bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secondary Forest Detection in a Neotropical Dry Forest Landscape Using Landsat 7 ETM+ and IKONOS Imagery1
Authors: Arroyo‐Mora Juan Pablo , Sánchez‐Azofeifa G. Arturo , Kalacska Margaret E.R. , Rivard Benoit , Calvo‐Alvarado Julio C. , Janzen Daniel H.
Published: November 2005

We integrate forest structure and remotely sensed data for four successional stages (pasture, early, intermediate, and late) of a tropical dry forest area located in the Sector Santa Rosa of the Guanacaste Conservation Area in northwestern Costa Rica. We used a combination of spectral vegetation indices derived from Landsat 7 ETM+ medium resolution and IKONOS high‐resolution imagery. The indices (using the red and near‐infrared bands) simple ratio and normalized difference vegetation index separated the successional stages well. Two other indices using mid‐infrared bands did not separate successional stages as well. In a comparison of the successional stages with chronological age, there was no separability in the spectral reflectance among different age classes. Successional stages, in contrast, showed distinct groups with minimal overlap. We also applied a simple validation in another dry forest located in the Palo Verde National Park in the province of Guanacaste, Costa Rica, with reasonably good results.
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Seed Dispersal in an Afromontane Forest: Microhabitat Influences on the Postdispersal Fate of Large Seeds1
Authors: Gross‐Camp Nicole , Kaplin Beth A.
Published: November 2005

We examined the postdispersal fate of large seeds (≥5 mm) dispersed by chimpanzees in an afromontane forest to evaluate aspects of the effectiveness of seed dispersal by chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. We assessed the influence of six microhabitat characteristics on seed persistence and germination in seeds dispersed in chimpanzee feces and “wadges.” A total of 257 fecal samples and 56 wadges were located over a 4‐mo period by tracking a semi‐habituated chimpanzee community on day follows. Forty‐nine (19.1%) of the fecal samples contained large seeds from five different tree species. The majority of fecal samples with seeds contained seeds from the mature forest tree Olea capensis (Oleaceae) (83.7%). Forty‐two wadges (75%) contained seeds from the mature forest tree Syzygium guineense (Myrtaceae). Seeds were monitored at their deposition site for removal and germination up to 49 d following deposition. We collected data on the microhabitat surrounding each fecal and wadge sample. Multivariate analyses indicated that while fecal and wadge samples were not clustered into particular microhabitats, there was little overlap in the microhabitats in which wadges and fecal samples were deposited. Significantly more seeds persisted over 49 d in wadges (67.9%) than in feces (30.3%). Elevation was the only microhabitat variable determined to have a significant influence on seed persistence, whereas slope was determined to have a significant influence on germination.
Bee Populations, Forest Disturbance, and Africanization in Mexico1
Authors: Cairns Christine E. , Villanueva‐Gutiérrez Rogel , Koptur Suzanne , Bray David B.
Published: November 2005

This study documents the stingless bees' (Meliponinae) recent displacement in the Yucatan (Quintana Roo, Mexico) and the effects of human‐induced ecosystem disturbance on bee diversity. Point observations of flower‐visiting bees were made along transects in three communities with different degrees of human‐induced ecosystem disturbance. The community with the greatest anthropogenic disturbance had lower overall species richness of stingless bees and the highest degree of dominance of the Africanized honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata), while the area with the most intact ecosystem had the highest diversity of stingless bees, though A. mellifera was still the dominant species. We observed aggressive competitive behavior involving physical attacks by A. mellifera against stingless bees, indicating that Africanized honeybees are adopting new behaviors to compete better with dominant native pollinator species.
Resistance to Bark Beetle Attack in Caribbean Pine: Potential Role of 4‐Allylanisole1
Authors: Snyder Marc A. , Bower Nathan W.
Published: November 2005

In the Neotropics, Caribbean pine is subject to epidemic attack by southern pine beetle. We found significantly higher levels (>2.5%) of 4‐allylanisole in the monoterpenoid fraction of the oleoresin of trees in stands with high beetle‐induced mortality, and a negative association between magnitude of attack and levels of 4‐allylanisole in individual trees. Results also suggest that individual trees with low 4‐allylanisole levels may escape attack if they occur in stands characterized by high levels of this compound.
Extraordinary Predation by the Neotropical Army Ant Cheliomyrmex andicola: Implications for the Evolution of the Army Ant Syndrome1
Authors: O'Donnell Sean , Kaspari Michael , Lattke John
Published: November 2005

Workers of the genus Cheliomyrmex are unique among the New world army ants (subfamily Ecitoninae) in that their mandibles are armed with elongate, spine‐like teeth. We present the first prey records for this genus. Cheliomyrmex andicola prey on large‐bodied ground dwelling invertebrates and, possibly, on vertebrates. Unlike other army ants, C. andicola workers use their sting during prey capture. The workers' unusual mandibles and potent stings may be adapted for piercing and gripping the integument of nonarthropod prey animals, and for rapidly subduing large‐bodied prey, respectively. The genus Cheliomyrmex may be the sister taxon to other Neotropical army ants (Ecitoninae), and Cheliomyrmex shares features of mandibular morphology and prey selection with Old World driver ants in the genus Dorylus. Mass cooperative foraging, an important element of army ant behavior, may have arisen in part as an adaptation for exploiting large‐bodied prey.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Effective Therapy at Last?
Authors: Grotta James C.
Published: November 2005

After decades of relative neglect, the past few years have been particularly eventful for clinical research into spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Most importantly, we have seen completion of the first large randomized trial of surgical clot evacuation for supratentorial ICH, and also the first trial to demonstrate the efficacy of systemic recombinant factor 7 to stop parenchymal bleeding and prevent clinical worsening. Other important advances include new insights into risk factors, diagnostic imaging, pathophysiology of cellular injury, brain edema and blood flow, blood pressure management, aspiration of parenchymal and intraventricular clots; stem cell therapy, and outcome. Taken together, the impressive scope and progress of ongoing clinical and basic research demonstrate that there is no longer a place for nihilism in the approach to ICH.
Therapeutic Hypothermia for Acute Stroke
Authors: Lyden Patrick D. , Krieger Derk , Yenari Midori , Dietrich W. Dalton
Published: November 2005

Hypothermia is the most potent neuroprotective therapy available. Clinical use of hypothermia is limited by technology and homeostatic mechanisms that maintain core body temperature. Recent advances in intravascular cooling catheters and successful trials of hypothermia for cardiac arrest revivified interest in hypothermia for stroke, resulting in Phase 1 clinical trials and plans for further development. Given the recent spate of neuroprotective therapy failures, we sought to clarify whether clinical trials of therapeutic hypothermia should be mounted in stroke patients. We reviewed the preclinical and early clinical trials of hypothermia for a variety of indications, the putative mechanisms for neuroprotection with hypothermia, and offer several hypotheses that remain to be tested in clinical trials. Therapeutic hypothermia is promising, but further Phase 1 and Phase 2 development efforts are needed to ensure that cooling of stroke patients is safe, before definitive efficacy trials.
Ultrasound Enhanced Thrombolysis for Stroke
Authors: Alexandrov Andrei V.
Published: November 2005

In the pivotal clinical trials of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) therapy, a low rate of early arterial recanalization was suspected because only a few stroke patients may have had early dramatic clinical improvement. Tissue plasminogen activator activity can be enhanced with ultrasound, including 2 MHz transcranial Doppler (TCD). Transcranial Doppler identifies residual blood flow signals around thrombi, and, by delivering mechanical pressure waves, exposes more thrombus surface to circulating TPA. For the first time in clinical medicine, the international multicenter CLOTBUST trial showed that ultrasound enhances the thrombolytic activity of a drug in humans, thereby confirming multidisciplinary experimental research conducted worldwide for the past 30 years. In the CLOTBUST trial, the dramatic clinical recovery from stroke coupled with complete recanalization within 2 h after TPA bolus occurred in 25% of patients treated with TPA+TCD compared with 8% who received TPA alone ( P = 0·02). Complete clearance of a thrombus and dramatic recovery of brain functions during treatment are feasible goals for ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis that can lead to sustained recovery. An early boost in brain perfusion seen in the target CLOTBUST group resulted in a trend of 13% more patients achieving favorable outcome at 3 months. To further enhance the ability of TPA to break up thrombi, current ongoing clinical trials include phase II studies of 2 MHz TCD with ultrasound contrast agents or (microbubbles): TCD+TPA+Levovist; TCD+TPA+MRX nano-platform (C3F8). Intra-arterial TPA delivery can be enhanced with 1·7–2·1 MHz pulsed wave ultrasound (EKOS catheter, IMS trial). Dose escalation studies of microbubbles, ultrasound exposure, and the development of an operator-independent ultrasound device are underway.
Secondary Stroke Prevention with Antiplatelet Drugs: Have We Reached the Ceiling?
Authors: Diener Hans-Christoph
Published: November 2005

Patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or ischemic stroke carry a risk of recurrent stroke of between 5% and 20% per year. In patients with TIA or ischemic stroke of non-cardiac origin, antiplatelet drugs are able to decrease the relative risk of stroke by 11–15% and the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death by 15–22%. Aspirin is the most widely used drug. It is affordable and effective. Low doses of 50–325 mg aspirin are as effective as high doses and cause less gastrointestinal side-effects. The combination of aspirin with slow-release dipyridamole is superior to aspirin alone for stroke prevention but not for the prevention of cardiac events. The risk of major bleeding complications is not increased with the combination, which suggests that dipyridamole might act in another way than as antiplatelet drug. Clopidogrel is not superior to aspirin in unselected stroke patients but is superior in patients at high risk of recurrence. The combination of aspirin plus clopidogrel is not more effective than clopidogrel alone, but carries a higher bleeding risk. The most effective antiplatelet drugs, the GP IIb/IIIa antagonists, are not superior to aspirin and carry a higher risk of bleeding. These results indicate that any antiplatelet therapy with a more potent drug than aspirin will only have a marginally higher efficacy, which might be offset by a higher bleeding rate. Therefore, selection of patients who might benefit from antiplatelet therapy other than aspirin is important.
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Variants That Differ in Pathogenicity Differ in Fitness under Rapid Cell Turnover Conditions
Authors: Voronin Yegor , Overbaugh Julie , Emerman Michael
Published: November 2005

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been shown to progress through a number of changes that lead to the emergence of pathogenic viral variants in macaques initially infected with a mildly cytopathic variant, SIVMneCL8. One of these late-stage isolates, SIVMne170, replicates to high levels in vivo and causes a rapid disease course when reintroduced into naïve macaques, resulting in a viral set point up to 3,000-fold higher than the set point of the parental virus, SIVMneCL8. However, in cell culture both viruses replicate with similar kinetics. One major difference between in vivo and in vitro cultures is the life span of the infected cells. Here, we manipulated the life span of infected cells in vitro, and we show that the fitness of SIVMne170 in cultures with a limited cell life span dramatically increased compared to its fitness in cultures with a nonlimited life span of cells. The increase in fitness was at least partially due to the fact that the rapid turnover system eliminates the negative influence of the cytopathic effects associated with replication of SIVMne170. Because the relative fitness of SIVMneCL8 and SIVMne170 observed in the rapid turnover system more accurately reflects their fitness in vivo, the system represents an improved approach to comparing relative fitness of viruses.
Clade Replacements in Dengue Virus Serotypes 1 and 3 Are Associated with Changing Serotype Prevalence
Authors: Zhang Chunlin , Mammen Mammen P. , Chinnawirotpisan Piyawan , Klungthong Chonticha , Rodpradit Prinyada , Monkongdee Patama , Nimmannitya Suchitra , Kalayanarooj Siripen , Holmes Edward C.
Published: November 2005

The evolution of dengue virus (DENV) is characterized by phylogenetic trees that have a strong temporal structure punctuated by dramatic changes in clade frequency. To determine the cause of these large-scale phylogenetic patterns, we examined the evolutionary history of DENV serotype 1 (DENV-1) and DENV-3 in Thailand, where gene sequence and epidemiological data are relatively abundant over a 30-year period. We found evidence for the turnover of viral clades in both serotypes, most notably in DENV-1, where a major clade replacement event took place in genotype I during the mid-1990s. Further, when this clade replacement event was placed in the context of changes in serotype prevalence in Thailand, a striking pattern emerged; an increase in DENV-1 clade diversity was associated with an increase in the abundance of this serotype and a concomitant decrease in DENV-4 prevalence, while clade replacement was associated with a decline in DENV-1 prevalence and a rise of DENV-4. We postulate that intraserotypic genetic diversification proceeds at times of relative serotype abundance and that replacement events can result from differential susceptibility to cross-reactive immune responses.
Blockade of Neutrophil Elastase Attenuates Severe Liver Injury in Hepatitis B Transgenic Mice
Authors: Takai Shinji , Kimura Kiminori , Nagaki Masahito , Satake Shinichi , Kakimi Kazuhiro , Moriwaki Hisataka
Published: November 2005

Serine proteinases produced by polymorphonuclear neutrophils play important roles in neutrophil-mediated tissue injury at inflammatory sites. Although neutrophil recruitment to the liver has been shown to be involved in the exacerbation of liver inflammation, the function of neutrophil elastase (NE) in liver injury remains unclear. Here, we found that administration of an NE inhibitor (NEI) reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (sALT) activity and inflammatory cell infiltration into the liver from 8 to 24 h after injection of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) into hepatitis B virus transgenic mice. Furthermore, the NEI treatment reduced the expressions of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the liver and tumor necrosis factor alpha production by macrophages. In addition, the NEI treatment suppressed the mRNA expressions of CC chemokine ligand 3 (CCL-3), CCL-4, and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) in neutrophils in the liver at 8 h after the CTL injection. In support of these results, we confirmed that administration of anti-CCL-3, anti-CCL-4, and anti-MIP-2 monoclonal antibodies suppressed sALT activity and leukocyte migration into the liver. In conclusion, the present results suggest that NE contributes to the early step of the inflammatory cascade in acute viral hepatitis and that NEIs may have potential as therapeutic drugs against acute severe viral hepatitis.
Transcription Program of Red Sea Bream Iridovirus as Revealed by DNA Microarrays
Authors: Lua Dang Thi , Yasuike Motoshige , Hirono Ikuo , Aoki Takashi
Published: November 2005

Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) has been identified as the causative agent of a serious disease in red sea bream and at least 30 other marine fish species. We developed a viral DNA microarray containing 92 putative open reading frames of RSIV to monitor the viral gene transcription program over the time course of an in vitro infection and to classify RSIV transcripts into temporal kinetic expression classes. The microarray analysis showed that viral genes commenced expression as early as 3 h postinfection (p.i.) and this was followed by a rapid escalation of gene expression from 8 h p.i. onwards. Based on the expression of some enzymes associated with viral DNA replication, the DNA replication of RSIV appeared to begin at around 8 h p.i. in infected cells in vitro. Using a de novo protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide) and a viral DNA replication inhibitor (phosphonoacetic acid), 87 RSIV transcripts could be classified into three temporal kinetic classes: nine immediate-early (IE), 40 early (E), and 38 late (L) transcripts. The gene expression of RSIV occurred in a temporal kinetic cascade with three stages (IE, E, and L). Although the three classes of transcripts were distributed throughout the RSIV genome, E transcripts appeared to cluster in at least six discrete regions and L transcripts appeared to originate from seven discrete regions. The microarray data were statistically confirmed by using a
t
test, and were also clustered into groups based on similarity in the gene expression patterns by using a cluster program.
Rotavirus Glycoprotein NSP4 Is a Modulator of Viral Transcription in the Infected Cell
Authors: Silvestri Lynn S. , Tortorici M. Alejandra , Vasquez-Del Carpio Rodrigo , Patton John T.
Published: November 2005

The outer shell of the rotavirus triple-layered virion is lost during cell entry, yielding a double-layered particle (DLP) that directs synthesis of viral plus-strand RNAs. The plus-strand RNAs act as templates for synthesis of the segmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome in viral inclusion bodies (viroplasms). The viral endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident glycoprotein NSP4 recruits progeny DLPs formed in viroplasms to the ER, where the particles are converted to triple-layered particles (TLPs) via budding. In this study, we have used short interfering RNAs to probe the role of NSP4 in the viral life cycle. Our analysis showed that knockdown of NSP4 expression had no marked effect on the expression of other viral proteins or on the replication of the dsRNA genome segments. However, NSP4 loss of function suppressed viroplasm maturation and caused a maldistribution of nonstructural and structural proteins that normally accumulate in viroplasms. NSP4 loss of function also inhibited formation of packaged virus particles, instead inducing the accumulation of empty particles. Most significant was the observation that NSP4 knockdown led to dramatically increased levels of viral transcription late in the infection cycle. These findings point to a multifaceted role for NSP4 in virus replication, including influencing the development of viroplasms, linking genome packaging with particle assembly, and acting as a modulator of viral transcription. By recruiting transcriptionally active or potentially active DLPs to the ER for conversion to quiescent TLPs, NSP4 acts as a feedback inhibitor down-regulating viral transcription when adequate levels of plus-strand RNAs are available to allow for productive infection.
RDR6 Has a Broad-Spectrum but Temperature-Dependent Antiviral Defense Role in
Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Qu Feng , Ye Xiaohong , Hou Guichuan , Sato Shirley , Clemente Thomas E. , Morris T. Jack
Published: November 2005

SDE1/SGS2/RDR6, a putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) from
Arabidopsis thaliana
, has previously been found to be indispensable for maintaining the posttranscriptional silencing of transgenes, but it is seemingly redundant for antiviral defense. To elucidate the antiviral role of this RdRP in a different host plant and to evaluate whether plant growth conditions affect its role, we down-regulated expression of the
Nicotiana benthamiana
homolog, NbRDR6, and examined the plants for altered susceptibility to various viruses at different growth temperatures. The results we describe here clearly show that plants with reduced expression of NbRDR6 were more susceptible to all viruses tested and that this effect was more pronounced at higher growth temperatures. Diminished expression of NbRDR6 also permitted efficient multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus in the shoot apices, leading to serious disruption with microRNA-mediated developmental regulation. Based on these results, we propose that NbRDR6 participates in the antiviral RNA silencing pathway that is stimulated by rising temperatures but suppressed by virus-encoded silencing suppressors. The relative strengths of these two factors, along with other plant defense components, critically influence the outcome of virus infections.
Upregulation of Protein Phosphatase 2Ac by Hepatitis C Virus Modulates NS3 Helicase Activity through Inhibition of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1
Authors: Duong Francois H. T. , Christen Verena , Berke Jan Martin , Penna Sabina Hernandez , Moradpour Darius , Heim Markus H.
Published: November 2005

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. HCV has a positive-strand RNA genome of about 9.4 kb in size, which serves as a template for replication and for translation of a polyprotein of about 3,000 amino acids. The polyprotein is cleaved co- and posttranslationally by cellular and viral proteases into at least 10 different mature proteins. One of these proteins, nonstructural protein 3 (NS3), has serine protease and NTPase/RNA helicase activity. Arginine 467 in the helicase domain of NS3 (arginine 1493 in the polyprotein) can be methylated by protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1). Here we report that the methylation of NS3 inhibits the enzymatic activity of the helicase. Furthermore, we found that PRMT1 activity itself is regulated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). PP2A inhibits PRMT1 enzymatic activity and therefore increases the helicase activity of NS3. This is important, because we found an increased expression of PP2A in cell lines with inducible HCV protein expression, in transgenic mice expressing HCV proteins in hepatocytes, and in liver biopsy samples from patients with chronic hepatitis C. Interestingly, up-regulation of PP2A not only modulates the enzymatic activity of an important viral protein, NS3 helicase, but also interferes with the cellular defense against viruses by inhibiting interferon-induced signaling through signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). We conclude that up-regulation of PP2A might be crucial for the efficient replication of HCV and propose PP2A as a potential target for anti-HCV treatment strategies.
Activation of the ATR Pathway by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr Involves Its Direct Binding to Chromatin In Vivo
Authors: Lai Maoyi , Zimmerman Erik S. , Planelles Vicente , Chen Junjie
Published: November 2005

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protein Vpr (viral protein R) arrests cells in the G
2
phase of the cell cycle, a process that requires activation of the ATR (ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related) pathway. In this study we demonstrate that the expression of Vpr does not cause DNA double-strand breaks but rather induces ATR activation, as indicated by induction of Chk1 phosphorylation and the formation of γ-H2AX and 53BP1 nuclear foci. We define a C-terminal domain containing repeated H(F/S)RIG sequences required for Vpr-induced activation of ATR. Further investigation of the mechanism by which Vpr activates the ATR pathway reveals an increase in chromatin binding of replication protein A (RPA) upon Vpr expression. Immunostaining shows that RPA localizes to nuclear foci in Vpr-expressing cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate direct binding of Vpr to chromatin in vivo, whereas Vpr C-terminal domain mutants lose this chromatin-binding activity. These data support a mechanism whereby HIV-1 Vpr induces ATR activation by targeting the host cell DNA and probably interfering with normal DNA replication.
Recombination in the Genesis and Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes
Authors: Simmonds Peter , Midgley Sofie
Published: November 2005

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is widely distributed in both human and ape populations throughout the world and is a major cause of human morbidity and mortality. HBV variants are currently classified into the human genotypes A to H and species-associated chimpanzee and gibbon/orangutan groups. To examine the role of recombination in the evolution of HBV, large-scale data retrieval and automated phylogenetic analysis (TreeOrder scanning) were carried out on all available published complete genome sequences of HBV. We detected a total of 24 phylogenetically independent potential recombinants (different genotype combinations or distinct breakpoints), eight of which were previously undescribed. Instances of intergenotype recombination were observed in all human and ape HBV variants, including evidence for a novel gibbon/genotype C recombinant among HBV variants from Vietnam. By recording sequence positions in trees generated from sequential fragments across the genome, violations of phylogeny between trees also provided evidence for frequent intragenotype recombination between members of genotypes A, D, F/H, and gibbon variants but not in B, C, or the Asian B/C recombinant group. In many cases, favored positions for both inter- and intragenotype recombination matched positions of phylogenetic reorganization between the human and ape genotypes, such as the end of the surface gene and the core gene, where sequence relationships between genotypes changed in the TreeOrder scan. These findings provide evidence for the occurrence of past, extensive recombination events in the evolutionary history of the currently classified genotypes of HBV and potentially in changes in its global epidemiology and associations with human disease.
How evidence based is the management of two common sports injuries in a sports injury clinic?
Authors: Murray I R , Murray S A , MacKenzie K , Coleman S
Published: November 2005

Objectives:To examine the diagnosis and management of adults attending a sports injury clinic, to establish to what extent the management of the two most common injuries treated at this clinic is evidence based, and to explore factors that affect management.

Methods:A retrospective examination of 100 random case notes extracted age, sex, sport, type and site of injury, treatment, and outcome. Systematic literature reviews examined the extent and quality of scientific evidence for the management of the two most commonly presenting injuries. A clinical attachment period and practitioner interviews allowed recognition of factors impinging on management decisions.

Results:Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS; 10% of all injuries) and Achilles tendinopathy (6% of all injuries) were the most commonly presenting injuries. The mean (SD) number of treatments used for PFPS was 2.8 (0.9). The mean number of treatments used for Achilles tendinopathy was 3.7 (1.0). Clinicians reported that personal experience formed the basis of management plans in 44% of PFPS cases and 59% of Achilles tendinopathy cases, and that primary research evidence only accounted for 24% of management plans in PFPS and 14% in Achilles tendinopathy. Practitioners were unaware of literature supporting over 50% of the treatment modalities they used. However, clinicians were often using evidence based treatments, unaware of the supporting research data.

Conclusions:This study highlights a lack of evidence base, a lack of knowledge of the research evidence, and a lack of management based on the current evidence that is available for these conditions. Practitioners practised evidence based medicine in under 50% of cases.
Popliteus tendon tenosynovitis
Authors: Blake S M , Treble N J
Published: November 2005

This case report highlights an unusual cause of anterolateral knee pain. The popliteus muscle arises from three origins—that is, the lateral femoral condyle, the fibula head, and the lateral meniscus—and inserts into the proximal tibia above the soleal line. It may be subjected to a number of pathologies including tenosynovitis, acute calcific tendonitis, rupture, and even avulsion. In this case, the diagnosis of popliteus tendon tenosynovitis was not made from magnetic resonance imaging findings, but was confirmed and successfully treated during arthroscopic examination.
Specificity of V˙o2max and the ventilatory threshold in free swimming and cycle ergometry: comparison between triathletes and swimmers
Authors: Roels B , Schmitt L , Libicz S , Bentley D , Richalet J-P , Millet G
Published: November 2005

Objectives:To compare maximal heart rate (HRmax), maximal oxygen consumption (V˙o2max), and the ventilatory threshold (VT; %V˙o2max) during cycle ergometry and free swimming between swimmers and triathletes.

Methods:Nine swimmers and ten triathletes completed an incremental swimming and cycling test to exhaustion. Whole body metabolic responses were determined in each test.

Results:The swimmers exhibited a significantly higher V˙o2maxin swimming than in cycling (58.4 (5.6)v51.3 (5.1) ml/kg/min), whereas the opposite was found in the triathletes (53.0 (6.7)v68.2 (6.8) ml/kg/min). HRmaxwas significantly different in the maximal cycling and swimming tests for the triathletes (188.6 (7.5)v174.8 (9.0) beats/min). In the maximal swimming test, HRmaxwas significantly higher in the swimmers than in the triathletes (174.8 (9.0)v184.6 (9.7) beats/min). No significant differences were found for VT measured in swimming and cycling in the triathletes and swimmers.

Conclusion:This study confirms that the exercise testing mode affects the V˙o2maxvalue, and that swimmers have very specific training adaptations even compared with triathletes. This may be a function of acute physiological responses combined with the specialist training status of the different athletes influencing maximal cardiac output or oxygen extraction. In contrast, the different training regimens do not seem to influence the VT, as this variable did not differ between the two testing modes in either group.
Growth forms and sepal hairs of the purple saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia: Saxifragaceae) in North America related to chromosome records and DNA information
Authors: Aiken S.G. , LeBlanc M.C. , Boles R.L.
Published: November 2005

Growth forms and the presence or absence of hairs on the surfaces of the sepals of Saxifraga oppositifolia L. plants were examined on type specimens and more than 400 herbarium specimens collected from all over North America and Europe. Data were gathered on whether plant growth forms were compact, trailing, or intermediate between the extremes. Specimens were examined for whether or not hairs were present on the surface of the sepals between the long trichomes on the margins, and if so, an estimate was made of the degree of hairiness. While extreme forms of compact and trailing plants do occur, maps indicate that more of the plants collected in North America were intermediate in growth form. The geographic distribution of the presence or absence of hairs on the sepals is mapped, as is the gradation in degree of hairiness of sepals. The type specimen of S. oppositifolia subsp. smalliana (S. pulvinata), from the Yukon, has compact plants and flowers that have sepal surfaces with a few sparse hairs. The flowers have set fruits that have opened. “The smaller turbinate hypanthium” described in the original description may be the result of the structures being dehisced and dried up fruits. The type specimen of S. oppositifolia subsp. glandulisepala , from Alaska, is a relatively trailing specimen with some larger leaves. The sepal surfaces have a few glandular hairs. Whether or not the hairs appear glandular on herbarium specimens may reflect the stage of flowering at the time of collection. No morphological differences are associated with three different chromosome numbers known for S. oppositifolia plants from the area of the North American type specimens, and DNA analyses done mainly on European specimens, but also including a potential candidate for the name “smalliana”, gave inconclusive results. Thus, chromosome and DNA data join these morphological data on growth forms and the occurrence of sepal hairs to discourage recognizing subspecies among plants occurring in North America.
Effects of mycorrhizal inoculant, N:P supply ratio, and water depth on the growth and biomass allocation of three wetland plant species
Authors: Fraser Lauchlan H. , Feinstein Larry M.
Published: November 2005

In the greenhouse, we investigated the growth and biomass allocation of three juvenile wetland species ( Carex tribuloides Wahl., Phalaris arundinacea L., and Rumex orbiculatus Gray) under three different water depths (–4, 0, and +2 cm relative to the soil surface), three N:P supply ratios (1:30, 1:1, 30:1), and two mycorrhizal inoculant treatments (arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi present, absent). After 6 weeks, the plants were harvested, separated to above- and below-ground parts, oven-dried, and weighed. The mycorrhizal inoculant significantly increased plant growth and reduced root:shoot ratios. At an N:P supply ratio of 30:1, plants with AM fungi had significantly greater biomass than those plants without AM fungi. However, at 1:1 N:P supply ratio, plants without AM fungi had greater biomass. Plants without AM fungi had higher root:shoot ratios at 0 and –4 cm water depth than plants with AM fungi. In general, C. tribuloides had the lowest growth, and unlike P. arundinacea and R. orbiculatus, was not affected by the water depth treatment. Growth of the wetland plants was limited more by nitrogen than by phosphorus. Our results suggest that at high N:P nutrient supply ratios and non-flooded conditions the growth of wetland seedlings can benefit by being inoculated with AM fungi.
Spatial and temporal dynamicsof Puccinia andropogonisonComandra umbellataandAndropogon gerardiiin a native prairie
Authors: Barnes Charles W. , Kinkel Linda L. , Groth James V.
Published: November 2005

The rust Puccinia andropogonis (Schwein.) was studied on its aecial and telial plant hosts, comandra ( Comandra umbellata L. Nutt.) and big bluestem ( Andropogon gerardii Vitman), respectively, in a native prairie to investigate the influence of aecial host proximity on disease severity of the telial host in a natural system. Both hosts were mapped to measure distances from comandra clones to selected big bluestem plants in a Minnesota prairie. Mean rust severity on big bluestem was regressed on the number of aecia on comandra (aecial density) within eight distance intervals from big bluestem plants. Distance intervals were analyzed both inclusive and exclusive of other distance intervals. There was a significant positive relationship between aecial density on comandra and rust severity on big bluestem that decreased with increasing distance in accordance with the power law model, becoming nonsignificant at distances >40 m. To establish whether the genetic background of big bluestem influenced the relationship between rust severity and the distance to comandra, a common garden was planted with a representative big bluestem plant population. The low coefficient of determination (r2) between mean rust severities of individual plants from one year to another suggests there is not a strong genetic component in the host determining disease severity.
A new centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation of Alberta and its implications for centrosaurine taxonomy and systematics
Authors: Ryan Michael J , Russell Anthony P
Published: November 2005

Centrosaurus brinkmani (sp. nov) is distinguished from Centrosaurus apertus by key features of its cranial ornamentation, including the shape and orientation of the postorbital horn and parietal ornamentation at parietal locus 3, the shape of the parietal ornamentation at locus 2, and the possession of accessory parietal ossifications developed as short spines on the caudal parietal ramus. This species is restricted to the Oldman Formation of southern Alberta and is the oldest ceratopsid represented by diagnostic material in Canada. Phylogenetic analysis of the Centrosaurinae suggests that the development of spike-like ornamentation at the parietal locus 3 parietal locus is inversely related to the development of the P1 parietal ornamentation.
Revised ages of blueschist metamorphism and the youngest pre-thrusting rocks in the San Juan Islands, Washington
Authors: Brown E H , Lapen T J , Leckie R Mark , Silva Isabella Premoli , Verga Davide , Singer B S
Published: November 2005

New ages of rocks in the San Juan Islands, northwest Washington, significantly change our understanding of the evolution of the San Juan Islands thrust system. Re-examination of foraminifera-bearing mudstones at Richardson on Lopez Island indicates a late Aptian (112115 Ma), not late Albian (100 Ma) age as currently presented in the literature. The age brackets of thrusting, marked by these pre-thrusting mudstones and 84-Ma post-thrusting sedimentary rocks, span a much longer period than previously thought, diminishing controls on rates of displacement in the thrust system and the timing of regional deformation in western Washington. New 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of phengite in blueschist-facies meta-volcanic rock, also at Richardson, are 124 ± 0.7 Ma (2σ, late Barremian). These blueschist-facies volcanic rocks are in fault contact with the fossiliferous mudstones. Therefore, the blueschist-facies metamorphism at Richardson, previously inferred to be associated with the thrusting, now appears to have occurred prior to thrusting. Further, the Ar ages demonstrate that blueschist-facies fabric formed earlier than the thrust event and is therefore not directly useful in analyzing the thrusting kinematics. The Richardson 40Ar/39Ar age is similar to isotopic ages found in the eastern San Juan Islands and in the Shuksan blueschist terrane in the northwest Cascades, and thus fits into an emerging regional age pattern of blueschist-facies metamorphism during Late Jurassic  Early Cretaceous (up to Barremian) but not late Albian  Cenomanian. If this pattern is more broadly confirmed for the San Juan Islands, all the blueschist-facies metamorphism can be regarded as having formed in subduction zones elsewhere along the continental margin rather than in the anomalous setting of an on-land thrust system, as in the San Juan Islands.
Genesis of the Olden wollastonite skarn, Sharbot Lake domain, Central Metasedimentary Belt, Grenville Province, southeastern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Grammatikopoulos T A , Clark A H , Pearce T H , Archibald D A
Published: November 2005

With a resource of ∼2.8 Mt at 30%35% wollastonite occurring at a depth of about 75 m, the Olden (formerly Hawley) prospect is the largest of a swarm of skarns hosted by amphibolite facies, dominantly calcitic marble that occurs adjacent to and as inliers within the Mountain Grove pluton. The post-kinematic intrusion comprises units with a wide compositional range from anorthositic gabbro to alkali-feldspar granite and syenite and widely exhibits megascopic fabrics recording magma comingling and mixing. Isotope dilution  thermal ionization mass spectrometry (IDTIMS) dating of zircon separates from a hornblende diorite unit yields a 207Pb206Pb age of 1153 ± 2 Ma, significantly older than the contiguous 1070 ± 3 Ma McLean granite. Al-in-hornblende geobarometry on several Mountain Grove units indicates that the intrusion crystallized at pressures of 250470 MPa, equivalent to mesozonal depths of 1015 km. The main exoskarn body, ∼200 m long and up to 50 m wide, is dominated by wollastonite, clinopyroxene (Di7394Hd219), and calcic garnet (Gr5283And1237) and ranges from massive to podiform. The eastern termination exhibits rhythmically alternating wollastonite- and calcite-rich layers, 10 cm wide and locally with chevron-shaped crenulations. These layers bear no relationship to bedding or metamorphic foliation and are interpreted as “wrigglitic,” i.e., they are a record of a metasomatic front that migrated. Veins of garnetpyroxenevesuvianite cut the main exoskarn. Retrograde phlogopite-rich skarns, with erratic serpentine and brucite, contain variable sphalerite and pyrite. Restricted pyroxenegarnet (wollastonitescapolite) endoskarn is developed in intrusive rocks contiguous with the exoskarn. Skarn development is ascribed to H2O-rich (XCO2 < 0.3) magmatogene brines and high temperatures (T = 500650 °C), which caused intense Si, Al, and Fe metasomatism of the marbles, hydrothermal activity taking place at considerable depth. The occurrence of wollastonite around the periphery of the small Long Lake sphalerite deposit, restricted to a marble roof pendant in the Mountain Grove pluton 2.1 km east-northeast of the Olden prospect, indicates that this base-metal mineralization may be an exoskarn, rather than metamorphosed Mississippi Valley type. Incremental-heating 40Ar39Ar dating of hornblende and biotite from the Mountain Grove diorite yields plateau ages of 1058 ± 14 and 1047 ± 4 Ma, respectively, and an exoskarn phlogopite age of 1074 ± 5 Ma. A genetic relationship between hydrothermal activity and the McLean pluton cannot be ruled out, but a parental role for the older Mountain Grove pluton is favoured on the basis of the close areal relationships of skarn bodies and that intrusion.
Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) occurrence and abundance influenced by cumulative industrial developments in a Canadian boreal forest watershed
Authors: Ripley Travis , Scrimgeour Garry , Boyce Mark S
Published: November 2005

We examined relations between cumulative levels of forest harvesting and density of road networks on the occurrence and abundance of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the Kakwa River Basin, Alberta. Logistic regression models showed that bull trout occurrence was positively related to stream wetted width but negatively related to percent fines, percent cobbles, reach slope, and the cumulative area of the subbasin harvested and road density. Results from zero-inflated Poisson regression models typically showed that bull trout abundance was positively related to elevation and negatively related to stream width, percent fines, percent cobble, slope, and levels of forest harvesting. Using the negative relation between bull trout occurrence and percentage of subbasins harvested derived from the most parsimonious logistic regression model, we forecasted that forest harvesting over the next 20 years is projected to result in the local extirpation of bull trout from 24% to 43% of stream reaches that currently support bull trout in the Kakwa River Basin.
Lipid class and nonesterified fatty acid profiles in plasma of North Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Alkanani T , Parrish C C , Rodnick K J , Gamperl A K
Published: November 2005

Metabolic energy status is a critical metric for the evaluation of fish condition and health. Thus, we (i) conducted comprehensive and comparative measurements of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and other plasma lipids in fed and food-deprived (10 weeks) Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and (ii) compared three common methods for measuring total plasma NEFAs (Folch extraction/Iatroscan, Wako®enzymatic, and acetyl chloride extraction/GC). Plasma total lipid, phospholipid, triacylglycerol, and NEFA levels were 83%95% lower in food-deprived fish. In contrast, the concentration of a previously unidentified lipid class (ethyl ketone) was only 60% lower and was in fact almost threefold higher when expressed as a percentage of total lipid. Considerable differences in the NEFA profile were also observed, for example, 22:1ω11 (dominant NEFA in fed fish) was not detected, 20:1ω9 was 97% lower, and monounsaturated fatty acids were selectively reduced. Importantly, the acetyl chloride/GC method resulted in an eightfold overestimation of NEFA in fed fish. These results (i) suggest that plasma lipids reflect the energetic/nutritional status of wild gadids and can be used to monitor their responses to changing environmental conditions and (ii) caution against using the acetyl chloride/GC method of NEFA measurement without prior separation of plasma lipids by solid-phase chromatography.
Impact of Bythotrephes invasion on zooplankton communities in acid-damaged and recovered lakes on the Boreal Shield
Authors: Strecker Angela L , Arnott Shelley E
Published: November 2005

Invasive species introductions into freshwater ecosystems have had a multitude of effects on aquatic communities. Few studies, however, have directly compared the impact of an invader on communities with contrasting structure. Historically high levels and subsequent reductions of acid deposition have produced landscapes of lakes of varying acidity and zooplankton community structure. We conducted a 30-day enclosure experiment in Killarney Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, to test the effects of Bythotrephes longimanus, an invasive invertebrate predator, on two contrasting zooplankton communities at different stages of recovery from acidification: recovered and acid damaged. Bythotrephes significantly decreased zooplankton biomass and abundance in both communities but had a greater negative effect on the abundance of zooplankton in the recovered community. Bythotrephes reduced species diversity of the recovered zooplankton community but not of the acid-damaged community. Species richness of both community types was unaffected by Bythotrephes predation. The effect of Bythotrephes on small cladocerans, a preferred prey type, differed between the community types and appeared to be related to density-dependent predation by Bythotrephes. Both community- and species-level results suggest that recovered and acid-damaged zooplankton assemblages may be negatively affected by an invasion of Bythotrephes but that the specific response is dependent on the original community structure.
Does climate during embryonic development influence parr growth and age of seaward migration in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)?
Authors: Jonsson Nina , Jonsson Bror , Hansen Lars Petter
Published: November 2005

Climatic conditions experienced by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in their early development appear to affect parr size at the end of the first growth season and age at emigration from the nursery river. North Atlantic Oscillation indices (NAOIs) correlated positively with water temperature (degree-days) and discharge in the River Imsa during winter (JanuaryApril) 19762002, indicating a significant oceanic influence on the winter conditions in the river. Specific growth rate of Atlantic salmon parr during the first year of life and the proportion of one-year-old smolts correlated positively with water temperature, flow, and NAOI during FebruaryApril during the winter of egg incubation, but only NAOI was significant when cross-correlating the two series using a time difference of 1 year. Water temperature correlated significantly with the proportion of salmon cohorts smolting and migrating to sea at age-1. Such long-term effects of climate during early development may be more important than generally recognized.