bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production of Two‐Dimensional Nanomaterials via Liquid‐Based Direct Exfoliation
Authors: Niu Liyong , Coleman Jonathan N. , Zhang Hua , Shin Hyeonsuk , Chhowalla Manish , Zheng Zijian
Published: December 2015

Tremendous efforts have been devoted to the synthesis and application of two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials due to their extraordinary and unique properties in electronics, photonics, catalysis, etc., upon exfoliation from their bulk counterparts. One of the greatest challenges that scientists are confronted with is how to produce large quantities of 2D nanomaterials of high quality in a commercially viable way. This review summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art of the production of 2D nanomaterials using liquid‐based direct exfoliation (LBE), a very promising and highly scalable wet approach for synthesizing high quality 2D nanomaterials in mild conditions. LBE is a collection of methods that directly exfoliates bulk layered materials into thin flakes of 2D nanomaterials in liquid media without any, or with a minimum degree of, chemical reactions, so as to maintain the high crystallinity of 2D nanomaterials. Different synthetic methods are categorized in the following, in which material characteristics including dispersion concentration, flake thickness, flake size and some applications are discussed in detail. At the end, we provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of such synthetic methods of LBE and propose future perspectives.
Size‐Dependent Toxicity of Gold Nanoparticles on Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Their Neural Derivatives
Authors: Senut Marie‐Claude , Zhang Yanhua , Liu Fangchao , Sen Arko , Ruden Douglas M. , Mao Guangzhao
Published: December 2015

This study explores the use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) for assessing nanotoxicology, specifically, the effect of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of different core sizes (1.5, 4, and 14 nm) on the viability, pluripotency, neuronal differentiation, and DNA methylation of hESCs. The hESCs exposed to 1.5 nm thiolate‐capped AuNPs exhibit loss of cohesiveness and detachment suggesting ongoing cell death at concentrations as low as 0.1 μg mL−1. The cells exposed to 1.5 nm AuNPs at this concentration do not form embryoid bodies but rather disintegrate into single cells within 48 h. Cell death caused by 1.5 nm AuNPs also occur in hESC‐derived neural progenitor cells. None of the other nanoparticles exhibit toxic effects on the hESCs at concentrations as high as 10 μg mL−1 during a 19 d neural differentiation period. Thiolate‐capped 4 nm AuNPs at 10 μg mL−1 cause a dramatic decrease in global DNA methylation (5 mC) and a corresponding increase in global DNA hydroxymethylation (5 hmC) of the hESC's DNA in only 24 h. This work identifies a type of AuNPs highly toxic to hESCs and demonstrates the potential of hESCs in predicting nanotoxicity and characterizing their ability to alter the DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation patterns in the cells.
Zur Stabilität von Winkelprofilen im Vergleich der Normen des Mast‐, Turm‐ und Freileitungsbaus
Authors: Schillo Nicole , Feldmann Markus
Published: December 2015

Gewalzte Winkel sind typische Profile im Mast‐, Turm‐ und Freileitungsbau. Je nach Länge des Profils können bei Druckbeanspruchung Versagensmodi von Drill‐ bzw. Biegedrillknicken, reinem Knicken und Interaktion mit lokalem Stabilitätsversagen auftreten. Die derzeitigen Normenwerke DIN EN 1993‐1 (Stahlbau), DIN EN 1993‐3 (Türme und Maste) sowie DIN EN 50341‐1 und DIN EN 50341‐3‐4 (beide Freileitungsbau) regeln die Stabilitätsnachweise zum Teil unterschiedlich. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die wesentlichen Unterschiede herausgearbeitet und sowohl mit Versuchsergebnissen aus der Literatur als auch mit Finite‐Elemente‐Rechnungen, hier insbesondere hinsichtlich der Imperfektionsempfindlichkeit, verglichen.

Buckling resistance of L‐profiles in towers, masts and open line constructions. Rolled L‐profiles are typical cross sections in towers, masts and open line constructions. Depending on the length, the dominant failure mode can change from lateral torsional to global and to local buckling. Current standards such as DIN EN 1993‐1 (steel structures), DIN EN 1993‐3 (towers and masts) and DIN EN 50341‐1 and ‐3‐4 (both open line constructions) are using different approaches to design against stability failure. In the study presented here, the main differences between the standards are shown. The results are furthermore compared with experimental results and finite element calculations, particularly with respect to imperfection sensitivity.
Laserstrahl‐MSG‐Hybridschweißen von Feinkornbaustählen für den Einsatz im Stahlbau
Authors: Lahdo Rabi , Seffer Oliver , Springer André , Kaierle Stefan , Collmann Mareike , Schaumann Peter
Published: December 2015

In der industriellen Fertigung von Schiffen, Pipelines und Mobilkränen werden hochfeste Feinkornbaustähle, die durch Vorteile bezüglich Schweißeignung und mechanisch‐technologischer Eigenschaften gekennzeichnet sind, im Dickblechbereich eingesetzt. Konventionell werden Feinkornbaustähle durch mehrlagige Lichtbogenschweißverfahren mit relativ geringer Schweißgeschwindigkeit gefügt. Dabei sind sowohl der Verbrauch von Zusatzmaterial als auch die benötigte Fertigungszeit hoch. Hier stellt das Laserstrahl‐MSG‐Hybridschweißen eine potentielle Alternative dar. Dabei werden die Vorteile des MSG‐Schweißens und des Laserstrahlschweißens kombiniert bzw. die Nachteile kompensiert. Im Rahmen der vorgestellten Untersuchungen werden Laserstrahl‐MSG‐Hybridschweißprozesse zum einen mit einem integrierten induktiven Vorwärmprozess und zum anderen mit einem integrierten nachlaufenden MSG‐Prozess für Feinkornbaustähle der Güten S690QL (t = 15 mm und t = 20 mm), L485MB (t = 23 mm) und L450MB (t = 30 mm) entwickelt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mit Hilfe des Laserstrahl‐MSG‐Hybridschweißens qualitativ hochwertige Schweißverbindungen an Dickblechen mit nur einer Lage erzeugt werden können. Zudem konnte die Robustheit des Laserstrahl‐MSG‐Hybridschweißens bezüglich der überbrückbaren Spaltbreite sowie Kantenversatz demonstriert werden.

Laser‐GMA hybrid welding of high‐strength fine‐grained steels using in steel construction. For industrial manufacturing of ships, pipelines or cranes, thick plates made of high‐strength fine‐grained steels are used, which are characterized by advantages with respect to weldability and mechanical properties. Steel structures made of thick plates are conventionally joined using multi‐layer arc welding procedures, but this causes long production times and requires a high consumption of filler material. A potential alternative is laser‐GMA hybrid welding technology, which combines the best advantages of laser beam welding with those of conventional gas metal arc welding. In the context of these investigations, the laser‐GMA hybrid welding with an integrated inductive preheating process, and a laser‐GMA hybrid welding process with a trailing GMA‐welding process were developed for welding high‐strength fine‐grained steels with the grades of S690QL (t = 15 mm and t = 20 mm), L485MB (t = 23 mm) and L450MB (t = 30 mm). The results show that it is able to generate high quality welding seams by using a single‐layer laser‐GMA hybrid welding process. Furthermore, the robustness of the laser‐GMA hybrid welding process for bridging gap widths as well as vertical edge offsets could be demonstrated.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Promotes Macrophage Polarization and Inhibits B Cell Differentiation
Authors: Luz-Crawford Patricia , Djouad Farida , Toupet Karine , Bony Claire , Franquesa Marcella , Hoogduijn Martin J. , Jorgensen Christian , Noël Danièle
Published: December 2015

The role of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RA) in mediating the immunosuppressive effect of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) has been reported in several studies. However, how MSC-derived IL1RA influences the host response has not been clearly investigated. We therefore derived MSCs from the bone marrow of IL1RA knockout mice and evaluated their immunosuppressive effect on different immune cell subsets. IL1RA deficient (IL1RA−/−) or wild type (wt) MSCs inhibited to the same extend the proliferation of T lymphocytes. On the contrary, IL1RA−/− MSCs were less effective than wt MSCs to induce in vitro the macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype secreting IL10 and exerting a suppressive effect on CD4+ T cells. Moreover compared with wt MSCs, IL1RA−/− MSCs did not efficiently support the survival of quiescent B lymphocytes and block their differentiation toward CD19+CD138+ plasmablasts secreting IgG antibodies. The effectiveness of IL1RA secreted by MSCs in controlling inflammation was further shown in vivo using the collagen-induced arthritis murine model. MSCs lacking IL1RA expression were unable to protect mice from arthritic progression and even worsened clinical signs, as shown by higher arthritic score and incidence than control arthritic mice. IL1RA−/− MSCs were not able to decrease the percentage of Th17 lymphocytes and increase the percentage of Treg cells as well as decreasing the differentiation of B cells toward plasmablasts. Altogether, our results provide evidence of the key role of IL1RA secreted by MSCs to both control the polarization of macrophages toward a M2 phenotype and inhibit B cell differentiation in vivo.
Modulation of the Innate Immune Response by Human Neural Precursors Prevails over Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Remyelination to Rescue a Severe Model of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease
Authors: Marteyn Antoine , Sarrazin Nadège , Yan Jun , Bachelin Corinne , Deboux Cyrille , Santin Mathieu D. , Gressens Pierre , Zujovic Violetta , Baron-Van Evercooren Anne
Published: December 2015

Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) results from an X-linked misexpression of proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1). This leukodystrophy causes severe hypomyelination with progressive inflammation, leading to neurological dysfunctions and shortened life expectancy. While no cure exists for PMD, experimental cell-based therapy in the dysmyelinated shiverer model suggested that human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (hOPCs) or human neural precursor cells (hNPCs) are promising candidates to treat myelinopathies. However, the fate and restorative advantages of human NPCs/OPCs in a relevant model of PMD has not yet been addressed. Using a model of Plp1 overexpression, resulting in demyelination with progressive inflammation, we compared side-by-side the therapeutic benefits of intracerebrally grafted hNPCs and hOPCs. Our findings reveal equal integration of the donor cells within presumptive white matter tracks. While the onset of exogenous remyelination was earlier in hOPCs-grafted mice than in hNPC-grafted mice, extended lifespan occurred only in hNPCs-grafted animals. This improved survival was correlated with reduced neuroinflammation (microglial and astrocytosis loads) and microglia polarization toward M2-like phenotype followed by remyelination. Thus modulation of neuroinflammation combined with myelin restoration is crucial to prevent PMD pathology progression and ensure successful rescue of PMD mice. These findings should help to design novel therapeutic strategies combining immunomodulation and stem/progenitor cell-based therapy for disorders associating hypomyelination with inflammation as observed in PMD.
Expanded Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Reselected for High Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Demonstrate Islet Regenerative Functions
Authors: Seneviratne Ayesh K. , Bell Gillian I. , Sherman Stephen E. , Cooper Tyler T. , Putman David M. , Hess David A.
Published: December 2015

Human umbilical cord blood (UCB) hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) purified for high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDHhi) stimulate islet regeneration after transplantation into mice with streptozotocin-induced β cell deletion. However, ALDHhi cells represent a rare progenitor subset and widespread use of UCB ALDHhi cells to stimulate islet regeneration will require progenitor cell expansion without loss of islet regenerative functions. Here we demonstrate that prospectively purified UCB ALDHhi cells expand efficiently under serum-free, xeno-free conditions with minimal growth factor supplementation. Consistent with the concept that ALDH-activity is decreased as progenitor cells differentiate, kinetic analyses over 9 days revealed the frequency of ALDHhi cells diminished as culture time progressed such that total ALDHhi cell number was maximal (increased 3-fold) at day 6. Subsequently, day 6 expanded cells (bulk cells) were sorted after culture to reselect differentiated progeny with low ALDH-activity (ALDHlo subset) from less differentiated progeny with high ALDH-activity (ALDHhi subset). The ALDHhi subset retained primitive cell surface marker coexpression (32.0% ± 7.0% CD34+/CD38− cells, 37.0% ± 6.9% CD34+/CD133+ cells), and demonstrated increased hematopoietic colony forming cell function compared with the ALDHlo subset. Notably, bulk cells or ALDHlo cells did not possess the functional capacity to lower hyperglycemia after transplantation into streptozotocin-treated NOD/SCID mice. However, transplantation of the repurified ALDHhi subset significantly reduced hyperglycemia, improved glucose tolerance, and increased islet-associated cell proliferation and capillary formation. Thus, expansion and delivery of reselected UCB cells that retain high ALDH-activity after short-term culture represents an improved strategy for the development of cellular therapies to enhance islet regeneration in situ.
Reliability Improvement of Major Defense Acquisition Program Cost Estimates—Mapping DoDAF to COSYSMO
Authors: Valerdi Ricardo , Dabkowski Matthew , Dixit Indrajeet
Published: December 2015

Major defense acquisition programs (MDAPs) are notoriously prone to substantial cost overruns, and engineering and design issues are often partially to blame. Accordingly, as the Department of Defense (DoD) develops increasingly complex systems, additional emphasis is being placed on systems engineering to ensure that programs remain on schedule and within budget. Notably, in 2013 the DoD mandated the submission of DoD Architecture Framework (DoDAF) models during a program's Materiel Solution Analysis Phase—early in the system life cycle—a period historically characterized by a lack of system specification and parametric estimation. Capitalizing on this change, this paper establishes an explicit connection between the DoDAF and the Constructive Systems Engineering Cost Model (COSYSMO) with the goal of improving the measurement reliability of MDAP cost estimates. In particular, we employ techniques from text mining and social network analysis to produce a mapping between DoDAF's 52 models and COSYSMO's 18 drivers, yielding an untapped source of information for determining functional system size and, ultimately, estimating systems engineering effort.
Leveraging Social Media for Instructional Goals: Status, Possibilities, and Concerns
Authors: Taylor Mark
Published: December 2015

This chapter addresses issues faculty should consider when exploring the possible use of social media in instruction with today's learners.
Teaching Students to Think Critically About Social Media
Authors: Brookfield Stephen D.
Published: December 2015

Instructors can incorporate social media and the immediacy and accessibility to information these offer in ways that support student learning, while simultaneously encouraging students to be critical of these same media systems and platforms.
Learner‐Centered Online Instruction
Authors: McCombs Barbara
Published: December 2015

This chapter offers a theoretical rationale and an explanation of evidence for using research‐validated, learner‐centered principles and practices in online course development, highlighting the evidence‐based practices that have been used successfully to develop online courses that engage and retain students.
How Critical Reflection Benefits Faculty as They Implement Learner‐Centered Teaching
Authors: Blumberg Phyllis
Published: December 2015

Critical reflection assists faculty as they transition to using learner‐centered approaches. When this reflection occurs within the context of social media, they can obtain reinforcing feedback and support.
Toward Education 3.0: Pedagogical Affordances and Implications of Social Software and the Semantic Web
Authors: Allison Mark , Kendrick Lynn Marie
Published: December 2015

This chapter explores the implications of the new educational paradigm from a technical standpoint and proposes a constructivist‐aware approach to best leverage its significance.
Influence of waterborne gallic and pelargonic acid exposures on biochemical and reproductive parameters in the zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Techer Didier , Milla Sylvain , Fontaine Pascal , Viot Sandrine , Thomas Marielle
Published: December 2015

Gallic and pelargonic acids are biologically derived substances receiving a growing interest as eco‐friendly biocides with potential applications in freshwater system management. However, some data gaps remain to address their chronic ecotoxicity issue, particularly for fish. This work aimed at investigating the sublethal effects of a long‐term waterborne exposure of zebrafish to these compounds. Mature fish were exposed to gallic or pelargonic acid at the concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.5 and 5 mg/L during one month under semi‐static conditions. Fecundity, hatching rate and median hatching time were regularly evaluated. Circulating sex hormone levels (11 ketotestosterone −11 KT, 17 βestradiol ‐E2‐), plasma vitellogenin (Vtg), and gonad histology were monitored in males and females after exposure. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total glutathione peroxydase (GPx) and glutathione‐S transferase (GST) activities were assessed as enzymatic biomarkers of exposure in fish liver. Significant increases of GPx activity were reported in females exposed to both type of chemicals regardless the contamination level. Moreover, 5 mg/L gallic acid induced a decrease in 11‐KT levels for males. For fish exposed to pelargonic acid, decreases in circulating hormone levels were reported respectively at 0.05 and 5 mg/L for 11‐KT in males, and at 0.5 mg/L for E2 in females. However, no histological alteration in gonads neither significant variation in reproductive performances were detected following zebrafish exposure to gallic or pelargonic acid. Additional investigations concerning the mode of application and the environmental fate of these substances may warrant their further use in freshwater systems at concentrations compatible with biocidal/allelochemical effects. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 227–240, 2017.
Preliminary results of temperature modelling in Nigeria using neural networks
Authors: Okoh Daniel , Yusuf Najib , Adedoja Oluwaseye , Musa Ibrahim , Rabiu Babatunde
Published: December 2015

Changing temperature is a major climatic concern, and its temporal variations affect activities such as agriculture, which is the major economic activity in north‐central Nigeria. We present preliminary results on the use of artificial neural networks to model temporal surface temperature variations recorded at Tropospheric Data Acquisition Network (TRODAN) stations that are located in north‐central Nigeria (7.29–9.93°N, 7.48–8.88°E). Training was undertaken using the Levenberg‐Marquardt backpropagation algorithm, and the networks were tested for interpolation and forecasting abilities. RMSEs in predictions were generally lower than 2 degC, and over 88% of the predictions had better accuracies than 2 degC.
Improvement of lactic acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a deletion of ssb1
Authors: Lee Jinsuk J , Crook Nathan , Sun Jie , Alper Hal S
Published: December 2015

Polylactic acid (PLA) is an important renewable polymer, but current processes for producing its precursor, lactic acid, suffer from process inefficiencies related to the use of bacterial hosts. Therefore, improving the capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce lactic acid is a promising approach to improve industrial production of lactic acid. As one such improvement required, the lactic acid tolerance of yeast must be significantly increased. To enable improved tolerance, we employed an RNAi-mediated genome-wide expression knockdown approach as a means to rapidly identify potential genetic targets. In this approach, several gene knockdown targets were identified which confer increased acid tolerance to S. cerevisiae BY4741, of which knockdown of the ribosome-associated chaperone SSB1 conferred the highest increase (52 %). This target was then transferred into a lactic acid-overproducing strain of S. cerevisiae CEN.PK in the form of a knockout and the resulting strain demonstrated up to 33 % increased cell growth, 58 % increased glucose consumption, and 60 % increased l-lactic acid production. As SSB1 contains a close functional homolog SSB2 in yeast, this result was counterintuitive and may point to as-yet-undefined functional differences between SSB1 and SSB2 related to lactic acid production. The final strain produced over 50 g/L of lactic acid in under 60 h of fermentation.
Cerebral atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Tabatabaei‐Jafari Hossein , Shaw Marnie E. , Cherbuin Nicolas
Published: December 2015

Introduction

Although mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosis is mainly based on cognitive assessment, reliable estimates of structural changes in specific brain regions, that could be contrasted against normal brain aging and inform diagnosis, are lacking. This study aimed to systematically review the literature reporting on MCI‐related brain changes.

Methods

The MEDLINE database was searched for studies investigating longitudinal structural changes in MCI. Studies with compatible data were included in the meta‐analyses. A qualitative review was conducted for studies excluded from meta‐analyses.

Results

The analyses revealed a 2.2‐fold higher volume loss in the hippocampus, 1.8‐fold in the whole brain, and 1.5‐fold in the entorhinal cortex in MCI participants.

Discussion

Although the medial temporal lobe is likely to be more vulnerable to MCI pathology, atrophy in this brain area represents a relatively small proportion of whole brain loss, suggesting that future investigations are needed to identify the source of unaccounted volume loss in MCI.
DISSECTING NETWORK EXTERNALITIES IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
Authors: Beine Michel , Docquier Frédéric , Özden Çağlar
Published: December 2015

Migrant networks play an important role in explaining the size and structure of migration flows. They affect the private costs and benefits of migration (assimilation channel) and lower legal entry barriers through family reunification programs (policy channel). This paper presents a micro-founded identification strategy allowing to disentangle the relative importance of these two channels. Our empirical analysis exploits US immigration data by metropolitan area and country of origin. We first find that the elasticity of migration flows to network size is around one. More interestingly, we show that the policy channel accounted at most for a quarter of this elasticity in the 1990s, and the magnitudes of the total network effect and the policy channel are greater for low-skilled migrants. Our results are strongly robust to sample selection, identification assumptions, and treatment for unobserved bilateral heterogeneity. Furthermore, the policy channel was stronger in the 1990s than in the 1980s, possibly reflecting the changes in the US family reunification policies. We conclude that the government capacity to curb the migration multiplier exists, but is limited.
What Do We Really Know About the Effects of Mindfulness-Based Training in the Workplace?
Authors: Allen Tammy D. , Eby Lillian T. , Conley Kate M. , Williamson Rachel L. , Mancini Victor S. , Mitchell Melissa E.
Published: December 2015

In an attempt to distill what we know about the effects of workplace mindfulness-based training, Hyland, Lee, and Mills (2015) cast a wide net with regard to the array of studies included in their review. For example, they include studies that investigate the benefits associated with workplace mindfulness training (e.g., Wolever et al., 2012) as well as training conducted for patients within primary care settings (e.g., Allen, Bromley, Kuyken, & Sonnenberg, 2009). In addition, their review includes studies based on self-reports of individual differences in mindfulness traits/skills (e.g., Hafenbrack, Kinias, & Barsade, 2014). Reviewing a broad cross-section of research is helpful to illustrate the wide-ranging nature of mindfulness research but also has the potential to obfuscate what we know about mindfulness as it pertains to workers and workplaces.
A new look at Maori carved burial chests
Authors: Fox Aileen
Published: December 2015

Carved wooden chests to contain the bones of the dead are peculiar to New Zealand and constitute a fine artistic achievement of the Maori people; they are little known or appreciated outside their country of origin. They include some macabre and disturbing imagery, consisting of a variety of divine or heroic figures both male and female, which are decoratively patterned in either incised or relief style. Some 60 examples are known, mostly in the museum collections at Auckland, Wellington and Dunedin, with a few more in small museums in New Zealand and a few in museums overseas, including one in the British Museum (Museum of Mankind) (Cranstone, 1953, 58). They have not hitherto been the subject of a special study and an archaeological appraisal is overdue.
The date of ‘Noah's Ark’
Authors: Taylor R. E. , Berger Rainer
Published: December 2015

One of the most widely-known narratives contained in Judaeo-Christian literature is that of ‘Noah’s Ark and the Great Flood’. The version best known to most English readers is derived from the translation of Genesis VI-VIII contained in the 1611 King James Version of the Bible and its subsequent revisions. According to this account, near the end of the Biblical Deluge, the Ark rested ‘upon the mountains of Ararat’. From this locality, according to the story, the ancestral stock of all terrestrial life, including mankind, left the Ark with the order that they ‘be fruitful and multiply upon the earth’. The Hebrew word which has been transliterated asAraratin English texts may have been ultimately derived from an expression meaning ‘highlands’, and apparently referred to a region at the headwaters of the Tigris River which lay within the ancient boundaries of theUrartuof Assyrian records (Mellick, 1962).
Early stirrups
Authors: Littauer Mary Aiken
Published: December 2015

The stirrup helped a more heavily armoured rider to mount a bigger horse; it is considered to have permitted the shock encounter with couched lance and, by offering lateral support, to have encouraged the development of the sabre; it provided a top-heavy armoured warrior with more stability in the saddle, and it gave archers the possibility to rise and turn in the saddle, as well as furnishing them with a firmer base from which to shoot.
The Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England)
Authors: Fowler P. J.
Published: December 2015

My original title deliberately contained several layers of ambiguity. First, my paper is official and ‘on the record’. Secondly, it refers incidentally to RCHM'S ‘track record’ and makes a few observations about the Commission's achievements and failures. Thirdly, and most importantly, it discusses the nature and future of that part of the national record of England's cultural heritage for which the Commission has the prime responsibility. That responsibility, implicit in the original 1908 Royal Warrant, and made explicit in its revised Warrant of 1963, involves the acquisition, storage and dissemination of information about the country's historic monuments and constructions in the widest sense of the phrase. The development of such a national record was envisaged by those who, in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, agitated for the setting up of a Commission-type body. The record was to be the basis on which such a body could carry out its most pressing function, that is to assess the nation's monumental heritage in order to advise on what is worthy of preservation. A whole history could be written on how and why things turned out differently, but what I want to do here is to adumbrate the new framework for the changing emphases in the role of the Commission in the later twentieth century.
An overview of the contribution of dairy and cheese intakes to nutrient intakes in the Irish diet: results from the National Adult Nutrition Survey
Authors: Feeney Emma L. , Nugent Anne P. , Mc Nulty Breige , Walton Janette , Flynn Albert , Gibney Eileen R.
Published: December 2015

Dairy products are important contributors to nutrient intakes. However, dairy intakes are reportedly declining in developed populations, potentially due to concerns regarding Na and SFA in dairy foods, particularly cheese. This could impact other nutrient intakes. The present study used data from the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) to (1) examine dairy intakes, with a specific focus on cheese, and (2) to examine the contribution of cheese to population nutrient intakes. The NANS captured detailed dietary intake data from a nationally representative sample (n1500) between 2008 and 2010 using 4-d semi-weighed food diaries; 99·9 % of the population reported dairy intake. Mean daily population dairy intake was 290·0 (sd202·1) g. Dairy products provided 8·7 % of the population intake of reported dietary Na, 19·8 % SFA, 39 % Ca, 34·5 % vitamin B12and 10·5 % Mg. Cheese alone provided 3·9 % Na intake, 9·1 % Ca, 12·6 % retinol, 8·3 % SFA, 3·7 % protein, 3·4 % vitamin B12and 3·2 % riboflavin. High dairy consumers had greater Ca and Mg intakes per 10 MJ, greater total energy intake, greater percentage of energy from carbohydrate and SFA and lower Na intakes compared with low dairy consumers. Similar trends were observed for high consumers of cheese for most nutrients except Na. These results demonstrate that dairy and cheese are important contributors to nutrient intakes of public health interest, such as Ca and B12. Our analysis also demonstrated that food-based dietary guidelines recommending lower-fat versions of dairy products are warranted.
A 15-year retrospective study of 160 cases of benign lip lesions
Authors: Arslan S , Çobanoğlu B , Ural A , Sayğin İ , Işik A Ü
Published: December 2015

Objective:

This study aimed to describe the results of a retrospective analysis of a specific cohort of patients with benign lip lesions encountered in the last 15 years in the School of Medicine at Karadeniz Technical University.

Method:

A total of 312 patients were managed for lip lesions during the period 2000–2014. Data from 160 samples of benign lip biopsies were retrieved from the pathology laboratory records.

Results:

The study group included 20 different histopathological types of lesions, with mucocele being the most frequent lesion (43.13 per cent). The other frequent lesions were chronic inflammatory infiltrate (11.25 per cent), intradermal naevus (5.63 per cent), pyogenic granuloma (5.63 per cent), fibroma (5 per cent) and papilloma (5 per cent). Mucocele was significantly more common in younger patients (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Knowledge of the epidemiology and distribution of oral mucosal lesions is essential to promote early diagnosis and treatment. Further epidemiological studies exploring the causal relationships and risk factors for lip lesions are necessary for a better understanding of lip diseases.
Surgery for vertigo: 10-year audit from a contemporary vertigo clinic
Authors: Patnaik U , Srivastava A , Sikka K , Thakar A
Published: December 2015

Objective:

To present the profile of patients undergoing surgical treatment for vertigo at a contemporary institutional vertigo clinic.

Study design:

A retrospective analysis of clinical charts.

Methods:

The charts of 1060 patients, referred to an institutional vertigo clinic from January 2003 to December 2012, were studied. The clinical profile and long-term outcomes of patients who underwent surgery were analysed.

Results:

Of 1060 patients, 12 (1.13 per cent) were managed surgically. Of these, disease-modifying surgical procedures included perilymphatic fistula repair (n= 7) and microvascular decompression of the vestibular nerve (n= 1). Labyrinth destructive procedures included transmastoid labyrinthectomy (n= 2) and labyrinthectomy with vestibular nerve section (n= 1). One patient with vestibular schwannoma underwent both a disease-modifying and destructive procedure (translabyrinthine excision). All patients achieved excellent vertigo control, classified as per the American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery 1995 criteria.

Conclusion:

With the advent of intratympanic treatments, surgical treatments for vertigo have become further limited. However, surgery with directed intent, in select patients, can give excellent results.
Beyond Eurocentrism and Orientalism: Revisiting the Othering of Jews and Muslims through medieval canon law
Authors: Lopez Julia Costa
Published: December 2015

While the historical turn in IR has produced significant advances in historicising both international relations and the discipline itself, the way in which the Middle Ages have been approached, studied, and referenced even in this historically-informed scholarship unwittingly works to reinforce two myths that these scholars challenge: Eurocentrism and Orientalism. The main goal of this article is to problematise the uses of the medieval that reinforce these narratives by unpacking the linguistic and conceptual constructions that underpinned the interactions between Latin Christendom and rest of the world. In doing so, it makes two closely-connected arguments: first, drawing from the abundant literature on historical sociology and Eurocentrism, it argues that we cannot understand medieval Europe, and particularly European identity-formation, without paying attention to its relations with the non-Christian world. Secondly, and most crucially, it shows that these interactions never rested on the unified idea of an ‘infidel enemy’ that seems to emanate from the IR crusading literature. Rather, an examination of the constructions of Jews and Muslims in canon law shows an extremely nuanced and varied conceptual apparatus that creates several dynamics of Othering – and consequently allows for a variety of ways of relating ranging from toleration and coexistence to conquest.
Subexponentially increasing sums of partial quotients in continued fraction expansions
Authors: LIAO LINGMIN , RAMS MICHAŁ
Published: December 2015

We investigate from a multifractal analysis point of view the increasing rate of the sums of partial quotients $S_{n}(x)=\sum_{j=1}^n a_{j}(x)$, where x = [a1(x), a2(x), . . .] is the continued fraction expansion of an irrational x ∈ (0, 1). Precisely, for an increasing function ϕ : $\mathbb{N}$ → $\mathbb{N}$, one is interested in the Hausdorff dimension of the set

E_\varphi = \left\{x\in (0,1): \lim_{n\to\infty} \frac {S_n(x)} {\varphi(n)} =1\right\}.

Several cases are solved by Iommi and Jordan, Wu and Xu, and Xu. We attack the remaining subexponential case exp(nγ), γ ∈ [1/2, 1). We show that when γ ∈ [1/2, 1), Eϕ has Hausdorff dimension 1/2. Thus, surprisingly, the dimension has a jump from 1 to 1/2 at ϕ(n) = exp(n1/2). In a similar way, the distribution of the largest partial quotient is also studied.
Introduction & overview
Authors: Archibald Zosia
Published: December 2015

Does Archaeology in Greece have a purpose? Is it more than a convenient way of logging fortuitous finds? From a newcomer's viewpoint, AG may look hard to put into focus. Why does new information about landscapes and material culture matter? After all, don't we already know a great deal about the remote past of Greece? Aren't museums already full of attractive and interesting things? Do we need more of the same?

Sometimes it pays to play devil's advocate: to stand back, observe what is going on and to take stock. If we want to have a short answer to the above questions, we need go no further than the Newsround section of AG. This year, David Smith bookends the section with key developments that have at least regional, arguably global significance. At one end, we have new data on the presence of early hominids in the Aegean and, at the other end, the report of a 16th -century Spanish galleon from the era of Philip II and the first evidence of a Minoan shipwreck across the Aegean from Crete itself.
Global Governance and Power Politics: Back to Basics
Authors: Paris Roland
Published: December 2015

For many students of global governance who explore the myriad institutions, rules, norms, and coordinating arrangements that transcend individual states and societies, what really marks the contemporary era is not the absence of such governance but its “astonishing diversity.” In addition to “long-standing universal-membership bodies,” such as the United Nations, writes Stewart Patrick, “there are various regional institutions, multilateral alliances and security groups, standing consultative mechanisms, self-selecting clubs, ad hoc coalitions, issue-specific arrangements, transnational professional networks, technical standard-setting bodies, global action networks, and more.” The proliferation and diversification of governance mechanisms—yielding a jumble of formal and informal arrangements—has supplanted the simpler image of state representatives gathering at official assemblies. Many scholars believe this pluralism opens important new avenues for tackling a growing array of complex transnational problems, particularly at a time when the responsiveness of traditional multilateral institutions is being called into question.
Justice for All: The Promise of Democracy in the Global Age
Authors: Chatterjee Deen
Published: December 2015

Two pronounced features of modern globalization are an emerging global human rights culture and the growing trend toward democratization. In her new book, Carol Gould integrates these two features to construct an interactive approach to the core democratic values of justice and political participation meant for an interconnected global world.
Polity and Polemics: The Function of Ecclesiastical Polity in Theology and Practice
Authors: Avis Paul
Published: December 2015

This article affirms the importance of ecclesiastical polity as a theological–juridical discipline and explores its connection to ecclesiology and church law. It argues that the Anglican Communion, though not itself a church, nevertheless has a lightly structured ecclesiastical polity of its own, mainly embodied in the Instruments of Communion. It warns against short-term, pragmatic tinkering with Church structures, while recognising the need for structural reform from time to time to bring the outward shape of the Church into closer conformity to the nature and mission of the Church of Christ. In discussing Richard Hooker's contention that the Church is a political society, as well as a mystical body, it distinguishes the societal character of Anglican churches from the traditional Roman Catholic conception of the Church as a societas perfecta. In the tradition of Hooker, the role of political philosophy in the articulation of ecclesiology and polity is affirmed as a particular outworking of the theological relationship between nature and grace. The resulting method points to an interdisciplinary project in which ecclesiology, polity and church law, informed by the insights of political philosophy, serve the graced life of the Church in its worship, service and mission.
The Constitutional Justification of Religion
Authors: Domingo Rafael
Published: December 2015

This article addresses religion from a legal perspective. It argues that religious matters should be settled outside the secular legal system; otherwise, the secular legal system would not be truly secular. However, religion demands special protection as a public good and social value, as it constitutes an extrinsic constitutional limit of the legal. For a secular legal system, protecting religion ultimately means protecting human beings' pursuit of the suprarational. Protecting suprarationality has three important legal consequences: (a) suprarational acts in the strictest sense should never be validated as legal acts; (b) democratic communities should not use suprarational arguments in legal discourse; and (c) the secular legal system cannot regulate suprarationality or the essentials of the religious community. The protection of religion demands both a dualistic structure that distinguishes the political community from the religious community and the treatment of religion as a right: the right to religion.
The Problem of the Non-justiciability of Religious Defamations
Authors: Smith Peter
Published: December 2015

English courts have historically been wary of deciding cases that rest on contested findings of fact about the practices and doctrines of religions. This is particularly true in defamation cases. However, the recent case of Shergill and others v Khaira and others [2014] UKSC 33 in the UK Supreme Court has narrowed the principle of non-justiciability on the grounds of subject matter. Defamation cases such as Blake v Associated Newspapers Limited [2003] EWHC 1960 (QB) have treated religious doctrine and practice as matters not justiciable per se, even if a determination is essential for the exercise of private or public law rights and obligations. The Supreme Court indicated in Khaira that it may be appropriate for courts to treat such disputes as justiciable. The common law, domestic statute and the European Convention on Human Rights protect the right to reputation, and Khaira indicates that it is time that defamation claims resting on disputes about religious doctrine and practice were entertained by the courts to a much greater extent than recent cases have allowed. However, the judgment has left open the possibility of some religious disputes still being non-justiciable.
Religious Courts in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Rynkowski Michał
Published: December 2015

The jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) on religious freedom is well known and is the subject of frequent comment. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of a particular aspect, where the ECtHR had to consider a dispute in which a religious court was involved at an earlier stage. In these cases, nolens volens, the ECtHR had to adjudicate upon the competence and procedure of these courts and tribunals. To date, there have only been nine such cases, of which only three have led to a judgment. Yet, from the remaining six which were declared inadmissible or manifestly ill-founded, there is something to be learned about the approach of the ECtHR to religious courts.
General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Authors: Lingiah Jason
Published: December 2015

The General Assembly met in Edinburgh from 16 to 22 May, with the Rt Revd Dr Angus Morrison, Minister of the United Parish of Orwell and Portmoak in the Presbytery of Perth, installed as Moderator. Dr Morrison was to be Moderator at the 2014 Assembly; however, he stood down early due to health reason and was re-elected and installed this year. This year's Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly was Lord Hope of Craighead KT PC, who has served successively as Lord President of the Court of Session and Lord Justice General in Scotland, then as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and finally as Deputy President of the Supreme Court.
General Synod of the Scottish Episcopal Church
Authors: Cranmer Frank
Published: December 2015

The General Synod met in St Paul's and St George's Church in Edinburgh from 11 to 13 June. In his charge, the Primus, the Most Revd David Chillingworth, told Synod that the most significant challenge before it was same-sex marriage; and he believed that the time had come when that fundamental issue had to be addressed. It had been an extraordinary experience to be in Dublin, the city of his birth, just after the Constitutional Referendum on Same-Sex Marriage, when the most Catholic country in Europe decided to make the change. Just because society changed, the Church did not have to change as well – but it clearly had to consider the possibility of change. And that is what Synod would do.
Interplay between plasmon and single-particle excitations in a metal nanocluster
Authors: Ma Jie , Wang Zhi , Wang Lin-Wang
Published: December 2015

Plasmon-generated hot carriers are used in photovoltaic or photochemical applications. However, the interplays between the plasmon and single-particle excitations in nanosystems have not been theoretically addressed using ab initio methods. Here we show such interplays in a Ag55 nanocluster using real-time time-dependent density functional theory simulations. We find that the disappearance of the zero-frequency peak in the Fourier transform of the band-to-band transition coefficient is a hallmark of the plasmon. We show the importance of the d-states for hot-carrier generations. If the single-particle d-to-s excitations are resonant to the plasmon frequency, the majority of the plasmon energy will be converted into hot carriers, and the overall hot-carrier generation is enhanced by the plasmon; if such resonance does not exist, we observe an intriguing Rabi oscillation between the plasmon and hot carriers. Phonons play a minor role in plasmonic dynamics in such small systems. This study provides guidance on improving plasmonic applications.
Inflammatory Eicosanoids Increase Amyloid Precursor Protein Expression via Activation of Multiple Neuronal Receptors
Authors: Herbst-Robinson Katie J. , Liu Li , James Michael , Yao Yuemang , Xie Sharon X. , Brunden Kurt R.
Published: December 2015

Senile plaques comprised of Aβ peptides are a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain, as are activated glia that release inflammatory molecules, including eicosanoids. Previous studies have demonstrated that amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Aβ levels can be increased through activation of thromboxane A2-prostanoid (TP) receptors on neurons. We demonstrate that TP receptor regulation of APP expression depends on Gαq-signaling and conventional protein kinase C isoforms. Importantly, we discovered that Gαq-linked prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene D4 receptors also regulate APP expression. Prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane A2, as well as total APP levels, were found to be elevated in the brains of aged 5XFAD transgenic mice harboring Aβ plaques and activated glia, suggesting that increased APP expression resulted from eicosanoid binding to Gαq-linked neuronal receptors. Notably, inhibition of eicosanoid synthesis significantly lowered brain APP protein levels in aged 5XFAD mice. These results provide new insights into potential AD therapeutic strategies.
Critical field enhancement of asymptotic optical bound states in the continuum
Authors: Yoon Jae Woong , Song Seok Ho , Magnusson Robert
Published: December 2015

We study spectral singularities and critical field enhancement factors associated with embedded photonic bound states in subwavelength periodic Si films. Ultrahigh-Q resonances supporting field enhancement factor exceeding 108 are obtained in the spectral vicinity of exact embedded eigenvalues in spite of deep surface modulation and vertical asymmetry of the given structure. Treating relations between the partial resonance Q and field enhancement factors with an analytical coupled-mode model, we derive a general strategy to maximize the field enhancement associated with these photonic bound states in the presence of material dissipation. The analytical expression for the field enhancement quantitatively agrees with rigorous numerical calculations. Therefore, our results provide a general knowledge for designing practical resonance elements based on optical bound states in the continuum in various applications.