bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Network Structure Support: Its Relationship to the Psychosocial Development of Black Females
Authors: Miller Fayneese S.
Published: March 2007

People's attitudes toward self and others are a product of the type of interactions experienced in their social environment. Consistent with this reasoning, the object of this study was to ascertain the relative influence of stressful life events and social environmental variables, especially network structure support, on the self-esteem and trust level of Black females. One hundred and fifty-nine Black college females volunteered to complete six questionnaires concerning their attitudes, personality, and background. A significant canonical correlation was found for education level of parents/grandparents, mother's status (the predictor variables) and feelings toward racial discrimination, self-esteem, and trust (the criterion variables). The results of the stepwise multiple regression analyses supported the canonical findings. It was concluded that future research on social and personality development should take into account the background of the subjects from a network structure perspective, and must examine factors relevant to psychosocial development for both their predictive and mediating qualities.
The Relationship between Afrocentric Values and Racial Identity Attitudes: Validation of the Belief Systems Analysis Scale on African American College Students
Authors: Brookins Craig C.
Published: March 2007

The Belief Systems Analysis Scale (BSAS) was administered to 171 African American college students attending Black studies classes at a predominantly White institution to provide further evidence on the psychometric properties of the instrument. The Racial Identity Attitude Scale (RIAS) and the African Self-Consciousness Scale (ASCS) were used to provide construct validity and determine the relationship between an optimalAfrocentric belief system, racial identity attitudes, and African self-consciousness. Thefindings support the use of the total BSAS scale as ameasure of optimalAfrocentric values, although afactor analysis failed to confirm the structure on two of the five subscales as defined in the previous administration of the instrument on a sample of White college students. A direct relationship was found between the BSAS and the RIAS but not between the BSAS and the ASCS. It is suggested that Afrocentric values and African self-consciousness may represent separate domains of the overall African American identity structure.
Generic, Stereotypic, and Collectivistic Models of Interpersonal Resource Exchange among African American Couples
Authors: Gaines Stanley O.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author used resource exchange theory (Foa & Foa, 1974) as the basis for proposing a model of African American couples' reciprocity of affection and respect. Furthennore, using concepts derivedfrom scholarship on Afrocentrism (e.g., Asante, 1981; Baldwin, 1980; Burgest, 1980), the author places the core of the model within the context of collectivism as an overarching cultural value among African Americans. In addition, the author compares the conceptual and empirical merits of the collectivistic model with a stereotyped model of African American resource exchange (Frazier, 1939, 1957; Moynihan, 1965) that embraces the myth of the "Black matriarchy"; although the collectivistic model still has not been testedfully, it nonetheless shows greaterpotential for explaining individual differences in African American husbands'and wives' affectionate and respectful behavior than does the stereotyped model. Implicationsfor the study of African American male-female relationships are discussed.
Bullied to Death
Authors: Carney Jolynn V.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the perceptions of adolescents concerning the relationship between chronic peer abuse and suicidal behaviour. The major thesis is that chronic peer abuse is an additional risk for adolescent suicidal behaviour. The results of the study upheld this contention and added a surprising component in that bystander perceptions supported victims' views.
Developing Socialization in the Young
Authors: Lowenstein L. F.
Published: March 2007

In Britain, the school and those working within it, as well as specialists such as psychologists, psychiatrists and social workers, have often seen non-academicoriented objectives as incidental. Recent years, however, have shown a growing concern about schools' lessening capacity to instil both a sense of academic motivation and achievement and socially acceptable behaviour in their students.
The Training of School Psychologists in Italy
Authors: Meazzini Paolo
Published: March 2007

In order to understand the present state of school psychology in Italy and the professional role played by Italian school psychologists and the philosophy underlying their training, it is necessary to describe briefly the Italian school system and the history of Italian psychology and school psychology.
The Preparation of School Psychologists within the context of Professional Psychology in the United States of America
Authors: Mcloughlin Caven S.
Published: March 2007

The writer places psychology in the United States of America in a social, historical, legislative and professional context to show the position that school psychology holds as part of that science. The historical milestones in the development of an increasingly categorized profession are described, as reflected by the growing number of divisions of the American Psychological Association and 'specialties' in the National Association of School Psychologists. Licensing and certification issues, and the practice of school psychology in both public and private settings are considered. University preparation in school psychology is described, with details given about the prerequisites, course content, internship experiences and eventual service patterns.
Writing as a Process of Counselling
Authors: Haglund Elaine , Edet Mary
Published: March 2007

Counselling in Nigeria, as in most of West Africa, is still in its beginning stages of development. Indeed, one of the complaints found among the few psychologists in Nigeria is the lack of recognition of the field. And yet Nigerian adolescents have much need for the services of a sound guidance and counselling programme. They, like most adolescents everywhere, derive benefit from assistance with developmental concerns such as career choices, identity problems, self-image and self-confidence, and ambivalent feelings toward adult authorities. These problems, common to most young people, are compounded in a developing society where students are under considerable stress from competition for access to higher education and job opportunities. In many cases, they are also leading double lives an intellectual life of western ideas and values and a family life of traditional attitudes and expectations representative of rural and often functionally illiterate settings.
The Bar-Ilan Picture Test for Children
Authors: Itskowitz Rivka , Strauss Helen
Published: March 2007

The Bar-Ilan Test for Children is a semi-projective interview employing pictures of realistic situations which children meet during a common day. These elicit the current pre-conscious issues of the testee, which are difficult to obtain in fully projective techniques. The Bar-Ilan test offers insight into the children's perception of their standing in peer group, school and home settings, as well as self-perception of weaknesses and coping style. Originally constructed for kindergarten and elementary school populations, the measure has also been used successfully in the junior high school. In addition to diagnosis, the outcomes of the test are also useful in helping the testee to solve his/her current problems. Moreover, the test's capacity to elicit adult attitudes to the children has made it a successful tool in adult sensitivity training. To facilitate research and group screening, specific group scales and multiple-choice formats have been prepared.
Methods Used by Educational Psychologists to Assess Children with Learning Difficulties
Authors: Farrell Peter , Dunning Tony , Foleyc John
Published: March 2007

Although the role of educational psychologists in the United Kingdom has expanded considerably in recent years, the assessment of children with learning difficulties remains a key function. Professional training courses therefore have a responsibility to ensure that their trainees are given a thorough preparation in the theory and practice of psychological assessment. Moreover educational psychologists in the field need to keep up to date with developments reported in the literature and modify their practice accordingly. Over the past 20 years the literature has been replete with accounts of new approaches to assessing childrern with learning difficulties most of which are derived from theories of child development, cognitive or behavioural psychology. These approaches place differing emphases on the relevance of IQ Testing, Cognitive Profiles, Curriculum Based Assessment, Metacognitive Strategies and the Assessment of Contexts. Some of the literature which reflects different views on each of these approaches is now considered.
Mental Health Consultation
Authors: Osterweil Zahava , Plotnik Ronit
Published: March 2007

The issue-focused model of group mental health consultation was utilized with a group of ten child-care workers of children 1-6 years old, whereas ten others were used as a control group. The results indicate that the experimental group participants demonstrated a marked improvement in their professional behavior and expressed a more positive attitude toward their occupation, whereas the control group subjects showed little change. These results support the effectiveness of the issue-focused model, but call for special attention to organizational factors when introducing new interventions.
Is There Tuly a Need for Psychological Assessment at School Entrance?
Authors: Cahan Sorel , Kutzinski Narda
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the efficiency of psychological assessment with regard to transition from kindergarten to first grade by examining the relation between information available to the psychologist mainly, the kindergarten teacher's recommendation and the results of tests administered during the assessment procedure and the ultimate recommendation reached by the psychologist (retention in kindergarten versus entrance into school). Employing a sample of Israeli kindergarten children referred to the psychological-educational service, the study found no relation between the psychologist's recommendation and test scores and a strong correspondence between it and the kindergarten teacher's recommendation. Agreement was particularly high regarding retention in kindergarten (the vast majority of recommendations) and with respect to the younger children in the cohort (July-December), who constituted 80 percent of the referral population. From an organizational standpoint, these findings suggest that psychological assessment is superfluous, at least with respect to the vast majority of referrals.
Educational Expertise
Authors: Weinert Franz E. , Schrader Friedrich-W. , Helmke Andreas
Published: March 2007

Currently, educational research which is characterized by many weak and inconsistent results seems to be of little relevance for school psychologists. This is especially problematic if primary prevention is considered as a major goal of school psychology. In our opinion, an important step towards closing the gap between educational research and classroom practice could be made by integrating two theoretical positions: a master or expert teacher approach and the concept of a general teaching model, i.e. by reconciling an analytical strategy based on functional relationships between variables with a more holistic approach to teacher behavior. The integration of the two approaches into the concept of teaching expertise is demonstrated by the analysis of two causal models in which different knowledge components derived from research on the expert-novice paradigm are linked to the variables traditionally used in research on teaching.
Trends and Developments in Educational Psychology
Authors: Burden Robert L.
Published: March 2007

A critical review, from an international perspective, of trends and developments in educational psychology, which attempts to identify specific elements likely to have a significant influence on teaching methods in the future. Written from an interactive perspective, this report focuses on participants (teachers and pupils, mediation, the nature of the learning tasks, and the educational contexts of schools and classrooms). The author believes that teachers need to be more aware of the philosophical bases for their actions. He also maintains that pupils' ability to learn is affected by their selfconcept and their own attributions of success or failure. The report concludes by stressing the crucial role of school psychologists in the academic, social and emotional environment of schools and classrooms.
School Psychology in Venezuela
Authors: Oakland Thomas , Feldman Nusia , De Viloriac Carmen Leon
Published: March 2007

School psychology in Venezuela is examined on the 25th anniversary of the founding of the Venezuelan Society of School Psychology (SOVEPSE) by tracing the development of psychology in Venezuela and the emergence of the specialty of school psychology. Important strides made during the last 38 years by psychology, and during the last 25 years by school psychology, can form the foundation on which further developments are built. Suggestions are offered that may be relevant to realizing the tremendous potential for school psychology in Venezuela. These include enhancing an indigenous science ofpsychology in Venezuela, further promoting professionalism in school psychology, passing legislation that mandates school psychology services and reinforcing school psychology's commitment to work as partners with educators to resolve important national problems. This paper is written, in part, to recognize this important milestone reached by SOVEPSE.
Relationship between Maternal Parenting Styles and African American and White Adolescents' Interpersonal Relationships
Authors: Hall Wanda N. , Bracken Bruce A.
Published: March 2007

One hundred and fifty adolescents, ages 13 through 19 years, were administered the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) and the Assessment of Interpersonal Relations (AIR) in a counterbalanced order to examine the relationship between perceived maternal parenting styles and adolescents' interpersonal relations with their mothers, male peers, female peers and teachers. Parenting styles were categorized according to three parental prototypes identified by Baumrind (1971), permissive, authoritarian and authoritative. Students who described their mothers as authoritative reported better interpersonal relations than adolescents with authoritarian or permissive mothers. No significant gender differences were found on any of the measures; however, a significant race by relationship type interaction was found. African American students reported more positive relationships with their mothers than did White students; White students reported more positive relationships with their peers and with their teachers than did African American students.
Towards the Post-University: Centres of Higher Learning and Creative Spaces as Economic Development and Social Change Agents
Authors: Feldman Jonathan M.
Published: March 2007

A growing debate has emerged abot corporations'growing influence on higher education and universities'role as entrepreneurial agents. At the same time, economically peripheral regions that lack access to higher education resources or fail to attract and retain engineers risk being marginalized in the `informational society'. The apparent tradeoff between `corporatization'and `marginalization'can be resolved if new spaces for higher learning and creativity are created that promote both democracy and sustainable growth. This article outlines a strategy for creating such new intellectual spaces by reviewing discussions about creativity, learning and innovative milieux as well as examples of creative organizations.
Education as a Site of Contradictions in the Reproduction of the Capital-Labor Relationship: Second Thoughts on the 'Correspondence Principle'
Authors: Bowles Samuel , Gintis Herbert
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the treatment of the contradictory articulation of the educational system and the economic system in the liberal democratic capitalist social formation. It serves as an emmendation to our book Schooling in Capitalist Almierica (Basic Books, 1976).
Domestic Production and Organizing for Change
Authors: Allen Sheila
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with homeworking as a form of labout organization within the capitalist production process and relates it to the segregated labour market and the sexual divisioii of labour ill households. It reviews the various attempts in Britain to legislate reform in the wages and conditions of homeworking and discusses the attitudes of trade unions towards homework and policies towards organizatioln; parallels are drawn with other forms of casualized labour. Evidence from research into homeworkers' attitudes and experience of trade unionism is analysed in terms of the ambiguities and contradictions of waged working in the home.
Economic Theory of the Worker Co-operative: An Exposition
Authors: Fanning Connell , O'Mahony David
Published: March 2007

A realistic view of this type of firm is grounded in the context of a capitalist environment without state encouragement. Founding, financing, and operation are considered as well as behaviour and performance. Our approach identified, more clearly than is usual is purely theoretical literature, areas where problems specific to worker co-operatives arise. The problem of why there are few such firms is considered. Also an hypothesis is offered as to why non-worker co-operatives often flourish and the question is posed: if worker co-operatives adopt the survival methods of these types could they be truly labour-directed?
Self-Management: The Case of the Kibbutz
Authors: Stryian Yohanan
Published: March 2007

Trends in the development of economic and production management in kibbutzim are examined in a general comparative framework of productive cooperation and self-management. The influence of such internal processes on the single SM enterprise's ability of survival in and coping with a capitalist economic environment is studied with reference to the concept of 'degeneration of cooperatives'. (Webb, 1899)

Bad organization can often mean defeat. This is a truism. More interesting,however,is the fact that good organization can also lead to defeat, i.e., for the purposes, goals and interests which were the original reasons that the grouporganized. (Abrahamsson, 1977: 227)
Worker Ownership, Community Ownership, and Labor Unions: Two Examples
Authors: Hochner Arthur
Published: March 2007

What role do or should US unions play in democratic or worker-owned enterprises? The three major types of US industrial democrats-those favoring collective bargaining, those favoring nonunion, management-run participation, and those favoring setting up alternative organizations-disagree and/or are hostile to each other on this question. This study presents two cases: (1) a set of long-unionized worker-owned companies; and (2) a community-owned economic development organization with unionized workers and union representatives on its board of directors. Qualitative observational and interview data are combined with statistical analysis of attitudinal data. The findings indicate that union presence is problematic for itself and the enterprise. Moreover, the union tends to play a traditional conservative role, emphasizing protection of workers from management abuses, which stem from the imperfect nature of worker/community ownership arrangements and the imperfect nature of democratic management.
The Prospect for Economic Democracy in South Korea
Authors: Lie John
Published: March 2007

This paper assesses South Korean development from the vantage point of economic democracy. By embarking on export-oriented industrialization policy in the 1960s, the Korean state fostered capital concentration and repressed labor demands. After two decades of economic authoritarianism, political democratization in the late 1980s offers a brighter prospect for the democratization of the economy. Nonetheless, the prospect remains imperiled by the consequences of past policy.
Labor System Reform in China and its Unexpected Consequences
Authors: Han Jianwei , Monshima Motohiro
Published: March 2007

This paper traces the basic reforms in China's labor system and discusses the unexpected changes resulting from those reforms. Labor system reform in China was initiated in the late 1970s. The reform focused on relaxing direct control by various governmental departments and making better use of the market mechanisms in the labor market. Since the reform, people have more opportunities and freedom with respect to job selection and enterprise managers have more autonomy regarding hiring, rewarding and firing employees. Income differences are also becoming more significant. However, due to the simultaneous functioning of the dual system government control and market forces coupled with the lack of a well-established system, some people are distinctly more advantaged than others since the reform. Corruption has increased drastically, the majority of people are deeply frustrated and angered, something which contributed to the mass participation in the latest democratic movement in mid-1989. Based on research on China's labor system reform and comparison between China and the Soviet Union, our conclusions are that economic system reform and political system reform should be conducted simultaneously.
What Do We Know about Social Democracy?
Authors: Dow Geoff
Published: March 2007

Social democracy is an assertion of citizens' rights: the entitlement of all citizens, by reason of citizenship, to share equally in the standards of living which a particular society is technically capable of generating. Existing literature from political economy, political science and class theory can be marshalled in defence of this conception. Reconstruction of a coherent theory of social democracy is necessary in order to specify a contemporary political problem that is only incompletely understood: the propensity of social democratic regimes, parties and politicians to retreat, sometimes spectacularly, from past commitments. The paper identifies five requirements of such a theory. In each case there is evidence and interpretation available which not only affirms the viability of social democratic political and economic ambitions but also elaborates the role of labour in contemporary policy-making.
Union Structural Change
Authors: Abrahamsson Bengt
Published: March 2007

Labour unions frequently try to adjust to external pressures by changing their inner structures. Analyses of union structural change will benefit from considering the concept of union jurisdiction. Three organizational stages of jurisdictions are identified, and change of jurisdictions along two variables, extension and centralization, is discussed. The conceptual framework is used to examine, for example, organizational mergers and dissolutions, industrial unionism and jurisdictional conflicts.

The rise and fall of organizations, governmental and non-governmental, is a sensitive barometer of the social and political problems of our time. (Perrow, 1971: 99)
The Redesign Dialogue: Organizational Change and the Theory of Autopoietic Systems
Authors: Fruytier Ben
Published: March 2007

A paradox lurks in the fact that obstinate 'Taylorist' organizations should learn to become 'learning' organizations. Argyris and Schon (1978) regard this paradox as a key problem in managing structural organizational change. Today's design-oriented methods, such as business process re-engineering (BPR) (Hammer and Champy, 1993; Davenport, 1993) and especially the modern variant of socialtechnical systems design (de Sitter et al., 1990), amply provide the tools for the redesign of the architecture of Taylorist organization processes but fail to tackle this key problem. They do not offer a method of implementing the new structures. In this article an attempt is made to provide for such a method. A 'redesign dialogue' is developed as a method for the successful management of change. The dialogue is based on a new way in which organizations are being conceptualized, i.e. as autopoietic systems (Luhmann, 1984). This conceptualization yields significant knowledge of the dynamics of the process of change and the opportunities for intervention. Besides providing a method of change, this article aims at offering a theoretical foundation for some of the current trends in organizational change, i.e. the increasing focus on participation, the vital importance of commitment, the emphasis on learning in the change process, the broadening of the consultant's role towards teacher and coach and the broadening of the manager's role to change advocate, change sponsor and change agent.
The Emergence and Institutionalization of Toyotism: Subdivision and Integration of the Labour Force at the Toyota Motor Corporation from the 1950s to the 1 970s
Authors: Gronning Terje
Published: March 2007

Within recent research on the evolution of Japanese production organization the importance of developments at an early stage (that is during the 1940s and 1950s) has been stressed by some while others underline long-term evolution (20-30 years). This seemingly contradictory state of current research findings is explored by suggesting a somewhat alternative approach consisting in, first, more active use of the institutionalization concept and, second, analysis of labour integration and subdivision at a fairly abstract level. The case study shows that there is not necessarily a contradiction or incompatibility between the early vs long-term development theses. Some supplementary institutions were indeed established at a later stage due to increasing numbers of company employees and changed production requirements during the 1960s and 1970s. But the foundations were present at an extremely early stage, and during the later stages these existing institutions became more sophisticated.
Lean Production and the Toyota Production System Or, the Case of the Forgoften Production Concepts
Authors: Hampson Ian
Published: March 2007

Advocates and critics alike have accepted 'lean' images of the Toyota production system. But certain production concepts that are integral to Toyota production system theory and practice actually impede 'leanness'. The most important of these are the concepts of heijunka, or levelled ('balanced') production, and muri, or waste from overstressing machines and personnel. Actual Toyota production systems exist as a compromise between these concepts and the pursuit of leanness via kaizen. The compromise between these contrasting tendencies is influenced by the ability of unions and other aspects of industrial relations regulation to counter practices such as shortnotice overtime and 'management by stress'.
Obscuring But Not Reducing Managerial Control: Does TQM Measure up to Democracy Standards?
Authors: Rothschild Joyce , Ollilainen Marjukka
Published: March 2007

Despite TQM's (total quality management) stated emphasis on more cooperative employee-management relations, we argue that TQM, as it is presently conceived and practiced, obscures but does not reduce management control over workers. Based upon examination of the foundational TQM texts and of 25 implementation guides, we show how the language of 'empowerment' and 'self-management', central to the TQM mission, is often used in equivocal ways that compromise the meaning of these concepts as they were originally developed and used by radically egalitarian grassroots organizations. We also show in several respects how TQM's organizational changes may further perpetuate inequality among workers. By distilling the key ideal-typical features of the total quality organization and comparing them with the ideal-type characteristics of the machinebased bureaucracy and of the egalitarian-democratic organization, we bring into sharp relief how they are not the same. In bringing to the TQM literature the practices and standards developed over a 150-year history by genuinely egalitarian cooperative organizations, we are able to show the profound differences in form that prevail despite their parallel language. Should TQM practitioners wish to adopt the substance of these shared control methods, they would do well to learn from the examples of the grassroots organizations that pioneered these empowerment methods.
Sexual Compatibility and the Sexual Desire-Motivation Relation in Females with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Authors: Hurlbert David Farley , Apt Carol , Hurlbert Melissa K. , Pierce Aaron Paul
Published: March 2007

Fifty-four female participants with hypoactive sexual desire disorder supplied daily reports of their sexual desire and motivation. The relation between desire and motivation remained statistically significant when controlling for sexual compatibility, sexual stress, sexual fantasy, and marital and sexual satisfaction. Findings suggest that (a) women higher in sexual compatibility experience greater sexual motivation regardless of their marital and sexual satisfaction, their sexual desire intensity, and depressive symptomatology; and (b) the relation between sexual compatibility and sexual desire is mediated by the propensity of those women high in sexual compatibility to have greater marital and sexual satisfaction.Within-subject analyses that controlled for autocorrelation and linear trends in the time series revealed that 40% of the women experienced significantly higher sexual motivation on greater sexual desire days.Adiscussion of these findings and evidence for the addition of sexual motivation as a distinct phase in the human sexual response cycle are explored.
An Operant Intervention for Early Stuttering
Authors: Onslow Mark , Menzies Ross G. , Packman Ann
Published: March 2007

Stuttering is a common speech disorder that causes significant distress and may cause social maladjustment and hinder occupational potential. Treatments for chronic stuttering in adults can control stuttering by teaching the speaker to use a newspeech pattern. However, these treatments are resource intensive and relapse prone, and they produce speech that sounds unnatural to the listener and feels unnatural to the speaker. This article describes the development and evaluation of an operant treatment for early stuttering. Parents are trained to present verbal contingencies for stuttered and stutter-free speech during everyday speaking situations with their children. The authors overview outcome data from several studies that suggest that this program produces relapse-free control of stuttered speech in preschool children in the medium and long term in a cost-effective manner.
Instructional Demand and Anxiety Level
Authors: Craighead W. Edward , Craighead Linda Wilcoxon
Published: March 2007

The effects of instructional expectancy (fear testing in a clinic versus simulated effects of relaxation therapy in a clinic) on behavioral, physiological, and self-report indices of speech anxiety were tested for three levels of speech-anxious subjects. Sixty-five subjects (32 male, 33 female) who reported being "speech anxious" completed a preliminary test battery and were assigned to anxiety levels (high, medium, or low) according to their scores. Within sex and anxiety level, subjects were randomly assigned to one of the instructional demand conditions. During a second experimental session two weeks later, each subject received the appropriate demand instructions, completed a subjective report of anxiety, and performed a four-minute speech in front of four raters. The results indicated that the low-anxiety subjects exhibited more anxiety under the simulate therapy instructions than did low-anxiety subjects in the fear assessment condition or medium-anxiety subjects in the simulate therapy condition. Subjective report data reliably distinguished between high, medium, and low anxiety levels as determined by the preliminary test battery. Implications of these findings for analogue and clinical outcome research were discussed.
Preparing Unemployed Youth for Job Interviews
Authors: Heimberg Richard G. , Cunningham Jerry , Stanley Judy , Blankenberg Richard
Published: March 2007

The utility of social skills training for improving job-interview performance of unemployed youth was investigated in an applied setting. Participants of a broadly focused job-preparation program received social skills training in four-session or two-session format or were placed in one of two control conditions. Training was focused on development of behavioral skills reported as important in preliminary interviews with previous program participants, their counselors, and employers. Impact of training was evaluated in both role-played and actual employment interviews. Social skills training resulted in superior role-play performance as indicated by group differences in overall ratings and on several specific behavioral measures. Similar differences appeared in the analysis of ratings completed by potential employers immediately after actual interviews. Differences in employer ratings occurred most frequently between the four-session social skills training group and controls. Role-play ratings at posttest were found to moderately predict ratings by employers in the actual interviews. Implications for research on job interview preparation are discussed.
Anxiety and Coping Behavior During an Emergency Landing
Authors: Gotestam Bengta , Gotestam K. Gunnar , Melin Lennart
Published: March 2007

A flight from London to New York (the Titanic itinerary), presenting a flight crash on one of the screens and a film about the Titanic on the other, suddenly had a fire on board. The captain intended to make an emergency landing on the water near the spot where the Titanic disappeared. The level of anxiety was high among passengers and even more so among the cabin crew members. What does a psychologist (on his way to a congress for the study of anxiety) do in such a situation? He does the only thing he knows well; he studies fellow passenger anxiety, and this becomes his own coping strategy.
Parametric Reinforcement Effects in a Programmed Activities Environment for the Severely Retarded
Authors: Kaprowy Eugene A. , Norton G. Ron , Melnychuk Edward E.
Published: March 2007

Two experiments evaluated different parameters of reinforcement on the percentage of time severely retarded clients were engaged in programmed activities. In Experiment 1 while clients rotated through seven activities, room managers interacted with clients every 65, 100, or 200 seconds or not at all. Results showed on-task behavior averaged almost 80'0o for intervals of 65 and 100 seconds and decreased to approximately 70Wo during the 200-second interval. During extinction on-task behavior decreased and disruptive behavior increased markedly. Changes in on-task behavior were generally consistent across subjects and activities. During Experiment 2 reinforcement was successively removed and then reinstated for on-task behaviors across four activities. Decrements did not occur until reinforcement was occurring during only one activity. Reinstatement of reinforcement for two activities produced a return to baseline. Removing reinforcement did not affect all activities equally. On-task behavior remained high during some activities across all reinforcement conditions. The importance of these results for managing staff and clients is discussed.
The Social Impact of Assertiveness
Authors: Delamater Ronald J. , Mcnamara J. Regis
Published: March 2007

Recent studies on the social impact of assertiveness have revealed that although assertiveness is perceived as a dimension that is regarded as highly competent and skillful, it also is viewed as unfavorable interpersonal behavior. Such factors as sex, empathy, assertiveness level, and race appear to moderate the perceptions of assertiveness, attesting to the highly complex, situationally specific nature of assertiveness and its social impact. Various findings about these moderators have been reported, but conclusive generalizations regarding this new area must await the results of future studies. Finally, several clinical implications for assertiveness training are explored.
The Relevance of Metabolic Rate in Behavioral Medicine Research
Authors: Perkins Kenneth A. , Mckenzie Sandra J. , Stoney Catherine M.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews research relating metabolism to areas of interest to behavioral medicine. Metabolic rate has been investigated as a possible mediator of a variety of problems related to energy balance. Metabolic rate has also been utilized to investigate excessive cardiac activity that may be associated with cardiovascular disease. Although resting metabolic rate does not appear to be different in obese compared with nonobese, diet-induced thermogenesis is diminished in obese subjects. Caloric restriction produces a decline in metabolic rate in both obese and nonobese and further reduces the diet-induced thermogenic effect in obese. Exercise may prevent the decline in metabolic rate following caloric restriction. Anorexic individuals have a lowered metabolic rate that appears to increase rapidly after refeeding. Although bulimic individuals who purge via self-induced vomiting do not have a lower metabolic rate than matched control subjects, the frequency of purging has been found to be inversely related to resting metabolic rate. Metabolic rate has also been investigated as a possible mediator of weight regulation in individuals who smoke cigarettes and has been shown to decrease with smoking cessation. Tissue overperfusion, or an increase in cardiovascular activity above metabolic need, has been shown to increase peripheral resistance and may lead to hypertension.
Behavior Therapy for Separation Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Thyer Bruce A. , Sowers-Hoag Karen M.
Published: March 2007

The empirical research on the condition labeled separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is reviewed, including studies on its diagnostic criteria, etiology, natural history, and response to behavior therapy. Although the available treatment reports are promising, little experimental evidence exists that specifically demonstrates the efficacy of behavior therapy or any other approach to care for the child with separation anxiety disorder. It appears that SAD is a variant of other anxiety disorders and has a similar positive response to treatments incorporating elements of therapeutic exposure to anxiety-evoking stimuli.
Group Conversational-Skills Training with Inpatient Children and Adolescents
Authors: Hansen David J. , St. Lawrence Janet S. , Christoff Karen A.
Published: March 2007

Two groups of inpatient youths (n = 4 and n = 5) received group conversational skills training. Conversational component behaviors of both groups at baseline were compared to the behaviors of normal youth from the community. For each inpatient group, component behaviors on which they were most discrepant from normal youths were selected for training. Multiple baseline designs across component behaviors were used and patients were trained to socially validated criterion levels. Effectiveness of training was demonstrated through (a) behavioral ratings during dyadic, unstructured conversations with other members of their group, (b) behavioral ratings during conversations with unfamiliar nonpsychiatric persons, (c) global ratings of conversational effectiveness by nonpatient peers, (d) generalization to in vivo conversations, and (e) maintenance of improvement at 1 and 3-month follow up assessments. Results were replicated across both groups and indicated that training effects were socially validated, generalized to conversations with unfamiliar persons and to in vivo conversations, and maintained over time.
Adults' Responses to Self-Injurious Behavior
Authors: Hastings Richard P. , Remington Bob , Hall Martin
Published: March 2007

The behavior of staff who care for people with mental retardation has been identified as a significant factor in the development and maintenance of challenging behaviors. In a recent analysis, Hastings and Remington (1994a) suggested that both environmental contingencies and rules from other people may affect staff actions. The present study tested this analysis by asking participants to respond to a computer simulation of a work situation involving the care of two individuals who engaged in self-injurious behavior. Fifty participants "interacted" with an attention-seeker and a social-avoider on a simulated teaching task. Results showed that rules were the main factor governing performance. The aversive nature of the contingencies between the self-injury and participants' "attending" behavior also appeared to be influential. The implications of these results for work with care staff, the analysis of challenging behaviors, and experimental research on rule-govemed behavior are discussed.
Psychological Factors Associated with Emergency Room Visits among Asthmatic Patients
Authors: Nouwen Arie , Freeston Mark H. , LabbÉ RÉJean , Boulet Louis-Philippe
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to investigate physiological and psychological characteristics of subjects with high-frequency emergency room (ER) visits. Asthma status, psychological functioning and predispositions, psychosocial adaptation to asthma, and health behaviors were measured for 30 patients who had two or more ER visits during the last 2 years. These subjects were matched for age, sex, and corticosteroid use with 30 subjects who had no unscheduled ER visits for the same period. No significant differences were found for measures of asthma status. Among the asthma-specific variables, the number of hyperventilation-bronchoconstriction symptoms did not distinguish between the groups. High attenders reported more panic-fear symptoms, lower self-efficacy, and more perceived interference. There were no differences for measures of anxiety/depression, self-focused attention, or health locus of control. However, these variables were found to be significant predictors of panic-fear symptoms, lower selfefficacy, and more perceived interference.
“Who Am I?” The Cultural Psychology of the Conceptual Self
Authors: Kanagawa Chie , Cross Susan E. , Markus Hazel Rose
Published: March 2007

This study investigated whether self-concepts that arise from participation in interdependent cultural contexts, in this case the self-concepts of Japanese students, will be relatively more sensitive to situational variation than will self-concepts that arise in independent cultural contexts, in this case the self-concepts of U.S. college students. The self-concepts of 128 Japanese and 133 U.S. women were assessed in one of four distinct social situations: in a group, with a faculty member, with a peer, and alone in a research booth. Furthermore, the authors examined the hypothesis that Japanese self-concepts would differ from American self-concepts in valence, reflecting normative and desirable tendencies toward self-criticism. American and Japanese participants differed in the content, number, and range of self-descriptions. As predicted, the situation had a greater influence on the self-descriptions of the Japanese participants than on the Americans’ self-descriptions, and the self-descriptions of the Japanese were more negative.
Shame and Embarrassment Revisited
Authors: Sabini John , Garvey Brian , Hall Amanda L.
Published: March 2007

The authors report three studies guided by Sabini and Silver’s view of the shame-embarrassment distinction. In each study, participants reported the emotions they would feel in scenarios. In Studies 1 and 2, they found that people reported experiencing shame if a real flaw was exposed but reported embarrassment if an audience member would (reasonably) think such a flaw was exposed. In Study 3, the authors found that the unreasonable perceptions of a flaw by an audience led to reported anger. The data are consistent with the view that people refer to themselves as experiencing shame when they believe that a real flaw of their self has been revealed, they refer to themselves as experiencing embarrassment when they believe that others have reason to think a flaw has been revealed, and they refer to themselves as angry when they believe others unreasonably see them as flawed. The data are inconsistent with the view that embarrassment is tied to violations of conventions, whereas shame is tied to moral failings.
Assessing Generalization in Perceived Self-Efficacy: Multidomain and Global Assessments of the Effects of Self-Defense Training for Women
Authors: Weitlauf Julie C. , Cervone Daniel , Smith Ronald E. , Wright Paul M.
Published: March 2007

The authors assessed the impact of self-defense training for women on multifaceted aspects of perceived self-efficacy. As compared to a waiting list control condition, training increased self-efficacy perceptions not only for self-defense skills but also across a variety of domains, including self-defense abilities, sports competencies, and coping skills. Trained participants also experienced a significant increase in more global aspects of personality, including perceptions of physical self-efficacy and assertiveness. No changes were detected on a trait measure of global self-efficacy; however, there was a significant change on a composite score of a multidomain self-efficacy questionnaire and on several domain-specific subscales, indicating that trained participants experienced a boost in multiple domains of self-efficacy not directly tapped by the intervention. Implications for constructing more sensitive measures of coping skills generalization effects are discussed.
The Sounds and Sights of Intelligence: A Lens Model Channel Analysis
Authors: Reynolds D’Arcy J. , Gifford Robert
Published: March 2007

The links between 13 auditory and visual behavioral cues, measured intelligence, and observer judgments of intelligence in a zero-acquaintance context were examined in a lens model study. Auditory-plus-visual, auditory-only, and visual-only information conditions, in addition to a transcript-only control condition, were employed to determine whether auditory or visual cues encode measured intelligence more strongly and which are used more in judgments of intelligence. Five cues (of both types) accounted for nearly half the variance in measured intelligence, but it was much more strongly associated with auditory than visual cues. Observers’ judgments of intelligence were also much more strongly related to auditory than visual cues. Visual cues may even depress accuracy; accuracy was higher in an auditory-only condition than in an auditory-plus-visual condition.
Devil’s Advocate or Advocate of Oneself: Effects of Numerical Support on Proand Counterattitudinal Self-Persuasion
Authors: Gordijn Ernestine H. , Postmes Tom , de Vries Nanne K.
Published: March 2007

The impact of minority and majority support on attitude change is examined in a self-persuasion task. Two studies show that pro-attitudinal advocacy for the majority leads to more self-persuasion than does advocacy for the minority. In contrast, devil’s advocacy for a minority leads to stronger self-persuasion than for a majority. No differences are found with respect to the number and nature of the arguments generated. Results suggest that self-persuasion is mediated by the extent to which one perceives the group of people argued for as similar to oneself. Two follow-up studies manipulating similarity to the group argued for support of this notion. When arguing for an ingroup, arguing for the majority is more self-persuasive than is arguing for the minority. Conversely, arguing for an outgroup leads to stronger self-persuasion for a minority than for a majority, because the minority is perceived as less threatening.