemento o validación de los resultados del método paramétrico, dado que este último incluye variables socioeconómicas explicatorias de la DAP.
Supervivencia y crecimiento de tres especies de Quercus bajo condiciones contrastantes de cobertura en el sur de México
Authors: Rivas-Rivas Maximino B. , Ramírez-Marcial Neptalí , Perales Hugo , Levy-Tacher Samuel I. , Bonfil Consuelo
Published: May 2017

Introducción: El aprovechamiento intensivo modifica la composición y estructura de los bosques del sur de México, limitando la repoblación natural de especies de Quercus.Objetivos: Se evaluó la factibilidad de Quercus crispipilis, Q. ocoteifolia y Q. segoviensis en la restauración bajo tres condiciones de dosel: bosque secundario de pino-encino, matorral y pastizal.Materiales y métodos: La supervivencia, el crecimiento y la producción de biomasa de plantas jóvenes de las tres especies de Quercus se determinaron en tres condiciones, con tres repeticiones cada una, durante 14 meses. Se trasplantaron 33 individuos de cada especie por repetición.Resultados y discusión: La supervivencia fue relativamente alta (> 88 %) en las tres condiciones. La tasa relativa de crecimiento (TRC) en altura de Q. crispipilis y Q. ocoteifolia fue mayor en las condiciones de bosque y matorral. La TRC en diámetro basal de las tres especies fue mayor en el pastizal, al igual que la biomasa de las raíces de Q. crispipilis y Q. segoviensis.Conclusión: La presencia de dosel influye en las variables microclimáticas de los sitios. Quercus crispipilis y Q. segoviensis tienen supervivencia y crecimiento mayores en el matorral y pastizal, mientras que Q. ocoteifolia resulta favorecida bajo dosel forestal.
The constraint of CO2 measurements made onboard passenger aircraft on surface–atmosphere fluxes: the impact of transport model errors in vertical mixing
Authors: Verma Shreeya , Marshall Julia , Gerbig Christoph , Rödenbeck Christian , Totsche Kai Uwe
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Inaccurate representation of atmospheric processes by transport models is a dominant source of uncertainty in inverse analyses and can lead to large discrepancies in the retrieved flux estimates. We investigate the impact of uncertainties in vertical transport as simulated by atmospheric transport models on fluxes retrieved using vertical profiles from aircraft as an observational constraint. Our numerical experiments are based on synthetic data with realistic spatial and temporal sampling of aircraft measurements. The impact of such uncertainties on the flux retrieved using the ground-based network and those retrieved using the aircraft profiles are compared. We find that the posterior flux retrieved using aircraft profiles is less susceptible to errors in boundary layer height, compared to the ground-based network. This finding highlights a benefit of utilizing atmospheric observations made onboard aircraft over surface measurements for flux estimation using inverse methods. We further use synthetic vertical profiles of CO2 in an inversion to estimate the potential of these measurements, which will be made available through the IAGOS (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System) project in the future, in constraining the regional carbon budget. Our results show that the regions of tropical Africa and temperate Eurasia, that are under-constrained by the existing surface-based network, will benefit the most from these measurements, with a reduction of posterior flux uncertainty of about 7 to 10 %.
Do contemporary (1980–2015) emissions determine the elemental carbon deposition trend at Holtedahlfonna glacier, Svalbard?
Authors: Ruppel Meri M. , Soares Joana , Gallet Jean-Charles , Isaksson Elisabeth , Martma Tõnu , Svensson Jonas , Kohler Jack , Pedersen Christina A. , Manninen Sirkku , Korhola Atte , Ström Johan
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The climate impact of black carbon (BC) is notably amplified in the Arctic by its deposition that causes albedo decrease and subsequent earlier snow and ice spring melt. To comprehensively assess the climate impact of BC in the Arctic, information on both atmospheric BC concentrations and deposition are essential. Currently, Arctic BC deposition data are very scarce, while atmospheric BC concentrations have been shown to generally decrease since the 1990s. However, a 300-year Svalbard ice core showed a distinct increase in EC (elemental carbon, proxy for BC) deposition from 1970 to 2004 contradicting atmospheric measurements and modelling studies. Here, our objective was to decipher whether this increase has continued in the 21st century, and to investigate the drivers of the observed EC deposition trends. For this, a shallow firn core was collected from the same Svalbard glacier, and a regional-to-meso-scale chemical transport model (SILAM) was run from 1980 to 2015. The ice and firn core data indicate peaking EC deposition values at the end of the 1990s, and lower values thereafter. The modelled BC deposition results generally support the observed glacier EC variations. However, the ice and firn core results clearly deviate from both measured and modelled atmospheric BC concentration trends, and the modelled BC deposition trend shows variations seemingly independent from BC emission or atmospheric BC concentration trends. Furthermore, ca. 99 % BC mass is wet-deposited at this Svalbard glacier, indicating that meteorological processes such as precipitation and scavenging efficiency have most likely a stronger influence on the BC deposition trend than BC emission or atmospheric concentration trends. BC emission source sectors contribute differently to the modelled atmospheric BC concentrations and BC deposition, which further supports our conclusion that different processes affect atmospheric BC concentration and deposition trends. Consequently, Arctic BC deposition trends should not directly be inferred based on atmospheric BC measurements, and more observational BC deposition data are required to assess the climate impact of BC in Arctic snow.
Quantification of dynamic soil–vegetation feedbacks following an isotopically labelled precipitation pulse
Authors: Piayda Arndt , Dubbert Maren , Siegwolf Rolf , Cuntz Matthias , Werner Christiane
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The presence of vegetation alters hydrological cycles of ecosystems. Complex plant–soil interactions govern the fate of precipitation input and water transitions through ecosystem compartments. Disentangling these interactions is a major challenge in the field of ecohydrology and a pivotal foundation for understanding the carbon cycle of semi-arid ecosystems. Stable water isotopes can be used in this context as tracer to quantify water movement through soil–vegetation–atmosphere interfaces. The aim of this study is to disentangle vegetation effects on soil water infiltration and distribution as well as dynamics of soil evaporation and grassland water use in a Mediterranean cork oak woodland during dry conditions. An irrigation experiment using δ18O labelled water was carried out in order to quantify distinct effects of tree and herbaceous vegetation on the infiltration and distribution of event water in the soil profile. Dynamic responses of soil and herbaceous vegetation fluxes to precipitation regarding event water use, water uptake depth plasticity, and contribution to ecosystem soil evaporation and transpiration were quantified. Total water loss to the atmosphere from bare soil was as high as from vegetated soil, utilizing large amounts of unproductive evaporation for transpiration, but infiltration rates decreased. No adjustments of main root water uptake depth to changes in water availability could be observed during the experiment. This forces understorey plants to compete with adjacent trees for water in deeper soil layers at the onset of summer. Thus, understorey plants are subjected to chronic water deficits faster, leading to premature senescence at the onset of drought. Despite this water competition, the presence of cork oak trees fosters infiltration and reduces evapotranspirative water losses from the understorey and the soil, both due to altered microclimatic conditions under crown shading. This study highlights complex soil–plant–atmosphere and inter-species interactions controlling rain pulse transitions through a typical Mediterranean savannah ecosystem, disentangled by the use of stable water isotopes.
Process-oriented modelling to identify main drivers of erosion-induced carbon fluxes
Authors: Wilken Florian , Sommer Michael , Van Oost Kristof , Bens Oliver , Fiener Peter
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Coupled modelling of soil erosion, carbon redistribution, and turnover has received great attention over the last decades due to large uncertainties regarding erosion-induced carbon fluxes. For a process-oriented representation of event dynamics, coupled soil–carbon erosion models have been developed. However, there are currently few models that represent tillage erosion, preferential water erosion, and transport of different carbon fractions (e.g. mineral bound carbon, carbon encapsulated by soil aggregates). We couple a process-oriented multi-class sediment transport model with a carbon turnover model (MCST-C) to identify relevant redistribution processes for carbon dynamics. The model is applied for two arable catchments (3.7 and 7.8 ha) located in the Tertiary Hills about 40 km north of Munich, Germany. Our findings indicate the following: (i) redistribution by tillage has a large effect on erosion-induced vertical carbon fluxes and has a large carbon sequestration potential; (ii) water erosion has a minor effect on vertical fluxes, but episodic soil organic carbon (SOC) delivery controls the long-term erosion-induced carbon balance; (iii) delivered sediments are highly enriched in SOC compared to the parent soil, and sediment delivery is driven by event size and catchment connectivity; and (iv) soil aggregation enhances SOC deposition due to the transformation of highly mobile carbon-rich fine primary particles into rather immobile soil aggregates.
Implementing an empirical scalar tertiary anisotropic rheology (ESTAR) into large-scale ice sheet models
Authors: Graham Felicity S. , Morlighem Mathieu , Warner Roland C. , Treverrow Adam
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The microstructural evolution that occurs in polycrystalline ice during deformation leads to the development of anisotropic rheological properties that are not adequately described by the most common, isotropic, ice flow relation used in large-scale ice sheet models – the Glen flow relation. We present a preliminary assessment of the implementation in the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM) of a computationally-efficient, empirical, scalar, tertiary, anisotropic rheology (ESTAR). The effect of this anisotropic rheology on ice flow dynamics is investigated by comparing idealised simulations using ESTAR with those using the isotropic Glen flow relation, where the latter includes a flow enhancement factor. For an idealised embayed ice shelf, the Glen flow relation overestimates velocities by up to 17 % when using an enhancement factor equivalent to the maximum value prescribed by ESTAR. Importantly, no single Glen enhancement factor can accurately capture the spatial variations in flow over the ice shelf. For flow-line studies of idealised grounded flow over a bumpy topography or a sticky base – both scenarios dominated at depth by bed-parallel shear – the differences between simulated velocities using ESTAR and the Glen flow relation vary according to the value of the enhancement factor used to calibrate the Glen flow relation. These results demonstrate the importance of describing the anisotropic rheology of ice in a physically realistic manner, and have implications for simulations of ice sheet evolution used to reconstruct paleo-ice sheet extent and predict future ice sheet contributions to sea level.
“El gigantesco sacrificio a los dioses oscuros”: las visiones de Slavoj Žižek y Paul Celan sobre el mal, la oscuridad y un dios en fuga en las repercusiones de la Shoah
Authors: Bomholt Marius Christian
Published: May 2017

the present paper establishes a dialogue between Paul Celan’s poetry and Slavoj Žižek contemporary thought, centered on the Shoah and its repercussions as its focal point. By means of the analysis of three aspects in particular –the notion of evil, the sense of darkness and the idea of an absconding God– it also approaches questions of the poetic representability of the Shoah and the aesthetic accessibility of Celan’s poetry, which eventually leads to a slightly broader conclusion on the role and importance of aestheticization of trauma, in the lacanian sense, in general.
Una guerra como destino del exiliado: Londres bajo las bombas según Carles Pi i Sunyer (1888-1971)
Authors: Fernández Poza Óscar
Published: May 2017

aproximación a la literatura memorial en lengua catalana debida a los exiliados de la Guerra Civil española que se encontraron como destino con la Europa de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en algunos casos como paso previo al exilio en tierras americanas o como definitivo. atención particularizada a los volúmenes debidos al político catalán Carles Pi i Sunyer: Aquell verd anglès, Vuit escrits d’exili (1939-1941) y Londres en guerra, 1939-1942. Impressions d’un exiliat.
Las mujeres escriben sobre la Resistencia francesa
Authors: Leguen Brigitte
Published: May 2017

Durante la Segunda guerra Mundial, la Resistencia interior francesa hizo necesaria la participación de todas las fuerzas civiles de la población francesa. La participación de las mujeres y su valor en la lucha contra la Ocupación quedaron reflejados en gran número de relatos testimoniales escritos por ellas; aquel escenario se trasladó también a la ficción literaria contribuyendo a mantener viva la memoria de aquellos años de contienda y de cuestionamiento de la identidad política y cultural de los pueblos europeos.
La memoria del horror: la representación escénica de los campos de concentración
Authors: Saura Clares Alba
Published: May 2017

A través de este estudio nos acercaremos a las representaciones teatrales cuya temática ahonda en la experiencia vivida en los campos de concentración durante el Holocausto. Entre las obras dedicadas a este tema, centraremos nuestro corpus en dos propuestas: El campo (1968) de la escritora argentina Griselda Gambaro y J´attendrai (2014) del español José Ramón Fernández. Esta elección nos permitirá analizar las particularidades y diferentes formulaciones sobre este tema: la distancia temporal de ambos textos con el hecho histórico; las características de cada contexto de producción (la Argentina dictatorial, la España democrática); el deseo de crítica contra la opresión frente a la reivindicación memorialística; el estilo neovanguardista de Gambaro frente a un realismo poético de Fernández… En definitiva, estos textos nos permitirán observar disímiles formas de recreación estética y temática del horror vivido en los campos de concentración.
«Mysterious Kor» de Elizabeth Bowen: la representación del Blitz más allá de los paradigmas del mito
Authors: Serraf Lola
Published: May 2017

as some historians are deconstructing the «Myth of the Blitz», little credit is given to the capacity of wartime writers to see beyond the British government’s propaganda. angus Calder states that the literature of the time offers limited material for us to understand what individual experience was really like during the bombings, since only a few authors work outside the Myth’s paradigm. This analysis suggests a much more sceptical view of Britain at war in Elizabeth Bowen’s short story «Mysterious Kôr» (1942). I highlight how the representation of a Gothic metropolis and the hallucinatory visions of frightened Londoners reject the traditional values of Blitz culture.
«To those who don’t deserve the truth, don’t give it». Sobre la posibilidad de ficcionalización de lo Real y sus secuelas en the Shawl de Cynthia Ozick
Authors: Soto Gámez Ramón
Published: May 2017

Los dos relatos que conforman The Shawl retratan un episodio atroz de los campos de exterminio («The Shawl») y la alienación posterior de una superviviente («Rosa»). Aunque puedan partir de materiales históricos, ambos asuntos se reelaboran desde planteamientos ficcionales. La propuesta pretende indagar en la legitimidad ética y posibilidad de la plasmación estética del Holocausto y sus consecuencias. Frente al rigor historicista, la literatura debería ser capaz de comunicar y hacer comprender, si no lo que ocurrió, sí aquello que pudo haber ocurrido, si bien, cuando lo Real se resiste a ser constreñido por la palabra, ni siquiera la ficción puede develar de aquello que se resiste a la representación.
Songs of the Spirit: Hymnody in the Moravian Mohican Missions
Authors: Wheeler Rachel , Eyerly Sarah
Published: May 2017

One of the core principles of the global Moravian missionary enterprise begun in the eighteenth century was to share the gospel through song. Moravians believed that music had the power to move the human heart, regardless of culture or geographic location. As a result, thousands of hymns were composed in the Native languages of the communities in which Moravian missionaries worked, including Mohican and Delaware communities in New York, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. A significant body of Mohican language hymns is preserved in the Moravian Archives in Bethlehem. The Moravian mission records allow for an unprecedented examination of the process of creating Native language hymns as well as an exploration of how these hymns came to be used by Native affiliates of the missions. This article argues that the Moravian Mohican hymns carried on Native understandings of the spiritual efficacy of song, while facilitating the engagement of new sources of spiritual power deployed toward easing the suffering caused by colonialism.
Internally and externally headed relative clauses in Tagalog
Authors: Aldridge Edith
Published: May 2017

Head nominals in Tagalog relative clauses can surface in three distinct positions: preceding the clause, immediately following the embedded verb, and in argument position within the clause. This paper accounts for these possibilities by positing that the head nominal is base generated within the clause as a property-denoting NP rather than a full DP and identifying the gap position by means of complex predicate formation between this NP and the rest of the clause. If the head NP raises to [Spec, CP], it forms a complex predicate with the embedded TP in that position and is spelled out preceding the clause. If the head NP does not raise to [Spec, CP], it either remains in its base position in the embedded clause and undergoes complex predicate formation with the embedded verb in situ, or it undergoes head movement and forms a complex predicate with the embedded verb via incorporation. I also account for the distribution of linkers in Tagalog relative clauses by proposing that all unsaturated categories within a Tagalog DP are headed by linkers. Consequently, both the relative clause and the head nominal are preceded by a linker, accounting for the fact that a linker always appears between the clause and head NP, regardless of their relative order. Finally, analyzing the head nominal as an NP rather than a DP also accounts for the locality restriction in Tagalog relativization such that genitive DPs are ineligible for movement. This is prevented on my analysis by ensuring that the head NP is not merged in a position which would be assigned inherent case.This article is part of the special collection: Internally-Headed Relative Clauses