bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A radiation of arboreal basal eutherian mammals beginning in the Late Cretaceous of India
Authors: Goswami Anjali , Prasad Guntupalli V. R. , Upchurch Paul , Boyer Doug M. , Seiffert Erik R. , Verma Omkar , Gheerbrant Emmanuel , Flynn John J.
Published: September 2011

India's Late Cretaceous fossil mammals include the only undisputed pre-Tertiary Gondwanan eutherians, such asDeccanolestes. Recent studies have suggested a relationship betweenDeccanolestesand African and European Paleocene adapisoriculids, which have been variably identified as stem euarchontans, stem primates, lipotyphlan insectivores, or afrosoricids. Support for a close relationship betweenDeccanolestesand any of these placental mammal clades would be unique in representing a confirmed Mesozoic record of a placental mammal. However, some paleogeographic reconstructions place India at its peak isolation from all other continents during the latest Cretaceous, complicating reconstructions of the biogeographic history of the placental radiation. Recent fieldwork in India has recovered dozens of better-preserved specimens of Cretaceous eutherians, including several new species. Here, we incorporate these new specimens into an extensive phylogenetic analysis that includes every clade with a previously hypothesized relationship toDeccanolestes. Our results support a robust relationship betweenDeccanolestesand Paleocene adapisoriculids, but do not support a close affinity between these taxa and any placental clade, demonstrating thatDeccanolestesis not a Cretaceous placental mammal and reinforcing the sizeable gap between molecular and fossil divergence time estimates for the placental mammal radiation. Instead, our expanded data push Adapisoriculidae, includingDeccanolestes, into a much more basal position than in earlier analyses, strengthening hypotheses that scansoriality and arboreality were prevalent early in eutherian evolution. This comprehensive phylogeny indicates that faunal exchange occurred between India, Africa, and Europe in the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene, and suggests a previously unrecognized ∼30 to 45 Myr “ghost lineage” for these Gondwanan eutherians.
Quantitative ratiometric discrimination between noncancerous and cancerous prostate cells based on neuropilin-1 overexpression
Authors: Pallaoro Alessia , Braun Gary B. , Moskovits Martin
Published: September 2011

A multiplexed, ratiometric method is described that can confidently distinguish between cancerous and noncancerous epithelial prostate cells in vitro. The technique is based on bright surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) biotags (SBTs) infused with unique Raman reporter molecules, and carrying cell-specific peptides. Two sets of SBTs were used. One targets the neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) receptors of cancer cells through the RPARPAR peptide. The other functions as a positive control (PC) and binds to both noncancerous and cancer cells through the HIV-derived TAT peptide. Point-by-point 2D Raman maps of the spatial distribution of the two tags were constructed with subcellular resolution from cells simultaneously incubated with the two sets of SBTs. Averaging the SERRS signal over a given cell yielded an NRP/PC ratio from which a robust quantitative measure of the overexpression of the NRP-1 by the cancer cell line was extracted. The use of a local, on-cell reference produces quantitative, statistically robust measures of overexpression independent of such sources of uncertainty as variations in the location of the focal plane, the local cell concentration, and turbidity.
The Babi Uprising in Zanjan: Causes and Issues
Authors: Walbridge John
Published: September 2011

On 5 May 1850 the Babis of Zanjan rose in arms against the Qajar governor of the town. Led by a charismatic cleric known as Hujjat-i Zanjani, two thousand Babi fighters with their families held part of the town against a much larger government army. Nine months later, when the army captured the last ruined houses held by the Babis, fewer than a hundred Babi fighters survived to face execution.

There is never a neat answer to the question of why a historical event occurred, and the question is that much harder to answer when the information is in fundamental ways incomplete and when the participants themselves differed deeply about the meaning of the event. There were two other major Babi revolts1— Mazandaran in 1848–49 and Nayriz in 1850—and at least four other instances where Babi uprisings might have been expected: Shiraz, Qazvin, and Isfahan in 1846, and Tehran in 1852.
From Desire to Disillusion: Three Poems by Ahmad Shamlu
Authors: Shamlu Ahmad
Published: September 2011

The three poems that follow depict a moment of transition in the course of topical poetry in contemporary Iran. The advent of the revolution caught many modernist Iranian poets off guard, particularly because it did not seem to confirm their vision of revolution. Secular and predominantly leftist, Iranian poets and writers anticipated a socialist revolution and were surprised at the revolutionary potential of Shiᶜite Islam. These poems, written in 1978-1979, depict the speaker in the act of acknowledging the passage of one era and the advent of another while at the same time distancing himself from its increasingly religious cast. In the first poem, “Akher-e bazi” (End of the Game), the poet seems to welcome the demise of an unwanted political order through an utterance that can be read as an address to its chief personage, perhaps even the person of the last Iranian monarch.
Iranica Heirloom: Persian Literature
Authors: Karimi‐Hakkak Ahmad
Published: September 2011

As We Enter a New Century and Millennium, We Tend to View More entities as forged, made up, invented—constructed is the more professional term in scholarship—than we did at any time in the past. Not only poems, paintings and other artifacts, but a whole range of phenomena, from an individual's sense of identity, to categories of knowledge or scientific disciplines, to feelings of belonging to professional, ethnic, or national entities, are thought of not as “natural” or “given” but as imagined, constructed. Languages and cultures themselves are said to be constructs, more or less fictional occurrences set forth as real by the force of massive belief in their “realness.” Under such circumstances we might well once again raise the question of how one conceptualizes—or evaluates, to move the matter on to the axiological plane—those epitomes of collective cultural construction, namely culture-specific encyclopedias, works of scholarship that were once thought of, rather naively, simply as “research tools”?
Music
Authors: Farhat Hormoz
Published: September 2011

In an Encyclopedia Devoted to Matters Pertaining to Persia and The greater Iranian cultural sphere, musical items cannot be too numerous or diverse. Musical topics fall under four categories: 1) the theory and history of traditional art music; 2) folk music of different regions; 3) musical instruments; and 4) individual musicians and their work, past and present, worthy of mention. Of these, art music provides the most extensive area for representation. The folk music of Persia, with patchy exceptions, has not been adequately studied; unfortunately satisfactory encyclopedia entries cannot be constructed in more than a few areas. The country is very rich in diverse musical instruments, but many are folk instruments about which, again, comparatively little scholarly work has been done. As to individual musicians, there are those medieval figures, mostly claimed by the Arabs and Turks as well, whom we know mainly through their extant writings on the theory of music. Only contemporary figures can be properly identified, both biographically and as to their artistic merits. They are mainly performers of the urban musical tradition.
Russian Orthodox concordat? Church and state under Medvedev
Authors: Papkova Irina
Published: September 2011

The literature on church-state relations in post-Soviet Russia has been slowly but steadily expanding over the past two decades. The period since 2008, however, remains underdeveloped, as existing analysis has focused on specific issues rather than attempting an overview of the larger trends since the above-mentioned changes in the leadership of both institutions. Seeking to address this gap, this article explores the implications of the nearly coincidental changeovers in leadership in the Moscow Patriarchate and the secular state for church-state relations in Russia, both near and long-term. The first part of the article sets up the context for understanding the new church-state dynamic, by discussing in some detail the state of the relationship under Patriarch Aleksii II. The conclusions are that, under Aleksii tenure, the church could be considered a relatively weak institution, as it was unable for the most part to strengthen its position in Russia through legislative means. The second part focuses on the process whereby the new patriarch came to be elected in 2009, intending thereby to shed some light on Kirill I's leadership style and political agenda. The third part discusses concrete changes in the church-state relationship that have occurred on the federal level since 2008. The final section proposes some conclusions regarding the importance of the Russian Orthodox Church as a political actor in the contemporary Russian Federation, suggesting that despite the recent gains in the church's political fortunes, the ROC's position in society and particularly vis-à-vis the government remains vulnerable in key respects.
Rapid Communication: Understanding the Real Value of Fractions and Decimals
Authors: Iuculano Teresa , Butterworth Brian
Published: September 2011

Understanding fractions and decimals is difficult because whole numbers are the most frequently and earliest experienced type of number, and learners must avoid conceptualizing fractions and decimals in terms of their whole-number components (the “whole-number bias”). We explored the understanding of fractions, decimals, two-digit integers, and money in adults and 10-year-olds using two number line tasks: marking the line to indicate the target number, and estimating the numerical value of a mark on the line. Results were very similar for decimals, integers, and money in both tasks for both groups, demonstrating that the linear representation previously shown for integers is also evident for decimals already by the age of 10. Fractions seem to be “task dependent” so that when asked to place a fractional value on a line, both adults and children displayed a linear representation, while this pattern did not occur in the reverse task.
Releasing Their Stories: A Qualitative Study of Juvenile Justice-Involved Youth with Histories of Mental Health Issues and Violence
Authors: Maschi Tina , Courtney Deborah , Perillo Jennifer
Published: September 2011

Too often the narratives of youth self-exploration and experience are lost in a drive to prevent, diagnose, or respond to youth-led crime. This exploratory qualitative study looks at and documents the life histories of youth concurrently involved in the juvenile justice system and in clinical treatment independent of the crimes they committed. A purposive sample of 9 male juvenile-justiceinvolved youth with histories of mental health issues and violence were administered a semi-structured questionnaire. A content analysis of the youths’ narratives revealed 3 major themes related to trauma and responses: (a) exposure to a violent world, (b) death and loss of significant others, and (c) positive–negative responses. The implications for forensic social work practice and policy with juvenile justice youth with histories of trauma are delineated.
Repetition Priming of the Recognition of Familiar Proper Names
Authors: Johnston Robert A. , Barry Christopher
Published: September 2011

Three experiments examined repetition priming of the recognition of printed proper names of familiar people by the prior exposure of those names in their correct form or with their letters re-arranged as anagrams. Experiment 1 found that, compared with response times to previously unseen names, name familiarity decisions were made more rapidly if the subject had seen and identified the famous name in the pre-training stage, irrespective of whether they saw the intact name or an anagram. Priming was not demonstrated if the name was not recognized in the pre-training stage. The results of Experiment 2 suggested that if anagrams were not solved spontaneously in the pre-training stage, being prompted to their identity by the experimenter would not yield reliable priming at test, a result that reflected previous work using face stimuli (Brunas-Wagstaff, Young, & Ellis, 1992; Johnston, Barry, & Williams, 1996). In Experiment 3, prompts were given for all names and anagrams presented at pretraining. Subsequent priming was demonstrated only for names identified spontaneously, which showed that, as with face recognition, it was the situation in which the prime was given that was critical in determining whether priming of name recognition occurred. The findings are used to develop proposed extensions of the Bruce and Young (1986) model such as that offered by Burton, Bruce, and Johnston (1990).
Priming Word Order in Sentence Production
Authors: Hartsuiker Robert J. , Kolk Herman H. J. , Huiskamp Philippine
Published: September 2011

When producing a sentence, the speaker needs to place words in linear order. We hypothesized the existence of a linearization process, which imposes order on a constituent structure. This structure is assumed to be specified with respect to hierarchial relations between constituents but not with respect to word order. We tested this hypothesis in a primed picture description experiment. Speakers of Dutch repeated prime sentences and described target pictures. Word order of prime sentences was manipulated (e.g. “On the table is a ball” vs. “A ball is on the table”). Both alternatives could be used in the description of unrelated target pictures. In support of our hypothesis, word order was “persistent”: Speakers were more likely to use a given word order, when the prime sentence had that same word order. We argue that our results support the notion of a linearization process and reject the alternative explanation that the results should be attributed to persistent selection of a fully specified syntactic frame.
The 25th Bartlett Lecture: To Act or Not to Act: Perspectives on the Representation of Actions
Authors: Jeannerod Marc
Published: September 2011

In this review, a description is offered of the way actions are represented, how these representations are built, and how their content can be accessed by the agent and by other agents. Such a description will appear critical for understanding how an action is attributed to its proper origin, or, in other words, how a subject can make a conscious judgement about who the agent of that action is (an agency judgement). This question is central to the problem of self-consciousness: Action is one of the main channels used for communication between individuals, so that determining the agent of an action contributes to differentiating the self from others.
Non–lineage/stage-restricted effects of a gain-of-function mutation in tyrosine phosphatase Ptpn11 (Shp2) on malignant transformation of hematopoietic cells
Authors: Xu Dan , Liu Xia , Yu Wen-Mei , Meyerson Howard J. , Guo Caiying , Gerson Stanton L. , Qu Cheng-Kui
Published: September 2011

Activating mutations in protein tyrosine phosphatase 11 (Ptpn11) have been identified in childhood acute leukemias, in addition to juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), which is a myeloproliferative disorder (MPD). It is not clear whether activating mutations of this phosphatase play a causal role in the pathogenesis of acute leukemias. If so, the cell origin of leukemia-initiating stem cells (LSCs) remains to be determined. Ptpn11E76K mutation is the most common and most active Ptpn11 mutation found in JMML and acute leukemias. However, the pathogenic effects of this mutation have not been well characterized. We have created Ptpn11E76K conditional knock-in mice. Global Ptpn11E76K/+ mutation results in early embryonic lethality. Induced knock-in of this mutation in pan hematopoietic cells leads to MPD as a result of aberrant activation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and myeloid progenitors. These animals subsequently progress to acute leukemias. Intriguingly, in addition to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL) and B-ALL are evolved. Moreover, tissue-specific knock-in of Ptpn11E76K/+ mutation in lineage-committed myeloid, T lymphoid, and B lymphoid progenitors also results in AML, T-ALL, and B-ALL, respectively. Further analyses have revealed that Shp2 (encoded by Ptpn11) is distributed to centrosomes and that Ptpn11E76K/+ mutation promotes LSC development, partly by causing centrosome amplification and genomic instability. Thus, Ptpn11E76K mutation has non–lineage-specific effects on malignant transformation of hematopoietic cells and initiates acute leukemias at various stages of hematopoiesis.
The Independence Thesis: When Individual and Social Epistemology Diverge
Authors: Mayo-Wilson Conor , Zollman Kevin J. S. , Danks David
Published: September 2011

Several philosophers of science have argued that epistemically rational individuals might form epistemically irrational groups and that, conversely, rational groups might be composed of irrational individuals. We call the conjunction of these two claims the Independence Thesis, as they entail that methodological prescriptions for scientific communities and those for individual scientists are logically independent. We defend the inconsistency thesis by characterizing four criteria for epistemic rationality and then proving that, under said criteria, individuals will be judged rational when groups are not and vice versa. We then explain the implications of our results for descriptive history of science and normative epistemology.
Quantum picturalism for topological cluster-state computing
Authors: Horsman Dominic
Published: September 2011

Topological quantum computing (QC) is a way of allowing precise quantum computations to run on noisy and imperfect hardware. One implementation uses surface codes created by forming defects in a highly-entangled cluster state. Such a method of computing is a leading candidate for large-scale QC. However, there has been a lack of sufficiently powerful high-level languages to describe computing in this form without resorting to single-qubit operations, which quickly become prohibitively complex as the system size increases. In this paper, we apply the category-theoretic work of Abramsky and Coecke to the topological cluster-state model of QC to give a high-level graphical language that enables direct translation between quantum processes and physical patterns of measurement in a computer—a ‘compiler language’. We give the equivalence between the graphical and topological information flows, and show the applicable rewrite algebra for this computing model. We show that this gives us a native graphical language for the design and analysis of topological quantum algorithms, and finish by discussing the possibilities for automating this process on a large scale.
Sparse non-negative generalized PCA with applications to metabolomics
Authors: Allen Genevera I. , Maletić-Savatić Mirjana
Published: September 2011

Motivation: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been used to study mixtures of metabolites in biological samples. This technology produces a spectrum for each sample depicting the chemical shifts at which an unknown number of latent metabolites resonate. The interpretation of this data with common multivariate exploratory methods such as principal components analysis (PCA) is limited due to high-dimensionality, non-negativity of the underlying spectra and dependencies at adjacent chemical shifts.

Results: We develop a novel modification of PCA that is appropriate for analysis of NMR data, entitled Sparse Non-Negative Generalized PCA. This method yields interpretable principal components and loading vectors that select important features and directly account for both the non-negativity of the underlying spectra and dependencies at adjacent chemical shifts. Through the reanalysis of experimental NMR data on five purified neural cell types, we demonstrate the utility of our methods for dimension reduction, pattern recognition, sample exploration and feature selection. Our methods lead to the identification of novel metabolites that reflect the differences between these cell types.

Availability:  www.stat.rice.edu/~gallen/software.html

Contact:  gallen@rice.edu

Supplementary Information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Vibrio caribbeanicus sp. nov., isolated from the marine sponge Scleritoderma cyanea
Authors: Hoffmann Maria , Monday Steven R. , Allard Marc W. , Strain Errol A. , Whittaker Paul , Naum Marianna , McCarthy Peter J. , Lopez Jose V. , Fischer Markus , Brown Eric W.
Published: September 2011

A Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile, curved rod-shaped bacterium, strain N384T, was isolated from a marine sponge (Scleritoderma cyanea; phylum Porifera) collected from a depth of 795 feet (242 m) off the west coast of Curaçao. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, strain N384T was shown to belong to the genus

Vibrio

, most closely related to

Vibrio brasiliensis

LMG 20546T (98.8 % similarity),

Vibrio nigripulchritudo

ATCC 27043T (98.5 %),

Vibrio tubiashii

ATCC 19109T (98.6 %) and

V. sinaloensis

DSM 21326T (98.2 %). The DNA G+C content of strain N384T was 41.6 mol%. An analysis of concatenated sequences of five genes (gyrB, rpoA, pyrH, mreB and ftsZ; 4068 bp) demonstrated a clear separation between strain N384T and its closest neighbours and clustered strain N384T into the ‘Orientalis’ clade of vibrios. Phenotypically, the novel species belonged to the arginine dihydrolase-positive, lysine decarboxylase- and ornithine decarboxylase-negative (A+/L−/O−) cluster. The novel species was also differentiated on the basis of fatty acid composition, specifically that the proportions of iso-C13 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, C17 : 1ω8c and C17 : 0 were significantly different from those found in

V. brasiliensis

and

V. sinaloensis

. The results of DNA–DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity and physiological and biochemical tests further allowed differentiation of this strain from other described species of the genus

Vibrio

. Collectively, these findings confirm that strain N384T represents a novel

Vibrio

species, for which the name Vibrio caribbeanicus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain N384T ( = ATCC BAA-2122T = DSM 23640T).
Exclusive facial porokeratosis: Histopathologically showing follicular cornoid lamellae
Authors: LEE Yoonhee , CHOI Eung Ho
Published: September 2011

Porokeratosis is a heterogeneous group of disorders that are mostly inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. It has a wide variety of clinical manifestations with a characteristic histological finding of cornoid lamella. Porokeratosis usually affects the trunk or the extremities. Exclusive facial lesions are rare, although 15% of patients with disseminated, superficial, actinic porokeratosis do have facial lesions. Herein, we discuss the case of a 25‐year‐old woman who noticed the appearance of well‐defined, brownish, macular lesions located on both cheeks. She had no other symptoms. A skin examination showed well‐demarcated, multiple, brownish macules with raised hyperkeratotic borders on both cheeks and a half‐palm‐sized, arcuate‐shaped lesion formed by grouped macules on the right cheek. No other parts of the body were affected. Histopathological examination of a biopsy specimen obtained from the hyperkeratotic margin gave a diagnosis of porokeratosis with follicular involvement of the cornoid lamellae. Topical pimecrolimus was applied twice a day to the lesions, although little improvement was achieved after 2 months.
Isotopic response, Köbner phenomenon and Renbök phenomenon following herpes zoster
Authors: KROTH Julia , TISCHER Johanna , SAMTLEBEN Walter , WEISS Carolin , RUZICKA Thomas , WOLLENBERG Andreas
Published: September 2011

Linear skin diseases may follow Blaschko’s lines, Langer’s relaxed skin tension lines or head zones (dermatomes), thus indicating an embryogenic, hematogenic or neuronal aspect in their pathogenesis. Köbner phenomenon describes the eruption of an inflammatory skin disease following mechanical alteration of the skin. Renbök phenomenon describes an area of non‐involvement in an otherwise generalized skin disease. Wolf’s isotopic response may be understood as a special subtype of Köbner phenomenon, in which one skin disease triggers a second one. Pathogenically unrelated skin diseases may follow a zosteriform distribution, if they are linked to a preceding herpes zoster by Köbner phenomenon, Renbök phenomenon or an isotopic response. We report three instructive patients diagnosed with Wegener’s granulomatosis, cutaneous graft‐versus‐host disease and lichen planus, whose skin manifestations were following or sparing a zosteriform distribution pattern. Köbner phenomenon, Renbök phenomenon or Wolf’s isotopic response may link pathogenically unrelated skin diseases to a zosteriform pattern, which may present diagnostic difficulties even for dermatologists.
Usefulness of ultrasound for selecting a correctly sized uncuffed tracheal tube for paediatric patients
Authors: Bae J. ‐Y. , Byon H. ‐J. , Han S. ‐S. , Kim H. ‐S. , Kim J. ‐T.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess whether ultrasonography is useful for determining uncuffed tracheal tube sizes for paediatric patients. The equation for selecting the correctly sized tracheal tube was developed using data on the subglottic diameter measured by ultrasonography and air leak test. The efficacy of the new equation was evaluated by comparing it with the conventional age‐based formula (4 + age/4) in another 100 patients. Tracheal tube sizes were selected using two methods, and air leakage pressure was measured after each intubation. The ultrasonographic method allowed the correct tube size to be selected in 60% of cases, whereas the age‐based method enabled this in 31% of cases (p < 0.001). Ultrasound can offer a useful means of selecting correct tracheal tube size compared with the age‐based formula in paediatric patients. However, even using ultrasound, the success rate of correct tube size selection is still not very high.

You can respond to this article at http://www.anaesthesiacorrespondence.com
Chronic N deposition alters root respiration‐tissue N relationship in northern hardwood forests
Authors: Burton Andrew J. , Jarvey Julie C. , Jarvi Mickey P. , Zak Donald R. , Pregitzer Kurt S.
Published: September 2011

Specific root respiration rates typically increase with increasing tissue N concentration. As a result, it is often assumed that external factors inducing greater root N concentration, such as chronic N deposition, will lead to increased respiration rates. However, enhanced N availability also alters root biomass, making the ecosystem‐level consequences on whole‐root‐system respiration uncertain. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of chronic experimental N deposition on root N concentrations, specific respiration rates, and biomass for four northern hardwood forests in Michigan. Three of the six measurement plots at each location have received experimental N deposition (3 g ‐N m−2 yr−1) since 1994. We measured specific root respiration rates and N concentrations of roots from four size classes (<0.5, 0.5–1, 1–2, and 2–10 mm) at three soil depths (0–10, 10–30, and 30–50 cm). Root biomass data for the same size classes and soil depths was used in combination with specific respiration rates to assess the response of whole‐root‐system respiration. Root N and respiration rate were greater for smaller diameter roots and roots at shallow depths. In addition, root N concentrations were significantly greater under chronic N deposition, particularly for larger diameter roots. Specific respiration rates and root biomass were unchanged for all depths and size classes, thus whole‐root‐system respiration was not altered by chronic N deposition. Higher root N concentrations in combination with equivalent specific respiration rates under experimental N deposition resulted in a lower ratio of respiration to tissue N. These results indicate that relationships between root respiration rate and N concentration do not hold if N availability is altered significantly. For these forests, use of the ambient respiration to N relationship would over‐predict actual root system respiration for the chronic N deposition treatment by 50%.
On the limitations of graph‐theoretic connectivity in spatial ecology and conservation
Authors: Moilanen Atte
Published: September 2011

1. Applications of graph‐theoretic connectivity are increasing at an exponential rate in ecology and conservation. Here, limitations of these measures are summarized.

2. Graph‐theoretic connectivity measures are fundamentally limited as they require specification of a habitat quality threshold to allow definition of habitat patches (nodes). Frequently, a second threshold (critical dispersal distance) is applied in the identification of graph edges.

3. Graph‐theoretic measures are poorly applicable to large‐scale, high‐resolution, grid‐based data that describe distributions of species in habitats of varying quality.

4. Graph‐theoretic connectivity primarily concerns the emigration‐immigration component of spatial population‐dynamics. Therefore, it cannot alone answer questions about the regional population size, resilience or persistence of a focal species.

5.
Synthesis and applications: Conservation managers in particular should appreciate these limitations before applying graph‐theoretic analysis to spatial conservation planning.
Breastfeeding experiences of Turkish women
Authors: Demirtas Basak , Ergocmen Banu , Taskin Lale
Published: September 2011

Aims.  To describe the experiences of Turkish women regarding traditional breastfeeding practices.

Background.  Breastfeeding is a popular practice in Turkey. Nevertheless, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first sixmonths of life is quite low. Merely about 16% of infants aged between 2–3 months are exclusively breastfed, whereas those fed with supplementary foods are 78%. In the light of this data, we argue that traditional breastfeeding practices may be the underlying reason for low rate of breastfeeding. Significant as it is, however, this subject matter has largely been overlooked in the literature in Turkey.

Design.  A descriptive, qualitative study based on in‐depth interviews, with a purposive sample of 24 mothers of four to‐ 24‐month‐old babies.

Methods.  The background information of the mothers was obtained from the Mother and Child Health and Family Planning Centre that offers specific services for mothers. Mothers were visited at home and data were gathered through semistructured and in‐depth, audio‐taped interviews. The collected data were analysed using the content analysis method.

Results.  Three themes emerged from the participants’ descriptions of their breastfeeding experiences: (1) influence of the older family members, (2) influence of social learning and (3) influence of the religion.

Conclusion.  This study concluded that traditional breastfeeding practices are still prevalent among mothers, regardless of their age and level of education. Breastfeeding behaviour of mothers was mostly shaped by various cultural social and religious influences imposed on them by their family, close social network and religious community.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Nurses can encourage mothers for exclusive breastfeeding by means of individual‐ and social‐based training programmes, which they will prepare in view of traditional breastfeeding practices.
Sedimentology of tsunami inflow and backflow deposits: key differences revealed in a modern example
Authors: BAHLBURG HEINRICH , SPISKE MICHAELA
Published: September 2011

Onshore tsunami deposits may consist of inflow and backflow deposits. Grain sizes can range from clay to boulders of several metres in diameter. Grain‐size distributions reflect the mode of deposition and may be used to explore the hydrodynamic conditions of transport. The absence of unique sedimentary features identifying tsunami deposits makes it difficult in some cases to distinguish inflow from backflow deposits. On Isla Mocha off central Chile, the 27 February 2010 tsunami left behind inflow and backflow deposits of highly variable character. Tsunami inflow entrained sands, gravels and boulders in the upper shoreface, beach, and along coastal terraces. Boulders of up to 12 t were transported up to 300 m inland and 13 m above sea‐level. Thin veneers of coarse sand were found up to the maximum runup at 600 m inland and 19 m above sea‐level. Backflow re‐mobilized most of the sands and gravels deposited during inflow. The orientation of erosional structures indicates that significant volumes of sediment were entrained also during backflow. A major feature of the backflow deposits are widespread prograding fans of coarse sediment developed downcurrent of terrace steps. Fan sediments are mostly structureless but include cross‐bedding, imbrication and ripples, indicating deposition from bedload traction currents. The sediments are poorly sorted, grain sizes range between medium to coarse sand to gravel and pebbles. An assessment of the backflow transport conditions of this mixed material suggests that bedload transport at Rouse numbers >2·5 was achieved by supercritical flows, whereas deposition occurred when currents had decelerated sufficiently on the low‐gradient lower coastal plain. The sedimentary record of the February 2010 tsunami at Isla Mocha consists of backflow deposits to more than 90%. Due to the lack of sedimentary structures, many previous studies of modern tsunami sediments found that most of the detritus was deposited during inflow. This study demonstrates that an uncritical use of this assumption may lead to erroneous interpretations of palaeotsunami magnitudes and sedimentary processes if unknowingly applied to backflow deposits.
Educational case series: β‐lactam allergy and cross‐reactivity
Authors: Atanasković‐Marković Marina
Published: September 2011

To cite this article: Atanasković‐Marković M. Educational case series: β‐lactam allergy and cross‐reactivity.Pediatr Allergy Immunol2011:22: 770–775.

Penicillins and cephalosporins are the most widely used antibiotics for the treatment of common infections, and they are the two main classes of β‐lactams. On the basis of the time of appearance of the reaction after drug intake and for diagnostic purposes, hypersensitivity reactions to β‐lactams have been classified as immediate or non‐immediate. The diagnostic evaluation of allergic reactions to β‐lactams has changed over the last decade, for several reasons. In many countries, major and minor determinants for skin testing are not available. In immediate allergic reactions, the sensitivity of skin testing is decreasing. For non‐immediate reactions, skin testing appears to be less sensitive than previously reported. The drug provocation test is still necessary for diagnosis.

In this education review series, we described three cases of β‐lactam allergy: first, a child with an IgE‐mediated allergy to benzyl‐penicillin; second, a child with a non‐allergic hypersensitivity to amoxicillin; and in the third patient, we will discuss about cross‐reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins. These cases are correlated with the practical management of evaluating β‐lactam allergy.
Safety in pediatric regional anesthesia
Authors: Ecoffey Claude
Published: September 2011

The use of regional anesthesia is increasingly common in pediatric practice. This review reports the complications and risks in pediatric regional anesthesia. Few large studies reported incidence of complications. However, the different studies have shown that regional anesthesia, when performed properly, carried a very low risk of morbidity in appropriately selected infants and children. In addition, the use of ultrasound‐guided peripheral nerve blockade has shown some promise toward increasing the safety profile of these already safe techniques.
A systematic review on the use of prophylactic mesh during primary stoma formation to prevent parastomal hernia formation
Authors: Shabbir J. , Chaudhary B. N. , Dawson R.
Published: September 2011

Aim  Despite advances in surgical technique, parastomal herniation is common. This systematic review aims to assess the efficacy of prophylactic mesh at primary operation in reducing the incidence of parastomal hernia.

Method  Medline, EMBASE and CENTRAL were searched for relevant publications between January 1980 and January 2010. The search strategy included text terms and MESH headings for parastomal hernia, mesh and prevention and/or prophylaxis of hernia. No language restrictions were applied. Bibliographies from the papers requested in full were manually checked. All randomized controlled trials were included regardless of the language of publication. Results were extracted from the papers by two observers independently on a predefined data sheet. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. REVMAN 5 was used for statistical analysis.

Results  Of 27 possible studies three randomized controlled trials fulfilled the criteria for systematic review, with a total of 128 patients (mesh 64, no mesh 64). The two study groups were well matched demographically. The incidence of parastomal hernia in the mesh group was 12.5% (8/64) compared with 53% (34/64) in the control group (P < 0.0001). There was no difference in mesh related morbidity in the two groups.

Conclusion  Although only three trials with 128 patients fulfilled the criteria for this systematic review, the data suggest that the use of prophylactic prosthetic mesh at the time of primary stoma formation reduces the incidence of parastomal hernia.
Prurigo pigmentosa: a clinicopathologic study of 16 cases
Authors: Oh Y.J. , Lee M.‐H.
Published: September 2011

Background  Prurigo pigmentosa is a rare inflammatory disease of unknown origin. It is characterized by the sudden onset of pruritic erythematous papules, usually involving the trunk and neck, which coalesce to form reticulated, mottled patches.

Methods  We studied 16 patients with prurigo pigmentosa. The patients were selected from those attending the outpatient Department of Dermatology at the Kyung Hee University Hospital from January 2002 to January 2010. All clinical information was retrospectively collected from medical records. The serum concentrations of ketones (acetoacetic acid, 3‐hydroxybutyrate acid [3‐OHBA]) were examined in four patients, and a test for ketone in the urine was performed in 10 patients.

Results  The age at the time of diagnosis ranged from 18 to 36 years (mean age: 23.5 years), and the female : male ratio was 14 : 2. Skin lesions were almost always characterized by recurrent pruritic erythematous papules that had resolved, leaving a peculiar, reticulate hyperpigmentation. Eight of 16 patients showed a chronological relationship between a prurigo pigmentosa appearance of skin lesions and dieting or fasting. Histopathological findings were either of fully developed lesions (4/16) or late lesions (12/16). Most patients responded well to minocycline treatment. Ketosis was observed in six patients.

Conclusions  In conclusion, we propose that ketosis was caused by fasting, and that diet may contribute to the pathogenesis of prurigo pigmentosa. Thus, physicians need to warn that excessive fasting can cause prurigo pigmentosa.
Vigilance and food intake rate in paired and solitary Zenaida Doves Zenaida aurita
Authors: CEZILLY FRANK , KEDDAR ISMAEL
Published: September 2011

We quantified vigilance during feeding in the Zenaida Dove Zenaida aurita, a tropical species with stable pair‐bonds and year‐round territoriality. Both males and females decreased the proportion of time spent vigilant by 30% when feeding with their partner compared with when feeding alone. This reduction was achieved through increasing the length of inter‐scan duration, while scan duration remained constant. No evidence was found for coordination of vigilance between pair members. The equal investment in vigilance by male and female Zenaida Doves might be related to the mutual benefits of long‐term pair‐bonding.
Dialysis Cannot be Dosed
Authors: Meyer Timothy W. , Sirich Tammy L. , Hostetter Thomas H.
Published: September 2011

Adequate dialysis is difficult to define because we have not identified the toxic solutes that contribute most to uremic illness. Dialysis prescriptions therefore cannot be adjusted to control the levels of these solutes. The current solution to this problem is to define an adequate dose of dialysis on the basis of fraction of urea removed from the body. This has provided a practical guide to treatment as the dialysis population has grown over the past 25 years. Indeed, a lower limit to Kt/Vurea (or the related urea reduction ratio) is now established as a quality indicator by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid for chronic hemodialysis patients in the United States. For the present, this urea‐based standard provides a useful tool to avoid grossly inadequate dialysis. Dialysis dosing, however, based on measurement of a single, relatively nontoxic solute can provide only a very limited guide toward improved treatment. Prescriptions which have similar effects on the index solute can have widely different effects on other solutes. The dose concept discourages attempts to increase the removal of such solutes independent of the index solute. The dose concept further assumes that important solutes are produced at a constant rate relative to body size, and discourages attempts to augment dialysis treatment by reducing solute production. Identification of toxic solutes would provide a more rational basis for the prescription of dialysis and ultimately for improved treatment of patients with renal failure.
P‐selectin, E‐selectin, and CD40L over time in chronic hemodialysis patients
Authors: Bossola Maurizio , Rosa Fausto , Tazza Luigi , de Curtis Amalia , Costanzo Simona , Vulpio Carlo , Iacoviello Licia
Published: September 2011

The aim of this study was to measure P‐selectin, E‐selectin, and CD‐4L levels over time in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. Thirty stable patients with end‐stage renal failure undergoing chronic HD were included in the study. Blood samples were obtained before HD for measurement of P‐selectin, E‐selectin, and CD‐40L. Measurements were performed at month 0 (T0), 3 (T2), 8 (T3), and 13 (T4). The levels of P‐selectin, E‐selectin, and CD40L were also analyzed according to the occurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to CVD‐related mortality. The levels of CD40L and P‐selectin changed significantly over time, decreasing at month 3 and 6 and returning at the T0 levels at month 13. Conversely, E‐selectin levels did not. The levels of CD40L, P‐selectin and E‐selectin over time did not differ significantly between patients with age ≤65 or >65 years, between patients with or without CVD, or between patients who died or who survived during the follow‐up. In end‐stage renal failure patients undergoing chronic HD, CD40L and P‐selectin, but not E‐selectin, showed a transient decrease over time, and the serum levels of these molecules were not associated with CVD or with CVD‐related mortality.
The spectral composition of evening light and individual differences in the suppression of melatonin and delay of sleep in humans
Authors: Santhi Nayantara , Thorne Helen C. , van der Veen Daan R. , Johnsen Sigurd , Mills Susan L. , Hommes Vanja , Schlangen Luc J.M. , Archer Simon N. , Dijk Derk‐Jan
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  The effect of light on circadian rhythms and sleep is mediated by a multi‐component photoreceptive system of rods, cones and melanopsin‐expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. The intensity and spectral sensitivity characteristics of this system are to be fully determined. Whether the intensity and spectral composition of light exposure at home in the evening is such that it delays circadian rhythms and sleep also remains to be established. We monitored light exposure at home during 6–8 wk and assessed light effects on sleep and circadian rhythms in the laboratory. Twenty‐two women and men (23.1 ± 4.7 yr) participated in a six‐way, cross‐over design using polychromatic light conditions relevant to the light exposure at home, but with reduced, intermediate or enhanced efficacy with respect to the photopic and melanopsin systems. The evening rise of melatonin, sleepiness and EEG‐assessed sleep onset varied significantly (P < 0.01) across the light conditions, and these effects appeared to be largely mediated by the melanopsin, rather than the photopic system. Moreover, there were individual differences in the sensitivity to the disruptive effect of light on melatonin, which were robust against experimental manipulations (intra‐class correlation = 0.44). The data show that light at home in the evening affects circadian physiology and imply that the spectral composition of artificial light can be modified to minimize this disruptive effect on sleep and circadian rhythms. These findings have implications for our understanding of the contribution of artificial light exposure to sleep and circadian rhythm disorders such as delayed sleep phase disorder.
Pulp and periodontal tissue repair ‐ regeneration or tissue metaplasia after dental trauma. A review
Authors: Andreasen Jens O.
Published: September 2011

Abstract –  Healing subsequent to dental trauma is known to be very complex, a result explained by the variability of the types of dental trauma (six luxations, nine fracture types, and their combinations). On top of that, at least 16 different cellular systems get involved in more severe trauma types each of them with a different potential for healing with repair, i.e. (re‐establishment of tissue continuity without functional restitution) and regeneration (where the injured or lost tissue is replaced with new tissue with identical tissue anatomy and function) and finally metaplasia (where a new type of tissue replaces the injured). In this study, a review is given of the impact of trauma to various dental tissues such as alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, cementum, Hertvigs epithelial root sheath, and the pulp.