bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paleomagnetism of Upper Jurassic basalts from Transbaikalia: new data on the time of closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and Mesozoic intraplate tectonics of Central Asia
Authors: Metelkin D.V. , Gordienko I.V. , Klimuk V.S.
Published: November 2007

The Upper Jurassic basalts (150–160 Ma) described as the Ichetui Formation over the territory of the Tugnui, Margintui, and Maly Khamar-Daban volcanic structures have been studied paleomagnetically. It is shown that natural remanent magnetization still contains a component which may reflect the geomagnetic field direction at the beginning of the Late Jurassic. This is supported by reversal and conglomerate tests. Calculation of mean paleopole gives: Plat = 63.6°, Plong = 166.8°, α95 = 8.5°. These values well coincide with the data for the Badin Formation from Mogzon depression, which lies east of the study area and approximately dates from the Kimmeridgian-Oxfordian interval of the Late Jurassic. At the same time, those poles statistically differ from the European and Southeast Asian poles of the same age. The available paleomagnetic data suggest that at the beginning of the Late Jurassic the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean was probably still open. Since the early Late Jurassic the continental blocks of Southeastern Asia and Siberian part of the Eurasian plate had been approaching, with the Siberian domain rotating clockwise. Analysis of the total of data shows that sinistral strike-slip deformations were present not only in southern Siberia but also between the Siberian and European Platforms. Thus, the deformations of the Central Asian crust in the early Late Jurassic reflect the intraplate strike-slip motions coeval with the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and are governed by the clockwise rotation of the Siberian part of the Eurasian plate relative to its European part.
Petrogenetic analysis of fluid and melt inclusions in minerals from mantle xenoliths from the Bele pipe basanites (North Minusa depression)
Authors: Golovin A.V. , Sharygin V.V.
Published: November 2007

Results of study of different types of inclusions in minerals from mantle xenoliths from the Bele pipe basanites are presented. Two groups of inclusions were recognized in the host minerals according to their genesis. The first group includes single, apparently primary, fluid inclusions. They were discovered only in orthopyroxenes and consist of CO2 (95 mol.%) and N2 (5 mol.%). These inclusions had partly leaked. The densities of two least leaked inclusions from different xenoliths are 1.05 and 1.14 g/cm3, and their trapping pressures are estimated at >8.5 and 12 kbar, respectively. The second group includes syngenetic secondary fluid, melt, and crystalline inclusions. In composition the secondary fluid inclusions differ from the primary ones in higher concentrations of N2 (up to 7 mol.%). Their maximum density is 0.57 g/cm3, which corresponds to 2.4–2.6 kbar and 1100–1200 °C (homogenization temperature of secondary melt inclusions). Comparison of data on melt inclusions in xenolith minerals and host-basanite phenocrysts shows that the secondary inclusions in the xenoliths are, most likely, the result of infiltration and partial reaction of basanitic melt with the xenoliths. On the ascent, the basanitic melt vigorously reacted with mantle xenoliths, which led to the appearance of secondary inclusions in nodule minerals at shallow depths and interstitial mineral assemblages in the xenoliths.
Nanosecond electromagnetic sounding of a fluid-saturated layered formation
Authors: Epov M.I. , Mironov V.L. , Komarov S.A. , Muzalevsky K.V.
Published: November 2007

Mathematical modeling was applied to study attenuation of a nanosecond pulse that propagated in an oil-bearing formation and was reflected from the oil-gas or oil-water interfaces. The problem was formulated and solved for propagation of a short electromagnetic Gaussian pulse in a layered hydrocarbon reservoir in the case of excitation by a long electric line. Complex permittivity of oil-bearing rocks was calculated using a refractive mixing dielectric model for oil, saline water, methane, quartz, and bentonite in each layer. We obtained and analyzed space-time diagrams of wave propagation and reflection and estimated effective attenuation for both cases.
The Late Jurassic age and geochemistry of ultramafic-mafic massifs of the Selenga-Stanovoy superterrane (southern framing of the North Asian craton)
Authors: Buchko I.V. , Sorokin A.A. , Sal’nikova E.B. , Kotov A.B. , Larin A.M. , Izokh A.E. , Velikoslavinsky S.D. , Yakovleva S.Z.
Published: November 2007

We present new data on the age and geochemistry of the Veselyi and Petropavlovsk ultramafic-mafic massifs of the Selenga-Stanovoy (West Stanovoy) superterrane on the southeastern framing of the North Asian craton. The massifs are composed of rocks of peridotite-websterite-gabbro and peridotite-gabbro-monzodiorite associations, respectively. The latter combine normal, subalkalic, and alkaline rocks and thus are of diverse composition: from ultrabasites and pyroxenites through gabbroids to monzodiorites. The U-Pb zircon age of these massifs is 154 ± 1 and 159 ± 1 Ma, respectively, which permits them to be referred to as the youngest rocks of ultramafic-mafic complexes on the southern framing of the North Asian craton. The rocks of the studied massifs are enriched in LILE (K, Rb, Sr, Ba, LREE) and are depleted in HFSE (Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta). These rocks formed, most likely, in the rear of subduction zone or in the setting of the subducting-slab detachment.
Antimony in hydrothermal processes: solubility, conditions of transfer, and metal-bearing capacity of solutions
Authors: Obolensky A.A. , Gushchina L.V. , Borisenko A.S. , Borovikov A.A. , Pavlova G.G.
Published: November 2007

Based on data on the composition of ore-bearing hydrothermal solutions and parameters of ore-forming processes at various antimony and antimony-bearing deposits, which were obtained in studies of fluid inclusions in ore minerals, we investigated the behavior of Sb(III) in the system Sb–Cl–H2S–H2O describing the formation of these deposits.

We also performed thermodynamic modeling of native-antimony and stibnite dissolution in sulfide (mHS− = 0.0001−0.1) and chloride (mCl− = 0.1−5) solutions and the joint dissolution of Sb(s)0 and Sb2S3(s) in sulfide-chloride solution (mHS− = 0.01; mCl− = 1) depending on Eh, pH, and temperature. All thermodynamic calculations were carried out using the Chiller computer program. Under the above conditions, stibnite precipitates in acid, weakly acid to neutral, and medium redox solutions, whereas native antimony precipitates before stibnite under more reducing conditions in neutral to alkaline solutions.

The metal-bearing capacity of hydrothermal solutions (200–250 °C) of different compositions and origins has been predicted. We have established that the highest capacity is specific for acid (pH = 2–3) high-chloride solutions poor in sulfide sulfur and alkaline (pH = 7–8) low-chloride low-sulfide solutions.
The Study of Mosquito Larvæ
Authors: Graham W. M.
Published: November 2007

To render the study of Mosquitoes practically useful to the sanitary officer, it should be made possible upon catching an adult mosquito anywhere, to say : this mosquito was bred in a water-butt, puddle, bamboo, empty tin, etc. It would thus be only necessary to find and destroy the breeding-place.
A New Species of Cordylobia, a Genus of African Diptera (Family Tachinidæ, Subfamily Calliphorinæ), the Larvaæ of Which are Subcutaneous Parasites in Man and other Mammals
Authors: Austen Ernest E.
Published: November 2007

♀.—Length (3 specimens) 15·6 to 16·5 mm.; width of head 6·25 to 6·5 mm.; width of front at vertex 2·5 mm.; length of wing 14·75 to 15 mm.
On the Parasites of two species of West African wild Silk-worms
Authors: Dudgeon Gerald C.
Published: November 2007

The silk derived from the cocoon-masses woven by the larvæ of Anaphe infracta, Wlsm., A. venata, Butl., A. moloneyi, Druce, and others of the same or an allied genus of the family Eupterotidæ, is utilised in the Haussa and Yoruba countries of Northern and Southern Nigeria for the manufacture of yarns, used in the embroidery of Haussa gowns in the former country and, in conjunction with cotton in the latter locality, for the production of the “ sanyan ” cloths.
Experimental and molecular genetic analysis of the impact of pyrethroid and non-pyrethroid insecticide impregnated bednets for mosquito control in an area of pyrethroid resistance
Authors: Kolaczinski J.H. , Fanello C. , Hervé J.-P. , Conway D.J. , Carnevale P. , Curtis C.F.
Published: November 2007

Experimental huts in Côte d’Ivoire were used to evaluate the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin, the non-ester pyrethroid etofenprox, the organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl and the carbamate carbosulfan on bednets against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae Giles. To test for selection for the resistance gene by the treated nets, A. gambiae collected live or dead from the huts were kept and analysed for the presence of the kdr gene using a new polymerase chain reaction followed by sequence-specific oligonucleotide probing (PCR–SSOP) for kdr-genotyping. Deliberately holed bednets freshly treated with pirimiphos-methyl or carbosulfan caused over 90% kill of A. gambiae s.s. and Culex spp. However, the mortality with alpha-cypermethrin or etofenprox treated nets was similar to that with untreated nets. Bloodfeeding of A. gambiae s.s. on the sleepers under the nets was only significantly reduced by alpha-cypermethrin and carbosulfan. Tests of the residual activity of the bednets after seven months showed that pirimiphos-methyl had lost its efficacy while carbosulfan still performed well. Once again the pyrethroid treated nets gave similar results to the untreated nets. Selection for the kdr-allele by alpha-cypermethrin and etofenprox, but not by carbosulfan, was indicated by PCR–SSOP genotyping of mosquitoes. Thus carbamates such as carbosulfan, or organophosphates of longer persistence than pirimiphos-methyl and of low mammalian toxicity, would seem to be a promising alternative to be used on bednets, particularly in areas of pyrethroid resistance.
Life history ofAptesis nigrocincta(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) a cocoon parasitoid of the apple sawfly,Hoplocampa testudinea(Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Babendreier D.
Published: November 2007

Aptesis nigrocinctaGravenhorst is a bivoltine ectoparasitoid of apple sawfly cocoons, hosts that must be found and parasitized by females at a depth of 10–25 cm in the soil. Females are significantly smaller than males and nearly wingless. After encountering a host, females needed 29.3 min at 20°C and 19.9 min at 25°C to deposit an egg on the host. Development from egg to adult took 39.6 days for females and 38.0 days for males at 20°C. This small difference was significant. At 20°C, the longevity of females that had no opportunity to oviposit was on average 72.5 days, significantly higher than male longevity (50.6 days). The longevity of females given access to hosts throughout their lifetime averaged 58.6 days. Females were able to mate immediately after emergence and copulation lasted on average 21.7 s. After a pre-oviposition period averaging 5.8 days, females laid 20.2 eggs during their lifetime, thus less than one egg per day. Neither the fecundity nor longevity of individual females was correlated with body size. If females were deprived of food, longevity as well as lifetime fecundity were drastically reduced. Field studies were carried out in one organically managed apple orchard in Switzerland.Aptesis nigrocinctashowed parasitism rates ranging from 12.1 to 39.7 % within single parasitoid generations, thereby constituting the most important mortality factor of apple sawfly cocoons.
Genetic relationships among biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) based on AFLP analysis
Authors: Cervera M.T. , Cabezas J.A. , Simón B. , Martínez-Zapater J.M. , Beitia F. , Cenis J.L.
Published: November 2007

Genetic similarities between 13 samples belonging to nine reference biotypes and two field populations of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), one field population of B. medinae Gómez-Menor and another of B. afer Priesner &Hosny, were evaluated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The results indicate that B. tabaci biotypes can be grouped together with a minimum similarity coefficient of 0.32 and separated from the two other species with a similarity coefficient of 0.07. Bemisia tabaci biotypes were grouped in four clusters which comprised: (i) Near East and Indian subcontinent biotypes; (ii) B and Q biotypes plus a Nigerian population from cowpea; (iii) New World A biotype; and (iv) S biotype and a Nigerian population from cassava. These results were consistent with a previous grouping of biotypes based on RAPD-PCR analysis. The AFLP assay allowed the scoring of a total of 354 polymorphic bands in two reaction events with the use of two primer combinations.
The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of Europe and the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Martin J.H. , Mifsud D. , Rapisarda C.
Published: November 2007

The whitefly fauna of Europe and the Mediterranean Basin comprises 56 species that are considered to be native or naturalized, accommodated within 25 genera. Presented here are a check-list, an identification key to puparia, and a brief account of each species including its distribution and host-plant range. The puparium of each species is illustrated. One new nomenclatural combination (Aleuroclava similis, fromAleurotuberculatus) and two new synonymies (Parudamoselis kesselyakiwithCeraleurodicus varus,Asterobemisia nigriniwithA. paveli) are proposed. Three nominal species (Aleurodes capreae, A. fraxini, andAleyrodes campanulae) are here treated asnomina dubia. Species which, in the study area, have only been recorded from glasshouses are discussed. Four additional species, not yet recorded from the region, are included in the discussion, two of them because a particular quarantine risk is perceived and two because they are notifiable pests in European Union quarantine legislation.
Suitability of two root-mining weevils for the biological control of scentless chamomile, Tripleurospermum perforatum, with special regard to potential non-target effects
Authors: Hinz H.L. , Müller-Schärer H.
Published: November 2007

The biology and host range of the two root-mining weevils Diplapion confluensKirby and Coryssomerus capucinus (Beck), two potential agents for the biological control of scentless chamomile Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) Laínz, were studied in the field in southern Germany and eastern Austria, and in a common garden and under laboratory conditions in Delémont, Switzerland from 1993 to 1999. Both weevils were univoltine, and females started to lay eggs in early spring. Diplapion confluens had three and C. capucinus five instars. Larvae of both species were found in the field from mid-April until the end of July; later instars preferentially fed in the vascular cylinder of the shoot base, root crown or root. Although larvae of both species occupy the same temporal and spatial niche within their host plants, they occurred at all investigated field sites together, and showed a similar distribution within sites. No negative or positive interspecific association was detected. Host-specificity tests including no-choice, single-choice, and multiple-choice tests under confined conditions, as well as tests under field conditions with natural and augmented insect densities revealed that both herbivores were specific to plant species in the tribe Anthemideae. However, their development to mature larva or adult on several cultivated plants, as well as on one plant species native to North America, rendered them unsuitable for field release in North America. It was concluded that to investigate non-target effects reliably, host-specificity tests with biological control agents should be carried out under a variety of conditions, particularly with augmented insect densities, as are expected to occur naturally after release.
The frequency of host biting and its effect on oviposition and survival in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Canyon D.V. , Hii J.L.K. , Muller R.
Published: November 2007

The effect of host availability at 6 h, 12 h and 24 h intervals on temporal variation in median host-biting frequency, oviposition and survival of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), was investigated under laboratory conditions. In each feeding interval, ten replicates containing five mosquitoes were assessed over 12 days. Median host-biting frequencies were 0.7 bites per female mosquito in the 24 h feeding interval, 0.54 bites per female in the 12 h feeding interval, and 0.47 bites per female in the 6 h feeding interval. Although the 24 h figure was comparable to previously documented levels, feeding increased by 1.5 and 2.7 fold in the 12 and 6 h feeding intervals over a 24 h period. Host biting and oviposition were observed to peak at dusk in the 6, 12 and 24 h feeding intervals, but substantial activity was also observed at dawn, noon and midnight. Daily feeding analysis showed that host biting decreased by approximately 50% in all feeding interval trials over the 12 day test period. Oviposition peaks coincided with biting decline, suggesting a three day gonotrophic cycle. Survival did not differ significantly between feeding intervals. The reported rate of 0.47 host bites per female mosquito per 6 h (≈ 1.9 per 24 h) is thus far the highest recorded for A. aegypti. The suggestion that A. aegyptiprobably feeds more regularly than once in a 24 h period in nature is consistent with the biting and oviposition results.
Comparative evaluation of Cotesia flavipes and C. sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for the management of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Kenya
Authors: Sallam M.N. , Overholt W.A. , Kairu E.
Published: November 2007

Cotesia flavipes Cameron, a gregarious larval endoparasitoid native to the Indo-Australian region, was imported from Pakistan and released in Kenya in 1993 for management of the exotic stemborer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe). Recent reports confirmed the successful establishment of the parasitoid in three locations in Kenya and in northern Tanzania. Functional response studies on this parasitoid and an indigenous congener, Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron), indicated that C. flavipes had a higher searching ability and attacked more larvae when Chilo partellus was the host. When a native stemborer, Sesamia calamistis Hampson, was the host, there was no significant difference between numbers attacked by both parasitoids. Numerical response studies showed that Cotesia flavipes produced more total progeny and female progeny per female parasitoid on Chilo partellus than did Cotesia sesamiae. No significant difference in progeny production was detected between the two parasitoids on S. calamistis. Functional and numerical responses tested in the laboratory gave the same ranking of the two parasitoids on the two hosts as in the field. This study suggests that Cotesia flavipes is a more efficient parasitoid and it is anticipated that it will contribute to the control of both exotic and native stemborers in Kenya.
Evaluation of the effect of mosquito age and prior exposure to insecticide on pyrethroid tolerance in Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Hodjati M.H. , Curtis C.F.
Published: November 2007

The times for knockdown of resistant and susceptible strains of both Anopheles stephensi Liston (DUB234 and BEECH) and A. gambiae Giles (RSP and KWA), on exposure to a permethrin impregnated net were determined to evaluate the effect of age on susceptibility to permethrin. The mean knockdown times of pyrethroid resistant strains of A. stephensi and A. gambiae were significantly shorter if they were 10 days old (either fed or unfed), as compared with those of newly emerged mosquitoes. Based on KT50 values, the resistance ratios between resistant and susceptible A. stephensi were 3.5 and 2.2 for the newly emerged and 10-day-old mosquitoes, respectively. After 1 h exposure to paper impregnated with 0.25%permethrin, mortality of newly emerged individuals of the susceptible and resistant strains of A. stephensi was significantly less than when they were 10 days old. Irritability by permethrin was less with the resistant strain of A. stephensi. In the other strains irritability declined significantly with age. Pre-exposure of susceptible mosquitoes of BEECH and IRAQ strains of A. stephensi for a short time to permethrin did not increase tolerance when the mosquitoes were re-exposed 24 h later. Because of the age effect and the possibility of an effect of pre-exposure under some circumstances, confirmatory tests on newly emerged F1 individuals reared from wild collected mosquitoes are recommended in monitoring for resistance in wild populations.
Introduction of parasitoids for the control of the cassava mealybugPhenacoccus herreni(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in north-eastern Brazil
Authors: Bento J.M.S. , de Moraes G.J. , Bellotti A.C , Castillo J.A. , Warumby J.F. , Lapointe S.L.
Published: November 2007

The mealybugPhenacoccus herreniCox & Williams causes considerable damage to cassavaManihot esculentaCrantz. Field surveys conducted between 1988 and 1994 indicated the mealybug was present in 57 municipalities in six States in north-eastern Brazil, in some places reaching high levels of infestation. Several native natural enemy species were found associated with the pest in Brazil. Exotic encyrtid parasitoids were imported and released in fields in the States of Bahia and Pernambuco.Apoanagyrus diversicornis(Howard) was introduced from Colombia, andAcerophagus coccoisSmith, andAenasius vexans(Kerrich) were introduced from Venezuela. By the end of 1996, a total of 35,930 parasitoids had been released. In Bahia,Apoanagyrus diversicorniswas recovered 130, 234, 304 and 550 km from its release site after 6, 14, 21 and 33 months, respectively.Acerophagus coccoiswas recovered at 180 km from its release site nine months after release.Aenasius vexans, however, did not disperse at all despite being consistently recovered at its release site. In Pernambuco, 9010 parasitoids were released from October, 1995 onwards.Acerophagus coccoisandAenasius vexanswere recovered up to 40 km from the release sites after three and five months of their initial releases, respectively. The establishment and dispersal of these parasitoids are discussed.
Insecticide-treated cattle for controlling tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae): some questions answered, many posed
Authors: Vale G.A. , Mutika G. , Lovemore D.F.
Published: November 2007

Bioassays in Zimbabwe with wild-caught Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. morsitans morsitans Westwood showed that formulations of deltamethrin (Decatix, SpotOn and an experimental variant of SpotOn), alphacypermethrin (Renegade) and cyfluthrin (Cylence) applied to oxen at the manufacturers' recommended doses gave knockdowns above 50% for 5–24 days in hot months and 24–55 days at cooler seasons. Within these periods, the average knockdowns were 77–86% with deltamethrin, 74% with alphacypermethrin and 59% with cyfluthrin. None of the insecticides affected the numbers of tsetse attracted to oxen from a distance, the proportion of tsetse that engorged, and the alighting responses on cloth screens. In the hot season most tsetse engorged on the belly. At other times the front legs were preferred, especially in the wet season and for a few months after. Chemical assays indicated that insecticide persisted at greatest concentration on the backs of oxen and least on the legs. Modelling the experimental data suggested that 4–21 annual applications of insecticide in areas >1000 km2 would give good control at least 10 km from the invasion source if the treated cattle contributed at least 50% of tsetse diet. No treatment regime under any diet conditions would give good control near an invasion front. Insecticide at concentrations up to 0.15 ppm occurred in dung from treated oxen for up 12 days post-treatment. Dead beetles occurred in and near fresh dung.
A critical evaluation of the evidence on a causal relationship betweenHelicobacter pyloriand otitis media with effusion
Authors: Sudhoff H , Rajagopal S , Baguley D M , Ebmeyer J , Schmelzer A , Schreiber S , Moffat D A
Published: November 2007

Objective:

There is growing interest in the presence ofHelicobacter pyloriin the upper aerodigestive tract, and in the middle ear in patients with otitis media with effusion. Some studies have reported detectingH pyloriin the middle ear, although reports to the contrary exist. In this study, we critically evaluate the evidence for the theory thatH pyloriin the middle ear plays a role in otitis media with effusion.

Material:

We undertook a systematic review of all available studies investigating the presence ofH pyloriin the middle ear of patients with otitis media with effusion. The current literature was critically analysed using the key words and phrases ‘Helicobacter pylori’ ‘otitis media with effusion’, ‘serous otitis media’, ‘glue ear’ and ‘middle ear’. Six original research papers were identified, studying a total of 203 patients and 27 controls; two of these papers were randomised, controlled studies and four were prospective, cohort studies.

Results:

At present, there is poor evidence for the existence ofH pylori-associated otitis media with effusion.

Conclusions:

Further research in the field is needed in order to delineate the presence ofH pyloriand its role in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion.
Ketamine in the management of generalised cephalic tetanus
Authors: Obanor O , Osazuwa H O , Amadasun J E O
Published: November 2007

Background:

Tetanus is a fatal infection caused by the neurotoxin tetanospasmin released by the vegetative spores of Clostridium tetani. The high mortality rate is related to frequent tetanic fits with laryngeal spasm and airway obstruction. Numerous anticonvulsants are in use, with varying efficacy in controlling fits. This case report highlights the use of ketamine as adjunctive therapy in the management of tetanus.

Case report:

A 20-year-old woman was admitted with a history of recurrent left ear pain, with bloody, purulent discharge, following a self-inflicted injury. She developed tetanic spasms 24 hours after admission. She had received no immunisations. A tracheostomy was established to relieve airway obstruction, and ketamine was added to the medication when breakthrough seizures were refractory to diazepam.

Conclusion:

Ketamine is of proven safety as an anaesthetic agent, especially in cases in which an anaesthetist is not readily available. Its effectiveness in this case, in combination with diazepam, warrants further evaluation.
Is there still a role for cardiac autopsy in 2007?
Authors: Aiello Vera Demarchi , Debich-Spicer Diane , Anderson Robert H.
Published: November 2007

Concerns have emerged in recent years with regard to the role to be played by the pathologist in reaching a final diagnosis. When considering the field of the congenitally malformed heart, it is true that the richness of detail now provided by imaging techniques is truly amazing. Alongside these developments, there has also been a significant decline in the number of autopsies performed in tertiary medial centres around the World. In this review, we consider some of the factors that have contributed to this decrease in autopsies, and review the reasons why strong steps should be taken to reverse this trend.

When considering the reasons for the decline in autopsies, there can be little doubt that the scandal devolving on inappropriate retention of organs, which came to light in the United Kingdom, but which had reverberations throughout the World, contributed in no small way to the reticence of families to grant appropriate permission to conduct a post-mortem examination. It is sincerely hoped that the changes in practise that followed these revelations will stop, and indeed reverse, this unfortunate decline. The inappropriate retention of organs came into the public domain in an attempt to emphasise the value of the autopsy in clinical practise, research, and education. All of these good reasons for performing the autopsy remain.

From the stance of education, we emphasise the importance of retaining existing archives, which have long since proved their value. From the stance of improving clinical practise, we reiterate that the attitude of the morphologist, working side-by-side with the clinician or surgeon, has always been fundamental in expanding this aspect of knowledge. We recognise, nonetheless, that performance of the autopsy still carries financial considerations. In this respect, when considering the congenitally malformed heart, we stress the option of having the pathologist working in harness with an experienced cardiac morphologist, or alternatively with a properly trained pathologist’s assistant. In terms of training, we show how, with the advantage of a few simple rules, it becomes an easy matter to describe and analyse the congenitally malformed heart. Thereafter, having reviewed means of increasing the number of autopsies, and discussing new techniques, we complete our review with a detailed account of the fetal, perinatal, and paediatric autopsy in the patients with a congenitally malformed heart, taking particular account of the role to be played by the properly trained pathologist’s assistant.
Mental health service delivery in Ontario, Canada: how do policy legacies shape prospects for reform?
Authors: MULVALE GILLIAN , ABELSON JULIA , GOERING PAULA
Published: November 2007

Like many jurisdictions, mental health policy-making in Ontario, Canada, has a long history of frustrated attempts to move from a hospital and physician-based tradition to a coordinated system with greater emphasis on community-based mental health care. This study examines policy legacies associated with the introduction of psychiatric hospitals in the 1850s and of public health insurance (medicare) in the 1960s in Ontario; and their effect on subsequent mental health reform initiatives using a qualitative case study approach. Following Pierson (1993) we capture the resource/incentive and interpretive effects of prior policies on three groups of actors: government elites, interests, and mass publics. Data are drawn from academic and policy literature, and key informant interviews. The findings suggest that psychiatric hospital policy produced important policy legacies which were reinforced by the establishment of Canadian medicare. These legacies explain the traditional difficulty in achieving mental health reform, but are less helpful in explaining recent promising developments that support community-based care. Current reform of the Ontario health system presents an opportunity to overcome several of these legacies. Analysis of policy legacies in other countries which had an asylum tradition may help to explain the similarities and differences in their subsequent paths of mental health reform.
Klinisch-geronto-psychologischer Konsiliar- und Liaisondienst im Seniorenheim
Authors: Laireiter Anton-Rupert , Baumann Urs , Messer Randolf , Thiele-Sauer Claudia , Mitmansgruber Ursula , Crombach Helene
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird über ein Konsiliar-Liaison-Pilotprojekt berichtet, das zur geronto-psychologischen Basisversorgung von BewohnerInnen von Senioren- und Pflegeheimen durchgeführt worden ist. Es werden der Hintergrund, die konzeptuellen Grundlagen, die Aufgaben und Ziele, sowie das Konzepte und die angewandte Methodik dargestellt. Daran anschließend wird über eine Evaluationsstudie berichtet, die begleitend zur psychologischen Konsiliar- und Liaisonaktivität durchgeführt wurde. Die Ergebnisse sind vielversprechend und weisen auf positive Effekte dieses Konzeptes hin. Sie belegen, dass psychologische Konsiliar-Liaison-Ansätze in Seniorenheimen praktikabel sind und vor allem zur Unterstützung der Pflege und zu einer Verbesserung der Versorgung alter Menschen in Senioren- und Pflegeheimen beitragen können. In der abschließenden Diskussion werden praktische und wissenschaftliche Implikationen für die weitere Entwicklung diskutiert.
Das gerissene soziale Netz des älteren Patienten neu weben
Authors: Drach Lutz Michael , Terner Brigitte
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung: Ein Mangel an sozialen Aktivitäten ist ein wesentlicher Risikofaktor für psychische Erkrankungen im Alter, insbesondere für Depressionen. Ältere psychisch Kranke haben krankheitsbedingt häufig ihre sozialen Beziehungen stark eingeschränkt und erleben dies oft als schwere Beeinträchtigung. Außerdem hängt die Prognose der psychischen Erkrankung nach der Entlassung von der erfolgreichen Wiederaufnahme der sozialen Aktivitäten ab. Zwei Umfragen in den 60 gerontopsychiatrischen Tageskliniken in Deutschland ergaben, dass im überwiegenden Teil soziale Aktivierung fester Bestandteil des Therapieprogramms ist. Dabei zeigten sich aber erhebliche Unterschiede im Vorgehen. Die große Mehrheit der antwortenden Tageskliniken nutzte hierzu entweder ausschließlich offene Seniorenangebote am Wohnort des Patienten, oder in Kombination mit dem Besuch sozialpsychiatrischer Einrichtungen. Nur eine kleine Minderheit aktivierte ausschließlich in sozialpsychiatrischen Einrichtungen. Dabei begleitete der überwiegende Teil der Tageskliniken die Patienten entweder ständig oder mindestens initial. Dagegen praktizierten fünf überwiegend verhaltenstherapeutisch orientierte Tageskliniken schon von Anfang an eine Aktivierung ohne therapeutische Begleitung. Die möglichen Gründe für diese Varianz könnten in Unterschieden bei den Patienten, dem lokalen Angebot an Senioreneinrichtungen oder anderen örtlichen Besonderheiten liegen.
Satisfaction With Life Among Adolescents From Portuguese Immigrant Families in Switzerland
Authors: Neto Félix , Barros José
Published: November 2007

The aims of this study were to determine the level of satisfaction with life among adolescents from Portuguese immigrant families in Switzerland and the factors related thereto. The sample consisted of 93 participants (mean age = 16.1 years; SD = 1.4). The mean duration of sojourn in Switzerland was 7.2 years. A control group of 187 Portuguese youth was also included in the study. There were no significant differences in level of life satisfaction between Portuguese adolescents living in Portugal and those living in Switzerland. Whereas demographic factors accounted for only 8% of the variance explained, demographic and psychosocial factors accounted for 31% of the variance explained. Psychological symptoms were the most important predictor of life satisfaction. Behavioral problems, gender, and mastery were also found to be significant predictors of life satisfaction.
Aggressives Verhalten und soziometrischer Status bei Kindern im Vorschulalter
Authors: Tittmann Mandy , Rudolph Udo
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Bisherige Befunde in der Sozial- und Entwicklungspsychologie haben gezeigt, dass Kinder mit einem hohen Ablehnungsstatus ( Moreno, 1954 ) und aggressiven Verhaltensauffälligkeiten in höherem Maße als andere Kinder dazu neigen, mehrdeutiges Verhalten von Gleichaltrigen als feindselig zu interpretieren ( Dodge, 1980 ). Anhand der vorliegenden Studie mit N = 115 Kindergartenkindern wurde ein Verfahren (SAVE) für Kinder im Vorschulalter entwickelt, anhand dessen solche spezifischen Wahrnehmungsmuster bei negativen Ereignissen erfasst werden können. Darüber hinaus wurde dieses Verfahren validiert, indem wir zum einen soziometrische Daten und zum anderen Einschätzungen der Erzieherinnen hinsichtlich aggressiver Verhaltensauffälligkeiten der Kinder erhoben haben. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen in Übereinstimmung mit unseren Hypothesen, dass Kinder, die bei negativen Ereignissen anderen Personen eher hohe Verantwortlichkeit zuschrieben, stärkeren Ärger empfanden und in diesen Situationen mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit aggressiv reagierten. Weiterhin wurden diese Kinder in erhöhtem Maße von Gleichaltrigen abgelehnt. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die zukünftige Anwendbarkeit des vorliegenden Verfahrens (SAVE) sowie mögliche Implikationen für die Praxis diskutiert.
Ich mag dich und du mich (nicht)?
Authors: Watzlawik Meike , Clodius Sandrine
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Mit Zwillingen lassen sich nicht nur Fragestellungen zum Thema Erbe-Umwelt untersuchen. Sie sind auch ein aufschlussreicher Fall für die Identitätsentwicklung, wenn sie im Vergleich zu Nicht-Zwillingen über ihre Geschwisterbeziehung befragt werden. In der vorliegenden Studie geben 65 Zwillingspaare (24 Monozygote, 21 gleich- und 20 gegengeschlechtlich Dizygote) anhand des Braunschweiger Paaridentitätsfragebogens für Geschwister (BPIG) Auskunft über ihre Beziehung. Ihre Aussagen, die zu drei Messzeitpunkten erhoben wurden, werden mit denen von 22 gleich- und 20 gegengeschlechtlichen Geschwisterpaaren (Altersabstand max. 2 Jahre) verglichen. Zum ersten Messzeitpunkt sind die Kinder zwischen 9 und 13 Jahren alt (Durchschnittsalter 11.2, SD = 1.4), Folgeinterviews wurden ein bzw. zwei Jahre nach der ersten Erhebung durchgeführt. Im Zentrum der Auswertung der dyadischen und damit korrelierten Daten, die anhand von Übereinstimmungsmaßen und durch Mehrebenenanalysen für jeden Messzeitpunkt erfolgt, steht die (nicht) übereinstimmende Wahrnehmung der Beziehung beider Kinder (dyadische Ebene) sowie die individuelle Beurteilung verschiedener Beziehungsaspekte (individuelle Ebene). Überprüft wird, ob die Zugehörigkeit zu einer bestimmten Geschwisterkonstellation eine Vorhersage der Werte erlaubt und ob für die Gruppen unterschiedliche Entwicklungsverläufe während der Pubertät zu verzeichnen sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass vor allem monozygote Zwillinge signifikant höhere Übereinstimmungswerte erreichen, was allerdings nicht auf eine höhere emotionale Nähe zurückzuführen ist. Auswirkungen auf die Identitätsentwicklung und die Auswertungsverfahren werden diskutiert.
Bindung und Problemverhalten bei fünf und sechs Jahre alten Kindern
Authors: Gloger-Tippelt Gabriele , König Lilith , Zweyer Karen , Lahl Olaf
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Die Qualität der Bindung zwischen Kind und Bezugspersonen hat sich als ein wesentlicher Prädiktor für die sozial-emotionale Anpassung bewährt. Im Vor- und frühen Grundschulalter kann Bindung sowohl auf einer Verhaltens- als auch auf einer Repräsentationsebene erfasst werden. Nach neueren Studien ist zu erwarten, dass Kinder mit sicherer Bindung weniger Problemverhalten zeigen als Kinder mit unsicherer Bindung. Ergebnisse einer Düsseldorfer Längsschnittstudie stützen diese These. Bei 66 fünfjährigen Kindern wurde das Bindungsverhalten zur Mutter in der Fremden Situation und 1,5 Jahre später die Bindungsrepräsentation mit einem Geschichtenergänzungsverfahren erhoben. Die Mütter beurteilten das kindliche Problemverhalten mit dem Social Behavior Questionnaire, der CBCL und TRF. Der Zusammenhang beider Bindungsmaße fiel signifikant aus. Mütter und Lehrer beurteilten die Bindungsgruppen erwartungsgemäß unterschiedlich im Ausmaß ihres Problemverhaltens, ihre Einschätzungen des internalisierenden und externalisierenden Verhaltens variierten. Die stärksten Unterschiede im Problemverhalten traten zwischen desorganisierter und sicherer Bindung auf. Insgesamt erklärte die Zugehörigkeit zu den Bindungsgruppen 15 % bzw. 10 % der Varianz des von Mütter- bzw. Lehrerseite eingeschätzten Problemverhaltens. Die Ergebnisse legen die Notwendigkeit präventiver Elterntrainings zur Stärkung der Mutter-Kind-Beziehung nahe.
Zur Entwicklung externalisierender Verhaltensprobleme im Übergang vom Vor- zum Grundschulalter
Authors: Beelmann Andreas , Stemmler Mark , Lösel Friedrich , Jaursch Stefanie
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Im Beitrag werden quer- und längsschnittliche Daten aus der Erlangen-Nürnberger Präventions- und Entwicklungsstudie vorgestellt. Diese Daten beruhen auf elterlichen Befragungen zu Erziehungsmerkmalen und Verhaltensproblemen bei 448 Kindern im Alter von drei bis sechs Jahren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Einzelmerkmale der Erziehung mit der Entwicklung problematischen Verhaltens höchstens moderat korrelieren. Eine Faktorenanalyse über die verschiedenen Erziehungsmerkmale erbrachte zwei inhaltlich gut zu interpretierenden Faktoren (engagierte/selbstbewusste Elternschaft und problematisches Diziplinierungsverhalten), die jeweils deutliche Korrelationen mit dem Problemverhaltens aufwiesen. Diese Effekte waren insbesondere beim problematischen Disziplinierungsverhalten ausgeprägt und bestätigten sich sowohl für die Mütter als für die Väter. Für diesen Faktor ergaben sich auch geschlechtsspezifische und nichtlineare Effekte im Entwicklungsverlauf. Diese Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Diskussionen um die Bedeutung elterlichen Erziehungsverhaltens und verschiedener methodischer Probleme der Studie diskutiert.
Research Note
Authors: Waldenmayer Denise , Ziemainz Heiko
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Im Jahre 1990 veröffentlichten Gabler, Janssen und Nitsch die erste sportartübergreifende deutsche Studie zum Thema Einsatz und Bedarf sportpsychologischer Interventionen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird zum einen ein Vergleich dieser Studie mit einer ähnlichen Erhebung in Nordbayern 15 Jahre später vorgenommen, um einen Hinweis auf die bisherige Entwicklung in der Anwendung der Sportpsychologie in der Praxis zu bekommen. Weiterhin berichtet diese Studie die Ergebnisse einer Befragung zu Bestand und Bedarf sportpsychologischer Maßnahmen bei Bundeskaderathleten und Trainern verschiedener Sportarten des Bundesleistungszentrums Fürth, Nordbayern (N Athleten = 115, NTrainer = 18). Beide Studien zeigen, dass sportpsychologische Maßnahmen von Trainingsverantwortlichen immer noch zu spärlich eingesetzt werden. Dies wird meist durch Personal- und Geldmangel begründet. Außerdem verfügen insbesondere Athleten über mangelnde fachspezifische Kenntnisse. Darüber hinaus deuten die Ergebnisse jedoch auf ein großes Interesse an sportpsychologischen Maßnahmen sowie deren künftigem Einsatz in Training und Wettkampf hin.
Stabilität und Stimmungsabhängigkeit retrospektiver Berichte elterlichen Erziehungsverhaltens
Authors: Hunzinger Jutta , Tiber Egle Ulrich , Vossel Gerhard , Hardt Jochen
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Retrospektiver Daten zum elterlichen Erziehungsverhalten sind in klinischer Psychologie und Psychotherapieforschung von Bedeutung, da Zusammenhänge zur Manifestation psychischer Störungen im Erwachsenenalter bestehen. Fragestellung: Bleibt das retrospektiv berichtete Erziehungsverhalten zeitlich stabil und welchen Einfluss nimmt die aktuelle Stimmung auf die Einschätzung? Methode: 105 Patienten wurden zu zwei Zeitpunkten im mittleren Abstand von 2,2 Jahren anhand des Kindheitsfragebogens und der Symptom-Checkliste-27 befragt. Ergebnis: Die Einschätzung des Erziehungsverhaltens weist in fast allen der erfassten Erziehungsstildimensionen hohe Stabilität auf. Signifikante Stimmungseffekte zeigten sich bei 3 von 20 Skalen. Die durch die Stimmung aufgeklärte Varianz beträgt 1, 2 und 5%. Schlussfolgerung: Retrospektive Berichte elterlichen Erziehungsverhaltens sind zeitlich stabil, die Stimmung nimmt einen geringen Einfluss auf die Einschätzung des elterlichen Erziehungsstils.
Die Prävalenz psychischer Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen unter Berücksichtigung soziodemografischer Merkmale
Authors: Eschmann Susanne , Weber Häner Yvonne , Steinhausen Hans-Christoph
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Bedeutung soziodemografischer Merkmale für die Prävalenz psychischer Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Fragestellung und Methode: Es werden Zusammenhänge zwischen der Prävalenz psychischer Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen und soziodemografischen Merkmalen auf der Basis epidemiologischer Studien des Zeitraumes 1987 bis 2004 analysiert. Ergebnisse: Die mittlere Periodenprävalenz beträgt ohne Berücksichtigung der Funktionstüchtigkeit 22 Prozent und mit Berücksichtigung der Funktionstüchtigkeit 16 Prozent. Bei Jungen wurden im Kindesalter und nur teilweise im Jugendalter höhere Prävalenzraten gefunden. Weibliche Jugendliche weisen insgesamt höhere Gesamtprävalenzraten auf als männliche Jugendliche. Im jungen Erwachsenenalter vollzieht sich eine Wiederangleichung der Prävalenzen. Tendenziell besteht in einigen Studien eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit für psychische Störungen in tiefen Sozialschichten. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Forschung sollte neben der Erforschung von Prävalenzen und Risikofaktoren den Fokus vermehrt auf einheitlichere Untersuchungsstandards richten.
Konstruktion eines störungsspezifischen Instruments zur Erfassung der Impulsivität der Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung
Authors: Kröger Christoph , Holdstein Doreen , Lombe André , Schweiger Ulrich , Kosfelder Joachim
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Impulsivität ist eines der zentralen Merkmale der Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung (BPS), das in der Behandlung als eines der ersten Ziele fokussiert wird. Bislang fehlt ein störungsorientiertes Selbstbeurteilungsinstrument, das impulsives Verhalten reliabel, valide und ökonomisch erfasst. Fragestellung: Welche Gütekriterien weist die Skala zur Erfassung der Impulsivität (IS-27) auf? Methode: Nach Voranalysen wurden 27 Items ausgewählt, die einer diagnostisch heterogenen Stichprobe (n1 = 115) und einer Stichprobe mit Patienten mit BPS (n2 = 149) zusammen mit anderen Selbstbeurteilungsinstrumenten vorgelegt wurden. Ergebnisse: Nach der Hauptkomponentenanalyse wird eine Ein-Faktor-Lösung favorisiert. Die Interne Konsistenz wie die Guttmans Split-Half-Koeffizienten betrugen über 0,92. Die IS-27 korreliert mit den Validierungsinstrumenten und diskriminiert zwischen Diagnosegruppen. Schlussfolgerungen: Mit der IS-27 liegt ein Verfahren mit guten teststatischen Kennwerten vor, das Impulsivität als verhaltensnahes Merkmal der BPS erheben kann. Das Verfahren sollte bezüglich seiner Veränderungssensitivität zukünftig untersucht werden.
Wie ein Fisch im Trockenen?
Authors: Deller Jürgen , Albrecht Anne-Grit
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Praxisrelevanz ist ein wesentliches Merkmal angewandter Wissenschaft. Unter dieser Annahme wurden die in den Jahren 2005 und 2006 in den Zeitschriften für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie sowie für Personalpsychologie veröffentlichten Artikel auf ihre praktische Relevanz beleuchtet. Als Kriterien für Praxisrelevanz wurden die Hervorhebung praktischer Implikationen, zeitnahe Veröffentlichung, Organisationszugehörigkeit der Autoren, Herkunft der Forschungsfrage sowie Hinweise zur Generalisierbarkeit herangezogen. Entlang dieser Kriterien zeigte sich viel Spielraum, die praktische Relevanz der Forschung noch stärker zu fokussieren.
Tests und Tools
Authors: Proyer René T.
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Mit Explojob haben Joerin Fux und Stoll (2006) die deutschsprachige Adaption des Position Classification InventoryTM (PCI; Gottfredson & Holland, 1991 ) vorgelegt. Anhand des Verfahrens können berufliche Tätigkeiten, Anforderungen oder Ausbildungen auf Basis der sechs Dimensionen (handwerklich-technisch, untersuchend-forschend, künstlerisch-kreativ, erziehend-pflegend, führend-verkaufend und ordnend-verwaltend) aus der Berufsinteressentheorie Hollands (1997) klassifiziert werden. Die Vorgehensweise bei der Adaptation wird im Manual ausführlich beschrieben. Es werden gute psychometrische Eigenschaften berichtet und erste Hinweise zur Validität im deutschsprachigen Raum vorgestellt. Für Forschungszwecke und Gruppenuntersuchungen liegt eine Kurzversion vor (60 anstelle von 84 Items). Die Autoren beschreiben eine sorgfältige Adaption des Originalverfahrens sowie einige Anwendungsbeispiele. Insgesamt kann die Anwendung von Explojob für Fragestellungen empfohlen werden, bei denen berufliche Tätigkeiten systematisch klassifiziert werden sollen und kein Vergleich mit einer Normstichprobe erforderlich/erwünscht ist.