bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanostructure Engineering by Simple Tuning of Lipid Combinations
Authors: Saw Phei Er , Xu Xiaoding , Zhang Meng , Cao Shuwen , Farokhzad Omid C. , Wu Jun
Published: February 2020

Structural morphology is the key parameter for efficacy of nanomedicine. To date, lipid‐based nanomaterial has been the most widely used material in nanomedicine and many other biomedical applications. However, to the best of our knowledge, there has not been an in‐depth or systematic investigation of the structure–function relationship of lipid‐based nanostructures. In this report, we investigated the formulation of novel lipid‐based nanostructures via simple tuning of lipid combinations. To prove this concept, we used a combination of various ratios of simple and common phospholipids with different chain lengths (14‐carbon chain DMPC: 6‐carbon chain DHPC) to find out whether a myriad of novel lipid nanostructures could be obtained. Interestingly, many combinations resulted in distinct lipid nanostructures. Drug encapsulation tests confirmed that they are able to load large amounts of drugs for biological application. In vivo anti‐tumor efficacy revealed that certain lipid nanostructures possessed superior tumor retardation effects.
An AIE‐Active Conjugated Polymer with High ROS‐Generation Ability and Biocompatibility for Efficient Photodynamic Therapy of Bacterial Infections
Authors: Zhou Taotao , Hu Rong , Wang Lirong , Qiu Yanping , Zhang Guiquan , Deng Qiyun , Zhang Haiyan , Yin Pingan , Situ Bo , Zhan Chunlie , Qin Anjun , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: February 2020

New, biocompatible materials with favorable antibacterial activity are highly desirable. In this work, we develop a unique conjugated polymer featuring aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) for reliable bacterial eradication. Thanks to the AIE and donor‐π‐acceptor structure, this polymer shows a high reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐generation ability compared to a low‐mass model compound and the common photosensitizer Chlorin E6. Moreover, the selective binding of pathogenic microorganisms over mammalian cells was found, demonstrating its biocompatibility. The effective growth inhibition of bacteria upon polymer treatment under light irradiation was validated in vitro and in vivo. Notably, the recovery from infection after treatment with our polymer is faster than that with cefalotin. Thus, this polymer holds great promise in fighting against bacteria‐related infections in practical applications.
Palladiumkatalysierte C‐H‐Alkinylierung unaktivierter Alkene
Authors: Schreib Benedikt S. , Fadel Marlene , Carreira Erick M.
Published: February 2020

Es wird über eine palladiumkatalysierte regio‐ und diastereoselektive C‐H‐Funktionalisierung mit Bromalkinen und elektronisch nicht aktivierten Olefinen berichtet. Die Picolinamid‐Gruppe ermöglicht die Bildung von 5‐ und 6‐exo‐Metallazyklen als Intermediate, die stereospezifisch monoalkinylierte Produkte in bis zu 91 % Ausbeute liefern. Die systematische Studie zeigt, dass Substrate mit einem breiten Spektrum von Substituenten an den Olefin‐ und Bromalkin‐Kupplungspartnern kompatibel sind. Chemoselektive Transformationen wurden für die erhaltenen Amide, Olefine und Alkine gezeigt.
Element–Element Bond Formation upon Oxidation and Reduction
Authors: Piesch Martin , Graßl Christian , Scheer Manfred
Published: February 2020

The redox chemistry of [(Cp′′′Co)2(μ,η2:η2‐E2)2] (E=P (1), As (2); Cp′′′=1,2,4‐tri(tert‐butyl)cyclopentadienyl) was investigated. Both compounds can be oxidized and reduced twice. That way, the monocations [(Cp′′′Co)2(μ,η4:η4‐E4)][X] (E=P, X=BF4 (3 a), [FAl] (3 b); E=As, X=BF4 (4 a), [FAl] (4 b)), the dications [(Cp′′′Co)2(μ,η4:η4‐E4)][TEF]2 (E=P (5), As (6)), and the monoanions [K(18‐c‐6)(dme)2][(Cp′′′Co)2(μ,η4:η4‐E4)] (E=P (7), As (8)) were isolated. Further reduction of 7 leads to the dianionic complex [K(18‐c‐6)(dme)2][K(18‐c‐6)][(Cp′′′Co)2(μ,η3:η3‐P4)] (9), in which the cyclo‐P4 ligand has rearranged to a chain‐like P4 ligand. Further reduction of 8 can be achieved with an excess of potassium under the formation of [K(dme)4][(Cp′′′Co)2(μ,η3:η3‐As3)] (10) and the elimination of an As1 unit. Compound 10 represents the first example of an allylic As3 ligand incorporated into a triple‐decker complex.
Palladium‐Catalyzed C−H Alkynylation of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: Schreib Benedikt S. , Fadel Marlene , Carreira Erick M.
Published: February 2020

Palladium‐catalyzed regio‐ and diastereoselective C−H functionalization with bromoalkynes and electronically unbiased olefins is reported. The picolinamide directing group enables the formation of putative 5 and 6‐exo‐metallacycles as intermediates to afford monoalkynylated products in up to 91 % yield in a stereospecific fashion. The systematic study reveals that substrates with a wide range of substituents on the olefin and bromoalkyne coupling partners are tolerated. Chemoselective transformations were demonstrated for the obtained amides, olefins, and alkynes.
Chitosan/P3HT biohybrid films as polymer matrices for the in‐situ synthesis of CdSe quantum dots. Experimental and theoretical studies
Authors: Moreno‐Serna Viviana , Méndez‐López Maximiliano , Vásquez‐Espinal Alejandro , Saldías Cesar , Leiva Ángel
Published: February 2020

Biohybrid nanocomposite films were obtained through a simple two‐step methodology. Films of chitosan/poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (CS/P3HT) were used as polymer matrices for the in‐situ synthesis and stabilization of CdSe quantum dots. The biohybrid materials were characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The effects of the P3HT composition on the properties of the QDs in the films were analyzed. The results confirmed that CS/P3HT films provided an adequately confining matrix for the growth of CdSe QDs with a fairly uniform size and revealed that the interactions between the CdSe nanoparticles and the CS/P3HT matrix mainly involved the OH and NH2 groups. The optical band gaps of the biohybrid nanocomposite films were estimated. The results of photoluminescence revealed that a charge transfer phenomenon occurred in the polymer system. Finally, theoretical analyses suggest that the CdSe QDs would be preferentially located onto the chitosan domains.
Amyloid‐like Nanofibrillation of Metal‐Organic Complex Arrays Ruled by Their Precisely Designed Metal Sequences
Authors: Rajmohan Rajamani , Vrla Geoffrey , Ueki Hisanori , Sajna Kappamveettil , Takei Toshiaki , Ohtsu Hiroyoshi , Kawano Masaki , Vairaprakash Pothiappan , Tashiro Kentaro
Published: February 2020

Self‐assembly of a series of dimetallic sequences constructed on a backbone with two successive tyrosine moieties (Fmoc‐M1‐M2‐CO2H) revealed that the resultant morphology is clearly dependent on the metal sequence, where Re‐containing sequences such as homometallic Fmoc‐Re‐Re‐CO2H specifically afforded amyloid‐like nanofibers. These findings further allowed to achieve the fibrillation of a longer metal sequence containing three different metals (Fmoc‐Rh‐Pt‐Re‐Re‐CO2H). Cyclic voltammetry of the fibrillated Fmoc‐Re‐Re‐CO2H demonstrated that the redox activity of the metal complexes in the sequence is preserved in the nanofibrous forms.
Coherent Solution‐phase Synthesis of a Germanium‐Graphitic Nanocomposite and Its Evaluation for Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes: Non‐innocent Role of the Mashima Reagent
Authors: Akula Naveenkumar , Sharma Neha , Lohegaonkar Apurva , Ogale Satishchandra B. , Majumdar Moumita
Published: February 2020

The organosilicon reagent 1,4‐bis‐(trimethylsilyl)‐1,4‐diaza‐2,5‐cyclohexadiene 2 plays the binary role of the simultaneous reduction of GeCl2.dioxane 1 dissolved in oleylamine to Ge nanocrystals and the formation of graphitic sheets under hot‐injection conditions. This colloidal synthetic route to germanium nanocrystals embedded on N‐doped graphitic nanosheets Ge/NG is free of any template or catalyst and involves easy purification techniques. The Ge/NG/C obtained after carbonization has been explored for anode performance in lithium‐ion batteries. Both Ge/NG and Ge/NG/C can be obtained on a gram scale and are bottleable under argon for months.
Designing Self‐Supported Metal‐Organic Framework Derived Catalysts for Electrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Singh Baghendra , Indra Arindam
Published: February 2020

To achieve efficient water splitting, it is essential to develop catalysts with high electrochemical performance, enhanced durability and tunable properties. Most of the transition metal‐based catalysts employed for the water splitting have been fabricated on the solid‐electrode support by using binder, which decreases the activity and durability of the catalyst system. In this respect, self‐supported metal organic framework (MOF) derived catalysts have been introduced with enhanced catalytic activity and mechanical stability for the electrochemical water splitting. The self‐supported MOF derived catalysts exhibit improved electronic conductivity, high electrochemical surface area, enhanced mechanical stability and strong catalyst‐support interaction. Moreover, these catalysts possess highly porous and hollow structure with designed morphology and multi‐metallic composition. Recently, a tremendous effort has been provided to explore this newly growing field and new dimensions and directions have been achieved. Looking at this point, we have described here the basic principles of catalyst design from self‐supported MOF, structural and interface engineering by controlling the electronic structure of the catalysts to improve the water splitting activity. In addition, the challenges and difficulties associated with this field have been pointed out and addressed for the future progress in this field.
Copper‐Free Huisgen Cycloaddition for the 14‐3‐3‐Templated Synthesis of Fusicoccin‐Peptide Conjugates
Authors: Masuda Ryoma , Kawasaki Yuuya , Igawa Kazunobu , Manabe Yoshiyuki , Fujii Hiroshi , Kato Nobuo , Tomooka Katsuhiko , Ohkanda Junko
Published: February 2020

Mid‐sized molecules have emerged as an attractive chemical space and potentially provide a robust basis for the development of synthetic agents to control intracellular protein interactions. However, the limited cell permeability and chemical tractability of such agents remain to be addressed. We envisioned that target‐templated synthesis of such mid‐sized molecules might provide a solution. Here, we exploited a copper‐free Huisgen cycloaddition for template synthesis using a peptide fragment containing a 4,8‐diazacyclononyne (DACN) moiety and an azide‐containing fusicoccin derivative in the presence or absence of recombinant 14‐3‐3ζ protein in vitro. Time‐course changes in the yield of products demonstrated that the reaction was accelerated in the presence of 14‐3‐3 and one of the regioisomers was generated predominantly, supporting the template effect.
Water reuse versus water conveyance for supply augmentation: Cost and carbon footprint
Authors: Chamberlain Jim F. , Tromble Evan , Graves Michael , Sabatini David
Published: February 2020

Water‐stressed communities are beginning to consider alternative sources of water supply augmentation. We provide a comparison of water conveyance and potable water reuse over a range of water demands. On a unit basis (US$/1,000 gal) and under current practice, water reuse is generally less costly at low flow rates (<10 mgd) as compared with water conveyances of 20 miles or more. This is true especially for advanced water treatment schemes that are based on biologically activated carbon (BAC). At greater distances (>100 miles), treatment schemes that are based on reverse osmosis (RO) also become cost competitive. Similarly, both BAC‐based and RO‐based reuse schemes have a lower or comparable carbon footprint on a unit basis (g CO2‐equiv/1,000 gal) for a flow rate of 20 mgd. In spite of public reluctance, managers would do well to consider reuse in their portfolio of water supply options.
Population pharmacokinetics of high‐dose methotrexate in Chinese pediatric patients with medulloblastoma
Authors: Shi Zheng‐yuan , Liu Ya‐ou , Gu Hong‐yan , Xu Xi‐qiao , Yan Can , Yang Xin‐yu , Yan Dan
Published: February 2020

Methotrexate (MTX) pharmacokinetics has substantial inter‐individual variability and toxicity. In children with medulloblastoma treated with high‐dose methotrexate (HD‐MTX), the pharmacokinetic properties of methotrexate have not been established. A total of 660 serum samples from 105 pediatric patients with medulloblastoma were included in a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) analysis of methotrexate by using the nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling method. The basic one‐compartment population pharmacokinetic model was established by NONMEM software and the first‐order conditional estimation (FOCE) method, and the final covariate model was obtained by the stepwise regression method. Weight (WT), creatinine clearance (CrCL), and whether the treatment was combined with dexamethasone (DEX) were covariates that had significant effects on the clearance rate (CL) of the model. The pharmacokinetic equation of CL in the final covariate model was as follows: CLi = 9.23× (1 + 0.0005× (θCrCL‐105.78)) × (1 + 0.0017× (θWT‐16)) × eηcl,i (L/h), IF (θDEX) CLi = 1.19× CLi (L/h). The estimation accuracy of all pharmacokinetic parameters were acceptable (relative standard error < 14.74%). The goodness‐of‐fit diagram and bootstrap tests indicated that the final PPK model was stable with acceptable predictive ability. The PPK model may be useful for determining personalized medication levels in pediatric medulloblastoma patients undergoing HD‐MTX therapy.
Making sense of parameter estimation and model simulation in bioprocesses
Authors: Sadino‐Riquelme M. Constanza , Rivas José , Jeison David , Hayes Robert E. , Donoso‐Bravo Andrés
Published: February 2020

Most articles that report fitted parameters for kinetic models do not include meaningful statistical information. This study demonstrates the importance of reporting a complete statistical analysis and shows a methodology to perform it, using functionalities implemented in computational tools. As an example, alginate production is studied in a batch stirred‐tank fermenter and modeled using the kinetic model proposed by Klimek and Ollis (1980). The model parameters and their 95% confidence intervals are estimated by nonlinear regression. The significance of the parameters value is checked using a hypothesis test. The uncertainty of the parameters is propagated to the output model variables through prediction intervals, showing that the kinetic model of Klimek and Ollis (1980) can simulate with high certainty the dynamic of the alginate production process. Finally, the results obtained in other studies are compared to show how the lack of statistical analysis can hold back a deeper understanding about bioprocesses.
Polares Plankton
Authors: Beszteri Bánk , Havermans Charlotte , Auel Holger , Hagen Wilhelm , Trimborn Scarlett
Published: February 2020

Der Klimawandel mit Temperaturerhöhung und Ozeanversauerung wird dramatische Auswirkungen auf das planktische Leben im Südpolarmeer haben. Unsere Studien zeigen, dass das Plankton im Südozean bereits im Wandel ist. Während heutzutage größere Diatomeen (Kieselalgen) die wichtigsten Primärproduzenten im Südpolarmeer sind, könnte es in Zukunft zu einem verstärkten Vorkommen kleinerer Flagellaten kommen. Auch das Zooplankton ist betroffen. Hier wurde eine Verschiebung von einem Krill‐ zu einem Salpen‐dominierten Nahrungsnetz im Südpolarmeer sowie die Verdrängung polarer Kaltwasserarten durch wärmetolerantere Arten aus angrenzenden Regionen beobachtet.
Die Rückkehr der Heuschreckensandwespe
Authors: Petrischak Hannes
Published: February 2020

Jahrzehntelang galt die Heuschreckensandwespe (Sphex funerarius) in Deutschland als ausgestorben. Seit 1993 ist ihre Wiederausbreitung von Südwesten, seit 2006 im Osten Deutschlands belegt. Aktuell dringt sie nach Norddeutschland vor und kann beispielsweise in der Umgebung von Berlin dabei beobachtet werden, wie sie Laubheuschrecken und Grillen in ihre Nester im Sandboden einträgt. Aufgrund ihrer Größe und ihres auffälligen Verhaltens, aber auch ihres oszillierenden Verbreitungsmusters in Mitteleuropa, zählt sie zu den spektakulärsten heimischen Insekten.
Ein bakterielles System zum Nachweis und Abbau des Totalherbizids Glyphosat
Authors: Bremenkamp Rica , Meißner Janek , Commichau Fabian M.
Published: February 2020

Jedes Jahr aufs Neue kommen Studenten aus aller Welt zusammen und messen sich im internationalen Wettbewerb iGEM auf dem Gebiet der synthetischen Biologie. Dieses Jahr hat das iGEM‐Team aus Göttingen (Abbildung 1) sich mit dem kontrovers diskutierten Totalherbizid Glyphosat befasst und ein bakterielles System zum Nachweis und Abbau des Herbizids entwickelt.
Bacterial, viral, and fungal infection‐related risk of Parkinson's disease: Meta‐analysis of cohort and case–control studies
Authors: Wang Hui , Liu Xi , Tan Changhong , Zhou Wen , Jiang Jin , Peng Wuxue , Zhou Xuan , Mo Lijuan , Chen Lifen
Published: February 2020

Aims

Recent studies showed that patients with various bacterial, viral, and fungal infections might be at increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the risk of PD in patients with each specific infection varied. This meta‐analysis estimated the association between various infections and PD risk.

Methods

Literature published from January 1965 to October 2019 in PubMed and EMBASE databases was searched. Data were extracted and pooled using random/fixed effects model. Sensitivity analysis and meta‐regression were also performed to analyze the source of heterogeneity. Publication bias was estimated by the trim and fill.

Results

Twenty‐three out of 6,609 studies were included. Helicobacter pylori (HP; pooled OR = 1.653, 1.426–1.915, p < .001), hepatitis C virus (HCV; pooled OR = 1.195, 1.012–1.410, p = .035), Malassezia (pooled OR = 1.694, 1.367–2.100, p < .001), and pneumoniae (pooled OR = 1.595, 1.020–2.493, p = .041) infection were associated with increased PD risk. Influenza virus, herpes virus, hepatitis B virus, scarlet fever, mumps virus, chicken pox, pertussis, German measles, and measles were not associated with PD risk. After antiviral treatment against HCV reduced the risk of PD in patients with HCV infection (OR = 0.672, 0.571–0.791, p < .001). Significant heterogeneity exists among the included studies.

Conclusion

Patients with infection of HP, HCV, Malassezia, pneumoniae might be an increased risk of PD. Antiviral treatment of HCV could reduce the risk of PD.
Increased urge for movement, physical and mental restlessness, fundamental symptoms of restricting anorexia nervosa?
Authors: Casper Regina C. , Voderholzer Ulrich , Naab Silke , Schlegl Sandra
Published: February 2020

Objective

Continued mobility in the presence of severe weight loss is a well known, yet insufficiently researched characteristic of anorexia nervosa (AN). This study was designed to assess the prevalence of the drive for activity, here operationalized as an increased urge for movement, physical restlessness, and mental restlessness.

Method

Participants were 83 female consecutively admitted adolescent patients qualifying for a diagnosis of AN (ICD‐10), restricting subtype. Information collected included responses to a questionnaire inquiring retrospectively about physical and psychological reactions after significant weight loss (on average 12.5 kg) and to measures of psychiatric and eating disorder pathology and exercise behaviors at hospital admission.

Results

Over 80% of AN patients reported experiencing, at least partly, either, an increased urge for movement, physical or mental restlessness after significant weight loss. Altogether 95.1% reported, at least partly, one or a combination of two or all three symptoms. The sensations coexisted with equally high levels of fatigue and loss of energy, typically observed in starvation. The increased urge for movement and physical restlessness were foremost associated with reported actual physical activity and with weight loss. By contrast, mental restlessness was strongly linked to the degree of eating disorder pathology and to the severity of psychiatric symptoms.

Discussion

This is the first investigation of the presence of an increased urge for movement, physical restlessness, and mental restlessness after significant weight loss in patients with acute AN. The symptoms, given their high frequency and specificity, are likely pathogenic for AN and, if replicated, deserve to be considered for inclusion as diagnostic criteria for AN.
Helicobacter pylori infection leads to KLF4 inactivation in gastric cancer through a TET1‐mediated DNA methylation mechanism
Authors: Zhao Rongrong , Liu Zhengxia , Xu Wenting , Song Le , Ren Haifeng , Ou Yang , Liu Yakun , Wang Siying
Published: February 2020

Krüppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4) has a tumor suppressor role in the progression of gastric cancer (GC), and inhibition or loss of KLF4 expression was identified in GC. The aim of this study was to explore the new molecular mechanism of KLF4 inactivation in gastric cancer. Herein, we report that Helicobacter pylori infection or Cag pathogenicity island protein A (CagA) gene transduction resulted in KLF4 expression downregulation and promoted gastric epithelial cell and gastric cancel cell proliferation, migration, and colony formation. Mechanistically, we found that CagA gene transduction led to DNA methylation of the KLF4 promoter, an effect that was relevant to the significant downregulation of TET1 expression. Causally, knockdown of TET1 expression decreased KLF4 expression, whereas overexpression of TET1 had the opposite effect. Clinically, we found that KLF4 expression and the 5‐hmC levels were lower in GC cells with H pylori infection than in GC cells without H pylori infection. Thus, our study not only sheds new light on how H pylori infection promotes the progression of GC but also elucidates a novel mechanism of KLF4 inactivation in GC pathogenesis. During pathogenesis, an alteration in the H pylori/CagA‐TET1‐KLF4 signaling pathway plays a critical role, suggesting that this pathway may be a prospective target for gastric carcinoma intervention and therapy.
Integrative analysis of highly mutated genes in hepatitis B virus‐related hepatic carcinoma
Authors: Kong Fanyun , Kong Delong , Yang Xiaoying , Yuan Dongchen , Zhang Ning , Hua Xuan , You Hongjuan , Zheng Kuiyang , Tang Renxian
Published: February 2020

Gene mutation is responsible for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection; however, the characteristics and associated biological functions of highly mutated genes, in which the mutation frequencies are at least 5% in HCC patients with HBV infection, are not clearly evaluated. In the study, we analyzed the information regarding somatic mutation obtained by whole‐exome sequencing in 280 HBV‐related HCC tissues from public databases and published studies. Via integrative analysis, 78 genes, including TP53, TTN, MUC16, CTNNB1, and PCLO were summarized as highly mutated genes, and some of these mutated genes were further identified as cancer driver genes. Besides, we discovered that the highly mutated genes were enriched with various biological functions and pathways. The expression of many of highly mutated genes was found to be significantly altered in HBV‐related HCC, and several highly mutated genes were related to a variety of clinical factors and associated with the poor survival of the disease. Taken together, these results could enrich our understanding of highly mutated genes and their relationships with HBV‐related HCC. Some of the identified highly mutated genes might be used as novel biomarkers of disease prognosis, or as molecular targets for the treatment of HCC with HBV infection.
Cascade Synthesis from Cyclohexane to ϵ‐Caprolactone by Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalysis Combined with Whole‐Cell Biological Oxidation
Authors: Li Peilin , Ma Yunjian , Li Yongru , Zhang Xizhen , Wang Yonghua
Published: February 2020

Cyclohexane was directly oxy‐functionalised to ϵ‐caprolactone through a cascade reaction sequence combining visible‐light‐driven photocatalysis with cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO) whole‐cell biocatalysis. Two available photocatalysts, Au‐doped TiO2 (Au‐TiO2) and graphitic carbonitride (g‐C3N4), were evaluated in the experiment and some optimisations to the cascade reaction were applied. In stepwise mode, the highest degree of conversion from cyclohexanol to ϵ‐caprolactone can be up to 41 %, with use of g‐C3N4. The cascade reaction from cyclohexane to ϵ‐caprolactone is achievable under a light intensity of 149 μW cm−2.
Outcomes of cardiogenic shock complicating acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Noaman Samer , Andrianopoulos Nick , Brennan Angela L. , Dinh Diem , Reid Christopher , Stub Dion , Biswas Sinjini , Clark David , Shaw James , Ajani Andrew , Freeman Melanie , Yip Thomas , Oqueli Ernesto , Walton Antony , Duffy Stephen J. , Chan William ,   the Melbourne Interventional Group Investigators
Published: February 2020

Objectives

We aimed to assess the outcomes of cardiogenic shock (CS) complicating acute coronary syndromes (ACS).

Background

CS remains the leading cause of mortality in patients presenting with ACS despite advances in care.

Methods

We studied 13,184 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for all subtypes of ACS enrolled prospectively in a large multicentre Australian registry (Melbourne Interventional Group registry) from 2005 to 2013. All‐cause mortality was obtained via linkage to the National Death Index. Patients were divided into those with and those without CS.

Results

Compared to the non‐CS group (n = 12,548, 95.2%), the CS group (n = 636, 4.8%) had a higher proportion of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) (31.1 vs. 2.2%) and ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) presentation (89 vs. 34%), both p < .01. Patients in the CS group had higher rates of in‐hospital (40.4 vs. 1.2%) and 30‐day (41 vs. 1.7%) mortality compared to the non‐CS group. Long‐term mortality over a median follow‐up of 4.2 years was higher in the CS group (50.6 vs. 13.8%), p < .001. Trends of in‐hospital and 30‐day mortality rates of CS complicating ACS were relatively stable from 2005 to 2013. Predictors of long‐term NDI‐linked mortality within the CS group include severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (HR 3.0), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <30 (HR 2.56), GFR 30–59 (HR 1.94), OHCA (HR 1.46), diabetes (HR 1.44), and age (HR 1.02), all p < .05.

Conclusions

Rates of CS‐related mortality complicating ACS have remained very high and steady over nearly a decade despite progress in STEMI systems of care, PCI techniques, and medical therapy.
Comparison of the arabinoxylan composition and physical properties of old and modern bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and landraces genotypes
Authors: Cetiner Buket , Tömösközi Sándor , Török Kitti , Salantur Ayten , Koksel Hamit
Published: February 2020

Background and objectives

Arabinoxylans (AXs) are the main nonstarch polysaccharides in cereals, and there are many health benefits associated with AXs. The aim of this study was to compare the contents and composition of arabinoxylans in modern and old bread wheat genotypes and landraces. The second aim was to determine the correlations between AX composition and physical properties of wheats. The third aim was to investigate the changes in water‐extractable AX (WEAX) content from wheat to whole wheat bread and also investigate the effect of enzyme addition on WEAX contents during bread making process.

Findings

Principle component analysis results indicated that there were no extreme differences between the old and new wheats in terms of AX composition and physical properties. However, the old cultivars were generally softer than the modern cultivars. There was no statistically significant difference between WEAX content of whole wheat and whole wheat bread. However, WEAX content increased in whole wheat bread with the addition of xylanase.

Conclusion

The results indicated that there were no extreme differences between the old and new wheats in terms of their various quality parameters.

Significance and novelty

Comparison of the wheat genotypes has provided no evidence that modern breeding has had negative effects on the contents of AX components.
1,2,5,6‐Tetrakis(guanidino)‐Naphthalenes: Electron Donors, Fluorescent Probes and Redox‐Active Ligands
Authors: Lohmeyer Lukas , Kaifer Elisabeth , Wadepohl Hubert , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: February 2020

New redox‐active 1,2,5,6‐tetrakis(guanidino)‐naphthalene compounds, isolable and storable in the neutral and deep‐green dicationic redox states and oxidisable further in two one‐electron steps to the tetracations, are reported. Protonation switches on blue fluorescence, with the fluorescence intensity (quantum yield) increasing with the degree of protonation. Reactions with N‐halogenosuccinimides or N‐halogenophthalimides led to a series of new redox‐active halogeno‐ and succinimido‐/phthalimido‐substituted derivatives. These highly selective reactions are proposed to proceed via the tri‐ or tetracationic state as the intermediate. The derivatives are oxidised reversibly at slightly higher potentials than that of the unsubstituted compounds to dications and further to tri‐ and tetracations. The integration of redox‐active ligands in the transition‐metal complexes shifts the redox potentials to higher values and also allows reversible oxidation in two potentially separated one‐electron steps.
Achieving High‐Performance Pure‐Red Electrophosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes Based on Optimizing Ancillary Ligands
Authors: Liang Baoyan , Yu Zhanshuang , Zhuang Xuming , Wang Jiaxuan , Wei Jinbei , Ye Kaiqi , Zhang Zuolun , Liu Yu , Wang Yue
Published: February 2020

Two new iridium(III) complexes were synthesized by introducing two trifluoromethyl groups into an ancillary ligand to develop pure‐red emitters for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). The electron‐donating ability of the ancillary ligands is suppressed, owing to the electron‐withdrawing nature of trifluoromethyl groups, which can reduce the HOMO energy levels compared with those of compounds without trifluoromethyl groups. However, the introduction of trifluoromethyl groups into the ancillary ligand has little impact on the LUMO energy levels. Therefore, a well‐tuned, pure‐red, excited‐state energy was achieved by regulating the relative energy level between the HOMO and LUMO. OLEDs with these complexes as emitters showed high external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 26 % and realized high EQEs of about 25 % and fairly low driving voltages of 3.3–3.6 V for practical luminance of 1000 cd m−2, as well as excellent Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.66, 0.33) and (0.67, 0.33); thus, this demonstrates the successful molecular design strategy by modifying the electron‐donating ability of ancillary ligand.
Elucidating the Structural Chemistry of a Hysteretic Iron(II) Spin‐Crossover Compound From its Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Congeners
Authors: Pask Christopher M. , Greatorex Sam , Kulmaczewski Rafal , Baldansuren Amgalanbaatar , McInnes Eric J. L. , Bamiduro Faith , Yamada Mihoko , Yoshinari Nobuto , Konno Takumi , Halcrow Malcolm A.
Published: February 2020

Annealing [FeL2][BF4]2⋅2 H2O (L=2,6‐bis‐[5‐methyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl]pyridine) affords an anhydrous material, which undergoes a spin transition at T1/2=205 K with a 65 K thermal hysteresis loop. This occurs through a sequence of phase changes, which were monitored by powder diffraction in an earlier study. [CuL2][BF4]2⋅2 H2O and [ZnL2][BF4]2⋅2 H2O are not perfectly isostructural but, unlike the iron compound, they undergo single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal dehydration upon annealing. All the annealed compounds initially adopt the same tetragonal phase but undergo a phase change near room temperature upon re‐cooling. The low‐temperature phase of [CuL2][BF4]2 involves ordering of its Jahn–Teller distortion, to a monoclinic lattice with three unique cation sites. The zinc compound adopts a different, triclinic low‐temperature phase with significant twisting of its coordination sphere, which unexpectedly becomes more pronounced as the crystal is cooled. Synchrotron powder diffraction data confirm that the structural changes in the anhydrous zinc complex are reproduced in the high‐spin iron compound, before the onset of spin‐crossover. This will contribute to the wide hysteresis in the spin transition of the iron complex. EPR spectra of copper‐doped [Fe0.97Cu0.03L2][BF4]2 imply its low‐spin phase contains two distinct cation environments in a 2:1 ratio.
Electron‐Rich Phenothiazine Congeners and Beyond: Synthesis and Electronic Properties of Isomeric Dithieno[1,4]thiazines
Authors: May Lars , Müller Thomas J. J.
Published: February 2020

A series of isomeric dithieno[1,4]thiazines is accessible through an intermolecular–intramolecular Buchwald–Hartwig amination starting from dihalodithienyl sulfides. The electronic properties of dithieno[1,4]thiazine isomers differ conspicuously over a broad range depending on the thiophene–thiazine anellation: a large cathodic (340 mV) or an anodic shift (130 mV) of the redox potentials relative to corresponding phenothiazines is possible. Structure–property relationships of the dithieno[1,4]thiazine constitution derived from DFT calculations and cyclic voltammetry not only reveal increased electron density but also different delocalization of the radical cations that determines the electrochemical properties significantly. In addition, photophysical properties (absorption and emission) qualify dithieno[1,4]thiazines as promising substitutes of phenothiazine and beyond due to increased tunable electron richness.
Wie entscheiden Riechsinneszellen, welche Art von Geruch sie wahrnehmen sollen?
Authors: Ruff Tobias
Published: February 2020

Technische Fortschritte haben in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten dazu geführt, dass Maschinen dem Menschen in einigen Bereichen heute überlegen sind: Während ein Mensch beispielsweise für die Berechnung der Quadratwurzel einer Zahl mit hoher Genauigkeit relativ lange benötigt, meistert ein Computer diese Aufgabe in Sekundenbruchteilen. Beim Nachweis chemischer Verbindungen kann die Technik in einigen Fällen jedoch noch nicht mit der Natur konkurrieren.
Pd‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Dearomative Heck Reaction of Indole Derivatives
Authors: Yang Ping
Published: February 2020

Prof. Chao Zheng, Prof. Shu‐Li You, Ping Yang and Dr. Ren‐Qi Xu (from left to right)
A multi‐primary empirical model based on a quantum dots display technology
Authors: Huraibat Khalil , Perales Esther , Viqueira Valentín , Martínez‐Verdú Francisco M.
Published: February 2020

In this work, we built a multi‐primary display model based on the new quantum dots (QD) technology to enlarge the display color gamut. In this way, first the emission spectral radiance curves of the three RGB channels of a commercial QD display were fitted to a four‐parameter function. From this modeling, it is possible to gain new theoretical color primaries by selecting new spectral peaks (cyan, yellow, magenta, and/or additional RGB primaries) and imposing some colorimetric conditions for the resulting white of this proposed theoretical multi‐primary display. Proper characterization to assess the performance of the display was conducted to know if the basic “gain‐offset‐gamma” (GOG) model can be used for direct and inverse color reproduction (from RGB to CIE‐XYZ, and vice versa). The GOG model was found to well characterize this display. The spatial uniformity of the display was also evaluated in luminance and color chromaticity terms. Finally, with the primaries modeling and color characterization based on the GOG model, a 5‐primary model (RGBYC) was tested. The evaluation of this theoretical RGBYC display model confirms the gamut enlargement, which can also improve goniochromatic color reproduction.
Zinc‐Ion‐Induced Aggregation of Gold Clusters for Visible‐Light‐Excitation‐Based Fluorimetric Discrimination of Geometrical Isomers
Authors: Basu Srestha , Hajra Archismita , Gayen Chirantan , Paul Anumita
Published: February 2020

Herein, we report discrimination of dicarboxylic acids – fumaric acid (FA) and maleic acid (MA) – exhibiting geometrical isomerism, using nanoclusters based luminescent probe having excitation under broad day light. The luminescent probe was designed via complexation reaction between zinc ions and ligands (mercaptopropioinc acid; MPA) stabilizing the gold nanoclusters. This resulted in formation of nanoaggregates exhibiting bright green luminescence upon excitation at 450 nm capable of discriminating between FA and MA upto nanomolar level. The basis of discrimination has been attributed to deprotonation of FA and MA following interaction with MPA moieties present on the surface of the nanoaggregates and being governed by the stability of the respective conjugate base of the geometrical isomers of the dicarboxylic acids. As a consequence of different extent of deprotonation of FA and MA upon interaction with the cluster aggregates, different effect on the luminescence of the aggregates was observed, thus enabling discernible fluorimetric discrimination between FA and MA under visible light excitation.
Winter oilseed rape semi‐dwarf hybrids are not discriminated by front‐border effects in yield trials
Authors: Schierholt Antje , Holzenkamp Karin , Hartwig Henning , Gertz Andreas , Becker Heiko
Published: February 2020

For oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), hybrid varieties of two growth types, semi‐dwarf and normal, are on the market. So far, the acceptance of semi‐dwarf hybrids is very limited, though they have several advantages such as higher N efficiency and drought tolerance. It is undecided whether both growth types are influenced in the same way by front‐border effects in plot yield trials. This study analyzed if semi‐dwarf hybrids were discriminated against in yield trials, due to differences in the exploitation of the front‐border area, since they could not lean and grow as far into the adjacent path due to a reduced height compared to normal type hybrids. From 2016–2018, eight pairs of near‐isogenic hybrids, bzh semi‐dwarf and normal type hybrids, were grown in three environments, with three replications and two treatments: Plants were harvested with and without the plot front‐border, and seed and straw yields were determined. Root electrical capacitance was also measured. Semi‐dwarf hybrids outperformed normal type hybrids in seed yield in the dry season of 2018, whereas the reverse happened in the more humid season of 2017. Across environments, semi‐dwarf hybrids had a higher positive front‐border effect (11.2%) than normal type hybrids (9.6%), leading to a relative overestimation of semi‐dwarf hybrid yields. There was no significant difference in root electrical capacitance between growth types across environments. It could be concluded that semi‐dwarf hybrids were not disadvantaged with regard to front‐border effects in plot trials, when compared to normal type hybrids. However, elimination of the plot front‐border area might improve comparisons between semi‐dwarf and normal type cultivars.
How does Molybdenum Disulfide Store Charge: A Minireview
Authors: Zhang Rui , Qin Yao , Liu Ping , Jia Chuankun , Tang Yougen , Wang Haiyan
Published: February 2020

MoS2 has attracted tremendous attention as a promising electrode material for rechargeable alkali metal ion (Li+, Na+, K+) batteries due to its high capacity and low cost. However, the practical application of MoS2 for energy storage has not been achieved yet, which is restricted by its intrinsic charge‐storage behavior. Debates still exist in this field although great efforts have been made to reveal alkali metal ion (Li+, Na+, K+) storage mechanism of MoS2. This Minireview aims to provide an analysis and summary of the related phase conversion, structure collapse, and loss of active material in a MoS2 electrode during the intercalation/extraction process of alkali metal ions. Hence, the fundamental understanding about the charge storage in MoS2 is of importance for the rational design of MoS2 electrodes with excellent electrochemical performance.
A Systematic Approach to Improve Scatter Sensitivity of a Flow Cytometer for Detection of Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: de Rond Leonie , van der Pol Edwin , Bloemen Paul R. , Van Den Broeck Tina , Monheim Ludo , Nieuwland Rienk , van Leeuwen Ton G. , Coumans Frank A.W.
Published: February 2020

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are commonly studied by flow cytometry. Due to their small size and low refractive index, the scatter intensity of most EVs is below the detection limit of common flow cytometers. Here, we aim to improve forward scatter (FSC) and side scatter (SSC) sensitivity of a common flow cytometer to detect single 100 nm EVs. The effects of the optical and fluidics configuration on scatter sensitivity of a FACSCanto (Becton Dickinson) were evaluated by the separation index (SI) and robust coefficient of variation (rCV) of polystyrene beads (BioCytex). Improvement is defined as increased SI and/or reduced rCV. Changing the obscuration bar improved the rCV 1.9‐fold for FSC. A 10‐fold increase in laser power improved the SI 19‐fold for FSC and 4.4‐fold for SSC, whereas the rCV worsened 0.8‐fold and improved 1.5‐fold, respectively. Confocalization worsened the SI 1.2‐fold for FSC, and improved the SI 5.1‐fold for SSC, while the rCV improved 1.1‐fold and worsened 1.5‐fold, respectively. Replacing the FSC photodiode with a photomultiplier tube improved the SI 66‐fold and rCV 4.2‐fold. A 2‐fold reduction in sample stream width improved both SI and rCV for FSC by 1.8‐fold, and for SSC by 1.3‐ and 2.2‐fold, respectively. Decreasing the sample flow velocity worsened rCVs. Decreasing the flow channel dimensions and the pore size of the sheath filter did not substantially change the SI or rCV. Using the optimal optical configuration and fluidics settings, the SI improved 3.8∙104‐fold on FSC and 30‐fold on SSC, resulting in estimated detection limits for EVs (assuming a refractive index of 1.40) of 246 and 91 nm on FSC and SSC, respectively. Although a 50‐fold improvement on FSC is still necessary, these adaptions have produced an operator‐friendly, high‐throughput flow cytometer with a high sensitivity on both SSC and FSC. © 2020 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Formal verification of a new authenticated and optimized version of AOMDV for WSN
Authors: Djellouli Ahmed El Amine , Abdi Mustapha Kamel , Kechar Bouabdellah
Published: February 2020

In this paper, we propose a formal study based on model checking to formally verify an enhancement authenticated version of ad hoc on‐demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV) called authenticated optimized AOMDV (AO‐AOMDV). In this new version, we have added new functionalities in route discovery and route maintenance processes combined with the advantages of μTESLA. This contribution allows a transmitter to compute multiple authenticated routing paths toward the destination. The result of the formal verification study, under UPPAAL and SPIN, shows the behavior of the protocol that may not be revealed by simulation.
An efficient algorithm for backbone construction in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Sharma Bharti , Singh Awadhesh Kumar
Published: February 2020

Numerous research articles exist for backbone formation in wireless networks; however, they cannot be applied straightforward in cognitive radio network (CRN) due to its peculiar characteristics. Since virtual backbone has many advantages such as reduced routing overhead, dynamic maintenance, and fast convergence speed, we intend to propose a backbone formation protocol in CRN. In this paper, we propose a tree‐based backbone formation protocol along with its maintenance. Our protocol is based on non‐iterative approach, thus leading towards limited message overhead and faster convergence speed. The proposed algorithm first forms the tree by maintaining the parent‐child relationship, and second, the parent nodes are connected together to form the virtual backbone. In the end, we evaluate the performance our protocol through extensive simulations.
Interstellar‐based topology control scheme for optimal clustering performance in WSN
Authors: Jyothi A.P. , Usha S.
Published: February 2020

Clustering is one of the essential operations in wireless sensor network (WSN) to ensure organized data aggregation followed by energy efficiency. However, obtaining optimal clustering performance is yet an unsolved problem in WSN. Review of existing approaches towards cluster optimization shows that effective balance between energy efficiency and topology control is still missing. Therefore, the proposed system presents a unique topology control mechanism using a novel concept of interstellar orientation toward optimizing the clustering performance in WSN. Adopting an analytical research methodology, the proposed system introduces two interstellar‐based topology control system, which targets the maximum saving of resource consumption of the cluster head. The simulated outcome of the study shows that the proposed topology control system offers significant energy conservation performance in comparison to the existing hierarchical clustering scheme in WSN.
Functional trait similarity predicts survival in rare plant reintroductions
Authors: Ames Gregory M. , Wall Wade A. , Hohmann Matthew G. , Wright Justin P.
Published: February 2020

Rare species reintroductions are an increasingly common conservation strategy, but often result in poor survival of reintroduced individuals. Reintroduction sites are chosen primarily based on historical occupancy and/or abiotic properties of the site, with much less consideration given to properties of the larger biotic community. However, ecological niche theory suggests that the ability to coexist with other species is determined in part by the degree of functional similarity between species. The degree to which functional similarity affects the survival of reintroduced plants is poorly understood, but has important implications for the allocation of limited conservation resources. We collected a suite of abiotic, biotic, and functional trait variables centered on outplanted individuals from four reintroduced rare plant species and used logistic regression and model selection to assess their influence on individual survival. We show that higher functional similarity between reintroduced individuals and the local community, measured by differences between their multivariate functional traits and the community‐weighted mean traits of their immediate neighbors, increases survival and is a stronger predictor of survival than local variation in abiotic factors, suggesting that the functional composition of the biotic community should be incorporated into site selection to improve reintroduction success.