bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proceso de aceptación que experimentan padres y madres de hijos homosexuales ante el conocimiento de la orientación sexual
Authors: Solís Zúniga Franklin
Published: March 2016

La experiencia de investigación que aquí se presenta está orientada al desarrollo de los procesos familiares ante el conocimiento de la orientación sexual de los hijos, específicamente se concentró en el proceso de aceptación que experimentan padres y madres de hijos homosexuales, tomando como muestra dos casos de familias. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de Estelí, durante el periodo 2009-2010, con el propósito de aproximarse a la comprensión del proceso de aceptación que experimentan padres y madres de hijos homosexuales ante el conocimiento de la orientación sexual.Se realizó a partir de un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, exploratorio y de corte transversal, aplicando la metodología del estudio de casos. Las técnicas aplicadas para la recolección de la información fueron: la entrevista en profundidad, la observación directa y el cuestionario. La información obtenida se analizó en función de los objetivos formulados y según su naturaleza cualitativa, haciendo uso de diferentes procedimientos de análisis. La misma fue organizada por ejes temáticos cuyos análisis fueron sustentados con los relatos de los y las informantes. Los resultados más relevantes indican que la percepción intrafamiliar y social de los padres y madres respecto a la homosexualidad de sus hijos, está influenciada por mitos, prejuicios y estereotipos. Así como también, por las diferentes formas en las que la sociedad manifiesta la hostilidad del entorno hacia las personas de la diversidad. Las vivencias personales de los padres y madres durante el proceso de aceptación, llevan consigo reacciones que van desde el shock emocional inicial, hasta la reorganización familiar, que constituye el tercer proceso para llegar a la aceptación plena y el apoyo incondicional. Como parte de las vivencias del proceso, también existen preocupaciones y temores los cuales son producto de una realidad cultural compartida por ambas familias y sobre todo de la interiorización que los padres y madres hacen del estigma asociado a la homosexualidad. Se identificaron cinco recursos y/o estrategias utilizadas por los padres y madres como formas de afrontamiento durante el proceso de aceptación, las cuales en su mayoría contribuyeron a facilitar el proceso. Finalmente se concluye que la aceptación y el apoyo familiar son muy importantes para la salud y el bienestar de las personas diversas en orientación sexual.
Remembering Anna
Authors: Boniecka Romana
Published: March 2016

Only very rarely does a person make her profession her whole purpose in life. Anna, Professor Cienciala, did so. For her, everything not connected with history was marginal. Her wartime experiences evoked an early interest in history. In December 1939, with her mother and younger sister Danusia, she escaped from German- occupied Poland. They were eventually able to join Anna’s father in England with the help of Mrs. and Mr. Cienciala’s friend, the Estonian consul Hans Markus. Using the Polish passport of her mother, they traveled by train through Germany. In Berlin their passports were taken away. An all- powerful bribe helped them obtain German identification cards, which made it possible to travel to Budapest. In Budapest Anna’s mother obtained a new Polish passport. They traveled to France through Italy, where they remained almost a year. In the summer of 1940, when the Germans attacked France, they escaped to Spain and then flew to London via Lisbon.
Anna Cienciala: What I Remember
Authors: Thompson Ewa
Published: March 2016

I met Professor Cienciala in 1991 or 1992 at the University of Kansas, where I gave a talk. We were probably aware of each other’s existence before my visit but had never before met in person. In those days I strictly observed the academic canon concerning appropriate attire while giving a lecture: blouse and blazer it was, and of course trousers rather than a skirt. To my amazement, she came to my talk dressed in a flowery cotton dress, of the kind one associates with the 1950s. Bear with me: the dress has a meaning of its own. We became infrequent correspondents. I was in literature; she was in history and was somewhat older than I. It appeared that we had little in common. She would, however, respond affirmatively to my requests that she review books for Sarmatian Review. She wrote quite a few reviews for us and could always be counted on to deliver them promptly. I was pleased that she mentioned Sarmatian Review in her excellent compendium of works on the history of Poland and Eastern Europe available online (http://acienciala.faculty.ku.edu/hist557/bibpt1rev.htm).
Anna Maria Cienciala as a Historian of Polish Diplomacy
Authors: Kornat Marek
Published: March 2016

The author considers the position of the writings of Anna Cienciala within the historiography of Polish foreign relations of the interwar years and argues that the author of Poland and the Western Powers 1938–1939 upheld a consistent point of view throughout her lengthy career: that Polish policy of those years, though often criticized, had no realistic alternative. In this, Cienciala had much in common with the point of view of her mentor, Piotr S. Wandycz, and departed from the standard view of Western historians. In particular, she defended the general thrust of the policies of foreign minister Józef Beck in the difficult circumstances of the run- up to World War II and insisted that main responsibility for the calamity of 1939 rests with the weak, inconsistent, or malevolent diplomacy of the great powers.
Laser-Induced Autofluorescence Technique for Plasmodium falciparum Parasite Density Estimation
Authors: Opoku-Ansah Jerry , Eghan Moses Jojo , Anderson Benjamin , Boampong Johnson Nyarko , Buah-Bassuah Paul Kingsley
Published: March 2016

Malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum (P.falciparum) infections are taking a great toll on the lives of people worldwide, especially in developing countries. Recently, haemozoin detection using optical techniques tends to provide comparable parasite densities (PDs) estimation. We conducted feasibility studies on P.falciparum infected blood (i-blood) and uninfected blood (u-blood) samples from volunteers employing laser-induced fluorescence technique for PDs estimation. Fluorescence results show high intensity in u-blood than i-blood. PeakFit analysis with Loess smoothing under Lorentzian curve shows that fluorescence peak of i-blood appears red-shifted with increasing PDs. The Lorentzian curves depict that fluorescence peak intensity ratio increases with increasing PDs in i-blood samples. This technique may be potentially applied in PDs estimation to improve malaria diagnosis.
Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Acinetobacter Isolated from Patients Admitted in ICUs in Mazandaran, Northern Iran
Authors: Ghasemian Roya , Ahanjan Mohammad , Fatehi Ebrahim , Shokri Mehran
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND & PURPOSE: Antibiotic resistance rate is increasing in Acinetobacter species, especially in Acinetobacter baumannii, as the most important pathogen of hospital and ICU . This research aimed to evaluate antibiotic resistant rate of Acinetobacter spp. isolated from patients admitted to ICUs in educational hospitals affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.

METHODS: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 50 Acinetobacter isolates were collected during 2013- 2014. After confirming Acinetobacter species, antibacterial sensitivity test was done using disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitor concentration (MIC) was evaluated by E-test in all isolates.

RESULTS: Disc diffusion method revealed that 100% of isolates were resistant to Amikacin and Cefepim and 96% were resistant to both Meropenem and Ciprofloxacin antibiotics, 6% were sensitive, 18% were intermediate and 76% were resistant to imipenem. Also, 84% of isolates were sensitive and 16% were resistant to colistin. In E-test method, 92% of isolates were sensitive and 8% were resistant to colistin. Moreover, an isolate was sensitive, one was intermediate and the remaining isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and 100% of isolates were resistant to other antibiotics in E-test. Over 96% of Acinetobacter isolates were resistant to the antibiotics frequently used in ICU (ciprofloxacin, meropenem, amikacin, and cefepim). Colistin was found as  the only appropriate antibiotic that could be used for patients in ICU.

CONCLUSION: We hope these results could change the attitude of physicians toward using antibiotics in ICUs and encourage them to follow antibiotic stewardship as the only effective strategy to somewhat control antibiotic resistances.
Procedural Effectiveness of International Humanitarian Assistance
Authors: Moslehi Shandiz , Ardalan Ali , Tirone Daniel C. , Waugh William L. , Akbarisari Ali
Published: March 2016

Procedural effectiveness relates to the impact assessment; so, the objective of this study is to identify the procedural effectiveness indicators and develop a conceptual mapping of existing impact indicators in the field of International Humanitarian Assistance (IHA). We conducted a literature review and searched the websites of humanitarian assistance organizations. Documents were included if they focused on IHA procedural effectiveness or impact evaluations. Reviewers identified the eligible studies and extracted data. A conceptual framework was used to categorize the indicators of secured (protection, good health and food security) and avoided (illness, death and malnutrition) issues. 10 documents were included and categorized based on the framework. It was found that there is no agreed and unique methodology and indicators to assess the impact of humanitarian assistance projects. This study could be the step toward understanding of IHA procedural effectiveness indicators and also the findings can make a base line to start more research.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients at Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Faisal Ahmed , Elshahat Mahmoud , Goweda Reda , Alzaidi Arij , Aldhawani Bashaer , Alharbi Hibah
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the major health problems which is characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver. Worldwide, NAFLD has a reported prevalence of 6 to 35 percent in the general population. The prevalence of NAFLD has increased as more patients develop a sedentary lifestyle, metabolic syndrome, and obesity.

AIM & OBJECTIVES: To study cardiovascular disease risk factors among NAFLD patients aiming to reduce morbidity and mortality.

METHODOLOGY: This was a cross sectional study. Cardiovascular risk factors questionnaire including personal data, BMI, lipid profile and blood pressure was used to obtain the data from 150 patients with ultrasound diagnosed NAFLD and 150 patients with no evidence of NAFLD at Umm Al Qura University medical center, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

RESULTS: 54.7% out of 150 NAFLD patients were males, 91.3% were obese, 50.7% were diabetics, 28% hypertensive, 53.7% had high cholesterol level, 52.7 % had high triglycerides and 64.6% had high LDL level. Results showed significant high prevalence of most of CVD risk factors among NAFD patients in comparison to age matched group of patients without NAFLD.

CONCLUSION: NAFLD patients have a high risk of cardiovascular diseases more than non NAFLD.
Endogenous Sunk-Costs Technology and Home Market Effects
Authors: Lee Shin-Chyang
Published: March 2016

Sutton (1991, 1998) proves that the home market effects would reverse with the assumption of the labor requirements with endogenous sunk costs. Departing from the original Helpman-Krugman modeling assumptions, we introduce the endogenous sunk costs of production to trading partners, and show that home market effects will be offset but not reverse, a result opposite of Sutton (1991, 1998).
Dual Perspective of Inflation toward Market Development
Authors: Malik Muhammad Shaukat , Awais Mustabsar , Hassan Waqar Ul , Hayat Faisal , Hussain Shahbaz , Khursheed Aisha
Published: March 2016

Stock markets are reflector of trade and economic prosperity across the globe, it comprised of multiple physical and mental components. Economists featured investors and their handsome cash balances among fundamental elements of capital markets. Financial experts along with practitioners developed economic models to engage shareholders by portraiting historical performance and future banefits of securities. Present study attempted to investigate the potential of inflation rate for casuing market returns under the concept of Ross (1976) pricing theory. CPI is used as proxy of inflation and KSE returns for measuring securities behaviours. Low inflationary (2000-2004) and High inflationary (2010-2014) durations as sample periods are privileged to empirically examine twofold intensity of CPI toward index of Pakistani markets. Linear regression analysis declared inflation rate as poor model for estimation of capital market returns, furthermore CPI resulted significant as well as insignificant casual relationship with positive and negative intensity toward KSE returns.
Impact of Liquidity on Profitability: A Comprehensive Case of Pakistan’s Private Banking Sector
Authors: Malik Muhammad Shaukat , Awais Mustabsar , Khursheed Aisha
Published: March 2016

The subject of liquidity-profitability interchange is well recognized in the literature. This study was conducted to inspect the trade-off between liquidity and profitability in private sector banks of Pakistan. The study was carried on twenty two private sector banks registered under State bank of Pakistan during the time period of 2009-2013. Three models were specified and estimated using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique. The empirical results revealed that there is a statistically significant relationship between bank liquidity measures and return on assets. However, when return on equity and return on investment was used as proxy for profitability, the relationship became statistically insignificant. It has been recommended that the banks should assess and restructure their strategies for managing liquidity. This will not only improve yields on shareholders equity but will also enhance the use of the assets of the bank.
State Space Methods and Examples for Computational Models of Human Movement
Authors: Hemami H. , Hemami M.
Published: March 2016

In the past, multi-rigid-body systems have been formulated by Lagrangian and Hamiltonian dynamics, the Newton-Euler method and Kane’s dynamic equations. Availability of large computers and versatile software systems enables us to formulate larger systems and analyze them computationally. In such circumstances, the probability of human error grows with the size of the system. The purpose of this work is to provide state space formulations that allow veriﬁcation of computational results and be able to transport Lyapunov stability results across the these dynamics disciplines. The formulations are presented with matrices for all transformations and projections.

This work also investigates the constraint forces and their computation or elimination by diﬀerent methods. A one-link constrained rigid body is considered ﬁrst. The results are summarily extended to a three-link system. Six three-link rigid body sub modules are interconnected to describe, control and simulate many diﬀerent maneuvers and activities of humans.

The actuators have alpha and gamma inputs, and pull but cannot push. The control strategy is based on Evarts’ “attention set,”, and is applied to the movement of one arm in a computational experiment.
Samenwerking in meerpartijenverhoudingen in de bouw: stand van zaken en praktische tools
Authors: Van Gulijk S.
Published: March 2016

Samenwerking in meerpartijenverhoudingen in de bouw: stand van zaken en praktische tools

Bij samenwerking in meerpartijenverhoudingen, zoals bouwcontracten, gaat geregeld iets mis. Vaak komt dit voort uit onvoldoende communicatie, coördinatie en afstemming tussen betrokkenen. Op contractanten in meerpartijenverhoudingen rusten op basis van de wet slechts vrij basale verplichtingen ten behoeve van samenwerking, zoals elkaar informeren over de stand van zaken van het werk. In standaard voorwaarden is meer aandacht voor verplichtingen gericht op goede samenwerking en in hedendaagse contracten worden steeds vaker positieve prikkels opgenomen (tevredenheidsverklaringen, bonussen, besparingsmodellen) om de onderlinge samenwerking te bevorderen. Ten slotte worden specifiek in de bouwpraktijk digitale tools ingezet (o.m. BIM en LEAN thinking) om samenwerking en contracten beter te kunnen managen.”
Asymptotic analysis of a monostable equation in periodic media
Authors: Alfaro Matthieu , Giletti Thomas
Published: March 2016

We consider a multidimensional monostable reaction-diffusion equation whose nonlinearity involves periodic heterogeneity. This serves as a model of invasion for a population facing spatial heterogeneities. As a rescaling parameter tends to zero, we prove the convergence to a limit interface, whose motion is governed by the minimal speed (in each direction) of the underlying pulsating fronts. This dependance of the speed on the (moving) normal direction is in contrast with the homogeneous case and makes the analysis quite involved. Key ingredients are the recent improvement \cite{A-Gil} %[4]of the well-known spreading properties \cite{Wein02}, %[32], \cite{Ber-Ham-02}, %[9],and the solution of a Hamilton-Jacobi equation.
Estudio de los niveles de razonamiento de Van Hiele en alumnos de centros de enseñanza vulnerables de educación media en Chile
Authors: Aravena Díaz María de las Mercedes , Gutiérrez Rodriguez Ángel , Jaime Pastor Adela
Published: March 2016

Presentamos los resultados de una investigación enfocada a mejorar el aprendizaje de la geometría y la adquisición de destrezas de razonamiento matemático de estudiantes de 2.º año medio de centros de enseñanza secundaria vulnerables de Chile. Se ha diseñado un experimento de enseñanza, con grupos experimental y control, basado en una unidad de enseñanza, diseñada de acuerdo con los niveles y las fases de Van Hiele, y en un pretest y un postest, para evaluar el cambio en el nivel de razonamiento de los estudiantes derivado de la intervención. Los resultados muestran una diferencia significativa, a favor del grupo experimental, en el desarrollo del nivel de razonamiento de los estudiantes.
Ignorancia consciente en el aprendizaje de las ciencias II: factores que influyen en lo que los alumnos saben que no saben
Authors: Vaz-Rebelo Piedade , Morgado Julia , Fernandes Paula , Otero José
Published: March 2016

La investigación en la didáctica de las ciencias ha examinado en detalle procesos de adquisición de conocimiento y comprensión del contenido científico. Sin embargo, se ha prestado menos atención a los papeles positivos de la incomprensión o el desconocimiento consciente. Este artículo es el segundo de dos trabajos de revisión y síntesis en los que se analiza el desconocimiento y la incomprensión conscientes de contenidos científicos. El primero se centra en los componentes y estructura de la incomprensión y en este segundo se examinan las variables que afectan al desconocimiento y a la incomprensión conscientes. En particular se revisan y sintetizan estudios sobre el efecto que tienen el conocimiento, las tareas y los criterios de coherencia en la consciencia de la incomprensión, o el desconocimiento de la ciencia, que se manifiesta generalmente a través de preguntas. Finalmente se sintetizan algunas de las implicaciones que tienen los estudios revisados para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las ciencias.
¿Cómo son los apuntes de matemáticas de un estudiante? Influencia de los elementos matemáticos y sus relaciones
Authors: Arce Sánchez Matías , Conejo Garrote Laura , Ortega del Rincón Tomás
Published: March 2016

Esta investigación se desarrolla en tres clases de primero de bachillerato con una metodología tradicional. En ella, comparamos los diferentes tipos de elementos y relaciones expuestos por los docentes con los apuntes que los estudiantes escriben en sus cuadernos. El tópico es reglas y técnicas de derivación. Se consideran marcos de análisis de contenido, construyendo mapas de elementos y relaciones para realizar la comparación. Detectamos una amplia gama de perfiles de transcripción en alumnos, especialmente en contextos donde el profesor combina la obtención de las reglas a partir de su justificación con su aplicación práctica. En los apuntes predomina un enfoque procedimental y simbólico, influido por la pizarra, unido a una transcripción muy baja de los elementos de naturaleza relacional presentes en el discurso oral.
Una controversia de la Historia de la Tecnología para aprender sobre Naturaleza de la Tecnología: Tesla vs. Edison – La guerra de las corrientes
Authors: Acevedo Díaz José Antonio , García-Carmona Antonio
Published: March 2016

Se presenta la controversia entre Tesla y Edison, conocida como «la guerra de las corrientes» en la Historia de la Tecnología, para abordar en el aula algunas cuestiones de Naturaleza de la Tecnología (NDT) desde un enfoque explícito y reflexivo. La propuesta se dirige a la formación de estudiantes de profesorado de educación secundaria en NDT y su didáctica. Se presta atención tanto a los aspectos epistémicos como a los no-epistémicos en el texto de la controversia y en las cuestiones que se plantean. Asimismo, se proponen algunas recomendaciones metodológicas para su implementación y evaluación en el aula.
Editorial
Authors: Enseñanza de las Ciencias Revista
Published: March 2016

Editorial
INNOVACIONS METODOLOGIQUES: L’ ÚS D’ INSTAGRAM COM A EINA INVESTIGATIVA EN SALUT JUVENIL.
Authors: Carceller-Maicas Natàlia
Published: March 2016

La comunicació és clau a l’àmbit de la salut, i incrementa la seva importància amb l’era digital. Internet i els nous mass media esdevenen eines bàsiques de comunicació, essent inclús imprescindibles quan parlem del jovent. La incorporació d’aquestes eines comunicatives al treball de camp en salut juvenil presenta potencialitats que ens apropen al seu mon i enriqueixen la recerca etnogràfica.
How to learn from our mistakes: Communication of health crises
Authors: Granda Revilla Javier
Published: March 2016

Reviewing the communication during the health crises of the last thirty years is useful to verify that there are a number of repeated mistakes: untrained spokespeople with no communication skills, ambiguous messages, lack of communication plans for the crisis, and improvisation, which end up communicating alarming messages to the population and contribute to administrations being considered suspicious or untrustworthy. The denaturalised rapeseed oil scandal, the mad cows disease, the influenza A virus, or the recent Ebola outbreak are clear examples of how not to communicate and offer valuable lessons for future crises.
Effects of thickness on optical characteristics and strain distribution of thin-film GaN light-emitting diodes transferred to Si substrates
Authors: Li Heng , Shi Yang-Da , Feng Meixin , Sun Qian , Lu Tien-Chang
Published: March 2016

We investigated the effect of device thickness on the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of thin-film GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which were grown on Si substrates and transferred to other Si substrates with reduced film thickness. It was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurement that the compressive strain is released and the quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) is suppressed after reducing the thickness. The best IQE of 62.9% was reached with a large suppression of the band tilting by QCSE, from 7.9 meV in the original structure to 2.4 meV in the thinnest sample, and this value can compete with that of GaN-based LEDs grown on a sapphire substrate.
Implantable micro-optical semiconductor devices for optical theranostics in deep tissue
Authors: Takehara Hiroaki , Katsuragi Yuji , Ohta Yasumi , Motoyama Mayumi , Takehara Hironari , Noda Toshihiko , Sasagawa Kiyotaka , Tokuda Takashi , Ohta Jun
Published: March 2016

Optical therapy and diagnostics using photoactivatable molecular tools are promising approaches in medical applications; however, a method for the delivery of light deep inside biological tissues remains a challenge. Here, we present a method of illumination and detection of light using implantable micro-optical semiconductor devices. Unlike in conventional transdermal light delivery methods using low-energy light (>620 nm or near-infrared light), in our method, high-energy light (470 nm) can also be used for illumination. Implanted submillimeter-sized light-emitting diodes were found to provide sufficient illumination (0.6–4.1 mW/cm2), and a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor image sensor enabled the detection of fluorescence signals.
Universal framework for temperature dependence prediction of the negative bias temperature instability based on microscope pictures
Authors: Ma Chenyue , Zhang Lining , Lin Xinnan , Chan Mansun
Published: March 2016

A universal framework for describing the temperature enhanced negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) is developed in this paper. Analytical time evolution models of the NBTI mechanisms, as Pb center generation and hole-transport in the oxygen vacancies, are proposed based on careful investigation of atom-level microscopic pictures. A logarithmic time function is derived to describe the interface state (Pb center) generation and recovery evolution by revealing a fact that the activation energy is significantly modified by the accumulation of generated defects. Corresponding coefficients, including the generation amplitudes and time constant, are identified depending on temperature linearly and exponentially. Moreover, the unrecoverable oxide hole-trapping is proposed resulted from the hole-transport among deep-level oxygen vacancies driven by electrical field within the gate oxide. A power-law time function is derived to describing this evolution, with time exponent linear to temperature. Parameters calculated by the proposed analytical models reveal good consistent with the parameters directly extracted from the measured data, indicating the validation and universality of the physical based framework in reproducing the parametric shift of the NBTI degradation under various temperature conditions and process technologies.
C-atom-induced bandgap modulation in two-dimensional (100) silicon carbon alloys
Authors: Mizuno Tomohisa , Nagamine Yoshiki , Omata Yuhsuke , Suzuki Yuhya , Urayama Wako , Aoki Takashi , Sameshima Toshiyuki
Published: March 2016

We experimentally studied the effects of the C atom on bandgap E
G modulation in two-dimensional (2D) silicon carbon alloys, Si1−

Y
C
Y
, fabricated by hot C+ ion implantation into the (100) SOI substrate in a wide range of Y (4 × 10−5 ≤ Y ≤ 0.13), in comparison with the characteristics of 3D silicon carbide (SiC). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV-Raman analysis confirm the Si–C, C–C, and Si–Si bonds in the 2D-Si1−

Y
C
Y
layer. The photoluminescence (PL) method shows that the E
G and PL intensity I
PL of 2D-Si1−

Y
C
Y
drastically increase with increasing Y for high Y (≥0.005), and thus we demonstrated a high E
G of 2.5 eV and a visible wavelength λPL less than 500 nm. Even for low Y (<10−3), I
PL of 2D-Si1−

Y
C
Y
also increases with increasing Y, owing to the compressive strain of the 2D-Si1−

Y
C
Y
layer caused by the C atoms, but the Y dependence of E
G is very small. E
G of 2D-Si1−

Y
C
Y
can be controlled by changing Y. Thus, the 2D-Si1−

Y
C
Y
technique is very promising for new E
G engineering of future high-performance CMOS and Si photonics.
Controllable p- and n-type doping of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-methyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene] films prepared by evaporative spray deposition using ultradilute solution
Authors: Sakiyama Shin , Mizutani Naoki , Fujita Katsuhiko
Published: March 2016

Evaporative spray deposition using an ultradilute solution (ESDUS) enables polymer film preparation using diluted solution at ppm levels. We used this method for p- and n-type doping of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-methyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV), which is a bipolar-transport polymer semiconductor. The device characteristics indicated a drastic improvement of conductivity with carrier mobility. Moreover, the doping efficiency was higher than 15% in both p- and n-type doping owing to the wide dopant dispersion realized by the ESDUS technique.
Mechanisms of polarization switching in graphene oxides and poly(vinylidene fluoride)–graphene oxide films
Authors: Jiang Zhiyuan , Zheng Guangping , Zhan Ke , Han Zhuo , Wang Hao
Published: March 2016

Polarization switching in graphene oxides (GOs) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)–GO nanocomposite is investigated by piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM). The dynamical switching results reveal that GO films exhibit ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties with two-dimensional characteristics. Abnormal polarization switching is observed in PVDF–GO films, which is promising for electronic applications.
 Ortaçağda Nahçivan’da Sufi Tarikatlarının Faaliyetlerini Gösteren Yer Adları  /
Place Names Showing the Activities of Sufi Sects in Nakhichevan in Medieval Age
Authors: KEMALOĞLU MUHAMMET
Published: March 2016

Öz Yer adları yararlı bir coğrafi referans sistemidir. Bir yerden bahsederken tutarlı olmamızı sağlar. Toponimi, yer isimlerinin (toponimlerin), onların orijinlerinin, anlamlarının, kullanımlarının ve tiplendirmesinin bilimsel araştırmasıdır. Toponimi sözcüğü Yunanca tópos-yer ve ónoma-ad sözcüklerinden kaynaklanır. Bu adlar sayesinde bir bölgenin geçmişi hakkında birçok bilgi elde edebiliriz. Bir yere ad vermek oldukça önemli bir olgudur. Verilen o isimden bahse konu yerin kime veya kimlere ait olduğunu tespit edebilirsiniz. Yer adları sayesinde bölgenin inanç yapısı, bölgenin eski veya yeni bir yerleşim yeri olup olmadığını vb. özelliklerini de öğrenebilirsiniz. Bu nedenle insanlar hâkim oldukları topraklarda isim verirken bulunduğu yerin birçok özelliğini dikkate almakta ve o yerleşmeye kendi dil, kültür, örf ve adetlerine en uygun isimleri vermektedir. Bu sebeple, yerleşmenin coğrafi, tarihi ve genel karakterini tanımada rol oynayan yer adlarının önemi büyüktür. Bu çalışmada ise Nahçıvan bölgesindeki Hangâh, Hanağa Zaviyesi, Abdal, Bektaş vb isimlerin nasıl oluştuğu, Ortaçağlarda bulundukları coğrafyalardaki tarikat-tasavvuf ilişkisi ve sonuçları ele alınmıştır. Abstract Place names are useful geographical reference systems. They allow us to be consistent when we are talking about a place. Toponymy is the scientific research of place names, their origins, meanings, usages and typologies. Toponymy derives from Greek words ‘topos’- place and 'onoma’- name. Thanks to these names, we can get much information about the past of a region. Giving a name to a place is a notably important phenomenon. You can determine to whom the mentioned place belongs to from that name given. Owing to place names, you can also learn the features of the region such as its religious structure, whether it is an old or new settlement etc. Therefore while people giving names to the lands they rule, they take many features of the land into consideration and give names that are the most appropriate for their language, culture, customs and traditions. Hence, place names playing a role in recognition of the geography, history and general character of the settlement have a great importance. In this study, how the names such as Hangah, Hanaga Zawiyah, Abdal, Bektas etc. in Nakhichevan region have been formed, and the relation between sect and Sufism and its results in geographies they were in the Medieval Age have been discussed.
en-Nefehâtü’r-Rabbâniyye fi’t-Tarîkati’s-Sa’diyye / Sa’diyye Tarikatı Hakkında Rabbanî Sözler
Authors: YÜCER Hür Mahmut
Published: March 2016

en-Nefhatü’r-Rabbâniyye fi’t-Tarîkati’s-Sa’diyye, Sa’diyye tarikatına ait temel eserlerden birisidir. Şeyh Ebû Tâlib el-Gazzî ed-Dımeşkî (ö. 1040/1635) tarafından kaleme alınmıştır. Gazzî eserini yazarken büyük oranda Şeyh Şemseddin Muhammed Ömer es-Sa’dî’nin Risâletü’l-Muhammediyye fi’r-reddi ani’s-sâdeti’s-Sadiyye’ isimli eserinden ihtisarda bulunmuştur. Eserin Türkiye kütüphanelerinde iki nüshası bulunmaktadır: Süleymaniye Ktp., H. Hayri, nr.145, 30vr.; Süleymaniye Ktp., YB, nr. 3053. Bu çeviri H. Hayri, nr.145’lı nüsha esas alınarak yapılmıştır.
Anadolu Kültüründe Nazar ve Nazarlıklar: Safranbolu Örneği /
Evil Eye and Amulets in Anatolian Culture: The Case of Safranbolu
Authors: Gür Durmuş , Soykan A. Nazlı
Published: March 2016

Öz Bu araştırma, Anadolu kültüründe yer alan nazar inancı ve bu inancın somut bir yansıması olan nazarlıklarla ilgili günümüze ulaşan bazı örnekleri incelemektedir. Araştırma kapsamında, günümüzde Safranbolu’da bulunan sivil ve dini mimaride, özellikle su yapılarında görülen nazarlık çeşitleri, teknik, tür ve çeşitlilik açısından incelenmiş ve fotoğraflarla belgelenmiştir. Safranbolu’nun Bağlarbaşı, Kıranköy (Atatürk Mahallesi), Gümüş, Hacı Halil, Baba Sultan, Çeşme, Karaali, Çavuş Mahalleleri’ndeki mimari eserlerde bulunan nazarlıklar, araştırma konumuzun kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada önce nazar inancı ile ilgili yaklaşımlar ve bu inancın tarihi kökenleri incelenmiştir. Daha sonra nazara inanan insanların, kötü niyetli insanların bakışlarıyla yaydıkları olumsuz enerjiyi başka alanlara yönlendirebilmek amacıyla kullanmış oldukları nazarlıklar incelenmiştir. Kullanılan nazarlık çeşitleri sınıflandırılarak benzer uygulamalar aynı başlık altında incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın son kısmında ise bu nazarlıkların özelliklerini gösteren bir tablo ile birlikte kullanılan malzeme ve teknikler hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Ayrıca, araştırma evreninde yer alan nazarlıklara ait bazı fotoğraflar araştırma sonuna eklenmiştir. Abstract This article examines the belief in evil eye in Anatolian culture and its concrete reflection, using amulets to defend oneself against it. The aim of this essay is to investigate and to certificate the types of amulets in civil and religious architecture, especially in water structures, in Safranbolu. In the study, the amulets existing in Baglarbasi, Kirankoy, Gumus, Haci Halil, Baba Sultan, Cesme, Karaali, and Cavus districts of Safranbolu is handled. The first part of the article examines the belief in evil eye and the historical basis of this belief. The second part examines the amulets used by the people who believe that bad energy coming from evil eyes could be prevented by them. In the last part, the technique and materials used in production process of amulets is analyzed. Additionally, some photographs taken in research universe showing some amulet models attached to the article.
Necip Fazıl’ın Aynadaki Yalan’ Romanında Din ve Tasavvuf /
Religious and Mystic Elements in The Novel Aynadaki Yalan (The Lie in the Mirror)
Authors: Noyan Sema
Published: March 2016

Öz Yazarın ilk romanı olan Aynadaki Yalan, Batı, Batılılaşma, din ve tasavvuf hakkında yoğun fikirlerin yer aldığı bir eserdir. Batı ve Batılılaşma ile ilgili zengin örneklerin yer aldığı romanda tasavvuf yoluna giren bir akademisyenin macerası anlatılır ve bu vesileyle tasavvuf ve şeriat konusu işlenir. Yazar, romanın başkahramanı Naci aracılığıyla insanlığın kurtuluşu için tek modelin İslam olduğu vurgusu yapar. Yazarın, bu romanında din ve tasavvuf hakkında ele aldığı fikirlerini başka yazılarında ve eserlerinde de görmek mümkündür. İdeologya Örgüsü ve Batı Tefekkürü ve İslam Tasavvufu adlı çalışmaları buna örnek gösterilebilir. Aynadaki Yalan, bu fikirlerin bir derlemesi ve kurgu içinde sunulmasından ibarettir. Bir entelektüelin özüne dönüşünü konu edinen bu romanda ele alınan din ve tasavvuf kavramları araştırmada ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Abstract The author’s first novel Aynadaki Yalan (The Lie in the Mirror) is a work which analyzes a westernized Turkish intellectual. The work which involves rich ideas about West, being Westernized, religion, and mysticism, narrates the adventure of an intellectual turning back his own morals. By virtue of the protagonist, Naci, author gives the message that the only model and the order for mankind is Islam. It is possible to see the author’s ideas about religion and mysticism, in his other essays and works. The novel goes parallel with the author Necip Fazıl’s other works like İdeologya Örgüsü (Ideology Plot) and Batı Tefekkürü ve İslam Tasavvufu (Western Contemplation and Islamic Mysticism). Aynadaki Yalan (The Lie in the Mirror) consists of presenting an edited version and a compilation of the ideas in these works. It is determined that the studies made on the novel Aynadaki Yalan (The Lie in the Mirror) does not gives detailed information in this aspect of the work, so in this study the importance of returning to self and tradition of a Turkish intellectual is emphasized laying stress on the concept of religion and mysticism.
Iflavirus increases its infectivity and physical stability in association with baculovirus
Authors: Jakubowska Agata K. , Murillo Rosa , Carballo Arkaitz , Williams Trevor , van Lent Jan W.M. , Caballero Primitivo , Herrero Salvador
Published: March 2016

Virus transmission and the prevalence of infection depend on multiple factors, including the interaction with other viral pathogens infecting the same host. In this study, active replication of an iflavirus,Spodoptera exigua iflavirus 1(orderPicornavirales) was observed in the offspring of insects that survived following inoculation with a pathogenic baculovirus,Spodoptera exiguamultiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. Tracking the origin of the iflavirus suggested the association of this virus with the occlusion bodies of the baculovirus. Here we investigated the effect of this association on the stability and infectivity of both viruses. A reduction in baculovirus pathogenicity, without affecting its infectivity and productivity, was observed when associated with the iflavirus. In contrast, viral association increased the infectivity of the iflavirus and its resistance to ultraviolet radiation and high temperature, two of the main factors affecting virus stability in the field. In addition, electron microscopy analysis revealed the presence of particles resembling iflavirus virions inside the occlusion bodies of the baculovirus, suggesting the possible co-occlusion of both viruses. Results reported here are indicative of facultative phoresis of a virus and suggest that virus–virus interactions may be more common than currently recognized, and may be influential in the ecology of baculovirus and host populations and in consequence in the use of baculoviruses as biological insecticides.
Aboveground carbon in Quebec forests: stock quantification at the provincial scale and assessment of temperature, precipitation and edaphic properties effects on the potential stand-level stocking
Authors: Duchesne Louis , Houle Daniel , Ouimet Rock , Lambert Marie-Claude , Logan Travis
Published: March 2016

Biological carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems plays an important role in the net balance of greenhouse gases, acting as a carbon sink for anthropogenic CO2emissions. Nevertheless, relatively little is known about the abiotic environmental factors (including climate) that control carbon storage in temperate and boreal forests and consequently, about their potential response to climate changes. From a set of more than 94,000 forest inventory plots and a large set of spatial data on forest attributes interpreted from aerial photographs, we constructed a fine-resolution map (∼375 m) of the current carbon stock in aboveground live biomass in the 435,000 km2of managed forests in Quebec, Canada. Our analysis resulted in an area-weighted average aboveground carbon stock for productive forestland of 37.6 Mg ha−1, which is lower than commonly reported values for similar environment. Models capable of predicting the influence of mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, and soil physical environment on maximum stand-level aboveground carbon stock (MSAC) were developed. These models were then used to project the future MSAC in response to climate change. Our results indicate that the MSAC was significantly related to both mean annual temperature and precipitation, or to the interaction of these variables, and suggest that Quebec’s managed forests MSAC may increase by 20% by 2041–2070 in response to climate change. Along with changes in climate, the natural disturbance regime and forest management practices will nevertheless largely drive future carbon stock at the landscape scale. Overall, our results allow accurate accounting of carbon stock in aboveground live tree biomass of Quebec’s forests, and provide a better understanding of possible feedbacks between climate change and carbon storage in temperate and boreal forests.
Spheroidal and ellipsoidal harmonic expansions of the gravitational potential of small Solar System bodies. Case study: Comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko
Authors: Reimond Stefan , Baur Oliver
Published: March 2016

Gravitational features are a fundamental source of information to learn more about the interior structure and composition of planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. Gravitational field modeling typically approximates the target body with a sphere, leading to a representation in spherical harmonics. However, small celestial bodies are often irregular in shape and hence poorly approximated by a sphere. A much better suited geometrical fit is achieved by a triaxial ellipsoid. This is also mirrored in the fact that the associated harmonic expansion (ellipsoidal harmonics) shows a significantly better convergence behavior as opposed to spherical harmonics. Unfortunately, complex mathematics and numerical problems (arithmetic overflow) so far severely limited the applicability of ellipsoidal harmonics. In this paper, we present a method that allows expanding ellipsoidal harmonics to a considerably higher degree compared to existing techniques. We apply this novel approach to model the gravitational field of comet 67P, the final target of the Rosetta mission. The comparison of results based on the ellipsoidal parameterization with those based on the spheroidal and spherical approximations reveals that the latter is clearly inferior; the spheroidal solution, on the other hand, is virtually just as accurate as the ellipsoidal one. Finally, in order to generalize our findings, we assess the gravitational field modeling performance for some 400 small bodies in the Solar System. From this investigation we generally conclude that the spheroidal representation is an attractive alternative to the complex ellipsoidal parameterization, on the one hand, and the inadequate spherical representation, on the other hand.
Feminist Theory in Communication
Authors: Cuklanz Lisa
Published: March 2016

This entry provides an overview of feminist theoretical work in communication, with emphasis on media studies and rhetoric. After an introduction focusing on the historical development of these theories and their emphases, the work is divided into three main sections: gendered content and dominant ideology, objectification and the male gaze, and the third wave and postfeminism. Each section describes the major insights, concepts, and streams of scholarship within the subtopic. Suggestions for future research are included.
Metacommunication
Authors: Craig Robert T.
Published: March 2016

Metacommunication is communication about communication. The significance of metacommunication goes well beyond the obvious fact that communication can be a topic of discussion. More fundamentally, metacommunication refers to a “level” of meaning through which every message implicitly defines the relationship between communicators. Jurgen Ruesch and Gregory Bateson, who introduced the term, described metacommunication as a “new order” of communication that arose in the evolution of mammals and explains some distinctively complex, creative, and deeply paradoxical qualities of social interaction. This entry introduces the theory of metacommunication and discusses applications and extensions of the theory, studies of metadiscourse and reflexive language use, and metacommunicative reflexivity in postmodernist theory and culture.
Decreasing the Saturated Contact Angle in Electrowetting‐on‐Dielectrics by Controlling the Charge Trapping at Liquid–Solid Interfaces
Authors: Li Xiangming , Tian Hongmiao , Shao Jinyou , Ding Yucheng , Chen Xiaoliang , Wang Li , Lu Bingheng
Published: March 2016

Contact angle saturation in electrowetting‐on‐dielectrics (EWOD) has restricted the tuning range of the wettability of a solid surface, which has generally limited the performances of EWOD devices such as digital microfluidics, lab‐on‐chip, electronic displays, and so forth. Here, a method is proposed for decreasing the saturated contact angle by controlling the behavior of charge trapping at the liquid–solid interface. An unexpected phenomenon is uncovered: for a short time the contact angle reaches smaller values before it retreats to its saturation value, which is caused by charge trapping at the liquid–solid interface. Experimental results suggest that the trapped charges can be repeatedly detrapped and retrapped when the polarity of the applied voltage is periodically reversed, which results in contact angles retreating periodically. By applying a well‐modulated voltage signal with reversing polarity, the retreat movement of the contact angle can be controlled to obtain a value significantly smaller than the previously possible threshold. As a specific application of this method, an economic two‐step process which is developed potentially suitable for mass‐producing large‐area flexible microlens arrays with controllable curvatures and wide fields of view.
Passivation of Molecular n‐Doping: Exploring the Limits of Air Stability
Authors: Tietze Max L. , Rose Bradley D. , Schwarze Martin , Fischer Axel , Runge Steffen , Blochwitz‐Nimoth Jan , Lüssem Björn , Leo Karl , Brédas Jean‐Luc
Published: March 2016

Molecular doping is a key technique for flexible and low‐cost organic complementary semiconductor technologies that requires both efficient and stable p‐ and n‐type doping. However, in contrast to molecular p‐dopants, highly efficient n‐type dopants are commonly sensitive to rapid degradation in air due to their low ionization energies (IEs) required for electron donation, e.g., IE = 2.4 eV for tetrakis(1,3,4,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐2H‐pyrimido[1,2‐a]pyrimidinato)ditungsten(II) (W2(hpp)4). Here, the air stability of various host:W2(hpp)4 combinations is compared by conductivity measurements and photoemission spectroscopy. A partial passivation of the n‐doping against degradation is found, with this effect identified to depend on the specific energy levels of the host material. Since host‐W2(hpp)4 electronic wavefunction hybridization is unlikely due to confinement of the dopant highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to its molecular center, this finding is explained via stabilization of the dopant by single‐electron transfer to a host material whose energy levels are sufficiently low for avoiding further charge transfer to oxygen–water complexes. Our results show the feasibility of temporarily handling n‐doped organic thin films in air, e.g., during structuring of organic field effect transistors (OFETs) by lithography.