bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Waste Prevention in the Prefabricated Building Sector
Authors: Kleemann Fritz , Laner Dominik , Laner David
Published: January 2019

The present study investigates waste generation during the production and erection phase of a prefabricated single family house in Austria as a basis for identifying waste prevention potentials. Therefore, the material composition of a case study building (wood frame construction) is compared to waste generated during production and erection. In order to assess the whole life cycle of prefabricated buildings the use phase as well as the end-of-life phase are also considered. Examples are given to show how different measures can impact the generation of waste directly and indirectly. The results show that production and erection are already very efficient with regard to waste generation and prevention potentials mainly exist in further offcut reduction and optimization in packaging. The use phase and the end-of-life of the building are more complex to investigate and waste prevention potentials are less tangible. However, important measures for waste reduction are related to the easy exchangeability of building components as well as their reusability. The lifetime extension of the building and building components, which can be achieved through proper operation and maintenance, can be considered a key issue for preventing waste in the building sector.
Comparison between Glaser Method and Heat, Air and Moisture Transient Model for Moisture Migration in Building Envelopes
Authors: Libralato Michele , Saro Onorio , de Angelis Alessandra , Spinazzè Simone
Published: January 2019

The Glaser method is an assessment procedure for the risk of moisture accumulation in building mono-dimensional structures, that could be used to evaluate mould risk and interstitial condensation risk.It is based on a simplified model that does not represent the real phenomenon and its limitations are well-known qualitatively.This work provides a comparison in terms of moisture content between the Glaser method and WUFI Pro, an advanced heat, air and moisture transfer prediction tool. First the influence of material properties is evaluated on four fictitious materials walls, then six different building envelope typologies for six weather files from Central and Southern Europe are modelled to evaluate the Glaser method results.The effects of the Glaser method simplifications are quantified in terms of moisture content percentage difference.
A Review of the Impact of Vegetation in Solar Control towards Enhanced Thermal Comfort and Energy Performance in Buildings
Authors: Ayeni Dorcas A. , Aluko Olaniyi O. , Adegbie Morisade O.
Published: January 2019

Man requires a thermal environment that is within the range of his adaptive capacity and if this fluctuates outside the normal, a reaction is required beyond its adaptive capacity which results to health challenges. Therefore, the aim of building design in the tropical region is to minimize the heat gain indoors and enhance evaporative cooling of the occupants of the space so as to achieve thermal comfort. In most cases, the passive technologies are not adequate in moderating indoor climate for human comfort thereby relying on active energy technique to provide the needed comfort for the building users. The need for the use of vegetation as a panacea for achieving comfortable indoor thermal conditions in housing is recognised by architects globally. However, the practice by architects in Nigeria is still at the lower ebb. The thrust of this paper therefore is to examine the impact of vegetation in solar control reducing thermal discomfort in housing thereby enhancing the energy performance of the buildings. Using secondary data, the paper identifies the benefits of vegetation in and around buildings to include improvement of indoor air quality through the aesthetics quality of the environment and concludes that vegetation in and around building will in no small measure contributes to saving energy consumption.
Exploring the Potential of Simulation Model Calibration an Acoustical Retrofit Case Study
Authors: Jakic Nina , Kiesel Kristina , Mahdavi Ardeshir
Published: January 2019

The success of gastronomic facilities is due, not in a small part, to perceived indoor atmosphere. This includes not just the interior design but also lighting and acoustics. Especially acoustics is a crucial parameter concerning the perception of the environment, but it is often neglected. The present case study investigates the usability and accuracy of acoustics simulation as applied to the retrofit project of a restaurant. The restaurant space was modelled in CAD-based modelling environment. Subsequently, acoustical simulations based on ray tracing were conducted and the simulation model was calibrated based on on-site measurements of the reverberation time. The initial simulation showed large deviations from the measured values, mainly because of uncertainties in the input data concerning the absorption properties of the used materials. Within three calibration steps, the model was revised, such that better results could be achieved. Subsequently both the initial and the calibrated models were used to develop strategies for the improvement of the acoustical performance of the space. After the implementation of the new design options in the restaurant, measurements were repeated. Again the results were compared with both the initial and the calibrated model. The results suggest that the calibrated model displayed a better performance regarding the prediction of post-retrofit circumstances when compared to the non-calibrated one.
Monitoring of the Airflow around the Façade of an Office Building
Authors: Juras Peter , Ponechal Radoslav
Published: January 2019

This paper describes measurement units on the building façade, which enable the possibility to conduct a full-scale measurement with a very high resolution of the outdoor climate parameters around the building. The façade of the Research center building, which is a part of University of Zilina campus, is equipped with 36 weather stations to measure the outdoor climate conditions and impact of the building on the approaching wind flow and air temperature distribution, solar radiance impact on the façade, etc. In this article, the wind flow around the building in different heights is monitored, analyzed and compared to the free wind flow.
Comparison of the Energy Performance of a Heat Pump under Various Conditions by Using a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Test Method
Authors: Schoberer Thomas , Weyr Jan , Steindl Gernot , Görtler Gregor , Stutterecker Werner
Published: January 2019

For nearly Zero Energy Buildings, it is a challenge to optimize the heat supply of the building based on technologies like heat pumps. Within the project “energy4buildings” a test bench has been realized to create an interface between hardware, located in a laboratory, and a building simulation software. This integrated test bench with a focus on electrical driven heat pumps and chillers can be used to simulate realistic conditions like part load behavior, stand-by-losses, on/off behavior or user-/weather conditions by using different kind of building models. The requirements of the test rig have been realized by using a hardware-in-the loop (HIL) method, which allows real-time tests of embedded devices within a virtual environment under reproducible laboratory conditions. By using the HIL-method, early statements according performance with a reduction of costs under realistic conditions can be made for various devices. This paper describes the implementation of the HIL-interface consisting of hardware, simulation software and data acquisition including an optimization of the behaviour of the control system as well as HIL experiments at varying steady state conditions like temperature tolerance or holding time. Based on the tests both, a comparison of the performance and analyses of deviations between real and simulated value have been made, to make an accurate statement of the behaviour of the system. The knowledge gained in this paper indicates a potential for optimization of the control strategy of some components as well as the improvement of the communication process to make an early estimation regarding performance of the installed device.
Grip Fixing Instead of Adhesive - Exterior Insulation Finishing Systems (EIFS) as a Sorted Recyclable Façade System with Reclosable Fastener Fixation
Authors: Oswald Ferdinand , Riewe Roger
Published: January 2019

The paper describes the project facade4zeroWaste which includes the development, architectural design relevance, grants of patents, results of pre-certification testing’s and the product publication in the time frame from 2009 till 2017. Aim of the research project facade4zeroWaste was the idea of a recyclable facade insulation system that can easily be dismantled after its lifetime and reused thanks to an innovative grip fixing system consisting of mushroom-shaped heads and loops - Grip fixing instead of adhesive. The project won numerous prices and awards like the EQAR - Recycling Prize 2015 or the Innovation Award for Architecture and Building 2017. The project is a contract research project tasked by Sto SE & Co. KGaA, Germany and Sto GesmbH, Austria. The façade system was presented to the public in January 2017 as the product Sto Systain R (R = render: seamless plaster layer surface) on the building fair BAU 2017 in Munich. *
Comparative Study of the Properties of Cement Pastes Modified with Nano-Silica and Nano-Alumina
Authors: Tsampali Evangelia , Tsardaka Eirini Chrysanthi , Pavlidou Eleni , Paraskevopoulos Konstantinos M. , Stefanidou Maria
Published: January 2019

This paper presents the effect of adding nanoparticles SiO2 and Al2O3 in the cement with respect to mechanical, physical and structural properties. Nanoparticles were chosen for the development of nanocomposite building materials with high mechanical strength, durability and low permeability. Correspondingly, the cement used is Portland Cement CEMI42.5N. Five compositions have been prepared, a reference sample (OPC) and pastes with different nanoparticles. Nanoparticles of SiO2 and Al2O3 were added in 1.5% and 3% by weight of cement and the produced samples were tested after 7, 28, 90 and 120 days of curing. All the samples, in every hydration period, were tested for compressive strength, while their open porosity was measured and their microstructure was examined by means of infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, for certain hydration periods, the chemical and elemental composition of the samples was evaluated by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The samples were also evaluated for capillary water absorption and shrinkage, while thermal analysis was performed for specific samples. The comprehensive analysis revealed a positive effect, in terms of structural properties, of nanoparticle admixture in cementitious systems. The addition of nanoparticles influence the workability of the composites and contributes to the formation of crystallization nuclei, which in turn enhance the durability of the material. Interestingly, it was found that high concentration of nanoAl2O3 in the admixure, results in high mechanical properties. Highlights: Different analytical techniques were combined in order to holistically test nanomodified cement pastes. nanoalumina is systematically tested as additive in cement pastes.
Enhancing Properties of Clay Mortars Using Nano-Additives
Authors: Karozou Aspasia , Pavlidou Eleni , Stefanidou Maria
Published: January 2019

Earthen materials have been used in construction for centuries. Nowadays, a certain appeal towards natural materials rose again due to the various benefits they hold. Besides being inexpensive and approachable, earthen construction offers a clear sustainable method of modern manufacturing. Since earthen materials present high absorption and relatively low compressive strength, the main purpose of this study was to enhance these abilities of clay-based mortars using nanoadditives. To achieve the mechanical and physical invigoration of the clay matrix two different compositions were fabricated by the use of nanoclay, nanosilica and nanoalumina. The addition of nanoclay (NC) at 5%w/w of binder, indicated a lower water absorption and an increase in mechanical properties, while the use of nanosilica and nanoalumina combined at 1.5% and 1% w/w of binder respectively, outline a less stable and compact structure.
Photoluminescence of Hybrid Structure Base in ZnO@SiO2 Core-Shell Nanoparticles inside Porous Silicon
Authors: Leon Xairo , Osorio Edith , Pérez-Cuapio Rene , Bueno Carlos , Pacio Mauricio , Cortés Avelino , Juárez Hector
Published: January 2019

In this work, core-shell ZnO@SiO2nanoparticles (NPs) were infiltrated into a macro/meso-porous silicon (PS) structure, to study its luminescent properties. The core-shell ZnO@SiO2NPs were obtained by colloidal synthesis. The core-shell ZnO@SiO2NP was 5 nm in diameter. The macro/meso-PS structure was made in two steps: we obtained the macroporous silicon (macro-PS) layer fist and the mesoporous silicon (meso-PS) layer second. This process was conducted using different electrolyte solutions, and the change of electrolyte led to a decrease in the special charge region over the wall macro-PS layer; this allowed the building of the meso-PS layers on the walls and the bottom of the macro-PS layer. The SEM results show the cross-section of the macro/meso-PS structure with and without core-shell ZnO@SiO2NPs. These SEM images show that the core-shell ZnO@SiO2NPs that infiltrated into macro/meso-PS structure were more efficiently bonded over all the porous walls. The core-shell ZnO@SiO2PL interacted with the macro/meso-PS structure, modifying its PL intensity and controlling a shift toward a lower wavelength.
Gαi2 Signaling Regulates Inflammasome Priming and Cytokine Production by Biasing Macrophage Phenotype Determination
Authors: Vural Ali , Nabar Neel R. , Hwang Il-Young , Sohn Silke , Park Chung , Karlsson Mikael C. I. , Blumer Joe B. , Kehrl John H.
Published: January 2019

Macrophages exist as innate immune subsets that exhibit phenotypic heterogeneity and functional plasticity. Their phenotypes are dictated by inputs from the tissue microenvironment. G-protein–coupled receptors are essential in transducing signals from the microenvironment, and heterotrimeric Gα signaling links these receptors to downstream effectors. Several Gαi-coupled G-protein–coupled receptors have been implicated in macrophage polarization. In this study, we use genetically modified mice to investigate the role of Gαi2 on inflammasome activity and macrophage polarization. We report that Gαi2 in murine bone marrow–derived macrophages (BMDMs) regulates IL-1β release after activation of the NLRP3, AIM2, and NLRC4 inflammasomes. We show this regulation stems from the biased polarity of Gαi2 deficient (Gnai2−/−) and RGS-insensitive Gαi2 (Gnai2G184S/G184S) BMDMs. We determined that although Gnai2G184S/G184S BMDMs (excess Gαi2 signaling) have a tendency toward classically activated proinflammatory (M1) phenotype, Gnai2−/− BMDMs (Gαi2 deficient) are biased toward alternatively activated anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. Finally, we find that Gαi2-deficient macrophages have increased Akt activation and IFN-β production but defects in ERK1/2 and STAT3 activation after LPS stimulation. Gαi2-deficient macrophages also exhibit increased STAT6 activation after IL-4 stimulation. In summary, our data indicates that excess Gαi2 signaling promotes an M1 macrophage phenotype, whereas Gαi2 signaling deficiency promotes an M2 phenotype. Understanding Gαi2-mediated effects on macrophage polarization may bring to light insights regarding disease pathogenesis and the reprogramming of macrophages for the development of novel therapeutics.
Legalità e eticità nelle condotte mediche. Alcune considerazioni all’ombra della legge Gelli-Bianco
Authors: Pascali Vincenzo Lorenzo
Published: January 2019

Non disponibile / Not available
La prospettiva cristiano/cattolica su consenso informato e vaccinazione. Il caso dello Human Papilloma Virus / The Christian/Catholic perspective on informed consent and vaccination. The case of Human Papilloma Virus
Authors: Palazzani Laura
Published: January 2019

L’articolo analizza il consenso informato nell’ambito della prospettiva cristiano/cattolica, evidenziando i principi etici di riferimento e le diverse interpretazioni e applicazioni pratiche, con riferimento ai documenti della Chiesa, in particolare la Nuova Carta degli Operatori Sanitari. In particolare l’attenzione è posta sul dialogo paziente/medico, sul dovere della informazione e il diritto/dovere all’informazione, in un contesto sociale multireligioso. L’autore analizza specificamente la questione delle vaccinazioni, con riferimento alle problematiche etiche sollevate dall’uso di cellule derivanti da feti abortiti. Una specifica analisi etica è dedicata al vaccino contro il papilloma virus e le implicazioni con particolare riferimento ai minori/adolescenti e alle donne. ---------- This article analyses informed consent from a Christian/Catholic perspective, placing emphasis on fundamental ethical principles and related interpretations and practical applications, with regard to documents of the Catholic Church, especially the New Charter for Health Care Workers. Significant attention is devoted to the patient/physician dialogue, the duty to inform and the right/duty of information, within a multi-religious society. The author specifically investigates the issue of vaccination, in relation to the ethical problems raised by the use of cell lines derived from aborted human foetuses. It includes an ethical analysis with a main focus on the case of human papilloma virus vaccine and its consequences, particularly for minors/adolescents and women.
Underdeterminations of Consciousness in Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Arroyo Raoni Wohnrath , Nunes Filho Lauro De Matos
Published: January 2019

Metaphysical underdetermination arises when we are not able to decide, by purely theoretical criteria, between competing interpretations of scientific theories with different metaphysical commitments. This is the case in which non-relativistic quantum mechanics (QM) founds itself in. Among several available interpretations, there is the interpretation which states that the interaction with the conscious mind of a human observer causes a change in the dynamics of quantum objects undergoing from indefinite to definite states. This is, in a nutshell, the received view of the consciousness causes the collapse hypothesis (CCCH), which is the basis for a set of interpretations known as subjectivistic interpretations of QM. Here we propose a further distinction between three levels of metaphysical underdetermination within the discussion related to the interpretations of QM: the first level, described above, concerns the general framework of interpretations of QM (where CCCH is a option among several others, and which is not addressed here); the second one emerges within a particular set of interpretations (namely, CCCH), and the third one from two possible approaches to a particular branch of this set of interpretations. We suggest breaking the last two using metaphysical arguments. As a general result, we have been able to rule out the dualist approach of CCCH (though we cannot rule it out empirically) and to realize that the only viable phenomenological approach to CCCH is the eidetic one.
Doença renal crônica: explorando novas estratégias de comunicação para promoção da saúde
Authors: Oliveira Juliana Gomes Ramalho de , Silva Júnior Geraldo Bezerra da , Vasconcelos Filho José Eurico
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: Descrever o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de comunicação para promoção da saúde no âmbito da doença renal crônica (DRC). Métodos: Pesquisa de natureza aplicada, pois objetiva a produção de conhecimentos direcionados à solução de problemas específicos por meio de ferramentas práticas e da análise das hipóteses levantadas. As ferramentas foram desenvolvidas pela parceria entre o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva e o Núcleo de Aplicação em Tecnologia da Informação da Universidade de Fortaleza. O estudo intitulado “Renal Health” foi dividido em três fases consecutivas: Fase 1 - Desenvolvimento do aplicativo Renal Health; Fase 2 - Construção de conteúdos e plataformas digitais vinculadas ao aplicativo; e Fase 3 – Teste de impacto clínico e adesão ao aplicativo. No presente momento, o estudo encontra-se com a fase 1 concluída e com a fase 2 em andamento. Resultados: Foi desenvolvido o aplicativo Renal Health para uso em dispositivos móveis, em plataforma Android, com interfaces para a população geral, ou seja, pessoas que não fazem tratamento para DRC, pacientes renais crônicos em hemodiálise e transplantados renais. A fase 2 do estudo encontra-se em desenvolvimento, ocorrendo por meio de reuniões entre as equipes de pesquisadores e dos setores saúde e tecnologia para a compilação dos conteúdos e delineamento do projeto gráfico das plataformas digitais. Conclusão: A comunicação entre os profissionais de saúde e os portadores de DRC é passível de contínuo aperfeiçoamento, dada a variedade das modalidades de tratamento e suas peculiaridades. O aplicativo Renal Health e as plataformas digitais se propõem a apoiar ambos nesse processo.
Utilização de plantas medicinais por pacientes hipertensos e diabéticos: estudo transversal no nordeste brasileiro
Authors: Virgínio Taís Batista , Castro Karla Soares de , Lima Ana Luiza Almeida de , Rocha Juliana Vieira , Bonfim Isabela Melo , Campos Adriana Rolim
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: Descrever a utilização de plantas medicinais por pacientes hipertensos e/ou diabéticos atendidos em unidades de atenção primária à saúde e em um ambulatório especializado. Métodos: Pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva, exploratória e transversal, realizada em 16 Unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde da Regional VI e em um ambulatório especializado do Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio, em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, de abril de 2014 a janeiro de 2015, com 122 participantes. Realizou-se uma entrevista, na qual foi aplicado um formulário composto por 41 perguntas, distribuídas em três partes: dados sociodemográficos; dados sobre a patologia, tratamento e adesão medicamentosa convencional; e dados sobre uso de plantas medicinais. A análise descritiva e inferencial dos dados partiu do programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versão 20.0. Resultados: Dos 122 participantes, 66 (54,09%) eram do nível terciário de atenção, 50,82% eram maiores de 60 anos (n=62), 70,49% eram mulheres (n=86), 31,97% apresentavam ensino fundamental incompleto (n= 39), 45,08% eram aposentados/pensionistas (n=55), 55,74% viviam com companheiro (n=68) e 32,79% eram hipertensos/diabéticos (n=40). Verificou-se associação significativa entre uso de plantas e nível de atenção (p=0,0001), escolaridade (p=0,021) e patologia de base (p=0,0001). Conclusão: O uso de plantas medicinais se faz presente na população pesquisada e a elevada prevalência da utilização requer mais estudos acerca dos benefícios e malefícios dessa prática, bem como a capacitação dos profissionais envolvidos, com consequente segurança, eficácia e consumo racional pelos pacientes.
Idosos com depressão: uma análise dos fatores de institucionalização e apoio familiar
Authors: Saintrain Maria Vieira De Lima , Bandeira Carina Barbosa , Nobre Marina Arrais , Sandrin Rafaela Lais Pesenti
Published: January 2019

Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de depressão de idosos residentes em instituições de longa permanência (ILPI) em um município de grande porte do Estado do Ceará-Brasil e sua relação com os motivos de institucionalização. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo e transversal que utilizou um instrumento de coleta de dados elaborado para realizar avaliação clínica concernente à depressão maior, utilizando os critérios diagnósticos do DSM-IV-TR. Serviu também para registrar os dados secundários obtidos dos prontuários dos pacientes idosos no intuito de complementar as informações relativas ao contexto da institucionalização. Resultados: Do total de idosos pesquisados, 82 (34,6%) apresentaram diagnóstico de Depressão Maior segundo os critérios do DSM-IV-TR. No diagnóstico de depressão por ILPI, verifica-se significância estatística entre as duas ILPI (p=0,042). Na associação verificada entre depressão e tempo de institucionalização (p=0,001), é importante destacar o maior percentual entre os idosos com até três anos de institucionalização (37,8% dos casos de depressão), levando se a considerar que o pouco tempo de afastamento familiar e o processo de adaptação ao novo tipo de moradia possam constituir fatores de risco para a doença. Conclusão: Os achados acima descritos aludem à ideia de que o tempo de institucionalização, a carência das relações interpessoais, a solidão e o fato de o idoso receber visitas de familiares neste período constituem fatores de risco para a depressão, levando a considerar que os vínculos familiares perduram, fortalecendo-se a cada visita, portanto, tornando a ruptura familiar ainda mais penosa, o que compromete o direito do idoso de envelhecer com dignidade.
Teaching Strategies that Motivate English Language Adult Literacy Learners to Invest in their Education: A Literature Review
Authors: Severinsen Deborah , Kennedy Lori , Mohamud Salwa
Published: January 2019

Canadian English language programs have seen a recent increase in enrolment by English as a Second Language adult literacy learners. To date, minimal research has been conducted with these learners, leaving literacy teachers with little guidance. In our literature review we found that, because learners often lose motivation due to their lack of or limited education, building motivation and investment must be at the heart of lesson design when teaching adult literacy learners. Thus, we adopted a transformative and post-structuralist framework to extend proven sociocultural theories to the adult literacy learner population. Our article reviewed past literature, incorporated the autobiographical narratives of experienced literacy teachers and provided six teaching strategies for increasing investment and motivation in adult literacy learners: providing relevance, addressing settlement needs, incorporating life experiences, encouraging learner autonomy, promoting collaborative learning, and building self-efficacy. Our article will demonstrate that further research is required in the arena of adult low literacy English language learners.

Keywordsmotivation, investment, post-structuralist and transformative framework, teaching strategies, ESL adult literacy learners, limited formal education, English language learner, literature review.
Development of intuition in a new currency, the Euro: The Slovak experience
Authors: Kubascikova Jana , Evans Jeff , Khan Hafiz T.A.
Published: January 2019

Adaptation to an unfamiliar currency is required regularly of international travellers – and also of citizens of countries changing their currency, such as the 19 (to date) Eurozone members. We report on the currency adaptation process in the Slovak Republic during 2008-2011. We analyse its effects on citizens’ development of price intuition in the euro. Our study draws on Hofmann et al.’s (2007) work, which proposed four different strategies for coping, ranging from direct numerical conversion to developing intuition. We conducted repeated cross-sectional surveys using structured questionnaires in realistic Slovak settings. We describe European and Slovak institutions’ supports for the public, such as dual display of prices, and readily available conversion tables. We found that, whereas the numerical conversion strategy was used most frequently by respondents in the first year, within two years they were already developing intuition in the new currency, especially for frequently bought products. We also investigated the ‘Euro Illusion’, the extent to which Slovak citizens, in their evaluation of prices, may have been influenced to make decisions based on nominal values, whereby prices in euros seemed smaller than those in Slovak crowns. We summarise suggestions for promoting learning in situations of currency change, and briefly discuss the features of the Slovak process as a ‘numerate environment’.

KeywordsPrice intuition; numeracy; learning; intuition strategy; marker value strategy; anchor strategy; numerical conversion strategy.
Conclusion
Authors: Elizabeth Mary , Chopas Basile
Published: January 2019

The conclusion emphasizes that Italians were detained by the INS under the alien enemy program and interned in far fewer numbers than Germans and Japanese, despite their much greater population size, and were removed from alien enemy status sooner. Yet, as documented through personal stories in this final chapter, while World War II generally strengthened Italians’ increasing identification as Americans, the wartime experiences of internees slowed their assimilation processes by narrowing job prospects and tarnishing their reputations in their former communities. Families affected by internment and other wartime restrictions did not discuss their experiences after the war because of the shame associated with the memories and confusion over what their loved ones had done wrong.
Introduction
Authors: Rosemblatt Karin Alejandra
Published: January 2019

This chapter lays out this book’s approach to the history of the human and social sciences and introduces a set of scholars who compared Mexico to the United States. Their comparisons, the chapter argues, hid from view the variety of peoples within each country, the transnational connections that bound the two nations, and the parallels between them. This book unearths those connections and suggests that expertise moved from South to North as well as from North to South. Intellectuals deployed a model of liberal modernity that characterized all humans as sharing a set of universal potentials. Liberal universalism spurred epistemologies and forms of social engineering that favoured generalizable knowledge. Yet experts were also inspired by eugenics and evolutionary ideas, and they ranked nation-states according to how closely they approximated universal criteria of progress. They thereby created exceptionalist national narratives, and those narratives grounded their comparisons. By revealing the shared paradigms that connected the United States and Mexico, this book calls into question those exceptionalist narratives and their racial underpinning.
Conclusion
Authors: Rosemblatt Karin Alejandra
Published: January 2019

Picking up where the last chapter left off, this conclusion argues that economic and numerical criteria provided a way for Mexican scholars to create a presumably scientific yet flexible definition of race and indigeneity that allowed for social and racial mobility. Many U.S. scholars thought that their Mexican counterparts confused race and class. More broadly, Mexicans’ attention to particularity and their attempts to reconcile indigeneity with modernity and liberalism were a creative effort to generate new forms of governance and new policies. However, Mexican experts shared with their US counterparts problematic assumptions about progress and evolution that—along with US intellectual imperialism--hampered the antiracist potential of their endeavors. This Conclusion returns to the questions of difference and modern liberal democracy. Mexican intellectuals subsumed differences into global theories of evolution or cultural diffusion, it shows. But they could apply those global theories only loosely and partially. They therefore offered a practical or tactical definition of indigeneity aimed at guiding social policies and encouraging social mobility, especially economic mobility.
Criminalization of Black Children
Authors: Agyepong Tera Eva
Published: January 2019

In the late nineteenth century, progressive reformers recoiled at the prospect of the justice system punishing children as adults. Advocating that children’s inherent innocence warranted fundamentally different treatment, reformers founded the nation’s first juvenile court in Chicago in 1899. Yet amid an influx of new African American arrivals to the city during the Great Migration, notions of inherent childhood innocence and juvenile justice were circumscribed by race. In documenting how blackness became a marker of criminality that overrode the potential protections the status of “child” could have bestowed, Tera Eva Agyepong shows the entanglements between race and the state’s transition to a more punitive form of juvenile justice.
Rubber and the Making of Vietnam
Authors: Aso Michitake
Published: January 2019

How can a single tree species affect human projects on the scale of empires and nations? Rubber and the Making of Vietnam explores this question for the rubber tree in Vietnamese history. Dating back to the nineteenth-century transplantation of a latex-producing tree from the Amazon to Southeast Asia, rubber production has wrought monumental changes worldwide. During a turbulent Vietnamese past, rubber has transcended capitalism and socialism, colonization and decolonization, becoming a key commodity around which life and history have flowed. Synthesizing archival material in English, French, and Vietnamese, this book narrates how rubber trees came to dominate the material and symbolic landscape of French Indochina and postcolonial Vietnam, structuring the region’s environments of agriculture, health, and violence. Once established, private and state-run plantations became landscapes of oppression, resistance, and modernity. Agronomists, medical doctors, laborers, and leaders of independence movements form part of this narrative as they struggled over various visions of labor in nature and the nature of labor. Mosquitoes and plasmodia also play a part in this narrative as they helped spread malaria among Vietnamese who planted and tended rubber trees. Rather than a human-centered past, this book adopts an ecological perspective as it tells twentieth-century Vietnamese history starting with the view from a rubber tree and branching outwards in multiple directions. In other words, this book taps the rubber tree to examine the entanglements of nature, culture, and politics and demonstrates how the demand for rubber has impacted nearly a century of war and peace in Vietnamese society.
I’ll Make Me a World
Authors: Perry Imani
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes the personal history of the author and composer of Lift Every Voice and Sing: James Weldon Johnson and John Rosamond Johnson. It situates the composition of the song in the context of the social and political movements of African Americans in the midst of the development of Jim Crow in the post-Reconstruction South, with a particular focus on Associational Life and the development of formal rituals. It traces how Lift Every Voice and Sing became known as the Negro National Anthem.
Afterword
Authors: Perry Imani
Published: January 2019

The end is bitter with only the slightest sweetness. After eight increasingly frustrating years of the second Bush presidency, marked by September 11 and the continuing toll of two long wars, candidate Barack Obama stood as a beacon of hope: hope for new beginnings, for the possibility of a changed course in our national political vision, and for a refuge from the painful politics of race. That hope was unrealistic, premature, and sophomoric at best....
Indigenous Prosperity and American Conquest
Authors: Sleeper-Smith Susan
Published: January 2019

Examines the Ohio River valley though an environmental lens and explores the role that American Indian women played in creating a sedentary agrarian village world in this rich and fertile landscape. Focuses on the crescent of Indian communities located along the banks of the Wabash River valley, a major Ohio tributary, to trace the evolution of the agrarian-trading nexus that shaped village life. The agricultural work of Indian women and their involvement in an Indian-controlled fur trade provides a glimpse into a flourishing village world that has escaped historical attention and refutes the notion that this region was continually torn asunder by warfare. Trade and diplomacy allowed Indians to successfully control the Ohio River valley until the late eighteenth century, with neither the French nor the British exercising hegemony over these lands. Instead, Indians incorporated numerous Europeans and vast numbers of Indian refugees into their highly diverse world, enabling different Algonquian-speaking Indians to live adjacent to and with each other, eventually paving the way for the Pan-Indian Confederacies of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The Indian world that Americans encountered in the 1780s was an Indian-controlled landscape that they had long defended from repeated foreign intrusions, not the middle ground of fragmented Native groups associated with imperial contact. Until the crushing defeat at Fallen Timbers in 1794, Indians believed that Americans were another wave of intruders that could be repulsed.
Introduction
Authors: Dallal Ahmad S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter surveys the prevailing traditional as well as revisionist accounts in the historiography of the Islamic eighteenth century. It outlines the arguments of the book, and its distinctive approach of identifying transformations in cultural traditions and explaining the historical contexts in which they take place. The chapter discusses the rationale for setting different beginning and end points for the period under examination. It also identifies the major figures studied in the book, and the regional traditions that shaped their experiences.
Genealogies of Dissent and the Politics of Knowledge
Authors: Dallal Ahmad S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the relationship between the intellectual projects of eighteenth century thinkers and political authorities. The chapter argues that, in almost all the examined cases, eighteenth century thinkers conceived of their intellectual undertakings as subversive and dissenting ones, both in relation to political authorities and to established corporate intellectual authorities. This chapter extends the analysis from the intellectual/cultural sphere to the social/political one. The primary example examined in this chapter is the career of Shawkani and his complex relationship to power.
Simulation of the radiative effect of haze on urban hydrological cycle using reanalysis data in Beijing
Authors: Kokkonen Tom V. , Grimmond Susan B. , Murto Sonja , Liu Huizhi , Sundström Anu-Maija , Järvi Leena
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Although, air pollution modifies local air temperatures and boundary layer structure in urban areas, little is known about its effects on the urban hydrological cycle. To explore this, changes in the urban surface water balance during different haze levels are modelled in Beijing using the Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS), forced by reanalysis data. The pollution levels are classified using aerosol optical depth observations. We show how the reanalysis radiation data do not include the attenuating effect of haze and develop a haze correction for the incoming solar radiation. With this haze correction the SUEWS model simulates the eddy covariance measured latent heat flux well. Both surface runoff and drainage increase with severe haze levels particularly with low precipitation rates: runoff from 0.06 to 0.18 mm day−1 and drainage from 0.43 to 0.62 mm day−1 during fairly clean and extremely polluted conditions, respectively. When all precipitation events are taken into account, runoff is higher during the extremely polluted conditions than with cleaner conditions except during the cleanest conditions when the high precipitation rates induces largest runoff. Thus, haze is not likely impacting on the likelihood of flash floods. However, the low runoff rates commonly transport pollutants to soil and water and therefore their changes are important to understanding detailed deterioration of urban soil and aquatic environments.
Contrail cirrus radiative forcing for future air traffic
Authors: Bock Lisa , Burkhardt Ulrike
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The climate impact of air traffic is to a large degree caused by changes in cirrus cloudiness resulting from the formation of contrails. Contrail cirrus radiative forcing is expected to increase significantly with time due to the large projected increases in air traffic. We use ECHAM5-CCMod, an atmospheric climate model with an online contrail cirrus parameterization including a microphysical two-moment scheme, to investigate the climate impact of contrail cirrus for the year 2050. We take into account the predicted increase in air traffic volume and changes in propulsion efficiency and emissions, in particular soot emissions, and the modification of the contrail cirrus climate impact due to anthropogenic climate change. Contrail cirrus radiative forcing increases by a factor of 3 from 2006 to 2050, resulting from the increase in air traffic volume and a slight shift of air traffic towards higher altitudes. Large increases in contrail cirrus radiative forcing are expected over all of the main air traffic areas but relative increases are largest over South-East Asia/India and Eastern China/Japan. The projected upward shift of air traffic attenuates contrail cirrus radiative forcing increases in the mid-latitudes but reinforces it in the tropical areas. Climate change has an insignificant impact on global contrail cirrus radiative forcing. Of the emission reductions it is the soot number emission reductions by 50 % that lead to a significant decrease in contrail cirrus optical depth and coverage, leading to a decrease in radiative forcing by approximately 15 %. The strong increase in contrail cirrus radiative forcing due to the projected increase in air traffic volume cannot be compensated for by the decrease in initial ice crystal numbers due to reduced soot emissions and by improvements in propulsion efficiency.
Evaluation and comparison of MAIAC, DT and DB aerosol products
over China
Authors: Liu Ning , Zou Bin , Feng Huihui , Tang Yuqi , Liang Yu
Published: January 2019

Abstract. A new Multiangle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm has been applied in Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor and recently provides globally high spatial resolution Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) products at 1 km. Meanwhile, several improvements are modified in classical Dark Target (DT) and Deep Blue (DB) aerosol retrieval algorithms in MODIS collection 6.1 products. However, validation and comparison for MAIAC, DT and DB algorithms is still lacking in China. In this paper, a comprehensive assessment and comparison of AOD products at 550 nm wavelength based three aerosol retrieval algorithms in MODIS sensor using ground-truth measurements from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites over China during 2000 to 2017 is presented. In general, after quality assurance (QA) filter, the coefficient of determination (R2=0.854), correlation coefficient (R=0.929), root-mean-square error (RMSE=0.178), mean bias (Bias=0.019) and the fraction fall within expected error (Within_EE=67.10 %, EE=±(0.05+0.15×AOD)) results for MAIAC algorithm show better accuracy than those from DT and DB algorithms. While the R2, R, RMSE, Bias and Within_EE of DT algorithm are 0.817, 0.930, 0.192, 0.077, 55.36 %, respectively, those corresponding statistics for DB algorithm are 0.827, 0.921, 0.190, 0.018, 63.32 %. Moreover, the spatiotemporal completeness for MAIAC (29.69 %) product is also better than DT (8.00 %) and DB (19.50 %) products after QA filter. In addition, the land type dependence characteristic, view geometry dependence, spatiotemporal retrieval accuracy and spatial variation pattern difference for three products are also analyzed in details.
Central Tethyan platform-top hypoxia during Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a
Authors: Hueter Alexander , Huck Stefan , Bodin Stéphane , Heimhofer Ulrich , Weyer Stefan , Jochum Klaus P. , Immenhauser Adrian
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Short-term hypoxia in epeiric water masses is a common phenomenon of modern marine environments and causes mass mortality in coastal marine ecosystems. Here, we test the hypothesis that during the Early Aptian, platform-top hypoxia temporarily established in some of the vast epeiric seas of the Central Tethys and caused, combined with other stressors, significant changes in reefal ecosystems. Potentially interesting target examples include time intervals characterized by the demise of Lower Aptian rudist-coral communities and the establishment of microencruster facies as previously described from the Central and Southern Tethys and from the proto-North Atlantic domain. These considerations are relevant as previous work has predominantly focused on Early Aptian basinal anoxia in the context of the Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE) 1a, whereas the potential expansion of the oxygen minimum zone in coeval shallow water environments is underexplored. Well known patterns in the δ13C record during OAE 1a allow for a sufficiently time-resolved correlation with previously studied locations. This paper presents and critically discusses the outcome of a multi-proxy study (e.g., REE, U isotopes and redox sensitive trace elements) applied to Lower Aptian shallow water carbonates today exposed in the Kanfanar Quarry in Istria, Croatia. These rocks were deposited on an extensive, isolated high in the Central Tethys surrounded by hemi-pelagic basins. Remarkably, during chemostratigraphic segment C2, the depletion of redox sensitive trace elements As, V, and Mo in platform carbonates, deposited in normal marine oxic waters, record the first occurrence of basinal, organic rich sediment deposition in which these elements are enriched. During the C3 segment, seawater oxygen depletion establishes on the platform top as indicated by the patterns in Ce/Ce* and uranium isotopes. Shifts in redox sensitive proxies coincide with the expansion of microencruster facies. Segment C4 witnesses the return to normal marine reefal faunas on the platform top and is characterized by patterns in redox sensitive proxies typical of normal marine dissolved oxygen levels. It remains unclear, if platform-top hypoxia resulted from the expansion and upwelling of basinal, oxygen-depleted water masses, or if spatially isolated, shallow hypoxic water bodies formed on the platform. Data shown here are relevant as they shed light on the driving mechanisms that control poorly understood faunal patterns during OAE1a in the neritic realm and provide evidence on the intricate relation between basinal and platform-top water masses.