bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Learning During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Economic Subjects in High Schools
Authors: Rahmawati Yuntafiani Mufidatu , Hakim Lukman , Murwaningsih Tri
Published: May 2021

This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The data in this study are primary data and secondary data. The data collection techniques used were observation, documentation and interviews. The validity test in this study uses four validation criteria that must be met, namely 1) credibility, 2) transferability, 3) dependability, and 4) confirmability. This study aims to determine the results of the implementation of learning during the Covid-19 pandemic in economic subjects in high schools which are guided by pandemic conditions which cause changes in face-to-face learning patterns to online-based learning. The conclusion obtained, 97% of the implementation of learning economic subjects is done online. 75.9% of teachers prefer to use google class as a learning platform that helps teachers deliver material to students. Meanwhile, for miling list media such as WhatsApp, it was assessed that 75.9% of teachers were more effective in communicating with students. The implementation of online learning makes the teacher adapt to the situation, makes learning plans that are implemented based on existing conditions, the teacher must schedule learning, the teacher must prepare learning materials that make it easier for students to learn.
Yeşilova Köyü’nün XIX. Yüzyılda Sosyo-Ekonomik Yapısı
Authors: SAĞLAM Ahmet
Published: May 2021

Osmanlı nüfus ve temettüat defterleri, yerel tarih çalışmaları yanında birçok bilim dalı için zengin malzeme kaynağıdır. 19. Yüzyıl köy ve kentlerin nüfus bilgileri, etnik ve dini yapıları, sosyo-ekonomik hayatları bu defterlerde kayıtlıdır. İmparatorlukların ulusal devletlere dönüşüm sürecinin yaşandığı bir yüzyıl olması, arşiv kayıtlarını daha da değerli kılmaktadır.
Makalemizde, Kütahya sancağı Simav kazası İğdiş karyesi nüfus ve temettüat defterleri ışığında günümüz Kütahya-Gediz-Yeşilova Köyü’nün 1856 yılı nüfus defteri ve 1844/45 yılı temettüat defterine göre köy sakinlerinin sosyo-ekonomik hayatlarını ele alacağız. Önceki adı “İğdiş” olan, 1970-Gediz depremi sonrası yeni yerleşim merkezi ile adı “Yeşilova” olan köy tarihine dair 1500’lere değin Osmanlı arşivlerinde kayıtlara ulaşmak ve köy hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak mümkündür. Nüfus ve temettüat defterlerine göre yaklaşık 200 kişilik bir nüfusa sahip olan köy, kuru tarım ve hayvancılığa elverişli toprakların yanı sıra, zengin orman kaynaklarına sahiptir. Bu noktada temettüat defterine göre tarım, hayvancılık, arıcılık ve odun taşımacılığı ana geçim kaynakları arasındadır. Sanayi öncesi toplum yapısını dikkate aldığımızda, özellikle orta Anadolu köylerine kıyasla geçim kaynakları bakımından iyi bir konumda olduğunu söylemek mümkündür.
First Extensor Compartment Tendon Rupture in the Setting of a Radial Styloid and Both-Bone Forearm Fracture
Authors: Hockman Taylor N. , Triplet Jacob J. , DeGenova Daniel T. , French Bruce G.
Published: May 2021

Case:

We report on the rare occurrence of first extensor compartment tendon injury at the myotendinous junction after fractures of the radial styloid and both-bone forearm in a healthy 59-year-old man. Here, a novel technique for repair of this unique injury and an additional proposed mechanism of tendon rupture are discussed.

Conclusion:

We advocate for the suspicion of tendon rupture in the first dorsal compartment with fractures of the radial styloid and both-bone forearm. Tubularization and transfer of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons to the brachioradialis muscle may be of benefit in these patients.
Isolated Traumatic Tear of the Middle Head of the Deltoid Muscle
Authors: Calcei J. Blake , Calcei Jacob G. , Estis Nicholas , Miller Theodore T. , Taylor Samuel A.
Published: May 2021

Case:

A 27-year-old male pedestrian struck presented with left shoulder pain and weakness 4 months postinjury, with an isolated middle head of the deltoid tear. The patient's pain persisted despite extensive nonoperative management. The deltoid was primarily repaired to the lateral acromion using a transosseous suture repair technique.

Conclusion:

Suture repair of the deltoid to the acromion using transosseous tunnel fixation is a successful treatment for traumatic, isolated tears of the middle head of the deltoid muscle that fail conservative treatment. After surgical repair and physical therapy, our patient recovered full, pain-free range of motion and strength at 6 months.
Giant Sclerosing Epithelioid Fibrosarcoma of the Thigh
Authors: Savvidou Olga D. , Korkolopoulou Penelope , Tsifountoudis Ioannis , Lakiotaki Eleftheria , Agrogiannis George , Papagelopoulos Panayiotis J.
Published: May 2021

Case:

We present a case of a 35-year-old-man with a giant sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma (SEF) of the thigh. The patient presented with a history of a painful thigh mass. Plain radiographs revealed a soft-tissue mass with extensive calcifications, whereas on magnetic resonance imaging, a lobulated mass between the adductors and the posterior muscles of the thigh was noted. A wide en block resection was undertaken, and the histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of SEF. Postoperative radiation therapy was followed. The patient had no signs of recurrence at the 4-year follow-up.

Conclusion:

The clinicopathological, imaging characteristics, and treatment options of this rare soft-tissue tumor are discussed.
Management of Chronic Quadriceps Tendon Rupture
Authors: Elattar Osama , McBeth Zachary , Curry Emily J. , Parisien Robert L. , Galvin Joseph W. , Li Xinning
Published: May 2021

» Chronic quadriceps tendon (QT) ruptures are uncommon injuries that present treatment challenges due to their complex nature and the limited evidence to guide management.

» Timely diagnosis and surgical management of acute QT injury are imperative to optimize patient outcomes as delayed diagnosis leads to poorer results regardless of treatment modality.

» Elements of chronic QT ruptures that may complicate surgical management include patient age, comorbidity, scar-tissue formation, amount of quadriceps muscle/ tendon retraction, and distalmigration of the patella with contraction of the tendon.

» Treatment options for chronic QT ruptures include primary repair with or without vastus advancement, V-Y tendon lengthening with or without tissue augmentation, and autograft or allograft reconstruction.
Sağlık Kurumlarında Örgütsel Sinizmin Medeni Durum Açısından İncelenmesi: Bir Meta Analiz Çalışması
Authors: ERDOĞAN Pinar , ÇEVİK TEKİN İlknur
Published: May 2021

Bu çalışma ile Türkiye’de sağlık kurumlarında hizmet veren sağlık çalışanlarının kurumlarına karşı yaşadıkları örgütsel sinizmlerinin medeni durumlarına göre farklılaşma düzeylerinin meta-analiz yöntemiyle ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Ocak 2008 ve Aralık 2019 tarihleri arasında sağlık kurumlarında örgütsel sinizm konusunu ele alan tez ve makalelerden elde edilen veriler kullanılmış ve araştırmacıların belirlemiş olduğu dahil edilme kriterlerine uygun olan 18 çalışma verisi meta-analiz çalışmasına dahil edilmiştir. Huni Grafiği, Begg ve Mazumdar Testi ve Egger Testi ile incelenen yayın yanlılığı sonucunda çalışmalarda yayın yanlılığı olmadığı bulgulanmıştır. Etki büyüklükleri, meta-analize dahil edilen çalışma sayısı 18’in altında olduğu için Hedge’nin g’sine göre hesaplanmış, analizler ise çalışma sonuçlarındaki heterojenlik nedeniyle rastgele etkiler modeline göre yapılmıştır. Meta-analiz çalışmasına sonucuna göre sağlık çalışanlarının medeni durumlarına göre yaşadıkları örgütsel sinizm düzeylerinin etki büyüklüğü önemsiz (0,023) düzeydedir. Çalışmalardaki heterojenliğin nedenini anlamak için yapılan moderatör analizi sonucunda ise örneklem grubu ve çalışma türünün etki büyüklüğü üzerinde moderatör etkiye sahip olmadığı, çalışma bölgesinin ise etki büyüklüğü üzerinde moderatör etkiye sahip olduğu bulgulanmıştır.
Katılım Bankalarının CAMELS Oranlarının Analizi: MULTIMOORA ve MAUT Yöntemleri İle Bir Araştırma
Authors: YÖRÜK EREN Fatma , ÖZDAĞOĞLU Aşkın , BEKCİ İsmail
Published: May 2021

Bu çalışmada; Türkiye’de 2018 yılında faaliyet gösteren beş katılım bankası ve 2019 yılında faaliyet gösteren altı katılım bankasının, CAMELS oranları kullanılarak çok kriterli karar verme yöntemlerinden olan MULTİMOORA yöntemi ve MAUT yöntemi ile performanslarının ölçülmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda CAMELS kapsamında değerlendirilen oranlar hesaplanmıştır. Oranların hesaplanmasında 31 Aralık 2018 ve 31 Aralık 2019 tarihlerinde sona eren iki ayrı hesap dönemine ait, konsolide finansal tablolar ve bağımsız denetim raporları ile 31 Aralık 2018 ve 31 Aralık 2019 konsolide bilanço ve gelir tabloları kullanılmıştır. Oran hesaplamasının ardından oran yönleri belirlenmiştir. 2018 yılı verileri ile bulunan oranlar, MULTIMOORA yöntemi ile bütünleştirilerek katılım bankalarının sıralaması yapılmış ve ilk sırayı Vakıf Katılım Bankasının aldığı tespit edilmiştir. 2019 yılı verileri ile bulunan oranlar ise MAUT yöntemi yardımıyla sıralanmıştır. Bu sıralamada ise ilk sırayı Kuveyt Türk Katılım Bankası’nın aldığı görülmüştür.
Análisis descriptivo del comercio internacional entre Colombia y Estados Unidos a partir del Tratado de Libre Comercio
Authors: Beltrán-Bejarano Dayana Camila , Bohórquez-Montes Laura Cristina
Published: May 2021

El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es realizar un análisis descriptivo del tratado de libre comercio (TLC) con Estados Unidos, el cual entró en vigor en el 2012, a partir del comportamiento de los flujos comerciales según su posición arancelaria, sector económico y departamento de origen y destino, entre el 2012 y el 2019. Adicionalmente, se describe el comportamiento comercial entre los principales departamentos identificados y Estados Unidos durante los mismos años. Desde la entrada en vigencia del TLC con Estados Unidos —2012-2019— no se evidencia un cambio representativo de los principales productos comercializados entre los dos países. Las exportaciones han disminuido, posiblemente por la reducción del precio del petróleo en los últimos años, el cual se destaca como el rubro exportador principal, aunque con menor participación que en el 2012, mientras que los sectores manufacturero y agrícola reflejan un aumento en sus exportaciones. En cuanto a las importaciones, estas se caracterizaron por ser manufacturas. Los departamentos más representativos, según el valor de las exportaciones e importaciones con Estados Unidos, son Antioquia, Atlántico, Bogotá, Bolívar, Cundinamarca y Valle del Cauca.
The Special theory of relativity in different media(Ⅰ)
Authors: Jun Dong , Dong Na
Published: May 2021

In this paper, the special theory of relativity in different media is established, based on the fundamental invariant of the space-time four-dimensional space x2 + y2 + z2 - c2 t2 = x'2 + y'2 + z'2 - c' t'2 . First of all, the inertial coordinate system is strictly defined in mathematical language. The inertial coordinate system that uses the actual measured different speeds of light as the limit speed still retains its most basic characteristics as an inertial coordinate system. Then, the space-time coordinate transformation and velocity transformation formulas between inertial coordinate systems with different light velocity are derived. These results not only break through the limitation of "vacuum", but also all are exactly the same as the conclusions of the traditional special theory of relativity when c = c' ; and when c ≠ c' give the new physical content. This all lifted the threat of the theory of relativity by the speed of light experiment, making c = c' ; and c ≠ c' both inclusively under the basic point of view of the theory of relativity; which will inevitably broaden the way of using relativity to deal with physics problems and clarify many problems left over in the study of relativity. The article discusses the problem of relativistic kinematics involving the measurement of time and space, correctly interprets the effects of “ruler contraction” and “clock retardation”, and uncovers and correctly answers the “clock paradox” that accompanied the birth of relativity. For two motion systems S and S', that are separated from each other by constant velocity, at any time and where, the product of the proper time elapsed evenly and uniformly and the speed of light in the respective system are equal, cτ = c' τ'; and the product of the coordinates time read out in observing and recognizing the other party's proper time and the speed of light in the respective system are also equal, ct = c' t' . It is confirmed that the product of any moving individual's uniform disappearance proper time and its measured speed of light remain unchanged; and the proper time cannot be determined purely by the individual's subjective way. Deduced the uncertain relationship between the proper time and the coordinate time for an inertial coordinate system which was not noticed by the traditional special theory of relativity. Remind the practical astronomy workers who do the time measurement and the time service work to understand that it is impossible to equate practical scientific coordinate time and the proper time of ideal uniform disappearance (the so-called “Ephemeris Time”). Thereby pay attention to the impact of this uncertain relationship on the time measurement and the time service work, and propose ways to verify. Subsequent work will use this expanded special theory of relativity to conduct a comprehensive review of related physics, which will inevitably extend to issues that have not been or cannot be examined by traditional special theory of relativity.
Trajectories for energy transition in the countries of the European Union over the period 2000-2015: a multidimensional approach
Authors: RENOU-MAISSANT Patricia , ABDESSELAM Rafik , BONNET Jean
Published: May 2021

Environmental issues have become a major concern for policymakers faced with the threat of global warming. An ambitious plan “The European Climate Energy Package” drives trajectories of European countries in three directions: reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), increasing the share of renewable energy and improving energy efficiency. Considering the three targets together and using multidimensional data analysis methods constitutes the originality of the article, the methodology used makes it possible to propose temporal and spatial typologies of the energy transition of European countries over the period 2000–2015. Results show evidence of a gradual transition over three sub-periods towards a more environmentally conscious economy. Results highlight the backwardness of the great Western European countries in achieving the goals assigned to them. Finally, discriminant analyses suggest that policy mix design and innovation system are the key drivers of the energy transition over the sub-period 2011–2015. However, they do not contribute to discriminate the contrasted performances between countries on the same sub-period.
The Lived Experience of Nurses on the Role of Continuing Education Programs in Promoting Their Knowledge, Skills, and Attitude Toward Non-Communicable Diseases
Authors: Zarei Maryam , Bazrafkan Leila , Mojarrab Sadaf
Published: May 2021

BackgroundContinuing professional education is essential for nurses to provide quality patient care and upgrade their professional skills and competence. The need for continuing medical education (CME) has become more apparent in the face of advances in medical science, the ever-changing healthcare system, and the important role nurses play in improving health care. It is therefore imperative to explore nurses’ experience of CME courses and the extent to which such programs are effective. The present qualitative study aimed to assess the lived experience of nurses on the effect of CE programs in promoting their knowledge, skill, and attitude toward non-communicable diseases.MethodsThis qualitative study was conducted in 2019-2020 at various hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Shiraz, Iran). The target population was nurses actively working in the chronic wards of these hospitals. The participants were selected using maximum variation sampling, including nursing managers, education and clinical supervisors, and staff nurses. Data were collected through individual, face-to-face, semi-structured interviews and analysed using the conventional content analysis method. Data trustworthiness was assessed according to the criteria proposed by Guba and Lincoln.ResultsAnalysis of the interview data resulted in 230 primary codes based on which 15 subcategories, 6 categories, and 3 themes were identified. The extracted themes were training to improve knowledge and attitude, training to improve professional skills, and the need for effective training programs. The associated categories weretraining to improve clinical knowledge, training to improve professional attitude, training in clinical skills related to holistic and person‐centred care, communication skills training, incorporate the fundamentals of effective training, and recognize common challenges and barriers to effective training.ConclusionProfessional competence and performance of nurses can be improved through intrinsic motivation stimulation, planning and implementation of training programs based on professional needs, and effective assessment of the teaching/learning process.
Monitoring and Assessment on the UNESCO Endangered Heritage Sites using Space Technology-A Case Study on East Rennell, Solomon Islands
Authors: Huo Sijia , Mengmeng Wang , Chen GuoLong , Huiqin Shu , Yang RuiXia
Published: May 2021

Space technology is an effective approach to monitor the status of World Natural Heritage sites. East Rennell Island has been inscribed on the List of World Heritage in danger since 2013. The site includes approximately 37,000 hectare (ha) and a marine area extending three nautical miles to sea. Deforestation and natural disasters have become the increasing factors threatening its sustainable development. Based on the analyses of multi-source long-time series remote sensing data like MODIS and Worldview data, the forest cover change and its future trends in Rennell Island from 2000 to 2020 have been mapped and assessed using Sen + Mann-Kendall and Hurst index models. A land cover classification system derived from the high-resolution Worldview images was developed as a baseline product for monitoring and analyzing future forest cover changes in East Rennell Island. Our results show that: (1) Area of the vegetation degradation is basically same as that of vegetation improvement from 2000 to 2020. (2) The trend of forest cover change is weak in continuity, and significant improvements in damaged vegetation can be implemented but it needs enough protection measures and financial input. (3) This heritage site has a strong ability to regenerate vegetation, and it is recommended to restrict the human activities like the mining, logging, and road construction, which could greatly disturb the unique ecosystem.
The Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Corn Cob Lignin-Containing Cellulose Nanofibril Reinforced Bioplastics
Authors: Chong Ting Yen , Chan Yen San , Law Ming Chiat , Ling Jordy Kim Ung
Published: May 2021

Corn cobs fibers mainly the cellulose nanofibril (CNF) have been widely utilized as a reinforcement filler in bioplastic matrix. However, the preparation of CNF involves bleaching process which is not environmentally friendly. For that, lignin-containing cellulose nanofibril (LCNF) from corn cobs were prepared and its potential as reinforcement filler in bioplastic matrix was investigated. The LCNF were prepared by using soda process and silane treatment (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, APS) was performed for surface modification purpose. Specifically, the effects of LCNF loading and APS-treated LCNF loading (8 wt%, 10 wt% and 12 wt%) on the thermo-mechanical properties of corn starch-based plain bioplastic were evaluated. The results showed that a 12 wt% LCNF reinforced bioplastic has improved the tensile strength by 108% and reduced the elongation by 10% as compared to corn starch-based plain bioplastic. 12 wt% LCNF reinforced bioplastic was able to retain 9% more residues than the plain bioplastic at 300 , suggesting that the addition of LCNF improved the thermal stability of starch-based plain bioplastic. Interestingly, silane-treated LCNF reinforced bioplastic only showed minor improvements on mechanical strength at low LCNF loading (8 wt% and 10 wt%); When higher LCNF loading was introduced, the mechanical strength was found to be lower as compared to untreated LCNF reinforced bioplastic. Moreover, the effects of silane treatment on the thermal properties of LCNF reinforced bioplastic were insignificant in our study. This finding suggests that LCNF shows good potential as reinforcement filler in bioplastic matrix and silane treatment did not promote strengthening effects in this work.
Characterization of Candidate Factors Associated With the Metastasis and Progression of High Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Liu Huiping , Zhou Ling , Cheng Hongyan , Wang Shang , Luan Wenqing , Cai E , Ma Ruiqiong , Ye Xue , Cui Heng , Li Yi , chang xiaohong
Published: May 2021

Background. High grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the highest cause of gynecological cancer-related mortality due to the extremely metastatic nature of this disease. The goal of this study is to explore and evaluate the profiles and characteristics of candidate factors associated with metastasis and progression of HGSOC.Methods. Transcriptomic data of HGSOC patients’ samples collected from the primary tumor and matched omental metastatic tumor were obtained from three independent studies in the NCBI GEO database. Genes significantly up-regulated and down-regulated were selected to evaluate the effects to prognosis and progression of ovarian cancer using data of ovarian cancer patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Enrichment analysis for biological processes and pathways was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) analysis. Furthermore, the hub genes immune landscapes were estimated by Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) database.Results. 14 candidate genes included ADIPOQ, ALPK2, BARX1, CD37, CNR2, COL5A3, FABP4, FAP, GPR68, ITGBL1, MOXD1, PODNL1, SFRP2 and TRAF3IP3 were selected as up-regulated genes in metastatic tumors in every database while CADPS, GATA4, STAR and TSPAN8 were down-regulated. These 14 genes were significantly enriched for negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, fat cell differentiation, extracellular matrix organization. Finally, ALPK2, FAP, SFRP2 and GATA4, STAR, TSPAN8 were selected as hub genes that were found to be significantly associated with the survival and recurrence. All hub genes were correlated with several types of tumor microenvironmental cells infiltration significantly, especially for cancer associated fibroblasts and NK cells.Conclusions. This study indicates that screening for differentially expressed genes and pathways in HGSOC primary tumor and matched metastasis tumor using integrated bioinformatics analyses. In sum, we identify six hub genes correlated with the progression of HGSOC in our study, which might provide effective targets to predict prognosis and provide novel insights into immune-based therapy strategies of HGSOC well.
Outcomes After Proton Therapy Reirradiation for Malignant Glioma: Prospective Analysis of Over 100 Patients from the Proton Collaborative Group
Authors: Press Robert H , Hasan Shaakir , Choi J Isabelle , Chhabra Arpit M , Halasz Lia M , Vargas Carlos E , Tsai Henry K , Wang Chiachien J , Chang John H , Gondi Vinai , Mishra Mark V , II Charles B Simone
Published: May 2021

Purpose: The optimal salvage treatment for malignant glioma after prior radiotherapy (RT) is not well established. Proton therapy (PT) is an attractive treatment modality for reirradiation (ReRT) of recurrent disease; however, data are limited.Methods: The prospective, multi-institutional Proton Collaborative Group (PCG) registry was queried for patients with malignant glioma who previously received RT and underwent PT-ReRT between 7/2011-10/2018. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results: 109 consecutive patients were identified. Median follow-up was 11.2 months and median time interval (TI) from prior RT (median 59.3 Gy) to PT-ReRT (median 49.6 Gy) was 45.7 months. Primary histology was glioblastoma (n=62), oligodendroglioma (n=26), and astrocytoma (n=20). Median PFS and OS was 6.1 and 11.1 months, respectively. On UVA, improved PFS was associated with oligodendroglioma (HR 0.39) and astrocytoma (HR 0.55) histologies, WHO Grade III (HR 0.36), TI (HR 0.989), surgical resection (HR 0.39), and PT-ReRT dose ≥50 Gy (HR 0.59) (all p<0.03), while improved OS was associated with oligodendroglioma histology (HR 0.35), WHO grade III (HR 0.33), ECOG 0 (HR 0.47), TI (HR 0.985), and PT-ReRT dose ≥50 Gy (HR 0.58) (all p<0.04). Late Grade 3 toxicities occurred in 5.6% of patients with no attributable acute or late Grade 4-5 events.Conclusion: In the largest series of glioma PT-ReRT reported to date, retreatment appears well tolerated with acceptable outcomes and favorable toxicities compared to photon historical controls. Dose escalation achievable with PT may improve outcomes for well-selected patients.
Breeding against mycorrhizal symbiosis: modern cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties perform more poorly than older varieties except at very high phosphorus supply
Authors: Wang Xinxin , Zhang Min , Sheng Jiandong , Feng Gu , Kuyper Thomas W.
Published: May 2021

Background and aims
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an important cash fiber crop species, but its root traits related to phosphorus (P) acquisition have been poorly understood.
Methods
Eight cotton varieties that were released between 1950 and 2013 were grown in pots with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) at three P supply levels. Eleven root traits were measured and calculated after seven weeks of growth.
Results
At the lower two P levels mycorrhizal plants acquired more P and produced more biomass than non-mycorrhizal plants. At the highest P level mycorrhizal plants took up more P than non-mycorrhizal plants, but there was no difference in biomass. At the intermediate P level, root diameter was significantly positively correlated with biomass, P concentration and P content of mycorrhizal plants. More recent accessions had smaller root diameters, acquired less P and obtained less biomass, indicating (inadvertent) varietal selection for thinner roots that provided less cortical space for AMF, which increased the need for high P fertilizer.
Conclusion
Our study provides support for the importance of the outsourcing model of nutrient acquisition in the root economics space framework. Inadvertent varietal selection in the last decades, resulting in thinner roots and a lower benefit from mycorrhizal colonization, has caused a lower productivity of cotton varieties at moderate P supply, indicating the need to rethink cotton breeding efforts in order to achieve agricultural sustainability.
Proposed criterion for distinguishing ABO mosaics from ABO chimeras using flow cytometric analysis
Authors: Oda A. , Matsuyama N. , Hirashima M. , Ishii H. , Kimura K. , Matsukura H. , Hirayama F. , Kawa K. , Fukumori Y.
Published: May 2021

Differentiation of ABO mosaics from chimeras is performed using flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. Although mosaics and chimeras have been distinguished by presence or absence of clear resolution using FCM analysis, the lack of quantitative metrics and definitive criteria for this differentiation has made some cases difficult to differentiate. In this study, therefore, we attempted to establish a definitive and quantitative criterion for this differentiation. When FCM histogram gates for group “A” or “B” antigen-negative and -positive red blood cells (RBCs) were set such that group O RBCs were classified as 99 percent negative and group A or B RBCs as 99 percent positive, the percentages of RBCs in the middle region of six chimeras and 23 mosaics (12 A mosaics and 11 B mosaics) were 0.1–0.6 percent and 7.0–19.0 percent, respectively. This result suggested that ABO mosaics and chimeras can be unambiguously differentiated when the cutoff point of the intermediate region is set to 1 percent.
Immunohematology

2015;31:24–28.
An overview of the use of SNaPshot for predicting blood group antigens
Authors: Latini F.R.M. , Castilho L.M.
Published: May 2021

The use of SNaPshot (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) for predicting blood group antigens has emerged as an alternative to hemagglutination testing and also to the current low- and high-throughput blood group genotyping methods. Several groups have developed multiplex–polymerase chain reaction SNaPshot assays to determine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in blood group genes with the purpose of identifying clinically relevant antigens and rare alleles. The selection of SNPs is based on the population or laboratory reality and the purpose of the geno-typing. Unlike high-throughput genotyping strategies that are provided as commercial platforms, the SNPs can be chosen to best meet the needs of the user, and the interpretation of the results do not depend on the manufacturer.
Immunohematology

2015;31:53–57.
An overview of the Progenika ID CORE XT: an automated genotyping platform based on a fluidic microarray system
Authors: Goldman M. , Nogués N. , Castilho L.M.
Published: May 2021

Automated testing platforms facilitate the introduction of red cell genotyping of patients and blood donors. Fluidic microarray systems, such as Luminex XMAP (Austin, TX), are used in many clinical applications, including HLA and HPA typing. The Progenika ID CORE XT (Progenika Biopharma-Grifols, Bizkaia, Spain) uses this platform to analyze 29 polymorphisms determining 37 antigens in 10 blood group systems. Once DNA has been extracted, processing time is approximately 4 hours. The system is highly automated and includes integrated analysis software that produces a file and a report with genotype and predicted phenotype results.
Immunohematology

2015;31:62–68.
Blocked D phenomenon and relevance of maternal serologic testing
Authors: Jain A. , Kumawat V. , Marwaha N.
Published: May 2021

A blood requisition for double-volume exchange transfusion was received for a 2-day-old male child born to a 29-year-old multiparous female (P2002) referred to our institute having neonatal jaundice with encephalopathy; no maternal sample was received. The neonatal blood sample was typed as group A, D–, and the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was strongly positive (4+) using the gel method. Mono-specific DAT showed the presence of IgG antibodies on neonatal red blood cells (RBCs). Acid elution and gentle heat elution (at 56°C) confirmed the presence of anti-D on neonatal RBCs. The baby received two exchange transfusions with group O, D–, packed RBCs compatible with his own serum. Later, on day 3, the neonate’s mother was typed as group AB, D–, and her serum revealed the presence of alloanti-D, -C, and -S reactive in the anti-human globulin phase. The anti-D titer was 1024. This report highlights the “blocking” phenomenon caused by maternal anti-D in a case of hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn with a positive DAT.
Immunohematology

2015;31:116–118.
CD59: A long-known complement inhibitor has advanced to a blood group system
Authors: Weinstock C. , Anliker M. , von Zabern I.
Published: May 2021

The blood group system number 35 is based on CD59, a 20-kDa membrane glycoprotein present on a large number of different cells, including erythrocytes. The major function of CD59 is to protect cells from complement attack. CD59 binds to complement components C8 and C9 and prevents the polymerization of C9, which is required for the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). Other functions of CD59 in cellular immunity are less well defined. CD59 is inserted into the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. A defect of this anchor causes lack of this protein from the cell membrane, which leads to an enhanced sensitivity towards complement attack. Patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) harbor a varying percentage of red blood cell clones with a defect in GPI-anchored proteins, including CD59. The most characteristic symptoms of this disease are episodes of hemolysis and thromboses. Although CD59 has been classified as a membrane protein for more than 25 years, an alloantibody directed against CD59 was found only recently. So far, the first and sole alloantibody described was detected in a CD59-deficient child. In 2014, CD59 received the status of a blood group system by the International Society for Blood Transfusion Red Cell Immunogenetics and Blood Group Terminology Working Party. Among a variety of almost 20 synonyms, the designation CD59 was chosen for the blood group system and CD59.1 for the wild-type protein. The only three alleles published to date are null alleles. All CD59-deficient individuals recognized so far were severely ill, two of whom have died. Most of the reported cases present with a typical clinical picture within the first year of life that includes neuropathy, strokes, and mild Coombs-negative hemolysis. In one published case, the application of the complement inhibitor eculizumab caused a pronounced improvement of the clinical situation.
Immunohematology

2015;31:145–151.
Suspected acute hemolytic transfusion reaction mediated by anti-Dia
Authors: Bennett A. , Boyapati R.K. , Hong F.S.
Published: May 2021

Anti-Dia can mediate hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn, but it is unclear if it can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs). To date, there has only been one report of a possible immediate HTR attributed to anti-Dia. Our case report details an immediate HTR due to anti-Dia in a patient with pre-existing liver failure. This reaction triggered multi-organ failure, and the patient subsequently died. This case also highlights the importance of considering HTRs even when routine antibody screening has been unremarkable, particularly when electronic crossmatch is used, because of the potential for an alloantibody against a low-prevalence antigen.
Immunohematology

2015;31:163–165.
Drug-induced immune neutropenia/ agranulocytosis
Authors: Curtis B.R.
Published: May 2021

Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cell in blood and play a critical role in preventing infections as part of the innate immune system. Reduction in neutrophils below an absolute count of 500 cells/μL is termed severe neutropenia or agranulocytosis. Drug-induced immune neutropenia (DIIN) occurs when drug-dependent antibodies form against neutrophil membrane glycoproteins and cause neutrophil destruction. Affected patients have fever, chills, and infections; severe infections left untreated can result in death. Treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor can hasten neutrophil recovery. Cumulative data show that severe neutropenia or agranulocytosis associated with exposure to nonchemotherapy drugs ranges from approximately 1.6 to 15.4 cases per million population per year. Drugs most often associated with neutropenia or agranulocytosis include dipyrone, diclofenac, ticlopidine, calcium dobesilate, spironolactone, antithyroid drugs (e.g., propylthiouracil), carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, β-lactam antibiotics, clozapine, levamisole, and vancomycin. Assays used for detection of neutrophil drug-dependent antibodies (DDAbs) include flow cytometry, monoclonal antibody immobilization of granulocyte antigens, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, granulocyte agglutination, and granulocytotoxicity. However, testing for neutrophil DDAbs is rarely performed owing to its complexity and lack of availability. Mechanisms proposed for DIIN have not been rigorously studied, but those that have been studied include drug- or hapten-induced antibody formation and autoantibody production against drug metabolite or protein adducts covalently attached to neutrophil membrane proteins. This review will address acute, severe neutropenia caused by neutrophil-reactive antibodies induced by nonchemotherapy drugs—DIIN.
Immunohematology

2014;30:95–101.
A case of masquerading alloantibodies: the value of a multitechnique approach
Authors: Wennersten P.M.S. , Sutor L.J.
Published: May 2021

In an immunohematology reference laboratory, samples received for antibody identification react in many different ways requiring a variety of approaches. Sometimes, the clues from initial testing can lead to faulty assumptions and misdirection. Fortunately, a well-supplied reference laboratory will have access to a variety of techniques and reagents that, when used together, can reveal the true identity of the antibodies involved. We present a case of a patient sample with an apparent group AB, D+ blood type showing strong reactivity with all cells tested in the forward and reverse ABO, in the D testing as well as in a three-cell antibody screen. The initial assumption was that the plasma contained a cold autoantibody. Subsequent testing, including the use of gel column technology, ficin-treated cells, and antisera for phenotyping, showed the apparent cold autoantibody to be a red herring. Additional tube testing at immediate spin, 37°C, and indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) revealed the presence of four alloantibodies: anti-M and anti-E reacting at immediate spin, 37°C, and IAT plus anti-Fya and anti-Jkb reacting at IAT.
Immunohematology

2014;30:117–120.
Transfusion of D+ red blood cells to D– individuals in trauma situations
Authors: Tchakarov A. , Hobbs R. , Bai Y.
Published: May 2021

To conserve D– red blood cells (RBCs), our facility developed a policy for transfusion of D+ units to D– patients, particularly in trauma situations. To our knowledge, this is the first study looking at D-mismatched RBC transfusion in trauma patients. We developed guidelines for the transfusion of D-mismatched RBCs. Patients were followed by antibody screening and direct antiglobulin testing. Twenty-six patients were identified, and 57.7 percent of the cases were the result of trauma. Follow-up ranged from 7 to 455 days. The trauma cohort had a follow-up of 7 to 102 days. Overall, patients were transfused with 1 to 36 units of D-mismatched RBCs. Three patients produced alloanti-D, resulting in a 20 percent rate of antibody formation in trauma patients. We found an overall antibody formation rate of 11.5 percent compared with 21.4 to 30.4 percent in previous studies. Approximately 58 percent of our study population was composed of trauma patients. Within that cohort, the formation of anti-D was 20 percent, similar to the rate seen in previous studies looking at primarily non-trauma populations.
Immunohematology

2014;30:149–152.
Validation of a blood group genotyping method based on high-resolution melting curve analysis
Authors: Gong T. , Hong Y. , Wang N. , Fu X. , Zhou C.
Published: May 2021

The detection of polymorphism is the basis of blood group genotyping and phenotype prediction. Genotyping may be useful to determine blood groups when serologic results are unclear. The development and application of different methods for blood group genotyping may be needed as a substitute for blood group typing. The purpose of this study is to establish an approach for blood group genotyping based on a melting curve analysis of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using DNA extracted from whole blood, we developed and validated a DNA typing method for detecting DO*01/DO*02, DI*01/DI*02, LU*01/LU*02, and GYPB*03/GYPB*04 alleles using a melting curve analysis. All assays were confirmed with a commercial reagent containing sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP), and a cohort of the samples was confirmed with sequencing. Results for all blood groups were within the range of specificity and assay variability. Genotypes of 300 blood donors were fully consistent with PCR-SSP data. The obtained genotype distribution is in complete concordance with existing data for the Chinese population. There are several advantages for this approach of blood group genotyping: lower contamination rates with PCR products in the laboratory, ease of performance, automation potential, and rapid cycling time.
Immunohematology

2014;30:161–165.
P1PK: The blood group system that changed its name and expanded
Authors: Hellberg Å. , Westman J.S. , Thuresson B. , Olsson M.L.
Published: May 2021

The antigens in the P1PK blood group system are carried on glycosphingolipids. The system currently includes three different antigens, P1, Pk, and NOR. The P1 antigen was disovered in 1927 by Landsteiner and Levine, and Pkand NOR were described in 1951 and 1982, respectively. As in the ABO system, naturally occurring antibodies of the immunoglobulin (Ig) M or IgG class, against the missing carbohydrate structures, can be present in the sera of people lacking the corresponding antigen. Anti-P1 is generally a weak and cold-reactive antibody not implicated in hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR) or hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn while Pkantibodies can cause HTR, and anti-NOR is regarded as a polyagglutinin. A higher frequency of miscarriage is seen in women with the rare phenotypes p, P1
k, and P2
k. Furthermore, the Pkand P1 antigens have wide tissue distributions and can act as host receptors for various pathogens and toxins. Why p individuals lack not only Pkand P expression but also P1 has been a longstanding enigma. Recently, it was shown that the same A4GALT-encoded galactosyltransferase synthesizes both the P1 and Pkantigens and that a polymorphism in a new exon in this gene predicts the P1and P2phenotypes.
Immunohematology

2013;29:25–33.
Thermal amplitude test
Authors: Hopkins C. , Walters T.K.
Published: May 2021

The thermal amplitude test is performed to determine the reactivity of a cold autoantibody at varying temperatures: 4°C, 22°C, 30°C, and 37°C. Cold autoantibodies that are reactive at temperatures greater than 30°C have the potential to be clinically significant regardless of the antibody titer. Cold autoantibodies that are reactive at temperatures less than 30°C are not considered to be clinically significant.
Immunohematology

2013;29:49–50.
SC*994C>T causes the Scnull phenotype in Pacific Islanders and successful transfusion of Sc3+ blood to a patient with anti-Sc3
Authors: Hue-Roye K. , Velliquette R.W. , Larimore K. , Moscarelli S. , Ohswaldt N. , Lomas-Francis C. , Reid M.E.
Published: May 2021

Antigens in the SC blood group system are expressed by the human erythrocyte membrane-associated protein (ERMAP). Two molecular bases have been reported for the Scnullphenotype: SC*307del2and SC*994C>T.We report our investigation of the molecular background of five Scnullindividuals from the Pacific Islands and describe the successful transfusion of Sc3+ blood to a patient with anti-Sc3 in her plasma. SC (ERMAP)exons 2, 3, and 12 and their flanking intronic regions were analyzed. The SC*994C>Tchange introduces a restriction enzyme cleavage site for Tsp45I, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from exon 12 were subjected to this PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay. The five samples had the variant SC*994T/T.One sample, from a first cousin of one Marshallese proband, was heterozygous for SC*1514C/T(in the 3′ untranslated region); the other four samples were SC*1514C/C(consensus sequence). Samples from white donors (n = 100) and African American donors (n = 99) were tested using the Tsp45I PCR-RFLP assay; all gave a banding pattern that was consistent with the SC*994C/Cconsensus sequence. In all five samples, our analyses showed homozygosity for the nonsense nucleotide change SC*994C>Tin an allele carrying the nucleotide associated with Sc1. Further investigation determined that one of the probands reported previously with the SC*994C>Tchange was from the Marshall Islands (which form part of the Micronesian Pacific Islands) and the other was from an unspecified location within the large collection of Pacific Islands. Taken together, the five known probands with the SC*994C>Tsilencing nucleotide change were from the Pacific Islands.
Immunohematology

2013;29:69–72.
Comparison of estimation of volume of fetomaternal hemorrhage using Kleihauer-Betke test and microcolumn gel method in D-negative nonisoimmunized mothers
Authors: Mittal K. , Marwaha N. , Kumar P. , Saha S.C. , Thakral B.
Published: May 2021

In this study we assessed the efficacy of the microcolumn gel method in the detection and quantification of the volume of fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) in comparison with the Kleihauer-Betke test (KB) in nonisoimmunized D– mothers. We collected blood samples from 80 D– indirect antiglobulin test–negative mothers over a span of more than 1 year. FMH was determined by KB and microcolumn gel method, and the results were compared. FMH was recorded as less than 4 mL by KB if no fetal cells were seen after examining 25 fields using 10× objective. If fetal cells were seen, slides were examined further to quantify FMH. By microcolumn gel method, FMH was reported as less than 0.1 percent, 0.1 percent, 0.2 percent, and 0.4 percent or greater. None of the patients had FMH greater than 15 mL by KB. Sixty-two patients (77.5%) had FMH less than 4 mL by KB. In all these cases, FMH was less than or equal to 0.2 percent (approximately 4 mL) by microcolumn gel method. The mean volume of FMH in the remaining 18 (22.5%) cases by KB was 8.3 ± 1.7 mL. Fifteen (83.3%) of these 18 cases had FMH of at least 0.4 percent (approximately 8 mL) by gel technology. Three cases (16.7%) that differed from KB results had FMH of 0.2 percent by microcolumn gel method with a maximal FMH of 6.4 mL by KB. FMH was significantly increased in cesarean delivery (mean FMH 9.5 ± 0.8 mL, range 7.9–10.4 mL, p = 0.001) and antepartum hemorrhage (mean FMH 9.5 ± 0.9 mL, range 7.9–10.4 mL, p < 0.001). Microcolumn gel method is an effective screening test. Technologies like KB and flow cytometry are better options for detecting a large volume of FMH. Antepartum hemorrhage and cesarean delivery are risk factors for FMH. The 300-µg dose appears to be excessive immunoprophylaxis in the majority of cases. We need to analyze the relative cost-effectiveness of universal administration of 300 µg of Rh immune globulin vs. FMH quantitation with subsequent administration of titrated doses.
Immunohematology

2013;29:105–09.
The LAN blood group system: a review
Authors: Peyrard T.
Published: May 2021

LAN (Langereis) was officially recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion in 2012 as being the 33rd human blood group system. It consists of one single high-prevalence antigen, Lan (LAN1). The ABCB6 protein is the carrier of the Lan blood group antigen. The ABCB6gene (chromosome 2q36, 19 exons) encodes the ABCB6 polypeptide (ATP-binding cassette protein, subfamily B, member 6), known as a porphyrin transporter. The exceptional Lan– people do not express ABCB6 (Lan null phenotype), owing to several different molecular mechanisms affecting ABCB6:frameshift leading to a premature stop codon (deletion, insertion, or nonsense mutation of nucleotides); missense mutation; or intronic mutation responsible for RNA splicing defect. Despite the Lan antigen’s being reported to play a key role in erythropoiesis and detoxification of cells, Lan– people do not appear to demonstrate susceptibility to any disease or seemingly physiologic disorder. Anti-Lan has been described as having variable clinical significance, either for hemolytic transfusion reactions (none to severe) or hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (none to mild). Despite challenging conditions caused by the scarcity of Lan– donors worldwide, Lan– blood should ideally be given to patients with anti-Lan, especially those with a high-titer antibody.
Immunohematology

2013;29:131–135.