bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enoxaparin Use in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Experience Over 8 Years
Authors: Malowany Janet I. , Knoppert David C. , Chan Anthony K. C. , Pepelassis Dion , Lee David S. C.
Published: August 2007

Study Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of enoxaparin therapy in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Design. Retrospective chart review.

Setting. Level III NICU in a Canadian academic center.

Patients. All neonates treated with enoxaparin while in the NICU between January 1, 1998, and June 1, 2006.

Measurements and Main Results. Data abstracted included patient demographics, diagnosis of thrombosis and its progression, enoxaparin dosages with corresponding antifactor Xa levels, and adverse events. Sixteen neonates (four term, 12 preterm) were treated with enoxaparin at a mean ± SD initial subcutaneous dose of 1.41 ± 0.15 mg/kg every 12 hours. The target therapeutic range (antifactor Xa level 0.5‐1.0 U/ml) was achieved by 12 infants at a mean ± SD dose of 1.92 ± 0.43 mg/kg every 12 hours, after a mean of 5.6 days (range 1–15 days). Preterm infants required a higher dose (per kilogram) compared with term infants to maintain therapeutic antifactor Xa levels (mean ± SD 1.94 ± 0.39 vs 1.65 ± 0.14 mg/kg every 12 hrs, p<0.001). Enoxaparin doses were more strongly correlated to antifactor Xa levels in term infants (r2=0.51, p<0.001) compared with preterm infants (r2=0.20, p<0.001). Ten (71%) of 14 thromboembolic events resolved, either partially or completely, at a mean of 39 days (range 8–61 days) of enoxaparin therapy. Nine infants (56%) experienced minor local adverse effects at the site of the indwelling subcutaneous catheter (induration, bruises, hematomas, or leakage). Systemic adverse events that were possibly related to enoxaparin therapy included osteopenia (one infant), scleral hemorrhage (one), and minor gastrointestinal tract bleeding (three) found in gastric feeding tubes. No adverse effects were associated with antifactor Xa levels greater than 1.0 U/ml.

Conclusion. Enoxaparin may be effective in the treatment of neonatal thrombosis. An initial dosage of 1.5 mg/kg every 12 hours is likely inadequate to obtain therapeutic antifactor Xa levels rapidly and differs for term and preterm neonates. Therapeutic levels in preterm infants may be more variable, and the pharmacokinetics of this drug in preterm infants requires further evaluation. Future studies in neonates should prospectively evaluate a higher starting dose of enoxaparin to document effectiveness, acceptance, compliance with treatment guidelines, and adverse effects.
Potential Roles for Statins in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Weant Kyle A. , Cook Aaron M.
Published: August 2007

The 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are the most commonly prescribed agents for hypercholesterolemia and have revolutionized the management of hyperlipidemia and the area of cardiovascular risk reduction. However, recent data suggest that their effects go well beyond the lipid lowering seen with long‐term use and may include acute antiinflammatory activity, anticoagulation, immunomodulation, as well as promotion of changes in smooth‐muscle tone. Because of these data, promising research has begun into the use of these agents in various critical care areas such as the early phases of sepsis, bacteremia, and ischemic stroke. Recent data also show a decrease in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage, an area deficient in therapeutic options. More research is necessary to ascertain the true role of statins in the treatment of these various disorders. Nevertheless, the concept of a statin's role as being only a routine preventive therapy with benefits limited to patients undergoing extended treatment is rapidly becoming inaccurate.
Interference of Maltose, Icodextrin, Galactose, or Xylose with Some Blood Glucose Monitoring Systems
Authors: Schleis Thomas G.
Published: August 2007

Maltose, a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules, is used in a number of biological preparations as a stabilizing agent or osmolality regulator. Icodextrin, which is converted to maltose, is present in a peritoneal dialysis solution. Galactose and xylose are found in some foods, herbs, and dietary supplements; they are also used in diagnostic tests. When some blood glucose monitoring systems are used—specifically, those that use test strips containing the enzymes glucose dehydrogenase–pyrroloquinolinequinone or glucose dye oxidoreductase—in patients receiving maltose, icodextrin, galactose, or xylose, interference of blood glucose levels can occur. Maltose, icodextrin, galactose, and xylose are misinterpreted as glucose, which can result in erroneously elevated serum glucose levels. This interference can result in the administration of insulin, which may lead to hypoglycemia. In severe cases of hypoglycemia, deaths have occurred. If patients are receiving maltose, icodextrin, galactose, or xylose, clinicians must review the package inserts of all test strips to determine the type of glucose monitoring system being used and to use only those systems whose tests strips contain glucose oxidase, glucose dehydrogenase–nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, or glucose dehydrogenase–flavin adenine dinucleotide.
Safe Use of Meropenem in a Patient with a Possible Nonimmediate Allergy to Imipenem
Authors: Lakhal Karim , Lortat‐Jacob Brice , Neukirch Catherine , Pajot Olivier , Wolff Michel
Published: August 2007

Strong data are lacking on the cross‐reactivity between individual carbapenems. We describe a 48‐year‐old woman with ventilator‐associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia who received an 8‐day course of imipenem‐cilastatin and experienced a delayed (i.e., nonimmediate) hypersensitivity reaction, evidenced by an extensive erythematous macular morbilliform rash and an increased eosinophil count. Eight days after completion of therapy, the pneumonia returned, and it was decided to avoid using imipenem‐cilastatin; she was administered a 14‐day course of meropenem. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a nonimmediate hypersensitivity reaction to imipenem‐cilastatin without cross‐reactivity to meropenem. This suggests that if carbapenem therapy is unavoidable, meropenem may be cautiously administered in patients with a known allergy to imipenem‐cilastatin.
Agitation Associated with Aripiprazole Initiation
Authors: Lea Jessica W. , Stoner Steven C. , LaFollette Jeremy
Published: August 2007

Aripiprazole is a novel antipsychotic with a mechanism of action different from those of traditional first‐ and second‐generation antipsychotics. We describe three patients with long histories of treatment for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder in whom conversion to aripiprazole was being attempted. After they started aripiprazole, their psychosis, agitation, anxiety, or aggression worsened. Although the cause of the increased agitation was unclear, it may have been related to long‐term use of dopamine‐blocking antipsychotics and resultant upregulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors. The mechanism of partial dopamine agonism observed with aripiprazole may increase dopaminergic activity and worsen positive dopamine‐associated symptoms, such as paranoia, agitation, and aggression. The treatment of schizophrenia is often a clinical challenge, particularly when patients have a long history of noncompliance and poor response. Clinicians face difficult decisions in finding an effective and well‐tolerated regimen. These cases magnify some of the challenges and provide insight into the clinical implications of converting to therapies with different pharmacodynamic effects.
Clindamycin‐Induced Sweet's Syndrome
Authors: Clark Brychan M. , Homeyer Diane C. , Glass Kristen R. , D'Avignon Laurie C.
Published: August 2007

Drug‐induced acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, or Sweet's syndrome, is rare and, to our knowledge, has not previously been associated with clindamycin therapy. We describe a 47‐year‐old woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus and end‐stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis who developed Sweet's syndrome after receiving oral and intravenous clindamycin for a tooth infection. After the clindamycin was discontinued, the patient's clinical symptoms resolved over several days. Use of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated a probable relationship between the patient's development of Sweet's syndrome and clindamycin therapy. Clinicians should be aware that Sweet's syndrome can occur with clindamycin treatment. Early recognition of this condition in conjunction with cessation of drug exposure, with or without antiinflammatory therapy, can produce complete recovery.
Practical Considerations When Developing Guidelines for Managing Critical Bleeding
Authors: Rebuck Jill A.
Published: August 2007

In the critical care environment, clinicians strive to provide the best treatment possible for patients in desperate need. Such motivation, however, can be a key driver of escalating costs, especially when the use of nonreimbursable therapies goes unchecked or when futile attempts are made to improve outcomes in patients who may not benefit from aggressive management. Proactive intervention in the form of protocols is necessary to guide the use of blood products, coagulation factors, and antifibrinolytic agents. Evidence from clinical trials as well as recommendations from opinion leaders and professional societies should be critically evaluated and used to develop institution‐specific protocols. If adopted with multidisciplinary cooperation, such protocols can curb the temptation to rely on anecdotal bedside observations to guide care and treat the patient with critical bleeding. Forming an ad hoc group of an institution's pharmacy and therapeutics committee can be an important step toward this end. The processes that a multidisciplinary group might follow are described, thus providing an idealized example of how pharmacists, working collaboratively with other clinicians and administrators, can be positioned at the center of an institution‐wide solution to promote carefully considered, safe, effective, and cost‐conscious care.
Causes and Consequences of Critical Bleeding and Mechanisms of Blood Coagulation
Authors: Zimmerman Lisa Hall
Published: August 2007

Pharmacists who practice in the critical care setting require a solid background on the causes and consequences of bleeding, as well as the mechanisms of hemostasis. This article provides an overview of these topics. Bleeding and outcomes as a result of surgery and trauma, from medical and pharmacologic causes, and in obstetrics and gynecology are discussed. Patients with brain trauma, those with inherited and acquired bleeding disorders, and patients undergoing therapeutic anticoagulation are addressed, as these are populations at special risk for severe bleeding. Bleeding events as a result of hypothermia, acidosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation are also discussed, as is the pathophysiology of massive blood loss. Traditional and newer cell‐based models of coagulation mechanisms are described and compared. Application of this information in pharmacy practice will help ensure that therapies to manage and arrest blood loss are used appropriately in a wide variety of clinical scenarios.
Pharmacologic Interventions for the Management of Critical Bleeding
Authors: Voils Stacy
Published: August 2007

Hospital pharmacists are often consulted for their knowledge about coagulation and therapeutic interventions for the management of critical bleeding. Many pharmacotherapies are available for this purpose, both systemic and topical, and others are in development. These agents and their mechanisms of action are reviewed, and perspectives are provided regarding their use in various clinical settings. Also provided are associated precautions to promote safe use. Current controversies surrounding pharmacotherapeutic agents used to control serious bleeding (e.g., in various types of surgery, trauma, obstetrics, and intracranial hemorrhage) are also discussed.
Goals of Therapy in Common Bleeding Emergencies
Authors: Dutton Richard P.
Published: August 2007

Acute hemorrhage is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention, regardless of whether it manifests as blood volume lost and inadequate oxygen delivery, or as a pathologic space‐occupying lesion capable of exerting elevated organ‐damaging pressures. The most commonly encountered and challenging hemorrhagic emergencies to manage include bleeding secondary to traumatic injury, intracranial hemorrhage, severe gastrointestinal bleeding, and diffuse intraoperative bleeding. The critical steps taken to locate, assess, and arrest bleeding in each of these circumstances can take various paths. For all of them, the basic principles of treatment are the same: identify and correct the anatomic source and restore normal hemostatic function. The agents used to accomplish these goals, however, may differ. Several typical clinical scenarios and the evidence‐based approaches used to manage such cases are presented.
Key Concepts in the Management of Difficult Hemorrhagic Cases
Authors: MacLaren Robert
Published: August 2007

Goals of hemorrhage management involve promoting coagulation and reducing fibrinolysis to enhance clot formation and stability, and minimizing hemorrhagic expansion to reduce the likelihood of adverse outcomes. The optimal hemostatic regimen to obtain these goals will differ according to the clinical scenario. Two hypothetical cases of patients with hemorrhage are presented that are typical of those encountered by clinical pharmacists who practice in centers that treat trauma or surgical patients or patients in need of emergency or critical care because of serious bleeding. To maximize therapy, the clinician must be aware of how best to clinically apply hemostatic agents, their comparative benefits and disadvantages, and the optimal methods for monitoring their effectiveness and toxicities.
Preferred memory and accent colors shown on a display
Authors: Kwak YoungShin , Hong JiYoung , Park Du‐Sik
Published: August 2007

Abstract— The preferred green‐grass and red (apple, lipstick, sports car) colors shown on the display are investigated using complex images. Ten test images were used in the experiment and each image was transformed using a memory color transformation algorithm to have nine different green‐grass or red colors. The pair comparison method was used to determine the most‐preferred green‐grass and red colors. The green‐grass colors are preferred as the average hue angle approaches 128° (60% green and 40% yellow) in CIECAM02 hue angle with high chroma. For red colors, apple images show high preference when the reproduced red is closer to the unique red. The artificial objects, such as red lipsticks and sports cars are preferred when reproduced with the highest chroma regardless of their hues.
Spatially uniform colors for projectors and tiled displays
Authors: Pagani Alain , Stricker Didier
Published: August 2007

Abstract—A major issue when setting up multi‐projector tiled displays is the spatial non‐uniformity of the color throughout the display's area. Indeed, the chromatic properties do not only vary between two different projectors, but also between different spatial locations inside the displaying area of one single projector. A new method for calibrating the colors of a tiled display is presented. An iterative algorithm to construct a correction table which makes the luminance uniform over the projected area of one single projector is presented first. This so‐calledintra‐projector calibrationuses a standard camera as a luminance measuring device and can be processed in parallel for all projectors. Once the color inside each projector is spatially uniform, the set of displayable colors —the color gamut— of each projector is measured. On the basis of these measurements, the goal of theinter‐projector calibrationis to find an optimal gamut shared byallthe projectors. Finding the optimal color gamut displayable bynprojectors in timeO(n) is shown, and the color conversion from one specific color gamut to the common global gamut is derived. The method of testing it on a tiled display consisting of 48 projectors with large chrominance shifts was experimentally validated.
Analysis of response‐time compensation for black‐frame insertion
Authors: Kim Taesung , Park Bongim , Shin Byung‐Hyuk , Nam HyoungSik , Berkeley Brian H. , Kim Sang Soo
Published: August 2007

Abstract— An impulsive driving technique has been widely adopted for the elimination of motion blur in LCDs. Although the problem of slow temporal response time is very well known for LCDs, the inherent motion blur of moving objects in hold‐type displays has a more‐serious impact on display performance. It is well known that even very fast LCDs with zero response time still suffer from the motion‐blur artifact due to hold‐type driving effects. However, a fast temporal response is also critical in order to maximize the blur‐reduction effect even in the case of impulsive driving. In this paper, the special behavior of LC molecules in an impulsive driving environment has been analyzed especially for the case of black‐frame insertion, and we propose an effective means to implement optimized response‐time compensation (RTC) for the black‐frame insertion technique.
3.1: MOEMS Laser Projector for Handheld Devices Featuring Motion Compensation
Authors: Grüger Heinrich , Heberer Andreas , Gerwig Christian , Nauber Petra , Scholles Michael , Lakner Hubert
Published: August 2007

Laser projection has been realized using a 2d micromechanical scanner mirror. for handheld devices it is advantageous to compensate motion. This can be realized using inertial sensors for motion detection and the implementation of a compensation algorithms. The projector must provide sufficient dynamic range for the compensation. A demo system was realized and tested successfully.
4.2: Self‐Calibrating Tiled Displays
Authors: Bhasker Ezekiel S. , Majumder Aditi
Published: August 2007

This paper presents seamless tiled displays via completely distributed network of projector‐camera systems that calibrates itself without any user intervention. This makes projection‐based tiled displays very easy to deploy and maintain. The decentralized calibration methodology presented to achieve this also enables advanced capabilities like scalability, reconfigurability and fault‐tolerance.
4.3: Development of PTV Using Six‐Primary‐Color Display Technology
Authors: Nagase Akihiro , Kagawa Shuichi , Someya Jun , Kuwata Muneharu , Sasagawa Tomohiro , Sugiura Hiroaki , Miyata Akihisa
Published: August 2007

We have developed the 6 primary color PTV. Because of the newly developed 6‐color color wheel, the 6‐color light engine combined with the high‐efficiency UHP lamp and our independent Plush1080p™ technology, the newly developed PTV ensures high brightness, a wide color gamut and high contrast.
4.4: Microdisplay as Optical Neural/Cell Growth Guiding Device
Authors: Ou C. R. , Shen Ching‐I , Ou Chung‐Ming , Ho Ray , Chang Cheng‐Jong , Sun Rebecca , Chang Ron , Hung Pai‐Kai , Guo Jai‐Wei , Chung Jai‐Mei
Published: August 2007

This paper introduces the preliminary results that using the commercialized microdisplay as optical neural/cell growth guiding device. Results indicate the feasibilities of the present approach. Advantages, drawbacks and improvements are discussed for the further developments.
5.1: Twisted S‐Shaped Light Pipe for Highly Efficient Coupling between LED and Light Guide in Backlight System
Authors: Suzuki Hiromasa , Higuchi Masaru , Yang Yingbao
Published: August 2007

We propose a twisted S‐shaped light pipe for coupling between an LED and a light guide to realize a thin light guide. This light pipe suppresses optical loss, while thinning down the light guide. The light guide using the light pipe in this work improves optical efficiency by 15% higher than that of a conventional light guide with the light guide profile thinning down from 0.60mm to 0.30mm.
5‐2: A Novel Diffractive Backlight Concept for Mobile Displays
Authors: Kimmel Jyrki , Levola Tapani , Saarikko Pasi , Bergquist Johan
Published: August 2007

Power efficiency demands on mobile communication device displays have become severe with the emergence of full video capable phones and mobile telephony services such as the third‐generation networks (3G). One way of reducing the power dissipation of a mobile liquid‐crystal display (LCD) is to efficiently distribute and outcouple the light available in the backlight unit (BLU) to direct the light in a spectrum‐specific fashion through the respective color pixels. This paper describes a diffractive optics approach to realize a novel backlight unit. A model grating structure was fabricated and the outcoupled distribution of light was studied. The results verify that the new BLU concept based on an array of spectrum‐specific gratings is possible.
5.3: A New Cost‐Effective Optical Plate for High Performance LCD‐TVs
Authors: Ha Juhwa , Paek Jungwook , Jang Taeseok , Choi Jinsung , Jung Youngsub
Published: August 2007

The objective of the research presented in this paper is to design a highly efficient LCD‐TV backlight unit (BLU) which minimizes lamp count without light leakage from the BLU. A new optical plate helps to successfully distribute spatial luminance in a 46inch LCD‐BLU consisting of only 20 CCFLs.
7.1: Invited Paper: LTPS Processes for AMLCD and AMOLED Applications
Authors: Fruehauf Norbert , Baur Holger , Hergert Steffen , Hlawatsch Rene , Jelting Sven , Persidis Efstathios , Pieralisi Fabio , Schalberger Patrick
Published: August 2007

Cost efficient PMOS, NMOS and CMOS LTPS processes have been developed. The practical viability of these processes was demonstrated by building logic circuits as well as entire AMLCD and AMOLED display systems including integration of the various display effects, module fabrication and driver electronics design.
8.2: Development of Tandem White Architecture for Large‐Sized AMOLED Displays with Wide Color Gamut
Authors: Spindler Jeffrey P. , Hatwar Tukaram K.
Published: August 2007

In this paper, we discuss the development of tandem white OLED structures optimized for TV‐Sized full‐color AMOLED displays using an RGBW pixel format. A highly efficient (24 cd/A) and stable tandem white OLED, with color optimized for the display white point (D65), has been developed that enables low power consumption (<50 W for a 32″ TV), as well as long lifetime (>100K h). Additionally, we describe the development of new color filters that deliver 102% NTSC ratio when combined with the tandem white OLEDs.
8.4: A New Addressing Scheme for PM OLED Display
Authors: Xu Chihao , Karrenbauer Andreas , Soh Kian Min , Wahl Jürgen
Published: August 2007

This paper presents a new addressing scheme for PM OLED displays by using Consecutive Multiline Addressing, which decomposes the image information into multiline matrices and efficiently reduces the driving current amplitude of OLED pixels. As a result, the lifetime and/or resolution of PM OLED displays can substantially be extended.
9.5L: Late‐News Paper: Scalable Sequential‐Color Display Without ASICs
Authors: Handschy Mark A. , Dallas James
Published: August 2007

A new microdisplay backplane architecture integrating digital frame buffers and pulse‐width‐modulation gray‐scale drivers eliminates external electronics in sequential‐color single‐panel projection systems while lowering power and bandwidth, permitting scalability to high resolutions. It delivers 256 gray levels per color with a native gamma characteristic programmable to values from one to greater than two.
9.6L: Late‐News Paper: Cost‐Effective Ultrathin RPTVs Can Reverse Falling Market Share Relative to FPDs
Authors: Ramachandran Gopal , Prior Greg
Published: August 2007

Rear Projection TVs are losing market share to LCD and Plasma TVs due to three major issues: ‐form factor (thin depth, small bezel, and small chin demanded by consumers); ‐cost (acquisition cost relative to LCD and Plasma TVs as well as ownership and maintenance costs such as lamp replacement, power consumption, etc); ‐performance (wide viewing angles, bright displays, saturated colors are desired and display‐related artifacts such as misconvergence, field‐sequential color breakup, color non‐uniformities, and optical aberrations are NOT desired). The objective of this paper is to introduce electronic means to help solve these problems. A geometry correction processor was defined to compensate for: ‐lens distortion and lateral chromatic aberration; ‐misconvergence and misalignment of multi‐panel systems; ‐brightness and color non‐uniformities caused by light collection errors, light modulator deficiencies, vignetting, and dichroic coating dependencies on incident angles. The processor became available in December 2006 and this paper provides some preliminary testing results and concludes by suggesting a 3xLCOS RPTV application with compelling specifications: ‐laser illumination; ‐dimensions of 55″ diagonal by 5″ deep; ‐imperceptible chromatic aberrations and optical distortions; ‐imperceptible color and brightness non‐uniformities; ‐imperceptible misconvergence or misalignment; ‐the possibility to realign and recalibrate easily in the field; ‐same or reduced BOM cost.
10.4: New Display Solutions for the Image‐Centric Era of Healthcare
Authors: Bonfiglio Silvio , Albani Luigi
Published: August 2007

Imaging has a growing impact in healthcare. New visualization solutions are needed to cope with the increased quantity of images used by the clinicians and with the need they have for viewing these images “anywhere, anytime” as an integral part of their professional tasks.

In this paper we report on a project intended to design new display‐based solutions better suited for the image‐centric era of healthcare.
11.3: Mixed Color Sequential Technique for High Contrast LCD with Optimum Power Consumption
Authors: Chen Yi‐Fu , Chen Che‐Chin , Chen Ke‐Horng
Published: August 2007

This paper proposes a mixed color sequential (MCS) algorithm with high contrast enhancement technique in RGB LED backlight display. Owing to synchronous control of LCD and LED panels, high quality image with suppressed color breakup and motion blur effects is achieved by our novel color sequential technique. Furthermore, high contrast image is also presented in LCD panel because of mixed RGB and CMY backlights with optimum power consumption. In other words, MCS algorithm with high contrast enhancement technique can have the better performance compared with other field sequential color techniques.
12.2: Large Negative Dielectric Anisotropy and High‐Birefringence Liquid Crystals
Authors: Xianyu Haiqing , Song Qiong , Gauza Sebastian , Wu Shin‐Tson
Published: August 2007

New laterally‐fluorinated biphenyl tolane liquid crystals with a large negative dielectric anisotropy (Δn∼−8) and high birefringence (Δn∼0.34) are developed. By doping 15 wt% of such a compound to MLC‐6608 (a negative Δɛ LC mixture), the overall figure‐of‐merit is doubled.
13.2: Highly Stable a‐Si:H TFT Pixel for Large Area AMOLED by Employing Both Vth Storing and the Negative Bias Annealing
Authors: Lee Jae‐Hoon , Park Hyun‐Sang , Choi Sung‐Hwan , Lee Won‐Kyu , Han Min‐Koo , Goh Joon‐chul , Choi Joonhoo , Chung Kyuha
Published: August 2007

Highly stable voltage programmed a‐Si:H TFT pixel circuit for AMOLED, which employs both Vth‐compensation and negative bias annealing, is proposed and fabricated. Experimental results, after 60 hours electrical stress at elevated temperature (60°C) show that the OLED current stability in the proposed pixel is considerably improved compared with a conventional 2‐TFT pixel, Vth‐compensated pixel, and negative bias annealed pixel, respectively. The proposed pixel can reduce the degradation of a‐Si:H TFT by employing negative bias annealing store Vth of a‐Si:H TFT so that highly stable and uniform a‐Si:H TFT backplane for AMOLED. Our proposed pixel may be suitable for highly stable AMOLED employing the a‐Si:H TFT.
13.3: A Novel a‐Si TFT Pixel Circuit with High Immunity to the Degradation of the TFTs and OLEDs Used in AMOLED Displays
Authors: Lu Hau‐Yan , Liu Po‐Tsun , Hu Chin‐Wei , Chang Ting‐Chang , Chi Sien
Published: August 2007

A simple pixel circuit employing a‐Si TFT for AMOLED is proposed. The proposed one can eliminate both the threshold voltage shift of the driving TFT and the OLED. The simulation results indicate that the proposed circuit significantly improves the non‐uniformity of output current by the new compensation operation.
13.4: A 20.8‐inch WXGA Full Color AMOLED Display by Integrating Scattering Reflector with Micro‐Bumps
Authors: Okutani Satoshi , Kamiura Norihiko , Sano Hiroshi , Sawatani Takumi , Fujita Daisuke , Takehara Toshifumi , Sunohara Kazuyuki , Kobayashi Michiya , Ibaraki Nobuki
Published: August 2007

In order to improve light extraction efficiency from organic light emitting diodes (OLED), we report a novel structure of top‐emission OLED by integrating a scattering reflector with micro‐bumps into the substrate. The mechanism of light extraction has been investigated by evaluating the dependency of flux on the shape of the micro‐bumps. It was confirmed that the scattering effect of the micro‐bumps improves the light extraction of OLED. Moreover, the scattering reflector has been applied on a 20.8‐inch WXGA full color AMOLED display. This is the world's first report that actually proves a light extraction technology, integrating scattering reflector, applied on AMOLED display.
P‐3: Laser Assisted ITO Lift‐off for TFT Fabrication
Authors: Fang Kuo‐Lung , Huang Ming‐Yuan , Yang Chih‐Chun , Liao Chin‐Yueh , Jan Shiun‐Chang , Lin Han‐Tu , Chen Chien‐Hung , Gan Feng‐Yuan
Published: August 2007

Excimer laser is used for back channel etched (BCE) a‐Si TFT fabrication for the first time. KrF laser could easily and successfully lift‐off ITO on photo‐resist comparing to traditional chemical lift‐off process. Besides, this maskless laser lift‐off technology could save much process time from mask alignment step. The mechanism of laser assisted ITO lift‐off (LAIL) technology was carefully studied in this paper. with suitable laser fluence energy, ITO could be precisely patterned as designed. Very wide range of laser fluence energy was obtained in our LAIL technology. TFT device fabricated by LAIL technology exhibits the same electrical characteristics performance as traditional non‐lift‐off one.
P‐5: Solution‐Processed SiO2 Films Using Hydrogenated Polysilane Based Liquid Materials
Authors: Tanaka Hideki , Aoki Takashi , Yudasaka Ichio , Shimoda Tatsuya , Furusawa Masahiro , Iwasawa Haruo , Wang Daohai , Matsuki Yasuo
Published: August 2007

Polycrystalline silicon thin‐film transistors (poly‐Si TFTs) have been fabricated using solution‐processed SiO2 films made from a polysilane‐based liquid precursor. Spin‐coating this precursor, which already had been reported as a precursor for silicon film [Nature, vol. 440, pp. 783–786, 2006], we have prepared gate silicon oxide films for the TFTs. The fabricated TFT has been operated with the mobility of 108.9 cm2/Vs and sufficient low gate leakage current.
P‐7: 4 Inch a‐Si TFT‐LCD with an Embedded Color Image Scanner
Authors: Yu Jun‐Hyeok , Choo KyoSeop , Kang HeeKwang , Kim YeonSun , Lee DeukSU , Kang InByeong , Chung InJae
Published: August 2007

We developed a 4 inch (QVGA, 320×240, 262,144 colors) amorphous silicon thin‐film transistor liquid‐crystal display (TFT‐LCD) with an embedded color image scanner. with this panel, it is possible to get a copy of photo or document and to display it on the screen itself. The sensing device and display device are fabricated by the conventional a‐Si processes at the same time. We focused on making the thinner panel to get better quality of image obtained from scanning.
P‐8: a‐Si:H TFT‐LCD with Single Organic Passivation Layer
Authors: Kim Young‐il , Choi Jae‐Beom , Jin Seong‐Hyun , Choi Yoon‐Seok , Kim Jong‐An , Seo Hyun‐Sik , Lee Jae‐Hyung , Jung Bae‐Hyeun , Kang Ho‐Min , Kim Dae‐Kwang , Min Hoon‐Kee , Kim Chi‐Woo
Published: August 2007

A novel photosensitive organic material is used as the single organic passivation layer for the conventional back channel etched thin film transistors. We find that the leakage current of the a‐Si:H TFTs with single organic passivation layer is lower than that of the conventional transistors with silicon nitride passivation layers and the adhesion strength between the organic layers and the pixel electrode is sufficiently strong so that the overlap between the ITO pixel electrode and the data lines can be formed. Using the novel materials, 1.9″ qCIF AMLCD with single organic passivation layer was successfully fabricated with reduced process steps.
P‐9: Unified Model and Prediction Technique for On‐Current Degradation Caused by Drain‐Avalanche Hot Carriers in Low‐Temperature Poly‐Silicon Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Kawamura Tetsufumi , Matsumura Mieko , Hatano Mutsuko , Kaitoh Takuo , Noda Takeshi , Miyazawa Toshio , Ohkura Makoto
Published: August 2007

A unified model and a prediction technique for on‐current degradation in NMOS low‐temperature poly‐Silicon thin‐film transistors are presented. The resistance increase is expressed as a function of the stress‐drain current and stress‐drain voltage. This function is independent of the size, crystallinity, or initial characterization of the transistors. The turnaround time for circuit design can be shortened by using this technique.
P‐10: Transparent OTFTs with Color Filtering Functional Gate Insulators
Authors: Chuang Chiao‐Shun , Tsai Shu‐Ting , Lin Yung‐Sheng , Cheng Jung‐An , Chen Fang‐Chung , Shieh Han‐Ping D.
Published: August 2007

Transparent organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) impregnated with nanoparticles, organic dyes and pigments in the dielectric insulators were fabricated and analyzed. The colored composite insulators were utilized as the color filter and the dielectric layer of the OTFTs simultaneously to obtain the desired color. It was found that the performance of the OTFTs with the above mentioned composite dielectric layers possess color filtering comparable to the conventional devices. In addition, light sensitivity of OTFTs was significantly reduced.
P‐11: Analysis of Low Power Consumption AMOLED Displays on Flexible Stainless Steel Substrates
Authors: Hack Mike , Hewitt Richard , Brown Julie J. , Choi Jae Won , Cheon Jun Hyuk , Kim Se Hwan , Jang Jin
Published: August 2007

We present simulations and results to demonstrate the viability of metal foil as a substrate for low power consumption, flexible AMOLED displays. We show that using organic planarization layers, very smooth surface properties can be achieved resulting in excellent TFT performance, and that capacitive coupling effects only have a minimal impact on power consumption, and a small impact on gate line delays. We demonstrate that using phosphorescent OLEDs it is possible to design low power consumption 40″ AMOLED displays.
P‐13: Low‐Power a‐Si Level Shifter for Mobile Displays with Bootstrapped Capacitor and Pulsed Signal Source
Authors: Lee Won‐Kyu , Lee Jae‐Hoon , Park Hyun‐Sang , Lee Woo‐Cheul , Jung Young‐Bae , Han Min‐Koo
Published: August 2007

A new low power consumption amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) TFT level shifter is designed and verified by SPICE simulation. The a‐Si:H TFT level shifter employing cascade inverters successfully shifts low voltage (5 V) to high voltage (23 V) by employing a bootstrapping method. Proposed a‐Si:H TFT level shifter has considerably reduced the power consumption by 50% compared with the conventional one (8.03 mW) due to connection of clock pulse on the diode connected node and bootstrapping method. The proposed level shifter may be suitable for mobile display applications.
P‐15: AMOLED Pixel Structures Compensating the Hysteresis of Poly‐Si TFTs
Authors: Jung Myoung‐Hoon , Choi Inho , Kim Ohyun , Chung Hoon‐Ju
Published: August 2007

New voltage programmed pixel circuits for AMOLEDs are proposed and measured. The measurement data indicate that the proposed driving schemes are less sensitive to the hysteresis of low temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) TFTs than the conventional 2T1C pixel structure and can improve the recoverable residual image due to the hysteresis characteristics of LTPS TFTs. In the proposed driving schemes, the black data are inserted in displayed images so that the motion image quality should be improved.
P‐17: Metal Induced Continuous Zonal Domain Polycrystalline Silicon and Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Zhao Shuyun , Meng Zhiguo , Li Xuedong , Zhang Bo , Liu Zhaojun , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: August 2007

Metal induced polycrystalline silicon (poly‐Si) films composing of continuous zonal domain (CZD) in exactly same width have been obtained through pre‐defined crystalline nucleation lines (CNL) on a nano‐layer of silicon dioxide. Employing this technology, the impact of glass substrate shrinking on subsequent alignment process is determined. Additionally, the crystallization process is strictly controllable and the annealing time is shorter than one hour. P‐channel thin film transistors (TFTs) built on CZD poly‐Si exhibit high performance and high uniformity.
P‐18: Improvement of Stability in ZnO TFT Under Bias Stress
Authors: Hwang Chi‐Sun , Park Sang‐Hee Ko , Lee Jeong‐Ik , Chung Sung Mook , Yang Yong Suk , Do Lee‐Mi , Chu Hye Yong
Published: August 2007

The stability of ZnO TFT under bias stress was investigated. Transparent ZnO thin films deposited by means of atomic layer deposition(ALD) and plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition(PEALD) at 100 °C were used as the active channel. The TFT with PEALD grown ZnO layer has better stability under bias stress than the TFT with ALD grown ZnO layer.
P‐20: High Integrated 10.2‐inch WVGA LTPS LCD Manufactured by PMOS Process
Authors: Yang Shu‐Hun , Chen Wei‐Cheng , Lin Hsiao‐Yi , Lee Ching‐Hone , Lai Vincent , Chiu Chaung‐Ming , Wang Hung‐Chi , Lee Chun‐Chi
Published: August 2007

A high integrated 10.2‐inch WVGA LTPS LCDs with single‐chip ASIC and manufactured by PMOS process was developed. Level shifters, DC‐DC converters for gate driver with 2‐phase shift registers and forward/reverse scanning function and 1:6 demultiplexer for source driver were integrated on the glass. The ASIC includes timing controller and 400‐channel source driver. This architecture dramatically reduces cost with high mechanical robustness. Furthermore, the 6‐Mask PMOS process also improves the throughput and reduces yield loss in manufacturing due to less photo layers than CMOS one, especially for large panel size. Therefore, this 10.2‐inch panel is remarkable for high integration of PMOS LTPS design and the cost reduction
P‐21: Jet‐Printed All‐Additive Active‐Matrix Pixel Circuits on Low‐Temperature Flexible Substrates
Authors: Daniel Jurgen , Arias Ana Claudia , Ready Steve , Krusor Brent , Street Robert
Published: August 2007

Flexible active‐matrix pixel circuits were fabricated in an all‐additive method using solution‐ processed materials and ink jet‐printing. The prototype TFT arrays with 50×50 pixels (680μm pixel pitch) are based on polymeric semiconductor, a polymeric gate dielectric and metal nanoparticle conductors maintaining the maximum process temperature below 200°C. The measured TFT and pixel performance is promising for paper‐like displays.
P‐23: Design Parameters for Using Charging Technique for TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Kim Do‐Sung , Lee Won‐Ho , Lee Jun‐Yeop , Lee Sang‐Yeop , Jung Sung‐Hun , Yoon Dong‐Jun , Choi Byung‐Jin , Song Hong‐Sung , Oh Jin‐Woo , Lee Gue‐Tai , Oh Chang‐Ho , Kang In‐Byeong
Published: August 2007

In case of charging a large capacitor in a short time, We use a well‐known pre charging technique(1), which is a method of charging a pixel two times at an interval of one gate pulse width. But there is a side effect of a pattern looking like out of focus. This phenomenon is caused directly by a different quantity of charging being introduced into two pixels which are two pixels apart vertically with each other. To remove this side efeect, we optimize the charging design parameter; Cst+Clc, Ion condition from TFT device. with the pre charging technique, A 120Hz 32″ WXGA TFT‐LCD which has three times of Cst + Clc as compared to conventional IPS structure has been developed.
P‐24: Design of Low‐Cost 2.2‐inch qVGA LTPS TFT‐LCD Panel
Authors: Shin Min‐Seok , Choi Jung‐Whan , Kim Yong‐Jae , Kim Kyong‐Rok , Lee Inhwan , Kwon Oh‐Kyong , Kim Cheol‐Min , Park Joon‐Ha , Kim Il‐Gon , Kim Chi‐Woo
Published: August 2007

In this paper, 2.2‐inch qVGA LTPS(Low Temperature Poly‐Si) TFT‐LCD panel driven by external output buffers is proposed to reduce the display system cost. The LTPS panel with external output buffers improves the yield because only the digital functions are integrated on the LTPS panel. This also achieves a small number of interconnection lines between external IC and the LTPS panel. Finally, display system cost can be reduced by lowering the cost of flexible PCBs(Printed Circuit Boards). Moreover, the proposed panel adopts 1:6 de‐multiplexing scheme for decreasing the height of the source driver circuitries. Compared with the conventional structure of 1:3 de‐multiplexing scheme, the height of the source driver area is reduced as much as 40%.
P‐25: Accurate Power Estimation of LCD Panels or Notebook PC Applications
Authors: Hwang Injae , Kang Seungjae , Moh Sangmoon , Park Wooil , Kim Wanbae
Published: August 2007

This paper describes a power estimation method to optimize the design of LCD panels for low power notebook PC applications. Power consumption of an arbitrary pattern is accurately estimated using power data measured for solid gray patterns in advance. for a 1‐dot checker pattern, the difference between estimated and measured power consumption is less than 5mW with a 3.3V supply.
P‐194L: Late‐News Poster: High‐Frequency Performance of Sub‐Micrometer Channel‐Length Si TFTs Fabricated on Large Grain Poly‐Si Films
Authors: Kawachi Genshiro , Mitani Masahiro , Okada Takashi , Tsuboi Shinzo
Published: August 2007

High‐frequency characteristics of sub‐micron Si TFTs fabricated on large‐grain poly‐Si films are demonstrated for the first time. A cutoff frequency (fT) of 6 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency (fmax) of 25 GHz were obtained for the TFT with a channel length of 0.5 μm. It was confirmed that use of insulating substrates is advantageous to reduce the parasitic susceptance due to a conductive substrate, thereby increasing fmax.
P‐197L: Late‐News Poster: Demonstration of High Performance TFTs on Silicon‐on‐Glass (SiOG) Substrate
Authors: Manley Robert G. , Fenger Germain , Hirschman Karl D. , Couillard J. Gregory , Williams Carlo Kosik , Dawson‐Elli David , Cites Jeffrey
Published: August 2007

This report is an introduction to a new silicon‐on‐glass (SiOG) substrate and device technology. The fabrication and analysis of CMOS devices fabricated using SiOG are presented. The SiOG devices are comparable to those fabricated on SOI wafers with respect to carrier mobility and off‐state leakage current. This technology clearly demonstrates the potential for system‐on‐panel integration.
P‐198L: Late‐News Poster: Integrated Ambient Light Sensor in LTPS AMLCDs
Authors: Matsuki Fumirou , Hashimoto Kazuyuki , Sano Keiichi , Yeates David , Ayres J. Richard , Edwards Martin , Steer Andrew
Published: August 2007

Sensing ambient light in mobile applications allows reduced power consumption through backlight control. Integration of light sensors reduces module complexity and location of the sensors close to the pixel array simplifies integration in products. We describe an integrated ambient light sensor consisting of lateral pin diodes and digital read out circuit.
P‐199L:Late‐News Poster: Silicon Nanocrystals Photo Sensor Integrated on Low‐Temperature Polycrystalline‐Silicon Panels
Authors: Chiang Wen‐Jen , Chen Chih‐Yang , Lin Chrong‐Jung , King Ya‐Chin , Cho An‐Thung , Peng Chia‐Tien , Chao Chih‐Wei , Lin Kun‐Chih , Gan Feng‐Yuan
Published: August 2007

A photo‐detector using silicon nanocrystal layer sandwiched between two electrodes is first time proposed and demonstrated for photo‐sensing application on LTPS panels. Through post‐annealing of silicon rich oxide films, Si nanocrystals can be formed with good uniformity and high temperature tolerance to respond best to certain absorption spectrum of the corresponding light source. These silicon nanocrystals, less than 10nm in diameter, exhibit better quantum confinement effect, which promote electron‐hole pair generation in photo‐sensing region as a result of its direct bandgap. In addition to obtaining photo sensitivity superior to that of a P‐I‐N diode currently used in LTPS technology, the new sensor can maximize the fill factor in a pixel circuit by adapting a stacked structure.
P‐29: Color Sequential Image Capturing
Authors: Sempel Aad , Hage Mark , Bergman Tom
Published: August 2007

A full color image is restored by using a monochrome camera and color sequential object illumination with LEDs. Advantages with respect to color flexibility, spatial resolution, sensitivity and consequences of the system are presented. A camera system and a lighting control unit are demonstrated and discussed in detail.
P‐30: Accommodation Depth in 3‐D Display System Using Two Stereoscopic Displays at Different Depths
Authors: Uehira Kazutake , Suzuki Masahiro , Shimizu Marie
Published: August 2007

This paper describes a display system that creates a 3‐D image by overlapping two identical 3‐D images displayed by two stereoscopic displays at different depths. Both images were displayed so that observers perceived them at the same depth and could see them fused into one image. We measured the accommodation depth of the observers' eyes when they saw the fused image. We found that the accommodation depths when they saw the fused images differed from that when either of the stereoscopic displays presented a single image by itself. This accommodation depth for fused image was between them. These results indicate that the accommodation depth was determined by the reciprocal effect of the two displays. This indicates the possibility that this display system can provide stereoscopic views without there being any contradictions between accommodation depth and perceived depth for 3‐D images.
P‐32: LED Backlight System for Medical Imaging on LCD Monitors
Authors: Casale Carlo , de Monte Denis , Albani Luigi , Bonfiglio Silvio
Published: August 2007

Nowadays products with LED backlight are entering the consumer and semi‐professional markets where wide color gamut is essential. In this paper a new LED backlight solution suitable for medical imaging application will be described where the requirements are mainly related to luminance and color accuracy and white point tuning.
P‐33: Driving Schemes for LED Backlighting Large‐area LCD Displays
Authors: Masood Ahmed
Published: August 2007

This paper compares leading LED‐driver architectures for backlighting large‐area LCD televisions. Design and cost considerations are discussed for linear, boost, and buck‐based LED drivers. We identify the strengths and weaknesses of each architecture, and recommend the type of application for which each is best suited.
P‐36: Equating Simulated and Real‐World Imagery Using a Target Identification Criterion
Authors: Geri George A. , Akhtar Shama C. , Eidman Craig , Pierce Byron J.
Published: August 2007

Air‐to‐ground target identification was used to select simulated target characteristics that resulted in performance similar to that found in real‐world tasks. for a wide variety of ground target‐vehicles, it was found that simulated‐target identification levels could be matched to any desired real‐world level by making visually realistic modifications to target contrast.
P‐37: Just Noticeable Difference of Image Attributes for Natural Images
Authors: Qin Shaoling , Ge Shu , Yin HanChun , Xia Jun , Liu Lu , Teunissen Kees , Heynderickx Ingrid
Published: August 2007

To model the relative importance of the image quality attributes white level, black level, color saturation and contour rendering, they need to be varied all to a perceptually equal extent. The just noticeable difference (JND) of each attribute can be used for this. These JNDs are well known for specific test patterns, but not for natural image content. In this paper, we describe several experiments to determine the relationship between the JNDs and the averaged image characteristics.