bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First‐trimester prediction of surgical outcome in abnormally invasive placenta using the cross‐over sign
Authors: Calì G. , Forlani F. , Minneci G. , Foti F. , Di Liberto S. , Familiari A. , Scambia G. , D'Antonio F.
Published: February 2017

Objective

Ultrasound assessment of the relationship between the ectopic gestational sac and the endometrial line (cross‐over sign; COS) in Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) has been shown to be useful in predicting the evolution of CSP towards different types of abnormally invasive placenta (AIP). The aim of this study was to ascertain whether the COS can be used to predict surgical outcome in women with AIP.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed of early first‐trimester (6–8 weeks' gestation) ultrasound images of women with AIP managed in the third trimester of pregnancy. We hypothesized that assessment of COS may identify cases of AIP at higher risk of intra‐ or postsurgical morbidity. Outcomes explored were estimated blood loss during surgery, need for and amount of packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma units required either during or after surgery, operative time, intrasurgical complications, gestational age at birth, delivery < 34 weeks of gestation, length of hospital stay and admission to intensive care unit. Differences in the explored outcomes were assessed among women with different types of COS variant (COS‐1, COS‐2+ or COS‐2−) as observed on first‐trimester ultrasound examination.

Results

Sixty‐eight pregnancies were included in the study. Mean estimated blood loss was higher in AIP pregnancies with COS‐1 than in those with COS‐2+ (P = 0.039) or COS‐2− (P = 0.01). Mean number of packed red blood cell units required during or after the operation was higher in women with COS‐1 compared with those with COS‐2+ (P = 0.001) and COS‐2− (P = 0.029), while there was no difference between pregnancies with COS‐2+ and those with COS‐2− (P = 0.797). Mean operative time was longer in AIP pregnancies with COS‐1 than in those with COS‐2+ (P = 0.039) or COS‐2− (P = 0.017). Finally, pregnancies with COS‐1 were delivered earlier than those with COS‐2+ (P = 0.0001) or COS‐2− (P = 0.0001).

Conclusion

First‐trimester ultrasound assessment of the relationship between the ectopic gestational sac and the endometrial line (COS) may identify women with AIP who are at higher risk of intra‐ or postsurgical morbidity. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Automatic ultrasound technique to measure angle of progression during labor
Authors: Conversano F. , Peccarisi M. , Pisani P. , Di Paola M. , De Marco T. , Franchini R. , Greco A. , D'Ambrogio G. , Casciaro S.
Published: February 2017

Objective

To evaluate the accuracy and reliability of an automatic ultrasound technique for assessment of the angle of progression (AoP) during labor.

Methods

Thirty‐nine pregnant women in the second stage of labor, with fetus in cephalic presentation, underwent conventional labor management with additional translabial sonographic examination. AoP was measured in a total of 95 acquisition sessions, both automatically by an innovative algorithm and manually by an experienced sonographer, who was blinded to the algorithm outcome. The results obtained from the manual measurement were used as the reference against which the performance of the algorithm was assessed. In order to overcome the common difficulties encountered when visualizing by sonography the pubic symphysis, the AoP was measured by considering as the symphysis landmark its centroid rather than its distal point, thereby assuring high measurement reliability and reproducibility, while maintaining objectivity and accuracy in the evaluation of progression of labor.

Results

There was a strong and statistically significant correlation between AoP values measured by the algorithm and the reference values (r = 0.99, P < 0.001). The high accuracy provided by the automatic method was also highlighted by the corresponding high values of the coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.98) and the low residual errors (root mean square error = 2°27′ (2.1%)). The global agreement between the two methods, assessed through Bland–Altman analysis, resulted in a negligible mean difference of 1°1′ (limits of agreement, 4°29′).

Conclusions

The proposed automatic algorithm is a reliable technique for measurement of the AoP. Its (relative) operator‐independence has the potential to reduce human errors and speed up ultrasound acquisition time, which should facilitate management of women during labor. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
EEG Abnormalities in Different Types of Criminal Behavior
Authors: Zukov Ilja , Ptacek Radek , Fischer Slavomil
Published: February 2017

Electroencephalographic abnormalities in psychopathic personalities and in forensic population were reported in many EEG studies but at this time the problem presents still unresolved question. Within this context aim of this study is to present findings of several EEG abnormalities in different types of criminal behavior in comparison to healthy controls. Studied sample included four groups. The first group (n=20) included offenders of violent criminal activity evaluated as impulsive, non-deliberate, affectively motivated and affectively aggressive. The second, control group (n=20) included individuals who committed no criminal activity and has no mental disorder. The third group (n=20) included violently deliberately behaving delinquents and the fourth group (n=20) included delinquents performing property criminal activities, non-violent and non-impulsive.

An EEG abnormality was found in 70 % of subjects. Multiple abnormalities were found in 35% of the subjects. In non-impulsive delinquents higher rate of EEG abnormalities were found (30 % and multiple abnormalities in 5 %). Other groups i.e. thefts and the control group show no significant EEG changes. In summary, the results show the highest occurrence of EEG abnormalities in the group of impulsive criminals. The results are in agreement with previous findings that did not find specific EEG signs in different types of criminal behavior exception of impulsive aggressive criminals.
Physical versus Social Fear: A Fundamental Dichotomy
Authors: Longin Estelle , Chammat Mariam , Chapouthier Georges , Jouvent Roland
Published: February 2017

In this review we scrutinize the differences between two aspects of fear: physical fear and social fear. Based on the cognitive and behavioural differences in panic disorder and social phobia we try to correlate cerebral structures implicated in both kinds of fear. We study the neocortical control mechanisms over physical fear that render social fear more channelled. We also try to understand the dynamics and evolutionary origins of each, knowing that physical fear is more immediate while social fear has more social and evolved characteristics.
The Two High Levels of Self- Identification in Relationships to Consciousness, Social Motives and Brain Laterality
Authors: Rotenberg Vadim S.
Published: February 2017

The goal of this article is to discuss the difference between the two highest forms of self-identification–Self-Concept and Self-Image and the relationships between both of these forms, their relations to consciousness and to social motivations as well as to the functions of left and right frontal lobe. I suggest that Self-Image being out of consciousness contains nevertheless conscious attitudes and represents Super-consciousness. However, I will start with the lower level of self-identification that represents a predisposition to the development of higher forms.
Dissociation, Epileptiform Discharges and Chaos in the Brain: Toward a Neuroscientific Theory of Dissociation
Authors: Bob Petr
Published: February 2017

Dissociated states represent pathological conditions when psychological trauma may emerge in a variety of forms such as psychic dissociative symptoms or, on the contrary, as paroxysms or other somatoform symptoms. There is evidence that epileptic activity plays an important role in the generation of dissociative states and it is able to generate various psychopathological processes as well as a wide spectrum of somatic symptoms or seizures. For the explanation of these connections between dissociative states and epileptic discharges the author proposes a neuroscientific model of dissociation based on the theory of competitive neural assemblies which can lead to chaotic self-organization in brain neural networks. This model is suggested as an integrative view interconnecting the various psychopathological and somatoform manifestations of dissociative states and suggests further possibilities for future research regarding common pathogenic mechanisms among epilepsy and mental disorders.
The Origins of Anxiety, Panic and Rage Attacks
Authors: Janov Arthur
Published: February 2017

This is a report of clinical observations over forty five years. We describe the difference between limbic fear versus brainstem terror. The earlier a patient relives events from childhood, and infancy, the deeper into the brain he may reach. In the process, the affective responses become more exaggerated; for example, mild hopelessness becomes suicidal hopelessness, fear becomes terror, and anger becomes rage. The responses become more primitive as they emanate from a brain that is more primitive; older and pre-human. (Janov), (2011) That primitive brain inside of us provides all of the responses that existed hundreds of millions of years ago. In some respects we are still that alligator or shark with no pity or remorse, just instinct. Those primitive responses are pre-emotion, before mammalian caring and concern evolved, and they do allow us to murder when evoked. They also permit panic attacks which evolved to be life-saving in situations where rapid and vigorous responses meant survival. A person responding with rage or terror is overwhelmed by his brainstem activity and is reacting exactly like the alligator does. These deep and early processes have largely been ignored in clinical work and must be revisited.
Principle of Dissolution and Primitive Reflexes in AD HD
Authors: Konicarova Jana , Bob Petr
Published: February 2017

According to current findings, in the history of neurology proposed by Hughlings Jackson, certain later developed functions during ontogenesis of the central nervous system (CNS) tend to replace the older ones. In this context, recent and historical findings suggest that certain later developed cognitive and motor functions during brain ontogenesis related to higher levels of coordination tend to replace the older ones and their persistence is linked to various neuropsychiatric disorders. Particularly important functional disturbances in ADHD developed early in life likely linked to dissolution process are balance deficits linked to dysfunctions of higher levels of coordination related to neurophysiological and mental functions that typically occur in ADHD. In this context, recent data suggest that one of the important aspects of normal development that may play a role in ADHD is suppression of the so-called primitive reflexes. Taken together these data suggest that ADHD symptoms may present a compensatory process related to interference of more primitive neural mechanism, as related to primitive reflexes, with higher levels of brain functions linked to coordination and balance due to insufficiently developed cognitive and motor integration.
Auditory ERPs in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Holeckova Irena , Cepicka Ladislav , Mautner Pavel , Stepanek David , Moucek Roman
Published: February 2017

The present study aims to investigate and compare the auditory attention performance of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and normally developing children (NDC) using cognitive evoked potentials (ERPs) in passive conditions. ERPs data showed that children with DCD have less ability to detect small physical differences between acoustic stimuli (no MMN response in DCD children) and have a reduced attentional engagement and stimulus evaluation of salient stimuli (a reduction of P3 amplitude in DCD children). The results of our study suggest that children with DCD do not only suffer from a visuospatial attention deficit as previous studies reported but also have auditory attention deficit.
Trauma, Dissociation and Synthetic Metacognition in Schizophrenia
Authors: Pec Ondrej , Bob Petr , Lysaker Paul H.
Published: February 2017

Both childhood trauma and dissociation are associated with schizophrenia. More rudimentary form of dissociation known already from Eugen Bleuler as splitting of association is theoretically close to the modern concept of synthetic metacognition in schizophrenia. The synthetic metacognition as a psychological process is described as a capability to synthesize intentions, thoughts, feelings, and connections between events, and to integrate them into larger complex representations of self and others. Disturbed synthetic metacognition was found in early as well as in late forms of schizophrenia and has its typical formula. Deficit of synthetic metacognition is related to symptoms of schizophrenia and psychosocial functions. Synthetic metacognition is measurable by analyzing discourse using standardized procedures. The level of metacognition is assessed from the sample of narrative on the basis of the Metacognitive Assessment Scale — Abbreviated (MAS-A). Psychotherapies focused on strengthening of metacognitive functions concentrate on integration of fragmented mental content or on promoting of formation of stable mental representations in this disorder.
Relationship of Body Image and Self-Esteem in Adolescents with Different Types of Constitutional Development: Preliminary Results
Authors: Tiunova Alona
Published: February 2017

This study evaluated the peculiarities of relationships of body image and self-esteem of Ukrainian adolescents with different types of constitutional development. In a school-based cross-sectional survey, a total of 250 adolescents were recruited. They filled out self-completing questionnaires on body image, body parts ranking, self-esteem, personal qualities and related factors. The results suggest that body image in the consciousness of a teenager defines his personal characteristics, level of self-esteem, the scope of internal conflicts and specific features of emotional reactions on the environment.
Clinical Observation On Palipeddone Sustained Release Tablet In The Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Xiong Dian-Zhang , Yuan Yu-Ru , Gao Rong , Wang Qing , Chang Wen-Pin
Published: February 2017

Objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and adverse drug reactions (ADR) of palipeddone sustained release tablet in the treatment of schizophrenia in outpatients. Outpatients with schizophrenia treated with palipeddone sustained release tablet (observation group)in our hospital from Apr. to Sep. in 2009 were followed up and compared with those treated with risperidone (control group) during the same period. PANSS and TESS were applied to evaluate efficacy and ADR. Results suggest that the cure rates were 42.4% for control group and 49.6% for observation group. The effective rates were 74.8% for control group and 80.3% for observation group (P<0.05). As compared with control group, observation group showed slightly ADR with low frequency. In summary palipeddone sustained release tablet which has sound effect on schizophrenia with slightly ADR suits for outpatient treatment.
Communication Without Consciousness: The Theory of Brain-Sign
Authors: Clapson Philip
Published: February 2017

Despite developments in neuroscience, consciousness is unidentified in the brain. Moreover there is no scientific definition of what it is or does. This paper proposes that consciousness is not a scientific category. However, by ‘postulating’ consciousness as self-explanation, the brain can communicate with other brains in collective action. But the brain can generate a more plausible self-description as brainsign. There are two foundational tenets. (1) Brain-sign arises from the brain’s interpretation of its causal orientation towards the world at each moment, and is ‘apparent’ as the world; and (2) It facilitates communication between brains about the world in collective action which is uncertain or imprecise. It is therefore grounded in the brain’s bio-physical operation. Signs are ubiquitous bio-physical states, but they are not causal for the hosting organism. The paper contrasts brain-sign with consciousness both as theory, and in empirical findings. Brain-sign is the source of all theories, including itself.
How Many Ways to Deal With Stress? Stress coping factors in the SVF 78
Authors: Balcar Karel , Trnka Radek , Kuška Martin
Published: February 2017

Coping strategies belong undoubtedly to the most relevant variables for human performance and health. The Stress Coping Style Questionnaire SVF 78 has previously received critical remarks for the lack of theoretical foundations and unclear interrelationships between included strategies of coping. The present study verifies the factor structure of SVF 78 using exploratory factor analysis in a sample of 187 Czech undergraduates. Four common factors were extracted, interpreted and compared with the 3- and 5-factor solutions of the same data and with other studies analyzing local versions of the SVF Questionnaire in other countries. The results support methodological usefulness of using common factor scores instead of only empirically constructed stress coping questionnaire scales, particularly for research purposes.
Novel Odd‐Chain Fatty Acids with a Terminal Double Bond in Ovaries of the Limpet Cellana toreuma
Authors: Kawashima Hideki , Ohnishi Masao
Published: February 2017

Our previous study characterized highly diverse dienoic fatty acids (FA), in particular an uncommon non‐methylene‐interrupted (NMI) FA, in the ovaries of the Japanese limpet Cellana toreuma belonging to the archaeogastropods, but many minor chemically unidentified FA remain. In this study, among previously unidentified FA (less than 0.1% of total FA), four novel NMI FA with a terminal double bond [7,18‐nonadecadienoic (19:2Δ7,18), 11,18‐nonadecadienoic (19:2Δ11,18), 7,20‐heneicosadienoic (21:2Δ7,20), and 11,20‐heneicosadienoic (21:2Δ11,20) acids] were found, along with known 14‐pentadecenoic (15:1Δ14), 16‐heptadecenoic (17:1Δ16), and 9,18‐nonadecadienoic (19:2Δ9,18) acids, based on capillary GC–MS of their methyl esters, 3‐pyridylcarbinol derivatives, and argentation thin‐layer chromatography. From our findings, possible biosynthetic pathways for the novel FA are discussed.
Reference standard space hippocampus labels according to the European Alzheimer's Disease Consortium–Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative harmonized protocol: Utility in automated volumetry
Authors: Wolf Dominik , Bocchetta Martina , Preboske Gregory M. , Boccardi Marina , Grothe Michel J.
Published: February 2017

Introduction

A harmonized protocol (HarP) for manual hippocampal segmentation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has recently been developed by an international European Alzheimer's Disease Consortium–Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative project. We aimed at providing consensual certified HarP hippocampal labels in Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) standard space to serve as reference in automated image analyses.

Methods

Manual HarP tracings on the high‐resolution MNI152 standard space template of four expert certified HarP tracers were combined to obtain consensual bilateral hippocampus labels. Utility and validity of these reference labels is demonstrated in a simple atlas‐based morphometry approach for automated calculation of HarP‐compliant hippocampal volumes within SPM software.

Results

Individual tracings showed very high agreement among the four expert tracers (pairwise Jaccard indices 0.82–0.87). Automatically calculated hippocampal volumes were highly correlated (rL/R = 0.89/0.91) with gold standard volumes in the HarP benchmark data set (N = 135 MRIs), with a mean volume difference of 9% (standard deviation 7%).

Conclusion

The consensual HarP hippocampus labels in the MNI152 template can serve as a reference standard for automated image analyses involving MNI standard space normalization.
The explore–exploit tension: A case study of organizing in a professional services firm
Authors: Smith Aaron C. T. , Gilbert David H. , Sutherland Fiona
Published: February 2017

This article reports on a case study of a decade-long organizing forms response to the need for groundbreaking innovation while maintaining existing operational performance – the explore–exploit conundrum. Employing ‘grounded research,’ data were collected on the experiences of the Asia-Pacific arm of a multinational professional service firm’s key decision-makers, innovators and entrepreneurs. The findings reveal a three-tiered organizing forms response to the explore–exploit paradox, characterized by a novel combination of heavy exploitation-driven actions alongside deep exploration projects. This case suggests that one successful approach to delivering on both explore and exploit focuses on a productive tension that emerges by enacting innovative organizing forms with contextual awareness. This productive tension was sufficiently powerful to impel individuals to innovate, but also sufficiently contained to avoid interfering with commercial outcomes. An explore–exploit framework conceptualizes organizational changes incorporating complexity and contradiction, without the implicit emphasis on removing or denying the existing tension.
Knowledge of childhood: materiality, text, and the history of science – an interdisciplinary round table discussion
Authors: RIETMANN FELIX , SCHILDMANN MAREIKE , ARNI CAROLINE , COOK DANIEL THOMAS , GIURIATO DAVIDE , GÖHLSDORF NOVINA , MUIGAI WANGUI
Published: February 2017

This round table discussion takes the diversity of discourse and practice shaping modern knowledge about childhood as an opportunity to engage with recent historiographical approaches in the history of science. It draws attention to symmetries and references among scientific, material, literary and artistic cultures and their respective forms of knowledge. The five participating scholars come from various fields in the humanities and social sciences and allude to historiographical and methodological questions through a range of examples. Topics include the emergence of children's rooms in US consumer magazines, research on the unborn in nineteenth-century sciences of development, the framing of autism in nascent child psychiatry, German literary discourses about the child's initiation into writing, and the sociopolitics of racial identity in the photographic depiction of African American infant corpses in the early twentieth century. Throughout the course of the paper, childhood emerges as a topic particularly amenable to interdisciplinary perspectives that take the history of science as part of a broader history of knowledge.
Republican spirit and military science: the ‘Irish brigade’ and Irish-American nationalism in 1848
Authors: Belchem John
Published: February 2017

Little has been written of the optimism and excitement among Irish immigrants and other Americans during the revolutionary months of 1848, the European ‘springtime of the peoples’. Studies of Irish-American nationalism hasten over the mobilisation of funds and arms to register the impact of failure. The ignominious collapse of the Young Ireland rising in Widow McCormack’s cabbage patch was to compel Irish-Americans to reconstruct their identity, to redefine the ways and means of their nationalist project. Irish-American nationalism became self-enclosed and self-reliant, an attitude evinced in a pattern of ethnic associational culture extending from mutual improvement to terrorist planning. During the heady months of 1848, however, a different mood prevailed. Looking across the Atlantic to revolutionary Europe, Irish immigrants invoked an international republicanism in which America, their adopted homeland, held pride of place. By recalling their hosts to their revolutionary past, Irish-Americans challenged narrow isolationism — and ‘Know-Nothing’ prejudice — to gain substantial, if temporary, native support.
‘I Can't Concentrate’: A Feasibility Study with Young Refugees in Sweden on Developing Science-Driven Interventions for Intrusive Memories Related to Trauma
Authors: Holmes Emily A. , Ghaderi Ata , Eriksson Ellinor , Lauri Klara Olofsdotter , Kukacka Olivia M. , Mamish Maya , James Ella L. , Visser Renée M.
Published: February 2017

Background: The number of refugees is the highest ever worldwide. Many have experienced trauma in home countries or on their escape which has mental health sequelae. Intrusive memories comprise distressing scenes of trauma which spring to mind unbidden. Development of novel scalable psychological interventions is needed urgently. Aims: We propose that brief cognitive science-driven interventions should be developed which pinpoint a focal symptom alongside a means to monitor it using behavioural techniques. The aim of the current study was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the methodology required to develop such an intervention. Method: In this study we recruited 22 refugees (16–25 years), predominantly from Syria and residing in Sweden. Participants were asked to monitor the frequency of intrusive memories of trauma using a daily diary; rate intrusions and concentration; and complete a 1-session behavioural intervention involving Tetris game-play via smartphone. Results: Frequency of intrusive memories was high, and associated with high levels of distress and impaired concentration. Levels of engagement with study procedures were highly promising. Conclusions: The current work opens the way for developing novel cognitive behavioural approaches for traumatized refugees that are mechanistically derived, freely available and internationally scalable.
Quantification of Multicellular Organization, Junction Integrity, and Substrate Features in Collective Cell Migration
Authors: Canver Adam C. , Morss Clyne Alisa
Published: February 2017

Quantitative analysis of multicellular organization, cell–cell junction integrity, and substrate properties is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying collective cell migration. However, spatially and temporally defining these properties is difficult within collectively migrating cell groups due to challenges in accurate cell segmentation within the monolayer. In this paper, we present Matlab®-based algorithms to spatially quantify multicellular organization (migration distance, interface roughness, and cell alignment, area, and morphology), cell–cell junction integrity, and substrate features in confocal microscopy images of two-dimensional collectively migrating endothelial monolayers. We used novel techniques, including measuring the migrating front roughness using a parametric curve formulation, automatically binning cells to obtain data as a function of distance from the migrating front, using iterative morphological closings to fully define cell boundaries, quantifying β-catenin localization as a measure of cell–cell junction integrity, and skeletonizing fibronectin to determine fiber length and orientation. These algorithms are widely accessible, as they use common fluorescent markers and Matlab® functions, and provide high-throughput critical feature quantification within collectively migrating cell groups. These image analysis algorithms can help standardize feature quantification among different experimental techniques, cell types, and research groups studying collective cell migration.
Atomic-Scale Analytical Tomography
Authors: Kelly Thomas F.
Published: February 2017

The concept of atomic-scale tomography has been proposed in the past decade as a technique that could deliver the position of all atoms with high precision and their elemental (isotopic) identity. The technique was never intended to be limited to merely structural information and there is clearly a rich array of additional analytical information that can be brought to bear on such tomographs. In this paper, some of these types of information are considered and the implications are explored. The fuller realm of this analytical and structural information may be called atomic-scale analytical tomography.
Three-Position Verses inBeowulfandGenesis A: Syntagmatically-Induced Exceptions to the Four-Position Principle
Authors: Suzuki Seiichi
Published: February 2017

Three-position (catalectic) verses infornyrðislagare fully integrated with their regular, four-position counterparts, and accordingly composed in strict conformity to the four-position principle through alignment of the verse-final drop with null linguistic material. However, they are produced only exceptionally in violation of the same principle inBeowulfandGenesis A. With maximal fidelity to the principle,Beowulfalmost categorically disallows such short verses, whereasGenesis A, constrained by the principle to a lesser extent, is more liberal in accepting them, as with other metrical operations controlled by the canon, such as anacrusis. Far from random accidents, however, these anomalous verses are most likely to arise under a cluster of syntagmatic conditions: i) The missing element constitutes a verse-final drop; ii) it is preceded by two consecutive lifts. Given the two forces working in optimal combination, the configuration PPx occurs with the highest incidence among the variants of three-position verses in these two Old English poems.*
The Old English Name of the S-Rune and “Sun” in Germanic
Authors: Simms Douglas P. A.
Published: February 2017

The name of the Old Englishs-rune,sigil, as found in various medieval manuscripts, is puzzling, as it is the only Anglo-Saxon rune name that is etymologically a loan word. This article examines the variant spelling  found only in MSCodex Vindobonensis795, arguing that the spelling with  is a scribal interpolation. In addressing how an Old High German-speaking scribe might have come to make such an interpolation it is argued that the wordsugilfound in Continentalrunica abecedariaought to be considered an Old High German lexeme relevant to this discussion. A novel etymology for words for ‘sun’ in Germanic is presented, particularly for forms derived from thel-stem variants of the Proto-Indo-European heteroclite.
The WTO in an Era of Preferential Trade Agreements: Thick and Thin Institutions in Global Trade Governance
Authors: TROMMER SILKE
Published: February 2017

This article examines how fragmentation of the global trade regime into preferential agreements, built on a multilateral baseline of World Trade Organization (WTO) rules, affects trade governance. The analysis relies on 105 interviews with trade policy professionals in core WTO members and a conceptual distinction between ‘thick’ and ‘thin’ institutionalism to capture institutional changes in the global trade governance architecture. The WTO's thick institutionalism facilitates institutionalized interactions among members of the trade policy community that are essential for transparency and dialogue and the rule of law character of the trade regime. It secures the continued belief of trade policy professionals in the WTO's centrality in trade governance. The thin institutionalism of the network of preferential agreements spells the return toà la carteforms of trade governance and benefits those with the technical and political capacity to successfully navigate the fragmented governance architecture. Ongoing institutional transformations shift global trade governance away from rules-based back to more power-based forms.
The state of American health care: November 2016 to November 2020, a look forward
Authors: Marmor Theodore , Gusmano Michael K.
Published: February 2017

The election of Donald Trump, coupled with the retention of Republican majorities in the US House of Representatives and Senate, raises questions about future of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the structure and funding of the country’s public health insurance programs – Medicare, Medicaid and the Child Health Insurance Program – and the direction of health policy in the United States, more generally. Political scientists are not renowned for their capacity to predict the future and many of those who forecast election results have received criticism in recent weeks for failing to predict the Trump victory. While the future is uncertain, it is possible for social scientists to offer a ‘conditional causal analysis’ about the future. This essay is an effort to think about the likely shape of American health care between now and the next US presidential election.
Best Practices for Suicide Prevention Messaging and Evaluating California's "Know the Signs" Media Campaign
Authors: Acosta Joie , Ramchand Rajeev , Becker Amariah
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Background: Although communication is a key component of US strategies to prevent suicide and there are a number of marketing campaigns promoting messages that suicide is a preventable public health problem, there has been little evaluation of these campaigns. Aims: The study describes the development of a checklist of best practices for suicide prevention communication campaigns and the use of the checklist to evaluate California's investment in "Know the Signs" (KTS-M), a suicide prevention mass media campaign. Method: We conducted a literature review and solicited expert feedback to identify best practices and then used the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method to assess whether KTS-M was consistent with the identified best practices. Results: Overall, experts agreed that KTS-M adhered to most of the 46 checklist items and suggested that the campaign was among the best suicide prevention media campaigns they had observed. Limitations: The checklist was developed through expert input and literature review and focuses only on media campaigns. Conclusion: Given the nascent state of the evidence about what makes an effective suicide prevention message and the growing number of campaigns, the checklist of best practices reflects one way of promoting quality in this evolving field. The consistency between the experts' comments and their ratings of KTS-M suggests that the checklist may provide important guidance to inform the development of future campaigns and the evaluation of ongoing campaigns.
Delivering Online Clinical Interviews With NGO Workers in Humanitarian and Cross-Cultural Contexts
Authors: Karray Amira , Coq Jean-Michel , Bouteyre Evelyne
Published: February 2017

This article explores the use of online clinical interviews in humanitarian contexts—a practice that not only builds on, updates, and adapts the interventions of psychologists and NGOs dealing with humanitarian crises, but also reflects technological advances. Psychologists working with humanitarian staff in the field can be called in to remotely conduct assessments or provide psychological support to those in need. After providing a brief overview of this relatively new practice, we describe—from a psychodynamic perspective—our own experience of conducting online clinical sessions from France (in collaboration with NGOs) with humanitarian workers directly or indirectly exposed to traumatic situations in 2 countries struck by crisis (Haiti and Syria). We highlight both the benefits and limitations of this practice, as well as the opportunities it offers for developing a new kind of therapeutic support for trauma victims. Based on our specific experiences in the field, we then make a series of clinical, methodical, and ethical recommendations for psychologists using the Internet.
Mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit CD25 expression via the mTOR pathway to potentiate T-cell suppression
Authors: Yoo Hyun Seung , Lee Kyuheon , Na Kwangmin , Zhang Yong Xu , Lim Hyun-Ja , Yi TacGhee , Song Sun U , Jeon Myung-Shin
Published: February 2017

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are known to suppress T-cell activation and proliferation. Several studies have reported that MSCs suppress CD25 expression in T cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying MSC-mediated suppression of CD25 expression has not been fully examined. Here, we investigated the mTOR pathway, which is involved in CD25 expression in T cells. We showed that MSCs inhibited CD25 expression, which was restored in the presence of an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor. Since CD25 mRNA expression was not inhibited, we focused on determining whether MSCs modulated components of the mTOR pathway in T cells. MSCs increased the phosphorylation of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and decreased the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). In addition, the expression of 4E-BP1 increased dramatically in the presence of MSCs. An m7GTP pull-down assay showed increased binding of 4E-BP1 to the 5′ cap-binding eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) complex in the presence of MSCs, which resulted in inhibition of mRNA translation. Treatment with 4EGI-1, a synthetic inhibitor of mRNA translation, also reduced CD25 expression in T cells. Polysome analysis confirmed decreased CD25 mRNA in the polysome-rich fraction in the presence of MSCs. Taken together, our results showed that nitric oxide, produced by MSCs, inhibits CD25 translation through regulation of the LKB1-AMPK-mTOR pathway to suppress T cells.
CARMA2sh and ULK2 control pathogen-associated molecular patterns recognition in human keratinocytes: psoriasis-linked CARMA2sh mutants escape ULK2 censorship
Authors: Scudiero Ivan , Mazzone Pellegrino , D'Andrea Luca E , Ferravante Angela , Zotti Tiziana , Telesio Gianluca , De Rubis Gabriele , Reale Carla , Pizzulo Maddalena , Muralitharan Shanmugakonar , Vito Pasquale , Stilo Romania
Published: February 2017

The molecular complexes formed by specific members of the family of CARMA proteins, the CARD domain-containing adapter molecule BCL10 and MALT1 (CBM complex) represent a central hub in regulating activation of the pleiotropic transcription factor NF-κB. Recently, missense mutations in CARMA2sh have been shown to cause psoriasis in a dominant manner and with high penetrancy. Here, we demonstrate that in human keratinocytes CARMA2sh plays an essential role in the signal transduction pathway that connects pathogen-associated molecular patterns recognition to NF-κB activation. We also find that the serine/threonine kinase ULK2 binds to and phosphorylates CARMA2sh, thereby inhibiting its capacity to activate NF-κB by promoting lysosomal degradation of BCL10, which is essential for CARMA2sh-mediated NF-κB signaling. Remarkably, CARMA2sh mutants associated with psoriasis escape ULK2 inhibition. Finally, we show that a peptide blocking CARD-mediated BCL10 interactions reduces the capacity of psoriasis-linked CARMA2sh mutants to activate NF-κB. Our work elucidates a fundamental signaling mechanism operating in human keratinocytes and opens to novel potential tools for the therapeutical treatment of human skin disorders.
Evaluation of trained immunity by β‐1, 3 (d)‐glucan on murine monocytes in vitro and duration of response in vivo
Authors: Garcia‐Valtanen Pablo , Guzman‐Genuino Ruth Marian , Williams David L , Hayball John D , Diener Kerrilyn R
Published: February 2017

The β‐1, 3 (d)‐glucan (β‐glucan) present in the cell wall of Candida albicans induces epigenetic changes in human monocytes resulting in primed macrophages exhibiting increased cytokine responsiveness to reinfection. This phenomenon is referred to as trained immunity or innate immune memory. However, whether β‐glucan can reprogramme murine monocytes in vitro or induce lasting effects in vivo has yet to be elucidated. Thus, purified murine spleen‐derived monocytes were primed with β‐glucan in vitro and assessed for markers of differentiation and survival. Important macrophage cell markers during monocyte‐to‐macrophage differentiation were downregulated and survival enhanced due to partial inhibition of apoptosis. Increased survival and not the β‐glucan training effect explained the elevated production of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) induced by subsequent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. In vivo, 4 days after systemic administration of β‐glucan, mice were more responsive to LPS challenge as shown by the increased serum levels of TNFα, IL‐6 and IL‐10, an effect shown to be short lived as enhanced cytokine production was lost by day 20. Here, we have characterised murine macrophages derived from β‐glucan‐primed monocytes based on their surface marker expression and for the first time provide evidence that the training effect of β‐glucan in vivo declines within a 3‐week period.
Differential regulation of the Epr3 receptor coordinates membrane-restricted rhizobial colonization of root nodule primordia
Authors: Kawaharada Yasuyuki , Nielsen Mette W. , Kelly Simon , James Euan K. , Andersen Kasper R. , Rasmussen Sheena R. , Füchtbauer Winnie , Madsen Lene H. , Heckmann Anne B. , Radutoiu Simona , Stougaard Jens
Published: February 2017

In Lotus japonicus, a LysM receptor kinase, EPR3, distinguishes compatible and incompatible rhizobial exopolysaccharides at the epidermis. However, the role of this recognition system in bacterial colonization of the root interior is unknown. Here we show that EPR3 advances the intracellular infection mechanism that mediates infection thread invasion of the root cortex and nodule primordia. At the cellular level, Epr3 expression delineates progression of infection threads into nodule primordia and cortical infection thread formation is impaired in epr3 mutants. Genetic dissection of this developmental coordination showed that Epr3 is integrated into the symbiosis signal transduction pathways. Further analysis showed differential expression of Epr3 in the epidermis and cortical primordia and identified key transcription factors controlling this tissue specificity. These results suggest that exopolysaccharide recognition is reiterated during the progressing infection and that EPR3 perception of compatible exopolysaccharide promotes an intracellular cortical infection mechanism maintaining bacteria enclosed in plant membranes.
Correction: Corrigendum: Automated Internal Classification of Beadless Chinese ZhuJi Freshwater Pearls based on Optical Coherence Tomography Images
Authors: Zhou Yang , Liu Tiebing , Shi Yang , Chen Zhengwei , Mao Jianwei , Zhou Wujie
Published: February 2017

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 33819; published online: 26 September 2016; updated: 23 February 2017 In the original version of this Article, all instances of “freshwater” were incorrectly given as “fleshwater”. This error has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Synergistic effects of dimethyloxallyl glycine and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 on repair of critical-sized bone defects in rats
Authors: Qi Xin , Liu Yang , Ding Zhen-yu , Cao Jia-qing , Huang Jing-huan , Zhang Jie-yuan , Jia Wei-tao , Wang Jing , Liu Chang-sheng , Li Xiao-lin
Published: February 2017

In bone remodeling, osteogenesis is closely coupled to angiogenesis. Bone tissue engineering using multifunctional bioactive materials is a promising technique which has the ability to simultaneously stimulate osteogenesis and angiogenesis for repair of bone defects. We developed mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG)-doped poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) composite scaffolds as delivery vehicle. Two bioactive molecules, dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG), a small-molecule angiogenic drug, and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2), an osteoinductive growth factor, were co-incorporated into the scaffold. The synergistic effects of DMOG and rhBMP-2 released in the composite scaffolds on osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation of hBMSCs were investigated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Moreover, in vivo studies were conducted to observe bone regeneration and vascular formation of critical-sized bone defects in rats using micro-computed tomography, histological analyses, Microfil® perfusion, fluorescence labeling, and immunohistochemical analysis. The results showed that DMOG and rhBMP-2 released in the MBG-PHBHHx scaffolds did exert synergistic effects on the osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. Moreover, DMOG and rhBMP-2 produced significant increases in newly-formed bone and neovascularization of calvarial bone defects in rats. It is concluded that the co-delivery strategy of both rhBMP-2 and DMOG can significantly improve the critical-sized bone regeneration.
Ricin uses arginine 235 as an anchor residue to bind to P-proteins of the ribosomal stalk
Authors: Zhou Yijun , Li Xiao-Ping , Chen Brian Y. , Tumer Nilgun E.
Published: February 2017

Ricin toxin A chain (RTA) binds to stalk P-proteins to reach the α–sarcin/ricin loop (SRL) where it cleaves a conserved adenine. Arginine residues at the RTA/RTB interface are involved in this interaction. To investigate the individual contribution of each arginine, we generated single, double and triple arginine mutations in RTA. The R235A mutation reduced toxicity and depurination activity more than any other single arginine mutation in yeast. Further reduction in toxicity, depurination activity and ribosome binding was observed when R235A was combined with a mutation in a nearby arginine. RTA interacts with the ribosome via a two-step process, which involves slow and fast interactions. Single arginine mutations eliminated the fast interactions with the ribosome, indicating that they increase the binding rate of RTA. Arginine residues form a positively charged patch to bind to negatively charged residues at the C-termini of P-proteins. When electrostatic interactions conferred by the arginines are lost, hydrophobic interactions are also abolished, suggesting that the hydrophobic interactions alone are insufficient to allow binding. We propose that Arg235 serves as an anchor residue and cooperates with nearby arginines and the hydrophobic interactions to provide the binding specificity and strength in ribosome targeting of RTA.
Oxygen impairs oligodendroglial development via oxidative stress and reduced expression of HIF-1α
Authors: Brill Christina , Scheuer Till , Bührer Christoph , Endesfelder Stefanie , Schmitz Thomas
Published: February 2017

The premature increase of oxygen tension may contribute to oligodendroglial precursor cell (OPC) damage in preterm infants. Fetal OPCs are exposed to low oxygen tissue tensions not matched when cells are cultured in room air. Maturation (A2B5, O4, O1, MBP, CNP, arborization), oxidative stress (nitrotyrosine Western blot, NRF2 and SOD2 expression), apoptosis (TUNEL), proliferation (Ki67), and expression of transcription factors regulated by Hypoxia-Inducible-Factor-1-alpha (Hif-1α) expressed in OPCs (Olig1, Olig2, Sox9, Sox10) were assessed in rat OPCs and OLN93 cells cultured at 5% O2 and 21% O2. Influences of Hif-1α were investigated by Hif-1α luciferase reporter assays and Hif-1α-knockdown experiments. At 21% O2, cell proliferation was decreased and process arborization of OPCs was reduced. Expression of MBP, CNP, Olig1, Sox9 and Sox10 was lower at 21% O2, while Nrf2, SOD2, nitrotyrosine were increased. Apoptosis was unchanged. Luciferease reporter assay in OLN93 cells indicated increased Hif-1α activity at 5% O2. In OLN93 cells at 5% O2, Hif-1α knockdown decreased the expression of MBP and CNP, similar to that observed at 21% O2. These data indicate that culturing OPCs at 21% O2 negatively affects development and maturation. Both enhanced oxidative stress and reduced expression of Hif-1α-regulated genes contribute to these hyperoxia-induced changes.